bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Troponin I New Biomarker in Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Sezer Can , Gokten Murat , Acıkalın Rıdvan
Published: December 2022

Mortality in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is thought to be pathology in the heart-brain axis but its effect on the prognosis of traumatic brain injury remains unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between cardiac troponin I (cTnI) level and prognosis in TBI patients. Between January 2017 and May 2021, 480 patients diagnosed with TBI, who applied to the emergency department, were retrospectively included in this multicentric study. The databases of the hospitals were examined comprehensively and the demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and therapeutic data and results of the patients were obtained. The severity of trauma and clinical status was evaluated with AIS, Injury Severity Score (ISS), ASA physical status, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The severity of the trauma was evaluated with the ISS. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at discharge were used to evaluate in-hospital clinical outcomes. cTnI levels were classified into three categories: normal (< 0.05 ng/ml), mildly elevated (0.05–0.99 ng/ml), and severely elevated (≥ 1 ng/ml). The mean age of the patients was 41.7 and 75.4% of them were men. It was observed that mortality among patients over 65 years (13.9%) increased. High cTnI was detected in 284 (59.1%) patients. Although it was not statistically significant regarding the elevation of cTnI in patients under 65 years of age (P = 0.62), the difference was significant for cTnI in patients over 65 years of age (P < 0.001). The relationship between cTnI elevation was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.001) as the severity of the trauma increased and when severe additional traumas (thoracic, abdominal, or pelvic) occurred. A high cTnI level is associated with poor prognosis in TBI patients. cTnI measurement is a useful tool for early risk stratification and accelerated care; however, further prospective studies are needed.
Ataxia Rating Scales Reflect Patient Experience: an Examination of the Relationship Between Clinician Assessments of Cerebellar Ataxia and Patient-Reported Outcomes
Authors: Potashman Michele H. , Mize Miranda L. , Beiner Melissa W. , Pierce Samantha , Coric Vladimir , Schmahmann Jeremy D.
Published: December 2022

Ataxia rating scales are observer administered clinical outcome assessments (COAs) of the cerebellar motor syndrome. It is not known whether these COAs mirror patient experience of their disease. Here we test the hypothesis that ataxia COAs are related to and reflect patient reported symptoms and impact of illness. A concept library of symptoms and activities impacted by ataxia was created by reviewing (a) concept elicitation data from surveys completed by 147 ataxia patients and 80 family members and (b) cognitive debrief data from focus groups of 17 ataxia patients used to develop the Patient Reported Outcome Measure of Ataxia. These findings were mapped across the items on 4 clinical measures of ataxia (SARA, BARS, ICARS and FARS). Symptoms reported most commonly related to balance, gait or walking, speech, tremor and involuntary movements, and vision impairment. Symptoms reported less frequently related to hand coordination, loss of muscle control, dizziness and vertigo, muscle discomfort or pain, swallowing, and incontinence. There was a mosaic mapping of items in the observer-derived ataxia COAs with the subjective reports by ataxia patients/families of the relevance of these items to their daily lives. Most COA item mapped onto multiple real-life manifestations; and most of the real-life impact of disease mapped onto multiple COA items. The 4 common ataxia COAs reflect patient reported symptoms and impact of illness. These results validate the relevance of the COAs to patients’ lives and underscore the inadvisability of singling out any one COA item to represent the totality of the patient experience.
Complete solution for vehicle Re-ID in surround-view camera system
Authors: Wu Zizhang , Xu Tianhao , Wang Fan , Wang Xiaoquan , Song Jing
Published: December 2022

Vehicle re-identification (Re-ID) is a critical component of the autonomous driving perception system, and research in this area has accelerated in recent years. However, there is yet no perfect solution to the vehicle re-identification issue associated with the car’s surround-view camera system. Our analysis identifies two significant issues in the aforementioned scenario: (1) It is difficult to identify the same vehicle in many picture frames due to the unique construction of the fisheye camera. (2) The appearance of the same vehicle when seen via the surround vision system’s several cameras is rather different. To overcome these issues, we suggest an integrative vehicle Re-ID solution method. On the one hand, we provide a technique for determining the consistency of the tracking box drift with respect to the target. On the other hand, we combine a Re-ID network based on the attention mechanism with spatial limitations to increase performance in situations involving multiple cameras. Finally, our approach combines state-of-the-art accuracy with real-time performance. We will soon make the source code and annotated fisheye dataset available.
Learning Through Doing: Comprehensive Programming for a Training Program in Cancer Disparities
Authors: Solari Williams Kayce D. , Escoto Kamisha Hamilton , Roberson Crystal , Le Kathy , Reitzel Lorraine R. , McNeill Lorna H. , Chang Shine
Published: December 2022

In the United States, preparing researchers and practitioners for careers in cancer requires multiple components for success. In this reflection article, we discuss our approach to designing a comprehensive research training program in cancer disparities. We focused on elements that provide students and early career scientists a deep understanding of disparities through first-hand experiences and skills training necessary to build a research career in the area. Our Educational Program sits within the framework of an NCI P20 program, “UHAND (U﻿niversity of Houston/MD And﻿erson Cancer Center)”, jointly established by an NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center and a minority-serving university as a collaborative partnership devoted to the elimination of cancer inequities among disproportionately affected racial and ethnic groups (UHAND Program to Reduce Cancer Disparities; NCI P20CA221696/ P20CA221697). The Education Program was designed to build on and enhance skills that are critical to pursuing a career in cancer disparities research at the undergraduate, doctoral, and post-doctoral levels—such as scientific communication, career planning and development, professional and community-based collaboration, and resilience in addition to solid scientific training. As such, our program integrates (1) opportunities for learning through service to community organizations providing resources to populations with documented cancer disparities, (2) a tailored curriculum of learning activities with program leadership and mentored research with scientists focused on cancer disparities and cancer prevention, (3) professional development training critical to career success in disparities research, and (4) support to address unique challenges faced by trainees from backgrounds that are historically underrepresented in research.
Discovery of a small molecule ligand of FRS2 that inhibits invasion and tumor growth
Authors: Santhana Kumar Karthiga , Brunner Cyrill , Schuster Matthias , Kopp Levi Luca , Gries Alexandre , Yan Shen , Jurt Simon , Moehle Kerstin , Bruns Dominique , Grotzer Michael , Zerbe Oliver , Schneider Gisbert , Baumgartner Martin
Published: December 2022

Purpose

Aberrant activation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases drives oncogenic signaling through its proximal adaptor protein FRS2. Precise disruption of this disease-causing signal transmission in metastatic cancers could stall tumor growth and progression. The purpose of this study was to identify a small molecule ligand of FRS2 to interrupt oncogenic signal transmission from activated FGFRs.

Methods

We used pharmacophore-based computational screening to identify potential small molecule ligands of the PTB domain of FRS2, which couples FRS2 to FGFRs. We confirmed PTB domain binding of molecules identified with biophysical binding assays and validated compound activity in cell-based functional assays in vitro and in an ovarian cancer model in vivo. We used thermal proteome profiling to identify potential off-targets of the lead compound.

Results

We describe a small molecule ligand of the PTB domain of FRS2 that prevents FRS2 activation and interrupts FGFR signaling. This PTB-domain ligand displays on-target activity in cells and stalls FGFR-dependent matrix invasion in various cancer models. The small molecule ligand is detectable in the serum of mice at the effective concentration for prolonged time and reduces growth of the ovarian cancer model in vivo. Using thermal proteome profiling, we furthermore identified potential off-targets of the lead compound that will guide further compound refinement and drug development.

Conclusions

Our results illustrate a phenotype-guided drug discovery strategy that identified a novel mechanism to repress FGFR-driven invasiveness and growth in human cancers. The here identified bioactive leads targeting FGF signaling and cell dissemination provide a novel structural basis for further development as a tumor agnostic strategy to repress FGFR- and FRS2-driven tumors.
Two-stage hybrid algorithm for recognition of industrial slab numbers with data quality improvement
Authors: Liu Qingqing , Wang Xianpeng , Song Xiangman
Published: December 2022

As the unique recognition of each slab, the accurate recognition of slab number is especially critical for the hot rolling production process. However, the collected data are often of low quality due to poor production environment conditions, making traditional deep learning algorithms face more significant challenges in slab numbers recognition. In this paper, a two-stage hybrid algorithm based on convolutional neural network and Transformer is proposed to identify industrial slab numbers. In the first stage, an improved CycleGAN (HybridCy) is developed to enhance the quality of real-world unpaired data. In the second stage, a multi-scale hybrid vision transformer model (MSHy-Vit) is proposed to identify slab numbers of the improved data output of stage one. The experimental results on industrial slab data show that HybridCy exhibits stable and efficient performance. Even for low-quality data with severe geometric distortion, HybridCy can accomplish quality improvement, which can help to improve recognition accuracy. In addition, the MSHy-Vit achieves superior accuracy in the recognition of slab numbers in comparison to existing methods in the literature.
Adaptive encoding-based evolutionary approach for Chinese document clustering
Authors: Chen Jun-Xian , Gong Yue-Jiao , Chen Wei-Neng , Xiao Xiaolin
Published: December 2022

Document clustering has long been an important research direction in intelligent system. When being applied to process Chinese documents, new challenges were posted since it is infeasible to directly split the Chinese documents using the whitespace character. Moreover, many Chinese document clustering algorithms require prior knowledge of the cluster number, which is impractical to know in real-world applications. Considering these problems, we propose a general Chinese document clustering framework, where the main clustering task is fulfilled with an adaptive encoding-based evolutionary approach. Specifically, the adaptive encoding scheme is proposed to automatically learn the cluster number, and novel crossover and mutation operators are designed to fit this scheme. In addition, a single step of K-means is incorporated to conduct a joint global and local search, enhancing the overall exploitation ability. The experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in both the efficiency and the clustering precision.
Mens sana in corpore sano: the effects of sport on children’s learning in Italy
Authors: Nosvelli Mario
Published: December 2022

This study analyses the impact of sports participation on both cognitive and non-cognitive skills using micro data from Italian fifth grade pupils’ test scores. The performance of students is investigated by estimating different frequencies of sports practice. Using sports facilities as an instrument for sports participation, we find that its effect on school performance is positive, but only for an intermediate level of training. Sports drills have a negative effect, especially on females, when the extremes come into play: both inactivity and full-week action. On the contrary, daily sports practice seems to be effective on non-cognitive skills, revealing positive contributions to some personality traits that represent a major component of human capital.
Pre-drill pore pressure prediction from 1D seismic velocity profile to 3D modeling using high resolution full waveform inversion velocity (FWI): deep water offshore, West Nile Delta
Authors: Khattab Maha Nabil El-Sayed , Abou Ashour Nasser Mohamed Hassan Ali , El-Werr Abdel-khalek Mahmoud Mohamed , Afifi Mai Fayek Mohamed
Published: December 2022

Pore pressure prediction is one of the most critical steps while planning new well delivery activity in exploration fields in order to achieve the well target by delivering a safe well. It is very important to understand the structural and stratigraphic complexity that may influence formation pressure differences in the study area. Also, it is critical to have a range of uncertainty in prediction to mitigate any kind of drilling problems and operational risks. In this case study, the target is to predict the pore pressure gradient for four proposed exploration wells in West Nile Delta Raven field. The workflow has been applied utilizing tilted transverse isotropic seismic velocity and a high-resolution full waveform seismic inverted velocity. It is important as well to compare different methodologies where each one will have its own limitations. A manually picked normal compaction trend with the conventional Eaton pressure transform method was applied and compared with a BP internal normal compaction trend with a modified Eaton (Presgraf) pressure transform method in the Predrill prediction. The pre-drill pore pressure is finally compared with the actual measured pore pressure data that yields a good match.
Fiber-dominated Soft Actuators Inspired by Plant Cell Walls and Skeletal Muscles
Authors: Ren Luquan , Wu Qian , Liu Qingping , Ren Lei , Wang Kunyang , Zhou Xueli , Wang Zhenguo , He Yulin , Zhao Che , Li Bingqian
Published: December 2022

Morphing botanical tissues and animal muscles are all fiber-mediated composites, in which fibers play a passive and active role, respectively. Herein, inspired by the mechanism of fibers functioning in morphing botanical tissues and animal muscles, we propose two sorts of fiber-dominated composite actuators. First, inspired by the deformation of awned seeds in response to humidity change, we fabricate passive fiber-dominated actuators using non-active aligned carbon fibers via 4D printing method. The effects of process parameters, structural parameters, and fiber angles on the deformation of the printed actuators are examined. The experimental results show that the orientation degree is enhanced, resulting in a better swelling effect as the printing speed increases. Then, motivated by the actuation mechanism of skeletal muscle, we prepare active fiber-dominated actuators using active polyurethane fibers via 4D printing and pre-stretching method. The effect of fiber angle and loading on the actuation mode is experimentally analyzed. The experimental results show that the rotation angle of the actuator gradually decreases with the angle from 45° to 60°. When the fiber angle is 0° and 90°, the driver basically stops rotating while shrinking along the loading direction. Based on the above actuation mechanisms, identical contraction behaviors are realized both in passive and active fiber-dominated soft actuators. This work provides a validation method for biologically actuation mechanisms via 4D printing technique and smart materials and adds further insights to the design of bioinspired soft actuators.
Do School-Level Anti-Bullying Interventions Affect Prescriptions of Prescribed Drugs in Young Adulthood? A Case Using the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program
Authors: Borgen Nicolai Topstad , Olweus Dan , Breivik Kyrre , Kirkebøen Lars Johannessen , Solberg Mona Elin , Frønes Ivar , Cross Donna , Raaum Oddbjørn
Published: December 2022

Several meta-analyses have demonstrated that bullying prevention programs are successful in reducing bullying. However, scant research addresses if and how such anti-bullying efforts affect long-term internalizing health problems and even less on later use of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. This study explores how the school-based Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (OBPP) affects the likelihood of being prescribed antidepressant drugs, anxiolytics, hypnotics, and sedatives, using a difference-in-difference design with population-wide Norwegian register data, including the Norwegian Prescription Database. Generally, we find that student cohorts from schools with a higher proportion of victimized students have more prescribed drugs at ages 17–22. Although OBPP substantially reduces victimization, and, hence, assumedly internalizing problems, our results indicate that the OBPP increased the likelihood of being prescribed drugs for internalizing problems between ages 17 and 19. Our interpretation of these findings is that the OBPP had increased awareness of bullying in school and its damaging consequences, and thereby reduced the mental and attitudinal barriers that often prevent students from seeking help for internalizing problems. It should be noted, however, that the victimization data in our study were linked to schools only and not to register data for individual students. Accordingly, we were restricted to studying average program effects at the school level. The power to detect long-term effects would have been better with student-linked data for both the victimization and register variables.
Anamorphic Visualization of the Space-Time-Paradigm by Geodetic Network Adjustment
Authors: Feicht Tamara , Schmitt Andreas
Published: December 2022

The steadily increasing urbanization results in a continuous areal expansion of urban agglomerations and generates the need for effective intra- and inter-urban mobility. In fact, travel time plays the key role for daily commuters, not necessarily the distance between residence and work. Thus, the space-time-ratio is a quality measure for the respective traffic network. This study explores the spatio-temporal distance ratio between 97 German cities along the current road and railroad infrastructure by the help of geodetic network adjustment methods. The method bases on a highly dynamic network of 9312 connections and estimates new locations for the cities with respect to their geographic location and the required travel time. Cartographic design methods are applied to generate a non-central spatio-temporal cartogram. The resulting anamorphic map clearly denotes urban agglomerations with outstanding transport infrastructure, but also cities that are not adequately integrated in the national mobility network. This approach provides insight information with a high impact on future transport infrastructure planning.
Non-Union Scoring System (NUSS): Is It Enough in Clinical Practice?
Authors: Gaddi Diego , Gatti Simone D. , Piatti Massimiliano , Poli Andrea , De Rosa Laura , Riganti Andrea , Zatti Giovanni , Bigoni Marco , Turati Marco
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Bone consolidation defects represent a real orthopedic challenge because of the absence of validated treatment guidelines that can assist the surgeon in his choices. The aim of this study is to evaluate the appropriateness of the Non-Union Scoring System NUSS treatment protocol in the management of long bone non-unions by comparing it to the experience-based therapeutic approach carried out in our facility.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a comparative outcome study of a retrospective series of 89 patients surgically treated for long bone non-union in our facility vs. clinical results reported by Calori et al. obtained following the NUSS treatment protocol.

Results

Radiographic healing was reached in 13/13 non-unions (100%) in group NUSS 1, in 58/62 (93.5%) in group NUSS 2, and in 13/14 (92.9%) in group NUSS 3. The mean time to radiographic healing was 5.69 ± 2.09 months in group 1, 7.38 ± 3.81 months in group 2 and 9.23 ± 2.31 months in group 3. 91% of patients in group I, 69% in group II and 48% in group III received what would be considered by the NUSS treatment protocol an “overtreatment”, especially from a biological stand point. The comparative outcome analysis shows that our case series achieved significantly higher global healing rates (p value = 0.017) and shorter radiological healing times in groups NUSS 1 and 2 (p value < 0.001).

Conclusion

From the results obtained, we can assume that the NUSS treatment protocol might underestimate the necessary therapies, particularly from a biological point of view.
Overlapping worlds of art and plastic surgery: developing a concept model and its implications in surgical education
Authors: Nguyen Audrey , Duong Dawn , O’Sullivan Patricia
Published: December 2022

Purpose

Editorials speculate on the relationship between art and plastic surgery, and studies of limited art education in surgical training show intriguing benefits. Identifying the shared concepts and skills in art and plastic surgery could advance incorporating artistic skills and concepts into plastic surgery training and curriculum.

Methods

Using a grounded theory approach, we interviewed plastic surgeons and formally trained or self-identified artists and then analyzed the transcripts. During the process, we used a constant comparison approach while coding along with data collection. The team developed the codebook from initial transcripts; 2 members coded each transcript. We reconciled codes and summarized codes into themes based on discussion among the team.

Results

15 plastic surgeons aged 36–80 years and 16 artists aged 19–62 years were interviewed. We then developed a concept model, “Ways of Making,” to illustrate the shared aspects of the artistic and surgical process through their ways of doing, knowing, seeing, and thinking. Both plastic surgeons and artists recognized that strong technical foundational skills are key to developing competency. Both groups spoke about the Elements of Art and Principles of Design, though artists know this formally. Artists and plastic surgeons shared that awareness to one’s surroundings or to human features facilitates identifying problems or ideas. They described how technical skills, manual dexterity, and three-dimensional thinking can be taught and nurtured. Both groups also recognized that creativity played a major role in their work. While creativity was seen as innate, participants can learn to be innovative through critical thinking.

Conclusion

This study provides a model for how plastic surgery and art overlap using data from interviews. Though there are differences between the two fields, the ways of doing, knowing, seeing, and thinking are key components of the artistic and surgical processes. Identifying the shared concepts and skills in art and plastic surgery could help enhance curricula seeking to incorporate artistic skills and concepts into plastic surgery training.
Could Floating Solar Panels Help Mitigate Climate Change?
Authors: Moutinho Sofia
Published: December 2022

“Floatovoltaics” are an emerging technology, but their environmental impacts are still unknown.
Glacial Ice Offers Polar Bears a Precarious Climate Refuge
Authors: Cutts Elise
Published: December 2022

An isolated polar bear population in southeastern Greenland survives in fjords, despite spotty sea ice. But this pocket of bears is not a sign of how the species could be saved.
Comparing the Dynamics of Free Subduction in Cartesian and Spherical Domains
Authors: Chen Fangqin , Davies D. Rhodri , Goes Saskia , Suchoy Lior , Kramer Stephan C.
Published: December 2022

The effects of sphericity are regularly neglected in numerical and laboratory studies that examine the factors controlling subduction dynamics. Most existing studies have been executed in a Cartesian domain, with the small number of simulations undertaken in a spherical shell incorporating plates with an oversimplified rheology, limiting their applicability. Here, we simulate free‐subduction of composite visco‐plastic plates in 3‐D Cartesian and spherical shell domains, to examine the role of sphericity in dictating the dynamics of subduction, and highlight the limitations of Cartesian models. We identify two irreconcilable differences between Cartesian and spherical models, which limit the suitability of Cartesian‐based studies: (a) the presence of sidewall boundaries in Cartesian models, which modify the flow regime; and (b) the reduction of space with depth in spherical shells, alongside the radial gravity direction, which cannot be captured in Cartesian domains. Although Cartesian models generally predict comparable subduction regimes and slab morphologies to their spherical counterparts, there are significant quantitative discrepancies. We find that simulations in Cartesian domains that exceed Earth's dimensions overestimate trench retreat. Conversely, due to boundary effects, simulations in smaller Cartesian domains overestimate the variation of trench curvature driven by plate width. Importantly, spherical models consistently predict higher sinking velocities and a reduction in slab width with depth, particularly for wider subduction systems, enhancing along‐strike slab buckling and trench curvature. Results imply that sphericity must be considered for understanding the dynamics of Earth's wider subduction systems, and is already a significant factor for slabs of width 2,400 km.
Net Equatorward Shift of the Jet Streams When the Contribution From Sea‐Ice Loss Is Constrained by Observed Eddy Feedback
Authors: Screen James A. , Eade Rosemary , Smith Doug M. , Thomson Stephen , Yu Hao
Published: December 2022

We examine the midlatitude jet stream responses to projected Antarctic and Arctic sea‐ice loss and global ocean warming in coordinated multi‐model experiments from the Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project. Antarctic and Arctic sea‐ice loss cause an equatorward shift of the winter jet stream in the southern and northern hemisphere, respectively, on average across the models. Models with stronger eddy feedback simulate farther equatorward jet shifts in response to both Antarctic and Arctic sea‐ice loss. The models simulate too weak eddy feedback compared to the real world, particularly in the northern hemisphere, resulting in an underestimation of the boreal jet response to Arctic sea‐ice loss. More precise estimates of the jet shifts are obtained by using the observed eddy feedback as a constraint and suggest that the equatorward jet shifts in response to Antarctic and Arctic sea‐ice loss exceed in magnitude the simulated poleward shifts due to ocean warming.
Significant Contribution of Paleogeography to Stratospheric Water Vapor Variations in the Past 250 Million Years
Authors: Xia Yan , Li Xiang , Hu Yongyun , Huang Yi , Zhao Chuanfeng , Xie Fei , Guo Jiaqi , Lan Jiawenjing , Lin Qifan , Yuan Shuai
Published: December 2022

Stratospheric water vapor (SWV) variations play an important role in influencing the Earth's energy budget. Here, we investigate the SWV variations in the past 250 million years (Myr) using a fully coupled Earth System Model. It is found that both CO2 concentration and paleogeography have prominent influences on the SWV variations, while solar insolation plays a minor role. The SWV increases with surface warming and stratospheric moistening rate is accelerated during the warm periods in the past 250 Myr except for the Pangea supercontinent stage. The ratio of stratospheric moistening to surface warming is smaller in the warm Pangea supercontinent stage compared to that during the warm Cretaceous Period, which is due to the ascending and consequent cooling of the tropical tropopause layer associated with the severe surface warming over the tropical Pangea supercontinent. Our results suggest that paleogeography is an important factor in regulating SWV variations in deep‐time climate.
Direct Observation of the Transitional Stage of Mixing‐State‐Related Absorption Enhancement for Atmospheric Black Carbon
Authors: Zhai Jinghao , Yang Xin , Li Ling , Ye Xingnan , Chen Jianmin , Fu Tzung‐May , Zhu Lei , Shen Huizhong , Ye Jianhuai , Wang Chen , Tao Shu
Published: December 2022

The addition of coating to the black carbon (BC) enhances its absorption as more light is focused by the coating “lens.” The absorption enhancement factor (Eabs) of BC is difficult to quantify due to an inadequate representation of its mixing structure and the interaction with radiation. Here, by tracking the evolution of the fresh BC particles in the ambient, we found a transitional stage of the particle Eabs with the non‐BC‐to‐BC mass ratio (RBC) at ∼2, below which there were insufficient coating materials to encapsulate the BC core and the absorption enhancement was not significant (∼14%). When the RBC >∼ 2, obvious absorption enhancement occurred as the BC cores were fully covered. Secondary inorganic species played the most critical role in the coating materials to enhance the “lensing effect.” We suppose the particle‐resolved core‐shell Mie model can be applied in the Eabs prediction for most cases.
Formation of Beading Auroral Arcs at Substorm Onset: Implications of Its Variability Into the Generation Process
Authors: Ohtani S. , Motoba T.
Published: December 2022

The formation of auroral beads, wavy onset arcs, is often discussed in terms of substorm initiation. The present study addresses several aspects of their development and propagation by examining ground all‐sky images for representative events for each aspect. The results are summarized as follows: (a) the expansion and propagation of auroral beads do not depend on whether they form east or west of a preceding equatorward flow; (b) Auroral beads propagate either eastward or westward when the westward auroral electrojet intensifies apparently not preceded by the approach of an equatorward flow in neighboring sectors; (c) A nearby arc does not seem to be affected even if auroral beads form only a few tenths of degree apart in latitude; (d) two wavy arcs occasionally form next to each other and propagate in different directions; (e) the evolution of beading arcs is not always conjugate in two hemispheres. Results (a) and (b) suggest that meso‐ or large‐scale ionospheric convection as inferred from ground magnetic disturbances does not regulate the development and propagation of auroral beads. Results (c) and (d) imply that the development of auroral beads can be attributed to a small‐scale process, possibly a convection flow, at a latitudinal scale of a few tenths of degree or less. Such a small‐scale process may not be conjugate in two hemispheres, which potentially explains Result (e). These results do not necessarily mean that the cause of auroral beads is ionospheric, but suggest that the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling plays an important role in their development.
Identifying an Evaporative Thermal Refugium for the Preservation of Coral Reefs in a Warming World—The Gulf of Eilat (Aqaba)
Authors: Abir Shai , McGowan Hamish A. , Shaked Yonathan , Lensky Nadav G.
Published: December 2022

Coral bleaching events are more frequent and severe as global temperatures rise. However, analysis of the surface energy fluxes that substantially affect the thermoregulation of shallow reef environments is rare. Previous work on evaporative cooling in a humid reef environment led to the hypothesis that in proximity to desert regions, drier air enhances evaporative cooling of water overlying coral reefs, reducing the risk of extreme high‐water temperatures. Eddy Covariance measurements made over a shallow desert fringing coral reef in the Gulf of Eilat (Israel) during summer measured evaporation of 10.3 mm d−1 which is maintaining water temperature much lower than the overlying air temperature. In addition, measurements of the most severe marine heatwave that was ever documented in the region are presented as a case study for future reference to the processes that lead to and proceed a marine heatwave, which is induced by synoptic scale events that cause a ∼50% reduction in evaporation rate. Results are compared to similar measurements from a tropical coral reef, where a lower evaporation rate suppressed by higher humidity is unable to offset the heating of water overlying the reef. We conclude that evaporative cooling is a key mechanism protecting coral reefs located in deserts from extreme high‐water temperatures, thereby representing possible thermal refugium for corals against background global warming.
Changes in NO3 Radical and Its Nocturnal Chemistry in Shanghai From 2014 to 2021 Revealed by Long‐Term Observation and a Stacking Model: Impact of China's Clean Air Action Plan
Authors: Zhu Jian , Wang Shanshan , Zhang Sanbao , Xue Ruibin , Gu Chuanqi , Zhou Bin
Published: December 2022

Nitrate radical (NO3), an important nocturnal tropospheric oxidant, was observed continuously in the eastern Chinese megalopolis of Shanghai from July 2018 to August 2021using differential optical absorption spectroscopy equipped with LED lamp. To assess changes in NO3 radical during the implementation of China's Clean Air Action Plan, a stacking model was developed to predict historical NO3 radical from 2014 to 2018 with good performance. Combining the observed and predicted data sets, the highest concentration of NO3 exceeded 300 pptv in 2021, while the highest monthly mean of 36.2 ± 30.9 pptv occurred in summer 2017. The impact of meteorology, precursors, and emissions on the evolution of nocturnal NO3 was quantified using the Kolmogorov‐Zurbenko filter. The rapid increase in annual NO3 from 2014 to 2017 was caused by a combination of persistently high precursor O3 concentrations, insufficient SO2‐represented primary pollutant reductions, and meteorological conditions favorable to NO3. As China's clean air actions advanced further, significant CO‐represented and SO2‐represented emission reductions overcame the impact of meteorological conditions and significantly lowered the NO3 levels between 2018 and 2021. These efforts drastically affected nocturnal NO3 chemistry, reducing NO3 loss rates by approximately 30% in both spring and summer in 2021 compared to 2014, although the NO3 levels were comparable between the 2 years. In addition, substantial reductions in CO‐represented and SO2‐represented primary pollutants, as well as effective management of NO2 and PM2.5, resulted in varying decreases in the rates of direct (removal by reactions with VOCs, etc.) and indirect (removal by heterogeneous consumption of N2O5) losses, thereby moderating secondary aerosol formation.
Southern Hemisphere Response to the Secondary Planetary Waves Generated During the Arctic Sudden Stratospheric Final Warmings: Influence of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation
Authors: Qin Yusong , Gu Sheng‐Yang , Dou Xiankang , Teng Chen‐Ke‐Min , Yang Zhenlin , Sun Ruidi
Published: December 2022

Based on the Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version 2 reanalysis and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder geopotential height observations, the anomalously strong secondary planetary waves (PWs) with westward zonal wavenumber 1 and periods of 10–16 days are unexpectedly captured in the Southern (summer) Hemisphere (SH) during the Arctic sudden stratospheric final warmings (SSFWs) in 2015 and 2022, while no distinct secondary PW signal occurs in the SH during the 2005, 2014, and 2016 Arctic SSFWs. The Eliassen‐Palm (EP) flux diagnostics show that the secondary PWs during the 2015 and 2022 SSFWs have strong trans‐equatorial components at ∼35–60 km, but the southward EP flux from the Northern Hemisphere during the other three SSFWs decays dramatically around the equator. Further diagnostic results on the background conditions indicate that the phase of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) in the middle stratosphere plays a crucial role in the SH response to the secondary PW during SSFW. The strong equatorial westward winds at ∼32–42 km result in the critical layers and negative waveguides for the secondary W1 PW during the 2005, 2014, and 2016 SSFWs, which significantly block the trans‐equatorial propagation of PW. Such PW suppression is not observed during the 2015 and 2022 SSFWs since the middle stratospheric QBO is in the eastward phase. Moreover, the strong secondary PW in the SH during the 2015 and 2022 SSFWs can additionally induce the poleward residual circulation to facilitate the mesospheric total residual circulation transition from summer pattern to winter pattern in the SH.
Quantitative Evaluation of the Lunar Seismic Scattering and Comparison Between the Earth, Mars, and the Moon
Authors: Onodera Keisuke , Kawamura Taichi , Tanaka Satoshi , Ishihara Yoshiaki , Maeda Takuto
Published: December 2022

The intense seismic scattering seen in Apollo lunar seismic data is one of the most characteristic features, making the seismic signals much different from those observed on the Earth. The scattering is considered to be attributed to subsurface heterogeneity. While the heterogeneous structure of the Moon reflects the past geological activities and evolution processes from the formation, the detailed description remains an open issue. Here, we present a new model of the subsurface heterogeneity within the upper lunar crust derived through a full 3D seismic wave propagation simulation. Our simulation successfully reproduced the Apollo seismic observations, leading to a significant update of the scattering properties of the Moon. The results showed that the scattering intensity of the Moon is about 10 times higher than that of the heterogeneous region on the Earth. The quantified scattering parameters could give us a constraint on the surface evolution process of the Moon and enable the comparative study for answering a fundamental question of why the seismological features are different on various planetary bodies.
Application and Evaluation of the Gravel Parameterization Scheme in WRF‐CLM4 Model
Authors: You Huiqi , Lyu Shihua , Zhang Shaobo , Xu Yue , Ma Cuili , Tao Xingyu , Chen Pan , Yang Fan
Published: December 2022

As the gravel is a vital component of soil that affects the soil hydrothermal condition, its application can help improve the numerical simulations. In this study, a soil data set containing gravel content suitable to the Weather Research and Forecasting Model‐Community Land Model version 4 (WRF‐CLM4) is firstly established, and a gravel parameterization scheme is coupled to the WRF‐CLM4. On this basis, numerical simulations are conducted over the Tibetan Plateau, whose results are further compared with the global atmospheric Re‐Analysis released by the China Meteorological Administration (CRA‐40) for evaluation. The results show that the new scheme can improve the simulation effect of soil temperature to a certain extent. The correlation coefficient (R) with the CRA‐40 data for soil temperature is enhanced in the shallow soil layer in the new scheme. Besides, the root mean square errors (RMSEs) of soil temperature are significantly reduced in shallow soil layer. Comparatively, the new scheme has a better simulation effect for soil moisture. The values of R increase significantly for soil moisture in the shallow soil layer. The RMSEs for soil moisture in both shallow and deep layers are greatly reduced. Regional‐averages over the three areas and time series show that gravel has large impact on soil temperature and moisture compared with the old scheme. Overall, the values of R and RMSEs for soil temperature and moisture in the new scheme have been greatly improved, while their trends in the shallow layer are closer to the comparison data.
Modified dementia risk score as a tool for the prediction of dementia: a prospective cohort study of 239745 participants
Authors: Wang Zuo-Teng , Fu Yan , Zhang Ya-Ru , Chen Shi-Dong , Huang Shu-Yi , Yang Liu , Li Hong-Qi , Ou Ya-Nan , Feng Jian-Feng , Dong Qiang , Cheng Wei , Tan Lan , Wang Hui-Fu , Yu Jin-Tai
Published: December 2022

Based on risk profiles, several approaches for predicting dementia risk have been developed. Predicting the risk of dementia with accuracy is a significant clinical challenge. The goal was to create a modified dementia risk score (MDRS) based on a big sample size. A total of 239,745 participants from UK Biobank were studied (mean follow-up of 8.7 years). The score value of each risk factor was estimated according to the β coefficient in the logistic regression model. The total dementia risk score was the sum of each risk score. Kaplan Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to assess the associations between total score and dementia. Among all participants included, 3531 incident cases of all-cause dementia (ACD), 1729 cases of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and 925 cases of vascular dementia (VD) were identified. Several vascular risk factors (physical activity, current smoking status, and glycemic status) and depressive symptoms were found to be significantly related to dementia risk. The modified dementia risk scores predicted dementia well (model 1, area under curve 0.810; model 2, area under curve 0.832). In model 1, the cut-off value for high risk (HR) was 81 or higher, and in model 2 (including the APOE4), it was 98 or higher. According to Kaplan-Meier survival analyses, patients in the HR group had faster clinical progression (p < 0.0001) in either model 1 or 2. Cox regression analyses for HR versus low risk (LR) revealed that the Hazard radio for ACD was 7.541 (6.941 to 8.193) in model 1 and 8.348 (7.727 to 9.019) in model 2. MDRS is appropriate for dementia primary prevention, and may help quickly identify individuals with elevated risk of dementia.
Defective proteostasis in induced pluripotent stem cell models of frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Authors: Mahali Sidhartha , Martinez Rita , King Melvin , Verbeck Anthony , Harari Oscar , Benitez Bruno A. , Horie Kanta , Sato Chihiro , Temple Sally , Karch Celeste M.
Published: December 2022

Impaired proteostasis is associated with normal aging and is accelerated in neurodegeneration. This impairment may lead to the accumulation of protein, which can be toxic to cells and tissue. In a subset of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau pathology (FTLD-tau) cases, pathogenic mutations in the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene are sufficient to cause tau accumulation and neurodegeneration. However, the pathogenic events triggered by the expression of the mutant tau protein remain poorly understood. Here, we show that molecular networks associated with lysosomal biogenesis and autophagic function are disrupted in brains from FTLD-tau patients carrying a MAPT p.R406W mutation. We then used human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons and 3D cerebral organoids from patients carrying the MAPT p.R406W mutation and CRISPR/Cas9, corrected controls to evaluate proteostasis. MAPT p.R406W was sufficient to induce morphological and functional deficits in the lysosomal pathway in iPSC-neurons. These phenotypes were reversed upon correction of the mutant allele with CRISPR/Cas9. Treatment with mTOR inhibitors led to tau degradation specifically in MAPT p.R406W neurons. Together, our findings suggest that MAPT p.R406W is sufficient to cause impaired lysosomal function, which may contribute to disease pathogenesis and serve as a cellular phenotype for drug screening.
Causal inference in medical records and complementary systems pharmacology for metformin drug repurposing towards dementia
Authors: Charpignon Marie-Laure , Vakulenko-Lagun Bella , Zheng Bang , Magdamo Colin , Su Bowen , Evans Kyle , Rodriguez Steve , Sokolov Artem , Boswell Sarah , Sheu Yi-Han , Somai Melek , Middleton Lefkos , Hyman Bradley T. , Betensky Rebecca A. , Finkelstein Stan N. , Welsch Roy E. , Tzoulaki Ioanna , Blacker Deborah , Das Sudeshna , Albers Mark W.
Published: December 2022

Metformin, a diabetes drug with anti-aging cellular responses, has complex actions that may alter dementia onset. Mixed results are emerging from prior observational studies. To address this complexity, we deploy a causal inference approach accounting for the competing risk of death in emulated clinical trials using two distinct electronic health record systems. In intention-to-treat analyses, metformin use associates with lower hazard of all-cause mortality and lower cause-specific hazard of dementia onset, after accounting for prolonged survival, relative to sulfonylureas. In parallel systems pharmacology studies, the expression of two AD-related proteins, APOE and SPP1, was suppressed by pharmacologic concentrations of metformin in differentiated human neural cells, relative to a sulfonylurea. Together, our findings suggest that metformin might reduce the risk of dementia in diabetes patients through mechanisms beyond glycemic control, and that SPP1 is a candidate biomarker for metformin’s action in the brain.
Cryo-electron tomography reveals structural insights into the membrane remodeling mode of dynamin-like EHD filaments
Authors: Melo Arthur A. , Sprink Thiemo , Noel Jeffrey K. , Vázquez-Sarandeses Elena , van Hoorn Chris , Mohd Saif , Loerke Justus , Spahn Christian M. T. , Daumke Oliver
Published: December 2022

Eps15-homology domain containing proteins (EHDs) are eukaryotic, dynamin-related ATPases involved in cellular membrane trafficking. They oligomerize on membranes into filaments that induce membrane tubulation. While EHD crystal structures in open and closed conformations were previously reported, little structural information is available for the membrane-bound oligomeric form. Consequently, mechanistic insights into the membrane remodeling mechanism have remained sparse. Here, by using cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging, we determined structures of nucleotide-bound EHD4 filaments on membrane tubes of various diameters at an average resolution of 7.6 Å. Assembly of EHD4 is mediated via interfaces in the G-domain and the helical domain. The oligomerized EHD4 structure resembles the closed conformation, where the tips of the helical domains protrude into the membrane. The variation in filament geometry and tube radius suggests a spontaneous filament curvature of approximately 1/70 nm−1. Combining the available structural and functional data, we suggest a model for EHD-mediated membrane remodeling.