bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon accumulation in Colorado ponderosa pine stands
Authors: Hicke Jeffrey A , Sherriff Rosemary L , Veblen Thomas T , Asner Gregory P
Published: June 2004

Woody encroachment and thickening have occurred throughout the western United States and have been proposed as important processes in the US carbon (C) budget despite large uncertainty in the magnitude of these effects. In this study we investigated ponderosa pine encroachment near Boulder, Colorado. We reconstructed a time series of forest structure to estimate changes in C storage by the trees. Advantages of this technique include the ability to estimate changes in C stocks over time with a single series of measurements (i.e., no historical measurements), and the ability to calculate accumulation rate changes through time. Substantial variation occurred in the C amounts and accumulation rates among the three plots resulting from differences in slope, aspect, and soil conditions. Accumulation rates increased exponentially as trees increased in size and additional trees established within the plots, and were highly variable among plots (0.090.7 Mg C·ha1·year1 during 19802001). These rates were less than those used in studies of the US carbon budget, and only by assuming no mortality for the densest stand could we generate a projected rate in 2050 that was similar. Thus, time since the initiation of encroachment and rate of encroachment are variables that should be considered for accurately computing the continental C budget.
A fire history from tree rings in a high-elevation forest of Rocky Mountain National Park
Authors: Buechling Arne , Baker William L
Published: June 2004

Historical fire patterns in a subalpine forest of Rocky Mountain National Park were quantified from an analysis of forest stand ages and fire-scarred trees. A comparatively detailed sample of 3461 tree cores and 212 fire scars was collected from a 9200-ha study area north of Estes Park, Colorado. A total of 41 fire events were identified in the record. Annually precise fire dates, beginning in 1533, include 22 high-severity crown fires, 7 low-severity surface fires, and 8 mixed-severity events with both surface and crown fire components. Fire rotation was estimated for both surface fires (7587 years) and crown fires (346 years). Fire rotation did not appear to vary with fuel characteristics associated with topographical differences in the study area. Fires larger than 300 ha were few, but they determined a large proportion of the area burned since 1700 and were significantly correlated with a reconstructed index of summer drought. Low fire activity in the 20th century was associated with decreased severity and frequency of drought episodes. Long fire rotations preclude definitive conclusions regarding the effects of fire suppression in the 20th century, but relationships between high-severity fires, fuels, and drought suggest that climatic variability remains the primary influence on fire cycles in high-elevation ecosystems of the southern Rocky Mountains.
Observations on an introduced bud scale, Physokermes hemicryphus (Homoptera: Coccidae), infesting Norway spruce in Idaho
Authors: Furniss Malcolm M
Published: June 2004

An introduced bud scale on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Pinaceae)) in Idaho, formerly thought to be Physokermes piceae Schrank (Homoptera: Coccidae), is identified as Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman). Secondary lateral branches of infested Norway spruce become pendent as a result of growing abnormally in length relative to diameter. The scale reproduces by parthenogenesis in North America; no male is known there. Mature females in situ resemble a branch bud. An average of 2.2 females occurred per infested node. They grew larger in late May, at which time they protruded visibly from beneath branch bud scales of the previous year and became immersed in their secreted honeydew. At maturity, females contained a prolific number of eggs (290858). The eggs hatched into nymphs within the rigid exoskeleton of the dead female in late June. Nymphs emerged during July and migrated distally along a branch. They overwintered as second (final) instars attached to needles or beneath bud scales at the branch node from which the current-year terminal emanated. Four species of hymenopterous parasites were reared from adult scales. Of these, Americencyrtus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was most abundant. It parasitized a majority of first instar nymphs but allowed them to develop to maturity the following spring before destroying their embryonic eggs and emerging in synchrony with appearance of nymphs of unparasitized females.
Ageing and decline of trembling aspen stands in Quebec
Authors: Pothier David , Raulier Frédéric , Riopel Martin
Published: June 2004

The onset of stand decline is a critical stand development characteristic that can affect both harvesting schedule and annual allowable cutting volume. The age at which stand decline begins was assessed in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) stands in the province of Quebec, Canada, by three different methods. The first used a data source consisting of 1081 temporary sample plots from which a segmented regression model was fitted to detect any deviation from the self-thinning line. This type of deviation was observed below densities of 720 stems/ha, which is normally attained around age 60 on good-quality sites. The second used a data source composed of 34 permanent sample plots that allowed us to calculate the age at which the periodic annual increment was equal to zero. The estimated age at which stands began to decline averaged 64 years, but the large variation around this mean was poorly explained by site factors. The third method used a data source consisting of 98 inventory plots. Volume of tree mortality and of wood decay showed an important increase when stand age was around 60. Hence, the results from three independent sources of data converge toward a generalized loss of aspen volume around age 60. However, the prediction of the age at which decline begins in any particular aspen stand is imprecise and requires an on-site measurement of the stand state.
Age estimation of Quercus marilandica and Quercus stellata: applications for interpreting stand dynamics
Authors: Clark Stacy L , Hallgren Stephen W
Published: June 2004

We compared methods to correct age of cores that failed to intercept the tree's pith for two oak species, blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica Muenchh.) and post oak (Quercus stellata Wangenh.), and determined the difference in age at tree base (010 cm from ground level) versus breast height (1.4 m from ground level). Methods to correct age of off-center cores were relatively similar in error for both species (2.98.1 years). Ocular estimation of number of rings to pith required the least amount of data collection and manipulation to apply. A regression technique using tree diameter provided the lowest absolute error (913 years) for age estimation of rotten cores, compared with methods that used mean ring widths to extrapolate tree age. Age difference due to coring height averaged 9 years for both species and was highly variable, indicating that trees should be cored as close to ground level as possible. Age structure of this forest could be accurately reconstructed to within 5-year age-classes using recommended methods, with the exclusion of large, rotten, and putatively old trees.
Current status and environmental impact of transgenic forest trees
Authors: Frankenhuyzen Kees van , Beardmore Tannis
Published: June 2004

Advances in technology for in vitro propagation and genetic transformation have accelerated the development of genetically engineered trees during the past 15 years. At least 33 species of transformed forest trees have been successfully regenerated to date. Targeted traits include herbicide tolerance, pest resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, modified fiber quality and quantity, and altered growth and reproductive development. Commercial potential has been demonstrated in the field for a few traits, in particular herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, and altered lignin content. Now that commercial implementation is feasible, at least for the few genotypes that can be efficiently transformed and propagated, environmental concerns have become the main obstacle to public acceptance and regulatory approval. Ecological risks associated with commercial release range from transgene escape and introgression into wild gene pools to the impact of transgene products on other organisms and ecosystem processes. Evaluation of those risks is confounded by the long life span of trees, and by limitations of extrapolating results from small-scale studies to larger-scale plantations. Issues that are central to safe deployment can only be addressed by permitting medium- to large-scale release of transgenic trees over a full rotation. Current regulations restricting field releases of all transgenes in both time and space need to be replaced with regulations that recognize different levels of risk (as determined by the origin of the transgene, its impact on reproductive fitness, and nontarget impacts) and assign a commensurate level of confinement. The next step in determining acceptability of transgene technology for forest tree improvement is the unconfined release of constructs that pose little risk in terms of gene escape and nontarget impacts, such as lignin-altered poplar or pine, to permit evaluation of ecological risks and environmental or agronomic benefits at relevant scales.
Saw Palmetto and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Authors: Gong Edward M. , Gerber Glenn S.
Published: June 2004

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common health issue that affects 8% of all men at the age of 40, 60% of men in their 70s, and 90% of those greater than 80 years of age. One-fourth of these men will develop moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms that greatly affect their quality of life. Recent evidence suggests that the use of saw palmetto leads to improvements in urinary function for those suffering from BPH. The favorable comparison of saw palmetto with tamsulosin, a well-known first line agent in the treatment of urinary tract symptoms, demonstrates promise towards a beneficial effect of this herbal agent, with very few, if any, adverse effects. However, what degree of this beneficial activity is due to placebo effects is yet to be determined. In addition, the precise mechanism of action of saw palmetto in men with BPH remains unclear.
Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of Peh-Hue-Juwa-Chi-Cao in a Cell Free System
Authors: Lin Chun-Ching , Ng Lean-Teik , Yang Jenq-Jer
Published: June 2004

In traditional Chinese medicine preparations, Hedyotis diffusa (HD), Hedyotis corymbosa (HC) and Mollugo pentaphylla (MP) are often used interchangeably under the name of "Peh-Hue-Juwa-Chi-Cao (PHJCC)." Although studies have been conducted to characterize the therapeutic activities of these different plant species, their antioxidant activity has never been investigated. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of these three different plant materials. At a concentration of 10 mg/ml, results showed that HD possesses the strongest inhibition on the FeCl2-ascorbic acid induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate, followed by HC and MP. MP showed a weak anti-lipid peroxidation activity at 1 and 3 mg/ml. Using Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) analysis, the order of superoxide anion scavenging activity was HC>HD>MP. However, MP was found to have the greatest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity compared to HC and HD. In conclusion, all three species used as PHJCC in Taiwan exhibited different antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities; these differences could explain, at least in part, the variation in therapeutic properties of PHJCC products in the market.
Effect of Dang-Gui-Ji-Hwang-Yeum on Osteoporosis in Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Chae Han-Jung , Yun Dong-Hyeon , Chin Hee-Young , Yoo Sim-Keum , Kim Hyung-Min , Kim Song-Baeg , Kim Hyung-Ryong
Published: June 2004

Dang-Gui-Ji-Hwang Yeum (DGJHY; an Oriental prescription), has been successfully used for the management of osteoporotic disorders in China, Japan and Korea. In this study, we have characterized the effect of DGJHY on osteoporosis-associated phenomena in ovariectomized (OVX) rats by measuring body weights and bone histomorphometries in sham, OVX and DGJHY-administered OVX rats. Light microscopic analyses showed a porous or an eroded appearance on the tibial trabecular bone surface in OVX rats, whereas those of the sham and DGJHY-administered OVX rats were composed of fine particles. The trabecular bone area and the trabecular thickness in OVX rats were significantly lower than those of sham rats. Moreover, these reductions in OVX rats were significantly reversed by the administration of DGJHY for 7 weeks, and osteoclast numbers were also significantly reduced. Although no differences were observed between OVX and DGJHY-administered OVX rats and the sham animals at the T 3 level, we have found significant differences between these two groups at the T 4 level. However, serum phosphorus, calcium, mechanical strength and the surface appearance of osteoblasts in the DGJHY-administered OVX rats were similar to those of OVX rats. These results suggest that DGJHY is effective at preventing bone loss in OVX rats.
Anti-inflammatory Effect of Bee Venom on Type II Collagen-Induced Arthritis
Authors: Lee Jae-Dong , Kim Su-Young , Kim Tae-Woo , Lee Sang-Hoon , Yang Hyung-In , Lee Doo-Ik , Lee Yun-Ho
Published: June 2004

Bee venom (BV) has been used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation in traditional Oriental medicine, especially in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We previously reported that the BV injection into a traditional acupuncture point (Zusanli) reduced arthritis-associated edema and nociceptive responses in Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats (Kwon et al., 2001). This study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-cytokine effect of BV on a murine type-II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. Male mice were immunized by spontaneous injection of 100 μg of an emulsion of bovine type-II collagen and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), with a booster injection after 2 weeks. In the experimental group, 0.1 ml BV was injected at acupuncture point (Zusanli) near both knees twice a week for a total of 5 times. In the control group, normal saline was injected at the same frequencies. These injections began 5 weeks after the first collagen injection. Starting the 3rd week after the first collagen injection, we examined limb swelling and severity of arthritis twice a week. At 8 weeks, mice were sacrificed and synovial tissue was examined with the light microscope and serum cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) were measured by ELISA.

The incidence of arthritis, the mean arthritis index and the number of arthritic limbs were significantly lower in the treatment compared to the control group (63% versus 75%, 3.4% versus 8.5%, 23% versus 75%, respectively). Among the serum proinflammatory cytokines, the production of TNF-α in the BV group was suppressed compared to the control group (59+/-4.5 versus 99.5+/-6.5, p <0.05), but IL-1β was not suppressed. The examination of the histopathology of the joints of murine CIA showed decreased inflammation signs and less lymphocyte infiltration after BV acupuncture therapy. Acupuncture therapy with BV suppressed the development of arthritis and caused inhibition of the immune responses in type-II collagen-induced arthritis.
Inhibition of Substrate-Tumor Cell Adhesion Under the Effect of Gnidilatimonoein Purified fromDaphne mucronata
Authors: Mianabadi M. , Yazdanparast R.
Published: June 2004

Alteration of the cell surface glycoproteins of cancerous cells correlate with malignancy potential. To evaluate the mediation of membrane glycoproteins in wehi-164 cancerous cells, under the effect of D. mucronata crude extract and one of its purified active components, gnidilatimonoein, their attachment to fibronectin-coated wells were investigated. The plant extract, 27 μl/ml (equivalent to 0.54 mg/of plant leaves powder per ml of culture medium), as well as gnidilatimonoein (0.94 μM), were capable of quenching by 58% and 64%, respectively, the attachment of wehi-164 cells to fibronectin-coated wells (4 μg/ml). In addition to alteration of cell adhesive properties, the morphology of the treated cells were significantly changed upon treatment with the non-toxic dose of the plant extract or gnidilatimonoein. While the untreated cells have polygonal shapes, the treated cells had spherical shapes.
Shiunko Promotes Epithelization of Wounded Skin
Authors: Huang Kuo-Feng , Hsu Yao-Chin , Lin Ching-Nan , Tzeng Jann-Inn , Chen Yu-Wen , Wang Jhi-Joung
Published: June 2004

Shiunko is a traditional botanic formula (ointment) which is used clinically for the treatment of wounded skin caused by cuts, abrasions, frost or burn. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Shiunko on epithelization of wounded skin. Experimental cutting wounds on the back skin of Sprague-Dawley rats were induced. Different bacterial inoculations (Pseudomonus aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) and treatment (Shiunko, Povidone-iodine and saline) were arranged herein. The incidences of infection and the speed of epithelization were evaluated. We observed that the incidences of wound infection following Pseudomonas aeruginosa inoculation were lower on both the Shiunko-treated group (0%, p <0.01) and Povidine-iodine-treated group (5%, p <0.05), than the saline-treated group (40%). The Shiunko-treated group reported higher percentages of complete epithelization not only on the sterilized wounds (100%) but also on the contaminated wounds (90%) when compared to the saline-treated group (60% sterilized wounds, 40% and 50% contaminated wounds) on day 7 ( p <0.01). Povidone-iodine did not promote epithelization of wounded skin, whereas Shiunko did.
Neuroprotective Effects ofHypericum perforatumon Trauma Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide in PC12 Cells
Authors: Lu Yan-Hua , Du Chang-Bin , Liu Jian-Wen , Hong Wei , Wei Dong-Zhi
Published: June 2004

The standard extracts of Hypericum perforatum L. (SEHP), a well-known medicinal plant, are used for the treatment of depression, exhibited upgrading and significant protective effects on the trauma of PC12 cells induced by 200 μM H2O2in a dose-dependent manner within 24-hour treatment. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT method, and in situ cellular hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2)-induced oxidative stress was examined by measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation using CDCFH procedures. Intra- and extra-cellular ROS levels decreased significantly to 71.9% and 50.0% of the control at a moderate concentration of 20 μg/ml, respectively, suggesting that SEHP could easily enter the cells and play important roles in reducing ROS levels. Our results were proved by detection of DNA fragmentation and inspection of cell morphology of PC12 cells. SEHP can obviously block DNA fragmentation and prevent the cells from shrinking and turning round of H2O2-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells at concentrations of 10~100 μg/ml. This data suggests SEHP may be a candidate for application in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease.
A Study of Electrical Conductance of Meridian in the Obese During Weight Reduction
Authors: Weng Ching-Sung , Hung Yu-Li , Shyu Liang-Yu , Chang Yung-Hsien
Published: June 2004

This study was designed to investigate the electrical conductance of meridian in the obese during weight reduction. Ten obese including overweight (Body Mass Index, BMI > 26) and 30 healthy (non-overweight) people were recruited from Chung Yuan Christian University. The obese subjects were instructed to follow a weight reduction program that included diet control, exercise and oral intake of Prozac. A device, the design of which is based on the Ryodoraku theorem, was used to measure the electrical conductance of 12 meridians on both sides of the subjects. The results showed that: (1) the average coefficient of variation of the electrical conductances in 24 meridians of the obese group was statistically different from that of the healthy group ( p <0.05); (2) the average coefficient of variation of electrical conductance in the obese after weight reduction was significantly decreased than before the weight reduction program ( p <0.05); (3) the BMI and the electrical conductance of meridian was correlated in the obese ( r =-0.77, p <0.001) as well as in the healthy group ( r =-0.92, p <0.001). These findings suggest that electrical conductance of meridians can be a parameter to monitor weight, especially for obese people.
Effects of Tai Chi Exercise on Physical and Mental Health of College Students
Authors: Wang Yong "Tai" , Taylor Leslie , Pearl Marcia , Chang Li-Shan
Published: June 2004

The purpose of this pilot study is to examine the effects of Tai Chi Quan, a body-mind harmony exercise, on college students' perceptions of their physical and mental health. A three-month intervention of Tai Chi exercise was administered to college students, and multidimensional physical (PHD) and mental (MHD) health scores were assessed using the SF-36v2 health survey questionnaire before and after the intervention. Thirty college students participated in a 1-hour-long Tai Chi exercise intervention twice a week for 3 months. Each practice session included 10 minutes of breathing and stretching exercises followed by 50 minutes of Tai Chi Quan 24-form practice. PHD including physical function (PF), role physical (RP), bodily pain (BP), general health (GH), and MHD including social function (SF), role mental/emotion function (RE), vitality (VT), perceptions of mental health (MH) were assessed. The normalized scores of each variable and the combined PHD or MHD scores before and after the Tai Chi intervention were examined by paired t-test ( p <0.05). Physical measures of BP and GH, and mental measures of RE, VT and MH were significantly improved after Tai Chi exercise intervention. When the overall PHD or MHD scores were evaluated, the MHD had increased significantly. In conclusion, Tai Chi exercise had positive effects on the self-assessed physical and mental health of college students. Scores on the mental health dimension appeared to be particularly sensitive to change. Colleges/universities might consider offering Tai Chi as a component of their ongoing physical activity programs available to students.
External Qi Therapy to Treat Symptoms of Agent Orange Sequelae in Korean Combat Veterans of the Vietnam War
Authors: Lee Myeong Soo , Woo Won-Hong , Lim Hyun-Ja , Hong Sung-Soo , Kim Hye-Jung , Moo Sun-Rock
Published: June 2004

We investigated the efficacy of Qi therapy as a non-pharmacological treatment for various symptoms presented by Korean combat veterans of the Vietnam War with Agent Orange Sequelae. Nine subjects volunteered to receive 30 minutes of Qi therapy, twice per day for 7 days. There was marked improvement in 89% of the patients with impaired physical activity, 86% of those with psychological disorder, 78% of those with heavy drug use, and 67% of those with fatigue, indigestion and high blood glucose levels. This data suggests that Qi therapy combined with conventional treatment has positive effects in reducing and managing the pain, psychosomatic disorders, and substance abuse in patients with Agent Orange Sequelae. We cannot completely discount the possible influence of the placebo effect, and more objective, clinical measures are needed to study the long-term effects of Qi therapy.
A Culturally Sensitive Health Care Practice Model — Theory Construction and Its Testing
Authors: Wu Tina
Published: June 2004

The major purpose of this paper was to develop a model for the use of complementary and alternative health care options. Chinese-American families were selected due to their large proportion among all ethnic populations in the United States. Andersen's (1973 and 1995) perception of predisposing and enabling was adopted to test study variables singly and interactively on their health care use. The dependent variable was defined as health behavior preference towards Chinese treatment (also known as complementary and alternative medicine treatment) or Western treatment, and a combination of Chinese and Western treatment (also known as integrative medicine treatment). Data were randomly collected from 240 adult Chinese-American respondents out of 1080 members of the Chinese American Association in the greater Cleveland area. Findings both in the full and partial research models reveal that the factors contributing the most to their medical preferences were their acculturation level and health beliefs. Inter-generational differences in health care use were also discussed.
Project Management Approaches at Techlogix
Authors: Khan Jamshed Hasan
Published: June 2004

This case examines the different project management approaches at Techlogix. Some are highly structured and formal while others are relatively unstructured and informal. The Engyro project involved the development of an Applications Service Provider (ASP) Payments System through a highly structured formal project management system, which created few problems in terms of product specification changes and development. However, a Financial Management System (FMS) developed for the Government of Guam through a relatively unstructured and informal project management approach proved to be a bad experience for Techlogix.

The CEO wanted to standardize a highly structured project management system for the company. The project managers at Techlogix feared that a highly structured system would reduce flexibility available to project managers. They felt that a structured configuration and change management system would require a lengthy process to bring about changes in a project's specifications. This would eventually discourage change and create customer dissatisfaction or force the project managers to circumvent standardized procedures creating other problems. This case is useful for examining the factors relevant to project management approaches.
Why Giants Change Their Minds
Authors: Jiang Bin , Willette William
Published: June 2004

Both Matsushita and Sony were based in Japan, both manufacture consumer electronics, and both were similar to each other in size and brand reputation. Both of them were also facing the same problem: escalating manufacturing costs in Japan were eroding Japan's traditional advantages in manufacturing, especially when its neighbor China was emerging as the "workshop of the world" with low cost advantage. These two players, however, selected totally different manufacturing strategies. While Matsushita aggressively moved its manufacturing business to China, Sony suddenly shifted some of its production back to Japan. Matsushita's and Sony's supply-chain rebuilding strategies were diametric opposites with the same objectives — to improve their competitiveness by optimizing their critical success factors across their supply chains.

Today's competition is not really company versus company, but supply chain versus supply chain. Managers and executives should realize that what they had done before for single firms is now being examined from the perspective of a chain of firms. The contemporary issues in Matsushita and Sony provide an extremely interesting lesson about how to establish competitive advantage by using effective supply chain management and how an advantage can be eroded by using incorrect supply chain management.
MobileOne Ltd (M1)
Authors: Lim Ghee Soon
Published: June 2004

The present case documents how a young mobile phone company was built from scratch. A number of contingency factors contributed to the successful founding and growth of M1, including leadership, competitive strategy, technological development, customer service, shareholders' commitment, employee quality, community involvement, and industry regulation. Following M1's successful initial public offering in December 2002, management had to find new ways to sustain the M1 miracle. A number of new trends presented M1 with threats and opportunities, including new customer demands, 3G technology, and intertelco rivalry for the existing set of customers. This case is useful for assessing the conditions for successful start-up as well as examining strategies to maintain growth.
Downsizing at Pennar Industries Limited
Authors: Monippally M. M.
Published: June 2004

Pennar Industries Limited (Pennar), one of the top ten producers of cold rolled steel strips in India, had 650 workers and 630 staff (non-unionized workers, supervisors, and managers) in 1997. Although over-manned and inefficient, the company had been profitable in the domestic market protected by government licensing and high import tariffs. As real competition, unleashed by globalization, began to bite in 1998, the company bought out 142 workers and 224 staff through a Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS). The severance compensation offered was very generous. In spite of reducing the workforce and improving productivity, Pennar ran into heavy losses by 2000. The management decided to downsize further, but it had no money to match the 1998 severance package. The surplus workers would have to go with the statutory compensation and staff without any compensation at all.

The unions rejected the VRS for workers outright when they learned that it offered just one-third of the compensation given in 1998. They wanted at least two months' pay. The negotiations went on without any change of heart on either side. Each Head of Department drew up a list of their workers and staff to be retrenched and called the redundant staff one by one and told them to resign and leave without expecting any compensation. Many resigned and left but some resisted and abused the managers verbally, but there were no cases of violence or litigation. The new VRS for workers was formally announced on April 20, 2001. None came forward. They stuck to their demand for eight weeks' pay as compensation. Gradually, however, the workers' resistance weakened and they accepted the VRS and left peacefully. This case is useful for examining the human resource management issues and process for downsizing.
TVAHelp.com
Authors: Sriram M. S. , Kumar K.
Published: June 2004

TVAHelp.com was a small firm operating in the niche market of servicing laptop computers. After having a good run for the first four years, where the topline had grown eight times, they were facing problems in maintaining the profitability. In order to grow, the company had examined various options. Some of these options were natural extensions of the current business and some required radically new way of doing business. One of the growth options considered by the company was to undertake software servicing on the net using a technology called Remote-Fix. However, the company, which had presence in only four cities in India, would have to roll out a radically new business model if it were to embrace this new product. Is this route to growth worth it? This case is useful for examining issues and strategies for growth.
THE SYNAPTIC VESICLE CYCLE
Authors: Südhof Thomas C.
Published: June 2004

▪ Abstract  Neurotransmitter release is mediated by exocytosis of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic active zone of nerve terminals. To support rapid and repeated rounds of release, synaptic vesicles undergo a trafficking cycle. The focal point of the vesicle cycle is Ca2+-triggered exocytosis that is followed by different routes of endocytosis and recycling. Recycling then leads to the docking and priming of the vesicles for another round of exo- and endocytosis. Recent studies have led to a better definition than previously available of how Ca2+ triggers exocytosis and how vesicles recycle. In particular, insight into how Munc18-1 collaborates with SNARE proteins in fusion, how the vesicular Ca2+ sensor synaptotagmin 1 triggers fast release, and how the vesicular Rab3 protein regulates release by binding to the active zone proteins RIM1α and RIM2α has advanced our understanding of neurotransmitter release. The present review attempts to relate these molecular data with physiological results in an emerging view of nerve terminals as macromolecular machines.
THE MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE
Authors: Squire Larry R. , Stark Craig E.L. , Clark Robert E.
Published: June 2004

▪ Abstract  The medial temporal lobe includes a system of anatomically related structures that are essential for declarative memory (conscious memory for facts and events). The system consists of the hippocampal region (CA fields, dentate gyrus, and subicular complex) and the adjacent perirhinal, entorhinal, and parahippocampal cortices. Here, we review findings from humans, monkeys, and rodents that illuminate the function of these structures. Our analysis draws on studies of human memory impairment and animal models of memory impairment, as well as neurophysiological and neuroimaging data, to show that this system (a) is principally concerned with memory, (b) operates with neocortex to establish and maintain long-term memory, and (c) ultimately, through a process of consolidation, becomes independent of long-term memory, though questions remain about the role of perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices in this process and about spatial memory in rodents. Data from neurophysiology, neuroimaging, and neuroanatomy point to a division of labor within the medial temporal lobe. However, the available data do not support simple dichotomies between the functions of the hippocampus and the adjacent medial temporal cortex, such as associative versus nonassociative memory, episodic versus semantic memory, and recollection versus familiarity.
HOW THE BRAIN PROCESSES SOCIAL INFORMATION: Searching for the Social Brain
Authors: Insel Thomas R. , Fernald Russell D.
Published: June 2004

▪ Abstract  Because information about gender, kin, and social status are essential for reproduction and survival, it seems likely that specialized neural mechanisms have evolved to process social information. This review describes recent studies of four aspects of social information processing: (a) perception of social signals via the vomeronasal system, (b) formation of social memory via long-term filial imprinting and short-term recognition, (c) motivation for parental behavior and pair bonding, and (d) the neural consequences of social experience. Results from these studies and some recent functional imaging studies in human subjects begin to define the circuitry of a “social brain.” Such neurodevelopmental disorders as autism and schizophrenia are characterized by abnormal social cognition and corresponding deficits in social behavior; thus social neuroscience offers an important opportunity for translational research with an impact on public health.
GENETIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ANXIETY
Authors: Gordon Joshua A. , Hen Rene
Published: June 2004

▪ Abstract  Anxiety and its disorders have long been known to be familial. Recently, genetic approaches have been used to clarify the role of heredity in the development of anxiety and to probe its neurobiological underpinnings. Twin studies have shown that a significant proportion of the liability to develop any given anxiety disorder is due to genetic factors. Ongoing efforts to map anxiety-related loci in both animals and humans are underway with limited success to date. Animal models have played a large role in furthering our understanding of the genetic basis of anxiety, demonstrating that the genetic factors underlying anxiety are complex and varied. Recent advances in molecular genetic techniques have allowed increasing specificity in the manipulation of gene expression within the central nervous system of the mouse. With this increasing specificity has come the ability to ask and answer precise questions about the mechanisms of anxiety and its treatment.
MAPS IN THE BRAIN: What Can We Learn from Them?
Authors: Chklovskii Dmitri B. , Koulakov Alexei A.
Published: June 2004

▪ Abstract  In mammalian visual cortex, neurons are organized according to their functional properties into multiple maps such as retinotopic, ocular dominance, orientation preference, direction of motion, and others. What determines the organization of cortical maps? We argue that cortical maps reflect neuronal connectivity in intracortical circuits. Because connecting distant neurons requires costly wiring (i.e., axons and dendrites), there is an evolutionary pressure to place connected neurons as close to each other as possible. Then, cortical maps may be viewed as solutions that minimize wiring cost for given intracortical connectivity. These solutions can help us in inferring intracortical connectivity and, ultimately, in understanding the function of the visual system.
CEREBELLUM-DEPENDENT LEARNING: The Role of Multiple Plasticity Mechanisms
Authors: Boyden Edward S. , Katoh Akira , Raymond Jennifer L.
Published: June 2004

▪ Abstract  The cerebellum is an evolutionarily conserved structure critical for motor learning in vertebrates. The model that has influenced much of the work in the field for the past 30 years suggests that motor learning is mediated by a single plasticity mechanism in the cerebellum: long-term depression (LTD) of parallel fiber synapses onto Purkinje cells. However, recent studies of simple behaviors such as the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) indicate that multiple plasticity mechanisms contribute to cerebellum-dependent learning. Multiple plasticity mechanisms may provide the flexibility required to store memories over different timescales, regulate the dynamics of movement, and allow bidirectional changes in movement amplitude. These plasticity mechanisms must act in combination with appropriate information-coding strategies to equip motor-learning systems with the ability to express learning in correct contexts. Studies of the patterns of generalization of motor learning in the VOR provide insight about the coding of information in neurons at sites of plasticity. These principles emerging from studies of the VOR are consistent with results concerning more complex behaviors and thus may reflect general principles of cerebellar function.
UNRAVELING THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN MOTOR NEURON DEGENERATION IN ALS
Authors: Bruijn Lucie I. , Miller Timothy M. , Cleveland Don W.
Published: June 2004

▪ Abstract  Although Charcot described amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) more than 130 years ago, the mechanism underlying the characteristic selective degeneration and death of motor neurons in this common adult motor neuron disease has remained a mystery. There is no effective remedy for this progressive, fatal disorder. Modern genetics has now identified mutations in one gene [Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1)] as a primary cause and implicated others [encoding neurofilaments, cytoplasmic dynein and its processivity factor dynactin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] as contributors to, or causes of, motor neuron diseases. These insights have enabled development of model systems to test hypotheses of disease mechanism and potential therapies. Along with errors in the handling of synaptic glutamate and the potential excitotoxic response this provokes, these model systems highlight the involvement of nonneuronal cells in disease progression and provide new therapeutic strategies.
THE NEURAL BASIS OF TEMPORAL PROCESSING
Authors: Mauk Michael D. , Buonomano Dean V.
Published: June 2004

▪ Abstract  A complete understanding of sensory and motor processing requires characterization of how the nervous system processes time in the range of tens to hundreds of milliseconds (ms). Temporal processing on this scale is required for simple sensory problems, such as interval, duration, and motion discrimination, as well as complex forms of sensory processing, such as speech recognition. Timing is also required for a wide range of motor tasks from eyelid conditioning to playing the piano. Here we review the behavioral, electrophysiological, and theoretical literature on the neural basis of temporal processing. These data suggest that temporal processing is likely to be distributed among different structures, rather than relying on a centralized timing area, as has been suggested in internal clock models. We also discuss whether temporal processing relies on specialized neural mechanisms, which perform temporal computations independent of spatial ones. We suggest that, given the intricate link between temporal and spatial information in most sensory and motor tasks, timing and spatial processing are intrinsic properties of neural function, and specialized timing mechanisms such as delay lines, oscillators, or a spectrum of different time constants are not required. Rather temporal processing may rely on state-dependent changes in network dynamics.
CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF NEURONAL POPULATION OSCILLATIONS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN VITRO
Authors: Traub Roger D. , Bibbig Andrea , LeBeau Fiona E.N. , Buhl Eberhard H. , Whittington Miles A.
Published: June 2004

▪ Abstract  A variety of population oscillations, at frequencies ∼5 Hz up to 200 Hz and above, can be induced in hippocampal slices either by (a) manipulation of the ionic environment, or (b) by stimulation of metabotropic receptors; brief oscillations can even occur spontaneously. In this review, we consider in vitro theta (4–12 Hz), gamma/beta (15–70 Hz), and very fast oscillations (VFO) (>70 Hz). Many in vitro oscillations are gated by synaptic inhibition but are influenced by electrical coupling as well; one type depends solely on electrical coupling. For some oscillations dependent upon inhibition, the detailed firing patterns of interneurons can influence long-range synchronization. Two sorts of electrical coupling are important in modulating or generating various in vitro oscillations: (a) between interneurons, primarily between dendrites; and (b) between axons of pyramidal neurons. VFO can exist in isolation or can act as generators of gamma frequency oscillations. Oscillations at gamma frequencies and below probably create conditions under which synaptic plasticity can occur, between selected neurons—even those separated by significant axonal conduction delays.
CRITICAL PERIOD REGULATION
Authors: Hensch Takao K.
Published: June 2004

▪ Abstract  Neuronal circuits are shaped by experience during critical periods of early postnatal life. The ability to control the timing, duration, and closure of these heightened levels of brain plasticity has recently become experimentally accessible, especially in the developing visual system. This review summarizes our current understanding of known critical periods across several systems and species. It delineates a number of emerging principles: functional competition between inputs, role for electrical activity, structural consolidation, regulation by experience (not simply age), special role for inhibition in the CNS, potent influence of attention and motivation, unique timing and duration, as well as use of distinct molecular mechanisms across brain regions and the potential for reactivation in adulthood. A deeper understanding of critical periods will open new avenues to “nurture the brain”—from international efforts to link brain science and education to improving recovery from injury and devising new strategies for therapy and lifelong learning.
VISUAL MOTOR COMPUTATIONS IN INSECTS
Authors: Srinivasan Mandyam V. , Zhang Shaowu
Published: June 2004

▪ Abstract  With their relatively simple nervous systems and purpose-designed behaviors and reflexes, insects are an excellent organism in which to investigate how visual information is acquired and processed to guide locomotion and navigation. Flies maintain a straight course and monitor their motion through the environment by sensing the patterns of optic flow induced in the eyes. Bees negotiate narrow gaps by balancing the speeds of the images in their two eyes, and they control flight speed by holding constant the average image velocity as seen with their two eyes. Bees achieve a smooth landing on a horizontal surface by holding the image velocity of the surface constant during approach, thus ensuring that flight speed is automatically close to zero at touchdown. Foraging bees estimate the distance that they have traveled to reach a food source by integrating the optic flow experienced en route; this integration gives them a visually driven “odometer.” Insects have also evolved sophisticated visuomotor mechanisms for pursuing prey or mates and possibly for concealing their own motion while shadowing objects of interest.
Isolation of interstitial fluid from skeletal muscle and subcutis in mice using a wick method
Authors: Markhus Carl Erik , Wiig Helge
Published: June 2004

Until recent years, mice were sparsely used in physiological experiments, and therefore, data on the basic cardiovascular parameters of mice are lacking. Our aim was to gain access to interstitial fluid and thereby study transcapillary fluid dynamics in this species. Using a modified wick method, we were able to isolate interstitial fluid from subcutis and skeletal muscle in mice. Three-stranded, dry, nylon wicks were inserted post mortem in an attempt to avoid local inflammation and thus eliminate protein extravasation and wick contamination. Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) was measured with a colloid osmometer for submicroliter samples and averaged (means ± SE) 18.7 ± 0.4 in plasma, 9.1 ± 0.4 in subcutis, and 12.3 ± 0.5 mmHg in muscle. HPLC of plasma and wick fluid showed similar patterns except for some minor peaks eluting in the <40-kDa region. Plasma protein extravasation as determined by 125I-labeled human serum albumin showed that contamination of wick fluid by plasma proteins was negligible (<2%). Capillary hyperfiltration induced by intravenous infusion of saline (10% of body wt) was reflected in tissue fluid isolated by wicks as shown by the average postinfusion COP values of 14.5 ± 0.6, 6.8 ± 0.3, and 7.7 ± 0.4 mmHg in plasma, subcutis, and muscle, respectively. We conclude that the wick technique can be easily adapted for use in mice and may represent a reliable method to isolate interstitial fluid and study transcapillary fluid flux in this species.
Body temperature, behavior, and plasma cortisol changes induced by chronic infusion of Staphylococcus aureus in goats
Authors: Mphahlele Noko R. , Fuller Andrea , Roth Joachim , Kamerman Peter R.
Published: June 2004

Most experimentally induced fevers are acute, usually lasting ∼6–12 h, and thus do not mimic chronic natural fevers, which can extend over several days or more. To produce a model of chronic natural fever, we infused eight goats ( Capra hircus) intravenously with 2 ml of 2 × 1011 cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus) for 6 days using osmotic infusion pumps (10 μl/h) while measuring changes in body temperature, behavior, and plasma cortisol concentration. Seven control animals were infused with sterile saline. Abdominal temperature-sensitive data loggers and osmotic infusion pumps were implanted under halothane anesthesia. To compare our new model with existing models of experimental fever, we also administered 2-ml bolus intravenous injections of 2 × 1011 S. aureus cell walls, 0.1 μg/kg lipopolysaccharide ( Escherichia coli, serotype 0111:B4), and sterile saline in random order to six other goats. Bolus injection of lipopolysaccharide and S. aureus induced typical acute phase responses, characterized by fevers lasting ∼6 h, sickness behavior, and increased plasma cortisol concentration. Infusion of S. aureus evoked prolonged fevers, which lasted for ∼3 days, starting on day 4 of infusion (ANOVA, P < 0.05), and did not disrupt the normal circadian rhythm of body temperature. However, pyrogen infusion did not cause plasma cortisol concentration to rise (ANOVA, P > 0.05) or the expression of sickness behavior. In conclusion, infusion of S. aureus produced a fever response resembling that of sustained natural fevers but did not elicit the cortisol and behavioral responses that often are described clinically and during short-term experimental fevers.
On Conley′s fundamental theorem of dynamical systems
Authors: Razvan M. R.
Published: June 2004

We generalize Conley′s fundamental theorem of dynamical systems
in Conley index theory. We also conclude the existence of a
regular index filtration for every Morse decomposition.