bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Praktische Ausbildung in der pflegerischen Versorgung von Kindern und Jugendlichen gestalten
Authors: Rohde Katrin S.
Published: February 2023

Das praktische Lernen in der generalistischen Pflegeausbildung zur Pflegefachfrau oder zum Pflegefachmann (m/w/d) ist durch eine gesunde Mischung aus übertragbarem und feldspezifischem Pflegewissen markiert. Dabei ist nicht unumstritten, wie der Transfer aus unterschiedlichen Handlungsfeldern gelingen kann und wie die Lernenden dabei unterstützt werden sollten und könnten.
Kindbezogene und familiale Unterstützungsbedarfe in der pädiatrischen Palliativpflege erheben
Authors: Münstermann Uta
Published: February 2023

Kinder, Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene mit einer lebenslimitierenden oder lebensbedrohlichen Erkrankung durchleben nicht selten leidvolle Symptome wie Schmerzen und Unruhe, die nicht nur das Leben des Kindes, sondern den gesamten Familienalltag beeinflussen. Das Kind und seine Familie brauchen dann eine spezialisierte, multiprofessionelle Versorgung und dementsprechend fachkompetente Pflegende, die eine holistische Begleitung von der (Verdachts-)Diagnose bis über den Tod hinaus ermöglichen.
Von Wunsch und Wirklichkeit
Authors: Roßius Sabrina , Reimer Ann-Christin
Published: February 2023

In wenigen Berufen findet Management so nebenbei statt wie in der Pflege. In der berühmten Sandwichposition müssen Kollegen im Pflegemanagement jedoch mit einer Menge teils widersprüchlicher Anforderungen jonglieren.
Prognostic Factors for Survival in Patients with Carcinoma Endometrium
Authors: Prakasan Aparna Mullangath , Dhas Minolin , Jagathnathkrishna Krishnapillai M. , Kumar Aswin , Mathews Susan , Joseph John , Sambasivan Suchetha , James Francis V.
Published: February 2023

Objective The study aimed to see the clinical outcome and to identify prognostic factors for survival in patients with carcinoma endometrium.

Methods Patients registered at Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, with carcinoma endometrium from January 2009 to December 2013 were identified from hospital registry. Data regarding patient demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment schedules, and follow-up were collected using a structured proforma. Survival estimates were generated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate analysis was done using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model was performed to determine the impact of prognostic factors on outcome. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 11.

Results The median follow-up of the 686 patients was 95 months (range 3–178 months).There were 432 stage 1 (63%), 100 stage II (14.6%), 108 stage III (15.7%), and 46 stage IV patients (6.7%). The 5-year overall survival was 89.2%. Prognostic factors for survival on univariate analysis were age 60 years or older, nonendometrioid histology, high-grade tumor, cervical stromal involvement, para-aortic node involvement, negative progesterone receptor expression, deep myometrial invasion advanced stage, surgery versus no surgery, serosal involvement, and ovarian and fallopian tube involvement. However, on multivariate analysis, age over 60 years, higher histological grade, advanced stage, and deep myometrial and parametrial invasion were associated with significantly poorer survival.

Conclusion We found that age over 60 years at presentation, higher grade, advanced stage, deep myometrial invasion, and parametrial invasion were associated with poorer survival.
Is “Initial Size of the Graft the Real Culprit behind Primary Contraction of Full-Thickness Skin Graft”? – A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Vathulya Madhubari , Rao Shalinee , Malik Akanksha , Sinha Smita , Kumar Nikhilesh , Kapoor Akshay , Bahurupi Yogesh
Published: February 2023

Background Primary contraction of full-thickness graft has been traditionally quoted to be 40%. There are lacunae in literature to elaborate on the factors influencing it ever since.

Methods About 75 subjects who underwent full-thickness grafting procedures to resurface small defects were included in the study. The initial and final graft dimensions after primary contraction were traced on X-ray templates and the percentage of contraction was evaluated using the graphical method. This was further correlated with age, collagen, elastic matrix metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-1) and -2 content along with dermal thickness of the skin specimen sent from the graft.

Results The primary contraction of the graft had a very significant correlation only with the initial size of graft harvested with a linear regression of 33.3% and a Spearman's correlation of 0.587 significant at a p-value of 0.001.

Conclusion This study though preliminary tries to highlight an important factor that primary contraction of grafts is a physical phenomenon independent of its contents like collagen, elastin, or MMP-1 and -2 or age and dependent on its initial size of harvest instead.
Gender Affirming Surgery in Nonbinary Patients: A Single Institutional Experience
Authors: Hu Allison C. , Liu Mengyuan T. , Chan Candace H. , Gupta Saloni , Dang Brian N. , Ng Gladys Y. , Litwin Mark S. , Rudkin George H. , Weimer Amy K. , Lee Justine C.
Published: February 2023

Background An increasing number of nonbinary patients are receiving gender-affirming procedures due to improved access to care. However, the preferred treatments for nonbinary patients are underdescribed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the goals and treatments of nonbinary patients.

Methods A retrospective study of patients who self-identified as nonbinary from our institutional Gender Health Program was conducted. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, surgical goals, and operative variables were analyzed.

Results Of the 375 patients with gender dysphoria, 67 (18%) were nonbinary. Over half of the nonbinary patients were assigned male at birth (n = 57, 85%) and nearly half preferred the gender pronoun they/them/theirs (n = 33, 49%). A total of 44 patients (66%) received hormone therapy for an average of 2.5 ± 3.6 years, primarily estrogen (n = 39). Most patients (n = 46, 69%) received or are interested in gender-affirming surgery, of which, almost half were previously on hormone therapy (n = 32, 48%). The most common surgeries completed or desired were facial feminization surgery (n = 15, 22%), vaginoplasty (n = 15, 22%), mastectomy (n = 11, 16%), and orchiectomy (n = 9, 13%). Nonbinary patients who were assigned male at birth (NB-AMAB) were more often treated with hormones compared to nonbinary patients assigned female at birth (NB-AFAB) (72% vs. 30%, p = 0.010). Conversely, patients who were AFAB were more likely to complete or desire surgical intervention than those who were AMAB (100% vs. 63.0%, p < 0.021).

Conclusion Majority of nonbinary patients were assigned male at birth. NB-AFAB patients all underwent surgical treatment, whereas NB-AMAB patients were predominantly treated with hormone therapy.
Psammomatoid Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma of the Maxilla Misdiagnosed as Fibrous Dysplasia: A Clinicopathologic Case Report
Authors: Kim Jong-Ho , Kang Jiwon , Kim Seong-ik , Kim Byung Jun
Published: February 2023

Juvenile ossifying fibroma (JOF) is a variant of the ossifying fibroma and includes two histopathological subtypes: trabecular and psammomatoid. Psammomatoid JOF (PJOF) in craniofacial structures should be distinguished from other fibro-osseous lesions, such as fibrous dysplasia (FD), considering the difference in the treatment protocols. Here, we present a rare case of PJOF that was initially misdiagnosed as a case of FD and emphasize the importance of considering JOF in the differential diagnosis of patients with craniofacial fibro-osseous lesions. A 4-year-old boy demonstrated progressive enlargement of the zygomaticomaxillary area on his left side for the last 6 months. The patient was diagnosed as a case of FD based on the clinical features and radiographic findings, and was operated considering the rapid progression. To achieve facial symmetry, contouring of the zygomatic bone and arch was performed. However, the patient demonstrated rapid enlargement at the 3-month postoperative follow-up. The decision was made to surgically remove the tumor due to visual field impairment. Intraoperatively, a rubbery mass, which was separated from the surrounding cortical bone, was identified and excised. The lesion was confirmed as PJOF by histopathological examination. The possibility of PJOF should not be ruled out in the differential diagnosis of patients with fibrous-osseous lesions. In the event of suspected PJOF, accurate diagnosis should be made through definitive biopsy.
Inexpensive Materials for Microsurgery in Middle- and Low-Income Countries
Authors: Ciudad Pedro , Escandón Joseph M. , Llanos Edgar , Ludeña Juan , Manrique Oscar J. , Castro Jorge , Rossi Rafael
Published: February 2023

With the continuous incorporation of new technologies and advancements in surgical technique, microsurgical procedures around the world have generated a higher success rate and innovative procedures are now possible. In this setting, limitations regarding accessibility and acquisition of medical resources and equipment for these types of operations may be difficult in developing countries. We believe the dexterities of surgeons go beyond the surgical technique, meaning that we are able to use everyday materials to re-create affordable solutions that can be used during surgery in a safe way. This manuscript presents our experience with different surgical instruments and gadgets, developed out of necessity, to improve microsurgical interventions in developing countries.
Three-Dimensional Video Microscopy: Potential for Improved Ergonomics without Increased Operative Time?
Authors: Samaha Yasmina , Ray Edward
Published: February 2023

Three-dimensional (3D) video exoscopes are high-magnification stereo cameras that project onto monitors mounted in the operating room, viewable from different angles. Outside of plastic surgery, exoscopes have been shown to successfully improve the ergonomics of microsurgery, though sometimes with prolonged operating times. We compare a single surgeon's early experience performing free flap procedures from 2020 to 2021 using either a binocular microscope or a 3D video exoscope. Ten procedures were performed with the standard operating microscope and 8 procedures with the 3D exoscope. The microsurgeon, having minimal prior experience using an exoscope, reported less neck discomfort following the free flap procedures performed with the exoscope compared with the binocular surgical microscope. Total average operating time was comparable between the standard surgical microscope and the 3D exoscope (13.7 vs. 13.4 hours, p = 0.34). Our early experience using a 3D exoscope in place of a standard optical microscope demonstrated that the exoscope shows promise, offering an ergonomic alternative during microvascular reconstruction without increasing overall operating times. Future studies will compare free flap ischemia time between cases performed using the exoscope and the conventional binocular microscope. Medical Subject Headings authorized following words: free tissue flaps; operating rooms; ergonomics; microsurgery.
Attributes of a Good Microsurgeon—A Brief Counsel to the Up-and-Coming Prospects
Authors: Hong Joon Pio , Masoodi Zulqarnain , Tzou Chieh-Han John
Published: February 2023

Microsurgery, which deservedly sits on top of the reconstruction ladder, has been a boon to plastic surgery. It is because of this marvelous tool that plastic surgeons the world over have been able to tackle many reconstructive dilemmas, which were once considered to be an improbability. Microsurgery-aided revolutions have rendered a new meaning to all forms of reconstruction—whether it is postoncological, posttraumatic, or postlymphedema reconstruction. As the most advanced reconstructive medium at our disposal that has broadened the horizons of plastic surgery exponentially, it is but obvious that many budding plastic surgeons are drawn toward this subspecialty. In lieu of the aforementioned facts, it is necessary to sensitize all such aspiring surgeons about the various intricacies concerning the field of microsurgery. This article with its focus on the six desirable microsurgical attributes of “Clarity, Curiosity, Perseverance, Passion, An Open Mindset and Action,” is meant to be a modest attempt on part of the authors to share their microsurgical insights, procured through their respective journeys, with budding aspirants, hoping to sensitize as well as motivate them for the challenging path that lies ahead.
A Survey on Procedural Sedation and Analgesia for Pediatric Facial Laceration Repair in Korea
Authors: Lee Dongkyu , Yeo Hyeonjung , Lee Yunjae , Park Hyochun , Park Hannara
Published: February 2023

Background Most children with facial lacerations require sedation for primary sutures. However, sedation guidelines for invasive treatment are lacking. This study evaluated the current status of the sedation methods used for pediatric facial laceration repair in Korea.

Methods We surveyed one resident in each included plastic surgery training hospital using face-to-face interviews or e-mail correspondence. The health care center types (secondary or tertiary hospitals), sedation drug types, usage, and dosage, procedure sequence, monitoring methods, drug effects, adverse events, and operator and guardian satisfaction were investigated.

Results We included 45/67 hospitals (67%) that used a single drug, ketamine in 31 hospitals and chloral hydrate in 14 hospitals. All health care center used similar sedatives. The most used drug administered was 5 mg/kg intramuscular ketamine (10 hospitals; 32%). The most common chloral hydrate administration approach was oral 50 mg/kg (seven hospitals; 50%). Twenty-two hospitals (71%) using ketamine followed this sequence: administration of sedatives, local anesthesia, primary repair, and imaging work-up. The most common sequence used for chloral hydrate (eight hospitals; 57%) was local anesthesia, administration of sedatives, imaging work-up, and primary repair. All hospitals that used ketamine and seven (50%) of those using chloral hydrate monitored oxygen saturation. Median operator satisfaction differed significantly between ketamine and chloral hydrate (4.0 [interquartile range, 4.0–4.0] vs. 3.0 [interquartile range, 3.0–4.0]; p <0.001).

Conclusion The hospitals used various procedural sedation methods for children with facial lacerations. Guidelines that consider the patient's condition and drug characteristics are needed for safe and effective sedation.
Analysis of the Chest Wall Reconstruction Methods after Malignant Tumor Resection
Authors: Jo Gang Yeon , Ki Sae Hwi
Published: February 2023

Background The chest wall defects can be caused by various reasons. In the case of malignant tumor resection of the chest wall, it is essential to reconstruct the chest wall to cover the vital tissue and restore the pulmonary function with prevention of paradoxical motion. With our experience, we analyzed and evaluated the results and complications of the chest wall reconstructions followed by malignant tumor resection.

Methods From 2013 to 2022, we reviewed a medical record of patients who received chest reconstruction due to chest wall malignant tumor resection. The following data were retrieved: patients' demographic data, tumor type, type of operation, method of chest wall reconstruction of the soft and skeletal tissue and complications.

Results There were seven males and six female patients. The causes of reconstruction were 12 primary tumors and one metastatic carcinoma. The pathological types were seven sarcomas, three invasive breast carcinoma, and three squamous cell carcinomas. The skeletal reconstruction was performed in six patients. The series of the flap were eight pedicled latissimus dorsi (LD) myocutaneous flaps, two pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, two vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous free flap, and one LD free flap. Among all the cases, only one staged reconstruction and successful reconstruction without flail chest. Most of the complications were atelectasis.

Conclusion In the case of accompanying multiple ribs and sternal defect, skeletal reconstruction would need skeletal reconstruction to prevent paradoxical chest wall motion. The flap for soft tissue defect be selected according to defect size and location of chest wall. With our experience, we recommend the reconstruction algorithm for chest wall defect due to malignant tumor resection.
Model position sensing method for low fineness ratio models in a magnetic suspension and balance system
Authors: Inomata Chiharu , Kuwata Masahide , Yokota Sho , Abe Yoshiaki , Sawada Hideo , Obayashi Shigeru , Asai Keisuke , Nonomura Taku
Published: February 2023

A new model-position-sensing method for the levitation of models with a low fineness ratio (ratio of the longitudinal length to the diameter) in a magnetic suspension and balance system (MSBS) is proposed. MSBS is an ideal model-support device for wind-tunnel testing, which enables the study of flow fields around blunt bodies without flow disturbances introduced by mechanical support devices, with the aerodynamic forces determined from the magnetic forces using a pre-calibrated relationship. The new method allows wind tunnel experiments without mechanical supports with a low fineness ratio model. This method adopts two line sensors placed parallel to the central axis of the model image and measures the position with a resolution finer than 0.06 mm or deg even for thin model geometries. In addition, measurement errors were reduced by correcting a second-order term in the depth direction of the camera. A low fineness ratio circular cylinder model was levitated following sensor calibration. The model was supported in conditions with and without freestream flow. This position measurement method was also applied to a reentry capsule model. The model was levitated while keeping its position and attitude stabilized near the origin.
Magnetization reversal mechanisms in highly corrugated thin films
Authors: Delgado-Garcia Rafael , Rodriguez-Rodriguez Gabriel , Guerrero Ruben , Galvez Fernando , Colino Jose Miguel
Published: February 2023

Nanopatterned ferromagnetic (FM) thin films have specific characteristics that make them a workhorse for sensors based on magnonic, magnetoplasmonic, or anisotropic magneto-resistive effects. Undulated FM thin films have been studied because of their tunable uniaxial anisotropy. They have been traditionally understood by means of Schlömann's model taking account of shape-induced magnetic anisotropies in softly corrugated systems. Here, we show how it cannot describe accurately the magnetic behavior of highly corrugated FM systems within a thickness region of less than the ripple amplitude. We report on the magnetization reversal processes detected in Permalloy films deposited onto highly corrugated patterns (250 nm in periodicity, 180 nm in amplitude) in a wide thickness range (15–150 nm), finding both that the anisotropy of the system does not correspond to a uniaxial type for FM thicknesses larger than 40 nm and that the anisotropy of the system increases with the FM thickness. Based on the results, we hypothesize that whereas Schlömann's model is valid for softly corrugated thin films, it fails to explain magnetization reversal processes of highly corrugated thin films, especially when the ripple amplitude is much greater than the deposited FM layer thickness. By means of micromagnetic simulations, we find an increment of anisotropy with thickness, just as in the experimental, as well as determine the arise of magnetic domains at the ridges of high thickness corrugated FM thin films. This approach will help to get a better understanding of operating mechanisms in magnetic field sensors based on undulated ferromagnetic materials.
Active THz beam shaping using a one-dimensional array of photoconductive emitters
Authors: Chopra Nishtha , Deveikis Justas , Lloyd-Hughes James
Published: February 2023

The spatial profile of a beam of pulsed terahertz (THz) radiation is controlled electrically using a multi-pixel photoconductive emitter, which consists of an array of interdigitated electrodes fabricated on semi-insulating GaAs. Activating individual pixels allows the transverse position of the THz beam's focus to be varied off-axis, as verified by spatial beam profiles. Enabling multiple pixels simultaneously permits non-Gaussian beam shapes to be created. The diffraction-limited performance of the system is established by comparison with the Abbé and Sparrow criteria, and a condition for effective beam steering using this design is derived. The spatial resolution of the approach is linked to the frequency of the THz radiation and the f-number of the collection optic.
Numerical solution of critical force of n-step telescopic boom with superlift device
Authors: Yao Fenglin , Li Jiandong , Yang Hao , Xie Changkai , Lv Shining
Published: February 2023

The installation of a superlift device on the telescopic boom of a crane is the main method to improve the stress condition of the telescopic boom and to effectively improve the lifting performance of the crane. However, there is a lack of an effective and accurate numerical method to solve the critical force of a crane telescopic boom with a superlift device. Therefore, the telescopic boom with a superlift device is reasonably simplified as a stepped column and double cable model. Based on the longitudinal and transverse bending theory, the differential equations of the deflection of the n-stepped column with double cables model are established, the buckling characteristic equation and its recurrence formula of the n-stepped column with double cables model are derived, and the combined superlift equations are established. The Levenberg–Marquardt optimization algorithm is used to solve the critical force and length coefficient. A large amount of data were compared and analyzed between the numerical solution results and the ANSYS finite element simulation results. The error result analysis proved the correctness of the deduced buckling characteristic equation and its derived formula and the accuracy of the numerical solution. The numerical solution method in this paper can be used to calculate the critical force and length coefficient under any number of boom sections, boom section length, sectional moment of inertia, cable length, and included angle between the two cables of the telescopic boom with a superlift device. The numerical solution method can provide a technical support for the structural design of a telescopic boom with a superlift device in practical projects.
General and scalable fabrication of plasmonic solar selective absorbers by electrodeposition
Authors: Chen Meijie , Li Shuang , Yan Hongjie
Published: February 2023

Spectrally selective and thermally stable solar absorber attracts lot of attention in solar desalination and other solar thermal applications. Fabricating stable solar selective absorbers (SSAs), in general, and scalability remain a challenge in solar thermal applications. Here, a simple, general, and scalable electrodeposition strategy is demonstrated to fabricate high-performance plasmonic solar selective absorbers, which can generate different metal element (such as Ni, Co, CoNi, and FeCoNi) SSAs on various shape substrates to suit different requirements in solar thermal applications. Taking metal Ni as an example, average solar absorptance αsolar = 0.90 and thermal emittance εIR = 0.08 at 100 °C can be achieved by optimizing the deposition parameters, resulting in a solar thermal conversion efficiency of ηst = 0.82. This plasmonic SSA maintains good stability at 200 °C in the air and 400 °C in the vacuum, respectively. This simple, general, and scalable strategy can be a potential method to fabricate different plasmonic SSAs in solar thermal applications.
Experiment on gas flow field of large-caliber hypersonic balance gun in half-space
Authors: He Miao , Li Zijie , Wang Hao
Published: February 2023

As one of the main methods to study the characteristics of an object, experiment is the main way to verify the correctness and reliability of numerical results. The hypersonic projectile near the ground launch involves many complex physical phenomena, so the ground surface has an important impact on the flight stability of the projectile and the structural characteristics of the gas flow field. In this paper, we carried out a whole process experiment of a hypersonic projectile from the bottom of the tube to the muzzle based on the 300 mm balance gun. The muzzle pressure and the initial velocity of the muzzle were monitored by the data acquisition system. We obtained the influence of the ground on the gas flow field of the hypersonic projectile through the overpressure data on the ground near the muzzle. Meanwhile, the dynamic characteristics of the launch process are recorded by high-speed photography. The experimental results show that the muzzle shock wave meets the ground, and the reflection phenomenon occurs, forming a wavefront with opposite directions of propagation. It makes the pressure in the lower half of the domain significantly higher than that in the upper half. By analyzing the experimental phenomena and experimental data, this paper shows the development characteristics of the projectile’s flow field, as well as the influence of the ground on the flow field and the motion stability of the projectile.
Experimental investigation of the effect of sectional airfoil profile deviation on propeller noise
Authors: Wu Han , Chen Wangqiao , Jiang Hanbo , Zhong Siyang , Zhang Xin
Published: February 2023

The geometry of the sectional airfoil has a determinative impact on the aeroacoustic characteristics of propellers. However, there are always slight deviations in the practical profiles due to manufacturing tolerance, wear loss, and limitations of processing techniques, which can potentially introduce uncertainties to aeroacoustic measurements. To this end, a systematic investigation is conducted on a benchmark propeller with a diameter of 217.2 mm and several of its variants in an anechoic wind tunnel. The variants are redesigned by modifying the sectional airfoil shapes with varying finite trailing-edge thicknesses. High-accuracy computer numerical control machining is employed to ensure the subtle geometrical differences between the blades. Force measurements indicate that the aerodynamic performances are insensitive to the slight variations of the sectional geometry, as expected. As for the acoustic performance, both the tonal and broadband noise are slightly affected when the axial flow speed is lower than 5 m/s. By contrast, a discernible noise reduction above 3 dB can be achieved due to the finite trailing-edge thickness. The noise source features are also investigated using a wavelet-based beamforming method, confirming that the noise reduction is caused by the weakened trailing-edge noise around the tip. This study is beneficial for the quantification of uncertainties in propeller noise measurements. It also suggests that adjusting trailing-edge thickness might be an useful approach in reducing propeller noise in practical applications.
Orbital-angular-momentum-based optical clustering via nonlinear optics
Authors: Guo Haoxu , Qiu Xiaodong , Chen Lixiang
Published: February 2023

Machine learning offers a convenient and intelligent tool for a variety of applications in the fields ranging from fundamental research to financial analysis. With the explosive growth of data streams, i.e., “big data,” optical machine learning with the inherent capacity for massive parallel processing is gradually attracting attention. Despite significant experimental and theoretical progress in this area, limited by the coherent manipulation of multibeams, high dimensional optical vector or matrix operation is still challenging. Here, by using the second harmonic generation of high dimensional orbital angular momentum superposition states, we present a compact and robust optical clustering machine, which is the crucial component in machine learning. In experiment, we conduct supervised clustering for classification of three- and eight-dimensional vectors and unsupervised clustering for text mining of 14-dimensional texts both with high accuracies. The presented optical clustering scheme could offer a pathway for constructing high speed and low energy consumption machine learning architectures.
Large-FOV scattering-assisted holographic projection by enhanced sampling of transmission matrix
Authors: Yu Panpan , Liu Yifan , Wu Yijing , Zhuang Jinghan , Wang Ziqiang , Li Yinmei , Gong Lei
Published: February 2023

Based on wavefront shaping, scattering materials provide a unique tool to break the trade-off between the viewing angle and field of view (FOV) for three-dimensional holographic projections. However, large-size image projection is limited by the low sampling ability of the transmission matrix (TM) of the scattering medium. Here, we propose a disperse and montage sampling strategy to access the TM for large-size image projection by scattering-assisted holography. Compared with the conventional TM sampling methods, our method achieves control of the output field with an enlarged FOV and improved adaptability. Experimentally, we achieve calibration of a TM corresponding to 1920 × 780 output pixels. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate holographic projection of large-size letter images within an area of 11.25 × 4.57 mm2 behind a scattering medium. In addition, we show that large-FOV vectorial projection can also be achieved by sampling the polarization-related TMs. Our work is expected to benefit scattering-assisted holographic techniques with potential applications in holographic display, imaging, and trapping.
Hydrogen centers as a probe of VGa(2) defects in
β
-Ga2O3
Authors: Portoff Amanda , Stavola Michael , Fowler W. Beall , Pearton Stephen J. , Glaser Evan R.
Published: February 2023

While a number of O-H and O-D vibrational lines have been observed for hydrogen and deuterium in β-Ga2O3, it has been commonly reported that there is no absorption with a component of the polarization E parallel to the [010], or b, axis. This experimental result has led to O-H defect structures that involve shifted configurations of a vacancy at the tetrahedrally coordinated Ga(1) site [VGa(1)] and have ruled out structures that involve a vacancy at the octahedrally coordinated Ga(2) site [VGa(2)], because these structures are predicted to show absorption for E//[010]. In this Letter, weak O-D lines at 2475 and 2493 cm−1 with a component of their polarization with E//[010] are reported for β-Ga2O3 that had been annealed in a D2 ambient. O-D defect structures involving an unshifted VGa(2) are proposed for these centers. An estimate is made that the concentration of VGa(2) in a Czochralski-grown sample is 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than that of VGa(1) from the intensities of the IR absorption lines.
Evidence for incoherent reversal in perpendicular MRAM cells down to 20 nm diameter
Authors: Richter H. J. , Mihajlović G. , Melendez N. D. , Grobis M. K. , Santos T. S.
Published: February 2023

We investigate experimentally the time evolution of the magnetization reversal in spin-transfer torque driven perpendicular magnetoresistive memory cells in the diameter range of 20 to 65nm. The switching process is characterized by two metrics: the incubation time and the reversal time, where both are stochastic in nature. We find that the average reversal time increases with cell size. The reversal time is dominated by domain wall pinning effects that can last several tens of nanoseconds for the bigger devices. However, even for the smallest cells, we still observe similar behavior albeit with shorter pinning durations of the order of 2 to 3 nanoseconds, indicating that the magnetization reversal is incoherent.
High-coercivity heavy-rare-earth-free NdFeB sintered magnets developed by doping Ce85Al15 and grain boundary diffusion with Pr70Cu15Al15
Authors: Wong Y. J. , Chang H. W. , Lee Y. I. , Chang W. C. , Chiu C. H. , Mo C. C.
Published: February 2023

Traditional NdFeB sintered magnets with coercivity larger than 20 kOe, called super-high (SH) level, usually contains considerable amount of high-cost heavy rare earth (HRE), such as Dy or Tb. In this work, high coercivity of 21.4 kOe, which corresponds to SH level, is achieved for HRE-free NdFeB magnet by doping with Ce85Al15 (CeAl) alloy and grain boundary diffusion (GBD) with Pr70Cu15Al15 (PrCuAl) alloy powders, where Ce/RE ratio is about 15% within the magnet. After GBD treatment with PrCuAl on Ce-containing NdFeB magnets, the formation of Pr-containing shell at 2:14:1 grain surface can increase the local magnetic anisotropy filed and therefore enhance the coercivity. Most of Cu and Al, and parts of Ce and Pr appear at grain boundary and triple junction, which can reduce the magnetization of grain boundary phase, strengthen the decoupling effect between grains and thus contribute to high coercivity. This study provides a cost-effective way to obtain high coercivity for HRE-free NdFeB sintered magnet via doping Ce85Al15 and then GBD with Pr70Cu15Al15.
Influence of tensile stress on the magnetic properties of ultra-thin grain-oriented electrical steel
Authors: Li Yongjian , Song Shiping , Dou Yu , Chen Tao
Published: February 2023

Ultra-thin grain-oriented electrical steel (GOES) with thickness less than 0.1 mm can be used to make the iron core of the reactor and high-power magnetic amplifiers. The design of these electromagnetic devices often relies on the data of magnetic characteristics measured under standard sinusoidal excitation. However, the influence of working conditions such as stress and temperature are ignored. The magnetic properties of the magnetic materials under stress are quite different from those under sinusoidal excitation. It is very important to accurately measure the magnetic properties of ultra-thin GOES under stress conditions. This article presents and analyzes the extensive experimental results of magnetic properties in the rolling direction with uniaxial and biaxial tensile stress applied by piezoelectric materials.
Magneto-optical imaging of the domain wall distortions enhanced by magnetic fields in amorphous glass-coated microwire
Authors: Fecova L. , Varga R. , Richter K.
Published: February 2023

Here, we employ time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr system (MOKE) imaging to ascertain the origin of domain wall motion in microwires. The MOKE visualisations of the domain walls motion on the surface of the microwires prove the domain wall pinning and distortions tailored due to the perpendicular magnetic field. It is shown that domain wall pinning in a perpendicular field increases the domain wall tilting angle, which is in turn, related to the apparent domain wall velocity. The obtained result is important for correct interpretation of domain wall velocity measurements in microwires obtained by the Sixtus-Tonks method.
Multilevel states driven by spin-orbit torque in a P-composition graded (Ga,Mn)(As,P) film
Authors: Lee Kyung Jae , Han Kyoul , Lee Sanghoon , Liu Xinyu , Dobrowolska M. , Furdyna Jacek K.
Published: February 2023

We have studied spin-orbit torque (SOT) magnetization switching in a (Ga,Mn)(As,P) film with vertically-graded magnetic anisotropy. The magnetization switching chirality during current scans reveals that strain-induced Dresselhaus-type spin-orbit field does the major role for spin polarization of carriers causing SOT in the system. The volume fraction of SOT magnetization switching significantly depends on the magnitude and direction of the applied bias field. This feature leads to the realization of stable multilevel magnetic states in composition-graded (Ga,Mn)(As,P) film. The experiment demonstrates that multiple magnetic state can be robustly set by using appropriate bias fields. This characteristic can be used to realize SOT-driven multi-state memories and/or memristor devices, which are key ingredients for neuromorphic computing.
Analysis of flux barrier effect of LCF PM in series hybrid magnet variable flux memory machine
Authors: Huang Yunrui , Yang Hui , Zheng Hao , Lin Heyun , Zhu Z. Q.
Published: February 2023

Variable flux memory machines (VFMMs) with series hybrid magnets using both low coercive force (LCF) and high coercive force (HCF) permanent magnets (PMs) have been recognized as a viable candidate for wide-speed-range industrial applications due to the advantages of high torque density and wide speed range. Nevertheless, the adverse effects of LCF PM on the HCF PM in series-type VFMM under different magnetization states (MSs) are still unreported. In this paper, the flux barrier effect (FBE) of the LCF PM existing in series hybrid magnet VFMM is first revealed, and its causes are discussed as well as analyzed in depth on the basis of the equivalent magnetic circuit method and finite-element (FE) analyses. A topology of VFMM with dual-layer PMs is further developed to alleviate the FBE induced from LCF PMs. It can be found that the FBE can be effectively suppressed by employing the dual-layer (DL) PM arrangement and additional leakage flux paths. A prototype of the proposed design is built, and the theoretical and FE results are experimentally verified.
Change in costs to funders of maternity care over time: an analysis of Queensland births
Authors: Eklom Bonnie , Tracy Sally , Callander Emily
Published: February 2023

Objective To describe change in costs to different funders over time for women giving birth in Queensland between 2012 and 2018. Methods A whole-of-population linked administrative dataset was used that contained all health service use in Queensland for women who gave birth between 1 July 2012 and 30 June 2018 and their babies. Aggregated costs for mother and baby from pregnancy to 12 months postpartum were used to compare the change in costs to funders over time. Results There was an increase in mean total cost to all funders per birth in the public system and private system from 2012 to 2018. North West Hospital and Health Service (HHS) had the highest mean total cost (in Australian dollars) in 2018 (A$42 353), while home births had the lowest (A$6105). For the majority of HHSs the proportion of births with a positive birth outcome (as defined by a composite outcome measure) has remained largely static or declined during this time period. Cairns and Hinterland HHS and Townsville HHS had the largest declines of 15% and 16% respectively, while mean total cost to all funders rose 36.39% and 46.41%, respectively. Conclusions There has been an increase over time across Queensland in the cost of childbirth in public hospitals and in the private system, while the cost of home birth has remained static. For most HHSs this increase in cost is also associated with little change or a decline in the percentage of births with a positive outcome. Increases in cost are therefore not being translated into better outcomes for women and their babies. Routine performance monitoring of cost, quality and safety should be adopted to ensure the provision of high value maternity care in Australia.
Crown fire initiation of a thunderstorm
Authors: McCarthy Nicholas F. , McGowan Hamish , Guyot Adrien , Dowdy Andrew , Sturgess Andrew , Twomey Ben
Published: February 2023

Understanding bushfire–atmosphere interactions is essential for accurate prediction of fire behaviour, and for the safe and effective strategic management of fires to mitigate risk to people and property. Bushfires with feedbacks to thunderstorms represent the most extreme form of fire–atmosphere interaction, with potential to initiate tornadoes, lightning and hazardous winds causing dangerous fire behaviour and new ignitions many kilometres from the fire front. However, there is very little evidence that links quantitative fire behaviour with observed thunderstorm dynamics. Here we combine stochastic modelling of fire behaviour with satellite and mobile weather radar data of a bushfire thunderstorm in Queensland, Australia. The results show the coupling between fire behaviour and thunderstorm development in a conditionally unstable atmosphere. The process by which the coupling occurs raises questions as to the cause and effect relationship of the bushfire-initiated thunderstorms and associated fire behaviour. Recommendations for future research are made, highlighting the need for understanding links between modelled and observed fire behaviour dynamics and atmospheric thermodynamics.
“Self-inactivating” rabies viruses are susceptible to loss of their intended attenuating modification
Authors: Jin Lei , Matsuyama Makoto , Sullivan Heather A. , Zhu Mulangma , Lavin Thomas K. , Hou YuanYuan , Lea Nicholas E. , Pruner Maxwell T. , Dam Ferdínez María Lucía , Wickersham Ian R.
Published: February 2023

Monosynaptic tracing using rabies virus is an important technique in neuroscience, allowing brain-wide labeling of neurons directly presynaptic to a targeted neuronal population. A 2017 article reported the development of a noncytotoxic version—a major advance—based on attenuating the rabies virus by the addition of a destabilization domain to the C terminus of a viral protein. However, this modification did not appear to hinder the ability of the virus to spread between neurons. We analyzed two viruses provided by the authors and show here that both were mutants that had lost the intended modification, explaining the paper's paradoxical results. We then made a virus that actually did have the intended modification in at least the majority of virions and found that it did not spread efficiently under the conditions described in the original paper, namely, without an exogenous protease being expressed in order to remove the destabilization domain. We found that it did spread when the protease was supplied, although this also appeared to result in the deaths of most source cells by 3 wk postinjection. We conclude that the new approach is not robust but that it could become a viable technique given further optimization and validation.
Changes in the functional diversity of modern bird species over the last million years
Authors: Germain Ryan R. , Feng Shaohong , Buffan Lucas , Carmona Carlos P. , Chen Guangii , Graves Gary R. , Tobias Joseph A. , Rahbek Carsten , Lei Fumin , Fjeldså Jon , Hosner Peter A. , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Zhang Guojie , Nogués-Bravo David
Published: February 2023

Despite evidence of declining biosphere integrity, we currently lack understanding of how the functional diversity associated with changes in abundance among ecological communities has varied over time and before widespread human disturbances. We combine morphological, ecological, and life-history trait data for >260 extant bird species with genomic-based estimates of changing effective population size (

N
e

) to quantify demographic-based shifts in avian functional diversity over the past million years and under pre-anthropogenic climate warming. We show that functional diversity was relatively stable over this period, but underwent significant changes in some key areas of trait space due to changing species abundances. Our results suggest that patterns of population decline over the Pleistocene have been concentrated in particular regions of trait space associated with extreme reproductive strategies and low dispersal ability, consistent with an overall erosion of functional diversity. Further, species most sensitive to climate warming occupied a relatively narrow region of functional space, indicating that the largest potential population increases and decreases under climate change will occur among species with relatively similar trait sets. Overall, our results identify fluctuations in functional space of extant species over evolutionary timescales and represent the demographic-based vulnerability of different regions of functional space among these taxa. The integration of paleodemographic dynamics with functional trait data enhances our ability to quantify losses of biosphere integrity before anthropogenic disturbances and attribute contemporary biodiversity loss to different drivers over time.
Trophically integrated ecometric models as tools for demonstrating spatial and temporal functional changes in mammal communities
Authors: Short Rachel A. , McGuire Jenny L. , Polly P. David , Lawing A. Michelle
Published: February 2023

We are in a modern biodiversity crisis that will restructure community compositions and ecological functions globally. Large mammals, important contributors to ecosystem function, have been affected directly by purposeful extermination and indirectly by climate and land-use changes, yet functional turnover is rarely assessed on a global scale using metrics based on functional traits. Using ecometrics, the study of functional trait distributions and functional turnover, we examine the relationship between vegetation cover and locomotor traits for artiodactyl and carnivoran communities. We show that the ability to detect a functional relationship is strengthened when locomotor traits of both primary consumers (artiodactyls, n = 157 species) and secondary consumers (carnivorans, n = 138 species) are combined into one trophically integrated ecometric model. Overall, locomotor traits of 81% of communities accurately estimate vegetation cover, establishing the advantage of trophically integrated ecometric models over single-group models (58 to 65% correct). We develop an innovative approach within the ecometrics framework, using ecometric anomalies to evaluate mismatches in model estimates and observed values and provide more nuance for understanding relationships between functional traits and vegetation cover. We apply our integrated model to five paleontological sites to illustrate mismatches in the past and today and to demonstrate the utility of the model for paleovegetation interpretations. Observed changes in community traits and their associated vegetations across space and over time demonstrate the strong, rapid effect of environmental filtering on community traits. Ultimately, our trophically integrated ecometric model captures the cascading interactions between taxa, traits, and changing environments.
Cleaner fish recognize self in a mirror via self-face recognition like humans
Authors: Kohda Masanori , Bshary Redouan , Kubo Naoki , Awata Satoshi , Sowersby Will , Kawasaka Kento , Kobayashi Taiga , Sogawa Shumpei
Published: February 2023

Some animals have the remarkable capacity for mirror self-recognition (MSR), yet any implications for self-awareness remain uncertain and controversial. This is largely because explicit tests of the two potential mechanisms underlying MSR are still lacking: mental image of the self and kinesthetic visual matching. Here, we test the hypothesis that MSR ability in cleaner fish,
Labroides dimidiatus
, is associated with a mental image of the self, in particular the self-face, like in humans
.
Mirror-naive fish initially attacked photograph models of both themselves and unfamiliar strangers. In contrast, after all fish had passed the mirror mark test, fish did not attack their own (motionless) images, but still frequently attacked those of unfamiliar individuals. When fish were exposed to composite photographs, the self-face/unfamiliar body were not attacked, but photographs of unfamiliar face/self-body were attacked, demonstrating that cleaner fish with MSR capacity recognize their own facial characteristics in photographs. Additionally, when presented with self-photographs with a mark placed on the throat, unmarked mirror-experienced cleaner fish demonstrated throat-scraping behaviors. When combined, our results provide clear evidence that cleaner fish recognize themselves in photographs and that the likely mechanism for MSR is associated with a mental image of the self-face, not a kinesthetic visual-matching model. Humans are also capable of having a mental image of the self-face, which is considered an example of private self-awareness. We demonstrate that combining mirror test experiments with photographs has enormous potential to further our understanding of the evolution of cognitive processes and private self-awareness across nonhuman animals.