bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rise and Fall of the Rural Non‐farm Economy: Poverty Impacts and Policy Options
Authors: Start Daniel
Published: March 2003

The rural non‐farm economy (RNFE) is gaining prominence in debates on rural development. Rural household strategies, and rural economies with them, are often increasingly diversified. But how much do we know about the RNFE’s development and impacts, and about how to support it effectively? This article suggests that the RNFE goes through distinct stages of growth, demise and recovery. Understanding these is important in designing policy support. Several interventions are indicated, but three cautions are noteworthy: policies should be fine‐tuned to the stage of rural economic development; the RNFE they target may have variable impacts, particularly on inequality; and supporting the rural non‐farm economy may be an expensive option, especially if national job creation is the primary objective.
Livelihood Insecurity and Social Protection: A Re‐emerging Issue in Rural Development
Authors: Devereux Stephen
Published: March 2003

Risk and vulnerability have been rediscovered as key features of rural livelihoods and poverty, and are currently a focus of policy attention. The poor themselves try to manage uncertainty using a variety of ex‐ante and ex‐post risk management strategies, and through community support systems, but these are both fragile and economically damaging. State interventions working through food, labour or credit markets have proved expensive and unsustainable in the past, though encouraging and innovative institutional partnerships are emerging. This article argues that the way forward lies in new approaches to social protection which underpin production as well as consumption: new thinking recognises the food security and livelihood‐protecting functions of public interventions (such as fertiliser and seed subsidies) which were previously dismissed as ‘market‐distorting’.
Information and Communication Technologies for Direct Poverty Alleviation: Costs and Benefits
Authors: Kenny Charles
Published: March 2003

Information and communications technologies (ICTs) are powerful tools for empowerment and income generation in developing countries. The cost‐effectiveness of different ICTs does vary between developed and less developed countries, however. This article reviews the potential efficacy of radio, telephony and the Internet as tools of direct poverty alleviation in the latter. While the requirements for their successful utilisation make radio and telephone far more suitable technologies for the poor, traditional ICTs can act as a sustainable intermediary for them to gain indirect access to the power of the Internet. Governments should concentrate on opening up private and community provision of broadcasting and widening access to telephone services, so that they can effectively play this intermediary role.
Kenya
Authors: Hanmer Lucia , Ikiara Gerrishon , Eberlei Walter , Abong Carolyn
Published: March 2003

The future of the PRSP in Kenya is currently uncertain. Until the recent elections, there were considerable and well–founded doubts about the extent of high–level political commitment to economic and political reform, including the PRSP. Nevertheless, this article argues that the PRSP process was a highly positive experience for Kenya in a number of respects. A relatively thorough consultation exercise around the drafting of the document widened and deepened constituencies for pro–poor policy change between and within some parts of government and civil society. Synergies between the PRSP, budget reforms and a ‘mainstreaming’ approach to aid delivery were also revealed, but too briefly to reconcile differences among donors about how to support poverty reduction when the political context is unpromising.
Is Dutch native English? Linguistic analysis by 2‐month‐olds
Authors: Christophe Anne , Morton John
Published: March 2003

A variant of the non‐nutritive habituation/dishabituation sucking method was used to test 2‐month‐old English infants’ perception of languages. This method tests for the spontaneous interest of the baby to a change in the stimulus. English and Japanese were clearly discriminated. The difference between French and Japanese was equally clearly not of interest to babies using this procedure, the babies behaving as though both languages were classified simply as ‘foreign’. In order to further specify babies’ representation of native and foreign language, we used Dutch, which shares a number of suprasegmental features with English. The results from our last 2 experiments indicate that a portion of our 6–12 week‐old babies consider Dutch as native, suggesting that we tapped in a transition period where the babies are still refining the suprasegmental specification of their native language.
Modularity, mental retardation and speed of processing
Authors: Anderson Mike , Miller Kaye L.
Published: March 2003

This paper briefly outlines Anderson's (1992) theory of the minimal cognitive architecture underlying intelligence and development and briefly discusses its application to understanding mental retardation and specific cognitive deficits. An experiment on the relationship between face perception and mental retardation serves as an illustration of how the theory might be informative about the relationship between intelligence and cognitive architecture.
Inhibitory processing in the false belief task: Two conjectures
Authors: Leslie Alan M. , Polizzi Pamela
Published: March 2003

Although it is well established that four‐year‐olds outperform three‐year‐olds on predicting behavior from false beliefs, this is only true when the false belief is coupled with a positive desire. Four‐year‐olds perform poorly in an otherwise standard false belief task when the protagonist's desire is to avoid rather than to approach a target. We account for this by assuming that the attribution of a false belief involves inhibitory processing. We present two versions of an inhibition model of successful belief‐desire reasoning.
Expectancies for social contingency in 2‐month‐olds
Authors: Nadel Jacqueline , Carchon Isabelle , Kervella Claude , Marcelli Daniel , Réserbat‐Plantey Denis
Published: March 2003

In a classic report, Murray and Trevarthen (Emotional regulation of interaction between two‐month‐olds and their mothers. In T. Field & N. Fox (Eds), Social perception in infants (pp.  101–125). Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1985) suggested that 6‐ to 12‐week‐olds were sensitive to contingency in maternal stimulation because they became upset during the replay of their mothers’ behavior during an initial period of live interaction over closed circuit TV. However, a number of concerns were raised about the procedure and it was argued that infants may simply have become increasingly fussy over time. To clarify this very important issue, we adopted a three‐condition design (live–replay–live) and modified Murray and Trevarthen’s procedure by inserting a seamless shift from the initially live interaction period to a replay period of good maternal behavior. This was followed by a seamless shift back to a subsequent live interaction. Two‐month‐old smiling and gaze decreased while frowning and mouth closures increased during the replay period relative to the initial live interaction period, replicating Murray and Trevarthen’s results. Fussiness over time did not account for these results because seven of the ten babies increased their positive behaviors and decreased negative behaviors during the second live interaction period, and there was a significant increase in their visual attention to their mothers, thus suggesting a renewed interest in the previously noncontingent partner.
The gap effect in newborns
Authors: Farroni Teresa , Simion Francesca , Umiltà Carlo , Barba Beatrice Dalla
Published: March 2003

In four experiments we investigated the gap effect in infants within the first 3 days of life. Reaction times (RTs) to make a saccade to a peripheral target were measured on gap trials, in which the central fixation stimulus went off 500  ms before target presentation, and on overlap trials, in which the central fixation stimulus remained on. In every experiment the fixation stimulus was a flashing light. The target stimulus was a schematic face in Experiment 1, a flashing light shown at 20° eccentricity in Experiment 2, a flashing light shown at 30° eccentricity in Experiment 3, and an upside‐down schematic face in Experiment 4. In Experiments 1–3 a gap effect was found. That is, RT was faster on gap than on overlap trials. In contrast, the gap effect was absent in Experiment 4. These findings are consistent with the view that the superior colliculus plays a major role in producing the gap effect at birth.
Elucidating The Etiology and Nature of Beliefs about Parenting Styles
Authors: Grigorenko Elena L. , Sternberg Robert J.
Published: March 2003

This study was designed to investigate relationships among self‐reported and spouse‐reported beliefs about parenting styles, the characteristics of the individuals manifesting these styles, and the contextual characteristics of parenting. Demographic characteristics, life circumstances, family functioning, personality traits, ability indices, and parenting‐styles indicators were collected from a sample of 452 women and 293 men, all of whom were raising adolescents in contemporary Russia. Of the families studied, 275 were intact (i.e. consisted of married and cohabiting couples). It was found that individual characteristics and contextual characteristics (e.g. family functioning) together predicted about 20% of the variance in reported beliefs about parental styles of responsiveness and demandingness. Moreover, these variables discriminated about 65% of the parents reporting indulging, neglectful, authoritarian or authoritative beliefs about parenting. The percentage of explained variance doubled when beliefs about parenting styles of partners were placed in the model. Thus, in attempts to understand the etiology of parents’ beliefs about parenting styles, more attention should be given to beliefs about parenting styles of their spouses. It might be that beliefs about parenting styles emerge as a structure shared by spouses; they are mediated, but not solely determined, by the individual characteristics of parents and their children.
Developmental changes in sensitivity to vocal paralanguage
Authors: Friend Margaret
Published: March 2003

Developmental changes in children’s sensitivity to the role of acoustic variation in the speech stream in conveying speaker affect (vocal paralanguage) were examined. Four‐, 7‐ and 10‐year‐olds heard utterances in three formats: low‐pass filtered, reiterant, and normal speech. The availability of lexical and paralinguistic information varied across these three formats in a way that required children to base their judgments of speaker affect on different configurations of cues in each format.

Across ages, the best performance was obtained when a rich array of acoustic cues was present and when there was no competing lexical information. Four‐year‐olds performed at chance when judgments had to be based solely on speech prosody in the filtered format and they were unable to selectively attend to paralanguage when discrepant lexical cues were present in normal speech. Seven‐year‐olds were significantly more sensitive to the paralinguistic role of speech prosody in filtered speech than were 4‐year‐olds and there was a trend toward greater attention to paralanguage when lexical and paralinguistic cues were inconsistent in normal speech. An integration of the ability to utilize prosodic cues to speaker affect with attention to paralanguage in cases of lexical/paralinguistic discrepancy was observed for 10‐year‐olds. The results are discussed in terms of the development of a perceptual bias emerging out of selective attention to language.
Posture and the emergence of manual skills
Authors: Spencer John P. , Vereijken Beatrix , Diedrich Frederick J. , Thelen Esther
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we examine how infants’ natural manual and postural activities — what they prefer and do week by week — are related to developmental transitions in reaching skill and its neuromuscular control. Using a dense, longitudinal design, we tracked the manual and postural activities of four infants in a natural, free‐play setting across the first year of life, and related these activities to two transitions in reaching as measured in a structured laboratory setting: the transition to reaching and the transition to stable reaching. Our data indicated that specific advances in the free‐play setting preceded both transitions. Head and upper torso control, the ability to extend the arm and hand to a distant target, and the ability to touch and grasp objects placed nearby were all precursors to the onset of reaching, whereas sitting independently was associated with the transition to stable reaching. We also found important individual variability in when these ‘components’ were in place, indicating that it is the ensemble of components that is essential, not the order in which they develop or the timing of their contribution. These findings suggest that subsequent experimental manipulations should be planned with respect to infants’ individual constellations of skills, rather than looking at only a single precursor to change.
Repeated reminders inrease the speed of memory retrieval by 3‐month‐old infants
Authors: Hayne Harlene , Gross Julien , Hildreth Karen , Rovee‐Collier Carolyn
Published: March 2003

In two experiments, we examined the effect of repeated reminder treatments on the speed of memory retrieval by 3‐month‐old human infants. Infants were trained for two consecutive days to kick their feet to produce movement in an overhead mobile. Infants in the one‐reminder condition received a 3 min reminder treatment 13 days after the conclusion of training. Infants in the two‐reminder condition received one 3 min reminder treatment 6 days after the conclusion of training and a second reminder treatment 7 days later (i.e. 13 days following the conclusion of training). Infants in the no‐reminder control condition were not exposed to the reminder prior to the long‐term retention test. In the absence of a reminder treatment, infants exhibited complete forgetting during the long‐term test. Infants exposed to one reminder exhibited retention when tested 24 h after their only reminder, but not when tested earlier. Infants exposed to two reminder treatments, on the other hand, exhibited retention when tested 1, 4 or 24 h after their second reminder treatment. We conclude that the opportunity to retrieve the memory on a prior occasion facilitated subsequent memory retrieval.
Artificial grammer learning by infants: an auto‐associator perspective
Authors: Sirois Sylvian , Buckingham David , Shultz Thomas R.
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews a recent article suggesting that infants use a system of algebraic rules to learn an artificial grammar (Marcus, Vijayan, Bandi Rao & Vishton, Rule learning by seven‐month‐old infants. Science, 183(1999), 77–80). In three reported experiments, infants exhibited increased responding to auditory strings that violated the pattern of elements they were habituated to. We argue that a perceptual interpretation is more parsimonious, as well as more consistent with a broad array of habituation data, and we report successful neural network simulations that implement this lower‐level interpretation. In the discussion, we discuss how our model relates to other habituation research, and how it compares to other neural network models of habituation in general, and models of the Marcus et al. (1999) task specifically.
The resilience of gesture in talk: gesture in blind speakers and listeners
Authors: Iverson Jana M. , Goldin‐Meadow Susan
Published: March 2003

Spontaneous gesture frequently accompanies speech. The question is why. In these studies, we tested two non‐mutually exclusive possibilities. First, speakers may gesture simply because they see others gesture and learn from this model to move their hands as they talk. We tested this hypothesis by examining spontaneous communication in congenitally blind children and adolescents. Second, speakers may gesture because they recognize that gestures can be useful to the listener. We tested this hypothesis by examining whether speakers gesture even when communicating with a blind listener who is unable to profit from the information that the hands convey. We found that congenitally blind speakers, who had never seen gestures, nevertheless gestured as they spoke, conveying the same information and producing the same range of gesture forms as sighted speakers. Moreover, blind speakers gestured even when interacting with another blind individual who could not have benefited from the information contained in those gestures. These findings underscore the robustness of gesture in talk and suggest that the gestures that co‐occur with speech may serve a function for the speaker as well as for the listener.
Do individuals with autism and Asperger’s syndrome utilize prior knowledge when pairing stimuli?
Authors: Ropar Danielle , Mitchell Peter
Published: March 2003

While several studies suggest that individuals with autism use prior knowledge appropriately, others have found that this may be a particular area of weakness. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether individuals with autism and Asperger’s syndrome utilize prior knowledge when pairing objects with colours. Participants were presented with cards illustrating common objects and asked to pair them with one of two colour patches. Some target objects were coloured inappropriately (e.g. blue banana), allowing a participant to pair it either with blue or yellow. Results indicated that a majority of participants chose the associated in preference to the surface colour. This suggests that prior knowledge governed pairing in many individuals with autism and Asperger’s syndrome as it did in comparison groups, except in typically developing children aged 5 years. However, those with autism and moderate learning difficulties were less affected by prior knowledge than some of the other groups.
Applying the choice/no‐choice methodology: the case of children’s strategy use in spelling
Authors: Lemaire Patrick , Lecacheur Mireille
Published: March 2003

The present study illustrates the usefulness of the choice/no‐choice method to investigate age‐related changes in children’s strategies. This method enables independent assessments of strategy use and execution. It is applied in children’s spelling strategies. Third‐ and fifth‐grade children were asked to write down words using a dictionary or not (choice condition). Then, they were successively required to spell words using each strategy (no‐choice condition). Performance showed that (a) strategy choices and accuracy differed in younger and older children, (b) strategy effectiveness was the strongest predictor of children’s strategy use, and (c) having the choice resulted in higher level of spelling accuracy (especially in older children) than having no choice. We discuss the implications of these results on how the choice/no‐choice method can be useful for understanding and investigating children’s strategy choices in spelling and other cognitive domains.
Negative affect predicts performance on an object permanence task
Authors: Keenan Thomas
Published: March 2003

Recent research has demonstrated a strong connection between an infant’s ability to regulate their affective states and their attentional processes. In particular, negative affect can disrupt attention to the environment. In the object permanence literature, attention has been implicated as a factor in performance on the A‐not‐B task, yet factors that may disrupt attention, such as negative affect, have been largely ignored as a possible factor which predicts correct search. In the present study, we examined the effects of negative affect and attention on correct search performance for a sample of 36 9‐month‐old infants in a two location A‐not‐B task with a 5‐second delay between hiding and search. Infants’ levels of negative affect and attention to the task were coded on the third A trial of the A‐not‐B task. It was predicted that infants who searched incorrectly on the B trial would show high levels of negative affect and low levels of attention whereas infants who searched correctly would show the opposite pattern and furthermore, that negative affect would mediate the association between attention and search performance. The results of the study supported the hypotheses and are taken as indicating the importance of emotion‐cognition interactions in the development of cognitive competence.
Evidence for ‘motionese’: modifications in mothers’ infant‐directed action
Authors: Brand Rebecca J. , Baldwin Dare A. , Ashburn Leslie A.
Published: March 2003

We investigated the possibility that mothers modify their infant‐directed actions in ways that might assist infants’ processing of human action. In a between‐subjects design, 51 mothers demonstrated the properties of five novel objects either to their infant (age 6–8 months or 11–13 months) or to an adult partner. As predicted, demonstrations to infants were higher in interactiveness, enthusiasm, proximity to partner, range of motion, repetitiveness and simplicity, indicating that mothers indeed modify their infant‐directed actions in ways that likely maintain infants’ attention and highlight the structure and meaning of action. The findings demonstrate that ‘motherese’ is broader in scope than previously recognized, including modifications to action as well as language.
Shifting ontological boundaries: how Japanese‐ and English‐speaking children generalize names for animals and artifacts
Authors: Yoshida Hanako , Smith Linda B.
Published: March 2003

Past research shows that young language learners know something about the different category organizations of animals, objects and substances. The three experiments reported here compare Japanese‐speaking and English‐speaking children's novel name generalizations for two kinds of objects: clear instances of artifacts and objects with ambiguous features suggestive of animates. This comparison was motivated by the very different nature of individuation in the two languages and by the boundary shift hypothesis that proposes that entities that straddle the individuation boundary of a language are assimilated toward the individuated side. The results of the three experiments support the hypothesis. An explanation in terms of mutually reinforcing correlations among language, perceptual properties and category structure is proposed.
Absolute pitch in infancy and adulthood: the role of tonal structure
Authors: Saffran Jenny R.
Published: March 2003

Despite many similarities in infant and adult auditory processing, the literature suggests that two aspects of music perception, pitch processing and knowledge of tonal structure, change over development. The current experiments assess the use of absolute and relative pitch cues in a tone sequence statistical learning task containing tonal structure. The results suggest that infants preferentially process absolute pitch patterns in continuous tone sequences, supporting the hypothesis that absolute pitch is present in infancy, whereas adults tracked both absolute and relative pitch patterns. Infants and adults detected the tonal structure in the input, suggesting that humans are attuned to basic aspects of tonality early in life.
Infants’ ability to track and reach for temporarily occluded objects
Authors: Jonsson Bert , Von Hofsten Claes
Published: March 2003

Six‐month‐old infants were presented with a moving object that temporarily became invisible. The object moved on a horizontal path and was made invisible for either 400, 800 or 1,200 ms before being within reach. Two kinds of events were used to make the object invisible: blackout of the room lights and occlusion behind a screen. First, infants saw 6 trials of the fully visible motion, then 12 trials of a temporarily invisible motion and finally 6 trials of the fully visible motion again. Each infant was presented with only one of the 6 experimental conditions. The results show that reaching is much more severely affected by a period of temporary non‐visibility than tracking. The effects of the two modes of non‐visibility were rather different. In general, blackout deteriorated tracking and made the gaze lag at reappearance. It inhibited reaching but this effect attenuated with experience. Longer periods of blackout deteriorated tracking and reaching more. Compared to blackout, occlusion had both a facilitating and an inhibiting effect on infants’ actions. Tracking had less tendency to lag but reaching showed more severe inhibition. The results are discussed in terms of graded representations. Furthermore, it is argued that an occluder facilitates tracking by providing information of where the moving object becomes visible again and it inhibits reaching by interfering with the representation of the object behind the occluder.
Functional brain imaging of childhood clinical disorders with PET and SPECT
Authors: De Volder Anne G.
Published: March 2003

During the first years of life, the human brain undergoes repetitive modifications in its anatomical, functional and synaptic construction to reach the complex functional organization of the adult central nervous system. Over the last decade, positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have provided further insight into these maturation processes. This article reviews clinical and research applications of PET and SPECT in childhood disorders, with an emphasis on the specific contribution of these techniques in improving our knowledge about the pathophysiology of the developing brain.
Monitoring brain development with quantitative diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Uluǧ Aziz M.
Published: March 2003

Quantifying changes that occur during brain maturation may help in diagnosing diseases that affect pediatric patients. By obtaining normative curves that define brain maturation, pathological changes may be easier to recognize. We assessed diffusion changes which are inherently related to the brain structure during maturation and obtained normative curves. MR scans were obtained for 26 pediatric subjects (ages 0 to 11 years) and four adults. The MR images were all normal. Maps of the average diffusion constant (Dav) were calculated for each subject. Changes in Dav were determined with distribution analysis for the entire brain and compared with regions of interest measurements from the periventricular white matter and thalamus. The mean diffusion constant of the whole brain changes quite rapidly as the brain matures. The data suggest that at least two distinct processes are responsible for the change. Quantitative diffusion tensor imaging may provide means of quantifying overall human brain maturation that may be useful in diagnosing pathology.
In Defence of Humanitarianism
Authors: Stockton Nicholas
Published: March 2003

The humanitarian crisis which followed in the wake of the genocidal regime in Rwanda in 1994 generated massive media attention and an unprecedented outpouring of international public and private assistance. In late 1997, the Rwanda refugee population in Zaire was subjected to a disaster of similarly epic proportions as a result of military action. Yet this crisis went relatively under‐reported and failed to attract substantial aid funds, particularly from official donors. This paper seeks to document and account for the demise of the humanitarian imperative. It confronts a number of the criticisms of humanitarian action, concluding that, rather than being flawed, traditional humanitarian values remain valid and should be defended wherever there are situations of conflict.
Community‐based Disaster Management During the 1997 Red River Flood in Canada
Authors: Buckland Jerry , Rahman Matiur
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the relationship between community preparedness and response to natural disaster and their level and pattern of community development. This is done by investigating preparation and response to the 1997 Red River Flood by three rural communities in Manitoba, Canada. The communities were selected because of their different ethnic mix and associated level and pattern of community development. The hypothesis was supported that the level and pattern of community development affect community capacity to respond to flooding. Communities characterised by higher levels of physical, human and social capital were better prepared and more effective responders to the flood. However, where the pattern of community development was characterised by high levels of social capital, decision‐making processes were complicated.
East Timor Emerging from Conflict: The Role of Local NGOs and International Assistance
Authors: Patrick Ian
Published: March 2003

International assistance efforts have represented a conundrum for East Timorese seeking to assert their new independence and autonomy. While urgent needs have been met, local participation, involvement and capacity building have not been given adequate attention. This outcome is aptly demonstrated in the case of local non‐government organisations (LNGOs). This paper specifically examines the role of LNGOs in the recovery of East Timor within the international assistance programme. It examines the challenges of rehabilitation efforts in East Timor with a particular focus on capacity building of East Timorese NGOs as part of a broader effort to strengthen civil society. The initial crisis response in East Timor highlighted tension between meeting immediate needs while simultaneously incorporating civil society actors such as NGOs and communities. It has been argued that local NGOs and the community at large were not sufficiently incorporated into the process. While it is acknowledged that many local NGOs had limited capacity to respond, a greater emphasis on collaboration, inclusion and capacity building was desirable, with a view to supporting medium and longer term objectives that promote a vibrant civil society, sustainability and self‐management.
Misanthropy Without Borders: The International Children's Rights Regime
Authors: Pupavac Vanessa
Published: March 2003

The issue of children's rights has become key to human rights‐based international security strategies. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) is being operationalised in complex political emergencies. Children's rights now inform humanitarian principles. Universal concern for children is viewed as transcending political and social divides and able to mobilise societies to confront social problems and prevent war. The operationalisation of child rights is accompanied by the development of psycho‐social programmes to rehabilitate the child victim. Critically analysing the implications of the children's rights regime for the right to self‐determination, the paper unpacks the assumptions underlying children's rights and psycho‐social intervention. The paper begins by examining the conceptualisation of the rights‐holding subject universalised under the UN Convention and then goes on to consider Article 39 on the right to psycho‐social intervention.

Equally important as the novel conceptualisation of childhood and children's rights under the international children's rights regime is the (unspoken) mistrust of adulthood and political rights that informs the imperative to institutionalise children's rights as higher law. Moreover while the rights‐based approach consciously sought to move away from the earlier moralising child‐salvation model, psycho‐social rehabilitation reveals a similar preoccupation with deviancy, but conducted through the paradigm of psychological functionalism. Rather than representing a trend towards more humane international relations, the paper suggests that the elevation of children's rights is premised on a profound disenchantment with humanity. The logical implication of the international children's rights regime is to challenge both the moral and political capacity of individuals and their right to self‐determination and to institutionalise a more unequal international system.
New Humanitarianism: Does It Provide a Moral Banner for the 21st Century?
Authors: Fox Fiona
Published: March 2003

There is a ‘new humanitarianism’ for the new millennium. It is ‘principled’, ‘human‐rights based’ and politically sensitive. Above all it is new. It marks a break from the past and a rejection of the traditional principles that guided humanitarianism through the last century. New humanitarians reject the political naivety of the past, assess the long‐term political impact of relief and are prepared to see humanitarian aid used as a tool to achieve human rights and political goals.

New Humanitarianism is compelling, in tune with our times and offers a new moral banner for humanitarians to cling to as we enter the new millennium. Or does it? After outlining the key elements of new humanitarianism, including the human rights approach and developmental relief, the paper spells out some of the dangers. The author claims that new humanitarianism results in an overt politicisation of aid in which agencies themselves use relief as a tool to achieve wider political goals. The paper shows how this approach has spawned a new conditionality which allows for aid to be withheld and has produced a moral hierarchy of victims in which some are more deserving than others. The paper concludes with a plea for a revival of the principle of universalism as the first step to a new set of principles.
Civil Society and the State: Turkey After the Earthquake
Authors: Jalali Rita
Published: March 2003

On 17 August 1999 Turkey was hit by a massive earthquake. Over 17,000 lives were lost and there was extensive damage to Turkey’s heartland. This paper examines how various public and private institutions, including state and civil society institutions such as NGOs and the media responded to the needs of earthquake survivors. It documents the extensive involvement of NGOs in the relief efforts immediately after the disaster and examines the impact of such participation on state‐civil society relations in the country.

The data show that state response to the disaster went through several phases from a period of ineptitude to effective management. The paper credits the media and the NGOs for acting as advocates for survivors and forcing changes at the state level. The paper argues that an ideal response system, which fully addresses the needs of victims, can only be based on state‐civil society relations that are both collaborative and adversarial.
Seeds and Rights: New Approaches to Post–war Agricultural Rehabilitation in Sierra Leone
Authors: Archibald Steve , Richards Paul
Published: March 2003

Based on preliminary findings of ongoing ‘action research’ in the war zone in central Sierra Leone, this paper shows how more equitable seed distribution could contribute to fostering a culture of human rights as well as to agricultural rehabilitation. Assessment of seeds–and–tools programmes in 19 villages found that aid agency targeting and distribution modalities channelled inputs through village committees which denied assistance to intended beneficiary groups. Such distribution inequalities constitute violations of fundamental human rights, exacerbate grievance and division and maintain the threat of social disorder. The benefits and disadvantages of an alternative, more inclusive, rights–based approach to seed distribution are discussed, and preliminary results from the pilot phase of CARE’s Rights–based Approach to Food Security Project are presented. Under this project, village–level peace and rights days are held to allow villagers to debate the vulnerabilities that facilitated the war and to elaborate on local notions of human rights. In symbolising new beginnings, seed can be seen as a useful medium through which to debate a more inclusive — and ultimately less vulnerable — society.
Research in the War Zones of Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Silkin Trish , Hendrie Barbara
Published: March 2003

The paper engages in the discussion of conducting research in war zones, initiated in Disasters by Barakat and Ellis. It looks specifically at possibilities for research in the war zones of Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia during the 1980s, and notes the ways in which this context differs from wars in the former Yugoslavia to which Barakat and Ellis mainly refer. The authors suggest that the unique context of every internal war, and the institutional actors that converge around this context, create both the potential and the demand for particular kinds of information, especially when humanitarian programmes involving international donors are under way. De‐contexualising research in war zones from the specific context in which it occurs, in order to derive general guidelines, can thus be problematic.
The Swedish nonprofit sector in international comparison
Authors: Wijkström Filip
Published: March 2003

The previous picture of the nonprofit sector in Sweden has been biased by a narrow US perspective. Mainstream nonprofit literature seems to neglect work carried out in the important but more complex tradition of the civil society. In this article, recent cross‐national data reflecting both these paradigms are presented. This gives us a better picture of the Swedish sector and highlights limitations of earlier approaches, not only for our understanding of the Swedish sector but also of the sector elsewhere. To continue the quest for the raison d’être of the sector, not only are more cross‐national data needed but we must also develop a multidisciplinary framework in which to understand the data.
Nonprofit Organisations and Social Economy: Two Ways of Understanding the Third Sector
Authors: Mertens S.
Published: March 2003

The term third sector refers to a set of organizations which are neither capitalist, nor governmental. First of all, this paper aims to extent B. Gui's unitary approach to the third‐sector [1991] by focusing on the distinction between third sector and state‐owned bodies. Next I propose to translate the non capitalist and the non governmental conditions into operational criteria. I show that these criteria vary according to the nature of the organisations (general interest versus mutual interest). This statement allows me to justify the emergence of two different ways of understanding the third‐sector in anglo‐saxon and french‐speaking traditions.
Identification as a Trust‐Generating Mechanism in Cooperatives
Authors: Ole Borgen Svein
Published: March 2003

It is commonly held that trust is a crucial mechanism for coordination and control in cooperatives. The elusive nature of trust is also emphasised. What seems to be less discussed is where trust and distrust come from, as well as the shifting conditions under which trust is developed, maintained and sometimes disposed of. This article explores one trust‐making mechanism which seems to be of particular interest in cooperatives and other membership‐based organisations. The mechanism in question is members' identification to the cooperative organizations. The empirical test supports the proposition that strong identification is a significant trust‐making mechanism in cooperative organizations.
The Emergent Role of Social Intermediaries in the New Economy
Authors: Piore Michael J.
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on the role of social intermediaries in the evolution of the economy. By ‘social intermediaries’ I mean those institutions that mediate between the economy and other realms of social activity and maintain a balance between them. Among institutions of this kind are trade unions and governmental organizations but also cooperatives, household‐based enterprises, religious institutions, and, increasingly, networks of professionals and business people based on race, sex, ethnicity and religion.
From a Geography of Labor to a Labor Geography: Labor's Spatial Fix and theGeography of Capitalism
Authors: Herod Andrew
Published: March 2003

Mainstream neoclassical economic geography and its Marxist critique have largely failed to incorporate active conceptions of working class people in their explanations of the location of economic activities. Neoclassical approaches tend to conceive of workers simply as factors of location, whereas Marxist approaches primarily focus on how capital structures the economic landscape in its search for profit and frequently relegate labor to the status of “variable capital.” Both approaches present Geographies of Labor. They have not really examined how workers try to make industrial landscapes. In contrast, I argue that workers have an interest in how the economic geography of capitalism is made; consequently, they seek to impose what we might call “labor's spatial fix” and so play an active role in the unevenly developed geography of capitalism. Examining how workers try to develop their own spatial fixes allows us to incorporate a more active sense of workers as geographical agents into understandings of the production of space under capitalism. Recognizing that workers' efforts to create “labor's spatial fix” are significant allows us to theorize how workers attempt to make space as an integral part of their social existence (a Labor Geography) and so to write less capital‐oriented economic geographies.
The Production of Diaspora: Algerian Emigration from Colonialism toNeo–Colonialism (1840–1970)
Authors: Samers Michael
Published: March 2003

The extensive literature on migration within a Marxist framework tends to focus on the difficulties migrants face in labor markets of “receiving countries.” This paper adopts a different approach, arguing that more attention should be paid to the historical production of diaspora, rather than the continued analysis of the problems of “integration.” It suggests that articulation of modes of production theory set within the transition from colonialism to neo‐colonialism offers an appropriate means to reverse this analytical lens; further, that to understand contemporary “post‐colonial” concerns such as hybridity or migrancy, we need an economic approach which is itself hybrid. An historical narrative exploring the processes of emigration and immigration between Algeria and France shows the emergence of an industrial, and more particularly an automobile diaspora.
”Oh Yes I Can.”“Oh No You Can't”: Children and Parents' Understandings of Kids' Competence to Negotiate Public Space Safely
Authors: Valentine Gill
Published: March 2003

Children's safety is an issue high on the public agenda in both the UK and North America. In particular, the “stranger‐danger” discourse plays an important part in constructing children as “vulnerable” and “at risk” in public space. This paper begins by exploring how adults define whether their children are competent to negotiate public space unsupervised and how they control and manage their children's use of space. It then goes on to consider children's own understandings of their ability to negotiate public space safely, exploring how they subvert restrictions placed on them by parents and how they define their parents' levels of competence to make decisions about their spatial ranges. In doing so the paper demonstrates the instability and contested meanings of the binary concepts —”adult” and “child.”
BorderCrossings
Authors: Hyndman Jennifer
Published: March 2003

Using the notion of a “geopolitics of mobility” this paper argues that international borders are more porous to capital than to displaced bodies. Juxtaposing these two levels of mobility generates two distinct but related geographies. Mobility is also theorized by seeing how colonial, Cold War, and ethno‐nationalist struggles have shaped people's histories of migration, and by examining displaced groups in a context cognizant of both cultural and political difference as well as material relations of power. Focusing on the relationship between Europe and the Horn of Africa, especially movement of Somali peoples, the paper shows that a colonialism of derision has been transformed into a colonialism of compassion.
Identity Politics and the Religious Right: Hiding Hate in the Landscape
Authors: Gallaher Carolyn
Published: March 2003

Identity theory has had important theoretical implications for analysis of political action, but has tended mostly to examine identity formation and political action on the left. Any theory concerned with eradicating oppression must also analyze identity formation and political action of groups on the right whose politics are often based on exclusion and hate. Thus the empirical part of this paper focuses on the religious right, specifically Liberty University, in Lynchburg, Virginia. The potency of the religious right lies in an identity politics which simultaneously asserts that fundamentalists are essentially different from those “of the world” but should nonetheless equate themselves politically with economic conservatives. This allows Liberty to borrow freely from the symbols and trappings of economic conservatism while blurring the hate and antagonistic othering inherent in essentialist notions of fundamentalist identity.
The Annihilation of Space by Law: The Roots and Implications of Anti‐Homeless Laws in the United States
Authors: Mitchell Don
Published: March 2003

There is a link between changes in the contemporary political economy and the criminalization of homelessness. Anti‐homeless legislation can be understood as an attempt to annihilate the spaces in which homeless people must live, and perform everyday functions. This annihilation is a response to the economic uncertainty produced by the current political economy. The process of criminalizing homelessness 1) destroys the very right of homeless people to be; and 2) reinforces particularly brutal notions of citizenship within the public sphere. Such laws are made possible when urban government and surrounding communities and elites seek to promote the urban landscape at the expense of urban public space. This usurpation of public space will have profound impact not only on homeless people but also on how the housed interact with each other.
Nature and Fictitious Capital: The Historical Geography of an Agrarian Question
Authors: Henderson George
Published: March 2003

Capitalism is produced in part through its own production of nature, but it has been argued that nature also poses certain obstacles to capitalist development. Political economists and rural sociologists have argued that in certain instances agriculture, as a form of production based in nature, has proven resistant to capitalist transformation. The Mann–Dickinson thesis still stands as one of the best such formulations. This essay argues for turning the Mann–Dickinson thesis on its head so as to ask how it is that an obstacle for one set of capital comprises an opportunity for other capitals. The essay therefore examines agriculture as a nexus of nature and circulating capital. It argues that what has been construed as a primary obstacle (the disunity of working and production time and the cumulative effects thereof) has been poorly appreciated as comprising a distinctive opportunity for capitalist investments and appropriations through the credit system. Credit, by no means an exogenous or anachronistic force, develops along with production and constitutes a social relation of production along with other such relations. These contentions are borne out in a critique of the nature‐as‐obstacle argument and then in a discussion of late‐nineteenth‐ and early‐twentieth‐century agriculture in the United States, especially in California. In the latter discussion, I focus on the role of credit as the system that mediates the relations between nature and capital in and between different space–times. Credit, I argue, was necessarily constituted spatially and was contingently tied to the rise of agrarian formations in the American West.