bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An International Discourse Community, an Internationalist Perspective: Reading EATAW Conference Programs, 2001-2011
Authors:   University of Winnipeg, Canada, Kearns Judith , Turner Brian ,   University of Winnipeg, Canada
Published: September 2015

This article seeks to characterize the discourse community represented by the biennial conferences of the European Association for the Teaching of Academic Writing (EATAW). Drawing on information from EATAW's conference programs, the authors define the topical emphases of the 565 standard presentation abstracts (SPAs) accepted for the first six conferences, identify some of the community's dominant research practices and common methods of presentation, and track the changing international distribution of presenters over time. We conclude that the EATAW discourse community, true to its name, has remained focused primarily on pedagogy and on pragmatic research aimed at improving teaching practices. Working in a multilingual context, EATAW teachers/researchers tend towards an 'internationalist perspective' (Horner and Trimbur 2002: 624), one that is attentive to linguistic and cultural differences and favours empirical research as a means of identifying diverse student needs. This perspective, along with a tendency toward cross-institutional and international research partnerships, stands in contrast to the perspective of the Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC) the conference which best represents the American composition tradition.
Marine seismic surveys and ocean noise: time for coordinated and prudent planning
Authors: Nowacek Douglas P , Clark Christopher W , Mann David , Miller Patrick JO , Rosenbaum Howard C , Golden Jay S , Jasny Michael , Kraska James , Southall Brandon L
Published: September 2015

Marine seismic surveys use intense (eg ≥ 230 decibel [dB] root mean square [RMS]) sound impulses to explore the ocean bottom for hydrocarbon deposits, conduct geophysical research, and establish resource claims under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The expansion of seismic surveys necessitates greater regional and international dialogue, partnerships, and planning to manage potential environmental risks. Data indicate several reasons for concern about the negative impacts of anthropogenic noise on numerous marine species, including habitat displacement, disruption of biologically important behaviors, masking of communication signals, chronic stress, and potential auditory damage. The sound impulses from seismic surveys – spanning temporal and spatial scales broader than those typically considered in environmental assessments – may have acute, cumulative, and chronic effects on marine organisms. Given the international and transboundary nature of noise from marine seismic surveys, we suggest the creation of an international regulatory instrument, potentially an annex to the existing International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, to address the issue.
Arctic tundra fires: natural variability and responses to climate change
Authors: Hu Feng Sheng , Higuera Philip E , Duffy Paul , Chipman Melissa L , Rocha Adrian V , Young Adam M , Kelly Ryan , Dietze Michael C
Published: September 2015

Anthropogenic climate change may result in novel disturbances to Arctic tundra ecosystems. Understanding the natural variability of tundra‐fire regimes and their linkages to climate is essential in evaluating whether tundra burning has increased in recent years. Historical observations and charcoal records from lake sediments reveal a wide range of fire regimes in Arctic tundra, with fire‐return intervals varying from decades to millennia. Analysis of historical data shows strong climate–fire relationships, with threshold effects of summer temperature and precipitation. Projections based on 21st‐century climate scenarios suggest that annual area burned will approximately double in Alaskan tundra by the end of the century. Fires can release ancient carbon from tundra ecosystems and catalyze other biogeochemical and biophysical changes, with local to global consequences. Given the increased likelihood of tundra burning in coming decades, land managers and policy makers need to consider the ecological and socioeconomic impacts of fire in the Far North.
Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) at ambient freshwater beaches
Authors: Fogarty Lisa R. , Haack Sheridan K. , Johnson Heather E. , Brennan Angela K. , Isaacs Natasha M. , Spencer Chelsea
Published: September 2015

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a threat to human health worldwide, and although detected at marine beaches, they have been largely unstudied at freshwater beaches. Genes indicating S. aureus (SA; femA) and methicillin resistance (mecA) were detected at 11 and 12 of 13 US Great Lakes beaches and in 18% or 27% of 287 recreational water samples, respectively. Eight beaches had mecA + femA (potential MRSA) detections. During an intensive study, higher bather numbers, staphylococci concentrations, and femA detections were found in samples collected after noon than before noon. Local population density, beach cloud cover, and beach wave height were significantly correlated with SA or MRSA detection frequency. The Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene, associated with community-acquired MRSA, was detected in 12 out of 27 potential MRSA samples. The femA gene was detected less frequently at beaches that met US enterococci criteria or EU enterococci ‘excellent’ recreational water quality, but was not related to Escherichia coli-defined criteria. Escherichia coli is often the only indicator used to determine water quality at US beaches, given the economic and healthcare burden that can be associated with infections caused by SA and MRSA, monitoring of recreational waters for non-fecal bacteria such as staphylococci and/or SA may be warranted.
Social representations of drinking water: subsidies for water quality surveillance programmes
Authors: Carmo Rose Ferraz , Bevilacqua Paula Dias , Barletto Marisa
Published: September 2015

A qualitative study was developed aimed at understanding the social representations of water consumption by a segment of the population of a small town in Brazil. A total of 19 semi-structured interviews were carried out and subjected to a content analysis addressing opinion on drinking water, characteristics of drinking water and its correlation to health and diseases, criteria for water usage and knowledge on the source and accountability for drinking-water quality. Social representations of drinking water predominantly incorporate the municipal water supply and sanitation provider and its quality. The identification of the municipal water supply provider as alone responsible for maintaining water quality indicated the lack of awareness of any health surveillance programme. For respondents, chlorine was accountable for conferring colour, odour and taste to the water. These physical parameters were reported as the cause for rejecting the water supplied and suggest the need to review the focus of health-educational strategies based on notions of hygiene and water-borne diseases. The study allowed the identification of elements that could contribute to positioning the consumers vs. services relationship on a level playing field, enabling dialogue and exchange of knowledge for the benefit of public health.
No increase in drug dispensing for acute gastroenteritis after Storm Klaus, France 2009
Authors: Pirard P. , Goria S. , Nguengang Wakap S. , Galey C. , Motreff Y. , Guillet A. , Le Tertre A. , Corso M. , Beaudeau P.
Published: September 2015

During the night of 23–24 January 2009, Storm Klaus hit south-western France and caused power outages affecting 1,700,000 homes and stopping numerous pumping and drinking water disinfection systems. In France, medicalized acute gastroenteritis (MAGE) outbreaks are monitored by analysing the daily amount of reimbursements of medical prescriptions, registered in the French National Health Insurance database, at the ‘commune’ administrative level. As AGE is suspected to be associated with perturbations to water supply systems as well as power outages, Storm Klaus provided an opportunity to test its influence on the incidence of MAGE in the communes of three affected French departments (administrative areas larger than communes). The geographical exposure indicator was built by using the mapping of the water distribution zones, the reported distribution/production stoppages and their duration. Irrespective of exposure class, a relative risk of MAGE of 0.86 (95% confidence 0.84–0.88) was estimated compared with the ‘unexposed’ reference level. Although these results must be considered with caution because of a potential marked decrease in global medical consultation probably due to impassable roads, they do not suggest a major public health impact of Klaus in terms of increased MAGE incidence.
An evaluation of the readability of drinking water quality reports: a national assessment
Authors: Roy Siddhartha , Phetxumphou Katherine , Dietrich Andrea M. , Estabrooks Paul A. , You Wen , Davy Brenda M.
Published: September 2015

The United States Environmental Protection Agency mandates that community water systems (or water utilities) provide annual consumer confidence reports (CCRs) – water quality reports – to their consumers. These reports encapsulate information regarding sources of water, detected contaminants, regulatory compliance, and educational material. These reports have excellent potential for providing the public with accurate information on the safety of tap water, but there is a lack of research on the degree to which the information can be understood by a large proportion of the population. This study evaluated the readability of a nationally representative sample of 30 CCRs, released between 2011 and 2013. Readability (or ‘comprehension difficulty’) was evaluated using Flesch–Kincaid readability tests. The analysis revealed that CCRs were written at the 11th–14th grade level, which is well above the recommended 6th–7th grade level for public health communications. The CCR readability ease was found to be equivalent to that of the Harvard Law Review journal. These findings expose a wide chasm that exists between current water quality reports and their effectiveness toward being understandable to US residents. Suggestions for reorienting language and scientific information in CCRs to be easily comprehensible to the public are offered.
Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recreational water in Belgium
Authors: Ehsan Amimul , Casaert Stijn , Levecke Bruno , Van Rooy Liesbet , Pelicaen Joachim , Smis Anne , De Backer Joke , Vervaeke Bart , De Smedt Sandra , Schoonbaert Filip , Lammens Saskia , Warmoes Thierry , Geurden Thomas , Claerebout Edwin
Published: September 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different recreational water bodies in Belgium and to estimate the infection risk associated with swimming and other recreational activities. Cryptosporidium oocysts and/or Giardia cysts were detected in three out of 37 swimming pools, seven out of 10 recreational lakes, two out of seven splash parks and four out of 16 water fountains. In the swimming pools no infection risk for Cryptosporidium could be calculated, since oocysts were only detected in filter backwash water. The risk of Giardia infection in the swimming pools varied from 1.13 × 10−6 to 2.49 × 10−6 per swim per person. In recreational lakes, the infection risk varied from 2.79 × 10−5 to 5.74 × 10−5 per swim per person for Cryptosporidium and from 7.04 × 10−5 to 1.46 × 10−4 for Giardia. For other outdoor water recreation activities the estimated infection risk was 5.71 × 10−6 for Cryptosporidium and 1.47 × 10−5 for Giardia. However, most positive samples in the recreational lakes belonged to species/genotypes that are either animal-specific or predominantly found in animals. No Cryptosporidium was found in splash parks and water fountains, but the presence of Giardia cysts suggests a risk for human infection. The infection risk of Giardia infection during a 3.5-minute visit to a splash park for children equalled 1.68 × 10−4.
Characterizing the concentration of Cryptosporidium in Australian surface waters for setting health-based targets for drinking water treatment
Authors: Petterson S. , Roser D. , Deere D.
Published: September 2015

It is proposed that the next revision of the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines will include ‘health-based targets’, where the required level of potable water treatment quantitatively relates to the magnitude of source water pathogen concentrations. To quantify likely Cryptosporidium concentrations in southern Australian surface source waters, the databases for 25 metropolitan water supplies with good historical records, representing a range of catchment sizes, land use and climatic regions were mined. The distributions and uncertainty intervals for Cryptosporidium concentrations were characterized for each site. Then, treatment targets were quantified applying the framework recommended in the World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality 2011. Based on total oocyst concentrations, and not factoring in genotype or physiological state information as it relates to infectivity for humans, the best estimates of the required level of treatment, expressed as log10 reduction values, ranged among the study sites from 1.4 to 6.1 log10. Challenges associated with relying on historical monitoring data for defining drinking water treatment requirements were identified. In addition, the importance of quantitative microbial risk assessment input assumptions on the quantified treatment targets was investigated, highlighting the need for selection of locally appropriate values.
A series of drawings of a patient with schizophrenia-like psychosis associated with epilepsy: Captured illustration of multifaced selfexpression
Authors: Mandic-Gajic Gordana
Published: September 2015

Introduction. Drawings may give an insight into the complex mental process,
however they have been underutilized in patients with psychosis associated
with epilepsy. Case report. A 33-year-old, right handed female, diagnosed
with schizophrenia- like psychosis associated with epilepsy, was treated in
the Day Unit due to psychosocial rehabilitation. Besides other treatments,
the patient underwent group analysis of drawings once a week. Qualitative
analysis of the form and content of drawings made by free associations were
performed. The varying of size and motives with vivid colours and the curve
of perspective were documentated in three figures, followed by the last
drawing which was without such elements. Conclusion. A series of drawings of
patients with psychosis associated with epilepsy is needed to record a
possible variations and disturbance of the immediate mental process. Group
sessions may additionally contribute to diminish stigma and enhance
psychosocial reintegration.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and art group therapy: Self-expression of traumatic inner world of war veterans
Authors: Mandic-Gajic Gordana , Spiric Zeljko
Published: September 2015

Background/Aim. Art therapy and drawings may serve as alternative means of
expression and release from trauma among veterans diagnosed with
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods. The retrospective clinical
study of drawings of war veterans was performed. A total of 89 war veterans
met the Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) PTSD
criteria and were consecutively admitted to the Day Hospital during 5 years.
Art group therapy as part of integrative treatment was performed once a
week. The group was open and heterogeneous. Qualitative analysis of drawings
content and group protocols were obtained. The drawings were made by free
associations. War related themes were explored and descriptive statistics
were applied. Results. The most frequent type of common themes of combat
stress presented battle and witnessing wounded and killed combatants. Less
frequent were themes of graves, destroyed cities and broken trees. The
veterans preferred black and red colors with association to death, blood,
wounds and destroyed objects. Conclusion. Drawing could provide a unique,
complex, visual illustration of war traumatic experiences and memories of
posttraumatic stress disorder veterans. Art group discussion might enhance
war veterans? verbal expression due to group support in safe setting. As
adjuvant psychotherapy, art group therapy could enrich awareness and the
ability of clinicians to treat hard posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms
related to uncovered war trauma.
Diabetes Inhibits Gr-1+ Myeloid Cell Maturation viaCebpaDeregulation
Authors: Wicks Kate , Torbica Tanja , Umehara Takahiro , Amin Shilu , Bobola Nicoletta , Mace Kimberly A.
Published: September 2015

Recruitment of innate immune cells from the bone marrow (BM) to an injury site is required for effective repair. In diabetes, this process is altered, leading to excessive recruitment and retention of dysfunctional myeloid cells that fail to promote angiogenesis, prolong inflammation, and block healing. The aberrant myeloid phenotype is partially mediated by stable intrinsic changes to developing cells in the BM that are induced by the diabetic (db) environment, but the exact mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the db-derived Gr-1+CD11b+ immature myeloid population has widespread misexpression of chromatin-remodeling enzymes and myeloid differentiation factors. Crucially, diabetes represses transcription of the key myeloid transcription factor CEBPA via diminished H3 Lys 27 promoter acetylation, leading to a failure in monocyte and granulocyte maturation. Restoring Cebpa expression by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor reverses the db phenotype and rescues myeloid maturation. Importantly, our data demonstrate a possible link between myeloid cell maturation and chronic inflammation.
Sickle Cell Trait Worsens Oxidative Stress, Abnormal Blood Rheology, and Vascular Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Diaw Mor , Pialoux Vincent , Martin Cyril , Samb Abdoulaye , Diop Saliou , Faes Camille , Mury Pauline , Sall Diop Niama , Diop Saïd-Norou , Ranque Brigitte , Mbaye Maïmouna Ndour , Key Nigel S. , Connes Philippe
Published: September 2015

OBJECTIVE

It is predicted that Africa will have the greatest increase in the number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) within the next decade. T2DM patients are at risk for cardiovascular disorders. In Sub-Saharan African countries, sickle cell trait (SCT) is frequent. Despite the presence of modest abnormalities in hemorheology and oxidative stress, SCT is generally considered a benign condition. Little is known about vascular function in SCT, although recent studies demonstrated an increased risk of cardiovascular disorders, including venous thromboembolism, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. We hypothesized that SCT could accentuate the vascular dysfunction observed in T2DM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The current study, conducted in Senegal, compared vascular function, hemorheological profile, and biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and nitric oxide metabolism in healthy individuals (CONT), subjects with T2DM or SCT, and patients with both T2DM and SCT (T2DM-SCT).

RESULTS

Flow-mediated dilation was blunted in individuals with T2DM, SCT, and T2DM-SCT compared with CONT, with vascular dysfunction being most pronounced in the latter group. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity measurements demonstrated increased arterial stiffness in T2DM-SCT. Oxidative stress, advanced glycation end products, and inflammation (interleukin-1β) were greater in patients with T2DM-SCT compared with the other groups. Blood viscosity was higher in individuals with TD2M, SCT carriers, and individuals with T2DM-SCT, and the values were further increased in the latter group.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrate severe biological abnormalities and marked vascular dysfunction in patients with both T2DM and SCT. SCT should be viewed as a risk factor for further cardiovascular disorders in individuals with T2DM.
Gender Differences in Selection of Permanent Pacemaker Implantation at Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Khanal Jeevan , Poudyal Ratna Raj , Devkota Surya , Thapa Sanjeev , Shrestha Amit
Published: September 2015

Background: Permanent pacemaker implantation is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in the management of patients with cardiac rhythm disturbances. Previous studies have reported gender differences in pacemaker selection. There is lack of evidences in selection of pacemaker mode with respect to gender in Nepal. Therefore, this study was performed to compare the frequency of implantation between men and women.Objectives: This study was performed to compare the frequency of implantation rate between men and women.Methods: The present study is based on all consecutive pacemaker implantations in a single centre between April 2014 and May 2015. A total of 116 patients were categorized into two cohorts according to the type of pacemaker implanted- single chamber or dual chamber. Data were presented as means ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and as proportions for categorical variables. Comparison of continuous variables between the groups was made with independent Student’s t-test. For discrete variables distribution between groups were compared with Chi-square test.Results: The mean age (±SD) of total population at implant was 64.08 (± 15.09) years. Dual chamber units were implanted in 44 (37.93%) of patients, single chamber in 72 (62.06%). Only 14 women (31.81%) received dual chamber compared with 42 women (58.33%) who received single chamber (Chi-square=18, DF=1, P = 0.0084). Complete atrioventricular block was the commonest (56.03%) indication for permanent pacemaker insertion followed by sick sinus syndrome (33.62%), symptomatic high-grade AV block (11.20%). Hypertension (dual chamber 21.55%, single chamber 40.51%) was the most common comorbidity in both cohorts.Conclusions: Women were more likely to receive single chamber systems and less likely to receive dual chamber systems than men. Journal of Nobel College of Medicine Vol.4(1) 2015: 15-20
Knowledge and Practice of Stoma Care among Ostomates at B.P.Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital
Authors: Pandey Radha Acharya , Baral Sandhya , Dhungana Govinda
Published: September 2015

Background: There are more than 1 million patients with a permanent colostomy and the number is increasing by the rate of 100 000 per year. Clients with a new stoma must master multiple psychomotor skills to remove their pouch, clean the stoma and peristomal skin and empty and dispose of effluent from the pouch. Stoma care self-efficacy has been positively related to ostomy adjustment.Objective: To assess knowledge and practice of stoma care among ostomates.Method: This is a simple descriptive cross sectional study. A total of 94 ostomates who met eligible criteria were purposively sampled. Stoma self care efficacy scale and semi-structured questionnaire was used and face to face interview was done. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 program. T test was used to see the mean difference.Result: The knowledge of ostomates on normal stoma and complication of stoma was adequate (61.7%). Majority (92.6%) respondents had good daily care practice like emptying pouch, hand washing before and after procedure and cleaning stoma. Majority of the ostomates suffered from physical problem (89.4%). Of which maximum 72.3% had peristomal skin irritation, then came leakage and odour. More than half (64.9%) of ostomates had higher efficacy.Conclusion: On the basis of findings, it is concluded that there was significant difference in mean knowledge of ostomates with variables pre-operative teaching, training on stoma care, living with stoma for more than 12 months. There was significant difference in mean self care efficacy with variables duration of living with stoma and training on stoma care. Thus training on stoma care should be provided frequently to further improve self care efficacy.Journal of Nobel College of Medicine Vol.4(1) 2015: 36-45
Residual stress relaxation in welded large components
Authors: Farajian Majid , Nitschke-Pagel Thomas
Published: September 2015

Residual stress relaxation of butt-welded large components under cyclic mechanical loading was investigated. The experiments were carried out on different types of steel with yield strengths between 300 and 800 MPa. X-ray diffraction technique was applied for the residual stresses analysis. High tensile residual stresses as high as the yield strength could be measured in large components. However, a fraction of maximum residual stress accommodated in the weld bead centerline is available at the weld toe. Under four-point bending of the large scale weldments, a considerable relaxation of residual stresses in the weld and its vicinity was observed during the first loadings. This behavior could be observed regardless wether the weld was under tensile or compressive loading.
Variation regulation of the acoustic emission energy parameter during the failure process of granite under uniaxial compression
Authors: Wang Chunlai , Bao Tiancai , Lu Hui , Liu Lu , Lu Zhijiang , Li Weiqiang , Yu Qiwei
Published: September 2015

The AE energy characteristics of granite specimens were tested experimentally under uniaxial compression to investigate the variation regulation of acoustic emission (AE) energy during the granite failure process. The results show that the AE energy accompanies rock deformation and failure during the entire loading process. With stress increase, AE energy of granite specimens is in dynamic variation. There is a fine corresponding relationship between AE energy and stress. Under low stress levels, AE energy is relative low and remains stable. As stress increases, in the plastic deformation stage, AE energy rapidly increases and remains at a high level indicating intense energy which is released before rock failure. This phenomenon could be considered as the precursor for rock failure. Moreover, the corresponding time point where the AE energy release rate reaches the maximum is determined as the critical point for predicting rock failure. Then AE energy sharply decreases in the failure stage and rock instability occurs.
Influence of cutting parameters on the chip-tool interface temperature during the turning of Waspaloy
Authors: Isik Yahya , Kus Abdil , Cakir M. Cemal
Published: September 2015

Waspaloy, as a nickel superalloy, is a difficult-to-machine material used for gas turbine engine components that require considerable strength and corrosion resistance at high operating temperatures. The machining of nickel-based alloys generates high temperatures at the cutting tool edge. This research investigated the relationship between cutting parameters and cutting temperature, using a remote temperature measurement method employing an infrared thermometer. In addition, the effects of cutting parameters on surface roughness were examined. Experiments were conducted on Waspaloy AMS5708 superalloy samples and a PVD TiAlN-TiN-coated WNVG 080404-IC907 carbide insert was used during the turning process. It was observed that the highest cutting speed and highest feed rate generated higher temperatures and higher surface roughness. Better surface roughness was obtained with the lowest feed rate, the highest cutting speed and the higher cutting depth. No cutting fluid was used in the experiments.
The effect of using heat treated ulexite and cashew in automotive friction materials
Authors: Sugözü İlker , Mutlu İbrahim , Keskin Ahmet
Published: September 2015

In this experimental study, the use of heat treated ulexite and cashew as a new material in brake pads was investigated. The change of friction coefficient, the temperature of friction surface and amount of wear were examined to assess the performance of these samples. Additionlly, microstructural characterizations of braking pads were carried out using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the heat treated samples containing ulexite and cashew have an important effect on friction stability and fade resistance. It can be concluded that heat treated ulexite and cashew can be used as friction materials in the automotive brake pads.
Fatigue strength of nodular cast iron with regard to heavy-wall applications
Authors: Bleicher Christoph , Wagener Rainer , Kaufmann Heinz , Melz Tobias
Published: September 2015

For a proper estimation of the fatigue life of a heavy-walled cast component made of nodular cast iron, sufficient knowledge regarding the cyclic properties of the material is necessary. Based on the material parameters at hand for component design, different fatigue analysis procedures can be used. Elastic and elastic-plastic approaches can be adopted, with the latter being reserved only for local approaches. The present publication summarizes the cyclic material parameters gained during a research project by extensive material tests under stress and strain controlled cyclic loading at different load ratios for three nodular cast iron grades. In addition to an improved knowledge of the cyclic material behavior, the notch, the size effects and the mean stress sensitivity were of special concern during the investigations in order to provide an entire overview of the tested materials and thus input information for both stress and strain based design approaches. Tests were performed for specimens taken from large cast blocks of the nodular cast iron grades EN-GJS-400-18U-LT and EN-GJS-450-18, both with ferritic matrices, and EN-GJS-700-2 with a pearlitic matrix. For some of these materials, mean stress sensitivities above 0.5 were obtained during the investigations. These values are not covered by the common standards, which calculate lower values for the mean stress sensitivity. Cyclic material parameters for stress and strain controlled tests are given in this paper as well as values for the size effect, based on the concept of the highly stressed volume. The effect of different specimen sizes could be shown not only by stress but also by strain controlled tests.
Combined common peroneal and tibial nerve injury after knee dislocation: one injury or two? An MRI-clinical correlation
Authors: Reddy Chandan G. , Amrami Kimberly K. , Howe Benjamin M. , Spinner Robert J.
Published: September 2015

OBJECT

Knee dislocations are often accompanied by stretch injuries to the common peroneal nerve (CPN). A small subset of these injuries also affect the tibial nerve. The mechanism of this combined pattern could be a single longitudinal stretch injury of the CPN extending to the sciatic bifurcation (and tibial division) or separate injuries of both the CPN and tibial nerve, either at the level of the tibiofemoral joint or distally at the soleal sling and fibular neck. The authors reviewed cases involving patients with knee dislocations with CPN and tibial nerve injuries to determine the localization of the combined injury and correlation between degree of MRI appearance and clinical severity of nerve injury.

METHODS

Three groups of cases were reviewed. Group 1 consisted of knee dislocations with clinical evidence of nerve injury (n = 28, including 19 cases of complete CPN injury); Group 2 consisted of knee dislocations without clinical evidence of nerve injury (n = 19); and Group 3 consisted of cases of minor knee trauma but without knee dislocation (n = 14). All patients had an MRI study of the knee performed within 3 months of injury. MRI appearance of tibial and common peroneal nerve injury was scored by 2 independent radiologists in 3 zones (Zone I, sciatic bifurcation; Zone II, knee joint; and Zone III, soleal sling and fibular neck) on a severity scale of 1–4. Injury signal was scored as diffuse or focal for each nerve in each of the 3 zones. A clinical score was also calculated based on Medical Research Council scores for strength in the tibial and peroneal nerve distributions, combined with electrophysiological data, when available, and correlated with the MRI injury score.

RESULTS

Nearly all of the nerve segments visualized in Groups 1 and 2 demonstrated some degree of injury on MRI (95%), compared with 12% of nerve segments in Group 3. MRI nerve injury scores were significantly more severe in Group 1 relative to Group 2 (2.06 vs 1.24, p < 0.001) and Group 2 relative to Group 3 (1.24 vs 0.13, p < 0.001). In both groups of patients with knee dislocations (Groups 1 and 2), the MRI nerve injury score was significantly higher for CPN than tibial nerve (2.72 vs 1.40 for Group 1, p < 0.001; 1.39 vs 1.09 for Group 2, p < 0.05). The clinical injury score had a significantly strong correlation with the MRI injury score for the CPN (r = 0.75, p < 0.001), but not for the tibial nerve (r = 0.07, p = 0.83).

CONCLUSIONS

MRI is highly sensitive in detecting subclinical nerve injury. In knee dislocation, clinical tibial nerve injury is always associated with simultaneous CPN injury, but tibial nerve function is never worse than peroneal nerve function. The point of maximum injury can occur in any of 3 zones.
The successful arthroscopic treatment of suprascapular intraneural ganglion cysts
Authors: Prasad Nikhil K. , Spinner Robert J. , Smith Jay , Howe Benjamin M. , Amrami Kimberly K. , Iannotti Joseph P. , Dahm Diane L.
Published: September 2015

OBJECT

High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can distinguish between intraneural ganglion cysts and paralabral (extraneural) cysts at the glenohumeral joint. Suprascapular intraneural ganglion cysts share the same pathomechanism as their paralabral counterparts, emanating from a tear in the glenoid labrum. The authors present 2 cases to demonstrate that the identification and arthroscopic repair of labral tears form the cornerstone of treatment for intraneural ganglion cysts of the suprascapular nerve.

METHODS

Two patients with suprascapular intraneural ganglion cysts were identified: 1 was recognized and treated prospectively, and the other, previously reported as a paralabral cyst, was identified retrospectively through the reinter-pretation of high-resolution MR images.

RESULTS

Both patients achieved full functional recovery and had complete radiological involution of the intraneural ganglion cysts at the 3-month and 12-month follow-ups, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Previous reports of suprascapular intraneural ganglion cysts described treatment by an open approach to decompress the cysts and resect the articular nerve branch to the glenohumeral joint. The 2 cases in this report demonstrate that intraneural ganglion cysts, similar to paralabral cysts, can be treated with arthroscopic repair of the glenoid labrum without resection of the articular branch. This approach minimizes surgical morbidity and directly addresses the primary etiology of intraneural and extraneural ganglion cysts.
The utility of ultrasound in the assessment of traumatic peripheral nerve lesions: report of 4 cases
Authors: Zeidenberg Joshua , Burks S. Shelby , Jose Jean , Subhawong Ty K. , Levi Allan D.
Published: September 2015

Ultrasound technology continues to improve with better image resolution and availability. Its use in evaluating peripheral nerve lesions is increasing. The current review focuses on the utility of ultrasound in traumatic injuries. In this report, the authors present 4 illustrative cases in which high-resolution ultrasound dramatically enhanced the anatomical understanding and surgical planning of traumatic peripheral nerve lesions. Cases include a lacerating injury of the sciatic nerve at the popliteal fossa, a femoral nerve injury from a pseudoaneurysm, an ulnar nerve neuroma after attempted repair with a conduit, and, finally, a spinal accessory nerve injury after biopsy of a supraclavicular fossa lesion. Preoperative ultrasound images and intraoperative pictures are presented with a focus on how ultrasound aided with surgical decision making. These cases are set into context with a review of the literature on peripheral nerve ultrasound and a comparison between ultrasound and MRI modalities.
Diffusion tensor tractography for the surgical management of peripheral nerve sheath tumors
Authors: Schmidt Manfred , Kasprian Gregor , Amann Gabriele , Duscher Dominik , Aszmann Oskar C.
Published: September 2015

OBJECT

Peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) are uncommon but bear a significant risk of malignancy. High-resolution MRI is the standard technique for characterizing PNSTs. However, planning the appropriate extent of resection and subsequent reconstructive strategies is highly dependent on the intraoperative findings because preoperative MRI evaluation can be insufficient. Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) represents a recently developed advanced MRI technique that reveals the microstructure of tissues based on monitoring the random movement of water molecules. DTT has the potential to provide diagnostic insights beyond conventional MRI techniques due to its mapping of specific fibrillar nerve structures. Here, DTT was applied to evaluate PNSTs and to examine the usefulness of this method for the correct delineation of tumor and healthy nerve tissue and the value of this information in the preoperative planning of surgical interventions.

METHODS

In this prospective study, patients with the clinical symptoms of a PNST were investigated using DTT 3-Tesla MRI scans. Image data processing and tractography were performed using the FACT (fiber assessment by continuous tracking) algorithm and multiple-regions-of-interest approach. The surgical findings were then compared with the results of the DTT MRI scans. Preoperative fascicle visualization and the correlation with the intraoperative findings were graded.

RESULTS

In a 21-month period, 12 patients with PNSTs were investigated (7 female and 5 male patients with a mean age of 46.2 ± 19.2 years). All patients underwent surgical removal of the tumor. Schwannoma was the most common benign histopathological finding (n = 7), whereas 2 malignant lesions were detected. In 10 of 12 patients, good preoperative nerve fascicle visualization was achieved using DTT scans. In 9 of 10 patients with good preoperative fascicle visualization, good intraoperative correlation between the DTT scans and surgical anatomy was found.

CONCLUSIONS

DTT properly visualizes the peripheral nerve fascicles and their correct anatomical relation to PNST. DTT represents a promising new method for the preinterventional planning of nerve tumor resection.
4.7-T diffusion tensor imaging of acute traumatic peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Boyer Richard B. , Kelm Nathaniel D. , Riley D. Colton , Sexton Kevin W. , Pollins Alonda C. , Shack R. Bruce , Dortch Richard D. , Nanney Lillian B. , Does Mark D. , Thayer Wesley P.
Published: September 2015

Diagnosis and management of peripheral nerve injury is complicated by the inability to assess microstructural features of injured nerve fibers via clinical examination and electrophysiology. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been shown to accurately detect nerve injury and regeneration in crush models of peripheral nerve injury, but no prior studies have been conducted on nerve transection, a surgical emergency that can lead to permanent weakness or paralysis. Acute sciatic nerve injuries were performed microsurgically to produce multiple grades of nerve transection in rats that were harvested 1 hour after surgery. High-resolution diffusion tensor images from ex vivo sciatic nerves were obtained using diffusion-weighted spin-echo acquisitions at 4.7 T. Fractional anisotropy was significantly reduced at the injury sites of transected rats compared with sham rats. Additionally, minor eigenvalues and radial diffusivity were profoundly elevated at all injury sites and were negatively correlated to the degree of injury. Diffusion tensor tractography showed discontinuities at all injury sites and significantly reduced continuous tract counts. These findings demonstrate that high-resolution DTI is a promising tool for acute diagnosis and grading of traumatic peripheral nerve injuries.
Diastereoselective and One-Pot Synthesis of Highly Substituted Cyclohexenones Using Claisen–Schmidt Condensation and Michael Addition
Authors: Mousavi Mir Rasul , Gharari Hadigheh , Maghsoodlou Malek Taher , Hazeri Nourallah , Dastorani Parvaneh , Soria-Martínez Ruben , García-Granda Santiago
Published: September 2015

A high efficient and convenient one-pot three-component diastreoselective synthesis of polysubstituted cyclohexenones in excellent yields has been developed through Michael addition and Claisen–Schmidt condensation of aldehydes and acetophenone with 3-oxo-N-phenylbutanamide using piperidine as an effective reagent under mild conditions within sort reaction time without using any previous activation.
A Facile Method for the Synthesis of Betrixaban
Authors: Li Jianye , Chen Ligong , Yan Xilong , Li Yang , Wei Daiyan , Wang Donghua
Published: September 2015

A facile method for the synthesis of N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-(4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzamido)-5-methoxybenzamide (Betrixaban) from 5-methoxy-2-nitrobenzoic acid is achieved by reduction, acylation, chlorination, acylation and the formation of the amidine. A dechlorinated impurity is avoided in this method. Using tetrahydrofuran as the solvent in the four steps makes its recovery easier. The total yield of the target compound is about 40% and this method is suitable for large-scale production.
Total Synthesis of a Lignanamide from Aptenia Cordifolia
Authors: Xia Yamu , Li Chenchen , Zhang Huaizheng , Lin Jiao , Chai Chen
Published: September 2015

(E,E)-N,N-Dityramin-4,4′-dihydroxy-3,5′-dimethoxy-β,3′-bicinnamamide, a lignanamide isolated from Aptenia cordifolia, was synthesised from vanillin and tyramine. The key 8-5′-neolignan intermediate diacid was formed efficiently using oxidative coupling of the ferulic acid derivatives and the ring-opening reaction of a dihydrobenzofuran.
Alternative Route for the Synthesis of New Derivatives of Benzimidazo[2′,1′:2,3] thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine
Authors: Asghari Tayebe , Bakavoli Mehdi , Eshghi Hossein , Shiri Ali , Ebrahimpour Zahra
Published: September 2015

A series of new benzimidazothiazolopyrimidines were synthesised through a route involving successive nucleophilic substitution of 5-bromo-2,4-dichloro-6-methylpyrimidine with 2-mercaptobenzimidazole and secondary amines, respectively and eventually cyclisation in the presence of KOH in DMF. The structures of the newly synthesised compounds were characterised by their spectral data and elemental analysis.
Steady MHD Flow of Viscous Fluid between Two Parallel Porous Plates with Heat Transfer in an Inclined Magnetic Field
Authors: Kuiry D. R. , Bahadur S.
Published: September 2015

The steady flow behavior of a viscous, incompressible and electrically conducting fluid between two parallel infinite insulated horizontal porous plates with heat transfer is investigated along with the effect of an external uniform transverse magnetic field, the action of inflow normal to the plates, the pressure gradient on the flow and temperature. The fluid viscosity is supposed to vary exponentially with the temperature. A numerical solution for the governing equations for both the momentum transfer and energy transfer has been developed using the finite difference method. The velocity and temperature distribution graphs have been presented under the influence of different values of magnetic inclination, fluid pressure gradient, inflow acting perpendicularly on the plates, temperature dependent viscosity and the Hartmann number. In our study viscosity is shown to affect the velocity graph. The flow parameters such as viscosity, pressure and injection of fluid normal to the plate can cause reverse flow. For highly viscous fluid, reverse flow is observed. The effect of magnetic force helps to restrain this reverse flow.
Clinically Significant Drug Interaction Profiles of Chloroquine Analogues with Adverse Consequences and Risk Management
Authors: Al-Bari M. A. A. , Islam M. A.
Published: September 2015

The popularity of chloroquine (CQ) analogues, for malaria treatment in many countries emanates from it being cheap, widely available, relatively well tolerated, and having a rapid onset of action. Thus, CQ analogues are commonly sold as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. CQ analogues like hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) alone and/or other drugs in combination have been used as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drugs in the treatment of various rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), sarcoidosis, dermatomyositis, Sjögrens syndrome, chronic juvenile arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and have shown clinical benefits with an acceptable safety profile. As anti-inflammatory mechanism, CQ inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine release, antigen processing and blocking the actions of histamine and phospholipase A2. CQ analogue has also been studied for its potential as an enhancing agent in cancer therapies in various clinical trials. In many cases, the lysosomotrophic property of CQ appears to be important for the increase in ef?cacy and speci?city to inhibit inflammatory disorders. Moreover, it is indicated that the ef?cacy of conventional therapies can be dramatically enhanced if CQ analogues are given in combination. Although majority of CQ analogue in combination therapies improves overall the outcome, such treatments are often associated with serious toxicities leading to fatal.
Investigation on the Tensile and Flexural Properties of Coir-fibre-reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Authors: Begum K. , Islam M. A. , Huque M. M.
Published: September 2015

The utilization of natural fibres as reinforcement in polymer composites has been increased significantly for their lightweight, low cost, high specific strength, modulus and biodegradable characteristic. In this present work, the mechanical properties of randomly distributed short coir-fibre-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites have been studied as a function of fibre loading. In order to improve the composites mechanical properties, raw coir fibres were treated with 1% alkali (NaOH) solution. Both raw and alkali treated coir-fibre-reinforced PP composites were prepared with different fibre loadings (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 wt%) using a double roller open mixer machine and injection molding machine. The mechanical properties, such as tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), flexural strength (FS) and flexural modulus (FM) were investigated for the prepared composites. The alkali treated coir-fibre-reinforced PP composites showed better results in mechanical properties compared to untreated composites. Finally, the optical microscopic studies were carried out on fractured surfaces of the tensile test specimens, which indicated weak interfacial bonding between the fibre and the polymer.
Some Results on Equi Independent Equitable Dominating Sets in Graph
Authors: Vaidya S. K. , Kothari N. J.
Published: September 2015

A subset D of V(G) is called an equitable dominating set if for every ? ? V(G) - D, there exists a vertex u ? D such that u? ? E(G) and | deg(u)  deg(?) | ? 1. A subset D of V(G) is called an equitable independent set if for any D of V(G), ? ? Ne(u) for all ? ? D - {u}where, Ne(u) = {? ? V(G)/? ? N(u), | deg(u)  deg(?) | ? 1}. An equitable dominating set D is said to be an equi independent equitable dominating set if it is also an equitable independent set. The minimum cardinality of an equi independent equitable dominating set is called equi independent equitable domination number which is denoted by ie. We investigated an equi independent equitable domination number for some special graphs.