bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Barriers to Implementing the ACGME Outcome Project: A Systematic Review of Program Director Surveys
Authors: Malik Mohammad U. , Diaz Voss Varela David A. , Stewart Charles M. , Laeeq Kulsoom , Yenokyan Gayane , Francis Howard W. , Bhatti Nasir I.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) introduced the Outcome Project in July 2001 to improve the quality of resident education through competency-based learning. The purpose of this systematic review is to determine and explore the perceptions of program directors regarding challenges to implementing the ACGME Outcome Project.

Methods

We used the PubMed and Web of Science databases and bibliographies for English-language articles published between January 1, 2001, and February 17, 2012. Studies were included if they described program directors' opinions on (1) barriers encountered when attempting to implement ACGME competency-based education, and (2) assessment methods that each residency program was using to implement competency-based education. Articles meeting the inclusion criteria were screened by 2 researchers. The grading criterion was created by the authors and used to assess the quality of each study.

Results

The survey-based data reported the opinions of 1076 program directors. Barriers that were encountered include: (1) lack of time; (2) lack of faculty support; (3) resistance of residents to the Outcome Project; (4) insufficient funding; (5) perceived low priority for the Outcome Project; (6) inadequate salary incentive; and (7) inadequate knowledge of the competencies. Of the 6 competencies, those pertaining to patient care and medical knowledge received the most responses from program directors and were given highest priority.

Conclusions

The reviewed literature revealed that time and financial constraints were the most important barriers encountered when implementing the ACGME Outcome Project.
Patient Communication During Handovers Between Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine Residents
Authors: Fischer Miriam , Hemphill Robin R. , Rimler Eva , Marshall Stephanie , Brownfield Erica , Shayne Philip , Di Francesco Lorenzo , Santen Sally A.
Published: July 2013

Background

Communication failures are a key cause of medical errors and are particularly prevalent during handovers of patients between services.

Objective

To explore current perceptions of effectiveness in communicating critical patient information during admission handovers between emergency medicine (EM) residents and internal medicine (IM) residents.

Methods

Study design was a survey of IM and EM residents at a large urban hospital. Residents were surveyed about whether critical information was communicated during patient handovers. Measurements included comparisons between IM and EM residents about their perceptions of effective communication of key patient information and the quality of handovers.

Results

Ninety-three percent of EM residents (50 of 54) and 80% of IM residents (74 of 93) responded to the survey. The EM residents judged their handover performance to be better than how their IM colleagues assessed them on most questions. The IM residents reported that one-half of the time, EM residents provided organized and clear information, whereas EM residents self-reported that they did so most of the time (80%–90%). The IM residents reported that 25% of handovers were suboptimal and resulted in admission to an inappropriate level of care, and 10% led to harm or delay in care. The EM residents reported suboptimal communication was less common (5%). On the global assessment of whether the admission handover provided the information needed for good patient care, IM residents rated the quality of the handover data lower than did responding EM residents.

Conclusions

There are gaps in communicating critical patient information during admission handovers as perceived by EM and IM residents. This information can form the basis for efforts to improve these handovers.
Pediatrics Residents' Perspectives on Family-Centered Rounds: A Qualitative Study at 2 Children's Hospitals
Authors: Mittal Vineeta , Krieger Evelina , Lee Benjamin C. , Kind Terry , McCavit Timothy , Campbell Joyce , Ottolini Mary C. , Flores Glenn
Published: July 2013

Background

Many academic hospitals have incorporated family-centered rounds, yet little is known about pediatrics residents' perspectives on the educational impact of these rounds.

Objective

To identify pediatrics residents' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about family-centered rounds, including perceived benefits and barriers.

Methods

We conducted focus groups of residents exposed to family-centered rounds at 2 university-affiliated, freestanding children's hospitals. Focus group data were analyzed using grounded theory.

Results

A total of 24 residents participated in 4 focus groups. Residents reported that family-centered rounds enhance education by increasing patient encounters and improving physical exam skills, direct observation, real-time feedback, and attending role modeling; improve parent satisfaction, interpersonal and communication skills, and safety; and reduce length of stay. Physical constraints (large teams and small rooms), lack of uniform approaches to family-centered rounds, variable attending teaching styles, and specific conditions (child abuse, patients on isolation) were cited barriers.

Conclusions

Pediatrics residents report that well-conducted family-centered rounds improve their education and the quality of patient care, including parent satisfaction, communication with families, and patients' length of stay. Standardizing family-centered rounds and reducing attending variability in teaching style might further enhance residents' educational experiences.
Remediation in the Context of the Competencies: A Survey of Pediatrics Residency Program Directors
Authors: Riebschleger Meredith P. , Haftel Hilary M.
Published: July 2013

Background

The 6 competencies defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education provide the framework of assessment for trainees in the US graduate medical education system, but few studies have investigated their impact on remediation.

Methods

We obtained data via an anonymous online survey of pediatrics residency program directors. For the purposes of the survey, remediation was defined as “any form of additional training, supervision, or assistance above that required for a typical resident.” Respondents were asked to quantify 3 groups of residents: (1) residents requiring remediation; (2) residents whose training was extended for remediation purposes; and (3) residents whose training was terminated owing to issues related to remediation. For each group, the proportion of residents with deficiencies in each of the 6 competencies was calculated.

Results

In all 3 groups, deficiencies in medical knowledge and patient care were most common; deficiencies in professionalism and communication were moderately common; and deficiencies in systems-based practice and practice-based learning and improvement were least common. Residents whose training was terminated were more likely to have deficiencies in multiple competencies.

Conclusion

Although medical knowledge and patient care are reported most frequently, deficiencies in any of the 6 competencies can lead to the need for remediation in pediatrics residents. Residents who are terminated are more likely to have deficits in multiple competencies. It will be critical to develop and refine tools to measure achievement in all 6 competencies as the graduate medical education community may be moving further toward individualized training schedules and competency-based, rather than time-based, training.
Increasing Faculty Attendance at Emergency Medicine Resident Conferences: Does CME Credit Make a Difference?
Authors: Lefebvre Cedric W. , Hiestand Brian , Bond Michael C. , Fox Sean M. , Char Doug , Weber Drew S. , Glenn David , Patterson Leigh A. , Manthey David E.
Published: July 2013

Background

Faculty involvement in resident teaching events is beneficial to resident education, yet evidence about the factors that promote faculty attendance at resident didactic conferences is limited.

Objective

To determine whether offering continuing medical education (CME) credits would result in an increase in faculty attendance at weekly emergency medicine conferences and whether faculty would report the availability of CME credit as a motivating factor.

Methods

Our prospective, multi-site, observational study of 5 emergency medicine residency programs collected information on the number of faculty members present at CME and non-CME lectures for 9 months and collected information from faculty on factors influencing decisions to attend resident educational events and from residents on factors influencing their learning experience.

Results

Lectures offering CME credit on average were attended by 5 additional faculty members per hour, compared with conferences that did not offer CME credit (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.9–6.1; P < .001). Faculty reported their desire to “participate in resident education” was the most influential factor prompting them to attend lectures, followed by “explore current trends in emergency medicine” and the lecture's “specific topic.” Faculty also reported that “clinical/administrative duties” and “family responsibilities” negatively affected their ability to attend. Residents reported that the most important positive factor influencing their conference experience was “lectures given by faculty.”

Conclusions

Although faculty reported that CME credit was not an important factor in their decision to attend resident conferences, offering CME credit resulted in significant increases in faculty attendance. Residents reported that “lectures given by faculty” and “faculty attendance” positively affected their learning experience.
Operationalizing the Internal Medicine Milestones–An Early Status Report
Authors: Nabors Christopher , Peterson Stephen J. , Forman Leanne , Stallings Gary W. , Mumtaz Arif , Sule Sachin , Shah Tushar , Aronow Wilbert , Delorenzo Lawrence , Chandy Dipak , Lehrman Stuart G. , Frishman William H. , Holmboe Eric
Published: July 2013

Background

The internal medicine milestones were developed to advance outcomes-based residency training and will play an important role in the next accreditation system.

Innovation

As an element of our program's participation in the internal medicine educational innovations project, we implemented a milestones-based evaluation process in our general medicine and pulmonary-critical care rotations on July 1, 2010.

Measures

Outcomes assessed included survey-rated acceptability to participating faculty, residents, and clinical competency committee members.

Results

Faculty and residents agreed that the milestones promoted a common understanding of what knowledge, skills, and attitudes should be displayed at particular points in residents' professional development and enhanced evaluators' ability to provide specific performance feedback. Most residents and faculty members agreed that the milestones promoted fairness and uniformity in the evaluation process. Clinical competency committee members agreed the milestones improved the quality of information available for deliberations and resulted in more uniform promotion standards. Faculty rated the use of too many milestones per form/tool at a mean of 7.3 (where 1 was minimally problematic, and 10 was maximally problematic) and the potential for evaluator fatigue (mean, 8.2) as the most significant challenges to the use of milestones. Eight of 12 faculty members would recommend milestones in other programs; 4 were uncertain.

Conclusions

Despite logistical challenges, educators and trainees found that milestones promoted a common understanding of what knowledge, skills and attitudes should be displayed at particular stages of training; permitted greater specificity in performance feedback; and enhanced uniformity and fairness in promotion decisions.
The Writing Retreat: A High-Yield Clinical Faculty Development Opportunity in Academic Writing
Authors: Cable Christian T. , Boyer Debra , Colbert Colleen Y. , Boyer Edward W.
Published: July 2013

Background

The need for consistent academic productivity challenges junior clinician-scholars, who often lack the aptitude to ensure efficient production of manuscripts.

Intervention

To solve this problem, an academic division of a major medical center developed an off-site writing retreat. The purpose of the retreat was not to teach writing skills, but to offer senior mentor assistance with a focus on the elements of manuscript writing.

Methods

The retreat paired senior faculty members with junior staff. Senior faculty identified manuscript topics and provided real-time writing and editing supervision. Team-building exercises, midcourse corrections, and debriefing interviews were built into the retreat. The number of manuscripts and grant proposals generated during the 2008–2011 retreats was recorded, and the program was evaluated by using unstructured debriefing interviews.

Results

An average of 6 to 7 faculty members and fellows participated in each retreat. During the past 4 years, participants produced an average of 3 grant proposals and 7 manuscripts per retreat. After the writing retreat, each fellow and junior faculty member produced an average of 4 scholarly products per year, compared to fewer than 2 for prior years' retreats. Participant feedback indicated the success of the retreat resulted from protected time, direct mentorship by the scholars involved, and pairing of authors, which allows for rapid production of manuscripts and accelerated the editing process. More than 80% of mentors returned each year to participate.

Conclusions

The writing retreat is a feasible, effective strategy to increase scholarship among faculty, acceptable to mentees and mentors, and sustainable over time.
Feasibility and Acceptability of a Structured Curriculum in Teaching Procedural and Basic Diagnostic Ultrasound Skills to Internal Medicine Residents
Authors: Schnobrich Daniel J. , Olson Andrew P. J. , Broccard Alain , Duran-Nelson Alisa
Published: July 2013

Background

Point-of-care ultrasound has emerged as a powerful diagnostic tool and is also being increasingly used by clinicians to guide procedures. Many current and future internists desire training, yet no formal, multiple-application, program-wide teaching interventions have been described.

Intervention

We describe a structured 30-hour ultrasound training course in diagnostic and procedural ultrasound implemented during intern orientation. Internal medicine interns learned basic ultrasound physics and machine skills; focused cardiac, great vessel, pulmonary, and abdominal ultrasound diagnostic examinations; and procedural applications.

Results

In postcourse testing, learners demonstrated the ability to acquire images, had significantly increased knowledge scores (P < .001), and demonstrated good performance on practical scenarios designed to test abilities in image acquisition, interpretation, and incorporation into medical decision making. In the postcourse survey, learners strongly agreed (4.6 of 5.0) that ultrasound skills would be valuable during residency and in their careers.

Conclusions

A structured ultrasound course can increase knowledge and can result in learners who have skills in image acquisition, interpretation, and integration in management. Future work will focus on refining and improving these skills to allow these learners to be entrusted with the use of ultrasound independently for patient care decisions.
Maximizing the Appropriation of the Intangible Benefits Yielded by IT Investments in the Public Sector
Authors:   Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Juarez Alencar Antonio , Proc´opio Fernandes Rigel , Assis Schmitz Eber , Luis Correa Alexandre
Published: July 2013

These days information technology (IT) is well known for the critical role it plays in earning and sustaining competitive advantage, and also for yielding a myriad of intangible benefits that are hard to quantify. If an investment in IT is aimed at improving services in the public sector, then the chances of running into intangibles are much higher. After all, voters’ support, spontaneous media exposure, pressure-groups’ reactions, public security and people’s well-being are common concerns in the conception and deployment of government ideas and projects. This paper presents a method that facilitates the evaluation of IT investments in the public sector. The method enables public officers to maximize the appropriation of the intangible benefits yielded by the investments they make in IT.
Periprosthetic Femoral Insufficiency Fracture in a Patient on Long-term Bisphosphonate Therapy
Authors: Wellman Samuel S , Attarian David E , Schaeffer Jordan F
Published: July 2013

Recent literature shows an association between long-term bisphosphonate therapy and low-energy fractures of the subtrochanteric femur. It is thought that the pharmacology of bisphosphonates and stress characteristics of the sub-trochanteric femur predispose patients on long-term therapy to fracture. There are few reports in the literature of bisphos-phonate-associated periprosthetic fractures with the characteristic fracture pattern. We report a case in a patient with a 10- year history of sustained bisphosphonate use. The patient is a 79-year-old female that developed new thigh pain 9 years following a cemented total hip arthroplasty. Radiographs revealed lateral cortical thickening and a transverse periprosthetic stress fracture of the lateral femoral cortex at the level of the distal stem. This fracture appears consistent with a bisphosphonate-associated insufficiency fracture, demonstrating that this pattern is not isolated to nonarthroplasty patients.

Schaeffer JF, Attarian DE, Wellman SS. Periprosthetic Femoral Insufficiency Fracture in a Patient on Long-term Bisphosphonate Therapy. The Duke Orthop J 2012;2(1):66-69.
Allograft Reconstruction of Irreparable Peroneal Tendon Tears: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Mook William R , Nunley James A
Published: July 2013

Background

Peroneal tendon injuries represent a significant but underappreciated source of lateral ankle pain. Partial thickness tears of the peroneus brevis amenable to direct repair techniques are common. Irreparable tears are uncommon and require more complex surgical decision-making. Intercalary segment allograft reconstruction has been previously described as a treatment option; however, there are no reports of the outcomes of this technique in the literature. We present our results utilizing this technique.

Materials and methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted to identify all patients who underwent intercalary allograft reconstruction of the peroneus brevis. Mechanism of injury, concomitant operative procedures, pertinent radiographic findings, pre- and postoperative physical examination, intercalary graft length, medical history, visual analog scores (VAS) for pain, short form-12 (SF-12) physical health survey, lower extremity functional scores (LEFS), and complications were reviewed.

Results

Eight patients with eight peroneus brevis tendon ruptures requiring reconstruction were indentified. Mean follow-up was 15 months (range, 10-31). The average length of the intercalary segment reconstructed was 12 cm ± 3.9 (range, 8-20). The average postoperative VAS decreased to 1.0 ± 1.6 from 4.0 ± 2.2 (p = 0.01). No patient had a higher postoperative pain score than preoperative pain score. Average postoperative eversion strength improved from 3.5 ± 1.2 to 4.81 ± 0.37 (p = 0.03). The average SF-12 survey improved from 41.1 ± 12.3 to 50.2 ± 9.31 (p = 0.06). The average LEFS improved from 53.3 ± 17.0 to 95.25 ± 10.0 (p = 0.02). Four patients experienced sensory numbness in the sural nerve distribution, and two of these were transient. There were no postoperative wound healing complications, infections, tendon reruptures or reoperations. No allograft associated complications were encountered. All patients returned to their preoperative activity levels.

Conclusion

Allograft reconstruction of the peroneus brevis can improve strength, decrease pain, and yield satisfactory patientreported outcomes. Importantly, this can be successfully performed without incurring the deleterious effects associated with tendon transfer procedures. Our results suggest that allograft reconstruction may be a safe and reasonable alternative in the treatment of irreparable peroneal tendon ruptures.

Level of evidence

Therapeutic level IV.

Mook WR, Nunley JA. Allograft Reconstruction of Irreparable Peroneal Tendon Tears: A Preliminary Report. The Duke Orthop J 2013;3(1):1-7. I
Post-traumatic Arthritis: An Update
Authors: Mangiapani Daniel S , Lewis John S , Furman Bridgette D , Kraus Virginia B , Guilak Farshid
Published: July 2013

Post-traumatic arthritis (PTA) is a frequent cause of disability following trauma of weight-bearing joints and is associated with significant physical impairment and loss of function. The development of PTA often occurs after an articular fracture. Currently, the only treatment option available to orthopaedic surgeons in the management of an acute articular fracture is anatomic fracture reduction. The complex pathway involved in the development and progression of PTA after articular injury, however, remains unknown and largely unstudied. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-ƒÑ (TNF-ƒÑ) are upregulated in injured and degenerative joints and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PTA. The central goal of ongoing research is to understand the sequence of biologic events¡Xdistinct from mechanical disruption of the joint surface¡Xthat cause progressive joint degeneration and ultimately the development of PTA. Promising new interventions on the molecular level have been shown to slow or halt the progression of these adverse events in animal models.

Lewis JS Jr, Mangiapani DS, Furman BD, Kraus VB, Guilak F, Olson SA. Post-traumatic Arthritis: An Update. The Duke Orthop J 2013;3(1):32-35.
CO2 uptake of a mature Acacia mangium plantation estimated from sap flow measurements and stable carbon isotope discrimination
Authors: Wang H. , Zhao P. , Zou L. L. , McCarthy H. R. , Zeng X. P. , Ni G. Y. , Rao X. Q.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Canopy CO2 uptake (FCO2) of a subtropical mature \\textit{A. mangium} plantation was estimated by combining sap flow measurements and stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in Southern China from 2004 to 2007. The mechanistic relationship linking FCO2, Δ in leaf sap, and sap flow based canopy stomatal conductance (Gs) was applied in our study. No significant seasonal variations were observed in Δ or in the ratio of the intercellular and ambient CO2 concentrations (Ci/Ca), although diurnal Ci/Ca varied between sunlit and shaded leaves. A sensitivity analysis showed that estimates of FCO2 were more sensitive to dynamics in Gs than in Ca and Δ. By using seasonally and canopy averaged Ci/Ca values, an acceptable estimate of FCO2 was obtained. FCO2 exhibited similar diurnal variation to that of Gs. Large seasonal variation in FCO2 was attributed to the responsiveness of Gs to vapour pressure deficit, photosynthetically active radiation, and soil moisture deficit. Our estimate of FCO2 for a mature A. mangium plantation (2.13 ± 0.40 g C m−2 day−1) approached the lower range of values for subtropical mixed forest, probably due to lower mean canopy stomatal conductance, higher Ci/Ca, and greater tree height than other measured forests. Our estimate was also lower than values determined by satellite-based modeling or component carbon analysis, suggesting the necessity of stand level flux data for verification. Qualitatively, the sap flux/stable isotope results compared well with gas exchange results. Differences in results between the two approaches reflected variability due to leaf position and age, which could be reduced for sap flux/stable isotope, which uses canopy average values of Gs and Ci/Ca.
Raising Awareness of Research Ethics in SoTL: The Role of Educational Developers
Authors: Stockley Denise , Balkwill Laura-Lee
Published: July 2013

Does the subject of research ethics take you by surprise? Does it make you somewhat uncomfortable? Does it seem to have nothing to do with your research or your practice? These are the attitudes we have encountered about research ethics among some SoTL researchers at workshops and conferences. In many cases, these researchers had conducted research that should have undergone research ethics board (REB) review, but did not; that should have included a consent process for the use of student data or previous work, but did not; or that started out as program evaluation and became research without meeting the criteria of ethically acceptable research conduct. In this essay, we will argue that familiarity with our national research ethics Policy: The Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans, 2nd edition (TCPS 2) and how it applies to SoTL, is essential for researchers and for educational developers. We will propose a role for Centre of Teaching and Learning staff in raising awareness of TCPS 2 and we will dispel some of the most common myths and misconceptions that abound regarding SoTL and research ethics.
Le sujet de l’éthique de la recherche vous surprend-il? Vous rend-il quelque peu mal à l’aise? Semble-t-il ne rien avoir à faire avec votre recherche ou votre pratique? Ce sont des attitudes que nous avons rencontrées quant à l’éthique de la recherche chez certains chercheurs en ACEA dans des ateliers et des conférences. Dans de nombreux cas, les chercheurs ont effectué des recherches qui auraient dû être examinées par les conseils d’éthique en recherche, mais qui ne l’ont pas été; qui auraient dû comprendre un processus de consentement pour l’utilisation de données sur les étudiants ou de travaux antérieurs et pour lesquelles mais ils n’en ont pas, ou qui ont commencé par être une évaluation de programme et qui sont devenues une recherche sans toutefois respecter les critères relatifs à la conduite d’une recherche éthiquement acceptable. Dans cet essai, nous expliquons que la connaissance de notre politique nationale d’éthique en matière de recherche : l’Énoncé de politique des trois Conseils : Éthique de la recherche avec des êtres humains 2e édition (EPTC 2), est essentielle et nous montrons en quoi elle s’applique à l’ACEA. Nous proposons un rôle pour le personnel du Centre d’enseignement et d’apprentissage afin de mieux faire connaître l’EPTC 2 et dissipons les mythes et idées erronées les plus courants qui abondent concernant l’ACEA et l’éthique de la recherche.
Kóot, una nueva fuente de conocimiento
Authors: Loucel José Mauricio
Published: July 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/koot.v0i1.1133de Museología "Kóot" No.1 2010: i
Presentación No.1
Authors: Rivas Ramón D
Published: July 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/koot.v0i1.1134 Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.1 2010: 5-10
Antropología y colonialismo interno. David J. Guzmán, entre "poder supremo" y "capital"
Authors: Lara-Martínez Rafael
Published: July 2013

Mientras en México, Europa y EE. UU. se cuestionó el manejo ideológico de las ciencias sociales, en El Salvador aún no se discute con amplitud la sumisión del saber positivo a designios políticos y financieros nacionales. Sabemos que la crítica no la inició el radicalismo de los sesenta. Anticipando dudas de toda una generación, el iniciador de la antropología estadounidense y contribuyente a la mexicana, Franz Boas (1858-1942), denunció el servicio político de la ciencia a los intereses imperiales de su propio país.Lo que en Europa y EE. UU. cobraba un sentido de crítica al colonialismo, en México se percibía como colonialismo interno. Los países independientes no suprimieron los actos coloniales. En cambio, sustituyeron el centro rector, el cual —en vez de situarse en metrópolis de ultramar— lo localizaron en las nuevas capitales y gobiernos centrales dominados por grupos criollos y mestizos. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/koot.v0i1.1136 Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.1 2010: 11-24
La función cultural de los museos en San Salvador
Authors: Molina Tamacas Carmen
Published: July 2013

El presente artículo es un resumen de la tesis “La función cultural de los museos de San Salvador”, para optar al grado de licenciatura en Antropología por la Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador, Utec. El estudio, desarrollado en el transcurso de 2008, explora el legado material e intelectual de nueve museos que tienen su sede en San Salvador.El objetivo general, planteado al inicio de la investigación, fue determinar, por medio de un análisis de carácter diacrónico, cuál es la función cultural que desempeñan los museos en la actual sociedad salvadoreña, así como exponer su quehacer social y cultural y la relación que tienen con el público visitante.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/koot.v0i1.1137Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.1 2010: 25-32
Memoria e intertextualidad en la forma límite de la bio-no-vela circular
Authors: Hernández David
Published: July 2013

No resulta difícil darle un orden y una cronología a los 111 fragmentos de la novela más reciente de Argueta. Por una sencilla razón: su orden es cronológico, con excepción de dos fragmentos. Ópticamente hay una separación tipográfica visible entre fragmento y fragmento. Además, cada uno de ellos va numerado de manera consecutiva. El que lleva el número “1” aparece con doble función. Primero, asume el papel de prólogo y por eso valoriza indirectamente el texto que sigue, a la vez que da indicaciones de cómo leerlo y legitimar la búsqueda (¿para qué?) emprendida por el autor, que tiende a confundirse con el yo narrativo. Segundo, ese fragmento uno es ya el comienzo del relato, que tiene una curiosa especificación de género en el subtítulo: Bio-no-vela circular. En esta segunda calidad, el fragmento uno dice: “Hay dos imágenes fundamentales en mis primeros recuerdos de niño”. (Pág. 9). El prólogo juega una función específica entre la autobiografía del narrador y el poeta, entre la prosa y la construcción poética. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/koot.v0i1.1138 Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.1 2010: 33-42
La museología: una luz para ver nuestros museos
Authors: Batres Posada José Óscar
Published: July 2013

Los aspectos sobre museología que se abordarán a continuación son tan solo líneas preliminares que describen algunas de las experiencias de esta ciencia en nuestro medio. Es un amplio tema, del que ya se habla con propiedad. Museología es un término del que hasta hace algunos años poco o nada se comentaba, era casi desconocido y discutido con temor; pero hoy es parte del lenguaje comúnmente utilizado en los museos del país, lo que hace ver que, como ciencia, la museología esta penetrando en esta nueva atmósfera de los museos en El Salvador, posibilitando perfilar nuevas formas de cómo ver los museos en el futuro, que debería ser bajo la óptica científica. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/koot.v0i1.1139 Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.1 2010: 43-64
Intelectualidad y racismo en Guatemala y El Salvador a finales del siglo XIX
Authors: Urbina Gaitán Chester
Published: July 2013

Hacia mediados del siglo XIX, en Europa, surge la moderna teoría racista articulada sobre obras antropológicas de clasificación del género humano a partir de los conceptos biológicos de “especie” y “raza”, desarrollados por los científicos desde el siglo XVIII. También tuvieron gran influencia los estudios que afirmaron la existencia de una supuesta raza aria y la teoría proveniente de los descubrimientos realizados por la lingüística del siglo XIX. En este sentido, destacan las propuestas de Comte, Darwin, Spencer, Gobineau, Le Bon, Mendel, Lombroso y de la eugenesia. El presente artículo pretende explicar por qué la regeneración física no incidió en el desarrollo de los pueblos indígenas en Guatemala y El Salvador a finales del siglo XIX. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/koot.v0i1.1140 Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.1 2010: 65-72
El museo y su entorno
Authors: Regalado Leonardo
Published: July 2013

En tiempos recientes el concepto de museo no solamente ha sido cuestionado, sino también ha venido cambiando, de ser una institución ensimismada, cerrada, a una más dinámica y colaboradora con otras instituciones dedicadas a la educación y la divulgación de valores de cambio en la sociedad moderna (llámense escuelas, institutos, universidades o ministerios de educación pública). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/koot.v0i1.1141 Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.1 2010: 73-78
El arte plástico que no es elástico
Authors: Castro Noel
Published: July 2013

Según la etimología, los términos plástica y plástico tienen origen griego; pero del latín, plastica transmite las ideas de “arte de plasmar, o formar cosas de barro, yeso, etc.”; y plasticus: 1) perteneciente o relativo a la plástica, y 2) capaz de ser modelado. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/koot.v0i1.1142 Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.1 2010: 79-82
Museo de Arte de El Salvador: un esfuerzo compartido
Authors: Galicia Roberto
Published: July 2013

El Museo de Arte de El Salvador, Marte, es la realización de un sueño que, por varios años, muchos soñamos. En este empeño es justo destacar el trabajo desarrollado por Julia Díaz, quien puso todo su entusiasmo para lograrlo. El resultado de sus esfuerzos fue el Museo Forma, inaugurado en 1983. Veinte años después, el 22 de mayo de 2003 el Marte abrió sus puertas. Para hacer realidad esta nueva institución el Patronato Pro Cultura de El Salvador, en 1998, empezó a desarrollar la idea, al tiempo que hacía gestiones para obtener el terreno donde construirlo. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/koot.v0i1.1143 Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.1 2010: 83-92
Descubrimiento de América y del hambre y las enfermedades en el Nuevo Mundo
Authors: López Nuila Jaime Alberto
Published: July 2013

Toda la información que se conoce sobre el Descubrimiento de América está contenida en las llamadas Crónicas, que historiadores al servicio de la Corona española realizaban sobre el magno acontecimiento. Hay también información conocida en la obra completa sobre el Descubrimiento redactada y responsabilizada por el fray Bartolomé de las Casas. Este era, parece, el responsable del relato que interesaba al Gobierno de España y también a la Iglesia católica, en un momento de la historia en el que el poder de la Iglesia abarcaba aspectos relacionados con la conciencia del hombre, pero que también comprendía otros intereses que tenían carácter material. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/koot.v0i1.1144 Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.1 2010: 93-100
El origen de la identidad salvadoreña. Etnicidad en la antigua Villa de San Salvador
Authors: Gallardo Roberto
Published: July 2013

Para desarrollar este ensayo es necesario exponer algunas definiciones de identidad étnica y social: según Schortman (1989:54) y Rapoport (1976:19), la identidad social consiste en categorías definidas y aceptadas culturalmente, que guían comportamientos interpersonales y se simbolizan por características distintivas. Estas categorías pueden ser definidas por una amplia variedad de criterios como edad, sexo y riqueza, entre otros. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/koot.v0i1.1145 Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.1 2010: 101-116
El Museo Universitario de Antropología de la Utec: su importancia en una sociedad por culturizarse
Authors: Rivas Ramón D
Published: July 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/koot.v0i1.1146 Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.1 2010: 117-130
Synergistic Radioprotection by Gamma-Tocotrienol and Pentoxifylline: Role of cAMP Signaling
Authors: Kulkarni Shilpa , Chakraborty Kushal , Kumar K. Sree , Kao Tzu-Cheg , Hauer-Jensen Martin , Ghosh Sanchita P.
Published: July 2013

Purpose. This study was designed to determine the efficacy and mechanisms of radioprotection by the combination of gamma-tocotrienol (GT3) and pentoxifylline (PTX) against acute radiation injury.Materials and Methods. Post-irradiation survival was monitored to determine the most efficacious dose and time of administration of PTX. Dose reduction factor (DRF) was calculated to compare the radioprotective efficacy of the combination. To determine the mechanism of synergistic radioprotection by the combination, mevalonate or calmodulin were coadministered with the GT3-PTX combination. Mevalonate was used to reverse the inhibitory effect of GT3 on 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), and calmodulin was used to reverse the inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) by PTX.Results. The combination was most effective when 200 mg/kg of PTX was administered 15 min before irradiation along with 200 mg/kg of GT3 (−24 h) and resulted in a DRF of 1.5. White blood cells and neutrophil counts showed accelerated recovery in GT3-PTX-treated groups compared to GT3. Mevalonate had no effect on the radioprotection of GT3-PTX; calmodulin abrogated the synergistic radioprotection by GT3-PTX.Conclusion. The mechanism of radioprotection by GT3-PTX may involve PDE inhibition.
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Related Risk Factors in Elderly of Southern Iran: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Malekmakan Leila , Khajehdehi Parviz , Pakfetrat Maryam , Malekmakan Alireza , Mahdaviazad Hamideh , Roozbeh Jamshid
Published: July 2013

Aim. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as a serious public health problem is growing in the elderly. This study aimed to assess CKD prevalence and its related risk factors in elderly population of Fars province. Methods. In this cross sectional study a total of 1190 elderly people are enrolled, and demographic and medical data were obtained. Data were analyzed by SPSS, and P of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results. Prevalence of CKD stages III–V was 27.5% in the 60–69 years age group, 36.5% in the 70–79 years age group, and 40% in the ≥80 years age group. The prevalence of CKD increased with ageing in both men and women. Female gender was the strongest risk factor for CKD. Conclusions. Prevalence of CKD in elderly is high in Southern Iran, which has become an important health problem while it can be prevented or delayed in progression.
Serological and Molecular Evaluation of Leishmania infantum Infection in Stray Cats in a Nonendemic Area in Northern Italy
Authors: Spada Eva , Proverbio Daniela , Migliazzo Antonella , Della Pepa Alessandra , Perego Roberta , Bagnagatti De Giorgi Giada
Published: July 2013

Infection by Leishmania species is increasing worldwide. It was hypothesized recently that cats act as a secondary reservoir for Leishmania infection. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of Leishmania infantum antibodies and DNA in blood samples collected in a sample of stray cats in metropolitan area of Milan in northern Italy, which is a nonendemic area for leishmaniasis. An indirect immunofluorescence antibody test for L. infantum showed that 59 of 233 cats (25.3%) were seroreactive, 38 samples (16.3%) had antibody titers of 1 : 40, 15 (6.4%) had antibody titers of 1 : 80, and 6 (2.6%) had antibody titers of 1 : 160. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) seropositive status was statistically associated with seroreactivity to L. infantum (P=0.01) as shown by univariate and multivariate logistic regression (P=0.0098; OR = 7.34). All blood samples that were tested using real-time PCR were negative for parasite DNA. These results were surprising, since no autochthonous human or canine cases of leishmaniasis have ever been reported in this region of northern Italy. It is possible that this high seroreactivity to L. infantum could be due to cross-reaction with antigens from other parasites. Additional studies that include parasite isolation are needed to clarify our findings on feline leishmaniasis in this region.
Modeling Freshwater Reservoir Offsets on Radiocarbon-Dated Charred Cooking Residues
Authors: Hart John P. , Lovis William A. , Urquhart Gerald R. , Reber Eleanora A.
Published: July 2013

Obtaining radiocarbon assays on objects of chronological interest is always preferable to obtaining assays on spatially associated charcoal. The development of Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) dating has expanded the number of objects that can be directly assayed because it requires only a few milligrams of material. Pottery can be directly assayed when charred cooking residues adhering to the interior walls are present. The accuracy of AMS ages derived from residues has been questioned in cases where cooking freshwater aquatic organisms may have introduced carbon from ancient carbon reservoirs into residues. Here we provide analytic protocols for examination of this phenomenon and the results of systematic modeling of age estimates on residues formed from fish and maize with varying percentages of dead carbon. We present a regional case study using a large series of AMS age estimates on residues from the Finger Lakes region of northeastern United States to demonstrate how the paleolimnological record and lipid analysis of residues can help to determine if dates on residues from a given region are likely to have been affected by the presence of ancient carbon. In the case of the Finger Lakes, there is no evidence that ancient carbon affected the age estimates.
Science Policy Conference Speakers Examine Megadisasters and Call for Risk Reduction Efforts
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: July 2013

How well is the United States prepared for a megadisaster, such as a solar storm that knocks out the power grid for months, a large asteroid impact, a giant tsunami, or a rainstorm that lasts for weeks and leads to widespread flooding? Moreover, how can risk reduction efforts be made more effective? These were two topics addressed during two of the hazards sessions at the 2013 AGU Science Policy Conference on 25 and 26 June.
Model tracks sediment dynamics for highly curved meandering rivers
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2013

Understanding the dynamics of meandering rivers—the twisting, turning, and wandering of waterways over time—is of concern to water managers and civil engineers. How curved a river is affects how it moves, and Ottevanger et al. built on existing models to improve representations of meandering dynamics for highly curved rivers.
A New Design and Application of Bioelastomers for Better Control of Intraocular Pressure in a Glaucoma Drainage Device
Authors: Luong Quang Minh , Shang Lei , Ang Marcus , Kong Jen Fong , Peng Yan , Wong Tina T. , Venkatraman Subbu S.
Published: July 2013

Glaucoma drainage device (GDD) implantation is an effective method of lowering the intraocular pressure (IOP). Commonly used GDDs can be classified into nonvalved and valved. Although a stable IOP is critical, currently available devices often cause extreme IOP fluctuations: nonvalved GDDs suffer from a risk of hypotony (IOP < 5 mmHg), whereas valved GDDs have a higher risk ocular hypertensive (IOP > 22 mmHg). It is hypothesized that a GDD with a valve designed to open around the time of onset of the hypertensive phase, would minimize IOP fluctuation. Accordingly, a valve fabricated from a biodegradable polymer poly(L ‐lactide‐co ‐ϵ‐caprolactone) (PLC 70/30) is evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The pressure response is compared with its non‐degradable counterpart in in vitro studies of IOP. It is also established that in vitro, the biodegradability of the valve is programmed to occur over 12 weeks. In vivo, a steady and low IOP is achieved with the biodegradable valve and the hypertensive phase is significantly attenuated compared with the commercial device. Fibrotic encapsulation of the device is also minimized with the biodegradable valve in vivo.
Organic Syntheses with Photochemically Generated Chemicals from Tetrachloroethylene
Authors: Zhang Ailing , Kuwahara Yuki , Hotta Yasuhisa , Tsuda Akihiko
Published: July 2013

Chlorine, phosgene, and trichloroacetyl chloride are some of the complex mixture of multiple products that is obtained from the oxidative photodecomposition of tetrachloroethylene. These toxic but important reagents in organic synthesis can generated and used in situ for practical syntheses of ureas, amides, carbonates, esters, carbamates, enaminones, and organochlorides.
The tribological properties of poly(p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole) pulp reinforced friction materials
Authors: Liu Rongbiao , Li Xinxin , Liu Xiaoyun , Shen Benben , Han Zhewen
Published: July 2013

Automotive friction materials reinforced by home‐made poly (p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) pulp (fibrillated organic fibers) were prepared through compression molding. The friction and wear behaviors of the obtained composite materials were evaluated using a constant rotating speed type friction tester. The PBO pulp content and the testing loads showed clear influence on the tribological properties of the composites. Friction stability, wear rate, and morphology of sliding surfaces were carefully examined to investigate the effect of the pulp ingredient in the friction materials. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to study the morphology of the surface and wear particles. The significant wear reduction was achieved when the mass fraction of PBO pulp was 3%. Wear rates of the composites with 3% PBO pulp were measured over a load range from 0.3 to 1 MPa at different temperatures. The results pointed to two facts: (1) the wear rate of the friction material increased linearly with load at low temperature (below 200°C); (2) wear status varied with the testing loads at high temperature (above 250°C). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4032–4039, 2013
Investigation into the adsorption of a commercial coupling agent for polymers onto pretreated fly ash filler particles
Authors: Velado David , Potgieter Herman , Liauw Christopher Mark
Published: July 2013

Fly ash can be used as a filler in polymer composite materials. Two fly ash samples (one from the UK, UKFA, and another one from South Africa, SAFA) were washed with water and HCl and compared to investigate their interaction with a commercial coupling agent employed to enhance their incorporation into the polymer matrix. The removal of certain ions from the filler surface resulted in a decrease in the heat of adsorption values due to the reduced number of linkage points for the coupling agent. The coupling agent‐filler interaction was possible for some of the metals of the second group (calcium, magnesium, and sodium) and some of the “p” group (aluminum, sulfur, and phosphorous) on the surface of fly ash. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3985–3992, 2013
Temperature‐dependent pyrolytic product evolution profile for polyethylene terephthalate
Authors: Hujuri Ujwala , Ghoshal Aloke K. , Gumma Sasidhar
Published: July 2013

In this study, a detailed gas chromatographic study of pyrolysis products of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has been carried out over a wide range of temperature (200–600°C). At low pyrolysis temperatures (200–300°C), yield of lighter hydrocarbons (C5–C10) is low; this gradually increases until maximum decomposition temperature (435°C) and decreases thereafter. At low temperature, PET essentially decomposes by ionic mechanism. However, at higher temperature, it may also proceed by radical mechanism. The following reaction types were considered to explain the decomposition mechanism of PET: (a) heterolytic (ionic) main‐chain cleavage to form an olefin‐end and an acid‐end structure; (b) intra‐ or intermolecular ester‐interchange reactions to yield cyclic oligomers; (c) intramolecular hydrogen transfer to form volatile products and regeneration of the acid‐ends or, olefin‐ends; (d) decarboxylation and intramolecular elimination of acetaldehyde, and acetylene; and (e) hydrogen abstraction and acetylene addition mechanism for the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3993–4000, 2013