bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Growth Rate of Haemophilus Paragallinarum Profile in Shake Flask Fermentation; Determination [Substrate]CRITICAL
Authors: Mel Maizirwan , S. Mohamad Roji , Abd. Aziz Ramlan
Published: January 2013

Penentuan kadar [substrat]kritikal adalah sangat penting dalam proses fermentasi terutama di dalam pengoptimuman pengeluaran vaksin coryza. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji kesan substrat yang berbeza ke atas penghasilan sel Hpg dan kesan perbezaan kepekatan sumber karbon yang dipilih bagi kadar pertumbuhan spesifik Hpg. Berdasarkan keputusan yang diperolehi, didapati fruktosa telah menghasilkan kepekatan biojisim Hpg yang tertinggi diikuti oleh maltosa, laktosa, glukosa, dan sukrosa. Walau bagaimanapun, untuk mendapatkan kos operasi yang rendah, glukosa telah dipilih sebagai sumber karbon yang sesuai, serta ia mampu memberikan hasil yang memuaskan dalam penghasilan sel Hpg. Kepekatan glukosa yang kritikal didapati pada 0.5%, sejajar dengan kadar pertumbuhan Hpg pada 0.4 per jam.

Kata kunci: haemophilus paragallinarum (Hpg); substrat kritikal; kadar pertumbuhan spesifik

Determination [substrate]critical is important in a fermentation process especially for optimizing coryza vaccine production. The objectives of the study were to establish the effect of different substrates on the production of Hpg cell and to study the effect of different concentration of a selected carbon sources on the specific growth rate of Hpg. The data obtained indicate that fructose produced the highest concentration of cell biomass of Hpg, closely followed by maltose, lactose, glucose, and sucrose. However, from operating cost point of view, glucose was selected as the most suitable carbon source due to its low cost and acceptable Hpg cell yield. The critical glucose concentration was found to be at 0.5 %, which corresponds to specific growth rate Hpg of 0.4 hâ€“1.

Key words: haemophilus paragallinarum (Hpg); critical substrate; specific growth rate
Reka Bentuk dan Keberkesanan Pembelajaran Berbantukan Multimedia Pendekatan Konstruktivisme Bagi Sains KBSM
Authors: Che Mat Noor Azliza , Halim Lilia
Published: January 2013

Penggunaan teknologi multimedia dalam bidang pendidikan pada masa kini telah menjadi satu keperluan dalam usaha memantapkan bidang pendidikan selaras dengan arus semasa di alaf yang mencabar ini. Teknologi sebegini harus dimanfaatkan sepenuhnya bagi menjanakan suatu output yang dapat digunakan untuk kebaikan bersama. Melalui multimedia yang interaktif, suasana pengajaran dan pembelajaran menjadi lebih menarik dengan penggunaan elemen multimedia seperti teks, audio, video, grafik dan animasi yang melibatkan kesemua kepekaan manusia. Justeru itu, pelbagai pendekatan atau teori pendidikan harus diimplementasikan dalam perisian multimedia secara berkesan untuk memastikan perisian yang dihasilkan itu mampu meningkatkan kualiti pembelajaran dan pengajaran. Prototaip perisian multimedia yang dibangunkan ini berasaskan pendekatan konstruktivisme mengenai topik Bumi dan Kejadian Siang dan Malam. Pendekatan konstruktivisme dipilih kerana ia mengambil kira konsep awal atau prakonsepsi yang wujud dalam minda pelajar. Seterusnya, penstrukturan semula ide yang melibatkan aktiviti â€˜hands-onâ€™ dan â€˜minds-onâ€™ perlu dilakukan untuk mengembangkan lagi atau mengubah suai ide terdahulu. Kebolehlaksanaan dan keberkesanan prototaip ini dinilai dan secara keseluruhannya ia berada pada tahap sederhana dan ia juga dikenalpasti dapat membantu peningkatan kefahaman pelajar dalam tajuk ini.

Kata kunci: pembangunan perisian multimedia; konstruktivisme; pendidikan sains

Today, the use of multimedia technology is vital in enhancing education system in line with the global challenges of the new millennium. Multimedia technology should be utilized to generate useful products. Interactive multimedia elements like text, audio, video, graphic and animation are powerful tools which can make teaching and learning more interesting by employing various human senses. Educational approaches and theories should be used in designing effective multimedia courseware to ensure that it can increase the quality of teaching and learning. A prototype of multimedia courseware is developed in this study based on constructivist learning theory for a science topic on Earth and Day-Night Phenomena. The constructivism approach is chosen because it, emphasised studentsâ€™ preconception or existing ideas. Restructuring ideas the next phase, involvesd â€˜hands-onâ€™ and â€˜minds-onâ€™ activities with the aim to expand or restructure their existing ideas. The extent to which students have restructured their ideas and gained a new understanding of the concepts were tested in application and reflection phases. The prototype was tested for its feasibility and effectiveness and it appears to promote learning among the respondents.

Key words: courseware development; constructivism; science education
Tiga Golongan Syuhada (Kajian Hadis dari Aspek Kesahihan Sanad dan Matan serta Statusnya)
Authors: Nizar Tamar Jaya
Published: January 2013

Tujuan utama kajian ini ialah mencari dan menentukan sumber-sumber asal hadis yang membahagikan para syuhada kepada tiga golongan yang ternyata tidak hanya diukur pada keikhlasan niatnya dalam berjihad, membela dan menegakkan kalimat Allah dan bentuk pengorbanannya, tetapi juga amalan atau kebiasaan hidup yang dijalani sebelumnya apakah dipenuhi dengan ketaatan, kemaksiatan atau kemunafikan. Pengkaji merasa terpanggil untuk mengetahui lebih dalam akan kualiti hadis tersebut khususnya yang berkaitan dengan kesahihan sanad dan kekuatan matannya, dengan harapan hasilnya dapat memberi masukan baru atau tambahan informasi mengenai Jihad. Hasil kajian hadis yang dirasakan paling tepat dan sesuai untuk digunakan oleh penulis dalam artikel ini ialah dengan menggunakan salah satu lafaz hadis Rasulullah. Kemudian dalam menganalisis setiap sanad dan matannya, pengkaji telah merujuk kepada kitab-kitab ulama Hadis yang muktabar sejauh yang terjangkau. Hasil kajian menunjukkan penemuan begitu menyakinkan terutama tentang kedudukan hadis yang menjadi objek kajian, yang semulanya berstatus lemah atau tidak sahih oleh sebab-sebab tertentu telah terangkat ke posisi hadis sahih yang tidak diragui asalnya dari Rasulullah s.a.w. Kerana itu, jihad dalam Islam yang membawa seseorang kepada mati syahid, di samping keikhlasan niat dan pengorbanan harta dan jiwa, bentuk amalan selama hidup ikut menjadi kriteria penting yang perlu diambil kira.

Kata kunci: kajian atau takhrij hadis; sanad; matan; syuhada; kemunafikan; siqah; dan hadis Hasan Lizatihi; Sahih Lighairihi
Numerical Study of Viscous Effects on Acoustic Waves
Authors: Mohd. Ghazali N.
Published: January 2013

Simulasi kaedah berangka 2-dimensi telah dilakukan terhadap gelombang akustik di dalam kebuk akustik tertutup segi empat tepat. Penyelesaian dilakukan terhadap persamaan sistem tak lelurus Navier-Stokes 2-dimensi, aliran tak mantap dengan kelikatan yang berbeza. Kaedah perbezaan tak terhingga digunakan dengan kejituan tertib dua terhadap masa dan ruang. Sempadan halaju ialah tanpa gelincir dan tanpa telus aliran, dengan fluks haba sifar pada dinding kebuk. Gelombang akustik dihasilkan oleh pemacu akustik selaput atau omboh yang terletak pada salah satu dinding menegak. Suhu hasil kajian didapati sama dengan penyelesaian teori dan ujikaji untuk gelombang akustik di dalam suatu kebuk tertutup. Nod suhu (minimum) dan antinod suhu (maksimum) masing-masing wujud pada dinding dan di tengah kebuk.

Kata kunci: Kajian berangka; gelombang akustik; selaput; omboh

A two-dimensional numerical simulation of acoustic waves in a closed rectangular acoustic chamber is completed. Numerical computations are performed by solving the two-dimensional, unsteady, viscous, non-linear Navier-Stokes system of equations. Finite difference methodology was used accurate to second order both in time and space. No-slip, no through flow and zero heat flux are set boundary conditions. Acoustic waves are generated by a vibrating membrane or piston on one wall. Computations are completed for variation in viscosity of the fluid. Results of the temperature profiles seem to agree with analytical solutions for a standing wave in an enclosure and those obtained experimentally with low perturbation to mean pressure ratio. Temperature nodes and anti-nodes each was found to occur near walls and midway through the chamber respectively, results associated with a half wavelength standing wave.

Key words: numerical study; acoustic waves; membrane; piston
Pengukuran Profil Halaju Masa Nyata bagi Tomografi Optik
Authors: Abdul Rahim Ruzairi , Khalid Mohamed Aznanshah , Chan Kok San
Published: January 2013

Objektif artikel ini adalah untuk membangunkan sebuah perisian menggunakan Visual Basic bagi tomografi optik, di mana perisian ini berupaya untuk mengesan dan mengukur pepejal kering yang melalui paip. Diameter luaran dan dalaman paip masing-masing adalah 60 mm dan 58 mm. Terdapat dua aras pengesan digunakan untuk mengukur halaju (pengesan aras atas dan pengesan aras bawah). Sistem pengukuran mempunyai sebanyak 32 pemancar (Tx1 hingga Tx32) dan 32 penerima (R1 hingga R32) yang dilekatkan pada ukurlilit paip tegak. Bagi pengesan aras bawah yang dilekatkan secara kekal mengandungi 16 pemancar (Tx17 hingga Tx32) dan 16 penerima (R17 hingga R32) dan pengesan aras atas yang boleh dilaraskan mengandungi 16 pemancar (Tx1 hingga Tx16) dan 16 penerima (R1 hingga R16). Halaju boleh dikira dengan mengambil jarak di antara pengesan aras atas dan pengesan aras bawah dan dibahagi dengan masa lengah yang diperolehi daripada kedudukan puncak sekaitan silang yang dilakukan antara dua isyarat. Keputusan yang diperolehi dibandingkan dengan teori dan ia menunjukkan perisian dan perkakasan yang dibina berupaya membuat pengukuran halaju yang tepat.
Pengaruh Penyelitan Plat Orifis dalam Mengurangkan Emisi dari Pembakar
Authors: Mohd Jaafar Mohammad Nazri , Abdul Rahman Mohd. Rosdzimin , Ishak Mohamad Shaiful Ashrul , Appalanaidu Kiran Babu
Published: January 2013

Penyelidikan telah dijalankan ke atas plat orifis pelbagai saiz yang dipasangkan pada keluaran pemusar udara sebuah pembakar berbahan api cecair yang berdiameter dalam 163 mm dan panjangnya 280 mm. Pembakar ini menggunakan kerosin sebagai bahan api. Terdapat dua saiz plat orifis yang setiap satunya berdiameter 25 mm dan 30 mm telah digunakan dengan pemusar udara aliran jejarian yang mempunyai sudut bilah 30°. Dalam ujikaji ini, penyelitan plat orifis ini akan menyebabkan peningkatan terhadap kehilangan tekanan di bahagian keluaran pemusar dan seterusnya meningkatkan aliran gelora yang akan menambah kadar percampuran bahan api dengan udara. Pemancit bahan api semburan paksi yang mempunyai dua lubang keluaran telah dipasangkan di bahagian belakang pemusar udara. Kadar alir bahan api menjadi parameter yang diubah dalam ujikaji yang dijalankan. Keputusan yang diperolehi menunjukkan dengan penyelitan plat orifis, emisi NOx berjaya dikurangkan sebanyak 50% bagi penyelitan plat orifis 25 mm, manakala CO sebanyak 5% dan CO2 sebanyak 20% jika dibandingkan dengan kes tanpa penyelitan plat orifis.

Kata kunci: Plat orifis; emisi NOx; pemusar udara; emisi CO; pemancit bahan api

A liqued fuel burner system with different orifice plate sizes mounted at the exit plane of the radial air swirler outlet has been investigated using 163 mm inside diameter combustor of 280 mm length. All tests were conducted using kerosene as fuel. Two different orifice plates with diameter of 25 mm and 30 mm were used with a 30° radial air swirler vane angle. The purpose of orifice plate insertion was to create the swirler pressure loss at the swirler outlet so that the swirler outlet shear layer turbulence was maximized to assist in the mixing of fuel and air. Fuel was injected at the back plate of the swirler outlet using central fuel injector with dual fuel nozzles pointing axially outwards. The fuel flow rates were varied. The results show that orifice plate enhances better mixing and reduces NOx emmisions. NOx reduction of more than 50% was obtained using the 25 mm diameter orifice plate compared to the test condition without orifice plate. CO emissions were also reduced by 5%. CO2 emission reduction of more than 20% was achieved for the same condition.

Key words: Orifice plate; NOx emissions; air swirler; CO emissions; fuel atomiser
Expanding the Traditional Classroom Through Computer Technology: Collaborative Learning in Graduate Social Science Courses
Authors: Mohd. Ishak Noriah , Ariffin Siti Rahayah , Din Rosseni , Abd Karim Aidah
Published: January 2013

Kertas kerja ini membincangkan penggunaan teknologi komputer untuk memperluaskan corak pengajaran dan pembelajaran bilik darjah tradisional. Perbincangan akan berpandukan beberapa isu mengenai teknik yang digunakan di institusi pengajian tinggi. Persoalan-persoalan yang dibangkitkan ialah (i) mengapakah teknik baru diperlukan untuk pengajaran dan pembelajaran pelajar-pelajar siswazah di institusi pengajian tinggi? (ii) apakah teknik semasa tidak mampu memberi pemahaman yang mantap di kalangan pelajar siswazah? (iii) teknik pengajaran manakah yang dapat memenuhi keperluan inkuiri minda pelajar siswazah untuk menggarap ilmu tanpa sempadan? (iv) apakah cabaran-cabaran yang dihadapi oleh pensyarah-pensyarah dalam penstrukturan semula kursus menggunakan teknik baru? Kertas kerja ini juga akan membincagkan kaedah JIGSAW sebagai strategi yang boleh digunakan dalam pembelajaran kolaboratif melalui teknologi komputer.

Kata kunci: Kolaboratif; komunikasi berperantarakan komputer; kelas elektronik; kemahiran interpersonal; JIGSAW II

This paper discusses the use of computer technology in expanding the traditional college classroom. The discussion is guided around several issues concerning teaching and learning techniques in higher education institutions. Questions raised in the discussion are: (i) why are new teaching techniques needed in teaching and learning among graduate students of higher institutions? (ii) are the traditional teaching techniques in sufficient to ensure academic understanding among graduate students? (iii) which teaching techniques do accommodate students´ curiosity in acquiring borderless knowledge? and (iv) what are the challenges facing lecturers in structuring course curriculum using the new techniques? The paper also discusses the JIGSAW method as a strategy that could be used in collaborative learning via computer technology.

Key words: Collaborative, computer mediated communication, electronic classroom, interpersonal skill, JIGSAW II
Towards The Assimilation Of Islamic Values In Scientific And Technological Developments
Authors: J. Unus Dr. Iqbal
Published: January 2013

To appropriately study the assimilation of Islamic values in scientific and technological development, one must define scientific and technological development, establish the relevance of Islamic values and identify the process of assimilation.Development is a multi-faceted process. Scientific and technological development is one face of this process, relating to the ability of a society to apply scientific discoveries and technological innovations to raise the based human activity. The tenets of Muslim, or Islamic science, differ from those ofthe non-Muslim or non-Islamic science. The resulting scientific and technological development is both a product ofthe underlying values as well as a determinant of what values shall prevail in the society undergoing that process.Islam lays down a purpose for a Muslim life, establishes a system that governs it and defines relationships that are guided by the 'purpose' and circumscribed by the 'system'. Nothing, much less scientific and technological development, can fall outside these guidelines - for Islam is life itself.The concepts of Tawheed, Khilafah and Ibadah and the principles of universalism, tolerance, respect for knowledge and the unity of ummah are among the pillars on which the edifice of Islamic science rests. They form the Islamic values which must be inculcated in contemporary science if it is to playa role in rejuvenating the great Islamic civilization. Since scientific and technological development in the Muslim world cannot be halted and overhauled, a continuous and deliberate process of assimilation of Islamic values in scientific and technological development is called for. This must be accomplished on a long-term basis through Islamization of the entire educational process, and on a short-term basis through determined reshaping of the planning and policy-making processes in the Muslim world.Above all, before the assimilation of Islamic values in scientific andtechnological development can take place, Islam itself must command thetotal loyalty and commitment ofthe Muslim society. With that commitment the process of assimilation will yield a well-woven fabric of development.Without that commitment, the result willbe patchwork ofdiscordant elements ready to be torn to pieces by any serious challenge to its validity.
Islamsat: A Technologically Advanced System For Efficient Charting Of Natural Resources
Authors: EI-Baz Dr. Farouk
Published: January 2013

The landmasses encompassing the Muslim World have vast resources contained in every conceivable type of terrain, from forested mountains toplains and deserts. These landmasses enclose such valuable resources as fertilesoil and minerals and oil. Islamic countries also encompass numerous water bodies of lakes and rivers. However, except in a few cases, most of these resources have not been efficiently utilized.The scarcity or lack of basic data have hampered the effective utilization of these resources. First and foremost, accurate topographic maps and detailed photographs are required to survey, assess and develop these resources. Conventional methods ofphoto acquisition and map making are no longer viable because ofthe time and expense they require to do the job.In the meantime, space-age techniques offer new ways to reduce the time,cost and expertise that are required for the efficient charting of natural resources.It is here proposed that Islamic countries join together to initiate a plan to launch a resourcesurvey satellite withinfive years. The satellite here namedIslamsat is to obtain high resolution, stereo, mapping quality photographsfrom space. The most suitable photographic systems for such a satellite are:(I) a high resolution panoramic camera; (2) a topographic quality mapping camera; and (3) a six-lens multispectral camera. Such a complement of photographic systems can either be mounted on the Space Shuttle cargo bay or launched by the Shuttle as afree-flying satellite, withfilm return capability.The use of such technologically advanced methods and techniques assures the acquisition of the necessary data for development of the resources of Islamic countries in a timely and cost-effective manner.
Pemalar Bernoulli Persamaan Bernoulli
Authors: Darus Prof. Madya Amer Nordin
Published: January 2013

A comprehensive analytical study on the meaning of Bernoulli's constant is presented. The Vector method has been employed for the Mathematical analysis. This paper shows that Bernoulli's Constant is not absolute. It depends on the assumptions made on the flow field and as a result of which Bernoulli's Constant is arbitrary.

Suatu huraian lengkap secara analitik membahas tentang pengertian Pemalar Bernoulli disajikan.Pembahasan secara matematik dilaksanakan melalui kaedah vektor. Te/ah diperlihatkan bahawa Pemalar Bernoulli itu sebenarnya bukanlah Pemalar yang murni atau sahih. Tergantung kepada anggapan yang dibuat terhadap medan aliran tadi maka Pemalar Bernoulli sebenarnya bernilai sebarang.
Laterite As An Engineering Material
Authors: Hj. Yusuf Mohd. Zain
Published: January 2013

Kemudahan untuk mendapatkan tanah laterit di kawasan tropika dan sub-tropika membolehkannya digunakan sebagai bahan untuk jalanraya. Faktor-faktor alam sekeliling yang bertindak ke atas bahan asal menyebabkan terjadinya tanah laterit. Sifat-sifat fizikal tanah laterit yang terdiri daripada sifat perlekatan, pertaburan, had-had Atterberg dan sifat pemikulan beban menjadikannya bahan yang sesuai untuk tapak-tapak jalan. Bagi mengurangkan kesusutan,kawalan kepada lembapan dan beban tujah adalah mustahak.

The availability of laterite in tropical and semi-tropical regions provides an alternative material for low-cost roads. Environmental factors acting on parent materials cause the formation of laterite.The physical properties of laterite ranging from its nature of cementation, grading, A tterberg limits and load bearing characteristics have made the material suitable for road bases. To reduce its degradation, moisture and impact load control are necessary.
The Role Of Academics In The Management Of Tertiary Educational Institutions In Malaysia
Authors: Abdul Mukti Mohd. Afifi , Hussain AKM Moazzem
Published: January 2013

The paper highlights the significant role that the academics of the tertiary educational institutions in Malaysia can play in managing various aspects of their institutions more efficiently and effectivelyThe importance of human resource development and the role of management information system in the tertiary educational institutions are also focussed.
Technology Transfer To Malaysia Via Multinational And Joint Venture Companies
Authors: Cilingir Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fatma Canan
Published: January 2013

This article deals with several issues of technology transfer to Malaysia. Around 1100 multinational corporation and joint venture companies have been contacted to investigate the present state of Technology Transfer to Malaysia and to find the ways of improving this for the benefits of the country. The key issues of the investigation are:The means ~f Technology Transfer, the nature of R & D activities, employment practices, and the level of technology brought by the counterparts.
Algorithm for the selection of the most sensitive Busbar and Estimation of Reactive Power Required
Authors: Shaibon Hashim , Hin Chong Meng
Published: January 2013

The paper describes the algorithm in determining the most sensitive bus bar whereby with a minimum amount of reactive compensation at that busbar would stabilise voltages of the system. Estimation of the Reactive Power required is also demonstrated in this paper.
Model Berangka Untuk Perlakuan Muka Air Tanah Dari Pengaruh Imbuhan Fana
Authors: Nawang Wan Mokthar , Ali Md. Zaid
Published: January 2013

Masalah imbuhfana ke atas muka air tanah dari akuifer bebas berhad adalah diselesaikan menggunakan kaedah berangka beza berhad implisit. Keputusan penyelesaian berangka disahkan baik berbanding dengan kaedah analitik dan ujikaji makmal. Seterusnya kelakuan muka air tanah diselidiki mengenakan imbuh-imbuh jenis sekata,imbuh sekata berubah dengan masa dan imbuh berkurang secara lelurus dengan masa.

The problem of transient groundwater recharge from strip basins to finite unconfined aquifers is solved numerically by implicit finite difference technique. The numerical solutions are verified by comparison with analytical and experimental results. The behaviour of watertable is further examined by applying set of different recharge i.e. constant, piecewise constant, and decreasing linearly with time recharge.
Estimation Of The Electron Content Using Dual Frequency Transit Doppler Receiver
Authors: Abdullah Khairul Anuar
Published: January 2013

The ionosphere have been subjected to investigation by both the geo-physic and geodesy communities.Each with their own concern on the different effects of the ionosphere.In this paper, discussion on a method developed in estimating the vertical electron content using the measured doppler count observed by a dual frequency Transit Doppler receiver is presented. An algorithm developed for the estimation procedure is also discussed.
An Investigation On The Behaviour Of Timber-Concrete Composite T-Beams
Authors: Zakaria Mat Lazim , Long Chuah Chin , Jani Yazid
Published: January 2013

This paper describes a preliminary investigarion as the first part of a research programme being conducted at UTM on the subject of timber-concrete composite structural members. The purpose of this preliminary test was to establish the effectiveness of various types of shear connectors. The types of shear connectors investigated were nails, iron pipes and steel studs. It was found that steel studs were the most rigid connectors and nails were the weakest.The test results indicmed that composite construction of timber-concrete has potential to be applied in Malaysia, especially for the construction of houses and rural bridges.
Strength Properties Of Oil Palm Clinker Concrete
Authors: Zakaria Mat Lazim
Published: January 2013

Tire paper summarises the results of a research project on the utilization of oil palm clinker as lightweight aggregate in concrete. Oil palm clinker is a waste by-product in an oil palm processing mill.The test results indicate that the short-term strength properties of oil palrn clinker concrete are about the same as the properties of normal aggregate concrete. The advamage is it's weight reduced by 20%. The disadvantage is oil palm clinker has a high percentage of sulphate content.
High temperature growth of Ag phases on Ge(111)
Authors: Mullet Cory H. , Chiang Shirley
Published: January 2013

The growth of the (3 × 1) and (√3 × √3)R30° phases of Ag on Ge(111) on substrates at temperatures from 540 to 660 °C is characterized with low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). From 540 °C to the Ag desorption temperature of 575 °C, LEEM images show that growth of the (3 × 1) phase begins at step edges. Upon completion of the (3 × 1) phase, the (√3 × √3)R30° phase is observed with a dendritic growth morphology that is not much affected by steps. For sufficiently high deposition rates, Ag accumulates on the sample above the desorption temperature. From 575 to 640 °C, the growth proceeded in a manner similar to that at lower temperatures, with growth of the (3 × 1) phase to completion, followed by growth of the (√3 × √3)R30° phase. Increasing the substrate temperature to 660 °C resulted in only (3 × 1) growth. In addition, for samples with Ag coverage less than 0.375ML, LEEM and LEED images were used to follow a reversible phase transformation near 575 °C, between a mixed high coverage phase of [(4 × 4) + (3 × 1)] and the high temperature, lower coverage (3 × 1) phase.
Syllable language models for Mandarin speech recognition: Exploiting character language models
Authors: Liu Xunying , Hieronymus James L. , Gales Mark J. F. , Woodland Philip C.
Published: January 2013

Mandarin Chinese is based on characters which are syllabic in nature and morphological in meaning. All spoken languages have syllabiotactic rules which govern the construction of syllables and their allowed sequences. These constraints are not as restrictive as those learned from word sequences, but they can provide additional useful linguistic information. Hence, it is possible to improve speech recognition performance by appropriately combining these two types of constraints. For the Chinese language considered in this paper, character level language models (LMs) can be used as a first level approximation to allowed syllable sequences. To test this idea, word and character level n-gram LMs were trained on 2.8 billion words (equivalent to 4.3 billion characters) of texts from a wide collection of text sources. Both hypothesis and model based combination techniques were investigated to combine word and character level LMs. Significant character error rate reductions up to 7.3% relative were obtained on a state-of-the-art Mandarin Chinese broadcast audio recognition task using an adapted history dependent multi-level LM that performs a log-linearly combination of character and word level LMs. This supports the hypothesis that character or syllable sequence models are useful for improving Mandarin speech recognition performance.
Underwater sound radiation from an elastically coated plate with a discontinuity introduced by a signal conditioning plate
Authors: Zhang Yanni , Pan Jie
Published: January 2013

Underwater structural sound radiation and reflection can be reduced by adding an elastic coating to a structure. To increase the signal-to-noise ratio of a detecting hydrophone placed in front of the coating, a signal conditioning plate (SCP) of finite size placed between the coating and the hydrophone is proposed to increase the local reflection of incoming sound. This paper studies the effects of a SCP as a distributed discontinuity on the general properties of the sound radiation of a coated plate. The discontinuity introduced by the SCP changes the vibration and radiated sound power of the coated plate by scattering and reflecting structural waves in the coating. The trapped modal response of the structural waves is also observed and found to be responsible for the increase of sound and vibration of the plate at the corresponding resonance frequencies.
Absorption of oblique incidence sound by a finite micro-perforated panel absorber
Authors: Yang Cheng , Cheng Li , Pan Jie
Published: January 2013

In this paper, a theoretical model of a micro-perforated panel (MPP) backed by a finite cavity and flush-mounted in an infinite baffle is developed and its performance in terms of sound absorption is analyzed. The model allows an oblique incidence sound impinging upon the MPP absorber. The simplified Rayleigh integral method, thin plate theory and the acoustical impedance of the MPP are used to calculate the sound energy absorbed by the MPP's surface. Results show that the absorption coefficient of the absorber is a function of angle and frequency of the incident sound, and is controlled by the coupling between the MPP and the acoustical modes in the back cavity. In particular, grazing modes can be induced in the cavity by sound with an oblique angle of incidence, which may result in peak sound absorptions at the natural frequencies of the modes. The mechanism involved is used to explain the absorption properties of the MPP absorber for a diffuse incidence of sound.
Acoustic interferometry for geoacoustic characterization in a soft-layered sediment environment
Authors: Ren Qun-yan , Hermand Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2013

The broadband spectrogram of a moving surface ship usually exhibits striations. Their structure is determined by bottom conditions of the shallow water waveguide and can therefore be used for environmental characterization. A two-step acoustic interferometry technique is proposed to estimate main geoacoustic properties of unconsolidated sediment by exploiting local features of the striations. Their positions at low frequencies are first used to detect the changes in sediment properties with respect to a reference sediment and provide a reliable estimation of the changes through the determination of a frequency shift. Then toward higher frequencies, local frequency-range areas with salient striations are selected to refine the solution with their structure features. The technique is tested with passive acoustic ship run data collected southeast of the island of Elba in the Mediterranean Sea in 2007. Data from the four receivers of a shallow sparse vertical array are processed to estimate the thickness and compression wave speed of a soft clay layer overlying a harder bottom. The results from individual receivers are close and agree well with active inversion results and seismic profiles in the same area. Moreover, a better resolution is obtained by combining these results. This method is demonstrated to be robust to source range uncertainties due to the striation stability to its small variation. The good experimental results suggest the technique is an effective tool for mapping the geoacoustic properties of wide coastal areas with easily deployed receiver systems or even one single receiver.
Monaural envelope correlation perception for bands narrower or wider than a critical band
Authors: Buss Emily , Hall Joseph W. , Grose John H.
Published: January 2013

Monaural envelope correlation perception concerns the ability of listeners to discriminate stimuli based on the degree of correlation between the temporal envelopes of two or more frequency-separated bands of noise [Richards, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 82, 1621–1630 (1987)]. Previous work has examined this ability for relatively narrow bandwidths, generally 100 Hz or less. The present experiment explored a wide range of bandwidths, from 25 to 1600 Hz, which included bands narrower and wider than a critical bandwidth. Stimuli were pairs of noise bands separated by a 500-Hz-wide spectral gap centered on 2250 Hz. The magnitude spectra of the pair of comodulated bands were either identical or reflected around the midpoint of the band, and performance was assessed with and without a low-pass noise masker. Although discrimination was best for intermediate bandwidths, mean performance was above chance for all bandwidths tested. Data were similar for stimuli with identical and reflected magnitude spectra, and for stimuli with and without the low-pass masker. The one exception was particularly good performance for intermediate-bandwidth stimuli with identical spectra, for which some listeners reported hearing a tonal cue. Results indicate that listeners are flexible in selecting spectral regions upon which to base across-frequency comparisons.
Derivation of a new banded waveguide model topology for sound synthesis
Authors: Fink Alex M. , Spanias Andreas S. , Cook Perry R.
Published: January 2013

Banded waveguide (BWG) synthesis is an efficient method for real-time physical modeling of dispersive and multidimensional sounding objects, affording simulation of complex interactions, such as bowing. Current implementations, however, use nonphysical design parameters and produce a range of outputs that do not match equivalently designed modal and digital waveguide (DWG) models. This letter proposes a new topology for implementing BWG models without arbitrary parameters. The impulse response of the proposed model is identical to that of equivalent Karplus-Strong type and lumped modal models. Test of a nonlinear bi-directional bowed-string model demonstrates improved attack characteristics relative to prior BWG models.
RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering via Cas9
Authors: Mali Prashant , Yang Luhan , Esvelt Kevin M. , Aach John , Guell Marc , DiCarlo James E. , Norville Julie E. , Church George M.
Published: January 2013

Genome Editing

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) function as part of an adaptive immune system in a range of prokaryotes: Invading phage and plasmid DNA is targeted for cleavage by complementary CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) bound to a CRISPR-associated endonuclease (see the Perspective by

van der Oost

).

Cong
et al.

(p.
819
, published online 3 January) and

Mali
et al.

(p.
823
, published online 3 January) adapted this defense system to function as a genome editing tool in eukaryotic cells.
Gastric bronchitis: a rare cause of recurrent haemoptysis
Authors: Ranganath T G , Sharma Pratibha , Yadav Harendra , Srivastava Rahul
Published: January 2013

An 8-year-old boy presented with recurrent chest pain and haemoptysis since 3 years of age. He had taken multiple courses of antitubercular treatment without any symptomatic relief. His chest x-ray showed opacity consistent with right sided lung collapse. Further detailed work-up including high-resolution CT scan of thorax, pulmonary angiogram and radionucleide study confirmed intrathoracic gastrogenic cyst. Complete control of symptoms was achieved with pantaprazole 40 mg once daily.
A 40-year-old woman ‘off legs’
Authors: Mehrotra Prerna , Bhalla Ashish
Published: January 2013

We present the case of a 40-year-old woman with progressive lower-limb weakness resulting in an inability to mobilise independently. This was associated with a degree of confusion and shortness of breath on exertion. This case illustrates rare and severe complications of vitamin B12deficiency, namely subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, megaloblastic anaemia and impaired cognitive function. The patient's condition improved considerably with adequate early resuscitation, followed by administration of synthetic vitamin B12analogues and neuro-rehabilitation.
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance associated with blue finger syndrome
Authors: Ali Alaa M , Mirrakhimov Aibek E
Published: January 2013

An 86-year-old Caucasian woman with a medical history of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) was admitted to the hospital with a chief complaint of sudden onset of bluish discolouration of the fifth left hand digit. On a physical examination, cyanosis of the fifth digit of the left hand was noticed with decreased capillary fill but no ulcers. The patient had no tenderness on palpation. Pulses were palpable over the radial arteries bilaterally. Patients with MGUS may be at increased risk of thromboembolic disease. A clear explanation for this association in these patients is not currently known. This case report highlights the association between MGUS and thromboembolic events, particularly blue finger syndrome.
Evaluation of 16 SNPs allele-specific to quantify post hSCT chimerism by SYBR green-based qRT-PCR
Authors: Almeida Carlos Arthur Cardoso , Dreyfuss Juliana Luporini , Azevedo-Shimmoto Marily Maria , Figueiredo Maria Stela , de Oliveira José Salvador Rodrigues
Published: January 2013

The importance of monitoring post haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hSCT) chimerism has been defined in numerous publications. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are molecular markers that vary significantly among different populations. Allied to a very sensible technique, SNP assays seem to be very sensitive (0.001%) when post hSCT chimerism is measured. However, well known SNP frequencies are limited to certain populations, mainly in countries where there is a high level of diversity in its population, therefore restricting their use worldwide. Amplification by SYBR green based quantitative real time PCR of eight pairs of allele-specific SNPs (MLH-1, PECAM-1, ICAM-1, SUR-1, HA-1, rs715405, rs713503, rs2296600) was conducted in 88 patient/donor pairs, who underwent allogeneic myeloablative or non-myeloablative hSCT. One informative allele was detected in at least 42% (n=37) of the samples; 20% (n=18) had at least two informative alleles; 10% (n=9) had at least three informative alleles; 9% (n=8) had more than three informative alleles and 18% (n=16) showed no informative allele at all. Overall, the frequency of informative alleles for these SNPs in the Brazilian population was very low. Consequently, the amount of information attained reached 9% of those expected, being able to discriminate only eight pairs of donor/recipient samples with more than three informative alleles, making them useless for the quantification of chimerism in our routine.
ERROR ANALYSIS OF AN APPROXIMATE OPTIMAL POLICY FOR AN INVENTORY SYSTEM WITH STOCHASTIC AND CONTINUOUS DEMANDS
Authors: GENG WEI , LIU JIANYONG , ZHAO XIAOBO
Published: January 2013

For a periodic-review inventory system with stochastic and continuous demands and without setup costs, it is known that there exists a base-stock policy to be optimal. For a finite-horizon system with non-stationary parameters, it is essential to find approximate optimal policies because of the computational intractability of finding the optimal policy. This paper provides an approach, by which an analytical bound of the error between the costs of the approximate optimal policy and the optimal policy is given. It is shown that the approximate optimal policy converges to the optimal policy as the size of the computational grid decreases. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the methodology.
LIGHT-CONE FLUCTUATIONS AND THE RENORMALIZED STRESS TENSOR OF A MASSLESS SCALAR FIELD
Authors: DE LORENCI V. A. , MENEZES G. , SVAITER N. F.
Published: January 2013

We investigate the effects of light-cone fluctuations over the renormalized vacuum expectation value of the stress–energy tensor of a real massless minimally coupled scalar field defined in a (d+1)-dimensional flat space–time with topology [Formula: see text]. For modeling the influence of light-cone fluctuations over the quantum field, we consider a random Klein–Gordon equation. We study the case of centered Gaussian processes. After taking into account all the realizations of the random processes, we present the correction caused by random fluctuations. The averaged renormalized vacuum expectation value of the stress–energy associated with the scalar field is presented.
A TWICE-INTERPOLATION FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (TFEM) FOR CRACK PROPAGATION PROBLEMS
Authors: WU S. C. , ZHANG W. H. , PENG X. , MIAO B. R.
Published: January 2013

The twice-interpolation finite element method (TFEM) constructs the trial function for the Galerkin weak form through two stages of sequential interpolation without additional degrees of freedom and achieves better accuracy and convergence compared to the conventional finite element method (FEM). The TFEM has been shown to be insensitive to the quality of the elemental mesh and thus has the potential to simulate fracture problems. Intense examples and issues with cracking problems are investigated in this study. It is observed that the stress intense factor (SIF) of the crack tip can be evaluated with satisfactory accuracy. Since the present TFEM can produce more continuous nodal gradients, better stress fields can be reproduced, especially around the crack, without requiring more nodes. It is also shown that crack propagation can be reproduced readily and the cracking path agrees well with the reference solution and experimental results.
A SCALABLE NEURAL-NETWORK MODULAR-ARRAY ARCHITECTURE FOR REAL-TIME MULTI-PARAMETER DAMAGE DETECTION IN PLATE STRUCTURES USING SINGLE SENSOR OUTPUT
Authors: GOSWAMI SANJAY , BHATTACHARYA PARTHA
Published: January 2013

A scalable modular neural network array architecture has been proposed for real time damage detection in plate like structures for structural health monitoring applications. Damages in a plate like structure are simulated using finite element method of numeric system simulation. Various damage states are numerically simulated by varying Young's modulus of the material at various locations of the structure. Transient vibratory loads are applied at one end of the beam and picked at the other end by means of point sensors. The vibration signals thus obtained are then filtered and subjected to wavelet transform (WT) based multi resolution analysis (MRA) to extract features and identify them. The redundant features are removed and only the principal features are retained using principal component analysis (PCA). A large database of principal features (the feature base) corresponding to different damage scenarios is created. This feature base is used to train individual multi layer perceptron (MLP) networks to identify different parameters of the damage such as location and extent (Young's modulus). Individually trained MLP units are then organized and connected in parallel so that different damage parameters can be identified almost simultaneously, on being fed with new signal feature vectors. For a given case, damage classification success rate has been found to be encouraging. The main feature of this implementation is that it is scalable. That is, any number of trained MLP units capable of identifying a certain parameter of damages can be integrated into the architecture and theoretically it will take almost the same time to identify various damage parameters irrespective of their numbers.
Tectonic significance of Late Ordovician granitic magmatism and clastic sedimentation on the northern margin of Gondwana (Tavşanlı Zone, NW Turkey)
Authors: Özbey Zeynep , Ustaömer Timur , Robertson Alastair H. F. , Ustaömer P. Ayda
Published: January 2013

Metasedimentary schists and a small crosscutting metagranite underlie a Mesozoic metamorphosed carbonate platform within the regional Anatolide tectonic belt of northern Turkey. These lithologies are inferred to have formed part of the northern margin of Gondwana during the Palaeozoic. Immobile element geochemistry suggests that the country rock metasediments were derived from upper continental crust and arc-type magmatic rocks. Major and trace element analyses of the metagranite indicate affinities with upper continental crust or a continental margin magmatic arc. Tectonic discrimination of the metagranite is consistent with a rift or post-collisional setting. Niobium depletion relative to Ce on primitive mantle-normalized spidergrams suggests a subduction influence, possibly inherited from Late Precambrian (Cadomian) arc magmatism. Ion microprobe U–Pb dating of zircons from the metagranite yielded a crystallization age of 446 ± 8 Ma (Late Ordovician). An inherited core gave a concordant age of
c
. 578 Ma, consistent with Cadomian or Pan-African basement. Regional comparisons indicate that the Palaeozoic lithostratigraphy is similar to that of the Taurides (Gondwana) rather than the Pontides (Laurasia). We infer Mid- to Late Ordovician crustal extension along the north Gondwana margin, followed by spreading of Palaeotethys. The entire stratigraphy experienced high-pressure/low-temperature metamorphism during Late Cretaceous closure of the İzmir–Ankara–Erzincan ocean.

Supplementary materials:

The mineral composition, fabric, coordinates (UTM) and modal composition of the Beyce schist and Sarıkaya metagranite samples are available at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18556
.
Baltican crustal provenance for Cambrian–Ordovician sandstones of the Alexander terrane, North American Cordillera: evidence from detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology and Hf isotope geochemistry
Authors: Beranek Luke P. , van Staal Cees R. , McClelland William C. , Israel Steve , Mihalynuk Mitch G.
Published: January 2013

Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology and Hf isotope geochemistry allow us to decipher the crustal provenance of Cambrian–Ordovician backarc basin strata of the Alexander terrane, North American Cordillera, and evaluate models for its origin and displacement history relative to Baltica, Gondwana, Siberia, and Laurentia. Quartzose shallow-marine sandstones of the Alexander terrane contain a range of Neoproterozoic to Neoarchaean detrital zircons with the most dominant age groupings
c
. 565–760, 1000–1250, 1450, and 1650 Ma. Subordinate volcaniclastic sandstones yield Cambrian and Ordovician detrital zircons with a prominent age peak at 477 Ma. The detrital zircon age signatures resemble coeval strata in the Eurasian high Arctic, and in combination with faunal and palaeomagnetic constraints suggest provenance from local magmatic rocks and the Timanide orogenic belt and Fennoscandian Shield of NE Baltica. The Hf isotopic compositions of Palaeozoic to Neoarchaean detrital zircons strongly favour Baltican crustal sources instead of similar-aged domains of Gondwana. The Alexander terrane formed part of an arc system that fringed the Uralian passive margin, and its position in the Uralian Seaway allowed faunal exchange between the Siberian and Baltican platforms. The available evidence suggests that the Alexander terrane originated in the Northern Hemisphere and migrated to the palaeo-Pacific Ocean by travelling around northern Laurentia.

Supplementary material:

U–Pb and Lu–Hf data tables are available at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18557
.