bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tert‐Butoxycarbonyl Protecting Group Location Induces Different Reactive Behaviors in the Five Possible Isoforms of Tri‐Boc‐Arginine
Authors: Castellaro Sara , Catena Silvia , Alfei Silvana
Published: August 2018

L‐arginine is often used to decorate several scaffolds in order to obtain biomedical devices with increased efficiency and reduced toxicity, so nitrogen atoms need protection for example with BOC group. It has recently been reported that following three protocols which assured the achievement of the widely described (E)‐αN,ωN,ω’N‐Tri‐BOC‐arginine as pure isoform, additional four isoforms were obtained. As a rational consequence, further investigations about their reactivity were performed and in this work the results that showed as it is influenced by BOC location, isoforms structure and double bond position and geometry were reported. Only one isoform, i. e. rotamer E, shown appreciable reactivity highlighting that only the procedure which provides it is actually valid. From rotamer E, two new first generation arginine dendrons were prepared. These fragments, exploitable for decorating dendrimer, polymer or lipid scaffolds are very appealing for preparing synthetic arginine materials potentially suitable for biomedical application. Their spectral characterization as well as that of three other unreported isolated compounds were also provided.
In Vitro Anticancer Drug Delivery Using Amphiphilic Poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone)‐b‐Polyketal‐b‐Poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) Block Copolymer as Micellar Nanocarrier
Authors: Mitra Kheyanath , Hira Sumit Kumar , Singh Shikha , Vishwakarma Niraj Kumar , Vishwakarma Sambhav , Gupta Uttam , Manna Partha Pratim , Ray Biswajit
Published: August 2018

We have first synthesized acid‐degradable alkyne‐terminated aliphatic polyketal and thereof synthesized novel pH‐responsive double hydrophilic amphiphilic block copolymer of poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) (PNVP) and aliphatic polyketal (PK) (PNVP‐b‐PK‐b‐PNVP via click chemistry upon reaction with azide‐terminated PNVP. Formation of block copolymer is confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. pH‐dependent degradation study of the block copolymer shows faster degradation at lower pH. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has revealed the formation of tiny (∼3.8 nm) micellar nanoparticles. Loading of the anticancer drugs doxorubicin (Dox) and imatinib in the micelle is confirmed from UV‐Visible, and TEM studies. Drug release study from drug‐loaded micelles has shown that imatinib is being released faster than Dox and both systems have shown higher load release at acidic pH of 6.4. Doxorubicin‐ and imatinib‐ loaded micelles demonstrate significant tumoricidal properties against parental and drug resistant human erythroleukemia K‐562 and Dalton's lymphoma cells with respect to enhanced cellular uptake, cytotoxicity and growth inhibition.
KA2‐Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by Semi‐Heterogeneous Magnetically Graphene Oxide Supported Copper Catalyst under Microwave Condition
Authors: Xiong Xingquan , Chen Huixin , Liao Xu , Lai Shilin , Gao Lizhu
Published: August 2018

Functional Schiff base chelating groups (PCA) were covalently grafted onto the surface of magnetic graphene oxide (GO‐Fe3O4) via a facile silanization reaction under mild condition. The obtained GO‐Fe3O4‐PCA was further chelated with CuCl2 as an efficient, robust, and recyclable semi‐heterogeneous catalyst (GO‐Fe3O4‐CuCl2) for one‐pot three‐component KA2 coupling of ketones, amines, and alkynes. It exhibited environmentally benign, excellent magnetic separation performance, and higher catalytic activity than other commercially available copper sources. A series of propargylamines are prepared from cycloketones, cycloamines, and phenylacetylene in moderate to excellent yields under microwave (MW) irradiation (70–93%). Interestingly, the catalyst can be separated conveniently by a simple magnetic separation and reused at least four consecutive runs with a slight drop in the product yields. The semi‐heterogeneous property and excellent accessibility of GO‐Fe3O4‐CuCl2 might cause high catalytic activity.
HKUST‐1‐Catalyzed Formation of C–C and C‐N Bonds: Rapid Assembly of Substituted Pyridines from Propargylamine and Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Meng Yan‐Yu , Kang Wei‐Fen , Si Xiao‐Ju , Song Yuan‐Yuan , Li Yan‐Jie , Xu Fen
Published: August 2018

An efficient synthesis of 2,3‐fused pyridines through a HKUST‐1 (copper(II) 1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylate) catalyzed sequential amination/annulation/aromatization reaction of carbonyl compounds and N‐propargylamine is presented herein. The reaction is not restricted to reactive ketones, wherein the five‐, six‐membered cyclic ketones and benzyl, aryl ketones show good reactivity with N‐propargylenamine, delivering pyridines in moderate to good yields. Under reaction conditions devoid of high temperature and expensive catalyst, this method exhibits broad tolerance of functional groups, including CN, alkyl, benzyl and methoxy moieties as well as unprotected phenolic hydroxy group. Additionally, the role of organic link for HKUST‐1 has been considered as a key parameter for this transformation.
Cascade Reactions of α‐Phenylcinnamic Acid to Polycyclic Compounds Promoted by High Valent Transition Metal Halides
Authors: Bartalucci Niccolò , Biancalana Lorenzo , Bortoluzzi Marco , Pampaloni Guido , Giordano Luca , Zacchini Stefano , Marchetti Fabio
Published: August 2018

α‐Phenylcinnamic acid converts into polycyclic derivatives by interaction with high valent transition metal halides in chloroform at reflux temperature. Different products, featured by local structural differences depending on the nature of the metal halide system (i. e. WCl6, PCl5/NbF5 or PCl5/NbCl5), are easily isolable after treatment with water. In particular, WCl6 configures as an efficient multitasking agent, working as 1) chlorinator of the carboxylic acid function, 2) catalytic precursor for intra‐ and intermolecular rearrangements, and 3) catalytic precursor for Baeyer‐Villiger lactonization in water at ambient temperature, exploiting air as oxidant. The products have been purified by alumina chromatography, and identified by analytical and spectroscopic (IR, NMR) techniques, and by single crystal X‐ray diffraction in three cases. Their formation probably involves a common reaction pathway which has been rationalized by DFT calculations.
The survival of firms founded by immigrants: Institutional distance between home and host country, and experience in the host country
Authors: Mata José , Alves Claudia
Published: August 2018

Research Summary: We propose that the liability of foreignness (LOF) applies to individuals and not only to firms. To identify such a liability, we study entrepreneurial firms created by natives and immigrants. Firms created by immigrants have a lower rate of survival than those founded by natives. Work experience in the host country and size of the immigrant's national community improves the chances of survival of firms founded by immigrants, in particular, for firms founded by immigrants from institutionally distant countries. In contrast, the impact of firm age on survival is not significantly different for firms created by natives and immigrants. This indicates that learning by individuals before the creation of firms is more important than learning that occurs at the firm level after firms have been created.

Managerial Summary: We explore how the characteristics of individuals running firms affect firm performance. We focus on foreignness and study the chances of survival of firms created by immigrants. Firms created by individuals who have longer work experience in the host country and who are integrated in larger national communities are more likely to survive than those created by their counterparts with less experience and smaller communities. The effect is stronger for immigrants from countries with different institutions to those of the host country. This indicates that, when choosing new countries to operate in, it is important to carefully choose the management team and the location within the host country, in particular, if the countries being considered are relatively dissimilar to the firm's home country.
Phase Behavior of Bowl‐Shaped Colloids: Order and Dynamics in Plastic Crystals and Glasses
Authors: Meijer Janne‐Mieke , Crassous Jérôme J.
Published: August 2018

Charged fluorescent bowl‐shaped colloids consisting of a polystyrene core surrounded by a poly(N‐isopropylmethacrylamide) shell are obtained by nanoengineering spherical composite microgels. The phase diagram of these soft bowl‐shaped colloids interacting through long‐range Yukawa‐type interactions is investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The bowl‐shaped structure leads to marked differences in phase‐behavior compared to their spherical counterpart. With increasing number density, a transition from a fluid to a plastic crystal phase, with freely rotating particles, followed by a glass‐like state is observed. It is found that the anisotropic bowl shape frustrates crystallization and slows down crystallization kinetics and causes the glass‐like transition to shift to a significantly lower volume fraction than for the spheres. Quantitative analysis of the positional and orientational order demonstrates that the plastic crystal phase exhibits quasi‐long range translational order and orientational disorder, while in the disordered glass‐like phase the long‐range translational order vanishes and short‐range rotational order appears, dictated by the specific bowl shape. It is further shown that the different structural transitions are characterized by decoupling of the translational and orientational dynamics.
Effect of Initial Microstructure, Heating Rate, and Austenitizing Temperature on the Subsequent Formation of Martensite and Its Microstructural Features in a QT Steel
Authors: Eggbauer Annika , Lukas Marina , Prevedel Petri , Panzenböck Michael , Ressel Gerald , Ebner Reinhold
Published: August 2018

Goal of this work is to study the effect of initial microstructure and different fast austenitization treatments with high heating rates and short dwell times on the transformation behavior of austenite to martensite and the resulting microstructural martensite features. A deeper understanding is gained regarding influences of the time temperature program during austenitization on strain within the martensite. Therefore, specimens with two microstructures, a ferritic/pearlitic and a soft annealed state, are heat treated with heating rates of 1–100 K s–1 to different austenitization temperatures and held for 3 s. Distinct differences in initial microstructures is their cementite size and morphology. For the investigations of the martensitic transformation, its microstructure and its distortions dilatometry experiments are conducted and Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) is used. The investigations show that strain and inhomogeneities within the austenite are passed to the martensitic microstructure and lead to higher distortions within the ferritic martensite crystals. Strain within the martensitic microstructure decreases with increasing austenitization temperature and decreasing heating rates. Especially, the carbon content in solution, which is increasing with increasing austenitizing temperature and smaller initial cementite size, is influencing martensitic features, such as martensite start temperature and block sizes.
Modeling of environmental action for submerged marine concrete in terms of surface chloride concentration
Authors: Yang LuFeng , Cai Rong , Yu Bo
Published: August 2018

Surface chloride concentration (SCC) of concrete is an important measure for marine environmental action on oceanic concrete engineering. However, existing models of the SCC could not estimate accurately the chloride attack on concrete exposed to submerged marine environment, as they only involve part of the main influential factors. A quantitative multifactor model for environmental action of submerged marine concrete was developed in terms of the SCC in this study. First, the water‐to‐binder ratio, binder type, chloride concentration of seawater, and exposure time were investigated and adopted as major factors in the computation model of the SCC for submerged marine concrete. The two‐phase multiple nonlinear regression technique was proposed for evaluation of the correction factors for different binder type as well as undetermined coefficients. Then a multifactor computational model for the SCC of submerged marine concrete was developed on the basis of a large number of collected test data. Finally, the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed multifactor model for the SCC were demonstrated by comparison with existing models and test data.
There and back again: Outlier detection between statistical reasoning and data mining algorithms
Authors: Zimek Arthur , Filzmoser Peter
Published: August 2018

Outlier detection has been a topic in statistics for centuries. Over mainly the last two decades, there has been also an increasing interest in the database and data mining community to develop scalable methods for outlier detection. Initially based on statistical reasoning, however, these methods soon lost the direct probabilistic interpretability of the derived outlier scores. Here, we detail from a joint point of view of data mining and statistics the roots and the path of development of statistical outlier detection and of database‐related data mining methods for outlier detection. We discuss their inherent meaning, review approaches to again find a statistically meaningful interpretation of outlier scores, and sketch related current research topics.

This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Statistics

Algorithmic Development > Scalable Statistical Methods

Technologies > Machine Learning
Li2PbF6 and SrPbF6 Revisited
Authors: Bandemehr Jascha , Deubner H. Lars , Sachs Malte , Kraus Florian
Published: August 2018

Herein we present the crystal structure of lithium hexafluoridoplumbate(IV) determined from powder X‐ray diffraction data. The cell parameters are a = 5.01067(3), c = 4.66340(5) Å, V = 101.3969(13) Å3 at T = 293 K. Li2PbF6 is isotypic to Li2ZrF6, space group P31m (no. 162). The measured Raman spectrum is compared with the quantum chemically calculated spectrum. Furthermore, we determined the decomposition temperature of Li2PbF6. We also present the corrected space group and crystal structure for SrPbF6 which was previously reported as P42/mmc (no. 131) and could now be corrected to space group P42/mcm [no. 132, a = 5.21719(3), c = 8.92771(11) Å, V = 243.004(4) Å3, T = 293 K].
Holographic local quench and effective complexity
Authors: Ageev Dmitry , Aref’eva Irina , Bagrov Andrey , Katsnelson Mikhail I.
Published: August 2018

Abstract

We study the evolution of holographic complexity of pure and mixed states in 1 + 1-dimensional conformal field theory following a local quench using both the “complexity equals volume” (CV) and the “complexity equals action” (CA) conjectures. We compare the complexity evolution to the evolution of entanglement entropy and entanglement density, discuss the Lloyd computational bound and demonstrate its saturation in certain regimes. We argue that the conjectured holographic complexities exhibit some non-trivial features indicating that they capture important properties of what is expected to be effective (or physical) complexity.
Free field primaries in general dimensions: counting and construction with rings and modules
Authors: de Mello Koch Robert , Ramgoolam Sanjaye
Published: August 2018

Abstract

We define lowest weight polynomials (LWPs), motivated by so(d, 2) representation theory, as elements of the polynomial ring over d × n variables obeying a system of first and second order partial differential equations. LWPs invariant under S

n
correspond to primary fields in free scalar field theory in d dimensions, constructed from n fields. The LWPs are in one-to-one correspondence with a quotient of the polynomial ring in d × (n − 1) variables by an ideal generated by n quadratic polynomials. The implications of this description for the counting and construction of primary fields are described: an interesting binomial identity underlies one of the construction algorithms. The product on the ring of LWPs can be described as a commutative star product. The quadratic algebra of lowest weight polynomials has a dual quadratic algebra which is non-commutative. We discuss the possible physical implications of this dual algebra.
Challenges of Costing a Surgical Procedure in a Lower–Middle‐Income Country
Authors: Ekanayake Chanil , Pathmeswaran Arunasalam , Kularatna Sanjeewa , Herath Rasika , Wijesinghe Prasantha
Published: August 2018

Background

It is vital to enquire into cost of health care to ensure that maximum value for money is obtained with available resources; however, there is a dearth of information on cost of health care in lower–middle‐income countries (LMICs). Our aim was to develop a reproducible costing method for three routes of hysterectomy in benign uterine conditions: total abdominal (TAH), non‐descent vaginal (NDVH) and total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH).

Methods

A societal perspective with a micro‐costing approach was applied to find out direct and indirect costs. A total of 147 patients were recruited from a district general hospital (Mannar) and a tertiary care hospital (Ragama). Costs incurred from preoperative period to convalescence included direct costs of labour, equipment, investigations, medications and utilities, and indirect costs of out‐of‐pocket expenses, productivity losses, carer costs and travelling. Time‐driven activity‐based costing was used for labour, and top‐down micro‐costing was used for utilities.

Results

The total cost [(interquartile range), number] of TAH was USD 339 [(308–397), n = 24] versus USD 338 [(312–422), n = 25], NDVH was USD 315 [(316–541), n = 23] versus USD 357 [(282–739), n = 26] and TLH was USD 393 [(338–446), n = 24] versus USD 429 [(390–504), n = 25] at Mannar and Ragama, respectively. The direct cost of TAH, NDVH and TLH was similar between the two centres, whilst indirect cost was related to the setting rather than the route of hysterectomy.

Conclusions

The costing method used in this study overcomes logistical difficulties in a LMIC and can serve as a guide for clinicians and policy makers in similar settings.

Trial registration

The study was registered in the Sri Lanka clinical trials registry (SLCTR/2016/020) and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (U1111‐1194‐8422) on 26 July 2016.
Nurses’ roles in the management of chronic inflammatory arthritis: a systematic review
Authors: Vivienne Lion , Michael Schirmer
Published: August 2018

In 2011 EULAR first published recommendations for the potential role of nurses in the management of patients with rheumatic diseases. To perform a literature update for the role of nurses in the management of chronic inflammatory arthritis (CIA) from 2010 to 2018. A systematic literature review (SLR) was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines, in accordance with the search strategies and eligibility criteria of the EULAR taskforce. The eligibility criteria were “inflammatory arthritis”, “interventions undertaken by nurses” and “relevant outcomes to answer the research questions”. Exclusion criteria were in itself contradictory outcomes, insufficient data, consideration if they did not clearly distinguish between nurses and health professionals or focused on chronic other than rheumatic diseases. Systematic reviews were classified as descriptive and excluded. Quality of selected trials was determined according to Oxford—levels of evidence 2009. A total of 48 articles and 10 abstracts were identified fulfilling the eligibility and exclusion criteria. Recommendation 1 has been well established in Europe so far. New evidence strengthens the recommendation 3, and—at least in part—recommendation 6. High evidence strengthens recommendation 4, especially for outpatients with low and stable disease activity. Some new evidence also exists for recommendations 7 and 8. This SLR reveals new evidence for the role of nurses in managing CIA patients since 2010, especially for RA-patients with low disease activity or in remission.
Exploratory mathematics talk in a second language: a sociolinguistic perspective
Authors: Robertson Sally-Ann , Graven Mellony
Published: August 2018

This paper illuminates challenges confronting teachers and students at the literacy/numeracy interface in contexts where students have not developed sufficient English language proficiency to be learning mathematics through English but, due to socio-politically and economically driven perceptions are being taught in English. We analyse transcript data of classroom talk in a South African grade 4 mathematics lesson on fractions. Together with interview data, the lesson data highlight some of the consequences students’ diminished access to their home language appear to have on their access to mathematical meaning-making.
Erratum to: Superlubricity of epitaxial monolayer WS2 on graphene
Authors: Büch Holger , Rossi Antonio , Forti Stiven , Convertino Domenica , Tozzini Valentina , Coletti Camilla
Published: August 2018

The article Superlubricity of epitaxial monolayer WS2 on graphene, written by Holger Büch, Antonio Rossi, Stiven Forti, Domenica Convertino, Valentina Tozzini, and Camilla Coletti, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on June 18th 2018 without open access. With the author(s)’ decision to opt for Open Choice the copyright of the article changed in August 2018 to © The Author(s) 2018 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

The original article has been corrected.
Gender and the Politics of Death: Female Representation, Political and Developmental Context, and Population Health in a Cross-National Panel
Authors: Macmillan Ross , Shofia Naila , Sigle Wendy
Published: August 2018

There is considerable speculation that female political empowerment could improve population health. Yet, evidence to date is limited, and explanations for why political empowerment would matter and the conditions under which this might be enhanced or muted are not well understood. In this article, we draw on theoretical work on the politics of representation to frame an investigation of whether increases in the percentage of females in a country’s parliament influence mortality rates. We further examine whether the relationship is conditioned by extent of democracy and economic and social development. Through multivariate longitudinal regression, we analyze four indicators of mortality in 155 countries spanning 1990 to 2014 with controls for initial country conditions, time-stable structural predispositions to higher mortality, and a number of time-varying potential confounders. Results indicate that a high level of female representation—30 % or greater in our models—has large negative associations with mortality, that these are particularly strong in lesser developed and weak democratic contexts, that high female political representation effectively offsets liabilities associated with low development, and that the relationships are robust to various operationalizations of social development. In the end, our research provides a particularly thorough accounting of the relationship between female political representation and population health, particularly by specifying the conditions under which female representation is most salient. In doing so, the research suggests important links between issues of female empowerment, political context, and developmental trajectories of countries more generally.
Estimate dynamic changes of dysfunction and lifelong spent for psychiatric care needs in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Su Chien-Chou , Bai Ya Mei , Chou Ming-Hui , Wang Jung-Der , Yang Yen Kuang
Published: August 2018

Background:

Disturbance of functionality is one of the core features of schizophrenia, and has deleterious effects on a patient’s employment, increased healthcare costs, and a large societal burden. Thus, if a patient’s disability status could be predicted, and interventions needed identified in advance, poor outcomes could be prevented. To achieve this aim, we developed a method by which to assess dynamic changes of dysfunction and estimate the lifetime duration of disability in patients with schizophrenia, as a proxy for assessing their specialized healthcare needs.

Methods:

The proposed method was developed based on a nationwide database and a cross-sectional survey. The primary analysis investigated the dynamic change in the proportion of patients with manifested disability over time, while the secondary analysis estimated the lifetime duration of disability, obtained as the proportion of patients with manifested disability multiplied by the survival probability throughout the life of patients.

Results:

The average lifetime duration of manifested disability of global functioning was estimated to be 20.9 years, which represents approximately 73% of the whole lifetime of patients. The duration of disability in socially-useful activities was estimated to be 15.6 years, while that in personal and social relationships was 17.5 years. The female patients had a longer duration of manifested disability (22.9 years) than the male patients (19.5 years).

Conclusions:

The developed method of analysis indicated that the longest lifetime durations of manifest disability were observed in the areas of socially-useful activities and personal and social relationships, and the proportions of patients with these disabilities rapidly increased at 200 months after diagnosis.
Virtual Reality for Neurorehabilitation: Insights From 3 European Clinics
Authors: O'Neil Owen , Fernandez Manuel Murie , Herzog Jürgen , Beorchia Marta , Gower Valerio , Gramatica Furio , Starrost Klaus , Kiwull Lorenz
Published: August 2018

Virtual reality for the treatment of motor impairment is a burgeoning application of digital technology in neurorehabilitation. Virtual reality systems pose an opportunity for health care providers to augment the dose of task‐oriented exercises delivered both in the clinic, and via telerehabilitation models in the home. The technology is almost exclusively applied as an adjunct to traditional approaches and is typically characterized by the use of gamified exergames which feature task‐oriented physiotherapy exercises. At present, evidence for the efficacy of this technology is sparse, with some reviews suggesting it is the same or no better than conventional approaches. The purpose of this article is to provide real‐world insights on the adoption of a virtual reality by 3 European clinics in 3 different service delivery models. These include an inpatient setting for Parkinson disease, a kiosk model for pediatric neurorehabilitation, and a home‐based telerehabilitation model for neurologic patients. Motivations, settings, requirements for the pathology, outcomes, and challenges encountered during this process are reported with the objective of priming clinicians on what to expect when implementing virtual reality in neurorehabilitation.
Misery loves company. Strategies for retrenchment in the era of constrained public finance
Authors: Cavalieri Alice , Russo Federico , Verzichelli Luca
Published: August 2018

The policy agenda literature shows that budget cuts tend to be rarer and less extreme than budget expansions. This article argues that the character of retrenchment policies is shaped by a combination of domestic and international factors, such as budgetary procedures, intra-coalitional conflicts, and the emergence of urgency situations. Building on the findings of several quantitative studies on budgetary changes, we develop two propositions explaining why the necessity to reduce expenditures usually leads to across-the-board cuts. We also hypothesize two mechanisms which can occasionally produce selective outcomes. This article focuses on the last 30 years to observe how the annual package of public finance corrections has impacted on the main categories of public spending. This analysis combines an original measure of the transformative nature of the yearly fiscal packages approved by parliament with process-tracing methodology. The qualitative analysis focuses on three cases of linear cuts and one deviant case of selective cuts. Findings show that the persistence of frictions in the Italian budgetary process is often a basic reason for the introduction of linear cuts, but the logic of urgency triggered by the European external constraint was able to produce a selective outcome.
Cones of silence, complex rays and catastrophes: high-frequency flow–acoustic interaction effects
Authors: Stone J. T. , Self R. H. , Howls C. J.
Published: August 2018

In this paper we develop a novel ray solver for the time-harmonic linearized Euler equations used to predict high-frequency flow–acoustic interaction effects from point sources in subsonic mean jet flows. The solver incorporates solutions to three generic ray problems found in free-space flows: the multiplicity of rays at a receiver point, propagation of complex rays and unphysical divergences at caustics. We show that these respective problems can be overcome by an appropriate boundary value reformulation of the nonlinear ray equations, a bifurcation-theory-inspired complex continuation, and an appeal to the uniform functions of catastrophe theory. The effectiveness of the solver is demonstrated for sources embedded in isothermal parallel and spreading jets, with the fields generated containing a wide variety of caustic structures. Solutions are presented across a large range of receiver angles in the far field, both downstream, where evanescent complex rays generate the cone of silence, and upstream, where multiple real rays are organized about a newly observed cusp caustic. The stability of the caustics is verified for both jets by their persistence under parametric changes of the flow and source. We show the continuation of these caustics as surfaces into the near field is complicated due to a dense caustic network, featuring a chain of locally hyperbolic umbilic caustics, generated by the tangency of rays as they are channelled upstream within the jet.
Cross-linguistic automated detection of metaphors for poverty and cancer
Authors: DAVID OANA , MATLOCK TEENIE
Published: August 2018

abstract

Conceptual metaphor research has benefited from advances in discourse analytic and corpus linguistic methodologies over the years, especially given recent developments with Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies. Such technologies are now capable of identifying metaphoric expressions across large bodies of text. Here we focus on how one particular analytic tool, MetaNet, can be used to study everyday discourse about personal and social problems, in particular, poverty and cancer, by leveraging reusable networks of primary metaphors enhanced with specific metaphor subcases. We discuss the advantages of this approach in allowing us to gain valuable insights into cross-linguistic metaphor commonalities and variation. To demonstrate its utility, we analyze corpus data from English and Spanish.
Tracing the effects of eutrophication on molluscan communities in sediment cores: outbreaks of an opportunistic species coincide with reduced bioturbation and high frequency of hypoxia in the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Tomašových Adam , Gallmetzer Ivo , Haselmair Alexandra , Kaufman Darrell S. , Kralj Martina , Cassin Daniele , Zonta Roberto , Zuschin Martin
Published: August 2018

Estimating the effects and timing of anthropogenic impacts on the composition of macrobenthic communities is challenging, because early twentieth-century surveys are sparse and the corresponding intervals in sedimentary sequences are mixed by bioturbation. Here, to assess the effects of eutrophication on macrobenthic communities in the northern Adriatic Sea, we account for mixing with dating of the bivalve Corbula gibba at two stations with high accumulation (Po prodelta) and one station with moderate accumulation (Isonzo prodelta). We find that, first, pervasively bioturbated muds typical of highstand conditions deposited in the early twentieth century were replaced by muds with relicts of flood layers and high content of total organic carbon (TOC) deposited in the late twentieth century at the Po prodelta. The twentieth century shelly muds at the Isonzo prodelta are amalgamated but also show an upward increase in TOC. Second, dating of C. gibba shells shows that the shift from the early to the late twentieth century is characterized by a decrease in stratigraphic disorder and by an increase in temporal resolution of assemblages from ~25–50 years to ~10–20 years in both regions. This shift reflects a decline in the depth of the fully mixed layer from more than 20 cm to a few centimeters. Third, the increase in abundance of the opportunistic species C. gibba and the loss of formerly abundant, hypoxia-sensitive species coincided with the decline in bioturbation, higher preservation of organic matter, and higher frequency of seasonal hypoxia in both regions. This depositional and ecosystem regime shift occurred in ca. a.d. 1950. Therefore, the effects of enhanced food supply on macrobenthic communities were overwhelmed by oxygen depletion, even when hypoxic conditions were limited to few weeks per year in the northern Adriatic Sea. Preservation of trends in molluscan abundance and flood events in cores was enhanced by higher frequency of hypoxia that reduced bioturbation in the late twentieth century.
Neogene to Quaternary uplift history along the passive margin of the northeastern Arabian Peninsula, eastern Al Hajar Mountains, Oman
Authors: Moraetis Daniel , Mattern Frank , Scharf Andreas , Frijia Gianluca , Kusky Timothy M. , Yuan Ye , El-Hussain Issa
Published: August 2018

This work explores the uplift history of the best exposed marine terraces in the northeastern Arabian Peninsula (eastern Al Hajar Mountains). A multidisciplinary approach was employed, including a topographic survey,14C dating, thin section studies, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Six distinctive marine terraces with widths ranging from tenth of meters to kilometers and elevations from 5 to ~400 m were studied. These terraces record an along-strike heterogeneous uplift history, while they show temporally variable uplift rates ranging between 0.9 to 6.7 mm/yr, which correlates well with other published uplift rates of marine terraces of the eastern Arabian Peninsula. We attribute the variable uplift along strike of the terraces, to a combination of uplift mechanisms: (1) during early to mid-Miocene along deep-rooted reverse faults that bound large crustal-scale blocks, (2) Pliocene or post-Pliocene uplift on the outer wall of the forebulge of the lower Arabian Plate as it bends to enter the Zagros-Makran subduction zone, and (3) a possible slowdown of subduction for the past ~40 ka.
THE APPLICABILITY OF THE ECHR IN CONTESTED TERRITORIES
Authors: Milanović Marko , Papić Tatjana
Published: August 2018

This article examines the applicability of the European Convention for Human Rights (ECHR) when a State loses control over parts of its territory. It argues that the jurisprudence of the European Court for Human Rights, which insists on residual positive obligations based in sovereign title over territory, is problematic and needs to be rethought. The Court's current approach is not only likely to provoke backlash, since it requires it to decide politically explosive questions of sovereign title, but does so for very little practical benefit for the protection of human rights. The article therefore explores more preferable alternatives.
A Dynamic Vector-Formed Information Sharing Algorithm Based on Two-State Chi Square Detection in an Adaptive Federated Filter
Authors: Xu Jianxin , Xiong Zhi , Liu Jianye , Wang Rong
Published: August 2018

The accuracy and fault tolerance of filters are directly affected by the filter architecture and algorithm, thus influencing navigation performance. The chi square detection used in the conventional reset federated filter is not sensitive to soft faults, and it is easy to cause the health subsystem to be polluted through information sharing. It is a challenge to design an adaptive reset federated filter to improve the performance of the navigation system. Therefore, taking the Strapdown Inertial Navigation System/Global Positioning System/Celestial Navigation System/Synthetic Aperture Radar (SINS/GPS/CNS/SAR) integrated navigation system as an example, an adaptive federated filter architecture for vector-formed information sharing without a fault isolation module is designed in this paper. The proposed method uses the two-state chi square detection algorithm to calculate the parameters corresponding to each state, making the state with higher accuracy obtain a greater information distribution coefficient. In addition, according to the value of vector-formed information sharing, an adaptive coefficient of measurement noise is designed. This improves the adaptability of the navigation system to soft faults. Simulation results show that the accuracy of the proposed algorithm has the same performance compared with the conventional method under normal circumstances. When the sensor has a soft fault, the adaptive federated filter algorithm proposed in this paper can adaptively adjust the distribution coefficients, eliminate the influence of the fault information and improve the precision of the navigation system. The approach described in this paper can be used in multi-sensor integrated navigation. It will have better performance in engineering applications.
Sandy Loess Records of Precipitation Changes and Monsoon Migrations in the Hunshandake Sandy Land Since the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Zhou Yuwen , Han Zhiyong , Li Xusheng , Wang Yong , Lv Cunjuan , Jiang Mengyao , Yang Qianqian , Xu Zhiwei , Yi Shuangwen , Lu Huayu
Published: August 2018

The Hunshandake Sandy Land (Hunshandake) in central Inner Mongolia, China, is located within the fringe of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) domains. Precipitation records in Hunshandake are essential to studying the migrations of the EASM. This work reproduced the precipitation changes since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) by measuring the magnetic susceptibility and carbonate content through optically stimulated luminescence dating of two sandy loess profiles within the sandy land to obtain a high‐resolution sedimentary chronological sequence. In addition, eolian topsoil samples were collected along the modern precipitation gradient and their magnetic susceptibility values were compared among the monsoon region, the monsoon marginal region, and the nonmonsoon region. The results demonstrate the following: (1) from 25 to 15 ka, precipitation was low in Hunshandake and exhibited no substantial variability or trend; from 15 to 6 ka, precipitation increased gradually and reached its maximum at approximately 6 ka; and after 6 ka, precipitation decreased again; (2) precipitation changes in Hunshandake since the LGM were mainly determined by the migration of the EASM; and (3) changes in the monsoon migrations in Hunshandake since the LGM are primarily driven by the changes in global ice volume and subordinately by solar radiation.
Active Dosimeter‐Based Estimate of Astronaut Acute Radiation Risk for Real‐Time Solar Energetic Particle Events
Authors: Mertens Christopher J. , Slaba Tony C. , Hu Shaowen
Published: August 2018

Radiation exposure from solar energetic particle (SEP) events becomes a much greater concern as human exploration extends beyond low Earth orbit and the protective environment of Earth's magnetic field. Free‐space SEP events have an increased impact on mission planning and operations, as countermeasures may be necessary to avoid exceeding astronaut permissible exposure limits. Operational analysis tools are needed to assess acute radiation risk during SEP events in order to determine courses of action during the mission. A methodology has been developed to meet this need, which utilizes onboard vehicle dosimeter measurements to estimate organ dosimetric quantities at astronaut crew locations in real time. The estimated organ doses provide the necessary inputs to acute biological response models that predict radiation‐induced performance decrement and other acute radiation effects. The real‐time SEP organ dose estimation methodology has been combined with an acute biological response model, providing an active dosimeter‐based acute radiation risk model for operational mission planning, and determining radiation exposure mitigation measures for deep‐space exploration missions. This new tool has been developed specifically for National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Orion Multi‐Purpose Crew Vehicle storm shelter environment but could easily be extended to other vehicles. The methodology for estimating SEP organ doses is evaluated and assessed in this paper, and a simulation of the acute radiation responses in the Multi‐Purpose Crew Vehicle storm shelter is shown for the historical October 1989 SEP event. The operational acute radiation risk model will be utilized on National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Exploration Mission 1 and Exploration Mission 2.
Picoeukaryotes of the Micromonas genus: sentinels of a warming ocean
Authors: Demory David , Baudoux Anne-Claire , Monier Adam , Simon Nathalie , Six Christophe , Ge Pei , Rigaut-Jalabert Fabienne , Marie Dominique , Sciandra Antoine , Bernard Olivier , Rabouille Sophie
Published: August 2018

Photosynthetic picoeukaryotesx in the genus Micromonas show among the widest latitudinal distributions on Earth, experiencing large thermal gradients from poles to tropics. Micromonas comprises at least four different species often found in sympatry. While such ubiquity might suggest a wide thermal niche, the temperature response of the different strains is still unexplored, leaving many questions as for their ecological success over such diverse ecosystems. Using combined experiments and theory, we characterize the thermal response of eleven Micromonas strains belonging to four species. We demonstrate that the variety of specific responses to temperature in the Micromonas genus makes this environmental factor an ideal marker to describe its global distribution and diversity. We then propose a diversity model for the genus Micromonas, which proves to be representative of the whole phytoplankton diversity. This prominent primary producer is therefore a sentinel organism of phytoplankton diversity at the global scale. We use the diversity within Micromonas to anticipate the potential impact of global warming on oceanic phytoplankton. We develop a dynamic, adaptive model and run forecast simulations, exploring a range of adaptation time scales, to probe the likely responses to climate change. Results stress how biodiversity erosion depends on the ability of organisms to adapt rapidly to temperature increase.
Transcriptomic signatures of schizophrenia revealed by dopamine perturbation in an ex vivo model
Authors: Duan Jubao , Göring Harald H. H. , Sanders Alan R. , Moy Winton , Freda Jessica , Drigalenko Eugene I. , Kos Mark , He Deli , Gejman Pablo V. ,   MGS, Gejman P. V. , Sanders A. R. , Duan J. , Levinson D. F. , Shi J. , Buccola N. G. , Mowry B. J. , Freedman R. , Olincy A. , Amin F. , Black D. W. , Silverman J. M. , Byerley W. F. , Cloninger C. R. , Svrakic D. M.
Published: August 2018

The dopaminergic hypothesis of schizophrenia (SZ) postulates that dopaminergic over activity causes psychosis, a central feature of SZ, based on the observation that blocking dopamine (DA) improves psychotic symptoms. DA is known to have both receptor- and non-receptor-mediated effects, including oxidative mechanisms that lead to apoptosis. The role of DA-mediated oxidative processes in SZ has been little studied. Here, we have used a cell perturbation approach and measured transcriptomic profiles by RNAseq to study the effect of DA exposure on transcription in B-cell transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from 514 SZ cases and 690 controls. We found that DA had widespread effects on both cell growth and gene expression in LCLs. Overall, 1455 genes showed statistically significant differential DA response in SZ cases and controls. This set of differentially expressed genes is enriched for brain expression and for functions related to immune processes and apoptosis, suggesting that DA may play a role in SZ pathogenesis through modulating those systems. Moreover, we observed a non-significant enrichment of genes near genome-wide significant SZ loci and with genes spanned by SZ-associated copy number variants (CNVs), which suggests convergent pathogenic mechanisms detected by both genetic association and gene expression. The study suggests a novel role of DA in the biological processes of immune and apoptosis that may be relevant to SZ pathogenesis. Furthermore, our results show the utility of pathophysiologically relevant perturbation experiments to investigate the biology of complex mental disorders.
Abnormal gametogenesis induced by p53 deficiency promotes tumor progression and drug resistance
Authors: Liu Chunfang , Cai Zhen , Jin Guoxiang , Peng Danni , Pan Bo-Syong , Zhang Xian , Han Fei , Xu Xiaohong , Lin Hui-Kuan
Published: August 2018

The century-old embryonal/gametogenesis hypothesis of tumors could link diverse tumors’ malignant features together likely representing the real “stemness” of tumors. However, the genetic evidence to validate abnormal gametogenesis in tumors remains lacking. Here we show that p53 deficiency elicits abnormal gametogenesis from primordial germ cell-like stage to late oocyte-like stage and subsequent parthenogenetic activation. The similar upregulation of abnormal gametogenesis by p53 deficiency is observed both in p53−/− mouse model and cultured cancer cells. Notably, germ cell-like cells isolated from distinct tumors from p53−/− mice and cancer cell lines display potent tumorigenicity potential. Abnormal oogenesis induced by p53 deficiency and then spontaneous parthenogenetic activation endow tumors with imitated embryonic development, life cycle, and therapeutic resistance. Our study establishes the genetic evidence to support embryonal/gametogenesis theory of tumors and reveals a pivotal role of p53 in restricting abnormal gametogenesis that may represent a novel aspect for p53’s tumor suppression.
Late-onset ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency caused by a somatic mosaic mutation
Authors: Lee Tomoko , Misaki Maiko , Shimomura Hideki , Tanaka Yasuhiko , Yoshida Satoru , Murayama Kei , Nakamura Kimitoshi , Fujiki Ryoji , Ohara Osamu , Sasai Hideo , Fukao Toshiyuki , Takeshima Yasuhiro
Published: August 2018

An 18-month-old boy was diagnosed with late-onset ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Genetic analysis revealed a mosaic frameshift mutation (p.Q279fs) in the OTC gene. Despite the presence of a null mutation, he exhibited a milder phenotype, suggesting that the wild-type allele could rescue the function of OTC. The presence of mosaicism has great effects on the clinical phenotype and recurrence-risk assessment, which should be taken into consideration for genetic counseling.