bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cumulative Burden of Atherosclerotic Risk Genotypes and the Age at Onset of a First Myocardial Infarction: A Case‐Only Carriership Approach
Authors: Goldenberg Ilan , Moss Arthur J. , Ryan Daniel , Pietrasik Grzegorz , Zareba Wojciech , McNitt Scott , Eberly Shirley W.
Published: July 2008

Background: Previously identified atherosclerotic genetic factors have been studied mostly in case‐control studies and in nonuniform ethnic populations, whereas data on the cumulative contribution of genetic factors to an earlier onset of a first myocardial infarction (MI) are limited. We hypothesized that several genetic atherosclerotic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may exert an additive effect on the earlier occurrence of coronary atherothrombotic disease after adjustment for clinical factors.

Methods: Eighteen atherosclerotic high‐risk SNPs were selected based upon meta‐analyses of 614 published reports, and were incorporated into a carriership model. Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify the independent contribution of selected genotypes to the age at onset of a first MI in a cohort of 814 white (n = 622) and nonwhite (n = 192) patients enrolled in the Thrombogenic Factors and Coronary Events Study.

Results: The analysis demonstrated that selected genotypes were significantly associated with an earlier occurrence of a first MI among white patients (an average of 0.6 year reduction per carried genotype; P = 0.027), whereas the contribution of genotypes to MI onset among nonwhite patients was not significant (an average of 0.7 year increase per carried genotype; P = 0.16), with a significant ethnic × genotype interaction effect (P = 0.02).

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that currently identified atherosclerotic genetic factors confer an independent additive contribution to the earlier onset of coronary atherothrombotic disease among white patients. The lack of a significant association between these genotypes and outcome in other ethnic groups suggests that cardiovascular genetic risk should be studied directly in these populations.
Kinetic Studies of Mullite Synthesis from Alumina Nanoparticles and a Preceramic Polymer
Authors: Griggio Flavio , Bernardo Enrico , Colombo Paolo , Messing G. L.
Published: July 2008

The crystallization kinetics of mullite formation in a diphasic precursor consisting of a silicone resin filled with commercial γ‐alumina nanoparticles (15 nm mean particle size, specific surface area of 100 m2/g), heated in air from 1250° to 1350°C, was studied by X‐ray diffraction. Transitional γ‐alumina and amorphous silica from the pyrolysis of the preceramic polymer exhibited a remarkable reactivity, as demonstrated by a very low incubation time (from 500 s at 1250°C to 20 s at 1350°C), a high mullite yield (about 80 vol%, after 100 s at 1350°C), and a low activation energy for nucleation (677±60 kJ/mol). The activation energy values found were lower than those reported previously for other diphasic systems, including sol–gel precursors. Besides the high specific surface of nanosized γ‐alumina particles, the low energy barrier could be attributed to the highly reactive silica deriving from the oxidation of Si–CH3 bonds in the silicone and to the homogeneous dispersion of the nanosized filler inside the preceramic polymer. Furthermore, the possibility of applying plastic shaping processing methods to the mixture of a preceramic polymer and nanosized filler makes this approach particularly valuable, in comparison, for instance, with sol–gel based alternatives.
Quality Assessment of Perinatal and Infant Postmortem Examinations in Turkey
Authors: Pakis Isil , Karapirli Mustafa , Karayel Ferah , Turan Arzu , Akyildiz Elif , Polat Oguz
Published: July 2008

An autopsy examination is important in identifying the cause of death and as a means of auditing clinical and forensic practice; however, especially in perinatal and infantile age groups determining the cause of death leads to some difficulties in autopsy practice. In this study, 15,640 autopsies recorded during the years 2000–2004 in the Mortuary Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine were reviewed. Autopsy findings of 510 cases between 20 completed weeks of gestation and 1 year of age were analyzed retrospectively. The quality of each necropsy report was assessed using a modification of the system gestational age assessment described by Rushton, which objectively scores aspects identified by the Royal College of Pathologists as being part of a necropsy. According to their ages, the cases were subdivided into three groups. Intrauterine deaths were 31% (158 cases), neonatal deaths were 24% (123 cases), and infantile deaths were 45% (229 cases) of all cases. Scores for the quality of the necropsy report were above the minimum acceptable score with 44% in intrauterine, 88% in neonatal and infantile deaths.
Positive and useful auditory vocal hallucinations: prevalence, characteristics, attributions, and implications for treatment
Authors: Jenner J. A. , Rutten S. , Beuckens J. , Boonstra N. , Sytema S.
Published: July 2008

Objective:  Auditory hallucinations that are viewed by patients as positive and useful may be barriers to treatment‐seeking. The aim was to assess prevalence, impact, and course of, and attributions to, these voices in psychotic and non‐psychotic patients.

Method:  One hundred thirty‐one patients of a Voices Clinic and 65 members of the Dutch Resonance Foundation were assessed with the Positive and Useful Voices Inquiry. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s chi‐square, one‐way anova, and Crohnbach’s alpha statistics.

Results:  First voices are most often reported as negative. Positive voices occur more among non‐psychotic subjects, but the specific characteristics and diagnosis are not significantly associated. Lifetime prevalence of positive and useful voices ranged between 40% and 60%, with varied prevalence rates over time. Positive voices are experienced by subjects as direct addresses in the third person. Perceived control of voices is significantly associated with the wish to preserve them. Attribution of protective power to positive voices has the strongest association with positive experience.

Conclusion:  Many patients express a desire to preserve these voices. Voice characteristics do not allow for validly discriminating psychotic from non‐psychotic disorders.
Alpha rhythm and hypofrontality in schizophrenia
Authors: Knyazeva M. G. , Jalili M. , Meuli R. , Hasler M. , De Feo O. , Do K. Q.
Published: July 2008

Objective:  To reveal the EEG correlates of resting hypofrontality in schizophrenia (SZ).

Method:  We analyzed the whole‐head EEG topography in 14 patients compared to 14 matched controls by applying a new parameterization of the multichannel EEG. We used a combination of power measures tuned for regional surface mapping with power measures that allow evaluation of global effects.

Results:  The SZ‐related EEG abnormalities include i) a global decrease in absolute EEG power robustly manifested in the alpha and beta frequency bands, and ii) a relative increase in the alpha power over the prefrontal brain regions against its reduction over the posterior regions. In the alpha band both effects are linked to the SZ symptoms measured with Positive and Negative Symptom Scales and to chronicity.

Conclusion:  As alpha activity is related to regional deactivation, our findings support the concept of hypofrontality in SZ and expose the alpha rhythm as a sensitive indicator of it.
Histologic and clinical evaluation for maxillary sinus augmentation using macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate in human
Authors: Lee Ji Hyun , Jung Ui Won , Kim Chang Sung , Choi Seong Ho , Cho Kyoo Sung
Published: July 2008

Objectives: This study evaluated both the clinical and histological aspects of bone formation in maxillary sinus augmentation using MBCP as the bone‐grafting material.

Material and methods: MBCP was used as a primary bone substitute for maxillary sinus augmentation. Fifty‐two patients were selected after a medical and dental examination, and were divided into the following three groups: those augmented with MBCP only; MBCP combined with irradiated cancellous bone; and MBCP combined with intraoral autogenous bone. After a healing period (average 6.78 months after surgery), bone cores were harvested for a histological evaluation and the implant fixtures were installed. These bone cores were evaluated via light microscope and implants were followed up for at least six months after loading.

Results: Four to ten months after surgery, new vital bone surrounding the MBCP particles was observed in 18 bone biopsies. Two out of the 130 implants installed were explanted due to a failure of osseointegration before the prosthetic procedure. All the remaining implants were functioning for 6 to 27 months (average 12.96 months). The cumulative survival rate of the implants was 98.46%.

Conclusion: These results show that MBCP can be used as a grafting material for sinus floor augmentation, whether combined with other bone graft materials or not, and lead to a predictable prognosis for dental implants in the posterior maxillary area where there is insufficient vertical height for fixture installation.
Adsorption of salivary and serum proteins, and bacterial adherence on titanium and zirconia ceramic surfaces
Authors: Lima Emilena Maria Castor Xisto , Koo Hyun , Vacca Smith Anne M. , Rosalen Pedro Luiz , Del Bel Cury Altair Antoninha
Published: July 2008

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of salivary and serum proteins present in pellicles formed on titanium (Ti) and zirconia ceramic (ZrO2) surfaces, and the ability of bacterial cells to adhere to the experimental pellicles. In addition, the protein profiles and bacterial binding properties of pellicles on Ti and ZrO2 were compared to those formed on hydroxyapatite (HA) surface.

Methods: The pellicles were formed in vitro by incubating the materials with whole saliva, serum or saliva+serum. Protein composition in each of the pellicles was investigated by SDS‐PAGE and immunodetection. The adherence of radiolabeled Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces naeslundii to uncoated surfaces and experimental pellicles was determined by means of scintillation counting. Statistical analyses were done using ANOVA and Tukey's test at significance level at P<0.05. In general, the electrophoretic analysis of the pellicles formed on HA, Ti and ZrO2 revealed few qualitative differences of the composition of proteins of the pellicles formed on HA, Ti and ZrO2 surfaces. Pellicle components identified included amylase, IgA, IgG, albumin, fibronectin and fibrinogen. The number of S. mutans cells adhered to uncoated Ti and ZrO2 was significantly higher than those adhered to HA (P<0.05). In contrast, lower number of A. naeslundii cells adhered to uncoated Ti and ZrO2 than to HA (P<0.05). However, the presence of saliva and saliva+serum pellicles greatly reduced the number of S. mutans cells bound to each of the surfaces. The data showed that Ti and ZrO2 display similar pellicle protein composition and bacterial binding properties; however, significant differences were observed when both materials were compared to HA.
Titanium allergy in dental implant patients: a clinical study on 1500 consecutive patients
Authors: Sicilia Alberto , Cuesta Susana , Coma Gerardo , Arregui Ignacio , Guisasola Cristina , Ruiz Eduardo , Maestro Antonio
Published: July 2008

Background: In dentistry, allergic reactions to Ti implants have not been studied, nor considered by professionals. Placing permanent metal dental implants in allergic patients can provoke type IV or I reactions. Several symptoms have been described, from skin rashes and implant failure, to non‐specific immune suppression.

Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the presence of titanium allergy by the anamnesis and examination of patients, together with the selective use of cutaneous and epicutaneous testing, in patients treated with or intending to receive dental implants of such material.

Material and methods: Thirty‐five subjects out of 1500 implant patients treated and/or examined (2002–2004) were selected for Ti allergy analysis. Sixteen presented allergic symptoms after implant placement or unexplained implant failures [allergy compatible response group (ACRG)], while 19 had a history of other allergies, or were heavily Ti exposed during implant surgeries or had explained implant failures [predisposing factors group (PFG)]. Thirty‐five controls were randomly selected (CG) in the Allergy Centre. Cutaneous and epicutaneous tests were carried out.

Results: Nine out of the 1500 patients displayed positive (+) reactions to Ti allergy tests (0.6%): eight in the ACRG (50%), one in the PFG (5.3%)(P=0.009) and zero in the control group. Five positives were unexplained implant failures (five out of eight).

Conclusions: Ti allergy can be detected in dental implant patients, even though its estimated prevalence is low (0.6%). A significantly higher risk of positive allergic reaction was found in patients showing post‐op allergy compatible response (ACRG), in which cases allergy tests could be recommended.
Maxillary sinus grafting with Bio‐Oss® or Straumann® Bone Ceramic: histomorphometric results from a randomized controlled multicenter clinical trial
Authors: Cordaro Luca , Bosshardt Dieter D. , Palattella Piermario , Rao Walter , Serino Giuseppe , Chiapasco Matteo
Published: July 2008

Introduction: This investigation was designed to compare the histomorphometric results from sinus floor augmentation with anorganic bovine bone (ABB) and a new biphasic calcium phosphate, Straumann® Bone Ceramic (BCP).

Materials and methods: Forty‐eight maxillary sinuses were treated in 37 patients. Residual bone width was ≥6 mm and height was ≥3 mm and <8 mm. Lateral sinus augmentation was used, with grafting using either ABB (control group; 23 sinuses) or BCP (test group; 25 sinuses); sites were randomly assigned to the control or test groups. After 180–240 days of healing, implant sites were created and biopsies taken for histological and histomorphometric analyses. The parameters assessed were (1) area fraction of new bone, soft tissue, and graft substitute material in the grafted region; (2) area fraction of bone and soft tissue components in the residual alveolar ridge compartment; and (3) the percentage of surface contact between the graft substitute material and new bone.

Results: Measurable biopsies were available from 56% of the test and 81.8% of the control sites. Histology showed close contact between new bone and graft particles for both groups, with no significant differences in the amount of mineralized bone (21.6±10.0% for BCP vs. 19.8±7.9% for ABB; P=0.53) in the biopsy treatment compartment of test and control site. The bone‐to‐graft contact was found to be significantly greater for ABB (48.2±12.9% vs. 34.0±14.0% for BCP). Significantly less remaining percentage of graft substitute material was found in the BCP group (26.6±5.2% vs. 37.7±8.5% for ABB; P=0.001), with more soft tissue components (46.4±7.7% vs. 40.4±7.3% for ABB; P=0.07). However, the amount of soft tissue components for both groups was found not to be greater than in the residual alveolar ridge.

Discussion: Both ABB and BCP produced similar amounts of newly formed bone, with similar histologic appearance, indicating that both materials are suitable for sinus augmentation for the placement of dental implants. The potential clinical relevance of more soft tissue components and different resorption characteristics of BCP requires further investigation.
Significant cytotoxic activity in vitro of the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib in acute myeloblastic leukaemia
Authors: Lindhagen Elin , Eriksson Anna , Wickström Malin , Danielsson Katarina , Grundmark Birgitta , Henriksson Roger , Nygren Peter , Åleskog Anna , Larsson Rolf , Höglund Martin
Published: July 2008

Objectives:  Gefitinib inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling, but may also act by non‐EGFR dependent mechanisms. We have investigated the activity of gefitinib in haematological tumour cells, in particular acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML).

Methods:  Cytotoxic activity of gefitinib, alone or in combination with standard anti‐leukaemic drugs, was assessed by the short‐term fluorometric microculture cytotoxicity assay in tumour cells from 117 patients representing five haematological and five non‐haematological malignancies. In AML, the EGFR status was analysed by immunochemistry. Gefitinib‐induced apoptosis was investigated in a subset of AML samples, as well as in the leukaemia cell line MV‐4‐11, using a multiparametric high content screening assay. To confirm activation of caspase‐3 in cells treated with gefitinib, a blocking test was carried out in which MV4‐11 cells were pretreated with the specific caspase inhibitor DEVD‐FMK.

Results:  Gefitinib showed highest cytotoxic activity in AML (n = 19) with many samples being sensitive at concentrations achievable in clinical practice (<10 μM), and no difference between previously untreated and relapsed patients. No correlation between the activity of gefitinib and standard antileukaemic drugs (cytarabine, doxorubicin, etoposide) was observed. Combining gefitinib with these drugs resulted in mainly additive or synergistic (etoposide) effects, with no evidence of sequence dependency. The AML cells did not express the EGFR. Gefitinib induced apoptosis, which was at least partly mediated by activation of the caspase‐3 pathway.

Conclusion:  In vitro, gefitinib has significant cytotoxic activity in AML by inducing apoptosis through non‐EGFR dependent pathways.
A systematic review of phase II trials of thalidomide/dexamethasone combination therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Von Lilienfeld‐Toal Marie , Hahn‐Ast Corinna , Furkert Kerstin , Hoffmann Florian , Naumann Ralph , Bargou Ralf , Cook Gordon , Glasmacher Axel
Published: July 2008

Thalidomide monotherapy in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM) has a response rate of 30%. The combination of thalidomide with dexamethasone (Thal/Dex) is expected to improve responses, but it is unknown if the combination increases the rate of adverse events. Here, we conducted a systematic review of studies evaluating Thal/Dex in relapsed/refractory MM. Twelve studies were included, comprising 451 patients. The response rate (CR and PR) was 46% (95% CI 42–51%). Therapy‐related toxicity was comparable to thalidomide monotherapy and included somnolence (26%, 95% CI 22–31%), constipation (37%, 95% CI 32–42%) and peripheral neuropathy (27%, 95% CI 23–32%). Only venous thromboembolism appeared to occur more often with Thal/Dex (5%, 95% CI 3–8%). Thus, using Thal/Dex results in an improved response rate in relapsed/refractory MM, with a toxicity rate comparable to thalidomide monotherapy.
Effects of extracellular calcium on the growth‐differentiation switch in immortalized keratinocyte HaCaT cells compared with normal human keratinocytes
Authors: Micallef Ludovic , Belaubre Françoise , Pinon Aline , Jayat‐Vignoles Chantal , Delage Christiane , Charveron Marie , Simon Alain
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  The keratinocyte growth and differentiation switch, tightly regulated by several mechanisms, is generally associated with decreased proliferation, cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and expression of epidermal differentiation markers, such as keratin 1 (K1), keratin 10 (K10) and involucrin. In vitro, the spontaneously immortalized human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT is often used as a model to study keratinocyte functions. Comparative differentiation studies between HaCaT cells and normal human keratinocytes (NHK) over an extended time‐period have rarely been reported. Therefore, we studied their switch from a proliferating to a differentiated state over 13 days. As culture conditions involved changes in cellular responses, cells were cultured in a specific medium for keratinocyte growth and differentiation was induced by increasing extracellular calcium concentration from 0.09 to 1.2 mm. In NHK, addition of calcium‐induced morphological changes and concomitant decreased proliferation. For HaCaT cells, calcium addition resulted in morphological changes, but in an unexpected manner, cells were more proliferative than when cultured at low calcium levels. HaCaT cell hyperproliferation correlated with cell cycle analysis, showing an accumulation in S/G2‐M phases. Furthermore, RT‐PCR and western blot analysis revealed a delay in the expression of the differentiation markers K1, K10 and involucrin in HaCaT cells compared with NHK. In conclusion, even though calcium‐induced differentiation was not associated with a decreased cell proliferation, HaCaT cells conserved properties characteristic of differentiation.
REVIEW ARTICLE: Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in Recurrent Spontaneous Abortions: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Choi Yoon Kyong , Kwak‐Kim Joanne
Published: July 2008

Problem  Cytokine gene polymorphism studies in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) are reviewed to provide comprehensive understanding and a direction for the future investigation.

Method of study  A search of PubMed was made to identify the published data between 2001 and 2007 regarding RSA and cytokine gene polymorphisms.

Results  Either allele and/or genotype frequencies of the following polymorphisms were reported to be significantly different between women with RSA and controls: IFN‐γ +874A→T, TA (P = 0.01), AA (P = 0.04); IL‐6, −634C→G CG/GG (P = 0.026); IL‐10, −592C→A CC (P = 0.016); IL‐1B −511C (P = 0.035), −31T (P = 0.029); IL‐1RA, IL1RN*2 (P = 0.002), and IL1RN*3 (P = 0.002). None of these studies was repeatedly reported by others to be significantly different. Among these, four cytokine polymorphisms (IFN‐γ, +874A→T; IL‐1B −511C; IL‐1RA, IL1RN*2, IL1RN*3) were refuted by others and rest of them were studied once.

Conclusion  Multiple cytokine polymorphisms were reported to be associated with RSA. However, a majority of studies were not confirmed by other investigators or refuted by others. Inconsistent study results might be related to: (i) the production of these cytokines is partly under genetic controls and other factors affect cytokine levels; (ii) ethnic background, environmental factors, and selection criteria for study populations are different and (iii) the possibilities exist that multiple cytokine gene polymorphisms or other genes in linkage disequilibrium may play a role in RSA.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: The Role of Invariant NKT Cells in Pre‐Eclampsia
Authors: Miko Eva , Szereday Laszlo , Barakonyi Aliz , Jarkovich Andrea , Varga Peter , Szekeres‐Bartho Julia
Published: July 2008

Problem  Recent data suggest a dominant role of the innate, rather than the adaptive immune system in pregnancy‐related immunoregulation. Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells represent a link between the innate and the acquired immune systems; however, little is known about how they function in pre‐eclampsia. The aim of our study was to investigate the possible role of iNKT cells in the pathogenesis of pre‐eclampsia.

Method of study  Human peripheral blood samples were obtained from pre‐eclamptic, healthy pregnant‐ and non‐pregnant women. Freshly separated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were immediately labeled with anti‐perforin‐, anti‐CD69‐, anti‐CD95‐, anti‐NKG2A‐, anti‐NKG2D‐, anti‐IFN‐γ and anti iNKT antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry.

Results  Pre‐eclamptic patients demonstrated increased CD69, perforin and IFN‐γ expression, which could be explained by dysregulation of NK cell receptor expression. These Th1 polarized cells were less susceptible to apoptosis than iNKT cells from healthy pregnant women.

Conclusion  Our data suggest that activated iNKT cells of pre‐eclamptic women have an increased cytotoxic potential, which may be because of altered expression of NK cell inhibitory and activating receptors.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: High Expression of l‐Selectin Ligand in Secretory Endometrium is Associated with Better Endometrial Receptivity and Facilitates Embryo Implantation in Human Being
Authors: Wang Bo , Sheng Jian‐Zhong , He Rong‐Huan , Qian Yu‐Li , Jin Fan , Huang He‐Feng
Published: July 2008

Problem  l‐selectin ligand has displayed mediating adhesion at the maternal–fetal interface. Therefore, we investigated the impact of l‐selectin ligand on establishing pregnancy in women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF‐ET).

Method of study  Endometrium between cycle days LH +6 to +9 was obtained from 56 Chinese women referred for IVF and tested for l‐selectin ligand by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The standard gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist long protocol was used for ovarian stimulation.

Results  l‐selectin ligand was localized in the endometrial gland and luminal epithelial cells. Western blot analysis of endometrium identified four bands and levels of component 1, 2 and 4 were significantly higher in the pregnancy group than in the non‐pregnancy group (P < 0.05). Clinical pregnancy and implantation rates were higher in patients with high level l‐selectin ligand compared with those with low level (53.6%versus 25.0%, and 27.1%versus 12.1%, respectively, P < 0.05).

Conclusion  The presence of higher level l‐selectin ligand was associated with a better pregnancy outcome.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: LPS‐Induced Murine Abortions Require C5 but not C3, and are Prevented by Upregulating Expression of the CD200 Tolerance Signaling Molecule
Authors: Yu Gary , Sun Yang , Foerster Katharina , Manuel Justin , Molina Hector , Levy Gary A. , Gorczynski Reginald M. , Clark David A.
Published: July 2008

Problem  Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) acts via tlr4 to promote Th1 cytokine secretion and abortions. LPS is an essential co‐factor in spontaneous abortion in the CBA × DBA/2 model and in stress‐triggered abortions. In the CBA × DBA/2 model, C3a, C5a, and fgl2 prothrombinase participate in triggering inflammation that terminates embryo viability. As fgl2 prothrombinase (via thrombin) can generate C5a, it was predicted that LPS‐driven abortions (which require fgl2) would be independent of C3. CD200Fc can prevent abortions in the CBA × DBA/2 model, but an action through Fc could not be excluded.

Method of study  C3−/− and C5−/− knock‐out mice on a B6 background were syngeneically mated and Salmonella enteritidis LPS was administered i.p. on day 6.5 or pregnancy along with 2 mg progesterone in sesame oil s.c. The total number of implants and the number of resorbing embryos were counted on day 13.5 of pregnancy. CD200‐rtTA double transgenic homozygous males (B6 background) mated with B6+/+ females were similarly treated. To up‐regulate CD200 expression in embryonic trophoblasts, doxycycline was added to the drinking water from the time of mating.

Results  The LPS boosted the abortion rate from 15.5% (control) to 42.0% in C3−/− mice (χ2 = 9.28, P < 0.005). In C5−/− mice, there was no increase in abortion rate with LPS compared to progesterone‐treated controls (22.8%versus 26.3%, P = NS). LPS‐treated transgenic mice given LPS + progesterone had a 42.5% abortion rate, but when the mice were given doxycycline to induce expression of CD200 by the embryo, the abortion rate was only 8.3% (χ2 = 14.40, P < 0.005, Fisher’s exact test P = 0.00007).

Conclusion  C5, but not C3, appears necessary for LPS‐driven abortions. Up‐regulation of CD200 can prevent LPS‐driven abortions, possibly by altering dendritic cells to promote Treg cell development or by a direct suppressive action on macrophages and mast cells that also express CD200 receptors.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Developmental Delay and Other Anomalies in the Offspring from Hens Immunized Against Soluble and Foreign Chick Embryo Antigens
Authors: Rodríguez‐Burgos Antonio , Juárez Luis
Published: July 2008

Problem  The authors review embryofetal pathologies in humans caused by antibodies to maternal autoantigens and paternal alloantigens. They consider the variable percentages of miscarriages, developmental delays, intrauterine growth retardation, perinatal deaths and birth defects of unknown etiology, because a part of these percentages may be caused by analog human isoantibodies to the studied ones in the chick embryos.

Method of study  A total of 81 chick embryos whose dams had been immunized against soluble foreign transitory antigens and soluble paternal alloantigens from chick embryos have been macroscopically analyzed. The development was interrupted at random to know anomalies then existing; but 29/81 eggs (35.8%) were incubated until hatching. Each class of anomaly was analyzed by statistical methods; 66 control embryos were studied using the same methods.

Results  Transmission of the induced isoantibodies to the embryos caused: monstrosity 8.6%; death by functional abnormality 3.7%; digested embryos 7.4%; malformation 1.2%; developmental delay 30.8%; developmental delay together with intraovo growth retardation 11.1; intraovo growth retardation 15.1%; normal 25.9%. Of the mentioned 29 eggs, 19 embryos died before being born, six died in under 1 week, but only four poults survived more than 1 week. Three chicks exhibited congenital abnormalities: transitory ataxia and dysphagia, and one of them also scoliosis, while a fourth remained healthy.

Conclusion  If pathogenic activity by these isoantibodies can be shown to occur naturally in humans, as has been postulated, it could account for some miscarriage, developmental delay, fetal and perinatal death and birth defects of currently unknown etiology.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Lipopolysaccharide Increased the Expression Levels of IL‐18, ICE and IL‐18 R in Murine Leydig Cells
Authors: AbuElhija Mahmoud , Lunenfeld Eitan , Eldar‐Geva Talia , Huleihel Mahmoud
Published: July 2008

Problem  This study examined the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the capacity of Leydig cells to produce and express interleukin‐18 (IL‐18), IL‐18 receptor (IL‐18R) and the IL‐1β‐converting enzyme (ICE) (IL‐18 family), under in vitro conditions.

Method of study  Primary Leydig cells (LCs) were isolated from murine testis by the Percoll technique, and cultured both in the presence and absence of LPS (0.1, 1, 5 μg/mL) for 3 and 24 hr. LCs were examined for their capacity to produce and express IL‐18 family molecules by using immunohistochemical staining (IHC), enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis.

Results  Leydig cells were shown to constitutively express IL‐18, as examined by IHC, ELISA, Western blot and real‐time PCR analysis. Addition of LPS to LC cultures was shown to significantly increase the basal levels of IL‐18, in a dose‐ and time course‐dependent manner, as examined by ELISA, Western blot and real‐time PCR analysis. In addition, LPS increased LC cultures to express ICE and IL‐18 R, as examined by real‐time PCR analysis.

Conclusion  Our results demonstrate that LPS increased the capacity of murine LCs to produce the IL‐18 family molecules. IL‐18, in the testis, might be involved in the regulation of physiological and infection/inflammatory processes, and thus, could be a component of the autocrine/paracrine factor net that controls steroidogenesis and male fertility; further studies are needed to confirm this possibility.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Bcl‐2 and Bax Expressions in Pre‐Term, Term and Post‐Term Placentas
Authors: Daher Silvia , Guimarães Alberto J , Mattar Rosiane , Ishigai Márcia MS , Barreiro Erica G , Bevilacqua Estela
Published: July 2008

Problem  Placental apoptosis‐associated protein imbalance might contribute to the pathogenesis of pre‐ and post‐term birth. Therefore, we evaluated the expression and distribution of pro‐apoptotic (Bax) and anti‐apoptotic (Bcl‐2) molecules in term, pre‐term and post‐term placentas.

Method of study  Placental samples were collected from women with term (n = 25), pre‐term (n = 7) and post‐term (n = 10) deliveries. The expression of Bcl‐2 and Bax was assessed by immunochemistry on paraffin‐embedded placental specimens.

Results  The pattern of immunostaining for Bcl‐2 and Bax was the same in all samples, but not the intensity. The Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio was higher in both pre‐term and post‐term placental samples compared with term placentas as a result of intense reactivity for the pro‐apoptotic factor, Bax in pre‐term and post‐term placentas and, for Bcl‐2 decrease in pre‐term placentas.

Conclusion  These findings suggest that different unbalance mechanisms in placental apoptotic‐associated protein expressions may be involved in the physiopathology of pre‐term and post‐term births.
The many faces of the genetics contribution to temporomandibular joint disorder
Authors: Oakley M , Vieira AR
Published: July 2008

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Oakley M, Vieira AR

Objectives –  Review the literature on candidate genes for temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD).

Setting and Sample Population –  Literature review.

Materials and Methods –  Two basic approaches were used to obtain literature in any language regarding genes and TMD. First, Medline, Embase, and Science Citation Index databases were searched using the keywords ‘temporomandibular joint disorder’ and ‘temporomandibular joint dysfunction’ for studies published from 1966 to 2007. Then, the references list of the studies obtained in the database was also considered.

Results –  Candidate genes for TMD include genes for individual variations in pain perception, gender and ethnicity, proinflammatory cytokines, female hormones, breakdown of extracellular matrix, and syndromic forms of TMD.

Conclusion –  Most of the studies on genetic variation contributing to TMD are approaching the disease mainly from an immune‐inflammatory perspective. Recent investigations of the genetic variables which may predict identifiable levels of pain perception may uncover new approaches to our traditional treatment modalities for the chronic pain patient.
Hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site‐mediated translation is stimulated by cis‐acting RNA elements and trans‐acting viral factors
Authors: Lourenço Sofia , Costa Fleur , Débarges Béatrice , Andrieu Thibault , Cahour Annie
Published: July 2008

Translation initiation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) occurs through an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) located at its 5′‐end. As a positive‐stranded RNA virus, HCV uses its genome as a common template for translation and replication, but the coordination between these two processes remains poorly characterized. Moreover, although genetic evidence of RNA–protein interactions for viral replication is accumulating because of subgenomic replicons and a recent culture system for HCV, such interactions are still contentious in the regulation of translation. To gain insight into such mechanisms, we addressed the involvement of cis and trans viral factors in HCV IRES activity by using a cell‐based RNA reporter system. We found that the HCV 3′ noncoding region (NCR) strongly stimulates IRES efficiency in cis, depending on the genotype and the cell line. Moreover, we confirmed the role of the core protein in viral gene expression as previously reported in vitro. Surprisingly, we observed a similar effect, i.e. a twofold increase under low amounts of NS5B RNA polymerase, followed by a decrease at higher concentrations. However, no contribution of NS5A to HCV IRES‐mediated translation was noted and no cooperative effect could be detected between 3′ NCR and viral proteins or between proteins. Collectively, these results suggest that HCV RNA translation is regulated, and that the switch from translation to replication might involve a sequential requirement for both cis and trans viral factors, because of their apparent lack of synergy, probably with the aid of host factors.
Phase Transformation and Densification Behavior of Microwave‐Sintered Si3N4–Y2O3–MgO–ZrO2 System
Authors: Chockalingam Sreekumar , Earl David A. , Amarakoon Vasantha R. W.
Published: July 2008

A 2.45 GHz microwave‐sintered Si3N4–Y2O3–MgO system containing various amounts of ZrO2 secondary additives have been studied with respect to phase transformation and densification behavior. The temperature dependent dielectric properties were measured from 25°C to 1400°C using a conventional cavity perturbation technique. Phase transformation behavior was studied using X‐ray diffractometry. Microwave sintered results were compared with those of conventional sintered results. It has been found that α to β phase transformation was completed at a lower temperature in microwave‐sintered samples than those of the conventionally sintered samples. Density of the microwave‐sintered samples increased up to 2.5 wt% of ZrO2 addition and thereafter it showed a tendency to decrease or remain constant. The decrease in density is attributed to the pore generation caused by decomposition due to the localized over heating.
Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Machinable LaPO4/Al2O3 Composites by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Du Aibing , Pan Wei , Ahmad Kaleem , Shi Suilin , Qu Zhixue , Wan Chunlei
Published: July 2008

LaPO4/Al2O3 composites were fabricated by spark plasma sintering. The effects of LaPO4 contents on the mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. The bending strength and fracture toughness can reach the maximum value of 568.2±30 MPa and 4.8±0.5 MPa·m1/2 for the composite with 16.4 vol% LaPO4 addition, respectively. The elastic moduli and hardness of the composites decreased with increasing LaPO4 content. Furthermore, the experimental results show that the composites can be machined by a tungsten carbide drill as the LaPO4 volume fraction is higher than 34.4 vol%.
Central nervous system and sense organs, with special reference to photoreceptor‐like sensory elements, in Polygordius appendiculatus (Annelida), an interstitial polychaete with uncertain phylogenetic affinities
Authors: Wilkens Verena , Purschke Günter
Published: July 2008

Abstract. The phylogenetic position of Polygordius is still pending; relationships with either Opheliidae or with Saccocirrus are the most favored hypotheses. The present study of Polygordius appendiculatus was designed to look for morphological characters supporting either of these two hypotheses. The homology of the anterior appendages, and the structure of the central nervous system and nuchal organ all required clarification; we also examined whether photoreceptor‐like sense organs exist in adults. From their innervation pattern, it is likely that the anterior appendages represent palps. They lack structures typical of palps in Canalipalpata, such as musculature and coelomic cavities, which would be expected in the case of a saccocirrid relationship. Thirteen photoreceptor‐like sense organs were found in front of the brain, the only structures resembling photoreceptors in adults of P. appendiculatus. These multicellular sense organs comprise a supportive cell and several sensory cells enclosing an extracellular cavity. There are three different types of sensory cells: one rhabdomeric and two ciliary. These sensory cells are combined differently into three forms of sense organ: the most frequent uses all three types of sensory cells, the second possesses one rhabdomeric and one ciliary cell type, and the third has two types of ciliary sensory cells. Whereas similar sensory cells are frequently found in various polychaetes, their combination in one sensory organ is unique to Polygordius and is considered to represent an autapomorphy. The nuchal organs exhibit features typical of polychaetes; there are no specific features in common with Saccocirrus. Instead, the covering structures show obvious similarities to Opheliidae, as can also be found in the central nervous system. Altogether, the current observations do not contradict a relationship with opheliids but provide no evidence of a relationship with Saccocirrus as has been found in certain molecular analyses, and thus currently leave the phylogenetic position of Polygordius unresolved.
INACTIVATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS EXPOSED TO DENSE‐PHASE CARBON DIOXIDE IN A BATCH SYSTEM
Authors: HUANG HUACHUN , ZHANG YAN , LIAO HONGMEI , HU XIAOSONG , WU JIHONG , LIAO XIAOJUN , CHEN FANG
Published: July 2008

The inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus exposed to dense‐phase carbon dioxide (DPCD) was investigated, and the kinetics of come‐up time (CUT) in pressurization was monitored with come‐down time (CDT) and temperature fluctuation in depressurization. CUT was about 2.5, 3.5, 4.0 and 4.0 min; CDT was 3.4, 3.7, 4.5 and 4.5 min; lowest temperature of samples in depressurization was 4, −1, −15 and −22C, corresponding to 10, 20, 30 and 40 MPa at 37C. The inactivation behavior of S. aureus was closely related to the variables of process pressure, holding‐pressure time (HPT), process temperature and process cycling. The log reduction of S. aureus at 40 MPa for 30‐min HPT was significantly greater (P < 0.05), but the inactivation effect at 10, 20 and 30 MPa was similar. The log reduction of S. aureus at 30 and 40 MPa for 60‐min HPT was similar and significantly greater (P < 0.05), while the inactivation effect at 10 and 20 MPa was similar. The inactivation of S. aureus against HPT conformed to a fast–slow biphase kinetics; the two stages were well fitted to a first‐order model with higher regression coefficients R2 = 1.000 and 0.9238; their respective D values (decimal reduction time) were 16.52 and 70.42 min. As the process temperature increased, the log reduction of S. aureus increased significantly (P < 0.05); the inactivation kinetics of S. aureus versus process temperature was characterized with a fast inactivation rate from 32 to 45C and a slow inactivation rate from 45 to 55C. As compared to one‐process cycling for a total of 60‐min HPT, four‐process cycling resulted in a significant reduction of S. aureus, and its maximal reduction was near to 5 log cycles, indicating that more process cycling caused more inactivation of S. aureus under identical pressure and temperature with equal HPT. However, the maximal reduction was 0.09 and 0.12 log cycles for two‐ and four‐process cyclings with 0‐min HPT, indicating that pressurization and depressurization had a lesser effect on the inactivation of S. aureus, while HPT was significant in DPCD to inactivate S. aureus.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Dense‐phase carbon dioxide (DPCD) is a novel technology to achieve cold pasteurization and/or sterilization of liquid and solid materials, and is likely to replace or partially substitute currently and widely applied thermal processes. This study showed that DPCD effectively inactivated Staphylococcus aureus inoculated in 7.5% sodium chloride broth, and the inactivation behavior of S. aureus was closely related to the pressure, holding‐pressure time, temperature and process cycling. Based on this observation, the technology of DPCD can be applied in the pasteurization of foods such as milk and various fruit juices, especially thermal‐sensitive materials.
EFFECT OF EMULSIFIERS AND FUNGAL α‐AMYLASE ON RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT DOUGH AND QUALITY OF FLAT BREAD
Authors: KOOCHEKI ARASH , MORTAZAVI SEYED ALI , MAHALATI MEHDI NASSIRI , KARIMI MEHDI
Published: July 2008

Teftoon, a flat bread made of whole wheat flour, is prepared by hand sheeting of dough, followed by baking. Different emulsifiers, like lecithin, E471 (distilled monoglyceride) and E472 (diacetylated tartaric acid esters of mono‐ and digelycerid of fatty acids), were added to the flour at various levels ranging between 0.25 and 1.0% w/w, and it was observed that they improved the dough characteristics. Improvement in bread quality parameters, such as force to tear and sensory acceptability, were monitored. Fungalα‐amylase was also incorporated into the flour at 5–20 g/100 kg flour basis alone and in combination with the emulsifier. The force required to tear the fresh bread was decreased with emulsifier and enzyme addition; however, E472 addition at 0.75% w/w of whole wheat flour gave the softest bread. The tear force of stored bread significantly increased with storage; however, bread containing E472 showed a less increase in tear force up to a period of 3 days. The sensory acceptability was found to be higher than that of the control bread for emulsifiers, and lower for enzyme at a concentration higher than 10 g/kg flour.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Flat bread is normally consumed fresh, but the staling phenomenon starts immediately after baking this kind of bread. Today, large‐scale production and increased consumer demands for high‐quality bread with long shelf life have created the need for functional food additives such as emulsifiers and α‐amylase enzyme. Incorporation of emulsifiers and enzyme decreased the hardness of Taftoon bread. Emulsifiers and α‐amylase enzyme enhanced the flat bread dough quality. The sensory acceptability also improved with the addition of emulsifiers. Optimizing the amount of emulsifiers and enzyme required for reduction of bread hardness is vital because the quality and price of the final product depend on this parameter.
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein‐1 Plays a Dominant Role in the Chronic Inflammation Observed in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Sokolova Anna , Hill Michelle D. , Rahimi Farid , Warden Lolita A. , Halliday Glenda M. , Shepherd Claire E.
Published: July 2008

Chronic neuroinflammation correlates with cognitive decline and brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and cytokines and chemokines mediate the inflammatory response. However, quantitation of cytokines and chemokines in AD brain tissue has only been carried out for a small number of mediators with variable results. We simultaneously quantified 17 cytokines and chemokines in brain tissue extracts from controls (n = 10) and from patients with and without genetic forms of AD (n = 12). Group comparisons accounting for multiple testing revealed that monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) were consistently upregulated in AD brain tissue. Immunohistochemistry for MCP‐1, IL‐6 and IL‐8 confirmed this increase and determined localization of these factors in neurons (MCP‐1, IL‐6, IL‐8), astrocytes (MCP‐1, IL‐6) and plaque pathology (MCP‐1, IL‐8). Logistic linear regression modeling determined that MCP‐1 was the most reliable predictor of disease. Our data support previous work on significant increases in IL‐6 and IL‐8 in AD but indicate that MCP‐1 may play a more dominant role in chronic inflammation in AD.
Effect of Whey Protein Coating on Quality Attributes of Low‐Fat, Aerobically Packaged Sausage during Refrigerated Storage
Authors: Shon J. , Chin K.B.
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT:  Whey protein‐based edible coating was used to reduce oxidative degradation and microbial growth of low‐fat sausages (LFSs) stored at 4 °C for 8 wk, under aerobic package. Whey protein coating reduced (P < 0.05) thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) and peroxide value (PV) formation compared to control sausages. The percent inhibition of TBARS and PV for whey protein‐coated sausages, compared to the control, was 31.3% and 27.1%, respectively. The ability of the whey protein coating to provide a moisture barrier for the sausages was reduced (P < 0.05). In addition, a reduction of moisture loss by 36.7% compared to the control was achieved by whey coating. However, whey protein coating of LFSs did not inhibit the growth of either the total number of aerobic bacteria or of Listeria monocytogenes. These results indicated that whey protein coating had an antioxidative activity in LFSs under aerobic package during refrigerated storage.