bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The dynamic impact of electronic word‐of mouth on movie box office sales: Based on innovation diffusion theory
Authors: Yang Yiwen , Liu Chuxuan , Cheng Li‐Chen
Published: April 2023

Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) is one of the most influential forms of information and strongly affects customers' willingness to adopt new innovations. Using four metrics of eWOM from YouTube—the numbers of likes, dislikes, views, and comments—this study empirically investigates the dynamic relationships between eWOM and movie box office sales based on innovation diffusion theory. The results show that the innovation diffusion process is applicable in the movie industry. That is, the impacts of the number of views, likes, dislikes, and comments for movie trailers on YouTube on movie box office revenue are first increasing and then gradually decreasing.
Feasibility of clinical studies of chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging of prostate cancer at 7 T
Authors: Reesink Daan J. , Arteaga de Castro Catalina S. , Van der Velden Tijl , Van Vooren Jeanette , Oost Petri , Jonges Trudy G.N. , Lam Marnix G. E. H. , de Keizer Bart , Willemse Peter‐Paul M. , Meijer Richard P. , Klomp Dennis W. J.
Published: April 2023

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) has been explored for differentiation between tumour and benign tissue in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. With ultrahigh field strengths such as 7‐T, the increase of spectral resolution and sensitivity could allow for selective detection of amide proton transfer (APT) at 3.5 ppm and a group of compounds that resonate at 2 ppm (i.e., [poly]amines and/or creatine). The potential of 7‐T multipool CEST analysis of the prostate and the detection of PCa was studied in patients with proven localised PCa who were scheduled to undergo robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). Twelve patients were prospectively included (mean age 68.0 years, mean serum prostate‐specific antigen 7.8ng/mL). A total of 24 lesions larger than 2 mm were analysed. Used were 7‐T T2‐weighted (T2W) imaging and 48 spectral CEST points. Patients received 1.5‐T/3‐T prostate magnetic resonance imaging and galium‐68‐prostate‐specific membrane antigen‐positron emission tomography/computerised tomography to determine the location of the single‐slice CEST. Based on the histopathological results after RARP, three regions of interest were drawn on the T2W images from a known malignant zone and benign zone in the central and peripheral zones. These areas were transposed to the CEST data, from which the APT and 2‐ppm CEST were calculated. The statistical significance of the CEST between the central zone, the peripheral zone, and tumour was calculated using a Kruskal–Wallis test. The z‐spectra showed that APT and even a distinct pool that resonated at 2 ppm were detectable. This study showed a difference trend in the APT levels, but no difference in the 2‐ppm levels when tested between the central zone, the peripheral zone, and tumour (H(2) = 4.8, p = 0.093 and H(2) = 0.86, p = 0.651, respectively). Thus, to conclude, we could most likely detect APT and amines and/or creatine levels noninvasively in prostate using the CEST effect. At group level, CEST showed a higher level of APT in the peripheral versus the central zone; however, no differences of APT and 2‐ppm levels were observed in tumours.
Hand hygiene knowledge and demonstrated technique among Malawian kindergarten children: A quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Mbakaya Balwani Chingatichifwe , Zgambo Maggie , Kalembo Fatch Welcome
Published: April 2023

Aim

To evaluate hand hygiene knowledge and demonstrated technique before and after implementation of the hand hygiene programme and its sustainability among Malawian kindergarten students.

Design

Quasi‐experimental design, utilizing a repeated measure at three points, namely, before intervention (T0), soon after intervention (T1) and follow‐up (T2).

Methods

The hand hygiene programme consisted of integrating hand hygiene protocol into the school health curriculum, setting up proper handwashing facilities, training school teachers, health talks and developing reminders on hand hygiene. Fifty‐three kindergarten children aged 3–6 years were enrolled in the programme. Data were collected at 3 months' intervals (T0, T1, and T2). Parents, teachers, school authorities and children were involved in the implementation and evaluation of the intervention, utilizing a multilevel approach.

Results

There was a significant difference in knowledge scores across three time points (T0, T1 and T2), Chi‐Square (2, n = 53) = 79.02, p < 0.005 and handwashing technique across the three time points, Chi‐Square (2, n = 53) = 88.04, p < 0.005. There was a large effect size of 0.62 on the effect of handwashing technique scores from T0 to T1.
Characteristics of suicidal emergency room patients before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Japan
Authors: Otani Kyohei , Yoshikawa Ryohei , Naitou Atsumi , Fukushima Haruko , Matsuishi Kunitaka
Published: April 2023

Aim

Owing to the stress caused by the behavioral restrictions and lifestyle changes during the COVID‐19 pandemic, suicide rates have increased in Japan, especially among young people. This study aimed to identify the differences in the characteristics of patients hospitalized for suicide attempts in the emergency room, requiring inpatient care before and during the pandemic over 2 years.

Methods

This study was a retrospective analysis. Data were collected from the electronic medical records. A descriptive survey was conducted to examine changes in the pattern of suicide attempts during the COVID‐19 outbreak. Two‐sample independent t‐tests, Chi‐square tests, and Fisher's exact test were used for data analysis.

Results

Two hundred one patients were included. No significant differences were found in the number of patients hospitalized for suicide attempts, average age, or sex ratio before and during the pandemic periods. Acute drug intoxication and overmedication in patients increased significantly during the pandemic. The self‐inflicted means of injury with high fatality rates were similar during the two periods. The rate of physical complications significantly increased during the pandemic, while the proportion of unemployed individuals significantly decreased.

Conclusions

Despite studies predicting an increase in suicides based on past statistics of young people and of women, no significant changes were observed in this survey of the Hanshin‐Awaji region, including Kobe. This may have been owing to the effect of suicide prevention measures and mental health measures implemented by the Japanese government after an increase in suicides and after past natural disasters.
Reinforcement learning‐based optimized backstepping control for strict‐feedback nonlinear systems subject to external disturbances
Authors: Qin Yan , Cao Liang , Lu Qing , Pan Yingnan
Published: April 2023

This article investigates a reinforcement learning‐based optimal backstepping control strategy for strict‐feedback nonlinear systems, which contain output constraints, external disturbances and uncertain unknown dynamics. The simplified reinforcement learning algorithm with the identifier‐critic‐actor architecture is constructed in the control design to build optimal virtual and actual controllers. To compensate for the disturbance, a lemma is adopted to transform external disturbances into an unknown “bounding functions‘’, which satisfy a triangular condition. Moreover, the unknown nonlinear functions, which composed of unknown dynamics and external disturbances, approximated by neural networks. Meanwhile, in order to avoid violating output constraints, a barrier‐type Lyapunov function approach is integrated into the optimal control strategy to satisfy output constraints requirements under the framework of backstepping technique. Furthermore, the presented optimal control strategy guarantees that all signals in the closed‐loop system are semi‐globally uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed optimal control approach is performed by a numerical example.
Mode I and mode II fracture behavior in nano‐engineered long fiber reinforced composites
Authors: Le Anh Tuan , Govignon Quentin , Rivallant Samuel , Cutard Thierry
Published: April 2023

Delamination still remains one of the common concerns in continuous fibers reinforced polymer composites. In the literature, the incorporation of nanoconstituents into constitutive composites plies has been suggested with the aim of improving interface toughness. In this study, vertically aligned carbon nanotubes forests (VACNTs) are transferred at composites interfaces, and mode I (DCB tests) and mode II (ENF tests) fracture tests carried out on composite samples. Microscopic analysis of reference and nano‐engineered composites help to understand fracture behavior and toughness. While the crack path in ENF samples is observed at interlaminar VACNTs‐resin interfaces, the crack path in DCB samples is intralaminar, located within the unidirectional carbon fiber plies. These microscopic observations give explanation for unstable crack propagation in nano‐engineered ENF samples and the unchanged toughness from the nano‐engineered to the reference zone in DCB samples.
Real‐world treatment patterns and outcomes for patients with advanced melanoma treated with immunotherapy or targeted therapy
Authors: Lee Sejin , Bennett Antonia V. , Zhou Xi , Betof Warner Allison , Trogdon Justin G. , Kent Erin E. , Lund Jennifer L.
Published: April 2023

Objective

To identify real‐world patterns of first line treatment, treatment sequence and outcomes for older adults diagnosed with advanced melanoma who received immunotherapy or targeted therapy.

Methods

The study population included older adults (ages 65+) diagnosed with unresectable or metastatic melanoma between 2012 and 2017 and who received first line immunotherapy or targeted therapy. Using the linked surveillance, epidemiology, and end results‐medicare data, we described patterns of first line treatment and treatment sequence through 2018. We used descriptive statistics to report patient and provider characteristics by first line treatment receipt and changes in first line therapy use over calendar time. We also described overall survival (OS) and time to treatment failure (TTF) by first line treatment using the Kaplan–Meier method. For patterns of treatment sequence, we reported commonly observed treatment switch patterns by treatment sub‐category and calendar year.

Results

The analyses included 584 patients (mean age = 76.3 years). A majority (n = 502) received first line immunotherapy. There was a sustained increase in immunotherapy uptake, most notably from 2015 to 2016. The estimated median OS and TTF were longer with first line immunotherapy than with targeted therapy. Individuals treated with CTLA‐4 + PD‐1 inhibitors had the longest median OS (28.4 months). The most common treatment switch pattern was from a first line CTLA‐4 inhibitor to a second line PD‐1 inhibitor.

Conclusions

Our findings inform understanding of treatment patterns of currently used immunotherapies and targeted therapies in older adults with advanced melanoma. Immunotherapy use has increased steadily with PD‐1 inhibitors becoming a dominant treatment option since 2015.
Study on kinetics of spent FCC catalyst applied to the living waste plastics
Authors: Shan Tilun , Wang Kongshuo , Bian Huiguang , Wang Chuansheng , Tian Xiaolong
Published: April 2023

The thermochemical method is one of the most potential ways to treat waste plastics. In order to reduce the energy consumption of pyrolysis, this study selected spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst as a catalyst for pyrolysis of waste plastics to explore the pyrolysis process of mixed waste plastics (polypropylene (PP)/polyethylene (PE)/polystyrene (PS)). The kinetic calculations show that there was a positive synergistic effect in the co‐pyrolysis of mixed plastics, which was beneficial to the reduction of activation energy. However, the participation of spent FCC catalysts can further reduce the pyrolysis temperature and activation energy of plastics, and increase the thermal degradation rate. Compared with non‐catalytic pyrolysis, the pyrolysis temperature corresponding to the maximum weight loss rate during catalytic pyrolysis was about 12 K earlier, the maximum degradation rate was about 41% higher, and the average activation energy decreased by about 22 kJ/mol. In order to further improve the catalytic efficiency of spent FCC catalysts, the spent FCC catalysts were modified by ball milling or ultrasonic method and then used for plastic pyrolysis. It was found that the modification effect of ball milling method was better than that of the ultrasonic method. Through thermodynamic analysis, it was found that the endothermic reaction occurred in the process of plastic pyrolysis and could not proceed spontaneously. The formed pyrolysis products reduced the disorder of a microscopic system. Combined with the experimental results of this paper, it can provide theoretical support for the catalytic pyrolysis of spent FCC catalysts for mixed waste plastics.
Responsive microgels and microgel assemblies in biocatalytic applications
Authors: Dubey Nidhi C. , Gaur Divya , Tripathi Bijay P.
Published: April 2023

Microgels are soft particles that offer excellent colloidal stability, large surface area, and fluid‐like transport characteristics, making them ideal for enzyme immobilization and reaction regulation. In recent years, the use of microgels in enzyme processes has rapidly increased and reviewed. Here in this review, we have provided a comprehensive overview of the strategies involved in microgel synthesis, practical aspects of microgel–enzyme conjugate formation, and the effects of microgel on enzyme stabilization and activities. In the end, we have discussed important biocatalytic applications of microgel and enzyme. The aim of this review is to provide a detailed understanding of enzyme–microgel conjugates and their potential applications, which can aid in the design of new microgels, responsive platforms, and biochemical applications.
Respiratory effort during noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and continuous positive airway pressure in severe acute viral bronchiolitis
Authors: Vedrenne‐Cloquet Meryl , Khirani Sonia , Griffon Lucie , Collignon Charlotte , Renolleau Sylvain , Fauroux Brigitte
Published: April 2023

Objectives

To assess if noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is associated with a greater reduction in respiratory effort as compared to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) during severe acute bronchiolitis, with both supports set either clinically or physiologically.

Methods

Twenty infants (median [IQR] age 1.2 [0.9; 3.2] months) treated <24 h with noninvasive respiratory support (CPAP Clin, set at 7 cmH2O, or NIPPV Clin) for bronchiolitis were included in a prospective single‐center crossover study. Esogastric pressures were measured first with the baseline support, then with the other support. For each support, recordings were performed with the clinical setting and a physiological setting (CPAP Phys and NIPPV Phys), aiming at normalising respiratory effort. Patients were then treated with the optimal support. The primary outcome was the greatest reduction in esophageal pressure–time product (PTPES/min). Other outcomes included improvement of the other components of the respiratory effort.

Results

NIPPV Clin and Phys were associated with a lower PTPES/min (164 [105; 202] and 106 [78; 161] cmH2O s/min, respectively) than CPAP Clin (178 [145; 236] cmH2O s/min; p = 0.01 and 2 × 10−4, respectively). NIPPV Clin and Phys were also associated with a significant reduction of all other markers of respiratory effort as compared to CPAP Clin. PTPES/min with NIPPV (Clin or Phys) was not different from PTPES/min with CPAP Phys. There was no significant difference between physiological and clinical settings.

Conclusion

NIPPV is associated with a significant reduction in respiratory effort as compared to CPAP set at +7 cmH2O in infants with severe acute bronchiolitis. CPAP Phys performs as well as NIPPV Clin.
Pediatric respiratory admissions and related viral infections during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Moscovich Dana Peer , Averbuch Diana , Kerem Eitan , Cohen‐Cymberknoh Malena , Berkun Yackov , Brooks Rebecca , Reiff Shimon , Meir Maskit Bar , Wolf Dana , Breuer Oded
Published: April 2023

Introduction

The COVID‐19 pandemic has affected the incidence of respiratory viral infections. Our aim was to assess changes in pediatric admissions due to respiratory diseases and associated respiratory viral infections.

Methods

An observational study including all respiratory admissions to the pediatric departments from January 2015 to August 2021. We compared respiratory admission percentage, respiratory viral panel results and clinical characteristics of these admissions between two study periods, January 2015 to February 2020 (pre‐COVID‐19 era) and March 2020 to August 2021 (COVID‐19 era).

Results

A total of 8774 respiratory admissions were included, 7157 pre‐COVID‐19 era and 1617 COVID‐19 era. Relative to all pediatric admissions, there was a 17% decrease in respiratory admission percentage during the COVID‐19 era (p < 0.001) and a 31% and 22% decreased in the admission percentages due to bronchiolitis (p < 0.001) and pneumonia (p < 0.001), respectively. However, admission percentages for asthma, wheezing illness, complicated pneumonia, and stridor remained the same. There was a significant decrease in the detection of a respiratory viral pathogen associated with these respiratory admissions (p < 0.001). This was related to a significant decrease in the detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (37% vs. 27%, p < 0.001) and influenza (5% vs. 0.3%, p < 0.001), but not other respiratory viruses. An alteration in the circulation pattern of most respiratory viruses, was observed.

Conclusions

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, a decrease in the prevalence of RSV and influenza was associated with a significant decrease in admissions for bronchiolitis and pediatric pneumonia. This may allow us to estimate the significance of preventive measures for RSV and influenza on pediatric respiratory admissions.
Co‐conserved sequence motifs are predictive of substrate specificity in a family of monotopic phosphoglycosyl transferases
Authors: Anderson Alyssa J. , Dodge Greg J. , Allen Karen N. , Imperiali Barbara
Published: April 2023

Monotopic phosphoglycosyl transferases (monoPGTs) are an expansive superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the first membrane‐committed step in the biosynthesis of bacterial glycoconjugates. MonoPGTs show a strong preference for their cognate nucleotide diphospho‐sugar (NDP‐sugar) substrates. However, despite extensive characterization of the monoPGT superfamily through previous development of a sequence similarity network comprising >38,000 nonredundant sequences, the connection between monoPGT sequence and NDP‐sugar substrate specificity has remained elusive. In this work, we structurally characterize the C‐terminus of a prototypic monoPGT for the first time and show that 19 C‐terminal residues play a significant structural role in a subset of monoPGTs. This new structural information facilitated the identification of co‐conserved sequence “fingerprints” that predict NDP‐sugar substrate specificity for this subset of monoPGTs. A Hidden Markov model was generated that correctly assigned the substrate of previously unannotated monoPGTs. Together, these structural, sequence, and biochemical analyses have delivered new insight into the determinants guiding substrate specificity of monoPGTs and have provided a strategy for assigning the NDP‐sugar substrate of a subset of enzymes in the superfamily that use UDP‐di‐N‐acetyl bacillosamine. Moving forward, this approach may be applied to identify additional sequence motifs that serve as fingerprints for monoPGTs of differing UDP‐sugar substrate specificity.
Understanding Carbon Nanotubes Functionalization and Their Interactions with Lipids Toward Drug Delivery Systems: A Combined Experimental and Computational Spectroscopic Investigation
Authors: Mishra Soni , Mishra Abhishek Kumar
Published: April 2023

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a class of materials that exhibit many special properties. So far, little is known about their environmental impact and ecotoxicological risk. These tubes, however, can accumulate in living organisms and enter living cells. CNTs are regarded as advanced materials in drug and gene delivery vectors, where the exact mechanism for the intake of CNTs as the cellular membrane is not clear. Herein, the interaction of COOH functionalized CNTs with artificial membranes is studied via combined experimental and computational approaches employing infrared and Raman spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. The related physicochemical features of the CNTs toward their role in drug delivery systems are discussed.
Enhanced Device Absorption Efficiency and Photocatalytic Response of Monolayer PtX2 (X = S, Se, Te) for Photocatalysis and Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Waheed Hafiza Sumaira , Ullah Hamid , Shin Young-Han , Alanazi Yousef Mohammed
Published: April 2023

Using density functional theory, the electronic and optical properties of monolayer platinum dichalcogenides (PtX2) are calculated. It is observed that PtS2, PtSe2, and PtTe2 have indirect bandgap of 2.70, 1.94, and 0.82 eV, respectively, indicating their potential in light harvesting. According to the calculated absorption spectra, PtX2 (X = S, Se, Te) absorbs the light extremely well in the visible range (300–700 nm), implying potential as third‐generation solar absorber in tandem configuration. The calculated device absorption efficiency increases above 90% at smaller wavelengths (300–350 nm). As a result, strong absorption across the entire light spectrum, from visible to UV, is exhibited. Interestingly, the top cell in tandem architecture requires a wider bandgap and strong device absorption efficiency, and these conditions are perfectly fulfilled by the materials PtS2 and PtSe2. The narrower gap (0.82 eV) and strong absorption of PtTe2 make it an excellent candidate for bottom cell in tandem architecture. Furthermore, it is observed that PtX2 family is useful for oxidizing H2O into O2 but fails to reduce H+ to H2. Thus, suitable bandgap, photocatalytic property for splitting water, and strong absorption efficiency make PtX2 an efficient candidate for application in optoelectronic devices, photocatalysis, and solar cells.
Aerial Photoluminescence Imaging of Photovoltaic Modules
Authors: Doll Bernd , Wittmann Ernst , Lüer Larry , Hepp Johannes , Buerhop-Lutz Claudia , Hauch Jens A. , Brabec Christoph J. , Peters Ian Marius
Published: April 2023

On‐site imaging of modules in photovoltaic (PV) systems requires contact‐free techniques with high throughput and low cost for commercial relevance. Photoluminescence imaging satisfies these requirements, but it has so far not been used for aerial imaging. Such a system faces unique engineering and operating challenges, including the need to mount a light source on the drone and identifying module defects from images taken under low‐ and nonuniform irradiance. Herein, in‐house developed photoluminescence aerial imaging (PLAI) setup is presented and it is demonstrated that it can be used to identify defects even with a difference of excitation intensity of up to 50%. The setup consists of a hexacopter aerial drone equipped with an illumination unit and a near‐infrared camera. The unit is capable of partially illuminating full‐sized modules at night and capturing the photoluminescence response. In the maiden flight, a throughput of 13.6 PV modules per minute is achieved, and a throughput of 300 PV modules per minute is feasible. It is shown that the setup can be used to detect and identify cracks and potential induced degradation with high levels of confidence. These findings are verified by cross correlation and comparing captured photoluminescence images to electroluminescence images taken indoors.
Observer‐based memory‐event‐triggered controller design for quarter‐vehicle suspension systems subject to deception attacks
Authors: Sun Xiang , Gu Zhou , Mu Xiufeng
Published: April 2023

This paper concerns the problem of an observer‐based memory‐event‐triggered controller for quarter‐vehicle suspension systems (SSs) under deception attacks. The observer‐based controller is utilized to solve the difficulty that full state information of quarter‐vehicle SSs cannot be obtained. A memory‐event‐triggered mechanism (METM) considering both network load and observer performance is proposed, where the historical information of the measured output is utilized in the event‐triggered condition and the observer, reducing mal‐triggering events caused by abrupt disturbance and enhancing the sensitivity to deception attacks. Sufficient conditions that guarantees an performance of quarter‐vehicle SSs are presented. Finally, a simulation example under the bump road conditions is provided to validate the effectiveness of the derived controller.
Machine Learning for the Prediction of Ionization Potential and Electron Affinity Energies Obtained by Density Functional Theory
Authors: Pereira Florbela
Published: April 2023

Quantum chemical (QC) calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) provide increasingly accurate estimates of various properties, but with a relatively high computational cost. Machine learning (ML) techniques can be envisaged to extract new knowledge from these large volumes of data, creating empirical models to fast predict QC calculations in new situations. Here, ML algorithms were explored for the fast estimation of ionization potential (IP) and electron affinity (EA) energies calculated by DFT using the B3LYP and PBE0 with 6–31G** basic set on molecular descriptors generated from DFT‐optimized geometries. A database of 9,410 and 9,627 small organic structures for IP and EA energies modelling were used, respectively. Several ML algorithms such as random forest, support vector machines, deep learning multilayer perceptron networks, and light gradient‐boosting machine were screened. The best performance was achieved with a consensus regression model predicted an external test set of 972 and 963 small organic molecules achieving a mean absolute error up to 0.23 eV and 0.32 eV for modelling IP and EA energies, respectively.
Hierarchically Branched Siloxane Brushes for Efficient Harvesting of Atmospheric Water
Authors: Song Jiayu , Liu Jie , Li Meng , Li Shuai , Kappl Michael , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , Hou Youmin , Yeung King Lun
Published: April 2023

Atmospheric water harvesting is considered a viable source of freshwater to alleviate water scarcity in an arid climate. Water condensation tends to be more efficient on superhydrophobic surfaces as the spontaneous coalescence‐induced droplet jumping on superhydrophobic surfaces enables faster condensate removal. However, poor water nucleation on these surfaces leads to meager water harvest. A conventional approach to the problem is to fabricate micro‐ and nanoscale biphilic structures. Nonetheless, the process is complex, expensive, and difficult to scale. Here, the authors present an inexpensive and scalable method based on manipulating the water‐repellent coatings of superhydrophobic surfaces. Flexible siloxane can facilitate water nucleation, while a branched structure promotes efficient droplet jumping. Moreover, ToF‐SIMS analysis indicated that branched siloxane provides a better water‐repellent coating coverage than linear siloxane and the siloxanes comprise hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecular segments. Thus, the as‐prepared superhydrophobic surface, TiO2 nanorods coated with branched siloxanes harvested eight times more water than a typical fluoroalkylsilane (FAS)‐coated surface under a low 30% relative humidity and performed better than most reported biphasic materials.
Selective Adsorption Behavior Modulation on Nickel Selenide by Heteroatom Implantation and Heterointerface Construction Achieves Efficient Co‐production of H2 and Formate
Authors: Feng Yafei , He Xiaoyue , Cheng Mingyu , Zhu Yin , Wang Wentao , Zhang Yangyang , Zhang Huaikun , Zhang Genqiang
Published: April 2023

Glycerol‐assisted hybrid water electrolysis is a potential strategy to achieve energy‐efficient hydrogen production. However, the design of an efficient catalyst for the specific reaction is still a key challenge, which suffers from the barrier of regulating the adsorption characteristics of distinctive intermediates in different reactions. Herein, a novel rationale that achieves selective adsorption behavior modulation for self‐supported nickel selenide electrode by heteroatom implantation and heterointerface construction through electrodeposition is developed, which can realize nichetargeting optimization on hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR), respectively. Specifically, the prepared Mo‐doped Ni3Se2 electrode exhibits superior catalytic activity for HER, while the NiSe‐Ni3Se2 electrode exhibits high Faradaic efficiency (FE) towards formate production for GOR. A two‐electrode electrolyzer exhibits superb activity that only needs an ultralow cell voltage of 1.40 V to achieve 40 mA cm−2 with a high FE (97%) for formate production. Theoretical calculation unravels that the introduction of molybdenum contributes to the deviation of the d‐band center of Ni3Se2 from the Fermi level, which is conducive to hydrogen desorption. Meanwhile, the construction of the heterojunction induces the distortion of the surface structure of nickel selenide, which exposes highly active nickel sites for glycerol adsorption, thus contributing to the excellent electrocatalytic performance.
Stable Cycling with Intimate Contacts Enabled by Crystallinity‐Controlled PTFE‐Based Solvent‐Free Cathodes in All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Lee Dongsoo , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: April 2023

All‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) employing Li‐metal anodes and inorganic solid electrolytes are attracting great attention due to high safety and energy density for next‐generation energy storage devices. However, the volume change of cathode active materials can cause contact loss, resulting in charge carrier isolation, heterogeneous current distribution, and poor electrochemical properties in ASSBs. Here, a simple, yet effective, solvent‐free electrode engineering approach with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a binder for ASSBs is reported, enabling intimate contact and stable interfaces with the cathode. It is substantiated that the crystallinity of PTFE can be controlled depending on the heat history, and highly crystalline PTFE displays robust mechanical properties. High‐nickel LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 cathode prepared with crystalline PTFE show improved cycle and rate performances in ASSBs. In addition, it is revealed that the intimate contact between cathode particles with a stable cathode electrolyte layer is maintained during cycling by postmortem studies. This simple engineering method can be applied to prepare cathodes with a variety of active materials and solid electrolytes in ASSBs.
Rapid Response Solar Blind Deep UV Photodetector with High Detectivity Based On Graphene:N/βGa2O3:N/GaN p‐i‐n Heterojunction Fabricated by a Reversed Substitution Growth Method
Authors: Han Yurui , Wang Yuefei , Xia Danyang , Fu Shihao , Gao Chong , Ma Jiangang , Xu Haiyang , Li Bingsheng , Shen Aidong , Liu Yichun
Published: April 2023

This work reports a high‐detectivity solar‐blind deep ultraviolet photodetector with a fast response speed, based on a nitrogen‐doped graphene/βGa2O3/GaN p‐i‐n heterojunction. The i layer of βGa2O3 with a Fermi level lower than the central level of the forbidden band of 0.2 eV is obtained by reversed substitution growth with oxygen replacing nitrogen in the GaN matrix, indicating the majority carrier is hole. X‐ray diffractometershows that the transformation of GaN into βGa2O3 with (−201) preferred orientation at temperature above 900 °C in an oxygen ambient. The heterojunction shows enhanced self‐powered solar blind detection ability with a response time of 3.2 µs (rise)/0.02 ms (delay) and a detectivity exceeding 1012 Jones. Under a reverse bias of −5 V, the photoresponsivity is 8.3 A W−1 with a high Ilight/Idark ratio of over 106 and a detectivity of ≈9 × 1014 Jones. The excellent performance of the device is attributed to 1) the continuous conduction band without a potential energy barrier, 2) the larger built‐in potential in the heterojunction because of the downward shift of Fermi energy level in β‐Ga2O3, and 3) an enhanced built‐in electric field in the βGa2O3 due to introducing p‐type graphene with a high hole concentration of up to ≈1020 cm−3.
Recent Progress of All Polymer Solar Cells with Efficiency Over 15%
Authors: Zhang Lu , Yao Zhigang , Wang Hanyu , Zhang Jian , Ma Xiaoling , Zhang Fujun
Published: April 2023

All polymer solar cells (APSCs) composed of polymeric donors and acceptors have attracted tremendous attention due to their unique merits of mechanical flexibility and good film formation property, which exhibit promising applications on wearable and flexible stretchable devices. Over 18% power conversion efficiency of APSCs has been achieved benefiting from the continuous development of functional layer materials innovation and device engineering evolution. In this review, the functional layer materials that enabled the recent progress of efficient APSCs are outlined, including typical polymer donors, emerging polymer acceptors based on polymerizing small molecule acceptors strategy, interfacial materials as well as the rational design rules for corresponding functional materials. From the perspective of device engineering evolution, the film deposition and treatment techniques are introduced, which play a vital role in manipulating film morphology through properly tuning the vertical component distribution and aggregation behavior of polymers. Meanwhile, the ternary strategy is also discussed as an effective method in promoting mechanical durability, stability, and thickness‐insensitive characteristics of APSCs facing for future applications. The challenges and outlooks on this filed are finally proposed for developing high‐performance APSCs.
N‐Fluoro Ammonium Salts of Cinchona Alkaloids in Enantioselective Electrophilic Fluorination
Authors: Shibata Norio , Cahard Dominique
Published: April 2023

From 2000, our two research groups independently and simultaneously designed and developed a novel family of electrophilic fluorinating reagents based on the use of Cinchona alkaloids. The chiral N‐fluoro ammonium salts demonstrated the highest efficiency compared to prior art in enantioselective electrophilic fluorination for a wide range of substrates. In this account, we tell our respective stories, how the same idea germinated in our laboratories, the characterization of the chiral reagents, the use in stoichiometric quantity then the development of a catalytic version, the application to the synthesis of chiral fluorinated molecules of pharmaceutical interest, and finally the exploitation of our reagents by other teams and for other applications.
Embodiment and language
Authors: Pelkey Jamin
Published: April 2023

The findings of cognitive linguistics demonstrate the thoroughly embodied grounding of linguistic constructions and linguistic meaning ranging from abstract thought to interactive communication. A historical survey and updated summary of work in this area illustrates the many layers of bodily meaning that we rely on when thinking and communicating as human beings. Key distinctions, definitions, and clarifications, plus an overview of key works on embodied cognition in cognitive linguistics provide necessary context for understanding specific aspects of linguistic embodiment, including schemas and iconicity, mapping and metaphor, categories and projections, embodied grammar and abstract thought, intersubjectivity, and textual meaning. Realigning philosophical presuppositions with the findings of cognitive linguistics has important consequences: Body and mind can be reunited in lived experience. Both imaginative thought and rational thought can be understood as reliant on the same movement and memory structures. Even the most habituated form‐content relationships in language can be understood as growing out of vital networks of real‐world experiential relations, from the personal to the interpersonal. And instead of being understood as the narrow purview of semantics and pragmatics, the study of meaning can be embraced as the purpose and function of linguistics. These consequences have potential for revolutionizing scientific inquiry and theory building across a wide array of disciplines.

This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Cognitive Linguistics

Psychology > Language

Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science
Correction to: Autism, the Criminal Justice System, and Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Richman Kenneth A. , Krause-Jensen Katrine , Rodogno Raffaele
Published: April 2023

The original version of the chapter “Autism, the Criminal Justice System, and Transition to Adulthood” was previously published as non-open access, which has now been changed to open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and the copyright holder has been updated to ‘The Author(s)’. The chapter and the book have been updated with the changes.
Linguicism in U.S. Higher Education: A Critical Autoethnography
Authors: Cho Hyesun
Published: April 2023

This critical autoethnography discusses the emotional and cognitive dissonance encountered by the author, an international faculty member, during her professional journey at a large public research university in the United States. Despite being recognized for her scholarship as a promising researcher in the field of TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages), she has still encountered covertlinguicism(Skutnabb-Kangas, 2012), a phenomenon ubiquitous in the English-dominant higher education context. This chapter discusses the ways in which the linguistic discrimination has shaped the author’s professional identity and how she exerts her agency as a teacher educator-researcher through critical reflexivity to promote legitimacy and self-efficacy in her professional community. By unpacking and problematizing the dominant discourse, such as native speakerism (Holliday, 2015), in English language teaching, this study aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the lived experience of a bilingual faculty member in a teacher education program in the United States.
Science Teacher Education in Canada: Addressing Diversity by Living and Teaching Intersectionality
Authors: Burke Lydia E. Carol-Ann
Published: April 2023

As a Black woman of Caribbean heritage, born and raised in England, my own school science experience was focused on learning the tricks that teachers presented as intuitively graspable. I was used to pushing through and ignoring the ‘outsider’ feelings that I possessed. As a science teacher and science teacher educator, I came to understand that there are many students for whom the acquisition of science knowledge means compromise to their sense of selfhood, either because they are members of groups for whom Western modern science is not a central tenet of understanding or because of the esoteric mode of science instruction. In this chapter, I identify four critical incidents that have occurred during my professional experience as a science teacher educator. I explore the implications of these incidents by examining them through the equity lens of intersectionality to highlight broader concerns in science teaching and science teacher education. The analyses reinforce the need for science teachers to allow themselves and their students to be open and reflective about their own positionings in the field of science education as well as the need to acknowledge the historical and philosophical contexts of Western modern science as a body of knowledge. I hope that this chapter will be used by science teacher educators to stimulate dialogue and provide an artifact around which constructive and meaningful conversation foments in the many spaces of science teacher education.
“They Respect Me as a Person Who Can Help” Roma Teaching Assistants in the Czech Republic
Authors: Němec Zbyněk
Published: April 2023

In the Czech Republic, where Roma represent the largest ethnic minority, Roma teaching assistants have been an irreplaceable form of support for the education of socially disadvantaged students for more than two decades. This chapter draws on experience from various research projects that took place from 2012 to 2019, and focuses on the benefits of the work of Roma teaching assistants in the education of socially disadvantaged Roma students; data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and subjected to a thematic analysis, using basic elements of grounded theory. According to research, the main responsibilities of Roma assistants include assisting teachers in the education of socially disadvantaged Roma students during lessons, tutoring Roma students, providing psychosocial support for these students, organising leisure activities for these students, and supporting communication between the school and the Roma students’ families. Having a deep knowledge of Roma students, their needs and cultural specifics, Roma assistants can also represent an important information resource for teachers; the ethnicity of Roma assistants can also be beneficial in overcoming language barriers – if both the Roma assistant and the students or their parents speak Romani, the assistant can translate and interpret for teachers and other school staff. At a general level, cooperation of Roma assistants and non-Roma teachers can serve as a model for relations between Roma and non-Roma students and thus remove prejudices and barriers in society.
Belonging and Otherness: Teachers of Ethiopian and Russian Origins in Israeli Schools
Authors: Gindi Shahar , Ron Rakefet Erlich
Published: April 2023

This chapter investigates minority teachers’ experience in light of the power relations in society and their expression in schools. The study population included 20 teachers from an Ethiopian background and 34 Russian-speaking teachers in Israeli schools. The teachers responded to an online questionnaire about what made them work at their school, and about feelings of otherness and belonging toward it. The analysis revealed similarities in the issues that contributed to a sense of belonging in both groups, while the issues that contributed to a sense of otherness were different. Teachers described their sense of belonging on three levels: national belonging (e.g., holidays, war times), organizational belonging (professional merit, roles at school, care for students, and school events), and personal belonging (comradeship and team spirit). When it comes to otherness, Russian-speaking teachers noted cultural gaps, slight school involvement, and professional gaps, while teachers of Ethiopian origin emphasized prejudice and feeling patronized. It is noteworthy that all the sources of belonging and otherness are determined by the minority’s resemblance to the majority demonstrating the power relations between minorities and the hegemony. The differences in the symbolic assets that each of the minority groups import, point to the “diversity of diversity” among Israeli minorities. We conclude that the hegemonic group use symbolic assets that minority groups have difficulty acquiring fully (language, Jewishness, skin color), and that construct teachers’ experiences.
Transformation or ‘Training the Dog’? Approaches to Access Within an Historically White University in South Africa
Authors: Belluigi Dina Zoe , Thondhlana Gladman
Published: April 2023

This chapter provides insights into the intractable ethico-political nature of ‘access’ in post-colonial, post-conflict higher education (HE), through the reflections of Black academics and women academics who have lived experience of the minority-majority transitions of academic communities in post-apartheid South Africa. To address the lack of ‘diversity’ of under-represented demographics within historically white institutions, those institutions who provided access to these hand-picked academics did so requiring that they undergo rigorous professional development and socialisation programmes for the purposes of assuring their quality. Critical discourse analyses were undertaken of the qualitative responses of these academics made in response to a questionnaire on this subject, which were then confirmed and deepened within small group discussions. In this chapter we discuss how their responses revealed: (1) the mis-educational reception of structural access for troubling homogeneous institutional cultures; (2) the risks encountered in the politics of belonging of an individual’s access for success; and (3) the problematic weight of transformative expectations when conditions mitigate against empowering agents access to challenge. Situated within an historical narrative of academic development and the national drives in that country for an HE sector ‘transformed’ from its historical legacies of injustice and inequality, the chapter highlights the implications of these three constructions of access for disrupting the machinations of the hidden macro- and meso-curricula of power and whiteness.
Switzerland: Diversity in the Classroom, Uniformity in the Faculty
Authors: Beck Michael , Mantel Carola , Bischoff Sonja
Published: April 2023

Switzerland is a country with a long immigration history. Today, 27% of all pupils in compulsory education are foreign nationals (Federal Statistical Office (FSO) Switzerland, Obligatorische Schule: Lernende nach Grossregion, Schulkanton, Bildungstyp und Staatsangehörigkeit (je-d-15.02.01.05). Retrieved from https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bildung-wissenschaft/personen-ausbildung/obligatorische-schule.assetdetail.11787900.html, 2020). On the other hand, teachers of immigrant background constitute a small minority even though the demand for teachers is high, with secure jobs that pay well. Moreover, there is a debate on the question whether teachers with an immigrant background are especially qualified for teaching culturally diverse classes. Given that persons with an immigrant background tend to aspire to higher educational and occupational goals than non-immigrant individuals (Van De Werfhorst & Van Tubergen, Ethnicities 7(3):416–444, 2007), the question arises why individuals with an immigrant background do not choose to become teachers more often.

In light of this question, we provide an overview of studies from Switzerland and examine transitions of individuals into and out of Universities of Teacher Education in Switzerland as well as studies concerning active teachers.

We will discuss current research evidence, that suggests that social background as well as motivations for choosing the fields of study (which usually play a significant role in explaining differing educational decisions) do not provide an explanation for the low enrolment rate into teacher education among students with immigrant background. Evidence indicates that dichotomizing into immigrant and non-immigrant might conceal differences in attitudes which particularly those from stigmatized cultural backgrounds face. These findings are highlighted by empirical insights on practicing teachers who experience a lack of recognition and who develop a range of strategies in response to these experiences.