bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties of methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride‐cured epoxy resin modified with MITU
Authors: He S. J. , Shi K. Y. , Guo X. Z. , Du Z. J. , Zhang B. L.
Published: November 2008

Methylimidazole‐terminated chain‐extended urea (MITU) containing polypropylene oxide spacer was synthesized and employed to modify epoxies composed of a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (E‐51) and methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA). The curing behavior, viscoelastic property, impact response, and fracture surface morphology of the curing systems were systematically investigated. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis reveals that the curing reactivity of the epoxy system is greatly enhanced with the addition of MITU. From the dynamic mechanical analysis, besides the low‐temperature β relaxation, shoulder at higher temperature side appears for the MITU‐modified systems. Meanwhile, the addition of MITU leads to the increase of loss factor (tan δ) over the temperature range of 0–75°C. Impact tests show that the modifier can be effective in toughening the epoxy resin at relatively low loading, and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the fracture surface for the modified systems display signs of ductility. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of clay intercalates with organic bilayers in hydrocarbon polymers
Authors: Galimberti Maurizio , Senatore Stanislao , Conzatti Lucia , Costa Giovanna , Giuliano Gaetano , Guerra Gaetano
Published: November 2008

The formation of clay intercalates with three different kinds of organic ammonium salts, when mixed in the presence of synthetic or natural polyisoprene rubber, has been investigated. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments have shown that intercalates with organic bilayers, rather than with interdigitated organic monolayers, are obtained only for the ammonium salts presenting two long alkyl chains and only in the presence of the natural rubber (NR). These results have been qualitatively rationalized on the basis of suitable interlayer densities. Both monolayer and bilayer clay intercalates remain stable for short‐term heating procedures at temperatures lower than 250°C. For treatments at higher temperatures, where the decomposition of the organic ammonium salt occurs, both kinds of clay intercalates maintain intralayer crystalline order. However, the decomposition of the organic modifier leads to the formation of pristine and exfoliated clay for the intercalates with organic monolayers and bilayers, respectively. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polydimethylsiloxane–cristobalite composite adhesive system for aerospace applications
Authors: Ansari Seema , Varghese Justin M. , Dayas K. R.
Published: November 2008

The effect of phase‐pure cristobalite (a high temperature crystalline polymorph of silica) on the adhesive characteristics of hydroxyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was studied. The potential advantages of PDMS/cristobalite composite system as an adhesive for aerospace applications are also discussed. A PDMS/cristobalite composite adhesive system containing different filler contents (0–46 volume percentage, vol%) was prepared. The filler material, phase‐pure cristobalite, was synthesized by the pyrolysis of fused silica at 1400°C. The mechanical, rheological, and thermal characteristics of the composites were studied. A high yield stress (0.151 Pa), shear‐thinning index (1.051), and fast recovery rate were observed for ∼34 vol% cristobalite loading, which indicate that PDMS retains its excellent adhesive and flow characteristics even at high filler loading with enhanced mechanical characteristics. Thermal analysis shows the onset of degradation of PDMS shifts to higher temperatures, 372–438°C and 317–417°C in nitrogen and air atmosphere respectively, which shows excellent thermal stability. The residual component yields after thermal degradation of PDMS/cristobalite composite system in nitrogen and air atmosphere show different degradation mechanisms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and properties of ionically cross‐linked chitosan nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Hui , Gao Changyou
Published: November 2008

Chitosan nanoparticles were fabricated by a method of tripolyphosphate (TPP) cross‐linking. The influence of fabrication conditions on the physical properties and drug loading and release properties was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and UV–vis spectroscopy. The nanoparticles could be prepared only within a zone of appropriate chitosan and TPP concentrations. The particle size and surface zeta potential can be manipulated by variation of the fabrication conditions such as chitosan/TPP ratio and concentration, solution pH and salt addition. TEM observation revealed a core–shell structure for the as‐prepared nanoparticles, but a filled structure for the ciprofloxacin (CH) loaded particles. Results show that the chitosan nanoparticles were rather stable and no cytotoxicity of the chitosan nanoparticles was found in an in vitro cell culture experiment. Loading and release of CH can be modulated by the environmental factors such as solution pH and medium quality. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of polypropylene and waste tire powder modified by allylamine blends
Authors: Lee Sung Hyo , Shanmugharaj A. M. , Sridhar V. , Zhang Zhen Xiu , Kim Jin Kuk
Published: November 2008

Waste tire powder subjected to allylamine modification in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been used to prepare polypropylene based thermoplastic vulcanizates with maleic anhydride polypropylene (MA‐PP) as compatibilizer. The effect of increasing the concentration of MA‐PP on performance characteristics like tensile strength, elongation and rheological properties have been investigated. X‐ray diffraction studies of the PP/waste tire powder blend indicate the disappearance of β crystalline peaks on addition of waste tire powder in the PP, whereas it is observed in the allylamine modified rubber powder loaded PP. Differential scanning calorimetry results further supported the above fact. The improvement in mechanical properties of the PP/allylamine modified rubber powder loaded thermoplastic vulcanizates has been explained in terms of βα transformation of PP crystals during straining of the samples and uniform dispersion of allylamine coated rubber powder in the PP matrix. The melt rheological properties of the thermoplastic vulcanizates loaded with modified rubber powder are higher than its counterpart due to the higher dispersion as a result of chemical interaction between the rubber powder surface with the MA‐PP. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure‐thermal property relationship of high trans‐1,4‐poly(butadiene) produced by anionic polymerization of 1,3‐butadiene using an initiator composed of alkyl aluminum, n‐butyl lithium, and barium alkoxide
Authors: Benvenuta‐Tapia Juan J. , Tenorio‐López José A. , Herrera‐Nájera Rafael , Ríos‐Guerrero Leonardo
Published: November 2008

This article deals with the characterization of high trans‐1,4‐poly(butadiene) (TPBD) prepared by means of an anionic polymerization using an initiator composed of alkyl aluminum, n‐butyl lithium, and barium alkoxide. By controlling both initiator composition and polymerization temperature, a set of TPBD was prepared with well‐known number of 1,4‐trans units, molecular weight distribution, and average molecular weight. Analyses by differential scanning calorimetry and diffraction of wide‐angle X‐rays showed a direct relationship between the microstructure of the polymer and its thermal properties. By increasing the number of 1,4‐trans units (70–90%), the crystallinity of the polymer was increased (10–30%); polymers with less than 65% of 1,4‐trans units were amorphous, whereas TPBD with a number of 1,4‐trans units greater than 80% were polymorphous and presented two endothermic transitions. Summing up, the results presented in this article indicate that cyclohexane solutions of alkyl aluminum, n‐butyl lithium, and barium alkoxide allow produce polybutadienes with enough amount of 1,4‐trans units to display a regular microstructure that makes them susceptible to experience‐induced crystallization, likewise at a reaction rate similar to that observed for the commercial production of poly(butadiene) with n‐butyl lithium. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Optimal design of the coat‐hanger die used for producing melt‐blown fabrics by finite element method and evolution strategies
Authors: Meng Kai , Wang Xinhou , Huang Xiubao
Published: November 2008

In this article, an optimal design procedure that improves the uniformity of flow rate distribution at the outlet of the coat‐hanger die is proposed. The two‐membered evolution strategy was combined with the finite element method to optimize the design parameters of an initial coat‐hanger die geometry designed by analytical method based on one‐dimensional lubrication method. The slot gap and the manifold angle were chosen to be the optimized design parameters, and the coefficient of variation (CV) value of the flow velocity at the die outlet is regarded as the objective function. The optimal results were achieved in the 22nd generation after 100 generations' evolution, which show that the CV% value of the flow velocity at the die outlet is only 1.3631% and decreases by 68% of the initial value caused by unoptimizable die geometry. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation of fast pH‐responsive ferric carboxymethylcellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol) double‐network microparticles
Authors: Xiao Congming , Li Huaqun , Gao Yongkang
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND: Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) are biocompatible, and their complex hydrogel shows pH responsiveness. Thus, they are chosen as starting materials to prepare physically dual‐crosslinked Fe‐CMC/PVA microparticles with improved properties.

RESULTS: Fe‐CMC/PVA double‐network microparticles were obtained via a facile process under mild conditions. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose was crosslinked with ferric ions to form particles that contained aqueous PVA solution in an emulsion system. The hydrogel particles were then subjected to a freezing–thawing cycle to achieve further crosslinking; the size of the particles formed was in the range 0.2–1.2 µm. The microparticles were capable of maintaining the stability of proteins such as hemoglobin in an acidic environment and exhibited pH‐responsive release behavior.

CONCLUSION: The pH responsivity of the Fe‐CMC/PVA physical double‐network microparticles is fast, which is helpful for effectively protecting a loaded bioactive substance. Thus, they may be potential candidates for pH‐sensitive applications. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Predicting residue–residue contact maps by a two‐layer, integrated neural‐network method
Authors: Xue Bin , Faraggi Eshel , Zhou Yaoqi
Published: November 2008

A neural network method (SPINE‐2D) is introduced to provide a sequence‐based prediction of residue–residue contact maps. This method is built on the success of SPINE in predicting secondary structure, residue solvent accessibility, and backbone torsion angles via large‐scale training with overfit protection and a two‐layer neural network. SPINE‐2D achieved a 10‐fold cross‐validated accuracy of 47% (±2%) for top L/5 predicted contacts between two residues with sequence separation of six or more and an accuracy of 24 ± 1% for nonlocal contacts with sequence separation of 24 residues or more. The accuracies of 23% and 26% for nonlocal contact predictions are achieved for two independent datasets of 500 proteins and 82 CASP 7 targets, respectively. A comparison with other methods indicates that SPINE‐2D is among the most accurate methods for contact‐map prediction. SPINE‐2D is available as a webserver at http://sparks.informatics.iupui.edu. Proteins 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
XC1028 from Xanthomonas campestris adopts a PilZ domain‐like structure without a c‐di‐GMP switch
Authors: Li Tso‐Ning , Chin Ko‐Hsin , Liu Jyung‐Hurng , Wang Andrew H.‐J. , Chou Shan‐Ho
Published: November 2008

The crystal structure of XC1028 from Xanthomonas campestris has been determined to a resolution of 2.15 Å using the multiple anomalous dispersion approach. It bears significant sequence identity and similarity values of 64.10% and 70.09%, respectively, with PA2960, a protein indispensable for type IV pilus‐mediated twitching motility, after which the PilZ motif was first named. However, both XC1028 and PA2960 lack detectable c‐di‐GMP binding capability. Although XC1028 adopts a structure comprising a five‐stranded β‐barrel core similar to other canonical PilZ domains with robust c‐di‐GMP binding ability, considerable differences are observed in the N‐terminal motif; XC1028 assumes a compact five‐stranded β‐barrel without an extra long N‐terminal motif, whereas other canonical PilZ domains contain a long N‐terminal sequence embedded with an essential “c‐di‐GMP switch” motif. In addition, a β‐strand (β1) in the N‐terminal motif, running in exactly opposite polarity to that of XC1028, is found inserted into the parallel β3/β1′ strands, forming a completely antiparallel β4↓β3↑β1↓β1′↑ sheet in the canonical PilZ domains. Such dramatic structural differences at the N‐terminus may account for the diminished c‐di‐GMP binding capability of XC1028, and suggest that interactions with additional proteins are necessary to bind c‐di‐GMP for type IV fimbriae assembly. Proteins 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Collision‐induced dissociation of 3‐keto anabolic steroids and related compounds after electrospray ionization. Considerations for structural elucidation
Authors: Pozo Oscar J. , Van Eenoo Peter , Deventer Koen , Grimalt Susana , Sancho Juan V. , Hernández Félix , Delbeke Frans T.
Published: November 2008

The collision‐induced dissociation of forty‐one 3‐keto anabolic steroids and related compounds has been studied using both triple quadrupole (QqQ) and hybrid quadrupole‐time of flight (QTOF) instruments. Due to the complexity of the product ion spectra of these analytes, which generate a large number of ions, only two specific regions were studied in depth: the product ions near the precursor ion (m/z ≥M–100) and the most abundant product ions at a collision energy of 30 eV. Accurate mass measurements were used in order to obtain an unequivocal assignment of the empirical formula and the origin of each selected product ion. Analytes have been divided into eight groups according to the number and position of double bonds and the presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl‐ or nitrogen‐containing rings. A correlation between the steroid structure and the product ions obtained has been postulated. The application of these correlations can be useful in the elucidation of feasible structures for unknown steroids and/or their metabolites. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An authentication method for proxy mobile IPv6 and performance analysis
Authors: Zhou Huachun , Zhang Hongke , Qin Yajuan
Published: November 2008

Proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a network‐based mobility protocol where the mobility management signaling is performed by a network entity on behalf of the node requiring mobility itself. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have been conducted in the area of proxy MIPv6 authentication method. This paper proposes an authentication method in proxy MIPv6. In addition to providing access authentication, the proposed authentication method prevents threats such as replay attack and key exposure. Also, we develop analytic models for the authentication latency and cost analysis. Then, the impacts of mobility and traffic parameters on the authentication cost and latency are analyzed, respectively. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subjective prior distributions for modeling longitudinal continuous outcomes with non‐ignorable dropout
Authors: Paddock Susan M. , Ebener Patricia
Published: November 2008

Substance abuse treatment research is complicated by the pervasive problem of non‐ignorable missing data—i.e. the occurrence of the missing data is related to the unobserved outcomes. Missing data frequently arise due to early client departure from treatment. Pattern‐mixture models (PMMs) are often employed in such situations to jointly model the outcome and the missing data mechanism. PMMs require non‐testable assumptions to identify model parameters. Several approaches to parameter identification have therefore been explored for longitudinal modeling of continuous outcomes, and informative priors have been developed in other contexts. In this paper, we describe an expert interview conducted with five substance abuse treatment clinical experts who have familiarity with the therapeutic community modality of substance abuse treatment and with treatment process scores collected using the Dimensions of Change Instrument. The goal of the interviews was to obtain expert opinion about the rate of change in continuous client‐level treatment process scores for clients who leave before completing two assessments and whose rate of change (slope) in treatment process scores is unidentified by the data. We find that the experts' opinions differed dramatically from widely utilized assumptions used to identify parameters in the PMM. Further, subjective prior assessment allows one to properly address the uncertainty inherent in the subjective decisions required to identify parameters in the PMM and to measure their effect on conclusions drawn from the analysis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Hierarchically Ordered TiO2 Hemispherical Particle Array with Hexagonal‐Non‐Close‐Packed Tops: Synthesis and Stable Superhydrophilicity Without UV Irradiation
Authors: Li Yue , Sasaki Takeshi , Shimizu Yoshiki , Koshizaki Naoto
Published: November 2008

A hierarchical TiO2 ordered hemispherical particle array with hexagonal‐non‐close‐packed (hncp) tops is prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) using a polystyrene colloidal monolayer as a template. Compared with conventional lithography, the route presented has the advantage of low cost for producing hncp nanostructured arrays. This hierarchical particle array exhibits excellent superhydrophilicity with a water contact angle of 0° without further UV irradiation. The superhydrophilic property originates from oxygen defects or vacancies on the surface of the TiO2 nanoparticles produced by PLD and the increased roughness of the hierarchical particle arrays. More importantly, this property is very stable for half a year and could be used in self‐cleaning surfaces and microfluidic devices.
Magnetic Imaging of Cyanide‐Bridged Co‐ordination Nanoparticles Grafted on FIB‐Patterned Si Substrates
Authors: Ghirri Alberto , Candini Andrea , Evangelisti Marco , Gazzadi Gian Carlo , Volatron Florence , Fleury Benoit , Catala Laure , David Christophe , Mallah Talal , Affronte Marco
Published: November 2008

Prussian blue CsNiCr nanoparticles are used to decorate selected portions of a Si substrate. For successful grafting to take place, the Si surface needs first to be chemically functionalized. Low‐dose focused ion beam patterning on uniformly functionalized surfaces selects those portions that will not participate in the grafting process. Step‐by‐step control is assured by atomic force and high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy, revealing a submonolayer distribution of the grafted nanoparticles. By novel scanning Hall‐probe microscopy, an in‐depth investigation of the magnetic response of the nanoparticles to varying temperature and applied magnetic field is provided. The magnetic images acquired suggest that low‐temperature canted ferromagnetism is found in the grafted nanoparticles, similar to what is observed in the equivalent bulk material.
Management of polycystic ovarian syndrome
Authors: Cho Li‐Wei , Atkin Stephen L.
Published: November 2008

Patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome can be challenging as they usually present with multiple problems that may include weight gain, irregular periods, acne, hirsutism or infertility. Treatment should be tailored to the needs of the patient in a holistic manner. In this review, the authors detail the reproductive, metabolic and cardiovascular aspects of polycystic ovarian syndrome and how these features can be managed in general practice. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd
Changing times for the management of localised prostate cancer
Authors: Kirby Roger , Dasgupta Prokar
Published: November 2008

With recent NICE guidance emphasising the role of active surveillance for men with ‘low‐risk’ prostate cancer, the authors ask whether we can reliably identify those men with cancers that have a minimal risk of progression. While it is important for patients to be involved in treatment decisions, the diversity of opinion and the lack of high quality comparative data mean that there is no recommended ‘best practice’ for treatment of this disease. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd
Unusual presentation of acute vulval ulceration
Authors: Marcus Samuel , Neill Sallie
Published: November 2008

The authors describe the case of a schoolgirl who presented with an acute vulval ulcer, later diagnosed as a Lipschütz ulcer. This rare lesion is often misdiagnosed, leading to unnecessary investigations and treatment. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd
Zur Reaktivität von dinuklearen Platina‐β‐diketonen gegenüber Phosphanen: Diacetylplatin(II)‐Komplexe und mononukleare Platina‐β‐diketone
Authors: Albrecht Christian , Wagner Christoph , Steinborn Dirk
Published: November 2008

The Reactivity of Dinuclear Platina‐β‐diketones with Phosphines: Diacetylplatinum(II) Complexes and Mononuclear Platina‐β‐diketones

Addition of mono‐ and bidentate phosphines or of AsPh3 to the platina‐β‐diketone [Pt2{(COMe)2H}2(μ‐Cl)2] (1) followed by the addition of NaOMe at −70 °C resulted in the formation of diacetyl platinum(II) complexes cis‐[Pt(COMe)2L2] (L = PPh3, 2a; P(4‐FC6H4)3, 2b; PPh2(4‐py), 2c; PMePh2, 2d; AsPh3, 2d) and [Pt(COMe)2(L⌢︁L)] (L⌢︁L = dppe, 3b; dppp, 3c), respectively. The analogous reaction with dppm afforded the dinuclear complex cis‐[{Pt(COMe)2}2(μ‐dppm)2] (4) that reacted in boiling acetone yielding [Pt(COMe)2(dppm)] (3a). The reactions 1 → 2/3 were found to proceed via thermally highly unstable cationic mononuclear platina‐β‐diketone intermediates [Pt{(COMe)2H}L2]+ and [Pt{(COMe)2H}(L⌢︁L)]+, respectively, that could be isolated as chlorides for L⌢︁L = dppe (5a) and dppp (5b). The reversibility of the deprotonation of type 5 complexes with NaOMe yielding type 3 complexes was shown by the protonation of the diacetyl complex 3b with HBF4 yielding the platina‐β‐diketone [Pt{(COMe)2H}(dppe)](BF4) (5c). All compounds were fully characterized by means of NMR and IR spectroscopies, and microanalyses. X‐ray diffraction analysis was performed for the complex cis‐[Pt(COMe)2(PPh3)2]·H2O·CHCl3 (2a·H2O·CHCl3).
Hydrogallierungsreaktionen mit den Monoalkinen H5C6‐C≡C‐SiMe3 und H5C6‐C≡C‐CMe3 – cis/trans‐Isomerie und Substituentenaustausch
Authors: Uhl Werner , Claesener Michael , Haddadpour Sima , Jasper Beate , Tiesmeyer Ines , Zemke Sarina
Published: November 2008

Hydrogallation Reactions Involving the Monoalkynes H5C6‐C≡C‐SiMe3 and H5C6‐C≡C‐CMe3 – cis/trans Isomerisation and Substituent Exchange

Phenyl‐trimethylsilylethyne, H5C6‐C≡C‐SiMe3, reacted with different dialkylgallium hydrides, R2Ga‐H (R = Me, Et, nPr, iPr, tBu), by the addition of one Ga‐H bond to its C≡C triple bond (hydrogallation). The gallium atoms attacked selectively those carbon atoms, which were also attached to trimethylsilyl groups. The cis arrangement of Ga and H across the resulting C=C double bonds resulted only for the sterically most shielded di(tert‐butyl)gallium derivative, while in all other cases spontaneous cis/trans rearrangement occurred with the quantitative formation of the trans addition products. The diethyl compound Et2Ga‐C(SiMe3)=C(H)‐C6H5 (2) gave by substituent exchange the secondary products EtGa[C(SiMe3)=C(H)‐C6H5]2 (7, Z,Z) and Ga[C(SiMe3)=C(H)‐C6H5]3 (8). Interestingly, compound 8 has two alkenyl groups with a Z configuration, while the third C=C double bond has the cis arrangement of Ga and H (E configuration). The reversibility of the cis/trans isomerisation of hydrogallation products was observed for the first time. tert‐Butyl‐phenylethyne gave the simple addition product, R2Ga(C6H5)=C(H)‐CMe3 (9), only with di(n‐propyl)gallium hydride.
Polytellurides and Polyselenides – Compounds Containing $_{\infty}^{1}\rm [Te_{6}-Te_{4}]^{4-}$ and [Sn(Se4)3]2− Anions
Authors: Wang Jian‐Qiang , Hoffmann Stephan D. , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: November 2008

The reactions of the Zintl phase K2Cs2Sn9 with elemental tellurium and selenium in ethylenediamine have been investigated. From the reaction of K2Cs2Sn9 with elemental tellurium [K‐(2,2,2‐crypt)]4Te6Te4 (2) and [K‐(2,2,2‐crypt)]2Sn2Te3 (3) were obtained, whereas the reaction of K2Cs2Sn9 with elemental selenium led to the formation of [K‐(2,2,2‐crypt)]2Sn(Se4)3 (4) and [K‐(2,2,2‐crypt)]2Cs2Sn2Se6·2en (5)1). Compounds 2, 4, 5 have been characterized by single crystal X‐ray structure determination.
Reiativité d'échelle Structure de la théorie
Authors: Nottale Laurent
Published: November 2008

La théorie de la relativité d'échelle développe les conséquences de l'abandon de l'hypothèse de différentiabilité des coordonnées spatio-temporelles. La première est le caractère fractal, c'est-à-dire explicitement dépendant des résolutions, qu'acquiert l'espace-temps. On redéfinit alors les résolutions comme caractérisant l'état d'échelle du référentiel, puis on postule un principe de relativité d'échelle, suivant lequel les lois de la nature doivent être valides quel que soit cet état. Il s'agit ainsi de construire une extension des théories existantes de la relativité, qui s'appliquaient jusqu'à maintenant aux changements d'état de position, d'orientation et de mouvement. Par conséquent, la structure de la théorie suit un cheminement parallèle aux différents niveaux de la théorie relativiste (galiléenne, einsteinienne restreinte puis générale), auxquels s'ajoutent les effets du couplage entre échelle et mouvement.
Les échelles de temps sur les marchés financiers
Authors: Walter Christian
Published: November 2008

La modélisation financière moderne instrumente massivement des lois d'échelle pour la formalisation des fluctuations des marchés, à travers l'usage des processus aléatoires dans les équations de comportement des cours boursiers. D'abord implicites, présentes dans le mouvement brownien mais non perçues en tant que telles, les lois d'échelle sont réapparues explicitement comme enjeu de la modélisation depuis que les autorités de tutelle des marchés financiers ont attiré l'attention des établissements bancaires sur le problème du contrôle des risques, mal quantifiés par les distributions gaussiennes classiques. On présente les éléments de ce débat, en adoptant comme fil conducteur la postérité des modèles fractals de Mandelbrot dans le sillage desquels s'inscrivent les principaux conflits de modélisation des variations boursières depuis les quarante dernières années. On montre que la question de l'existence de lois d'échelle renvoie à la question plus fondamentale de la nature du temps des marchés.
Qu'est-ce qu'une ressource locale? Homéostasie et microanalyse en histoire sociale
Authors: Rosental Paul-André
Published: November 2008

L'historiographie française prête une attention croissante à l'échelle microscopique, en associant essentiellement cette dernière à la microstoria italienne. Il existe pourtant, au Royaume-Uni et en Allemagne notamment, d'autres traditions nationales de « microhistoire », qui proposent des usages différents de ce niveau d'observation. De même, les propriétés prêtées au micro (le primat du local, le refus des explications fonctionnalistes) ne lui sont pas nécessairement spécifiques. À partir d'un objet précis, la question du rapport entre populations et ressources et sa formulation par le modèle dit «homéostatique», l'article s'efforce de nuancer l'idée selon laquelle chaque échelle serait dotée d'attributs qui lui seraient propres. En montrant les convergences possibles entre des niveaux d'observation apparemment incommensurables, il considère que les effets d'échelles dépendent davantage de situations historiographiques locales que de propriétés abstraites.
L'art au temps des fractales
Authors: Bontems Vincent
Published: November 2008

Le concept mathématique de fractal pénètre non seulement de nombreux champs scientifiques, mais inspire aussi la création artistique, notamment les arts plastiques. L'exposition «Le Temps fractal» est l'occasion d'interroger les revendications de « fractalisme ». Les transformations du concept, à mesure qu'il s'éloigne de son champ d'origine, nous renseignent alors sur les rapports entre sa constitution théorique initiale et la signification esthétique qu'il acquiert. Nous proposons de distinguer, à partir de ce critère d'éloignement théorique et non d'un jugement esthétique, trois formes de dérivation du « fractalisme »: la dérivation technique, la valorisation esthétique et la valorisation idéologique.
Intraoperative Consultation as an Instrument of Quality Management
Authors: Teichmann Wolfgang , Rost Wilm , Thieme Daniel , Petersen Sven
Published: November 2008

Background

This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of intraoperative consultation (IOC) with regard to its feasibility for improving quality management. IOC comprises an assessment of major steps in the operative procedure by another surgeon requested by the operating surgeon to be present in the operating room in a consultative capacity during the operation.

Methods

Between January and June 2008, IOC was implemented in 1217 operations. Data on the frequency of the feasibility of IOC and on whether IOC led to decisions influencing the course of the procedure were measured.

Results

A total of 872 IOCs were performed: regular IOC in 708 cases (81%), and tactical IOC in 164 cases (19%). In 70 cases (8%), consultation resulted in minor changes, and in 59 cases (7%) major clinically relevant revision of the operative strategy was deemed necessary.

Conclusions

It was found that IOC can be performed in the majority of cases. In the case of tactical IOC in particular, a large number of treatment‐relevant decisions are taken. This means that in the area of operative disciplines, IOC represents a potential preventive strategy within the framework of quality management.
Quality of analytical performance in inherited metabolic disorders: the role of ERNDIM
Authors: Fowler B. , Burlina A. , Kozich V. , Vianey‐Saban C.
Published: November 2008

External quality assurance (EQA) schemes are essential for improvement of accuracy, reliability and comparability of results of biochemical genetic tests. ERNDIM (European Research Network for evaluation and improvement of screening, Diagnosis and treatment of Inherited disorders of Metabolism), established in 1994, operates nine EQA schemes for biochemical genetic testing according to international norms and recommendations. These comprise qualitative schemes for amino acids, organic acids, purines and pyrimidines, special assays in serum and urine and white cell cystine, qualitative organic acid and acylcarnitine schemes, as well as diagnostic proficiency testing. The total number of participants has increased from 123 in 1994 to 268 in 2007. Additional activities include participation in the Eurogentest project, a laboratory directory, training, education and development of guidelines. Results from the quantitative amino acid scheme with 170 participants reveal good variation within and between laboratories of below 10% for 10 amino acids; good within‐laboratory variation but intermediate inter‐laboratory variation of 10–22% for 11 amino acids; and higher variation within and between laboratories for 8 amino acids. Results on samples from 51 inherited metabolic disorders from two of five centres organizing diagnostic proficiency testing indicate overall diagnostic efficiency above 80% and improved performance of individual laboratories. Comparison of results for 10 and 12 compounds in the serum and urine special assay schemes respectively for 2000 and 2007 reveal clear improvement of precision within laboratories and in inter‐laboratory variation. There is considerable evidence that performance in biochemical genetic testing has improved since the introduction of ERNDIM schemes.
Modern demographic trends in the EU
Authors: Mann Thomas
Published: November 2008

The demographic challenge faces not just Europe but the world. It requires a global strategy as well as coherent reforms on the European and national levels. This article explores a number of solutions which could contribute to a more promising future prognosis, including legislation favouring families, improving infrastructure and funding care and education. Policies for migration, immigration and the ageing labour force are also lacking. The author's examples for each of these solutions centre on Germany, but the scope of the article is international.
Europe's Brave New World: Security Implications of Global Population Changes, 2007-2050
Authors: Goldstone Jack A.
Published: November 2008

Demographic changes must take centre stage on the European agenda if Europe wishes to prevent crippling long-term trends. The author proposes to combat European population decline and ageing, and their attendant evils, by means of the four policy shifts enumerated below. Domestically, Europe must target fertility and immigration. With higher fertility and encouragement of immigrant labour Europe could counterbalance the dearth of workforce and support threatened national identity. Internationally, Europe must build on its technological leadership and bolster political and economic development overseas. In this way Europe would ensure its central role in international development and solve issues at their roots before they escalate.
Detailed seismicity mapping of the Altai-Sayan zone using large averaging areas
Authors: Dergachev A.A.
Published: November 2008

An improved technique is suggested for quantifying seismic activity over averaging areas of an arbitrary size. The example of the Altai-Sayan seismic zone is used to substantiate the choice of a 1° N × 2° E averaging area instead of the traditional one of 40×40 km2. Maps compiled with averaging areas of different sizes can be spliced and correlated using a correction coefficient estimated in different models.

The new seismicity map of the Altai-Sayan area covers more than 90% of the territory and provides a generalized image of activity being advantageous over the classic maps as it allows better correlation of regional seismicity with the tectonic setting.

With larger averaging areas and, correspondingly, a greater amount of data in each area, one can obtain time series of seismic activity to be analyzed using mathematical statistics as a basis for mathematical modeling and simulation of the seismic process.
Climatic changes and alluvial-sedimentation settings in southeastern Transbaikalia in the Middle-Late Holocene (by the example of the Ilya floodplain)
Authors: Bazarova V.B. , Mokhova L.M. , Klimin M.A. , Orlova L.A. , Bazarov K.Yu.
Published: November 2008

Climatic changes in southeastern Transbaikalia in the Middle and Late Holocene and their influence on alluvial sedimentation environments are reconstructed from the results of study of the Ilya floodplain sediments (Alkhanai National Park). At the beginning of the Subboreal period, the regional climate became more arid, which led to a significant increase in steppe species communities in the landscapes. Intense climate aridization also took place at the beginning and at the end of the Subatlantic period of the Holocene. The alluvial-sedimentation rate increased during the weakening of aridization and decreased during cooling and the intensification of aridization. The obtained regional data are compared with data on the adjacent areas and the global climatic changes in the Northern Hemisphere.
THE OFFICER CORPS, PROFESSIONALISM, AND DEMOCRACY IN THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
Authors: RENDLE MATTHEW
Published: November 2008

Russia's ‘democratic’ revolution of February 1917 saw all types of professions and social groups mobilize into unions and congresses to articulate their demands. Lower and middle classes dominated, but it is notable how former elite groups were quick to form bodies to defend their interests and to promote their visions of Russia's future. Historians have invariably dismissed these groups as marginal to the revolutionary process and inherently ‘counter-revolutionary’. This article challenges these assumptions, using the Union of Officers, formed across the military in May 1917 to defend officers' professional interests, as a case study. The union spread quickly, published a newspaper, and agitated among politicians for greater discipline in the military. Its activities fuelled popular fears of counter-revolution, but only a few of the union's leaders actively worked against the government. General Kornilov's failed revolt in August demonstrated that most officers had doubts. Nevertheless, the union played a crucial role in mobilizing moderate and conservative forces against further reform. This exacerbated social conflict and political polarization, fatally undermining the Provisional Government and democracy in 1917.
TRAITORS, TRAFIQUANTS, AND THE CONFISCATION OF ‘ILLICIT PROFITS’ IN FRANCE, 1944–1950
Authors: MOURÉ KENNETH , GRENARD FABRICE
Published: November 2008

State measures to confiscate the ‘illicit profits’ earned from commerce with the enemy and the black market in Occupied France are generally considered to have been an abject failure. Economic collaboration and illicit commerce had been widespread. The need to ‘purge’ the profits from black market transactions and economic collaboration was considered essential at Liberation. An examination of the confiscation effort from archival sources shows that the purge achieved limited success, but that complete success was rendered impossible by factors that limited other post-war purges: the shortage of trained personnel and investigative resources, the need for hard evidence for legal procedures (rather than vigilante justice), the efforts of collaborators to cover their tracks, and the evolution of public opinion, which was quickly disappointed by the slow pace of confiscations. Although success was limited, the effort to punish the profiteers it could convict had been necessary, as a matter of elementary fiscal justice and an essential step in the restoration of the authority of the state.
THE LOST WORLD OF YOUNG CONSERVATISM
Authors: BLACK LAWRENCE
Published: November 2008

The Young Conservatives were primarily a social club, hosting dances, beauty contests, car rallies and winning endorsements from sports stars. They made a virtue of this apolitical reputation to recruit a mass, middle-class membership, and with rhetoric of service and citizenship embedded themselves in local civil society. This article reflects on why this associational culture has been neglected by political and social historians. In the approach of Raphael Samuel's ‘Lost world of British Communism’, it explores the worldview and lifestyle of YCs in 1950s and 1960s Britain, drawing on national, local, and oral sources. Boasting of being ‘the free world's largest youth political movement’ it was a considerable political resource and confounds Conservatism's aged public image in this period. The article accounts for the Ycs' falling membership through the 1960s and discusses its legacy. Decline came as it experienced social and cultural change, as the value of mass party membership diminished and as, after the Macleod report, YCs sought to become more conventionally ‘political’. The resulting debates about politics–social mix are illuminating about political culture more generally. It argues the YCs were not simply victims of social change, but that the decision to become ‘political’ was also a factor. Until the later 1960s it contends the YCs attest to the persistence of strands of Conservatism described by interwar historians like McKibbin and Light – an associational appeal, whose light touch deftly avoided the appearance of being partisan in anything other than name.
THE PURSUIT OF REALITY: RECENT RESEARCH INTO THE HISTORY OF WITCHCRAFT
Authors: GASKILL MALCOLM
Published: November 2008

In recent years the outpouring of historical work on witchcraft has been prodigious. Twenty-first-century studies encompass every conceivable chronological and geographical area, from antiquity to the present, Massachusetts to Muscovy. Approaches have been varied, with witchcraft explored as an intellectual, legal, political, social, cultural, and psychological phenomenon. Of particular interest – and difficulty – is the ‘reality’ of witchcraft: how historians might recover contemporary meanings, beyond the meanings imposed by rationalists, romantics, and social scientists. This article examines nine books from the last five years to assess the state of the field, and to offer some suggestions for research in the future.
Bactrospora flavopruinosa, a new lichen species from Bermuda
Authors: BERGER Franz , APTROOT André
Published: November 2008

Bactrospora flavopruinosa F. Berger & Aptroot is described as a new lignicolous lichen from Bermuda, characterized by the yellow pruinose apothecia and filiform ascospores.
Observations on two glassy-haired lichenicolous discomycetes
Authors: HUHTINEN Seppo , HAWKSWORTH David L. , IHLEN Per G.
Published: November 2008

Two lichenicolous species are discussed: the recently described Unguiculariopsis nephromae, which occurs on Nephroma species in Canada, Fennoscandia, North America and Russia, is combined into Protounguicularia; and Hyalopeziza rapax sp. nov. is described from Pseudocyphellariacrocata in Alaska. In discussing generic placements, it is concluded that the species now known as Olla transiens is better accommodated in Protounguicularia and the species is combined into that genus. Attention is drawn to variability in general appearance of P. nephromatis, particularly the occurrence of both superficial and erumpent apothecia in the same species.
High Technology Therapies and Older People
Authors: Jennett Bryan
Published: November 2008

Therapies to save or sustain the lives of elderly patients are sometimes used when they can bring little benefit, and sometimes denied because of age to patients who could benefit. Selection for treatment should depend on balancing probable benefits and burdens for the patient and on the patient's preferences. Burdens include those of the treatment itself, the risk of complications and of extending life of poor quality. Factors to consider when deciding are illustrated by reference to intensive care, surgery, dialysis, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and tube feeding.
Health and Social Care for Elderly People in Sweden: Implications for Policy in the United States
Authors: Mullins Larry C.
Published: November 2008

Through a descriptive and analytical account of recent trends in the care of elderly people in Sweden, a number of lessons are indicated for America and countries with similar health and social welfare arrangements. Clarity of objectives within a ‘normalising’ framework; sound organisational arrangements based on small local areas; effective knowledge of services by consumers and cost-effective provision are factors identified as significant.
Symbolizing the civic ideal: the civic portraits in Belfast Town Hall
Authors: MCINTOSH GILLIAN
Published: November 2008

Belfast's civic portraits provide an unbroken narrative of the city's municipal identity dating back to the second half of the nineteenth century. Their layers of meaning can be understood within the context of the social, political and cultural concerns of the period in which they were produced and presented. An examination of these complex and coded works of art is revealing about the political and religious tensions, as well as the personalities, of mid-Victorian Belfast's intricate urban landscape.
Boldness diminished? The post-war battle to replan a bomb-damaged provincial city
Authors: ESSEX STEPHEN , BRAYSHAY MARK
Published: November 2008

The retreat from bold reconstruction planning in Britain's blitzed cities is now well established, although there are two notable exceptions: Coventry and Plymouth. While the circumstances in Coventry have been fully researched, the narrative in Plymouth remains untold. The aim of this article is therefore to evaluate the main formal measures required to embark on the comprehensive redevelopment of Plymouth's heavily blitzed core area and whether, despite Whitehall's failure to deliver the necessary legal and administrative powers in a timely and co-ordinated manner, the city maintained its faith in bold plans and planners.
A British Empire for the twentieth century: the inauguration of New Delhi, 1931
Authors: JOHNSON DAVID A.
Published: November 2008

The inauguration of New Delhi in 1931 represented a complex vision of the late colonial state where liberal political reforms intended to pacify Indians simultaneously bound them more closely to the British Empire. These conciliatory reforms focused Indian attention on provincial local self-government while the centre remained firmly in British hands. New Delhi, as the pre-eminent symbol of this imperial centre, crucially disseminated this double narrative of promised liberation and continued colonial dependency. The new capital may have projected imperial power and permanence, as many scholars have noted, but it also symbolized the underlying strands that connected British political reform with the reinforcement and reaffirmation of continued British rule.
Bibliography of urban history 2008
Authors: NOBLE MALCOLM
Published: November 2008

This bibliography is a continuation of and a complement to those published in the Urban History Yearbook 1974–91 and Urban History from 1992. The arrangement and format closely follows that of previous years. The list of abbreviations identifies only those periodicals from which articles cited this year have been taken, though many other journals are also checked. There is an index of towns on pp. 574–6.
LEARNING THE LESSONS OF THE MILOŠEVIĆ TRIAL
Authors: Boas Gideon , McCormack Timothy L.H.
Published: November 2008

One noticeable coincidence in 2006 involved the deaths of three former heads of state: Saddam Hussein, Augusto Pinochet and Slobodan Milošević. Many past calendar years have marked the passing of multiple former heads of state but these three particular former leaders had all been subjected to judicial processes of one sort or another in respect of alleged widespread and systematic violations of human rights, arbitrary killings and – for two of them – genocide of their own or other peoples. In all three cases the deaths were linked in some way to the legal proceedings and evoked widespread dissatisfaction – Pinochet because he escaped trial, Hussein because the proceedings against him were fundamentally flawed and Milošević because he died before the four-year trial proceedings against him could be brought to a conclusion. Despite the obvious differences in judicial proceedings against all three accused, an emergent and common refrain has been to query whether any satisfactory trial of a former head of state is indeed possible.