bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technology improvement of ultrasonic refinement of machinery work surfaces based on phenomenological investigation of cavity formations
Authors: Сундуков Сергей , Sundukov Sergey , Нигметзянов Равиль , Nigmetzyanov Ravil , Фатюхин Дмитрий , Fatyukhin Dmitriy
Published: February 2017

The study of processes based on cavitation use required a clear definition of phenomena arising in liquid at high-frequency oscillation impact upon it. For the in-depth study of the phenomena under investigation in the given work there was used a high-speed video filming.

As the analysis of high-speed filming has shown after closing a bubble is divided into many pieces which, in their turn, pulse in-phase. At the same time there is observed a formation of complex bubble formations which are offered to be called clusters (Fig. 3).

Bubbles formed under the influence of variable acoustic pressure and located at a small distance from each other combine. Two processes take place simultaneously – bubbles combining (coalescence) and the integration of small bubbles in larger ones under the influence of cohesion forces with the formation of general structures (coagulation). The coalescence is followed with the transition of a system in a state with lower free energy.
Technology of residual stresses removal at multi-cycle racers running-in
Authors: Балаев Андрей , Balaev Andrey , Королев Альберт , Korolev Albert , Яковишин Александр , Yakovishin Aleksandr
Published: February 2017

The substantiation of the new technology of multi-cycle racer running-in is shown. A technological method for racer resi-dual stresses removal by means of multi-cycle centerless running-in is described. For the computation of running-in basic time which is necessary for the complete removal of residual stresses there is developed a simulator. A simulator takes into account geometrical and mechanical conditions of the contact of rollers and a racer, physical-mechanical and geometrical parameters of a racer. On the basis of the simulator obtained there is carried out an investigation of the dependence of residual stress upon the duration of racer multi-cycle running-in for various stressed states. It is established that for the efficient stress removal the running-in time must be optimum. If time is lesser than optimum, then there is no a complete removal of residual stresses.

At processing time longer of optimum one after a complete removal of residual stresses the accumulation of new residual stresses takes place.
How Performance Incentives Shape Individual Exploration and Exploitation: Evidence from Microdata
Authors: Lee Sunkee , Meyer-Doyle Philipp
Published: February 2017

The existing literature has highlighted the role of individuals in exploration and exploitation, yet our understanding of what shapes those activities at the individual level remains limited. We integrate the literatures on exploration/exploitation and incentives to examine how incentives impact individual behavior to explore new ideas or exploit existing ideas. Using novel microdata on the commercial projects of sales employees at a South Korean e-commerce firm, we find that individuals engage in relatively more exploration when performance-based incentives are weakened; yet, interestingly, this increase in exploration is driven mainly by high-performing individuals in our setting. Weakening performance-based incentives also lead to higher exploration performance via experiential learning, especially for individuals who work in complex task environments. Overall, this study contributes to the literature on exploration/exploitation by examining how individual exploration and exploitation behavior and performance is shaped by incentives. We also contribute to the incentives literature by investigating the implications of incentives in an important domain, namely, that of knowledge exploration behavior. This study also provides insights into important individual-level microfoundations of firm capabilities and performance by highlighting the important role of individuals in exploration/exploitation activities and how this role is contextualized by the incentives a firm deploys.
Risky Recombinations: Institutional Gatekeeping in the Innovation Process
Authors: Ferguson John-Paul , Carnabuci Gianluca
Published: February 2017

Theories of innovation and technical change posit that inventions that combine knowledge across technology domains have greater impact than inventions drawn from a single domain. The evidence for this claim comes mostly from research on patented inventions and ignores failed patent applications. We draw on insights from research into institutional gatekeeping to theorize that, to be granted, patent applications that span technological domains must have higher quality than otherwise comparable, narrower applications. Using data on failed and successful patent applications, we estimate an integrated, two-stage model that accounts for this differential selection. We find that more domain-spanning patent applications are less likely to be approved, and that controlling for this differential selection reduces the estimated effect of knowledge recombination on innovative impact by about one-third. By conceptualizing the patent-approval process as a form of institutional gatekeeping, this paper highlights the institutional underpinnings of and constraints on the innovation process.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2016.1106 .
Tests, scans and investigations, 7: mammography
Authors: Peate Ian
Published: February 2017

The mammogram is a medical imaging procedure that is undertaken with the aim of making a diagnosis or to assess a woman's response to treatment or their disease progression; it is a type of diagnostic radiography. The test is commonly used to detect breast tumours. This article provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the female breast, a discussion of the test, an outline of the reasons why such a test may be required and how it is performed. The possible risks associated with this procedure are outlined. The role of the healthcare assistant and the assistant practitioner (HCA and AP) in assisting the woman pre-, peri- and post-test is also described.
Can we afford a cure?
Authors: Ali Omar
Published: February 2017

In this article, Omar Ali highlights the cost of new, potentially curative technologies and treatments and discusses ways in which the NHS can pay for these medicines.
Book Review: Who are the ‘Us’ and who are the ‘Them’?
Authors: Xiang Biao
Published: February 2017

Us and Them? The Dangerous Politics of Immigration Control, Bridget Anderson, 2013, 224 pages, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-969159-3.
Caudal Nucleus Accumbens Core Is Critical in the Regulation of Cue-Elicited Approach-Avoidance Decisions
Authors: Hamel Laurie , Thangarasa Tharshika , Samadi Osai , Ito Rutsuko
Published: February 2017

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is thought to be a site of integration of positively and negatively valenced information and action selection. Functional differentiation in valence processing has previously been found along the rostrocaudal axis of the shell region of the NAc in assessments of unconditioned motivation. Given that the core region of the NAc has been implicated in the elicitation of motivated behavior in response to conditioned cues, we sought to assess the role of caudal, intermediate, and rostral sites within this subregion in cue-elicited approach-avoidance decisions. Rats were trained to associate visuo-tactile cues with appetitive, aversive, and neutral outcomes. Following the successful acquisition of the cue-outcome associations, rats received microinfusions of GABAAand GABABreceptor agonists (muscimol/baclofen) or saline into the caudal, intermediate, or rostral NAc core and were then exposed to a superimposition of appetitively and aversively valenced cues versus neutral cues in a “conflict test,” as well as to the appetitive versus neutral cues, and aversive cues versus neutral cues, in separate conditioned preference/avoidance tests. Disruption of activity in the intermediate to caudal parts of the NAc core resulted in a robust avoidance bias in response to motivationally conflicting cues, as well as a potentiated avoidance of aversive cues as compared with control animals, coupled with an attenuated conditioned preference for the appetitive cue. These results suggest that the caudal NAc core may have the capacity to exert bidirectional control over appetitively and aversively motivated responses to valence signals.
BEBERAPAASPEK BIOLOGI IKAN BILIH (Mystacoleucus padangensis) DI DANAU SINGKARAK
Authors: Purnomo Kunto , Sunarno Mas Tri Djoko
Published: February 2017

Sebagai ikan endemik di Danau Singkarak dan ekonomis penting, ikan bilih (Mystacoleucus padangensis) menyumbang sekitar 71,2% dari total produksi ikan pada tahun 2003 dan cenderung menurun populasinya akibat tangkap lebih dan degradasi lingkungan. Untuk kelestarian ikan tersebut,antara lain perlu didukung oleh data dan informasi mengenai aspek biologinya. Oleh karena itu, suatu penelitian telah dilakukan untuk pengumpulan beberapa aspek biologi ikan bilih mulai bulan Agustus 2003-Oktober 2004 di Danau Singkarak. Contoh ikan bilih diambil dari stasiun penelitian yang ditetapkan secara sengaja di empat tempat. Contoh ikan diukur panjang dan bobotnya, isi saluran pencernaannya, serta diameter dan jumlah telurnya. Parameter pertumbuhan von Bertalanffy(L dan K), mortalitas alami (M), mortalitas penangkapan (F), mortalitas total (Z), dan laju eksploitasi (E) dihitung dengan menggunakan data frekuensi panjang total, kemudian diolah dengan menggunakan program FiSAT. Pola kebiasaan makan dari ikan dianalisis memakai indeks preponderan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa panjang total ikan bilih berkisar 4,2-8,6 cm (rata-ratanya 6,2 cm). Pertumbuhan ikan bilih bersifat alometrik positif (p<0,05). Rasio ikan jantandan betina adalah 2:1. Ikan betina mempunyai 5.830-7.390 butir telur per ekor atau 436-628 butir per gram bobot tubuh. Ikan bilih secara teoritis dapat tumbuh sampai mencapai panjang 11,6 cm (L ) dengan laju pertumbuhan (K) 0,5 cm per tahun. Mortalitas alami (M) sebesar 1,46 tahun-1, Nilaimortalitas penangkapan (F)=1,56 tahun-1 dan mortalitas total (Z)=3,02 tahun-1 (kisarannya 2,47-3,55) serta laju eksploitasi (E) sebesar 0,52. Makanan ikan bilih terdiri atas detritus (38,9±7,1%), fitoplankton (33,0±9,2%), zooplankton (22,6±13,6%), dan tumbuhan air (5,4±2,7%).
SEBARAN DAN KEBIASAAN MAKAN BEBERAPA JENIS IKAN DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI KAPUAS, KALIMANTAN BARAT
Authors: Adjie Susilo , Dharyati Emmy
Published: February 2017

Sungai Kapuas merupakan sungai terbesar di Kalimantan Barat, memiliki tipe ekologi yang kompleks mulai dari hulu sampai ke muara dan memiliki keanekaragaman hayati tinggi terutamakeanekaragaman ikannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang sebaran jenis ikan, pakan alami, dan habitat dari beberapa jenis ikan. Metode penelitiannya adalah dengan survei dan observasi selama tiga kali pada bulan April, Juli, dan Desember 2007 di daerah aliranSungai Kapuas bagian tengah, hulu, sampai stasiun sekitar Danau Sentarum, Leboyan, Danau Empangau, Jongkong, dan, Sungai Sibau Hulu. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada 12 stasiunpengamatan. Parameter yang diambil adalah diversitas dan sebaran ikan, pakan alami (food habits), habitat, dan kualitas air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebaran ikan semah (Tor spp.) di hulu sungai yang berarus deras, sedangkan ikan ringo (Datnoides microlepis) tersebar dari kawasan Semitau, Danau Sentarum, sampai Danau Empangau. Ikan tabirin (Belodonthicthys dinema), hampir tersebar di semua stasiun pengamatan, dan ikan entukan (Thinnichthys thynoides) paling dominan di danau. Berdasarkan pada pengamatan pakan alami, ikan semah merupakan ikan omnivora, sedangkan tabirin, dan ringo merupakan ikan karnivora. Ikan entukan sebagai ikan pemakan plankton (plankton feeder).
PERIKANAN TUNA YANG BERBASIS DI KENDARI, SULAWESI TENGGARA
Authors: Widodo Agustinus Anung , Nugraha Budi
Published: February 2017

Kendari merupakan salah satu basis perikanan tangkap di Kawasan Timur Indonesia yang berhadapan langsung dengan Laut Banda. Produksi perikanan tuna di Kendari cukup besar, hal ini dikarenakan alat tangkap yang digunakan merupakan alat tangkap yang dikhususkan untuk menangkap ikan tuna, yaitu huhate, pukat cincin mini, dan pancing tonda. Pada bulan April, Agustus, dan Desember 2007 dilakukan penelitian dengan mengambil pengambilan contoh di PPS Kendari. Pengambilan contoh dilakukan secara acak terhadap kapal-kapal yang mendarat pada minggu terakhir bulan April, Agustus, dan Desember. Masing-masing jenis kapal (huhate, pukat cincin mini, dan tonda) diambil satu unit sebagai contoh. Jenis data yang diambil adalah aspek eksploitasi yang meliputi upaya, jumlah, dan jenis hasil tangkapan dan daerah penangkapan. Data lain yang dikumpulkan adalah produksi tuna tahunan dari PPS Kendari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi tuna selama 10 terakhir cenderung naik, pada tahun 2007 mencapai 8.381 ton. Daerah operasi penangkapan huhate dan pukat cincin mini meliputi perairan Sulawesi Tenggara dan Sulawesi Tengah, adapun pancing tonda sampai Laut Banda. Rata-rata CPUE huhate rata-rata 6,6 ton/trip, rata-tara CPUE pukat cincin mini 0,9 ton per setting dan rata-rata CPUE pancing tonda 1,3 ton/trip. Penangkapan tuna terjadi sepanjang tahun, puncak musim tahun 2007 terjadi pada bulan September dengan indeks mencapai 0,4. Jenis tuna yang tertangkap huhate, pukat cincin mini, maupun tonda ada empat, yaitu ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis), madidihang (Thunnus albacares), tuna mata besar (Thunnus obesus), dan tongkol (Auxis sp.). Komposisi dari keempat jenis tuna tersebut didominansi oleh ikan cakalang yaitu mencapai lebih dari 65%.
HASIL TANGKAPAN MINI TRAWL UDANG PADA BERBAGAI PANJANG WARP DAN LAMA TARIKAN
Authors: Utama Andria Ansri , Wudianto Wudianto
Published: February 2017

Mini trawl merupakan alat tangkap hasil modifikasi dari jaring trawl, spesifikasinya dirancang menjadi lebih kecil dari konstruksi umum trawl. Penentuan panjang warp dan lama tarikan pada mini trawl didasarkan pada hasil perkiraan nelayan tanpa perhitungan sebelumnya sehingga kurang efisien. Efisiensi maksimum alat tangkap trawl dipengaruhi beberapa faktor utama, seperti panjang warp, panjang sweepline, kecepatan tarikan, bobot dari footrope, dan lama tarikan. Tujuan penelitianini untuk mempelajari pengaruh penggunaan perlakuan panjang warp dan perlakuan lama tarikan yang berbeda terhadap hasil tangkapan udang Penaeid pada alat tangkap mini trawl. Penelitian menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan rancangan acak kelompok faktorial yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret-April 2007 di perairan Lamongan, Jawa Timur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan panjang warp berpengaruh nyata terhadap hasil tangkapan udang dengan hasil uji F diterima pada taraf uji 5%. Perlakuan lama waktu penarikkan berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap hasil tangkapan udang, dengan hasil uji F diterima pada taraf uji 5 dan 1%. Hasil Tangkapan terbanyak diperoleh dari perlakuan panjang warp 60 m dengan lama penarikkan 120 menit, bila warp 120 m hasil tangkapan mengalami penurunan pada lama tarikan 120 menit.
ASPEK BIOLOGI IKAN PARI BLENTIK (Dasyatis cf. kuhlii) YANG TERTANGKAP DI LAUT JAWA
Authors: Dharmadi Dharmadi
Published: February 2017

Penelitian dilakukan pada tahun 2002 sampai dengan 2003 di tempat pendaratan ikan Muara Angke dan Laboratorium Balai Riset Perikanan Laut Muara Baru, Jakarta. Data aspek biologi reproduksi ikan pari blentik (Dasyatis cf. kuhlii), berasal dari hasil tangkapan sampingan dari alat tangkap jaring dasar yang beroperasi di Laut Jawa dan didaratkan di tempat pendaratan ikan Muara Angke. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ukuran lebar tubuh ikan pari blentik (Dasyatis cf. kuhlii) terkecil antara 170 sampai dengan 190 mm dan ukuran terbesar antara 330 sampai dengan 350 mm. Hubungan antara lebar cawan dan panjang klasper ikan pari blentik (Dasyatis cf. kuhlii) menunjukan hubungan yang linier (R2=0,7629). Kondisi klasper belum terjadi pengapuran atau sebagian mengandung zat kapur (non or partially calcified claspers) terdapat pada ukuran lebar tubuh <200 mm, sedangkan kondisi klasper penuh zat kapur (fully calcified claspers) terdapat pada ukuran lebar tubuh >250 mm. Ukuran embrio terkecil dijumpai pada bulan Januari yaitu antara 25 sampai dengan 30 mm dan terbesar antara 110 sampai dengan 115 pada bulan Agustus. Sebagian besar ikan pari blentik (Dasyatis cf. kuhlii) jantan yang tertangkap di Laut Jawa dalam kondisi matang kelamin. Berdasarkan pada uji X2, perbandingan kelamin jantan dan betina berbeda nyata (P<0,1). This study was conducted at Muara Angke fish landing site and Research Institute for Marine Fisheries Laboratory Muara Baru Jakarta on 2002 to 2003. Reproduction biology data of Dasyatis cf. kuhlii were taken from catched of bottom net fishing gear that operated in the Java Sea. The result showed that the smallest and the biggest of Dasyatis cf. kuhlii ranging from 170 to 190 mm and 330 to 350 mm disc width, respectively. Relationship between clasper length and disc width was linier (R2=0.7629). Condition of sex maturity stage of male was non or partially calcified claspers found at size <200 mm Wd, while fully calcified claspers was found at size >250 mm Wd. The smallest size embryo of ranging from 25 to 30 mm was found in January and the biggest ranging from 110 to 115 mm was found from in August. Most of Dasyatis cf. kuhlii caught in the Java Sea were mature. Sex ratio was significant different between male and female (X2 test, P<0.1).
Trastuzumab in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Early Breast Cancer: Results of a Prospective, Noninterventional Study on Routine Treatment Between 2006 and 2012 in Germany
Authors: Dall Peter , Koch Thorsten , Göhler Thomas , Selbach Johannes , Ammon Andreas , Eggert Jochen , Gazawi Nidal , Rezek Daniela , Wischnik Arthur , Hielscher Carsten , Keitel Stella , Cirrincione Ursula , Hinke Axel , Feisel-Schwickardi Gabriele
Published: February 2017

Purpose

Trastuzumab is part of the standard treatment in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive early breast cancer in addition to (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy. This German prospective noninterventional study, which included major patient cohorts underrepresented in the pivotal randomized studies, examined the generalizability of the results of those studies.

Patients and Methods

Between 2006 and 2012, 4,027 patients were enrolled and treated with trastuzumab; they were unselected regarding age or concomitant/sequential adjuvant chemotherapy. Long-term outcome data were obtained in yearly intervals. All analyses were descriptive in nature.

Results

Among 3,940 evaluable patients, 26% were elderly (older than 65 years of age). More than half of the population had pN0 tumor stage. Ninety-four percent received chemotherapy: 78% as adjuvant treatment and 14% as neoadjuvant treatment, 2% both. Anthracyclines were administered in 87% and taxanes in 66%. Trastuzumab was stopped prematurely in 9% (because of cardiotoxicity in 3.5%). Recurrence-free survival was 90.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88.9%–91.1%) and 82.8% (95% CI, 81.2%–84.4%) after 3 and 5 years, respectively. The corresponding figures for overall survival were 96.8% (95% CI, 96.1%–97.6%) and 90.0% (95% CI, 88.6%–91.4%). Pathological primary tumor size, lymph node involvement, and hormone receptor status had the greatest independent effect on recurrence risk. Cardiac function toxicity of National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria grade ≥2 and ≥3 was observed in 2.5% and less than 1% of patients, respectively.

Conclusion

The maturing follow-up data seem to confirm the beneficial results of trastuzumab treatment for early breast cancer from the randomized studies. Moreover, these findings support use of trastuzumab-based therapy in patients groups less commonly included in the phase III trials (e.g., elderly patients and those with stage I disease).
Cancer and Venous Thromboembolic Disease: A Review
Authors: Donnellan Eoin , Khorana Alok A.
Published: February 2017

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Patients with cancer are six times more likely to develop VTE than their noncancer counterparts, and VTE is the second leading cause of death in cancer patients. Despite the publication of major consensus guidelines setting out recommendations for thromboprophylaxis in cancer patients, there remains a gulf between these guidelines and clinical practice. In general, thromboprophylaxis is recommended for most patients hospitalized with active cancer. Furthermore, outpatient thromboprophylaxis may be used in carefully selected high-risk ambulatory patients. Certain areas of controversy still remain. Although low-molecular-weight heparin has been shown to be superior to vitamin K antagonists in cancer patients, the role of direct oral anticoagulants is still uncertain. Moreover, recurrent thromboembolism, bleeding, and thrombocytopenia are frequently seen in cancer patients. Optimal anticoagulation in such instances presents a major challenge to clinicians. Modern computed tomography techniques have resulted in an increase in the detection of “incidental” VTE. Despite a growing body of evidence promulgating standard anticoagulant treatment in such cases, these cases present further challenges for members of the multidisciplinary team.
A fuzzy decision-support system in road safety planning
Authors: Behnood Hamid Reza , Ayati Esmaeel , Brijs Tom , Neghab Mohammadali Pirayesh , Shen Yongjun
Published: February 2017

The objective of this research was to develop a decision-support system to help road safety policy makers make the right choices in road safety planning based on the efficiency of previously implemented safety measures. The measures considered for each region in the study include performance indicators about police operations, treated black spots, freeway and highway facility supplies, speed control cameras, emergency medical services and road lighting projects. To this end, an inefficiency measure is calculated, defined by the proportion of fatality rates in relation to the combined measure of road safety performance indicators, which should be minimised. The relative inefficiency for each region is modelled using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique, which follows a benchmarking and target-setting process. In the next step, a fuzzy decision-making system is constructed to convert the information obtained from the DEA into a rule-based system that can be used by policy makers to evaluate the expected outcomes of certain alternative investment strategies in road safety. Using the resultant fuzzy decision-support system, policy makers can analyse alternative strategies in addition to those unique targets suggested by the DEA benchmarking and target-setting process.
Revenue-Expenditure Nexus for India
Authors: Sucharita Sanhita
Published: February 2017

This paper attempts to find out the inter-temporal relationship between government expenditures and revenues in India. It tries to find out if the variations in revenues cause variations in expenditures or the variation in expenditure cause variation in revenue. It also analyses the trend and composition of rising public expenditure in India. This paper has used vector error correction mechanism to find out the causality between the governments total expenditure and revenue receipt. The empirical analysis suggests long run causality from Government revenue receipts to Government total expenditure. It supports the tax-spend hypothesis that means over time, expenditure decisions are not made in isolation of revenue receipts.
GST: Farewell to Multilevel Taxation
Authors: Singh Amit Kumar , Anand Ashween
Published: February 2017

On 8th September 2016, President Pranab Mukherjee approved the government‟s flagship Goods and Services Tax (GST) Bill. After going through a long journey of more than 16 years which first started in year 2000 in a Committee headed by Asim Dasgupta, GST will finally come into force from 1st April, 2017. GST is a single „unified‟ indirect tax levied on goods and services that subsumes multiple taxes levied at the Central and the State level. This paper draws attention to the implications of a „comprehensive‟ GST for economic growth, efficient resource allocation, GDP growth, tax compliance and administration, imports and exports, manufacturing sector, tax revenue efficiency and State finances. The findings of various Task forces/Committees conclude that GST may turn out to be a positive-sum game by bringing in “collective gain” for agriculture, manufacturing and trading sectors along with the final consumers and the government. Irrespective of the wide array of opportunities opened up by GST, the government must be mindful of its accompanying challenges such as development of a sound IT infrastructure, tax administration and modern information systems and determination of GST rate, exemptions, etc. The success of the government in addressing these challenges will determine the sustainability of this major indirect tax reform in the long run.
Fixings Agent Effect to β-carotene Stabilityof Crude Extract from Dunaliella salina Microalga at Different Temperature Condition
Authors: Oktora Ardini Ria , Ma’ruf Widodo Farid , Agustini Tri Winarni
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Dunaliella salina is a microalga rich pigment carotenoids that can be used asnatural dyes. The problem
faced for temporative β-carotene stability which is unstable and easily degraded is unstable and easily
degraded. The purpose ofthis researchwas to determine content and stability of β-carotene pigment in
D.salina with fixings addition of MgCO3 and NaHCO3 with temperature treatment as factor that influence
β-carotene pigment degradation during storage condition. The research method used β-carotene pigment
which was obtainedbymaceration and adding fixing agent (NaHCO3 0,5% and without fixings addition),
and was heated at temperature of (50°, 70° and 90°C), be measured the content of β-carotene pigment
during storage (observation hour 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144). Data analyzed by ANOVA and Honestly
Significant Different (HSD). The result showed that content of β-carotene pigment at 50°C temperature
showed that stability and pH value performed slowest degradation after144 hours. While stability and pH
value at 90°C temperature performed fastest degradation after 96 hours. Based on this study the addition of
NaHCO3 gave more effective in retaining β-carotene degradation compared to that of MgCO3 which showed
by high stability in sample NaHCO3 0,5%, temperature 50°C in 144 hours storage length.
Antioxidant and Atibacterial Activities of Nipah (Nypa fruticans) against Vibrio sp. Isolated From Mud Crab (Scylla sp.)
Authors: Imra Imra , Tarman Kustiariyah , Desniar Desniar
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Nipah (Nypa fruticans) is the potential plant for source of active compound such as antioksidant and antibacterial substances. The plants are dispersed in Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua Island. The aim of this research were determine the antioxidant and antibacterial activity from of nipah (fruit and leaf) that it extraction with methanol, and than determine toxicity and active compound contained in this extract. Diffusion agar and DPPH method were use for antibacterial and antioxsidant assay, respectively. Antioxsidant activity from nipah’s leaf extract was more effective (22,5 μg/mL) than nipah’s fruit extract (415 μg/mL). This activity to be classified to the strong antioxidant activity (IC50<50 μg/mL). The antibacterial activity from leaf extract was strong to inhibited Vibrio sp. with inhibition zone 8,75 mm. The crude extract of nipah’s leaf was toxic with toxicity value is 663,598 μg/mL. Flavonoids, steroids, tanin, saponin and phenol hidroquinon were the active compounds contained in the extract of nipah’s leaf.
The Inhibitor Pathogen Bacteria’s of Sea Grape Caulerpa lentillifera Applies on Fresh Fish
Authors: Tapotubun Alfonsina M. , Savitri Imelda K.E. , Matrutty Theodora E.A.A.
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Contamination of pathogen bacteries at the fresh fish may occur during the post harvesting to the consuming period, and endanger human health. One of simple and safe way to protect secureness of fresh fish food is the use of Caulerpa lentillifera to push down pathogen bacteries activity. The aims of this research to investigate lability of sea grape (Caulerpa lentillifera) against the activity of pathogen bacteries Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella sp., in fresh fish, during storage phase, at ambient and ice temperatures. Method used in this research is experimental laboratories method, that is, 10%, 20% and 30% blended sea grapes applied on fresh fishes, Selar crumenopthalmus during storage of 1, 2 and 3 days at ambient and ice temperatures. All the applied of blended of Caulerpa lentillifera, shows the ability to obstruct the activity of bactery group coliform and Escherichia coli on fresh fish Selar crumenopthalmus up to 2x 24 hours, at ambient temperature, and 3x24 hours at ice temperature. During storage period, the occurance and grows of Salmonella sp. and Vibrio cholerae bacteries is undetected. Fresh sea grapes concentration of 10% is sufficient to be applied on fresh fish to obstruct the activity of pathogen bacteries Escherichia coli during storage time of 2 x 24 hours at room temperature, and 3 x 24 hours at ice temperature, and to block the occurance of Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella sp. during storage period.
De las aulas universitariss a la toga: la trayectoria académica de los ministros del Supremo Tribunal Federal brasileño (1988-2013)
Authors: Rabelo Queiroz Rafael Mafei , Pommê Gama Barbara , Dos Santos Acca Thiago
Published: February 2017

A través el estudio de las trayectorias académicas de los ministros de Supremo Tribunal Federal de Brasil y mediante la inclusión del requisito del “notorio saber jurídico”, impuesto por la Constitución de 1988 a todos los miembros de la corte, este artículo pretende desvelar patrones o criterios, hoy poco claros, de lo que en la práctica ha sido considerada una trayectoria de vida sobresaliente de los ministros elegidos, y su mayor o menor relación con el pasado académico de los magistrados. De tal forma se propone adentrarse en el interrogante sobre cómo los cambios en el mercado jurídico de las últimas décadas han impactado en la forma en que se han provisto los cargos de magistrados en este tribunal.
E-commerce in Hungary: A Market Analysis
Authors: Nagy Szabolcs
Published: February 2017

E-commerce is on the rise in Hungary, with significantly growing numbers of customers shopping online. This paper aims to identify the direct and indirect drivers of the double-digit growth rate, including the related macroeconomic indicators and the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI). Moreover, this study provides a deep insight into industry trends and outlooks, including high industry concentration and top industrial players. It also draws the profile of the typical online shopper and the dominant characteristics of online purchases. Development of e-commerce is robust, but there is still plenty of potential for growth and progress in Hungary.
A study of outcome of caesarean myomectomy in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Kaul Shiveta , Abrol Shivani , Jabeen Farhat , Ali Asifa
Published: February 2017

Background: Uterine leiomyoma (i.e. fibroid or myoma) are benign clonal tumours arising from the muscle cell of the uterus .Uterine myomas are the commonest tumour over the age of 30 years and seen in 2% pregnant women. The impact of uterine myomas on pregnancy depends on the size, number and location of myoma. Myomectomy is a surgery to remove one or more fibroids. Recently, it has been suggested that caesarean myomectomy is a safe surgical modality if is performed in carefully selected patients. The aim of the study was to assess the safety and feasibility of performing myomectomy during caesarean section.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Postgraduate Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics for a period of one and a half year in Government Lalla Ded Hospital – an associated hospital of Government Medical College, Srinagar which is the sole tertiary care referral centre in the valley.Results: A total of 54 patients were taken for caesarean myomectomy. Majority of the patients were in the age group of 26-30years and were of para-1 or 2. Mean blood loss was ≤500 ml during surgery. Most common intraoperative complication was haemorrhage and post-operative complication was fever.Conclusions: From the present study, it is concluded that with the advent of better anaesthesia and availability of blood, caesarean myomectomy is no longer a dreaded job in the hands of an experienced surgeon and in a well-equipped tertiary institution.
Message from Editor
Authors: Baskan Gulsun Atanur
Published: February 2017

Dear Readers,It is the great honor for us to publish sixth volume, fourth issue of Contemporary Educational Researches Journal.Contemporary Educational Researches Journal welcomes original empirical investigations and comprehensive literature review articles focusing on educational issues. Contemporary Educational Researches Journal is an international peer-refereed journal that promotes the researches in the field of contemporary teaching and learning approaches and theories.The scope of the journal includes, but is not limited to; the following major topics as they relate to: Active Learning, Administration of Education, Adult Education, Affective Learning, Arts Teaching, Asynchronous Learning, Behaviorist Learning, Blended Learning, Chemistry Education, Classroom Assessment, Classroom Management, Classroom Teacher Education, Collaborative Learning, College and Higher Education, College and Higher Education, Constructivist Learning, Content Development, Distance Learning, E-administration, Simulation and Virtual Worlds, Guiding and Counseling, Healthy Education, High School Teacher Education, History Education, Instructional Design, Learners Diversity, Inclusiveness and Inequality, Learning and Teaching Research Methods, Learning Assessment and Evaluation, Learning Assessment and Evaluation, Learning Psychology, Lifelong Learning Strategies, Learning Skills, Vocational Education, Measurement and Evaluation in Education, New Learning Environments, Portfolio Assessment, Professional Development and School Administration.Impact of authentic context in teaching English, perceptions of children about the concept of pets, examination of humans and animals in terms of attachment theory, examining school variables and PISA math achievement results, co-authorship networks and institutional collaboration and mental lexicon and the selection of lexical nodes topics have been included into this issue. The topics of the next issue will be different. You can make sure that we will be trying to serve you with our journal with a rich knowledge in which different kinds of topics are discussed in 2016 Volume.A total number of seventeen (17) manuscripts were submitted for this issue and each paper has been subjected to double-blind peer review process by the reviewers specialized in the related field. At the end of the review process, a total number of six (6) high quality research papers were selected and accepted for publication.We present many thanks to all the contributors who helped us to publish this issue.Â Best regards,Prof. Dr. Gulsun Atanur BaskanEditor â€“ in Chief
Examining school variables affecting PISA 2012 math achievement in Turkey and Shanghai-China
Authors: Kale Mustafa
Published: February 2017

The main purpose of the research is to examine school variables that have effect on Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012 math achievement in Turkey and Shanghai-China. The research was designed in casual comparison model. Research population was constituted by student in age group of 15 in Turkey and Shanghai-China in 2012.The sample consists of 4848 students and 170 schools in Turkey and 5177 students and 155 schools inÂ  Shanghai-China that participated in PISA 2012. Two-leveled Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM) was used to analyze data because the data collected in PISA 2012 had a hierarchical data structure. As a result of analysis, variability in math scores, 63% in Turkey andÂ  47% in Shanghai-China, was found due to the difference between the mean math scores of schools. It was determined thatÂ  MACTIV, SCMATEDU and TCMORALE in Turkey and MACTIV, in Shanghai-China statistically affect on math achievement.Â Keywords: PISA, school administration, school variables, HLM
Genetic variability of the fifth generation of nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus using microsatellite DNA markers
Authors: Satriani Gloria Ika , Soelistyowati Dinar Tri , Hardianto Dian , Aliah Ratu Siti
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Fifth generations of Nile tilapia from several strains have been produced by using selective breeding program in Main Centre for Freshwater Aquaculture Development (MCFAD) Sukabumi, West Java. This research was aimed to evaluate the impact of family selection program of some highly economic traits on its genetic variability using microsatellite DNA markers. The total of 180 specimens have been collected from fifth generation of nine reciprocal mating between three families selected from fourth generation of Nile tilapia and were screened for genetic variability at three microsatellite loci (UNH 123*, UNH 172*, UNH 216*). The results showed that the amount of genetic variability on fifth generations of Nile tilapia from three strains was ranged between 33 to 100% and the highest genetic distance relationship between families was 0.3875. This research approved that females and males issued from the family which have more amount of genetic variability and higher distance to others could be considered as genetic materials to produce the next generation.

Keywords: microsatellite DNA, genotype, genetic variability, genetic distance, Oreochromis nilotiocus

 ABSTRAK

Beberapa strain ikan nila generasi kelima telah dihasilkan dalam program pemuliaan di Main Centre untuk Freshwater Aquaculture Development (MCFAD) Sukabumi, Barat Jawa. Riset ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh seleksi famili terhadap performa karakter ekonomis penting berdasarkan keragaman genetiknya menggunakan penanda microsatellite DNA. Spesimen dari 180 individu generasi kelima hasil persilangan resiprokal antara tiga famili generasi keempat dianalisis dengan penanda tiga microsatellite loci (UNH 123*, UNH 172*, UNH 216*). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keragaman genetik ikan nila generasi kelima berkisar antara 33 sampai 100% dan hubungan kekerabatan genetik antar famili yang paling jauh adalah 0,3875. Individu betina dan jantan yang berasal dari famili dengan tingkat keragaman genetik dan kekerabatan yang lebih tinggi dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai sumber genetik berkualitas untuk menghasilkan generasi berikutnya.
Kata kunci: microsatellite DNA, genotipe, keragaman genetik, jarak genetik, Oreochromis nilotiocus
Selection of probiotic bacteria from the coral reef and tiger grouper fish (Epinephelus foscoguttatus) farming environment
Authors: Ilmiah . , Sukenda . , Widanarni . , Harris Enang
Published: February 2017

The use of probiotic bacteria is one of the methods in aquaculture to control infectious diseases. This study aims to obtain candidates probiotic bacteria from the coral reef and tiger grouper aquaculture environment (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). Steps of the study included of: 1) isolation of candidates probiotic bacteria, 2) selection of candidates probiotic bacteria: inhibition test and co-culture methods, 3) enzymatic test, 4) the growth of bacteria test 5) pathogenicity test and 6) the molecular identification of probiotic bacteria. The results showed that of 124 isolates in test zone of inhibition, the four isolates with the widest zone of inhibition of isolate K7, K8, K21, and T4, a total of 51 isolates on co-culture methods, the four isolates were able to suppress the growth of pathogenic Vibrio bacteria, isolates K15, K68, K55, and T36. The results of hydrolyzing the highest protease amylase and lipase enzyme, respectively isolates K15 and T36; isolates T41 and K8; isolates K55 and K68. Candidates probiotic bacteria reached the exponential phase at 16‒18 h. The results of pathogenicity test isolate K7, K8, T36, and T41 provided the highest survival that can be used as candidates probiotics in the tiger grouper.

Keywords: selection, probiotics, tiger grouper
Growth of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon post-larvae fed on Artemia containing Vibrio SKT-b probiotic
Authors: Widanarni . , Hadiroseyani Yani , Sutanti Asri
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

 

Application of probiotic bacteria is an alternative technology to increase shrimp production in an environmentally friendly aquaculture. Administration of probiotic bacteria can be conducted through artificial feed or live food such as Artemia. This study was done to examine the effectiveness of various doses of probiotic Vibrio SKT-b through Artemia on the growth and survival of post-larval shrimp. Tiger shrimp at a stage of PL 10 was reared in glass jars filled with 2 L of sea water at a density of 10 larva/L. The study consisted of five probiotic concentrations control (0 cfu/mL), A (103 cfu/mL), B (104 cfu/mL), C (105 cfu/mL), and D (106 cfu/mL). Administration of various doses of probiotic bacteria Vibrio SKT-b through Artemia significantly increased the growth rate in term of the length and weight, but had no effect on survival. The results found that treatment D (106 cfu/mL) gave an increase in body weight, length and survival rate of 22.53%/day, 0.080 cm/day and 95%, respectively.

 

Keywords: probiotic, Artemia, tiger shrimp

 

 

ABSTRAK

 

Aplikasi bakteri probiotik merupakan salah satu alternatif teknologi untuk meningkatkan produksi budidaya udang yang ramah lingkungan. Pemberian bakteri probiotik dapat dilakukan melalui pakan buatan atau pakan alami seperti Artemia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas pemberian berbagai dosis bakteri probiotik Vibrio SKT-b melalui Artemia terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup pascalarva udang windu. Stadia udang windu yang digunakan adalah pascalarva (PL) 10. Udang dipelihara dalam wadah kaca volume 3 L yang diisi air laut 2 L dengan kepadatan 10 ekor/L. Penelitian ini terdiri atas lima perlakuan yaitu kontrol (dosis bakteri probiotik 0 cfu/mL), A (103 cfu/mL), B (104 cfu/mL), C (105 cfu/mL), dan D (106 cfu/mL). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian berbagai dosis bakteri probiotik Vibrio SKT-b melalui Artemia berpengaruh nyata terhadap laju pertumbuhan panjang dan bobot, namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai kelangsungan hidup. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada perlakuan D (106 cfu/mL) dengan pertumbuhan bobot 22,53%/hari, pertumbuhan panjang 0,08 cm/hari, dan sintasan 95%.

 

Kata kunci: probiotik, Artemia, udang windu
Kinerja probiotik Bacillus sp. pada pendederan benih ikan lele Clarias sp. yang diinfeksi Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: Sukenda , , Rafsyanzani Muhammad Mufthi , Rahman , , Hidayatullah Dendi
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted to assess performance of Bacillus sp. probiotic on catfish juvenile Clarias sp. infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. The probiotic content in the diets were 0% (K+ and K-), 1%, and 2% in duplicates. This experiment used randomized design with four treatments and two replications. Juveniles with average body weight of 3.22±0.15 g/fish were reared in the 1.5×2.8×0.5 m3 pond with density of 800 fish/pond. Fish were reared for 30 days and fed three times a day at rate 8% of  total body weight. At day 31, catfish were challenged by A. hydrophila 0.1 mL (106 cfu/mL). Post infection observation was carried out ten days with density 10 fish/aquaria. The result showed that fish fed diet containing 2% probiotic gave the best probiotic performance with survival rate of catfish 83.33% after challenged, spesific growth rate 5.40%, and 0,75 of feed conversion ratio. The results of the blood profile showed significantly better results in the treatment of probiotics compared to the positive control after challenge test A. hydrophila. Probiotic Bacillus sp. has given as much as 2% on feed provides better performance on catfish juvenile. Keywords: probiotic, Bacillus sp., A. hydrophila, catfish juvenille, growth  ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kinerja probiotik Bacillus sp. dalam pakan pada pendederan benih ikan lele Clarias sp. yang diinfeksi bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan empat perlakuan yaitu kandungan probiotik dalam pakan perlakuan yaitu 0% (K+ dan K-), 1%,  dan 2%, masing-masing dengan dua ulangan. Ikan lele yang digunakan memiliki bobot rata-rata 3,22±0,15 g/ekor, dipelihara dalam kolam terpal berukuran 1,5×2,8×0,5 m3 dengan kepadatan 800 ekor/kolam. Ikan dipelihara selama 30 hari dengan frekuensi pemberian pakan tiga kali sehari sebanyak 8% dari bobot tubuh ikan. Hari ke-31 benih lele diinjeksi bakteri A. hydrophila dosis 0,1 mL/ekor dengan kepadatan bakteri 106 cfu/mL. Pemeliharaan setelah diinfeksi dilakukan selama sepuluh hari dengan kepadatan 10 ekor/akuarium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ikan yang diberi probiotik 2% memperlihatkan kinerja probiotik terbaik dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup ikan lele sebesar 83,33% setelah diinfeksi dengan A. hydrophila; laju pertumbuhan harian sebesar 5,40%; dan konversi pakan 0,75. Hasil gambaran darah menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan lebih baik pada perlakuan pemberian probiotik dibandingkan kontrol positif pascauji tantang A. hydrophila. Probiotik Bacillus sp. yang diberikan sebanyak 2% pada pakan memberikan kinerja lebih baik pada pendederan benih ikan lele. Kata kunci: probiotik, Bacillus sp., A. hydrophila, benih lele, pertumbuhan
Infektivitas parasit Ichtyophthirius multifiliis yang disimpan pada suhu rendah
Authors: Rahman , , Sukenda , , Nuryati Sri , Hidayatullah Dendi
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate infectivity of Ichtyophthirius multifiliis which caused white spot disease maintained at low temperature without its host. Briefly, the trophont stage of parasites were subjected at control (28 °C) and lower temperature (9 °C) for 14 consecutive days of observation. The rate of survival, and excystment of descendants were examined descriptively at the last day of observation. Here, the infectivity of parasite then performed by means infecting the model fish Poecilia sphenops (black moly) with escaping theronts. The results revealed that the survival rate and excystment  rate of parasite were decreased as maintaining period increased. The final rate of survival, and excystment of parasite were 35% and 33,3% respectively. Additionally, the descendants came out with high abnormality which recognized by weak mobility and lower infectivity (50%) compared to the control (80%). Then, it is concluded that, maintaining I. multifiliis at low temperature without its host for 14 consecutive days will decreased the infectivity. Keywords: white spot, obligat parasite, excystment, infectivity  ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi infektivitas parasit Ichtyophthirius multifiliis penyebab penyakit bintik putih (white spot) yang dipelihara tanpa inang pada suhu rendah. Parasit dengan stadia trophont dipelihara pada suhu ruang (28 °C) dan suhu rendah (9 °C) selama 14 hari. Selama masa pemeliharaan tersebut tingkat kelulusan hidup, dan tingkat eksismen parasit diukur dan dibandingkan secara deskriptif. Hari terakhir pemeliharaan dilakukan uji tantang pada ikan black moly Poecilia sphenops untuk menilai infektivitas parasit. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa tingkat kelulusan hidup dan eksismen parasit semakin menurun dengan bertambahnya masa pemeliharaan. Akhir pengamatan  kelangsungan hidup, dan nilai eksismen tersebut berturut-turut adalah 35% dan 33%. Parasit yang disimpan pada suhu rendah selama 14 hari memperlihatkan infektivitas yang lebih rendah (50%) dibandingkan dengan perlakuan kontrol (80%). Kesimpulannya, penyimpanan parasit I. multifiliis pada suhu rendah selama 14 hari dapat menurunkan infektivitas parasit pada inang. Kata kunci: bintik putih, parasit obligat, eksismen, infektivitas