bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indigenization Versus Ideologization: Communication Science on the Periphery
Authors: Splichal Slavko
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the position and development patterns of communication science on the periphery and examines the factors that may explain why it lags behind the progress made by intellectual centres in more developed scholarly communities. The analysis is concerned with the differences between the centre and the periphery in the growth of paradigms for disciplinary development, the role of communication theories and empirical research, and particularly with intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions of indigenization and their relationship to the ideologization of science. A citation analysis of Yugoslav articles published in the field of communication science from 1964 to 1986 is presented to demonstrate the typical features of slow disciplinary growth in Yugoslavia, and to illustrate those external and internal influences that account for scientific lag in a typical peripheral community.
Media in Post-Soviet Russia: An Overview
Authors: McNair Brian
Published: March 2007

Since the failed coup of August 1991, the media of the former Soviet Union have been attempting to adapt to the conditions of the market economy and emerging democracy, amid continuing political and social turmoil. This article examines the media's role in the final years of the Soviet state, and identifies the main challenges of the transition. These are discussed in terms of economic, political and cultural problems, and set against the background of Russia's recent constitutional struggles. The article also seeks to identify the conditions required for the stable development of the post-Communist media in the coming years.
News Agencies in Post-Communist Russia
Authors: Rantanen Terhi , Vartanova Elena
Published: March 2007

The transformation of Russian news agencies occurred within the general framework of perestroika and the ongoing economic, political and social turmoil of Russian society. This article focuses on the new competitive situation in the Russian news market, examines the origins of private news agencies and identifies the major changes in the position and functions of state-owned agencies. New relationships between news agencies as suppliers and the Russian media as consumers of political news are also examined. The article seeks to shape the importance of financial news for the modern Russian news agencies. These issues are discussed in terms of the economic and organizational problems inherent to the new Russian media scene.
Journalistic Codes of Ethics in Europe
Authors: Laitila Tiina
Published: March 2007

There are over 30 national codes of ethics for journalism in force in Europe at the moment. The number of codes is greater than that of press councils — there are at present 20 functioning councils in Europe. Most of the codes have been established by the journalists' associations, and revised during the 1990s. Several completely new codes have been recently created in the new Central and Eastern European democracies. This article reports on a study of 31 codes (representing 29 countries). The most common functions of the European codes is to show accountability to the public and the sources, and to protect the professional integrity of journalists from external interference. On a general level the codes are similar — 13 main themes are present in almost all of them. On the level of individual principles there are, however, several differences. Among 61 ethical principles compared, only 24 are present in more than half of the codes. The most common principles stress the truthfulness of information, the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of race, sex, etc., fair means in gathering the information, integrity of the source and the journalist, and freedom of expression and comment. The differences and similarities between the national codes do not seem to follow any geographical, lingual or other traditional dividing lines.
Ulrich Beck, `Risk Society' and the Media
Authors: Cottle Simon
Published: March 2007

Ulrich Beck has placed ideas of `risk society' on the intellectual map; his social theory of late modern society and its endemic production of potentially catastrophic risks has attracted, rightly, considerable academic interest in Europe and beyond. Dispersed across his writings is a view of the mass media which is theoretically positioned as playing a crucial role in processes of risk revelation, the social contestation that surrounds scientific knowledge of risks, and also processes of social challenge to `risk society'. It is surprising, then, that his ideas have so far been largely ignored by mass communication researchers — especially by those working in the fields of risk communication and the environment. This article offers a critical exposition of Beck's ideas on the mass media in `risk society'. It indicates how these are indebted to his wider social theoretical views on the historically unprecedented nature of contemporary `risks' and processes of `reflexive modernization', and opens them up to engaged discussion and criticism. Beck's thesis speaks to the conditions of our time and provides theoretical coordinates of potential use to mass communication researchers. It can be criticized nonetheless for its uneven, underdeveloped and often contradictory positions on the mass media.
European Soap Operas
Authors: Liebes Tamar , Livingstone Sonia
Published: March 2007

Analysis of the most popular locally made soap operas in each of five European countries reveals that the soap opera is not simply an imported American genre. The study of British, Scandinavian and European soaps, based on an `ethnographic' approach to the social networks in the world of the soaps, shows that these countries have developed three distinctive subtypes of the genre: the community soap, the dynastic soap and the dyadic soap. For each of these subtypes, the article analyses the gender and class context for narrative events as portrayed within the soaps. While the kinship structure in both the dynastic (or patriarchal) and the community soaps constitutes a hegemonic, taken for granted framework for the programmes, the community soaps tend to be produced in the spirit of public service broadcasting and so are more likely to problematize gender issues in their conscious attempt to transmit social messages. The dyadic form appears to be taking over in the 1990s, harping on the modern and postmodern despair of too much freedom and too little trust. It operates in a destabilized environment, in which families have more or less disappeared, romantic dyads cannot be sustained, and women's quest for enduring ties takes the form of seeking primordial, biological, `genuine', blood ties.
Global Civilization and Local Cultures
Authors: Schäfer Wolf
Published: March 2007

This article distinguishes between civilization and culture in the tradition of Alfred Weber and Robert Merton. Civilization denotes the human control of nature and is used in the singular; culture indicates the social construction of meaning and is used in the plural. Civilization is also the term for the social-natural whole, and culture for the local parts of the whole. The renewed distinction between civilization and culture aims to correct the underattention in the social sciences and humanities to technoscientific developments. Furthermore, it is unsatisfactory to view contemporary history from the points of view of local cultures only. The author argues that a revised understanding of civilization is necessary to deal with the globalization of technoscience.
Three Concepts of Globalization
Authors: Bartelson Jens
Published: March 2007

This article is a brief inquiry into the meaning and function of the concept of globalization within the social sciences during the last decade. Describing the ontological presuppositions and historical trajectory of the concept of globalization, this article distinguishes three distinct senses of the idea - transference, transformation and transcendence - and argues that these senses have emerged gradually within discourses on globalization. The article tries to demonstrate how the unfolding of these connotations has destabilized the ontological foundations of international theory by constituting `the global' as a new object of thought and action, hence releasing political imagination from the limits posed by its largely statist past.
THE SOCIAL IMPERATIVE: CONTRADICTIONS OF SOCIALIST STATE TECHNOLOGICAL POLICY
Authors: Meier Artur
Published: March 2007

This article examines the limits of the present technological policy of state socialism. Problems of guided social and technological change in a highly centralised society are critically discussed. The lines of argument developed in this paper touch on highly sociological substantive areas: on state policy on new technologies, on welfare provisions, on education and occupations, on industrial relations and on the environment. It also identifies several dilemmas of statist technological policy which, in a socialist society, must follow social imperatives. It arrives at the conclusion that the crucial condition for keeping the social promises given by the state and party authorities is at present participatory democracy on a micro as well as macro-level of society that is shaped by the technological revolution.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL MECHANISMS AND SOCIAL SECURITY FUNCTIONS
Authors: Liangjin Chen
Published: March 2007

Historical materialism sees society as a system in which forces of production, relations of production and superstructure interact. Each of these is in turn a system of factors and in the current comprehensive reform the social security system is required to preserve stability as much as economic reform is required for dynamism. Social security is needed to enhance aspirations, but it is a basic right, and guarantees the process of social reproduction as well as stability. China can learn from the welfare crisis of the West, but should focus on new problems and methods. The state should encourage family, collective and society to perform security functions jointly, with family care for the aged, develop pension systems with enterprises and workers, coordinate equality with efficiency both by acknowledging disparities in income and adjusting through taxation, and establish targets for social development.
SOME RECENT TRENDS IN JAPANESE VALUES: BEYOND THE INDIVIDUAL-COLLECTIVE DIMENSION
Authors: Oyama Nao
Published: March 2007

Although various dimensions of values have been advanced, this paper proposes a three-fold value typology, using individual, collective and universal value orientations. In post-war Japan, a profound change in values from the collective orientation to individual orientation has occurred. It is suggested that the causes of this change are: 1) democracy imported from Western countries; 2) the development of an affluent society as a result of economic growth; and 3) social changes, like urbanisation and the nuclearisation of the family. On the other hand, in the 1980s there was a growth in the awareness of the universal orientation, involving the relative priority that a person gives to general human happiness over the individual's own happiness if there is a competitive relation between the two. Although people who hold a universal orientation and behave accordingly are still in a minority, the universal orientation will become more widespread in future society and it is therefore important to pay particular attention to it.
Thinking About Tourists
Authors: Harrison Julia
Published: March 2007

This article is part of a larger project which, based on interviews with 35 Canadian upper-middle-class tourists, explores what the `touristic experience' means to these people. In this article, the author takes a preliminary look at the role of aesthetics in the process of meaning-making in which these tourists engage as part of their ongoing commitment to travel for pleasure. The author argues that the tourists' comments suggested that their appreciation of their travels was embedded in large part in a sensual, aesthetic perception of the experience. Through this aestheticization, the ordinary, the everyday, joined with the monumental to become the `extraordinary', the `special'. But there is an irony in the experiential aesthetic of these touristic travels, as it induced a state of both detachment and engagement. These tourists are not in a simple state of banal escape or vulgar consumption but a much more complex one, `enwrapped' in intense sensual pleasure.
Beyond the Paradoxical Conception of `Civil Society without Citizenship'
Authors: Ku Agnes S.
Published: March 2007

Liberal and marxist theories of civil society contain a conceptual paradox of `civil society without citizenship'. This article shows how the paradox about civil society comes about through an under-theorization of the multivalent character of citizenship and rights, which in turn reflects a rather impoverished understanding of culture, discourse and symbolization. The discussion starts with two related questions about civil society: (1) where is the locus of citizenship in classical liberal and marxist theories of civil society; and (2) what implication does the conventional state-civil society distinction have for the notion of citizenship as a category of status and agency? It further distinguishes among three different theses of state-civil society relations in the two different theoretical traditions. The article will conclude by outlining an alternative theoretical strategy whereby to go beyond the conceptual impasse and to meet the challenge of globalization.
THE CULTURE OF PLANNING: TRANSMIGRATION AREA DEVELOPMENT IN EAST KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA
Authors: Evers Hans-Dieter , Gerke Solvay
Published: March 2007

Development planning presupposes that target areas are defined as underdeveloped. In planning an area development project, experts have therefore to conceptually create `underdevelopment' to legitimise their intervention in the social and economic processes of their target area. On the basis of field research in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, it is shown that a lack of information hides existing structures and institutions which in turn leads to the assumption that an area is underdeveloped. Furthermore, the planning process itself is defined as modern, while existing local procedures are seen as traditional. It is part of the culture of planning that an artificial contrast between planners and target populations is constructed. On the basis of interviews it is shown that the target population has its own culture of planning which is often long-term spanning several generations in contrast to the usual three- to five-year planning intervals of development projects. This culture gap between experts and target group is not a result of the personal inaptitude of experts or the unwillingness to help and assist but rather a systemic difference. Data from Indonesian as well as German development planning procedures are used to substantiate these points.
TIME, REFLECTIVITY AND SOCIAL ACTION
Authors: Baert Patrick
Published: March 2007

The object of this article is to present the outline of a temporalised sociology, emphasising novelty and diachrony, and linking the shorter and longer temporal spans. This temporalised sociology draws upon a critical reassessment of four theoretical traditions: positivism, functionalism, structuralism and ethnomethodology. These four traditions fail to take temporality into account, but more fruitful ideas are borrowed from them. A more important source is G.H. Mead's work.
Consumption Diffusion
Authors: Ragone Gerardo
Published: March 2007

A contrast has emerged in recent debates on fashion in modern industrialized societies between the integrationist approach and what I propose to call the conflict approach. Both begin from the classic theory of fashion, propounded by Veblen and Simmel, and based on concepts of elite and the `trickle-down' effect. The first approach denies and the second approach asserts the permanent validity of this theory for the contemporary world. In this article I argue that these theories are not mutually exclusive, but rather complementary, because they help to understand and explain different fashion processes: fads or crazes, market fashion - that is, consumption spreading processes driven by the system of production - and structural fashion, that is innovations in social habits marked by the presence of an innovative elite and of the trickle-down effect.
Clinical Sociology and Life Histories
Authors: de Gaulejac Vincent
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationship between the sociological approach and the clinical method, to show the advantage for clinicians of integrating a sociological perspective into their research methods and, conversely, to show that a clinical approach can enrich sociology. For example, the contribution of sociology seems indispensable in clinical work, with individuals whose psychological problems are linked to changes in social class. In the etiology of certain neuroses, social factors may be as important as sexual factors. This is the case of `class neurosis'. The analysis of this form of neurosis originated in a series of research and participatory groups on the theme of `family novels and social trajectories'. The study of `life histories' is a sociological method insofar as the development of social relationships may be traced through individual histories, and it is a clinical method insofar as the participants use this knowledge to gain a better understanding of their own destinies.
Social Stratification and Mobility in the World System
Authors: Bornschier Volker , Trezzini Bruno
Published: March 2007

This article briefly reviews earlier as well as recent approaches to world social stratification and highlights changes in paradigms similar to those in national stratification research. One reason for conceptual similarities in both fields is increasing social differentiation, which triggered reconceptualizations.

In reviewing different approaches, the article focuses on the innovative contributions of network analysis, which entered world stratification research in the 1980s, and outlines its main findings.

A major concern of the authors lies in the integration of these theoretical explanations of successful or failed efforts in late development, explanations which are either situated on the level of the international or the national stratification system. Starting from the fact of the remarkably different economic performance of the semiperipheral countries like Taiwan and South Korea, as compared to Mexico and Brazil, the article explains such differentiation by - among other things - the interplay of internal stratification and world economic position, an interplay subsumed under the authors' concept of `the world market for protection and social order'.
Ethnocentrism, Social Theory and Non-Western Sociologies of Religion
Authors: Spickard James V.
Published: March 2007

The sociology of religion claims to possess a cross-culturally valid objectivity that is belied by its paradigm shifts in both classical and recent times. Its sequential emphasis on such issues as the changing bases of religious authority, secularization and rational choice depends in large part on Western models of religion, of the relationship between the individual and society, and on key Western values. These are not shared by other traditions. Classical Confucianism provides sociological models, core concepts and values that are distinctly different from those of the West. It has the potential to generate a sociology of religion altogether unlike the one to which we are accustomed. This article begins the task of outlining such a potential sociology.
Chapter 5 Guiding Technological Change
Authors: Weiss Charles , Kamenetzky Mario , Maybury Robert
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to draw policy makers into a discussion of the need to guide technological change and of the steps required to accomplish this.
Some Reflections On Teaching Introduction To Technological Studies: The Image
Authors: Brockway John P.
Published: March 2007

Images as a multi-faceted topic were used to teach an introductory course in Technological Studies. Nine faculty at Davidson College taught varying modules, as well as laboratory exercises. Widely differing thought patterns between the liberal arts and technologists were observed and are described herein. The syllabus is found in Appendex A.
Effects of Poverty on Mathematics and Reading Achievement of Young Adolescents
Authors: Eamon Mary Keegan
Published: March 2007

The mother/child data set of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth was used to test a mediation model of the effects of poverty on the mathematics and reading achievement of 1,324 young adolescents 12 through 14 years of age. A revised model provided a better fit than the hypothesized model and generally was supported by cross-validation on a split-half sample. Poverty was related to lower mathematics and reading achievement indirectly through its associations with less cognitively stimulating and emotionally supportive home environments, which in turn were related to adolescents’school behavior problems. Poverty was related also to lower mathematics and reading achievement indirectly through a direct link with school behavior problems. Poverty was related to lower reading, but not mathematics, achievement through its association with less stimulating cognitive home environments. The model was estimated separately for female, male, Black, Hispanic, and White young adolescents; group differences are discussed.
Ethnicity, Peer Harassment, and Adjustment in Middle School:
Authors: Graham Sandra , Juvonen Jaana
Published: March 2007

In an urban middle school, African American (n = 116), Latino (n = 118), and students from four other ethnic groups (labeled multiethnic, n = 172) completed nomination procedures that identified classmates who were perceived as aggressive or as victims of peer harassment. Peer acceptance and rejection also were measured by nomination procedures, and participants reported their self-perceived loneliness, social anxiety, and global self-esteem. Compared to Latino and multiethnic respondents, more African American students were nominated as aggressive, and fewer were nominated as victims of harassment. However, African American harassment victims reported more loneliness and lower self-esteem than did harassment victims in the other ethnic groups, and they were more rejected by peers. The data were interpreted as evidence that deviations from normative perceptions of a person’s group (i.e., being a victim of harassment when the perceived group norm is aggressiveness) are particularly detrimental to psychological and social adjustment.
Ethnic Identity and Cultural Awareness Among The Offspring of Mexican Interethnic Marriages*
Authors: de Snyder Nelly Salgado , Lopez Cynthia M. , Padilla Amado M.
Published: March 2007

Characteristics of 63 offspring of marriages involving one Mexican origin and one non-Hispanic parent are reported. Respondents ranged in age from 12 to 18 years and were interviewed by telephone concerning knowledge of and preference for their Mexican background. Results indicated that although their knowledge of Mexican culture was limited, subjects self-reported ethnic identification and pride in their identity. This finding runs counter to previously held views that offspring of minority exogamous individuals would not express a definite ethnic identity.
Attributions for School Achievement of Middle School Students
Authors: Powers Stephen , Wagner Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Attributions for success and failure in school were examined with 601 middle and high school students. Students were administered the Multidimensional-Multiattributional Causality Scale and the Achievement Motivation Scale. Attributions of school failure to bad luck appeared to decline across grades. Males attributed school failure to external factors. Achievement motivation was positively correlated with attributions to internal causes.
An Eriksonian Approach to Conceptions of Friendship of Aggressive and Withdrawn Preadolescent Girls
Authors: LaGaipa John J. , Wood H. Diane
Published: March 2007

A multi-assessment approach was used to examine problems in social development involving the interaction of the cognitive and affect domains. Teachers identified 30 aggressive, 30 withdrawn and 30 popular girls by the Behavioral Description Form, and then administered the Children's Friendship Expectancy Inventory that taps conventional morality, mutual activities, loyalty and empathy. A TAT-type projective test evaluated psychosocial adaptation on five ego stages. In the affect domain, the withdrawn and the aggressives were similar in the inadequacy of their conflict resolutions, a possible development delay problem. The best discriminator of the low and high status girls was group identity versus alienation, posited by Newman and Newman (1975) as the basic conflict of early adolescence. The withdrawn and the aggressives differed in their conceptions of friendship. The withdrawns placed less value on empathy and more value on loyalty than the aggressives, whose social cognitions were more like the populars than the withdrawns.
Assessment of Global Negative Self-Evaluations and Perceived Stability of Self in Norwegian Preadolescents and Adolescents
Authors: Alsaker Francoise , Olweus Dan
Published: March 2007

A special problem in the study of self-esteem is the use of quite different instruments for subjects at different age levels. In the present paper the primary goal was to construct a scale that could be used to assess global self-evaluations in children as well as in adolescents and adults. The scale presented (GSE) based mainly on Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) was used in this study with 2478 children aged 10 to 15 years. A second goal was to examine the appropriateness of Rosenberg's Stability of Self Scale when used with preadolescents aged 12 to 15. The internal consistency of the new scale (GSE) and of the slightly modified Stability of Self Scale was quite satisfactory (around .80). In addition a principal component analysis showed that the pattern of factor loadings was similar for subjects of different ages, indicating that the items were interpreted and responded to in roughly the same way by fourth through seventh graders. As expected, the GSE Scale correlated quite substantially with self-reports dimensions reflecting social anxiety and frequency of harassment by other students. The results indicate that the GSE Scale is a good unidimensional measure of global self-evaluations that can be used with subjects from age 10 at least and across a considerable age range.
Depressive Symptomatology and Body Image in Adolescent Girls
Authors: Rierdan Jill , Koff Elissa , Stubbs Margaret L.
Published: March 2007

Depression is increasingly being recognized as a significant problem among adolescents. With documentation of its prevalence in clinic and non-clinic samples, researchers are beginning to identify correlates and possible risk factors. To that end, this study assesses the relationship between depression, indicated by scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, and two measures of body image in a sample of over 500 early adolescent girls attending public school. As predicted, moderately to severely depressed girls were significantly less satisfied with their bodies overall and viewed their bodies as significantly less attractive, less competent, and less a familiar part of the self, than minimally depressed girls. This relationship between depression and body image did not vary with developmental markers such as age and menarcheal status.
Gender Differences in Social Networks
Authors: Benenson Joyce F.
Published: March 2007

Researchers of peer relations in late middle childhood and early adolescence have often neglected to examine the context in which social relations occur. The present study was designed to examine one aspect of the context of peer relations-the social networks of males and females. Fourth- and fifth-grade children were asked to rate their peers using friendship and play rating scales and to describe their same-sex peers in open-ended interviews. Although males and females did not differ in the number of best friends they reported, males were found to have larger social networks than females. Further, for males, position in a social network was more highly linked with acceptance by the peer group. Finally, males were concerned with attributes that could be construed as important for status in the peer group, and females were concerned with attributes that appeared essential to relationships with a few friends.
The Influence of Parenting Style on Adolescent Competence and Substance Use
Authors: Baumrind Diana
Published: March 2007

An overview of the Family Socialization and Developmental Competence longitudinal program of research (FSP) is followed by a presentation of the hypotheses and findings pertaining to family patterns as determinants of adolescent competence, and of types of adolescent substance users. Data include clusters derived from comprehensive ratings of parents and their children completed independently within- and across-time periods at ages 4, 9, and 15 years. At Time 3 (T3), the sample included 139 adolescents and their parents from a predominantly affluent, well-educated, Caucasian population. Parenting types were identified that differ on the bases of commitment and balance of demandingness and responsiveness. Authoritative parents who are highly demanding and highly responsive were remarkably successful in protecting their adolescents from problem drug use, and in generating competence. Authoritative upbringing, although sufficient, is not a necessary condition to produce competent children. Casual recreational drug use was not associated with pathological attributes, either precursive or concurrent, although nonusers showed an increment in competence from Time 2 (T2) to Time 3 (T3).
School Size as a Factor in Adolescents' Adjustment to the Transition to Secondary School
Authors: Cotterell John L.
Published: March 2007

Students from 30 elementary school classrooms were classified according to the transition paths taken in moving from elementary school to 32 high school classrooms, and their adjustment was assessed at three time-points (prior to the transition, shortly after the transition event, and 4 months later). Results showed strong effects for transition path for both the expectations and reactions measures, with no effects for gender or personality factors. Where ecological change was greatest (i.e., moving from a small school to a large school) students were initially most optimistic, but also showed the greatest anxiety following the move. Later assessment of adolescents' perceptions of classroom environment found less favorable views following transition, with an increase recorded in the level of pressure and a decrease in supportiveness.
Sibling Relationships in Early Adolescence
Authors: Seginer Rachel
Published: March 2007

Adolescent sibling relationships is a relatively unexplored area. To establish parameters of adolescent sibling relationships, an exploratory study of the relationships between early adolescent girls and their older sisters was conducted among Israeli Arab adolescents (N = 28). Analysis of open-ended interviews pointed out the special caregiving functions served by older sisters. Examination of these findings in light of American data on early and midchildhood sibling relationships and the sociocultural and political context of Israeli Arab society suggested the following propositions: (a) the caregiving functions of older sisters are continued into adolescence, (b) the specific content of sister relationships is adapted to pertinent developmental needs, and (c) cultural conditions of transition to modernity accentuate caregiving relationships among sisters. In the specific context of Israeli Arab society the culturally prescribed role of older sisters as caregivers is channeled into those specific domains (academic and social) in which mothers are least helpful. Future research should test the generalizability of these propositions for males and females in other sociocultural contexts.
Parental Attachment to Early Adolescents and Parents' Emotional and Marital Adjustment
Authors: Papini Dennis R. , Roggman Lori A.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between parental provision of attachment relations with early adolescents on parents' emotional and marital adjustment. A sample of 47 families composed of the mother, father, and early adolescent son (n = 20) or daughter (n = 27) participated in this study. Families were assessed on three separate occasions at 6-month intervals: the end of sixth grade, the first 2 months of seventh grade (involved a transition into a junior high school), and the end of seventh grade. The results revealed significant negative correlations between parents' attachment relations and measures of parents' emotional and marital adjustment. In addition, the strength of the relationship between measures of emotional and marital adjustment with attachment changed significantly across times of measurement, especially for the father The discussion emphasizes the need to consider the parental implications of attachment relations during the transitional periods that characterize early adolescence.
Acculturation Attitudes among Young Immigrants as a Function of Perceived Parental Attitudes toward Cultural Change
Authors: Sam David Lackland
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the acculturation attitudes among young Third World immigrants in a predominantly culturally homogeneous society, Norway. How these attitudes were influenced by perceived parental attitudes toward cultural change was examined also. Questionnaire responses from young adolescents 10 through 17 years of age (N = 568) indicated that integration and separation were the two most preferred forms of acculturation, and that these were related to the length of time the individual had been exposed to the acculturation experience. The preference given to integration and separation suggested that these adolescents placed a great deal of importance on the maintenance of their cultural heritage when it came to their acculturation. Boys more than girls were found to favor assimilation. Perceived parental attitudes were found to account for about 20% of the variation of the adolescents' mode of acculturation, with perceived parental attitude toward living like a Norwegian as the most important single predictor.
Social and Academic Motivation in Middle School
Authors: Wentzel Kathryn R.
Published: March 2007

Examined for this study were aspects of academic motivation (reading-specific intrinsic value and self-efficacy, performance and mastery goal orientations) and social motivation (pursuit of goals to behave in prosocial and responsible ways) in relation to efforts to achieve academically in English class. Based on longitudinal data from sixth graders (N = 290) followed through eighth grade (N = 216), results of multiple regression analyses indicate that pursuit of social goals was a concurrent predictor of effort in sixth and eighth-grade English classes even when academic motivation variables were taken into account. Findings for academic motivation indicate that performance goal orientations, reading self-efficacy, and intrinsic value for reading in sixth grade were not concurrent or long-term predictors of effort in English class, whereas a mastery goal orientation was a significant long-term but not concurrent predictor of engagement in English class. The implications of social motivation for understanding students' classroom efforts to achieve academically are discussed.
Associations between Age, Gender, and Group Acceptance and Three Components of Friendship Quality
Authors: Phillipsen Leslie C.
Published: March 2007

Associations between age, gender, and group acceptance and friendship interactions, communication, and perceptions were investigated among middle-childhood (8 through 10 years of age) and early-adolescent (11 through 13 years of age) elementary school students. One hundred four same-gender, reciprocal friendship dyads varying in group acceptance (high, low, or dissimilar) were videotaped while engaging in art and planning activities. Early-adolescent friendships were coordinated and self-disclosing more than were middle-childhood friendships. Girl/girl dyads made fewer suggestions, requests, and had fewer disagreements than did boy/boy dyads. High-accepted dyads were positive, coordinated, and sensitive more in their interactions, and they disagreed less than did low-accepted dyads. Students’reports of friendship support and satisfaction varied with age and gender; reports of friendship conflict varied with age and group acceptance. The research highlights the importance of direct observation of friendship interactions and the relations between friendship quality and age, gender, and group acceptance.
The Teaching of Relationship Marketing Concepts in Undergraduate Marketing Principles and Graduate Introductory Marketing Courses
Authors: Berman Barry , Sharland Alex P.
Published: March 2007

A survey was conducted that attempted to determine the extent to which both general and specific relationship marketing concepts are covered in introductory marketing classes at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Factors that explain differencesin the coverage of relationship marketing topics are also explored. The results indicate that relationship marketing is more likely to be discussed in depth by recently graduated faculty or by faculty with research interests in channels, sales, business-to-business, or international marketing. Recommendationsare made to improve the integration of relationship marketing into these two courses.
Some Ethical Questions in Teaching Marketing and Retailing
Authors: Hollander Stanley C. , Dickinson Roger
Published: March 2007

A large number of ethical questions arise when teaching marketing and retailing. Subject matter or content questions concern employer-employee, business-business, and business-society relationships. Course and program administration questions mainly relate to relationships between academic institutions and business, and between. such institutions and their students. In this article, a number of these problems are considered and then a partial problem-solving approach is outlined.
Test-Expectancy Influence on Student Learning and Evaluations of Guest Speakers
Authors: Hite Robert E. , Bellizzi Joseph A. , Dietvorst Diana Smith
Published: March 2007

The practice of using guest speakers in marketing courses is a common method of enriching the learning experience. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of test expectancy with regard to student learning and evaluations of guest speakers. Although the students indicated that they do not want to be tested over material presented by guest speakers, the results indicate that a more positive overall experience took place when they do expect to be tested. The test-expectant group reported paying closer attention and taking more notes during the presentation, and evaluated the guest speaker more favorably than did the group who did not expect a test.
Textbook Satisfaction: A Preliminary Examination of the Student Perspective
Authors: Rich D. Layne , Powers Thomas L. , Powell Judith D.
Published: March 2007

An understanding of the role of textbooks in the higher education marketing mix can assist educators and administrators in increasing student satisfaction with the textbook itself, the course offering, and the overall university experience. This article reports recent research in this area.
Strategies for Internationalizing the Business School: Educating for the Global Economy
Authors: Aggarwal Raj
Published: March 2007

The global dimension of business has grown greatly in importance and has become an important aspect of business education. Business school curricula must be modified to reflect this new dimension. This article presents and evaluates the various strategies to achieve this change and finds that the strategy most appropriate for a given school depends on its objectives and the nature and extent of its long term commitment to the internationalization process.
Multidimensional Scaling: A Marketing Research Tool to Evaluate Faculty Performance in the Classroom
Authors: Herche Joel , Swenson Michael J.
Published: March 2007

University and college educators have long been advised to examine faculty performance, although traditional methods of evaluation have been justifiably criticized. The authors propose the adoption of a marketing research tool, multidimensional scaling, to provide more comprehensive reporting and tangible dimensions for potential improvement for a given instructor. A case example of how the tool can be employed is presented; implications for marketing educators are discussed.
Effective Listening Teaching Students a Critical Marketing Skill
Authors: Cost Doris L. , Bishop Marcia H. , Anderson Elizabeth Scott
Published: March 2007

Listening is a skill critical for success in many marketing activities, especially personal selling. In this study, listening instruction and practice were presented to 598 business students in the classroom setting. Pre- and post-instruction testing revealed significant improvement in students' ability to overcome distractions, detect central ideas, and evaluate the message; no significant improvement occurred in the ability to control the emotional reaction to a message. In contrast to other studies, mean scores of males and females showed no difference. The results are especially important for skill building in the field of marketing education. Sales, consumer research, and advertising all rely on an ability to take the perspective of the potential buyer, and insight into that perspective is often gained through the ability to listen effectively.
Writing in the Marketing Curriculum
Authors: Corbin Steven B. , Glynn Karen A.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the conceptualization, implementation, and evaluation of a university Writing Across the Curriculum program developed for marketing majors. The writing standards and writing expectations for the students were determined by business professionals. The article includes results and analyses for four years of the program and offers suggestions for future improvements.
Student Journal Writing in an International Setting
Authors: Moncrief William C. , Shipp Shannon H. , Lamb Charles W
Published: March 2007

This article examines the use of journal or diary writing assignments to enhance a foreign study tour program. Two versions of the journal writing assignment are described, and benefits of this teaching and learning approach are discussed.
Journal Writing in the Personal Selling Curriculum
Authors: Donoho Casey L. , Swenson Michael J. , Taylor Garry R.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the educational value of engaging personal selling students in journal writing, a form of writing to learn. It suggests that journal writing has the potential to contribute to personal selling by improving students' written communication skills and encouraging critical and independent thinking. A journal writing process designed for the personal selling class is presented, and suggestions are given for events, evaluation procedures and design, saving instructor time, and improving student participation.
Investigating the Undergraduate Student Decision-Making Process of Selecting a Business Specialization: A Comparison of Marketing and Nonmarketing Business Students
Authors: Newell Stephen J. , Titus Philip A. , West James S.
Published: March 2007

This study presents a detailed analysis outlining the differences between the decision-making activities of marketing and nonmarketing business students. The results reveal the presence of important decisional differences and similarities with respect to students' information-gathering activities, consideration sets, alternative evaluations, self-perceptions, timing, and stability of the decision.
What Skills are Most Important? A Comparison of Employer, Student, and Staff Perceptions
Authors: Floyd Callum J. , Gordon Mary Ellen
Published: March 2007

Conjoint analysis is used to derive the relative importance of communication skills (encompassing written and verbal), problem-solving skills (analytic/quantitative), interpersonal skills, and work experience in hiring decisions for entry-level management graduates. Employer preferences are compared with perceptions of students and staff.
The Use of Self-Ratings and Peer Ratings to Evaluate Performances of Student Group Members
Authors: Haas Amie L. , Haas Robert W. , Wotruba Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

The use of self- and peer ratings to evaluate individual performances in group settings in university classrooms has become accepted practice in higher education. This research-based article examines the relationship between self- and peer evaluations and discusses the effective use of both types of ratings when student groups are used in the classroom. Gender differences in both self- and peer evaluations are also examined.
Government by Special Districts: Kansas and North Carolina
Authors: Reeves Earl J. , Cape William H.
Published: March 2007

Any readers who wish to submit reports for inclusion in this column should send a brief statement (250-500 words) to Earl J. Reeves, Research Editor, Midwest Review of Public Administration, University of Tulsa, 600 South College, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Articles for the August, 1970 issue must be received by June, 1970.
Industrial Revenue Bond Recipients: The Kansas Experience
Authors: Smith Loran B.
Published: March 2007

Industrial revenue bonds have been criticized either because too much IRB money funded retail or commercial projects rather than industrial or manufacturing projects or because large profitable corporations were the major beneficiaries of the bonds. These criticisms, however, were often supported by random citations of questionable cases rather than a thorough investigation of bond usage.

This paper investigates IRB usage in Kansas between 1962 and 1983. It particularly focuses on bond usage in the state's largest cities where bonds are categorized by purpose and by recipient to determine the pattern of economic development and the major beneficiaries. This study found that many of the criticisms of industrial revenue bonds were applicable to the Kansas pattern of usage.
Literature and Public Administration Ethics
Authors: Marini Frank
Published: March 2007

Interest in professional ethics education for public administrators has been booming for the past two decades, and teaching public administration ethics entails a variety of approaches. This article argues that literature is an effective main source for exploring public administration ethics. Several reasons support this argument: students are receptive to literature and learn from it; there is an element of storytelling in our everyday approach as well as in our scholarly approach to ethics; literature offers an empathetic dimension; and good literature of lasting value instead of more prosaic methods with short-lived value contributes to lifelong education as well as professional training. This article offers examples of how we can use certain works of literature to teach public administration ethics and how this literature relates to central questions of public administration ethics. This approach can be useful to practitioners in their exploration of professional ethics as well as to public administration teachers and students. This perspective also suggests directions for future research.
Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Trends, Motives, and the State Experience
Authors: Liou Kuo-Tsai
Published: March 2007

This study examines recent growth of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the United States. The study reveals trends and motives of FDI growth during the period of 1970-1989, examines major strategies state governments used to attract FDI, and analyzes current and past FDI statistical data to see the distribution of FDI among U.S. regions and states. Based on that statistical data, this research addresses FDI location and discusses the value of state incentive strategies.