bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Percepciones, Funciones y Significados del Consumo de Drogas en Jóvenes Escolares del Sector Oriente de Santiago
Authors: Magaña Frade Irene , Meschi Maldonado Alicia
Published: December 2013

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio de diseño mixto(con instrumentos cualitativos y cuantitativos), que es parte de un proyecto mayor de investigación /acción participativa, el cual se aplica en tres comunidades escolares privadas, correspondientes a un sector medio alto de la población del Área Oriente de Santiago. La investigación estudió las percepciones, funciones y significados del consumo juvenil de drogas, discriminando factores de riesgo y protectores presentes en los colegios. Los resultados abarcan diferentes aspectos y cruces de información. Se discriminan características, funciones y significados distintos al consumo de alcohol, marihuana y otras drogas. Respecto de los factores de riesgo, se diferencian algunos «generales» que se asocian a condiciones propias de cada colegio de otros más específicos relativos al contexto vincular inmediato de los jóvenes. Los factores protectores se relacionan a algunas condiciones internas de cada colegio que favorecen la salud mental juvenil. Finalmente, se concluye acerca de la importancia de éste tipo de estudios en la generación de campañas preventivas eficientes para la población escolar.
Comentario de libros
Authors: Saavedra María De los Angeles , Vilches Seguel Liliana , Rojas Gorigoytia Mónica
Published: December 2013

Libro: El Cerebro Ejecutivo: Lóbulos Frontales y Mente Civilizada. Traducción del original: The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind, 2001. Autor: Elkhonon Goldberg, PhD. Editorial Oxford University Press, 2002Libro: Desarrollo Humano. Autoras: Diane E. Papalia, Sally Wendkos Olds y Ruth Duskin Feldman. Editorial: Mc Graw-Hill Interamericana, S.A. Bogotá. 2001.Libro : PSICOLOGIA DEL DESARROLLO, perspectivas teó-rico-metodológicas e inicio de la vida. Autora : Liliana Vilches Seguel. Editorial: LOM Ediciones Ltda., Santiago de Chile 2002
Control del Estrés Laboral en los Profesores mediante Educación Emocional
Authors: Salmurri Trinxet Ferran , Skoknic Cvitanic Vania
Published: December 2013

Este trabajo presenta los resultados obtenidos con una muestra de profesores deEnseñanza Básica quienes fueron apoyados en su trabajo profesional, con diversastécnicas de entrenamiento emocional, cognitivas, conductuales y de interacción social. Estas técnicas constituyeron una intervención destinada a mejorar sus habilidades para el control emocional y el afrontamiento del estrés en su trabajo mediante el aumento del autocontrol la disminución de la ansiedad y la depresión y el aumento de la asertividad y las emociones positivas entre otras variables. Además, después de la intervención realizada, disminuyeron los conflictos en el aula, la sintomatología clínica de los maestros y los días laborables perdidos por licencias médicas debidas a afecciones o enfermedades psicosomáticas.
Estudio de la Validez Predictiva del Examen Especial de Admisión de Alumnos a la Carrera de Psicología
Authors: Gallardo Rayo Iris , Álvarez Aguirre Yolanda , Rojas Gorigoytia Mónica
Published: December 2013

Con el fin de evaluar la validez predictiva del Examen Especial de Admisión paralos postulantes a la Carrera de Psicología en la Universidad de Chile, se llevó a cabo una investigación que consistió en un estudio de seguimiento de 121 estudiantes que ingresaron a la carrera en dos promociones consecutivas.Los resultados obtenidos indicaron, en concordancia con la hipótesis planteada, quela proporción de estudiantes con desórdenes mentales resultó significativamente inferior a la proporción presentada por la población de referencia, que ascendía a un 15.9%.A su vez, el análisis de las diferentes instancias de examinación aplicadas (psicometría, entrevistas y dinámicas grupales) indicó que dentro de éstas, el test de Zulliger fue el que de manera más significativa aportó a la predicción de desórdenes contraindicados en los estudiantes.
Participación Comunitaria en Adolescentes: Desafíos Para la Promoción de la Salud
Authors: Díaz Daniel , Martínez M. Loreto , Cumsille Patricio
Published: December 2013

El desarrollo saludable de los adolescentes se relaciona con su conducta, la cual, a suvez, está influida, por las experiencias que viven los jóvenes en los contextos socialesfamiliares, escolares, y comunitarios, tanto profesionales como informales. Las políticassociales para promover la salud (PS) y el bienestar de los adolescentes impulsadaspor diversos organismos públicos (e.g., MINSAL, MINEDUC, INJUV) contemplan laparticipación juvenil como un componente esencial para la consecución de sus metas.  El presente artículo analiza los aspectos centrales del enfoque de promoción de la salud, vinculándolo con la participación juvenil y reporta los hallazgos de un estudio sobre participación comunitaria en adolescentes de las comunas de La Florida y Macul, en Santiago. Los hallazgos muestran discrepancias entre la necesidad percibida de la participación juvenil para la implementación de la PS y el estado actual de ésta. Los adolescentes participan mínimamente en actividades propuestas por instituciones formales o desarrolladas en espacios institucionales (colegio, centros comunitarios, asociaciones políticas o de iglesia). Finalmente, se realiza un análisiscrítico de las estrategias para el fortalecimiento y consolidación de la participación efectiva de los jóvenes en las decisiones que les afectan e involucran, como condición necesaria para la promoción de la salud.
Comparación Estadística de la Confiabilidad Alfa de Cronbach: Aplicaciones en la Medición Educacional y Psicológica
Authors: Merino Soto César , Lautenschlager Gary
Published: December 2013

El artículo presenta una exposición introductoria sobre el coeficiente alfa (Cronbach,1951), y los análisis adicionales que se pueden efectuar desde el enfoque de la prueba de hipótesis con este estadístico. Esta prueba de hipótesis de basa en hallar si las diferencias entre los coeficientes alfa obtenidos en muestras dependientes o independientes son estadísticamente significativas. Para ello, uno de los autores(Lautenschlager, 1989) ha creado un programa, ALPHATST, que es muy útil paracalcular y obtener la información necesaria que permita al investigador resolver lapregunta “¿son significativamente diferentes los coeficientes alfa hallados en muestras independientes (o dependientes)?”. Se exponen algunos ejemplos sobre el uso de este enfoque y así como de sus potenciales aplicaciones en el contexto educativo.
Rare species of Lepiota and other genera
Authors: Gierczyk Błażej , Kujawa Anna , Szczepkowski Andrzej , Chachuła Piotr
Published: December 2013

The paper presents 47 fungi species belonging to the genera Cystolepiota, Echinoderma, Lepiota, Leucoagaricus, Leucocoprinus, Macrolepiota and Melanophyllum, found in Poland, which have been not reported earlier from this area (18 species: Cystolepiota fumosifolia, C. moelleri, C. petasiformis, Echinoderma carinii, E. pseudoasperula, Lepiota angustispora, L. apatelia, L. cingulum, L. cortinarius var. audreae, L. cristata var. felinoides, L. forquignonii, L. rubella, Leucoagaricus cinerascenss, L. ionidicolor, L. sericifer var. sericellatus, Macrolepiota heimii, M. rhodosperma var. rhodosperma, M. venenata) or have been known only from a few localities. For the species new to Poland short descriptions, based on the specimens examined and literature data, are given and their micromorphological characters are illustrated.
Ophiostomatoid fungi isolated from fallen shoots of Scots pine pruned by Tomicus species in Poland
Authors: Jankowiak Robert , Kolařík Mirosław
Published: December 2013

Ophiostomatoid fungi are known to be associated with Tomicus spp. on Pinus sylvestris. However, very little is actually known about the fungi present in the pine shoots damaged by these insects. The aim of this study was to survey species of Ophiostoma s.lato associated with fallen shoots of Scots pine pruned by Tomicus spp. in Poland. The study was conducted in four pure Scots pine stands in southern and south-western part of the country. Fungi were identified based on morphology and DNA sequence comparison for two gene (the ITS rDNA region and ß–tubulin). In total, 64 isolates obtained, represent seven species of ophiostomatoid fungi, including their asexual states of the genera. Two of them, Ophiostoma sp. 1 and Sporothrix sp. 1 probably represent new taxa. All species were found at very low frequencies. Among them, Ophiostoma minus, Ophiostoma sp. 1 and Sporothrix sp. 1 were the most frequently isolated, with a frequency of 2.0%. Occasionally, isolated species included Leptographium piriforme, Ophiostoma canum, Ophiostoma floccosum and Grosmannia cucullata-like. Association of species of Ophiostoma s. lato with Tomicus spp. and the taxonomic status of two new species are discussed.
Revised data on the occurrence of myxomycetes in Central Poland
Authors: Ławrynowicz Maria , Ślusarczyk Dominika , Salamaga Agnieszka
Published: December 2013

A checklist of 81 taxa has been prepared on the basis of 750 exsiccates of slime moulds collected in the years 1958-2009 in the area of Central Poland and preserved in the Herbarium LOD F. All these materials were reexamined according to contemporary literature. The paper summarizes the existing data concerning the occurrence of slime moulds in this area. Among the identified taxa there are four species indicated in the red list in Poland: Badhamia affinis, Physarum robustum, Didymium leptotrichum, and Clastoderma debaryanum.
Freshwater lichens on submerged stones and alder roots in the Polish lowlands
Authors: Hachułka Mariusz
Published: December 2013

The article presents the results of the studies of lichens in streams and spring areas of the escarpment zone of Wzniesienia Łódzkie Heights in Central Poland. The boulders, stones and roots of Alnus glutinosa, situated in 3 inundated zones in the streams: submerged zone, fluvial mesic zone and fluvial xeric zone, were examined in the streams. The studies have shown 23 species connected with these streams. Six species of freshwater lichens: Verrucaria aquatilis, V. hydrela, Hydropunctaria rheitrophila, V. margacea, V. praetermissa and V. madida, occupied stones in 3 different zones. Verrucaria aquatilis and Hydropunctaria rheitrophila colonized also secondary substrates – the bark of alder roots incrusted with sand grains and silt.
Relationship between source of water, occurrence, and pathogenicity of Phytophthora plurivora
Authors: Orłowski Leszek B. , Trzewik Aleksandra , Ptaszek Magdalena , Orlikowska Teresa
Published: December 2013

Phytophthora plurivora was the most often detected species from water using rhododendron baits. The species was isolated from water of two rivers, Jasieniec and Korabiewka, a water pond and a drainage canal from March to November, 2008 (in Korabiewka river also in December). The highest population density of P. plurivora was observed in March and April in water pond and canal, and in May in both analysed rivers. In laboratory trials all tested isolates colonized rhododendron and poplar leaves. Isolates from drainage canal were the most pathogenic for rhododendron. Isolates detected in March from water pond and two rivers caused the quickest spread of necrosis on leaf blades. On poplar leaves the fastest development of necrotic spots was observed when isolates obtained in June and November were used for inoculation, while the isolate from September sample was less pathogenic.
Impact of light on yielding of some Pleurotus sp. strains
Authors: Siwulski Marek , Ziombra Mirosław , Sobieralski Krzysztof
Published: December 2013

Light is an important factor deciding about yielding and morphological characters of Pleurotus carpophores. The objective of the research was to ascertain the impact of period and intensity of lighting on yielding and carpophore morphological features of four strains of oyster mushroom. The following strains were investigated: P. ostreatus: PX, K22 and P80 strains, P. pulmonarius: P20 strain. Fluorescent lamps with Day-Light were used to provide light in the cultivation room. The following lighting periods were used: 6, 10 and 14 hours/day and the applied lighting intensity included: 100, 300, 500 and 700 lx. Lighting exerted a significant impact on yielding. The highest carpophore crop was recorded when the applied lighting intensity was 500 and 700 lx for the period of 14 h/d. The highest mean mass of carpophores was recorded at 14-hour light exposure and 500 and 700 lx lighting intensity. Carpophore morphological features modified by the lighting period and its intensity included the cap diameter as well as the length and thickness of the stem.
Isolation of bacteria from ectomycorrhizae of Tuber aestivum Vittad
Authors: Gryndler Milana , Hršelová Hana
Published: December 2013

Fifteen different cultivation media were used to isolate bacteria with the idea to obtain taxa specifically associated with ectomycorrhizae of Tuber aestivum. Ectomycorrhizae were collected at the sampling points previously analyzed for bacterial molecular diversity. We isolated 183 bacterial strains and identified them on the basis of the partial sequence of 16S rDNA. Out of these isolates, only 4 corresponded to operational taxonomic units significantly associated with T. aestivum ectomycorrhizae in previous molecular study. Preliminary study of the effect of 12 selected isolates on growth of T. aestivum mycelium showed no stimulation and one isolate induced the damage of hyphae. Different isolation strategy has to be developed to increase the probability of cultivation of potentially important components of T. aestivum mycorrhizosphere.
The occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi in soils from mid-field woodlots and adjacent small-scale arable fields
Authors: Tkaczuk Cezary , Krzyczkowski Tomasz , Wegensteiner Rudolf
Published: December 2013

The aim of this study was to compare the species composition and the intensity of entomopathogenic fungi occurrence in the soil from mid-field woodlots and adjacent small farmlands. The study material consisted of soil samples taken from a mid-field woodlot and an adjacent small-scale arable field in three different localities in the vicinity of Siedlce. Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from soil using two methods: the insect bait method and the selective medium. The comparative study showed that the soil from mid-field woodlots was characterized by a richer species composition of entomopathogenic fungi than of adjacent arable fields. A total of six fungal species representing the anamorphs of Hypocreales (Ascomycota) were isolated from the soil collected from mid-field woodlots: B. bassiana, B. brongniartii, M. anisopliae, M. flavoviride, I. farinosa and I. fumosorosea. The presence of only three species was reported in the farmland soil: B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and I. fumosorosea. This fact confirms the important role of semi-natural habitats as a source of biodiversity of entomopathogenic fungi in agricultural landscape. It was found that entomopathogenic fungi together formed more colony-forming units in the soil from arable fields than that of neighbouring mid-field woodlots. B. bassiana was the species of fungus which infected more bait insect larvae and formed significantly more colony-forming units (CFU) in the soil from mid-field woodlots than that of farmland in the localities studied, whereas the trend was the opposite in the case of I. fumosorosea and M. anisopliae. Given the presence of entomopathogenic fungi in the farmland soil in the three test places together, it was found that I. fumosorosea was dominant in the soil from the two arable fields, where this fungus infected more G. mellenella larvae and formed significantly more CFUs than the other species of fungi. M. anisopliae was the second most frequently isolated farmland species.
Le tiers inclus et la médialité de la procédure
Authors: Méchoulan Éric
Published: December 2013

À partir d’une analyse philologique et historique de la scénographie judiciaire décrite par Homère dans l’ekphrasis du bouclier d’Achille, ce texte met en place les conditions de possibilité d’un tiers inclus et d’une médialité de la justice. Dire le juste et dire le visible sous le regard public se rejoignent ainsi dans des pratiques sociales de transmission.
Le tiers serti
Authors: Szechter Lucie
Published: December 2013

Dans Z32 (2008), un ancien soldat israélien avoue avoir commis un meurtre à l'encontre d'un Palestinien. Quelles stratégies le réalisateur Avi Mograbi met-il en place dans son film pour contrecarrer un principe de « tiers exclu » omniprésent en Israël ? Accueillant un assassin dans son film, comment s’y prend-il pour y maintenir, malgré tout, une trajectoire éthique ? En cherchant à inclure ou créer du « tiers » dans son dispositif, avancerons-nous dans cette analyse.
Le cinéma d’Ozu et les images animées comme tiers destructeur
Authors: Beth Suzanne
Published: December 2013

Ce texte s'intéresse aux films du cinéaste japonais Yasujirô Ozu et particulièrement à Gosses de Tokyo (1932) dans la mesure où ils permettent de caractériser la manière dont le médium cinématographique peut se constituer comme tiers destructeur. Cette destructivité tient à une logique de séparation dont l'enjeu est la communauté. Cette étude permet ainsi de distinguer entre deux potentialités du cinéma, qui peut également se faire tiers « côtoyant », et ainsi affronter la destructivité du médium.
L’aire protégée transfrontalière Torngat-Koroc
Authors: Lemelin Raynald
Published: December 2013

La création du parc national des Monts-Torngat en 2005 et du parc national Kuururjuaq en 2009 a, en quelque sorte, conduit à la formation d’une aire protégée transfrontalière (APT) sur une grande partie de la péninsule du Labrador dans le Nord-Est canadien. Selon l’Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (2000), les aires protégées transfrontalières sont des espaces composés de deux ou plusieurs aires protégées situées sur ou près de frontières territoriales. Les juridictions compétentes sont les instances nationales ou infranationales des territoires sur lesquels sont implantées les aires protégées (Borrini-Feyerabend et al., 2009). Cet article propose une description de cette aire protégée transfrontalière. Il met plus particulièrement l’accent sur la protection du patrimoine naturel et culturel, sur la participation inuite à la gouvernance, et s’intéresse aux retombées économiques, notamment à travers le développement des activités touristiques que les Inuits pourront obtenir de cette aire protégée transfrontalière.
Les changements climatiques au Nunavik
Authors: Bourassa Marie-Michèle , Auzel Philippe
Published: December 2013

Le nord du Québec subira des transformations majeures suite aux changements climatiques qui s’accompagneront de conséquences écologiques, sociales et économiques importantes. L’instauration d’un réseau de parcs québécois nordiques est une démarche essentielle pour favoriser la conservation de l’intégrité écologique et ainsi miser sur le potentiel de résilience et d’adaptation des écosystèmes face aux changements climatiques. Cet article traite de quelques impacts des changements climatiques sur la taïga et la toundra, de la collaboration des Autochtones et des scientifiques pour le suivi des transformations des écosystèmes et de l’importance d’impliquer les communautés locales nordiques dans l’implantation d’un réseau de parcs pour la conservation de la biodiversité.
Changements et évolutions des pratiques professionnelles des prestataires touristiques de sports de nature
Authors: Perrin-Malterre Clémence
Published: December 2013

Cet article s’intéresse aux changements qui touchent les pratiques professionnelles des prestataires touristiques des sports de nature en lien avec les évolutions socioculturelles qui concernent la société française, et notamment la montée de la transmodernité. Il se situe dans une approche qui privilégie les logiques d’action des acteurs de l’offre. Pour cette étude qualitative, 10 prestataires sportifs du Puy-de-Dôme ont été interrogés. Les résultats montrent que ces prestataires ont fait de leur passion pour les sports de nature une profession. Ils proposent des pratiques sportives douces axées sur la découverte de l’environnement proche. Dans le cadre de leur prestation, ils souhaitent redonner du sens et de la valeur à l’accueil et à l’échange avec le client. Ils ont fait le choix d’un développement limité et ils font preuve d’un fort attachement au lieu. Ils s’inscrivent ainsi dans un autre projet professionnel que les techniciens du sport et les offreurs de services sportifs.
L’imaginaire géographique occidental du Grand Nord et la durabilité à l’épreuve du discours et des pratiques touristiques
Authors: Kohler Valérie
Published: December 2013

Correspondant à de nouvelles attentes des touristes, l’écotourisme sert de label de qualité aux agences de voyages, notamment pour les destinations touristiques. L’Arctique n’y échappe pas. Les questions de durabilité, présentes dans le discours promotionnel de voyagistes, sont souvent mises en avant au nom d’un tourisme responsable. Cependant, les touristes occidentaux ne s’approprient pas toujours le discours des voyagistes, pas plus que les principes de développement durables préconisés par la gouvernance touristique à l’origine de ces offres. Le discours institutionnalisé pour une gestion touristique durable est mobilisé au niveau politique comme empirique en interrogeant la dimension écologique d’un tourisme arctique changeant. Qu’en est-il de l’intégration de ces principes de durabilité dans les pratiques de voyage, notamment dans le cas des croisières en milieux polaires, des activités dans les villages inuits ainsi que dans le discours des touristes ? À partir d’une étude de cas réalisée à bord d’un navire de croisière le long des côtes du Groenland, cet article s’intéresse aux décalages entre discours et pratiques sur la durabilité afin d’évaluer l’évolution de l’imaginaire géographique du Grand Nord par lequel le touriste construit son voyage et son rapport à l’altérité.
Estrutura e ontologia na obra de Merleau-Ponty
Authors: Falabretti Ericson
Published: December 2013

Esse trabalho discute a renovação e a centralidade do conceito de estrutura no projeto ontológico de Merleau-Ponty. Estabelece, primeiro, a ideia de que na obra de Merleau-Ponty não existe um sentido unívoco para a noção de estrutura, mas uma polissemia de usos e sentidos que acompanham o desenvolvimento do seu pensamento. Merleau-Ponty, sobretudo no momento da elaboração d’O visivel e o invisivel, não objetivava apenas se apropriar da noção de estrutura – gestalt – já em uso na psicologia, na linguística e na etnologia, mas aprofundá-la na sua matriz filosófica, explorá-la como um novo regime de pensamento. Portanto, nossa hipótese de trabalho é que, em O visivel e o invisivel, a estrutura deixou de ser considerada apenas como a significação original da percepção e passou a ser pensada como condição do “ser-no-mundo”, um elemento essencial para uma nova noção de cogito – ser bruto –, sem os prejuízos da noção de cogito tácito que Merleau-Ponty reconheceu na Fenomenologia da percepção.
O que é uma filosofia-cinema?
Authors: Carbone Mauro
Published: December 2013

Em uma nota originalmente publicada em 1974 somente em italiano, Gilles Deleuze cunhou a expressão filosofia-cinema, aparentemente significando um novo estilo de fazer filosofia, a ser desenvolvido sob a luz das novidades do cinema. A fim de melhor entender o que uma “filosofia-cinema” poderia ser, antes de tudo devemos imaginar o que seria uma “filosofia antiquada”. Proponho caracterizá-la como uma “filosofia-pintura” baseada na noção de “representação”. Por sua vez, essa noção sugere uma concepção peculiar de visão baseada no modelo ótico de “janela”, introduzido na pintura por Leon Battista Alberti e usado também na filosofia moderna. Esse modelo ainda funciona em nossa época? Apesar de numerosas referências recentes ao modelo janela, em minha opinião o modelo na ativa atualmente é aquele da “tela”. É claro que nossas relações diante das telas das mídias eletrônicas de hoje são diferentes daquele relacionamento que mantemos com a tela cinematográfica. Todavia, acho que esta última é a predecessora mais próxima dos modelos anteriores. De modo a entender os componentes da continuidade e da descontinuidade entre esses dois tipos de relacionamento, engajei-me numa investigação dos dois caminhos respectivos para mostrar o sonho de viver em uma tela. De fato, acho que esta investigação pode nos fornecer elementos importantes que permitam o desenvolvimento de uma “cinema-filosofia” na escala de hoje.
Os paradoxos da sacralidade da vida humana: questões ético-políticas do pensamento de W. Benjamin e G. Agamben
Authors: Bartolomé Ruiz Castor
Published: December 2013

A sacralidade da vida humana tornou-se um problema filosófico com desdobramentos éticos e políticos. Este ensaio apresenta uma arqueologia da sacralidade a partir dos estudos de Walter Benjamin e Giorgio Agamben, estabelecendo uma comparação com o sentido da sacralidade nas polis antigas. A sacralidade (re)aparece como figura simbólica marcada pelo paradoxo – ao mesmo tempo que protege a vida pelo direito sagrado, o direito a captura e a ameaça com a exceção. Porém, o paradoxo é insuperável, já que constitui o modo de ser do humano.
Testing the efficacy of an HIV stigma reduction intervention with medical students in Puerto Rico: the SPACES project
Authors: Varas‐Díaz Nelson , Neilands Torsten B , Cintrón‐Bou Francheska , Marzán‐Rodríguez Melissa , Santos‐Figueroa Axel , Santiago‐Negrón Salvador , Marques Domingo , Rodríguez‐Madera Sheilla
Published: December 2013

Introduction

Stigma associated with HIV has been documented as a barrier for accessing quality health‐related services. When the stigma manifests in the healthcare setting, people living with HIV receive substandard services or even be denied care altogether. Although the consequences of HIV stigma have been documented extensively, efforts to reduce these negative attitudes have been scarce. Interventions to reduce HIV stigma should be implemented as part of the formal training of future healthcare professionals. The interventions that have been tested with healthcare professionals and published have several limitations that must be surpassed (i.e., lack of comparison groups in research designs and longitudinal follow‐up data). Furthermore, Latino healthcare professionals have been absent from these intervention efforts even though the epidemic has affected this population disproportionately.

Methods

In this article, we describe an intervention developed to reduce HIV stigma among medical students in Puerto Rico. A total of 507 medical students were randomly introduced into our intervention and control conditions.

Results

The results show statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups; intervention group participants had lower HIV stigma levels than control participants after the intervention. In addition, differences in HIV stigma levels between the groups were sustained for a 12‐month period.

Conclusions

The results of our study demonstrate the efficacy of the modes of intervention developed by us and serve as a new training tool for future healthcare professionals with regard to stigma reduction.
Rheology of bimodal crystals suspensions: Results from analogue experiments and implications for magma ascent
Authors: Gaudio Piero Del
Published: December 2013

The effect of crystal size of bimodal suspensions on rheology of magmas at strain rates between 0 and 1 s−1 is studied. Suspensions consist of silicon oil and two populations of natural crystals with size 63–125 and 250–500 µm mixed in different proportions; the total solid fraction ϕ of the mixtures is between 0.25 and 0.5. At ϕ ≤ 0.4, finer, coarser, and bimodal suspensions display comparable viscosities. At ϕ ≥ 0.4, the viscosity of the bimodal suspensions is larger than that of the unimodal ones. The bimodal suspension, made mainly of finer crystals, shows a stronger increase of viscosity with ϕ. The addition of finer crystals to a suspension of coarser ones produces a more pronounced increase of viscosity with respect to suspensions of coarse or fine crystals alone, and of finer crystals with added coarser ones. The bimodal suspensions of coarser crystals develops yield stress at ϕ ≥ 0.25, the others at ϕ ≥ 0.4. It is modeled the ascent velocity in a 20 m wide dike of magmas with bimodal and unimodal populations of crystals of different size. For ϕ ≤ 0.4, the crystal size has not effects on the ascent velocity of magmas. For ϕ ≥ 0.4, the velocity of a magma with growing phenocrystals decreases as ϕ increases less than that of a magma with forming microlites, and more of a magma with microlites and growing phenocrystals. A magma with phenocrystals and forming microlites has the lowest ascent velocity.
On the percentage of lightning flashes that begin with initial breakdown pulses
Authors: Marshall T. , Schulz W. , Karunarathna N. , Karunarathne S. , Stolzenburg M. , Vergeiner C. , Warner T.
Published: December 2013

The initial breakdown (IB) stage of lightning flashes typically occurs in the first 20 ms of a flash and includes a series of IB pulses often detected with electric field change sensors. There is disagreement about the percentage of negative cloud‐to‐ground (CG) flashes that begin with IB pulses. This study includes new data on IB pulses in 198 CG flashes in Austria (latitude ~48˚N), Florida, USA (~29˚N) and South Dakota, USA (~44˚N) with, respectively, 100%, 100%, and 95% of the flashes having IB pulses. The data indicate that the amplitude of the largest IB pulse, range normalized to 100 km, is often weak, < 0.5 V m−1, with the lower latitude having a greater percentage (36%) of these weak maximum IB pulses than the higher latitude (11%). Since sensor noise levels are often larger than this value, detection of smaller amplitude IB pulses may be difficult. A similar result is seen in the amplitude ratio of the largest IB pulse to the first return stroke: at the lower latitude, 50% of flashes had a ratio < 0.1 versus 8% of flashes at the higher latitude. However, comparisons of the amplitude ratios from Austria (~48˚) and South Dakota (~44˚) do not support a simple latitude dependence. The data also show that 5–10% of IB pulses occur more than 100 ms before the first return stroke. These findings may explain why some previous studies found percentages <100%. Overall, the results indicate that all negative CG flashes probably begin with IB pulses.
Prognostic implications of the lymph node count after neoadjuvant treatment for rectal cancer
Authors: Persiani R , Biondi A , Gambacorta M A , Bertucci Zoccali M , Vecchio F M , Tufo A , Coco C , Valentini V , Doglietto G B , D'Ugo D
Published: December 2013

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on the lymph node yield of rectal cancer surgery.

Methods

Data for patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for resectable rectal cancer from June 1992 to June 2009 were reviewed. The primary outcomes measured were the number of lymph nodes retrieved, their status, and patient survival.

Results

In total, 345 patients underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery, and 95 patients had surgery alone. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy decreased both the median (range) number of lymph nodes retrieved (7 (1–33) versus 12·5 (0–44) respectively; P < 0·001) and the number of positive lymph nodes (0 (0–11) versus 0 (0–16); P = 0·001). After neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, the number of retrieved lymph nodes was inversely correlated with tumour regression, and with the interval between treatment and surgery. The 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 86·5 and 79·1 per cent respectively. After neoadjuvant therapy, lymph node status was found to be an independent predictor of survival, whereas the number of retrieved lymph nodes did not represent a prognostic factor for either overall or disease-free survival.

Conclusion

Low lymph node count after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer does not signify an inadequate resection or understaging, but represents an increased sensitivity to the treatment.
Terrestrial Heat Flow in the Qagan Sag, Inner Mongolia
Authors: Yin‐Hui ZUO , Nan‐Sheng QIU , Yi‐Xun DENG , Song RAO , Shen‐Mou XU , Jian‐Guo LI
Published: December 2013

The Qagan sag has the largest oil and gas exploration potential in the Inggen‐Ejin Qi basin, Inner Mongolia. The terrestrial heat flow research is still blank in the Qagan sag and rest of the Inggen‐Ejin Qi basin, which seriously restricts the oil and gas resource assessment in the basin. In this work, 107 rock thermal conductivity data of 19 wells were measured and in‐situ corrected, and the rock thermal conductivities of each stratum were obtained by the union average formula. Based on the 9 wells' temperatures, combined with the above rock thermal conductivity data, the geothermal gradients and terrestrial heat flow were calculated. The results show the Qagan sag has the characteristics of the medium temperature field between tectonically stable and active regions, with an average thermal gradient of 33.6 °C/km and an average terrestrial heat flow value of 74.5 mW/m2. This work provides the geothermal data for oil and gas resource assessment of the Qagan sag and other sags of the Inggen‐Ejin Qi basin.
Fast and Optimized Methodology to Generate Road Traffic Emission Inventories and Their Uncertainties
Authors: Ho Bang Quoc , Clappier Alain , Blond Nadege
Published: December 2013

Road traffic emissions are one of the main sources of air pollution in urban areas and also main sources of uncertainties in air quality numerical models. Until now, the available models for generating road traffic emission always required a lot of money, manpower and time. This inhibits decisions to preserve air quality, especially in developing countries where road traffic emissions are changing very fast. In this research, we developed a new model designed to quickly produce road traffic emissions. This model, called EMISENS, combines the well‐known top‐down and bottom‐up approaches to force them to be coherent. A Monte Carlo methodology is included for computing uncertainties. This paper presents the EMISENS model and a demonstration of its capabilities through an application over Strasbourg, France. Same input data as collected for Circul'air model using bottom‐up approach which has been applied for many years to forecast and study air pollution by the Alsatian air quality agency, are used to evaluate the impact of several simplifications. These experiments give the possibility to review older methodologies and evaluate EMISENS. We show that same average fraction of mileage driven with a cold engine can be used for all the cells of the study domain and one emission factor could replace both cold and hot emission factors.
Quantifying molecular colocalization in live cell fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Humpert Fabian , Yahiatène Idir , Lummer Martina , Sauer Markus , Huser Thomas
Published: December 2013

One of the most challenging tasks in microscopy is the quantitative identification and characterization of molecular interactions. In living cells this task is typically performed by fluorescent labeling of the interaction partners with spectrally distinct fluorophores and imaging in different color channels. Current methods for determining colocalization of molecules result in outcomes that can vary greatly depending on signal‐to‐noise ratios, threshold and background levels, or differences in intensity between channels. Here, we present a novel and quantitative method for determining the degree of colocalization in live‐cell fluorescence microscopy images for two and more data channels. Moreover, our method enables the construction of images that directly classify areas of high colocalization. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Extracorporeal shockwave enhanced regeneration of fibrocartilage in a delayed tendon‐bone insertion repair model
Authors: Chow Dick Ho Kiu , Suen Pui Kit , Huang Le , Cheung Wing‐Hoi , Leung Kwok‐Sui , Ng Chun , Shi San Qiang , Wong Margaret Wan Nar , Qin Ling
Published: December 2013

Fibrous tissue is often formed in delayed healing of tendon bone insertion (TBI) instead of fibrocartilage. Extracorporeal shockwave (ESW) provides mechanical cues and upregulates expression of fibrocartilage‐related makers and cytokines. We hypothesized that ESW would accelerate fibrocartilage regeneration at the healing interface in a delayed TBI healing model. Partial patellectomy with shielding at the TBI interface was performed on 32 female New Zealand White Rabbits for establishing this delayed TBI healing model. The rabbits were separated into the control and ESW group for evaluations at postoperative week 8 and 12. Shielding was removed at week 4 and a single ESW treatment was applied at week 6. Fibrocartilage regeneration was evaluated histomorphologically and immunohistochemically. Vickers hardness of the TBI matrix was measured by micro‐indentation. ESW group showed higher fibrocartilage area, thickness, and proteoglycan deposition than the control in week 8 and 12. ESW increased expression of SOX9 and collagen II significantly in week 8 and 12, respectively. ESW group showed a gradual transition of hardness from bone to fibrocartilage to tendon, and had a higher Vickers hardness than the control group at week 12. In conclusion, ESW enhanced fibrocartilage regeneration at the healing interface in a delayed TBI healing model. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:507–514, 2014.
Multidirectional scheduling scheme in resource‐constrained project schedulingproblem
Authors: Yoosefzadeh Hamid R. , Tareghian Hamed R. , Farahi Mohammad H.
Published: December 2013

In 2000, Klein showed that bidirectional scheduling schemes (bidss) outperform single‐directional scheduling schemes (e.g., forward or backward schemes). In 2010, Yoosefzadeh, et al. [J Math Model Algor 9 (2010), 357–373] showed that depending on the nature of the problems and also the type of priority rules used, schedules produced by a so‐called tridirectional scheduling scheme (trdss) yields shorter makespans when compared to forward, backward, and even bidss. Since the justification technique is applied in many of the state‐of‐the‐art algorithms nowadays, we show that the tuned version of the trdss outperforms the double justification technique. Moreover, we investigate the circumstances under which the trdss is more probable to generate schedules with shorter makespans. To this end, we introduce a new measure of resource requirements and their distributions, namely total amount of overflows. Our analytical as well as empirical investigations show that when the new measure is increased, it is more probable to obtain schedules with shorter makespans using the trdss. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 61: 44–55, 2014
Stability of relative weight category and cardiometabolic risk factors among moderately and severely obese middle school youth
Authors: Marcus Marsha D. , Foster Gary D. , El ghormli Laure
Published: December 2013

Objective

To examine the stability of severe pediatric obesity relative to moderate obesity and associated changes in cardiometabolic risk from the beginning of 6th to the end of 8th grade.

Methods

Participants in HEALTHY, a multi‐site, cluster randomized school‐based study designed to mitigate risk for type 2 diabetes, completed standardized assessments of height, weight, glucose, insulin, lipids, and blood pressure at the beginning of 6th grade and the end of 8th grade. Youth were classified as moderately obese (100‐119% of the 95th percentile of BMI for age and gender) or severely obese (≥120% of the 95th percentile of BMI for age and gender). Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) that controlled for relevant covariables were used to examine the relation between baseline demographic and cardiometabolic risk factors and BMI status, as well as changes in relative weight category and risk factors during middle school.

Results

Severe obesity was more likely to endure over the course of middle school than was moderate obesity, and was associated with significantly higher levels of cardiometabolic risk.

Conclusions

Research with a specific focus on understanding, preventing, and treating severe obesity in children is warranted.
Positive predictive values for detection of trisomies 21, 18 and 13 and termination of pregnancy rates after referral for advanced maternal age, first trimester combined test or ultrasound abnormalities in a national screening programme (2007–2009)
Authors: Siljee Jacqueline E. , Knegt Alida C. , Knapen Maarten F. C. M. , Bekker Mireille N. , Visser Gerard. H. A. , Schielen Peter C. J. I.
Published: December 2013

Objective

The objective of this article is to analyse the positive predictive value (PPV) of trisomies 21, 18 and 13 after referral for advanced maternal age (AMA), first trimester combined test or ultrasound findings to suggest improvements for clinical practice.

Methods

Data (48 457 combined tests, 134 000 fetal anomaly scans and 24 379 invasive prenatal tests) were combined to calculate PPV and termination of pregnancy rates.

Results

For referral for AMA, the PPV for T21 was 1.0% and 1.8% for amniocentesis and chorionic villus biopsy, respectively; for the combined test at a maternal age ≥36 years, these percentages were 4.9% and 12.5%, respectively and for maternal age <36 years, 4.4% and 8.1%, respectively. For ultrasound findings, the PPV was 5.3% and 14.8%, respectively. Termination of pregnancy rate upon trisomy 21 diagnosis was >90% unless detected after referral for ultrasound findings (71.5–85.9%). About 50% of pregnant women with a high combined test risk chose not to have invasive testing.

Conclusions

Advanced MA is still a large contributor to invasive testing but should be abandoned (low PPV, high fetal loss rate) and be replaced by reimbursable combined test screening for all women. Patient information on second trimester ultrasound screening should indicate that abnormal ultrasound findings are associated with high trisomy rate. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ad Fontes: The Question of Rebellion and Moral Tradition on the Use of Force
Authors: Johnson James Turner
Published: December 2013

“Stab, smite, slay!” These are not the words of Bashar al-Assad telling his forces how they should deal with the Syrian rebel movement, or indeed those of any other contemporary political leader, but rather the words of Martin Luther exhorting the German nobility to a harsh response to the peasants' rebellion of 1524–1525. His writings show that he sympathized with many of the peasants' grievances so long as these did not issue in rebellion, but when they turned to force of arms, he responded sternly. This was not a peculiarity of Luther. Consider the following from an English courtier, Thomas Churchyard, writing admiringly of the treatment of Irish rebels in 1579 by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, commander of the English army sent to put down the rebellion:

He further tooke this order infringeable, that when soever he made any ostyng [military campaign], or inrode, into the enemies Countrey, he killed manne, woman, and child, and spoiled, wasted, and burned, by the grounde all that he might, leavyng nothing of the enemies in saffetie, whiche he could possiblie waste, or consume.
Muslim Discourse on Rebellion
Authors: Kelsay John
Published: December 2013

We can begin with a story. In his account of the reign of Harun al-Rashid, al-Tabari spends considerable time on the matter of Yahya ibn Abdallah. Scion of the family of ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, Yahya was the leader of a group active in Daylam, a region in present-day Iran. Al-Rashid and other Abbasid leaders laid claim to the territory, but at the time (the 790s) they did not have effective control over it. Ever-sensitive to the challenge presented by sentiment favoring the house of ‘Ali, al-Rashid and his advisers devised a scheme by which the ruler of Daylam received payment for persuading Yahya to turn himself in. He did so, but only on the condition that al-Rashid provide him with a writtenaman, or guarantee of security.
Modulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in rat retinal ganglion cells by gabapentin
Authors: FARRELL SPRING R. , SARGOY ALLISON , BRECHA NICHOLAS C. , BARNES STEVEN
Published: December 2013

The α2δ auxiliary subunits of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) are important modulators of VGCC function. Gabapentin interacts with α2δ1 and α2δ2 subunits and is reported to reduce Ca2+ channel current amplitude (ICa). This study aimed to determine the effects of gabapentin on VGCCs in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Whole cell patch clamp was used to record ICa in isolated RGCs, and calcium imaging was used to measure Ca2+ transients from RGCs in situ. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the presence of α2δ1-containing VGCCs in isolated RGCs in the absence and presence of gabapentin pretreatment. Acute administration of gabapentin reduced ICa and Ca2+ transients compared to control conditions. In isolated RGCs, pretreatment with gabapentin (4–18 h) reduced ICa, and cell surface α2δ1 staining was reduced compared to nonpretreated cells. Acute administration of gabapentin to isolated RGCs that had been pretreated further reduced ICa. These results show that gabapentin has both short-term and long-term mechanisms to reduce ICa in isolated RGCs. Some Ca2+ channel blockers have been shown to protect RGCs in retinal trauma suggesting that modulation of VGCCs by gabapentin may prevent the deleterious effects of elevated Ca2+ levels in RGCs in trauma and disease.
Multi-Informant Perception of Quality of Life and Adaptation in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Poc Olga Gabaldón , Ruiz-Iriondo María , Bobowik Magdalena
Published: December 2013

The Quality of Life (QoL) in psychiatric patients is currently of great relevance. This study aims to examine, through a multi-informant approach, the QoL perception in schizophrenic patients, analyzing differences between the informants, as well as the relationship between negative symptoms and QoL. Participants were 32 schizophrenic patients, their caregivers (relatives or psychosocial educators; 25 and 3, respectively), and a team of four professionals of Outpatient Centers of Mental Health in Guipuzcoa, Spain. The assessment of patients’ QoL was obtained with application of Satisfaction with Life Domains Scale and Karnofsky Performance Status Scale. Self-informant QoL was assessed with Seville Quality of Life Questionnaire and Social Adjustment Scale Self-reported. The negative symptoms were measured with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Patients showed an average high life satisfaction. There were significant discrepancies among informants’ reports, with the lowest evaluation given by the professional team and the highest by the patients. Evaluations made by caregivers and patients yielded similar results. These findings suggest that patients and their caregivers present a more optimistic perception of their QoL.