bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased endothelial uptake of paclitaxel as a potential mechanism for its antiangiogenic effects: Potentiation by Cox‐2 inhibition
Authors: Merchan Jaime R. , Jayaram Deepa R. , Supko Jeffrey G. , He Xiaoying , Bubley Glenn J. , Sukhatme Vikas P.
Published: September 2004

Paclitaxel has antiangiogenic properties, but the mechanisms for the enhanced sensitivity of endothelial cells (ECs) to this drug are not established. The aims of our study were to compare the distribution of paclitaxel into ECs with other cell types, to assess the effects of low doses of paclitaxel on Cox‐2 expression and to determine the combined effects of paclitaxel and Cox‐2 inhibitors on angiogenesis in vitro and in patients with cancer. Upon exposure to low (5 nM) concentrations of [3H]‐paclitaxel, uptake of radioactivity was more than 5 times higher in ECs than other cell types. Exposing human umbilical vein ECs to low nanomolar (1–50 nM) concentrations of paclitaxel enhanced Cox‐2 expression more than 2‐fold, as measured by ELISA. Combined treatment with paclitaxel and the Cox‐2 inhibitor NS‐398 resulted in increased antiendothelial effects as compared to each agent alone. To assess the biologic effects of the combined treatment in vivo, 4 cancer patients were treated with a prolonged intravenous infusion of paclitaxel (10 mg/m2/day) and the Cox‐2 inhibitor celecoxib (400 mg p.o. BID), and plasma angiogenic activity and drug levels were measured. The treatment was well tolerated, providing steady‐state concentrations of paclitaxel in plasma near 10 nM and potent plasma antiendothelial effects were observed. These findings suggest that antiangiogenic effects of paclitaxel may be due its preferential accumulation in ECs. Low dose paclitaxel in combination with a Cox‐2 inhibitor is an attractive antiangiogenic and antitumor strategy that deserves further evaluation in clinical trials.
Sequence‐ and schedule‐dependent enhancement of zoledronic acid induced apoptosis by doxorubicin in breast and prostate cancer cells
Authors: Neville‐Webbe Helen L. , Rostami‐Hodjegan Amin , Evans Catherine A. , Coleman Robert E. , Holen Ingunn
Published: September 2004

We investigated whether the combination of zoledronic acid and doxorubicin induced apoptosis of breast and prostate cancer cell lines, and if synergistic interaction was present. We investigated whether the levels of cell death altered depending on the sequence in which the drugs were administered and the possible mechanism of action responsible for the increased cell death following combined treatments. Breast and prostate cancer cells were treated with zoledronic acid alone, doxorubicin alone, or drugs in sequence (doxorubicin before, after, or with zoledronic acid), and the levels of apoptotic death were determined by evaluation of nuclear morphology. We found that clinically relevant concentrations of doxorubicin and zoledronic acid induced sequence‐ and schedule‐dependent apoptosis of breast and prostate cancer cells. For maximal apoptosis, cells had to be pretreated for 24 hr with doxorubicin before immediate treatment with zoledronic acid for 1 hr. This observation is a characteristic feature of cell cycle phase‐specific synergistic effect. Replacing zoledronic acid with the nonnitrogen‐containing bisphosphonate clodronate did not induce increased apoptosis. Induction of apoptosis was mainly via inhibition of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, as addition of the MVA pathway intermediary geranylgeraniol inhibited the induction of apoptosis by doxorubicin followed by zoledronic acid. In conclusion, combined treatment of breast and prostate cancer cell lines with clinically relevant doses of doxorubicin and zoledronic acid induces apoptosis in a synergistic fashion. These findings may have relevance for the clinical setting, particularly breast cancer patients receiving these drugs in the adjuvant setting.
Independent and combined effects of alcohol intake, tobacco smoking and betel quid chewing on the risk of esophageal cancer in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Chien‐Hung , Lee Jang‐Ming , Wu Deng‐Chyang , Hsu Hon‐Ki , Kao Ein‐Long , Huang Hsiao‐Ling , Wang Tsu‐Nai , Huang Meng‐Chuan , Wu Ming‐Tsang
Published: September 2004

A multicenter case‐control study was conducted in northern and southern Taiwan to clarify the independent and combined effects of alcohol intake, tobacco smoking and betel quid chewing on the risk of esophageal cancer. A total of 513 patients with newly diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and 818 gender, age and study hospital‐matched controls were included. We found a significant dose‐response relationship between the duration and intensity of consumption of the 3 substances and the development of this neoplasm in this site. Although the amount of alcohol consumed had a stronger effect on the risk of esophageal cancer than the number of years it was consumed, however, the number of years one smoked had a stronger effect on the risk than the amount of cigarettes consumed. The strongest risk factor of esophageal cancer was alcohol intake, with highest risk (OR = 13.9) being for those who consumed more than 900 g/day‐year. Combined exposure to any 2 of 3 substances brought the risks up to 8.8–19.7 fold and, to all 3 substances, to 41.2‐fold. A multiplicative interaction effect for alcohol drinkers who smoked on cancer risk was detected, whereas an additive interaction effect was found among drinkers who chewed. The combined effect of all 3 substances accounted for 83.7% of the attributable fraction of contracting esophageal cancer in this population. In conclusion, these results suggest that the intensity and the length of time alcohol and tobacco are used play different roles in the etiology of esophageal cancer. Alcohol separately interacts with tobacco and betel quid in a differently synergistic way in determining the development of this site of cancer.
Thermal risks from LED‐ and high‐intensity QTH‐curing units during polymerization of dental resins
Authors: Bouillaguet Serge , Caillot Guillaume , Forchelet Jacques , Cattani‐Lorente Maria , Wataha John C. , Krejci Ivo
Published: September 2004

The aim of this study was to test the ability of an infrared (IR) camera to assess temperature changes and distributions in teeth below restorations when quartz‐tungsten‐halogen (QTH) and light‐emitting diode (LED) curing lights were used to photopolymerize the restorative material. Our hypothesis was that the higher power density and broader spectral distribution of the QTH source would cause greater increases in tooth temperature than the LED source, and that these differences would be best demonstrated with the IR camera. Cavities were prepared on human third molars and restored with a resin composite restorative material. The material was light‐cured using three light‐curing sources using several exposure times. The external (outside the tooth) and internal (inside the pulp chamber) temperature changes during polymerization of the composite material were recorded over 360 s with thermocouples and an IR camera. Using thermocouples the maximum increase in external temperature (+17.7°C) was reported for the Swiss Master light after 20 s of curing time while the minimum temperature rise (+7.8°C) was reported for the Freelight 2. Whereas a 2.6°C increase in internal temperature was observed after curing 20 s with the Freelight 2, 7.1°C was reported after 60 s of light exposure to Astralis 10. Infrared images showed similar trends in external–internal rises in temperature as the thermocouples, although temperatures measured by the IR were generally higher. These results indicate that the higher power density QTH sources caused greater increases in tooth temperatures than the LED source and that thermocouples may underestimate the heat applied to the tooth. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 72B: 260–267, 2005
Electrotransfer of human IL‐1Ra into skeletal muscles reduces the incidence of murine collagen‐induced arthritis
Authors: Jeong Jae‐Gyun , Kim Jong‐Mook , Ho Seong‐Hyun , Hahn Woong , Yu Seung Shin , Kim Sunyoung
Published: September 2004

Background

It has previously been demonstrated that high levels of gene expression in skeletal muscles can be achieved after direct in vivo electrotransfer of naked plasmid DNA. The purpose of this study is to examine the potential of in vivo electroporation of plasmid DNA encoding human IL‐1Ra for the prevention of murine collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA).

Methods

DBA/1 mice were injected in gastrocnemius muscles with plasmid DNA followed by in vivo electroporation. To uncover the optimum conditions of gene transfer, various electric field strengths and different amounts of plasmid DNA were applied. Calf muscles around the injected areas were investigated with histological methods for damage to muscle tissue. The levels of human IL‐1Ra expression in the injected area and also in the serum were determined with ELISA for human IL‐1Ra. Based on these data, the effects of electrotransfer of plasmid DNA were tested using the murine CIA model. DBA/1 mice were immunized with bovine collagen type II at the base of the tail. On day 21, mice were given a booster injection with the same antigen. Mice were divided into two groups on day 26. One group of mice received plasmid containing the IL‐1Ra cDNA sequence, while control mice were given plasmid lacking the IL‐1Ra coding sequence. The incidence of arthritis was evaluated by macroscopic analysis, histological analysis, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines.

Results

IL‐1Ra expression increased as a function of the electrical field strength and the amount of DNA. 200 V/cm (eight pulses; 20 ms per pulse; 1 Hz) and 15 µg of plasmid DNA per mouse were found to be optimum for gene transfer. After in vivo electroporation, gene expression in both muscle and serum increased gradually, reaching a peak value on day 10. Significant levels of human IL‐1Ra expression were maintained for 20 days. Macroscopic analysis showed that the onset of CIA was significantly inhibited by direct electrotransfer of plasmid DNA encoding human IL‐1Ra. Histological analysis of knee joints showed that the incidence of arthritis in knee joints was also prevented. The levels of mouse IL‐1β and IL‐12 in paws were significantly lower in the group treated with IL‐1Ra than those in the control group.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that direct electrotransfer of plasmid containing the human IL‐1Ra cDNA sequence to skeletal muscle can reduce the incidence of CIA in mice. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender, extra‐firm mobility, and compensation attainment in the United States and Hong Kong
Authors: Lam Simon S. K. , Dreher George F.
Published: September 2004

Using data from 739 U.S. managers and professionals and 593 Hong Kong Chinese managers and professionals we examined the moderating effects of gender on the relationship between changing employers and compensation attainment. While there were no gender‐based compensation differences early in the careers of these individuals (in 1991), large pay differences favoring men were observed in 1999 only among those who had followed an external labor market strategy. These results demonstrate that this phenomenon is not isolated to labor markets of the United States and strengthen the view that much of the observed pay differential favoring men has its origins in extra‐firm mobility, not intra‐firm gender discrimination. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Voluntary employee turnover: combining variables from the ‘traditional’ turnover literature with the theory of planned behavior
Authors: van Breukelen Wim , van der Vlist René , Steensma Herman
Published: September 2004

In this study we tried to answer the question of whether the three predictors from the theory of planned behavior provide a satisfactory explanation for intentions and behaviors in the context of voluntary employee turnover. We examined whether variables which have traditionally played a prominent role in the study of turnover, i.e., job satisfaction, organizational commitment, age, and tenure, were capable of explaining additional variance in turnover intentions and voluntary turnover. We conducted a longitudinal study in which 296 respondents serving as professionals in the Royal Netherlands Navy completed a questionnaire. Half a year later they were asked to answer a second identical questionnaire; data were obtained from 202 participants who answered all relevant questions in both questionnaires. Their actual behavior (staying versus leaving) was registered during a 2‐year period following the completion of the first questionnaire. Behavioral intentions proved to be the best predictor of turnover in which the effects of all other variables were accounted for. Job satisfaction and tenure explained a significant proportion of the variance in intentions after the effects of the predictors from the theory of planned behavior had been taken into account. The results are discussed in relation to theoretical, methodological, and practical issues. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Fe compounds on nutrient uptake by plants grown in sand media with different pH
Authors: Ylivainio Kari , Jaakkola Antti , Aksela Reijo
Published: September 2004

The effect of soil and foliar application of different iron (Fe) compounds (FeSO4, Fe‐EDTA, Fe‐EDDS, and Fe‐EDDHA) on nutrient concentrations in lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Australian gelber) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Prego) was investigated in a greenhouse pot experiment using quartz sand as growth medium. Soil application was performed in both the acidic and alkaline pH range, and foliar application to plants grown in the alkaline sand only. Lettuce growth was depressed by Fe deficiency in the alkaline sand, whereas the treatments had no effect on ryegrass growth. Soil‐applied Fe compounds raised the Fe concentrations in lettuce. This was especially true for the Fe chelates, which also increased yields. Soil‐applied Fe compounds had no statistically significant effect on Fe concentrations in ryegrass. Concentrations of manganese (Mn) in lettuce were equally decreased by all soil‐applied chelates. In the alkaline sand, soil application of Fe‐EDDHA elevated copper (Cu) and depressed zinc (Zn) concentrations in lettuce. The chelates increased Zn concentration in ryegrass. Foliar application of Fe‐EDDS increased Fe concentrations in lettuce and in ryegrass most. Fe‐EDDHA depressed Mn and Zn concentrations in lettuce more than other Fe compounds, suggesting the existence of another mechanism, in addition to Fe, that transmits a corresponding signal from shoot to roots with an impact on uptake of micronutrients.
Plant availability of catch crop sulfur following spring incorporation
Authors: Eriksen Jørgen , Thorup‐Kristensen Kristian , Askegaard Margrethe
Published: September 2004

Catch crops might reduce sulfate leaching and thereby increase the overall sulfur (S)‐use efficiency in crop rotations. At two experimental sites in Denmark (a sandy loam and a coarse sand), S uptake of catch‐crop species was measured. Furthermore, net release of S following incorporation of this material (S contents 0.13%–1.03%, C:S ratios of 40–329, and lignin contents of 1%–10.8%) was investigated in a pot experiment with spring barley in sandy soil. The catch crops showed huge differences in their ability to sequester S. The best catch crops (legumes on sandy loam), sequestered 10–12 kg S ha–1, and the poorest catch crops (ryegrass and sorrel on coarse sand) sequestered less than 3 kg S ha–1. The S‐mineralization rates were highest for crucifers (57%–85% of total S added) and lowest for legumes (up to 46% of total S added). Differences can partly be explained by the C:S ratio, whereas no significant relationship was found with the lignin content of the incorporated catch crops. Catch crops may help to avoid S deficiency and increase synchrony between plant demand and available soil S in a crop rotation. However, the release of S will not fulfil the need of S‐demanding crops and even for cereals, the mineralization will most often only make a contribution. In the case of legume catch crops, it is advisable to use a supplemental S source.
Effect of salinity on growth, mineral composition, and water relations of grafted tomato plants
Authors: Fernández‐García Nieves , Martínez Vicente , Carvajal Micaela
Published: September 2004

A greenhouse experiment was designed in order to evaluate growth, water relations, and nutrient concentrations of grafted and ungrafted tomato plants grown under varying levels of salinity (0, 30, or 60 mM NaCl). Two cultivars, ‘Fanny’ and ‘Goldmar’, were grafted onto AR‐9704, using the cleft‐grafting method. Growth of grafted ‘Fanny’ plants was higher than that of ungrafted plants. Growth of ‘Goldmar’ plants was not affected by salinity treatments or grafting, but it was slower than for ‘Fanny’. Leaf turgor showed no significant differences between grafted and ungrafted plants or between salinity levels. The stomatal conductance (Gs) was higher for grafted than for ungrafted plants, and salinity decreased it significantly and progressively in both grafted and ungrafted plants and in both varieties. The concentrations of Na+ and Cl– were significantly higher in ungrafted than in grafted ‘Fanny’ plants. ‘Fanny’ was more tolerant when grafted, probably due to reduced accumulation of Na+ and/or Cl– in the shoot.
Soil organic matter composition and soil lightness
Authors: Spielvogel Sandra , Knicker Heike , Kögel‐Knabner Ingrid
Published: September 2004

Relationships between soil lightness, soil organic matter (SOM) composition, content of organic C, CaCO3, and texture were studied using 42 top‐soil horizons from different soil types located in southern Germany. SOM composition was determined by CPMAS 13C NMR spectroscopy, soil color was measured by diffuse‐reflectance spectrophotometry and given in the CIE L*a*b* color coordination system (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, 1978). Multiple‐regression analysis showed, that soil lightness of top‐soil horizons is principally determined by OC concentration, but CaCO3 and soil texture are also major variables. Soil lightness decreased with increasing OC content. Carbonate content had an important effect on soil lightness even at low concentrations due to its lightening property. Regressions between soil lightness and organic C content were strongly linear, when the soils were differentiated according to texture and CaCO3 content. The aryl‐C content was the only SOM component which correlated significantly with soil lightness (rS = –0.87). In the linear regressions carried out on the different soil groups, soil aryl‐C content was a more significant predictor for soil lightness than total OC content.
Nutrient concentrations and NH4+‐N mineralization under different soil types and fallow forms in southern Cameroon
Authors: Koutika Lydie‐Stella , Ndango Rose , Hauser Stefan
Published: September 2004

To evaluate the soil‐fertility sustainability of the fallow systems, nutrient concentrations and NH4+‐N mineralization were determined in different soil and fallow types in the humid forest zone of southern Cameroon. Two experiments were conducted, the first comprised planted leguminous tree Calliandra calothyrsus, planted leguminous Pueraria phaseoloides, and regrowth mainly composed of Chromolaena odorata on the Typic Kandiudult. The second experiment made up of a fallow dominated by C. odorata, a fallow with C. odorata removed, and a P. phaseoloides fallow on the Rhodic Kandiudult, Typic Kandiudult, and Typic Kandiudox. In the first experiment, available P, Ca2+, K+ concentrations and effective CEC under C. calothyrsus were, respectively, 40%, 22%, 45%, and 15% lower when compared to P. phaseoloides but no differences were found between soils under P. phaseoloides and C. odorata. Mineralization of NH4+‐N was higher under C. calothyrsus than under C. odorata‐ and P. phaseoloides‐fallow types, indicating the impoverishment of organic material under the former. In the second experiment, the beneficial effect of P. phaseoloides was found in the Rhodic Kandiudult in the 0–10 cm layer throughout its low NH4+ release from mineralization. In the Typic Kandiudult, no differences in NH4+‐N mineralization were found between C. odorata and P. phaseoloides fallows. In the Typic Kandiudox, there was no difference in NH4+ mineralization between the three fallow types. According to the nutrient concentrations and NH4+ mineralization, the fertility sustainability of the different fallow types may be ranked as follow: P. phaseoloides ≥ C. odorata > C. calothyrsus > fallow without C. odorata.
Pilotstudie zur Gleichwertigkeit oder Vergleichbarkeit der Korngrößenbestimmung von Bodenproben nach E DIN ISO 11277:06.94 (Pipettmethode) und mit dem Sedigraphen
Authors: Spörlein Peter , Dilling Jörg , Joneck Michael
Published: September 2004

Nach Bundesbodenschutzverordnung (BBodSchV) ist die zeit‐ und arbeitsaufwändige Pipett‐ oder Köhn‐Methode nach E DIN ISO 11277:06.94 (1994) das für die Körngrößenbestimmung von Bodenproben empfohlene Verfahren.

Nach BBodSchV können grundsätzlich alternative analytische Vorgehensweisen eingeführt werden, wenn die Gleichwertigkeit bzw. Vergleichbarkeit der neuen Methode zum DIN‐normierten Verfahren nachgewiesen ist. Die mit kürzerer Analysenzeit verbundene, alternative Sedigraphmethode zur Texturbestimmung der Fraktionen <63 μm (Grobschluff‐ (gU), Mittelschluff‐ (mU), Feinschluff‐ (fU), Tonfraktion (T)) wurde an 30 Bodenproben aus Bayern exemplarisch verglichen.

Die Gleichwertigkeit von Köhn‐ und Sedigraphverfahren für die methodisch abweichend behandelten Fraktionen (gU, mU, fU, T) wurde nach dem vorgeschriebenen Gleichwertigkeitstest der E DIN 38402–71:10.01 (2001) überprüft. Demnach besteht für keine der Fraktionen gU, mU und fU sowie T eine Gleichwertigkeit der Verfahren.

Allerdings konnte die Vergleichbarkeit der Verfahren mittels hoch signifikanter linearer Regressionsbeziehungen hergestellt werden (gU: r2 = 0,89; mU: r2 = 0,93; fU: r2 = 0,84; T: r2 = 0,97). Eine umfangreiche Validierung der statistisch hergeleiteten und abgesicherten Regressionsbeziehungen ist im Rahmen von Folgeuntersuchungen mit unabhängigen Proben vorgesehen. Ferner wird angestrebt, das zu Grunde liegende Probenkollektiv auszuweiten.

Bei Verwendung des Sedigraphen ist im Vergleich zur Köhn‐Methode mit einer Verkürzung der Gesamtanalysenzeit um ca. 30 % zu rechnen.
Cellular and molecular characterization of early and late retinal stem cells/progenitors: Differential regulation of proliferation and context dependent role of Notch signaling
Authors: James Jackson , Das Ani V. , Rahnenführer Jörg , Ahmad Iqbal
Published: September 2004

Retinal stem cells/progenitors that define the evolutionarily conserved early and late stages of retinal histogenesis are known to have distinct competence to give rise to stage‐specific retinal cell types. However, the information regarding their innate proliferative behavior and phenotypic potential in terms of generating neurons and glia is lacking. Here we demonstrate that, like their counterparts in other central nervous system (CNS) regions during early and late stages of embryonic development, the early and late retinal stem cells/progenitors display different proliferative response to fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) and bias towards generating neurons or glia. Although the former predominantly generate neurons, the latter are partial towards giving rise to glia. Transcription profiling identified classes of genes that are differentially expressed in early and late retinal stem cells/progenitors in proliferating conditions and suggested that the distinct proliferative response to FGF2 and EGF is likely due to differential expression of FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) and EGF receptor (EGFR). However, the proliferative maintenance of retinal stem cells/progenitors is likely to include other signaling pathways such as those mediated by insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs) and stem cell factor (SCF). Transcription profiling of early and late retinal stem cells/progenitors in proliferating and differentiating conditions suggested a context dependent role for Notch signaling, which may constitute one of the mechanisms underlying the stage‐dependent phenotypic potential of retinal stem cells/progenitors. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2004
Growth cones turn and migrate up an immobilized gradient of the laminin IKVAV peptide
Authors: Adams Derek N. , Kao Edmund Y.‐C. , Hypolite Claire L. , Distefano Mark D. , Hu Wei‐Shou , Letourneau Paul C.
Published: September 2004

Growth cone navigation is guided by extrinsic environmental proteins, called guidance cues. Many in vitro studies have characterized growth cone turning up and down gradients of soluble guidance cues. Although previous studies have shown that axonal elongation rates can be regulated by gradients of surface‐bound molecules, there are no convincing demonstrations of growth cones turning to migrate up a surface‐bound gradient of an adhesive ligand or guidance cue. In order to test this mode of axonal guidance, we used a photo‐immobilization technique to create grids and gradients of an adhesive laminin peptide on polystyrene culture dish surfaces. Chick embryo dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) were placed on peptide grid patterns containing surface‐bound gradients of the IKVAV‐containing peptide. DRG growth cones followed a path of surface‐bound peptide to the middle of a perpendicularly oriented gradient with a 25% concentration difference across 30 μm. The majority of growth cones turned and migrated up the gradient, turning until they were oriented directly up the gradient. Growth cones slowed their migration when they encountered the gradient, but growth cone velocity returned to the previous rate after turning up or down the gradient. This resembles in vivo situations where growth cones slow at a choice point before changing the direction of axonal extension. Thus, these results support the hypothesis that mechanisms of axonal guidance include growth cone orientation by gradients of surface‐bound adhesive molecules and guidance cues. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2005
The particle finite element method: a powerful tool to solve incompressible flows with free‐surfaces and breaking waves
Authors: Idelsohn S.R. , Oñate E. , Pin F. Del
Published: September 2004

Particle Methods are those in which the problem is represented by a discrete number of particles. Each particle moves accordingly with its own mass and the external/internal forces applied to it. Particle Methods may be used for both, discrete and continuous problems. In this paper, a Particle Method is used to solve the continuous fluid mechanics equations. To evaluate the external applied forces on each particle, the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations using a Lagrangian formulation are solved at each time step. The interpolation functions are those used in the Meshless Finite Element Method and the time integration is introduced by an implicit fractional‐step method. In this manner classical stabilization terms used in the momentum equations are unnecessary due to lack of convective terms in the Lagrangian formulation. Once the forces are evaluated, the particles move independently of the mesh. All the information is transmitted by the particles. Fluid–structure interaction problems including free‐fluid‐surfaces, breaking waves and fluid particle separation may be easily solved with this methodology. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed parameter thermal system control and observation by Green–Galerkin methods
Authors: Alaeddine Marios , Doumanidis Charalabos C.
Published: September 2004

This article addresses the problem of distributed parameter control and observation in thermal processing of materials. A novel numerical technique is developed for infinite‐dimensional thermal conduction systems, based on Galerkin optimization of an energy index employing Green's functions. Various simulations are conducted to prove that despite the complexities that arise from the distributed parameter nature of the system, the proposed method successfully observes the temperature field that exists inside a solid body by employing strictly surface temperature measurements. Moreover, the existence of a duality principle between distributed parameter thermal control and thermal observation is also investigated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient knowledge about drugs prescribed at primary healthcare facilities
Authors: Akici Ahmet , Kalaça Sibel , Uğurlu M. Ümit , Toklu Hale Z. , İskender Ece , Oktay Şule
Published: September 2004

Objective

Providing adequate information to the patients about their drugs is an essential principle of rational pharmacotherapy. This study investigates the knowledge of general practice patients about their drugs, since the level of knowledge of the patient about the medication is highly associated with the outcome of the therapy.

Methods

A total of 1618 patients who applied to primary healthcare centers in Istanbul and accepted to participate in the study were asked about the name(s) and effect(s) of the drug(s) on their prescriptions. Factors that might influence the background knowledge and perception of patients such as sociodemographic characteristics, drug‐use habits and practitioners' attitudes were also questioned. Information provided by the patients was compared with the prescriptions.

Results

Only 10.9% of the respondents could recall the names of their drug(s) correctly. Level of education, and gender, had a positive impact on recalling drug names. Patients, who received a refill prescription, with a chronic disease, and who had self‐medication before applying to the health center reported more accurate information. Less than half of the practitioners had informed their patients about the drug effects; and 7% of the patients have been requested to repeat the instructions and warnings about his/her medication(s). The patients to name their drugs correctly also knew the drug effects twice as much the patients who could not recall their drug(s)'name. The drugs which were correctly named were the ones used in chronic diseases.

Conclusion

It appears that patients, particularly who are poorly educated, males, and who received a first prescription know little about their prescribed drugs. These results suggest that patients' education about drugs is an important issue regarding rational drug use which deserves urgent improvement. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model‐based virtual sensing approach for the injection molding process
Authors: Cheng J.‐W. John , Chao Tzu‐Ching , Chang Lih‐Harng , Huang Bo‐Feng
Published: September 2004

This paper proposes a new virtual sensing approach for on‐line monitoring and regulating process variables of the injection molding process. Based on the nonlinear observer theory, virtual sensors estimate process behavior using easily obtained measurements of machine variables by exploiting their dynamic interaction. A nozzle pressure virtual sensor during the so‐called “nozzle resistance test” was developed. Results of experimental evaluation on a commercial injection molding machine establish the feasibility of the proposed virtual sensing approach. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis indicates that the proposed virtual sensor delivered consistently better and more robust performance against parametric uncertainties than simple open‐loop model prediction. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1605–1614, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Surface texture characterization of injection‐molded pigmented plastics
Authors: Ariño Ingrid , Kleist Ulf , Barros Gustavo Gil , Johansson Per‐Åke , Rigdahl Mikael
Published: September 2004

An appropriate description of the surface textures deliberately created on injection‐molded plastic parts of interior car components is presented. A spatial wavelength‐dependent analysis is used as an interesting alternative to the traditional roughness parameters. Auto‐correlation functions and power spectral densities are examples of such spectral functions that include parameters both in amplitude and profile directions. Even fractal concepts can be useful descriptors. As an illustration, it is also shown how the effects on the surface topography of the plastic part of after‐etching the mold can be assessed by suitable descriptors. An experimental evaluation of injection‐molded plaques containing three different surface patterns was carried out using an optical profilometer, supplemented by contact stylus measurements. The ability to assess the topography of these plaques by means of a new fast photometric stereo‐technique, denoted OptiTopo, was also evaluated. In its present form, however, this technique does not provide a detailed description of the topography of a pigmented plastic. Reasons for this and possible improvements are discussed. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1615–1626, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Hot‐fillable containers containing PET/PEN copolymers and blends
Authors: Ophir A. , Kenig S. , Shai A. , Barka'ai Y. , Miltz J.
Published: September 2004

Bottles and containers made of PET are not suitable for hot filling since the limiting upper‐use temperature of this polymer is about 85°C. In the present study the properties and performance of bottles made from copolymers and blends of PET containing NDC groups and manufactured by the Injection Stretch Blow Molding (ISBM) process were investigated. These compositions possess advanced properties and can be used up to 95°C. The properties of these bottles were found to depend on their composition and microstructure. The glass transition temperature, the degree of crystallinity and the induced strains that were measured by differential scanning calorimetry and differential mechanical thermal analysis are reported. It was concluded that NDC‐containing PET based copolymers and blends could be processed by a one‐stage ISBM process into containers of improved properties and hot‐filling capabilities. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1670–1675, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Stress relaxation in low‐shrink‐force polyolefin films
Authors: Bobovitch Arthur L. , Sagron Ami , Unigovski Yakov , Jarashneli Albert , Gutman Emmanuel M.
Published: September 2004

The morphology and stress relaxation of coextruded five‐layer LLDPE (linear low‐density polyethylene)/EVA (ethylene‐vinyl‐acetate) copolymer films were studied. Increasing VA (vinyl acetate) content in EVA causes a decrease of shrink tension in the films, which can be explained by a decrease in amount of crystallinity. The relaxation time spectrum of the coextruded crosslinked LLDPE/EVA films is similar to the relaxation time spectrum of crosslinked LLDPE film at room temperature. However, at elevated temperatures, an additional peak appears on the spectrum of coextruded film. The cause of this peak is temperature‐ and stress‐induced recrystallization of EVA during the relaxation test. This recrystallization was confirmed with DSC and wide angle X‐ray analysis. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1716–1720, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Pre‐necking and post‐necking relaxation and creep behavior of polycarbonate: A phenomenological study
Authors: Khan Fazeel , Krempl Erhard
Published: September 2004

Experiments have been performed to investigate the mechanical response of unfilled polycarbonate vis‐à‐vis the influence of prior deformation on stress relaxation and creep. Piecewise linear deformation histories, which involve strain‐controlled tensile loading of a specimen to a maximum load and partial unloading to a target strain/stress point as prologue to a relaxation test, have been shown to qualitatively influence the recorded stress‐time behavior. In particular, the stress magnitude during relaxation first increases and is then followed by a decrease. Analogously, in creep tests during unloading, the strain might decrease and then increase. Time characteristics for this U‐turn in the deformation response are influenced by the placement of the test. The influence of prior specimen conditioning on this phenomenon is investigated by comparing test data from virgin samples to that of specimens having high (∼85%) inelastic strain from prior tensile elongation. Findings suggest that the observed persistence in the occurrence of this reversal effect for both types of specimens is evidence of the need to incorporate this behavior into the fold of material modeling. Additionally, this novel relaxation and creep behavior has been observed in other amorphous (poly(phenylene oxide)) and crystalline (high‐density polyethylene) polymers. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1783–1791, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Evolution of Nanocrystallinity in Periodic Mesoporous Anatase Thin Films
Authors: Choi Sung Yeun , Mamak Marc , Speakman Scott , Chopra Naveen , Ozin Geoffrey A.
Published: September 2004

Herein we report the first kinetic study of the intrachannel wall phase‐transition of amorphous titania to nanocrystalline anatase for periodic mesoporous titania thin films, monitored by time‐resolved in situ high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction. Structural transformations associated with the phase transition are further probed by high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The model found to be most consistent with the kinetic data involves 1D diffusion‐controlled growth of nanocrystalline anatase within the spatial confines of the channel walls of the mesostructure. The observation of anisotropic, rod‐shaped anatase nanocrystals preferentially aligned along the channel axis implies that the framework of the liquid‐crystal‐templated mesostructure guides the crystal growth.
Social–psychological profiles of identity styles: attitudinal and social‐cognitive correlates in late adolescence
Authors: Soenens Bart , Duriez Bart , Goossens Luc
Published: September 2004

This study examined the relationships between three identity styles (i.e. the information style, the normative style, and the diffuse/avoidant style) and a number of social‐cognitive and attitudinal variables (including empathy, prejudice, and conservatism). Discriminant analysis on a sample of late adolescents (N=393) led to the conclusion that two classes of variables differentiate between the three identity styles. Maladaptive coping strategies and, to a lesser extent, low empathy distinguished mainly between the information style and the normative style on the one hand and the diffuse/avoidant style on the other hand. Need for closure and measures of prejudice and conservatism differentiated primarily between the normative style and the two other styles. These two classes of variables can be related to two basic dimensions in current theory on adolescents’ identity styles, that is, active vs. superficial processing of information and adherence to traditional opinions vs. openmindedness.
Brief report: Delinquent behaviour and depression in middle adolescence: a Finnish community sample
Authors: Ritakallio Minna , Kaltiala‐Heino Riittakerttu , Kivivuori Janne , Rimpelä Matti
Published: September 2004

A large number (N 50 569) of 14–16 year old Finnish adolescents taking part in the School Health Promotion Study were surveyed for delinquent behaviour in relation to depression. The results indicate a robust association between delinquency and depression. Among girls risk for depression varied between 1.3 and 3.1 according to various antisocial behaviours (the equivalent risk among boys was 1.3–2.5). Depression increased according to the frequency of delinquent behaviour. The results emphasize the importance of comprehensive clinical assessment and treatment of delinquent adolescents.
Suicide attempts in schizophrenia and affective disorders with relation to some specific demographical and clinical characteristics
Authors: Müller Daniel J. , Barkow Katrin , Kovalenko Svetlana , Ohlraun Stephanie , Fangerau Heiner , Kölsch Heike , Lemke Matthias R. , Held Tilo , Nöthen Markus M. , Maier Wofgang , Heun Reinhard , Rietschel Marcella
Published: September 2004

Demographical and clinical characteristics have been reported to modulate the risk for suicide. This study analysed demographical and clinical characteristics with respect to lifetime suicide attempts in 500 individuals affected with schizophrenic or affective disorders. Suicide attempts were associated with poor premorbid social adjustment, low age at onset, low scores on the “Global Assessment Scale” and childlessness in females.
Earthquake-related psychological distress and associated factors 4 years after the Parnitha earthquake in Greece
Authors: Livanou Maria , Kasvikis Yiannis , Başoğlu Metin , Mytskidou Pashalia , Sotiropoulou Vivi , Spanea Efrosyni , Mitsopoulou Titika , Voutsa Nikoletta
Published: September 2004

Exposure to earthquakes has been associated with psychological distress and in particular the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Earthquake-related psychological distress can be longstanding. The present study involved 157 Greek survivors of the 1999 Parnitha earthquake assessed approximately 4 years after the earthquake. Assessments were based on the Traumatic Stress Symptom Checklist (TSSC). Using stringent calibrations for the estimation of symptom presence 25% of the survivors endorsed at least 5 and 12% at least 10 TSSC symptoms. Approximately 22% of the survivors reported subjective distress and 15% impaired adjustment due to their symptoms. Intensity of fear during the earthquake and participation in rescue operations related to greater post-earthquake psychological distress. The results suggest that the psychological consequences of earthquakes can be serious and long-standing even when the magnitude of the earthquake is moderate. Psychological treatments that have been proven to reduce fear and PTSD symptoms need to be made available to the survivors. Such treatments may also increase the survivors' psychological preparedness and emotional resilience in view of future earthquakes.
Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy as a new tool for nematode studies
Authors: Ami Diletta , Natalello Antonino , Zullini Aldo , Doglia Silvia M.
Published: September 2004

We report the results of a microspectroscopy study on the Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) absorption spectra of Caenorhabditis elegans, collected from the different parts of a single intact specimen – pharynx, intestine and tail regions. The principal absorption bands were assigned to the molecular species present in C. elegans, with an excellent reproducibility for the pharynx spectrum. These results enabled us to explore if FT‐IR microspectroscopy could offer a new tool for nematode identification. As an example, the discrimination among four well characterised nematode taxa is reported. The FT‐IR results completely match those obtained by Blaxter and colleagues through molecular biology [Nature 392 (1998) 71].
Characterization of SARS‐CoV main protease and identification of biologically active small molecule inhibitors using a continuous fluorescence‐based assay
Authors: Kao Richard Y. , To Amanda P.C. , Ng Louisa W.Y. , Tsui Wayne H.W. , Lee Terri S.W. , Tsoi Hoi-Wah , Yuen Kwok-Yung
Published: September 2004

Severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus main protease (SARS‐CoV Mpro) has been proposed as a prime target for anti‐SARS drug development. We have cloned and overexpressed the SARS‐CoV Mpro in Escherichia coli, and purified the recombinant Mpro to homogeneity. The kinetic parameters of the recombinant SARS‐CoV Mpro were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography‐based assay and continuous fluorescence‐based assay. Two novel small molecule inhibitors of the SARS‐CoV Mpro were identified by high‐throughput screening using an internally quenched fluorogenic substrate. The identified inhibitors have K
i values at low μM range with comparable anti‐SARS‐CoV activity in cell‐based assays.
Medical implications from the crystal structure of a copper‐containing amine oxidase complexed with the antidepressant drug tranylcypromine
Authors: Wilmot Carrie M. , Saysell Colin G. , Blessington Aidan , Conn Danyl A. , Kurtis Christian R. , McPherson Michael J. , Knowles Peter F. , Phillips Simon E.V.
Published: September 2004

The X‐ray crystal structure of the copper‐containing quinoprotein amine oxidase from E. coli has been determined in complex with the antidepressant drug tranylcypromine to 2.4 Å resolution. The drug is a racemic mix of two enantiomers, but only one is seen bound to the enzyme. The other enantiomer is not acting as a substrate for the enzyme as no catalytic activity was detected when the enzyme was initially exposed to the drug. The inhibition of human copper amine oxidases could be a source of side‐effects in its use as an antidepressant to inhibit the flavin‐containing monoamine oxidases in the brain.
Mutation E46K increases phospholipid binding and assembly into filaments of human α‐synuclein
Authors: Choi Woong , Zibaee Shahin , Jakes Ross , Serpell Louise C. , Davletov Bazbek , Anthony Crowther R. , Goedert Michel
Published: September 2004

Missense mutations (A30P and A53T) in α‐synuclein and the overproduction of the wild‐type protein cause familial forms of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. α‐Synuclein is the major component of the filamentous Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites that define these diseases at a neuropathological level. Recently, a third missense mutation (E46K) in α‐synuclein was described in an inherited form of dementia with Lewy bodies. Here, we have investigated the functional effects of this novel mutation on phospholipid binding and filament assembly of α‐synuclein. When compared to the wild‐type protein, the E46K mutation caused a significantly increased ability of α‐synuclein to bind to negatively charged liposomes, unlike the previously described mutations. The E46K mutation increased the rate of filament assembly to the same extent as the A53T mutation. Filaments formed from E46K α‐synuclein often had a twisted morphology with a cross‐over spacing of 43 nm. The observed effects on lipid binding and filament assembly may explain the pathogenic nature of the E46K mutation in α‐synuclein.
Suppression of P‐glycoprotein gene expression in Hs578T/Dox by the overexpression of caveolin‐1
Authors: Zhu Hua , Cai Chuanxi , Chen Jianwen
Published: September 2004

Caveolin‐1, the principal component of caveolae, is a 21–24 kDa integral membrane protein. The interaction of the caveolin‐1 scaffolding domain with signaling molecules can functionally inhibit the activity of these signaling proteins. Little is known about how caveolin‐1 influences the expression of P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), an ABC transporter encoded by multi‐drug resistance (MDR1) gene. To elucidate the possible mechanism between caveolin‐1 and P‐gp expression, in the present study, we overexpressed caveolin‐1 in the Hs578T/Dox breast adenocarcinoma cells, a multidrug resistant line, and then selected single clone cells highly expressing caveolin‐1 level. Both Western blot and confocal microscopy analyses showed that caveolin‐1 was markedly overexpressed in the transfectants, while P‐gp protein was almost abolished. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction also showed that the expression of P‐gp mRNA was significantly suppressed in the transfectants. It was confirmed further by Northern blot analysis. Moreover, through measuring the changes of drug resistance and P‐gp transport activity in the transfectants, we found that overexpression of caveolin‐1 reversed drug resistance of transfectants and lowered their P‐gp transport activity to the level of Hs578T/S. Taken together, our results indicate that such suppression of P‐gp in the transfectants overexpressing caveolin‐1 may occur at the transcriptional level.