bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supramolecular control in hybrid perovskite photovoltaics
Authors: Luo Weifan , AlSabeh Ghewa , Milić Jovana V.
Published: December 2022

Hybrid organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites have become one of the leading thin-film semiconductors for renewable energy conversion in photovoltaics. These soft ionic materials feature remarkable optoelectronic properties and solar-to-electric power conversion efficiencies; however, they are unstable under operating conditions, such as against external environmental factors (i.e. oxygen and moisture) and internal ion migration that is accelerated upon temperature changes, voltage bias, and light. To address this challenge, various strategies have been developed to stabilise hybrid perovskite materials and their photovoltaic devices, which rely on compositional, interfacial, and device engineering. In particular, controlling their supramolecular assemblies with the organic components by tailoring various noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding, van der Waals or π-based interactions, has been pertinent. This involves the use of molecular modulators that assemble at the interface with hybrid perovskites, as well as organic spacer cations templating lower-dimensional perovskite frameworks with enhanced operational stabilities. This chapter provides insights into emerging supramolecular strategies for stabilising hybrid perovskite materials and devices, advancing their applications in photovoltaics.
Understanding solar fuel photocatalysis using covalent organic frameworks
Authors: Palit Shilpa , Lotsch Bettina V. , Banerjee Tanmay
Published: December 2022

Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs), made of earth-abundant and light elements, possess atomically precise tunability of the different functions central to photocatalysis due to the molecular nature of their backbone. In this chapter, a fundamental understanding of such photocatalysts, together with advancements in the optimization of critical photoactivity-determining variables is presented.
Mechanoresponsive luminescence in polymeric materials: strategies and methods
Authors: Gualandi Chiara , Dini Valentina Antonia , Zaccheroni Nelsi , Genovese Damiano
Published: December 2022

The increasing interest for stimuli-responsive materials is transversal to a variety of application fields, ranging from medicine to automotive, from packaging to aerospace. Among the several combinations of external stimuli, materials and responses, polymeric mechanochromic materials displaying significant luminescence changes upon mechanical stimulation represent smart technological products offering stability and processability, but also sensitive, non-invasive and versatile diagnosis of mechanical stress. Yet, photophysical characterization of solid polymers – that can be optically dense matrixes, intensely coloured and highly scattering – requires special care to provide reliable and reproducible results. In this contribution we critically discuss the different aspects to consider for a successful quantification of optical properties of luminescent mechanoresponsive polymers, with an overview of the instrumental setup needed. Depending on the nature of their response, materials are classified into (i) intensity and (ii) spectrum-changing systems under mechanical stimuli, and the different approaches to obtain the luminescence variation are presented together with pros and cons of any strategy. The resulting general picture of the field gives a clear taste of the disruptive potential of these materials on a variety of applications.
Investigating light-driven rotary molecular motors
Authors: Lubbe Anouk S. , Pooler Daisy R. S. , Feringa Ben L.
Published: December 2022

Light-driven rotary molecular motors based on overcrowded alkenes have been firmly established in the pantheon of artificial molecular machines. Applications range far and wide, although the impact of these versatile compounds on our fundamental understanding of chirality and molecular motion cannot be underestimated. The development of molecules with such novel properties inevitably goes hand in hand with the exploration of novel analytical methods. To demonstrate and investigate the rotational properties of overcrowded alkene-based motors and switches, we must embrace innovative ways of using common lab equipment and branch out into learning new analytical techniques. In this chapter, we aim to provide a practical guide for the study of overcrowded alkene based molecular motors and switches. We commence with an overview of the most commonly used methods to characterize these compounds, and specifically focus on our collective experimental experience in investigating rotational and/or switching behavior. In addition, we will discuss various cutting-edge techniques that have recently facilitated even further investigation into the unique properties of these fascinating molecules.
Sequential removal of nitrate and sulfate in woodchip and hematite – coated biochar bioreactor
Authors: Parvage Mohammed Masud , Herbert Roger
Published: December 2022

The article demonstrates a method for the adaptation of denitrifying woodchip bioreactors for the removal of sulfate as well. Sulfate is removed by sulfate reduction and subsequent iron sulfide precipitation.
Enhancing solar absorbance using a 2D graphene oxide/CuO composite film for efficient solar desalination
Authors: Xu Chao , Li Haibo
Published: December 2022

A GO/CuO composite film was synthesized via a facile ultrasonication method towards the enhanced solar absorbance for high-efficient ISSG.
Comparison of rainwater management performance of modified extensive green roof substrate layer with different additives in rainstorm events
Authors: Fei Yiming , Xu Chen , Miao Shujiang , Fu Dafang , Zhang Junyu
Published: December 2022

The distinct improvements of rainwater management performance brought about by different additives depend on their predominant pores occupying the substrate layer.
Ginsenoside CK improves skeletal muscle insulin resistance by activating DRP1/PINK1-mediated mitophagy
Authors: Li Weili , Li Haiyang , Zheng Lujuan , Xia Jing , Yang Xiaoxuan , Men Shuhan , Yuan Ye , Fan Yuying
Published: December 2022

Ginsenoside CK relies on the DRP1/PINK1 pathway to activate mitophagy for removing damaged mitochondria, therefore ameliorating mitochondrial quality and dysfunction and relieving skeletal muscle insulin resistance in diabetic mice.
Screen-printed highly stretchable and stable flexible electrodes with a negative Poisson's ratio structure for supercapacitors
Authors: Xu Jianxin , Li Yang , Wang Junyao , Liu Huan , Hou Qi , Wang Rui , Lang Tianhong , Cui Bowen , Pan Hongxu , Chen Yansong , Quan Jingran , Yang Hanbo , Li Lixiang , Liu Yahao
Published: December 2022

It retains 89.25% of its initial capacity after 5000 times of folding and can maintain a stable output even in extreme deformation, which indicates that the SSC prepared in this study has excellent stability.
Synthesis of azafluoranthenes by iridium-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition and evaluation of their fluorescence properties
Authors: Sawano Takahiro , Takamura Kaho , Yoshikawa Tomoka , Murata Kayo , Koga Marina , Yamada Risa , Saito Takahide , Tabata Kazumasa , Ishii Yugo , Kashihara Wataru , Nishihara Tatsuya , Tanabe Kazuhito , Suzuki Tadashi , Takeuchi Ryo
Published: December 2022

A general method for the synthesis of azafluoranthenesviairidium-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition between dialkynylnaphthalenes and nitriles has been developed. The synthesized azafluoranthenes showed bright fluorescence.
Highly diastereo- and enantioselective copper-catalyzed methylboration of 1,2-dihydroquinolines and 2H-chromenes
Authors: Han Suna , Shen Xin , Wu Xiaoxue , Xie Chaochao , Zi Guofu , Hou Guohua
Published: December 2022

A Cu-catalyzed asymmetric methylboration of 1,2-dihydroquinolines, 2H-chromenes and 2H-thiochromenes providing boryl products bearing two adjacent chiral centers with excellent selectivities, up to 99 : 1 dr and 99.9% ee, has been realized for the first time.
Primary amine C–N bond cleavage for the synthesis of multi-substituted pyridine and pyrrole derivatives
Authors: Zhang Ruiqin , Ding Yuxin , Ma Renchao , Xiao Xuqiong , Chen Rener , Wang Lei , Ma Yongmin
Published: December 2022

Synthesis of multi-substituted pyridines and pyrroles was established and involved C-N bond cleavage and new C–N and C–C bond formation. The C–N bond adjacent to the primary carbon of 1,2-diamino-2-methylpropane was selectively cleaved.
Polypyrrole hydrogel as a universal precursor for the target preparation of heteroatom-doped hierarchical carbon with atomically distributed metal sites towards high-efficiency ORR and Zn–air batteries
Authors: Guo Wenxue , Teng Xiaotong , Zhao Qinhui , Zhang Bin , Yue Qi , Tan Wei , Du Hongmei , Yu Jie , Zhou Baolong
Published: December 2022

Atomically Fe anchored N,P-doped carbon was prepared via direct pyrolysis of polypyrrole hydrogel, which showed competitive ORR activity to Pt/C both in alkaline/acidic media, as well as superior application potential in Zn–air battery.
Kinetic investigation of solar chemical looping reforming of methane over Ni–CeO2 at low temperature
Authors: Hill Caroline , Robbins Rachel , Furler Philipp , Ackermann Simon , Scheffe Jonathan
Published: December 2022

Chemical looping reforming of methane utilizing the oxygen exchange material CeO2 is catalytically enhanced with metallic Ni to improve reaction rates at low operating temperatures. A kinetic study and comparison to noncatalyzed CeO2 is presented.
A versatile series‐parallel‐connected bidirectional DC power flow controller for HVDC and MVDC system
Authors: Jin Jiuyang , Zhang Xiaotian , Xiao Zhilin , Ye Yanan , Qiu Xueao , Yang Xu
Published: December 2022

This paper proposes a transformer type dc power flow controller (DCPFC) based on stacks composed of sub‐modules (SMs). The converter can perform dc power flow control independently on point‐to‐point as well as multi‐terminal connection, which can be applied to either high voltage or medium voltage dc grids. In order to explain the operation principle, different operating states of the proposed DCPFC are analysed. With phase‐shift modulation and the closed‐loop current control, the proposed DCPFC can achieve bidirectional power flow regulation. Following the theoretical analysis of the proposed DCPFC, simulation results have verified the feasibility of bidirectional power flow control. A downscaled experimental prototype is also built to demonstrate the operation principle and performance of the proposed DCPFC.
Enhancement of inter‐area oscillation damping by wide‐area controlled hydropower plants
Authors: Fank Daniel , Renner Herwig
Published: December 2022

This paper examines how the combined use of hydro governors and a wide‐area damping controller (WADC) can improve the damping of inter‐area oscillations in power systems. Such oscillations can endanger the stability of power grids, thus damping them is a high priority for transmission system operators (TSO). To ensure that low‐frequency oscillations decay as fast as possible, a modal linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) is proposed as a wide‐area controller approach. Using the 10‐machine New England Test System, the combined application of the WADC in hydropower plants via generator excitation as well as via the hydro governor is examined for their effectiveness in terms of damping capability. In order to minimize the number of essential PMUs in power systems for the model‐based WADC, the residue‐based input/output signal selection method is applied. To increase the robustness against large disturbance faults, the generator voltage as additional signal is utilized for the WADC. For controller performance and robustness, the verification has been done under various operating points, tie‐line failures as well as different PMU delays. The successful damping of the inter‐area oscillation by means of wide‐area controlled hydropower plants has been also demonstrated through a nonlinear time domain simulation.
Merger identification through photometric bands, colours, and their errors
Authors: Suelves L. E. , Pearson W. J. , Pollo A.
Published: December 2022

Aims.We present the application of a fully connected neural network (NN) for galaxy merger identification using exclusively photometric information. Our purpose is not only to test the method’s efficiency, but also to understand what merger properties the NN can learn and what their physical interpretation is.

Methods.We created a class-balanced training dataset of 5860 galaxies split into mergers and non-mergers. The galaxy observations came from SDSS DR6 and were visually identified in Galaxy Zoo. The 2930 mergers were selected from known SDSS mergers and the respective non-mergers were the closest match in both redshift andrmagnitude. The NN architecture was built by testing a different number of layers with different sizes and variations of the dropout rate. We compared input spaces constructed using: the five SDSS filters:u,g,r,i, andz; combinations of bands, colours, and their errors; six magnitude types; and variations of input normalization.

Results.We find that the fibre magnitude errors contribute the most to the training accuracy. Studying the parameters from which they are calculated, we show that the input space built from the sky error background in the five SDSS bands alone leads to 92.64 ± 0.15% training accuracy. We also find that the input normalization, that is to say, how the data are presented to the NN, has a significant effect on the training performance.

Conclusions.We conclude that, from all the SDSS photometric information, the sky error background is the most sensitive to merging processes. This finding is supported by an analysis of its five-band feature space by means of data visualization. Moreover, studying the plane of thegandrsky error bands shows that a decision boundary line is enough to achieve an accuracy of 91.59%.
Medizin am Lebensende
Authors: Büssing Arndt
Published: December 2022

Ich erinnere mich, dass meine Oma aufgrund ihrer fortgeschrittenen Krebserkrankung
vor Jahrzehnten zum Sterben zu uns nach Hause kam. Damals war ich junger
Zivildienstleistender auf einer anästhesiologischen Intensivstation und
hatte zumindest eine Grundahnung, was auf uns zukommen würde. Die
hausärztliche Betreuung ihres Sterbens war, so meine Einschätzung,
nicht wirklich gut; es war eher eine Abwesenheit. Und wir waren als Familie
völlig überfordert. Meine Oma wohl auch.
Spezifische OCT-Veränderungen bei einer neuen Mutation im RS1-Gen bei X-chromosomal-rezessiver Retinoschisis
Authors: Waibel Andrea Magdalena , Stoye Johanna Mirjam , Villavicencio-Lorini Pablo , Hoffmann Katrin , Obermaier Carolin , Biskup Saskia , Grünauer-Kloevekorn Claudia
Published: December 2022

Die X-chromosomal rezessive Retinoschisis (XLRS) ist eine seltene vitreoretinale Dystrophie, die durch molekulargenetische Veränderungen im RS1-Gen ausgelöst wird. Sie manifestiert
sich meist in jungem Lebensalter mit einer symmetrisch auftretenden Spaltung unterschiedlicher Schichten der Netzhaut und führt zu einer erheblichen Visusminderung. Die richtige
Diagnosestellung im höheren Lebensalter gelingt wegen unspezifischer OCT-Veränderungen nur selten. Wir berichten über die morphologischen Veränderungen im OCT in unterschiedlichen
Lebensabschnitten bei einer Familie mit XLRS und einer bislang nicht beschriebenen Mutation im RS1-Gen. Unser 78-jähriger Indexpatient stellte sich mit seit der Kindheit bestehenden
Sehstörungen vor. Wir führten bei ihm, seiner klinisch nicht betroffenen Tochter und deren klinisch betroffenem Sohn nach ausführlicher Anamnese, vollständiger klinischer Untersuchung und
Messung mit dem SD-OCT eine genetische Keimbahndiagnostik an DNA aus Blut durch. In der OCT-Untersuchung des Indexpatienten zeigten sich beidseits unspezifische atrophische Veränderungen der
Makula. Bei dem 8-jährigen Enkel zeigte sich funduskopisch die typische Sternform der Makula. Im OCT war eine typische Retinoschisis der Makula sichtbar. Die genetische Untersuchung wies die
bisher nicht beschriebene pathogene Variante c.487T>G; p.Trp163Gly im RS1-Gen bei allen 3 Patienten nach. Auch bei der neu entdeckten RS1-Mutation zeigt sich im Kindesalter
das typische Fundusbild und OCT-Muster, die bei dem 78-jährigen Patienten fehlen. An unserem Fall zeigt sich, dass gerade bei unspezifischen Veränderungen im OCT eine ausführliche
Familienanamnese den wichtigen Hinweis für X-chromosomal-rezessive Vererbung und damit für eine entsprechende molekulargenetische Diagnostik liefern kann und so seltene Netzhauterkrankungen
auch im höheren Alter diagnostiziert werden können.
Mangelware Schulgesundheitsfachkräfte
Authors: Fabisch Gottlobe
Published: December 2022

Schon 1997 erkannte die Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO), dass öffentliche Schulen ein zentraler Ort für Gesundheitsförderung und Gesundheitsedukation sind. Zu den gesundheitsfördernden Maßnahmen gehört auch das Konzept der Schulgesundheitspflege, dessen Potenzial in Deutschland im Unterschied zu anderen Ländern noch nicht ausreichend genutzt wird.
Psychosoziale Einflussfaktoren auf die Schmerzchronifizierung bei jungen Menschen
Authors: Höfel Lea , Aigner Anna , Rummel-Siebert Martin , Schramm Anja , Haas Johannes-Peter
Published: December 2022

Chronische Schmerzen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen werden oft in Zusammenhang mit Angst, Depression und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten gebracht, zugleich begünstigen diese psychischen Auffälligkeiten eine Chronifizierung. Lebensqualität, Angst-Vermeidungs-Tendenzen, elterliches Verhalten und sozioökonomischer Status modulieren ebenfalls Prozesse der Schmerzchronifizierung. Darüber hinaus müssen Schlafverhalten, operative/invasive Eingriffe, spezielle Schmerzarten und -orte und frühkindliche Schmerzerfahrungen als mögliche Prädiktoren für chronische Schmerzen rechtzeitig in Erwägung gezogen werden. Im klinischen Alltag sollten all diese Faktoren in Anamnese, Edukation und Therapieverlauf einbezogen werden. Ein rechtzeitiges Erkennen und Therapieren psychischer und sozialer Belastungen kann die Gefahr der Chronifizierung von Schmerzen reduzieren.
Retinale und choroidale Ultra-Weitwinkel-OCT – Technologie, Einblicke und klinische Bedeutung
Authors: Brockmann Claudia , Brockmann Tobias , Dera Adrianna Urszula , Do Ha-Vy , Rusch Wladislaw , Schaub Friederike , Fuchsluger Thomas Armin , Stachs Oliver
Published: December 2022

Die Ultra-Weitwinkel optische Kohärenztomografie (UWF-OCT) bietet als eine der modernsten Verfahren der retinalen und choroidalen Bildgebung einen deutlichen Zugewinn an Informationen
hinsichtlich peripherer Netzhautläsionen und deren Differenzialdiagnosen. Insbesondere das Vorliegen minimaler Ansammlungen subretinaler Flüssigkeit kann damit detailliert beurteilt und im
Verlauf dokumentiert werden. Auch die choroidale Ausdehnung von Aderhautläsionen kann exakt vermessen werden. Die Limitationen in der Anwendung beschränken sich ähnlich wie bei der
bisherigen OCT nach wie vor auf die Trübung optischer Medien und die Compliance des Patienten. Die Weite der Pupille spielt hier eine eher untergeordnete Rolle, die Qualität der Aufnahmen
ist jedoch in medikamentöser Mydriasis besser. Zusammen mit der UWF-Fundusfotografie ist die UWF-OCT ein hilfreiches Tool in der Beurteilung und Kontrolle peripherer Netzhaut- und
Aderhautläsionen.
Reform oder Brandbeschleuniger?
Authors: Roßius Sabrina
Published: December 2022

Mit dem Krankenhauspflegeentlastungsgesetz, kurz KHPflEG, sollen Krankenhäuser verpflichtet werden, ausreichend Pflegekräfte vorzuhalten. Kann dieses Vorhaben gelingen?
Wie sich die Pflege in Deutschland organisiert
Authors: Albrecht Jens
Published: December 2022

Pflegekammern sind nicht neu – in den USA und England gibt es die Selbstverwaltung bereits seit über 100 Jahren. Hierzulande gestaltet sich die Etablierung holprig. Hier ein geschichtlicher Überblick und rechtliche Grundlagen zum Thema Verkammerung.
A Novel Homozygous Missense Mutation (Ile583Asn) in a Consanguineous Marriage Family with Hereditary Factor XII Deficiency: A Case Report
Authors: Jiang Shuting , Chen Yuan , Xie Haixiao , Liu Meina , Zheng Xiaoyong , Wang Mingshan
Published: December 2022

Background Hereditary coagulation factor XII (FXII) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder. At present, the contribution of severe FXII deficiency to the development of thromboembolism is still undetermined. There are limited reports on the relationship between the FXII defect and thromboembolism.

Case Presentation A 27-year-old woman came to our hospital for the treatment of shoulder trauma and cervical disc herniation caused by a car accident. The shoulder trauma was treated with five stitches. After physical examination, imaging examination, and routine coagulation examination, cervical disc herniation was treated conservatively. Combined with the examination results, the patient was diagnosed with FXII deficiency. Unfortunately, the patient was readmitted 10 days after the trauma with edema in the lower limbs and secondary varicose veins. The D-dimer increased to 6.22 mg/L. Thrombus in the inferior vena cava and right common iliac was shown by lower limb venography. According to the patient's medical history, the F12 gene was analyzed by direct sequencing. The patient was also screened for other thrombotic risk factors. Genetic analysis showed that the patient had a c.1748T > A (p.Ile583Asn) homozygous missense mutation in exon 14 of the F12 gene. No other hereditary thrombophilia risk factors screened were positive in the patient.

Conclusion The p.Ile583Asn missense mutation in exon 14 of the F12 gene might be responsible for the reduction of the FXII level in the patient.
Was hat der Darm mit Übergewicht und Diabetes zu tun?
Authors: Walle Hardy
Published: December 2022

Eine gestörte Mikrobiota kann – neben Fehlernährung und Bewegungsmangel – zur Entstehung von Übergewicht und dessen Folgeerkrankungen beitragen. Ballaststoffe wie Betaglucan stabilisieren die Mikrobiota, unterstützen über die erhöhte Sättigung eine Gewichtsabnahme und vermindern hungerauslösende Blutzuckerschwankungen. Für den Menschen unverdauliche Ballaststoffe werden von Darmbakterien zu kurzkettigen Fettsäuren abgebaut, die u. a. die intestinale Darmbarriere verbessern. Ist die Schutzfunktion der Darmschleimhaut gestört, fördert dies die Entwicklung von Adipositas, nichtalkoholischer Fettleber und Typ-2-Diabetes. Die kurzkettigen Fettsäuren beeinflussen zudem Cholesterinspiegel und Blutglukosestoffwechsel positiv.
Comparison of adenoma detection rate and proximal serrated polyp detection rate and their effect on post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer mortality in screening patients
Authors: Zessner-Spitzenberg Jasmin , Waldmann Elisabeth , Jiricka Lena , Rockenbauer Lisa-Maria , Hinterberger Anna , Cook Jeremy , Asaturi Arno , Szymanska Aleksandra , Majcher Barbara , Trauner Michael , Ferlitsch Monika
Published: December 2022

Background Patients with serrated polyps are at increased risk for post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer (PCCRC); however, evidence for a dedicated serrated polyp detection rate is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the proximal serrated polyp detection rate (PSDR) and adenoma detection rate (ADR) with PCCRC death.

Methods This was a retrospective analysis within the Austrian quality assurance program for screening colonoscopy. Spearman’s rank coefficient was calculated for the assessment of association between ADR and PSDR. Whether ADR or PSDR were associated with colorectal cancer mortality was assessed by Cox proportional hazards model.

Results 229/729 screening colonoscopies performed by 308 endoscopists were analyzed. The ADR (hazard ratio [HR] per 1 percentage point increase 0.98, 95 %CI 0.96–0.99) as well as the PSDR (HR per 1 percentage point increase 0.97, 95 %CI 0.94–0.99) were significantly associated with PCCRC death. The correlation coefficient of the ADR and PSDR calculated at every colonoscopy was 0.70 (95 %CI 0.70–0.71), and the corresponding PSDR value for an ADR performance standard of 25 % was 11.1 %. At the end of the study period, 86 endoscopists (27.9 %) reached an ADR of > 25 % and a PSDR of > 11.1 %.

Conclusions The ADR as well as the PSDR were associated with PCCRC death. Striving for a high PSDR in addition to a high ADR might reduce the risk for PCCRC mortality in patients undergoing screening colonoscopy.
Functional and Aesthetic Outcomes of Septal Reconstructions: Results of a Prospective Longitudinal Outcome Study
Authors: van Dam Victor S. , van Zijl Floris V.W.J. , Lohuis Peter J.F.M. , Datema Frank R.
Published: December 2022

In order to correct severe septal deformities, complete septal reconstruction is often required to achieve the desired functional and aesthetic results. Several different techniques have been described. Systematic evaluation of the long-term results is crucial to assess and improve the quality of these surgical techniques. A custom-built dashboard (the rhinoplasty health care monitor [RHM]) was used for prospective and longitudinal outcome evaluation of the septal reconstruction. The RHM includes the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale for nasal obstruction and the Utrecht Questionnaire (UQ) for aesthetic outcome results. In total, 58 patients were included for septal reconstructive surgery. The mean preoperative NOSE scale scores decreased from 67.8 ± 19.1 to 12.2 ± 17.5, 1 year after surgery. Mean preoperative UQ scores went from 12.3 ± 6.4 to 6.2 ± 2.7. The beneficial functional and aesthetic effects of the techniques that we currently use to reconstruct the septum are efficient in terms of function and aesthetics.
Introduction
Authors: Rout Chandra Sekhar , Radhakrishnan Sithara , Late Dattatray J.
Published: December 2022

Two-dimensional layered materials have gained tremendous attention in recent years due to their great promise in the 21st century solid state device technology. Depending on the requirement, various analytical techniques such as optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) etc. have been widely used to characterize the 2D materials. Each technique has its own advantages and limitations. Further, different operando spectroscopic techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD and XPS, etc. are being used to understand the mechanism involved in the growth process and device performance of the 2D materials by in situ experimental investigations. Spectroscopic techniques such are useful to determine the composition, quality, band gap, doping, surface charge, thickness, number of layers, orientation and chemical bonding, etc. By considering these aspects, in this book we aim to provide detailed information on these analytical techniques, its importance and recent progress which have been widely used to characterize different 2D nanomaterials.
Optical Based Techniques for 2D Layered Materials
Authors: Reshmi S. , Sundheep R. , Late Dattatray J.
Published: December 2022

Two-dimensional materials are the thinnest unsupported crystalline solids that do not exhibit surface dangling bonds. The unique structure of these materials including graphene and its successors leads to novel optical, electrical properties in comparison to their bulk counterparts. The changes in the structural and physical properties thus highly influence the performance of the resulting devices. Particularly, they are characterized by intralayer covalent bonding and interlayer van der Waals bonding with superior interlayer (compared to intralayer) transport of fundamental excitations (charge, heat, spin, and light). These atomic sheets afford the ultimate thickness scalability for semiconductor devices while simultaneously providing an unmatched combination of device physics and mechanics [Akinwande et al., “Two-dimensional flexible nanoelectronics,” Nat. Commun. 5, 5678 (2014)]. Hence, these 2D layers could act as building blocks for future optoelectronic and photonic devices. Even though their unique structure confers various optoelectronic capabilities, the same structure impedes their characterizations as they are transparent and have a nanometre-scale thickness. The future application of these nanosheets will be dictated by our precise understanding of their optoelectronic properties through standardized characterization techniques.

Among all the available characterization techniques, optical investigations are a powerful tool as the interaction between incident light beam and the material can provide us with information about the optoelectronic properties of the materials. The simplicity and the non-destructive nature of these techniques make them an important characterization tool. This chapter deals with the systematic study of various optical methods which are useful in investigating materials of the 2D family. The initial stage in characterizing 2D material is to locate them and count number of layers in the nanosheets. The first section describes the use of optical microscopy as an imaging technique and its usefulness in determining the thickness/layer number in a 2D layer stack. Methods to investigate nonlinear optical properties of 2D materials is discussed in the next section. Photoluminescence emission studies combined with density functional theory can be utilized to characterize the band structure of the 2D materials. Thus, the third section of this chapter describes the use of optical absorption and photoluminescence technique to investigate their electronic properties. Systematic discussion is put forward for the methods to ascertain particle size and surface charge of the materials in the last section.
Probe-Based Techniques for 2D Layered Materials
Authors: Sharma Aditya , Rout Chandra Sekhar
Published: December 2022

Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), Black Phosphorous (BP), MXenes etc. are the emerging class of layered materials that have grabbed a lot of attention from researchers all over the world for various applications. 2D layered materials exhibit fascinating electrical, optical, mechanical as well as thermal properties which go beyond the performance of other bulk materials. Factors like morphology, flake size, formation of defects etc. play an important role to tune their versatile nature of properties. To observe and study these features characterization is a basic requirement to investigate the nature of 2D materials depending on the number of layers, the existence of defects and vacancies in the structure, and crystallinity. Particular focus is paid to systems including Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Conductive-Atomic Force Microscopy (C-AFM), Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM), Kelvin probe force microscopy etc, in which the scanning probe is employed as a force sensor with extremely high sensitivity and resolution rather than as a basic imaging instrument. Surface smoothness, layer number and orientation, size and depth profiles of ultra-thin 2D layers, and other critical elements of mechanical strength of 2D materials are all determined using these approaches.
Analytical Techniques for Pore Size and Specific Surface Area Analysis
Authors: Samal Rutuparna , Radhakrishnan Sithara , Rout Chandra Sekhar
Published: December 2022

A significant breakthrough has been made in the preparation of 2D materials with controlled surface functionality, tailored pore structure and size over the last two decades. The development of advanced 2D nanomaterials has resulted in challenges in the area of physical adsorption characterization, and a broad textural characterization is critical for the optimization of 2D materials investigated in a variety of potential applications. As a matter of fact, specific surface area and pore size are decisive properties in the field of energy storage, catalysis, batteries, and several others. A thorough examination of the pore architecture and surface area is specifically vital because they influence diffusion rates, transport phenomena, rule selectivity, and performance in catalyzed reactions. This chapter discusses major aspects of underlying mechanisms of the most commonly used BET method for evaluating the surface area and pore size of porous and finely divided 2D nanomaterials. We discuss multiple examples of state-of-the-art specific surface area and pore size determination as well as a brief overview of the current challenges in physical adsorption analysis.
Analytical Techniques for the Wettability and Contact Angle
Authors: Gupta Shobhnath P. , Hasnain Sayed M. , Jaiswar Rajesh , Late Dattatray J. , Walke Pravin S.
Published: December 2022

The development of 2D materials as functional surfaces aimed at various developing and technological applications such as sensor, electronics, mechanics, etc. Hence the fundamental understanding of 2D material–liquid interactions becomes very important. The miniaturization and 2D material's sensitivity towards environment creates surface forces that facilitate fluid interactions. In this chapter, the wettability, contact angle measurements, electric double layer (EDL) structures, and the frictional interactions which originates from interactions of 2D material and the liquid is described. The various analytical methods are explained which are used to characterize the 2D materials wetting behavior. The tuning of 2D material's wetting properties is regulated by their substrates and contaminants, various forces like van der Waals forces and surface tension, etc. Additionally, the inherent EDL at the interfaces of 2D material–liquid can be modulated easily. This EDL modulation partly describes the variation in wetting behavior and offers distinct applications like sensors and energy storage applications such as supercapacitors, energy harvesters. Overall, solid–liquid interactions of 2-D materials are fascinating phenomenon enabling the desirable modifications of surface properties, mechanical as well as electrical interactions, and surface behavior.
Twistronics: Investigating Twist Angles in 2D Materials
Authors: Kadrekar Riddhi , Late Dattatray J.
Published: December 2022

Twist angle materials are the materials in which a relative angle (twist) is introduced between vertically stacked layers of 2D materials. Even for small twist angles these materials display transformative material properties owing to their strong inter-layer bonding. The Twist angle enable various interesting phenomena, which opens a research direction–twistronics. To realize the practical applications of twistronics, it is of the highest significance to control the interlayer twist angle on large scales. Current chapter explores various characterization techniques to understand the inter-layer bonding responsible for exotic properties displayed by twist angle materials.
Frameworks for identifying priority plants and ecosystems most impacted by major fires
Authors: Auld Tony D. , Keith David A. , Gallagher Rachael V. , Tozer Mark , Ooi Mark K. J. , Le Breton Tom , Allen Stuart , Yates Colin , van Leeuwen Stephen , Williams Richard J. , Mackenzie Berin D. E.
Published: December 2022

Globally, many species and ecosystems are experiencing landscape-scale wildfires (‘megafires’) and these events are predicted to increase in frequency and severity as the climate warms. Consequently, the capability to rapidly assess the likely impacts of such large fires and identify potential risks they pose to the persistence of species and ecosystems is vital for effective conservation management. In this review, we propose novel frameworks to identify which plant species and ecosystems are most in need of management actions as a result of megafires. We do this by assessing the impacts of a fire event on plants and ecosystems in the context of the whole fire regime (current fire event combined with recent fire history) and its interactions with other threatening processes, rather than simply considering the amount of habitat burnt. The frameworks are based on a combination of key species’ traits related to mechanisms of decline, components of the fire regime that are most likely to have adverse impacts on species or ecosystem recovery, and biotic and environmental factors that may amplify fire impacts or pose barriers to post-fire recovery. We applied these frameworks to guide management priorities and responses following the extensive 2019/2020 fires in southern Australia, and we illustrate their application here via a series of worked examples that highlight the various mechanisms of post-fire decline the frameworks address. The frameworks should be applicable to a broader range of fire-prone biomes worldwide. Our approach will (1) promote the development of foundational national datasets for assessing megafire impacts on biodiversity, (2) identify targeted priority actions for conservation, (3) inform planning for future fires (both prescribed burning and wildfire suppression), and (4) build awareness and understanding of the potential breadth of factors that threaten plants and ecosystems under changing fire regimes.
Scrolling into the Newsroom
Authors: Oesch Jonas , Renner Adina , Roth Manuel
Published: December 2022

In recent years, scrollytelling – a method to animate content as a reader scrolls through an article – has become
an integral part of online visual storytelling. Despite its popularity, few studies have examined the variety of existing
scrollytelling techniques. In addition, scrollytelling is still costly to produce. This study aims to generate a scrollytelling
vocabulary for newsrooms and creative agencies. By analysing 50 examples, we have identified granular characteristics of
scrollytelling elements, or ‘scrollers’, and grouped them into five standard techniques: graphic sequences, animated transitions,
panning and zooming, scrolling through movies, and showing and auto-playing animated content. The study provides information
designers, developers, and visual journalists with a vocabulary to experiment with different scrollytelling techniques and
implement scrollers faster and more easily.
Parallel spinors, pp-waves, and gravitational perturbations
Authors: Araneda Bernardo
Published: December 2022

We prove that any real, vacuum gravitational perturbation of a four-dimensional vacuum pp-wave space-time can be locally expressed, modulo gauge transformations, as the real part of a Hertz/Debye potential, where the scalar potential satisfies the wave equation. We discuss relations with complex perturbations, complex space-times, non-linear structures, and real spaces with split (ultra-hyperbolic/Kleinian) signature. Motivated by generalized notions of parallel spinors, we also discuss generalizations of the result to other space-times.
An adaptive generalized logarithm sparse regularization method and its application in rolling bearing fault diagnosis
Authors: Qin Limu , Yang Gang , Lv Kun , Sun Qi
Published: December 2022

The generalized logarithm sparse regularization method (G-log) for fault diagnosis of rotating devices can effectively reconstruct repetitive transient shocks from noise-disturbed signals, but its reconstruction accuracy frequently becomes inferior due to unsuitable regularization parameters. Moreover, conventional sparse regularization methods perform nothing on the input signals to guarantee that the impulse characteristics remain constant during the entire iteration process, which exacerbates the influence of noise on the reconstruction accuracy. To overcome these challenges, an adaptive generalized logarithm sparse regularization method (AG-log) based on the second-order cyclostationary indicator (ICS2) and the improved maximum correlation Pearson correlation coefficient deconvolution (IMCPCCD) method is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the optimal threshold parameter k for each iteration of AG-log is determined based on the ICS2 criterion to ensure the optimal reconstruction accuracy, while the optimal combination of iteration numbers N and k is established. Secondly, the original signal and the IMCPCCD filtered signal are alternately used as the input signal of AG-log according to the parity of the iterative steps to reduce the interference of noise. Finally, the application on simulated and two engineering case signals demonstrates that AG-log has better reconstruction accuracy compared with conventional nonconvex sparse regularization methods.
The peak-end rule and its dynamic realization through differential equations with maxima
*
Authors: Trofymchuk Olena , Liz Eduardo , Trofimchuk Sergei
Published: December 2022

In the 1990s, after a series of experiments, the behavioural psychologist and economist Daniel Kahneman and his colleagues formulated the following peak-end evaluation rule: the remembered utility of pleasant or unpleasant episodes is accurately predicted by averaging the peak (most intense value) of instant utility (or disutility) recorded during an episode and the instant utility recorded near the end of the experience (Kahneman et al 1997 Q. J. Econ.
112 375–405). Based on this rule, we propose a mathematical model for the time evolution of the experienced utility function

u
=
u
(
t
)

given by the scalar differential equation

u
′
(
t
)
=
a
u
(
t
)
+
b
max
{
u
(
s
)
:
s
∈
[
t
−
h
,
t
]
}
+
f
(
t
)
 
(
*
)
,

where f represents exogenous stimuli, h is the maximal duration of the experience, and

a
,
b
∈

R

are some averaging weights. In this work, we study equation

(
∗
)

and show that, for a range of parameters

a
,
b
,
h

and a periodic sine-like term f, the dynamics of

(
∗
)

can be completely described in terms of an associated one-dimensional dynamical system generated by a piece-wise continuous map from a finite interval into itself. We illustrate our approach with two representative examples. In particular, we show that the utility u(t) (e.g. ‘happiness’, interpreted as hedonic utility) can exhibit chaotic behaviour.
One-time memory from isolated Majorana islands
Authors: Kundu Sourav , Reichardt Ben
Published: December 2022

A one-time memory (OTM) stores two bits such that either bit can be retrieved, but not both. One-time memories have been shown to allow for secure classical and quantum computations. We propose a physical construction of this mathematical cryptographic primitive, based on isolated Majorana islands. Using classical error-correcting codes, obtained from a quantum code, the scheme can be made robust to errors. Further, the one bit out of two bit OTM construction generalizes to 1-out-of-

n

and

(
n
−
1
)

-out-of-

n

OTMs.
Polariton dynamics in one-dimensional arrays of atoms coupled to waveguides
Authors: Schrinski Björn , Sørensen Anders S
Published: December 2022

Photons strongly coupled to material systems constitute a novel system for realizing non-linear optics at the level of individual photons and studying the dynamics of non-equilibrium quantum many-body system. We give a simple physical polariton-picture of the dynamics of photons coupled to a one-dimensional array of two-level atoms. This picture allows a fully analytical description of the dynamics in terms of polariton scattering inside the medium and reflections of the polaritons from the edge of the array. We show that inelastic collisions, previously identified in small systems, also occur in infinite systems and are related to the existence of multiple bands in the dispersion relation. The developed theory constitutes an effective field theory for the dynamics, which can be used for studies of non-linear optics and many-body dynamics. As a specific example we map the system to the Lieb–Liniger model and show that a so-called Tonks–Girardeau gas of photons is a stable eigenstate of the system in the limit of many emitters.
Development of novel flexible photodetectors based on 0.5PVA/0.5PVP/Fe:NiO nanocomposite system with enhanced optoelectronic properties
Authors: Ghabara Taoufik , Elhosiny Ali H , Kumar Ashwani , Ashraf I M , Shkir Mohd , Khairy Yasmin
Published: December 2022

Ordinary casting technique has been used to fabricate the intrinsic films of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) polymer blend matrix incorporated with dissimilar weight percent contents of Fe:NiO nanocomposite (NC). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy has been implemented to analyze NC structure of these films. Significant interaction and tuning of PVA/PVP blend matrix due to Fe:NiO NC is detected. XRD pattern reflects the structural modification and partial crystalline nature of the pristine blend matrix. The corresponding peaks of Fourier transform IR identifies the vibrational group of the synthesized samples. Atomic force microscope images indicate that a change in the Fe:NiO concentration in a pristine blend leads to an increase in the roughness and clusters. Numerous optical factors such as E
g (transition band gap), refractive index (n), and E
ed (absorption edge) of pure blend and blend films with different concentrations of Fe:NiO were assessed via UV–Vis optical absorption spectra. As we increased the doping concentration in pristine blends, the value of E
g goes to decrease. The dispersion (E
d) and oscillator (E
o) energies were calculated from Wemple and Di. Domenico of a single oscillator. Although, optical susceptibilities and nonlinear refractive index were enhanced by doping with Fe:NiO NC. The change in doping content leads to modifications in the optical limiting. The photocurrent density–voltage properties of the present polymers were studied at different values of white light intensity. It was found that the photoconductivity of the PVA/PVP blend is 1.03275 × 10−8 (Ω cm)−1, while NC films varied in the range (1.03–10.6954) × 10−8 (Ω cm)−1 at 8600 lux. In addition, the photosensitivity increased from 13.82 to 24.08. The recombination process was found monomolecular process for pure and doped polymers. The present films assume the possibility of their uses in optical and photo-electric devices.
Determination of the material model parameters for high pressure densification induced glass inferred through analytical comparison and its ballistic performance as used in composite laminates
Authors: Thakur Nitin , Bharj Rabinder Singh , Kumar Pramod , Sharma Prince , Sharma Sumit , Bahl Shashi
Published: December 2022

The Drucker Prager material model, Ductile Damage and Mie-Gruneisen equation of state parameters for high-pressure densification induced glass were derived analytically in the current study by comparing them to the Johnson Holmquist-II (JH-2) model. These parameters were then utilized to simulate the ballistic impact behaviour of bullet-resistant glass in ABAQUS/Explicit and the results were compared to the simulation results using JH-2 model in ANSYS/Autodyn and the results were found in good agreement. Following that, their experimental equivalents were tested for validation prospective. The findings were then compared to conventional bullet-resistant glass. It was found that the new bullet-resistant glass fabricated from layers of high-pressure densification induced glass was superior in strength as compared to the conventional bullet-resistant glass.
Effect of CeO2 doping on the coercivity of 2:17 type SmCo magnets
Authors: Gao Xiao-Lei , Liu Zhuang , Wang Guang-Qing , Zhu Chao-Qun , Cheng Wen-Xin , Zhang Ming-Xiao , Liu Xin-Cai , Chen Ren-Jie , Yan A-Ru
Published: December 2022

The effects of CeO2 doping on the magnetic properties and microstructure of 2:17 type SmCo magnets are studied. With the increase of CeO2 from 0 wt.% to 3 wt.%, the coercivity of the magnets increases from 22.22 kOe to over 29.37 kOe, which is an increase of more than 30%. When the doping content is lower than 1 wt.%, the remanence and magnetic energy product of the magnets remain almost constant. Both decrease sharply as the doping concentration further increases. After CeO2 doping, the oxide content in the magnet increases significantly and the Ce element is uniformly distributed in the magnet. Observing the magnetic domains reveals that doping with CeO2 can refine the magnetic domains and make the magnetic domain wall more stable, resulting in a significant increase in the coercivity of the magnets.