bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
End of an Era? The Future of Stock Options
Authors: van Putten Steven M. , Graskamp Edward D.
Published: July 2003

This article reviews the factors underlying the phenomenal growth of stock options, discusses the implications for options in today’s economic and political environment and suggests possible actions for addressing these implications. Stock option popularity soared over the past decade as a form of compensation not only in the United States but also around the world. A number of forces appear to be converging that may castigate stock options. The net result is a reexamination of stock options and the role options should play in compensating employees. Although the future of stock options remains unclear, companies have a unique opportunity to take actions now to ensure future long-term success. Charting this course involves fresh thinking about where the organization wants to be and a candid assessment of where it is now. Effective compensation program design is an evolutionary journey, one that needs to be sufficiently flexible to adapt as the organization moves through its metamorphosis while responding to external realities and developments.
Plan Design and Work/ Life Management in Incentive Compensation
Authors: Liccione William J.
Published: July 2003

For many organizations during the bull market of the 1990s, attracting, retaining and motivating highly qualified employees were a matter of offering them sufficiently large stock grants, option grants and/or bonuses. Such is no longer the case. For both the employees participating in incentive compensation plans and the employers who are sponsoring such plans, deteriorating economic conditions have encouraged a more sober view of incentive compensation. With incentive payouts harder to come by, employees are increasingly concerned about three potential problems: being held accountable for goals they cannot attain, opportunities for rewards that are not commensurate with the compensation risk they are being asked to take and managers who are not going to provide the support necessary for them to optimize the opportunities for goal attainment and rewards. As a result of such concerns, there is a renewed interest in the fundamentals of effective incentive compensation. Most notably, there is a renewed interest in the importance of both plan design and managerial support to incentive compensation. This article addresses these issues in detail.
Pay and Personality
Authors: Turnasella Ted
Published: July 2003

Compensation plan design focuses on management’s pay philosophy, the organization’s expectations with regard to business results or effective work behaviors and the kind and amount of rewards to be offered. The premise is that rewards can shape and drive behavior. Research would suggest that this is true. The effectiveness of compensation plans, however, can be increased or diminished by a factor that is rarely accounted for in the design and communication of compensation plans—the personality profiles of the employees themselves. This article marries compensation plan attributes to a commonly used personality profiling device called the DISC to demonstrate the considerations that would come into play for compensation plans designed for four different personality types. In addition to compensation plan design considerations, personality also plays a role in how compensation plans are communicated to employees, a critical step in implementing compensation plans.
Taking Motivation and Recognition Online
Authors: Perlmutter Andrew L.
Published: July 2003

The Internet has become a dominant force in business and daily life. Although different industries have seen varying levels of online success, the incentive industry is being revolutionized by the adaptation of traditional incentive programs to online solutions. The application of Web-based incentives is still in its infancy, but a number of professional motivation companies have foreseen its significance and developed remarkable applications. The percentage of the $15 billion business spends annually on incentives now being channeled to online programs is on the rise. The Internet is an economical, efficient and flexible vehicle that is saving businesses that are creating new incentive programs both time and money. The advantages over traditional programs include increased efficiency, flexibility, scalability, ease of communication, administrative options and communication tools.
Compensation Systems in Singapore
Authors: Wan David , Ong Chin Huat
Published: July 2003

Singapore is a resource-scarce country, and yet it is often viewed as a showcase of successful economic management. Understanding how Singapore’s employees are motivated and nurtured at both the national and workplace levels helps explain why the country continues to succeed despite various limitations. This article provides an overview of the pay practices in Singapore. It examines in some detail the evolution of the compensation system under the leadership of the National Wages Council since 1972. It also presents a profile of the national pay structure and occupational, industry and gender differences. The article also discusses an original study of pay practices in 21 electronics manufacturing companies in Singapore. Finally, the article looks at the causal link between directors’ remuneration and firm performance.
Section 401(k),403(b) and 457(b) Plans after EGTRRA
Authors: Kilgour John G.
Published: July 2003

Section 401(k), 403(b) and 457(b) defined contribution pension plans have become a major element of the retirement income system of the United States, either as the employer's primary plan or as a supplement to a traditional defined benefit pension. Although these plans had separate origins and developments, the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA) (effective 2002) made them more similar to each other and greatly increased portability among them. The act also greatly enhanced the opportunity to save for retirement under favorable tax conditions for those with the discretionary income to do so. This article examines and evaluates 401(k), 403(b) and 457(b) pension plans as affected by the provisions of EGTRRA.
Villain or Victim: Regional Variation and Ethnic Disparity in Federal Drug Offense Sentencing
Authors: Pasko Lisa
Published: July 2003

Racial disparity and discrimination in drug offense sentencing continue to concern criminal justice policy makers, practitioners, and researchers. The growth of the drug offender population, coupled with the proliferation of newdrug offenses such as methamphetamine, warrants a new investigation of federal drug offenses. Despite the potential of uniformity under determinate sentencing, some groups of offenders are subject to more severe penalties than others are. This research maintains that variation in sentencing can best be understood through an examination of who is perceived as a “villain” and who is a “victim” in drug trafficking. This study (a) uses a multivariate analysis of federal drug offenses to evaluate regional sentencing differences and its impact on different racial and ethnic groups and (b) explains why Hispanics, more than any other ethnic group, receive the longest drug offense sentence.
Help Wanted: A Survey of Employer Concerns About Hiring Ex-Convicts
Authors: Giguere Rachelle , Dundes Lauren
Published: July 2003

The majority (53%) of 62 Baltimore area employers surveyed were willing to hire an ex-offender described in a hypothetical scenario. Employers’greatest apprehensions concerned ex-offenders’ people skills and their customers’ discomfort if customers knew that an ex-convict worked for them. Also, the data show that employers’willingness to take advantage of a program with subsidized wages and their fear of being victimized were related to their degree of social contact with ex-convicts. These findings suggest that ex-offenders would benefit from programs enhancing people skills and that employerswith greater familiarity with ex-convicts can more easily dismiss negative stereotypes about this population.
Psychometric Properties of the Stroke Impairment Assessment Set (SIAS)
Authors: Liu Meigen , Chino Naoichi , Tuji Testuya , Masakado Yoshihisa , Hase Kimitaka , Kimura Akio
Published: July 2003

Objective: To review the psychometric properties of the Stroke Impairment Assessment Set (SIAS), which was developed in 1990 as a comprehensive instrument to assess stroke impairment. Method: Articles related to the SIAS were retrieved from the MEDLINE and the Folia Centro Japonica. Results: Thirty-five articles were retrieved and analyzed. 1) Scale quality: Rasch analysis demonstrated the unidimensionality of the SIAS. Factor analysis produced 6 factors corresponding to the 6 SIAS subscales. 2) Interrater reliability: The weighted kappas were high except for the unaffected side quadriceps item for which the score distribution was skewed. 3) Concurrent validity: Significant correlations were found between a) SIAS motor items and the Motricity Index or the Brunnstrom stage, b) SIAS lower extremity scores and the Functional Independence Measure (FIMSM) locomotion scores, c) trunk scores and abdominal manual muscle testing, d) visuospatial scores and line bisection and copying task scores, and e) speech scores and the FIMSM communication scores. 4) Predictive validity: Three studies attempting to predict discharge functional status demonstrated that adding the SIAS as one of the predictors enhanced the predictive power. 5) Responsiveness: The SIAS was more responsive to changes than the Motricity Index, the Brunnstrom stage, or the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Conclusion: The SIAS is a useful measure of stroke impairment with well-established psychometric properties.
Characteristics of Teenage Mothers and Predictors of Breastfeeding Initiation in the Michigan WIC Program in 1995
Authors: Yi Kyung Park  , Meier Emily Rose , Song Won O.
Published: July 2003

Although breast milk is recommended as the optimal source of infant nutrition, breastfeeding initiation is below recommended levels, especially among teenage mothers. Breastfeeding initiation rates among Michigan (US) teenage mothers (12-19 y) were compared by demographics and health behaviors. Multivariate analyses determined which factors were significant independent predictors of breast feeding initiation among teenage mothers enrolled prenatally in the Michigan Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program in 1995. Significant predictors independently associated with breastfeeding initiation were race/ethnicity, education, marital status, postpartum anemia status, parity, prenatal trimester of WIC enrollment, and smoking. The strongest predictor of breastfeeding initiation differed for white mothers (positive predictor: education beyond high school [OR = 3.13]) and black mothers (negative predictor: multiparous [OR = 0.25]). Initiation rates for this population of teenage mothers fall below the national average for mothers of all ages and the US Healthy People 2010 goals. Research is needed concerning how breastfeeding support and education can be improved to reach the US national health goals. J Hum Lact. 19(1):50-56.
Confounded Policies: Implementing Site-Based Management and Special Education Policy Reforms
Authors: Marshall Catherine , Patterson Jean A.
Published: July 2003

Confounded policy and adhocracy provided useful frameworks for analyzing this study of one district implementing federal Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) while simultaneously giving sites flexibility. Professionals creatively met student needs appropriate for their sites, found resources, and negotiated new role and task assignments. But site decision making provided an unsatisfactory structure for managing IDEA, creating ambiguities. The need for district office leadership, centralized personnel and policy management, and equitable practice monitoring was highlighted in day-to-day confusion over decision-making responsibility. What state tests should special education students take? Who deals with African American boys being shuffled into special education? Which federal policy assumes priority when several policies conflict? Similar questions were in the everyday context and may reflect confounded policy situations beyond this district and particular policies explored in this case. Finally, this analysis draws implications for theoretical exploration of adhocracy, for policy implementation, and for cautions about site-based management.
Educational Policy and the Effects of Attending a Religious School on the Academic Achievement of Children
Authors: Jeynes William H.
Published: July 2003

Using the 1992 National Education Longitudinal Survey data set, this study assessed the effects of students attending religious schools on the academic achievement of those children. The results indicate that those children attending religious schools performed better academically than those who did not. Students from religious schools included all private religious schools examined in the study. Students who did not attend religious schools included students attending public schools and nonreligious preparatory or other private schools. Results also indicate that Black and Hispanic students as well as children of low socioeconomic status performed better academically in religious schools than in nonreligious schools. These results suggest students attending religious schools in general perform better academically than do students attending nonreligious schools. The significance of these results is discussed as it relates to school choice and learning from the religious school model.
Manufacturing Distortions of Curved Composite Panels
Authors: Ochinero T. T. , Hyer M. W.
Published: July 2003

This paper briefly discusses the influences of through-thickness thermal expansion, a misaligned ply, and a resin-rich slightly thicker ply on the deformations of a curved composite laminate during cool down from the cure temperature. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional level finite-element analyses are used. The deformations are categorized as to radial and tangential deformations and twist, and for each of the three influences, these deformations are quantified. An additional outcome of the study is an indication of the level of analysis needed to study each of these three influences.
Melt Rheological Behaviour of Short Sisal Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Authors: Joseph P. V. , Oommen Zachariah , Joseph Kuruvilla , Thomas Sabu
Published: July 2003

The melt rheological properties of short sisal fibre reinforced polypropylene composites have been studied using a capillary rheometer. The dependence of the relative composition of component reinforcements and their aspect ratio and also the extent of chemical modification on the overall rheological behaviour have been studied. Incorporation of sisal fibre into polypropylene results in an increase in melt viscosity and a decrease in melt elasticity. The melt viscosity was found to have increased with fibre loading. Incorporation of fibres decreased the extrudate deformation and die-swell and this improvement was more prominent at higher fibre loading. A comparison was made between the two techniques employed for the preparation of the composites, i.e. melt mixing in a Haake Rheocord and solution mixing using toluene-xylene mixture as the solvent. It is found that composites prepared by solution mixing showed a higher viscosity as compared to melt mixed composites. Various chemical modifications using chemicals such as isocyanate, maleic anhydride and permanganate treatment have been carried out to improve the interaction between the matrix and fibre. The influence of chemical treatment on the viscosity of the system has been analysed. The fibre breakage analysis during extrusion was carried out using optical microscopy. The morphology of extrudate has been studied by optical and scanning electron microscopes. Master curves have been generated using modified viscosity and shear rate functions that contain the melt flow index (MFI) as a parameter. A comparison was made between theoretical and experimental viscosity values and it was found that experimental viscosity is slightly higher than theoretical viscosity because of the misalignment of fibres.
Elastic Stiffness of Three-Phase Composites by the Generalized Mechanics-of-Materials (GMM) Approach
Authors: Lim Teik Cheng
Published: July 2003

A Generalized Mechanics-of-Materials (GMM) model is developed herein for practical approximation to the stiffness of three-phase composites. The three classes of composites considered are unidirectional two-fiber composite system, two-particulate composite system and combined fiber and particulate system. The geometrical model for the representative volume element (RVE) adopted is that of alternating cubic array of two arbitrary cuboid reinforcements. Non-dimensionalized stiffness of the three classes of three-phase composites are addressed by altering the dimensions of the reinforcing cuboids. The reinforcements in the RVE are in parallel to the applied load while the displaced surface of the RVE is assumed uniform. Verification of the model was carried out by reducing the three-phase model to that of two-phase ones, as well as by comparison with previous experimental results. Generalization for the three classes of composite stiffness was attained through a judicious choice of expression, which resulted in the identification of a parameter that conveniently describes the effect of reinforcement geometry.
Pultrusion of Thermoplastic Composites - New Developments and Modelling Studies
Authors: Bechtold G. , Wiedmer S. , Friedrich K.
Published: July 2003

Objective of this study is to present new developments in thermo-plastic pultrusion (a pullbraiding process combined with a contact preheating system, and a new online forming method for pultruded profiles) and a new approach for modelling of the preheating process. After modelling of the preheating process of commingled glass fibre/polypropylene yarn, the preheating of a thermoplastic pultrusion line to produce profiles with unidirectional reinforcement in axial direction was modified by adding contact heating pins. Compared to the convective heating used before, profiles with higher qualities could be produced at three times higher processing speeds. First trials of a combined braiding and pultrusion process, also with contact preheating, led to promising results. Furthermore, a process to post-form pultruded profiles immediately after leaving the heated pultrusion die was developed, leading to profiles with a forming radiusof 10 cm.
Material Characterization of Woven Fabrics for Thermoforming of Composites
Authors: Lussier Darin , Chen Julie
Published: July 2003

Proper material characterization of woven fabric reinforcement is important for accurate modeling of thermoforming. Thermoforming of commingled thermoplastic/glass fabric relies strictly on material deformation at temperatures above the matrix melting temperature. As the temperature increases, the viscosity decreases allowing for the resin to flow. The yarns are freer to rotate, reducing shear loads in the material. The resistance to deformation depends not only on the matrix viscosity, but also on the fabric architecture. The two types of materials used in this study are a plain weave and a 4-harness satin weave structure. An interesting characteristic of these woven materials is that they exhibit shear deformation with concomitant area changes, enabling them to take on shapes of double curvature. This makes them a great candidate for thermoforming of structural parts. To improve the viability of this manufacturing process, simulations and design tools are needed. A standardized test method must be devised to ensure an accurate material characterization for finite element models. Therefore, extensive testing with the use of a trellis shear frame is discussed. Testing shows significant non-repeatability, introducing great concern for modeling purposes. Possible reasons for inconsistency addressed in this paper are fiber tension, alignment and manufacturing. Although all of these may contribute to the inconsistencies seen, yarn misalignment is discussed in greater detail. Correlation between test fixtures of different sizes was established by normalizing the data with respect to area. These results suggest that the number of crossovers, as represented by the area, within the material is critical. Two distinct areas of concern addressed in this paper include: the change in fabric temperature during stamping and the material response at these temperatures.
Analysis of Process-Induced Residual Stresses in Tape Placement
Authors: Sonmez Fazil O. , Hahn H. Thomas , Akbulut Mustafa
Published: July 2003

The tape placement for thermoplastic composites involves heating, melting, and cooling steps just as do the other manufacturing processes. Consequently, development of residual stresses is unavoidable due to disparate thermal characteristics of matrix and fiber materials and also due to nonuniform cooling rates. From the product quality standpoint, such as interlaminar strength, dimensional accuracy etc., these stresses should be kept within allowable limits.

In this study, a thermoviscoelastic finite element model was developed to predict residual stresses induced during the placement of thermoplastic composite tapes. The process, being continuous, was considered to be under a quasi steady state where process conditions do not change with respect to the moving roller. Relaxation of the residual stresses in previously laid layers was also allowed for.

Results were obtained for both unidirectional and cross-ply laminates. They show the residual stress distributions through the thickness for a number of chosen sets of process parameters (e.g., roller velocity and heat input). Therefore, residual stresses in a laminate can be controlled by modifying these process parameters.
Measurement of Orem’s Basic Conditioning Factors: A Review of Published Research
Authors: Moore Jean Burley , Pichler Virginia Howells
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this review was to examine published research on basic conditioning factors described in Orem’s self-care deficit theory of nursing, in order to identify operational definitions, measurement strategies, and the results of the analyses. Thirty-five research articles published between 1987 and 1997 met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Consensus or lack of consensus in operational definitions for specific factors was determined and successful measurement methods were identified. Recommendations are made for revising conceptual and operational definitions. Suggested measurement strategies for the factors are discussed.
Changes in Hope and Power in Lung Cancer Patients who Exercise
Authors: Wall Lisa M.
Published: July 2003

Using Rogers’ science of unitary human beings, changes in hope and power among 104 lung cancer patients were examined in relation to participation in a preoperative exercise program. Participants were randomly assigned to exercise or no-exercise and a repeated measures ANOVA was employed. The exercise group’s power increased while the no-exercise group’s power decreased. No differences in hope emerged. Positive correlations between hope and power were observed. Findings suggest that exercise is a form of knowing participation in change and illustrate a relation between one’s ability to envision a better future and one’s potential to actualize options through choice.
Developing a Concept of Hope from a Human Science Perspective
Authors: Wang Ching-Eng Hsieh
Published: July 2003

This article explores concept development from a human science perspective and uses concept inventing, a method described by Parse, for developing the concept of hope as inspired by the Taiwanese folk song“Mending a Torn Fish Net.” The synthesized definition is hope is resolute picturing of the possibles amid the restrictions-opportunities of communion-aloneness while creatively metamorphosing. This definition is explicitly connected to the three principles of Parse’s theory of human becoming. Reflections on research and practice are provided.
Understanding Homeless Adults by Testing the Theory of Self-Care
Authors: Anderson Judith A.
Published: July 2003

This article explicates, within a sample of homeless adults, the relationship between self-care agency, self-care, and well-being, while controlling for select basic conditioning factors. Self-care is found to explain 30% of the variance in current well-being. Self-esteem and affect balance, along with the power components of self-care agency, are found to explain 25% of the variance in self-care and, together with select basic conditioning factors, to explain 54% of its variance. Affect is proposed as an energy disposition, a dimension of self-care agency. Recommendations are made to strengthen the homeless individual’s self-care agency.
Borrowed Theories, Shared Theories, and the Advancement of Nursing Knowledge
Authors: Villarruel Antonia M. , Bishop Tammi L. , Simpson Edith M. , Jemmott Loretta S. , Fawcett Jacqueline
Published: July 2003

Despite the continued use of borrowed theories in nursing, little attention has been given to determining whether theories developed in another discipline are empirically adequate descriptions, explanations, or predictions of nursing phenomena. In this article, we demonstrate how a borrowed theory can be placed within a nursing context by linking it with two different conceptual models of nursing. We present our plans for research focused on condom use behavior and discuss how results from these studies will be used to determine whether the borrowed theory can be considered a shared theory.
The Lived Experience of Contentment: A Study Using the Parse Research Method
Authors: Parse Rosemarie Rizzo
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to answer the research question, What is the structure of the lived experience of contentment? The participants were 10 women volunteers. The Parse research method, a phenomenological-hermeneutic method, was used to uncover the meaning of contentment. The major finding of this study is the structure: Contentment is a satisfying calmness amid the arduous as resolute liberty arises with benevolent engagements. The structure provides knowledge about contentment and its connection to health and quality of life. It is discussed in relation to the principles and concepts of human becoming and in relation to how it can inform future research and practice.
Yes, No, or Perhaps: Reflections on Swedish Human Science Nursing Research Development
Authors: Willman Ania , Stoltz Peter
Published: July 2003

This article attempts to describe and analyze whether Swedish nursing research development belongs in a human science perspective. Traditionally, nursing in Sweden has been taught and practiced as a medical science, however another worldview seems to characterize Swedish nursing research today. This trend was identified through a study of the latest Swedish theoretical developments, in comparison with different international standpoints and views on the human science perspective. The conclusion is that Swedish nursing research is developing toward, and perhaps belongs in, a human science nursing perspective.
Ambiguous Opportunity: Toiling for Truth of Nursing Art and Science
Authors: Mitchell Gail J. , Cody William K.
Published: July 2003

This article questions traditional boundaries between nursing art and nursing science and explores how nurses build knowledge and truth. A brief overview of familiar notions about nursing art is followed by questions that are meant to deepen understanding about nursing and the knowledge required for a discipline. Authors describe understanding as an event that heralds human creation of meaning and potential action. Art is then shown to be a way to enhance understanding and meaningful knowledge when woven with nursing theory to guide practice. Findings from Parse’s research method are described as artistic expressions, and borders that have served to separate notions about nursing art and science are challenged. The hermeneutics of human becoming are presented as beacons for truth and understanding. Authors call for tolerance of ambiguity and openness to support dialogue and discovery.
Nursing Research and the Human Sciences
Authors: Malinski Violet M.
Published: July 2003

Nursing has long been associated with the natural sciences. However, more recently some nurses have begun to identify it as a human science. The epistemological and ontological bases then shift, with clear implications for the research approaches that are regarded as the most useful. This column offers a discussion of the worldviews represented in contemporary nursing knowledge, focusing particularly on the newer paradigm that includes the view of nursing as a human science, and the place of qualitative and quantitative research. Neither the human sciences nor the natural sciences are seen as providing a sufficient base for all nursing knowledge. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches are viewed as potentially useful strategies given the nature of the phenomenon to be explored. Parallels to current discussions of worldviews and research methods in transpersonal psychology are identified.
Humor and Health in Early Adolescents: Perceived Field Motion as a Mediating Variable
Authors: Yarcheski Adela , Mahon Noreen E. , Yarcheski Thomas J.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to test a mediational model, developed within the science of unitary human beings, by examining the relationship between humor and eudaimonistic health conception in early adolescents and by examining the extent to which perceived field motion mediated this relationship. The sample consisted of 136 adolescents, aged 12 to 14, who responded to instruments measuring humor, perceived field motion, and eudaimonistic health conception in classroom settings. Correlational analysis supported the three hypothesized relationships. Regression analyses indicated that perceived field motion was one mediator of the relationship between humor and eudaimonistic health conception.
Cocreating Anew in Public Health Nursing
Authors: Milton Constance L. , Buseman Judy
Published: July 2003

Since the tragic events of 9/11/01, public health nursing is undergoing rapid change with increased public awareness and a need for programs and protocols addressing issues such as bioterrrorism, public safety, and continuing healthcare service in community settings. What is the role of professional nursing in these settings during turbulent times? This column focuses on these issues from the lens of the human becoming school of thought with discussion of the embedded ethical opportunities and challenges that require contemplation.
Lifelong Learning: A Human Becoming Perspective
Authors: Bunkers Sandra Schmidt
Published: July 2003

Michael Gelb, in a book titled How to Think Like Leonardo Da Vinci, identifies Leonardo Da Vinci as one of the most fascinating geniuses of all time. From an extensive study of Leonardo Da Vinci’s life and works, Gelb has discerned seven Da Vincian principles depicting Leonardo’s disciplined approach to seeking knowledge and inventing anew. In this column, Parse’s theory of human becoming is linked with these seven Da Vincian principles providing a nursing theory perspective on lifelong learning. Both the human becoming theory and the Da Vincian principles focus on human possibility and the living of hopes and dreams. Linking the Da Vincian principles with human becoming provides new insights for engaging in a professional and personal postmodern Renaissance.
Electronic Access to Information and the Privacy Paradox
Authors: Davis Charles N.
Published: July 2003

This article addresses the U.S. Supreme Court’s formulation of “practical obscurity” in Reporters Committee v. Department of Justice, a seminal case interpreting the U.S. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). By examining lower federal court opinions interpreting Reporters Committee and by analyzing the effects of the Court’s opinion on the implementation of the privacy exemptions of the FOIA, this article finds that the Court’s opinion has greatly narrowed the scope of the FOIA and limited the power of the FOIA to democratize electronic information. Exemptions from the presumption of disclosure inherent in the FOIA were designed to balance the public’s right to know against other competing interests. Historically, courts have balanced the public interest in disclosure against privacy interests when weighing privacy claims made under the FOIA. The Department of Justice argued for a change in this analysis, however, and in Reporters Committee successfully urged the adoption of a narrower definition of disclosable records. This new analysis expands the scope of privacy under the FOIA while it restricts the scope of acceptable public interest arguments in favor of disclosure. This article demonstrates how the Court’s decision in Reporters Committee—specifically, its formulation of practical obscurity as a value worth protecting—holds far-reaching implications for federal access law and for FOI laws around the world.
Electronic Democracy and Young People
Authors: Macintosh Ann , Robson Edmund , Smith Ella , Whyte Angus
Published: July 2003

This article examines action to address young people’s apathy to the democratic process and politics in general, by considering possibilities for using information and communication technology to engage young people. The article describes two e-democracy systems in use in Scotland, which provide young people with opportunities to participate in and understand democratic decision making. The systems are designed to allow young people to deliberate issues of importance to them. The Highland Council initiative involves young people in the design of a web site for their youth parliament with online debates and Internet voting. The Young Scot initiative is a national youth portal, including an e-democracy channel. The emphasis here is on content management and moderation of e-consultations for young people. Research indicates that democracy is best taught by practicing it and that many young people are comfortable using new information and communication technologies. These ideas form the basis of both projects.
Media (Mis)Representations of Education in the 2000 Presidential Election
Authors: Gerstl-Pepin Cynthia I.
Published: July 2003

Because most voters increasingly use the media as their primary source of information, their role in electoral politics is key to the functioning of a democracy. One of the top issues in the 2000 presidential election campaign was the candidates' views of educational issues. Using discourse analysis, the author examined how the media coverage of the 2000 presidential campaign operated as an arena of discourse. The author's analysis of the major television, newspaper, and radio coverage showed that the media, at best, represent shallow depictions of educational issues, which tend to be tightly controlled by how candidates define educational problems. These representations of education in the media tend to reinforce and reflect public assumptions that America 's educational system is failing. Only rarely did the major news media report educators 'concerns about how educational problems were being represented or the concerns of minority groups. By excluding alternative viewpoints, the author asserts that media (mis)representations hinder democracy.
From Campaign Promises to Presidential Policy: Education Reform in the 2000 Election
Authors: Marschall Melissa J. , McKee Robert J.
Published: July 2003

The authors investigate the central role that education policy played in the 2000 presidential election. They conducted content analyses of campaign messages to examine empirically the specific positions George W Bush and Al Gore staked out during the campaign and the strategies they employed to win over the electorate. They then explore the effects campaigns have on presidents' policy agendas and governance. They examine Bush's first 100 days in office, comparing his campaign proposals with the education reform package he sent to Congress. The authors find evidence that the candidates used education policy strategically by appealing to voters 'preferences in a manner consistent with the strengths of their parties, by tailoring their messages for particular audiences, and by employing mixed messages. Furthermore, the authors find that the education policy agenda of President Bush was ostensibly the same as the one he communicated to the electorate during the campaign.
Space for Idealism? Politics and Education in the United Kingdom
Authors: Woods Philip A.
Published: July 2003

This article discusses the political changes that have occurred in the United Kingdom during the past quarter century. Education as an electoral issue is placed in the context of the political philosophies of the Conservative and Labour governments and the move from a predominantly neo-liberalism focus to a third way approach. Some of the focal ideas and inherent tensions and problems of the latter as developed by Labour are examined. It is suggested that despite these, it is possible to discern in this latest phase of the long dialogue between politicians and people the revitalization of ideals that have persisted in an evolving tradition of political liberalism that began with 19th century British Idealism.
Politics of State-Led Reform in Education: Market Competition and Electoral Dynamics
Authors: Wong Kenneth K. , Shen Francis X.
Published: July 2003

State-led educational initiatives have gained prominence across the nation. In this study, the authors examine two very different types of reform-state adoption of charter school legislation and state implementation of school district take-over-to explore the proposition that the type of education reform a state chooses will be significantly affected by a state's electoral dynamics, that is, the extent to which there is political competition or party dominance in a given state. The authors examine charter schools and school district takeover with the expectation that the factors leading to charter schools in a state will be different than the political climate in which takeover reform is realized. To test various hypotheses on the role of electoral dynamics in state-led reform, the authors use an event history analysis using pooled cross-sectional time-series and a traditional cross-sectional model using ordinary least square regression techniques.
Assessing Systemic Reform’s “Learning by All”: Who Evaluates Learning by Policy Analysts?
Authors: Weiner Lois
Published: July 2003

Systemic reform has been advanced as a policy strategy in the past decade to improve urban schools. This study compares published reports of implementation of systemic reform in New York City and Community School District 2 to perceptions of mothers and teachers in a community-based school with a long history of parent involvement. Their lived experience contradicts conclusions of high-profile research, raising political, moral, and methodological questions about the role of research and researchers in systemic reform. The most critical issue is researchers’accountability when they assist in implementation of reforms neither fully understood nor endorsed by teachers or parents, especially in schools serving students, families, and communities that have low status and little power. The article concludes with recommendations to reestabilish systemic reform’s democratic ideals, operationalizing learning by all by including parents, school people, and citizens in assessment.
Community College Puente: A Validating model of Education
Authors: Rendón Laura I.
Published: July 2003

Employing Rendón’s theory of validation, the validating elements in Community College Puente are identified. Implications for promoting access, use of involvement and validation theory, and employment of learning theory for nontraditional student populations are presented.
Nonprofit Management Students: Who They Are and Why They Enroll
Authors: Wilson Mark I. , Larson R. Sam
Published: July 2003

Graduate and certificate programs in nonprofit management education are a growing element in the professional preparation of nonprofit managers. At an aggregate level, we know the number and types of programs available for students interested in pursuing advanced degrees in nonprofit management, but we know little about the students who attend these programs and why they chose these programs. To learn more about who these students are and why they choose nonprofit management programs, a survey was conducted in spring and summer 2000 of nonprofit management students enrolled in graduate or certificate programs at six universities across the United States. Results describe the demographic profile of these students, the reasons they sought academic training, and the characteristics they considered important when choosing a nonprofit management education program.
Exercise-Induced Asthma
Authors: Cawley Michael J.
Published: July 2003

Exercise-induced asthma is a common complex pulmonary disorder associated with a diagnosis of chronic asthma including cough, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness that affects millions of patients worldwide. Exercise-induced asthma patients are frequently inhibited from participating in physical activities because of the degree of pulmonary dysfunction. Pharmacological agents, the cornerstone of treatment for exercise-induced asthma, improve pulmonary function and quality of life. Short-term and long-term adrenergic β2 sympathomimetics, mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene receptor antagonists, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, and corticosteroids are commonly used. β2 sympathomimetics are the most potent bronchodilators and are considered the first drug of choice. Inhaled corticosteroids and mast cell stabilizers assist with the reduction of airway inflammation and response to exercise and are generally added in combination with β2 sympathomimetics for maximum efficacy. Leukotriene receptor antagonists and inhibitors may be alternatives for patients who do not receive adequate prophylaxis with inhaled β2 sympathomimetics, corticosteroids, or mast cell stabilizers. Pharmacotherapeutic regimens must be tailored to meet the specific needs of patients. However, other factors must be considered, including side-effect profiles of the agents, cost, medication compliance, drug-drug and drug-disease interactions, insurance limitations, improvements in pulmonary function parameters, and understanding of the disease.
The Impact of Exercise on Age-Related Physiological Changes and Pathological Manifestations
Authors: Cafiero Angela C. , Maritz Carol A.
Published: July 2003

The most inactive Americans are over the age of 65. Age-related physiological changes affect the ability to perform certain types of exercise. The cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems are directly affected by these age-related changes, resulting in the modification of an exercise regimen. Individualized exercise programs depend on comorbidities, which limit the risks and maximize the benefits of exercise. Evidence supports the benefits of wellness exercise programs. The type of exercise beneficial for an individual is dependent on his or her overall health, disease state, and medications. Age-related physiological changes lead to the development of a wide range of chronic disorders that are often mistakenly assumed to be part of the normal aging process. The purpose of this article is to review the age-related physiological changes associated with exercise, the benefits and risks of exercise, and the wellness guidelines for initiating exercise in an individual over 65 years old. Included in this article is a discussion of the specific exercise guidelines for osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, obesity, psychological health, and diabetes mellitus.
Advances in Anemia Management in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Hudson Joanna Q. , Schonder Kristine S.
Published: July 2003

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing in the United States. Efforts to promote earlier intervention to screen for CKD and manage secondary complications are of paramount importance to improve overall care of this population. Anemia is a secondary complication of CKD that develops as kidney function declines. Historically, anemia management efforts have been primarily emphasized in patients with end-stage renal disease; however, early detection and treatment of anemia in the early stages of the disease are essential to prevent negative consequences of anemia such as reduced quality of life, left ventricular hypertrophy and mortality. With the increased prevalence of CKD and efforts focused on identifying this disorder early in its course, it is likely that more pharmacists will be involved in the management of CKD and secondary complications such as anemia. Treatment approaches must also be based on the more recently advocated guidelines from the National Kidney Foundation’s Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF-K/DOQI). This article reviews therapeutic issues of anemia of CKD, new agents for management, and the NKF-K/DOQI anemia management guidelines from a clinical perspective that will assist pharmacists involved in the care of these patients.
Developments in the Immunotherapy of Glomerular Disease
Authors: Nachman Patrick H. , Martin Jeffrey
Published: July 2003

Glomerular diseases span a broad spectrum of clinical syndromes, with varied clinical manifestations, underlying etiologies, and pathogenic mechanisms. They can be secondary to underlying infectious, toxic, environmental, or drug exposures, or present as “primary entities.” In the latter case, most glomerular diseases are thought to be due to autoimmune dysregulation, and their treatment is primarily immunosuppressive. The armamentarium for immunomodulation includes corticosteroids, alkylating agents, anti-metabolites, calcineurin inhibitors, and new biological agents designed to block specific inflammatory pathways. The choice of therapy for an individual patient must be based on the specific character of the glomerular disease and its acuity and severity, as well as the patient’s comorbidities, history of prior exposure to immunosuppressive drugs, and risk factors for developing complications of the disease or its treatment. The complexities of such therapy can best be addressed by an experienced team of care givers in which the clinical pharmacist can help minimize, if not eliminate, potential sources of drug induced toxicities and adverse effects. This article will describe the major agents and modalities used in the management of the most common glomerular diseases.
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Secondary to Vancomycin Exposure
Authors: Boosinger Andrea B. , Thomas Harold Lloyd
Published: July 2003

A case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is reported in a 64- year-old woman following 8 days of vancomycin for the treatment of a urinary tract infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Diffuse erythematous plaques with dusky centers confluent over the trunk, arms, and axillae, lesions of the oral mucosa, and conjunctiva involvement were present. Beta-lactam antibiotics, sulfa drugs, and anticonvulsants have the highest incidences of SJS. Cases of vancomycin-induced SJS have been reported in the literature. This patient received supportive care and systemic and topical corticosteroids. However, the efficacy and safety associated with the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of SJS remain controversial. Vancomycin has been associated with the development of SJS and the ability of corticosteroids to decrease morbidity, and slow the progression of lesions associated with SJS remains unclear.