bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monitoring and Enforcement in the Face of Sovereignty
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E
Published: October 2023

Monitoring and enforcement provisions probably provide more opportunities for contention than any other single aspect of international treaty negotiation. In the environmental arena, the obvious reason for building monitoring provisions into global agreements is to catch and punish non compliers. However, even if all parties to a treaty do everything required, the threat that prompted their treaty-making efforts might not be diminished. If the diagnosis of the problem, for instance, turned out to be wrong or the prescriptions were inadequate—because the scientists miscalculated, the politicians settled for too little, or the problem shifted in an important way—the results will be disappointing. Thus, there are other reasons for putting monitoring provisions into place, including learning more about the threat, determining how to adjust provisional standards and targets, and understanding how to build institutional capacity to respond more effectively.
Charcot’s Death and Legacy
Authors: Goetz Christopher G , Bonduelle Michel , Gelfand Toby
Published: October 2023

Like many physicians who ignore the prescriptions they give to their own patients, Charcot led a professional and private life that did not include rest or particular attention to health. He ate heavily, smoked excessively, and maintained a level of activity of unceasing intensity. Even when traveling, he consulted, and his visits to museums included analyses of neurological illness in art. In December 1887, he presented a case of neurasthenia, and in deriding the “American illness,” he in fact described aspects of his own lifestyle: “Many Americans have a particular way of working. They do the same type of work over and over, sometimes for years. They overdo it, they give up their life for their work, nothing distracts them from it” (Charcot, LM, December 13, 1887).
Jean Starobinski: The History of Psychiatry as the Cultural History of Consciousness
Authors: Vidal Fernando
Published: October 2023

The name of the Genevan critic Jean Starobinski will most likely evoke masterful readings of Rousseau and Montaigne or insightful reconstructions of the world of the Enlightenment. With the possible exception of the history of melancholy, much more rarely will it be associated with the history of psychiatry, or more generally with that of the human sciences. A small number of the critic’s contributions to these fields have appeared in some of his books. Most of them, however, remain scattered, and nothing suggests that they are known as widely as they deserve. Yet Starobinski’s historical work is exemplary in its perspective on the problematic relations between psychological concepts and experiences, and between medical thought and the larger culture. He is one of those rare scholars who successfully straddle the “two cultures,” combining literary elegance with medical training, and a truly cosmopolitan erudition with an uncommon openness to the various humanistic disciplines.1

Starobinski’s oeuvre has won him a wide reputation and several prestigious awards. Whole issues of such different reviews as the Centre Pompidou’s refined Cahiers pour un temps and the more popular Magazine litteraire have been devoted to his work. These honors acknowledge his insights into the fabric of European culture from the Enlightenment to the present, as well as his outstanding literary qualities. Nevertheless, although Starobinski is a major figure of the European intellectual landscape, the reason that the writings to be presented here remain less known and influential than those of other authors included in this volume is perfectly simple.

Starobinski is not primarily a historian of psychiatry; his approach and style are not typical of the profession, do not correspond to its major specialized interests, and do not follow prevailing academic currents. Nor are they likely to inaugurate methodologies, lead to crucial empirical findings, or dispense definite interpretive frameworks. The history of science, including that of psychiatry, is inherently porous; its boundaries are, and must, remain open; it is riddled with questions of definition and delimitation; most of its subject matter calls for transdisciplinary research and for extended connections with social and cultural history.
A History of Freud Biographies
Authors: Young-Bruehl Elisabeth
Published: October 2023

Psychoanalysis is unique among the sciences for many reasons, but certainly the most important is its completely exceptional mode of transmission from one generation of practitioners and researchers to the next. It is the one science, even the one type of psychology, that is practiced upon its future practitioners as the key ingredient of their training. Not simply a course of study nor even an apprenticeship is required of the future practitioners, but insight in the science’s own terms, and self-alteration. Psycho analysis is not learned, it is incorporated and an identification is formed with it.
The History of the Asylum Revisited: Personal Reflections
Authors: Grob Gerald N
Published: October 2023

More than thirty years ago a colleague asked me a seemingly innocuous question about the history of psychiatry and the mentally ill. Intellectual curiosity then led me on a scholarly odyssey that began with a study of a single hospital and state, and concluded with a three-volume work that attempted to provide a comprehensive narrative of the ways in which American society managed the human, social, and economic problems associated with mental illnesses. At the time there was virtually no indication that the subject would become the focal point of a rich and controversial debate that served to act as a catalyst for research and a means of illuminating relationships between social structures and individual behavior. In this essay I should like to recount and to evaluate—employing both historiographical and autobiographical perspectives—the transformation of a marginal subject into one that has engaged historians, physicians, social and behavioral scientists, policy analysts, and public officials.
Kennedy and Johnson: Confrontation and Cooperation, 1961-1969
Authors: Powaski Ronald E
Published: October 2023

At the beginning of John F. Kennedy’s presidency, the Soviets indicated that they were prepared to improve relations with the United States. Khrushchev warmly congratulated the new president on his inauguration day and released two U.S. Air Force officers whose RB-47 reconnaissance plan had been shot down over Soviet territory the preceding July. Kennedy responded to these gestures by removing restrictions on the importation of Soviet crabmeat and by proposing a mutual increase in the number of consulates and scientific and cultural exchanges.
The Reagan Cold War, 1981-1989
Authors: Powaski Ronald E
Published: October 2023

Like the overwhelming majority of America’s Cold War presidents, Ronald Reagan entered the White House in January 1981 with almost no background in national security affairs. Before entering the political arena, he had been in movies and in television. His only direct military experience occurred during World War ll, when he served in the armed forces making training and documentary films. His first and only elected political position prior to the presidency was the governorship of California, a position he held from 1966 to I 974. However, unlike most of his predecessors, Reagan was not particularly cager to master national security issues. This was demonstrated repeatedly during his presidency by his inability to explain them in any detail.
George Bush and the End of the Cold War, 1989-1991
Authors: Powaski Ronald E
Published: October 2023

The presidency of George Bush, who succeeded Ronald Reagan in January 1989, witnessed the end of the Cold War, the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, and the disintegration of the Soviet Union itself. During Bush’s presidency, the development of a new, post-Cold War relation¬ ship between the United States and what would become the successor states to the Soviet Union began. The new relationship would be characterized by cooperation rather than the confrontation that had been the hallmark of the Cold War.
Introduction
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

Michael Dukakis looked “like Patton on his way to Berlin,” observed NBC’s Chris Wallace (September 13, 1988). “[A] Massachusetts Rambo on the prowl,” noted CBS’s Bruce Morton the same evening. Footage of that ride was resurrected by a Bush attack ad that pilloried Dukakis’s supposed positions. “Dukakis opposed virtually every weapons system developed,” declared the ad in the first of its false statements about the Democrat. The Massachusetts Democrat responded with an ad in which he turned off a set showing the Bush ad. ‘‘I’m fed up with it,” said Dukakis. “George Bush’s negative ads are full of lies and he knows it.
Introduction
Authors: Baker C Edwin
Published: October 2023

Despite nearly universal acclaim for the value of free speech, little agreement exists concerning its scope. Do rock concerts, cigarette ads, pornography, libelous statements, racial slurs, coercive threats, incitements to crime, political lies, and commercial fraud constitute “speech” or expression covered by the notion of free speech? Are draft-card burnings, picketing, hair styles, and nude dancing forms of expressive conduct that should be treated as speech? Do group boycotts, intimate consensual sexual activity, parades, and sit-ins constitute “peaceable assemblies” (or speech) for constitutional purposes? By exploring several possible rationales for freedom of speech, and defending one, this book will address the issue of coverage.
Infection in the Organ Transplant Recipient
Authors: Rubin Robert H , Tolkoff-Rubin Nina E
Published: October 2023

Solid-organ transplantation has been an important approach to the treatment of failure of kidneys, liver, heart, lung, and pancreas over the past three decades. Initially the immunosuppressive regimens used to prevent allograft rejection were broad in their effects (high-dose glucocorticosteroids and azathioprine) and frequently complicated by infections which could culminate in either the death of the transplant recipient, or because of the need to reduce immunosuppression, sacrifice of the transplanted organ through rejection.
Punishment, Redress, and Pardon: Theoretical and Psychological Approaches
Authors: Roht-Arriaza Naomi
Published: October 2023

Most of this book is concerned with legal and political responses to the question of impunity, both as a matter of general international law and of national experiences. The present chapter looks at the normative bases for combating impunity. As a general proposition, societies may view the question from the point of view of the offender—which raises the general question of how and why a society punishes—and from the point of view of the victim, raising a series of issues around redress. The inquiries are distinct but not separate because punishment of offenders may itself be a form of redress for victims, whereas measures like truth telling, aimed at redress, may have punitive aspects.
Romania: A Persistent Culture of Impunity
Authors: Rekosh Edwin
Published: October 2023

Romania’s recent history differs significantly from that of its Central and Eastern European neighbors, most of which experienced “velvet” revolutions in 1989. In Romania, the revolution was not velvet. When the change came, it was as bloody as it was swift and unexpected. After an apparently spontaneous uprising in December 1989, a new elite quickly emerged to guide the country through its transition. At first the new elite had the broad support of Romanian society. Before long, however, the leadership split, and an opposition developed in response to a growing perception that the Romanian revolution was being managed by a clique that, at best, represented an anti-Ceausescu faction of the establishment.
Overview
Authors: Roht-Arriaza Naomi
Published: October 2023

The urgently felt need to come to terms with the recent past in Latin America stems in part from the extreme nature and particular characteristics of the prior human rights violations. Military and security forces, aided and encouraged by civilian elites who were afraid of growing oppositional movements, jailed, tortured, forcibly disappeared, and summarily killed persons who were considered politically dangerous. Often these crimes were justified in the eyes of the perpetrators as necessary to stave off a Communist insurgency, although the victims extended far beyond those waging armed antigovernment actions. There was little attempt to legalize such crimes; rather, in the case of disappearances, massacres, and summary executions, the regimes denied any involvement, blaming private death squads, “unknown men,” or guerrilla groups. The worst violations generally took place under a state of emergency, with the executive ruling by decree. Although nominally civilian governments may have existed, the real power was the military and/or security forces. Even after a transition to an elected civilian government, in most countries the military continues to play a leading role in national life. In contrast, both the legislative and judicial branches of government, although nominally independent, have been weak and played —if any —a negative role in protecting human rights during the dark years.
Punishing Human Rights Abuses in Fledgling Democracies: The Case of Argentina
Authors: Malamud-Cati Jaime
Published: October 2023

In the 1990s, Argentine society exhibits two odd and striking characteristics. The first is the extremely fragmented views of the citizenry concerning what happened during the 1974–83 period, in which state-sponsored human rights violations took place. As a consequence, the significance of the human rights trials set up during the subsequent Alfonsin administration is also controversial. The second peculiarity is a clear inconsistency between the fervent popular support of those trials (of human rights abuses) and present indicators that the populace is ready to elect authoritarian rulers and acquiesce again to police brutality. A new campaign of police abuse has met with little public reaction, and in the 1991 elections, candidates representing extremely authoritarian views had an astonishing appeal. Military officers running for provincial governorships and seats in the lower house captured a substantial portion of the electorate. This appeal was not diminished by the fact that these candidates had either represented the delinquent military dictatorship in the same jurisdictions where they were running in 1991 or had stood up against the elected government of President Raul Alfonsfn to have the trials terminated.’
South Africa: Negotiating Change?
Authors: Berat Lynn
Published: October 2023

When the ruling National Party (NP) came to power in South Africa in 1948 with its slogan “apartheid,” the country, which had long had discriminatory laws, rapidly adopted an elaborate system of legislation aimed at enforcing its racist social engineering programs. Over time, as antiapartheid protests within the country grew, the government enacted an ever-more draconian array of security laws that gave its security forces—the police and the military—sweeping powers to arrest and detain without trial persons opposed to its reign. In the early 1960s, following one particularly marked period of unrest, the government banned the leading antiapartheid organizations such as the African National Congress (ANC) and imprisoned their leaders, most notably Nelson Mandela. Consequently, many antiapartheid groups went underground while thousands of their members fled the country.
Intellectual Radicalization and Economic Crisis
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M
Published: October 2023

The period between 1786 and the law of Emancipation of Prussian Jews in 1812 was not only a time of struggle for political rights, it was also marked by considerable turnover in the Berlin Jewish elite. The two decades following the Seven Years War had been a time of the rise of an elite of coin millionaires and silk manufacturers to the top of the economic ladder in the Berlin Jewish community. That group, made up at least in the first generation of men who combined a respect for tradition with a desire for Western culture, was instrumental in protecting and encouraging the Jewish Enlightenment during its moderate phase. The decline (and in some cases the collapse) of the families that had led Berlin Jewry during the beginnings of its modernization, like the struggle for political rights, had a destabilizing effect on the tender balance of tradition with modernity found in the first generation of change. By the late l 790s the tight elite that had ruled Berlin Jewry was being challenged for leadership by new families whose views often differed from those of the Itzig and Ephraim families, whose influence had formerly dominated. The rise and fall of families was certainly no new phenomenon. Nor had periodic economic crises been unknown before 1786.1 Still, the gradual changes in leadership that took place between 1786 and 1812 had more impact than any changes since the Seven Years War. In the course of that quarter-century the dominant role of the three coin millionaire families and of the government-aided silk manufacturers declined.
FDR’s “Court-packing” Plan
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E
Published: October 2023

Franklin Roosevelt’s proposal to pack the Supreme Court in 1937 bore the mark of a proud sovereign who after suffering many provocations had just received a new confirmation of power. In November 1936, the President had won the biggest electoral victory in the annals of the two­ party system, but his sense of triumph was flawed by the realization that it was incomplete. Even though he controlled the Executive office and could expect to have his way with Congress, where he had led his party to a smashing victory, the third branch, the Supreme Court, seemed intractable. Four of the Justices-James McReynolds, Pierce Butler, Willis Van Devanter, and George Sutherland-were such staunch conservatives that almost every time either the Solicitor General, Stanley Reed, or the Attorney General, Homer S. Cummings, went into court, he knew he had four votes against him, if he lost even one of the remaining five, he would be beaten. Three judges—Louis Brandeis, Harlan Fiske Stone, and Benjamin Cardozo—would approve most of the New Deal laws. But if either of the two Justices in the center—Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes or Owen Roberts—moved into the camp of the “Four Horsemen,” FDR’s program would perish in the courtroom.
“Expulsion of the Salvages”: English Policy and the Virginia Massacre of 1622
Authors: Vaughan Alden T
Published: October 2023

Two antithetical versions of Anglo-Indian relations have dominated the histarical literature on early Virginia. Both acknowledge the physical and psychological devastation of I622, when an uprising led by the Powhatan kader opechancanough almost exterminated the colony and instantly persuaded imperial spokesmen that the Indians in general were a problem to be overcome rather than an opportunity to be encouraged. But one school of interpretation emphasizes the harmony—imperfect but improving—that existed before I622; the other stresses the persistence of antagonism, in both attitudes and actions, between Indians and colonists from I 60 7 until the (virtually inevitable) expansion under opechancanough.
Chapter Eight
Authors: Vaughan Alden T
Published: October 2023

Because the Pequot War of I 637 does not resonate today for most readers as profoundly as do the origins of slavery and racism, arguments over its causes have attracted less attention. Yet among specialists in early American ethnohistory, the event has generated a good deal of heat and even some useful light, especially in the last decade or so. The event is a favorite, too, of historians who do not ordinarily focus on American colonial history or American race relations, for it seems at first glance to be a blatant case of frontier aggression—the first phase in Anglo-America’s long imperialist career. But as most historians who have worked closely with the evidence have discovered, simple explanations do not readily reflect the complexity of the evidence. Not only was the event multifaceted in its causal ingredients (as most wars are), it suffers, too, from the absence of documentary evidence on the Pequots’ side and therefore defies definitive explanation. The modern literature on this subject is accordingly rich and controversial.
Comparisons, Contrasts, and Implications
Authors: Patrick Hugh T
Published: October 2023

The financial systems of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan have not just grown; they have been profoundly transformed over time. The process has been evolutionary and incremental, driven by real economic growth and the attendant growth and change in demand for various types of financial services. The most momentous change was triggered by a conscious government decision in each country-in Japan in the 1970s and in Taiwan and Korea in the 1980s-to liberalize and make more market-competitive what had been heavily regulated, domestically closed, and somewhat repressed financial systems.
Foreordained Failure
Authors: Smith Steven D
Published: October 2023

Ever since the Supreme Court began enforcing the First Amendment’s religion clauses in the 1940s, courts and scholars have tried to distil the meaning of those clauses into a useable principle of religious freedom. In this highly original work, Smith criticizes the main positions in the debate and explains their misconceptions. He argues that efforts to find a principle of religious freedom in the “ original meaning” are fruitless because the clauses were purely jurisdictional in nature: they were meant to place authority over questions of religion with the states, and nothing more. Contending that the perennial quest to distil religious freedom into a “ principle,” is futile, Smith advocates a fundamental reassessment of the premises upon which courts have proceeded in this area.
Values, Nature, and Culture in the American Corporation
Authors: Frederick William C
Published: October 2023

In Values, Nature, and Culture in the American Corporation, distinguished ethicist William Frederick explores issues of fundamental importance to all who aspire to conduct their business affairs ethically. He begins with an examination of the three value systems in business that are basically incompatible, and therefore in constant tension. The first is the need for managers to efficiently allocate resources for maximum profits. The second is the natural tendency for managers, in pursuit of the first goal, to accumulate power for its own sake. The third is the desire for people in the community to create relationships that will perpetuate these communities. Frederick brings in a range of ideas and concepts from the social sciences as well as the natural sciences to illuminate his discussion. In the final section of the book he explores a range of issues of current concern to managers, including corporate culture and technology.
Ineffective Erythropoiesis and Hemolysis
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis are mechanisms of anemia characterized by erythroid hyperproliferation with increased cell loss, either in the marrow (ineffective erythropoiesis) or in the circulation (hemolysis). One form of anemia characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis, sideroblastic anemia, has already been considered in Chapter 5. Other forms of anemia characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis are megaloblastic anemia, thalassemia, and the anemias due to myelodysplastic syndromes. Ineffective erythropoiesis is characterized by increased cell loss in the bone marrow (intramedullary hemolysis), leading to anemia. Ineffective erythropoiesis is the major pathophysiologic mechanism leading to anemia in several diverse hematologic conditions, including sideroblastic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, thalassemia, congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, and the myelodysplastic syndromes. These anemias are characterized by cellular metabolic defects leading to premature cell death in the bone marrow. In sideroblastic anemia, the metabolic defect is in heme biosynthesis, resulting in accumulation of iron in mitochondria and cell death (see section on sideroblastic anemia in Chapter 5).
Mast Cell Disorders
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Mast cell disorders are considered with the myeloproliferative disorders since mast cells are derived from pluripotential bone marrow stem cells and mast cell proliferations may be associated with both myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic disorders (Travis et al, 1988). The disorders of mast cells include systemic mastocytosis, mast cell leukemia, and the “eosinophilic fibrohistiocytic lesion,” a mast cell lesion of uncertain significance. Systemic mastocytosis is a generalized proliferative disorder of mast cells involving the bone marrow, liver, spleen, and other organs. Systemic mastocytosis is a generalized mast cell proliferation. Mast cell disease may be confined to the skin (urticaria pigmentosa) or be generalized with or without skin involvement (systemic mastocytosis). Urticaria pigmentosa is most common in childhood and is usually self-limited, but may be associated with the development of systemic mastocytosis. Adults with urticaria pigmentosa more commonly progress to systemic mastocytosis. Systemic mastocytosis is associated with an underlying hematologic disorder (most commonly a myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative disorder) in approximately one-third of cases (Travis et al, 1988). Patients with systemic mastocytosis frequently present with symptoms of hyperhistaminemia (flushing, hypotension, angioedema, dermatographism, diarrhea, abdominal pain), hepatosplenomegaly, or skeletal disease (bone pain, osteoporosis, osteosclerosis).
The Human Development Paradigm
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

The rediscovery of human development is not a new invention. It is a tribute to the early leaders of political and economic thought. The idea that social arrangements must be judged by the extent to which they promote “human good” dates at least to Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). He argued that “wealth is evidently not the good we are seeking, for it is merely useful and for the sake of something else.” He distinguished a good political arrangement from a bad one by its successes and failures in enabling people to lead “flourishing lives”.Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) continued the tradition of treating human beings as the real end of all activities when he observed: “So act as to treat humanity, whether in their own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end withal, never as means only.” And when Adam Smith (1723-90), that apostle of free enterprise and private initiative, showed his concern that economic development should enable a person to mix freely with others without being “ashamed to appear in publick”, he was expressing a concept of poverty that went beyond counting calories-a concept that integrated the poor into the mainstream of the community. A similar strain was reflected in the writings of the other founders of modern economic thought, including Robert Malthus, Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill.
Dangerous Relations: Beneš and Stalin in Hitler’s Shadow, 1933-1935
Authors: Lukes Igor
Published: October 2023

Edvard Benes had no illusion that his country could rely on its own strength alone. He fully shared Masaryk’s view that Czechoslovakia needed an ally on which it could always depend. That role was to belong to Paris. In the early 1920s France was the most important, and the mightiest, European power, and policymakers in Prague should have been delighted by clear signals that the French were ready to sign a diplomatic treaty with Czechoslovakia that would contain a firm military component. Others would have gladly seized the opportunity to tie their fate to that of the French superpower. But Masaryk and Benes saw that there were problems. They wanted French protection, but they were not at all eager for Czechoslovakia to become a pawn in a French militaristic scheme against Germany; they feared that Paris intended for Prague to play the role of a needle that was to cause discomfort, if not pain, in Berlin. This made no sense to them. After all, Czechoslovakia enjoyed good political relations with Weimar Germany in the early 1920s, and the two countries had strong economic ties as well. Masaryk and Benes saw no reason to sacrifice this situation in order to diminish French fears of German revenge. Moreover, Prague was worried that an agreement with Paris directed against Germany would only drive Berlin closer to Hungary, the source, from Prague’s perspective, of real danger. Although Germany had no claim on Czechoslovak territory, Hungary did.
Joaquim Maria Machado De Assis
Authors: Gledson John
Published: October 2023

0ne evening just lately, as I was coming back from town to Engenho Novo* on the Central line train, I met a young man from this neighborhood, whom I know by sight: enough to raise my hat to him. He greeted me, sat down next to me, started talking about the moon and ministerial comings and goings, and ended up reciting some of his verses. The journey was short, and it may be that the verses were not entirely bad. But it so happened that I was tired, and closed my eyes three or four times; enough for him to interrupt the reading and put his poems back in his pocket.
Sacred Trust: The Medieval Church as an Economic Firm
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B
Published: October 2023

The Church dominated society in the Middle Ages and functioned as a quasi-government, providing public and private goods. This book is the first to examine specific institutions in the Church in the Middle Ages in economic terms. Other books have argued generally that the Church either had a positive or negative effect on economic development. The authors of this book look more closely at the actual Church institutions and practices and describe how each functioned as a part of the larger economy of the time. They focus especially on marriage, usury, heresy, the crusades, and the monasteries. It is not their purpose to reject or impugn religious motives that may be advanced by theologians and historians. Their goal is to bring a fresh perspective to the role of institutions of the medieval Church in economic development.
Assessing Patients’ Capacities To Consent To Treatment
Authors: Grisso Thomas , Appelbaum Paul S
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 4 we considered those circumstances in which a clinician might want to assess a patient’s capacities to consent to treatment. Here we describe how that assessment should be performed, including (1) who should undertake the task, (2) the components, and (3) steps that can be taken to improve patients’ performance.
Introduction
Authors: Dagger Richard
Published: October 2023

Since at least the seventeenth century, the concept of rights has figured prominently in political debate, especially in the English-speaking parts of the world. It is no surprise, then, to find individuals and groups of almost every persuasion stating their cases nowadays in terms of rights. What is surprising is the growing reaction against these ubiquitous appeals to rights. According to a number of commentators, popular as well as scholarly, people have become too concerned with rights. In the United States in particular, they argue, we are caught in the grip of a crippling preoccupation with rights.
Creating and Dividing the Audience, 1640-60
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

When the corantos delivered information from the edge of the known world it had not been difficult for government to break the news habit. Even when freed from restraint in 1638, the news industry, such as it was, did not revive. But things were different by the 1650s, after periodical news had held up a mirror to readers so that they could recognize themselves among the issues and the forces of the day. The Civil War created a need for periodical news that most times do not, and news gave the nation the means of facing the issue of social unity and social divisions. The effect, in dividing the nation, would linger into periods in which periodicals maintained the divisions, and when a communications revolution would produce a cultural revolution.
The Coffeehouse as a Periodical Medium, 1660–80
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

Rather than imagine that periodical news is primarily to provide information about the world, it is possible to see its job as starting the discussion necessary to create an authentic public opinion. If one takes that view, it would follow that accurate or important information-always problematical-is not absolutely necessary to its purpose. Its function could be well served even at a time when the news industry was at low tide, which was certainly the case during Restoration England. In the 1670s, with little more than the official London Gazette, the high-brow Philosophical Transactions, the skeletal London Bills of Mortality, and occasional political pamphlets to discuss, there was a vital cultural life and a rising political debate-all because of the opportunity to discuss things in periodic visits to one’s favorite coffeehouse. One did not have to visit every day, any more than one had to see a paper every day, to be shaped by the news consciousness fostered in those surroundings.
Living in a Permanent Revolution
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

Quotes like these make us wary of criticizing our news media and watchful of any threat to press freedom. Though we may rail against the bias of editors or incompetence of reporters, we seem unshaken in our conviction that news is vital and part of the natural order. One might, indeed, claim that our society is literally based on a communion in the news. On the other hand, we also have a feeling that modem societies are in some respects dysfunctional. We should consider connecting these two notions.One problem in our thinking is to assume that news means periodical news and a news industry. As we face a future in which news is likely to be more irregular and gathered to suit individual need, we can begin to gain a perspective on what the commodification of information has meant over the last four centuries. Has the significance or the truth of commercially produced news ranked as high as some other values? And how has the structure of periodical news, quite aside from its content, shaped our minds? For one can resist the ideas one encounters more easily than one can resist the form of the underlying discourse. In facing such questions, reviewing the origins of English journalism offers a fresh perspective. It may also help us to understand why the market for news seems to be declining, even as the industry matures.
The Church Viewed through Political and Clerical Lenses
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai
Published: October 2023

Mexko passed through one of the most economically and politically dynamic stages of its development in the 1980s and 1990s. The Catholic Church and Catholicism were witnesses to, and active ingredients in, ongoing alterations in Mexican society. It is fortuitous that field research for this project began at this juncture, especially since no one would have predicted a newly formalized relationship between church and state in the mid-1980s.
Epidemiology: The Foundation of Public Health
Authors: Brownson Ross C
Published: October 2023

Epidemiology has a rich, yet relatively brief history in determining the underlying causes of numerous health conditions and in assessing the effectiveness of preventive strategies and technologies. In part because it is such a new science, epidemologists have focused much of their attention over the past few decades on the development and refinement of research methods; less emphasis has been placed on how to effectively apply epidemiologic principles to public health and health care.
Epidemiologic Issues in the Design of Community Intervention Trials
Authors: Koepsell Thomas D
Published: October 2023

If epidemiology is the branch of science that seeks to understand the determinants of disease occurrence in populations, and if one such determinant is the effectiveness of organized efforts to prevent disease and promote health (Terris 1992a), then evaluation of these programs is a form of applied epidemiology. This chapter concerns controlled evaluations of interventions aimed at entire communities in order to prevent disease or promote health. For present purposes, a community trial is defined as a study that involves at least one intervention site in which a community-wide health promotion or disease prevention program is implemented, and at least one control site without such an intervention that is studied concurrently, whether or not randomization is used to assign communities to treatment groups.
The Great Depression
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E
Published: October 2023

Among the many things the Great Depression tumbled upside down, not the least was the relationship between the United States and the rest of the world. For two centuries, Americans had cherished the belief that they had developed a unique civilization which must be safeguarded against the contaminations of Europe. The Wall Street crash of October 1929 reversed these historic roles: the plague of the Great Depression began in the United States and spread to other lands. Europe, which in the 192o’s had envied America its robust health, in the 193o’s watched nervously for any new signs of contagion from the New World. The disease took a far more violent form in the United States than in other countries. In nations such as France, the depression arrived later and was never so severe; unemployment, in particular, did not reach the appalling levels of joblessness in America.
Four Building Cultures in History
Authors: Davis Howard
Published: October 2023

The four building cultures described in this chapter—of the medieval city, Renaissance Florence, London in 1760, and New York in the 1890s—differ from the traditional village or the contemporary Third World informal settlement not only in the kinds of buildings that are produced but also in the much larger role that formal institutions play. This role increased over history, and as knowledge about building became more and more concentrated, the traditional locus of skill and design understanding began to disappear.
Changing Claims About Justice in Research: An Introduction and Overview
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey P , Mastroianni Anna C , Sugarman Jeremy
Published: October 2023

Patients with life-threatening, devastating diseases, perhaps most notably cancer and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), clamor for access to clinical trials.1 Federal policies governing research in the United States that once emphasized protecting subjects from dangerous research through such measures as informed consent and an assessment of risks and benefits of this research by institutional review boards (IRBs) now also promote access to clinical research. New requirements in these policies emphasize issues of selection of subject populations and the equitable distribution of the benefits and burdens of research participation across society.
Implementing Justice in a Changing Research Environment
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey P , Mastroianni Anna C , Sugarman Jeremy
Published: October 2023

When considered in aggregate, the cases and issues examined in this volume suggest that what justice requires varies among contexts. This is, in part, because the scope of concerns regarding justice is enlarging as the effects of medical research on the welfare of large numbers of people are increasing in significance. Moreover, the potential benefits of medical research make claims of competing interests for a fair share of these benefits quite relevant. As described in Chapter 9, the requirements of justice are increasingly the subject of public debate and scholarly controversy.
Hate Crime Laws
Authors: Jacobs James B , Potter Kimberly
Published: October 2023

Our single most effective weapon is the law. I implore you to support the Bias Related Violence and Intimidation Act I have proposed, and make it clear to the people of this state that behaviour based on bias will not be ignored or tolerated.
Social Construction of a Hate Crime Epidemic
Authors: Jacobs James B , Potter Kimberly
Published: October 2023

It is widely believed that since the mid-1980s the United States has been experiencing a hate crime epidemic. This belief has been expressed over and over again by politicians, journalists, scholars, and spokespersons for racial, religious, gay and lesbian, and other advocacy groups. Leo McCarthy, lieutenant governor of California, declared that “[t]here is an epidemic of hate crimes and hate violence rising in California”;1 Mississippi State Senator Bill Minor warned, “this is the type of crime that easily spreads like an epidemic.”2 The District Attorney for St. Paul, Minnesota claimed that state and local governments faced a “massive increase in hate crimes.”3 A journalist for the San Francisco Chronicle wrote that “hate-motivated violence is spreading across the United States in 'epidemic’ proportions.”4 Dr. Arthur Caliandro, cochair of the religious group, Partnership of Faith, termed hate crimes “a virus that has turned into a disease that has grown into an epidemic.”5 A New Tork Times journalist characterized the incidence of hate crime as “rain[ing] down hard and heavy,” and as “a recent explosion.”6 The Boston Globe claimed that “incidents of racial and religious harassment or intimidation have skyrocketed.”7 An article in the National Law Journal characterized the 1990s as “the decade of hate—or at least, of hate crime.”
Doing Documentary Work
Authors: Coles Robert
Published: October 2023

Sitting in his study, William Carlos Williams once revealed to Robert Coles what he considered to be his greatest problem in writing a documentary about his patients in New Jersey. “When I’m there, sitting with those folks, listening and talking,” he said to Coles, “I’m part of that life, and I’m near it in my head, too.... Back here, sitting near this typewriter--its different. I’m a writer. I’m a doctor living in Rutherford who is describing ‘a world elsewhere.’” Williams captured the great difficulty in documentary writing--the gulf that separates the reality of the subject from the point of view of the observer . Now, in this thought-provoking volume, the renowned child psychiatrist Robert Coles, author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning Children in Crisis series, offers a penetrating look into the nature of documentary work. Utilizing the documentaries of writers, photographers, and others, Coles shows how their prose and pictures are influenced by the observers frame of reference: their social and educational background, personal morals, and political beliefs. He discusses literary documentaries: James Agee’s searching portrait of Depression-era tenant farmers, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, and George Orwell’s passionate description of England’s coal-miners, The Road to Wigan Pier. Like many documentarians, Coles argues, Agee and Orwell did not try to be objective, but instead showered unadulterated praise on the “noble” poor and vituperative contempt on the more priviliged classes (including themselves) for “exploiting” these workers. Documentary photographs could be equally revealing about the observer. Coles analyses how famous photographers such as Walker Evans and Dorthea Lange edited and cropped their pictures to produce a desired effect. Even the shield of the camera could not hide the presence of the photographer. Coles also illuminates his points through his personal portraits of William Carlos Williams; Robert Moses, one of the leaders of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee during the 1960s; Erik H. Erikson, biographer of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther; and others. Documentary work, Coles concludes, is more a narrative constructed by the observer than a true slice of reality. With the growth in popularity of films such as Ken Burns’s The Civil War and the controversial basketball documentary Hoop Dreams, the question of what is “real” in documentary work is more pressing than ever. Through revealing discussions with documentarians and insightful analysis of their work, complemented by dramatic black-and-white photographs from Lange and Evans, Doing Documentary Work will provoke the reader into reconsidering how fine the line is between truth and fiction. It is an invaluable resource for students of the documentary and anyone interested in this important genre.
Against Relativism
Authors: Macklin Ruth
Published: October 2023

This book provides an analysis of the debate surrounding the facts of cultural diversity, the charge of “ethical imperialism”, and the thesis that ethics must be viewed as relative to particular cultures or societies. Macklin examines the role of cultural traditions when used as a defense against critical ethical judgements. She explores key issues in health and medicine seen through the lens of cultural diversity: the physician-patient relationship, disclosing a diagnosis of fatal illness, informed consent, brain death and organ transplantation, rituals surrounding birth and death, female genital mutilation, sex selection of offspring, fertility regulation, and biomedical research involving human subjects. Among the conclusions she reaches are that ethical universals exist, but they should not be confused with ethical absolutes; and that the existence of ethical universals is compatible with a variety of culturally relative interpretations. Some rights related to medicine and healthcare ought to be considered human rights. Illustrative examples are drawn from the author’s experience serving on international ethical review committees and her travels to a dozen countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, where she conducted educational workshops and carried out her own research.
The Universal Holiday
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Christians celebrate the birth of a man who, without considering himself God, speaks in a way that they judge him divine: by calling himself the son of a father who probably does n’t exist, he comes to redeem us for a sin we surely did n’t commit. According to history or legend, that man let himself be crucified for us, but the sacrifice does n’t do much good, considering that today most of humanity is condemned for not knowing the Christian guru or his teaching. A savior who could have saved us from hunger, giving us a simple recipe for transforming pebbles into bread and water into milk, would have done more than Jesus Christ with all the sermons and so-called miracles of the Gospels. Today, revolutionaries greet tomorrow, the coming of an era in which the liberation of all oppressed peoples and the brotherhood of all races will be achieved.
Authority
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

According to the ancients, almighty Zeus, when he took away man’s freedom, took half his virtue. Quite true. We lose the greatest and best of our being when we endure the humiliation of slavery; but what do we gain the moment we ascend the ladder of authority? Let’s pick the most inoffensive creature we can find, give him the tiniest particle of authority, and we’ll see how, instantaneously, as if touched by a magic wand, he’ll turn into an insolent and aggressive despot.
The First of May (1908a)
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

The strike in Iquique is proceeding just the opposite of what usually happens with movements of that sort when a conflict breaks out between workers and police. The first news is always exaggerated and events are characterized as a hecatomb, when in fact only a few people are slightly wounded or pushed around. In the current situation, the events that were communicated by telegraph a few hours after they happened were more serious and more brutal than what had been thought at first. It has been verified, beyond the slightest doubt, that more than a thousand peasants were killed by the soldiers without any threat or provocation on the part of the strikers.