bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why We Question Study on Subabusive Violence Against Children
Authors: PIEKARSKA ANNA
Published: March 2007

This article polemizes with the Graziano (1994) article, “Why We Should Study Subabusive Violence Against Children,” and tries to indicate that in the field of research studies on parental violence against children not only methodological or theoretical issues need to be questioned. Cultural and ethical origins of family violence and social biases leading to the legitimization of parental violence should be the center of attention.
Domestic Violence by Extended Family Members in India
Authors: FERNANDEZ MARILYN
Published: March 2007

Through an analysis of 15 case studies of domestic violence reported from Bombay, India, this article explores ways in which family members, in particular female kin such as mothers-in-law, contribute to the violence perpetrated by husbands against wives. These patterns vary from the typical scenario of the lone man battering the lone woman. Structurally and culturally, older women in Indian families are subject to the authority of men, whereas supervision of younger daughters-in-law is delegated by men to older women. Older women's position as generational superiors can conflict with their loyalties to younger women on the gender hierarchy. These factors, along with the economic dependence of daughters-in-law, set the context in which domestic violence, when it occurs, can include not only the husband and wife but female kin as well. The findings lend support to the feminist perspective on the interplay of multiple social hierarchies—gender and generation in the Indian case.
Children Who Are Targets of Bullying
Authors: BERNSTEIN JUDITH Y. , WATSON MALCOLM W.
Published: March 2007

The hypothesis that there is a constellation of qualities that predisposes certain children to be chronically victimized is supported by three forms of evidence. First, children who are victims have qualities in common that differentiate them from other children. Some of these qualities exist before the child is victimized; others develop because of the victimization. Second, children who are victimized early in life remain victims for a long period of time, even though the bullies and situations may differ. Third, other children are able to identify potential victims with high reliability. To clarify why these victims are chronically harassed, this article examines qualities of victims, bullies, and the environment that support bully/victim problems.
Motivating Batterers to Change in the Treatment Context
Authors: MURPHY CHRISTOPHER M. , BAXTER VICTORIA A.
Published: March 2007

Many treatment programs for domestic abuse perpetrators rely on consistent, direct, and often intense confrontation of defenses. These interventions may unwittingly increase rather than decrease resistance and defensiveness and may reinforce the belief that relationships are based on coercive influence. Available research suggests that confrontational, hostile, and critical therapist behaviors limit treatment effectiveness and can harm vulnerable clients. Conversely, a supportive and collaborative working alliance between therapist and client enhances treatment effects. Supportive strategies are available to increase motivation to change in resistant clients. These techniques rely on a comprehensive model of the change process and match therapist interventions to the client's readiness for change.
Development, Reliability, and Validity of the Child Sexual Abuse Myth Scale
Authors: COLLINGS STEVEN J.
Published: March 2007

The Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Myth Scale was developed to offer a means of reliably measuring acceptance of child sexual abuse myths and stereotypes. Scale items were developed using data from the popular and professional literature on child sexual abuse. The CSA Myth Scale was administered to a sample of 146 men and 259 women drawn from the general population. Three factors emerged from the factor analysis of the total sample, which supported the hypothesis that social attitudes to child sexual abuse constitute a multidimensional construct. The CSA Myth Scale yielded a Cronbach alpha of .764 and a test-retest reliability coefficient of .874. The three CSA Myth Scale factors showed good convergent and discriminant validity, in that factor scores were highly correlated, in expected directions, with scores on Burt's Rape Myth Scale and with scores on the Jackson Incest Blame Scale.
Partner Physical Victimization in a National Sample of American Families
Authors: ZLOTNICK CARON , KOHN ROBERT , PETERSON JOHAN , PEARLSTEIN TERI
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the relationship between degrees of partner physical victimization and a range of psychological and psychosocial functioning in a representative sample of American married and cohabiting couples (N= 6,451). The study also explored whether gender interacted with any of these factors to predict degree of physical victimization. Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH), this study found that increased levels of physical victimization were associated with greater levels of depressive symptomatology. However, the study found that there were no significant interactions involving gender or any of the variables of interest as predictors of degree of partner physical victimization.
Victims and Perpetrators of Male Sexual Assault
Authors: HODGE SAMANTHA , CANTER DAVID
Published: March 2007

Within the literature, two differing accounts of male sexual assault are hypothesized—one is the view that it is perpetrated by offenders who are characteristically homosexual, and the other that it is an example of heterosexual violence. Two studies were conducted that explored these opposing possibilities. The first was an analysis of data collected from two sources—83 victim self-report questionnaires and review of 36 investigated police reports. The results indicated that homosexual offenders were more likely to have known their victims for some time and target those under the age of 25. Heterosexual offenders tended to attack strangers of all ages and were more likely to operate in gangs. A comparison of the two samples indicated that the acquaintance sexual assault was less likely to be reported to the police, drawing attention to the fact that differing explanations may be strongly influenced by the particular sample under study.
A Model of the Relapse Process in Sexual Offenders
Authors: WARD TONY , HUDSON STEPHEN M.
Published: March 2007

Models of the relapse process set out to provide a rich description of the cognitive, behavioral, motivational, and contextual factors associated with a sexual offense. Theory at this level typically includes an explicit temporal factor and focuses on proximal causes or the how of sexual offending. Pithers's adaptation of the relapse prevention treatment model to sexual offenders is based on a particular view of the relapse process. In this approach, relapse is essentially caused by an inability to cope effectively with high-risk situations. Although this influential perspective has contributed greatly to the treatment of sexual offenders, it suffers from a number of conceptual and empirical problems. In this article, we present a self-regulation model of the relapse process that addresses these problems and accounts for the diversity of relapse pathways.
Antiviolence Education in High Schools
Authors: HILTON N. ZOE , HARRIS GRANT T. , RICE MARNIE E. , KRANS TINA SMITH , LAVIGNE SANDRA E.
Published: March 2007

Evaluations of education designed to reduce violence among adolescents suggest that trying to change attitudes can cause a backlash—attitudes become less desirable as a result of the intervention. In these evaluations, knowledge imparted by antiviolence education is neither practical nor retained at follow-up. Attendance could substantially affect evaluation results. Relations among experience with violence, attendance, and the effects of education have not been studied. In this study, a knowledge-based intervention was provided to approximately 350 Grade 11 students. Measures were knowledge of information presented in the intervention, attitudes about date rape, and self-reported physical and sexual aggression involving peers. Students who attended the intervention learned practical information with no attitude backlash. Girls had more favorable scores than boys on some measures at pretest. Students with the least knowledge at pretest were least likely to attend, and perpetrators knew less than victims. The effects did not depend on victim-perpetrator status. Enduring favorable effects were confined to small workshops.
Obsessive Relational Intrusion and Sexual Coercion Victimization
Authors: SPITZBERG BRIAN H. , RHEA JILL
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to identify the extent to which people self-identified as victimized by obsessive relational intrusion are also victimized by sexual coercion by a given relational partner. Respondents were asked to rate the extent to which they had experienced any 1 of 23 clusters of obsessive relationally intrusive activities, to focus on the worst relationship in which such behaviors were experienced, and indicate the extent to which that same person had engaged in any of 36 sexually coercive activities. Results indicate that obsessive relational intrusion and sexual coercion tend to co-occur in relationships, and that both are unique and relatively equivalent predictors of psychological symptoms, accounting for extensive variance in general distress, sense of loss, and resilience symptoms. Implications are discussed for developing more predictive models of the factors sustaining intrusive relationships.
Coping With Rape
Authors: ARATA CATALINA M.
Published: March 2007

One-hundred-nineteen undergraduate females participated in a study examining the roles of child sexual assault, attributions, and coping on adjustment to rape. Participants completed anonymous questionnaires that assessed for child sexual abuse history, adult victimization history, attributions of blame for the adult assault, coping strategies for the adult rape, and trauma symptoms. Rape victims with a history of child sexual abuse were found to have higher levels of trauma symptoms, made greater use of nervous and cognitive coping strategies, and were more likely to make attributions of blame towards themselves or society. Current symptoms were related to types of coping and attributions of blame, with history of child sexual abuse having an indirect relationship to these variables. The results suggest the importance of attributional and coping variables, as well as child sexual abuse history, as mediators of postrape adjustment.
Repeat Victimization of Victims of Violence
Authors: KINGMA JOHANNES
Published: March 2007

This 25-year retrospective study is about 9,301 victims of assault who attended the emergency unit of a hospital for treatment of their injuries. Of those victims, 11.3% were repeat victims of violence. From 1971 to 1995, an increase was observed in both the one-time and the repeat victims of violence. Of the repeatedly victimized patients, 75.2% fell in the 15-to 34-year-old age group. Male predominance (82%) was found in repeat victimization. Recidivist victims of assault were classified into light, moderate, and heavy recidivist (two times, three to four times, and five or more times recidivist, respectively). The probability of becoming a victim of accidents (i.e., other than violence) showed a sharp increase from the light to moderate, and from the moderate to heavy, category of recidivist victim of violence.
Post-Disaster Stress Following the Oklahoma City Bombing
Authors: SPRANG GINNY
Published: March 2007

This article describes a study of 472 community members to determine the nature and course of the post-disaster response to the April 19, 1995, bombing in Oklahoma City. It was hypothesized that an individual's post-disaster reaction would resemble a linear function of the degree of exposure experienced, and that this dose-response relationship could be used to differentiate the expression of post-traumatic stress disorder and victimization symptomatology within the three study groups. The respondents were divided into three groups based on their level of exposure and proximity to the event. The findings partially support the stated hypotheses. As expected, the Oklahoma City groups reported higher levels of post-disaster disturbance than the comparison sample, although only PTSD and victimization could be used to differentiate among the three groups.
Relapse Prevention
Authors: LAWS D. R.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the development of the relapse prevention (RP) treatment model through the past 20 years. The author describes the original model applied to addictive behavior as conceived by Marlatt and his associates. It proved necessary to make alterations to the classical model to make it applicable to sexual offenders. It is argued that the use of the RP model should be confined to disorders of impulse control. Present and future developments in RP include recognition of the concept of harm reduction, use of stepped care, emphasis on motivational interviewing, the revised cognitive-behavior chain, and recognition of cognitive deconstructionism. The greatest weakness of the RP model is that it has escaped empirical evaluation. Future prospects for the model are discussed, and it is recommended that a revised RP be the model for sexual offender treatment for the foreseeable future.
Validation of a Typology for Rapists
Authors: KNIGHT RAYMOND A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to describe briefly the current status of a taxonomic program that was developed for studying rapists. An overview of the research strategies is provided, as well as a summary of some of the validity data that have been gathered on the most recent version of the rapist typology (the Massachusetts Treatment Center Rapist Typology, Version 3 [MTC:R3]). Moreover, several projects that have focused attention on the treatment implications of taxonomic systems have arisen. In addition, the author speculates on some treatment implications of the current taxonomic system. He compares the underlying dimensions of the current typology that have been identified as temporally stable, discriminating characteristics of various types of rapist with those behavioral domains that have emerged as targets in the treatment of both sexually aggressive and persistently violent offenders. This speculative comparison of dimensions and treatment targets provides an opportunity to hypothesize about possible interfaces between the taxonomy and therapeutic intervention.
Actuarial and Clinical Assessment of Risk in Sex Offenders
Authors: GRUBIN DON
Published: March 2007

In this article, actuarial and clinical approaches to risk assessment are reviewed. The benefits and shortcomings of each are examined together with the need to turn statistical significance into clinical relevance. Given the low base rate of sex offending behavior, the heterogeneity of sex offenders, and the variety of contexts in which sex offenses occur, it is argued that neither an actuarial or a clinical approach on its own can, even in theory, provide a reliable means of assessing risk in sexual offenders. This is illustrated in relation to sadistic sexual offenders and the role of fantasy in offending. It is suggested that attention to both phenomenology and actuarial statistics is needed if risk assessment is to have relevance in individual cases.
Assessment and Treatment of Sex Offenders in the Czech Republic and in Eastern Europe
Authors: WEISS PETER
Published: March 2007

The author describes the experiences with the comprehensive therapeutic program for sexual offenders in the Czech republic. Since 1976, specialized departments for treatment of these patients were established in psychiatric hospitals. The treatment is imposed by the court per the recommendation of forensic experts—especially for paraphilic offenders. As a rule, inpatient therapy is followed by treatment in outpatient sexological departments. The therapeutic goals are as follows: adjustment of behavior, acquisition of information, overcoming defensive mechanisms and creating insight, strengthening of conscious control, changes in attitudes and values, sexual adaptation, and social reintegration. These goals are achieved by means of a set of diagnostic, psychotherapeutic, pharmacotherapeutic, and social measures including penile plethysmography, individual and group psychotherapy (in their psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral forms), antiandrogen suppression, and social interventions. The recidivity rate has been relatively low (less than 20%) and justifies the existence of this specialized form of treatment.
Prediction of Recidivism in Incest Offenders
Authors: FIRESTONE PHILIP , BRADFORD JOHN M. , McCOY MARCIA , GREENBERG DAVID M. , LAROSE MICHEL R. , CURRY SUSAN
Published: March 2007

Approximately 6.5 years after their conviction, the percentage of incest offenders who had committed a sexual, violent, or criminal offense of any kind was 6.4, 12.4, and 26.7, respectively. The sexual recidivists scored higher on the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST), and the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). The violent recidivists had higher MAST and PCL-R scores as well as more violence in their police records. Regarding any criminal recidivism, recidivists were older and reported higher rates of being physically abused, and being removed from their homes prior to 16 years of age. They demonstrated more hostility on the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, and higher MAST and PCL-R scores. They also had more previous charges or convictions for sexual, violent, and criminal acts. A combination of total criminal offenses, PCL-R, age, and the number of previous sexual offenses correctly classified 97.6% of the nonrecidivists and 35.4% of the recidivists for any reoffense.
Alcohol and Hypermasculinity as Determinants of Men's Empathic Responses to Violent Pornography
Authors: NORRIS JEANETTE , GEORGE WILLIAM H. , DAVIS KELLY CUE , MARTELL JOEL , LEONESIO R. JACOB
Published: March 2007

Both alcohol and exposure to violent pornography have been related to sexual aggression toward women. One link in understanding this relationship may lie in understanding the role of men's empathic responding to a female rape victim. This study examined men's empathic responses toward a female victim in a violent pornographic story as well as their self-reported likelihood to behave like the assailant. The degree to which the personality construct hypermasculinity might moderate the effects of alcohol and situational factors was of central interest. One hundred twenty-one men, recruited from the community, participated in a between-subjects experiment varying subjects' beverage (alcohol vs. placebo vs. tonic), story characters' beverage (alcohol vs. mineral water), and female story character's emotional response (pleasure vs. distress). Results showed that hypermasculinity moderated the effects of the manipulated variables on empathic responses to the female character. The manipulated variables also interacted to affect subjects' responses independently of hypermasculinity.
Anger and Prediction of Violent and Nonviolent Offenders' Recidivism
Authors: LOZA WAGDY , LOZA-FANOUS AMEL
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the usefulness of assessing anger for the prediction of violent and nonviolent recidivism. Four risk/need measures and four anger inventories were administered to 252 Canadian federally incarcerated male offenders. The association between anger and recidivism was investigated by (a) comparing groups of participants classified to different levels of risks for recidivism according to their scores on actuarial measures of recidivism and their scores on measures of anger, (b) canonical correlation between the offenders' scores on measures of risk for recidivism and the anger inventories, and (c) correlating the clinical variables of age at admission, number of past offenses, and number of violent offences with offenders' scores on measures of anger. The results indicate that all comparisons are not significant. Results of this study shed doubts on the usefulness of assessing anger when predicting violent and nonviolent recidivism.
Violent Victimization Among America's School Children
Authors: FITZPATRICK KEVIN M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between individual and general environmental characteristics for different age groups of youth and the odds of violent victimization in or around school. Data were taken from three nationally representative, stratified samples of youth in elementary (n = 1,090), junior high (n = 692), and senior high school (n = 813). Interviews were conducted with students in 125 schools around the country. Logistic regression was used to estimate differences between nonvictims and victims. Results suggest that, regardless of age, the risk of victimization is higher for students who think it is impossible to walk away from a fight or confrontation. Individual-level variables are consistently more significant in predicting differences between victims and nonvictims; however, some general environmental variables are important, particularly for younger age groups. Our findings underscore the importance of examining multilevel variables to better understand the victimization process among different age youth and have direct implications for the design of age-appropriate violence prevention strategies.
Plan Your Organization's Reward Strategy through Pay-for-Performance Dynamics
Authors: Johnson Sam T.
Published: March 2007

Appropriate pay-for-performance dynamics are a linchpin of performance-contingent variable pay, ensuring that rewards truly motivate higher performance. The author advocates using a goal-based approach to clearly define performance expectations, thereby ensuring objective assessment of results. For this approach to succeed, however, the company must ensure that employee interests and business needs are closely aligned in order to create a win-win outcome for all stakeholders.
The Impact Of Intensive Supervision Probation On Gang - Drug Offenders
Authors: Agopian Michael W.
Published: March 2007

The use of intermediate sanctions has recently received increasing interest among correctional professionals. Intensive Supervision of Probationers (ISP) has been implemented extensively yet rarely with serious drug offenders associated with gangs. This study reports on a study conducted during 1988-89. The research assessed the impact of ISP on 90 offenders over a twelve month period. The principal findings suggest that ISP clients were not subjected to distinctly greater services or monitoring of court sanctions. At the conclusion of the study period half of the ISP clients were returned to jail or prison. The research provides a foundation for policy regarding the utility of sentencing drug and gang offenders to probation.
Applying Job Characteristics Theory To Adult Probation
Authors: Leonardi Thomas J. , Frew David R.
Published: March 2007

Thirty-five members of an adult probation department were given the Hackman/Oldham Job Characteristics Questionnaire. Statistical results were computed and compared to the national averages for technical/professional workers. As a group, probation officers seemed to experience more "complicated" and "enriched" jobs than most professionals, but significantly lower levels of "feedback" and "knowledge of results." This would appear to be responsible for both the measured level of "job satisfaction" which was significantly lower than the national average, and for the moderately higher "turnover intention" reported by probation officers.
Institutional Responses to Misconduct in Juvenile Prisons
Authors: MacDonald John M.
Published: March 2007

While the issue of discretion has been widely studied at the level of arrest and adjudication, few studies have examined discretion within the prison setting. The majority of studies that have examined discretion in the correctional environment focus on the decision making of guards. Few studies, however, have been able to empirically examine what hap pens to inmates once they are charged with an institutional misconduct. This study builds on this area of research by examining the correlates of decision making in disciplinary hearings within juvenile institutions. The results indicate, after controlling for race and charge type, that the age of the offender and extent of prior violent criminality are significant corre lates of prisoners who receive the most severe sanctions. The findings are consistent with the larger body of research on discretion at other stages of the criminal justice system in noting the importance of prior criminality and the age of the offender.
Lands In-between: the Politics of Cultural Identity in Contemporary Eastern Europe
Authors: Croan Melvin
Published: March 2007

“... we... huddle here on the western margin of the [Soviet] empire and on the eastern side of the Iron Curtain, with a cautious strategy of limited self-preservation and a troubled mind, because we don't want to identify with the East and we can't identify with the West.”

György Konrád, Antipolitics

“With no precise borders with no Center or rather with several centers, `Central Europe' looks today more and more like the dragon of Alca in the second book of Anatole France's Penguin Island to which the Symbolist movement was compared: nobody who claimed to have seen it could say what it looked like.”

Danilo Kiš, “Variations on the Theme of Central Europe”
The Yugoslav Crisis and the West: Avoiding “Vietnam” and Blundering into “Abyssinia”
Authors: Ramet Sabrina Petra
Published: March 2007

I don't think there's anything to hang our heads about. I think we've done a great deal of good.

Lord David Owen, European Community mediator, June 19931
A Comparison of Chilled and Room Temperature Cabbage Leaves in Treating Breast Engorgement
Authors: Roberts Kathryn L. , Reiter Maureen , Schuster Diane
Published: March 2007

This study compared the effectiveness of chilled and room temperature green cabbage leaves in reducing the discomfort of breast engorgement in postpartum mothers. Twenty-eight lactating women with breast engorgement used chilled cabbage leaves on one breast and room-temperature cabbage leaves on the other for a two-hour period. Pre-treatment pain levels were compared with post-treatment levels for both conditions. There was no difference in the post-treatment ratings for the two treatments; mothers reported significantly less pain with both treatments. We concluded that it is not necessary to chill cabbage leaves before use.
Peer Counselor Program Increases Breastfeeding Rates in Utah Native American WIC Population
Authors: Long Debbie G. , Funk-Archuleta Martha A. , Geiger Constance J. , Mozar Alana J. , Heins Jan N.
Published: March 2007

Lack of breastfeeding promotion and support hinder successful breastfeeding. In this study, a breastfeeding peer counselor program improved both the initiation rate and duration of breastfeeding up to three months postpartum among Native American WIC participants. Trained peer counselors contacted subjects prenatally, and at one, two, and four to six weeks postpartum. Breastfeeding rates for the experimental group were compared to historical controls. Women in the peer counselor group who had complete data for three months (n=41) had a higher rate of breastfeeding than the control group (n=67) at initiation (84 percent vs. 70 percent; p=0.05) and at three months postpartum (49 percent vs. 36 percent; p=0.08).
Developing a Frenotomy Policy at One Medical Center: A Case Study Approach
Authors: Masaitis Nancy S. , Kaempf Joseph W.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to change procedures in our medical center regarding frenotomy for ankyloglossia (tongue-tie). The medical and breastfeeding outcomes of 36 fullterm infants who received frenotomies were studied. The information was used to develop frenotomy eligibility standards that would guide other physicians and insure timely treatment to avoid breastfeeding cessation.
Assessment of Students' Attitudes toward Breastfeeding
Authors: Forrester Ivis T. , Wheelock Gerald , Warren Ann P.
Published: March 2007

A self-administered survey questionnaire was distributed to 346 high school and 244 college students in Alabama to explore their perceptions of breastfeeding. Only 135 acknowledged having been breastfed. Embarrassment was perceived as a major barrier to breastfeeding; less than half thought breastfeeding should be done publicly. However, respondents had generally positive attitudes about breastfeeding. They intended to support breastfeeding of their own child; thought that breastfeeding was more healthful than bottle-feeding and more convenient; and that breastfeeding is not obscene nor does it make a woman less attractive. Over half received breastfeeding information from home, school, and television. Further, both high school and college students supported breastfeeding education in schools. These findings suggest that although fears of embarrassment is a major barrier to breastfeeding, the students showed overall positive attitudes about breastfeeding despite the region's low breastfeeding rate. Breastfeeding promotional programs should address the stigma of embarrassment associated with breastfeeding.
Fathers and Breastfeeding: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Bar-Yam Naomi Bromberg , Darby Lori
Published: March 2007

Research on breastfeeding support has consistently identified fathers as an important source of support in the decision to breastfeed and in its implementation. The literature indicates that father influence four aspects in particular:the breastfeeding decision, assistance at first feeding, during of breastfeeding, and risk factors for bottle feeding. Research which focuses on fathers had added to our understanding of their attitudes, knowledge, and coping techniques regarding breastfeeding. This paper reviews the research findings in each of these areas, and offers suggestions for further research.
Prenatal Lactation Advice and Intention to Breastfeed: Selected Maternal Characteristics
Authors: Sable Marjorie R. , Patton Carla B.
Published: March 2007

This study uses data from the NICHD/MMIHS to examine the relationship among maternal characteristics and (a) whether mothers were asked by their prenatal providers to consider breastfeeding and (b) mothers' prenatal plans on how to feed their infants. Only 37% of the study population reported that their providers advised them to consider breastfeeding. Proportions of women who received prenatal advice to breastfeed and who intended to breastfeed were higher among married, Caucasian non-Hispanic, primiparous mothers, and women who were not enrolled in WIC. Women who received advice to breastfeed had significantly higher rates of planning to breastfeed (61.1%) than women who did not receive this advice (34.7%;p<0.005). Efforts to meet the DHHS Healthy People 2000 objective for 75% of women to breastfeed in the early postpartum period will require a concentrated effort by prenatal providers to help women overcome their resistance to breastfeeding by offering support and encouragement.
The Role of Social Support in Breastfeeding Promotion: A Literature Review
Authors: Raj Vinitha Krishna , Plichta Stacey B.
Published: March 2007

The current worldwide decline in the initiation and duration of breastfeeding has increased the need for effective breastfeeding promotion. Promotion policies and programs need to be sensitive to those factors that may help or hinder a mother in her efforts to breastfeed. Such factors include sociodemographic characteristics, maternal employment, and social support. Social support that increases breastfeeding includes emotional, tangible, and educational components from both informal social network members (male partner, mother, family/friends) and professional network members (health care professionals, lactation consultants). Conversely, negative social support may decrease breastfeeding.
The Effects of Calcium Supplementation, Duration of Lactation, and Time of Day on Concentrations of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein in Human Milk: A Pilot Study
Authors: Cross Nanna A. , Hillman Laura S. , Forte Leonard R.
Published: March 2007

This pilot study reports parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in milk from 14 women (placebo=6, calcium=8) over the duration of lactation. Milk samples collected 0 to 250 days postpartum were assayed for PTHrP by a two-site immunoradiometric assay. PTHrP concentrations were significantly lower in colostrum 0-4 days postpartum (5,080 + 1575 pmoll L) than at 7-60 days postpartum (11,863 + 1528-14,213 + 1574 pmolIL); concentrations did not differ between calcium and placebo groups. A suggestive diurnal variation was seen in two women who collected milk samples over 48 continuous hours. Confounding factors related to milk synthesis and milk sampling contribute to variability in PTHrP concentrations.
Consulting with the Bereaved Mother
Authors: Pugmire Linda
Published: March 2007

This paper describes approaches that may be used in consulting with the bereaved mother about engorgement and involution. The physical and emotional facets of this experience are intricately interwoven and lactation consultants should be aware that mothers may need a number of health care professionals to meet their needs. Suggestions for milk suppression, communication enhancement, and emotional support are offered.
Being in the Zone
Authors: SHERRY JOHN F. , KOZINETS ROBERT V. , STORM DIANA , DUHACHEK ADAM , NUTTAVUTHISIT KRITTINEE , DeBERRY-SPENCE BENÉT
Published: March 2007

Experiential consumption is a topic of growing interest in the social scientific and managerial literatures. While consumer experience is profoundly shaped by the built environment, a critical eye has been cast on the oppressive nature of themed environments. While offering multisensory sensual opportunities, themed retail environments cater primarily to the visual impulse and have been theorized to both direct and misdirect attention in ways beneficial to marketers. In this ethnography of the servicescape of ESPN Zone Chicago, the ways in which retail theater encourages consumers to animate a themed sporting venue and the ways consumers respond to these cultural prompts are explored. The authors explore the instrumental relationship between retail space and consumer experience in themed environments and attend to the interrelated role of the visual, the sacred, brand, mass media, and sport. Conclusions find that consumers watch marketers in these spaces as much as marketers watch consumers—a finding termed obverse panopticism.
Ethnomethodology and Grounded Theory Methodology
Authors: Lester Marilyn , Hadden Stuart C.
Published: March 2007

EDITOR'S NOTE: The following article is another in John M. Johnson's special symposium on qualitative research methods. The Marilyn Lester and Stuart Hadden article attempts to integrate selected analytical insights of ethnomethodologists with the self-reflective methodological procedures of grounded theorists. They argue that the goals of sociological inquiry should be to generate analyses of generic social processes and to elevate these to the status of formal theory. In attempting to go beyond the "immaculate description of the case," a feature common to many ethnographies, the authors propose a set of procedures for promoting the inductive generation of formal sociological theory, one which is both horizontally and vertically integrated, capable of discriminating situational versus transsituational elements of the field research findings.
Patterns of Accommodation among Wives of Criminals
Authors: Fishman Laura T.
Published: March 2007

This article examines how wives of currently incarcerated prisoners had accommodated to their husbands' involvement in criminal activities and other “fast-living” lifestyle patterns prior to their husbands' arrest. In-depth interviews with 30 such women and observations of “rap sessions” in which a number of them participated allowed identification of a succession of accommodative strategies used to deter their husbands from “troublesome” patterns of behavior and to allow their marriages to continue.
DOUBLE STIGMA AND BOUNDARY MAINTENANCE
Authors: KOWALEWSKI MARK R.
Published: March 2007

The presence of AIDS within the gay community provides a locus for studying the effects of a new stigma on an already stigmatized group, the gay community. The spread of AIDS through sexual contact among homosexual and bisexual males has reinforced the broader society's stereotype of the promiscuous gay. As a result, singly stigmatized gays distance themselves from the doubly stigmatized by drawing physical and symbolic boundaries around interaction. This exploratory study examines the strategies gay men employ to limit or avoid contact with persons with AIDS. Data were collected through interviews and a focus group with gay men who did not have AIDS.
NARCOTICS ADDICTS' HUSTLING STRATEGIES
Authors: LEX BARBARA W.
Published: March 2007

Narcotics addicts often employ deception in “hustles” that appear spontaneous. Rather, they intentionally manipulate the potential ambiguity inherent in all social interactions, taking advantage of differential meanings that may be attributed to social settings, economic behaviors, or valuable assets. The purpose of the hustling process is to convey an illusion of an indisputable “reality” wherein the objects of the hustle remain naive while rewards or “payoffs” are reaped in the form of money, goods, or services that facilitate continuation of a hustler's addiction. This article presents several examples of hustles and examines the strategies and tactics used in their accomplishment. Analysis indicates that strategies are rule-governed and generally permeate addicts' behaviors.
TAKIN' IT TO THE STREETS
Authors: BROADHEAD ROBERT S. , FOX KATHRYN J.
Published: March 2007

An ethnographic analysis is offered which examines four methodological problem areas that community health outreach workers manage in attempting to stop the spread of AIDS. Outreach workers' client populations include drug injectors and their sexual partners, prostitutes, and homeless/runaway youths. The analysis notes that outreach workers confront several problems of work that are strikingly similar to some of the central methodological problems of conducting ethnography. These are (a) establishing a very unusual but credible identity in communities whose members harbor substantial distrust; (b) discovering a community from members' points of view; (c) forming relationships, but controlling one's level of involvement and impact; and (d) cultivating viable roles in the field.
CHINA'S LOST GENERATION
Authors: BROADED C. MONTGOMERY
Published: March 2007

In the late 1970s, an entire cohort of Chinese college students—the “worker-peasant-soldier” students recruited and trained during the Cultural Revolution decade (1966-1976)—were officially stigmatized as a lost generation. A prolonged, collective status degradation ceremony decisively lowered their social standing and reduced their life chances. Subsequent cooling out processes sought to reincorporate them into their lowered statuses with a minimum of complaint. This article traces what Goffman would call the “natural history” of this suddenly stigmatized status and analyses the adaptive strategies available to stigmatized individuals within the constraints of contemporary Chinese social organization.
NEW YORKERS IN THE COUNTRYSIDE
Authors: SATOW ROBERTA
Published: March 2007

This article reports on one of many small towns that became weekend retreats for urban professionals in the 1980s. The influx of weekenders changed the social structure of the town, and, inevitably, the newcomers represented a status threat to older, high-status elements of the town. The interaction between the “old” and “new” status groups was characterized by status defensiveness on the part of the former and status insecurity on the part of the latter. In contrast to earlier studies of status competitiveness, this study is unique because the new status group was composed of part-time residents.
Location, Competition, and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy
Authors: Porter Michael E.
Published: March 2007

Economic geography during an era of global competition involves a paradox. It is widely recognized that changes in technology and competition have diminished many of the traditional roles of location. Yet clusters, or geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, are a striking feature of virtually every national, regional, state, and even metropolitan economy, especially in more advanced nations. The prevalence of clusters reveals important insights about the microeconomics of competition and the role of location in competitive advantage. Even as old reasons for clustering have diminished in importance with globalization, new influences of clusters on competition have taken on growing importance in an increasingly complex, knowledge-based, and dynamic economy. Clusters represent a new way of thinking about national, state, and local economies, and they necessitate new roles for companies, government, and other institutions in enhancing competitiveness.
The Added Value of the Industry Cluster Approach to Economic Analysis, Strategy Development, and Service Delivery
Authors: Waits Mary Jo
Published: March 2007

Economic development always has been a moving target. Not surprisingly, there is growing evidence that the shape of economic policy and practice is changing significantly in many American states on the eve of the 21st century. This new approach has public officials addressing new issues, using new tools, and beginning to experience new types of results. It is called cluster-based economic analysis and strategy development. This article reviews key literature and events that point to a new phase emerging in state economic development. Then, using Arizona as a case study, it presents practical evidence of the benefits from this new approach. For example, Arizona uses clusters as a tool for better understanding the economy, getting key industry stakeholders together to address common problems, and providing high-value specialized services to key industries.
Changing Priorities and Programs in Toxic Waste Policy: The Emergence of Economic Development as a Policy Goal
Authors: Hula Richard C.
Published: March 2007

This article examines recent changes in toxic waste policy in the United States. It argues that major deviations from the framework established by the Comprehensive Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) have occurred. Examples include a shifting of program authority to the states, a modification of traditional command and control program structures, and perhaps most important, the adoption of economic development as a core program goal.
Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: Uncertainty in Local Economic Development
Authors: Bowman Ann O’M.
Published: March 2007

The Reese and Rosenfeld analysis of the conventional wisdom about economic development is important and timely. They correctly argue that research has not yielded a set of unequivocal laws, general truths, or first principles regarding local economic development. However, in their enthusiasm to arrive at their conclusion, they overstate the problem, and they overlook methodological advances in the field. Over the past 15 years, researchers have produced findings that clarify and fine-tune a dynamic and complex process. Furthermore, the Reese and Rosenfeld prescription—to focus on the unique civic culture of a community as the explanatory variable—takes inquiry in the wrong direction.
Well, Maybe...: Taking Context Seriously in Analyzing Local Economic Development
Authors: Clarke Susan E.
Published: March 2007

Reese and Rosenfeld’s challenge to the myths about local economic development raises important questions about theory development and notions of causality implicit in current empirical work. In addition to the authors’ advocacy of more utilization of combined research approaches, case studies, and cultural analyses, the author argues for embracing concepts of contingent causality, employing counterfactuals and pattern-matching methods, and developing more systematic and rigorous contextual methodologies.
Barriers to Rehiring of Displaced Workers: A Study of Aerospace Engineers in California
Authors: Thomas Ward F. , Ong Paul
Published: March 2007

This article examines the problem of labor market adjustment to industrial change through a case study of engineers displaced from California’s aerospace industry at the end of the Cold War. Displaced engineers experienced long unemployment spells and a decline in earnings after finding new employment. Displaced workers, according to human capital theory, generally have difficulty readjusting to the labor market because their firm-specific skills do not easily transfer to new industries. However, employers in the electronics industry in California, a sector in which displaced aerospace engineers could transfer their firm-specific skills, avoided hiring displaced aerospace engineers. Electronics employers reported that displaced aerospace engineers had difficulty adapting to the organizational culture and technological requirements of the electronics sector because of work habits acquired in aerospace. We argue for an extension of human capital theory that goes beyond firm-specific skills and includes work norms and attitudes acquired through work.
Business Climate Studies: A Critical Evaluation
Authors: Erickson Rodney A.
Published: March 2007

Studies of business climate comparing states and communities have attracted considerable media attention in the past few years. This article examines the major issues surrounding these studies. The roots of contemporary business climate studies in earlier comparative cost analyses are discussed, including the important role of state and local taxation studies of the 1950s and 1960s. The most prominent contemporary business climate studies are identified and the methodological problems, especially those associated with the definition of business climate and with rankings, are criticized. Research on the relationship between business climate and state economic development is reviewed, and factors underlying the complexity of the relationship are discussed. The article concludes by noting some of the benefits to states that can result from methodologically rigorous and thoughtful comparisons of business climate factors when used in an appropriate context.
State-Level Perspectives on Industrial Policy: The Views of Legislators and Bureaucrats
Authors: Carroll John J. , Hyde Mark S. , Hudson William E.
Published: March 2007

Economic development has emerged as a major function of state government in recent years. Using a nationwide mail survey, this article examines the economic development views of both legislators and bureaucrats in the states. It tests the role-convergence hypothesis that states that, because of institutional changes such as the growing professionalization of legislatures, legislators and bureaucrats are likely to have similar policy views. The hypothesis is confirmed in regard to conventional "smokestack chasing"economic development policies and also for some "industrial policy" proposals, but legislators are found to be more supportive of the more "innovative" policies. Continuing differences in the legislative and bureaucratic roles seem to explain the greater tendency for legislators to endorse newer, untested, and hence riskier policy alternatives.