bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TAilored SToma policY after TME for rectal cancer: The TASTY approach
Authors: Boissieras Lara , Harji Deena , Celerier Bertrand , Rullier Eric , Denost Quentin
Published: July 2024

Aim

Diverting stomas are routinely used in restorative surgery following total mesorectal exicision (TME) for rectal cancer to mitigate the clinical risks of anastomotic leakage (AL). However, routine diverting stomas are associated with their own complication profile and may not be required in all patients. A tailored approach based on personalized risk of AL and selective use of diverting stoma may be more appropriate. The aim of the TAilored SToma policY (TASTY) project was to design and pilot a standardized, tailored approach to diverting stoma in low rectal cancer.

Method

A mixed‐methods approach was employed. Phase I externally validated the anastomotic failure observed risk score (AFORS). We compared the observed rate of AL in our cohort to the theoretical, predicted risk of the AFORS score. To identify the subset of patients who would benefit from early closure of the diverting stoma using C‐reactive protein (CRP) we calculated the Youden index. Phase II designed the TASTY approach based on the results of Phase I. This was evaluated within a second prospective cohort study in patients undergoing TME for rectal cancer between April 2018 and April 2020.

Results

A total of 80 patients undergoing TME surgery for rectal cancer between 2016 and 2018 participated in the external validation of the AFORS score. The overall observed AL rate in this cohort of patients was 17.5% (n = 14). There was a positive correlation between the predicted and observed rates of AL using the AFORS score. Using ROC curves, we calculated a CRP cutoff value of 115 mg/L on postoperative day 2 for AL with a sensitivity of 86% and a negative predictive value of 96%.

The TASTY approach was designed to allocate patients with a low risk AFORS score to primary anastomosis with no diverting stoma and high risk AFORS score patients to a diverting stoma, with early closure at 8–14 days, if CRP values and postoperative CT were satisfactory. The TASTY approach was piloted in 122 patients, 48 (39%) were identified as low risk (AFORS score 0–1) and 74 (61%) were considered as high risk (AFORS score 2–6).

The AL rate was 10% in the low‐risk cohort of patient compared to 23% in the high‐risk cohort of patients, p = 0.078 The grade of Clavien‐Dindo morbidity was equivalent. The incidence of major LARS was lowest in the no stoma cohort at 3 months (p = 0.014).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the feasibility and safety of employing a selective approach to diverting stoma in patients with a low anastomosis following TME surgery for rectal cancer.
Correlations among genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic variation of Phragmites australis along latitudes
Authors: Chen Yu‐Han , Meng Jian‐Qiao , Wang Chun‐Lin , Fang Tao , Jia Zi‐Xuan , Luo Fang‐Li
Published: July 2024

Aim

Estuarine vegetation routinely experiences natural tidal fluctuations and is highly vulnerable to extreme events such as heavy rainfall, leading to changes in plant population structure and adaptability. Genetic and epigenetic modifications are widely considered to be mechanisms of phenotypic variation, triggered in plants responding to extreme changing environments. However, understanding on correlations among genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic variation of wild plant populations is still limited.

Location

China.

Methods

In this study, populations of the typical wetland clonal species Phragmites australis were selected from four estuaries along various latitudes in China. Genetic and epigenetic diversity and phenotypic variation of these populations were analysed.

Results

Phenotypic variation of P. australis populations was the highest at Yellow River Estuary and the lowest at Min River Estuary. Across all estuaries, Genetic and epigenetic diversity was strongly linear‐correlated. Genetic diversity had significant correlations with variation in reproductive traits, whereas epigenetic diversity had significant correlations with variation in growth traits. Climatic factors of mean annual temperature and precipitation, as well as soil nitrogen and phosphorus, were negatively correlated with variation in genetic diversity, epigenetic diversity, and variation in reproductive traits of P. australis populations along latitudes. Variation in growth traits was negatively correlated with soil salinity, reflecting the limiting effect of salinity on plant growth.

Main Conclusion

Our findings found that genetic and epigenetic variations may play different roles in phenotypic variation of P. australis populations along latitudes, the variation becomes greater when the climatic and edaphic conditions deteriorate. The findings shed new light on the adaptation and evolution of wetland plant populations along a large latitudinal scale, and may contribute to the revegetation of estuary wetlands.
Experiences of health services for adults with cerebral palsy, their support people, and service providers
Authors: Manikandan Manjula , Kerr Claire , Fortune Jennifer , Walsh Michael , Ryan Jennifer , Walsh Aisling
Published: July 2024

Aim

To explore the experiences of health services among adults with cerebral palsy (CP) in Ireland, from the perspectives of adults with CP, their support people, and service providers.

Method

A qualitative descriptive study design was used. In‐depth semi‐structured interviews were conducted between March and August 2021 with adults with CP, people who supported them, and health professionals. Thematic analysis was used to evaluate the data.

Results

Twenty‐one adults with CP, seven support people (family carer[s], spouse or partner, or friend), and 15 service providers participated in the study. Adults had a mean age of 38 years 5 months (range 22–58 years) and were classified in Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I to V. Five themes were identified from the data: (1) access challenges in adult services; (2) knowledge and understanding of CP; (3) support people's role and care burden; (4) communication and interaction in adult services; and (5) health system challenges.

Conclusion

Adults with CP in Ireland face multiple challenges accessing the health services they need. Services were reported to be inadequate, with limited resources and understanding of CP. Participants highlighted a need for system‐level interventions, including enhanced training for health professionals to effectively meet the needs of adults with CP.
Contrasting effect of hybridization on genetic differentiation in three rockfish species with similar life history
Authors: Wray Anita , Petrou Eleni , Nichols Krista M. , Pacunski Robert , LeClair Larry , Andrews Kelly S. , Kardos Marty , Hauser Lorenz
Published: July 2024

Hybridization can provide evolutionary benefits (e.g., population resilience to climate change) through the introduction of adaptive alleles and increase of genetic diversity. Nevertheless, management strategies may be designed based only on the parental species within a hybrid zone, without considering the hybrids. This can lead to ineffective spatial management of species, which can directly harm population diversity and negatively impact food webs. Three species of rockfish (Brown Rockfish (Sebastes caurinus), Copper Rockfish (S. auriculatus), and Quillback Rockfish (S. maliger)) are known to hybridize within Puget Sound, Washington, but genetic data from these species are used to infer population structure in the entire genus, including in species that do not hybridize. The goal of this project was to estimate the hybridization rates within the region and determine the effect of hybridization on geographic patterns of genetic structure. We sequenced 290 Brown, Copper, and Quillback rockfish using restriction‐site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) from four regions within and outside Puget Sound, Washington. We show that (i) hybridization within Puget Sound was asymmetrical, not recent, widespread among individuals, and relatively low level within the genome, (ii) hybridization affected population structure in Copper and Brown rockfish, but not in Quillback Rockfish and (iii) after taking hybridization into account we found limited directional dispersal in Brown and Copper rockfish, and evidence for two isolated populations in Quillback Rockfish. Our results suggest that rockfish population structure is species‐specific, dependent on the extent of hybridization, and cannot be inferred from one species to another despite similar life history.
Anti‐IL17 Secukinumab in hidradenitis suppurativa: A long‐term drug survival analysis
Authors: Roccuzzo Gabriele , Repetto Federica , Giordano Silvia , Sarda Cristina , Comes Arianna , Dapavo Paolo , Quaglino Pietro , Ribero Simone
Published: July 2024

Real‐world data on the long‐term effectiveness of the anti‐IL17 agent secukinumab in treating moderate‐to‐severe Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) are lacking. In this study, 24 patients with moderate–severe HS received five weekly subcutaneous injections followed by maintenance doses every 4 weeks. Primary outcomes included HiSCR, IHS4 reduction, and DLQI measures assessed at 12‐week intervals. The median secukinumab drug survival was 16.0 months (range 3–51), with a 56.5% maximal response rate at 6 months and dropout exceeding 40% at 1 year. Baseline disease burden emerged as a key predictor of treatment response, overshadowing factors like sex or BMI. Prior systemic steroid use negatively impacts drug survival. The study underscores the critical 6‐month window for assessing treatment efficacy, emphasizing the importance of initial induction dosing. Additionally, the newly developed scoring system, IHS4‐55, showed analogies to the older HiSCR score in capturing treatment response. In this real‐life scenario, challenges persist in HS management, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches and predictive markers.
Century‐scale loss and change in the fishes and fisheries of a temperate marine ecosystem revealed by qualitative historical sources
Authors: Moore Alec B. M. , Brander Keith , Evans Shaun , Holm Poul , Hiddink Jan Geert
Published: July 2024

Policies aiming to restore ecosystems, achieve thriving fisheries and reverse biodiversity loss require knowledge of their former status and long‐term variation. As quantitative fish data is typically only available for recent decades long after changes may have occurred, a greater use of qualitative sources has been encouraged in marine historical ecology. We examined diverse historical information (including maritime history, fisheries reports, naturalists' accounts, recipes, nautical charts and newspapers) across a multi‐century time span (13th–20th century) for a wide range of species to document their long‐term trajectories in an understudied Northeast Atlantic ecosystem (Irish Sea coast of Wales). We find strong evidence of the loss of both a pelagic fishery for herring, which was of fundamental socio‐ecological importance since at least the 13th century, and the loss of significant multi‐species demersal and intertidal fisheries. Local, commercial and/or functional extinction has occurred for taxa spanning a wide range of diversity (crustacean, elasmobranchs, sturgeon, and teleosts), body size and ecological role, suggesting far‐reaching changes to food webs. This raises fundamental questions about the present‐day health and integrity of this coastal ecosystem and the long‐term viability of current fisheries which depend on a few shellfish species. Our century‐scale synthesis of qualitative data for multiple taxa allows the collective breadth of losses to be fully appreciated and may reduce the risk of ‘shifting baselines’. Restoration to historical baselines may not be achievable, but our findings provide evidence of long‐term change relevant to policies for recovery, and prevention of further decline of fishes, fisheries and ecosystems.
Network dynamics in public health advisory systems: A comparative analysis of scientific advice for COVID‐19 in Belgium, Quebec, Sweden, and Switzerland
Authors: Lemor Antoine , Montpetit Éric , Téhinian Shoghig , Belleghem Clarisse Van , Eichenberger Steven , Öberg PerOla , Varone Frédéric , Aubin David , Denis Jean‐Louis
Published: July 2024

This study presents a dual‐method approach to systematically analyze public health advisory networks during the COVID‐19 pandemic across four jurisdictions: Belgium, Quebec, Sweden, and Switzerland. Using network analysis inspired by egocentric analysis and a subsystems approach adapted to public health, the research investigates network structures and their openness to new actors and ideas. The findings reveal significant variations in network configurations, with differences in density, centralization, and the role of central actors. The study also uncovers a relation between network openness and its structural attributes, highlighting the impact of network composition on the flow and control of expert advice. These insights into public health advisory networks contribute to understanding the interface between scientific advice and policymaking, emphasizing the importance of network characteristics in shaping the influence of expert advisors. The article underscores the relevance of systematic network descriptions in public policy, offering reflections on expert accountability, information diversity, and the broader implications for democratic governance.
Ceramic materials as an alternative for conventional spark plug electrodes
Authors: Harrer Walter , Gruber Manuel , Melcher Verena , Tilz Anton , Engelmayer Michael , Wimmer Andreas , Bermejo Raul
Published: July 2024

Large gas engines are typically applied to compensate for peak loads and grid instabilities in the electric power supply. A key component of these engines is the spark plug. Because of the harsh conditions encountered in their use, the spark plug electrodes are subject to significant wear. Conventional electrodes are expensive due to the precious metal alloys they contain. As an alternative, ceramic materials from the groups of silicide, carbides, and nitrides were selected for preliminary experiments that investigate functional as well as mechanical properties and wear behavior. Because of the harsh conditions during operation, the new materials must have a high melting temperature, good thermal shock resistance, high thermal conductivity, and high corrosion/oxidation resistance as well as high density. It was found that the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of certain ceramic candidates are sufficient for application as spark plug electrodes. Furthermore, the chosen ceramic materials achieve an adequate performance in terms of secondary voltage trace and ignition behavior. However, wear resistance may not be sufficient for service times longer than the service time of existing spark plugs and further research is still necessary before ceramic electrodes may be established as a commercial alternative to existing electrodes.
Evaluation of artificial intelligence‐assisted morphological analysis for platelet count estimation
Authors: Guo Ping , Zhang Chi , Liu Dandan , Sun Ziyong , He Jun , Wang Jianbiao
Published: July 2024

Introduction

This study aims to assess the performance of the platelet count estimation using artificial intelligence technology on the MC‐80 digital morphology analyzer.

Methods

Digital morphology analyzer uses two different computational principles for platelet count estimation: based on PLT/RBC ratio (PLT‐M1) and estimate factor (PLT‐M2). 977 samples with various platelet counts (low, median, and high) were collected. Out of these, 271 samples were immunoassayed using CD61 and CD41 antibodies. The platelet counts obtained from the hematology analyzer (PLT‐I and PLT‐O), digital morphology analyzer (PLT‐M1 and PLT‐M2), and flow cytometry (PLT‐IRM) were compared.

Results

There was no significant deviation observed before and after verification for both PLT‐M1 and PLT‐M2 across the analysis range (average bias: −0.845/−0.682, 95% limit of agreement (LOA): −28.675–26.985/−29.420–28.056). When platelet alarms appeared, PLT‐M1/PLT‐M2 showed the strongest correlation with PLT‐IRM than PLT‐I with PLT‐IRM (r: 0.9814/0.9796 > 0.9601). The correlation between PLT‐M1/PLT‐M2 and PLT‐IRM was strong for samples with interference, such as large platelets or RBC fragments, but relatively weak in small RBCs. The deviation between PLT‐M1 and PLT‐M2 is related to the number of RBCs. Compared with PLT‐I, PLT‐M1/PLT‐M2 showed higher accuracy for platelet transfusion decisions, especially for samples with low‐value PLT.

Conclusion

The novel platelet count estimation on the MC‐80 digital morphology analyzer provides high accuracy, especially the reviewed result, which can effectively confirm suspicious platelet count.
Activity, triage levels and impact of the pandemic on hospital emergency departments: A multicentre cross‐sectional study
Authors: Font‐Cabrera Cristina , Juvé‐Udina Maria Eulàlia , Adamuz Jordi , Diaz Membrives Montserrat , Fabrellas Núria , Guix‐Comellas Eva Maria
Published: July 2024

Aim

Describe the activity of hospital emergency departments (EDs) and the sociodemographic profile of patients in the eight public hospitals in Spain, according to the different triage levels, and to analyse the impact of the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic on patient flow.

Design

An observational, descriptive, cross‐sectional and retrospective study was carried out.

Methods

Three high‐tech public hospitals and five low‐tech hospitals consecutively included 2,332,654 adult patients seen in hospital EDs from January 2018 to December 2021. Hospitals belonging to the Catalan Institute of Health. The main variable was triage level, classified according to a standard for the Spanish structured triage system known as Sistema Español de Triaje. For each of the five triage levels, a negative binomial regression model adjusted for year and hospital was performed. The analysis was performed with the R 4.2.2 software.

Results

The mean age was 55.4 years. 51.4% were women. The distribution of patients according to the five triage levels was: level 1, 0.41% (n = 9565); level 2, 6.10% (n = 142,187); level 3, 40.2% (n = 938,203); level 4, 42.6% (n = 994,281); level 5, 10.6% (n = 248,418). The sociodemographic profile was similar in terms of gender and age: as the level of severity decreased, the number of women, mostly young, increased. In the period 2020–2021, the emergency rate increased for levels 1, 2 and 3, but levels 4 and 5 remained stable.

Conclusion

More than half of the patients attended in high‐technology hospital EDs were of low severity. The profile of these patients was that of a young, middle‐aged population, mostly female. The SARS‐CoV2 pandemic did not change this pattern, but an increase in the level of severity was observed.

Impact

What problem did the study address? There is overcrowding in hospital EDs.

What were the main findings? This study found that more than half of the patients attended in high‐technology hospital EDs in Spain have low or very low levels of severity. Young, middle‐aged women were more likely to visit EDs with low levels of severity. The SARS‐CoV2 pandemic did not change this pattern, but an increase in severity was observed.

Where and on whom will the research have an impact? The research will have an impact on the functioning of hospital EDs and their staff.

Patient or Public Contribution

Not applicable.
Fitness cost of imidacloprid resistance in generalist predator from northernmost and equatorial range in the tropics
Authors: Yu Jin‐Jia , Feng Wen‐Bin , Zuharah Wan Fatma , Neoh Kok‐Boon
Published: July 2024

Life‐history traits and population size of organisms may be affected by fitness costs associated with insecticide resistance. In this study, we examined the insecticide resistance and life‐history traits of Paederus fuscipes (Curtis), a common generalist predator, in field populations from Taiwan (high‐latitude region; 22° N–25° N) and Malaysia (low‐latitude region; 3° N–5° N). The results showed that Malaysian populations had higher imidacloprid resistance compared with Taiwanese populations. The fitness costs associated with imidacloprid resistance resulted in reduced fecundity, longer adult pre‐oviposition period, shorter egg length, and lighter pupal weight in the Malaysian populations, in contrast to the Taiwanese populations. However, the immature developmental time of the Malaysian populations was relatively short compared with the Taiwanese populations. The longevity of the Taiwanese populations was significantly shorter compared with the Malaysian populations. The fecundity of the adult populations increased in inverse proportion to longevity. The intrinsic rate of increase was significantly lower in the Malaysian populations compared with the Taiwanese populations. This regional‐scale study provided insights into the differences in life‐history traits and population growth of P. fuscipes as a result of fitness cost. However, it is worth noting that despite the high intrinsic rate of increase observed in the Taiwanese populations, among other factors, cannibalism may serve as a density‐dependent compensatory mechanism in regulating population size.
Anchovy and sardine condition and energy content in the North Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean) in relation to their contrasting reproductive strategies
Authors: Schismenou Eudoxia , Chatzifotis Stavros , Tsiaras Kostas , Somarakis Stylianos
Published: July 2024

Forage species with high biomass, such as anchovies and sardines, play a key role in pelagic ecosystems and make up a significant proportion of the world's capture fisheries production. In recent years, condition indices have gained interest as significant indicators for assessing the effects of environmental and human pressures on these species and the quality of their habitats. In the present study, we examined, for the first time in the North Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean), the year‐round variation in somatic and gonadal condition, energy density, and percentage of lipid content of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus). Energy density was measured with bomb calorimetry and percentage lipid content with the fatmeter, a portable electronic device. Finally, the monthly changes in gonadal and energetic condition were examined in relation to the annual cycle of temperature and mesozooplankton biomass, simulated by the implementation of a coupled hydrodynamic‐biogeochemical model (POM‐ERSEM). There was a strong relationship between fish energy density (kJ g−1) and percentage dry weight. Furthermore, the mean monthly energy density and fatmeter measurements were strongly correlated, especially in sardine. Overall, the monthly changes in energetic condition were indicative of the species’ different strategies for energy acquisition and allocation to reproduction (capital vs. income breeding): sardine exhibited low energy density and percentage lipid content during the winter spawning period (November–March) and markedly higher energetic condition from spring to autumn (April–October). Anchovy spawning period, as inferred from gonadal condition, lasted from April to September, i.e., during the warm period of the year but its energy density and percentage lipid content did not exhibit any seasonal changes and were markedly lower than in sardine from April to October. Finally, the simulated mesozooplankton biomass was higher from January to July, which corresponded to the second half of the spawning season for sardine, but first half of the spawning season for anchovy.
Second world record for Barathronus roulei Nielsen, 2019 (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae), from the Porcupine Bank (Northeast Atlantic)
Authors: Bañón Rafael , de Carlos Alejandro , Comesaña Ángel Sebastián , Barreiro Vázquez José Daniel , Baldó Francisco
Published: July 2024

Barathronus is a genus of blind cusk eels comprising 11 valid species. In this paper, we report the second specimen ever documented of Barathronus roulei (Bythitidae) obtained from the Porcupine Bank by R.V. Vizconde de Eza using a bottom trawl at a depth of 1349 m. Morphological description and illustrations, including a radiograph, are provided. In addition, three new sequences corresponding to three different genes, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)‐DNA barcoding, 16S ribosomal RNA (16S), and recombination activating protein 1 (RAG1), have been added to the molecular repositories, representing the first sequences for the species.
Ontogenic transformation of the ankle from the initial mediolateral arrangement of the calcaneus and talus: A histological study of human embryos and early fetuses
Authors: Kim Ji Hyun , Ishizuka Satoshi , Kitamura Kei , Murakami Gen , Rodríguez‐Vázquez José Francisco , Abe Shin‐ichi , Kasahara Masataka
Published: July 2024

The human calcaneus is robust and provides a prominent heel for effective bipedal locomotion, although the adjacent talus has no muscle attachments. However, there is incomplete information about the morphological changes in these prominent bones during embryo development. We examined serial histological sections of 23 human embryos and early‐term fetuses (approximately 5–10 weeks' gestational age [GA]). At a GA of 5 weeks, the precartilage talus was parallel to and on the medial side of the calcaneus, which had a prolate spheroid shape and consisted of three masses. At a GA of 6 weeks, the cartilaginous talus extended along the proximodistal axis, and the tuber calcanei became long and bulky, with a small sustentaculum talus at the “distal” side. At a GA of 6 to 8 weeks, the sustentaculum had a medial extension below the talus so that the talus “rode over” the calcaneus. In contrast, the talus had a more complex shape, depending on the growth of adjacent bones. At a GA of 9 to 10 weeks, the talus was above the calcaneus, but the medial part still faced the plantar subcutaneous tissue because of the relatively small sustentaculum. Therefore, the final morphology appeared after an additional several weeks. Muscle activity seemed to facilitate growth of the tuber calcanei, but growth of the other parts of calcaneus, including the sustentaculum, seemed to depend on active proliferation at the different sites of cartilage. Multiple tendons and ligaments seemed to fix the talus so that it remained close to the calcaneus.
Virtues as protective factors for adolescent mental health
Authors: McLoughlin Shane , Kristjánsson Kristján
Published: July 2024

This paper explores the decline in adolescent mental health and the weakening of traditional moral frameworks, positing education in the virtues as protective of mental health due to the intrinsic link between moral/existential wellbeing and psychological health. By integrating character education into school curricula, a continuous “dosage” of moral guidance may be an optimal way to ensure a gradual and ever‐clearer articulation of a life worth living and how to live well. The paper critiques popular clinical and positive psychological approaches to promoting wellbeing, which often miss the existential and moral dimensions of adolescent growth. The conclusion emphasizes the need for integrating moral education into mental health interventions to address the comprehensive existential and moral dimensions of adolescent development. This paper advocates for a proactive character developmental model that nurtures moral and existential growth, recognizing challenges with virtue and meta‐virtue development as integral to personal and moral evolution, and enhancing the moral and psychological fortitude of adolescents.
In‐vitro and in‐vivo assessment of biological control potential of nematode symbiont Xenorhabdus nematophila against Pseudomonas syringae, the causative agent of angular leaf spot of cucumber
Authors: Gadhi Muswar Ali , Nazir Talha , Majeed Muhammad Zeeshan , Jatoi Ghulam Hussain , Jie Ren , Qiu Dewen
Published: July 2024

Bacterial diseases cause colossal losses in vegetable crops and are considered major limiting factors for the commercial production of vegetables around the globe. Among bacterial diseases, angular leaf spot of cucumber caused by Pseudomonas syringae is one of the most economically important diseases that cause substantial economic loss to the cucumber crop. In this study, the in‐vitro and in‐vivo effects of different strains (X1–X15) of the nematode symbiotic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila was determined on the growth of P. syringae in different selected media (TB, SB, SOB, SOC, YT and LB) and at different pH levels (6.5, 7.5 and 8.5) and on the incidence of angular leaf spot disease on potted cucumber plants. According to the results, maximum growth inhibition of P. syringe (25 mm) was observed in the case of strain X12, followed by strains X10 (23 mm), X8 (21 mm) and X6 (20 mm), while maximum colony growth was observed in the control. Moreover, this P. syringae growth inhibition by the X12 strain of X. nematophila was significantly maximum in SB medium and at pH 7.5. Results of the in‐vivo experiment with potted plants showed a maximum incidence (90%) of angular leaf spot disease in control plants, while a minimum disease incidence (15%) was observed for the plants treated with two times dilution of X. nematophila culture, followed by ten times (23%) and fifty times (35%). The overall results of this study demonstrate the inhibitory effect of X. nematophila on the growth and incidence of P. syringae and underscore its putative role in the biological management of plant pathogenic bacteria.
Characterization of pectolytic bacteria causing soft rot on sugar beet in the west of Iran
Authors: Seif Shamimeh , Moarrefzadeh Nahid , Sharifi Rouhallah , Hosseini Saman
Published: July 2024

Bacterial soft rots are amongst the most economically important diseases that cause significant yield losses in various crops. A clear identification of the causal agents is required to develop management strategies. In 2022 and 2023, after the widespread occurrence of soft rot disease in sugar beet fields in the Firuzan region, Hamedan Province, Iran, the current study was conducted to identify and characterize the causal agents. A total of 38 bacterial isolates were obtained from sugar beet plants with soft rot symptoms and subjected to biochemical and phenotypical characterization and pathogenicity tests on healthy slices from potato tubers and sugar beet taproots. Twelve isolates from this study along with the type strain Pectobacterium carotovorum ICMP 5702 were selected for subsequent screening by BOX‐PCR. Six isolates were chosen for sequencing the 16SrRNA gene and phylogenetic analysis. In BLAST analyses, the pathogenic isolates S2, S9, S22, S11, S23 and 111 showed the highest similarity values (≥99%) with the reference sequences of Raoultella terrigena, Klebsiella michiganensis, Erwinia (Winslowiella) iniecta, Pantoea agglomerans and P. carotovorum, respectively. These isolates induced soft rot and maceration on plant materials from five species (bell pepper fruits, garlic cloves and slices from sugar beet taproot, potato tubers and carrot roots) 72 h after inoculation. In the greenhouse experiment, they caused soft rot symptoms in the taproots of 2‐month‐old sugar beet plants 3 weeks after inoculation. These soft rot agents had Gram‐negative, catalase‐positive and oxidase‐negative reactions, grew under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, tolerated and grew at 37°C and 5% NaCl. In general, the results of this research showed that in addition to Pectobacterium, four other genera from the order Enterobacterales including Erwinia, Pantoea, Klebsiella and Raoultella, are amongst the causes of soft rot in sugar beet in Firuzan region of Hamedan.
A case‐control study to investigate determinants of undernutrition in community‐dwelling children
Authors: Mardani Raden Ahmad Dedy , Hajri Zuhratul , Thoyibah Zurriyatun , Yolanda Henny , Kuo Shu‐Yu , Shyu Yuh‐Kae , Huang Hui‐Chuan
Published: July 2024

Purpose

This study aimed to examine determinants of undernutrition among children under 2 years of age.

Design and Methods

A matched case‐control study design was conducted to recruit 300 mothers comprising 100 mothers with an undernourished child (case group) and 200 mothers with a healthy child (control group). Measurements consisted of demographic characteristics of children data, mother's data, household data, mother's knowledge of child undernutrition, mother's knowledge of nutrition, complementary feeding practices, and undernutrition parameters of the children. A conditional logistic regression was used to identify determinants of undernutrition. The risk of undernutrition was estimated by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical significance was defined as any p value of <.05.

Results

Findings showed that mother's knowledge of undernutrition (AOR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.91−0.98), mother's knowledge of nutrition (AOR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.85−0.96), and mother's knowledge (AOR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.67−0.91) and behavior of complementary feeding practices (AOR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.94−0.99) were significant determinants of undernutrition (p < .05).

Practice Implications

Mothers with high scores on knowledge of undernutrition, knowledge of nutrition, and knowledge and behaviors of complementary feeding practices would benefit the children under 2 years to reduce the risk of undernutrition. Healthcare professionals (i.e., pediatric nurses and community health nurses) should provide early assessment of knowledge related to undernutrition, nutrition, and complementary feeding practices for mothers with children under 2 years.
Ageing‐related modification of sleep and breathing in orexin‐knockout narcoleptic mice
Authors: Bastianini Stefano , Alvente Sara , Berteotti Chiara , Lo Martire Viviana , Matteoli Gabriele , Miglioranza Elena , Silvani Alessandro , Zoccoli Giovanna
Published: July 2024

Narcolepsy type‐1 (NT1) is a lifelong sleep disease, characterised by impairment of the orexinergic system, with a typical onset during adolescence and young adulthood. Since the wake–sleep cycle physiologically changes with ageing, this study aims to compare sleep patterns between orexin‐knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) control mice at different ages. Four groups of age‐matched female KO and WT mice (16 weeks of age: 8 KO‐YO and 9 WT‐YO mice; 87 weeks of age: 13 KO‐OLD and 12 WT‐OLD mice) were implanted with electrodes for discriminating wakefulness, rapid‐eye‐movement sleep (REMS), and non‐REMS (NREMS). Mice were recorded for 48 h in their home cages and for 7 more hours into a plethysmographic chamber to characterise their sleep‐breathing pattern. Regardless of orexin deficiency, OLD mice spent less time awake and had fragmentation of this behavioural state showing more bouts of shorter length than YO mice. OLD mice also had more NREMS bouts and less frequent NREMS apneas than YO mice. Regardless of age, KO mice showed cataplexy‐like episodes and shorter REMS latency than WT controls and had a faster breathing rate and an increased minute ventilation during REMS. KO mice also had more wakefulness, NREMS and REMS bouts, and a shorter mean length of wakefulness bouts than WT controls. Our experiment indicated that the lack of orexins as well as ageing importantly modulate the sleep and breathing phenotype in mice. The narcoleptic phenotype caused by orexin deficiency in female mice was substantially preserved with ageing.
The chromosome‐level genome assembly of Cananga odorata provides insights into its evolution and terpenoid biosynthesis
Authors: Zheng Yan , Yang Danni , Yin Xin , Yang Xingyu , Chen Mingyue , Li Xieshengyang , Yang Tianyu , Strijk Joeri Sergej , Hinsinger Damien Daniel , Yang Yunqiang , Kong Xiangxiang , Yang Yongping
Published: July 2024

Cananga odorata is known as a natural perfume tree of the Annonaceae family in Magnoliales. However, its phylogenetic position and the molecular mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of the floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) remain unclear.

Here, by combining a variety of sequencing platforms, we present a telomere‐to‐telomere (T2T) genome of C. odorata with 735.83 Mb, which represents the highest integrity and assembly quality of genome in magnoliid plants reported to date. Phylogenetic analysis based on multiple datasets and approaches showed that C. odorata, as a member of magnoliids, is sister to eudicots, after their divergence from monocots.

Metabolomic of VOCs in the essential oil and flowers scent showed that sesquiterpenes, especially β‐caryophyllene, were the major compounds. Two CoTPS21 homologues derived from tandem duplication events were highly expressed during flower development and were identified as the key sesquiterpene synthases for the production of β‐caryophyllene. In addition, CoSPL3 and CoSPL9 were considered as potential transcription factors for activating the expression of CoTPS21 homologues.

Our results shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of the unique floral fragrance in C. odorata and provide new insights into the phylogenetic position of magnoliids.
Linking music, place and heritage: Anthonie Tonnon's Rail Land
Authors: Kearns Robin
Published: July 2024

I investigate intersections between music and mobilities as manifested in songwriter and musician Anthonie Tonnon's Rail Land tour of 2019–20. These concerts celebrated New Zealand's passenger rail heritage through not only performance but also by mobilising the audience to travel by train to the concert venue. The curation of both journey and destination amounted to a subtle activism. In influencing the way people travelled to his shows, Tonnon effectively remobilised a consideration of train travel in which the journey was arguably as memorable as the destination. As such, the artist was contributing to a re‐entwining of music, identity and place.
Influence of red–blue light ratio on the phenology and morphology of different lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes under a simple and resource‐efficient in‐house speed breeding method based on the application of extended photoperiod
Authors: Mitache Mohammed , Zeroual Abdelmonim , Baidani Aziz , Bencharki Bouchaib , Idrissi Omar
Published: July 2024

In the complex context of rising food demand, natural resources degradation and worsening climate changes impact, food legumes could play an important role in sustainable agriculture and food security. To overcome these challenges, enhanced genetic gain has become a necessity. Speed breeding‐based extended photoperiod is being used to reinforce conventional breeding methods and to speed up the development of adapted varieties. Speed breeding growth chambers and greenhouses' light quality in terms of red–blue ratio is among important factors that need to be optimized to enhance the efficiency of this technique to accelerate plant growth and development while limiting plant stress. We have compared the effect of different light ratios of 5:3 red–blue, 3:5 red–blue and 4:4 white–white on phenological and morphological characteristics of three lentil and chickpea genotypes grown in a speed breeding‐based extended photoperiod growth chamber with 22 h light/2 h dark. The 5:3 red–blue light ratio increased plant height and reduced flowering time for the three tested lentil varieties with 36, 41 and 40 days after sowing, respectively, as well as for the three tested chickpea varieties with 42, 38 and 24 days after sowing, respectively. While the 3:5 red–blue ratio increased leaves and secondary stem growth for lentil; leaves and secondary stem growth, green canopy cover and seedling vigour for chickpea. Less vegetative growth and later flowering were observed under white light. Higher red–blue light ratio of 5:3 accelerated lentil and chickpea vegetative growth and flowering, making it more optimal for speed breeding‐based extended photoperiod. It should be pointed out that the suggested home‐designed and built protocol is cost‐effective and easy to implement especially in small‐scale breeding programmes in developing countries.
Norms of Reasoning
Authors: McHugh Conor
Published: July 2024

When we reason, we can be assessed against diverse norms. Unfortunately different types of such norms are often conflated. This article distinguishes some different types of norms to which we are subject when we reason, and shows how this can help to clarify certain philosophical debates. It then considers, briefly, ‘norms of starting points’, and, at more length, ‘norms of transitions’. In closing it briefly considers whether we might expect to find a unifying account of the source of these norms, and if so what it might look like.
The deliberative constraint on reasons
Authors: Schultz Conner
Published: July 2024

Must reasons be able to feature in our deliberation? Proponents of a deliberative constraint on reasons endorse an affirmative answer to this question. Deliberative constraints enjoy broad appeal and have been deployed as premises in support of a variety of controversial philosophical positions. Yet, despite their uses, deliberative constraints have not received systematic philosophical attention. This entry aims to fill this gap in the literature. First, I sketch what's at stake in the debate over whether a deliberative constraint is true. Then, I offer a taxonomy of the different versions of a deliberative constraint. Finally, I assess some of the arguments for and against a deliberative constraint.
The effect of different parameters of low‐level laser used in the treatment of oral mucositis, on the viability and apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells: In vitro study
Authors: Shirazian Shiva , Mohseni Atieh , Pourshahidi Sara , Alaeddini Mojgan , Etemad‐Moghadam Shahroo , Vatanpour Mehdi
Published: July 2024

Oral mucositis is a complication of chemo/radiotherapy. To assess the impact of various power levels of diode‐laser on the survival and expression of apoptosis‐related genes in oral cancer cells, it is crucial to consider the potential existence of malignant cells within the treatment region and the reliance of laser effectiveness on its specific characteristics. Cal‐27 cells were cultivated and exposed to a 660 nm‐diode‐laser at power levels of 20, 40, and 80 mW, alongside non‐irradiated control cells. Viability and expression of Bax and Bcl‐2 mRNA were assessed with Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium (MTT) and Real‐time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT‐PCR), respectively. The results were analyzed using one‐way ANOVA and Tukey post‐hoc test (p < 0.05). A significant reduction in viability was found only in the 20 mW group compared to controls (p = 0.001). Cell survival was significantly lower in cells receiving 20 mW laser than those treated with 40 and 80 mW (p < 0.05). None of the laser groups showed significant changes in BcL‐2, but Bax was significantly lower in cells receiving 40 and 80 mW (p < 0.05), compared to controls. Laser irradiation at 660 nm (2 J/cm2, 30 s) significantly reduced the viability of oral cancer cells when using 20 mW power. These specifications align with the recommendation that the lowest possible laser dose should be applied for treating cancer patients. The exact mechanism of cell death following laser therapy with these specifications requires further investigation.
Tracking heterogenous protein aggregation at nanoscale through fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Halder Bisal , Ghosh Shreya , Khan Tanmoy , Pal Subhendu , Das Nilimesh , Sen Pratik
Published: July 2024

Various biophysical techniques have been extensively employed to study protein aggregation due to its significance. Traditionally, these methods detect aggregation at micrometer length scales and micromolar concentrations. However, unlike in vitro, protein aggregation typically occurs at nanomolar concentrations in vivo. Here, using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), we captured bromelain aggregation at concentrations as low as ~20 nM, surpassing the detection limit of traditional methods like thioflavin T fluorescence, scattering, and fluorescence microscopy by more than one order of magnitude. Moreover, using thioflavin T fluorescence‐based FCS, we have detected larger aggregates at higher bromelain concentrations, which is undetectable in FCS otherwise. Importantly, our study reveals inherent heterogeneity in bromelain aggregation, inaccessible to ensemble‐averaged techniques. The presented report may provide a platform for the characterization of premature aggregates at very low protein concentrations, which are thought to be functionally significant species in protein aggregation‐induced diseases.
Far‐UVC: The impact of optical filters on real‐world deployment
Authors: Eadie Ewan , O'Mahoney Paul , Ibbotson Sally H. , Miller C. Cameron , Wood Kenneth
Published: July 2024

In 2015, a study showed that Krypton‐Chloride (KrCl) excimer lamps could induce erythema and basal layer DNA damage in human skin. Later studies found that filtering out longer wavelength emissions from these lamps resulted in no acute skin effects. However, there is a limited understanding of how much to reduce unwanted emissions and which wavelengths are important. Accurate spectral irradiance data is therefore crucial for safety, as variance in optical filtering significantly affects the weighted irradiance of a lamp. To simplify the risk assessment process for Far‐UVC lamps, we highlight the usefulness of the lamp exposure limit (HLEL) and present this in the context of spectral emission data for 14 commercially available Far‐UVC lamps. Our results demonstrate that relying solely on a radiometric measurement and a single‐wavelength exposure limit at 222 nm could lead to over‐exposure. The HLEL is a practical metric which can be utilized to determine the exposure time before reaching the exposure limit. It can also be used in the determination of the minimum ceiling height for compliance with standards like UL 8802. Manufacturers are urged to provide HLEL for their products; installers should adhere to HLEL; and standards and regulatory bodies should insist on this information in new guidance.
How lignin biosynthesis responds to nitrogen in plants: a scoping review
Authors: Peng Q. , Shrestha A. , Zhang Y. , Fan J. , Yu F. , Wang G.
Published: July 2024

Nitrogen (N) plays a critical role in the functioning of key amino acids and synthetic enzymes responsible for the various stages of lignin biosynthesis. However, the precise mechanisms through which N influences lignin biosynthesis have not been fully elucidated. This scoping review explores how lignin biosynthesis responds to N in plants. A systematic search of the literature in several databases was conducted using relevant keywords. Only 44 of the 1842 selected studies contained a range of plant species, experimental conditions, and research approaches. Lignin content, structure, and biosynthetic pathways in response to N are discussed, and possible response mechanisms of lignin under low N are proposed. Among the selected studies, 64.52% of the studies reter to lignin content found a negative correlation between N availability and lignin content. Usually, high N decreases the lignin content, delays cell lignification, increases p‐hydroxyphenyl propane (H) monomer content, and regulates lignin synthesis through the expression of key genes (PAL, 4CL, CCR, CAD, COMT, LAC, and POD) encoding miRNAs and transcription factors (e.g., MYB, bHLH). N deficiency enhances lignin synthesis through the accumulation of phenylpropanoids, phenolics, and soluble carbohydrates, and indirect changes in phytohormones, secondary metabolites, etc. This review provides new insights and important references for future studies on the regulation of lignin biosynthesis.