bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of the CCR2 Gene Polymorphism in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Katrancioglu Nurkay , Manduz Sinasi , Karahan Oguz , Yilmaz Mehmet Birhan , Sezgin Ilhan , Bagci Gokhan , Berkan Ocal
Published: January 2011

Objective: Chronic inflammation play an important role on abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) formation. Chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2) is involved in regulation of the inflammatory response. However, relation between CCR2 polymorphism and AAA formation in human has not yet been investigated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between AAA and CCR2-V64I gene polymorphism. Methods: In this study, 100 consecutive patients with AAA and 138 individuals with normal aortic diameter were included. CCR2-V64I gene polymorphism were analyzed by PCR-RFLP technique. Genotype distribution and allele frequencies of CCR2-V64I gene polymorphism in patients with AAA and healthy subjects were compared. Results: CCR2 heterozygote V64I polymorphism and allele frequency were more frequently observed in the AAA group (p = 0.01, p = 0.004). Significant relationship was observed between CCR2 V64I polymorphism (OR:2.31, 95% CI:1.19-4.46, p = 0.01) and presence of AAA in multivariate regression analysis. Conclusion: The present study, showed us a relationship between CCR2-V64I polymorphism and AAA.
Association Between Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Activity and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
Authors: Eroglu Serpil , Sade Leyla Elif , Polat Ezgi , Bozbas Huseyin , Ulus Taner , Muderrisoglu Haldun
Published: January 2011

Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity is a marker of oxidative stress and activity is associated with cardiovascular disease. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) is a noninvasive predictor of atherosclerosis. We investigated the association between serum GGT activity and carotid IMT. Fifty-five persons who had normal liver function tests were consecutively enrolled. Carotid IMT was evaluated in the right and left common carotid arteries. The averaged values of carotid IMT and serum GGT activity were compared. Serum GGT activity correlated with carotid IMT (r = .396, P = .003). Serum GGT activities were increased in patients with carotid intimal hyperplasia compared with those without intimal hyperplasia (20.3 ± 11.2 vs 34.3 ± 16.1 U/L; P = .001). Serum GGT activity is associated with carotid IMT. This finding supports the concept that elevated serum GGT activity is a marker of atherosclerosis.
Comparison of Fibrate, Ezetimibe, Low- and High-Dose Statin Therapy for the Dyslipidemia of the Metabolic Syndrome in a Mouse Model
Authors: Paraskevas Kosmas I. , Pantopoulou Alkistis , Vlachos Ioannis S. , Agrogiannis George , Iliopoulos Dimitrios G. , Karatzas Gabriel , Tzivras Dimitrios , Mikhailidis Dimitri P. , Perrea Despina N.
Published: January 2011

Background and Aim: The treatment-of-choice for the optimal management of the dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is not clearly defined. We compared the efficacy of 4 drug regimes for the management of this dyslipidemia in a mouse model. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 C57Bl6 mice comprised the study group. The first 10 received standard mouse food for the whole experiment (control group). The remaining 50 mice received atherogenic diet for 14 weeks until the development of the MetS. The mice were then divided into 5 groups: the 1st group continued receiving atherogenic diet, while the other 4 groups received atherogenic diet plus ezetimibe (10 mg/kg per day), fenofibrate (100 mg/kg per day), low-dose atorvastatin (10 mg/kg per day), or high-dose (40 mg/kg per day) atorvastatin, respectively, for another 8 weeks. Results: High-dose atorvastatin treatment achieved the best lipid profile compared with low-dose atorvastatin, ezetimibe, and fibrate therapy. The lipid profile of mice receiving atherogenic diet plus high-dose atorvastatin treatment was similar with mice on regular chow. Conclusions: High-dose atorvastatin treatment resulted in optimization of the lipid profile in the presence of a high-fat atherogenic diet in a mouse model. Our results suggest that high-dose atorvastatin treatment may be the optimal treatment option for the dyslipidemia associated with MetS. Nevertheless, verification of these results in humans is required before any definite conclusions can be drawn.
The Harlot, the Beast and the Sex Trafficker: Reflections on some Recent Feminist Interpretations of Revelation 17-18
Authors: Carson Marion
Published: January 2011

The image of the whore of Babylon in Rev 17-18 has often been used to support the idea of the prostitute as the ultimate sinner. This attitude may be contributing to a lack of involvement by Christians in counteracting contemporary sex-trafficking. Recent feminist scholarship has rightly pointed out the insidious nature of such interpretations of the passage. However, their focus on gender rather than the idolatrous greed which the whore represents, and which is the underlying cause of sex-trafficking, could unintentionally hinder effective campaigning and add to the suffering of victims.
Jesus and the Ordained Ministry: A Christocentric View of Priesthood
Authors: O'Collins Gerald
Published: January 2011

In presenting the priesthood of the ordained, this article emphasizes how it is based on the prior priesthood of all the baptized and forms a ‘vulnerable vocation’ within a ‘vulnerable vocation.’ Expounding Christ’s triple role as priest, prophet, and king/shepherd and the priesthood he exercised during his public ministry, the article recalls how the ordained are visible signs of the invisible, but dynamically present, Christ the High Priest and share as ‘holy intercessors’ in the intercessory role of his eternal priesthood.
Human Experience and Catholic Moral Theology
Authors: Lawler Michael G. , Salzman Todd A.
Published: January 2011

Catholic moral theology is based on a quadrilateral of sources: scripture, tradition, reason, and experience. This article focuses specifically on the correlations between moral theology and experience. It examines the ecclesial experience embedded in the concepts of sensus fidei, reception, and non-reception; the experience analyzed by liberationist and feminist theologians; and the experimental experience of the sciences. Since all believers, laity, theologians, and bishops alike, and their theologies are inevitably influenced by the societies in which they live, the article also inquires into the science of sociology and the light it can shine on the actual experience and, therefore, the actual theologies of all those believers. It concludes, with the Second Vatican Council, that by making use of the sciences, and experience in general, all the faithful ‘will be brought to a purer and more mature living of the faith.’
William of St Thierry and the Reasoning of Faith
Authors: McWhorter Matthew R.
Published: January 2011

As a response to the theology of Abelard, the twelfth-century Cistercian monk William of St Thierry provides a thoughtful doctrine regarding the relationship between faith and reason. His teaching on the ‘reasoning of faith’ remains helpful, even today, in understanding the role of reason in the search for God. William discusses the reasoning of faith in relation to three degrees of understanding: the degree of understanding involving obedience to authority; the degree of understanding involving reason; and the degree of understanding involving the affections of grace. It is at the second degree of understanding that one exercises the reasoning of faith.
From Khiam to Guantánamo and back: ex-prisoners and the transformation of perception
Authors: Brittain Victoria
Published: January 2011

Beginning with a discussion of an exhibition of the creative work of former political prisoners in Khiam prison, South Lebanon, this article reflects on the unique capacities that former political prisoners have to transform the perceptions of others. It is argued that former political prisoners — whether they are Palestinians who were detained in Israeli prisons, or those detained at the behest of the US and UK governments in the ‘war on terror’ — have special gifts of authority and insight, which make them extraordinarily effective social workers in their own communities.
Israeli state power and its liberal alibis
Authors: Freeman-Maloy Dan
Published: January 2011

This article explores the tension between Israeli state power and its presentation to the West in ostensibly liberal terms. The historical dynamics of metropolitan sponsorship of Zionist settler colonialism are briefly discussed before focusing on the ways in which the politics of artificial demographic management and pan-Jewish entitlement to Palestine are twisted into a conception of Jewish national self-determination that serves as a liberal licence for Israeli state crimes.
Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia - new enemies, old patterns
Authors: Schiffer Sabine , Wagner Constantin
Published: January 2011

The authors argue that to compare Islamophobia with anti-Semitism is not to equate them. But finding some parallels might help German society to combat a growing and dangerous anti-Muslim racism.
Bearing witness in Palestinian resistance literature
Authors: Hamdi Tahrir
Published: January 2011

In the hands of Palestinian artists, the concept of bearing witness not only serves as a means of recording a past tragedy but also involves a complex repertoire of strategies, including interrogating the past, recreating it and, most importantly, forging resistance against the assassination of liberation itself. This article examines how artists of resistance, such as Naji Al Ali, Mahmoud Darwish and Ghassan Kanafani, use the concept of bearing witness to tragedy as a tool of resistance and to guard against the idea of liberation itself dying. It is argued that the state of Israel has used assassination as a means of extinguishing the will of the Palestinian people to resist, targeting both political leaders of resistance movements as well as cultural and literary figures.
Campaigning against Israel’s arms suppliers
Authors:   Corporate Watch
Published: January 2011

In a landmark case, defendants on trial for conspiracy to commit criminal damage to the premises of a UK factory supplying military components to the Israeli army, during Israel’s assault on Gaza (‘Operation Cast Lead’), were finally acquitted. Their defence, that, by decommissioning the manufacture of arms components destined for Israel, they had acted lawfully to prevent war crimes, was upheld. The background to the case, to the police operation surrounding it, and its progress through the court is examined here.
Orem-Based Nursing Education in Germany
Authors: Hintze Andrea
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this column is to present a model for nursing education in Germany based on Orem’s theory. The Orem-based educational model for teaching is a theory-based curriculum. The revised German Nursing Act requires an integrated nursing education curriculum, which means that students should be taught together in courses with general nursing knowledge, and then acquire specialized knowledge in pediatric, adult, or geriatric nursing.
Spirituality and Spiritual Self-Care
Authors: White Mary L. , Peters Rosalind , Schim Stephanie Myers
Published: January 2011

The authors propose an integration of the concepts of spirituality and spiritual self-care within Orem’s self-care deficit nursing theory as a critical step in theory development. Theoretical clarity is needed to understand the contributions of spirituality to health and well-being. Spirituality is the beliefs persons hold related to their subjective sense of existential connectedness including beliefs that reflect relationships with others, acknowledge a higher power, recognize an individual’s place in the world, and lead to spiritual practices. Spiritual self-care is the set of spiritually-based practices in which people engage to promote continued personal development and well-being in health and illness.
Nursing Agency
Authors: Banfield Barbara E.
Published: January 2011

The relationship of nursing science and nursing practice has been the topic of numerous discussions over the past decades. According to Orem, nursing science is a practical science, meaning that knowledge is developed for the sake of nursing practice. Within Orem’s self-care deficit nursing theory, the concept of nursing agency links nursing science and nursing practice. Nursing agency refers to the power or ability of the nurse to design and produce systems of care. The relationship of practical nursing science, nursing practice, and nursing agency is examined in this article. Suggestions for further work related to nursing agency are provided.
Reflections on Nursing Practice Science
Authors: Orem Dorothea E. , Taylor Susan G.
Published: January 2011

In preparation for the self-care deficit nursing theory conference to be held in Ulm, Germany in 2004, Dorothea Orem and I reflected on the development of nursing science. Orem drafted this paper which I edited. The International Orem Society is sharing this paper with Nursing Science Quarterly as presented to the conference as a memorial to Orem and her work.
Nursing Research and the Impact on Healthcare Reform
Authors: Clarke Pamela N. , Ellenbecker Carol Hall
Published: January 2011

The new healthcare legislation was substantially informed by nursing research. In this column Carol Ellenbecker discusses some of the key elements.
Research and Health Policy
Authors: Florczak Kristine L.
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this column is to discuss the nature of public policy both as a process and as an entity. A connection between public policy and research is proposed and a discussion about the nature of funding at the National Institute of Nursing Research illuminates the disparity of support between quantitative and qualitative research.
The Humanbecoming Modes of Inquiry
Authors: Parse Rosemarie Rizzo
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this column is to explicate refinements of the humanbecoming modes of inquiry. These refinements were made in the ongoing development of sciencing humanbecoming.
The Empty Carriage
Authors: Hegge Marge
Published: January 2011

Florence Nightingale made a profound statement about leadership when she returned from the Crimean War without the fanfare offered to her. Promoters paraded her empty carriage around the city of Southampton England to applaud her accomplishments in the war. Her absence signaled a new leadership, one of quiet determination, humility, and political strategy to improve quality of life. The lessons to be learned for today’s nurse leaders revolve around mindfulness, clarity of purpose, reverence for human life, collaborative partnerships, co-evolution, engagement, keeping up with a world in motion, and making meaning.
Nursing Knowledge and Health Policy in Process
Authors: Alligood Martha R. , Miles Jane M.
Published: January 2011

In this column, the authors discuss the complexity of nursing knowledge, the political landscape, and the critical need for nurses to be involved in health policy-making at all levels of government.
Developing a Practice Model for Watson’s Theory of Caring
Authors: Lukose Ajimol
Published: January 2011

Watson’s theory of human caring focuses on holistic care and the authentic relationship between caregivers and patients. The purpose of this column is to describe Watson’s theory by using a practice model. This practice model can be used by nurse educators to teach staff nurses and students.
Catastrophe and Response
Authors: Kagan Paula N.
Published: January 2011

The author in this column explores implications of the 2010 Gulf of Mexico British Petroleum oil spill for human-environment-health. One aim was to acknowledge the continuing occurrences of catastrophe affecting human-environment-health that are greatly compounded due to lack of regulation and enforcement, lack of infrastructure maintenance, and lack of public policy oversight. The second aim was to explore how disciplinary conceptualizations of self need to expand to better include environment so that nurses can contribute further to preventing disaster, while continuing their historically significant response to such events.
The Rush Toward Universal Public Pre-K: A Media Analysis
Authors: Brown Carolyn A. , Wright Travis S.
Published: January 2011

Research has shown for decades that early childhood education contributes to long term increases in student achievement for all children, but what is motivating the current movement toward universal Pre-k? This study used a content analysis of five major print media sources to explore how the media is framing the public pre-K movement.We looked for the issues or constituencies that are pushing the movement and how the movement is being framed in the media and sold to the public. We framed our findings within Edelman’s theory of political spectacle, which attributes policy formation to the active and deliberate creation of dramatic spectacle by a power elite in order to sell policy to the public (Edelman, 1988). We found that a substantial number of examples of the use of rhetorical patterns and symbolic representations consistent with political spectacle in both political statements quoted in the media and media language. We conclude with a discussion of the disconnect between the political spectacle and current policy in universal pre-K.
Sound Bites Won’t Prepare the Next Generation: Early Childhood Teacher Education Policy Public-Private Divide in Massachusetts
Authors: Abbate-Vaughn Jorgelina , Paugh Patricia C. , Douglass Anne
Published: January 2011

The political emphasis on early education speaks of growing expectations for equal access and the need to ensure quality—by way of standard accountability measures—on behalf of all young children. A central element in the improvement of early education focuses on teacher quality. In this article we examine and discuss the challenges related to finding and retaining highly qualified early childhood teachers, how this may impact preschool program quality, school readiness, and the ensuing academic achievement gaps among students of diverse backgrounds. Through a case study involving one state, we examine its agencies overseeing early education and care, teacher credentialing, and early childhood teacher education programs. Insights provided are useful for those concerned with children’s equitable access to highly qualified teachers in states with policy inconsistencies that appear to unintentionally but factually perpetuate the income-achievement gap.
Did the No Child Left Behind Act Miss the Mark? Assessing the Potential Benefits From an Accountability System for Early Childhood Education
Authors: Miller Lawrence J. , Smith Stephanie C.
Published: January 2011

With growing evidence that human capital investment is more efficiently spent on younger children coupled with wide variation in preschool access across states, this article uses a neoliberal approach to examine the potential social costs and benefits that could accrue should the United States decide to implement a centralized preschool accountability system. Conceptual agency-based arguments that support implementing a preschool accountability system are compared and contrasted with conceptual arguments that oppose centralized accountability. In spite of credible conceptual arguments that local control over preschool access maximizes efficiency, we find the most support for an accountability system that enhances equity through universal access to preschool.
Financing Early Childhood Education Programs: State, Federal, and Local Issues
Authors: Hustedt Jason T. , Barnett W. Steven
Published: January 2011

The landscape of financing early childhood education in the U.S. is complex. Programs run the gamut from tuition-supported private centers to public programs supported by federal, state, or local funds. Different funding streams are poorly coordinated. The federal government funds several major targeted programs that are available only to specific subgroups of children. States have also tended to offer targeted programs, though in recent years several states have committed to serving all children at age 4. Types of finance models used in state preschool initiatives are examined in detail, and future opportunities to build a more cohesive system are explored.
Countering the Politics of Class, Race, Gender, and Geography in Early Childhood Education
Authors: Wright Travis S.
Published: January 2011

Mirroring many of the same social and geographic inequities present in the K-12 educational system, the promise of early childhood education has been unfulfilled for many young children and their families. Social norms and funding structures, including the lack of universal, publicly funded high-quality preschool offerings, have served to perpetuate gender, class, economic, and racial inequity. The outcomes of these inequities are clearly manifested in the politics of universal preschool access and quality. In this policy analysis, the author discusses disparities in preschool access and quality, critiques social and political barriers to equitable distribution of preschool resources, and suggests several strategies for countering the current politics of class, race, gender, and geography in early childhood education. Findings from this analysis suggest that in order to provide high-quality early childhood education for all children, policy makers and advocates must address structural and attitudinal inequities.
Who and What Influences School Leaders’ Decisions: An Institutional Analysis of the Implementation of Universal Prekindergarten
Authors: Casto Hope G. , Sipple John W.
Published: January 2011

School-community interactions facilitate connections between schools and their local surroundings; however, these relationships are subject not only to local political, economic, and social influences but also to broader political and institutional forces. Educational administrators’ decisions about programming and partnering can be considered in light of who influences these decisions and why, as well as why administrators make these decisions. Leaders make partnering decisions using either or both local input and institutional level beliefs (Arum, 2000). Why educational leaders make decisions, like with whom and why to partner, is often related to regulations, norms, or deep-seated beliefs in the school or local culture (Scott, 2001). Data from case studies of five rural school districts in New York State provides a window onto the decision-making process surrounding the implementation, maintenance, and partnering involved in the implementation of a new statewide Universal Pre-Kindergarten (UPK) program. Contrary to arguments that non-local professional influences are displacing local influences, out findings suggest that the local and normative forces are strong while the non-local and regulative influences are weak. Implications for the politics of education, institutional theory, state and national UPK policy, and the practice of educational administrators in rural communities are discussed.
Early Care and Education as Educational Panacea: What Do We Really Know About Its Effectiveness?
Authors: Lowenstein Amy E.
Published: January 2011

Most young children in the United States regularly spend time in early care and education (ECE) settings. Institutionalized messages surrounding ECE claim that it has the potential to promote children’s life-long success, especially among low-income children. I examine the legitimacy of these claims by reviewing empirical evidence that bears on them and find that most are based on results of a small set of impressive but outdated studies. More recent literature reveals positive, short-term effects of ECE programs on children’s development that weaken over time. Efforts to support children’s long-term success must extend beyond the ECE setting into elementary school.
Leisure and Cultural Complexity
Authors: Chick Garry , Xiangyou Sharon Shen
Published: January 2011

In the early 1980s, the first author (Chick) was the University of Illinois representative to the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF), Inc. At an HRAF meeting in New Haven, Mel Ember recommended the examination of leisure, or aspects of leisure, against a backdrop of cultural complexity because “it correlates with everything.” For its part, leisure has been understudied in time allocation research, since, by definition, it is not devoted to productive ends. In this article, we examine the relationship between leisure and cultural complexity, first, with data from the HRAF and, second, in 12 societies in the Cross-Cultural Studies in Time Allocation series. Specifically, we test Chick’s (1986) hypothesis that simple and complex societies have more free time than those in between. In addition, we examine hypotheses related to cultural complexity and the economic value of children.
Reflections on the Strengths and Limitations to Cross-Cultural Evidence in the Study of Conflict and Its Mitigation
Authors: Ross Marc Howard
Published: January 2011

As Mel Ember showed over the years, the cross-cultural record provides a rich source of data to test hypotheses and build theories about conflict and warfare. His and Carol’s work in this area challenged some long-held theories, offered some new and surprising ideas, and provided researchers with an incredible, splendid data-set with which to test additional theories of conflict and warfare. This article describes how the questions he and Carol posed stimulated and honed my interest in the relationship between macro and micro level theories of conflict and led me to devote the past fifteen years to the dispute level dynamics of ethnic conflict and its mitigation. Connecting theory and data across these levels in the study of conflict, is worth attempting, but not easy. The cross-level tensions are very basic from the definition of the relevant units of analysis—is it the society (or culture) as in cross-cultural studies or is each specific conflict as contemporary constructivist notions of group identities and boundaries suggest; the kinds of theories that are advanced; the data needed to examine each; the absence of good data on the micro level dynamics of in the ethnographic record; and how to best integrate structural theories of society most commonly found in cross-cultural work and the perceptual and constructivist theories of conflict employed in most micro-level research on conflict and violence. Despite these real challenges there is no inherent reason why cross-cultural data sets could not be developed that explicitly address these issues.
Building Cox-type structured hazard regression models with time-varying effects
Authors: Hofner Benjamin , Kneib Thomas , Hartl Wolfgang , Küchenhoff Helmut
Published: January 2011

In recent years, flexible hazard regression models based on penalized splines have been developed that allow us to extend the classical Cox model via the inclusion of time-varying and nonparametric effects. Despite their immediate appeal in terms of flexibility, these models introduce additional difficulties when a subset of covariates and the corresponding modelling alternatives have to be chosen. We present an analysis of data from a specific patient population with 90-day survival as the response variable. The aim is to determine a sensible prognostic model where some variables have to be included due to subject-matter knowledge while other variables are subject to model selection. Motivated by this application, we propose a two-stage stepwise model building strategy to choose both the relevant covariates and the corresponding modelling alternatives within the choice set of possible covariates simultaneously. For categorical covariates, competing modelling approaches are linear effects and time-varying effects, whereas nonparametric modelling provides a further alternative in case of continuous covariates. In our data analysis, we identified a prognostic model containing both smooth and time-varying effects.
Bayesian latent variable models for spatially correlated tooth-level binary data in caries research
Authors: Zhang Y , Todem D , Kim K , Lesaffre E
Published: January 2011

Analysis of dental caries is traditionally based on aggregated scores, which are summaries of caries experience for each individual. A well-known example of such scores is the decayed, missing and filled teeth or tooth surfaces index introduced in the 1930s. Although these scores have improved our understanding of the pattern of dental caries, there are still some fundamental questions that remain unanswered. As an example, it is well believed among dentists that there are spatial symmetries in the mouth with respect to caries, but this has never been evaluated in a statistical sense. An answer to this question requires the analysis to be performed at subunits within the mouth, which necessitates the use of methods for correlated data. We propose a Bayesian generalized latent variable model coupled with an undirected graphical model to investigate the unique spatial distribution of tooth-level caries outcomes in the mouth. Data from the Signal Tandmobiel® study in Flanders, a dental longitudinal survey, are used to illustrate the methodology.
P-spline ANOVA-type interaction models for spatio-temporal smoothing
Authors: Lee Dae-Jin , Durbán María
Published: January 2011

In recent years, spatial and spatio-temporal modelling have become an important area of research in many fields (epidemiology, environmental studies, disease mapping, etc.). However, most of the models developed are constrained by the large amounts of data available. We propose the use of penalized splines ( -splines) in a mixed model framework for smoothing spatio-temporal data. Our approach allows the consideration of interaction terms which can be decomposed as a sum of smooth functions similarly as an analysis of variance decomposition. The properties of the bases used for regression allow the use of algorithms that can handle large amount of data. We show that on imposing the same constraints as in a factorial design it is possible to avoid identifiability problems. We illustrate the methodology for Europe ozone levels in the period 1999–2005.
Dissecting the Neural Mechanisms Mediating Empathy
Authors: Decety Jean
Published: January 2011

Empathy is thought to play a key role in motivating prosocial behavior, guiding our preferences and behavioral responses, and providing the affective and motivational base for moral development. While these abilities have traditionally been examined using behavioral methods, recent work in evolutionary biology, developmental and cognitive neuroscience has begun to shed light on the neural circuitry that instantiate them. The purpose of this article is to critically examine the current knowledge in the field of affective neuroscience and provide an integrative and comprehensive view of the computational mechanisms that underlie empathy. This framework is of general interest and relevance for theory as well as for assisting future research in the domains of affective developmental neuroscience and psychopathology.
Emotions Beyond Regulation: Backgrounded Emotions in Science and Trust
Authors: Barbalet Jack
Published: January 2011

Emotions are understood sociologically as experiences of involvement. Emotion regulation influences the type, incidence, and expression of emotions. Regulation occurs through physical processes prior to an emotions episode, through social interaction in which a person’s emotions are modified due to the reactions of others to them, and by a person’s self-modification or management of emotions which they are consciously aware of. This article goes on to show that there are emotions which the emoting subject is not consciously aware of. Therefore, a certain class of emotions function by foregrounding external objects of attention while remaining outside the emoting subject’s consciousness. The nature and significance of such backgrounded emotions beyond explicit emotion regulation are explored through consideration of their role in theory choice in science and in trust relations.
Emotion Regulation and the Cognitive-Experimental Approach to Emotional Dysfunction
Authors: MacLeod Colin , Bucks Romola S.
Published: January 2011

Since the 1980s, there has been a steady growth of interest in the psychological mechanisms that regulate normal emotional experience. In this same period, cognitive-experimental researchers have sought to delineate the information processing biases that characterize emotional disorders. Exciting potential synergies exist between these two areas of investigation. In this article, we consider ways in which reciprocal benefits could be gained by the constructive transfer of theoretical ideas and methodological approaches between emotion regulation researchers and cognitive-experimental investigators. We also discuss how recent innovations within each field can profitably impact upon progress within the other. It is concluded that the overlap in conceptual constructs, and the convergence of complementary investigative techniques, between these two research domains, provide opportunities for creative synthesis that could significantly enrich understanding of normal and abnormal emotion across future years.
Emotion and Regulation are One!
Authors: Kappas Arvid
Published: January 2011

Emotions are foremost self-regulating processes that permit rapid responses and adaptations to situations of personal concern. They have biological bases and are shaped ontogenetically via learning and experience. Many situations and events of personal concern are social in nature. Thus, social exchanges play an important role in learning about rules and norms that shape regulation processes. I argue that (a) emotions often are actively auto-regulating—the behavior implied by the emotional reaction bias to the eliciting event or situation modifies or terminates the situation; (b) certain emotion components are likely to habituate dynamically, modifying the emotional states; (c) emotions are typically intra- and interpersonal processes at the same time, and modulating forces at these different levels interact; (d) emotions are not just regulated—they regulate. Important conclusions of my arguments are that the scientific analysis of emotion should not exclude regulatory processes, and that effortful emotion regulation should be seen relative to a backdrop of auto-regulation and habituation, and not the ideal notion of a neutral baseline. For all practical purposes unregulated emotion is not a realistic concept.
Emotion Knowledge, Emotion Utilization, and Emotion Regulation
Authors: Izard Carroll E. , Woodburn Elizabeth M. , Finlon Kristy J. , Krauthamer-Ewing E. Stephanie , Grossman Stacy R. , Seidenfeld Adina
Published: January 2011

This article suggests a way to circumvent some of the problems that follow from the lack of consensus on a definition of emotion (Izard, 2010; Kleinginna & Kleinginna, 1981) and emotion regulation (Cole, Martin, & Dennis, 2004) by adopting a conceptual framework based on discrete emotions theory and focusing on specific emotions. Discrete emotions theories assume that neural, affective, and cognitive processes differ across specific emotions and that each emotion has particular motivational and regulatory functions. Thus, efforts at regulation should target the specific dysregulated emotions. The positive effects of emotion regulation are more likely to be optimized when they result from or lead to emotion utilization—the constructive use of the energy of emotion arousal. Effective processes for regulation differ for basic emotions and emotion schemas. This article identifies neural systems that facilitate emotion experiences and emotion regulation processes. It considers the implications of the developmental change from basic emotions to emotion schemas, and also briefly discusses the effects of interventions on changes in emotion knowledge, emotion regulation, and social and emotional competence.
From Basic Processes to Real-World Problems: How Research on Emotion and Emotion Regulation Can Inform Understanding of Psychopathology, and Vice Versa
Authors: Dillon Daniel G. , Deveney Christen M. , Pizzagalli Diego A.
Published: January 2011

Research on emotion and emotion regulation is expected to improve our understanding of psychopathology. However, achieving this understanding requires overcoming several obstacles, including the paucity of objective markers of specific emotions or psychiatric diagnoses, and the fact that emotion regulation is a concept that can be difficult to operationalize. We review affective neuroscience research that has addressed these issues by focusing on psychological and neural mechanisms implicated in approach and avoidance behaviors, as revealed by studies of fear, anxiety, and reward processing. Dysfunction in these mechanisms may serve as risk markers for psychopathology, while emotion regulation research demonstrates that some of them are susceptible to volitional control. The conclusion acknowledges limitations of affective neuroscience and highlights goals for future work.
Deconstructing Empathy
Authors: Mar Raymond A.
Published: January 2011

The heterogeneous nature of the empathy construct demands that neuroscience investigations into this topic employ methods directed at uncovering multiple processes. This article touches upon some of the methods most appropriate for empathy research, and closes by arguing for a better distinction between perception and imagination during the initial stage of an empathic response.
Towards a Cultural Neuroscience of Empathy and Prosociality
Authors: Chiao Joan Y.
Published: January 2011

Recent evidence from the social neuroscience of empathy suggests that there is core neural circuitry underlying empathy in humans, and important roles for top—down and bottom—up processes in the production and regulation of empathic experience. Less well understood is how cultural and genetic forces give rise to empathy and prosocial behavior within and across groups. Here I argue that culture-gene coevolutionary theory may play an important role in understanding how and when empathy is experienced, and that future research in cultural neuroscience is needed to understand how cultural and genetic factors shape empathic neural response.
Current Emotion Research in History: Or, Doing History from the Inside Out
Authors: Matt Susan J.
Published: January 2011

The history of the emotions first developed as a field of inquiry in Europe. It took root in the United States only in the 1980s. Today, the field has expanded dramatically. Historians of the emotions share the conviction that culture gives some shape to emotional life and that consequently, feelings vary across time and culture. Working on that assumption, recent historical works have investigated the changing role of emotions in politics, economics, and private life. There are a number of contentious issues within the field, including the much debated relationship between words and feelings, the pace and direction of change in emotional culture, and the question of the continuity of emotional experience and categories over centuries.
Seismic interferometry using multidimensional deconvolution and crosscorrelation for crosswell seismic reflection data without borehole sources
Authors: Minato Shohei , Matsuoka Toshifumi , Tsuji Takeshi , Draganov Deyan , Hunziker Jürg , Wapenaar Kees
Published: January 2011

Crosswell reflection method is a high-resolution seismic imaging method that uses recordings between boreholes. The need for downhole sources is a restrictive factor in its application, for example, to time-lapse surveys. An alternative is to use surface sources in combination with seismic interferometry. Seismic interferometry (SI) could retrieve the reflection response at one of the boreholes as if from a source inside the other borehole. We investigate the applicability of SI for the retrieval of the reflection response between two boreholes using numerically modeled field data. We compare two SI approaches — crosscorrelation (CC) and multidimensional deconvolution (MDD). SI by MDD is less sensitive to underillumination from the source distribution, but requires inversion of the recordings at one of the receiver arrays from all the available sources. We find that the inversion problem is ill-posed, and propose to stabilize it using singular-value decomposition. The results show that the reflections from deep boundaries are retrieved very well using both the CC and MDD methods. Furthermore, the MDD results exhibit more realistic amplitudes than those from the CC method for downgoing reflections from shallow boundaries. We find that the results retrieved from the application of both methods to field data agree well with crosswell seismic-reflection data using borehole sources and with the logged P-wave velocity.
Synthesis of Sumanene and Related Buckybowls
Authors: Higashibayashi Shuhei , Sakurai Hidehiro
Published: January 2011

Sumanene (C21H12) is a C3v symmetric buckybowl, which corresponds to a partial fullerene structure. Recent advances in the syntheses of sumanene and its derivatives, including heterasumanenes, are summarized in this review. Their chemical reactivities and derivatizations are also presented.
Genesis of Catalytically Active Gold Nanoparticles Supported on Hydrotalcite for Base-free Selective Oxidation of Glycerol in Water with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Takagaki Atsushi , Tsuji Akihiro , Nishimura Shun , Ebitani Kohki
Published: January 2011

Hydrotalcite-supported gold nanoparticles (Au/HT) were synthesized by deposition–precipitation using NH3 and successive calcination at various temperatures. Gold nanoparticles of less than 5 nm with narrow size distribution were deposited onto hydrotalcite surfaces, which were determined by TEM measurements. Au LIII-edge XANES spectra clearly indicated that calcination at temperatures higher than 373 K leads to the generation of metallic Au which is the catalytically active site for selective glycerol oxidation to glycolic acid in water with molecular oxygen under mild reaction conditions.
Book Reviews
Authors: Backhouse Roger E
Published: January 2011

Critical Economic Methodology: A Personal Odyssey. By Lawrence A. Boland. London and New York: Routledge. 1997. Pp. xi, 307. $65.00. ISBN 0–415–13607–5.

JEL 98–0826
Book Reviews
Authors: de Grauwe Paul
Published: January 2011

Money and European Union. By Stephen Frank Overturf. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. Pp. xi, 303. $45.00. ISBN 0–312–17301–6.

JEL 98-0549
Book Reviews
Authors: Fagan Marie N
Published: January 2011

Exploration, Development, and Production: Texas Oil and Gas, 1970–1995. By John R. Moroney. Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, Volume 82. Greenwich, CN, and London: JAI Press, 1997. Pp. xxxiv, 205. $78.50. ISBN 0–7623–0310–7.

JEL 98–0616
Book Reviews
Authors: Haubrich Joseph G
Published: January 2011

The Great Depression: An International Disaster of Perverse Economic Policies. By Thomas E. Hall and J. David Ferguson. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998. Pp. xvii, 194. $42.50, cloth; $19.95, pbk. ISBN 0–472–09667–2, cloth; 0–472–06667–6, pbk.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rockoff Hugh
Published: January 2011

Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Antimonopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America. By Gretchen Ritter. Cambridge; New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xii, 303. $54.95. ISBN 0–521–56167–1.

JEL 97–1373
Book Reviews
Authors: Peters G. H
Published: January 2011

Sowing Modernity: America's First Agricultural Revolution. By Peter D. McClelland. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1997. Pp. xii, 348. $45.00. ISBN 0–8014–3326–6.

JEL 98–0723
Book Reviews
Authors: Warner Andrew
Published: January 2011

Going Global: Transition from Plan to Market in the World Economy. Edited by Padma Desai. Cambridge, MA; London: MIT Press, 1997. Pp. xiii, 507. $60.00. ISBN 0–262–04161–8.

JEL 98–1190
Book Reviews
Authors: Howe Christopher
Published: January 2011

The China Circle: Economics and Electronics in the PRC, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Edited by Barry Naughton. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1997. Pp. x, 316. $49.95, cloth. ISBN 0–8157–5998–3, cloth; 0–8157–5999–1, pbk.

JEL 98–0750
Book Reviews
Authors: Mestelman Stuart
Published: January 2011

Pollution and the Firm. By Robert E. Kohn. New Horizons in Environmental Economics series. Cheltenham, U.K., and Northampton, MA: Elgar; distributed by American International Distribution Corporation, Williston, VT, 1998. Pp. xvi, 251. ù.00. ISBN 1–85898–639–7.

JEL 98–1127
Book Reviews
Authors: Reinsdorf Marshall
Published: January 2011

Getting Prices Right: The Debate Over the Consumer Price Index. Edited by Dean Baker. Armonk, NY and London: Sharpe, 1998. Pp. ix, 190. $50.95, cloth; $19.95, paper. ISBN 0–7656–0221–0, cloth; 0–7656–0222–9, pbk.

JEL 98–0465
Book Reviews
Authors: Eisner Robert
Published: January 2011

Central Banking in Theory and Practice. By Alan S. Blinder. Lionel Robbins Lectures. Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press. 1998. Pp. xiv, 92. $20.00. ISBN 0–262–02439–X.

JEL 98–0886
Book Reviews
Authors: Mehrling Perry
Published: January 2011

The Macroeconomics of Saving, Finance, and Investment. Edited by Robert Pollin. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997. Pp. 402. $65.00. ISBN 0–472–10787–9.

JEL 98–0081
Book Reviews
Authors: Grossbard-Shechtman Shoshana
Published: January 2011

Working in the Macroeconomy: A Study of the US Labor Market. By Martin F. J. Prachowny. Studies in the Modern World Economy, vol. 8. London and New York: Routledge, 1997. Pp. x, 233. £40.00. ISBN 0–415–14927–4.

JEL 97–1223
Is Parenting Associated with Teenagers’ Early Sexual Risk‐Taking, Autonomy And Relationship with Sexual Partners?
Authors: Parkes Alison , Henderson Marion , Wight Daniel , Nixon Catherine
Published: January 2011

CONTEXT: Extensive research has explored the relationship between parenting and teenagers’ sexual risk‐taking. Whether parenting is associated with wider aspects of teenagers’ capacity to form satisfying sexual relationships is unknown.

METHODS: Self‐reported data were collected in 2007 from 1,854 students, whose average age was 15.5 years, in central Scotland. Multivariate analyses examined associations between parenting processes and sexual outcomes (delayed first intercourse, condom use and several measures reflecting the context or anticipated context of first sex).

RESULTS: Parental supportiveness was positively associated with all outcomes (betas, 0.1–0.4), and parental values restricting intercourse were positively associated with all outcomes except condom use (0.1–0.5). Parental monitoring was associated only with delayed intercourse (0.2) and condom use (0.2); parental rules about TV content were associated with delayed intercourse (0.7) and expecting sex in a relationship, rather than casually (0.8). Frequency of parental communication about sex and parental values endorsing contraceptive use were negatively associated with teenagers’ delayed intercourse (–0.5 and –0.3, respectively), and parents’ contraceptive values were negatively associated with teenagers’ expecting sex in a relationship (–0.5). Associations were partly mediated by teenagers’ attitudes, including value placed on having sex in a relationship.

CONCLUSIONS: Parents may develop teenagers’ capacity for positive and safe early sex by promoting skills and values that build autonomy and encourage sex only within a relationship. Interventions should promote supportive parenting and transmission of values, avoid mixed messages about abstinence and contraception, and acknowledge that teenagers may learn more indirectly than directly from parents about sex.