bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Prophylactic Antiemetic Efficacy of Prochlorperazine and Ondansetron in Nasal Septal Surgery: A Randomized Double-Blind Comparison
Authors: Van Den Berg A. A.
Published: January 2019

A prospective, randomized placebo-controlled study was undertaken to compare the effects on heart rate and blood pressure during surgery and on the incidence of nausea, vomiting and headache after surgery of IM prochlorperazine 0.2 mg.kg-1, IV prochlorperazine 0.1 mg.kg-1 and IV ondansetron 0.06 mg.kg-1 given at induction of general anaesthesia to patients undergoing septorhinoplasty. The effects of the test drugs after administration on heart rate and blood pressure were similar, as were the incidences of retching and vomiting in the recovery ward after each test drug. Postoperatively, compared with placebo (7%), nausea per se was most frequent in those given IV prochlorperazine (25%, P<0.01), and less frequent in those given IM prochlorperazine (2%) and IV ondansetron (15%). Vomiting per se was reduced from 24% to 7% (P<0.025) by IV prochlorperazine and to 4% (P<0.0005) by IV ondansetron. The incidence of nausea with vomiting was reduced from 35% to 15% (P<0.025), 16% (P<0.05) and 11% (P<0.005) by IM prochlorperazine, IV prochlorperazine and IV ondansetron respectively. IM prochlorperazine and IV ondansetron increased the frequency (from 35% to 64%, P<0.0005 and to 71%, P<0.0005, respectively) of those experiencing no PONV and delayed the onset of PONV, but only IM prochlorperazine reduced the severity of postoperative vomiting. Headache was frequent in the control (69%), IV prochlorperazine (62%) and IV ondansetron (69%) groups, and least frequent after IM prochlorperazine (53%; P<0.05 versus IV ondansetron). It is concluded that these drugs have no adverse cardiovascular effects within 10 minutes of administration, IM prochlorperazine and IV ondansetron reduce PONV more effectively than IV prochlorperazine and postoperative headache after septorhinoplasty occurs less frequently in those given IM prochlorperazine than in those given IV ondansetron.
The Effect of Aprotinin on Thrombelastography in Vitro
Authors: Chalkiadis G. A. , Gibbs N. M.
Published: January 2019

The effect of low dose (50 KIU/ml) and high dose (200 KIU/ml) aprotinin on standard thrombelastographic variables (r, K, α, MA) was examined in vitro using blood from forty ASA Class I patients. Both concentrations of aprotinin resulted in minor increases in r time above the normal range (P<0.05). Aprotinin did not alter other thrombelastographic variables. The results indicate that aprotinin is a mild direct anticoagulant in vitro as assessed by thrombelastography.
Combination of Blood-Saving Methods Decreases Homologous Blood Requirements in Scoliosis Surgery
Authors: Lisander B , Jonsson R , Nordwall A
Published: January 2019

A study was conducted in patients undergoing surgery for idiopathic scoliosis, to determine whether combining blood-saving methods would decrease the need for homologous blood. Five groups were compared in a prospective, randomized fashion. In control patients (n=13), blood loss was replaced by colloids. Preoperative haemodilution (PHD group) was used in ten patients. In the intraoperative autotransfusion (IAT) group (n=11), washed red cells were returned to the patient. In the PHD+IAT group, both methods were combined (n=13). In the fifth group, in addition, arterial hypotension was maintained with sodium nitroprusside (the PHD+IAT+HA group, n=10). The haemoglobin value was kept above 79 g/l. Total blood loss did not differ between groups. The use of homologous blood in the PHD+IAT and PHD+IAT+HA groups was significantly less than in controls. It is concluded that blood-saving measures can be combined with an augmentative effect.
Morphine for Postoperative Analgesia. A Comparison of Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Routes of Administration
Authors: Cooper I. M.
Published: January 2019

Intermittent parenteral bolus doses of morphine are commonly used for postoperative analgesia. Morphine is typically given by intramuscular or intravenous injection but there are theoretical advantages for the subcutaneous route of administration. Fifty-nine patients entered a prospective randomized double-blind cross-over study comparing intermittent intramuscular and subcutaneous morphine boluses. Patients received 0.15 mg/kg of morphine by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. They were reviewed at the time of injection, after 15 minutes and each hour for four hours. The majority of patients indicated a strong preference for the subcutaneous route. There were no significant differences in pain scores, respiratory rate, arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, sedation or nausea scores between intramuscular and subcutaneous administration of morphine. Postoperative analgesia by subcutaneous morphine bolus injection is as effective as intramuscular injection with a similar side-effect profile but with greater patient acceptance and less risk.
Comparison of Isoflurane, Halothane and Fentanyl in Patients with Decreased Ejection Fraction Undergoing Coronary Surgery
Authors: Urzua J. , Serra M. , Lema G. , Canessa R. , Gonzalez R. , Meneses G. , Irarrazaval M. , Moran S.
Published: January 2019

The aim of the study was to compare three anaesthetic agents in patients with ejection fraction below 0.40 subjected to coronary revascularization surgery. Twenty-five elective coronary surgical patients with ejection fraction below 0.40 were prospectively studied. Premedication was pethidine 1 mg/kg and induction was fentanyl 0.03 mg/kg and pancuronium 0.1 mg/kg. The patients were randomized to one of three maintenance techniques (fentanyl, isoflurane or halothane). Radial arterial pressure, heart rate, right atrial pressure, pulmonary arterial and occluded pressures, and thermo-dilution cardiac output were measured, and cardiac index and resistance calculated, at the following times: before induction; 5 min after intubation; 2 min after sternotomy; immediately after discontinuation of bypass; 15 min afterwards; immediately after sternal closure; during suture of the skin; 5 min after arrival in the postoperative care unit; and 60 min postoperatively. Mean arterial pressure decreased significantly in the isoflurane group and nonsignificantly in the halothane group after induction. Cardiac index decreased significantly in the isoflurane group and nonsignificantly in the halothane group after induction and after sternotomy. Neither pressure nor flow decreased in patients receiving fentanyl. Following weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, systemic vascular resistance decreased significantly in all groups. Cardiac index, however, did not increase above control values and arterial pressure consequently decreased; there was no significant difference between groups.
Recovery from Mivacurium Block with or without Anticholinesterase following Continuous Infusion in Obstetric Patients
Authors: Jan G. S. K. , Tong W. N. , Chan A. M. H. , Hui T. W. C. , Lo J. W. R.
Published: January 2019

Neostigmine antagonism after suxamethonium followed by mivacurium chloride bolus and infusion was studied. Thirty ASA group I or II patients were given mivacurium 0.15 mg/kg followed by infusion during nitrous oxide-enflurane-pethidine anaesthesia. Train of four (TOF) stimuli were applied to the ulnar nerve at the wrist and TOF twitch height and ratio measured by TOF-GUARD nerve stimulator. Mivacurium infusion was titrated to give a 90% block of first twitch height. Patients were randomized into two groups. Group I patients recovered from the mivacurium block spontaneously while Group II patients were given neostigmine 0.05 mg/kg and atropine 0.02 mg/kg. Time to reach train of four ratio (TOFR) of 25%, 50% and 70% were measured. This study demonstrated a mean infusion rate of 5.1±1.8 μg/kg/min to maintain a 90% neuromuscular block. In the spontaneous recovery group, time to reach TOFR of 25%, 50% and 70% were 9.3±2.7 min, 13.5±3.0 min and 16.7±3.0 min respectively while the corresponding times in the neostigmine group were 5.2±1.7 min, 10.9±2.2 min and 16.1±7.4 min respectively. There were significant differences in the time taken to TOFR of 25% (P<0.0001) and 50% (P<0.05) but no difference in the time taken for TOFR to return to 70%. We concluded that mivacurium is suitable for use in caesarean section despite a decrease in plasma cholinesterase activity. Neostigmine antagonism is not required as a routine.
Continuous Measurement of Arterial and End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide during Cardiac Surgery: Pa-ETco2 Gradient
Authors: Myles P. S. , Story D. A. , Higgs M. A. , Buckland M. R.
Published: January 2019

There have been reports of a negative arterial to end-tidal CO2 gradient (Pa-ETco2) during cardiac surgery, so we used capnometry and an intravascular blood gas sensor (Paratrend 7) to continuously monitor this gradient in 20 cardiac surgical patients. We also compared the values obtained from this sensor with those obtained from a standard blood gas analyser at seven time points. We found a significant change in Pa-ETco2 after cardopulmonary bypass (P<0.001) though we were unable to demonstrate a negative Pa-ETco2 at any time (95% CI 0–14%). There was clinically acceptable agreement between laboratory and Paratrend 7 measurements during and after cardiac surgery.
Dynamic Hyperinflation: Comparison of Jet Ventilation versus Conventional Ventilation in Patients with Severe End-Stage Obstructive Lung Disease
Authors: Myles P. S. , Evans A. B. , Madder H. , Weeks A. M.
Published: January 2019

Positive pressure ventilation in patients with obstructive lung disease may result in over-inflation of the relatively compliant lungs, resulting in dynamic hyperinflation (DHI). Using a crossover trial design, we compared high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) versus “optimal” intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) in ten patients undergoing lung transplantation for severe, end-stage obstructive lung disease. We measured haemodynamics and the degree of DHI after both modes of ventilation. There were no significant differences between IPPV and HFJV, with respect to efficiency of ventilation (PaCO2), haemodynamic effects (stroke volume, blood pressure and cardiac output), or lung hyperinflation (trapped gas volume). This study suggests that HFJV, when compared with optimal IPPV, is no better at minimizing DHI in patients with severe, end-stage obstructive lung disease.
Epidural Infusion of Bupivacaine 0.0625% plus Fentanyl 3.3 μg/ml Provides Better Postoperative Analgesia than Patient-Controlled Analgesia with Intravenous Morphine after Gynaecological Laparotomy
Authors: Tsui S. L. , Lee D. K. W. , Ng K. F. J. , Chan T. Y. , Chan W. S. , Lo J. W. R.
Published: January 2019

One hundred and twenty women undergoing gynaecological abdominal operations were randomized to receive either epidural bupivacaine 0.0625%+fentanyl 3.3μg/ml infusion (Group EPI, n=57), or patient-controlled intravenous morphine analgesia (Group PCA, n=54) for postoperative pain relief. The groups were comparable in demographic data, types and duration of operation. Group EPI achieved significantly lower verbal rating scale of pain (VRS) at rest at 0, 4, 12, 16, 20, 28 and 40th postoperative hours. The VRS during cough were also significantly lower in Group EPI at 0, 4, 8, 12, 28 and 36th postoperative hours. None of the patients had respiratory depression or hypotension. Nausea/vomiting occurred in 52.6%/33.3% of patients in Group EPI and 52.7%/37.0% in Group PCA. Most patients (84.2% in Group EPI and 72.2% in Group PCA) rated their pain management as “good”. We conclude that epidural infusion of bupivacaine 0.0625% and fentanyl 3.3μg/ml provide better analgesia than patient-controlled intravenous morphine after gynaecological laparotomy
Laser Prostatectomy versus Transurethral Resection of the Prostate for Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy: Comparative Changes in Haemoglobin and Serum Sodium
Authors: Costello T. G. , Crowe H. , Costello A. J.
Published: January 2019

A prospective study was undertaken to examine differences in haemoglobin concentration and serum electrolytes in two patient groups undergoing surgical treatment for benign prostatic obstruction. Group one underwent conventional transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), and group two were treated by laser ablation of the prostate (LAP). Twenty-six patients were enrolled in LAP group, 25 in the TURP group. Both patient groups had the procedure performed under epidural anaesthesia. Serial measurements of haemoglobin and sodium were performed at three time intervals: immediately preoperatively, in the recovery room and 24 hours postoperatively. A fall in serum sodium levels between the mean preoperative reading (140 mmol/l) and 24 hours post surgery (138 mmol/l) was the only statistically significant alteration sustained in the laser patients (P<0.0001). A fall in haemoglobin from preoperative measurement to recovery room measurement of 0.71 g/l was statistically significant (P<0.0001), but did not persist to the 24 hour postoperative time period. The TURP group demonstrated statistically significant falls in both sodium and haemoglobin levels at both postsurgery measurements. Mean serum sodium levels fell from 141 mmol/l preoperatively to 138 mmol/l (P<0.0001) in the recovery room and 137 mmol/l (P<0.0001) at 24 hours. Preoperative haemoglobin fell from 14.8 g/l to 13.6 g/l (P<0.0001) in recovery and 13.7 g/l (P<0.0001) at 24 hours.
Aspects of Theophylline Clearance in Children
Authors: Anderson B. J. , Holford N. H. G. , Woollard G. A.
Published: January 2019

Michaelis-Menten pharmacokinetic parameters for theophylline were estimated in a three-month infant following an accidental overdose of intravenous aminophylline. Fitting of time-concentration data was performed using nonlinear regression with MKMODEL. A mixed order elimination model was superior to a first order model. Parameter estimates were standardized to a 70 kg human using an allometric power model. Parameter estimates (SE) were: maximum rate of metabolism (Vmax) 71(42) mg.h–1, Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) 32.3 (33.5) mg.l–1, volume of distribution (Vd) 46.9 (2.6) l. This Michaelis-Menten constant is lower than that reported for adults and consequently non-linear elimination will occur at lower plasma concentrations in infants than in adults.

Theophylline clearance has traditionally been reported as directly proportional to body weight. This per kilogram model gives an erroneous impression that clearance is greatest in early childhood and then decreases with age until adult rates are reached in late adolescence. Age-related clearance values reported in the literature were reviewed using an allometric 3/4 power model. This size model demonstrates that clearance increases in infancy and reaches adult rates in the first one to two years of life.
Anaesthetists’ Attitudes towards an Anaesthesia Simulator. A Comparative Survey: U.S.A. and Australia
Authors: Riley R. H. , Wilks D. H. , Freeman J. A.
Published: January 2019

Anaesthesia simulation has been suggested as a method to enhance the training of clinicians without exposing patient to risk. Recently, two anaesthesia simulators have become commercially available in the U.S.A. Attitudes towards anaesthesia simulators have not been previously surveyed.

With institutional approval, a survey questionnaire was given to 1. all clinical staff of the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; and 2. all anaesthetists attending the Annual General Meeting of the Australian Society of Anaesthetists. An information sheet containing details about anaesthesia simulation in general and the special capabilities of a particular commercial anaesthesia simulator was included with the survey instrument. The survey was anonymous and contained 15 questions. Attitudinal responses were recorded using an anchored visual analog 100 mm scale.

We surveyed anaesthetists during September-October 1993. Completed forms were returned by 183 anaesthetists. Respondents were aged 25–67 years (mean age 41±10 yr) and were grouped by staff position (78% faculty, 22% trainees), sex (79% male, 21% female), country of practice (44% Aust, 56% U.S.A.) and years in practice. Seventy-three per cent staff were in favour (VAS>60) of departmental purchase of a simulator (with no significant difference between countries) and 76% expressed willingness (VAS>60) to undergo testing in their own time (with Australian anaesthetists significantly more willing to do so). However, 65% were not in favour (VAS <40) of the compulsory use of a simulator for re-certification or re-accreditation of anaesthesia practitioners, with American anaesthetists (anesthesiologists) significantly more opposed to it. The most frequent comment related to the cost.

There is majority support for the purchase of an anaesthesia simulator but there is widespread concern for its high cost. In general, anaesthesia simulation is perceived more as an education tool rather than an instrument for (re)certification.
Tension Pneumopericardium following Tracheoplasty for Congenital Tracheal Stenosis
Authors: Sugimoto M. , Shimaoka M. , Hagihira S. , Fujino Y. , Nishimura S. , Kamata S. , Taenaka N. , Yoshiya I.
Published: January 2019

Tension pneumopericardium is a rare complication of mechanical ventilation following tracheoplasty for congenital tracheal stenosis. This case report describes fatal tension pneumopericardium in a three-month-old male infant some 24 hours following tracheoplasty for this condition.

Because of persisting stenosis of the left main bronchus, ventilation pressures of PIP 23 cm H2O and PEEP 5 cm, progressing to PIP 28 cm and PEEP 7 cm were needed to maintain adequate respiratory exchange. Partial relief of the pneumopericardium was achieved by vigorous cardiac massage, but three days later the infant died of massive airway haemorrhage.
Tricyclic Poisoning—Successful Management of Ventricular Fibrillation following Massive Overdose of Imipramine
Authors: Sandeman D. J. , Alahakoon T. I. , Bentley S. C.
Published: January 2019

Serious complications from tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) overdose are uncommon1,2,3. We present a case of massive imipramine overdose complicated by ventricular fibrillation and a prolonged period of cardiovascular collapse. A total of 400 mmol of sodium bicarbonate, 5 mg of adrenaline and 80 mg of sotalol were given during 50 minutes of cardiac arrest. The patient made a full recovery with no apparent neurological sequelae. The highest TCA plasma level we could find in the published literature was 4873 ng/ml4; our patient's peak TCA level was 6000 ng/ml. Tricyclic antidepressant overdose is a common cause of intensive care unit admission. It has a low mortality rate.
Alleged Allergy to Local Anaesthetics
Authors: Fisher M. McD. , Bowey C. J.
Published: January 2019

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of true local anaesthetic allergy in patients with an alleged history of local anaesthetic allergy and whether subsequent exposure to local anaesthetics is safe.

Two hundred and eight patients with a history of allergy to local anaesthesia were referred over a twenty-year period to our Anaesthetic Allergy Clinic. In this open study, intradermal testing was performed in three patients and progressive challenge in 202 patients.

Four patients had immediate allergy and four patients delayed allergic reactions. One hundred and ninety-seven patients were not allergic to local anaesthetics. In 39 patients an adverse response to additives in local anaesthetic solutions could not be excluded. In all but one patient local anaesthesia has been given uneventfully subsequently.

A history of allergy to local anaesthesia is unlikely to be genuine and local anaesthetic allergy is rare. In most instances LA allergy can be excluded from the history and the safety of LA verified by progressive challenge.
Infection in Central Lines: Antiseptic-Impregnated vs Standard Non-Impregnated Catheters
Authors: Loo S. , van Heerden P. V. , Gollege C. L. , Roberts B. L. , Power B. M.
Published: January 2019

We report a survey of 196 consecutive central venous catheters (CVCs) placed in 151 patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) over a ten-month period. Over this time the use of a new antiseptic-impregnated triple lumen CVC (Arrowgard Blue, Arrow International Inc., Pennsylvania, U.S.A.) was alternated on a bimonthly basis with the standard triple-lumen CVC (Arrow International Inc., Pennsylvania, U.S.A.).

The overall rate of CVC tip infection was lower in the impregnated CVC group (15.6% vs 30.9%, P<0.05). The impregnated CVC group had a much lower cumulative infection rate when the dwell time in patients was five days or less (3.3% vs 26.9%, P<0.05). However, the difference between the cumulative infection rate was not statistically significant (P>0.05) for dwell times of 6, 7 or 8 days respectively. There was no difference in the CVC related bacteraemia rates between the two groups (3.9% vs 3.7%, P>0.05).
Graphic Data Representation in Anaesthesiological Journals: A Proposed Methodology for Assessment of Appropriateness
Authors: De Amici D. , Klersy C. , Tinelli C.
Published: January 2019

Few authors have addressed the topic of graphic data presentation. The purpose of our study was to combine several guidelines in order to evaluate three anaesthesiology journals listed in Index Medicus (Australian, American and Italian) in terms of the appropriateness and the quality of presentation of graphs.

Our analysis was based on concepts expressed by Cox and Tufte. We calculated the optimization of the amount of information in each graph using two parameters: Data Density Index (DDI) and Data Ink Ratio (DIR). The correctness and clearness of each component of the graph (scale, title, axes, legends and abbreviations) was evaluated on the basis of a binary score.

We analysed 300 exploratory plots, quantitative graphs and summaries of statistical analysis. About 50% of papers had more than three graphs. Mean scores were 3.22 for the Italian journal, 3.47 for the American journal and 3.82 for the Australian journal. Tufte parameters were calculated on 42 scatterplots: DDI was 5.4±13.9 and DIR was 0.7±0.1.

The criteria applied in our study appear sufficiently sensitive to differentiate the quality of graphs.
Systemic Levels of 6-Keto-Prostaglandin F1α Following Administration of Inhaled Aerosolized Prostacyclin
Authors: van Heerden P. V.
Published: January 2019

A case is described where systemic levels of prostacyclin metabolite were measured during inhaled aerosolized prostacyclin (IAP) therapy for severe hypoxaemia in a patient with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Comparable levels of prostacyclin metabolite have been associated with a marked platelet aggregation defect in vitro. A platelet aggregation defect was also demonstrated in vivo in this patient. Haemodynamic and gas exchange data during the IAP therapy are described.
Osteogenesis of 3D printed macro-pore size biphasic calcium phosphate scaffold in rabbit calvaria
Authors: Liu Fan , Liu Yi , Li Xinyu , Wang Xiaohong , Li Danni , Chung SungMin , Chen Cen , Lee In-Seop
Published: January 2019

To investigate the osteogenesis of macro-pore sized bone scaffolds, biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds with accurately controlled macro-pore size (0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 mm) and identical porosity of 70% were fabricated by the 3D printing technology. Eight New Zealand rabbits were selected in the present study, while four 8-mm-diameter calvarial defects were created in each rabbit to place BCP scaffolds with different macro-pore size. The harvested specimens of four and eight weeks were used to evaluate the bone forming ability by micro CT and histological examination. All 3D-printed BCP scaffolds exhibited excellent mechanical properties and had better bone-forming ability than the control at both four and eight weeks. Among them, scaffold with 0.8 mm pore size was superior for initial bone formation and maturation, resulting in the highest value of total bone formation.
Executive Functions, Episodic Autobiographical Memory, Problem-Solving Capacity, and Depression Proposal for a Structural Equations Model
Authors: Meléndez Juan C. , Redondo Rita , Escudero Joaquin , Satorres Encarna , Pitarque Alfonso
Published: January 2019

The executive functions play an important role in storing and recovering autobiographical memories, especially episodic memories. These types of memories provide information about solutions and experiences from the past that can be utilized as examples in the present when seeking solutions to any problem. In addition, a close relationship between depression and the executive functions has been widely recognized. This study aims to elaborate a structural equations model that empirically supports the relationships among the executive functions, episodic autobiographical memory, and the adaptive capacity to solve problems, taking into account the depressed mood state. In all, 32 healthy elderly people, 32 patients with Parkinson disease, 32 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and 32 with Alzheimer disease were evaluated. Structural equation models were estimated to test the effects among the constructs. The final model shows adequate fit indexes, thus revealing that an individual’s problem-solving capacity will depend on the capacity to access the episodic autobiographical memory, which in turn will depend on the maintenance of executive functioning. In a parallel way, the mood state, and specifically depression, will play a modulator role because when there is depressive symptomatology, some capacities that depend on executive control can be diminished.
Didactic games as student-friendly tools for learning hydraulics in a technical university’s undergraduate curriculum
Authors: Liuta Anastasiia V. , Perig Alexander V. , Afanasieva Marharyta A. , Skyrtach Violetta M.
Published: January 2019

This article reports research into the didactic processes of a creative gamified learning process for hydraulics in an undergraduate technical university curriculum, enhanced by industry collaboration. It is based on the use of educational theories of didactic transposition, competency building, learning gamification and emotional intelligence. It is shown that improvement in a student’s motivation with regard to the creative learning of hydraulics in an undergraduate curriculum can be achieved through the competitive writing of original stories, tales, poems and songs that illustrate the basic concepts of hydraulics, fluid mechanics and hydraulic drive machinery. This simple humanized and student-centred study, focused on creativity, is significant for the international community of educators in view of the increasing need to provide undergraduates in university communities with both strong creative and sustainable technical abilities.
A detachable design method of large-sized structure for heavy duty machine tool based on joint surface dynamics characteristic analysis
Authors: Cheng Qiang , Qi Baobao , Liu Zhifeng , Zhang Guojun , Zhang Caixia , Chen Huaxiong
Published: January 2019

Heavy duty and ultra-heavy duty machine tools are used to manufacture large parts or super large parts in aerospace, ship, transportation, and energy industries. The weight of a structural part of ultra-heavy duty machine tools will reach more than 100 tons, because of which both manufacturing and transportation become very difficult. In this paper, a detachable design method for large-sized structures of heavy duty machine tools is presented. The proposed method aims to make large-sized structure into several detachable sections that can be bolted together in order to be casted and transported and remanufactured more easily. To analyze the influence of the joint surface, a three-dimensional fractal contact model based on the influence of domain expansion factor is used to identify stiffness and damping of the joint surface. On the basis of the analysis of the dependence of contact stiffness and damping of joint surface on dynamic characteristics of structural part, a detachable optimization model of a super span beam is established, and the particle swarm optimization algorithm is adopted to carry out the optimization. After that, the dynamic characteristics of the optimized design is analyzed and verified by finite element analysis. Based on the simulated verification, a detachable beam of heavy duty gantry machine was designed by the proposed method and verified by the field test. The illustration example shows that the large span beam can be detached into three sections that can be bolted together by high strength bolts, and it also has satisfied performance.
A novel pressure control strategy of an electro-hydraulic brake system via fusion of control signals
Authors: Han Wei , Xiong Lu , Yu Zhuoping
Published: January 2019

With the development of electro-hydraulic brake system in the automotive application, pressure control is at the top of a brake system engineer’s agenda. This work focuses on the development of a pressure-loop controller for a motor-type electro-hydraulic brake system, which is composed of an electro-mechanical actuator and a hydraulic link. The pressure control issue of motor-type electro-hydraulic brake system is influenced intensely by the nonlinearities (i.e. friction) and uncertainties (e.g. temperature variation, brake pad wear, and so on) of the system and by the very demanding performance specifications (i.e. supporting cooperative work with hydraulic control unit of anti-lock brake system). The pressure control of motor-type electro-hydraulic brake system is investigated, and a novel pressure–based control strategy via fusion of control signals is proposed to improve the pressure tracking performance. The control strategy comprises online model–based friction compensation, online dither–based friction compensation, and feedback control. Four original contributions make this work distinctive from the existing relevant literature. Selecting the Coulomb+viscous friction model can maximize to reduce difficulty of parameter identification and Stribeck effects detection based on maintaining the pressure tracking accuracy. Thanks to the model-based friction compensation torque, the signal magnitude of dither-based friction compensation torque can be decreased so that the vehicle comfort can be improved. The compensation parameters of both the model-based and dither-based friction compensation can be online modified according to the operating point of system. The robustness of the fusion controller is enhanced by employing the sliding mode control algorithm with conditional integrator. The performance of the proposed control strategy is evaluated by hardware-in-the-loop-simulation and vehicle experiment in typical braking situations. The experimental results with fusion control show improved pressure tracking performance in comparison with that without fusion control.
Book review: K. B. Saxena (Ed.), Swaraj and the Reluctant State
Authors: Mishra Sujit Kumar
Published: January 2019

K. B. Saxena (Ed.), Swaraj and the Reluctant State. New Delhi: Aakar Books, 2018, ₹1695 (Hardcover), xviii + 512 pp. ISBN: 978-93-5002-526-0.
National Health Policy: Is It Really for the Poor?
Authors: Ganguli Barna , Sinha Bakshi Amit Kumar
Published: January 2019

This commentary seeks to critically evaluate the new National Health Policy, which emerged as a comprehensive document for Universal Health Coverage in India. Whether the new initiative, with its emphasis on the alignment of private healthcare sector with public health, is merely a window dressing of the old health policies or does it offer something substantive and new?
A Regional Network of Superintendents Confronting Equity
Authors: Kruse Sharon D. , Rodela Katherine C. , Huggins Kristin S.
Published: January 2019

Research into equity leadership has been a growing focus within educational leadership. Few studies explore the role of the superintendent in equity work. Drawing from interview data and observation of monthly regional leadership meetings, this article examines how 12 superintendents describe their equity leadership practices. Focusing on the ways their practice is evidenced across public and private domains of talk and action, we employ the term “messy messages” to communicate the complex, fluid, and uncomfortable nature of this work. Discussion illustrates the complexity of district equity advocacy, and increasing need for social justice education in superintendent leadership preparation programs.
Aerobic Physical Activity and the Leadership of Principals
Authors: Kiser Kari , Clayton Jennifer
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this study was to explore if there was a connection between regular aerobic physical activity and the stress and energy levels of principals as they reported it. The current aerobic physical activity level of principals was discovered. Energy and stress levels of principals who engage in aerobic physical activity, and those who do not, were determined. A survey administered via e-mail was distributed to a national sample of those in Center for Educational Improvement (CEI). The data were analyzed using frequencies and percentages, as well as chi square and t-tests. Findings revealed the majority of principals (65.7%, n = 73) did not engage in the recommended amount of aerobic physical activity and most principals (56.7%, n = 63) engage two days or less per week.
Urban Principal Narratives on Including Black Boys with Emotional Disabilities
Authors: Dematthews David E.
Published: January 2019

Black boys in racially segregated urban schools are vulnerable to the trappings of the school-to-prison-pipeline. In this article, I use narrative inquiry and critical race theory (CRT) to examine the stories of two elementary school principals struggling to create more inclusive schools for Black boys with emotional disabilities (ED) in a racially segregated and low-performing district. Each principal narrative describes efforts to transition a student with ED from a district-created self-contained program to a full-time or near-full-time placement in an inclusive general education classroom. Despite the principals' overall success in creating more inclusive schools for most students with disabilities in a challenging district context, each principal narrative ends with a student being unsuccessful in an inclusive setting and returned to a segregated program. The findings highlight how principals who recognize the vulnerability of Black boys in special education are compelled to create more inclusive schools, but can confront significant institutional, organizational, and social and emotional challenges. Applying CRT to these cases provides additional insights into how principals can develop inclusive schools and challenge segregated programs. While some inclusive leadership practices aimed at improving the educational outcomes of Black boys are identified throughout these narratives, the significance of the study lies in documenting and understanding how principals experience the barriers and challenges to creating more socially just and inclusive schools.
Journey of a Culturally Responsive, Socially Just Leader
Authors: Newcomer Sarah N. , Cowin Kathleen M.
Published: January 2019

Principals' beliefs and actions have powerful outcomes in the lives of the students and families they serve. In this article, we offer the portrait of a long-standing principal of a diverse urban school where the student body is 90% Latinx, 65% English learners (ELs), and 87% eligible for free or reduced-price lunch. We explore many key practices cultivated during his tenure, including creating a bilingual campus, enacting expeditionary-style learning, and building a strong sense of community. We invite readers to consider important challenges and possibilities along their own journeys toward becoming more culturally responsive, socially just leaders.
Why Principals Sidestep Instructional Leadership
Authors: Shaked Haim
Published: January 2019

Principal educators‘ and policy makers’ predominant expectation from school principals to serve as instructional leaders—who engage primarily in a wide range of activities that clearly focus on improving teaching and learning for all students—has scarcely been applied in practice by principals in today's schools. Researchers have found several reasons for this gap between professional recommendations and actual principal behavior. The current qualitative study, based on semi-structured interviews with 41 Israeli principals, suggests one more explanation for today's reality of principals‘ limited engagement in instructional leadership: Some principals uphold a non-academic definition of schools’ major goal—focusing on students‘ well-being, social skills, values, etc.—and thereby claim that improvements in teaching and learning should not be at the top of the school administrators’ priorities. This goal as a possible mechanism underlying principals' noncompliance has not been investigated to date.
Alternative Accountability Models
Authors: McMahon Kelly , Johnson Ashley
Published: January 2019

The passage of ESSA in 2015 created a novel mandate for States to develop school accountability systems that use alternative measures of school quality beyond test scores. This created an opportunity for States to be innovative and make new forms of data available that could potentially lead to new strategies for improving schools. This study explored early experiments in alternative accountability measures in two urban districts. Drawing on interviews, documents, and observations gained through participant research, this study highlights the variable types of data the models made available to stakeholders and how those differences suggest different theories of change for improving schools. The findings highlight how different ways of specifying school quality point to different ideas about what schools should be responsible for improving.
Responding to State Mandates around Instruction
Authors: Roegman Rachel , Lee Seungyoon , Hatch Thomas , Stumberger Neva , Hill Kathryn
Published: January 2019

In this paper, we document development of administrator networks around teacher evaluation and Common Core in an urban district over four years. Using social network analysis, we look at the extent to which networks focused on instructional initiatives spanned formal roles. Findings highlight influences of role and grade level as well as the nature of different initiatives in the ways that networks developed. As interactions increase, administrators share their knowledge and expertise—and district leadership has the potential to develop structures that support this. We conclude with implications for policy and practice.
Risk Factors and Triggers That May Result in Patient-Initiated Violence on Inpatient Psychiatric Units: An Integrative Review
Authors: Salzmann-Erikson Martin , Yifter Lilly
Published: January 2019

The aim of the present integrative review is to identify and describe risk factors and triggers that may result in patient-initiated violence on inpatient psychiatric units. Original studies were searched for in PubMed, PsycINFO, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. From the 826 identified publications, 18 were included for a synthesis. The results are presented in three themes, which demonstrate that patient characteristics, staff approach, and the ward environment are influencers that may trigger the emergence of violent incidents. Incidents are discussed from the theoretical framework of complexity science as dynamic, highly variable in manifestation, and adaptive, in that the forthcoming process and outcomes are highly dependent on how the surrounding environment responds. Our recommendation is that staff on inpatient wards recognize the myriad influencers that may trigger inpatient violence in a context of highly complex interactions.
Lesbian and Gay Educators Functioning in Heteronormative Schools
Authors: Hooker Steven D.
Published: January 2019

This qualitative study explores the ways in which lesbian and gay educators negotiate their sexual identities in their school settings. Ten gay and lesbian public and Catholic school educators from rural, suburban, and urban schools were interviewed. Each of these educators negotiated their sexual identities differently within their school communities; however, descriptors such as age, experience level, and school setting did not affect their identity negotiation. Most of these educators were unable to integrate their sexual identity with their teacher identity due to various types of fear: fear of being fired, fear of entering the teaching profession, fear of being outed and facing harassment and isolation, and fear of undermining authenticity.
Desert Bloom?: Lessons from Two Decades of Arizona Charter Schooling
Authors: Maranto Robert , Vasile Alexandra
Published: January 2019

For decades, scholars and politicians have debated the likely impacts of school choice. Yet few have studied the nation's largest state-level charter school market, Arizona, whose 20-year-old charter sector accounts for about 17% of Arizona public school enrollment. This article summarizes the extant literature on this market, some 23 studies, supplemented with original fieldwork to derive tentative lessons for social scientists and policymakers. While the charter sector seems to have promoted innovation, teacher and parent empowerment, and modest improvement in traditional public schools, findings regarding student learning and segregation are less clear.
Key Features to Inform Student Outcomes: Learning from a High School Healthcare Education Program
Authors: Thessin Rebecca A. , Scully-Russ Ellen , Hildreth Jeanine , Lieberman Daina S.
Published: January 2019

At a time when U.S. policymakers are demonstrating their commitment to CTE established to address particular workforce shortage areas, this mixed methods evaluation study sought to understand the key features and outcomes of an existing healthcare education program (HEP) founded with this intent. Findings demonstrated that the HEP incorporates several unique features that should be considered by other programs including hands-on work using hospital equipment, workplace observations, and a strong emphasis on career decision-making efficacy. Evidence showed that students who continue in a Career and Technical Education (CTE) program for more than one year may exhibit somewhat higher rates of college enrollment.
Blacked Out and Whited Out: The Double Bind of Gifted Black Females who are Often a Footnote in Educational Discourse
Authors: Ford Donna Y. , Harris Breshawn N. , Byrd Janice A. , Walters Nicole McZeal
Published: January 2019

Black females are often placed in a difficult position of facing barriers in educational, vocational, and social settings that relegate them to second-class status when compared to issues facing Black males and those facing White females. Sharing race with one and gender with the other, the lived experiences of Black females is understudied and perhaps even discounted in the increasing racial injustices facing Black males and sexism facing White females. In this article, the authors address these neglects in the context of gifted education and Advanced Placement. We attend to what has been written about gifted and/ or high-achieving Black females regarding areas that have been neglected and needs more attention to ensure that this student group is more than a footnote in educational and social justice work.
Are living beings extended autopoietic systems? An embodied reply
Authors: Villalobos Mario , Razeto-Barry Pablo
Published: January 2019

Building on the original formulation of the autopoietic theory (AT), extended enactivism argues that living beings are autopoietic systems that extend beyond the spatial boundaries of the organism. In this article, we argue that extended enactivism, despite having some basis in AT’s original formulation, mistakes AT’s definition of living beings as autopoietic entities. We offer, as a reply to this interpretation, a more embodied reformulation of autopoiesis, which we think is necessary to counterbalance the (excessively) disembodied spirit of AT’s original formulation. The article aims to clarify and correct what we take to be a misinterpretation of AT as a research program. AT, contrary to what some enactivists seem to believe, did not (and does not) intend to motivate an extended conception of living beings. AT’s primary purpose, we argue, was (and is) to provide a universal individuation criterion for living beings, these understood as discrete bodies that are embedded in, but not constituted by, the environment that surrounds them. However, by giving a more explicitly embodied definition of living beings, AT can rectify and accommodate, so we argue, the enactive extended interpretation of autopoiesis, showing that although living beings do not extend beyond their boundaries as autopoietic unities, they do form part, in normal conditions, of broader autopoietic systems that include the environment.
Researching LGBT+ Youth Intimacies and Social Media: The Strengths and Limitations of Participant-Led Visual Methods
Authors: Marston Kate
Published: January 2019

This paper draws on data from an exploratory study into the social media engagements of LGBT+ young people aged 16 to 20 years old, in the United Kingdom, and considers how participant-led visual methods generated insights into different modalities of digitally mediated intimacy. It outlines the methodological paradigms dominating current research on LGBT+ young people’s digitally mediated practices of intimacy and argues that visual methods have been underemployed to date. The participatory visual methods used in this study, including map-making and digital tours of participant’s digital worlds along with visual elicitation interviews, are documented and explored in relation to Berlant’s work on intimacy and theories of networked affect. It also reflects upon the ethical implications of re-presenting social media images and troubles interpretive imperatives within qualitative research.
Situating Ethics in Online Mourning Research: A Scoping Review of Empirical Studies
Authors: Myles David , Cherba Maria , Millerand Florence
Published: January 2019

In the past decade, social media have put mourning practices at the forefront of daily life in ways that challenge assumptions made about the public disclosure of information often construed as being highly intimate. This article examines how researchers conceive online mourning in empirical studies and how such conceptions inform (or not) methodological and ethical decisions. Through a scoping review, we identified 40 empirical papers addressing online mourning. Our analysis shows that, while online mourning practices have overwhelmingly been problematized in terms of privacy and publicness within the current literature, ethical issues relating to their analysis have been scarcely addressed in empirical research. In line with Foucault’s work on the dispositif, we then examine the performative role of privacy and data sensitivity in the context of online mourning research (notably in relation to consent procurement) and discuss our findings in light of emerging trends in context-based ethics.