bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dilution of solar radiation through “culture” lamination in photobioreactor rows facing south–north: A way to improve the efficiency of light utilization by cyanobacteria (Arthrospira platensis)
Authors: Carlozzi Pietro
Published: December 2002

Efficient utilization of solar radiation for the photoautotrophic production of cyanobacterium biomass was achieved, using small pipes (ID = 0.01 m) arranged in rows in two photobioreactors facing south–north. A high Arthrospira yield of 47.7 g m−2 (installation area) d−1 was attained under outdoor conditions in a tubular undulating row photobioreactor (TURP‐10r). During the summer, under a semicontinuous culture regime, the optimal biomass concentration (OBC) in TURP‐5r was 6.0 g L−1: it was 5.0 g L−1 in TURP‐10r. These OBCs made it possible to produce a biomass output rate of 2.7 ± 0.2 g L−1 d−1 in the former and 2.1 ± 0.1 g L−1 d−1 in the latter. When Arthrospira was grown at a preset dilution rate (0.3 d−1), sunrise cell density (SrCD) variations were not proportional to the drop of solar radiation. The SrCD was comparatively high at high solar radiation and decreased abruptly with decreasing solar radiation. There was a tendency to stabilize at low solar radiation. In both photobioreactors, the chlorophyll content of the Arthrospira biomass (% of the dry weight) was higher at sunrise than at sunset. A comparison of the chlorophyll biomass content in the TURPs showed no significant differences. Night biomass losses were very high (> 30% of the daylight productivity) when the culture temperature was kept constant at 31 ± 1.0°C: these losses fell to < 20% of the daylight productivity, when the night temperature of the cultures decreased according to the environmental temperature. Dilution of solar radiation was carried out using two quasi‐laminated bioreactors. The rows of S–N facing bioreactors showed a very high growth yield in TURP‐10r [about 2.1g (d.w.) MJ−1]. In TURP‐10r, the high photic ratio (Rf = 6), the high surface‐to‐volume ratio (Sill/V = 400 m−1) and the S–N facing of the rows (better than an E–W orientation) allowed for good results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 81: 305–315, 2003.
fabrication and use of a transient contractional flow device to quantify the sensitivity of mammalian and insect cells to hydrodynamic forces
Authors: Ma Ningning , Koelling Kurt W. , Chalmers Jeffrey J.
Published: December 2002

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Biotechnol Bioeng 3:428–437, 2002.
Quantitative determination of ragaglitazar in rat plasma by HPLC: validation and application in pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Kota Jagannath , Mullangi Ramesh , Mamidi Rao N. V. S. , Rajagopalan Ramanujam
Published: December 2002

A specific, accurate, precise and reproducible high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the estimation of ragaglitazar [(−) DRF 2725, NNC 61‐0029], a novel anti‐diabetic agent, in rat plasma. The assay procedure involved simple liquid/liquid extraction of ragaglitazar and internal standard (IS, troglitazone) from plasma into ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated and evaporated under a gentle stream of nitrogen at 40°C. The residue was reconstituted in the mobile phase and injected onto a Kromasil KR 100 − 5C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm). Mobile phase consisting of 0.01 M potassium dihydorgen ortho phosphate (pH 3.2) and acetonitrile (30:70, v/v) was used at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The eluate was monitored using an UV detector set at 240 nm. Ratio of peak area of analyte to IS was used for quantification of plasma samples. Nominal retention times of IS and ragaglitazar were 6.9 and 12.2 min, respectively. The standard curve for ragaglitazar was linear (r2 > 0.999) in the concentration range 0.2–100 µg/mL. Absolute recovery was >87% from rat plasma for both analyte and IS. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of ragaglitazar was 0.2 µg/mL. The inter‐ and intra‐day precision in the measurement of quality control (QC) samples, 0.2, 1.0, 5.0 and 50 µg/mL, were in the range 1.32–3.70% relative standard deviation (RSD) and 1.19–9.39% RSD, respectively. Accuracy in the measurement of QC samples was in the range 94.28–107.45%. Analyte and IS were stable in the battery of stability studies, viz. benchtop, autosampler and freeze/thaw cycles. Stability of ragaglitazar was established for 1 month at −20°C. The application of the assay to a pharmacokinetic study in rats is described. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of lipoprotein lipase activity using high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Eguchi Yukinori
Published: December 2002

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a key enzyme which regulates the plasma triglyceride concentration by hydrolyzing triglycerides in chylomicrons and very‐low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL). The activity of LPL was conventionally analyzed using radio‐labeled residues or direct sandwich‐ELISA. An assay for lipoprotein lipase activity which used a nonradioactive substrate, tri‐olein, is described. In this method, LPL activity was detected fluorometrically by reacting 9‐anthryldiazomethane (ADAM) with the oleic acid generated from tri‐olein by enzyme activity and separated by reversed‐phase HPLC. This method has been optimized and the optimum enzyme incubation time and reaction time of the generated oleic acid with ADAM were both at 20 min. The method correlated well with the conventional method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and synthesis of a hydrophilic fluorescent derivatization reagent for carboxylic acids, 4‐N‐(4‐N‐aminoethyl)piperazino‐7‐nitro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole (NBD‐PZ‐NH2), and its application to capillary electrophoresis with laser‐induced fluorescence detection
Authors: Santa Tomofumi , Matsumura Daisuke , Huang ChengZhi , Kitada Chieko , Imai Kazuhiro
Published: December 2002

A hydrophilic fluorescent derivatization reagent for fatty acids, 4‐N‐(4‐N‐aminoethyl)piperazino‐7‐nitro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole (NBD‐PZ‐NH2), was designed and synthesized. NBD‐PZ‐NH2 possesses not only a fluorophore and a reacting group but also a positive charge group and, thus, was hydrophilic and suitable for application to capillary electrophoresis. NBD‐PZ‐NH2 reacted with fatty acids in the presence of triphenylphosphine (TPP) and 2,2′‐dipyridyl disulfide (DPDS) at room temperature within 10 min. The derivatives were strongly fluoresced and were positively charged at pH below 3. The derivatives of C4‐C20 fatty acids were separated within 10 min in 50% acetonitrile in water containing 30 mM ammonium acetate and 1.0 M acetic acid by capillary electrophoresis with laser‐induced fluorescence (CE‐LIF) detection. The detection limits attained were 6.5 nM (signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3). It is proposed that NBD‐PZ‐NH2 is a prominent derivatization reagent for fatty acids which is suitable for CE‐LIF application. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Child and adolescent predictors for eating disorders in a community population of young adult women
Authors: Moorhead Debra J. , Stashwick Cecilia K. , Reinherz Helen Z. , Giaconia Rose M. , Streigel‐Moore Ruth M. , Paradis Angela D.
Published: December 2002

Objective

This study investigated early predictors for developing eating disorders by young adulthood in a community sample of women participating in a 22‐year longitudinal study.

Method

Twenty‐one women were identified at age 27 with lifetime full or partial eating disorders. These women were compared with 47 women with no history of eating disorders on predictive factors from three broad domains.

Results

The women with eating disorders had more serious health problems before age 5 and mother‐reported anxiety‐depression at age 9. At 15, mothers described them as having more behavior problems. Before age 15, families of the eating disorder group had more histories of depression, eating problems and changes in family financial circumstances.

Discussion

This study identifies early predictors distinguishing girls who develop eating disorders. Findings point to the need for continued research in the area of early health to comprehensively examine the biologic, behavioral, and environmental risks for eating disorders. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 1–9, 2003.
Neuropsychological functioning pretreatment and posttreatment in an inpatient eating disorders program
Authors: Moser David J. , Benjamin Michelle L. , Bayless John D. , McDowell Bradley D. , Paulsen Jane S. , Bowers Wayne A. , Arndt Stephan , Andersen Arnold E.
Published: December 2002

Objective

This study was conducted to determine whether neuropsychological dysfunction associated with anorexia nervosa resolves with inpatient treatment.

Method

Subjects were 28 women being treated for anorexia nervosa. Main study variables included body mass index (BMI), Beck Depression Inventory‐II, and neuropsychological test scores. Subjects were tested at admission and discharge.

Results

Neuropsychological functioning improved across the course of treatment, with significant changes on tests of memory and psychomotor speed. This improvement was not significantly associated with change in BMI or with the other variables that were studied.

Discussion

Patients with anorexia nervosa exhibit subtle neuropsychological dysfunction, which resolves at least partially during treatment. This improvement does not appear to be associated with an increase in BMI. However, it is possible that BMI is not a sufficiently sensitive indicator of nutritional status or that longer‐term follow‐up is necessary to reveal the nutrition‐cognition relationship that we were seeking. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 64–70, 2003.
Binge eating in obese children and adolescents
Authors: Decaluwé Veerle , Braet Caroline , Fairburn Christopher G.
Published: December 2002

Objective

The first goal of the current study was to examine the extent to which a population of obese children and adolescents have developed binge eating problems. The second goal was to generate variables that would distinguish obese binge eaters from obese non–binge eaters.

Method

A group of 126 children and adolescents seeking residential care because of their obesity was selected. A self‐report version of the Eating Disorder Examination was administered.

Results

Binge eating episodes were reported by 36.5% of the obese youngsters. Six percent reported two or more episodes of binge eating a week. Obese binge eaters differed significantly from obese non–binge eaters in self‐esteem and in a broad range of eating‐related characteristics. Compared with obese non–binge eaters, the obese binge eaters were slightly younger. Obese binge eaters did not differ from obese non–binge eaters in degree of overweight or depression.

Discussion

Results suggest that binge eating is a prevalent problem among obese children and adolescents seeking help for their obesity. The marked difference between obese children with and without binge eating suggests the need for special treatment to focus on the problems of obese binge eaters. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 78–84, 2003.
“Knowing one's self” anorexic: Implications for therapeutic practice
Authors: Surgenor Lois J. , Plumridge Elizabeth W. , Horn Jacqueline
Published: December 2002

Objective

Recent postmodernist studies of anorexia nervosa (AN) challenge current clinical understandings and therapies by illuminating not what AN is but how what it is known to be by clinicians helps construct the disorder and therapy for it. This study points to the equal if not greater importance of how patients know AN.

Methods

Using a deconstructive approach, the discourses of a group of women diagnosed with severe AN were analyzed to reveal radically different versions of “knowing one's self” anorexic.

Results

These versions of “self” have strategically different implications for, and meanings of, any therapeutic endeavour.

Discussion

Postmodernist approaches point to the need for social reconstruction of lay and community understandings of AN. They also have implications at the level of individual therapy, and could be deployed with patients to establish individual but authentic bases for therapy. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 22–32, 2003.
Divergence in alternative Hicksian welfare measures: the case of revealed preference for public amenities
Authors: Chattopadhyay Sudip
Published: December 2002

This paper investigates the divergence between the two Hicksian welfare measures of non‐traded amenity improvement associated with housing. First, the Hicksian surplus measures for amenity changes are analytically developed based on explicit specification of utility structures. A hedonic two‐stage approach is then applied to empirically show that, for quantity changes, in contrast to hypothetical markets, divergence in real market is small. The paper also analytically develops expressions for the income and substitution effects and empirically shows that for a given income effect, the greater the substitution effect the smaller the divergence between the two measures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing the capital asset pricing model efficiently under elliptical symmetry: a semiparametric approach
Authors: Hodgson Douglas J. , Linton Oliver , Vorkink Keith
Published: December 2002

We develop new tests of the capital asset pricing model that take account of and are valid under the assumption that the distribution generating returns is elliptically symmetric; this assumption is necessary and sufficient for the validity of the CAPM. Our test is based on semiparametric efficient estimation procedures for a seemingly unrelated regression model where the multivariate error density is elliptically symmetric, but otherwise unrestricted. The elliptical symmetry assumption allows us to avoid the curse of dimensionality problem that typically arises in multivariate semiparametric estimation procedures, because the multivariate elliptically symmetric density function can be written as a function of a scalar transformation of the observed multivariate data. The elliptically symmetric family includes a number of thick‐tailed distributions and so is potentially relevant in financial applications. Our estimated betas are lower than the OLS estimates, and our parameter estimates are much less consistent with the CAPM restrictions than the corresponding OLS estimates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The release of gentamicin from acrylic bone cements in a simulated prosthesis‐related interfacial gap
Authors: Hendriks Johannes G.E. , Neut Daniëlle , van Horn Jim R. , van der Mei Henny C. , Busscher Henk J.
Published: December 2002

Gentamicin is added to polymethylmethacrylate bone cements in orthopedics as a measure against infection in total joint arthroplasties. Numerous studies have been published on gentamicin release from bone cements, but none have been able to estimate the local concentrations in the prosthesis‐related interfacial gap, present after implantation. The aim of this study was to develop a method allowing determination of antibiotic release in such a gap. Two‐hundred‐micrometer‐wide gaps with a volume of 6 μl and a surface area of 0.6 cm2 were created by inserting stainless‐steel strips in gentamicin‐loaded bone cement plugs prior to polymerization. After hardening, the gap surface was exposed to 6 μl or 10 ml of phosphate‐buffered saline. Within 2 h, gentamicin concentrations in the gaps reached around 4000 μg/ml for 4 different CMW and Palamed cements and 2500 μg/ml for Palacos R. Concentrations measured in the larger volume were several hundred times lower than in the gaps. This simulated prosthesis‐related interfacial gap model offers new insights in the clinical efficacy of antibiotic‐loaded bone cements. It is demonstrated that concentrations up to 1000‐fold the antibiotic resistance levels for most bacterial strains causing implant infection can be achieved in a realistic in vitro model. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 64B: 1–5, 2003
Analysis of a retrieved Isola spinal system fractured in service
Authors: Magnissalis E. A. , Zinelis S. , Demetriades D. , Hager J.
Published: December 2002

A 1/4‐in.diameter two‐column Isola spinal system implanted in a 13‐year‐old girl suffering from cerebral palsy and a severe neuromuscular scoliosis of 120°, was replaced 22 months after primary implantation. The system was removed due to fracture of the lower left (concave) bar, between its two cross connectors (i.e., the distal bypass connector and a transverse cross link), as a result of a postoperative infection and a subsequently developed pseudarthrosis. The retrieved implants were analyzed with the use of a multitechnique characterization procedure involving macroscopic and microscopic examination, micro‐multiple internal reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, roughness measurement, and mechanical testing of the constituent material and components. Findings suggest that the spinal system failed due to in vivo loosening of a two‐set screw tandem connector and subsequent overloading of the contralateral bar. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 64B: 6–12, 2003
Enhancement of bone growth in titanium fiber mesh by surface modification with hydrogen peroxide solution containing tantalum chloride
Authors: Kim Taeseong , Suzuki Masahiko , Ohtsuki Chikara , Masuda Kimihiko , Tamai Hiroshi , Watanabe Eiichirou , Osaka Akiyoshi , Moriya Hideshige
Published: December 2002

A tight fixation between bone and implant materials is of great importance for a successful outcome of procedures such as total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA). Surface modification of titanium metal and titanium alloy is one of the attractive methods to improve the biological affinity of orthopedic prostheses. Recent studies reported that titanium substrates were provided with bone‐bonding ability, that is, osteoconductivity, through a chemical treatment with hydrogen peroxide solution containing tantalum chloride. The present study investigated the histological and mechanical effects of such treatment of the surface of titanium fiber mesh. Titanium alloy rods of 7.6 × 7.6 × 20 mm that had a titanium fiber mesh of 250 μm were implanted bilaterally into the distal aspect of the femur of adult beagle dogs. At 3, 5, and 8 weeks after implantation, the rods were removed to examine their bonding strength and histological compatibility with bone. Bonding strength was evaluated by the pull‐out test. The bonding strength of the treated specimen with bone increased with time, and was faster than that of untreated specimens. At 8 weeks postoperative, the bonding strength of both the treated and untreated specimens became almost equal. The amount of newly formed bone on and in the titanium fiber mesh was significantly increased by the chemical treatment (p < 0.05). The rate of bone formation in the fiber mesh was accelerated after chemical treatment. These results indicated that the surface treatment enhanced bone formation in the initial stage thank to the osteoconductive property of the titanium fiber mesh conferred by the chemical treatment so that faster bonding strength was achieved. Surface treatment providing titanium mesh with osteoconductivity has the advantages of the fast healing and tight bonding for prostheses in TKA and THA. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 64B: 19–26, 2003
Comparative study of bone cements prepared with either HA or α‐TCP and functionalized methacrylates
Authors: Canul‐Chuil A. , Vargas‐Coronado R. , Cauich‐Rodríguez J. V. , Martínez‐Richa A. , Fernandez E. , Nazhat S.N.
Published: December 2002

The properties of bone cements prepared with both hydroxyapatite (HA) and α‐tricalcium phosphate (α‐TCP) and methacrylates containing acidic or basic groups are the main interest of this article. The presence of methacrylic acid or diethyl amino ethyl methacrylate as comonomers in the bone cement and both ceramic types as filler were found not to affect the amount of residual monomer, which was generally less than 4.5 wt%. In contrast, setting times, maximum temperature, and glass transition temperature were found to be composition dependent. For samples with acidic comonomer, a faster setting time, a higher maximum temperature, and higher glass transition temperatures were observed compared to those with the basic comonomer. The presence of the fillers slightly increased the setting time but did not affect the other parameters. The mechanical properties of the filled bone cements depended mainly on composition and type of testing. Both HA or α‐TCP filled systems fulfilled the minimum compressive strength required for bone cement application, although a significantly lower value was observed for the alkaline comonomer systems. The minimum bending strength was not satisfied by any of these formulations. The tensile and shear strength of these composites ranged from 20 to 37.9 and from 18 to 27 MPa, respectively. In all cases it was higher for bone cements containing methacrylic acid. The results of this study suggest that the properties of dry unfilled bone cements prepared with MAA are comparable to CMW 3 in mechanical terms but inferior in their setting properties. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 64B: 27–37, 2003
Functional morphology of feeding and gill irrigation in the anuran tadpole: electromyography and muscle function in larval rana catesbeiana
Authors: Larson Peter M. , Reilly Stephen M.
Published: December 2002

This study provides the first data on muscle activity patterns during active feeding in a larval anuran. Data regarding muscle function during gill irrigation and hyperexpiration are also provided. Electromyographic and kinematic data were recorded from six mandibular and hyoid muscles in unanesthetized, unrestrained larvae of Rana catesbeiana. Only three (hyoangularis, orbitohyoideus, anterior interhyoideus) of the six muscles examined are active during gill irrigation. Feeding cycles are characterized by the recruitment of three additional muscles: intermandibularis, suspensorioangularis, and levator mandibulae longus superficialis. The latter two contribute, respectively, to wide opening and forceful closing of the mouth during feeding. Hyperexpiration is characterized by a reversal of water flow anteriorly out of the mouth. This hydrodynamic change occurs due to modulation of the timing of firing of the anterior interhyoideus, as well as recruitment of the posterior interhyoideus, which is only active during hyperexpiration. Both regions of the interhyoideus, which are responsible for evacuation of the buccal cavity, are active during the opening phase of hyperexpiration. Kinematically, transitioning from gill irrigation to feeding involves both an overall shortening of the gape cycle and a shift in the relative length of opening phase vs. closing phase. Our results corroborate many of the findings of Gradwell ([1972] Can J Zool 50:501–521) regarding muscle function during gill irrigation and hyperexpiration. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in larval anurans the transition from gill irrigation to feeding involves modulation of gape cycle kinematics, changes in the level of activity of muscles, and recruitment of muscles that are not active during irrigation. In light of new data presented here, a review of muscle function in tadpoles is also provided. J. Morphol. 255:202–214, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryonic integument and “molts” in manduca sexta (insecta, lepidoptera)
Authors: Ziese Stefanie , Dorn August
Published: December 2002

In Manduca sexta the germ band is formed 12 h post‐oviposition (p.o.) (=10% development completed) and is located above the yolk at the egg surface. The cells show a polar organization. They are engaged in the uptake and degradation of yolk globules, pinched off from the yolk cells. This process can be observed in the integumental cells during the first growth phase of the embryo that lasts until “katatrepsis,” an embryonic movement that takes place at 40% development completed. At 37% development completed, the ectoderm deposits a thin membrane at its apical surface, the first embryonic membrane, which detaches immediately before katatrepsis. The second period of embryonic growth—from katatrepsis to 84 h p.o. (70% development completed)—starts with the deposition of a second embryonic membrane that is somewhat thicker than the first one and shows a trilaminar, cuticulin‐like structure. Whereas the apical cell surface is largely smooth during the deposition of the first embryonic membrane, it forms microvilli during deposition of the second one. At the same time, uptake of formed yolk material ceases and the epidermal cells now contain clusters of mitochondria below the apical surface. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) increases in the perinuclear region. The second embryonic membrane detaches about 63 h p.o. At 69 h p.o., a new generation of microvilli forms and islands of a typical cuticulin layer indicate the onset of the deposition of the larval cuticle. The third growth phase is characterized by a steady increase in the embryo length, the deposition of the larval procuticle, and by cuticular tanning at about 100 h p.o. Beginning at that stage, electron‐lucent vesicles aggregate below the epidermal surface and are apparently released below the larval cuticle. Manduca sexta is the first holometabolous insect in which the deposition of embryonic membranes and cuticles has been examined by electron microscopy. In correspondence with hemimetabolous insects, the embryo of M. sexta secretes three covers at approximately the same developmental stage. A marked difference: the second embryonic cover, which in Hemimetabola clearly exhibits a cuticular organization, has instead a membranous, cuticulin‐like structure. We see the difference as the result of an evolutionary reductional process promoted by the redundancy of embryonic covers in the egg shell. Embryonic “molts” also occur in noninsect arthropods; their phylogenetical aspects are discussed. J. Morphol. 255:146–161, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinematic model of tyrannosaurid (dinosauria: theropoda) arctometatarsus function
Authors: Snively Eric , Russell Anthony P.
Published: December 2002

We present a hypothesis of tyrannosaurid foot function termed the “tensile keystone model,” in which the triangular central metatarsal and elastic ligaments dynamically strengthened the foot. The tyrannosaurid arctometatarsus, in which the central metatarsal is proximally constricted, displays osteological correlates of distal intermetatarsal ligaments. The distal wedge‐like imbrication of tyrannosaurid metatarsals indicates that rebounding ligaments drew the outer elements towards the middle digit early in the stance phase, unifying the arctometatarsus under high loadings. This suggests increased stability and resistance to dissociation and implies, but does not demonstrate, greater agility than in large theropods without an arctometatarsus. J. Morphol. 255:215–227, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the basement membrane and formation of collagen fibrils below the placodes in the head of anuran larvae
Authors: Osawa Tokuji , Feng Xin‐Yan , Yamamoto Masanori , Nozaka Momoki , Nozaka Yohichiro
Published: December 2002

The development of the basement membrane and collagen fibrils below placodes, including the corneal region of the ectoderm, lens epithelium, nasal plate, and auditory vesicle in anuran larvae was observed by transmission electron microscopy and compared with that in nonplacodal regions such as the epidermis, neural tube, and optic vesicle. In the corneal region the lamina densa becomes thick concomitantly with the development of the connecting apparatuses such as hemidesmosomes and anchoring fibrils. The collagen fibrils increase in number and form a multilayered structure, showing similar morphology to the connective tissues below the epidermis. These two areas, i.e., the corneal region and epidermis, possess much collagenous connective tissue below them. On the other hand, the neural tube and ophthalmic vesicle that originated from the neural tube each have a thin lamina densa and a small number of underlying collagen fibrils. The lamina densa does not thicken and the number of collagen fibrils do not significantly increase during development. These two areas possess little extracellular matrix. The nasal plate and auditory vesicle show intermediate characteristics between the epidermis‐type and the neural tube‐type areas. In these areas, the lamina densa becomes thick and hemidesmosomes and anchoring fibrils develop. The number of collagen fibrils increases during development, but does not show an orderly arrangement; rather, they are randomly distributed. It is thought that the difference in the arrangement of collagen fibrils in different tissues is due to differences in the extracellular matrix around the collagen fibrils. Placodal epithelia have the same origin as epidermis, but during development their morphological characteristics differ and they are not associated with the pattern of extracellular matrix with characteristics of epidermal and corneal multilayered collagen fibril areas. J. Morphol. 255:244–252, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microampullary organs of a freshwater eel‐tailed catfish, plotosus (tandanus) tandanus
Authors: Whitehead Darryl L. , Tibbetts Ian R. , Daddow Lina Y.M.
Published: December 2002

Whole body studies of Plotosus tandanus revealed that ampullary pores occur over the entire body of the fish, but are in higher concentrations in the head region. These pores give rise to a short canal (50–60 μm) produced by columnar epithelial cells bound together by tight junctions and desmosomes. At the junction of the canal and the ampulla, cuboidal epithelial cells make up the wall. The ampulla consists of layers of collagen fibers that surround flattened epithelial cells in the lateral regions and give rise to supportive cells that encase a small number of receptor cells (10–15). The ampullary wall comprises several types of cells that are adjoined via tight junctions and desmosomes between cell types. The ovoid receptor cells possess microvilli along the luminar apical area. Beneath this area, the cells are rich in mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum. An unmyelinated neuron adjoins with each receptor cell opposite multiple presynaptic bodies. This form of microampulla has not been previously described within the Family Plotosidae. J. Morphol. 255:253–260, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
State‐resolved collisional energy transfer of OH, NH and H2CO by two‐color resonant four‐wave mixing spectroscopy
Authors: Radi P. P. , Kouzov A. P.
Published: December 2002

Extra resonances observed in two‐color resonant four‐wave mixing (TC‐RFWM) spectra, which originate from collision‐induced energy transfer processes, were investigated experimentally and theoretically. It is shown that the resonances yield information on state‐to‐state rotational energy transfer (RET) occurring in the ground and excited states of OH and NH. The measurements were performed in situ in an equilibrium medium of high temperature and high density. The results shed more light on the propensity rules for the change in the fine‐structure label and rotational quantum number of NH. A comparison with a recent investigation of NH RET on the ground‐state potential yielded good agreement. A theoretical frequency‐domain picture was developed with the help of exact (off‐diagonal) relaxation matrices and general four‐level schemes. The theoretical results were compared with measured relative TC‐RFWM intensities of the OH radical obtained in a flame. Furthermore, the investigation on diatomic radicals was extended to the polyatomic formaldehyde (H2CO) molecule. Initial cell experiments were performed at low pressure by using CO2 as a quencher. The observation of collision‐induced resonances in the ground state of H2CO indicate the potential of the method for the investigation of RET processes occurring in polyatomic molecules in equilibrium media. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Degenerate four‐wave mixing thermometry on the 2B1(k″ = 0)–2A1(k′ = 1) Douglas–Huber band of NO2
Authors: De Dominicis L. , Fantoni R.
Published: December 2002

We report on the application of degenerate four‐wave mixing (DFWM) spectroscopy to the study of the temperature dependence of the 2B1(k″ = 0)–2A1(k′ = 1) Douglas–Huber band of NO2 up to 473 K. Measurements were performed in a static optical cell filled with pure samples at a pressure of 0.1 mbar. The possibility of selecting well‐isolated spectral features for thermometric application using the Boltzmann plot method (BPM) was investigated. Experimental data indicated that at T ≥ 393 K the use of BPM method has to be restricted to transitions with rotational quantum numbers N ≤ 15. Temperature predictions based on the BPM were compared with concurrent measurements performed with a thermocouple. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bragg resonance‐enhanced coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering in a planar photonic band‐gap waveguide
Authors: Konorov S. O. , Akimov D. A. , Naumov A. N. , Fedotov A. B. , Miles R. B. , Haus J. W. , Zheltikov A. M.
Published: December 2002

A planar periodically corrugated waveguide, consisting of a grating and a mirror and integrating a hollow waveguide and a photonic band‐gap structure into a single compact optical element, is shown to enhance coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) in molecular nitrogen. Cross‐correlation measurements, intended to visualize group‐delay effects in the photonic band‐gap waveguide and performed with picosecond Nd : YAG laser pulses, and also the measured dependence of CARS efficiency on the thickness of the waveguide layer, indicate that CARS enhancement under these conditions is at least partially due to the decrease in the group velocity of pump pulses around the photonic band gap. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure‐fiber sources of mode‐separable supercontinuum emission for wave‐mixing spectroscopy
Authors: Fedotov A. B. , Zhou Ping , Tarasevitch A. P. , Dukel'skii K. V. , Kondrat'ev Yu. N. , Shevandin V. S. , Smirnov V. B. , von der Linde D. , Zheltikov A. M.
Published: December 2002

Microstructure fibers are shown to provide a high efficiency of generation of mode‐separable and frequency‐convertible supercontinuum of a high spectral and spatial quality, offering much promise as sources of broadband radiation for wave‐mixing spectroscopy and time‐resolved pump–probe measurements, and also for seeding optical parametric amplifiers. The long‐wavelength and visible parts of supercontinuum emission generated by 40 fs pulses of 800 nm Ti : sapphire laser radiation in fused‐silica microstructure fibers are shown to be spatially separated in microstructure‐fiber modes. With an appropriate spectral filtering, bell‐shaped modes of the long‐wavelength section (∼720–900 nm) of the supercontinuum generated in a microstructure fiber with a small core diameter can be separated from either doughnut‐like or bipartite modes of the visible part (∼400–600 nm) of this supercontinuum. This effect can be employed for the spectral slicing of single modes of supercontinuum emission from microstructure fibers. Frequency convertibility of spectrally sliced supercontinuum is demonstrated by experiments on sum‐frequency generation in a non‐linear crystal. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser coherent control of molecular chiral states via entanglement of the rotational and torsional degrees of freedom
Authors: Bychkov Stanislav S. , Grishanin Boris A. , Zadkov Victor N. , Takahashi Hiroaki
Published: December 2002

A new mechanism for controlling chiral states in simple chiral molecules with internal rotation, which employs the coherent quantum entanglement of the rotational–torsional states of the molecules, is proposed. It requires no preliminary spatial alignment of the molecules in a solution. A novel scenario for the preferential laser synthesis of enantiomers from a racemic solution of chiral molecules employing this new mechanism of inducing chirality is proposed and analyzed in detail and experimental scheme realizing this scenario is discussed. It is suggested that a non‐linear optical activity coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (NOA‐CARS) spectroscopic technique is used for both inducing the gyration wave in the medium (vapor) of chiral molecules and detecting this photoinduced gyration wave in the medium by registering the NOA‐CARS signal. All numerical estimates are made for the hydrogen peroxide and deuterated hydrogen peroxide chiral molecules. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CARS investigation of hydrogen Q‐branch linewidths at high temperatures in a high‐pressure H2–O2 pulsed burner
Authors: Clauss W. , Klimenko D. N. , Oschwald M. , Vereschagin K. A. , Smirnov V. V. , Stelmakh O. M. , Fabelinsky V. I.
Published: December 2002

Hydrogen Q‐branch rotational component line‐broadening coefficients for hydrogen–water collisions were determined at 2700 K. For linewidth measurements CARS spectroscopy with a Fabry–Perot interferometer and a multichannel detector was applied. In order to perform these experiments, a high‐pressure pulsed hydrogen–oxygen burner with variable and controlled pressure was designed. Temperature measurements inside the burner were performed simultaneously with the help of broadband CARS spectroscopy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dicke effect in hydrogen S0(0) rotational transition observed by time‐domain CARS
Authors: Arakcheev V. , Jakovlev D. , Mochalov S. , Morozov V. , Olenin A. , Tunkin V.
Published: December 2002

The Dicke effect in the hydrogen S0(0) rotational transition (354 cm−1) in forward scattering geometry was observed using time‐domain CARS. Dicke effect measurements were performed at room temperature and with cooling by liquid nitrogen. The observed slowest decays of the impulse responses correspond to the narrowest S0(0) transition spectral linewidths of 1.1 × 10−3 cm−1 (296 K) and 0.45 × 10−3 cm−1 (85 K). At 85 K, the impulse responses coincided satisfactorily with the theoretical values calculated for statistically independent collisional perturbations of translational and rotational motions. At 296 K, some discrepancy between experiment and theory was observed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rocket nozzle cold‐gas flow velocity measurements using laser‐induced gratings
Authors: Hemmerling B. , Neracher M. , Kozlov D. , Kwan W. , Stark R. , Klimenko D. , Clauss W. , Oschwald M.
Published: December 2002

The heterodyne detection laser‐induced electrostrictive gratings technique was employed for characterization of a flow velocities field in the plume of a rocket nozzle. The intention of the work was to validate CFD calculations, that predict the appearance of a recirculation zone inside the flow at a certain ratio of nozzle and ambient pressures. This zone co‐exists with the side loads to the nozzle wall that were observed experimentally as transient forces during the start‐up or the shut‐down of the thrust chamber. Measurements were performed in cold‐gas flows from a subscale thrust‐optimized, parabolic nozzle. Nitrogen at stagnation pressures up to 40 bar was supplied to the nozzle. The experimental results clearly proved the existence of a recirculation zone in the flow field, in a reasonable agreement with the predictions of CFD calculations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pressure‐dependent N2 Q‐branch fs‐CARS measurements
Authors: Knopp G. , Beaud P. , Radi P. , Tulej M. , Bougie B. , Cannavo D. , Gerber T.
Published: December 2002

We demonstrate the feasibility of the time‐delayed femtosecond CARS (fs‐CARS) technique in a dense gas environment. The experiments were performed on N2 molecules between 0.2 and 5 bar pressure. The method provides several advantages compared with its wavenumber‐resolved counterpart, e.g. the possible separation of the non‐resonant contributions to the signal, and is more suitable when the isolated lines approximations collapse and complex line mixing and energy transfer models have to be implemented in the signal description. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical considerations based on collision‐induced rotational energy transfer (RET) models such as the common energy‐corrected sudden approximation (ECS). Moreover, it is shown that the structure of the time‐delayed signals is very sensitive to the applied pressures. Therefore, fs‐CARS is an ideal supplementary tool for investigations of collision‐induced spectroscopic effects, which are decisive for temperature and concentration determination in combustion processes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microplane constitutive model for porous isotropic rocks
Authors: Bažant Zdeněk P. , Zi Goangseup
Published: December 2002

The paper deals with constitutive modelling of contiguous rock located between rock joints. A fully explicit kinematically constrained microplane‐type constitutive model for hardening and softening non‐linear triaxial behaviour of isotropic porous rock is developed. The microplane framework, in which the constitutive relation is expressed in terms of stress and strain vectors rather than tensors, makes it possible to model various microstructural physical mechanisms associated with oriented internal surfaces, such as cracking, slip, friction and splitting of a particular orientation. Formulation of the constitutive relation is facilitated by the fact that it is decoupled from the tensorial invariance restrictions, which are satisfied automatically. In its basic features, the present model is similar to the recently developed microplane model M4 for concrete, but there are significant improvements and modifications. They include a realistic simulation of (1) the effects of pore collapse on the volume changes during triaxial loading and on the reduction of frictional strength, (2) recovery of frictional strength during shearing, and (3) the shear‐enhanced compaction in triaxial tests, manifested by a deviation from the hydrostatic stress–strain curve. The model is calibrated by optimal fitting of extensive triaxial test data for Salem limestone, and good fits are demonstrated. Although these data do not cover the entire range of behaviour, credence in broad capabilities of the model is lend by its similarity to model M4 for concrete—an artificial rock. The model is intended for large explicit finite‐element programs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The proliferation marker pKi‐67 organizes the nucleolus during the cell cycle depending on Ran and cyclin B
Authors: Schmidt Mirko HH , Broll Rainer , Bruch Hans‐Peter , Bögler Oliver , Duchrow Michael
Published: December 2002

The proliferation marker pKi‐67 (‘Ki‐67 antigen’) is commonly used in clinical and research pathology to detect proliferating cells, as it is only expressed during cell‐cycle progression. Despite the fact that this antigen has been known for nearly two decades, there is still no adequate understanding of its function. This study has therefore identified proteins that interact with pKi‐67, using a yeast two‐hybrid system. A mammalian two‐hybrid system and immunoprecipitation studies were used to verify these interactions. Among other cell‐cycle regulatory proteins, two binding partners associated with the small GTPase Ran were identified. In addition, DNA‐structural and nucleolus‐associated proteins binding to pKi‐67 were found. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the N‐terminal domain of pKi‐67 is capable of self‐binding to its own repeat region encoded by exon 13. Since RanBP, a protein involved in the transport of macromolecules over the nuclear lamina, was found to be a binding partner, a possible effect of pKi‐67 on the localization of cell‐cycle regulatory proteins was proposed. To test this hypothesis, a tetracycline‐responsive gene expression system was used to induce the pKi‐67 fragments previously used for the two‐hybrid screens in HeLa cells. Subsequent immunostaining revealed the translocation of cyclin B1 from cytoplasm to nucleoli in response to this expression. It is suggested that pKi‐67 is a Ran‐associated protein with a role in the disintegration and reformation of the nucleolus and thereby in entry into and exit from the M‐phase. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemokine expression in IBD. Mucosal chemokine expression is unselectively increased in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease
Authors: Banks Charmian , Bateman Adrian , Payne Richard , Johnson Penny , Sheron Nick
Published: December 2002

Mucosal changes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are characterized by ulcerative lesions accompanied by prominent cellular infiltrates in the bowel wall. Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that are able to promote leukocyte migration to areas of inflammation and are also able to initiate cell activation events. They have recently been implicated in the pathophysiology of many disease states. The aim of this study was to detail the degree and distribution of specific chemokines, interleukin (IL)‐8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1, ‐2, and ‐3, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α and ‐1β, in IBD mucosa. Thirty‐nine patients were included, ten controls, 20 ulcerative colitis (UC), and nine Crohn's disease (CD), with a range of disease activity. Colonic mucosal biopsies were collected from UC, CD, and control patients and embedded in glycol methacrylate. Two‐micrometre‐thick sections were cut and stained using immunohistochemistry for chemokine protein expression. Sections were analysed using a light microscope. Expression of all types of chemokine protein was detected in colonic mucosa from both control and IBD patients. Patterns of staining between IBD patients and controls differed significantly, but CD and UC patients demonstrated similar patterns of staining. Individual chemokine expression was found to be significantly up‐regulated in IBD when patients were compared with the non‐diseased group in all areas of the mucosal sections. Up‐regulated chemokine expression correlated with increasing activity of the disease. It is concluded that human colonic chemokine expression is non‐selectively up‐regulated in IBD. The results supported the hypothesis that the degree of local inflammation and tissue damage in UC and CD is dependent on local expression of specific chemokines within IBD tissues. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of STAT3 and its phosphorylated forms in mantle cell lymphoma cell lines and tumours
Authors: Lai Raymond , Rassidakis George Z , Medeiros L Jeffrey , Leventaki Vasiliki , Keating Micheal , Mcdonnell Timothy J
Published: December 2002

The pathogenesis of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is incompletely understood, although cyclin D1 overexpression leading to deregulated cell proliferation is probably important. Recent data suggest that interleukin (IL)‐10 can increase the proliferative activity of MCL cells. STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) is the signal transducer of IL‐10, and STAT3 is activated by phosphorylation. The hypothesis of this study is that STAT3 is activated in MCL. The expression of the two phosphorylated (i.e. active) forms of STAT3, pSTAT3‐tyr (phosphorylated at the tyrosine705 residue) and pSTAT3‐ser (phosphorylated at the serine727 residue), was assessed in four MCL cell lines and 12 MCL tumours using western blots and/or immunofluorescence staining techniques. All MCL cell lines expressed STAT3, but only one had detectable pSTAT3‐tyr and none had pSTAT3‐ser. Addition of IL‐10 rapidly resulted in expression of pSTAT3‐tyr but not pSTAT3‐ser. All eight cases of frozen MCL tumours examined had detectable pSTAT3‐tyr and pSTAT3‐ser. Immunofluorescence studies using four formalin‐fixed, paraffin wax‐embedded MCL tumours demonstrated cytoplasmic localization of STAT3, as opposed to the nuclear localization of the pSTAT3 species. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence that STAT3 is constitutively activated in MCL, supporting the concept that STAT3 signalling may be important in the pathogenesis of these tumours. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.