bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Universal Dynamic Threshold Cloud Detection Algorithm (UDTCDA) supported by a prior surface reflectance database
Authors: Sun Lin , Wei Jing , Wang Jian , Mi Xueting , Guo Yamin , Lv Yang , Yang Yikun , Gan Ping , Zhou Xueying , Jia Chen , Tian Xinpeng
Published: June 2016

Conventional cloud detection methods are easily affected by mixed pixels, complex surface structures, and atmospheric factors, resulting in poor cloud detection results. To minimize these problems, a new Universal Dynamic Threshold Cloud Detection Algorithm (UDTCDA) supported by a priori surface reflectance database is proposed in this paper. A monthly surface reflectance database is constructed using long‐time‐sequenced MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer surface reflectance product (MOD09A1) to provide the surface reflectance of the underlying surfaces. The relationships between the apparent reflectance changes and the surface reflectance are simulated under different observation and atmospheric conditions with the 6S (Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum) model, and the dynamic threshold cloud detection models are developed. Two typical remote sensing data with important application significance and different sensor parameters, MODIS and Landsat 8, are selected for cloud detection experiments. The results were validated against the visual interpretation of clouds and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation cloud measurements. The results showed that the UDTCDA can obtain a high precision in cloud detection, correctly identifying cloudy pixels and clear‐sky pixels at rates greater than 80% with error rate and missing rate of less than 20%. The UDTCDA cloud product overall shows less estimation uncertainty than the current MODIS cloud mask products. Moreover, the UDTCDA can effectively reduce the effects of atmospheric factors and mixed pixels and can be applied to different satellite sensors to realize long‐term, large‐scale cloud detection operations.
Dynamic biogeochemical controls on river pCO2 and recent changes under aggravating river impoundment: An example of the subtropical Yangtze River
Authors: Liu Shaoda , Lu Xi Xi , Xia Xinghui , Zhang Shurong , Ran Lishan , Yang Xiankun , Liu Ting
Published: June 2016

This paper highlights two aspects of the dynamic biogeochemical controls of riverine pCO2 in an increasingly impounded large subtropical river (the Yangtze): the terrestrial dominance through internal respiration of land‐derived organic carbon and the influence of increased autotrophic activity in impounded areas on river pCO2. River pCO2 and total organic carbon (TOC) increase downstream on the main stem (pCO2: 528–1703 µatm; TOC: 137–263 µmol/L) and vary significantly among tributaries (464–3300 µatm; TOC: 109–340 µmol/L). pCO2 displays larger spatial variability than temporal variability and is spatially correlated with river organic carbon across the river (p < 0.05–0.0001, seasonally independent). pCO2 is also negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen (r2 = 0.46, p < 0.0001). Respiration of allochthonous organic carbon in water column is concluded as an essential source of CO2 supersaturation and river heterotrophy. However, significant benthic respiration and/or direct soil CO2 transport (e.g., via groundwater, ~80%) exist at the same time. The temporal and spatial distribution of POC compositional characteristics and chlorophyll a indicate the dominant control of terrestrial processes (e.g., organic matter transport and soil erosion) on the river pCO2 biogeochemistry, especially in warm seasons. Increased autotrophy and significant pCO2 decrease (>60%) do occur in impounded areas (especially in nutrient‐rich rivers), but the decrease is mostly temporal and regional (~8% of the data points are significantly influenced, all from the upper reach and/or major tributaries). The paper concludes that terrestrial influence still dominates the pCO2 biogeochemistry in this increasingly intercepted and regulated river system.
Electrodynamic context of magnetopause dynamics observed by magnetospheric multiscale
Authors: Anderson Brian J. , Russell Christopher T. , Strangeway Robert J. , Plaschke Ferdinand , Magnes Werner , Fischer David , Korth Haje , Merkin Viacheslav G. , Barnes Robin J. , Waters Colin L. , Cohen Ian J. , Westlake Joseph H. , Mauk Barry H. , Leinweber Hannes K. , Gershman Daniel J. , Giles Barbara L. , Le Guan , Torbert Roy B. , Burch James L.
Published: June 2016

Magnetopause observations by Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) and Birkeland currents observed by the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment are used to relate magnetopause encounters to ionospheric electrodynamics. MMS magnetopause crossings on 15 August and 19 September 2015 occurred earthward of expectations due to solar wind ram pressure alone and coincided with equatorward expansion of the Birkeland currents. Magnetopause erosion, consistent with expansion of the polar cap, contributed to the magnetopause crossings. The ionospheric projections of MMS during the events and at times of the magnetopause crossings indicate that MMS observations are related to the main path of flux transport in one case but not in a second. The analysis provides a way to routinely relate in situ observations to the context of in situ convection and flux transport.
Measurement and imaging of infragravity waves in sea ice using InSAR
Authors: Mahoney Andrew R. , Dammann Dyre O. , Johnson Mark A. , Eicken Hajo , Meyer Franz J.
Published: June 2016

Using short‐temporal baseline interferometric synthetic aperture radar, we capture instantaneous images of a persistent field of infragravity waves propagating through sea ice near Barrow, Alaska, during January 2015. We estimate wave amplitudes to be between 1.2 and 1.8 mm. Curvature of wavefronts is consistent with refraction of waves entering shallow water from a source region north of Barrow. A shallow water wave model indicates that the geometry of the wavefronts is relatively insensitive to the source location, but other evidence suggests the waves may have originated in the North Atlantic, making this perhaps the longest observed propagation path for waves through ice. We also note that steepening of the waves entering shallow water can increase the peak strain by an order of magnitude, suggesting that infragravity waves may play a role in determining the location of the landfast ice edge with respect to water depth.
Improving past sea surface temperature reconstructions from the Southern Hemisphere oceans using planktonic foraminiferal census data
Authors: Haddam N. A. , Michel E. , Siani G. , Cortese G. , Bostock H. C. , Duprat J. M. , Isguder G.
Published: June 2016

We present an improved database of planktonic foraminiferal census counts from the Southern Hemisphere oceans (SHO) from 15°S to 64°S. The SHO database combines three existing databases. Using this SHO database, we investigated dissolution biases that might affect faunal census counts. We suggest a depth/
threshold of ~3800 m/
 = ~ −10 to −5 µmol/kg for the Pacific and Indian Oceans and ~4000 m/
 = ~0 to 10 µmol/kg for the Atlantic Ocean, under which core‐top assemblages can be affected by dissolution and are less reliable for paleo‐sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions. We removed all core tops beyond these thresholds from the SHO database. This database has 598 core tops and is able to reconstruct past SST variations from 2° to 25.5°C, with a root mean square error of 1.00°C, for annual temperatures. To inspect how dissolution affects SST reconstruction quality, we tested the data base with two “leave‐one‐out” tests, with and without the deep core tops. We used this database to reconstruct summer SST (SSST) over the last 20 ka, using the Modern Analog Technique method, on the Southeast Pacific core MD07‐3100. This was compared to the SSST reconstructed using the three databases used to compile the SHO database, thus showing that the reconstruction using the SHO database is more reliable, as its dissimilarity values are the lowest. The most important aspect here is the importance of a bias‐free, geographic‐rich database. We leave this data set open‐ended to future additions; the new core tops must be carefully selected, with their chronological frameworks, and evidence of dissolution assessed.
Influence of Alcohol Consumption on the Risk of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Among Women in the Nurses’ Health Study Cohorts
Authors: Barbhaiya Medha , Lu Bing , Sparks Jeffrey A. , Malspeis Susan , Chang Shun‐Chiao , Karlson Elizabeth W. , Costenbader Karen H.
Published: June 2016

Objective

Moderate alcohol consumption has antiinflammatory properties and is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease and rheumatoid arthritis risks. We investigated the association between alcohol consumption and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) risk among women followed in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) cohorts.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort analysis among 204,055 women in NHS (1980–2012) and NHSII (1989–2011) who were free of connective tissue disease and provided alcohol information at baseline. Alcohol consumption was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire every 2–4 years. We validated incident SLE through medical record review after self‐report. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for SLE based on cumulative average alcohol intake, adjusting for potential confounders. Results were meta‐analyzed using DerSimonian and Laird random‐effects models. We further investigated SLE risk associated with wine, beer, and liquor intake.

Results

We identified 125 incident SLE cases in NHS and 119 in NHSII. Mean ± SD age at SLE diagnosis was 55.8 ± 9.5 years in NHS and 43.4 ± 7.7 years in NHSII. Compared to no alcohol intake, the meta‐analyzed multivariable HR for cumulative alcohol consumption ≥5 gm/day was 0.61 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.41–0.89). When limiting alcohol exposure to >4 years prior to SLE diagnosis, the multivariable HR was similar: 0.61 (95% CI 0.41–0.91). Women who drank ≥2 servings/week of wine had significantly decreased SLE risk (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.45–0.96) compared to women who did not drink wine.

Conclusion

In these large prospective cohorts, we demonstrated an inverse association between moderate alcohol consumption (≥5 grams or 0.5 drink/day) and SLE risk in women.
Preferences for Disease‐Related Education and Support Among Younger People With Hip or Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Ackerman Ilana N. , Bucknill Andrew , Page Richard S. , Broughton Nigel S. , Roberts Carol , Cavka Bernarda , Schoch Peter , Brand Caroline A.
Published: June 2016

Objective

To explore the usefulness and accessibility of different delivery modes of disease‐related education and support, as perceived by younger people with osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

People ages 20–55 years with hip or knee OA were recruited from 3 major Australian public hospitals and the community (n = 147). Data were collected on use of disease‐related education and support services, as well as perceived usefulness and accessibility of delivery modes including group‐based programs, online resources, telephone helplines, mailed information, social media, and mobile applications (rated on visual analog scales from 1–10; higher scores indicate greater usefulness or accessibility).

Results

Very few participants had used social media (5%), group self‐management programs (3%), or telephone helplines (2%) to obtain OA information. Mailed information packs and online education programs were considered the most useful (median usefulness scores 8.0 and 7.0, respectively) and accessible methods (median accessibility scores 10.0 and 9.0, respectively) for providing OA education and support. Social media was perceived as least useful (median usefulness score 2.0) and least accessible; 45% of participants considered it “not at all useful,” while 35% reported it would be “very difficult” to access OA education and support by this means. Less educational attainment was associated with greater perceived difficulty in accessing online/electronic delivery modes, while people in paid work perceived easier access.

Conclusion

These data highlight the value of mailed information and online education to younger people with OA and can be used to develop targeted resources for individuals of working age. Social media was not a highly valued source of disease‐related education and support.
Dietary Fat Intake and Radiographic Progression of Knee Osteoarthritis: Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative
Authors: Lu Bing , Driban Jeffrey B. , Xu Chang , Lapane Kate L. , McAlindon Timothy E. , Eaton Charles B.
Published: June 2016

Objective

Few studies have investigated the role of dietary factors on knee osteoarthritis (OA) progression. We examined the prospective association of dietary fat intake with radiographic progression of knee OA.

Methods

In the Osteoarthritis Initiative, 2,092 participants with radiographic knee OA and having baseline dietary data were followed at yearly intervals up to 48 months. Dietary intakes of fatty acids were assessed with the Block Brief Food Frequency Questionnaire. To evaluate radiographic progression of knee OA, we used quantitative joint space width (JSW) between the medial femur and tibia of the knee based on fixed‐flexion posteroanterior radiographs. Linear mixed models for repeated measures were used to test the association between dietary fat and JSW loss over time.

Results

We observed significant positive relationships of total fat and saturated fatty acids (SFA) intakes with JSW loss. With increasing quartiles of total fat intake, JSW decreases over 48 months were 0.26 mm, 0.27 mm, 0.31 mm and 0.35 mm, respectively (P = 0.02 for trend). Similar association was observed between SFA intake and JSW loss. In contrast, higher intakes of mono‐ (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and higher ratio of PUFA to SFA were associated with a reduced JSW loss.

Conclusion

High intakes of total fat and SFA may be associated with increased structural knee OA progression, while MUFA and PUFA may reduce radiographic progression. Replication of these novel findings in other prospective studies is needed to confirm if reduction in SFA intake and increase in unsaturated fat intake lead to delayed knee OA progression.
Direct and Indirect Determinants of the Patient Global Assessment in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Differences by Level of Disease Activity
Authors: Ward Michael M. , Guthrie Lori C. , Dasgupta Abhijit
Published: June 2016

Objective

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the patient global assessment (PGA) has been strongly associated with pain severity, but less often with other measures, including disease activity measures. We tested whether RA activity and psychological measures had direct associations with the PGA or indirect associations that were mediated by pain. We also tested whether the correlates of the PGA differed with the degree of RA activity.

Methods

We studied 260 patients with active RA on 2 visits in a prospective longitudinal study. We used path analysis to test direct and indirect associations of Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), morning stiffness, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), fatigue, physical role limitations, social functioning, depressive symptoms, and health distress with the PGA.

Results

Among the 509 visits, the median PGA score was 50 (25th–75th percentile: 24–66). Pain severity had the strongest association with the PGA, but direct associations were also found for morning stiffness severity, health distress, fatigue, and DAS28. Morning stiffness severity, DAS28, health distress, and HAQ were also indirectly associated with the PGA through pain. Among visits with DAS28 ≥5.4, pain, morning stiffness severity, and HAQ were the only determinants of the PGA. Among visits with DAS28 <4.2, health distress and age were additional determinants, and fatigue was marginally associated with the PGA.

Conclusion

Although pain was the strongest determinant of the PGA in RA, morning stiffness severity, health distress, fatigue, and DAS28 were also important. Determinants of the PGA differed with RA activity, with health distress, age, and to a lesser degree, fatigue, contributing only in patients with less active RA.
Dendritic Platinum–Copper Alloy Nanoparticles as Theranostic Agents for Multimodal Imaging and Combined Chemophotothermal Therapy
Authors: Zhou Zhengjie , Hu Kewen , Ma Rui , Yan Yang , Ni Bing , Zhang Yunjiao , Wen Longping , Zhang Qiang , Cheng Yiyun
Published: June 2016

Theranostic nanoparticles that possess multiple diagnostic modalities and allow spatiotemporally controlled therapies can significantly improve therapeutic outcomes and reduce adverse effects. Here, an intelligent and biocompatible theranostic formulation is developed based on dendritic platinum–copper alloy nanoparticles (DPCN) for cancer therapy. DPCN have excellent photothermal effect, and can load anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin in their porous structure and release the loaded drugs in response to near infrared light or moderate acidic stimulus. They also inherently have multimodal imaging modalities. Upon the guidance of photoacoustic imaging, DPCN‐mediated photothermal treatment efficiently inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, doxorubicin‐loaded DPCN completely suppress the tumor growth even under a low treatment temperature, which avoids hypothermia‐induced damage to normal tissues. Our study develops an excellent theranostic nanoparticle with inherent multimodal imaging and therapeutic modalities for chemophotothermal cancer therapy.
2D‐Crystal‐Based Functional Inks
Authors: Bonaccorso Francesco , Bartolotta Antonino , Coleman Jonathan N. , Backes Claudia
Published: June 2016

The possibility to produce and process graphene, related 2D crystals, and heterostructures in the liquid phase makes them promising materials for an ever‐growing class of applications as composite materials, sensors, in flexible optoelectronics, and energy storage and conversion. In particular, the ability to formulate functional inks with on‐demand rheological and morphological properties, i.e., lateral size and thickness of the dispersed 2D crystals, is a step forward toward the development of industrial‐scale, reliable, inexpensive printing/coating processes, a boost for the full exploitation of such nanomaterials. Here, the exfoliation strategies of graphite and other layered crystals are reviewed, along with the advances in the sorting of lateral size and thickness of the exfoliated sheets together with the formulation of functional inks and the current development of printing/coating processes of interest for the realization of 2D‐crystal‐based devices.
Controlled Mutual Diffusion between Fullerene and Conjugated Polymer Nanopillars in Ordered Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Ko Jongkuk , Song Jiyun , Yoon Hyunsik , Kim Taeyong , Lee Changhee , Berger Rüdiger , Char Kookheon
Published: June 2016

A new approach is presented to control the nanomorphology of organic solar cells in a predictable, controllable, and easily‐scalable way. The nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is combined with a subsequent molecular diffusion step controlled by thermal annealing. The new approach is realized by using nanointerdigitated donor–acceptor structure, consisting of poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) nanopillar arrays surrounded by phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester. Subsequent thermal annealing leads to vertically aligned ordered quasi‐bulk heterojunctions with hierarchical nanostructure. The changes are studied in nanostructural and electrical properties of the pillar samples using scanning probe microscopy. In addition, grazing‐incidence small and wide angle X‐ray scattering yield detailed quantitative information on the molecular‐ to domain‐scale nanostructures. The changes in crystal size, chain orientation, and domain composition as a function of thermal anneal temperature and time are obtained. In addition, the conductive scanning force microscopy in quantitative imaging mode, applied to the pillar‐based samples for the first time, allows us to establish a clear relationship between nanomorphology, nanoelectrical property, and macroscale device performance. It is believed that the NIL combined with controlled molecular diffusion is a powerful method, which could be easily extended to other materials and processes to realize a whole variety of other hierarchical nanomorphologies.
An Analysis of Past World Market Prices of Feed and Milk and Predictions for the Future
Authors: Hansen Bjørn Gunnar , Li Yushu
Published: June 2016

Understanding of price behavior is a critical element to make decisions in uncertain conditions that significantly influence the return of dairy market participants. Increased variability in both the world milk price and the world feed price during the last 7‐8 years has increased the need for research on price dynamics and price forecasting. The aims of this paper are to explore the dynamics embedded in and between the world milk and feed prices, and to produce reliable forecasts for both prices.

We collected the world milk price and the world feed price series from 2002 to 2015 from the International Farm Comparison Network (IFCN). The analysis revealed that the two price series contain business cycles of approximately 32 months. Further, the two series are co‐ integrated, with the feed price as the leading variable. A combination of three different forecasting models can provide reasonably good forecasts of both prices.
Prognostic impact of bone marrow fibrosis in primary myelofibrosis. A study of the AGIMM group on 490 patients
Authors: Guglielmelli Paola , Rotunno Giada , Pacilli Annalisa , Rumi Elisa , Rosti Vittorio , Delaini Federica , Maffioli Margherita , Fanelli Tiziana , Pancrazzi Alessandro , Pieri Lisa , Fjerza Rajmonda , Pietra Daniela , Cilloni Daniela , Sant'Antonio Emanuela , Salmoiraghi Silvia , Passamonti Francesco , Rambaldi Alessandro , Barosi Giovanni , Barbui Tiziano , Cazzola Mario , Vannucchi Alessandro M.
Published: June 2016

The prognostic significance of bone marrow (BM) fibrosis grade in patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is still debated. A fibrosis grade greater than 1 was shown to associate with higher risk of death, and addition of fibrosis grade to IPSS score resulted in a more accurate prediction of survival. The aim of this study was to analyze the prognostic impact of BM fibrosis in 490 patients with PMF, evaluated at diagnosis, molecularly annotated and with extensive follow‐up information. We found that fibrosis grade 2 and greater on a 0–3 scale was associated with clinical characteristics indicative of a more advanced disease, such as anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, constitutional symptoms, larger splenomegaly and a higher IPSS risk category. Patients with higher grade of fibrosis were also more likely to have additional somatic mutations in ASXL1 and EZH2, that are prognostically adverse. Median survival was significantly reduced in patients with grade 2 and 3 fibrosis as compared with grade 1; this effect was maintained when analysis was restricted to younger patients. In multivariate analysis, fibrosis grade independently predicted for survival regardless of IPSS variables and mutational status; the adverse impact of fibrosis was noticeable especially in lower IPSS risk categories. Overall, results indicate that higher grades of fibrosis correlate with unique clinical and molecular aspects and represent an independent adverse variable in patients with PMF; these observations deserve confirmation in prospectively designed series of patients. Am. J. Hematol. 91:918–922, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MtDNA and Y‐chromosomal diversity in the Chachapoya, a population from the northeast Peruvian Andes‐Amazon divide
Authors: Guevara Evelyn K. , Palo Jukka U. , Guillén Sonia , Sajantila Antti
Published: June 2016

Objectives

The ancient Chachapoya were an aggregate of several ethnic groups that shared a common language, religion, and material culture. They inhabited a territory at the juncture of the Andes and the Amazon basin. Their position between those ecozones most likely influenced their genetic composition. We attempted to better understand their population history by assessing the contemporary genetic diversity in the Chachapoya and three of their immediate neighbors (Huancas, Jivaro, and Cajamarca). We inferred signatures of demographic history and genetic affinities, and contrasted the findings with data from other populations on local and continental scales.

Methods

We studied mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; hypervariable segment [HVSI and HVSII]) and Y chromosome (23 short tandem repeats (STRs)) marker data in 382 modern individuals. We used Sanger sequencing for mtDNA and a commercially available kit for Y–chromosomal STR typing.

Results

The Chachapoya had affinities with various populations of Andean and Amazonian origin. When examining the Native American component, the Chachapoya displayed high levels of genetic diversity. Together with other parameters, for example, large Tajima's D and Fu's Fs, the data indicated no drastic reduction of the population size in the past.

Conclusion

The high level of diversity in the Chachapoya, the lack of evidence of drift in the past, and genetic affinities with a broad range of populations in the Americas reflects an intricate population history in the region. The new genetic data from the Chachapoya indeed seems to point to a genetic complexity that is not yet resolved but beginning to be elucidated. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:857–867, 2016. © 2016Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mortality study of employees at a chemical manufacturing plant using administrative databases
Authors: Bena Antonella , Farina Elena , Demaria Moreno , Cadum Ennio
Published: June 2016

Background

This study investigated mortality in a cohort of 1,988 male workers at a chemical manufacturing plant (1981–2011) and evaluated the quality of the results obtained using administrative databases.

Methods

Information about the workers was obtained from the archives of the Italian National Institute for Social Insurance. Vital status and causes of death were ascertained through record linkage with electronic archives and follow‐up mailing. Regional reference rates were used to calculate standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 90% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

The analysis showed increased SMR for selected cancers of a priori interest: respiratory system (SMR: 126.8; 90%CI: 105–152), pleura (330.5; 90%CI 164–596), and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (196.1; 90%CI 102–342).

Conclusions

The results indicate an effect of hazardous exposures among workers in this chemical manufacturing plant. Using administrative databases to construct historical cohorts is an efficient method in time and resources, for estimating the risk of mortality and generating hypotheses. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:866–876, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Seasonality of reproductive events and early mortality in a colony of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas) over a 30‐year period: Capital breeding and life history patterns in a food‐provisioned population seasonally thermally stressed
Authors: Polo Pablo , Colmenares Fernando
Published: June 2016

In environments where energy demands and resource availability vary seasonally, individuals are expected to time the optimal allocation of resources to support survival and reproduction. Although female baboons are regarded as all year round, capital breeders, we wondered how they would respond in an ecological scenario where food were not limiting, foraging effort were negligible, and they were thermally stressed during the cold winter. This study analyzes a 30‐year database of conceptions, births, resumptions of postlactational ovarian activity, menarches, and prenatal and early postnatal reproductive failures recorded in a food‐provisioned colony of hamadryas baboons located in a temperate zone (40°25′N) to search for seasonal patterns in their life‐history patterns and explore its fitness consequences. The results show that the study females exhibited moderate seasonality and behaved like capital breeders; ovarian activity peaked during the period of benign weather conditions (spring and early summer) and births and lactation peaked during the period when they were thermally stressed and faced a negative energy balance (winter). Mistimed conceptions were more likely to fail than timed conceptions were, although this association could be artefactual due to the difficulty to accurately detect prenatal losses. Insolation and, to a lesser extent, temperature were positively associated with conceptions, resumptions of postlactational ovarian activity and onsets of menarche, and negatively associated with births. These findings highlight the extent of plasticity (width of peaks) and resiliency (retention of a capital breeding tactic even under highly seasonally thermally stressful cold conditions) in how primates can adjust their life history patterns and solve tradeoffs in a scenario of strong seasonal variation. Am. J. Primatol. 78:1149–1164, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polyvalent Catalysts Operating on Polyvalent Substrates: A Model for Surface‐Controlled Reactivity
Authors: McKay Craig S. , Finn M. G.
Published: June 2016

Unusually fast rates of nucleophilic catalysis of hydrazone ligation were observed when polyvalent anthranilic acid catalysts operating on polyvalent aldehyde substrates were used with PAMAM dendrimers as the common platform. When presented in this way, the catalyst has a strong accelerating effect at concentrations 40–400 times lower than those required for similar monovalent catalysts and displays unique kinetic parameters. We attribute these properties to polyvalent engagement between the dendrimer surface groups, and a potential “rolling” effect leading to fast interparticle kinetic turnover. The phenomenon is sensitive to the density of functional groups on each dendrimer, and insensitive to factors that promote or inhibit nonspecific particle aggregation. These findings constitute a rare experimental example of an underappreciated phenomenon in biological and chemical systems that are organized on interacting surfaces.
Non‐classical Helices with cis Carbon–Carbon Double Bonds in the Backbone: Structural Features of α,γ‐Hybrid Peptide Foldamers
Authors: Ganesh Kumar Mothukuri , Thombare Varsha J. , Katariya Mona M. , Veeresh Kuruva , Raja K. Muruga Poopathi , Gopi Hosahudya N.
Published: June 2016

The impact of geometrically constrained cis α,β‐unsaturated γ‐amino acids on the folding of α,γ‐hybrid peptides was investigated. Structure analysis in single crystals and in solution revealed that the cis carbon–carbon double bonds can be accommodated into the 12‐helix without deviation from the overall helical conformation. The helical structures are stabilized by 4→1 hydrogen bonding in a similar manner to the 12‐helices of β‐peptides and the 310 helices of α‐peptides. These results show that functional cis carbon–carbon double bonds can be accommodated into the backbone of helical peptides.
Isoxazole‐Derived Amino Acids are Bromodomain‐Binding Acetyl‐Lysine Mimics: Incorporation into Histone H4 Peptides and Histone H3
Authors: Sekirnik (née Measures) Angelina R. , Hewings David S. , Theodoulou Natalie H. , Jursins Lukass , Lewendon Katie R. , Jennings Laura E. , Rooney Timothy P. C. , Heightman Tom D. , Conway Stuart J.
Published: June 2016

A range of isoxazole‐containing amino acids was synthesized that displaced acetyl‐lysine‐containing peptides from the BAZ2A, BRD4(1), and BRD9 bromodomains. Three of these amino acids were incorporated into a histone H4‐mimicking peptide and their affinity for BRD4(1) was assessed. Affinities of the isoxazole‐containing peptides are comparable to those of a hyperacetylated histone H4‐mimicking cognate peptide, and demonstrated a dependence on the position at which the unnatural residue was incorporated. An isoxazole‐based alkylating agent was developed to selectively alkylate cysteine residues in situ. Selective monoalkylation of a histone H4‐mimicking peptide, containing a lysine to cysteine residue substitution (K12C), resulted in acetyl‐lysine mimic incorporation, with high affinity for the BRD4 bromodomain. The same technology was used to alkylate a K18C mutant of histone H3.
Hydrogen Treatment for Superparamagnetic VO2 Nanowires with Large Room‐Temperature Magnetoresistance
Authors: Li Zejun , Guo Yuqiao , Hu Zhenpeng , Su Jihu , Zhao Jiyin , Wu Junchi , Wu Jiajing , Zhao Yingcheng , Wu Changzheng , Xie Yi
Published: June 2016

One‐dimensional (1D) transition metal oxide (TMO) nanostructures are actively pursued in spintronic devices owing to their nontrivial d electron magnetism and confined electron transport pathways. However, for TMOs, the realization of 1D structures with long‐range magnetic order to achieve a sensitive magnetoelectric response near room temperature has been a longstanding challenge. Herein, we exploit a chemical hydric effect to regulate the spin structure of 1D V–V atomic chains in monoclinic VO2 nanowires. Hydrogen treatment introduced V3+ (3d2) ions into the 1D zigzag V–V chains, triggering the formation of ferromagnetically coupled V3+–V4+ dimers to produce 1D superparamagnetic chains and achieve large room‐temperature negative magnetoresistance (−23.9 %, 300 K, 0.5 T). This approach offers new opportunities to regulate the spin structure of 1D nanostructures to control the intrinsic magnetoelectric properties of spintronic materials.
Mononuclear Nonheme High‐Spin (S=2) versus Intermediate‐Spin (S=1) Iron(IV)–Oxo Complexes in Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Bae Seong Hee , Seo Mi Sook , Lee Yong‐Min , Cho Kyung‐Bin , Kim Won‐Suk , Nam Wonwoo
Published: June 2016

Mononuclear nonheme high‐spin (S=2) iron(IV)–oxo species have been identified as the key intermediates responsible for the C−H bond activation of organic substrates in nonheme iron enzymatic reactions. Herein we report that the C−H bond activation of hydrocarbons by a synthetic mononuclear nonheme high‐spin (S=2) iron(IV)–oxo complex occurs through an oxygen non‐rebound mechanism, as previously demonstrated in the C−H bond activation by nonheme intermediate (S=1) iron(IV)–oxo complexes. We also report that C−H bond activation is preferred over C=C epoxidation in the oxidation of cyclohexene by the nonheme high‐spin (HS) and intermediate‐spin (IS) iron(IV)–oxo complexes, whereas the C=C double bond epoxidation becomes a preferred pathway in the oxidation of deuterated cyclohexene by the nonheme HS and IS iron(IV)–oxo complexes. In the epoxidation of styrene derivatives, the HS and IS iron(IV) oxo complexes are found to have similar electrophilic characters.
Energetic Trinitro‐ and Fluorodinitroethyl Ethers of 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazines
Authors: Chavez David E. , Parrish Damon A. , Mitchell Lauren
Published: June 2016

Several new energetic ethyl ethers of 1,2,4,5‐tetrazine have been synthesized. These molecules display good thermal stability, good oxygen balance, and high densities. Included in these studies are a 2,2,2‐trinitroethoxy 1,2,4,5‐tetrazine and two fluorodinitroethoxy 1,2,4,5‐tetrazines. One of these compounds was converted into the di‐N‐oxide derivative. The sensitivity of these materials towards destructive stimuli was determined, and overall the materials show promising energetic performance properties.
Enantioselective Intramolecular C−H Insertion of Donor and Donor/Donor Carbenes by a Nondiazo Approach
Authors: Zhu Dong , Ma Jun , Luo Kui , Fu Hongguang , Zhang Li , Zhu Shifa
Published: June 2016

The first enantioselective intramolecular C−H insertion and cyclopropanation reactions of donor‐ and donor/donor‐carbenes by a nondiazo approach are reported. The reactions were conducted in a one‐pot manner without slow addition and provided the desired dihydroindole, dihydrobenzofuran, tetrahydrofuran, and tetrahydropyrrole derivatives with up to 99 % ee and 100 % atom efficiency.
Integration of Nine Steps into One Membrane Reactor To Produce Synthesis Gases for Ammonia and Liquid Fuel
Authors: Li Wenping , Zhu Xuefeng , Chen Shuguang , Yang Weishen
Published: June 2016

The synthesis of ammonia and liquid fuel are two important chemical processes in which most of the energy is consumed in the production of H2/N2 and H2/CO synthesis gases from natural gas (methane). Here, we report a membrane reactor with a mixed ionic‐electronic conducting membrane, in which the nine steps for the production of the two types of synthesis gases are shortened to one step by using water, air, and methane as feeds. In the membrane reactor, there is no direct CO2 emission and no CO or H2S present in the ammonia synthesis gas. The energy consumption for the production of the two synthesis gases can be reduced by 63 % by using this membrane reactor. This promising membrane reactor process has been successfully demonstrated by experiment.
Template Synthesis, Metalation, and Self‐Assembly of Protic Gold(I)/(NHC)2 Tectons Driven by Metallophilic Interactions
Authors: Ruiz Javier , García Lucía , Sol Daniel , Vivanco Marilín
Published: June 2016

A new protocol for the synthesis of protic bis(N‐heterocyclic carbene) complexes of AuI by a stepwise metal‐controlled coupling of isocyanide and propargylamine is described. They are used as tectons for the construction of supramolecular architectures through metalation and self‐assembly. Notably a unique polymeric chain of CuI with alternate AuI/bis(imidazolate) bridging scaffolds and strong unsupported CuI–CuI interactions has been generated, as well as a 28‐metal‐atoms cluster containing a nanopiece of Cu2O trapped by peripheral AuI/bis(imidazolate) moieties.
A Powerful Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyst for Enantioselective Mukaiyama–Mannich Reactions
Authors: Zhou Fengtao , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: June 2016

A new BINOL‐derived chiral phosphoric acid bearing 2,4,6‐trimethyl‐3,5‐dinitrophenyl substituents at the 3,3′‐positions was developed. The utility of this chiral phosphoric acid is demonstrated by a highly enantioselective (ee up to >99 %) and diastereoselective (syn/anti up to >99:1) asymmetric Mukaiyama–Mannich reaction of imines with a wide range of ketene silyl acetals. Moreover, this method was successfully applied to the construction of vicinal tertiary and quaternary stereogenic centers with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity. Significantly, BINOL‐derived N‐triflyl phosphoramide constitutes a complementary catalyst system that allows the title reaction to be applied to more challenging imines without an N‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl) moiety.
Highly modulated bisindoles: ligands for copper‐catalyzed Sonogashira reaction
Authors: Wang Xiu , Wang Zhenhua , Wu Ya , Luo Yanlong , Zhang Guofang , Jian Yajun , Sun Huaming , Zhang Weiqiang , Gao Ziwei
Published: June 2016

Bisindoles (BIMs) were modulated as powerful N,N′ donor ligands for the copper‐catalyzed Sonogashira reaction. Ligand screening experiments on 11 BIM compounds found that 3,3′‐(4‐chlorophenyl)methylenebis(1‐methyl‐1H‐indole) (10%) efficiently accelerated CuCl (5%)‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of aryl iodides with terminal alkynes. A wide range of substituted aryl iodides and/or alkyl‐ and aryl‐substituted terminal alkynes were examined, leading to the corresponding coupling products with yields up to 99%. An efficient and scalable protocol for the synthesis of BIM ligands on a gram scale, with extremely low catalyst loading of o‐ClC6H4NH3+Cl−, was also developed with a reaction time of 20 min with yields up to 93%. This novel N,N′ ligand was air‐stable, easily available and highly modulated with low copper loading. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Curcuminoid Pyrazoles on Cancer Cells and on the Expression of Telomerase Related Genes
Authors: Martí‐Centelles Rosa , Falomir Eva , Carda Miguel , Nieto Carla I. , Cornago M. Pilar , Claramunt Rosa M.
Published: June 2016

A group of 13 curcuminoid pyrazoles was investigated for their cytotoxicity on three tumoral cell lines (HT‐29, MCF‐7, and HeLa) and one non‐tumoral human cell line (HEK‐293). The values obtained were compared with those of curcumin. A subset of selected derivatives was also studied for their ability to downregulate expression of the hTERT and c‐Myc genes, which are both involved in telomerase activity.
Brief Report: Anti–Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2B Autoantibodies Are Associated With Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Betteridge Zoe E. , Woodhead Felix , Lu Hui , Shaddick Gavin , Bunn Christopher C. , Denton Christopher P. , Abraham David J. , du Bois Roland M. , Lewis Mervyn , Wells Athol U. , McHugh Neil J.
Published: June 2016

Objective

To investigate novel systemic sclerosis (SSc) autoantibodies in autoantibody‐negative patients and establish clinical associations.

Methods

Serum samples and clinical data for 548 patients with SSc were collected. Routine serologic techniques were used to test the serum samples for known SSc autoantibodies, and samples with negative results were further investigated by radiolabeled‐protein immunoprecipitation assay. Sera that immunoprecipitated a novel 30‐kd band were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation, using depleted cell extracts to establish a common reactivity. Mass spectrometry was performed to identify the novel autoantigen, and the results were confirmed using commercial antibodies. Sera from 426 patients with other forms of connective tissue disease, 103 with rheumatoid arthritis, 114 with idiopathic interstitial lung disease (ILD), and 150 healthy subjects were serotyped as controls.

Results

A novel autoantigen with a molecular weight of ∼30 kd was recognized by 7 sera from patients with SSc, 6 of whom had ILD, and by no controls. Six of the patients had diffuse cutaneous involvement, and 4 had overlap features with other autoimmune diseases. Immunodepletion experiments indicated that all samples targeted the same autoantigen, and mass spectrometry identified the novel autoantigen as eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B).

Conclusion

We report the identification of a novel autoantibody (anti‐eIF2B) in a small number of patients with SSc (∼1%); this autoantibody is closely associated with diffuse cutaneous manifestations and the presence of ILD.
Brief Report: Trends in Hospitalizations Due to Acute Coronary Syndromes and Stroke in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, 1996 to 2012
Authors: Tektonidou Maria G. , Wang Zhong , Ward Michael M.
Published: June 2016

Objective

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been recognized as a major cause of morbidity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but it is not clear whether increased awareness of these risks has translated into improvements in CVD morbidity at the population level. The aim of this study was to examine trends in hospitalization rates for CVD events in a representative sample of adult patients with SLE in the US from 1996 to 2012.

Methods

We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample to estimate the rates of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction (MI), unstable angina, and ischemic stroke from 1996 to 2012 in patients with SLE. We compared these trends with those in the general population.

Results

During the study years, there were an estimated 31,012 hospitalizations for acute MI, 4,160 hospitalizations for unstable angina, and 26,144 hospitalizations for ischemic stroke among patients with SLE. The rates of hospitalization for acute MI and ischemic stroke increased over time in patients with SLE, while the rates for unstable angina decreased. The rates for all 3 conditions decreased in the general population over these years, with hospitalization rates for unstable angina decreasing faster in the general population than in patients with SLE.

Conclusion

Increased awareness of the burden of CVD in patients with SLE has not yet translated into decreased rates of hospitalization for acute MI or stroke. This may be due to barriers in implementation of CVD risk factor modification or to SLE‐specific risks that have not yet been identified or effectively targeted.
Elevated IgA Plasmablast Levels in Subjects at Risk of Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kinslow Jennifer D. , Blum Lisa K. , Deane Kevin D. , Demoruelle M. Kristen , Okamoto Yuko , Parish Mark C. , Kongpachith Sarah , Lahey Lauren J. , Norris Jill M. , Robinson William H. , Holers V. Michael
Published: June 2016

Objective

The disease process in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) starts years before the clinical diagnosis is made, and elevated levels of disease‐specific autoantibodies can be detected during this period. Early responses to known or novel autoantigens likely drive the eventual production of pathogenic autoimmunity. Importantly, the presence of disease‐specific autoantibodies can identify individuals who are at high risk of developing RA but who do not currently have arthritis. The goal of the current study was to characterize plasmablasts from individuals at risk of developing RA.

Methods

We investigated antibody‐secreting plasmablasts derived from a well‐characterized cohort of individuals who were at risk of developing RA, based on RA‐related serum autoantibody positivity, as compared to patients with early (<1 year) seropositive RA as well as healthy control subjects. The plasmablast antibody repertoires of at‐risk subjects were analyzed using DNA barcode–based methods with paired heavy‐ and light‐chain gene sequencing. Cells were single‐cell sorted, the cell‐ and plate‐specific DNA barcodes were sequentially added, and next‐generation sequencing was performed.

Results

Total plasmablast levels were similar in the antibody‐positive (1%) and control (0.4–1.6%) groups. However, increased frequencies of IgA+ versus IgG+ plasmablasts were observed in the antibody‐positive group (39% IgA+ and 37% IgG+) as compared to other groups (1–9% IgA+ and 71‐87% IgG+). Paired antibody sequences from antibody‐positive subjects revealed cross‐isotype clonal families and similar sequence characteristics in the IgA and IgG plasmablast repertoires. Antibody‐positive individuals also demonstrated elevated serum levels of IgA isotype anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide 3 antibodies.

Conclusion

The IgA plasmablast dominance in these antibody‐positive individuals suggests that a subset of RA‐related autoantibodies may arise from mucosal immune responses and may be involved in early disease pathogenesis in individuals who are at risk of developing RA.