bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combinatorial interaction network of abscisic acid receptors and coreceptors from
Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Tischer Stefanie V. , Wunschel Christian , Papacek Michael , Kleigrewe Karin , Hofmann Thomas , Christmann Alexander , Grill Erwin
Published: September 2017

Significance

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is the key signal for regulation of a plant’s water status. ABA signaling mediates drought resistance and can ameliorate water-use efficiency in plants.
Arabidopsis
has different ABA receptors and coreceptors, which form heterodimers that regulate the various ABA responses. This study reveals that the three receptor subfamilies have different sensitivities to ABA in
Arabidopsis
cells and the vast majority of receptor–coreceptor combinations are functional. The insights gained here will support the development of targeted approaches for harnessing ABA receptor components to improve crop performance under a limited water supply.
Detection of immune responses after immunotherapy in glioblastoma using PET and MRI
Authors: Antonios Joseph P. , Soto Horacio , Everson Richard G. , Moughon Diana L. , Wang Anthony C. , Orpilla Joey , Radu Caius , Ellingson Benjamin M. , Lee Jason T. , Cloughesy Timothy , Phelps Michael E. , Czernin Johannes , Liau Linda M. , Prins Robert M.
Published: September 2017

Significance

The inability to accurately monitor glioblastoma tumor progression vs. pseudoprogression has severely limited clinical treatment decisions, especially in the setting of immunotherapy. We have identified a novel noninvasive imaging combination that could distinguish intracranial immune responses from tumor progression in mice bearing orthotopic gliomas and in patients with glioblastomas. We combined the use of advanced MRI with PET imaging of deoxycytidine kinase, an enzyme overexpressed in immune cells. This combination resulted in superior differentiation between immune responses and tumors within the brain, and identified peripheral lymph nodes in which immune responses occurred after immunotherapy combinations. This combined imaging approach may provide a useful method to clinically monitor patients with glioblastomas treated with immune-based therapies, and to distinguish tumor progression from pseudoprogression.
Receptor-mediated chitin perception in legume roots is functionally separable from Nod factor perception
Authors: Bozsoki Zoltan , Cheng Jeryl , Feng Feng , Gysel Kira , Vinther Maria , Andersen Kasper R. , Oldroyd Giles , Blaise Mickael , Radutoiu Simona , Stougaard Jens
Published: September 2017

Significance

Like 80–90% of land plants, legumes form endosymbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, host endophytes, support a rhizosphere community, and are attacked by pathogens. The ability of root cells to distinguish between these soil microbes and the mixture of chitinaceous compounds they display as signal molecules is important for an appropriate plant response. We show that legumes possess very similar receptors enabling root cells to separate perception of chitin, which triggers responses to pathogens, from perception of lipochitin oligosaccharides (Nod factors), which trigger endosymbiosis with rhizobial bacteria. The chitin receptors bind chitin in biochemical assays, and inactivation of the corresponding genes impairs defense responses toward pathogens. Together this establishes a long-sought foundation for dissecting plants’ response mechanisms toward different soil microbes.
Injectable biomimetic liquid crystalline scaffolds enhance muscle stem cell transplantation
Authors: Sleep Eduard , Cosgrove Benjamin D. , McClendon Mark T. , Preslar Adam T. , Chen Charlotte H. , Sangji M. Hussain , Pérez Charles M. Rubert , Haynes Russell D. , Meade Thomas J. , Blau Helen M. , Stupp Samuel I.
Published: September 2017

Significance

Most research aiming to achieve muscle regeneration focuses on the biology of “muscle stem cells,” but delivery methods that enhance transplantation efficiency of these cells are at early stages. We report on a liquid crystalline scaffold that encapsulates the cells and gels upon injection in vivo without requiring an external stimulus. As a unique structural feature, the scaffold contains nanofibers that align preferentially with surrounding natural muscle fibers. The biomimetic scaffold can have a stiffness that matches that of muscle, has great ability to retain growth factors, and has a biodegradation rate that is compatible with regeneration time scales. Most importantly, the scaffold enhances engraftment efficiency of the cells in injured muscle, and without injury when combined with growth factors.
Beyond sixfold coordinated Si in SiO
2
glass at ultrahigh pressures
Authors: Prescher Clemens , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Stefanski Johannes , Jahn Sandro , Skinner Lawrie B. , Wang Yanbin
Published: September 2017

Significance

The combination of multichannel collimator and diamond anvil cells enabled the investigation of the real-space structure of an amorphous material >100 GPa. We have measured the structure of SiO
2
glass by angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction up to 172 GPa. Our results are in agreement with existing data up to 50 GPa showing a sharp change from fourfold to sixfold Si–O coordination number (CN). However, at higher pressures, CN continuously increases to values beyond 6 without sharp structural changes. The behavior of SiO
2
glass at high pressure serves as a model for more complex silicate glasses and melts. Thus, our results provide experimental insight into the structural evolution of silicate glasses and melts at ultrahigh pressures.
Dissection of theDrosophilaneuropeptide F circuit using a high-throughput two-choice assay
Authors: Shao Lisha , Saver Mathias , Chung Phuong , Ren Qingzhong , Lee Tzumin , Kent Clement F. , Heberlein Ulrike
Published: September 2017

Significance

The perception and processing of rewarding events are essential for organismal survival. InDrosophila, several groups of neurons have been shown to mediate reward perception or processing. However, a complete description of the reward circuit is missing. Here, we describe a simple two-choice, high-throughput assay suitable for performing large neuronal activation screens for neural circuits involved in reward perception/processing. We characterized this assay using activation of neuropeptide F (NPF) neurons, a known rewarding experience for flies. Furthermore, using genetic intersectional strategies, we subdivided the NPF neurons into different classes and showed that the activation of a subset of small NPF neurons located in the dorsomedial brain is sufficient to trigger preference.
Proteoliposome-based full-length ZnT8 self-antigen for type 1 diabetes diagnosis on a plasmonic platform
Authors: Wan Hao , Merriman Chengfeng , Atkinson Mark A. , Wasserfall Clive H. , Mcgrail Kieran M. , Liang Yongye , Fu Dax , Dai Hongjie
Published: September 2017

Significance

Autoantibody directed against the pancreatic zinc transport 8 (ZnT8) is used as a major biomarker for identifying and staging presymptomatic type 1 diabetes (T1D). Owing to difficulties in maintaining the tertiary structure outside a membrane environment, full-length ZnT8 has been somewhat limited for ZnT8A detection. In this work, we realized efficient ZnT8A detection using a proteoliposome-based full-length ZnT8 (PLR-ZnT8) self-antigen immobilized on a plasmonic gold platform (pGOLD). Proteoliposomes immobilized on pGOLD improved the proper folding and structural stability of full-length ZnT8 and thus enabled autoreactive sites accessible to ZnT8A, leading to the superior microarray-based assay performance of ZnT8A detection. This proteoliposome-based strategy opens up a new way to develop effective self-antigens to capture autoantibodies for disease diagnosis.
Mesoscale martensitic transformation in single crystals of topological defects
Authors: Li Xiao , Martínez-González José A. , Hernández-Ortiz Juan P. , Ramírez-Hernández Abelardo , Zhou Ye , Sadati Monirosadat , Zhang Rui , Nealey Paul F. , de Pablo Juan J.
Published: September 2017

Significance

The processes that mediate crystal nucleation and growth, and the transformation between crystal structures having different lattice symmetries, are of fundamental importance to a wide range of scientific disciplines. Here, we use single crystals of liquid-crystal blue phases with a controlled orientation to study the liquid analog of a crystal–crystal transformation. In contrast to traditional atomic crystals, the transitions that arise in blue phases take place over submicron length scales. They do, however, occur in a diffusionless manner, with characteristics that are reminiscent of traditional martensitic transformations in atomic crystals.
Self-healing catalysis in water
Authors: Costentin Cyrille , Nocera Daniel G.
Published: September 2017

Significance

Water provides an attractive medium for storing solar energy via water splitting. Charge-separated states generated by solar capture may be transferred to catalysts that split water to hydrogen and oxygen. Most water-splitting catalysts comprising earth-abundant elements are susceptible to corrosion when operated in neutral and natural water. Such corrosion may be circumvented if the catalysts are self-healing. The design of self-healing catalysts allows neutral water and natural water sources to be used for water splitting, greatly simplifying the implementation of using water as a distributed energy storage medium for solar energy.
The Iranian Community of the Late Ottoman Empire and the Egyptian “Crisis” through the Persian Looking Glass: The Documentation of the ʿUrabi Revolt in Istanbul’s Akhtar
Authors: Lawrence Tanya Elal
Published: September 2017

This article focuses on the coverage of the ʿUrabi rebellion of 1881–82 in the Istanbul-based Persian-language newspaper Akhtar. Akhtar was the first periodical to be published in Persian outside the auspices of the Qajar state, and first appeared on 13 January 1876, from the press owned by Mohammad Tāher Tabrizi in the Valide Han in the Ottoman capital. The objective of the present article is twofold. First, it aims to interweave the history of the Persian-language publication Akhtar with broader questions of how the Hamidian state strove to situate itself within a changing international order in a bid to affirm its legitimacy and sovereignty. It then proceeds to examine the ideological leanings of Akhtar set against the complex background of censorship laws implemented by the Hamidian state (1876–1908). To this end, by scrutinizing the reportage of this one specific event—the Egyptian crisis of 1881–82—it attempts to shed light on how the editors of Akhtar successfully maintained the delicate equilibrium of appeasing both its patrons: namely, the Hamidian state and its readership across the region where Persian was spoken. Thus, the article seeks also to highlight the ways in which inter-imperial dynamics lie at the heart of the history of this “Persian” publication.
Heat flow, seismic cut-off depth and thermal modeling of the Fennoscandian Shield
Authors: Veikkolainen Toni , Kukkonen Ilmo T , Tiira Timo
Published: September 2017

Being far from plate boundaries but covered with seismograph networks, the Fennoscandian Shield features an ideal test laboratory for studies of intraplate seismicity. For this purpose, this study applies 4190 earthquake events from years 2000–2015 with magnitudes ranging from 0.10 to 5.22 in Finnish and Swedish national catalogues. In addition, 223 heat flow determinations from both countries and their immediate vicinity were used to analyse the potential correlation of earthquake focal depths and the spatially interpolated heat flow field. Separate subset analyses were performed for five areas of notable seismic activity: the southern Gulf of Bothnia coast of Sweden (area 1), the northern Gulf of Bothnia coast of Sweden (area 2), the Swedish Norrbotten and western Finnish Lapland (area 3), the Kuusamo region of Finland (area 4) and the southernmost Sweden (area 5). In total, our subsets incorporated 3619 earthquake events. No obvious relation of heat flow and focal depth exists, implying that variations of heat flow are primarily caused by shallow lying heat producing units instead of deeper sources. This allows for construction of generic geotherms for the range of representative palaeoclimatically corrected (steady-state) surface heat flow values (40–60 mW m−2). The 1-D geotherms constructed for a three-layer crust and lithospheric upper mantle are based on mantle heat flow constrained with the aid of mantle xenolith thermobarometry (9–15 mW m−2), upper crustal heat production values (3.3–1.1 μWm−3) and the brittle-ductile transition temperature (350 °C) assigned to the cut-off depth of seismicity (28 ± 4 km). For the middle and lower crust heat production values of 0.6 and 0.2 μWm−3 were assigned, respectively. The models suggest a Moho temperature range of 460–500 °C.
Electoral Systems in Context
Authors: von Schoultz Åsa
Published: September 2017

The Finnish electoral system combines open-list proportional representation (OLPR) and mandatory preferential voting. OLPR provides the Finnish electoral system with a high degree of intra- and interparty competition. The inherent duality of the system has a multitude of effects on how elections are played out at different levels. The chapter provides a thorough presentation of the basic features of the electoral system and discusses its consequences, with a specific focus on how the two levels of competition influence the internal logic of Finnish politics in terms of nomination of candidates, how campaigns are fought, elections won, and the behavior and attitudes of voters, politicians, and parties.
Drugs in Professional Sports
Authors: Clark Todd
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the effects of recreational drugs, specifically marijuana, and performance-enhancing drugs in professional sports. To that end, this chapter highlights how these types of drugs have impacted society, athletes, team owners, and sport leagues. In addition, it provides a robust discussion about the historical, political, and legal impact of drug usage in sports and how these issues influence player rights, obligations, and duties. Finally, this chapter provides insight into the possible future authorization of marijuana based on its medicinal benefits and how the legalization of marijuana would be poised to reshape the legal relationship between players, teams and leagues.
Psychosocial Risk Factors for Eating Disorders
Authors: Jacobi Corinna , Hütter Kristian , Fittig Eike
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides an updated overview of risk factors for eating disorders, on the basis of the risk factor taxonomy described by (Kraemer et al., 1997). It summarizes risk factors identified in longitudinal studies and markers and retrospective correlates from cross-sectional studies through April 2002 for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, identifies new studies published between May 2002 and June 2015, and integrates them into the earlier review. The updated review confirms that longitudinal evidence on risk factors is strongest for nonspecific eating disorder diagnoses including subclinical forms and weakest for participants with diagnoses of anorexia nervosa. When strict criteria for caseness are applied, the majority of risk factors were not able to predict distinct diagnoses and only very few risk factors were confirmed in more than one sample. Case prediction, specificity, and replication therefore remain the biggest challenges in risk factor research for eating disorders.
Gender Differences in Behavioral Traits and Labor Market Outcomes
Authors: Shurchkov Olga , Eckel Catherine C.
Published: September 2017

Despite a policy push toward equality, substantial gender gaps in earnings and vertical gender segregation persist in the labor market. Studies point to gender-specific occupational sorting as one of the primary explanatory factors. But why do men and women sort into different careers? In this chapter, we document the evidence that suggests that gender differences along four behavioral traits may offer a plausible explanation. Specifically, the consensus in the literature is that women, on average, exhibit greater risk aversion, lower levels of competitiveness, and less desire to negotiate as compared to men. Gender differences in social preferences are less robust, but women appear to be more sensitive to social context and framing. Importantly, there is no conclusive evidence on whether these differences are inherent or societal for any of the individual traits, although most studies point to the latter.
Oxytocin and Plasticity of Social Behavior
Authors: Hammock Elizabeth A.D.
Published: September 2017

Oxytocin plays well-known roles in modulating social behavior in mammals. Oxytocin function depends on the brain circuitry it modulates, which is determined by the cell-type specific expression of the oxytocin receptor and the network integration of those cells. This review describes emerging evidence for the neural network mechanisms of oxytocin in behavioral plasticity in adults and development. A role for oxytocin in modulating excitatory/inhibitory balance and improving signal:noise processing is an emerging mechanism of function. This emerging literature calls for developmental studies of oxytocin modulation of signal:noise processing in socially naïve circuits. In this review, current oxytocin research findings are placed within the coordinate system of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis as a model to better understand the role of oxytocin in experience-dependent development and adulthood, to translate research results among diverse mammalian species, and to generate testable predictions for future research.
Earthquake Risk Assessment
Authors: Wyss Max
Published: September 2017

This article discusses the importance of assessing and estimating the risk of earthquakes. It begins with an overview of earthquake prediction and relevant terms, namely: earthquake hazard, maximum credible earthquake magnitude, exposure time, earthquake risk, and return time. It then considers data sources for estimating seismic hazard, including catalogs of historic earthquakes, measurements of crustal deformation, and world population data. It also examines ways of estimating seismic risk, such as the use of probabilistic estimates, deterministic estimates, and the concepts of characteristic earthquake, seismic gap, and maximum rupture length. A loss scenario for a possible future earthquake is presented, and the notion of imminent seismic risk is explained. Finally, the chapter addresses errors in seismic risk estimates and how to reduce seismic risk, ethical and moral aspects of seismic risk assessment, and the outlook concerning seismic risk assessment.
Physical Mechanisms Responsible for Track Changes and Rainfall Distributions Associated with Tropical Cyclone Landfall
Authors: Chan Johnny C.L.
Published: September 2017

As a tropical cyclone approaches land, its interaction with the characteristics of the land (surface roughness, topography, moisture availability, etc.) will lead to changes in its track as well as the rainfall and wind distributions near its landfall location. Accurate predictions of such changes are important in issuing warnings and disaster preparedness. In this chapter, the basic physical mechanisms that cause changes in the track and rainfall distributions when a tropical cyclone is about to make landfall are presented. These mechanisms are derived based on studies from both observations and idealized simulations. While the latter are relatively simple, they can isolate the fundamental and underlying physical processes that are inherent when an interaction between the land and the tropical cyclone circulation takes place. These processes are important in assessing the performance of the forecast models, and hence could help improve the model predictions and subsequently disaster preparedness.
Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth
Authors: McBride Keally
Published: September 2017

Frantz Fanon’s The Wretched of the Earth is a handbook for developing anticolonial revolutionary consciousness. It offers an analysis of the structures created by colonialism that need to be overcome, and predicts the political distortions that might occur in postcolonial regimes. All three of these themes involve a discussion of structural and interpersonal violence as a central force in politics. Fanon’s political theory traces the interconnected nature of economic, institutional, and psychological racialized violence that undergirds modern global relations. This chapter explores Fanon’s historical analysis of decolonization, emphasizing the difficulty of achieving individual freedom and the pitfalls of collective and violent struggle. Furthermore, Fanon’s volume predicts the growth of new forms of imperialism, and the continued economic exploitation of former colonies.
Understanding Drivers of Megaevents in Emerging Economies
Authors: Baade Robert A. , Matheson Victor A.
Published: September 2017

Emerging economies have hosted sports mega-events with increased frequency. This chapter provides possible motivations for this development, and assesses the extent to which the expected outcomes from hosting have been realized. Outcomes have often fallen short of expectations by a considerable amount, and probable reasons for that shortfall are identified and analyzed. Methods of ensuring that outcomes from hosting more closely align with expectations are discussed, and conclusions are drawn about the wisdom of emerging economies hosting sports mega-events.
Private Finance
Authors: Greve Carsten , Hodge Graeme A.
Published: September 2017

Public–private partnerships are now well established around the globe, and private finance plays a significant role in long-term infrastructure contracts. Reasons for wanting private finance in megaprojects have varied between countries and changed over time, and it will continue to attract governments who are either unable or unwilling to publicly finance major projects. The availability of private finance has seen many megaprojects delivered when they would not otherwise have gone ahead. In the same way that a private credit card can be used with an inappropriately high interest rate to purchase today what is paid for tomorrow, so too can private finance amount to little more than a megacredit card for eager governments eyeing off a desirable, immediate, infrastructure transaction. There is increasing academic evidence about how well private finance works, but the verdict is still out because the evidence is not conclusive.
Quality Assurance in Megaproject Management
Authors: Samset Knut , Volden Gro Holst
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the Norwegian governance regime for public megaprojects and the lessons learned. Governance regimes for major public investment projects comprise the processes and systems which the financing party must implement to ensure a successful investment. Such regimes typically include a regulatory framework, compliance with agreed objectives, and sound management and resolution of issues that may arise. The challenges in securing quality at entry include identification of a conceptual solution that is economically viable and relevant with respect to the needs and often conflicting priorities in society, avoiding underestimating costs, overestimating utility and making unrealistic and inconsistent assumptions, and securing essential planning data and adequate contract regimes. The Norwegian regime involves external quality assurance of key decision documents, and has given the government greater control over the total cost of its investment project portfolio. It also ensures that decisions regarding the choice of conceptual solution are based on a broad assessment of overall needs and goals, as well as alternative ways of achieving these goals.
Wider Impacts of Megaprojects
Authors: Vickerman Roger
Published: September 2017

The assessment of wider economic impacts from transport projects has become more widespread, but still provokes considerable debate. This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical basis of such impacts and shows how the argument has developed, from a straightforward assessment of the way changes in the effective density of labor markets impact on productivity, to arguments about the transformational effects of megaprojects on the economy as a whole. It is concluded that although there are firm foundations for the existence of such additional impacts, more still needs to be done to establish a robust methodology for their acceptance.
The Power of Systems Integration
Authors: Davies Andrew
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents a case study of the construction of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The approach to systems integration used to deliver London 2012 addressed the two levels of complexity associated with this megaproject. Prime contractors were appointed to manage each individual system as separate project (such as the Olympic Stadium and Velodrome), and the task of integrating the entire collection of systems and engaging with multiple stakeholders was performed jointly by the client and its delivery partner. The chapter provides a brief review of the systems integration and project management literature, and identifies the layered structure of systems integration used to manage London 2012. It also considers what we can learn about the wider role of systems integration in megaproject management, and concludes by suggesting some promising avenues for future research.
Institutional Challenges and Solutions for Global Megaprojects
Authors: Scott W. Richard , Levitt Raymond E.
Published: September 2017

Megaprojects are characterized by complex technical interdependencies—both compatible and contentious—novel technologies and systems, cross-cutting regional and political forces, and the presence of multiple institutional frameworks. This chapter stresses the role played by institutions. Employing a broad conception, it views institutions as consisting of three types of elements: regulatory (rules, laws, orders), normative (norms and values) and cultural-cognitive (beliefs, schemas, frames). As a form, megaprojects incorporate and are subject to a diverse, complex, and conflicting combination of elements. Viewed as an organization field, megaprojects confront a highly diverse set of participants who exhibit varying degrees of embeddedness in their local environment and are obliged to manage their operations across multiple changing phases which entail shifts over time in their power and influence. These challenges require that successful megaprojects develop flexible legal-contractual managerial controls, common norms and values, and shared identities anchored in a robust project culture.
Biggest Infrastructure Bubble Ever?
Authors: Ren Xuefei
Published: September 2017

Since the early 1990s, China has built more megaprojects than any other country in the world. This chapter examines the economic and sociopolitical conditions in China that have made the massive investment and construction of megaprojects possible, such as the deregulatory reforms in the land and housing sector and the rise of local investment corporations for megaproject financing. The chapter also compares megaproject developments before and after 2008—a tumultuous year marking both the Beijing Olympics and a global economic recession. Before 2008, the hosting of mega-events often legitimized the construction of megaprojects. After 2008, the recession became the new legitimizing tool, as the Chinese government implemented a large stimulus program that directed more investment in infrastructural megaprojects. With the slowdown of the Chinese economy, many local governments today find themselves in deep debt from overinvestment in infrastructural megaprojects over the past two decades. Examples from Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou are used to illustrate the contested processes and mixed legacies of city building with megaprojects.
Paradox in Positive Organizational Scholarship
Authors: Cameron Kim S.
Published: September 2017

The field of positive organizational scholarship highlights the paradox that exists between the negative and the positive in organizations and in individuals. On the one hand, all living systems have a tendency toward, and flourish in the presence of, the positive. Physically, psychologically, emotionally, and socially human systems are inclined toward positive energy and away from negative energy. This is called the heliotropic effect. On the other hand, bad is stronger than good, and individuals and organizations respond more readily and more dramatically to the negative than to the positive. The negative disrupts more readily than does the positive. This chapter grounds this paradoxical phenomenon in academic literature and then reconciles their simultaneous opposite presence in organizations and individuals. Transcending this paradox leads to extraordinarily effective performance for individuals and for organizations.
The Role of Irony and Metaphor in Working through Paradox during Organizational Change
Authors: Sillince John A. A. , Golant Benjamin D.
Published: September 2017

How does organizational change involve “working through paradox,” what is the role of rhetoric in that process, and what are its outcomes? We show that working through paradox during organizational change involves the integrating rhetoric of metaphor and the differentiating rhetoric of irony. Irony generates critique and provides space for considering the possibility of organizational change. Metaphor links disparate elements together and thus resolves the contradiction generated by irony. Through a model of critique and resolution, we show how cycling between metaphor and irony facilitates a greater awareness by employees of their own ambivalence toward organizational change, thus increasing possibilities for reflexive engagement with organizational change.
Gender and Organizational Paradox
Authors: Putnam Linda L. , Ashcraft Karen Lee
Published: September 2017

This chapter contrasts the modernist and postmodernist approaches to gender and organizational paradox, contradictions, and dialectics. Modernist scholarship highlights identity, visibility, and meritocracy paradoxes that treat gender as a dualism linked to double binds and inequality. Postmodern feminist research focuses on the doing or performing of gender that casts paradox as an opportunity to negotiate new identities and organizational forms. In this view, paradoxical tensions that stem from performing gender and diversity often lead to ambiguity, ambivalence, and dissonance that can create spaces for actions. The contrast of the two approaches shows how organizational paradox is not only indispensable to the product ion of gender and power but also to the ontology of organizations.
Circumventing the Logic and Limits of Representation: Otherness in East–West Approaches to Paradox
Authors: Chia Robert , Nayak Ajit
Published: September 2017

This chapter argues that paradox arises, not from our phenomenal experience, but from our efforts at conceptualizing it through the logic of comprehension dominating Western thought. It identifies an Aristotelian-inspired “Being” ontology and a corresponding representationalist epistemology as the primary underlying cause of paradox in truth claims made on empirical observations. Drawing on a Heraclitean-inspired tradition in the West, this chapter shows how paradox may be circumnavigated through an alternative logic of Otherness. Underlying this metaphysical outlook is an ontology of Becoming, which takes flux and change as pervasive and inexorable. Language and logic are thus seen as futile attempts to fix the unfixable. Embracing a Becoming world view of reality enables us to recognize the limits of logic and representation and hence develop more nuanced and oblique modes of communication and responses. A Becoming world view sensitizes us to a necessary Otherness always already immanent in representational truth claims.
A Road Map of the Paradoxical Mind
Authors: Keller Josh , Chen Erica Wen
Published: September 2017

Although cognition has been a central tenet in organizational paradox theory, an understanding of how cognition might influence individuals’ experience with paradoxes has been underexplored. By incorporating insights from cognitive sciences and organizational paradox research, this chapter develops an initial road map to discuss how the mind shapes the experience with paradoxes. It first explores the question of why an individual experiences a paradox by discussing the role of categories—specifically antonymic categories and categorization processes and then explores the question of how individuals experience a paradox by discussing the role of perception, affect, and reasoning. The chapter discusses domain-specific knowledge and metacognitive knowledge to address how an individual can learn to manage paradoxes. Finally, how social conventions influence the experience with paradoxes and how cultural metacognition may be able to alter these effects is discussed. By constructing this initial road map, this chapter contributes to research on organizations and cognition.
Citizenship and Human Rights
Authors: Owen David
Published: September 2017

The relationship of citizenship and human rights has become a central issue for contemporary politics. This chapter begins with a brief overview of theories of human rights, before addressing two pivotal topics for this relationship: a human right to citizenship (as membership of a state) and a human right to democracy. It then turns to consider the practical salience of the international human rights regime for citizenship and human rights, before concluding with a discussion of the relationship of human rights as cosmopolitan norms to the principle of the self-determination of peoples.
Citizenship For Sale?
Authors: Shachar Ayelet
Published: September 2017

“There are some things that money can’t buy.” Is citizenship among them? This chapter explores this question by highlighting the core legal and ethical puzzles associated with the surge in cash-for-passport programs. The spread of these new programs is one of the most significant developments in citizenship practice in the past few decades. It tests our deepest intuitions about the meaning and attributes of the relationship between the individual and the political community to which she belongs. This chapter identifies the main strategies employed by a growing number of states putting their visas and passports “for sale,” selectively opening their otherwise bolted gates of admission to the high-net-worth individuals of the world. Moving from the positive to the normative, the discussion then elaborates the main arguments in favor of, as well as against, citizenship-for-sale. The discussion draws attention to the distributive and political implications of these developments, both locally and globally, and identifies the deeper forces at work that contribute to the perpetual testing, blurring, and erosion of the state-market boundary regulating access to membership.
Introduction: What to Expect
Authors: Klehe Ute-Christine , van Hooft Edwin
Published: September 2017

We often associate job search with job loss, an adverse and often traumatic experience with dire consequences to individuals, their families, and societies overall. Yet job search happens far more often in better circumstances, such as when people start out on their careers, move between jobs, or follow less traditional career paths. In either case, this self-regulatory behavior is worth investigation from many different perspectives. The current handbook thus offers the first comprehensive overview of the literatures on job loss and job search, discussing the antecedents and consequences of job loss as well as different situations besides job loss that may call for an intense job search. Further, the handbook discusses the diverse theoretical and methodological perspectives from which job search has been studied, the situation of special populations, and the types of interventions that have been developed when job search proves unsuccessful in the face of unemployment.
Social Psychology and Social Justice: Critical Principles and Perspectives for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Hammack Phillip L.
Published: September 2017

This introduction presents the concept of social justice as an idea (and ideal) linked to Enlightenment philosophies and their realization in modern democracies. The historical emergence of social psychology as a discipline is discussed in relation to twentieth-century movements for postcolonial independence and civil rights, the demise of the eugenics movement, and challenges to ideologies of ethnic hierarchy. Five principles of a social psychology of social justice for the twenty-first century are proposed, orienting empirical work toward (1) a critical ontological perspective, (2) assumption of a normative stance toward justice, (3) alliance with the subordinate, (4) analysis of resistance, and (5) commitment to public science and scientific activism. Chapters within the volume are situated in relation to six areas of inquiry: (1) critical ontologies, paradigms, and methods; (2) race and ethnicity; (3) gender and sexuality; (4) class and poverty; (5) globalization and conflict; and (6) intervention, advocacy, and social policy.
The Earliest People in the Southwest
Authors: Ballenger Jesse , Holliday Vance , Sanchez Guadelupe
Published: September 2017

Paleoindian occupations across the Southwest are known largely from surface artifact collections because relatively few in situ sites are known. Clovis is the exception, with one of the world’s highest concentrations of Clovis mammoth kills occurring in southeast Arizona (Murray Springs, Naco, and Lehner). Otherwise Clovis is thinly scattered across New Mexico, Chihuahua, and Sonora. Folsom is the most common Paleoindian projectile point type in the Southwest in terms of numbers, but is largely concentrated in the basins of the Upper Rio Grande valley in New Mexico and Colorado. Unfluted Paleoindian artifact styles are widely scattered throughout the region, but most are concentrated along the Upper Rio Grande valley.
An Archaeological History of the Mesa Verde Region
Authors: Wilshusen Richard H. , Glowacki Donna
Published: September 2017

The Mesa Verde region—extending from southeastern Utah to southwestern Colorado and northwestern New Mexico—is the heartland of the earliest pueblos and an ancestral home for at least three of the four Pueblo language groups. Over the last two millennia, there were three periods in which Ancestral Pueblo population peaked and declined, with the last abandonment of the late thirteenth century the most well known. The combination of excellent material preservation, detailed tree-ring and ceramic chronologies, and the ability to integrate extensive archaeological, linguistic, sociocultural, and biological data provides a unique opportunity to research the Neolithic demographic transition, the ethnogenesis of historically known groups, the formation and abandonment of villages, and the role of historical contingency in making sense of the past.
Classic Period Hohokam
Authors: Clark Jeffery J. , Abbott David
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the Hohokam Classic Period (ca. 1200–1450 ce) in southern Arizona. Two perspectives are presented for observed archaeological patterns. One perspective is from the Phoenix Basin center, a densely populated region on a trajectory of overexploitation and decline throughout much of the interval, despite the construction of massive irrigation works and architectural buildings that left impressive ruins. The other perspective is from the outlying valleys to the north and east of Phoenix that had much lower population densities. Here intense interaction between local majorities, and small, but socially resilient, Kayenta immigrants from northeast Arizona led to the development of an inclusive Salado ideology that transcended the identities of both groups. This ideology ultimately penetrated the Phoenix Basin when the latter was on the verge of collapse. This collapse was so complete that few pre-contact archaeological sites have been identified in the Hohokam region after 1450 ce.
Chihuahuan Archaeology
Authors: Whalen Michael E. , Minnis Paul E.
Published: September 2017

Northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, and the U.S. Southwest share broadly similar pre-colonial cultures and sequences of change. In fact, the present-day international boundary artificially divides a single culture area. Even so, northwestern Chihuahua is not simply a southern extension of the U.S. Southwest. This chapter reviews the past of northwestern Chihuahua from the early pre-ceramic era through late pre-Hispanic times, showing how these cultures were similar to and different from their counterparts in the Southwest. It is clear that maize farming and at least semi-sedentary life were introduced early in Chihuahua, and this formed a basis for the rapid development of subsequent cultures. The apogee of the area’s late pre-colonial period is the famous center of Paquimé (or Casas Grandes). It is widely recognized as one of the most complex societies of the pre-Hispanic Pueblo world.
Perishable Technologies
Authors: Jolie Edward A. , Webster Laurie D.
Published: September 2017

The American Southwest is renowned for its excellent preservation of perishable organic artifacts in dry alcoves and cliff dwellings. This chapter discusses past research on and current trends in the study of perishable artifacts such as textiles, baskets, mats, footwear, and worked wood and hides from Southwest archaeological sites. Following a review of prior research, the chapter details the salient research objectives and outcomes of studies investigating the importance of perishable technologies. Prominent research themes include perishables in daily life, the potential for perishable artifact technological and stylistic variability to inform on social interaction, boundaries, and identities, and the role of perishables in ritual practice.
Plants
Authors: Fish Suzanne K. , Adams Karen R.
Published: September 2017

Beginning 4,000 or more years ago in the U.S. Southwest and Mexican Northwest, the most varied and sustained interactions between regional inhabitants and the plants of their environments took place within the context of agricultural economies. Even though a recurrent paradigm portrays the Southwest/Northwest as harsh and agriculturally marginal, the region is rich in the archaeological legacy of Indigenous cultivators who produced harvests over three and a half millennia. In recent decades, a finer focus on analytical details, as well as broader comparative approaches to the archaeological record of plants, has expanded the roster of regional crops and culturally enhanced resources, illuminated the nature and scope of culturally modified environments, and explored the roles of plants in a range of economic and social transactions.
Animals
Authors: Schollmeyer Karen Gust , Spielmann Katherine A.
Published: September 2017

Studies of animals in Southwest archaeology have been particularly successful in addressing the social-environmental context of human use of fauna. Two aspects of this topic form the focus of this chapter: understanding anthropogenic effects on landscapes, and human ritual engagement with animals. Studies of fauna and anthropogenic landscape change have centered on topics including garden hunting, anthropogenic vegetation changes, and human impacts on artiodactyls. Investigations of human ritual engagement with animals have primarily included analyses of room and site function (particularly examining ceremonial centers), studies of the emergence of new ritual regimes, and analyses focused on birds in religion. Emerging directions for Southwest zooarchaeology include synthetic analyses, archaeological chemistry, and variation in religious belief over time and space.
People
Authors: Stodder Ann L. W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes the scope of bioarchaeology in the American Southwest, the strengths and limitations of the research, and challenges presented by the cultural resource management work setting and concern with the preferences of descendant communities regarding the treatment and study of human remains. The bioarchaeological record of childhood, gendered social and economic roles, variation in diet and health, biological distance, and the contexts of interpersonal and lethal violence provide unique insights into daily life in the past, as well as the larger social and political processes that drive cultural and biological history in this region. The rejection of systematic and fine-grained analysis of mortuary features is a notable irony given the interest in identity construction, ethnicity, and migration in Southwest archaeology.
Comparison of Vaginal Hysterectomy Techniques and Interventions for Benign Indications: A Systematic Review
Authors: Jeppson Peter C. , Balgobin Sunil , Rahn David D. , Matteson Kristen A. , Dieter Alexis A. , Ellington David R. , Aschkenazi Sarit O. , Grimes Cara , Mamik Mamta M. , Balk Ethan M. , Murphy Miles
Published: September 2017

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2017;129:877–886)

Barriers to performing a vaginal hysterectomy (VH) include potential complications, technical difficulties, lack of experience, and low-volume caseload. Increased knowledge is needed about factors associated with success and failure of a vaginal approach.
Use of Combined Hormonal Contraceptives Among Women With Migraines and Risk of Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Champaloux Steven W. , Tepper Naomi K. , Monsour Michael , Curtis Kathryn M. , Whiteman Maura K. , Marchbanks Polly A. , Jamieson Denise J.
Published: September 2017

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;216:489.e1–489.e7)

Migraine headaches occur commonly in women; more than 40% will have a migraine during their lifetime. Women of reproductive age who experience migraine, especially those with aura are at increased risk of ischemic stroke.
Racial and Social Predictors of Longitudinal Cervical Measures: The Cervical Ultrasound Study
Authors: Harville E. W. , Miller K. S. , Knoepp L. R.
Published: September 2017

(Abstracted from J Perinatol 2017;37:335–339)

Shorter cervical length is associated with preterm birth (PTB), and previous studies have found that women of African origin have shorter cervical length than do white women and are more prone to cervical insufficiency. Cervical shape (a “V”- and “U”-shaped funnel) and changes to cervical shape and length are also associated with PTB.
Tubal Ligation and Incidence of 26 Site-Specific Cancers in the Million Women Study
Authors: Gaitskell Kezia , Coffey Kate , Green Jane , Pirie Kirstin , Reeves Gillian K. , Ahmed Ahmed A. , Barnes Isobel , Beral Valerie
Published: September 2017

(Abstracted from Br J Cancer 2016;114:1033–1037)

The risk of ovarian cancer is reduced in women who undergo tubal ligation. Although it has been suggested that tubal ligation is also associated with reduced risk of breast, endometrial, and cervical cancers, there is no clear evidence for these tumors.
Application of a Modified Pedicled Adipofascial Lateral Arm Flap in the Prevention and Treatment of Radial Nerve Injuries
Authors: Koehler Steven M. , Matson Andrew P. , Mithani Suhail K.
Published: September 2017

The fasciocutaneous lateral arm flap is a workhorse flap in upper extremity reconstruction. However, its adipofascial variant is not widely used. The technique can be used in various clinical scenarios. The adipofascial flap can be transposed to circumferentially wrap the radial nerve with a pliable, vascularized fat and fascial envelope, mimicking the natural fatty environment of peripheral nerves. This technique has the advantage of providing a scar tissue barrier, a barrier to hardware irritation and a milieu for vascular regeneration of the nerve. Suggested applications include nerve coverage in the setting of posterior humerus plating to prevent adhesions; anticipation of bone grafting in the setting of an open fractures with bone loss, infection, or with the use of the Masquelet technique; in revision total elbow arthroplasty or endoprosthetic humerus replacement; and in the setting of neurolysis, repair or nerve grafting. The technique is straightforward and does not require microvascular expertise.