bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bluff body vortex-induced vibration control of floating wind turbines based on a novel intelligent robust control algorithm
Authors: Mu Anle , Huang Zebo , Liu Anbang , Yang Bin , Wang Jiahui , Qian Ye , Wang Hang
Published: September 2022

Given the great potential of the offshore wind power generation in renewable energy sources, it will bring unprecedented significant development opportunities. Meanwhile, the installed capacity of floating wind turbines (FWTs) is huge. However, as one of the important parts of that, FWTs are always subjected to complex environmental loads during operation, which will critically affect the stability of wind power generation. Hence, it is urgent to analyze and control its stability for the safe operation of wind turbines. It is accepted that vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a bluff body structure is the leading cause of structural damage to FWTs. For this reason, a radial basis function neural network sliding mode control (RBFNNSMC) is proposed to improve the modeling accuracy of bluff body VIV control. Then, the joint numerical analysis system was designed to achieve the completely coupled fluid structure vibration control of bluff body. The numerical results indicate that RBFNNSMC can better control the forward/cross-flow vibration of bluff body. In addition, the controller is not responsive to changes in system parameters and has strong robustness.
Stability analysis of spinning liquid-filled cylinders with exponentially varying cross section
Authors: Wang Guangding , Chen Liqing , Yuan Huiqun
Published: September 2022

In this paper, the stability analysis of a spinning liquid-filled cylinder with exponentially varying cross sections is carried out. Based on the spinning Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, the governing equation for vibration of the spinning cylinder is formulated by using Hamilton's principle. The relative perturbation motion equation of the rotating fluid is derived using the composition theorem of acceleration. Combined with the flow boundary conditions, the fluid forces exerted on the cylinder are obtained. Using the analytical method, the characteristic frequency equation of the system is determined. The stability of the considered system is determined by eigenvalue analysis. The accuracy of the proposed model is validated by comparing it with the existing data in the literature. Finally, a detailed parameter study is conducted to demonstrate the effects of mass ratio, cavity ratio, taper parameter, thickness ratio, and axial position on the vibration and stability of the system. The results show that these parameters play an important role in the instability, natural frequency, and critical spinning speed of the spinning taper cylinder partially filled with liquid.
Abundance, Stock Origin, and Length of Marked and Unmarked Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Surface Waters of Greater Puget Sound
Authors: Rice Casimir A. , Greene Correigh M. , Moran Paul , Teel David J. , Kuligowski David R. , Reisenbichler Reginald R. , Beamer Eric M. , Karr James R. , Fresh Kurt L.
Published: September 2022

This study focuses on the use by juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha of the rarely studied neritic environment (surface waters overlaying the sublittoral zone) in greater Puget Sound. Juvenile Chinook salmon inhabit the sound from their late estuarine residence and early marine transition to their first year at sea. We measured the density, origin, and size of marked (known hatchery) and unmarked (majority naturally spawned) juveniles by means of monthly surface trawls at six river mouth estuaries in Puget Sound and the areas in between. Juvenile Chinook salmon were present in all months sampled (April–November). Unmarked fish in the northern portion of the study area showed broader seasonal distributions of density than did either marked fish in all areas or unmarked fish in the central and southern portions of the sound. Despite these temporal differences, the densities of marked fish appeared to drive most of the total density estimates across space and time. Genetic analysis and coded wire tag data provided us with documented individuals from at least 16 source populations and indicated that movement patterns and apparent residence time were, in part, a function of natal location and time passed since the release of these fish from hatcheries. Unmarked fish tended to be smaller than marked fish and had broader length frequency distributions. The lengths of unmarked fish were negatively related to the density of both marked and unmarked Chinook salmon, but those of marked fish were not. These results indicate more extensive use of estuarine environments by wild than by hatchery juvenile Chinook salmon as well as differential use (e.g., rearing and migration) of various geographic regions of greater Puget Sound by juvenile Chinook salmon in general. In addition, the results for hatchery‐generated timing, density, and length differences have implications for the biological interactions between hatchery and wild fish throughout Puget Sound.
Detection of Regional Trends in Salmonid Habitat in Coastal Streams, Oregon
Authors: Anlauf Kara J. , Gaeuman William , Jones Kim K.
Published: September 2022

Freshwater habitat quality is broadly recognized as fundamental to the viability of salmonid populations. Temporal trends in freshwater habitat have rarely been quantified, however, perhaps owing to a lack of methodical and rigorous time series data sets. We present an approach for evaluating change in freshwater habitat using data from a long‐term program to monitor salmonid populations and their habitats in coastal drainages of Oregon. Our goals were to (1) evaluate the presence and magnitude of an underlying linear trend in freshwater habitat condition across coastal watersheds in Oregon and (2) determine the effectiveness of the current sampling design for meeting the monitoring objectives. Four features were selected to characterize freshwater habitat: percent of pool area, large wood volume, quantity of fine sediment, and stream size. We developed a statistical model to describe the trend in these features that incorporated an error structure to account for site, year, and site‐by‐year variability. Spatial variability accounted for most of the overall variation, and temporal variability was minimal. Trends were detected among several of the habitat metrics and these varied by geographic region. To evaluate the efficacy of the sampling design, we generated simulated data sets with hypothesized trends of 1–2% per year and estimated trend detection power under two different survey designs, variance structures, and monitoring durations. We conclude that the power to detect trends is sensitive to the duration of the monitoring program and the structure and magnitude of the variance. The monitoring program was effective in detecting subtle trends while providing a robust data set with which to address multiple monitoring objectives. Such a monitoring program is critical to assessing the viability of salmonid populations in the Pacific Northwest and tracking recovery and conservation efforts.
Growth, pH Tolerance, Survival, and Diet of Introduced Northern‐Strain and Native Southern‐Strain Appalachian Brook Trout
Authors: Wesner Jeff Scott , Cornelison James Wes , Dankmeyer Christopher D. , Galbreath Peter F. , Martin Thomas H.
Published: September 2022

The native range of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in southern Appalachia has been drastically reduced by human activities over the last century. Restoration of brook trout populations was attempted through stocking of hatchery‐reared fish that were derived from populations native to northern Appalachia; these northern brook trout are genetically distinct from populations native to southern Appalachia. The extent of ecological differences between the naturalized, hatchery‐derived northern brook trout (NBKT) and native southern brook trout (SBKT) is unknown but may have important implications for southern Appalachian stream ecosystems. We used a combination of laboratory, outdoor raceway, and natural stream experiments to test for differences in growth, pH tolerance, survival, and diet between introduced NBKT and native SBKT. Fish were collected separately for each experiment from wild allopatric populations in North Carolina. Northern brook trout had higher average survival than SBKT in the laboratory and raceway experiments, although the difference was significant only in the laboratory experiment. Northern brook trout had higher growth rates in the laboratory regardless of pH treatment, but growth was similar between strains in the raceway experiment. Relative condition factor was reduced by low pH, regardless of strain. Diets differed between the two strains in the natural stream experiment; NBKT consumed a larger percentage of terrestrial insects than did SBKT. These data offer the first experimental evidence of genetically based ecological differences between pure strains of wild, hatchery‐derived NBKT and native SBKT in southern Appalachia.
Influence of Predation Mortality on Survival of Chinook Salmon Parr in a Lake Michigan Tributary
Authors: Krueger Damon M. , Rutherford Edward S. , Mason Doran M.
Published: September 2022

Predation mortality among Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha parr can act at small spatiotemporal scales and cause variability in parr survival and potential recruitment. We analyzed predator diets and multiplied per capita consumption rates by predator population estimates to evaluate the relative effect of predation by stocked sport fishes on the variability in survival of Chinook salmon parr in the Muskegon River, Michigan, from 2004 to 2007. Brown trout Salmo trutta were a major predator of Chinook salmon parr, consuming from 15% to 34% of the total number available, while walleyes Sander vitreus consumed from 0.2% to 15%. Walleyes also consumed large quantities of brown trout and rainbow trout O. mykiss. Brown trout predation on Chinook salmon parr was largely dependent on parr size, while walleye predation was buffered by the availability of rainbow trout and brown trout. Predation mortality appeared to be responsible for a more than three‐fold difference in the survival of Chinook salmon parr in the Muskegon River. The vulnerability of Chinook salmon parr to predation appeared to be controlled by parr growth rates, brown trout stocking dates, and the number of brown trout stocked. Fishery regulations to manipulate piscivore abundance may lead to higher survival and lower variability in the survival of Chinook salmon parr.
The Effect of Fluctuating Temperatures and Ration Levels on the Growth of Juvenile Snake River Fall Chinook Salmon
Authors: Geist David R. , Deng Zhiqun , Mueller Robert P. , Cullinan Valerie , Brink Steven , Chandler James A.
Published: September 2022

Determining the fate of juvenile fish that are exposed to elevated temperatures is complicated by the fact that the optimum temperature for the growth and survival of salmonids decreases as the amount of food becomes restricted. In this study, naturally produced juvenile Snake River fall Chinook salmonOncorhynchus tshawytschawere fed daily ration levels of 1, 4, or 8% of their body weight and exposed to either constant temperatures (10–14°C) or fluctuating temperatures that mimicked the heating rate (1.5°C/h) and maximum daily temperatures (19–23°C) of entrapment pools that form along the shoreline downstream of Hells Canyon Dam when river flows are altered to meet electric power demand. The survival rate for all groups was 99.9%, and there was no evidence that juvenile fall Chinook salmon fed reduced rations and exposed to constant temperatures grew to a greater extent than juvenile fall Chinook salmon exposed to fluctuating temperatures. The only exception was with the 1% ration level in which juvenile fall Chinook salmon that were exposed to a constant 10°C added more weight over the 14‐d exposure period (1% of body weight per day [WT/d]) than fish exposed to temperatures that fluctuated from 10°C to 19.0°C (0.3% WT/d) and from 10°C to 22°C daily (0% WT/d). We conclude that the lack of difference in growth rates between the fluctuating and constant temperature regimes at daily ration levels of at least 4% stems from the facts that the rate of temperature change in this study was within the acclimation range for growth, the daily average temperatures were less than thermal optimum values, and the temperature amplitudes were within lethal limits.
Historical Influences of Volcanism and Glaciation in Shaping Mitochondrial DNA Variation and Distribution in Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout across Its Native Range
Authors: Campbell Matthew R. , Kozfkay Christine C. , Meyer Kevin A. , Powell Madison S. , Williams Richard N.
Published: September 2022

While Yellowstone cutthroat troutOncorhynchus clarkii bouvieriare probably the best known and one of the most extensively researched of all the subspecies of cutthroat trout, relatively little is known about their genetic structure and evolutionary history. In this study, we assessed the genetic variability and population structure among 50 populations of Yellowstone cutthroat trout over a large portion of their range in Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming, and Nevada using restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing analysis of the mitochondrial ND1 and ND2 gene regions. Among the more than 1,000 samples analyzed, a total of 17 haplotypes were observed. These data indicate significant geographic structuring of the genetic variation between drainages and varying levels of reproductive isolation among populations within drainages. Much of this genetic structuring is clearly the product of long‐term historical processes (basaltic volcanism and glaciations) that have isolated populations for substantial periods of time and then, in many cases, allowed secondary contact and subsequent admixture of divergent populations. Comparisons of samples between major basins were consistent with the results of previous allozyme and mtDNA investigations indicating that cutthroat trout in the Bear River basin in Utah have a more recent common ancestor with Yellowstone cutthroat trout than with the populations of Bonneville cutthroat troutO. c. utahin the central and southern portions of their range in Utah. The results from this study should assist managers with future conservation and management planning efforts for both subspecies.
Electronic Tagging of Green Sturgeon Reveals Population Structure and Movement among Estuaries
Authors: Lindley Steven T. , Erickson Daniel L. , Moser Mary L. , Williams Greg , Langness Olaf P. , McCovey Barry W. , Belchik Michael , Vogel Dave , Pinnix William , Kelly John T. , Heublein Joseph C. , Klimley A. Peter
Published: September 2022

Green sturgeon Acipenser medirostris spend much of their lives outside of their natal rivers, but the details of their migrations and habitat use are poorly known, which limits our understanding of how this species might be affected by human activities and habitat degradation. We tagged 355 green sturgeon with acoustic transmitters on their spawning grounds and in known nonspawning aggregation sites and examined their movement among these sites and other potentially important locations using automated data‐logging hydrophones. We found that green sturgeon inhabit a number of estuarine and coastal sites over the summer, including the Columbia River estuary, Willapa Bay, Grays Harbor, and the estuaries of certain smaller rivers in Oregon, especially the Umpqua River estuary. Green sturgeon from different natal rivers exhibited different patterns of habitat use; most notably, San Francisco Bay was used only by Sacramento River fish, while the Umpqua River estuary was used mostly by fish from the Klamath and Rogue rivers. Earlier work, based on analysis of microsatellite markers, suggested that the Columbia River mixed stock was mainly composed of fish from the Sacramento River, but our results indicate that fish from the Rogue and Klamath River populations frequently use the Columbia River as well. We also found evidence for the existence of migratory contingents within spawning populations. Our findings have significant implications for the management of the threatened Sacramento River population of green sturgeon, which migrates to inland waters outside of California where anthropogenic impacts, including fisheries bycatch and water pollution, may be a concern. Our results also illustrate the utility of acoustic tracking to elucidate the migratory behavior of animals that are otherwise difficult to observe.
Influence of Fire on Native and Nonnative Salmonid Populations and Habitat in a Western Montana Basin
Authors: Sestrich Clint M. , McMahon Thomas E. , Young Michael K.
Published: September 2022

Anticipated increases in the frequency and severity of wildfire may threaten the persistence of native salmonid populations in headwater streams in western North America. This study used extensive pre‐ and postfire data to assess whether wildfire leads to hypothesized declines in native westslope cutthroat troutOncorhynchus clarkii lewisiand bull troutSalvelinus confluentuspopulations along with increases in the prevalence and abundance of nonnative brook troutS. fontinalis. Postfire cutthroat trout density was negatively correlated with the proportion of basin area that burned at moderate to high severity, but the declines in density after fires were less pronounced for bull trout and brook trout. Recovery of cutthroat trout was generally rapid in severely affected reaches. Contrary to expectation, there was no evidence of a marked increase in abundance or invasion by brook trout after wildfire. Brook trout exhibited the most severe declines in debris flow–affected reaches among all species and exhibited less recovery in severely burned reaches than did cutthroat trout. Increased stream temperature was the most significant habitat change that followed wildfire, the mean maximum water temperature during summer months increasing by 2–6°C in severely burned reaches. In contrast, burned area percentage was unrelated to large woody debris density, the percentage of surface fines, substrate diversity, or the percentage of pool habitat. The characteristically high variability in fish and habitat responses to wildfire will continue to pose a challenge for the understanding and management of fire in aquatic ecosystems.
The mirage of the jihad. Disenchantment as the pathway to disengagement of female jihadists. A case study about radicalization in Spanish prisons (El espejismo de la yihad. El desencanto como camino para la desvinculación de las mujeres yihadistas. Un estudio de caso sobre la radicalización en las cárceles españolas)
Authors: Gómez Ángel , Chiclana Sandra , Chinchilla Juana , Blanco Laura , Alba Beatriz , Bautista Hend , Pozuelo-Rubio Florencia
Published: September 2022

The interest for disentangling the pathways to violent radicalization is one of the main areas of attention nowadays. However, investigations including data from terrorists is marginal, particularly in the case of women. Here we offer an empirical contribution to this shortage. Twenty-five Muslims females incarcerated in Spanish prisons because of jihadist terrorism, or for crimes unrelated to terrorism, participated in a series of face-to-face interviews. Results revealed that female jihadists expressed less self-esteem, quest for significance, resilience, cohesion and religiosity than non-jihadists. Although no differences were found between the groups in fusion with religion or Muslims, female jihadists decreased their perception of fusion with religion and Muslims in the present as compared to the past and remain low in the future. Results indicate that female jihadists enter radicalization because of a crisis in their personal and social identities, but also seem to disengage from jihad because of a disenchantment for unfulfilled expectancies. Our findings call for consideration of the specific needs and characteristics of female jihadist inmates in the development of treatment programmes in prison.
Effects of Partial Replacement of Fish Meal Protein by Microalgae on Growth, Feed Intake, and Body Composition of Atlantic Cod
Authors: Walker Abigail B , Berlinsky David L
Published: September 2022

A feeding trial was conducted with juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (initial mean weight, 40.7 g) in which a combination of dried Nannochloropsis sp. and Isochrysis sp. replaced fish meal protein in isonitrogenous, isocaloric diets. Three experimental diets (55% protein, 16.5% fat; calculated gross energy = 5,328 kcal/kg) were formulated to replace 0, 15, or 30% of dietary fish meal protein. At the conclusion of the 84-d study, no differences in survival, feed conversion ratios, viscerosomatic indices, and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in the muscle were found among the treatment groups. Feed intake and growth, which were proportional to the level of algal incorporation, were significantly reduced in the algae-fed fish and were probably due to palatability problems. Feed intake improved in the fish fed the diet with 15% fish meal protein replacement as the study progressed, but hepatosomatic indices indicate that those fed the diet with 30% replacement were approaching starvation.

Received July 13, 2010; accepted September 8, 2010
Genetic Gain for Growth and Delayed Sexual Maturation Using a Feral Strain of Anadromous Brook Trout
Authors: Bastien Andréane , Perry Guy M L , Savaria Jean-Yves , Bernatchez Louis , Audet Céline
Published: September 2022

A selective breeding program was initiated with a wild population of anadromous brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis from the Laval River, Quebec. The objective was to develop a new strain characterized by improved growth and reduced precocious sexual maturation. A control line was maintained by use of random within-family selection. Length and weight were measured and sexual maturity (mature or not mature) was determined at the end of the second year of growth (22 months of age). In the selected line, phenotypic variance, additive genetic variance, and heritability for weight within the selected families were reduced. A comparison between generations showed that fish weight at 22 months in the selected line increased by 23.1% from the F1 to the F2 generation and by 32.1% from the F2 to the F3 generation. The control line increased similarly in weight from the F1 to the F2 generation (34.7%) but not thereafter; this result was probably due to the domestication effect in the first generation after captivity. The proportion of fish that were immature at 22 months was 32.2% in the F1 generation and increased to 61.4% by the F3 generation in the selected line; the proportion immature did not change significantly after two generations in the control line (27.5%). Our results show that simultaneous selection for growth and late sexual maturation are compatible goals for brook trout breeding programs.

Received April 29, 2009; accepted August 9, 2010
Walleye Fingerling Culture in Earthen and Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer-Lined Ponds
Authors: Ward Matthew J , Uphoff Christopher , Stane Justin , Borah Brennen , Henry Adam , Billings Jacob , Johnson Bryar
Published: September 2022

Production of walleyes Sander vitreus in extensive culture ponds may be variable depending on pond substrate. The goal of this research was to determine whether fish performance and physiochemical differences existed between ponds lined with ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and ponds with earthen substrate during extensive walleye culture at Blue Dog State Fish Hatchery, South Dakota. Walleye performance measures were compared between the two pond substrates across two culture seasons (2008 and 2009), and walleye food habits were compared between pond substrates for 2009 only. Physiochemical variables and zooplankton abundance were compared between pond types each year, and larval chironomid abundance was compared between pond types for 2009 only. Walleye survival was not affected by pond substrate; however, walleye yield was significantly greater in EPDM-lined ponds than in earthen ponds during 2008 (lined: 75.0 kg/ha; earthen: 32.5 kg/ha) and 2009 (lined: 52.5 kg/ha; earthen: 21.3 kg/ha). Walleye total length estimates were significantly greater in EPDM-lined ponds than in earthen ponds on eight of nine collection dates during the two study years. Over the approximately 40-d culture interval, thermal accumulation in EPDM-lined ponds was 22 daily temperature units (DTUs) greater (1 DTU = average daily temperature of 1.0°C above zero for 24 h) than that in earthen ponds during 2008 and was 19 DTUs greater than that in earthen ponds during 2009. Few differences were observed in weekly zooplankton or chironomid densities between pond types during either year. There was also no significant difference in the number of zooplankton and larval chironomids per walleye digestive tract between pond types in 2009. Future evaluations should include increased replication of the 2009 data and should also compare walleye fry stocking densities in EPDM-lined ponds to determine whether walleye size at harvest is affected by stocking density.

Received December 11, 2009; accepted July 3, 2010
Improvement of Water Chemistry with Bacillus Probiotics Inclusion during Simulated Transport of Yellowfin Tuna Yolk Sac Larvae
Authors: Zink Ian C , Benetti Daniel D , Douillet Philippe A , Margulies Daniel , Scholey Vernon P
Published: September 2022

The effects of adding a probiotic Bacillus spp. blend on shipping bag water quality and survival of yolk sac larvae of yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares during a 24-h mock shipment were investigated. To better detect effects on water quality, the trial was designed without the utilization of available chemical water quality or temperature modulators. Shipping water salinity (30.7–31.0‰) and temperature (24.0–26.7°C) reflected conditions utilized during larval rearing. Probiotic incorporation (15 mL/L, about 1.5 × 106 colony-forming units/mL) resulted in significantly lower final concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen and un-ionized ammonia in comparison with the control. Significantly higher final mean dissolved oxygen concentration observed in the probiotic treatment could have resulted from stress reduction. Although no statistical difference was detected in larval survival upon termination of the trial, improvements in water quality (reduced total ammonia nitrogen and increased dissolved oxygen) resulting from incorporation of Bacillus probiotics would yield added levels of safety during shipping and would reduce the chances of negative results while incurring minimal increases in shipping costs.

Received January 28, 2010; accepted May 1, 2010
Preparation of Ormetoprim–Sulfadimethoxine-Medicated Discs for Disc Diffusion Assay
Authors: Gaunt Patricia S , Gao Dana X , Wills Robert
Published: September 2022

Romet (a blend of ormetoprim and sulfadimethoxine) is a type A medicated article for the manufacture of medicated feed in the catfish industry. Recently, the commercial manufacture of ormetoprim–sulfadimethoxine susceptibility discs was discontinued. Ormetoprim–sulfadimethoxine discs were prepared at the Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine Aquatic Diagnostic Laboratory according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The performance of the laboratory-prepared discs was compared with that of commercially prepared discs in disc diffusion assays with 23 field isolates of Edwardsiella ictaluri. The a priori limits of agreement for the laboratory-prepared ormetoprim–sulfadimethoxine discs were ±5 mm of the zones for the commercial discs. The resulting zones of inhibition ranged from 33 to 50 mm and from 35 to 52 mm for the laboratory-prepared and commercially prepared discs, respectively. The data comparing the two sets of discs were analyzed to determine the level of agreement. The analysis demonstrated that the laboratory-prepared discs produced a slightly smaller zone of inhibition than the commercially prepared ones. The observed limits of agreement were within the a priori established limits of agreement, indicating that the laboratory-prepared ormetoprim–sulfadimethoxine discs were acceptable replacements for the commercially prepared discs.

Received April 21, 2010; accepted June 29, 2010
Modeling the Developmental Patterning of Finiteness Marking in English, Dutch, German, and Spanish Using MOSAIC
Authors: Freudenthal Daniel , Pine Julian M. , Aguado‐Orea Javier , Gobet Fernand
Published: September 2022

In this study, we apply MOSAIC (model of syntax acquisition in children) to the simulation of the developmental patterning of children's optional infinitive (OI) errors in 4 languages: English, Dutch, German, and Spanish. MOSAIC, which has already simulated this phenomenon in Dutch and English, now implements a learning mechanism that better reflects the theoretical assumptions underlying it, as well as a chunking mechanism that results in frequent phrases being treated as 1 unit. Using 1, identical model that learns from child‐directed speech, we obtain a close quantitative fit to the data from all 4 languages despite there being considerable cross‐linguistic and developmental variation in the OI phenomenon. MOSAIC successfully simulates the difference between Spanish (a pro‐drop language in which OI errors are virtually absent) and obligatory subject languages that do display the OI phenomenon. It also highlights differences in the OI phenomenon across German and Dutch, 2 closely related languages whose grammar is virtually identical with respect to the relation between finiteness and verb placement. Taken together, these results suggest that (a) cross‐linguistic differences in the rates at which children produce OIs are graded, quantitative differences that closely reflect the statistical properties of the input they are exposed to and (b) theories of syntax acquisition need to consider more closely the role of input characteristics as determinants of quantitative differences in the cross‐linguistic patterning of phenomena in language acquisition.
ERP Evidence for the Rapid Assignment of an (Appropriate) Antecedent to PRO
Authors: Demestre Josep , García‐Albea José E.
Published: September 2022

Event‐related brain potentials were recorded while subjects listened to sentences containing a controlled infinitival complement. Subject and object control items were used, both with 2 potential antecedents in the upper clause. Half of the sentences had a gender agreement violation between the null subject of the infinitival complement and an adjective predicated of it. The rapid detection of this anomaly would indicate that the parser had established the coreference relation between the null subject and an antecedent, and that the processor had rapidly consulted verb control information to select the proper antecedent of the null subject. The results showed that for both subject and object control items ungrammatical adjectives elicited a P600 effect. These data imply that the processor has coindexed the null subject with an antecedent, and that the antecedent has been selected on the basis of control information. These results are compatible with parsing models that emphasize the rapid influence of verb‐specific information on sentence processing.
A specialized tyrosine-based endocytosis signal in MR1 controls antigen presentation to MAIT cells
Authors: Lim Hui Jing , Wubben Jacinta M. , Garcia Cristian Pinero , Cruz-Gomez Sebastian , Deng Jieru , Mak Jeffrey Y.W. , Hachani Abderrahman , Anderson Regan J. , Painter Gavin F. , Goyette Jesse , Amarasinghe Shanika L. , Ritchie Matthew E. , Roquilly Antoine , Fairlie David P. , Gaus Katharina , Rossjohn Jamie , Villadangos Jose A. , McWilliam Hamish E.G.
Published: September 2022

MR1 is a highly conserved microbial immune-detection system in mammals. It captures vitamin B–related metabolite antigens from diverse microbes and presents them at the cell surface to stimulate MR1-restricted lymphocytes including mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. MR1 presentation and MAIT cell recognition mediate homeostasis through host defense and tissue repair. The cellular mechanisms regulating MR1 cell surface expression are critical to its function and MAIT cell recognition, yet they are poorly defined. Here, we report that human MR1 is equipped with a tyrosine-based motif in its cytoplasmic domain that mediates low affinity binding with the endocytic adaptor protein 2 (AP2) complex. This interaction controls the kinetics of MR1 internalization from the cell surface and minimizes recycling. We propose MR1 uses AP2 endocytosis to define the duration of antigen presentation to MAIT cells and the detection of a microbial metabolic signature by the immune system.
CARD8 makes coxsackievirus more “heartbreaking”
Authors: Wang Qiankun , Shan Liang
Published: September 2022

In this issue of JEM, Nadkarni et al. (2022. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20212117) identify CARD8 as an innate sensor triggered by coxsackievirus B3 proteases to drive pyroptosis of aortic endothelial cells and cardiac myocytes, fueling viral replication and heart inflammation.
Optimization of Light Field for Generation of Vortex Knot
Authors: Wang Song , Wang Lei , Zhang Furong , Kong Ling-Jun
Published: September 2022

The theory of knots and links focuses on the embedding mode of one or several closed curves in three-dimensional Euclidean space. In an electromagnetic field system, all-optical knots or links composed of phase or polarization singularities have been verified theoretically and experimentally. Recent studies have shown that robust topological all-optical coding can be achieved by using optical knots and links. However, in the current design of optical knots and links based on phase or polarization singularities, the amplitude of light between adjacent singularities is relatively weak. This brings great pressure to detection of optical knots and links and limits their applications. Here, we propose a new optimization method in theory. Compared with the existing design methods, our design method improves the relative intensity distribution of light between adjacent singularities. We verify the feasibility of our design results in experiments. Our study reduces the detection difficulty of optical knots and links, and has a positive significance for promotion of applications of optical knots and links.
Characteristics and Applications of Current-Driven Magnetic Skyrmion Strings
Authors: Jin Zhaonian , Song Minhang , Fang Henan , Chen Lin , Chen Jiangwei , Tao Zhikuo
Published: September 2022

We investigate the current-driven characteristics and applications of magnetic skyrmion strings by micromagnetic simulations. Under the spin-polarized driving current, the skyrmion string presents different moving trajectories in different layers due to the skyrmion Hall effect. Moreover, a series of skyrmion bobbers can be generated with a notch defect placed in the surface and the skyrmion bobbers will follow the skyrmion string. By varying the current density, the bobbers’ characteristics such as number and velocity can be manipulated, which inspires us to propose a skyrmion string-based diode. In addition, an AND logic gate and an OR logic gate in the identical scheme based on the skyrmion string are proposed. AND logic and OR logic behaviors can be realized by varying the driving current densities. Our findings will contribute to further research of magnetic skyrmion strings for data storage, processing, and energy-efficient computing.
Modulated Collective Motions and Condensation of Bacteria
Authors: Bao Mei-Mei , Igwe Isaiah Eze , Chen Kang , Zhang Tian-Hui
Published: September 2022

Bacteria can spontaneously develop collective motions by aligning their motions in dense systems. Here we show that bacteria can also respond collectively to an alternating electrical field and form dynamic clusters oscillating at the same frequency of the field. As the dynamic clusters go beyond a critical size, they split into smaller ones spontaneously. The critical size for splitting depends on the frequency of electric field and the concentration of bacteria. We show that, instead of their biological activity, the physical properties of bacteria as charged particles are responsible for the formation of dynamic clusters. Electroconvective flows across the system play the key role in stabilizing the clusters. However, to form clusters, collective hydrodynamic cooperation between bacteria is important such that no aggregation occurs in dilute suspensions. The findings in this study illustrate that bio-systems can respond collectively to an external field, promising an effective way to control and modulate the behavior of organisms. Moreover, the controlled aggregation and condensation of bacteria offer a robust approach to improve the local concentration of bacteria for early and rapid detection, which has wide applications in clinics.
Novel design of phase demodulation scheme for fiber optic interferometric sensors in the advanced undergraduate laboratory
Authors: Zhang Gang , Ge Qiang , Wang Huisheng , Xuqiang Wu , Yu Benli
Published: September 2022

Phase modulation depth (PMD) is crucial for the phase demodulation scheme of fiber optic interferometric sensors. The novel design of phase generated carrier differential-cross-multiplying (PGC-DCM) demodulation schemes allows undergraduates to understand the operation principle of the sensors and explore the connection between the PMD and the system performance. The system mainly consists of a laser, a fiber Michelson interferometer (FMI), a data acquisition card and a host computer. The simulation signal is first applied on the sensing arm of the FMI by a piezoelectric transducer and induces the phase difference shift between the two arms. Next the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of the demodulated signals from the PGC-DCM algorithms under different PMD values are tested and an optimum PMD value is found. Thus, a proportion integral differential (PID) module is designed and integrated with the demodulation algorithm to calibrate the PMD to the optimum value. An ellipse fitting algorithm (EFA) is used to estimate the real-time PMD of the system that is then fed into the PID module. The amplitude of the laser modulation signal is controlled by the PID module, which is proportional to the PMD. Moreover, the response linearity, dynamic range, total harmonic distortion and phase resolution of the system are investigated.
Free expansion of an ideal gas by kinetic gas theory
Authors: Persson Rasmus A X
Published: September 2022

We consider the adiabatic free expansion of an ideal gas. According to classical thermodynamics, the internal energy of the gas is not affected by the expansion, but kinetic gas theory predicts an average energy difference between escaping and remaining gas. This difference is transient if the gas escapes into a finite volume, consistent with the equilibrium prediction of classical thermodynamics. For escape into an infinite volume, classical thermodynamics is not applicable. Numerical calculations of the magnitude of the predicted effect are provided.
Hyperparameter estimation using a resolution matrix for Bayesian sensing
Authors: Kuwatani Tatsu , Hino Hideitsu , Nagata Kenji , Kawashima Takahiro , Toriumi Mitsuhiro , Okada Masato
Published: September 2022

Bayesian image processing has progressively increased in importance in various fields of the natural sciences. It utilizes prior knowledge and forward models of the observational processes through Bayes’ theorem, enabling the accurate estimation of model parameters that represent the physical quantities of the target. Moreover, using hyperparameter estimation, we can determine the hidden physical parameters that govern the processes in and the structure of the target and sensing systems, such as the spatial continuity of the model parameters and the magnitude of the observational noise. Such a general framework, which uses Bayesian estimation to understand the essential physics of a target system, can be called ‘Bayesian sensing’. This paper discusses the physical meaning of and the mechanism underlying Bayesian sensing using the concept of resolution in the spatial-inversion problem. The spatial resolution of the model parameters can be mapped using a resolution matrix, more rigorously, a model resolution matrix defined as a linear mapping from the true model parameters to the recovered model parameters. We formulate the resolution matrix for Bayesian image processing and also show that in terms of resolution, the optimal hyperparameters are obtained from internally consistent equations that connect the estimated optimal hyperparameters with the actual ones calculated from the estimated model parameters. In addition, we show the equivalence of the internally consistent equations to the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm and formulate the confidence intervals for the estimated hyperparameters, which indicate the general convergence of the hyperparameter estimates. We also show the effectiveness of the proposed method by performing synthetic numerical tests for two inversion-problem settings: linear travel-time seismic tomography and image deblurring. The resulting equations can contribute to understanding the hidden physical processes in and the structure of the target and observation systems for various problems.
Rapid fabrication of microfluidic mixer chip by non-isothermal molding method based on resistance heating principle and its application in pesticide residue detection
Authors: Xu Jinghua , Xie Jiaqing , Zhang Xinyue , Pang Haoran , Sun Ruqian , Zhou Fuyang
Published: September 2022

This paper proposed a rapid fabrication process for polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microfluidic mixer chip by non-isothermal method based on resistance heating principle, and the prepared microfluidic mixer chip was successfully applied to the portable pesticide residue detection device. Firstly, the creep test of PMMA was carried out and the six units Maxwell constitutive model was fitted by Prony series. Secondly, the resistance heating device was designed, the influence of current on heating temperature and heating time was investigated, the effect of current on energy consumption was analyzed. Thirdly, the non-isothermal molding simulation and experiment of PMMA were carried out, the quality of PMMA microfluidic mixer chip fabricated by non-isothermal molding was investigated. Finally, the microfluidic mixer chip was adopted to the designed pesticide residue detection device, and the detection sensitivity of the device is 0.0375 mol−1. The research results provide a reference for the efficient preparation of microchannels and the development of portable detection equipment.
Plasma, cancer, immunity
Authors: Bekeschus Sander , Clemen Ramona
Published: September 2022

Albeit heavily investigated for several decades already, the importance of the immune system in targeting cancer has received wide clinical attention only in recent years. This is partly because of long-standing rather traditional concepts on tumor biology on the one hand and the complexity of the immune system and its processes on the other. The viewpoint of evaluating existing and emerging approaches in oncology based on toxicity to tumors and the ability to engage antitumor-immunity is gaining ground across several disciplines. Along those lines, cold physical plasma was suggested as potential anticancer tool more than a decade ago, but solid evidence of the immune system playing a role in plasma cancer treatment only emerged in recent years. Moreover, plasma may support cancer immunotherapies in the future. Cancer immunotherapies are systemic treatments with biologicals that were reported to synergize with existing local physical modalities before, such as radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy. This review outlines key concepts in oncology, immunology, and tumor therapy, links them to plasma research, and discusses immuno-oncological consequences. Finally, promising future clinical applications are summarized. Synoptically, first scientific evidence supports an immuno-oncological dimension of plasma cancer treatment in selected instances, but robust clinical evidence is still lacking. More basic and clinical research is needed to determine the immuno-molecular mechanisms and detailed plasma application modalities to facilitate real patient benefit in the long term.
Fano resonances generation in pyramidal lithium niobate metasurfaces with vertical symmetry-breaking
Authors: Gao Zheng , Zhang Cheng , Zhang Xiaoyu , Li Hongbin , Li Yanping
Published: September 2022

Fano resonance exhibits an asymmetric spectral profile with a sharp change between a dip and a peak. However, high quality factor Fano resonance is extremely difficult to be fabricated because of its ultra-sensitivity to geometrical imperfections. Here, we demonstrate the Fano resonances generation in all-dielectric pyramidal lithium niobate metasurface with vertical symmetry-breaking, which does not require tight geometrical tolerances and can be easily fabricated. The quality factor of the generated Fano resonance can reach up to 107 due to the reserve of horizontal symmetry. Our work provides a new method of achieving Fano resonances, which can find potential applications in a large variety of prominent optical devices, such as slow-light devices, susceptible sensors and ultrafast switches. Due to the large electro-optic coefficient of lithium niobate and the enhanced Pockels effect in the slow photon system, it has great potential for realizing tunable Fano resonance with extremely low voltage. These tuned Fano resonances, with a low voltage, will find many applications such as high-resolution spectroscopy, biomolecular detection, and tunable laser.
Equation of state of Iridium: from insight of ensemble theory
Authors: Han Jun , Shi Li-Qun , Wang Ning , Zhang Hui-Fen , Peng Shu-Ming
Published: September 2022

The equations of state (EOS) of Iridium are, for the first time, obtained by solving the high-dimension integral of partition function based on a recently developed approach of ultrahigh efficiency and precision without any artificial parameter, and the deviation of 0.25% and 1.52% from the experiments was achieved respectively for the isobaric EOS in a temperature range of 300 K–2500 K and the isothermal EOS at 300 K up to 300 GPa. Specific comparisons show that the deviation of EOS based on harmonic approximation even including anharmonic effect, manifests worse than ours by several times or even one order of magnitude, indicating that ensemble theory is the very approach to understand the thermodynamic properties of condensed matter.