bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pd–In intermetallic nanoparticles with high catalytic selectivity for liquid-phase semi-hydrogenation of diphenylacetylene
Authors: Chen Si , Huang Xiaohui , Schild Dieter , Wang Di , Kübel Christian , Behrens Silke
Published: November 2022

Intermetallic Pd3In, PdIn and Pd3In7 nanoparticles are synthesized in ionic liquids and employed as catalysts in the semi-hydrogenation of diphenylacetylene. PdIn nanoparticles reveal high activity and selectivity to cis-stilbene at full conversion.
Dehydration does not affect lipid-based hydration lubrication
Authors: Dong Yihui , Kampf Nir , Schilt Yaelle , Cao Wei , Raviv Uri , Klein Jacob
Published: November 2022

Lipid-headgroup dehydration by DMSO, which should increase friction, is offset by both higher areal head-group density and by rigidity-enhancement of the lipid bilayers, both of which act to reduce frictional dissipation.
Thermoresponsive block copolymers of increasing architecture complexity: a review on structure–property relationships
Authors: Constantinou Anna P. , Wang Lezhi , Wang Shaobai , Georgiou Theoni K.
Published: November 2022

The position of the monomers within the polymer chain and the 3D structure of the polymer affect the thermoresponsive properties.
Construction of a π-stacked supramolecular framework using a triphenylene-cored metallo-organic cage
Authors: Jiang Zhilong , Wang Jun , Chen Mingzhao , Tang Chaolong , Zhao He , Dong Qiangqiang , Yu Wei-Dong , Jiang Zhiyuan , Chen Bangtang , Li Xiaorui , Liu Die , Yao Liao-Yuan , Liu Hui , Xie Ting-Zheng , Wu Tun , Yuan Jie , Wang Kun , Li Yiming , Wang Pingshan
Published: November 2022

A pair of enantiomeric tetrahedral cages have been constructed using a hexapod ligand. By utilizing large aromatic triphenylene as the core, the crystal structure of the metallo-cages exhibited a hierarchical packing due to the π–π interaction.
Low-coordinate bis(imidazolin-2-iminato) dysprosium(iii) single-molecule magnets
Authors: Sun Rong , Wang Chen , Wang Bing-Wu , Wang Zhe-Ming , Chen Yao-Feng , Tamm Matthias , Gao Song
Published: November 2022

Model calculations indicate that the increasement of Ueff becomes tiny when N–Dy–N angle is large. Thus, the construction of near-linear two-coordinate dysprosium(III) SMMs with high Ueff and TB using bulky imidazolin-2-iminato ligands is feasible.
Anomalous thermal expansion of strontium squarate trihydrate induced by hydrogen-bond weakening
Authors: Liu Zhanning , Wang Zhe , Xing Chengyong , Tian Jian , Xing Xianran
Published: November 2022

A strontium squarate framework featuring diverse chemical bonds was found to exhibit uniaxial negative thermal expansion.
Exploring visible light for carbon–nitrogen and carbon–oxygen bond formationvianickel catalysis
Authors: Zhu Shengqing , Li Huan , Li Yingying , Huang Zhonghou , Chu Lingling
Published: November 2022

In this review, we highlight the recent synthetic methodology development for the formation of C–N and C–O bondsviavisible-light-driven nickel catalysis, with in-depth discussions with reaction designs and mechanistic scenarios.
Peptide nano ‘bead-grafting’ for SDT-facilitated immune checkpoints blocking
Authors: Zhang Limin , Tian Yuwei , Li Mengzhen , Wang Minxuan , Wu Shang , Jiang Zhenqi , Wang Qiqin , Wang Weizhi
Published: November 2022

Peptide-fibril-captured QDs form nano ‘bead-grafting’, which inhibit both the primary and distant tumors through the combination with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT).
Intermittent streamflow generation in a merokarst headwater catchment
Authors: Hatley Camden M. , Armijo Brooklyn , Andrews Katherine , Anhold Christa , Nippert Jesse B. , Kirk Matthew F.
Published: November 2022

Intermittent headwater streams are highly vulnerable to environmental disturbances, but effective management of these water resources requires first understanding the mechanisms that generate streamflow.
The nonindustrialised microbiome in a modern world
Authors: Shanahan Fergus , Ghosh Tarini S. , Molloy Michael G. , O’Toole Paul W.
Published: November 2022

The microbiome contributes to human development and maturation, and is essential for maintenance of health and prevention of disease. While the human genome encodes one’s identity, the microbiome – also individually unique – provides a window on one’s lifestyle and exposure to environmental variables. The microbiome thus serves as a biomarker of host health and a driver of certain diseases. However, current understanding of the gut microbiome is largely based on studies of industrialised peoples of North America and Europe. Gaps in knowledge of the microbiomes of other groups, particularly those in developing or nonindustrialised societies, are important, particularly in view of contrasting epidemiological risks of acquiring chronic inflammatory and metabolic disorders. Here, we explore underlying mechanisms of microbiome differences and whether the potential benefits of nonindustrialised microbiome can be realised in a modern world.
Protein interactions: anything new?
Authors: Barrera-Vilarmau Susana , Teixeira João M.C. , Fuxreiter Monika
Published: November 2022

How do proteins interact in the cellular environment? Which interactions stabilize liquid–liquid phase separated condensates? Are the concepts, which have been developed for specific protein complexes also applicable to higher-order assemblies? Recent discoveries prompt for a universal framework for protein interactions, which can be applied across the scales of protein communities. Here, we discuss how our views on protein interactions have evolved from rigid structures to conformational ensembles of proteins and discuss the open problems, in particular related to biomolecular condensates. Protein interactions have evolved to follow changes in the cellular environment, which manifests in multiple modes of interactions between the same partners. Such cellular context-dependence requires multiplicity of binding modes (MBM) by sampling multiple minima of the interaction energy landscape. We demonstrate that the energy landscape framework of protein folding can be applied to explain this phenomenon, opening a perspective toward a physics-based, universal model for cellular protein behaviors.
The biophysics of disordered proteins from the point of view of single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Cubuk Jasmine , Stuchell-Brereton Melissa D. , Soranno Andrea
Published: November 2022

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and regions (IDRs) have emerged as key players across many biological functions and diseases. Differently from structured proteins, disordered proteins lack stable structure and are particularly sensitive to changes in the surrounding environment. Investigation of disordered ensembles requires new approaches and concepts for quantifying conformations, dynamics, and interactions. Here, we provide a short description of the fundamental biophysical properties of disordered proteins as understood through the lens of single-molecule fluorescence observations. Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) provides an extensive and versatile toolbox for quantifying the characteristics of conformational distributions and the dynamics of disordered proteins across many different solution conditions, both in vitro and in living cells.
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in threat detection: task choice and rodent experience
Authors: Sherman Emily R. , Thomas Jasmine J. , Cahill Emma N.
Published: November 2022

Behavioural reactivity to potential threat is used to experimentally refine models of anxiety symptoms in rodents. We present a short review of the literature tying the most commonly used tasks to model anxiety symptoms to functional recruitment of bed nucleus of the stria terminalis circuits (BNST). Using a review of studies that investigated the role of the BNST in anxiety-like behaviour in rodents, we flag the certain challenges for the field. These stem from inconsistent methods of reporting the neuroanatomical BNST subregions and the interpretations of specific behaviour across a wide variety of tasks as ‘anxiety-like’. Finally, to assist in interpretation of the findings, we discuss the potential interactions between typically used ‘anxiety’ tasks of innate behaviour that are potentially modulated by the social and individual experience of the animal.
Clinically Measuring Orofacial Somatosensation in a Cohort of Healthy Aging Adults
Authors: Etter Nicole M. , Schmauk Nicole , Neely Kristina A.
Published: November 2022

Purpose:

Humans experience the world through sensations of touch, taste, smell, vision, and audition. Alterations in sensory acuity occur across the adult life span in all types of sensation. The purpose of this study was to describe possible differences in lip and tongue somatosensation (sense of pressure) for healthy older adults using clinically available measurement tools as compared with previously published data using the same protocol.

Method:

A total of 33 healthy adults (ages 60–93 years
; M
= 70.5 years; 19 women) completed bilateral assessment of lip and tongue pressure detection and discrimination using two-point discrimination discs and Von Frey hair monofilaments. Participants reported basic health information and completed a pure-tone hearing threshold assessment within the same session.

Results:

Descriptive results are presented for individual data points from healthy aging adults. Group data are compared with previously published data from a cohort of healthy young participants. Although there were no statistically significant differences between the two healthy groups, variations in standard deviations in older adults were observed.

Conclusions:

Two-point discrimination and tactile detection and discrimination using Von Frey hair monofilaments can be used to assess labial and lingual pressure detection and discrimination in healthy aging adults. While not reaching statistical significance, on average, older adults demonstrated increased threshold estimates compared with younger adults with increases in standard deviations up to 11.5 times larger than the younger cohort. Subtle differences in somatosensation across the ages may be important for future comparisons with clinical populations across the life span. These assessment techniques can be used with an aging population to complete objective orofacial somatosensory testing.
Adult Cochlear Implant Users Versus Typical Hearing Persons: An Automatic Analysis of Acoustic–Prosodic Parameters
Authors: Arias-Vergara Tomás , Batliner Anton , Rader Tobias , Polterauer Daniel , Högerle Catalina , Müller Joachim , Orozco-Arroyave Juan-Rafael , Nöth Elmar , Schuster Maria
Published: November 2022

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to investigate the speech prosody of postlingually deaf cochlear implant (CI) users compared with control speakers without hearing or speech impairment.

Method:

Speech recordings of 74 CI users (37 males and 37 females) and 72 age-balanced control speakers (36 males and 36 females) are considered. All participants are German native speakers and readDer Nordwind und die Sonne(The North Wind and the Sun), a standard text in pathological speech analysis and phonetic transcriptions. Automatic acoustic analysis is performed considering pitch, loudness, and duration features, including speech rate and rhythm.

Results:

In general, duration and rhythm features differ between CI users and control speakers. CI users read slower and have a lower voiced segment ratio compared with control speakers. A lower voiced ratio goes along with a prolongation of the voiced segments' duration in male and with a prolongation of pauses in female CI users. Rhythm features in CI users have higher variability in the duration of vowels and consonants than in control speakers. The use of bilateral CIs showed no advantages concerning speech prosody features in comparison to unilateral use of CI.

Conclusions:

Even after cochlear implantation and rehabilitation, the speech of postlingually deaf adults deviates from the speech of control speakers, which might be due to changed auditory feedback. We suggest considering changes in temporal aspects of speech in future rehabilitation strategies.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21579171
Lexical Access in Preschool Mandarin-Speaking Children With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Shi Xinyuan , Wu Shanshan , Liang Dandan
Published: November 2022

Purpose:

Children with cochlear implants (CIs) have less experience accessing spoken language. Mandarin Chinese uses pitch information to contrast word meaning, and the signal that the CI devices provide is degraded. Thus, Mandarin-speaking children with CIs may face more challenges in the development of language skills. This study examines preschool Mandarin-speaking children's performance in lexical access. We hypothesized that children with CIs and their peers with normal hearing (NH) have comparable naming ability, but they process phonological or semantic information differently.

Method:

Twenty children with CIs and 20 age-matched children with NH were tested. The cross-modal visual–auditory picture–word interference paradigm was applied. The distractor was either phonologically related (mao55cat -mao51hat), semantically related (mao55cat -shu214mouse) or unrelated (mao55cat -zhi214paper) to the target, and it was aurally presented at four different points in time relative to the picture. Accuracy was compared between the two groups to tap into the children's naming abilities, and reaction time was analyzed to examine the effects of phonological and semantic information.

Results:

No group difference in accuracy was found. The phonologically related distractors led to significantly higher accuracy scores and shorter reaction times, whereas the semantically related distractors did not. Unlike the NH group, the CI group did not respond significantly faster or slower in phonologically related condition when the distractor and picture occurred simultaneously. Finally, the CI group made overall quicker responses than the NH group.

Conclusions:

Children with CIs are as successful as children with NH in word retrieval and production, and the two groups both show phonological priming effect and lack semantic effect. However, children with CIs do not process phonological information as early as their NH peers, and they may be more tasks directed and hence make quicker responses.
GaiaData Release 3
Authors: Gavras Panagiotis , Rimoldini Lorenzo , Nienartowicz Krzysztof , de Fombelle Grégory Jevardat , Holl Berry , Ábrahám Péter , Audard Marc , Carnerero Maria I. , Clementini Gisella , De Ridder Joris , Distefano Elisa , Garcia-Lario Pedro , Garofalo Alessia , Kóspál Ágnes , Kruszyńska Katarzyna , Kun Mária , Lecoeur-Taïbi Isabelle , Marton Gábor , Mazeh Tsevi , Mowlavi Nami , Raiteri Claudia M. , Ripepi Vincenzo , Szabados László , Zucker Shay , Eyer Laurent
Published: November 2022

Context.In current astronomical surveys with ever-increasing data volumes, automated methods are essential. Objects of known classes from the literature are necessary to train supervised machine-learning algorithms and to verify and validate their results.

Aims.The primary goal of this work is to provide a comprehensive data set of known variable objects from the literature that we cross-match withGaiaDR3 sources, including a large number of variability types and representatives, in order to cover sky regions and magnitude ranges relevant to each class in the best way. In addition, non-variable objects from selected surveys are targeted to probe their variability inGaiaand possible use as standards. This data set can be the base for a training set that can be applied to variability detection, classification, and validation.

Methods.A statistical method that employed astrometry (position and proper motion) and photometry (mean magnitude) was applied to selected literature catalogues in order to identify the correct counterparts of known objects in theGaiadata. The cross-match strategy was adapted to the properties of each catalogue, and the verification of results excluded dubious matches.

Results.Our catalogue gathers 7 841 723Gaiasources, 1.2 million of which are non-variable objects and 1.7 million are galaxies, in addition to 4.9 million variable sources. This represents over 100 variability (sub)types.

Conclusions.This data set served the requirements of theGaiavariability pipeline for its third data release (DR3) from classifier training to result validation, and it is expected to be a useful resource for the scientific community that is interested in the analysis of variability in theGaiadata and other surveys.
Le gisement à étain–cuivre–indium de Charrier (Allier) : un skarnoïde viséen (340 Ma) traceur de la métallogenèse varisque du nord Massif central
Authors: Marcoux Éric , Poujol Marc , Wadier Pierre
Published: November 2022

Charrier est un petit gisement de cuivre–étain riche en indium de type skarnoïde du Forez (nord du Massif central). Il est encaissé dans une série volcanosédimentaire du Dévono-dinantien au contact du granite viséen des Bois-noirs. Sa genèse comprend une étape précoce oxydée de haute température (vers 550–350 °C) à cassitérite–magnétite, suivie d’une étape réduite sulfurée (vers 350–250 °C) à bornite–chalcopyrite dominantes avec wittichénite, tennantite, sphalérite, bismuthinite et roquesite (CuInS2) qui se déroule en conditions de pH acide et de faible fugacité en soufre. L’apatite hydrothermale fournit un âge U–Pb de 340,7 ± 2,6 Ma identique à celui du granite (341 ± 4 Ma) ; il est confirmé par l’âge U–Pb de 332 ± 12 Ma obtenu sur cassitérite. Le gisement s’est donc formé au début de l’extension tardi-varisque par l’action des fluides magmatiques à Sn–Bi–In issus du granite des Bois-noirs (341 ± 4 Ma) ayant interagi avec la série volcanosédimentaire. Charrier pourrait traduire la superposition d’un district à cuivre sur une vaste ceinture à étain (et tungstène), ce qui suggère la présence d’autres gisements de cuivre/étain dans cette région. Cette superposition est bonifiée par une richesse particulière en indium du nord-Forez, ce métal s’exprimant du Viséen (roquesite de Charrier) jusqu’au Lias (sphalérite à indium des filons plombo–zincifères), illustration du phénomène de permanence métallique.
Research on RDE performance for in-use vehicles especially at high altitude conditions in China
Authors: Yan Feng , Zhao Haiguang , Yang Zhengjun
Published: November 2022

The real driving emissions (RDE) of an in-use gasoline an in use diesel light-duty (LD) vehicle , both are SUV type, are studied based on portable emission measurement system (PEMS). The gasoline vehicle complying with emission standard of China 6 with a mileage of about 50000 km, and the diesel vehicle in this study is complying with emission standard of China 5 with a mileage of about 130000 km for there are hardly any China 6 diesel vehicles in-use in major city. Special attentions are paid on their emission behaviors at high altitude conditions (1300 to 3000 m above sea level). It is observed that the RDE test approach is still feasible for revealing in-use real driving emissions at extremely high altitudes (>1300 m, which is beyond the upper limit of extended altitude conditions according to the Euro 6 regulation). The results reveals that for in-use China 6 gasoline vehicle, the efficient three way catalyst (TWC) is capable of handling NOx, CO emission sufficiently, accompany with port fuel injection that guarantees the RDE test results (NOx, PN, CO) fulfill the China 6 emissions standards (which are 35 mg/km, 6E11 #/km and 500 mg/km respectively). And for China 5 in-use diesel vehicle, EGR as the only NOx control means is not sufficient which brings extremely high real driving NOx emission, with the maximum value exceeds about 3.7 and 23.2 times of the China 5 and China 6 NOx emission limits, but on the other hand, the PN emission is only about 1% of the China 6 PN standard value for the usage of DPF.
The research of the inspection and maintenance program and its implementation
Authors: Zhong Chongzhi , Shen Shu , Li Jingyuan , Yang Zhengjun
Published: November 2022

Based on the research and comparison of the main contents and measurement methods for the inspection and Maintenance Program in the United States, the European Union, and China, and the analysis of the OBD inspection in China, it is found that the in-use vehicle measurement method in our country has covered the mainstream measurement methods, however, the overall system design still lacks corresponding standards and technical support for maintenance and closed-loop supervision, the cause of the OBD inspection failure is concentrated the malfunction of the oxygen sensor and three-way catalytic converter.
Study on the influence of different test cycles on vehicle emission and fuel consumption
Authors: Wang Lihui , Zou Xionghui , Deng Zhikun , Geng Peilin , Liu Le , Zhao Haiguang
Published: November 2022

In order to satisfy regulations of CHINA 6 and the corresponding standards of fuel consumption, a variety of advanced technology are adopted. While manufacture calibrate engine based on WLTC and NEDC test cycle during development process, and the technical route is still a lack of a large number of test research on CLTC. This article firstly investigates mainstream technology on market, then in-depth study influence of different test cycle on emissions and fuel consumption, comparing difference of test data to evaluate the potential of each technology route for emission and fuel economy, as well as the adaptability of each technology route under CLTC. Finally, to seek the advanced technology route of energy-saving and emission reduction applicable to national conditions.
Study on gas-liquid two-phase flow law considering gas dissolution during gas invasion in gas field drilling
Authors: He Haikang , Sun Baojiang , Sun Xiaohui , Wang Zhiyuan , Li Xuefeng
Published: November 2022

During the drilling and development of sour natural gas (including CO2 and H2S) fields, due to the high solubility of sour natural gas in drilling fluid, the concealment after gas invasion increases, resulting in well control accidents. Therefore, it is of great significance for gas field development to deeply study and understand the solubility of acid gas and the flow law of annular air and liquid after the gas invasion. In this paper, a multiphase flow equation considering gas dissolution is established. Based on the existing solubility experimental data, the equation of state for predicting the solubility of sour natural gas is optimized. It is found that the fugacity activity method using Peng and Robinson equation of state has the highest accuracy. The analysis of gas-liquid two-phase law through a specific example shows that considering the influence of gas dissolution, the increment of mud pit changes slowly and the concealment of gas invasion is strong. When the content of acid gas in drilling fluid is higher, the time for the pit gain change monitored on the ground increases and the concealment further increases, which is more harmful to the safety control of wellbore pressure.
Research on the motion characteristics of a flexible joint-flexible link space manipulator
Authors: Zhang Xiaolei , Wang Yanbo , Li Ke , Wang Shanda
Published: November 2022

Research on motion characteristics of the space flexible-joint flexible-link manipulator is investigated. The motion equations of the N degree of freedom (DOF) flexible manipulator are established by means of the Newton-Euler method and finite segment method considering both computational efficiency and accuracy. The genetic algorithm is used to identify the parameters of the torsional stiffness and damping related to the link flexibility. The derived model involves the dynamic factors, such as joint and link flexibility, joint friction and the end lumped mass of the link. Then the joint critical stiffness is adopted to decide whether to consider joint flexibility. After that, spatial motions of a two flexible-joint flexible-link manipulator are performed with different joint stiffness and friction. The results show that the spatial vibration of the flexible manipulator can be reduced by increasing both the joint stiffness and friction, and the vibration can be effectively suppressed when the joint stiffness is greater than the critical value. Meanwhile, the validity of the presented model is verified. It lays the foundation for the reliability analysis and controller design of the flexible-joint flexible-link space manipulator.
Research on traditional Mongolian sentiment analysis combined with prior knowledge
Authors: Zhang Qian , Ren Qingdaoerji , Ji Yatu
Published: November 2022

In order to solve some problems of traditional machine learning algorithms in Mongolian sentiment analysis tasks, such as low accuracy, few sentiment corpus, and poor training effect, a Traditional Mongolian sentiment classification algorithm integrates prior knowledge is proposed. First and foremost, 1.3 million unlabeled Mongolian corpora are pre-trained and preliminarily segmented to obtain basic Mongolian vocabulary information. Secondly, the regularization method is used to segment the corpus. Next, a Mongolian text sentiment dictionary is created, which is used as prior knowledge. At the same time, an attention mechanism is integrated into the model to obtain emotional features in a dynamic form. In the last step, based on the Mongolian sentiment data set, the model is further trained and slightly modified to obtain the final traditional Mongolian sentiment analysis model. From the experimental results, the proposed model, compared with the classical sentiment classification algorithms such as Fasttext, BiLSTM, and CNN, has stronger feature extraction ability, sentiment classification performance, and faster convergence speed.
Safe and Efficient Continuous-Flow Synthesis and Batchwise Hydrolysis of Ethyl 5-Acetyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate: A Key Synthon of Darolutamide
Authors: Volk Balázs , Keserű György M. , Szilágyi Bence , Egyed Attila , Mándity István , Nagy Tamás , Kátai-Fadgyas Katalin
Published: November 2022

A safe and metal-free process using ethyl glycinate hydrochloride as the starting material has been developed for the preparation of ethyl 5-acetyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate, a key intermediate for the synthesis of potential blockbuster drug substance darolutamide. In the key step, the toxic and explosive intermediate, ethyl diazoacetate was generated and used in situ. Reaction parameters were optimized for both the batchwise and the continuous-flow variant of the synthesis. In the next step, alkaline hydrolysis of the ester led to 5-acetyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid, which can not only be used as a darolutamide intermediate, but it can also be considered as a valuable building block for other types of organic and medicinal chemistry transformations.
Atomic layer deposition of conductive and semiconductive oxides
Authors: Macco Bart , Kessels W. M. M. (Erwin)
Published: November 2022

Conductive and semiconductive oxides constitute a class of materials of which the electrical conductivity and optical transparency can be modulated through material design (e.g., doping and alloying) and external influences (e.g., gating in a transistor or gas exposure in a gas sensor). These (semi)conductive oxides, often categorized as amorphous oxide semiconductors or transparent conductive oxides, have, therefore, been commonplace in, for example, solar cells and displays, as well as in an increasing variety of other applications including memory, logic, photonics, and sensing. Among the various deposition techniques, the use of atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been gaining in popularity in recent years. Specifically since the early 2000s, many ALD processes for doped and compound conductive metal oxides have been developed. The interest in such oxides prepared by ALD can most likely be attributed to the distinct merits of ALD, such as low-temperature processing, excellent uniformity and conformality, and accurate control over the doping level and composition. Moreover, as device dimensions shrink the need for high-quality, ultrathin materials becomes ever more important. These merits of ALD stem directly from the self-limiting nature of the surface chemistry that drives the ALD growth. On the other hand, the strong role that surface chemistry has in the growth mechanism brings in many intricacies, and detailed understanding of these aspects has been vital for the development of high-quality doped and compound oxides by ALD. Examples of growth effects that can occur during ALD of compound oxides include growth delays, clustering of dopants, and interruption of grain growth by doping. Such effects often need to be accounted for or mitigated, while on the other hand, there are also clear cases where such growth effects can be leveraged to achieve enhanced or new functionality. In this review paper, an overview of the library of ALD processes that has emerged is presented. Available precursor chemistries, dopants as well as achieved film properties—most notably the carrier densities and (field-effect) mobilities of the films—are presented. A selection of important ALD effects that can occur during the deposition of doped and compound conductive oxides is showcased, and their effect on the optical and electrical properties are highlighted. Mitigation and improvement strategies for negative growth effects are presented. This is done through case studies that clearly illustrate these effects, drawing both from literature and from our own recent work.
Toward AlGaN channel HEMTs on AlN: Polarization-induced 2DEGs in AlN/AlGaN/AlN heterostructures
Authors: Singhal Jashan , Chaudhuri Reet , Hickman Austin , Protasenko Vladimir , Xing Huili Grace , Jena Debdeep
Published: November 2022

Due to its high breakdown electric field, the ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor AlGaN has garnered much attention recently as a promising channel material for next-generation high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). A comprehensive experimental study of the effects of Al composition x on the transport and structural properties is lacking. We report the charge control and transport properties of polarization-induced 2D electron gases (2DEGs) in strained AlGaN quantum well channels in molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown AlN/AlxGa1−xN/AlN double heterostructures by systematically varying the Al content from x = 0 (GaN) to x = 0.74, spanning energy bandgaps of the conducting HEMT channels from 3.49 to 4.9 eV measured by photoluminescence. This results in a tunable 2DEG density from 0 to 3.7 × 1013 cm2. The room temperature mobilities of x ≥ 0.25 AlGaN channel HEMTs were limited by alloy disorder scattering to below 50 cm2/(V.s) for these 2DEG densities, leaving ample room for further heterostructure design improvements to boost mobilities. A characteristic alloy fluctuation energy of ≥1.8 eV for electron scattering in AlGaN alloy is estimated based on the temperature dependent electron transport experiments.
Tailoring of the Gd–Y–Lu ratio in quintuple (Gd, Lu, Y)3Al2Ga3O12:Ce ceramics for better scintillation properties
Authors: Kuznetsova D. , Dubov V. , Bondarev A. , Dosovitskiy G. , Mechinsky V. , Retivov V. , Kucherov O. , Saifutyarov R. , Korzhik M.
Published: November 2022

Ceramics from cerium-doped quintuple garnet-type compounds (Gd,Y,Lu)3Al2Ga3O12:Ce with different contents of Y and Lu have been fabricated and studied as a prospective scintillating material enabling improvement of scintillation properties by tuning of the composition of the matrix-forming crystalline compound. The coprecipitation method was applied to produce powders of complex garnet compounds, which were subsequently compacted and sintered. The influence of the matrix composition on photoluminescence and scintillation of the ceramics is studied using luminescence spectroscopy at steady state and pulsed excitation. Partial substitution of Lu by Y ions was found to be an effective tool for tailoring of scintillation properties of the material. A light yield of the Gd2Y0.5Lu0.5Al2Ga3O12 composition was measured to be 41 000 ph/MeV, whereas a scintillation kinetics was measured to have dominant fast scintillation components: 14 ns (84%) and 78 ns (16%).
FEM-based analysis on sensing out-of-plane displacements of low-order Lamb wave modes by CMUTs
Authors: Lu Wei , Zhang Sai , Wang Renxing , Yang Yuhua , Zhang Guojun , Zhang Wendong , Xu Baiqiang , Yilmaz Mehmet
Published: November 2022

It is well known that acoustic emission (AE) signals, generated by external impacts or damages such as crack initiation, mainly propagate in the form of Lamb waves in plate-like structures. In this work, MEMS-based resonant capacitive micro-machined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs), which are designed for sensing out-of-plane displacements, have been verified by finite element method (FEM) modeling and theoretical analysis for their feasibility of detecting low-order Lamb waves (A0 and S0). First, combining the propagation theory of Lamb waves and the “spring-mass-damper” model of CMUTs, the out-of-plane sensing mechanism has been explained, together with the analytical expression of sensitivity. Then, simulations based on FEM have been carried out to show that the designed CMUTs are sensitive to out-of-plane displacements, while extremely insensitive to in-plane displacements. Meanwhile, a transient analysis has found the potential abilities of CMUTs for sensing A0 and S0 lamb waves. Besides, the sensing characteristics of CMUTs have also been investigated, including the influence of squeezed-film damping, the amplitude of the input signal, the cell number, and cell space. Finally, the ball drop impact is simulated to show the potential of identifying the location of the AE source by CMUTs. Our studies reveal the out-of-plane sensing behaviors of CMUTs for Lamb waves and may have the potential in promoting the miniaturization and integration of AE sensors.
A reaction mechanism for plasma electrolysis of AgNO3 forming silver nanoclusters and nanoparticles
Authors: Raisanen Astrid L. , Mueller Chelsea M. , Chaudhuri Subhajyoti , Schatz George C. , Kushner Mark J.
Published: November 2022

In plasma-driven solution electrolysis (PDSE), gas-phase plasma-produced species interact with an electrolytic solution to produce, for example, nanoparticles. An atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) directed onto a liquid solution containing a metallic salt will promote reduction of metallic ions in solution, generating metallic clusters that nucleate to form nanoparticles. In this article, results from a computational investigation are discussed of a PDSE process in which a radio-frequency APPJ sustained in helium impinges on a silver nitrate solution, resulting in growth of silver nanoparticles. A reaction mechanism was developed and implemented in a global plasma chemistry model to predict nanoparticle growth. To develop the reaction mechanism, density functional theory was used to generate probable silver growth pathways up to Ag9. Neutral clusters larger than Ag9 were classified as nanoparticles. Kinetic reaction rate coefficients for thermodynamically favorable growth pathways were estimated based on an existing, empirically determined base reaction mechanism for smaller Ag particle interactions. These rates were used in conjunction with diffusion-controlled reaction rate coefficients that were calculated for other Ag species. The role of anions in reduction of Agn ions in forming nanoparticles is also discussed. Oxygen containing impurities or admixtures to the helium, air entrainment into the APPJ, and dissociation of saturated water vapor above the solution can produce additional reactive oxygen species in solution, resulting in the production of anions and O2− in particular. For a given molarity, delivering a sufficient fluence of reducing species will produce similar nanoparticle densities and sizes for all applied power levels. Comparisons are made to alternate models for nanoparticle formation, including charged nanoparticles and use of direct current plasmas.
The effect of ribs on the sound radiation directivity of rectangular plates
Authors: Zhang Kai , Lin Tian Ran , Guo Hui , Zhang Baocheng
Published: November 2022

An analytical solution utilizing a double finite sine integral transform method is presented in this study for the sound radiation prediction of a ribbed rectangular plate structure under various combinations of clamped and simply supported boundary conditions. An advantage of the modeling method is that the plate–beam structural coupling and the structure–fluid coupling are automatically defined in the integral transformation without the need to manually select the mode shape function. The model is then utilized to investigate the effect of ribs on the radiated sound power and directivity of the plate structure under resonant and non-resonant conditions, respectively. The result shows that the ribbing effect on the omnidirectional radiated sound field of the rectangular plate is consistent with the change of the radiated sound power. However, the radiated sound pressure may increase at certain directions even if the radiated sound power of the rectangular plate is suppressed by the inclusion of ribs. The effect of periodic ribs on the sound radiation of the rectangular plate is also explored. The insight gained from this study can inspire the noise design for structures, such as marine platforms and high-speed rail carriages.
Modeling and simulation in supersonic three-temperature carbon dioxide turbulent channel flow
Authors: Cao Guiyu , Shi Yipeng , Xu Kun , Chen Shiyi
Published: November 2022

This paper pioneers the direct numerical simulation (DNS) and physical analysis in supersonic three-temperature carbon dioxide (CO2) turbulent channel flow. CO2 is a linear and symmetric triatomic molecular, with the thermal non-equilibrium three-temperature effects arising from the interactions among translational, rotational, and vibrational modes at room temperature. Thus, the rotational and vibrational modes of CO2 are addressed. The thermal non-equilibrium effect of CO2 has been modeled in an extended three-temperature kinetic model, with the calibrated translational, rotational, and vibrational relaxation time. To solve the extended kinetic equation accurately and robustly, non-equilibrium high-accuracy gas-kinetic scheme is proposed within the well-established two-stage fourth-order framework. Compared with the one-temperature supersonic turbulent channel flow, supersonic three-temperature CO2 turbulence enlarges the ensemble heat transfer of the wall by approximate 20% and slightly decreases the ensemble frictional force. The ensemble density and temperature fields are greatly affected, and there is little change in Van Driest transformation of streamwise velocity. The thermal non-equilibrium three-temperature effects of CO2 also suppress the peak of normalized root mean square of density and temperature, normalized turbulent intensities and Reynolds stress. The vibrational modes of CO2 behave quite differently with rotational and translational modes. Compared with the vibrational temperature fields, the rotational temperature fields have the higher similarity with translational temperature fields, especially in temperature amplitude. Current thermal non-equilibrium models, high-accuracy DNS and physical analysis in supersonic CO2 turbulent flow can act as the benchmark for the long-term applicability of compressible CO2 turbulence.
Gold extraction using novel ionic thiourea derivatives
Authors: Himmelman Megan L. , Joorab-Doozha Amir , Brosseau Christa L. , Singer Robert D.
Published: November 2022

Cyanidation has been used worldwide for over a century as the primary method for gold extraction from ore. Unfortunately, accidents have occurred that released toxic cyanide and resulted in devastation of the environment and surrounding communities. For this reason, alternatives to cyanidation have been of great interest but have yet to be implemented owing to the high costs of materials and necessary changes to infrastructure, which make these alternatives economically unfeasible. Reported herein is the use of novel ionic thiourea derivatives for the extraction of gold without the use of cyanide. A series of six pyrrolidinium and imidazolium salts have been functionalized with a thiourea group and either the anion hexafluorophosphate ([PF6]−) or dodecyl sulfate ([DS]−). Gold(iii) extraction up to 90% was achieved from an aqueous solution with a methyl imidazolium-tagged [DS] salt. Extraction experiments using gold(i) showed a decrease in extraction efficiency, suggesting the oxidation state of the gold is important for complex formation. The extraction selectivity for gold(iii) and silver(i) over copper(ii), iron(ii) and zinc(ii) was demonstrated for all ionic thiourea derivatives.
Tree spatial pattern and mortality prediction in burned patches of Dahurian larch (
Authors: Zhang Jili , Shu Lifu , Wang Mingyu , Wei Rui , Wang Lizhong , Wang Shuo , Yang Guang
Published: November 2022

Background Fire-caused tree mortality and spatial pattern are crucial for evaluating forest dynamics and developing management prescriptions. Aims We investigated direct fire effects on spatial distribution and mortality of Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) and assessed the Ryan and Amman (R–A) model performance and the importance of immediate mortality predictors. Methods We analysed spatial patterns of fire-killed and surviving trees of three size classes in plots that burned at low- to high-severity using pair-correlation functions and tree mortality with the R–A model and generalised linear mixed models. Key results The mixed-severity fire caused strong density-dependent mortality and more aggregated surviving tree patterns at short distances. The R–A model generally performed acceptably, and crown scorch and bole char height were critical predictors determining post-fire tree mortality. Conclusions Fire-caused tree mortality and spatial patterns are controlled primarily by spatial variation in tree size and biological and structural characteristics. The prediction biases of the R–A model arose primarily from the intrinsic traits of Dahurian larch and the imbalanced dataset. Fine-scale neighbourhood density might be a fundamental priority for fire management and restoration. Implications This study could possibly improve mechanistic understanding of spatial pattern development and tree mortality in similar fire-prone conifer forests.
Transposable elements drive intron gain in diverse eukaryotes
Authors: Gozashti Landen , Roy Scott W. , Thornlow Bryan , Kramer Alexander , Ares Manuel , Corbett-Detig Russell
Published: November 2022

There is massive variation in intron numbers across eukaryotic genomes, yet the major drivers of intron content during evolution remain elusive. Rapid intron loss and gain in some lineages contrast with long-term evolutionary stasis in others. Episodic intron gain could be explained by recently discovered specialized transposons called Introners, but so far Introners are only known from a handful of species. Here, we performed a systematic search across 3,325 eukaryotic genomes and identified 27,563 Introner-derived introns in 175 genomes (5.2%). Species with Introners span remarkable phylogenetic diversity, from animals to basal protists, representing lineages whose last common ancestor dates to over 1.7 billion years ago. Aquatic organisms were 6.5 times more likely to contain Introners than terrestrial organisms. Introners exhibit mechanistic diversity but most are consistent with DNA transposition, indicating that Introners have evolved convergently hundreds of times from nonautonomous transposable elements. Transposable elements and aquatic taxa are associated with high rates of horizontal gene transfer, suggesting that this combination of factors may explain the punctuated and biased diversity of species containing Introners. More generally, our data suggest that Introners may explain the episodic nature of intron gain across the eukaryotic tree of life. These results illuminate the major source of ongoing intron creation in eukaryotic genomes.
Classifiers in a language with articles
Authors: Post Mark W.
Published: November 2022

Classifiers in Tani languages are similar in scale and semantic contents to the systems of better-known classifier languages such as Thai and Mandarin. Yet they are unusual in co-existing with an ancient and well-grammaticalised referential management system including both definite and indefinite articles, in lacking a generic classifier, in tending not to use a classifier with human referents, and in occurring exclusively to the right of head nouns, in the order [N CLF NUM]. They are also relatively more lexeme-like, occurring less frequently and with more semantic control than do the classifiers of many other East/Southeast Asian languages. This article will present a basic description of Tani classifier systems, and argue for their relatively recent development through the mechanism of a repeater construction functioning within a pre-existing [A-B B-C] template for taxonomic compound formation. Although this development is similar to pathways attested for other Asian languages, Tani classifiers do not share the same set of functional and distributional outcomes.
A multimodal cognitive critical analysis
Authors: Pan Yanyan
Published: November 2022

This paper makes a comparative study of recruitment advertisements between China and the United States from the perspective of Multimodal Cognitive Critical Analysis. Based on the analysis of metaphor and metonymy, the paper reveals the differences between them in contents, narrative strategies and combination of semiotic resources. In terms of contents, there are varying degrees of emphasis on military mission, income, values, and mental health. In terms of narrative strategies, China adopts a “parental” strategy, while the United States adopts a “corporate” strategy. As to the combination of semiotic resources, China and the United States differ in their use of cartoons and posters, and adopt different shooting angles of posters. This study holds that military conscription is not only a political activity, but also a platform to construct positive image of Chinese soldiers and demonstrate the strength of China’s military forces. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly adjust the above factors according to the characteristics of the era and reading habits of the viewers.
The prototypical approach and the factors affecting the teaching and learning of prepositions
Authors: Kaw Manisha
Published: November 2022

This article is a critical review of the approach based on a polysemy network model applied to teaching prepositions. The analysis brings forth the inherent limitations of this model in explaining less prototypical senses and in leading second language learners to discover a contextualized interpretation of a preposition that may vary subtly from the meaning represented in the model; the model also fails to take conceptual differences between metonym and metaphor into account and assumes that these concepts would be familiar to ESL learners. As will be discussed, methodological modifications could yield more effective results. It is also suggested that a micro-level analysis of each individual sense is required to identify the learning outcomes of the intervention to ascertain that this approach is resourceful in teaching a range of senses in the polysemy network model.