bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Values-Based Interprofessional Collaborative Practice
Authors: Thistlethwaite Jill E.
Published: October 2012

The provision of care within the context of the modern health service environment involves a wide range of professionals. The health care team might include general practitioners, nurses, midwives, hospital doctors, physiotherapists, other allied health professionals, as well as receptionists and practice managers. To optimise delivery of care at both individual and population levels, team members must work collaboratively with colleagues in their own profession and others. This book, in the Values-Based Medicine series, adds the dimension of values to the more usual discussions of teamwork, considering interactions between health care professionals and how these might be affected by differences in professional and personal values. Examples of scenarios based on real-life experience promote learning and reflection. Anybody working or training in health care and who aspires to collaborate successfully with their colleagues in other specialties will find this book extremely valuable, as will educators who facilitate learners in teamwork.
Charles Dickens as I Knew Him
Authors: Dolby George
Published: October 2012

George Dolby (?–1900) was the manager of Charles Dickens' highly successful reading tours in England and America between 1866 and 1870. He published this memoir of Dickens in 1885. Dickens was a keen amateur actor and had many friends involved with the theatre. He had begun public readings from his works in 1853 for charity, but in 1858 his first for-profit tour, lasting three months, covered much of England, Scotland and Ireland, and netted over £10,000. Without props or costumes, he brought his most popular characters to life, and continued to undertake lengthy and exhausting tours until shortly before his death (which some believed had been hastened by his exertions on stage). Dolby's account covers only the period of his own connection with Dickens, but he describes in detail the constant travel which the tours entailed, the people they encountered, and the enthusiastic response with which Dickens was everywhere received.
Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders
Authors: Shortland Edward
Published: October 2012

This historical and anthropological account of the Maori of New Zealand was published in 1854 by the English physician and colonial administrator Edward Shortland (1812–93). Shortland was deeply interested in Maori culture, learned the language, and wrote ethnographic studies including The Southern Districts of New Zealand (1851) and Maori Religion and Mythology (1882), also included in this series. In various roles including 'Protector of Aborigines', he often served as interpreter, and played an active role in mediating not only between Europeans and Maori, but between different Maori factions. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Shortland's approach was to interact with the Maori rather than merely observe them. In this book, Shortland often cites named Maori individuals as his sources, which makes his treatment of topics such as tapu, land tenure and rites of passage distinctive. He also covers Maori cosmology and origin narratives, genealogies, education, proverbs, songs and spells.
Great Expectations
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: October 2012

The novels of Charles Dickens (1812–70), with their inimitable energy and their comic, tragic and grotesque characters, are still widely read, and reworked for film and television. The first book edition of Great Expectations was published in three volumes in 1861. It is now reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection simultaneously with the serialised version, published in Dickens' periodical All the Year Round in 1860–1, and a volume of newly photographed actual-size colour images of the entire original manuscript. Dickens himself had the manuscript bound and presented to his friend Chauncy Hare Townshend, with whom he shared an interest in mesmerism and the occult, and in 1868 Townshend bequeathed his library (including the manuscript) to the Wisbech and Fenland Museum. Dickens scholars and enthusiasts will now be able easily to study this three-volume book edition alongside the serial and the work-in-progress, with all its deletions and revisions.
Lesbian Scandal and the Culture of Modernism
Authors: Medd Jodie
Published: October 2012

Before lesbianism became a specific identity category in the West, its mere suggestion functioned as a powerful source of scandal in early twentieth-century British and Anglo-American culture. Reconsidering notions of the 'invisible' or 'apparitional' lesbian, Jodie Medd argues that lesbianism's representational instability, and the scandals it generated, rendered it an influential force within modern politics, law, art and the literature of modernist writers like James Joyce, Ezra Pound and Virginia Woolf. Medd's analysis draws on legal proceedings and parliamentary debates as well as crises within modern literary production – patronage relations, literary obscenity and cultural authority – to reveal how lesbian suggestion forced modern political, cultural and literary institutions to negotiate their own identities, ideals and limits. Medd's text will be of great interest to scholars and graduate students in gender and women's studies, modernist literary studies and English literature.
Knowledge and Reality
Authors: Bosanquet Bernard
Published: October 2012

After more than a decade teaching ancient Greek history and philosophy at University College, Oxford, British philosopher and political theorist Bernard Bosanquet (1848–1923) resigned from his post to spend more time writing. He was particularly interested in contemporary social theory, and was involved with the Charity Organisation Society and the London Ethical Society. He wrote numerous articles before beginning this book, which was his first and was published in 1885 as a response to the Principles of Logic, published in 1883, by his contemporary F. H. Bradley (1846–1924). Bosanquet, who was deeply influenced by the German philosopher Hegel (1770–1831), argues that there are 'signs of a philosophical movement in this country which may assimilate what is really great in European philosophy, without forfeiting the distinctive merits of English thought'. With this as the framework, the book examines the relationship of judgment and logic to knowledge.
Logic
Authors: Bosanquet Bernard
Published: October 2012

After more than a decade teaching ancient Greek history and philosophy at University College, Oxford, British philosopher and political theorist Bernard Bosanquet (1848–1923) resigned from his post to spend more time writing. He was particularly interested in contemporary social theory, and was involved with the Charity Organisation Society and the London Ethical Society. Much of his work focused on the place of logic in philosophy, especially its role in metaphysical thought - the area where he is considered to have made his most important intellectual contributions. In 1888 he published this two-volume study of logic, addressing a variety of questions relating to logic, and drawing from the work of Hegel (1770–1831) in his examination. In Volume 1, Bosanquet considers the question of knowledge, what the act of naming implies, and judgment and measurement, which he considered to be integral to logic and consciousness.
The Principles of Logic
Authors: Bradley F. H.
Published: October 2012

F. H. Bradley (1846–1924) was the foremost philosopher of the British Idealist school, which came to prominence in the second half of the nineteenth century and remained influential into the first half of the twentieth. Bradley, who was influenced by Hegel and also reacted against utilitarianism, was recognised during his lifetime as one of the greatest intellectuals of his generation, and was the first philosopher to receive the Order of Merit, in 1924. In this major work, originally published in 1883, Bradley discusses the basic principles of logic: judgment and inference. He rejects the idea of a separation between mind and body, arguing that human thought cannot be separated from its worldly context. In the second edition, published in 1922 and reissued here, Bradley added a commentary and essays, but left the text largely unaltered. Volume 1 contains Book 1 on judgment and Book 2 on inference.
Force and Matter
Authors: Büchner Ludwig
Published: October 2012

At a time when German philosophy was dominated by idealism, German philosopher and physician Ludwig Büchner (1824–99) wrote Kraft und Stoff, an influential work advocating materialism, in 1855. It went through many editions and was widely read across the world. The controversy surrounding the book led to Büchner leaving his post at the University of Tübingen, but he went on to establish the German Freethinkers' League, the first German organisation for atheists. This book, first published in 1864, is a translation of the eighth edition, and is edited by J. Frederick Collingwood, who wanted to bring Büchner's work to an English audience. It contains translations of the prefaces from the first, third and fourth editions of Kraft und Stoff, and an introductory letter from Büchner which expresses his belief that Darwin's theory of evolution has given support to his materialist theory.
Searching for the State in British Legal Thought
Authors: McLean Janet
Published: October 2012

Janet McLean explores how the common law has personified the state and how those personifications affect and reflect the state's relationship to bureaucracy, sovereignty and civil society, the development of public law norms, the expansion and contraction of the public sphere with nationalization and privatization, state responsibility and human rights. Treating legal thought as a variety of political thought, she discusses writers such as Austin, Maitland, Dicey, Laski, Robson, Hart, Griffith, Mitchell and Hayek in the context of both legal doctrine and broader intellectual movements.
African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry
Authors: Brown Ras Michael
Published: October 2012

African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry examines perceptions of the natural world revealed by the religious ideas and practices of African-descended communities in South Carolina from the colonial period into the twentieth century. Focusing on Kongo nature spirits known as the simbi, Ras Michael Brown describes the essential role religion played in key historical processes, such as establishing new communities and incorporating American forms of Christianity into an African-based spirituality. This book illuminates how people of African descent engaged the spiritual landscape of the Lowcountry through their subsistence practices, religious experiences and political discourse.
Harmony in Haydn and Mozart
Authors: Damschroder David
Published: October 2012

Integrating Schenkerian tools and an innovative approach to harmony, David Damschroder provides numerous penetrating analyses of works by Haydn and Mozart. A series of introductory chapters assist readers in developing their analytical capacity. Beginning with short excerpts from string quartets, the study proceeds by assessing the inner workings of twelve expositions from Haydn piano sonatas, six arias in G minor from Mozart operas, and three rondos in D major from piano concertos by Haydn and Mozart. In the Masterworks section that follows, Damschroder presents detailed analyses of six movements from symphonies, string quartets and opera by Haydn and Mozart, and compares his outcomes with those of other analysts, including Kofi Agawu, Robert O. Gjerdingen, James Hepokoski and Warren Darcy, Carl Schachter and James Webster. The book represents an important contribution to modern analytical discourse on a treasured body of music and an assessment of recent accomplishments within that realm.
The Medieval Discovery of Nature
Authors: Epstein Steven A.
Published: October 2012

This book examines the relationship between humans and nature that evolved in medieval Europe over the course of a millennium. From the beginning, people lived in nature and discovered things about it. Ancient societies bequeathed to the Middle Ages both the Bible and a pagan conception of natural history. These conflicting legacies shaped medieval European ideas about the natural order and what economic, moral and biological lessons it might teach. This book analyzes five themes found in medieval views of nature – grafting, breeding mules, original sin, property rights and disaster – to understand what some medieval people found in nature and what their assumptions and beliefs kept them from seeing.
Mercenaries in Asymmetric Conflicts
Authors: Fitzsimmons Scott
Published: October 2012

Scott Fitzsimmons argues that small mercenary groups must maintain a superior military culture to successfully engage and defeat larger and better-equipped opponents. By developing and applying competing constructivist and neorealist theories of military performance to four asymmetric wars in Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo, he demonstrates how mercenary groups that strongly emphasize behavioral norms encouraging their personnel to think creatively, make decisions on their own, take personal initiative, communicate accurate information within the group, enhance their technical proficiency and develop a sense of loyalty to their fellow fighters will exhibit vastly superior tactical capabilities to other mercenary groups. Fitzsimmons demonstrates that although the victorious mercenary groups occasionally had access to weapon systems unavailable to their opponents, the balance of material capabilities fielded by the opposing military forces had far less influence on the outcome of these asymmetric conflicts than the culturally determined tactical behavior exhibited by their personnel.
The Politics and Ethics of Identity
Authors: Lebow Richard Ned
Published: October 2012

We are multiple, fragmented, and changing selves who, nevertheless, believe we have unique and consistent identities. What accounts for this illusion? Why has the problem of identity become so central in post-war scholarship, fiction, and the media? Following Hegel, Richard Ned Lebow contends that the defining psychological feature of modernity is the tension between our reflexive and social selves. To address this problem Westerners have developed four generic strategies of identity construction that are associated with four distinct political orientations. Lebow develops his arguments through comparative analysis of ancient and modern literary, philosophical, religious, and musical texts. He asks how we might come to terms with the fragmented and illusionary nature of our identities and explores some political and ethical implications of doing so.
So You Want To Be A Journalist?
Authors: Grundy Bruce , Hirst Martin , Little Janine , Hayes Mark , Treadwell Greg
Published: October 2012

So you want to be a Journalist? Unplugged is a fully revised guide to the world of journalism. This new edition of Bruce Grundy's guide for journalists takes us through new media's impact on the structure and practice of journalism today, with its 24-hour news cycle of multi-platform, interactive media audiences. The book contains instructions on writing for news media as well as practical advice on all facets of reporting. Skills involved in finding information, interviewing, writing news and features, research and investigation, basic subbing, layout and design are covered, along with the essentials of grammar, the law, and practical tips on ethical and professional behaviour.
New to the second edition:
• online journalism incorporated throughout the text
• vignettes and case studies that bring the text to life
• examples from Australian, New Zealand and international media
• extended section on ethics
• extensively updated research section, to help students recognise quality internet research
• extensive companion website including further writing practice
Computer Applications in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Chapelle Carol A.
Published: October 2012

Computer Applications in Second Language Acquisition explores computer applications in second language acquisition by reviewing and interpreting research and development in three areas: computer-assisted second language learning, computer-assisted second language assessment, and computer-assisted second language research  addressing issues such as effective use of software in language teaching, values and limitations of computer-assisted testing, and the study of second language development with interactive computer programs. It offers a unique view of the topic by examining computer applications through perspectives from applied linguistics; it identifies cross-disciplinary work relevant to software development, use, and evaluation; and it suggests critical research directions. This is the first single volume on computer applications in the field which includes issues in teaching, assessment, and SLA research, and which treats evaluation extensively.
Understanding Expertise in Teaching
Authors: Tsui Amy B. M.
Published: October 2012

The author clarifies the nature of expertise in language teaching, its development, and how teachers employ it.

This book is the first detailed study of what expertise in language teaching consists of and how it develops in language teachers. Exploring the classroom practices of her subjects in four illuminating case studies, Tsui succeeds in clarifying the nature of expertise in language teaching, the factors that shape and influence its development, and how teachers employ their expertise in teaching. In the process, the author critically examines an extensive literature on teacher cognition and shows how teachers' theories, knowledge, experience, and goals shape their classroom practices and their ability to move from novice to expert.
Competition and Price Wars in the U.S. Brewing Industry
Authors: Gokhale Jayendra , Tremblay Victor J.
Published: October 2012

The behavior of the macro or mass-production segment of the U.S. brewing industry appears to be paradoxical. Since the end of Prohibition in 1934, the number of independent brewers has continuously declined while the major national brewers, such as Anheuser-Busch, Miller, and Coors, have gained market share. In spite of this decline in the number of competitors, profits and market power have remained low in brewing. Iwasaki et al. (2008) explain this result by providing evidence that changes in marketing and production technologies favored larger brewers and forced the industry into a war of attrition, in which only a handful of firms could survive. This led to fierce competition, especially from the 1960s through the mid 1980s. Since the late 1990s, the war appears to have subsided. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine whether price competition diminished after the mid-1990s. We find evidence that competition has diminished but not enough to substantially increase market power. (JEL Classification: D22, L11, L66)
Specialized psychosocial treatment plus treatment as usual (TAU) versus TAU for patients with cannabis use disorder and psychosis: the CapOpus randomized trial
Authors: Hjorthøj C. R. , Fohlmann A. , Larsen A.-M. , Gluud C. , Arendt M. , Nordentoft M.
Published: October 2012

Background

Cannabis abuse in psychotic patients is associated with rehospitalizations, reduced adherence and increased symptom severity. Previous psychosocial interventions have been ineffective in cannabis use, possibly because of low sample sizes and short interventions. We investigated whether adding CapOpus to treatment as usual (TAU) reduces cannabis use in patients with cannabis use disorder and psychosis.

Method

A total of 103 patients with psychosis and cannabis use disorder were centrally randomized to 6 months of CapOpus plus TAU (n = 52) or TAU (n = 51). CapOpus consisted mainly of motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). TAU was targeted primarily at the psychotic disorder. The primary outcome was self-reported days with cannabis use in the preceding month.

Results

Pre-randomization cannabis use frequency was 14.9 [95% confidence interval (CI) 12.7–17.1] days/month. Post-treatment, the ratio of days/month with cannabis use in CapOpus versus TAU was 0.76 (95% CI 0.38–1.50) (p = 0.42), and 0.80 (95% CI 0.21–3.10) (p = 0.75) at the 4-month follow-up. From 46.4 (95% CI 36.4–56.3) monthly joints pre-randomization, consumption fell to 27.3 (95% CI 12.6–41.9) joints in CapOpus and 48.2 (95% CI 31.8–64.6) in TAU (p = 0.06). Follow-up amounts were 28.4 (95% CI 13.5–43.2) and 41.6 (95% CI 25.2–58.0) joints (p = 0.23). Several subgroup analyses suggested benefits of CapOpus.

Conclusions

CapOpus did not reduce the frequency, but possibly the amount, of cannabis use. This is similar to the findings of previous trials in this population. Implementation of CapOpus-type interventions is thus not warranted at present but subgroup analyses call for further trials.
Iron localization inAcarosporacolonizing schist on Signy Island
Authors: Purvis O.W. , Convey P. , Flowerdew M.J. , Peat H.J. , Najorka J. , Kearsley A.
Published: October 2012

A small, inconspicuous lichen,Acarosporacf.badiofusca, was discovered colonizing iron-stained quartz mica schists on the lower slope of Manhaul Rock, a recently exposed nunatak on the McLeod Glacier, Signy Island, South Orkney Islands. Thallus colour ranged from rust on exposed rock surfaces to paler orange and green in shaded crevices. This study addressed the hypothesis that colour reflects element localization, and considered substance localization within lichen tissues and responses to stress. Electron microprobe analysis of specimens confirmed that Fe is localized principally in the outer rust-coloured part of the cortex, confirming that the colour reflects Fe localization. Oxalates, widely reported as contributing to tolerance mechanisms to environmental stress, were not detected using X-ray diffraction. The upper thallus surface consisted of sub-micron particulate phases containing Fe, Al and O, suggesting mixed oxide/hydroxide phases are present and play a role in photoprotection.
ALTERNATIVE GOVERNMENT SPENDING RULES: EFFECTS ON INCOME INEQUALITY AND WELFARE
Authors: Lim G. C. , McNelis Paul D.
Published: October 2012

This paper compares the effects of pro- and countercyclical government spending on income inequality and welfare in a small open economy. We examine the consequences of alternative government spending rules following shocks to productivity, domestic interest rates, terms of trade, and export demand. The simulated results show that welfare and income inequality indices can move in opposite directions for government spending rules, with countercyclical spending improving welfare and procyclical spending improving income equality.
Do not pay for a Danish interest guarantee. The law of the triple blow
Authors: Guillén Montserrat , Konicz Agnieszka Karolina , Nielsen Jens Perch , Pérez-Marín Ana M.
Published: October 2012

We have investigated the performance of pension schemes of with-profit policies containing a guaranteed minimum rate of return and we have found that the price of the guarantee measured in terms of lost returns is enormous. We use simple simulations rather than complex pricing methods to illustrate that the price of an interest guarantee is high in pension products that are currently commercialised in the market. We have found that the customer loses up to about 0.75% yearly in the rate of return when an interest guarantee is purchased, compared to the return of an equivalent saving strategy with the same risk at the level 95%. This can explain why such arrangements are not widely popular. Our approach can be used to inform clients, who are not experts in modern financial models, the impact of paying for an interest guarantee.
Evaluation of nine large‐scale hydrological models with respect to the seasonal runoff climatology in Europe
Authors: Gudmundsson L. , Wagener T. , Tallaksen L. M. , Engeland K.
Published: October 2012

Large‐scale hydrological models, simulating the terrestrial water cycle on continental and global scales, are fundamental for many studies in earth system sciences. However, due to imperfect knowledge of real world systems, the models cannot be expected to capture all aspects of large‐scale hydrology equally well. To gain insights in the strengths and shortcomings of nine large‐scale hydrological models, we assessed their ability to capture the mean annual runoff cycle. Unlike most other studies that rely on discharge observations from continental scale river basins, our study is based on observed runoff from a large number of small, near‐natural catchments in Europe. We evaluated the models' ability to capture the average magnitude, the amplitude, as well as the timing of the mean annual runoff cycle. Our study revealed large uncertainties when modeling runoff from these small catchments. We identified large differences in model performance, however, the ensemble mean (mean of all model simulations) yielded rather robust predictions. Model performance varied systematically with climatic conditions and was best in regions with little influence of snow. In cold regions, many models exhibited low correlations between observed and simulated mean annual cycles, which can be associated with shortcomings in simulating the timing of snow accumulation and melt. Local (grid cell) scale differences between observed and simulated runoff can be large and local biases often exceeded 100%. These local uncertainties are contrasted by a relatively good regional average performance, ultimately reflecting the purpose of the models, i.e., to capture regional hydroclimatology.
Petrophysical and geochemical properties of Columbia River flood basalt: Implications for carbon sequestration
Authors: Zakharova Natalia V. , Goldberg David S. , Sullivan E. Charlotte , Herron Michael M. , Grau James A.
Published: October 2012

This study presents borehole geophysical data and sidewall core chemistry from the Wallula Pilot Sequestration Project in the Columbia River flood basalt. The wireline logging data were reprocessed, core‐calibrated and interpreted in the framework of reservoir and seal characterization for carbon dioxide storage. Particular attention is paid to the capabilities and limitations of borehole spectroscopy for chemical characterization of basalt. Neutron capture spectroscopy logging is shown to provide accurate concentrations for up to 8 major and minor elements but has limited sensitivity to natural alteration in fresh‐water basaltic reservoirs. The Wallula borehole intersected 26 flows from 7 members of the Grande Ronde formation. The logging data demonstrate a cyclic pattern of sequential basalt flows with alternating porous flow tops (potential reservoirs) and massive flow interiors (potential caprock). The log‐derived apparent porosity is extremely high in the flow tops (20–45%), and considerably overestimates effective porosity obtained from hydraulic testing. The flow interiors are characterized by low apparent porosity (0–8%) but appear pervasively fractured in borehole images. Electrical resistivity images show diverse volcanic textures and provide an excellent tool for fracture analysis, but neither fracture density nor log‐derived porosity uniquely correlate with hydraulic properties of the Grande Ronde formation. While porous flow tops in these deep flood basalts may offer reservoirs with high mineralization rates, long leakage migration paths, and thick sections of caprock for CO2 storage, a more extensive multiwell characterization would be necessary to assess lateral variations and establish sequestration capacity in this reservoir.
Snowfall‐driven mass change on the East Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: Boening Carmen , Lebsock Matthew , Landerer Felix , Stephens Graeme
Published: October 2012

An improved understanding of processes dominating the sensitive balance between mass loss primarily due to glacial discharge and mass gain through precipitation is essential for determining the future behavior of the Antarctic ice sheet and its contribution to sea level rise. While satellite observations of Antarctica indicate that West Antarctica experiences dramatic mass loss along the Antarctic Peninsula and Pine Island Glacier, East Antarctica has remained comparably stable. In this study, we describe the causes and magnitude of recent extreme precipitation events along the East Antarctic coast that led to significant regional mass accumulations that partially compensate for some of the recent global ice mass losses that contribute to global sea level rise. The gain of almost 350 Gt from 2009 to 2011 is equivalent to a decrease in global mean sea level at a rate of 0.32 mm/yr over this three‐year period.
An empirical determination of proton auroral far ultraviolet emission efficiencies using a new nonclimatological proton flux extrapolation method
Authors: Knight H. K. , Strickland D. J. , Correira J. , Hecht J. H. , Straus P. R.
Published: October 2012

Model‐derived electron and proton auroral FUV emission efficiencies of relevance to auroral FUV remote sensing methods are evaluated using coincident observations by Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager (SSUSI) and Special Sensor J/5 (SSJ/5), both on board the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite F16. This follows earlier work by Knight et al. (2008), which reported higher than expected proton Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield (LBH) emission efficiencies based on F16 SSUSI and SSJ/5 comparisons, and Correira et al. (2011), which suggested a downward revision in the proton LBH efficiencies from Knight et al. (2008). These proton efficiency results rely on proton extrapolation methods to supply the unmeasured proton flux above 30 keV (the upper limit of SSJ/5). Correira et al. (2011) determined that there was a bias in the proton extrapolation method used by Knight et al. (2008) that was caused by column emission rate (CER) thresholding in the coincident SSUSI and SSJ/5 sets. In the latest work, a more robust proton flux extrapolation method is introduced which does not have the problem of CER threshold dependence. The new extrapolation method uses coincident SSUSI Lyman alpha observations to constrain the extrapolated proton flux above 30 keV in such a way that unknown Lyman alpha model yield errors and SSUSI and SSJ/5 calibration errors drop out without biasing the extrapolation. With the latest extrapolation method, SSUSI‐SSJ/5 comparisons indicate that proton aurora is typically a factor of ∼4.5 more efficient per unit of energy flux in producing LBH than electron aurora.
Magnetic and electronic properties of Fe and Ni codoped SnO2
Authors: Okabayashi Jun , Kono Shin , Yamada Yasuhiro , Nomura Kiyoshi
Published: October 2012

We have investigated Fe and Ni codoping effect into SnO2. Room-temperature diluted ferromagnetic semiconductors with the enhancement of magnetization can be prepared in case of codoping. The saturation magnetization can be controlled by means of the Fe and Ni codoping ratios. The electronic structures were investigated by x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and Mössbauer spectrometry. Fe3+ states were revealed by the isomer shift values. XAS revealed Ni2+ states, which suggests that the double-exchange-like ferromagnetic interaction between the diluted magnetic ions mediated by oxygen vacancies becomes a possible origin of room-temperature ferromagnetism.
A computational investigation of the phase behavior and capillary sublimation of water confined between nanoscale hydrophobic plates
Authors: Ferguson Andrew L. , Giovambattista Nicolás , Rossky Peter J. , Panagiotopoulos Athanassios Z. , Debenedetti Pablo G.
Published: October 2012

Thin films of water under nanoscopic confinement are prevalent in natural and manufactured materials. To investigate the equilibrium and dynamic behavior of water in such environments, we perform molecular dynamics simulations of water confined between atomistically detailed hydrophobic plates at T = 298 K for pressures (−0.1) ⩽ P ⩽ 1.0 GPa and plate separations of 0.40 ⩽ d ⩽ 0.80 nm. From these simulations, we construct an expanded P-d phase diagram for confined water, and identify and characterize a previously unreported confined monolayer ice morphology. We also study the decompression-induced sublimation of bilayer ice in a d = 0.6 nm slit, employing principal component analysis to synthesize low-dimensional embeddings of the drying trajectories and develop insight into the sublimation mechanism. Drying is observed to proceed by the nucleation of a bridging vapor cavity at one corner of the crystalline slab, followed by expansion of the cavity along two edges of the plates, and the subsequent recession of the remaining promontory of bilayer crystal into the bulk fluid. Our findings have implications for the understanding of diverse phenomena in materials science, nanofluidics, and protein folding and aggregation.
Interpreting atomic force microscopy measurements of hydrodynamic and surface forces with nonlinear parametric estimation
Authors: Cui Song , Manica Rogerio , Tabor Rico F. , Chan Derek Y. C.
Published: October 2012

A nonlinear parameter estimation method has been developed to extract the separation-dependent surface force and cantilever spring constant from atomic force microscope data taken at different speeds for the interaction between a silica colloidal probe and plate in aqueous solution. The distinguishing feature of this approach is that it exploits information from the velocity dependence of the force-displacement data due to hydrodynamic interaction to provide an unbiased estimate of the functional form of the separation-dependent surface force. An assumed function for the surface force with unknown parameters is not required. In addition, the analysis also yields a consistent estimate of the in situ cantilever spring constant. In combination with data from static force measurements, this approach can further be used to quantify the extent of hydrodynamic slip.
Four-probe electrical measurements with a liquid pressure medium in a diamond anvil cell
Authors: Jaramillo R. , Feng Yejun , Rosenbaum T. F.
Published: October 2012

We describe a technique for making electrical transport measurements in a diamond anvil cell using an alcohol pressure medium, permitting acute sensitivity while preserving sample fidelity. The sample is suspended in the liquid medium by four gold leads that are electrically isolated by a composite gasket made of stainless steel and an alumina-loaded epoxy. We demonstrate the technique with four-probe resistivity measurements of chromium single crystals at temperatures down to 4 K and pressures above 10 GPa. Our assembly is optimized for making high precision measurements of the magnetic phase diagram and quantum critical regime of chromium, which require repeated temperature sweeps and fine pressure steps while maintaining high sample quality. The high sample quality enabled by the quasi-hydrostatic pressure medium is evidenced by the residual resistivity below 0.1 μΩ cm and the relative resistivity ratio ρ(120 K)/ρ(5 K) = 15.9 at 11.4 GPa. By studying the quality of Cr's antiferromagnetic transition over a range of pressures, we show that the pressure inhomogeneity experienced by the sample is always below 5%. Finally, we solve for the Debye temperature of Cr up to 11.4 GPa using the Bloch-Gruneisen formula and find it to be independent of pressure.
Breakup of a poorly conducting liquid thread subject to a radial electric field at zero Reynolds number
Authors: Wang Qiming
Published: October 2012

We study the breakup of an axisymmetric viscous liquid thread with finite conductivity immersed in another viscous fluid, which are confined to a concentrically placed cylindrical electrode that is held at a constant voltage potential. The annular fluid between the core thread and the electrode is assumed to be insulating. The flow then is driven by a radial electric field together with capillary and viscous forces. A linear stability analysis is carried out when the perturbation on the thread interface is small and nonlinear evolution and satellite drop formation near pinch-off are investigated by direct numerical simulations based on boundary integral method. The numerical results reveal that satellite formation as well as breakup time is affected significantly when the effect of charge convection is important compared with electric conduction. For large conduction, the evolutions of the thread are close to those obtained for a perfectly conducting core fluid. Finally, we show numerically that the local dynamics may be altered when the conduction is weak compared to the perfect conductor limit. New scalings near breakup are obtained from a long wave model.
Octagraphene as a versatile carbon atomic sheet for novel nanotubes, unconventional fullerenes, and hydrogen storage
Authors: Sheng Xian-Lei , Cui Hui-Juan , Ye Fei , Yan Qing-Bo , Zheng Qing-Rong , Su Gang
Published: October 2012

We study a versatile structurally favorable periodic sp2-bonded carbon atomic planar sheet with C4v symmetry by means of the first-principles calculations. This carbon allotrope is composed of carbon octagons and squares with two bond lengths and is thus dubbed as octagraphene. It is a semimetal with the Fermi surface consisting of one hole and one electron pocket, whose low-energy physics can be well described by a tight-binding model of π-electrons. Its Young's modulus, breaking strength, and Poisson's ratio are obtained to be 306 N/m, 34.4 N/m, and 0.13, respectively, which are close to those of graphene. The novel sawtooth and armchair carbon nanotubes as well as unconventional fullerenes can also be constructed from octagraphene. It is found that the Ti-absorbed octagraphene can be allowed for hydrogen storage with capacity around 7.76 wt. %.
Perpendicular dynamics of runaway electrons in tokamak plasmas
Authors: Fernández-Gómez I. , Martín-Solís J. R. , Sánchez R.
Published: October 2012

In this paper, it will be shown that the runaway phenomenon in tokamak plasmas cannot be reduced to a one-dimensional problem, based on the competence between electric field acceleration and collisional friction losses in the parallel direction. A Langevin approach, including collisional diffusion in velocity space, will be used to analyze the two-dimensional runaway electron dynamics. An investigation of the runaway probability in velocity space will yield a criterion for runaway, which will be shown to be consistent with the results provided by the more simple test particle description of the runaway dynamics [Fuchs et al., Phys. Fluids 29, 2931 (1986)]. Electron perpendicular collisional scattering will be found to play an important role, relaxing the conditions for runaway. Moreover, electron pitch angle scattering perpendicularly broadens the runaway distribution function, increasing the electron population in the runaway plateau region in comparison with what it should be expected from electron acceleration in the parallel direction only. The perpendicular broadening of the runaway distribution function, its dependence on the plasma parameters, and the resulting enhancement of the runaway production rate will be discussed.
Scaling of turbulent structures in riblet channels up to Re
τ ≈ 550
Authors: García-Mayoral Ricardo , Jiménez Javier
Published: October 2012

Results of direct numerical simulations of riblet channels at Reτ ≈ 550 are presented and compared with previous results at Reτ ≈ 180. Special attention is given to the scaling of the turbulence phenomena associated to the presence of riblets in the wall, particularly to the length scales and intensities of the coherent spanwise rollers whose appearance has been recently reported.
Triple-band terahertz metamaterial absorber: Design, experiment, and physical interpretation
Authors: Shen Xiaopeng , Yang Yan , Zang Yuanzhang , Gu Jianqiang , Han Jiaguang , Zhang Weili , Jun Cui Tie
Published: October 2012

We demonstrate the design, characterization, and interference-theory interpretation of a terahertz triple-band metamaterial absorber (MA). The experiments show that the fabricated MA has three distinctive absorption peaks at 0.5, 1.03, and 1.71 THz with absorption rates of 96.4%, 96.3%, and 96.7%, respectively. We use the multi-reflection interference theory to investigate the physical insight of the proposed triple-band terahertz MA, which provides a design guideline for MA of such type. The theoretical predictions of the interference model have excellent agreements with experimental results. The designed multiband absorber is easy to manufacture and insensitive to incident polarizations with high absorption, which is favorable for various applications.
Antenna effect in laser assisted atom probe tomography: How the field emitter aspect ratio can enhance atomic scale imaging
Authors: Arnoldi L. , Vella A. , Houard J. , Deconihout B.
Published: October 2012

In this Letter, we show that, in contrast to what is generally admitted in laser assisted atom probe, it is possible to probe a tip under optimal analysis conditions using a single wavelength. We show that the field emitter geometry can be adjusted to the wavelength of the femtosecond laser pulses used to trigger the evaporation by taking into account the optical and thermal properties of the material. The resulting enhanced absorption at the tip apex generates an ultrafast ion emission leading to a surprisingly high mass resolving power and signal over noise ratio on materials having a bad thermal diffusivity. This antenna effect is discussed based on theoretical considerations and a modeling of the laser-tip interaction. It is then demonstrated though experimental results obtained on different specimen geometries.
Hybrid vertical transistor based on controlled lateral channel overflow
Authors: Ahmed Mohammad F. , Seidel Keli F. , Marchiori Cleber F. N. , Mello Regina M. Q. , Koehler Marlus , Hümmelgen Ivo A.
Published: October 2012

We propose and demonstrate a hybrid transistor based on a thin film of sulfonated polyaniline (SPAN) deposited on n-Si, forming a Schottky barrier. Two Al contacts deposited onto the SPAN act as source and control terminals. We find that the device operation involves two regimes of charge carrier transport as a function of the voltage applied to the drain: (i) a space-charge limited (SCL) regime at low voltages created by the electrons that diffuse from the Al electrodes and accumulate near the SPAN/Si interface and (ii) a thermionic regime at higher voltage where transport is limited by charge carrier injection over the Schottky barrier at the SPAN/Si interface. Due to the electric field enhancement near the edge of the source terminal, the voltage in the control terminal increases the Schottky effect near the SPAN/silicon interface in this regime. This mechanism permits the modulation of current reaching the drain by the voltage applied to control terminal. From the current-voltage characteristics of the transistor in the SCL regime, we estimate the minority carrier mobility in SPAN. We constructed devices gaps of 22 and 45 μm between source and control terminals and a SPAN film thickness between 150 and 250 nm, achieving source current gain up to 2 × 103.
One-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of imploding spherical plasma liners with detailed equation-of-state modeling
Authors: Davis J. S. , Hsu S. C. , Golovkin I. E. , MacFarlane J. J. , Cassibry J. T.
Published: October 2012

This work extends the one-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic imploding spherical argon plasma liner simulations of Awe et al. [Phys. Plasmas 18, 072705 (2011)] by using a detailed tabular equation-of-state (EOS) model, whereas Awe et al. used a polytropic EOS model. Results using the tabular EOS model give lower stagnation pressures by a factor of 3.9–8.6 and lower peak ion temperatures compared to the polytropic EOS results. Both local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and non-LTE EOS models were used in this work, giving similar results on stagnation pressure. The lower stagnation pressures using a tabular EOS model are attributed to a reduction in the liner's ability to compress arising from the energy sink introduced by ionization and electron excitation, which are not accounted for in a polytropic EOS model. Variation of the plasma liner species for the same initial liner geometry, mass density, and velocity was also explored using the LTE tabular EOS model, showing that the highest stagnation pressure is achieved with the highest atomic mass species for the constraints imposed.
Phylogenetic modeling of lateral gene transfer reconstructs the pattern and relative timing of speciations
Authors: Szöllősi Gergely J. , Boussau Bastien , Abby Sophie S. , Tannier Eric , Daubin Vincent
Published: October 2012

The timing of the evolution of microbial life has largely remained elusive due to the scarcity of prokaryotic fossil record and the confounding effects of the exchange of genes among possibly distant species. The history of gene transfer events, however, is not a series of individual oddities; it records which lineages were concurrent and thus provides information on the timing of species diversification. Here, we use a probabilistic model of genome evolution that accounts for differences between gene phylogenies and the species tree as series of duplication, transfer, and loss events to reconstruct chronologically ordered species phylogenies. Using simulations we show that we can robustly recover accurate chronologically ordered species phylogenies in the presence of gene tree reconstruction errors and realistic rates of duplication, transfer, and loss. Using genomic data we demonstrate that we can infer rooted species phylogenies using homologous gene families from complete genomes of 10 bacterial and archaeal groups. Focusing on cyanobacteria, distinguished among prokaryotes by a relative abundance of fossils, we infer the maximum likelihood chronologically ordered species phylogeny based on 36 genomes with 8,332 homologous gene families. We find the order of speciation events to be in full agreement with the fossil record and the inferred phylogeny of cyanobacteria to be consistent with the phylogeny recovered from established phylogenomics methods. Our results demonstrate that lateral gene transfers, detected by probabilistic models of genome evolution, can be used as a source of information on the timing of evolution, providing a valuable complement to the limited prokaryotic fossil record.
Fragment-guided design of subnanomolar β-lactamase inhibitors active in vivo
Authors: Eidam Oliv , Romagnoli Chiara , Dalmasso Guillaume , Barelier Sarah , Caselli Emilia , Bonnet Richard , Shoichet Brian K. , Prati Fabio
Published: October 2012

Fragment-based design was used to guide derivatization of a lead series of β-lactamase inhibitors that had heretofore resisted optimization for in vivo activity. X-ray structures of fragments overlaid with the lead suggested new, unanticipated functionality and points of attachment. Synthesis of three derivatives improved affinity over 20-fold and improved efficacy in cell culture. Crystal structures were consistent with the fragment-based design, enabling further optimization to aKiof 50 pM, a 500-fold improvement that required the synthesis of only six derivatives. One of these, compound5, was tested in mice. Whereas cefotaxime alone failed to cure mice infected with β-lactamase-expressingEscherichia coli, 65% were cleared of infection when treated with a cefotaxime:5combination. Fragment complexes offer a path around design hurdles, even for advanced molecules; the series described here may provide leads to overcome β-lactamase-based resistance, a key clinical challenge.