bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alzheimer ’s Disease: Possible Mechanisms Behind Neurohormesis Induced by Exposure to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Bevelacqua J J , Mortazavi S M J
Published: July 2018

In 2016, scientists reported that human exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation (CT scans of the brain) might relieve symptoms of both Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD). The findings were unbelievable for those who were not familiar with neurohormesis. X-ray stimulation of the patient’s adaptive protection systems against neurodegenerative diseases was the mechanism proposed by those authors. Now, some more recent studies performed in the field of neurobiological research confirm that low levels of stress can produce protective responses against the pathogenic processes. This paper outlines possible protective consequences of LDR in preventing the pathogenesis of AD through mechanisms such as restoring the myelin sheath and preventing neurodegeneration caused by oxidative stress. Focal demyelination is frequently reported in the proximity of beta-amyloid plaques within neocortex. Extracellular accumulation of amyloid is among well-characterized pathological changes in AD. It should be noted that LDR has been shown to contribute to the regeneration and functional recovery after transverse peripheral nerve injury (through inducing increased production of VEGF and GAP-43), which advances both the axonal regeneration and myelination. Another mechanism which is possibly involved is preventing neurodegeneration caused by oxidative stress. While high doses can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation, substantial evidence now indicates that LDR can mitigate tissue damage through antioxidant defenses. Although adult neurogenesis has been reported to be beneficial for the regeneration of  nervous system, some studies demonstrate that neurogenesis increases in AD brains. In spite of these reports, cellular therapy is introduced as a promising strategy for AD, and hence, LDR can affect the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. Although such mechanisms are not fully known yet, it is hoped that this paper would foster further investigation into the mechanisms of this phenomenon, which accordingly improves human health.
Effect of Task Through Test Rankings Based Learning Model REACT to the Achievement of Physics
Authors: Amirudin Dessy , Kusdiwelirawan A. , Soenarto Y.
Published: July 2018

The aim of this study is to find out the effect of test-based on the ranking task through the learning model of REACT (relating, experiencing, applying, cooperating, and transferring) toward physics learning achievement. The research is held in 105 Senior High School in Jakarta on the even semester of 2015-2016. The population in this research is around 32 students roommates are all investigated. The sampling technique that use is purposing sampling technique. This research use quantitative research. After the data is distributed normally and the homogeneity based on the normality test and homogeneity, the data that is gained the lcount < ltable (0.11 < 0.156). The hypothesis test is done by using the t-test and the result tcount > ttable (8.575 > 1.689) (on the 0.05 significant extent) or 8.575 > 2.456 (on the 0.01 significant extent) which means H0 is rejected, H1 is therefore accepted. All in all this research could bring the effect of test-based on the ranking task learning model through the REACT toward physics learning achievement.
The Influence of Guided Inquiry Student Worksheet on Learning Outcomes and Science Process Skill on the Static Fluid Topic
Authors: Falamy Ryna Aulia , Suyatna Agus , Wahyudi Ismu
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this research is to know the influence of guided inquiry student worksheet on learning outcomes and describe learning outcomes and science process skill after using guided inquiry student worksheet. This research method was true experiment, with a sample grade of VIII H as a control class and VIII J as an experimental class, determined by purposive sampling technique. The study design used pretest-postest control group design. The data had been tested by using N-gain analysis, normality test, homogeneity test, and independent t-test. The results showed a significant effect of the use of guided inquiry student worksheet to the results of student learning outcomes. The average learning outcomes in cognitive domain of 85.24 and the improved learning outcomes with N-gain 0.81.
Preparation and Synthesis of Micro-Sized Carbon Material from Coconut Shell with Variation of Material Mixing Time Using a Blender for Fe Filtration of Mataram Canal Water
Authors: Hastuti Irnawati Widya , Andriani Nur Baeity , Pratama Buki Wahyu , Dwandaru Wipsar Sunu Brams
Published: July 2018

This study aims to synthesis micro-sized carbon material from coconut shell leftovers or wastes using piezoelectric-based ultrasonication in liquid phase. The micro-sized carbon material produced is then utilized as a filtration material for Mataram canal water in Yogyakarta. This study begins with synthesizing the micro-sized carbon material by mixing i) mashed coconut shells, ii) 100 ml distilled water, and iii) 2 grams of detergent into a blender. The aforementioned materials are blended with mixing time variation of 30 minutes and 60 minutes. The resulted solution is left alone for a night and then ultrasonicated for 4 hours. The solution is then characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The sediments obtained from the carbon materials are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) for each mixing time variation whereas scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is conducted upon the micro-sized carbon material with 60 minutes mixing time. The solution and the sediment is poured onto a filter paper, heated until dry, and fitted to a simple filtration device. Water from Mataram canal is used to test the Fe filtration ability of the micro-sized carbon material. The water samples before and after filtration are characterized using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The UV-Vis results show that increasing the mixing time of material, increases the absorbance value. Based on XRD results the synthesized micro-sized carbon material from coconut shell has an amorphous phase. The SEM result at 60 minutes of mixing time looks like an irregular bulk material with sizes of about 1 $\mu$m to 12 $\mu$m with thicknesses of around 0.6 $\mu$m to 0.8 $\mu$m. The AAS results indicate that the longer the mixing time, the lower the Fe content in the water samples after filtration.
Ionic Conductivity of Chitosan-based Polymer Electrolyte with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) as Plasticizer and KCl as Alkaline Ion Transport Source
Authors: Maddu Akhiruddin , Kadapi Muhamar , Sofian Irmansyah
Published: July 2018

Polymer electrolyte films were fabricated utilizing chitosan biopolymer plasticized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and KCl addition as ionic transport source. The precursor solution was prepared by mixing the chitosan in acetic acid solution and PEG that act as a plasticizer. Into the mixed solution was added KCl salt for as alkalin ion transport source in the polymer electrolyte. The polymer electrolyte films were fabricated by the casting method onto the petri glass. The influence of KCl content on ionic conductivity of the composite polymer electrolyte film was studied. The ionic conductivity of the composite polymer electrolyte film was characterized using LCR meter at a frequency of 1 kHz. The best ionic conductivity was found for the film containing 45 wt% of KCl salt. The activation energy was determined by using Arrhenius plot based on conductivity data at varied temperature. It has been found that the activation energy of the composite polymer electrolyte films varied to the KCL content in the composite polymer electrolyte films. The highest activation energy was found for the polymer electrolyte film with 45 wt% of KCl content.
Approximation in Quantum Quadrupole at Juergen Model for Nuclear Reactor Control Rod Blade Based on \ce {Th_xDUO2} Nano Materials
Authors: Hardiyanto Moh.
Published: July 2018

The functional of a multi purpose research nuclear reactor control rod blade nuclear reactor is stabilized and controlling devices for nuclear chain reactions, the existing of Cerenkov's radiation impact and thermal neutron flux in reactor chamber. This research was conducted in Large Hadron Collider (LHC) - Muon Hadron Division at CERN, Lyon - France under International Research between Canadian Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) - Nuclear Reactor and Betha Group Section for sub-particles for nanomaterial. Using Juergen Model with quantum states approaching and testing by Muon-Hadron Stirrer equipment had determined the \ce {Th_xDUO2} derivatives materials. This material shown the strength of thermal neutron flux absorbed about 2.56 × 10⁵ − 1.94 × 10⁶ Ci/mm, the value of Electrical Conductivity is 26.62 − 29.98 in 800° - 890° C temperature, however at 2.1 × 10⁵ Ci/mm thermal neutron flux condition is 29.44 − 37.88 in IAEA standard. At 450 tesla magnetic field and 2.1 × 10⁵ Ci/mm thermal neutron absorber, the crystalline structure reduction is 6.88% until 10.95% for 25 years period in 45.7 megawatts with \ce {UO2} more enrichment and \ce {Pu2O} also \ce {Th2O_y} nuclear fuel element matrix.
Nontraditional synthesis of nano- and microcrystal diamonds under high static pressures
Authors: Ekimov E A , Kondrin M V
Published: July 2018

Diamond synthesis from organic materials under high pressure performed for the first time more than half a century ago is now in high demand to fit the needs of nanoelectronics and biomedicine due to the possibility of obtaining nanodiamonds of high structural perfection. The Institute for High Pressure Physics, RAS, being a pioneer in diamond synthesis in metallic solutions and unconventional media, is a recognized leader in the promotion of new trends in the synthesis of nanodiamonds free from metallic impurities. In this short review, we consider the most likely scenario of hydrocarbon carbonization with the formation of nano- and microcrystal diamonds.
Should Medical Cannabis Administered by Inhalation Be Allowed for Hospitalized Patients?
Authors: Malcolm (Pro) Benjamin J , Murphy Laura , Wong (Con) Michael
Published: July 2018

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Bestiarium Judaicum
Authors: Geller Jay
Published: July 2018

Given the vast inventory of verbal and visual images of nonhuman animals (pigs, dogs, vermin, rodents, apes, etc.) disseminated for millennia to debase and bestialize Jews (the Bestiarium Judaicum), this work asks: What is at play when Jewish-identified writers employ such figures in their narratives and poems? Bringing together Jewish cultural studies (examining how Jews have negotiated Jew-Gentile difference) and critical animal studies (analyzing the functions served by asserting human-animal difference), this monograph focuses on the writings of primarily Germanophone authors, including Sigmund Freud, Heinrich Heine, Franz Kafka, Gertrud Kolmar, H. Leivick, Felix Salten, and Curt Siodmak. It ferrets out of their nonhuman-animal constructions their responses to the bestial answers upon which the Jewish and animal questions converged and by which varieties of the species “Jew” were depicted. Along with close textual analysis, it examines both personal and social contexts of each work. It explores how several writers attempted to subvert the identification of the Jew-animal by rendering indeterminable the human-animal “Great Divide” being played out on actual Jewish bodies and in Jewish-Gentile relations as well as how others endeavored to work-through identifications with those bestial figures differently: e.g., Salten’s Bambi novels posed the question of “whether a doe is sometimes just a female deer,” while Freud, in his case studies, manifestly disaggregated Jews and animals even as he, perhaps, animalized the human. This work also critically engages new-historical (M. Schmidt), postcolonial (J. Butler and J. Hanssen), and continental philosophic (G. Agamben) appropriations of the conjunction of Jew and animal.
God, Hierarchy, and Power
Authors: Purpura Ashley M.
Published: July 2018

What are the religious justifications for the historical development and maintenance of hierarchy as the model of ecclesiastical organization in Orthodox Christianity? Beginning with its Christian coinage by Dionysius the Areopagite in the early sixth century, this book explores the theological development of ecclesiastical “hierarchy” in Byzantium. By presenting case studies of historically disparate Byzantine theologians who draw upon Dionysius’s hierarchic conception and engage it theoretically, liturgically, and pragmatically—Maximus the Confessor, Niketas Stethatos, and Nicholas Cabasilas—this book suggests a common tradition of constructing authentic ecclesiastical hierarchy as foremost that which communicates divinity. It is by this conception that each author is able to affirm the divinizing potential of church order and sacramental validity even while negating the authority of those that may fail to function in a divinely imitative way. For all four Byzantine authors, including Dionysius, this interpretation of hierarchy relies on an underlying assumption that only divine power is believed to be authentic and only divinely reflective authority is legitimate. The authors suggest that true power is recognized paradoxically by humble service and kenotic self-giving. Constructing power, authority, and hierarchy in these ways has resonances in other genres within the tradition of Orthodox Christianity. The theological trajectory posited by the study of the four Byzantine authors reshapes several issues of spiritual leadership and ecclesial organization within contemporary Orthodoxy, provides insight for historians, and prompts rethinking the ways both secular and religious power are understood by modern theorists.
Liturgical Power
Authors: Heron Nicholas
Published: July 2018

To the question that animated the twentieth-century debate on political theology—namely, whether Christianity is exclusively a religious phenomenon, which must separate itself from all things political, or whether its concepts instead underpin secular politics, thereby conditioning and informing its practices—this book advances a third alternative: Christian anti-politics, it contends, entails its own distinct conception of politics. Yet this politics, it argues, in concert with Giorgio Agamben’s recent intervention in this field of inquiry, assumes the form of what today we call “administration,” which the ancients termed “economics.” The book’s principal aim is thus genealogical: It seeks to understand our current conception of government in the light of an important but rarely acknowledged transformation in the idea of politics brought about by Christianity. This transformation in the idea of politics also in turn precipitates a concurrent shift in the organisation of power; an organisation whose determining principle, the book contends, is liturgy (understood in the broad sense as “public service”). To date, only an emphasis on its acclamatory dimension has made the concept of liturgy available for political theory; this book seeks to position it instead as a technique of governance. What Christianity has bequeathed to political thought and forms, it argues, is thus a paradoxical technology of power that is grounded uniquely in service.
Organization Factors for ERP Projects in a Developing Country: A Case Study Jordan
Authors: AL-Zoubi Mohammad , Al-Haija Ahmad
Published: July 2018

The organization factors integral to the successful implementation of ERP systems are identified in this paper, and the organization factors under scrutiny include: Change Management, Business Process Management, and Top Management Support. Survey questionnaires were circulated to ERP users in companies in Jordan, which led to the collection and analysis of 314 responses in total. The results evidence significant relationship between change Management and top management support with ERP implementation success. However, the outcomes did not support the relationship between Business Process Management and ERP implementation success. This study could assist ERP vendors and consultants in developing countries in preparing certain strategies for dealing with the oddity between their ERP products and ERP adopting organizations. Also, both ERP adopting organizations and managers could attain awareness regarding the intricacies that are inherent in ERP installations in order to prevent obstacles while increasing the possibility of attaining the looked-for results.
De rechtspersoon-bestuurder en art. 2:11 BW
Authors: Huizink J.B.
Published: July 2018

De rechtspersoon-bestuurder en art. 2:11 BW

In deze bijdrage wordt kort de werking van art. 2:11 BW besproken. Daarbij wordt onder meer ingegaan op enkele – vermeende – knelpunten en geprobeerd een antwoord te geven op de vraag naar de effectiviteit van de regeling. Daar is aanleiding toe, nu de Hoge Raad ruim een jaar geleden een belangrijk arrest over de reikwijdte van de bepaling heeft gewezen. In HR 17 februari 2017 ECLI:NL:HR:2017:275, NJ 2017/215 m.nt. Van Schilfgaarde (Le Roux Fruitexporters) werd beslist dat bestuurdersaansprakelijkheid op grond van onrechtmatige daad mede door art. 2:11 BW wordt bestreken.
Third party litigation funding
Authors: van der Krans A.
Published: July 2018

Third party litigation funding. De voordelen, aandachtspunten en aanbevelingen om risico’s te beheersen

Third party litigation funding (TPLF, of procesfinanciering door derden) is de rechtsverhouding waarbij een derde zich tegen een in het vooruitzicht gestelde beloning verplicht om een eiser in een civiele procedure of arbitrage van financiering te voorzien om de kosten van procederen te dekken. TPLF kan de toegang tot de rechter vergroten, de onderhandelingskracht vergroten, een preventief effect hebben en een one-shot player laten transformeren in een repeat player. Een deel van de bezwaren tegen procesfinanciering is ongefundeerd, of overdreven. Omdat procesfinanciers hoge eisen stellen aan de (ver)haalbaarheid, omvang en beperking van risico’s is het onwaarschijnlijk dat TPLF zal leiden tot een claimcultuur. TPLF zorgt wel voor een driepartijenverhouding, die mogelijk voor complicaties kan zorgen. Ook kan TPLF grote consequenties voor de gefinancierde hebben, zeker in een volledig ongereguleerde markt als de Nederlandse. Grotere partijen moeten over het algemeen worden geacht deze consequenties te kunnen overzien en daarop te kunnen anticiperen. Consumenten en kleinere partijen zouden echter meer bescherming behoeven. Een gedragscode kan hierbij behulpzaam zijn en helpen misstanden op voorhand te voorkomen. Als deze handschoen door procesfinanciers in Nederland wordt opgepakt, kan TPLF een nuttige bijdrage leveren aan de borging van de toegang tot het recht.
Study and Characterization of Sisal Fiber/Zein Resin Interface
Authors: Souzandeh Hamid , Netravali Anil N.
Published: July 2018

The interfacial shear strength (IFSS) between natural sisal fiber and zein protein resin was explored using the microbond test. Commercially available zein protein was processed into resins and their IFSS with sisal fiber was measured. Effects of sorbitol plasticizer content and microfibrillated
cellulose (MFC) reinforcement loading on the IFSS with the resin were studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the fracture surfaces before and after the microbond test. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was utilized to map the residual resin on the sisal
fiber surface after the microbond test. The results showed that sisal fiber/ zein IFSS decreased with sorbitol content. At 20 wt% sorbitol content 53% decrease in IFSS was observed. IFSS increased with MFC loading from 1.32 MPa (control) to 2.40 MPa for resin containing 15 wt% MFC. Physical
entanglements between sisal fibers and MFC are believed to be responsible for this enhancement in the IFSS.
Coextrusion of Multifunctional Smart Sensors
Authors: Bodkhe Sampada , Noonan Clara , Gosselin Frederick P. , Therriault Daniel
Published: July 2018

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing of a piezoelectric sensor conventionally involves a minimum of three steps: fabrication of the sensor structure, electrode deposition to collect the generated charges, and electrical poling. Here, the authors report a novel approach to fabricate a working piezoelectric sensor with its electrodes in a single step. The authors optimize the rheological characteristics of a piezoelectric nanocomposite ink, formulated and processed to work without the need for poling, and a metallic conductive paint for coextrusion. The authors then employ solvent evaporation‐assisted 3D printing to coextrude ready‐to‐use sensors. The process fabricates conformal sensors, 3D self‐supported cat whiskers with aspect ratios over 15, and filaments spanning over 2 cm. The authors present potential applications in the form of aero‐elastic sensors and smart active thread for wearable electronics. The authors print sensors directly on fused deposition modeling printed miniature wings to monitor aero‐elastic stability. In another application, the authors use the coextruded filament in the form of a piezoelectric thread for wearable sensors for knee‐joint and respiration monitoring. The self‐powered piezoelectric sensing elements are an attractive alternative for customized, multi‐material applications where each watt and each gram counts such as wearables, and micro‐drones. The process is adaptable to other multi‐material and multi‐component printing needs beyond piezoelectric materials.
Mixed‐Conducting Perovskites as Cathode Materials for Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells: Understanding the Trends in Proton Uptake
Authors: Zohourian Reihaneh , Merkle Rotraut , Raimondi Giulia , Maier Joachim
Published: July 2018

The proton uptake of 18 compositions in the perovskite family (Ba,Sr,La)(Fe,Co,Zn,Y)O3‐δ, perovskites, which are potential cathode materials for protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs), is investigated by thermogravimetry. Hydration enthalpies and entropies are derived, and the doping trends are explored. The uptake is found to be largely determined by the basicity of the oxide ions. Partial substitution of Zn on the B‐site strongly enhances proton uptake, while Co substitution has the opposite effect. The proton concentration in Ba0.95La0.05Fe0.8Zn0.2O3‐δ is found to be 10% per formula unit at 250 °C, 5.5% at 400 °C, and 2.3% at 500 °C, which are the highest values reported so far for a mixed‐conducting perovskite exhibiting hole, proton, and oxygen vacancy transport. A comprehensive set of thermodynamic data for proton uptake in (Ba,Sr,La)(Fe,Co,Zn,Y)O3‐δ is determined. Defect interactions between protons and holes partially delocalized from the B‐site transition metal to the adjacent oxide ions decrease the proton uptake. From these results, guidelines for the optimization of PCFC cathode materials are derived.
Melt‐Centrifuged (Bi,Sb)2Te3: Engineering Microstructure toward High Thermoelectric Efficiency
Authors: Pan Yu , Aydemir Umut , Grovogui Jann A. , Witting Ian T. , Hanus Riley , Xu Yaobin , Wu Jinsong , Wu Chao‐Feng , Sun Fu‐Hua , Zhuang Hua‐Lu , Dong Jin‐Feng , Li Jing‐Feng , Dravid Vinayak P. , Snyder G. Jeffrey
Published: July 2018

Microstructure engineering is an effective strategy to reduce lattice thermal conductivity (κl) and enhance the thermoelectric figure of merit (zT). Through a new process based on melt‐centrifugation to squeeze out excess eutectic liquid, microstructure modulation is realized to manipulate the formation of dislocations and clean grain boundaries, resulting in a porous network with a platelet structure. In this way, phonon transport is strongly disrupted by a combination of porosity, pore surfaces/junctions, grain boundaries, and lattice dislocations. These collectively result in a ≈60% reduction of κl compared to zone melted ingot, while the charge carriers remain relatively mobile across the liquid‐fused grains. This porous material displays a zT value of 1.2, which is higher than fully dense conventional zone melted ingots and hot pressed (Bi,Sb)2Te3 alloys. A segmented leg of melt‐centrifuged Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 and Bi0.3Sb1.7Te3 could produce a high device ZT exceeding 1.0 over the whole temperature range of 323–523 K and an efficiency up to 9%. The present work demonstrates a method for synthesizing high‐efficiency porous thermoelectric materials through an unconventional melt‐centrifugation technique.
Toward Efficient Polymer Solar Cells Processed by a Solution‐Processed Layer‐By‐Layer Approach
Authors: Cui Yong , Zhang Shaoqing , Liang Ningning , Kong Jingyi , Yang Chenyi , Yao Huifeng , Ma Lijiao , Hou Jianhui
Published: July 2018

The solution‐processed layer‐by‐layer (LBL) method has potential to achieve high‐performance polymer solar cells (PSCs) due to its advantage of enriching donors near the anode and acceptors near the cathode. However, power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the LBL‐PSCs are still significantly lower than those of conventional one‐step‐processed PSCs (OS‐PSCs). A method to solve the critical problems in LBL‐PSCs is reported here. By employing a specific mixed solvent (o‐dichlorobenzene [o‐DCB]/tetrahydrofuran) to spin‐coat the small‐molecular acceptor IT‐4F onto a layer of the newly designed polymer donor (PBDB‐TFS1), appropriate interdiffusion between the PBDB‐TFS1 and the IT‐4F can critically be controlled, and then an ideal phase separation of the active layer and large donor/acceptor interface area can be realized with a certain amount of o‐DCB. The PSCs based on the LBL method exhibit PCEs as high as 13.0%, higher than that of the counterpart (11.8%) made by the conventional OS solution method. This preliminary work reveals that the LBL method is a promising approach to the promotion of the photovoltaic performance of polymer solar cells.
Two‐Component Aggregation‐Induced Emission Materials: Tunable One/Two‐Photon Luminescence and Stimuli‐Responsive Switches by Co‐Crystal Formation
Authors: Li Shuzhen , Yan Dongpeng
Published: July 2018

Molecular materials with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), which have been paid much attention recently, are important for applications in optoelectronic devices, chemical sensors, and biomedical probes. To date, single‐component AIE systems are largely developed; however, the knowledge on the aggregation emission properties for multicomponent systems is still rather limited. In this work, it is shown that the AIE can be further extended to two‐component molecular assemblies, with the (naphthylvinyl)pyridine (NP) as the model. The NP‐based two‐component solutions present typical AIE properties, and their aggregation/crystalline states (co‐crystals) further exhibit different fluorescence emission (blue/cyan/green) with variable photoluminescence quantum yields as high as 50.4%. The co‐crystals present adjustable two‐photon fluorescence emission that is absent for the pristine NP solid. Moreover, NP‐based co‐crystals represent smart luminescent switches with reversible changes upon external stimuli (such as heat and base vapor), and the fluorescence visualization can be easily monitored benefitting from their high‐efficiency photoemission and obvious color change. It can be expected that by virtue of facile design of intermolecular interactions (such as halogen/hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions) during co‐aggregation and/or co‐crystallization, the two‐component AIE materials can be readily extended to other fluorphore systems toward tuning high‐efficiency solid‐state emission, two‐photon luminescence, and stimuli‐responsive switching.
Die Aren‐limitierte nicht‐dirigierte C‐H‐Aktivierung von Aromaten
Authors: Wedi Philipp , van Gemmeren Manuel
Published: July 2018

Die nicht‐dirigierte C(sp2)‐H‐Aktivierung einfacher Aromaten hat in den letzten Jahren durch die Entdeckung neuer Katalysatorsysteme, die den Einsatz des Arens als limitierendes Reagenz ermöglichen, rasante Fortschritte gemacht. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden wichtige Entwicklungen im Katalysator‐ und Ligandendesign zur Steigerung der Reaktivität und Selektivität vorgestellt.
The Mackay‐Type Cluster [Cu43Al12](Cp*)12: Open‐Shell 67‐Electron Superatom with Emerging Metal‐Like Electronic Structure
Authors: Weßing Jana , Ganesamoorthy Chelladurai , Kahlal Samia , Marchal Rémi , Gemel Christian , Cador Olivier , Da Silva Augusto C. H. , Da Silva Juarez L. F. , Saillard Jean‐Yves , Fischer Roland A.
Published: July 2018

The paramagnetic cluster [Cu43Al12](Cp*)12 was obtained from the reaction of [CuMes]5 and [AlCp*]4 (Cp*=η5‐C5Me5; Mes=mesityl). This all‐hydrocarbon ligand‐stabilized M55 magic atom‐number cluster features a Mackay‐type nested icosahedral structure. Its open‐shell 67‐electron superatom configuration is unique. Three unpaired electrons occupy weakly antibonding jellium states. The situation prefigures the formation of a conduction band, which is in line with the measured temperature‐independent magnetism. Steric protection by twelve Cp* ligands suppresses the intrinsic polyradicalar reactivity of the Cu43Al12 core.
Determination of Ni and Zn in an Oil Matrix using Schiff Base‐Assisted Extraction Followed by a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer: A Simple Strategy to Determine Ni and Zn
Authors: Karan Arda , Tokay Feyzullah , Bağdat Sema
Published: July 2018

In the present work, a new and simple Schiff base‐assisted extraction strategy for Ni and Zn from an edible oil matrix with subsequent determination using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer was suggested. According to the green approach, laborious sample‐pretreatment procedures were eliminated via complexation of the analytes with N,N′‐bis(4‐methoxysalycylidene)‐2‐hydroxy‐1,3‐propanediamine (4MSHP) and transferred from the oil phase to the aqueous phase. The complexation properties of 4MSHP, Ni, and Zn were investigated using UV–vis spectrophotometry. The experimental conditions that affect the extraction efficiency were optimized using central composite design. The optimum conditions for the extraction of Ni and Zn were as follows: a volume to oil mass ratio of 0.83 to 1.31 mL g−1 of 4MSHP solution; 62.3‐ and 50.6‐min, stirring time; 27.3 and 31.1 °C, temperature, respectively. The detection limits (3sbm−1) were 0.41 μg g−1 for Ni and 0.16 μg g−1 for Zn. Validation of the suggested work was performed by the analysis of organometallic standard‐doped n‐hexane solutions as certified reference materials under the optimum experimental conditions. The recovery percentages were warranted the accuracy and found as 98.2 ± 1.8% for Ni and 99.8 ± 1.2% for Zn. In addition, relative SD values were below 5% for both the analytes. The Student's t‐test showed that there was no significant difference between the found and doped amount of analytes at 95% confidence level. The features such as the detection technique, cheapness, eco‐friendly solvent usage, and practicality were better compared to the literature.
Stabilizing cumulative incidence estimation of pregnancy outcome with delayed entries
Authors: Rousson Valentin , Allignol Arthur , Aurousseau Alexandre , Winterfeld Ursula , Beyersmann Jan
Published: July 2018

A pregnancy may end up with (at least) three possible events: live birth, spontaneous abortion, or elective termination, yielding a competing risks issue when studying an association between a risk factor and a pregnancy outcome. Cumulative incidences (probabilities to end up with the different outcomes depending on gestational age) can be estimated via the Aalen–Johansen estimate. Another issue is that women are usually not entering such an observational study from the first day of pregnancy, resulting in delayed entries. As in traditional survival analysis, this can be solved by considering “at risk” at a given gestational age only for those women who entered the study before that age. However, the number of women at risk at an early gestational age might be extremely low, such that the estimates of cumulative incidence may increase exaggeratedly at that age because of a single event. One solution to reduce the problem has been recently proposed in the literature, which is to ignore simply those early events, creating a small mean bias but enhancing stability of estimates. In the present paper, we propose an alternative computationally simple approach to tackle this problem that consists to postpone to later gestational ages (rather than to ignore) those early events. The two approaches are compared with respect to bias, stability, and sensitivity on the smoothing parameter via simulations reproducing realistic pregnancy scenarios, and are illustrated with data from a study on the effects of statins on pregnancy outcomes. We also outline that all three approaches are asymptotically equivalent.
Metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis forl‐valine overproduction
Authors: Westbrook Adam W. , Ren Xiang , Moo‐Young Murray , Chou C. Perry
Published: July 2018

Bacillus subtilis has been commonly applied to industrial enzyme production due to its genetic tractability, “generally recognized as safe (GRAS)” status, and robust growth characteristics. In spite of its ideal attributes as a biomanufacturing platform, B. subtilis has seen limited use in the production of other value‐added biochemicals. Here, we report the derivation of engineered strains of B. subtilis for l‐valine overproduction using our recently developed CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats)‐Cas9 (CRISPR‐associated [protein] 9) toolkit. We first manipulate the native l‐valine biosynthetic pathway by relieving transcriptional and allosteric regulation, resulting in a >14‐fold increase in the l‐valine titer, compared to the wild‐type strain. We subsequently identify and eliminate factors limiting l‐valine overproduction, specifically increasing pyruvate availability and blocking the competing l‐leucine and l‐isoleucine biosynthetic pathways. By inactivating (a) pdhA, encoding the E1α subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, to increase the intracellular pyruvate pool, and (b) leuA and ilvA, respectively encoding 2‐isopropylmalate synthase and l‐threonine dehydratase, to abolish the competing pathways, the l‐valine titer reached 4.61 g/L in shake flask cultures. Our engineered l‐valine‐overproducing strains of B. subtilis are devoid of plasmids and do not sporulate due to the inactivation of sigF, encoding the sporulation‐specific transcription factor σ
F, making them attractive for large‐scale l‐valine production. However, acetate dissimilation was identified as limiting l‐valine overproduction in ΔpdhA B. subtilis strains, and improving acetate dissimilation or identifying alternate modes of increasing pyruvate pools to enhance l‐valine‐overproduction should be explored.
Rhodamine‐based Colorimetric and Fluorescent Chemosensors for the Detection of Cu2+ Ions and its Application to Bioimaging
Authors: Park Hwalkee , An Kyoung‐Lyong , Naveen Mergu , Jun Kun , Son Young‐A
Published: July 2018

The rhodamine based receptors were developed as colorimetric and fluorescent chemosensor towards Cu2+. By using UV–Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques, their selectivity and photophysical properties towards various metal ions were determined. The obvious color change from colorless to pink (under normal light) and non‐fluorescent to yellowish‐green fluorescent (under UV light) were observed upon the copper addition. The metal binding structures were proposed based on analysis data of proton NMR and Job's plot. Cell imaging experiments were conducted to determine if the chemosensors could be used in biological systems. The results showed that cell viability did not decrease below 80% at any concentrations. Chemosensors and Cu2+ were added to the cells for cell imaging and fluorescence images. Overall, it was found that the chemosensors were cell‐permeable, non‐toxic, and functional in the cells.
Primary bone marrow lymphoma: A hematological emergency in adults with fever of unknown origin
Authors: Wang Hao‐Yuan , Yang Ching‐Fen , Chiou Tzeon‐Jye , Gau Jyh‐Pyng , Chen Po‐Min , Tsai Chang‐Youh , Hsu Hui‐Chi , Wang Fu‐der , Liu Jin‐Hwang , Hsiao Liang‐Tsai
Published: July 2018

Primary bone marrow lymphoma (PBML) represents non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that primarily arises in the bone marrow (BM) without lymphadenopathy. This condition has various definitions and can be masked by prolonged fever, leading to delayed diagnosis. We aimed to identify clinical features and risk indicators of PBML. We enrolled 269 adults with fever of unknown origin (FUO) who underwent a BM study for potential PBML. Thirty patients were diagnosed with PBML (26 and 4 patients in the training and validation cohort, respectively), and 20 patients (67%) showed initial manifestation of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Among PBML patients in the training cohort, their median overall survival is short (8 days), with pneumonia being the most common direct cause of early mortality, followed by life‐threatening HLH. Despite extremely poor prognoses, some B‐cell PBML patients who survived 30 days after BM studies achieved long‐term survival with rituximab‐based treatment. To assist general practitioners in early PBML diagnosis when approaching adults with naïve FUO, we identified several risk indicators, including elevated serum alkaline‐phosphate levels, lowered serum immunoglobulin‐G levels, cytopenia in ≥2 lineages, and peripheral blood leukoerythroblastosis. Our recently published scoring system, which can predict hematological BM disease in FUO adults, showed excellent ability in recognizing PBML early, with high sensitivity and specificity. We conclude that PBML is a specific “clinical” phenotype of NHL; moreover, we have identified diagnostic clues for early identification of FUO adults with underlying PBML, which should be considered a hematological emergency once suspected in any adult with FUO.
High Performance of 3D Symmetric Flowerlike Sb2S3 Nanostructures in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Li Xuemin , Bai Jinwu , Zhou Bo , Yuan Xianfeng , Zhang Xiao , Liu Lu
Published: July 2018

Antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) is an important chalcogenide belonging to Group V–VI that is suitable for application as a photoelectric material in the fields of photocatalysis, photoconductive detectors, ion conductor materials, and solar energy conversion materials. Herein, a facile, one‐step hydrothermal method is used to synthesize a 3D, symmetric, flowerlike Sb2S3 nanostructure. The structure was composed of numerous nanoneedles, which provided a large void fraction and specific surface area. Characteristic mesoporous structures of the samples contribute to excellent performance. If they were used as counter electrode materials in dye‐sensitized solar cells, the photoelectric conversion efficiency was as high as 7.12 %, whereas the photoelectric conversion efficiency of platinum was only 6.46 %. Furthermore, according to the results of cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectra, and Tafel polarization testing, the obtained Sb2S3 samples have better electrocatalytic activity and charge‐transfer ability than that of Pt, and thus, can be regarded as good substitutes for precious metals.
Evaluation of Aromaticity for Open‐Shell Singlet Dicyclopenta‐Fused Acenes and Polyacenes Based on a Magnetically Induced Current
Authors: Nagami Takanori , Fujiyoshi Jun‐ya , Tonami Takayoshi , Watanabe Ken‐ichiro , Yamane Masaki , Okada Kenji , Kishi Ryohei , Nakano Masayoshi , Champagne Benoît , Liégeois Vincent
Published: July 2018

The aromaticity of dicyclopenta‐fused acenes (DPAs) and polyacenes (PAs) of increasing size has been studied by evaluation with the GIMIC method at the DFT level of the magnetically‐induced currents (MICs), and by analyzing their spatial distributions. For these open‐shell singlet molecules, spin‐restricted and ‐unrestricted treatments provide very different MICs, the latter ones providing the most reliable solution. These MICs and the differences between spin‐restricted and ‐unrestricted treatments are interpreted in terms of the bond current strengths and the current gradients, which indicate the bond aromaticity and enable the spatial distributions of the diatropic and paratropic currents to be analyzed, respectively. In particular, they allow the rationalization of the MICs in correlation with the odd‐electron density distributions and their diradical characters. These calculations demonstrate that 1) in increasingly large PAs the bond current strengths get smaller and smaller than in benzene and get almost similar in the central and terminal rings, 2) for DPAs the MICs increase from dominant paratropic currents and antiaromaticity in the small compounds to diatropic currents and aromaticity in the larger ones, and 3) in the largest DPAs, the central rings are characterized by large diatropic currents and the terminal five‐membered rings, for which the odd‐electron densities are localized by weak ones.
Ultrasonic‐Assisted Wet Chemistry Synthesis of Ultrafine SnO2 Nanoparticles for the Electron‐Transport Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Shan Haiquan , Rezaee Ehsan , Leng Xin , Wang Xiang , Chen Qian , Xu Zong‐Xiang
Published: July 2018

SnO2 was recently employed as an efficient electron‐transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) have been reported. However, it is still challenging to fabricate SnO2 thin films through facile solution‐based synthesis at low temperature (<150 °C) to be compatible with the large scale module fabrication, especially for flexible devices. Here, we report a low temperature solution‐based method for preparation of SnO2 nanoparticles. Ultrasonic‐assisted wet chemistry synthesis of ultrafine SnO2 nanocrystals with particle size ranging from 2 to 5 nm was achieved by employing a SnCl4⋅5 H2O solution in a mixed ethanol–water solution and with no annealing step. The crystallinity and microstructure of the SnO2 nanoparticles were investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis. The added water in ethanol and increased pH values were demonstrated as two key factors to successful fabrication of highly crystallized samples with high reproducability. An efficiency of 16.56 % was achieved for PSCs based on SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized by ultrasonic‐assisted wet chemistry.
Impact of safety factor and magnetic shear profiles on edge turbulence in circular limited geometry
Authors: Nace N. , Tamain P. , Baudoin C. , Bufferand H. , Ciraolo G. , Fedorczak N. , Galassi D. , Ghendrih Ph. , Serre E.
Published: July 2018

The impact of magnetic configuration on edge turbulence properties in circular limiter geometry is investigated using TOKAM3X, a three‐dimensional (3D), first‐principle, fluid code for edge plasma. The theoretical spatial tilting of magnetic shear on turbulence fluctuations is recovered. Magnetic shear is found to generate or enhance poloidal high/low field sides (HFS/LFS) and up/down asymmetries. A simulation mimicking the impact of an X‐point on circular limiter geometry leads to the formation of two transport barriers that are stable in time, thus leading to the improvement of core particle confinement and to reduction of radial turbulent transport. The magnetic shear, which also strongly enhances the E × B shear, is responsible for the barrier formation.
A randomized controlled trial of unguided internet cognitive–behavioral treatment for perfectionism in individuals who engage in regular exercise
Authors: Valentine Emily G. , Bodill Kate O. , Watson Hunna J. , Hagger Martin S. , Kane Robert T. , Anderson Rebecca A. , Egan Sarah J.
Published: July 2018

Objective

Clinical perfectionism has been found to be a risk and maintaining factor in eating disorders (EDs), compulsive exercise, and athlete burnout. This study investigated whether an unguided internet cognitive–behavioral treatment (ICBT) for perfectionism would reduce ED pathology, compulsive exercise, and burnout in individuals who engage in regular exercise.

Method

Participants were randomly allocated to intervention (n = 38) or waitlist control (n =29). A generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) analysis was conducted pre and post treatment. A follow‐up analysis was conducted with the intervention group at 3 and 6 months.

Results

The intervention group experienced a significant reduction in perfectionism (FMPS‐CM: F[1,117] = 17.53, p = < .001, Cohen's d = .82), ED symptomology (EDE‐Q: F[1,55] = 7.27, p = .009,Cohen's d = .53) and compulsive exercise (CET: F[1,116] = 10.33, p < .001,Cohen's d = .63). The changes attained post‐treatment were maintained within the intervention group at 3‐month (FMPS‐CM (t[1,100] = 3.67, p < . 001, Cohen's d = .85) (EDE‐Q (t[1,50] = 2.20, p = .03, Cohen's d = 1.26) and 6‐month follow‐up (FMPS (t[1,100] = 2.74, p = 007, Cohen's d = .70) (EDE‐Q (t[1,50] = 2.18, p = .03, Cohen's d = 1.26).

Discussion

The results indicate unguided ICBT for perfectionism can have a significant impact on perfectionism, compulsive exercise, and ED symptomatology.
Range extension of a boreal amphipod Gammarus oceanicus in the warming Arctic
Authors: Węsławski Jan Marcin , Dragańska‐Deja Katarzyna , Legeżyńska Joanna , Walczowski Waldemar
Published: July 2018

The recent (2008–2016) occurrence of a boreal intertidal amphipod Gammarus oceanicus along the Spitsbergen coast is compared with corresponding data from 1980 to 1994. We aimed to compare the pace of environmental changes in the area (ice retreat, temperature increase) with distribution change of G. oceanicus. Material for the study was collected from intertidal, at low water level from over 100 locations on Spitsbergen, the main island of Svalbard archipelago (expanding from 76 to 80°N). The west coast of the island has been exposed to a steady increase in sea surface and air temperature (2°C in 20 years), as well as a significant decrease in fast ice duration (from over 5 months to less than 1 per year). A total length of more than 3,600 km of the island's coastline has been recently impacted by warming. Of the two sibling Gammarus species that dwell in the Spitsbergen littoral, G. setosus, the local cold water species remains generally where it was observed about 20–30 years ago. By contrast, boreal G. oceanicus has expanded its distribution range by over 1,300 km along the west and north coasts of Spitsbergen and gained dominating position on the number of sites, where it was previously just an occasional species.
Habitat mapping of riverine fish by means of hydromorphological tools
Authors: Baranya Sándor , Fleit Gábor , Józsa János , Szalóky Zoltán , Tóth Balázs , Czeglédi István , Erős Tibor
Published: July 2018

Hydromorphological features of rivers, such as flow depth, flow velocity, and the composition of bed material play a crucial role in the habitat selection of fish. Although these basic hydromorphological parameters can be determined with high spatial and temporal resolution using state‐of‐the‐art investigation methods, only few studies deal with the connection of habitat parameters and abundance of fishes (i.e., habitat modelling) in large rivers. The aim of this study is to fill this gap by introducing the so‐called habitat maps connecting the results of 3D hydrodynamic simulations and results of offshore fish ecological surveys. The steps of habitat modelling are introduced through the case study of the Danube River focusing on evaluating the habitat use and suitability of two fish species representative to this section of the river (i.e., the round goby Neogobius melanostomus and the Danube streber Zingel streber). A novel method for mapping the bed material composition, playing a crucial role in the habitat assessment, is also presented along the numerical modelling.