bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CookieArmor: Safeguarding against cross‐site request forgery and session hijacking
Authors: Sinha Ashutosh Kumar , Tripathy Somanath
Published: February 2019

Internet browsers use cookies and session‐IDs for maintaining HTTP state information which has led to several security vulnerabilities such as cross‐site request forgery (CSRF) and session hijacking. Several works have been carried out in the past to address these threats and most of these works propose an additional layer between the client‐server communication architecture. While some solutions propose this layer at the client side, others propose it at the server side. This work proposes an efficient client‐side proxy named CookieArmor for addressing the threat of CSRF and cross‐site scripting (XSS). CookieArmor is a two‐token selective CSRF prevention mechanism with restricted relaxation for cross‐origin request. CookieArmor determines whether a script is capable of performing state changing operations and safeguards only such scripts using a two‐token CSRF prevention scheme. CookieArmor uses active Session‐ID filtering to safeguards against session hijacking. CookieArmor also uses quotient‐filter between the proxy and its internal database for improving the performance. Efficiency of CookieArmor demonstrates significant improvement than other solutions.
Resolving phylogenetic reconstruction in Menispermaceae (Ranunculales) using fossils and a novel statistical test
Authors: Jacques Frédéric M.B. , Gallut Cyril , Vignes-Lebbe Régine , Zaragüeta i Bagils René
Published: February 2019

Menispermaceae (Moonseed family) are an important family within the basal eudicots. This study is a first attempt to infer phylogenetic relationships within Menispermaceae, focusing on morphological data and using cladistic methodology. Sampling included genera from all the eight tribes usually recognized within the family, and was representative of the morphological diversity and worldwide distribution of the group. Preliminary trees were poorly resolved and were optimized using Reduced Cladistic Consensus (RCC) and NoiseSnapper. The latter program was used for the first time in phylogeny. In addition, fossils of the Eocene of the Paris Basin were included in the analysis. All three approaches were useful as they allowed for improvement of resolution. None of the tribes were found to be monophyletic except Menispermeae. We also show that fruit characters are unreliable and should not be used for classification.
Palaeoclimate‐induced range shifts may explain current patterns of spatial genetic variation in renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Asteraceae)
Authors: Bergh Nicola G. , Hedderson Terry A. , Linder H. Peter , Bond William J.
Published: February 2019

The impact of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations on the distributions of plant species in the Greater Cape Floristic Region is largely unknown. We used a molecular fingerprinting tool, inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) PCR to examine the spatial distribution of genetic variation in the common and widespread shrub Elytropappus rhinocerotis. We wished to test the hypothesis that refugia for the species were located in areas which were buffered from marked variations in precipitation between glacial and interglacial periods. Populations from less protected areas, in contrast, should have suffered size reductions or extinctions during the dry Holocene optimum. We detected a large amount of genetic variation in the species, which was apportioned largely amongst individuals within populations rather than amongst populations or regions, as expected for an outcrossing and well‐dispersed plant species. However, there was significant spatial structure and an uneven distribution of diversity across the range. Geographic distance is a very poor predictor of genetic distance between localities, especially towards the east of the range. This may be due to range alteration over the time‐scale reflected by ISSR polymorphism. Inter‐SSR variation declined from south to north in the western arm of the range, consistent with the prediction of Holocene aridification starting first and being most extreme in the north. Areas shown by the marker to harbour populations with high levels of variability include most parts of the eastern arm of the range, and the Kamiesberg highlands. Possible explanations for the observed patterns of ISSR variation are discussed.
Population genetic diversity and structure ofDipteronia dyerana(Sapindaceae), a rare endemic from Yunnan Province, China, with implications for conservation
Authors: Qiu Ying-Xiong , Luo Yu-Ping , Comes Hans Peter , Ouyang Zhi-Qin , Fu Cheng-Xin
Published: February 2019

Dipteronia dyeranais a rare endemic from south‐eastern Yunnan Province (China) that is known from only five natural populations, two of which occur outside a nature reserve. To obtain base‐line information of the population structure, history and conservation of the species, we investigated patterns of genetic diversity within and among all natural populations, in addition to an ex situ conserved population, using inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) DNA markers. Across all populations surveyed, average within‐population diversity was remarkably low (e.g., 0.088 for Nei’s gene diversity), with populations from outside the nature reserve maintaining the highest amounts of genetic diversity. Among all natural populations, high genetic differentiation (GST= 0.375) was detected, together with an isolation‐by‐distance pattern. Past habitat fragmentation, restricted gene flow and, to a lesser extent, genetic drift are proposed to be the determinant factors responsible for the low genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation observed, although reproductive‐ecological factors, such as a mixed‐mating system and low seedling recruitment due to inbreeding, might also play a role. We strongly recommend in situ conservation of thoseD. dyeranapopulations occurring outside the nature reserve, as they contain the highest proportion of the species’ total ISSR fragment diversity, which might be eventually relevant for local adaptation. Our data further indicate that the ex situ conserved population insufficiently represents the genetic diversity present in the species. It is therefore suggested to sample at least four natural populations to cover a reasonable proportion (≥ 95%) of the species’ genetic variation for ex situ conservation.
Physiological evolution and association between physiology and growth form inAeonium(Crassulaceae)
Authors: Mort Mark E. , Solits Douglas E. , Soltis Pamela S. , Santos-Guerra Arnoldo , Francisco-Ortega Javier
Published: February 2019

Aeonium(Crassulaceae) comprises species that display a remarkable degree of morphological diversity, including rosette trees, candelabrum shrubs, highly branched shrubs, and woody rosettes. Greenhouse studies have documented that the genus is also diverse in basic photosynthetic metabolism, with C3, CAM, and C3‐CAM intermediates present. However, the degree of photosynthetic diversity present in natural populations and between species has never been surveyed. We analyzed stable isotopes of carbon from field‐collected species ofAeoniumand confirmed that these species are diverse physiologically. Using these data, each species sampled was coded as CAM, C3, or intermediate. This trait was optimized using parsimony onto one arbitrarily selected cladogram for Macaronesian Crassulaceae that had been previously published. These analyses indicated that the ancestral physiological condition for the entire Macaronesian clade of Crassulaceae is C3photosynthesis. WithinAeonium, one subclade consists largely of species with obligate CAM, one is exclusively intermediate, and two subclades are more variable in photosynthetic metabolism. The ancestral character state for theAeoniumclade is equivocal when the intermediate carbon isotope values were coded as a third character state; however, when these intermediates are considered polymorphic (i.e., facultative CAM), C3photosynthesis also was ancestral inAeonium. Concentrated changes tests were conducted to explore associations between CAM and three growth‐form attributes, including the candelabrum shrub and rosette tree growth‐forms and monocarpy. These tests revealed no significant association between CAM and monocarpy. The candelabrum shrub growth‐form is also not linked with CAM, but CAM has evolved twice within taxa displaying this growth‐form. In contrast, the hypothesized correlation between CAM and the rosette tree growth‐form was neither rejected nor supported.
Key2html: tool for the quick conversion of dichotomous keys into HTML code
Authors: Schmidt-Lebuhn Alexander N. , Kessler Michael
Published: February 2019

To facilitate the construction of online determination aids from existing plain text dichotomous analytical keys, a software tool is presented for the quick conversion of such keys into HTML code. The resulting HTML documents can be navigated with hyperlinks, and it is possible to set hyperlinks from the taxa to other online resources. The program is accessible online at http://www.sysbot.uni-goettingen.de/key2html/key2html.html.
Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature ofTracheophyta
Authors: Cantino Philip D. , Doyle James A. , Graham Sean W. , Judd Walter S. , Olmstead Richard G. , Soltis Douglas E. , Soltis Pamela S. , Donoghue Michael J.
Published: February 2019

Phylogenetic definitions are provided for the names of 53 clades of vascular plants. Emphasis has been placed on well‐supported clades that are widely known to non‐specialists and/or have a deep origin withinTracheophytaorAngiospermae. These treatments follow the draftPhyloCodeand illustrate the application of phylogenetic nomenclature in a variety of nomenclatural and phylogenetic contexts. Phylogenetic nomenclature promotes precision in distinguishing crown, apomorphy‐based, and total clades, thereby improving communication about character evolution and divergence times. To make these distinctions more transparent without increasing the number of entirely different names that must be learned, the following naming conventions (which have been adopted in the most recent draft of thePhyloCode) are employed here: widely known names are applied to crown clades, and the corresponding total clade (i.e., crown plus stem) is named “Pan‐X”, where “X” is the name of the crown (e.g.,Pan‐Spermatophytafor the total clade of plants that share more recent ancestry with extant seed plants than with any other crown clade). If a name “X” that is based etymologically on an apomorphy is applied to the crown, the name “Apo‐X” is applied to the clade for which this trait is synapomorphic (e.g.,Apo‐Spermatophytafor the clade originating from the first plant with seeds). Crown clade names can be defined by three kinds of definitions, two of which are used here: standard node‐based and branch‐modified node‐based. The latter is particularly useful when outgroup relationships of a crown clade are better known than basal relationships within the clade. Criteria and approaches used here to choose among competing preexisting names for a clade, to select a definition type, to choose appropriate specifiers, and (in some cases) to restrict the use of a name to certain phylogenetic contexts may be widely applicable when naming other clades. The phylogenetic definitions proposed here should help focus future discussions of thePhyloCodeon real definitions rather than simplified hypothetical ones.
Do Seed Lists have a future?
Authors: Aplin David M. , Heywood Vernon H.
Published: February 2019

In the 1960s Taxon published articles aimed at improving botanical Seed Lists. We compared suggestions made then with the situation in 2007. Sadly the majority of problems raised in the original manuscripts were still evident today. Botanic gardens must improve if this practice is to survive.
Toward a monophyleticNotholaena(Pteridaceae): resolving patterns of evolutionary convergence in xeric‐adapted ferns
Authors: Rothfels Carl J. , Windham Michael D. , Grusz Amanda L. , Gastony Gerald J. , Pryer Kathleen M.
Published: February 2019

Cheilanthoid ferns (Pteridaceae) are a diverse and ecologically important clade, unusual among ferns for their ability to colonize and diversify within xeric habitats. These extreme habitats are thought to drive the extensive evolutionary convergence, and thus morphological homoplasy, that has long thwarted a natural classification of cheilanthoid ferns. Here we present the first multigene phylogeny to focus on taxa traditionally assigned to the large genusNotholaena. New World taxa (Notholaenasensu Tryon) are only distantly related to species occurring in the Old World (Notholaenasensu Pichi Sermolli). The circumscription ofNotholaenaadopted in recent American floras is shown to be paraphyletic, with species usually assigned toCheilanthesandCheiloplectonnested within it. The position ofCheiloplectonis particularly surprising—given its well‐developed false indusium and non‐farinose blade, it is morphologically anomalous within the “notholaenoids”. In addition to clarifying natural relationships, the phylogenetic hypothesis presented here helps to resolve outstanding nomenclatural issues and provides a basis for examining character evolution within this diverse, desert‐adapted clade.
A taxonomic revision of the eusporangiate fern family Marattiaceae, with description of a new genus Ptisana
Authors: Murdock Andrew G.
Published: February 2019

Recent phylogenetic investigations of marattioid ferns (Marattiaceae) have generated a refined understanding of genus‐ and species‐level relationships within the family. A taxonomic revision of marattioid ferns is presented here. This new taxonomy is congruent with the current understanding of the phylogeny of marattioid ferns based on both molecular and morphological data. Marattiaceae is recognized here in the broad and most commonly used sense, encompassing all extant genera. Marattia as traditionally defined is paraphyletic, and is split here into three morphologically distinct and monophyletic genera: Marattia s.str. is restricted to the Neotropics and Hawaii; Eupodium, a distinctive Neotropical genus that has not been recognized by recent authors, is resurrected; and a newly described genus Ptisana comprises the Paleotropical species. Angiopteris is circumscribed broadly to include Archangiopteris, Macroglossum, Protomarattia, and Protangiopteris. Neither Danaea nor Christensenia require changes to their circumscriptions. As Marattia s.l. is undergoing the most drastic change in this taxonomy, species‐level detail is given for Marattia s.str. and the segregated genera Eupodium and Ptisana. New combinations are made in Eupodium and Ptisana. Considerable monographic work still remains to be done, and is of particular importance given the threatened status of many presently poorly understood species in this family.
Revised infrafamilial classification of Symplocaceae based on phylogenetic data from DNA sequences and morphology
Authors: Fritsch Peter W. , Kelly Lawrence M. , Wang Yuguo , Almeda Frank , Kriebel Ricardo
Published: February 2019

Phylogenetic analyses were conducted with 51 parsimony‐informative morphological characters and previously generated DNA sequence data from five genic regions (ITS, trnL‐trnF, rpl16, matK, trnC‐trnD) to revise the classification of Symplocaceae in accordance with ranked monophyly. Observed conflict between the morphological and molecular estimates is interpreted as a consequence of convergent features of the androecium among two clades of the family, possibly influenced by the advent of hummingbird pollination in the largest New World lineage. All nine taxa above the species level in the revised classification (two genera, and within Symplocos two subgenera, three sections, and two series) are based on clades with ≥ 90% bootstrap support values and Bayesian posterior probabilities of 1.00 in molecular analyses. Symplocos section Cordyloblaste (two species) is elevated to the genus level on the basis of both its position as sister to all other Symplocos species and morphological differences that have been used to delineate genera in other Ericalean families. Optimization of the morphological characters onto one of the trees from the combined morphological and molecular analysis suggests that all nine recognized taxa correspond to clades that have at least two morphological synapomorphies, although for two of these clades support is provided by only ambiguous characters. All 318 species of Symplocos, as currently recognized in the literature, are assigned to subdivisions. The assignment of 90 of these is based on molecular and morphological data, and that of the rest (as yet unsampled for DNA sequence characters) on morphological attributes alone. The ranks of two taxa are changed (to Symplocos subgenus Palura and Symplocos series Urbaniocharis), several lectotypes are designated, and a key to genera and subdivisions of Symplocos, descriptions, and complete synonymy are provided.
Microsatellites resolve the taxonomy of the polyploid Cardamine digitata aggregate (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Jørgensen Marte Holten , Carlsen Tor , Skrede Inger , Elven Reidar
Published: February 2019

Polyploidy, probably the single most important mode of sympatric speciation in plants, tends to result in complicated evolutionary patterns. The Cardamine digitata aggregate is a species complex where polyploidy has resulted in taxonomic and nomenclatural controversies. Two basic chromosome numbers are found (x = 7 and x = 8), and all plants studied so far are tetra‐ to dodecaploids. We used six microsatellite loci originally developed for the Arabidopsis genome to identify evolutionary and taxonomic units within the C. digitata aggregate, obtaining 102 polymorphic markers. Using different analysis methods (PCO, CVA, STRUCTURE, parsimony), we recognised four approximately equidistant units corresponding in morphology with the four described species: C. blaisdellii, C. digitata, C. microphylla, and C. purpurea. All taxa include at least two ploidal levels; thus recurrent taxonomic autopolyploidy is indicated.
Relationships and taxonomy of Paeonia arietina G. Anderson complex (Paeoniaceae) and its allies
Authors: Hong De-Yuan , Zhang Da-Ming , Wang Xiao-Quan , Koruklu Selcuk Tugrul , Tzanoudakis Dimitris
Published: February 2019

The previous taxonomic treatments of Paeonia arietina (= P. mascula subsp. arietina) and studies on relationships with its allies are reviewed. As a result of examination of a large number of herbarium specimens, extensive field observations, population sampling in the Mediterranean region, Turkey and the Balkan, and subsequent analysis, the P. arietina–P. parnassica group is found to be distinct from P. mascula in having tuberous roots, hirsute stems, petioles and sepals, and leaves that are mostly densely villose beneath. Our morphological and molecular data indicate that the P. arietina–P. parnassica group is most closely related to the P. officinalis group. These two groups are clearly separated from each other by differences in the indumentum of the sepals and stems, and in the shape, number and indumentum of the leaflets/segments. Paeonia parnassica is distinguished from P. arietina mainly by the dark purple petals (vs. pink or red) and purple anthers (vs. yellow). Paeonia officinalis subsp. banatica can not be clearly distinguished from P. officinalis subsp. officinalis. As a result, P. arietina and P. parnassica are recognized at specific rank, whilst P. officinalis subsp. banatica is retained as a subspecies.
Keep the DNA rolling: Multiple Displacement Amplification of archival plant DNA extracts
Authors: Brockington Samuel F. , Mavrodiev Evgeny , Ramdial Jeremy , Dhingra Amit , Soltis Pamela S. , Soltis Douglas E.
Published: February 2019

Insufficient reserves of genomic DNA can hamper molecular phylogenetic analysis. High‐throughput genetic techniques that require relatively large amounts of DNA, the difficulty in obtaining samples of taxa from remote regions, and re‐sampling of limited archival DNA by repeated phylogenetic surveys can often limit the DNA available for study. To provide a possible solution to this problem, we applied Multiple Displacement Amplification (MDA) to eight archival genomic DNA extracts. The performance of MDA‐treated DNA versus untreated genomic extract was evaluated by PCR amplification of three common phylogenetic markers (psbB, nad71, ITS) across a dilution series. Generally, amplification of all three genetic markers from the MDA‐treated DNA dilutions was greater than from equivalent dilutions of untreated genomic template. These results indicate that genes from all three plant genomes were amplified and that copies of the target genes psbB, nad7, and ITS were substantially increased during the MDA procedure. Sequencing of the psbB, nad7, and ITS PCR products from both the MDA‐treated DNA and the untreated template was used to assess the fidelity of the MDA procedure. Sequences from the MDA‐treated DNA and the untreated genomic template differed by 1.2 × 10–4%, which is within the margin of Taq error. These findings emphasize the significance of Multiple Displacement Amplification for optimization of weak PCR, maintenance of depleted genetic stocks, increasing density of taxon sampling, and improving consistency between different phylogenetic analyses.
Phylogeny and evolutionary patterns in Nymphaeales: integrating genes, genomes and morphology
Authors: Borsch Thomas , Löhne Cornelia , Wiersema John
Published: February 2019

The Nymphaeales (water lilies) clade has diverged as the second branch in the tree of angiosperms and is composed of the three families Cabombaceae, Nymphaeaceae and Hydatellaceae. Extant species diversity is constituted by 82 species, about half of which belong to the nearly globally distributed genus Nymphaea. DNA sequence datasets of multiple non‐coding and rapidly evolving regions from all three genomic compartments (ca. 8 kb of sequence per taxon) for a dense sampling of Nymphaeales, Austrobaileyales and Amborella were examined. In an attempt to review the literature on water lilies of the past decades a matrix comprising 62 morphological characters was generated. The crown group of extant Nymphaeales is supported by a series of synapomorphies, several of which have evolved in line with the acquisition of herbaceous habits and adaptations to an aquatic lifestyle such as the loss of cambium and sclerenchyma. Further innovations evolved subsequently within the diversification of the water lily crown group such as hydropotes, or an aril as floating device for the seeds in core Nymphaeaceae that have evolved fruits ripening under water. Both Hydatellaceae and Cabombaceae exhibit many derived features that in part may be explained as adaptations to anemophily. The Nymphaeaceae are supported as monophyletic by most character partitions, including morphology, as are Nuphar and Barclaya as successive sisters to the core Nymphaeacae (Nymphaea, Ondinea, Euryale, Victoria). Parsimony analysis of the morphological dataset alone yielded a well resolved and statistically supported tree. Ondinea appears as a close relative of the Australian subg. Anecphya clade within Nymphaea by all genomic compartments and morphology. Earlier hypotheses of Nymphaea being paraphyletic to the Euryale‐Victoria clade are inferred in nuclear trees, albeit with low support. Different morphological characters equivocally support a position of the Euryale‐Victoria clade as sister to the subg. Hydrocallis‐Lotus clade within Nymphaea or as sister to all species of Nymphaea. The diversification of the water lily clade is further characterized by a trend towards increased complexity in floral architecture.
Biogeography of Nymphaeales: extant patterns and historical events
Authors: Löhne Cornelia , Yoo Mi-Jeong , Borsch Thomas , Wiersema John , Wilde Volker , Bell Charles D. , Barthlott Wilhelm , Soltis Douglas E. , Soltis Pamela S.
Published: February 2019

With the present study we attempt to elucidate the history of the order Nymphaeales—water‐lilies and relatives—in time and space. On the basis of a dense taxon sampling that covers all genera of Cabombaceae and Nymphaeaceae and all subgenera of the genus Nymphaea, and on the basis of well‐supported phylogenetic hypotheses, we estimate divergence times in Nymphaeales. Distribution data for all species are used to reconstruct ancestral ranges and to identify possible dispersal events in the biogeographic history of Nymphaeales. Considering the fossil record for the clade as well as geologic history, a plausible historical scenario can be drawn. The assessment of extant biogeography shows that there are several centres of species diversity for Nymphaeales, i.e., northern South America, Central America, the Zambezian region of Africa and northern Australia. However, the diversification of the Nymphaeales started in the Northern Hemisphere when the northern landmasses were covered by tropical vegetation, except for the very high latitudes. The estimation of divergence times depicted two distinct radiation events, a rapid first differentiation into three major lineages during the Paleocene (Cabombaceae, Nuphar, remaining Nymphaeaceae) and the radiation of core Nymphaeaceae (Victoria, Euryale, Nymphaea incl. Ondinea) from the Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene. The second radiation probably started in the Northern Hemisphere. We hypothesize that subsequent spatial separation and southward relocation of the descendants led to the disjunct distribution of extant sister lineages in core Nymphaeaceae, e.g., Euryale‐Victoria or Nymphaea subgg. Hydrocallis and Lotos.
Relevance of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and leaf anatomy for species classification in Camellia (Theaceae)
Authors: Lu Hong-Fei , Shen Jin-Bo , Lin Xiu-Yan , Fu Jia-Li
Published: February 2019

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), a rapid, simple, high‐resolution analytical method, provides biochemical profiles containing overlapping signals from numerous compounds present in cells. FTIR analysis of leaves of twenty‐one species in four sections of Camellia (one in sect. Longissima, two in sect. Longipedicellata, sixteen in sect. Thea, and two in sect. Glaberrima) was conducted to determine whether they can be discriminated on the basis of biochemical profiles. The results showed that the spectra were highly typical for different species. A hierarchical dendrogram based on principal component analysis of FTIR data confirmed the morphological classification of the four sections proposed in previous work. Quantitative and qualitative leaf anatomy characteristics, such as pattern and size of epidermal cells, cuticular ornamentation, layer of epidermal cell, and thickness of palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma, provided additional taxonomic evidence.
Typification of Arctotis plantaginea and names in the Arctotis semipapposa species complex (Asteraceae, Arctotideae)
Authors: McKenzie Robert J. , Hjertson Mats P. , Barker Nigel P.
Published: February 2019

The name Arctotis plantaginea L. was published by Linnaeus in Species plantarum ed. 2, but application of this name has been uncertain and no original elements or illustrations can be traced. Consequently, it is still untypified. In early applications the name was applied to specimens of at least five species until Thunberg unequivocally applied the name to an element of the species currently known as A. semipapposa (DC.) Beauverd. Subsequently, A. plantaginea has been placed as a synonym of A. semipapposa, but it has nomenclatural priority over the latter name. In order to maintain nomenclatural stability, we herein designate a neotype for A. plantaginea, which results in its falling into the synonymy of A. angustifolia L., thus preserving usage of the well‐established name A. semipapposa. Names in the A. semipapposa species complex are typified and nomenclatural issues concerning some of the names are resolved. In addition, A. macrosperma (DC.) Beauverd is placed in the synonymy of A. semipapposa.
Neotypification of Odontitella virgata (Link) Rothm. and lectotypification of Macrosyringion longiflorum (Lam.) Rothm. (Scrophulariaceae s.l.)
Authors: Rico Enrique , Delgado Luis , Santos-Vicente María , Herrero Alberto
Published: February 2019

Original material for the endemic Iberian species Odontitella virgata, initially described as Euphrasia linifolia sensu Brot., non L., does not exist. A specimen from Valorado's herbarium (LISU) is chosen here as neotype for the name of the species now placed in the monotypic genus Odontitella. The same specimen is selected as neotype for Euphrasia tenuifolia Pers., basionym of Odontites tenuifolia (Pers.) G. Don, the correct name for these plants in Odontites. In addition, a lectotype is selected for the synonym Odontites aragonensis Willk. Macrosyringion longiflorum, the type of the generic name Macrosyringion, is lectotypified here by a specimen deposited in the Lamarck collections in Paris (P‐LA), since that French botanist was the author of the basionym Euphrasia longiflora and not Vahl, to whom authorship has hitherto been generally attributed.
Paradigms in biological classification (1707–2007): Has anything really changed?
Authors: Stuessy Tod F.
Published: February 2019

Efforts of humans to understand the living world have involved observing and describing life forms, followed by interpreting that information and ordering it hierarchically for efficient storage, retrieval, and prediction. All human societies have done this. In an historical context, the Greeks and Romans emphasized observations. In the Age of the Herbalists (1470–1670), observations were refined, descriptions were elaborated, and botanical illustrations were perfected to complement the descriptions. The early classifiers emphasized development of an hierarchy of information. Linnaeus continued this trend and made the hierarchy more stable and consistent, but he relied mainly on his sexual system of classification, which greatly reduced the predictive quality of the constructed classifications. Jussieu in the late 18th century and others in the early 19th century focused more on increasing the information content of classifications. Darwin had little impact on observation, description, and ordering of information about organisms, but he provided a new interpretation of mechanisms for explaining relationships. Phenetics and cladistics stressed quantitative observations and descriptions, the latter also emphasizing evolutionary relationships. A paradigm is a way of conceptualizing about some portion of the world, i.e., a philosophical or theoretical framework. During this long period of more than two millennia, therefore, obviously no paradigm shift has occurred regarding observation and description of diversity. As evolutionary insights are not needed for the process of classification, these can only relate to the interpretation of relationships. Post‐Darwinian phylogenetic systems interpreted the hierarchy of nature in evolutionary terms, and this has continued to the present day. From a broad perspective, therefore, the paradigm of classification in systematic biology has also never really changed. Different approaches simply reflect varying attempts to observe, describe, and order information about organisms.
Rediscovery of Malagasy Lathraeocarpa allows determination of its taxonomic position within Rubiaceae
Authors: Groeninckx Inge , de Block Petra , Rakotonasolo Franck , Smets Erik , Dessein Steven
Published: February 2019

Lathraeocarpa acicularis, a small woody Rubiaceae endemic to Madagascar, was rediscovered after more than 50 years. A phylogenetic reconstruction based on four plastid markers (atpB‐rbcL, rps16, trnL‐trnF, petD) proves that its previous position within the monogeneric tribe Lathraeocarpeae can no longer be supported. Our data clearly show that Lathraeocarpa acicularis has its closest relatives among taxa of the Hedyotis‐Oldenlandia group of the herbaceous tribe Spermacoceae sensu lato. The taxon falls within the Pentanopsis clade and is sister to a group comprising the Madagascan genus Gomphocalyx and the Afro‐Madagascan genus Phylohydrax. A detailed survey of the morphology and anatomy of the genus based on our recently collected material of Lathraeocarpa acicularis is presented, providing additional arguments for the new taxonomic position.
An analysis of new angiosperm species discoveries in Brazil (1990–2006)
Authors: Sobral Marcos , Stehmann João Renato
Published: February 2019

This paper uses information from the 2,875 angiosperm species described from Brazil between the years 1990 and 2006 to provide insights into the present status of botanical collections and taxonomic research in this country. The analysis shows that approximately one new species is described every two days, mostly from the Atlantic rainforest and cerrado biomes. Most species described belong to Orchidaceae (297 species), Fabaceae (288), Bromeliaceae (280), Asteraceae (166) or Poaceae (126). The average number of collections per square kilometer in Brazil is 0.59, a number well below with the ideal index of three collections per square kilometer and indicates a need for more intensive collection efforts, especially in view of the land‐use pressures causing loss of vegetational types before their floristic composition is known. We conclude that reaching an adequate knowledge of the Brazilian flora is a goal that can only be achieved through intensive investment in improving scientific collections and training human resources.
Typification of Linnaean names relevant to algal nomenclature
Authors: Spencer Mark A. , Irvine Linda M. , Jarvis Charles E.
Published: February 2019

Lectotypes (61), neotypes (4) and epitypes (6) are designated here by 15 specialists for Linnaean algal names. These newly designated types support the current usage of the names concerned. All Linnaean names that have been linked with algal taxa are listed, and earlier but ineffective or supersedable type selections are discussed where appropriate.
Mesembryanthemum—back to the roots?
Authors: Liede-Schumann Sigrid , Hartmann Heidrun E. K.
Published: February 2019

The drastic reduction of twelve genera to one in Mesembryanthemoideae (Aizoaceae) following molecular analysis is critically discussed. It is suggested to return to the previous classification recognizing eleven genera until more and better resolving data are available.
Rupichloa, a new genus segregated from Urochloa (Poaceae) based on morphological and molecular data
Authors: Salariato Diego L. , Giussani Liliana M. , Morrone Osvaldo , Zuloaga Fernando O.
Published: February 2019

Rupichloa, a new genus of Paniceae restricted to Bahia and Minas Gerais, Brazil, and including two species, R. acuminata and R. decidua, is here described on the basis of morphological and molecular characters. Analyses of DNA sequence data from plastid rpl16 and ndhF indicate that the two included species do not belong to Urochloa, in which they were previously placed. The affinities of the new genus with other genera of Paniceae are discussed.
Evolution and reproduction modes in the Roccella galapagoensis aggregate (Roccellaceae, Arthoniales)
Authors: Tehler Anders , Irestedt Martin , Bungartz Frank , Wedin Mats
Published: February 2019

The “species pair” concept obscures both intra‐ and interspecific relationships and should be abandoned, evolutionarily and taxonomically. Based on our molecular phylogenetic work on the genus Roccella we are able to show for the first time that sexually and vegetatively dispersed entities in an anticipated “species pair” (Roccella galapagoensis/R. lirellina) actually form several distinct monophyletic genotypes, here interpreted as species in which sexual reproduction has been repeatedly evolved. The species accepted here are based on a phylogenetic hypothesis supported by data from the ITS rDNA region and an unidentified locus possibly related to calmodulin. Altogether 89 sequences from both loci were newly produced and used in phylogenetic analyses. The Roccella galapagoensis aggregate was resolved as monophyletic. The sister group includes Roccella decipiens (sexual) and R. gracilis (asexual). Based on the present data it is equally parsimonious to suggest a sorediate or a fertile ancestor to the Roccella galapagoensis aggregate. The ancestor must have arrived in the Galapagos Islands through long distance dispersal and have included the ability to reproduce both sexually with ascospores and asexually with soredia. Taxonomy, nomenclature and phylogeny are provided for five American Roccella species in the Roccella galapagoensis aggregate with geographical focus on the Galapagos Islands. One species is obligatory sexual, one is obligatory asexual and three species are facultative sexual/asexual. Roccella albida Tehler is newly described. Roccella canariensis is united with R. tinctoria.
Huerteales sister to Brassicales plus Malvales, and newly circumscribed to include Dipentodon, Gerrardina, Huertea, Perrottetia, and Tapiscia
Authors: Worberg Andreas , Alford Mac H. , Quandt Dietmar , Borsch Thomas
Published: February 2019

Sequence data from the matK gene, the trnK group II intron, the trnL group I intron and the trnL‐F spacer were analysed for a broad sampling of the rosids and other eudicots. For the first time all putative genera of Dipentodontaceae and Tapisciaceae (Dipentodon, Huertea, Perrottetia, Tapiscia), as well as the recently described Gerrardinaceae were included in a molecular phylogenetic dataset. All genera were found in a well supported Huerteales clade. Moreover, with the rapidly evolving and non‐coding plastid sequence data we were able to resolve the Huerteales clade to branch after Sapindales, and to be sister to a Brassicales‐Malvales clade. Increased resolution and support among the malvids underscore the potential of plastid introns and spacers as well as the matK gene as phylogenetic markers in rosids.
Androsace komovensis sp. nov., a long mistaken local endemic from the southern Balkan Peninsula with biogeographic links to the Eastern Alps
Authors: Schönswetter Peter , Schneeweiss Gerald M.
Published: February 2019

In the course of molecular phylogeographical investigations in Androsace sect. Aretia a previously unrecognised entity from Crna Gora/Montenegro was identified as a genetically and morphologically clearly separated lineage and is described here as a new species, Androsace komovensis Schönswetter & Schneew. It is restricted to a single high‐alpine rock‐cliff in the Komovi mountain range in Montenegro. The new species morphologically resembles A. mathildae Levier from the Abruzzo mountains (Italy), but differs in the persistent, dense and regular indumentum of the leaf margin. Molecular phylogenetic data indicate that A. komovensis Schönswetter & Schneew. is not closely related to A. mathildae Levier, but instead is sister species to the Eastern Alpine endemic A. hausmanni Leyb.
Geophytes diverging in rivers—a study on the genus Crinum, with two new rheophytic taxa from Cameroon
Authors: Bjorå Charlotte S. , Kwembeya Ezekeil G. , Bogner Josef , Nordal Inger
Published: February 2019

Most species of the genus Crinum (Amaryllidaceae) are bulbous geophytes and grow in areas with strong seasonality. A few have abandoned their geophytic habit and grow inundated in rivers and possess leaves without stomata and seeds without buoyancy. Traditionally the genus has been divided into sections, based on flowers being star‐shaped or bell‐shaped. Analysis of DNA sequences of ITS and trnL‐trnF regions has resolved a new clade of star‐shaped Crinum species: the Crinum natans clade of West Africa. From the rain forest of Cameroon two new river taxa are described: Crinum amphibium Bjorå & Nordal sp. nov. and Crinum natans Baker subsp. inundatum Kwembeya & Nordal subsp. nov. A key to the Crinum species of Cameroon is provided. The new name Crinum exile Bjorå & Nordal nom. nov. is proposed for Crinum humile A. Chev. (1950) non Herb. (1826).
Systematics of Hypnea asiatica sp. nov. (Hypneaceae, Rhodophyta) based on morphology and nrDNA SSU, plastid rbcL, and mitochondrial cox1
Authors: Geraldino Paul John L. , Yang Eun Chan , Sook Kim Myung , Min Boo Sung
Published: February 2019

Hypnea is an economically and ecologically important red alga including about 53 species worldwide. Here, we describe H. asiatica sp. nov. from Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. Specimens of this species from the northwestern Pacific have often been assigned to H. charoides. Hypnea asiatica is distinguished by percurrent main axes, branches with abruptly curved adaxial branchlets, and the presence of lenticular thickening in the walls of medullary cells. It is abundant in wave‐exposed sites from summer through fall and produces tetrasporangial sori in fall. We analyzed three genes from three different genomes: nuclear SSU rDNA from 27 specimens, plastid rbcL from 51 specimens, and mitochondrial cox1 from 41 specimens, including putative relatives and H. charoides from Australia. All analyzed DNA datasets produced congruent trees in which H. asiatica was always separated from H. charoides. Network analysis of cox1 haplotypes indicated geographic structuring across the species distribution range. Although Hypnea was found to be monophyletic, the distant relationship between H. asiatica and the other species raises questions about divergence pathways within the genus.
Typification of names of Euro‐Mediterranean taxa of Boraginaceae described by Italian botanists
Authors: Selvi Federico , Cecchi Lorenzo
Published: February 2019

Nomenclatural types for 26 names in the Boraginaceae genera Caccinia Savi, Cerinthe L., Cynoglossum L., Echium L., Lithospermum L., Myosotis L., Omphalodes Mill. and Onosma L., validly published by Italian botanists from Domenico Viviani to Adriano Fiori, are newly designated. Most of these names apply to taxa of the Eurasiatic flora which are accepted in the modern taxonomic and floristic literature. The new combinations Buglossoides incrassata (Guss.) I. M. Johnst. subsp. splitgerberi (Guss.) E. Zippel & Selvi and Omphalodes rupestris Rupr. ex Boiss. subsp. lojkae (Sommier & Levier) Selvi are proposed, and the new species Myosotis graui Selvi, previously known under the misapplied name M. ambigens (Bég.) Grau, is described.
Getting that grant: how to convince an evaluation panel that your proposal is worthy of funding
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Figueiredo Estrela , Pennington Toby , Davila Patricia
Published: February 2019

For some years the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) has sponsored research grants in plant systematics to young scientists, predominantly from developing countries. At the meeting of Council, held on 12 January 2008 in Pretoria, South Africa, the first such meeting held in Africa, it was decided to review the programme and to provide applicants with advice on how to write a successful proposal. Guidelines for proposal writing are given here.
Discrimination and identification of morphotypes of Banksia integrifolia (Proteaceae) by an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), based on morphological and fractal parameters of leaves and flowers
Authors: Pandolfi Camilla , Messina Giuseppe , Mugnai Sergio , Azzarello Elisa , Masi Elisa , Dixon Kingsley , Mancuso Stefano
Published: February 2019

An artificial neural network (back propagation neural network) based on morphological and fractal leaf and flower parameters was developed for the characterization of three Banksia integrifolia subspecies and the identification of nine unnamed morphotypes. Results indicated that the network can be effectively and successfully used to discriminate among morphotypes using simple dedicated instruments, such as a PC and an optical scanner. The new method also as a complementary approach to botanical identification, being capable of separating all the tested Banksia integrifolia accessions and of creating associations between the known subspecies and the unnamed accessions.
The transfer of types from the Escuela Agrícola Panamericana to the U.S. National Herbarium in 1956 by Louis O. Williams
Authors: Dorr Laurence J. , Pilz George E. , Boggan John
Published: February 2019

In 1956, Louis O. Williams transferred type specimens of Central American and Mexican plants that had been deposited in the Escuela Agrícola Panamericana (EAP), Honduras to the U.S. National Herbarium (US), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. With only a few exceptions, the specimens typified names of taxa that had been described by Williams and his colleagues in Honduras, who had stated in their publications (numerous articles in the scientific serial Ceiba and the book The Rain Forests of Golfo Dulce) that the “types” (i.e., holotypes) were deposited in EAP. This transfer, which was neither publicly announced nor otherwise previously well‐documented, has led to confusion regarding the present location of the holotypes of many names. Details regarding Williams’s transaction and an accounting of the 195 collections and 219 specimens involved are presented.
Analysis of adoption rates for Needs Driven versus Value Driven innovation water technologies
Authors: O'Callaghan Paul , Adapa Lakshmi M. , Buisman Cees
Published: February 2019

This paper analyzes six case studies of new water technology innovations in the last three decades and investigates the differences in timelines for moving through the various stages of water technology commercialization. The concept of two different types of innovation was explored: Crisis/Needs Driven and Value Driven. It was found that the case studies that mapped to the Crisis/Needs Driven innovation moved relatively quickly compared to Value Driven innovations and in most cases involved new entrants. New entrants refer to new companies or start‐ups that have recently entered the water technology market. The case studies, which could be mapped to Value Driven innovation, had a slower rate of technology diffusion, and they involved a combination of existing companies as well as new entrants.

Practitioner points

The paper identifies two key types of innovation: Crisis/Needs Driven and Value Driven.

Legislation was observed to be a key driver for the adoption of new technology innovation in the water sector.

The Crisis/Needs driven innovations studied were observed to diffuse through the Water Technology Diffusion model at up to twice the pace of Value driven innovation.

Crisis/Needs driven innovation typically involves disruptive innovation offered by new entrants, whereas with Value driven innovation, the solutions are provided by both existing companies as well as new entrants.

It is also observed that in most cases a technology that is adopted in order to meet a crisis or need in the market is more expensive at the outset compared with incumbent solutions.

While value driven adoption has a slower cycle for adoption, it presents a lower risk as it is less dependent on external factors and timing of implementation of regulations or the occurrence of some public health related or environmental crisis.
Modelling of Pathways and Movement Networks in Archaeology: An Overview of Current Approaches
Authors: Verhagen Philip , Nuninger Laure , Groenhuijzen Mark R.
Published: February 2019

This chapter presents and discusses current approaches and trends in computer-based modelling of pathways and movement networks in archaeology. After an introduction to the theoretical concepts involved, we present a state of the art of methodologies applied for reconstructing pathways and movement in ancient landscapes and discuss the various difficulties in using these methods as well as the most important technical hurdles involved. The problems of integrating optimal pathfinding algorithms with ‘softer’ socio-cultural variables are highlighted, as well as the limitations of modelling connections between places using least-cost path techniques. Network analysis reconstruction and analysis approaches are then reviewed as tools to better understand the overall structure of movement and communication in ancient landscapes. It is concluded that, while the potential of current approaches for understanding ancient movement is considerable, improvement is still needed in three main areas: the integration of approaches, sensitivity analysis and validation, and the theoretical underpinning of models of ancient movement.