bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protecting children's rights in Africa: A critique of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
Authors:   Olowu .
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Evolution of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child and the African Committee of Experts: Raising the gauntlet
Authors:   Lloyd
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Eradication of hazardous child labour in Bangladesh: The need for an integrated strategy
Authors:   Masum
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Child abduction: would protecting vulnerable children drive a coach and four through the principles of the Hague Convention?
Authors:   Reddaway,   Keating
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Book reviews
Authors:   Dasberg
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Book review
Authors:   Freeman
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Beyond the Convention on the Right of the Child: The right of children with disabilities in international law
Authors:   Jones,   Marks
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Justice for Children Project at The Ohio State University College of Law
Authors:   Federle
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Agenda for Social Renewal: An initiative to address the rights of Palestinian children in the West Bank and Gaza Strip
Authors:   Smith
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Human Rights Institution-Building: A Handbook on Establishing and Sustaining Human Rights Organizations. The Fund for Peace.
Authors:   Veerman
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
H.J.A.N. Mensa-Bonsu and C. Dowuona-Hammond (eds.), The Rights of the Child in Ghana – Perspectives.
Authors:   Syed
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes: A model for assuring children's nutrition rights under the law
Authors:   Margulies
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Realizing infants' nutrition rights
Authors:   Kent
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Carol Bellamy, The State of the World's Children 1998
Authors:   Veerman
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Jenny Kuper, International Law Concerning Child Civilians in Armed Conflict
Authors:   Mermet
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Child Labour in Contemporary Society: Why Do We Care?
Authors:   Abernethie
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Child work and education in Latin America
Authors:   Salazar
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Child rights and social clauses: Child labour elimination as a social cause?
Authors:   Muntarbhorn
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
European Court of Human Rights: Judgment in the case of A. v. the United Kingdom
Authors:   detrick
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Marian Koren, Tell Me: The Right of the Child to Information
Authors:   Bennett
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Eugeen Verhellen (ed.), Monitoring Children's Rights
Authors:   Horovitz
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
An author responds International law concerning child civilians in armed conflict
Authors:   Freeman
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Children's rights and sports Young athletes and competitive sports: exploit and exploitation
Authors:   David
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
HIV prevention, children's rights, and homosexual youth
Authors:   Tatsa,   Veerman,   Weinstein,   Druzin
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The construction of children as an object of international relations: The Declaration of Children's Rights and the Child Welfare Committee of League of Nations, 1900--1924
Authors:   Marshall
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Savitri Goonesekere, Children, Law and Justice: A South Asia Perspective
Authors:   Abramson
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Levetiracetam: Relative Bioavailability and Bioequivalence of a 10% Oral Solution (750 mg) and 750‐mg Tablets
Authors: Coupez René , Straetemans Roel , Sehgal Geeta , Stockis Armel , Lu Zhihong Sarah
Published: November 2003

Levetiracetam, an antiepileptic drug, is used worldwide as an adjunctive treatment for partial‐onset seizures. The availability of a new oral solution formulation would provide an additional treatment option for patients who have difficulty swallowing tablets. A phase I single‐center, randomized, open‐label, two‐way crossover, single‐dose study was conducted to confirm that a 10% oral solution of levetiracetam was bioequivalent to the 750‐mg oral tablet and to characterize its pharmacokinetics. Each of 24 healthy subjects received a single oral 750‐mg dose of the randomized levetiracetam formulation (7.5 mL of 10% solution or 750‐mg tablet) on day 1 and a single oral dose of the alternate formulation on day 8. Serial blood samples were collected from 0 to 36 hours after each dose administration for determination of plasma levetiracetam concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated, and bioequivalence of the two formulations was evaluated. The mean levetiracetam plasma concentration‐time curves and pharmacokinetic parameters essentially were identical for the oral 10% solution and tablet and consistent with previously reported levetiracetam pharmacokinetics. The 90% confidence limits of the geometric mean ratio of the two formulations for area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from time 0 to infinity, area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from time 0 to last measurable time point, and maximum plasma concentration were within the 80% to 125% range, demonstrating bioequivalence of the two formulations. Both levetiracetam formulations were well tolerated. The levetiracetam 10% oral solution is a bioequivalent, well‐tolerated alternative to the tablet formulation in patients who have difficulty swallowing.
Polymorphisms and the Pocketbook: The Cost‐Effectiveness of Cytochrome P450 2C19 Genotyping in the Eradication of Helicobacter pylori Infection Associated with Duodenal Ulcer
Authors: Lehmann David F. , Medicis Joseph J. , Franklin Patricia D.
Published: November 2003

The clinical outcome of duodenal ulcer treated with proton pump inhibitor (PPI)–based, anti—Helicobacter pylori (H.p.) regimens varies according to cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) genotype. CYP2C19 genotypes differ markedly in peoples of Pacific Rim descent compared with another ethnicity. The authors sought to determine the specific impact that these factors have on the cost‐effectiveness of duodenal ulcer management. Their model consisted of two patient cohorts with Helicobacter pylori and duodenal ulcer, trichotomized into CYP2C19 homozygous extensive metabolizers (EMs), heterozygous EMs, and poor metabolizers (PMs), altering the anti‐H.p. regimen in the genotyped cohort only. The authors took the perspective of a third‐party payer, and the denominator was ulcer episode prevented. In the reference case, the use of CYP2C19 genotyping prior to initiating anti‐H.p. therapy was dominant (costs were saved with each ulcer episode prevented) in all geographic regions of the United States. The subsequent break‐even analysis showed a range of $89.20 to $118.96—from Hawaii to the Midwest, respectively—required to eliminate the cost‐savings from each genotype test performed. Using probabilities most unfavorable to genotyping, the variation of peoples with Pacific Rim origins from 0% to 100% altered the cost‐effectiveness from $495 to $2125 per ulcer event prevented, respectively. The results suggest that treatment decisions for H.p. infection that are based on a patient's CYP2C19 genotype decreases expenses for health plans implementing testing. This analysis provides an economic basis to support recent calls to expand this technology into routine clinical care to prevent toxicity of narrow therapeutic index drugs.
Robustness analysis of control systems with mixed perturbations
Authors: Tan Nusret , Atherton Derek P.
Published: November 2003

The paper considers control systems with parametric as well as unstructured uncertainty. Parametric uncertainty is modelled by a transfer function whose numerator and denominator polynomials are independent uncertain polynomials of the form of P (s, q) = l0 (q) + l1 (q)s +... + ln (q)sn where the coefficients depend linearly on q = [q1, q2,..., qq]T and the uncertainty box is Q = {q: qi∊[[ILLEGIBLE]], i = 1, 2,..., q}. The unstructured uncertainty is modelled as H∞ norm bounded perturbations and perturbations consisting of a family of nonlinear sector bounded feedback gains. Using the geometric structure of the value set of P(s, q), some results are presented for determination of the robust small gain theorem, robust performance, strict positive realness and absolute stability problem of control systems with parametric as well as unstructured uncertainty. Numerical examples are given to illustrate application of the proposed methods.
Bullous SLE: response to methotrexate and relationship with disease activity
Authors: Malcangi G , Brandozzi G , Giangiacomi M , Zampetti M , Danieli M G
Published: November 2003

We report on a case of 40-year-old female with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who developed a severe bullous eruption on sun-exposed areas. The bullous manifestation was associated with a flare of lupus serologies, whereas the previous manifestations of the disease were quiescent. Due to prior intolerance to many drugs, she was given oral methotrexate (10 mg=week). The drug administration was followed by a rapid and full resolution of cutaneous lesions. Five months later she developed a class III lupus nephritis. Our case is the first report of efficacy of methotrexate in bullous SLE and rises the question of the relationship between bullous eruption and SLE activity.
Polymorphisms of the interleukin-4 gene in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Taiwan
Authors: Wu M-C , Huang C-M , Tsai J JP , Chen H-Y , Tsai F-J
Published: November 2003

We aimed to evaluate the relationship between two polymorphisms of the IL4 gene (-590T=C and intron 3) and systemic lupus erythematosus in Chinese patients in Taiwan. This study included 91 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 163 unrelated, age matched healthy controls living in the same area. The typing of -590T=C and intron 3 VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) polymorphisms were performed by PCR-RFLP and PCR, respectively. Allelic frequencies and carriage rates between SLE patients and controls were compared, and the relationship between allelic frequencies and clinical manifestations of SLE was evaluated. The genotype frequencies of IL-4 intron 3 were found to differ significantly between SLE patients with and without discoid rash (chi-square test, P = 0.035). The allelic frequency of intron 3 RP1 was significant different in the patients with discoid rash when compared to patients without this clinical feature (OR = 3.70, 95% CI 2.04 - 6.72, ϰ2 test, P = 0.029). The RP1=RP1 homozygous carriage was significantly associated with patients with discoid rash when compared to patients without this clinical feature (OR = 6.04, 95% CI 2.81 - 12.95, P = 0.01). The allelic frequency of -590T was significant different in the patients with discoid rash when compared to patients without this clinical feature (OR = 3.44, 95% CI 1.88 - 6.31, chi-square test, P = 0.04). The T=T homozygous carriage was significantly associated with patients with discoid rash when compared to patients without this clinical feature (OR = 5.41, 95% CI 2.50 - 11.68, P = 0.02). We describe a novel association between RP1=RP1 and T=T homozygous carriage and patients with discoid rash. The role of the intron 3 polymorphism of the IL4 gene in SLE remains unclear and further substantiation based on larger patient samples is needed.
Enhancement of T cell apoptosis correlates with increased serum levels of soluble Fas (CD95/Apo-I) in active lupus
Authors: Silvestris F , Grinello D , Tucci M , Cafforio P , Dammacco F
Published: November 2003

Peripheral T cell apoptosis is upregulated in active SLE, in parallel with high expression of both membrane-bound and soluble (s) Fas. Previous studies postulated that sFas down-regulates apoptosis in vitro through its blockade of the Fas-L of cytotoxic cells. We have investigated the extent of apoptosis and sFas levels in 14 patients with active (group A) and 11 with inactive SLE (group B). Fas was predominantly expressed by CD3+ cells from group A, whose increased serological levels of sFas were linearly correlated with the TUNEL positive cell population, whereas low titers paralleled a mild level of apoptosis in group B. This association was also investigated by measuring the effect of sFas on both cell proliferation and caspase activation. We found that incubation with sFas greatly suppressed proliferation of CD3+ cells, especially in group B, and in control cells from healthy donors whose content of CPP32 active products was significantly increased. We postulate that sFas promotes a pro-apoptogen effect, which would explain the high susceptibility to apoptosis in active lupus, and that the apoptosis program itself includes release of sFas to spread the death signal.
Silent nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Zabaleta-Lanz M , Vargas-Arenas R E , Tápanes F , Daboin I , Pinto J Atahualpa , Bianco N E
Published: November 2003

Silent lupus nephritis (SLN) was investigated in 42 renal asymptomatic patients and compared with 49 untreated patients with overt lupus nephropathy (OLN). Urinary sediment, quantitative proteinuria, creatinine clearance, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), complement, circulating immune complexes (CIC) and renal biopsies were evaluated in all of the patients. Forty-one out of the 42 (97.6%) patients had SLN according to histopathological findings. Results showed that the mean age, female=male ratio and the clinical activity index (SLEDAI) were similar in both groups (P > 0.05). The prevalence of ANA, anti-ds DNA, anti-ENA autoantibodies and C4 serum levels showed no statistical differencesbetween the two groups (P > 0.05). Conversely, in the OLN group, elevated CIC and diminished CH50 and C3 serum levels were significantly different (P < 0.01). WHO class II was the predominant renal lesion in the group with SLN (P < 0.0001), whereas class IV was in the OLN patients (P < 0.0001).

We conclude that, in our series, SLN was highly prevalent in renal asymptomatic patients with otherwise systemic lupus erythematosus. Furthermore, abnormal levels of CIC, CH50 and C3 associated with WHO class II suggest a moderate but ongoing activation of immune-mediated renal injury mechanisms.
The World Development Report II: continuity and change in development orthodoxies
Authors: Mawdsley Emma , Rigg Jonathan
Published: November 2003

In the second of two review papers on the World Bank’s series of World Development Reports (WDRs; 1978 to 2000/2001) we track some key themes and issues: North and South; state, market and civil society; and people, participation and values. Identifying clear trajectories in the series is made difficult by their characteristically mixed, and sometimes contradictory, messages. However, over time we identify a gradual weakening in the view that development is a global responsibility, with increasing emphasis placed on the choices (and shortcomings) of national governments. This is particularly evident in their very partial assessments of global regulatory institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization. In relation to the emergence of the post-Washington consensus, we note that the WDRs have always paid some attention to institutions and the role of the state -although before the late 1990s this position was much less evident in other World Bank publications and indeed policy. Finally, we suggest that the substantial shift towards more participa-tory language and approaches, while welcome, is still underpinned by utilitarian values, in which a depoliticized version of ‘empowerment’ is valued primarily for its contribution to the main goal of economic growth.
Sudden presentation of immune-mediated inner ear disease: characterization and acceptance of a cochleovestibular dysfunction
Authors: García-Berrocal José Ramón , Ramírez-Camacho Rafael , Millán Isabel , Górriz Carmen , Trinidad Almudena , Arellano Beatriz , Lobo David
Published: November 2003

Since the McCabe report, growing indirect evidence has accumulated to indicate the implication of immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inner-ear disease (IMIED). A clinical study of a group of patients affected by this condition was performed in order to characterize the immune group, based on a recently reported profile, and compared with the vascular, viral and idiopathic aetiologies of sudden deafness. Patients affected by immune-mediated inner-ear disease had the best and the earliest recovery rate of hearing (p = 0.0028 and p = 0.017, respectively). However, this group of patients also had the higher rate of recurrence (p = 0.034), supporting the typical clinical course of the autoimmune disorders. On the basis of the results the criteria used in the diagnosis of the sudden presentation of the immune-mediated inner ear disease could be accepted leading to the characterization of this condition. Likewise, the role of the supporting cells in the pathogenesis of the IMIED is discussed.
Transapical extension in difficult cerebellopontine angle tumours: preliminary report
Authors: Sanna Mario , Agarwal Manoj , Jain Yogesh , Russo Alessandra , Taibah Abdel Kader
Published: November 2003

Difficult cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumours namely large/giant vestibular schwannomas, vestibular schwannomas with a significant anterior extension and meningiomas of the posterior surface of the petrous bone extending anterior to the internal auditory canal (IAC) have always posed a problem for the otoneurosurgeon. Modifications of the enlarged translabyrinthine approach (ETLA) specifically aimed at dealing with these tumours are not reported. The aim of this paper is to introduce the transapical extension of ETLA which involves increased circumferential drilling around the IAC beyond 270°C. The extension allows enhanced surgical control over the tumour as well as the anterior aspect of the CPA including the prepontine cistern, the Vth and VIth cranial nerves. The extension is further classified into Type I and II depending upon the extent of drilling. Type I extension entails drilling around the IAC for 300–320° and is indicated for large/giant vestibular schwannomas (large vestibular schwannoma extrameatal diameter 3–3.9 cm, giant vestibular schwannoma extrameatal diameter [ges ]4 cm) and vestibular schwannomas with significant anterior extension. Type II extension involves complete drilling around the canal for 360° and is indicated for meningiomas of the posterior surface of the petrous bone extending anterior to the IAC.
Implementing Quality Improvement Programs Designed to Enhance Customer Satisfaction: Quasi-Experiments in the United States and Spain
Authors: Simester Duncan I. , Hauser John R. , Wernerfelt Birger , Rust Roland T.
Published: November 2003

A multinational firm uses sophisticated, state-of-the-art methods to design and implement customer satisfaction improvement programs in the United States and Spain. Quasi-experimental analysis reveals a complex and surprising picture that highlights (1) implementation issues (empowerment), (2) a construct of residual satisfaction not captured by customer needs, and (3) the managerial need for combining nonequivalent controls and nonequivalent dependent variables.
Controlling Measurement Errors in Models of Advertising Competition
Authors: Naik Prasad A. , Tsai Chih-Ling
Published: November 2003

Commercial market research firms provide information on advertising variables of interest, such as brand awareness or gross rating points, that are likely to contain measurement errors. This unreliability of measured variables induces bias in the estimated parameters of dynamic models of advertising. Consequently, advertisers either under- or overspend on advertising to maintain a desired level of brand awareness. Monte Carlo studies show that the magnitude of bias can be serious when conventional estimation methods, such as ordinary least squares and errors in variables, are employed to obtain parameter estimates. Therefore, the authors have developed two new approaches that either reduce or eliminate parameter bias. Using these methods, advertisers can determine an unbiased optimal advertising budget, even if advertising variables are measured with error. The application of these methods to estimate the extent of measurement noise in empirical advertising data is illustrated.
The Emergence of Market Structure in New Repeat-Purchase Categories: The Interplay of Market Share and Retailer Distribution
Authors: Bronnenberg Bart J. , Mahajan Vijay , Vanhonacker Wilfried R.
Published: November 2003

The authors study brand-share dynamics among competing brands in new repeat-purchase categories. In such new categories, market shares are strongly affected by retailer distribution decisions. Because a retailer that considers a brand for distribution can take into account the prior performance of that brand with other retailers, the success of a manufacturer in obtaining distribution can depend positively on its brand's market share to date. This creates positive feedback between a brand's market share and its distribution over the growth stage of the category. Temporary positive feedback, along with the way manufacturers influence their brand's market share and distribution, is hypothesized to drive the emergence of the market structure. The authors model this feedback to quantify the evolution of a brand's coupled market share and distribution. Empirical results using data from the U.S. ready-to-drink tea category suggest that positive feedback between market share and distribution exists in the early growth stage of the category. Therefore, early in the life of the new category small short-term changes in market share or distribution may generate larger long-term changes in market share and distribution. Later, such momentum appears absent. In this context, the authors discuss how a late entrant fails to capture a sizeable share of the market.
Inferring Latent Brand Dependencies
Authors: Böckenholt Ulf , Dillon William R.
Published: November 2003

In this article, the authors develop a class of models to reconstruct brand-transition probabilities when individual brand purchase sequence information is not available. The authors introduce two general model forms by assuming different underlying mechanisms for individual heterogeneity in brand switching. The first model form captures individual heterogeneity by a latent class structure. The second model form captures individual heterogeneity by postulating that the brand-choice probabilities follow a Dirichlet distribution, which yields the popular Dirichlet multinomial formulation. Monte Carlo simulations are performed with a view toward assessing whether individual transition probabilities can be captured from knowledge of only aggregated brand choices. Results indicate that the proposed method can indeed capture individual brand-transition probabilities under several different conditions. An empirical application illustrates how these models can be used to provide important information on individual brand transitions and the role of marketing-related covariates.
The Evolution of Brand Preferences and Choice Behaviors of Consumers New to a Market
Authors: Heilman Carrie M. , Bowman Douglas , Wright Gordon P.
Published: November 2003

The authors examine how brand preferences and response to marketing activity evolve for consumers new to a market. They develop a theoretical framework that begins with a consumer's first-ever purchase in a product category and describes subsequent purchases as components of sequential purchasing stages. The theory is based on the notion that choices made by consumers new to a market are driven by two competing forces: consumers' desire to collect information about alternatives and their aversion to trying risky ones. These forces give rise to three stages of purchasing: an information collection stage that focuses initially on low-risk, big brand names; a stage in which information collection continues but is extended to lesser-known brands; and a stage of information consolidation leading to preference for the brands that provide the greatest utility. The authors use a logit-mixture model with time-varying parameters to capture the choice dynamics of different consumer segments. The results show the importance of accounting for product experience and learning when studying the dynamic choice processes of consumers new to a market. Insights from this study can help marketers tailor their marketing activities as consumers gain purchasing experience.
Historical Method in Marketing Research with New Evidence on Long-Term Market Share Stability
Authors: Golder Peter N.
Published: November 2003

Several researchers have advocated historical or longitudinal approaches to study marketing phenomena. Although some have applied this approach, more often it has been overlooked or denigrated. The author argues that historical method is capable of producing scientific knowledge that is currently useful, rather than simply a remembrance of the past. The author presents a complete description of the historical method, so researchers can use this article as a guide when applying this method. The value of the method is illustrated by examining the prevailing finding in the marketing literature that market shares are stable over time. Although this finding is considered an empirical generalization, an analysis of more than 650 brands in 100 categories raises doubts about the longevity of market share stability.
Choosing What I Want versus Rejecting What I Do Not Want: An Application of Decision Framing to Product Option Choice Decisions
Authors: Park C. Whan , Jun Sung Youl , Macinnis Deborah J.
Published: November 2003

The authors examine the effects of using a subtractive versus an additive option-framing method on consumers' option choice decisions in three studies. The former option-framing method presents consumers with a fully loaded product and asks them to delete options they do not want. The latter presents them with a base model and asks them to add the options they do want. Combined, the studies support the managerial attractiveness of the subtractive versus the additive option-framing method. Consumers tend to choose more options with a higher total option price when they use subtractive versus additive option framing. This effect holds across different option price levels (Study 1) and product categories of varying price (Study 2). Moreover, this effect is magnified when subjects are asked to anticipate regret from their option choice decisions (Study 2). However, option framing has a different effect on the purchase likelihood of the product category itself, depending on the subject's initial interest in buying within the category. Although subtractive option framing offers strong advantages to managers when product commitment is high, it appears to demotivate category purchase when product commitment is low (Study 3). In addition, the three studies reveal several other findings about the attractiveness of subtractive versus additive option framing from the standpoint of consumers and managers. These findings, in turn, offer interesting public policy and future research implications.
An Investigation of Reference Price Segments
Authors: Mazumdar Tridib , Papatla Purushottam
Published: November 2003

Empirical research on reference price has typically assumed that consumers use either an internal reference price (IRP) or an external reference price (ERP), but not both, in brand choice decisions. In this article, the authors assume that consumers use both IRP and ERP but may consider one of them more salient than the other. The authors develop a model that segments consumers on the basis of the differences in the importance they assign to each type of reference price as well as in their brand preferences and responses to marketing-mix variables. The authors calibrate the model on data for four categories: liquid detergents, ketchup, tissue, and yogurt. In all four categories, the proposed model performs significantly better than the one that assumes that consumers use either IRP or ERP exclusively. The authors discuss the managerial implications of this finding.
A Hierarchical Bayes Model for Assortment Choice
Authors: Bradlow Eric T. , Rao Vithala R.
Published: November 2003

In this research, the authors merge an established methodology—hierarchical Bayesian modeling—and an existing utility model— Farquhar and Rao's (1976) balance model—to describe individual choices among assortments of multiattributed items. This approach facilitates addressing three managerial questions of direct importance: (1) Which assortment of a given size has the most customers for whom it is the preferred assortment (and what fraction of customers)? (2) Which products should be added to a given assortment to maximize the fraction of customers who can find their most preferred assortment? and (3) For a given assortment, what type of customer is likely to purchase it? The model is applied to assortment choices constructed from a set of eight popular magazines with five measured attributes: business, current events, human interest stories, sports, and technology. The analysis indicates that consumers are heterogeneous: Some customers are price sensitive and unresponsive to the magazine attributes, and others are sensitive to the magazine features but do not necessarily want more of them. In addition, the authors observe that many subjects do not prefer varied assortments; rather, consumers focus on purchasing magazines with high levels of the attribute they want.
Expanding to the Internet: Pricing and Communications Strategies When Firms Compete on Multiple Channels
Authors: Zettelmeyer Florian
Published: November 2003

The author shows how firms' pricing and communications strategies may be affected by the size of the Internet: Firms have incentives to facilitate consumer search on the Internet, but only as long as the Internet's reach is limited. As the Internet is used by more consumers, firms' pricing and communications strategies on the Internet will mirror the strategies they pursue in a conventional channel. Firms can increase their market power by strategically using information on multiple channels to achieve finer consumer segmentation. The author suggests directions the Internet might take and derives managerial implications. The findings generalize to other channels that enable firms to segment consumers and inform them at low cost.
A Connectionist Model of Brand–Quality Associations
Authors: Janiszewski Chris , Van Osselaer Stijn M.J.
Published: November 2003

Consumers use brand names and product features to predict the performance of products. Various learning models offer hypotheses about the source of these predictive associations. Spreading-activation models hypothesize that cues acquire predictive value as a consequence of being present during the acquisition of product performance information. Least mean squares connectionist models hypothesize that any one cue acquires predictive value only to the extent that it can predict differences in performance that are not already predicted by other available cues. Five studies in the context of portfolio-branding strategies provide evidence supporting a least mean squares connectionist model. As predicted by this model, results show that subbranding and ingredient-branding strategies can protect brands from dilution in some situations but can promote dilution in other situations.
Response Latencies in the Analysis of Conjoint Choice Experiments
Authors: Haaijer Rinus , Kamakura Wagner , Wedel Michel
Published: November 2003

Response latencies provide information about consumers' choice behavior in a conjoint choice experiment. The authors use filtered response latencies to scale the covariance matrix of a multinomial probit model and show that this leads to better model fit and holdout predictions, even if the response latencies in the holdout task are not used. The authors provide an empirical application along with a tentative explanation for the findings of the effect of response latencies.
Parameter Bias from Unobserved Effects in the Multinomial Logit Model of Consumer Choice
Authors: Abramson Charles , Andrews Rick L. , Currim Imran S. , Jones Morgan
Published: November 2003

Over the past two decades, validation of choice models has focused on predictive validity rather than parameter bias. In real-world validation of choice models, true parameter values are unknown, so examination of parameter bias is not possible. In contrast, the main focus of this study is parameter bias in simulated scanner-panel choice data with known parameter values. Study of parameter bias enables the assessment of a fundamental issue not addressed in the choice modeling literature—the extent to which the logit choice model is capable of distinguishing unobserved effects that give rise to persistence in observed choices (e.g., heterogeneity and state dependence). Although econometric theory provides some information about the causes of bias, the extent of such bias in typical scanner data applications remains unclear. The authors present an extensive simulation study that provides information on the extent of bias resulting from the misspecification of four unobserved effects that receive frequent attention in the literature—choice set effects, heterogeneity in preferences and market response, state dependence, and serial correlation. The authors outline implications for model builders and managers. In general, the potential for parameter bias in choice model applications appears to be high. Overall, a logit model with choice set effects and the Guadagni–Little loyalty variable produces the most valid parameter estimates.
From Uncertain Intentions to Actual Behavior: A Threshold Model of Whether and When Salespeople Quit
Authors: Chandrashekaran Murali , McNeilly Kevin , Russ Frederick A. , Marinova Detelina
Published: November 2003

In this article, the authors focus on the formation of intentions to quit among salespeople and the link between these intentions and subsequent quitting behavior. Building on the foundations of the recently developed judgment uncertainty and magnitude parameters (JUMP) model, which statistically and simultaneously separates the drivers of judgment magnitude from those of judgment uncertainty, the authors present a model of the formation of uncertain intentions that decomposes a stated intention into a magnitude and an uncertainty dimension. The authors then develop hypotheses regarding the impact of affective and continuance commitment and critical sales events on intention magnitude and the effect of critical sales events and role stress on intention uncertainty. Subsequently, the authors develop a threshold model of the intention-behavior link that articulates a psychological mechanism within which uncertainty-laden intentions translate into actual behavior. Empirically, results from sales force intention and turnover data provide strong support for the theorizing. In addition to identifying some drivers of intention-to-quit magnitude and uncertainty, the authors identify the crucial role of intention uncertainty in shaping both the probability and timing of subsequent behavior. Consistent with the psychological underpinnings of the threshold model, the authors find that intention uncertainty lowers the probability of intended behavior. The results regarding the timing of quitting support an uncertainty avoidance conjecture: Given a stated intention, likely quitters with greater intention uncertainty quit faster than those with lower intention uncertainty.
Artificial Neural Network Decision Support Systems for New Product Development Project Selection
Authors: Thieme R. Jeffrey , Song Michael , Calantone Roger J.
Published: November 2003

The authors extend and develop an artificial neural network decision support system and demonstrate how it can guide managers when they make complex new product development decisions. The authors use data from 612 projects to compare this new method with traditional methods for predicting various success outcomes for new product projects.
A Multiple-Item Model of Paired Comparisons: Separating Chance from Latent Preference
Authors: Bemmaor Albert C. , Wagner Udo
Published: November 2003

The authors develop a flexible model to analyze relative preference scores: the binomial/Dirichlet model. This model assumes that (1) individual respondents make independent draws from binomial distributions when stating their preferences and (2) the latent (unobserved) preference parameters vary across respondents according to a Dirichlet distribution. Through the analysis of 44 tests that include from two to five products each, the authors show that the model fits the data relatively well. A multinomial/Dirichlet extension of the model that applies to repeat preference tests of two items provides a better fit than an alternative mixture model despite fewer parameters. To test two items and obtain an accuracy of +.05 with a 95% confidence interval for the mean preference intensities, a multinomial/Dirichlet model requires two paired comparisons (made at two points in time) per respondent and a sample size of 400; these requirements represent half the required number of preference measurements per respondent and half the required sample size of alternative methods. Although the illustrative examples refer to the comparison of known brands and unidentified products, the proposed methodology can be applied to many contexts, including the evaluation of product profiles in conjoint analysis.
Benzenesulfonyl Chloride
Authors: Adams Roger , Marvel C. S. , Clarke H. T. , Babcock G. S. , Murray T. F.
Published: November 2003

Benzenesulfonyl chloride

product: Benzenesulfonyl chloride

byproduct: diphenyl sulfone
p
‐Bromophenol
Authors: Adams Roger , Marvel C. S.
Published: November 2003

p
‐Bromophenol

product:
p
‐bromophenol

byproduct:
o
‐bromophenol and
p
‐bromophenol

byproduct: hydrobromic acid
Methylene Iodide
Authors: Adams Roger , Marvel C. S.
Published: November 2003

Methylene iodide

product: methylene iodide
Methyl‐
n
‐Hexylcarbinol
Authors: Adams Roger , Marvel C. S.
Published: November 2003

Methyl‐
n
‐hexylcarbinol

product: methylhexylcarbinol
Thiophenol
Authors: Adams Roger , Marvel C. S.
Published: November 2003

Thiophenol

product: thiophenol
Benzyl Benzoate
Authors: Kamm O. , Kamm W. F.
Published: November 2003

Benzyl benzoate

product: benzyl benzoate
Hydrazine Sulfate
Authors: Adams Roger , Brown B. K.
Published: November 2003

Hydrazine sulfate

product: hydrazine sulfate (NH
2
NH
2
· H
2
SO
4
)
p
‐Nitrophenylacetic Acid
Authors: Robertson G. Ross
Published: November 2003

p
‐nitrophenylacetic acid

product:
p
‐nitrophenylacetic acid
Phenylhydrazine
Authors: Coleman G. H.
Published: November 2003

Phenylhydrazine

product: phenylhydrazine
Phthalimide
Authors: Noyes W. A. , Porter P. K.
Published: November 2003

Phthalimide

product: Phthalimide
Sodium
p
‐Toluenesulfinate
Authors: Whitmore Frank C. , Hamilton Frances H.
Published: November 2003

Sodium
p
‐toluenesulfinate

product:
p
‐CH
3
C
6
H
4
SO
2
Na·2H
2
O

product: sulfinic acid
Acetal
Authors: Adkins Homer , Nissen B. H.
Published: November 2003

Acetal

reactant: 500 g. (620 cc., 11.4 moles) of freshly distilled acetaldehyde

product: acetal
p‐Aminophenylacetic Acid
Authors: Robertson G. Ross
Published: November 2003

p‐Aminophenylacetic acid

product:p‐aminophenylacetic acid
Catechol
Authors: Dakin H. D. , Clarke H. T. , Taylor E. R.
Published: November 2003

Catechol

product: catechol

byproduct: methyl bromide

product: catechol
Di‐
p
‐tolylmercury
Authors: Whitmore F. C. , Thurman N. , Hamilton Frances H.
Published: November 2003

Di‐
p
‐tolylmercury

product: di‐
p
‐tolylmercury
m
‐Chloronitrobenzene
Authors: Hartman W. W. , Brethen M. R.
Published: November 2003

m
‐Chloronitrobenzene

reactant: 552 g. (4 moles) of good commercial
m
‐nitroaniline

product: chloronitrobenzene
Phenylurea and
sym.
‐Diphenylurea
Authors: Davis Tenney L. , Blanchard K. C.
Published: November 2003

Phenylurea and
sym.
‐diphenylurea

product: carbanilide

product: phenylurea
α‐Amino‐
n
‐Caproic Acid
Authors: Marvel C. S. , du Vigneaud V.
Published: November 2003

α‐Amino‐
n
‐caproic acid

product: α‐Amino‐
n
‐caproic acid
α‐Bromo‐
n
‐Caproic Acid
Authors: Clarke H. T. , Taylor E. R.
Published: November 2003

α‐Bromo‐
n
‐Caproic Acid

product: α‐bromo‐
n
‐caproic acid
o
‐Chloromercuriphenol
Authors: Whitmore F. C. , Hanson E. R.
Published: November 2003

o
‐Chloromercuriphenol

product:
p
‐chloromercuriphenol

byproduct: para compound
1,1‐Di‐
p
‐tolylethane
Authors: Reichert J. S. , Nieuwland J. A.
Published: November 2003

1,1‐Di‐
p
‐tolylethane

product: 1,1‐Di‐
p
‐tolylethane
Nicotinic Acid
Authors: McElvain S. M.
Published: November 2003

Nicotinic acid

intermediate: nicotinic acid nitrate

product: nicotinic acid

product: Nicotinic acid hydrochloride

reactant: 1 l. of concentrated hydrochloric acid
n‐Propylbenzene
Authors: Gilman Henry , Catlin W. E.
Published: November 2003

n‐Propylbenzene

product:n‐propylbenzene
p
‐Acetaminobenzenesulfinic Acid
Authors: Smiles S. , Bere C. M.
Published: November 2003

p
‐Acetaminobenzenesulfinic acid

product: sulfinic acid
p
‐Acetaminobenzenesulfonyl Chloride
Authors: Smiles S. , Stewart Jessie
Published: November 2003

p
‐Acetaminobenzenesulfonyl chloride

product:
p
‐Acetaminobenzenesulfonyl chloride
Adipic Acid
Authors: Ellis B. A.
Published: November 2003

Adipic acid

product: adipic acid

byproduct: ethyl succinate

byproduct: ethyl glutarate

byproduct: ethyl adipate
n‐Butyln‐Butyrate
Authors: Robertson G. Ross
Published: November 2003

n‐Butyln‐butyrate

product:n‐butyln‐butyrate

byproduct: butyraldehyde
Isatin
Authors: Marvel C. S. , Hiers G. S.
Published: November 2003

Isatin

intermediate: isonitrosoacetanilide

product: isatin

intermediate: isonitrosoaceto‐p‐toluidine

product: 5‐methyl isatin
1,2,3‐Tribromopropane
Authors: Johnson John R. , McEwen W. L.
Published: November 2003

1,2,3‐Tribromopropane

product: 1,2,3‐tribromopropane
Acrolein
Authors: Adkins Homer , Hartung W. H.
Published: November 2003

Acrolein

product: acrolein
3‐Bromo‐4‐Aminotoluene
Authors: Johnson J. R. , Sandborn L. T.
Published: November 2003

3‐Bromo‐4‐aminotoluene

intermediate: 3‐bromo‐4‐acetaminotoluene

intermediate: hydrochloride of 3‐bromo‐4‐aminotoluene

product: 3‐bromo‐4‐aminotoluene
m
‐Bromotoluene
Authors: Bigelow L. A. , Johnson J. R. , Sandborn L. T.
Published: November 2003

m
‐Bromotoluene

product:
m
‐Bromotoluene
Ethyl Acetopyruvate
Authors: Marvel C. S. , Dreger E. E.
Published: November 2003

Ethyl acetopyruvate

product: ethyl acetopyruvate
n‐Heptyl Alcohol
Authors: Clarke H. T. , Dreger E. E.
Published: November 2003

n‐Heptyl alcohol

reactant: 450 g. (3.95 moles) of heptaldehyde

product:n‐heptyl alcohol
Mandelic Acid
Authors: Corson B. B. , Dodge Ruth A. , Harris S. A. , Yeaw J. S.
Published: November 2003

Mandelic acid

product: mandelic acid
α‐Methyl
d
‐Glucoside
Authors: Helferich B. , Schäfer W.
Published: November 2003

α‐Methyl
d
‐glucoside

product: α‐methyl
d
‐glucoside
Thiophosgene
Authors: Dyson G. Malcolm
Published: November 2003

Thiophosgene

intermediate: thiocarbonyl perchloride

product: thiophosgene
Trimyristin
Authors: Beal G. D.
Published: November 2003

Trimyristin

product: trimyristin
p
‐Arsonophenoxyacetic Acid
Authors: Palmer C. S. , Kester E. B.
Published: November 2003

p
‐Arsonophenoxyacetic acid

product:
p
‐arsonophenoxyacetic acid
2‐Bromo‐3‐Nitrobenzoic Acid
Authors: Culhane Paul J.
Published: November 2003

2‐Bromo‐3‐nitrobenzoic acid

product: 2‐bromo‐3‐nitrobenzoic acid

product: 2‐iodo‐3‐nitrobenzoic acid
α‐Cyano‐β‐Phenylacrylic Acid
Authors: Lapworth Arthur , Baker Wilson
Published: November 2003

α‐Cyano‐β‐phenylacrylic acid

product: cyanophenylacrylic acid
Xanthone
Authors: Holleman A. F.
Published: November 2003

Xanthone

product: xanthone
Allyl Cyanide
Authors: Supniewski J. V. , Salzberg P. L.
Published: November 2003

Allyl cyanide

reactant: cuprous cyanide

product: allyl cyanide
Anthrone
Authors: Meyer Kurt H.
Published: November 2003

Anthrone

reactant: 104 g. (0.5 mole) of anthraquinone

product: anthrone
Apparatus for Catalytic Reduction
Authors: Adams Roger , Voorhees V.
Published: November 2003

Apparatus for catalytic reduction

product: succinic acid
Benzohydrol
Authors: Wiselogle F. Y. , Sonneborn H.
Published: November 2003

Benzohydrol

product: benzohydrol
Benzophenone
Authors: Marvel C. S. , Sperry W. M.
Published: November 2003

Benzophenone

product: benzophenone
Benzylaniline
Authors: Willson F. G. , Wheeler T. S.
Published: November 2003

Benzylaniline

reactant: 372 g. (4 moles) of aniline

product: benzylaniline

reactant: 100 cc. of ligroin
Ethyl
p
‐Aminobenzoate
Authors: Adams Roger , Cohen F. L.
Published: November 2003

Ethyl
p
‐aminobenzoate

product: ethyl
p
‐aminobenzoate
Triphenylamine
Authors: Hager F. D.
Published: November 2003

Triphenylamine

reactant: 176 g. (1.04 moles) of ground diphenylamine

product: triphenylamine

product:
N
‐Phenylcarbazole
Ammonium Salt of Aurin Tricarboxylic Acid
Authors: Heisig G. B. , Lauer W. M.
Published: November 2003

Ammonium salt of aurin tricarboxylic acid

product: aurin tricarboxylic acid
Anisole
Authors: Hiers G. S. , Hager F. D.
Published: November 2003

Anisole

product: anisole

product: Methyl β‐naphthyl ether
o
‐Bromotoluene
Authors: Bigelow L. A.
Published: November 2003

o
‐Bromotoluene

product:
o
‐bromotoluene
Hydrocinnamic Acid
Authors: Ingersoll A. W.
Published: November 2003

Hydrocinnamic acid

product: hydrocinnamic acid

product: β‐furylpropionic
Levulinic Acid
Authors: McKenzie B. F.
Published: November 2003

Levulinic acid

product: levulinic acid
l
‐Menthone
Authors: Sandborn L. T.
Published: November 2003

l
‐Menthone

reactant: 90 g. (0.58 mole) of menthol

product: menthone
Diphenylmercury
Authors: Calvery H. O.
Published: November 2003

Diphenylmercury

product: diphenylmercury
Monochloromethyl Ether
Authors: Marvel C. S. , Porter P. K.
Published: November 2003

Monochloromethyl ether

product: Monochloromethyl ether
o
‐Sulfobenzoic Anhydride
Authors: Clarke H. T. , Dreger E. E.
Published: November 2003

o
‐Sulfobenzoic anhydride

reactant: 145 g. (86.3 cc., 1.22 moles) of thionyl chloride

product:
o
‐sulfobenzoic anhydride
Casein
Authors: Cohn E. J. , Hendry J. L.
Published: November 2003

Casein

product: casein
Erucic Acid
Authors: Noller C. R. , Talbot R. H.
Published: November 2003

Erucic acid

product: erucic acid
2‐Heptanol
Authors: Whitmore Frank C. , Otterbacher T.
Published: November 2003

2‐Heptanol

product: heptanol
Malononitrile
Authors: Corson B. B. , Scott R. W. , Vose C. E.
Published: November 2003

Malononitrile

product: malononitrile
m‐Nitroacetophenone
Authors: Corson B. B. , Hazen R. K.
Published: November 2003

m‐Nitroacetophenone

product:m‐nitroacetophenone
Acrolein Acetal
Authors: Witzemann E. J. , Evans Wm. Lloyd , Hass Henry , Schroeder E. F.
Published: November 2003

Acrolein acetal

product: acrolein acetal
Bromomesitylene
Authors: Smith Lee Irvin
Published: November 2003

Bromomesitylene

reactant: 636 g. (5.3 moles) of mesitylene

product: bromomesitylene
Cyanogen Bromide
Authors: Hartman W. W. , Dreger E. E.
Published: November 2003

Cyanogen bromide

product: cyanogen bromide
Fumaric Acid
Authors: Milas Nicholas A.
Published: November 2003

Fumaric acid

product: fumaric acid
n‐Heptylamine
Authors: Lycan W. H. , Puntambeker S. V. , Marvel C. S.
Published: November 2003

n‐Heptylamine

product:n‐heptylamine

product:n‐butylamine

product:sec.‐butylamine

product: cyclohexylamine
Itaconic Anhydride and Itaconic Acid
Authors: Shriner R. L. , Ford S. G. , Roll L. J.
Published: November 2003

Itaconic anhydride and itaconic acid

product: itaconic anhydride

product: itaconic acid
3‐Methylpentanoic Acid
Authors: Vliet E. B. , Marvel C. S. , Hsueh C. M.
Published: November 2003

3‐Methylpentanoic acid

reactant: 200 g. (0.92 mole) of ethyl
sec.
‐butylmalonate

product: 3‐methylpentanoic acid

product:
n
‐caproic acid
Isopropyl Thiocyanate
Authors: Shriner R. L.
Published: November 2003

Isopropyl thiocyanate

product: isopropyl thiocyanate
Benzoin Acetate
Authors: Corson B. B. , Saliani N. A.
Published: November 2003

Benzoin acetate

product: benzoin acetate