bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pyrazole Complexes as Anion Receptors
Authors: Nieto Sonia , Pérez Julio , Riera Lucía , Riera Víctor , Miguel Daniel
Published: December 2005

The behavior of the receptors [Re(CO)3(Hdmpz)3]BAr′4 (Hdmpz=3,5‐dimethylpyrazole) (1) and [Re(CO)3(HtBupz)3]BAr′4 (HtBupz=3(5)‐tert‐butylpyrazole) (2; Ar′=3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) toward the anions fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, hydrogensulfate, dihydrogenphosphate, nitrate, and perrhenate was studied in CD3CN solution. In most cases, the receptors were stable. Anion exchange was fast, and binding constants were calculated from the NMR titration profiles. The structure of the adduct [Re(CO)3(HtBupz)3]⋅NO3 (3) was determined by X‐ray diffraction. Two pyrazole moieties are hydrogen‐bonded to one nitrate oxygen atom, and the third pyrazole moiety is hydrogen‐bonded to an oxygen atom of an adjacent nitrate, leading to infinite chains. The structure of the adduct [Re(CO)3(Hdmpz)3]BAr′4⋅acetone (4), also determined by X‐ray diffraction, showed a similar interaction of two pyrazole NH groups with the acetone oxygen atom. F− and H2PO4− deprotonate the receptors, and HSO4− decomposed 1. The structure of one of the decomposition products (5), determined by X‐ray diffraction, is consistent with pyrazole protonation and substitution by sulfate.
Versatile Coordination Chemistry towards Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Nanohybrids
Authors: Guldi Dirk M. , Rahman G. M. Aminur , Qin Shuhui , Tchoul Maxim , Ford Warren T. , Marcaccio Massimo , Paolucci Demis , Paolucci Francesco , Campidelli Stéphane , Prato Maurizio
Published: December 2005

Dispersible single‐walled carbon nanotubes grafted with poly(4‐vinylpyridine), SWNT‐PVP, were tested in coordination assays with zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnP). Kinetic and spectroscopic evidence corroborates the successful formation of a SWNT‐PVP⋅ZnP nanohybrid. Within this SWNT‐PVP⋅ZnP nanohybrid, static electron‐transfer quenching (2.0±0.1)×109 s−1 converts the photoexcited‐ZnP chromophore into a radical‐ion‐pair state with a microsecond lifetime, namely one‐electron oxidized‐ZnP and reduced‐SWNT.
Unexpected Structural Diversity in Alkali Metal Azide‐Crown Ether Complexes: Syntheses, X‐ray Structures, and Quantum‐Chemical Calculations
Authors: Brown Michael D. , Dyke John M. , Ferrante Francesco , Levason William , Ogden J. Steven , Webster Michael
Published: December 2005

A series of alkali metal azide‐crown ether complexes, [Li([12]crown‐4)(N3)], [Na([15]crown‐5)(N3)], [Na([15]crown‐5)(H2O)2]N3, [K([18]crown‐6)(N3)(H2O)], [Rb([18]crown‐6)(N3)(H2O)], [Cs([18]crown‐6)(N3)]2, and [Cs([18]crown‐6)(N3)(H2O)(MeOH)], has been synthesised. In most cases, single crystals were obtained, which allowed X‐ray crystal structures to be derived. The structures obtained have been compared with molecular structures computed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This has allowed the effects of the crystal lattice on the structures to be investigated. Also, a study of the MNterminal metal–azide bond length and charge densities on the metal (M) and terminal nitrogen centre (Nterminal) in these complexes has allowed the nature of the metal–azide bond to be probed in each case. The bonding in these complexes is believed to be predominantly ionic or ion‐dipole in character, with the differences in geometries reflecting the balance between maximising the coordination number of the metal centre and minimising ligand‐ligand repulsions. The structures of the crown ether complexes determined in this work show the subtle interplay of such factors. The significant role of hydrogen bonding is also demonstrated, most clearly in the structures of the K and Rb dimers, but also in the chain structure of the hydrated Cs complex.
Structures and Infrared Spectra of Fluoride—Hydrogen Sulfide Clusters from ab initio Calculations: F‐‐(H2S)n, n = 1—5
Authors: Wild D. A. , Lenzer T.
Published: December 2005

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Observation of d‐Orbital Aromaticity.
Authors: Huang Xin , Zhai Hua‐Jin , Kiran Boggavarapu , Wang Lai‐Sheng
Published: December 2005

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Unusual Physical and Chemical Properties of Cu in Ce1‐xCuxO2 Oxides.
Authors: Wang Xianqin , Rodriguez Jose A. , Hanson Jonathan C. , Gamarra Daniel , Martinez‐Arias Arturo , Fernandez‐Garcia Marcos
Published: December 2005

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Structurally Characterized Ternary U—O—N Compound, UN4O12: UO2(NO3)2×N2O4 or NO+UO2(NO3)‐3?
Authors: Crawford Margaret‐Jane , Mayer Peter
Published: December 2005

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Electronic Structure of M(BH4)4, M: Zr, Hf, and U, by Variable Photon‐Energy Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Density Functional Calculations.
Authors: Green Jennifer C. , de Simone Monica , Coreno Marcello , Jones Aled , Pritchard Helen M. I. , McGrady G. Sean
Published: December 2005

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Negative Magnetoresistance in Ba2CoS3.
Authors: Baikie Thomas , Hardy Vincent , Maignan Antoine , Francesconi M. Grazia
Published: December 2005

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Crystal Growth, Structural, and Property Studies on a Family of Ternary Rare‐Earth Phases Ln2InGe2 (Ln: Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Yb).
Authors: Tobash Paul H. , Lins Daniel , Bobev Svilen , Lima Ana , Hundley Michael F. , Thompson Joe D. , Sarrao John L.
Published: December 2005

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Tailoring Oxygen Content on PrBaCo2O5+δ Layered Cobaltites.
Authors: Frontera C. , Caneiro A. , Carrillo A. E. , Oro‐Sole J. , Garcia‐Munoz J. L.
Published: December 2005

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A Novel Route for in situ H2O2 Generation from Selective Reduction of O2 by Hydrazine Using Heterogeneous Pd Catalyst in an Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Choudhary Vasant R. , Samanta Chanchal , Jana Prabhas
Published: December 2005

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SrAlSiH: A Polyanionic Semiconductor Hydride.
Authors: Bjoerling Thomas , Noreus Dag , Jansson Kjell , Andersson Magnus , Leonova Ekaterina , Eden Mattias , Haalenius Ulf , Haeussermann Ulrich
Published: December 2005

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Synthesis and Reactivity of W3Te4+7 Clusters and Chalcogen Exchange in the M3Q7 (M: Mo, W; Q: S, Se, Te) Cluster Family.
Authors: Sokolov Maxim N. , Abramov Pavel A. , Gushchin Artem L. , Kalinina Irina V. , Naumov Dmitry Y. , Virovets Alexander V. , Peresypkina Eugenia V. , Vicent Cristian , Llusar Rosa , Fedin Vladimir P.
Published: December 2005

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Enantioselective Allylation of Ketones Catalyzed by Chiral In(III)‐PYBOX Complexes.
Authors: Lu Jun , Hong Mei‐Ling , Ji Shun‐Jun , Teo Yong‐Chua , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: December 2005

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A Remarkable Effect of Bases on the Catalytic Radical Addition of Cyanoacetate to Alkenes Using a Mn(II)/Co(II)/O2 Redox System.
Authors: Kagayama Takashi , Fuke Takahiro , Sakaguchi Satoshi , Ishii Yasutaka
Published: December 2005

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Unusual Reactions of 4,6‐Dichloro‐5‐nitropyrimidine with C‐Nucleophiles.
Authors: Azev Yuri A. , Duelcks Thomas , Lork Enno , Gabel Detlef
Published: December 2005

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One‐Step Tetrahydrofuran Ring Opening by Saturated Hydrocarbons and CO.
Authors: Akhrem Irena S. , Avetisyan Dzul'etta V. , Vitt Sergei V. , Petrovskii Pavel V.
Published: December 2005

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Sodium Borohydride‐Solid LiClO4: An Effective Reagent for Reducing Aldehydes and Ketones in Aprotic Solvent.
Authors: Halimjani Azim Ziyaei , Saidi Mohammad R.
Published: December 2005

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Mild and Efficient CuI‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Amides with Bromides.
Authors: Deng Wei , Zhang Chen , Liu Min , Zou Yan , Liu Lei , Guo Qing‐Xiang
Published: December 2005

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(Z)‐Selective Cross‐Dimerization of Arylacetylenes with Silylacetylenes Catalyzed by Vinylideneruthenium Complexes.
Authors: Katayama Hiroyuki , Yari Hiroshi , Tanaka Masaki , Ozawa Fumiyuki
Published: December 2005

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First Example of Transition‐Metal‐Free Glaser‐Type Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Yan Jincan , Wang Lei
Published: December 2005

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Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Pauson—Khand‐Type Reaction of 1,6‐Enynes.
Authors: Shibata Takanori , Toshida Natsuko , Yamasaki Mitsunori , Maekawa Shunsuke , Takagi Kentaro
Published: December 2005

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Dowex Polymer‐Mediated Protection of Carbonyl Groups.
Authors: Niknam Khodabakhsh , Kiasat Ali Reza , Karimi Sadegh
Published: December 2005

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A Simple Diastereoselective Synthesis of Chiral Nonracemic Aliphatic Amines.
Authors: Grishina G. V. , Luk'yanenko E. R. , Borisenko A. A.
Published: December 2005

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Superparamagnetic Nanoparticle‐Supported Enzymatic Resolution of Racemic Carboxylates.
Authors: Gardimalla Hari M. R. , Mandal Deendayal , Stevens Philip D. , Yen Max , Gao Yong
Published: December 2005

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Highly Active Phosphine‐Free Carbene Ruthenium Catalyst for Cross‐Metathesis of Acrylonitrile with Functionalized Olefins.
Authors: Bai Chen‐Xi , Zhang Wen‐Zhen , He Ren , Lu Xiao‐Bing , Zhang Zhi‐Qiang
Published: December 2005

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Interrupted Nazarov Cyclization on Silica Gel.
Authors: Dhoro Francis , Tius Marcus A.
Published: December 2005

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Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of N‐Phenylanthranilic Acids in Water.
Authors: Martin Ana , Pellon Rolando F. , Mesa Miriam , Docampo Maite L. , Gomez Victoria
Published: December 2005

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A Facile Synthesis of Acylhydrazines from Acylbenzotriazoles.
Authors: Wang Xiaoxia , Yu Hongping , Xu Peifang , Zheng Renwei
Published: December 2005

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Rhodium‐Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Disulfides and Diselenides with Alkyl Halides, Using Hydrogen as a Reducing Agent.
Authors: Ajiki Kaori , Hirano Masao , Tanaka Ken
Published: December 2005

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Efficiency of Two‐Coordinate Palladium(0) N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes in Amination and Suzuki—Miyaura Reactions of Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Arentsen Katherine , Caddick Stephen , Cloke F. Geoffrey N.
Published: December 2005

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Synthesis of Morita—Baylis—Hillman‐Type Adducts by Unprecedented Reaction of 1‐Phenyl‐2‐(trimethylsilyl)acetylene with Aromatic Aldehydes Catalyzed by Quaternary Ammonium Fluorides Derived from Cinchonine.
Authors: Yoshizawa Kazuhiro , Shioiri Takayuki
Published: December 2005

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Synthesis of 4,6‐Dinitrobenzo[b]furans from 1,3,5‐Trinitrobenzene.
Authors: Dutov Mikhail D. , Vatsadze Irina A. , Vorob'ev Sergei S. , Shevelev Svyatoslav A.
Published: December 2005

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Polycyclic Furans from Condensations of Phenanthrene‐9,10‐quinone with Aryl Ethers and Phenol.
Authors: Morrison Brian J. , Musgrave Oliver C.
Published: December 2005

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Cu(I)‐Catalyzed Highly Exo‐Selective and Enantioselective [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides with Acrylates.
Authors: Gao Wenzhong , Zhang Xumu , Raghunath Malati
Published: December 2005

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Unusual Dimerization of N‐Protected Bromomethylindoles Using Phenylmagnesium Chloride.
Authors: Mohanakrishnan Arasambattu K. , Ramesh Neelamegam , Prakash Chandran
Published: December 2005

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A Mild and Efficient Method for Halogenation of 3,5‐Dimethyl Pyrazoles by Ultrasound Irradiation Using N‐Halosuccinimides.
Authors: Stefani Helio A. , Pereira Claudio M. P. , Almeida Roberta B. , Braga Rodolpho C. , Guzen Karla P. , Cella Rodrigo
Published: December 2005

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Two N‐Substituted 3,5‐Diphenyl‐2‐pyrazoline‐1‐thiocarboxamides.
Authors: Koeysal Yavuz , Isik Samil , Sahin Guelay , Palaska Erhan
Published: December 2005

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Nitroimidazoles. Part 1. An Unexpected Reactivity During the Cyclization of 3‐(4‐Amino‐1‐benzyl‐2‐ethyl‐1H‐imidazol‐5‐ylsulfanyl)‐propionic Acid Methyl Ester.
Authors: Al‐Soud Yaseen A. , Al‐Masoudi Najim A.
Published: December 2005

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Regioselective Alkylation of Thiazolylsulfonamides: Direct and Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Alkylthiazolidene Derivatives.
Authors: Masuda Naoyuki , Yamamoto Osamu , Fujii Masahiro , Ohgami Tetsuro , Moritomo Ayako , Kontani Toru , Kageyama Shunji , Ohta Mitsuaki
Published: December 2005

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A Clean Method for Producing 4‐Aryl‐7,7‐dimethyl‐5‐oxo‐3,4,5,7,8‐hexahydrocoumarin in Aqueous Media
Authors: Jin Tong‐Shou , Wang Ai‐Qing , Cheng Zhao‐Li , Zhang Jian‐She , Li Tong‐Shuang
Published: December 2005

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ZrCl4 Catalyzed Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Coumarins
Authors: Gangadasu B. , Narender P. , Raju B. China , Rao V. Jayathirtha
Published: December 2005

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Solid‐State Condensation Reactions Between Aldehydes and 5,5‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐cyclohexanedione by Grinding at Room Temperature.
Authors: Jin Tong‐Shou , Zhang Jian‐She , Wang Ai‐Qing , Li Tong‐Shuang
Published: December 2005

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Discovery of N‐(3‐{4‐[(3‐Fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenoxy}propyl)‐2‐pyridin‐4‐ylacetamide as a Potent and Selective Reverse NCX Inhibitor.
Authors: Kuramochi Takahiro , Kakefuda Akio , Yamada Hiroyoshi , Ogiyama Takashi , Taguchi Taku , Sakamoto Shuichi
Published: December 2005

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Efficient Synthesis of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazolyl‐1,8‐naphthyridines under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Mogilaiah K. , Reddy G. Randheer
Published: December 2005

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Novel Reactions of 6,7‐Dimethoxy‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinoline and 3,4‐Dihydro‐β‐carboline with Dipolarophiles.
Authors: Nyerges Miklos , Dancso Andras , Bitter Istvan , Blasko Gabor , Toeke Laszlo
Published: December 2005

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Reaction of Enaminones with Aminopyrazoles: Synthesis, Structures and Bioactivities of 7‐Aryl‐3‐cyano‐2‐substituted Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines.
Authors: Wen Li‐Rong , Wang Shu‐Wen , Li Ming , Yang Hua‐Zheng
Published: December 2005

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A New Approach to the Facile Synthesis of Mono‐ and Disubstituted Quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Salehi Peyman , Dabiri Minoo , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Baghbanzadeh Mostafa
Published: December 2005

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Nonnucleoside HIV‐1 Reverse‐Transcriptase Inhibitors. Part 5. Synthesis and anti‐HIV‐1 Activity of Novel 6‐Naphthylthio HEPT Analogues.
Authors: Sun Guang‐Fu , Chen Xu‐Xiang , Chen Fen‐Er , Wang Yue‐Ping , De Clercq Erik , Balzarini Jan , Pannecouque Christophe
Published: December 2005

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Diterpenoids from Coprinus heptemerus.
Authors: Valdivia Carola , Kettering Melanie , Anke Heidrun , Thines Eckhard , Sterner Olov
Published: December 2005

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Zirconium Mediated Total Synthesis of Crinitol (Xb), 9‐Hydroxyfarnesoic Acid (XV), 9‐Hydroxyfarnesol (Xa), 9‐Hydroxysargaquinone (XII) and the Selectively‐Protected Aglycone of Moritoside and Euplexide A (XIV).
Authors: Dixon Sally , Gordon George J. , Whitby Richard J.
Published: December 2005

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Regio‐ and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Bifunctionalized Limonenes.
Authors: Voronkov Michael V. , Kanamarlapudi Ramanaiah C. , Richardson Paul
Published: December 2005

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Rose Oxides: A Facile Chemo and Chemo‐Enzymatic Approach.
Authors: Taneja Subhash C. , Sethi Vijay K. , Andotra Samar S. , Koul Surrinder , Qazi Ghulam N.
Published: December 2005

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An Unusual Hydroboration of 3‐Hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐Δ4‐steroids.
Authors: Uyanik Cavit , Hanson James R. , Nisius Lydia , Hitchcock Peter B.
Published: December 2005

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A Straightforward Approach Towards Thiazoles and Endothiopeptides via Ugi Reaction.
Authors: Kazmaier Uli , Ackermann Stefanie
Published: December 2005

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New Pyrrole‐Based Amino Acids for the Synthesis of Peptidomimetic Constrained Scaffolds.
Authors: Alongi Maddalena , Minetto Giacomo , Taddei Maurizio
Published: December 2005

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New Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]azepine Type Alkaloids from Stemona and Stichoneuron (Stemonaceae)
Authors: Schinnerl Johann , Kaltenegger Elisabeth , Pacher Thomas , Vajrodaya Srunya , Hofer Otmar , Greger Harald
Published: December 2005

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular γ‐Lactam Formation of an Aryl Halide and an Enolate: Synthesis of Isoindolobenzazepine Alkaloids, Lennoxamine, 13‐Deoxychilenine, and Chilenine.
Authors: Honda Toshio , Sakamaki Yoshiaki
Published: December 2005

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Asymmetric Synthesis of 5‐Hexadecanolide.
Authors: Sun Bin , Zhang Chao‐Xin , Zhang Gui‐Min , Li Ying , Li Yu‐Lin , Peng Li‐Zeng
Published: December 2005

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Enantioselective Synthesis and Absolute Configuration of the Natural threo‐3‐Chloro‐1‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)propane‐1,2‐diol.
Authors: Wang Qian , He Kan Kan , Li Yun Zhong , Li Da Wei , Li Ying , Hou Zi Jie
Published: December 2005

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Study of Porous Silicon Nanostructures as Hydrogen Reservoirs.
Authors: Lysenko Vladimir , Bidault Fabrice , Alekseev Sergei , Zaitsev Vladimir , Barbier Daniel , Turpin Christophe , Geobaldo Francesco , Rivolo Paola , Garrone Edoardo
Published: December 2005

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Novel Materials Derived from Layered Perovskites Using a Chimie Douce Approach
Authors: Tahara Seiichi , Sugahara Yoshiyuki
Published: December 2005

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Interplay of Physical and Chemical Aspects in the PECVD and Etching of Thin Solid Films
Authors: Cavallotti C. , Di Stanislao M. , Carra S.
Published: December 2005

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U.S. Department of Energy′s Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Technical Advances
Authors: Williams Mark C. , Strakey Joseph P. , Surdoval Wayne A.
Published: December 2005

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Bridging a Gap in Actinide Chemistry
Authors: Burns Carol J.
Published: December 2005

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Magnetism of Interacting Two‐Dimensional Nanostructures
Authors: Jensen P. J. , Bennemann K. H.
Published: December 2005

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Synthesis and Reactivity of Heteropentadienyl—Transition‐Metal Complexes
Authors: Bleeke John R.
Published: December 2005

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Synthesis of Quinazolinones and Quinazolines
Authors: Connolly David J. , Cusack Declan , O'Sullivan Timothy P. , Guiry Patrick J.
Published: December 2005

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Understanding Reactions in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Crowhurst Lorna , Lancaster N. Llewellyn , Perez‐Arlandis Juan M. , Welton Tom
Published: December 2005

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Long‐Lived Carbocations in Cold Siberia
Authors: Shubin Vyacheslav G. , Borodkin Gennady I.
Published: December 2005

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Reactions of Carboxylic, Phosphoric, and Sulfonic Acids and Their Derivatives
Authors: Bedford C. T.
Published: December 2005

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New Ionic Liquids with Advanced Properties
Authors: Ignatyev Nikolai V. , Welz‐Biermann Urs
Published: December 2005

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Approaches to the Synthesis of the Lamellarins and Related Natural Products
Authors: Handy Scott T. , Zhang Yanan
Published: December 2005

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Development of New Cycloaddition Reactions Based on the Unique Reactivity of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Authors: Saito Shinichi
Published: December 2005

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Advances in Radical Conjugate Additions
Authors: Srikanth G. S. C. , Castle Steven L.
Published: December 2005

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Bifunctional Metal—Ligand Catalysis: Hydrogenations and New Reactions within the Metal—(Di)amine Scaffold
Authors: Muniz Kilian
Published: December 2005

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Development of Highly Stereoselective Reactions Using Lone Pairs of Oxygen Atoms
Authors: Fujioka Hiromichi
Published: December 2005

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The Roles of Eosinophils in Allergic Inflammation
Authors: Ishihara Kenji
Published: December 2005

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Phthalocyanines and Other Macroheterocyclic Compounds. Synthesis and Properties.
Authors: Shaposhnikov G. P. , Maizlish V. E. , Kulinich V. P. , Vorob'yev Yu. G. , Islyaikin M. K.
Published: December 2005

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Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Quinoneimides
Authors: Nair Vijay , Dhanya R. , Rajesh C. , Devipriya S.
Published: December 2005

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Ionic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Binnemans Koen
Published: December 2005

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Mechanism of Taurine: α‐Ketoglutarate Dioxygenase (TauD) from Escherichia coli
Authors: Bollinger J. Martin Jr. , Price John C. , Hoffart Lee M. , Barr Eric W. , Krebs Carsten
Published: December 2005

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Understanding How Cells Allocate Metals Using Metal Sensors and Metallochaperones
Authors: Tottey Stephen , Harvie Duncan R. , Robinson Nigel J.
Published: December 2005

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Development of an Industrial Process for Synthesizing Lodenosine (FddA)
Authors: Takamatsu Satoshi , Maruyama Tokumi , Izawa Kunisuke
Published: December 2005

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Crocker, Not Armit and Robinson, Begat the Six Aromatic Electrons
Authors: Balaban Alexandru T. , von Rague Schleyer Paul , Rzepa Henry S.
Published: December 2005

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Photoelectron Spectroscopy Without Photoelectrons: Twenty Years of ZEKE Spectroscopy
Authors: Cockett Martin C. R.
Published: December 2005

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Inadequacies of the current American Joint Committee on cancer staging system for prostate cancer
Authors: Taylor Sarah H. , Merriman Kelly W. , Spiess Philippe E. , Pisters Louis
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Two major objectives of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system are to ensure appropriate treatments for patients and to determine prognosis. AJCC stage for distant prostate cancer includes patients with regional lymph node involvement. In the current study, the authors assessed whether patients with lymph node involvement and patients with distant metastasis, as determined using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) staging system, had similar treatment and survival duration and, thus, were grouped together appropriately in the AJCC system.

METHODS

In total, 4141 patients were selected from The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center's Tumor Registry who initially had registered at the center between January 1, 1982, and December 31, 2001, with a diagnosis of prostate cancer; had received no treatment before presentation; and had received treatment at the center. Patients with unknown stage and patients with any other primary malignancies were excluded. Descriptive analyses of demographic and disease variables were performed. Using SEER stage groups, survival analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed.

RESULTS

Treatments differed between patients with lymph node involvement and patients with distant metastasis. The median survival was 134 months for patients with lymph node involvement and 42 months for patients with distant metastasis. When these 2 groups were combined, as in the AJCC scheme, the median survival was 86 months.

CONCLUSIONS

The treatment and median survival of patients with lymph node involvement differed substantially from those of patients with distant metastasis. The current AJCC scheme for prostate cancer appeared to be inappropriate when considering its purpose, and the authors concluded that it should be revised. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Dysplastic nodules frequently develop into hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic viral hepatitis and cirrhosis
Authors: Kobayashi Masahiro , Ikeda Kenji , Hosaka Tetsuya , Sezaki Hitomi , Someya Takashi , Akuta Norio , Suzuki Fumitaka , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Saitoh Satoshi , Arase Yasuji , Kumada Hiromitsu
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Advances in imaging technology have enhanced the detection of small nodular lesions during the course of chronic liver disease.

METHODS

Between 1995 and 2002, the authors examined 154 consecutive patients with small hepatic nodules without hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) over a median duration of 2.8 years. The median size of these nodules was 14 mm (range, 7–40 mm). The initial histopathologic diagnosis included high‐grade dysplastic nodule (HGDN) (n= 13), low‐grade dysplastic nodule (LGDN) (n= 42), and regenerative nodule (RN) (n= 99).

RESULTS

A total of 29 (18.8%) nodules developed into HCC during the observation period. Cumulative HCC development rates at the first, third, and fifth year were 46.2%, 61.5%, and 80.8% for HGDN; 2.6%, 30.2%, and 36.6% for LGDN; and 3.3%, 9.7%, and 12.4% for RN, respectively. The rate of HCC development was significantly higher in the HGDN group than for other types (P< 0.001). Multivariate analysis disclosed that histopathologic diagnosis (P< 0.001) and findings on computed tomographic arterial portography (CT‐AP) (P= 0.004) were significantly associated with future HCC development. The hazard ratios of HGDN and LGDN were 16.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.19–45.6) and 2.96 (95% CI, 1.20–7.31), respectively. A decrease in portal blood flow also showed a significantly high hazard ratio of 3.04 (95% CI, 1.42–6.50). Approximate annual development rate to HCC was 20% in patients with HGDN and 10% in LGDN.

CONCLUSION

HGDN should be considered a precancerous lesion when it appears during follow‐up of chronic viral hepatitis or cirrhosis. Reduced portal blood flow in the nodule on computed tomography‐AP is also an important predictor for development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Surgery by consultant gynecologic oncologists improves survival in patients with ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Engelen Mirjam J. A. , Kos Henrike E. , Willemse Pax H. B. , Aalders Jan G. , de Vries Elisabeth G. E. , Schaapveld Michael , Otter Renee , van der Zee Ate G. J.
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Consultant gynecologic oncologists from the regional Comprehensive Cancer Center assisted community gynecologists in the surgical treatment of patients with ovarian carcinoma when they were invited. For this report, the authors evaluated the effects of primary surgery by a gynecologic oncologist on treatment outcome.

METHODS

The hospital files from 680 patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma who were diagnosed between 1994 and 1997 in the northern part of the Netherlands were abstracted. Treatment results were analyzed according to the operating physician's education by using survival curves and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses.

RESULTS

Primary surgery was performed on 184 patients by gynecologic oncologists, and on 328 patients by general gynecologists. Gynecologic oncologists followed surgical guidelines more strictly compared with general gynecologists (patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO] Stage I–II disease, 55% vs. 33% [P = 0.01]; patients with FIGO Stage III disease, 60% vs. 40% [P = 0.003]) and more often removed all macroscopic tumor in patients with FIGO Stage III disease (24% vs. 12%; P = 0.02). When patients were stratified according to FIGO stage, the 5‐year overall survival rate was 86% versus 70% (P = 0.03) for patients with Stage I–II disease and 21% versus 13% (P = 0.02) for patients with Stage III–IV disease who underwent surgery by gynecologic oncologists and general gynecologists, respectively. The hazards ratio for patients who underwent surgery by gynecologic oncologists was 0.79 (95% confidence interval [95%CI], 0.61–1.03; adjusted for patient age, disease stage, type of hospital, and chemotherapy); when patients age 75 years and older were excluded, the hazards ratio fell to 0.71 (95% CI, 0.54–0.94) in multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

The surgical treatment of patients with ovarian carcinoma by gynecologic oncologists occurred more often according to surgical guidelines, tumor removal more often was complete, and survival was improved. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Phase II study of a protracted irinotecan schedule in children with refractory or recurrent soft tissue sarcoma
Authors: Bisogno Gianni , Riccardi Riccardo , Ruggiero Antonio , Arcamone Giampaolo , Prete Arcangelo , Surico Gianmarco , Provenzi Massimo , Bertolini Patrizia , Paolucci Paolo , Carli Modesto
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Irinotecan (CPT‐11) is a novel antineoplastic agent that takes effect by inhibiting topoisomerase I. The Italian Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS) Committee performed a multiinstitutional Phase II study to evaluate its effect on STS.

METHODS

Over a 2‐year period between 2002 and 2004, 32 heavily pretreated patients were administered 60‐minute infusions of irinotecan at 20 mg/m2/day, for 5 days a week, for 2 consecutive weeks. The courses were repeated every 4 weeks for at least 2 courses, unless there were signs of toxicity or disease progression. Thirty patients, 13 with peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), 12 with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), 3 with desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT), and 2 with other STS were evaluable for response.

RESULTS

A total of 79 cycles were delivered. The main regimen‐related toxicity was diarrhea, occurring in 58% of cycles with 9 episodes graded as 3 or 4. Grade 3–4 neutropenia was recorded in 10% of cycles. The overall response rate was 23% (2 complete remissions + 5 partial remissions of 30 patients), 38% for PNET and 16% for RMS. In addition, 4 minor responses were noted.

CONCLUSIONS

As a single agent in the treatment of recurrent and refractory STS, irinotecan administered on a daily ×5 ×2 schedule revealed a noteworthy response rate in a population of heavily pretreated patients, especially in the subset of patients with PNET. Its hematologic toxicity profile warrants further investigation in association with other myelotoxic agents. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Prognosis in transplant‐eligible patients with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia
Authors: Dingli David , Schwager Susan M. , Mesa Ruben A. , Li Chin Yang , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is potentially curative in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) but is associated with substantial mortality and morbidity that necessitates accurate identification of patients in whom benefit outweighs risk. The current study describes the natural history of AMM in transplant‐eligible patients and proposes a new prognostic scoring system that favorably compares with other established models.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with AMM before the age of 60 years and seen at Mayo Clinic were identified and the diagnosis confirmed. Relevant demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics were abstracted, and the impact of various parameters on overall survival (OS) was evaluated with univariate and multivariate analyses.

RESULTS

A cohort of 160 patients with AMM is described. OS was 78 months. Multivariate analysis identified a hemoglobin level of <10 g/dL, white blood cell count of either <4 or >30 × 109/L, platelet count of <100 × 109/L, presence of constitutional symptoms, and hepatomegaly as independent predictors of inferior survival. The first 3 complete blood count‐based parameters were combined into a new scoring system that resulted in median survivals of 155, 69, and 24 months in the presence of 0, 1, or ≥2 adverse features. The chi‐square value for the new model was 80.6 compared with 51.4, 48.4, and 43.7 for the models by Dupriez, Cervantes, and Visani, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

A new scoring system based on blood count at the time of diagnosis can adequately stratify by risk transplant‐eligible patients with AMM and can accurately identify high‐risk as well as intermediate‐risk disease. The new system displayed a stronger discriminative value, between risk categories, compared with currently existing prognostic models. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Ocular toxicity during adjuvant chemoendocrine therapy for early breast cancer
Authors: Gianni Lorenzo , Panzini Ilaria , Li Sigui , Gelber Richard D. , Collins John , Holmberg Stig B. , Crivellari Diana , Castiglione‐Gertsch Monica , Goldhirsch Aron , Coates Alan S. , Ravaioli Alberto
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Others have reported ocular toxicity after adjuvant chemoendocrine therapy, but this study looked at ocular toxicity in similarly treated patients from large randomized clinical trials.

METHODS

Information was retrieved on incidence and timing of ocular toxicity from the International Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG) database of 4948 eligible patients randomized to receive tamoxifen or toremifene alone or in combination with chemotherapy (either concurrently or sequentially). Case reports of patients with ocular toxicity were evaluated to determine whether ocular toxicity occurred during chemotherapy and/or hormonal therapy. Additional information was obtained from participating institutions for patients in whom ocular toxicity occurred after chemotherapy but during administration of tamoxifen or toremifene.

RESULTS

Ocular toxicity was reported in 538 of 4948 (10.9%) patients during adjuvant treatment, mainly during chemotherapy. Forty‐five of 4948 (0.9%) patients had ocular toxicity during hormone therapy alone, but only 30 (0.6%) patients had ocular toxicity reported either without receiving any chemotherapy or beyond 3 months after completing chemotherapy and, thus, possibly related to tamoxifen or toremifene. In 3 cases, retinal alterations, without typical aspects of tamoxifen toxicity, were reported; 4 patients had cataract (2 bilateral), 12 impaired visual acuity, 10 ocular irritation, 1 optical neuritis, and the rest had other symptoms.

CONCLUSION

Ocular toxicity during adjuvant therapy is a common side effect mainly represented by irritative symptoms due to chemotherapy. By contrast, ocular toxicity during hormonal therapy is rare and does not appear to justify a regular program of ocular examination. However, patients should be informed of this rare side effect so that they may seek prompt ophthalmic evaluation for ocular complaints. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Telomerase‐specific T‐cells kill pancreatic tumor cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Schmidt Jan , Ryschich Eduard , Sievers Elisabeth , Schmidt‐Wolf Ingo G. H. , Büchler Markus W. , Märten Angela
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Adoptive cell transfer is described as an innovative and challenging option for the treatment of malignant melanoma. In the current study, the generation and expansion of telomerase‐specific T‐cells for adoptive cell transfer and their use in a syngeneic pancreatic carcinoma mouse model was investigated.

METHODS

Telomerase‐specific T‐cells were generated either in vitro by coculture of human lymphocytes with telomerase‐peptide‐pulsed dendritic cells or in vivo by injection of peptide plus adjuvant into C57BL/6 mice. Spleens were harvested after immunization and lymphocytes were expanded in the presence of feeder cells. T‐cells were tested in vitro against human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐matched, telomerase‐positive pancreatic carcinoma cells. Tumor‐bearing (subcutaneous) mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide were injected intravenously with the expanded cells.

RESULTS

It was possible to generate and expand telomerase‐specific T‐cells with cytotoxic activity. The protocol did not work as well in the murine setting. However, adoptive cell transfer with murine antigen‐specific T‐cells delayed disease progression in tumor‐bearing mice significantly.

CONCLUSIONS

Generation of antigen‐specific T‐cells is feasible; the expansion of these cells could be accomplished without loss of function. Antigen‐specific T‐cells demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity in a syngeneic, subcutaneous mouse model. However, further optimization of the expansion protocol is warranted. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma, nasal type
Authors: Isobe Koichi , Uno Takashi , Tamaru Jun‐ichi , Kawakami Hiroyuki , Ueno Naoyuki , Wakita Hisashi , Okada Jun‐ichi , Itami Jun , Ito Hisao
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between local recurrence and radiotherapeutic parameters, including dose and RT radiotherapy (RT) field.

METHODS

The current study included 35 patients who were diagnosed with immunohistochemically confirmed nasal natural killer (NK)/T‐cell lymphoma between 1976 and 2004. There were 21 males and 14 females, and they ranged in age from 18 years to 76 years (median, 51 yrs). The primary tumor originated in the nasal cavity in 28 patients, and 32 patients had Stage I disease. Seventeen patients received treatment solely with RT, and the remaining 18 patients received a combination of chemotherapy and RT. The median tumor dose was 50 grays (Gy) (range, 22–60 Gy). Twenty‐seven patients received RT to include all macroscopic lesions, all paranasal sinuses, the palate, and the nasopharynx. Eight patients received RT to all macroscopic lesions with generous margins.

RESULTS

A complete remission (CR) or a CR/unconfirmed was achieved in 28 patients (80%). The 5‐year overall survival (OAS) rate, disease‐free survival (DFS) rate, and local control probability (LCP) were 47.3%, 42.9%, and 65.2%, respectively. Patients who received RT only to macroscopic lesions fared less well in terms of LCP (LCP 5 years, 71.9% vs. 41.7%;P= 0.007). The difference in RT field also affected both the OAS rate and the DFS rate. Patients who received RT doses ≥ 50 Gy tended to achieve favorable local control.

CONCLUSIONS

In the management of nasal NK/T‐cell lymphoma, the RT field affected treatment outcomes. RT doses ≥ 50 Gy resulted in favorable local control. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Maximal COX‐2 immunostaining and clinical response to celecoxib and interferon alpha therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Rini Brian I. , Weinberg Vivian , Dunlap Sarah , Elchinoff Alexandra , Yu Nancy , Bok Robert , Simko Jeffery , Small Eric J.
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) plays a major role in the development of cancer through numerous mechanisms. COX‐2 is expressed in the majority of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumors and correlates with stage, grade, and microvessel density. Based on potential additive or synergistic antitumor effects, interferon‐alpha (IFNα) and celecoxib, an oral COX‐2 inhibitor, were given to metastatic RCC patients in a Phase II trial.

METHODS

Patients with untreated, metastatic RCC received IFNα 3 million units (MU) daily and celecoxib 400 mg orally (p.o.) twice daily continuously until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Pretreatment, paraffin‐embedded RCC tumor samples were immunohistochemically stained for COX‐2 expression and plasma basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were assayed to determine predictive or prognostic potential.

RESULTS

There were three partial responses among 25 patients treated (objective response rate, 12%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3–31%). The observed median time to disease progression (TTP) for the entire cohort was 3.3 months. A significant association between maximal COX‐2 staining and clinical response was observed: all patients who experienced an objective response demonstrated 3+ COX‐2 tumor immunostaining (trend test: P = 0.03). Therapy was well tolerated without cardiac or other notable toxicity.

CONCLUSIONS

The addition of celecoxib to IFNα did not increase the objective response rate or TTP of this unselected cohort. Maximal COX‐2 tumor immunostaining may identify RCC patents more likely to achieve clinical benefit with COX‐2 inhibition in combination with IFNα. Further investigation of this combination in 3+ COX‐2‐overexpressing RCC tumors is warranted. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Investigations Using Quantum‐Dot Fluorophores
Authors: Clapp Aaron R. , Medintz Igor L. , Mattoussi Hedi
Published: December 2005

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), which involves the nonradiative transfer of excitation energy from an excited donor fluorophore to a proximal ground‐state acceptor fluorophore, is a well‐characterized photophysical tool. It is very sensitive to nanometer‐scale changes in donor–acceptor separation distance and their relative dipole orientations. It has found a wide range of applications in analytical chemistry, protein conformation studies, and biological assays. Luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots, QDs) are inorganic fluorophores with unique optical and spectroscopic properties that could enhance FRET as an analytical tool, due to broad excitation spectra and tunable narrow and symmetric photoemission. Recently, there have been several FRET investigations using luminescent QDs that focused on addressing basic fundamental questions, as well as developing targeted applications with potential use in biology, including sensor design and protein conformation studies. Herein, we provide a critical review of those developments. We discuss some of the basic aspects of FRET applied to QDs as both donors and acceptors, and highlight some of the advantages offered (and limitations encountered) by QDs as energy donors and acceptors compared to conventional dyes. We also review the recent developments made in using QD bioreceptor conjugates to design FRET‐based assays.
Piloting the zebrafish genome browser
Authors: DiBiase Anthony , Harte Rachel A. , Zhou Yi , Zon Leonard , Kent W. James
Published: December 2005

This correspondence is a primer for the zebrafish research community on zebrafish tracks available in the UCSC Genome Browser at http://genome.ucsc.edu based on Sanger's Zv4 assembly. A primary capability of this facility is comparative informatics between humans (as well as many other model organisms) and zebrafish. The zebrafish genome sequencing project has played important roles in mutant mapping and cloning, and comparative genomic research projects. This easy‐to‐use genome browser aims to display and download useful genome sequence information for zebrafish mutant mapping and cloning projects. Its user‐friendly interface expedites annotation of the zebrafish genome sequence. Developmental Dynamics 235:747–753, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Start me up: Cell signaling and the journey from oocyte to embryo in C. elegans
Authors: Yamamoto Ikuko , Kosinski Mary E. , Greenstein David
Published: December 2005

Intercellular communication plays a pivotal role in regulating and coordinating oocyte meiosis and fertilization, key triggers for embryonic development. The nematode Caenorhabaditis elegans has emerged as an important experimental paradigm for exploring these fundamental reproductive processes and their regulation. The oocytes of most animal species arrest during meiotic prophase and complete meiosis in response to intercellular signaling in the process of meiotic maturation. Oocyte meiotic maturation is defined by the transition between diakinesis and metaphase of meiosis I and is accompanied by nuclear envelope breakdown and meiotic spindle assembly. As such, the meiotic maturation process is essential for completing meiosis and a prerequisite for successful fertilization. In C. elegans, the processes of meiotic maturation, ovulation, and fertilization are temporally coupled: sperm utilize the major sperm protein as a hormone to trigger oocyte meiotic maturation, and, in turn, the maturing oocyte signals its own ovulation, leading to fertilization. The powerful genetic screens possible in C. elegans have led to the identification of several sperm cell surface proteins that are required for the interaction and fusion of gametes at fertilization. The study of these proteins provides fundamental insights into fertilization mechanisms, their role in speciation, and their potential conservation across phyla. Signaling processes sparked by fertilization are required for meiotic chromosome segregation and initiating the embryonic program. Here we review recent advances in understanding how signaling mechanisms contribute to the oocyte‐to‐embryo transition in C. elegans. Developmental Dynamics 235:571–585, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro culture of embryos of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata
Authors: Martyn Ulrike , Weigel Detlef , Dreyer Christine
Published: December 2005

The rich variation in adult color patterns of male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) has attracted the attention of geneticists and ecologists for almost a century. Studies on their embryogenesis, however, have been limited by the fact that guppies are live bearers. We have observed normal development after explantation of guppy embryos from the ovary of pregnant females at various times after last parturition, and found that development of each batch of eggs is slightly asynchronous, most likely due to asynchronous fertilization. We have cultured explanted embryos in vitro and continuously observed their development. Although embryos explanted a few days after fertilization survived up to 4 weeks in culture, they did not complete their development. In contrast, embryos explanted at late stages of gestation could hatch and develop to fertile adults. Our embryo culture techniques overcome some of the limitations of using livebearers as study objects, and they allow continuous observation of and accessibility to live embryos at all stages. Developmental Dynamics 235:617–622, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.