bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foundations for a Low-Carbon Energy System in China
Authors: Lee Henry , Schrag Daniel P. , Bunn Matthew , Davidson Michael , Peng Wei , Pu Wang , Zhimin Mao
Published: December 2021

Climate change is a key problem of the 21st century. China, as the largest emitter of greenhouse gases, has committed to stabilize its current emissions and dramatically increase the share of electricity production from non-fossil fuels by 2030. However, this is only a first step: in the longer term, China needs to aggressively strive to reach a goal of zero-emissions. Through detailed discussions of electricity pricing, electric vehicle policies, nuclear energy policies, and renewable energy policies, this book reviews how near-term climate and energy policies can affect long-term decarbonization pathways beyond 2030, building the foundations for decarbonization in advance of its realization. Focusing primarily on the electricity sector in China - the main battleground for decarbonization over the next century – it provides a valuable resource for researchers and policymakers, as well as energy and climate experts.
Regional Conflict, Ceramic Senescence, and Pawnee Raw Material Choice in the Late Contact Era
Authors: Beck Margaret E. , Josephs Richard L. , Ritterbush Lauren W. , Roper Donna C.
Published: December 2021

Here, we consider the last decades of ceramic manufacture among the Pawnee in the Central Great Plains, using petrographic analysis to explore raw material availability and use at the Kitkahahki Town site (14RP1). Historical documents reveal tremendous regional pressures and conflicts in the Kitkahahki Town area during its occupation in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries—processes that could have altered or restricted the movement of women outside village boundaries. Contact-era Pawnee pottery from Kitkahahki Town exhibits atypical paste textures, atypical inclusions, or both. At least one potter used atypical materials available immediately adjacent to the village, which suggests that ceramic raw material collection was at least occasionally adjusted to reduce risk. Petrographic analysis contributes to our understanding of Indigenous communities in colonial settings, particularly to questions of technological change and landscape use when both were intensely negotiated and rapidly changing.
The flight efficiency analysis on the Multi-Arrival Route Point Merge System
Authors: Oren A. , Sahin O.
Published: December 2021

This study proposes a new operational concept of the Point Merge System, called Multi-Arrival Route Point Merge System (MAR-PMS), which is an air traffic control method used to sequence aircraft arrivals in a given terminal control area. The proposed concept enables the additional arrival routes that have an angular difference to each sequencing leg. Furthermore, a time-indexed 0-1 linear programming model is formulated. The obtained results are validated in a real time simulation. The comparison results of PMS and MAR-PMS show that the average reduction of 19% of total flight time, 23% of total flight distance, and 19% in total fuel burned and reduction in CO2 emissions in favor of a proposed concept.
VARIANTS OF KREISEL’S CONJECTURE ON A NEW NOTION OF PROVABILITY
Authors: SANTOS PAULO GUILHERME , KAHLE REINHARD
Published: December 2021

Kreisel’s conjecture is the statement: if, for all$n\in \mathbb {N}$,$\mathop {\text {PA}} \nolimits \vdash _{k \text { steps}} \varphi (\overline {n})$, then$\mathop {\text {PA}} \nolimits \vdash \forall x.\varphi (x)$. For a theory of arithmeticT, given a recursive functionh,$T \vdash _{\leq h} \varphi $holds if there is a proof of$\varphi $inTwhose code is at most$h(\#\varphi )$. This notion depends on the underlying coding.${P}^h_T(x)$is a predicate for$\vdash _{\leq h}$inT. It is shown that there exist a sentence$\varphi $and a total recursive functionhsuch that$T\vdash _{\leq h}\mathop {\text {Pr}} \nolimits _T(\ulcorner \mathop {\text {Pr}} \nolimits _T(\ulcorner \varphi \urcorner )\rightarrow \varphi \urcorner )$, but, where$\mathop {\text {Pr}} \nolimits _T$stands for the standard provability predicate inT. This statement is related to a conjecture by Montagna. Also variants and weakenings of Kreisel’s conjecture are studied. By the use of reflexion principles, one can obtain a theory$T^h_\Gamma $that extendsTsuch that a version of Kreisel’s conjecture holds: given a recursive functionhand$\varphi (x)$a$\Gamma $-formula (where$\Gamma $is an arbitrarily fixed class of formulas) such that, for all$n\in \mathbb {N}$,$T\vdash _{\leq h} \varphi (\overline {n})$, then$T^h_\Gamma \vdash \forall x.\varphi (x)$. Derivability conditions are studied for a theory to satisfy the following implication: if, then$T\vdash \forall x.\varphi (x)$. This corresponds to an arithmetization of Kreisel’s conjecture. It is shown that, for certain theories, there exists a functionhsuch that$\vdash _{k \text { steps}}\ \subseteq\ \vdash _{\leq h}$.
Regional security cooperation against hegemonic threats: Theory and evidence from France and West Germany (1945–65)
Authors: Byun Joshua
Published: December 2021

Why do some regional powers collectively threatened by a potential hegemon eagerly cooperate to ensure their security, while others appear reluctant to do so? I argue that robust security cooperation at the regional level is less likely when an unbalanced distribution of power exists between the prospective security partners. In such situations, regional security cooperation tends to be stunted by foot-dragging and obstructionism on the part of materially inferior states wary of facilitating the strategic expansion of neighbours with larger endowments of power resources, anticipating that much of the coalition's gains in military capabilities are likely to be achieved through an expansion of the materially superior neighbour's force levels and strategic flexibility. Evidence drawn from primary material and the latest historiography of France's postwar foreign policy towards West Germany provides considerable support for this argument. My findings offer important correctives to standard accounts of the origins of Western European security cooperation and suggest the need to rethink the difficulties the United States has encountered in promoting cooperation among local allies in key global regions.
Preclinical models of glioblastoma: limitations of current models and the promise of new developments
Authors: Liu Peng , Griffiths Scott , Veljanoski Damjan , Vaughn-Beaucaire Philippa , Speirs Valerie , Brüning-Richardson Anke
Published: December 2021

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumour, yet little progress has been made towards providing better treatment options for patients diagnosed with this devastating condition over the last few decades. The complex nature of the disease, heterogeneity, highly invasive potential of GBM tumours and until recently, reduced investment in research funding compared with other cancer types, are contributing factors to few advancements in disease management. Survival rates remain low with less than 5% of patients surviving 5 years. Another important contributing factor is the use of preclinical models that fail to fully recapitulate GBM pathophysiology, preventing efficient translation from the lab into successful therapies in the clinic. This review critically evaluates current preclinical GBM models, highlighting advantages and disadvantages of using such models, and outlines several emerging techniques in GBM modelling using animal-free approaches. These novel approaches to a highly complex disease such as GBM show evidence of a more truthful recapitulation of GBM pathobiology with high reproducibility. The resulting advancements in this field will offer new biological insights into GBM and its aetiology with potential to contribute towards the development of much needed improved treatments for GBM in future.
Continuously active disinfectant inactivates severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human coronavirus 229E two days after the disinfectant was applied and following wear exposures
Authors: Rutala William A. , Ikner Luisa A. , Donskey Curtis J. , Weber David J. , Gerba Charles P.
Published: December 2021

The surface environment in rooms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients may be persistently contaminated despite disinfection. A continuously active disinfectant demonstrated excellent sustained antiviral activity following a 48-hour period of wear and abrasion exposures with reinoculations. Reductions of >4-log10 were achieved within a 1-minute contact time for severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the human coronavirus, 229E.
Optimal sensor and actuator placement for feedback control of vortex shedding
Authors: Jin Bo , Illingworth Simon J. , Sandberg Richard D.
Published: December 2021

We consider linear feedback control of the two-dimensional flow past a cylinder at low Reynolds numbers, with a particular focus on the optimal placement of a single sensor and a single actuator. To accommodate the high dimensionality of the flow, we compute its leading resolvent forcing and response modes to enable the design of$\mathcal {H}_2$-optimal estimators and controllers. We then investigate three control problems: (i) optimal estimation (OE) in which we measure the flow at a single location and estimate the entire flow; (ii) full-state information control (FIC) in which we measure the entire flow but actuate at only one location; and (iii) the overall feedback control problem in which a single sensor is available for measurement and a single actuator is available for control. We characterize the performance of these control arrangements over a range of sensor and actuator placements and discuss implications for effective feedback control when using a single sensor and a single actuator. The optimal sensor and actuator placements found for the OE and FIC problems are also compared with those found for the overall feedback control problem over a range of Reynolds numbers. This comparison reveals the key factors and conflicting trade-offs that limit feedback control performance.
The fate of continuous input of relatively heavy fluid at the base of a porous medium
Authors: Huppert Herbert E. , Pegler Samuel S.
Published: December 2021

We evaluate theoretically and confirm experimentally the shape of the fluid envelope resulting from the input of relatively heavy fluid at a constant rate from a point source at the base of a homogeneous porous medium. In three dimensions an initially expanding hemisphere transitions into a gravity current flowing over the assumed rigid, horizontal and impermeable bottom of the porous medium. A range of increasing transition times occurs if defined by extrapolation of the relationships in the two extreme regimes (hemispherical shape and thin-layer gravity current) so that they intersect, for: the ratio of buoyancy to fluid resistance; the horizontal extent of the fluid; the ratio of height at the centre to the radius; and just the height at the centre. Corresponding results are derived for two-dimensional geometries. In this case, we conduct a series of laboratory experiments demonstrating the transition between the radial and gravity current regimes both in terms of form and propagation rate. The results are extrapolated briefly to two-layer systems, in order to begin to understand effects due to vertically heterogeneous pore structures. We sketch, and verify by experiment, that an expanding hemisphere in a lower layer can reach a much more permeable upper layer and flow through it as a gravity current, thereby uniting the two regimes.
Marangoni instabilities of drops of different viscosities in stratified liquids
Authors: Li Yanshen , Meijer Jochem G. , Lohse Detlef
Published: December 2021

For an immiscible oil drop immersed in a stably stratified ethanol–water mixture, a downwards solutal Marangoni flow is generated on the surface of the drop, owing to the concentration gradient, and the resulting propulsion competes against the downwards gravitational acceleration of the heavy drop. In prior work of Li et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 126, issue 12, 2021, 124502), we found that for drops of low viscosity, an oscillatory instability of the Marangoni flow is triggered once the Marangoni advection is too strong for diffusion to restore the stratified concentration field around the drop. Here we experimentally explore the parameter space of the concentration gradient and drop radius for high oil viscosities and find a different and new mechanism for triggering the oscillatory instability in which diffusion is no longer the limiting factor. For such drops of higher viscosities, the instability is triggered when the gravitational effect is too strong so that the viscous stress cannot maintain a stable Marangoni flow. This leads to a critical drop radius above which the equilibrium is always unstable. Subsequently, a unifying scaling theory that includes both the mechanisms for low and for high viscosities of the oil drops is developed. The transition between the two mechanisms is found to be controlled by two length scales: the drop radius

$R$

and the boundary layer thickness

$\delta$

of the Marangoni flow around the drop. The instability is dominated by diffusion for

$\delta < R$

and by viscosity for

$R<\delta$

. The experimental results for various drops of different viscosities can well be described with this unifying scaling theory. Our theoretical description thus provides a unifying view of physicochemical hydrodynamic problems in which the Marangoni stress is competing with a stable stratification.
MONADIC INTUITIONISTIC AND MODAL LOGICS ADMITTING PROVABILITY INTERPRETATIONS
Authors: BEZHANISHVILI GURAM , BRANTLEY KRISTINA , ILIN JULIA
Published: December 2021

The Gödel translation provides an embedding of the intuitionistic logic$\mathsf {IPC}$into the modal logic$\mathsf {Grz}$, which then embeds into the modal logic$\mathsf {GL}$via the splitting translation. Combined with Solovay’s theorem that$\mathsf {GL}$is the modal logic of the provability predicate of Peano Arithmetic$\mathsf {PA}$, both$\mathsf {IPC}$and$\mathsf {Grz}$admit provability interpretations. When attempting to ‘lift’ these results to the monadic extensions$\mathsf {MIPC}$,$\mathsf {MGrz}$, and$\mathsf {MGL}$of these logics, the same techniques no longer work. Following a conjecture made by Esakia, we add an appropriate version of Casari’s formula to these monadic extensions (denoted by a ‘+’), obtaining that the Gödel translation embeds$\mathsf {M^{+}IPC}$into$\mathsf {M^{+}Grz}$and the splitting translation embeds$\mathsf {M^{+}Grz}$into$\mathsf {MGL}$. As proven by Japaridze, Solovay’s result extends to the monadic system$\mathsf {MGL}$, which leads us to a provability interpretation of both$\mathsf {M^{+}IPC}$and$\mathsf {M^{+}Grz}$.
Implementing Partisan Symmetry: A Response to a Response
Authors: DeFord Daryl , Dhamankar Natasha , Duchin Moon , Gupta Varun , McPike Mackenzie , Schoenbach Gabe , Sim Ki Wan
Published: December 2021

Katz, King, and Rosenblatt recently wrote a broad survey developing and extending the theory of partisan symmetry. Our paper reviewed the implementability of the theory, focusing on simplified scores of symmetry—seemingly compatible with their formulation—that are in wide use. We analyzed these simplified scores and concluded that they are not suited for redistricting reform. By our reading of their response, Katz, King, and Rosenblatt agree.
Simulation of the plume of a magnetically enhanced plasma thruster with SPIS
Authors: Di Fede Simone , Magarotto Mirko , Andrews Shaun , Pavarin Daniele
Published: December 2021

A three-dimensional fully kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation strategy has been implemented to simulate the acceleration stage of a magnetically enhanced plasma thruster (MEPT). The study has been performed with the open-source code Spacecraft Plasma Interaction Software (SPIS). The tool has been copiously modified to simulate properly the dynamics of a magnetized plasma plume. A cross-validation of the methodology has been done with Starfish, a two-dimensional open-source PIC software. Two configurations have been compared: (i) in the absence of a magnetic field and (ii) in the presence of a magnetic field generated by a coil with maximum intensity of 300 G at the thruster outlet. The results show a reduction of the plume divergence angle, an increase of ion speed and an increase of the specific impulse in the presence of the magnetic nozzle. The simulations presented in this study are representative of the operative conditions of a 50 W MEPT. Nonetheless, the methodology adopted can be extended to handle the magnetized plasma plume of several other types of thrusters such as electron cyclotron resonance and applied field magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters.
Racialisation in Malaysia: Multiracialism, multiculturalism, and the cultural politics of the possible
Authors: Gabriel Sharmani Patricia
Published: December 2021

This article focuses on racialisation as a signifying practice and cultural process that attributes difference in Malaysia. It attempts to think with and against the concept of racialisation with an aim to add to a clearer understanding of the cultural politics of ‘race’. It focuses on the hierarchies of power and marginalisation, visibility and invisibility, inclusion and exclusion that are built into dominant discourses and modes of knowledge production about race, citizenship, and culture in Malaysia. This article aims to show how the political mobilisation of race as a remnant of colonial governmentality disciplines social processes through the notion of multiculturalism. For this reason, it sets up state-endorsed ‘multiracialism’ and a people-driven ‘multiculturalism’ as oppositional ways of thinking about race. It concludes by briefly identifying some key drivers for cultural transformation and speculating if these people-centred processes can offer a more imaginative racial horizon.
Mountain freshwater ecosystems and protected areas in the tropical Andes: insights and gaps for climate change adaptation
Authors: Quenta-Herrera Estefania , Crespo-Pérez Verónica , Mark Bryan G , Gonzales Ana Lía , Kulonen Aino
Published: December 2021

Although protected areas (PAs) play an important role in ecosystem conservation and climate change adaptation, no systematic information is available on PA protection of high-elevation freshwater ecosystems (e.g., lakes and watersheds with glaciers), their biodiversity and their ecosystem services in the tropical Andes. We therefore combined a literature review and map analysis of PAs of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and national systems of PAs and freshwater ecosystems. We found that seven national parks were created for water resources protection but were not designed for freshwater conservation (i.e., larger watersheds). High-value biodiversity sites have not been protected, and new local PAs were created due to water resource needs. We quantified 31 Ramsar sites and observed that PAs cover 12% of lakes, 31% of glacial lakes and 12% of the total stream length in the tropical Andes. Additionally, 120 watersheds (average area 631 km2) with glaciers and 40% of the total glacier surface area were covered by PAs. Future research into the role of PAs in ecosystem services provision and more detailed freshwater inventories within and around PAs, especially for those dependent on glacier runoff, will fill key knowledge gaps for freshwater conservation and climate change adaptation in the tropical Andes.
Crosstalk between protein kinases A and C regulates sea urchin sperm motility
Authors: Loza-Huerta Arlet , Pacheco-Castillo Hiram , Darszon Alberto , Beltrán Carmen
Published: December 2021

Fertilization, a crucial event for species preservation, in sea urchins, as in many other organisms, requires sperm motility regulation. InStrongylocentrotus purpuratussea urchins, speract, a sperm chemoattractant component released to seawater from the outer egg layer, attracts sperm after binding to its receptor in the sperm flagellum. Previous experiments performed in demembranated sperm indicated that motility regulation in these cells involved protein phosphorylation mainly due to the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). However, little information is known about the involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) in this process. In this work, using intactS. purpuratussea urchin sperm, we show that: (i) the levels of both phosphorylated PKA (PKA substrates) and PKC (PKC substrates) substrates change between immotile, motile and speract-stimulated sperm, and (ii) the non-competitive PKA (H89) and PKC (chelerythrine) inhibitors diminish the circular velocity of sperm and alter the phosphorylation levels of PKA substrates and PKC substrates, while the competitive inhibitors Rp-cAMP and bisindolylmaleimide (BIM) do not. Altogether, our results show that both PKA and PKC participate in sperm motility regulation through a crosstalk in the signalling pathway. These results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms that govern motility in sea urchin sperm.
Impacts of an EMS Hospital Liaison Program on Ambulance Offload Times: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Scharf Becca M. , Garfinkel Eric M. , Sabat David J. , Cohn Eric B. , Linton Robert C. , Levy Matthew J.
Published: December 2021

Introduction:

Ambulance patients who are unable to be quickly transferred to an emergency department (ED) bed represent a key contributing factor to ambulance offload delay (AOD). Emergency department crowding and associated AOD are exacerbated by multiple factors, including infectious disease outbreaks such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Initiatives to address AOD present an opportunity to streamline ambulance offload procedures while improving patient outcomes.

Study Objective:

The goal of this study was to evaluate the initial outcomes and impact of a novel Emergency Medical Service (EMS)-based Hospital Liaison Program (HLP) on ambulance offload times (AOTs).

Methods:

Ambulance offload times associated with EMS patients transported to a community hospital six months before and after HLP implementation were retrospectively analyzed using proportional significance tests, t-tests, and multiple regression analysis.

Results:

A proportional increase in incidents in the zero to <30 minutes time category after program implementation (+2.96%; P <.01) and a commensurate decrease in the proportion of incidents in the 30 to <60 minutes category (−2.65%; P <.01) were seen. The fully adjusted regression model showed AOT was 16.31% lower (P <.001) after HLP program implementation, holding all other variables constant.

Conclusion:

The HLP is an innovative initiative that constitutes a novel pathway for EMS and hospital systems to synergistically enhance ambulance offload procedures. The greatest effect was demonstrated in patients exhibiting potentially life-threatening symptoms, with a reduction of approximately three minutes. While small, this outcome was a statistically significant decrease from the pre-intervention period. Ultimately, the HLP represents an additional strategy to complement existing approaches to mitigate AOD.
Ceci n’est pas un subalterne. A Comment on Indigenous Erasure in Ontology-Related Archaeologies
Authors: Marín-Aguilera Beatriz
Published: December 2021

Having followed with great interest the latest scholarly literature on ontology-related archaeologies, especially in this journal, this essay will problematise the extractive nature of much of this scholarship in the long-history of Western imperialism, in which Indigenous knowledge has been collected, depoliticised, classified, and then re-signified within Western frameworks.
National and international non-therapeutic recommendations for adult palliative and end-of-life care in times of pandemics: A scoping review
Authors: Gesell Daniela , Lehmann Eva , Gauder Sonja , Wallner Marie , Simon Steffen , Bausewein Claudia
Published: December 2021

Objective

The care of seriously ill and dying people is an important task, especially in times of pandemics and regardless of the patients’ infection status. Before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, healthcare systems were not sufficiently prepared for the challenges of palliative and end-of-life care during a pandemic. The aim was to identify and synthesize relevant aspects and non-therapeutic recommendations of palliative and end-of-life care of seriously ill and dying people, infected and uninfected, and their relatives after one year into the pandemic to outline what actions, practices, and procedures were taken to deal with the pandemic and its consequences.

Method

A scoping literature review following the methods of the PRISMA-ScR. The electronic literature search was conducted in 09/2020 and updated in 02/2021 using MEDLINE (Pubmed), with no restriction of publication date and eligibility criteria. In addition, a manual search was carried out.

Results

A total of 280 studies met the inclusion criteria and three main aspects have emerged. The reduction of physical contact due to the risk of infection severely limited the work of palliative care professionals and solutions had to be found to maintain palliative and end-of-life care structures. This has been accompanied by strict visitor restrictions and the need to support patients, relatives, and enable contact. The third relevant aspect is the integration of specialist palliative care expertise into other clinical settings.

Significance of results

This scoping review demonstrates the need for basic palliative care training for every healthcare professional. It supports the importance of developing a national strategy for palliative care in pandemic times in every country, including the digitalization of the healthcare sector to offer telecommunication/telemedicine.
GÖDEL’S THEOREM AND DIRECT SELF-REFERENCE
Authors: KRIPKE SAUL A.
Published: December 2021

In his paper on the incompleteness theorems, Gödel seemed to say that a direct way of constructing a formula that says of itself that it is unprovable might involve a faulty circularity. In this note, it is proved that ‘direct’ self-reference can actually be used to prove his result.
Cutover Peat Limits Methane Production Causing Low Emission at a Restored Peatland
Authors: Nugent Kelly A. , Strachan Ian B. , Strack Maria , Roulet Nigel T. , Ström Lena , Chanton Jeffrey P.
Published: December 2021

Peatland degradation due to human activities is contributing to rising atmospheric CO2 levels. Restoring the carbon (C) sink function in degraded peatlands and preventing further stored C losses is a key climate mitigation strategy, given the global scale of peatland disturbance. Active restoration involving a combination of rewetting and vegetation reestablishment at a post‐extraction peatland in Canada has been shown to successfully re‐establish net CO2 uptake rates similar to undisturbed peatlands within a decade or two. However, lower than expected CH4 emissions suggest recovery of belowground C cycling processes may lag behind the recovery of the surface net flux. Using closed chamber measurements over a warm season, we determined that restored Sphagnum, which covers two thirds of the site, was a null source of CH4. Emissions from the restored site were primarily attributed to vascular plant substrate inputs, measured as acetate, and plant‐mediated transport. The C isotopic fractionation factor for CH4 and CO2 in the pore water from the restored former peat field suggested reduced hydrogenotrophic CH4 production deeper in the cutover peat profile (0.8 m depth). In contrast, isotopic fractionation in the former drainage ditches showed a balance of acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis deeper in the profile, indicative of some bulk peat C turnover. This study suggests that the legacy of substrate quality in the cutover peat can reduce the climate warming impact of newly restored peatlands through a reduction in CH4 production and thus emission.
Statistical Study of Electron Density Enhancements in the Ionospheric F Region Associated With Pulsating Auroras
Authors: Fukizawa M. , Sakanoi T. , Ogawa Y. , Tsuda T. T. , Hosokawa K.
Published: December 2021

Pulsating auroras (PsAs) are considered to be caused by energetic (>a few keV) electron precipitation. Additionally, soft electron precipitation (<a few keV) has often been observed in PsAs. This soft electron precipitation enhances the electron density in the ionospheric F region. However, to date, the relationship between PsAs and soft electron precipitation has not been well understood. In this study, using the data taken by the European incoherent scatter radar and the auroral all‐sky imager at Tromsø, we conducted two case studies to investigate, in detail, the relationship between the electron density height profile and the type of aurora. Additionally, we conducted statistical studies for 14 events to elucidate how often F region electron density enhancement occurs with a PsA. We consequently found that 76% of electron density height profiles showed a local peak in the F region, with electron temperature enhancements. It was also found that 89% of the F region peak altitudes were above the peak altitude of the ionization rate produced by electrons of characteristic energy below 100 eV. The occurrence rate of these profiles in the hourly magnetic local time (MLT) exceeded 80% in the 22–3 MLT sectors. We suggest that the electron density enhancement in the F region would have been caused by electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic waves in the magnetosphere. Another candidate would have been polar patches that had traveled from the dayside ionosphere.
Tajik Depression and Greater Pamir Neotectonics From InSAR Rate Maps
Authors: Metzger Sabrina , Gągała Łukasz , Ratschbacher Lothar , Lazecký Milan , Maghsoudi Yasser , Schurr Bernd
Published: December 2021

Using E‐W and vertical deformation‐rate maps derived from radar interferometric time‐series, we analyze the deformation field of an entire orogenic segment, that is, the Tajik depression and its adjoining mountain belts, Tian Shan, Pamir, and Hindu Kush. The data‐base consists of 900+ radar scenes acquired over 2.0–4.5 years and global navigation satellite system measurements. The recent, supra‐regional kinematics is visualized in an unprecedented spatio‐temporal resolution. We confirm the westward collapse of the Pamir‐Plateau crust, inverting the Tajik basin into a fold‐thrust belt (FTB) with shortening rates decaying westward from ∼15 to 2 mm/yr. Vertical rates in the Hindu Kush likely record slab‐dynamic effects, that is, the progressive break‐off of the Hindu Kush slab. At least 10 mm/yr of each, uplift and westward motion occur along the western edge of the Pamir Plateau, outlining the crustal‐scale ramp along which the Pamir Plateau overrides the Tajik depression. The latter shows a combination of basin‐scale tectonics, halokinesis, and seasonal/weather‐driven near‐surface effects. Abrupt ∼6 mm/yr horizontal‐rate changes occur across the kinematically linked dextral Ilyak strike‐slip fault, bounding the Tajik FTB to the north, and the Babatag backthrust, the major thrust of the FTB, located far west in the belt. The sharp rate decay across the Ilyak fault indicates a locking depth of ≤1 km. The Hoja Mumin salt fountain is spreading laterally at ≤350 mm/yr. On the first‐order, the modern 20–5 and fossil (since ∼12 Ma) 12–8 mm/yr shortening rates across the FTB correspond.
The multifunctional protein E4F1 links P53 to lipid metabolism in adipocytes
Authors: Lacroix Matthieu , Linares Laetitia K. , Rueda-Rincon Natalia , Bloch Katarzyna , Di Michele Michela , De Blasio Carlo , Fau Caroline , Gayte Laurie , Blanchet Emilie , Mairal Aline , Derua Rita , Cardona Fernando , Beuzelin Diane , Annicotte Jean-Sebastien , Pirot Nelly , Torro Adeline , Tinahones Francisco J. , Bernex Florence , Bertrand-Michel Justine , Langin Dominique , Fajas Lluis , Swinnen Johannes V. , Le Cam Laurent
Published: December 2021

Growing evidence supports the importance of the p53 tumor suppressor in metabolism but the mechanisms underlying p53-mediated control of metabolism remain poorly understood. Here, we identify the multifunctional E4F1 protein as a key regulator of p53 metabolic functions in adipocytes. While E4F1 expression is upregulated during obesity, E4f1 inactivation in mouse adipose tissue results in a lean phenotype associated with insulin resistance and protection against induced obesity. Adipocytes lacking E4F1 activate a p53-dependent transcriptional program involved in lipid metabolism. The direct interaction between E4F1 and p53 and their co-recruitment to the Steaoryl-CoA Desaturase-1 locus play an important role to regulate monounsaturated fatty acids synthesis in adipocytes. Consistent with the role of this E4F1-p53-Steaoryl-CoA Desaturase-1 axis in adipocytes, p53 inactivation or diet complementation with oleate partly restore adiposity and improve insulin sensitivity in E4F1-deficient mice. Altogether, our findings identify a crosstalk between E4F1 and p53 in the control of lipid metabolism in adipocytes that is relevant to obesity and insulin resistance.
Artificial intelligence-enhanced quantum chemical method with broad applicability
Authors: Zheng Peikun , Zubatyuk Roman , Wu Wei , Isayev Olexandr , Dral Pavlo O.
Published: December 2021

High-level quantum mechanical (QM) calculations are indispensable for accurate explanation of natural phenomena on the atomistic level. Their staggering computational cost, however, poses great limitations, which luckily can be lifted to a great extent by exploiting advances in artificial intelligence (AI). Here we introduce the general-purpose, highly transferable artificial intelligence–quantum mechanical method 1 (AIQM1). It approaches the accuracy of the gold-standard coupled cluster QM method with high computational speed of the approximate low-level semiempirical QM methods for the neutral, closed-shell species in the ground state. AIQM1 can provide accurate ground-state energies for diverse organic compounds as well as geometries for even challenging systems such as large conjugated compounds (fullerene C60) close to experiment. This opens an opportunity to investigate chemical compounds with previously unattainable speed and accuracy as we demonstrate by determining geometries of polyyne molecules—the task difficult for both experiment and theory. Noteworthy, our method’s accuracy is also good for ions and excited-state properties, although the neural network part of AIQM1 was never fitted to these properties.
Substantial oxygen consumption by aerobic nitrite oxidation in oceanic oxygen minimum zones
Authors: Beman J. M. , Vargas S. M. , Wilson J. M. , Perez-Coronel E. , Karolewski J. S. , Vazquez S. , Yu A. , Cairo A. E. , White M. E. , Koester I. , Aluwihare L. I. , Wankel S. D.
Published: December 2021

Oceanic oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are globally significant sites of biogeochemical cycling where microorganisms deplete dissolved oxygen (DO) to concentrations <20 µM. Amid intense competition for DO in these metabolically challenging environments, aerobic nitrite oxidation may consume significant amounts of DO and help maintain low DO concentrations, but this remains unquantified. Using parallel measurements of oxygen consumption rates and 15N-nitrite oxidation rates applied to both water column profiles and oxygen manipulation experiments, we show that the contribution of nitrite oxidation to overall DO consumption systematically increases as DO declines below 2 µM. Nitrite oxidation can account for all DO consumption only under DO concentrations <393 nM found in and below the secondary chlorophyll maximum. These patterns are consistent across sampling stations and experiments, reflecting coupling between nitrate reduction and nitrite-oxidizing Nitrospina with high oxygen affinity (based on isotopic and omic data). Collectively our results demonstrate that nitrite oxidation plays a pivotal role in the maintenance and biogeochemical dynamics of OMZs.
Mechanism of phosphate sensing and signaling revealed by rice SPX1-PHR2 complex structure
Authors: Zhou Jia , Hu Qinli , Xiao Xinlong , Yao Deqiang , Ge Shenghong , Ye Jin , Li Haojie , Cai Rujie , Liu Renyang , Meng Fangang , Wang Chao , Zhu Jian-Kang , Lei Mingguang , Xing Weiman
Published: December 2021

Phosphate, a key plant nutrient, is perceived through inositol polyphosphates (InsPs) by SPX domain-containing proteins. SPX1 an inhibit the PHR2 transcription factor to maintain Pi homeostasis. How SPX1 recognizes an InsP molecule and represses transcription activation by PHR2 remains unclear. Here we show that, upon binding InsP6, SPX1 can disrupt PHR2 dimers and form a 1:1 SPX1-PHR2 complex. The complex structure reveals that SPX1 helix α1 can impose a steric hindrance when interacting with the PHR2 dimer. By stabilizing helix α1, InsP6allosterically decouples the PHR2 dimer and stabilizes the SPX1-PHR2 interaction. In doing so, InsP6further allows SPX1 to engage with the PHR2 MYB domain and sterically block its interaction with DNA. Taken together, our results suggest that, upon sensing the surrogate signals of phosphate, SPX1 inhibits PHR2 via a dual mechanism that attenuates dimerization and DNA binding activities of PHR2.
Circular functional analysis of OCT data for precise identification of structural phenotypes in the eye
Authors: Ali Md. Hasnat , Wainwright Brian , Petersen Alexander , Jonnadula Ganesh B. , Desai Meghana , Rao Harsha L. , Srinivas M. B. , Jammalamadaka S. Rao , Senthil Sirisha , Pyne Saumyadipta
Published: December 2021

Progressive optic neuropathies such as glaucoma are major causes of blindness globally. Multiple sources of subjectivity and analytical challenges are often encountered by clinicians in the process of early diagnosis and clinical management of these diseases. In glaucoma, the structural damage is often characterized by neuroretinal rim (NRR) thinning of the optic nerve head, and other clinical parameters. Baseline structural heterogeneity in the eyes can play a key role in the progression of optic neuropathies, and present challenges to clinical decision-making. We generated a dataset of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) based high-resolution circular measurements on NRR phenotypes, along with other clinical covariates, of 3973 healthy eyes as part of an established clinical cohort of Asian Indian participants. We introduced CIFU, a new computational pipeline for CIrcular FUnctional data modeling and analysis. We demonstrated CIFU by unsupervised circular functional clustering of the OCT NRR data, followed by meta-clustering to characterize the clusters using clinical covariates, and presented a circular visualization of the results. Upon stratification by age, we identified a healthy NRR phenotype cluster in the age group 40–49 years with predictive potential for glaucoma. Our dataset also addresses the disparity of representation of this particular population in normative OCT databases.
Thirty-day hospital readmission prediction model based on common data model with weather and air quality data
Authors: Ryu Borim , Yoo Sooyoung , Kim Seok , Choi Jinwook
Published: December 2021

Although several studies have attempted to develop a model for predicting 30-day re-hospitalization, few attempts have been made for sufficient verification and multi-center expansion for clinical use. In this study, we developed a model that predicts unplanned hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge; the model is based on a common data model and considers weather and air quality factors, and can be easily extended to multiple hospitals. We developed and compared four tree-based machine learning methods: decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost, and gradient boosting machine (GBM). Above all, GBM showed the highest AUC performance of 75.1 in the clinical model, while the clinical and W-score model showed the best performance of 73.9 for musculoskeletal diseases. Further, PM10, rainfall, and maximum temperature were the weather and air quality variables that most impacted the model. In addition, external validation has confirmed that the model based on weather and air quality factors has transportability to adapt to other hospital systems.
The role of eye movements in perceiving vehicle speed and time-to-arrival at the roadside
Authors: Sudkamp Jennifer , Bocian Mateusz , Souto David
Published: December 2021

To avoid collisions, pedestrians depend on their ability to perceive and interpret the visual motion of other road users. Eye movements influence motion perception, yet pedestrians’ gaze behavior has been little investigated. In the present study, we ask whether observers sample visual information differently when making two types of judgements based on the same virtual road-crossing scenario and to which extent spontaneous gaze behavior affects those judgements. Participants performed in succession a speed and a time-to-arrival two-interval discrimination task on the same simple traffic scenario—a car approaching at a constant speed (varying from 10 to 90 km/h) on a single-lane road. On average, observers were able to discriminate vehicle speeds of around 18 km/h and times-to-arrival of 0.7 s. In both tasks, observers placed their gaze closely towards the center of the vehicle’s front plane while pursuing the vehicle. Other areas of the visual scene were sampled infrequently. No differences were found in the average gaze behavior between the two tasks and a pattern classifier (Support Vector Machine), trained on trial-level gaze patterns, failed to reliably classify the task from the spontaneous eye movements it elicited. Saccadic gaze behavior could predict time-to-arrival discrimination performance, demonstrating the relevance of gaze behavior for perceptual sensitivity in road-crossing.
Efficacy and immunogenicity of different BCG doses in BALB/c and CB6F1 mice when challenged with H37Rv or Beijing HN878
Authors: Khatri Bhagwati , Keeble James , Dagg Belinda , Kaveh Daryan A. , Hogarth Philip J. , Ho Mei Mei
Published: December 2021

Two strains of mice (BALB/c and CB6F1) were vaccinated with a range of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Danish doses from 3 × 105to 30 CFU/mouse, followed by aerosol infection withMtb(H37Rv or West-Beijing HN878 strain). The results indicated that both strains of mice when infected with HN878 exhibited significant protection in their lungs with BCG doses at 3 × 105—3000 CFU (BALB/c) and 3 × 105—300 CFU (CB6F1). Whereas, a significant protection was seen in both strains of mice with BCG doses at 3 × 105—300 CFU when infected with H37Rv. A significant increase in the frequencies of BCG-specific IFNγ+IL2+TNFα+CD4 T cells in the BCG doses at 3 × 105—3000 CFU (BALB/c) and 3 × 105—300 CFU (CB6F1) was seen. The IFNγ+IL2+TNFα+CD4 T cells correlated with theMtbburden in the lungs of HN878 infected mice (BALB/c and CB6F1) whereas, IFNγ+TNFα+CD4 T cells correlated with the BALB/c mice infected with H37Rv or HN878. The BCG dose at 3000 CFU (an equivalent single human dose in the mice by body weight) is protective in both strains of mice infected with H37Rv or HN878 and may serve an interesting dose to test new TB vaccine in a preclinical animal model.
Emerging trends of therapy related myeloid neoplasms following modern cancer therapeutics in the United States
Authors: Singh Abhay , Herr Megan M. , Griffiths Elizabeth A. , Przespolewski Amanda , Faber Mark G. , Mrad Chebli , Wang Eunice S. , Hahn Theresa , Thota Swapna
Published: December 2021

Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is a risk factor for the development of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes (tMDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (tAML). Adoption of targeted-immunotherapeutics since 2011, may alter the risk of CH progression to tMDS/AML. To study this, we evaluated risk of tMDS and tAML in 667 588 ≥ 1-year survivors of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), melanoma and multiple-myeloma (MM) diagnosed during: 2000–2005, 2006–2010 and 2011–2016. The risk of tMDS increased significantly after NSCLC across all time periods (Ptrend = 0.002) while tAML risk decreased from 2006–2010 to 2011–2016, coinciding with increasing use of non-chemotherapeutic agents. tAML risk after RCC decreased (Ptrend = 0.007) whereas tMDS risk did not significantly change over time. After melanoma, tMDS and tAML risks were similar to the general population. tMDS and tAML risk after MM increased from the first to second time-period, however, only risk of tMDS decreased during last period. We report diverging trends in the risk of tAML and tMDS after adoption of modern cancer therapies for specific cancers. It is imperative to further explore impact of contemporary treatment strategies on clonal evolution. Modern treatments via their discrete mechanism of actions on pre-existing CH may alter the risk of subsequent tMDS and tAML.
Experimental investigation of size broadening of a Kα x-ray source produced by high intensity laser pulses
Authors: Gambari M. , Clady R. , Videau L. , Utéza O. , Ferré A. , Sentis M.
Published: December 2021

The size of a hard Kα x-ray source ($${\mathrm{E}}_{{\rm{K}}_{\rm{\alpha }}}$$

E

K
α

= 17.48 keV) produced by a high intensity femtosecond laser interacting with a solid molybdenum target is experimentally investigated for a wide range of laser intensity (I ~ 1017–2.8 × 1019 W/cm2) and for four values of the temporal contrast ratio (6.7 × 107 < CR < 3.3 × 1010). Results point out the size enlargement of the x-ray source with the increase of laser intensity and with the deterioration of temporal contrast. It amounts up to sixteen times the laser spot size at the highest laser intensity and for the lowest temporal contrast ratio. Using hydrodynamic simulations, we evaluate the density scale length of the pre-plasma L/λ just before the main pulse peak. This allows us to show that a direct correlation with the laser absorption mechanisms is not relevant to explain the large size broadening. By varying the thickness of the molybdenum target down to 4 µm, the impact of hot electron scattering inside the solid is also proved irrelevant to explain the evolution of both the x-ray source size and the Kα photon number. We deduce that the most probable mechanism yielding to the broadening of the source size is linked to the creation of surface electromagnetic fields which confine the hot electrons at the solid surface. This assumption is supported by dedicated experiments where the evolution of the size enlargement of the x-ray source is carefully studied as a function of the laser focal spot size for the highest contrast ratio.
Changes in resting-state measures of prostate cancer patients exposed to androgen deprivation therapy
Authors: Plata-Bello Julio , Plata-Bello Ana , Pérez-Martín Yaiza , López-Curtis David , Acosta-López Silvia , Modroño Cristián , Concepción-Massip Tomás
Published: December 2021

The aim of the present work is to describe the differences in rs-fMRI measures (Amplitude of low frequency fluctuations [ALFF], Regional Homogeneity [ReHo] and Functional Connectivity [FC]) between patients exposed to Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and a control group. Forty-nine ADT patients and fifteen PC-non-ADT patients (Controls) were included in the study. A neuropsychological evaluation and a resting-state fMRI was performed to evaluate differences in ALFF and ReHo. Region of interest (ROI) analysis was also performed. ROIs were selected among those whose androgen receptor expression (at RNA-level) was the highest. FC analysis was performed using the same ROIs. Higher ALFF in frontal regions and temporal regions was identified in Controls than in ADT patients. In the ROI analysis, higher activity for Controls than ADT patients was shown in the left inferior frontal gyrus and in the left precentral gyrus. Lower ALFF in the right hippocampus and the lateral geniculate nucleus of the right thalamus was identified for Controls than ADT patients. Higher ReHo was observed in Controls in the left parietal-occipital area. Finally, ADT patients presented an increase of FC in more regions than Controls. These differences may reflect an impairment in brain functioning in ADT users.