bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth inhibitory activity of biflavonoids and diterpenoids from the leaves of the Libyan Juniperus phoenicea against human cancer cells
Authors: Al Groshi Afaf , Jasim Hiba A. , Evans Andrew R. , Ismail Fyaz M.D. , Dempster Nicola M. , Nahar Lutfun , Sarker Satyajit D.
Published: June 2019

Three biflavonoids [cupressuflavone (1), amentoflavone (2), and sumaflavone (3)], four diterpenoids [13‐epi‐cupressic acid (4), imbricatholic acid (5), 3‐hydroxy‐sandaracopimaric acid (6), and dehydroabietic acid (7)], and one lignan [β‐peltatin methyl ether (8)] were isolated from the cytotoxic fractions of the extracts of the leaves of the Libyan Juniperus phoenicea L. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic means. Cytotoxicity of compounds 1–6 were assessed against the human lung cancer cell line A549 using the MTT assay. Compounds 1 and 3 showed cytotoxicity against the A549 cells (IC50 = 65 and 77 μM, respectively), whereas compound 2 did not show any activity. Diterpenes 4–6 exhibited weak cytotoxicity against the A549 cells with the IC50 values of 159, 263, and 223 μM, respectively. The cytotoxicity of each compound was compared with the anticancer drug, etoposide (IC50 = 61 μM). Cupressuflavone (1) was evaluated also for cytotoxicity against both the human PC3 cancer cell line and the normal prostate cell line (PNT2), and this compound revealed a high degree of cytotoxic selectivity towards the prostate cancer cells (PC3), with IC50 value of 19.9 μM, without any evidence of cytotoxicity towards the normal prostate cell line (PNT2).
Theoretical predictions of the nitrogen heterocyclic compounds with metal and noble gas (metal = Cu, Ag, Au)
Authors: Wen Mei , Li Zhuo Zhe , Li An Yong
Published: June 2019

Here, we report a new type of Ng‐containing compounds formed between the Ng‐M group and nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, (CH2)nHNCuNg+ (n = 2, 3), (CH)4NMNg, and (CH)5NCuNg+ (M = Cu, Ag, Au; Ng = Ar, Kr, Xe). Quantum chemistry computations were carried out to optimize their geometric structures and calculate the dissociation energies, dissociation enthalpy, and dissociation free energy change. The stability of these Ng‐bonding complexes was inspected by investigating the three dissociation processes of the these compounds into (a) Ng, M, and nitrogen heterocycle CnN; (b) CnN + MNg+; and (c) CnNM + Ng, which are all endothermic and nonspontaneous, these dissociation processes are also turned out to be endergonic in nature at standard state. The natural bond orbital, atoms in molecules, and energy decomposition analysis based on the molecular wavefunction show that the M‐Ng and M‐N bonds have some covalent and electrostatic characters.
Network Community Detection on Small Quantum Computers
Authors: Shaydulin Ruslan , Ushijima‐Mwesigwa Hayato , Safro Ilya , Mniszewski Susan , Alexeev Yuri
Published: June 2019

In recent years, a number of quantum computing devices with small numbers of qubits have become available. A hybrid quantum local search (QLS) approach that combines a classical machine and a small quantum device to solve problems of practical size is presented. The proposed approach is applied to the network community detection problem. QLS is hardware‐agnostic and easily extendable to new quantum computing devices as they become available. It is demonstrated to solve the 2‐community detection problem on graphs of sizes of up to 410 vertices using the 16‐qubit IBM quantum computer and D‐Wave 2000Q, and compare their performance with the optimal solutions. The results herein demonstrate that QLS performs similarly in terms of quality of the solution and the number of iterations to convergence on both types of quantum computers and it is capable of achieving results comparable to state‐of‐the‐art solvers in terms of quality of the solution including reaching the optimal solutions.
A Red Emissive Two‐Photon Fluorescence Probe Based on Carbon Dots for Intracellular pH Detection
Authors: Ye Xiaoxue , Xiang Yunhui , Wang Qirong , Li Zhen , Liu Zhihong
Published: June 2019

Intracellular pH is closely related with many biological processes, including cellular proliferation, apoptosis, endocytic processes, signal transduction, and enzymatic activity. The use of fluorescent probes has become an essential method for intracellular pH detection, but existing fluorescent probes have substantial limitations, such as requiring tedious synthetic preparation, suffering from an inappropriate response range and insufficiently long emission wavelength. In this work, a red emissive two‐photon fluorescence probe based on carbon dots (pH‐CDs) is fabricated using a facile one‐pot hydrothermal method for the monitoring of intracellular pH. pH‐CDs possess a variety of superior properties, including high selectivity, excellent photostability, and low cytotoxicity. Furthermore, they exhibit a pH‐sensitive response in the range of 1.0–9.0 and a linear range of 3.5–6.5, which is desirable for tracking the pH value in living cells. It is demonstrated that the pH‐dependent fluorescence signal is regulated via switching between aggregation and disaggregation of CDs. More importantly, pH‐CDs can be successfully applied to sense and visualize pH fluctuation in cells, tissue, and zebrafish. These findings suggest that the as‐prepared pH‐CDs probe has significant potential for practical application in living systems.
Metal Chelate Monomers Based on Nickel Maleate and Chelating N‐Heterocycles as Precursors of Core‐shell Nanomaterials with Advanced Tribological Properties
Authors: Uflyand Igor E. , Zhinzhilo Vladimir A. , Mukhanova Elizaveta A. , Karyukov Egor V. , Tautieva Marina A. , Ostapenko Daria A. , Burlakova Victoria E. , Dzhardimalieva Gulzhian I.
Published: June 2019

In this study, new metal chelate monomers based on nickel(II) maleate and chelating N‐heterocycles (2,2′‐bipyridine and 1,10‐phenanthroline) were synthesized and characterized. A detailed analysis of the main stages and features of the kinetics of thermal transformations of metal chelate monomers was carried out. Core‐shell nanomaterials containing nanoparticles of nickel oxide and metallic nickel in a stabilizing nitrogen‐containing polymer matrix were obtained by thermolysis of these monomers. The composition, properties and structure of the nanomaterials were studied using IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The tribological characteristics of NiO nanoparticles as lubricant additives were studied using a pin‐on‐disc tribometer. The coefficient of friction (COF) is the lowest at the optimum concentration of nanoparticles and increasing the concentration above the optimum level leads to an increase in COF.
On the numerical solution of matrix Bessel equations
Authors: Kausel Eduardo , Gravenkamp Hauke
Published: June 2019

This article deals with the numerical evaluation of certain systems of second order differential equations that are analogous in structure to the scalar Bessel equations, i.e. . The governing equation includes three distinct coefficient matrices that we assume to be real, symmetric, and positive definite. However, allowance is also made for G to be semi‐definite. We first review the conditions under which rigorous closed‐form solutions are possible, and this occurs when the various matrices share a common set of eigenvectors, even if not the eigenvalues. We find in that case that the response consists in a linear combination of conventional Bessel functions. More generally, we propose three alternative methods to accomplish the evaluation:

An ascending series solution based on the Frobenius method.

An effective asymptotic solution that provides results in very close agreement with the first method. It is stable and accurate for a wide range of values of the argument ‐ more so than the first method.

A direct numerical integration solution using the fifth order Runge‐Kutta‐Nyström algorithm. It works well, except for some idiosyncrasies that depend on the presence of eigenvalues with widely different magnitudes, as will be explained.

We determined that all of these techniques produce highly accurate response functions when measured in terms of the residual to the differential equation, and in all cases we found that residual to be negligible.
Risk of Malignancy in FDG‐Avid Thyroid Incidentalomas on PET/CT: A Prospective Study
Authors: Abdel‐Halim Chadi Nimeh , Rosenberg Tine , Bjørndal Kristine , Madsen Anders Rørbæk , Jakobsen John , Døssing Helle , Bay Mette , Thomassen Anders , Nielsen Anne Lerberg , Godballe Christian
Published: June 2019

Background

Due to a substantial risk of malignancy, patients with focal FDG‐avid thyroid incidentalomas (FFTIs) on PET/CT are in most of Denmark referred to Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) fast track programs. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of malignancy in FFTI managed in a HNC fast track program.

Methods

A prospective cohort study including all patients with FFTI referred to the HNC fast track program, Odense University Hospital between September 1, 2016 and August 31, 2017. Ultrasonography (US) and fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) were intended to be done in all patients. Nodules with cytology of Bethesda 1, 3, 4, 5, or 6 were planned for surgical removal.

Results

A total of 104 patients were included. All patients had US and 101 patients (97%) had FNAB. Forty‐two patients had benign cytology classified as Bethesda 2. The remaining 62 patients underwent surgery except from 11 patients, mainly due to comorbidity. The overall risk of malignancy for patients with FFTI referred to our HNC fast track program was calculated to be 24% (23/95) based on patients with unequivocal cytology and/or histology. The only statistically significant US characteristic to predict malignancy was the appearance of irregular margins with a sensitivity of 47% and specificity of 96%.

Conclusion

The risk of malignancy of FFTIs handled in our HNC fast track program is 24%.
Actor-network theory and ethnography: Sociomaterial approaches to researching medical education
Authors: MacLeod Anna , Cameron Paula , Ajjawi Rola , Kits Olga , Tummons Jonathan
Published: June 2019

Medical education is a messy tangle of social and material elements. These material entities include tools, like curriculum guides, stethoscopes, cell phones, accreditation standards, and mannequins; natural elements, like weather systems, disease vectors, and human bodies; and, objects, like checklists, internet connections, classrooms, lights, chairs and an endless array of others. We propose that sociomaterial approaches to ethnography can help us explore taken for granted, or under-theorized, elements of a situation under study, thereby enabling us to think differently. In this article, we describe ideas informing Actor-Network Theory approaches, and how these ideas translate into how ethnographic research is designed and conducted. We investigate epistemological (what we can know, and how) positioning of the researcher in an actor-network theory informed ethnography, and describe how we tailor ethnographic methods—document and artefact analysis; observation; and interviews—to align with a sociomaterial worldview. Untangling sociomaterial scenarios can offer a novel perspective on myriad contemporary medical education issues. These issues include examining how novel tools (e.g. accreditation standards, assessment tools, mannequins, videoconferencing technologies) and spaces (e.g. simulation suites, videoconferenced lecture theatres) used in medical education impact how teaching and learning actually happen in these settings.
An exploratory study on microaggressions in medical school: What are they and why should we care?
Authors: Espaillat Andre , Panna Danielle K. , Goede Dianne L. , Gurka Matthew J. , Novak Maureen A. , Zaidi Zareen
Published: June 2019

Introduction Microaggressions and their impact have been documented in minority college students; however, little is known about the experience of medical students. This study reports the prevalence and understanding of microaggressions among medical students at the University of Florida College of Medicine (UFCOM), while gaining insights into experiences of medical students dealing with microaggressions.

Method A nine-question survey was sent out to all medical students at the UFCOM in the spring of 2017 to understand their experiences with microaggressions. The authors used simple statistics and chi-test to analyze the demographic data and an inductive thematic qualitative analysis was performed on the open-ended responses to study medical students’ understanding of the term, experiences, and impact of microaggressions.

Results The response rate was 64% (n = 351/545). Fifty-four percent reported experiencing microaggressions, of those the majority were female students (73% compared with 51% among male students, p = 0.0003); for female students from minority backgrounds this was 68% and for white female students 76% (p = 0.2606). Microaggressions are more common in the second year of medical school (30%), followed by the third year (23%). Most students were able to recognize and identify microaggressions, but some denied the concept existed, attributing concerns about microaggressions to a culture promoting oversensitivity and political correctness. Students described microaggressions related to sexism; religion; skin colour; and ethnicity. Students described indifference, emotional reactions and denial of the event as coping mechanisms.

Conclusion Microaggressions are prevalent on a day-to-day basis among medical students with female students from a
Reliable flight control system architecture for agile airborne platforms: an asymmetric multiprocessing approach
Authors: Majumder Shibarchi , Dalsgaard Nielsen Jens Frederik , Bak Thomas , la Cour-Harbo Anders
Published: June 2019

System software subsystems in an unmanned aircraft system share hardware resources due to space, weight, and power constraints. Such subsystems have different criticality, requirements, and failure rates, and can cause undesired interference when sharing the same hardware. A component with high failure rate can reduce the reliability of the system unless a fault containment mechanism is adopted.

This work proposes an asymmetric multiprocessor architecture to establish isolation at the hardware level for distributed implementation of safety-critical subsystems along with user defined payload subsystems on the same hardware with minimally reduced reliability of the system. To achieve that, subsystems are strategically segregated in separate processors, connected to an on-chip protective interconnect for inter-processor communications. A custom watchdog and reset mechanism are implemented to reset a specific processor without affecting the entire system if required. The architecture is demonstrated on a FPGA chip. In addition, an example of an optimised distribution is provided for a specific flight control system with five subsystems.
CLUSTER CATEGORIES FROM GRASSMANNIANS AND ROOT COMBINATORICS
Authors: BAUR KARIN , BOGDANIC DUSKO , GARCIA ELSENER ANA
Published: June 2019

The category of Cohen–Macaulay modules of an algebra $B_{k,n}$ is used in Jensen et al. (A categorification of Grassmannian cluster algebras, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3) 113(2) (2016), 185–212) to give an additive categorification of the cluster algebra structure on the homogeneous coordinate ring of the Grassmannian of $k$-planes in $n$-space. In this paper, we find canonical Auslander–Reiten sequences and study the Auslander–Reiten translation periodicity for this category. Furthermore, we give an explicit construction of Cohen–Macaulay modules of arbitrary rank. We then use our results to establish a correspondence between rigid indecomposable modules of rank 2 and real roots of degree 2 for the associated Kac–Moody algebra in the tame cases.
A REMARK ON THE SEPARABLE QUOTIENT PROBLEM FOR TOPOLOGICAL GROUPS
Authors: MORRIS SIDNEY A.
Published: June 2019

The Banach–Mazur separable quotient problem asks whether every infinite-dimensional Banach space $B$ has a quotient space that is an infinite-dimensional separable Banach space. The question has remained open for over 80 years, although an affirmative answer is known in special cases such as when $B$ is reflexive or even a dual of a Banach space. Very recently, it has been shown to be true for dual-like spaces. An analogous problem for topological groups is: Does every infinite-dimensional (in the topological sense) connected (Hausdorff) topological group $G$ have a quotient topological group that is infinite dimensional and metrisable? While this is known to be true if $G$ is the underlying topological group of an infinite-dimensional Banach space, it is shown here to be false even if $G$ is the underlying topological group of an infinite-dimensional locally convex space. Indeed, it is shown that the free topological vector space on any countably infinite $k_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}}$-space is an infinite-dimensional toplogical vector space which does not have any quotient topological group that is infinite dimensional and metrisable. By contrast, the Graev free abelian topological group and the Graev free topological group on any infinite connected Tychonoff space, both of which are connected topological groups, are shown here to have the tubby torus $\mathbb{T}^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}}$, which is an infinite-dimensional metrisable group, as a quotient group.
The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund: A Decision-Making Instrument
Authors: Hexner Ervin P.
Published: June 2019

In the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) the steadily growing feeling generated by the frustrating confusion of the interwar period that the world needed some kind of orderly institutionalization of international payments relations at last found a formal expression. As early as 1930 John Maynard Keynes suggested “the management of the value of gold by a Supernational Authority, with a number of national monetary systems clustering round it.…” Keynes was fully aware of the political implications of this suggestion. He realized the significance for international cooperation of “a cabinet of Central Banks who would hold the sovereign power.” The timid attempts toward establishing in the monetary sphere effective international collaboration in the interwar period were frustrated by political considerations.
On The Pure Theory of Law
Authors: Kelsen Hans
Published: June 2019

The Pure Theory of Law is a theory of positive law, not of a definite legal order, but of the law in general. It is a general theory of law. As such it is the most consistent version of that school of jurisprudence which is called legal positivism because it considers as “law” only positive law and refuses to recognize as law any other normative social order even if, in the usage of language, it is called “law”, as e.g. so-called “natural law”.

Law is—according to the Pure Theory of Law—by its very nature a definite type of norm. As a “norm” the law is the specific meaning of an act of will directed at a definite human behavior. This meaning is: that men ought to behave in a certain way. Hence an essential presupposition of the Pure Theory of Law as a positivistic theory is the recognition of the fundamental difference between the “ought” and the “is”, between norms and assertions. Assertions describe a certain object; they are true or false; norms are not describing, but prescribing; they are neither true nor false; they are valid or non-valid. Hence it is necessary to distinguish as clearly as possible between legal norms established by the legal authority, and assertions of the science of law about legal norms, the sentences by which this science describes its object.
The decline in China’s fertility level: a decomposition analysis
Authors: Jiang Quanbao , Yang Shucai , Li Shuzhuo , Feldman Marcus W.
Published: June 2019

Many factors have contributed to the decline in China’s fertility level. Using China’s population census data from 1990, 2000 and 2010, the present study investigates the factors causing the decline in China’s fertility rate by decomposing changes in two fertility indices: the total fertility rate (TFR) and the net reproduction rate (NRR). The change in the TFR is decomposed into the change in the marital fertility rate (MFR) and the change in the proportion of married women (PMW). Four factors contribute to the change in the NRR. The following are the main findings. A drop in the MFR caused a decrease in the TFR and the NRR between 1989 and 2000. However, the change in MFR increased TFR and NRR between 2000 and 2010. Marriage postponement caused a decline in the fertility level between 1989 and 2000 as well as between 2000 and 2010. The effect of the MFR and marriage postponement varied with age and region and also between urban and rural areas.
Why do Zenker's diverticulae occur more often on the left than the right side?
Authors: Fitchat N A , Maharaj S , Kwete M O
Published: June 2019

Background

Zenker's diverticulum is a pharyngoesophageal outpouching of mucosa and submucosa through Killian's dehiscence.

Objective

To investigate the propensity for Zenker's diverticulum to occur on the left side by examining muscle thickness in Killian's dehiscence, and to explore correlations between muscle thickness, sex, height and age.

Methods

The study included 109 Caucasian cadavers, 52 male and 57 female. The mean thickest and thinnest measurements of left medial, left lateral, right medial and right lateral aspects of Killian's dehiscence were calculated. The paired student's t-test was used to determine significance.

Results

The average left muscle layer was significantly thinner than the right muscle layer, in both medial and lateral aspects. Furthermore, medial muscle thickness was significantly thinner than its respective lateral aspect for both the left and right sides. No correlations were found between muscle thickness and cadavers’ sex, length or stature, or age.

Conclusion

There was a significant difference in muscle thickness between the left and right sides of Killian's dehiscence. The findings suggest there is a reason why Zenker's diverticulum occurs predominantly on the left side. The study also showed a significant difference in muscle thickness between the medial and lateral aspects of Killian's triangle.
3. Librarian
Authors: Goodstein R. L.
Published: June 2019

E. H. Neville was Librarian of the Mathematical Association for over thirty years, from 1923 to 1954. For more than half of that time Neville was not only Librarian but custodian of the books which were handsomely shelved and displayed in his own home, first in his house on Castle Hill, Reading, and then in his first house in Sonning.
The gastro-intestinal helminths of wild ruminants in Britain: I. Roe deer, Capreolus capreolus capreolus
Authors: Dunn Angus M.
Published: June 2019

The specific composition of the parasitic helminth fauna of wild ruminants in Britain has not been examined for 30 years, and the series of surveys to be described were undertaken to provide data on this aspect of helminth epidemiology. With the increase in interest in conservation of wild stock, and especially ruminants, in recent years, information on the epidemiology of their helminth infections is an essential adjunct to any schemes for their protection and husbandry.

The common roe deer, Capreolus capreolus capreolus, is distributed throughout Europe and Asia, the other subspecies, G. c. pygargus, the Siberian roe, G. c. bedfordi, the Manchurian roe, and C. c. melanotis, the Szechwan roe, being limited in range. It is indigenous to Britain, and over the centuries its populations have undergone great numerical fluctuations. Though at one time nearly extinct in England except in the counties on the Scottish marches it appears at present to be in a period of resurgence, and the range is extending from dense foci in the south and south-east to join the northern population. It has always been numerous in mainland Scotland and a few of the Western Isles, but is extinct in Wales and Ireland (Whitehead, 1964). The roe is the smallest of our indigenous deer and differs from the others in its breeding habits, not forming herds, but grouping as family units of buck, doe and offspring. On the mainland of Europe, however, herding does take place, and a limited migration has even been observed in Russian roe (Flerov, 1952). Its habitat is essentially woodland, but it grazes open areas to some extent and, not-withstanding its timid character, lives in close proximity to man in agricultural and even in urban areas.
The ecology ofEchinorhynchus truttaeSchrank, 1788 (Acanthocephala) in a trout stream in North Wales
Authors: Awachie J. B. E.
Published: June 2019

Periodicity of occurrence in the final host has been observed in only a few of the known Acanthocephala of fish (Van Cleave, 1916; Steinstrasser, 1936; Komarova, 1950; Shulman & Shulman-Albova, 1953). The periodicity appears to be due to the simultaneous operation of a complex of physiological, developmental and ecological factors.

In the present investigation a detailed study has been made of both the occurrence and the developmental cycle ofEchinorhynchus truttaein its hosts in a small trout stream, Afon Terrig, in North Wales. An attempt has also been made to ascertain to what extent some of the various and varying ecological and physiological factors influenced the incidence, degree of parasitization and the development of the worm in nature.

Samples of the intermediate host,Gammarus pulex pulexL., and the final host the brown trout,Salmo truttaL., were taken monthly at three points or stations where the stream was readily accessible. Station I was at Rhydtalog as far upstream as practicable. Station III was at the opposite end of the stream near Caegwydd and station II was about mid-way between the other two sampling points. To ensure that each host sample was examined in as fresh a condition as possible, autopsy of the intermediate host was completed before the definitive host was taken.

Within the first week of each month from November 1961 to January 1963, shrimps were taken from over a stretch of about 30 m at each station.
Beethoven, Bellini, Ballads and Bands
Authors: Boosey Jeremy
Published: June 2019

The firm of Boosey & Co. originated as a lending library which was founded by John Boosey. His family, which is of Franco-Flemish origin, came over from the Continent and settled in Essex in the early part of the fifteenth century. They were cloth spinners and were probably invited to this country to bring with them the latest cloth spinning methods from the Lowlands, since this was a major industry in East Anglia during the middle ages and competition with the Continent was always very fierce. The family, who continued to ply their trade for many generations, lived at Bocking, which is where John Boosey was born in 1740. It is not possible to give an exact date for his founding of the library. He was admitted to the freedom of the City of London in 1773 so the date would probably have been some time between 1765 and 1770. Another link with the past is to be found in the archives of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Correspondence with the family when they lived in King Street shows that they were on friendly terms, and the circulating library to which a stranger gave him a ticket, and to which he used to slip out from school, was not, as had been supposed, the Guildhall library (which was not reconstituted till 1824) but John Boosey's library.
Inertial Navigation and Guidance for Civil Air Transport
Authors: Bryant W. B. , Simpson R. W. , Trueblood R. B.
Published: June 2019

This paper discusses the application of inertial navigation and guidance systems in civil air transport operations from the systems engineering viewpoint. The concept of an operational system for navigation and guidance is introduced to facilitate consideration of the relationships which will exist between the inertial system and the operating functions necessary for the conduct of a flight. Inertial system configurations satisfying the requirements implied by these relationships are presented. The general requirements for input data panels and system output displays for all flight phases are discussed. A discussion of system mechanization considerations and estimate of system performance requirements conclude the paper.

The actual conduct of an airline flight requires the performance of a number of distinct operational functions. The totality of these functions constitutes the complete operational system for the flight. The functions which are of interest in the present study are those directly related to establishing and maintaining the desired flight path. These constitute the operational system for command and guidance which can be viewed as a sub-system of the complete operational system. For simplicity, however, the command and guidance operational system will be referred to hereafter as the operational system.
Three international lawyers in a hall of mirrors
Authors: d’Aspremont Jean
Published: June 2019

This article uses the metaphor of the hall of mirrors to produce three distinct images of the international lawyer. The hall of mirrors refers here to the extent to which international legal discourses are built on self-referential mechanisms tantamount to mutually reflecting mirrors, by virtue of which movements and postures are reproduced ad infinitum without disclosing the origin thereof. According to the first image produced by virtue of the metaphor, the international lawyer feels invincible and fully makes use of the hall of mirrors to allow international legal discourses to obscure their origins and thrive in foundationlessness. The second image depicts a vulnerable international lawyer who is deprived of self-referential mechanisms for the production of international legal discourses because the mirrors have been shattered or the light turned off or simply because she has closed her eyes. The third image is that of a self-reflective international lawyer who is neither invincible nor vulnerable but consciously standing between the mutually reflecting mirrors wearing fissured spectacles and with no intention to smash the mirror, turn off the light or close her eyes. By developing these three distinct images, this article sheds light on how the contingency of legal doctrines, modes of legal reasoning and legal categories is experienced by international lawyers.
The utility of guaiac stool testing in the detection of gastrointestinal complications in infants with critical congenital heart disease
Authors: Muller Melanie , Foster Cortney , Lee Jessica , Bauer Caroline , Bor Casey , Buck Leahandra , Hicks Faith , Day Jenni , Bagdure Dayanand , Holloway Adrian , Chaves Alicia
Published: June 2019

Background:

Guaiac stool testing has been routinely used as a method to detect gastrointestinal complications in infants with critical congenital heart disease (CHD); however, the sensitivity and specificity have not been established.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was performed investigating the presence of heme-positive stools and subsequent gastrointestinal complications as well as time to goal caloric intake and radiograph exposure.

Results:

The presence of heme-positive stools was not a statistically significant factor in patients with critical CHD that experienced gastrointestinal complications. Additionally, patients with heme-positive stools did undergo more abdominal X-rays than those with heme-negative stools.

Conclusions:

The routine use of guaiac stool testing in infants with critical CHD is not a predictor of possible gastrointestinal complications and leads to more radiograph exposure for the patient. Close clinical monitoring can be used to evaluate feeding tolerance in infants with critical CHD.
A. V. KNEESE’S WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT RESEARCH (1960S), WITHIN THE HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
Authors: Nishibayashi Shogo
Published: June 2019

Allen V. Kneese is called the “father” or “pioneer” of the field of environmental economics but, despite his contributions to that field and the importance of his works, Kneese has not been acknowledged sufficiently in the history of environmental economic thought, and differences between his research and that in the Pigouvian tradition have been obscured over time. This article focuses on his research in the 1960s on water quality management and inquires into differences between his work and that in the Pigouvian tradition. Kneese alternated between theoretical and empirical work and revised the Pigouvian framework pragmatically. The Kneesian framework consists of a two-stage approach, and its substructure is the institutional form of policy agents. To understand the historical meaning of the Kneesian approach, it is useful to compare it to John Krutilla’s “evaluation of non-market value,” Ronald Coase’s “comparative institutional approach,” and Elinor Ostrom’s “Commons.”
From Mediterranean diet to Mediterranean lifestyle: a narrative review
Authors: Diolintzi Anastasia , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B , Sidossis Labros S
Published: June 2019

Objective:

To summarize the recent scientific evidence regarding the wellness-promoting capacity of the Mediterranean lifestyle (ML), with a special focus on physical, social and environmental wellness.

Design:

Narrative review of English-language publications in PubMed, Scopus and Embase, from 1 January 2010 to 31 October 2018.

Setting:

Prospective cohort studies, interventional studies, meta-analyses and reviews of those investigating the effect of at least one component of the ML on wellness parameters.

Participants:

General population.

Results:

Although an explicit definition of ML is missing, compliance with various combinations of its components improves metabolic health and protects against or ameliorates disease state. However, there is heterogeneity in the healthy behaviours that the ML-focused studies include in their design and the way these are assessed. Also, despite that features of the ML could contribute to other wellness dimensions, there are no studies exploring the effect this healthy lifestyle could confer to them.

Conclusions:

Chronic lifestyle diseases are of multifactorial aetiology and they warrant multifaceted approaches targeting the general way of living. ML, if thoroughly evaluated, can provide a valuable tool to holistically promote health and wellness.
Preachers or Teachers? Parish Priests and their Sermons in the Late Enlightenment Habsburg Empire
Authors: Fidlerová Alena A.
Published: June 2019

This article explores the role parish priests were expected to play in educating the populace of the Habsburg empire at the end of the eighteenth century, and especially how this was manifested in the form and content of their sermons. Emperor Joseph II took a keen interest in the education of future priests and expected them to be good shepherds (pastores boni) and educators to their parishioners. To this end, together with his mother, he carried out several reforms in their education (such as changing theology faculty curricula, introducing pastoral theology as a new subject and establishing general seminaries) and even issued a special decree on 4 February 1783, providing detailed instructions for preachers. The article outlines how future priests were taught to educate their parishioners through their sermons, concentrating on how they followed these instructions in their homiletic practice, which changed the form and content of sermons radically. It is based on archival material concerning the education of future priests (such as court decrees, governmental orders and university curricula), pastoral theology textbooks used at the Prague faculty of theology, and selected printed sermons.
‘The glory of the age we live in’: Christian Education and Philanthropy in Eighteenth-Century London Charity Schools
Authors: Jacob W. M.
Published: June 2019

This article discusses the Church of England's initiative in providing education for the children of the poor during the long eighteenth century with particular reference to London. Briefly it considers the religious, economic and social context and motives for this largely lay-led and lay-supported initiative in the 1690s and early 1700s to establish catechetical day elementary schools, which also taught reading and writing, for poor boys and girls. It focuses particularly on the extensive evidence available from schools in the growing suburbs of Westminster and Holborn and discusses the personnel involved with charity schools, as trustees, benefactors and teachers; how funds were raised and schools managed; and how children were managed, including the arrangement and oversight of apprenticeships. It demonstrates that the schools continued to be well supported, including financially, throughout the changing, economic, social, religious and political circumstances of the century, until most of them became associated with the National Society for the Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Established Church, founded in 1811.
Schools for the Poor in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Devon: Towards an Explanation of Variations in Local Development
Authors: Billinge Frances , Ham Gail , Moss Judith , Neville Julia
Published: June 2019

This article analyses elementary school development in three contrasting Devon communities during the mid-nineteenth century. This was a time of intense interest in the expansion of education amongst the labouring poor, but scholars have found it difficult to explain why schools were established in some places but not in others. With information from local sources, the authors have been able to identify the social context in which developments did (or did not) take place and the actions of the relevant interested parties. They argue that a significant variable accounting for success or failure is the availability of a local champion with the skills not only to persuade others of the merits of a school, but also to seize opportunities to further the project and manage the relationships necessary to assure its success.
Symptoms of Muscle Dysmorphia Between Users of Anabolic Androgenic	Steroids With Varying Usage and Bodybuilding Experience
Authors: Harris Marc Ashley , Alwyn Tina , Dunn Michael
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) usage has been repeatedly linked with a body image disorder called Muscle Dysmorphia (MD). However, evidence for how this relationship manifests is currently inconclusive. This study focused on the extent to which MD may precipitate or perpetuate the use of AAS. Utilizing a cross-sectional design, the sample consisted of 57 users (current and lifetime) and 51 non-using (never used AAS) bodybuilders recruited from two bodybuilding dedicated gymnasiums located in Wales, UK. Significantly higher levels of MD were found in users compared to non-users across training experience duration (0–2, 3–5, and 6+ years). MD levels irrespective of AAS usage (users vs. non-users) were consistent between 0–2 and 3–5 years of training declining however between those of 6+ years training experience. No differences were reported in symptoms of MD between users of AAS with varying lengths of AAS use exposure. This provides preliminary evidence suggesting MD may influence both initiation and maintenance of AAS use; however, neither regular gym attendance nor prolonged AAS usage may exacerbate MD symptoms.
Seismic Activity Preceding the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku Earthquake, Japan, Analyzed With Multidimensional Template Matching
Authors: Gardonio B. , Campillo M. , Marsan D. , Lecointre A. , Bouchon M. , Letort J.
Published: June 2019

The observation of a transient slip 1 month before the rupture of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake is a conandrum since the area was supposedly fully coupled. A better understanding of the mechanisms at work during the preseismic phase is thus fundamental. However, the configuration of the Pacific plate and the location of the Tohoku rupture zone 200 km from the coast make it difficult to detect microseismic events. In this study, we use a multidimensional template matching (MDTM) technique to detect earthquakes that are hidden in the noise. The temporal distribution of these 395 newly detected earthquakes provides new insights on the slip history of the megathrust earthquake epicentral zone. The detected events can be separated into two groups: 187 low‐frequency detections (below 5 Hz) that well recorded the episodes of earthquake migration prior to the Tohoku earthquake and 208 high‐frequency detections (above 10 Hz) that occurred close to the rupture zones of the M ≥ 4.8–6 earthquakes that struck between the 9 March 2011 M7.3 foreshock and the 30 November 2010 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake. The seismic rate of these high frequency detection events starts to increase on 30 November 2010 until the Tohoku earthquake.
Loop Current and Eddy‐Driven Salinity Variability in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Brokaw Richard J. , Subrahmanyam Bulusu , Morey Steven L.
Published: June 2019

The Loop Current System, involving the Loop Current and Loop Current Eddies, is the principal circulation feature in the Gulf of Mexico, which exhibits salinity gradients due to Mississippi River system freshwater discharge and large salinity variability on seasonal timescales. This research uses satellite‐derived sea surface salinity from NASA's Soil Moisture Active Passive and ESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity missions with altimetric sea surface height data to observe and quantify the redistribution of low‐salinity water by Loop Current System interaction. Freshwater flux in this region during summer months is modulated by Loop Current System configuration as classified by three states. An extended Loop Current transports low‐salinity water southward to the Florida Straits. A Loop Current eddy near the Louisiana‐Texas shelf recirculates low‐salinity water within the central Gulf. During a retracted Loop Current, no interaction occurs and low‐salinity water remains close to the coast in the northern Gulf.
The Magnetospheric Driving Source of Double‐Peak Subauroral Ion Drifts: Double Ring Current Pressure Peaks
Authors: Wei Dong , Yu Yiqun , He Fei
Published: June 2019

Double‐peak subauroral ion drifts (DSAIDs), characterized by two high‐speed flow channels, is a newly identified flow structure in the subauroral ionosphere. He et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069133) proposed that two region 2 field‐aligned currents (R2 FACs) might cause the DSAIDs. However, the underlying physical process that drives the double R2 FACs is unknown. This study reports a DSAIDs event and reveals its magnetospheric drivers. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F18 satellite observed DSAIDs in the duskside subauroral region, which corresponded well to two low‐density troughs and two R2 FACs. The Van Allen Probe B demonstrated that intense substorm ion injections recurrently occurred prior to the formation of DSAIDs, suggesting a potential magnetospheric driver of DSAIDs. Simulation confirms that recurrent ion injections intensify the partial ring current and create double pressure peaks in the near‐Earth dusk‐to‐midnight region, leading two R2 FACs to flow into the ionosphere. The two R2 FACs are thus responsible for the DSAIDs formation. This study unveils the generation mechanism of DSAIDs and deepens the knowledge of the complex magnetosphere‐ionosphere system.
A Global Data Set for Economic Losses of Extreme Hydrological Events During 1960‐2014
Authors: Gao Liping , Tao Bo , Miao Yunxuan , Zhang Lihua , Song Xia , Ren Wei , He Liyuan , Xu Xiaofeng
Published: June 2019

A comprehensive data set of extreme hydrological events (EHEs)—floods and droughts, consisting of 2,171 occurrences worldwide, during 1960‐2014 was compiled, and then their economic losses were normalized using a price index in U.S. dollar. The data set showed a significant increasing trend of EHEs before 2000, while a slight post‐2000 decline. Correspondingly, the EHE‐caused economic losses increased obviously before 2000 followed by a slight decrease; the post‐2000 decline could be partially attributed to the decreases in drought and flood‐prone area or climate adaptation practices. Spatially, Asia experienced most EHEs (969), corresponding to the largest share of economic losses (approximately $868 billion for floods and $50 billion for droughts, respectively), while Oceania had the least EHEs (102) and the least economic losses (approximately $19 billion for floods and $45 billion for droughts). The five countries with the highest EHE‐caused economic losses were China, United States, Canada, Australia, and India. Countries that suffered the highest flood‐caused economic losses were China, United States, and Canada. This data set provides a quantitative linkage between climate science and economic losses at a global scale, and it is beneficial for the regional climatic impact assessments and strategical development for mitigating climate change impacts.
Knockdown of TRIM65 inhibits autophagy and cisplatin resistance in A549/DDP cells by regulating miR-138-5p/ATG7
Authors: Pan Xufeng , Chen Yong , Shen Yuzhou , Tantai Jicheng
Published: June 2019

Cisplatin resistance is the main cause of treatment failure in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Autophagy is a key mechanism of resistance to chemotherapy. Given that tripartite motif (TRIM)-containing proteins are involved in the regulation of autophagy and chemoresistance, we aimed to study the functions of TRIM protein members in autophagy-mediated chemoresistance of NSCLC. We found that TRIM65 was significantly increased in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cell line (A549/DDP) as compared to the parental cell line (A549). Knockdown of TRIM65 can enhance cisplatin-induced apoptosis and inhibit autophagy in A549/DDP cells, as indicated by Annexin V/PI staining, caspase3 activity test, and LC3-II immunofluorescence staining. Additionally, knockdown of TRIM65 significantly decreased the expression of an important autophagy mediator, ATG7, which was a potential target of miR-138-5p. miR-138-5p inhibitor significantly abolished the effects of TRIM65 knockdown on autophagy and cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Moreover, TRIM65 induced the ubiquitination and degradation of TNRC6A, resulting in the suppressed expression of miR-138-5p. TRIM65 knockdown inhibited the growth of tumors derived from A549/DDP cells. Furthermore, cisplatin-resistant NSCLC tissues displayed higher expression of TRIM65 mRNA and lower expression of miR-138-5p as compared to cisplatin non-resistant ones. miR-138-5p expression was negatively correlated with TRIM65 mRNA in NSCLC tissues. Collectively, the present study indicates that TRIM65 knockdown attenuates autophagy and cisplatin resistance in A549/DDP cells via regulating miR-138-5p.
Loss of PICH promotes chromosome instability and cell death in triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Huang Yan , Li Wanjin , Yan Weiwei , Wu Jiaqi , Chen Liang , Yao Xiaohong , Gu Feng , Lv Luye , Zhao Jiangman , Zhao Ming , Xia Tian , Han Qiuying , Li Teng , Ying Xiaomin , Li Tao , Xia Qing , Li Ailing , Zhang Xuemin , Chen Yuan , Zhou Tao
Published: June 2019

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), defined by the lack of expression of estrogen, progesterone, and ERBB2 receptors, has the worst prognosis of all breast cancers. It is difficult to treat owing to a lack of effective molecular targets. Here, we report that the growth of TNBC cells is exceptionally dependent on PICH, a DNA-dependent ATPase. Clinical samples analysis showed that PICH is highly expressed in TNBC compared to other breast cancer subtypes. Importantly, its high expression correlates with higher risk of distal metastasis and worse clinical outcomes. Further analysis revealed that PICH depletion selectively impairs the proliferation of TNBC cells, but not that of luminal breast cancer cells, in vitro and in vivo. In addition, knockdown of PICH in TNBC cells induces the formation of chromatin bridges and lagging chromosomes in anaphase, frequently resulting in micronucleation or binucleation, finally leading to mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis. Collectively, our findings show the dependency of TNBC cells on PICH for faithful chromosome segregation and the clinical potential of PICH inhibition to improve treatment of patients with high-risk TNBC.