bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formaldehyde: Catalytic Oxidation as a Promising Soft Way of Elimination
Authors: Quiroz Torres Jhon , Royer Sébastien , Bellat Jean‐Pierre , Giraudon Jean‐Marc , Lamonier Jean‐François
Published: March 2013

Compared to other molecules such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and chlorinated compounds, the catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde has been studied rarely. However, standards for the emission level of this pollutant will become more restrictive because of its extreme toxicity even at very low concentrations in air. As a consequence, the development of a highly efficient process for its selective elimination is needed. Complete catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde into CO2 and H2O using noble‐metal‐based catalysts is a promising method to convert this pollutant at room temperature, making this process energetically attractive from an industrial point of view. However, the development of a less expensive active phase is required for a large‐scale industrial development. Nanomaterials based on oxides of manganese are described as the most promising catalysts. The objective of this Minireview is to present promising recent studies on the removal of formaldehyde through heterogeneous catalysis to stimulate future research in this topic.
Direct Hydrosilylation of Tertiary Amides to Amines by an In Situ Formed Iron/N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyst
Authors: Volkov Alexey , Buitrago Elina , Adolfsson Hans
Published: March 2013

Tertiary amides were efficiently reduced to their corresponding tertiary amines in high isolated yields by using the commercially available and inexpensive polymeric silane polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) as the reducing agent. The reaction is efficiently catalyzed by an in situ generated iron/N‐heterocyclic carbene complex (1 mol‐%) obtained from iron(II) acetate and 1‐(2‐hydroxy‐2‐phenylethyl)‐3‐methylimidazolium triflate ([PhHEMIM][OTF]). A catalytic amount of lithium chloride (1 mol‐%) present in the reaction mixture significantly reduced the reaction time and increased the chemoselectivity of the reduction process.
Material properties and fire test results
Authors: Lyon Richard E. , Safronava Natallia , Quintiere James G. , Stoliarov Stanislav I. , Walters Richard N. , Crowley Sean
Published: February 2013

Five material properties commonly used to describe the fire behavior of solids were evaluated as sole explanatory variables for four small‐scale fire tests with pass/fail outcomes by using a physically based probabilistic (phlogistic) burning model. The phlogistic model describes the likelihood of passing vertical Bunsen burner tests and a regulatory heat release rate test reasonably well over a wide range of material properties, as deduced from the correlation coefficient and mean deviation of the predicted and measured values. Of the thermal, combustion, and fire properties examined, the best predictors of the likelihood of passing the fire tests of this study were the heat of combustion of the sample, the heat release capacity, and the heat release parameter. The relative merits and drawbacks of qualitative (threshold) and quantitative (probabilistic) approaches to predicting fire test results using thermal and combustion properties are discussed. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The Beijing extreme rainfall of 21 July 2012: “Right results” but for wrong reasons
Authors: Zhang Da‐Lin , Lin Yonghui , Zhao Ping , Yu Xiaoding , Wang Songqiu , Kang Hongwen , Ding Yihui
Published: March 2013

The heaviest rainfall in 6 decades fell in Beijing on 21 July 2012 with a record‐breaking amount of 460 mm in 18 h and hourly rainfall rates exceeding 85 mm. This extreme rainfall event appeared to be reasonably well predicted by current operational models, albeit with notable timing and location errors. However, our analysis reveals that the model‐predicted rainfall results mainly from topographical lifting and the passage of a cold front, whereas the observed rainfall was mostly generated by convective cells that were triggered by local topography and then propagated along a quasi‐stationary linear convective system into Beijing. In particular, most of the extreme rainfall occurred in the warm sector far ahead of the cold front. Evidence from a cloud‐permitting simulation indicates the importance of using high‐resolution cloud‐permitting models to reproduce the above‐mentioned rainfall‐production mechanisms in order to more accurately predict the timing, distribution, and intensity of such an extreme event.
Synthesis of Precursors of 4‐Phosphino‐1H‐pyrrole‐3‐carbaldehyde Derivatives
Authors: Smaliy Radomyr V. , Chaykovskaya Aleksandra A. , Shtil Nataliya A. , Savateev Aleksandr S. , Kostyuk Aleksandr N.
Published: March 2013

In this work, possible approaches to the synthesis of 1,2,5‐substituted 4‐phosphoryl‐3‐formylpyrroles have been considered. As a result, two methods for the synthesis of 4‐(diphenylphosphoryl)‐1‐(4‐ethoxyphenyl)‐2,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrrole‐3‐carbal‐dehyde were proposed; the highest yields gives formylation of 3‐(diphenylphosphorothioyl)‐1‐(4‐ethoxyphenyl)‐2,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrrole. The formyl fragment was successfully converted into a Schiff base with phenethylamine, and the phosphoryl group has been reduced to phosphine with silicochloroform, which suggests a promising approach to the synthesis of chiral bidentate phosphine ligands. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 24:146–151, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21069
It's Time to Revise K‐W‐L
Authors: Finders Margaret , Balcerzak Phyllis
Published: March 2013

This column features essays written by current middle school and high school teachers, media specialists, librarians, literacy coaches, curriculum specialists, administrators, preservice teachers, teacher educators, and adolescent and adult learners. They highlight diverse perspectives on teaching and/or learning with literacies to inspire reader reflection.
Using YA Literature to Help Preservice Teachers Deal With Bullying and Suicide
Authors: Pytash Kristine E.
Published: March 2013

An incident of bullying, violence in the classroom, or suicide can unsettle teachers' views of their teaching, their role as a teacher, and their relationships with students. Unfortunately, there is a high probability that many educators will teach a young person who has been bullied or considered suicide. This article explores the shifts in preservice teachers' understanding about issues of bullying and suicide through their self‐selected reading of 13 Reasons Why (Asher, 2007) and Hate List (Brown, 2008). Results found preservice teachers chose to read either 13 Reasons Why or Hate List because they knew someone who committed suicide. Their engagement in the books allowed them to understand and imagine the characters' experiences, perspectives, and decision‐making. Through reading and discussions they developed compassion and empathy for the characters; this compassion and empathy extended to their future students.
Print‐Based Texts
Authors: Blasingame James
Published: March 2013

This column provides reviews of adolescent and adult literature and provides a valuable resource for literature selection in‐ and outside the classroom.
Marine low cloud sensitivity to an idealized climate change: The CGILS LES intercomparison
Authors: Blossey Peter N. , Bretherton Christopher S. , Zhang Minghua , Cheng Anning , Endo Satoshi , Heus Thijs , Liu Yangang , Lock Adrian P. , de Roode Stephan R. , Xu Kuan‐Man
Published: March 2013

Subtropical marine low cloud sensitivity to an idealized climate change is compared in six large‐eddy simulation (LES) models as part of CGILS. July cloud cover is simulated at three locations over the subtropical northeast Pacific Ocean, which are typified by cold sea surface temperatures (SSTs) under well‐mixed stratocumulus, cool SSTs under decoupled stratocumulus, and shallow cumulus clouds overlying warmer SSTs. The idealized climate change includes a uniform 2 K SST increase with corresponding moist‐adiabatic warming aloft and subsidence changes, but no change in free‐tropospheric relative humidity, surface wind speed, or CO2. For each case, realistic advective forcings and boundary conditions are generated for the control and perturbed states which each LES runs for 10 days into a quasi‐steady state. For the control climate, the LESs correctly produce the expected cloud type at all three locations. With the perturbed forcings, all models simulate boundary‐layer deepening due to reduced subsidence in the warmer climate, with less deepening at the warm‐SST location due to regulation by precipitation. The models do not show a consistent response of liquid water path and albedo in the perturbed climate, though the majority predict cloud thickening (negative cloud feedback) at the cold‐SST location and slight cloud thinning (positive cloud feedback) at the cool‐SST and warm‐SST locations. In perturbed climate simulations at the cold‐SST location without the subsidence decrease, cloud albedo consistently decreases across the models. Thus, boundary‐layer cloud feedback on climate change involves compensating thermodynamic and dynamic effects of warming and may interact with patterns of subsidence change.
Plateletpheresis for postsplenectomy rebound thrombocytosis in a patient with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura on romiplostim
Authors: Raval Jay S. , Redner Robert L. , Kiss Joseph E.
Published: March 2013

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disease in which IgG‐coated platelets are removed from circulation by the spleen, and platelet production is impaired due to increased thrombopoietin (TPO) clearance. Romiplostim, a novel TPO‐mimetic agent, is approved for patients with ITP that are unresponsive to traditional treatments. However, there is little experience when using this drug before splenectomy. We describe herein the case of a young female with chronic ITP who was treated with romiplostim, underwent splenectomy shortly thereafter, and required plateletpheresis for postoperative rebound thrombocytosis with concomitant neurologic symptoms. J. Clin. Apheresis 28:321–324, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diversity of Streptococcus mutans strains in bacterial interspecies interactions
Authors: Li Xiaolan , Hoogenkamp Michel A. , Ling Junqi , Crielaard Wim , Deng Dong Mei
Published: March 2013

Biofilms are matrix‐enclosed microbial population adhere to each other and to surfaces. Compared to planktonic bacterial cells, biofilm cells show much higher levels of antimicrobial resistance. We aimed to investigate Streptococcus mutans strain diversity in biofilm formation and chlorhexidine (CHX) resistance of single S. mutans and dual S. mutans–Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Four clinical S. mutans strains (C180‐2, C67‐1, HG723 and UA159) formed 24‐h biofilms with or without an E. faecalis strain. These biofilms were treated for 10 min with 0.025% CHX. Biofilm formation, CHX resistance and S.mutans–E. faecalis interactions were evaluated by biomass staining, resazurin metabolism, viable count and competition agar assays. The main finding is that the presence of E. faecalis generally reduced all dual‐species biofilm formation, but the proportions of S. mutans in the dual‐species biofilms as well as CHX resistance displayed a clear S. mutans strain dependence. In particular, decreased resistance against CHX was observed in dual S. mutans C67‐1 biofilms, while increased resistance was found in dual S. mutans UA159 biofilms. In conclusion, the interaction of S. mutans with E. faecalis in biofilms varies between strains, which underlines the importance of studying strain diversity in inter‐species virulence modulation and biofilm antimicrobial resistance.
Organ culture stability of the intervertebral disc: Rat versus rabbit
Authors: Seol Dongrim , Choe Hyeonghun , Ramakrishnan Prem S. , Jang Keewoong , Kurriger Gail L. , Zheng Hongjun , Lim Tae‐Hong , Martin James A.
Published: March 2013

There is a need to develop mechanically active culture systems to better understand the role of mechanical stresses in intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Motion segment cultures that preserve the native IVD structure and adjacent vertebral bodies are preferred as model systems, but rapid ex vivo tissue degeneration limits their usefulness. The stability of rat and rabbit IVDs is of particular interest, as their small size makes them otherwise suitable for motion segment culture. The goal of this study was to determine if there are substantial differences in the susceptibility of rat and rabbit IVDs to culture‐induced degeneration. Lumbar IVD motion segments were harvested from young adult male Sprague–Dawley rats and New Zealand White rabbits and cultured under standard conditions for 14 days. Biochemical assays and safranin‐O histology showed that while glycosaminoglycan (GAG) loss was minimal in rabbit IVDs, it was progressive and severe in rat IVDs. In the rat IVD, GAG loss was concomitant with the loss of notochordal cells and the migration of endplate (EP) cells into the nucleus pulposus (NP). None of these changes were evident in the rabbit IVDs. Compared to rabbit IVDs, rat IVDs also showed increased matrix metalloproteinase‐3 (MMP‐3) and sharply decreased collagen type I and II collagen expression. Together these data indicated that the rabbit IVD was dramatically more stable than the rat IVD, which showed culture‐related degenerative changes. Based on these findings we conclude that the rabbit motion segments are a superior model for mechanobiologic studies. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 838–846, 2013
Essential medicines for pediatric oncology in developing countries
Authors: Mehta Parth S. , Wiernikowski John T. , Petrilli J A. Sergio , Barr Ronald D. ,   for the Working Group on Essential Medicines of the Pediatric Oncology in Developing Countries committee of SIOP
Published: February 2013

The burden of cancer in children in low and middle income countries (LMICs) is substantial, comprising at least 80% of incident cases globally, and an even higher proportion of cancer‐related deaths. With survival rates exceeding 80% in high income countries, it is imperative to transfer these successes to LMICs. A major challenge is the poor availability of safe, cost‐effective chemotherapy. A list of 51 drugs—chemotherapeutics, infectious disease agents, and supportive care medications—is proposed as essential to improving the survival of children with cancer in LMICs with an additional 13 drugs identified as being of further value. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 889–891. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and simultaneous self‐assembly of multiblock fluorinated polyurethane in iniferter polymerization
Authors: Zhang Yixiang , Wang Lu , Zhang Zhihua , Zhang Yu , Tuo Xinlin
Published: February 2013

A multiblock fluorinated polyurethane was synthesized using tetraphenylethane‐based polyurethane as macroiniferter to free‐radically polymerize 1H,1H,3H‐trihydro perfluoro‐2,4‐dimethylpentyl methacrylate (FDPMA). Simultaneous self‐assembly occurred in FDPMA polymerization process and various nanostructures, like multicore particles, formed depending on FDPMA concentration. Fluorophobic effect and the cooperation of the fluorinated blocks with polyurethane blocks are demonstrated to be the main contribution. That soluble FDPMA in DMF becomes insoluble after polymerization triggers the self‐assembly process and leads to the nanostructure formation, and the polyurethane blocks that are soluble in DMF and immiscible with the fluorinated blocks stabilize the discrete nanostructures. Further, the nanostructures in solutions can evolve into various morphologies, such as disk and fiber, when dried to solid state. All these results not only reveal the feasibility and robustness of the multiblock copolymer on the modulation of self‐assembly structure but also represent a facile and efficient approach for novel nanostructure construction. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013
Surface engineering the cellular microenvironment via patterning and gradients
Authors: Ross Aftin M. , Lahann Joerg
Published: March 2013

Cell organization, proliferation, and differentiation are impacted by diverse cues present in the cellular microenvironment. As a result, the surface of a material plays an important role in cellular function. Synthetic surfaces may be augmented by physical as well as chemical means. In particular, patterning and interfacial gradients may be utilized to mitigate the cellular response. Patterning is advantageous as it affords control over a range of feature sizes from several nanometers to millimeters. Gradients exist in vivo, for instance in stem cell niches, and the ability to create interfacial gradients in vitro can provide valuable insights into the influence of a series of minute surface changes on a single sample. This review focuses on fabrication methods for generating micro‐ and nanoscale surface patterns as well as interfacial gradients, the impact of these surface modifications on the cellular response, and the advantages and challenges of these surfaces in in vitro applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 2013
IE analysis of multilayered doubly periodic array of 3‐D general objects using equivalence principle and connection scheme
Authors: Hu Fu‐Gang , Song Jiming , Kamgaing Telesphor
Published: March 2013

An integral equation (IE) approach in the spatial domain is developed to analyze the electromagnetic (EM) scattering from the multilayered doubly periodic array of three‐dimensional (3‐D) general objects. This approach applies the equivalence principle to the interior problem of each layer. Then, the tangential continuity condition is applied to build up the connection between layers. The application of the equivalence principle and connection scheme (EPACS) allows us to avoid of the use of multilayered double periodic Green's functions. For 2N identical layers, the elimination of the unknowns between top and bottom surfaces can be accelerated using the logarithm algorithm. In addition, this approach is extended to handle the semi‐infinitely layered array in which a unit consisting of several layers is repeated infinitely in one direction. The main contribution of this paper is to extend previous work on the EPACS to handle the 3‐D perfect electric conductor or dielectric objects with arbitrary shapes. Numerical results are provided to validate the present approach.
Performance comparison between IBE‐HWMP and ECDSA‐HWMP
Authors: Saavedra Benitez Yesica Imelda , Ben‐othman Jalel , Claude Jean‐Pierre
Published: February 2013

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are one of the key technologies that will dominate wireless networking in the few years. The main characteristics of WMNs permit network connectivity anywhere anytime with simplicity and low cost. Their capability for self‐organization significantly reduces the complexity of network deployment. The draft standard of IEEE P802.11 s™/D4.0 is not considered secure for the routing protocol. In this paper, we propose a secure Hybrid‐Wireless‐Mesh Protocol using an Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA‐HWMP). We then compare the ECDSA‐based HWMP against identity‐based encryption (IBE)‐based HWMP. This study has been carried out to show the great benefits of the IBE technique in securing HWMP. Through extensive Network Simulator‐3 simulations, results have shown that the IBE‐HWMP outperforms the ECDSA‐HWMP in terms of overhead, throughput, loss ratio and delay. Simulation results show that the use of the IBE‐based HWMP provides a greater level of security with light overhead. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supporting Students’ Movement Up the Staircase of Text Complexity
Authors: Hiebert Elfrieda H.
Published: March 2013

Standard 10 of the Common Core State Standards attends to students’ capacity with complex text. This standard distinguishes the Common Core State Standards from previous standards documents. This article describes a process—the Text Complexity Multi‐Index (TCMI)—that supports teachers in studying texts to support their students in increasing capacity with complex text. The TCMI addresses the three prongs of the text complexity triad identified by the CCSS: quantitative, qualitative, and reader‐task. As teachers apply steps of the TCMI process, they become increasingly knowledgeable about the features of texts that can create challenges for students and those that provide the content of lessons that support students in reading increasingly more complex texts across their school careers.
Evaporation rates across a convective air boundary layer are dominated by diffusion
Authors: Haghighi E. , Shahraeeni E. , Lehmann P. , Or D.
Published: March 2013

Key Points

The contributions of diffusion and advection to evaporative flux are quantified

Diffusion dominates evaporation flux from partially wet surfaces

Surface water content‐dependent evaporative resistance expression is developed
On quantum corrected Kähler potentials in F-theory
Authors: García-Etxebarria Iñaki , Hayashi Hirotaka , Savelli Raffaele , Shiu Gary
Published: March 2013

Abstract

We work out the exact in g
s and perturbatively exact in α′ result for the vector multiplet moduli Kähler potential in a specific
$ \mathcal{N} $
= 2 compactification of F-theory. The well-known α

′3 correction is absent, but there is a rich structure of corrections at all even orders in α

′
. Moreover, each of these orders independently displays an SL(2,

$ \mathbb{Z} $
) invariant set of corrections in the string coupling constant. This generalizes earlier findings to the case of a non-trivial elliptic fibration. Our results pave the way for the analysis of quantum corrections in the more complicated
$ \mathcal{N} $
= 1 context, and may have interesting implications for the study of moduli stabilization in string theory.
A Treatment-Oriented Typology of Self-Identified Hypersexuality Referrals
Authors: Cantor James M. , Klein Carolin , Lykins Amy , Rullo Jordan E. , Thaler Lea , Walling Bobbi R.
Published: March 2013

Men and women have been seeking professional assistance to help control hypersexual urges and behaviors since the nineteenth century. Despite that the literature emphasizes that cases of hypersexuality are highly diverse with regard to clinical presentation and comorbid features, the major models for understanding and treating hypersexuality employ a “one size fits all” approach. That is, rather than identify which problematic behaviors might respond best to which interventions, existing approaches presume or assert without evidence that all cases of hypersexuality (however termed or defined) represent the same underlying problem and merit the same approach to intervention. The present article instead provides a typology of hypersexuality referrals that links individual clinical profiles or symptom clusters to individual treatment suggestions. Case vignettes are provided to illustrate the most common profiles of hypersexuality referral that presented to a large, hospital-based sexual behaviors clinic, including: (1) Paraphilic Hypersexuality, (2) Avoidant Masturbation, (3) Chronic Adultery, (4) Sexual Guilt, (5) the Designated Patient, and (6) better accounted for as a symptom of another condition.
Molecular and morphological evidence of hybridization between native Ruditapes philippinarum and the introduced Ruditapes form in Japan
Authors: Kitada Shuichi , Fujikake Chie , Asakura Yoshiho , Yuki Hitomi , Nakajima Kaori , Vargas Kelley M. , Kawashima Shiori , Hamasaki Katsuyuki , Kishino Hirohisa
Published: March 2013

Marine aquaculture and stock enhancement are major causes of the introduction of alien species. A good example of such an introduction is the Japanese shortneck clam Ruditapes philippinarum, one of the most important fishery resources in the world. To meet the domestic shortage of R. philippinarum caused by depleted catches, clams were imported to Japan from China and the Korean peninsula. The imported clam is an alien species that has a very similar morphology, and was misidentified as R. philippinarum (hereafter, Ruditapes form). We genotyped 1,186 clams of R. philippinarum and R. form at four microsatellite loci, sequenced mitochondrial DNA (COI gene fragment) of 485 clams, 34 of which were R. variegatus, and measured morphometric and meristic characters of 754 clams from 12 populations in Japan and China, including the Ariake Sea and Tokyo Bay, where large numbers of R. form were released. Our analyses confirmed that R. form was from the genus Ruditapes, and the genetic differentiation between R. philippinarum and R. form was distinct, but small, compared with five bivalve outgroups. However, R. form had distinct shell morphology, especially larger numbers of radial ribs on the shell surface, suggesting that R. form might be a new Ruditapes species or a variation of R. philippinarum that originated from southern China. A genetic affinity of the sample from the Ariake Sea to R. form was found with the intermediate shell morphology and number of radial ribs, and the hybrid proportion was estimated at 51.3 ± 4.6 % in the Ariake Sea.
Coronary Artery Calcium Testing in Symptomatic Patients: An Issue of Diagnostic Efficiency
Authors: McBride Chad B. , Cheezum Michael K. , Gore Rosco S. , Pathirana Induruwa N. , Slim Ahmad M. , Villines Todd C.
Published: March 2013

The detection and quantification of coronary artery calcification (CAC) significantly improves cardiovascular risk prediction in asymptomatic patients. Many have advocated for expanded CAC testing in symptomatic patients based on data demonstrating that the absence of quantifiable CAC in patients with possible angina makes obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) and subsequent adverse events highly unlikely. However, the widespread use of CAC testing in symptomatic patients may be limited by the high background prevalence of CAC and its low specificity for obstructive CAD, necessitating additional testing (‘test layering’) in a large percentage of eligible patients. Further, adequately powered prospective studies validating the comparative effectiveness of a ‘CAC first’ approach with regards to cost, safety, accuracy and clinical outcomes are lacking. Due to marked reductions in patient radiation exposure and higher comparative accuracy and prognostic value make coronary computed tomographic angiography the preferred CT-based test for appropriately selected symptomatic patients.
New results on Γ-limits of integral functionals
Authors: Zeppieri Caterina Ida , Ansini Nadia , Dal Maso Gianni
Published: March 2013

For

\psi \in W^{1,p}(\Omega ;\mathbb{R}^{m})

and

g \in W^{−1,p}(\Omega ;\mathbb{R}^{d})

,

1 < p < + \infty

, we consider a sequence of integral functionals

F_{k}^{\psi ,g}:W^{1,p}(\Omega ;\mathbb{R}^{m}) \times L^{p}(\Omega ;\mathbb{R}^{d \times n})\rightarrow [0, + \infty ]

of the form

F_{k}^{\psi ,g}(u,v) = \left\{\begin{matrix} \int _{\Omega }f_{k}(x,\mathrm{∇}u,v)\:dx & \text{if }u−\psi \in W_{0}^{1,p}(\Omega ;\mathbb{R}^{m})\text{ and }\mathrm{div}v = g, \\ + \infty & \text{otherwise,} \\ \end{matrix}\right.

where the integrands

f_{k}

satisfy growth conditions of order
p
, uniformly in
k
. We prove a
Γ
-compactness result for

F_{k}^{\psi ,g}

with respect to the weak topology of

W^{1,p}(\Omega ;\mathbb{R}^{m}) \times L^{p}(\Omega ;\mathbb{R}^{d \times n})

and we show that under suitable assumptions the integrand of the
Γ
-limit is continuously differentiable. We also provide a result concerning the convergence of momenta for minimizers of

F_{k}^{\psi ,g}

.

Pour tout

\psi \in W^{1,p}(\Omega ;\mathbb{R}^{m})

et

g \in W^{−1,p}(\Omega ;\mathbb{R}^{d})

,

1 < p < + \infty

, nous considérons une suite de fonctionnelles intégrales

F_{k}^{\psi ,g}:W^{1,p}(\Omega ;\mathbb{R}^{m}) \times L^{p}(\Omega ;\mathbb{R}^{d \times n})\rightarrow [0, + \infty ]

définies par

F_{k}^{\psi ,g}(u,v) = \left\{\begin{matrix} \int _{\Omega }f_{k}(x,\mathrm{∇}u,v)\:dx & \text{si }u−\psi \in W_{0}^{1,p}(\Omega ;\mathbb{R}^{m})\text{ et }\mathrm{div}v = g, \\ + \infty & \text{sinon}, \\ \end{matrix}\right.

où les intégrandes

f_{k}

satisfont des conditions de croissance d'ordre
p
, uniformément en
k
. Nous démontrons un résultat de
Γ
-compacité pour

F_{k}^{\psi ,g}

par rapport à la topologie faible sur

W^{1,p}(\Omega ;\mathbb{R}^{m}) \times L^{p}(\Omega ;\mathbb{R}^{d \times n})

et nous prouvons que sous des conditions appropriées, l'intégrande de la
Γ
-limite est continûment différentiable. Nous montrons également un résultat de convergence des moments pour les minima de

F_{k}^{\psi ,g}

.
Using Ultrasound Lung Comets in the Diagnosis of High Altitude Pulmonary Edema: Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Wimalasena Yashvi , Windsor Jeremy , Edsell Mark
Published: February 2013

High altitude pulmonary edema is a life-threatening condition that remains a concern for climbers and clinicians alike. Within the last decade, studies have shown ultrasonography to be valuable in the accurate diagnosis of a variety of lung pathologies, including cardiogenic pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and lung consolidation. Recently, studies conducted in remote areas have demonstrated that ultrasound lung comets can be used as a measure of subacute pulmonary edema and high altitude pulmonary edema in climbers ascending to altitude. This clinical review article provides an overview of lung ultrasonography and its relevance as a diagnostic aid to respiratory pathology. In addition, we describe a standardized technique for identifying ultrasound lung comets and its utility in recognizing the presence of extravascular lung water, as well as the results of studies that have used this approach at sea level and high altitude.
Mercury Toxicity in Wildland Firefighters
Authors: Smith William R. , Montopoli George , Byerly Andy , Montopoli Michelle , Harlow Hank , Wheeler Albert R.
Published: February 2013

Objective

Recent studies have shown that significant levels of mercury are being released into the atmosphere by wildland fires throughout the United States. Eagle populations in the western United States are experiencing mercury toxicity in areas where many of these massive fires are occurring. We hypothesized that wildland firefighters exposed to smoke and other contaminates from these extensive fires would also reflect elevated blood levels of mercury.

Methods

Wildland firefighters in the western United States were studied during the summers of 2007, 2008, and 2009. Pre- and post-fire season blood samples were tested for mercury in a cohort of firefighters and control subjects.

Results

Over the course of 3 summers, 66 firefighters were studied (41 had pre- and postseason blood draws). In 2008 and 2009 a control group was added with a total of 39 subjects (24 had pre- and postseason blood draws). Detectable blood levels of mercury were found in 6 firefighters, and 1 elevated level was found over the course of the study period. Six control subjects had detectable mercury levels, and no elevated levels were found.

Conclusions

This study did not show statistically significant elevated blood levels of mercury in our cohort of wildland firefighters. However, as forest fires continue to ignite, we recommend continued investigation to ensure the health and safety of firefighting crews.
Interactive effects of dietary cholesterol and different saturated fatty acids on lipoprotein metabolism in the hamster
Authors: Billett Michael A. , Bruce Jennifer S. , White David A. , Bennett Andrew J. , Salter Andrew M.
Published: February 2013

The present study examines the interactive effects of three fatty acids: myristic, palmitic and stearic acids, with dietary cholesterol, on lipoprotein metabolism in the hamster. Each saturated fatty acid was fed at a concentration of 100 g pure synthetic triacylglycerol/kg in the presence of 100 g triolein/kg and was fed in the presence of 0·05, 1·2 or 2·4 g dietary cholesterol/kg. Dietary cholesterol increased the concentration of cholesterol in each of the major plasma lipoprotein fractions. The largest effects on VLDL and LDL were seen in the presence of tripalmitin where the increase between the lowest and highest dietary cholesterol groups were 129 % and 38 % respectively. In contrast, HDL showed the greatest change in the tristearin group when the equivalent increase was 59 %. No interactive effects of dietary cholesterol and fat were seen on hepatic mRNA concentrations for the LDL receptor, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase or the microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein. As the amount of cholesterol in the diet increased, large differences were seen in the storage of hepatic cholesterol ester. At the highest dietary cholesterol intake the amount of hepatic cholesterol ester was 1·7-fold higher in the animals fed trimyristin compared with those fed tripalmitin. These results suggest that, as the amount of cholesterol in the diet is increased, palmitic acid becomes more hypercholesterolaemic. This is associated with a reduced ability to store cholesterol ester in the liver.
Entrepreneurs and Their Businesses during the Mexican Revolution
Authors: Collado María del Carmen
Published: February 2013

Most of the academic work on the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) has focused on sociopolitical and military affairs; few scholars have considered the economic aspects of the period. Even though business historians know now that the Revolution did not bring generalized chaos or total destruction of manufacturing, we still need more research on economic issues. This article analyzes the evolution of the businesses of the Braniff family, as well as their involvement in politics once the regime of Porfirio Díaz collapsed. It examines the Braniffs' political ideas, their strategies to gain power, and their support of the political faction favorable to their interests. The article exposes the tactics the family used to guarantee the safety of their businesses, the losses they suffered, and the new ventures they made after the Revolution.
MODELLING YIELDS OF NON-IRRIGATED WINTER WHEAT IN A SEMI-ARID MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT BASED ON DROUGHT VARIABILITY
Authors: ASCHONITIS V. G. , LITHOURGIDIS A. S. , DAMALAS C. A. , ANTONOPOULOS V. Z.
Published: March 2013

Regression models for the prediction of grain yields of non-irrigated winter wheat in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment were developed based on drought variability. Twenty-five years (1980–2004) of climate data and yield data from four soils (sandy loam, clay, clay loam and sandy clay loam soil) in northern Greece were used for this purpose. Two variables were selected as explanatory variables of the models: (a) the monthly precipitation versus the monthly reference evapotranspiration ratio (P/ETo), which describes the monthly drought and consequently the water deficit conditions during the wheat-growing season and (b) the mean observed yield (y) of each soil, which indirectly describes the intrinsic fertility of the soils. A resampling technique using subsets of the data (bootstrapping) was applied to estimate the coefficients of the models, to assess the uncertainty of the selected explanatory variables and to validate the models. The models showed adequate predictive ability of wheat yields, defining the time and intensity of drought effects. The most crucial period for winter wheat was found to be primarily the vegetative-reproductive stage period between late winter and mid-spring (i.e. February to April). Soil clay content was found to be the most representative parameter in describing most of the physico-chemical parameters and properties of the soils and consequently the mean yield, indicating that yield is non-linearly correlated with most soil properties. With the proposed models, yield gap (YG) predictions between two growing seasons of the selected soils presented 84% accuracy in all years in the identification of the correct signal (+ or −) of yield increase or decrease, respectively, and adequate performance in the prediction of the mean YG.
A new Lower Cretaceous ichthyosaur from Russia reveals skull shape conservatism within Ophthalmosaurinae
Authors: FISCHER VALENTIN , ARKHANGELSKY MAXIM S. , USPENSKY GLEB N. , STENSHIN ILYA M. , GODEFROIT PASCAL
Published: March 2013

Ophthalmosaurinae is a recently recognized clade of derived ichthyosaurs (marine reptiles) ranging from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) to the late Albian (late Early Cretaceous). Whereas the Middle–Late Jurassic ophthalmosaurineOphthalmosaurusis often regarded as a hyperspecialized deep diver, very little is known about the anatomy, evolutionary history and ecology of Cretaceous ophthalmosaurines because of the scarcity of the fossils and the lack of well-preserved skull material. Here, we describe the skull of a new basal ophthalmosaurine ichthyosaur,Leninia stellansgen. et sp. nov., from the lower Aptian of western Russia, and compare the ocular characteristics of ophthalmosaurids.Leniniais recovered as a basal ophthalmosaurine; it possesses unique traits such as a star-shaped frontal–parietal suture as well as features previously thought to be unique toOphthalmosaurussuch as a supratemporal–stapes contact. A large sclerotic aperture – significantly larger than in platypterygiine ophthalmosaurids and similar to that of the largest-eyed modern animals (giant and colossal squids) – and reduced dentition appear widespread within ophthalmosaurines. This conservatism suggests ophthalmosaurine ophthalmosaurids occupied similar ecological niche(s) throughout their long evolutionary history.
Impact and control of protozoan parasites in maricultured fishes
Authors: BUCHMANN KURT
Published: March 2013

Aquaculture, including both freshwater and marine production, has on a world scale exhibited one of the highest growth rates within animal protein production during recent decades and is expected to expand further at the same rate within the next 10 years. Control of diseases is one of the most prominent challenges if this production goal is to be reached. Apart from viral, bacterial, fungal and metazoan infections it has been documented that protozoan parasites affect health and welfare and thereby production of fish in marine aquaculture. Representatives within the main protozoan groups such as amoebae, dinoflagellates, kinetoplastid flagellates, diplomonadid flagellates, apicomplexans, microsporidians and ciliates have been shown to cause severe morbidity and mortality among farmed fish. Well studied examples areNeoparamoeba perurans, Amyloodinium ocellatum, Spironucleus salmonicida, Ichthyobodo necator, Cryptobia salmositica, Loma salmonae, Cryptocaryon irritans, Miamiensis avidusandTrichodina jadranica. The present report provides details on the parasites’ biology and impact on productivity and evaluates tools for diagnosis, control and management. Special emphasis is placed on antiprotozoan immune responses in fish and a strategy for development of vaccines is presented.
Prevalence and distribution of different diarrhoeagenicEscherichia colivirulotypes in major water bodies in Bangladesh
Authors: AKTER S. , ISLAM M. , AFREEN K. S. , AZMUDA N. , KHAN S. I. , BIRKELAND N. K.
Published: February 2013

Escherichia coli, a prominent waterborne pathogen, causes a variety of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal infections that depend on virulence determinants. To monitor natural aquatic systems for virulence-associated genes ofE. coli, multiplex PCR was used in a survey covering 46 major natural water bodies in Bangladesh. DNA was extracted directly from water samples as well as from pre-enriched and enriched cultures during three successive seasons and assessed forE. colivirulotype distribution. From the five virulotypes, genes from the enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC), and enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC) virulotypes were detected consistently, but genes from the enteroinvasive (EIEC) and enteroaggregative (EAEC) virulotypes were traced only occasionally. ETEC was the most prevalent virulotype, followed by EPEC. However, EIEC and EAEC virulotypes could not be detected in winter or the rainy season, respectively. Specific regional distribution patterns of differentE. colivirulotypes and their temporal fluctuations were identified. These observations may assist with assessing seasonal risk and identifying vulnerable areas of the country prone toE. coli-associated outbreaks.
A Graded Exposure Intervention for Distressing Visual Hallucinations in Schizophrenia
Authors: O'Brien Paul , Johns Louise
Published: February 2013

Background: Distressing visual hallucinations (VH) are frequently present in schizophrenia. Despite their prevalence, limited research exists regarding effective clinical interventions. Cognitive models of VH state that distress results from threat appraisals of the hallucination. Method: This individual case study describes the use of a graded exposure approach following the discovery of phobic anxiety associated with visual hallucinatory content. Treatment involved 20 sessions of individual cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), of which 12 sessions focused on graded exposure. Results: A reduction in frequency of visions and associated distress was reported and these changes were maintained at a 3-month follow-up. Conclusions: The findings are consistent with the cognitive model of VH. Through exposure to the hallucinatory content, the client re-appraised her VH as non-threatening, and her fear of them reduced. This reduction in anxiety led to a decrease in the occurrence of the VH.
Phonological representations in children's native and non-native lexicon
Authors: SIMON ELLEN , SJERPS MATTHIAS J. , FIKKERT PAULA
Published: March 2013

This study investigated the phonological representations of vowels in children's native and non-native lexicons. Two experiments were mispronunciation tasks (i.e., a vowel in words was substituted by another vowel from the same language). These were carried out by Dutch-speaking 9–12-year-old children and Dutch-speaking adults, in their native (Experiment 1, Dutch) and non-native (Experiment 2, English) language. A third experiment tested vowel discrimination. In Dutch, both children and adults could accurately detect mispronunciations. In English, adults, and especially children, detected substitutions of native vowels (i.e., vowels that are present in the Dutch inventory) by non-native vowels more easily than changes in the opposite direction. Experiment 3 revealed that children could accurately discriminate most of the vowels. The results indicate that children's L1 categories strongly influenced their perception of English words. However, the data also reveal a hint of the development of L2 phoneme categories.
Die Milz bei nicht-malignen hämatologischen Erkrankungen
Authors: Rüfer Axel , Wuillemin Walter A.
Published: March 2013

Die Milz hat vielfältige Funktionen. Neben der Filterfunktion zur Beseitigung von gealterten oder abnormen Erythrozyten und Erythrozyten mit intraerythrozy tären Einschlüssen spielt die Milz eine Rolle bei der unspezifischen und spezifischen Immunabwehr. Sie ist aber auch ein Reservoir für eine Vielzahl von Zellen und spielt insbesondere bei der Sequestration von Thrombozyten eine Rolle. Schließlich kommt der Milz eine Bedeutung bei der Eisenhomöostase zu, da durch den Abbau der Erythrozyten durch die Milzmakrophagen Eisen freigesetzt wird und der Hämatopoiese erneut zur Verfügung steht. Bei verschiedenen nicht-malignen hämatologischen Erkrankungen werden Antikörper-beladene Zellen an die Makrophagen der Milz gebunden und phagozytiert. Das betrifft Erythrozyten bei der autoimmunhämolytischen Anämie, Thrombozyten bei der Immunthrombozytopenie und Neutrophile beim Felty-Syndrom. Abnorme Erythrozyten werden bei den hereditären Anämien, wie der hereditären Sphärozytose, dem Pyruvatkinase-Mangel, der Sichelzellanämie und bei der Thalassämie, vorzeitig abgebaut. Der therapeutische Stellenwert einer Splenektomie bei den erwähnten Erkrankungen hat sich in den letzten Jahren teilweise verändert durch das Vorhandensein neuer und effizienter Therapien und durch die Möglichkeit einer laparoskopischen Entfernung der Milz. Nutzen und Risiken einer therapeutischen Splenektomie sind gut abzuwägen und letztere sollten durch prophylaktische Impfungen, postoperative Thromboembolieprophylaxe und eine gute Patientenaufklärung minimiert werden.
Optimal cooling of a driven artificial atom in dissipative environment
Authors: Du Lingjie , Yu Yang , Lan Dong
Published: February 2013

We study microwave-driven cooling in a superconducting flux qubit subjected to environment noise. For weak decoherence, our analytical results agree well with the experimental observations and show that the microwave amplitude for optimal cooling should depend linearly on the dc flux detuning. With the decoherence getting stronger, more vibrational degrees of freedom (analogous to atomic physics) couple in, making the ordinary cooling method less effective or even fail. We propose an improved cooling method, which can eliminate the perturbation of additional vibrational degrees of freedom hence keep high efficiency, even under strong decoherence. Furthermore, we point out that decoherence can tune the frequency where microwave-driven Landau–Zener transition reaches maximum, displaying the feature of incoherent dynamics, which is important for the optimal cooling of qubits and other quantum systems.
Non-collinear ferrimagnetic phases in the Fe2−xMnxAs system
Authors: Valkov V. I. , Golovchan A. V. , Varukhin D. V.
Published: February 2013

The stabilization mechanisms of non-collinear magnetically ordered phases observed in the Fe2−xMnxAs system with 1.19 ≤ x ≤ 1.365 are considered within the framework of a model approach that uses the number of d-electrons and the form of density of their electron states, obtained from ab initio calculations. It is found that the energy stability of non-collinear structures and the kind of order-order phase transitions are determined by electron filling of the d-band and by the form of density of d-electron states, which depend on the manganese content. It is demonstrated that the pressure features of spontaneous and magnetic field-induced order-order transitions are related to a character of renormalization of the electronic structure under pressure.