bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Intraoperative Ultrasound Evaluation of Axillary Lymph Nodes: Cassandra Predictive Models in Patients with Breast Cancer—A Multicentric Study
Authors: Parisi Simona , Lucido Francesco Saverio , Mongardini Federico Maria , Ruggiero Roberto , Fisone Francesca , Tolone Salvatore , Santoriello Antonio , Iovino Francesco , Parmeggiani Domenico , Vagni David , Cerbara Loredana , Docimo Ludovico , Gambardella Claudio
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives: Axillary lymph node (ALN) staging is crucial for the management of invasive breast cancer (BC). Although various radiological investigations are available, ultrasound (US) is the preferred tool for evaluating ALNs. Despite its immediacy, widespread use, and good predictive value, US is limited by intra- and inter-operator variability. This study aims to evaluate US and Elastosonography Shear Wave (SW-ES) parameters for ALN staging to develop a predictive model, named the Cassandra score (CS), to improve the interpretation of findings and standardize staging. Materials and Methods: Sixty-three women diagnosed with BC and treated at two Italian hospitals were enrolled in the study. A total of 529 lymph nodes were surgically removed, underwent intraoperative US examination, and were individually sent for a final histological analysis. The study aimed to establish a direct correlation between eight US-SWES features (margins, vascularity, roundness index (RI), loss of hilum fat, cortical thickness, shear-wave elastography hardness (SWEH), peripheral infiltration (PI), and hypoechoic appearance) and the histological outcome (benign vs. malignant). Results: Several statistical models were compared. PI was strongly correlated with malignant ALNs. An ROC analysis for Model A revealed an impressive AUC of 0.978 (S.E. = 0.007, p < 0.001), while in Model B, the cut-offs of SWEH and RI were modified to minimize the risk of false negatives (AUC of 0.973, S.E. = 0.009, p < 0.001). Model C used the same cut-offs as Model B, but excluded SWEH from the formula, to make the Cassandra model usable even if the US machine does not have SW-ES capability (AUC of 0.940, S.E. = 0.015, p < 0.001). A two-tiered model was finally set up, leveraging the strong predictive capabilities of SWEH and RI. In the first tier, only SWES and RI were evaluated: a positive result was predicted if both hardness and roundness were present (SWES > 137 kPa and RI < 1.55), and conversely, a negative result was predicted if both were absent (SWES < 137 kPa and RI > 1.55). In the second tier, if there was a mix of the results (SWES > 137 kPa and RI > 1.55 or SWES < 137 kPa and RI < 1.55), the algorithm in Model B was applied. The model demonstrated an overall prediction accuracy of 90.2% in the training set, 87.5% in the validation set, and 88.9% across the entire dataset. The NPV was notably high at 99.2% in the validation set. This model was named the Cassandra score (CS) and is proposed for the clinical management of BC patients. Conclusion: CS is a simple, non-invasive, fast, and reliable method that showed a PPV of 99.1% in the malignancy prediction of ALNs, potentially being also well suited for young sonographers.
Epilepsy in Cerebral Palsy: Unraveling Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Subtype Associations in a Large-Scale Population Study
Authors: Alyoubi Reem Abdullah , Abu-Zaid Ahmed
Published: November 2024

Background and Objective: Cerebral palsy (CP) constitutes a group of enduring movement disorders arising from non-progressive brain damage, often accompanied by epilepsy. This study aims to explore the prevalence of epilepsy in CP patients, dissecting demographic characteristics, healthcare parameters, and nuanced risk factors. Materials and Methods: The study employed the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database (2016–2019, four years). CP patients were identified through ICD-10 codes, excluding non-CP patients and those with missing values. Baseline characteristics of CP patients, such as age, subtype distribution, and types of epilepsy, were tabulated, and disparities were assessed using the chi-squared test. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine predictors of epilepsy according to CP subtypes and infant-related conditions. Data were presented as odds ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: In this comprehensive analysis of 88,138 CP patients, 44,901 with epilepsy and 43,237 without epilepsy, disparities between those with and without epilepsy were uncovered, revealing distinct demographic patterns and healthcare characteristics. Spastic diplegic CP showed the strongest association with epilepsy (adjusted OR = 1.88, 95% CI [1.73–2.04], p < 0.0001), underscoring the significance of subtype-specific considerations. Perinatal infection emerged as a noteworthy risk factor for epilepsy development (adjusted OR = 1.61, 95% CI [1.17–2.23], p = 0.004). Conclusions: The study provides nuanced insights into the prevalence and associations of epilepsy in CP patients. Specific CP subtypes and perinatal factors play pivotal roles in epilepsy risk. These findings offer a foundation for tailored clinical management and support services, addressing the complex needs of individuals with CP and epilepsy.
Research on the Hierarchical Separation of Rare Earths and Lithium from Rare Earth Molten Salt Slag
Authors: Tang Hao , Liao Chunfa , Liu Fupeng , Mao Jiahui , Zhou Zecheng , Zheng Yijian
Published: November 2024

Lithium is an important non-renewable resource, and the study of the tiered separation of rare earths and lithium from rare earth molten salt slag is an important approach to solving the current global resource shortage. This article adopts a sulfuric acid leaching process and a lithium-containing solution iron lithium extraction separation process to recover lithium from rare earth molten salt slag. The method systematically investigates the impact of sulfuric acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching temperature, leaching time, pH, P507 concentration, phase ratio, extraction temperature, and extraction time on the lithium extraction effect and iron lithium separation effect in rare earth molten salt slag. The results show that under the conditions of a sulfuric acid concentration of 0.9 mol/L, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 8:1 mL/g, a leaching temperature of 70 °C, a leaching time of 90 min, a pH of 0.9, a P507 concentration of 50%, a phase ratio of 5:3, an extraction temperature of 30 °C, and an extraction time of 20 min, the lithium leaching rate reaches 97.8%, and the separation of iron and lithium is fully achieved. This method can efficiently recover the valuable element lithium from rare earth molten salt slag, which is of great significance for the subsequent preparation of lithium products and the realization of a closed-loop production of rare earth alloys by molten salt electrolysis.
Friction and Wear Resistance of Nanostructured TiNi Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: Dmitrievskiy Alexandr , Komarov Victor , Karelin Roman , Andreev Vladimir , Stolyarov Vladimir
Published: November 2024

TiNi shape memory alloys with a superelastic effect are widely used in tribological interfaces requiring high wear resistance. One of the common approaches to reducing the wear of various metals is the application of severe plastic deformation (SPD), resulting in structural refinement and corresponding hardening. This paper investigates the tribological behaviour of a nanostructured Ti49.3Ni50.7 shape memory alloy produced using SPD. The friction and wear characteristics of the alloy at room temperature are compared in the coarse-grained, nanostructured, and nanostructured aged states. Through hardness measurement and transmission electron microscopy, it is shown that the transformation of a coarse-grained state into a nanostructured state increases wear resistance and hardness, reduces the coefficient of friction, and changes the friction mechanism. Formed nanoparticles during ageing in a nanostructured state further increase wear resistance.
Influence of Hot Rolling on Microstructure, Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Mg–Zn–Mn–Ca Alloy
Authors: Rogachev Stanislav O. , Bazhenov Viacheslav E. , Bautin Vasiliy A. , Li Anna V. , Plegunova Sofia V. , Ten Denis V. , Yushchuk Viacheslav V. , Komissarov Alexander A. , Shin Kwang Seon
Published: November 2024

The effect of hot rolling on the microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion properties of the magnesium alloy 96 wt% Mg–2.3 wt% Zn–0.7 wt% Ca–1 wt% Mn was studied. After heat treatment, the original plates of an as-cast alloy were rolled from a 7 mm thickness to a 0.2 mm thickness at two temperatures—300 or 400 °C. It has been established that increasing the rolling temperature from 300 to 400 °C increases the fraction of recrystallized grains in the microstructure and after rolling at 400 °C, the microstructure is fully recrystallized. The best strength–ductility balance of the alloy was obtained after rolling at 300 °C, with a high total percentage reduction of 93–97%: the yield stress, the ultimate tensile strength, and the elongation averaged at 285 MPa, 310 MPa, and 5%, respectively. The alloy after rolling, annealed at 400 °C, shows improved ductility but lower strength: the yield stress, the ultimate tensile strength, and the elongation were 200 MPa, 260 MPa, and 17%, respectively. The strong dependence of corrosion resistance on respect to rolling direction is observed, which can be reduced after heat treatment. The as-rolled alloy and the heat-treated alloy had low corrosion rates in Hanks’ solution of 0.54 and 0.19 mm/year, respectively.
Characterization of Exopolysaccharides from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PC715 and Their Antibiofilm Activity Against Hafnia alvei
Authors: Tan Xiqian , Ma Bingyu , Wang Xiaoqing , Cui Fangchao , Li Xuepeng , Li Jianrong
Published: November 2024

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) secreted by lactic acid bacteria have the potential to enhance human health by showing various biological functions. This study investigated the biological role and antibiofilm properties of EPS715, a new neutral EPS produced by pickled vegetables originating from Lactobacillus plantarum PC715. The results indicate that EPS715 is primarily composed of rhamnose, glucose, and mannose. Its molecular weight (Mw) is 47.87 kDa, containing an α-glucoside linkage and an α-pyranose ring. It showed an amorphous morphology without a triple helix structure. Furthermore, EPS715 showed improved antioxidant activity. Specifically, its scavenging capacity of ABTS+ radicals, DPPH radicals, and the hydroxyl (·OH) reduction capacity at 5 mg/mL was 98.64 ± 2.70%, 97.37 ± 0.79%, and 1.64 ± 0.05%, respectively. Its maximal scavenging capacity was >40%, and the hydroxyl (·OH) radical scavenging ability was dose-dependent. Moreover, the biofilm of various pathogens including S. aureus, B. cereus, S. saprophyticus, Acinetobacter spp., and H. alvei was substantially dispersed and affected by EPS715, with a maximum inhibition rate of 78.17% for H. alvei. The possible mechanism by which EPS715 shows antibiofilm properties against the H. alvei may be attributed to its effects on the auto-aggregation, hydrophilic characteristics, and motility of Hafnia spp. Thus, EPS715 has significant antioxidant and antibiofilm characteristics that may hold substantial potential for applications in food and medicinal products.
Determination of Photosensitizing Potential of Lapachol for Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria
Authors: Lima Regiane G. , Flores Raphael S. , Miessi Gabriella , Pulcherio Jhoenne H. V. , Aguilera Laís F. , Araujo Leandro O. , Oliveira Samuel L. , Caires Anderson R. L.
Published: November 2024

Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) offers a promising alternative to combat drug-resistant bacteria. This study explores the potential of lapachol, a natural naphthoquinone derived from Tabebuia avellanedae, as a photosensitizer (PS) for aPDI. Lapachol’s photosensitizing properties were evaluated using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains under blue LED light (450 nm). UV-vis spectroscopy confirmed lapachol’s absorption peak at 482 nm, aligning with effective excitation wavelengths for phototherapy. Photoinactivation assays demonstrated significant bacterial growth inhibition, achieving complete eradication of S. aureus at 25 µg·mL−1 under light exposure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed morphological damage in irradiated bacterial cells, confirming lapachol’s bactericidal effect. This research underscores lapachol’s potential as a novel photosensitizer in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, addressing a critical need in combating antibiotic resistance.
Harnessing Oxidizing Potential of Nickel for Sustainable Hydrocarbon Functionalization
Authors: Khazanov Thomas M. , Mukherjee Anusree
Published: November 2024

While the oxidative chemistry of transition metals such as iron and copper is a highly developed area of investigation, the study of similar chemistry with nickel is much younger. However, nickel offers rich coordination chemistry with oxygen and other oxidants and is a promising avenue of research for applications such as sustainable hydrocarbon functionalization. Herein, we summarize the progress made recently in nickel coordination chemistry relevant to hydrocarbon functionalization and offer our perspectives on open questions in the field.
Perturbational Analysis of Magnetic Force Theorem for Magnetic Exchange Interactions in Molecules and Solids
Authors: Seo Dong-Kyun
Published: November 2024

There have been increasing efforts to compute magnetic exchange coupling constants for transition metal complexes and magnetic insulators using the magnetic force theorem and Green’s function-based linear response methods. These were originally conceived for magnetic metals, yet it has not been clear how these methods fare conceptually with the conventional models based on electron-correlation interactions among so-called magnetic orbitals. We present a spinor-based theoretical analysis pertinent to the magnetic force theorem and linear response theory using Brillouin–Wigner perturbation method and Green’s function perturbation method, and we shed light on the conceptual nature of the Lichtenstein formula in its applications for calculations of the total energy and magnetic exchange coupling constants for both molecules and solids. Derivation of the magnetic force theorem in this perturbational analysis identifies the first-order energy correction terms, which are considered as the ferromagnetic component for the magnetic exchange interactions of transition metal compounds but are not included in the Lichtenstein formula. Detailed perturbational analysis of the energy components involved in the magnetic force theorem identifies the energy components that are missing in the Lichtenstein formula but are critical in the Anderson’s model for transition metal complexes and magnetic insulators where magnetic orbitals can overlap.
All-Visible-Light-Activated Diarylethene Photoswitches
Authors: Li Ruiji , Ou Tao , Wen Li , Yan Yehao , Li Wei , Qin Xulong , Wang Shouxin
Published: November 2024

Photochromic compounds have attracted much attention for their potential applications in photo-actuators, optoelectronic devices and optical recording techniques. This interest is driven by their key photochemical and photophysical properties, which can be reversibly modulated by light irradiation. Among them, diarylethene compounds have garnered extensive investigation due to their excellent thermal stability of both open- and closed-form isomers, robust fatigue resistance, high photocyclization quantum yield and good photochromic performance in both solution and solid phases. However, a notable limitation in expanding the utility of diarylethene compounds is the necessity for ultraviolet light to induce their photochromism. This requirement poses challenges, as ultraviolet light can be detrimental to biological tissues, and its penetration is often restricted in various media. This review provides an overview of design strategies employed in the development of visible-light-responsive diarylethene compounds. These design strategies serve as a guideline for molecular design, with the potential to significantly broaden the applications of all-visible-light-activated diarylethene compounds in the realms of materials science and biomedical science.
Phase Transformation on Two-Dimensional MoTe2 Films for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Zhao Caiye , Huang Junwen
Published: November 2024

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have recently become attractive candidate substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) owing to their atomically flat surfaces and adjustable electronic properties. Herein, large-scale 2D 1T′- and 2H-MoTe2 films were prepared using a chemical vapor deposition method. We found that phase structure plays an important role in the enhancement of the SERS performances of MoTe2 films. 1T′-MoTe2 films showed a strong SERS effect with a detection limit of 1 × 10−9 M for the R6G molecule, which is one order of magnitude lower than that of 2H-MoTe2 films. We demonstrated that the SERS sensitivity of MoTe2 films is derived from the efficient photoinduced charge transfer process between MoTe2 and adsorbed molecules. Moreover, a prohibited fish drug could be detected by using 1T′-MoTe2 films as SERS substrates. Our study paves the way to the development and application of high-performance SERS substrates based on TMD phase engineering.
Design of a New Catalyst, Manganese(III) Complex, for the Oxidative Degradation of Azo Dye Molecules in Water Using Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Soury Raoudha , Elamri Adel , El Oudi Mabrouka , Alenezi Khalaf M. , Jabli Mahjoub , Al Otaibi Ahmed , Alanazi Abdulaziz A. , Albadri Abuzar E. A. E.
Published: November 2024

In the current work, chloro(meso-tetrakis(phenyl)porphyrin) manganese(III) [Mn(TPP)Cl] was synthesized following two steps: the preparation of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (H⁠2TPP) and the insertion of manganese into the free porphyrin H2TPP. The compounds were characterized using SEM, FT-IR, UV, TGA/DTA, and XRD analyses. Manganese(III) meso-porphyrins exhibited hyper-type electronic spectra with a half-vacant metal orbital with symmetry, such as [dπ:dxz and dyz]. The thermal behavior of [Mn(TPP)(Cl)] changed (three-step degradation process) compared to the initial H2TPP (one-step degradation process), confirming the insertion of manganese into the core of the free porphyrin H2TPP. Furthermore, [Mn(TPP)Cl] was used to degrade calmagite (an azo dye) using H2O2 as an oxidant. The effects of dye concentration, reaction time, H2O2 dose, and temperature were investigated. The azo dye solution was completely degraded in the presence of [Mn(TPP)(Cl)]/H2O2 at pH = 6, temperature = 20 °C, C0 = 30 mg/L, and H2O2 = 40 mL/L. The computed low activation energy (Ea = 10.55 Kj/mol) demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed catalytic system for the azo dye degradation. Overall, based on the synthesis process and the excellent catalytic results, the prepared [Mn(TPP)Cl] could be used as an effective catalyst for the treatment of calmagite-contaminated effluents.
Antiviral Effects and Mechanisms of Active Ingredients in Tea
Authors: Zhang Xinghai , Yu Haonan , Sun Panjie , Huang Mengxin , Li Bo
Published: November 2024

Viruses play a significant role in human health, as they can cause a wide range of diseases, from mild illnesses to severe and life-threatening conditions. Cellular and animal experiments have demonstrated that the functional components in tea, such as catechins, theaflavins, theanine, and caffeine, exhibit significant inhibitory effects on a diverse array of viruses, including influenza, rotavirus, hepatitis, HPV, and additional types. The inhibition mechanisms may involve blocking virus–host recognition, interfering with viral replication, enhancing host immune responses, and inhibiting viral enzyme activity. This article reviews the research progress on the antiviral effects of tea’s functional components and their related mechanisms, hoping to contribute to future studies in this field.
Optimizing Arterial Tissue Thickness Measurement Protocols: Digital Vernier Caliper Versus Digital Thickness Gauge
Authors: Ion Alexandru Petru , Asztalos Alexandra , Ciucanu Claudiu Constantin , Russu Eliza , Mureșan Adrian Vasile , Arbănași Eliza-Mihaela , Chirilă Traian V. , Strnad Gabriela , Arbănași Emil-Marian
Published: November 2024

Background: The aim of this study is to analyze the reproducibility of sample thickness measurements taken by a non-experienced user by comparing a standard digital vernier caliper, with four different protocols, to a specialized thickness gauge. Methods: The current study is a methodological study where we examined the thickness of the porcine arterial wall in the thoracic aorta of six pigs. Two adjacent samples of 10 × 10 mm from each aorta were excised longitudinally from the anterior wall, resulting in twelve specimens. Five protocols were employed to measure the thickness of each sample. In four of these protocols, digital vernier calipers (Multicomp PRO MP012475) were utilized, while the fifth protocol utilized a specialized digital thickness gauge (Mitutoyo 547-500S, Mitutoyo Corp., Kawasaki, Japan). Results: We observed a higher average thickness of the samples during the initial measurement compared to the second measurement (1.11 ± 0.16 vs. 0.94 ± 0.17, p = 0.0319) with the first protocol and smaller values than those determined at the last measurement (0.93 ± 0.15 vs. 1.10 ± 0.15, p = 0.0135) for the third protocol. Further, with the digital vernier calipers, we recorded lower values for all four protocols than for the digital thickness gauge determinations. In addition, we computed the ratio of the thicknesses measured during the first, second, and third measurements to analyze how consistent the values were across the three consecutive measurements, with no difference regarding the third, fourth, and control protocols. Conclusions: The digital thickness gauge offers dependable measurements, regardless of the user’s expertise in assessing tissue thickness, and demonstrates a substantially higher reproducibility when compared to the digital vernier. We also found that taking an average of the thickness measurements from four specific points on each half of the sides or on each diagonal of each corner yielded consistently reliable results over time when using a standard digital vernier caliper instead of a specialized one.
Three-Dimensional Printed Nanocomposites with Tunable Piezoresistive Response
Authors: Aliberti Francesca , Guadagno Liberata , Longo Raffaele , Raimondo Marialuigia , Pantani Roberto , Sorrentino Andrea , Catauro Michelina , Vertuccio Luigi
Published: November 2024

This study explores a novel approach to obtaining 3D printed strain sensors, focusing on how changing the printing conditions can produce a different piezoresistive response. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filled with different weight concentrations of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was printed in the form of dog bones via fused filament fabrication (FFF) using two different raster angles (0–90°). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in TUNA mode (TUNA-AFM) were used to study the morphological features and the electrical properties of the 3D printed samples. Tensile tests revealed that sensitivity, measured by the gauge factor (G.F.), decreased with increasing filler content for both raster angles. Notably, the 90° orientation consistently showed higher sensitivity than the 0° orientation for the same filler concentration. Creep and fatigue tests identified permanent damage through residual electrical resistance values. Additionally, a cross-shaped sensor was designed to measure two-dimensional deformations simultaneously, which is applicable in the robotic field. This sensor can monitor small and large deformations in perpendicular directions by tracking electrical resistance variations in its arms, significantly expanding its measuring range.
Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Skyrmion in Magnetic Nanowires for Nanoscale Data Storage
Authors: Al Bahri Mohammed , Al Hinaai Mohammed , Al Balushi Rayya , Al-Kamiyani Salim
Published: November 2024

Magnetic skyrmion random switching and structural stability are critical limitations for storage data applications. Enhancing skyrmions’ magnetic properties could improve their thermal structural stability. Hence, micromagnetic calculation was carried out to explore the thermal nucleation and stability of skyrmions in magnetic nanodevices. Different magnetic properties such as uniaxial magnetic anisotropy energy (Ku), saturation magnetization (Ms) and Dzyaloshinskii—Moriya interaction (DMI) were used to assess the thermal stability of skyrmions in magnetic nanowires. For some values of Ms and Ku, the results verified that the skyrmion structure is stable at temperatures above 800 K, which is higher than room temperature. Additionally, manipulating the nanowire geometry was found to have a substantial effect on the thermal structural stability of the skyrmion in storage nanodevices. Increasing the nanowire dimensions, such as length or width, enhanced skyrmions’ structural stability against temperature fluctuations in nanodevices. Furthermore, the random nucleation of the skyrmions due to the device temperature was examined. It was shown that random skyrmion nucleation occurs at temperature values greater than 700 K. These findings make skyrmion devices suitable for storage applications.
Transition Metal-Doped Layered Iron Vanadate (FeV3-xMxO9.2.6H2O, M = Co, Mn, Ni, and Zn) for Enhanced Energy Storage Properties
Authors: Amedzo-Adore Mawuse , Han Jeong In
Published: November 2024

With its distinctive multiple electrochemical reaction, iron vanadate (FeV3O9.2.6H2O) is considered as a promising electrode material for energy storage. However, it has a relatively low practical specific capacitance. Therefore, using the low temperature sol–gel synthesis process, transition metal doping was used to enhance the electrochemical performance of layered structured FeV3O9.2.6H2O (FVO). According to this study, FVO doped with transition metals with larger interlayer spacing exhibited superior electrochemical performance than undoped FVO. The Mn-doped FVO electrode showed the highest specific capacitance and retention of 143 Fg−1 and 87%, respectively, while the undoped FVO showed 78 Fg−1 and 54%.
Deep Ultraviolet Excitation Photoluminescence Characteristics and Correlative Investigation of Al-Rich AlGaN Films on Sapphire
Authors: Feng Zhe Chuan , Tian Ming , Zhang Xiong , Nafisa Manika Tun , Liu Yao , Yiin Jeffrey , Klein Benjamin , Ferguson Ian
Published: November 2024

AlGaN is attractive for fabricating deep ultraviolet (DUV) optoelectronic and electronic devices of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), photodetectors, high-electron-mobility field-effect transistors (HEMTs), etc. We investigated the quality and optical properties of AlxGa1−xN films with high Al fractions (60–87%) grown on sapphire substrates, including AlN nucleation and buffer layers, by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). They were initially investigated by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD) and Raman scattering (RS). A set of formulas was deduced to precisely determine x(Al) from HR-XRD data. Screw dislocation densities in AlGaN and AlN layers were deduced. DUV (266 nm) excitation RS clearly exhibits AlGaN Raman features far superior to visible RS. The simulation on the AlGaN longitudinal optical (LO) phonon modes determined the carrier concentrations in the AlGaN layers. The spatial correlation model (SCM) analyses on E2(high) modes examined the AlGaN and AlN layer properties. These high-x(Al) AlxGa1−xN films possess large energy gaps Eg in the range of 5.0–5.6 eV and are excited by a DUV 213 nm (5.8 eV) laser for room temperature (RT) photoluminescence (PL) and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (TDPL) studies. The obtained RTPL bands were deconvoluted with two Gaussian bands, indicating cross-bandgap emission, phonon replicas, and variation with x(Al). TDPL spectra at 20–300 K of Al0.87Ga0.13N exhibit the T-dependences of the band-edge luminescence near 5.6 eV and the phonon replicas. According to the Arrhenius fitting diagram of the TDPL spectra, the activation energy (19.6 meV) associated with the luminescence process is acquired. In addition, the combined PL and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectroscopic system with DUV 213 nm pulse excitation was applied to measure a typical AlGaN multiple-quantum well (MQW). The RT TRPL decay spectra were obtained at four wavelengths and fitted by two exponentials with fast and slow decay times of ~0.2 ns and 1–2 ns, respectively. Comprehensive studies on these Al-rich AlGaN epi-films and a typical AlGaN MQW are achieved with unique and significant results, which are useful to researchers in the field.
Nutrition Modulation of Cardiotoxicity in Breast Cancer: A Scoping Review
Authors: Stephenson Emma , Mclaughlin Marie , Bray James W. , Saxton John M. , Vince Rebecca V.
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Advancements in breast cancer therapeutics, such as anthracyclines, are improving cancer survival rates but can have side effects that limit their use. Cardiotoxicity, defined as damage to the heart caused by cancer therapeutics, is characterised by a significant reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and symptoms of cardiac dysfunction. Multiple oral supplements exist with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that have the potential to lower cardiotoxicity risk and ameliorate the complications associated with left ventricular dysfunction. In this review, we evaluate the current status of using nutritional interventions to modulate cardiotoxicity. Methods: We used specific keywords to search for articles that met our predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria to review the evidence and provide insights for future research. Results: Seven studies were identified as eligible for this review: six focused on oral supplementation strategies in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and one focused on nutritional counselling and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in breast cancer survivors’ post-treatment. There was a significantly attenuated reduction in LVEF in five studies that monitored cardiometabolic health, and there were significant improvements in blood serum levels of cardiac biomarkers across all studies. Conclusions: Current evidence suggests that appropriate nutritional interventions, alongside chemotherapy, can modulate the risk of cardiotoxic side effects. This highlights the potential of oral antioxidant supplementation and Mediterranean diet counselling to decrease tertiary cancer therapy costs associated with cardiovascular complications.
Influence of Inflammatory State on the Need to Customize Parenteral Nutrition in Adolescents
Authors: Lavanholi Pinho Jéssica , Germano Borges de Oliveira Nascimento Freitas Renata , de Souza Tiago Henrique , José Negrão Nogueira Roberto
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Parenteral nutrition (PN) can be standardized or customized according to a patient’s individual needs, including clinical, metabolic, nutritional, and inflammatory conditions. The influence of inflammation on the indication of standard or customized PN for adolescents hospitalized in a quaternary hospital in the southeastern of Brazil was evaluated. Methods: A historical cohort study of 61 adolescents admitted to the hospital was conducted. Nutritional, clinical, and biochemical data from the first 7 days of PN use were analyzed. Elevated serum mineral and triglyceride levels, as well as renal or liver failure (grade III or IV), were considered unequivocal reasons for PN customization, while restoring energy-protein adequacy and low serum mineral levels were considered questionable reasons. Inflammatory status was analyzed during the study period. Results: A total of 128 PN solutions were prescribed, comprising 55 standardized and 73 customized. Overall, 40/61 patients required customized PN. The main reason for customization was to restore energy-protein adequacy (n = 48), while 24.7% (n = 18) of individualizations were for unequivocal reasons. Restoring energy-protein adequacy in the first 48 h was shown to have contributed to high transthyretin, which reduced the need for additional customized PN (r = −0.544; p = 0.044). A positive correlation was found between the total number of PN readjustments and C-Reactive Protein levels (r = 0.509; p = 0.044). Conclusions: Conditions such as malnutrition or an inflammatory state in adolescents presenting metabolic changes are indications for the use of customized PN.
Postprandial Metabolomic Profiling: Insights into Macronutrient-Specific Metabolic Responses in Healthy Individuals
Authors: Alshahrani Awad , Aleidi Shereen M. , Al Dubayee Mohammed , AlMalki Reem , Sebaa Rajaa , Zhra Mahmoud , Abdel Rahman Anas M. , Aljada Ahmad
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Understanding the metabolic responses to different macronutrients is crucial for assessing their impacts on health. This study aims to investigate the postprandial metabolomic profiles of healthy individuals following the consumption of glucose, protein, and lipids. Methods: Twenty-three healthy, normal-weight adults participated in the study, randomly assigned to consume 300 kcal from glucose, protein, or lipids after an overnight fast. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 1, 2, and 3 h post-ingestion. An untargeted metabolomic approach using mass spectrometry was employed to analyze plasma metabolites. Results: In total, 21, 59, and 156 dysregulated metabolites were identified after glucose, protein, and lipid intake, respectively. Notably, 3’-O-methylguanosine levels decreased significantly after glucose consumption while remaining stable during lipid intake before increasing at 2 h. Common metabolites shared between glucose and lipid groups included 3’-O-methylguanosine, 3-oxotetradecanoic acid, poly-g-D-glutamate, and triglyceride (TG) (15:0/18:4/18:1). Conclusions: The findings highlight distinct metabolic responses to macronutrient intake, emphasizing the role of specific metabolites in regulating postprandial metabolism. These insights contribute to understanding how dietary components influence metabolic health and insulin sensitivity.
Socio-Demographic Influences on Dietary Habits and Nutritional Awareness: A Case Study of Polish Biathlon Association National Team Members
Authors: Górka-Chowaniec Agnieszka , Niewczas-Dobrowolska Magdalena , Akbaş Anna , Bezuglov Eduard , Sikora Tadeusz , Waśkiewicz Zbigniew
Published: November 2024

Introduction: This study investigated the influence of sociodemographic factors on the dietary habits of athletes of the Polish Biathlon Association. Focusing on age, education, employment status, and gender, this research assesses food choices, meal preparation, and nutritional awareness within a structured sports environment. A cross-sectional survey of 54 athletes was conducted using a modified “Eating Habits of Poles” questionnaire to explore food selection, preparation methods, consumption patterns, and nutritional perspectives. This focus on biathletes emphasizes their distinct dietary needs, which arise from the demanding combination of endurance and precision in their sport, providing valuable insights for tailored dietary strategies to enhance their performance and overall health. Results: The results indicate that age, education, and employment status significantly influence Polish biathletes’ dietary habits and nutritional awareness. Older athletes (under 23 years) demonstrated significantly higher nutritional awareness regarding modern dietary trends (p = 0.015). In contrast, 50% of higher-education athletes were more engaged in meal planning and healthier food choices than those with elementary education (p = 0.031). Employment status also played a role; 70% of the athletes were students who exhibited more convenience-based food choices, whereas 30% were employed and maintained more structured eating patterns (p = 0.008). Minimal gender differences were found, with 50% of male and 50% of female athletes showing similar dietary habits, likely due to standardized nutrition programs provided to all athletes. Conclusions: This indicates a potential need for further research to determine whether professional dietary support can effectively address typical gender-related variations in food behavior and lead to improvements in dietary outcomes. This study highlights the importance of targeted nutrition education and professional support for optimizing the nutritional habits of professional athletes. This emphasizes that socio-demographic factors such as age, education, and employment status significantly shape these behaviors, underscoring the need for personalized nutritional strategies within athletic programs.
Study on the Mechanism of Dictyophora duplicata Polysaccharide in Reducing Depression-like Behavior in Mice
Authors: Yang Chenxi , Chen Jiaqi , Tang Jie , Li Lanzhou , Zhang Yongfeng , Li Yu , Ruan Changchun , Wang Chunyue
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Depression is a prevalent worldwide mental health disorder that inflicts significant harm to individuals and society. Dictyophora duplicata is an edible fungus that contains a variety of nutrients, including polysaccharides. This study aims to investigate the monosaccharide composition and molecular weight of the Dictyophora duplicata polysaccharide (DDP-B1), followed by an exploration of its antidepressant effects in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice. Methods: Dictyophora duplicata was purified using a DEAE-52 column and an S-400 column to obtain DDP-B1. The monosaccharide composition and molecular weight of DDP-B1 were investigated via high-performance gel permeation chromatograph. Six-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were utilized for the CUMS modeling to evaluate the antidepressant efficacy of DDP-B1. Fluoxetine served as the positive control group. The depressive-like behaviors and brain pathology of mice were evaluated. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining, metabolomics analysis, and western blot were employed to further investigate the underlying mechanisms. Results: DDP-B1 significantly alleviated the depression-like behavior of CUMS mice and increased the expression of SYN and PSD-95 in the mice’s brains, which was further validated by western blot. Metabolomics analysis indicated a reduction in serum glutamate in CUMS mice following DDP-B1 treatment. Moreover, DDP-B1 treatment led to an increase in levels of GABAAR, BDNF, p-TrkB and p-p70S6K. Conclusions: DDP-B1 regulated abnormalities in the glutamatergic system, subsequently activated the BDNF-TrkB-mTOR pathway and mitigated the pathological manifestations of CUMS mice. This study validated the potential of DDP-B1 as an antidepressant medication and established a theoretical foundation for the development of fungi with similar properties.
Hydrogen Sulfide and Gut Microbiota: Their Synergistic Role in Modulating Sirtuin Activity and Potential Therapeutic Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Munteanu Constantin , Onose Gelu , Poștaru Mădălina , Turnea Marius , Rotariu Mariana , Galaction Anca Irina
Published: November 2024

The intricate relationship between hydrogen sulfide (H2S), gut microbiota, and sirtuins (SIRTs) can be seen as a paradigm axis in maintaining cellular homeostasis, modulating oxidative stress, and promoting mitochondrial health, which together play a pivotal role in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. H2S, a gasotransmitter synthesized endogenously and by specific gut microbiota, acts as a potent modulator of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress, protecting against cellular damage. Through sulfate-reducing bacteria, gut microbiota influences systemic H2S levels, creating a link between gut health and metabolic processes. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in microbial populations, can alter H2S production, impair mitochondrial function, increase oxidative stress, and heighten inflammation, all contributing factors in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Sirtuins, particularly SIRT1 and SIRT3, are NAD+-dependent deacetylases that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant defense, and inflammation. H2S enhances sirtuin activity through post-translational modifications, such as sulfhydration, which activate sirtuin pathways essential for mitigating oxidative damage, reducing inflammation, and promoting cellular longevity. SIRT1, for example, deacetylates NF-κB, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, while SIRT3 modulates key mitochondrial enzymes to improve energy metabolism and detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS). This synergy between H2S and sirtuins is profoundly influenced by the gut microbiota, which modulates systemic H2S levels and, in turn, impacts sirtuin activation. The gut microbiota–H2S–sirtuin axis is also essential in regulating neuroinflammation, which plays a central role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacological interventions, including H2S donors and sirtuin-activating compounds (STACs), promise to improve these pathways synergistically, providing a novel therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative conditions. This suggests that maintaining gut microbiota diversity and promoting optimal H2S levels can have far-reaching effects on brain health.
Study of the Acidic, Basic, and Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Three Antihypertensive Drugs—Individually and in Combination
Authors: Mandić-Kovacević Nebojša , Kasagić-Vujanović Irena , Gatarić Biljana , Škrbić Ranko , Popović Bijelić Ana
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: The importance of fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) for the treatment of hypertension is well established. However, from a stability perspective, FDCs present a challenge since the degradation of one active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) can be affected by the presence of another API. The aim of this study was to compare the degradation behaviors and evaluate the degradation kinetics of three antihypertensive drugs, perindopril tert-butylamine (PER), amlodipine besylate (AML), and indapamide (IND). Methods: The degradation processes were studied using the previously developed reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method after exposing each drug individually, as well as the combinations of two/three drugs, to different stress factors, such as light, oxidation, acidic, basic, or neutral pH values at different temperatures. Results: The results show that PER is most unstable under basic conditions and that AML displays a negative, while IND displays a positive effect, on PER stability when combined. AML is most affected by basic conditions and oxidation, and its stability is affected by both drugs positively; IND undergoes extreme photolysis, which is positively affected by AML but negatively by PER. Conclusions: Great care must be taken when formulating FDCs with these three drugs, as well as solutions or oral suspensions adjusted for geriatric or pediatric populations, since the stability of all three drugs is greatly affected by pH conditions, as well as light or oxidation factors and their interactions.
Advancements in Virtual Bioequivalence: A Systematic Review of Computational Methods and Regulatory Perspectives in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Alotaiq Nasser , Dermawan Doni
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: The rise of virtual bioequivalence studies has transformed the pharmaceutical landscape, enabling more efficient drug development processes. This systematic review aims to explore advancements in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, its regulatory implications, and its role in achieving virtual bioequivalence, particularly for complex drug formulations. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of clinical trials using computational methods, particularly PBPK modeling, to carry out bioequivalence assessments. Eligibility criteria are emphasized during in silico modeling and pharmacokinetic simulations. Comprehensive literature searches were performed across databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. A search strategy using key terms and Boolean operators ensured that extensive coverage was achieved. We adhered to the PRISMA guidelines in regard to the study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment, focusing on key characteristics, methodologies, outcomes, and regulatory perspectives from the FDA and EMA. Results: Our findings indicate that PBPK modeling significantly enhances the prediction of pharmacokinetic profiles, optimizing dosing regimens, while minimizing the need for extensive clinical trials. Regulatory agencies have recognized this utility, with the FDA and EMA developing frameworks to integrate in silico methods into drug evaluations. However, challenges such as study heterogeneity and publication bias may limit the generalizability of the results. Conclusions: This review highlights the critical need for standardized protocols and robust regulatory guidelines to facilitate the integration of virtual bioequivalence methodologies into pharmaceutical practices. By embracing these advancements, the pharmaceutical industry can improve drug development efficiency and patient outcomes, paving the way for innovative therapeutic solutions. Continued research and adaptive regulatory frameworks will be essential in navigating this evolving field.
Optical Calibration of a Multi-Color Ellipsometric Mapping Tool Fabricated Using Cheap Parts
Authors: Zereay Berhane Nugusse , Kálvin Sándor , Juhász György , Major Csaba , Petrik Péter , Horváth Zoltán György , Fried Miklós
Published: November 2024

We developed and applied a new calibration method to make more accurate measurements with our multi-color ellipsometric mapping tool made from cheap parts. Ellipsometry is an optical technique that measures the relative change in the polarization state of the measurement beam induced by reflection from or transmission through a sample. During conventional ellipsometric measurement, the data collection is relatively slow and measures one spot at a time, so mapping needs a long time compared with our new optical mapping equipment made by an ordinary color LED monitor and a polarization-sensitive camera. The angle of incidence and the incident polarization state is varied point by point, so a special optical calibration method is needed. Three SiO2 samples with different thicknesses were used for the point-by-point determination of the angle of incidence and rho (ρ) corrections. After the calibration, another SiO2 sample was measured and analyzed using the calibrated corrections; further, this sample was independently measured using a conventional spectroscopic ellipsometer. The difference between the two measured thickness maps is less than 1 nm. Our optical mapping tool made from cheap parts is faster and covers wider area samples relative to conventional ellipsometers, and these correction enhancements further demonstrate its performance.