bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What are the perceptions and experiences of adults using mobile applications for self-management in diabetes? A systematic review
Authors: Patail Kalthum , Pai Hui Hsuan , Greenfield Geva , Hayhoe Benedict , Majeed Azeem , Neves Ana Luisa , Taddese Henock B
Published: January 2025

Objectives

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that entails significant burdens to patients, caregivers and society at large. While self-management behaviours like healthy eating and monitoring of blood glucose help to reduce the care burden, they are still perceived to be burdensome. Mobile applications have emerged as promising digital tools in helping patients to self-manage their conditions. We conducted systematic review to explore the perceptions and experiences of adults with types 1, 2 and gestational diabetes using mobile applications for self-management in diabetes.

Design

A systematic review of published primary studies exploring perceptions and experiences of adults living with types 1, 2 and gestational diabetes who used/have used mobile applications for self-management. The study was reported following the best practice guidelines defined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.

Data sources

We searched for articles published from January 2007 to December 2023 via MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Elsevier), CINAHL (Ovid) and Scopus (Elsevier).

Eligibility criteria

Primary qualitative studies that describe the perceptions and experiences of adults in using mobile applications in self-management of types 1, 2 and gestational diabetes published between January 2007 and December 2023.

Data extraction and synthesis

Two independent reviewers screened identified papers for eligibility, extracted data using a pre-defined data extraction form and applied the Critical Appraisal Skills Program tool to appraise the quality of the included studies. Data were narratively synthesised, guided by the ‘unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT)’ framework.

Results

A total of 24 qualitative studies deploying interviews and surveys with open-ended questions were included in the review. We identified four major themes, which were mapped against the constructs of the ‘UTAUT’ framework: ‘performance expectancy’, ‘effort expectancy’, ‘social influence’ and ‘facilitating conditions’.

More than 50% of the studies described favourable app features relating to monitoring blood glucose, diet and exercise while also emphasising the importance of customising these to patient needs. About 40% of the studies described unfavourable aspects related to uploading of excessive information, monitoring device incompatibility, episodic app crashes and telephone handling issues.

Conclusion

The review supports the favourable view of mobile applications as promising tools in helping patients with diabetes to self-manage. However, the challenges on the ease of use and non-customised features of the apps potentially hinder patients’ long-term engagement.
Congenital colour vision deficiency in healthcare professionals: a scoping review protocol of the impact on clinical practice and patient safety
Authors: Lawson Euan , Khan Aqib , Wessels Quenton , Taylor Adam M
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Congenital colour vision deficiency (CVD), known as colour blindness, is a common visual problem affecting around 1 in 12 men and 1 in 200 women. It is known that people who have red-green CVD, the most common phenotype, can have difficulty differentiating colours and this can impact the ability to perform clinical tasks related to patient care. The objective of this scoping review is to understand the extent and type of evidence and the impact on clinical practice and patient safety arising from congenital CVD in healthcare professionals.

Methods and analysis

The scoping review will follow the methodological framework outlined by the Joanna Briggs Institute and by Arksey and O’Malley and we will adhere to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses Scoping Reviews checklist. The following databases will be searched: PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Lens.org and the Trip medical database (filtered for low-income countries) with no limit on earliest date and up to 30 November 2024. Grey literature will be identified by planned searches in the Overton Index. All articles related to ‘CVD in healthcare professionals in clinical practice or in training’ will be included. The study will also include other professionals who may be involved in healthcare but are not involved in direct patient-facing activities. It will be limited to congenital CVD and will exclude the impact of visual impairment and acquired CVD.

There will be an initial search to validate the search strategy. Titles and abstracts will be screened to determine eligibility, and the full text will be reviewed using a data extraction framework. Data will be extracted, collated and then mapped and summarised to present the relevant key findings and outcomes from the papers in tabular and visualised form with a narrative synthesis.

Ethics and dissemination

The scoping review does not need ethical approval and will provide an overview of the impact of congenital CVD on clinical practice and patient safety. This will determine the future need and direction of research in this area and identify methodological challenges and opportunities. The results will be published open access in a peer-reviewed journal.

Registration

INPLASY (DOI: 10.37766/inplasy2024.11.0099).
Spatiotemporal dynamics and prevention strategies of cervical cancer incidence in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: an ecological study
Authors: Shimels Tariku , Kantelhardt Eva Johanna , Assefa Mathewos , Fenta Teferi Gedif
Published: January 2025

Objective

This study analysed the spatial and temporal patterns of cervical cancer incidence in Addis Ababa from 2012 to 2021.

Design

An ecological study was conducted from 1 September to 30 November 2023 to examine the spatiotemporal trends of cervical cancer incidence.

Setting

The research was conducted in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia.

Participants

Included were all patients with clinically and/or histopathologically confirmed diagnoses of cervical cancer.

Data analysis

The study employed advanced analytical tools including R programming, Quantum Geographic Information System V.3.36.0, GeoDa V.1.2.2 and System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses GIS V.9.3.2. Techniques such as Bayesian empirical testing with a block weighting matrix for hotspot identification, Global Moran’s I for spatial autocorrelation, nearest neighbour imputation and universal Kriging interpolation were used to manage data gaps. Joinpoint trend analysis and direct age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR) using the Segi’s World standard population was applied to compare trends across subcities. A statistical significance threshold was set at p<0.05.

Results

Between 2012 and 2021, a total of 2435 new cervical cancer cases were recorded in the Addis Ababa City Population-based Cancer Registry, with significant spatial clustering observed in Nifas Silk Lafto, Bole, Kirkos as well as parts of Gulele and Yeka sub cities (z score>1.96) in 2018. The citywide age-standardised incidence rate varied from 19 to 26 cases per 100 000 women-years during 2013 and 2016, respectively. Subcity trends varied significantly, with increases and decreases noted in Akaki Kality and Kolfe Keraniyo over different periods while Bole subcity showed modest increase at 4.2% APC (95% CI: 0.6% to 7.9%; p=0.026).

Conclusion

The study highlights substantial fluctuations in ASIR and significant geographic disparities in cervical cancer throughout Addis Ababa. To address these challenges, the implementation of school-based human papillomavirus vaccination programmes, alongside targeted interventions, active campaigns and sustained surveillance, is critical. These strategies are essential to effectively reduce the cervical cancer burden and improve health outcomes in the community.
A qualitative interview study of care home managers’ experiences of medicines optimisation for residents with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Alsulami Nawaf , Hughes Carmel M , Barry Heather E
Published: January 2025

Objectives

To explore care home managers’ views and experiences of optimising medicines use for residents with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design, setting and participants

A descriptive exploratory qualitative study using semistructured interviews (conducted via telephone or online videoconferencing platform), with care home managers across Northern Ireland, purposively sampled from care homes that provided care for residents with dementia. Care home managers were asked to describe their experiences of accessing primary healthcare services (such as those provided by general practitioners and community pharmacists), how medicines use by residents with dementia was affected by the pandemic, and what they had learnt from their experiences. Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis.

Results

Fourteen interviews were conducted between January and July 2022. Four themes, ‘isolation’, ‘burden’, ‘disruption’ and ‘connection and communication’, were identified; isolation was a cross-cutting theme that permeated the other themes. Care home managers described feeling isolated from healthcare professionals, healthcare services and residents’ family members. This isolation placed additional burden on care home staff and residents with dementia by increasing staff workload and negatively affecting residents’ well-being. Participants reported that disruption to primary healthcare service provision, particularly services provided by general practices, had significant impact on residents with dementia. Participants described a lack of face-to-face contact with healthcare professionals, and medication reviews often ceased to take place. The connection and communication between key stakeholders were perceived to be important when optimising medicines for residents with dementia.

Conclusions

This study has highlighted the challenges and initial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medicines optimisation for care home residents with dementia, which was characterised by isolation. Further research is needed to determine the extent of the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on this resident population. In future public health crises, better communication is needed between healthcare professionals and care homes.
Cross-sectional study measuring the level and relationship of awareness, attitude and willingness to use HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in Davao City, Philippines
Authors: Gabucan Von Jay Maico Gillado
Published: January 2025

Objectives

To improve on the implementation and uses of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) programmes, factors affecting HIV PrEP willingness must be investigated. This study aims to determine not only the willingness to use HIV PrEP but also to establish whether awareness and attitude affect this.

Design

This study used a cross-sectional survey research design to examine the awareness, attitude and willingness to use HIV PrEP in Davao City. The survey was adapted from multiple studies and was validated and pilot tested. Statistical analysis included descriptive and inferential statistics like correlation, linear regression and structural modelling.

Settings

This research was conducted in Davao City, Philippines. This is one of the regions in the country with a high HIV incidence. The survey was conducted from March to June 2024.

Participants

Participants were at least 18 years of age, currently living in Davao City and a permanent resident of the city.

Results

A total of 258 respondents were gathered in this study, of which 53.10% of all respondents were fully aware of HIV PrEP, while 27.13% were partially aware. The study found the mean attitude and willingness to be 4.21±0.686 and 4.08±0.685, respectively. There was a significant difference in the awareness when grouped according to identity category (X2=24.428; p value=0.002) and highest education attained (X2=15.919; p value=0.044). Being fully aware positively affected willingness to use HIV PrEP by indirectly contributing positively to attitude towards HIV PrEP (β=0.180; p value=0.012).

Conclusion

Generally, the awareness, attitude and willingness to use HIV PrEP is high. However, some respondents are hesitant to use HIV PrEP if it is not a hundred percent effective and unable to adhere to it. The results imply a need for action programmes involving various multidisciplinary stakeholders to ensure that the community possesses full awareness, positive attitudes and increased willingness to use HIV PrEP.
Transauricular vagus nerve stimulation in preventing post-traumatic stress disorder in emergency trauma surgery patients in China: a study protocol for a multicenter, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial
Authors: Zhang Jun , Shen Qi-hong , Lin Xinru , Liu Tieshuai , Li Yu , Yu Yunyun , Liang Jingwen , Yu Xin , Chen Gang
Published: January 2025

Introduction

The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in emergency trauma surgery patients is 24%, emphasising the urgent need for effective early interventions and treatments. Transauricular vagus nerve stimulation (ta-VNS) modulates the autonomic nervous system by stimulating the nucleus tractus solitarius while affecting PTSD-related neural networks, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, potentially offering new options for PTSD prevention and treatment. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ta-VNS in preventing PTSD in emergency trauma surgery patients.

Methods and analysis

This multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled study aims to evaluate the incidence of PTSD in emergency trauma surgery patients receiving either ta-VNS or sham stimulation. A total of 350 participants will be randomly assigned to receive either active or sham stimulation. The active group will undergo electrical stimulation of the left cymba conchae at 30 Hz with a pulse width of 250 µs, using a 30 s on/30 s off cycle. The intensity will start at 0.4 V, increasing in 0.4 V increments until a tingling sensation is detected, and will be adjusted to the highest tolerable level without causing pain. The initial intervention will begin once informed consent is obtained and randomisation is completed in the preoperative preparation room, continuing until the surgery is finished. For the four postoperative days, the intervention will be administered two times per day in 2-h sessions each morning and evening. The sham stimulation group will follow a similar procedure without actual stimulation. The primary outcome is the incidence of PTSD evaluated on postoperative day 30, with secondary outcomes including recovery quality, sleep quality, and adverse events.

Ethics and dissemination

The protocol received approval from Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, affiliated with Zhejiang University School of Medicine, on 15 October 2024 (approval number: 20240562). The study will adhere to the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines, and written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Results will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for publication.

Trial registration number

China Clinical Trial Registration Center (ChiCTR2400080342). Trial details:https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=217809
Instruments for assessing healthcare professionals’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding deprescribing: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Modesto Ana Carolina Figueiredo , Lopes Luis Phillipe Nagem , Neiva Pantuzza Laís Lessa , Moura Mariana Del Grossi , de Oliveira Jardel Corrêa , Lopes Luciane Cruz
Published: January 2025

Objective

To map instruments for assessing healthcare professionals’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding deprescribing.

Introduction

Deprescribing is essential for improving patient outcomes by managing polypharmacy, reducing fall risks and decreasing medication costs. However, there is a limited exploration of healthcare professionals’ perspectives about deprescribing.

Methods and analysis

Studies involving healthcare professionals directly involved in the medication use process (nurses, pharmacists and physicians) will be included, while those in which it is not possible to identify the professional will be excluded. Any definition of deprescribing, as well as any stage of the deprescribing process, will be included, and those without a clear definition of deprescribing will be excluded. Studies employing instruments for assessing the knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare professionals regarding deprescribing, whether validated or not, will be included. Studies focusing on deprescribing algorithms will be excluded. Studies in any healthcare setting will be included. Data will be presented as absolute and relative frequencies, a world heatmap, heatmaps, bar plots or as a word cloud when appropriate.

Ethics and dissemination

The findings from this review will be discussed with stakeholders and healthcare professionals directly involved in deprescribing processes. Additionally, the results will be disseminated through publications and conference presentations.

Protocol registration

https://osf.io/tgjyc/
Predictive biomarkers of performance under stress: a two-phase study protocol to develop a wearable monitoring system
Authors: Flintoff Jonathan M , Pattinson Cassandra , Ahamed Sarah , Ali Shahnewaz , Bagley Angus , Broszczak Daniel , Crewther Blair , de Waal Louis , Edmed Shannon L , Fernando Tharindu , Fookes Clinton , Frentiu Francesca D , Hunt Andrew P , Lipp Ottmar V , McMaster Ben , Mengersen Kerrie , Ney Luke , Oon Senn L , Pandey Ajay , Pandit Parth , Peake Jonathan M , Perera Muthukuttige Madusha Nuwanthi , Perlo Virginie , Punyadeera Chamindie , Schmidt Luke , Smith Simon S , Spann Kirsten , Stewart Ian , Sullivan Karen A , Young Danielle , Kerr Graham , Parker Tony J
Published: January 2025

Understanding and predicting individual responses to common stressors is essential for optimising performance in high-stress environments. This article outlines a protocol for a study to identify biomarkers that predict performance under heat, musculoskeletal, psychosocial and sleep stress, for future integration into a wearable sensor system. In Phase I, healthy adults aged between 18 and 45 years (n=104) will be recruited for an intervention trial that involves exposure to one of the four stressors: heat, musculoskeletal, psychosocial or sleep deprivation. Biomarkers will be identified from molecular markers in biological samples (eg, blood, saliva, sweat and stool), physiological measures and psychological assessments to predict cognitive and physical performance under stress. A within-subjects design will determine changes in molecular and non-molecular markers before and after stress exposure. In Phase II, we will use the biomarkers identified in Phase I to develop a wearable sensor to predict and monitor human performance under stress.
Modifiable factors for irritable bowel syndrome: evidence from Mendelian randomisation approach
Authors: Liu Di , Cao Meiling , Wu Shanshan , Jiang Yiwen , Cao Weijie , Lin Tengfei , Li Fuxiao , Sha Feng , Yang Zhirong , Tang Jinling
Published: January 2025

Background

The potential modifiable factors influencing irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have not been thoroughly documented. We aimed to systematically investigate the modifiable factors associated with IBS, while accounting for the impact of unobserved confounders and coexisting disorders.

Methods

Genetic correlation and Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses were integrated to identify potential modifiable factors and coexisting disorders linked to IBS. Subsequently, multiresponse MR (MR2) was employed to further examine these associations. Summary-level genome-wide association data were used. Modifiable factors and coexisting disorders (ie, gastrointestinal and psychiatric disorders) were identified based on evidence from cohort studies and meta-analysis. In all analyses, IBS was the primary outcome, while in the MR2analysis, coexisting disorders were also treated as outcomes alongside IBS.

Results

Most identified modifiable factors and coexisting disorders exhibited genetic correlations with IBS. MR analyses revealed strong causation between IBS and multisite chronic pain (OR=2.20, 95% CI 1.82 to 2.66), gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (OR=1.31, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.39), well-being spectrum (OR=0.17, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.21), life satisfaction (OR=0.31, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.38), positive affect (OR=0.30, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.37), neuroticism score (OR=1.20, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.25) and depression (OR=1.50, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.66). Additionally, smoking, alcohol frequency, college or university degree, intelligence, childhood maltreatment, frailty index, diverticular disease of the intestine and schizophrenia were suggestively associated with IBS. Robust associations were found between multisite chronic pain and both IBS and coexisting disorders.

Conclusions

Our study identified a comprehensive array of potential modifiable factors and coexisting disorders associated with IBS, supported by genetic evidence, including genetic correlation and multiple MR analyses. The presence of multisite chronic pain may offer a promising avenue for the concurrent prevention of IBS and its coexisting disorders.
Associations of infection burden with Kawasaki disease in a population-based setting during 30 years
Authors: Mofors Johannes , Rudolph André , Schiller Bodil , Elinder Göran , Sonesson Sven-Erik , Eliasson Håkan , Bergman Gunnar , Wahren-Herlenius Marie
Published: January 2025

Objectives

The objective of this study was to investigate the role of infections in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease.

Methods

The investigation was a nationwide epidemiological case-control study, comprising all cases of Kawasaki disease diagnosed in Sweden 1987–2018. Controls were randomly sampled from the general population, matched on sex, age, and area of residency. Data on infections were obtained from the Swedish National Patient Register, which prospectively collects data on all Swedish residents. Infections were classified by organ system, infectious agent and by temporal proximity to Kawasaki disease diagnosis date. Prescription of antibiotics and infections in family members were also considered in separate analyses.

Results

The study comprised n=1774 (61% male) cases and n=17 731 controls. Overall, a history of infections was associated with Kawasaki disease with an OR of 2.3 (95% CI 2.0 to 2.5). Respiratory, skin, urogenital and gastrointestinal tract infections were all associated with Kawasaki disease. Temporal stratification revealed a prominent clustering of infections during the weeks before a Kawasaki diagnosis, but also higher frequencies of infections several months preceding Kawasaki disease with OR ranging from 5.1 (95% CI 3.6 to 7.1) 15–28 days to 1.3 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.6) 181–365 days prior Kawasaki disease. A dose–response relationship was observed, with repeated infections associating with higher ORs of Kawasaki.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that infections are closely linked with Kawasaki disease, and with a wider temporal association than previously known. Further, the data imply that many different agents may induce the disease.
Study on (p, n) reactions for the production of iodine isotopes used in nuclear medicine at 1–20MeV protons
Authors: Abdullah Hallo M. , Jafir Adeeb Omer , Gozeh Bestoon A.
Published: January 2025

The study illustrates how to calculate (p, n) reaction cross-sections for iodine isotopes using the EMPIRE 3.2.3, ALICE-ASH, and TALYS 1.95 computer programs, along with a developed empirical formula. The excitation functions of [Formula: see text]Te(p, [Formula: see text]I, [Formula: see text]Te(p, [Formula: see text]I, [Formula: see text]Te(p, [Formula: see text]I, [Formula: see text]Te(p, [Formula: see text]I, [Formula: see text]Te(p, [Formula: see text]I, [Formula: see text]Te(p, [Formula: see text]I, [Formula: see text]Te(p, [Formula: see text]I, [Formula: see text]Te(p, [Formula: see text]I and [Formula: see text]Te(p, [Formula: see text]I reactions were calculated at incident proton energy ranges of 1–20[Formula: see text]MeV. The previous calculated data from the evaluated data based on the Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF), such as TENDL-2019, TENDL-2021, MENDL-2, IAEA-Medical and IAEA-Therapeutic, as well as the experimental nuclear reaction cross-section data (EXFOR) about the above reactions, have been collected. The empirical formulas have been compared with computer codes and the experimental and evaluated data found in the EXFOR and ENDF. In general, the calculated, evaluated and experimental ([Formula: see text]) reaction cross-sections are in good agreement.
Recent Advances of Differential Privacy in Centralized Deep Learning: A Systematic Survey
Authors: Demelius Lea , Kern Roman , Trügler Andreas
Published: January 2025

Differential privacy has become a widely popular method for data protection in machine learning, especially since it allows formulating strict mathematical privacy guarantees. This survey provides an overview of the state of the art of differentially private centralized deep learning, thorough analyses of recent advances and open problems, as well as a discussion of potential future developments in the field. Based on a systematic literature review, the following topics are addressed: emerging application domains, differentially private generative models, auditing and evaluation methods for private models, protection against a broad range of threats and attacks, and improvements of privacy-utility tradeoffs.
Words That Don't Translate into English
Authors: Yaffe Philip
Published: January 2025

Each "Communication Corner" essay is self-contained; however, they build on each other. For best results, before reading this essay and doing the exercise, go to the first essay "How an Ugly Duckling Became a Swan," then read each succeeding essay.

The better you become as a good expository (non-fiction) writer, the more you appreciate just how challenging (and rewarding) it is to produce good expository text. Most treatises on good writing seem to presume that you are writing for native speakers of the language in which you are writing. However, often this is not the case. If you are not a polyglot, poor translation could lead to poor outcomes.
Mapping Spatiotemporal Solvent Velocity from Measured Concentration Gradients in a Polarized Electrolyte
Authors: Abdo Emily E. , Patel Vivaan , Mistry Aashutosh , Takacs Christopher J. , Balsara Nitash P.
Published: January 2025

The electric-field induced motion of neutral species impedes the efficacy of electrochemical devices. By combining operando X-ray transmission measurements with continuum mechanics, we have developed a methodology for determining the velocity of neutral solvent molecules under an applied field. The X-ray transmission experiments were used to determine ion concentration profiles as a function of space and time in a polymer electrolyte. The unsteady state solvent mass balance equation was solved numerically with experimental concentration profiles to map spatiotemporal solvent velocities. We compare our experimentally derived results with predictions made with concentrated solution theory. We use the cation transference number as the only adjustable parameter to match experimental measurements of both concentration and solvent velocity. Our approach may be used to determine solvent velocity with any operando technique used to measure time-dependent ion concentration profiles.
Atomistic Investigation of Crown Ether Complexes with Lithium Iodide as Solid-State Electrolytes
Authors: Son Junghan , Grugeon Sylvie , Sauvage Frédéric , Courty Matthieu , Besnard Nicolas , Sicsic David , Becuwe Matthieu
Published: January 2025

We investigated the surprising ionic conductivity trend of a series of hybrid complexes based on lithium iodide (LiI) associated with different size of crown ethers. Through a combination of experimental and theoretical methods, LiI hybrid complexes were characterized to rationalize the unexpected tendency of ionic conductivity. Our findings revealed that the solvation structure of the lithium iodide (LiI) complex of crown ethers is influenced by the size of the crown ether. Consequently, the solvation structure of the complex affects the transport properties. Notably, we observed a unique sandwich-like complex is formed between two 12C4 molecules and the Li cation during classical NVT molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, which is rarely observed with larger crown ethers. Based on this observation, we postulate that the idiosyncratic structure of [Li ⊂ 12C4][I] increases the ratio of SSIP solvation structure, ultimately resulting in higher ionic conductivity compared to [Li ⊂ 15C5][I], despite 15C5 is a larger crown ether than 12C4. We also propose a hypothesis, based on the MD simulation, that adjusting the size of crown ether molecules can potentially enhance the transference number.
Optimizing Thermal Characteristics and Mobility in Sub-10 nm β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3/Ga2O3 Tri-Metal MODFETs for Advanced Biosensing Applications
Authors: R Prem Ananth , Elshafie Hashim , Changalasetty Suresh Babu , Mubarakali Azath
Published: January 2025

This study assesses the thermal characteristics and electron mobility of sub-10 nm β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3/Ga2O3 tri-metal gate field-effect transistors (MODFETs). Using ultra-high vacuum deposition and plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy, we developed a novel device with a 10 nm Al2O3 layer and a 230 nm Ga2O3 layer. The research investigates the impact of self-heating on device performance, particularly in devices with Ga2O3 layers thinner than 10 nm. Our results show that reducing the Ga2O3 layer thickness significantly decreases thermal conductivity, leading to higher temperatures and reduced electron mobility due to increased phonon scattering. Additionally, we examined the effects of inter-layer metal thickness (TM) and channel dimensions on thermal and mobility performance. The study explores the potential of β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3/Ga2O3 MODFETs in biosensing, highlighting their excellent electronic properties, sensitivity to surface charge modulation, and scalability. These findings emphasize the need to optimize layer thickness and implement effective thermal management strategies to enhance the performance, efficiency, and reliability of sub-10 nm Ga2O3-based MODFETs in high-power and biosensing applications.
Anesthetic Management and Considerations for Cesarean Delivery in a Patient With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Pham Richard , Mehdizadeh Chris , Baker Christopher , Soloniuk Leonard J. , Pasca Ioana , Sinha Ashish
Published: January 2025

Recent advancements in therapeutics and risk reduction in the management of cystic fibrosis have increased the life expectancy of cystic fibrosis patients to the fifth decade of life. As the life expectancy of cystic fibrosis patients has increased, more cystic fibrosis patients have opted to pursue pregnancy. Normal pregnancy is accompanied by physiological changes that affect anesthetic management. These normal physiological changes, combined with the pathological manifestations of cystic fibrosis, create a unique set of anesthetic challenges. Here, we report on the management and clinical course of a 37‐year‐old parturient with cystic fibrosis, focusing on the anesthetic approach.
Complex Presentation of Uterus Didelphys With Bilateral Leiomyomas: A Case Report
Authors: Wube Assaye Mezgebu , Yusuf Yusuf Mohammed , Abate Biniyam Afework , Hussen Meksud Shemsu , Kebede Yabets Tesfaye , Mohammed Bekri Delil
Published: January 2025

Müllerian duct anomalies and uterine leiomyomas represent distinctive facets of female reproductive health. While uterine leiomyomas are prevalent reproductive pathologies, the coexistence of Müllerian anomalies and leiomyomas is relatively uncommon. This case study examines the complex medical and surgical management of a woman who initially presented with chronic abdominal pain and swelling. Following evaluation, the patient received a diagnosis of an uncommon co‐occurrence of congenital uterus didelphys and leiomyomas. Notably, during the surgical procedure, a rectovesical peritoneal band was identified. This case study seeks to broaden the scientific understanding of these subsets of women, offering insights into the complexities arising from a common diagnosis overlaying a rare condition.
A Multiphase and Multicomponent Model Considering Molecular Diffusion for Simulating Shale Oil Reservoirs With Complex Fracture Networks
Authors: Liu Jie , Lei Zhengdong , Raynaud Xavier , Bao Kai , Han Yi , Liu Pengcheng
Published: January 2025

Molecular diffusion is a critical mechanism of enhance oil recovery (EOR) in developing shale oil reservoir by huff “n” puff. The ultra‐low permeability lead to the accumulation of injected gas within the complex fracture networks (CFNs), thereby, enhancing concentration gradient and mass transfer by molecular diffusion between the CFNs and matrix. A proper understanding of CFNs influence on molecular diffusive mass transfer becomes critical for predicting oil recovery and remaining oil distribution in shale oil reservoirs. Therefore, a multiphase and multicomponent mathematical model with molecular diffusion was developed for describing mass transfer of molecular diffusion. Molecular diffusion coefficients were predicted by the extend Sigmund method. The finite volume method (FVM) and two‐point flux approximation (TPFA) were applied to discretize and approximate mass transfer equations. The embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) was utilized to explicitly simulate CFNs and extended to couple mass transfer by molecular diffusion in the fracture to that in the matrix. Model validation clearly demonstrates that the proposed numerical model is capable of effectively and accurately simulating diffusion mass transfer in shale oil reservoirs with CFNs. By applying the proposed numerical compositional model, a series of synthetical models with molecular diffusion were developed by CO2 huff “n” puff. The simulation results indicated that molecular diffusion is crucial to EOR in developing shale oil reservoirs with CFNs by huff “n” puff, particularly in the injection and soaking stage. However, molecular diffusion contributes to an increased gas production during the production phase. In addition, larger fracture density benefits diffusive mass transfer to EOR by increasing contact areas. And higher diffusion coefficients improve diffusive mobility, which boosts diffusive mass transfer. Meanwhile, greater injection rate additionally makes concentration difference of injected component between fractures and matrix system to rise, resulting in more injected component transferring into matrix. This paper provides a better understanding of molecular diffusion mechanism for EOR in development shale oil reservoirs with CFNs by huff “n” puff.
Puerarin Attenuates Podocyte Damage in Mice With Diabetic Kidney Disease by Modulating the AMPK/Nrf2 Pathway
Authors: Xue Song , Fan Wei , Li Qingping , Huang Hong , Tang Yibo , Wu Min
Published: January 2025

Background: This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms of puerarin in alleviating diabetic nephropathy (DKD) in mice.

Method: The DKD model was induced by multiple low‐dose injections of streptozotocin (STZ) and a high‐sugar and high‐fat diet in male C57BL/6J mice. After confirming the onset of DKD, mice were given irbesartan, distilled water, or different concentrations of puerarin (40 and 80 mg/kg/d) by gavage for 8 weeks. HE staining and PAS staining were adopted to assess the pathological changes in the kidney tissues. Meanwhile, the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, creatinine, and cystatin C in the serum and the urine albumin and creatinine were measured, and the renal indices as well as the urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) were calculated. The changes of podocin and protein expression levels associated with AMPK/Nrf2 signaling pathway were evaluated by western blot.

Results: Puerarin significantly reduced the level of fasting blood glucose, renal index, glomerular mesangial expansion index, renal function, and oxidative stress induced by STZ (p < 0.05). The pathological injuries in kidney tissues were also alleviated. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the expression level of podocin and protein related to the AMPK/Nrf2 signaling pathway was also decreased significantly by the treatment of puerarin. At the same time, the efficacy of puerarin in the treatment of DKD was better than that of irbesartan, and the treatment effect of the high‐dose group (80 mg/kg/d) was also significantly better than that of the low‐dose group (40 mg/kg/d).

Conclusion: Puerarin could attenuate the severity of DKD and protect the podocyte in mice in a dose‐dependent way. Also, it might be performed by regulating the AMPK/Nrf2 pathway. These findings may provide a theoretical basis for updating the clinical management of DKD.
Topographic Evaluation of Inflammatory Periapical Lesions in the First Molar’s Region Using CBCT
Authors: Kazemipoor Maryam , Foroughipour Fatemeh , Safi Yaser
Published: January 2025

Background: Investigating the pattern of extension in the periapical (PA) inflammatory lesions is important in the treatment plan and prognosis of treatment.

Introduction: This study evaluated the topography of PA inflammatory lesions in the first molars using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Methods: In this descriptive study, 197 CBCT images about patients in the age group of 14–77 years were analyzed. The maximum extension of the PA lesion in the three orthogonal planes related to the regions of maxillary and mandibular first molars was measured and reported in millimeters. Measurements were compared based on age, gender, dental arch, and root type. Statistical analysis was performed using percentages, repeated measure ANOVA, paired t‐tests, and Pearson correlation coefficient. The significant level was set at 0.05.

Results: The highest total mean lesion extensions were in the vertical plane followed by the buccolingual and mesiodistal plane. There was a statistically significant difference between the extension of the PA lesion in the vertical and mesiodistal (p < 0.001), vertical and buccolingual (p  = 0.001), as well as the mesiodistal and buccolingual planes (p  = 0.027). In the maxilla and mandible, the highest mean lesion extension was in the vertical, buccolingual, and mesiodistal plane, respectively. According to the root type, there was only a statistically significant difference in lesion extension in the buccolingual plane and between the mesial and distobuccal roots (p  = 0.030).

Conclusion: Given the limitations of the present study, regarding the extension of the PA lesion in the first molar region, the bone structure of the maxilla and mandible follows a precise and delicate pattern. In this regard, future studies in different communities and races should be designed to address this issue in different communities. In addition, CBCT is a reliable imaging method to evaluate the extension of the PA lesion both morphologically and morphometrically.
Registered Nurse Scope of Practice in Australian Primary Healthcare Settings: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study
Authors: Nguyen Van N. B. , Brand Gabrielle , Collison Lisa , Griffin Ken , Moses Samantha , Morphet Julia
Published: January 2025

Background: Registered nurses (RNs) play an important role in providing primary healthcare (PHC) services. Longitudinal evidence on how the RN scope of practice in these settings has evolved over the years is currently missing and is critical in understanding how Australian government health policies have shaped the reality of nursing practice.

Aim: To explore the scope of practice of RNs in Australian PHC workplace in both metropolitan and rural areas and among those with and without postgraduate qualifications during 2015–2019.

Methods: Longitudinal survey data were retrospectively retrieved, collated and analysed using variate and bivariate analyses in SPSS Version 27.0. Composite items were used to combine survey items into seven key areas of nursing practice.

Results: Majority of the 3882 participants were female (n = 3782, n = 97.4%), worked in general practice (n = 2916, 75.1%) and in metropolitan areas (n = 2145, 55.3%) and had completed a short course (n = 2470, 63.6%). A total of 904 participants (23.3%) completed at least one postgraduate degree. There was no significant and substantial difference in the frequency, and preference for frequency, of seven PHC practice areas by participants in different workplace localities, with or without a formal postgraduate degree as well as throughout the 5‐year survey period.

Conclusion: The findings on the scope of practice by the RN participants might be explained by the interplay of interprofessional, organisational and institutional factors (more than individual factors).

Implications for Nursing Management: Multilayer strategies targeting interprofessional, organisational, institutional and individual factors should be in place to enable RNs to work to their full capacity and advanced level of education. RNs also need to be included in major policy‐ and decision‐making that affects them to ensure their job satisfaction, retention in practice and contribution to patient health outcomes in PHC are sustained.
Unlocking Responsive and Unresponsive Signatures: A Transfer Learning Approach for Automated Classification in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Lesions
Authors: Bamorovat Mehdi , Sharifi Iraj , Tahmouresi Amirhossein , Agha Kuchak Afshari Setareh , Rashedi Esmat
Published: January 2025

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains a significant global public health disease, with the critical distinction and exact detection between responsive and unresponsive cases dictating treatment strategies and patient outcomes. However, image‐based methods for differentiating these groups are unexplored. This study addresses this gap by developing a deep learning (DL) model utilizing transfer learning to automatically identify responses in CL lesions. A dataset of 102 lesion images (51 per class; equally distributed across train, test, and validation sets) is employed. The DenseNet161, VGG16, and ResNet18 networks, pretrained on a massive image dataset, are fine‐tuned for our specific task. The models achieved an accuracy of 76.47%, 73.53%, and 55.88% on the test data, respectively, with a sensitivity of 80%, 75%, and 100% and specificity of 73.68%, 72.22%, and 53.12%, individually. Transfer learning successfully addressed the limited sample size challenge, demonstrating the models’ potential for real‐world application. This work underscores the significance of automated response detection in CL, paving the way for treatment and improved patient outcomes. While acknowledging limitations like the sample size, the need for collaborative efforts is emphasized to expand datasets and further refine the model. This approach stands as a beacon of hope in the contest against CL, illuminating the path toward a future where data‐driven diagnostics guide effective treatment and alleviate the suffering of countless patients. Moreover, the study could be a turning point in eliminating this important global public health and widespread disease.
Intralesional Steroid Injections for Management of Granulomatous Mastitis: A Systematic Review of Treatment Protocols and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Vercoe J. , Sedaghat N. , Brennan M. E.
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Although idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (GM) of the breast is a benign condition, it can be locally aggressive and frequently chronic, causing significant pain and distress to the patient. Treatment often involves multiple disciplines including general practice, breast surgery/physicians, rheumatology and/or immunology. Traditional options for treatment include observation, oral steroids, methotrexate and/or surgery, all with variable outcomes. A more recent alternative treatment option involves intralesional steroid injections.

Methods: Using PRISMA methodology, a systematic review of intralesional steroid injection for the management of GM was conducted. Medline, PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched for original studies reporting treatment protocols and clinical outcomes, published up to the end of September 2023.

Results: Nine eligible studies reported outcomes in 474 patients undergoing treatment of GM with intralesional injections. All studies reported success (improvement in clinical and/or imaging appearance) with intralesional injections. Studies that had a comparison group showed statistically significantly fewer side effects compared to oral steroids or surgical management. The recurrence rate was less for intralesional injections than for other treatments in all studies except one. No studies included patient‐reported outcomes.

Conclusion: There is consistent evidence for the safety, efficacy and low recurrence rate with intralesional steroid injections for GM. The existing literature is heterogenous with respect to injection protocols, and the optimal protocol is unclear. Future research should compare the various steroid agents and dose/frequency of administration. Future studies should include cost analysis and patient‐reported outcomes to ensure that the treatment is cost‐effective and acceptable to people with idiopathic GM.
In Situ RAS:RAF Binding Correlates with Response to KRASG12C Inhibitors in KRASG12C-Mutant Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Kato Ryoji , Solanki Hitendra S. , Ozakinci Hilal , Desai Bina , Gundlapalli Harika , Yang Yu Chi , Aronchik Ida , Singh Mallika , Johnson Joseph , Marusyk Andriy , Boyle Theresa A. , Haura Eric B.
Published: January 2025

Purpose:

Therapeutic efficacy of KRASG12C(OFF) inhibitors (KRASG12Ci) in KRASG12C-mutant non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) varies widely. The activation status of RAS signaling in tumors with KRASG12C mutation remains unclear, as its ability to cycle between the active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states may influence downstream pathway activation and therapeutic responses. We hypothesized that the interaction between RAS and its downstream effector RAF in tumors may serve as indicators of RAS activity, rendering NSCLC tumors with a high degree of RAS engagement and downstream effects more responsive to KRASG12Ci compared with tumors with lower RAS–RAF interactions.

Experimental Design:

We developed a method for measuring in situ RAS binding to RAF in cancer samples using proximity ligation assays (PLA) designed to detect panRAS–CRAF interactions.

Results:

The panRAS–CRAF PLA signal correlated with levels of both RAS-GTP and phosphorylated ERK protein, suggesting that this assay can effectively assess active RAS signaling. We found that elevated panRAS–CRAF PLA signals were associated with increased sensitivity to KRASG12Ci in KRASG12C-mutant NSCLC cell lines, xenograft models, and patient samples. Applying a similar PLA approach to measure the interactions between EGFR and its adapter protein growth factor receptor–bound protein 2 as a surrogate for EGFR activity, we found no relationship between EGFR activity and response to KRASG12Ci in the same samples.

Conclusions:

Our study highlights the importance of evaluating in situ RAS–RAF interactions as a potential predictive biomarker for identifying patients with NSCLC most likely to benefit from KRASG12Ci. The PLA developed for quantifying these interactions represents a valuable tool for guiding treatment strategies.