bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changed reactivity of secondary hydroxyl groups in C8-modified adenosine – lessons learned from silylation
Authors: Frommer Jennifer , Müller Sabine
Published: September 2020

Synthesis of site-specifically modified oligonucleotides has become a major tool for RNA structure and function studies. Reporter groups or specific functional entities are required to be attached at a pre-defined site of the oligomer.  An attractive strategy is the incorporation of suitably functionalized building blocks that allow post-synthetic conjugation of the desired moiety. A C8-alkynyl modified adenosine derivative was synthesized, reviving an old synthetic pathway for iodination of purine nucleobases. Silylation of the C8-alkynyl modified adenosine revealed unexpected selectivity of the two secondary sugar hydroxyl groups, with the 3'-O-isomer being preferentially formed. Optimization of the protection scheme lead to a new and economic route to the desired C8-alkynylated building block and its incorporation in RNA.
Different speakers, different grammars: Productivity and representation of Xhosa labial palatalization
Authors: Bennett William G. , Braver Aaron
Published: September 2020

While cross-linguistic studies suggest that palatalization is preferentially triggered by high and front vocoids, and that it targets coronals or dorsals, Xhosa has a process of palatalization that is triggered by [w], and that targets only bilabials. This paper presents a wug test experiment, showing that some Xhosa speakers do systematically generalize this phenomenon to nonce words. This suggests that for those speakers, labial palatalization is indeed learned as part of their phonological grammar. Additionally, our findings show that some other speakers systematically do not apply palatalization in nonce words, suggesting that they have learned it as a pattern in the lexicon, and not as part of phonology. Drawing on evidence from a separate wug test experiment, we show that the inter-speaker variation in our results cannot be explained away as a task effect. As such, our results show that different speakers can have fundamentally different grammatical representations of the same sound pattern. Though Xhosa’s labial palatalization pattern is phonetically unnatural, that does not indicate that it is necessarily outside the domain of phonology proper.
ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL MODEL OF ACTIVITY OF SUPERVISORY BODIES OF EMERCOM OF RUSSIA AIMED AT PREVENTION OF VIOLATION OF MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Ратникова Ольга Дмитриевна , Кононко Павел Павлович , Куркин Дмитрий Николаевич , Илларионова Надежда Михайловна
Published: September 2020

В статье проведен анализ нормативных правовых актов, касающихся деятельности контрольно-надзорных органов МЧС России, а также анализ работы контрольно-надзорных органов МЧС России в области нарушения обязательных требований пожарной безопасности, на основании чего предложена организационно-правовая модель деятельности надзорных органов МЧС России по профилактике нарушений обязательных требований, которая включает в себя ряд элементов, связанных в первую очередь с необходимостью изменения ряда нормативных правовых актов.

The analysis of normative legal acts in the field of activities of supervisory bodies of EMERCOM of Russia, as well as the analysis of activities of supervisory bodies of EMERCOM of Russia in the field of violation of fire safety mandatory requirements is carried out. There is proposed the organizational and legal model of operation of supervisory bodies of EMERCOM of Russia aimed at prevention of violation of mandatory requirements based on aforesaid analysis. The model includes a set of elements primarily associated with the necessity to amend several normative legal acts.
The Urgency of Disability Accessibility in Gorontalo District Government Agencies
Authors: Hadi Ismet , Noviyanti Upik Dyah Eka , Mohamad Irwansyah Reza , Abas Mohamad Ilyas
Published: September 2020

Accessibility is the facilities provided for persons with disabilities to realize equality and opportunity and all aspects of life and livelihood as ease of moving through and using buildings and the environment with due regard to fluency and feasibility. The purpose of this study was to determine the Gorontalo District regional government policy in implementing the Act relating to the accessibility of the needs of persons with disabilities. Particularly on the accessibility of persons with disabilities to government agencies in Gorontalo District based on Law No. 8 of 2016 concerning Persons with Disabilities and universal design principles implemented in Ministerial Regulation No. 14 of 2017 concerning Building Easiness Requirements. This research uses a normative a juridical type of research with a juridical empirical approach. The results showed that (1). Implementation of Law No. 8 of 2016 concerning Persons with Disabilities in Gorontalo Regency has not been implemented optimally (2). Obstacles found in government agencies in the Gorontalo District environment include government buildings not yet accessible for persons with disabilities. This means that the facilities provided do not meet the universal design principles of ease, usefulness, safety, and independence. The absence of regulations in the form of Regional Regulations and Regents as a legal umbrella related to the standard facilities and services that must be provided for persons with disabilities, and the lack of local budgets for the development and construction of facilities related to the accessibility of persons with disabilities.
Boundary Bit: Architectural Bound Checking for Buffer-Overflow Protection
Authors: Chiamwongpaet Sirisara , Piromsopa Krerk
Published: September 2020

We propose Boundary Bit, a new architectural bound-checking approach that detects and prevents buffer-overflow attacks. Boundary Bit extends an architecture by associating a bit to each memory entry. Software can set a (boundary) bit to delimit an object. On each memory access, the hardware will dynamically validate the object's bound using the boundary bit. With minimal hints from the compiler, our architectural design eliminates most (if not all) types of buffer-overflow attacks. These include attacks on non-control data (variables and arguments) and array-indexing errors. We evaluate the performance of Boundary Bit using simulation, and the results show that the majority of performance overheads lies in bit scanning operations. To mitigate performance overheads, we introduce a hardware bitmap to act as a cache. The results from our simulation shows that the hardware bitmap can absorb most overhead from bit scanning, which in the best-case scenario translated to 30 times speed up compared to the version that does not utilize bitmap cache.
POSSIBILITIES OF NEUROSCIENCE APPLICATION IN HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Naumcik Andrej
Published: September 2020

The identification of the best housing alternatives is influenced by a wide variety of factors, including supply, demand, social, cultural, psychological, personal factors. All of these factors have an effect on the behavior and emotional state of a home buyer. What are the most effective ways to choose a home when there is a plethora of complex choices? To determine the most effective choice, neuroscience techniques can be used. These techniques are classified in the following main groups in the article: 1) momentary techniques for measuring changes in electronic neuronal activity, 2) techniques for measuring changes in metabolic neuronal activity, 3) techniques for measuring changes in psychological response to a stimulus. Article’s analysis, its identification of advantages and disadvantages of the techniques, representing these groups: electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional semi-infrared spectroscopy, eye capture, and galvanic skin reactions, has revealed the potential of using latter techniques in making marketing decisions, while working with target audiences of different ages, life experiences, character traits who want to live where they feel best.
Inspiration, respiration et création poétique chez Pierre de Croix
Authors: Rieu Josiane
Published: September 2020

Chez Pierre de Croix, les modèles humanistes de la parole inspirée sont transformés, car c’est la personne qui est perçue comme inspirée. L’analyse de l’anthropologie du Miroir de l’amour divin montre que le poète découvre en lui une présence qui l’initie à un dialogue intérieur continu. L’inspiration est décrite en termes d’échange et de respiration, retrouvant le vocabulaire mystique. Sa source est déplacée à l’intime de la vie psychologique, où se noue la relation entre le spirituel et le corporel.
Le bannissement des Muses : Théophile de Viau ou l’immanence de l’inspiration
Authors: Folliard Melaine
Published: September 2020

Le cas de Théophile de Viau permet de se demander si l’écriture poétique, au début du XVII e  siècle, peut être conçue sans recours à un arrière-monde qui la féconde. Cet article envisage ainsi comment le poète bannit les formes d’élévation du langage poétique pour faire émerger un sujet qui s’éprouve dans une réalité sans extérieur. L’enjeu est de comprendre comment, dans la poésie profane du début des années 1620, l’inspiration s’est redéfinie comme expérience poétique du réel.
« Dès que l’impression fait éclore un Poète » : humanités sublimes chez Boileau
Authors: Reguig Delphine
Published: September 2020

Pour penser l’exercice de la poésie, Boileau renonce à sa dimension sacrée et centre l’initiative poétique sur le poète. Pour éclairer une telle position, nous abordons tout d’abord la question de la neutralisation du champ lexical et notionnel de l’inspiration comme transcendance dans son œuvre poétique, puis proposons de suivre les indices d’une nouvelle forme de mouvement inspirant qui se transmet entre créateurs humains et en toute immanence poétique, auquel Boileau donne le nom de sublime.
Camus et la montée aux extrêmes. Commentaires d’un politiste sur les Lettres à un ami allemand
Authors: Delori Mathias
Published: September 2020

Les controverses sur le rapport d’Albert Camus à la violence ont surtout porté sur ses écrits relatifs au « terrorisme ». Cet article contribue à ces débats à partir d’une focale sur les Lettres à un ami allemand . Ces textes écrits alors que l’auteur participait à la Résistance entre 1943 et 1944 donnent à voir un Camus original, qui souligne que la violence constitue un problème moral mais appelle sans ambiguïté à la « destruction » de l’adversaire. Le propos est d’autant plus fort que l’Allemagne est littéralement en train de se faire détruire sous les bombardements alliés. Cette tension entre critique de la violence et consentement à elle conduit Camus à identifier plusieurs mécanismes de ce que les politistes appellent la « montée aux extrêmes ».
La réussite académique à l’université dépend-elle des études supérieures de ses parents ?
Authors: Kasatkina Olga , Lima Laurent , Nakhili Nadia
Published: September 2020

Les étudiants dont les parents n’ont pas fait d’études supérieures, dits étudiants de première génération, ont-ils les mêmes chances de réussir à l’université que les autres étudiants ? Des travaux internationaux montrent que ce n’est pas le cas aux États-Unis, au Canada ou en Belgique. Cependant, cette question n’est pas tranchée en France. Nous étudions donc la réussite des étudiants de première génération en France à partir de quatre enquêtes de l’Observatoire de la vie étudiante menées entre 2006 et 2016. Nos analyses montrent que les étudiants de première génération ont moins de chances de réussir leur première année universitaire que les autres étudiants et que cette moindre réussite s’explique par des caractéristiques scolaires plus défavorables à l’entrée à l’université. De plus, les faibles variations observées entre les différentes vagues d’enquête, alors que le plan réussite en licence a été mis en place dès 2008, montrent que les actions destinées à augmenter la réussite à l’université n’ont pas amélioré la réussite des étudiants de première génération, bien qu’elles semblent avoir augmenté l’accès à l’enseignement supérieur. Il semble que le statut d’étudiant de première génération peut être un critère pertinent pour cibler des actions de prévention de l’échec à l’université sur les publics les plus vulnérables.
Avancer, évoluer pour trouver sa place. Parcours de jeunes accompagnés par la mission locale de Blois
Authors: Prigent Thomas , Leroy Yvan , Dubéchot Patrick
Published: September 2020

Inégalités scolaires persistantes, pauvreté des jeunes, précarité de l’emploi, tout laisse à penser que l’avenir de la jeunesse est figé, que les destins sont joués d’avance. Pour traiter de l’objet de ce numéro de Vie sociale sur les jeunes qui « s’en sortent », les auteurs ont choisi d’étudier le parcours de cinq jeunes suivis par une mission locale et qui estiment eux-mêmes s’en être sortis. Les entretiens montrent la complexité de leurs parcours, faits d’échecs, d’hésitations, mais aussi de volonté et d’ambition. Et au-delà de la logique de mobilité sociale ascendante, leurs récits indiquent clairement que l’enjeu majeur de ces jeunes est de « trouver leur place » dans le champ professionnel et social. À travers ces entretiens, on perçoit la fonction d’une mission locale du Loir-et-Cher dans ces parcours de « réussite », et surtout le rôle de ses conseillers d’insertion.
Ce qu’une « sortie positive » de la Garantie jeunes veut dire
Authors: Couronné Julie , Loison Marie , Sarfati François
Published: September 2020

Cet article est issu d’une enquête ethnographique menée dans trois missions locales au cours de laquelle nous avons observé la mise en œuvre de la Garantie jeunes. Il s’agit d’un dispositif d’insertion sociale et professionnelle à destination de jeunes considéré.e.s comme « ni en emploi, ni en formation, ni en études » avec des ressources très faibles. Les critères institutionnels retenus pour considérer une « sortie positive » de la Garantie jeunes se rapportent à l’emploi et uniquement à l’emploi. L’enquête menée nous incite à adopter une lecture alternative, fondée sur les parcours observés. Nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressé.e.s aux différentes raisons qui expliquent que certain.e.s jeunes soient parvenu.e.s à s’approprier le dispositif et comment il leur a permis de « s’en sortir ». À quoi tient la réussite de ces jeunes ? Quelles sont les ressources dont ils et elles disposent ? Notre approche de ces « jeunes qui s’en sortent » vise à interpréter leur mise en mouvement comme le produit de la rencontre entre une proposition institutionnelle, par nature collective, et des caractéristiques sociales mises à l’épreuve dans leur parcours biographique.
Jeunes en difficulté d’insertion au sein de l’Union européenne : quelle action publique privilégier ?
Authors: Lefresne Florence
Published: September 2020

Cet article montre, dans une première partie, que les difficultés d’insertion professionnelle des jeunes au sein de l’Union européenne sont difficilement comparables à partir du simple indicateur de taux de chômage des jeunes et qu’elles s’analysent au regard de la configuration de chaque système d’insertion national. Il souligne à cet égard les mutations profondes de ces systèmes depuis les quatre dernières décennies, notamment sous l’effet des politiques publiques. Dans une seconde partie, il examine deux catégories-cibles de l’action publique, largement impulsées par l’Union européenne : celle des « sorties précoces » et celle des neet . Il met en évidence le maintien de fortes spécificités nationales, voire territoriales, dans les caractéristiques de ces catégories-cibles. L’article souligne également que c’est le plus souvent au prix d’un travail concret de repérage des difficultés, d’identification fine des diagnostics et d’accompagnement vers un plus grand « pouvoir d’agir » que certains jeunes trouvent les ressources pour s’en sortir.
Long-term Vector Outcomes of SMILE in Correcting Moderate to High With-the-Rule Astigmatism Under Astigmatism Axis Marked Condition
Authors: Yang Xiaonan , Liu Quan , Lin Haiqin , Xie Yi , Feng Qiting
Published: September 2020

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the vector outcomes of small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) in correcting moderate to high myopic astigmatism under astigmatic axis marked condition.

METHODS:

In a prospective, longitudinal, interventional study, 71 eyes (71 patients) that had with-the-rule preoperative cylinder refraction exceeding 1.50 diopters (D) were corrected with the VisuMax femtosecond laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center. Refractive outcomes and astigmatic vector were evaluated preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 30 months postoperatively.

RESULTS:

At 30 months postoperatively, the efficacy and safety indexes were 1.04 ± 0.18 and 1.15 ± 0.17, respectively. The magnitude of the surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) (2.13 ± 0.71 D at 1 month [
P
1m-pre
= .018], 2.12 ± 0.72 D at 3 months [
P
3m-pre
= .006], 2.13 ± 0.69 D at 6 months [
P
6m-pre
= .010], and 2.19 ± 0.72 D at 30 months [
P
30m-pre
< .001]) was slightly higher than that of the target induced astigmatism (TIA) (2.07 ± 0.69 D). Only the y-coordinate of the SIA vector had a significant overcorrection compared to that of the TIA vector (
P
1m-pre
= .033,
P
3m-pre
= .011,
P
6m-pre
= .012,
P
30m-pre
< .001). The corrected index (CI = |SIA|/|TIA|) varied from 1.03 ± 0.07 at 1 month to 1.06 ± 0.10 at 30 months, which was higher when correcting moderate astigmatism than when correcting high astigmatism (
P
= .041) at 30 months postoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS:

SMILE had long-term safety, efficacy, predictability, and stability when correcting moderate to high myopic astigmatism under astigmatism axis marked condition. Meanwhile, a cylinder overcorrection was observed due to the overcorrection of y-coordinate astigmatic power, which implied that the vector adjustment of the cylinder refraction nomogram should be considered.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2020;36(9):585–591.]
Effect of Water-Cement Ratio on the Properties of NaOH-Treated Rubberized Mortar
Authors: Tudin Dhabit Zahin Alias , Rizalman Ahmad Nurfaidhi
Published: September 2020

In this study, crumb rubber was used to partially replaced fine aggregate in mortar mixture by 5, 10, 15 and 20 volume percentage (vol%) with untreated and NaOH-treated crumb rubber. There were three (3) different water-cement ratio used which are 0.45, 0.50 and 0.55. Thus, the total number of mixtures was 27. The mortars were tested for flowability, compressive strength, flexural strength and density. Based on the results, higher water cement ratio and percentage of crumb rubber replacement increased the flowability but lowered the density, compressive strength and flexural strength of the rubberized mortar. It was also discovered that the significant effect of water-cement ratio on the fresh and hardened properties of the rubberized mortar was due to the water content in the mixture. Meanwhile, the use of NaOH as treatment to crumb rubber improved the flowability, compressive strength and flexural strength of the rubberized mortar.
Theoretical Studies of Au3+/0/-  Clusters Using Density Funtional Theory
Authors: Chen Kuan Yu , Kong Yi Ting , Lee Shyi Long
Published: September 2020

In this study, the PW91PW91 method with LANL2DZ level was carried out to settle the dispute about the most stable structure of Au3+/0/-. Molecular orbital analyses and Walsh diagram were adopted to rationalize our computational result about the ground state geometry of Au3+/0/-. Our results show that the most stable geometry of Au3 is bent structure (C2v) with bond angle 146.0°. The less stable structure is equilateral triangle structure (D3h) with relative energies of 1.74 eV. The D3h structure possesses multiplicity 4 while the C2v structure 2. In addition, the most stable geometry of Au3+ and Au3- are equilateral triangle structure (D3h) and linear structure (D∞h), respectively. The preference of geometric change can be rationalized simply by using Walsh diagram. Besides, the linear structure of Au3 is found to be transition states (TS) of inversion of B-Au3. The inversion barrier is estimated to be 0.04 eV.
Toxicity of two Engelmann spruce (Pinaceae) monoterpene chemotypes from the southern Rocky Mountains to North American spruce beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Davis Thomas Seth
Published: September 2020

Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. (Pinaceae), in the southern Rocky Mountains is composed of two distinct phloem monoterpene chemotypes that differ in relative abundances of multiple monoterpenes, particularly α-pinene and Δ3-carene (hereafter, the “α-pinene chemotype” and the “Δ3-carene chemotype”). Here, relative toxicity of these chemotypes is tested on spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), a phloeophagous herbivore that colonises trees of both types. Synthetic monoterpene blends representing each chemotype were tested across a range of concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100, 200, and 500 µg/L) in the lab, and probability of survival of adult beetles exposed to each blend was modelled using a logit function. Logit curves were solved to determine LC25, LC50, and LC75 of each monoterpene blend. On average, probability of beetle survival was lower when exposed to the Δ3-carene chemotype than when exposed to the α-pinene chemotype. However, both chemotypes were completely lethal to beetles at concentrations exceeding 100 µg/L. Adult body mass did not affect survival probability. It is concluded that spruce phloem chemotypes may differ in their toxicity to spruce beetles, with potential consequences for patterns of host-tree colonisation by spruce beetle.
Constitutive Expression of CCL22 Is Mediated by T Cell–Derived GM-CSF
Authors: Piseddu Ignazio , Röhrle Natascha , Knott Maximilian Martin Ludwig , Moder Stefan , Eiber Stephan , Schnell Konstantin , Vetter Viola , Meyer Bastian , Layritz Patrick , Kühnemuth Benjamin , Wiedemann Gabriela Maria , Gruen Juliane , Perleberg Carolin , Rapp Moritz , Endres Stefan , Anz David
Published: September 2020

CCL22 is a key mediator of leukocyte trafficking in inflammatory immune responses, allergy, and cancer. It acts by attracting regulatory T cells and Th2 cells via their receptor CCR type 4 (CCR4). Beyond its role in inflammation, CCL22 is constitutively expressed at high levels in lymphoid organs during homeostasis, where it controls immunity by recruiting regulatory T cells to dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, we aimed to identify the mechanisms responsible for constitutive CCL22 expression. We confirmed that CD11c+ DCs are the exclusive producers of CCL22 in secondary lymphatic organs during homeostasis. We show that in vitro both murine splenocytes and human PBMCs secrete CCL22 spontaneously without any further stimulation. Interestingly, isolated DCs alone, however, are unable to produce CCL22, but instead require T cell help. In vitro, only the coculture of DCs with T cells or their supernatants resulted in CCL22 secretion, and we identified T cell–derived GM-CSF as the major inducer of DC-derived CCL22 expression. In vivo, Rag1−/− mice, which lack functional T cells, have low CCL22 levels in lymphoid organs, and this can be restored by adoptive transfer of wild-type T cells or administration of GM-CSF. Taken together, we uncover T cell–derived GM-CSF as a key inducer of the chemokine CCL22 and thus, to our knowledge, identify a novel role for this cytokine as a central regulator of immunity in lymphatic organs. This knowledge could contribute to the development of new therapeutic interventions in cancer and autoimmunity.
I lepidotteri della riserva naturale statale “Gola del Furlo” (provincia Pesaro-Urbino, Marche, Italia)
Authors: Teobaldelli Adriano
Published: September 2020

Negli anni 2017-2018 l’Autore ha effettuato una sistematica indagine conoscitiva sui lepidotteri presenti nella Riserva Naturale Statale “Gola del Furlo” (Provincia di Pesaro-Urbino, Marche). le specie accertate sono 582, tra cui alcune entità poco note e localizzate, altre primo rinvenimento nel territorio marchigiano. Il rilevante numero di specie censite evidenzia la ricchezza della biodiversità e l’interesse scientifico sul piano faunistico e zoogeografico della Riserva. Vengono esaminate le entità raccolte per categoria corologica, riportando i dati percentuali dei vari elementi faunistici. Si evidenzia che la maggior parte delle specie sono a diffusione Euroasiatica, Eurosibirica e Mediterranea.
11C-choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography for detection of disease relapse in patients with history of biochemically recurrent prostate cancer and prostate-specific antigen ≤0.1 ng/ml
Authors: Garg Ishan , Nathan Mark A. , Packard Ann T. , Kwon Eugene D. , Larson Nicholas B. , Lowe Val , Davis Brian J. , Haloi Rimki , Mahon Mindie L. , Goenka Ajit H.
Published: September 2020

Objectives:

The objective was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of surveillance 11C-choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for the detection of disease relapse in patients with a history of biochemically recurrent (BCR) prostate cancer (PCa) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ≤0.1 ng/ml.

Materials and Methods:

We included patients who had been treated for BCR PCa and had a surveillance 11C-choline PET/CT at serum PSA ≤0.1 ng/ml. Positive surveillance PET/CT was defined as a study that identified a new tracer-avid lesion or new tracer uptake in a previously treated lesion or both. Findings were confirmed against a composite radiologic-pathologic gold standard. Time to recurrence association analyses were performed for disease relapse risk with the use of Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results:

In total, 13 (12.1%) of the 107 patients had positive surveillance PET/CT scans, confirmed on pathologic assessment (n = 5) and subsequent imaging (n = 8). Among these 13 patients, ten had distant metastases, two had local recurrence, and one had both. Nine of the ten patients with metastases had oligometastatic disease defined as the presence of ≤3 metastases. Serum PSA became detectable again in only seven patients with positive surveillance PET/CT, after a mean interval from surveillance PET/CT of 292 days (range: 105–543 days). We identified an association of N stage with increased risk of recurrence (hazard ratio = 3.85; P = 0.036) although this was not significant after accounting for multiple testing.

Conclusions:

Surveillance i 11C-choline PET/CT can detect early disease relapse at serum PSA ≤0.1 ng/ml in patients with a history of BCR PCa.
Convergence of a full discrete finite element method for the Korteweg–de Vries equation
Authors: Huang Pengzhan
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we put emphasis on discussing a full discrete finite element scheme for the Korteweg–de Vries equation, where nonlinear term is dealt with a semi-implicit scheme and temporal term is discreted by the Euler scheme. Theoretical analysis is based on error splitting technique, i.e., error function is split as temporal error function plus spatial error function, and then unconditionally optimal error estimates of the considered full discrete scheme are obtained. Numerical results are provided to confirm our theoretical analysis, which show that no time-step condition is needed.
Transformational Technologies Reshaping Transportation - An Industry Perspective
Authors: Roeth Michael
Published: September 2020

Freight trucking has always embraced continuous improvement although the general public may be largely unaware of the tremendous changes that have occurred to date in vehicle safety, efficiencies, emissions mitigation and asset utilization. Today’s freight industry is in the early stages of dramatic technological advances in areas such as connectivity, automation and electrification. Fleet and manufacturer perspective on these transformational technologies are universally supportive, driven both by economic and regulatory factors. The early stages of these technological revolutions are characterized by a multitude of competing concepts confusing choices, complicated by a significant number of competing vested interests obscuring objectivity, and clouded by billions of dollars of venture capital. The objective of this report is to provide unbiased insight into the freight industry’s thoughts on these transformational technologies.
Neonatal Jaundice Risk Factors at a District Hospital in Rwanda
Authors: Murekatete Claudine , Muteteli Claudine , Nsengiyumva Richard , Chironda Geldine
Published: September 2020

Background

Neonatal jaundice is one of the most common reasons for hospital admission in the neonatal unit, and it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

Objective

To assess risk factors associated with neonatal jaundice among newborns at a District Hospital in Rwanda.

 Methods

A quantitative approach has been used with a retrospective cross-sectional design. Two hundred and ten files were used as sample size. Stratified proportional sampling was used for the years 2016-2018 to select files. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used for the data analysis.

 

Results

The study findings showed that nearly half (44.3%) of 210 newborns were diagnosed with neonatal jaundice. The majority (87.2%) was term, and male gender (60.5%). Nearly a third (29.5%) were Low Birth Weight. Significant risk factors for neonatal jaundice were birth weight (p=0.015), gestational age of the newborn (p=0.002), neonatal gender (p=0.004), method of delivery (p=.000), blood group incompatibility (p=0.001); infections (p =0.000), cesarean section (p= 0.000) and prematurity (p=0.017).

 Conclusion

There was a high prevalence of neonatal jaundice. Neonatal jaundice risk factors were predominantly demographic, maternal and neonatal. Hence there is need to formulate tailored interventions that mitigate neonatal jaundice.

Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2020;3(2):204-213.
Immediate Newborn Care and Associated Outcomes in the Delivery Room: An Observational Study in Rwanda
Authors: Mujawamariya Françoise , Uwingabire Fauste , Murekatete Fatuma , Meharry Pamela
Published: September 2020

Background

Neonatal mortality is a worldwide concern, especially in sub-Sahara Africa. Millions of newborn deaths could be prevented with quality care at birth.

Objective

To identify immediate newborn care provided by birth attendants and associated outcomes in the delivery room of a district hospital in Kabgayi, Rwanda.

Methods

This study used a descriptive cross-sectional design and convenience sampling strategy. The sample of 171 newborns and birth attendants were observed in the delivery room using a standardized checklist during April and May 2019. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data.

Results

The majority (65.5%) of newborns were female, and at term (93.6%). The majority had mouth and nose cleared (60%), dried thoroughly (75.4%), wet cloth removed (57.3%), delayed umbilical cord clamping (67.3%), and immediate skin-to-skin contact (67.3%). Limited interventions included APGAR evaluation (28%) and breastfeeding within the first hour (36.6%). The majority of 135(78.9%) were stable, and none died.

Conclusion

The majority of the study population was stable, though all newborns did not benefit from standard immediate newborn care. To reduce neonatal mortality and morbidity in Rwanda, we need to redouble efforts to strengthen the quality of immediate newborn care. Future research is needed to identify effective training to improve newborn outcomes at birth.

Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2020;3(2):238-249
Climate Change Associated with Neonatal Health Risks: Rwandan Nurses and Midwives’ Awareness and Perceptions
Authors: Nsengiyumva Richard , Mukarubayiza Marie Rose , Murekatete Claudine , Meharry Pamela
Published: September 2020

Background

Climate change (CC) is a global public health problem. In Rwanda, it is estimated that 28% of neonatal death is attributable to CC, yet little is known about healthcare providers’ awareness of neonatal health risks.

ObjectiveTo assess nurses’ and midwives’ awareness of CC and perceptions of potential neonatal health risks associated with CC at selected hospitals in Rwanda.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was performed at four selected hospitals. A random sampling technique was used to select 184 of 340 nurses and midwives working in neonatology, pediatrics, and maternity departments. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were done.

ResultsThe majority of participants were females (62.1%), nurses (60.5%), advanced diploma holders (55.4%). The majority (60.4%) had low level awareness of CC, and only 2.8% obtained CC information at nursing school. The majority (61.02%) had low perception of potential CC’ related potential neonatal health risks. High education level, working in neonatology and longer working experience were found to be associated with high level awareness of CC and high perceptions of potential neonatal health risks associated with CC (p<0.05).

Conclusion

There was a low level awareness of CC awareness and low perceptions of potential neonatal health risks among nurses and midwives. Offering in-service training and integrating CC’ health risks in the nursing curricula could motivate climate action among Rwandan nurses and midwives. 

Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2020;3(2):261-272
Parents’ Knowledge of Neonatal Danger Signs and Associated Factors at Health Centers in Kigali, Rwanda
Authors: Mujawimana Patricie , Uwingabire Fauste , Kankindi Felicite , Dusabe Ruth , Meharry Pamela
Published: September 2020

Background

Globally, nearly half of all under-five deaths occur during the neonatal period. About two million dies within the first week, of which 75% come from low-resource countries, such as Rwanda. Many neonatal deaths are preventable or avoidable if parents are knowledgeable of Neonatal Danger Signs (NDS), and do not delay seeking care at a health facility.

Objective

To assess the parents’ knowledge of NDS and associated factors within the neonatal period at four health centers in Kigali.

Method

This study was a descriptive cross-sectional design. A proportionate stratified probability sampling strategy was used to select 209 parents who attended selected health centers in Kigali. Data analysis used descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results

The findings showed that 67% of participants had some information on NDS. Logistic regression showed that educational level, parity, number of antenatal visits, and information from healthcare providers was significantly associated with parents' knowledge of NDS.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate the need to enhance education of parents’ knowledge of NDS in the study population. Educational efforts also should target NDS in health centers where most Rwandan women attend antenatal care.

Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2020;3(2):128-138
Umbilical Cord Care Among Postnatal Mothers in Kibungo Hospital Catchment Area, Rwanda
Authors: Uwingabire Emmerance , Tengera Olive , Batamuriza Miriam , Mukamana Donatilla
Published: September 2020

Background

Infections contribute to 30% of the 2.5 million neonatal deaths that occur globally every year. A newly cut umbilical cord can be a pathway for bacteria to enter the vulnerable neonate and cause neonatal sepsis. Most infections are preventable with evidenced-based cord care.

Objective

To assess postnatal mothers’ knowledge and practice of umbilical cord care in the Kibungo Hospital catchment area in Rwanda.

 Methodology

A descriptive cross-sectional study design and purposive sampling strategy was used to recruit 224 postnatal mothers. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data.

 

Results

A third of mothers (33%) had adequate knowledge, and a half (54%) had good umbilical cord care practice. The majority (70%) reported dry cord care practice, though many applied substances including Vaseline (23%) and Movit ointment (15%). There was a negative correlation between knowledge of cord care and substance applied to cord (R2=0.224, p=0.001), and days applied (R2=0.167, p=0.012).

 Conclusion

The study population had low cord care knowledge. Health care providers need to educate mothers on the practice of allowing the cord to dry naturally, and discourage the use of harmful substances that delay cord separation and increase risk of sepsis and subsequent neonatal mortality.

Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2020;3(2):167-180
Leaching losses of main nutrients by incorporating organic fertilisers into light texture soils Haplic Luvisol
Authors: Burakova Auksė , Bakšiene Eugenija
Published: September 2020

The aim of this work was to show that fertilization of lightly structured soils (Haplic Luvisol), according to the principles of sustainable agriculture can facilitate achieving more valuable results with lower nutrient leaching losses. The research was performed in stationary concrete cylindrical lysimeters (n = 24, 1.35 m depth) plots in were filled the Haplic Luvisol sandy loam (n = 12, surface area 1.75 m2) and loamy sand (n = 12, surface area 1.75 m2) soil, typical to the Eastern Lithuanian area. Scheme of the experiment: 1) control (no fertilizer), 2) NPK fertilizers (Provita, phosphorite powder and potassium magnesia), 3) 40 t/ha sapropel and 4) 60 t/ha manure. Fertilization with 40 t/ha sapropel was found to significantly reduce nitrate leaching losses in sandy loam and loamy sand soils, compared to other applied fertilizers. 60 t/ha manure tended to reduce potassium leaching content in sandy loam soil. The highest phosphorus leaching losses found in two types of soils with incorporated organic NPK fertilizer (Provita, phosphorite powder and potassium magnesia).
Mandatory and Default Regulation in the Slovak Commercial Law
Authors: Grabličková Barbora , Patakyová Mária
Published: September 2020

The aim of this contribution is to provide the reader with an understanding of the concept of mandatory and default regulation within the Slovak commercial law. Private law regulation is in the Slovak Republic quite specific, as the Commercial Code covers not only companies (and cooperatives), but contractual aspects of the commercial law as well, which interferes with the contractual regulation stipulated in the Civil Code and causes duality. The Commercial Code and the Civil Code differently regulates the matter of mandatory and default regulation and therefore we found it crucial to provide the reader, who (most likely) does not have a detailed knowledge about these specificities in the Slovak law, with a more theoretical and descriptive introduction. Such an introduction is crucial in order to understand the following contextual analysis of the issue of mandatory and default regulation in the Slovak commercial law. However, the main aim of this contribution is to tackle the specific angles of the topic, in concrete, a possible judicial interference into the mandatory and default regulation of the commercial law and its impact on this concept. Moreover, the authors address the matter of possible avoidance of mandatory regulation in the commercial law through the contract on the sale of an enterprise and shareholders’ agreements, which are uniquely regulated in the Commercial Code. Moreover, the contribution addresses a hypothesis, that despite the need for simplification of the commercial law, the latest amendments of the Commercial Code goes opposite direction by introducing new mandatory provisions into the code, due to the abuse of a company as a legal form.
Programa “Eco Salud” en el desarrollo de la conciencia ambiental en estudiantes de secundaria, 2020
Authors: Duncan Villareal David Humberto , Menacho Rivera Alejandro Sabino
Published: September 2020

La investigación realizada tuvo como objetivo general analizar el efecto del Programa “Eco Salud” en el desarrollo de la conciencia ambiental en estudiantes del tercer grado de secundaria, 2020. El tipo de investigación fue aplicada, diseño cuasi experimental y enfoque cuantitativo. La población fue de 90 estudiantes y la muestra de 40 distribuidos en dos grupos de 20. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó como técnica la encuesta y como instrumento el cuestionario. La validez de constructo se estableció mediante la correlación dominio total de la variable con cada una de las dimensiones. La confiabilidad se determinó mediante el método estadístico. Kuder-Richardson-20. Obteniendo un (Kr-20) de 0,96. El análisis de datos se elaboró mediante estadísticas descriptivas diferenciales. Se realizo la prueba de normalidad utilizando estadístico de Shapiro-Wilk. Se analizó los datos con la prueba no paramétrica de la U de Mann-Whitney. En conclusión, el programa “Eco Salud” tiene efectos positivos y significativos en el desarrollo de la conciencia ambiental en estudiantes del tercer grado de secundaria, de la I.E. No 143 “Solidaridad II” lo que se corrobora con el valor de Z= -4,281 se ubica por debajo del nivel crítico por lo tanto Zc< - 1,96 (-4,281<-1,96), asimismo el valor de p= 0,000<0,001.
MENINO É AZUL E ÁGUA NO MAPA TAMBÉM:
Authors: Seemann Jörn
Published: September 2020

Cartógrafos nem sempre usaram azul como cor convencional para corpos d’água em mapas. Essa estandardização apenas ocorreu no século XIX devido a avanços nas técnicas de produção. A partir de uma discussão sobre o uso de cores na cartografia e na cultura, esse texto reflete sobre a significação e ressignificação de símbolos na cultura popular e nos mapas. Através de exemplos da rede social, da história da cartografia e de mapeamentos indígenas, argumenta-se que a compreensão de cores não é um fenômeno universal ou uma convenção inquestionável. A seleção de cores não pode ser separada de valores culturais, embora os cânones da disciplina insistam na validade absoluta das suas normas que conferem uma segurança ontológica aos leitores e usuários de mapas. Essa desconstrução de convenções tem como objetivo refletir mais profundamente sobre as abordagens teórico-metodológicas sobre o uso de mapas no ensino de geografia, a concepção de símbolos como relações entre significado e significante e os problemas do modelo semiológico de Saussure que interpreta a cartografia como língua em vez de linguagem. Sugere-se um debate mais amplo para pensar sobre metodologias cartográficas que são mais inclusivas e levem em conta diversidade e cultura na educação. 
Palavras-chave
Cores convencionais, Símbolos na cultura, Segurança ontológica, Linguagem cartográfica
Existencia gloriosa de Jesús en los ejercicios ignacianos
Authors: García Mateo Rogelio
Published: September 2020

Desde hace un tiempo, el autor viene escribiendo en diversas revistas, entre ellas ATG, una síntesis teológico-espiritual de la figura de Cristo en los Ejercicios espirituales según san Ignacio de Loyola [EE]. En esta ocasión se refiere a la meditación, consideración y contemplación del Cristo Resucitado y para ello presenta las trece apariciones del Señor según el libro de los Ejercicios [EE 299-311], desde la primera a la Virgen su madre [EE 219, 220 y 299], hasta la décimotercera y última [EE 311]. El autor va anotando el texto ignaciano con las oportunas referencias escriturísticas y sobre todo con las de particular interés de clásicos de la espiritualidad ignaciana y autores espirituales como Ludolfo el Cartujano, Luis de la Puente, Antonio Orbe u otros teólogos actuales.
Índice de libros recensionados
Authors: A. V.
Published: September 2020

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La evolución histórica del sacramento de la confirmación en occidente
Authors: Fernández Rodríguez José Manuel
Published: September 2020

Este estudio es parte de una investigación histórica y litúrgica sobre la evolución convulsa que ha tenido en occidente el sacramento de la confirmación era celebrada de distintas maneras dependiendo de los ritos que existían hasta que el rito romano fue impuesto por doquier en todo occidente. Además, al principio, las confirmaciones formaban un todo con el bautismo, si bien se fue separando del mismo e incluso llegó a invertir el orden del binomio eucaristía-confirmación. El sacramento de la confirmación ha sufrido diversas mutaciones en cuanto a los gestos rituales con los que se ha administrado, separado temporalmente del bautismo o unido a él.
Cartas y otros documentos. (Memorial de los hallazgos del Sacromonte)
Authors: De las Casas Ignacio , Córdoba salmerón Miguel
Published: September 2020

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La Cartuja de la Asunción (Granada)
Authors: Díaz Gómez José Antonio
Published: September 2020

La Cartuja de Granada ha venido siendo, para la historiografía del siglo XVIII en adelante, un notable objeto de estudio, más interesante por su incuestionable potencial artístico que por sus otras diversas implicaciones históricas. El presente estudio es fruto de una revisión de la compleja documentación del monasterio, con el fin de ampliar y clarificar la contextualización histórica del que fue uno de los principales centros monásticos de España.
El Arzobispo D. Martín de Ascargorta (1693-1719) y su mecenazgo al servicio del triunfo de la fe. El retablo de Santiago de la Catedral de Granada
Authors: López-Muñoz Martínez Ignacio Nicolás
Published: September 2020

El arzobispo D. Martín de Ascargorta ha trascendido a la Historia del Arte como uno de los más relevantes mecenas en la Granada barroca de las postrimerías del siglo XVII. Dicho mecenazgo no es arbitrario sino que responde a una intencionalidad teológica meridiana: la vindicación del triunfo de la Fe. Armonizado con el contexto original siloesco de la Catedral de Granada, el retablo del Triunfo de Santiago o de la Fe, promovido por Ascargorta, se erige como síntesis plástica de los principales axiomas que definen el pensamiento y el mecenazgo ascargortianos. Desde un compromiso netamente trentino, Ascargorta asimila el pasado paleocristiano de Granada y lo redefine desde los códigos de la Reforma católica, donde la idea de triunfo es prevalente sobre el pecado –representado tanto en la “herejía mahometana”–. Este postulado es aplicado por el prelado en la defensa inmaculista de la Virgen, misterio criticado por los reformistas y que Ascargorta vindica a través de su mecenazgo, como proclama del ministerio soteriológico de María.
Repasos solemnes y lecciones ordinarias. Textos manuscritos sobre la Sagrada Escritura (1536–1539). Conclusión. Texto en latín
Authors: Jericó Bermejo Ignacio
Published: September 2020

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MEMÓRIA E RESISTÊNCIA ENTRELAÇADAS: CRAZY BRAVE, DE JOY HARJO
Authors: Schneider Liane
Published: September 2020

Proponho discutir neste trabalho a interseccionalidade e o pensamento feminista, principalmente, a partir da forma como essa relação se dá no campo da literatura indígena escrita por mulheres na América do Norte, destacando o local a partir do qual esses textos são atravessados pelo gênero, raça, classe e cosmovisões diversas. A partir das discussões feministas, especialmente o feminismo negro e indígena, tendo em mente as provocações de bell hooks, Audre Lorde, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Lélia Gonzáles, Carla Akotirene, Joyce Green, entre tantas outras, aponto de que forma essa consciência quanto a um antiessencialismo radical pode desestabilizar posições no que diz respeito às mulheres e seus lugares sociais, inclusive dentro do feminismo e principalmente no texto literário Crazy Brave, de Joy Harjo.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Literatura indígena. Joy Harjo. Interseccionalidade. Feminismo. Autobiografia