bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I.—On the Gondwana Series of India, as a Probable Representative of the Juro-Triassic Epoch in Europe
Authors: Feistmantel Ottokar
Published: May 2009

Since Sir Charles Bunbury described the Flora of Nagpúr, drawing the most rational conclusions, and since Messrs. Oldham and Morris illustrated a portion of the Flora of the Rajmahal Series in the Rajmahal Hills, nothing of importance has come before the public regarding the Flora of the Indian Plant-bearing Series, although the then abundant material has subsequently been considerably increased through the exertion of the officers of the Geological Survey of India, who have also done much to explain the geological relations of the whole Series.
II.—The skull and Dermal Armour of Stegosaurus
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

In various numbers of the “American Journal of Science,” the writer has given the more important characters of the skeleton of the Stegosauria, and has indicated the relations of this group to the other known Dinosauria. The discovery of additional specimens of Stegosanrus, one of them nearly complete, furnishes material to greatly enlarge our knowledge of the skull and dermal covering of this genus, and some of the new facts are given in the present article.
III.—On Palæosaccus Dawsoni, Hinde, a New Genus and Species of Hexactinellid Sponge from the Quebec Group (Okdovician) at Little Métis, Quebec, Canada
Authors: Hinde George J.
Published: May 2009

In 1887 and 1888, Sir J. W. Dawson discoveredindark carbonaceous shales of the Quebec group, exposed at Little Métis, on the north shore of the Lower St. Lawrence, some thin bands of rock largely filled with the remains of siliceous sponges, and similar fossils were found to be sparsely scattered in adjacent beds through a vertical thickness of forty feet. This discovery of an abundant sponge fauna at so low an horizon,inrocks previously considered
III.—The Rift Valleys of Eastern Sinai
Authors: Hume W. F.
Published: May 2009

In this paper the author deals with some of the results obtained in the course of a survey of Eastern Sinai during the season of 1898–99, his remarks being based on a map carefully prepared by his colleague, Mr. H. G. Skill, F.R.G.S., and on his own topographical and geological observations.
III.—The Silurian Rocks of Ireland and their Relation to the Old Red Sandstone
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

A quarter of a century ago it was a disputed question whether it the Old Red Sandstone was a separate formation or not. About that time, or a few years later, the subject. engaged the attention of the Geological Section of the British Association.
I.—On the Discovery of a Species of Iguanodon in the Kimmeridge Clay near Oxford; and a Notice of a very Fossiliferous Band of the Shotover Sands
Authors: Prestwich
Published: May 2009

An interesting discovery has just been made in this district. A short time since some workmen from Cumnor brought to the Museum a basketful of bones which they said they had found in digging the clay at the brick works, now in course of large extension, at Cumnor Hurst, three miles west of Oxford. On cleaning the specimens, the characteristic vertebræ and teeth of Iguanodon were recognized. A large number of the vertebræ are entire, but the jaw is in fragments, with many teeth, however, in position. The skull is wanting, except a small fragment. One of the feet, with the claws, is almost complete. The larger bones are almost all broken, buty we hope to be able to reunite many of the fragments, as there is reason to belive that the skeleton was entire or nearly so. The smaller bones and the extremities of the larger bones are in a beautiful state of preservation. It is a smaller animal than the Wealden Iguanodon Mantelli, but whether owing to age or difference of species remains to be determined. It seems to be indicate a different species, with smaller and more delicately-formed bones.
II.—On Trigonia Elisæ—Cornet and Briart
Authors: Lycett
Published: May 2009

The Whetstones (Meule) of Bracquegnies, Belgium, are upon the same geological horizon (zone of Ammonites inflatus, Sow.) and are identical lithologically with the well-known Whetstones of Blackdown; like to the latter deposits they are characterized by the prevalence of Trigoniæ which are allied to, but are for the most part not strictly identical with the species of Devonshire.
VIII.—On Plagioclinal Mountains
Authors: Callaway Charles
Published: May 2009

The object of this paper is to show that the received explanations of the structure of mountain chains will not account for the formation of certain Precambrian ranges, and to state facts in support of a new theory of the origin of some mountains. A brief summary of the ordinary views of the subject will first be necessary.
I.—A Cruise among the Volcanos of the Kurile Islands
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

The following notes upon the Kuriles were collected during an excursion which I made to these islands in the summer of 1878. Owing to a continuance of foggy weather, which I do not think would find its equal even in Newfoundland, the want of harbours, and the strong currents, although I was almost a month steaming. amongst these islands, it was seldom that we could effect a landing. In consequence of this the bulk of the material embodied in the following notes was written from what I saw from the deck of our vessel. However, as I had good opportunities for seeing nearly every island in the group, and many of these from several points of view, the following notes may not be altogether without value. One advantage which was gained by viewing these island from a distance was, that I was thereby better able to judge of the number, and the general from of the mountains they contained, and to roughly make comparisons of their relative heights, than I could have done had I been actually on the island themselves.
II.—Dingle and Glengariff Grits
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

From the comments on my discussion of the relations existing between the Dingle beds and the Glengariff grits, with the accompanying diagrammatic section (Geol. of Ireland, chap. iv. p. 52), it would appear that it is not as clear as it might be. I therefore propose now to explain myself more fully on this subject.
III.—Notes on the Surface Geology of a Part of the Mississippi Valley
Authors: McGee W. J.
Published: May 2009

A somewhat detailed description of the surface deposits of North-eastern Iowa, with references to observations of a similar nature in other localities, and some general conclusions, was read by the author before the American Association at its St. Louis meeting, and is printed in the Proceedings for 1878. Since the preparation of that paper additional observations have been made in the same region; and some other localities, mainly in the State of Illinois, have been visited. A general section has been made across the northern portion of this State, from the Mississippi on the west to Lake Michigan on this east, at about 42° N. lat. A like section has been made the greater part of the length of the State from north to south, at about long. 89° W. from Greenwich. The data employed in the construction of these sections were chiefly derived from personal observations on the surface, in channels of erosion, and in artificial excavations on the surface, in channels of erosion, and in artificial excavations; but use has also been made of observations of other persons, collected by means of extensive inquiries from, and correspondence with, local geologists and others. In Iowa a formation, believed to be distinct from any previously described, has been discovered, and a rather anomalous distribution of the member considered to be the equivalent of the loess has been brought to light. Several åsar, which seem to be homologous with those of Scandinavia, have also been traced over some distance.
II.—Contributions to the Study of Volcanos
Authors: Judd J. W.
Published: May 2009

During the earliest periods concerning which we have historical records in Southern Europe, Vesuvius was certainly inactive, its true character, indeed, long remaining wholly unsuspected; nor do the eruptions of Etna at this epoch appear to have been of such a character as to have powerfully arrested the attention and excited the imaginations of the oldest inhabitants of the district. Far otherwise was it, however, with the volcanos of the Lipari Islands; in these the manifestations of igneous activity had been so constant and striking, that priests, poets, and philosophers had successively associated the locality with their most marvellous stories.
III.—A Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

The interesting story of the discovery of these enormous masses by Prof. Nordenskjöld is already known to the readers of this Magazine through a translation of his original memoir. While exploring in Danish Greenland in 1870, his attention was directed to the possibility that meteorites might be met with in Disko Island, by the accidental discovery of a block of meteoric iron in some ballast which had been taken in at the old whaling-station at Fortuna Bay, near Godhavn, and he urged the Greenlanders to search the district for masses of that metal.
II.—Notes on the Geology of the Lake District
Authors: Dakyns J. R.
Published: May 2009

I Wish, through, the medium of your pages, to call the attention of Geologists to an important point in the Geology of the English Lake District.
I.—The Search for Coal under the “Red Rocks” of the South Staffordshire Coal-field
Authors: Ketley Charles
Published: May 2009

It is now fifteen years since the appearance of the second edition of the late Professor Jukes's memoir on the Geology of the South Staffordshire Coal-field. The author observed in his preface that a revision of his work had been rendered necessary by the opening of many new mines and cuttings of various kinds which had afforded fresh information on points that had previously been obscure. He mentioned, for instance, certain red clays and sandstones occurring at Walsall Wood, and at other places which were at first supposed to belong to the New Red Sandstone, afterwards believed to be Permian, but were ultimately decided to be Coal-measures.
II.—On the Gault Aporrhaïdæ
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

Group 4.—Spire moderately long, generally without carinæ, always ribbed transversely. Wing expanded and quadrate, prolonged posteriorly into a sharp point.
III.—On Some New Liassic Fossils
Authors: Tate Ralph
Published: May 2009

Mr. T. Beesley, in a “Sketch of the Geology of the Neighbourhood of Banbury,” 2nd edit., 1873, published a very extensive list of Liassic fossils, and having been honoured by the loan of many of them, the majority in an excellent state of preservation, I beg to record the presence of a few interesting forms, and to describe some new species.
I.—Contributions to the Study of Fossil Crustacea
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Having received an invitation from Mr. W. Stoddart to examine the collection of his late father, Mr. W. W. Stoddart, F.G.S., at Sneyd Park, Clifton, Bristol, I availed myself of the opportunity to do so in April last, and was interested in finding, among many other good British fossils, a new and undescribed Crustacean belonging to the genus Eryon, from the Stonesfield Slate of Stonesfield, Oxfordshire.
II.—On the Probable Seat of Volcanic Action
Authors: Hunt T. Sterry
Published: May 2009

The igneous theory of the earth's crust, which supposes it to have been at one time a fused mass, and to still retain in its interior a great degree of heat, is now generally admitted. In order to explain the origin of eruptive rocks, the phenomena of volcanos, and the movements of the earth's crust, all of which are conceived by geologists to depend upon the internal heat of the earth, three principal hypotheses have been forward. Of these the first supposes that in the cooling of the globe a solid crust of no great thickness was formed, which rests upon the still uncongealed nucleus. The second hypothesis, maintained by Hopkins and by Poulett Scope, supposes solidification to have commenced at the centre of the liquid globe, and to have advanced towards the circumference. Before the last portions became solidified, there was produced, it is conceived, a condition of imperfect liquidity, preventing the sinking of the cooled and heavier particles, and giving rise to the superficial crust, from which solidification would proceed downwards. There would thus be enclosed, between the inner and outer solid parts, a portion of uncongealed matter, which, according to Hopkins, may be supposed still to retain its liquid condition, and to be the seat of volcanic action, whether existing in isolated reservoirs or subterranean lakes; or whether, as suggested by Scrope, forming a continous sheet surrounding the solid nucleeus, whose existence is thus conciliated with the evident facts of a flexible crust, and of liquid ignited matters beneath.
I.—On a New Genus of Fossil “Calamary,” from the Cretaceous Formation of Sahel Alma, near Beirût, Lebanon, Syria
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Some years ago my friend Mr. Robert Damon, F.G.S., of Wey-mouth, visited the Cretaceous deposits of the Lebanon, and when at that place he was so fortunate as to make the acquaintance of the Rev. E. R. Lewis, M.A., F.G.S., Professor in the Syrian Protestant College, Beirût, Syria.
IV.—Woodwardian Laboratory Notes—N. Wales Rocks IV
Authors: Tawney E. B.
Published: May 2009

[C1. 41], Sedgwick Collection, from near the top of Bwlch Mawr, is a rock of greenish-grey colour, with rather fewer felspars than the last. In the microscope the ground is seen to be largely occupied by squarish crystals of felspar, between which is some crypto-crystal-line matter. The larger felspars seem all plagioclase, but they are all much decomposed, some of the smaller ones are perhaps ortho-clase. There is no pyroxenic mineral preserved; calcite aggregations result, and also viridite extinguishing in no position. There are many minute quartz grains in the ground, which have the appearance of being secondary. Apatite is abundant; there are also black and brown crystals of iron oxides (ilmenite). A few crystals of epidote have been formed. No hornblende is to be found, and amorphous matter in the ground is uncertain, yet the rock may most conveniently be placed among the porphyrites. It has not, however, the andesitic structure of the Carn Boduan rock. The dark colour would be due to the chloritic matter and iron oxide scattered through the ground.
III.—Modern Denudation in North Wales
Authors: Dakyns J. R.
Published: May 2009

The subject of denudation is so important that I propose giving a few instances of denudation and of the transport of material that have actually come under my own observation or that of my friends. Where one sees the same familiar crags and pinnacles year after year, apparently quite unchanged, one may perchance fancy that denudation is at a standstill; but anyone who, in scrambling across the screes that clothe many a steep hillside, finds them moving beneath his feet, or perhaps has clattering about his ears a shower of stones dislodged by some wandering sheep, will at once perceive that it is not so: for it is obvious that if the mere tread of such a small beast as a sheep, shepherd or other pedestrian, can set scree rolling downhill, it must be in a very unstable state, and may be expected to move in a conspicuous manner under more potent forces than the tread of animals. Observation shows that this is the case. Not a year passes without some conspicuous fall of scree or of solid rock, owing chiefly to great downpours of rain. Leaving general statements, I will now give actual instances of the fall of rock or movement of scree that have recently taken place in the Snowdon district.
V.—A Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

A correspondent communicated to Nature a reference to a description of this celebrated fall of meteorites, which is to be found in Gruithuisen's Naturgeschichte des gestirnten Himmels 407. As it does not appear to have been known to Buchner, it may be placed on record here.
II.—On the Origin of Coums
Authors: Goodchild J. G.
Published: May 2009

In my paper on Glacial Erosion lately laid before the readers of the Geol. Mag. (pp. 323 and 356), I have endeavoured to prove that the origin of nearly all the more prominent surface characteristics of the rock scenery in the Yorkshire Dale District admits of a simple and complete explanation by the theory of the modification of pre-existing subaerially eroded surfaces by Glacial Erosion. At the same time it was shown that the character of many of the phenomena is entirely opposed to any theory of their origin by means of Subaerial Denudation alone. In the present communication it is proposed to inquire how far this Glacial Erosion theory may be applied to explain the origin of the deep, semicircular recesses that are commonly found in all well-glaciated mountainous districts, and are variously known by the names of Coums, Corries, or Cirques.
VI.—A Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

Shortly after this remarkable shower of meteorites had taken place two very full reports on the occurrence were drawn up by von Haidinger. It is computed that over a very limited area more than a thousand stones, weighing in all from 8 to 10 cwt., must have fallen. The largest found is now preserved in the Vienna Collection; it weighs 293·3 kilog. (5 cwt. 3 qrs. 3 lbs.), and measures 2ft. 4 in. long and 18 in. broad, and penetrated the ground to a depth of 11 ft. For drawings of this enormous block, the largest mass of meteoric rock preserved in any collection, and coloured representations of the meteor which was observed at the time of its descent, the reader is referred to von Haidinger's two memoirs.
V.—On Dicellograpsus, a New Genus of Graptolites
Authors: Hopkinson John
Published: May 2009

The Graptolites for which the name Dicellograpsus is here proposed are usually included in the genus Didymograpsus, which is thus made to comprise two groups of species which are not only generically distinct, but belong to entirely different sections of the Graptolite family, the species properly belonging to Didymograpsus (D. Murchisoni for example) having hydrothecæ similar to those of Graptolithus, while the species erroneously included in the genus (D. Forchhammeri and others) have hydrothecæ of the type of Climacograptus. This was first pointed out by Prof. James Hall. In his “Graptolites of the Quebec Group” (p. 57) he removed these species from Didymograpsus, and placed them in his new genus Dicranograptus; the species previously known as Diplograpsus ramosus being considered the type of the genus. To this species, and to another then first described, the genus was afterwards restricted by Mr. Carruthers, the remaining species being again included in Didymograpsus. Though fully agreeing with Mr. Carruthers in thus restricting Dicranograptus, I cannot consider the species removed from it as having any alliance to Didymograpsus.
I.—On a Method of Determining the Mean Thickness of the Sedimentary Rocks of the Globe
Authors: Croll James
Published: May 2009

Various attempts have been made to measure the positive length of geological periods. Some geologists have sought to determine, roughly, the age of the stratified rocks by calculations based upon their probable thickness and the rate at which they may have been deposited. This method, however, is worthless, because the rates which have been adopted are purely arbitrary. One geologist will take the rate of deposit at a foot in a hundred years, while another will assume it to be a foot in a thousand or perhaps ten thousand years; and, for any reasons that have been assigned, the one rate is just as likely to be correct as the other: for if we examine what is taking place in the ocean bed at the present day, we shall find in some places a foot of sediment laid down in a year, while in other places a foot may not be deposited in a thousand years. The stratified rocks were evidently formed at all possible rates. When we speak of the rate of their formation, we must of course refer to the mean rate; and it is perfectly true that if we knew the thickness of these rocks and the mean rate at which they were deposited, we should have a ready means of determining their positive age. But there appears to be nearly as great uncertainty regarding the thickness of the sedimentary rocks as regarding the rate at which they were formed. No doubt we can roughly estimate their probable maximum thickness; for instance, Professor Ramsay has found, from actual measurement, that the sedimentary formations of Great Britain have a maximum thickness of upwards of 72,000 feet; but all such measurements give us no idea of their mean thickness. What is the mean thickness of the sedimentary rocks of the globe? On this point geology does not afford a definite answer. Whatever the present mean thickness of the sedimentary rocks of our globe may be, it must be small in comparison to the mean thickness of all the sedimentary rocks which have been formed. This is obvious from the fact that the sedimentary rocks of one age are partly formed from the destruction of the sedimentary rocks of former ages. From the Laurentian age down to the present day, the stratified rocks have been undergoing constant denudation.
III.—The Submergence of Is, in Western Brittany
Authors: Lebour G. A.
Published: May 2009

It has frequently been found that in cases of depression or elevation of land the records of historians have corroborated the inferences of geologists. The works of the ancient geographers have also been of use in this way. It is, however, more rarely that a tradition receives confirmation at the hands of geological observers, and this it is which leads me to call the attention of the readers of the Geological Magazine to the subiect of the present paper.
I. Notes on the Shape and Structure of some Parts of the Alps, with Reference to Denudation.—Part II
Authors: Ruskin John
Published: May 2009

At the extremity of my sketch, fig. 1, p. 52, which by the printer's inadvertence is marked Y instead of X, the beds appear to turn suddenly downwards. They are actually more inclined at this spot; but the principle cause of their apparent increase in steepness is a change in their strike. Generally parallel to the precipice, it here turns westwards (i.e. towards the spectator); and, holding myself bound in candour to note, as I proceed, every circumstance appearing to make for the modern glacial theories, I must admit that, as the beds at this extremity of the cliff turn outwards from the Alps, it might not inaptly be concluded that the great Chamouni Glacier, which by its friction filed the mountain two thousand feet down at the top, by its pressure turned the end of it several points of the compass round at the bottom!
II. On the Classification of the Cretaceous Beds
Authors: Godwin-Austen Robert A. C.
Published: May 2009

The two Memoirs by Dr. Reynès, on the Cretaceous formation, which were noticed in the ninth number of the Geological Magazine, suggest two questions: how far subdivisions there proposed are applicable to the Cretaceous series of this country; and, next, as to the sufficiency of the ground on which the synchronism of the subdivisions of geological formations has been based. The subject of the second Memoir, ‘De l'Étage,’ involves considerations which might be well extended to the whole range of the geological series: indeed, it will hardly be profitable to make much progress with the past physical history of the earth until rules for determining geological horizons shall be established.
III. Geological Notes on Scotland.—No. I
Authors: Roberts George E.
Published: May 2009

Any Geologist travelling to Nairn, viâ Perth, will be interested (in a degree compatible with his sense of the nuisance created) in the wonderful outspread of wind-blown sand betwcen Dalwhinnie and Kingussie. I do not know any more wonderful drift of sand than is here displayed; a sand-surface so constantly in motion, that I believe it must really be in connection with the ever-shifting sand-drift of Culbin, near Elgin, which may be rightly termed the British Sahara. The nuisance caused by the constant settlement, even in the calmest weather, of this fine-grained siliceous sand upon everybody and everything passing through the district, was annoying enough, even in the old coaching days, but is increased tenfold to the traveller now that the Central Scottish Railways has superseded the more tedious method of travel; for the more rapid rate of motion raises such legions of blinding sand-atoms, that when Forres Junction was reached, a traveller is scarcely recognizable for the dust, and the vacant cushions are coated two inches deep. Indeed, I would call special attention to the Sands of Culbin, mentioned as probably being in geological connection with the shifting sands cut through by the railway, as they have afforded the best instance of a real sand-storm known in Britain; hills of blown sand, from 60 to 100 feet in height, and from 200 to 300 feet in circumference, having been formed by wind-action during a single night.
IV. On the Geology and Physical Features of the Valley of the Jordan, the Dead Sea, and the adjacent Districts
Authors: Tristram H. B.
Published: May 2009

Many travellers have spoken of the numerous traces of volcanic acrion to be found in the neighbourhood of the Dead Sea; but the author states that he invariably found the ‘lava-currents ’ of M. de Saulcy to be nothing more than deposits of silica and nodules of oxide of iron, while his ‘extinct craters’ proved to be the flat summits of limestone-hills.
II.—On a Deposit of Phosphatic Nodules in the Lower Green-Sand, at Sandy, Bedfordshire
Authors: Brodie P. B.
Published: May 2009

The Summit of the hill, about two miles form the station, on the property of Arthur Peel, Esq., M.P., consists of yellow and brown sand, with much iron; and the harder beds of the latter, where they form a stone, are composed largely of small pebbles of quartz, sandstone, and mica. In these the phosphatic nodules are found. Generally they lie at a variable depth from the surface—in some cases cropping out; but, in others, they prevail at a greater depth, with a capping of soft sand from three to four feet, but none have been met with below six feet from the top.
IV.—On a Species of Lichas, and other new forms from the Llandilo Flags
Authors: Wyatt-Edgell H.
Published: May 2009

It was publicly stated not long since that of all the Silurian strata there were no two so closely connected as the Liandilo and Caradoc groups. At the time this seemed a bold assertion, considering the great number of genera which were then thought to originate in the latter, not being known in the former. Some new forms, however, that have lately come to light from the Llandilo flags, shoe the connection between the two strata to be closer than it formerly appeared.
III.—Note on the Excavation of the Valleys in Derbyshire
Authors: Sorby H. C.
Published: May 2009

For a considerable time I have taken much interest in the question of the origin of the narrow and deep valleys in the Carboni-ferous Limestone district of Derbyshire, and have carefully recorded whatever seemed to explain their formation. So far I have never met with more striking facts than those to be seen in Deep Dale, about three miles in a direct line E.S.E. from Buxton. I estimate the depth of the valley at about 100 feet, and its width at from 100 to 200 yards. At a distance of about a mile from the Bakewell road there is a cavern, which is especially conspicuous on the east side. Its entrance is about 6 feet high, 20 feet broad, and 40 feet above the bottom of the valley. It extends nearly horizontally for about 30 yards, and then descends to a lower level, where I did not further examine it. On looking from the entrance to the opposite side of the dale I was surprised to see what appears to be a continuation of the same cavern. The entrance on that side is at about 80 feet above the valley, and is so much blocked up with detritus that one can only examine it for a space of 10 yards. Taking, however, all the facts into consideration, it appears to me that at a very remote period a subterranean stream flowed continuously along these two caverns, from west to east. There is abundance of suitable gather ground on the west side which even now has no well-marked surface drainage, and from which much of the water probably escapes by a subterranean course, ending in the large spring in the main valley, by the road-side below Kingsterndale.
II.—Note on the occurence of Remains of the Elk (Alces palmatus) in British Post-tertiary Deposits
Authors: owen
Published: May 2009

At the date of publication of my “British Fossil Mammals” (1846) I had not obtained satisfactory evidence of the Elk as one of them. But shortly after that period the Tyne-side Naturalists recorded in their instructive ‘Transactions’ the discovery of a fine antler of an Elk (‘Alces palmatus fossilis’ of the ‘Club’) in a Peatbog, near the North Tyne Eiver, Northumberland. I am now able to add to that notice evidence of the extension of the localities of true Elk-remains as far south as Walthamstow, Essex. The excavations of the East London Waterworks, now in progress, have exposed sections of an old bed of the Eiver Lea, near Walthamstow. In this bed, at from five to eight feet in depth, have been obtained remains of Bos longifrons, Capra hircus, with remarkably fine horncores, part of an antler, two feet eight inches long, of a Reindeer (C. tarandus), and in another kind of deposit, as evidenced by the darker colour of the bones, and a thin partial coating of limy matter, were obtained the humerus, antibrachium, and metacarpus of an Elk, closely corresponding with those of the existing Scandinavian species (Cervus Alces, Linn.; Alces palmatus; Auct., and Alces Europæus, Hamilton Smith).
III.—On the Occurence of Machairodus in the Forest-Bed of Norfolk
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: May 2009

A Special interest has always attached itself in this country to the remains of that rare and bizarre carnivor, the Sabre-toothed tiger. For as yet it has only been indicated to us on this side of the Channel by the most fragmentary and unique specimens —the two teeth, incisor and canine, obtained by the Rev. Mr. MacEnery, from Kent's Hole, Torquay, the authenticity of which have even been doubted. Whilst, however, palæontologists have pretty generally come to the conclusion that these two isolated teeth are really the remains of a Devon Sabre-tooth, no further specimens have, I believe, been recorded from other caverns in this country.
II.—Notes on a Species of Eophyton (?) from the Lower Arenig Rocks of St. David's
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

As none of the figures hitherto given of the genus Eophyton show either its internal structure, or articulations of its stems, and as I am in possession of a specimen from the Lower Arenig Rocks, of Ramsey Island, near St. David's, which resembles in some respects the Eophyton Linnœanum Torell, but which shows both articulations of the stem, and an internal vascular structure, a description of the species may probably be useful, and may tend to elucidate the true nature of Eophyton, concerning which so much doubt seems to exist at present.
V.—Additions to the List of Brachiopoda of the British Secondary Rocks
Authors: Tate Ralph
Published: May 2009

Sixteen years have now passed since Mr. Davidson's Monograph of the British Secondary Brachiopoda appeared, and as numerous additions have been made from time to time, it is my present object to collate the scattered records of the additional species, and to supplement such information by notices of new or little known forms.
VI.—New Classifications of the Brachiopoda
Authors: Crane Agnes
Published: May 2009

Mr. Charles Schuchert of Newhaven, Conn., U.S.A., has recently published in the “American Geologist” (Vol. xi.No. 3) an important and highly suggestive “Classification of the Brachiopoda,” based on the history of the class (Chronogenesis) and the ontogeny of the individual. It embodies the latest results of the remarkable investigations on the Palaeozoic forms of Prof. James Hall and Mr. J. M. Clarke, who have thrown so much light on the evolution of genera among the Brachiopoda in the eighth volume of “The Palæontology of New York” (Part I. Brachiopoda, 1892).
I. Description of Portions of Jaws of a large extinct Fish (Sterodus Melitenis, Ow.), probably a ‘Cycloid’ with ‘Sauroid Dentition,’ form the ‘Middle Beds of the Maltese Miocene,’ With a Woodcut
Authors: Owen
Published: May 2009

Specimens indicative of large ‘cycloid’ Fishes, with teeth of ‘sauroid’ character, have been obtained from the ‘Upper Chalk’ of England. To a species of this kind, with large circular scales covered with minute asperities visible by the aid of a pocket-lens, Agassiz assigned the generic name Pachyrhizodus, in reference to the thickness of the base of the anchylosed teeth.
III. On the Cargs of Suffolk and Antwerp
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: May 2009

Relations of the Crags of Antwerp and Suffolk.—Having thus passed through the various strata, we may inquire what relation the three Crags bear to the Suffolk deposits. The lists of Mollusca which I have carefully complied from the researches of Mr. Searles Wood, on the one hand, and of M. Nyst, on the other, have been revised by my frined Dr. S. P. Woodward, and will enable us satisfactorily to determine this point. The lists of Mollusca which I have carefully compiled from the researches of Mr. Searles wood, on the one hand, and of M. Nyst, on the other, have been revised by my friend Dr. S. P. Woodward, and will enable us satisfactorily to determine this point.
VI. On the Physical Features of the Coal-basin South of Wales
Authors: Bevan G. Philips
Published: May 2009

There is not in Great Britain any coal-field so characeristic as that of South Wales; nor one which in outward appearance so little agrees with the general notion as to what a coal-field should be like. Instead of the barren and monotonous surface that we usually find in Durham, Staffordshire, Lancashire, or Scotland, we find scenery of a high order,—lofty hills, romantic dales, broken scaurs, and woods feathering down to the banks of the streams that run brawling to the Bristol Channel. It is a wonder indeed that tourists do not oftener explore these gems of South-West landscape, particularly as every valley is now accessible by railway. Nor is it merely in scenic interest that the basin is peculiar; for the very physical arrangement which gives the hill and dale enables much of the coal to be won by level, instead of pit, thus forming a marked feature in the economy of the working. It is with regard to this physical geography that I would say a few words, as viewed in relation to the geology of the basin.
I.—On the Remains of a Red-throated Diver, Colymbus septentrionalis, Linn., from the “Mundesley River Bed”
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

The remains of Birds from Quaternary deposits in this country have been so rarely recorded, that any fresh evidence, throwing light upon our Pleistocene avian fauna, cannot but be of interest. The specimen about to be described was found in the “Mundesley River Bed,” from whence was obtained the Emys lutaria described in this Magazine in 1879 (Dec. II. Vol. VI. p. 304). In a note appended to that paper, Mr. H. B. Woodward has given a short account of this Mundesley deposit, and it will be found fully described in the Geological Survey Memoir, by Mr. C. Reid, “On the Geology of the Country around Cromer,” pp. 119 and 126.
I.—Contributions to the Palæontology of the Yorkshire Oolites
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H.
Published: May 2009

The subject of the identity of the great shell (or rather cast), which occurs in the Scarborough Limestone, with the Corallian P. striata, was partly discussed in the “Corallian Gasteropoda.” The considerable abundance of this form on certain horizons in the Oolites, both of the north and south of England, and its complete absence from other horizons, has attracted considerable attention. Thus it appears alike in the Humphresianus-zone of Scarborough and of Cheltenham, but not, as far as I know, in lower beds. The Yorkshire specimens are not good enough to warrant any conclusions as to the specific difference between this and the Corallian forms; therefore it seems safer to follow the authors of the Great Oolite Mollusca in referring the White Nab fossils to Sowerby's species. Moreover, I have less doubt as to the propriety of this course after reading the very interesting remarks of MM. Terquem and Jourdy with reference to Bourguetia striata.
VI.—Locomotory Appendages of Trilobites
Authors: Mickleborough John
Published: May 2009

The discoveries and investigations of palæontologists touching the question of ambulatory and branchigerous appendages of the Trilobites have been entirely ignored by many of the ablest workers in the science. The important evidence which Mr. Billings produced was unsatisfactory to both Dana and Verrill. In 1881, after many years of untiring labour, Mr. C. D. Walcott (in the “Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge College”) furnished most conclusive proof of the existence of appendages to the cephalic, thoracic, and abdominal divisions of Calymene, Ceraurus, and Acidaspis. He says: “the discoveries have been received in about the same manner” as those of Billings and others—with incredulity, and as “having little value.”
IV.—Remarks on the Genus Megalichthys, Agassiz, with Description of a New Species
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

There can be no doubt that the name Megalichthys was originally suggested to Agassiz by the gigantic teeth of the great round-scaled fish first brought into notice by the researches of Dr. Hibbert, in the quarries of Burdiehouse, though indeed some of its remains had long previously been figured by Ure in his “History of Rutherglen and East Kilbride.” Incontrovertible evidence of this may be found by referring to the Proceedings of the British Association for 1834, and to Dr. Hibbert's original memoir on the Burdiehouse Limestone published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. xiii. 1835. But with the remains of this enormous creature were also associated and confounded certain rhombic glistening scales, belonging really to a considerably smaller fish of a totally different genus, and when Agassiz, subsequently to the meeting of the British Association at Edinburgh in the year above quoted, found in the Museum at Leeds a head of this latter form, or at least of an allied species, he adopted it, by description and by figure, as the type of his Megalichthys Hibberti, relegating the other to the genus Holoptychius. This latter, the real “big fish,” is now known as Rhizodus Hibberti, the founder of the genus being Prof. Owen; and though it may be a matter of regret that it did not retain the name Megalichthys, the laws of zoological nomenclature do not admit of any alteration now.
III.—Notes on the Appendages of Trilobites
Authors: H. W.
Published: May 2009

We are indebted for the Woodcuts accompanying this note to the courtesy of Dr. John Mickleborough, whose paper on the Locomotory Appendages of Trilobites we published in our February Number, p. 80.

They serve admirably to confirm the observations of Mr. E. Billings (published in the Geological Magazine for 1871, Vol. VIII. PI. VIII. pp. 289–294) on the appendages of Asaphus platycephalus. In Fig. 1, a, a, mark the position of the anterior pair of appendages; b, b, the 10th pair; c, the articulation between the carpus and propodos; d, the articulation between the propodos and dactylus; e, the lines to the letter e mark the position of the lamelliform ? branchiae beneath the pygidium.
V.—On Some Palæozoic Phyllopoda
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Woodward H.
Published: May 2009

In the Geol. Mag. Dec. II. Vol. X. pp. 462–3, a Synopsis of the Genera of Fossil Phyllopoda was offered as a basis for the study of these interesting, though often obscure, little fossils, and some of the Bivalved forms, namely, Hymenocaris, Caryocaris, and Lingulocaris, were more especially noticed. See also “Report British Assoc.” for 1882. The univalve forms (excepting Dithyrocaris) have since then been carefully studied; and the classification proposed last year is found to hold good, with some slight modification, on comparison of all the species of which specimens or published figures have come to hand. Thus the term “flat-shield” is not strictly correct, for some of these carapaces are subconical or slightly convex; and one at least (Dipterocaris) is bent like a low ridge along the back: Pinnocaris is possibly really bivalved, without the triangular rostral piece; and probably Barrande's Crescentilla may be placed with Pterocaris and Dipterocaris.
I.—On the Discovery of several New Labyrinthodont Reptiles in the Coal-Measures of Ireland
Authors: Etheridge Robert
Published: May 2009

I regret that this short but important communication was too late for insertion in the December number of the Geological Magazine, as it was intended to announce the discovery of no less than four, if not five, new Genera of Amphibian Labyrinthodont Reptiles from the true Coal-beds of Jarrow Colliery, Kilkenny, Ireland.
II.—The Raised Beach of Cantyre
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: May 2009

Amongst the many objects of interest to the naturalist in that remarkable limb of the Western Highlands, variously written “Cantyre,” “Cantire,” or “Kintire,” are the raised beach and seaworn rocks which may be traced all along the coast under varying forms and aspects. This beach is the same as that which has been described by various writers as skirting the coast of Scotland from the Roman Wall northward, and winding through the innumerable fiords and sea-locks of the Firth of Clyde and the western coast; and to which attention was first called, I think, by Mr. Smith of Jordanhill, in 1836 and 1838, in papers read before the Geological and Wernerian Societies, and with other memoirs condensed into a small volume, in 1862. It is the last and by far the most strongly pronounced of all the raised beaches of Scotland—of which there are several—and is very graphically described by Mr. Geikie in his recent work. Now it is worthy of remark, that each of these authors draws opposite conclusions regarding the age of this raised beach from the same evidence; for Mr. Smith, of Jordanhill, considers the beach to be more ancient than the Roman period, and Mr. Geikie, on the contrary, more recent, both appealing to the position of the Roman Wall at its termination on the western and eastern coasts as evidence of the correctness of their views.
IV.—Notes on the Correlation of the Cretaceous Rocks of the South-east and West of England
Authors: Meÿer C. J. A.
Published: May 2009

It is attempted in the accompanying diagram (Plate II.) to exhibit, as clearly as is possible in a single section, the local chronological arrangement and position of the more remarkable Cretaceous deposits between Folkestone and Guildford, and also their probable correlation with the same series in the Isle of Wight and the vicinity of Lyme Regis. The diagram therefore represents an ideal section of the Cretaceous series from Folkestone in Kent to Lyme Regis in Dorsetshire, exhibiting at a glance the relative positions of the strata in the order of their deposition, but without allowing for variation in thickness or possible want of conformity in stratification.
III.—On the Structure of the Thames Valley and of its Contained Deposits
Authors: Wood Searles V.
Published: May 2009

The great Valley of the Thames has long been known to contain deposits of gravel intermixed with freshwater beds; but the true Geological age both of the valley of its deposits was long in doubt. Latterly the view expressed by Mr. Prestwhich (in which he was of accord both with Professor Morris and Mr.Trimmer), that the whole was newer than the Boulder-clay, has met with acquiescence. The general structure of the deposits in this valley, although they form the most extensive of the Post-Glacial series in England, has not however yet been shown in any comprehensive manner.
I.—On the Origin of Hills and Valleys
Authors: Scrope G. Poulett
Published: May 2009

While referring the present “form of the ground,” in a large degree, to the several agencies of atmospheric and marine denudation, do not let us ignore the, at least, equally efficacious action of subterranean force. This Professor Jukes appears to me to do, to an extent likely to mislead ordinary readers, naturally influenced by his high authority, in the communication from him published in your last number (Vol. III. p. 232). He there speaks of “the action of internal forces,” as “having no direct effect on the external features of the ground.” In a subsequent sentence, indeed, he makes exception, in a parenthesis, of “volcanic cones and craters,” but seemsto consider these exceptional cases as of trifling moment, and to deny altogether the influence of other internal forces in producing superficial elevations or depressions.
II.—On some Columnar Sandstone in Saxon Switzerland
Authors: Keeping Walter
Published: May 2009

One of the most beautiful examples of prismatic jointing that we know of in a sedimentary rock has lately come under my notice whilst travelling in N.E. Germany.
I.—On the Rocks of Brazil Wood, Charnwood Forest
Authors: Allport S.
Published: May 2009

An interesting discovery having just been made in consequence of the examination of a single thin slice of rock, the following communication is recommended to the attention of those geologists who, to say the least, still fail to recognize the value of the microscope in geological investigations.
III.—On the Outcrop of the Brockenhurst Bed near Lyndhurst
Authors: Tawney E. B.
Published: May 2009

Brockenhurst fossils were found as long ago as 1858 by Mr. Keeping on Cutwalk Hill, Lyndhurst. He had been lately excavating in the railway cutting near Brockenhurst, at the time that the line was being converted to a double one, and he was anxious to prove the presence of this bed, which just then was attracting much attention at Lyndhurst.
II.—Second Note on the Pebbles in the Bunter Beds of Staffordshire
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

In my brief paper published in this Magazine for 1880 (Decade II. Vol. VII. p. 404), I mentioned that pebbles of felstone were not uncommon in the Bunter conglomerate on the northern part of Cannock Chase. Since that time, as opportunity has occurred, I have been making a more special study of these pebbles, and think it may be worth while publishing a description of some of the commoner varieties, as a contribution to the lithology of this interesting deposit and a help to the determination of the question of the origin of its material. I believe that I have observed most of the varieties, which commonly occur in the district, but do not pretend (for circumstances have not allowed of this) to have made anything like a complete collection. Many of my specimens have been derived from the broken materials spread upon some roads newly made over the portion of the Chase in the vicinity of Rugeley, but several of them were obtained in a large pit in the Bunter itself, by the side of the railway on the road to Hednesford, and I was able by a careful search in it to identify most of the varieties that I had collected elsewhere. I cannot say that erratics are absolutely unknown in this district, but they are extremely rare, and there is practically no danger of making a mistake as to the source of the pebbles. These pebbles of felstone (to use an inclusive term) appear to be by no means rare. I think one could hardly search a couple of square yards of a newly “metalled” road without picking up a fragment. Now and then specimens are found with a dark ground-mass, and occasionally one which seems to be an indurated felspathic breccia; but in the majority there is a certain common character, though there are many varietal differences. These have a compact ground-mass, varying from a pale brick-red (the commonest) to some tint of pinkish-grey.