bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solubilization of macro-mineral elements in vivo from fresh herbage and their availabilities to, and uptake by steers
Authors: Chiy PC , Phillips CJC
Published: June 2019

Inadequate uptake of macro-mineral elements in cattle frequently causes economic losses, mainly through clinical disease in the case of Ca and Mg and reduced performance in the case of P and Na. Uptake is a function of mineral intake, solubilization in the digestive tract and absorption of the solubilized fraction. Inadequate Mg uptake is known to be partly caused by fertilizer K, which elevates herbage Ko content and prevents Mg absorption in the rumen. Fertilizer Na, by restricting herbage K uptake offers a means to increase Mg uptake in cattle and could potentially increase the uptake of other minerals.
The selection by young pigs of dietary cereal and protein fractions supplemented with amino acids to idealise protein contents
Authors: Healy W.J. , Gill B.P. , English P.R. , Davidson F.M.
Published: June 2019

Choice-feeding has the potential to replace the conventional practice of formulating and manufacturing a series of complete diets for growing pigs. One option is to allow the pig to select a diet from a cereal mixture and a protein rich mixture. However differences in feed ingredient composition, for example amino acid imbalances may influence selection, nutrient intake and performance. The aim was to determine if young growing pigs could select a diet to meet energy and ideal protein requirements, from cereal and protein rich feed ingredients, both of which were supplemented with synthetic amino acids to idealise for apparent ileal digestible (AID) protein.
The diet selection of lambs offered food choices of different nutrient density
Authors: Cooper S.D.B. , Kyriazakis I.
Published: June 2019

Cropper (1987) considered the influence of the ‘bulkiness’ of foods upon the diet selections made by growing lambs. The food pairs offered differed in both crude protein (CP) concentration and digestibility. The lambs offered such choices did not completely avoid the more bulky food, which would have been expected from an optimal foraging point of view (Krebs & McCleery, 1984). This led to the suggestion that the consumption of small quantities of the more bulky food was beneficial to the lamb, perhaps to maintain rumen function. The foods used in Cropper's (1987) experiment had different metabolisable energy concentrations and so the ratio of protein:energy would have varied between foods, thus these lambs may have attempted to select diets in order to achieve a specific ratio of such nutrients.

The objective of this experiment was to test whether nutrient density (concentrations of protein and energy) has an influence upon diet selection. This was achieved by offering pairs of foods with different nutrient densities but a constant ratio of metabolisable protein (MP): metabolisable energy.
The effect of physiological state (late pregnancy) on the diet selection of ewes
Authors: Cooper S.D.B. , Kyriazakis I , Anderson D. H. , Oldham J. D.
Published: June 2019

Previous studies of diet selection, in a controlled environment (Hou et al, 1991; Kyriazakis & Oldham, 1992) have demonstrated that growing lambs are able to select, from foods differing in crude protein content, a diet which meets their requirements for protein. Little consideration has been given to the effect of other physiological states upon diet selection. The ewe in the last eight weeks before lambing has been chosen as further model; during this period ewes have an increasing requirement for metabolisable energy and protein in order to supply the growth and development of the foetus and maternal tissues. In addition the foetus has an increasing absolute requirement for glucose, which must be supplied by the ewe herself via gluconeogenesis.

The objective of this experiment was determine whether ewes are able to select a diet, from a pair of foods, which enables them to supply these requirements for metabolisable energy and protein. Secondly it was hoped that the size of the pool of non amino precursors could be altered and so it would be possible to test whether the availability of such precursors would have an influence upon the selection for protein.
Feeding chopped sorghum stover to ethiopian sheep: effects of sorghum variety and amount offered on intake, digestibility and live-weight change
Authors: Osafo ELK , Owen E , Said A N , Gill M , McAllan A B , Sherington J
Published: June 2019

Previous experiments (Osafo, Owen, Said, Gill & McAllan, 1992), investigated the possibility of using low-input technology to improve intake of sorghum stover in sheep and cattle. Physical form of stover influenced intake differently in sheep and cattle; chopping stover increased intake in sheep but decreased intake in cattle.

In an earlier experiment in the same research project, Aboud, Owen, Reed, & McAllan (1990) offered sheep, chopped stovers from bird-resistant (BR) and non bird-resistant (NBR) sorghum. It was hypothesised that intake of BR stover would be lower on account of its higher content of anti-nutritional, polyphenolic compounds. The results were contrary to expectation. The higher leaf:stem in the BR stover was thought to counteract the anti-nutritional factors and account for the higher intake and growth with BR stover. In view of the differences in leaf-plus-sheath:stem ratios between the BR and NBR stovers, the experiment was considered inconclusive. Also the fact that the stovers were supplemented with cottonseed meal may have alleviated any detrimental effect of feeding NBR stover.
The nutritive value of some greek browsing species as affected by maturity and antinutritive compounds
Authors: Markantonatos X. , Khazaal K. , Ørskov E.R
Published: June 2019

Chemical components of plants vary between species and with maturity. As a result the nutritive value could be affected. Antinutritive factors such as tannins are common in browse. Little is known about mediterranean browse. This paper aimed to study chemical composition and to determine the nutritive value using the in vitrogas production and the in sacco DM degradation techniques of 8 Greek browse at different stages of growth.
The Nutritive Value of Some Tropical Forage Legumes from Zimbabwe.
Authors: Acamovic T. , Hare Justine , Topps J.H.
Published: June 2019

Legumes are a very diverse source of food for humans and animals. Generally pulse legumes are used as human foodstuffs while pasture, shrub and tree legumes are more suitable and frequently used as a supplement to low quality feedstuffs for ruminant animals. The importance and potential of forage legumes is due to their diversity, compositional, agronomic and nutritional attributes.

In many of the ruminant production systems of the developing world, native or naturalised grass pastures make up the bulk of the feed. The low quality and seasonal nature of the forage supply, together with the low intake by animals and the poor digestibility of the forage are major factors which contribute to low productivity of ruminant animals. There is thus substantial scope for the utilisation of the large array of forage legumes as a supplement for ruminant diets, especially in the arid and semi-arid tropics. Although the potential of forage legumes is high there is relatively little information on the vast array of materials available. There is some evidence, however, that some forage legumes have low digestibilities and contain a considerable variety of antinutrients and toxins which influence their nutritive value (Mueller-Harvey and Reed, 1992; D’Mello & Acamovic, 1989, Acamovic et al, 1992; Baintner et al, 1992; Jones et al, 1992; Topps, 1992).
Effect of feeding groundnut hay as supplement to a basal diet of sorghum stover on intake and growth rate of zebu cattle
Authors: Kibon A. , Yahaya S. M.
Published: June 2019

The most important crop residues in Northern Nigeria are sorghum, millet, groundnut and cowpea straws. The cereal straws especially sorghum is the most important for cattle feeding during the dry season when grass and fodder is limiting, but cereal straw has a poor nutritive value due to low nitrogen and extensive lignification. The use of chemical methods (acids, alkalis or urea) to improve the nutritive value of crop residues has not found acceptance among pastoralists. These chemicals are expensive and not readily available. The leguminous straws of groundnut and cowpea have a higher nitrogen content. Their use as supplements to improve the feeding value of cereal straws is a cheaper and more practical approach. jThis experiment examine the potential of groundnut hay as a supplement to cattle fed basal diet of sorghum stover in Northern Nigeria.
Effects of accession and cutting frequency on the rumen degradability of nitrogen in the foliage of sesbania sesban var. nubica
Authors: Otieno K. , Bryant M.J. , Onim J.F.M.
Published: June 2019

Sesbania sesban var. nubica is a tropical tree legume. Tree legumes have a number of uses which make them of interest to smallholder farming systems in the tropics. When incorporated into land use systems such as alley farming they provide a source of fuel wood for the household and forage for ruminant animals, as well as providing shade and pumping mineral nutrients from lower soil profiles to the surface where they can be used by more shallow-rooting companion crops. Sesbanias have considerable potential as providers of forage. The leaves are generally considered to be excellent sources of protein to supplement protein-deficient roughages such as straws and stovas in ruminant diets. Palatability of Sesbania foliage does not seem to be a problem and phenolic concentrations are low.
Comparison of thein vitrorumen fermentation of forage legumes sesbania rostrata and sesbania aculeata
Authors: Akbar M A , Scaife J R , Acamovic T , Stewart C S
Published: June 2019

Sesbania is a rapidly growing leguminous shrub mainly used for improving soil fertility in Bangladesh. Recently farmers have shown growing interest in the use this plant as an animal feed. The main variety of Sesbania grown in Bangladesh isSesbania aculeata(SA), however, recently a new variety has been introduced,Sesbania rostrata(SR)which has become popular with farmers due to its high production characteristics, the robust nature of the plants and the fact that it can be propagated vegetatively. A recent study has shown that the use of Sesbania leaf as a supplement to lactating cows given a urea treated straw based diet has a beneficial effect on performance (Khan et al.1989). When used as a suitable protein supplement, particularly for straws, browse legume must have a high protein content to supply both fermentable and undegradable protein and also should contain other critical nutrients & micronutrients (Preston, 1986). Since the new variety shows improved production and growth characteristics compared to SA, a comparative study was undertaken to assess their nutrient contents and the effect of time of cutting and drying method on digestibilityin vitro.
Predicting chronological age at slaughter from the dentition of young bulls
Authors: Gair D J , Sinclair K D , Warkup C C
Published: June 2019

The use of dentition as an indicator of age has been accepted for many years, particularly in the equine, although as yet, dentition as a means of age determination has never been used in cattle in commercial grading situations. The age of an animal at slaughter is generally believed to be inversely related to meat tenderness. Other aspects of meat quality have also been found to be affected by age, particularly in young bulls. These include flavour, juiciness, colour of lean and firmness. It has long been acknowledged that the greater stress susceptibility of bulls (who get more aggressive with increasing age) is the reason for the higher incidence of dark cutting in bull beef. The supply of older bulls to the food chain, may, therefore, be deleterious to meat quality and may be contributing to the poor reputation of bull beef. The objective of the present study was to develop a method for predicting chronological age at slaughter from the dentition of Aberdeen Angus x and Charolais x bulls. The experimental design allowed the effects of breed and diet to be assessed.
Comparison of 2 growth patterns during the growing period in fattening bulls. 2. plasma metabolites and hormones.
Authors: Van Eenaene C. , Clinquart A. , Hornick J.L. , Mayombo P. , Istasse L.
Published: June 2019

Growth rate in young animals is closely related to feed intake. Restriction followed by adequate feeding results in compensatory growth. During the latter period high growth rates are observed. The aim of this study was to look at metabolic and hormonal parameters associated with two different growth patterns, e.g. normal growing-fattening and restricted growth followed by compensatory growth in young bulls of the highly productive Belgian Blue breed.

Twelve young Belgian Blue (BB) bulls (initial weight 233 kg) were given, during a 202 days growing period either a normal (control group, +) or a restricted diet (compensatory growth group, -). The imposed growth rates were 1 kg/d and .3 kg/d respectively. In the subsequent fattening period the same fattening diet was given to both groups. The fattening period lasted for 82 and 194 days for the + and - group respectively.
Design of modified cages for laying hens: effects on behaviour and welfare
Authors: Appleby Michael C.
Published: June 2019

Modifications to laying cages suggested by previous trials at Edinburgh include provision of a perch, a nest box and a dust bath, and increased area and height compared to conventional cages; the effects of combining these features is now described. Medium-weight hybrids were housed as groups of 4 in 48 cages of 4 types:

control cages (C);

experimental cages with nest box lined with litter (L);

experimental cages with nest box lined with artificial turf (A);

experimental cages with nest box lined with plastic grid (P).

In sub-treatments A1 and P1, eggs were prevented from rolling away
for the first 6 weeks of lay, by blocking the rollaway slot. In
sub-treatments A2 and P2, eggs rolled away from the beginning of
lay.
Evaluation of the usefulness of the provision of shredded paper as bedding in a slatted floored farrowing pen
Authors: Stamatopoulos K , English P R , MacPherson O , Roden J A , Davidson F M , Williams J
Published: June 2019

Most farrowing pens have slatted floors mainly to achieve labour economy and high standards of hygiene. A major deficiency of such flooring is the difficulty of using bedding to reduce hypothermia of newborn piglets and to protect their delicate tissues from the relative abrasiveness of the floor. Shredded waste paper bedding may have useful applications in such situations because of its texture and cohesiveness, qualities which slow up the rate at which it is voided through the slats relative to other bedding materials. Such paper bedding was evaluated in a controlled experiment.
The effect of environment on plasma Cortisol in parturient sows
Authors: Lawrence Alistair B , Petherick J Carol , McLean Kirsty A , Deans Lesley A , Chirnside Joan , Vaughan Ashley
Published: June 2019

Sows show increased activity during the pre-parturient period and if given the opportunity will express nest-building behaviour (Haskell and Hutson, 1993). It has been suggested that farrowing crates by closely confining sows and preventing this pre-parturient behaviour induce behavioural stress. The aim of this work was to test this hypothesis by measuring the effect of parturition environment on plasma levels of Cortisol a commonly used physiological indicator of behavioural stress in pigs.

Twenty-three Large White x Landrace gilts (Cotswold Pig Development Co Ltd, UK; average weight 187 kg ± 3) were implanted with Jugular catheters approximately 10-14 days before their expected farrowing date (EFD). After surgery the animals were moved to 2 x 2 m strawed pens, before being transferred on day 5 before EFD, either into a standard farrowing crate without bedding (Treatment C; n = 11) or into a strawed farrowing pen (2.1 x 3.1 m; Treatment P; n = 12). The animals were blood sampled on the day before (Pre/In) and the day after introduction (Post/In) to the treatments. Blood sampling was resumed 48 hours before EFD and continued until 5 hours post-commencement of farrowing. Samples were generally taken every 4 hours over 24 hour periods, expect for day Post/In, when more rapid sampling took place over the 2 hours post-introduction (Post/lni), before sampling returned to every 4 hours for the rest of the 24 hour period (Post/ln2). More rapid sampling also occurred from approximately 24 hours pre- to 5 hours post-parturition. The plasma was assayed for Cortisol and the data averaged over the following time periods: Pre/In; Post/lni; Post/ln2 -48 to -24 hours (-48/-24); -23.30 to -12 hours (-24/-12); -11.30 to 0 (parturition) hours (-12/0); 0.30 to 2 hours (0/2); 2.30 to 5 hours (2/5). The data were transformed by log and analysed by analysis of variance.
Behaviour and performance of lactating sows and piglets housed individually OR in a multisuckling system
Authors: Sinclair A , Edwards S A , Cruickshank A , English P R
Published: June 2019

Use of a farrowing crate can benefit newborn piglets but imposes severe restriction on sow movement throughout lactation. It is necessary to find a compromise between the commercial requirements for control in the immediate neonatal period, to maximise piglet survival, and enhanced welfare for the animals, by reducing environmental restriction. This might be achieved by combining individual farrowing in controlled systems with later multisuckling of a group of contemporary litters in a larger and more diverse environment. Application of modern understanding on nutrition and environment could allow such systems to function more successfully than in the past and provide a commercially attractive option.

A total of 33 purebred Landrace or Large White sows and their litters were used in the study. All sows farrowed in commercial accommodation based on farrowing crates in partly slatted pens. These pens had a covered creep area for the piglets which was bedded with shavings. Control litters remained in this accommodation until weaning. Experimental litters were moved to specially constructed multisuckling pens.
Effect of environmental enrichment on behaviour, growth and meat quality in the domestic pig
Authors: Beattie V.E. , Sneddon I.A. , Walker N.
Published: June 2019

Pigs in a semi-natural environment can spend up to one third of daylight hours in exploratory behaviour (Stolba & Wood-Gush, 1981). It has been suggested that the need for exploration in pigs is as necessary as feeding or sexual behaviour which are generally regarded as endogenous (Van Putten, 1989).

This study investigated the effect of enriching the pig's environment on behaviour, growth and meat quality.

In a comparative study using 6 groups each of 6 littermates, 3 groups were allocated at birth to an intensive housing system classified as the “barren” (B) environment and 3 groups to an “enriched” (E) environment. The enriched environment had four times more floor space per animal than the barren environment and allowed access to substrates such as peat, straw and shredded paper. Pigs were weaned at 6 weeks of age and pen size was increased at 6 and 12 weeks of age on both treatments. In both environments the pigs were fed ad libitum and had a continuous water supply. The behaviour of 2 focal animals in each group was observed for 10 minutes twice weekly between 1300 and 1800 hours throughout the 18 week life span of the animals. At 6 week intervals 24 hour time lapse video recordings were made to examine overall activity patterns.
A Note on the ‘De Nabuthae’ of St. Ambrose
Authors: Hermigild Dressler O.F.M.
Published: June 2019

In his edition of the De Nabuthae of St. Ambrose in the Vienna Corpus, C. Schenkl has noted many quotations and echoes from the homilies of St. Basil. In 1927, Professor McGuire in his doctoral dissertation on the De Nabuthae pointed out several more parallels which had escaped Schenkl's vigilant notice. To what is already known a few more pertinent notes can be added.
The Cross in the Towneley Plays
Authors: Sister Jean Marie O.S.F.
Published: June 2019

I find in the Towneley Processus Crucis evidence never before pointed out, so far as I know, that the cross there described conforms to that represented in the writings of several of the early Fathers of the Church when they speak of the cross as having a fifth extremity, a sedile or seat projecting from the middle of the long vertical beam.
Horace's Ut Pictura Poesis: The Argument for Stylistic Decorum
Authors: Trimpi Wesley
Published: June 2019

Horace opens his Ars poetica with several comparisons between the arts to illustrate the 'structural’ decorum which all unified works must share. Later, he develops an extended analogy between painting and poetry, introduced by the phrase ut pictura poesis, to illustrate the nature of the 'stylistic’ decorum necessary to please, and to continue to please, the critical reader. In an earlier essay entitled ‘The Meaning of Horace's Ut Pictura Poesis,’ I tried to show how this analogy (361–5) concludes the preceding discussion of faults which may and may not be overlooked in a long work (347–60). In the present paper, in addition to collecting further evidence for this interpretation, I shall argue that the lines in question (361–5) form, at the same time, a transitional introduction to the following analysis of the kind of pleasure appropriate to poetry and of how it may best be protected (366–90).
The Westminster Abbey Sanctuary Pavement
Authors: Wander Steven H.
Published: June 2019

In 1245 King Henry III undertook the reconstruction of Westminster Abbey. In addition to transforming the Romanesque basilica of Edward the Confessor and erecting an octagonal chapter house, he provided for a mosaic pavement in the sanctuary. The pavement is centrally located within the church (Fig. 1). It lies in the first bay east of the crossing, occupying nearly the entire length and rather less of the bay's width. Directly before it, now separated by a pair of steps, is the high altar. A detail of the northeast corner reveals its present state of preservation (Fig. 2). In spite of frequent restoration numerous mosaic tesserae are either missing or damaged; and the solitary letter E in the border is one of the last survivors from the extensive verse inscription that once accompanied the pavement. To appreciate the pavement's former splendor, one must turn to older depictions, in particular an early nineteenth-century aquatint by J. White (Fig. 3). Although mosaic patterns are occasionally simplified and the remaining bronze letters of the inscription omitted, the engraving provides a reasonable impression of the overall design. A large central disk is surrounded by four intertwining circles. These are in turn inscribed in a square whose sides devolve into another set of four circles. A second square, with its sides rather than its corners now facing the cardinal points, encloses the configuration. The guilloche which appears along three sides of the square originally enframed the entire composition. The missing portion of the eastern side was destroyed in 1706 when the altar designed for the Royal Chapel in the Palace at Whitehall was installed in the Abbey choir and only later restored around 1866 by George Gilbert Scott. Although the pavement is today the mere shadow of its former self, no one can doubt that originally it was an extraordinary creation. Its richness of design and prominence of position alone suggest that it held an important place in the king's plans for the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey. It is therefore surprising to find that the sanctuary pavement and its inscription have not yet been subjected to a thorough analytical examination.
A Sermon on the Anniversary of the Death of Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick
Authors: Horner Patrick J.
Published: June 2019

Despite G. R. Owst's important studies, medieval English sermons have been examined only sporadically, and too often, as Siegfried Wenzel has noted, such investigations have treated sermons merely as structural analogues for the works of Chaucer and others. Fortunately, in recent years Wenzel himself and others have reaffirmed Owst's principal concept: sermons are mirrors reflecting the social and literary milieu of their time. This renewed interest in the sermon as historical document, however, may encounter a criticism made of Owst's own procedure, namely, a tendency to select items of significance from a wide range of material without adequate attention to the immediate context of each. The printing of a complete sermon, with its mixture of historical allusion, literary motif, and social commentary—apotpourriof the interesting, the dull, the unusual, and the commonplace—provides not only a necessary balance in method, but a better perspective of the sermon as a literary construction in its own right.
Les Musulmans et l'usage de la langue arabe par les missionnaires chrétiens au moyen-age
Authors: Urvoy Dominique
Published: June 2019

L'idée de la nécessité pour un missionnaire de connaître la langue de ceux qu'il évangélise nous apparaît aujourd'hui comme une évidence. En fait, cette idée ne s'est imposée que tardivement. En Occident, l'évangélisation a d'abord suivi les cadres géographiques de la domination romaine et a, par suite, bénéficié de la langue du pouvoir. Seules les tentatives — d'ailleurs fructueuses — des moines irlandais dans le monde germanique constituaient une approche d'un monde totalement nouveau, quoique déjà pénétré d'influences méditerranéennes. L'Empire d'Occident et le triomphe de la Papauté au IXesiècle imposent l'idée d'une ‘Chrétienlé’ souveraine. En Méditerranée orientale, nous voyons les Byzanlins partagés entre le complexe de supériorité des Grecs envers tout ce qui est ‘barbare’ et le désir de convertir les hordes slaves, désir qui aboutira à la formalion de l'alphabet cyrillique et à tout un effort de traduction de textes d'abord, d'adaptation musicale ensuite, etc. Mais, ce faisant, les Byzantins se sont liés à tout un mécanisme politique d'influence et de prédominance entre Églises sœurs mais rivales. L'idée d'ouverture aux non-chrétiens comme tels ne sera reprise qu'au XIVesiècle par des moines russes suivant la colonisation du Nord-Est, notamment avec la formation d'une ériture ziriane par Saint Étienne de Perm.
Chairman's Opening Address
Authors: Geikie James
Published: June 2019

I have to congratulate the Society on the re-appointment to our Presidential Chair of Lord Kelvin, first of British Physicists. Five years ago, as you are aware, Lord Kelvin became President of the Royal Society of London, at the urgent request of that body. This is not the first time, I may remind you, that we have provided a President for the London Society. The Philosophical Society of Edinburgh, as our body was known before it received the Royal Charter authorising it to assume its present designation, gave two Presidents to the Royal Society of London—namely, the Earl of Morton and Sir John Pringle, Bart.

In his Address, delivered two years ago, our respected ex-President took note of some of the more important papers communicated to the Society during the immediately preceding Sessions. I think I can hardly do better than follow his example. But before making the attempt, I wish briefly to refer to the successful completion within the present year of a great national undertaking. I allude, of course, to the famous “Challenger” Expedition. Our Library has now received the two volumes of Summary of Results, with Appendices, which complete the Society's set of the fifty volumes of Reports of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. These voluminous Reports form by far the largest contribution hitherto made to Marine Zoology. Indeed, their publication marks an epoch in this department of science.
Experiment illustrating the Modern Theory of Salt-Solution
Authors: Brown Crum
Published: June 2019

It is well known to all chemists that sulphuretted hydrogen does not give a precipitate of zinc sulphide in a solution of zinc chloride or zinc sulphate if a sufficient (quite small) quantity of a strong acid, such as hydrochloric or sulphuric acid, has been added to the solution. It is also quite well known that if we add a sufficient quantity of a solution of sodium acetate to the clear solution containing the zinc salt sulphuretted hydrogen and strong acid, we throw down the whole of the zinc as sulphide. This used to be explained as follows:—Hydrochloric acid acts on zinc sulphide thus, ZnS + 2HCl = H2S + ZnCl2, and therefore the opposite action ZnCl2 + H2S = ZnS + 2HCl cannot take place in the presence of hydrochloric acid. But as acetic acid is too weak an acid to act on zinc sulphide, the presence of acetic acid does not prevent the precipitation of zinc sulphide, and the hydrochloric acid originally there, as well as that produced by the reaction, acts on the sodium acetate to form sodium chloride and acetic acid. On the modern theory the explanation is this:—The zinc sulphide is attacked not by the hydrochloric acid, but by the hydrogen ions; these are present in the solution of hydrochloric acid; and that acid being to a great extent “ionised,” we have a great concentration of hydrogen ions. There is a limiting value for the concentration of hydrogen ions, above which the action ZnS + 2H. = Zn.. + H2S takes place, so that zinc sulphide cannot be formed by the action of sulphuretted hydrogen on a zinc salt in a solution containing hydrogen ions with a concentration above this limiting value.
Some Points in the Physiological Chemistry and Coagulation of Milk
Authors: Harris David Fraser
Published: June 2019

According to the latest views of physiological chemists, the innumerable fine particles of milk are identified with the caseinogen. For instance, Halliburton regards these particles as caseinogen and nuclein which are obviously not fat-globules; and Stirling unhesitatingly accepts the view of the particulate nature of this proteid, adducing as proof the fact of the absence of all particles from the filtrate of milk through a porous clay-filter.

I used a “Berkefeld” diatomaceous filter (holding 150 c.c.) said to “sterilise” water. On immersing it in milk, and by creating a partial vacuum inside it, there was obtained an exhaustion-filtrate perfectly limpid and free from all particles. Unless sterilised by heat, a vigorous growth of fungi appeared in it, there being abundant nourishment for them, seeing that it contains lactose, chlorides, phosphates, sulphates, calcium, and a proteid (undoubtedly the lact-albumin), but is incapable of clotting with rennet. Its reaction is faintly acid. Caseinogen cannot, then, be held to be “dissolved” in the plasma, in the ordinary sense of a “solution,” else this pressure-filtrate would be coagulable; and only as a last resource should we fall back upon the rather unsatisfactory hypothesis that it may be present as molecules too large to pass through the pores of a diatomaceous filter.

There is in milk undoubtedly, besides what we have been accustomed to call the oil-globules, a very large number of extremely minute particles or granules exhibiting Brownian movement, and it is these that are held to be caseinogen exclusively, while the globules are said to be only fat.
A Graphical Representation of Emotion as expressed in Rhythm
Authors: Dixon J. M.
Published: June 2019

An analysis of the versification of some of our nineteenth century poets has produced certain very interesting results that may be graphically represented. The subject of versification still demands more exact treatment, and any contributions which embody the results of real analytical treatment are of value.

It is well known that the chief objection to our iambic measure, which is the normal English measure, is its tendency to produce a monotonous pendulum-like tick-tick. If, on the other hand, we employ anapæstic measure, the triple movement to every foot demands too much exertion of the tongue. English verse possessing the finest cadences lies between the two extremes of a pure iambic treatment and a pure anapæstic treatment.

It may be laid down as a safe dictum that, in lyric verse at least, one anapaest in a line otherwise iambic constitutes it an anapæstic line. The poet who writes in iambics is not then free to introduce anapæsts. The expedient to which he will resort is a free use of the catch. We shall see that Gordon, in his exquisite ballad The Sick Stock-Rider, uses the catch, where emotion is at a high pitch, 13 times in 16 lines. A poet writing in anapæsts is free to use iambs where he will, and even the monosyllabic foot at the beginning of a line or after the cæsura. Browning, in his Abt Vogler, has actually one hexameter line (Stanza III. 1. 7) with only 5 unaccented syllables, or one less than an iambic line can have. It is the shortest line in the poem and is placed next to an 11-syllabled line, the longest line he uses.
Notes on Clouds
Authors: Aitken John
Published: June 2019

There are two points connected with clouds on which I wish to make a few remarks. The first is on the classification of clouds, and the second on the manner in which certain forms of clouds are produced. It may be as well to remark at the outset that the observations are those of an “outsider,” being in a department of meteorology to which the writer has given but little attention, and they have been written with the view of calling the attention of specialists, and getting their opinion on the subject.

It appears to me that in classifying clouds they ought first of all to be divided into two great classes. In the one class should be placed all clouds in the process of formation, and in the other those in the process of decay. The two classes might be called Clouds in Formation and Clouds in Decay. We may take Cumulus clouds as an example of the former, and Nimbus of the latter. My observations made in the clouds themselves have shown that there is a difference in the structure of these two classes of clouds. In clouds in formation the water particles are much smaller and far more numerous than in clouds in decay; and while the particles in clouds in decay are large enough to be seen with the unaided eye when they fall on a properly lighted micrometer, they are so small in clouds in formation that, if the condensation is taking place rapidly, the particles cannot be seen without the aid of a lens of considerable magnifying power.
Note on the Digestion of Starch in the Stomach
Authors: Robertson W. G. Aitchison
Published: June 2019

The following experiments were performed with normal human gastric secretion. After thoroughly washing out the stomach of a healthy man, several ounces of a dilute solution of Caffyn's liquor carnis were introduced into it. After the lapse of an hour the contents of the stomach were drawn off, filtered, and used instead of the pure acid solutions in former experiments. The acidity of the gastric fluid was due to inorganic acid and amounted to 0·15 per cent. hydrochloric acid.

This experiment shows that, in the stomach, with an acidity of the contents less than that even normally present in the gastric secretion, the action of ptyalin is wholly restrained.

Was the ferment merely inhibited from action by the acid, or was it destroyed ?

To determine this, I took equal volumes of this gastric fluid, 1 per cent, starch solution, and saliva, and having mixed them, carefully neutralised the mixture with a solution of caustic potash, using very delicate test-papers to show the neutral point.

On examining the mixture shortly after neutralisation, the whole of the starch was found to have undergone conversion. It reduced Fehling's solution strongly, and contained 0·22 per cent. of reducing substance. This demonstrates that, with an acidity equal to 0·05 per ′cent, hydrochloric acid, the action of ptyalin is restrained.

I performed similar experiments with the gastric fluid from a case of chronic gastric catarrh, the acidity of which was equal to 0·067 per cent. hydrochloric acid.
Some Results obtained with the Röntgen X-Rays
Authors: Macintyre J.
Published: June 2019

A preliminary demonstration on photography and fluorescence was given. A description accompanies the report on the communication made on 4th May 1896.

When Professor Röntgen's results were first made known the greatest attention was paid to the photography of objects which had previously been considered beyond the range of human vision. It is clear, however, that the discoverer did more than present us with a new photography by a force differing, in many respects, from day or artificial light. In his first paragraph he describes fluorescence on a prepared screen, and in the second he shows how one may see shadows of the bones within a faint dark shadow of the hand itself. The obvious advantage of being able to throw shadows of the deep-seated structures of the body upon screens cannot be over-estimated for medical and surgical purposes. The following experiments were undertaken with a view of contributing something to the work in this direction.

With regard to the salts employed, screens were prepared of potassium-platino-cyanide, barium-platino-cyanide, lithium-rubidium-platino-cyanide, calcium tungstate in its crystalline form (Edison), sulphide of calcium, magnesite, fluorspar, &c. In my experience it may be said at once that the potassium and bariumplatino-cyanide salts were found to be the best, although the lithium-rubidium-platino-cyanide gave an excellent picture. The fluorescence of the potassium salt is probably in advance of all others, but occasionally one seems to get at least a more pleasant picture of the deep-seated structures of the body with the barium screen, particularly when the latter has a thick coating.
Additional Notes on the Röntgen X-Rays
Authors: Macintyre John
Published: June 2019

The first series of photographs thrown on the screen included the different parts of the human skeleton. The second series illustrated photographs of the soft tissues, such as the tongue, larynx, heart, and diaphragm, all from the living subject. The third series were taken with a view to reduction of the time in exposure. With the fourth is given a description of some experiments upon attempts to polarise the x-rays.

The apparatus now most commonly employed was used in these experiments, viz., electricity (from the main), an induction coil giving a range of from 2 to 10 inch spark as required, a Crooke's tube having an aluminium cathodal disc, and a small plate of platinum for the positive pole. It is now known as the focus tube. Paget xxxxx-plates were used, as no particular advantage had been obtained from those specially prepared. The following points, amongst others, were found to be of great service in obtaining the best results:—Firstly, the current passing to the coil should be regulated according to the work to be done, and as little variation as possible should take place during the exposure. Primary batteries are not as satisfactory on account of this, and the best source is from the main. Lord Kelvin's cell tester and ampere gauge were used in the experiments, and any variations in the current were regulated by means of a rheostat. Secondly, the Apps or other coil or transformer must give, with the present form of tube, six inches or even more of spark when the deeper tissues of the body, such as the spine, are being taken. Thirdly, the vacuum of the tube should be carefully regulated and tested to give the maximum results.
Preliminary Note on Dietthio and Diethylsulphone derivatives of Succinic Acid
Authors: Brown Crum , Fairbairn R.
Published: June 2019

Sodium mercaptide and dibromosuccinic ether, in the proportion of two molecules of the former to one of the latter, were dissolved separately in absolute alcohol, and slowly mixed. A considerable evolution of heat took place, while sodium bromide separated out. The flask was then digested for some hours on the steam-bath. The alcohol was subsequently distilled off, and the residue, on cooling, was treated with water. An oil separated out. This oil was collected by means of a separating funnel, and the aqueous layer several times extracted with ether. The oil and the ethereal extracts were added together and dried over calcium chloride. Next morning the ether was distilled off at the ordinary pressure. The remainder was distilled in vacuo. Between 50° and 60° a few drops came over, which proved to be ethyldisulphide.

The remainder came over between 150° and 170°.

This latter fraction was redistilled, and a portion of it used for analysis. The boiling point at 20 mm. pressure was 160°.

Combustion of dietthiosuccinic ether.

Weight of substance taken = ·2477 gram.

Weight of carbonic acid obtained = ·4476 gram.

Weight of water obtained = ·1702 gram.
On the Linear and Vector Function
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2019

In the following Abstract I refer to such Linear and Vector Functions, only, as correspond to homogeneous strains which a piece of actual matter can undergo. There is no difficulty:—though caution is often called for:—in extending the propositions to cases which are not realizable in physics.

The inquiry arose from a desire to ascertain the exact nature of the strain when, though it is not pure, the roots of its cubic are all real:—i.e. when three lines of particles, not originally at right angles to one another, are left by it unchanged in direction.

1. The sum, and the product (or the quotient), of two linear and vector functions are also linear and vector functions. But, while the sum is always self-conjugate if the separate functions are so (or if they be conjugate to one another), the product (or quotient) is in general not self-conjugate:—though the determining cubic has, in this case, real roots. The proof can be given in many simple forms.
The Physiological Action of Eucain
Authors: Charteris M. , MacLennan William
Published: June 2019

Eucain, like cocaine, is a methyl ester of a benzoylated-oxypiperidine, carbo-oxylic acid. It is, however, a synthetic product, while cocaine is obtained exclusively from coca leaves; only, in the exhaustion, synthesis has been introduced for the purpose of completely exhausting the cocaine in the leaves.

The formula of cocaine and of eucain is the same.

Eucain, like cocaine, is insoluble in water, or nearly so, but the neutral salts formed by combinations with acids are soluble.

The hydrochloric salt of eucain appears in two forms.

One modification crystallises from water in small shining plates, which contain a molecule of water of crystallisation, and the formula for it is

C19H27NO4HCLH2O.

It dissolves in water to the extent of 6 per cent.

The second modification crystallises from a solution in methyl alcohol in shining prisms, which contain two molecules of methyl alcohol in crystallised form.

For anæsthetic purposes the first modification crystallised from water is to be preferred. A solution of it in water differs from a solution of cocaine in water in this respect, that it remains unchanged, while the cocaine solution, after a time, undergoes decomposition.

The appellation ‘eucain’ has no meaning. It is used simply to dispense with the complex chemical nomenclature which has been mentioned.

Eucain hydrochlorate is not so expensive as cocaine hydrochlorate.
On the Eliminant of a Set of Ternary Quadrics
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2019

(1) In the Cambridge Math. Journal, ii. p. 233, Sylvester showed how to eliminate x, y, z from the set of equations

His method consisted in deriving other three equations involving the variables x2, y2, z2, yz, zx, xy, and then eliminating these six variables from the six equations. The result obtained was

—a result which, on account of its complexity, it is impossible to rest satisfied with.

The manifest fact that when A = M = R = 0, the eliminant takes the form

and the further fact, that when a = m = r = 0, the equations become linear, with the eliminant

raise the presumption that Sylvester had not hit upon the simplest mode of performing the elimination.
Theoretical Researches on the Daily Change of the Temperature of the Air
Authors: Halm J.
Published: June 2019

I have the honour to lay before the Royal Society a short account of some theoretical researches on the daily change of the temperature of the air, made by me in 1895, and published to a certain extent in the Nova Acta der kaiserlich Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Academie der Naturforscher, Band lxvii., No. 2. Some more recent investigations on the subject, chiefly dealing with the physical point of view of the problem, have not yet been published, but seem to me of such importance as to justify me in presenting a brief sketch of them to the Society in this paper.

The history of the mathematical aspect of the problem can be traced back as far as the middle of the last century, when Lambert made the first attempt at investigating the relation between solar and terrestrial radiation and the temperature of the atmosphere. He was succeeded by a great number of famous mathematicians and meteorologists, whose labours, however, though they contributed considerably to our knowledge of certain parts of the question, have not been rewarded, it must be said, with any sufficient result; so that a satisfactory solution of the problem by means of theoretical investigations has been eventually considered impossible, at least in some quarters.

There can be no doubt that, in a problem like this, an immense number of different errors affect the principal conditions of the propagation of heat, which conditions are supposed to be the causes of the observed changes of the temperature.
The Intermediate Observing Station on Ben Nevis
Authors: Muir T. S.
Published: June 2019

It has for some time been the design of the Council of the Scottish Meteorological Society to establish on Ben Nevis a third observing station, supplementary to those at the summit and at Fort-William; and in the autumn of last year this design was partially realised. A site was not acquired so easily as might have been expected; but, after some disappointment, the Council, on the advice of Dr Buchan, who in person inspected the ground, fixed upon the best situation obtainable in the circumstances. Before the end of August the observer was in residence, but as the barometer did not arrive till the last day of the month, the complete record of observations extends only from the 1st to the 23rd September—23 days in all. The total number of readings taken was 186, an average of slightly more than 8 every 24 hours. Six of those observations were made at the hours of 9, 10, 12, 14, 18, and 21, while additional readings ran in a regular series between those fixed periods; thus accumulating a mass of facts for all times of the day and in various kinds of weather. The gaps are accounted for by the fact that, combined with my meteorological duties, were the functions of cook and maid-of-all-work, which occasionally rendered it impossible for me to leave the base of operations. Further, it was set down in my instructions that it was unnecessary to go out during continued bad weather, except at the statutory periods above mentioned; and that, in the event of extra readings being required during storms, a message would be sent from head-quarters.