bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spirocycle-Incorporated Triphenylamine Derivatives as an Advanced Organic Electroluminescent Material
Authors: Kimura Makoto , Inoue Shin-ichiro , Shimada Kou , Tokito Shizuo , Noda Koji , Taga Yasunori , Sawaki Yasuhiko
Published: May 2003

For multi-color organic electroluminescent (EL) devices, new triphenylamine compounds attached to a spirocyclic framework were prepared from 2,7-bis(diphenylamino)-9-fluorenone. These amines showed exceedingly high Tg’s or thermal stability as well as good electrochemical properties and sufficient EL characteristics, allowing practical application.
Linkage Modes of Nickel(II) and Cobalt(III) Complexes with C-C Linked Bimacrocyclic Ligands
Authors: Mochizuki Katsura
Published: May 2003

The X-ray structural analysis revealed three types of linkage modes (eq-eq, ax-eq, and ax-ax) due to the stereochemical difference in bridging two macrocycles by a C-C bond for bimacrocyclic nickel(II) and cobalt(III) complexes.
Distribution Behavior of 2-Methyl-5-hexyloxymethyl-8-quinolinol between Supercritical CO2 and Water
Authors: Ohashi Kousaburo , Ishikawa Nobuhiro , Choi Sung-Yong , Imura Hisanori , Oriyama Takeshi
Published: May 2003

The distribution constants (KD,SF CO2) of 2-methyl-5-hexyloxymethyl-8-quinolinol (HMO6Q) between supercritical (SF) CO2 and water were determined at I = 0,1 M (H,Na)NO3 (1 M = 1 mol dm−3), 45 °C and 8.6 - 20.4 Mpa. The log KD,SF CO2 values at 8.6, 12.2, 15.7, and 20.4 Mpa were 1.18 ± 0.13, 1.76 ± 0.14, 2.18 ± 0.17, and 3.02 ± 0.21, respectively. The KD,SF CO2 value at 20.4 Mpa was about one tenth of that (log KD = 4.08 ± 0.02) for the heptane-water system at 45 °C and an atmosphere.
Control of Pore Structure of Trioctahedral Magnesium-Smectite Materials
Authors: Shirai Masayuki , Aoki Kuriko , Miura Takehiro , Torii Kazuo , Arai Masahiko
Published: May 2003

Micro-mesoporous smectite-type materials are prepared from water glass and magnesium chloride by a hydrothermal treatment and calcination without template materials. The addition of dialkyldimethyl ammonium chloride during or after the hydrothermal synthesis enlarged their pore volumes and mesopore sizes, due to changes in the size and orientation of constituent smectite fragments.
[2.2]Paracyclophane-Derived N-Acyloxazol-2(3H)-one as a Suitable Planar Chiral Auxiliary for the Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Hydroxy Acids
Authors: Fringuelli Francesco , Piermatti Oriana , Pizzo Ferdinando , Ruzziconi Reazo
Published: May 2003

The synthesis of optically active (+)-(R)-[2.2]paracyclophane-[4,5-d]-oxazol-2(3H)-one is described. The aldol reaction of N-acyl derivatives of this planar chiral auxiliary with beazaldehyde occurs with good diastereo- and enantioselectivity.
Four-Electron Reduction of Dioxygen Catalyzed by Self-doped Polyaniline-Co-porphyrin Complex
Authors: Yamamoto Kimihisa , Taneichi Daiki
Published: May 2003

The four-electron reduction of oxygen to water in a pseudo-neutral atmosphere(pH: 6.2) takes place on a glassy carbon electrode by electro-catalysis using the Co-porphyrin-polyaniline complex which shows a stable redox activity over a wide pH range due to the self-dopable carboxy substituents in the polymer chain.
Proton-Conduction of Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid / Poly(propylene carbonate) Composites
Authors: Cho Jun-Sang , Hayashino Yuki , Miyatake Kenji , Takeoka Shinji , Tsuchida Eishun
Published: May 2003

To obtain proton-conducting organic materials with high conductivity under nonaqueous conditions, high thermal stability, and high resistance to acid, we prepared perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (FOSA)/ poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) composites with different weight ratios. The composite with the weight ratios of 3 shows a high proton-conductivity of 1.9 × 10−5 S·cm−1 at 30 °C under nonaqueous conditions.
A Simple Synthetic Method for 3-Trifluoroacetylated 4-Aminoquinolines from 4-Dimethylaminoquinoline by Novel Trifluoroacetylation and N-N Exchange Reactions
Authors: Okada Etsuji , Sakaemura Takushi , Shimomura Naofumi
Published: May 2003

Acylation of 4-dimethylaminoquinoline with 1-trifluoroacetyl-4-dimethylaminopyridinium trifluoroacetate proceeded cleanly to give 3-trifluoroacetyl-4-dimethylaminoquinoline, which underwent nucleophilic aromatic substitutions with various amines to afford the corresponding N-N exchanged 3-trifluoroacetyl-4-aminoquinolines in excellent yields.
Preparation of Porous Chromia-Pillared Molybdenum Trioxide
Authors: Wang Xueguang , Hou Wenhua , Guo Xuefeng , Yan Qiejie
Published: May 2003

A chromia-pillared layered molybdenum trioxide has been prepared by combining a Cr(Oac)3 aqueous solution with a suspension of the molybdenum bronze for the first time; the resulting material after calcination at 350 °C is porous with a surface area of 82 m2 g−1.
Syntheses and Structures of Trimethylphosphine-complexed Primary Boryl Complexes of Group 8 Metals, Cp*M(CO)2(BH2·PMe3) (M = Fe, Ru)
Authors: Yasue Takahiro , Kawano Yasuro , Shimoi Mamoru
Published: May 2003

Photolysis of Cp*Fe(CO)2Me in the presence of BH3·PMe3 (1) produced a boryliron complex Cp*Fe(CO)2(BH2·PMe3) (2a). Complex 2a and the ruthenium analogue Cp*Ru(CO)2(BH2·PMe3) (3) were accessible by the salt-elimination reaction between K[Cp*M(CO)2] (M = Fe, Ru) and BH2Cl·PMe3.
Preparation of Colloidal Anatase TiO2 Secondary Submicroparticles by Hydrothermal Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Ito Seigo , Yoshida Shoichiro , Watanabe Tadashi
Published: May 2003

Anatase TiO2 nanoparticles giving stable colloids of tightly aggregated secondary particles were prepared by a hydrothermal sol-gel method. The average sizes of the primary and secondary particles, as estimated by TEM and DLS, were ca. 10 nm and ca. 100 nm, respectively. These particles were dispersed milky-whitely in water without any surfactant or polymer.
Photoexcited State Properties of C60 Encapsulated in a Water-Soluble Calixarene
Authors: Islam Shafiqul D-M , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Ito Osamu , Ikeda Atsushi , Hatano Tsukasa , Shinkai Seiji
Published: May 2003

Properties of the excited states of C60 incorporated into a cationic homooxacalix[3]arene (C60/calixarene) in water have been investigated and compared with bare C60 in benzene. A new transient absorption band which appeared at about 545 nm was attributed to triplet-triplet (T-T) absorption band of C60/calixarene. The λmax of the T-T transition shifts to the shorter wavelength compared with that of bare C60 in benzene and the decay rate increases very much.
Synthetic Studies toward Potent Cytotoxic Agents Amphidinolides: Synthesis of the C1-C6 and C9-C17 Moieties of Amphidinolides O and P
Authors: Chakraborty T K , Das Sanjib
Published: May 2003

Stereoselective synthesis of the (4R)-C1-C6 and (14R, 15R)-C9-C17 segments, 4 and 5 respectively, of amphidinolides O and P have been achieved starting from a common chiral precursor 6 which was obtained by radical-mediated opening of a trisubstituted epoxy alcohol using Cp2TiCl-cyclohexa-1,4-diene.
Remarkable Microenvironmental Difference between Monolayer and Bilayer Membrane Interfaces. Dissociation Behavior of a Lysine Residue Placed on the Membrane Surface
Authors: Ariga Katsuhiko , Abe Takao , Kikuchi Jun-ichi
Published: May 2003

The dissociation constant (pK) of an ε-amino group of the l-lysine residue in a cationic peptide lipid was evaluated for both the bilayer vesicle formed in aqueous media and monolayer membrane assembled at the air-water interface. The pK value of 9.4 in the aqueous vesicle evaluated using 1H-NMR spectroscopy was relatively close to that observed for the ε-amino group of lysine in water (10.5). In contrast, π-A isotherm measurements for the monolayer membrane on pure water revealed a remarkably shifted pK (5.1).
Effects of para-Substituents on the Reactivities of Sterically Congested Triplet Diphenylcarbenes
Authors: Hu Yingmo , Hirai Katsuyuki , Tomioka Hideo
Published: May 2003

Kinetically stabilized triplet di(2,6-dimethylphenyl)carbene is thermodynamically stabilized further by a spin-delocalizing para-substituent, whereby making the persistent triplet carbene longer-lived.
Seismic Performance of RC Shear Walls with Concealed Bracing
Authors: Cao W. L. , Xue S. D. , Zhang J. W.
Published: May 2003

Reinforced concrete shear walls play an important role in improving seismic performance of building structures. In this paper, a new type of RC shear wall with concealed bracing is proposed and investigated. Four 1:3 scale medium-height specimens were designed and a detailed experimental investigation carried out. The load-carrying capacity, stiffness, ductility, hysteretic behavior and energy dissipation of the shear wall are discussed. The failure mechanism was revealed by the experiments. It is found that in comparison with a normal shear wall, the seismic performance of a shear wall can be significantly improved by adding concealed bracing within the wall panel. Finally, a mechanical model of the shear wall is proposed and formulae for calculating load-carrying capacity developed. It is shown that the theoretical results agree well with those from experiments.
Deformation Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joint Cores under Earthquake Loading
Authors: Attaalla Sayed A. , Agbabian Mehran
Published: May 2003

The characteristics of the shear deformation inside the beam-column joint core of reinforced concrete frame structures subjected to seismic loading are discussed in this paper. The paper presents the formulation of an analytical model based on experimental observations. The model is intended to predict the expansions of beam-column joint core in the horizontal and vertical directions. The model describes the strain compatibility inside the joint in an average sense. Its predictions are verified utilizing experimental measurements obtained from tests conducted on beam-column connections. The model is found to adequately predict the components of shear deformation in the joint core and satisfactorily estimates the average strains in the joint hoops up to bond failure. The model may be considered as a simple, yet, important step towards analytical understanding of the sophisticated shear mechanism inside the joint and may be implemented in a controlled-deformation design technique of the joint.
Strength and Ductility of Embedded Steel Composite Coupling Beams
Authors: Lam W. Y. , Su R. K. L. , Pam H. J.
Published: May 2003

The stringent requirements on dimensions, ductility, energy absorption, strength and stiffness of coupling beams have resulted in much research on various alternative coupling beam designs, which include the use of diagonal reinforcement, rhombic arrangement of main bars and steel composites. Experimental results showed that each of these designs offered better performance than the conventional type but had its own limitations. A new embedded steel composite coupling beam design is therefore proposed. This paper presents the findings from the experimental tests of a coupling beam fabricated with this proposed design and a conventionally reinforced coupling beam, which serves as the reference. The preliminary test results showed that the embedded steel coupling beam with relatively large span-to-depth ratio ( l/h = 2.5) had excellent shear capacity (∼10MPa) and very good energy absorption.
Behaviour of Stud Shear Connectors Subjected to Bi-Directional Cyclic Loading
Authors: Seracino R. , Oehlers D. J. , Yeo M. F.
Published: May 2003

Almost all stud shear connectors in composite steel-concrete bridge beams are subjected to bi-directional cyclic loading at some stage during the fatigue life of the structure. In the assessment of an existing structure, it is desirable to predict the extent of fatigue damage experienced by the stud shear connectors as accurately as possible as this component of the structure can not be visually inspected. However, very little research has been carried out to quantify the fatigue behaviour of stud shear connectors subjected to bi-directional cyclic loading. This paper presents a new push-pull specimen that was developed to provide a better understanding of the bidirectional cyclic fatigue behaviour of stud shear connectors. The tests confirmed that for a given range of load, the fatigue life of connectors subjected to bi-directional cyclic loading is longer than those subjected to unidirectional loads only, and that the strength and stiffness of the connectors reduce immediately upon cyclic loading and continues to do so throughout the fatigue life. It was also shown that the rate of increase in slip per cycle is constant over most of the fatigue life with a rapid increase near the end so that, if monitored, can be used to provide adequate warning of failure.
School adjustment in adolescence for previously rejected, average and popular children
Authors: Zettergren Peter
Published: May 2003

Background: Earlier research shows that peer‐rejected children are at risk of a wide range of subsequent adjustment difficulties in different social contexts, as, for example, in school.

Aims: This study investigated the academic performance and school adjustment in adolescence of children with different peer status in middle childhood.

Sample: Age 15 boys and girls (N=90), who at age 10 and 11 were sociometrically rejected, popular, or of average popularity in their school class.

Methods: School marks, intelligence scales, and self‐reports were used as adjustment measures. School dropout rate for boys was also included.

Results: The academic performance and intelligence level of rejected boys and girls were short of the standards of children from the other status groups, while the scores of popular boys and girls were of superior standard. There were some slight indications that rejected girls (but not rejected boys) had negative attitudes towards school and schoolwork, and that popular girls had positive school attitudes. The school dropout rate of rejected boys was much higher than that of other boys.

Conclusions: The results show that the rejected children are a risk group for school problems also over a long period of time. Considering the important developmental aspects of the adolescence years, there appear to be good reasons, therefore, to worry about the future adulthood adjustment of peer‐rejected children.
Erarbeitung von Methoden zur Erhöhung der Hydrophilie und Erniedrigung der elektrischen Aufladung von Polyamidfäden
Authors: Želtobrjuchov V. F. , Andričenko Ju. D. , Družinina T. V. , Gabrieljan G. A. , Morin B. P. , Rogovin Z. A.
Published: May 2003

Das Problem einer stabilen Antistatikausrüstung von Polyamidfäden ist bisher noch ungelöst. Die Pfropfung von Poly‐2‐methyl‐5‐vinylpyridin ermöglicht das Einbringen unterschiedlicher funktioneller Gruppen in das Polymer. Der Einfluß solcher Gruppen auf die Wasseraufnahme und den elektrischen Volumenwiderstand von PA‐6‐Fäden wird untersucht. Außerdem wird die Wirkung von gepfropftem Polyvinylakohol betrachtet.
Die Wirkung elektrischer Hochfrequenz‐Entladungen auf Cellulose‐, Polyester‐ und Polypropylenfasern
Authors: Simionescu C. I. , Macoveanu M. M. , Olaru N.
Published: May 2003

Die bei der Einwirkung elektrischer HF‐Entladungen auf Cellulose‐, Polyester‐ und Polypropylenfasern ablaufenden Prozesse, wie Abbau‐ und Vernetzungsreaktionen, Masseverlust, änderung der relativen Molekülmasse sowie der thermischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften, werden in Abhängigkeit von den Behandlungsbedingungen untersucht. Die in den Fasern entstehenden Makroradikale bilden bei Anwesenheit von Monomeren die Grundlage zur Synthese von Pfropfcopolymeren, wobei die HF‐behandelten Fasern als aktivierte Trägerpolymere dienen.
Polymerization of chlorophenylglycidyl ethers. IV. Influence of the composition of the initiator system: Aluminium isopropoxide‐zinc chloride on the polymerization of o‐chlorophenylglycidyl ether
Authors: Jedliński Z. , Bero M. , Dworak A. , Piechowiak E.
Published: May 2003

Influence of the composition of the initiator system employed on polymerization rate, molecular weight and structure of the polymer obtained was studied. At a zinc to aluminium ratio between 0.5 and 1, regular chain structure, and partly isotactic polymer was obtained. The dependence of polymerization rate and polymer molecular weight on the Zn/Al ratio in the initiator system was found to be of a very complex nature.
Reaktion und Diffusion bei der Schmelzepolykondensation von Polyethylenterephthalat
Authors: Rafler G. , Bonatz E. , Reinisch G. , Gajewski H. , Zacharias K.
Published: May 2003

Auf der Grundlage eines Reaktions‐Diffusions‐Modells wurde die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstante der Bildung von Polyethylenterephthalat zu 1,20 · 10−2 g/mmol · s ermittelt. Für den Diffusionskoeffizienten von Ethylengykol in Polyethylenterephthalatschmelzen werden Werte in Abhängigkeit vom untersuchten Polymerisationsgradbereich angegeben. Der quantitativen Behandlung der Schmelzepolykondensation wurden Polykondensationsversuche in dünner Schicht zugrunde gelegt.
Einfluß von Molekülwechselwirkungen auf die radikalische Copolymerisation. III. UV‐spektroskopische Bestimmung von EDA‐Komplexbildungskonstanten in Comonomersystemen von Acrylnitril‐Styrol Sowie deren α‐Methylhomologen
Authors: Sandner B. , Krämer S. , An Bui‐Thi
Published: May 2003

Die UV‐spektroskopisch bei 25°C in Cyclohexan bestimmten Elektronendonator‐Akzeptor(EDA)‐Komplexbildungs‐konstanten Kx (bezogen auf Molenbrüche) betragen für Acrylnitril‐Styrol 1,0, Methacrylnitril‐Styrol 0,5, Acrylnitril‐α‐Methylstyrol 1,1 und Methacrylnitril‐α‐Methylstyrol 1,1. Die Komplexbidungsenthalpien nehmen in der angegebenen Reihe der Comonomersysteme ab; demnach beeinflussen sterische Effekte die Komplexstabilität. Die Beteiligung von EDA‐Komplexen am Wachstumsschritt der Acrylnitril‐Styrol‐Copolymerisation in Substanz kann auf Basis der Komplexkonzentrationsverhältnisse in Betracht gezogen werden.
Zur Regulierung der Eigenschaften von Polymeren durch Emulsionspolymerisation
Authors: Eliseeva V. I.
Published: May 2003

Die Struktur und damit auch das mechanische Verhalten sowie die physiko‐chemischen Eigenschaften von Latexfilmen lassen sich bei der Emulsionspolymerisation in unterschiedlicher Weise beeinflussen. Am Beispiel der Einführung einer kleinen Menge funktioneller Gruppen (N‐Methylol‐methacrylamid als hydrophiles Comonomer bzw. zur hydrolytischen Polykondensation befähigte Vinylalkoxysilane) bei der Polymerisation von Ethylacrylat sowie der unterschiedlichen Führung der Emulsionspolymerisation (Monomerdosierung, Impflatex, Mischlatices) wird gezeigt, daß in einer Reihe von Fällen eine wesentliche Verbesserung der mechanischen und pysiko‐chemischen Eigenschaften der Latexfilme erzielt werden kann, was bei der Herstellung von Filmen aus Lösungen dieser Polymere nicht der Fall ist, da die spezifische Struktur der Latexfilme dabei zerstört wird.
Zur physikalischen Struktur der Cellulose
Authors: Grican V. N. , Žbankov R. G. , Kačur V. G.
Published: May 2003

In der Arbeit wird die physikalische Struktur der Cellulose diskutiert. Neue Ergebnisse theoretischer Untersuchungen der Makromolekülkonformationen sowie der intra‐ und intermolekularen Wasserstoffbindungen in der Cellulose werden mitgeteilt.
Zur Herstellung von ionenaustauschenden Polycaproamidfasern. Teil I. Anilinformaldehydharz enthaltende Polycaproamidfasern
Authors: Gankov N. , Dimov K. , Pavlov P. , Dimitrov D. , Simeonov N. , Terlemesjan E. , Simeonska T.
Published: May 2003

Ein neues Verfahren zur Herstellung ionenaustauschender Polycaproamidfasern, das auf der Synthese von Anilinformaldehydharz in der Fasermasse beruht, wurde entwickelt. Der Einfluß verschiedener Faktoren auf den Verlauf der Synthesereaktion wurde untersucht. Unter optimalen Bedingungen wurden ionenaustauschende Polycaproamidfasern mit einer Austauschkapazität von 2,71 mgäqu./g gegenüber 0,1 n HCl erhalten.
Developmental model relating white matter volume to neurocognitive deficits in pediatric brain tumor survivors
Authors: Reddick Wilburn E. , White Holly A. , Glass John O. , Wheeler Gregory C. , Thompson Stephen J. , Gajjar Amar , Leigh Laurie , Mulhern Raymond K.
Published: May 2003

BACKGROUND

The primary objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that, among survivors of pediatric brain tumors, the association between reduced volumes of normal‐appearing white matter (NAWM) and intellectual/academic achievement deficits can be explained by patient problems with memory and attention.

METHODS

Quantitative tissue volumes from magnetic resonance imaging scans and neurocognitive assessments were obtained for 40 long‐term survivors of pediatric brain tumors. They were treated with radiotherapy (RT) with or without chemotherapy 2.6–15.3 years earlier (median, 5.7 years) at an age of 1.7–14.8 years (median, 6.5 years). Neurocognitive assessments included standardized tests of intellect (intelligence quotient [IQ]), attention, memory, and academic achievement.

RESULTS

Analyses revealed significant impairments in patients' neurocognitive test performance on all measures. After statistically controlling for age at RT and time from RT, significant associations were found between NAWM volumes and both attentional abilities and IQ, and between attentional abilities and IQ. Subsequent analyses supported the hypothesis that attentional abilities, but not memory, could explain a significant amount of the relationship between NAWM and IQ. The final developmental model predicting academic achievement based on NAWM, attentional abilities, and IQ explained approximately 60% of the variance in reading and spelling and almost 80% of the variance in math.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors demonstrated that the primary consequence of reduced NAWM among pediatric patients treated for brain tumors was decreased attentional abilities, leading to declining IQ and academic achievement. Cancer 2003;10:2512–9. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11355
Malignancy in giant cell tumor of bone
Authors: Bertoni Franco , Bacchini Patrizia , Staals Eric L.
Published: May 2003

BACKGROUND

The term malignant giant cell tumor embraces multiple entities and therefore can be confusing. The goals of the current study were to define the clinicopathologic and histologic features of malignancy in giant cell tumors and to clarify the terminology.

METHODS

The authors reviewed all cases from the Rizzoli Institute (Bologna, Italy) of primary (PMGCT) and secondary (SMGCT) malignancy in giant cell tumors. PMGCT is a high‐grade sarcoma that arises side by side with benign giant cell tumors. SMGCT is a high‐grade sarcoma that occurs at the sites of previously treated giant cell tumors of bone.

RESULTS

The authors report 5 PMGCTs and 12 SMGCTs; half of the SMGCTs were postradiation sarcomas. Patient age ranged from 20 to 68 years (median, 62 years) for PMGCT and from 30 to 77 years (median, 40 years) for SMGCT. The average latent period between diagnosis of giant cell tumor and diagnosis of SMGCT was 9 years (range, 3–15 years) for patients with postradiation SMGCT and 19 years (range, 7–28 years) for patients with SMGCT resulting from spontaneous transformation. The histologic classification of high‐grade sarcomas in the PMGCT group was osteosarcoma in four cases and malignant fibrous histiocytoma in one case. In the SMGCT group, the histologic classification was osteosarcoma in nine cases, fibrosarcoma in two cases, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma in one case. The outcomes associated with all malignancies in giant cell tumors were poor, with the worst outcome associated with postradiation SMGCT.

CONCLUSIONS

Malignancies in giant cell tumors of bone always are high‐grade sarcomas with a poor prognosis. These lesions must be distinguished from benign giant cell tumors of bone. SMGCT usually is easy to diagnose upon malignant clinicoradiographic presentation. In contrast, PMGCT often mimics giant cell tumors both clinically and radiographically. In addition, upon histologic examination, PMGCT shows areas of conventional giant cell tumor, which can lead to difficulties in making the correct diagnosis. Cancer 2003;97:2520–9. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11359
Education, employment, insurance, and marital status among 694 survivors of pediatric lower extremity bone tumors
Authors: Nagarajan Rajaram , Neglia Joseph P. , Clohisy Denis R. , Yasui Yutaka , Greenberg Mark , Hudson Melissa , Zevon Michael A. , Tersak Jean M. , Ablin Arthur , Robison Leslie L.
Published: May 2003

BACKGROUND

With increasing numbers of childhood cancer survivors, direct sequelae of cancer therapy and psychosocial outcomes are becoming more important. The authors described psychosocial outcomes (education, employment, health insurance, and marriage) for survivors of pediatric lower extremity bone tumors.

METHODS

The long‐term follow‐up study of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study is a multiinstitutional cohort study comprising 14,054 individuals who have survived for 5 or more years after treatment for cancer diagnosed during childhood or adolescence. Baseline demographic and medical information were obtained. Six hundred ninety‐four survivors had osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma of the lower extremity or pelvis and were classified by amputation status and by age at diagnosis. The median age at diagnosis was 14 years old with a median of 16 years of follow up since diagnosis. Demographic characteristics were used to analyze the rates of psychosocial outcomes.

RESULTS

Amputation status and age at diagnosis did not significantly influence any of the measured psychosocial outcomes. Education was a significant positive predictor of employment, having health insurance, and being currently in their first marriage. Male gender predicted ever being employed and female gender predicted having health insurance and marriage. When compared with siblings, amputees had significant deficits in education, employment, and health insurance.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, no differences between amputees and nonamputees were found. However, gender and education play a prominent role. When compared with siblings, amputees in this cohort may benefit from additional supports. Cancer 2003;10:2554–64. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11363
Prognostic factors for patients with localized soft‐tissue sarcoma treated with conservation surgery and radiation therapy
Authors: Zagars Gunar K. , Ballo Matthew T. , Pisters Peter W. T. , Pollock Raphael E. , Patel Shreyaskumar R. , Benjamin Robert S. , Evans Harry L.
Published: May 2003

BACKGROUND

Prognostic factors for patients with soft‐tissue sarcoma who are treated with conservative surgery and radiation are documented poorly.

METHODS

The clinicopathologic features and disease outcome for 1225 patients with localized sarcoma who were treated with conservative surgery and radiation were reviewed retrospectively. Actuarial univariate and multivariate statistical methods were used to determine significant prognostic factors for local control, metastatic recurrence, and disease specific survival.

RESULTS

The median follow‐up of surviving patients was 9.5 years. The respective local control rates at 5 years, 10 years, and 15 years were 83%, 80%, and 79%. Factors predictive of local recurrence were positive or uncertain resection margins; tumors located in the head and neck and the deep trunk; presentation with local recurrence; patient age > 64 years; malignant fibrous histiocytoma, neurogenic sarcoma. or epithelioid sarcoma histopathology; tumor measuring > 10 cm in greatest dimension; and high pathologic grade. Freedom from metastasis at 5 years, 10 years, and 15 years was 71%, 68%, and 66%, respectively. Factors that were predictive of metastatic recurrence were high tumor grade; large tumor size (> 5 cm); and leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, or epithelioid sarcoma. The respective disease specific survival rates at 5 years, 10 years, and 15 years were 73%, 68%, and 65%. Adverse factors for disease specific survival were high tumor grade; large tumor size (> 5 cm); tumors located in the head and neck and deep trunk; rhabdomyosarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma, or clear cell sarcoma; patient age > 64 years; and positive or uncertain resection margins.

CONCLUSIONS

Soft‐tissue sarcoma comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases. Prognostic factors for local recurrence, metastatic recurrence, lymph node recurrence, disease free survival, and disease specific survival are different, and optimal treatment strategies need to take this complexity into account. Cancer 2003;10:2530–43. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11365
Surgical margins and reresection in the management of patients with soft tissue sarcoma using conservative surgery and radiation therapy
Authors: Zagars Gunar K. , Ballo Matthew T. , Pisters Peter W. T. , Pollock Raphael E. , Patel Shreyaskumar R. , Benjamin Robert S.
Published: May 2003

BACKGROUND

Patients with localized soft tissue sarcoma (STS) who present to specialist centers after undergoing apparent macroscopic total resection often have a significant incidence of residual tumor and may benefit from reresection of the tumor bed. The potential benefits of such reresection have not been documented adequately.

METHODS

The clinicopathologic features and disease outcome for 666 consecutive patients with localized STS who presented after undergoing apparent macroscopic total tumor resection were analyzed to elucidate the relative merits of reresection. Actuarial univariate and multivariate methods were used to compare disease outcome of patients who presented with positive or uncertain microscopic resection margins according to whether they underwent reresection. All patients received adjuvant radiation therapy.

RESULTS

Two hundred and ninety‐five patients underwent reresection of their tumor bed, and residual tumor was found in 136 patients (46%), including macroscopic tumor in 73 patients (28%). Final resection margins among patients who underwent reresection were negative in 257 patients (87%), positive in 35 patients (12%), and uncertain in 3 patients (1%). Patients who did not undergo reresection had final margins that were negative in 117 patients (32%), positive in 47 patients (13%), and uncertain in 207 patients (56%). Local control rates at 5 years, 10 years, and 15 years for patients who underwent reresection were 85%, 85%, and 82%, respectively; for patients who did not undergo reresection, the respective local control rates were 78%, 73%, and 73% (P = 0.03). Reresection remained a significant determinant of local control when other prognostic factors were incorporated into a multivariate proportional hazards regression analysis. A similar beneficial effect of reresection was found for metastasis free survival and disease specific survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with localized STS who were referred to a specialist center after undergoing apparent macroscopic total resection of their tumor had a high incidence of residual tumor in their tumor bed and benefited from undergoing reresection, even if radiation was administered routinely. Cancer 2003;10:2544–53. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11367
Clinical significance of secreted protein acidic and rich in cystein in esophageal carcinoma and its relation to carcinoma progression
Authors: Yamashita Keishi , Upadhay Sunil , Mimori Kohshi , Inoue Hiroshi , Mori Masaki
Published: May 2003

BACKGROUND

Secreted protein acidic and rich in cystein (SPARC) is a small extramatrix‐associated protein. Its production increases during angiogenesis and enhances matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) expression. The goal of this study was to show the clinical relevance of SPARC and its relation to MMP‐2 expression in esophageal carcinoma patients.

METHODS

The authors investigated SPARC mRNA expression in 48 tissue samples of esophageal tumors characterized by MMP‐2 mRNA expression in a Northern blot analysis. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were also performed in esophageal carcinoma tissue samples.

RESULTS

All 48 tissue specimens had high expression of SPARC mRNA. Quantitative evaluation showed that high SPARC mRNA was associated significantly with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.05) and poorer prognosis (P = 0.025). Expression of SPARC mRNA was associated significantly with MMP‐2 mRNA expression (R = 0.65; P < 0.01). Both SPARC and MMP‐2 were immunolocalized intensely in carcinoma and stromal cells, whereas normal esophageal mucosa and submucosa did not express SPARC. The 35‐kilodalton cleaved SPARC was detected in esophageal carcinoma tissue specimens by Western blot analysis and it was associated with MMP‐2 mRNA expression.

CONCLUSIONS

In terms of clinical significance, SPARC accumulation may reflect a functional correlation with MMP‐2 and the associated expression could play a key role in the progression of esophageal carcinoma. Cancer 2003;97:2412–9. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11368
Evaluation of an automated immunochemical fecal occult blood test for colorectal neoplasia detection in a Chinese population
Authors: Wong Wai Man , Lam Shiu Kum , Cheung Kwan Lok , Tong Teresa Sze Man , Rozen Paul , Young Graeme P. , Chu Kin Wah , Ho Judy , Law Wai Lun , Tung Hiu Ming , Choi Hok Kwok , Lee Yee Man , Lai Kam Chuen , Hu Wayne H. C. , Chan Chi Kuen , Yuen Man Fung , Wong Benjamin Chun‐Yu
Published: May 2003

BACKGROUND

Most commercial fecal occult blood tests (FOBT) used for colorectal carcinoma screening of Western populations are guaiac‐based, manually developed, subjective, and sensitive to dietary components. Preliminary studies demonstrated the unsuitability of these tests for screening a Chinese population. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the performance characteristics of a human hemoglobin–specific automated immunochemical FOBT, the Magstream 1000/Hem SP (Fujirebio, Inc., Tokyo, Japan), in a Chinese population referred for colonoscopy.

METHODS

Two hundred fifty consecutive patients who were referred for colonoscopy and met the study inclusion criteria provided samples for the immunochemical FOBT (without dietary restrictions) from two successive stool specimens. Tests were developed with an automated instrument that had an adjustable sensitivity threshold. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value for detecting colorectal adenomas and carcinomas were calculated according to the manufacturer's instructions over a range of sensitivity levels.

RESULTS

At the optimal threshold level, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value for detection of significant colorectal neoplasia (adenomas ≥ 1.0 cm and carcinomas) were 62%, 93%, and 44%, respectively. The test was easy to use, and results did not depend on operator experience.

CONCLUSIONS

The automated immunochemical FOBT used in the current study was a robust, convenient, and useful tool for colorectal carcinoma screening in the study population. Cancer 2003;10:2420–4. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11369
Subsequent primary malignancies after endometrial carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Hemminki Kari , Aaltonen Lauri , Li Xinjun
Published: May 2003

BACKGROUND

Population‐based data on subsequent neoplasms after women are diagnosed with endometrial and ovarian carcinomas are limited, particularly regarding specific histologic tumor types.

METHODS

The nationwide Swedish Family‐Cancer Database of 10.2 million individuals, which includes 19,128 invasive endometrial carcinomas and 19,440 ovarian carcinomas, was used to calculate standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for second primary carcinomas. SIRs were calculated for specific follow‐up periods. Data on histopathologic types also were used.

RESULTS

An excess of subsequent malignancies after women were diagnosed with endometrial carcinoma was noted at 11 sites. The highest SIRs were recorded for synchronous or metasynchronous ovarian carcinomas (SIR, 55.77; 95% CI, 48.82–63.43) and carcinomas of the small intestines (SIR, 14.71; 95% CI, 4.64–34.59). Primary ovarian carcinoma was followed by an increased risk of developing endometrial carcinoma, and the risks of developing many other malignancies also were increased after women were diagnosed with endometrial carcinoma, including intestinal malignancies, renal cell carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, squamous cell skin carcinoma, connective tissue malignancies, and leukemia. When ovarian endometrioid histology was diagnosed synchronously with primary endometrial carcinoma, the SIR was 140; when endometrial carcinoma was the subsequent neoplasm, the SIR was 87. A small familial component was found in the cooccurrence of endometrial carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma.

CONCLUSIONS

The current data show a strong clustering of endometrial carcinomas and ovarian carcinomas, particularly involving tumors of endometrioid morphology. The patterns of second neoplasms also suggest that hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma may contribute to the association between endometrial and ovarian malignancies. Increased risks for connective tissue tumors and leukemia may signal a response to treatment, and an increased risk for squamous cell skin carcinoma may signal a depressed immune function. Cancer 2003;10:2432–9. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11372
Identification of the antigens predominantly reacted with serum from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Uemura Masayuki , Nouso Kazuhiro , Kobayashi Yoshiyuki , Tanaka Hironori , Nakamura Shin‐ichiro , Higashi Toshihiro , Ono Toshiro , Nakayama Eiichi , Hanafusa Tadashi , Shiratori Yasushi
Published: May 2003

BACKGROUND

To identify antigens specifically recognized by the immune surveillance system in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the authors examined two complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries of moderately differentiated HCC by serologic analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries (SEREX).

METHODS

The libraries were screened with autologous patients' sera, and sequences of the reacted clones were determined. To study the immunoreactivity of the antigens, sera from 20 patients with HCC, from 20 healthy volunteers, and from 16 patients with chronic viral hepatitis were examined.

RESULTS

Twenty‐seven antigens were identified. They included SART1, p57Kip2, ROCK‐1, γ‐catenin, and heat shock proteins, which are classified as tumor‐associated genes. Three of 27 antigens—Tat‐binding protein‐1 (TBP‐1), β4 integrin‐binding protein (p27[BBP]), and ribosomal protein L30 (rpL30)—were reacted predominantly with sera from patients with HCC (55% of patients, 45% of patients, and 20% of patients, respectively). Patients in the control group had no antibodies against these three antigens. Seventy percent of patients with HCC had the antibody against at least one of these antigens.

CONCLUSIONS

Disease specific humoral immune response against TBP‐1, p27(BBP), and rpL30 was induced in patients with HCC, and the antibodies against these antigens also may be used as tumor markers. Cancer 2003;97:2474–9. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11374
Prognostic implications of neuroendocrine differentiation and hormone production in patients with Stage I nonsmall cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Pelosi Giuseppe , Pasini Felice , Sonzogni Angelica , Maffini Fausto , Maisonneuve Patrick , Iannucci Antonio , Terzi Alberto , De Manzoni Giovanni , Bresaola Enrica , Viale Giuseppe
Published: May 2003

BACKGROUND

Approximately 10–20% of nonsmall cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) show neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation, as evaluated by panendocrine markers or ultrastructural evidence of dense‐core secretory granules. However, little is known regarding the prevalence and clinical implications of NE differentiation in patients with Stage I NSCLC.

METHODS

The authors analyzed 220 consecutive patients with Stage I NSCLC (pT1–T2N0M0) among 2100 patients with primary lung carcinoma who underwent surgical treatment between 1987 and 1993. Using light microscopy and immunohistochemical staining for synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and respiratory tract‐related hormones, 28 NSCLC specimens with NE differentiation (NSCLC‐ND) and 11 large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) specimens were identified.

RESULTS

The 28 NSCLC‐ND specimens included 15 adenocarcinomas and 13 squamous cell carcinomas. Neoplastic cells with NE features never exceeded 20% in NSCLC‐ND specimens, whereas neoplastic cells amounted to 20–90% in LCNEC specimens. NSCLC‐ND specimens with > 5% NE‐differentiated tumor cells showed increased Ki‐67 labeling index (P = 0.007) and invasive phenotype, as evaluated by fascin immunoreactivity (P = 0.021). Patients with adenocarcinoma, but not with squamous cell carcinoma, who had > 5% NE‐differentiated cells had a worse clinical course compared with patients who had ordinary NSCLC, with reduced overall survival (P = 0.017) and disease free survival (P = 0.049). In multivariate analysis, NE differentiation > 5% neoplastic cells in patients with adenocarcinoma independently predicted a poorer prognosis (hazard ratio, 2.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.99–6.85). Hormone production was restricted to chromogranin positive NSCLC‐ND but did not affect prognosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Stage I adenocarcinomas with ≥ 5% NE tumor cells are clinically aggressive tumors, similar to LCNEC. Hormone production identifies a more fully developed neuroendocrine phenotype but is not relevant to prognosis. The identification of NE‐differentiated cells in patients with NSCLC may have clinical relevance. Cancer 2003;10:2487–97. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11376
Preparation and culture of hepatocyte on gelatin microcarriers
Authors: Tao Xu , Shaolin Li , Yaoting Yu
Published: May 2003

Porous gelatin microcarriers having a diameter of 80–100 μm were prepared by the suspension method using toluene as the oil phase. Rat hepatocytes were cultured on gelatin and cytodexIII microcarriers. The cells retained its spherical shape, which is similar in vivo, and showed no morphological changes to the flat state. Hepatocyte aggregates on microcarriers maintained higher metabolic functions than monolayer cells. Pore size of microcarrier plays an important role in the attachment and metabolic function of cells in culture. Phase‐contrast micrograph and cell activity showed that hepatocytes cultures on gelatin microcarrier of <1 μm pore size is better than that of 5–10 μm. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 65A: 306–310, 2003
Structural degradation of acrylic bone cements due to in vivo and simulated aging
Authors: Hughes Kerry F. , Ries Michael D. , Pruitt Lisa A.
Published: May 2003

Acrylic bone cement is the primary load‐bearing material used for the attachment of orthopedic devices to adjoining bone. Degradation of acrylic‐based cements in vivo results in a loss of structural integrity of the bone‐cement‐prosthesis interface and limits the longevity of cemented orthopedic implants. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of in vivo aging on the structure of the acrylic bone cement and to develop an in vitro artificial aging protocol that mimics the observed degradation. Three sets of retrievals are examined in this study: Palacos® brand cement retrieved from hip replacements, and Simplex® brand cement retrieved from both hip and knee replacement surgeries. In vitro aging is performed using oxidative and acidic environments on three acrylic‐based cements: Palacos®, Simplex®, and CORE®. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are used to examine the evolution of molecular weight and chemical species within the acrylic cements due to both in vivo and simulated aging. GPC analysis indicates that molecular weight is degraded in the hip retrievals but not in the knee retrievals. Artificial aging in an oxidative environment best reproduces this degradation mechanism. FTIR analysis indicates that there exists a chemical evolution within the cement due to in vivo and in vitro aging. These findings are consistent with scission‐based degradation schemes in the cement. Based on the results of this study, a pathway for structural degradation of acrylic bone cement is proposed. The findings from this investigation have broad applicability to acrylic‐based cements and may provide guidance for the development of new bone cements that resist degradation in the body. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 65A: 126–135, 2003
Visualization of specific interaction between biomimetic glycopolymer containing reducing glucose moiety and HepG2 cell mediated by GLUT‐1
Authors: Park Keun‐Hong , Akaike Toshihiro , Lee Kang Choon
Published: May 2003

Poly [3‐O‐(4′‐vinylbenzyl)‐D‐glucose] (PVG) is a polystyrene derivative that contains glucose moieties, which interact with glucose transporter (GLUT‐1)‐carrying HepG2 cells. To clarify the specific interaction between the PVG and HepG2 cells, PVG polymer labeled with fluorescent rhodamine‐B isothiocyanate (RITC) was used to follow the specific interaction, which was visualized by confocal laser microscopy. We found that PVG binds strongly to HepG2 cells, probably because of a specific interaction mediated by the presence of GLUT‐1 on the cell membrane. The fluorescence intensity of PVG and HepG2 cells was up to fourfold (0.11 ± 0.04) that of any other glycopolymer and HepG2 cell interaction (0.025 ± 0.01). Moreover, cellular fluorescence increased significantly on increasing the incubation time and the polymer concentration. To verify the specific nature of the interaction between PVG and HepG2 cells, the cells were pretreated with phloretin, an inhibitor of GLUT‐1 before adding RITC‐labeled PVG polymer to the cell culture medium; this treatment was found to suppress the action of PVG on HepG2 cells. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 65A: 136–143, 2003
Influence of surfactant molecules as air‐entraining agent for bone cement macroporosity
Authors: Sarda S. , Nilsson M. , Balcells M. , Fernández E.
Published: May 2003

Calcium phosphate bone cements (CPBCs) represent a potential synthetic alternative to bone‐graft materials in bone surgery applications. CPBCs are biocompatible, bioresorbable, and slowly are replaced by new bonein vivo. However, CPBCs do not develop a macroporosity during setting that would allow fast bone ingrowth and good osteointegration of the implant. For this reason, recent research has approached the problem of inducing macroporosity inside the bone cement without influencing its normal setting. In this study, a new method for obtaining injectable macroporous CPBCs is proposed. It is based on the use of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as an air‐entraining agent. The results have shown that the liquid‐to‐powder ratio and the SDS concentration, as well as the diameter and the interconnectivity of the macropores, can control the micro‐ and macroporosity. This new technology can be used to develop and optimize new commercial products for osteoporotic bone filling applications. Furthermore, the presented method also can be used at low temperatures before an operation to produce preformed implants to fit the particular needs of a patient. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 65A: 215–221, 2003