bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Hemodynamics During Exposure to Hypergravity (+Gz) or Microgravity (0 G)
Authors: Saehle Terje
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND: Optimal human performance and health is dependent on steady blood supply to the brain. Hypergravity (+Gz) may impair cerebral blood flow (CBF), and several investigators have also reported that microgravity (0 G) may influence cerebral hemodynamics. This
has led to concerns for safe performance during acceleration maneuvers in aviation or the impact long-duration spaceflights may have on astronaut health.METHODS: A systematic PEO (Population, Exposure, Outcome) search was done in PubMed and Web of Science, addressing studies on
how elevated +Gz forces or absence of such may impact cerebral hemodynamics. All primary research containing anatomical or physiological data on relevant intracranial parameters were included. Quality of the evidence was analyzed using the GRADE tool.RESULTS: The search
revealed 92 eligible articles. It is evident that impaired CBF during +Gz acceleration remains an important challenge in aviation, but there are significant variations in individual tolerance. The reports on cerebral hemodynamics during weightlessness are inconsistent, but published
data indicate that adaptation to sustained microgravity is also characterized by significant variations among individuals.DISCUSSION: Despite a high number of publications, the quality of evidence is limited due to observational study design, too few included subjects, and methodological
challenges. Clinical consequences of high +Gz exposure are well described, but there are significant gaps in knowledge regarding the intracranial pathophysiology and individual hemodynamic tolerance to both hypergravity and microgravity environments.Saehle T. Cerebral
hemodynamics during exposure to hypergravity (+Gz) or microgravity (0 G). Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(7):581–592.
Biostratigraphy of the Small Shelly Fossils From the Upper Maidiping Formation (Terreneuvian) at the Fandian Section, Sichuan Province, South China
Authors: Feng Qian , Pan Bing , Yang Aihua , Lu Miao , Li Guoxiang
Published: July 2022

Small shelly fossils (SSFs) are a useful and critical tool for subdivision and correlation of the Cambrian Terreneuvian stratigraphy. The Maidiping Formation in southern Sichuan is a well-known Terreneuvian lithologic unit with rich SSFs. Here, the upper Maidiping Formation at the Fandian section, an important supplementary section of the classic Maidiping section, is studied for understanding its SSF assemblages and stratigraphic implication. There are 26 genera, 24 species, and 3 undetermined species recovered from the Fandian section, andWatsonella crosbyiwas discovered from this section for the first time. Two SSF biozones of the Yangtze Platform,i.e., the possibleParagloborilus subglobosus–Purella squamulosaAssemblage Zone (? Zone II) and theW. crosbyiAssemblage Zone (Zone III), can be recognized. Comparing with the Maidiping section, the Fandian section has a relatively successive SSF biostratigraphy and carbon isotope stratigraphy in the upper Maidiping Formation. The SSF Zone II (?) and Zone III from the Fandian section can be, respectively, correlated to the same zones from the upper Maidiping Formation of the nearby Maidiping section (only Zone III), the upper Zhongyicun and Dahai members of the Zhujiaqing Formation in eastern Yunnan, the top Kuanchuanpu Formation in southern Shaanxi and northern Sichuan, and the beds 4 and 5 (or units 3 and 4) of the Yanjiahe Formation in western Hubei. The almost cosmopolitan distribution and nearly synchronous earliest appearance ofW. crosbyistrengthen the applicability of its first appearance data (FAD) to define the base of Cambrian Stage 2 in South China (Xiaotanian) as well as in other continents. The FAD ofW. crosbyijust around the onset of the ZHUCE carbon isotope excursion at the Fandian section also further reinforces the utility of the onset of ZHUCE as an auxiliary maker for defining the base of the Xiaotanian in South China.
Optimizing Colloidal Stability and Transport of Polysaccharide-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Reservoir Management: Effects of Ion Specificity
Authors: Shi Rena , Ow Hooisweng , Cox Jason R. , Kmetz Anthony A. , Chen Hsieh
Published: July 2022

In this work we explore the mechanisms of ion-specific stabilization of a polysaccharide-based coating for colloidal nanomaterials used within the oil & gas industry. While nanotechnology has wide prevalence across multiple industries, its utility within this sector is largely undeveloped but has potential applications in areas including (but not limited to) exploration, drilling and production processes. For example, reservoir contrast agents in the form of superparamagnetic nanoparticles could be used to accurately determine the residual oil saturation distribution in a reservoir and thus advise enhanced oil recovery (EOR) efforts. However, deployment of such materials in oil reservoirs proves challenging in cases where high salinity subsurface environments induce nanoparticle aggregation, leading to loss of mobility. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Dex-SPIONs), the colloidal stability of which was evaluated in various brine formulations at elevated temperatures. Initial dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements reveal a lack of contingency between particle stability and total electrolyte concentration for samples comprised of synthetic seawater and low-salinity brine, the latter fluid of which possesses higher ionic strength yet preserves colloidal integrity to a much greater extent than its seawater counterpart. Further experiments point to a calcium (Ca2+) ion-specific stabilization effect wherein surface complexation of Ca2+ ions to the dextran periphery improves carbohydrate hydration and thus enhances colloidal stability. Ion selective electrode (ISE) measurements provide additional evidence of the Ca2+ - dextran binding interaction, the role of which also factors significantly into mitigation of polysaccharide degradation [as demonstrated through gel permeation chromatography (GPC)]. Finally, we assess the transport of Dex-SPIONs through porous media, including examination of retention properties with respect to variances in ionic composition.
Update on the Cognitive Presentations of iNPH for Clinicians
Authors: Langheinrich Tobias , Chen Cliff , Thomas Owen
Published: July 2022

This mini-review focuses on cognitive impairment in iNPH. This symptom is one of the characteristic triad of symptoms in a condition long considered to be the only treatable dementia. We present an update on recent developments in clinical, neuropsychological, neuroimaging and biomarker aspects. Significant advances in our understanding have been made, notably regarding biomarkers, but iNPH remains a difficult diagnosis. Stronger evidence for permanent surgical treatment is emerging but selection for treatment remains challenging, particularly with regards to cognitive presentations. Encouragingly, there has been increasing interest in iNPH, but more research is required to better define the underlying pathology and delineate it from overlapping conditions, in order to inform best practise for the clinician managing the cognitively impaired patient. In the meantime, we strongly encourage a multidisciplinary approach and a structured service pathway to maximise patient benefit.
Clinical phenotype and genotype of children with GABAA receptor α1 subunit gene-related epilepsy
Authors: Zhang Linlin , Liu Xinjie
Published: July 2022

Objective

This study aimed to summarize the clinical phenotype and genotype of children with epilepsy caused by GABRA1 gene variants.

Methods

Eight epilepsy patients, who were admitted to Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from 2015 to 2021, were enrolled in the study. GABRA1 gene variants were detected by whole-exome sequencing. Epilepsy clinical manifestations, electroencephalography, neuroimaging characteristics and treatment methods were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Among the eight patients, four were males and four were females. Epilepsy onset age was between 3 and 8 months of age. Two patients had a family history of epilepsy. Six cases were de novo variants, and two were hereditary variants. Two children carried the same pathogenic variants, and five carried novel pathogenic variants that had not been reported internationally. The types of seizures were diverse, including focal seizures in five cases, generalized tonic-clonic seizures in five cases, and spasms in two cases. Electroencephalography of seven cases showed abnormal background rhythms, and six cases showed abnormal discharge during the interictal period. No obvious abnormalities were found on magnetic resonance imaging in five cases. All eight children had different degrees of developmental retardation.

Conclusion

De novo pathogenic variants in GABRA1 are more common than inherited pathogenic variants, and most epilepsy symptoms begin in the first year of life, manifesting with a variety of seizure types and developmental delays. Conventional treatment usually involves one or more drugs; although drug treatment can control seizures in some cases, cognitive and developmental deficits often exist. The five newly discovered pathogenic variants enrich the GABRA1 gene pathogenic variant spectrum.
Reliability of Upper Limb Pin-Prick Stimulation With Electroencephalography: Evoked Potentials, Spectra and Source Localization
Authors: Triccas Lisa Tedesco , Camilleri Kenneth P. , Tracey Camilleri , Mansoureh Fahimi Hnazaee , Benjamin Wittevrongel , Francesca Muscat , Leonardo Boccuni , Dante Mantini , Geert Verheyden
Published: July 2022

In order for electroencephalography (EEG) with sensory stimuli measures to be used in research and neurological clinical practice, demonstration of reliability is needed. However, this is rarely examined. Here we studied the test-retest reliability of the EEG latency and amplitude of evoked potentials and spectra as well as identifying the sources during pin-prick stimulation. We recorded EEG in 23 healthy older adults who underwent a protocol of pin-prick stimulation on the dominant and non-dominant hand. EEG was recorded in a second session with rest intervals of 1 week. For EEG electrodes Fz, Cz, and Pz peak amplitude, latency and frequency spectra for pin-prick evoked potentials was determined and test-retest reliability was assessed. Substantial reliability ICC scores (0.76–0.79) were identified for evoked potential negative-positive amplitude from the left hand at C4 channel and positive peak latency when stimulating the right hand at Cz channel. Frequency spectra showed consistent increase of low-frequency band activity (< 5 Hz) and also in theta and alpha bands in first 0.25 s. Almost perfect reliability scores were found for activity at both low-frequency and theta bands (ICC scores: 0.81–0.98). Sources were identified in the primary somatosensory and motor cortices in relation to the positive peak using s-LORETA analysis. Measuring the frequency response from the pin-prick evoked potentials may allow the reliable assessment of central somatosensory impairment in the clinical setting.
Visuospatial working memory and attention control make the difference between experts, regulars and non-players of the videogame League of Legends
Authors: Valls-Serrano Carlos , De Francisco Cristina , Vélez-Coto María , Caracuel Alfonso
Published: July 2022

Video games have been postulated as an emerging field for studying the cognition-expertise relationship. Despite this, some methodological practices hinder scientific advance (e.g., heterogeneous samples, an ambiguous definition of expertise, etc.). League of Legends (LOL) is a massively played video game with a moderately defined structure that meets the requirements to overcome current study limitations. The aim of this study was to analyze cognitive differences among expert LOL players, regular LOL players, and non-videogame players. A sample of 80 participants was enrolled in three different groups of expertise. Participants were evaluated with behavioral tests of working memory, attention, cognitive flexibility, and inhibition. Kruskal-Wallis tests for group comparison showed that the experts performed significantly better than regular players and non-videogame players in the working memory test. Significant differences were also found between players and non-videogame players in the attention test. Methodological implications for future research in neuroscience and human-computer interaction are discussed.
Gut Microbiome-Linked Metabolites in the Pathobiology of Major Depression With or Without Anxiety—A Role for Bile Acids
Authors: MahmoudianDehkordi Siamak , Bhattacharyya Sudeepa , Brydges Christopher R. , Jia Wei , Fiehn Oliver , Rush A. John , Dunlop Boadie W. , Kaddurah-Daouk Rima
Published: July 2022

Background

The gut microbiome may play a role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases including major depressive disorder (MDD). Bile acids (BAs) are steroid acids that are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol and further processed by gut-bacterial enzymes, thus requiring both human and gut microbiome enzymatic processes in their metabolism. BAs participate in a range of important host functions such as lipid transport and metabolism, cellular signaling and regulation of energy homeostasis. BAs have recently been implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's and several other neuropsychiatric diseases, but the biochemical underpinnings of these gut microbiome-linked metabolites in the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety remains largely unknown.

Method

Using targeted metabolomics, we profiled primary and secondary BAs in the baseline serum samples of 208 untreated outpatients with MDD. We assessed the relationship of BA concentrations and the severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms as defined by the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HRSD17) and the 14-item Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HRSA-Total), respectively. We also evaluated whether the baseline metabolic profile of BA informs about treatment outcomes.

Results

The concentration of the primary BA chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) was significantly lower at baseline in both severely depressed (log2 fold difference (LFD) = −0.48; p = 0.021) and highly anxious (LFD = −0.43; p = 0.021) participants compared to participants with less severe symptoms. The gut bacteria-derived secondary BAs produced from CDCA such as lithocholic acid (LCA) and several of its metabolites, and their ratios to primary BAs, were significantly higher in the more anxious participants (LFD's range = [0.23, 1.36]; p's range = [6.85E-6, 1.86E-2]). The interaction analysis of HRSD17 and HRSA-Total suggested that the BA concentration differences were more strongly correlated to the symptoms of anxiety than depression. Significant differences in baseline CDCA (LFD = −0.87, p = 0.0009), isoLCA (LFD = −1.08, p = 0.016) and several BA ratios (LFD's range [0.46, 1.66], p's range [0.0003, 0.049]) differentiated treatment failures from remitters.

Conclusion

In patients with MDD, BA profiles representing changes in gut microbiome compositions are associated with higher levels of anxiety and increased probability of first-line treatment failure. If confirmed, these findings suggest the possibility of developing gut microbiome-directed therapies for MDD characterized by gut dysbiosis.
Tumor microbiome metabolism: A game changer in cancer development and therapy
Authors: Zhou Xiaozhuang , Kandalai Shruthi , Hossain Farzana , Zheng Qingfei
Published: July 2022

Accumulating recent evidence indicates that the human microbiome plays essential roles in pathophysiological states, including cancer. The tumor microbiome, an emerging concept that has not yet been clearly defined, has been proven to influence both cancer development and therapy through complex mechanisms. Small molecule metabolites produced by the tumor microbiome through unique biosynthetic pathways can easily diffuse into tissues and penetrate cell membranes through transporters or free diffusion, thus remodeling the signaling pathways of cancer and immune cells by interacting with biomacromolecules. Targeting tumor microbiome metabolism could offer a novel perspective for not only understanding cancer progression but also developing new strategies for the treatment of multiple cancer types. Here, we summarize recent advances regarding the role the tumor microbiome plays as a game changer in cancer biology. Specifically, the metabolites produced by the tumor microbiome and their potential effects on the cancer development therapy are discussed to understand the importance of the microbial metabolism in the tumor microenvironment. Finally, new anticancer therapeutic strategies that target tumor microbiome metabolism are reviewed and proposed to provide new insights in clinical applications.
Carrot and Stick Approach: The Exploitative Leadership and Absenteeism in Education Sector
Authors: Akhtar Muhammad Waheed , Huo Chunhui , Syed Fauzia , Safdar Muhammad Arslan , Rasool Arsalan , Husnain Mudassir , Awais Muhammad , Sajjad Muhammad Shoaib
Published: July 2022

Utilizing the conservation of resources theory, this study investigates serial mediation of facades of conformity and depression between exploitative leadership and absenteeism. A total of 211 education sector employees using the convenient sampling technique took part in the survey with data collected in a time-lagged research design. Findings of the study reveal that facades of conformity and depression mediate the independent paths and play a serial mediating role between EL and absenteeism path. This study suggests that EL works as a workplace stressor, under which employees try to protect their valuable resources from further loss in the form of facades of conformity, in doing so, it leads to depression; thus, employees ultimately use absenteeism as an active coping strategy to cope with workplace stressors.
Increasing the attractiveness of surgical disciplines for students: Implications of a robot-assisted hands-on training course for medical education
Authors: Ekrutt Jonas , Leyh-Bannurah Sami-Ramzi , Knipper Sophie , Schramm Frederik , Beyer Burkhard , Maurer Tobias , Graefen Markus , Budäus Lars
Published: July 2022

Background

Structured implementation of robot-assisted surgery in the field of medical education is lacking. We assessed students' interest in robot-assisted surgery and tested if the implementation of a hands-on robotic course into the curriculum could increase the interest to join a surgical discipline in general and especially in female students, since women are clearly underrepresented in surgical disciplines.

Methods

After a prostate cancer focused seminar, 100 students were 1:1 randomized into two groups. Group B: Baseline characteristics and professional interest were assessed prior and after a hands-on robotic course, using a da Vinci® console with simulator (da Vinci® Surgical training, Intuitive Surgical Inc., USA). Group A served as post-interventional consistency control group, received the questionnaire only once after the hands-on training.

Results

The male to female ratio of students was 54% and 46%. The interest to turn into urology/surgery, categorized as yes”, “no”, “maybe” changed from 18 to 16%, 36 to 30% and 46 to 54% respectively after the hands-on robotic course (p < 0.001). Also, the positive attitude towards the surgical field significantly increased (20 vs. 48%; p < 0.001). Comparing male and female students, virtually identical proportions (23 vs. 23%) opted for joining urology or surgery as a discipline, whereas rejection (45 vs. 25%) and perchance (32 vs. 50%) of that notion differed between genders (p = 0.12).

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate great demand for implementing robotic training into medical education for an up-to-date curriculum. Although the decision process on career choice is widely multifactorial, stereotypes associated with surgical disciplines should be eliminated. This could have a particularly positive effect on the recruitment of female medical students since women are clearly underrepresented in surgical disciplines although currently and with increasing proportions, more female students are enrolled in medical schools then male.
Exploring the Spatial Distribution of Rheumatic Diseases and Its Correlation With Temperature and Humidity Among Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults in China
Authors: Han Yaofeng , Sheng Qilin , Fang Ya
Published: July 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of rheumatic diseases and its correlation with temperature and humidity among middle-aged and elderly adults in China from a spatial perspective.

Methods: Data on rheumatic diseases among middle-aged and elderly adults were sourced from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Moran’s I was applied to explore the spatial autocorrelation of rheumatic diseases. Spatial lag model (SLM) was established to probe the correlation between rheumatic diseases and temperature and humidity.

Results: The age-standardized prevalence of rheumatic diseases was 33.2% for middle-aged and elderly adults in China, varying from 12.0% to 51.4% depending on regions. The Global Moran’s I was 0.506 (p = 0.001). Average temperature had negative correlation while average relative humidity had positive correlation with age-standardized prevalence of rheumatic diseases in the SLM.

Conclusion: The age-standardized prevalence of rheumatic diseases of middle-aged and elderly adults showed spatial autocorrelation in China. We recommend taking measures to prevent rheumatic diseases for the middle-aged and elderly adults, especially for those living in cold and humid regions.
The Role of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Response in Colorectal Cancer Development and Prognosis
Authors: Wozniakova Maria , Skarda Jozef , Raska Milan
Published: July 2022

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The patient’s prognosis largely depends on the tumor stage at diagnosis. The pathological TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors (pTNM) staging of surgically resected cancers represents the main prognostic factor and guidance for decision-making in CRC patients. However, this approach alone is insufficient as a prognostic predictor because clinical outcomes in patients at the same histological tumor stage can still differ. Recently, significant progress in the treatment of CRC has been made due to improvements in both chemotherapy and surgical management. Immunotherapy-based approaches are one of the most rapidly developing areas of tumor therapy. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the tumor microenvironment (TME), immune response and its interactions with CRC development, immunotherapy and prognosis.
Assessment of Seasonal Rainfall Drought Indices, Nyala City Sudan
Authors: Atiem Isameldin Abakar , Siddig Magdi S. A. , Hamukwaya Shindume Lomboleni , Ahmed Hussein Ibrahim , Taha Mazahir M. M. , Ibrahim Salma , Osman Yahia
Published: July 2022

Drought is an unpredictable hydrological phenomenon, and climate change has made it difficult to predict and analyze droughts. Nyala city airport metrological station rainfall records from 1943 to 2017 (75 years) were investigated. Four statistical drought indices were used; the standardized precipitation index (SPI), the rainfall anomaly index (RAI), the rainfall decile percent index (RDI), and the percent normal precipitation index (PNI). The study analyzes, assesses, compares, and determines the proper drought index. Results show that annual normal drought class (DC4) percentages for PNI, RDI, and RAI are not significantly different at an average of 42% and 65.3% for SPI at a frequency of 49 years. In comparing the average monthly and yearly drought frequency values and considering the historical dry and wet droughts, results showed the indices performance rank as: SPI, RAI, RDI, and PNI. Result reveals that the SPI was superior in all analyses, but it had some defects in detecting monthly dry drought when precipitation is dominated by rare or zero values (start and end of the rainy season). This was concluded and revealed by conducting a zone chart showing the deviations of standard deviation about the mean. Thus, the SPI index outperforms the other three indices.
The Determinants of Market Participation and Its Effect on Food Security of the Rural Smallholder Farmers in Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces, South Africa
Authors: Hlatshwayo Simphiwe Innocentia , Ojo Temitope Oluwaseun , Modi Albert Thembinkosi , Mabhaudhi Tafadzwanashe , Slotow Rob , Ngidi Mjabuliseni Simon Cloapas
Published: July 2022

Addressing the disproportionate burden of food insecurity in South Africa requires targeted efforts to help smallholder farmers to access markets. The purpose of this study was to assess determinants of market participation and its contribution to household food security. The secondary data used in this study were collected from 1520 respondents; however, 389 smallholder farmers participated in the market. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale revealed that out of the total sample size, 85% of the households were food insecure while 15% were food secure. Gender of household head, receiving social grants and higher wealth index positively impacted market participation. Having a family member with HIV had a negative impact on market participation among smallholder farmers. The results from the extended ordered probit regression model showed that household size, having a family member with HIV and agricultural assistance had a positive and significant contribution to the household food insecurity situation of the smallholder farmers. On the other hand, the educational level of household head, ownership of livestock, age of household head, gender of household head, and having access to social grants had a negative and significant effect on the food insecurity status. Access to education and the market can improve household food security. Linking smallholder farmers, particularly women and aged farmers, to markets should form an intrinsic part of the government’s efforts to improve farming and food security and increase access to diversified food.
Research on the Hydrological Variation Law of the Dawen River, a Tributary of the Lower Yellow River
Authors: Li Yan , Zhao Long , Zhang Zhe , Li Jianxin , Hou Lei , Liu Jingqiang , Wang Yibing
Published: July 2022

The natural runoff mechanism of the Dawen River, the main tributary of the lower Yellow River, has been stressed in recent years as a result of human activity, and the hydrological situation has changed dramatically. In this paper, various hydrological statistical methods such as the Mann–Kendall nonparametric test, cumulative anomaly, ordered clustering, sliding T test, and rainfall–runoff double-cumulative curve were used to study the evolution characteristics of hydrological factors in Dawen River. The result revealed that the rainfall and runoff of the Dawen River decreased overall from 1956 to 2016, but the downward trend was not clear, and the runoff variance was high, with 1978 as the variation point. The IHA/RVA and PCA were used to comprehensively evaluate the hydrological variability of the Dawen River, and nine representative indicators were screened out. The overall change was 58%, which is mild, and the difference in hydrological change between the IHA index system and the PCA index system was just 7%, which was predictable. The hydrological situation of the Dawen River has undergone huge changes, and there has been a serious dry-off phenomenon since 1978. The biology, habitat, and structure of the Dawen River have all been irreversibly impacted by changes in its hydrological regime. Furthermore, the key influencing aspect of hydrological variation is the vast building of water conservation schemes. The findings could serve as a theoretical foundation for integrated water resource management and ecological conservation.
Fermentation Quality of Silages Produced from Wilted Sown Tropical Perennial Grass Pastures with or without a Bacterial Inoculant
Authors: Piltz John W. , Meyer Richard G. , Brennan Mark A. , Boschma Suzanne P.
Published: July 2022

High growth rates and rapid reproductive development and associated decline in feed quality of sown tropical perennial grass pastures present management challenges for livestock producers. Conservation of surplus forage as silage could be an effective management tool. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the fermentation quality of silages produced from tropical grasses. Five species (Chloris gayana, Megathyrsus maximus, Panicum coloratum, Digitaria eriantha and Cenchrus clandestinus) were ensiled without additives after a short, effective wilt at dry matter (DM) contents ranging from 302.4 to 650.1 g kg−1. The fermentation profile of all silages in 2019 was typical for high DM silages, but in 2020 ammonia (% of total nitrogen: NH3-N), acetic acid and pH levels were higher. In 2020 M. maximus (302.4 g kg−1 DM) was poorly preserved with 20.2% NH3-N. The DM content of all other silages exceeded 350 g kg−1 and fermentation quality was generally good. In a second experiment, M. maximus was ensiled at 365 g kg−1 chopped and 447 g kg−1 DM chopped and unchopped, either without or with Pioneer 1171® (Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium) or Lallemand Magniva Classic® (L. plantarum and Pediococcus pentasaceus) bacterial inoculant. Inoculants increased lactic acid production, reduced pH and improved fermentation compared to Control, but D-lactate, L-lactate and acetic acid production differed between inoculants. Unchopped silages had higher pH and NH3-N and better preserved protein fraction than chopped silages at the same DM content. In both experiments, wilting increased water soluble carbohydrates by 0.5–31.5 g kg−1 DM and ensiling increased degradation of the protein fraction. We concluded that a rapid and effective wilt combined with a bacterial additive resulted in well preserved tropical grass silages.
Floristic Association of Moist Temperate Forests of Shangla District, Delineated by a Multivariate Approach
Authors: Iqbal Javed , Shaikh Nasiruddin , Ahmed Moinuddin , Zaman Wajid , Khan Adam , Ayaz Asma , El-Ansary Diaa O. , Sharma Hanoor , Elansary Hosam O. , Park SeonJoo
Published: July 2022

Multivariate analysis was conducted to explore the moist temperate forests of the Shangla district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The prime objective was to quantitatively describe and differentiate the vegetation groups and the factors that determine the boundaries and composition of plant communities in the Shangla district. This was achieved by sampling all common species in a complex vegetation mosaic coinciding with local gradients in topography and soil distribution. Ward’s clustering dendrogram demonstrated four significant vegetation clusters with respect to environmental effects. These four major groups of the tree vegetation were superimposed on the ordination plane: 1. Pinus wallichiana, the dominant group associated with Abies pindrow; 2. Abies pindrow and the Picea smithiana group; 3. Dominant Cedrus deodara associated with the Pinus wallichiana, Abies pindrow, Picea smithiana, and Quercus baloot group; 4. Pinus roxberghii pure group. The key controlling factors for each group were the environmental characteristics (i.e., edaphic factors, topographic factors, soil physical properties, and soil nutrients). The results revealed elevation (p <0.001) to be the prominent factor in the composition of plant communities. Furthermore, pH, soil moisture, maximum water holding capacity, and soil physical properties (sand, silt, and clay) also showed a significant (p < 0.05) relationship with vegetation. The other environmental factor did not show a significant relationship with vegetation. Ward’s cluster dendrogram of understory species also demonstrated four groups. Group 1 comprises two subgroups, a and b, with the highest number of species, i.e., Digeteria sanguinalis, Fragaria nubicola, Verbascum Thapsus, Pinus wallichiana seedlings, and Polygonatum multiflorium, respectively. The second large group contains twenty-five species out of eight stands, and the dominant species was Tagetis minuta. Eighteen species out of six stands were found in group 3, which was considered the smallest group. Group 4 consisted of seven stands containing twenty-four species of ground flora, with Anaphalis scopulosa followed by Adiantum venustum as the dominant species. The environmental characteristics of the understory vegetation showed a resemblance with the tree communities. With the exception of elevation, the other factors did not show a significant correlation.
Tillage and Urea Fertilizer Application Impacts on Soil C Fractions and Sequestration
Authors: Vilakazi Bonginkosi S. , Zengeni Rebecca , Mafongoya Paramu
Published: July 2022

Conservation tillage has been considered a smart agriculture practice which preserves soil organic carbon (SOC). However, little work on the labile C fractions in South Africa has been documented. As such, this work focused on C fractions under different management systems. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of different tillage techniques and fertilizer application rates on soil C fractions along the soil profile. Samples from no-till (NT), conventional tillage after 5th season (CT-Y5), and annual conventional tillage, longer than 5 years (CT-ANNUAL) at 0, 60, 120, and 240 kg N ha−1 were taken at 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm depths and analyzed for C fractions. The 30 cm depth was chosen as the sampling depth because of the 30 cm plough layer. At 0–10 cm, soil NT had higher total C, organic C, particulate organic C (POC), and permanganate oxidizable C (POxC) for all application rates, especially in the control treatment, compared to both the CT-Y5 and CT-ANNUAL treatments (p < 0.05). At the 10–20 cm soil depth, CT-Y5 had higher POC than both NT and CT-ANNUAL at 60 kg N ha−1 (p < 0.05). Greater C fractions in the surface soil under NT, and at deeper depths under CT, was due to litter availability on the surface under NT and incorporation to the subsoil on CT. Higher C sequestration in NT than in CT-Y5 and CT-ANNUAL was observed because of slower organic matter (OM) turnover in NT leading to the formation and stabilization of C. A larger input over output of OM, through high crop residue accumulation over decomposition, is the reason for the increase of C fractions in the fertilized treatments. Therefore, using conservation agriculture, particular NT, with 0 kg N ha−1 application rate in dryland agriculture is recommended.
Breeding for Rice Aroma and Drought Tolerance: A Review
Authors: Ndikuryayo Cyprien , Ndayiragije Alexis , Kilasi Newton , Kusolwa Paul
Published: July 2022

Aroma is one of the main characteristics that guide rice purchases worldwide. Aromatic rice varieties are generally less adapted to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the abiotic constraints, drought stress causes considerable yield losses. This review describes advances in breeding for aroma and drought tolerance in rice and investigates the possibility of combing these traits in one variety. Some of the major quantitative trait loci that have been discovered for drought tolerance were recently introgressed into aromatic varieties. However, more details on the performance of developed lines are still needed. Furthermore, there are not yet any published reports on the release of aromatic drought-tolerant rice varieties.
Snail Mucus Filtrate Reduces Inflammation in Canine Progenitor Epidermal Keratinocytes (CPEK)
Authors: Messina Laura , Bruno Fabio , Licata Patrizia , Paola Davide Di , Franco Gianluca , Marino Ylenia , Peritore Alessio Filippo , Cuzzocrea Salvatore , Gugliandolo Enrico , Crupi Rosalia
Published: July 2022

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory and allergic disease, whose multifactorial etiopathogenesis is the consequence of the link between the genetic, immunological and environmental components. The complexity and difficulty in understanding the causes that trigger or exacerbate this pathology makes it difficult, once diagnosed, to proceed with a targeted and effective therapeutic process. Today, the new frontiers of research look to natural and innovative treatments to counteract the different manifestations of dermatitis. From this point of view, the mucus secreted by Helix aspersa Muller has proven, since ancient times, to be able to neutralize skin diseases. To study canine atopic dermatitis (cAD), we used cell lines of canine epidermal keratinocytes (CPEK) that are optimal to understand the biological reactivity of keratinocytes in vitro. The data obtained from our study demonstrate the anti-inflammatory capacity of snail secretion filtrate (SSF) in counteracting the production of proinflammatory cytokines produced during cAD, highlighting the opportunities for further studies to be able to identify new, natural and safe treatments for cAD and to open new frontiers for veterinarians and owners.
The Effect of Quinoa Seed (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Extract on the Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality in Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Authors: Naımatı Shaistah , Doğan Sibel Canoğulları , Asghar Muhammad Umair , Wilk Martyna , Korczyński Mariusz
Published: July 2022

This research was conducted to determine the effect of quinoa seed (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) extract on the performance, carcass parameters, and meat quality in Japanese quails. In this study, 400 quail chicks were divided into a control group (without quinoa seed extract addition) and 3 experiment groups (4 replicates containing 25 quails in each). Commercial feed and the addition of different concentrations of quinoa seed extract (QSE) 0.1 g/kg, 0.2 g/kg, and 0.4 g/kg were used in the study. During the second week of the experiment, the highest feed intake was obtained from the supplemented groups (p < 0.01). After 5 weeks of experimentation, the highest feed consumption was noticed in the group with 0.4 g of QSE additive. The QSE additive affected the live weight gain values of all experimental groups during 1 week of the experiment. The highest values of hot carcass weight were noticed in groups with 0.2 and 0.4 g of QSE additive (p < 0.01). While the highest value of cold carcass weight was noticed in a group with 0.2 g of QSE additive (p < 0.05). Thigh, breast, back and neck ratio, and internal organs (except gizzard) were not affected by the supplementation of QSE. As a result of storage of breast meat at 4 °C for 0, 1 days, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days, it was determined that the number of pH, thiobarbituric acid, peroxide, and total psychrophilic bacteria were lower in the groups with QSE as compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the best results of quail performance were obtained with 0.2 g/kg and 0.4 g QSE/kg of the quail’s fodder. While the addition of 0.4 g QSE/kg of the quail’s fodder had a significant effect on meat shelf life and could be used in poultry mixed feed to prevent or delay lipid oxidation of meat.
Correction: Neethirajan, S. Affective State Recognition in Livestock—Artificial Intelligence Approaches. Animals 2022, 12, 759
Authors: Neethirajan Suresh
Published: July 2022

The authors wish to make the following correction to the original paper [...]
Hoxa5 Inhibits the Proliferation and Induces Adipogenic Differentiation of Subcutaneous Preadipocytes in Goats
Authors: Chen Dingshuang , Lin Yaqiu , Zhao Nan , Wang Yong , Li Yanyan
Published: July 2022

The homeobox a5 (Hoxa5) plays considerable roles in the differentiation and lipid metabolism of adipocytes. However, the current knowledge about the mechanistic roles and functions of Hoxa5 in goat subcutaneous preadipocyte remains unclear. Therefore, Hoxa5 loss-of-function and gain-of-function was performed to reveal its functions in adipogenesis. For differentiation, overexpression of Hoxa5 notably increased the expression of adipogenic genes (PPARγ, CEBP/α, CEBP/β, AP2, and SREBP1), as well as promoted goat subcutaneous preadipocyte lipid accumulation. Knockdown of Hoxa5 mediated by siRNA technique significantly inhibited its differentiation and suppressed the accumulation of lipid droplets. Regarding proliferation, overexpression of Hoxa5 reduced the number of cells stained with crystal violet, and inhibited mRNA expression of the marker genes including CCNE1, PCNA, CCND1, and CDK2, and also significantly reduced EdU-positive rates. Consistently, knockdown of Hoxa5 demonstrated the opposite tendency. In conclusion, these data demonstrated that Hoxa5 promotes adipogenic differentiation of goat subcutaneous preadipocyte and inhibits its proliferation in vitro.
Salidroside Ameliorates Radiation Damage by Reducing Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in the Submandibular Gland
Authors: Sun Yue-Mei , Wang Xin-Yue , Zhou Xin-Ru , Zhang Chong , Liu Ke-Jian , Zhang Fu-Yin , Xiang Bin
Published: July 2022

Radiotherapy for patients with head and neck cancer inevitably causes radiation damage to salivary glands (SGs). Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to mitochondrial damage and is critical in the pathophysiology of SG radiation damage. However, mitochondrial-targeted treatment is unavailable. Herein, both in vitro and in vivo models of radiation-damaged rat submandibular glands (SMGs) were used to investigate the potential role of salidroside in protecting irradiated SGs. Cell morphology was observed with an inverted phase-contrast microscope. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), mitochondrial ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ATP were measured using relevant kits. The mitochondrial ultrastructure was observed under transmission electron microscopy. Cell apoptosis was determined by Western blot and TUNEL assays. Saliva was measured from Wharton’s duct. We found that salidroside protected SMG cells and tissues against radiation and improved the secretion function. Moreover, salidroside enhanced the antioxidant defense by decreasing MDA, increasing SOD, CAT, and GSH, and scavenging mitochondrial ROS. Furthermore, salidroside rescued the mitochondrial ultrastructure, preserved MMP and ATP, suppressed cytosolic cytochrome c and cleaved caspase 3 expression, and inhibited cell apoptosis. Together, these findings first identify salidroside as a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant for preventing SG radiation damage.
Investigation on Preparation Method of SBS-Modified Asphalt Based on MSCR, LAS, and Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Wang Yanlei , Yi Hongyu , Liang Pengfei , Chai Chongchong , Yan Chuanqi , Zhou Shengxiong
Published: July 2022

The preparation method of SBS-modified asphalt has a direct effect on its overall performance. Currently, the optimal process is usually determined by conventional performance properties, such as softening point, ductility, and penetration, which may deviate from practical field performance. This study aims to investigate the influence of different preparation methods on the performance and microstructure of SBS-modified asphalt based on fluorescence microscopy testing, the multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test, the linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test, as well as Burgers model fitting. SBS-modified asphalt was prepared with different shear rates, shear temperatures, shear times, development time, and sulfur addition. The results show that the optimal process for preparing SBS-modified asphalt is 2 h of shearing at 180 °C and 4000 r/min, followed by sulfurization and 6 h of development. The performance of SBS-modified asphalt is most notably influenced by sulfurization, which forms C–S bonds to make the polymer network stronger, thereby improving the high-temperature performance as well as the fatigue resistance. However, due to high-temperature sensitivity, C–S bonds may break during development, leading to weakened performance. The performance of SBS-modified asphalt without sulfur addition shows a monotonically increasing trend with the extension of development time.
Creating Audio Object-Focused Acoustic Environments for Room-Scale Virtual Reality
Authors: Popp Constantin , Murphy Damian T.
Published: July 2022

Room-scale virtual reality (VR) affordance in movement and interactivity causes new challenges in creating virtual acoustic environments for VR experiences. Such environments are typically constructed from virtual interactive objects that are accompanied by an Ambisonic bed and an off-screen (“invisible”) music soundtrack, with the Ambisonic bed, music, and virtual acoustics describing the aural features of an area. This methodology can become problematic in room-scale VR as the player cannot approach or interact with such background sounds, contradicting the player’s motion aurally and limiting interactivity. Written from a sound designer’s perspective, the paper addresses these issues by proposing a musically inclusive novel methodology that reimagines an acoustic environment predominately using objects that are governed by multimodal rule-based systems and spatialized in six degrees of freedom using 3D binaural audio exclusively while minimizing the use of Ambisonic beds and non-diegetic music. This methodology is implemented using off-the-shelf, creator-oriented tools and methods and is evaluated through the development of a standalone, narrative, prototype room-scale VR experience. The experience’s target platform is a mobile, untethered VR system based on head-mounted displays, inside-out tracking, head-mounted loudspeakers or headphones, and hand-held controllers. The authors apply their methodology to the generation of ambiences based on sound-based music, sound effects, and virtual acoustics. The proposed methodology benefits the interactivity and spatial behavior of virtual acoustic environments but may be constrained by platform and project limitations.
Multi-Factor Influence Analysis on the Liquefaction Mitigation of Stone Columns Composite Foundation
Authors: Chen Pingshan , Lyu Weiqing , Liang Xiaocong , Deng Jiangxu , Li Chong , Yuan Yong
Published: July 2022

To optimize the design of stone columns composite foundation for liquefiable ground improvement in the Tibar Bay Port Project, a 3D Finite Element (FE) analysis is implemented on the earthquake response and liquefaction mitigation effect. Nine improvement schemes are designed with the orthogonal design method. Taking peak ground acceleration and peak excess pore pressure ratio as the target indicators, the influences of four factors, including diameter, replacement ratio, stiffness, permeability ratio, of stone columns are analyzed by means of range analysis, and subsequently, the optimal ground improvement design is obtained. The analysis results indicate that the responses of ground acceleration and excess pore pressure ratio are relatively sensitive to stone columns’ permeability ratio and a little sensitive to the replacement ratio. The stiffness and diameter ranging in the prescribed boundary only have negligible effect. The mitigation effect of drainage is rather significant when the ratio of the stone columns’ permeability to the soils’ permeability is greater than 100.