bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children's Attitudes toward Mental Illness as Assessed by the Opinions about Mental Illness Scale
Authors: Weiss Marc Franchot
Published: September 2011

Research on attitudes toward mental illness held by the public, by mental health professionals and personnel, and by psychiatric patients and their families is substantial. Little attention has been given to children's attitudes toward mental illness and the mentally ill, so this exploratory-descriptive study examined the developmental trends of children's attitudes toward the mentally ill. An adaptation of the Opinions About Mental Illness Scale was given to 512 elementary school age children who were placed in Grades 2, 4, 6, and 8. It was determined that with increasing grade/age children took a less authoritarian attitude toward the mentally ill and viewed mentally ill persons as more like themselves. Children rook an increasingly parernalistic view of the mentally ill, were less likely to see mental illness as an illness like any other, perceived mental patients as less of a threat to society and needing fewer restrictions. Finally, with increasing age/grade children perceived mental illness as less likely attributable to inadequate, deprived or interpersonal experiences. Results were discussed in terms of a relatively increased “positive attitude” and the relative acceptance and rejection of the mentally ill.
Viewers' Relationship to Television Personalities
Authors: Koenig Fredrick , Lessan Gloria
Published: September 2011

A series of semantic differential scales were administered to 195 adult television viewers. The scales measured distance in semantic space between the concepts, self and best friend, acquaintance, and favorite television personality. Mean ratings for favorite television personality were in between those for friend and acquaintance in closeness to the self. Of the types of television personalities, news commentators were closest to the self, followed by talk show hosts and situation-program characters. This relationship was limited to male respondents.
Frustration as an Important Determinant of Alcohol-Related Aggression
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: September 2011

An experimental study was performed to investigate the relationship between alcohol, frustration, and aggression. The hypothesis tested stated an increase in aggression as a result of alcohol only under frustrative conditions. Two alcohol doses and a placebo dose were tested in a modified “shock-machine” procedure. Human males were frustrated by a bogus partner when thwarted in winning a sum of money, and aggression was measured by intensity and duration of electric shocks given to the bogus partner. Subjects were supervising their partners on a visual scan test demanding concentration and were required to deliver shocks for incorrect responses. The results show no effects of alcohol under nonfrustrative conditions but increased aggression for the intensity measure for the high-alcohol-dose group under frustrative conditions compared to the placebo group and the low-alcohol-dose group. The hypothesis was supported and results were discussed in terms of a shift in attentional processes under alcohol to only salient features of a situation thereby taking on increased subjective significance.
The Awareness Issue and Memorial Influences upon Accuracy of Verbal Report: A Re-Examination of Some Data
Authors: White Peter A.
Published: September 2011

Nisbett and Wilson hypothesized that conscious awareness is limited to the products of mental processes. They claimed that this hypothesis is consistent with data obtained by Maier in 1931 showing that reports of usefulness of a hint are not correlated with a measure of the actual usefulness of the hint. Analysis of Maier's data shows a significant negative relationship between report of usefulness and apparent actual usefulness of the hint. This is not explained by lack of awareness hypothesized by Nisbett and Wilson but may be due to retroactive interference. It is concluded that the possibility of memorial influences upon accuracy of verbal report must be ruled out before inferences about conscious awareness can be drawn.
Cross-Cultural Study of Altruism
Authors: Ma Hing-Keung
Published: September 2011

Kohlberg's story “Heinz and the drug” was used. 78 Chinese and 213 English subjects were asked to what extent would they steal the drug for a person bearing the following relationship with them: husband and wife, father/mother and son, best friend, and stranger. Responses from both samples showed that a person is more altruistic towards people who are more closely related.
Differences in the Time or Frequency of Meals, Alcohol and Caffeine Ingestion, and Smoking Found between ‘Morning’ and ‘Evening’ Types
Authors: Ishihara Kaneyoshi , Miyasita Akio , Inugami Maki , Fukuda Kazuhiko , Yamazaki Katsuo , Miyata Yo
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated some differences between ‘morning’ and ‘evening’ types in life habits, particularly concerning meals, ingestion of caffeine and alcohol, and smoking. The Life Habits Inventory and the Japanese version of Home and Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire were administered to approximately 1500 students, and data on life habits of the morning types were compared with those of the evening types. Significant differences between these types were found in frequency of night meals, smoking, and ingestion of caffeine and alcohol. Although significant differences were not found for mealtimes, 34.8% of the evening types typically did not eat breakfast. These differences were discussed from viewpoint of chronopharmacology and personality.
Beyond Medicine: Healing Power in the Doctor-Patient Relationship
Authors: Blum Lucille Hollander
Published: September 2011

Healing power in the doctor-patient relationship is addressed to physicians in physical health care and to medical students but is of equal importance to dentists, social workers, nurses, and teachers in the field of physical health care. The presentation points up that in the relationship between physician and patient certain phenomena occur that are comparable to responses in the relationship between the psychoanalyst and analysand, such as transference and countertransference. This indicates that the physician in physical health care in effect is involved in some kind of psychotherapy. Aspects of the art of medicine are described. Emphasis is on the potential for patients' physical health improvement—placebo effect—when the providers' perception extends beyond focus on physical symptoms and disorders and includes attention to the patients' psychological and emotional needs.
Irrational Beliefs and Intellectual Performance
Authors: Prola Max
Published: September 2011

A multiple-regression analysis of the association between the endorsement of irrational beliefs and scores on tests of reading, writing, and mathematics in 135 female and 98 male college applicants confirmed the hypothesis that Ellisonian irrationality is associated with the verbal and not the nonverbal aspects of intellectual functioning. Possible mechanisms to account for the relationships are discussed.
Patterns of Thought Disorder: Overinclusion and Overexclusion in Schizophrenics, Manics, and other Psychopathological Groups
Authors: Munschauer Carol A. , Cohen Ira S.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated overinclusive and overexclusive thinking in chronic and acute schizophrenics, manics and schizoaffective schizophrenics. Comparison groups were comprised of depressives, character disorders, and borderline patients. A concept formation task was developed which allowed for a separate analysis of association and accuracy errors. The major findings were: (a) acute and chronic schizophrenics did not differ from each other but did differ from comparison-control groups; (b) the manic pattern differed from all other groups showing severe overinclusion and minimal overexclusion; (c) schizoaffective schizophrenics shared qualities of both the schizophrenic and manic groups but were equivalent to neither.
Measuring Nonpathological Compulsiveness
Authors: Kagan Dona M. , Squires Rose L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to refine the Leyton Obsessional Inventory for use among a normal population. A subset of 25 items from the Leyton inventory was administered to 563 college students along with several self-report personality tests. A factor analysis of the Leyton items yielded three subscales pertaining to the tendency to be overly concerned that decisions and tasks are completed perfectly according to a rigid procedure. The construct validity of the subscales was evaluated in terms of intercorrelations with scores on the other personality tests.
Higher-Order Analysis of 16 PF Scores: An Alternative Method
Authors: Reuter Ellen K. , Schuerger James M. , Wallbrown Fred H.
Published: September 2011

For a sample of 132 clients from a counseling psychology private practice, 16 PF primary scores were subjected to hierarchical factor analysis with resulting replication of Cattell's higher order factors at secondary and tertiary levels of analysis.
Structural Analysis of the MMPI and the 16 PF
Authors: Lore Maurice , Nerviano Vincent J. , Myhill John
Published: September 2011

The goal was to establish the higher-level factors common to the MMPI and to the 16 PF inventories. The results could provide evidence of the equivalence of description terms and facilitate score-profile interpretation. A sample of detoxified alcohol dependent inpatients were administered the MMPI and the 16 PF (Form A). The scale intercorrelations were analyzed by the method of principal components and rotated both orthogonally and obliquely. The seven factors isolated were interpreted as Ego Strength, Exvia, Superego, Conservative-Cautious, Tough-minded, Self-sufficiency, and MMPI Pathology. These findings agree closely on four dimensions reported by LaForge and O'Dell-Karson, so the forms are best utilized to complement each other.
Unemployment and Intelligence
Authors: Layton C.
Published: September 2011

The Mill Hill (Form I, Set B Synonyms) was administered to 186 prospective male school-leavers and 101 adult men facing redundancy to test the popular belief that the unemployed are less intelligent. Some 6 months postschool and redundancy, employment status was sought. No significant differences were noted for either sample between those who found employment and those who were unemployed.
Assessment of Fitness to Stand Trial: The Need for a Profile Rather Than a Scale
Authors: Coles E. M. , Pos Robert
Published: September 2011

A conceptual analysis of the concept of “fitness to stand trial” is presented. It is suggested that the real issue is the assessment of “unfitness” rather than “fitness”; that this is a multivariate, disjunctive, and relative concept; and that it must be measured in terms of a personality profile rather than a point along a unitary dimension.
Relationship between Private Self-Consciousness and Anxiety Scores in Threatening Situations
Authors: Wells Adrian
Published: September 2011

The present study explored the hypothesis that, when facing a threatening situation persons high in dispositional self-focus will exhibit higher state-anxiety than persons low in dispositional self-focus. It was predicted that dispositional self-focus is positively correlated with trait-anxiety and in a threatening situation is associated with increased ‘worry.’ The relation between the experience of anxiety and the direction of attention was investigated using the private self-consciousness subscale as a measure of dispositional self-focus. 64 undergraduate male and female students scored high on a measure of state-anxiety prior to a course examination. Women had significantly higher state-anxiety scores than men. Significant correlations were found for private self-consciousness with state-anxiety, trait-anxiety, and ‘worry.’ These results are discussed in relation to the experience of anxiety.
Rationales for an Implicit Personality Theory
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: September 2011

Implicit personality theories could develop out of the rationales on which each individual bases a concept of man and constructs an implicit personality theory. 77 psychology students (19 men, 58 women) were given the task of appraising rationales in an empirical study designed to investigate the background of implicit personality theory. The basic assumptions of Hjelle and Ziegler in 1976 concerning personality theories were used as the rationales. The answers given on the basis of these rationales were uniform, which supports the supposition that they are universal. Holism, subjectivity, and proactivity were emphasized uniformly. The results are, in part, very similar to the theoretical views of Murray, Allport, Erikson, Freud, and Kelly.
Alcohol Abuse Scale of the Psychological Inventory of Personality and Symptoms: A Cross-Validation
Authors: Vincent Ken R. , Williams Wright
Published: September 2011

The clinical validity of the Alcohol Abuse Scale of the Psychological Inventory of Personality and Symptoms was examined on two separate samples, 48 patients from a private psychiatric hospital and 60 from a public psychiatric hospital. Using a T-score cut-off of 70, on the Alcohol Abuse Scale of the Psychological Inventory of Personality and Symptoms, 82% of the private patient sample were correctly identified and 84% of the public hospital patient sample were correctly identified. It was concluded the alcohol abuse scale of the Psychological Inventory of Personality and Symptoms (PIPS) shows some promise as a viable assessment device for identifying alcoholism and alcohol abuse.
Preference Formation: An Analysis of Attribute Proximity
Authors: Evans Richard H.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the hypothesis that there should be a positive and significant relationship between features and perceptions relative to proximity. A Pearson correlation of .57 for 136 undergraduates confirmed the hypothesis. The majority of individual features and perceptions measured on the basis of proximity were positively and significantly related.
Reliability, Discriminant and Predictive Validity of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
Authors: Gabrys John B. , Peters Kay
Published: September 2011

The present study was to assess the potential usefulness of the Zung Self-rating Scale with 173 family escorts, 218 nondepressed, and 369 depressed clients. Findings for reliability and for discriminant and predictive validity parallel data reported by others. It was concluded that the scale, combined with a corroborative clinical interview, may be useful for diagnostic purposes.
Note on the Stability of Rotter's I-E Scale
Authors: Layton Clive
Published: September 2011

Test-retest correlations over lengthy periods, for two samples, revealed the Rotter I-E Scale to be stable. The general increase in reported externality scores in the over-all population is discussed.
The Ghiselli Self-Description Inventory: A Psychometric Appraisal
Authors: Schippmann Jeffery S. , Prien Erich P.
Published: September 2011

A multitrait-multimethod analysis and a centroid factor analysis were used to examine and evaluate the measurement properties of the Ghiselli Self-description Inventory. The results support the use of the inventory and suggest the instrument can provide a relatively quick and simple method of measuring occupationally related personality traits and abilities.
Effects of Progressive Relaxation on Epilepsy: Analysis of a Series of Cases
Authors: Rousseau Andre , Hermann Bruce , Whitman Steven
Published: September 2011

It is well known that stress and other environmental factors often trigger seizures in people with epilepsy but reviews of the literature show no rigorous studies of behavioral approaches to minimize stress and improve seizure control. The purpose of this study was to overcome this deficiency by studying the effects of progressive relaxation therapy on the frequency of seizures in eight intellectually intact subjects with epilepsy. All 8 experienced at least six seizures in a 3-wk. baseline period. They were then randomly placed into either Group 1, who underwent relaxation therapy during the next 3-wk. interval, or Group 2, who underwent a 3-wk. sham treatment and then a 3-wk. relaxation therapy. All 8 subjects showed decreases from baseline to treatment, indicating a significant beneficial effect of relaxation therapy for reduction of seizures. All 8 gave subjective reports of improved feelings of well-being beyond decreases in the frequency of their seizures. The implications of these results are discussed and suggestions for research are presented.
A Policy-Capturing Approach to Examine Relationships between Attitudes and Leadership Style
Authors: Adams Jerome , Richards John D.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to obtain more understanding of the relational qualities of leadership in military organizations by using a policy-capturing approach. The issue was the introduction of the innate dispositions of an actor and the demands of the situation at work. A survey instrument was administered to 326 Army leaders located throughout the United States. Analysis shows that the leaders could be classified either as developmental or punitive. Further, the leaders handled the same standard problems with significantly different solutions. Policy capturing seems a conceptually meaningful methodology to explain the process of leadership in specific organizational settings.
Distinctiveness of Encoding and Learning Words: Forms of “Distinctiveness” and Retention of Vocabulary in Immediate and Longer Term Memory
Authors: Shaughnessy Michael F. , Cockrell Kelly , Evans Robert
Published: September 2011

The distinctiveness of encoding paradigm which was recently developed in the levels of processing perspective has been successfully employed with prose/textual materials. An experiment was conducted to ascertain the most viable form of distinctiveness in learning words and to ascertain relative effectiveness in both short (immediately after testing) and longer term (1 mo. later) recall.
Job Applicants' Sex and Marital Status as Determinants of Evaluations of Resumes
Authors: Biggs David L. , Beutell Nicholas J.
Published: September 2011

Job applicants' sex and marital status were manipulated in a paradigm in which a resume was evaluated. Personnel recruiters were role-played by 117 MBA students, each of whom evaluated one resume. An interaction of sex of recruiter × applicant's marital status was found in relation to interviewing the applicant and applicant's motivation to work. Male recruiters rated the applicant more favorably in each case. No significant effects of applicant's sex × marital status were found. Implications for management were discussed.
Performance Differences for Retarded Adolescents on the PPVT and the PPVT—R
Authors: Ziegler Edward W. , Taylor Ronald L. , Younginger Karen E.
Published: September 2011

Scores from 26 moderately retarded adolescents were obtained on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) and the PPVT—Revised (PPVT—R). While the scores on the test were correlated .85, the PPVT scores were significantly higher, which is consistent with prior research using different populations including mildly retarded and gifted. Implications for the practitioner are discussed.
Effects of Modifying Instruction in a College Classroom
Authors: Rysberg Jane A.
Published: September 2011

Of students enrolled in an introductory psychology course 550 received traditional lecture-based instruction and 232 instruction in which lectures were accompanied by unit testing to mastery and student proctors. A comparison of students' performance and attitudes showed that those given the modified format performed significantly better, rated the course significantly more positively, and had a lower dropout rate than students in the traditional course.
Men's Perceptions of Nurturing Behavior in other Men
Authors: Draper Thomas W. , Gordon Tom
Published: September 2011

87 young adult male students were randomly divided into two groups. One group read an account of a young man interacting with preschool-age children in a nurturing manner. The other group read a nonnurturing account of the same interaction. The subjects rated the nurturing male as higher in goodness and obedience and lower in masculinity, potency, activity, and instrumental achievement potential than the nonnurturing male. From this it was concluded that some men may experience sex-role anxieties when they observe other men behave in a nurturing manner.
Psychometric Evaluation of an Integrated Assessment Procedure
Authors: Schippmann Jeffery S. , Prien Erich P.
Published: September 2011

The identification of supervisory and management potential has been an issue of priority in personnel selection for at least the past 40 years. Consequently, a wide variety of procedures have been developed and researched. A recently proposed method is the Brush and Schoenfeldt (1980) integrated assessment approach. Such an assessment system was developed and implemented at a southeast steel plant. A multitrait-multimethod-multirater analysis was used to assess the convergent and discriminant validity of the integrated assessment judgments. The results supported the use of the procedure for supervisors but not self-assessments. In each case, some evidence for convergent and discriminant validity was obtained. These results suggest that integrated assessment judgments of job skills possess the psychometric properties necessary for operational use.
Validity Studies of Three Measures of Achievement Motivation
Authors: Lindgren Henry Clay , Moritsch Brian , Thulin Edwin K. , Mich Gary
Published: September 2011

Three studies of samples of university women ( Ns between 50 and 79) and men ( Ns between 28 and 47) were undertaken to determine the concurrent validity of two questionnaires and a TAT test, each purporting to measure achievement motivation. In Study I, Lindgren's NachNaff test correlated more strongly than Ray's Achievement Orientation (AO) test with scales on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) considered to reflect different degrees of achievement motivation. In Study II, women's NachNaff and AO scores correlated significantly with more California Psychological Inventory scales than men's did. Study III was done to validate NachNaff and AO scales against ratings of stories written to TAT pictures, but with little success. Numbers of both achievement and affiliation themes found in TAT stories were positively correlated with grade-point averages (GPA) for both sexes and with men's AO scores, but when verbal fluency was controlled, correlations were negative or nonsignificant. NachNaff and AO scales discriminated as hypothesized between students' choices of academic majors, but the TAT ratings did not. In general, the three studies found more similarities than differences between the NachNaff and the AO scales, and both scales showed greater validity with the Strong-Campbell and the California Psychological Inventory for women than for men. Results for the NachNaff scale gave some confirmation for its face validity as a measure of a drive for excellence through self-improvement, whereas data for Ray's test tended to confirm its sociological orientation as a measure of striving for status.
Identification of Rejected and Neglected Children
Authors: Kafer Norman F. , Shannon Kerri A. L.
Published: September 2011

Problems associated with identifying children who are rejected or neglected by their peers are examined. Two methods, sociometric techniques and behaviour-rating scales, are outlined.
Irrational Beliefs Underlying Type a Behavior: Evidence for a Cautious Approach
Authors: Hamberger L. Kevin , Hastings James E.
Published: September 2011

A number of studies have demonstrated relationships between various self-endorsed “irrational beliefs” and Type A coronary-prone behavior in young, healthy college student samples and in healthy, middle-management executives. The present study examined the relationship between Type A personality and irrational beliefs in a sample with coronary heart disease. Extensive analyses yielded some statistically significant results. Type A behavior and its components were related to beliefs reflecting inordinate need for competence and concern about control issues. The observed relationships were small and, by themselves, appeared to have limited clinical utility. While it was concluded that cognitive intervention may be effective in reducing some facets of coronary-prone behavior in certain individuals, such therapies would best be applied after the identification of specific target beliefs.
Standardization of the Lie Scale of the Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventory for Children
Authors: Battle James , Carson Nancy G. , Ord Linda C. , Hawkins Wendy L. , Precht Dan , Labercane George
Published: September 2011

1832 boys and girls enrolled in Grades 3 through 6 participated in a standardization study of the Culture-free Self-esteem Inventory for children. The mean lie scores for the total group, boys and girls were 6.15, 6.20, and 6.10, respectively.
Comparison of Item Responses of English- and Spanish-Speaking Children Using Minimum Logit Chi-Squared Regression
Authors: Powers Stephen , Wagner Michael J. , Lopez Richard L. , Jones Patricia B.
Published: September 2011

A total of 102 Spanish-speaking preschool pupils and 104 English-speaking pupils were individually administered the Spanish and English versions of the Cooperative Preschool Inventory. Minimum logit chi-squared regression was applied to each of the 33 items of the verbal scale of the inventory. Several differences in the response patterns of the two groups were noted, although the number of potentially biased items was small (12%).
An Overview of Cocaine Use and Abuse
Authors: Murray John B.
Published: September 2011

Use of cocaine is traced from South American Indians through 19th century European patterns into 20th century United States. Different methods of using cocaine produce effects with different potencies; the free-basing method is most potent and potentially most lethal and addictive. Addiction to cocaine has a different pattern than the physiological effects of heroin but is no less real, perhaps even more dangerous.
Longitudinal Analysis of Health and Safety Behaviors among Preschool Children
Authors: Parcel Guy S. , Bruhn John G. , Cerreto Mary C.
Published: September 2011

Of 39 children aged 3 to 7 yr. who were taught about health and safety over 4 yr., more practiced safety than those in an untaught comparison group of 47. Practice of health behaviors, however, was similar.
Causal Reasoning for Group Task Performance
Authors: Zimmerman Judy A. , Riggio Ronald E.
Published: September 2011

Individuals differing in achievement motivation read a case description of a group sales project while assuming the role of the project's manager. Subjects read one of four versions of the case in which the project outcome and the manager's reliance upon the contributions of coworkers were varied. Subjects then evaluated the extent to which the supervisor's effort, ability, luck, task difficulty, and co-workers contributed to the project outcome. Self-serving attributional biases were not fully evidenced. Differences among achievement groups emerged only on ascriptions to coworkers and only when considering the project outcome and the manager's reliance upon subordinates.
Sex Differences in Occupational Choices of Second-Grade Black Children
Authors: Miller Mark J. , Stanford Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

84 second-grade black children were asked about their most preferred occupations. Both sexes (44 boys, 40 girls) chose traditionally sex-stereoryped occupations. Implications of the findings are mentioned.
Examining Metamemory within the Context of Parent-Child Interactions
Authors: Moore John J. , Mullis Ronald L. , Mullis Ann K.
Published: September 2011

The production of memory-monitoring behaviors was investigated on two occasions, 1 yr. apart, for 9- and 10-yr.-old children and their parents. A structured block-design task was used to elicit verbal and nonverbal problem-solving strategies from children and their parents during dyadic interactions. Based on Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, it was proposed that children acquire more sophisticated cognitive skills through social interaction. Results support this view in that with experience, children and parents used fewer overt memory-monitoring strategies in problem solving.
Psychologists Participating on or Chairing Prison Disciplinary Boards: Comments
Authors: Williams Robert
Published: September 2011

Discusses some practical and ethical dilemmas posed for psychologists and other mental health professionals asked to participate in the punitive process of a prison's disciplinary boards.
Selective Attention in Emotionally Disturbed/Behavior-Disordered Children
Authors: Unruh David , Gilliam James E.
Published: September 2011

Hagen's Central-Incidental Task was administered to 27 emotionally disturbed/behavior disordered students, ages 9 to 13 yr., and 27 normal peers. Subjects were matched on chronological age, sex, and race. There were no significant differences in performance between the handicapped group and their normal peers on three measures—central task, incidental task, and efficiency of selective attention. In addition, no significant developmental trends were observed in either group. The results questioned the assumption that students labeled as emotionally disturbed/behavior disordered have deficits in selective attention.
Dimensionality of the Short Form of the Beck Depression Inventory: A Study with Iranian College Students
Authors: Hojat Mohammadreza , Shapurian Reza , Mehryar Amir H.
Published: September 2011

The abridged form of the Beck Depression Inventory was administered to 537 Iranian college students in the United States and in Iran. The results of factor analysis for students in Iranian colleges were similar to those in the United States. The rotated factor pattern of the combined data indicated two dimensions (negative self-view and physical withdrawal) embedded in the inventory that were similar to those reported by the author of the scale.
Contributions of Family to Men's Fear of Success in College
Authors: Balkin Joseph
Published: September 2011

This study examined fear of success in college men in relation to their parents' college education or lack of it. 44 male college freshmen wrote stories to a cue designed to elicit fear of success imagery. Analysis showed more fear of success in students whose parents had not gone to college than in students whose parents had some college experience. The results, taken together with those of previous study by the author, suggest that fear of success in college among men involves fear of rejection and disapproval by significant others—family and friends.
A Multiple-Outcome Evaluation of Training Parents in Active Listening
Authors: Graybill Daniel
Published: September 2011

To examine the effects of training parents in active listening parents of 32 children in Grades 4 to 8 were randomly assigned to one of three counseling groups or a no-treatment control group. The counseling groups, which met for six 2-hr. sessions, were taught active listening skills. Parents showed decreases in anxiety and increases in confidence, knowledge of how to respond to children's feelings, and active listening. However, there were no changes in children's attitudes or behaviors. Research should determine ways in which parents' reflective counseling can benefit children.
The Compensatory Conditioned Response to Brain Stimulation-Induced Feeding: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Siegel Stephen F.
Published: September 2011

One rat was the subject in a Pavlovian conditioning study. The conditioned stimulus was white noise and the unconditioned stimulus was electric stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (ESLH). Latency to start eating from ESLH onset was the dependent measure. The mean latency on signaled trials was significantly longer than the mean latency on unsignaled trials. This indicates that the conditioned response (inhibition of eating) was compensatory to the unconditioned response (eating).
Temperament, Communicative Competence and the Psychological Adjustment of Kindergarten Children
Authors: Skarpness Lorie R. , Carson David K.
Published: September 2011

This study examined different aspects of children's psychological adjustment within 8 traditional kindergarten classrooms in relation to both characteristics of temperament and communicative abilities. The sample consisted of 122 boys and 95 girls ( N = 217, M age = 70 mo.) from middle-class Caucasian families residing in the Upper Midwest. Communicative competence and the temperament dimensions of approach/withdrawal, mood and general activity level were significantly predictive of various manifestations of adjustment/maladjustment during the early phases of kindergarten, including peer relations, dependency, hostility, and productivity. In addition, the sex and age of the children were predictive of their dependency, productivity, and withdrawal as evaluated by teachers within the school environment.
2-deoxy-D-glucose combined with ferulic acid enhances radiation response in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells
Authors: Reddy Bandugula , Prasad N.
Published: September 2011

The present study was undertaken to investigate the radiosensitizing effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), a glycolytic inhibitor, and ferulic acid (FA), a phenolic prooxidant, in relatively radioresistant human non-small cell lung carcinoma cells (NCI-H460). NCI-H460 cells were treated with 4 mM 2DG and/or 53.8 µM FA for 24 h and then exposed to 2 Gy irradiation. Compared to cells that were 2 Gy-irradiated alone (50%), FA and 2DG with radiation (FA+2DG+IR) showed additional decrease in cell viability (15%). This has been further validated by decreased (86%) colony formation in 2DG+FA+IR group compared to 2DG (29%), FA (24%) and IR (37%) group alone. Increased apoptotic cells (84%) in 2DG+FA+IR group further confirm the radiosensitizing property of 2DG or FA. In NCI-H460 cells 2DG decreased NADPH levels (10%) and FA increased ROS levels leading to enhanced oxidative damage in the 2DG+FA+IR group. This was reflected as altered mitochondrial membrane potential, increased lipid peroxidative markers (TBARS), DNA damage and decreased intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels in combined treatment groups when compared to radiation or 2DG or FA treatment alone. The present study suggests that FA and 2DG act by increasing oxidative damage in NCI-H460 cells.
Effects of nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist RH-5992 and chitin biosynthesis inhibitor lufenuron on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833)
Authors: Gelbic Ivan , Adel Manal , Hussein Hany
Published: September 2011

Comparative studies of the effects of two compounds, tebufenozide (an ecdysone agonist) and lufenuron (an insect growth regulator inhibiting chitin synthesis), were conducted on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833). The compounds, orally administered, caused larval mortality proportional to the concentrations in the food source. Tebufenozide initiated precocious molting, and lufenuron, and inhibited chitin synthesis. In both cases, larvae were unable to complete the molting process and died in the old larval cuticle. Larvae contaminated by sublethal doses completed their development to adulthood. Lufenuron is more active than is tebufenozide. LD-50 for lufenuron is 0.0001ppm and for tebufenozide 0.001ppm. Topical application of the test compounds to eggs caused dose- and agedependent inhibition of embryonic development. Application of tebufenozide in the second half of embryogenesis caused precocious molting of eclosed larvae of the 1st instar. Some morphological changes in the process of larval-pupal transformation were also observed. Tested compounds also reduced reproduction in adult individuals that had been treated by the tested compounds in the larval stage.
Parthenogenesis in mammals: pros and cons in pluripotent cell derivation
Authors: Pennarossa Georgia , Paffoni Alessio , Ragni Guido , Gandolfi Fulvio , Brevini Tiziana
Published: September 2011

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) represent a useful tool for cell therapy studies, however the use of embryos for their derivation give rise to ethical, religious and legal problems when applied to the human. During the last years parthenogenesis has been proposed as an alternative source to obtain ESCs. Based on the fact that parthenotes avoid many concerns surrounding the “ad hoc” in vitro production and following destruction of viable human embryos. Unfortunately many aspects related to parthenogenetic cell biology are not fully understood and still need to be elucidated. In this review we describe advantages and limits of these cells. We discuss their typical ESC morphology and high telomerase activity, which disappears after differentiation. We examine the pluripotency signature that they share with bi-parental ESCs. We review their high differentiation plasticity that allow for the derivation of several mature cell type populations when we expose these cells to adequate conditions. On the other hand, in-depth analysis demonstrated chromosome mal-segregation and altered mechanisms controlling centriole arrangement and mitotic spindle formation in these cells. We hypothesize their monoparental origin as one of the possible cause of these anomalies and suggest a great caution if a therapeutic use is considered.
ATP binding cassette systems: structures, mechanisms, and functions
Authors: Licht Anke , Schneider Erwin
Published: September 2011

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) systems are found in all three domains of life and in some giant viruses and form one of the largest protein superfamilies. Most family members are transport proteins that couple the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to the translocation of solutes across a biological membrane. The energizing module is also used to drive non-transport processes associated, e.g., with DNA repair and protein translation. Many ABC proteins are of considerable medical importance. In humans, dysfunction of at least eighteen out of 49 ABC transporters is associated with disease, such as cystic fibrosis, Tangier disease, adrenoleukodystrophy or Stargardt’s macular degeneration. In prokaryotes, ABC proteins confer resistance to antibiotics, secrete virulence factors and envelope components, or mediate the uptake of a large variety of nutrients. Canonical ABC transporters share a common structural organization comprising two transmembrane domains (TMDs) that form the translocation pore and two nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) that bind and hydrolyze ATP. In this Mini-Review, we summarize recent structural and biochemical data obtained from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic model systems.
Pressure Algometry: What Does It Really Tell Us?
Authors: Sterling Michele
Published: September 2011

In recent times, there has been increased interest on the identification of nociceptive processes that may underlie various musculoskeletal conditions including neck pain and whiplash-associated disorder (WAD). The latter condition is recalcitrant to conservative treatment approaches and it has been logically reasoned that improved understanding of the processes underlying this and similar conditions may pave the way for the development and testing of improved management strategies. Recent data indicate that augmented central pain processing mechanisms (central hyperexcitability) is a likely feature of various musculoskeletal conditions, including WAD, cervical radiculopathy, and arthritis. More importantly, sensory responses indicative of augmented pain processing have demonstrated predictive capacity to identify those likely to have poor functional recovery following whiplash injury, resulting in recommendations that such measures be included in the assessment of people with acute WAD.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(9):623–624. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.0106
Pressure Pain Threshold Testing Demonstrates Predictive Ability in People With Acute Whiplash
Authors: Walton David , MacDermid Joy , Nielson Warren , Teasell Robert , Reese Hilary , Levesque Lenerdene
Published: September 2011

Study Design

Longitudinal cohort study.

Objectives

To determine whether pressure pain threshold (PPT), tested at 2 standardized sites, could provide additional prognostic ability to predict short-term outcomes in people with acute whiplash, after controlling for age, sex, and baseline pain intensity.

Background

PPT may be a valuable assessment and prognostic indicator for people with whiplash-associated disorder. The extent to which PPT can predict short-term disability scores has yet to be explored in people with acute (of less than 30 days in duration) whiplash-associated disorder in a clinical setting.

Methods

Eligible patients were recruited from community-based physiotherapy clinics in Canada. Baseline measurements included PPT, as well as pain intensity, age, and sex. Neck-related disability was collected with the Neck Disability Index 1 to 3 months after PPT testing. Multiple linear regression models were constructed to evaluate the unique contribution of PPT in the prediction of follow-up disability scores.

Results

A total of 45 subjects provided complete data. A regression model that included sex, baseline pain intensity, and PPT at the distal tibialis anterior site was the most parsimonious model for predicting short-term Neck Disability Index scores 1 to 3 months after PPT testing, explaining 38.6% of the variance in outcome. None of the other variables significantly improved the predictive power of the model.

Conclusion

Sex, pain intensity, and PPT measured at a site distal to the injury were the most parsimonious set of predictors of short-term neck-related disability score, and represented promising additions to assessment of traumatic neck pain. Neither age nor PPT at the local site was able to explain significant variance beyond those 3 predictors. Limitations to interpretation are addressed. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(9):658–665. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3668
Combined intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging and navigated neuroendoscopy in children with multicompartmental hydrocephalus and complex cysts: a feasibility study
Authors: Paraskevopoulos Dimitrios , Biyani Naresh , Constantini Shlomi , Beni-Adani Liana
Published: September 2011

Object

The rationale for using endoscopy to treat complex cysts and multiloculated hydrocephalus is to combine several CSF compartments into a minimum number, establish a connection to functioning CSF compartments (that is, ventricles), and decrease shunt dependency. The aim is to decrease the number of proximal shunt catheters, the number of shunt revisions, and in selected cases even to avoid a shunt. In cases of distorted anatomy and multiloculated cysts, endoscopy may be problematic because of orientation issues. Standard navigation becomes useless soon after CSF loss due to brain shift. Therefore, the concept of “real-time” navigation and intraoperative imaging in combination with endoscopic surgery has been previously suggested. The goal of the present study was to assess the feasibility and efficacy of combining intraoperative MR (iMR) imaging and navigated neuroendoscopy in infants.

Methods

The authors report their experience in treating 5 infants (aged 6–14 months), who underwent surgery for multicystic hydrocephalus presenting with shunt malfunction (4 patients) and a quadrigeminal fetal arachnoid cyst (1 patient). In all infants, a low-field portable iMR imaging system (0.12-T PoleStar N-10/0.15-Tesla PoleStar N-20) was used in conjunction with navigated endoscopy. The authors used e-steady, T1-weighted, and T2-weighted sequences (acquisition time 24 seconds to 3.5 minutes).

Results

The iMR imaging system provided clear images that correlated with the endoscopic appearance of the cystic membranes in all patients, and the images were helpful in determining trajectories and redefining targets. The iMR images documented brain shift and changes in CSF spaces during surgery. There were no intraoperative complications or technical difficulties of visualization. No infection or any other immediate postoperative complication occurred. Patients were followed up for 9 months to 7 years. The infant presenting with the quadrigeminal cyst remains shunt free since surgery, and the patients with multicystic hydrocephalus have 1–2 shunts each. Following endoscopic, iMR imaging–guided surgery, shunt catheter positioning was found to be optimal and as planned according to the postoperative imaging.

Conclusions

Navigated neuroendoscopy and iMR imaging may complement each other, offering an advantage over other modalities in complicated cases of hydrocephalus. Whenever targets and trajectories need to be redefined, the iMR images provided an updated navigation data set, allowing accurate navigation of the endoscope and minimizing the number of CSF compartments. Direct vision through the endoscope provides microanatomical details for the optimization of fenestration and catheter positioning. The combined usage of the two modalities may transform a conventional procedure into a visually controlled real-time navigated process.
Are ultrasonography measurements of optic nerve sheath diameter an alternative to funduscopy in children with syndromic craniosynostosis?
Authors: Driessen Caroline , Bannink Natalja , Lequin Maarten , van Veelen Marie-Lise C. , Naus Nicole C. , Joosten Koen F. M. , Mathijssen Irene M. J.
Published: September 2011

Object

Children with syndromic or complex craniosynostosis are evaluated for increased intracranial pressure (ICP) using funduscopy to detect papilledema. However, papilledema is a late sign of increased ICP. Because papilledema might be preceded by an increase in optic nerve sheath (ONS) diameter, the authors conducted a prospective study to establish the validity and applicability of measuring the ONS using ultrasonography.

Methods

From January 2007 to December 2009, 175 bilateral ultrasonography ONS measurements were performed in 128 patients with syndromic or complex craniosynostosis during the daytime. The measurements were correlated with ONS diameter assessed on CT and simultaneous funduscopy, when available. Furthermore, results were compared by using thresholds for ONS diameters on ultrasonography that are available in the literature.

Results

The mean ONS diameter on ultrasonography was 3.1 ± 0.5 mm. The CT measurement was significantly correlated with the ultrasonography measurement (r = 0.41, p < 0.001). The mean ONS diameter in 38 eyes with papilledema was 3.3 ± 0.5 mm, compared with 3.1 ± 0.5 mm in the eyes of patients without papilledema (p = 0.039). Relative to the age-related thresholds, the ONS diameter was too large in 11 eyes (3%), particularly in patients with Crouzon syndrome. Compared with funduscopy, ultrasonography sensitivity was 11%, specificity was 97%, and positive and negative predictive values were 40% and 86%, respectively.

Conclusions

Ultrasonography is a valid and easy way of quantifying the ONS. Although the ONS diameter is larger in children with papilledema, it cannot be used as a daytime screening tool instead of funduscopy. The ONS diameter is possibly a more real-time indicator of ICP.