bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Employee Job Mobility and Relocation
Authors: Forster N.S.
Published: May 2006

There is an ever increasing demand for highly
flexible and geographically mobile professional and
managerial staff in many UK companies. This
means that the effective management of career
development, succession planning, job mobility
and relocation will be among the major challenges
facing industrial and commercial organisations in
the 1990s. The article describes the way that two
large UK companies currently manage (and
mismanage) job mobility and relocation. In 1987
the IMS described the general management of
mobility and relocation as “ad hoc and kneejerk”.
The findings of this study lend some support to
this contention. It discusses the implications of
these early findings for these companies and other
organisations. It concludes by briefly discussing
the implications for UK companies and personnel
managers, and briefly outlines the future goals of
the research project.
Images of Employees in Company Reports: Do Company Chairmen View their Most Valuable Asset as Valuable?
Authors: Gowler Dan , Legge Karen
Published: May 2006

By means of a pilot study of the Chairmen’s Statements in the
Annual Reports of some major companies, an exploration of the concept of
organisational culture is made, as reflected in the corporate image
expressed in the language used in the Chairmen’s statements.
Towards Reconceptualisation: The Contribution of Disabled at the Workplace
Authors: Gluskinos Ury M. , Popper Micha
Published: May 2006

The implications of disabilities, whether already existing at the
time of appointment or incurred during the working career, are examined
at the macro‐organisational levels – productivity and human
resources strategy. It is argued that the extent of physical disability
of an individual may be quite independent of his/her contribution to the
organisation. Consequently, a diagnostic model was developed which
assesses an individual’s Total Productivity Capacity (TPC). The TPC
index proposed is a multiplicative function of a disabled worker’s
Productivity Potential (PP) at work, assessed by the direct supervisor,
and individual Sickness Absence (SA) rate compared with the
organisation’s average (SA\sb\(x)): TPC = [1 ‐ (SA\sb\(n) –
SA\sb\(x))] x PP. A 2 x 2 matrix, measuring extent of physical
handicap and TPC allows grouping of handicapped into four categories:
mildly handicapped with low TPC scores, mildly handicapped with high TPC
scores; highly handicapped with high TPC scores; highly handicapped with
low TPC scores. The utility of this classification scheme is
demonstrated through an exploratory study conducted at a production
plant for military vehicles where 12 per cent (n= 310) of the
workforce were medically defined as disabled. TPC indices were derived
for each disabled employee, and for the different plants/shops.
Comparison of average TPC scores with incidence of disabilities
indicated the independence of these measures, partially validating the
proposed diagnostic model. Implications for production planning and
differential personnel policies appropriate for disabled employees
within the categorisations suggested are elaborated upon.
Recruitment, Reform and the Italian Labour Market
Authors: Folletti Stefano , Giacomello Giampiero , Cooper Jonathan
Published: May 2006

The restrictive legislation on recruitment in Italy is a well‐known
example of state control of a labour market; the means Italian companies
employ to get round the legislation is, if anything, even more
interesting. Problems are recognised by the government and in mid‐1991
the legislation was “reformed”. A detailed study of the
working of the old legislation and the situation which led to its reform
concludes that although the latest law is a step forward it amounts to a
missed opportunity.
LIBRARIANS AS MANAGERS: A DIFFERENT SET OF SKILLS?
Authors: Noon Pat
Published: May 2006

The question “What is management?” is posed. A number
of approaches are described and it is suggested that gut reaction and
management by fear are no longer appropriate. Management skills are also
examined and approaches to develop these identified.
THE LABOURERS WHO SHIFT THINGS AROUND: THE
PROFESSIONALISATION OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION WORK AND ITS IMPACT ON
LIBRARY ASSISTANTS′ PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR WORK
Authors: Thapisa A.P.N.
Published: May 2006

The professionalisation of library and information work in England
appears to have had an impact on the library assistants′ perceptions of
their work. The failure of some senior members of staff to entrust their
subordinates with authority and responsibility appears to engender
feelings of mistrust. As the library becomes bigger and more complex,
petty hierarchies develop within sections, resulting in some library
assistants getting less variety of jobs and less information. This
brings about a condition of low trust relationship. What is needed is a
more human‐oriented approach, with more attention being paid to job
content; intellectual stimulation (scope for creative thinking);
training of a professional nature (scope for personal development);
achievement, self respect, promotion and pay.
The Ibbs Report and the Civil Service Unions
Authors: Radcliffe James
Published: May 2006

This article aims to provide an initial assessment of the response
of the civil service unions to the government′s most recent initiatives
on management and working practices in ministerial departments. It
considers in particular the Ibbs Report on “Improving Management
in Government”, the most publicised of recent documents emerging
from the Cabinet Office. A fairly wide ranging approach is adopted in
order that the historical context of the report, and its consequent
importance, may be appreciated. The core of the article is the result of
interviews with senior officials from the main civil service unions. An
assessment is made of their perceptions of the report and its
implications for the civil service. It is argued that the ambivalence
towards Ibbs evident in the positions of the various unions is a result
of the divisions that exist between them, and of the heterogeneity of
the civil service itself. Consequently any opposition from the unions is
severely constrained, although obstacles to implementation may arise
elsewhere.
Collective Bargaining in the Public Sector in Canada
Authors: Calvert John R.
Published: May 2006

Public sector bargaining in Canadian labour
relations, placed in the wider context of the federal
political system, is examined. The development
of public sector trade unionism over the past two
decades is discussed and its impact on the wider
labour movements is assessed. It is argued that
the prospects for public sector unionism look
bleak, as both provincial and federal governments
are expected to establish a more favourable
investment climate for the private sector, thus
curtailing public spending, restraining wages of
public employees and rights of public sector
unions.
Collective Bargaining under Pressure: A Canada‐US Comparison
Authors: Adams Roy J.
Published: May 2006

Similarities and differences between Canadian and
US labour relations systems are explored. In the
US, employers have, with government indulgence,
retreated from their commitment to collective
bargaining, whereas Canadian employers, under
government pressure, have generally continued
to respect theirs. The reasons for the divergence
in systems are examined.
Business Growth – How to Achieve and Sustain It
Authors: Page Anthony S. , Jones Ralph C.
Published: May 2006

Successful growth companies represent the future. Their
opportunistic, customer‐responsive styles and operating practices are
just what today′s turbulent, competitive environment demands. As they
grow, they will become powerful forces in the economy and their
successful planning and operating practices will be adopted by other
aspiring organisations. The focus is upon the fast‐growing companies in
Britain. Their experience over a relatively short time frame
demonstrates the opportunities, threats, problems and pitfalls attached
to dramatic business growth. A new set of rules which would guide
companies through the necessary and predictable transitions of growth
are sought. It is hoped that chief executives and strategic planning
directors will use the findings, conclusions and recommendations
presented to shape the future practices of their own organisations.
Focused Labour Force: An Organisational Development Strategy
Authors: Jones Coy A. , Bernard Keys J. , Miller Thomas R.
Published: May 2006

In recent years the concept of the “focused factory” has emerged in the field of operations management, and the “contingency approach to job design” has evolved in the area of organisational development. Utilising these two concepts in combination, the creation of a contingency continuum of job enrichment, the “focused labour force”, for improved utilisation of human resources is proposed.
High Performance Team Management
Authors: Harris Philip R. , Harris Dorothy L.
Published: May 2006

Successful management not only actively promotes team spirit, but
installs the mechanisms and the means to develop team skills and to
enhance team roles. Today′s managers are challenged to make a transition
from the traditional way of operating or doing business, to
experimenting with new styles of organising and managing.
Towards Managing by a Richer Set of Organisational Values
Authors: Pratt Kevin H. , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: May 2006

Every organisation has an existing set of values, an
“organisational culture”. Could a richer set of values
improve the organisation? If so, how is the organisation better. What
are some ways of enriching the existing values, and who can do it? These
issues are examined and their application is explored through examples.
Can JIT Concepts Improve Personal Productivity?
Authors: Oliver Nick
Published: May 2006

Images and concepts from contemporary manufacturing (particularly
just‐in‐time production) provide models which individuals can use to
increase their throughput of work. Concepts of personal throughput,
inventory, set‐up times and performance measurement are introduced and
used to guide an analysis of personal productivity. The manufacturing
metaphor is used to provide a conceptual base with which to analyse
– and improve – personal performance in non‐manufacturing
environments.
Six Elements for Implementing and Managing Change
Authors: Hall Leon W.
Published: May 2006

Practical, effective assistance is provided to senior level
managers on how to revitalise and improve the
performance of their organisations. The six elements
identified as necessary for successfully implementing
and managing change are: create; communicate;
translate; implement; evaluate; and recreate. Elements
two to four are part of the critical “power curve”.
During the implementation of these elements the
vitality, energy and momentum that give life to the
newly created vision are achieved, resulting from
individuals throughout the organisation redefining their
roles in terms of relevance to achieving the new vision
(or mission).
Systems, Knowledge and Organizational Development
Authors: Pondy Louis R. , Connolly Terry
Published: May 2006

The question of whether general systems theory is able to
contribute to organizational development, is discussed in this paper. It
is misleading to assess an organization′s effectiveness against some
single set of criteria, and the application of external forces in
attempting to change the system is put forward.
Computer Maintenance
Authors: Ward Adele
Published: May 2006

Computer failure at some time is almost inevitable and can
represent a major financial loss to the user. It therefore becomes
important for any company that is dependent in some form, whether on a
large or small computer system, to cover this eventuality by taking out
an adequate maintenance contract. There are a number of professional
computer maintainers in the UK – unlike the computer manufacturers
– who will cover microcomputers and minicomputers and because of
this, computer users are turning to them – finding in addition
that they are more flexible when it comes to pricing. The author
illustrates the manner in which independent maintainers can be of
assistance and how professionally based are their back‐up services.
Pragmatic Computing for Personnel Selection
Authors: Shirley David
Published: May 2006

The development of a consultancy company specialising in executive
recruitment selection is described. A computer system to handle all the
jobs and applicant details is an essential requirement; and the system,
its development and its advantages are described.
International Accounting Software Issues
Authors: Cadogan Bill
Published: May 2006

The advent of the European Single Market demands a radical rethink
in the design and use of accounting software. The implications are
analysed and relational database concepts as the way to European‐based
or even internationally useful systems are discussed.
Software Quality Management
Authors: Boom Roger
Published: May 2006

With the recognition that consistent quality of a firm′s products
will help ensure repeat orders and help build a good reputation, one
company′s route to acquire NATO Quality Assurance Standards AQAP 1 and
13 is described. The planning of the route, the development of a Quality
Management System and an assessment of the benefits resulting from
implementing such a system are detailed.
Current Breakthrough in Computer Imaging
Authors: Ryan Dermot
Published: May 2006

Electronic data and image publishing will add to the media a new
and separately identifiable information communications channel. The cast
of industry giants who are committed to making this happen are detailed
showing evidence for a time scale so short that the reader is left with
a sense of shock. Intel, IBM, Microsoft, RCA, General Electric and
Stanford Research Institute have joined to create this image publishing
revolution which will become a £1 billion industry.
Contract Manufacturing Can Solve Your Skills Shortage
Authors: Johnson Norman
Published: May 2006

Three workable strategies are proposed for
companies where production is dependent on
skilled labour: lowering standards for new recruits;
retraining; retraining a core workforce and making
strategic use of contract manufacturers. The
benefits of the third strategy are discussed.
Profitmaster
Authors: Johansen J.T.
Published: May 2006

An approach to optimising the profits of a
manufacturing organisation is described. The
concept is based on profit‐optimising computer
models of the business. The problems addressed,
how the business‐modelling tools work, and how
this concept has successfully been implemented
in industry are all described. The system addresses
the traditionally poor interactions between the
three main functions of an organisation, namely
marketing, production and finance. These units
have different, often conflicting objectives, and are
not directly concerned with the total profitability
of the organisation. The solution to this problem
is a common language provided by the business
model. The business model is a powerful tool, used
to identify the optimum product mix and to simulate
the effect of decisions on profits and plant.
Bottom Line and Beyond: A Recession is the Right Time to Take Advantage of Contract Manufacturers
Authors: Johnson David , Johnson Norman
Published: May 2006

Contract manufacturing as a concept will be
utilised increasingly during the 1990s and beyond.
The use of this facility can make life a great deal
easier for manufacturing engineering management,
specially in recessionary periods. Savings
in time, aggravation and, above all, costs, are vital.
Anyone considering the setting‐up of a new
business venture would be well recommended to
consider the implementation of contract
manufacturing – especially those businesses in
the mechanical, electronic and electrical
manufacturing industries.
Kuwaiti Commercial Banks: Challenges and Strategic Responses
Authors: Yavas U. , Yasin M. , Wafa M. , Al‐Qudsi S.
Published: May 2006

This article examines recent trends in the Kuwaiti
economy and their impact on the commercial
banks. Based on in‐depth personal interviews
conducted with Kuwaiti banking officials, banks′
strategic responses to the challenges, threats and
opportunities brought about by the new economic
realities are discussed.
Marketing of Private Banking Services in Hong Kong
Authors: Surtani Jackie B.
Published: May 2006

The change that the Hong Kong private banking industry has
undergone over the last decade has presented its participants with some
interesting challenges. The traditional view of the Hong Kong private
banking market as being homogeneous needs to be abandoned. The large
number of competing private banking units along with the tremendous
growth in this region has also made recruiting well‐qualified private
bankers a major problem. Key attributes of an ideal private banker along
with suggestions for minimising staff turnover are presented. Moreover,
many Hong Kong banks also need to ensure that their internal
organisational structure fits with the bank′s private banking strategy.
Participation in the International Marketplace by US
Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Fraser Cynthia , Hite Robert E.
Published: May 2006

The international marketing practices and foreign sales of US
manufacturing firms are examined in order to identify those marketing
variables which are most closely tied to international sales. Survey
results suggest that few firms advertise internationally, although
advertising is an important determinant of foreign sales, even if that
advertising in non‐English‐speaking markets is in English and regardless
of its level of standardisation. Results suggest further that
manufacture abroad is a powerful stimulus to foreign sales, which is not
matched by the presence of sales offices abroad.
The European Community Single Market of 1992: European
Executives Discuss Trends for Global Marketing
Authors: Daser Sayeste , Hylton Delmer P.
Published: May 2006

Describes a field study conducted in Western Europe with top
executives and management consultants in the global public accounting
and consulting firms as well as top administrators in the Commission of
the European Community (EC). Respondents expressed optimism about the
1992 single market programme; they saw a “global village”
developing internally in the EC and the need to develop markets and tap
technologies in each of the global “triad” – North
America, the EC and Japan. Marketing was considered to be the most
important business function to be affected by the single market
developments in the EC.
Employee Participation in TQC: The Effect of Job Levels on Participation and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Harber Doug , Marriott Fern , Idrus Nirwan
Published: May 2006

The outcome of the implementation of a Total Quality Control (TQC) programme in a large manufacturing enterprise in Australia is described. Emphasis is given to the effects of TQC on employees′ perceived participation in the programme and concomitant employees′ job satisfaction. An extensive discussion of the relationships between these variables and TQC is contained in the preceding article. The results obtained from this study show that job satisfaction is related to employee participation, but to varying degrees at different job levels. Surprisingly, it was also found that there was a low increase in perceived employee participation following the implementation of TQC. The need for further research in the area is clearly shown. Future research should be based on more comprehensive research designs that incorporate longitudinal studies and investigate the differential effects of TQC at various job levels within an organisation. This approach will facilitate a better understanding of the complex dynamics within organisations when such programmes are implemented.
Images of Organisation: Culture and the Management of
Technology
Authors: Swierczek Fredric William
Published: May 2006

It is argued that as the trend to globalisation continues and
Southeast Asia becomes a major focal point for investment and the
transfer of technology for export‐oriented growth, the issue of
organisational culture will become more important. A perspective on the
issue of culture, organisation and its implication for the management of
technology is developed and a Thai case study presented.
Assessment‐based Development Centres
Authors: Iles Paul , Robertson Ivan , Rout Usharani
Published: May 2006

A fair amount of evidence has been amassed concerning the
reliability, validity and fairness of assessment centres when used for
selection purposes. Selection‐oriented assessment centres provide valid
predictions of managerial performance and success, and seem not to
generate significant adverse impact against black or female candidates.
Assessment centres increasingly, however, seem to be used for purposes
other than immediate job selection. In particular, they are often used
for the identification of long‐term managerial potential, and for the
diagnosis of training and development needs, perhaps as a part of an
overall audit of managerial strengths and weaknesses or as a part of a
wider organisational development effort. Two studies of participants′
reactions to development centres are presented. These are followed by
two longitudinal studies of the impact on a range of career and
organisational attitudes held by participants of two development centres
run by two major UK financial services organisations.
Psychometrics: Their Use in Organisation Development
Authors: Cheldelin Sandra I. , Foritano Louis A.
Published: May 2006

Successful businesses today are attending to internal and external
changes. Their leaders value diversity and seek a heterogeneous
workforce, recognising that effective work teams are essential in the
process. In the shaping and managing of new organisational cultures,
consultants can provide assistance. This article describes a Fortune 50
company client where a particular method of team‐building was used that
involved the results of a five‐month consultation which included 20
subgroups in eight cities.
NEGOTIATION: AN ESSENTIAL MANAGEMENT SKILL
Authors: Kharbanda Om P. , Stallworthy Ernest A.
Published: May 2006

We are negotiating all the time: with customers, suppliers, trade
unions, our family ‐ indeed, all with whom we come into contact. In
business, in particular, negotiation needs management. There are said to
be eight stages in negotiation: prepare, argue, signal, propose, present
the package, bargain, close and agree. At the proposal stage one must be
clear about what one must achieve, what one intends to achieve,
and what one would like to achieve. The approach to constructive and
competitive negotiation, the role of consultation, how to cope with
deadlock and conflict, cross‐cultural negotiation, and the art of
compromise are reviewed. The development and use of teams in negotiation
is also an important factor, needing careful assessment. Negotiation
will nearly always involve conflict, but steps must be taken to ensure
that the participants remain on friendly terms.
Internal Auditing: Enriching the Classroom Experience
Authors: Brady Greenawalt Mary
Published: May 2006

Two methods of enriching classroom experience in an internal
auditing class are described: (1) bring “real‐world”
experiences into the classroom (practising auditors as guest teachers,
case studies comparing the internal audit practice of the guests′
organisations); (2) send the students out into the “real
world” of practical auditing (a term project with actual
“live” auditors). Both approaches are discussed in detail
and conclusions are drawn on the ways in which the learning experiences
have been an enrichment.
Excellence in the Administration of the Internal Audit
Department
Authors: Roy Richard A.
Published: May 2006

As in any managerial function, the Director of Internal Audit must
be cognisant of necessary administrative responsibilities to enable the
proper functioning of an internal auditing department. Not only must the
generic managerial responsibilities be in existence but also those
functions which are conducive to internal audit. The administrative
responsibilities of the Director of Internal Audit as they pertain to
the administration of the Internal Audit Department are explored –
the planning process; reporting audit issues and recommendations and the
major issues facing the Audit Director.
New Directions and Profiles for Programme and
Organisational Review
Authors: Bannister Barry J.
Published: May 2006

As the role of the public sector manager adapts to the demands of
increased organisational responsiveness and accountability, there is a
need for appropriate development programmes. The preliminary phase of a
research project is reviewed which focuses on the developmental needs of
a particular group of managers – namely, auditors and management
analysts – whose responsibilities are likely to impinge
increasingly upon the area of programme and organisational evaluation.
Changing Luck into Deserving
Authors: Baines Alison
Published: May 2006

Sees many supervisory and managerial jobs attained by women as the
result of luck. Looks at the role of career planning in establishing a
structured approach to personal development; links this to the growing
requirement for a career break in order to start a family, noting
changing attitudes among male colleagues in encouraging such a break.
Detects the emergence of greater risk‐taking among younger women and
discusses the relevance of career planning to this new generation.
A Microcosm of Women’s Present Situation
Authors: Macdonald Eleanor
Published: May 2006

Tremendous changes are occurring in the field of employment as a
result of the diminishing number of school leavers. This total change is
a highly significant factor in the area of women′s careers, and one
which will provide marvellous opportunities to well‐qualified women.
This, and a variety of other topics were among those addressed at a
recent conference, “Harnessing the Female Resource”, and
forms the basis of this article. The article aims to further the
training and development of women and is directed at anyone who has
influence in this field‐women themselves, teachers, career counsellors,
employers.
BARRIERS FACING SELF‐EMPLOYED WOMEN: THE AUSTRALIAN
EXPERIENCE
Authors: Still Leonie V. , Guerin Cecily D.
Published: May 2006

Self‐employment makes an important contribution to a nation′s
economy, women are turning to it in increasing numbers but still face
hurdles in their quest for independence, autonomy and job satisfaction.
An Australian survey by questionnaire (commissioned in Sydney by the New
South Wales Women′s Advisory Council) of 357 self‐employed women
revealed that they faced three types of barriers: entry, operational and
personal. Entry barriers revolved around confidence to start the
business, necessary start‐up finance, and adequate sources of assistance
and advice. Operational barriers concerned finance, lack of assistance
and advice, lack of skills in marketing and finance, and assistance in
developing business. Personal problems were sense of isolation, lack of
mentors, tutors or counsellors, need for support of other businesses
(especially suppliers) and colleagues, managing a home and a business,
self‐management, and child care. Recommendations are made for a phased
system of support services related to style, stage and needs of
individual small business proprietors.
THE CHANGING PATTERN OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS: THE SINGAPORE
EXPERIENCE
Authors: Chew Irene K. H. , Chew Yan Tan
Published: May 2006

A survey of 16 female entrepreneurs in Singapore, by interview or
questionnaire, to establish their present characteristics and changes
over the last two decades was conducted. They were found to be better
educated than the general population of women, concentrated in the
service sector, to own small or medium‐sized businesses, and to be
moving into high growth industries in disproportionately high numbers.
Fewer women than previously are family business helpers and inheritance
of a business is also less important.
Spain: Land of Opportunity
Authors: Wills Mathew
Published: May 2006

With Spain′s accession to the EC in January 1986, the Community
gained its most significant new member since Britain joined in 1973.
This article outlines the opportunities and threats that Spain presents
to other member states; it also outlines how the Spanish are approaching
and preparing for the Single European Market.
European Operations Strategies for the 1990s
Authors: Oliver Keith
Published: May 2006

With the coming of the Single Market it is now essential that
companies reassess their European manufacturing strategies. Many
multinationals currently have fragmented manufacturing operations
reflecting past failures to achieve a truly common market. This article
discusses how manufacturers in Europe can reorganise themselves to
optimise competitiveness.
Austria Looks West
Authors: Wills Mathew
Published: May 2006

With the Single Market on the horizon it seems that, at long last,
a common market may soon be achieved in the EC. While this may prove to
be a boon for member states it worries the countries of Western Europe′s
other trade club – EFTA. One of these countries, Austria, has
hinted that it may soon apply to join the Community. This article
discusses the reasons behind this move and the consequences for EFTA.
Success of Finnish Companies and the EC
Authors: Honni Matti
Published: May 2006

The people of Finland, along with those of other EFTA states, feel
threatened by the Single Market and the possibility of a “fortress
Europe”. EC membership is not considered politically viable for
the Finns; and the author explores ways in which Finnish firms can
continue to pursue their European marketing with success despite
remaining outside the Community.
ACQUISITION SEARCH – MAKING DEALS HAPPEN
Authors: Pearson Barrie
Published: May 2006

There is a surfeit of willing buyers for companies in Europe, and a
scarcity of attractive businesses for sale at realistic prices.
Practical advice is provided to carry out a successful cross‐border
acquisition search, illustrated with examples from real life. Companies
should define their acquisition requirements and carry out a
comprehensive search to find suitable companies. Then direct contact
should be made with them to explore the possibility of acquisition. An
additional avenue is to contact the professional advisers who advise
vendors, including merchants banks, specialist advisers and accountancy
firms. When searching overseas, there is no effective substitute for
someone working in the country concerned and speaking the local
language. So it may make some sense to appoint professional advisers to
carry out the search, but top management must choose and appoint them
with care.
BUSINESS MANAGEMENT LOOKS EAST
Authors: Stradling Aidan
Published: May 2006

An assessment of the current political status of East Germany,
unification with West Germany and absorption of the GDR, therefore,
within the European Community is given. The problems of the differences
between the Eastern and Western European economies are stressed,
particularly with reference to the rampant inflation rates of the
former.
CABOTAGE AND THE SINGLE EUROPEAN MARKET
Authors: Gubbins Edmund J. , Hancox Peter
Published: May 2006

The aim of the common transport policy of the EEC and the reasons
for the slow progress to date are discussed. Harmonisation of regulation
and competition policy are important issues in the cabotage debate and
are examined. Cabotage is defined and the effect of the proposals on
member states outlined. The results of structured interviews with
hauliers, trade associations and trade unions give an overview of the
likely impact on the main organisations involved in the industry.
IT SECURITY IN A CHANGING WORLD
Authors: Kapp Marco
Published: May 2006

As businesses continue to automate their activities and establish
electronic links with trading partners the IT security problem becomes
both more important to solve and more difficult to deal with. Virtually
all companies have inadequacies in their present IT security
arrangement, and suffer growing losses as a result. There is much that
individual companies can, and should, do to eliminate these
inadequacies, but some aspects of the problem are beyond the capacity of
an individual company to solve. New initiatives, such as Coopers &
Lybrand′s European Security Forum, have been established to address
these issues.
PERSPECTIVES ON MARKET ORIENTATION
Authors: Torsten Eriksson Lars
Published: May 2006

Market orientation is an attitude, i.e. a state of mind – not
a theory or an operational variable. This attitude focuses on the
stimuli inherent in market demand and perceived commercial
opportunities. Successful market orientation requires both adaptability
of structural parameters and a high level of efficiency in established
processes. Market orientation occurs on different levels of aggregation
in the economy and has implications for (a) the market, (b) exchange,
and (c) organisations. This universe is currently being subjected to
increasing forces of compression: distances in time and space are
shrinking. Macro‐economic changes must be analysed parallel with the
development of business ideas, the responses of marketing activities to
new situations and continuous processes of internal reform and
innovation. Rightly perceived as a complex issue, market orientation
leaves greater scope for business decisions.
STRATEGY FORMULATION IN SMALL ENTERPRISES: A DEVELOPMENTAL
APPROACH
Authors: Paton Robert , Brownlie Douglas
Published: May 2006

A simple but effective approach to the analysis of market
opportunities is outlined. It is argued that for small enterprises the
link between business development and management development is clear
and direct: the consequence being that useful techniques have to be
explored and discovered in a partnership with managers, not prescribed
on the basis of what other larger firms might do. A process is described
that has been tested with the managers of numerous small enterprises as
they struggled to come to terms with the implications for their business
of the liberalisation of the European market in 1992.
DISTRIBUTION – THE LOGIC OF 1992
Authors: Rodgers Ian
Published: May 2006

To meet the challenges of the Single European Market in 1992 the
distribution strategies of ICI Chemicals and Polymers are outlined, with
reference to the adoption of electronic data interchange and the
benefits it can bring.
Evaluating Teaching Staff: Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Al‐Faraj Taqi N. , Alidi Abdulaziz S.
Published: May 2006

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a procedure
to measure the relative efficiency of decision‐making
units in situations where there are multiple
inputs and outputs with no obvious objective way
of aggregating these multiple inputs and outputs
into a meaningful index of productive efficiency.
A systematic application of DEA in Saudi Arabia
is presented – carried out at a small college to
assess the relative efficiency of teaching staff. The
DEA technique and the data are described, and
the results of the analysis are discussed.
Training Educational Administrators in China: The Relevance
of Some Western Concepts
Authors: Bannister Barry John
Published: May 2006

Proposes that the improvement of educational management practices
at the operational level requires the adoption of an approach based on
needs analysis, evaluation, and training. Assumes that educational
managers are accountable to the public for their actions and performance
and that they seek improvements in the quality of the educational
services they provide and stresses the importance of understanding and
attempting to measure the results of such services. This in turn
requires an analysis of educational programme dynamics and the
limitations upon managers in working to achieve increases in service
quality. In constructing a training scheme aimed at management
improvement, this aspect is referred to as a “needs analysis based
on programme dynamics”. Identifies factors involved in the design
of a training scheme for educational administrators, namely: needs
analysis based on programme dynamics: key competences for
administrators: training design: a HRD agenda: and an implementation
plan. Discusses only the first of these, given the current constraints
of time and space, with the other factors being the subject of a
subsequent article.
Child care facilities
Authors: Smith Ron
Published: May 2006

Examines the issue of whether créches should be supported in
the working place. Assesses the decision with the use of ′critical
success factors′ (CSFs), that are critical to the successful achievement
of the objective. Concludes that créches are not a factor
critical to an organisation′s success, and thus the créche plea
must be met with refusal.
The total workplace
Authors: Becker Franklin , Steele Fritz
Published: May 2006

Argues that the concept of the total workplace goes beyond physical
facilities to take account of the whole network of social,
organisational, and design elements that constitute the context in which
we spend our working lives. Uses the Steelcase Corporate Development
Centre, in Grand Rapids, Michigan, as an example of a total workplace,
and to show the effectiveness of teamwork and the critical need for
communication in advanced work culture. Discusses a number of key social
process areas that represent an integral part of the workplace. Finally,
considers the application of the total workplace concept to other
organisations and contexts.
Rent review clauses: some recent interpretations
Authors: Turton Jonathon
Published: May 2006

Shows that rent review clauses offer a great deal of scope for
interpretation. Discusses the basic terms associated with rent review
clauses. Reviews recent cases taken to the Court of Appeal and the
court′s decisions. Concludes that the landlord usually benefits from the
strict literal interpretation, but with a swing towards a more liberal
reading of the document the tenant can often benefit.
Is full air conditioning really necessary?
Authors: Bell Jane
Published: May 2006

Considers the problem of choosing between either fully
air‐conditioned or naturally ventilated space. Examines the choice taken
by Refuge Assurance PLC to operate its headquarters building without
constant air conditioning. Describes the cooling and environmental
systems of the building and energy performance. Argues that it would be
a brave step to eliminate air‐conditioning altogether from any modern
building.
Managing operational property assets
Authors: Avis Martin
Published: May 2006

Examines the issue of the quality of property asset management.
Discusses recent studies on property management quality and their
findings. Considers the role of computer information, functional
performance, property costs, monitoring the use of space, strategic
planning, the use of consultants, and pragmatic approaches to property
management that emerged from the studies. Also looks at reactive
management and the problem of lack of data and performance measures.
Finally, offers a framework for quality property management.
Management of an Intelligent Building: THE FACILITIES MANAGER AND THE BUILDING DIRECTOR
Authors: Miró‐Bedos Joan , Girbal‐Puig Albert
Published: May 2006

The management of an intelligent building is examined from the
point of view of its profitability; the building can be considered both
a cost centre and a benefit centre; the functions and responsibilities
of the person(s) in charge of its management depend upon three factors:
building technological complexity, organisation chart of the company
that owns it, and existence of shared tenant services. Two different
situations are distinguished: single‐tenant and multi‐tenant buildings.
In the former case, only one figure is found to be needed: the
facilities manager. In the latter case, the need for two posts is
determined: the facilities (FM) and the building director (BD).
FACILITY PROGRAMMING: A DESIGNER′S DILEMMA
Authors: Winters Peter M.
Published: May 2006

Change in facility design is occurring frequently and designers are
having to respond to uncertain requirements. Facility programming is
described as one possible solution to the problem, being a structured
process of problem solving which allows organised decision making. The
five steps which make up the process are described and one result of its
use in a recently completed facility in the USA is outlined.
All the Year Round Oysters
Authors: Humphrys Geoffrey
Published: May 2006

The difficulties causing the decline of Britain′s native oyster
population are reviewed. The subsequent development of Pacific oysters,
with the possibility of success bringing about a fall in price as well
as all the year round availability, is discussed.
Ethnic Food Businesses – Success and Failure
Authors: Saker Jim , Brooke Bill
Published: May 2006

Research funded by the Barrow and Geraldine S. Cadbury Trust into
the ethnic minority food industry in the West Midlands is described. The
structure of this sector and identification of the interrelationships
within it, from the food manufacturers through to the retail outlets,
were examined. Policy implications of these and the reasons for so many
food businesses starting up and subsequently failing are presented.
Rebuilding a Service after a Public Inquiry
Authors: Hinchcliffe R.
Published: May 2006

A food poisoning outbreak in 1984 at Stanley Royd Hospital in
Wakefield resulted in a Public Inquiry, and changes in catering policy
in the public sector. Radical changes resulted in the management system,
the managers and the structures and fabric of the kitchens.
Two Lessons in Communication – Stories from Rotherham
Authors: Bell Roger , Binks Ron
Published: May 2006

Two case studies are given of food retailers being prosecuted for
selling foods unfit for consumption.
Attitudes towards Milk: A Canadian View
Authors: Crane F.G. , Clarke T.K.
Published: May 2006

The results of a telephone survey of 803 households of a typical
Canadian city concerning consumer usage and attitudes towards milk
consumption are presented. Some implications for new and existing milk
suppliers are drawn.
Consumer Participation in Setting International Food Standards
Authors: Miller Melanie
Published: May 2006

The views of the International Organisation of Consumers Unions
(IOCU) with regard to food standards in international trade are
reported. The implementation of the reform of Codex, ensuring
improvements in food standards necessary to gain consumer confidence, is
advocated.
The Food Safety Act: A Question of Resources
Authors: Roberts David
Published: May 2006

The position, with respect to resources, of the Food Safety Act is
highlighted insofar as it relates to the statutory defences: extended
powers for enforcement officers; statutory codes of practice; the
European dimension. Local authorities are no longer masters of their own
destinies but, for some, carrying out the new statutory duties may be at
the expense of other statutory duties.
LACOTS and the Co‐ordination of Food Enforcement
Authors: Brooke Paula
Published: May 2006

The history, structure and functions of the Local Authorities
Co‐ordinating Body on Trading Standards (LACOTS) are reviewed, and its
future role with the EC and the expansion of its terms of reference are
discussed. LACOTS is a functioning and successful body with wide
expertise in local authority co‐ordination and well suited for a greater
role in the administration of food controls, trading standards and
environmental health in the wider community.
From Empiricism to Hermeneutics: Educational Leadership as
a Practical and Moral Activity
Authors: Smith John K. , Blase Joseph
Published: May 2006

With the demise of the empiricist theory of knowledge and the
increased prominence of postempiricist and hermeneutical perspectives,
it is clear that various aspects of our social lives – including
educational leadership – should no longer be thought of in terms
of technological or instrumental rationality and technical expertise.
Although the current philosophical ferment allows for different ways to
rethink leadership, this article examines the implications of one school
of thought – philosophical hermeneutics – for the research
on, and especially the practice of, educational leadership. The central
point is that this perspective, when interpreted in terms of how we
think of ourselves as persons, results in a conceptualisation of
leadership as a predominantly practical and moral activity.
Perceptions of Effectiveness and the Satisfaction of
Principals in Elementary Schools
Authors: Johnson Neil A. , Holdaway Edward A.
Published: May 2006

The job satisfaction and effectiveness of principals, the
effectiveness of their schools, and relationships among those three
variables were investigated by questionnaires and interviews involving
elementary school teachers, principals, and area superintendents in
Alberta. Job satisfaction of principals was closely associated with the
effect of the job on their personal lives, and it was highest in respect
of working relationships with teachers and students. An appropriate
school climate emerged as the most important and most effective
individual aspect of the performance of schools, but a multidimensional
perspective was supported. Effective principalship was seen to encompass
many high priority areas, and principals′ overall effectiveness related
most strongly to their decision‐making effectiveness. Principals′ job
satisfaction was only weakly associated with the effectiveness of
schools and principals, but the two effectiveness variables were
significantly related. Teachers and area superintendents tended to rate
the effectiveness of schools less positively than did principals.
Towards the Future: Rethinking the Leadership Role of the
Principal as Philosopher‐King
Authors: Heck Ronald H.
Published: May 2006

The current reform movement in education has significant
implications for the development of future models of site‐level
leadership. Much of the recent attention in the educational
administration literature about necessary leadership qualities and the
preparation of effective school principals, however, does not consider
the relationship of such personal qualities of the leader to other
contextual variables and socio‐political processes that may also
influence principal behaviour. Current theoretical orientations and
research on the principal as leader and suggestions for future research
which will facilitate the preparation of effective school administrators
are examined. The article rests on the belief that given the current
demands for implementing school‐level reforms, perhaps too much in terms
of leadership is being ascribed to one individual role.
Restructuring Education through Economic Competition: The
Case of Chile
Authors: Schiefelbein Ernesto
Published: May 2006

Although in the late 1960s Chile had already solved traditional
problems such as basic literacy, and access to primary education and
training of highly qualified university professionals, little advance
was made by the military government in the 1970s. Thus in the early
1980s the military government introduced economic competition in the
education system, hoping to increase the quality of education in spite
of projected further cuts in public resources for education. The swift
implementation of the market model in education was soon affected by
unforeseen constraints and effects, and later on the economic crisis
forced changes in initial regulations several times during the next
decade. Economic competition eventually generated a substantial
increment of private education; decentralised decisions increased cost
recovery; but it also increased inequity in education outcomes; reduced
the ability of the system to attract good candidates to an academic
career; and reduced the share of education in the GNP.