bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An analysis of Ṛgvedic recitation
Authors: Gray J. E. B.
Published: January 2010

Until quite recently, Western students of Veda have found it difficult to obtain reliable information on the manner of chanting practised by Rgvedic Brahmans maintaining their sacred tradition. Some studies on Vedic recitation have appeared in the past, 1 but none has given any information on the oldest of the Vedic schools, the Rgveda. During the year 1952–3, some progress was made in this respect, and recordings were taken in Rājasthān2 and in Bombay.3 At the time, the manner in which these two reciters chanted appeared to run so far counter to the generally accepted notions in the West concerning the nature of the Vedic accentual pattern that their evidence was simply‘filed ’. More recently still, in 1957 and 1958, a further opportunity presented itself of recording chants by a Rgvedic Brahman, this time from Mahārāstra.4 Nothing fully authentic is yet available from the eastern side of India, 5 but the fact that the above three Brahmans agree so closely that any divergences are scarcely worth noting makes useful.
Zurvanica I
Authors: Zaehnek R. C.
Published: January 2010

The present article is intended to be the first of a series devoted -L to the “Zervanite question”. It seemed desirable that before embarking on the uncertain seas of speculation, the author should publish a transliterated text and translation of the more important passages in the Pahlavī and kindred literature which might be found to bear upon this problem. The present article contains two excerpts from the Dēnkart, and a short passage from the Persian Rivāyats of the greatest interest. It is hoped that the first chapter of Zātspram will appear in the next number of the Bulletin. The notes in this and the next article will be confined, so far as possible, to matters of philology: discussion of the problem itself must be deferred till the linguistic difficulties have been adequately dealt with.
A Selection of Cairo's Street Cries (referring to vegetables, fruit, flowers and food)
Authors: Heyworth-Dunne J.
Published: January 2010

Cairo is probably one of the noisiest towns in the world but it is amusing, if not interesting, to endeavour to sort out some ofthe sounds so familiar in Cairo's streets. The main thoroughfaresare crowded with hawkers of every description; as one sits in acafe, one is offered articles of the most extraordinary variety by them, hair-pins and oranges, daffodils and bananas, sand-paper and flywhisks, sausages and sadlery, the latest editions of French and Arabic novels, copies of works on Quranic Exegesis and the Traditions, motor car tyres and flea-powder.
The Mālikī Family Waqf According to Wills and Waqfiyyāt
Authors: Layish Aharon
Published: January 2010

The Islamic system of succession is destructive of family property in that it causes its division among a great number of heirs and into uneconomic units. Succession involves a great number of participants; qur'ānic and agnatic heirs participate simultaneously (not successively)—subject, of course, to the rules of priorities and exclusions—and this increases the fragmentation of the property and the shrinking of the shares of the participants ad infinitum. Islamic law does not know the principle of primogeniture. Succession is not limited to direct descendants but includes relatives of different parentelas and different degrees of kinship to the deceased.
Autour d'un texte syriaque inédit sur la religion des Mages
Authors: De Menasce Par P.
Published: January 2010

T A littérature syriaque est jusqu'aujourd'hui trop partiellementéditée pourqu'on puisse songer à en tirer au profit des iranistes une collection complète de Fontes comparable à celles que nous devons à, M. Gray et à M. Clemen pour les sources grecques et latines. II faut se contenter d'enregistrer les textes nouveaux au fur et à mesure de leur découverte et chercher à serrer de plus près les textes déja connus. Le travail a déjà, été amorcé par Gottheil et plus récemment par Nau qui a opéré un dépouillement assez minutieux des Acta Sanctorum publiés par Bedjan mais en dirigeant ses recherches á l'appui d'une thèse fort hasardeuse sur la transmission de l'Avesta.
A Numismatic Contribution to Middle Indian Phonology
Authors: Master Alfred
Published: January 2010

In the year 1906 a hoard of about 10,000 coins marked with the names of Nahapāna and Śatakarṇī was found in the village of Joghaltembhi, Nāsik district, Bombay Presidency, and was described by the Rev. H. R. Scott in the JBBRAS., vol. xxii, art. xvi,pp. 223 foll.

Nahapāna is the earliest kṣatrapa known in Western India. Inscriptions in Prakrit referring to him as the ruler have been found in the Nāsik and J.unnar caves. From them it appears that his jurisdiction extended over South Gujarāt and North Mahārāṣṭra.
Dravidian Studies 1
Authors: Burrow T.
Published: January 2010

IT is well known that Tamil in contradistinction to other Dravidian languages does not admit of the voiced stops g, j, d, b at the beginning of a word ; whereas in the middle of a word the unvoiced sounds are represented by the voiced, though the writing takes no notice of this distinction. Caldwell (3rd ed., p. 138), formulating this state of affairs as the“ Convertibility of Surds and Sonants ”, assumes it to have been characteristic of the primitive Dravidian tongue. In this most people have tended to follow him. More recently, however, contrary opinions have been expressed, notably by M. Jules Bloch.
An Amharic manuscript on the mythical history of the Adi kyaz (Dizi, south-west Ethiopia)
Authors: Haberland Eike
Published: January 2010

The Dizi (as they call themselves) have hitherto been generally known as the Maji, a term derived from the name of their largest chiefdom, in which there also lies the most important Amhara town of this region. They are one of the least studied groups of south-western Ethiopia.
Al-Bīrūnī's Arabic version of Patañjali'sYogasūtra: A Translation of the Third Chapter and a Comparison with Related Texts
Authors: Pines Shlomo , Gelblum Tuvia
Published: January 2010

The following study contains a translation of al-Bīrūnī's rendering into Arabic of the third chapter of Patañjali'sYogasūtracum commentrary. (On this point see our translation of al-Bīrūnī's rendering of the first two chapters of Patanñjali'sYogasktra). This translation is based on Ritter's edition of the Arabic text. Comparison has been made with the unique MS of Ritter's Text: KöprÜlÜ, 1589, fols. 412a–419a (writen on the margins). We have also compared the text with paralled passages and expressions in al-Bīrūnī's India.
Further sources on the Otagh salt lakes
Authors: Adshead S. A. M.
Published: January 2010

Readers of Father Serruys's two articles on the Ordos salt lakes may be interested in the evidence relating to the episode referred to in his documents, which is provided by the reports, 1917–22, of the Sino-foreign salt inspectorate. The evidence is twofold: direct, relating to the episode itself, and indirect, relating to the context. In preliminary clarification it should be stated that both Chinese and Sino-foreign sources refer to three Ordos salt lakes at this date: Pei-ta-ch'ih, the northern great lake, ‘200 li due north of Hua-mach'ih’; Wo-po-ch'ih, evidently a transliteration; and Kou-ch'ih, the dog or petty lake. These would seem to be equivalent, respectively, to Father Serruys's Great Lake, Lake of the Cairn or obo, and Little Siker Lake.
Two Manichæan Magical Texts with an Excursus on The Parthian ending -ēndēh
Authors: Henning W. B.
Published: January 2010

It is surprising that the Manichaean religion did not become altogether submerged in the slime of witchcraft and sorcery. There were countless demons to be warded off and nearly as many divine and semi-divine beings that could be invoked. Mani, it is true, had regarded his " gods " as hardly more than exponents of particular functions of the Godhead, and had been conscious of the inadequacy of the anthropomorphic terms he had ill-advisedly employed:the resplendent hosts, he said in his Treasure of Life, will be called young women and virgins, fathers and mothers, sons, brothers and sisters, because such is the custom in the books of the prophets. In the country of joy there is neither male nor female... they do not differ from each other in weakness and force, in length and shortness, in figure and looks; they are like similar lamps which are lighted by the same lamp and nourished by the same material (Beruni, India, transl., i, 39).
Phonology of the Sinhalese Inscriptions up to the End of the Tenth Century
Authors: Wijeratne P. B. F.
Published: January 2010

In the Mid. Ind. stage, represented by the Prakrits, though not in the North–west, Sk. ā, ī ū before two consonants (homorganic or heterorganic) coincided with Sk. a, i, u before two consonants, for in both cases Mid. Ind. showed ā ī ū before double consonants, e.g. Sk. kāstha– > Pa. Pk. hattha–; Sk. tīrtha– > Pa. Pk. tittha–; Sk. pūrna– > Pa. Pk. punna–; just as Sk. lajjā– > Pa – Pk. lajjā–; Sk. mitra– > Pa. Pk. mitta–; Sk. śuddha– > Pa. Pk. suddha–.
Foreign Sounds in Swahili
Authors: Tucker A. N.
Published: January 2010

270. In order to understand the somewhat bewildering vowel-alternation in Arabic-Swahili verbs and their derivatives, it is first necessary to have before one the behaviour-pattern of the verb in Arabic. Taking a verb with three radicals as paradigm, we find it has ten possible forms, i.e. a “ fundamental ” form and nine “ derived ” forms.
Indo-Aryan and Dravidian III
Authors: Master Alfred
Published: January 2010

In Telugu, unlike any other Dravidian language except Kui-Kuvi, there is a very numerous class of words of native origin, beginning with a consonant group of which the second element is r, e.g. krovvu, trādu, prōlu, mrānu, vrāyu, sraggu. These are all common words of some antiquity and most of them have doublets in which the r has been dropped, as in kovvu, in accordance with the Common Dravidian tendency to avoid initial consonant groups, which is shared with Prakrit. Sometimes there are three forms, as tirika a twist, trippu, tippu to cause to turn. Trikku a twist, has only this form and is presumably not popular, while tikka crazy, is also written trikka.
A Study in the Phonology of an Igbo Speaker
Authors: Carnochan J.
Published: January 2010

This present study is the result of observations I made on the speech of Mr. S. M. Ahamba, while he was at the School in 1946. Mr. Ahamba is an Igbo, and was born and brought up in Lorji, a small rural village situated near the western bank of the Imo River, some twenty miles east-south-east of Owerri town. He has spent some time at Obosi and Awka, both in Onitsha Province, and also at Egbu, three miles from Owerri. It must be emphasized, however, that the type of Igbo he speaks is not that of Owerri town itself. It could be most nearly described as the Lorji dialect spoken by a school teacher who has spent some years away from home.
Dated Chinese Manuscripts in the Stein Collection
Authors: Giles Lionel
Published: January 2010

Soon after the rise of the T'ang dynasty, the Parinirvāna Sūtra seems to have lost its popularity, and in the second half of the seventh century its place is definitely taken by the Lotus Sūtra. Out of a total of fifty-six dated texts, no fewer than twenty-nine are sections of this work.
The Japanese Particles Wa, Ga, and Mo
Authors: Yoshitake S.
Published: January 2010

Since Motoori Norinaga invented the term kakari, lit. “nexus”, more than 150 years ago Japanese scholars have been labouring to find out the precise signification of the word he had left unexplained beyond vaguely applying it to several grammatical devices which included the uses of the particles wa, mo, zo, and koso.
Bhāgavata Purāna and the Kārikās of Gaudapāda
Authors: Ray Amarnath
Published: January 2010

A Bout three years ago, I sent a paper on “The Date of the Bhāga-vata Purāṇa” to the I.H.Q. The publication of the paper was delayed, and it was forestalled by B. N. Krishnamurti Sarma's paper on the same subject, which appeared in the Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol. xiv, pts. iii-iv. The object of both the papers was the same, viz. to controvert the views of Vaidya and Winternitz who proposed the tenth century A.D. as the date of the Bh.P. Sarma suggests that this Purana was composed in the fifth century, if not earlier. My own view is that the work came into being some time between A.D. 550 and 650. The mention therein of the Huns (ii, 7, 26) and of the Tamil Saints (xi, 5, 38–40) would go against Sarma's hypothesis. Sarma and the present writer adopted somewhat different lines of attack upon the position taken up by Vaidya and Winternitz. It is unnecessary, however, to state the additional matter my paper contained, or to publish it. This will be done if the other view finds a defender who has to be refuted.
A Phonetic Study of Western Ossetic (Digoron)
Authors: Henderson Eugenié J. A.
Published: January 2010

THIS paper is the outcome of a short study of the pronunciation of an Ossete born in Dzaeusegi-hseu (Wladikavkaz). The Digoron dialect of Ossetic is my informant's mother tongue, but as he left his homeland more than twenty years ago and has in the interval probably had more occasion to speak Kussian and Polish than his own language, the possibility that his pronunciation has been thereby affected cannot be discounted. At the suggestion of Professor H. W. Bailey a short investigation of his pronunciation of Ossetic was undertaken. Some of the material used was taken from notes put at my disposal by Professor Bailey, to whom I am greatly indebted for his generous help and for much invaluable information and criticism. Other material was found in a collection of folk-stories, the Pamyatniki narodnogo tvorchestva Osetin, or was supplied by my informant himself. The tentative nature of any linguistic analysis based on a short study of the pronunciation of one speaker is obvious, and it will be understood that the findings are only valid within these limitations.

The typographical conventions adopted in this paper are as follows:—

Italic type is used to show the roman spelling of Digoron as used in the Pamyatniki or by my informant.

Heavy type is used for the phonetic transcription of my informant's pronunciation.

Heavy type in single quotes is used to indicate the units of what may be called “unuttered speech”.

The use of all three conventions is demonstrated by the following statement:— “nivәrun niværun is the realization of the junction of ‘ni’ and әvәrun’”.
The Aramaic Inscription of Asoka found in Lampāka
Authors: Henning W. B.
Published: January 2010

Several years before the war a photograph of a stone inscription in Aramaic letters was published in the Persian language periodical Kabul (vol. ii, 1932, p. 413). The following note (in Persian), printed below the photograph, constitutes the whole of our information on the material, history, and provenance of the inscription:ߞ

“A historical inscribed stone: A few years ago a broken stone tablet (lauhe) with ancient Sanskrit writing was procured in the neighbourhood of Pul-i Darunta, Laghmān, and entrusted to Kabul Museum. So far its contents have not been read and understood. The original of the above (depicted) stone is in Kabul Museum.”

Laghmān, older Lamyān (from Lambayān<*Lampakāna), is the name of a district on the left (northern) bank of the Kabul river, a little above Jalalabad; it comprises the valleys of the Lower Alingār and Ališang. This district, whose name is familiar to Sanskritists as Lampāka (also Lambāka), was traditionally regarded as part of the Indian borderlands, the ultima Thule of Jambuduīpa. Cf. Mémoires de Hiouen-thsang, i, 55, “en partant de ce royaume ( = Kāpiśī), il… franchit les montagnes noires, entra dans les frontières de l'lnde du nord, et arriva au royaume de Lan-po”. Cf. also Lampāka in the Yaksa catalogue of the Mahāmāyūrī, and further H. Lüders, SbPAW., 1930, 43, 48, 51, 63. One may presume that the traditional view reflects the conditions prevailing under the Maurya dynasty.

The inscription was made known in Europe by Professor Morgenstierne, who, on finding that the alphabet was Aramaic, asked H. Birkeland to publish it.
The (Kara-)Kirghiz Language
Authors: Wurm Stefan
Published: January 2010

Introduction

The (Kara-)Kirghiz language is spoken on the territory of the Autonomous Republic of the Kirghiz by about 650,000–700,000 individuals. My Kirghiz informant was Odajarov Abdilla (20 years old), of a village near Frunze (Purunza, 42° 50" north latitude; 75° east latitude), the capital of Kirghizistan. He and his parents had always lived in that village, where they had worked as agricultural labourers. He had been to school for four years and spoke a little Russian apart from Kirghiz. For the literary language I had a grammar at my disposal (Qьrgьz Tilinin elementardьq gramatikesi = “Elementary Grammar of the Kirghiz language”, by Şaвdan uulu Açьman and I. A. Batmanov), from which I had taken most of the examples.
Notes on Ptolemy
Authors: Vogel J. P. H.
Published: January 2010

III. Apokopa or Poinai Them

The first and westernmost of the seven Indian “mountains” mentioned by Ptolemy (vii, 1, 19) bears the curious name τὰ ’άπίκιπακαλεîται Ποιναὶ Θευ. Its extremities are stated to be situated at 116° E. 23° N. and 121° (v.l. 124°) E. 20° 30′ (v.l. 26°) N. In Ptolemy's idea it was therefore a mountain-range of considerable length running either in a south-easterly or north-easterly direction.

Lassen points out that according to Ptolemy the Apokopa was situated to the west and south of the Vindhya. This, he argues, is impossible as the latter extends almost as far west as the coast so as to leave no room for another mountain range. He then proceeds to correct Ptolemy's error with the aid of Megasthenes and the Māhābharata. In a fragment of the Greek ambassador's work on India, preserved by Pliny, mention is made of a high mountain named Capitalia. This name Lassen renders by ” Capital Punishment ” (“ Todes-strafe ”) and assumes it to be the equivalent of Ptolemy's Poinai Theon, i.e. ” Punishments of the gods ” (“ Strafen der Götter ”). He believes it to originate from a legend relating how the gods punished a crime committed on this spot and furthermore detects a reference to such a legend in the name Apokopa to which he assigns the meaning of ” hewing down, chopping off ” (“ das Abhauen ”). An allusion to the supposed legend Lassen discovers in the Māhābharata (Bombay ed., iii, 82,55–6). Here in the course of an enumeration of firthas a visit to the mountain Arbuda is recommended and it is briefly stated that here a cleft (chidra) of the earth is found and the hermitage of Vasistha celebrated in the three worlds.
A New Contribution to the Materials concerning the Life of Zoroaster
Authors: Taqizadeh S. H.
Published: January 2010

The life of Zoroaster has been the subject of both comprehensive and exhaustive study since Hyde and Anquetil. The amount written on this difficult question and the discussions which have takenp lace among scholars are disproportionate to the insufficient and fragmentary materials which we possess. Even the available data are lacking in precision and are not very reliable. However, every old document available relating to Zoroaster has been carefully examined and most of them collected by students of Iranian history. The outstanding collection of these scattered fragments, so far, is the famous work of Professor A. V. W. Jackson, Zoroaster, the Prophet of Ancient Iran, to which some subsequent additions have been made by the author himself, his pupils, and others.
A propos du génitif absolu en vieil indien
Authors: de Willman-Grabowska Par H.
Published: January 2010

Le problème de cette espèce de gánitif a átá traitá a fond par F. de Saussure (De l'emploi du gánitif absolu en Sanscrit, 1881, ráimprimá dans le Recueil des publications scientifiques de F. de S., Heidelberg 1922). Au dábut du mámoire on lit: “Un premier fait, constatá depuis longtemps, c'est l'absence du gánitif absolu dans les monuments de la páriode vádique.”
Phonetic Observations on the Brāhūi Language
Authors: Emeneau M. B.
Published: January 2010

In January of 1936 Dr. Ernest Mackay, director of the excavation of the American School of Indic and Iranian Studies at Chanhudaro, courteously arranged that I should have the use of a Brāhūī speaker and an interpreter for a number of sessions. The Brāhuāī, Dad Muhammad by name, belongs to the Nīchārī tribe of the Jhalawān division of the Brāhūīs. Some confirmatory note s were made as well with the aid of another of the Brāhūī speakers working at the excavation, of the same tribe and village as Dad Muhammad. The note s made were chiefly phonetic.
The Arabic Theatre in Egypt
Authors: Barbour Nevill
Published: January 2010

Translations and Adaptations.—As has been stated in the preceding article, most of the plays produced in Egypt from 1875 to 1914 were translations or adaptations of European originals. Shakespeare was amongst the first to be utilized, and a version of Othello, with the title was played by al Qurdāhī. It is difficult to form a clear idea of what these early performances were like; but it is obvious that the very amateurish production, the frequent oriental songs and the changes to suit local taste must have resulted in something very different from the productions of Shakespeare that are current in England to-day.
A New Classification of the Constituents of Spoken Japanese
Authors: Yoshitake S.
Published: January 2010

It is now a matter of common experience that it is often found impossible to describe and classify linguistic material within the framework of the classical categories of morphology. The most reasonable alternative and one which has the merit of being objective and practical is the strictly formal and positional technique which has for many years been advocated by J. R. Firth, Senior Lecturer in Phonetics and Linguistics, University College, London. He states that in grammatical studies “ mental structures must be abandoned and research directed towards finding purely formal and positional characteristics of the facts themselves which, being differentiæ, will serve as a means of description, and as criteria for a congruent classification ”. “ And secondly,” he continues, “ beyond this technique of formal description, function or meaning can then be studied in context on sociological lines, unobscured by categories serving any other purpose.”
Indo-Arica II
Authors: Turner R. L.
Published: January 2010

Avestic has a series of compounds in which the word for ‘foot’, IE. *ped-, appears in its weakest ablaut grade, viz. -bd-: bibda-, βribda-, vīspabda- ‘double, treble, universal fetter’. Corresponding to these Sanskrit has forms with full grade: dvipád-, RV. nom. -pát, Pān. dvī- ‘ two-footed ’, RV. tripod-, AV. sdrvapad-; also RV. apád- ‘footless’ and, with other numerals, RV. cátuspad-, AV. sátpad-, VS. saptápad-, RV. astápad-, áatápad-, sahásrapad
Nepalese Buddhist Rituals
Authors: Beough John
Published: January 2010

The document here edited is one of the large collection of papers presented by B. H. Hodgson to the library of the India Office, being vol. 29, no. 8 (34/3), ff. 48–51. At the top of the first page is written, presumably by Hodgson,“Ethics and Ritual of Buddhism”; but the word“Ethics”here refers simply to the fact that the text is followed (ff. 52–53) by the standard lists of the ten kuśalas, the ten pāramitās, the four brahmavihāras, the thirty-seven bodhipāksika-dharmas, and so forth, the first two lists being given also in the body of the text. The main text gives in outline the chief rites of Buddhism, daily, monthly, and annual ceremonies (forming, so to speak, a Buddhist “Church′s Year ”), followed by accounts of the thirteen sacraments.
The Succession of Cognate Collaterals in Hindu Law
Authors: Vesey-Fitzgerald S. G.
Published: January 2010

Most modern systems of law find it convenient to impose a limit to collateral succession. The average man of to-day knows little and cares less about his distant cousins; and, if he will not even take the trouble to execute a will in their favour, the State which has protected him and his fortune and taken an ever increasing interest in his welfare, has, it is thought”, a stronger claim to his goods at death than those who were strangers to him in life and whose title is only what Lord Thurlow called “the accident of an accident ”.
Harsa of Kashmir and the Iconoclast Ascetics
Authors: Basham A. L.
Published: January 2010

Kalhana′s Rājataranginī contains an important account of an event probably unique in the history of Hindu India. The dissolute king Harsa or Harsadeva (A.D. 1089–1101), when in financial straits, was advised by his evil counsellor Lostadhara to restore his fortunes by looting the temples and melting down the images of the gods. After some persuasion he agreed to taking this course, and pursued a policy of iconoclasm so vigorously that, among the larger images in his kingdom, only four, two Hindu (those of Ranasvāmin and Mārtānda) and two Buddhist, were spared. The work of temple-looting was carried out so thoroughly that Harsa appointed a special official named Udayaraja as “superintendent of the destruction of the gods (devotpātananāyaka) ”.
A Study in the Phonetics of Fijian
Authors: Scott N. C.
Published: January 2010

The speech here investigated is that of Mr. Josua Bogidrau of Suva, Fiji. Mr. Bogidrau was born in Lakemba, Lau, where the language has marked local characteristics, but at the age of thirteen he was sent to the Queen Victoria School at Suva, capital of Fiji, and has modified his speech in accordance with Bauan, the dialect with the greatest prestige. I have been able to check a number of points with a native Bauan speaker, who tells me that B.′s pronunciation is acceptable Bauan.
A Tibeto-Chinese Word-and-Phrase Book
Authors: Thomas F. W. , Giles L.
Published: January 2010

The two fragments here transliterated and interpreted were discovered among the mass of manuscripts brought back by the late Sir Aurel Stein from the cave–shrines of the “Thousand Buddhas” near Tun–huang, in Western Kan–su. These texts are written on the back of two short fragments of the “Diamond” and “Lotus” siitras in Chinese, dating probably from the early ninth century A.D. They are particularized in the note below.
Note on Iron and the Plough in Early China
Authors: Waley A.
Published: January 2010

In his very important article on “The Beginnings of Alchemy” (Isis, Nov., 1947, see p. 82) Professor Dubs quotes Tso Chuan, Duke Chao, 29th year, and says: “This item seems to be the earliest mention of iron in China”. The same view has been expressed by most writers on Chinese cultural history, and it is true that in the text of the Tso Chuan as we possess it to-day the word “iron” (t'ieh) occurs. But it is worth noting that elsewhere in the Tso Chuan, and in the Kü , US (t'ieh) occurs only as a place-name. The Tso Chuan passage which mentions iron is as follows: , “They laid upon the country a contribution of one ku of iron, in order to cast a penal tripod ”, that is to say, a tripod with a code of law inscribed upon it.
The Spelling of African Place-Names on Maps
Authors: Tucker A. N.
Published: January 2010

In the past African place-names were recorded by Europeans who often had little or no knowledge of the African languages concerned, or of phonetics, and who therefore used the nearest “ home ” spelling. This “ home ” spelling depended largely on the nationality of the map-maker concerned, and the result was blocks of English, French, German, Italian, and Portuguese spellings, of varying degrees of accuracy, in the various “ spheres of interest”. In addition, where explorers‘ lines cut across each other, identical places would be furnished with names with conflicting spellings. Further, many mapmakers were led astray by their informants,’ who, as like as not, supplied them with the name of the place in the trade language rather than in the local vernacular.
Verbal Tone Patterns in West African Languages
Authors: Ward Ida C.
Published: January 2010

Tonal analysis has revealed many functions, grammatical as well as semantic, which tone performs in West African languages. Here we confine ourselves to one aspect, the incidence of tone in verbs, and in particular we examine the tonal patterns of verbal forms.
Invalid and Void Marriages in Hanafi Law
Authors: Anderson J. N. D.
Published: January 2010

One of the most bewildering problems in Muslim law concerns the classification and effect of various types of invalid marriage contract. As in a large number of other such problems, moreover, the conflicting views of the leading jurists and their followers, ancient and modern, are by no means confined to disputes between the recognized Sunni schools (the Hanafis, Malikis, Shafi‘is and Hanbalis), for within the Hanafi school itself the position is no less confu-sing. Some Hanafi jurists, for instance, make a clear distinction between marriage contracts which are irregular (fāsid) and those which are void (bātil), while others use the two words interchangeably. Again, those who make the distinction differ considerably as to which types of invalid marriage contract fall within each category, as to the juristic concepts on which their decision is based, and as to the legal effects involved. The present article represents an attempt to outline the development of Hanafi thought on this matter and thereby to clear up certain common misconceptions.

Abu Hanifa himself was relentlessly logical in his approach to this subject, although his logic led him to somewhat strange conclusions. Arguing from the premise that the constituent parts of most contracts are four in number, namely two “considerations” and two contracting parties, he held that if a divine prohibition made either consideration unlawful in nature or either party incompetent to act, then one of the constituent parts of the contract was lacking and the whole vitiated in its very essence: it was therefore void (bāṬil) and of no legal effect, just as though no agreement had been reached between the parties.
Digoron Word-List
Authors: Henderson Eugénie J. A. , Bailey— H. W.
Published: January 2010

The purpose of the following word-list is to serve as a glossary to “A Phonetic Study of Western Ossetic (Digoron)”, the entries being words cited as examples in that article. Since my Ossetic informant and I had no common language in which we both felt at ease, I had at the time of writing the “Phonetic Study” reluctantly decided not to assign English meanings to these examples, as I doubted my ability to do so without risk of serious inaccuracy. The majority of the Digoron words in the article were therefore identified not by meaning but by reference to romanized orthographic forms. Professor H. W. Bailey, however, after reading the proofs, expressed the opinion that the usefulness of the “Phonetic Study” for Ossetologues and others would be increased if English meanings could be given, and he most generously offered to criticize my tentative translations, which were based upon notes taken at the time of the investigation and upon Wsewolod Miller's Ossetisch-Russisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch.
Gleanings from the Kuvalayamālā Kaha I: Three fragments and specimens of the Eighteen Desabhāsās
Authors: Master Alfred
Published: January 2010

§1

A Short account of the Kuvalayamālā was given in “An Unpublished Fragment of Paiśācī”, BSOAS., xii, p. 659 foil. It is dated A.D. 778 and is known from two MSS.—J dated A.D. 1083 and P undated, of which P 2 is a copy. The bulk of the work is written in Pāyaya-bhāsā, i.e. Jaina Maharastri. Other styles are used, one of which is Avabbhamsa, which Uddyotana, the author, describes as Sakkaya-Pāy'ubhaya-suddh'āsuddha-paya-samataramgaramgamta vaggiram “A spoken language rippling with even waves of Sanskrit and Prakrit words correct and incorrect”. It is therefore not the classical Apabhramśa of Hemacandra and others, which does not contain Sanskrit words apart from the tatsamas or words common to Sanskrit and Prakrit.

§2

The first and longest fragment is printed by L. B. Gandhi in GOS. 37 (G.), Intro., p. 109. The spelling is much less regular than in the Prakrit preceding and following it, and cannot be ascribed for the most part to clerical errors. The two MSS. do not differ widely. For reasons into which it is unnecessary to enter here it is clear that J and P were copied from the same MS. and neither is dependent upon the other. P 2, although an inferior MS., often usefully supplements J and in the present extract such aid is particularly welcome, as owing to the habit of readers putting a finger on the text where difficulties occur, much of the J palm-leaf has been smudged and would be almost unreadable without the help of P 2.
“Thus Have I Heard…”
Authors: Brough John
Published: January 2010

THERE can be few phrases more familiar to readers of Buddhist texts than the traditional opening of the sūtras:

Pali: evaṃ me sutaṃ ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā Sāvatthiyaṃ viharati.

Sanskrit: evam mayā śrutam ekasmin samaye bhagavān Śrdvastyaṃ viharati sma.
The Origin and Development of the Burmese Composite Word (Mô Kwan:)
Authors: Pe Hla
Published: January 2010

[Abbreviations of titles of books and works in this article are the same as those employed in The New Burmese-English Dictionary, pt. I, compiled by Stewart and Dunn. The transliteration of words taken from the Inscriptions of Burma (Old Burmese) follows the system devised by C. O. Blagden and Chas. Duroiselle (see Epigraphia Birmanica, vol. i, pt. i, pp. 6–12): that of words from other Burmese works is similar, with the addition of the tone-mark () and the symbol (^) representing the Burmese + .]

There are few such words in the Burmese language as the composite word A Mô Kwan:. It has excited the curiosity and attention of Burmese scholars, and will always conjure up interesting reminiscences in the mind of Burmese historians. The word is about 700 years old and has undergone remarkable changes of form and meaning.

(Amu Kwan, Amū Kwan)

It has been established by Professor G. H. Luce that the origin of Mô Kwan: is Amu Kwan, which occurs in a Burmese inscription of the 13th century. During the reign of Narathihapati (1254–87), the last king of the Pagan Dynasty, “Saka era 628 (A.D. 1266), in the Pisyak (Vaisakhā) year, on Thursday”, the daughter of minister Singasū dedicated lands to a monastery and “informed the great and noble king (of her act of merit). The king thereupon poured out pure water and had the record of the deed placed in the archives (Amu Kwan tan e).” Again, “Saka era 633 (A.D. 1271) in the Āsin (Asvin) year, on Friday, the 10th of the waxing moon of the month of Tan Khū (April), when the honourable Lady (Queen) Phwa Jaw went to the Ornamented Abode (Kwan Prok), she showed the list of her dedications to the great king; and the king had it placed in the archives (Amū Kwan tan e’).”
The Ju-Shêng Tone in Pekinǵese
Authors: Forrest E. A. D.
Published: January 2010

In 1912 H. Maspero endeavoured to bring some order into the apparently capricious repartition of the old ju-shêng tones among the remaining four tones of Pekingese, and noted that words in plosive initials (including aspirated plosives), and in nasal or liquid initials, tend to be found in the departing tone (tone IV), and to a less extent in the upper even (tone I); while those with otḥer initials gravitate towards the old lower even (tone II).

In 1915 Karlgren considered Maspero's treatment of the problem, and while in general agreeing with his conclusions, pointed out that his law covered the facts only very approximately in regard, e.g., to words in unaspirated plosive initials. Nevertheless he quotes with approval Maspero's explanation (applied also to the twofold development of the lower rising tone in the modern Northern Chinese dialects), viz., that the initials 1-, m-, n-, n-, and vocalic initials involved a pronunciation of the syllable somewhat different from that of words having affricate, occlusive, or fricative initials; and he proceeds to suggest that the difference lay in a somewhat higher pitch in the case of the former type of word. This explanation is, however, difficult to follow; if, e.g., ACh dz‘ua, became \tso (tone IV) rather than (tone III) because the fourth tone is more compatible with the deeper pitch proper to affricate initials, it is by no means clear why ACh dz‘ak, having the same initial, should become ‘tso (tone II) rather than enter tone IV with so many other words from the lower ju-shêng.
The Tzyjyh Tongjiann Kaoyih and the Sources for the History of the period 730–763
Authors: Pulleyblank E. G.
Published: January 2010

Western scholars have, on the whole, neglected the Tzyjyh Tongjiann Kaoyih. Its existence and its importance as a land-mark in Chinese historiography have been briefly mentioned by several, but none, so far as I am aware, has seriously used it. Chinese scholars have, as one would expect, used it a good deal. Nevertheless, they have generally confined themselves to drawing on it for the elucidation of particular points. While this was undoubtedly the purpose for which it was originally intended, it can have for the modern student another very valuable function. By a careful analysis and comparison of the different entries, it is possible to get a great deal of other-wise unobtainable information about the sources of the Tongjiann and their interrelation.

To undertake such an analysis for the whole of the Tongjiann or even for the whole of the Tarng dynasty would be a task far beyond the scope of the present article. I shall, in fact, confine myself largely to the period 730–763 though I may occasionally step beyond those limits. This period is chosen because it includes the careers of An Luhshan and Shyy Syming , which I am engaged in studying. This short period, however, comprises about one-seventh of the whole Kaoyih.

Forty-eight works are quoted in this part of the Kaoyih, twenty-two of which appear to be still extant. They range in size and importance from the Jiow Tarngshu to a poem by Lii Bor . I shall first list some of the more important of these, giving in each case notes, whether derived from the Kaoyih or from some other source, on the origin and nature of the work.
Motoori-Norinagas Contribution to a Scheme of Japanese Grammar
Authors: Yanada S.
Published: January 2010

In Japan, since the eleventh or twelfth century, when teachers and students of the tanka (, a short poem) recognized the importance of the teniwoha for expressing thoughts or feelings, its study became a vital part of kagaku (, the study of verse-making). One of the earliest books on the matter, the “ Teniwoha Taigaisyô ” ( ), was said to have been written by Huziwara-Sadaie (, 1162–1241), a well-known poet of the thirteenth century. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the study of the teniwoha made further headway, the reason being that the gap between the written and spoken language which had been developing since the eleventh century had widened so much that people found it difficult to understand the tanka of earlier times. There were at this time two groups of people who studied the teniwoha for the art of verse-making; one group was concerned with the tanka, and the other with the renga (, a linked poem) which was then very popular. Although these studies of the teniwoha could be called the origin of the grammatical study of the Japanese language, they were very naive; all that the scholars did was to compile glossaries or reference book for verse-making.
Ida Caroline Ward
Authors: Tucker A. N.
Published: January 2010

In the death of Professor Ida Ward in the Guildford Hospital on 10th October 1949, just after her sixty-ninth birthday, African studies lost one of their greatest exponents, and Africa one of its best friends.

Ida Caroline Ward was born in Bradford on the 4th October 1880, the eighth child of a Yorkshire wool merchant. Prom a school in Bradford she went to the Darlington Training College and later to Durham University, where she graduated B.Litt. with distinction. The North Country background of her early years remained with her always and gave a delightful “ common-sense ” colour to her character.

After sixteen years of teaching in secondary schools, she joined the Phonetics Department under Professor Daniel Jones in University College, London, in 1919, and soon established herself as an authority in the phonetics of the main European languages and in the study of speech defects. Noteworthy works of this period are A Handbook of English Intonation (written in collaboration with the late Lilian E. Armstrong), The Phonetics of English, and Speech Defects, Their Nature and Cure. Her interest in her mother tongue persisted, and she was actually working on another edition of the book on English Intonation when she died.

It was while lecturing at University College to missionaries that her interests turned towards West African languages—Kanuri, Igbo and Efik were her first fields of African research—and her first major work, The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Efik (for which the University of London awarded her the D.Lit. in 1933), threw a new light on the study of these languages, and showed that intonation, that element hitherto so elusive, was one that could and should be studied if justice was to be done to African languages.
Caucasica III: The Alān Capital *Magas and the Mongol Campaigns
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

The object of the present article is to re-state two obscure problems and to show that their likely solution can be found only in tṛeating them jointly. The two points are: the name of the ancient capital of the Ās (Alāns, now Ossets), as attested in the tenth century, and the identification of the town *MKS conquered by the Mongols in the course of the campaign of 636/1239.

As the sources on the latter event are more numerous I shall deal with it first. On the Muslim side we have two accounts of Batu's campaign, that of Juvaynī who completed his work in 658/1260, and that of Rashīd al-dīn, who wrote about 710/1310.
The Composition of the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā
Authors: Conze Edward
Published: January 2010

TheAṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā, like many other Oriental books, is a collective work which has been subjected to additions and alterations in the course of the centuries, to suit the tastes of new generations. In this respect it does not differ from the Mahāvastu, the Lalitavistara, the Saddharma-puṇḍarīka, the Suvarṇaprabhãsa, etc., which have all been slowly built up over a long period. If the historical investigation of the doctrinal development within the Mahāyāna is to make any progress, we must learn to distinguish between the different layers in these texts. Some work has been done already on the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka, the Samādhirāja, the Suvarṇaprabhāsa, and the Kāraṇḍavyūha. Without hoping to exhaust the subject, I intend to point out in this article the most obvious accretions to the basic original text of the Aṣṭa°. This, in its turn, must have grown gradually, but in the present state of our knowledge we cannot, I think, trace out its growth. In any case, such analytical studies of ancient writings are tedious to compose and unattractive to read, and when carried too far they threaten to shatter and pulverize the very text which they set out to examine, as we have seen in the case of Homer and the New Testament.
A Glimpse of the Goa Archives
Authors: Boxer C. R.
Published: January 2010

This article is primarily intended as a “follow-up” of two previous ones on the historical records of Portuguese India, thus serving to remind historians of the importance of these documents. The articles to which I refer are “A preliminary report on the historical records at Goa”, by Surendra Nath Sen (88 pp., Calcutta, 1925, reprinted in his Studies in Indian History (1930)), and “Portuguese India and its historical records”, by the late J. LeRoy Christian (Hispanic-American Historical Review, vol. xxv, pp. 140–151, February, 1945). These two articles are all that I have been able to find in English about the Goa archives, and they are complemented by the recently published “Roteiro do Cartório Geral do Estado da India”, by Panduranga Pissurlencar, reprinted from No. 309 of the Boletim Geral das Colónias (Lisboa, 1951). This fourteen-page summary catalogue of the Goa archives by their scholarly director advantageously replaces the ostensibly fuller “Index alfabetico, chronologico e remissive”, published serially by Tovar de Albuquerque in the Oriente Portuguez (first series, 1910–1918), which is so riddled with mistakes, and compiled with such lack of system, as to be worse than useless as a guide to the material in the archives. In so far as possible, I have avoided repeating what is already recorded in the previous articles of Nath Sen and LeRoy Christian, confining myself to amplifying or correcting their statements where necessary. I have also limited myself to describing the codices which I studied during my stay at Goa in September–October, 1951. As will be seen from a comparison of the codices described hereunder with those listed in Dr. Pissurlencar's Roteiro, I was only able to study a relatively small proportion of the whole; nor was a thorough examination of all of those which I did see possible in the month at my disposal. Since virtually everything dated prior to 1600 which still exists in the archives has already been published by Cunha Rivara and others, I confined my own investigations to the period 1600–1740, the later date being taken as marking the end of effective Portuguese power in India with the loss of the “provincia do Norte” to the Marāthās after the disastrous if hard-fought Bassein campaign of 1737–1739. My own interests being chiefly concerned with the Far East, I naturally concentrated on Macao and Timor; but I trust that I have noted sufficient material dealing with East Africa, the Persian Gulf, India, Ceylon, and Malacca, to show the variety and richness of this little-used archive. It may be added that much of the material relating to India proper has been printed in the two series of the Archivo Portuguez Oriental, in the two series of O Oriente Portuguez, and in the Boletim do Institute Vasco da Gama, as explained in the final note to this article.
Three old Achehnese Manuscripts
Authors: Voorhoeve P.
Published: January 2010

No written literature of an Indonesian people has been so brilliantly and completely described as that of the Achehnese in the north of Sumatra. This description was the work of Dr. C. Snouck Hurgronje. Before it appeared in 1894 as one of the seven chapters of his work De Atjèhers, all that was known to the outside world about this literature consisted of a few specimina, printed (under Snouck Hurgronje's supervision) in K. F. H. van Langen's manual of the Achehnese language (The Hague, 1889). After some preparatory work in Holland and a stay of only seven months in Kutaraja (in wartime, cut off from intercourse with the country by the then prevailing system of a concentrated line surrounding the capital), Snouck Hurgronje was able to reveal the existence of a rich epic, romantic, and relïgious Achehnese literature, to give summaries of all its works of any importance and to deal elaborately with its chief masterpieces, to investigate the prosody of the poetry in which nearly all these texts are written as well as the origin of the foreign elements found in many tales and treatises. In the second edition of his work, which was published in English (The Achehnese) in 1906, only a few additions had to be made. The catalogue of the manuscripts, collected by Snouck Hurgronje himself and by some pupils and friends inspired by his example, will show some more, but they do not alter the general picture drawn in the first edition.