bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cortical adaptation to sound reverberation
Authors: Ivanov Aleksandar Z , King Andrew J , Willmore Ben DB , Walker Kerry MM , Harper Nicol S
Published: October 2021

In almost every natural environment, sounds are reflected by nearby objects, producing many delayed and distorted copies of the original sound, known as reverberation. Our brains usually cope well with reverberation, allowing us to recognize sound sources regardless of their environments. In contrast, reverberation can cause severe difficulties for speech recognition algorithms and hearing-impaired people. The present study examines how the auditory system copes with reverberation. We trained a linear model to recover a rich set of natural, anechoic sounds from their simulated reverberant counterparts. The model neurons achieved this by extending the inhibitory component of their receptive filters for more reverberant spaces, and did so in a frequency-dependent manner. These predicted effects were observed in the responses of auditory cortical neurons of ferrets in the same simulated reverberant environments. Together, these results suggest that auditory cortical neurons adapt to reverberation by adjusting their filtering properties in a manner consistent with dereverberation.
Computational Fontan Analysis: Preserving accuracy while expediting workflow
Authors: Liu Xiaolong , Aslan Seda , Kim Byeol , Warburton Linnea , Jackson Derrick , Muhuri Abir , Subramanian Akshay , Mass Paige , Cleveland Vincent , Loke Yue-Hin , Hibino Narutoshi , Olivieri Laura , Krieger Axel
Published: October 2021

Background

Post-operative outcomes of the Fontan operation have been linked to graft shape after implantation. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to explore different surgical options. The objective of this study is to perform a systematic in vitro validation for investigating the accuracy and efficiency of CFD simulation to predict Fontan hemodynamics.

Methods

CFD simulations were performed to measure indexed power loss (iPL) and hepatic flow distribution (HFD) in 10 patient-specific Fontan models, with varying mesh and numerical solvers. The results were compared with a novel in vitro flow loop setup with 3D printed Fontan models. A high-resolution differential pressure sensor was used to measure the pressure drop for validating iPL predictions. Microparticles with particle filtering system were used to measure HFD. The computational time was measured for a representative Fontan model with different mesh sizes and numerical solvers.

Results

When compared to in vitro setup, variations in CFD mesh sizes had significant effect on HFD (p = 0.0002) but no significant impact on iPL (p = 0.069). Numerical solvers had no significant impact in both iPL (p = 0.50) and HFD (P = 0.55). A transient solver with 0.5 mm mesh size requires computational time 100 times more than a steady solver with 2.5 mm mesh size to generate similar results.

Conclusions

The predictive value of CFD for Fontan planning can be validated against an in vitro flow loop. The prediction accuracy can be affected by the mesh size, model shape complexity and flow competition.
Glycosylated proteins identified for the first time in the alga Euglena gracilis
Authors: O’Neill Ellis
Published: October 2021

Protein glycosylation, and in particular N-linked glycans, is a hall mark of Eukaryotic cells and has been well studied in mammalian cells and parasites. However, little research has been conducted to investigate the conservation and variation of protein glycosylation pathways in other eukaryotic organisms. Euglena gracilis is an industrially important microalga, used in the production of biofuels and nutritional supplements. It is evolutionarily highly divergent from green algae and more related to Kinetoplastid pathogens. It was recently shown that E. gracilis possesses the machinery for producing a range of protein glycosylations and make simple N-glycans, but the modified proteins were not identified. This study identifies the glycosylated proteins, including transporters, extra cellular proteases and those involved in cell surface signalling. Notably, many of the most highly expressed and glycosylated proteins are not related to any known sequences and are therefore likely to be involved in important novel functions in Euglena.
Reproduction, seasonal morphology, and juvenile growth in three Malagasy fruit bats
Authors: Andrianiaina Angelo , Andry Santino , Gentles Anecia , Guth Sarah , Héraud Jean-Michel , Ranaivoson Hafaliana Christian , Ravelomanantsoa Ny Anjara Fifi , Treuer Timothy , Brook Cara E.
Published: October 2021

The island nation of Madagascar is home to three endemic species of Old World Fruit Bat in the family Pteropodidae:Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, andRousettus madagascariensis, all three of which are IUCN Red Listed under some category of threat. To inform conservation efforts to model population viability for these threatened species, as well understand the mechanisms underpinning persistence of several potentially zoonotic pathogens hosted by these bats, we here define the seasonal limits of a staggered annual birth pulse across the three species. Our field studies in central-eastern Madagascar indicate that this annual birth pulse takes place in September/October forP. rufus, November forE. dupreanum, and December forR. madagascariensis. Juvenile development periods vary across the three Malagasy pteropodids, resulting in near-synchronous weaning of pups for all species in late January-February at the height of the fruiting season for Madagascar, a pattern characteristic of most mammalian frugivores on the island. We here document the size range in morphological traits for the three Malagasy fruit bat species; these traits span the range of those known for pteropodids more broadly, withP. rufusandE. dupreanumamong the larger of recorded species andR. madagascariensisamong the smaller. All three species demonstrate subtle sexual dimorphism in observed traits with larger-bodied males vs. females. We explore seasonal variation in adult body condition by comparing observed body mass with body mass predicted by forearm length, demonstrating that pregnant females add weight during staggered gestation periods and males lose weight during the nutritionally-deficit Malagasy winter. Finally, we quantify forearm, tibia, and ear length growth rates in juvenile bats, demonstrating both faster growth and more protracted development times for the largestP. rufusspecies. The longer development period for the already-threatenedP. rufusfurther jeopardizes this species’ conservation status as human hunting of bats for subsistence is particularly detrimental to population viability during reproductive periods. The more extreme seasonal variation in the mass to forearm relationship forP. rufusmay also modulate immune function, an important consideration given these bats’ roles as reservoir hosts for several high profile viral families known to cause severe disease in humans. Our work highlights the importance of longitudinal field studies in collecting critical data for mammalian conservation efforts and human public health alike.
Single-nuclei RNA sequencing uncovers non-cell autonomous changes in cerebellar astrocytes and oligodendrocytes that may contribute to Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 (SCA1) pathogenesis
Authors: Borgenheimer Ella , Zhang Ying , Cvetanovic Marija
Published: October 2021

Glial cells, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are important for normal brain function. In many neurodegenerative diseases glial cells undergo significant morphological, functional and gene expression changes termed reactive gliosis. The cause, identity and neuroprotective or neurotoxic nature of these changes remains incompletely understood. This knowledge in needed to develop a framework of how individual pathological changes in glial cells contribute to progressive dysfunction and selective neuronal vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases. This is particularly relevant during the early disease stages that allow for the effective therapies and reversal or slowing of disease phenotypes. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal expansion of CAG repeats in the gene Ataxin1 (ATXN1). While mutant ATXN1 is expressed broadly throughout the brain, SCA1 is characterized by severe degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs). Despite major advances in dissecting the effects of mutant ATXN1 on Purkinje cells, much less is understood how cerebellar astrocytes and oligodendrocytes respond to and contribute to Purkinje cell dysfunction in SCA1. To address this question we performed cerebellar single nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA seq) of early disease stage Pcp2-ATXN1[82Q] mice, a transgenic SCA1 mouse model expressing mutant ATXN1 only in Purkinje cells. We found no changes in cell numbers in the SCA1 cerebellum. We validated previously indicated pathway and gene expression changes in the Purkinje cells, and identified novel DEG and pathways in Purkinje cells, including Ralyl that may provide compensatory roles and maintain PC function. Importantly we identified profound non-cell autonomous and potentially neuroprotective gene expression and pathway alterations in Bergman glia, velate astrocytes and oligodendrocytes that may contribute to disease pathogenesis.
The plastoglobule-localized AtABC1K6 is a Mn2+-dependent protein kinase necessary for timely transition to reproductive growth
Authors: Espinoza-Corral Roberto , Lundquist Peter K.
Published: October 2021

TheAbsence ofbc1Complex (ABC1) is an ancient, atypical protein kinase family that emerged prior to the archaeal-eubacterial divergence. Loss-of-function mutants in ABC1 genes are linked to respiratory defects in microbes and humans, and to compromised photosynthetic performance and stress tolerance in plants. However, demonstration of protein kinase activity remains elusive, hampering their study. Here, we investigate a homolog fromArabidopsis thaliana, AtABC1K6, and demonstratein vitroprotein kinase activity as autophosphorylation, which we replicate with a human ABC1 ortholog. We show that AtABC1K6 protein kinase activity requires an atypical buffer composition, including Mn2+as divalent cation co-factor and a low salt concentration. AtABC1K6 associates with plastoglobule lipid droplets ofA. thalianachloroplasts, along with five paralogs. Protein kinase activity associated with isolatedA. thalianaplastoglobules was inhibited at higher salt concentrations, but could accommodate Mg2+as well as Mn2+, indicating salt sensitivity, but not the requirement for Mn2+, may be a general characteristic of ABC1s. Loss of functional AtABC1K6 impairs the developmental transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. This phenotype is complemented by the wild-type sequence of AtABC1K6 but not by a kinase-dead point mutant in the unique Ala-triad of the ATP-binding pocket, demonstrating the physiological relevance of the protein’s kinase activity. We suggest that ABC1s are bona fide protein kinases with a unique regulatory mechanism. Our results open the door to detailed functional and mechanistic studies of ABC1s and plastoglobules.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT

TheAbsence ofbc1Complex (ABC1) is an ancient, atypical protein kinase family with enigmatic physiological roles in a wide range of species including plants, humans and microbes. While mutants demonstrate their critical role for organismal survival, their study has been severely hampered by the previous inability to determine catalytic function. Here, we demonstratein vitroprotein kinase activity with anA. thalianahomolog, AtABC1K6. Loss of functional AtABC1K6 impairs the developmental transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. The lack of phenotypic complementation with a kinase-dead point mutant demonstrates the physiological relevance of the protein’s kinase activity. Our results present the experimental means to investigate the targets, functions, and regulation of ABC1s.
Efficient, selectable marker free gene targeting in soybean using novel Ochrobactrum haywardense-mediated delivery
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Liu Zhan-Bin , Sanyour-Doyel Nathalie , Lenderts Brian , Worden Andrew , Anand Ajith , Cho Hyeon-Je , Bolar Joy , Harris Charlotte , Huang Lingxia , Xing Aiqiu , Richardson Alexandra
Published: October 2021

We report robust selectable marker-free gene targeting (GT) system in soybean, one of the most economically important crops. A novel efficient Ochrobactrum haywardense-mediated embryonic axis transformation method was used for the delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 components and donor template to regenerate T0 plants in 6-8 weeks after transformation. This approach generated up to 3.4% targeted insertion of the donor sequence into the target locus in T0 plants, with ∼ 90% mutation rate observed at the genomic target site. The GT was demonstrated in two genomic sites using two different donor DNA templates without a need of a selectable marker within the template. High-resolution Southern by Sequencing (SbS) analysis identified T1 plants with precise targeted insertion and without unintended plasmid DNA. Unlike previous low-frequency GT reports in soybean that involved particle bombardment-mediated delivery and extensive selection, the method described here is fast, efficient, reproducible, does not require selectable marker within the donor DNA, and generates non-chimeric plants with heritable GT.
Organizational citizenship behavior and job flexibility in Family-Responsible Companies: a study from the perspective of employee family situation
Authors: Arredondo-Trapero Florina Guadalupe , Vázquez-Parra José Carlos , González-Arredondo Ana Sofía
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The aim of this article is to analyze the relationship between the personal life situation and marital status of the worker and how this relates to organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and job flexibility. The study has been carried out with a group of Mexican employees from a commercial company located in the northeast of the México.

Design/methodology/approach

The research is a nonexperimental empirical study using t-test, Levene’s test and Cohen’s test to analyze the significant relationship between the variables under study for 419 employees. The questionnaire was applied only once without a control group against which to compare. The study was carried out in a commercial company located in a city in northeastern Mexico, covering four municipalities in the conurbation area.

Findings

The research reveals that those workers who participated in the study and who have direct family responsibilities show greater OCB and value job flexibility more highly. The tests also found that a flexible working policy is valued by all those with direct family responsibilities, regardless of their marital status. It is also shown that there is a positive relationship between job flexibility and OCB, although not a strong one.

Practical implications

Decent work implies labor policies that support women and men to have an adequate work–life balance. Companies seeking work–family balance through the implementation of policies such as flexible working arrangements should consider the domestic background of their employees, as this has a direct impact on competitive advantage and is of importance when recruiting and retaining human talent. These findings may also be useful for companies interested in implementing flexible working policies to retain employees with family responsibilities who value the ability to reconcile work and family life.

Originality/value

This research demonstrates the relevance of OCB and job flexibility for employees. If the company wants to enhance OCB, they must consider that personal situation as well as the employee's marital status influences OCB. They should also consider that work flexibility is highly valued by those employees who have children or family dependents.
What does well-being mean to mental health peer workers?
Authors: Edge Jenny , Wheatley Susan
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to gain a detailed understanding of their experience of well-being from the perspective of mental health peer workers.

Design/methodology/approach

An interpretative phenomenological analysis design using semi-structured interviews was conducted with four peer workers. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and then analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings

Participants described their experience of well-being in terms of a journey over time that followed an unpredictable course. They understood their well-being in terms of their engagement in occupations. An occupational science framework was used to understand the participants’ experience of their well-being in terms of doing, being and becoming.

Originality/value

This paper is among the first to approach the exploration of the experience of well-being for peer workers using an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis design.
A student-focused checklist for creating infographics
Authors: Kapel Scottie , Schmidt Krista
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This paper discusses efforts to produce instructional support objects for undergraduate students engaged in creating infographics, an alternative assignment growing in popularity at the authors' university.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors examined scholarly, professional, trade and open-web sources to identify best practices for design and data visualization for this type of assignment. They categorized their findings and used a preponderance-of-evidence method for final selection of relevant practices. The authors detail the creation of their support products (instructional checklists and example infographics) and offer recommendations for librarians engaged in similar efforts.

Findings

Despite the growing popularity of alternative assignments, guidance for best practices in data and design as they relate to student-created infographics is nascent, and best practices for design and data visualization in this context have yet to be concretely identified. Without extant guidance for student-created infographics, the authors developed a checklist of potential best practices for design and data visualization.

Practical implications

The use of alternative projects assigned in lieu of traditional research papers is growing. Additional guidance may be required for students creating non-traditional works as standards and best practices for these projects are under-developed in the academic setting. Librarians will want to consider their role in supporting students assigned to create an alternative project.

Originality/value

A consideration of best practices for data and design visualization for students designing research infographics has not yet been written.
Status quo of tet regulation in bacteria
Authors: Bertram Ralph , Neumann Bernd , Schuster Christopher F.
Published: October 2021

The tetracycline repressor (TetR) belongs to the most popular, versatile and efficient transcriptional regulators used in bacterial genetics. In the tetracycline (Tc) resistance determinant tet(B) of transposon Tn10, tetR regulates the expression of a divergently oriented tetA gene that encodes a Tc antiporter. These components of Tn10 and of other natural or synthetic origins have been used for tetracycline‐dependent gene regulation (tet regulation) in at least 40 bacterial genera. Tet regulation serves several purposes such as conditional complementation, depletion of essential genes, modulation of artificial genetic networks, protein overexpression or the control of gene expression within cell culture or animal infection models. Adaptations of the promoters employed have increased tet regulation efficiency and have made this system accessible to taxonomically distant bacteria. Variations of TetR, different effector molecules and mutated DNA binding sites have enabled new modes of gene expression control. This article provides a current overview of tet regulation in bacteria.
Modulation of dopamine release by ethanol is mediated by atypical GABAA receptors on cholinergic interneurons in the nucleus accumbens
Authors: Yorgason Jordan T. , Wadsworth Hillary A. , Anderson Elizabeth J. , Williams Benjamin M. , Brundage James N. , Hedges David M. , Stockard Alyssa L. , Jones Stephen T. , Arthur Summer B. , Hansen David Micah , Schilaty Nathan D. , Jang Eun Young , Lee Anna M. , Wallner Martin , Steffensen Scott C.
Published: October 2021

Previous studies indicate that moderate‐to‐high ethanol (EtOH) concentrations enhance dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the mesolimbic DA system from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and projecting to the nucleus accumbens core (NAc). However, voltammetry studies demonstrate that moderate‐to‐high EtOH concentrations decrease evoked DA release at NAc terminals. The involvement of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors (GABAARs), glycine (GLY) receptors (GLYRs) and cholinergic interneurons (CINs) in mediating EtOH inhibition of evoked NAc DA release were examined. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry, electrophysiology, optogenetics and immunohistochemistry techniques were used to evaluate the effects of acute and chronic EtOH exposure on DA release and CIN activity in C57/BL6, CD‐1, transgenic mice and δ‐subunit knockout (KO) mice (δ−/−). Ethanol decreased DA release in mice with an IC50 of 80 mM ex vivo and 2.0 g/kg in vivo. GABA and GLY decreased evoked DA release at 1–10 mM. Typical GABAAR agonists inhibited DA release at high concentrations. Typical GABAAR antagonists had minimal effects on EtOH inhibition of evoked DA release. However, EtOH inhibition of DA release was blocked by the α4β3δ GABAAR antagonist Ro15‐4513, the GLYR antagonist strychnine and by the GABA ρ1 (Rho‐1) antagonist TPMPA (10 μM) and reduced significantly in GABAAR δ−/− mice. Rho‐1 expression was observed in CINs. Ethanol inhibited GABAergic synaptic input to CINs from the VTA and enhanced firing rate, both of which were blocked by TPMPA. Results herein suggest that EtOH inhibition of DA release in the NAc is modulated by GLYRs and atypical GABAARs on CINs containing δ‐ and Rho‐subunits.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder and major depression among frontline healthcare staff working during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Wild Jennifer , McKinnon Aimee , Wilkins Abbie , Browne Haddi
Published: October 2021

Objectives

High rates of probable post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) have been reported for frontline healthcare staff during the COVID‐19 pandemic. However, rates determined by diagnostic assessment are unknown, as are the onset of symptoms and associated index events.

Methods

We assessed frontline healthcare staff with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐5.

Results

Forty‐four percent met criteria for PTSD and 39% met criteria for MDD. Twenty‐four percent reported COVID‐19 trauma as their index event, with the majority of staff reporting trauma that pre‐dated the pandemic. While PTSD was likely to be pre‐existing, MDD was more likely to develop during pandemic working.

Conclusion

These findings indicate the propensity of healthcare staff to experience a range of occupational and personal trauma associated with PTSD and the need to assess index trauma when diagnosing psychopathology in order to best understand the needs of this workforce.

Practitioner points

We found high diagnostic rates of PTSD (44%) and major depression (39%) among frontline healthcare staff working during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Although major depression developed during the pandemic, PTSD was more likely to be pre‐existing.

When assessing pandemic‐related psychopathology, it is important to assess the onset and index event related to symptoms.

Healthcare workers appear to have high rates of PTSD related to occupational and personal trauma, which warrants specific focus in service planning.
Identifying students who are off‐track academically at the start of secondary school: The role of social‐emotional learning trajectories
Authors: Soland James , Kuhfeld Megan
Published: October 2021

Background

Research shows that successfully transitioning from intermediate school to secondary school is pivotal for students to remain on track to graduate. Studies also indicate that a successful transition is a function not only of how prepared the students are academically but also whether they have the social‐emotional learning (SEL) skills to succeed in a more independent secondary school environment.

Aim

Yet, little is known about whether students’ SEL skills are stable over time, and if they are not, whether a student’s initial level of SEL skills at the start of intermediate school or change in SEL skills over time is a better indicator of whether the student will be off track academically in 9th grade. This study begins to investigate this issue.

Sample

We use four years of longitudinal SEL data from students in a large urban district with a sample size of ~3,000 students per timepoint.

Methods

We use several years of longitudinal SEL data to fit growth models for three constructs shown to be related to successfully transitioning to secondary school. In so doing, we examine whether a student’s mean SEL score in 6th grade (status) or growth between 6th and 8th grade is more predictive of being off track academically in 9th grade.

Result

Results indicate that, while status is more frequently significant, growth for self‐management is also predictive above and beyond status on that construct.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that understanding how a student develops social‐emotionally can improve identification of students not on track to succeed in high school.
Buy Today, Pay Tomorrow: Formal Credit Supply and Domestic Electrical and Electronic Goods Consumption in São Paulo's Urban Periphery
Authors: Lopes Dos Santos Kaue , Ferreira João Sette Whitaker
Published: October 2021

Since the beginning of the twenty‐first century, expansion of the formal credit supply in Brazil has promoted the ‘financial inclusion’ of the low‐income population, especially through instalment plans offered by large retail chains. This article aims to analyse the impacts of formal credit availability on the consumption of electrical and electronic goods by residents of Jardim Helena, a neighbourhood in São Paulo's periphery. Through the collection and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data, this study reveals how the instalment plan can stimulate consumption among the low‐income population, with a significant impact on household budgets, raising the risk of indebtedness.
A novel function of HRP‐3 in regulating cell cycle progression via the HDAC–E2F1–Cyclin E pathway in lung cancer
Authors: Yun Hong Shik , Lee Janet , Kim Ju‐Young , Sim Ye‐Ji , Lee Chang‐Woo , Park Jong Kuk , Kim Jae‐Sung , Ahn Jiyeon , Song Jie‐Young , Baek Jeong‐Hwa , Hwang Sang‐Gu
Published: October 2021

To improve the poor survival rate of lung cancer patients, we investigated the role of HDGF‐related protein 3 (HRP‐3) as a potential biomarker for lung cancer. The expression of endogenous HRP‐3 in human lung cancer tissues and xenograft tumor models is indicative of its clinical relevance in lung cancer. Additionally, we demonstrated that HRP‐3 directly binds to the E2F1 promoter on chromatin. Interestingly, HRP‐3 depletion in A549 cells impedes the binding of HRP‐3 to the E2F1 promoter; this in turn hampers the interaction between Histone H3/H4 and HDAC1/2 on the E2F1 promoter, while concomitantly inducing Histone H3/H4 acetylation around the E2F1 promoter. The enhanced Histone H3/H4 acetylation on the E2F1 promoter through HRP‐3 depletion increases the transcription level of E2F1. Furthermore, the increased E2F1 transcription levels lead to the enhanced transcription of Cyclin E, known as the E2F1‐responsive gene, thus inducing S‐phase accumulation. Therefore, our study provides evidence for the utility of HRP‐3 as a biomarker for the prognosis and treatment of lung cancer. Furthermore, we delineated the capacity of HRP‐3 to regulate the E2F1 transcription level via histone deacetylation.
Changes in oral health inequalities in adults in Chile
Authors: Borgeat Meza Marjorie , Espinoza Iris , Carvajal Paola , Cuevas Rosa
Published: October 2021

The adult population in Chile has a high prevalence of dental caries and non‐functional dentition. Fifteen years after the Health Reform, aimed to reduce health inequalities, it is necessary to analyse changes in social inequalities in oral health in Chilean adults.

Methods

A secondary analysis of data from 2003 and 2016–2017 National Health Surveys (NHS) in Chile was performed on seven oral health outcomes in adults: prevalence of untreated caries, prevalence of severe untreated caries, number of teeth with untreated caries, prevalence of functional dentition, prevalence of edentulism, number of remaining natural teeth and utilization of dental services. Inequalities were measured with the Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and the Relative Index of Inequality (RII) by education level.

Results

A decrease of caries inequalities measured with SII was observed from 2003 to 2016–17 NHS but an increase of remaining teeth inequalities was measured. The SII of the remaining teeth increased from 6.6 [95% CI = 5.0, 8.2] in 2003 to 8.8 [95% CI = 7.3, 10.3] in 2016–17. The SII of functional dentition by education increased from 29.0 [95% CI = 22.0, 36.0] in 2003 to 38.8 [95% CI = 32.6, 45.0]) in 2016–17. The utilization of dental services ≤1 year was the only outcome that showed a decrease in absolute and relative inequality, the SII was 33.9 [95% CI = 23.3, 45.6] in 2003 and 26.2 [95% CI = 16.6, 35.8] in 2016–17 and the RII decreased from 2.5 [95% CI = 1.7, 3.3] in 2003 to RII = 1.8 [95% CI = 1.4, 2.3] in 2016–17.

Conclusion

The increase of tooth loss inequalities in contrast to the decrease of inequalities in dental services utilization show the need to re‐evaluate the current dental programmes for adults in Chile. This may include establishing a stronger oral health promotion strategy and greater dental treatment coverage focusing on avoiding tooth extractions in vulnerable social groups.
β1‐receptor polymorphisms and junctional ectopic tachycardia in children after cardiac surgery
Authors: Dumeny Leanne , Chantra Marut , Langaee Taimour , Duong Benjamin Q. , Zambrano Daniel H. , Han Frank , Lopez‐Colon Dalia , Humma James F. , Dacosta Jonathan , Lovato Tommie , Mei Connie , Duarte Julio D. , Johnson Julie A. , Peek Giles J. , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Bleiweis Mark S. , Cavallari Larisa H.
Published: October 2021

Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is a potentially life‐threatening postoperative arrhythmia in children with specific congenital heart defects and can contribute significantly to postoperative morbidity for at‐risk populations. In adults, β1‐adrenergic receptor (ADRB1) and β2‐adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) genotypes have been associated with increased risk for arrhythmias. However, their association with arrhythmia risk in children is unknown. We aimed to test associations between ADRB1 and ADRB2 genotypes and postoperative JET in patients with congenital heart defects. Children who underwent cardiac surgery were genotyped for the ADRB1 p.Ser49Gly (rs1801252; c.145A>G), p.Arg389Gly (rs1801253; c.1165C>G), ADRB2 p.Arg16Gly (rs1042713; c.46A>G), and p.Glu27Gln (rs1042714; c.79G>C) polymorphisms. The occurrence of postoperative JET was assessed via cardiologist‐interpreted electrocardiograms. Genotype associations with JET were analyzed via logistic regression, adjusted for clinical variables associated with JET, with separate analysis in patients not on a β‐blocker. Of the 343 children included (median age 8 months, 53% boys, 69% European ancestry), 45 (13%) developed JET. The Arg389Arg genotype was not significantly associated with JET in the overall population (odds ratio [OR] = 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.96–4.03, p = 0.064), but was nominally associated in patients not taking a β‐blocker (n = 324, OR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.05–4.80. p = 0.034). None of the other variants were associated with JET. These data suggest that the ADRB1 Arg389Arg genotype may predict risk for JET following cardiac surgery in pediatric patients in the absence of β‐blockade. Whether treatment with a β‐blocker ameliorates this association requires further research.
Neonatal neurobehavior in infants with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Bradshaw Jessica , Shi Dexin , Hendrix Cassandra L , Saulnier Celine , Klaiman Cheryl
Published: October 2021

Aim

To investigate neurobehavioral maturation for neonates who are later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Method

In a prospective longitudinal design, neonatal neurobehavior was examined monthly in 1‐ to 3‐month‐old infants at elevated and low familial likelihood of ASD (n=60). At 2 years, infants were seen for a clinical best‐estimate evaluation, resulting in 18 infants with ASD and 36 typically developing infants. Repeated‐measures analysis of variance models were conducted to examine the effects of age, diagnostic group, and their interactions.

Results

Neurobehavioral maturation of infants diagnosed with ASD was largely comparable to typically developing infants from 1 to 3 months, with the exception of the development of attention. Object‐focused attention was significantly attenuated for infants with ASD beginning at 2 to 3 months and was predictive of social‐communication skills 2 years later.

Interpretation

This is the first study to prospectively examine neonatal neurobehavior of infants at an elevated familial likelihood of ASD who later received a diagnosis. Despite relatively intact neurological and behavioral maturation in the neonatal period, attention to objects emerged as a key early indicator of ASD. This suggests a complex attentional vulnerability within the first 3 months of life that may be associated with cascading sequelae of social‐communication challenges and the emergence of ASD.
The challenge of removing a mistaken price cap
Authors: Littlechild Stephen
Published: October 2021

The UK Competition and Markets Authority in 2016 calculated a detriment of £1.4 billion–2 billion in Great Britain's retail energy market, attributed to weak customer response. The government in 2019 imposed a tariff cap until competition is effective. I argue that the cap was a mistake: there was no such detriment and there are valid reasons for customers not changing supplier. The market was not previously uncompetitive and inefficient as suggested. The cap has rendered the sector loss‐making and led to supplier exit. The assessments of effective competition by the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets have been arbitrary and implausible. Some alternative ways ahead are noted, but latest government policy invokes behavioural economics to propose even greater intervention. A postscript discusses dramatic recent developments.
Parasitism of Neoconocephalus katydids by the parasitoid fly, Ormia lineifrons
Authors: Rogers Kyler J. , Beckers Oliver M.
Published: October 2021

Mating signals of insects do not only attract their intended receivers but also eavesdropping parasites and/or predators. As a result, an arms race between the host or prey and the eavesdropper ensues, propelling their co‐evolution and potentially contributing to their diversification. Here, we investigate the species interaction of the fly Ormia lineifrons that uses Neoconocephalus katydids as hosts for its lethal larvae. We surveyed the host use of O. lineifrons over a 2‐year period in Kentucky and determined which species were used as hosts, the parasitism rate of each katydid host, and how many generations per year the fly displays. Four of the six surveyed Neoconocephalus species were parasitized and killed (Neoconocephalus triops, Neoconocephalus velox, Neoconocephalus robustus, Neoconocephalus nebrascensis) by O. lineifrons. Three of these katydid species were previously not known to be hosts of O. lineifrons. Two of the six species were not parasitized in either year (Neoconocephalus bivocatus, Neoconocephalus retusus) even though O. lineifrons was active when they called. The parasitism rate of each host peaked between 38% and 100% across years. The fly had three distinct generations per year, and each generation used different katydid species as hosts. We discuss the importance of the synchronization of the three fly generations with their hosts as well as potential counteradaptations of the hosts. These semi‐independent arms races could provide valuable insights in the diversification of the hosts and their parasitoid.
Integration of electron beam technology into fresh produce wash water line: Effect of inoculum suspension medium and water quality parameters on the radioresistance of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 13311
Authors: Omac Basri , Moreira Rosana G. , Castell‐Perez Elena
Published: October 2021

Electron beam technology may be integrated into the fresh produce wash water line, as an advanced oxidation process (AOP). However, prior to implementation, effectiveness of the technology must be assessed. Hydroxyl radical scavengers were used to quantify the role of yield of hydroxyl radicals in inactivation of the selected pathogen in aqueous solution. The combined lethal effect of e‐beam treatment with aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution was also investigated. The radioresistance of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 13311 in deionized (DI) water, that is radiation D10 values, increased (p < .05) from 0.15 ± 0.00 kGy to 0.18 ± 0.00 kGy and to 0.19 ± 0.06 kGy when peptone water (PW) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was dissolved into DI water, respectively. Membrane‐permeable ethanol provided better protection for this pathogen than nonpermeable PEG. Results suggest that to minimize the protective effects of inoculating suspending media used for the preparation of Salmonella suspension, 1.0 mM phosphate buffer (PB) should be used in microbial studies of irradiated foods. Nitrate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reacting with hydrated electrons (eaq−) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH), respectively, induced more sequestering of ·OH. E‐beam treatment with 0.60 kGy dose in aqueous solution with H2O2 led to a reduction of 6.44 ± 0.03 log CFU/mL f S. Typhimurium ATCC 13311.
Effects of autophagy inhibition by chloroquine on hepatic stellate cell activation in CCl4‐induced acute liver injury mouse model
Authors: Le Trinh Van , Dinh Ngoc Bao Thi , Dang Minh Thanh , Phan Nhan Chinh Lu , Dang Loan Tung Thi , Grassi Gabriele , Holterman Ai Xuan Le , Le Huy Minh , Truong Nhung Hai
Published: October 2021

Background and Aim

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation, a critical event in liver fibrosis, has been recently shown to be related to autophagy. Determine whether chloroquine (CQ) could affect (i) the activation of HSC in vivo and (ii) the hepatic damage in a mice acute liver injury model.

Methods

The acute liver injury was induced in BALB/c mice by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 group); 24 h before and after CCl4 administration animals were treated by CQ (CCl4 + CQ group). As control, mice treated by olive oil were considered. After 48 h from CCl4/olive oil administration, blood samples, liver tissues, and HSCs were harvested for analysis.

Results

In vivo, CQ attenuates CCl4‐induced acute liver damage as evidenced by (i) the reduction of liver enlargement, (ii) the reduction of liver swelling and necrosis also supported by a certain decrease of circulating transaminases level, and (iii) the reduction of liver fibrosis evaluated by collagen deposition and α‐sma protein expression. In HSCs isolated from CQ treated group, we observed the inhibition of autophagy proved by the increase in p62 protein and the decrease of lc3 protein. In addition, CQ reduced the expression of the HSCs activation markers α‐sma/collagen‐I and down‐regulated the expression of the proliferative marker ki67.

Conclusion

The autophagy attenuation exerted by CQ together with the reduction of the expression of the proliferation marker in HSCs can lessen the acute liver damage potentially opening the way to novel therapeutic approaches for hepatic fibrosis.
Two novel pathogenic variants in MED13L: one familial and one isolated case
Authors: Carvalho L. M. L. , da Costa S. S. , Campagnari F. , Kaufman A. , Bertola D. R. , da Silva I. T. , Krepischi A. C. V. , Koiffmann C. P. , Rosenberg C.
Published: October 2021

Background

Genetic variants involving the MED13L gene can lead to an autosomal dominant syndrome characterised by intellectual disability/developmental delay and facial dysmorphism.

Methods

We investigated two cases (one familial and one isolated) of intellectual disability with speech delay and dysmorphic facial features by whole‐exome sequencing analyses. Further, we performed a literature review about clinical and molecular aspects of MED13L gene and syndrome.

Results

Two MED13L variants have been identified [MED13L(NM_015335.5):c.4417C>T and MED13L(NM_015335.5):c.2318delC] and were classified as pathogenic according to the ACMG (American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics) guidelines. One of the variants was present in sibs.

Conclusions

The two pathogenic variants identified have not been previously reported. Importantly, this is the first report of a familial case of MED13L nonsense mutation. Although the parents of the affected children were no longer available for analysis, their apparently normal phenotypes were surmised from familial verbal descriptions corresponding to normal mental behaviour and phenotype. In this situation, the familial component of mutation transmission might be caused by gonadal mosaicism of a MED13L mutation in a gonad from either the father or the mother. The case reports and the literature review presented in this manuscript can be useful for genetic counselling.
Subcutaneous etonogestrel implant combined with endometrial ablation for the treatment of adenomyosis: two case reports
Authors: Nie Le‐Kai , Zou Hong‐Li , Cheng Lei , Zhang Pei‐Hai
Published: October 2021

Adenomyosis is a common disease that affects many premenopausal women. Two patients with adenomyosis, aged 51 and 42 years, presented with dysmenorrhea and increased menstrual volume. They refused laparoscopy or laparotomy surgery and were not eligible for the levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system (LNG‐IUS). The first patient underwent endometrial ablation and subcutaneous etonogestrel (ENG)‐releasing implant placement at the same time. Her symptoms of dysmenorrhea and heavy menstruation improved significantly. When serum follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2) levels suggested menopause, the ENG‐releasing implant was removed. However, her abdominal pain recurred and was relieved by medication. For the second patient, an ENG‐releasing implant was placed first, and her dysmenorrhea and heavy menstrual volume were relieved. However, the bleeding pattern changed from regular bleeding to prolonged bleeding, which troubled the patient. Endometrial ablation was performed 4 months later to solve the problem. Both patients had improved symptoms and were satisfied with the treatment. For patients with adenomyosis who refuse surgery and are not candidates for the use of LNG‐IUS, an ENG‐releasing implant combined with endometrial ablation may be an effective alternative.
University–firm competition in basic research: Simultaneous versus sequential moves
Authors: Amir Rabah , Chalioti Evangelia , Halmenschlager Christine
Published: October 2021

This paper studies the endogenous timing of moves in a game with competition in basic research between a university and a commercial firm. It examines the conditions under which the two entities end up investing in innovation at equilibrium, both under simultaneous and sequential moves. It argues that when the innovation process is not too costly, under any timing, the firm conducts research despite the opportunities for complete free‐riding. The two sequential move games with either player as leader emerge as equilibrium endogenous timings, with both entities realizing higher profits in either outcome than in a simultaneous move game. Each entity also profits more by following than by leading. Finally, as a proxy for a welfare analysis, we compare the propensities for innovation across the three scenarios and find that university leadership yields a superior performance. This may be used as a selection criterion to choose the latter scenario as the unique outcome of endogenous timing.
Multilevel Governance and the Implementation of Inclusion Policy for Older Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in Canada
Authors: Dickson Daniel
Published: October 2021

This study analyzes the influence of Canadian provincial governance structures on support services for older adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Following multilevel governance (MLG) literature, it compares Ontario's more centralized governance structure with Québec's more disentangled multi‐jurisdictional structure by how they promote social inclusion—a guiding policy priority for disability and aging services. Despite their divergent MLG structures, the findings show that when accounting for implementation effects, Ontario and Québec are producing strikingly similar social inclusion outcomes, owing to the similar motivations of frontline workers. Interviewees in both provinces prioritized needs related to health and medication use, to the detriment of social inclusion goals, reflecting the “siloization” of aging and disability support services. Respondents also stressed the impracticality of person‐centered care within current funding models, thus defending divergence from a central policy priority in both provinces. This points to the importance of accounting for the input of policy implementers, whose resistance to overarching policy priorities confound structural differences in the production of policy outcomes.
If Confucius met Scanlon—Understanding filial piety from Confucianism and Contractualism
Authors: Sin William
Published: October 2021

How much should adult children sacrifice to care for their chronically ill parents? If parents commit crimes, should their children report them to the authorities? What are the demands of filial obligation in these cases? Traditionally, Confucians have favoured a somewhat stringent view of filial obligation. By this view, adult children have to provide long‐term care to their parents as well as place their parents' interests over any concerns of justice, should the two happen to conflict. I will call these stringent views the principles of filial caregiving and filial favoritism. In this paper, I will use Scanlon's Contractualism to analyze the two principles, and juxtapose the Contractualist analysis with the Confucian filial piety. By doing this, we sharpen Confucianism's critical elements, and highlight the coherence of Contractualism with this ethical ideology from a non‐analytic tradition.