bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Normal three‐dimensional behaviour of the metacarpophalangeal joint and the effect of uneven foot bearing
Authors: CHATEAU H. , DEGUEURCE C. , JERBI H. , CREVIER‐DENOIX N. , POURCELOT P. , AUDIGIÉ F. , PASQUI‐BOUTARD V. , DENOIX J.‐M.
Published: June 2010

The purpose of this study was to quantify small amplitude rotational movements in the metacarpophalangeal joint (MPJ) of the horse and to measure the influence of asymmetric placement of the foot on these articular angles. Trihedrons, supporting kinematic markers defining a local frame, were screwed into the third metacarpal bone and the proximal phalanx of 4 isolated forelimbs. The limbs were loaded in a press, and the lateral or medial aspects of the foot were raised alternately by a 12° wedge. The use of the joint coordinate system permitted the simultaneous and continuous computing of the 3 angles of rotation of the joint. During neutral loading, the extension of the MP.I*** (38.4 ± 8.7°) was associated with lateral axial rotation of the proximal phalanx (1.8 ± 0.9°). Addition of a lateral wedge induced medial rotation (‐0.9 ± 0.2°) and abduction (2.1 ° 0.4) of the proximal phalanx. The opposite phenomenon was observed with a medial wedge. These quantitative results confirmed the combination of axial rotation and widening of the articular space on the opposite side to the raised part of the foot that had earlier been observed in semi‐quantitative studies. Despite the high congruence of this joint, this study demonstrated the significant influence of uneven bearing of the foot on the three‐dimensional (3‐D) behaviour of the MPJ. Even though the amplitude of these movements remained small, their biomechanical effects should be considered to improve our understanding of MPJ injuries and to rationalise exercise management and corrective shoeing in the lame horse.
Coordinated changes of kinematics and muscle fibre properties with prolonged endurance training
Authors: RIVERO J. L. L. , SERRANO A. L. , QUIROZ‐ROTHE E. , AGUILERA‐TEJERO E.
Published: June 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between kinematic variables and muscle characteristics by determining (1) if heavy endurance training alters these variables and (2) if such modifications occur in a coordinated manner. Fifteen Andalusian stallions age 41‐45 months were used. Five horses were used as controls and 10 horses underwent a training programme based on aerobic exercise for 8 months. Intensity of exercise was adjusted individually for each horse according to a standardised exercise test. Stride kinematic characteristics at the trot were analysed by videography andgluteus mediusmuscle biopsies were removed before and after the experiment. Muscle samples were analysed immunohistochemically for fibre types and fibre sizes. After training, stride frequency increased (6%, P<0.05), whereas stride duration and stance time of the stride decreased (6 and 10% respectively, P<0.05 in both). The percentage oftype IIAfibres increased (25%, P<0.01), whereas the percentage oftype IIXfibres decreased (80%, P<0.001). Training had no significant effect on the percentage oftypes IIAXandIfibres. After training, mean lesser fibre diameters oftypes IandIIAfibres increased (13 and 10%, respectively; P<0.05). These results suggest that prolonged endurance training alters kinematic and muscle fibre properties in a coordinated manner, reflecting a greater stability and more efficient propulsion associated with an increase in muscle fatigue resistance and strength. This adaptive response has an impact on athletic performance.
Motion pattern of the toelt of Icelandic horses at different speeds
Authors: ZIPS S. , PEHAM C. , SCHEIDL M. , LICKA T. , GIRTLER D.
Published: June 2010

The toelt of the Icelandic horse is a symmetric 4‐beat gait, with alternating single and double support phases. By definition, the duration of the diagonal and ipsilateral stance phases should be similar. The aim of this study was to investigate the stride characteristics of horses ridden at toelt, and to compare these to previous descriptions of this gait. The kinematics of 23 Icelandic horses was measured using the Expert Vision System. Mature and sound horses, used for pleasure riding and/or competitions, were ridden at toelt at 3 different speeds. For each horse, 10 strides were measured at toelting speeds of 2.9 m/s (s.d. 0.28), 3.7 m/s (s.d. 0.29) and 4.7 m/s (s.d. 0.53). Seven horses showed true toelt pattern at one or 2 speeds. At the highest speed, 60% of all motion cycles showed the pattern of 4‐beat pace. This investigation shows that the previously described toelt pattern is present only over a narrow speed range, and toelt at extended speed is, in fact, a 4‐beat pace or rarely a 4‐beat trot.
Climate Change Will Affect the Asian Water Towers
Authors: Immerzeel Walter W. , van Beek Ludovicus P. H. , Bierkens Marc F. P.
Published: June 2010

Towering Figures

The Tibetan plateau and adjacent mountain ranges are the source areas of the five major rivers of Asia. Climate change promises to affect both precipitation patterns and glacial melting in the region, which could have marked impacts on river flows and on associated agriculture.

Immerzeel
et al.

(p.
1382
) analyzed the relative importance of glacial meltwater and rainfall in the region in order to determine how the rivers depend on different sources of water, and how the river basins may be affected by climate change. Climate change is likely to affect water availability in the river basins in substantial but diverse ways, which may threaten the food security of tens of millions of people.
Regulation of Body Temperature by Some Mesozoic Marine Reptiles
Authors: Bernard Aurélien , Lécuyer Christophe , Vincent Peggy , Amiot Romain , Bardet Nathalie , Buffetaut Eric , Cuny Gilles , Fourel François , Martineau François , Mazin Jean-Michel , Prieur Abel
Published: June 2010

Warm-Blooded Reptiles?

Existing reptiles are not thought to be endothermic, but what about extinct species? Three large extinct swimming reptiles, the ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs, were active predators in the Mesozoic oceans.

Bernard
et al.

(p.
1379
; see the Perspective by

Motani

) investigated their metabolism by analyzing the oxygen isotopes in their teeth, compared with fish in deposits from a variety of ocean environments. The data imply that the ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs, which were both pursuit predators, probably controlled their own temperature. The data for the mosasaurs, which are thought to have hunted by ambush, are more equivocal.
Exploitation of the Intestinal Microflora by the Parasitic Nematode
Trichuris muris
Authors: Hayes K. S. , Bancroft A. J. , Goldrick M. , Portsmouth C. , Roberts I. S. , Grencis R. K.
Published: June 2010

The Inner Life

The influence of intestinal flora on the physiology of the entire host organism has only recently begun to be appreciated. The mammalian gut is not just home to billions of bacteria and archaea, but often harbors much larger creatures such as protozoa, nematodes, and tapeworms. Anticipating a web of interactions among these organisms,

Hayes
et al.

(p.
1391
) investigated the relationship between a common nematode parasite of mice,
Trichuris muris
, and its dependency on the occurrence of enterobacteria, such as
Escherichia coli
and
Salmonella typhimurium
. The worms were found to be dependent on the presence of bacteria for hatching, and hatching was triggered by the presence of bacterial surface structures called fimbriae, which bind to proteins at the poles of the worms' eggs.
Global HIV/AIDS Policy in Transition
Authors: Bongaarts John , Over Mead
Published: June 2010

Resource constraints and peaking of the epidemic should lead to a rebalancing of health assistance for developing countries.
Crime Scene Investigation: The Sinking of the
Cheonan
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: June 2010

Simmering tensions on the Korean Peninsula are threatening to boil over following the South's accusation last month that a North Korean submarine torpedoed and sank one of its naval ships. In an interview with
Science
, Yoon Duk Yong, former president of the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology in Daejeon, who co-led an investigation into the incident, laid out the case against the North.
Who Are the Jews? Genetic Studies Spark Identity Debate
Authors: Balter Michael
Published: June 2010

Two new studies conclude that most members of the far-flung Jewish Diaspora can trace their roots to ancestors who lived in the Middle East more than 2000 years ago, apparently refuting controversial claims that most of today's Jews descend from more recent converts.
A Chilling Effect?
Authors: Wogan Tim
Published: June 2010

There are calls for reforms to British libel laws after researchers were sued in the United Kingdom for discussing or writing about controversial matters.
Effectiveness of Acupuncture in Cervical Dystonia
Authors: Deepak Ravindran , Mathew Hans , Koshy Mathew
Published: June 2010

This case describes the successful addition of acupuncture to treat a patient with cervical dystonia previously managed with Botox (botulinum toxin) injections. This resulted in reduced pain and muscle spasm relief and to the authors’ knowledge is the first case to be reported using this treatment combination. The patient was diagnosed with the idiopathic variant of cervical dystonia and had been treated with regular Botox injections for almost a year and half. She was then referred for a course of acupuncture to manage pain and reduce excessive muscle tone. She had excellent benefit from the acupuncture and she continued to get top-ups of acupuncture every 8–10 weeks. Requirement for Botox injections had decreased thus reducing its long-term side effects.
Caster Semenya: sport, categories and the creative role of ethics
Authors: Camporesi Silvia , Maugeri Paolo
Published: June 2010

Caster Semenya, a South African 18-year-old, won the 800-metre track running title at the Berlin World Athletics Championships in 2009. Only 3 h later, her gender was being harshly contested. The investigation of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) was neither discreet nor respectful of her privacy. Caster's case has implications for the ethics of sports and debates about gender and enhancement, and for the philosophical debate about the nature of categories and the classification of people. The IAAF has not disclosed the results of their tests on Caster, and the South African Ministry of Sport has decreed that in any case she can continue running with women in her own country. But could a scientific or medical test offer uncontroversial answers regarding Caster's gender? The concept of ‘gender’ is partly a social construction. The authors argue that ethics may guide science and medicine at addressing such questions.
The Border Ranges fault system in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska: evidence for major early Cenozoic dextral strike-slip motion
Authors: Smart Kevin J. , Pavlis Terry L. , Sisson Virginia B. , Roeske Sarah M. , Snee Lawrence W.
Published: June 2010

The Border Ranges fault system of southern Alaska, the fundamental break between the arc basement and the forearc accretionary complex, is the boundary between the Peninsular–Alexander–Wrangellia terrane and the Chugach terrane. The fault system separates crystalline rocks of the Alexander terrane from metamorphic rocks of the Chugach terrane in Glacier Bay National Park. Mylonitic rocks in the zone record abundant evidence for dextral strike-slip motion along north-northwest-striking subvertical surfaces. Geochronologic data together with regional correlations of Chugach terrane rocks involved in the deformation constrain this movement between latest Cretaceous and Early Eocene (~50 Ma). These findings are in agreement with studies to the northwest and southeast along the Border Ranges fault system which show dextral strike-slip motion occurring between 58 and 50 Ma. Correlations between Glacier Bay plutons and rocks of similar ages elsewhere along the Border Ranges fault system suggest that as much as 700 km of dextral motion may have been accommodated by this structure. These observations are consistent with oblique convergence of the Kula plate during early Cenozoic and forearc slivering above an ancient subduction zone following late Mesozoic accretion of the Peninsular–Alexander–Wrangellia terrane to North America.
Extrapolation of tectonic boundaries across the Labrador shelf: U–Pb geochronology of well samples
Authors: Wasteneys Hardolph A. , Wardle Richard J. , Krogh Thomas E.
Published: June 2010

Near Saglek Fiord, a northerly trending boundary between the early Archean Saglek block and the middle Archean Hopedale block extends between drill sites which, respectively, sampled Uivak amphibolite gneiss with U–Pb zircon intercept ages of 3742 ± 12 and 2752 ± 42 Ma, and migmatitic Lister gneiss with concordant ages of [Formula: see text] for restite and [Formula: see text], for leucosome. Titanite ages of ca. 2508 Ma are common to both rocks. A nearby metapsammitic gneiss has detrital zircon and monazite ages of 2681 ± 5, 2700 ± 4, ca. 2730, and 2750 ± 2 Ma representing high-grade metamorphism related to the Hopedale–Saglek collision and metamorphic monazite of ca. 2560 Ma age representing metamorphism of the sediment during reactivation of the Saglek–Hopedale suture. Two hundred kilometres southeast, a gneissic granite records a protolith age of 3170 Ma and Late Proterozoic Pb loss. Near the Nain–Makkovik boundary, 1269 ± 4 Ma zircons indicate a significant extension of the Nain Platonic Suite. South of the Makkovik boundary, a foliated granite yielded an upper intercept age defining intrusion at 1895 ± 8 Ma and concordant 1872 ± 5 Ma titanite ages that date subsequent metamorphism. Discordant U–Pb ages from an alkali-feldspar granite also constrain crystallization to ca. 1890 Ma and together with the gneiss represent the previously defined Iggiuk event in the Kaipokok domain. Wells near the southerly end of the transect record 1801 ± 5, 1813 ± 3, and 1806 ± 8 Ma ages, respectively, that are typical of the synorogenic granitoid suite representing the Cape Harrison domain of southern Makkovik Province.
Integrated geophysical interpretation of crustal structures in the northern Abitibi belt: constraints from seismic amplitude analysis
Authors: Sénéchal Guy , Mareschal Marianne , Calvert Andrew J. , Grandjean Gilles , Hubert Claude , Ludden John
Published: June 2010

We present a processing sequence that attempts to balance geometrical and amplitude analyses in order to recover the maximum information from deep seismic reflection data. The approach, which is guided by the interpretation of other deep geophysical data sets (magnetotellurics, refraction), is applied to Lithoprobe seismic reflection line 28 across the central and northern Abitibi belt. We show, in particular, how amplitude analyses help to quantify the depth of penetration of seismic energy as well as the crustal reflectivity. Apparent lateral variations of deep structures (e.g., the Moho) can be directly related to the high levels of noise that limit the signal penetration depth. We propose a geological model that satisfies all deep geophysical constraints. In this model, the mid crust south of Casa-Berardi tectonic zone consists of imbricated volcanic–plutonic and sedimentary lithologies, which are probably comparable to the mid-crustal section of the Kapuskasing structural zone, and in this paper are referred to as "the Abitibi plate." The lithologies are characterized by high reflectivity, while north of Casa-Berardi tectonic zone the mid crust is dominantly Opatica plutonic lithologies, of lower reflectivity. In this scenario, supracrustal rocks of the Abitibi belt overlie the Opatica plutonic belt, whereas the Abitibi plate extends beneath the Opatica plutonic belt. The boundary between the Opatica plutonic belt and the Abitibi plate is a northward-dipping décollement extending from mid crust in the south to lower crust in the north. The Casa-Berardi tectonic zone appears to be a crustal boundary affecting upper and middle crust down to 20 km, between northern polycyclic terranes and southern monocyclic ones. The uniformity of the lower crust suggests that its formation was decoupled from that of the intermediate to upper crust.
PROPERTIES OF QUASI-RELABELING TREE BIMORPHISMS
Authors: MALETTI ANDREAS , TÎRNĂUCĂ CĂTĂLIN IONUŢ
Published: June 2010

The fundamental properties of the class QUASI of quasi-relabeling relations are investigated. A quasi-relabeling relation is a tree relation that is defined by a tree bimorphism (φ, L, ψ), where φ and ψ are quasi-relabeling tree homomorphisms and L is a regular tree language. Such relations admit a canonical representation, which immediately also yields that QUASI is closed under finite union. However, QUASI is not closed under intersection and complement. In addition, many standard relations on trees (e.g., branches, subtrees, v-product, v-quotient, and f-top-catenation) are not quasi-relabeling relations. If quasi-relabeling relations are considered as string relations (by taking the yields of the trees), then every Cartesian product of two context-free string languages is a quasi-relabeling relation. Finally, the connections between quasi-relabeling relations, alphabetic relations, and classes of tree relations defined by several types of top-down tree transducers are presented. These connections yield that quasi-relabeling relations preserve the regular and algebraic tree languages.
THE STEVENS-STIRLING-ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING PARITY GAMES LOCALLY REQUIRES EXPONENTIAL TIME
Authors: FRIEDMANN OLIVER
Published: June 2010

This paper presents a new lower bound for the model-checking algorithm based on solving parity games due to Stevens and Stirling. We outline a family of games of linear size on which the algorithm requires exponential time.
A SELF-STABILIZING DISTRIBUTED APPROXIMATION ALGORITHM FOR THE MINIMUM CONNECTED DOMINATING SET
Authors: KAMEI SAYAKA , KAKUGAWA HIROTSUGU
Published: June 2010

Self-stabilization is a theoretical framework of non-masking fault-tolerant distributed algorithms. A self-stabilizing system tolerates any kind and any finite number of transient faults, such as message loss, memory corruption, and topology change. Because such transient faults occur so frequently in mobile ad hoc networks, distributed algorithms on them should tolerate such events. In this paper, we propose a self-stabilizing distributed approximation algorithm for the minimum connected dominating set, which can be used, for example, as a virtual backbone or routing in mobile ad hoc networks. The size of the solution by our algorithm is at most 7.6|Dopt|+1.4, where Dopt is the minimum connected dominating set. The time complexity is O(k) rounds, where k is the depth of input BFS tree.
SCHUR MULTIPLIERS AND SPHERICAL FUNCTIONS ON HOMOGENEOUS TREES
Authors: HAAGERUP U. , STEENSTRUP T. , SZWARC R.
Published: June 2010

Let X be a homogeneous tree of degree q + 1 (2 ≤ q ≤ ∞) and let ψ : X × X → ℂ be a function for which ψ(x, y) only depends on the distance between x, y ∈ X. Our main result gives a necessary and sufficient condition for such a function to be a Schur multiplier on X × X. Moreover, we find a closed expression for the Schur norm ||ψ||S of ψ. As applications, we obtaina closed expression for the completely bounded Fourier multiplier norm ||⋅||M0A(G) of the radial functions on the free (non-abelian) group 𝔽N on N generators (2 ≤ N ≤ ∞) and of the spherical functions on the q-adic group PGL2(ℚq) for every prime number q.
ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PZT/PVDF 0–3 COMPOSITES
Authors: THONGSANITGARN PAILYN , WATCHARAPASORN ANUCHA , JIANSIRISOMBOON SUKANDA
Published: June 2010

Granules of in-house prepared PZT ceramic and powder of commercially available PVDF polymer were used as starting materials to form a series of x PZT /(1 - x) PVDF composites (where x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, and 1.0) with 0–3 connectivity. Densities of the composites tended to increase with increasing PZT ceramic content. Phase and microstructure of the composites revealed homogeneous mixture between PZT and PVDF phases. The composites with higher ceramic content had higher dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent. Ferroelectric measurement revealed the effect of PZT phase connectivity in 0.9PZT/0.1PVDF ceramic in which a sudden jump in ferroelectric properties was observed. Mechanical properties in terms of hardness, Young's modulus and fracture toughness were also improved when PZT content was increased.
THE BEHAVIOR OF ELECTRODEPOSITED NANOCRYSTALLINE Co–Ni ALLOYS SUBJECTED TO MAGNETIC AND STRESS FIELDS
Authors: HU R. L. , SOH A. K. , LU L. , TAM P. L. , LI K. Y.
Published: June 2010

Nanocrystalline materials commonly show properties superior to their bulk counterparts. Therefore, they are promising candidates used in the next generation of micro/nanodevices. In the present study, nanocrystalline Co–Ni alloys were fabricated using the pulsed electrodeposition method. The microstructures and components were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). Moreover, the magnetic properties of these alloys subjected to external stresses were studied using a magneto-mechanical coupling test system. The results obtained show that the nanocrystalline microstructure composed of ultrafine particles possessed good magnetic properties, and the saturation magnetization could reach approximately 2 T. In addition, the applied static and varying stresses did slightly affect the magnetic properties of the electrodeposits.
GROWTH OF CdS BRANCHED NANOROD ARRAYS ON TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE SUBSTRATE
Authors: LIU FEI , XUE DONGFENG
Published: June 2010

Well-defined CdS branched nanorod arrays on ITO glass were fabricated via a facile one-step hydrothermal approach in large scale employing cadmium sulfide and thiourea as starting agents. Structural and morphological evolutions of CdS branched nanorod arrays were studied by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. A formation mechanism of the hierarchical structure via this one-step synthesis was tentatively studied by investigating the reaction time. Tree-like nanostructures can also be obtained at relative higher reaction temperatures. As CdS can directly grow on transparent conductive substrate, the product obtained here should have potential applications in optoelectric devices such as solar cells and light sources.
An Empirical Study of Dividend Payout and Future Earnings in Singapore
Authors: Lee King Fuei
Published: June 2010

The main purpose of this paper is to apply Johansen's vector error-correction model (VECM) to investigate the existence of the dividend signalling effect in the Singapore aggregate market through impulse response analysis, forecast error variance decomposition and Granger-causality test. Our findings show that a unit shock increase in dividend payout leads to a permanent increase in future earnings over time. These results imply that there exists informational/signalling content in dividend payout in the Singapore market over the long run. We further find that at least half of the forecast error variance in earnings can be accounted for by innovations in the dividend payout. In addition, the payout ratio is also shown to Granger-cause earnings in the Singapore market.
E-Finance, Entry Deterrence, and Optimal Loan Rate of a Potential Entrant: An Option-Based Valuation
Authors: Chang Chuen-Ping
Published: June 2010

This paper examines the relationships among electronic finance (e-finance), entry deterrence, and the potential entrant's optimal loan interest rate in a two-stage model where the sunk costs are the entry barriers. The two key findings are: (i) in the loan rate determination stage, the potential entrant's loan rate is negatively related to its involvement level in e-finance with its own strategic substitutes, to the incumbent's involvement level in e-finance in realization of a more risky state of the world, and to the degree of contestability in realization of a less risky state and (ii) in the technology choice stage, the potential entrant's involvement level in e-finance is positively related to the incumbent's own strategic complements, and to the degree of contestability in realization of a more risky state. The results suggest that a potential entrant's banking investment depends on strong strategic management practices and the realization of risky states of the world.
Geometry of Pure States of N Spin-J System
Authors: Kolenderski Piotr
Published: June 2010

We present the geometry of pure states of an ensemble of N spin-J systems using a generalisation of the Majorana representation. The approach is based on Schur-Weyl duality that allows for simple interpretation of the state transformation under the action of general linear and permutation groups. We show an exemplary application in the theory of decoherence-free subspaces and noiseless subsystems.
AXIAL FLOW OF SEVERAL NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS THROUGH A CIRCULAR CYLINDER
Authors: VIERU D. , SIDDIQUE I.
Published: June 2010

The velocity field, the longitudinal and the normal tensions corresponding to the axial flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid due to an infinite circular cylinder subject to a longitudinal time-dependent stress are determined by means of the Laplace and finite Hankel transforms. The similar solutions for Maxwell, second grade or Newtonian fluids have been obtained as particular cases of the solutions for Oldroyd-B fluids. Finally, by using dimensionless variables, some characteristics of the motion as well as the influence of the material parameters on the behavior of fluid are shown by graphical illustrations.
QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF FORMATION PERMEABILITY FROM ACOUSTIC AND ELECTRIC STONELEY WAVES
Authors: PLYSHCHENKOV BORIS D. , NIKITIN ANATOLY A.
Published: June 2010

Numerical experiments based on Pride's model of electrokinetic phenomena have shown that electromagnetic Stoneley waves as well as pressure Stoneley waves are most sensitive to permeability variations. A new way for quantitative evaluation of any value of formation permeability is presented. It is based on simultaneous measurement of pressure field and axial component of electric field excited by an acoustic source in fluid-filled borehole with help from a set of receivers in borehole. Frequency dependence of ratio of the complex-valued amplitudes of the electric Stoneley wave to the pressure Stoneley wave obtained as a result of plane waves decomposition of pressure field and mentioned component of electric field carries important information about permeability. The ratio of the real part of this ratio to its imaginary part is very sensitive to permeability variations. The approximate analytical expressions for this ratio derived for open and sealed pores on borehole wall are base for construction of a new way of quantitative evaluation of formation permeability.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF FREEZING AND THAWING PROCESS IN TISSUES: A POROUS MEDIA APPROACH
Authors: KUMAR SUSHIL , KATIYAR V. K.
Published: June 2010

Biological tissues can be treated as porous media as it is composed of dispersed cell separated by connective voids which allow flow of nutrients, minerals, etc., to reach all cells within the tissue. In this present study, a mathematical model has been developed to study the phase change phenomena during the freezing and thawing process in biological tissues using porous media approach. Effective heat capacity formulation is used for the phase change problem. Numerical simulation is used to study the effect of porosity, on the motion of freezing and thawing front and transient temperature distribution in tissue. It is observed that porosity has significant effect on transient temp profile and phase change interfaces; further decrease in freezing and heating rate has been found with increased value of porosity.
Indium Tin Oxide Electrode with an Ultrathin Al Buffer Layer for Flexible Organic Light Emitting Diode
Authors: Sim Boyeon , Hwang Hyeonseok , Ryu Seungyoon , Baik Hongkoo , Lee Myeongkyu
Published: June 2010

This paper reports that the mechanical and electrical stability of indium tin oxide (ITO) film deposited on flexible plastic substrate can be much enhanced with a thin Al buffer layer while maintaining a visible transmittance over 75%. The improved stability is attributed to the effective elastic mismatch between the film and the substrate reduced by a ductile interlayer. A polymer light emitting diode fabricated using an ITO/Al anode exhibited a luminance of 13,000 cd/m2 with a current efficiency of 16 cd/A. Bending-induced degradation of the device performance was also alleviated when a mechanical buffer layer was inserted.
Design of Monolithic Rectangular Cavity of 30-cm Length
Authors: Koide Michi , Ido Tetsuya
Published: June 2010

A design of a horizontal cavity with a cavity length of 30 cm is proposed. The cavity monolithically includes its supports and base plate, avoiding unequal space-dependent restoring forces against vibrations. Critical dimensions of the cavity to enhance vibration immunity were optimized by finite element modeling (FEM). An uncertainty of 0.5 mm in aligning the mirrors with the cavity symmetry axis has resulted in a residual acceleration sensitivity of 6×10-12/ms-2, which is comparable to that of the state-of-the-art cavities.
Achievement of InSb Quantum Dots on InP(100) Substrates
Authors: Lu Wei , Rohel Tony , Bertru Nicolas , Folliot Hervé , Paranthoën Cyril , Jancu Jean Marc , Létoublon Antoine , Corre Alain Le , Gatel Christophe , Ponchet Anne , Combe Nicolas , Ulloa José Maria , Koenraad Paul
Published: June 2010

The formation of InSb quantum dots within a GaAs0.51Sb0.49 matrix lattice matched to InP is investigated. We show that the deposit of InSb on GaAs0.51Sb0.49 alloy surface, allows the achievement of a high density of InSb islands without dislocations. A strong dissolution of InSb quantum dots occurs during the capping with a GaAsSb layer. Reflection high energy electron diffraction analysis shows that InSb island dissolution occurs during the growth interruption under As and Sb. We propose a procedure based on the deposit of a thin GaSb capping layer on top of InSb islands to prevent the As/Sb exchange. Optical properties are investigated using photoluminescence. Electronic properties are discussed within an improved tight-binding model.
Fractional crystallization of mantle‐derived melts as a mechanism for some I‐type granite petrogenesis: an example from Lachlan Fold Belt, Australia
Authors: SOESOO ALVAR
Published: June 2010

The Mt Buller igneous suite in the southeastern Lachlan Fold Belt encompasses a large variety of rock types, from gabbros through diorites to granites. Mafic rocks and enclaves have primitive, mantle‐like initial
87
Sr/
86
Sr values, 0.7037–0.7045, and ϵ
Nd
values +5.6 to +4.1. The granites do not show distinctively more radiogenic initial
87
Sr/
86
Sr values, suggesting they are derived from the same parent as the gabbros. Most of the Mt Buller rocks do not show a positive correlation between silica and initial
87
Sr/
86
Sr, or between silica and
143
Nd/
144
Nd values, indicating that neither crustal contamination nor mixing between mantle‐ and crustal derived melts has been important and that these rock types are likely to have formed by fractional crystallization from a common mantle‐derived parent. Some scatter in compatible trace elements, particularly in granites and diorites, may be explained by mixing. Geochemical modelling confirms a comagmatic origin of the suite. Magma generation probably took place in the subduction‐modified upper mantle. This mechanism may play an important role in I‐type granite petrogenesis in particular tectonic settings such as during an efficient slab roll‐back or sinking of oceanic crust in divergent subduction conditions.
Carbonate concretions from the London Clay (Ypresian, Eocene) of southern England and the exceptional preservation of wood‐boring communities
Authors: HUGGETT JENNIFER M. , GALE ANDREW S. , EVANS SIAN
Published: June 2010

Marine driftwood bored by teredinid bivalves (‘shipworms’) is common in the London Clay Formation (Ypresian, Eocene) of southern England. The London Clay of Sheppey, Kent has yielded six genera of teredinids and is the most diverse fossil assemblage of the family known. The presence of several genera that are known exclusively from mangroves at the present day demonstrates the potential value of teredinids in the recognition of ancient mangroves. The rapid sea‐floor burial of logs containing numerous individuals resulted in the borings becoming completely or partially sealed by the plug‐like pallets. In this exceptional mode of preservation, valves, pseudofaeces and pallets are found in life position, and early cementation prevented compaction of the wood and borings. The bored wood acted as centres of carbonate concretion formation. Cement compositions, mineral associations and δ
13
C and δ
18
O stable isotope data indicate that most precipitation occurred in the iron reduction zone, with sulphate reduction also being an important source of carbonate for the Sheppey concretions. Fractures and their infilling cements are demonstrably contemporaneous with the cement zones in which they terminate. It is likely that rapid changes in cement chemistry are a consequence of sudden release of fluid by dewatering events, whilst more gradual shifts in chemistry were controlled be evolution through the oxic, Fe, Mn and S reduction zones. Teredinid boring linings and the cements which infill them may have recrystallized by a dissolution:reprecipitation process which has preserved the chemistry of successive cements and has probably not significantly changed δ
18
O values.
Late Carboniferous tectonic subsidence in South Wales: implications for Variscan basin evolution and tectonic history in SW Britain
Authors: BURGESS PETER M. , GAYER ROD A.
Published: June 2010

Detailed stratigraphic data have been used to backstrip seven sections from the Carboniferous South Wales coal basin. Resulting tectonic subsidence curves for the interval 319–305 Ma (Namurian–Westphalian D) are convex‐up, indicating increasing subsidence rate with time, with rates between 130 and 250 m Ma
−1
, suggesting a foreland basin setting. Forward modelling of subsidence due to flexural loading in front of a propagating orogenic wedge shows that an orogenic load migrating in a north‐northeasterly direction across SW England between 319 and 305 Ma could have generated the backstripped subsidence patterns. Sensitivity tests show that while many of the forward model parameters are poorly constrained, and the model results non‐unique, backstripped subsidence patterns allow reasonable constraint on the different model cases, so that model predictions can be treated as one possibility in a limited range. The predicted load evolution is consistent with current knowledge of tectonic and stratigraphic features of SW England. These results suggest that subsidence in other Late Carboniferous UK basins may also have been influenced by flexure due to a propagating orogenic load.
Cretaceous age for Ir‐rich Deccan intertrappean deposits: palaeontological evidence from Anjar, western India
Authors: BAJPAI S. , PRASAD G. V. R.
Published: June 2010

Micropalaeontological investigations of an iridium‐bearing, lacustrine intertrappean sedimentary sequence at the western margin of the Deccan volcanic province near Anjar, have revealed a profuse occurrence of theropod eggshell fragments (ornithoid type) in beds overlying the iridium‐enriched levels. Associated late Cretaceous ostracods, lack of evidence of reworking, and the absence of any exclusively Palaeocene taxa above the iridium levels, taken together, indicate that the extinction of dinosaurs in the Indian subcontinent occurred after the deposition of Ir layers at Anjar, and that these Ir anomalies may significantly predate the K–T boundary.
Kinetics of precipitation of gypsum and implications for pressure‐solution creep
Authors: MEER SIESE DE , SPIERS CHRISTOPHER J. , PEACH COLIN J.
Published: June 2010

In order to model the role of gypsum in crustal deformation and in trapping hydrocarbons, a quantitative, mechanism‐based understanding of the deformation and compaction behaviour of gypsum is needed. Previous laboratory experiments indicate that intergranular pressure solution is an important deformation mechanism in gypsum and may be controlled by the kinetics of gypsum precipitation. To examine this further, the growth kinetics of gypsum were investigated using seed crystals and super‐saturated aqueous solutions prepared from natural gypsum powders. The results showed both nucleation and growth dominated behaviour. Results relating purely to seed (over)growth showed that at low driving forces (<1 kJ/mole) precipitation follows a second order growth law, while at larger driving forces the order is 3–4. The growth rates are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude slower than those reported in studies on pure systems. However, pressure‐solution creep rates, predicted by coupling the present growth data with a microphysical model for pressure solution, are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude too fast to be consistent with experimentally obtained creep rates. On the other hand, the predicted and measured creep rates show an almost identical dependence on applied stress and grain size, supporting the hypothesis that pressure‐solution creep in gypsum is controlled by the kinetics of precipitation.
Strain accommodation at the lateral margin of an active transpressive zone: geological and seismological evidence from the Lebanese restraining bend
Authors: GRIFFITHS H. M. , CLARK R. A. , THORP K. M. , SPENCER S.
Published: June 2010

Geological, geomorphological, and seismological data are used to postulate the existence of a lateral domain‐bounding fault, the Roum fault zone in SW Lebanon. The fault zone accommodates transpression at the margins of the Lebanese restraining bend, abruptly dividing the transpressional Mount Lebanon (Jebel Barouk) uplift from the extension of the Tyre Nabatiye plateau.

Transpressional deformation at the SW margin of the restraining bend is mainly seen through large scale folding trending parallel to the restraining bend. Such folding is thought to be accommodated laterally along a 100 km length of fault zone in SW Lebanon, the Roum fault zone. Mapped lineaments and topographic expression show the fault zone to die out to the south of Beirut. Offsets of incised river valleys decrease northwards from 7.2 km to 0.2 km along the length of the fault zone over a distance of 80 km, also inferring a postulated fault tip to the south of Beirut. Strain gradients along both sides of the fault zone wall rocks shows several deformation mechanisms to be involved; pressure solution, folding, distributed shear, and normal faulting. The postulated fault tip coincides with the extent of transpression of the Mount Lebanon block.

A new seismicity catalogue (2100
BC–AD
1995: 32–35°N, 34–37°E: 1725 events: all magnitudes converted to ISN‐reported M
L
) was compiled from published sources. Seismicity is apparently sparse around the northern Yammouneh fault but concentrates in SW Lebanon, especially in a diffuse 50–100 km wide zone around the southern Roum fault zone. Epicentral uncertainties are typically 10–25 km for modern reporting, although depths are poorly known. The seismic b‐value is 0.75 ± 0.07 for the Beirut area compared to 0.88 ± 0.09 for the Dead Sea transform to the south: mapping of
b
‐values for the SW Lebanon area suggests a gradual reduction northward along the Roum fault zone.

These observations are interpreted as the signature of a fault zone whose tip lies to the south of Beirut. The transition from transpression to extended crust, at the western edge of the Lebanese restraining bend, is accommodated along a 100 km length of fault zone. Decreasing seismic activity (over the time of the catalogue) and seismic
b
‐values imply a differing style or mechanism of faulting in the short term along the Roum fault zone, toward Beirut.
Rotational differences between the northern and southern Tyrrhenian domains: palaeomagnetic constraints from the Amantea basin (Calabria, Italy)
Authors: SPERANZA FABIO , MATTEI MASSIMO , SAGNOTTI LEONARDO , GRASSO FABIO
Published: June 2010

We report on a palaeomagnetic study of upper Miocene sediments from the Amantea basin, located on the Tyrrhenian coast of Calabria. The magnetic mineralogy is dominated by greigite and subordinate magnetite in the Tortonian–Messinian clays (ten sites), and by hemoilmenite and magnetite in the underlying sands and volcanic ashes (three sites), which have not been dated. Data from the Tortonian–Messinian clays pass both a reversal and a fold test, and define a 19° ± 11° clockwise rotation (with respect to the geocentric axial dipole field direction) for the whole basin. The variable amounts of westward declinations observed in the underlying sands and volcanic ashes can be due to (1) a large counterclock wise rotation episode occurring before the clockwise rotation, (2) the effects of a transitional geomagnetic field in these rapidly deposited sediments, or (3) the observed complex magnetic mineralogy. These new results, when compared with previous palacomagnetic studies from other Calabrian basins, show that the Neogene drifting of the Calabro‐Peloritan block from the eastern margin of Sardinia to the present‐day position was accompanied by a (probably Pleistocene) 15–20° rigid clockwise rotation recorded in both the Tyrrhenian and Ionian margins. This tectonic regime is shown to be very different from the one observed by previous studies in the northern Tyrrhenian domain, where large rotations associated with thrust sheet activity in the external Apennines were coeval with the onset of an irrotational extensional regime in the Tuscan and Latium Tyrrhenian margins. Palaeomagnetism thus confirms the significant geodynamical differences between the southern and northern Tyrrhenian Sea spreadings.
A model for a continental accretionary wedge developed by oblique collision: the NE Bohemian Massif
Authors: SCHULMANN KAREL , GAYER RODNEY
Published: June 2010

Structural and metamorphic investigations of the northeastern margin of the Bohemian Massif indicate three main sequential Devonian–Carboniferous tectonic events: (1) Devonian rifting; (2) Early Carboniferous oblique underthrusting and formation of a continental accretionary wedge; (3) eduction of the wedge and Late Carboniferous transpression.

Devonian rifting of the Brunia microcontinent resulted in the formation of two crustal‐scale boudins associated with the development of two syn‐rift Devonian basins. This extensional template strongly influenced the nature of the ensuing Variscan contractional deformation. Early Carboniferous (350–330 Ma), progressive, highly oblique underthrusting of the two crustal boudins beneath the Lugian terrane to the west, generated syn‐deformational Barrovian metamorphism and the formation of a continental accretionary wedge. The wedge was further compressed by continued underthrusting of Brunia which resulted in the successive vertical extrusion (eduction) of an upper and lower allochthon, derived from the more deeply underthrust crustal boudin. The eduction was terminated by a Late Carboniferous (330–310 Ma) transpressional event resulting from continued plate convergence. Release of mantle‐derived magma during late‐stage eduction thermally softened the transpressional zones in the more external parts of the wedge. The resultant differential displacements gave rise to extensional unroofing of the internal part of the wedge.
Silurian K‐bentonites of the Dnestr Basin, Podolia, Ukraine
Authors: HUFF WARREN D. , BERGSTRÖM STIG M. , KOLATA DENNIS R.
Published: June 2010

The Dnestr Basin of Podolia, Ukraine, is an epicratonic basin consisting of neritic carbonate and calcareous mudstone facies including a nearly complete Silurian sequence ranging from late Llandovery to late Pridolí in age. The Silurian section has served as a standard for regional and interregional studies as a consequence of its well‐documented macro‐ and microfaunal assemblages. Approximately 24 mid‐ to Late Silurian K‐bentonites are present in this succession, and their lateral persistence has aided in establishing regional correlations. The K‐bentonites range from 1 to 40 cm in thickness and occur in the Bagovitsa (late Wenlock), Malinovtsy (Ludlow) and Skala (Prídoli) Formations. Discrimination diagrams based on immobile trace elements together with rare earth element data suggest the K‐bentonites had a volcanic origin in a collision margin setting related to subduction. Thickness and stratigraphic distribution considerations are consistent with a source area in the Rheic Ocean.
Century‐ to millennial‐scale sedimentological–geochemical records of glacial–Holocene sediment variations from the Barra Fan (NE Atlantic)
Authors: KROON D. , SHIMMIELD G. , AUSTIN W. E. N. , DERRICK S. , KNUTZ P. , SHIMMIELD T.
Published: June 2010

The Barra Fan, located at the continental margin of NW Scotland, offers a unique possibility to retrieve records of exceptional high resolution to obtain climate records on a century–millennial timescale. We used a sedimentological–geochemical approach to examine the sediment variations that reflect the palaeoceanography and climate history of the area. Inorganic chemistry combined with micropalaeontology reveals trends and changes in NE Atlantic palaeoceanography and northwest European climate at the sub‐Milankovitch frequency. This study builds on results from two British Geological Survey cores and one giant piston core (Core 57/‐11/59, Core 56/‐10/36 and Images Core MD95‐2006) that were obtained during the NEAPACC (NE Atlantic Palaeoceanography, Special Topic NERC) phase. Geochemical records of lithogenic input fluctuate rapidly and their patterns parallel sea surface temperature and particle size records. The cold periods are characterized by increased clay input compared to the warm periods. The Younger Dryas period and other prominent periods such as the equivalent of Heinrich Event 1, show extremely expanded sections up to several metres in thickness. Enhancement of accumulation rates in the glacial section is due to the influence of downslope sedimentation, meltwater deposition; and large‐scale currents redistributing the sediment along the upper slope. The radiochemical tracer (excess
230
Th) shows that major shifts in terrigenous sediment supply were extremely rapid over the last 15 ka. The shifts in terrigenous supply occurred over time‐spans of less than a century. Century‐scale events of lithogenic input can be visually correlated to other North Atlantic climate records such as the GISP2 Greenland ice core δ
18
O record for the last 15 ka, although the resolution of radiocarbon dating of these events in the sediments is not sufficiently precise to verify that the visual correlations are correct. The particle flux and biogenic records show sawtooth‐shaped cycles opposite to the Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles.