bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alterações do trato uveal associados à Erliquiose Monocítica Canina (EMC)
Authors: Veloso Jéssica Fontes , Sauer Leonardo , Melo Danilo Rocha de , Andrade Camila Fernanda Oliveira , Oliveira Thais Nascimento de Andrade , Gomes Junior Deusdete da Conceição , Carlos Renata Santiago Alberto
Published: February 2021

A Erliquiose Monocítica Canina (EMC) é uma hemoparasitose de grande importância no cenário brasileiro, acometendo cães através da picada do carrapato vetor Rhipicephalus sanguineus infectado durante o repasto sanguíneo. Esta doença tem alta prevalência principalmente em âmbito nacional, causando altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. Alterações oftálmicas são consideradas de grande importância nos animais acometidos pois podem ser a única manifestação clínica da doença e causar cegueira permanente. Objetivou-se com este artigo abordar as principais alterações oftálmicas associadas à EMC, assim como sua fisiopatogenia, métodos diagnóstico, opções terapêuticas e prognóstico, visando o melhor entendimento desses sinais dentro da clínica médica de pequenos animais. Para tal, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica buscando estudos de correlação entre a EMC e as alterações oftálmicas em cães onde foi observado que a úvea é a porção mais acometida, por ser altamente vascularizada e imunossensível. Dessa forma, as consequências oftálmicas podem ser graves e permanentes quando o diagnóstico e o tratamento são tardios, e, portanto, essa atualização é de grande valia para os médicos veterinários que trabalham com a clínica geral de pequenos animais.
Trastornos del sueño- vigilia como marcadores de ideación suicida: una revisión sistemática de la literatura
Authors: Callejas Rosana Álvarez , Domínguez Alain Marcel de Armas , Pedroso Rodríguez María de los Ángeles , López Seidel Guerra
Published: February 2021

Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura con el objetivo de determinar si los trastornos del ciclo sueño-vigilia pueden ser considerados marcadores de ideación suicida. Para llevar a cabo la revisión y responder la pregunta de investigación fue llevada a cabo una búsqueda en las bases de datos bibliográficos del área de la salud: Medline, Scielo y LILACS durante los meses de mayo a diciembre de 2020. Se incluyeron estudios originales cuantitativos y revisiones cualitativas, así como meta-análisis, publicados en los últimos 10 años en idiomas español, inglés y portugués. Fueron encontrados 39 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, de los cuales 37 estaban escritos en idioma inglés y 2 en idioma portugués. La base de datos Medline aportó el 79,4 % de los artículos utilizados. El 87, 1 % de los artículos se corresponden con estudios originales cuantitativos. La presenta revisión sistemática evidenció que los trastornos del sueño son un factor de riesgo independiente en relación con la conducta suicida en diferentes contextos clínicos y entornos socio-culturales.
Bacterial community dynamics during a harmful algal bloom of Heterosigma akashiwo
Authors: Matcher G , Lemley DA , Adams JB
Published: February 2021

Phytoplankton bloom events result in distinct changes in the composition and availability of nutrients as well as physical conditions within aquatic ecosystems, resulting in significant effects on bacterial communities. Using a metabarcoding approach, this study investigated the effect of a harmful algal bloom (HAB) of Heterosigma akashiwo in the Sundays Estuary, South Africa, on bacterial community structures in this estuarine ecosystem over an entire bloom event. The occurrence of bacterial lineages occurring in both the oxygen-rich surface water and hypoxic bottom waters in this study reflects the respiratory flexibility and potential for both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism across a wide range of bacterial phylogenetic lineages. A close correlation between the bacterial community profiles and the physiological state of the bloom was observed, with Flavobacteria found in increased relative abundances during the H. akashiwo HAB. Flavobacteria are commonly reported in the literature associated with algal blooms, which is indicative of their central role in the degradation of algal-derived organic matter. Halieaceae were prevalent during the bloom, whilst Synechococcales, Cryomorphaceae and Sporichthyaceae were found to be positively correlated with the decay of the H. akashiwo bloom. Rhodobacteraceae correlated significantly with the H. akashiwo bloom; however, unlike the Rhodobacteraceae specific bloom-associated genera reported in literature (predominantly Roseobacter), up to 74% of the Rhodobacteraceae sequence reads in this study were assigned to the genus Litorimicrobium. The distinct bacterial community profiles recorded throughout the H. akashiwo HAB can be attributed to the influence of the bloom-forming species as well as under-representation of estuarine-occurring HABs in the literature.
Intercomparison of statistical downscaling models: a case study of a large-scale river basin
Authors: Loganathan P , Mahindrakar AB
Published: February 2021

Climate change assessment at a local scale requires downscaling of general circulation models (GCMs) using various approaches. In this study, statistical downscaling using established machine learning techniques is compared with the proposed extreme gradient boosting decision tree (EXGBDT) technique. The Cauvery river basin in southern peninsular India, which is known for its frequent droughts and floods, was considered in this study. The ACCESS 1.0 CMIP5 historical GCM simulation was used for downscaling the local climate with the help of daily observation data from 35 stations located in the study zone. An intercomparison of model performance in predicting daily weather variables such as precipitation and average, maximum, and minimum temperatures over the upper, middle, and lower Cauvery river basin was performed. The findings show that mean-variance is around 15% and bias is negligible for the proposed EXGBDT model, which is better than other models under consideration. The NSE and R2 values range from 0.75-0.85 for both training and testing periods. The intercomparison of monthly mean values of observed and downscaled data for different sub-basins and parameters suggests higher model efficiency. The lower variance observed in the comparison of CLIMDEX indices suggests that the EXGBDT model performance is better in representing the local climatic condition.
Fluorine-based Inductively Coupled Plasma Etching of α-Ga2O3 Epitaxy Film
Authors: Um Ji Hun , Choi Byoung Su , Jang Woo Sik , Hwang Sungu , Jeon Dae-Woo , Kim Jin Kon , Cho Hyun
Published: February 2021

α-Ga2O3 has the largest bandgap (~5.3 eV) among the five polymorphs of Ga2O3 and is a promising candidate for high power electronic and optoelectronic devices. To fabricate various device structures, it is important to establish an effective dry etch process which can provide practical etch rate, smooth surface morphology and low ion-induced damage. Here, the etch characteristics of α-Ga2O3 epitaxy film were examined in two fluorine-based (CF4/Ar and SF6/Ar) inductively coupled plasmas. Under the same source power, rf chuck power and process pressure, an Ar-rich composition of CF4/Ar and an SF6-rich composition of SF6/Ar produced the highest etch rates. Monotonic increase in the etch rate was observed as the source power and rf chuck power increased in the 2CF4/13Ar discharges, and a maximum etch rate of ~855 Å/min was obtained at a 500 W source power, 250 W rf chuck power, and 2 mTorr pressure. A smooth surface morphology with normalized roughness of less than ~1.38 was achieved in the 2CF4/13Ar and 13SF6/2Ar discharges under most of the conditions examined. The features etched into the α-Ga2O3 layer using a 2CF4/13Ar discharge with 2 mTorr pressure showed good anisotropy with a vertical sidewall profile.
Calculated Electric Transport Properties of Thermoelectric Semiconductors Under Different Carrier Scattering Mechanisms
Authors: Kim Sang-il , Kim Hyun-Sik
Published: February 2021

The widespread application of thermoelectric devices in cooling and waste heat recovery systems will be achieved when materials achieve high thermoelectric performance. However, improving thermoelectric performance is not straightforward because the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of the materials have opposite trends with varying carrier concentration. Here, we demonstrate that carrier scattering mechanism engineering can improve the power factor, which is the Seebeck coefficient squared multiplied by electrical conductivity, by significantly improving the electrical conductivity with a decreased Seebeck coefficient. The effect of engineering the carrier scattering mechanism was evaluated by comparing the band parameters (density-of-states effective mass, non-degenerate mobility) of Te-doped and Te, transition metal co-doped n-type Mg2Sb3 fitted via the single parabolic band model under different carrier scattering mechanisms. Previously, it was reported that co-doping transition metal with Te only changed the carrier scattering mechanism from ionized impurity scattering to mixed scattering between ionized impurities and acoustic phonons, compared to Te-doped samples. The approximately three times enhancement in the power factor of Te, transition metal co-doped samples reported in the literature have all been attributed to a change in the scattering mechanism. However, here it is demonstrated that Te, transition metal co-doping also increased the density-of-states effective mass. Here, the impact of the scattering mechanism change on the electric transport properties of n-type Mg2Sb3 without an effective mass increase was studied. Even without the effective mass increase, carrier scattering mechanism engineering improved the power factor, and its effect was maximized by appropriate carrier concentration tuning.
A Novel Experimental Approach for In Vivo Analyses of the Salivary Gland Microvasculature
Authors: Uhl Bernd , Braun Constanze , Dominik Julian , Luft Joshua , Canis Martin , Reichel Christoph A.
Published: February 2021

Microvascular dysfunction plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of salivary gland disorders. Restoring and preserving microvascular integrity might therefore represent a promising strategy for the treatment of these pathologies. The mechanisms underlying microvascular dysfunction in salivary glands, however, are still obscure, partly due to the unavailability of adequate in vivo models. Here, we present a novel experimental approach that allows comprehensive in vivo analyses of the salivary gland microvasculature in mice. For this purpose, we employed different microscopy techniques including multi-photon in vivo microscopy to quantitatively analyze interactions of distinct immune cell subsets in the submandibular gland microvasculature required for their infiltration into the surrounding parenchyma and their effects on microvascular function. Confocal microscopy and multi-channel flow cytometry in tissue sections/homogenates complemented these real-time analyses by determining the molecular phenotype of the participating cells. To this end, we identified key adhesion and signaling molecules that regulate the subset- and tissue-specific trafficking of leukocytes into inflamed glands and control the associated microvascular leakage. Hence, we established an experimental approach that allows in vivo analyses of microvascular processes in healthy and diseased salivary glands. This enables us to delineate distinct pathogenetic factors as novel therapeutic targets in salivary gland diseases.
Mitochondrial Regulation of Macrophage Response Against Pathogens
Authors: Choudhuri Subhadip , Chowdhury Imran Hussain , Garg Nisha Jain
Published: February 2021

Innate immune cells play the first line of defense against pathogens. Phagocytosis or invasion by pathogens can affect mitochondrial metabolism in macrophages by diverse mechanisms and shape the macrophage response (proinflammatoryvs. immunomodulatory) against pathogens. Besides β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2'-phosphate, reduced (NADPH) oxidase, mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes release superoxide for direct killing of the pathogen. Mitochondria that are injured are removed by mitophagy, and this process can be critical for regulating macrophage activation. For example, impaired mitophagy can result in cytosolic leakage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that can lead to activation of cGAS–STING signaling pathway of macrophage proinflammatory response. In this review, we will discuss how metabolism, mtDNA, mitophagy, and cGAS–STING pathway shape the macrophage response to infectious agents.
Neuronal Surface Antibody-Medicated Autoimmune Encephalitis (Limbic Encephalitis) in China: A Multiple-Center, Retrospective Study
Authors: Shan Wei , Yang Huajun , Wang Qun
Published: February 2021

Objective: The epidemiological characteristics of patients with antibody-medicated autoimmune encephalitis in China remain unclear, and a large-scale epidemiological survey is necessary.

Methods: A multiple-center retrospective study was performed. We collected 1,047 patients with suspected autoimmune encephalitis and ultimately enrolled 778 defined patients across centers in China. All patients were positive for serum [or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] antibodies. Demographic information and clinical data from January 2014 to January 2019 from 22 centers in China were reviewed.

Results: A total of 778 patients with autoimmune encephalitis were enrolled in the study. In general, the ratio of males to females was ~1.2:1. The main subtypes of autoimmune encephalitis were NMDAR-AE (61.35%), LGI-1-AE (20.61%), and GABAbR-AE (12.40%). According to the characteristics of age of onset, the incidence of autoimmune encephalitis showed a “double peak” distribution entailing a 20-year-old age group and a 60-year-old age group. We next analyzed the proportion of patients with tumors in this cohort. More specifically, there were 34 patients with tumors and 85 with tumor marker positivity. Relapse occurred in 81 patients within at least 1 year's follow up study: 52 with NMDAR-AE (18.2%); 19 with LGI-1-AE (16.8%); 5 with GABAbR-AE (9%); and 3 with CASPR2-AE.

Interpretation: Due to the vast differences in demographic features, the incidence of cancer and the genetic characteristics between the populations in China and Western countries, the demographics, sex distribution, concomitant tumor rate, clinical features, and relapse characteristics associated with autoimmune encephalitis in China shows a similar profile with Western countries with some minor differences.
TNFRSF13B Diversification Fueled by B Cell Responses to Environmental Challenges—A Hypothesis
Authors: Cascalho Marilia , Platt Jeffrey L.
Published: February 2021

B cell differentiation and memory are controlled by the transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI), a receptor encoded byTNFRSF13B.TNFRSF13Bmutations are frequently found in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and in IgA -deficiency; yet, ~98% of those with mutantTNFRSF13Bare healthy. Indeed,TNFRSF13Bis among the 5% most polymorphic genes in man. Other mammals evidence polymorphism at comparable loci. We hypothesize thatTNFRSF13Bdiversity might promote rather than detract from well-being by controlling key elements of innate immunity. We shall discuss how extraordinary diversity ofTNFRSF13Bcould have evolved and persisted across diverse species of mammals by controlling innate and adaptive B cell responses in apparently paradoxical ways.
The Origin of B-cells: Human Fetal B Cell Development and Implications for the Pathogenesis of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Jackson Thomas R. , Ling Rebecca E. , Roy Anindita
Published: February 2021

Human B-lymphopoiesis is a dynamic life-long process that startsin uteroby around six post-conception weeks. A detailed understanding of human fetal B-lymphopoiesis and how it changes in postnatal life is vital for building a complete picture of normal B-lymphoid development through ontogeny, and its relevance in disease. B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is one of the most common cancers in children, with many of the leukemia-initiating events originatingin utero. It is likely that the biology of B-ALL, including leukemia initiation, maintenance and progression depends on the developmental stage and type of B-lymphoid cell in which it originates. This is particularly important for early life leukemias, where specific characteristics of fetal B-cells might be key to determining how the disease behaves, including response to treatment. These cellular, molecular and/or epigenetic features are likely to change with age in a cell intrinsic and/or microenvironment directed manner. Most of our understanding of fetal B-lymphopoiesis has been based on murine data, but many recent studies have focussed on characterizing human fetal B-cell development, including functional and molecular assays at a single cell level. In this mini-review we will give a short overview of the recent advances in the understanding of human fetal B-lymphopoiesis, including its relevance to infant/childhood leukemia, and highlight future questions in the field.
Independent Risk Factors for Deaths due to AIDS in Chongqing, China: Does Age Matter?
Authors: Zhou Yihong , Yang Zhongping , Liu Min , Lu Yanqiu , Qin Yuanyuan , He Xiaoqing , Zeng Yanming , Harypursat Vijay , Chen Yaokai
Published: February 2021

Background: People living with HIV (PLWH) are aging worldwide, and different management strategies may be required for older and younger PLWH. However, demographic characteristics, illness distribution, mortality, and independent risk factors in the PLWH population in China are not yet fully understood, especially in patients aged 50 years or older.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 4445 HIV-positive Chinese inpatients in Chongqing, China.

Results: The mortality rate in patients 50 years or older (the older group) was significantly higher than that in those under 50 years (the younger group) (p < 0.001). In the younger group, independent risk factors for death included: nadir CD4+ T-cell counts <200 cells/μL, not owning medical healthcare insurance, not being on cART, injection drug use, and having one of the following comorbidities: Pneumocystis pneumonia, cryptococcal meningitis, AIDS malignancy, non-AIDS malignancy, and kidney disease. In the older group, independent predictors of death included: being urban residents, nadir CD4+ T-cell counts <200 cells/μL, not being on cART, and having comorbidities such as Pneumocystis pneumonia, hepatitis C, talaromycosis, non-AIDS malignancy, and kidney disease.

Conclusions: Demographic characteristics, illness distribution, mortality, and independent risk factors for death in HIV-positive patients differ between the older group and the younger group, indicating that a changing suite of medical and allied support services may be required the for management of older PLWH.
Enhanced Ohmyungsamycin A Production via Adenylation Domain Engineering and Optimization of Culture Conditions
Authors: Kim Eunji , Du Young Eun , Ban Yeon Hee , Shin Yern-Hyerk , Oh Dong-Chan , Yoon Yeo Joon
Published: February 2021

Ohmyungsamycins (OMSs) A and B are cyclic depsipeptides produced by marine Streptomyces strains, which are synthesized by a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase. Notably, OMS A exhibits more potent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human cancer cells than OMS B. The substrate promiscuous adenylation (A) domain in the second module of OMS synthetase recruits either L-Val or L-Ile to synthesize OMSs A and B, respectively. Engineering of the substrate-coding residues of this A domain increased OMS A production by 1.2-fold, coupled with a drastic decrease in OMS B production. Furthermore, the culture conditions (sea salt concentration, inoculum size, and the supply of amino acids to serve as building blocks for OMS) were optimized for OMS production in the wild-type strain. Finally, cultivation of the A2-domain-engineered strain under the optimized culture conditions resulted in up to 3.8-fold increases in OMS A yields and an 8.4-fold decrease in OMS B production compared to the wild-type strain under the initial culture conditions.
Consensus Statement on the Management of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in Saudi Arabia During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Authors: Bamaga Ahmed K. , Alghamdi Fouad , Alshaikh Nahla , Altwaijri Waleed , Bashiri Fahad A. , Hundallah Khalid , Abukhaled Musaad , Muthaffar Osama Y. , Al-Mehmadi Sameer , Jamaly Tahani Ahmed , Al-Muhaizea Mohammad A. , Al-Saman Abdulaziz
Published: February 2021

Background:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused overwhelming challenges in healthcare worldwide. During such an outbreak, some needs of high-risk groups who require regular follow-ups and long-term management are not met. The vulnerable populations include patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Duchenne muscular dystrophy is characterized by respiratory complications caused by muscle weakness. Hence, patients with this condition are at high risk of severe diseases including COVID-19.

Methods:To standardize care and provide optimal treatment to DMD patients in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic, a panel of experts including neurologists and pediatricians consolidated recommendations for healthcare professionals and caregivers.

Results:During this pandemic, substituting unnecessary clinic visits with virtual clinic services was highly recommended, if possible, without compromising clinical outcomes. Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients with respiratory complications should be closely monitored, and those with cardiovascular complications must continue taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Moreover, individualized home-based rehabilitation management was preferred. Glucocorticoid and new gene correction therapies should be continued. However, new gene correction therapy must be post-poned in newly diagnosed patients. A multidisciplinary decision was required before the initiation of hydroxychloroquine based on the COVID-19 treatment protocol.

Conclusion:COVID-19 has caused challenges and transformed access to health care. However, these limitations have provided opportunities for the health care system to adapt. Further, telemedicine has become a reliable platform for follow-up appointments that should be conducted by a multidisciplinary team including physicians, dieticians, and physical therapists.
Effects of High Levels of Dietary Linseed Oil on the Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Hepatic Lipid Metabolism, and Expression of Inflammatory Genes in Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea)
Authors: Li Xueshan , Chen Qiuchi , Li Qingfei , Li Jiamin , Cui Kun , Zhang Yunqiang , Kong Adong , Zhang Yanjiao , Wan Min , Mai Kangsen , Ai Qinghui
Published: February 2021

A growth experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary fish oil (FO) replaced by linseed oil (LO) on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, hepatic lipid metabolism, and expression of inflammatory genes in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Fish (initial weight: 15.88 ± 0.14 g) were fed four experimental diets with 0% (the control), 33.3%, 66.7%, and 100% of FO replaced by LO. Each diet was randomly attributed to triplicate seawater floating cages (1.0 × 1.0 × 2.0 m) with 60 fish in each cage. Results showed that the growth performance of fish fed the diet with 100% LO was markedly decreased compared with the control group (P < 0.05), while no remarkable difference was observed in the growth performance of fish fed diets within 66.7% LO (P > 0.05). The percentage of 18:3n-3 was the highest in the liver and muscle of fish fed the diet with 100% LO among the four treatments. When dietary FO was entirely replaced by LO, fish had a markedly higher total cholesterol, total triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol content, and alanine transaminase activity in the serum than the control group (P < 0.05). The concentration of malondialdehyde was markedly higher, while the activity of catalase was markedly lower in fish fed the diet with 100% LO than the control group (P < 0.05). When dietary FO was entirely replaced by LO, hepatic lipid content, transcriptional levels of fatp1 and cd36, and CD36 protein expression were significantly higher, while transcriptional level of cpt-1 and CPT-1 protein expression were significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). As for the gene expression of cytokines, fish fed the diet with 100% LO had markedly higher transcriptional levels of il-1β, tnfα, and il-6 than the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the substitution of 66.7% FO with LO had no significant effects on the growth performance of fish, while 100% LO decreased the growth performance and increased the inflammation and hepatic lipid content of fish. The increase of hepatic lipid content was probably due to the increased fatty acid uptake and decreased fatty acid oxidation in fish.
Learning Platforms for Implementing Formative Interventions to Promote the Health and Safety of Workers in Brazil
Authors: Lopes Manoela Gomes Reis , Vilela Rodolfo Andrade de Gouveia , Silva-Macaia Amanda Aparecida , Guirado Vinícius Monteiro de Paula , Querol Marco Antonio Pereira
Published: February 2021

Formative intervention methodologies, such as the Change Laboratory (CL), are increasingly being used in work environments. However, the learning process entailed in the application of these methodologies has received insufficient attention and may be facilitated through the use of learning platforms. We examined the development of learning and training strategies for implementing formative interventions, drawing on the experiences of a research group focusing on workers’ health. Information obtained from individuals involved in CL formative activities was analyzed and interpreted using Cultural-Historical Activity Theory and the theory of expansive learning. The process of learning to implement formative interventions unfolded gradually, beginning with the interventionists’ initial exposure to abstract concepts that they subsequently internalized via various mediations and applied in concrete situations. Four key interventionist training strategies used to foster collective learning were identified: (1) promoting dialogues and exchange of experiences, (2) creating environments for continuous learning and permanent discussion (seminars and post-graduate courses and the use of communication technologies), (3) creating spaces for experimentation and the practical application of concepts (case studies and participation in interventions), and (4) the use of the double stimulation method during training programs.
Influence of Match Congestion on Performances in the National Basketball Association
Authors: Yang Jianzhe , Wu Chao , Zhou Changjing , Zhang Shaoliang , Leicht Anthony S. , Gomez Miguel-Ángel
Published: February 2021

The ability to recover from official match-play across a single and multiple matches is often considered a key factor in subsequent performance for modern professional basketball. The aims of this study were to: (i) explore the differences in match performances between different match congestion cycles (i.e., matches separated by zero, one, or two or greater days of rest); and (ii) identify the key performance indicators (KPIs) discriminating between winning and losing during different match congestion cycles. The current study indicated that scoring close to (i.e., within the paint) (ES = 0.08) or very far away (i.e., Three-point, ES = 0.05) was significantly greater for winning matches separated by 1- and 2-days of rest compared to consecutive matches (i.e., 0 rest days between matches). Additionally, shooting efficiency (P < 0.001), and attaining Defensive Rebounds (P < 0.001) and Steals (P < 0.001), were significant offensive and defensive KPIs that differentiated winning and losing teams. Similarly, opponent quality and match pace were important situational variables that affected match outcome during different match congestion cycles. While match location had an impact on winning following 1- and 2-days of rest, it had no impact for back-to-back matches (i.e., 0 days between matches). The current results will support coaches' offensive, defensive and recovery strategies during various match congestion cycles for a greater probability of winning NBA matches.
The Effect of Alexithymia on Attentional Bias Toward Emotional Stimuli in Depression: An Eye-Tracking Study
Authors: Bergman M. Annemiek , Vissers Constance Th. W. M. , Collard Rose M. , van Eijndhoven Philip , Schene Aart H. , Vrijsen Janna N.
Published: February 2021

Alexithymia—reflecting deficits in cognitive emotion processing—is highly prevalent in individuals with depressive disorders. Subsequently, mixed evidence for attentional bias is found in these individuals. Alexithymia may be a potential influencing factor for attentional bias in depression. In the current study, 83 currently depressed (CD) and 76 never-depressed (ND) controls completed an eye-tracker task consisting of valenced (non)-social pictures. Alexithymia scores were also included as a moderator as both a continuous and categorical measure (so high vs. low alexithymia). No group difference or moderating effect of alexithymia was found on attentional bias. Thus, alexithymic symptoms, included both dimensionally and categorically, may not influence biased attentional processing in depression compared to ND individuals. Thus, it is important to explore other potential explaining factors for the equivocal results found on biased attentional processing of emotional information in depression.
Impaired Evidence Accumulation as a Transdiagnostic Vulnerability Factor in Psychopathology
Authors: Sripada Chandra , Weigard Alexander
Published: February 2021

There is substantial interest in identifying biobehavioral dimensions of individual variation that cut across heterogenous disorder categories, and computational models can play a major role in advancing this goal. In this report, we focused on efficiency of evidence accumulation (EEA), a computationally characterized variable derived from sequential sampling models of choice tasks. We created an EEA factor from three behavioral tasks in the UCLA Phenomics dataset (n = 272), which includes healthy participants (n = 130) as well-participants with schizophrenia (n = 50), bipolar disorder (n = 49), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (n = 43). We found that the EEA factor was significantly reduced in all three disorders, and that it correlated with an overall severity score for psychopathology as well as self-report measures of impulsivity. Although EEA was significantly correlated with general intelligence, it remained associated with psychopathology and symptom scales even after controlling for intelligence scores. Taken together, these findings suggest EEA is a promising computationally-characterized dimension of neurocognitive variation, with diminished EEA conferring transdiagnostic vulnerability to psychopathology.
Factors Influencing Pregnancy and Postpartum Weight Management in Women of African and Caribbean Ancestry Living in High Income Countries: Systematic Review and Evidence Synthesis Using a Behavioral Change Theoretical Model
Authors: Moore Amanda P. , Flynn Angela C. , Adegboye Amanda Rodrigues Amorim , Goff Louise M. , Rivas Carol A.
Published: February 2021

Background: Women of black African heritage living in high income countries (HIC) are at risk of obesity and weight-related complications in pregnancy. This review aimed to synthesize evidence concerning attitudes to weight management-related health behaviors in pregnancy and postpartum, in women of black African ancestry, living in high-income countries.

Methods: A systematic review of the literature and thematic evidence synthesis using the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation Behavioral change theoretical model (COM-B). Databases searched included MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus. The CASP tool was used to assess quality.

Results: Twenty-four papers met the selection criteria, most of which were from the US. Motivational factors were most commonly described as influencers on behavior. Normative beliefs about “eating for two,” weight gain being good for the baby, the baby itself driving food choice, as well as safety concerns about exercising in pregnancy, were evident and were perpetuated by significant others. These and other social norms, including a cultural acceptance of larger body shapes, and daily fast food, created a challenge for healthy behavior change. Women also had low confidence in their ability to lose weight in the postpartum period. Behavior change techniques, such as provision of social support, use of credible sources, and demonstration may be useful to support change.

Conclusions: The women face a range of barriers to engagement in weight-related health behaviors at this life-stage. Using a theoretical behavior change framework can help identify contextual factors that may limit or support behavior change.
Intravenous Ketamine Bolus(es) for the Treatment of Status Epilepticus, Refractory Status Epilepticus, and Cluster Seizures: A Retrospective Study of 15 Dogs
Authors: Roynard Patrick , Bilderback Ann , Dewey Curtis Wells
Published: February 2021

Status epilepticus (SE) and cluster seizures (CS) are common occurrences in veterinary neurology and frequent reasons of admission to veterinary hospitals. With prolonged seizure activity, gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA) receptors (GABAa receptors) become inactive, leading to a state of pharmacoresistance to benzodiazepines and other GABAergic medications, which is called refractory status epilepticus (RSE). Prolonged seizure activity is also associated with overexpression ofN-methyl-D-aspartic (NMDA) receptors. Rodent models have shown the efficacy of ketamine (KET) in treating RSE, and its use has been reported in one canine case of RSE. Boluses of KET 5 mg/kg IV have become the preferred treatment for RSE in our hospital. A retrospective study was performed to evaluate and report our experience with KET IV bolus to treat prolonged and/or repeated seizure activity in cases of canine CS, SE, and RSE. A total of 15 dogs were retrieved, for 20 hospitalizations and 28 KET IV injections over 3 years. KET IV boluses were used 12 times for RSE (9 generalized seizures, 3 focal seizures) and KET terminated the episode of RSE 12/12 times (100%); however, seizures recurred 4/12 times (33%) within ≤6 h of KET IV bolus. When used for CS apart from episodes of RSE, KET IV bolus was associated with termination of the CS episode only 4/14 times (29%). Only 4/28 (14%) KET IV boluses were associated with adverse effects imputable only to the use of KET. One dog experienced a short, self-limited seizure activity during administration of KET IV, which was most likely related to a pre-mature use of KET IV (i.e., before GABAergic resistance and NMDA receptor overexpression had taken place). This study indicates that KET 5 mg/kg IV bolus may be successful for the treatment of RSE in dogs.
Pejzaż językowy Polski współczesnej: powrót do przyszłości?
Authors: Pawłowski Adam
Published: February 2021

Linguistic landscape of contemporary Poland: back to the future? The situation of the Polish language, approached from the perspective of the today’s language policy, is stable. New phenomena include emancipation of dialects (particularly Silesian ones) and large-scale appearance of languages used by immigrants from the East: Ukrainian, Russian, and Belarusian (including their vernaculars: Surzhyk, Prostorieche, Trasianka). Perhaps the Polish language as realised by such immigrants, that is similar to old varieties of Borderland Polish, will become an integral part of the linguistic landscape of Poland.
Jukstapozycja czy składnia? Frazy zdaniowe w kontekście wybranych czasowników fałszu.
Authors: Zaucha Joanna
Published: February 2021

This paper is dedicated to the issue of determining the syntactic status of constituents of an utterance. The author, on the example of utterances using falsehood verbs, seeks syntagmatic properties permitting identifi cation of the syntactic status of a subordinate clausal phrase. Thus, she takes a positive stance towards doubts regarding the discreteness and objectivity of the argument–modifi er distinction. Based on the criterion of connectivity and/or character of a clausal phrase, the author distinguishes four sub-classes of verbs determining falsehood of ascription.
Życie wyrazów na przykładzie zasobu leksykalnego Rozpraw literackich Maurycego Mochnackiego. I. Zagadnienia wstępne
Authors: Wojtyńska-Nowotka Milena
Published: February 2021

This paper is dedicated to lexical issues and focuses on describing the
phenomenon of the life of words over more than two centuries (from the
beginning of the 19th c. to the fi rst decade of the 21st c.). The object of the
research is the corpus of texts constituting Rozprawy literackie (Literary
treatises) by M. Mochnacki. The aim of the research is to identify and discuss
forgotten words, that is such lexical units or their individual meanings as have
become obsolete or have gone out of use completely. The analysis falls into the
stream of structuralist research and has been performed with the application of
the diachronic method.
Rozpowszechnianie, zachowywanie i nauczanie języka
polskiego w świecie w latach 1918–2018, część III: Badania zbiorowości
polonijnych, ich języka i kultury, bilingwizmu polsko-obcego oraz nauczania
polszczyzny w świecie w latach 1970–2018
Authors: Miodunka Władysław T.
Published: February 2021

Part three of the paper concerning the Polish language around the world in
the period 1918–2018 is dedicated to discussing academic studies analysing the
process of preserving and passing on the Polish language in the countries where
Polish communities have settled, dissertations on Polish-foreign bilingualism in
Sweden, Brazil, Austria, Argentina, Australia, France, Germany, UK, Poland,
Belarus, and Ukraine, and fi nally, studies describing teaching Polish as a foreign
language, as a heritage language, and as a second language.
Part one of the paper concerning the Polish language around the world in
the period 1918–2018 ended with the statement that the ambitious action plans
of the pre-war Polish authorities lacked the base in the form of the knowledge
of the transformations of the Polish communities all over the world and aid
for teaching Polish as a foreign language. Part three presents the important
sociolinguistic output referring to the Polish language across the world,
Polish-foreign bilingualism, and multilingualism, and fi nally, to teaching Polish
as a foreign, second, and heritage language, which contributes to the fl ourishing
Polish glottodidactics. There are currently no ambitious actions on the part of
the state authorities addressing the evolving Polish glottodidactics, which relies
on ad-hoc undertakings of university glottodidactics centres.
Funkcja ekspresywna języka rosyjskiego w wielojęzycznym środowisku młodzieży szkół polskich na Litwie i Ukrainie.
Authors: Geben Kinga , Zielińska Maria
Published: February 2021

This paper attempts to present the sociolinguistic situation of the multilingual
youth from Lithuania and Ukraine, with a particular focus on the function of the
Russian language examined from the angle of emotional language behaviours
and the Russian-Polish confrontation related to translation of a cultural text.
The material basis is the results of a questionnaire survey carried out by the
authors among students of schools with Polish as the language of instruction
in Vilnius, Lviv, and Horodok in 2018. The comparative analysis covered the
linguistic self-assessment of the representatives of two student environments
and models of verbal expression of positive and negative emotional states. The
analysis of the cultural and linguistic competence was performed on the example
of a translation of Russian marked reduplicative expressions. As a result of the
analysis, it can be stated that Russian is perceived and used by the surveyed
multilingual youth as the most expressive language code.
Partykuły w nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego na poziomie A1. Na materiale podręczników i słowników przeznaczonych dla uczących się języka polskiego jako obcego.
Authors: Piasecka Marta
Published: February 2021

This paper presents an overview of the words belonging to the class of particles
(as defi ned by SGPP (Nest Dictionary of Polish Particles)) used in textbooks for
teaching Polish as a foreign language at initial stages and compares their set
to the contents of the lexis lists prepared with glottodidactics and dictionaries
for foreigners in mind. The usages of units such as chyba (probably), może
(maybe), oczywiście (certainly), and na pewno (surely) in the textbook material
were then confronted with their meanings and usages specifi ed in lexicographic
studies in order to identify the adequacy of the lexicographic description.
Attention was drawn to the non-uniform classifi cation of the units into lexeme
classes, defi nition methods that are improper for unskilled users of Polish, lack
of regularity in using particles in textbook texts and exercises teaching their
usages. A compendium with the semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic descriptions
of the particles for the purposes of Polish glottodidactics was proposed.
Poziom efektywnej biegłości użytkowej – kto mierzy się z poziomem C1 na państwowym egzaminie certyfikatowym z języka polskiego jako obcego?
Authors: Domańska Anna
Published: February 2021

The 11th examination session for foreigners taking the state examination in
Polish as a foreign language at four levels (B1–C1) was held at the University
of Warsaw in autumn 2019. The group taking the examination at the level
of effective operational profi ciency (C1) were subject to a survey. The paper
describes its selected aspects, such as age, gender, education, nationality,
and motivations of the examinees. The results of the examined foreigners’ selfassessment were compared to the results they achieved in individual language
skills. The motives for taking the examination were discussed extensively and
particular attention was drawn to the new legal reality, which played (and will
probably play) a major role in selecting the C1 level.
KORPUS POLSZCZYZNY XVI WIEKU
Authors: Opaliński Krzysztof , Potoniec Patrycja
Published: February 2021

The original purpose of creating the corpus of the 16th Polish language was
to preserve the material basis of Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku (Dictionary of
the 16th-Century Polish Language) (SPXVI) comprising 272 texts transliterated
in accordance with standardised principles, which is of great value. The
project described here consists in creating an online base of the resources and
using a part of it as a germ of a language corpus with texts designated with
morphosyntactic markers.
The works adopted XML encoding in the TEI (Text Encoding Initiative)
formalism, version P5, adjusted to a 16th-century text. Typographical elements
as well as grammatical categories and forms of words were designated in the
texts. The germ of the corpus of the 16th-century Polish language comprises
135 thousand segments and it will be expanded by another 100 thousand in the
future to provide material for an automated form designation tool. Ultimately,
integration with the Diachronic Corpus of Polish is planned.
Keywords: lexicography – history of Polish – diachronic corpus of Polish
Elementy propagandy w życiu publicznym
Authors: Dela Piotr
Published: February 2021

The chapter presents the most important element of propaganda used as a tool to create attitudes in society. The environmental determinants of information were identified and the scope of information security responsibilities was presented, taking into account such areas as information security, information warfare, disinformation. The main focus was on identifying the components of propaganda, the scheme by which it is implemented, and its socio- historical and cultural determinants. The most important techniques of manipulation used in propaganda as well as the way of identifying propaganda campaigns are presented.
Społeczna percepcja wyborów 2019 roku
Authors: Marciniak Ewa Maria
Published: February 2021

The subject of the article is an analysis of the social perception of the 2019 parliamentary elections. This analysis was performed on two dimensions: individual perception of politics and collective, illustrated in social research before and after the elections. The scientific goal of the article is an attempt to build the structure of the process of perceiving elections. The theoretical reference are the concepts of shaping images of political phenomena and events.
Preferencje polityczne młodych Polaków w 2019 roku
Authors: Kądziela Adam
Published: February 2021

The article is the key to understanding the political attitudes and n of young Poles in the year in of elections to the European Parliament, as well as to the Polish Parliament took place. The goal defined in such a way determined the choice of research method and technique in the spirit of the neopositivist paradigm, i.e. quantitative research. A nationwide survey conducted on September 5–23, 2019 allowed to determine socio-political preferences and attitudes of young Poles in 2019. The results showed a picture of a passive social group with unspecified views, having a negative opinion on political life and not interested in political life
Ameryka Łacińska w polityce zagranicznej Brazylii – niedokończony projekt przywództwa regionalnego
Authors: Monkiewicz Anita Oberda
Published: February 2021

The purpose of the article is to discuss the place and role of Latin America in Brazil’s foreign policy. The article leads to the conclusion that, starting from the 1990s, Latin America, a region that was marginalized for many years, gained an important place in Brazilian policy. The construction of the South American community has become an instrument of strengthening regional leadership, although due to the lack of a coherent strategy towards the direct neighbourhood, it proved to be short-lived.
Kapitał i produkcja kultury
Authors: Kochan Tymoteusz
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this paper is to present a theory of transformation concerning social classess and their culture. Modern social classes are deprived of their own culture. Instead the standarized, classless “uniculture” comes in place. It is produced by cultural means of production which are key to maintain the global hegemony of the capital. These cultural means of production produce also mass ignorance. Their role is to eliminate old system of education and to replace local learning by global, cultural, hegemonies. They are also the source of the modern anticlass aesthetics.
Strategic Supply Chain Planning for Food Hubs in Central Colombia: An Approach for Sustainable Food Supply and Distribution
Authors: Mejía Gonzalo , Granados-Rivera Daniela , Jarrín Jairo Alberto , Castellanos Alejandra , Mayorquín Natalia , Molano Erika
Published: February 2021

This paper investigates the problem of sustainable rural supply and urban distribution of fresh food products in central Colombia. Paradoxically, while farmers in the countryside suffer from poverty due to the low profitability of the agricultural activity, inhabitants at urban centers pay high prices for fresh and nutritious foods. In this work, we propose a supply chain system and a business model based on food hubs located on existing (and often abandoned) public facilities in the central region of Colombia. There are many examples in which the hub strategy has facilitated trade and logistics in supply chains. However, few studies consider the particularities of the presented case. We study a business strategy through a mathematical model which considers both the sustainable and efficient operation of the food hubs and better trading conditions for farmers. We propose a variant of the competitive hub location problem adapted to this case study. We tested the model under different scenarios such as changes in the attractiveness parameters, operation costs, and profit margins. The results suggest that if hubs are able to attract farmers, the model can be both sustainable for the hub concessionaires and for the farmers.