bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unity
Authors: Hare John E.
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines the notion of unity itself, starting again with Aristotle who distinguishes different senses. The most important is unity in the sense of ‘form’ and the connection of this to ‘life’. The chapter goes through the examples of the four kinds of unity discussed in previous chapters, and considers which, if any, of Aristotle’s senses fits. For the first, the beautiful and the sublime, it looks at John Dewey’s account of the life in a successful work of art. For the second, gender transition, it looks at Kierkegaard’s account of purity of heart and transparency to the Spirit. For the third, patriotism and cosmopolitanism, it looks at Philip Gorski’s notion of an American covenant. For the fourth, contemplation, it looks at Pascal’s idea of ‘the eyes of the heart’ and how God moves our hearts by loving us. Finally, it considers why the Spirit should aim at unity, and concludes that it is because the Spirit loves.
Insite in Vancouver
Authors: Doberstein Carey
Published: December 2022

In 2003, the first legal supervised safe injection site opened in Vancouver—the epicenter of the heroin epidemic in Canada. The creation of the service was the culmination of an extraordinary political struggle initiated by an activist movement of drug users, pioneering local elected leadership, and a delicate multi-level governance negotiation with legal, health, and public safety dimensions. Insite has been an unqualified success in its core objective: saving lives through a harm reduction model of treating drug use as a health issue rather than as a criminal one. Insite, and the subsequent additional sites created in Vancouver, enjoy enormously high public support in Vancouver, as well as the province and the country, representing a robust policy success that has survived several government turnovers at all three levels of government, and appears firmly institutionalized such that the model has since diffused to other cities in Canada.
The Great Lakes
Authors: Johns Carolyn M.
Published: December 2022

The North American Great Lakes region provides an excellent policy laboratory to examine the complexity of policy success. Some 50 years ago environmental governance of the Great Lakes was viewed by the public, politicians, and the scientific community as a policy failure. A decade of scientific evidence and public mobilization resulted in government policy action when the Canadian and US federal governments signed the 1972 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA) and agreed to policy goals that would be implemented through domestic policies and programs. With the fiftieth anniversary of the GLWQA on the horizon, this case presents an opportunity to examine how time, space, scale, and complexity are important dimensions that must be considered when examining policy success. Using the programmatic, process, political, and endurance assessment framework and criteria in this book, this chapter presents an analysis of environment and water policy in the Great Lakes over five decades. The chapter highlights that policy success has been achieved on several fronts and a narrative of policy success continues to underpin policy commitment and action. However, this case also illustrates how there can be simultaneous, emergent, and enduring indicators of policy failure and why it is important to embrace the complexity of policy success in both theory and practice.
Standing, Domains, and Accountability
Authors: Evans C. Stephen
Published: December 2022

This chapter analyses the key notion of the standing possessed by the accountor. Practical authority is described as a special type of standing. A person with standing can reasonably expect and request certain behaviors from an accountee, including giving an account, but the person with authority can order or demand certain actions. The chapter argues that it is a mistake to think that accountability only has relevance for cases of wrongdoing. Rather, the cooperative work of accountors and accountees often enhances the value of good outcomes. The standing possessed by human accountors is always limited to a particular domain and even within that domain is limited. The chapter then describes in detail nine key features of the person who has the virtue of accountability as well as some conditions which facilitate the manifestation of the virtue. These include both an embrace of the reasonable expectations of the person with standing and a willingness to protest or resist expectations or demands that are unreasonable, because they either are not within the proper domain or exceed appropriate limits within a domain. The possibility of this resistance shows the virtue is not identical with servility and is consistent with a reasonable kind of autonomy. The virtue of accountability is linked to common projects with good goals.
Accountability under Other Names and at Other Times and Places
Authors: Evans C. Stephen
Published: December 2022

One objection to seeing accountability as an important virtue is that if this were the case, the virtue would have been recognized in other times and by other cultures. This chapter argues that accountability, or something very similar, has been recognized in this way, only by other names. The ancient Hebrew virtue of “the fear of the Lord” is analyzed as a particularly important instance of accountability, accountability to God. The Confucian virtue of “filial piety” is then described as another instance of accountability, found in Chinese culture. Finally, the western virtue tradition is briefly described, and it is argued that accountability can be found there also, understood as a sub-virtue of justice. Particularly, Thomas Aquinas described a virtue like accountability, but called it “obedience.” The chapter argues that the virtuous quality thus designated would be better described as accountability, as it turns out to be a quality that a superior can exercise towards someone under the superior’s authority, as well as one that can be exercised in peer relationships, and thus is not essentially tied to obeying a superior. Describing this virtue as accountability allows it to be seen as having an important role in a more democratic or egalitarian society.
Bank Politics
Authors: Howarth David , James Scott
Published: December 2022

The problem of banks being ‘too-big-to-fail’ was the defining regulatory issue of the global financial crisis. However, attempts to tackle the problem by separating retail banking from higher-risk trading activities—known as structural reform—proved to be highly divisive and contributed to significant regulatory divergence. Our book explains this variation by examining the politics of bank structural reform across six key jurisdictions: the United States, European Union, United Kingdom, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. Integrating political economy and public policy approaches, we develop a novel ‘comparative financial power’ framework to analyse how financial industry influence is mediated by two factors: first, whether bank lobbying is unified and centralized (cooperative financial power) or divided and fragmented (competitive financial power); and second, policy makers’ use of venue shifting to depoliticize contentious policy issues. The book explains that the US and UK governments implemented major reforms because the banking industry was divided and faced significant opposition: but that venue shifting to an independent committee led to durable reform in the UK, while political polarization in the US contributed to contested reform. In contrast, the French and German governments balanced unified bank lobbying and political pressures to act by pursuing limited symbolic reforms; the Dutch government deflected the issue through delegation to multiple commissions (no reform); while political stalemate at the EU level resulted from early venue shifting and concerted pan-European bank lobbying. The book makes a major contribution to scholarship on the political economy of finance and business power.
Genetic structure, cryptic species, and hybridization
Authors: Sánchez-Guillén Rosa Ana , Vega-Sánchez Yesenia M. , Sánchez-Herrera Melissa
Published: December 2022

The term gene flow describes the spatial movement of genes within or between populations within species or between closely related species (that are not completely reproductively isolated) and plays an important role in the evolutionary trajectories of populations by changing allele frequencies and affecting the genetic diversity of populations. This chapter reviews our contemporary understanding of population genetic structure, cryptic species, and hybridization in odonates, framing it within a conservation context. We highlight the most common markers used and suggest the direction for future studies, including broadening research regions to collect data outside Europe, as genomic resources continue to advance.
Biogeographical ecology in Odonata
Authors: Beatty Christopher D. , Alves-Martins Fernanda , Smith Brenda D. , Verheyen Julie
Published: December 2022

Biogeography—the study of the factors influencing the distribution of organisms in space and time—has a number of applications in modern research on odonates. Studies considering phylogenetic and geological information to infer past and extant patterns of biodiversity (known as historical biogeography, Jenkins and Ricklefs 2011) are considerably enhanced by ecological biogeography, providing a more complete view of the forces structuring odonate diversity. This chapter reviews current knowledge of the distribution of odonates globally, and also considers work in a number of active research areas in odonate biogeography, including the influence of climate on changing distribution, life-history attributes, and adaptation to changing landscapes, and the use of biogeographical methods in odonate conservation. It concludes that, while recent decades have seen much important work, much remains to be done to understand global odonate distributions, and to safeguard odonate diversity.
Odonata as surrogates of biodiversity
Authors: Kietzka Gabriella J. , Deacon Charl , Patten Michael A.
Published: December 2022

Biodiversity surrogacy has become an essential component of conservation management, especially given the current global biodiversity crisis. Successful surrogates of biodiversity allow for rapid, cost-effective surveys and can signal early warnings of potential threats. Proposed surrogates should be well-known taxonomically and represent the diversity of other taxa that occur in the same ecosystem, much like Odonata, which are renowned for their use as biodiversity surrogates. This chapter discusses the history and terminology of surrogacy, a long-standing controversy, which dates back to the 1960s. We review some of the available literature, discuss methods for surrogate selection, and highlight the characteristics of dragonflies that make them successful biodiversity surrogates. Adults, nymphs, and exuviae of dragonflies can all be used as biodiversity surrogates, and each life stage has several advantages and disadvantages associated with their application. However, conservation measures that combine information from all three life stages have been found the most effective. Subsets of local dragonfly assemblages, in some cases even single rare and threatened species, have represented whole dragonfly assemblages. Using dragonflies as surrogates for other taxa has found mixed success dependent on scale and other factors. Lastly, the issue of standardization is brought to light by investigating confounding factors for using dragonflies as biodiversity surrogates and we recommend future research considerations for the way forward.
Hysteria in the Marketplace
Authors: Kim H. Yumi
Published: December 2022

A burgeoning medical marketplace began targeting women in the early twentieth century. Between the mid-1910s and early 1930s, drug manufacturers, medical professionals, self-stylized healers, religious specialists, and other entrepreneurs offered treatments for hysteria and other nervous conditions that extended sites of care from the home to an eclectic array of places, including private clinics, rest homes, and religious centers. Yet diagnoses of mental illness and searches for treatment were still guided by “family” in two senses of the term. Mothers, sisters, husbands, and other relatives helped afflicted individuals navigate the medical marketplace. At the same time, afflicted women often identified these very families as the sources of their pain. The women made sense of their afflictions by using a family vernacular, situating their illnesses within intimate kinship relations, even as they sought cures in therapeutic facilities that replicated some of the structures of paternalistic family-based care.
The Military Payoff
Authors: Regis Ed
Published: December 2022

Although the US Army biological warfare program had initiated the POBSP study, and had funded it for seven years to the tune of an estimated $3 million, in the end the army actually made scant use of the results and data provided by the Smithsonian field teams. The chapter demonstrates for the first time that the army had chosen Johnston Island as a staging point for biological weapons testing long before the POBSP scientists generated any significant data about bird migration to or from the island. The chapter also describes in detail the three biological weapons tests that the army conducted, the first in an area near Johnston Island, the next on Baker Island, and the last on Eniwetok Atoll. It provides full information on the pathogenic agents used: (1) the tularemia microbe, (2) Coxiella burnetii, and (3) Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB).
Resurfacing
Authors: Brown Ashley
Published: December 2022

This chapter explores Althea Gibson’s experience with the trials that came with integration. It begins by looking at how she got into a position of both prestige and peril as a PE teacher at Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri. On the one hand, female PE teachers were seen as improving the health of African Americans, who had too often been experimented on when they were not being ignored. On the other hand, physical educators were sometimes dismissed on college campuses. Gibson had to navigate the fraught gender politics of her field. The chapter then considers how she challenged the rules of gender at Lincoln, as well as the lesbian athlete stereotype. It also recounts how Gibson confronted segregation and Jim Crow in Jefferson City. Finally, the chapter details how she joined the Women’s Army Corps (WAC), and how Gibson’s identity made her a valuable asset to the State Department as federal officials sent a team of tennis players to Southeast Asia for goodwill tours as part of a propaganda campaign designed to improve America’s image.
New Frontiers
Authors: Brown Ashley
Published: December 2022

This chapter details how Althea Gibson’s sabbatical from tennis further marked her as a social outlier in the 1950s. Again and again, Gibson found herself either ahead of or behind the times as well as failing to meet other people’s ideas of where she belonged, what she should say, and what she should do as a Black woman, a sports amateur, and an athlete who was steadily moving past her prime. Her foray into acting was the first in a series of impromptu engagements in her improvised journey. Like sports, the film industry appeared to be a cultural site where African Americans were getting over racial barriers to stride toward integration. The chapter then considers the questions that arose in Black media about Gibson’s loyalty to and self-identification with African Americans following the publication of her autobiography, I Always Wanted to Be Somebody (1958). The only part of the race that Gibson was concerned about, it seemed, was tennis players, and she felt that she had done all that she could do to help them. The chapter also looks at the release of the film The Horse Soldiers (1959), which tested Gibson’s influence as a modern symbol of African Americans and the duality of her life. She began her career as a professional tennis player in the fall of 1959.
A Winner Who Hasn’t Won Yet
Authors: Brown Ashley
Published: December 2022

This chapter focuses on Althea Gibson’s professional golf career, which roused her spirit from the depths of disappointment brought on by the failure of her pro-tennis career. The Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) was the only professional sports organization for women, offering regular tournaments, prizes, and purses. By playing on the circuit, she could do what she had always wanted: play sports for money. The chapter then considers African Americans’ relationship with golf, the last American sport to admit Blacks on the elite level. Black women had played golf across the country for decades, forming clubs of their own and competing in events organized by the United Golfers Association (UGA), which established a women’s division in 1930. Despite this feature, Black women still faced sexism and barriers to being made to feel as if they fully belonged in the association. Gibson thus earned positive press in the African American media as she embarked on her golf career. Disappointment, though, soon followed for Gibson as her golf career did not match the success that she had known in tennis. The chapter then looks at her marriage with Will Darben, begun in 1965, and the publication of her second memoir, So Much to Live For, in 1968.
The Harvest
Authors: Brown Ashley
Published: December 2022

This chapter begins by looking at the formation of the Virginia Slims Circuit, which provided women tennis players a viable league for consistent competition and allowed them to make livelihoods through their sport. Meanwhile, Althea Gibson would spend the rest of her life cobbling together a livelihood through gigs. These include being the sports consultant for the Essex County Park Commission; the teaching professional and program director at Valley View Racquet Club; and the new national director and technical advisor of Pepsi’s Mobile Tennis Program. Gibson also served as the State Athletic Commissioner in New Jersey. She was the first African American nominated to serve in that position and the first woman, too. The chapter then considers Gibson’s support for the women’s rights movement and her candidacy for the New Jersey State Senate. Neither Gibson’s physical fitness nor her political platform were enough to win the State Senate race.
Two Deaths
Authors: Brown Ashley
Published: December 2022

This chapter begins by recounting how Althea Gibson became one of nine women inducted into the new International Women’s Sports Hall of Fame in 1980, finally getting the recognition she deserved. The gala night, however, reminded Gibson of the things that did not happen for her because she came along too soon. A new generation of Black women were making names for themselves in tennis in the Eighties. No longer able to maintain a viable career in either tennis or golf, she traveled, spoke, and gave tennis exhibitions. Organizations invited her to speak during events dedicated to women, women in sports, and African Americans. Indeed, speaking in support of women in sports became chief among Gibson’s interests in her last years. In the early 1990s, Gibson fell ill and became homebound. Through her long end, television became Gibson’s constant companion. The rise of Venus Williams roused her. She knew all too well what it was like to be an outsider in tennis, and she encouraged Venus to look upon the status as an asset. Gibson died on September 28, 2003, felled at last by a heart attack suffered months earlier and respiratory problems.
The Problem of Democracy
Authors: Hamid Shadi
Published: December 2022

What happens when democracy produces “bad” outcomes? Is democracy good because of its outcomes or despite them? This “democratic dilemma” is one of the most persistent, vexing problems for America abroad, particularly in the Middle East—we want democracy in theory but not necessarily in practice. In The Problem of Democracy, Shadi Hamid offers an ambitious reimagining of this ongoing debate and argues for “democratic minimalism” as a path to resolving democratic dilemmas in the Middle East and beyond. In the seemingly eternal tension between democracy and liberalism, recognized by the ancient Greeks and the American founders alike, it may be time to prioritize one over the other, rather than acting as if the two are intertwined when increasingly they are not. At the end of the Cold War, the democratic idea was victorious, so much so that it took on more meaning than it could bear. Democracy became a means to other ends, whether it was liberalism, economic development, or cultural progress. What if, instead, democracy was reconceptualized as its own end? What if the people are right even when they’re wrong? The problem of democracy is no longer just a Middle Eastern problem. The polarizing effects of identity, culture, and religion are now haunting the world’s oldest democracies. To look then at the democratic dilemma abroad is to consider a deeper set of questions around why we believe democracy is good as well as whether we think it is good for other nations and cultures.
Anti-Despotism or Democracy Promotion?
Authors: Hamid Shadi
Published: December 2022

Chapter 7 considers the extent to which the United States can influence the internal politics of other countries. How much does the United States actually matter? This chapter makes the case that outside powers can be decisive in tipping the balance toward or away from democracy.
Of Age
Authors: Clarke Frances M. , Plant Rebecca Jo
Published: December 2022

Enormous numbers of boys and youths served in the American Civil War. The first book to arrive at a careful estimate, Of Age argues that underage enlistees comprised roughly 10 percent of the Union army and likely a similar proportion of Confederate forces. Their importance extended beyond sheer numbers. Boys who enlisted without consent deprived parents of badly needed labor and income to which they were legally entitled, setting off struggles between households and the military. As the contest over underage enlistees became a referendum on the growing centralization of military and political power, it was the United States, more than the Confederacy, that fought tooth and nail to retain this valuable cohort. How far could the federal government breach the sanctity of the household when the nation’s very survival was at stake? Should military officers bow to the will of local and state judges? And what form should the military take to ensure victory while remaining true to the nation’s republican principles? As they detail how Americans grappled with these questions, Clarke and Plant introduce readers to common but largely unknown wartime scenarios—parents chasing after regiments to recover their sons, state judges defying the federal government by discharging boys, and recently enslaved African American youths swept up by Union recruiters. Examining the phenomenon from multiple perspectives—legal, military, medical, social, political, and cultural—Of Age demonstrates why underage enlistment is such an important lens for understanding the Civil War and its transformative effects.
Introduction
Authors: Clarke Frances M. , Plant Rebecca Jo
Published: December 2022

For all that has been written about the American Civil War, historians have not previously recognized the scale or significance of underage enlistment. Nor have they appreciated how underage enlistees provoked political and legal conflicts that raised fundamental questions about the proper scope of federal and military power. In fact, enormous numbers of boys and underage youths served in the military throughout the American Civil War; they constituted around 10 percent of all Union soldiers, and probably a similar proportion of Confederate soldiers. Calling attention to the vast numbers of underage enlistees, however, is the beginning rather than the end of our inquiry. By approaching the phenomenon from multiple perspectives—legal, military, medical, social, political, and cultural—we show why underage enlistment is a crucial lens for understanding the Civil War and the nineteenth-century United States more broadly.
A Great Inconvenience
Authors: Clarke Frances M. , Plant Rebecca Jo
Published: December 2022

Between the War of 1812 and the Civil War, a struggle to free the US military from judicial interference played out mainly as a fight over enlisted minors. Most legal authorities in this period accepted the principle of concurrent jurisdiction, meaning that both state and federal courts could hear cases involving federal detainees, including those serving in the US military. State and local judges routinely discharged youths whom they determined had lied about their age or failed to obtain parental consent. Such cases typically arose when parents sought a writ of habeas corpus, claiming that the military had illegally detained their son. Some courts ruled against parents, arguing that the new nation needed a strong federal government and national military. But most sided with parents and guardians, upholding their rights over minor children while asserting the jurisdictional claims of lower-level courts.
Instructive Violence
Authors: Clarke Frances M. , Plant Rebecca Jo
Published: December 2022

While fretting constantly about their sons’ physical health, Civil War–era parents showed remarkably little apprehension over how young enlistees might be affected by witnessing or perpetrating violence. The reasons why become clearer upon examining antebellum children’s literature. Even when addressing the most immature of readers, writers interspersed scenes of death and brutal carnage amid their moral and educational messages. Such vivid depictions of violence, they believed, would cement important lessons in young minds by making them easier to recall. Authors also helped to prepare youthful male readers for war by regaling them with martial exploits, instructing them in military nomenclature, and portraying boys in uniform performing heroic acts. The ubiquity of such content helps to explain why so many boys wanted to enlist, and why so many Americans of all socioeconomic classes accepted or even celebrated their attempts to enter the ranks.
A War Fought by Boys
Authors: Clarke Frances M. , Plant Rebecca Jo
Published: December 2022

In the late nineteenth century, Americans celebrated white boy soldiers who had fought on both sides of the Civil War. Beginning in the 1880s, former underage soldiers began inserting themselves into the historical narrative. A large number wrote memoirs, and many more claimed the mantle of “youngest boy” to have served. Depictions of the Civil War as a “boys’ war” downplayed the conflict’s political importance, helping to promote a national memory of the Civil War based on white male heroism that could overcome lingering sectional tensions. Such narratives also aimed to teach boys the stalwart virtues, which seemed increasingly imperative in a new age of rising class conflict, overseas imperialism, Social Darwinism, and growing concerns over the socialization of male youth. Gone were the wartime images of fresh-faced, angelic soldier boys; instead, the Civil War’s boy soldiers were recast as adventuresome and fearless youths who exemplified American manhood.
The Sorrowful Age of Presence
Authors: Ghobadzadeh Naser
Published: December 2022

The words and deeds of the twelve infallible Imāms are part of the authoritative texts of Twelver Shīʿism that have played a determining role in shaping Shīʿī political theology. The Shīʿa present a narrative about the political behavior of the infallible Imāms that is coherent, uniform, and, of course, purposeful. This chapter argues that in contrast to this narration, the political behavior of the infallible Imāms in their interactions with government institutions was not uniform, and no single model can be inferred from it. While the first three Imāms actively sought to rule the caliphate, the subsequent Imāms refused to make any attempt to gain political power. The political behavior of the Shīʿa from the time of the fourth Imām onward can be explained by the concept of theocratic secularism. While the Shīʿa maintained their claim to the caliphate, they did not take any concrete action to threaten the government, considering their own acquisition of rulership dependent on the appearance of the promised savior. However, this version of theocratic secularism had an element of instability, in the sense that there was lively hope and expectation in the lifetime of every infallible Imām that he would be the one to rise up and implement the ideal Shīʿī government.
The Political Economy of the Eurozone’s Post-Crisis Growth Model
Authors: Johnston Alison , Matthijs Matthias
Published: December 2022

Using the Eurozone as a case study, this chapter provides an IPE account of how power struggles within international institutions can change the growth models of their member states. Prior to 2009, EMU could accommodate growth model diversity, but the Eurozone debt crisis brought an end to that. By virtue of being EMU’s creditors, the export-led core countries rewrote the rules to champion their own growth strategies. While the ECB was an imperfect source of offsetting falling domestic demand, the adoption of a German-style export-led growth model for the Eurozone as a whole mainly relied on external demand. While this worked initially, it became more problematic in a world where protectionism was on the rise. Though the response to COVID-19 demonstrated that the EU has the potential to put its future growth on a more sustainable footing, the national politics in the Northern member state governments continue to work against it.
Financialization and Growth Models
Authors: Ban Cornel , Helgadóttir Oddný
Published: December 2022

This chapter identifies the analytical value added that a financialization lens brings for the established growth regimes approach. The main argument is that each of the growth regimes theorized by Bacarro and Pontusson have distinct financialization dynamics that inform the observed variation in the key aspect of the relevant literature: the contribution of exports and consumption to GDP growth in each of the growth regimes. The chapter suggests that all growth regimes have been transformed by financialization, leading to the recovery of corporate profits even as capital investment declined. However, the domestic translation of financialization practices in terms of depth and mode was consequential for the balancing of consumption and exports in real-existing growth regimes. Thus, the extent and mode of financialization explains why Sweden has higher capital investment than all the other cases while still projecting robust consumption growth, why consumption has been so robust in Britain but not in Italy, and why the German growth regime was constrained to stay competitive in export markets by repressing consumption.
Political Parties and Growth Models
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan , Voss Dustin
Published: December 2022

This chapter explores the place of party politics in the growth model research agenda. Since dominant growth coalitions are unlikely to represent a majority of the electorate, we posit that parties play a key role in the construction and maintenance of the political alliances that underpin growth regimes. Drawing on the cases of Germany and the United Kingdom, we argue that electoral politics should not be seen as epiphenomenal to growth models, but neither do they shape institutional development in the direct way imagined by optimistic accounts of how parties “matter.” Examining how parties and leaders manage processes of growth model reform allows us to move beyond the dichotomy of organized interests versus electoral dominance that has hitherto conditioned the debate on growth models. Pivoting to the recent rise in anti-system politics, we show that growth models cannot insulate themselves from electoral pressures, particularly when they fail to deliver growth.
History, the Humanities, and the Human
Authors: Graham Burnett D.
Published: December 2022

In arguing for the value of history to human flourishing, this chapter investigates the origins and programmatic coherence of humanistic endeavor more generally. A claim is made for the irreducibly “metaphysical” nature of these enterprises, and they are placed in relation to spiritual and theological traditions. Is a substantive account of the nature of the human person required if humanistic work is to have meaning? Such an account is hazarded and then defended. Its implications are explored, and the malaise/dysfunction of much contemporary university life in the humanities is assessed accordingly. Three specific proposals are made for historically oriented humanistic work that can conduce to human flourishing.
Undocumented Saints
Authors: Calvo-Quirós William A.
Published: December 2022

UnDocumented Saints follows the migration of popular saints from Mexico into the United States and the evolution in their meaning. The book explores how Latinx battles for survival are also performed in the worlds of faith, religiosity, and the imaginary and how the sociopolitical realities of exploitation and racial segregation frame popular religious expressions. It analyzes the emergence of interreligious states, transnational ethnic and cultural enclaves unified by faith/religiosity. Following a chronological approach, this book analyzes five vernacular saints who have emerged in Mexico and whose devotions have migrated into the United States in the last one hundred years: Jesús Malverde, a popular bandito turned saint caudillo; Santa Olguita, an emerging feminist saint linked to border women’s experiences of sexual violence and assault; Juan Soldado, a soldier who was a murderer and rapist, who was the main suspect in the death of an eight-year-old victim known now as Santa Olguita, and who is now a patron for undocumented immigrants; Toribio Romo, a Catholic priest whose ghost/spirit has been helping people cross the border into the United States since the 1990s; and La Santa Muerte, a controversial personification of the dead who is particularly popular among some LGBTQ migrants. Each chapter contextualizes a particularly popular saint with broader discourses about the construction of masculinity and the state, the long history of violence against Latina and migrant women, female erasure from history, discrimination against non-normative sexualities, and the United States and Mexico’s investment in the control of religiosity within the discourses of immigration in the United States.
Out of Place
Authors: Silber Norman I.
Published: December 2022

In this chapter, Guido discusses his family’s relocation to New Haven and his childhood. His father Massimo took up his fellowship at the Yale Medical School. As many did, the Calabresi arrived with few possessions despite their previous prosperity. New Haven was then an ethnically diverse and growing city; notwithstanding the Great Depression, its strong manufacturing base attracted African Americans and European immigrants, especially Jews and southern Italians. Yale, the city’s great university, drew an annual flow of undergraduates, professional students, and new faculty. Like other new arrivals, the Calabresi encountered customs and practices that revealed deep prejudice and discrimination mixed with good intentions. The policies and social messages delivered by the Protestant establishment were at times assimilative, and at other times exclusionary; at times totally ill-informed, and at other times encouraging to assimilation and dreams of accomplishment.
Our Wartime
Authors: Silber Norman I.
Published: December 2022

This chapter considers expatriate Italians in America during the War and also their relationship with family members who remained in Italy during the War. It is often recognized that life on the “home front” for most Americans disrupted ordinary patterns of living, often required separation from loved ones who had gone to fight, entailed adjustment to new domestic and work arrangements, and frequently involved relocation to new jobs in war-related industries. It is less frequently acknowledged that thousands of refugees from Europe already had been subjected to worse upheaval—occasioned by their forced departure and resettlement in the United States. For such families, America’s entry into the War magnified existing difficulties and increased hostility against them, notwithstanding their opposition to Fascism and their gratitude for refuge. War also left Guido and his family—and so many others—understandably concerned about the well-being of the friends and relatives they left behind.
Postwar Dilemmas
Authors: Silber Norman I.
Published: December 2022

This chapter discusses Italy’s daunting economic, political, and social challenges to its successful reconstruction after the close of the Second World War. Among the key economic problems were an unstable currency resulting from scarce goods and a bloated money supply; plummeting industrial output and employment levels due in part to the unavailability of coal and the destruction by Germans of the industrial areas in the South; and also the reluctance of private investors to re-enter the economy given years of Fascist control over economic decision-making. Socially, the country had endured the occupation of its soil, massive internal displacement of its population, and another defeat in war. Millions of its citizens had attached themselves to a disgraced ideology. Traditional understandings of familial hierarchy and religious authority had been shaken to their foundations. The stain and impact of the Racial Laws and the Holocaust left deep wounds that needed to be addressed.
The Perils of Greatness
Authors: Berman Greg , Fox Aubrey
Published: December 2022

Chapter 7 examines an effort by the federal government to advance sweeping change: the “Great Society” program put forth by President Lyndon Baines Johnson. In particular, the chapter examines two anti-poverty programs, Community Action and Model Cities, that struggled to achieve their goals despite being launched with great fanfare (and a significant infusion of federal money). In both examples, individuals involved in program development initially advocated for an incremental approach, but were unable to resist strong political pressure to act more quickly. Chapter 7 argues that these programs are examples of failed incrementalism; many of the problems they encountered can be attributed to moving too big, too fast.
Conclusion
Authors: Berman Greg , Fox Aubrey
Published: December 2022

The book concludes with a rumination on Amara’s Law. This is the idea, named after Stanford computer scientist Roy Amara, that people fall into the trap of overestimating what can be accomplished in the short term and underestimating what can be accomplished in the long term. It is usually hard to see progress happening in the moment. But by taking a step back and using a longer time horizon, it often becomes apparent that significant change has happened. The Conclusion also addresses some of the most enduring criticisms that incrementalism has engendered. In particular, the authors argue that incrementalism is not a defense of the status quo, but rather an endless effort to alleviate injustices.
The Paradox of Discrimination
Authors: Ohlin Jens David
Published: December 2022

This chapter argues that the ethical requirement to reduce harm in warfare creates a paradoxical situation. On the one hand, targeted killings are heralded for their surgical precision and their reduction in the amount of killing—a requirement imposed by both international law and morality. On the other hand, targeted killings are deplored because they look too much like executions, which are barbaric. The more a nation works to comply with international law and reduce the number of people killed in military strikes, the more the killings start to look like criminal law enforcement. War usually involves killing many people, often based on their status as members of an enemy army. In contrast, the criminal law involves imprisoning (or executing) a specific individual who has been prosecuted in a court of law for their conduct. As American military force becomes more humane, it looks less warlike, and therefore triggers the operation of a nonwar paradigm, the framework of criminal law. When viewed through that alternate lens, the force suddenly becomes the opposite: it becomes inhumane. There seems to be no way out of this paradox.
Fighting Terrorism under All Applicable Law
Authors: Andresen Joshua
Published: December 2022

This chapter shows that attempts to liberalize restrictions on the use of force in counterterrorism operations should be rejected not only on legal grounds but also as contrary to our national security interest. An increasing number of empirical studies show that more force, particularly in the form of airstrikes, increases terrorist violence and recruitment while increasing popular support for terrorist groups. A restrictive approach to the law governing the use of force against terrorist threats is thus the most effective way to address the reality of those threats. Contrary to the view that international humanitarian law (IHL) is the only source of restrictions on the use of force in counterterrorism operations, this chapter argues that international human rights law (IHRL) can impose additional restrictions on the use of force, particularly when force is used in civilian populated areas away from active combat. Following the jurisprudence of international courts on the application of IHL and IHRL to armed conflict, this chapter puts forward seven factors that should be analyzed to determine the relative application of IHL and IHRL to the use of force in counterterrorism operations. A determination of whether an armed conflict exists is just the first step in determining what kind of force may be used. It is also necessary to consider the circumstances in which force will be used and the reliability of the information on which a strike is predicated to determine the law properly governing the operation.
Fighting State Actors with the Tools of Hybridized Warfare
Authors: Finkelstein Claire
Published: December 2022

With the killing by the United States of Iranian general Qassim Soleimani, the war on terror crossed a new frontier in the use of extra-judicial lethal operations outside of armed conflict. As a state actor, Soleimani would once have been entirely off-limits as a target outside the context of a formal armed conflict between the U.S. and Iran, despite his leadership of the Quds force, an organization that lends support to violent nonstate actor groups across the Middle East. Nevertheless, the fact that the Trump Administration felt entitled to conduct a one-off strike on a state military leader using drone technology underscores the degree to which conflicts among state adversaries are increasingly fought using the hybridized tools of the war on terror. This chapter will argue that the rise in the use of such techniques, and the perceived relaxation of the constraints of international law in conflicts among states, is a regrettable, but foreseeable, result of a certain way of conceiving of violent nonstate actors that started immediately after the attacks on 9/11. Greater clarity about the legal boundaries governing the use of Bush-era interrogation methods as well as Obama’s dramatic increase in the use of extrajudicial killing against nonstate actors might have forestalled this development and ensured that the techniques of the war on terror were constrained to their original context. This chapter first addresses the legal ambiguity of targeted killing as it devolved from the Bush and Obama Administrations in the aftermath of 9/11 with respect to nonstate actors, particularly the decision to predicate the legality of targeted killings on the status of terror groups as “unlawful combatants.” This framework meant that the detainees captured in the war on terror lacked the traditional protections of the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC), at the same time that they were deprived of the protections ordinarily extended to criminal defendants. Leaving detainees between two legal regimes provided license for their abuse as well as an uncertain legal basis for those who were targeted rather than captured in the next phase of the war. This chapter will argue that greater clarity would have resulted from considering violent non-state actors as civilians rather than combatants, an approach that is wholly in appropriate for state actors like Soleimani, whose status as a state actor should leave little doubt as to his legal status outside the context of armed conflict..
Diversifying the Sources of Evidence in Terrorism Cases before Criminal Courts in (Post-)Conflict and High-Risk Situations
Authors: van Ginkel Bibi , Paulussen Christophe , Mehra Tanya
Published: December 2022

A key component of global counterterrorism efforts since 2001 has been the promotion of effective criminal justice responses to terrorism that fully comply with the rule of law and international law. The ultimate aim of this approach is to end impunity for terrorist suspects by bringing them to justice. Yet bringing terrorist suspects to justice for the full scope of the crimes committed can be difficult. There is a proliferation of international, regional, and national initiatives trying to address the challenges regular law enforcement actors face, considering the (post-)conflict and high-risk circumstances in which collecting information that can serve as evidence in terrorism cases sometimes needs to take place. The scope of this chapter is limited to the role of the military in collecting such information for the purpose of terrorism cases before national civilian criminal courts. It will discuss a select number of legal and practical challenges that this topic engenders and provide recommendations to overcome these challenges. Our rule of thumb in this discussion is “as civilian as possible and only as military as needed,” whereas compliance with international law and the rule of law has been, is, and will be, our normative framework.
Hostile Forces
Authors: Gruffydd-Jones Jamie J.
Published: December 2022

How do authoritarian regimes deal with pressure from the international community? China’s leaders have been subject to decades of international attention, condemnation, resolutions, boycotts, and sanctions over their treatment of human rights. We assume that hearing about all this pressure will make the public more concerned about human rights, and so regimes like the Chinese Communist Party should do what they can to prevent this from happening. This book argues that while international pressure may indeed embarrass authoritarian leaders on the international stage, it may, in fact, benefit them at home. The targets of human rights pressure, regimes like the Communist Party, are not merely passive recipients, but actors who can proactively shape and deploy that pressure for their own advantage. Taking us through an exploration of the history of the Communist Party’s reactions to foreign pressure, from condemnation of Mao’s crackdowns in Tibet to outrage at the outbreak of COVID-19, analysis of a novel database drawn from state media archives, and multiple survey experiments and hundreds of interviews, the book shows that the Chinese Communist Party uses the most “hostile” pressure strategically—and successfully—to push citizens to view human rights in terms of international geopolitics rather than domestic injustice and to reduce their support for change. The book shines a light on how regimes have learned to manage, manipulate, and resist foreign pressure on their human rights and illustrates how support for authoritarian and nationalist policies might grow in the face of a liberal international system.