bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heavy Metal Content in Water of Starzyc Lake (North-West Poland)
Authors: Daniszewski Piotr , Konieczny Ryszard
Published: December 2022

The present research work deals with the quantification of toxic heavy metals in the water samples collected from Lake of Starzyc (North-West Poland). While the annual average concentration of Cd was calculated as 0.30 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.21 ppm in 2009 of the year. The values obtained were found to be below the permissible limit of 2.0 ppm set for inland surface water. While the annual average concentration of Cr was calculated as 1,73 ppm in 2008 of the year and 1.67 ppm in 2009 of the year. Which was very much above the permissible limit of 0.1 ppm set for inland surface water. The observed annual average concentration of Cu in the water was 0.03 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.06 ppm in 2009 of the year, which was below the permissible limit of 3.0 ppm set for inland surface water. While the annual average concentration of Hg was calculated as 0.02 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.03 ppm in 2009 of the year, which was very much above the maximum limit of 0.01 ppm set for inland surface water. The annual average concentration of Ni in the water samples was observed to be 1.80 ppm in 2008 of the year and 2.07 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is close to the limit of 3.0 ppm set for inland surface water. The annual average concentration of Pb in the water samples was observed to be 0.08 ppm in 2008 of the year and 0.07 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is above the permissible limit of 0.1 ppm set for inland surface water. The results of the present investigation indicate that the annual average concentration of Zn in water samples was 3.52 ppm in 2008 of the year and 3.18 ppm in 2009 of the year, which is above the permissible limit of 5.0 ppm set for inland surface water.
Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO-CdO Nanocomposite Using Electrodeposition Method
Authors: Abdul-Ameer Zehraa N. , Agool Ibrahim R.
Published: December 2022

ZnO,CdO,ZnO-CdO nanocomposite were prepared using electrochemical deposition the prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction and the photoluminenscence spectroscopy (PL) to get the surface morphology leading to calculation of optical energy gap .the grain size determined by Scherrer's equation (22-25) nm .through the calculation of Eg ,it was noticed a red shift behavior in ZnO manner due to addition of CdO content
Study of Stannous-Cerium Oxide Nanocomposites as Nanofilm, Nanodot and Nanorod
Authors: Budhiraja Narender , Sharma Ashwani , Kumar Sanjay , Kaur Anupreet , Unikrishnan N.V.
Published: December 2022

In the present paper, main emphasis is given to synthesize the Stannous-Cerium oxide nanocomposites in nanofilms, nanodots and nanorods by Chemical bath method, Chemical drop method and Chemical rolling Method. These nanocomposite materials are synthesized on a glass substrate at 100 °C temperature. Crystallography investigation of these materials is done by X-ray diffraction (XRD) which reveals that average grain size is 58.9 nm and 62.3 nm for nanofilms and nanodots on glass substrate respectively whereas XRD diffraction for nanorod on glass substrate reveals that material is amorphous in nature.
Nuclear Data Relevant to the Production of Radioiodine I-123, I-125 by Indirect Route and Medical Applications
Authors: Al-Alawy Iman Tarik , Mohammed Raghad Saadoon
Published: December 2022

The use of radioactive Iodine plays an important role in the treatment of some diseases and diagnosis of others, since they have suitable half-life. The radioactivity emitted from the dissolution of radioactive I-123 and I-125, such as the emission of Auger electrons, positrons and gamma rays reduce the spread of these diseases. Therefore, in this work we discuss the Iodine production via indirect reactions. In order to calculate the cross sections of these reactions for the mentioned target elements, we recommended the cross sections for EXFOR library using the recom.m program, which is written in the present work using Matlab-8, the data are taken from different authors. In order to supply accurate databases for different practical purposes such as proton beam energy monitoring, I-123 and I-125 radioisotopes production, we have evaluated the cross section collected from IAEA for EXFOR library measured by different authors of (p,xn), (d,xn) nuclear process. The selected data and our recommended cross sections were developed for practical applications. Since the preliminary overview of the cross section measurements up to 160MeV showed that there are discrepancies between the literature results.
Design and Performance Evaluation of Supplemental Air Supplied Charcoal Stove
Authors: Bello R. Segun , Onilude M.A. , Adegbulugbe T.A.
Published: December 2022

Improved charcoal stoves are known to generally develop high thermal efficiencies, but most generate appreciable level of gas emissions which has made them unsuitable for use within residential buildings. In order to eliminate this constraint, a supplemental air supply power pack was introduced to improve charcoal stove thermal and aesthetic performance. This paper described the experimental setup, test procedures and results showing optimized performance. Comparison between performance characteristics shows the air aspirated stove and other improved charcoal stove showed more than 20% increased efficiency, power input of 2.26 kW (0.691Kw/hr) and overall thermal efficiency of 36.74% for the improved stove, the stove is thermally efficient more than the traditional stove.
Empirical Method to Predict the Performance of Human Powered Mono Hull Boats
Authors: Garrick Ombor Pereowei , Agbakwuru Jasper , Okwu Modestus
Published: December 2022

An empirical method to predict the performance of a human powered mono hull boat is presented in this paper. Results from the experiments were plotted in a graph format suitable for easy use to predict the performance of the boat under various operational conditions. Example cases were used to illustrate how the graphs are used. It was deduced from the graphs that it is possible to use human powered monohull boats to cover a distance as much as 81km in less than 12 hours in sheltered waterways or rivers with minimal number of passing power boats. The results of the study also revealed that it is also possible for human powered boat user to travel a distance longer than 200km when pedalling with input power less than 50watt. The study shows that there is high potential in the use of human powered mono hull boats for useful and sustainable transport purpose, especially in developing countries. The experimental method used in this study, proved that without conducting expensive resistance test in model basins, the performance of a human powered mono hull boat could be adequately predicted.
Preparation and Characterization of Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP) by Graft Polymerization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose
Authors: Nazmul Islam A.B.M. , Anisul Islam Md.
Published: December 2022

The synthesis of superabsorbent polymer with Carboxymethyl cellulose using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) initiated acrylamide (AA) monomer through a solution based graft copolymerization has been conducted. The characterizing studies were performed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and swelling studies. FTIR spectra established crosslinked polymeric network structure of hydrogels through graft copolymerization reaction between CMC and acrylamide indicating incorporation of acrylamide monomer resulting the formation of carboxamide group (>C=O). AFM showed the surface morphology or properties of superabsorbent. The hydrophilic properties of the superabsorbent were identified by the swelling percentage or degree of swelling.
Convergence of Numbers of Synapses and Quantum Foci within Human Brain Space: Quantitative Implications of the Photon as the Source of Cognition
Authors: Persinger Michael A.
Published: December 2022

Quantitative solutions involving classical methods indicated that the numbers of quantum foci within the human cerebrum are the same order of magnitude as the numbers of synapses in the cerebral cortices. The Bohr frequency for the magnitude of the quantum associated with the removal of one nucleus from another is within the range of the width of synapse (~1 µm) while the recoil energy from a rest mass photon is equivalent to the energy produced by the entire field of dynamic neurons per second. The intrinsic energy (10-20 J) associated with each action potential is similar to the gravitational potential energy from Planck’s mass applied across 1 µm. Both the endogenous cerebral magnetic field strength which is similar in magnitude to intergalactic intensities and the interaction between weak geomagnetic variations and the cerebrum’s electric dipole current are associated with photon flux densities in the order (10-11 W∙m-2) that have been measured in the laboratory. The perspective of the human cerebral volume as a field of foci of photon quanta offers different perspectives for the intrinsic nature of consciousness and cognition and their influence by phenomena from astronomical origins.
The Effects of Heat Treatment on the Electrochemical Properties and Corrosion of Aluminium Alloy AA8011 in an Aqueous Acid Media
Authors: Kelechukwu B. Okeoma , Israel O. Owate , Emeka E. Oguzie , Ihebrodike M. Mejeha , Lebe Nnanna , Joseph Eze
Published: December 2022

Effects of heat treatment and quenching regimen on the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloy AA8011 in 0.1M H2SO4 was studied by open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Three different specimens (untreated/control, air -quenched oven- quenched) were investigated. Polarization results show that all the specimens underwent active dissolution, with no distinctive transition to passivation, heat treatment was observed to shift the corrosion potential towards low anodic values and decreased the rates of anodic partial reactions of the corrosion process. Electrochemical investigations reveal that heat treatment techniques have positive impacts on the alloy as indicated in increase in charge transfer resistance, polarization resistance and decrease in double layer capacitance. These positive effects are attributed to decrease in mean defect size and increase in lattice distortion of the crystallites in the heat treated specimens of the alloy. Studies of X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphologies of control, air and oven quenched samples of AA8011 aluminium alloy indicate decrease in mean defect size of 18.97% and 40.44%; increase in the lattice distortion of 11.07% and 20.04% for air and oven quenched specimens respectively.
Nonrelativistic Atomic Spectrum for Companied Harmonic Oscillator Potential and its Inverse in both NC-2D: RSP
Authors: Maireche Abdelmadjid
Published: December 2022

A novel study for the exact solvability of nonrelativistic quantum spectrum systems for companied Harmonic oscillator potential and its inverse (the isotropic harmonic oscillator plus inverse quadratic potential) is discussed used both Boopp’s shift method and standard perturbation theory in both noncommutativity two dimensional real space and phase (NC-2D: RSP), furthermore the exact corrections for the spectrum of studied potential was depended on two infinitesimals parameters θ and θ¯ which plays an opposite rolls, this permits us to introduce a new fixing gauge condition and we have also found the corresponding noncommutative anisotropic Hamiltonian.
Combination of Wavelet Analysis and Artificial Neural Networks Applied to Forecast of Daily Cosmic Ray Impulses
Authors: Caswell Joseph M.
Published: December 2022

Artificial neural network modelling has proven incredibly effective in an impressively wide range of scientific disciplines. The combination of these various methods with wavelet decomposition signal processing has similarly proven to be a powerful development for statistical forecasting of a number of environmental processes. Space weather modelling and prediction has often been applied to forecasting of solar activity and that of the planetary magnetic field. However, prediction of cosmic ray impulses has seen little development in the context of neural network modelling. In the present study, a combination of wavelet neural networks was adapted from previous research in order to predict daily average values of cosmic ray impulses 30 days in advance. Additional comparison of both neural network and linear regression modelling with and without wavelet decomposition was conducted for further demonstration of increased accuracy with wavelet neural networks in a simple input-output fitting model
Phenobarbital Analysis in Biological Matrix (Blood) by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Authors: Hamza Ouakouak , Moktar Ben Mohamed , Mostafa Ben Chohra , Zeghdaoui Abdelhamid
Published: December 2022

In this work, we have tried to contribute to the analysis of phenobarbital in the blood. To do this, we used different analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results obtained in the course of our work, we can conclude that: The HPLC method was separate phenobarbital endogenous blood components, and optimizing the conditions of chromatographic separation as the composition of the mobile phase consisting of 20% acetonitrile + 20% methanol + 60% ammonium acetate buffer. The extraction with diethyl ether to pH = 4; The chromatographic column, microbondapack ZORBAX C18. A system of diode-array UV detection at 254 nm.
First and Second Zagreb Polynomials of VC5C7[p,q] and HC5C7[p,q]Nanotubes
Authors: Farahani Mohammad Reza
Published: December 2022

Let G = (V,E) be a simple connected graph. The sets of vertices and edges of G are denoted by V = V(G) and E = E(G), respectively. There exist many topological indices and connectivity indices in graph theory. The First and Second Zagreb indices were first introduced by Gutman and Trinajstić In1972. It is reported that these indices are useful in the study of anti-inflammatory activities of certain chemical instances, and in elsewhere. In this paper, we focus on the structure of ”G = VC5C7[p,q]”and ”H = HC5C7[p,q]” nanotubes and counting first Zagreb index Zg1(G) = ∑veVdv2 and Second Zagreb index Zg2(G) =∑e=uveE(G)(du·dv) of G and H, as well as First Zagreb polynomial Zg1(G,x ) =∑e=uveE(G)xdu+dv and Second Zagreb Polynomial Zg2(G,x) = ∑e=uveE(G)xdu·dv
The Dynamics of Concentration of Selected Chemical Components of Rainfalls in the Szczecin
Authors: Daniszewski Piotr
Published: December 2022

The progress of civilization, as well as enhanced environmental transformation processes have a negative impact on individual elements of the environment. These processes remind us that the protection of the individual elements of the environment is the basis for further socio - economic development. In recent years the increasing pollution of the atmosphere causes more and more interest in the science of the substances contained in it and merge back to the surface of the Earth. Of great importance for the environment have the substances contained in the water drainage, as in the form of dissolved very easily reach the individual environmental elements causing their contamination. Research was carried out in the years 2008-2011 (January-December) in the town of Szczecin. In the tests was measured the amount of precipitation, chemical composition (NH4+, NO3-, PO43-- ions were numbered), pH and conductivity. Szczecin is situated in North-Western Poland, in the western part of the province. West at the Polish-German border. The town lies on the river Oder and the Lake Dabie, covering part of the inter-Odra. Szczecin is located on the city's Lower Oder Valley four geographical: Szczecin, Beech Hill, Elevation and Plain Goleniowska-they are part of port of Szczecin. The most affecting the North Atlantic polar-maritime air-masses with the high humidity, which affects the increase in cloud cover and in the summer the amount of precipitation; in winter involves a warming and a large cloudness. These weight most outstanding summer and autumn. The presence of this air is observed most commonly in winter and spring. Is it a little water vapour content. Much less likely to flood the air Arctic-weather very variable, it brings with it major changes in temperature and spring frosts. Least likely has the presence of air, which brings periods of rapid warming marshes, appearing sometimes in winter and occasionally in the summer.
Spin Waves in Two and Three Dimensional Magnetic Materials
Authors: Wijesinhe H.S. , Wijewardena Gamalath K A I L
Published: December 2022

The equations of motion for the dynamic properties of spin waves in three dimensions were obtained using Heisenberg model and solved for two and three dimensional lattices analytically up to an exponential operator representation. The second order Suzuki Trotter decomposition method was extended to incorporate second nearest interaction parameters into the numerical solution. Computer based simulations on systems in micro canonical ensembles in constant-energy states were used to check the applicability of this model for two dimensional lattice as well as three dimensional simple cubic and bcc lattices. In the magnon dispersion curves all or most of the spin wave components could be recognized as peaks in the dynamic structure factor presenting the variation of energy transfer with respect to momentum transfer of spin waves. Second order Suzuki Trotter algorithm used conserved the energy.
Growth and Characterization of Reactive DC Magnetron Sputtered Aluminum Titanate Thin Films
Authors: Addepalli Suresh , Suda Uthanna
Published: December 2022

Aluminum titanate (Al2TiO5) films were deposited on to unheated p-silicon and quartz substrates by reactive DC magnetron sputtering of Al67Ti33 target at an oxygen flow rate of 8 sccm and at sputter pressure of 2x10-3 mbar. The as-deposited films were annealed in oxygen ambient at 600°C. The as-deposited and annealed films were characterized for chemical composition core level binding energies, crystallographic structure and optical properties. The as-deposited films were amorphous in nature while those annealed in oxygen were of polycrystalline with orthorhombic structure. Atomic force micrographs confirmed the fine grain growth of the films and the size of the grain increased in annealed films. The films showed optical transmittance of above 85 % in the visible region. The optical band gap of the films decreased from 4.58 eV to 4.50 eV.
Sustain Release Formulation and Evaluation of Ofloxacin Floating Delivery System
Authors: Patel Anand J. , Naik Deep R. , Raval Jignesh P.
Published: December 2022

Floating tablets has been accepted as a process to achieve controlled drug delivery by prolonging the residence time of the dosage form at the site of absorption, thereby improving and enhancing the bioavailability of drug. The objective of present study outlines the development and characterization the floating drug delivery system of Ofloxacin to enhance its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, using different grades of polymer along with effervescent agent sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. Ofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic second-generation antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone class. Different tablet formulations were formulated by wet granulation technique and were evaluated for physical parameters like Tablet Thickness, Hardness, % Friability, Weight variation, Content uniformity, In vitro buoyancy, Swelling index, In vitro dissolution study and drug release mechanisms. As the concentration of the polymer in the formulations increased the release of drug decreased. Hence it was considered as suitable candidate for formulation as floating drug delivery system. Different kinetic models were applied to drug release data in order to evaluate release mechanisms and kinetics. The optimized formula F4 showed better sustained drug release with good floating properties and fitted best to be Korsmeyer-Peppas model with R2 value of 0.9575. As the n value for the Korsmeyer- Peppas model was found be more than 0.5 it follows Non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. FTIR result showed that there is no drug excipients interaction.
The Self Ignition of Fiberglass Lines
Authors: Bounoughaz Moussa , Touabi Noura
Published: December 2022

The fiberglass pipes were used for transportation of water in order to maintain the pressure in the oil field of Zarzaïtine (Region of In Amenas located in the south of Algeria). During the maintenance work in summer, a season well known for its extensive heat, the deposits contained in the pipe, and after its contact with the atmosphere, have caused a smoke and it was followed by a fire that ignited a portion of the pipe. To give an answer to the causes of this phenomenon, we have first incriminated the role of specific bacterial species and therefore we have made a microbiological analysis of the deposits collected from the site of the incident. The obtained results revealed the presence of a heterogeneous microbial population with a high concentration level of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), methanogenic bacteria (MB), yeasts and fungi. The interaction between the different species of bacteria and the organic matter contained in the deposits has generated the formation of methane which under the influence of the great heat burnt and the fire caused the ignition of the fiberglass line.
Reusable Nanocatalyst: Zirconia and Sulfated Zirconia
Authors: Gondaliya Mitesh B. , Maheta Tushar , Mamtora Mayank J. , Shah Manish K.
Published: December 2022

1,5-benzodiazepines have been synthesized by Nano Zirconia and Nano Sulfated Zirconia in solvent free conditions. Synthesis was carried out by conventional as well as microwave method. Benzodiazepines were synthesized by reacting o-phenylenediamine and few ketones in the presence of catalytic amount of Nanoparticles. Particles used were sized in between 53-100 nm. Nanoparticles were characterized by FT-IR, DLS and powder XRD analysis.
Physico Chemical Studies during the Ripening of the Fruit of Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill Var. Naveen
Authors: Balamurugan S.
Published: December 2022

A correlative study on physico-chemical changes during fruit ripening in Lycopersicon esculentum has been carried out. The tomato fruit was collected at its four successive stages viz. 1. Mature green, 2. Half ripened, 3. 3/4tth - ripened and 4. Fully ripened for its physico-chemical analysis. The obtained result showed that with advancement of fruit maturation the amount of pigments (total carotenoids, lycopene), total sugars, reducing sugars increase significantly. While that of physio chemical studies of weight of fruit, pulp, peel and volume of fruit decrease gradually. However TSS, titrable acidity, PH, ascorbic acid, tannins as moisture of tomato fruits could be considered as maturity indices to judge the ripening stages of tomato fruits for various value added products preparation.
Operational Constraints on Dimension of Space Imply both Spacetime and Timespace
Authors: Czajko Jakub
Published: December 2022

Since polynomials of higher than fourth degree, which is the algebraic counterpart of generic geometric dimension, are insolvable in general, then presumably no more than just four mutually orthogonal geometric dimensions can be placed within a single geometric space if it is expected to be fully operational. Hence a hierarchical notion of dimension is needed in order to ensure that at least virtual orthogonality is respected, which in turn implies presence of certain hierarchically organized multispatial structures. It is shown that the operational constraint on physical spaces implies of necessity presence of both: 4-dimensional (4D) spacetime and a certain 4D timespace.
Gardens Planted with Macrophytes Filters, Purification Performance in an Arid Climate – Pilot Station of Témacine, Ouargla (Algeria)
Authors: Belkaçem Hammadi , Abdelhafid D. Bebba Ahmed , Zineb Hacini , Saad Zeghdi
Published: December 2022

In this study, we are interested in evaluating the performance of a system for purifying wastewater by plants in an arid climate. The treated water is wastewater from domestic sources in the region of the old Ksar Temacine (Wilaya of Ouargla, South-East of Algeria). The results show good yields for organic and particulate pollution. Drawdown rate of approximately 97.49% of Suspended Solids (SS), 90.85% of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), have been achieved. The system effectively removes nitrate pollution 100% of ammonium and phosphorus pollution moderately 62.28% of orthophosphates. The system shows a very high removal of total coliforms (90%).
Study of Mesomorphism Changing on Terminal Side Chain with Different Thioalkyl Group
Authors: Solanki Ravindra , Patel R.B.
Published: December 2022

A novel mesomorphic series is RS-C6H4-COO-C6H4-CO-CH=CH-C6H4-OC18H37(n) (para) of chalconyl ester play double role thermotropic as well as lyotropically bioactive is synthesized and studied with a view to understand and establish the effect on mesomorphism when changing on left thioalkyl chain.the relation between mesomorphism and molecular structure on the basis of molecular rigidity and flex Novel series consists of thirteen homologues of which four homologues (C1 to C3) are non liquid crystal and the rest of the homologues (C5 to C18) are thermotropically enantiotropic nematic absences with smectic property. Thermometric transition temperatures and textures of nematogenic phase are determined by an optical polarizing microscopy equipped with a heating stage (POM).Textures of nematicphas schilieren and threaded type. Cr-N/I and N-I transition curves behaves in as manner with negligible abnormality at C18 homologue in phase diagram of a series.Analytical and spectral data conforms the molecular structure of homologues. Thermal stability for nematic is 123.2 °C whose degree of mesomorphism vary minimum from 4.0°C to a maximum of 24.0 °C, and hence novel series is of middle ordered melting type.
Determination of Oil Content and Physicochemical Properties of Oil Extracted from Niger Seed Oil Grown in Gamo Gofa, Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Getachew Bezuayehu , Ahmed Kemal , Endris Mahmud , Zebene Manale , Hiwot Tsegay , Haile Birhane , Meresa Mebratu , Amanu Medhanit
Published: December 2022

The Niger seed oil was collected from gamo-gofa, southern part of Ethiopia for oil extraction. The collected seed were oven dried and crushed in to powder by mortar and pestle. A soxhlet and maceration extractions were used for extraction of the oil. The solvents used for both extractions were n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The main reason two different types of solvents and two different type of extraction methods used in this project were to check which type of solvent and extraction method were effective for extraction of oil from Niger seed. From both extraction methods the extracted oil was separated from the solvents by simple distillation. The oil content and the physico-chemical parameters of the oil were determined and an oil content of 23.45% and 21.35% were obtained by maceration and 33.02% and 22.7% by soxhlet extraction method from n-hexane and ethyl acetate respectively. The physico-chemical parameters of the seed and oil were determined and the result shows that moisture content of the seed was (8.3%) and acid value of the oil (1.7391), saponification value (6.0308), Kinematic viscosity (0.561 m2/s), Density of oil (0.9788 g/ml) and Specific gravity of (0.9947). From the result obtained we conclude that n-hexane is an effective solvent and soxhlet extraction is an effective extraction method for extraction of oil from Niger seed.
Development of an Electrochemical Method for the Measurement of Antioxidant Capacity of Pure Compounds and Natural Substances Extracts
Authors: Lanez Touhami , Rebiai Abdelkerim
Published: December 2022

A new method has been developed to measure total antioxidant activity of antioxidants in foods and natural substances without use of standard antioxidants and without use of calibration curves plotting. It is based on measuring the oxidation peak current of superoxide anion radical electrochemically generated by reduction of commercial molecular oxygen in dimethylformamide. The method has been validated using 7 known standard antioxidants and the results have been compared with those obtained by the DPPH and molybdate ion reduction assays. Measured antioxidant capacities were highly correlated with those obtained using DPPH (r2 = 0.549) and molybdate ion reduction assay (r2 = 0.434).
Development of Activated Carbon Using One Step Carbonization and Activation Reaction by Polymer Blend Method
Authors: Manocha S. , Joshi Parth , Brahmbhatt Amit , Banerjee Amiya , Sahoo Snehasis , Manocha L.M.
Published: December 2022

In the present work, a one step carbon activation process was developed by stabilized poly-blend. It is carbonized in nitrogen atmosphere and activated in steam in one step for known interval of times to enhance the surface area and develop interconnected porosity. The weight-loss behavior during steam activation of stabilized poly-blend at different temperatures, surface area and pore size distribution were studied to identify the optimum synthesis parameters. The results of surface characteristics were compared with those of activated carbon prepared by carbonization and activation in two steps. It was found that activation temperature has profound effect on surface characteristics. As activation temperature was raised from 800 °C to 1150 °C, surface area of activated carbon increased about three times. In addition to surface area, average pore diameter also increases with increasing activation temperature. Thus, activated carbon with high percentage of porosity and surface area can be developed by controlling the activation temperature during activation process.
Enhancing Adsorption Capacity of Clay and Application in Dye Removal from Waste Water
Authors: Ogunmodede O.T. , Adebayo O.L. , Ojo A.A.
Published: December 2022

Natural clay has been considered as a potential absorbent for removing pollutants from water and waste water. Nonetheless, the effective application of clay for water treatment is limited due to small surface area and presence of net negative surface charge, leading to it low adsorption capacity. The absorption capacity was boosted via intercalation of CaO derived from snail shell (SS). The methylene blue sorption potential, PZC, and the surface area of unmodified clay sample were substantially enhanced by the intercalation process. The process of sorption of MB from solution was analyzed using five different isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Harkins-Jura, and Halsey isotherm equations). The value of the Langmuir monolayer sorption capacity qm (mg/g) increased from 50.12 to 88.71, PZC values increased from 4.50 to 7.40, and the surface area (m2/g) value increased from 27 m2/g to 123 m2/g after the intercalation process. The experimental data were fitted into two kinetic models: Lagergren pseudo-first order and the chemisorptions pseudo-second order. It was observed that chemisorptions pseudo-second order kinetic model described the sorption process with high coefficients of determination (r2) better than pseudo first other kinetic models. The modification caused no change in the clay surficial microstructure but increased the lattice spacing of the clay framework.
Decreasing Fluoride by Coagulation in Drinkable Water from Souf Region of Algeria
Authors: Atia Djamel , Hoggui Abdelghani
Published: December 2022

The drinkable water in Souf region at the south east of Algeria contains high quantity of fluoride which causes dental fluorosis. To reduce fluoride, we have chosen a sample with the biggest content of fluoride among many sources in order to coagulate it with Fe2(SO4)3·H2O. After that the parameters influencing (concentration, pH, temperature) are studied to choose the best conditions for better reduction.
Research on Control Characteristics of Three Axis Paraleel Mechanism Based on PIC16f84A
Authors: Torrez Alvaro Ruddy Miranda , Gan Xin Ji
Published: December 2022

This paper is about a parallel manipulator and how to controll it using a microcontroller and c++ language. Is explained wich devices are necesaries and why are the optimous for this project. Everything is followed by a simulation using a computer software.
Effects of Two-Dimensional Noncommutative Theories on Bound States Schrödinger Diatomic Molecules under New Modified Kratzer-Type Interactions
Authors: Maireche Abdelmadjid
Published: December 2022

In this work, an analytical expression for the nonrelativistic energy spectrum of some diatomic molecules was obtained through the Bopp’s shift method in the noncommutative (NC) two-dimensional real space-phase symmetries (NC: 2D-RSP) with a new modified Kratzer-type potential (NMKP) in the framework of two infinitesimal parameters and due to (space-phase) noncommutativity, by means of the solution of the noncommutative Schrödinger equation. The perturbation property of the spin-orbital Hamiltonian operator and new Zeeman effect of two-dimensional system are investigated. We have shown that, the new energy of diatomic molecule is the sum of ordinary energy of modified Kratzer-type potential, in commutative space, and new additive terms due to the contribution of the additive part of the NMKP. We have shown also that, the group symmetry of (NC: 2D-RSP) reduce to new sub-group symmetry of NC two-dimensional real space (NC: 2D-RSP) under new modified Kratzer-type interactions.
Oxidative Decarboxylation and Deamination of Essential Amino Acids by Nicotinium Dichromate - A Kinetic Study
Authors: Vivekanandan K. , Narayanan R. Lakshmi
Published: December 2022

The oxidation of essential amino acids like valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, phenylalanine and histidine using nicotinium dichromate in aqueous medium in presence of perchloric acid at 313 K leads to the formation of corresponding aldehydes. The reaction is first order with respect to nicotinium dichromate, fractional order with respect to amino acids and second order with respect to perchloric acid. Increase in ionic strength by the addition of sodium perchlorate has no effect on the rate constant. There is no polymerization with acrylonitrile. The reaction has been studied at different temperatures and a mechanism confirming to the kinetic observations is suggested.
DAA, 1-BIZ and 5-ATZ as Vapour Phase Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel under Different Aggressive Atmospheric Conditions at High Temperature
Authors: Saini Vishal , Kumar Harish
Published: December 2022

Mild Steel and their products are main raw material for a strong infrastructure for every country which is the main demand in the race of survival, stabilization, growth and competition. Industrialization and modernization in now a days has made a strong demand of steel and their maintenance but atmospheric corrosion can aggressively accelerate the degradation of steel during their manufacturing, processing, storage and transportation. In these cases, traditional methods to prevent corrosion are not suitable which provide the scope of Vapour Phase Corrosion Inhibitors (VPCI) in industries, defense and daily life. Three new VPCI namely Diallylamine (DAA), 1-Benzylimidazole (1-BIZ) and 5-Aminotetrazole (5-ATZ) were tested for mild steel in different aggressive atmospheric conditions by Weight Loss Test, Eschke Test, Salt Spray Test, Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Test at 50 °C and results of these tests were supported by Metallurgical Research Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Using Electrochemical Noise Technique to Evaluate the Corrosion Performance of a Reinforcement Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Gobara Mohammed
Published: December 2022

AZ91D magnesium alloy was reinforced by titanium and boron carbides under an inert environment using in-situ reactive infiltration technique. The corrosion properties of the reinforced magnesium alloy were investigated using Electrochemical noise (EN) techniques in dilute Harrison solutions. The moving average removal (MAR) method was used as trend removal methods. The frequency of pitting events (ƒn) and the average charge in each pitting events (q) were calculated for each EN measurements. EN results shows that the addition of reinforcement improved the corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloy (R-Mg) and no signs of corrosion were observed during 10 days of immersion in the corrosive solution.
Quantitative Support for Convergence of Intrinsic Energies from Applied Magnetic Fields and “Noise” Fluctuations of Newton’s Gravitational Value within the Human Brain
Authors: Persinger Michael A. , Saroka Kevin S.
Published: December 2022

When the energy within the mass of the human brain that is associated with the intrinsic range in fluctuations of the Gravitational Constant (G) is set equal to the energy from a magnetic field (B) within the cerebral volume and solved for B, a value in the order of 20 to 50 nT is obtained. Quantitative Electroencephalographic (QEEG) and sLORETA (Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography) analyses of cerebral cortical activity during exposure to a range of applied rotating, frequency-modulated, transcerebral (between the two temporal lobes) magnetic fields between < 1 nT and 7000 nT while volunteers sat within a darkened, quiet chamber were completed. There was marked enhancement of power within the 4 Hz to 10 Hz band within the right caudal (cuneus) hemisphere while the ~5 to 20 nT averaged strength magnetic fields were applied but no significant responses at lesser or greater intensities. These results suggest that a physical process coupled to the source of the fluctuation (~10-15 m3·kg-1·s-2) in G may interact with right hemispheric activity within the range at which gravity waves have been estimated to interact with Schumann frequencies generated between the earth and ionosphere.
Bio Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Lagenaria siceraria Leaf Extract and their Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Anandh B. , Muthuvel A. , Emayavaramban M.
Published: December 2022

The present investigation demonstrates the formation of silver nanoparticles by the reduction of the aqueous silver metal ions during exposure to the Lagenaria siceraria leaf extract. The synthesized AgNPs have characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. AgNPs formation has screened by UV-visible spectroscopy through colour conversion due to surface plasma resonance band at 427 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that the resulting AgNPs are highly crystalline and the structure is face centered cubic (fcc). FT-IR spectrum indicates the presence of different functional groups present in the biomolecules capping the nanoparticles. Further, inhibitory activity of AgNPs and leaf extract were tested against human pathogens like gram-pastive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis), gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The results indicated that the AgNPs showed moderate inhibitory actions against human pathogens than Lagenaria siceraria leaf extract, demonstrating its antimicrobial value against pathogenic diseases
Synthesis of Liquid Crystals with Substituents in Terminal Benzene Cores and their Mesomorphic Behaviour
Authors: Sharma Vinay S. , Patel R.B.
Published: December 2022

A new homologous series consisting of thirteen homologues central ester and chalcone linkage with Pentyloxy side chain at terminal benzene ring is synthesized and their mesomorphic properties are studied, with the exception of the methyl, ethyl and propyl homologues. However, the rest of homologues show mesomorphism enantiotropically manner with exhibition of nematic phase. The texture image of the nematic mesophases is observed by optical polarizing microscope equipped with heating stage (POM) is threaded or Schlieren type. An odd-even effect is observed in the nematic-isotropic curve with alternation in transition temperatures. The mesomorphic properties of the novel series are compared with other structurally similar homologous series. Analytical and spectral data confirm the molecular structure of the compounds.
Study on Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Mixtures of Diethyl Carbonate with Benzonitrile, Benzaldehyde at Different Temperatures
Authors: Sudhamsa B. , Sarath Babu M. , Narendra K.
Published: December 2022

The speed of sound and density in binary liquid mixture of diethyl carbonate + benzonitrile, + benzaldehyde have been determined at temperatures 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15 K over the whole composition range. The data have been utilized to estimate the excess adiabatic compressibility (βE), excess intermolecular free length (LfE), excess speed of sound (uE) at the above temperatures. The excess values have been found to be useful in estimating the strength of the interactions in the liquid mixtures.
Infrared, 1H and 13C NMR Spectral Studies of some 4-([1,1′-Biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-(Substituted Phenyl)-5,6-Dihydro-4H-1,3-Oxazine-2-Amines: Assessment of Substituent Effects
Authors: Thirunarayanan G. , Sathiyendiran V. , Vanangamudi Ganesan , Arulkumaran R. , Manikandan V. , Suresh R. , Kamalakkannan D. , Sakthinathan S.P. , Sundararajan R. , Sathiyamorthi K. , Balaji S. , Vijayakumar R. , Senbagam R.
Published: December 2022

About ten titled compounds were prepared by microwave assisted silica-phosphoric acid catalysed cyclization of substituted styryl 4-biphenyl ketones and urea under solvent-free conditions. The infrared frequencies (ν, cm-1) of NH2, C=N, COC stretches, NMR spectral chemical shifts (δ, ppm) of NH2, H4-6, C=N, and C4-6 were assigned and correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters using single and multi-regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis, the effect of substituents on the infrared frequencies (ν, cm-1) and NMR chemical shifts (δ, ppm) has been studied.
Easy, Simplistic and Green Synthesis of Various Benzimidazole and Benzoxazole Derivatives Using PEG400 as a Green Solvent
Authors: Khunt Mita D. , Kotadiya Vipul C. , Viradiya Denish J. , Baria Bharat H. , Bhoya Umed C.
Published: December 2022

An improved environmentally benign procedure for the synthesis of various benzimidazole and benzoxazole derivatives using green solvent PEG400. We have optimized the reaction condition and it was found that PEG400 was believed to be best as compared to PEG200, PEG600 and PEG800 at 80 to 85 °C. This method provides a novel route for the synthesis of benzimidazole and benzoxazole derivatives. The main attractive features of this process are a mild reaction conditions, easy workup procedure and good to excellent yield. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, IR, MASS and Elemental Analysis.
Design of a Naphtha Preheater for Hydrodesulphurization (HDS) Unit of Petroleum Naphtha with Given Feed Rate of 3500 Barrels per Day (BPD)
Authors: Bose Debajyoti
Published: December 2022

Oil refining and petrochemical manufacture involves extensive heating of hydrocarbon and other fluids. Depending on the temperature required, this heating is achieved either by steam or direct heating. In the latter case, the fluid under pressure is contained in tubes which are heated from the outside by direct exposure to flames. These heaters commonly take two forms, cylindrical heaters with one central burner, or a ring of burners in the base and the long rectangular type with many burners in a row along the floor, the latter are generally known as cabin heaters. This paper shows the design of one such furnace.
Acoustical Studies on Molecular Interaction of 1,3,4-Pyrazoline Derivatives Using Ultrasonic Technique at 303.15 K
Authors: Raguraman A. , Santhi N.
Published: December 2022

The acoustical parameters for the binary liquid mixtures containing Pyrazoline derivatives in DMF have been estimated at 303.15 K, from the measured values of ultrasonic velocity (U), density (ρ) and viscosity (η). From these data some of acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (β), free length (Lf), acoustic impedance (Z), Rao’s constant (R), molar compressibility (W), relaxation time (τ), free volume (Vf) and internal pressure (πi), etc., have been computed using the standard relations. The results have been discussed in terms of molecular interactions.
Conservation Laws in Physics – Emmy Noether’s Theorem
Authors: Manolea Daniela
Published: December 2022

The study is explanatory-interpretative and argues the practical character of Physics. It starts from premise that formation of a correct conception of the world begins with the understanding of physics. It is one of the earliest chapters of human knowledge, studying the material world from the microscopic level of the particles to the macroscopic level of the celestial body. As an example for the practical importance of applying the laws of physics take the set of physical laws of conservation, in particular, it explains the practical impact of Emmy Noether's Theorem.
Abrasion and Physical Properties of Rattan Cane (Calamus deeratus) Fibre Based Epoxy Composites
Authors: Obiukwu Osita , Igboekwe John
Published: December 2022

The effects of fibre content (5–30 wt%) and fibre treatment on abrasion, water absorption, specific gravity, and density properties of epoxy/rattan cane fibre composites were studied. Epoxy resin reinforced with the alkaline treated rattan cane fibre fibres was produced by compression technique in predetermined proportions. Abrasion and physical properties tests were carried out on the developed composites. The results showed that the reinforced composite samples have better enhancement in all the properties tested than the unreinforced control sample. Least Water Absorption (WA) value of 1.4 % were obtained within the 1 week and 2 week for the reinforced samples. Samples reinforced with 10 wt. % rattan fibres had the highest abrasion resistance, while the sample with 5 wt.% rattan fibre addition had the best water absorption resistance. The products of this research could find applications in automotive fields where exposure to moisture and wear are encountered.
Microwave Induced Facile One-Pot Access to Diverse 2-Cyanobenzothiazole-A Key Intermediate for the Synthesis of Firefly Luciferin
Authors: Prajapati Neelam P. , Vekariya Rajesh H. , Patel Hitesh D.
Published: December 2022

An eco-friendly one-step preparation of various substituted 2-cyanobenzothiazole by condensation of corresponding substituted ortho-aminothiophenol with ethyl cyanoformate, employing an effective amount of Lawesson’s reagent, under microwave irradiation (MWI) and solvent free conditions is presented. The structures of the compounds were elucidated with the aid of elemental analysis, IR, 1H-NMR and mass spectral data. The targeted various substituted 2-cyanobenzothiazole are obtained in good yields and high purity.
Satellite Derived Aerosol Optical Depth Climatology over Tropical Coastal Station Machilipatnam, India
Authors: Madhusudanacharyulu A.S. , Samatha K. , Kumar K. Sailesh , Jagadeesh K. , Rani Suneetha
Published: December 2022

Climatological aerosol optical depths (AOD) over Tropical coastal city Machilipatnam, India have been examined to bring out the temporal heterogeneity in columnar aerosol characteristics. AOD values at 388 nm derived from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) sensor EOS-AURA satellite, for the period of 2005–2013 have been analyzed for the purpose. AOD trends exhibited seasonal annual mean variations. Frequency distributions of the AOD values are examined to infer the monthly mean values. Monthly and seasonal variations of AOD are investigated in the light of regional synoptic meteorology. AODs>0.6 showed maximum occurrence in monsoon months. The mean AOD values increased towards summer reaching ~0.69 ± 0.34 and attained peak in monsoon season with a value of ~0.74 ± 0.33 and decreased during post-monsoon reaching as low as ~0.73 ± 0.3. Positive slope ~0.016 observed for inter annual distribution trend line. Factors like synoptic scale circulation patterns which are causing modulations of AOD apart from local sources were discussed.