bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How can population‐based studies best be utilized to reduce the global impact of dementia? Recommendations for researchers, funders, and policymakers
Authors: Stephan Blossom C. M. , Siervo Mario , Brayne Carol
Published: June 2020

In the last two decades, there has been in‐depth investigation into understanding the pathogenesis, epidemiological profiling, and clinical characterization of dementia. However, these investigations have not led to successful interventions to prevent, delay, or reverse the pathological processes underlying dementia. Recent findings of a decrease in dementia risk in high‐income countries such as the UK, USA and the Netherlands highlight that dementia, at least in some cases, is preventable. This article includes a synthesis of current knowledge on dementia epidemiology, biological underpinnings, risk factors, and current prevention programs, with the aim to set the path for research, funding, and policy initiatives to address the global public health challenge of how to prevent dementia or reduce risk within the framework of population‐based studies. We advocate for development of novel approaches for intelligent data synthesis that go well beyond single approaches to enable powerful risk stratification analyses. An integrated approach is needed where researchers, funders, policymakers, and stakeholders contribute to and work together to formulate effective strategies for the global monitoring and development of population‐based risk reduction, treatment, and prevention programs for dementia.
A High Performing Zn‐Ion Battery Cathode Enabled by In Situ Transformation of V2O5 Atomic Layers
Authors: Lu Yanying , Zhu Tianyu , van den Bergh Wessel , Stefik Morgan , Huang Kevin
Published: June 2020

Developing high capacity and stable cathodes is a key to successful commercialization of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (ZIBs). Pure layered V2O5 has a high theoretical capacity (585 mAh g−1), but it suffers severe capacity decay. Pre‐inserting cations into V2O5 can substantially stabilize the performance, but at an expense of lowered capacity. Here we show that an atomic layer deposition derived V2O5 can be an excellent ZIB cathode with high capacity and exceptional cycle stability at once. We report a rapid in situ on‐site transformation of V2O5 atomic layers into Zn3V2O7(OH)2⋅2 H2O (ZVO) nanoflake clusters, also a known Zn‐ion and proton intercalatable material. High concentration of reactive sites, strong bonding to the conductive substrate, nanosized thickness and binder‐free composition facilitate ionic transport and promote the best utilization of the active material. We also provide new insights into the V2O5‐dissolution mechanisms for different Zn‐salt aqueous electrolytes and their implications to the cycle stability.
Enantioselective 1,4‐Addition Reaction of α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids with Cycloalkanones Using Cooperative Chiral Amine–Boronic Acid Catalysts
Authors: Horibe Takahiro , Hazeyama Takashi , Nakata Yuto , Takeda Kazuki , Ishihara Kazuaki
Published: June 2020

An enantioselective 1,4‐addition of α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids with cycloalkanones has been developed by using chiral amine–boronic acid cooperative catalysts. In the presence of a chiral amine and boronic acid, cycloalkanones and carboxylic acids are activated as chiral enamines and mixed anhydrides, respectively. The corresponding 1,4‐adducts are obtained in high yield with high enantioselectivity. Furthermore, subsequent oxylactonization of the 1,4‐adducts gives spirolactones with high diastereoselectivity.
Accelerating Biphasic Biocatalysis through New Process Windows
Authors: Huynh Florence , Tailby Matthew , Finniear Aled , Stephens Kevin , Allemann Rudolf K. , Wirth Thomas
Published: June 2020

Process intensification through continuous flow reactions has increased the production rates of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Catalytic reactions are accelerated through an unconventional and unprecedented use of a high‐performance liquid/liquid counter current chromatography system. Product generation is significantly faster than in traditional batch reactors or in segmented flow systems, which is exemplified through stereoselective phase‐transfer catalyzed reactions. This methodology also enables the intensification of biocatalysis as demonstrated in high yield esterifications and in the sesquiterpene cyclase‐catalyzed synthesis of sesquiterpenes from farnesyl diphosphate as high‐value natural products with applications in medicine, agriculture and the fragrance industry. Product release in sesquiterpene synthases is rate limiting due to the hydrophobic nature of sesquiterpenes, but a biphasic system exposed to centrifugal forces allows for highly efficient reactions.
The Sound of Batteries: An Operando Acoustic Emission Study of the LiNiO2 Cathode in Li–Ion Cells
Authors: Schweidler Simon , Bianchini Matteo , Hartmann Pascal , Brezesinski Torsten , Janek Jürgen
Published: June 2020

The development of advanced Li‐ion batteries relies on the implementation of high‐capacity Ni‐rich layered oxide cathode materials, such as NCM and NCA, among others. However, fast performance decay because of intrinsic chemical and structural instabilities hampers their practical application. Hence, thoroughly understanding degradation processes is crucial to overcome current limitations. To monitor instabilities of electrode materials under realistic operating conditions, the application of nondestructive operando techniques is required. While structural changes of crystalline phases can be studied by X‐ray diffraction, microstructural changes (e. g., particle fracture) cannot be easily accessed in situ and are therefore mostly investigated ex situ. Here, we use acoustic emission (AE) measurements to probe a potential next‐generation cathode material in real‐time. Specifically, we focus on LiNiO2 (LNO) and demonstrate that AE events in different frequency ranges can be correlated with the formation of the cathode solid‐electrolyte interphase and the mechanical degradation during electrochemical cycling.
Potassium‐Ion Storage in Cellulose‐Derived Hard Carbon: The Role of Functional Groups
Authors: Nanjundan Ashok Kumar , Gaddam Rohit Ranganathan , Farokh Niaei Amir H. , Annamalai Pratheep K. , Dubal Deepak P. , Martin Darren James , Yamauchi Yusuke , Searles Debra J. , Zhao Xiu Song
Published: June 2020

Potassium‐ion storage is being explored by researchers for its advantages in forming graphite‐based intercalation compounds, with cost‐effective production compared to lithium‐ion systems. However, its poor performance in graphite‐based platforms, owing to the volume expansion required for intercalation, has demanded alternative materials for reversible potassiation. Herein, we demonstrate a simple one‐step pyrolysis approach to develop an amorphous hard carbon material from commercial cellulose for high‐performance potassium‐ion batteries (KIB). The larger interlayer spacing (∼0.4 nm) alongside the electronegative oxygen functional groups promotes potassium‐ion storage. High capacity, good rate and long cycling performance with lower‐volume expansion could be credited to the amorphous carbon that possesses turbostratic nanodomains. Further, oxygen functional groups on the carbon material are identified in our experimental studies, and density functional theory simulations indicate that these are likely to enhance the potassium‐ion capacity of the materials.
Ameliorative Effects of a Static Magnetic Field on Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalisL.) Growth and Phytochemical Traits Under Water Stress
Authors: Mohammadi Rezvan , Roshandel Parto
Published: June 2020

The present study was carried out in order to evaluate the promoting effect of a static magnetic field (SMF) on drought tolerance and medicinal properties inHyssopus officinalis. In the current work, the effect of seed priming with SMF (45, 90, 200, and 250 mT for 5 min) was investigated in 60‐day‐old hyssop (H. officinalis) plants that were irrigated every 8 days. The assessments consisted of total dry mass, membrane integrity, photosynthetic pigment concentrations, polyphenol content, antioxidant enzyme activities, and antioxidant capacity. Compared with exclusively water stress, magnetopriming, particularly at 200 mT, significantly altered these parameters in the grown plants. At this intensity, the level of total dry mass, total chlorophyll, and polyphenol content increased by 94%, 2.5‐ and 7.7‐fold, respectively. Also, the level of electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde decreased by 35% and 33%. The reducing power, DPPH (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrozyl), and superoxide anion‐scavenging activities were highly augmented as well. Magnetopriming at 200 mT increased catalase (+92%) and ascorbate peroxidase (+2.3‐fold) activities. However, the highest activity of guaiacol peroxidase was recorded at 90 mT. Generally, the present study illustrated the positive effect of magnetopriming (200 mT) on improvement of drought tolerance inH. officinalisthrough protection of cellular membrane integrity, maintenance of photosynthetic pigment content, and alternation of antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, the data showed this treatment (200 mT) not only had no negative effect on medicinal properties ofH. officinalis,but also improved it via increasing total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:403–412. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Ecology Education Goes Four‐Dimensional
Authors: Middendorf George , Mourad Teresa , Johnston Jessica
Published: June 2020

Since the Four‐Dimensional Ecology Education (4DEE) framework was endorsed in the fall of 2018 by the ESA Governing Board, activities of the nine‐member 4DEE Subcommittee have focused on developing a self‐assessment rubric, a guide for assessing student learning, support for majors and non‐majors courses, and a comprehensive report. Together, these resources will advance implementation of the 4DEE framework. The subcommittee is also planning to form communities of practice and host online conversations in support of education innovation by all members of the ecological community.
Untersuchungen zur Prüfmethodik bei Dauerschwingversuchen von Betonstahl
Authors: Osterminski Kai , Hiemer Florian
Published: June 2020

Infolge dynamischer Belastung von Stahlbetontragwerken (Windenergieanlagen) kann es auch bei Lasten unterhalb der statischen Festigkeit zu Materialermüdung im Betonstahl kommen. Materialseitig wird die dynamische Festigkeit im Dauerschwingversuch geprüft. Neben der Oberflächengeometrie, der chemischen Zusammensetzung hängt das Dauerschwingverhalten auch vom Belastungsregime ab. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wurden theoretische Berechnungen zur verrichteten physikalischen Arbeit während den Dauerschwingversuchen durchgeführt und in einer Parameterstudie für unterschiedliche Lastregime ausgewertet. Vergleichende experimentelle Untersuchungen zeigten, dass die Ergebnisse des Lastregimes mit fixierter Oberspannung zur Prüfung von Betonstahl nicht den theoretischen Berechnungen gleichen. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist zu diskutieren, inwieweit die Rahmenbedingungen des Dauerschwingversuchs die Absicht der Quantifizierung einer realitätsnahen Wöhlerlinie für Betonstahl tatsächlich erlauben.
Design, Synthesis and in Vitro Evaluation of Tylophorine Derivatives as Possible Antitumor Agents
Authors: Mang Zhiguo , Zhang Shuai , Bai Jing , Li Meijuan , Li Hao
Published: June 2020

Structural simplification and modification of natural products are always very important resources to antitumor drugs. By introducing various aminomethyl groups and amide groups into the phenanthrene ring of tylophorine, a novel series of tylophorine derivatives have been designed and synthesized, and their antiproliferative activities against MCF‐7, A549 and HepG‐2 cells have been evaluated, too. The results indicated that most of the prepared compounds exhibited good antitumor activities. Especially, one compound with an {ethyl[2‐(morpholin‐4‐yl)ethyl]amino}methyl group at the side chain exhibited the most significant cytotoxic effects.
Characterization of antiapoptotic microRNAs in primary Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Yang Ying , Hou Yingzi , Li Jinghui , Zhang Fangming , Du Quan
Published: June 2020

During the development of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), aberrant expression of autoantigen is a hallmark event. To explore the regulation of autoantigen tripartite motif containing 21 (Ro/SSA, TRIM21), microRNA profiling was performed in our previous study. In which, two TRIM21‐targeting microRNAs were identified, namely miR‐1207‐5p and miR‐4695‐3p. To further pursue their roles in the development of pSS, assays were performed with cultured human submandibular gland (HSG) cells, and salivary gland tissues. Results showed that transfection of miR‐1207‐5p or miR‐4695‐3p mimics down‐regulated not only the expression of TRIM21, but also the levels of pro‐apoptotic genes B cell lymphoma 2 associated X (BAX), Caspase 9 (CASP‐9) and Caspase 8 (CASP‐8). This finally led to antiapoptotic phenotypes in HSG cells. Consistent with the antiapoptotic activity, transfection of microRNA inhibitors up‐regulated the expression of TRIM21 and led to a pro‐apoptotic phenotype. These therefore propose miR‐1207‐5p and miR‐4695‐3p as two antiapoptotic microRNAs functioning through apoptosis pathway. Supporting this speculation, assays performed with salivary gland tissues revealed down‐regulation of miR‐1207‐5p and miR‐4695‐3p, as well as up‐regulation of TRIM21 and pro‐apoptotic CASP‐8 gene in pSS samples.

Significance of the study

For pSS patients, apoptosis of acinar and ductal epithelial cells has been proposed to be a potential mechanism that impairs the secretion of salivary glands. In our study, two autoantigen‐targeting microRNAs were characterized as antiapoptotic microRNAs functioning through apoptosis pathway, which may be potential targets for the treatment of pSS.
Case report: Migraine that persisted for over 20 years disappears after treatment for pulmonary arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Kakeshita Kazuyuki , Yoneda Taro , Koba Hayato , Tanimura Kota , Ueda Tsukasa , Kaneda Tomoya , Hara Johsuke , Kasahara Kazuo
Published: June 2020

We presented a rare case of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula in a patient who suffered from migraine with optic aura for longer than 20 years. This case suggests that the migraine could be expected to disappear after treatment for pulmonary arteriovenous fistula.
Metal‐Organic Framework‐Based Catalysts for Oxidative Desulfurization
Authors: Piscopo C. G. , Granadeiro C. M. , Balula S. S. , Bošković D.
Published: June 2020

Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) is emerging as the most promising methodology to remove refractive naturally occurring sulfides from fossil fuels. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), a fascinating class of materials, are suitable as catalysts for this process due to the theoretical infinite number of combinations of polynuclear metal clusters and organic linkers. A rational fine‐tuning of the material structure, porosity and chemical functionality have given rise to a considerable number of MOF‐based catalytic active materials. Furthermore, MOFs can act as host, with programmable cavity sizes to accommodate catalytic species, forming novel robust catalytic MOF composite materials. Herein an account of this growing field of heterogeneous catalysis is reported and discussed, aiming to point out future outlooks and perspectives.
Building Hierarchical Microcubes Composed of One‐Dimensional CoSe2@Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon for Superior Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Tiezhong , Li Youpeng , Hou Shuang , Yang Chenghao , Guo Yayun , Tian Sheng , Zhao Lingzhi
Published: June 2020

Designing and synthesizing highly stable anode materials with high capacity is critical for the practical application of sodium ion batteries (SIBs), however, to date, this remains an insurmountable barrier. The introduction of hierarchical architectures and carbon supports is proving an effective strategy for addressing these challenges. Thus, we have fabricated a hierarchical CoSe2@nitrogen‐doped carbon (CoSe2@NC) microcube composite using the Prussian blue analogue Co3[Co(CN)6]2 as template. The rational combination of the unique hierarchical construction from one to three dimensions and a nitrogen‐doped carbon skeleton facilitates sodium ion and electron transport as well as stabilizing the host structure during repeated discharge/charge processes, which contributes to its excellent sodium storage capability. As expected, the as‐prepared CoSe2@NC composite delivered remarkable reversible capacity and ultralong cycling lifespan even at a high rate of 2.0 A g−1 (384.3 mA h g−1 after1800 loops) when serving as the anode material for SIBs. This work shows the great potential of the CoSe2‐based anode for practical application in SIBs, and the original strategy may be extended to other anode materials.
Phenol Oxidation by a Nickel(III)–Fluoride Complex: Exploring the Influence of the Proton Accepting Ligand in PCET Oxidation
Authors: Mondal Prasenjit , McDonald Aidan R.
Published: June 2020

In order to gain insight into the influence of the H+‐accepting terminal ligand in high‐valent oxidant mediated proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions, the reactivity of a high valent nickel–fluoride complex [NiIII(F)(L)] (2, L=N,N’‐(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)‐2,6‐pyridinecarboxamidate) with substituted phenols was explored. Analysis of kinetic data from these reactions (Evans–Polanyi, Hammett, and Marcus plots, and KIE measurements) and the formed products show that 2 reacted with electron rich phenols through a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT, or concerted PCET) mechanism and with electron poor phenols through a stepwise proton transfer/electron transfer (PT/ET) reaction mechanism. The analogous complexes [NiIII(Z)(L)] (Z=Cl, OCO2H, O2CCH3, ONO2) reacted with all phenols through a HAT mechanism. We explore the reason for a change in mechanism with the highly basic fluoride ligand in 2. Complex 2 was also found to react one to two orders of magnitude faster than the corresponding analogous [NiIII(Z)(L)] complexes. This was ascribed to a high bond dissociation free energy value associated with H−F (135 kcal mol−1), which is postulated to be the product formed from PCET oxidation by 2 and is believed to be the driving force for the reaction. Our findings show that high‐valent metal–fluoride complexes represent a class of highly reactive PCET oxidants.
Triaxially Woven Hydrogen‐Bonded Chicken Wires of a Tetrakis(carboxybiphenyl)ethene
Authors: Suzuki Yuto , Tohnai Norimitsu , Hisaki Ichiro
Published: June 2020

Interpenetration of low‐dimensional networked structural motifs crucially affects porosity, stability, and properties of the whole reticular framework. However, varying and controlling the manner of interpenetration is still challenging. Herein, a porous hydrogen‐bonded organic framework (HOF) with wvm‐like weave constructed by triaxially woven chicken wires of X‐shaped tetra‐armed tetrakis(carboxybiphenyl)ethene CBPE, formally 4′,4′′′,4′′′′′,4′′′′′′′‐(ethene‐1,1,2,2‐tetrayl)tetrakis(1,1′‐biphenyl‐4‐carboxylic acid), is reported. The structure is a contrast to a non‐interpenetrated layered framework composed of tetrakis(4‐carboxyphenyl)ethene CPE. This exotic framework of CBPE is due to the disproportionate conformation of the outer four phenylene rings in the peripheral biphenyl arms. The activated framework CBPE‐1a exhibits thermal stability up to 220 °C and a BET surface area of 555 m2 g−1. Additionally, the HOF shows mechanochromic behavior in terms of fluorescence color and quantum efficiency. The achievement of the present HOFs can provide insight into constructing a new type of functional porous organic materials with interwoven network structures.
Misst drinnen – von draußen
Authors: Huber Cornelia
Published: June 2020

Neue Möglichkeiten der Temperaturmessung in der Prozessindustrie ermöglicht ein nicht‐invasiver Temperatursensor von ABB. Das Gerät misst an der Oberfläche einer Rohrleitung präzise und zuverlässig die Temperatur im Inneren. Dafür sorgen ein Doppelsensor und ein spezieller Berechnungsalgorithmus, der die Umgebungsbedingungen und die Umgebungstemperatur berücksichtigt.
Messen, anstatt nur zu vermuten
Authors: Kraftschik Florian
Published: June 2020

Das Füllstandmessgerät FWR30 ermöglicht in Verbindung mit dem IIoT‐ökosystem Netilion die Messung von Füllständen in mobilen Behältern, in denen dies bisher nicht möglich war. Das 80‐GHz‐Radar‐Füllstandmessgerät lässt sich in wenigen Minuten auf IBCs (Intermediate Bulk Container) anbringen und sendet seine Messwerte nach einmaliger Inbetriebnahme in regelmäßiger Frequenz kabellos in die Cloud.
Waste Separation in Primary Education – A Pre‐Post Design Study to Capture Students' Awareness of Recycling with Cartoons
Authors: Yılmaz Ayhan , Çelikler Dilek , Aksan Zeynep
Published: June 2020

Ziel der Studie ist es, die Wirkung des Unterrichts mit wissenschaftlichen Cartoons auf das Wissen über das Recycling von SchülerInnen der dritten und vierten Klasse der Grundschule zu ermitteln. Die Zielgruppe, die erforscht wurde, besteht aus insgesamt 105 SchülerInnen, von denen 56 SchülerInnen die dritte Klasse und 49 SchülerInnen die vierte Klasse einer staatlichen Grundschule in der Türkei besuchen. In der Studie wurden wissenschaftliche Cartoons verwendet, welche von Çelikler, Aksan und Yenikalaycı im Jahr 2017 [1] erstellt wurden. In der Studie wurden drei Aktivitäten durchgeführt. Außerdem wurde festgestellt, dass die SchülerInnen die Recyclingsymbole wahrnehmen und die Verwendung dieser Symbole sich in ihren Zeichnungen steigerte. Auch die Anzahl der Zeichnungen von Recyclingfahrzeugen steigerte sich. Zum Schluss ist zu erwähnen, dass die SchülerInnen mit ihren Zeichnungen interessante Botschaften vermittelten, wie z. B. „Recycling hält die Natur sauber“, „wir wollen eine saubere Umwelt“, „als Kind trage ich zum Recycling bei“, sowie die Botschaft „Papier ist aus Holz – wir sollten es nicht verschwenden“ war sehr interessant.
Supported Cobalt Catalysts for Acceptorless Alcohol Dehydrogenation
Authors: Kaźmierczak Kamila , Pinel Catherine , Loridant Stéphane , Besson Michèle , Michel Carine , Perret Noémie
Published: June 2020

The acceptor‐less dehydrogenation of 2‐octanol was tested over cobalt supported on Al2O3, C, ZnO, ZrO2 and various TiO2 substrates. The catalysts were characterized by ICP, XRD and TGA‐H2. For Co/TiO2 P25, the effects of passivation, aging (storage at room temperature), and in situ activation under H2 were investigated. The catalysts must be tested shortly after synthesis in order to prevent deactivation. Cobalt supported on TiO2 P25 was the most active and 69 % yield of 2‐octanone was obtained, using decane as a solvent. Selectivities for 2‐octanone were observed in the range of 90 % to 99.9 %. Small amounts of C16 compounds were also formed due to aldol condensation/dehydration reactions. The catalysts exhibited higher conversion in the dehydrogenation of secondary alcohols (65‐69 %), in comparison to primary alcohols (2–10 %). The dehydrogenation of 1,2‐octanediol led to 1‐hydroxy‐2‐octanone, with a selectivity of 90 % and 69 % for Co/TiO2 P25 and Co/TiO2 P90, respectively.
Heterogeneous Photocatalysis in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Gisbertz Sebastian , Pieber Bartholomäus
Published: June 2020

The front cover artwork is provided by the group of Dr. Bartholomäus Pieber at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (Germany). The image symbolizes the activation of a heterogeneous photocatalyst by visible light and its application for organic synthesis. Read the full text of the Review at 10.1002/cptc.202000014.
Synthesis and characterization of barbarin, a possible source of unexplained aminorex identifications in forensic science
Authors: Machin Jacob , Childers Taylor , Kudrimoti Sucheta , Eisenberg Rod , Fenger Clara , Hartmann Petra , Maylin George , Shults Theodore , Tobin Thomas
Published: June 2020

Aminorex is a US DEA Schedule 1 controlled substance occasionally detected in racing horses. A number of aminorex identifications in sport horses were thought to have been caused by exposure to plant sources of aminorex. Glucobarbarin, found in plants of the Brassicaceae family, has been suggested as a potential proximate chemical source by being metabolized in the plant or the horse to aminorex. In Brassicaceae, glucobarbarin is hydrolyzed by myrosinase to yield barbarin, which serves as an insect repellant and/or attractant and is structurally related to aminorex. The synthesis, purification, and characterization of barbarin is now reported for use as a reference standard in aminorex related research concerning equine urinary identifications of aminorex and also for possible use in equine administration experiments. Synthesis of barbarin was performed via ring closure between phenylethanolamine and carbon disulfide in tetrahydrofuran with the catalyst pyridine under reflux. The reaction yielded a white crystalline substance that was purified and chemically characterized as barbarin for use as a Certified Reference Standard or for studies related to equine aminorex identification.
Eye blink and reward prediction error response in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Frank Guido K. W. , Kalina Claire , DeGuzman Marisa C. , Shott Megan E.
Published: June 2020

Background

Functional brain imaging has been used to study brain reward function and behavioral traits in anorexia nervosa (AN). Here we tested whether eye blink relates to behavior and brain imaging response as a method that is less costly and more accessible.

Method

We recruited 26 women with AN and 50 healthy matched controls. All underwent a reward‐learning prediction error task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, eye blink was measured for spontaneous blink rate, baseline blink amplitude, and startle response to an auditory stimulus.

Results

Baseline blink rate, amplitude and startle response were similar between groups. In AN, there were significant positive correlations between spontaneous blink rate and bulimia symptoms, and baseline blink amplitude and prediction error response in right‐sided caudate, insula, and nucleus accumbens. Correlations between eye blink measures and body dissatisfaction or harm avoidance were no longer significant after multiple comparison adjustments.

Discussion

This study provides evidence that measures of eye blink response can be related to brain prediction error response and eating disorder behavior in AN. The catecholamine dopamine contributes to both eye blink and prediction error response providing indirect evidence that it could be a neurobiological correlate that contributes to behaviors relevant to AN.
Pathway to Increase Standards and Competency of eDNA Surveys (PISCeS)—Advancing collaboration and standardization efforts in the field of eDNA
Authors: Loeza‐Quintana Tzitziki , Abbott Cathryn L. , Heath Daniel D. , Bernatchez Louis , Hanner Robert H.
Published: June 2020

This special issue features eleven articles presented at the Pathway to Increase Standards and Competency of eDNA Surveys (PISCeS) conference in October 2018. The prominent theme in this special issue is methodological developments to enhance species and community characterization using eDNA, covering tree main scientific trends: validation of eDNA detections, methodological innovations in eDNA research, and standardization of eDNA practices. Articles in this special issue cover advances on single‐species detection and metabarcoding, and examine eDNA methods standardization. Strong collaboration among academics, regulators, and industry present in the eDNA community is evidenced by the research presented here.
Optimization of leaf properties and plant phenotype through yield‐based genetic improvement of rice over a period of seventy years in the Yangtze River Basin of China
Authors: Zhu Guanglong , Ren Zhen , Liu Yuqian , Lu Faguang , Gu Lifeng , Shi Yu , Liu Jiawei , Zhou Guisheng , Nimir Nimir Eltyb Ahmed , Mohapatra Pravat Kumar
Published: June 2020

Knowledge of changes associated with the progression of growth‐related characteristics in rice plant is essential to make strategies for future breeding and crop management. However, thus far, little attention has been given to the identification of temporal changes of the traits concomitant with the year of release in rice genetic breeding. The objective of this study was to explore genetic gain for yield accrued in association with evolution of the growth phenotypes in a 2‐year field experiment conducted on the Yangtze River Basin of China. Fifteen rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, including 5 super high‐yielding rice, bred or widely cultivated from 1936 to 2005, were grown in irrigated field conditions with appropriate doses of commercial fertilizers during the rice‐growing season from May to October in 2013 and 2014. In both years, SPAD reading was high during vegetative and early grain filling stages, but it declined sharply at maturity. In general, SPAD reading increased with the progression in year of release of the cultivars and it correlated with yield benefit accrued. Similar to SPAD, the evolutionary trend also accounted for significant increases in LAI (leaf area index) and SLW (specific leaf weight), CGR (crop growth rate), LAD (leaf area duration), S/LA (spikelets/leaf area), and NAR (net assimilation rate). All growth parameters, except NAR, correlated positively with grain yield. Conversely, K (extinction coefficient) exhibited significant decline along with year of release, meaning more erect canopies. Gain of SLW in the newer cultivars enabled better light energy interception probably with higher RUE, which associated with increased SPAD amounting to low K values. It was opined that the reduced K improved light distribution across the leaves, which contributed to a grain yield advantage through increase of sink size (S/LA) over the 70‐year period.
The micromorphology of loess‐paleosol sequences in central Alaska: A new perspective on soil formation and landscape evolution since the Late Glacial period (c. 16,000 cal yr BP to present)
Authors: Kielhofer Jennifer , Miller Christopher , Reuther Joshua , Holmes Charles , Potter Ben , Lanoë François , Esdale Julie , Crass Barbara
Published: June 2020

The middle Tanana Valley of central Alaska contains a well‐preserved record of human occupation and paleoenvironmental change since the Late Glacial period (c. 16,000 cal yr BP) and is a critical region for understanding human dispersal into the Americas. Micromorphology analysis of soils and sediments from six archaeological sites yields valuable information about soil formation processes and landscape evolution during the Late Glacial and into the Holocene. At the macroscale, site stratigraphies are very similar, and thin organic‐rich layers (locally known as “stringers”) are commonly interpreted as buried soils. However, at the microscale, these layers exhibit significant differences in the degree of bioturbation, organic matter humification, and boundary abruptness, indicating that pedogenesis was not the sole process at every site. In this way, our microscale analysis addresses issues of equifinality related to site formation interpretations, a persistent problem with subarctic and high‐latitude stratigraphy. Additionally, this study reveals a certain level of landform and landscape instability within a broader trend of regional increases in pedogenesis and vegetation coverage, adding to the existing model of heterogeneity across this subarctic landscape. Here we demonstrate the utility of micromorphology to test field interpretations and improve models of Late Glacial landscape evolution in high‐latitude contexts.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Increases the Risk of Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Labenz Christian , Huber Yvonne , Michel Maurice , Nagel Michael , Galle Peter R. , Kostev Karel , Schattenberg Jörn M.
Published: June 2020

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), depression, and anxiety disorders are frequent diseases, and data on mutual influence are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to explore the incidence of depression and anxiety in a large primary care cohort in Germany and to study the impact of NAFLD over a 10‐year time frame. Patients with NAFLD diagnosed between 2010 and 2015 were matched to a cohort without NAFLD controlling for age, sex, physician, index year, and Charlson comorbidity index. The primary outcome of the study was the incidence of depression, anxiety, and first prescription of antidepressant drugs. We compared 19,871 patients with NAFLD to 19,871 matched controls. Within 10 years of the index date, 21.2% of patients with NAFLD and 18.2% of controls were diagnosed with depression (P < 0.001). On regression analysis, the hazard ratio (HR) for incidence of depression was 1.21 (P < 0.001). This association was similar for the endpoint of the first prescription of antidepressant drugs (HR, 1.21; P < 0.001). Anxiety disorders were diagnosed in 7.9% of patients with NAFLD and 6.5% of controls during the observation time (P = 0.003). The HR for incidence of anxiety was 1.23 (P < 0.001). This association remained significant in women (P < 0.001), while there was only a trend in men (HR, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.99‐1.34; P < 0.067). The risk of developing anxiety disorders was higher in younger patients. Conclusion: NAFLD constitutes an independent risk factor for emerging depression and anxiety even after controlling for confounding comorbidities.
The coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic's impact on mental health
Authors: Javed Bilal , Sarwer Abdullah , Soto Erik B. , Mashwani Zia‐ur‐Rehman
Published: June 2020

Throughout the world, the public is being informed about the physical effects of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and steps to take to prevent exposure to the coronavirus and manage symptoms of COVID‐19 if they appear. However, the effects of this pandemic on one's mental health have not been studied at length and are still not known. As all efforts are focused on understanding the epidemiology, clinical features, transmission patterns, and management of the COVID‐19 outbreak, there has been very little concern expressed over the effects on one's mental health and on strategies to prevent stigmatization. People's behavior may greatly affect the pandemic's dynamic by altering the severity, transmission, disease flow, and repercussions. The present situation requires raising awareness in public, which can be helpful to deal with this calamity. This perspective article provides a detailed overview of the effects of the COVID‐19 outbreak on the mental health of people.
Quantitative assessment of distant recurrence risk in early stage breast cancer using a nonlinear combination of pathological, clinical and imaging variables
Authors: Nichols Brandon S. , Chelales Erika , Wang Roujia , Schulman Amanda , Gallagher Jennifer , Greenup Rachel A. , Geradts Joseph , Harter Josephine , Marcom Paul K. , Wilke Lee G. , Ramanujam Nirmala
Published: June 2020

Use of genomic assays to determine distant recurrence risk in patients with early stage breast cancer has expanded and is now included in the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging manual. Algorithmic alternatives using standard clinical and pathology information may provide equivalent benefit in settings where genomic tests, such as OncotypeDx, are unavailable. We developed an artificial neural network (ANN) model to nonlinearly estimate risk of distant cancer recurrence. In addition to clinical and pathological variables, we enhanced our model using intraoperatively determined global mammographic breast density (MBD) and local breast density (LBD). LBD was measured with optical spectral imaging capable of sensing regional concentrations of tissue constituents. A cohort of 56 ER+ patients with an OncotypeDx score was evaluated. We demonstrated that combining MBD/LBD measurements with clinical and pathological variables improves distant recurrence risk prediction accuracy, with high correlation (r = 0.98) to the OncotypeDx recurrence score.
The Politics of Choice: Political Ideology and Intolerance of Ambiguity
Authors: Farmer Adam , Kidwell Blair , Hardesty David M.
Published: June 2020

The authors examine how political ideology impacts consumer preferences for hedonic and utilitarian choices and the underlying reasons for these differences. Five studies indicate that conservatives are less tolerant of ambiguity than liberals, leading to a preference for utilitarian options, whereas liberals are more tolerant of ambiguity leading to a preference for hedonic options. However, these preferences were reversed when utilitarian options were framed as ambiguous and hedonic options were framed as explicit and clear.
Exploring the Pathophysiology of Reinke's Edema: The Cellular Impact of Cigarette Smoke and Vibration
Authors: Grossmann Tanja , Steffan Barbara , Kirsch Andrijana , Grill Magdalena , Gerstenberger Claus , Gugatschka Markus
Published: June 2020

Objectives

To explore the isolated or combined effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and vibration on human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFF) in an in vitro setting in order to elucidate their influence in the pathophysiology of Reinke's edema (RE).

Study design

Immortalized hVFF were exposed to CSE or control medium under static or vibrational conditions. A phonomimetic bioreactor was used to deliver vibrational patterns to hVFF over a period of 5 days.

Methods

Cytotoxicity was quantified using a lactate dehydrogenase assay. We employed reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and Magnetic Luminex(R) assays (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) to assess the influence on extracellular matrix production, fibrogenesis, inflammation, and angiogenesis.

Results

We observed significant changes induced by CSE alone (hyaluronic acid, matrix metalloproteinase 1, Interleukin‐8, cyclooxygenase [COX]1, COX2, vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]D), as well as settings in which only the combination of CSE and vibration led to significant changes (transforming growth factor beta 1, VEGFA, VEGFC). Also, CSE‐induced levels of COX2 were only significantly reduced when vibration was applied.

Conclusion

We were able to explore the cellular effects of CSE and vibration on hVFF by employing a phonomimetic bioreactor. Whereas cigarette smoke is generally accepted as a risk factor for RE, the role of vibration remained unclear as it is difficult to study in humans. Our data showed that some genes and proteins in the pathophysiological context of RE were only affected when CSE in combination with vibration was applied.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 131:E547–E554, 2021
Safety and Efficacy of Blue Light Laser Treatment in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Authors: Bertlich Mattis , Kashani Fatemeh , Weiss Bernhard G. , Wiebringhaus Robert , Ihler Friedrich , Freytag Saskia , Gires Olivier , Kühnel Thomas , Haubner Frank
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a hereditary condition that is associated with arteriovenous malformations. A common site for these malformations is the nasal mucosa, which is associated with severe epistaxis and debilitation for affected patients. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of blue light laser technology in treating these endonasal manifestations in a retrospective chart analysis. Additionally, we compared blue light laser technology to bipolar coagulation in an animal model.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

We performed a retrospective chart analysis of all patients that were diagnosed with HHT and received endonasal blue light laser treatment between 10/2017 and 04/2019. In addition, we performed bipolar or blue light laser coagulation of all macroscopically visible vessels on thyroid gland lobes (n = 4) from Dunkin–Hartley Guinea Pigs. Hematoxylin‐eosin (HE) staining was then used to visualize depth and area of coagulation surrounding these vessels.

Results

One hundred and fifty‐one treatments in 23 patients were analyzed. Under regular blue light laser treatment, quality of life (QOL), indicated on a visual analog scale from 1 to 10, gradually increased significantly from 5.6 ± 0.5 (before the first treatment) to 7.5 ± 0.9 (after the second treatment). Following this, QOL remained steady throughout additional treatments. Adverse effects were not recorded. HE staining showed that coagulation depth (162 ± 56 vs. 586 ± 192 µm) and area (74 ± 35 vs. 1015 ± 449 µm2) were significantly lower after laser treatment.

Conclusion

Blue light laser therapy is safe and efficient in treating HHT. Damage to the surrounding tissue is significantly lower compared with bipolar coagulation. © 2020 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC
Low Health Literacy Is Associated With Frailty and Reduced Likelihood of Liver Transplant Listing: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Bittermann Therese , Dwinnells Kristen , Chadha Sakshum , Wolf Michael S. , Olthoff Kim M. , Serper Marina
Published: June 2020

The effect of low health literacy (HL) on outcomes in end‐stage liver disease (ESLD) is largely unknown. The association of low HL on clinical outcomes was investigated in a prospective cohort of outpatients with ESLD undergoing liver transplantation (LT) evaluation. From 2014 to 2017, 276 patients underwent LT evaluation with assessments of liver disease severity, medical and psychosocial comorbidities, physical frailty, and malnutrition. Literacy was measured with the Newest Vital Sign, a brief validated assessment. Multivariate models assessed relationships between HL and clinical outcomes adjusting for clinical and psychosocial variables. The median Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease–sodium score of the study sample was 15 (interquartile range, 11‐19), 71 (25.7%) of candidates were frail, 117 (42.4%) had malnutrition, 151 (54.7%) had hepatic encephalopathy, 104 (37.7%) had low HL, and 85 (39.2%) had marginal or poor social support. Adjusting for education level, socioeconomic factors, and severity of illness, low HL was independently associated with physical frailty (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.50‐8.59; P = 0.004) and not being wait‐listed (aOR 1.96; 95% CI, 1.03‐3.75; P = 0.04). Strong social support attenuated the relationship between low HL and not being wait‐listed (aOR, 1.58; 95% CI, 0.74‐3.36; P = 0.24). Low HL is common and a largely unrecognized risk factor for poor health outcomes among patients with ESLD. Patient‐oriented infrastructure and support are needed at the health system level to ensure all patients can successfully navigate the complex process of LT evaluation and wait‐listing.
Nature‐Inspired Bacterial Cellulose/Methylglyoxal (BC/MGO) Nanocomposite for Broad‐Spectrum Antimicrobial Wound Dressing
Authors: Yang Manni , Ward John , Choy Kwang‐Leong
Published: June 2020

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a natural material produced by Acetobacter xylinum, widely used in wound dressings due to the high water‐holding capacity and great mechanical strength. In this paper, a novel antimicrobial dressing made from BC/methylglyoxal (MGO) composite with a dip‐coating method inspired by naturally antimicrobial Manuka honey is proposed, which to our best knowledge, has not yet to be reported. Characterizations by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy show the interconnected nanostructure of BC and MGO and increase surface roughness of the BC/MGO composite. Thermal analysis indicates high temperature stability of both BC and BC/MGO, while compared with BC, BC/MGO exhibits slightly weaker thermal stability possibly due to reduction of hydrogen bonding and increase of crystallinity. Mechanical test confirms the strong mechanical property of BC and BC/MGO nanocomposite. From the disk diffusion antimicrobial test, the BC/MGO nanocomposite with highest MGO concentration (4%) shows great zone inhibition diameter (around 14.3, 12.3, 17.1, and 15.5 mm against Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli). Compared with other antimicrobial wound dressing composite materials, the proposed BC/MGO nanocomposite has among the greatest antimicrobial property against broad‐spectrum bacteria, making it a promising antimicrobial dressing in chronic wounds care.
Nef‐partitions arising from unimodular configurations
Authors: Ohsugi Hidefumi , Tsuchiya Akiyoshi
Published: June 2020

Reflexive polytopes have been studied from viewpoints of combinatorics, commutative algebra and algebraic geometry. A nef‐partition of a reflexive polytope is a decomposition such that each is a lattice polytope containing the origin. Batyrev and van Straten gave a combinatorial method for explicit constructions of mirror pairs of Calabi–Yau complete intersections obtained from nef‐partitions. In the present paper, by means of Gröbner basis techniques, we give a large family of nef‐partitions arising from unimodular configurations.
Mechanical and Dynamical Properties of Natural Rubber‐Montmorillonite Nanocomposites by Using In Situ Organomodified and Latex Compounding Method
Authors: Fathurrohman Mohamad Irfan , Hayeemasae Nabil , Sahakaro Kannika
Published: June 2020

Natural rubber (NR)‐montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites with different organomodified MMT contents prepared by in situ organomodified and latex compounding method, followed by melt compounding technique are reported in this work. The morphology as well as the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the nanocomposites, are investigated. By means of SAXS and FESEM analysis, MMT is found to have partly intercalated and exfoliated structure in NR matrix. The modulus, tensile strength, and storage modulus at low strain of NR‐MMT are enhanced compared to unfilled NR but hysteresis loss tended to increase with raising organomodified MMT content. The overall results showed that the presence of 5 phr of organomodified MMT filled NR gave the best balance between mechanical and dynamical properties.
Effect of Lignin Content as Bio‐Chain Extender in Polyurethane Foam
Authors: KUstiyah Elvi , Putra Dwiki Syahbana , Gerry David , Firdaus Dick Ferieno , Chalid Mochamad
Published: June 2020

Polyurethane is a polymer compound that consists of a hard segment and a soft segment. Further modifications of polyurethane make it possible to make foam products with a variety of properties. Polyurethane foam has a tendency to be rigid and flexible by adjusting the segment ratio and adding chain extenders during the synthesis process. The basic precursors used in this research on bio‐polyurethane foam are Polypropylene Glycol 2000, Toluene Diisocyanate 80, Amine catalyst, Tin catalyst, surfactant, and the addition of lignin biomass as a chain extender and as independent variables of this study with 1, 2, and 3 wt% variations with the synthesis method used is a one‐shot method. In attempt to investigate the effect of lignin chain extender addition to the macromolecular structures and morphology, FTIR and SEM are used, while the mechanical properties are analyzed using tensile machine. From the synthesis carried out, bio‐polyurethane foam with open pore shape is obtained. It has increased tensile strength, but the elongation tends to decrease with increasing lignin biomass addition.