bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Saudi Female Students' Perceptions of Leadership: An Overview
Authors: Hamdan Amani , Alexander Neva , Al-Hattami Abdulghani
Published: March 2023

Very few researches have highlighted Arab women leadership perceptions. The aim of this research study is to investigate Saudi female university students' perceptions of leadership. In order to address the aim of this study, data were collected from 50 female students at the University of Dammam who were attending various colleges, namely the College of Science, the College of Education, and the College of Arts. The data-gathering process included asking a random sample of students to complete a questionnaire and administering it to them at the end of the semester. The review of the results of this research showed that there are statistically significant differences in attitudes among female students towards leadership. Keywords: Higher education in Saudi Arabia, Leadership in Saudi Arabia, Female students' education in Saudi Arabia.
The Influence of Online Social Capital On Women's Career Change
Authors: Maguire Diana
Published: March 2023

Women seeking to manage their careers have faced numerous challenges for decades. The influence of social capital on women's careers has been a concern of researchers, particularly within the contexts of women's underrepresentation in businesses' higher organizational ranks and societal expectations for women. This research builds on previous career studies and improves the understanding of women's career changes with consideration of their social capital behaviors online. The two research questions in the study are: To what degree does online social capital impact women's ability to make desired career changes in business? To what degree do workingwomen view online social networking platforms as a viable means to develop and maintain social capital? In phase one, a quantitative study was conducted via an online survey of over two hundred women working within nearly fifty companies in a southwestern New York and northwestern Pennsylvania region. In phase two, follow-up qualitative questions were asked of an age-stratified sample of women working in the region. The findings suggest that women's use of direct communications channels online is associated with developing and maintaining professional network contacts. Women in the study indicated a limited use and perception of social media tools for developing social capital. Factors including age and field of work were found to impact women's use of social media professionally as well. Future implications suggest investigating the activities women use to develop and maintain their career-related social capital networks over time to identify potential shifts in behavior or social media acceptance. Keywords: career change; social capital; online networking, social media, women in business; women's careers.
1988 21st Annual Convention. Calgary, Alberta, Canada, September 28-October 1
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 21st Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, 1988.
1970 VIth International Congress on Cattle Diseases Philadelphia, PA August 16-20
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

The AABP was now “coming of age” and ready to host the Vlth International Congress on Cattle Diseases which was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 16-20, 1970 in conjunction with the World Association for Buiatrics. It was also the third Annual AABP Convention.
VIIth World Association for Buiatrics Congress (WAB). London, England, July 31-August 3, 1972
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the Vllth World Association for Buiatrics Congress (WAB), Royal Garden Hotel, Kensington, London, England on July 31-August 3, 1972, organized by the British Cattle Veterinary Association.
1973 6th Annual Convention. Fort Worth, Texas December 2-5
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 6th Annual Convention of the Bovine Practitioners, 1973.
1976 9th Annual Convention. San Francisco, California, December 8-11
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 9th Annual Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, 1976.
1978 11th Annual Convention. Baltimore, Maryland, December 11-14
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 11th Annual Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, 1978.
1979 12th Annual Convention. San Antonio, Texas, November 28-December 1
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 12th Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, 1979.
XIth World Association for Buiatrics Congress. Tel Aviv, israel, October 20-23, 1980
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 11th World Association for Buiatrics Congress, 1980.
Use of milk progesterone testing for problem cows
Authors: Varner Mark A.
Published: March 2023

Knowledge of a cow’s ovarian status can be very useful in not only the daily reproductive management of dairy cows, but also in supplementing diagnosis of herd reproductive problems. Milk or blood progesterone levels can provide an accurate diagnosis of bovine ovarian status. Technology to measure progesterone levels in blood and milk has been available in this research laboratory for approximately 15 years. During this time, scientists have collected some of the background information necessary to use progesterone analysis for reproductive management of dairy cattle. A commercial laboratory to measure progesterone was initiated by the New York Dairy Herd Improvement Association, however, the laboratory has not analyzed enough samples to justify continuation of the progesterone analysis as was orginally intended. The primary problem, was that turn-around time for sample analysis was too long to provide results in a timely manner for action of a specific cow by a producer. Experience in New York demonstrated that a cow-side test was needed for progesterone.
Diagnosis, prevention, and control of campylobacteriosis and trichomoniasis
Authors: Dawson Lionel J.
Published: March 2023

The diagnosis, control, treatment and prevention of Campylobacter foetus foetus and Trichomonas foetus [Tritrichomonas foetus] in cattle are discussed.
Cattle practice in the 1980's
Authors: Watson D. J.
Published: March 2023

An account of the British Cattle Veterinary Association conference. Topicality, with the theme “Aspects of Cattle Practice in the 1980’s,” formed part of the latest BCVA programme. The Thurlestone Hotel near Kingsbridge in Devon was oversubscribed by the attending members for this spring meeting and this resulted in satellite hotels being brought into action.
Effects of GnRH administration in the prepubertal heifer and post-partum cow
Authors: Peters A. R. , Jagger J. P. , Lamming G. E.
Published: March 2023

Postpartum cows received 1, 2.5 or 5 µg GnRH intravenously every 2 h for 48 h, as pulsed injections or continuous infusion. Of 6 cows, 4 ovulated after pulsed GnRH infusion; 0, 5 and 3 of 5 cows ovulated after continuous infusion of 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 µg GnRH resp. Preovulatory LH surges occurred in 17 of 33 cows, and 20 cows showed luteal activity. These cows had higher oestradiol-17? and lower FSH concentrations during the pretreatment period than cows not showing a preovulatory LH surge. 23 four-month old beef heifers received 0.25, 0.5 or 2.5 µg GnRH per h for up to 120 h by continuous intravenous infusion. A further 12 received 5.0 µg GnRH per h for 120 h by subcutaneous infusion with or without progesterone pretreatment. Only 9 of 35 heifers showed luteal function, and the pituitary response was related to oestradiol concentration. A pulsatile pattern of LH release continued during and after constant GnRH infusion. It is concluded that the pituitary/ovarian response to GnRH treatment is governed by follicular state before treatment.
Effect of calf purchase weight, serum IG level and feeding systems on the incidence of diarrhoea, respiratory disease and mortality
Authors: Fallon R. J. , Harte F. J. , Harrington D.
Published: March 2023

A survey was conducted on 5100 purchased male Friesian calves in the period of 1976 to 1985 to determine the effect of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) level (low 15 ZST units or high 15 ZST units), purchase weight (light 40 kg or heavy 40 kg) and feeding system (bucket or ad libitum) on the occurrence of diarrhea, respiratory disease and mortality in the period 1 to 49 days following purchase. In the low and high Ig categories the respective proportions were 0.21 and 0.14, 0.6 and 0.28, 0.11 and 0.03 for diarrhea, respiratory disease and mortality. The corresponding values for light and heavy calves were 0.26 and 0.14, 0.30 and 0.32, 0.09 and 0.04. Similarly for bucket and ad libitum calves the respective values were 0.15 and 0.17, 0.28 and 0.34, 0.05 and 0.06.
Plasma transfusions in failure of colostral immunoglobulin transfer (1)
Authors: Anderson K. L. , Hunt E. , Fleming S. A.
Published: March 2023

Partial or complete failure of colostral immunoglobulin transfer (FCIT) is frequently encountered in neonatal calves and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Therapy for FCIT and associated diseases may include administration of antimicrobials, fluids, various supportive measures and attempts to restore protective levels of circulating immunoglobulins (Ig). Because FCIT is frequently encountered after gut closure to absorption of exogenous Ig, administration of Ig in plasma or whole blood has been used to restore protective levels of Ig. Recommendations for plasma administration to neonatal calves are empirical and have been based upon practices commonly used in neonatal foals. A commonly recommended dose is administration of plasma at 20ml/kg body weight.

In the present study, plasma administration was studied in newborn calves with FCIT. The purposes of the study were: 1.) To determine if administration of plasma at 20ml/kg would produce protective levels of circulating Ig in calves with FCIT; and 2.) To compare levels of circulating Ig in calves administered plasma IP once, IV once, and IV twice with 7 days between dosing. In addition, calves with FCIT and administered plasma were compared to calves receiving colostrum.
Effects of slatted flooring on claw shape in intensively housed fattening beef cattle
Authors: Murphy Peter A. , Hannan John
Published: March 2023

Intensivism in the Irish beef industry is a recent and fast-developing process involving the concentration of cattle into large slatted floor houses where they are confined for a six-month winter period. Surveys carried out to assess any alterations in the disease pattern as a result of changing to slatted floors from traditional straw yard housing indicated that twice as much disease (10% incidence) was encountered on slatted floors as on straw yard (5% of cattle).

Lameness with an incidence of five percent of cattle affected was the most serious disease problem on slats and the major lesion causing lameness was septic traumatic pododermatitis which accounted for 43 percent of all lameness cases. Surveys of defects of claws post-mortem indicated that abrasion of the white line was the primary inciting cause of bruising and penetration at the white line though ungulysis or chronic foot rot was an important secondary cause.

Abrasion of hoof horn was considered a function of two factors—floor construction and horn quality. Accordingly to assess the influence of floor construction on claw shape through abrasion the rates of horn growth and wear were measured in beef cattle housed either on slats or on straw over a six-month winter period.
Case Report
Authors: Weaver A. David
Published: March 2023

In a review of 129 cases of pelvic hernia due to this cause encountered over a period of 30 years, the majority were right-sided and were corrected by rectal manipulation and rupture of the occluding band. Laparotomy, however has been performed since 1813 and has been claimed to be the preferable method, in particular during the later years of the nineteenth century.

The condition of “gut tie” is described in detail including left flank laparotomy for section of the intra-abdominal strangulating cord by a bistoury.

This form of incarceration appears to be much less common today. In 100 cattle with intestinal obstruction Pearson found that the etiology involved inflammatory lesions caused by traction castration or traumatic lesions of the parietal peritoneum in only four cattle. Adhesions were not present in this current case. Similar obstructions of jejunoileal segments have been caused by a persistent hepatic round ligament, para-ovarian bands and vitello-umbilical bands or by adventitious fibroserosal cords. Differential diagnosis from such abdominal bands was impossible in this case but in retrospect might have been suspected since this particular band is more caudal than other forms reported in the past twenty years. It is doubtful whether it could have been ruptured by digital manipulation per rectum and such manipulation would also have been unnecessarily hazardous to the steer.
Surgical fistula as an aid in the treatment of chronic bloat in cattle
Authors: Anderson J. F. , Frederiksen E. D.
Published: March 2023

Medical treatment of chronic bloat in cattle often fails, resulting in acute death, no weight gain, or poor weight gain.

Several devices have been developed to facilitate the treatment of chronic bloat. These consist of self-retaining trocars, plastic or metal fistulas, and pop-off valves. Usually these devices become plugged postoperatively, either by local infection of the rumen or by ingesta.

If an animal has been treated medically for bloat on three occasions within a short period of time, the case may be classified as chronic. Surgical intervention is then recommended. Young beef animals that develop chronic bloat soon after they are started on high-concentrate feed are the usual candidates for this procedure.
Clinicopathologic aspects of chronic fluoride toxicosis in cattle
Authors: Shupe James L. , Olsen A. E.
Published: March 2023

Cattle normally ingest small amounts of fluoride without evidencing adverse effects. Excessive fluorides may be from a variety of combination of sources. Responses to fluorides are influenced by a number of factors. Excessive levels can induce an acute, subacute or an insidious chronic toxicosis. Fluorides accumulate primarily in developing teeth and in bone, where major fluoride-induced lesions occur. Characterization of clinical signs and lesions and classification criteria have been developed to help standardize the diagnosis and evaluation of fluorosis. Teeth are adversely affected during their development, but bones may be affected throughout an animals lifetime. Supportive diagnostic criteria and aids are discussed and procedures and techniques that may partially protect cattle from chronic fluoride toxicosis are presented. Recommended tolerance standards for various ages and types of cattle are also given.
British native cattle breeds on postage stamps
Authors: Weaver A. David
Published: March 2023

Two years ago, on March 6, 1984, the British Post Office issued 5 special stamps. The 16 pence stamp depicted a Highland cow, and commemorated the centenary of the foundation of the Highland Cattle Society. Some details ofthis breed, both in Britain and elsewhere, and of the other four breeds depicted, are given here.
Dietary phosphorus as related to clinical and reporductive performance in cattle
Authors: Call J. W. , Butcher J. E. , Shupe J. L. , Olsen A. E. , Blake J. T.
Published: March 2023

During a 10-year period, 96 Hereford females were individually fed diets in which dietary phosphorus (P) ranged from 10 to 35g P/day, 9 to 13g P/day, 6g P/day or less. Symptoms of P deficiency developed within 12 months in animals fed 6g P/day or less. The clinical changes were body weight loss, reduced feed intake, decreased blood and urine P levels, bone depletion, reproductive failure and finally death. Cows showed evidence of recovery within 2 months after receiving 12g or 19g P/day. Thirty-four Holstein cows in their second lactation were individually fed P levels for one year that were 60, 80, or 105R of NRC requirements. Feed intake, body weight, milk production, % protein in milk, and blood and urine P levels were reduced in cows receiving diets containing 60% of NRC requirements. Reproduction was not affected by P levels. Results indicate that 12g of P/day for a 450 kg beef cow, or P equal to 80% of NRC requirements for a 592 kg high-producing dairy cow, are adequate. Phosphorus deficiency seldom occurs in a simple uncomplicated form.
Excretion of deoxynivalenol and its metabolite, DOM-1, in milk, urine, and feces of lactating dairy cows
Authors: Cote L. M. , Dahlem A. M. , Yoshizawa T. , Swanson S. P. , Buck W. B.
Published: March 2023

Corn contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON) was added to the diets of 3 dairy cows for 5 days. Total milk, urine and feces were collected for 4 days prior to, during, and 3 days following the feeding of DON-contaminated diets. DON was added to the diets twice a day at feeding time. The dietary concentrations of DON averaged 66 ppm. Following exposure to DON-contaminated diets, DOM-1, a metabolite of DON, was present in milk at concentrations up to 26 ppb. DON was not detected in the milk. Approximately 20% of the DON fed was recovered in the urine and feces in the unconjugated forms as DOM-1 (96%) and DON (4%). After incubating urine with B-glucuronidase, the concentration of unconjugated DOM-1 increased by 7-15 fold while unconjugated DON increased 1.6-3 fold. Detectable concentrations of DOM-1 were found in urine and feces up to 72 hours after the last oral exposure. Thus, excreta are the diagnostic specimens of choice for the determination of DON exposure in cows. Feeding DON-contaminated diets for 5 days did not alter feed intake or milk production, nor were the milk concentrations of calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, magnesium or nitrogen altered.
AABP Association and Conference News
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the the 20th Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners (1987),  officers, district news, events, awards, and other news.
Problems and opportunities in dairy production medicine
Authors: Nordlund Ken
Published: March 2023

Dairy herd health programs have grown up in the last ten years. The concept has moved from that of a systematic reproduction program to a broad management assistance program that deals with nutrition, mastitis control, genetics, environment, parasite control, vaccination schedules, and record analysis, as well as reproduction. Production medicine has become the most innovative and exciting segment of our professsion.
Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis in three adult cattle
Authors: Mohr Wendy Lou
Published: March 2023

Interstitial pneumonia is an increasingly common disorder affecting individual middle age dairy and beef cattle. While the etiology is yet unknown, it has been suggested that the most common cause of the syndrome in cattle is due to the ingestion of toxins or precursors. The chronic development of pulmonary fibrosis is responsible for the clinical signs of a non-productive cough, tachycardia, hyperpnea and cor pulmonale. If the syndrome is recognized early treatment with high doses of corticosteroids may be attempted. Definitive diagnosis of the disease is made on post-mortem examination by the histologic presence of interalveolar septal fibrosis and cellular infiltrates, as well as those alveolar changes of hyperplasia and mononuclear cell exudate.
Third Annual Sunbelt Meeting for Food Animal Veterinary Medical Teaching
Authors: American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Published: March 2023

Highlights from the Annual Sunbelt Meeting for Food animal Veterinary Medical Teaching (3rd : 1988).
Use of live cultures of Pasteurella haemolytica Pasteurella multocida to immunize cattle against bovine respiratory disease
Authors: Smith C. K.
Published: March 2023

Bovine respiratory disease is the leading cause of loss to the North American cattle industry. The disease is characterized by a severe fibrinous pneumonia or a suppurative bronchitis and bronchopneumonia. The bacteria most commonly associated with these cases of pneumonia and deaths are Pasteurella haemolytica (PH) and Pasteurella multocida (PM). Attempts to immunize calves with killed bacterins or extracts of these bacteria have been ineffective. Recently several investigators have used live cultures of PH and PM to immunize calves against respiratory disease. The purpose of these investigations was to develop vaccines that effectively immunize calves against pneumonic pasteurellosis. Two vaccines have been developed that contain viable Pasteurella haemolytica (PRECON-PH) or Pasteurella multocida (BOVICON-PM) (A.H. Robins Corporation, Richmond, Va.).
Effect of clenbuterol on acetylcholine induced dyspnoea in calves
Authors: Nuytten J. , Muylle E. , Oyaert W. , Van Den Hende C.
Published: March 2023

Respiratory diseases are very common in calves and cause considerable economic losses. Curative therapy consists mainly in the administration of antibiotics and antiinflammatory drugs. Broncholytic drugs such as beta-2-sympathetic agents were until now only occasionally used in calves. In horses these drugs are currently used in the treatment of COPD and acute bronchopneumonia (3). The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of clenbuterol, (Ventipulmin Boehringer), a beta-2-sympathetic drum on the acetylcholine-induced dyspnoea in calves.
Diagnosis of respiratory disease in feedlot cattle occurring after being in feedlot for 45 days
Authors: Edwards A. J.
Published: March 2023

During 1985 eleven feedlots located in Kansas and Nebraska under direct health care programs instituted by the author, received a total of 372,175 cattle. There was a 7% morbidity rate in these cattle and a .65% mortality. Respiratory diseases accounted for 65% of the morbidity and the mortality during this period.

Of the 26,674 cattle treated in these feedlots, 33% of them had been on feed for more than 45 days and of the 2,420 animals that died, 46% of these had been in the feedlot for more than 45 days.
Animal research
Authors: Goodrich R. D.
Published: March 2023

Thanks to efforts of the many researchers and extension specialists who have provided livestock producers with the latest information, livestock production in the United States has become highly productive and efficient. The ability of U.S. farmers and ranches to provide consumers with plentiful quantities of highly nutritious food at a low cost is a success story that many other countries are currently attempting to duplicate. This miracle of success had its beginnings with the act of Congress that established the Land Grant colleges. This far-sighted legislation laid the framework for a research and education system that provided the necessary ingredients for the development of the present day animal industry.
Animal biologics
Authors: Molitor Thomas
Published: March 2023

The common goal of producers, practitioners, and researchers is overall disease prevention and health improvement. This goal is accomplished by a combination of increased knowledge into disease mechanisms, better management systems, better disease monitoring systems and more effective prophylactic products and treatment methods. This presentation will focus on the topic of animal biologies, which includes both preventative and treatment methods. We will discuss some aspects of the history of biologies, advances manifested in presently available products and futurisitc products and methods designed for cattle.
Cow comfort and lameness
Authors: Cermak Jan
Published: March 2023

Recommendations for cubicle dimensions (length, width, cubicle divisions, headrail and brisket board, head-to-head cubicles and cubicle frontage), based on resting, eliminative and spatial requirements of Friesian dairy cows, are given. Particular design faults and their effects on the cow (injuries and causes) are tabulated. Requirements and recommendations for construction materials for cubicle bases (concrete, bitumen macadam, chalk or soil, a damp-proof membrane, mats and carpeting) are discussed. Guidance on management and bedding requirements of cubicles is also provided. Spacious cubicles with soft dry beds help to control refusal to use cubicles and reduce injuries to legs and teats. Head-space and space sharing should be allowed. The dimensions of the cubicle base should be related to body weight. Proper design and hygiene are essential to control mastitis, lameness and injuries.
American Association of Bovine Practitioners Twenty-First Annual Conference
Authors: American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Published: March 2023

Description and program for the Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners (21st : 1988).
DairyCHAMP program, a micro-computer based health and management program for dairy herds
Authors: Williamson Norman B. , Udomprasert Preeyaphan
Published: March 2023

In a paper first presented at a conference on Dairy Herd Health Programming (University of Minnesota, USA, June 1989), the DairyCHAMP microcomputer-based dairy health and management system is described. The program allows herd monitoring, problem diagnosis and provides aids to management. The program should run on any PC-DOS or compatible computer. The dairy farm processes which this program may be applied to are control of reproduction, mastitis, nutrition, disease, herd replacement and herd inventory management. The program deals with system control, animal records, herd test records, milk production and feed use records, education, financial management and interfacing with other programs. Data entry is through programs selected via menus. These allow selection of information for recording from on-screen lists in English which are stored in the computer as code. Results may be viewed on-screen interactively or printed. They consist of periodic reports which allow key indices of milk production, disease, reproduction and heifer growth to be monitored. An evaluation report may be used to analyse clinical trials and in comparative analysis of herd performance. It lists observations such as means, s.d., the number of observation ranges and confidence intervals for performance indices. Diagnostic reports allow performance to be analysed so as to enable causes of inadequate performance to be identified. The program has been designed to fit the operational needs of all types of dairy production systems.
Value of re-treating the dry cow
Authors: Studer Erich , Hirose Keiichi , Holtan Arlin , McGinnis Lynda
Published: March 2023

Since the anti-mastitic effects of mammary gland infusion carried out at drying off last for approx. 20 days, whereas dry period tends to be approx. 60 days, a study was carried out to assess the economic and prophylactic value of re-treatment of cows during the dry period. Udders of Holstein cows that had been selected alternately from a herd of 420 were infused with Cephalosporin (200 mg/quarter) 2-3 wk prior to parturition. Incidence of mastitis at and after parturition was then assessed, and costs of re-treatment were compared with costs for treatment of mastitis outbreaks. For simple mastitis, cost of prophylactic retreatment was considerably higher than cost of treating one episode of mastitis; costs for treatment of severe mastitis were, however, approx. equivalent to costs of re-treatment. Routine prophylactic re-treatment is not therefore recommended for cows prepartum unless there is a high incidence of severe clinical mastitis post partum.
Effectiveness of Micotil for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease
Authors: Merrill John K. , Tonkinson Lealon V.
Published: March 2023

Trials were conducted to compare Micotil (tilmicosin) to other antibiotics available for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease. Tilmicosin (10 mg/kg body weight) was more effective than oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg) at lowering the temperature of affected cattle on the first day of treatment and showed a lower mortality rate. Tilmicosin gave better results than oxytetracycline (4 and 7 mg/lb), ceftiofur (0.5 mg/lb) and trimethoprim (1.2 mg)/sulfadoxine (6 mg/lb) with regard to first treatment success rate, numbers of animals becoming chronic, numbers developing fibrinous pneumonia and average treatment days per animal.
Comparison of two methods for thawing colostrum before supplemental feeding to newborn calves
Authors: Olson D. P.
Published: March 2023

This study compared 2 methods of thawing and warming frozen cow colostrum. Pooled colostrum was divided into 1-quart portions and frozen (-20°F). The frozen colostrum was thawed and warmed, 2 quarts at a time, to 104°F either by immersion in a stainless steel pail containing boiling water or in a microwave oven set at a power level of 60%. Two-quart portions of thawed and warmed colostrum were fed to newborn calves by 2 h after birth and at 8 h of age. The time required to thaw and warm the colostrum by immersion in boiling water was approx. 20 min. while the time required for treatment in a microwave oven was approx. 45 min. The concn. of immunoglobulin (Ig) G2 (IgG2) was significantly lower (P?0.05) in colostrum thawed and warmed in boiling water compared with IgG2 concn. in colostrum treated in a microwave oven. Treatment caused no significant differences in concn. of IgM, IgG1 or IgA in the thawed and warmed colostrum. The IgG1 and IgG2 concn. in the sera of calves of 24 h of age given colostrum treated in boiling water were nearly significantly lower (P = 0.06) than the respective Ig concn. in calves given colostrum treated in a microwave oven.
Effects of heat stress on production, health and reproduction of dairy cattle
Authors: Shearer J. J.
Published: March 2023

The combined effects of high ambient air temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation have profound effects on milk yield, growth, reproduction, and cow health. In the lactating cow, total body heat load is significantly escalated by an increase in metabolically-derived heat associated with milk production. Whenever heat gain is greater than heat loss body temperature rises, heat stress results and performance is proportionally reduced.
Eversion of the bovine bladder
Authors: Hojbjerg Aage
Published: March 2023

Most often, prolapse of the bladder (prolapsus vesicae) is observed by rupture of the wall of the vagina in connection with difficult parturition. Due to a short and wide urethra, eversion of the bladder is especially common in the mare, and almost solely related to parturition, characterised by strong contractions. In spite of a longer and more narrow urethra, eversion of the bladder does occur in cows from time to time, but these cases are also solely related to parturition. This fact is obviously caused by contractions related to birth, but also by walls of the urethra relaxing in this period. Paresis of the bladder may also result in a case of eversion.

When everting, the bladder turns inside out and is forced out through the urethra - to be found in the vagina or outside labiae in the form of a prolapse the size of a child's head. Soon after the eversion, changes in the mucosa of the bladder occur, as it turns bluish, thickens, and feels oedematous. At this stage, it is not immediately obvious that the prolapsed part is the bladder, and the diagnosis must be established at a thorough examination. The base of the prolapse, in a case of an everted bladder, can be found in the entrance of or inside the urethra.

From a point of differential diagnosis, the following must be considered: Prolapsed bladder without inversion, vaginal polyps, vaginal prolapse, vaginal tumours, and the fetal membrane bladder.
Risk of iatrogenic abortion by rectal palpation in the cow
Authors: Bessoff Heather
Published: March 2023

Because current methods of early pregnancy diagnosis will continue to be employed, and clinician must be aware of the vulnerability of the embryo to vigorous palpation. Utmost care must be utilized when combining fluid fluctuation, palpation of the amnionic vesicle, and slipping of the chorioallantoic membrane as criteria for diagnosing pregnancies. Cognizance of possible complications resulting from early pregnancy diagnosis methods by rectal palpation may cause clinicians to redesign their pregnancy diagnosis regimen.
Veal calf production in the Netherlands
Authors: Franken P. , Wuijckhuise L. V. , Holzhauer C. , Overgoor G. H. A.
Published: March 2023

Quantative information on the health of veal calves in the Netherlands is limited. Some broad figures are known as to, for example, average mortality and premature slaughter rate, medicine costs and applied antibiotic treatments for enteric and respiratory disorders, etc. Data from necropsies and laboratory research at the animal health departments can be very useful for the veal calf industry to monitor changes.
Oxytocin update for practicing veterinarians
Authors: Reneau Jeffrey K.
Published: March 2023

From the limited amount of research conducted to date, it appears that injection of moderate doses of oxytocin at each milking will increase milk production. However, there are many unanswered questions about the use of oxytocin in this manner. Perhaps the most important issue is the question of human safety of dairy products potentially containing oxytocin. Until more information on oxytocin is generated and FDA approval for oxytocin use as a production aid is given, it should only be prescribed and used according to its therapeutic intent.

Presented at the Dairy Herd Health Programming Conference, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, June 6-7, 1990.
Twenty-Third Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners and International Mastitis Symposium, National Mastitis Council
Authors: American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Published: March 2023

Description of the the Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners (23rd : 1990), the International Mastitis Council, and the World Veterinary Congress (24th : 1991).
Pathophysiology of the bovine stomach
Authors: Espinasse J. , Kuiper R. , Schelcher F.
Published: March 2023

Bovine stomach diseases are quite common and complicated. A knowledge of their origin and mechanisms is essential to recognize and to control them. A distinction between transit disorders and disorders of ruminal fermentation is convenient for the reticulo-rumen. What we know today concerning the abomasum is that the analytic approach is the only possible way.
Abomasal displacement, etiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention
Authors: Breukink H. J.
Published: March 2023

The incidence of abomasal displacement continues to show a gradual increase. The need for preventive measures has therefore become a pressing matter. Successful prevention of abomasal displacement is based on adequate knowledge of the aetiology and pthogenesis. The present state of affairs is reviewed on the basis of the literature, personal experience and studies. Obviously, a large number of factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of abomasal displacement. Although knowledge of the aetiology of abomasal displacement is anything but complete, a number of (probably useful) preventive measures are suggested.
Application of planned animal health and production to dairy farms
Authors: Esslemont R. J. , Wassell Barbara R. , Grimbleby Linda M. , Wassell Tim R. , Lamb Jackie M. , Horne Shirley
Published: March 2023

It is estimated that in the UK, on the 100,000 full-time farms, there are nearly 10,000 microcomputers in use. Approximately 2000 of these farms have a dairy recording program on a computer incorporated into the milking parlour or in the office.

The development of dairy recording systems on microcomputers has been taking place for over ten years. The system described (DAISY — The Dairy Informaton System) was developed from a mainframe herd health system in use in 1968 at the University of Melbourne, and developed at the University of Reading (UK) from 1972 onwards. DAISY accepts any type of individual cow record (identity, life events, health, fertility, milk yield and quality etc.,). No records are lost and all entries are thoroughly validated. The user chooses how much detail to enter.
Effect of milk production on reproductive performance in the high producing and BST supplemented dairy cow
Authors: McClary David
Published: March 2023

Higher-yielding dairy cows have reduced reproductive efficiency compared lower-yielding herdmates. This relationship is likely to be seen whether increased production is achieved through superior genetics or somatotropin (GH) supplementation. Increased days open in the high-yielding cow are most probably related to a slight delay in return of cyclic ovarian activity and reduced 1st service conception rates. Reduced fertility in the high-yielding cow is not directly related to increased milk yield but rather to loss of body wt and body condition. The magnitude of the negative impact of milk production on reproduction depends on the cumulative negative energy balance in early lactation. High-yielding cows can achieve optimal reproductive efficiency if they are given adequate energy and protein to support high levels of milk production in early lactation, and replenish adequate body condition in late lactation and the dry period. While GH-supplemented cows are similar to higher-yielding, genetically superior cows in that total milk is increased for the lactation, they may differ in the patterns of milk production over the lactation. Depending on the time of initiation of GH supplementation and the duration of administration, the GH-supplemented cow may have a greater persistency of the lactation curve. Subsequently, the GH-supplemented cow will produce a higher percentage of total milk in the latter part of lactation, changing the rate of profit accumulation. With more milk being produced in late lactation, the importance of maintaining a minimal calving interval may be reduced. The voluntary waiting period prior to mating may be intentionally extended, thereby reducing the pressures of early post-partum remating, when 1st service conception rates are often low in high-yielding cows. Maintaining profitable levels of milk production for longer lactation cycles will allow for later post-partum mating and reduce culling for reproductive failure. Reduced calvings per yr may actually extend herd life by reducing the number of disorders associated with the early post-partum period.
Hepatic Abscessation in a Holstein Cow
Authors: Cahill Lawrence W.
Published: March 2023

This case report illustrates the history and clinical signs of a cow suffering from hepatic abscessation, the diagnostic work-up pursued and postmortemfindings.
Hydropic Conditions of the Bovine Uterus
Authors: Troy Erin
Published: March 2023

Hydropic conditions of the bovine uterus are encountered sporadically by the bovine practitioner. Although hydrops is not an everyday occurrence, it is important to recognize the condition so the appropriate medical treatment can be instituted.
Practice meetings for farmers
Authors: Doyle Alan J.
Published: March 2023

Practice meetings for farmers can be valuable both commercially and professionally.

Successful meetings require careful planning and attention to detail.

All parties concerned (practice members, farmers and pharmaceutical company) should benefit from and enjoy such meetings.
Preliminary diagnosis of bovine viral leukosis in Iraq
Authors: Hasso Saleem Amin , Zenad Mohammed Mishgel , Abdulla Mohammed
Published: March 2023

The AGID detected one case positive for bovine viral leukosis, while the remaining cases (sera) were negative. The haematological picture of the positive case and the remaining negative cases had increases in the total leukocyte counts which were attributed to systemic non-viral infections. Virus isolation was not attempted. The present serodiagnosis is the pioneering report on the disease in Iraq. Further studies will be conducted.
Clinical, diagnostic and biochemical features of generalized gylcogenosis type II in brahman cattle
Authors: Reichmann K. G. , Twist J. O. , Thistlethwaite E. J.
Published: March 2023

Clinical, diagnostic and biochemical features of generalized glycogenosis are described in 96 Brahman- type calves. Typically the calves were presented when about 6 months of age, with ill-thrift and muscular weakness as the most common signs. Acidic a-glucosidase activity was reduced in peripheral blood lymphocytes and skeletal muscle. Muscle glycogen concentration was consistently higher in affected animals than in clinically normal cattle. Other observations in affected calves included elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase activities and excessive amounts of high molecular weight oligosaccharides in urine. Fine cytoplasmic vacuolation of neurones in the brain and spinal cord, skeletal muscle, myocardium and of Purkinje fibers were consistent histological observations. Periodic acid-Schiff staining revealed the presence of glycogen-like material in peripheral blood lymphocytes of all affected calves, indicating that this is a useful aid for the diagnosis of glycogenosis. While 3 of the 96 calves showed somewhat different clinical signs, the similarity of pathology and the biochemical and clinical evidence in the remainder suggested that, in these animals, the disease was expressed as a single syndrome.
Escherichia coli bacterin for the reduction of clinical signs of toxic mastitis in cattle
Authors: Van Roekel Dennis E. , Clark Perry
Published: March 2023

While herd surveys have indicated that 95% of mastitis in dairy cattle is caused by gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus, mastitis caused by coliform organisms is gaining in recognition. Coliforms causing mastitis include gram-negative, lactose-fermenting organisms of the family Enterobacteriaceae in the genera Escherichia, Klebsiella and Enterobacter. Routine mastitis control measures such as udder washing, teat dipping and milking machine sanitation have reduced the incidence of subclinical mastitis caused by the cocci, but they have not affected the incidence of coliform infections. 2·4·5 Herds in which mastitis caused by Str. agalactiae and S. aureus is under control may still have problems with clinical mastitis caused by coliforms.
Reducing the risk of salmonella spread and practical control measures in dairy herds
Authors: Bender Jeff
Published: March 2023

With increased importance placed on the quality and safety of dairy products, a greater emphasis will be directed to control infectious organisms such as Salmonella all along the food processing chain. Therefore, a better understanding of measures that reduce and control the spread of Salmonella will be important in the future. The above outline will by no means eradicate Salmonella from all farms, but hopefully provides insight in how to manage an outbreak and limit the continued spread of the infection to other producers.
Production and reproduction in dairy cows
Authors: Ferguson James D.
Published: March 2023

Economic models suggest maximum income is realized when cows calve every 12 to 13 months. Increasingly, farmers have questioned the feasibility and economic justification of achieving a 12 to 13 month calving interval in cows producing over 9,000 kg of milk. Concerns have arisen over two issues. One is biological: are higher yields of milk associated with reduced conception rate (CR); the other is managerial: are longer calving intervals more profitable in higher producers. Breeding is often delayed in high producing cows, particularly when expensive semen is used, because managers feel CR is reduced at days in milk that correspond to a yearly calving interval. Additionally, the impression exists that higher producing cows make more money when calving intervals are longer than average producing herd mates. This paper will examine the biological and managerial relationships between milk yield and reproduction.
Review of the veterinarian's role in the handling of down/disabled cattle
Authors: Stark Deborah A.
Published: March 2023

Veterinarians are keenly interested in animal welfare issues and are contributing to the discussions and educational programs at local, provincial and federal levels, but livestock welfare begins at the farm. Besides promoting humane handling of livestock, exactly what should bovine practitioners do to help their clients deal with down cows?

The American Association of Bovine Practitioners (AABP) has stated that bovine practitioners have three key roles in the care and handling of down/disabled animals.They are:• to help prevent conditions leading to ambulatory problems• to provide an early and accurate prognosis• to recommend appropriate disposition alternatives.
Theriogenology
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Extracts from the first lecture in the David E. Bartlett Lecture Series presented by Dr. David E. Bartlett at the Annual Fall Conference of the Society for Theriogenology, September 26-28, 1984 in Denver, Colorado.
Super-normal milk production subsequent to ventral paramedian abomasopexy
Authors: Ehrlich Jim
Published: March 2023

37 cases of right- and left-sided abomasal displacement were operated and the abomasum was fixed ventrally. The surgical cases were matched with controls in the same herd and the milk yield was compared over a 12-month period before and after surgery. From the 6th to the 12th month after surgery, the surgical cases produced 5-10 lb more milk than the controls. It was suggested that subclinical abomasal displacement is a common cause of low performance in high-yielding dairy cows.

This paper should be viewed as a case study, not a full analysis of a complex disease. The results suggest strongly that there may be positive effects of abomasopexy beyond simply cutting the losses associated with this production disease.
Diagnosis and surgery of displacement of the abomasum in dairy cows in Slovenia
Authors: Zadnik T. , Modic T.
Published: March 2023

At the Clinic for Ruminants the authors have used, besides the standard examination method, also the method of combined percussion and auscultation of the abdomen. By this diagnostic aid at the left or the right side of the abdomen they could very successfully detect and localize a variously large, ovally-shaped area emitting a characteristic, sharp, metallic sound, the so-called "ping" caused by the abomasal displacement. From 1981 -1993, twenty-nine cases of left and eighteen cases of right sided "ping" were encountered. In most cases surgery proved successful. In surgical corrections of left side displacement of the abomasum and afterwards also the right one, the authors sutured and thus fixed the omentum using Haupter PSV silk ribbon. The method is fast, simple and reliable.
Respiratory diseases of feedlot cattle in central USA
Authors: Edwards A.
Published: March 2023

Cattle feedlots are concentrated in the central plains of the USA near areas of high grain production and slaughter plants. Cattle that are brought into these feedlots are generally young animals from six months to twelve months of age. Average morbidity rates are about 8% and mortality rates are under 1% during the feeding period. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD), is the most common disease of feedlot cattle causing about 75% of the morbidity and over 50% of the mortality. BRD is also known as "shipping fever" since it occurs soon after the cattle arrive in the feedlot and the stress from shipping is considered to be one of the major factors in producing the disease. Reducing the expense of this disease complex is considered to be very worthwhile. Many preventive steps can be taken to reduce the calves' exposure and minimize shipping stress.