bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuroinflammation of the brain in stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Yanishevskiy S. N. , Onishchenko L. S. , Gnevyshev E. N. , Gaikova O. N. , Yakovlev E. V. , Smirnov A. A.
Published: March 2022

Introduction. In the structure of the total mortality of the population, cerebral stroke ranks second and leads among the causes of disability. Despite the huge number of patients with diabetes and stroke, the mechanisms underlying this predisposition remain poorly understood. Morphological changes of the brain in diabetes-induced neuroinflammation are practically not described anywhere.Objective. To establish the patterns of pathomorphological changes of the brain associated with neuroinflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have suffered a stroke.Materials and methods. On the sectional material, changes in the brain and arteries were studied in 27 stroke deaths (6 men and 21 women), aged 60 to 97 years, average age 75 ± 7.2 years, who had type 2 diabetes mellitus, the comparison group consisted of 32 stroke deaths (14 men, 18 women) with dyscirculatory encephalopathy without type 2 diabetes aged 42 to 100 years (average age 68.5 ± 14.2 years). Light-optical and electron microscopic examination of the brain, immunohistochemical reactions were performed: indirect immunoperoxidase reaction with gliofibrillary protein, vimentin and macrophage immunophenotyping markers – CD-68, CD-163, CD-21, CD-23, CD-11c, HAM.Results. It has been established that neuroinflammation is characterized by macrophage-microglial activation, penetration of antigen-presenting cells through the damaged blood-brain barrier, damage to neuronal and glial cell pools. Pronounced macrophage infiltration was revealed using immunohistochemical methods of investigation with CD-68. Monocytic macrophages and antigen-presenting cells are located perivascularly, migrating through the damaged blood-brain barrier and expressing the CD-11c receptor. There is a phenomenon of changing the phenotype of macrophages from M2-type, with sanogenetic activity, to M1-type, responsible for inflammatory damage.Conclusions. Pronounced infiltration of brain tissue in stroke patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by both resident macrophages and monocytic macrophages is associated with progressive neuroinflammation.
The Peasants of the St. Petersburg and Moscow Provinces after Abolition of Serfdom
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Mironov Boris N.
Published: March 2022

The article examines the condition of the peasantry in the St. Petersburg and Moscow provinces in 1850–1890 against the background of the development of 50 provinces of European Russia as a whole. The aim is to test the adequacy of the concept of the agrarian crisis of the post-reform village, which occurred as a result of the unfair reform of the 1860s predatory towards peasantry. The article criticizes the dominant concept of the Soviet historiography, which is regarded as controversial in modern scholarship. The first part of the article assesses the dynamics of the standard of living of the peasantry based on the traditionally used data: firstly, on production factor and sources of income, and the degree of sufficiency of peasant incomes for normal life and, secondly, on anthropometric indicators. The analysis of anthropometric data is preceded by a methodological introduction, which explains the theoretical foundations of using the body length data and the technique and procedure of processing primary information to obtain an adequate picture. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of the results of anthropometric analysis, which poses a difficulty to classical historians. The analysis of traditional and anthropometric indicators characterizing the condition of the metropolitan peasantry of the capital and 50 provinces of European Russia leads to the conclusion: in 1861–1890, the standard of living of peasants in the capital provinces had improved, moreover, to a larger extent compared to European Russia as a whole. The agreement of the results of economic and anthropometric analysis enhances the reliability of the conclusion about the improvement of the welfare of the Russian peasantry during the first 30 years after the peasant reform.
Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky and St. Petersburg University
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Daudov Abdulla Kh. , Rostovtsev Evgenii A. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Sidorchuk Ilya V. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: March 2022

The article is devoted to the famous Russian scientist, the founder of Russian and world virology Dmitry Ivanovsky (1864–1920). Despite the attention to his biography and scientific legacy, researchers largely limit themselves to the already known sources, whereas some important episodes and problems of the scientific biography of Ivanovsky remain unexplored. The relevance of this article lies in the focus on such aspects of his biography, among which is his place and role at St. Petersburg University. On the basis of a wide range of sources, many of which are introduced into the scholarship for the first time, the article reconstructs different stages of Ivanovsky’s activity at St. Petersburg University (as a student, as a master’s student, as a university teacher). Special attention is paid to the relationship between Ivanovsky and his colleagues at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries. One of the subjects considered in the article is Ivanovsky’s forced resignation from St. Petersburg University in 1901. The scientific and personal fate of Ivanovsky clearly reflected the peculiarities and difficulties of pursuing a scientific career at St. Petersburg University, which was the center of the Russian science with exceptionally high formal academic requirements supported not so much by the government as by the professorial corporation. The authors convincingly show that the period at St. Petersburg University became a key one in the scientific career and life of D. Ivanovsky.
Left Opposition at Leningrad State University
Authors:   St. Petersburg Institute of History of Russian Academy of Science, Barinov Dmitriy A.
Published: March 2022

The history of the left opposition in the CPSU(b) is mainly represented in historiography by works devoted to the internal party struggle in the highest echelons of power (Politburo, Central Committee, etc.). However, a characteristic feature of the political clashes of the 1920s is the involvement of the broad party masses in the conflict, who tried to present their own point of view on the prospects of the development of the socialist revolution. Therefore, one of the most promising directions in the study of the political history of this period is the exploration of the peculiarities of confrontation at the grassroots level, i. e. in certain regions or in spheres of social, cultural and economic life. The purpose of this article is to reconstruct the struggle of the left opposition at Leningrad University, one of the largest scientific centers in the country. The author determines the number of oppositionists, their leaders among university teachers, as well as the main strategies of struggle. Special attention is paid to the further destinies of oppositionists. One of the main observations of the article is that the tactics of suppressing opposition at the university largely coincided with that used in the central apparatus of the country. The author has established that students played an important role in the activities of the opposition. They were responsible for distributing opposition literature, collecting signatures for the political platform, etc. Propaganda activities were revived in the form of prerevolutionary circles organized at the university and at industrial enterprises in order to agitate among students and workers.
Habsburg-Safavid Diplomacy: Nicholas von Warkotsch and Haji Khosrow in Moscow
Authors:   Comenius University in Bratislava, Rybar Lukas ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: March 2022

During the 16th century, several European states were regularly engaged in forming an anti- Ottoman alliance. The goal was to cooperate in the elimination of the Ottoman power and expansion in Europe. In addition, traditional European members of the anti-Ottoman league (the Papal State, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, the Venetian Republic) were counting on the help of the Eastern empires such as the Tsardom of Muscovy (Russia) and the Safavid Persia. In connection with this policy, Habsburg-Safavid diplomatic relations continued to develop. In the second half of the 1580s and 1590s, the Tsardom of Muscovy began to play an important mediating role in the context of Habsburg-Persian relations. An illustrative case is the presented study, which deals with the missions of Habsburg envoy Nicholas von Warkostch and the Safavid (Persian) envoy Haji Khosrow to the court of the Russian Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich in 1593. This issue is examined against the background of a broader international politics and diplomacy in the second half of the 1580s and the beginning of 1590s. Regarding their missions to the Russian tsar, both envoys took advantage of their mutual presence at the Muscovite court and through the mediation of Boris Godunov managed to arrange a meeting where they negotiated the possibility of the formation of an anti-Ottoman alliance. The analysis of the preserved archival and published documents concerning the above-mentioned missions reveals the goals and attitudes of all negotiating parties (Habsburgs, Persia, and Muscovy) in relation to the creation of an anti-Ottoman alliance.
Sudeten German Party Complaint to the League of Nations and the Situation of the German Minority in Czechoslovakia
Authors:   University of West Bohemia, Novotný Lukas
Published: March 2022

The ethnic problem had never before been such a pressing issue at the international level as it was in the initial post-war years, in particular, in the areas of Central and Southeast Europe. Based on post-war negotiations, the idea of international protection of national minorities was born, which was closely connected with the system of peace treaties concluded with defeated states. The submitted study uses unpublished sources of Czechoslovak (National Archives in Prague, Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Prague) and British (National Archives in Kew) provenance, published sources and specialist publications to look at the complaints of national minorities to the League of Nations during the 1930s; specifically — at the petition of the Sudeten German Party in Czechoslovakia in 1936, which concerned an instruction from the Ministry of National Defence to companies intending to apply for state contracts about the ethnic composition of their employees. It uses this example to demonstrate the instrumental nature of Sudeten German Party policy, showing that it did not represent a real attempt at improving the living conditions for the German minority in the First Czechoslovak Republic but rather was a deliberate effort to increase the visibility of the political entity and to internationalize the issue of the cohabitation of Czechs and Germans in interwar Czechoslovakia. The study also demonstrates that another objective of the Sudeten German Party was to attract attention from Great Britain, which had been avoiding significant engagement in Central Europe.
Metal Production and its Role in the Cultural Genesis of the Volga- Urals Population during the Late Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age
Authors:   Orenburg State Pedagogical University, Morgunova Nina L.
Published: March 2022

This paper presents a review of data on metal production within the Kargaly mining district in the South Cis-Urals and describes its relationships with the beginning of the cultural genesis of the Iamnaia culture within the Volga-Ural region. The Cis-Urals copper products have original morphology and technology in comparison with those from the Maykop center of metal production as well as metal products from western centers of the Iamnaia culture. Raw materials for the Cis-Urals center of metalworking were sourced from the Kargaly copper ore field, which is located near the modern Orenburg city. Kargaly masters developed a number of unique techniques in obtaining and processing not only copper, but also meteoritic iron. Diverse assemblages of metal products recovered from archeological sites of Iamnaia culture in the Cis-Urals include unique tools and weapons with specific features that have no analogies in other metal processing centers of that epoch. Metallurgy and production of copper items had an important role in the economy of the Iamnaia culture from the early (Repino) to the late (Poltavkinskii) stages. Its origin was probably connected with copper production techniques developed by the Volga population of the Eneolithic Period under the influence of the Balkan-Carpathia regional center. To a much lesser extent, the development of the Kargaly mining-metallurgical district was associated with connections with the Maykop culture. The morphology of metal products and metallographic data indicate that small groups of Cis- Urals craftsmen migrated to the Trans-Urals and Southern Siberia during the advanced stage of the Iamnaia culture.
Flint Processing in Donbass during the Chalcolithic
Authors:   Donetsk State University, Kolesnik Alexander V.
Published: March 2022

In the Neolithic, the Donbass was finally formed as one of prominent European centers for extraction and primary processing of raw flint. The formation of such a large economic area with its particular production specialization was determined by the mineral wealth of the region and its plentiful deposits of high-quality Upper Cretaceous flints. The most complex sites of mining in terms of organization and specialised workshops on primary flint splitting date back to this period. As far as mining in the southern Donbas of the time is concerned, there emerged adits for flint extraction in the layer of limestone (Shirokoie). The mine workings were made in the form of wide horizontal chambers along the slope with separate entrances and transport and ventilation apertures. The mining was carried out with horn tools and adzes with metal wedge-shaped inserts. In the Chalcolithic, workshops for production of bifaces (Krasnoie) and a specialized settlement of flint craftsmen (Vasilyevskaia Pustosh) emerged in the North-Western Donbass. A variety of techniques for primary splitting and making of stone tools, characterized by a distinct cultural context, was used in these workshops. For the production of plates, large blanks of lithic cores with one platform and two longitudinal edges with two-sided processing that converge at the base were used. The most complex technologies for lithic cores splitting and tools processing are associated with the so-called Novodanilovsky cultural complex. The article contributes to the series of publications on the development of the Donetsk center for mining and primary processing of flint in the Stone Age.
Ancient Mines of the South Urals
Authors:   South Ural State University, Svistunov Viacheslav M.
Published: March 2022

The article presents the intermediate results of a historical research, whose purpose is to determine the distribution of ancient mining operations (Chud mines) in the South Urals. Travel journals of the participants of academic expeditions of 1768–1774 — P. S. Pallas, I. I. Lepekhin, N. P. Rychkov and I. P. Falk — were taken as published written sources. The unpublished written sources mainly include archival documents from the period of owning mineral rights in Russia in 1739–1782 stored in the archives of Yekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk. It was established that the copper mines of the 18th century were seasonally subdivided into “summer pits” and “winter mines”. The extraction of copper ore in winter was common, which allows extrapolating it to earlier periods of mining in the South Urals. A distinctive feature of ancient underground mining operations is the vaulted character of adits, while similar mines of the 18th century are characterized by rock tunneling “under the support structures”. The “summer pits” of both periods without archeological exploration and archival documents do not have singular features. It was also established that the geography of the location of ancient mountain mines is not limited to the area of occurrence of cuprous sandstones of the Cisural area. Following the study by Grigory Spassky, the article states that ancient mining developments in the form of exploration pits and mines are in abundance in the Southern Trans-Urals. They stretch along the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains in a narrow strip from the Krasnokhty and Shartymka rivers to the left bank of the Ural River and go to the Mugodzhar region.
The Fate of Displaced Medieval Manuscripts and Documents from the Hanseatic Cities
Authors:   Novosibirsk State University, Portnykh Valentin L. , Squires Catherine R. ,   Novosibirsk State University
Published: March 2022

This review article sums up the available data on the fate of archival and library materials which were transported to the Soviet Union after WW2 from German cities Lübeck, Hamburg and Bremen. The main focus is on medieval manuscripts and documents. Despite the fact that these cities were in the British occupation zone, their archival and library fonds became Soviet war trophies since in 1942–1944 these documents had been evacuated to what would later comprise parts of the Soviet occupation zone. In August 1946, they were transported to Leningrad by train. Most medieval manuscripts and documents did not remain in Leningrad. In the early 1950s, part of the trophies was handed over to the German Democratic Republic, while a considerable amount of the Hanseatic material was returned to Germany in the 1980–1990s from the Soviet Union and from independent Georgia and Armenia; yet a large part of archival and library materials remained in the Soviet Union. Unfortunately, very little is known about the time and places of their subsequent movements as published documents cover only the period of 1945–1946. Thanks to recent discoveries some displacements can be traced down to the former Soviet cities Leningrad, Moscow, Tomsk, Tbilisi, Yerevan. The review lists German trophy medieval manuscripts and archival materials discovered and identified in Moscow (Moscow State University, Russian State Library, Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts), St. Petersburg (National Library of Russia) and Tomsk (Tomsk State University). Moreover, at least two medieval manuscripts are documented as being preserved in Yerevan.
The Ambassador’s Report of Zakharia Meyer on the Trip to Moscow
Authors:   Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Bessudnova Marina B.
Published: March 2022

The article contains a translation and an original text of the report of Ratmann of Lübeck, Zhachariah Meyer, about his diplomatic trips to Moscow in 1586–1587. The document is stored in the Archives of the Hanseatic City of Lübeck (Archiv der Hansestadt Lübeck) and has not been published so far. On behalf of a magistrate of Lübeck Meyer visited the court of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich in Novgorod and Pskov. In the context of the transformation of the Hanseatic League, which took place in the second half of the 16th century, in order to retain the status of its head, Lübeck needed to take a leading position in the supply of Russian export products to the Western European market. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to reject commercial and diplomatic mediation of the Hanseatic cities of Livonia, which during the Livonian War fell under foreign rule, and carry out its own program set out in the pamphlet “Kürtzer Bericht…” of 1571. Meyer’s report, which includes the German text of the letters patent from Fyodor Ioannovich to Lübeck in 1586, the translations of the tsar`s letters to the governors of Novgorod and Pskov, and Meyer`s petitions, testifies to the successful start of this program. The report, among other things, contains information about situations in the trading courtyards of Novgorod and Pskov, in particular, about their relations with the city administration. Their lack of self-government and administrative dependence on the Russian authorities distinguished the Lübeck courtyards from the Hanseatic offices in their heyday.
Discussion on the Issue of National Outskirts in Late Imperial Russia
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Yanchenko Denis G.
Published: March 2022

The monograph “National outskirts in the policy of the Russian Empire and Russian social thought” is a comprehensive study of the strategy and tactics of imperial integration of foreign ethnic peripheries, the causes of political decisions of the authorities and public debate of the 19th — early 20th centuries on the problems of borderlands. The geographical coverage is large: Poland and Finland; the Western and Southwestern regions; the Baltics; the Caucasus; and Central Asia. Each of the considered outskirts had a unique juridical status and its own legislation, economy, social classes, diverse national structure, and a complex history of mutual relations with St. Petersburg. In the last twenty years the methodological approaches to the study of imperial history have been significantly supplemented. The combination of new archival sources with extensive historiographical heritage allows the authors of the reviewed monograph to form a new substantiated view on the relations between imperial center and national periphery. They involved mutual influence of the peripheries and the capital: the public and the tsarist bureaucracy. The modernization potential of the Empire by the beginning of the 20th century had been exhausted, and the inability to reorganize the system of regional government led to a protracted crisis. The clash of conservative and liberal concepts of Empire building is evident in the detailed source analysis of periodicals and journalism of the era. Diverse natural and geographical zones of Russia, ethnic and religious population, rich natural resources determine the exceptional civilizational significance of Russian border policy in 19th — early 20th centuries, and the attention to it of contemporary researchers.
Сontemporary Approaches to the Medieval Historical Writing
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Palamarchuk Anastasia A. , Fyodorov Sergey E. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: March 2022

The perception of insular historiography for a long time has been determined by the view outlined in the fundamental work by Antonia Gransden in the 1970s–1980s. Historiography as a whole, its distinct schools and movements are regarded as “passive” participants, whose functions were related to reflection of historical events. An opposing approach, which shifts the attention from the content of the narrative to its formal structure, is represented by such outstanding scholars as M. Clanchy and B. Guenée. They focused on the mechanisms of creating narratives, their genre specificity, inner structure, the role of historiography within intellectual space and its social functions. The collection “Medieval Historical Writing. Britain and Ireland, 500–1500” to a large extent follows the tradition of studying perceptions of the past across long historical periods, combining it with innovative approaches of participants of the projects. The novelty of the collection lies in the pan-British context of its approach to historiography. Thus “Medieval Historical Writing. Britain and Ireland, 500–1500” continues the contemporary trend of viewing the British Isles as a distinct historical and cultural region within which the combination of disintegrating factors (diversity of political forms, ethnic and linguistic heterogeneity, irregularity of continental influences) and unifying factors (ethnogenetic and dynastic myths, the concept of pan-British leadership, means of social and power interactions) determined the specificity of the development compared to the continental variant. The rejection of Anglocentric model of approaching the history and culture of the British Isles leads to the reconsideration of the British periphery.
Managers in the digital economy: New challenges and competencies
Authors:   HSE University, Chegurova Margarita M.
Published: March 2022

The article presents a critical review of studies concerned with competencies and behavioral models of managers in the context of remote work and digitalization of business processes. The digitalization process, being one of the leading trends in the labor market, has irreversibly changed organizations, work environments and processes by creating new challenges for leaders. More flexible organization structures are beginning actively used in different industries and organizations, for example, remote forms of work. Moreover, digital services and technologies help companies adapt more quickly and effectively to new conditions. Remote work, which is becoming a new global norm of work, opens significant opportunities for companies, but also requires another type of management — electronic. The new type of leadership implies significant changes in the relationship between a manager and employees, which makes it necessary for leaders to change their behavioral models. E-leadership, whose role is to facilitate working conditions and maintain employee motivation to achieve desired goals, offers an effective combination of electronic and traditional communication methods that can be expressed through two groups of leadership competencies: socio-communicative and socio-technological. E-leadership practices will not only be able to ensure the development and realization of an employee’s work potential, but also optimize personal relationships in the workplace. The results of this article reveal the potential of using the new concept of leadership in studies of new working conditions.
Professional success of Russian web developers in foreign and local freelance marketplaces
Authors:   HSE University, Vilkova Olga V.
Published: March 2022

With the growth of the digital gig economy, which was accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic, competition between freelancers in online labor markets has intensified — successful performers are those who are more competitive on a global level. The aim of the current article is to assess the global competitiveness of Russian freelance programmers as representatives of new flexible forms of employment in online labor markets through indicators of objective professional success. The objectives of the study include assessment and description of the professional success determinants, which relate to freelancers from foreign and Russian online labor markets. The work is based on the results of an empirical study. The data of freelancers’ profiles, which was extracted by web scraping, revealed that the professional success of Russian web developers was heterogeneous and depended on specialization and the type of labor exchange. A tremendous proportion of Russian freelance programmers possess a local, however, not global competitive advantage. Foreign freelancers operate with more sophisticated technologies, position themselves actively as experts, and tend to work at lower remuneration. Only a small group of Russian web developers have succeeded internationally due to a high quality of services, advanced human and social capital — in-depth education, knowledge of foreign languages, proficiency in web development technologies, and participation in professional communities. Russian freelancers in local online marketplaces are less successful in terms of financial indicators. Their promotion is based not on the competition of skills, but on payments made by freelancers themselves. Their minor interest in advanced web technologies and foreign languages will hardly contribute to involvement in global labor processes. A new group of technocrats, capable of initiating innovative processes in the economy and social life, has been gradually emerging; for greater expansion of into global labor markets, the development of human and social capital is necessary.
The Janus faces of (anti-)corruption rhetoric in Greece
Authors:   Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Lambropoulou Effi
Published: March 2022

The article outlines the use of corruption rhetoric in Greek politics based on official reports and press publications in selected years and examines the functions it fulfils. In the beginning of the article, an overview of international research and its contextual background about corruption is provided. The absence of historical accounts in the (anti-) corruption literature is noted and an overview of factors that have been correlated by researchers with corruption is given, such as degree of democracy, (de)centralization of the political system, media scandalization, etc. The article briefly presents the approach of Greek analysts to the topic. Issues concerning old and new forms of clientelism, which held the most interest for Greek academics, are analysed. Also, the discourse analysis carried out and its findings is portrayed. The analysis reveals that politicians’ corruption rhetoric operates primarily as a strategy that is capable of undermining the morale of the main political opponent(s) and occasionally as a method of ensuring electoral supremacy. The rather unhelpful attempts of the Greek governments to improve the position of the country in the anticorruption universe by introducing successive legislation, new bodies and institutions to control corruption, while disregarding the fact that the main efforts should be focused on Greece’s market image are illustrated. A positive change in the country’s image in the market came incidentally during the last few years of the Greek economic crisis thanks to neoliberal economic policies under the tutelage of foreign lenders.
Uncertainty about artificial intelligence technology in Russian society
Authors:   HSE University, Khabirova Elena E.
Published: March 2022

Artificial intelligence (AI) already affects many areas of society today. On the one hand, it is often associated with fears around dystopian surveillance, total workplace automation, and other dangers. On the other hand, the notions that AI actively stimulates innovation and acts as a powerful tool for solving various social problems occupy a significant place in discussions. At the same time, the high level of uncertainty in relation to the latest technologies makes the question of AI’s future especially susceptible to definition and framing by certain influential social groups. In the current article, consideration of the issues of social construction of attitudes on the prospects of AI technology is explained by the relevance of the conflict shown in Russian realities between the population’s concern and ambitious legislative goal setting. Against the background of these poles of skeptical and progressive orientations, the positions of specialized scientists and business are no less interesting. They are forced to find a balance somewhere between these polarities in defending their own interests. The materials presented in the article summarize the results of previous studies, and also rely on the analysis of state documents in the field under study in order to present an overall picture of the development of technology. Based on the results of the study, directions for further deepening the sociological understanding of the processes taking place today in Russia concerning the development and implementation of artificial intelligence are identified.
Communicative strategies of COVID-trolling on the VKontakte social network
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Vasilkova Valeriya V. , Legostaeva Natalya I. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Kruchinina Polina M. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: March 2022

The activation of trolling accounts during the COVID-19 pandemic, which are usually associated with COVID dissidence and cast doubt on the effectiveness of measures taken to combat the pandemic, has actualized the problem of detecting potentially dangerous accounts on social networks and analyzing the communication strategies they use to influence network users. The article represents the first experience of studying trolling strategies in the discussion of COVID-19 by users of the Russian social network “VKontakte”. Using unique methodology to detect trolling accounts based on the analysis of bursts of network publication activity through comments, combined with the profiling of trolling accounts, allowed us to identify 8 trolling accounts in the social network “VKontakte” from March 18 to June 10, 2020 according to the specified keywords. To identify their communication strategies, a system of indicators (tactics) was developed that correspond to the strategies of overt and covert trolling. An overt strategy includes such tactics as verbal aggression, emotional tension, provocation, call for confrontation, refuting the official point of view, humiliating the opponent, changing the topic of discussion. A covert strategy includes tactics of irony or ridicule, demonstrating authority, doubting the status quo, “naive questions” and misleading. As a result, it was shown that the analyzed trolling accounts use both overt and covert strategies of influence, with the more aggressive (overt) communicative strategy predominating. The article indicates the prospects for the research topic’s development: identifying the specifics of COVID-trolling in relation to other contextual and thematic types of trolling; studying the dynamics of COVID-trolling at different stages of the pandemic and the features of COVID-trolling strategies implemented by users of various social networks and different countries; analyzing the degree of impact of COVID-trolling on users.
Virtualization of society: “Cyberprosthetics” of social interaction
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University of Economics, Kuznetsova Yuliia A.
Published: March 2022

The problem of virtualization of institutional forms of social interaction is not new, but it continues to remain relevant today in the context of the emergence of new information and digital tools. Social changes caused by social virtualization are manifested in the main spheres of life of a representative of the information society of the 21st century: in economics, politics, science, and culture. Information flow, digital technologies, and network “cobwebs” are embedded in the “core” of social interaction, forming a “cyber-skeleton” inside it, which, replacing real objects and actions with images, modifies the model of social relationships. The author conducts a theoretical study, during which the concept of social virtualization is clarified in the context of new social realities, some approaches to understanding the virtualization of society are considered and systematized, and the key characteristics of virtual reality are revised. Through the combined consideration of the theories of social virtualization by D.V.Ivanov and social interaction by P.A. Sorokin, conclusions are drawn about how social virtualization affects the institutional forms of interaction: namely, how the structure of social interaction is modified in the context of virtual space. Sorokin’s model of social action “subject — actor — conductor” is being transformed, and the “conductor” link is giving way to “cyber-channel,” which is presented as a tool for organizing spatial communication through new information and digital technologies (for example, social networks). Since virtualization as a global social process primarily consists of the local transformation of individual forms of social interactions, the article provides a number of author’s examples of “cyberprosthetic”, gradually transformed individual segments of public life by means of transition to virtual space, forms of everyday practices of representatives of the modern information society — virtual shop, virtual cemetery, virtual love.
Emergent Poetry of Northern Nigeria within Digital Space
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Lyakhovich Anastasia V.
Published: March 2022

The author of this article presents an analytical study of a poetry forum at kanoonline.com, which targets Northern Nigerian readership. The forum reflects emerging literature as it sets out to shape its own standards of literary creativity, transmission, circulation, as well as communication reality and perception in cyberspace. Poetic texts are created in a digital medium, a means that presents itself as an inexhaustible source for the rapid circulation and unlimited distribution of texts. The emergence of a text as a digital unit ensures the immediacy of its communication to an audience, which simultaneously generates intensive reader feedback. Based on an analysis of selected topics, the author discusses metatextuality as being the essential nature of a digital text. The posting of a text, which is obviously a completed product of individual creation, serves as a starting point for a further creative process. The agent of this textual reworking is the audience which generates different interpretations of a given literary piece. What we witness is a switch from an individual creative process to an impersonal collective deconstruction, a process engendering metatexts. Most of the abovementioned forum’s experimental poetic formations can hardly be captured, identified, comprehended or interpreted well in terms of both content and form for several reasons. The shape of virtual texts may be viewed as awkward, chaotic, and confusing. And the contents of the texts, while definitely reflecting African modernity, on the other hand, is determined by subjectively portrayed day-to-dayness, freely displaying open mundane experiences in a fragmentary and momentary way. Forum poetry — poetic creation, performance, publication, reading, and perception altogether — within the virtual space has an explosive effect, which is unpredictable, uncontrolled, chaotic and momentary. Moreover, poetic content often makes a strong reference to certain immediate and fragmentary environments of African everyday life which are most urgent and alive at the very time of creation, performance and perception. Thus, capturing virtual texts within this broad context — the context of author/reader interaction, communication and creation — enables one to read both the content and formal properties inherent in the genre of web-forum poetry.
Oirat Manuscripts in the Cabinet for Collecting, Cataloguing and Publishing Old Books of Ethnic Minorities in Ürümqi (Part One)
Authors:   Institute of China’s Borderland Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Aoqier Alateng , Yakhontova Natalia S. ,   Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yampolskaya Natalia V. ,   Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences,   Russian Federation National Research University Higher School of Economics
Published: March 2022

The authors of this article present a summary of the unpublished catalogue of Oirat manuscripts and xylographs preserved at the Cabinet for Collecting, Cataloguing and Publishing Old Books of Ethnic Minorities, the National Affairs Committee of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Ürümqi), compiled by the keeper of the collection Do. Galdan. The fund contains around 400 books that have been collected among the Mongolian population of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region since 1984. The Catalogue compiled by Do. Galdan is a list of 397 entries structured according to the order of shelfmarks: the items are neither classified by topic nor indexed, which does not allow to search for a particular text inside the collection. Therefore, classifying and grouping the items is the principal task pursued in this article. Its main focus is a thematic index to the upcoming catalogue. The index is preceded by commentary that introduces the classification of texts and notes the highlights of the collection. The texts were classified based on their titles and the descriptions of their content provided by Do. Galdan in his draft catalogue. The overall number of surviving Oirat manuscripts is limited, and the value of the materials preserved in Ürümqi is beyond dispute. What makes this collection exceptional is its local and popular character which reflects the tradition of text-related practices spread among the Oirat population of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the 20th century.
Arabic-language Epigraphy of Mosques in Lezgin Villages of Akhty District of Dagestan (Inscriptions of 11th–18th Centuries)
Authors:   Dagestan State University, Zakariyaev Zamir Sh.
Published: March 2022

The author of this article presents some results of the author’s study of the Arabic-language epigraphy of old Lezgin mosques in the Akhty District of the Republic of Dagestan. The mountainous Akhty District inhabited by Lezgins is located in the far south of Dagestan and Russian Federation, near the Main Caucasian ridge. The inscriptions of mosques are an important part of the district’s rich epigraphic heritage. The method of continuous study of epigraphic monuments made it possible to identify many Arabic-language inscriptions in different settlements, and also in abandoned rural settlements in hard-to-reach mountainous areas. The author considers not all epigraphic monuments of mosques, but only some of them. Many of them are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In addition, a new updated interpretation of some inscriptions already known to science is proposed. The translation of the inscriptions is accompanied by scientific commentary. Chronologically, the inscriptions cover the period from the 11th–12th centuries to the end of the 18th century. The epigraphy of this chronological period is found on the walls of only some villages in the Akhty District. A portion of the inscriptions considered are dated. To determine the time of undated inscriptions, the method of dating by paleographic features of writing is applied. In terms of genre, the epigraphic monuments of mosques consist of building and benevolent inscriptions, excerpts from Quranic Verse. The discovery of Kufic inscriptions from the 11th–12th centuries on the walls of mosques indicate that the most ancient mosques in the villages of the Akhty District have a millennial history. The geography of Kufic inscriptions found indicates the early spread of Islam even in the most remote and hard-to reach places in southern Dagestan. The location of the inscriptions, which for a long time were considered not preserved, has been established. Among them is the oldest dated building inscription in Arabic on the territory of Russia — from 563 AH (1167/68). After the establishment of rural communities in the Samur district of Dagestan in the beginning of the 17th century, the construction or repair of mosques was carried out, mostly either by the communities or by the representatives of the local Muslim elite.
The Ottoman-Mamluk War of 1516–1517 as Described by the Egyptian Historian Ibn Zunbul
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Ryzhenkova Tamara A.
Published: March 2022

The author of this article focuses on the 16th century work “The End of the Temporary Dynasty and the Rise to Power of the Ottoman Dynasty” by the Egyptian historian Ibn Zunbul Al-Rammal (“History” by Ibn Zunbul) and the events of the Ottoman-Mamluk war of 1516–1517 described in it. This book is the author’s most significant work. It is written in an artistic style and recounts the defeat of the penultimate Mamluk sultan Qansuh al-Ghuri in the war with the Ottoman ruler Selim I and the subsequent occupation of Syria and Egypt by the Ottomans. In the work, Ibn Zunbul takes the greatest interest in two topics. First, he examines the causes of the conflict, which broke out between Selim I and Qansuh al-Ghuri and led to the collapse of the Mamluk empire. Second, Ibn Zunbul pose the question why the Mamluks lost the war against the Ottomans. Despite his undisguised admiration for the fighting qualities of the Mamluks as knights, their combat tactics and courage, he is forced to admit that they could not resist the firearms of the Ottomans, which they had been actively using for many decades. Ibn Zunbul’s “History” is one of three works in Arabic written by contemporaries that detail the Ottoman conquest of Egypt. The author attempts to define the significance of Ibn Zunbul’s work as a source in the history of Egypt in the first half of the 16th century.
Models of Nomenclature Clichés for the Translation of Bus Stop Names
Authors:   M. K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Sobakina Irina V.
Published: March 2022

The preservation and expansion of the functioning sphere of the national languages of Russia is a requirement of modern times. Translation plays an important role in this, while, due to systemic discrepancies, literary and customary norms of the language occupy a dominant role. Translation is highly developed in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), works of oral folk art, fiction, some texts of the official business style are being translated, and the theoretical foundations of translation are being developed. Nevertheless, microtoponyms as an object of study of the private theory of Russian-Yakut translation have not been sufficiently studied, which determined the aim of the current study — the analysis of the phonetic, lexical and grammatical features of the models for creating nomenclature clichés in the modern Yakut language based on the materials of the translation of bus stops into the Yakut language. The work is an attempt, for the first time, to consider models for translating microtoponyms, in particular, the names of bus stops. The subject of the study was deliberately chosen: when sound accompaniment in the Yakut language was introduced in the capital’s transport routes, the public was outraged at the quality of the translation of the names of bus stops, which determined its editing. The material is the second translation, made by staff at the Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, edited by teachers of the department of stylistics of the Yakut language and Russian-Yakut translation of the NEFU named after M. K. Ammosov. The methods of continuous sampling, comparative and descriptive methods were used. The names of bus stops reflect important information about the history and culture of the locality. The stops in Yakutsk are named according to the objects in close proximity to the stops: territorial zones, streets, less often historical events and dates. The analysis has shown that the translation of bus stops names is primarily aimed at an easy perception by the recipient. Phonetic methods of translation are present: transliteration and transcription in combination with equivalent substitution, addition, amplification; lexical ones are represented by equivalent and adequate substitutions, tracing, concretization, generalization, addition, amplification and explication; grammatical — by permutation and replacement.