bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Instrumentos de evaluación para verificar originalidad de investigación en tesis
Authors: Fuentes Milagros
Published: August 2019

La integridad de los investigadores, es un problema desde tiempos inmemoriables; siempre existió la mala conducta en la investigación, como fraude, falsificación y plagio. Hoy es más notoria, porque la sociedad del conocimiento gracias a la tecnología, ha permitido el desarrollo de instrumentos para verificar la originalidad en la investigación. Esta investigación se propuso analizar algunos instrumentos que se pueden aplicar en la evaluación de las tesis de maestrías y doctorados de la Escuela de Posgrado de la Universidad Andina Néstor Cáceres Velásquez. Aplicando el enfoque cualitativo; utilizando instrumentos físicos como “códigos de honor” donde se establece sanciones por malas conductas y los instrumentos digitales como “software” que permiten verificar la originalidad de los estudios. Se observó que la aplicación de estas herramientas ha servido para disminuir las malas prácticas científicas. De acuerdo a varios estudios y pruebas realizadas a los sistemas, de la gran variedad de software, los que tienen mejores calificaciones son: Urkund con una eficacia del 73% estando en el rango de adecuado, mientras que Turnitin un 67% estando en el rango de pobre, esto obedece a la cantidad de archivos para comparar un trabajo, mientras más bases de datos, mejor será la aplicación.
The benefits of automated dispensing machine for hospital pharmacy in Indonesia: situation, implementation, and feasibility
Authors: Suryadinata Haryman Utama
Published: August 2019

Background: Pharmacy as the main core of hospital is responsible for the quality and safety of medicines.Yet the numbers of medication errors are still high. Automated Dispensing Machine (ADM) is one of the solutions to reduce the dispensing errors in pharmacy. Many countries had studied and proved that the use of ADM gives more benefit than liability. However, ADM is considered as something new, a “nice to have” product.Aims: This study will explain the benefits of ADM especially in Indonesian hospital pharmacy.Methods: Systemic Review with PRISMA method uses 5 databases as Scopus, Springerlink, Google Scholar, Science Direct and ProQuest, with keywords Automated Dispensing Machine, Automated Dispensing Device, Automated Dispensing System, Automated Drug Dispensing System, or Robotic Dispensing System. The inclusion criteria are all the studies that showed any impact in minimum of one aspect ofADM in hospital.Results: There are 13 studies that explained ADM benefits such as increase staff satisfaction for the nurse and pharmacist, reduce dispensing errors about 35% or up to reducing all dispensing errors, time saving until 50% in peak hours and cost analysis and effectiveness. The cost anaylsis such as inventory stock reduction, increases the cost saving.Conclusion:In Indonesia, it needs many considerations to implement ADM but it had already installed in 1 Indonesia Hospital. This hospital had proved that ADM can reduce dispensing errors and can solve some pharmacy problem such as the human resources problems and the long waiting time.With the proven benefits of ADM, it is justified for Indonesian hospital to implement ADM and information system in their pharmacy. The effectiveness will perceive the pharmacy andpositively affect to all related departments in hospital. Keywords: Automated dispensing machine, automated dispensing system, automated dispensing device, robotic dispensing system, automated drug dispensing system
Development of size-tunable polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery applications
Authors: Sawasdee Komkrich , Choksawad Ployphailin , Pimcharoen Sopida , Prapainop Kanlaya
Published: August 2019

Background:  Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used in drug delivery applications because of its excellent properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability along with its abilities to deliver hydrophobic drugs, increase drug bioavailability, and improve drug absorption to targeted cells in both oral and parenteral administrations. The PLGA NPs can be synthesized using emulsion solvent evaporation method. Each parameter during synthesis play a role in formation of nanoparticles and could affect to form different NP sizes which is an important factor for successful development of drug delivery system.  Aims: The aim of this study is to prepare different sizes of PLGA NPs by investigation of four factors (molecular weight (MW) of PLGA, emulsifier concentrations, organic solvent type and power of ultrasonication) that involve in PLGA nanoparticle synthesis.Methods: PLGA nanoparticles were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation method. Size and size distribution were analyzed by dynamic light scattering and polydispersity index (PdI).Results: The effect of four parameters: PLGA MW, emulsifier concentrations, solvent types, and amplitude of ultrasonication on PLGA NPs preparation were evaluated. Changing one parameter results in different sizes of PLGA NPs varied from 150-300 nm. PdI which is an indicator for determination of size distribution of NPs are also varied with overall value less than 0.2.Conclusion: MW of PLGA polymer, emulsifier concentration, type of organic solvent and power of ultrasonication affect the size and size distribution of PLGA NPs.
Dengue hemorrhagic fever: Knowledge, attitude, and practice in Palmeriam, Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Martina Siska Evi , Bratajaya Cicilia Nony Ayu , Ernawati Ernawati
Published: August 2019

Background: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease in the world. It is an emerging disease, episodic and occurring annually.  Aims: This study was to examine the knowledge, attitude, and practice of community in Palmeriam, Jakarta regarding dengue hemorrhagic fever.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was designed in this study between June to July 2016. Purposive sampling was done to collect data from 148 respondents.Results: This study found that average age was 47 years old, 75% were women, and 46.6% finished secondary high school. In another hand, 23.6% respondents had good knowledge, and 49.3% had a neutral attitude for preventing dengue hemorrhagic fever. The study found that 68.2% respondents had a mid-level of practice prevention dengue hemorrhagic fever and it can be improved. This study indicated that the community was quite familiar with Dengue hemorrhagic fever, but there was confusion about water storage and environment effect.Conclusion: Health promotion program and community participation should improve dengue awareness. Continuous campaign for enhancing the knowledge and attitude would result in better practice for DHF prevention.
НАВОИЙНИНГ “БЎЛДУМ САНГА” РАДИФЛИ ҒАЗАЛИГА КИШВАРИЙ ТАХМИСИ
Authors: Sultonov Tulkin
Published: August 2019

Мақолада анъана, адабий таъсир ва ўзига хослик масалалари Алишер Навоийнинг «бўлдум санга» радифли ғазали ва озарбойжон шоири Неъматуллоҳ Кишварий девонидаги “boldum sana” (“бўлдум санга”) радифли тахмисининг қиёсий таҳлили орқали очиб берилган.

статье на основе газели с редифом «булдум санга» Алишера Навои и тахмис с редифом “boldum sana” («булдум санга») азербайджанского поэта Неъматуллах Кишвари раскрываются проблемы традиции, литературного влияния и новаторства.

In this article the problems of tradition, literary influence and specific is illuminated by
comparative analyzing gazel with redif of «boldum sanga» by Alisher Navoi and takhmis with redif of «boldum sana» by Nematullokh Kishvari.
A metal-free approach for the synthesis of amides/esters with pyridinium salts of phenacyl bromides via oxidative C–C bond cleavage
Authors: Manasa Kesari Lakshmi , Tangella Yellaiah , Krishna Namballa Hari , Alvala Mallika
Published: August 2019

An efficient, simple, and metal-free synthetic approach for the N- and O-benzoylation of various amines/benzyl alcohols with pyridinium salts of phenacyl bromides is demonstrated to generate the corresponding amides and esters. This protocol facilitates the oxidative cleavage of a C–C bond followed by formation of a new C–N/C–O bond in the presence of K2CO3. Various pyridinium salts of phenacyl bromides can be readily transformed into a variety of amides and esters which is an alternative method for the conventional amidation and esterification in organic synthesis. High functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope and operational simplicity are the prominent advantages of the current protocol.
A Spectroscopic Census of X-Ray Systems in the COSMOS Field
Authors: Sohn Jubee , Geller Margaret J. , Zahid H. Jabran
Published: August 2019

We investigate spectroscopic properties of galaxy systems identified based on deep X-ray observations in the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) field. The COSMOS X-ray system catalog we use includes 180 X-ray systems to a limiting flux of

, an order of magnitude deeper than the future e-ROSITA survey. We identify spectroscopic members of these X-ray systems based on the spectroscopic catalog constructed by compiling various spectroscopic surveys including 277 new measurements; 146 X-ray systems are spectroscopically identified groups with more than three spectroscopic members. We identify 2196 spectroscopic redshifts of member candidates in these X-ray systems. The X-ray luminosity (L
X)–velocity dispersion (

) scaling relation of the COSMOS X-ray systems is consistent with that of massive X-ray clusters. One of the distinctive features of the COSMOS survey is that it covers the X-ray luminosity range where poor groups overlap the range for extended emission associated with individual quiescent galaxies. We assess the challenges posed by the complex morphology of the distribution of systems with low X-ray luminosity, including groups and individual quiescent galaxies, in the L
x–σ

v
plane.
Tipula (Vestiplex) butvilai sp. nov., a new crane fly (Diptera, Tipulidae) from Yunnan, China
Authors: Starkevich Pavel , Saldaitis Aidas , Men Qiu-Lei
Published: August 2019

A new crane fly, Tipula (Vestiplex) butvilaisp. nov., is described and illustrated based on new material collected in the Nu Jiang Valley of Yunnan Province, China. The hypopygium for the most closely related species, Tipula (Vestiplex) testata Alexander, 1935, is also illustrated. A key is provided to distinguish males of the new species from those of other species in the T. (V.) bicornigera Alexander, 1938 species group.
Three new species of Heteromastus (Annelida, Capitellidae) from Korean waters, with genetic evidence based on two gene markers
Authors: Jeong Man-Ki , Soh Ho Young , Suh Hae-Lip
Published: August 2019

Three undescribed species of Heteromastus Eisig, 1887 were collected from intertidal to sublittoral habitats in western and southern waters of Korea. Heteromastus namhaensis sp. nov. is distinguishable from other congeners by the presence of hemispheric notopodial lobes in the posterior abdomen. Heteromastus gusipoensis sp. nov. closely resembles H. tohbaiensis Yabe & Mawatari, 1998 in the absence of posteriorly extended abdominal notopodial lobes, but differs in the absence of eyespots on the prostomium and distinct node on the shaft of thoracic hooks in H. gusipoensis. Heteromastus koreanus sp. nov. is similar to H. filiformis sensu Hutchings & Rainer, 1982 in the shape of abdominal notopodia, but clearly differs in dentition of the abdominal hooks and methylene green staining pattern (MGSP). DNA sequences (mtCOI and histone H3) of these new Korean species were compared with all sequences of Heteromastus species available in the public database. Molecular results showed distinct genetic differences among these three new Korean species at species level. Comparison of mtCOI gene revealed significant genetic difference between H. filiformis and these Korean species. A comprehensive comparison between three Heteromastus species of present study and their closely related congeners is conducted based on morphological and genetic results.
Trends in construction procurement systems in Sri Lanka
Authors: Rameezdeen Raufdeen , De Silva Sadhana
Published: August 2019

The procurement system is a key means through which the client creates pre-conditions for successful achievement of project specific objectives. The use and the development of procurement systems in any construction industry are affected by various factors. Thus it is interesting to discover different systems used in different instances. This paper presents the results of a questionnaire survey carried out among major contracting organizations in Sri Lanka on procurement systems to discern the trend from year 1977 to 2000. The paper also sheds some light on the underlying factors that affected the changes in procurement systems in Sri Lanka during the period concerned.
Refugees and homelessness: analytical focus on the settlement villages
Authors: Pathirana Hiranthi
Published: August 2019

No abstract available
Facilitating project management through effective quality management: the need for implementing ISO 9000 in construction
Authors: Gunawardena N. D.
Published: August 2019

This paper describes the relationship between project management and quality management. It identifies the similarity between the recognised project quality management processes and the ISO 9001 quality management system; then it illustrates how ISO 9001 quality requirements could be applied to construction project management. The paper also presents the results of a survey carried out to identify quality management practices adopted by local construction companies, using ISO 9001 standard as a yardstick. According to the survey, the companies had some shortcomings with respect to quality management during the construction stage. The results indicate that the lack of proper quality management could, in turn, affect the project management adversely; this point is supported by the Project Management Process Maturity Model, which is a quality improvement model that uses five levels to determine the relative maturity of any organisation and its ability to achieve cost and schedule objectives of a project. Finally, the paper suggests that the quality managements systems based on ISO 9000 could be very effective in facilitating the project management efforts in the construction industry.
A comparative study of ICTAD 1989 and ICTAD 2002 standard conditions of contract for building and civil engineering works
Authors: Rameezdeen Raufdeen , Shiyamasuntharan Raveendranathan
Published: August 2019

The standard forms of contract are prepared with the intention of allocating and standardizing the rights and obligations of the contracting parties and providing guidance to proper management of project objectives. Thus, the standard forms of contract play a dominant legal and management role in construction projects. This holds the fact that standard forms of contract should promote good project management. The significant attributes of a good management of contract are; clear definition and fair allocation of rights and obligations of the contracting parties, well-emphasized time, cost and quality control, and clear boundaries to the powers of the Engineer. The drafting of standard forms of contract should therefore address the above attributes to ensure good project management.In Sri Lanka, standard forms of contract for construction are published by the Institute for Construction Training and Development (ICTAD). The first version of the standard form of contract was prepared in 1986 and revised in 1989. After many years of practical experience it has been reviewed and a new edition was published in January 2002. This paper examines the content of both editions and provides a comparison of the features of project management. The 2002 edition promotes good management of contract by having a proactive approach compared to the reactive approach in the 1989 edition. However, the two documents do not differ significantly in terms of how they deal with project management attributes.
TRIM58 Restrains Intestinal Mucosal Inflammation by Negatively Regulating TLR2 in Myeloid Cells
Authors: Eyking Annette , Ferber Frederike , Köhler Stefanie , Reis Henning , Cario Elke
Published: August 2019

Balanced control of innate immune signaling in the intestine represents an important host defense mechanism to avoid inappropriate responses that may exacerbate mucosal injury in acute inflammation. In this study, we report that TRIM58, a RING E3-ubiquitin ligase, associates with TLR2. The interaction was found in a yeast two-hybrid screen (human leukocyte and mononuclear library) and confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation of tagged and endogenous proteins. TRIM58 was predominantly expressed by murine and human myeloid-derived cells. Stimulation with a TLR2 ligand modulated TRIM58 synthesis in myeloid cells. Overexpression of TRIM58, but only in presence of the RING domain, promoted proteasome-dependent degradation of TLR2, inhibiting its signaling activity. Genetic deletion of Trim58 in mice (Trim58−/−) led to impaired resolution of acute dextran sodium sulfate–induced colitis, which was characterized by delayed recovery from colonic injury and associated with enhanced expression of TLR2 protein and proinflammatory cyto/chemokine production in inflamed colons. Using myeloid cell–specific deletion of Trim58 in mice, we demonstrated that the myeloid cell compartment was responsible for early colitis acceleration in Trim58 deficiency. In vitro studies revealed that Trim58−/− myeloid cells, which showed constitutive upregulation of TLR2 protein, overreacted to a proinflammatory milieu (TNF-α and IFN-γ) with increased IL-1β protein production, which mechanistically depended on Tlr2. Finally, we found that TRIM58 mRNA and protein expression levels were reduced in colonic specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis. In conclusion, we identify TRIM58 as a novel negative mediator of innate immune control and mucosal homeostasis via TLR2 signaling. Dysfunction of TRIM58 in myeloid cells may contribute to ulcerative colitis pathogenesis.
Use of ultrasound for the assessment of dehydration in pediatric patients with mild to moderate dehydration
Authors: Ravanshad Yalda , Azarfar Anoush , Alamdaran Seied Ali , Naseri Mitra , Sarvari Gholamreza , Bagheri Sepideh , Vahabi Sani Armin
Published: August 2019

Management of children with acute gastroenteritis is based upon dehydration estimation. There is no clinical or paraclinical tool which exactly estimates the dehydration degree. Recently ultrasonographic parameters as inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter and aorta (AO) have been used in some studies for this purpose. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound in detecting mild and moderate degrees of dehydration in children. The study was performed in the emergency department of Dr. Sheikh’s Children Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. Children with mild to moderate degrees of dehydration according to World health Organization (WHO) clinical scale were enrolled. Their inferior vena cava diameters, aorta and IVC/AO ratio were measured before and after fluid therapy using ultrasound. Ultrasound was performed by two pediatric sonographers. 36 patients (mean age of 16.94±11.02 months) entered the study. 11 patients had mild and 25 moderate dehydration according to WHO clinical scale. All 11 patients with mild dehydration received oral rehydration. 13 patients in the moderate dehydration group received intravenous rehydration because of oral intolerance to fluids and recurrent vomiting. IVC diameter and IVC/AO ratio after fluid therapy in children with both mild and moderate dehydration degrees was significantly greater (P<0.001). However, we did not observe any significant difference in aorta diameter before and after fluid therapy. Using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, the proper cut-off point of IVC/AO ratio to differentiate patients with moderate dehydration from mild dehydration is equal to 0.782 with sensitivity and specificity equal to 88% and 45.45% respectively. Further, the area under the ROC curve for this cut-off is equal to 0.569. In conclusion, ultrasonography cannot differentiate between mild and moderate dehydration degrees, but studies with larger population of patients should be performed.
An evaluation of the speech perception in noise test
Authors: Dickens Lucille P. , Delaney Callum M.
Published: August 2019

The effects of presentation level and signal-to-babble ratio (S/B) on SPIN performance were investigated for eighty normal hearing listeners. Both intensity and S/B had a significant effect on scores. Performance improved at the more favourable S/B regardless of presentation level, and scores were better at the lower presentation level regardless of S/B. Possible clinical applications of the SPIN test are discussed.
'n Ondersoek na die ekspressiewe kommunikasievermoëns van premature hoërisikokinders
Authors: Smit Helene J.E. , Louw Brenda , Uys Isabel C.
Published: August 2019

Die ekspressiewe kommunikasievermoëns van ses Afrikaanssprekende hoërisikokinders tussen die ouderdom dertig tot sewe-en-dertig maande is geevalueer aan die hand van die drie taaldimensies, naamlik taalvorm, taalinhoud en taalgebruik, aangesien kliniese bewyse daarop dui dat vertraagde taalontwikkeling meer algemeen onder premature hoërisikokinders voorkom. 'n Beeld van die ekspressiewe kommunikasievermoens van die kinders is verkry, en daar is gevind dat die proefpersone 'n beperkte ekspressiewe woordeskat sowel as 'n ontwikkelingsagterstand van ekspressiewe kommunikasievermoëns vertoon. Die belang van die rol van die spraakterapeut m die vroeë identifisering, evaluasie, behandeling en opvolg van die kommunikasievermoëns van premature jong kinders, word deur die bevindings van hierdie studie beklemtoon.
Communication abilities of non-standard language speaking children: A follow-up study
Authors: Alant Erna
Published: August 2019

There has recently been a growing awareness among speech and language pathologists about the problems of the non-standard language speaker when entering the school situation where standard language is predominantly used. This study deals with preschool non-standard language speaker and aims to investigate whether and to what extent the children's language and interaction patterns change after one-year exposure to a formal school situation. Results indicate that although certain language skills do change, the functional interactions patterns of these children tend to remain the same. These findings are interpreted within a social context and implications for intervention discussed.
Methodological considerations in employing the continuous discourse tracking procedure with hearing-impaired adults
Authors: Le Roux L. , Turton R. W.
Published: August 2019

This article addresses the various methodological issues involved in the use the Continuous Discourse Tracking(CDT) procedure as a test instrument for evaluating communication efficiency in hearing-impaired adults. An overview of the potentially confounding variables associated with the CDT technique is provided and consideration is given to the reliability of this procedure with reference to areas requiring systematic investigation. It is proposed that the adoption of an alternative paradigm as well as interdisciplinary approach to test construction may facilitate a multi-dimensional perspective to the assessment of speechreading and communicative ability in the hearing-impaired population.
Community work project in Gazankulu: A community-based training experience
Authors: Bortz Melissa A. , Schoub Barbara , Mckenzie Judy
Published: August 2019

Speech Pathology and Audiology students at the University of Witwatersrand participated in a field trip to learn about rural community work. In collaboration with rehabilitation workers at Tintswalo Hospital, Gazankulu, projects in pre-school language stimulation, aphasia assessment and intervention and hearing screening were undertaken. Projects adhered to community work principles. These were successful in terms of both providing a service to the community and teaching students principles and practice of community work.
Optimal packings of bounded degree trees
Authors: Joos Felix , Kim Jaehoon , Kühn Daniela , Osthus Deryk
Published: August 2019

We prove that if

T_1,\dots, T_n

is a sequence of bounded degree trees such that

T_i

has

i

vertices, then

K_n

has a decomposition into

T_1,\dots, T_n

. This shows that the tree packing conjecture of Gyárfás and Lehel from 1976 holds for all bounded degree trees (in fact, we can allow the first

o(n)

trees to have arbitrary degrees). Similarly, we show that Ringel's conjecture from 1963 holds for all bounded degree trees. We deduce these results from a more general theorem, which yields decompositions of dense quasi-random graphs into suitable families of bounded degree graphs. Our proofs involve Szemerédi's regularity lemma, results on Hamilton decompositions of robust expanders, random walks, iterative absorption as well as a recent blow-up lemma for approximate decompositions.
Green functions and the Dirichlet spectrum
Authors: Bessa G. Pacelli , Gimeno Vicent , Jorge Luquesio
Published: August 2019

This article has results of four types. We show that the first eigenvalue

\lambda_{1}(\Omega)

of the weighted Laplacian of a bounded domain with smooth boundary can be obtained by S. Sato's iteration scheme of the Green operator, taking the limit

\lambda_{1}(\Omega)=\lim_{k\to \infty} \Vert G^{k}(f)\Vert_{L^2}/\Vert G^{k+1}(f)\Vert_{L^2}

for any

f\in L^{2}(\Omega, \mu)

,

f > 0

. Then, we study the

L^{1}(\Omega, \mu)

-moment spectrum of

\Omega

in terms of iterates of the Green operator

G

, extending the work of McDonald–Meyers to the weighted setting. As corollary, we obtain the first eigenvalue of a weighted bounded domain in terms of the

L^{1}(\Omega, \mu)

-moment spectrum, generalizing the work of Hurtado–Markvorsen–Palmer. Finally, we study the radial spectrum

\sigma^{\rm rad}(B_{h}(o,r))

of rotationally invariant geodesic balls

B_{h}(o,r)

of model manifolds. We prove an identity relating the radial eigenvalues of

\sigma^{\rm rad}(B_{h}(o,r))

to an isoperimetric quotient, i.e.,

\sum 1/\lambda_{i}^{\rm rad} = \int V(s)/S(s) ds

,

V(s)={\rm vol}(B_{h}(o,s))

and

S(s)={\rm vol}(\partial B_{h}(o,s))

. We then consider a proper minimal surface

M\subset \mathbb{R}^{3}

and the extrinsic ball

\Omega=M\cap B_{\mathbb{R}^{3}}(o,r)

. We obtain upper and lower estimates for the series

\sum \lambda_i^{-2}(\Omega)

in terms of the volume

{\rm vol}(\Omega)

and the radius

r

of the extrinsic ball

\Omega

.
Truck and Bus Aerodynamic Device and Concept Terminology
Authors:   Truck and Bus Aerodynamics and Fuel Economy Committee
Published: August 2019

This SAE J2971 Recommended Practice describes a standard naming convention of aerodynamic devices and technologies used to control aerodynamic forces on truck and buses weighing more than 10000 pounds (including trailers).
Different ways to skin a cat? The Balmoral Tanks information exchange appeal
Authors: Kar Nicole , Mitchell Anna
Published: August 2019

This article analyzes the Court of Appeal's judgment in the Balmoral Tanks information exchange case, upholding the Competition and Markets Authority's decision to fine Balmoral Tanks for the exchange of competitively sensitive information at a single meeting even though Balmoral Tanks was not part of a wider cartel. This judgment demonstrates the strict enforcement of competition law to information exchanges and the CMA's unusual approach adopting two separate infringement decisions – one relating to the main cartel and a separate decision relating to the information exchange – even though the participants to the cartel were also involved in the information exchange.
Is market power on the rise? Potential explanations and implications for competition
Authors: Ragno Alberta , Arduini Francesca , Rosenboom Nicole
Published: August 2019

The suggestion that there has been a widespread reduction in competition across many industries has been widely discussed in recent years by academics, policymakers and the media. But what does the empirical evidence actually say, and what are potential causes and policy options? This article provides a critical assessment of the ever-growing evidence base and draws conclusions on potential policy responses.
Description and Evaluation of the Specified-Dynamics Experiment in the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI)
Authors: Orbe Clara , Plummer David A. , Waugh Darryn W. , Yang Huang , Jöckel Patrick , Kinnison Douglas E. , Josse Beatrice , Marecal Virginie , Deushi Makoto , Abraham Nathan Luke , Archibald Alexander T. , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Dhomse Sandip , Feng Wuhu , Bekki Slimane
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Here we provide an overview of the REF-C1SD Specified-Dynamics experiment that was conducted as part of Phase 1 of the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI). The REF-C1SD experiment, which consisted of mainly online general circulation models (GCMs) constrained with (re)analysis fields, was designed to examine the influence of the large-scale circulation on past trends in atmospheric composition. The REF-C1SD simulations were produced across various model frameworks and we evaluate how well the simulations represent different measures of the dynamical and transport circulations. In the troposphere there are large (~ 40 %) differences in the climatological mean distributions and seasonal cycle amplitude of the meridional and vertical winds. In the stratosphere there are similarly large (~ 50 %) differences in the magnitude and seasonal cycle amplitude of the Transformed Eulerian Mean circulation and among various chemical and idealized tracers. For nearly all variables these differences are not related to the use of different reanalysis products; rather, we show they are associated with how the simulations were implemented, by which we refer both to how the large-scale flow was prescribed and to biases in the underlying free-running models. Furthermore, in most cases these differences are shown to be as large or even larger than the differences exhibited by free-running simulations produced using the exact same models. Overall, our results suggest that care must be taken when using specified-dynamics simulations to examine the influence of large-scale dynamics on composition.
Ice nucleating particles measured in Swiss alpine snow samples are spatially, temporarily and chemically heterogeneous
Authors: Brennan Killian P. , David Robert O. , Borduas-Dedekind Nadine
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Ice nucleating particles (INPs) produce ice from supercooled water droplets through heterogeneous freezing in the atmosphere. Since the concentration of ice crystals affects the radiative properties of clouds as well as precipitation, constraining the liquid water to ice ratio could help reduce aerosol-cloud interaction uncertainties. INPs have been collected at the Jungfraujoch research station (at 3500 m a.s.l.) in central Switzerland; yet spatially diverse data on INP occurrence in the Swiss Alps are scarce and remain uncharacterized. We address this scarcity through our Swiss Alpine snow sample study which took place during the winter of 2018. We collected a total of 88 fallen snow samples across the Alps at different locations, altitudes, terrains, times since last snowfall and depths. The INP concentrations were measured using the homebuilt DRoplet Ice Nuclei Counter Zurich (DRINCZ) and were then compared to spatial, meteorological and physiochemical parameters. We also extend an alternative way of displaying frozen fraction (FF) versus temperature data through visualizing freezing temperatures as a boxplot to field collected samples. This plotting method displays the freezing temperature in one dimension, instead of the former two dimensions of FF vs temperature, allowing a condensed display of freezing temperature measurements. In the collected snow samples, large variability in INP occurrence was found, even for samples collected 10 m apart on a plain and 1 m apart in depth. Furthermore, undiluted samples had INP concentrations ranging between 1 and 100 INP ml−1 of snow water over a temperature range of −5 to −19 °C. From this field-collected data set, we parameterize the INP concentrations per milliliter of meltwater as a function of temperature with the following equation c*air (T)=e(−0.7T–7.05), comparing well with previously reported precipitation data presented in Petters and Wright, 2015. When assuming a cloud water content of 0.4 g−3 and a critical INP concentration for glaciation of 10 m−3, the majority of the snow precipitated from clouds with glaciation temperatures between −5 and −20 °C. Based on the observed variability in INP concentrations, we conclude that studies conducted at the high-altitude research station Jungfraujoch are representative for INP measurements in the Swiss Alps. Furthermore, the INP concentration precipitation estimates allow us to extrapolate the concentrations to a cloud frozen fraction. Indeed, this approach for estimating the liquid water to ice ratio in mixed phase clouds compares well with aircraft measurements, ground-based lidar and satellite retrievals of cloud frozen fractions. In all, the generated parameterization for INP concentrations in meltwater could help estimate cloud glaciation temperatures.
The diurnal stratocumulus-to-cumulus transition over land
Authors: Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia Xabier , de Roode Stephan R. , Adler Bianca , Babić Karmen , Dione Cheikh , Kalthoff Norbert , Lohou Fabienne , Lothon Marie , Vilà-Guerau de Arellano Jordi
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The misrepresentation of the diurnal cycle of boundary-layer clouds by large scale models strongly impacts the modeled regional energy balance in southern West Africa. In particular, recognizing the processes involved in the maintenance and transition of the nighttime stratocumulus to diurnal shallow cumulus over land remains a challenge. This is due to the fact that over vegetation, surface fluxes exhibit a much larger magnitude and variability than on the more researched marine stratocumulus transitions. An improved understanding of the interactions between surface and atmosphere is thus necessary to improve its representation. To this end, the DACCIWA measurement campaign gathered a unique dataset of observations of the frequent stratocumulus to cumulus transition in southern West Africa. Inspired and constrained by these observations, we perform a series of numerical experiments using Large Eddy Simulation. The experiments include interactive radiation and surface schemes where we explicitly resolve, quantify and describe the physical processes driving such transition. Focusing on the local processes, we quantify the transition in terms of dynamics, radiation, cloud properties, surface processes and the evolution of dynamically relevant layers such as subcloud layer, cloud layer and inversion layer. We further quantify the processes driving the stratocumulus thinning and the subsequent transition initiation by using a liquid water path budget. Finally, we study the impact of mean wind and wind shear at cloud top through two additional numerical experiments. We find that the sequence starts with a nighttime well-mixed layer from surface to cloud top, in terms of temperature and humidity, and transitions to a prototypical convective boundary layer by the afternoon. We identify radiative cooling as the largest factor for the maintenance leading to a net thickening of the cloud layer of about 18 g m−2 h−1 before sunrise. Four hours after sunrise, the cloud layer decouples from the surface through a growing negative buoyancy flux at cloud base. After sunrise, the increasing impact of entrainment leads to a progressive thinning of the cloud layer. While the effect of wind on the stratocumulus layer during nighttime is limited, after sunrise we find shear at cloud top to have the largest impact: the local turbulence generated by shear enhances the boundary layer growth and entrainment aided by the increased surface fluxes. As a consequence wind shear at cloud top accelerates the breakup and transition by about 2 hours. The quantification of the transition and its driving factors presented here sets the path for an improved representation by larger scale models.
Validation of demographic equilibrium theory against tree-size distributions and biomass density in Amazonia
Authors: Moore Jonathan R. , Argles Arthur P. K. , Zhu Kai , Huntingford Chris , Cox Peter M.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Understanding the relative abundance of trees of different sizes is an important part of predicting the response of forests to changes in climate, land-use and disturbance events. Two competing theories of forest size-distributions are demographic equilibrium theory (DET), based on scaling of mortality and growth with size, and metabolic scaling theory (MST), based scaling size with metabolic rates and how trees fill space. Recently, it was shown that for US forests DET is a much better model than MST, even using the same growth scaling with size. Studies comparing DET and MST have so far focused on trunk diameter, but tree mass and the associated forest mass per unit area (biomass density) are much more relevant to climate. In this study, we extend by fitting both DET and MST to mass data for the Amazon rainforest. The conversion via allometry from trunk diameter data to mass leads to an artefact in the mass distribution, which can be corrected by excluding smaller trees. We derive equations to calculate the total forest biomass density from the mass distribution equation, for both models, and these can be used as an indicator of goodness of model fit to the data. The models were fitted to the data, using Maximum Likelihood Estimation, at the forest plot, regional and continental scale. The fits for both diameter and mass demonstrate that MST is rarely a good fit for Amazon size-distributions and that DET is much better and can estimate biomass density, at the forest plot scale, with a mean error of 6 % (10 % if DET allometry fixed to MST) of its true value, compared to 139 % for MST. The median of the fitted growth scaling power for all the 124 plots is very close to the MST allometry values, implying MST allometry is a mean scaling, around which smaller forest plots cluster. At the larger regional scale, the error in the biomass density estimate of DET reduces to 2 % or less and it is less than 1 % for the whole continent. This suggests that models based on DET, such as the relatively simple Robust Ecosystem Demography model (RED), are a good basis for a next-generation dynamic global vegetation model, and that Amazonian forests remain close to demographic equilibrium on large-scales, despite climate change and significant anthropogenic disturbance.
Assessment of wavelet-based spatial verification by means of a stochastic precipitation model (wv_verif v0.1.0)
Authors: Buschow Sebastian , Pidstrigach Jakiw , Friederichs Petra
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The quality of precipitation forecasts is difficult to evaluate objectively because images with disjointed features surrounded by zero intensities cannot easily be compared pixel by pixel: any displacement between observed and predicted fields is punished twice, generally leading to better marks for coarser models. To answer the question of whether a highly resolved model truly delivers an improved representation of precipitation processes, alternative tools are thus needed. Wavelet transformations can be used to summarize high-dimensional data in a few numbers which characterize the field's texture. A comparison of the transformed fields judges models solely based on their ability to predict spatial structures. The fidelity of the forecast's overall pattern is thus investigated separately from potential errors in feature location.
This study introduces several new wavelet-based structure scores for the verification of deterministic as well as ensemble predictions. Their properties are rigorously tested in an idealized setting: a recently developed stochastic model for precipitation extremes generates realistic pairs of synthetic observations and forecasts with prespecified spatial correlations.
The wavelet scores are found to react sensitively to differences in structural properties, meaning that the objectively best forecast can be determined even in cases where this task is difficult to accomplish by naked eye.
Random rain fields prove to be a useful test bed for any verification tool that aims for an assessment of structure.
The urban dispersion model EPISODE. Part 1: A Eulerian and subgrid-scale air quality model and its application in Nordic winter
conditions
Authors: Hamer Paul D. , Walker Sam-Erik , Sousa-Santos Gabriela , Vogt Matthias , Vo-Thanh Dam , Lopez-Aparicio Susana , Ramacher Martin O. P. , Karl Matthias
Published: August 2019

Abstract. This paper describes the Eulerian urban dispersion model EPISODE. EPISODE was developed to address a need for an urban air quality model in support of policy, planning, and air quality management in the Nordic, and, specifically, Norwegian setting. It can be used for the calculation of a variety of airborne pollutant concentrations, but we focus here on the implementation and application of the model for NO2 pollution. EPISODE consists of a Eulerian 3D grid model with embedded sub-grid dispersion models (e.g., a Gaussian plume model) for dispersion of pollution from line (i.e., roads) and point sources (e.g., chimney stacks). It considers the atmospheric processes advection, diffusion, and a NO2 photochemistry represented using the photostationary steady state approximation for NO2. EPISODE calculates hourly air concentrations representative of the grids and at receptor points. The latter allow EPISODE to estimate concentrations representative of the levels experienced by the population and to estimate their exposure. This methodological framework makes it suitable for simulating NO2 concentrations at fine scale resolution (
Brief communication: Preliminary hydro-meteorological analysis of the flash flood of 20 August 2018 in Raganello Gorge, southern Italy
Authors: Avolio Elenio , Cavalcanti Ottavio , Furnari Luca , Senatore Alfonso , Mendicino Giuseppe
Published: August 2019

Abstract. On 20 August 2018 a flash flood affected the Raganello Creek
(southern Italy) causing 10 casualties. The rainfall event was so highly
localized that the spatial coverage of rain gauges were inadequate to
measure it, while radar products showed a storm cell with rain peaks of
about 70–100 mm h−1. This scientific report provides a preliminary
hydro-meteorological analysis of the event and evaluates the forecasting
skills of a system based on the WRF–WRF-Hydro models, using both one-way and
fully coupled approaches. The first results show a reasonable simulation of the
event in terms of both rainfall and hydrological impact.
The 22 December 2018 Mount Anak Krakatau Volcanogenic Tsunami on Sunda
Strait Coasts, Indonesia: tsunami and damage characteristics
Authors:   Syamsidik,   Benazir, Luthfi Mumtaz , Suppasri Anawat , Comfort Louise K.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. On 22 December 2018, a tsunami was generated from the Mount Anak Krakatau area that was caused by volcanic flank failures. The tsunami had severe impacts on the western coast of Banten and the southern coasts of Lampung in Indonesia. A series of surveys to measure the impacts of the tsunami was started three days after the tsunami and lasted ten days. Immediate investigations allowed the collection of relatively authentic images of the tsunami impacts before the clearing process started. This article investigates the impacts of the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami on the affected areas and presents an analysis of the impacts of pure hydrodynamic tsunami forces on buildings. Impacts of the tsunami were expected to exhibit different characteristics than those found following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Aceh. Data was collected from 117 flow depths along the Banten and Lampung coasts. Furthermore, 98 buildings or houses were assessed for damage. Results of this study revealed that the flow depths were higher in Banten than in Lampung. Directions of the tsunami arrays created by the complex bathymetry around the strait caused these differences. Tsunami-induced damage to buildings was mostly the result of impact forces and drag forces. Damping forces could not be associated with the damages. The tsunami warning system in Indonesia should be extended to anticipate non-seismic tsunamis, such as landslides and volcanic processes driven by tsunamis. Lack of a tsunami warning during the first few minutes after the generation of the first wave led to a significant number of human casualties at both of the affected areas.
Environmental controls on marine productivity near Cape St Francis, South Africa
Authors: Jury Mark R.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. This study considers ocean-atmosphere influences on marine productivity over the shelf near Cape St Francis, South Africa. Multi-day estimates of chlorophyll fluorescence in the period 2006–2017 with an area: 34.5–33.75S, 24–26.5E, provide the basis for evaluation using data from high resolution reanalysis. Correlations with the mean annual cycle of chlorophyll fluorescence were significant for salinity, linking marine productivity and the coastal hydrology. A strengthened Agulhas Current induces cyclonic shear that lifts water at the shelf edge. Composite high chlorophyll fluorescence events were dominated by a large-scale mid-latitude atmospheric ridge of high pressure. The resultant easterly winds caused offshore transport and the upwelling of cool nutrient-rich water, in multi-day events at the beginning and end of austral summer. Environmental controls on inter-annual fluctuations of the commercial fishery were also explored. Southwestward currents and diminished heat fluxes favoured squid catch, while anchovy and sardine were linked with upper northerly wind, consistent with large-scale weather patterns that underpin coastal upwelling and river discharge. Productivity lags a few days behind cyclonic wind and current shear and the upstream coastal hydrology, which shares a common atmospheric driver.