bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chlamydia Trachomatis Prevalence in Asymptomatic Women in Madrid: Study Findings and Their Association with Risk Factors and Mental Health
Authors: Rosas Cancio-Suárez Marta , Martín-Jiménez Esther , Rodríguez-Domínguez Mario , García Da Silva Ana María , Fernández-Félix Borja M. , Romero-Hernández Beatriz , Cárdenas-Isasi María José , Moreno Santiago , Serrano-Villar Sergio , Sánchez-Conde Matilde
Published: September 2024

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a sexually transmitted infection that requires early detection to prevent complications. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of CT among asymptomatic women in Spain and investigate the relationship between CT and risk factors associated with sexual practices, as well as factors such as stress and depression. Results: We found that 3.8% of asymptomatic women tested positive for CT. Our findings suggested that having more than five sexual partners increases the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) by 3.87 times when compared with having fewer partners (p = 0.005, OR: 3.87, 95% CI 1.24–11.65). Additionally, 4.5% of participants admitted to using drugs. We found that there was a slightly higher proportion of anxiety and depression among women who tested positive for CT. Conclusions: We aimed to establish a basis for the implementation of screening in asymptomatic women. Early identification and preventive measures are crucial in minimizing the long-term complications and transmission of the disease. Sexual behavior must be recognized as a risk factor, and women’s psychological well-being should be given top priority as a vital aspect of their sexual health.
FOX Optimization Algorithm Based on Adaptive Spiral Flight and Multi-Strategy Fusion
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Wang Xiangkun , Cao Li
Published: September 2024

Adaptive spiral flight and multi-strategy fusion are the foundations of a new FOX optimization algorithm that aims to address the drawbacks of the original method, including weak starting individual ergodicity, low diversity, and an easy way to slip into local optimum. In order to enhance the population, inertial weight is added along with Levy flight and variable spiral strategy once the population is initialized using a tent chaotic map. To begin the process of implementing the method, the fox population position is initialized using the created Tent chaotic map in order to provide more ergodic and varied individual beginning locations. To improve the quality of the solution, the inertial weight is added in the second place. The fox random walk mode is then updated using a variable spiral position updating approach. Subsequently, the algorithm’s global and local searches are balanced, and the Levy flying method and greedy approach are incorporated to update the fox location. The enhanced FOX optimization technique is then thoroughly contrasted with various swarm intelligence algorithms using engineering application optimization issues and the CEC2017 benchmark test functions. According to the simulation findings, there have been notable advancements in the convergence speed, accuracy, and stability, as well as the jumping out of the local optimum, of the upgraded FOX optimization algorithm.
Life Cycle Assessment Analysis Based on Material Selection in Sustainable Airport Buildings
Authors: Ugural Mehmet Nurettin , Ozyilmaz Merve Ruya , Burgan Halil Ibrahim
Published: September 2024

Sustainable airport buildings aim to minimize environmental impacts through energy efficiency, water conservation, and waste management. This is achieved by employing green building materials and utilizing renewable energy sources to reduce their carbon footprint. In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to assess the environmental impacts of three main construction materials—concrete, steel, and wood—used in sustainable airport buildings. These materials were selected for their widespread use in eight different airport terminal buildings with sustainability certifications. The environmental impacts of these materials were calculated and compared using OpenLCA 1.9.0 software and the ECOinvent database, adhering to the standards set forth by the Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) initiative. The findings indicate that wood, as a construction material, has a significantly lower impact on global warming compared to steel and concrete, with a global warming potential (GWP) ratio of less than 60%. Steel, with a GWP of approximately 90% of that of concrete, also showed a lower impact than concrete. Additionally, other environmental impacts, such as stratospheric ozone depletion potential (ODP) and acidification potential (AP), were also examined, highlighting the trade-offs associated with each material.
The Synergistic Effect of Water Reducer and Water-Repellent Admixture on the Properties of Cement-Based Material
Authors: Al jarmouzi Raja , Sun Zhenping , Yang Haijing , Ji Yanliang
Published: September 2024

Water reducer and water-repellent admixture are very important in improving the workability and durability of cement-based materials. However, the synergistic effect of the two types of admixtures has not been well investigated. In this study, polycarboxylate ether-based superplasticizer (PCE) and octyltriethoxysilane (OTS) were adopted as water reducer and water-repellent admixture, respectively. Their synergistic effect on the fluidity, compressive strength, and water absorption rate of cement-based materials was investigated. Particularly, the pore structure and hydration state of cement paste were analyzed using 1H Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H LF NMR). The result showed that the fluidity of cement paste containing different dosages of PCE was reduced by 5–10 mm by incorporating 1% OTS, and the compressive strength at the early age of 3 d of mortar containing high PCE dosage of 0.25% decreased up to 15% by using 1% OTS. In contrast, the compressive strength of mortar containing 0.20% PCE was slightly enhanced by the addition of 1% OTS. 1H LF NMR analysis revealed that the combination of PCE and OTS would increase the pore size and total pore volume of cement paste, and more bleeding water would be generated at high PCE dosage. The intensity-weighted T2 values of the main peak (T2¯) implied that both PCE and OTS produced a retardation effect on cement hydration. However, the water absorption rate decreased by 46.6% despite the increase in pore size and total pore volume. The conflict phenomenon powerfully revealed that the internal hydrophobic treatment by OTS has been successfully achieved. Overall, the combination of 0.20% PCE and 1% OTS exerted a positive synergistic effect in improving the compressive strength and water-repelling ability of cement-based materials, which is meaningful for improving their durability and service life.
Numerical Modeling of Uniaxial Corroded Reinforced Concrete Columns Exposed to Fire
Authors: Ba Guangzhong , Wu Weijian , Dai Hongchao , Jiao Yu , Zhang Jie
Published: September 2024

Corroded concrete structures remain at risk of fire damage throughout their lifespan. This study explores the fire resistance of reinforced concrete columns, considering the simultaneous impact of corrosion and high temperatures. Thermal–structural models of the corroded concrete columns are developed using SAFIR software (2022). The numerical results are compared with published test data on temperature distributions and axial displacement–time curves. Then, parametric analyses are conducted to investigate the influence of various factors, such as corrosion degree, concrete compressive strength, cover thickness, and fire exposure models, on the fire performance of the concrete columns. The findings reveal that corrosion significantly undermines fire resistance: notably, columns with severe corrosion exhibited a 47% reduction in fire resistance. Conversely, increased concrete strength can bolster the fire resistance of intact columns, particularly when the concrete cover is minimal. Enhancing the cover thickness proves to be an effective strategy to mitigate the thermal degradation of steel reinforcements, thereby extending the columns’ fire resistance by as much as 23%. The study introduces coefficients to quantify the effects of corrosion, fire exposure, material strength, and cover thickness, culminating in a practical formula to calculate the fire endurance of corroded reinforced concrete columns. This formula could complement existing fire safety regulations.
The Influence of Social Mass Environmental Cognition on Consumption Intentions in Green Stadiums from the Perspective of CAC Modeling
Authors: Cao Luning , Hou Yuyang , Shen Xinyi , Feng Shunan , Liu Chenfan , Huang Qian
Published: September 2024

The green transformation of sports stadiums has now become an inevitable trend for the sustainable development of sports. This study synthesized consumer behavior research and green consumption research, based on the CAC model, to explore the role of cognitive and affective interactions on the promotion of the intention behind green sports stadium consumption, discussing the role of environmental cognition at the cognitive level and subdividing its connotations into the three categories of a sense of environmental responsibility, environmental protection awareness, and green self-efficacy, introducing at the same time a natural connection into the field of green sports consumption, based on which the green perceived value and green trust fusion are jointly used as affective factor variables. The data from 463 questionnaires were used to construct a structural equation model for empirical analysis, and the following results were shown: First, environmental cognition, environmental responsibility, environmental awareness, and green self-efficacy have a positive effect on green stadium consumption; second, green building perceived value and trust play a mediating role in the relationship between environmental cognition and green stadium consumption intention; third, nature connection and green building perceived value and trust play a positive role in the relationship between environmental cognition and green stadium consumption intention. The purpose of this study was to explore the interaction between cognition and emotion on the the intention behind the consumption of green stadiums from the psychological level of consumers, so as to provide a reference for improving consumers’ green sports consumption and accelerating the development of the green sports industry.
Influence of Reed Fiber Length and Dosage on the Properties of Reed-Fiber-Modified Bitumen and Bituminous Mortar
Authors: Chen Huikun , Zhang Junyan , Niu Dongyu , Liu Xueyan , Lin Peng
Published: September 2024

In order to explore the feasibility and efficacy of reed-fiber-modified bitumen (RFMB), three lengths and three dosages of reed fibers were selected to modify bitumen and bituminous mortar, while the physicochemical properties of RFMB and RFMB mortar were analyzed. In this work, FTIR spectroscopy was employed to characterize the chemical impact of fiber on bitumen. The viscidity and rheology of RFMB and the tensile strength of RFMB mortar were evaluated using a Brookfield viscometer, dynamic shear rheometer, and monotonic tensile test. The results showed that adding fibers primarily affects the physical structure rather than the chemical composition of bitumen, confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. RFMB viscosity increased with higher fiber dosage and fiber length. Rheological evaluations showed an enhanced complex shear modulus for RFMB, suggesting improved performance at higher temperatures but increased stiffness at lower temperatures, with the latter indicating reduced flexibility. RFMB also demonstrated superior fatigue and rutting resistance, albeit with compromised stress sensitivity. Tensile tests on RFMB mortar highlighted significant improvements, especially with longer fibers, while shorter 0.4 mm fibers showed modest reinforcement effects, possibly due to uneven distribution during sample preparation.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Airflow Organization in Modular Data Centres Utilizing Floor Grid Air Supply
Authors: Zhao Jingping , Wu Jianlin , Li Mengying
Published: September 2024

Under the background of “dual carbon” development goals, the rapid expansion of internet data centers driven by advancements in 5G technology has led to increased energy consumption and elevated heat densities within the server rooms in these facilities. In this study, the modular data center is taken as the research object for the purpose of figuring out a way to improve the thermal environment of the computer room, reduce power consumption, and ensure the safe and stable running of servers. To this end, this study established an airflow organization model for the modular data center and verified this model through experimental methods. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were employed to investigate the effects of raised floor height, floor opening rate, and cold/hot air channel closure on airflow organization. Furthermore, the efficiency of airflow organization was evaluated using entransy loss metrics. The results show that optimal airflow conditions are achieved when the height of the raised floor is 600–800 mm, the opening rate is 40%, and the combined opening is 40%. Additionally, the closure of either the cold channel or both the cold and hot channels significantly improves airflow performance. Specifically, cold channel closure is recommended for new data centers with underfloor air supply systems, while combined cold and hot channel closure is suitable for data centers with high power density and extended air supply distances.
Finite Element Method Simulation Study on the Temperature Field of Mass Concrete with Phase Change Material
Authors: Chen Renshan , Shangguan Haonan , Zhang Wei , Yang Kaibo
Published: September 2024

Phase change materials can be converted between solid, liquid, and gaseous states, absorbing or releasing a large amount of heat. PCM is incorporated into concrete to adjust the temperature difference between inside and outside of concrete, which can reduce cracking. In this paper, the finite element analysis method is used to establish the model of an ordinary concrete structure, doped with phase change materials, on the basis of mechanical properties and a temperature regulation test performed by calculating the adiabatic temperature rise of concrete with different contents of composite phase change material, comparing the experimental and simulation results of the ordinary concrete structures with phase change materials, and analyzing the change in temperature field of the concrete structure with the content of self-prepared composite phase change materials. It is found that the addition of self-prepared composite phase change materials reduces the temperature peak of the concrete structure in the stage of hydration heat and delays the time taken to reach the temperature peak. Then, the temperature field of the phase change mass concrete structure is established, and the influence law of composite phase change material admixture on the temperature field of mass concrete is summarized through the time–temperature curves of different admixture amounts and positions so as to predict the possibility of cracks in mass concrete.
Left Hemi-Hepatectomy to Resect Metastatic Tumor of Round Ligament of Liver in Patients with Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Kim Uisuk , Bae Jae Kyung , Kim Junhwan , Kim Ji Hyun , Kim Seong Hoon , Han Sung-Sik , Park Hyeong Min , Park Sang-Yoon , Lim Myong Cheol
Published: September 2024

The objective of this study is to investigate the surgical, clinical and pathological outcomes of left hemi-hepatectomy during cytoreductive surgery (CRS) in patients with primary ovarian cancer. The electronic medical charts of patients with primary ovarian cancer who received CRS including left hemi-hepatectomy from 2000 to 2023 were reviewed and retrospectively analyzed. A total of 17 patients underwent left hemi-hepatectomy for resection of a deep peritoneal implant in the round ligament of the liver during primary CRS. Among these 17 patients, hepatic parenchymal invasion was confirmed in 10 patients (58.8%). Tumor distribution of others is as follows: Glisson’s capsule, hilum, falciform ligament and gall bladder. Fourteen patients (82.4%) achieved CRS; the remaining three patients had residual tumors less than 1 cm. The median period to subsequent chemotherapy was 21 days (range, 12–35 days). No specific complications related to left hepatectomy were identified such as liver failure or bile leakage. Left hemi-hepatectomy for complete surgical resection of a deep peritoneal implant of the round ligament of the liver is surgically feasible and safe.
From Oncogenesis to Theranostics: The Transformative Role of PSMA in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Hameed Muhammad Y. , Gul Maryam , Chaudhry Abbas , Muzaffar Huma , Sheikh Mubashir , Chee Winson , Ayyash Sondos , Ayyash Jenna , Al-Hindi Mohannad , Shahare Humam , Chaudhry Ammar
Published: September 2024

Prostate cancer, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men, is characterized by complex genetic and epigenetic alterations, dysregulation of oncogenic pathways, and a dynamic tumor microenvironment. Advances in molecular diagnostics and targeted therapies have significantly transformed the management of this disease. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has emerged as a critical biomarker, enhancing the precision of prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. Theranostics, which integrates PSMA-targeted imaging with radioligand therapies, has shown remarkable efficacy in detecting and treating advanced prostate cancer. By leveraging the dual capabilities of PSMA-based diagnostics and therapeutic agents, theranostics offers a personalized approach that improves patient outcomes. This comprehensive review explores the latest developments in PSMA-targeted theranostics and their impact on the future of prostate cancer management, highlighting key clinical trials and emerging therapeutic strategies.
The Role of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in pN1 (IIB/IIIA) NSCLC Patients Who Undergo Pneumonectomy: Is It Still Justified in the Modern Era?
Authors: Mazzella Antonio , Orlandi Riccardo , Maiorca Sebastiano , Uslenghi Clarissa , Maisonneuve Patrick , Casiraghi Monica , Bertolaccini Luca , Spaggiari Lorenzo
Published: September 2024

Introduction: We aimed to assess our 25-year experience in order to evaluate the role of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients who undergo pneumonectomy for pN1 NSCLC. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes and medical records of patients undergoing pneumonectomy for NSCLC with pathological diagnosis of pN1, excluding all patients who underwent neoadjuvant treatment. We compared patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy with patients who did not undergo neoadjuvant treatment during a follow-up soon after surgery. Gray’s test was used to assess differences in the cumulative incidence of relapse or CSS between the different groups. Kaplan–Meier methods were used for drawing overall survival (OS) plots. In order to assess differences in survival between the groups, the log-rank test was used. The cumulative incidence of relapse, CSS, and OS were calculated at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years of follow-up. Results: The 30-day and 90-day mortality rates of our cohort were 6% and 11,6%. Excluding the first three months after surgery (deaths linked to postoperative comorbidity), after 5 years we found no significant differences between the two cohorts (adjuvant CT and no adjuvant CT) in terms of the overall survival (OS) (p: 0.31), cancer-specific survival (CSS) (p: 0.59), disease-free survival (DFS) (p: 0.94), and relapse rate (p: 0.76). Conclusions: Patients with pN1 NSCLC that was completely resected through pneumonectomy and radical lymphadenectomy may represent a particular cohort, which could be strictly followed up without adjuvant chemotherapy.
Education and Information to Improve Adherence to Screening for Breast, Colorectal, and Cervical Cancer—Lessons Learned during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Gabriele Raimondo , Campagnol Monica , Sapienza Paolo , Borrelli Valeria , Di Marzo Luca , Sterpetti Antonio V.
Published: September 2024

The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between adherence to cancer screening programs and earlier diagnosis of the 14 most common types of cancers in the adult population, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. National data concerning number of admissions and operations in Italy for adult patients admitted with oncologic problems during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020 to 2022) and in the pre-pandemic period (2015 to 2019) were analyzed. We selected 14 types of cancer that present the most common indications for surgery in Italy. This study included 1,365,000 adult patients who had surgery for the 14 most common types of cancer in the period 2015–2022, and interviews concerning adherence rates to screening for breast, colorectal, and cervical cancer were conducted for 133,455 individuals. A higher decrease in the number of operations for the 14 types of cancer (−45%) was registered during the first three acute phases of the pandemic, and it was more evident for screenable cancers like breast, colorectal, and cervical cancer (p < 0.001). During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of screened individuals for breast, colorectal, and cervical cancer decreased by 33.8% (from 7,507,893 to 4,969,000) and the number of diagnoses and operations for these three types of cancer decreased by 10.5% (from 107,656 to 96,405). The increase and return to normality of the number of screened individuals in the last year of the pandemic (2022) and in the first post-pandemic year (2023) was associated with a return to the pre-pandemic levels of diagnoses and operations. The adherence rates were lower for individuals living in rural areas, with low socio-economic status, and unmarried persons; however, the most statistically significant factor for reduced adherence was a lower level of educational attainment. Free screening through nationally organized programs reduced social disparities. There were no significant differences between the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods for several types of cancers (stomach, esophagus, pancreas, liver) that are diagnosed for the occurrence of symptoms and for which nationally organized programs might increase the possibility of earlier diagnosis and improved clinical outcomes. Education, information, and appropriate expenditure for preventive care have the potential to reduce cancer mortality. Nationally organized screening programs for several types of cancers, which are often detected for the occurrence of symptoms, may increase the possibility of diagnosis at earlier stages.
Immune-Related Adverse Events of Genitourinary Cancer Patients, a Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Hunting John C. , Deyo Logan , Olson Eric , Faucheux Andrew T. , Price Sarah N. , Lycan Thomas W.
Published: September 2024

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become common lines of therapy for genitourinary cancers (GUcs). Given their widespread use, understanding the risk factors, comparative profiles, and timing of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) is essential. Methods: We created an IRB-approved retrospective registry of all patients who received at least one dose of an ICI for any indication between 1 February 2011 and 7 April 2022 at a comprehensive cancer center and its outreach clinics. Dichotomous outcomes were modeled using multivariable logistic regression. Survival outcomes were compared using multivariable Cox regression. Results: Among 3101 patients, 196 had renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and 170 had urothelial tumors. RCC patients were more likely to experience irAEs (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.32–2.39), whereas urothelial carcinoma patients were not (OR 1.22; 95% CI 0.88–1.67). RCC patients were more prone to dermatitis, thyroiditis, acute kidney injury, and myocarditis, compared to other tumors, while urothelial carcinoma patients were not. The impact of irAEs on survival was not significantly different for GUcs compared to other tumors. Conclusions: RCC primaries have a significantly different irAE profile than most tumors, as opposed to urothelial primaries. Further, RCC was more likely to experience any irAEs. Heterogeneity of survival benefits by irAEs was not seen.
Advancements in TGF-β Targeting Therapies for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Britton William R. , Cioffi Isabel , Stonebraker Corinne , Spence Matthew , Okolo Ogoegbunam , Martin Cecilia , Henick Brian , Nakagawa Hiroshi , Parikh Anuraag S.
Published: September 2024

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth leading cause of cancer worldwide according to GLOBOCAN estimates from 2022. Current therapy options for recurrent or metastatic disease are limited to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy and immunotherapy, with few targeted therapy options readily available. Recent single-cell transcriptomic analyses identified TGF-β signaling as an important mediator of functional interplays between cancer-associated fibroblasts and a subset of mesenchymal cancer cells. This signaling was shown to drive invasiveness, treatment resistance, and immune evasion. These data provide renewed interest in the TGF-β pathway as an alternative therapeutic target, prompting a critical review of previous clinical data which suggest a lack of benefit from TGF-β inhibitors. While preclinical data have demonstrated the great anti-tumorigenic potential of TGF-β inhibitors, the underwhelming results of ongoing and completed clinical trials highlight the difficulty actualizing these benefits into clinical practice. This topical review will discuss the relevant preclinical and clinical findings for TGF-β inhibitors in HNSCC and will explore the potential role of patient stratification in the development of this therapeutic strategy.
Evaluating Treatment Patterns and the Role of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Plasmacytoid Urothelial Carcinoma: Insights from a Combined National and Institutional Series
Authors: Rahman Syed , Kong Victoria , Jalfon Michael , Hesse David , Kim Joseph , Wright Jonathan L. , Adeniran Adebowale , Humphrey Peter , Martin Darryl T. , Ghali Fady
Published: September 2024

Background: Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma (PUC) is a rare histologic subtype of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (BC). Our objective was to characterize treatment patterns and outcomes of PUC in the NCDB and our recent institutional experience. Methods: The NCDB was queried for localized PUC cases between 2004 and 2020. Patients with PUC from a single institution (Yale School of Medicine) were also incorporated from 2021 onwards to not double-count patients. The primary outcomes were overall survival and treatment trends. Results: A total of 146 patients were included, 123 from NCDB and 23 from Yale. The median overall survival (mOS) was 28 [IQR 7.5, 50.3] months, 23 [IQR 8.4, 46.3] months for the NCDB patients, and 36 [IQR 4.3, 68.1] for the Yale patients. The mOS for patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) was 60.0 [28.0, 91.9] vs. 14.8 months [0, 34.3] for patients without NAC, p = 0.038, though the benefit was not preserved in a Cox proportional hazard analysis incorporating the clinical stage, receipt of NAC, and age. The peritoneum was the most common site of metastasis (78.3%), followed by the liver and bones. Conclusion: Our findings underscore the formidable challenge posed by PUC, emphasizing its limited response to current therapies. Despite higher pT0 rates with NAC, the OS benefit remains inconclusive, highlighting the need for more effective treatments.
Optimizing ctDNA: An Updated Review of a Promising Clinical Tool for the Management of Uveal Melanoma
Authors: Varela Mar , Villatoro Sergi , Lorenzo Daniel , Piulats Josep Maria , Caminal Josep Maria
Published: September 2024

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumor in adults. Distant metastasis is common, affecting around 50% of patients. Prognostic accuracy relies on molecular characterization of tumor tissue. In these patients, however, conventional biopsy can be challenging due to the difficulty of obtaining sufficient tissue for the analysis due to the small tumor size and/or post-brachytherapy shrinkage. An alternative approach is liquid biopsy, a non-invasive technique that allows for real-time monitoring of tumor dynamics. Liquid biopsy plays an increasingly prominent role in precision medicine, providing valuable information on the molecular profile of the tumor and treatment response. Liquid biopsy can facilitate early detection and can be used to monitor progression and recurrence. ctDNA-based tests are particularly promising due to their ease of integration into clinical practice. In this review, we discuss the application of ctDNA in liquid biopsies for UM. More specifically, we explore the emerging technologies in this field and the advantages and disadvantages of using different bodily fluids for liquid biopsy. Finally, we discuss the current barriers to routine clinical use of this technique.
Contemporary Molecular Markers for Predicting Systemic Treatment Response in Urothelial Bladder Cancer: A Narrative Review
Authors: Dimitrov George , Mangaldzhiev Radoslav , Slavov Chavdar , Popov Elenko
Published: September 2024

The search for dependable molecular biomarkers to enhance routine clinical practice is a compelling challenge across all oncology fields. Urothelial bladder carcinoma, known for its significant heterogeneity, presents difficulties in predicting responses to systemic therapies and outcomes post-radical cystectomy. Recent advancements in molecular cancer biology offer promising avenues to understand the disease’s biology and identify emerging predictive biomarkers. Stratifying patients based on their recurrence risk post-curative treatment or predicting the efficacy of conventional and targeted therapies could catalyze personalized treatment selection and disease surveillance. Despite progress, reliable molecular biomarkers to forecast responses to systemic agents, in neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or palliative treatment settings, are still lacking, underscoring an urgent unmet need. This review aims to delve into the utilization of current and emerging molecular signatures across various stages of urothelial bladder carcinoma to predict responses to systemic therapy.
Real-World Analysis of Survival and Treatment Efficacy in Stage IIIA-N2 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Josephides Eleni , Dunn Roberta , Henry Annie-Rose , Pilling John , Harrison-Phipps Karen , Patel Akshay , Ahmad Shahreen , Skwarski Michael , Spicer James , Georgiou Alexandros , Ghosh Sharmistha , Van Hemelrijck Mieke , Karapanagiotou Eleni , Smith Daniel , Bille Andrea
Published: September 2024

Background: Stage IIIA-N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) poses a significant clinical challenge, with low survival rates despite advances in therapy. The lack of a standardised treatment approach complicates patient management. This study utilises real-world data from Guy’s Thoracic Cancer Database to analyse patient outcomes, identify key predictors of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), and address the limitations of randomised controlled trials. Methods: This observational, single-centre, non-randomised study analysed 142 patients diagnosed with clinical and pathological T1/2 N2 NSCLC who received curative treatment from 2015 to 2021. Patients were categorised into three groups: Group A (30 patients) underwent surgery for clinical N2 disease, Group B (54 patients) had unsuspected N2 disease discovered during surgery, and Group C (58 patients) received radical chemoradiation or radiotherapy alone (CRT/RT) for clinical N2 disease. Data on demographics, treatment types, recurrence, and survival rates were analysed. Results: The median OS for the cohort was 31 months, with 2-year and 5-year OS rates of 60% and 30%, respectively. Group A had a median OS of 32 months, Group B 36 months, and Group C 25 months. The median DFS was 18 months overall, with Group A at 16 months, Group B at 22 months, and Group C at 17 months. Significant predictors of OS included ECOG performance status, lymphovascular invasion, and histology. No significant differences in OS were found between treatment groups (p = 0.99). Conclusions: This study highlights the complexity and diversity of Stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC, with no single superior treatment strategy identified. The findings underscore the necessity for personalised treatment approaches and multidisciplinary decision-making. Future research should focus on integrating newer therapeutic modalities and conducting multi-centre trials to refine treatment strategies. Collaboration and ongoing data collection are crucial for improving personalised treatment plans and survival outcomes for Stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC patients.
The Protective Effects of Mcl-1 on Mitochondrial Damage and Oxidative Stress in Imiquimod-Induced Cancer Cell Death
Authors: Chang Shu-Hao , Chuang Kai-Cheng , Li Zheng-Yi , Chang Mao-Chia , Liu Kuang-Ting , Hsu Chien-Sheng , Huang Shi-Wei , Chung Mu-Chi , Wang Shih-Chung , Chen Yi-Ju , Shieh Jeng-Jer
Published: September 2024

Mitochondria, vital organelles that generate ATP, determine cell fate. Dysfunctional and damaged mitochondria are fragmented and removed through mitophagy, a mitochondrial quality control mechanism. The FDA-approved drug IMQ, a synthetic agonist of Toll-like receptor 7, exhibits antitumor activity against various skin malignancies. We previously reported that IMQ promptly reduced the level of the antiapoptotic Mcl-1 protein and that Mcl-1 overexpression attenuated IMQ-triggered apoptosis in skin cancer cells. Furthermore, IMQ profoundly disrupted mitochondrial function, promoted mitochondrial fragmentation, induced mitophagy, and caused cell death by generating high levels of ROS. However, whether Mcl-1 protects mitochondria from IMQ treatment is still unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that Mcl-1 overexpression induced resistance to IMQ-induced apoptosis and reduced both IMQ-induced ROS generation and oxidative stress in cancer cells. Mcl-1 overexpression maintained mitochondrial function and integrity and prevented mitophagy in IMQ-treated cancer cells. Furthermore, IL-6 protected against IMQ-induced apoptosis by increasing Mcl-1 expression and attenuating IMQ-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. Mcl-1 overexpression ameliorates IMQ-induced ROS generation and mitochondrial fragmentation, thereby increasing mitochondrial stability and ultimately attenuating IMQ-induced cell death. Investigating the roles of Mcl-1 in mitochondria is a potential strategy for cancer therapy development.
Maintaining the Balance: Regulation of NK Cell Activity
Authors: Imširović Vanna , Wensveen Felix M. , Polić Bojan , Jelenčić Vedrana
Published: September 2024

Natural Killer (NK) cells, integral components of the innate immune system, play a crucial role in the protection against intracellular threats. Their cytotoxic power requires that activation is tightly controlled, and in this, they take a unique position within the immune system. Rather than depending on the engagement of a single activating receptor, their activation involves a delicate balance between inhibitory and activating signals mediated through an array of surface molecules. Only when this cumulative balance surpasses a specific threshold do NK cells initiate their activity. Remarkably, the activation threshold of NK cells remains robust even when cells express vastly different repertoires of inhibitory and activating receptors. These threshold values seem to be influenced by NK cell interactions with their environment during development and after release from the bone marrow. Understanding how NK cells integrate this intricate pattern of stimuli is an ongoing area of research, particularly relevant for cellular therapies seeking to harness the anti-cancer potential of these cells by modifying surface receptor expression. In this review, we will explore some of the current dogmas regarding NK cell activation and discuss recent literature addressing advances in our understanding of this field.
Keratin 8/18a.1 Expression Influences Embryonic Neural Crest Cell Dynamics and Contributes to Postnatal Corneal Regeneration in Zebrafish
Authors: Williams Antionette L. , Bohnsack Brenda L.
Published: September 2024

A complete understanding of neural crest cell mechanodynamics during ocular development will provide insight into postnatal neural crest cell contributions to ophthalmic abnormalities in adult tissues and inform regenerative strategies toward injury repair. Herein, single-cell RNA sequencing in zebrafish during early eye development revealed keratin intermediate filament genes krt8 and krt18a.1 as additional factors expressed during anterior segment development. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed krt8 and krt18a.1 expression in the early neural plate border and migrating cranial neural crest cells. Morpholino oligonucleotide (MO)-mediated knockdown of K8 and K18a.1 markedly disrupted the migration of neural crest cell subpopulations and decreased neural crest cell marker gene expression in the craniofacial region and eye at 48 h postfertilization (hpf), resulting in severe phenotypic defects reminiscent of neurocristopathies. Interestingly, the expression of K18a.1, but not K8, is regulated by retinoic acid (RA) during early-stage development. Further, both keratin proteins were detected during postnatal corneal regeneration in adult zebrafish. Altogether, we demonstrated that both K8 and K18a.1 contribute to the early development and postnatal repair of neural crest cell-derived ocular tissues.
Antibody-Mediated Protein Knockdown Reveals Distal-less Functions for Eyespots and Parafocal Elements in Butterfly Wing Color Pattern Development
Authors: Nakazato Yugo , Otaki Joji M.
Published: September 2024

One of the important genes for eyespot development in butterfly wings is Distal-less. Its function has been evaluated via several methods, including CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. However, functional inhibition may be performed at the right time at the right place using a different method. Here, we used a novel protein delivery method for pupal wing tissues in vivo to inactivate a target protein, Distal-less, with a polyclonal anti-Distal-less antibody using the blue pansy butterfly Junonia orithya. We first demonstrated that various antibodies including the anti-Distal-less antibody were delivered to wing epithelial cells in vivo in this species. Treatment with the anti-Distal-less antibody reduced eyespot size, confirming the positive role of Distal-less in eyespot development. The treatment eliminated or deformed a parafocal element, suggesting a positive role of Distal-less in the development of the parafocal element. This result also suggested the integrity of an eyespot and its corresponding parafocal element as the border symmetry system. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the antibody-mediated protein knockdown method is a useful tool for functional assays of proteins, such as Distal-less, expressed in pupal wing tissues, and that Distal-less functions for eyespots and parafocal elements in butterfly wing color pattern development.
The Effect of Synthetic Polyamine BPA-C8 on the Fertilization Process of Intact and Denuded Sea Urchin Eggs
Authors: Limatola Nunzia , Chun Jong Tai , Schmitt Jean-Louis , Lehn Jean-Marie , Santella Luigia
Published: September 2024

Sea urchin eggs are covered with layers of extracellular matrix, namely, the vitelline layer (VL) and jelly coat (JC). It has been shown that sea urchin eggs’ JC components serve as chemoattractants or ligands for the receptor on the fertilizing sperm to promote the acrosome reaction. Moreover, the egg’s VL provides receptors for conspecific sperm to bind, and, to date, at least two sperm receptors have been identified on the surface of sea urchin eggs. Interestingly, however, according to our previous work, denuded sea urchin eggs devoid of the JC and VL do not fail to become fertilized by sperm. Instead, they are bound and penetratedby multiple sperm, raising the possibility that an alternative pathway independent of the VL-residing sperm receptor may be at work. In this research, we studied the roles of the JC and VL using intact and denuded eggs and the synthetic polyamine BPA-C8. BPA-C8 is known to bind to the negatively charged macromolecular complexes in the cells, such as the JC, VL, and the plasma membrane of echinoderm eggs, as well as to the actin filaments in fibroblasts. Our results showed that, when added to seawater, BPA-C8 significantly repressed the Ca2+ wave in the intact P. lividus eggs at fertilization. In eggs deprived of the VL and JC, BPA-C8 binds to the plasma membrane and increases fibrous structures connecting microvilli, thereby allowing the denuded eggs to revert towards monospermy at fertilization. However, the reduced Ca2+ signal in denuded eggs was nullified compared to the intact eggs because removing the JC and VL already decreased the Ca2+ wave. BPA-C8 does not cross the VL and the cell membrane of unfertilized sea urchin eggs to diffuse into the cytoplasm at variance with the fibroblasts. Indeed, the jasplakinolide-induced polymerization of subplasmalemmal actin filaments was inhibited in the eggs microinjected with BPA-C8, but not in the ones bath-incubated with the same dose of BPA-C8.
Enhanced Sensitivity and Homogeneity of SERS Signals on Plasmonic Substrate When Coupled to Paper Spray Ionization–Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Adehinmoye Adewale A. , Bondzie Ebenezer H. , Driskell Jeremy D. , Mulligan Christopher C. , Kim Jun-Hyun
Published: September 2024

This work reports on the development of an analyte sampling strategy on a plasmonic substrate to amplify the detection capability of a dual analytical system, paper spray ionization–mass spectrometry (PSI-MS) and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). While simply applying only an analyte solution to the plasmonic paper results in a limited degree of SERS enhancement, the introduction of plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) greatly improves the SERS signals without sacrificing PSI-MS sensitivity. It is initially revealed that the concentration of AuNPs and the type of analytes highly influence the SERS signals and their variations due to the “coffee ring effect” flow mechanism induced during sampling and the degree of the interfacial interactions (e.g., van der Waals, electrostatic, covalent) between the plasmonic substrate and analyte. Subsequent PSI treatment at high voltage conditions further impacts the overall SERS responses, where the signal sensitivity and homogeneity significantly increase throughout the entire substrate, suggesting the ready migration of adsorbed analytes regardless of their interfacial attractive forces. The PSI-induced notable SERS enhancements are presumably associated with creating unique conditions for local aggregation of the AuNPs to induce effective plasmonic couplings and hot spots (i.e., electromagnetic effect) and for repositioning analytes in close proximity to a plasmonic surface to increase polarizability (i.e., chemical effect). The optimized sampling and PSI conditions are also applicable to multi-analyte analysis by SERS and MS, with greatly enhanced detection capability and signal uniformity.
Exploring the Association between Socioeconomic Environment, Eating Habits and Level of Nutrition in Children of High School Age: A Part of National Survey
Authors: Grujicic Mladen , Sekulic Marija , Radovanovic Jovana , Selakovic Viktor , Gavrilovic Jagoda , Markovic Vladan , Sorak Marija , Spasic Marko , Vucic Rada , Sretenovic Snezana , Radmanovic Olivera , Rajkovic Pavlovic Zlata , Nikic Djuricic Katarina , Tomovic Jovica , Maricic Milena , Radovanovic Snezana
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: One of the raising public health problems in the adolescent population is obesity, which has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. The aim of this work is to determine the prevalence of obesity in the population of children of secondary school, age 15 to 19 years in Serbia and the determinate connection with demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the respondents and their eating habits and physical activity. Methods: The research is part of the fourth National Population Health Survey conducted in 2019, which was conducted by the Republic Institute of Statistics, in cooperation with the Institute of Public Health of Serbia and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia. As a research instrument, questionnaires were used in accordance with the methodology of the European Health Survey. For the purposes of this research, data on the adult population aged 15–19 and over were used. Results: The association of overweight with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics was examined using binary regression. In the univariate model, male gender (OR = 1.95), younger age (OR = 1.57) and Region of Vojvodina (OR = 2.47) stood out as significant predictors of overweight, which was confirmed by the multivariate model. Conclusions: The results of our study emphasize that the prevalence of obesity in the population of high school youth is at a significant level and that a lot more needs to be done to promote healthy lifestyles and raise awareness of their benefits on health status.
Autoimmune Pancreatitis Type 2, Biliary Cysts and Giardia lamblia
Authors: Blažević Tonka , Aničić Mirna Natalija , Ćavar Stanko , Vuković Jurica
Published: September 2024

Autoimmune pancreatitis type 2 is a relatively novel entity with some still controversial issues. The current diagnostic algorithm relies on imaging studies and histology. Therapy includes corticosteroids with consequently low risk of relapse in the following year. However, the pathogenesis remains unclear, and data are insufficient for long-term prognosis. We have treated a 17-year-old boy whose autoimmune pancreatitis type 2 was revealed during surgery for a pre-existing biliary tract anomaly with concurrent protozoal infection. We discuss the co-occurrence of these conditions in terms of eventual pathogenesis correlation and combined effect on long-term prognosis.
Optimization of Lost Foam Coating Performance: Effects of Blade Shape, Stirring Speed, and Drying Temperature on Viscosity, Coating Weight, and Surface Morphology
Authors: Sun Guojin , Li Zhenggui , Wang Qi
Published: September 2024

The current investigation focuses on the viscosity, coating weight, and surface characteristics of lost foam casting coatings, examining the effects of blade shape, stirring speed, and stirring time. A systematic analysis was conducted to determine how different stirring speeds and durations influenced coating weight and viscosity. The results indicate that the blade shape has a considerable impact on the uniformity and efficacy of the coating, with some designs being far more effective in reaching the optimal viscosity and coating weight through uniformly distributed mixing. Results were consistently obtained when stirring at 800–1200 rpm. It was demonstrated that while stirring speed significantly impacts coating deposition, it has small effect on viscosity. A stirring time of 30 min was found optimal for stabilizing coating weight and viscosity without significant variations. Drying at room temperature produced smoother surfaces with fewer cracks, whereas higher drying temperatures (50 °C) were associated with increased surface roughness and cracking. Crack analysis after drying revealed that coatings mixed with the tri-blade had the lowest tendency to crack, demonstrating its superior capability for even and thorough mixing.