bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘The End of Laissez-Faire’
Authors: Kohlmann Benjamin
Published: December 2016

Literary scholars writing in the wake of recent financial crises tend to associate economic discourse with an uncritical promulgation of (neo)liberal ideology—a tendency that can produce myopic assessments of the role which turn-of-the-century economists played in early critiques of laissez-faire. This essay pays attention to early critiques which emerged within the discipline of economics, and it places them in relation to a range of literary works, including novels by Anthony Trollope, Joseph Conrad, H. G. Wells, and E. M. Forster. Taken together these case studies suggest that there is a need to rethink the dominant literary‒historical account according to which the theorization of consumerism in marginal utility economics was the single most significant intellectual contribution by economists to the development of British literature around 1900.
Parodies, Spoofs, and Satires
Authors: Williams James
Published: December 2016

This chapter uses the proliferation of parody and pastiche in the period to illustrate how these genres grapple with modernity and ‘with an art which seems to be “peering … into the immediate future”’ (as Max Beerbohm said of Henry James). Williams argues that though parody was largely conservative in the nineteenth century, by the early twentieth century writers such as G. K. Chesterton used satire to critique the new literary culture. The chapter concludes that there is a rich parodic undercurrent coursing through Anglophone modernism: from Pound’s ‘kulchur’, to T. S. Eliot’s petit-bourgeois Prufrock (in conversation with Grossmith’s 1892 The Diary of a Nobody), and Blast’s implicit dialogue with Punch.
Literature and Photography
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: December 2016

This chapter considers how different types of photography—artistic, instrumental, and vernacular—were practised during the period, and the implications of literary references to this increasingly common practice. It discusses comparisons between photography and other arts, especially poetry. Photography, it shows, was considered both as evidentiary and indexical, and also as unreliable and open to fakery. The different uses and associations of the medium, within and outside literature, therefore raised questions of authenticity, reliability, veracity, and gullibility. The chapter explores the role of the photograph in celebrity culture and literary tourism, and its illustrative properties. Through the example of Alvin Langdon Coburn’s illustrations to Henry James’s Venetian stories, it shows that it may function as an interpretive supplement to a text. Finally, photography’s relationship to modernism is discussed, both through the challenges of art photography, and through the genre’s capacity to call attention to the qualities of ordinary life.
The residue of modernity
Authors: Bubb Alexander
Published: December 2016

This chapter concerns the British presence in India, as represented in the form of broken or obsolete technology. It examines three writers—Rudyard Kipling, Flora Annie Steel, and Edmund Candler, with additional reference to Jules Verne and Rabindranath Tagore—and their use of a certain literary trope. All three make use of episodes in which modern inventions are introduced to, and find a tenuous niche within, discrepant Indian settings. They stage the appearance of foreign products as anachronism—the trappings of the European future displaced into the Asian past. This pattern raises two questions: why are the three writers often drawn not to the railway and telegraph, but to everyday manufactures like the bicycle, sewing machine, and gramophone? And why do these objects frequently appear misplaced, discarded, or left to rust? Rather than underlining Britain’s superiority, its residue is used to critique and cast doubt on the imperial project.
The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Arid Regions
Authors: Keulertz Martin , Sowers Jeannie , Woertz Eckart , Mohtar Rabi
Published: December 2016

Systems of producing, consuming, and distributing water, energy, and food involve trade-offs that are rarely explicitly considered by firms and policymakers. The idea of the water-energy-food “nexus” represents an attempt to formalize these trade-offs into decision-making processes. Multinational food and beverage firms operating in arid regions were early promoters of nexus approaches, followed by aid donors, consultancies, and international institutions seeking a new paradigm for resource management and development planning. The first generation of nexus research focused on quantitative input-output modeling to empirically demonstrate interdependencies and options for optimizing resource management. This chapter employs a different approach, analyzing institutional “problemsheds” that shape the implementation of nexus initiatives in arid regions of the United States, the Persian/Arabian Gulf, and China. Our analysis reveals how nexus approaches are conditioned by property rights regimes, economic growth strategies based on resource extraction, and the ability to externalize environmental costs to other regions and states.
Transfer, Diffusion, Adaptation, and Translation of Water Policy Models
Authors: Mukhtarov Farhad , Daniell Katherine A.
Published: December 2016

Intensive cross-border movement of policy models is ubiquitous in the water sector. Examples include Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), Water User Associations (WUAs), and River Basin Organizations (RBOs), which have traveled around the world. However, despite the spread of global water policy models and their potential importance for sustainable development, scholars have struggled to develop adequate accounts of this process. To bridge this gap, we examine the extant analytical and methodological tools to study the movement of water policy models. We focus on the fit between a policy model and the context, the micro-politics of knowledge translation, and the inherent contingencies involved in water policy. Having recognized these obstacles, we offer some ways of conceptualizing the movement of water policy models. We illustrate each approach with vignettes from around the world.
Re-Imagined Communities
Authors: Strang Veronica
Published: December 2016

Focusing on water as a connective material flow, this chapter reconsiders notions of community, agency, and identity from the perspective of contemporary debates on ecological ethics and relationality. By articulating the fluid relationships between humans, nonhumans, and the material world, these debates critique dominant conceptual assumptions about Nature and Culture as separate domains. Such assumptions continue to underpin water policy and management, casting ecosystems—and their dependent species—as the subjects of human action, with generally poor outcomes for their well-being. The chapter draws on actor-network theory, philosophical ideas about ethics, and analyses of materiality to propose a re-imagined model of “community” that reintegrates the human and nonhuman, and opens up the potential for more reciprocal—and thus more sustainable—human‒environmental relationships. In doing so, it proposes a new kind of “participatory” framework for water policy development.
Contemporary Buddhism in Malaysia
Authors: Samuels Jeffrey
Published: December 2016

This chapter examines Buddhism in Malaysia, from its early history through the contemporary period. It investigates the factors that contributed to the migration and continued presence of Chinese, Thai, Burmese, and Sri Lankan Buddhists to peninsular Malaysia, as well as the causes that led to the founding of their own familiar places of worship. Turning more specifically to the postcolonial period, this chapter explores the intersection of politics and religion. Focusing on the minority status of Malaysian Buddhists vis-à-vis their majority Malay-Muslim fellow citizens, the chapter considers not only how the commodification of religion and culture has functioned as a centripetal force drawing together disparate groups of Buddhists in Malaysia, but also how the felt need among Buddhists to work together and speak in a unified voice has shaped ideas about Buddhist orthodoxy and orthopraxy.
Contemporary Buddhist Architecture
Authors: Chua Lawrence
Published: December 2016

This chapter places the historical development of contemporary Buddhist architecture in its historical context. It examines the ways that architects, builders, and monastics have drawn on historical typologies like the stupa, the stambha, and the caitya hall in producing new spaces for the teaching, dissemination, and veneration of Buddhist thought and practices. Sites like Wat Phra Dhammakaya, the Erawan Museum, the Spiritual Theater at Suan Mokkh , the Water Temple, and the Water-Moon Monasteryhave sought to reconcile the reflective and pedagogical aspects of historic Buddhist architecture with the needs of contemporary lay communities, modern expectations of leisure time, and the development of new modes of sense perception within a globalized culture that privileges consumption over contemplation.
Buddhism in Contemporary Bhutan
Authors: Rigyal Samdrup , Prude M. Alyson
Published: December 2016

Buddhism has been a consistent feature of Bhutanese politics and culture since the country’s founding by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel in the seventeenth century. A mixture of Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism combined with indigenous customs and worldviews, Bhutanese Buddhism remains a fundamental aspect of contemporary Bhutanese identity. Today, Bhutan is the only sovereign nation with a dual Buddhist-temporal administration (chos srid). The government views the Buddhist faith of many of its citizens as a fundamental aspect of contemporary “Bhutanese” identity, and many Bhutanese revere the king as a bodhisattva. As the Himalayan country becomes more and more integrated into the global twenty-first century, the state continues to support and sponsor Buddhist monasteries, monuments, and festivals and looks to Buddhist values to establish and guide state policies, including Gross National Happiness.
Buddhism and Gender
Authors: Suh Sharon A.
Published: December 2016

This chapter examines the various attitudes toward female ordination and constructions of bodies in Buddhist texts, doctrine, and culture to provide an overview of the complexities of gender at play in the Buddhist tradition. It specifically explores the historical and contemporary struggles for the full ordination for nuns, themes of motherhood and the maternal in Buddhist literature, and attitudes toward bodies, non-self, and subjectivity. The latter section of this chapter moves beyond the more traditional subjects associated with topic of Buddhism and gender and focuses on role of the laity and laywomen, past and present, in the maintenance and flourishing of the Buddhist tradition. Thus, this section of the chapter explores dana (giving) as a form of pragmatic reciprocity to render a more complex and vibrant form of Buddhism that attends to the experiences of the multitude of peoples that make up the larger category of “Buddhists.”
Buddhist Encounters with Diversity
Authors: Swearer Donald K.
Published: December 2016

All singular terms for designating a religious tradition (e.g. Buddhism, Christianity) belie their multiplex diversity. Historically evolved, culturally embodied religious traditions are by their very nature dynamic, complex, and multilayered. Buddhism is no exception. The tripartite division that developed to encompass the historical breadth of the Buddhist tradition—Hinayana (Theravada), Mahayana, Tantrayana (Vajrayana)—merely suggests a diversity that includes perhaps hundreds if not thousands of different sects, subsects, and movements. Even broad historical-cultural distinctions such as Thai Buddhism or Japanese Buddhism fail to encompass differences in belief and practice interwoven into the textures of global Buddhisms. This chapter addresses the question of Buddhist encounters with diversity in terms of the tripartite division familiar to all Buddhist traditions, namely, Buddha, Dharma, Sangha. While this model is shared by the varied forms of Buddhism, the ways in which it is embodied and expressed have been quite diverse.
Buddhism and Sexual Orientation
Authors: Hu Hsiao-Lan
Published: December 2016

Buddhism has the reputation of being tolerant of people with non-normative sexual orientations, and for the most part of its history Buddhism does not seek to control laypeople’s sexuality. This chapter first draws from the discourses of contemporary Buddhist teachers to show the ways in which core Buddhist teachings, such as co-arising, compassionate alleviation of suffering, and middle way, can lend themselves in support of sexual and gender minorities. Then it goes further back to classical resources and explores the ways in which the traditional portrayal of the multimorphic bodhisattva Avalokitesvara (Chinese: Guanyin; Vietnamese: Quan Am; Korean: Kwan Um; Japanese: Kannon; Tibetan: Chenrezig) can inspire some rethinking on the issues of minoritized identities.
Buddhism, Business, and Economics
Authors: Brox Trine , Williams-Oerberg Elizabeth
Published: December 2016

Taking a historical context as a starting point, this chapter illuminates the historical relationship between Buddhism and economic engagements and shows how this relationship has played out in contemporary Asian and non-Asian contexts. With a focus on local practices and understandings of economic exchanges related to “Buddhism”—e.g. lay-monk exchange relations, monastic businesses, spiritual consumerism, and Buddhist branding—it illuminates the economic life of Buddhism and the diverse modalities of Buddhism and economic relations. Moreover, how Buddhists have positioned themselves in relation to a capitalistic market economy, both as a critique and as an engagement, is examined, as well as how marketing strategies have been utilized to secure the position of Buddhists in regional and global contexts. The intersection between Buddhism and the global market economy, the authors argue, reveals an important flashpoint through which one can gain a more complex understanding about contemporary formations of Buddhism, modernity, and globality.
Buddhist International Organizations
Authors: Schedneck Brooke
Published: December 2016

Buddhist international organizations are a dynamic phenomenon of contemporary Buddhism. The proliferation of these organizations is a significant manifestation of global and transnational forms of Buddhism. Common characteristics of international Buddhist organizations include charismatic leadership, a large lay Buddhist population, the establishment of local branch centers, and a focus on a particular form of Buddhist practice such as a meditation method or a form of social engagement. The author’s criteria for labeling international Buddhist organizations as such include a membership of diverse nationalities, multiple branch centers outside the country of its origin, and therefore a commitment to both national and international concerns. The chapter investigates the most relevant organizations structured by region and social issue. It includes examples of Buddhist international organizations throughout Asia, with a focus on common regional features. Precedents for Buddhist international organizations within the pre-modern and modern period are also included.
On Reading Fiqh
Authors: Emon Anver M.
Published: December 2016

This article examines the production and analysis of fiqh by surveying Islamic legal scholarship. It highlights the implications different analytic approaches bring to the study of fiqh as both doctrine and literary genre. Starting with an overview of debates about legal reform in the context of “modernity,” the article proceeds to an analysis of philology as a disciplinary frame and its limits. The article then turns to studies of philology in conversation with history and the perceived demise of philology in the British and North American academy. Thereafter, the article explores fiqh as a genre Fiqh of legal literature that informs interpretive approaches in the social sciences, including the literature on Islamic law and anthropology and the fatwa as a site of legal practice in contrast to fiqh. Finally, it looks at fiqh as the object of critique and offers suggestions for future research.
Law, Liberty, and Technology
Authors: Brownsword Roger
Published: December 2016

This chapter assesses the relationship between liberty and technology. Adopting a broad conception of liberty, covering both the normative and the practical optionality of developing, applying, or using some particular technology, four questions are pursued. These questions concern: (i) the patterns of normative liberty in relation to new technologies and their applications; (ii) the gap between normative liberty and practical liberty; (iii) the impact of technologies on basic liberties; and (iv) the relationship between law, liberty, and ‘technological management’. While the expansion or contraction of normative liberties remains relevant, the key claim of the chapter is that, in future, it is the use of ‘technological management’—for a range of purposes, from crime control to the regulation of health and safety, and environmental protection—that needs to be monitored carefully, and particularly so for its impact on real options.
Tax Law and Technological Change
Authors: Cockfield Arthur J.
Published: December 2016

Writings on tax law and technology change often investigate three discrete but related questions: (1) how does tax law react to technology change; (2) how does tax law provoke technology change; and (3) how does tax law seek to preserve traditional interests (such as revenue collection) in light of technology change. In addition, observers sometimes raise concerns that the interaction of technology change and tax law can have a substantive impact on individuals, communities and/or national interests that may differ from the technology’s intended use (for example, automatic tax collection mechanisms may harm taxpayer privacy). The chapter reviews these writings and distils guiding principles for optimal tax law and policy in light of technology change.
Liberal Democratic Regulation and Technological Advance
Authors: Sorell Tom , Guelke John
Published: December 2016

This chapter considers an array of new technologies developed for bulk collection and data analysis that are sometimes connected by critics with mass surveillance. While the use of such technologies can be compatible with democratic principles, the NSA’s system of bulk collection has been likened to that practised by the Stasi in the former German Democratic Republic. Drawing on Pettit’s concept of domination, we dispute the comparison, conceding nevertheless that bulk collection carries risks of intrusion, error, and damage to trust. Allowing that some surveillance is bound to be secret, we insist that secrecy must be limited, and subject to democratic oversight. Even if NSA-type surveillance is not a modern reincarnation of Stasi oppression failures of oversight make it objectionable from the perspective of democratic theory. More generally, surveillance technologies interfere with individual autonomy, which liberal democratic states are committed to protecting, whether the agent making use of them is a state or private company.
Audience Constructions, Reputations, and Emerging Media Technologies
Authors: Draper Nora A. , Turow Joseph
Published: December 2016

This chapter traces how changes in media and surveillance technologies have influenced the strategies producers have for constructing audiences. The largely unregulated practices of information gathering that inform the measurement and evaluation of audiences have consequences for how individuals are viewed by media producers and, consequently, for how they view themselves. Recent technological advances have increased the specificity with which advertisers target audiences—moving from the classification of audience groups based on shared characteristics to the personalization of commercial media content for individuals. To assist in the personalization of content, media producers and advertisers use interactive technologies to enlist individuals in the construction of their own consumer reputations. Industry discourse frames the resulting personalization as empowering for individuals who are given a hand in crafting their media universe; however, these strategies are more likely to create further disparity among those who media institutions do and do not view as valuable.
Technology Wags the Law
Authors: Flatt Victor B.
Published: December 2016

This chapter examines how the introduction of technological regulatory standards in environmental law changed the terms of environmental policy debate in an unexpected manner. Technology as one tool to reach environmental goals began to be discussed in policy and legal research as if the technology standard was itself the ultimate policy goal. This led to debates and critiques over the merits of technology as a matter of environmental policy. Attacks came from the right in the form of efficiency critiques of laws requiring certain technologies or processes, and from the left in a general attack on the use of technological controls instead of changes in lifestyle or consumption patterns. This in turn skewed the terms of environmental policy debate, particularly in relation to underlying policy values. Only by a recognition of the original purpose and role of technological standards can these underlying policy debates be appropriately discussed and debated.
Nuisance Law, Regulation, and the Invention of Prototypical Pollution Abatement Technology
Authors: Pontin Ben
Published: December 2016

The emerging idea that the private enforcement of nuisance injunctions can facilitate investment in pollution abatement technology raises important questions of the wider regulatory context of this area of tort. This chapter examines the role of the Alkali Inspectorate historically in facilitating progressive improvements in industrial production process standards to an extent comparable with nuisance law. It is argued that regulation in this field has demonstrably shaped the development of pollution abatement technology, but exceptionally so. The notion of ‘voluntarism’, which tort scholars have used to explain the scope and limits of nuisance law’s inventiveness, can be helpfully generalized. Voluntarism accounts for the success with which government inspectors set out to clean up industry through pushing the frontiers of clean technology, and the difficulties of sustaining this success with the passage of time. This is illustrated by a case study concerning cement industry pollution.
Are Human Biomedical Interventions Legitimate Regulatory Policy Instruments?
Authors: Yeung Karen
Published: December 2016

This chapter examines the legitimacy of utilizing human biomedical interventions for regulatory purposes, drawing on regulatory governance scholarship, bioethical debates about human enhancement, and constitutional scholarship concerning fundamental rights. It considers whether the use of biomedical techniques to pursue regulatory and other public policy purposes is ethically equivalent to the use of traditional techniques that target the design of the social environment, including the alleged ethical ‘parity’ between social and biological interventions into the human mind. It argues when contemplating these techniques, we must consider who is seeking to utilize them, for whom, for what purpose, for whose benefit, and at what cost (and to whom). In wrestling with these questions, we must also attend to the social meanings associated with particular ends–means relationships, what is it that we value in human nature, and different understanding of ideas of human flourishing and the good life.
Fostering Stakeholder Identification Through Expressed Organizational Identities
Authors: Baldi Cindi , Bartel Caroline , Dukerich Janet
Published: December 2016

A vital task for organizations is to communicate their organizational identity in ways that generate organizational images that are attractive to external stakeholders. Such favorable evaluations may generate stakeholder identification—a perception of belonging such that an organization becomes important to stakeholders’ sense of self. This chapter reviews and integrates prior research to elaborate how organizational communications via mass communication channels (e.g., company websites) can generate stakeholder identification. Several motivational pathways are outlined involving stakeholders’ needs for uncertainty reduction, self-continuity, and self enhancement. Association and dissociation communication strategies offer organizations means of conveying organizational images that directly address these stakeholder needs. How organizational communications aimed at stakeholder identification connects to other management practices such as corporate branding and corporate identity communication are discussed.
Materiality and Identity
Authors: Watkiss Lee , Glynn Mary Ann
Published: December 2016

We explore the relationship between materiality and the instantiation of organizational identity, focusing on three elements of materiality—products, artifacts, and practices—and their role in shaping collective understandings of “who we are” and “what we do” as an organization. We advance a theoretical framework that posits that these three elements of materiality operate via three mechanisms that function in categorization, symbolization, and repertoires for performance, respectively, to affect organizational identity construction. Using illustrations from Apple, Inc., we put forward ideas that forge these links and propose an agenda for future research into the role of materiality in instantiating organizational identity.
Optimal Distinctiveness Revisited
Authors: Zuckerman Ezra W.
Published: December 2016

This chapter integrates three approaches to the question of why successful identities—individual and organizational—generally involve a balance between conformity to others’ practices and differentiation from them. An entertaining model is employed to highlight the limitations of the “optimal distinctiveness” and the “different audiences” approaches. A third approach—“two-stage valuation”—is then shown to address these limitations. It is also demonstrated that this approach provides a general foundation for understanding the balance between conformity and differentiation. The advantages of this framework are (a) parsimony, as it requires no unnecessary behavioral assumptions; (b) generality, as it applies at both the individual and organizational levels of analysis and is capable of incorporating the distinctive observations of the other two approaches; and (d) extensibility, as it is capable of illuminating outstanding puzzles, such as why closely resembling others may sometimes convey legitimacy but may sometimes be a problematic sign of inauthenticity.
Introduction: Organizational Identity
Authors: Pratt Michael G. , Schultz Majken , Ashforth Blake E. , Ravasi Davide
Published: December 2016

Since its formal entry to organization studies in 1985, the concept of organizational identity (OI) has had a long and fruitful development. We suggest OI is particularly appealing because it: 1) addresses fundamental questions of social existence about how we are both similar to and different from others; 2) is fundamentally a relational construct connecting apparent oppositions, such as “us” and “them”; 3) is a nexus concept forging relations with other theoretical constructs; and 4) is inherently useful to organizations. In the seven sections of this handbook, we trace conceptual, methodological, and practical challenges of theorizing and utilizing OI in organizations, including issues of the construct’s nomological net, its multi-level dynamics, the role time in OI (e.g., OI change), as well as its pluralistic manifestations (e.g., hybrid and multiple organizational identities).
Conclusion: On the Identity of Organizational Identity looking backward toward the future
Authors: Pratt Michael G. , Schultz Majken , Ashforth Blake E. , Ravasi Davide
Published: December 2016

In the Conclusion of the Handbook, we acknowledge the diversity of perspectives represented in its various chapters, but at the same time outline converging patterns and trace some paths for moving forward. We observe how the “definitional war” that affected the field in its early years seems to have finally settled around a core set of often-complimentary perspectives (e.g. social actor, social constructionist, institutional, discursive, etc.) that investigate different research questions. Scholars also seem to be shifting their attention to the way that organizational identity—as a “work in progress” rather than a stable state—is constantly constructed and reconstructed and is thus permanently “becoming.” This focus on time and process not only opens interesting avenues for the study of change and stability in organizational identity, but also carries important ontological and methodological implications about the study of identities. We also observe how the adoption of new perspectives (e.g. institutional, political) may improve our understanding of the nature and causes of plurality and complexity in organizational identities, and may highlight important multilevel linkages between individuals, organizations, and external forces. Finally, we note a variety of contemporary trends affecting organizations and speculate on how they may impact the very nature of identity in and of organizations.
Organizational, Subunit, and Individual Identities
Authors: Ashforth Blake E.
Published: December 2016

Although we know much about within-level identity dynamics, it’s the between-level dynamics that offer the greatest promise for developing a systemic understanding of identity in organizations. Collective identities emerge from a process of “I think” (where the founder(s)/leaders espouse and enact their entrepreneurial vision and values)  “we think” (where members and other stakeholders experience and enact the incipient identity, fostering consensus and adding breadth and depth to the identity)  “it is” (where the identity becomes institutionalized). Collective identities in turn both enable and constrain the identities nested within them. The recursive linkages among levels of identity reflect a meld of processes that are supplementary (fleshing out an identity), complementary (fostering differentiation), and conflicted. The discussion also considers the role of identity cascades, identity drift, and compositional and compilational identity emergence.
History of Neuropsychology in the Netherlands
Authors: Eling Paul
Published: December 2016

The history of the development of neuropsychology in The Netherlands is described. First some early descriptions of the effects of brain lesions on behavior are mentioned. Subsequently the remarkable lack of interest in neuropsychology in the 19th century is described, contrasting with the important changes in France, Germany, and England. Neuropsychology began to blossom in the second half of the 20th century. In the early 1980s neuropsychology courses were developed and a series of textbooks was published. In the 1990s chairs for neuropsychology were founded at most universities. A separate organization for professionals was created, as well as a curriculum for becoming a specialized professional neuropsychologist.
Introduction
Authors: Cunningham Scott , Shah Manisha
Published: December 2016

This handbook explores the economics of prostitution and offers a working definition of prostitution that takes into account both remunerated professional sex work, as in the case of the Nevada brothels, and the more informal exchange of sex for money that occurs in both developing and developed countries. The discussion is organized into six parts: supply and demand, sex workers in developing countries, men who have sex with men, law and policy, history of prostitution law, and externalities related to sex markets (e.g., sexually transmitted infections and sexual exploitation). Topics range from economic theories and empirical analysis of sex markets to sexual and communication networks of Internet-mediated prostitution, to the spread of sexually transmitted infections and violence.
Nevada’s Regulated Brothels
Authors: Brents Barbara G.
Published: December 2016

This chapter examines how brothels are regulated in Nevada. More specifically, it looks at how local municipalities in Nevada—the only US state that has legalized prostitution—regulate prostitution markets. It begins with an overview of Nevada’s legal indoor prostitution, the history and development of legal brothels, and brothel laws and regulations. It then considers how sex workers in Nevada brothels are regulated, the present state of brothel organization and market, and rural and suburban brothels. It also discusses how the legal system functions to regulate worker health and safety in Nevada brothels. The chapter argues that Nevada’s brothels are not some aberrant form of organized deviance but rather are part and parcel of today’s neoliberal consumer economy. The political climate that has allowed and sustains legal brothels in Nevada reflects contemporary neoliberal politics and a “morality” in which personal consumer choice is elevated to a moral right.
Canadian Prostitution Law
Authors: Jones Lauren
Published: December 2016

This chapter reviews the history of prostitution law in Canada. It begins with a review of relevant literature on the history and policy of the sex trade in Canada, along with current laws and their enforcement. It then discusses two sources of data available for use in prostitution research in Canada: the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, a data set that tracks crime and arrest information, and the Erotic Review (TER), a data set drawn from an online review website for sex professionals. These data sets are employed in descriptive analysis of the state of prostitution markets in Canada. The chapter also considers the challenges brought against Canadian prostitution law and concludes by suggesting potential research directions.
Examining the Economics of Prostitution Using Online Data
Authors: Holt Thomas J. , Blevins Kristie R. , Fitzgerald Sarah
Published: December 2016

The exchanges between sex workers and their clients are often hidden from view, making it difficult to understand how the prices paid to sex workers vary depending on city, time of the year, where they solicit, and the demographics and attitudes of the sex worker. The Internet and computer-mediated communications, however, enable an investigation of prostitution as the customers of various sex workers discuss their sexual exploits and share tips and information with others online. This research uses data collected from 10 city-specific Web forums to examine the price structures of prostitution and the attitudinal, behavioral, and demographic factors affecting the prices paid to sex workers. The implications of this study for our understanding of the various environmental, individual, and situational factors that affect the supply and demand of the sex trade from the client’s perspective will be explored in detail.
Affluent and Devout
Authors: Della Giusta Marina , di Tommaso Maria Laura , Jewell Sarah L.
Published: December 2016

In this chapter, we analyze the demand for paid sex of British men utilizing the British National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles based on interviews in the period 2010–2012. The paper tests a theoretical model of demand for paid sex (Della Giusta et al. 2009a) where demand for paid sex depends on income, the amount of free sex, stigma, and reputation. A novelty of this chapter consists of analyzing the roles of income and religion. We find that the probability that men pay for sex is 6 percentage points higher for men with an income between £40,000 and £50,000, controlling for education and professional status. The probability of paying for sex increases between 2 and 5 percentage points if the man is religious, after controlling for conservative opinions.
Transactional Sex in Malawi
Authors: Baird Sarah , Özler Berk
Published: December 2016

This chapter examines transactional sex as a distinctive feature of traditional “dating” in Malawi. It begins with a review of the existing literature on transactional sex in sub-Saharan Africa, with particular emphasis on the distinction between commercial sex work, informal sex work, and transactional sex. It then analyzes transactional sex among a sample of 13- to 22-year-old, initially never-married females in southern Malawi. It also considers the role that cash-transfer programs in particular and social safety-net programs in general might play in mitigating transactional sex. The findings suggest that cash-transfer programs that focus on adolescent girls can allow them to steer away from “relationships of need” toward “relationships of want,” reduce risky sexual behavior as a result, and thus reduce their subsequent risk of HIV infection.
Intergroup Contact in Settings of Protracted Ethnopolitical Conflict
Authors: Maoz Ifat
Published: December 2016

Intergroup contact, encounters, and dialogues are pervasively used in settings of protracted, ethnopolitical conflict as a device for improving relations between the sides and promoting conflict resolution and reconciliation. This chapter reviews the theoretical underpinnings of such efforts and discusses different models and modes of planned intergroup contact in conflict, as well as the potential of the intergroup encounters to bring about change, while focusing on the ethical implications and consequences of the encounter with the other and its narrative in the setting of protracted ethnopolitical conflict. Specifically, it focuses on the case study of the violent protracted asymmetric conflict between Israelis and Palestinians. In this context it discusses the extent to which different modes and models of organized intergroups can overcome moral exclusion, extend the boundaries of moral responsibility for the other, and increase support for more socially just and equitable relations.
Mass Incarceration and Conditions of Confinement
Authors: Carroll Leo , Calci Sharon , Wilson Amber
Published: December 2016

This chapter compares confinement conditions in American prisons today to those in the mid- to late twentieth century, and the reasons for this evolution. Other topics considered include changes in (a) inmate rights and privileges, (b) priorities placed on safety and management, (c) program availability, and (d) managerial controls over inmates (both coercive and remunerative). Also provided is an overview of improvements in prison architecture and technology (e.g., the construction of smaller prisons with heavier reliance on electronic surveillance) and of the movement to “professionalize” correctional officers. Important themes include the negative impact of rising prison populations on the delivery of medical and mental health services; the worsening physical health of prisoners; and greater use of long-term administrative segregation despite its possible influences on mental and physical deterioration.
Private Prisons in a New Environment
Authors: Camp Scott D.
Published: December 2016

This chapter focuses on the current state of practice, policy, and research related to privately operated prisons in the United States. I begin with a brief overview of the history of the rapid growth in the private sector in the United States, followed by a discussion of costs of public versus private prisons. While costs are easily quantified, assigning the proper costs to the public and private sectors has presented much controversy in previous studies. The issue of quality of correctional services provided by public versus private prisons is also reviewed, given that there is little agreement on the type of measures that allow for fair comparisons of public and private prisons. The chapter concludes with thoughts on issues facing public and private prisons in an era marked by stability or decline as opposed to rapid growth in prison populations.
What’s in a Name? Health Care Providers’ Perceptions of Pediatric Pain Patients Based on Diagnostic Labels
Authors: Betsch Taylor A. , Gorodzinsky Ayala Y. , Finley G.A. , Sangster Michael , Chorney Jill
Published: December 2016

Objectives:

Diagnostic labels can help patients better understand their symptoms and can influence providers’ treatment planning and patient interactions. Recurrent pain is common in childhood; however, there are various diagnostic labels used. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of diagnostic labels on pediatric health care providers’ perceptions of pediatric chronic pain patients.

Materials and Methods:

Using an online survey, providers were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 vignette conditions (differing only in diagnostic label provided) and completed questionnaires about their perceptions of the vignette patient.

Results:

Responses from 58 participants were analyzed. The 2 groups, based on diagnostic conditions used (fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain) did not differ significantly on general demographics and health care providers’ perceptions of the patient. Perceived origin of the pain influenced providers’ perceptions; pain of a perceived medical origin was negatively correlated with stigmatization and positively correlated with sympathy. Perceived psychological origin was positively correlated with stigmatization and providers’ age.

Discussion:

Health care providers’ perceptions of children’s pain are more likely influenced by the presumed etiology rather than the diagnostic label used. Pain believed to be more medically based was associated with more positive reactions from providers (ie, less stigmatization). Older providers in particular perceived the patient more negatively if they believe the pain to be psychologically based. The findings of this pediatric study replicated findings from adult literature on chronic pain, suggesting that children and adults are subject to negative perceptions from health care providers when the providers believe the pain to be psychological in origin.
The Changes in Pulse Pressure Variation or Stroke Volume Variation After a “Tidal Volume Challenge” Reliably Predict Fluid Responsiveness During Low Tidal Volume Ventilation*
Authors: Myatra Sheila Nainan , Prabu Natesh R , Divatia Jigeeshu Vasishtha , Monnet Xavier , Kulkarni Atul Prabhakar , Teboul Jean-Louis
Published: December 2016

Objectives:

Stroke volume variation and pulse pressure variation do not reliably predict fluid responsiveness during low tidal volume ventilation. We hypothesized that with transient increase in tidal volume from 6 to 8 mL/kg predicted body weight, that is, “tidal volume challenge,” the changes in pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation will predict fluid responsiveness.

Design:

Prospective, single-arm study.

Setting:

Medical-surgical ICU in a university hospital.

Patients:

Adult patients with acute circulatory failure, having continuous cardiac output monitoring, and receiving controlled low tidal volume ventilation.

Interventions:

The pulse pressure variation, stroke volume variation, and cardiac index were recorded at tidal volume 6 mL/kg predicted body weight and 1 minute after the “tidal volume challenge.” The tidal volume was reduced back to 6 mL/kg predicted body weight, and a fluid bolus was given to identify fluid responders (increase in cardiac index > 15%). The end-expiratory occlusion test was performed at tidal volumes 6 and 8 mL/kg predicted body weight and after reducing tidal volume back to 6 mL/kg predicted body weight.

Results:

Thirty measurements were obtained in 20 patients. The absolute change in pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation after increasing tidal volume from 6 to 8 mL/kg predicted body weight predicted fluid responsiveness with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (with 95% CIs) being 0.99 (0.98–1.00) and 0.97 (0.92–1.00), respectively. The best cutoff values of the absolute change in pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation after increasing tidal volume from 6 to 8 mL/kg predicted body weight were 3.5% and 2.5%, respectively. The pulse pressure variation, stroke volume variation, central venous pressure, and end-expiratory occlusion test obtained during tidal volume 6 mL/kg predicted body weight did not predict fluid responsiveness.

Conclusions:

The changes in pulse pressure variation or stroke volume variation obtained by transiently increasing tidal volume (tidal volume challenge) are superior to pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation in predicting fluid responsiveness during low tidal volume ventilation.
Repurposing ospemifene for potentiating an antigen-specific immune response
Authors: Kao Chiao-Jung , Wurz Gregory T. , Lin Yi-Chen , Vang Daniel P. , Phong Brian , DeGregorio Michael W.
Published: December 2016

Objective:

Ospemifene, an estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist approved for the treatment of dyspareunia and vaginal dryness in postmenopausal women, has potential new indications as an immune modulator. The overall objective of the present series of preclinical studies was to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of ospemifene in combination with a peptide cancer vaccine.

Methods:

Immune regulating effects, mechanism of action and structure activity relationships of ospemifene and related compounds were evaluated by examining expression of T-cell activating cytokines in vitro, and antigen-specific immune response and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity in vivo. The effects of ospemifene (OSP) on the immune response to a peptide cancer vaccine (PV) were evaluated after chronic [control (n = 22); OSP 50 mg/kg (n = 16); PV (n = 6); OSP+PV (n = 11)], intermittent [control (n = 10); OSP 10 and 50 mg/kg (n = 11); PV (n = 11); combination treatment (n = 11 each dose)] and pretreatment [control; OSP 100 mg/kg; PV 100 μg; combination treatment (n = 8 all groups)] ospemifene oral dosing schedules in a total of 317 mixed-sex tumor-bearing and nontumor-bearing mice.

Results:

The results showed that ospemifene induced expression of the key TH1 cytokines interferon gamma and interleukin-2 in vitro, which may be mediated by stimulating T-cells through phosphoinositide 3-kinase and calmodulin signaling pathways. In combination with an antigen-specific peptide cancer vaccine, ospemifene increased antigen-specific immune response and increased cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity in tumor-bearing and nontumor-bearing mice. The pretreatment, intermittent, and chronic dosing schedules of ospemifene activate naive T-cells, modulate antigen-induced tolerance and reduce tumor-associated, pro-inflammatory cytokines, respectively.

Conclusions:

Taken together, ospemifene's dose response and schedule-dependent immune modulating activity offers a method of tailoring and augmenting the efficacy of previously failed antigen-specific cancer vaccines for a wide range of malignancies.