bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstract WP98: Characterizing Cerebral Morphometry Changes and Effects of 3K3A-APC in Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Padrick Matthew M , Cabeen Ryan , Toga Arthur , Lyden Patrick ,   On behalf of the RHAPSODY Investigators
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Acute stroke treatment trials have long used radiological endpoints of infarct size and hemorrhage burden to quantify treatment effect. Automated imaging pipelines analyzing cerebral morphometry have become more ubiquitous and can provide more comprehensive insight by measuring specific brain compartments. We piloted a feasibility study to integrate these imaging analyses into an established multicenter stroke trial, the NeuroNEXT trial NN104 (RHAPSODY), which investigated the effect of 3K3A-APC, a recombinant variant of activated protein C active at PAR-1.

Methods:
Using a well-validated Advanced Normalization Tools (ANTs) pipeline and the MindBoggle OASIS-30 Atropos template, gross compartments of hemispheric white matter, cortical grey matter, and subcortical grey matter were calculated from MRIs from participants >7 days post stroke. Fourteen participants treated with placebo were included, and eleven treated with 3K3A-APC.

Results:
Participants treated with placebo had mean volumes of 220.0mL, 276.5mL, and 21.7mL in ipsilateral cortical grey matter, white matter, and subcortical grey matter, respectively. Participants in the treatment arm had mean volumes of 227.4mL, 243.7mL, and 21.4mL.

Discussion:
We present a novel application of dynamic cerebral morphometry software that can be implemented in future large scale multi center stroke trials. This study is limited by its small sample size, and while no treatment effect was observed in this feasibility study, we plan to further refine our algorithm to include more heterogenous, clinically acquired imaging protocols, define more specific compartments, and to ultimately correlate with clinical outcomes.
Common Forest, Private Timber: Managing the Commons in the Italian Alps
Authors: Bonan Giacomo , Lorenzini Claudio
Published: June 2021

The two key stakeholders in the commercial exploitation of the common woodlands in the eastern Italian Alps from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century were the mountain communities, which had ownership or right of use of the woodlands, and the timber merchants, who had the capital and skills to transform those woodlands into valuable commodities. A long-term perspective on the business of cutting, transporting, and marketing timber reveals the networks, strategic relationships, and complex socioeconomic conditions that emerged from the collaboration of local populations and outside interests in the timber trade for their mutual benefit.
Re-thinking the Tanẓīm: Tensions between Individual Identities and Organizational Structures in the Muslim Brotherhood after 2013
Authors: Ardovini Lucia
Published: June 2021

This article traces the struggle between individual agency and organizational structures characterizing the Muslim Brotherhood in the aftermath of the 2013 coup, identifying these tensions as a main point of contention driving its restructuring and fragmentation. Since Mohammed Morsi’s violent toppling, the Brotherhood experienced a process of gradual fragmentation, with tensions developing between different approaches to repression. Yet, while these debates came to the fore during the current crisis, they have roots in the pre-revolutionary period. The article traces the emergence of tensions between structure and agency from 2011 to the post-2013 context to provide a clearer picture of the internal challenges facing the Brotherhood today. It relies on data collected during fieldwork conducted between 2013 and 2019 in Turkey and the UK, and interviews with current and former Brotherhood members from across the organizational spectrum. It focuses on the members’ individual perspectives in order to trace the growing disconnect between them and the organization.
Visualizing Africa in Chinese Propaganda Posters 1950–1980
Authors: Suglo Ignatius G.D
Published: June 2021

This paper examines depictions of Africans in China during the period when China moved to establish diplomatic relations across the African continent – the foundation of what would become Africa–China relations today. Chinese posters were early forms of mass visual interaction with (the image of) foreign nationals. They reflect how Chinese society viewed itself in relation to others as it developed a global awareness through domestic mobilization. This study investigates how Africa and Africans are depicted in Chinese posters and how they shaped and/or reflected discourses of the period. It also examines motivations behind the inclusion of Africans in Chinese posters, arguing that this largely had a domestic rationale. By historicizing the meaning-making process of the image of Africa in 20th-century Chinese posters, this paper demonstrates that Chinese posters informed public opinion by defining friend and foe, focused more on China and her Cold War entanglements than on Africa, and simultaneously challenged and reinforced some widely held stereotypes about the continent.
Behaviour is the Key in a Pandemic: The Direct and Indirect Effects of COVID-19-Related Variables on Psychological Wellbeing
Authors: Padmanabhanunni Anita , Pretorius Tyrone
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of three COVID-19-related variables (i.e., risk perception, knowledge, and behaviour) on four indices of pandemic-related mental health (i.e., anxiety, depression, loneliness, and hopelessness). In total, 337 participants completed four self-report questionnaires: selected subscales of the World Health Organisation’s COVID-19 Behavioural Insights Tool, UCLA Loneliness Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory–Trait Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and Beck Hopelessness Scale. In addition to descriptive statistics and intercorrelations, structural equation modelling was used to compare three models of the potential role (predictor or moderator/mediator) that the three abovementioned COVID-19-related variables could play in psychological wellbeing. The results showed high levels of psychological distress among the current sample. Generally, better knowledge of COVID-19 and engaging in protective behaviours were found to be related to lower levels of psychological distress, whereas increased risk perception was found to be associated with increased feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and depression. It was also found that behaviour mediated the effect of knowledge on psychological wellbeing, suggesting that while publicising information about COVID-19 remains necessary, providing the public with a means to engage in protective behaviours is central for promoting psychological wellbeing.
Mathematical model used for predicting arc-flash protective performance of fabrics based on physical parameters
Authors: Zhu Wen , Tang Hong , Sun Qilong , Huang Zhen , Zhang Chengjiao
Published: June 2021

In this study, parameters that may affect the performance of arc-flash protective fabrics were systematically analyzed. Sixteen different commonly used fabrics with different configurations and grammage were produced and investigated, namely four raw materials with different configurations (93:0:5:2, 70:23:5:2, 46:47:5:2, and 23:70:5:2) and four with different grammage (180, 210, 240, and 270 g/m2). It was found that factors had different effects on the arc protective performance. Principal component analysis showed that the four plain weave fabrics of 180 g/m2 behaved differently compared with other samples, which was ascribed to the related differences in weave structure. In addition, a predicting mathematical model was developed based on the parameters that have the greatest influence on arc protective performance. The prediction parameters were not added to the structure, but replaced with physical parameters such as air permeability and thermomechanical properties. The adjusted R2 was 0.867, which demonstrated the rationality of using multiple linear regression to accurately predict arc protective performance. It was hypothesized that the construction of the mathematical model could contribute to the arc protective fabric evaluation and future researches in this field.
What Makes a Military Professional? Evaluating Norm Socialization in West Point Cadets
Authors: Brooks Risa A. , Robinson Michael A. , Urben Heidi A.
Published: June 2021

Scholars have contended that norms of professionalism are critical to understanding how militaries interact with civilian leaders and when they intervene in politics. Yet, few studies have directly examined the normative structures of military officers. Through a survey of 1468 US Military Academy cadets, this study evaluates cadets’ views toward professionalism, and in particular what is often presumed to be the dominant framework of those norms based on Samuel Huntington’s The Soldier and the State. We identify five patterns of normative beliefs based on cadets’ views of civil–military interaction and the nonpartisan ethic: orthodox, unorthodox, inconsistent, non-committal, and motivated norms. Cadets fall into each of these categories, but approximately one-quarter demonstrate motivated norms, adhering when convenient, and otherwise dispensing with them when the rules they prescribe clash with their partisan identities. These findings, especially our novel conceptualization on norm adherence, contribute to a greater understanding of military culture and professionalism.
Major dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome associated with severity of coronary artery disease: A structural equation modeling
Authors: Kuhail Mohamed , Djafarian Kurosh , Shab-Bidar Sakineh , Yaseri Mehdi
Published: June 2021

Background:

The association of dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome with the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) is little known.

Aim:

This study aimed to explore the relationship between major dietary patterns and the severity of CAD among newly discovered patients by using structural equation modeling (SEM).

Methods:

In this cross-sectional study, we included 423 newly diagnosed patients with CAD, aged 35–65 years, who underwent coronary angiography. The severity of CAD was assessed by the Gensini score. All patients were tested by using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, international physical activity questionnaire, perceived stress scale, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, and anthropometric and blood pressure measurements. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and AMOS version 24.

Results:

Two dietary patterns (DPs) were identified by principal components analysis and labeled as “unhealthy DP” and “healthy DP”. The results of SEM analysis showed that the unhealthy DP has a significant positive direct association with the severity of CAD (β=0.304, p<0.001), which is indirectly mediated by the presence of metabolic syndrome (β=0.021, p=0.021), adjusted for age and perceived stress scale. However, healthy DP has a significant negative direct association with the Gensini score (β=-0.213, p<0.001), and an indirect association through negative metabolic syndrome (β=-0.019, p=0.022), controlled for gender, physical activity, and perceived stress scale.

Conclusions:

The severity of CAD was directly associated with the unhealthy DP and indirectly mediated by the presence of the metabolic syndrome, while a healthy DP had a direct inverse association with CAD severity and indirectly mediated by the absence of metabolic syndrome.
Registry to investigate the efficacy and safety of the VenaBlock© VeIn SEaling system for VaRicose veins in SingApore – Six months results of the RIVIERA trial
Authors: Linn YL , Yap CJQ , Soon SXY , Chan SL , Khoo VBX , Chong TT , Tang TY
Published: June 2021

Background

The Venablock© Venous Closure System (Invamed, Ankara, Turkey) is a novel cyanoacrylate-based non-thermal non-tumescent embolization device to block refluxing truncal veins for chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins. The aim was to prospectively evaluate the safety and 6 months efficacy of Venablock© for the treatment of primary great saphenous vein (GSV) and small saphenous vein (SSV) incompetency in a multi-ethnic cohort from Singapore.

Methods

This was a single arm, single investigator prospective study of 29 patients (39 limbs, 39 truncal veins) recruited over a 5-month period (August 2019 to February 2020), who were treated with the Venablock© device at a tertiary vascular unit in Singapore. Patients with symptomatic varicose veins (C2–6) and had truncal reflux > 0.5 second on venous Duplex ultrasound were included. Follow-up occurred at 2 weeks, 3 and 6 months with dedicated quality of life questionnaires and a targeted Duplex ultrasound performed to check for continued venous occlusion.

Result

Mean age was 61.4 (±11.0) years and mean BMI was 26.2 (±5.7) kg/m2. 11/29 (37.9%) were males. Most common CEAP class treated was 2 (12/29, 41.3%). Mean diameter of treated GSV was 5.7 (±2.0) mm, 4.8 (±1.7) mm and 4.2 (±1.3) mm for the proximal, mid and distal above knee segments respectively. Mean time from access puncture to sheath removal was 23.4 (±10.0) mins. Vein occlusion at 2 weeks, 3 and 6 months was 39/39 (100%), 39/39 (100%) and 36/37 (97.2%) respectively. 5/29 (17.2%) developed puncture site infections, of which 3/29 (7.7%) required formal surgical drainage. 3/29 (7.7%) developed phlebitis. At 6 months, revised Venous Clinical Severity Score improved from 5.2 (±3.5) to 2.1 (±2.9; p < .001); EuroQol-5 Dimension score, from 7.4 (±2.1) to 5.7 (±1.4; p < .001); Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire score, from 18.1 (±15.5) to 7.9 (±8.9; p = .007); and Chronic Venous Insufficiency Questionnaire, from 18.6 (±16.2) to 4.5 (±6.3; p < .001).

Conclusion

Venablock© is a safe and efficacious option of treating truncal venous insufficiency in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort from Singapore in the short term. There is a significant improvement in QoL. Longer follow-up is required to assess the durability of this technique, in particular the higher puncture site infection rates observed compared to other glue-based therapies.
Generation-making narratives and responses to diversity in Poland
Authors: Piekut Aneta , Valentine Gill
Published: June 2021

In this article, the authors move away from approaching generations as static categories and explore how ordinary people, as opposed to scholars, distinguish generations and justify their different responses to cultural diversity in terms of ethnicity, race and religion/belief. The analysis draws on 90 in-depth interviews with 30 residents in the Polish capital, Warsaw (2012–2013). Through approaching generation as an analytical category, the authors identify various differentiating narratives which the study participants employed to draw boundaries between generations, reinforcing the common belief that the youngest Poles are most accepting of diversity. Although generations are seen as the axis of difference, conditioning generation-specific responses to diversity, the accounts emerging from the interviews reveal their relational nature, as well as similarities and points of connection between their experiences.
Developing information literacy courses for students through virtual learning environments in Tanzania: Prospects and challenges
Authors: Wema Evans F.
Published: June 2021

This article reviews literature on the use of virtual learning environments by highlighting their potential and the challenges of introducing the same in Tanzania. It introduces the concept of virtual learning environments by demonstrating their applications to support teaching and learning. The article discusses the use of virtual learning environments in teaching information literacy courses by highlighting the success of using such tools in facilitating the teaching of information literacy courses to library users. In this review, special emphasis is placed on attempts by Tanzanian institutions of higher learning to introduce web-based teaching of information literacy and the challenges faced. The review reveals the need for Tanzanian institutions of higher learning to develop virtual learning environments to facilitate the teaching of information literacy courses to students and faculty so as to reach many of those who may not manage to attend the face-to-face information literacy sessions that are offered by librarians on a regular basis.
The nineteenth-century US whaling industry: Where is the risk premium? New materials facilitate updated view
Authors: Coffey Barbara L.
Published: June 2021

Materials that were born digital, and printed materials that have been digitized, have aided an updated examination of nineteenth-century US whaling voyages’ financial returns. Items included the American Offshore Whaling Voyages dataset from whalinghistory.org , The Whalemen’s Shipping List and Merchant’s Transcript, a congressman’s speech and a state’s census reports. These works and others, with analysis, showed that for the 11,257 analysable voyages ending in the 1800s, the mean return was 4.7% and 4.6% for whaling and US government bonds, respectively. Ideally, this work will place the nineteenth-century US whaling industry returns in context of other investments.
A traditional sport: Smuggling among South Funen sailors, 1950-1990
Authors: Jensen Nils Valdersdorf
Published: June 2021

Using vessels and sailors from the South Funen Archipelago as a case study, this article examines the relationship between smuggling and sailors in Danish maritime culture between 1950 and 1990. Throughout the period, small-scale smuggling was considered a legitimate activity for sailors if done according to certain rules. Smuggling was largely portrayed as a sport grounded in tradition, not as an oppositional political act, but rather politically implicit. Central to the article is the argument that smuggling is not just an economic phenomenon conditioned by the interplay of supply and demand, but a cultural phenomenon related to state power, maritime culture and the onboard community.
The Dutch North Sea fishery in times of trouble and turmoil, 1806-1813
Authors: Joor Johan
Published: June 2021

The Napoleonic years in Holland, 1806–1813, were a time of trouble and turmoil. The Dutch republican polity was ended when Napoleon proclaimed his younger brother Louis King of Holland in June 1806. In 1810, Holland even ceased to exist as an independent state, when it was incorporated in the French Empire. The Dutch also suffered a severe economic crisis after 1806, as a result of the Continental Blockade. Notwithstanding a series of regulations and a variety of offices charged with implementing them, the enforcement of the Blockade remained imperfect. Smuggling flourished, with Dutch North Sea fishermen, facilitated by the relatively mild stance of the British Navy, playing an important role. Police files, some recently rediscovered, demonstrate that their role was even more substantial when it came to the illegal transport of passengers and mail. Dutch North Sea fishermen, who dominated the illicit conveyance of travellers and correspondence, mainly lived near Rotterdam and the Meuse estuary. As well as goods and raw materials, they conveyed information and served as mediators in commercial networks. The proximity of these fishermen boosted the strategic advantage of local merchants and thereby contributed to the resilience of Rotterdam in this time of crisis.
Physical and biological performances of a semi-resorbable barrier membrane based on silk fibroin-glycerol-fish collagen material for guided bone regeneration
Authors: Pripatnanont Prisana , Chankum Chanokpim , Meesane Jirut , Thonglam Jutakan
Published: June 2021

The fragility of silk fibroin film is a drawback to being used as a barrier membrane. Semi-resorbable barrier membranes maintain function longer than a resorbable membrane and no need to be removed. The study aimed to fabricate semi-resorbable membranes using silk fibroin with glycerol plasticizer (Group A), immobilized with fish collagen (Group B), and then characterized, in vitro biocompatibility tested, and compared with a commercial collagen membrane (Group C). Group B showed more roughness (0.2155 µm) than Group A (0.1424 µm). Group A was more hydrophilic (76.75° ± 3.07°) and more stiffness (28.93% ± 15.56%) than Group B (112.67° ± 1.94°, 42.10% ± 11.46%) and C (54.79% ± 13.44%) without significant difference. Group C had a significantly higher ( p < 0.05) swelling degree and less degradation rate than others. Group A showed significantly highest ( p < 0.05) cell proliferation. Group C showed more alkaline phosphatase activity than others but no significant difference in osteocalcin and Alizarin Red activity on day 21. The semi-resorbable membrane based on silk fibroin-glycerol possessed good physical and mechanical properties, and well-supported osteoblastic cell proliferation and differentiation.
Integrating Theories of Gender and Sexuality With Deviance: The Case of Prescription Drug Misuse during Sex
Authors: Frizzell Laura C. , Vuolo Mike , Kelly Brian C.
Published: June 2021

Social scientists have expended substantial effort to identify group patterns of deviant behavior. Yet beyond the ill-conceived treatment of sexual minorities as inherently deviant, they have rarely considered how gendered sexual identities (GSIs) shape participation in deviance. We argue for the utility of centering theories of gender and sexuality in intersectional deviance research. We demonstrate how this intentional focus on gender and sexuality provides important empirical insights while avoiding past pitfalls of stigmatizing sexual minorities. Drawing on theories of hegemonic masculinity, emphasized femininity, and minority stress together with criminological general strain theory, we demonstrate how societal expectations and constraints generate strains among GSI groups that may lead to distinctly patterned deviance, using the case of prescription drug misuse during sex. We employ thematic analysis of 120 in-depth interviews with people who misuse prescription drugs, stratified by GSI. We identify six themes highlighting distinct pathways from strain to misuse during sex for different GSI groups: intimacy management, achieving sexual freedom, regulating sexual mood, performance confidence, increased sense of control, and managing sexual identity conflict. In this article, we demonstrate the empirical and theoretical importance of centering gender and sexuality in deviance research and provide a roadmap for theoretical integration.
Mechanistic models to predict thrust force and torque in bone drilling: An in-vitro study validated with robot-assisted surgical drilling parameters
Authors: Prasannavenkadesan Varatharajan , Pandithevan Ponnusamy
Published: June 2021

Compression plates are widely used in orthopaedic surgeries for internal fixation of fractured femurs. To fix the plate and thus to provide compression to a fracture, the self-tapping bone screws are tightened through predrilled pilot holes of smaller diameter. Preliminary investigation showed that the holes drilled with the inappropriate cutting parameters cause mechanical and thermal damages to the local host bone, which further lead to loosening of internal fixations. In this paper, the mechanistic models to predict the thrust forces and torques during bone drilling were developed, using a 3.20 mm diameter drill bit. As a procedure, the cutting action was investigated at three different regions of the drill point, namely cutting lips, secondary cutting edges and indentation zone. The models employed the analytical approach to account for the drill-bit geometry and cutting parameters, and an empirical approach to account for the material and friction properties. To complete the procedure, calibration experiments were conducted on bovine cortical femurs with two different spindle speeds (1000 and 3000 r/min) and feeds (0.03 and 0.06 mm/rev), and then the specific normal and friction coefficients were determined. The developed mechanistic models were validated with different ranges of parameters (500–3500 r/min speeds, and 0.02–0.07 mm/rev feeds) those commonly involved in manual and robot-assisted surgery. The validation study revealed that the thrust forces predicted using the mechanistic models showed a maximum error of only 5.80%. However, the torques predicted from the mechanistic model found with more error than the thrust forces. The predominant reasons for this under-prediction might because of the extrapolation used to determine the specific cutting pressures, slip-line field applied to the indentation zone instead of compressive fracture, and chip clogging involved during the bone drilling as demonstrated in earlier studies. Despite the deviations, the developed mechanistic models satisfactorily follow the trends of the thrust forces and torques experienced during bone drilling. The outcomes can be used to practice the bone drilling procedure and monitor the effect of process parameters on thrust forces and torques in the in-silico environment before performing actual surgery.
Antisickling effect of chrysin is associated with modulation of oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin via alteration of functional chemistry and metabolic pathways of human sickle erythrocytes
Authors: Nwankwo HC , Idowu AA , Muhammad A , Waziri AD , Abubakar YS , Bashir M , Erukainure OL
Published: June 2021

Sickle cell disease (SCD) treatment and management remain a challenging puzzle especially among developing Nations. Chrysin’s sickling-suppressive properties in human sickle (SS) erythrocytes in addition to its effect on AA-genotype erythrocytes were evaluated. Sickling was induced (76%) with 2% sodium metabisulphite at 3 h. Chrysin prevented (81.19%) the sickling and reversed same (84.63%) with strong IC50s (0.0257 µM and 0.00275 µM, respectively). The levels of oxygenated haemoglobin in the two groups (before and after induction approaches) were similar but significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of SS erythrocytes (the ‘induced’ control), with chrysin-treated AA-genotype showing no effects relative to the untreated. The level of deoxygenated haemoglobin in the ‘induced’ control group was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of the chrysin-treated SS erythrocytes. Normal and chrysin-untreated erythrocytes (AA-untreated) were significantly more resistant to osmotic fragility than the SS-untreated. However, treatment with chrysin significantly reduced the osmotic fragility of the cells relative to the untreated cells. Furthermore, chrysin treatment significantly lowers the high level of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) observed in the sickle erythrocytes, with no effects on AA-genotype erythrocytes. Based on functional chemistry, chrysin treatment alters the functional groups in favour of its antisickling effects judging from the observed bends and shifts. From metabolomics analysis, it was observed that chrysin treatment favors fatty acid alkyl monoesters (FAMEs) production with concomitant shutting down-effects on selenocompound metabolism. Thus, sickling-suppressive effects of chrysin could potentially be associated with modulation of oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin via alteration of human sickle erythrocyte’s functional chemistry and metabolic pathways implicated in SCD crisis.
No harm in being self-corrective: Self-criticism and reform intentions increase researchers’ epistemic trustworthiness and credibility in the eyes of the public
Authors: Altenmüller Marlene Sophie , Nuding Stephan , Gollwitzer Mario
Published: June 2021

Science should be self-correcting. However, researchers often hesitate to admit errors and to adopt reforms in their own work. In two studies (overall N = 702), we test whether scientific self-criticism and reform intentions expressed by researchers damage or rather improve their reputation in the eyes of the public (i.e. perceivers). Across both studies, such self-correction (compared to no self-correction) increases perceivers’ epistemic trustworthiness ascriptions, credibility perceptions, and willingness to further engage with science. Study 2 revealed that these effects were largely driven by the no self-criticism condition. In addition, researchers’ commitment to implementing reforms had positive effects and rejecting reforms had negative effects on perceptions, irrespective of the extent of these reforms. These findings suggest that researchers’ fear that self-criticism and expressing reform intentions may damage their reputation may be unfounded.
Britain’s forgotten military medical school at Fort Pitt, Kent (1860–1863)
Authors: Bowen Melissa , Whiston Benjamin , Cooper Max
Published: June 2021

This article considers the history of Fort Pitt (1780-1922), its military hospital (founded 1814) and, in particular, its Army Medical School (1860–63). The museum and library were the work of the hospital’s first directors: Dr David MacLoughlin and Sir James McGrigor, the latter the renowned reformer of military medical education. Central to the foundation of the medical school was Florence Nightingale who visited the site in 1856. The school opened in 1860 with five sets of students attending before it was transferred in 1863 to the Royal Victoria hospital, Netley, Hampshire. Fort Pitt was a “practical” medical school with students attending for 4-9 months of clinical experience. This included “instruction in tropical medicine” delivered by members of the Indian Medical Service. The foundation of a military medical school fulfilled an ambition dating back to at least 1796. Nightingale’s role (exerted through Sidney Herbert) was omitted from contemporary newspaper reports. Fort Pitt continued as a military hospital until 1922 when it was converted to a school. The medical school constitutes a landmark in British military medicine, a response to the failure of British medical care in the Crimean war (1853–1856) and a forgotten legacy of Florence Nightingale.
Business Improvement District Enabling Laws in the United States and Germany: A Comparative Analysis of Policy Learning
Authors: Morçöl Göktuğ , Vollmer Annette , Mallinson Daniel J.
Published: June 2021

This study aims to answer the question of how political cultures of respective countries affect policy learning processes. Using historical and contextual information about the political cultures of the United States and Germany and with applications of the advocacy coalition framework and cultural theory, this study finds that the originally American business improvement district (BID) institutional form was adopted in Germany when its political culture was open to it. German policy makers adopted the provisions of the U.S. laws that were compatible with their secondary beliefs, which were related to where and how to deliver local services. They did not directly adopt the BID governing models in the U.S. laws, which were based on the American deep core and policy core beliefs. Instead, they adapted the American models to their own Hegelian deep core beliefs and the hierarchical political core beliefs, which resulted in the formulation of the “ Aufgabenträger” (task performer) model.
Demand-Enhancing Services for Tangible Products in a Distribution System With Online and Off-Line Channels
Authors: Martín-Herrán Guiomar , Sigué Simon Pierre
Published: June 2021

Services such as delivery, warranty, and product returns that are bundled with various tangible products play a critical role in their market performance. As manufacturers strive to streamline operations and deliver consistent services across channels, this article analytically examines whether those who sell their products directly online and off-line through retailers should direct control, delegate to retailers, or outsource to third parties the delivery of these services. Our main findings are as follows. Manufacturers should not outsource demand-enhancing services to third parties if they do not ensure relatively low operating costs, as they reduce the level of service provided to customers. Assuming no channel partner has a cost advantage in service delivery, manufacturers should directly control the provision of services that are used identically by online and off-line customers. Manufacturers may not be able to directly and cost effectively offer services that are used differently by online and off-line customers. In such a context, depending on the relative sizes of off-line and online market bases, retailers may be considered either as single providers of the service for both online and off-line customers or jointly with manufacturers as providers for off-line customers only. We discuss the implications of these findings.
Critical issues arising from litigating HIV/AIDS discrimination in Nigeria
Authors: Fajemirokun Bola
Published: June 2021

The evolution of HIV/AIDS policy and legal frameworks in Nigeria has happened in distinct phases. The first period between 1986 when the first AIDS cases were reported and 1996 was uneventful and generally characterized by a distinct lack of appreciation of the spread and impact of the disease. During the following decade, notable achievements included the institutionalization of multisectoral responses at all levels of government and the introduction of national and sub-national policies and programmes. Comparable breakthroughs have been slow to occur in the legal environment despite evidence of widespread HIV/AIDS discrimination. This article analyses the legal mechanisms for addressing HIV/AIDS discrimination in Nigeria and argues that even with the emergence of HIV/AIDS-specific anti-discrimination legislation, the protection for persons living with or affected by HIV/AIDS is far from being secured.
Optimization of fused deposition modeling process parameters using the Taguchi method to improve the tensile properties of 3D-printed polyether ether ketone
Authors: Mohamed Timoumi , Barhoumi Najoua , Lamnawar Khalid , Maazouz Abderrahim , Znaidi Amna
Published: June 2021

The interesting mechanical properties of polyether ether ketone give the material a place among the foremost competitors when it comes to replacing metal. Fused deposition modeling has been recognized as an alternative method to process polyether ether ketone parts. In this study, the effect of different process parameters such as nozzle, bed, and radiant temperatures as well as printing speed and layer thickness on the tensile properties of three-dimensional printed polyether ether ketone was investigated. The optimization of the tensile properties of PEEK were studied by performing a reduced number of experiments, using the experimental design method based on the Taguchi approach which limits the number of experiments to 8 instead of 32. Results showed that a decent Young’s modulus was found by setting the nozzle temperature, print speed, and bed temperatures to their high levels and by setting the layer thickness and radiant temperature to their low level. Using these parameters, a Young’s modulus of 3.5 GPa was obtained, which represents 87.5% of the value indicated in the technical sheet. With these settings, we also found a tensile strength of 45.5 MPa, which corresponds to 46.4% of the value given by the studied polyether ether ketone material. A scanning electron microscopic investigation of the porosity and interlayer adhesion, confirmed that a higher bed temperature also tended to promote adhesion between layers.
The stratified middle class and the formation of ethnic identities
Authors: Abutbul Selinger Guy , Shnider Avraham
Published: June 2021

This article analyzes the relationship between middle-class belonging and minority ethnic identification through the narratives of Israeli adolescents in contrasting middle-class spaces. While current literature suggests that middle-class belonging will either weaken or strengthen ethnic identification, this paper demonstrates that the effect of class on ethnic identity varies between different spaces. Analyzing the narratives of 52 middle-class minority adolescents shows that spatial ethnic boundaries operating in the rural middle class lead these adolescents to construct a salient ethnic identity that can produce feelings of incongruence and subordination. However, in the urban middle-class, where spatial ethnic boundaries are less significant, adolescents develop a thin, interchangeable ethnic identity in accordance with shallow and superficial public classifications. These findings demonstrate that the middle classes are not monolithic but diverse within themselves, and point to the need to study the variety of ways diverse middle classes can affect the shaping of minority ethnic identification.
Impedance models for single and two degree of freedom linings and correlation with grazing flow duct testing
Authors: Eversman Walter , Drouin Mary , Locke Joshua , McCartney Joseph
Published: June 2021

Presented here is the development of a predictive model for impedance of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) and two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) acoustic linings that is suitable for the design stage of suppression of inlet noise for turbo-fan engines. It is required that over a probable range of lining physical parameters and operating conditions the impedance spectrum is predicted with accuracy sufficient to support a lining design process and assessment of achievable attenuation. The starting point is a published impedance model for SDOF linings that primarily focuses on the transfer impedance of conventional and micro-perforate face sheets with grazing flow. This is expanded here to include 2DOF linings, introducing new issues related to transfer impedance of the inserted septum. Problems addressed are related to the septum insertion process that can change thickness, hole diameter and open area ratio of the uninstalled septum, and introduce blockage. Required empiricism is discussed and models for face sheet and septum-in-core transfer impedance are derived, applicable to a specific range of sheet thickness, hole diameter, and open area ratio. Manufacturing processes considered are mechanical drilling in the case of the carbon fiber laminate face sheet that is conventional perforate, and laser drilling in the case of the epoxy film micro-perforate septum material. Benchmarking is carried out by comparison of acoustic field predictions, using the proposed lining model in an FEM propagation code, with measured data from a grazing flow duct facility. Test samples include SDOF and 2DOF linings, including cases with three segments, each with distinct physical properties. Example results of comparisons are shown to highlight the fidelity of the impedance model over a frequency range compatible with the grazing flow duct geometry.
Preliminary Validation of the Triana Test: A New Story Recall Test Based on Emotional Material
Authors: Luque-Tirado Andrea , Rodrigo-Herrero Silvia , Sánchez-Arjona María Bernal , Franco-Macías Emilio
Published: June 2021

Objective:

To first validate the diagnostic accuracy of the “Triana Test,” a new story recall test based on emotional material.

Method:

A phase I study of validation. We included 55 patients with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and 69 healthy controls, diagnosed according to the “Memory Associative Test of the district of Seine-Saint-Denis” (TMA-93), and matched by age, gender, and educational level. The Triana Test’s diagnostic accuracy was calculated by ROC curve analysis and Spearman correlations estimated its convergent validity with a hippocampal memory test, the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test with Immediate Recall (FCSRT+IR).

Results:

The “Triana Test” immediate and delayed recalls showed adequate diagnostic accuracy (AUC ≥ 0,74). The delayed free recall showed the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.86). Correlations with the FCSRT+IR were moderate to strong.

Conclusions:

The “Triana Test” demonstrated accuracy for discriminating amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment patients from healthy controls and convergent validity with the FCSRT+IR.
Analysis of the Quality of Prospective Randomized Controlled Trials for Treatment of Boxer’s Fractures
Authors: Patrick Cole M. , Fernandez Isaac , Gonzalez Gilberto A. , Nesti Leon J. , Dunn John C.
Published: June 2021

Background

This study aimed to review level I and II therapeutic studies on boxer’s fractures to measure variation in quality among the highest level study designs.

Methods

We used quantitative measures of study quality to evaluate prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of treatments of boxer’s fractures. A search of PubMed, using terms “boxer’s fracture” and “fifth metacarpal neck fracture” identified 164 articles from 1961 to 2019. From this list, we identified 6 RCTs. Two observers classified each trial according to 3 systems: the Oxford Levels of Evidence, the modified Coleman Methodology Score, and the revised Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) score.

Results

The 2 reviewers were consistent in their use of the Oxford Levels of Evidence (100% agreement). The differences between the average modified Coleman Methodology scores and the average CONSORT scores assigned by the 2 observers were not significant (46.2 vs 45.3 points, κ = 0) and (13.7 vs 14.3 points, κ = 0.33), respectively. Both observers rated all the studies as level I and as unsatisfactory according to the Coleman Methodology Score (100% and 100%), and less than half as unsatisfactory according to the CONSORT score (50% and 17%). Areas of deficiency included randomization, blinding, group comparability, clinical effect measurements, and allocation into treatment arms.

Conclusion

Classifying orthopedic scientific reports according to the levels of evidence implies a degree of respect for level I and II studies that may not always be merited. Our data suggest that the quality of higher level studies, namely those involving boxer’s fractures, varies and may often be unsatisfactory when critically evaluated.
A retrospective review of serious infections in febrile infants 0–90 days old
Authors: Khoo Zi Xean , Chua Cherie , Yap Zhi Min , Koh Janine Cynthia , Chong Sarah Xin , Wijedasa Nishanti Han Ying , Peng Kaitian , Chong Chia Yin
Published: June 2021

Background:

Fever without source in infants is a common clinical problem that accounts for many ambulatory care visits and hospitalisations. Currently, there is no reliable method of identifying those at risk of serious infection (SI).

Objective:

The goal of this study was to determine the incidence and identify the predictors of SI in febrile infants who presented to the emergency department (ED).

Methods:

This was a single-centre retrospective cohort study of children presenting to a Singapore tertiary hospital paediatric unit between 1 July 2018 and 31 December 2018. Children were included if they were aged 0–90 days and presented to the ED with a fever. SI was defined as urinary tract infection (UTI), sepsis, bacteraemia, meningitis (viral and bacterial), enterocolitis, osteomyelitis, abscess or pneumonia.

Results:

Of the 659 infants, 161 (24.4%) were diagnosed with SI. Meningitis (49.7%) was the most common SI, followed by UTI (45.3%), enterocolitis (5.6%), sepsis (3.1%) and bacteraemia (2.5%). Factors significantly associated with SI were aged 29–60 days, male sex, Severity Index Score (SIS) <10, absolute neutrophil counts >10×109/L, C-reactive protein (CRP) >20 mg/L and procalcitonin >0.5 ng/mL. Multivariate analysis entering all these items retained only male sex, SIS <10 and CRP >20.

Conclusion:

Among hospitalised infants aged 0–90 days, the incidence of SI was 24.4%, and invasive bacterial infection was 0.6%. Meningitis was the most common SI followed by UTI. SIS and CRP can be used to predict SI in infants <90 days old.
Outcomes of brain metastasis in high-grade bone and soft tissue sarcoma: An analysis of clinicopathological characteristics and survival data
Authors: Gusho Charles A , Blank Alan T , Batus Marta
Published: June 2021

Brain metastases in sarcoma are exceedingly rare, with few published series documenting ranges from 1% to 8%. This study investigated the outcomes of sarcoma patients with brain metastases using a population-based analysis. This was a retrospective review of 5933 patients with high-grade sarcoma identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database between 2010 and 2015. Of the eligible 5933 patients, 0.7% ( n = 44) had brain metastasis. Kaplan–Meier was used to estimate survival and follow-up (reverse Kaplan–Meier), and a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model analyzed prognostic factors of disease-free survival (DFS). Median (IQR) follow-up of all eligible patients was 28 months (12; 47). Patients who developed brain metastasis had a higher proportion of N1 stage disease ( p < 0.001), as well as synchronous metastasis to bones, liver, and lungs compared to those without brain metastasis (all p < 0.001). The median (IQR) DFS with brain metastasis was 6 months (2; 12), and survival with brain metastasis was significantly worse than DFS in patients without brain metastasis ( p < 0.001). Among those with brain metastasis only, there was no difference in DFS with respect to sex, race, primary tumor origin, T stage or N stage disease, synchronous metastasis to bone, liver or lung, nor with respect to chemotherapy or radiation for treatment of the primary tumor (all p > 0.05). For sarcoma patients with brain metastasis, the outcomes are poor and do not appear to differ by clinicopathologic factors. However, patients with certain histologies and synchronous metastases may warrant more frequent surveillance as there was an association of brain metastasis with these factors.
Workplace Experiences of Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Social-Ecological Perspective
Authors: Saylor Jennifer , Yorgason Jeremy B. , Ness Michelle , Millett Mallory , Jackson Amy , Sabino Anna
Published: June 2021

While the healthcare aspects of chronic conditions have been well researched, the issues experienced in the workplace for emerging adults with chronic conditions are less understood. With the increase in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and changing technology for self-management, such research is essential. This qualitative study integrates Arnett’s features of emerging adulthood with a social-ecological approach to explore the workplace environment and workplace relationships on T1D management among emerging adults. Participants (n = 12) were assigned into two focus groups that were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Participants were 24 ± 2.24 years old with a mean hemoglobin A1c of 7.9 ± 2.65. Using a thematic analysis four themes were identified: sharing information about their T1D in the workplace, dealing with workplace T1D discrimination, keeping up workplace appearances, and receiving and accepting support in the workplace. Creating an inclusive workplace environment with protective policies may open communication and improve the well-being of those with T1D.
Retrospective Reports of Parental Problem Drinking and Parent Reactions to Child Negative Emotions: Implications for Emotion Regulation in the Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Keller Peggy S. , Michlitsch Haley , Rawn Kyle P.
Published: June 2021

Exposure to parental problem drinking (PPD)—symptoms of alcohol use disorder, heavy and hazardous drinking—is associated with mental health problems in emerging adults, but mechanisms of risk are not fully explicated. The current study explores the role of parental emotion socialization, a key factor in the development of emotion regulation, in the context of PPD. A sample of 377 U.S. college students reported retrospectively on PPD, parent reactions to participant negative emotions, and participants’ own current depressive and anger rumination. Both mother and father PPD were related to greater same-parent minimization, distress and punitive reactions, and less problem-focused, emotion-focused, and encouragement of expression of negative emotions. Supportive and nonsupportive parental reactions to negative emotions intervened in associations between PPD and emerging adult depressive and anger rumination. Findings suggest that emotion dysregulation may be a key mechanism of risk for mental health problems among emerging adults exposed to PPD.