bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Journal of Pathology moves forward
Authors: Herrington C Simon , Theobald Jeremy J , Newton Simon D , Smart Martin A
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this editorial is to give an update on various issues relating to the running of the The Journal of Pathology. In particular, ethical issues are discussed, forthcoming changes to the manuscript submission, tracking, and peer‐review system are outlined, and guidance on the submission of illustrations for publication is provided. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of pediatric febrile neutropenia in the era of vancomycin‐resistant microbes
Authors: Kline Ronald M. , Baorto Elizabeth P.
Published: November 2004

Purpose

The increasing frequency of Gm+ infections in febrile neutropenic (FN) patients has resulted in increased use of vancomycin (VN). Likely as a result, VN‐resistant Enterococcus (VRE) has become a significant concern in FN patients. We sought to understand how the emergence of VN resistant microbes has changed the antibiotic management of pediatric FN.

Methods

A questionnaire was distributed by e‐mail to responsible investigators of the Children's Oncology Group.

Results

One hundred and thirty responses were analyzed. Forty‐four percent initially used monotherapy, with 82% of those using ceftazidime. Twenty‐seven used VN with another agent, generally ceftazidime. After the emergence of VRE and VN‐resistant staphylococcus (VRS), monotherapy increased to 58%. Ceftazidime continued to be most frequently used. There was a 57% reduction in the use of VN with 88% of centers not currently using VN in their initial treatment of FN. Forty‐seven percent of the centers that continue to use VN have VRE, while 90% that have discontinued its use have VRE/VRS.

Conclusions

Ours is the first study to survey current practices in the treatment of pediatric FN and to document changes in practice patterns due to emerging antibiotic resistance patterns. We demonstrate increased use of monotherapy for FN, and a 57% decrease in the use of VN. Local considerations influence antibiotic choices with a significant difference in VRE prevalence between those centers that continue to use VN as compared to those that have discontinued it. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pattern of drug utilization among hypertensives in a Nigerian teaching hospital
Authors: Yusuff K. B. , Balogun O. B.
Published: November 2004

Purpose

To describe the drug utilization pattern among hypertensive patients in a tertiary care setting, assess the short‐term outcome of anti‐hypertensive drugs usage and identify points for future intervention to improve outcomes.

Methods

A cross sectional retrospective drug use review was conducted between 1st June and 31st August 2002 on randomly selected 200 case notes of hypertensive patients at a tertiary care facility in South‐Western Nigeria.

Results

Diuretics were the most frequently prescribed anti‐hypertensive class (39.4%), followed by centrally acting agents (23.3%), calcium channel blockers (21%), angiotensine converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (8.6%) and beta blockers (1.9%). Aspirin was the most frequently prescribed adjoining non‐anti‐hypertensive drugs (39.7%), followed by anxiolytics (23.6%), other non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (14.8%), metformin (6.7%), glibenclamide (5.9%), paracetamol (5.9%) and Mist. Magnesium Trisilicate (3.3%). All patients made out‐of‐pocket payments for their prescribed anti‐hypertensive drugs at the study site. Blood pressure control was adequate in only 33.9% of patients. There was no significant difference in blood pressure control between male and female hypertensives ( p > 0.05). Anti‐hypertensive drugs were changed at least once in 44% of patients and blood pressure control was significantly better in patients with at least one change ( p < 0.05). Adherence with drug therapy was documented as adequate in 82.5% of patient. Diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (39.6%) and osteoarthritis (22.9%) were the most frequent co‐morbidities. Potential harmful drug interactions were identified in 3.8% (49) of patients.

Conclusions

Diuretics and centrally acting agents were the most frequently prescribed anti‐hypertensive drugs in a tertiary care setting in Nigeria. Physicians' prescribing decisions appear significantly influenced by cost consideration. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug related falls: a study in the French Pharmacovigilance database
Authors: Souchet Emmanuelle , Lapeyre‐Mestre Maryse , Montastruc Jean‐Louis
Published: November 2004

Objective

To investigate the risk of falls associated with drugs among the French population using data reported to the French spontaneous reporting system and recorded in the French Pharmacovigilance database.

Methods

All cases including a fall were searched in the French Pharmacovigilance database between 1995 and 1999. Drugs involved and characteristics of patients were investigated. In a second step, we estimated the risk associated with psychotropic and cardiovascular drugs in a case/non case comparison, where cases were reports including a fall and non cases all other reports. This risk was estimated by calculation of crude and age and gender adjusted reporting odds ratios (ROR).

Results

During this period, 328 reports including a fall were reported (0.4% of the database). Patients were female in 70%. Mean age was 76 ± 18 years. Comparisons between cases and non cases showed that cases were more likely to be women (OR: 1.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.5–2.4]) and older. After adjustment on age and gender, falls remained significantly associated with exposure to benzodiazepines (4.7 [3.7–5.9]), imipraminic antidepressants (3.6 [2.5–5.1]), serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) antidepressants (2.2 [1.5–3.1]) or nitrates (1.9 [1.2–2.8]).

Conclusion

This study confirms that taking psychotropic drugs strongly increases the risk of falls. The role of cardiovascular drugs (except nitrates) remains not significant when confounding factors are taken into account. According to the very high prevalence of psychotropic drug use in the French elderly, further study are needed to investigate the relative effect of some drugs on falls, like for example SRIs or short acting benzodiazepines. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preoperative pulmonary hemodynamics determines changes in airway and tissue mechanics following surgical repair of congenital heart diseases
Authors: Habre W. , Schütz N. , Pellegrini M. , Beghetti M. , Sly P.D. , Hantos Z. , Peták F.
Published: November 2004

To characterize the effect of changes in pulmonary hemodynamics on airway and tissue mechanics, forced oscillatory input impedance of the respiratory system (Zrs) was measured between 0.4–12 Hz in two groups of children undergoing surgical repair of congenital heart disease (CHD) immediately before sternotomy and after chest closure during short apneic intervals. Children with lesions associated with high pulmonary blood flow and/or pressure (septal defects; HP group, n = 12) and children with hypoperfused lungs (tetralogy of Fallot; LP group, n = 12) were included in the study. Airway resistance (Raw), and coefficients of respiratory tissue damping (G) and elastance (H), were estimated from Zrs by model‐fitting. A postoperative reduction in pulmonary blood flow and/or pressure in the HP group resulted in an immediate decrease in Raw of 29 ± 9 (SE)% (P < 0.05), whereas children in the LP group had increases in Raw (24 ± 17%, no significance) after surgery. No significant change was observed in G in either the HP (6.4 ± 13%) or LP (27 ± 23%) group, while H increased in children of both the HP (23 ± 8%, P < 0.05) and LP (36 ± 7%, P < 0.01) groups. These results suggest that the preoperative pulmonary hemodynamic condition determines changes in airway mechanics: surgical repair of CHD leads to an improvement in airway function only in children with congested lungs. The adverse effects of surgery, mechanical ventilation, and/or cardiopulmonary bypass may be responsible for the increased stiffness of the respiratory system observed in both groups of children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 38:470–476. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Critical behavior of vortices in epitaxial Tl‐2201 films at zero external field
Authors: Chen H. Q. , Johansson L.‐G. , Ivanov Z. G.
Published: November 2004

The resistive transition and current–voltage characteristics of a Tl‐2201 superconducting microbridge are measured close to the critical temperature in zero external magnetic field. The dissipation mechanism is studied by analyzing dV/dI and power dissipation P(= IV) as functions of transport current. The Jc–T curves exhibit three distinct types of behavior depending on temperature. In the low temperature regime, the critical current density is proportional to (1 – T/Tc). At intermediate temperatures, thermally activated flux creep dominates and Jc is proportional to 1 – n(T/Tc) – m(T/Tc)2. In the high temperature regime, Jc is equal to the G–L depairing current. The depinning current, Jc1, is determined, taking into account thermally activated flux motion and flux motion induced by the transport current. Jc1 depends linearly on temperature and vanishes at 82 K, Jc1 = Jc1(0) (1 – T/Tc1). (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetoresistance of sol–gel derived manganite nanoparticles
Authors: Karmakar Shilpi , Taran S. , Chaudhuri B. K.
Published: November 2004

We report the thermal variation of magnetoresistance of sol–gel derived nanocrystalline manganite samples (viz. La0.5Pb0.5MnO3–δ, La0.7Sr0.3MnO3–δ and La0.7Pb0.3MnO3–δ) showing little lower metal‐insulator transition temperature (Tp) compared to those prepared by ceramic heating route. This is considered to be due to the grain boundaries and smaller grain size (15–20 nm) of the sol–gel derived samples. A maximum magnetoresistance (MR) of 13–17% at 0.5 T–1.15 T magnetic field was observed. The transport behavior in the low temperature metallic regime is primarily contributed by the electron‐magnon scattering mechanism. The semiconducting property above TP followed Mott's variable‐range hopping mechanism at lower T and small polaron hopping mechanism at higher T. Unlike MR of many large grain samples, the MR vs. temperature curve of the present nano‐grain samples did not show any peak and the corresponding MR data fitted well with an expression of the form MR = A + B/(1+ (T/T*)n), where A and B are constants, T* is a characteristic temperature of the system and n is a measure of the strength of competition between the intrinsic (arising from spin dependent part within the grain) and the extrinsic (due to spin polarized tunneling between the grain boundaries) MR components. For n = 1, the system follows spin polarized tunneling. Many other nanograin samples were found also to follow this relation. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of a liquid pressure‐transmitting medium on the high pressure behavior of open‐ and closed‐end single‐walled carbon nanotubes and of C60‐peapods
Authors: Kawasaki S. , Matsuoka Y. , Yokomae T. , Nojima Y. , Okino F. , Touhara H. , Kataura H.
Published: November 2004

In situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction measurements of three types of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) (open‐ and closed‐end, and C60‐peapod samples) under high pressure using a cubic anvil press with a liquid‐pressure‐transmitting‐medium (LPTM) were carried out. Comparing with a previous experiment using a solid‐pressure‐transmitting‐medium, it was found that the high pressure behavior of SWNT bundles is much affected by the LPTM. In order to investigate the dependence of the LPTM effect on the tube‐end structure, in situ Raman scattering measurements were also performed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of size distributions of type II ZnTe/ZnSe quantum dots
Authors: Lee Johnson , Yang Chu Shou , Chang Chun Tai , Liu Jerron , Chou Wu Ching , Lai Chih Ming , Jan Gwo Jen , Huang Yin Sheng
Published: November 2004

The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the ZnTe/ZnSe quantum dot (QD) structure which has a type II band alignment was investigated. A broader structure peaking at 2.180 eV together with the features of the ZnSe buffer layer located at 2.820 eV in the PL spectrum at 10 K were observed. The broadness of the PL attributes to the spatial inhomogeneity of the QD sizes. The PL spectrum was a normal distribution with a variance of 0.002 eV2. However, the dot size distribution was a deformed Gaussian. Using only one set of data of dot size distribution measured by the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), the statistical estimates with standard errors were evaluated using the bootstrap methodology. The probability distribution was inferred by calculating the means, percentiles and correlation coefficients of the base diameter and the height of the QDs. We concluded that the dot distributions were indeed a deformed Gaussian and the correlation coefficient of the diameter and the height of the QDs was 0.49 ± 0.01. The uniformity of the dot size distribution was poor. To infer the dot size distribution from the PL spectrum, we numerically solved the Schrödinger equation by elaborating on the orthogonal periodic functions (OPF) approximation for the type II lens shaped QDs. The convergence of the probability density was discussed in a great detail. We found that the band edge discontinuities inside the dot acts as a barrier with ΔEc = 315 meV for the conduction band and as a well with ΔEv = 735 meV for the valence band. In the AFM measurement, the offset in dot height is 14 Å and the aspect ratio is 0.04. We employed the Schrödinger equation to correlated the PL spectrum (intensity versus optical energy) to the AFM data (number of QDs versus dot size) and the agreement was excellent. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Model of the physical properties of halides with complete graph‐based indices
Authors: Pogliani Lionello
Published: November 2004

Complete graph‐based molecular connectivity indices are used to model different theoretical and experimental properties of a class of 20 alkali halides, as well as a theoretical quantum property of a class of fluorides and chlorides. The experimental properties are the lattice enthalpy, the binding enthalpy, and the polarizability in three different media of the alkali halides. The experimental lattice and binding enthalpy are used as training set to evaluate the other sets of theoretical energies, with which the two enthalpies have, finally, been “reconstructed.” The theoretical energies are Coulomb energy, polarization energy, van der Waals energy, repulsion energy, and zero‐point energy. The lattice enthalpy descriptors are rather good descriptors of its constituent energies: Coulomb, van der Waals, repulsion, and zero‐point. The descriptors of the binding enthalpies, instead, fail to model some of its constituent energies: Coulomb, polarization, van der Waals, and repulsion energies. All types of energies are described by basis molecular connectivity indices based on odd complete graph algorithms, which allow an optimal description of the “reconstructed” calculated enthalpies. A common description of the experimental lattice and binding enthalpies with a descriptor trained on the binding enthalpies alone has also been possible. The model of three sets of polarization values of the metal halides with a descriptor trained with one set of polarization values compares positively with a previous study on the polarization of organic compounds. The model of this property requires molecular connectivity basis indices based on a sequential complete graph algorithm. The model of the quantum theoretical property, the electron density at the bond critical point of a class of fluorides and chlorides, allows an interesting comparison with density functional theory calculations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
A liquid‐phase microextraction method, combining a dual gauge microsyringe with a hollow fiber membrane, for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in aqueous solution by gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Yan Chih‐Hao , Wu Hui‐Fen
Published: November 2004

A liquid‐phase microextraction (LPME) method has been demonstrated for the extraction and determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in aqueous solution. The method combines a dual gauge microsyringe with a hollow fiber membrane (LPME/DGM‐HF) followed by detection by gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry (GC/ITMS). The advantages include speed, low solvent and sample consumption, simplicity and ease of use. The extraction time, solvent selection, salt concentration and sample stirring rate have been investigated in order to optimize extraction efficiency. The viability is evaluated by measuring the linearity and detection limit of the five OCPs in aqueous solution. Detection linearity for the OCPs has been achieved over a range of concentrations between 1 and 500 μg/L (r2 > 0.930), with a detection limit of 0.1 μg/L for each OCP. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Chiral Mesoporous Materials by Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Ohsuna Tetsu , Liu Zheng , Che Shunai , Terasaki Osamu
Published: November 2004

By using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the chirality of novel mesoporous materials has been studied. In addition, a computer simulation that uses a simple structural model was employed. The existence of chiral channels inside a tubelike material was confirmed by the observation of fringes along the length of the tubes. The chiral pitch of the channels was measured from the intermittent period, the chirality (right‐ or left‐handed) was determined from the tilt direction of a tube compared with the direction of incident electrons and the curvature direction of the curved intermitted fringes as viewed in the TEM images.
Comparative study of microcystin‐LR‐induced behavioral changes of two fish species, Danio rerio and Leucaspius delineatus
Authors: Baganz Daniela , Staaks Georg , Pflugmacher Stephan , Steinberg Christian E. W.
Published: November 2004

The spontaneous locomotor behavior separated into day/night activity phases of two fish species Danio rerio and Leucaspius delineatus was recorded and quantified continuously under sublethal long‐term exposure to microcystin‐LR in tanks. Microcystin‐LR was applied in concentrations of 0.5, 5, 15, and 50 μg L−1. By using an automated video‐monitoring and object‐tracing system, the average motility (swimming velocity) and the average number of turns were assessed. Clear dose‐dependent effects of microcystin‐LR on the behavior of both test fish were measured. During the daytime, the motility of Danio rerio as well as Leucaspius delineatus increased significantly by exposure to the lowest concentrations, whereas higher concentrations led to significantly decreased motility. Influenced by microcystin‐LR, the swimming time of Leucaspius delineatus reversed, going from a prominently diurnal activity to a nocturnal one; Danio rerio remained active during the daytime. Most of the relative changes in the behavioral patterns of Danio rerio and Leucaspius delineatus suggest these fish have comparable susceptibility to microcystin‐LR and may indicate some adverse consequences for fish populations, for example, in connection with reproduction and predator–prey interactions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 564–570, 2004.
Cytometric analysis of adverse action of diphenyl ditelluride on rat thymocytes: Cell shrinkage as a cytotoxic parameter
Authors: Iwase Kyoko , Tatsuishi Tomoko , Nishimura Yumiko , Yamaguchi Jun‐ya , Oyama Yasuo , Miyoshi Norikazu , Wada Makoto
Published: November 2004

Despite the growing use of organotellurium compounds in the chemical and biomedical fields, there has been no great concern about their toxicity until now. To test the possibility that diphenyl ditelluride (DPDT) and tellurium chloride (TeCl2), organic and inorganic tellurium compounds, may exert adverse action on mammals, their effects on rat thymocytes were examined under in vitro conditions using a flow cytometer with fluorescent probes. Incubation of thymocytes with DPDT at 300 nM or more for 24 h significantly increased the populations of shrunken cells and of cells with hypodiploidal DNA. Z‐VAD‐FMK, a paninhibitor of caspases, greatly suppressed the DPDT‐induced increase in the hypodiploidal cell population, suggesting the involvement of caspase activation in DPDT toxicity. Hence, it is possible that DPDT would increase the population of thymocytes undergoing apoptosis if the blood concentration in mammals reached at least 300 nM or more. TeCl2 was much less potent than DPDT in increasing the population of hypodiploidal cells. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 614–619, 2004.
Slip tapers at the tips of faults and earthquake ruptures
Authors: Scholz Christopher H. , Lawler Theresa M.
Published: November 2004

Slip gradients near the tips of earthquake ruptures and faults are typically linear. For non‐interacting faults or earthquake ruptures, tip tapers are scale invariant, and about 1–2 orders of magnitude larger for faults than for earthquakes. For fault tips interacting with other faults, the taper can be as much as a factor of 10 greater than for non‐interacting faults. For earthquake ruptures, taper is also greater by as much as a factor of 10 for tips of rupture segments in the interior of the main rupture, tips in which the earthquake has propagated to the end of the fault, and tips which interact with the stress‐drop of a previous earthquake on the same fault. Tip taper for faults increases with the strength of the wall rock. These observations are consistent with fracture mechanics models in which inelastic deformation occurs in a volume surrounding the crack tip.
Jordanian Women in Education: Politics, Pedagogy and Gender Discourses
Authors: Al-Mahadin Salam
Published: November 2004

The ‘epistemic’ violence that has beset gender discourses in education refutes the claim that progress is measured by figures and numbers of Jordanian women in schools and the workplace. While such discourses demand to be contextualized, deconstructed and resisted, they also necessitate creating a link between political praxis and gender politics. My argument centres on the indispensable role critical discourse can play in locating these instances of ‘epistemic’ violence and revealing the manner in which the themes of constructed gender knowledge have been subjugated to the political praxis of each context. Interventions by donors and NGOs have more often than not been emasculated by the political considerations of governments and establishments. The result has been ‘disciplined’ gender politics in education, perpetuating traditional discursive practices, roles and stereotypes instead of acting as an emancipatory power. Human development reports and traditional literature on gender bias in education have failed to account for such discursive/power practices. In this paper, I shed light on the national, the international and the textual ‘knowledge’ that surrounds gender bias in education in a context like Jordan. I conclude by demonstrating the importance of the national and its discursive practices in reformulating approaches based on the international (human development reports) and the textual (literature on gender bias and stereotypes in education).
High-resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance experiments on highly radioactive ceramics
Authors: Farnan Ian , Cho Herman , Weber William J. , Scheele Randall D. , Johnson Nigel R. , Kozelisky Anne E.
Published: November 2004

A triple-containment magic-angle spinning rotor insert system has been developed and a sample handling procedure formulated for safely analyzing highly radioactive solids by high-resolution solid-state NMR. The protocol and containment system have been demonstrated for magic-angle spinning (MAS) experiments on ceramic samples containing 5–10 wt % Pu239 and Pu238 at rotation speeds of 3500 Hz. The technique has been used to demonstrate that MAS NMR experiments can be used to measure amorphous atomic number fractions produced by accelerated internal radiation damage. This will allow incorporated α-emitters with short half-lives to be used to model the long-term radiation tolerance of potential ceramic radioactive waste forms. This is an example of MAS NMR spectroscopy on samples containing fissionable isotopes.
Experimental technique for studying high-temperature phases in reactive molten metal based systems
Authors: Ermoline A. , Schoenitz M. , Hoffmann V. K. , Dreizin E. L.
Published: November 2004

Containerless, microgravity experiments for studying equilibria in molten metal–gas systems have been designed and conducted onboard of a NASA KC-135 aircraft flying parabolic trajectories. An experimental apparatus enabling one to acoustically levitate, laser heat, and splat quench 1–3 mm metal and ceramic samples has been developed and equipped with computer-based controller and optical diagnostics. Normal-gravity testing determined the levitator operation parameters providing stable and adjustable sample positioning. A methodology for optimizing the levitator performance using direct observation of levitated samples was developed and found to be more useful than traditional pressure mapping of the acoustic field. In microgravity experiments, spherical specimens prepared of pressed, premixed powders of ZrO2, ZrN, and Zr, were acoustically levitated inside an argon-filled chamber at one atmosphere and heated by a CO2 laser up to 2800 K. Using a uniaxial acoustic levitator in microgravity, the location of the laser-heated samples could be maintained for about 1 s, so that local sample melting was achieved. Oscillations of the levitating samples in horizontal direction became pronounced in microgravity. These oscillations increased during the sample heating and eventually resulted in moving the sample out of the stable position and away from the laser beam.
α-Synuclein structures from fluorescence energy-transfer kinetics: Implications for the role of the protein in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lee Jennifer C. , Langen Ralf , Hummel Patrick A. , Gray Harry B. , Winkler Jay R.
Published: November 2004

Parkinson's disease is associated with the deposition and accumulation of α-synuclein fibrils in the brain. A30P and A53T mutations have been linked to the early-onset familial disease state. Time-resolved tryptophan fluorescence energy-transfer measurements have been used to probe the structures of pseudo-wild-type and mutant (A30P) α-synucleins at physiological pH (7.4), in acidic pH (4.4) solutions, and in the presence of SDS micelles, a membrane mimic. Fluorescent donor–energy acceptor (DA) distance distributions for six different tryptophan/3-nitro-tyrosine pairs reveal the presence of compact, intermediate, and extended conformations of the protein. CD spectra indicate that the protein develops substantial helical structure in the presence of SDS micelles. DA distributions show that micelles induce compaction in the N-terminal region and expansion of the acidic C terminus. In acidic solutions, there is an increased population of collapsed structures in the C-terminal region. Energy-transfer measurements demonstrate that the average DA distances for the W4–Y19 and Y19–W39 pairs are longer in one of the two disease-related mutants (A30P).
Distinct roles of IL-12 and IL-15 in human natural killer cell activation by dendritic cells from secondary lymphoid organs
Authors: Ferlazzo Guido , Pack Maggi , Thomas Dolca , Paludan Casper , Schmid Dorothee , Strowig Till , Bougras Gwenola , Muller William A. , Moretta Lorenzo , Münz Christian
Published: November 2004

Dendritic cells (DCs) are known to induce the growth and function of natural killer (NK) cells. Here, we address the capacity of DCs to interact with NK cells in human lymphoid organs and identify the role of specific DC-derived cytokines. We demonstrate that DCs colocalize with NK cells in the T cell areas of lymph nodes. In culture, DCs from either blood or spleen primarily stimulate the CD56brightCD16–NK cell subset, which is enriched in secondary lymphoid tissues. Blocking of IL-12 abolished DC-induced IFN-γ secretion by NK cells, whereas membrane-bound IL-15 on DCs was essential for NK cell proliferation and survival. Maturation by CD40 ligation promoted the highest IL-15 surface presentation on DCs and led to the strongest NK cell proliferation induced by DCs. These results identify secondary lymphoid organs as a potential DC/NK cell interaction site and identify the distinct roles for DC-derived IL-12 and IL-15 in NK cell activation.
Themistocles' speech before Salamis: the interpretation of Herodotus 8.83.1
Authors: Graham A. J.
Published: November 2004

With the dawn of the day of the Battle of Salamis in ch. 83 of Book 8, Herodotus heightens the tone of his language. An unfortunate result of his more elaborately worked writing has been failure to understand his words, and hence much misplaced editorial intervention. In particular, the words at 8.83.1, προηγρενε εῢ ἒΧοντα μν κ πντων Θεμιστοκλης, have regularly been mistranslated. Powell even wanted to rewrite the Greek here to read: ἠγρευε μν πρó πντων Θεμιστοκλης (‘And Themistocles was chosen to pronounce the exhortation’). Few would wish to follow such a drastic and arbitrary alteration of the transmitted text, but the conjectural emendation highlights the difficulty of understanding Herodotus' words at this point.
Sane in Vergil and Ovid: an unpoetisches Wort revisited
Authors: Hansen G. C.
Published: November 2004

In his influential work Unpoetische Wörter, B. Axelson mentions sane as one of the words used freely in prose but generally avoided in verse.1 He briefly discusses its occurrences in poetry. A closer look at these occurrences offers some insight into the manner in which Roman poets employed words usually associated with prose writing or everyday speech, while raising some interesting questions about the accepted text of a passage in the Aeneid and the style of Ovid's Heroides 16–21.
The position of Gallus in Eclogue 6
Authors: Woodman A. J.
Published: November 2004

Although modern scholars have expressed in various ways the view that the Gallus passage is unusual in its context,1 no editor or commentator during the past quarter of a century has questioned the ordering of the lines in which the Gallus passage occurs.2
A conjecture on Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.243
Authors: Harrison S. J
Published: November 2004

Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.243–4:

nec tu iam poteras enectum pondere terrae

tollere, nympha, caput, corpusque exsangue iacebas.
II. Free Movement of Persons
Authors: Lonbay Jules
Published: November 2004

As mentioned in the previous note1 the Amsterdam Treaty significantly alters the treaty structure as regards the free movement of persons. The EC treaty now has, as one of its formal activities as set out in article 3(1)(d), “measures concerning the entry and movement of persons as provided for in Title IV”. The creation of a new Title IV in the EC Treaty on establishing an area of freedom, security and justice moves a corpus of subject matter2 from the inter-governmental pillar on Justice and Home Affairs to the Treaty of Rome. The aim clearly set out is to establish, within five years, all the measures necessary to create “an area without frontiers” in accordance with Article 143 together with “flanking measures with respect to external board of controls of asylum and immigration” as well as “measures to prevent and combat crime in accordance with the provisions of Article 31 (e) of the Treaty on European Union”.4 Co-operation between the Member States is also to be strengthened and encouraged5 as well as measures in the field of police and judicial co-operation in criminal matters though the latter is in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty on the European Union.6
I. Recent Cases
Authors: Evans Malcolm D. , Merrills J. G.
Published: November 2004

On 21 September 1999 Pakistan filed an application instituting proceedings against India in respect of a dispute relating to the destruction in the previous month of a Pakistani military aircraft. According to Pakistan the aircraft, which was unarmed, was shot down by Indian fighter aircraft while in Pakistan air space and without warning. The 16 people aboard the aircraft, who were mostly naval trainees, were all killed. India denied all responsibility for the incident and rejected Pakistan's suggestion that a United Nations fact-finding mission should be sent to the area. Having unsuccessfully demanded some 60 million dollars compensation for India's allegedly illegal action, Pakistan then referred the matter to the Court.2
Redrawing the Territorial Sea Baseline in the Firth if Clyde
Authors: Marston Geoffrey
Published: November 2004

At first sight, the Territorial Sea (Amendment) Order 19981 is an unremarkable instrument. Its explanatory note states that it amends the Schedule to the Territorial Waters Order in Council 19642 ‘by adding a new baseline between the Mull of Kintyre and Laggan, as well as by making minor changes to [three points scheduled in the 1964 Order] which result from the publication of a new, larger scale chart of the area’. In fact, the note is a model of economy of information disguising the difficulties which led to the Order's addition of a further straight baseline, enclosing the Firth if Clyde, to the system of straight baselines starting in the north at Cape Wrath and which, before the above amendment was made, had ended in the south at the Mull of Kintyre. This is the story behind the addition of the new segment. The sketch map indicates the general cartography of the relevant area.
I. Civil and Commercial Litigation
Authors: Kennett Wendy , McEleavy Peter
Published: November 2004

There continues to be a steady stream of cases, particularly those raising questions of interpretation of international instruments. Many nevertheless involve the application of those instruments to particular facts, rather than fundamental points of principle. The following are among the more significant.
II. External Relations
Authors: McMahon Joe , Denza Eileen
Published: November 2004

The last account of developments in the external relations of the European Union, described how the Treaty of Amsterdam, which had just entered into force, had reformed the Common Foreign and Security Policy. Three years on one can begin to assess the impact of these changes.
Scotland and Spain: The Division of Environmental Competences
Authors: Reid Colin T , Ruiz Gerardo Ruiz-Rico
Published: November 2004

Two conflicting forces beset any attempts to fit responsibility for environmental matters into modern constitutional structures. On the one hand the political desire for less centralised government calls for devolution of power to regional or local authorities, so that responsibilities are divided and distributed between different levels of government. On the other, the fact that no aspect of the environment can be treated as if it were a separate compartment suggests that responsibilities should be integrated in one place, an approach supported by the increasing awareness that there is a need for environmental considerations to influence all areas of policy if the goal of sustainable development is to be achieved. Fitting responses to the conditions1 of a particular locality is an important element in successful environmental policy, but so is ensuring that a coherent and holistic approach is taken, unhindered by institutional divisions.2 The purpose of this paper is to examine how two structures of devolved administration, for the Autonomous Communities in Spain and for Scotland, meet the challenge of reconciling these opposite forces, and how the constitutional structures influence the way in which potential problems are resolved.
II. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Rwanda) Provisional Measures, Order of 1 July 2002
Authors: Evans Malcom D , Brown Chester
Published: November 2004

Since 1998, a war has ravaged one of Africa's largest countries, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (‘DRC’). Africa's ‘Great War’ is said to have involved nine national armies and an unknown number of militia groups, and has reportedly claimed more lives than any other in the last four years. Estimates of the death toll range from 3 to 3.5 million. On 28 May 2002, the DRC instituted proceedings before the International Court of Justice (‘the Court’) against Rwanda alleging ‘massive, serious and flagrant violations of human rights and international humanitarian law’, and requested certain provisional measures.2 On 10 July 2002, the Court rejected the DRC’s request for provisional measures, as it considered that it did not have prima facie jurisdiction to determine the merits of the case.3 However, the Court also rejected Rwanda's request that the case be removed from the list, as the Court considered that its lack of jurisdiction was not ‘manifest’.4 This note reviews the history of the conflict and the litigation, before considering the DRC's request for provisional measures and the grounds of jurisdiction upon which it sought to rely. The Order is then analysed, and this note concludes that the Court was right to reject the DRC's request, but it should have gone further and removed the case from the list.
Of Sense And Sensibility: Reflections On International Liability Regimes As Tools For Environmental Protection
Authors: BrunnÉee Jutta
Published: November 2004

There are several reasons, pertaining to both the development of a generallyapplicable framework and the elaboration of issue-specific approaches, why it is timely to reflect on whether liability regimes are an appropriate tool for international environmental protection. At the level of general norms, the International Law Commission (ILC) appears to have arrived at a crossroads, as it must decide whether and how to approach further work on liability for transboundary environmental harm. At the same time, discussions about issuespecific liability regimes have proliferated. Indeed, it seems that few multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) can be negotiated today without running across the liability issue in one way or another. The issue often divides Southern delegations, which tend to push for the inclusion of liability regimes, and Northerndelegations, which tend to resist. But the disagreement is not just a matter of policy and politics. There is also a lively debate in the literature about the pros and cons of international liability regimes. All the more reason, therefore, to assess whether engaging in the laborious task of developing a liability regime is a good investment of scarce negotiating resources. The goals that animate the quest for environmental liability are important ones: to make polluters pay for the environmental costs of their activities, to compensate innocent victims, to protect the environment, and, in certain contexts, to protect developing countries against environmental risks. The key question is whether, given these sensibilities, the approach makes sense.
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS: II. Enforcing Anti-Suit Injunctions Against Sovereign States
Authors: Wilkes Guy
Published: November 2004

The Court of Appeal (Pill and Waller LJJ and Sir Martin Nourse) has considered interesting jurisdiction issues arising out of a projects dispute between a Pakistani company (‘Sabah’) and the Government of Pakistan (the ‘GOP’). The Court gave welcome guidance on the principles underlying the grant of anti-suit injunctions in cases where the parties have agreed to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts. However, questions of how an anti-suit injunction obtained against a State may be enforced largely remain unanswered.
Scriabin's Octatonic Sonata
Authors: Wai-Ling Cheong
Published: November 2004

The first of an uninterrupted series of piano works to follow the orchestral Prometheus, op. 60 (1908–10), Scriabin's Sixth Sonata, op. 62 (1911), is a striking example of what may be termed an ‘octatonic sonata’. Indeed, the Sixth Sonata shows Scriabin experimenting with the octatonic at its most rigid and is unique in containing long spans of pure octatonic writing where not a single extraneous note is invoked. In contrast to the Fifth Sonata, op. 53 (1907), which is closely associated with the Poem of Ecstasy, op. 54 (1905–8), the Sixth Sonata has only loose ties with Prometheus.
Erik Satie's Ballet Mercure (1924): From Mount Etna to Montmartre
Authors: Orledge Robert
Published: November 2004

Mercure, a ballet in three tableaux with scenery and costumes by Pablo Picasso and choreography by Léonide Massine, created a scandal on a par with that of Parade (1917) when it was first performed at La Cigale Theatre in Montmartre on 15 June 1924 as part of the ‘Soirée de Paris’ season mounted by the wealthy Comte Etienne de Beaumont. Although Mount Etna, as it transpired, featured in the scenario but not in Picasso's stage sets, the première was certainly the scene of a volcanic eruption, a deliberate demonstration orchestrated by the Surrealists (led by the poet André Breton), who tried to drown Satie's music-hall score with their cries of ‘Long live Picasso! Down with Satie!’ The reasons behind this were complex and inseparable from Satie's enthusiastic support for the Dada movement and its founder, Tristan Tzara, from 1919 onwards. After the failure of the Congrès de Paris (convened by Breton to establish a Dada constitution and himself as leader), Satie took great delight in assuming the presidency of Breton's public trial at the Closerie des Lilas restaurant on 17 February 1922. Their enmity was further intensified by Satie's participation in the ‘happening’, known as La soirée du Coeur à barbe, which Tzara mounted at the Théâtre Michel on 6 July 1923. In what might be regarded as a dress rehearsal for Mercure, the newly founded Surrealists under Breton mounted a campaign in support of Picasso, which led to Breton being expelled by the police.
Allies in the Cause of Italian Music: Schütz, Prince Johann Georg II and Musical Politics in Dresden
Authors: Frandsen Mary E.
Published: November 2004

In the seventeenth century the process of appointing court musicians was often complicated by struggles between conflicting agendas. Recently discovered letters of Saxon Prince Johann Georg II (1613–80) document the nature of the process in Dresden during the tenure of court Kapellmeister Heinrich Schütz, and the attempts of Schütz and the prince to steer Elector Johann Georg I's hiring decisions in a direction that would further their cause: the cultivation of an awareness of the modern Italian style of singing in the Dresden court musicians. The letters reveal the previously unknown collaborative effort of Schütz and the prince to fill the position of vice-Kapellmeister with the ‘right’ musician (i.e. an Italian or Italian-trained one), and to keep the ‘wrong’ man out of the job. In the course of this enterprise, the prince participated in the negotiations for several appointments, including that of Christoph Bernhard, whom he then sent to a northern court to study with an Italian singer. Although the collaborators' mission ended in failure, the story of their efforts casts light on the musical politicking at a seventeenth-century court and on the implications such campaigns had for the lives of individual musicians.
‘Alienated from his Own Being’: Nietzsche, Bayreuth and the Problem of Identity
Authors: Morris Christopher
Published: November 2004

A central theme of Nietzsche's Wagner criticism is the theatre and acting. Nietzsche professes a deep suspicion of the ‘herd mentality’ promoted by theatre and the shallowness and persuasive power of the actor. Wagner and Bayreuth, he claims, embody these characteristics in their most intense form, compounding the theatre's worst features with a thoroughly modern set of blind contradictions. But Nietzsche's writings can also embrace theatrical masks and ‘histrionics’, presenting them as the key to a conception of identity as plural, mobile and random. In fact the very form of his writings, with its weave of multiple authorial identities, reinforces this view. This article argues that Nietzsche's anti-Wagnerian rhetoric is a mask that conceals more sympathetic attitudes. While repelled by Wagnerian theatre on many levels, Nietzsche also positions Wagner and the experience of music drama as a model for new definitions of identity.
Primary longitudinal resin canals in lodgepole pine occur in Fibonacci numbers
Authors: Fredeen Arthur L , Hoekstra Kevin T , Madill Robert W
Published: November 2004

Primary (nontraumatic) longitudinal resin canals (RCs) in immature (expanding) and mature stems of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) were found to occur in Fibonacci (F) numbers (specifically 5, 8, 13, and 21). The most commonly observed number of RCs in immature stem circumferences was 13 (53% of all immature stems surveyed), but 8, 21, and 5 were also observed in decreasing order of prevalence, respectively. In general, the greater the immature stem diameter, the higher the F number of the RCs. However, branch order appeared to have the greatest effect on the number of RCs. Specifically, the leader (1° axis) generally had 21 RCs in the terminal bud and 13 in the lateral buds. All other terminal axes (i.e., 2°, 3°, 4°) tended to 13, while associated lateral axes tended to 8. The same general relationships between number of RCs, stem diameter, and branch order were also observed for mature (woody) branchlets of lodgepole pine, for example, 13 RCs were also the most prevalent F number observed (i.e., in 48% of the observed branchlets). The phyllotactic chirality was also assessed for mature branch samples. A tree tends to retain a phyllotactic chirality (or handedness) as branch order increases, despite decreases in the number of RCs from 21 to 5 from low to high branch orders. The implication of these findings to helical phyllotactic development in conifers is discussed.Key words: Fibonacci numbers, resin canals, lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, phyllotaxis.
Measuring individual tree height using a combination of stereophotogrammetry and lidar
Authors: St-Onge Benoît , Jumelet Julien , Cobello Mario , Véga Cédric
Published: November 2004

Photogrammetric methods using parallaxes can be employed to measure tree heights on aerial photographs. Because it is often impossible to measure ground elevation near trees growing in dense forests, such height measurements remain prone to error. Our objective was to solve this problem by combining a stereomodel and a digital terrain model (DTM) produced by an airborne-scanning system that uses light detection and ranging (lidar). A stereopair of scanned aerial photographs was first registered to a lidar DTM. The elevation of the apex of 202 Thuja occidentalis (L.) individuals was measured by an observer on a digital photogrammetric workstation. The tree base elevations were read from the lidar DTM and subtracted from the corresponding apex elevations to calculate individual tree heights. These were then compared with the heights measured in the field. The average photo-lidar bias was 0.59 m, and the average deviation of 1.01 m decreased to 0.88 m when the bias was removed. It was demonstrated that the photographic clearness of the tree apices influences the height error, while the density of the lidar echoes under the forest canopy does not. Using this method, retrospective studies of changes in tree height become feasible by using archived aerial photographs and recent lidar DTMs.