bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective Synthesis of p‐Cresol by Alkylation of Phenol with Methanol over SiO2‐Modified HMCM‐22 Catalyst
Authors: Liu Zonghui , Xie Dehua , Liu Jiabao , Liu Na , Xue Bing
Published: May 2022

A series of xSiO2/HMCM‐22 were prepared by chemical liquid deposition of HMCM‐22 with tetraethyl orthosilicate and evaluated in the catalytic synthesis of p‐cresol by alkylation of phenol with methanol. Several characterization techniques including N2 adsorption‐desorption, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Pyridine‐IR, temperature‐programmed desorption of NH3 (NH3‐TPD) as well as the probe reaction of m‐xylene isomerization and 1,3,5‐triisopropyl benzene (1,3,5‐TIPB) cracking have been used to analyze the physicochemical properties of xSiO2/HMCM‐22 catalyst. The conversion of phenol decreased with increasing SiO2 loading of xSiO2/HCM‐22 catalyst; while the selectivity for p‐cresol maximized at x=1 %. The 1 %SiO2/HMCM‐22 catalyst was identified as the most efficient catalyst, showing the highest p‐cresol selectivity for longer than 15 h under optimized reaction conditions. The high p‐cresol selectivity of the catalyst is attributed to the fact that SiO2 covered the acid sites of the external surface of the HMCM‐22 and preserved the acid sites in the micropores of zeolite.
Synthesis of Coumarin‐Thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione‐Pyrazole Hybrids as Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)‐Targeted Agents
Authors: Gangadhar Kotni Hari , Benarjee Velaga , Ratnamala Annapragada
Published: May 2022

Herein, we synthesized some new hybrids (5 a–5 o) containing coumarine, thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione and pyrazole entities using earlier developed Knoevenagel condensation and tandem acyl Sonogashira and cyclocondensation as key paths. All the hybrids in micromolar concentration were further evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines like MCF‐7, A‐ 549, PC‐3 and HeLa. Amongst the hybrids, compounds namely (Z)‐5‐((7‐methoxy‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl)methylene)‐3‐((3‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐yl)methyl)thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione (5 d), (Z)‐4‐(5‐((5‐((7‐methoxy‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl)methylene)‐2,4‐dioxothiazolidin‐3‐yl)methyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl)benzonitrile (5 i), and (Z)‐5‐(5‐((5‐((7‐methoxy‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl)methylene)‐2,4‐dioxothiazolidin‐3‐yl)methyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl)isophthalonitrile (5 o) were found to be more active against all the cell lines than the standard doxorubicin with IC50 values less than 2 μM. As well, molecular docking studies revealed that five active compounds had good binding affinity towards the EGFR. Finally, the results of in vitro kinase inhibitory assay of compounds revealed that 5 d (IC50=0.28 μM), 5 i (IC50=0.26 μM) and 5 o (IC50=0.25 μM) has more inhibiting power than Erlotinib.
Identification of 1,3‐(Dimethyl / Propyl)‐8‐Susbtituted (Cinnamic acid/Furan) Xanthine Derivatives with Anti‐bronchospasmodic Activity Using in silico and in vivo Techniques
Authors: Yadav Kavita , Yadav Divya , Bhandari Divya Dhawal , Yadav Rakesh
Published: May 2022

Asthma is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease which affects the bronchi airways and results in the inflammation of bronchioles along with the hyper‐responsiveness to some direct or indirect stimuli which leads to bronchoconstriction. Substituted xanthines have provided several lead compounds for the development of antiasthmatic agents over the decades. In this present paper, a series of 42 xanthine based derivatives (17 a–g; 18 a–g; 19 a–g; 20 a–g; 28 a–g and 29 a–g) were designed and synthesized. Chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. All target compounds were evaluated for their in silico anti‐bronchospasmodic potential using PASS software. Compounds with >95 % potential (18 c–f; 28 a and 29 a–g) in comparison to the standard drug were selected for in vivo bronchospasmodic activity using histamine chamber model. In silico and in vivo activity revealed that the compounds substituted with furan spacer were more active than the cinnamic acid. Substitution with propyl functionality at 1‐and 3‐position of xanthine moiety is also accounted for the enhanced activity of furan derivatives (29 a–g). In conclusion, the synthesized new xanthine derivatives stands out as promising anti‐bronchospasmodic agents for future development.
The Evaluation of Anticancer, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Anticholinergic Potentials of Endemic Rhabdosciadium microcalycinum Supported by Molecular Docking Study
Authors: Erdogan Mehmet Kadir , Gundogdu Ramazan , Yapar Yakup , Gecibesler Ibrahim Halil , Kirici Mahinur , Behcet Lutfi , Tuzun Burak , Taslimi Parham
Published: May 2022

Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide and the leading cause of cancer‐related death. Plant‐derived natural products and compounds are an inspiring source of chemotherapeutic agents. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to the decline of acetylcholine (ACh) effects in the brain, so acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are important in the treatment of AD. In this study, the chemical components and bioactivity of ethanolic extract of Rhabdosciadium microcalycinum (RM) was investigated by various methods. The lipophilic components of RM was determined by gas chromagraphy‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Antioxidant activicty tests were evaluated with FCAP (Ferrous chelating antioxidant power assay), FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay), ABTS (2,2′‐Azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) diammonium salt assay) and DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl assay). The anticancer effect of RM was evaluated by WST‐1 (4‐[3‐(4‐iodophenyl)‐2‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐2H‐5‐tetrazolio]‐1,3‐benzene disulfonate), colony formation, wound healing and CDDE (cell death detection Elisa) analysis on A549 lung cancer cells. Enzyme inhibition effects of RM was determined against AChE and α‐glycosidase (AG) enzymes. According to the results of molecular docking found in the study; With a docking score of −4.56 for HP5 protein, −6.23 for BXO protein, −5.25 for AFI protein, −3.90 for gly protein and −7.74 for AChE protein, Telecinobufagin molecule was found to have higher activity than other molecules. After docking calculations, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADME/T) analysis was performed to examine the effects and reactions of molecules on human metabolism. RM inhibited the viability of A549 cells dose‐dependent manner (IC50=117.15±8.58 μg/mL), and it was also observed that RM suppressed colony formation, prevented cell migration and directed the cells to apoptosis. RM has important lipophilic components, and significant antioxidant and enzyme inhibition potential. IC50 values of RM for AChE and AG enzymes were found as 35.86 mg/mL, and 10.14 mg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, the findings of this study reveal that ethanol extract from the aerial part of Rhabdosciadium microcalycinum may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of human lung cancer and Alzheimer's disease, due to its phytochemical components.
Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Mediated fromCassia renigeraBark and Detect Its Effects on Four Varieties of Rice
Authors: Parveen Khadeeja , Kumar Naveen , Ledwani Lalita
Published: May 2022

The present study reports a cost‐effective and environmentally benign method for biogenic synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) usingCassia renigerabark extract (CRBE) and evaluation of its effect on four rice varieties (PR 7, basmati 1509, HR 47, and sharbati). The physicochemical characterisation of CRBE: ZnO NPs was carried out using X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and UV‐Vis spectrophotometer. Structural investigation using Rietveld refinement method revealed hexagonal wurtzite structure of CRBE: ZnO NPs containing P6 3 mc space group. UV‐ Visible spectra of CRBE: ZnO NPs displayed a broad peak ranging from 430–540 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of CRBE: ZnO NPs displayed a broad peak at 3325 cm−1which represent amine group and the bend at 432 cm−1showed Zn−O stretching confirming the formation of ZnO NPs. FESEM micrograph of CRBE: ZnO NPs depicted hexagonal grains of varying size distributions with an average grain size of ∼28 nm. The effect of CRBE: ZnO NPs on the growth of different rice varieties was examined and was compared with the untreated seeds of rice. CRBE: ZnO NPs treated seeds of rice varieties displayed a significant increase in germination rate, moisture rate, and growth rate (shoot/root length, number of leaves)w.r.t. untreated seeds. CRBE: ZnO NPs mediated rice seeds possessed anti‐pathogenic activity againstXanthomonas oryzae(Xoo). The results of the present work represent that CRBE: ZnO NPs can serve as potent nano‐fertilizer in the field of agriculture.
Uptake of Am(III) Ions and Eu(III) Ions Using Cyclic Substituted N, O‐hybrid 1,10‐Phenanthroline Derived Phosphine Oxide Ligands ‐ A DFT Exploration
Authors: Ebenezer Cheriyan , Solomon Rajadurai Vijay
Published: May 2022

The spent nuclear fuel has radioactive species such as actinides and lanthanides which hamper its reprocessing. This issue is undertaken by designing suitable organic ligands to strip off actinides from lanthanides. Due to the versatility of phenanthroline‐derived N, O‐donor ligands, we have looked into the electronic structure of N,O‐hybrid 1,10‐phenanthroline derived phosphine oxide ligands with various cyclic substitutions. The complexation behavior of these ligands with Am(III) and Eu(III) is evaluated using density functional theory calculations. Electronic structures divulge that in all these tetra‐coordinated complexes, the oxygen atoms bind strongly than the nitrogen atoms. The substitution of a benzene ring on the phosphorus increases the selectivity whereas the binding is enhanced by the substitution of cyclopentane. QTAIM analysis portrays the weak C−H−O interactions present in these complexes. Energy decomposition analysis in gas and solvent phases estimates the weak stabilizing interactions in these complexes. All the calculations bring out the salient structural features of these ligands which will further enrich our understanding of the tailoring of ligands for efficient uptake of Am (III) ions over Eu (III) ions.
Green Synthesis of a Reduced‐Graphene‐Oxide Wrapped Nickel Oxide Nano‐Composite as an Anode For High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Singhbabu Yashabanta N. , Didwal Pravin N. , Jang Kyunghoon , Jang Jaewon , Park Chan‐Jin , Ham Moon‐Ho
Published: May 2022

Aeschynomene aspera (AA) plant, a sustainable, waste natural carbon source, is used towards green and scalable synthesis of carbon two‐dimensional materials by simply altering the heating temperature and its composites with nickel oxide (NiO) are fabricated as an anode for high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Interestingly, a wide range of carbon materials (amorphous carbon, graphene‐oxide (GO), and reduced‐graphene‐oxide(RGO)) can be synthesized from this carbon source that can be used in different applications. Among them, GO synthesized at 500 °C shows best lithium storage properties. While incase of composite the RGO‐NiO fabricated using heated AA plant, at 1000 °C shows excellent lithium storage properties. The RGO‐NiO composite exhibits reversible specific discharge capacity of 847 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and an excellent rate capability up to 1000 mA g−1. In addition, ex‐situ XRD and XPS measurements reveal reversible nature of the conversion reaction occurring in the composite electrodes.
A Composite Nanomaterial with the Ability to Regulate Oxidative Stress and Anti‐inflammatory for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Wang Yi , Deng Qiuping , Zheng Qinghua , Li Ruyan , Liu Baoqing , Mo Xiaoli , Zhou Jiahong , Shen Jian
Published: May 2022

The current pharmacologic treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) is limited to pain relief medications that may bring obvious side effects, so new treatment ideas need to be proposed. Eliminating excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and maintaining the anabolic and catabolic function of chondrocytes may provide a new strategy for OA treatment. Here, we prepared nanoparticles (m@PDA−Q) composed of polydopamine (PDA), quercetin and modified hyaluronic acid. PDA not only functions as a carrier for hydrophobic drugs, but also as a certain ROS scavenger. On this basis, hyaluronic acid was modified and cross‐linked under ultraviolet light so it could polymerize on the surface of nanoparticles and provide protection and lubrication to the joints. Relevant experiments showed good biocompatibility of the composite nanomaterials that we synthesized. Its function in regulating the antioxidant defense system, anti‐inflammatory and regulating the anabolism and catabolism of chondrocytes was also confirmed. The m@PDA−Q nanoparticle is expected to become a representative drug candidate for the treatment of OA.
Crystal Plane Reconstruction and Thin Protective Coatings Formation for Superior Stable Zn Anodes Cycling 1300 h
Authors: Liu Mengke , Cai Jinyan , Xu Jun , Qi Kaiwen , Wu Qianyao , Ao Huaisheng , Zou Tiansheng , Fu Shengquan , Wang Shuqing , Zhu Yongchun
Published: May 2022

Some new insights into traditional metal pretreatment of anticorrosion for high stable Zn metal anodes are provided. A developed pretreatment methodology is employed to prefer the crystal plane of polycrystalline Zn and create 3.26 µm protective coatings mainly consisting of organic polymers and zinc salts on Zn foils (ROZ@Zn). In this process, Zn metal exhibits a surface‐preferred (001) crystal plane proved by electron backscattered diffraction. Preferred (001) crystal planes and ROZ coatings can regulate Zn2+ diffusion, promote flat growth of Zn, and prevent side reactions. As a result, ROZ@Zn symmetrical cells exhibit superior plating/stripping performance over 1300 h. Impressively, it is significantly prolonged over 40 times in comparison to the bare Zn symmetric cell at 5 mA cm‐2. Moreover, Zn//MnO2 button cells have a high capacity retention of 96.3% after 1600 cycles and pouch cells have a high capacity 122 mAh g‐1 after 200 cycle at 5 C. This work provides inspiration for high stable aqueous Zn metal batteries using the developed metal pretreatment of anticorrosion, which will be a viable, low‐cost, and efficient technology. More interesting, it demonstrates the availability of reconstructing crystal planes by the largely heterogeneous reaction activation of the different crystal planes to H+.
Functional connectivity of limbic system and prefrontal cortex years after pre‐eclampsia: 7‐Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Canjels L. P. W. , Ghossein‐Doha C. , Alers R. J. , Rutten S. , van den Kerkhof M. , Schiffer V. M. M. M. , Mulder E. , Gerretsen S. C. , Aldenkamp A. P. , Hurks P. P. M. , van de Ven V. , Spaanderman M. E. A. , Jansen J. F. A. , Backes W. H.
Published: May 2022

Objective

Pre‐eclampsia is a vascular complication of pregnancy, associated with a long‐term risk of cerebrovascular and mental disorders. We explored whether formerly pre‐eclamptic women exhibit differences in functional brain organization, especially in regions that may explain the commonly reported emotional symptoms and cognitive complaints even years after the pregnancy.

Methods

Formerly pre‐eclamptic women and control women with a history of normotensive pregnancy underwent structural and functional 7‐Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scans. Using graph theoretical analysis, the efficiency and clustering coefficient of the functional brain network were investigated. The study included local analysis focusing on particular brain structures, such as the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex, and global analysis of the whole cerebrum. Univariable and multivariable linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between brain network‐related graph measures and the group (formerly pre‐eclamptic or control).

Results

A total of 17 control parous women and 55 women with a history of pre‐eclampsia were recruited. The time intervals between the index pregnancy and recruitment were 8.0 and 5.6 years for the two groups, respectively. Compared with control women, formerly pre‐eclamptic women had higher local efficiency in the prefrontal cortex (P = 0.048) and anterior cingulate cortex (P = 0.03) but lower local efficiency and local clustering coefficient in the amygdala (P = 0.004 and P = 0.02, respectively) and parahippocampal cortex (P = 0.007 and P = 0.008, respectively). No differences were found in the global functional brain organization.

Conclusions

Compared to controls with a history of normotensive pregnancy, formerly pre‐eclamptic women displayed a different local functional brain organization. These differences in functional connectivity, especially in the limbic regions and the prefrontal cortex, are in line with the psychological and cognitive complaints reported commonly by women with a history of pre‐eclampsia. © 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Are in‐hospital COVID‐19‐related mortality and morbidity in pregnancy associated with gestational age?
Authors: Leung C. , Simões e Silva A. C. , Oliveira E. A.
Published: May 2022

Objective

Pregnancy involves dynamic changes in the maternal immune system, thus potentially affecting women's response to infection. The aim of this study was to investigate whether gestational age at the time of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection is associated with mortality and morbidity related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in hospitalized pregnant women.

Methods

This was a cohort study of pregnant women with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection at any gestational age (categorized into trimesters) who were hospitalized in Brazil from February 2020 to November 2021. Sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics, signs and symptoms, comorbidities, interventions, vaccination status and type of healthcare establishment were obtained from a nationwide database. Multivariate logistic and Cox regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors for in‐hospital COVID‐19‐related mortality and morbidity (defined as time from hospital admission to recovery).

Results

A total of 7461 SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected pregnant women were included in the study (9.3%, 28.4% and 62.3% in the first, second and third trimesters, respectively). After adjustment for sociodemographic, epidemiological and clinical characteristics, and intervention‐related variables, gestational age at infection was found not to be associated with COVID‐19‐related mortality and morbidity. Women admitted to establishments with an obstetric center, compared to hospitals without, were 38% less likely to die from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (adjusted odds ratio, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.48–0.80), while patients who received private not‐for‐profit healthcare had a 13% shorter time to recovery (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.07–1.20) compared to those who received public healthcare.

Conclusions

Despite a higher percentage of women being admitted in the third trimester, we found no association between gestational age and COVID‐19 mortality and morbidity. The previously reported increase in morbidity and mortality in the third trimester in pregnant women with COVID‐19 may be attributable to other gestational‐age‐affected variables for which adjustment was made in our study. © 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Auricular cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma, subtype mycosis fungoides and otitis externa/media in a domestic rat (Rattus norvegicus forma domestica)
Authors: Zein Stephanie , Bertram Christof A. , Kiupel Matti , Klopfleisch Robert , Müller Kerstin
Published: May 2022

An adult female, entire domestic rat (Rattus norvegicus forma domestica) presented with swollen auricles and incoordination. The rat was diagnosed with bilateral otitis externa. Radiographs of the skull revealed bilateral otitis externa/media. Bacterial culture of a swap from the external ear canals identified large numbers of Pasteurella pneumotropica as well as fewer Streptococcus merionis, Bacteroides fragilis and Fusobacterium spp. Microscopic examination of a deep skin scraping and a core needle biopsy of the pinnae diagnosed lymphoma. The animal was euthanased after being treated unsuccessfully symptomatically for 10 days. Postmortem examination revealed a cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, associated with bilateral otitis externa/media and metastases into several lymph nodes, thymus and lungs. Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma has not been reported in pet rats to date. Lymphoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in rats presented with swelling of the pinnae.
Assessing the Infant/Child/Young Person with Suspected FGM/C
Authors: Abdulcadir Jasmine , Guedj Noémie Sachs , Yaron Michal , Abdulcadir Omar , Albert Juliet , Caillet Martin , Catania Lucrezia , Creighton Sarah M. , Deguette Céline , Dubuc Elise , Earp Brian D. , Essén Birgitta , Hodes Deborah , Marcusan Adriana Kaplan , Mishori Ranit , Ottenheimer Deborah , Richard Fabienne , Sy Aida , Touré Moustapha , Valladolid Amelia , Vercoutere Anneke , Vissandjée Bilkis , Young Janine
Published: May 2022

Femawle Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or injury to the female genital organs that are medically unnecessary (i.e. performed primarily for cultural or religious reasons), especially when done without the consent of the affected person. Such procedures are usually carried out in infancy or childhood and, most often before the age of 15. Although some pictorial and training tools are available, existing literature focuses primarily on adults. The signs of FGM/C particularly in prepubertal girls, can be subtle and depend on the type as well as on the experience of the examiner. The health care provider (HCP) should be trained to be familiar with, and able to identify a wide range of both modified and unmodified genitalia, as well as findings that may superficially look like FGM/C but actually reflect the normal range of genital anatomy. Knowledge of FGM/C types and subtypes, as well as complications and differential diagnoses of physical findings, are critical. We present a reference guide and atlas containing iconographic material of both the pre- and post-pubertal external female genital area with and without genital cutting/alteration. Our purpose is to facilitate training of health care professionals in making accurate diagnoses, providing appropriate clinical management, ensuring culturally informed/sensitive patient–provider communication, and accurate recording and reporting to child welfare/law enforcement agencies, where required.
Consent and Photography
Authors: Abdulcadir Jasmine , Guedj Noémie Sachs , Yaron Michal , Abdulcadir Omar , Albert Juliet , Caillet Martin , Catania Lucrezia , Creighton Sarah M. , Deguette Céline , Dubuc Elise , Earp Brian D. , Essén Birgitta , Hodes Deborah , Marcusan Adriana Kaplan , Mishori Ranit , Ottenheimer Deborah , Richard Fabienne , Sy Aida , Touré Moustapha , Valladolid Amelia , Vercoutere Anneke , Vissandjée Bilkis , Young Janine
Published: May 2022

Informed consent is essential to ensuring a trauma-informed, survivor-centered, ethical process that respects the (developing) autonomy of a patient.
Consequences of Care Poverty
Authors: Kröger Teppo
Published: May 2022

This chapter summarises available empirical knowledge concerning the consequences of care poverty. According to a growing body of research evidence, care poverty has many kinds of unwelcome consequences for older people’s health and well-being, and it also leads to an increased use of social and health care. Personal care poverty brings adverse consequences like wetting or soiling oneself, and together with socio-emotional care poverty, it also predicts depression. All domains of care poverty are associated with the incidence of emotional difficulties. Personal and socio-emotional care poverty predict health care use, and admissions in residential long-term care are more frequent among those in personal care poverty. Socio-emotional care poverty even predicts increased mortality. Thus, all domains of care poverty prove to have negative consequences for older people’s health and well-being. These consequences are not restricted to the individual level as care poverty also affects the use of health care and residential long-term care.
Long-Term Care Systems and Care Poverty
Authors: Kröger Teppo
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the relations between care poverty and long-term care systems of different countries. Comparative evidence on care poverty is still very weak, as reliable international datasets that have large enough samples of older respondents with care needs are not available. The few existing Europe-wide studies suggest high rates of care poverty especially in Eastern and Southern European countries, the evidence regarding Southern Europe being less consistent, though. A handful of two-country studies exist, and they support the importance of formal home care provisions in reducing care poverty, and this conclusion is echoed in local and national studies. Well-coordinated and well-resourced universal formal care systems (e.g. Sweden) seem to be the most effective way to eradicate care poverty. On the other hand, American studies show that the Medicaid programme has in the United States played a major role in cutting down care poverty, being targeted at older people who are at the highest risk. In the absence of a universal long-term care system, a targeted system can thus be a good second choice: it will not fully eradicate care poverty, but it can still succeed at substantially alleviating it.
SQLite
Authors: Pawlaszczyk Dirk
Published: May 2022

SQLite is, without doubt, the most widely used database systemworldwide at the moment. The single file database system is used, among other things, in operating systems for cell phones, such as Android, iOS or Symbian OS. On a typical smartphone, we usually find several hundred SQLite databases used by a wide variety of apps. Due to its widespread use, the database format is of particular importance in mobile forensics. It is not uncommon for the suspect to try to cover his tracks by deleting database content. Recovering deleted records from a database presents a special challenge. In this chapter, the on-disk database format of the SQLite database system is highlighted. Therefore,we take a closer look at the database header as well as record structure on a binary level. We first examine the structure of the data. Recovery options for erased records are discussed as well. Special attention is paid to the slack areas within the database: unallocated space, Freelist as well as free blocks. In this context, we discuss basic techniques for carving and acquisition of deleted data artefacts. Despite the main database format and recovery options, temporary file types like write-ahead logs and rollback journals are analyzed as well.
Realm
Authors: Cobley Phil , Geneste Ginger
Published: May 2022

In this chapter,we explore some of the fundamentals of the Realm database (sometimes referred to as RealmDB or simply Realm). It is widely known within the Digital Forensics discipline that SQLite is the most commonly found database format within any mobile device application and even some desktop applications. Realm is a relatively new database format built as a potential replacement for SQLite, as technology and applications continue to develop and evolve. At the time of writing, it is clear that the database is not as commonly found as some might have expected, but that is not to say the database format will not eventually find its way into many modern apps over the coming years. To that end, we decided to research the database to try and provide some of the details of interest relating to the fundamentals behind the new format.We hope this chapter will help digital forensic examiners and investigators learn and grasp some of the basic concepts of Realm, hoping that any new knowledge and understanding might support and assist in future research into the topic.
Analysis of Poor Visibility Real-World Test Scenarios
Authors: Winkle Thomas
Published: May 2022

Product development involving Artificial Intelligence, ethics and legal risks using the example of safe autonomous vehicles involves a number of challenges. These include dealing with complex traffic situations and reliable image recognition under difficult light and weather conditions, such as rain, snow, backlight, wet road surface, spray/splashing water, icing/contamination of windshield/sensors or road markings that are only partially visible. In order to develop and validate automated vehicles with reasonable expenditure, a first area-wide analysis based on 1.28 million police accident reports was conducted including all police reports in Saxony over 10 years concerning bad weather conditions.Based on this large database, 374 accidents were found with regard to perception limitations for the detailed investigation. These traffic scenarios are relevant for automated driving. They will form a key aspect for future development, validation and testing of machine perception including Artificial Intelligence within automated driving functions.
Consulting Concept to Develop New Systems
Authors: Winkle Thomas
Published: May 2022

The survey in the development departments shows a great need for structured advice during the development process including a strong interest in supporting consulting services. A competent supervision from an independent consultant from outside the respective area is recommended for achieving continuous documentation throughout the development process according to the duty of care. Most respondents would like to have a point of contact or personal contact person, who will always be on hand with competent technical or legal advice and assistance for any questions or problems that arise. In the case of a developer, guidance, sense and purpose for the benefit of the individual developer are primary motivations. This means that a structured guideline will only be used with conviction if it is perceived as an advantage. The author’s experience in connection with the processing of product liability cases lead to the following general questions as a consultant to the development process: 1. How carefully are the tasks of development, production and marketing implemented? 2. What is expected beyond the legal requirements? 3. Will possible damage be avoided or its effect reduced if another design is used? 4. How does the system behave in comparison to the competitors (other car manufacturers)? 5. Were preventive and comprehensible warnings made available to prevent possible damage? A final consulting concept (a checklist of 101 questions in Appendix B) provides guidelines and requirements.
Qualitative Studie zur Stressbewältigung von Pflegekräften
Authors: Klingenberg Ingo
Published: May 2022

Aus Kapitel 3 ergibt sich der Forschungsbedarf hinsichtlich der Stressbewältigung von Pflegekräften. Um diesen zu adressieren, wird in diesem Kapitel ein qualitatives Verfahren herangezogen. Die vorliegende Studie orientiert sich an fünf Forschungsfragen, die zunächst hergeleitet und später untersucht werden.
Schlussfolgerungen
Authors: Klingenberg Ingo
Published: May 2022

Die Ergebnisse der konzeptionellen und empirischen Analysen der vorliegenden Arbeit werden im Folgenden zunächst zusammengefasst und reflektiert. Weiterhin findet die Diskussion über die Beiträge statt, die die vorliegende Arbeit für die Wissenschaft liefert (vgl. 7.2). Anschließend werden praktische Implikationen hergeleitet, die sich für Individuum, Organisationen und Gesellschaft ergeben (vgl. 7.3).
Schlussbetrachtungen
Authors: Behnert Christiane
Published: May 2022

Die Erforschung von Kriterien, anhand derer informationssuchende Personen die Relevanz von Dokumenten bewerten, ist Gegenstand vieler – hauptsächlich explorativer – informationswissenschaftlicher Studien. In den bisherigen Studien werden unterschiedliche Begriffe als Einflussparameter auf die Relevanzbewertung verwendet, die keiner einheitlichen Definition folgen und sich auch konzeptuell nicht eindeutig voneinander abgrenzen lassen. Diese Forschungslücke wurde im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit mit der Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage F1a (Wie lassen sich Merkmale, Kriterien und Faktoren als Einflüsse im Prozess der Relevanzbewertung für die Entwicklung eines experimentellen Untersuchungsdesigns definitorisch und konzeptuell voneinander abgrenzen?) und mit der in direktem Zusammenhang stehenden Forschungsfrage F1b (Wie können Kriterien bei der Relevanzbewertung von Suchergebnissen für eine experimentelle Studie operationalisiert werden?) geschlossen.
A note on quiver quantum toroidal algebra
Authors: Noshita Go , Watanabe Akimi
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Recently, Li and Yamazaki proposed a new class of infinite-dimensional algebras, quiver Yangian, which generalizes the affine Yangian $$ \mathfrak{gl} $$
gl
1. The characteristic feature of the algebra is the action on BPS states for non-compact toric Calabi-Yau threefolds, which are in one-to-one correspondence with the crystal melting models. These algebras can be bootstrapped from the action on the crystals and have various truncations.

In this paper, we propose a q-deformed version of the quiver Yangian, referred to as the quiver quantum toroidal algebra (QQTA). We examine some of the consistency conditions of the algebra. In particular, we show that QQTA is a Hopf superalgebra with a formal super coproduct, like known quantum toroidal algebras. QQTA contains an extra central charge C. When it is trivial (C = 1), QQTA has a representation acting on the three-dimensional crystals, like Li-Yamazaki’s quiver Yangian. While we focus on the toric Calabi-Yau threefolds without compact 4-cycles, our analysis can likely be generalized to all toric Calabi-Yau threefolds.
Dual HDAC–BRD4 inhibitors endowed with antitumor and antihyperalgesic activity
Authors: Maach Soumia , Chiaramonte Niccolò , Borgonetti Vittoria , Sarno Federica , Pierucci Federica , Dei Silvia , Teodori Elisabetta , Altucci Lucia , Meacci Elisabetta , Galeotti Nicoletta , Romanelli Maria Novella
Published: May 2022

Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are enzymes that regulate the concentration of acetylated histones which, in turns, interact with the bromodomain (BRD) of BET (Bromodomain and Extracellular domain) proteins to affect transcriptional activity. Simultaneous blockade of both epigenetic players has shown synergistic effects in a variety of cancer cell lines. In this paper we report the design, synthesis and activity of new dual inhibitors, obtained by adding a methyltriazole moiety to some HDAC inhibitors carrying a benzodiazepine core, which were previously developed by us. An Alphascreen FRET assay showed that the compounds were able to interact with BRD4-1 and BRD4-2 proteins, with some selectivity for the latter, while the HDAC inhibiting properties were measured by means of an immunoprecipitation assay. The antiproliferative activity was tested on C26 adenocarcinoma, SSMC2 melanoma and SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Interestingly, both compounds were endowed with antihyperalgesic activity in the mouse Spared Nerve Injury (SNI) model.
Ritz-type projectors with boundary interpolation properties and explicit spline error estimates
Authors: Sande Espen , Manni Carla , Speleers Hendrik
Published: May 2022

In this paper we construct Ritz-type projectors with boundary interpolation properties in finite dimensional subspaces of the usual Sobolev space and we provide a priori error estimates for them. The abstract analysis is exemplified by considering spline spaces and we equip the corresponding error estimates with explicit constants. This complements our results recently obtained for explicit spline error estimates based on the classical Ritz projectors in (Numer Math 144(4):889–929, 2020).
Passive Treatment of Circumneutral Mine Drainage from the St. Louis Mine Tunnel, Rico CO: Part 3—Horizontal Wetlands Treatment Train Pilot Study
Authors: Sobolewski Andre B. , Riese Arthur C. , Moore Terry J. , Brown Anthony R.
Published: May 2022

Mine drainage from the St Louis Tunnel (located at the Rico-Argentine Site) is circumneutral most of the year, with spring freshets increasing flow, decreasing pH and increasing metals concentrations. This study was designed to test the performance of a demonstration-scale horizontal wetlands passive treatment train, comprised of a settling basin, surface flow wetland, horizontal-flow anaerobic wetland, aeration channel, and rock drain, during two years of influent water chemistry at a constant 113 L/min (30 gpm) flow rate. Total Zn, Cd, and Mn effluent concentrations met project treatment goals (PTGs) 75, 96.9, and 100% of the time, respectively, and 93.9, 100, and 100% of the time for the dissolved metals. Most PTG exceedances occurred during the freshet events. Most Zn and Cd attenuation was attributed to sulfide precipitation in the anaerobic cell and capture/filtration of suspended ZnS particles in the anaerobic wetland and rock drain. Manganese was attenuated in the aerobic portion of the anaerobic cell (influent transition zone) as Mn oxides and carbonates. Oxidation of Mn occurred in the rock drain as biogenically formed Mn oxides adhered to the rock matrix. Carryover of dissolved sulfides from the anaerobic cell limited the rock drain’s Mn removal efficiency. Low temperatures did not significantly affect biological activity within the system; the effects of seasonal water quality were more important.
Passive Treatment of Circumneutral Mine Drainage from the St. Louis Mine Tunnel, Rico CO: Part 2—Vertical Biotreatment Train Pilot Study
Authors: Dean Daniel M. , Fricke James R. , Riese Arthur C. , Moore Terry J. , Brown Anthony R.
Published: May 2022

This is the second of three papers dealing with metal-bearing circumneutral mine drainage from the inactive Rico-Argentine mine site located at an elevation of ≈ 2740 m (9000 feet) in the San Juan mountain range in southwestern Colorado. This paper evaluates two years of mine drainage treatment using a passive system that included a vertical-flow engineered biotreatment cell. The collapsed St. Louis Tunnel (SLT) discharges circumneutral mine water from several sources that contains elevated concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn. A demonstration-scale 114 L/min (30 gpm) gravity-flow passive treatment system was installed, consisting of a settling basin (utilizing coagulant addition to improve suspended solids settling efficiency), an anaerobic sulfate-reducing bioreactor, and an aeration cascade for effluent polishing. The treatment system generally met target treatment goals for Cd, Cu, Fe, and Pb. Nanophase ZnS in system effluent decreased the frequency of meeting total Zn project treatment goals. Unexpectedly high levels of Mn removal were observed in both the anaerobic bioreactor and the aeration cascade. Large seasonal variations in influent metals concentrations and pH present the greatest challenge in managing system performance.
Revisiting the Nordic long-term care model for older people—still equal?
Authors: Rostgaard Tine , Jacobsen Frode , Kröger Teppo , Peterson Elin
Published: May 2022

With the extensive long-term care services for older people, the Nordic countries have been labelled ‘caring states’ as reported (Leira, Welfare state and working mothers: the Scandinavian experience, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992). The emphasis on services and not cash benefits ensures the Nordics a central place in the public service model (Anttonen and Sipilä, J Eur Soc Policy 6:87–100, 1996). The main feature of this ideal model is public social care services, such as home care and residential care services, which can cover the need for personal and medical care, as well as assistance with household chores. These services are provided within a formally and professionally based long-term care system, where the main responsibility for the organization, provision and financing of care traditionally lays with the public sector. According to the principle of universalism (in: Antonnen et al. (eds), Welfare state, universalism and diversity, Elgar, Cheltenham, 2013), access to benefits such as home care and residential care is based on citizenship and need, not contributions nor merit. Also, care services should be made available for all and generally be used by all, with no stigma associated. Vabø and Szebehely (in: Anttonen (ed), Welfare State, universalism and diversity, Edward Elgar Publishing, London, 2012)) further argue that the Nordic service universalism is more than merely issues of eligibility and accessibility, in that it also encompasses whether services are attractive, affordable and flexible in order to meet a diversity of needs and preferences. However, recent decades have seen a continuous tendency towards prioritization of care for the most frail, contributing to unmet need, informalization of care and privatization in the use of topping up with market-based services. These changes have raised questions about increasing inequalities within Nordic long-term care systems. We investigate in the article what effect changes have for equality across social class and gender, for users and informal carers. The article is based on analysis of comparable national and international statistics and a review of national research literature and policy documents.
Solute–Solvent Interactions in Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography: Characterization of the Retention in a Silica Column by the Abraham Linear Free Energy Relationship Model
Authors: Cortés Sílvia , Subirats Xavier , Rosés Martí
Published: May 2022

The Abraham linear free energy relationship model has been used to characterize a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) silica column with acetonitrile/water and methanol/water mobile phases. Analysis by the model for acetonitrile/water mobile phases points to solute volume and hydrogen bond basicity as the main properties affecting retention, whereas solute hydrogen bond acidity, dipolarity and polarizability practically do not affect it. Formation of a cavity is easier in acetonitrile-rich mobile phases than in the aqueous stationary phase, and hence increase of solute volume decreases retention. Conversely, hydrogen bond acidity is stronger in the aqueous stationary phase than in the acetonitrile-rich mobile phase and thus an increase of solute hydrogen bond basicity increases retention. Results are similar for methanol/water mobile phases with the difference that solute hydrogen bond acidity is significant too. Increase in hydrogen bond acidity of the solute decreases retention showing that methanol mobile phases must be better hydrogen bond acceptors than acetonitrile ones, and even than water-rich stationary phases. The results are like the ones obtained in zwitterionic HILIC columns bonded to silica or polymer supports for acetonitrile/water mobile phases, but different for solute hydrogen bond acidity for a polymer bonded zwitterionic column with methanol/water mobile phases, indicating that bonding support plays an important role in HILIC retention. Comparison to RPLC characterized systems confirms the complementarity of HILIC systems to RPLC ones because the main properties affecting retention are the same but with reversed coefficients. The least retained solutes in RPLC are the most retained in HILIC.
Bifurcations analysis in implicit maps through the dynamics of cumulated surface errors in milling
Authors: Kiss Adam K. , Bachrathy Daniel
Published: May 2022

In this contribution, we examine the evolution of surface errors during consecutive milling operations. Its description is based on a nonlinear implicit map, which is suitable to investigate the surface quality. It describes the series of consecutive Surface Location Errors (SLE) in roughing operations. As one of the principal results of the paper, bifurcations related to the fixed point of the implicit map are analyzed via normal form theorem. We determined a formula for the criticality of the bifurcation, which allows the approximate computation of the arising period-two solution. The method is demonstrated for the surface error model of milling, and the results are verified by numerical computations. Although the amplitude of the SLE would be negligible, its derivatives has a great influence in the model, which can cause stability problems.
Variable relativity of causation is good
Authors: Parkkinen Veli-Pekka
Published: May 2022

Interventionism is a theory of causation with a pragmatic goal: to define causal concepts that are useful for reasoning about how things could, in principle, be purposely manipulated. In its original presentation, Woodward’s (2003) interventionist definition of causation is relativized to an analyzed variable set. In Woodward (2008), Woodward changes the definition of the most general interventionist notion of cause, contributing cause, so that it is no longer relativized to a variable set. This derelativization of interventionism has not gathered much attention, presumably because it is seen as an unproblematic way to save the intuition that causal relations are objective features of the world. This paper first argues that this move has problematic consequences. Derelativization entails two concepts of unmediated causal relation that are not coextensional, but which nonetheless do not entail different conclusions about manipulability relations within any given variable set. This is in conflict with the pragmatic orientation at the core of interventionism. The paper then considers various approaches for resolving this tension but finds them all wanting. It is concluded that interventionist causation should not be derelativized in the first place. Various considerations are offered rendering that conclusion acceptable.
Not so distinctively mathematical explanations: topology and dynamical systems
Authors: Jha Aditya , Campbell Douglas , Montelle Clemency , Wilson Phillip L.
Published: May 2022

So-called ‘distinctively mathematical explanations’ (DMEs) are said to explain physical phenomena, not in terms of contingent causal laws, but rather in terms of mathematical necessities that constrain the physical system in question. Lange argues that the existence of four or more equilibrium positions of any double pendulum has a DME. Here we refute both Lange’s claim itself and a strengthened and extended version of the claim that would pertain to any n-tuple pendulum system on the ground that such explanations are actually causal explanations in disguise and their associated modal conditionals are not general enough to explain the said features of such dynamical systems. We argue and show that if circumscribing the antecedent for a necessarily true conditional in such explanations involves making a causal analysis of the problem, then the resulting explanation is not distinctively mathematical or non-causal. Our argument generalises to other dynamical systems that may have purported DMEs analogous to the one proposed by Lange, and even to some other counterfactual accounts of non-causal explanation given by Reutlinger and Rice.