bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solid Tumor Complicated With Venous Thromboembolism: A 10-Year Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Peng Miao , Yang Shengli , Li Guiling , Zhang Tao , Qin Xiaojuan , Shi Chen , Chang Jian , Chen Mengni , Chen Chen , Li Bingjie , Cao Sihang , Li Ting , Chen Renwang , Bakhshi Prapti , Jin Min , Wu Gang , Hu Jianli
Published: February 2021

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs more frequently in cancer patients than in the general population. A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out in patients with solid tumor complicated with VTE admitted to the Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology between January 1st, 2008 and December 31th, 2017. The incidence of VTE in hospitalized cancer patients was 1.8%, twice the incidence of VTE in hospitalized non-cancer patients. The annual incidence of cancer-associated VTE in our center varied between 1.6% in 2015 and 0.4% in 2009 with an overall average incidence of 1.3% over the research decade. BMI values of 549(67.7%) cancer patients were within the normal range, but none of patients had BMI greater than 35 kg/m2. 747(92.1%) cancer patients had ECOG PS score ≤ 2 and 481(59.3%) had distant metastasis. Patients with pancreatic, bladder, ovarian and endometrial cancer had the highest incidence of VTE. Upper extremity DVT (47.2%) was more common in cancer patients and might be closely associated with CVC (74.9%), while lower extremities DVT (36.1%) intended to PE development (15.0%). The annual incidence rates showed a fluctuating and upward trend over the research decade. VTE occurrence was closely related to tumor stage, tumor site, catheterization and anti-neoplasm therapy in cancer patients.
Intersectional and Trauma-Informed Approaches to Employment Services: Insights From Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Service Providers
Authors: Tarshis Sarah , Alaggia Ramona , Logie Carmen H.
Published: February 2021

This article presents qualitative findings from a constructivist grounded theory study that examines intimate partner violence and employment-seeking from the perspectives of 10 service providers. Three distinct themes emerge through analysis: (a) understanding the intersecting barriers to employment faced by survivors, (b) integrated approaches to employment services, and (c) barriers to providing employment services. Findings have important theoretical implications on the intersectional nature of employment-seeking and provide insight into IPV service responses.
Profiles of U.S. Law Enforcement Officers’ Physical, Psychological, and Behavioral Health: Results From a Nationally Representative Survey of Officers
Authors: Mumford Elizabeth A. , Liu Weiwei , Taylor Bruce G.
Published: February 2021

Law enforcement officers’ health and wellness is important at the individual and community levels in terms of maintaining a fit workforce to uphold the mission of public safety. The current study was designed to assess officer wellness across the U.S. From a nationally representative random sample of 1,135 local and state agencies, a random, probability-based sample of officers was selected, oversampling for female officers. Latent class analyses were conducted to assess wellness profiles based on a set of eleven physical, psychological, and behavioral health indicators for 2,232 officers. Personal and professional characteristics were included as auxiliary variables in models of the resulting classes. Results from this sample indicated that over two-thirds of officers fit a healthy profile, whereas one in four officers presents with moderate health concerns and nearly 6% are classified in a profile of broad health concerns. In this sample, sexual assault in childhood, greater exposure to critical incidents, working a current rotation schedule, and being female were characteristics associated with broad health concerns. Emotional and/or physical assault in childhood, greater exposure to critical incidents, and being female were characteristics associated with moderate health concerns, whereas older age and being Hispanic were protective factors. In sum, full-time sworn law enforcement officers across the U.S. are reasonably healthy but their exposures to stressful situations put them at increased risk particularly in terms of post-traumatic stress, risky drinking, and suicidality. These results are important for agency administrators and policymakers to consider in terms of wellness programs, prevention efforts and budget allocations.
Design and optimization of multi-scale porous sandwich composites with excellent sound absorption and cushioning properties
Authors: Wu Liwei , Zhang Xuefei , Ban Jingyan , Jiang Qian , Li Ting-Ting , Lin Jia-Horng , Tang Youhong
Published: February 2021

Exposure to prolonged or excessive noise has been shown to cause a range of health problems. In this study, flexible sandwich composites (FSCs) with excellent sound absorption and mechanical properties were designed and fabricated by a one-step foaming process. The compound fabric as composite panel and fabric sequence contacted with PU foam has been designed and optimized for excellent cushioning and sound absorption properties. In comparisons of three processing methods for fabricating compound fabrics as reinforced panels of FSCs, punching/hot pressing was found to be the most effective method. Through experiments, the L (low-melting polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric, LPNF) -W (warp-knitted spacer fabric, WKSF) -F (flexible polyurethane foam, FPF) composites had the best performance, reaching the sound absorption coefficient of 0.997 (1000 Hz), 107.77 KPa in compression modulus, 6541 N in maximum impact contact force and 44.68% in impact energy absorption. Morphological study revealed that the transition region formed by FPF and WKSF played a vital role in the L-W-F structure. In that region, small cavities and complex porous paths were observed that effectively improved the sound absorption and cushioning properties by dissipating the stress wave and sound wave level-to-level.
The Social and Solidarity Economy: An Opportunity for Young Women’s Work Transitions
Authors: Soler-i-Martí Roger , Trepat Andreu Camprubí , Oliveras Ester , Andrés Mireia Sierra
Published: February 2021

This article analyses to what extent the social and solidarity economy (SSE), the aim of which is to prioritize people’s needs and well-being, can offer young people education-to-work transitions conditions and opportunities which are different from those in the conventional economy. The very nature of SSE means that it is especially suitable for challenging gender inequality and proves to be exceptionally useful for testing feminist economics. Against a backdrop of economic crisis, SSE has shown greater resilience when compared to other sectors, although it is still not widespread. To examine how SSE can improve young women’s experiences and labour trajectories, this article analyses working conditions, job satisfaction and gender roles in school-to-work transitions of young women in SSE in Catalonia. Results show that the collective and value-driven nature of SSE entails a specific awareness and commitment that empower young women’s transitions experiences and expectations.
Association of metformin and development of dry age-related macular degeneration in a U.S. insurance claims database
Authors: Eton Emily A , Wubben Thomas J , Besirli Cagri G , Hua Peiying , McGeehan Brendan , VanderBeek Brian L
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

To assess whether metformin is associated with dry age-related macular degeneration (dAMD) development.

Methods:

In this retrospective cohort study, patients enrolled in a nationwide U.S. medical insurance claims database from 2002 to 2016 were included if they had diabetes mellitus, were ⩾55 years old, and were enrolled for ⩾2 years without a prior AMD diagnosis. The primary exposure was metformin use analyzed as either active or prior use or cumulative metformin dosage over the study period. A time updating Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate the hazard ratio of dAMD incidence with metformin exposure.

Results:

Among 1,007,226 diabetic enrollees, 53.3% were female and 66.4% were white with a mean hemoglobin A1c of 6.8%. Of eligible enrollees, 166,115 (16.5%) were taking metformin at the index date. Over the study period, 29,818 (3.0%) participants developed dAMD. In the active versus prior use of metformin model, active use conferred an increased hazard of developing dAMD (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04–1.12) while prior use had a decreased hazard (HR, 0.95; 95% CI 0.92–0.98). The cumulative metformin dosage model showed a significant trend toward increased hazard of dAMD incidence with increasing cumulative dosage ( p < 0.001), with the lowest dosage quartile having decreased hazard of dAMD incidence (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91–0.99) and the highest having increased hazard (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01–1.13).

Conclusions:

Small, conflicting associations between metformin exposure and development of dAMD were observed depending on cumulative dosage and whether drug use was active, suggesting metformin did not substantially affect the development of dAMD.
Migration behaviour of 2 clinically excellent cementless stems with different design rationales: 5-year follow-up of a randomised RSA-study
Authors: van der Voort Paul , van Delft Danny , Valstar Edward R , Kaptein Bart L , Fiocco Marta , Nelissen Rob GHH
Published: February 2021

Introduction:

Excellent long-term survival has been reported for both the Taperloc and the Mallory-Head cementless stems. However, little is known about the migration behaviour of these stems which have different design rationales. The purpose of this randomised clinical trial was to compare the migration and clinical outcomes of these stems during 5 years of follow-up.

Methods:

42 consecutive hips in 38 patients scheduled to receive cementless THA were randomised to either a Taperloc or a Mallory-Head stem. Evaluation took place preoperatively and postoperatively on the second day, at 6, 12, 26, and 52 weeks, and annually thereafter. Primary outcome was stem migration measured using roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA) and secondary outcomes were the Harris Hip Score (HHS) and 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). No patients were lost to follow-up; in 1 patient the THA was removed due to deep infection 3 months postoperatively. In 6 hips migration measurements were not possible due to insufficient marker configuration.

Results:

Throughout the follow-up period of 5 years, 3-dimensional migration was comparable between the Taperloc and the Mallory-Head stems ( p-values > 0.05). However, at the 5-year follow-up point the retroversion of the Mallory-Head stem was 0.9° more than the Taperloc stem ( p = 0.04). Initial subsidence and retroversion were respectively as large as 6.8 mm and 3.6° for the Taperloc stem and 5 mm and 3.6° for the Mallory-Head stem. After the first postoperative year, both implants had stabilised. The mean increment of HHS, as well as the SF-36 scores during the 5-year follow-up, were comparable between the 2 stems.

Conclusions:

The excellent long-term survival of both designs was confirmed in this study showing comparable initial migration with subsequent stabilisation. However, the Taperloc design with a flat, wedged geometry showed better rotational stability.
Māori Indigenous values and tourism business sustainability
Authors: Ransfield Adam Kirihimete , Reichenberger Ina
Published: February 2021

This paper explores the integration and impact of Indigenous cultural values on social, environmental and economic sustainability practices in New Zealand Māori tourism businesses. Utilising a Kaupapa Māori (Māori philosophy) paradigm, 12 respondents from 8 Māori tourism businesses were interviewed. Findings highlight the conscious implementation of indigenous cultural values through consultation processes and their extensive impact on staff, stakeholders, wider community and natural environment through sustainable relationships based on hospitality, unity, belonging and self-determination, in line with the diverse economies framework. We argue that current shifts towards sustainable business practice in tourism reduces the perceived gap between indigenous and Western business approaches.
Calibration and Uncertainty Analysis for Modelling Runoff in the Tambo River Basin, Peru, Using Sequential Uncertainty Fitting Ver-2 (SUFI-2) Algorithm
Authors: Carlos Mendoza Juan Adriel , Chavez Alcazar Tamar Anaharat , Zuñiga Medina Sebastián Adolfo
Published: February 2021

Basin-scale simulation is fundamental to understand the hydrological cycle, and in identifying information essential for water management. Accordingly, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is applied to simulate runoff in the semi-arid Tambo River Basin in southern Peru, where economic activities are driven by the availability of water. The SWAT model was calibrated using the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting Ver-2 (SUFI-2) algorithm and two objective functions namely the Nash-Sutcliffe simulation efficiency (NSE), and coefficient of determination ( R2) for the period 1994 to 2001 which includes an initial warm-up period of 3 years; it was then validated for 2002 to 2016 using daily river discharge values. The best results were obtained using the objective function R2; a comparison of results of the daily and monthly performance evaluation between the calibration period and validation period showed close correspondence in the values for NSE and R2, and those for percent bias (PBIAS) and ratio of standard deviation of the observation to the root mean square error (RSR). The results thus show that the SWAT model can effectively predict runoff within the Tambo River basin. The model can also serve as a guideline for hydrology modellers, acting as a reliable tool.
Cost Determinants of Continuum-Care Episodes for Hip Fracture
Authors: Golinelli Davide , Boetto Erik , Mazzotti Antonio , Rosa Simona , Rucci Paola , Berti Elena , Ugolini Cristina , Fantini Maria Pia
Published: February 2021

Many factors affect the healthcare costs and outcomes in patients with hip fracture (HF). Through the construction of a Continuum-Care Episode (CCE), we investigated the costs of CCEs for HF and their determinants. We used data extracted from administrative databases of 5094 consecutive elderly patients hospitalized in 2017 in Emilia Romagna, Italy, to evaluate the overall costs of the CCE. We calculated the acute and post-acute costs from the date of the hospital admission to the end of the CCE. The determinants of costs by type of surgical intervention (total hip replacement, partial hip replacement, open reduction, and internal fixation) were investigated using generalized linear regression models. Regardless of the type of surgical intervention, hospital bed-based rehabilitation in public or private healthcare facilities either followed by rehabilitation in a community hospital/temporary nursing home beds or not were the strongest determinants of costs, while rehabilitation in intermediate care facilities alone was associated with lower costs. CCE’s cost and its variability is mainly related to the rehabilitation setting. Cost-wise, intermediate care resulted to be an appropriate setting for providing post-acute rehabilitation for HF, representing the one associated with lower overall costs. Intermediate care organizational setting should be privileged when planning integrated care HF pathways.
Indigenous music learning in contemporary contexts: Nurturing learner identity, agency, and passion
Authors: Isabirye James
Published: February 2021

I studied the revival project that involved teaching and (re)learning of a nearly extinct music tradition of the Basoga people from Uganda, to find out what might be learnt about and from those learning processes, and insights that might be applicable in formal educational settings. The revival project activities were documented (with participants’ permission) and publicized through a large number of audio and audiovisual recordings, photographs, and reports from community and school settings. Treating this documentation as extant data, I engaged in a qualitative analysis of the social and musical interactions between and among the two surviving master musicians and the youths to understand the nature and meaning of these learning experiences. Emergent themes reflected that nurturing identity, agency, and joy-filled passion among the learners were the main contributing factors that facilitated a successful transfer of knowledge and skills from the elderly master musicians to multitudes of youths.
Remote ophthalmology with a smartphone adapter handled by nurses for the diagnosis of eye posterior pole pathologies during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: González-Márquez Florencio , Luque-Romero Luis , Ruiz-Romero María Victoria , Castillón-Torre Luis , Hernández-Martínez Francisco Javier , Olea-Pabón Luna , Moro-Muñoz Serafín , García-Díaz Rocío del Mar , García-Garmendia José Luis
Published: February 2021

Introduction:

The use of smartphones to provide specialist ophthalmology services is becoming a more commonly used method to support patients with eye pathologies. During the COVID-19 pandemic, demand for telehealth services such as tele-ophthalmology, is increasing rapidly.

Methods:

In 2019, the agreement between diagnostic tests was investigated by comparing the diagnostic performance for eye posterior pole pathologies of the images obtained by a smartphone coupled to a medical device known as open retinoscope (OR), handled by a nurse and subsequently assessed by an ophthalmologist versus the images obtained by an ophthalmologist using a slit lamp associated to a 76 diopter indirect ophthalmic lens (Volk Super FieldVR ) (SL-IOL) at the outpatient department of a hospital. The OR used in this study worked with a 28 diopter indirect lens.

Results:

An examination of 151 dilated eyes (79 adult patients, mean age of 66.7 years, 59.5% women) was conducted. Sensitivity was 98.9%, specificity was 89.8%, the positive predictive value was 93.8% and the negative predictive value was 98.2%. The kappa index between both tests was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.83-0.97) in basic diagnosis, 0.81 (95% CI: 0.74-0.89) in syndromic diagnosis (13 categories) and 0.70 (95% CI: 0.62-0.77) in advanced diagnosis (23 categories).

Discussion:

Images obtained by a nurse using a smartphone coupled to the OR and subsequently assessed by an ophthalmologist showed a high diagnostic performance for eye posterior pole pathologies, which could pave the way for remote ophthalmology systems for this patient group.
Effects of compression stockings on lower-limb venous and arterial system responses to prolonged sitting: A randomized cross-over trial
Authors: Horiuchi Masahiro , Stoner Lee
Published: February 2021

Exposure to prolonged sitting increases blood pooling and the risk of lower-extremity vascular arterial and venous complications, including deep vein thrombosis. Compression garment stockings (CGS) may prevent pooling, thereby mitigating the associated vascular complications. Three aims were addressed: (i) does use of CGS help to prevent blood pooling; (ii) does blood pooling correlate with decreased stroke volume; and (iii) does use of CGS preserve leg arterial flow-mediated dilation and reactive hyperemia response. Twenty inactive participants (22 ± 4 years, 30% female, 22.1 ± 2.0 kg/m2) were randomized to sit for 3 hours with (CGS) and without use of CGS. Blood pooling was determined using medial gastrocnemius total hemoglobin. Stroke volume was estimated using finger photoplethysmography, respectively. Macrovascular and microvascular function were measured using popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation and reactive hyperemia, respectively. In response to 3 hours of sitting: (i) there was an interaction effect for total hemoglobin ( p < 0.001); the condition without use of CGS increased 10.5% (95% CI: 6.7 to 14.3) and CGS increased 4.3% (95% CI: 0.1 to 7.7); (ii) blood pooling was negatively associated with stroke volume ( r = −0.58, 95% CI: −0.68 to −0.45); (iii) reactive hyperemia and flow-mediated arterial dilation was impaired after prolonged sitting, and use of CGS was not associated with attenuation of this impairment. Use of CGS decreases blood pooling but does not preserve arterial macrovascular and microvascular responses to prolonged sitting. Further study is warranted to determine whether CGS has additive benefits when combined with sitting interruption strategies.
Social science as apologia
Authors: Brandmayr Federico
Published: February 2021

The social sciences are predominantly seen by their practitioners as critical endeavours, which should inform criticism of harmful institutions, beliefs and practices. Accordingly, political attacks on the social sciences are often interpreted as revealing an unwillingness to accept criticism and an acquiescence with the status quo. But this dominant view of the political implications of social scientific knowledge misses the fact that people can also be outraged by what they see as its apologetic potential, namely that it provides excuses or justifications for people doing bad things, preventing them from being rightfully blamed and punished. This introduction to the special issue sketches the long history of debates about the exculpatory and justificatory consequences of social science and lays the foundations for a theory of social scientific apologia by examining three main aspects: what social and cognitive processes motivate this type of accusation, how social theorists respond to it and whether different contexts of circulation of ideas affect how these controversies unfold.
An experiment of double dynamic lighting in an office responding to sky and daylight: Perceived effects on comfort, atmosphere and work engagement
Authors: Hansen Ellen Kathrine , Bjørner Thomas , Xylakis Emmanouil , Pajuste Mihkel
Published: February 2021

The experiment was targeted to develop design strategies and methods by testing the complex interplay between the dynamics of daylight and electrical lighting in an office. The double dynamic lighting design concept is based on the idea of adding task lighting, with a directionality referring to the daylight inflow and a variation on direct/diffuse lighting and respective changes in colour temperature respond to sky conditions and daylight levels. The experiment was conducted in an office space at Aalborg University in Copenhagen from September to December 2019. Four participants moved in and worked in the office with four-week periods of respective standard static lighting as a baseline, and dynamic lighting. In a parallel mixed method approach with interviews and questionnaires, the dynamic lighting was compared to the baseline and to a control group. The results indicate that the dynamic lighting periods had a positive effect on visual comfort, perceived atmosphere and work engagement. The studies helped to develop the definition of five dynamic light settings. Seasonal changes, time of day, dynamic sunscreens and individual needs for task lighting can be implemented in future field experiments as additional dynamic parameters to meet individual needs and circadian potentials for double dynamic light.
Conceptualising organisational cultural lag: Marriage equality and Australian sport
Authors: Parry Keith D , Storr Ryan , Kavanagh Emma J , Anderson Eric
Published: February 2021

This article develops a theoretical framework to understand how sexuality can be institutionalised through debates about marriage equality. We first examine 13 Australian sporting organisations concerning their support for marriage equality and sexual minority inclusion before showing they drew cultural capital from supporting episodes of equality exogenous to their organisation, while failing to promote internal inclusion. We use online content analysis alongside the identification of institutional speech acts within policy to analyse results through three conceptual lenses: Ahmed’s institutional diversity work, Ogburn’s cultural lag, and Evan’s organisational lag, from which we propose a hybrid – organisational cultural lag – as a theoretical tool within social movement theory.
Measuring happiness in the social sciences: An overview
Authors: Delsignore Gabriela , Aguilar-Latorre Alejandra , Oliván-Blázquez Bárbara
Published: February 2021

Social needs are universal and their fulfilment is considered to be a prerequisite for happiness and well-being. Currently, the assertion that income or revenue alone are insufficient to explain inequality of well-being and happiness in the evaluation of social policies is becoming ever more widespread in the social sciences. Therefore, numerous quantitative metrics mostly based on univariable scales have been created over the last sixty years to measure well-being, quality of life, or happiness. Based on a systematic review, this article compiles several measurement instruments of happiness and human well-being, and reflects that all of them measure and concentrate more on hedonic than eudaimonic happiness. Finally, it contemplates the need to develop a multidimensional model based on the sociology of emotions that includes social relationships and the complexity of human happiness, focusing more on eudaimonic rather than hedonic happiness.
Systematic review of the epidemiology of a single physical trauma and cancer
Authors: McElvenny Damien M , Davis Alice , Dixon Ken , Alexander Carla , Gupta Girish , Nixon Ioanna , Crawford Joanne O
Published: February 2021

Background

A systematic review of single physical trauma and cancer was carried out, with a meta-analysis where deemed appropriate.

Methods

A comprehensive search of the literature including databases such as Medline and Embase identified 1529 potentially relevant papers for inclusion. A further 89 potentially relevant studies were identified from bibliographies. After review of titles and abstracts and then full papers, a total of 77 studies were included in the broader review of trauma and cancer, and 31 of these studies considered single physical trauma and cancer. The searches were carried out in June 2016.

Results

Although physical trauma as a cause of cancer has been an issue of clinical interest for decades, the epidemiological evidence was sparse. Only for traumatic brain injury and brain cancer was there considered a sufficient number of epidemiological studies for a meta-analysis. A random effects meta-relative risk for glioma from cohort studies was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.49 to 1.88) and 1.53 (95% CI: 1.02 to 2.27) for case-control studies. The equivalent results for meningioma were 1.22 (95% CI: 0.85 to 1.76) and 1.88 (95% CI: 0.84 to 1.49) respectively.

Conclusions

Further work is required to clarify whether physical trauma has a role in cancer development, perhaps by exploiting trauma registries.
A novel iterative method for solving chemical kinetics system
Authors: Chowdhury MSH , Ghosh Indranil , Aznam Suazlan Mt , Mawa Shukranul
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this research is to impose a semi-analytical method called the iterative method to the chemical kinetics system, which appears in the form of a system of ordinary differential equations. To test the accuracy of the standard iterative method, we have applied the classical fourth-order Runge–Kutta method and the iterative method to the chemical kinetics system. It is significantly notable that approximate analytical precisions of standard iterative method made a high agreement with those obtained from the fourth-order Runge–Kutta technique. Numerical outputs and solution procedures indicate that iterative method can be easily applicable to a large class of scientific numeric applications with high accuracy.
The ghosts of progress: Contradictory materialities of the capitalist Golden Age
Authors: Pineault Eric
Published: February 2021

This theoretical contribution will examine the process of displacement of the constitutive contradictions of advanced capitalist societies from interior to exterior during the postwar era known as the ‘capitalist Golden Age’ (1945 to 1980). I ask the following question: what if this displacement is both an inherent and necessary process? In that case, the apparent stability or expansion gained in the core during this era was not only at the expense of externalized instability and destruction ‘elsewhere’; rather, this displacement was a precondition for growth in the centre. This has normative, political and methodological implications for current projects of socio-ecological transformation based on a proverbial Green New Deal. By examining theories of unequal ecological exchange and biophysically expanded versions of the labour process as developed by ecological anthropologists such as Hornborg or ecological economists such as Georgescu-Roegen, I will explore the possibility of understanding the material trajectory of advanced capitalism as a zero-sum game. This leads to a view of capitalist development in the 20th century where the accumulation process is no longer seen as progressive. To substantiate this argument, I will re-examine the energy flow patterns that sustained the growth of American capitalism during the Fordist period of accumulation, or so-called Golden Age of American capitalism. This revision of the American experience of growth from 1945 to 1980 can be considered a contribution to the wider study of the development of the dependence of capitalism on fossil fuels, or ‘fossil capital’.
Representing Recovery: How the Construction and Contestation of Needs and Priorities Can Shape Long-term Outcomes for Disaster-affected People
Authors: Few Roger , Marsh Hazel , Jain Garima , Singh Chandni , Tebboth Mark Glyn Llewellyn
Published: February 2021

We contend that the representational aspects of recovery play an important but under-researched role in shaping long-term outcomes for disaster-affected populations. Ideas constructed around events, people and processes, and conveyed through discussion, texts and images, are seldom neutral and can be exclusionary in their effect. This review draws insights from literature across multiple disciplines to examine how the representation of needs, roles and approaches to recovery influences the support different social groups receive, their capacities to recover, and their rights and agency. It shows how these representations can be contested and challenged, often by disaster-affected people themselves, and calls for increased attention on how to move creatively towards more informed, inclusive and supportive recovery visions and processes.
Populist and nativist attitudes: Does ingroup-outgroup thinking spill over across domains?
Authors: Rooduijn Matthijs , Bonikowski Bart , Parlevliet Jante
Published: February 2021

What are the attitudinal consequences of the growing pervasiveness of populism and nativism? We conceive of both populism and nativism as binary moral frameworks predicated on an antagonistic relationship between ‘us’ and ‘them’. Our study investigates the presence of spillover effects between these two forms of ingroup-outgroup thinking among survey respondents in the Netherlands. We posit that exposure to populist (nativist) messages fuels nativism (populism), but only among those positively predisposed toward these messages in the first place. A first survey experiment, focusing on antipathies toward refugees and Muslim immigrants, confirms the former expectation, but a second experiment calls into question the latter hypothesis. Moreover, the second experiment does not replicate the effects of populist message exposure on general immigration attitudes. We discuss several possible reasons for these mixed results.
Review of engine control-oriented combustion models
Authors: Tang Jian , Zhu Guoming G , Men Yifan
Published: February 2021

As requirements for continuously improving internal combustion engine fuel economy with satisfactory emissions, model-based control strategies are often used to optimize the combustion process. To apply advanced control techniques for closed-loop engine combustion control, control-oriented engine combustion models are necessary and they are physics-based, accurate enough for model-based control, computationally low cost, and capable of real-time simulations. In addition, control-oriented combustion model with adequate fidelity may need to adapt to physical system and environment changes over time to maintain model-based control performance, such as model-reference (guided) control, where the control-oriented combustion model runs in real-time to generate an error signal between physical system and reference-model output for feedback control. This paper provides a review of existing control-oriented engine combustion models, along with their associated applications. Three main groups of control-oriented combustion models are reviewed from simple to sophisticated physics-based dynamic models, including mean-value, Wiebe function-based, and reaction-based models. The fundamental principle of each model group is reviewed briefly and its applications are also addressed. At the macro level, a control-oriented engine model can be used for crank angle-based and/or cycle-based control. As the engine control hardware performance continuous improving with reduced cost, model-reference (guided) combustion control shall become reality since now it is feasible to run a physics-based control-oriented engine combustion model inside an engine control module. On the other hand, each model group, even for the simple mean-value model, has its own applicable scenarios.
Three-component multi-fluid modeling of pseudo-cavitation phenomenon in diesel injector nozzles
Authors: Mishra Rohit , Jiwani Daniel , Jarrahbashi Dorrin
Published: February 2021

Cavitation in fuel injectors occurs in the nozzle region where local pressure drops below the fuel saturation pressure. The pressure drop might simultaneously induce the formation of gas bubbles such as nitrogen dissolved in the fuel, also known as pseudo-cavitation. A new cavitation model has been developed that accounts for the nitrogen bubbles separation from the fuel stream by accounting for the solubility changes of nitrogen with the pressure drop. A multi-fluid model integrated with the volume-of-fluid interface tracking approach has been developed to capture the interface between the liquid fuel, fuel vapor and the de-gassed nitrogen. Differentiating between cavitation and pseudo-cavitation is a very challenging task experimentally. The new model allows distinguishing between the volume fraction occupied by fuel vapor and de-gassed nitrogen. Comparing the predicted void fraction along the nozzle with available experimental data demonstrates that this model significantly improves the predictions of size/location of the cavitation compared with single-fluid mixture models and the existing multi-fluid simulation results. For the standard fuel case, the bulk of bubble formation is correlated with the de-gassing and these bubbles are observed along the nozzle with higher concentration downstream of the flow. However, for the de-gassed fuel case, vapor cavitation bubbles are focused near the walls with higher concentrations near the entrance. The transient behavior of void formation shows that the local pressure at the nozzle entrance near the walls drops to below the saturation pressure initially and forms the vapor bubbles. As the pressure stabilizes at a pressure higher than the saturation pressure, the de-gassing phenomenon takes over vapor cavitation, leading to void formation throughout the nozzle attributed to the non-condensable gases. The sensitivity of the void fraction predictions to model parameters indicates that controlling the ratio of evaporation to condensation rate is essential for accurate prediction of steady state void fraction.
Evaluation and sensitivity analysis of a piston’s thermal load in a high-power diesel engine
Authors: Hu Lei , Yang Jianguo , Dong Fei
Published: February 2021

Optimising the parameters of valve timing and fuel system can promote the applications of high-power diesel engines that have high efficiency and low emissions. Nevertheless, the problem of the piston’s thermal load needs to be considered. In this paper, a calculation model for the working process of a high-power diesel engine and a finite element model of the piston’s thermal load were established. The piston’s thermal boundary conditions were determined and applied to the calculation of the piston’s thermal load, and the key temperature points of the piston were measured using the temperature plug method to verify the correctness of the model. Subsequently, analysis of the patterns of the piston’s thermal load’s evaluation parameters was carried out with the influencing factors based on the valve timing and the fuel system. The sensitivity and the weighting between the evaluation parameters and influencing factors were analysed using the Grey Correlation method. A new method for the comprehensive evaluation index of the piston’s thermal load with the influencing factors was proposed and applied. The research results show that the margin of error of the piston’s thermal load’s model was small, and sensitivity analysis revealed correlation between the influencing factors and the evaluation parameters of the piston’s thermal load, the comprehensive evaluation method could quantitatively analyse the piston’s thermal load.
Doing their damnedest to seek change: How group identity helps people with dementia confront public stigma and maintain purpose
Authors: Hagan Robert J , Campbell Sarah
Published: February 2021

Dominant messages about the capabilities of those with dementia post-diagnosis are often dehumanising and focused on mental declines. Additionally, carers for those with dementia are more likely to be involved in consultations and enquiries about the condition. This study helps to challenge stigmatising cultural messages by reporting upon the experiences of 13 adults diagnosed with early-stage dementia and how their involvement with empowerment groups in Northern Ireland has led to their involvement in consultations with policy makers and educational opportunities with the wider public. The study finds that this not only helps in challenging stereotypical ideas about dementia, as well as informing others, but also gives a sense of purpose to adults in their post-diagnosis lives. It is further noted that group identity helps give confidence and amplifies the voice of those who take part, allowing members to adopt a shared narrative and learn from each other.
‘A sense of purpose’: Older prisoners’ experiences of successful ageing behind bars
Authors: Avieli Hila
Published: February 2021

There is growing interest in ageing offenders and their lives in prison. However, this subject is often studied from a deprivation perspective, focusing on issues such as lack of medical care and proper environmental conditions. This article highlights experiences of wellbeing while ageing in confinement, using the conceptual framework of successful ageing. An interpretive phenomenological analysis perspective was used to analyse the narratives of 18 older prisoners. The narratives revealed four themes: ‘Like all other older men’: comparing ageing in prison with ageing within the community; ‘Better than what I have outside’: prison as an escape from a life of loneliness, poverty and delinquency; ‘Here I get some respect’: the older prisoner as a mentor; and ‘I feel accomplished’: experiences of growth and self-discovery as a means for successful ageing in prison. The findings suggest that ageing in prison may not be perceived as a single, unified process, but as a personal and individual phenomenon, and that old age may facilitate positive changes in the lives of ageing offenders in prison.
Muscle and cerebral oxygenation during cycling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A scoping review
Authors: Miles Melissa , Rodrigues Antenor , Tajali Shirin , Xiong Yijun , Orchanian-Cheff Ani , Reid W Darlene , Rozenberg Dmitry
Published: February 2021

To synthesize evidence for prefrontal cortex (PFC), quadriceps, and respiratory muscle oxygenation using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during cycling in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A scoping review was performed searching databases (inception-August 2020): Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and Pedro. The search focused on COPD, cycling, and NIRS outcomes. 29 studies (541 COPD participants) were included. Compared to healthy individuals (8 studies), COPD patients at lower cycling workloads had more rapid increases in vastus lateralis (VL) deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb); lower increases in VL total hemoglobin (tHb) and blood flow; and lower muscle tissue saturation (StO2). Heliox and bronchodilators were associated with smaller and slower increases in VL HHb. Heliox increased VL and intercostal blood flow compared to room air and supplemental oxygen in COPD patients (1 study). PFC oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) increased in COPD individuals during cycling in 5 of 8 studies. Individuals with COPD and heart failure demonstrated worse VL and PFC NIRS outcomes compared to patients with only COPD—higher or more rapid increase in VL HHb and no change or decrease in PFC O2Hb. Individuals with COPD present with a mismatch between muscle oxygen delivery and utilization, characterized by more rapid increase in VL HHb, lower muscle O2Hb and lower muscle StO2. PFC O2Hb increases or tends to increase in individuals with COPD during exercise, but this relationship warrants further investigation. NIRS can be used to identify key deoxygenation thresholds during exercise to inform PFC and muscle oxygenation.
Caught in the Crossroad: An Intersectional Examination of African American Women Intimate Partner Violence Survivors’ Help Seeking
Authors: Waller Bernadine Y. , Harris Jalana , Quinn Camille R.
Published: February 2021

Objectives:

African American women are disproportionately impacted by intimate partner violence (IPV)-related homicide. They reflect the second highest prevalence rates and experience the highest rates of murder resulting from IPV victimization. Although most survivors note that they have experienced rejection and anticipatory stigma as barriers to their help seeking, African American women additionally experience racism and racial discrimination as obstacles that may further preclude their help seeking. This systematic review highlights African American women’s experiences of rejection from providers and the effects that it may have upon their ability to secure urgent aid.

Method:

A dearth of literature examines the subtle ways that African American women survivors experience rejection resulting from the interlocking nature of race, class, and gender oppression. Fundamental to developing more culturally salient interventions is more fully understanding their help-seeking experiences. A systematic review was conducted to provide a critical examination of the literature to understand the intersections of IPV and help-seeking behavior among African American women. A total of 85 empirical studies were identified and 21 were included in the systematic review. The review illuminates both the formal and semiformal help-seeking pathways.

Results:

We recommend integrating anti-Blackness racist praxis, incorporating African American women’s ways of knowing and centralizing their needs in an effort to improve the health and well-being of this population.

Conclusions:

Eliminating barriers to more immediately accessing the domestic violence service provision system is key to enhance social work practice, policy, and research with African American female survivors of IPV.
Verbal Working Memory in Second Language Reading Comprehension: A Correlational Study
Authors: Pretorius Melissa J. , le Roux Mia , Geertsema Salomé
Published: February 2021

This study investigated the correlation and predictive capacity of verbal working memory (VWM) to the reading comprehension of children in their first language (L1) and second language (L2). The term verbal working memory refers to a cognitive system with a limited capacity that can hold and manipulate verbal and auditory information temporarily. A sub-aim was to investigate the contribution of L2 linguistic knowledge in L2 reading comprehension. Sixty-three Grade 3 South African children completed a reading comprehension test and VWM assessment (forward span, backward span, and sentence repetition tasks). L2 participants completed a receptive language assessment to delineate whether their linguistic knowledge (L2 vocabulary and grammar knowledge) would be more predictive of L2 reading comprehension in comparison with VWM. Regression and correlation analyses revealed that VWM is not predictive of L1 or L2 reading comprehension. L2 linguistic knowledge, however, significantly correlates with L2 comprehension and VWM capacity, although it is not a significant predictor of L2 reading comprehension. Our findings suggest that reading in an L2 is a multidimensional skill in which no single isolated variable can account for good versus poor reading comprehension.
Comparison of Nurse-Midwife and Physician Birth Outcomes in the Military Health System
Authors: Hamlin Lynette , Grunwald Lindsay , Sturdivant Rodney X. , Koehlmoos Tracey P.
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study is to identify the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of women cared for by Certified Nurse-Midwives (CNMs) versus physicians in the Military Health System (MHS) and compare birth outcomes between provider types. The MHS is one of America’s largest and most complex health care systems. Using the Military Health System Data Repository, this retrospective study examined TRICARE beneficiaries who gave birth during 2012–2014. Analysis included frequency of patients by perinatal services, descriptive statistics, and logistic regression analysis by provider type. To account for differences in patient and pregnancy risk, odds ratios were calculated for both high-risk and general risk population. There were 136,848 births from 2012 to 2014, and 30.8% were delivered by CNMs. Low-risk women whose births were attended by CNMs had lower odds of a cesarean birth, induction/augmentation of labor, complications of birth, postpartum hemorrhage, endometritis, and preterm birth and higher odds of a vaginal birth, vaginal birth after cesarean, and breastfeeding than women whose births were attended by physicians. These results have implications for the composition of the women’s health workforce. In the MHS, where CNMs work to the fullest scope of their authority, CNMs attended almost 4 times more births than our national average. An example to other U.S. systems and high-income countries, this study adds to the growing body of evidence demonstrating that when CNMs practice to the fullest extent of their education, they provide quality health outcomes to more women.
Nanomaterials for UV protective textiles
Authors: Mondal Subrata
Published: February 2021

Harmful portion of ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the significant physical carcinogen in our natural environment. The damage caused by UV exposure to our body is cumulative and builds up over the years. UV protective textiles have been used to protect the wearer from harmful UV radiation. UV blocking effect of textile depends on various parameters viz. fiber type, yarn structure, weave, fabric construction factor, finishes, dyes etc. Further, UV protective property of textiles can be improved by incorporating UV blocking agent in the textile matrix. Several nanomaterial possesses excellent UV blocking effect and these could be incorporated into the textile matrix to improve the UV blocking properties of textiles. In this review, author discuss the various conventional ways to impart UV blocking property to the textile materials. Author also survey the current state-of-the-art of nanomaterials based UV protective textiles, mechanism of UV blocking properties of various nanomaterials, provide an overview of UV protective fabric manufacturing techniques and also discuss the durability of nanomaterials treated UV protective textiles. Finally, the manuscript has been concluded with few major challenges for the development of UV protective textiles by using nanomaterials.