bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histopathological abnormalities of prolonged alloxan‐induced diabetes mellitus in rabbits
Authors: Mir Sajad Hussain , Darzi Mohd Maqbool
Published: January 2009

The objective of this study was to investigate the prolonged complications of untreated diabetes on histomorphology of rabbits. Diabetes mellitus was experimentally induced in one group of New Zealand white male rabbits by intraperitoneal administration of four doses of alloxan @ 80 mg/kg b.w. at weekly intervals following 12 h fasting. Other group of rabbits served as healthy controls that received isotonic saline in a similar manner. The establishment of diabetes mellitus was confirmed by fasting blood glucose levels. For histomorphological study of different organs, 50% of the animals were killed after 7 weeks and the rest after 26 weeks. Routine haematoxylin and eosin stain and Gomori’s modified stain were used. The blood glucose level of diabetic rabbits increased significantly throughout the experimental period. The peak values for blood sugar were on the sixth week of the study. Further, histomorphological alterations were recorded in pancreas, kidneys, lungs, heart and brain in diabetic rabbits. However, mild changes were observed in gastrointestinal tract with proliferation of yeasts in the stomach. With the progress of untreated diabetes, the histoanatomical alterations intensify and extend to almost all organs of the body and appear to increase the susceptibility of gastric mucosa to yeast cell proliferation.
Morphological parameters for assessment of burn severity in an acute burn injury rat model
Authors: Meyerholz David K. , Piester Travis L. , Sokolich Julio C. , Zamba Gideon K. D. , Light Timothy D.
Published: January 2009

Determination of burn severity (i.e. burn depth) is important for effective medical management and treatment. Using a recently described acute burn model, we studied various morphological parameters to detect burn severity. Anaesthetized Sprague–Dawley rats received burns of various severity (0‐ to14‐s contact time) followed by standard resuscitation using intravenous fluids. Biopsies were taken from each site after 5 h, tissues fixed in 10% neutral‐buffered formalin, processed and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Superficial burn changes in the epidermis included early keratinocyte swelling progressing to epidermal thinning and nuclear elongation in deeper burns. Subepidermal vesicle formation generally decreased with deeper burns and typically contained grey foamy fluid. Dermal burns were typified by hyalinized collagen and a lack of detectable individual collagen fibres on a background of grey to pale eosinophilic seroproteinaceous fluid. Intact vascular structures were identified principally deep to the burn area in the collagen. Follicle cell injury was identified by cytoplasmic clearing/swelling and nuclear pyknosis, and these follicular changes were often the deepest evidence of burn injury seen for each time point. Histological scores (epidermal changes) or dermal parameter depths (dermal changes) were regressed on burn contact time. Collagen alteration (r2 = 0.91) correlated best to burn severity followed by vascular patency (r2 = 0.82), epidermal changes (r2 = 0.76), subepidermal vesicle formation (r2 = 0.74) and follicular cell injury was useful in all but deep burns. This study confirms key morphological parameters can be an important tool for the detection of burn severity in this acute burn model.
Involvement of the cytoskeletal elements in articular cartilage homeostasis and pathology
Authors: Blain Emma J.
Published: January 2009

The cytoskeleton of all cells is a three‐dimensional network comprising actin microfilaments, tubulin microtubules and intermediate filaments. Studies in many cell types have indicated roles for these cytoskeletal proteins in many diverse cellular processes including alteration of cell shape, movement of organelles, migration, endocytosis, secretion, cell division and extracellular matrix assembly. The cytoskeletal networks are highly organized in structure enabling them to fulfil their biological functions. This review will primarily focus on the organization and function of the three major cytoskeletal networks in articular cartilage chondrocytes. Articular cartilage is a major load‐bearing tissue of the synovial joint; it is well known that the cytoskeleton acts as a physical interface between the chondrocytes and the extracellular matrix in ‘sensing’ mechanical stimuli. The effect of mechanical load on cytoskeletal element expression and organization will also be reviewed. Abnormal mechanical load is widely believed to be a risk factor for the development of osteoarthritis. Several studies have intimated that the major cytoskeletal networks are disorganized or often absent in osteoarthritic cartilage chondrocytes. The implications and possible reasoning for this are more widely discussed and placed into context with their potential relevance to disease and therapeutic strategies.
Polymorphonuclear cells stimulate the migration and metastatic potential of rat sarcoma cells
Authors: Remedi María Mónica , Donadio Ana Carolina , Chiabrando Gustavo Alberto
Published: January 2009

The tumour microenvironment, which is largely composed of inflammatory cells, is a crucial participant in the neoplastic process through the promotion of cell proliferation, survival and migration. Neutrophil polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) induce inflammatory reactions that can be either cytotoxic for tumour cells or can promote tumour growth and metastasis. Previously, we have reported a spontaneous metastasis tumour model that has tumour PMNs infiltration, and metastasis, to liver and spleen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the PMNs influences on the tumour cell invasion and metastatic properties. We analysed intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), MT1‐MMP (membrane type 1‐matrix metalloproteinase) and MMP2 protein expression in TuE‐t cells cultured with PMNs or PMNs‐conditioned medium isolated from tumour bearing and normal rats. The interaction between tumour cells and PMNs induced a decrease in ICAM‐1 expression in tumour cells as well as an increase in MMP2 and tumour cell motility. Besides, conserved expression of uPAR and MT1‐MMP in tumour cells was also demonstrated. The up‐regulation in MMP2 associated with uPAR and MT1‐MMP conserved expression may be related to an increased extracellular matrix proteolysis. These results showed that the interaction of tumour cells with PMNs could favour tumour cell spreading through the promotion of a tumour invasive phenotype.
Parasite intensity and fur coloration in reindeer calves – contrasting artificial and natural selection
Authors: Rødven Rolf , Männikkö Inkeri , Ims Rolf A. , Yoccoz Nigel G. , Folstad Ivar
Published: January 2009

In reindeer, the variation in fur coloration is higher in semi‐domesticated than in wild populations. This difference might result from impacts of natural enemies acting on conspicuously coloured individuals with higher intensity in natural than semi‐domesticated populations.

While predator pressure is rather similar for wild and semi‐domesticated populations, semi‐domesticated reindeer are less impacted by parasitism due to endectocidic treatment. In this study, we estimated the intensity of warble flies in different reindeer colour morphs in a large sample of untreated calves from multiple semi‐domesticated herds in northern Norway.

We found that lighter coloured reindeer calves have higher intensities of warble fly larvae than darker ones. This is associated with a decrease in body mass, and may hence influence subsequent fitness of the animals.

The high intensity of parasites in white calves implies that they are either more exposed or less resistant to parasitic infections. In either case, parasitism by warble flies appears to be a proximate cause driving coloration of reindeer towards a reduced variability in natural populations.
Regional and local drivers of macroinvertebrate assemblages in boreal springs
Authors: Ilmonen Jari , Paasivirta Lauri , Virtanen Risto , Muotka Timo
Published: January 2009

Aim  To identify the most important environmental drivers of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in boreal springs at different spatial scales, and to assess how well benthic assemblages correspond to terrestrially derived ecoregions.

Location  Finland.

Methods  Benthic invertebrates were sampled from 153 springs across four boreal ecoregions of Finland, and these data were used to analyse patterns in assemblage variation in relation to environmental factors. Species data were classified using hierarchical divisive clustering (twinspan) and ordinated using non‐metric multidimensional scaling. The prediction success of the species and environmental data into a priori (ecoregions) and a posteriori (twinspan) groups was compared using discriminant function analysis. Indicator species analysis was used to identify indicator taxa for both a priori and a posteriori assemblage types.

Results  The main patterns in assemblage clusters were related to large‐scale geographical variation in temperature. A secondary gradient in species data reflected variation in local habitat structure, particularly abundance of minerogenic spring brooks. Water chemistry variables were only weakly related to assemblage variation. Several indicator species representing southern faunistic elements in boreal springs were identified. Discriminant function analysis showed poorer success in classifying sites into ecoregions based on environmental than on species data. Similarly, when classifying springs into the twinspan groups, classification based on species data vastly outperformed that based on environmental data.

Main conclusions  A latitudinal zonation pattern of spring assemblages driven by regional thermal conditions is documented, closely paralleling corresponding latitudinal patterns in both terrestrial and freshwater assemblages in Fennoscandia. The importance of local‐scale environmental variables increased with decreasing spatial extent. Ecoregions provide an initial stratification scheme for the bioassessment of benthic macroinvertebrates of North European springs. Our results imply that climate warming, landscape disturbance and degradation of spring habitat pose serious threats to spring biodiversity in northern Europe, especially to its already threatened southern faunistic elements.
Association between folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 intake and depression in the SUN cohort study
Authors: Sánchez‐Villegas A. , Doreste J. , Schlatter J. , Pla J. , Bes‐Rastrollo M. , Martínez‐González M. A.
Published: January 2009

Background:  An association between low blood levels of folate, vitamins B6 and B12 and a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms has been reported in several epidemiological studies. The present study aimed to assess the association between folate, vitamins B6 and B12 intake and depresion prevalence in the SUN cohort study.

Methods:  The study comprised a cross‐sectional analysis of 9670 participants. A validated semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to ascertain vitamin intake. The association between the baseline intake of folate, vitamins B6 and B12 categorised in quintiles and the prevalence of depression was assessed. The analyses were repeated after stratifying by smoking habits, alcohol intake, physical activity and personality traits.

Results:  Among women, odds ratios (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for the third to fifth quintile for vitamin B12 intake were 0.58 (0.41–0.84), 0.56 (0.38–0.82) and 0.68 (0.45–1.04), respectively. Among those men with a low level of anxiety and current smokers, a significant positive association between low folate intake and the prevalence of depression was found. The OR (95% CI) for the first quintile of intake was 2.85 (1.49–5.45) and 2.18 (1.08–4.38), respectively, compared to the upper quintiles of intake (Q2–Q5) considered as a group.

Conclusion:  Low folate intake was associated with depression among currently smoking men and men with low anxiety levels. Low intake of vitamin B12 was associated with depression among women. No significant associations were found for vitamin B6 intake.
Levels of specificity of Xylaria species associated with fungus‐growing termites: a phylogenetic approach
Authors: VISSER A. A. , ROS V. I. D. , DE BEER Z. W. , DEBETS A. J. M. , HARTOG E. , KUYPER T. W. , LÆSSØE T. , SLIPPERS B. , AANEN D. K.
Published: January 2009

Fungus‐growing termites live in obligate mutualistic symbiosis with species of the basidiomycete genus Termitomyces, which are cultivated on a substrate of dead plant material. When the termite colony dies, or when nest material is incubated without termites in the laboratory, fruiting bodies of the ascomycete genus Xylaria appear and rapidly cover the fungus garden. This raises the question whether certain Xylaria species are specialised in occupying termite nests or whether they are just occasional visitors. We tested Xylaria specificity at four levels: (1) fungus‐growing termites, (2) termite genera, (3) termite species, and (4) colonies. In South Africa, 108 colonies of eight termite species from three termite genera were sampled for Xylaria. Xylaria was isolated from 69% of the sampled nests and from 57% of the incubated fungus comb samples, confirming high prevalence. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region revealed 16 operational taxonomic units of Xylaria, indicating high levels of Xylaria species richness. Not much of this variation was explained by termite genus, species, or colony; thus, at level 2–4 the specificity is low. Analysis of the large subunit rDNA region, showed that all termite‐associated Xylaria belong to a single clade, together with only three of the 26 non‐termite‐associated strains. Termite‐associated Xylaria thus show specificity for fungus‐growing termites (level 1). We did not find evidence for geographic or temporal structuring in these Xylaria phylogenies. Based on our results, we conclude that termite‐associated Xylaria are specific for fungus‐growing termites, without having specificity for lower taxonomic levels.
Cohesive molecular genetic data delineate species diversity in the dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium
Authors: SAMPAYO E. M. , DOVE S. , LAJEUNESSE T. C.
Published: January 2009

The diversity of symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium) in pocilloporid corals originating from various reef habitats surrounding Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, was examined by targeting ribosomal, mitochondrial, and chloroplast genes using six methods that analyse for sequence differences. The ability of each of 13 genetic analyses to characterize eight ecologically distinct Symbiodinium spp. was dependent on the level of conservation of the gene region targeted and the technique used. Other than differences in resolution, phylogenetic reconstructions using nuclear and organelle gene sequences were complementary and when combined produced a well‐resolved phylogeny. Analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting in combination with sequencing of dominant bands provided a precise method for rapidly resolving and characterizing symbionts into ecologically and evolutionarily distinct units of diversity. Single‐stranded conformation polymorphisms of the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (D1/D2 domain) identified the same number of ecologically distinct Symbiodinium spp., but profiles were less distinctive. The repetitive sequencing of bacterially cloned ITS2 polymerase chain reaction amplifications generated numerous sequence variants that clustered together according to the symbiont under analysis. The phylogenetic relationships between these clusters show how intragenomic variation in the ribosomal array diverges among closely related eukaryotic genomes. The strong correlation between phylogenetically independent lineages with different ecological and physiological attributes establishes a clear basis for assigning species designations to members of the genus Symbiodinium.
Global population structure of the tope (Galeorhinus galeus) inferred by mitochondrial control region sequence data
Authors: CHABOT C. L. , ALLEN L. G.
Published: January 2009

In order to properly manage and conserve exploited shark species, detailed analyses of their population structure is needed. Global populations of Galeorhinus galeus are in decline due to the exploitation of the fishery over the past 80 years. Currently, the genetic structure of eastern Pacific populations of G. galeus is not known and recent observations in the northeastern Pacific suggest an increase in numbers. To evaluate gene flow among populations of G. galeus, 116 samples were collected and analysed from six geographically dispersed locations: Australia, North America, South Africa, South America (Argentina and Peru), and the UK. Analysis of 968 to 1006 bp of the 1068‐bp mitochondrial control region revealed 38 unique haplotypes that were largely restricted to their collecting locality. Significant genetic structure was detected among populations (ΦST = 0.84; P < 0.000001) and migration estimates were low (Nm = 0.05–0.97). Due to an apparent lack of migration, populations of G. galeus appear to be isolated from each other with little to no gene flow occurring among them. As a consequence of this isolation, increasing numbers of G. galeus in the northeastern Pacific can be best explained by local recruitment and not by input from geographically distant populations.
Arabidopsis ING and Alfin1‐like protein families localize to the nucleus and bind to H3K4me3/2 via plant homeodomain fingers
Authors: Lee Woo Yong , Lee Daeyoup , Chung Won‐Il , Kwon Chang Seob
Published: January 2009

In yeast and animals, tri‐ and dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3/2) are markers of transcriptionally active genes that have recently been shown to be primary ligands for the plant homeodomain (PHD) finger. However, PHD fingers able to bind to H3K4me3/2 have not been identified in plants. Here, we identify 83 canonical PHD fingers in the Arabidopsis proteome database that are supported by both SMART and Pfam prediction. Among these, we focus on PHD fingers in ING (inhibitor of growth) homologues (AtING) and Alfin1‐like (AL) proteins, which are highly similar to those in human ING2 and bromodomain PHD finger transcription factor (BPTF), based on predicted tertiary structures. ING proteins are found in yeast, animals and plants, whereas AL proteins exist only in plants. In vitro binding experiments indicated that PHD fingers in AtING and AL proteins in Arabidopsis can bind to H3K4me3, and, to a lesser extent, to H3K4me2. In addition, mutational analysis confirmed that a predicted aromatic cage and a specific conserved acidic residue are both crucial for binding to H3K4me3/2. Finally, we demonstrate that AtING and AL proteins are nuclear proteins that are expressed in various tissues of the Arabidopsis plant. Thus, we propose that ING and AL proteins are nuclear proteins that are involved in chromatin regulation by binding to H3K4me3/2, the active histone markers, in plants.
Characterization of genes in the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2/LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES (AS2/LOB) family in Arabidopsis thaliana, and functional and molecular comparisons between AS2 and other family members
Authors: Matsumura Yoko , Iwakawa Hidekazu , Machida Yasunori , Machida Chiyoko
Published: January 2009

The ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) gene is required for the generation of the flat and symmetrical shape of the leaf lamina in Arabidopsis. AS2 encodes a plant‐specific protein with an AS2/LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES (AS2/LOB) domain that includes a cysteine repeat, a conserved single glycine residue and a leucine‐zipper‐like sequence in its amino‐terminal half. The Arabidopsis genome contains 42 genes, including AS2, that encode proteins with an AS2/LOB domain in their amino‐terminal halves, and these genes constitute the AS2/LOB gene family. In the present study, we cloned and characterized cDNAs that covered the putative coding regions of all members of this family, and investigated patterns of transcription systematically in Arabidopsis plants. Comparisons among amino acid sequences that had been deduced from the cloned cDNAs revealed eight groups of genes, with two or three members each, and high degrees of identity among entire amino acid sequences, suggesting that some members of the AS2/LOB family might have redundant function(s). Moreover, no member of the family exhibited significant similarity, in terms of the deduced amino acid sequence of the carboxy‐terminal half, to AS2. Results of domain swapping between AS2 and other members of the family showed that the AS2/LOB domain of AS2 cannot be functionally replaced by those of other members of the family, and that only a few dissimilarities among respective amino acid residues of the AS2/LOB domain of AS2 and those of other members are important for the specific functions of AS2.
Wall‐modifying genes regulated by the Arabidopsis homolog of trithorax, ATX1: repression of theXTH33gene as a test case
Authors: Ndamukong Ivan , Chetram Anand , Saleh Abdelaty , Avramova Zoya
Published: January 2009

The plant cell wall is a dynamic structure playing important roles in the control of plant cell growth and differentiation. These processes involve global reprogramming of the genome driven by dynamic changes in chromatin structure. The chromatin modifier ARABIDOPSIS HOMOLOG OF TRITHORAX (ATX1) methylates lysine residue 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me), acting as an epigenetic mark on associated genes. The remarkable overrepresentation in the ATX1‐regulated gene fraction of genes encoding plasma membrane and cell wall‐remodeling activities suggested a link between two separate factors affecting growth, development and adaptation in Arabidopsis: the wall‐modifying activities regulating cell extension, growth and fate, and the epigenetic mechanisms regulating chromatin structure and gene expression. A co‐regulated fraction of specific wall‐modifying proteins suggests that they may function together. Here, we study the ATX1‐dependent expression of the gene encoding the wall‐loosening factor XTH33 as a test case for development‐ and tissue‐specific effects displayed by the chromatin modifier. In addition, we show that XTH33 is, most likely, an integral plasma membrane protein. A putative transmembrane domain is conserved in some, but not all, XTH family members, suggesting that they may be differently positioned when functioning as wall modifiers.
Short panicle1encodes a putative PTR family transporter and determines rice panicle size
Authors: Li Shengben , Qian Qian , Fu Zhiming , Zeng Dali , Meng Xiangbing , Kyozuka Junko , Maekawa Masahiko , Zhu Xudong , Zhang Jian , Li Jiayang , Wang Yonghong
Published: January 2009

The architecture of the rice inflorescence, which is determined mainly by the number and length of primary and secondary inflorescence branches, is of importance in both agronomy and developmental biology. The position and number of primary branches are established during the phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, and several of the genes identified as participating in this process do so by regulating the meristemic activities of inflorescence. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism that controls inflorescence branch elongation. Here, we report on a novel rice mutant,short panicle1(sp1), which is defective in rice panicle elongation, and thus leads to the short‐panicle phenotype. Gene cloning and characterization indicate thatSP1encodes a putative transporter that belongs to the peptide transporter (PTR) family. This conclusion is based on the findings that SP1 contains a conserved PTR2 domain consisting of 12 transmembrane domains, and that the SP1‐GFP fusion protein is localized in the plasma membrane. TheSP1gene is highly expressed in the phloem of the branches of young panicles, which is consistent with the predicted function of SP1 and thesp1phenotype. Phylogenetic analysis implies that SP1 might be a nitrate transporter. However, neither nitrate transporter activity nor any other compounds transported by known PTR proteins could be detected in either aXenopusoocyte or yeast system, in our study, suggesting that SP1 may need other component(s) to be able to function as a transporter, or that it transports unknown substrates in the monocotyledonous rice plant.
Extracellular cross‐linking of maize arabinoxylans by oxidation of feruloyl esters to form oligoferuloyl esters and ether‐like bonds
Authors: Burr Sally J. , Fry Stephen C.
Published: January 2009

Primary cell walls of grasses and cereals contain arabinoxylans with esterified ferulate side chains, which are proposed to cross‐link the polysaccharides during maturation by undergoing oxidative coupling. However, the mechanisms and control of arabinoxylan cross‐linking in vivo are unclear. Non‐lignifying maize (Zea mays L.) cell cultures were incubated with l‐[1‐3H]arabinose or (E)‐[U‐14C]cinnamate (radiolabelling the pentosyl and feruloyl groups of endogenous arabinoxylans, respectively), or with exogenous feruloyl‐[3H]arabinoxylans. The cross‐linking rate of soluble extracellular arabinoxylans, monitored on Sepharose CL‐2B, peaked suddenly and transiently, typically at ∼9 days after subculture. This peak was not associated with appreciable changes in peroxidase activity, and was probably governed by fluctuations in H2O2 and/or inhibitors. De‐esterified arabinoxylans failed to cross‐link, supporting a role for the feruloyl ester groups. The cross‐links were stable in vivo. Some of them also withstood mild alkaline conditions, indicating that they were not (only) based on ester bonds; however, most were cleaved by 6 m NaOH, which is a property of p‐hydroxybenzyl–sugar ether bonds. Cross‐linking of [14C]feruloyl‐arabinoxylans also occurred in vitro, in the presence of endogenous peroxidases plus exogenous H2O2. During cross‐linking, the feruloyl groups were oxidized, as shown by ultraviolet spectra and thin‐layer chromatography. Esterified diferulates were minor oxidation products; major products were: (i) esterified oligoferulates, released by treatment with mild alkali; and (ii) phenolic components attached to polysaccharides via relatively alkali‐stable (ether‐like) bonds. Thus, feruloyl esters participate in polysaccharide cross‐linking, but mainly by oligomerization rather than by dimerization. We propose that, after the oxidative coupling, strong p‐hydroxybenzyl–polysaccharide ether bonds are formed via quinone‐methide intermediates.
Immune response to measles vaccine in 6 month old infants in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Kurubi Jonah , Vince John , Ripa Paulus , Tefuarani Nakapi , Riddell Michaela , Duke Trevor
Published: January 2009

Objective  To assess the efficacy of the current measles immunization schedule in Papua New Guinea, which is to give the first dose at 6 months of age and the second at 9 months.

Methods  Humoral immune response study of 140 Papua New Guinean infants at 6 months of age, measuring measles IgG antibodies by enzyme immunoassay before and 85 days after the 6‐month dose of measles vaccine.

Results  After vaccination at 6 months, 35.7% of infants developed a level of measles antibodies consistent with protection (IgG >330 IU/ml); 17.7% had an antibody response (150–330 IU/ml) that is likely to afford some protection; 46.8% had no detectable antibody response (IgG <150 IU/ml). Among 53 infants with no antibody response, 37 (69.5%) developed an antibody response, while 42.4% (37/87) of those with maternal antibodies sero‐converted (P = 0.002).

Conclusions  Antibody response to measles vaccine was lower than expected at 6 months. While the presence of maternally derived antibodies accounted for some of the limited seroconversion in young infants, other factors are involved. Issues to be considered in determining the value of the first dose of measles vaccination in mid infancy in poor countries are complex and antibody responses are only one factor. Others, such as cell mediated immune responses, the non‐specific protective effect of measles vaccine in preventing illness and death and the practicalities of uptake of vaccines at different ages, are also important.
Individual efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine in primi‐ and secundigravidae in rural Burkina Faso: impact on parasitaemia, anaemia and birth weight
Authors: Gies Sabine , Coulibaly Sheick Oumar , Ouattara Florence Tiemegna , D’Alessandro Umberto
Published: January 2009

Objective  To assess the efficacy at individual level of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (IPTp‐SP) in primi‐ and secundigravidae in rural Burkina Faso.

Methods  Data of 1441 women enrolled in a health centre randomized trial and delivering a live‐singleton between September 2004 and October 2006 were analysed at individual level. Prevalence of peripheral and placental parasitaemia, anaemia (PCV <33%), low‐birth weight (<2500 g; LBW), mean packed cell volume (PCV) and birth weight were compared in relation to the number of directly observed SP doses.

Results  Two or more doses of SP significantly reduced the risk of placental parasitaemia [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.04, 95%CI = 0.003–0.60, P = 0.023] and anaemia at delivery (AOR = 0.31, 95%CI = 0.18–0.52, P < 0.001). IPTp was associated with reduced risk of LBW in primigravidae (AOR = 0.11, 95%CI = 0.07–0.17, P < 0.001) but not secundigravidae (AOR = 0.70, 95%CI = 0.26–1.91, P = 0.452). For each increment in number of SP doses mean PCV increased by 1.0% (95%CI = 0.4–1.7, P = 0.005) at 32 weeks gestation, by 1.2% (95%CI = 0.2–2.2, P = 0.025) at delivery and mean birth weight by 220 g (95%CI = 134–306 P < 0.001) in primigravidae and by 102 g (95%CI = 55–148, P = 0.001) in secundigravidae.

Conclusion  The risk of malaria infection was significantly reduced by IPTp with SP in primi‐ and secundigravidae in rural Burkina Faso. The impact on clinical outcomes is lower and mainly limited to primigravidae for LBW. Incomplete uptake of IPTp‐SP and limited effect in low risk groups together may substantially dilute the measurable impact of effective interventions. This needs to be taken into account when evaluating interventions at community level.
Paraneoplastic pemphigus/paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome
Authors: Sehgal Virendra N. , Srivastava Govind
Published: January 2009

Paraneoplastic pemphigus is the term used for an exclusive subset of pemphigus. The clinical lesions may resemble pemphigus, pemphigoid, erythema multiforme, graft‐vs.‐host disease, or lichen planus. A common denominator in all patients is the concomitant occurrence of either occult or confirmed systemic neoplasm. It is imperative to confirm the diagnosis through microscopy, where intraepidermal suprabasal cleavage, epidermal acantholysis, dyskeratotic keratinocytes and vacuolar changes in the basal epidermis, interfacial dermatitis, and epidermal exocytosis can be seen. Furthermore, the deposition of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and complement in the epidermal intercellular spaces, detected by direct and/or indirect immunofluorescence, is equally crucial for confirming the diagnosis.
Detection and quantification of drug‐specific T cells in penicillin allergy
Authors: Rozieres A. , Hennino A. , Rodet K. , Gutowski M.‐C. , Gunera‐Saad N. , Berard F. , Cozon G. , Bienvenu J. , Nicolas J.‐F.
Published: January 2009

Drug allergic reactions presenting as maculo‐papular exanthema (MPE) are mediated by drug‐specific T cells. In this study, the frequency of circulating specific T cells was analyzed by interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) enzyme‐linked immunospot assay in 22 patients with an allergic MPE to amoxicillin (amox). Amox‐specific circulating T cells were detected in 20/22 patients with frequencies ranging from 1 : 8000 to 1 : 30 000 circulating leucocytes. No reactivity was observed in 46 control patients, including 15 patients with immunoglobulin E‐mediated allergy to amoxicillin, 11 patients with a history of drug‐induced MPE but tolerant to amoxicillin and 20 healthy individuals. Furthermore, amox‐specific T cells were still detectable several years after the occurrence of the allergic reaction even after strict drug avoidance. Finally, analysis of drug‐specific T cells in one patient allergic to ticarcillin (a penicillin antibiotic distinct from amox) revealed the presence of IFN‐γ‐producing T cells reactive to ticarcillin and several other betalactam antibiotics, suggesting that the IFN‐γ ELISPOT assay is able to detect T cell cross‐reactivity against chemically related drugs. These findings confirm that drug‐induced MPE is associated with the presence of specific T cells in blood and further suggest that the IFN‐γ ELISPOT is a sensitive assay which could improve the diagnosis of betalactam allergy.
Immunologic characterization of isoforms of Car b 1 and Que a 1, the major hornbeam and oak pollen allergens
Authors: Wallner M. , Erler A. , Hauser M. , Klinglmayr E. , Gadermaier G. , Vogel L. , Mari A. , Bohle B. , Briza P. , Ferreira F.
Published: January 2009

Background:  Birch pollen allergy is one of the most common causes of spring pollinosis often associated with hypersensitivity reactions to pollen of other Fagales species. Yet, only the major disease eliciting allergens of alder and hazel have been fully characterized. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform cloning, expression and immunologic characterization of the Bet v 1 homologues from oak (Que a 1) and hornbeam (Car b 1).

Methods:  The isoform pattern of Car b 1 and Que a 1 was analyzed by proteomics using 2D gel electrophoresis and LC ESI‐QTOF MS. Isoallergens showing high IgE‐binding were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. IgE‐binding activity of the recombinant proteins was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and basophil mediator release assays using serum samples from patients mainly exposed either to oak and hornbeam or to birch pollen. Cross‐reactivity of the allergens was further investigated at the T‐cell level.

Results:  Dominant isoforms of Car b 1 and Que a 1, identified by mass spectrometry, showed different IgE‐binding properties when testing Fagales pollen‐allergic patients living in birch‐free areas as compared to birch‐sensitized individuals.

Conclusion:  Tree pollen‐allergic patients who are primarily exposed to Fagales pollen other than birch reacted stronger with rCar b 1 and rQue a 1 than with rBet v 1, as determined by inhibition ELISA and basophil mediator release assays. Thus, rCar b 1 and rQue a 1 allergens should be considered for improving molecule‐based diagnosis and therapy of tree pollen allergies manifesting in birch‐free areas.
Maternal smoking increases risk of allergic sensitization and wheezing only in children with allergic predisposition: longitudinal analysis from birth to 10 years
Authors: Keil T. , Lau S. , Roll S. , Grüber C. , Nickel R. , Niggemann B. , Wahn U. , Willich S. N. , Kulig M.
Published: January 2009

Background: The role of passive smoking for allergies and asthma in children above the age of 3 years remains unclear and possible interactive effects with parental allergies have not been formally evaluated in long‐term studies. To examine the interaction of passive smoking and an allergic predisposition regarding allergic sensitization, allergic airway symptoms and respiratory infections during the first 10 years of life.

Methods: In a prospective multicenter birth cohort study with 1314 recruited children in Germany, we assessed serum immunoglobulin E against common allergens at seven time points, and parental smoking and respiratory symptoms annually by using questionnaires. Longitudinal analyses were performed using generalized estimating equation models (stratified by parental allergy status).

Results: During the first 10 years, 18% of the children were exposed to regular maternal smoking since pregnancy, 43% to irregular maternal or only paternal smoking. Among children with two allergic parents, a mother who smoked regularly significantly increased the odds for allergic sensitization (adjusted OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.3–18.2) and wheezing (adjusted OR 5.7, 95% CI 1.7–19.0) in her child compared with children who were never exposed. For those with only one allergic parent, the odds were doubled and also statistically significant, whereas in children without allergic parents maternal smoking had no effects. There was no association of maternal smoking with allergic rhinitis or respiratory infections.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that regular maternal smoking is a strong risk factor for allergic sensitization and asthma symptoms during the first 10 years of life, but only in children with allergic parents.
Transforming growth factor‐β1 is elevated in unpasteurized cow’s milk
Authors: Peroni Diego G. , Piacentini Giorgio L. , Bodini Alessandro , Pigozzi Roberta , Boner Attilio L.
Published: January 2009

Unpasteurized milk consumption was associated with less atopy prevalence. Not only microbial load but also fatty acids and cytokines such as transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) may play a role on the effect of unpasteurized milk. Levels of TGF‐β1 in different cow’s milk samples were evaluated: we consider raw unpasteurized milk before and after boiling, commercial pasteurized and micro‐filtrated cow’s milk and different commercially available cow’s milk formulas. TGF‐β1 concentration in raw unpasteurized cow’s milk was 642.0 ± 52.9 pg/ml before boiling and decreased significantly after boiling (302.7 ± 50.59 pg/ml) (p < 0.05). TGF‐β1 concentrations were also significantly lower in commercial pasteurized milk (246.2 ± 43.15 pg/ml) and in commercial micro‐filtrated milk (213.0 ± 31.6 pg/ml) in comparison to unpasteurized unboiled milk (p = 0.002). The levels of TGF‐β1 in all formula samples were below the threshold of detectability for the assays. As TGF‐β1 in the milk may contribute to the development of the immature gastrointestinal tract by influencing IgA production and oral tolerance induction, we suggest to consider not only the microbial compounds but also the cytokine patterns to explain the protective effect of unpasteurized cow’s milk on allergic disorders.
Increasing prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis but not eczema in 5‐ to 8‐yr‐old Maltese children (ISAAC)
Authors: Montefort Stephen , Ellul Pierre , Montefort Maxine , Caruana Simone , Agius Muscat Hugo
Published: January 2009

The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) was the first worldwide study carried out with standardized questionnaires in order to create a reliable global map of childhood allergy. Phase 1 of the study was carried out in the Maltese Islands in 1994/95 while a similar study (phase 3) was repeated 7 yr later (2001/02). In this paper, the data obtained from 3816 5‐ to 8‐yr‐olds (80% response rate) in phase 3 were compared to that obtained from 3509 5‐ to 8‐yr‐olds (78.5% response rate) in phase 1 of the study in order to evaluate whether the problem of allergic conditions in Maltese schoolchildren was indeed changing. About 30.2% (phase 3) vs. 19.1% (phase 1) (p < 0.0001) of the participants were wheezers ‘ever’ while 14.8% vs. 8.8% (p < 0.0001) were current wheezers and 14.8% vs. 7.5% (p < 0.0001) were labelled as asthmatics. Of these wheezing children, 13.3% vs. 6.2% (p = 0.0002) had a wheezing episode severe enough to limit speech. Nasal problems were present in 28.8% of Maltese children in 2001 and in 23.4% in 1994 (p < 0.0001) and 24.4% vs. 20.7% (p < 0.0001) of all respondents persisted with these symptoms up to the year of answering the questionnaire. Hayfever had been diagnosed in 22.2% vs. 14.7% (p < 0.0001) of all the children. About 6.7% vs. 7.0% (p = 0.61) of respondents had an recurring itchy rash suggestive of eczema for at least 6 months of their lives and 5.4.% vs. 5.5% had it currently. In 1994, the prevalence of wheezing and eczema were slightly lower than the global mean, unlike the case of rhinitis, which in Malta was commoner than the world average, while in 2001 wheezing together with rhinitis surpassed the global mean as well. These results indicate a rising prevalence of wheezing and rhinitis but not eczema in Maltese children. Asthma seemed to be better controlled and all three allergic conditions more likely to be diagnosed.
A unique plasma proteomic profiling with imbalanced fibrinogen cascade in patients with Kawasaki disease
Authors: Yu Hong‐Ren , Kuo Ho‐Chang , Sheen Jiunn‐Ming , Wang Lin , Lin I‐Chun , Wang Chih‐Lu , Yang Kuender D.
Published: January 2009

Kawasaki disease (KD) is the leading cause of acquired heart disease during childhood in the developed countries. The mechanism and biomarkers of KD remain to be determined. In this study, we sought to elucidate potential plasma proteomic markers in KD patients in comparison to that in febrile controls. Plasma samples from KD patients and febrile controls were subjected to two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. Differential protein displays between KD patients and febrile controls were determined. Fibrinogen beta and gamma chains, alpha‐1‐antitrypsin (A1AT), CD5 antigen‐like precursor (CD5L), and clusterin were increased in KD patients, whereas immunoglobulin free light chains were decreased, as compared with controls. The differential protein displays were validated with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay tests. We found higher fibrinogen‐related proteins (fibrinogen, A1AT, clusterin, and CD5L), along with a lower level of the immunoglobulin free light chains that involve fibrin degradation in KD. Results from this study showing a unique proteomic profiling with abnormal fibrinogen cascade may afford a good biomarker of KD and a better strategy to prevent cardiovascular complications of KD by correcting abnormal fibrin deposition or degradation.
Mechanisms of food allergy
Authors: Eigenmann Philippe A.
Published: January 2009

Allergy type sensitization occurring in the gut results from a break in oral tolerance, mostly occurring in early childhood. In these patients, a minute amount of the large load of potential food allergens not only will result in immunoglobulin E (IgE) type sensitization mostly, but also in food allergies resulting from other mechanisms including eosinophil‐driven disease or resulting from T‐cell‐mediated inflammation. Symptoms elicited by subsequent exposure to foods in these patients will be mostly in relation to the mechanism of the disease. In this educational review series, we described three cases of food allergy, first, a child with typical IgE‐mediated food allergy, second, a child with eosinophilic proctocolitis and in the third patient, we will address tolerance acquisition mechanisms. These cases are discussed with regards to their specific immune events.
Ultrasound‐guided ulnar nerve catheter placement in the forearm for postoperative pain relief and physiotherapy
Authors: LURF M. , LEIXNERING M.
Published: January 2009

Consistent identification of peripheral nerves as well as placement of catheters for post‐operative pain relief is possible with the aid of ultrasound. By blocking a single nerve rather than the entire extremity, pain can be eliminated without impairing motor function of the entire extremity, providing greater patient comfort. This report describes a case in which ultrasound‐guided ulnar nerve catheter placement was performed in the forearm for post‐operative pain relief following arthrolysis and tenolysis of the fifth finger. The ulnar nerve catheter allowed for excellent pain relief and completely painless physiotherapy without impairing motor function of the operated finger.
Cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism measured with the Kety–Schmidt method using nitrous oxide
Authors: TAUDORF S. , BERG R. M. G , BAILEY D. M. , MØLLER K.
Published: January 2009

Background: The Kety–Schmidt method is the reference method for measuring global cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral metabolic rates (CMR) and flux, especially where scanners are unavailable or impractical. Our primary objective was to assess the repeatability of the Kety–Schmidt method in a variety of different approaches using inhaled nitrous oxide (N2O) as the tracer, combined with photoacoustic spectrometry. A secondary objective was to assess the impact of this tracer on the systemic vascular concentration of nitrite (NO2−).

Methods: Twenty‐nine healthy male volunteers underwent 61 CBF measurements by breathing a normoxic gas mixture containing 5% N2O until tension equilibrium. Paired blood samples were collected from an arterial and a jugular bulb catheter in the saturation or desaturation phase, by continuous or the discontinuous sampling. N2O concentration was measured with photoacoustic spectrometry after equilibration of blood samples with air. CBF was calculated by the Kety–Schmidt equation. CMR of oxygen (CMRO2) was determined by the Fick principle. NO2− in plasma and red blood cells (RBC) was measured by ozone‐based chemiluminescence.

Results: The most robust approach for CBF measurement was achieved by discontinuous sampling in the desaturation phase [CBF, 64 (95% confidence interval, 59–71 ml)] 100 g/min; CMRO2 1.8 (1.7–2.0) μmol/g/min). The tracer did not influence plasma or RBC NO2− (P>0.05 vs. baseline).

Conclusion: These findings confirm the reliability and robustness of the Kety–Schmidt method using inhaled N2O for the measurement of global CBF and CMR. At the low tracer concentration used, altered NO metabolism is unlikely to have affected cerebral haemodynamic function.
Safety of laryngeal mask airway and short‐stay practice in office‐based adenotonsillectomy
Authors: GRAVNINGSBRÅTEN R. , NICKLASSON B. , RAEDER J.
Published: January 2009

Background: It is still disputed whether laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is safe and convenient for adenotonsillectomy, and whether these procedures can be safely undertaken in an office‐based short‐stay ambulatory setting. We report the result of this practice in 1126 consecutive children <16 years of age.

Methods: The patients received general anaesthesia with propofol and remifentanil. For analgesic prophylaxis, they received paracetamol, fentanyl and local anaesthetic administration. NSAIDs were given to patients weighing above 15 kgs. A surgical technique with elevation, scissors and electrocoagulation was used. Post‐operatively, the tonsillectomies were observed in the unit for at least 1.5 h and the adenoidectomies for at least 15–20 min.

Results: Conversion from LMA to an endotracheal tube was carried out in six patients (0.5%), mostly due to airway leakage during ventilation. One patient had a pulmonary atelectasis and was re‐intubated. No re‐operation was needed in the clinic after surgery, and all patients, except for the one with atelectasis (0.1%), were discharged home as planned. In 122 patients answering a questionnaire, after discharge, two patients (1.6%) were admitted to hospital and re‐operated due to bleeding; a further six patients (4.9%) were admitted for observation. In 25% of the patients, nausea and vomiting occurred after discharge, including 21% vomiting of swallowed blood during home travel. Only 5.6% reported significant post‐discharge pain.

Conclusion: With a well‐trained team, adenotonsillectomy on children can be carried out safely in an office‐based setting with LMA and a short post‐operative stay.