bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An ultrastructural study on the development of vallate taste buds of the golden Syrian hamster
Authors: Miller R.L. , Chaudhry A.P.
Published: February 2009

An ultrastructural developmental study of hamster vallate taste buds was undertaken to demonstrate the sequential morphodifferentiation of their various cellular components. Under the neurogenic influence of the glossopharyngeal nerve, the undifferentiated epithelial cells of the vallate papilla first acquired fine structure features similar to those seen in the perigemmal adult peripheral cells and the gemmal basal cells. As the development progressed, the relatively undifferentiated basal cells appeared to differentiate into dark and light cell precursors. Mature light cells were frequently noted chronologically before any fully mature dark cells were observed. Transition from light to dark cells, or vice versa, was not noted at any time throughout the investigation, suggesting that light and dark cells originate as separate cell lines from the basal cells of the taste bud proper.
Histochemical studies of the development of alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in the ovary and oviduct of the fowl (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Aire Tom A. , Steinbach J.
Published: February 2009

Alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were studied in the ovary and oviducts of pullets from the age of 2–32 weeks. Adult fowls were similarly studied. Alkaline phosphatase activity was present only in the glandular grooves and crypts of the immature oviducts. Alkaline phosphatase activity appeared at the pits of epithelial evaginations as glandular formation commenced. The young, non-secreting glands also showed the enzyme activity. But in the mature oviduct, alkaline phosphatase activity was confined to only the uterovaginal glands or sperm host glands and the epithelium of the vagina. In the ovary, alkaline phosphatase activity in the theca interna increased as the diameter of the follicles increased. Acid phosphatase activity was not present in the ovary, but in the oviduct, the enzyme activity was present in the uterine (shell gland) glands and in the uterovaginal epithelium and glands (sperm host glands). Alkaline phosphatase activity in the ovarian follicles and in the immature oviduct is thought to be related to histodifferentiation of these structures.
The primate hyolaryngeal apparatus and herbivorous modifications
Authors: Hilloowala Rusi A.
Published: February 2009

The predominantly herbivorous diet of the howler and baboon is responsible for modification in the configuration of the hyolaryngeal apparatus. In a herbivorous primate the air sac located in the concavity of the body of the hyoid bone takes on a resonating function. There is definite correlation between: (1) the presence of a large epiglottis with a convex superior surface, (2) close apposition of the soft palate with the epiglottis, (3) presence of high aryepiglottic and lateral epiglottic folds, (4) presence of air sacs and (5) concavity of the posterior surface of the body of the hyoid bone (basihyal), and the herbivorous diet of the species. These characteristics are not as pronounced in the less herbivorous rhesus, even less so in the frugivorous capuchin and the least in the insectivorous marmoset.
Histochemistry of normal and diseased human lymph nodes
Authors: Rakhawy M.T. , Tarkhan A.A. , Zakaria A.M.
Published: February 2009

Gomori’s metal precipitate technique was used to demonstrate the phosphatase activity of the human cervical lymph node in health and disease, using four different phosphate esters (sodium β-glycerophosphate and adenosine triphosphate at pH 9, riboflavin 5’-phosphate at pH 9.2 and 5’-monophosphoric acid at pH 8.3). In fetal lymph nodes, using 5’-monophosphoric acid, an outstanding positive activity was noticed in the lymphatic follicles. With the other three substrates there was either no nodular reaction or just a narrow rim of positive activity around the follicles, the inter-nodular tissue being negative with all four substrates used. With chronic non-specific lymphadenitis the enzyme hydrolysing the three substrates (β-glycerophosphate, riboflavin 5’-phosphate and adenosine triphosphate) began to make their appearance. It seems that with lymphadenitis, a qualitative change of the phosphatase activity takes place. A special characteristic pattern of phosphatase activity has been described in both ‘early’ and ‘caseating’ tuberculous lymphadenitis. In malignant lymphomas it was noticed that no activity was encountered with any of the four substrates in reticulum cell sarcoma. However, in lymphosarcoma a positive activity was obtained when either β-glycerophosphate or adenosine triphosphate substrates was used, to the extent that one can depend upon this characteristic phosphatase activity in differentiating between reticulum cell sarcoma and lymphosarcoma. However, no enzymatic activity was obtained when the other two phosphate esters were used.
Ultrastructure of the neural canal closure in the chicken embryo
Authors: Santander González , Cuadrado Martínez
Published: February 2009

We have studied the neuroectoderm of the chicken embryo, from the beginning of somitic segmentation up to the stage at which it has seven somites, i. e. the period covering the passage from the ‘neural canal’ into the ‘neural tube’. This paper was devoted mainly to the study of the ultrastructural cytodifferentiation which takes place during the stages in which the neural canal closes up, and at the level of the first area of contact between the ‘neural crests’ – roughly at the level of the third somite. We used eggs from a hen of the White Leghorn breed, incubated at 38 °C, from which we extracted chicken embryos after 24–30 h of incubation, corresponding to Hamburger-Hamilton’s stages 7, 8 and 9. Thus we were able to obtain several series of embryos with three, six and seven somites. The neural canal, or tube, at the level of the third somite, was fixed in glutaraldehyde at 6.25% for 30 min and postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide for 2 h embedded in Araldite, and the sections were then stained with lead citrate. We observed that the vacuoles in the free edge of the neural canal gradually disappear as the canal closes up, while we gradually witness the appearance of the ‘closure apparatus’ (or the safety or occlusion apparatus) of what is beginning to form the ependymal epithelium, and the first rudimentary outlines of the cilia. All these changes begin to be observed at the seven-somite stage, i.e. when the neural canal is beginning to close up. The ‘closure apparatus’ consists of a number of intercellular joint complexes, of the ‘close-joint’ type, between which we observe a number of fine filaments, like a terminal velum’, or veil, which we call ‘interconnecting filaments’. In the ‘raphe’, whereby contact is established between the neural crests, we observe the initial stages of fusion between the vacuolated edges, with the plasmatic membrane of these cells forming very fine cytoplasmic ‘tongues’ which interdigitate with cells from the opposite neural crest and finally constitute the so-called close joints.
Localization of functions in the magnocellular neurosecretory nuclei of the mammalian hypothalamus by autoradiography
Authors: Bandaranayake R.C.
Published: February 2009

Nucleo-cytoplasmic transfer rates of RNA were used as indices of protein-synthetic activity in mammalian supraoptic and paraventricular neurones. Normal, dehydrated and lactating rats were exposed, for varying periods of time, to tritiated uridine, and autoradiographs obtained from hypothalamic blocks. Grain count and cytometry enabled a cytoplasmic/nuclear ratio of grain densities to be obtained for each neurosecretory nucleus. Comparison of these ratios, as well as the regression slopes for their increase with time of exposure to the isotope, indicated the presence of a differential response between the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, with the former responding more to the stimulus of dehydration, and the latter to that of lactation. The observations substantiate the view that a partial division of labour exists between the two nuclei in the elaboration of each of the mammalian neurohypophysial octapeptides, vasopressin and oxytocin.
Alkaline phosphatase activity in the human tonsils and its relation to tonsillar diseases
Authors: Rakhawy M.T. , Tarkhan A.A. , Zakaria A.M.
Published: February 2009

Alkaline phosphatase activity was examined in the human tonsils in fetal life and after repeated attacks of acute tonsillitis and in quinsy. Gomori’s metal precipitate technique was used to demonstrate the phosphatase activity using four different substrates: sodium β-glycerophosphate and adenosine triphosphate at pH 9, riboflavin 5-phosphate at pH 9.2 and 5-monophosphoric acid at pH 8.3. (2) The phosphatase activity differs somewhat according to the phosphate ester used as a substrate illustrating an example of ‘substrate specificity’. (3) Alkaline phosphatase activity was increased in the case of both acute and chronic inflammation. This increase has been discussed in relation to such phenomena as transformation of lymphocytes into macrophages and antibody formation.
Possible role of β-glucuronidase in the normal and regenerating tail of the house lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis
Authors: Shah R.V. , Hiradhar P.K.
Published: February 2009

Histochemical demonstration of β-glucuronidase was carried out in the normal and regenerating tail of the house lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Greater enzyme activity was particularly discernible in the stratum germinativum of the skin of the normal and fully regenerated tail. During regeneration most of the cellular elements of the blastema and the differentiating regenerate exhibited enzyme activity. Distribution of the enzyme β-glucuronidase is correlated with the high degree of cellular proliferation. The role of the enzyme in the catabolism of mucopolysaccharides is also implicated during the wound-healing phase. In the full-grown regenerate the intensity and distribution of the enzyme activity were found to be the same as those observed in the normal tail.
Termination in the stellate ganglion of axons arising from the hilar vegetative plexus of the lung
Authors: Ungváry Gy. , Léránth Cs.
Published: February 2009

In cats the right lung was removed by thoracotomy. After 24–48 h the right stellate ganglion, the communicating branches between the right stellate ganglion and the right vagus, as well as the portion of both vagus nerves below and above the communicating branches, were processed for electron-microscopic investigation. Degeneration of synaptic axon terminals in the anteromedial part of the stellate ganglia, occurring after removal of the ipsilateral lung, shows that processes of ganglion cells located in the terminal ganglia of the bronchial tree establish synapses in the stellate ganglia. These results speak in favour of the existence of peripheral reflex arcs in the autonomic nervous system. For the time being, the data are not sufficient to define a new pathway related to the autonomic ganglia.
The existence of dendrovascular glomera in the central nervous system and their possible functional value
Authors: Pessacq Tomás P.
Published: February 2009

Dendrovascular glomera in the central nervous system of man and other vertebrates are described. They are constituted by capillary vessels of special structure, covered by dendritic endings. It is postulated that they could act as chemoreceptors and secretory units.
Wool follicle characteristics in the Awassi fat-tailed sheep
Authors: Marai I. Fayez M. , Taha A.H.
Published: February 2009

In Awassi sheep, the total number of wool follicles per square millimetre was affected significantly by age, sex and type of birth. The density of the primary follicles was only significantly affected by age and type of birth. The secondary follicles to primary follicles (S/P) ratio values were 2.0 at birth, 4.0 at 2 months and 4.2 at 6 months of age, in Awassi sheep. The males exceeded the females, in most ages of the experiment. The single lambs surpassed the twins in the S/P ratio values. The effect of age and type of birth on the S/P ratio was highly significant. The external diameter of wool follicles increased with higher values at 2 months of age than afterwards, till 6 months of age. The contrary was the case in the internal diameters of wool follicles. The increase was higher in the primary than in the secondary follicles, during the period of the study. The males surpassed, in general, the females in the values of the external and internal diameters of the primary and secondary follicles. Single lambs showed higher values than twins in the external and internal diameters of primary and secondary follicles in most ages of the experiment. Age and type of birth affected significantly the diameters of follicles, while sex effect was only highly significant on the external diameter of the secondary follicles. The length of the primary and secondary follicles and the thickness of skin increased significantly, as the animals grew older. Sex showed no significant effect on the length of follicles, while it affected significantly the thickness of the skin. Single lambs showed higher significant values than twins, in length of follicles and skin thickness. The bulbs of each of the primary and secondary follicles increased significantly, as the animals grew older. Sex had no significant effect on the bulb diameters of the two types of follicles. The single lambs surpassed the twins in the values for follicle bulb diameter, in most ages of the experiment. The effect of the type of birth on the bulb diameter of the two types of follicles was highly significant.
The action of the hind limb musculature of the dog in walking
Authors: Wentink G.H.
Published: February 2009

This study was performed by means of cinephotography and electromyography. The results were correlated with earlier investigations concerning the forces exerted by the pads of walking dogs. A concept about the action of individual muscles of the hind limb during a stride was formed. The principal conclusions are: (1) The hamstrings are divisible into a cranial and a caudal group, the first consisting of the cranial parts of the M. biceps femoris and M. semi-membranosus, the second of the caudal parts of these muscles, together with the M. semitendinosus. The chief function of both groups is to extend the hip; the caudal group also flexes the stifle. (2) Activity is present in the greatest number of muscles during the change in the sense of movement of the limb. (3) During the last stages of the stance phase the number of muscles showing electrical activity diminishes, while the force exerted by the pads in a horizontal direction increases. Non-muscular forces, e.g. inertia, play an important role during movement.
The arterial supply of the urinary bladder
Authors: Shehata Ramzy
Published: February 2009

(1) The urachal artery has a primary origin from the umbilical artery itself, and is at first bilateral. (2) The arterial pattern in newborn infants is not identical to that of adults. Obliteration of the umbilical artery in older infants carries with it obliteration of some of its branches, especially at their origin from its distal part, with a resulting change of arterial pattern. (3) The middle vesical artery is a fairly constant branch of the umbilical artery, supplying the bladder neck and the front of the bladder above the neck. (4) The urachal and middle vesical arteries, when unilateral, occur with equal frequency on both sides. (5) The anastomosis between superior vesical and inferior epigastric arteries was confirmed in the subperitoneal tissues, but was very rare in the wall of the bladder, occurring only when an abnormal obturator artery was the source of a superior vesical branch. (6) The constancy of the vesiculo-deferential artery is confirmed.
Neurohistological and histochemical observations on the lung of Francolinus pondicerianus (gray partridge or safed teeter) as revealed by the cholinesterase technique
Authors: Purwar R.S.
Published: February 2009

An investigation was undertaken to demonstrate the neural elements of the lung of Francolinus pondicerianus, from the point of view of neurohistology and histochemistry. The staining of the neural elements was done by the cholinesterase technique with a maintained pH of 5.2, temperature 40 °C and incubation period of 19 h. Distribution of nerves in association with bronchial cartilage, pulmonary vessels and bronchi has been described and discussed. The distribution of the ganglia in association with blood vessels, bronchi, cartilage, various plexuses and the neural terminal network has also been described. The innervation of the bronchi and their branches, and formation of the neural terminal network has been studied, as well as the distribution of cholinesterase in bronchi, blood vessels, muscles, ganglia, and nerve fibres.
Eyedness
Authors: Chaurasia B.D. , Mathur B.B.L.
Published: February 2009

The so-called ‘eyedness’ with regard to fixation of the gaze on a particular point has been investigated on 283 right-handed and 30 left-handed healthy persons of Central India. The results show that the majority (65.81%) of them are right-eyed, and that the eyedness is not influenced by sex or handedness. Though the left cerebral hemisphere seems to play a dominant role in gaze fixation in the greater proportion of the population, consideration of the joint role of the two cerebral hemispheres for individual functions of the body has been advocated.
Micromorphological studies of the vasculature of the nasal septum of the albino rat
Authors: Taher El-S.
Published: February 2009

The structure of the blood vessels of the septal mucosa of the albino rat was described. The presence of venous and arterial bolsters, including the stalked bolster, and their functional significance were dealt with. The regulating mechanism of the blood circulation in the septal mucosa and its effect on the cavernous tissue were discussed.
Kaliberveränderungen der Muskelfasertypen des Musculus obliquus inferior oculi des Kaninchens nach Denervierung
Authors: Asmussen G. , Kiessling A.
Published: February 2009

Changes in fibre diameters of extraocular muscles of the rabbit were studied at different times after denervation. The whole inferior oblique muscle hypertrophied, while some of the muscle fibres hypertrophied and others showed atrophy, depending on the fibre type. Fibre types have been determined by their histochemical enzyme profile. In the central layer of the muscle the phasic muscle fibres, which are rich in mitochondria, exhibited a transient hypertrophy being maximal 4–5 weeks after denervation and afterwards they atrophied; other phasic muscle fibres, which are poor in mitochondria, atrophied without having shown any sign of hypertrophy. Special, putatively slow tonic muscle fibres, which have low enzyme activities, underwent small long-lasting increases of their diameters. In the superficial layer of extraocular muscle there are two types of extremely thin muscle fibres rich in mitochondria. Both these fibre types hypertrophied to the greatest degree and for a very long time. Comparable changes in fibre diameters as described here for the muscle fibre types of an extraocular muscle are known from special muscle fibres in other vertebrate muscles; similarities and differences are discussed.
Study of motor units and arrangement of myons of human musculus plantaris
Authors: de Carvalho Vilma Cloris
Published: February 2009

It was seen in ten specimens that their plantaris muscle had different sizes of myons, which ran throughout the whole muscle. Sometimes, fibers leaving one myon and reaching another were found. The number of motor units of the plantaris was counted in five subjects after transverse section of the muscle and nervous fibers of each of them. Considering the number of motor fibers as 60% in each nerve, the average value of muscle fibers per motor unit was 372, which is quite a small number. The fact led us to think that the plantaris muscle has a very refined function.
Factors contributing to denucleation of cerebral mast cells
Authors: Cammermeyer Jan
Published: February 2009

When mast cells, identified by metachromatic color in cresyl-echt-violet-stained paraffin sections, aggregate in large numbers, the intensity of cytoplasmic granulation varies. The intensely stained cytoplasmic granules of heavily granulated cells may be pushed over the microscopic section by the microtome blade either in the direction of cutting or against it. In the pale mast cells, in which a progressive pyknosis and atrophy of the nuclei by compaction of DNA particles take place, dislodgment and displacement of the pyknotic nuclei may occur in 1.1–2.3% of these cells. The pyknotic nuclei are expelled, usually in the direction of cutting, and deposited on top of the microscopic section at various distances from their original site. While this expulsion is regarded as artifactitious, caused by the mechanical action of the microtome blade, the nuclear pyknosis, which is a prerequisite, is associated with intravital alterations.
Critical-point drying and gold sputtering as applied to scanning electron microscopy of human reproductive tissues
Authors: Ludwig H. , Metzger H. , Hafez E.S.E.
Published: February 2009

Improved techniques have been developed for washing, pinning, fixation, dehydration and critical-point drying of tissues of female and male reproductive tracts, gametes, for viewing by scanning electron microscopy. The sputtering method, performed by an ion gun, is applied to shadow and produce a thin film of gold. Technical details and metal coating are noted which are suitable to improve images of surface ultrastructure of cilia and microvilli. Studies using scanning electron microscopy, histological and histo-chemical techniques, and cinematography are described.
Funktionelle Bewertung der Kaumuskeln bei Säugern und beim Menschen
Authors: Dvořák Jiří
Published: February 2009

We have amended and added to Fabians tables giving a functional assessment of individual masticatory muscles. The data in our tables refer only to the temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus medialis, pterygoideus lateralis and digastricus muscles. The weights of these muscles were determined in three fixed human cadavers and the mean values compared with those of apes, carnivores, herbivores and rodents. In humans, the most powerful masticatory muscle is the M. temporalis, followed by the M. masseter, as in apes and carnivores. The M. pterygoideus is also one of the most important. This is remarkable, since in the other groups this muscle occupies the last place. This relative strengthening of the M. pterygoideus lateralis is an important characteristic of the human masticatory apparatus. In humans, the difference between the relative weights of the individual masticatory muscles is not nearly so great as in other mammalian groups. The M. pterygoideus lateralis does lie close behind the other two big adductors (Mm temporalis and masseter) but, as regards power and weight, it hardly differs from the M. pterygoideus medialis and the M. digastricus. In humans the strengthening affects not only the M. pterygoideus lateralis but also the M. digastricus. It would seem that these two masticatory muscles could become the key to the understanding of the specific changes in human mastication.
Lamellated osmiophilic bodies in mouse gallbladder epithelium
Authors: Nevalainen Timo J. , Dean Shirley , Jokelainen Pentti T. , Laitio Matti
Published: February 2009

Mouse gallbladder epithelium was studied in the electron microscope after glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixation and Epon embedding. Special attention was paid to dense cytoplasmic bodies. Heterogeneous dense bodies with osmiophilic and loose granular components were identified. Many of these bodies consisted of lamellated osmiophilic structures, similar to the phospholipid bodies of the large alveolar (type II) cells of the mammalian lung. The dense bodies containing the lamellar structures were membrane-limited and 0.5–1.0 µm in diameter. They were located in the supranuclear cytoplasma and were often closely associated with the Golgi apparatus. Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated within these bodies and in some of the Golgi vacuoles. The contents were disposed in concentric lamellar osmiophilic structures, sometimes appearing as scroll-like configurations. These morphological findings were interpreted as indication of these presence of phospholipid absorbed from the gallbladder lumen and stored in phagosomes in the central cytoplasm of the gallbladder epithelial cells.
Histochemical differences between the major salivary glands of the marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata)
Authors: Miraglia Tulio , Moura Cleide Santana , dos Santos Agnaldo José
Published: February 2009

Histoenzymologic differences between the parotid, paramandibular and submandibular glands were studied in six Callithrix jacchus (four males and two females) and four Callithrix penicillata (three males and one female). The acinous cells of the paramandibular glands showed a stronger reactivity for the diaphorases (NADH2-TR and NADPH2-TR) and for a certain group of enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism (F-1–6P Aid, LDH, ADH, G-6-PDH and 6-PGDH), lipid metabolism (α-GPDH, β-OHBDH, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase), protein metabolism (alanyl aminopeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase and GDH) and respiratory chain (β-aconitase and ICDH). The nonspecific esterase was more reactive in the basal part of the mucous cells of the submandibular glands. Conversely, some enzymes of the respiratory chain (SDH, cytochrome oxidase and ATPases) showed a stronger reactivity in the serous cells of the parotid and submandibular glands. The paramandibular glands exhibited a lesser autonomic innervation than the parotid and submandibular.
The developmental histochemistry of the chicken visual cells
Authors: Yew David T.
Published: February 2009

Alcian-blue-positive sites are initially detected around the photoreceptors at stage 40. RNA and protein sites are detected in inner segments as early as stage 37. PAS-positive sites are first detected in the inner segments at stage 43.
Die Verteilung der β-Glukuronidase und der β-Galaktosidase in der Humerusepiphyse von Ratten bestimmten Alters
Authors: Fischer G.
Published: February 2009

The chondrocytes of the humeral epiphysis and of the articular cartilage of newborn, 8-, 30- and 60-day-old albino rats contain β-glucuronidase and β-galactosidase. Both enzymes were found to be rare in the before mentioned cells. The reactions begin in the cells of the column cartilage and of the osteoblasts of the metaphysis on the 8th day of life and demonstrate an additional activity in 40- to 60-day-old animals. The results mark the activity of the degrading enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism.
Effect of long-term hyperglucocorticoidism on the neuronal morphology of the trigeminal ganglion of the mouse
Authors: Finkelbrand Sara , Silbermann Michael
Published: February 2009

Immature mice were treated for up to 12 weeks with daily doses of triamcinolone diacetate. The trigeminal ganglion was studied histologically at regular intervals. By the tenth injection significant morphological changes were noted in the various nerve cells, followed by marked cellular deterioration in the form of lysis or pyknosis. A possible explanation for the above findings is discussed.
Enzyme histochemistry of rat interfascicular oligodendroglia, with special reference to 5’-nucleotidase
Authors: Vercelli-Retta Jorge , Silveira Rodolfo , Dajas Federico , Rodriguez Daniel
Published: February 2009

The interfascicular oligodendroglia of the rat striatum nucleus is studied in control animals and under experimentally induced brain edemas. Enzyme histochemical studies were performed. Normal oligodendrocytes show two different enzymatic distributions. While Mg2+-ATPase, TPPase, adenylate cyclase and SDH are shown to be situated at the cell bodies and some proximal processes, 5’-nucleotidase reaction is seen at the cell fine distal processes. In spite of its strong activity in oligodendroglial endings the latter enzyme is not seen at the myelin sheath. This sheath and the interfascicular cells being intimately related, 5’-nucleotidase appears to be important not only during myelination, as almost all authors emphasize, but also in the adult myelin metabolism. Experimental brain edema shows some changes in the interfascicular oligodendroglia enzymatic activities for 5’-nucleotidase, Mg2+-ATPase and adenylate cyclase. A progressive disappearance of the former enzyme is observed. These features and those derived from local ionic alterations may be concerned with the special susceptibility of white matter for some types of brain swellings.
Regeneration of the basal melanocy tes of the human skin
Authors: Shukla R.C.
Published: February 2009

The stages of regeneration of the basal melanocyte of human skin after Feulgen reaction were found to be granule, unipolar cell, bipolar cell and bidendritic, tridendritic and quadridendritic melanocyte, in that order. The last mentioned cell either divided by mitosis to form two daughter melanocytes or matured to form a replica of the original basal melanocyte of the human skin.
Pathogenesis of developmental defects induced in the rat by amniotic sac puncture
Authors: Kennedy L.A. , Persaud T.V.N.
Published: February 2009

The morphogenesis of developmental defects induced by amniotic sac puncture was studied at the gross and microscopic levels. In fetuses recovered from 15 min to 48 h after amniocentesis, a pattern of hemorrhagic lesions, excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid, followed by tissue necrosis and leading ultimately to the reduction or amputation of distal limb segments and morphological changes in the head, was observed. These changes were indicative of venous stasis, hypervolemia and embryonic oxygen deficiency. Γntrauterine compression of the fetus and the obstruction of the fetomaternal circulation were considered to be the primary etiological factors in amniocentesis-induced anomalies which included hemorrhagic lesions, limb reductions and amputations, deformities of the head and abdominal regions, generalized edema and postural moulding.
Relationship between the geographic distribution pattern of 14C-dopa and the neural crest cells in the postnatal development of mice
Authors: Nozue Tetuo , Kayano Teruo
Published: February 2009

The distribution pattern of 14C-dopa in the suckling mice corresponded with the distribution of the neural crest cells. In the brain the uptake of 14C-dopa was localized in the caudate nucleus, putamen and substantia nigra. In the orofacial regions the distribution of 14C-dopa was high in density.
Relationship between facial protrusion and tooth length in four strains of rats
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse
Published: February 2009

Total tooth length was measured in the first lower molar of two short-faced strains of rats (Sprague-Dawley and Buffalo) and two long-faced strains (BN and GRL). Tooth length was significantly longer in the long-faced than in the short-faced strains. The same correlation had previously been found in dogs, baboons and human populations, as well as in rats in which facial shortening was obtained experimentally by septum removal. The data suggest that the same mechanism is responsible for this relationship in all groups.
Non-human primate dental arch form
Authors: Lavelle C.L.B.
Published: February 2009

Multivariate statistical analysis, based upon a number of dimensions, showed significant contrasts in dental arch form between four primate groups, which was difficult to identify from subjective visual inspection. Furthermore, analysis of dental arch size was shown to differ from dental arch shape, although whether this reflected predominantly genetic or environmental factors, requires further research.
Triamcinolone-induced wasting disease in young mice
Authors: Silbermann M. , Kedar T. , Kovat P.
Published: February 2009

Young mice were treated for up to 8 weeks with daily graded doses of triamcinolone diacetate. The body weights of treated, placebo and nontreated animals were measured daily throughout the experimental period, calculated and analysed. By the first injections, significant decrease was noted in the body weight of all experimental mice regardless on their sex or initial body weight. The latter was followed by a so-called ‘steady state’ which longed for approximately 4 weeks. Marked deterioration and mortality also occurred but became severe from the fifth week of triamcinolone administration. Possible explanations for the above findings are discussed.
Chronically denervated rat carotid bodies
Authors: Hess Arthur
Published: February 2009

The ninth nerve was severed and the rat carotid body studied in the light and electron microscopes and after formaldehyde-induced fluorescence for its catecholamine content from 3 weeks to 13 months after operation. Minimal changes in the carotid body were observed. Hyperthrophy of the capsule cell was noticed up to about 2 months, after which time these cells appeared normal. Lysosomes in the capsule cells occurred more frequently and were larger than in normal carotid bodies. Discernible pathological alterations did not occur in the glomus cells, despite the absence of afferent terminals upon them. Atrophy of the carotid body was not noticed. The catecholamine content of the denervated carotid body was comparable to its innervated control and no nerve terminals were found on the glomus cells. Autonomic ganglion cells intrinsic to the carotid body varied in number from 1 to 8 and in location. The glomus cells do not receive any significant autonomic innervation, and the ganglion cells in the carotid body, perhaps sympathetic, probably innervate blood vessels. It is concluded that deafferentation has minimal morphological effects on the carotid body. The reactions of other receptor cells to deafferentation are compared with those of the glomus cells.
A functional analysis of fusion of the tibia and fibula in the rat and mouse
Authors: Moss Melvin L.
Published: February 2009

The distal diaphyseal shafts of the rat tibia and fibula fuse postnatally, a process initiated by the seventh day with the formation of secondary cartilage that is subsequently replaced by endochondral ossification. The histological appearance of this fusion process is described. A homologous process occurs postnatally in the mouse. An analysis of some of the pertinent recent developmental, comparative and paleontological data indicated that extrinsic, bio-mechanical factors probably played a significant causal role in tibia-fibula fusions. The production of secondary cartilage is evoked by extrinsic forces, and these fusions were analyzed within the present concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in skeletogenesis. It was concluded that the fusions currently reported fit well within the hypothesis of the functional matrix and that, such fusions between skeletal tissues are secondary, compensatory and mechanically obligatory responses to the prior demands of functionally related nonskeletal tissues and organs.
Effets du niveau lumineux et de la durée de la photopériode sur la rétine du rat albinos
Authors: Bons Noëlle , Szafarczyk Alain , Assenmacher Ivan
Published: February 2009

Female albino rats were exposed during 3 weeks to various photoperiodic sequences and levels of illumination. As long as the light span of the photoperiod did not exceed 12L-12D, the damaging effects of the light, even when intense (3,000 lx), on the retinal were relatively limited. On the other hand, the 14L-10D photoperiodic regimen that is usually used in standard rat animaleries produced marked degenerative lesions on the photoreceptors under either 1,200 or 3,000 lx. Under lighting schedules of 21L-15D or 28L-20D, the photoreceptors were heavely injured by 1,200 or 3,000 lx. The degenerative process affected all the photoreceptive cells as well as their various components: rods, cones, nucleus and synaptic endings.
Paneth’s cells in the human appendix
Authors: Vestfrid Mario A. , Zabala Suarez Juan E.
Published: February 2009

Here we present a statistical study of the finding of Paneth’s cells in the human vermiform appendix and their relation to age and sex of the patients. These cells appeared in 95.5% of the cases which were studied, existing a predominance for the masculine sex.
The role of compressive forces in the normal maturation of the condylar cartilage in the rat
Authors: Simon Mark R.
Published: February 2009

Compressive forces are greater at the rat mandibular joint during incising. Studies of histological sections taken from the mandibular joints of serially sacrificed rats with (a) the incisors removed, (b) the incisors trimmed, (c) the incisors trimmed to the age of 40 days only and (d) normal controls suggest that compressive forces at this joint are necessary to stimulate normal cartilage development.
Nucleoside phosphatase (ATPase) activity in myocardial cells of rat embryos
Authors: Chacko John
Published: February 2009

Timed pregnancies were obtained in Sprague-Dawley rats, and cardiac tissues from embryos of days 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and from newborn rats were used for the cytochemical localization of ATPase activity utilizing a lead phosphate precipitation procedure. Following incubation with ATP as the substrate, granular deposits of reaction product are discernible on the cell membranes of the embryonic myocardium. There is a noticeable decrease in the intensity of reaction product as visualized in the electron micrographs from the 10th day of gestation to the 14th day. No granular reaction product is recognizable in myofibrils, mitochondria or other organelles in the cytoplasm. It appears that there is a selective deposition of the reaction product on the cell membranes or structures derived from it. The intense ATPase activity seen on 10th and 11th days seems to be correlated with the initial appearance of myofilaments and fibrils in the myocardial cells.
The retrotransverse groove or canal of the atlas and its significance
Authors: Veleanu C. , Bârzu S. , Pănescu S. , Udroiu C.
Published: February 2009

An anatomical peculiarity of the first cervical vertebra is described: the retrotransverse groove (or canal) containing an anastomotic vein.
The effect of alcohol on the visual cells of the chicks
Authors: Yew David T. , Ling Wong S.L. , Chan Yim Ha
Published: February 2009

The effect of alcohol was studied in the visual cells of the chick. Outer segment degenerations were the most conspicuous findings whereas the inner segments remained unaffected.
Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Mäuseembryonen über die Differenzierung des Blastems in den Extremitäten zum embryonalen Vorknorpel
Authors: Borck Christiane
Published: February 2009

Cartilage differentiation in the upper limb bud of the white mouse (NMRI) begins in the humerus anlage on day 12 + 13 h p.c.; cartilage differentiation in the phalanges begins on day 13 + 3 h p.c. Morphologically, differentiation can be characterized as follows: (1) cell densifications with an increase in contact structures between the cells in the blastema centre; (2) development of a two-layered cell densification: a central cartilage zone and a peripheral zone (perichondrium), between precartilage and prospective muscle anlage; numerous mitoses appear in this peripheral zone; (3) appearance of filaments and PG granula in the intercellular space as well as massive appearance of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm and, (4) increased distance between the cells coupled with the loss of specific contact structures and substance increase in the intercellular space.
Induction of mitosis in the differentiating Purkinje cells of the cerebellum
Authors: Das Gopal D.
Published: February 2009

The neonate rats of 5 days postnatal age were exposed to low-level X-ray irradiation or were administered microquantities of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea directly into the cerebellum. Following the initial phase of cell degeneration and phagocytosis of the debris, the surviving Purkinje cells showed recovery of their differentiation. During this stage some Purkinje cells were observed to undergo mitosis, and they were identified in light- and electron-microscopic preparations. The relationship between tetraploidy in the Purkinje cells during their postnatal differentiation and induction of mitosis in them by experimental means is discussed.
Age-related changes in the cellular population of the growth plate of normal mouse
Authors: Silbermann Michael , Kadar Tamar
Published: February 2009

Age-related changes in the number of cartilage cells within the proximal growth plate of the humerus were determined in normal ICR male mice. The rates of reduction in the number of proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes were calculated and compared during the animals’ first 6 months of life. It was found that during the period of highest growth activity, between weanling and sexual maturation, the rate of cell production is hardly decreased, thus maintaining the thickness of the cartilaginous growth plate and thereby enabling an extensive bone growth. A close correlation was found between the following skeletal activities: decrease in longitudinal bone growth, narrowing of the epiphyseal growth plate and a decrease in the proliferative activity of young chondrocytes.
Untersuchungen über das Höhenwachstum der Wirbelkörper bei Jugendlichen
Authors: Schwytzer Franz-Xaver
Published: February 2009

The height of the vertebral growth zones of 13 adolescents dying between the ages of 13 and 18 years was determined with the aid of an eyepiece micrometer. In addition, the proportion ‘total of widths of chondrocyte columns/diameter of the growth zone’ was established. In the cervical spine, the growth zones of the caudal end plates were significantly higher than those of the cranial end plates. The reverse was true for the thoracic vertebrae. In the lumbar spine, however, conditions resembled those found in the cervical spine in that the caudal end plates were higher than those of the cranial plates; yet, there was no statistically significant difference in the relative quota ‘chondrocyte columns/diameter of growth zone’ in this segment of the spine. These results suggest that lengthwise growth of cervical and lumbar vertebrae is more marked in the caudal than in the cranial end plates, whereas, in the thoracic spine, growth of the cranial exceeds that of the caudal end plates. Moreover, the height of the growth zones increases in a craniocaudal direction, a fact which could be related to the more marked growth of lumbar as compared to cervical or thoracic vertebrae.
The proventricular glands of the chick
Authors: Czarnecki Caroline M.
Published: February 2009

Development of the proventricular glands was studied in chick embryos, 7–19 days of incubation. Morphologic evidence is presented to confirm the position of these glands in the tunica mucosa.
Stature, limb and jaw growth
Authors: Lavelle C.I.B.
Published: February 2009

From a study of four Caucasoid population samples, aged 1–20 years, a linear relationship was established between stature and jaw or limb growth. However, the correlations between the various parameters varied between the different samples, which suggested that caution must be applied to the interpretation of growth data.
Fetal development of the human cervical spine and cord
Authors: Vassilopoulos Demetris
Published: February 2009

The growth of the human vertebral canal and the spinal cord during normal fetal development was studied. The results suggest that these two parts of the developing body exhibit a similar developmental pattern. Computer analysis also revealed that the rate of this parallel growth is considerably lower than that of the body as a whole but similar to that reported for the brain. These results are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of certain neurological diseases.
Pituitary-testicular function changes in hypo-and hyperthyroid male rats
Authors: Amin S.O. , El-Sheikh A.S.
Published: February 2009

The influence of thyroid deficiency and the administration of thyroxine on pituitary-testicular function were studied in male albino rats from weaning age (22 days old) up to 82 days of age. The results showed that the hyperthyroid state induced by a daily injection of 2.5 or 5 µg L-thyroxine resulted in acceleration of growth, a comparative increase in size and number of spermatogenic and interstitial cells, an increase in the STH cells, particularly at the earlier age (42 days old), and in a decrease in the number and size of TSH cells. Gonadotrophic FSH and LH and prolactin cells exhibited an increase in their granular content. The hypothyroid state induced by thyroidectomy or thiourea feeding, at the levels of 0.1 and 0.2%, resulted in the depression of growth rate, destructive changes of the spermatogenic and interstitial cells and also in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. A decrease in the STH, gonadotrophic FSH and LH and prolactin cells and hypertrophy of TSH cells accompanied by degranulation were also observed.
Embryonic and postnatal growth of rat and mouse
Authors: Goedbloed J.F.
Published: February 2009

(1) The investigation yielded several general growth principles, i.e., types of growth occurring rather frequently: (a) allometric growth, (b) a non-changing growth rate, persisting when the growth rate changes in the majority of tissues, (c) a growth rate equal to that of the whole embryo, (d) absence of growth and (e) jumps, i.e., changes in the volume or surface of organs completed within about half a day or less and probably due to changes in the cell volume or surface area; these histological changes tend to start simultaneously with the changes in growth rate. (2) Growth constants tend to have a value of about 2.0 in the prenatal period, as in the postnatal period. During development, however, their value increases slightly but significantly.(3)Further arguments are given for the mitosis-regulating model described in Part III.(4) The mitosis-regulating model combined with the general growth principles derived here and in earlier parts of this report constitute a comprehensive model for the genetic regulation of the growth process.
Contribution à l’ étude morphologique des vaisseaux lymphatiques et des ganglions lympathiques axillaires et médiastiniques du rat blanc (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Zorzetto N.L. , Colli B.O. , Piffer C.R.
Published: February 2009

In this work, the authors studied the morphology of the axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes and their efferent branches in the white rat (Rattus norvegicus). The main characteristics observed were: The presence of two groups of axillary lymph nodes, one in the lateral and the other in the medial portion, and the presence of two groups of mediastinal lymph nodes, one being ventro-lateral and the other dorsoventral relating to cranial precava veins. Usually, in both sides, there is a lymphatic plexus dorsally to the jugulosubclavian angle, formed by reunion of internal jugular and subclavian trunks and the thoracic duct (to the left) or the right lymphatic trunk (to the right). From this plexus, one or two branches run off and flow into the venous jugulosubclavian angle. The subclavian trunk begins in the medial axillar lymph nodes and joins to the lymphatic plexus at the internal jugular trunk or at the thoracic duct or yet at the right lymphatic trunk according to the site, and finally it may link itself directly to the venous system. The mediastinal lymph nodes at the right side send branches forming the right lymphatic trunk and branches adhering to the lymphatic plexus; the left lymph nodes join to the plexus or the thoracic duct.