bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PL-011 Astaxanthin Reduces High Intensity Training Induced Myocardial Cell Apoptosis Via Activating Nrf2 in Rats
Authors: Guo Xian , Cao Jianmin , Wang Yi , Zhou Haitao , Zhang Jing , Niu Yanlong , Hu Ge
Published: October 2018

Objective Long-term intensive training may led to ischemia oxygen reaction and increase the ROS. Astaxanthin, as the super antioxidant, was investigated to against anti-oxidative stress. By supplementing the astaxanthin, we wanted to observe if it can mediated Nrf2 reduces myocardial cell oxidative injury in rats after high intensity training of 6 weeks. 

Methods 7-week SD male rats were divided into 3 groups randomly: control group ( C group，n =10)，high intensity training group ( HT group，n = 15)，astaxanthin and high intensity training group (HTA group，n = 15) . The rats in HTA group were given with astaxanthin 20 mg /kg·d and in HT group were given with oil during the training day．The serum cTnI，myocardial apoptosis index,  the expression of myocardial BAX, Bcl2, Nrf2, HO-1, myocardial MDA，SOD and T- AOC activity were measured 24 hours after the last training．

Results After 6-week tranning of high intensity, compared with group C, the serum cTNI, myocardial apoptosis index, the expression of BAX and myocardial MDA were significantly higher in group HT(P<0.01).The Bcl2/Bax, the expression of HO-1, SOD and T-AOC activity were significantly declined (P<0.01). After the intervention of 6-week astaxanthin, compared with group HT, the serum cTNI, myocardial MDA, the myocardial apoptosis index, the expression of BAX were significantly lower in HTA group (cTNI(ng/ml): 1.16±0.27 VS 2.47±0.39, P<0.05; myocardial apoptosis index: 164.27±3.98 VS 196.20±9.65, P<0.01; BAX: 58.40±5.95 VS 78.03±3.80, P<0.01 ). Finally, Bcl2/Bax, SOD, T-AOC activity, the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 were significantly higher  (Bcl2/Bax : 1.92±0.10 VS 1.19±0.18, P<0.01; SOD(U/mg): 52.38±6.15 VS 38.32±3.36, P<0.01; T-AOC(U/mg): 30.22±4.07 VS 23.76±3.20, P<0.01; Nrf2: 93.61±8.53 VS 74.26±6.69, P<0.01; HO-1: 84.99±13.78 VS 64.22±11.39, P<0.05). 

Conclusions The supplement of astaxanthin can mediate Nrf2 signaling pathway, and elevate the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. Then it can increase the activity of SOD and T-AOC and reduce the myocardial oxidative level and myocardial apoptosis in rats caused by 6-week high intensity training. Finally, the structure and function of heart tissue are back to normal.
PL-015 Aerobic exercise increases BKCa channel expression to enhance tracheal smooth muscle relaxation in a murine asthma model
Authors: Huang Junhao , Hu Min , Yang Weiyue , Zhao Mengke
Published: October 2018

Objective Increasing evidence has shown that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training reduces airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in patients with asthma. However, the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced improvements in smooth muscle contractility have not been fully elucidated. Large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa) are expressed broadly on smooth muscle cells and play an important role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction. We tested the hypothesis that exercise training increases the contribution of BKCa channel to tracheal smooth muscle relaxation in in ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged asthmatic rats.

Methods Rats were sensitized/challenged with OVA or saline and exercised at a moderate intensity 5 times/week for 4 weeks. Tracheal smooth muscle contractility was tested. Membrane potential of primary cultured tracheal smooth muscle cells was measured. In addition, western immunoblotting was performed to study the expression levels of BKCa channel protein.

Results The contraction of rat airway smooth muscle induced by carbachol was significantly increased with asthma and exercise training reversed this alteration. Application of BKCa channel agonist, NS1619, induced tracheal smooth muscle relaxation. NS1619-induced relaxation was decreased in asthmatic rats, however exercise training significantly increased NS1619-induced relaxation. In primary cultured smooth muscle cells, NS1619-induced membrane potential was reduced with asthma and this alteration was diminished after exercise training. Additionally, western blotting revealed that the protein expression of BKCa was reduced in asthmatic group and aerobic exercise significantly improved BKCa expression.

Conclusions The present study reveals that aerobic exercise training increases BKCa expression on tracheal smooth muscle, which partly underlies the beneficial effect of exercise on improving airway smooth muscle relaxation in asthma.
PL-017 High-fat overfeeding increases intramuscular triglyceride content and perilipin protein expression in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Whytock Katie , Parry Siôn , Turner Mark , James Lewis , Fergusson Richard , Hultson Carl , Strauss Juliette , Cocks Matt , Wagenmakers Anton , Shepherd Sam
Published: October 2018

Objective High-fat high-calorie diets can induce whole body insulin resistance (IR) whilst increasing stores of intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) contained within lipid droplets (LD). Perilipin (PLIN) proteins assist in IMTG storage. Synaptosomal-associated protein (SNAP23) may support LD growth and also direct IMTG-derived fatty acids (FA) to mitochondria for β-oxidation. The objectives of this study were: 1) to test the hypothesis that 7 days of high-fat overfeeding increases IMTG content to prevent lipid induced muscle IR and 2) identify changes in PLINs, SNAP23 and mitochondria content and colocalisation of PLINs with LD, and SNAP23 with LD and mitochondria.

Methods Muscle biopsies were obtained from thevastus lateralisof thirteen healthy individuals (age: 23±1years, BMI: 24.4±0.7kg.m-2) before (0min) and during (30min) an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), pre and post 7-days consuming a high-fat (65% energy) high-calorie (+50% kcal) diet. IMTG, PLIN2, PLIN3, PLIN5, SNAP23 and mitochondria content were measured using (semi)-quantitative confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. PLIN2, PLIN3 and PLIN5 colocalisation to LD was measured using object-based colocalisation analyses. Pearson’s correlation coefficient quantified colocalisation between SNAP23 and plasma membrane (PM), mitochondria and LD. Phosphorylation of intermediates of the muscle insulin-signalling cascade (Akt and AS160) were measured at 0 and 30 min of the OGTT before and after the dietary intervention.

Results Following overfeeding phosphorylation of Akt and AS160 in muscle was not impaired during the OGTT, however Matsuda index of whole-body insulin sensitivity decreased (-23%; P < 0.01). IMTG content increased in type I fibres (+100%; P < 0.001) due to both an increase in LD number (+43%; P < 0.001) and size (+44%; P< 0.001). Of the PLINs investigated, only PLIN3 content increased (+50%;P < 0.01) exclusively in type I fibres. PLIN2-associated LD increased (+80%; P < 0.01) in type I fibres only, whereas PLIN3 and PLIN5-associated LD were unaltered. SNAP23 and mitochondria content did not change, nor did the colocalisation of SNAP23 with the PM, mitochondria or LD.

Conclusions Our data confirm the hypothesis that following high-fat overfeeding IMTG stores increased whilst activation of key muscle insulin signalling components were maintained. The increase in IMTG stores is likely supported by the concurrent increase in total PLIN3 content and a redistribution of existing stores of PLIN2 to the expanded LD pool in type I fibres. To confirm if increased IMTG storage protects muscle from IR future research should determine whether meal-derived FAs are directed to IMTG rather than ceramides and diacylglycerol.
PL-019 Effect of early exercise on autophagy of liver tumor in mice
Authors: Jiang Ning , Wang Zhe , Li Jing , Wang Xinghao
Published: October 2018

Objective To investigate whether the liver autophagy level can be altered by pre exercise training in mice liver tumors.

Methods 40 Male C57BL/6J mice aged 7 months were randomly divided into 2 groups: control group (YC) and exercise group (YE). YE were exercised on a treadmill for 12 weeks (12m/min). After12 weeks each group was randomly divided into two groups. The tumor model was constructed by injection of HEPA1- 6 mouse hepatoma cell into liver tissue.Then the groups were control group (YC), exercise group (YE), tumor group (YCT), exercise tumor group (YET).The experimental samples were prepared on the 13 day after the tumor model was constructed. the hematoxylin and eosin stain of the liver was observed.The expression of autophagy related protein BECLIN1, LC3-II and ATG5 in liver tissues of mice was detected by Western blot.

Results Compared with YCT group,the boundary of inflammatory cells and tumor cells in YET group was clear with normal cells.Compared with YCT group, the expression levels of BECLIN1, LC3-II and ATG5 in liver tissue of YET group were significantly higher (p < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.05).

Conclusions Early exercise can help the 7 month old mice to resist the occurrence and development of the liver tumor. It's probably associated with increased level of autophagy in the liver by early exercise training.
PL - 029 Responses of Urine and Blood Biochemical Markers to Exercise-induced Body Fluid Losses in Elite Chinese Road Cyclists
Authors: Han Qi , Fu Jinde , Shao Jing , Wang Qirong , Fang Zilong , Gao Hong , Zhou Lili , Yi Muqing
Published: October 2018

Objective To examine biochemistry parameters regarding exercise induced fatigue, e.g. Sweat Loss (SL), Creatine Kinase (CK), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Blood Urinary Nitrogen (BUN), etc.

Methods This study examined Sweat Loss and blood biochemistry biomarkers regarding fatigue and muscle injury among elite cyclists under a training mode of 120 min moderate workload at 50 - 70% VO2max, then, 10 min relaxation, and then, followed up with a 20 min of spinning session over 85% VO2max. 12 healthy elite Chinese male cyclists (22.6 ± 2.9 years old, 78.3 ± 5.7 kg in weight, 184.6 ± 4.3 cm in height) were recruited. They performed four exercise performance tests throughout this study with 15 days washout period in between. Blood serum tests and urine tests were taken both pre- and post-exercise tests, and dynamic cardio-respiratory hardware (MetaMax 3B, Cortex Biophysik, Germany) was applied during each of their test. There were 2 different sport beverages available. The fluid replacement plan was a double blind crossover design. The volume of fluid intake was in accordance with ACSM recommendation for fluid replacement. Those who were assigned with sport beverage A (6% carbohydrate with 1% peptide) for the first and second performance tests, will be re-assigned to sport beverage B (6% carbohydrate without peptide) for the third and fourth performance tests, vice versa. Notes were taken for the volume of fluid intake to calculate the estimated Sweat Loss.

Results We found 91.7% trials have increased LDH, 88.9% trials have increased CK, and 100% trials have been observed increased BUN right after exercise performance test. Even with sufficient water supply, athletes hydration status were getting worse after exercise performance test, their urine USG results were 1.024 ± 0.006 and 1.027 ± 0.006 for pre- and post-exercise performance test respectively. Their dehydration status quantified by the percentage change in body mass (%BM) was 1.86% ± 1.03% with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 1.57% to 2.15%.

Conclusions Though, with sufficient water supply, athletes hydration status were getting worse after exercise performance test considering Sweat Loss and blood biochemistry indicators regarding fatigue and muscle injury.
PL - 034 Impact of PM2.5 Exposures and Pre-exercise on Pulmonary Function and Leukocyte Count in Aged Rats
Authors: Qin Fei , Zhao Jiexiu , Xu Mingxiao , Dong Yanan , Wang Zhongwei
Published: October 2018

Objective Exposure of PM2.5 has been associated with adverse respiratory and the risk of inflammation. While regular physical activity (PA) reduces the risk of many adverse health effects. This study aimed to examine the protection of pre-exercise on adverse health effects of Pulmonary Function and inflammatory induced by PM2.5 exposures in aged rats.

Methods 24 male wistar rats, aged 16 months, were randomly divided into 4 groups: Sedentary (S), Exercise (E), Sedentary+ PM2.5 exposures (S+PM), and Exercise+ PM2.5 exposures (E+PM). The rats in all E-related groups went through an aerobic treadmill exercise protocol (15m/min, 30 min) at every other day. The PM-related groups of aged rats were exposed to concentrated ambient particles of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) or filtered air (FA) in Beijing, for 4 hours per day, 7 days per week for a total of 2 weeks. After 2-week PM Exposure, blood was taken to measure the count of white blood cell (WC), neutrophil (NE), lymphocytes (LY), monocyte (MO), eosinophils (EO) and basophil (BA), and pulmonary function examined by whole body plethysmography.

Results After 2-week PM exposure, compared with E group, S+PM group’ s percentage of NE decreased significantly (p＜0.05), while the decline of NE% in E+PM group was small. Meanwhile, the obviously rise of BA% occurred in S+PM and E+PM group compared with sedentary group (p＜0.05). 2) Compared with E group, the Index of constriction (Penh and PAU) were increased evidently in S+PM group after PM exposure (p＜0.05), while the value of Penh were significantly improved in E+PM group (p＜0.05). 3) Compared with E group, the rejection index (RinX) (p＜0.01) and duration of pause before inspiration (TP) (p＜0.05) were appeared a clearly inclined in S+PM group, as well as several up-regulated of RinX and TP showed in E+PM group.

Conclusions 2-week PM2.5 exposures led to an increased susceptibility of infections, index of constriction and susceptibility of pulmonary function in aged rats. Moderate pre-exercise has beneficial effects on pulmonary function and immune function.
Changes in serum indexes of obese adolescents induced by closed weight loss summer camp
Authors: Li Chunyan , Mao Caifeng , Xu Lei , Feng Feihu
Published: October 2018

Objective A series of experiments were conducted to explore the changes of some serum indexes in obese adolescents induced by closed weight loss summer camp.
Methods The 12 to 18 year old obese adolescents (BMI ≥ 28), who volunteered to participate in the Haoqian summer camp, were selected for 4 weeks of closed summer camp. The main activities of the summer camp included compound exercise (aerobic exercise + resistance exercise, 3 times / day, 6 days / week), Dietary intervention, fun activities and health knowledge lectures. In order to explore the changes of serum indexes of obese adolescents, glycolipid metabolism index, fatty acid components, inflammatory factors and oxidative stress markers were analyzed before and after 4 weeks.
Results (1) The 4 week weight loss summer camp had no significant effect on blood sugar, but it can obviously reduce the level of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and significantly improve the abnormal lipid metabolism.
(2) The level of serum total saturated fatty acid (P < 0.05), total monounsaturated fatty acid (P < 0.01) and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (P < 0.05) in obese adolescents were decreased significantly in the 4 week weight loss summer camp.
(3) The 4 week weight loss summer camp significantly reduced serum inflammatory factors IL-6 and TN F- alpha in obese adolescents, increased the level of adiponectin per body fat mass (P < 0.05), and relieved the inflammatory state of the body.
(4) After 4 weeks weight loss summer camp, the serum total antioxidant capacity T-AOC, antioxidant enzyme catalase CAT, superoxide dismutase SOD and glutathione peroxidase GPx activity in obese adolescents were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05); oxidative damage markers 8-iso-PGF2α, 8-OHdG, and MDA levels were not significantly changed (P > 0.05), while protein oxidation product protein carbohydrate PC content decreased significantly (P < 0.05).
Conclusions 4 weeks weight loss summer camp can significantly alleviate the body's lipid metabolism abnormalities, change the serum fatty acid components, reduce the body's inflammatory state, enhance the body's antioxidant capacity, and reduce the body's oxidative damage.
OR-008 ERK-BAX signaling is involved in GLP-1-mediated antidepressant effects of metformin and exercise in CUMS mice
Authors: Liu Weina , Liu Jiatong , Huang Zhuochun , Li Lingxia , Liu Wenbin , Cui Zhiming , Qi Zhengtang
Published: October 2018

Objective Both depression itself and antidepressant medication have been reported to be significantly related to the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a treatment target for T2DM, has a neuroprotective effect. As an enhancer and sensitiser of GLP-1, metformin has been reported to be safe for the neurodevelopment. The present study aimed to determine whether and how GLP-1 mediates antidepressant effects of metformin and exercise in mice.

Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 8 weeks. From the 4th week, CUMS mice were subjected to oral metformin treatment and/or treadmill running. A videocomputerized tracking system was used to record behaviors of mice for a 5-min session. ELISA, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to examine gene expression in mouse serum or hippocampus.

Results Our results supported the validity of metformin as a useful antidepressant; moreover, treadmill running favored metformin effects on exploratory behaviors and serum corticosterone levels. CUMS reduced GLP-1 protein levels and phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), but increased protein levels of B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X-protein (BAX) in mice hippocampus. All these changes were restored by both single and combined treatment with metformin and exercise.

Conclusions Our findings have demonstrated that ERK-BAX signaling is involved in GLP-1-mediated antidepressant effects of metformin and exercise, which may provide a novel topic for future clinical research.
OR-013 One Year Outdoor and Daytime Aerobic Dance Practice Increased Serum 25(OH)D3 and PTH, but Decreased FSH Level of Postmenopausal Women
Authors: ZUO QUN , ZHANG YANYAN
Published: October 2018

Objective Vitamin D deficiency is widespread in postmenopausal women. It is verified that Vitamin D3 supplementation intake can improve the Vitamin D3 level of those Vitamin D deficiency patients. In addition to the exogenous intake, whether aerobic exercise plus sunshine could affect vitamin D level in postmenopausal women gained our attention. 

Methods 16 postmenopausal women in Shanghai attended this test. They voluntarily participated in a one year aerobics plan, practicing Chinese traditional dance outdoor under sunshine for one hour from 9:30-10:30 am each day. Before and after one year practice, serum 25(OH)D, 25(OH)D3 and estradiol E2, follicle stimulating hormone(FSH), luteinizing hormone(LH), parathyroid hormone(PTH) of all participants were analyzed. 

Results Before aerobics practice, serum 25(OH)D and 25(OH)D3 levels were 16.30±4.12(ng/ml) and 15.60±3.79(ng/ml). After one year practice, the data were significantly increased 19.50% (P=0.002) and 18.78% (P=0.002), separately. Before aerobics practice, the state of 25(OH)D level of 13 women was inadequacy (≤20.0ng/ml), 3 women was in lack status (20-30ng/ml). After one year practice, 9 women was inadequacy, 7 women in lack. The value of the chi square test was 4.747(P=0.029). After one year practice, serum PTH significantly increased, while FSH significantly decreased. E2 and LH had no significant variance before and after one year of aerobics practice.  

Conclusions One year aerobics practice under sunshine could increase serum 25(OH)D level, and affected estrogen levels variably in postmenopausal women.
OR-028 Ageing effect of muscular athletic capability in knee joints over healthy woman aged 45 - 64 years
Authors: Wang Fei , Fu Haixia , Shi Xiaofeng , Zhao Yang
Published: October 2018

Objective It is important to evaluate the effect of age on muscular athletic capability in knee joints over healthy woman aged 45 to 64. The research could provide female ageing effect on muscular athletic capability for elderly persons, aiming to promote the relative research on exercise improvement and Women's health.

Methods A total of 126 volunteers were selected. The knee muscle strength indexes were tested on side-to-side using self-developed digital isometric muscle function test system. Main indexes include muscle strength, muscle explosive force and muscle endurance on side-to-side. The age groups are classified with 5 years intervals recommended by WHO. The statistics of trend, correlation network, ANOVA and PCA were employed to distinguish the aging effects. All test were implemented in R platform (version 3.3.3).

Results (1) muscle strength showed obvious differences between left and right; the relative higher explosive force occurred with extensor muscles on the left showing the significant changing point at 100 ms after 50; the muscle endurance and fatigue index showed side differences after 60. (2) muscle strength trend showed “down then up” characteristics with the slightly ahead of 55 on the right side as well as muscle endurance indexes. (3) indexes between explosive force variables showed strong significant difference (p<0.001) while muscle fatigue indexes showed side differences; muscle strength in flexor muscles displayed significant correlations with explosive force variables on the right but opposite in extensor muscles on the left. (4) the huge difference occurred in extensor groups especially the comparison between minimum and maximum groups. (5) the main influences on knee muscular athletic capability include explosive force variables as well as muscle fatigue index.

Conclusions Both ageing effect and side effect are observed in muscular athletic capability in knee joints over healthy woman aged 45 - 64 years. After 55, the related variables showed decrease trend indicating the potential decreased muscular athletic capability. In both flexor and extensor muscles, strength variables displayed significant side differences, showing high explosive force in flexor muscles on the right side. The crucial age 50 and 55 became the  turning points for knee muscular athletic capability especially with explosive forces.
OR-031 Mechanism of free-wheeling exercise attenuating muscle atrophy in SAMP8 mice
Authors: Zhang Ying , Kou Xianjuan
Published: October 2018

Objective Muscle atrophy is a decrease in the volume and number of skeletal muscle cells, decreased muscle strength, and increased connective tissue and fat as the patient ages, and clinical symptoms syndrome characterized by decreased physical function, falls, weakness, and varying degrees of disability. It is estimated that approximately 5-13% of the elderly over the age of 60 are affected by muscle atrophy. Studies have shown that increased myocyte apoptosis and decreased levels of autophagy are involved in the development of muscle atrophy. At present, appropriate exercise has been considered as an economical and convenient way to reduce muscle atrophy, delay aging, and activate autophagy. The molecular mechanism remains to be further studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of 8-week free-wheeling exercise on muscle atrophy in rapid aging model SAMP8 mice, in order to provide a theoretical basis for exercise training to improve muscle atrophy and inhibit apoptosis.

Methods Twenty-four SAMP8 male mice of 7-month-old SPF were randomly divided into control group (Con), exercise group (V), and exercise combined with autophagy inhibitor chloroquine group (VQ), with 8 rats in each group. The Con group was fed routinely without any intervention for a total of 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, the mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and the gastrocnemius muscle tissue was taken immediately. The apoptosis of skeletal muscle and the expression of aging-related proteins were detected by Western-blot. Test indicators include BAX, Ac-p53, p21, and p16. All experimental data were analyzed by statistical software and showed significant differences at P < 0.05.

Results Western-blot results showed that compared with the Con group, the expression of apoptosis-related protein BAX and aging-related proteins AC-P53, p16, and p21 were significantly decreased in the skeletal muscle of the V group (P<0.01). In the VQ group, the protein expression of BAX was significantly increased (P<0.01), and the protein expression of AC-P53, p16 and p21 also increased (P<0.01).

Conclusions The above Western-blot results indicate that free-wheeling exercise significantly inhibits skeletal muscle cell apoptosis in aged mice and reduces muscle atrophy.At the same time, under the action of free-wheeling exercise combined with autophagy inhibitor chloroquine, the apoptosis-related protein and aging-related protein increased abnormally, suggesting that free-running movement may inhibit apoptosis and delay muscle atrophy by activating autophagy. Further research is needed.
OR-033 Alterations in Inflammatory Markers and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation following Dietary and Exercise Intervention of Obese Rats
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Wei Juan , Huang Xia , Sheng Lei
Published: October 2018

Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of diet and different exercise training: High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Continuous Training (CT) on body mass gain, serum inflammatory markers and hepatic lipid accumulation of obese rats.

Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with a normal standard diet (N) or a high fat diet (H; 45% kcal as fat) for eight weeks without exercise stimuli. Obese rats were defined as increased at least 20% body weight than normal diet rats. After this period, N rats were continue fed with a normal diet (N), and half of obese rats were fed with a normal diet (ON), while the other half were continue fed with a high-fat diet (OH). Each diet type group was then divided into three subgroups, control (NC, ONC, OHC groups), High Intensity Interval training (NHI, ONHI, OHHI groups) and Continuous Training (NCT, ONCT, OHCT groups) (n=10). The interval and continuous straining consisted of a swimming exercise performed over eight weeks. Body weight, serum inflammatory markers, plasma and liver lipid concentrations were measured.

Results Obese high fat diet rats showed greater body mass gain, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass, serum low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and serum inflammatory markers（MCP-1、IL-1β、TNF-α）in values than normal diet rats (OHC versus NC). In contrast, for the obese normal diet rats, no signiﬁcantly difference was observed compared with normal diet rats on VAT weight, serum lipids, inflammatory markers except MCP-1 (ONC versus NC). On the other hand, the trained groups of obese high fat diet rats showed lower values of body and VAT weight, serum lipids, inflammatory markers levels compared with the OHC group and CT showed more remarkable effect than HIIT except on VAT weight, serum IL-1β levels (OHHI versus OHC and OHCT versus OHC). However, the significantly positive effect of CT on obese normal diet rats was only observed on serum TG, LDL and MCP-1 levels (ONCT versus ONC). In addition, compared to normal rats, hepatic wet weight (HWW)，liver triglycerides (TG) in the OHC group presented obvious high level (OHC versus NC), no differences were exhibited between ONC and NC groups. Interestingly, HIIT but not CT signiﬁcantly deceased liver TG content compared with OHC group (OHHI versus OHC and OHCT versus OHC), which consistent with liver oil red O stain images as well as higher hepatic CPT-1 level.

Conclusions Both training methodologies were shown to be effective in controlling body mass gain and adiposity levels in high-fat diet fed obese rats, HIIT displayed more positive effect on hepatic lipid accumulation. Additionally, diet and exercise was more effective than exercise alone in reducing body weight, VAT mass, serum inflammatory and liver TG content.
OR-035 Effect of Aerobic Training on the Exercise Capacity of Apelin Knock-out Mice
Authors: Yan Lu , Li Tieying , Zhang Ying
Published: October 2018

Objective Aerobic training is considered to be an effective way to enhance the body’s exercise capacity which is closely related to the improvement of skeletal muscle energy metabolism. And as a new myokine, apelin has been found to play a key role in regulating the energy metabolism of skeletal muscle. However, whether the loss of apelin gene affects exercise capacity and what role aerobic training play in it remains unknown. This study was designed to investigate the effect of apelin on exercise capacity during aerobic training and to provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism of aerobic exercise affecting exercise capacity.

Methods Male C57BL/6J wild type mouse(n=20) and apelin knock-out mouse(n=20) were assigned by random allocation to four groups(n=10): wild type control(WC), wild type exercised(WE), apelin knock-out control(KC) and apelin knock-out exercised(KE). Exercise training consisted of treadmill running 60 minutes/day ×6 days/week for 4 weeks. The training intensity corresponded to the 70-75% maximum oxygen uptake of mice. The running speed was 15m/min with an incline of +5° in the first 2 weeks and subsequently adjusted to 20m/min according to the maximum oxygen uptake in the last 2 weeks. On the day after training, all groups were forced to perform a incremental exercise test to exhaustion. This test was started with an incline of +5°and a speed of 10 m/min for 5 min. After this initial phase, the speed was progressively increased by 3m/min every 3 min until animal exhausted. The maximum running speed, movement time and distance were recorded during the test.

Results Compared with group WC, the maximum running speed, movement time and distance of group KC were significantly decreased(P<0.01). And the maximum running speed, movement time and distance of group KE were clearly higher than those of group KC(P<0.01). There is no significant difference between group WE and group WC, and between group KE and group WE.

Conclusions The exercise capacity of mice was significantly decreased because of knocking out the apelin gene, and the exercise ability of apelin knock-out mice can be clearly enhanced by aerobic training.
OR-036 Aerobic	exercise	activates	CHI3L1/PAR2	to	promote	cardiomyocyte	proliferation	and	protect	cardiac	function	in	rats	with	MI
Authors: Li Zhuo , Tian Zhenjun
Published: October 2018

Objective Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the changes of protein expression of chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) and its receptor PAR2 (protease-activated receptor 2) after exercise, and the possible mechanism to promote the proliferation of cardiomyocytes and protect MI rats heart.Methods Methods: Using rhCHI3L1 (150 ng/ml), AMPK agonists (AICAR, 50 mM) separately or together administer stimulation for 24 hours.H9C2 cells were divided into control group (H9C2 group), CHI3L1 recombinant protein intervention group (H9C2+rhCHHI3L1), AMPK agonist intervention group (H9C2+AICAR), and CHI3L1 recombinant protein and AMPK agonist combined intervention group (H9C2+rhCHI3L1+AICAR).SD rats were subjected to left anterior descending(LAD) coronary artery ligation to prepare MI models and randomly divided into sham operation group (S), myocardial infarction group (MI), myocardial infarction aerobic exercise group (ME), and injection of PAR-2 blocker agent (FSLLRY-amide) was divided into 7-day PAR2 blocker injection group (7d+FS), MI 7-day saline injection group (7d+SA), MI 14 days PAR2 blocker injection group (14d+FS), MI 14-day saline injection group (14d+SA). One week after surgery, the ME group were subjected to oneweekadaptively exercise followed by four weeks aerobic exercise.At the end of the training, the rats were intraperitoneally anesthetized the next day. Hemodynamic measurements of LVEDP, ±dp/dt max, and LVSP were used to evaluate cardiac function.The protein levels of CHI3L1/PAR2, pPI3K/PI3K, pAKT/AKT, pERK/ERK and Cyclin D1 in H9C2 and rat hearts were determined by Western blotting. The proliferation of H9C2 was detected by CCK-8. The proliferation of H9C2 and cardiac tissue was observed by immunofluorescence. Masson staining was used to observe myocardial collagen volume percent (CFV%).Results Results: Compared with H9C2 control group, the expression of CHI3L1, pPI3K/PI3K, pAKT/AKT, pERK/ERK, and Cyclin D1 protein increased significantly after rhCHI3L1 and AICAR intervention for 24 h, respectively. CCK-8 test and immunofluorescence indicated that H9C2 had significant proliferation effect. In MI rat heart, compared with MI group, the expression of CHI3L1, pPI3K/PI3K, pAKT/AKT, pERK/ERK and Cyclin D1 protein in ME group increased significantly, the number of cell proliferation increased, and LVEDP significantly decreased, ±dp/dt max, LVSP significantly increased, and the CFV% decreased significantly.Conclusions Conclusion: Exercise may promote cardiomyocyte proliferation and improve cardiac function in MI rats by activating the CHI3L1/PAR2-PI3K-AKT-ERK signaling pathway.
OR-039 Normal-weight obesity and physical fitness in Chinese university students: an overlooked association
Authors: Zhang Meizhen , Schumann Moritz , Huang Tao , Törmäkangas Timo , Cheng Sulin
Published: October 2018

Objective The primary aim of this study was to examine the associations of normal weight obesity with physical fitness in Chinese university students. As a secondary aim, we assessed whether possible differences in physical fitness between students classified as NWO and normal weight non-obese (NWNO) were mediated by skeletal muscles mass.

Methods A total of 383 students (205 males and 178 females, aged 18–24 years) from two universities volunteered to participate in this study. Body height and weight were measured by standard procedures and body composition was assessed by a bio-impedance device (InBody 720). NWO was defined by a BMI of 18.5 - 23.9 kg/m2 and a body fat percentage of > 20% and > 30% in male and female students, respectively. Physical fitness was measured using a 10-min intermittent endurance running test (Andersen test), counter movement jumps (CMJ) and a 5 × 5-m shuttle run test (5mSR). The level of leisure time physical activity (PA) was assessed by a questionnaire.

Results  13.7% of male and 27.5% of female students were classified as NWO. Compared to NWNO, students classified as NWO showed a significantly poorer performance on the Andersen test (males: 1146 ± 70 m vs. 1046 ± 95 m, females: 968 ± 61 m vs. 907 ± 67m, p < 0.001), CMJ (males: 55.0 ± 7.6 cm vs. 44.9 ± 7.5 cm, females: 39.8 ± 8.0 cm vs. 33.7 ± 5.9 cm, p < 0.001), 5mSR (males: 18.7 ± 1.0 s vs. 20.0 ± 0.9 s, females: 21.1 ± 1.1 s vs. 22.4 ± 1.3 s, p < 0.001), respectively. The lower levels of physical fitness in NWO were partially explained by lower skeletal muscle mass (p < 0.001) both in male and female students

Conclusions NWO was associated with poorer physical fitness and the relationship was partially mediated by lower skeletal muscle mass. The study indicated that attention should be paid for the potential hidden health risk in university students with normal body mass index but excessive fat mass
OR-043 UPRmt and mitophagy are selectively activated depending on muscle fiber types in insulin resistant rats
Authors: Li Can , Li Nan , Zhang Yong
Published: October 2018

Objective To investigate how different skeletal muscle fiber types affect development of insulin resistance, and to explore the role of mitochondrial quality control system, especially mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) and mitophagy, in response to metabolic stresses.

Methods Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: fed with the normal diet for 8 weeks (Con), and fed with 45% high-fat diet for 8 weeks (IR). Fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FIN) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were used to identify insulin resistance model. Gastrocnemius (GC), soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle were isolated, and RT-qPCR was used to determine the expression of Myhc7, Myhc4. Oxygraph-2k was used to determine the mitochondrial State 3 (ST3), State 4(ST4) respiration and respiration control rate (RCR). JC-1 probe was used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Western Blot was used to determine the expressions of marker proteins of muscle fiber types (Myhc4, Myhc7), UPRmt related proteins (Hsp60, Hsp70) and mitophagy related proteins (Pink1, LC3).

Results Compared with Con group, in IR group, FBG (7.1±1.27 vs. 5.4±0.43，p＜0.05), FIN (19.4±5.2 vs. 31.6±6.7，p＜0.05 ) and OGTT (area under the curve, about 31.7% increases, p＜0.05) were significantly higher. Myhc4 mRNA (relative fold about 55.6% increases) and protein expression (about 33.9% increases, p＜0.05) were significantly higher in GC. Myhc4 protein expression was significantly higher in GC (about 60.5% increases, p＜0.05). While Myhc7 mRNA expression (about 51.1% decreases, p＜0.05) was significantly lower in SOL. Compared with Con group, in IR group, mitochondrial RCR in SOL muscle was significantly lower (about 22.5% decreases, p＜0.05). Furthermore, the expression of HSP60 (about 36.7% increases，p＜0.05) and HSP70 (about 44.3% increases，p＜0.05) was significantly higher in TA muscle, while the expression of Parkin (about 18.8% decreases，p＜0.05) and the ratio between LC3 II/I (about 26.0% decreases，p＜0.05)expression in SOL muscle were significantly lower.

Conclusions In this study, we found that the percentage of fast muscle fibers was elevated in IR skeletal muscle, which were supported by increased Myhc4 and decreased Myhc7 level. Impaired mitochondrial function was only observed in slow muscle as inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. As marker of UPRmt, HSP60/70 were specifically activated in fast muscle in IR, while mitophagy-related proteins were specifically increased in slow muscle. These results indicate that mitochondrial quality control systems are selectively activated to recover mitochondrial functions depending on muscle fiber types in insulin resistant rat.
OR-055 Effect of whey protein on rehydration after exercise
Authors: Zhang Lantian , Dang Chenge , Xu Chunyan
Published: October 2018

Objective The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of a rehydration solution containing whey protein on fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration.The ACSM Sports Guide recommends that healthy adults exercise moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for 30 minutes a day.This type of exercise can dehydrate the body by about 1%.Dehydration 1% affects exercise capacity and performance.The purpose of this study was to exercise-induced dehydration of sports drinks containing whey protein.

Methods Twelve college students ( 20 ± 2 years, 169.9 ± 8.1 cm, 63.3 ± 13 kg) participated. Participants reduced body mass by (0.67±0.33) after intermittent exercise and re-hydrated with a volume of drink in liter equivalent to 1.5 times their body mass loss in kilograms of a solution of 4 kinds of drinks：Distilled water(trial C), carbohydrate-electrolyte(trail D), carbohydrate-electrolyte-low whey protein(trial LWP) and carbohydrate-electrolyte-high whey protein(trail HWP). Solutions were matched for carbohydrate and electrolyte content in trail D、LWP and HWP. Trials were administered in a random, counterbalanced, crossover design, with subjects blinded as to which drink they consumed during each trial.  Each participant completed 4 experimental trials, which were separated by at least one week. Urine samples were collected before and after exercise (immediately, 40、80、120、160minutes later). Urine volume, drink retention, urine osmolality and urine specific gravity were tested. Drink retention was calculated as difference between the volume of drink ingested and urine produced.

Results 1.Total cumulative urine output after exercise was not different between each of the four groups(C:1002 ±102mL;D:;LWP: ;HWP:，p>0.5 )； 2. During the study, drink retention of trail LWP is the highest(80.3±11.2%), but there was not different between each of the four groups(C: 70.5±20.6%;D:70.7±17.9% ;HWP: 75.0±12.4%， p>0.5). 3. At the 40th minute after exercise, the urine specific gravity of the D was significantly lower than that of the LWP(1.020±0.006 vs 1.028±0.003, p=0.020), and the urine specific gravity of the LWP at 120 minutes after exercise significantly higher than the D (1.018 ± 0.003 vs 1.021 ± 0.007, p = 0.006).

Conclusions When the amount of dehydration after exercise is 1%-2%, each kind of the drinks in the study is useful for rehydration， and the addition of whey protein does not increase rehydration.
PO-043 The Effects of One-Time High Intensity Intermittent Training on Expression of LC3 Gene in Rats’ White Adipose Tissue
Authors: Zhou Qishu , Liang Chunyu , Li Yafei , Yan Yi
Published: October 2018

Objective  To investigate the effect of one-time high-intensity intermittent exercise in white fat autophagy in obese rats and provide a theoretical basis of the molecular mechanism of exercise fat loss.

Methods  Eighteen male 3-weeks-old rats were selected and divided into control group fed with normal diet (C), high-fat diet group fed with high fat diet (H). After 16 weeks, there were twelve obesity rats that divided into diet group (HS) and exercise group (HE). The other six control group rats of 19 weeks age were used as the standard (CS group). OE group did the high intensity intermittent exercise once. The CS group and the CS group were kept quietly. Three groups were taken subcutaneous white adipose tissue(S) and epididymal white adipose tissue (E) immediately after exercise. Mensurate the expression of LC3 gene in the tissue using the fluorescent quantitative PCR.

Results 1. The expression of LC3 mRNA from white fat tissue was different to the tissues, which the expression of epididymal white adipose tissue of each group was higher than that in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (P <0.01). 2. Compared with CS group, the expression of epididymal white fat adipose tissue LC3 mRNA decreased (P<0.01) and the expression of the subcutaneous white adipose tissue increased from HS group (P <0.05). 3. Compared with OS group, the expression of epididymal white fat adipose tissue LC3 mRNA decreased (P<0.05) and the expression of subcutaneous white adipose tissue decreased from OS group.

Conclusions The expression of LC3mRNA in epididymal white fat adipose tissue of rats was significantly higher than that of subcutaneous white fat. The changes of LC3mRNA expression of adipose tissue caused by high-fat diet have tissue differences. One-time high-intensity intermittent exercise can reduce the expression of LC3mRNA in fat tissue of obese rats. Its regulatory mechanism needs to be further studied.
PO-048 Effects of royal jelly administration on endurance training-induced mitochondrial adaptations in skeletal muscle
Authors: Takahashi Yumiko , Hijikata Kamiyu , Hatta Hideo
Published: October 2018

Objective In this study, we investigated effect of royal jelly (RJ), which is produced by honey bees to feed to developing larvae and contains various ingredients including protein, carbohydrate, lipids and minerals, on endurance training-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle in ICR mice.

Methods Male mice received either RJ (1.0 mg/g body weight) or distilled water for 3 weeks. Mice in the training group performed treadmill running at 20 m/min for 60 min from 30 min after the administration five times a week.

Results We found a significant positive main effects of RJ treatment on the weight of tibialis anterior (TA) muscle and gastrocnemius muscle. There was a significant positive main effect of endurance training on the maximum activities of citrate synthase and β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, which are mitochondrial enzymes, in TA and plantaris muscle (type IIb/IIx dominant), while no significant effect of RJ treatment was found. In soleus muscle (about 40% fiber consistent with type I), the maximum activities of citrate synthase and β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase were significantly increased by endurance training in the RJ treated group, while no significant effect of endurance training was found in the control group.

Conclusions Our results suggest that RJ treatment had positive effects on the induction of mitochondrial adaptation by endurance training in soleus muscle.
PO-057 Motor Functional Connectivity Analysis of Brain Control Network on High Level Athletes with fMRI Research
Authors: Li Jiaxin , Du Chengbo , Chen Mengjiao , Li Ke , Xue Jiao , Teng Chunhong , Hou Lijuan
Published: October 2018

Objective The nervous system is the control center that performs the function of the human body, including each nucleus of the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, which can control the motion of the body through three pathways-direct pathway, indirect pathway and hyperdirect pathway. Long-term physical exercise can effectively improve the human respiratory and circulatory system function indicators and promote the development of nervous system.In order to discuss the mechanisms of the high level athletes' control of the brain function network and provide the experimental basis for the study of the motor control of the central nervous system, this research collects the activation images of the cortex and basal ganglia nuclei of the ordinary college students and the high level athletes and analyzes the function connection coefficient between the groups.

Methods The subjects were 15 high level athletes and 15 ordinary college students. the changes of the brain structure and DTI fiber in the state of quiet and fatigue were collected by the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Matlab software was used to compare images and data and to calculate the correlation coefficient between the related nuclear groups.

Results (1) Compared with ordinary college students, the functional connectivity coefficient between the left thalamus and the left hippocampus is different in high level athletes (P<0.05). (2) The high level athletes’ functional connectivity in the left premotor area-right premotor area, left premotor area-right striatum, right premotor area-left central buckle in supplementary motor area, right premotor area-right central buckle in supplementary motor area, right premotor area-right striatum and right premotor area-left cerebellum were changed significantly after exercise fatigue (P<0.05).

Conclusions The plasticity of brain function can be affected by long-term exercise training, which depends on sport training level. After exercise fatigue, the network connection system and nerve projection density change between cortical and subcortical nuclei, suggesting that exercise fatigue will change the functional connection between parts of the brain.（NSFC：31401018 SKXJX2014014).