bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pupillary Responses Reflect Image Memorability
Authors: Niimi Ryosuke
Published: February 2025

This study examined whether pupil size varies as a function of the memorability of natural scene images. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to memorize, recognize, and passively view high‐ and low‐memorability images from an established dataset. The baseline‐corrected pupil sizes were larger for high‐memorability images, but only during old trials in the recognition phase. However, after implementing stricter controls for image luminance and arousal, pupil dilation for high‐memorability images was observed across all phases: memorization, recognition, and passive viewing (Experiments 2 and 3). The effect of image memorability was further validated through item‐based analysis. Both the pupil old/new effect and the subsequent memory effect were replicated, and these effects are probably separable from the effect of image memorability. The results of this study suggest that pupil size is sensitive to image memorability regardless of the behavioral task, supporting the view that image memorability is an intrinsic, higher‐order property of the image.
Perception of Attachment Security, Neurodynamics of Emotion Recognition, and Social Skills in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence: A Multilinear Modeling Study
Authors: Jaume‐Guazzini Francisco , López Vladimir , Grasso‐Cladera Aitana , Mattoli‐Sanchez Josefina , Moneta María E. , Moënne‐Loccoz Cristóbal , Parada Francisco J.
Published: February 2025

This study explores the relationship between perception of attachment security (PAS), neurobehavioral dynamics during emotion recognition, and social skills (SSk) in late childhood and early adolescence using a multilinear modeling approach. Participants engaged in a facial expression of emotion recognition task while electroencephalography (EEG) signals were recorded. Our multilinear modeling approach aims to capture the interaction between what is predefined as “known” and “unknown” effects in a more interpretable manner. Based on prior research and theoretical perspectives, it was hypothesized that higher PAS levels would be associated with improved performance in emotion recognition tasks, including enhanced accuracy, faster reaction times, and distinct neurobehavioral dynamics. Additionally, superior task performance was predicted to be linked to enhanced social skills. Results show early midline occipital increment in neurobehavioral dynamics at approximately 70 and 170 ms, indicating that attachment security shapes the organization of the nervous system and facilitates early neurobehavioral processes. This finding suggests that individuals with higher attachment security levels possess a heightened ability to perceive and understand emotions, ultimately contributing to enhanced social competence. Furthermore, social competence was found to influence early dynamics over right hemisphere sensors, underscoring the significance of positive social skills and attachment security in integrating facial expressions of emotions. During later processing stages, dynamics associated with antisocial behavior exhibited an increment around 200 ms after stimulus onset. This finding suggests that cognitive resources may be allocated toward disengaging from or sustaining emotional processing, potentially impeding the consideration of interpersonal interactions and contextual factors crucial for social skill development. Understanding the relationship between neurobehavioral dynamics, antisocial behavior, and social competence highlights the importance of considering a broader range of factors to fully comprehend social competence.
Toward Resilient Aquaculture in Africa: Innovative and Sustainable Aquafeeds Through Alternative Protein Sources
Authors: Iheanacho Stanley , Hornburg Stéphanie Céline , Schulz Carsten , Kaiser Frederik
Published: February 2025

The aquaculture industry is a significant source of food proteins and other essential nutrients, providing the much‐needed requirements for human nutrition. However, identifying sustainable and affordable feed ingredients for a growing aquaculture sector remains a significant challenge for the industry. The African aquaculture sector, in particular, is developing discernibly but faces distinct socioeconomic and infrastructural challenges. Elevated usage of fishmeal is financially challenging and associated with significant socioeconomic and ecological risks. This review examines the potential alternative feed protein sources for the sustainable growth of the African aquaculture sector while addressing associated challenges, including lack of processing technology and investments, availability, economic viability, policy regulations, social conflicts, and anti‐nutritive substances. Alternative proteins have considerable potential for the African aquaculture industry in terms of sustainability and economic viability. By‐products from animals could be the most promising alternative for the near future, as they are cost‐effective, available, and do not compete with humans as a protein source. Insect proteins have the most promising potential alternatives but lack utilization and compete with human consumption. Shortfalls in processing technology, infrastructure, and targeted investments are significant bottlenecks that must be resolved to increase African aquaculture production.
Two Cases of Acquired Reactive Perforating Collagenosis in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Xu Min , Cao Fale , Shi Shumei
Published: February 2025

Acquired reactive proliferating collagen (ARPC), usually associated with systemic diseases, is a rare skin disease characterized by the elimination of altered dermal collagen through the epidermis. Here, we report two cases of ARPC in maintenance hemodialysis patients, one of which is combined with type 2 diabetes, chronic renal failure, and hypertension and the other is combined with chronic renal failure and hypothyroidism. Two patients were treated with oral thalidomide and ebastine, local application of fluticasone propionate cream, and enhanced dialysis. After treatment, the itching and the rash significantly improved. We report for the first time that ARPC in patients with hemodialysis could be improved by oral thalidomide and antihistamines and local application of steroid. This report provides reference for guiding the understanding of ARPC and the new treatment of ARPC in hemodialysis patients.
Neuromuscular Adaptations to Same Versus Separate Muscle‐Group Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training in Recreationally Active Males and Females
Authors: Feuerbacher Joshua F. , Jacobs Mats W. , Heumann Paulina , Pareja‐Blanco Fernando , Hackney Anthony C. , Zacher Jonas , Schumann Moritz
Published: February 2025

Combining aerobic and strength training may attenuate neuromuscular adaptations, particularly when both target the same muscle group. This study assessed whether separating the training modalities by muscle groups mitigates this interference. Ninety‐six participants (56 males and 40 females) completed a 12‐week intervention, divided into three groups: (1) LHLS (lower‐body high‐intensity interval (HIIT) and strength training), (2) LHUS (lower‐body HIIT and upper‐body strength training), and (3) LSUS (lower‐ and upper‐body strength training). Maximal (1RM) and explosive strength were assessed using load–velocity profiling, with mean propulsive velocity (MPV) at 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% of 1RM as a measure of explosive strength. Muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the M. vastus lateralis and M. pectoralis major was measured using panoramic ultrasound. Lower‐body adaptations were compared between LHLS and LSUS, and upper‐body adaptations were compared between LHUS and LSUS. MPV at 70% and 90% of 1RM for the squat (LHLS and LSUS) and bench press (LHUS and LSUS) showed improvements (p < 0.050), with no significant between‐group differences. Squat 1RM improved in both LHLS and LSUS, and bench press 1RM increased in both LHUS and LSUS (all p < 0.001). M. vastus lateralis CSA increased in LHLS (p = 0.029) but not in LSUS, whereas M. pectoralis major CSA increased in both LHUS and LSUS (p < 0.001), with no between‐group differences. No sex‐based differences were observed. Concurrent aerobic and strength training does not impair explosive strength, maximal strength, or muscle hypertrophy, regardless of whether the same or separate muscle groups are targeted.
Nitrogen deposition triggered linear increase of N2O emission but not altered soil C and N storage in semi‐arid grasslands
Authors: Li Yue , Wei Huanhuan , Qiu Siyu , Qi Jiawen , Ju Xiaotang , Wu Di
Published: February 2025

The agro‐pastoral ecotone represents a highly disturbed and vulnerable grassland ecosystem. Since atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is expected to increase in the coming decades, it remains unclear whether this will enhance grass biomass and soil C and N storage or instead stimulate more greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in this region. To assess these uncertainties, we conducted a 3‐year simulated experiment under five gradients of N addition (N0, background level; N10, 10 kg N ha−1 year−1; N20, 20 kg N ha−1 year−1; N40, 40 kg N ha−1 year−1; N80, 80 kg N ha−1 year−1) in a semiarid grassland in agro‐pastoral ecotone of northern China. We found a linear increase in cumulative N2O emissions under increased N deposition over growth seasons, with an unexpectedly high emission factor (EF) of 1.2. This is possibly due to well‐saturated N status of the soils that received from the closed agriculture activities. In contrast, we observed no significant changes in soil C and N storage, or CO2 and CH4 fluxes, in response to increased N deposition. Our results demonstrate that short‐term increasing N deposition to grasslands of agro‐pastoral ecotone may have limited beneficial effects on ecosystem C and N stocks, but the linear increase in soil‐derived N2O emissions might exacerbate climate warming effects in the semiarid grassland ecosystems. Thus, the future management practices focus on minimizing human‐induced nutrient supply through strategies such as reduction fertilization of the adjacent agricultural lands and restoration of native vegetation might enhance the sustainability of agro‐pastoral systems and mitigate GHG emissions in disturbed grassland.
OsPUB9 modulates leaf angle and grain size through the brassinosteroid signaling pathway in rice
Authors: Xie Yonghong , Fan Zhupeng , Liang Xueyan , Teng Kaichong , Huang Zejian , Huang Meiyan , Zhao Hong , Xu Kaizhun , Li Jianxiong
Published: February 2025

Plant U‐box (PUB) E3 ubiquitin ligases are well known for their diverse functions in plant growth and development through physical link to cell signaling hubs to activate regulatory networks. Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling is negatively regulated by a protein kinase GSK2, which interacts with and phosphorylates OsOFP8 (OVATE family protein 8) to regulate BR signaling. Here we identified OsPUB9, a functional E3 ubiquitin ligase, which acts as a negative factor in BR signaling to regulate leaf inclination angle and grain size in rice. OsPUB9 displays autoubiquitination activity and is degraded in response to BR treatment. Interaction with OsUBC13, a rice E2 ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme, suppresses OsPUB9 degradation. OsPUB9 interacts with GSK2, and the interaction reduces autoubiquitination of OsPUB9. Coexpression of OsPUB9 and GSK2 in rice protoplasts suppresses degradation of OsPUB9 but promotes degradation of GSK2. OsPUB9 also interacts with OsOFP8, a positive regulator in BR signaling, and the interaction suppresses degradation of OsPUB9 but facilitates OsOFP8 degradation. Our study reveals that OsPUB9, GSK2, and OsOFP8 form a regulatory network in BR signaling to mediate gene expression, leaf angle, and grain size in rice.
Extensive remodeling during Chlamydomonas reinhardtii zygote maturation leads to highly resistant zygospores
Authors: Cardador Martim , Krüger Stephanie , Dunker Susanne , Brakel Alexandra , Hoffmann Ralf , Nagel Raimund , Jakob Torsten , Goss Reimund , Sasso Severin
Published: February 2025

The unicellular soil alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii forms diploid zygotes during its sexual cycle. The process of a zygote maturing into a highly resistant zygospore remains poorly understood despite its importance for survival under adverse environmental conditions. Here we describe the detailed timeline of morphological and physiological changes during zygote maturation in darkness on ammonium‐free Tris‐acetate‐phosphate agar plates. The formation of a multilayered cell wall is primarily responsible for the increase in cell size in the first few days after zygote formation. Desiccation and freezing tolerance also develop in the period 3–7 days. Photosynthetic and respiratory activity decrease to reach minimal levels after 7–10 days, accompanied by a partial dedifferentiation of the chloroplast that includes chlorophyll degradation followed by the possible disappearance of the pyrenoid. In contrast to the decreasing concentrations of most carotenoids in the first few days after zygote formation, ketocarotenoids can first be detected after 3 days and their accumulation is completed after 10 days. Furthermore, the zygote degrades a large proportion of its starch and enriches oligosaccharides that may serve as osmoprotectants. The storage lipid triacylglycerol is accumulated at the expense of thylakoid membrane lipids, which mirrors the conversion of a metabolically active cell into a dormant spore on the metabolic level. Taken together, zygote maturation is a multifaceted process that yields mature zygospores after ~ 3 weeks. This work sheds light on the complete time course of the remodeling of a photosynthetically active eukaryotic cell into a dormant, highly resistant spore.
YGL9 mediates LHC assembly by regulating LHCPs transport and chlorophyll synthesis in rice
Authors: Zhang Tianquan , Xiao Wenwen , Wang Zhongwei , Zhang Jichao , Shen Wenqiang , Tu Ranran , Wu Ruhui , Zhou Kai , Sang Xianchun , Ling Yinghua , He Guanghua , Zhang Ting
Published: February 2025

LHC assembly is a fundamental process in forming a peripheral antenna system, which has a significant impact on photosynthesis. However, the molecular mechanism of the LHC assembly still needs to be further investigated in monocotyledonous plants. Here, we identified a bifunctional protein YGL9 in rice, a homolog of cpSRP43 in Arabidopsis, mediates LHC assembly by simultaneously regulating LHCPs transport and chlorophyll synthesis. Mutation of YGL9 exhibits a yellow‐green leaf phenotype, with reduced LHCPs contents, impaired photosystem activity and reduced chlorophyll content. YGL9 interacts with cpSRP54 forming the cpSRP complex that transport LHCPs, and YGL9 also interacts with and stabilizes OsGUN4, which is an activator of MgCh and participates in the regulation of chlorophyll synthesis, to synergistically participate in chlorophyll synthesis. Further, genetic evidence demonstrates that YGL9 functions in the same pathway as cpSRP54 and OsGUN4 to regulate LHCPs transport and chlorophyll synthesis. Thus, our study reveals a cross‐relationship between LHCPs transport and chlorophyll synthesis, and provides new insights into the LHC assembly process in monocotyledonous plants.
Production and Characterization of Regenerated Cellulose Fiber Derived From Herbaceous Plants (Poaceae) With Ionic Liquids
Authors: Kashimoto Akikazu , Yagi Shinichi , Wataoka Isao , Okahisa Yoko
Published: February 2025

In many countries around the world, weed infestations poses a significant obstacle to agricultural production and economic activity. However, these weeds are only considered for extermination, and their vast biomass is not utilized effectively. In this study, we attempted to convert weeds into regenerated cellulose fibers for high‐added value and effective use. Cellulose pulp obtained from herbaceous plants (Poaceae) of Andropogon virginicus and Miscanthus sinensis was dissolved in an ionic liquid (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride) to regenerate cellulose fibers. The properties and morphology of the regenerated cellulose fibers were evaluated, and the structure of the cellulose pulp obtained as an intermediate product was analyzed. The different extraction rates of these weeds resulted in differences in the degree of polymerization of the cellulose pulp. However, the regenerated cellulose fibers were successfully spun in both species. As the speed increased, the regenerated cellulose fibers became smoother, the fiber diameter decreased, and their mechanical properties improved. The regenerated celluloses fiber obtained from M. sinensis were comparable to rayon, an existing cellulose fiber, and exhibited similar values of fiber strength and modulus. These results indicated that the production of regenerated cellulose fibers from unused weeds was effective. This study demonstrates the potential of this materials as a new raw material.
A novel freshwater‐adapted genus revealed: Integrative taxonomy and biogeography of freshwater razor clams (Bivalvia: Pharidae) in East Asia
Authors: Huang Xiao‐Chen , Wu Chen‐Hui‐Zi , Bolotov Ivan N. , Chen Zhong‐Guang , Dai Yu‐Ting , Shu Feng‐Yue , Ouyang Shan , Wu Xiao‐Ping
Published: February 2025

The India‐Eurasia continental collision and the subsequent uplift of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau have profoundly influenced the diversification and endemism of aquatic organisms across Asia. Notably, the freshwater razor clam genus Novaculina, previously the sole known freshwater member of the family Pharidae, originally comprised four species distributed across Asia. Among these, the protected Chinese endangered species N. chinensis, with fused syphons and unclear taxonomic status, has drawn conservation and scientific focus. The recent reclassification of N. siamensis into the new genus Cenonovaculina highlighted the fused syphons of N. chinensis as a shared morphological trait; however, further investigation is needed to determine whether N. chinensis should be recognised as a distinct genus. Moreover, the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history of Novaculina sensu lato and its allied genera remain elusive, particularly given the limited molecular data available for the endangered Chinese species N. chinensis. In this study, we analysed newly collected specimens of N. chinensis from the Yangtze and Pearl River Basins, compiling genetic datasets that include three genes (COI, 16S rRNA, and 28S rRNA) as well as whole mitochondrial genome data. High‐throughput sequencing revealed no mitogenome heteroplasmy in somatic and male gonadal tissues, confirming the absence of doubly uniparental inheritance in N. chinensis. Our phylogenetic analyses revealed that Novaculina chinensis does not cluster with either Novaculina congeners or Cenonovaculina. Instead, these results robustly support the polyphyletic nature of Novaculina s.l., identifying N. chinensis as a relic marine‐derived freshwater lineage. We therefore erect Uninovaculina gen. nov. for N. chinensis. Our results also indicate that the subfamily Pharellinae originated from a saline habitat approximately 77.2 million years ago (95% HPD = 65.3–91.2). These findings highlight the critical influence of geological and climatic changes on the distribution of freshwater razor clams in Asia, underscoring the complex interplay between these factors and adaptive evolutionary processes.
Visual Mapping Analysis of International Research Hotspots and Trends for the MBTI Test
Authors: Li He , Zhao Pengyan
Published: February 2025

Since its creation, the MBTI test has been widely used in the fields of counseling, management, and education. However, it has yet to be thoroughly studied in China. This paper uses the visual analysis software CiteSpace to analyze 468 MBTI-related publications from the Web of Science database (1990-2018). The study aims to clarify the development process and research trends of the MBTI test. We found that the MBTI originated in the United States and gradually spread globally. Its development has gone through four stages: theory interpretation, model explanation, type performance, and type application. Currently, research focuses on self-development, personality types, and online learning, indicating a shift from theory to practical application and from single-discipline to interdisciplinary development.
The Effect of Digital Storytelling on Chinese Foreign Learners’ Oral Proficiency
Authors: Chen Huijing , Huang Guan , Wang Qian , Zhao Kunpeng
Published: February 2025

Grounded in the Output Hypothesis Theory, this research proposes a pedagogical intervention utilizing digital storytelling (DST) to address the problems of current Chinese oral instruction and examine its effects on the oral proficiency of Chinese foreign learners. A two-month empirical study involving international students from two language classes revealed that, compared to the control group, the experimental group students’ oral performance significantly improved and had a significant impact on the fluency, accuracy, and complexity in second language oral production. The findings suggest that DST instruction can effectively improve students’ oral proficiency and play a positive role in promoting language acquisition. Furthermore, the results highlight the significant research potential of integrating DST into Chinese oral language instruction.
Photoreceptor degeneration has heterogeneous effects on functional retinal ganglion cell types
Authors: Dyszkant Nadine , Oesterle Jonathan , Qiu Yongrong , Harrer Merle , Schubert Timm , Gonschorek Dominic , Euler Thomas
Published: February 2025

Retinitis pigmentosa is a hereditary disease‐causing progressive degeneration of rod and cone photoreceptors, with no effective therapies. Using rd10 mice, which mirror the human condition, we examined its disease progression. Rods deteriorate by postnatal day (P) 45, followed by cone degeneration, with most photoreceptors lost by P180. Until then, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) remain light‐responsive under photopic conditions, despite extensive outer retinal remodelling. However, it is still unknown if distinct functional RGC types alter their activity or are even lost during disease progression. Here, we asked if and how the response diversity of functional RGC types changes with rd10 disease progression. At P30, we identified all functional wild‐type RGC types also in rd10 retinae, suggesting that at this early degenerative stage, the full breadth of retinal output is still present. Remarkably, we found that the fractions of functional types changed throughout progressing degeneration between rd10 and wild‐type: responses of RGCs with ‘Off’‐components (‘Off’ and ‘On–Off’ RGCs) were more vulnerable than ‘On’‐cells, with ‘Fast On’ types being the most resilient. Notably, direction‐selective RGCs appeared to be more vulnerable than orientation‐selective RGCs. In summary, we found differences in resilience of response types (from resilient to vulnerable): ‘Uncertain’ > ‘Fast On’ > ‘Slow On’ > ‘On–Off’ > ‘Off’. Taken together, our results suggest that rd10 photoreceptor degeneration has heterogeneous effects on functional RGC types, with distinct sets of types losing their characteristic light responses earlier than others. This differential susceptibility of RGC circuits may be of relevance for future neuroprotective therapeutic strategies.

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Key points

Retinitis pigmentosa is a hereditary disease causing progressive degeneration of rod and cone photoreceptors, with no effective therapies; it can be investigated using mutant mouse models, like rd10, that mirror the human condition.

Recent studies found that retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in rd10 remain light‐responsive, despite extensive loss of photoreceptors and outer retinal remodelling; however, specific RGC types still may change or even lose their functional response profile during early degeneration.

Using two‐photon calcium imaging, we assessed if and how the light‐evoked activity of RGCs, and, hence, the retinal output to the brain, differs during the disease progression in rd10 compared to wild‐type mice.

We found differences in the resilience of functional RGC types: generally, ‘On’‐types were more resilient than ‘On–Off’ or especially ‘Off’ types.

Our data suggest that interventions may be more effective in the ‘On’ pathways, which turned out to be more resilient in rd10.
Characterization of three native Streptomyces isolates that inhibit the growth of fluconazole-resistant Candida spp strains.
Authors: Arango-Gil Melissa , Mora-López Marcela , Correa-Gómez Elizabeth , Osorio-Echeverri Victor Manuel
Published: February 2025

Most fungal infections are caused by species of the Candida genus, particularly C. albicans. The increasing number of strains developing resistance to antifungals, resulting in treatment failures, underscores the urgency of finding new antifungal agents. Since many bacteria of the genus Streptomyces produce molecules that inhibit fungal growth, this work aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of three native isolates obtained from a rhizosphere and an artisanal composting system. Based on 16S RNA gene sequences, as well as biochemical and morphological traits, we identified S. globisporus, S. bacillaris, and S. cavourensis as the species most closely related to the S1H, S40, and S41 isolates, respectively. These species have been reported to produce antifungal compounds. Theinhibition of Candida by antagonistic activity increased with longer Streptomyces incubation times, with no differences observed between Candida species. Few studies have simultaneously evaluated the inhibitory activity of Streptomyces isolates against different Candida strains. In this study, the isolates inhibited the growth of C. albicans, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, C. glabrata, and C. lusitaniae, including strains resistant to fluconazole.
Aspect ratio and height estimation in critical dimension scanning electron microscope metrology using deep learning combined with features of proximity effect
Authors: Chen Delong , Zhang Qingmao , Liu Zhuming
Published: February 2025

To address the challenges of accurate metrology of the aspect ratio parameter and height of three-dimensional structures with critical dimension scanning electron microscopy, a method based on the features of the proximity effect and deep learning is proposed, and its validity is evaluated as well. Monte Carlo simulations are used to obtain a secondary electron signal, which reflects the morphology of the sample. To improve the efficiency of the method, supplemented functions have been made to the Nebula simulator for the creation of realistic geometrical structures with rounded corners and batch simulation process. Analysis on secondary electron signals from trapezoidal structures with different trench bottom widths, sidewall angles, and heights is undertaken, which shows the relation between geometrical parameters and proximity effects. These features of the proximity effect reflected in the signals are extracted by a fully connected residual neural network for aspect ratio and height prediction. To verify the generality of the method, electron beam illumination including vertical and titling conditions are investigated. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of the neural network to learn and predict the corresponding aspect ratio and heights.
Fluorescent flow analysis of in situ material exchange in two-photon 3D printing
Authors: Yemulwar Pratyaksh , Rajabasadi Fatemeh , Saxena Tanya , Wong Man-Ho , Zscheile Josua , Kirchner Robert
Published: February 2025

Recent advancements in two-photon polymerization (2PP) allowed for the precise and versatile fabrication of three-dimensional nano- and microscale structures, making it ideal for use in microelectronics, optoelectronics, photonics, and biomedical engineering. This research demonstrates the effective fabrication of multimaterial microstructures by an in situ material exchange technique using a commercial printhead system. Therefore, the effect of pre-existing microstructures on the laminar exchange flow was investigated, revealing areas of zero-flow and residual material. Residual material can be minimized with extended times of flow. In addition, the study shows a novel application idea for lateral multimaterial microlens printing. On large surfaces, we achieved very good lateral lens alignment as well as in situ material exchange. Lateral multimaterial printing provides substantial benefits over typical vertical lenses in optics and photonics integration. The technique included printing a core lenslet and peripheral lenslets utilizing custom materials for the in situ exchange. Overall, our results demonstrate the adaptability of multimaterial printing via in situ material exchange inside a commercial 2PP system, which broadens design options and improves functioning across multiple technological domains.
Interannual changes in sound propagation across the Gulf Stream
Authors: Harris William R. , Lin Ying-Tsong , Andres Magdalena
Published: February 2025

The effect of a changing ocean environment on sound propagation across the Gulf Stream near the New England Seamount chain is investigated using satellite altimetry and hydrographic profiles from a large set of Argo floats. Reconstruction of the Gulf Stream vertical structure is accomplished by use of an altimetry-informed gravest empirical mode (AGEM) method. The AGEMs act as transfer functions allowing for the estimation of 3D, interior sound speed fields from 2D, surface altimetry measurements. AGEMs are constructed using empirical relationships between the steric height and the temperature and salinity profiles in the region. Ray tracing and parabolic equation sound propagation models are employed to identify changes in propagation patterns over the 14-year interval between 2009 and 2023. It is found that there has been a reduction in the travel time to a range of 120 km caused by increased temperatures throughout the water column associated with a warming Gulf Stream. It is also observed that the structure of the sound speed gradient field has changed over the decadal window, causing differences in sound propagation interference patterns on the far side of the Gulf Stream.
Capillary instability of a stretched polymer gel thread
Authors: Subbotin Andrey V. , Semenov Alexander N.
Published: February 2025

The stable shapes and structure formation in prestretched threads of a weak soft polymer gel with permanent cross-links under the action of capillary forces are studied theoretically here. Two cases are considered: when the thread is formed from a drop of gel located between the surfaces after they are moved apart and when it is fixed at the ends. In the first case, we identified three stages of the thread relaxation, characterized by highly different times and associated with the formation of the filament, its lateral compression accompanied by the release of solvent at its surface, and diffusion of the solvent to the terminal droplets. A general linear stability analysis is carried out for threads of any diameter and degree of prestretch, taking into account the effects of elasticity, interactions and inertia, and the corresponding dispersion relations are obtained. The thermodynamically stable beads-on-a-string structures are studied as well and a diagram of the state of the gel thread is presented. It reveals several regimes of different internal structures of gel threads along with phase transitions between them.
Interpretable active learning meta-modeling for the association dynamics of telechelic polymers on colloidal particles
Authors: Abdolahi Jalal , Robe Dominic , Larson Ronald G. , Kirley Michael , Hajizadeh Elnaz
Published: February 2025

The formulation of waterborne coating fluids composed of colloidal particles interacting with associative polymers as rheology modifiers is a complex multiscale problem with competing design requirements, for which the selection of new formulations remains largely empirical. To move toward rational multiscale design, we here develop active learning meta-models that capture from fine-grained molecular/colloidal simulations the association thermodynamics and dynamics of associative polymers bridging the particles. These properties dictate the macroscopic rheological behavior of these suspensions and can be used in a coarse-grained rheological model for practical predictions. The meta-models were developed using an intelligent search algorithm based on fine-grained data acquired from detailed Brownian dynamics simulations. The active learning approach enables an efficient meta-model development, removing the need for the conventional exhaustive exploration of the entire multidimensional design space. We applied Shapley additive explanations, a machine learning interpretability tool to the developed meta-models, which reveals quantitatively how the gap between particles largely determines the bridge and loop lifetimes. The attraction strength between the polymer ends and particles has minimal effect on the bridge and loop fractions but strongly influences rates of transition between them. These methods pave the way for the computational design of waterborne coatings, guiding bench-top formulation. Additionally, the developed meta-models provide an efficient mechanism for the transfer of information from higher resolution to lower resolution models, therefore bridging the scales, which can be applied to other problems involving the prediction of coarse-grained rheological or other dynamic properties from fine-grained molecular and colloidal simulations.
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in the immediate postpartum period
Authors: Benitez Dana Lee Macasaet , Factor Patricia Ann Africa
Published: February 2025

In the puerperal phase, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is a relatively uncommon occurrence. However, there has been a rise in the prevalence of more aggressive strains of Group A Streptococcus (GAS), leading to significant maternal morbidity and mortality. In this report, we present a case of a postpartum patient who developed streptococcal toxic shock syndrome with substantial inflammation shortly after delivery. The patient presented on the second postpartum day with hypotension, high fever, hypogastric tenderness and anaemia. After timely workup and appropriate antibiotic therapy, the patient fully recovered. Culture studies confirmed Gram-positive septicaemia with the presence ofStreptococcus pyogenesin both the patient’s blood and a previously inserted intrauterine device (IUD). This case underscores the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for GAS as the cause of puerperal infections despite its rarity. This results in prompt administration of antibiotics and source control, preventing consequences and avoiding mortality.
Revision total hip arthroplasty using ETO for failed bipolar hemiarthroplasty with protrusio acetabuli
Authors: Birajdar Anteshwar , Kumar Sushant , Salunkhe Rahul , Walia Sarthak
Published: February 2025

A woman in her 40s presented with persistent left hip pain and restricted motion for 5 years. X-ray findings revealed an uncemented bipolar stem, tension band wiring of greater trochanter with K wires, a broken Shenton line and protrusion acetabuli. The patient previously underwent unsuccessful cancellous screws fixation for an intracapsular neck of femur fracture, leading to non-union and subsequent bipolar hemiarthroplasty outside our facility. The planned extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO) aimed to remove the stem, assess the acetabular defect and fill it with allograft. The use of a distal fitting stem would bypass the need for ETO. This case underscores the significance of meticulous preoperative planning and well-equipped instruments. Performing an ETO may be necessary for achieving hip dislocation in these procedures, and using allograft may be an effective approach to managing acetabular defects, with reduced morbidity to the patient.
Stage III uterine prolapse in pregnancy as risk factor for puerperal uterine inversion
Authors: Cumbo Nicole , Platukus Alana , Schultz Pamela
Published: February 2025

Uterine inversion is a potentially life-threatening complication of childbirth that can result in haemorrhage, hysterectomy and even death. There are many maternal risk factors associated with uterine inversion, but one rarely seen in the literature is uterine prolapse. We present the case of a multigravida in her 20s who presented at 32 weeks gestation in preterm labour. Her pregnancy was complicated by stage III uterine prolapse. She delivered a liveborn preterm male. During the third stage of labour, there was a second-degree uterine inversion. The patient was given terbutaline, and the uterus was manually replaced via the Johnson maneuverer under general anaesthesia without significant morbidity. Uterine prolapse during pregnancy may be a risk factor for uterine inversion at the time of delivery. The case presented demonstrates the management of uterine inversion following a pregnancy complicated by stage III uterine prolapse.
De novo Graves’ thyroid eye disease after radioiodine treatment for toxic nodular thyroid disease
Authors: Sankar Adhithya , Singh Rashmita , Pearce Sushmita
Published: February 2025

It is well known that radioactive iodine treatment (RAI) for thyrotoxicosis in Graves’ disease can precipitate worsening of thyroid eye disease (TED), particularly in susceptible patients. Less commonly, it has been associated withde novodevelopment of TED in those with Graves’ disease without a history. Prophylactic steroid treatment has been shown to reduce the incidence of this phenomenon in those with risk factors.

Here, we describe a patient with thyrotoxicosis due to nodular thyroid disease rather than Graves’ disease and normal baseline thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb) levels and no other risk factors for TED, who subsequently developed new onset TED associated with thyrotoxicosis and elevated TRAb levels following RAI.
Partial molar pregnancy as ruptured tubal ectopic
Authors: Sonkusare Shipra , Guptan Shwetha , Prasad Kishan
Published: February 2025

Tubal molar pregnancy is extremely rare, and less than 200 cases have been reported in the literature. The incidence is approximated at 1.5 per 1 000 000 pregnancies. We report a case of ruptured tubal pregnancy in a woman, whose postoperative histopathology diagnosis showed partial molar pregnancy in the ruptured fallopian tube. The presence of abnormal, non-polar trophoblast proliferation, which is circumferential with vacuolation, along with sheets of pleomorphic extravillous trophoblast, is the main diagnosing feature, and it carries the risk of malignant potential.
Female urethral diverticulum complicated with urethral calculi
Authors: Noor Affendi Nor Fadzilah , Mohd Yusoff Faridah , Ghazali Hamid , Abd Kadir Nor Jumizah
Published: February 2025

Female urethral diverticulum is a rare phenomenon, which is often discovered due to its associated complications. Delayed diagnosis is not uncommon due to the varied non-specific symptoms and clinical features. We are highlighting a case of female urethral diverticulum complicated with urethral calculi. She had recurrent lower urinary tract symptoms for the past 3 years and presented with recent dyspareunia. Transvaginal diverticulectomy and local extraction of the calculi successfully treated the condition. A high index of suspicion is required to successfully diagnose this condition early, not only for symptom relief but also to prevent complications.
Calciphylaxis in the absence of pathological skin lesions
Authors: De Alwis Donald , Dittmar Philip C
Published: February 2025

A woman in her 40s with haemodialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease presented to our emergency department with severe bilateral lower extremity pain with erythema and oedema. Bedside ultrasound was inconclusive and further imaging was delayed due to significant patient discomfort during bed transfers. Ultimately, this patient was suspected to have calciphylaxis after a successful CT scan with premedication due to significant subcutaneous tissue calcification. Her diagnosis was confirmed with tissue punch biopsy. Her first pathological skin lesion presented at the biopsy site, and the patient subsequently experienced a protracted hospital course at two separate hospitals before passing away at home, approximately 3 months after the initial presentation. Our case demonstrates the heterogeneity of initial symptoms of calciphylaxis and the inherent risks of biopsy-dependent diagnostic confirmation of this disease.
Bilateral recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy in an adolescent female
Authors: Parotra Aabhasha , Mishra Rashmi , Rustagi Mridula Singh , Maheshwari Siddharth
Published: February 2025

Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy (RPON) is a rare condition characterised by recurrent episodes of headache followed by ophthalmoplegia.

An adolescent female presented with a throbbing unilateral headache associated with photophobia and phonophobia, progressing to binocular diplopia after 10–12 hours. She had two prior episodes that resolved spontaneously over 2-3 weeks. On examination, she exhibited binocular diplopia with restricted abduction in both eyes but no ptosis or abnormal reflexes. Neurological examination was otherwise normal. Investigations, including blood tests, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, MRI brain and nerve conduction studies, were all unremarkable. The case was diagnosed as RPON, given the absence of other pathologies and the clinical presentation.
Unilateral choroidal effusion secondary to carotid cavernous fistula
Authors: Ng James , Javaid Fatimah Zara , Barker Robert , Nesnas Karima
Published: February 2025

A man in his mid-70s presented to the eye clinic with sudden onset ptosis, bilateral ophthalmoplegia associated with eye pain and sluggish pupillary reaction. MRI of the head revealed cavernous sinus thrombosis. He was treated with warfarin and a regime of steroids which improved his ophthalmoplegia. Four months following his discharge, he developed a sudden reduction in visual acuity in his right eye; and a dilated fundal examination revealed choroidal effusion. He underwent further diagnostic imaging, and he was diagnosed with right carotid cavernous fistula (CCF). He was managed conservatively with steroids, and his fistula closed spontaneously. He eventually regained his visual acuity. Our case report highlights the challenge in diagnosing CCFs and how choroidal effusion facilitated the diagnosis.
Inequality in maternal delays related to maternal death at home and en route to a health facility in Ethiopia: insights from national mortality surveillance data
Authors: Tesfay Neamin , Hailu Girmay , Tariku Rozina , Firde Haymanot , Woldeyohannes Fistum Hadgu
Published: February 2025

Objective

This study aims to quantify and identify the contributors to inequity in the maternal mortality risk index for deaths occurring at home and en route to health facilities.

Design and setting

Analysis of the Maternal Death Surveillance and Response data, encompassing maternal deaths reviewed in Ethiopia from 2013 to 2020.

Analysis

The Maternal Mortality Risk Index was computed using 14 variables grouped according to the three contributors to delay model: contributors to delay in seeking care, contributors to delay in reaching care and contributors to delay in receiving optimal care. Principal component analysis was employed to calculate the index descriptive statistics, and the Erreygers Normalised Concentration Index (ECI) measured inequalities in the maternal mortality risk index across different places of death. Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis identified factors contributing to these disparities in maternal deaths at home and intransit.

Participants

A total of 4530 reviewed maternal deaths were included in this study.

Results

ECI was 0.18 (SE 0.02) for maternal deaths occurring at home and 0.12 (SE 0.01) for those en route to a health facility, indicating a higher concentration of deaths among women with a high maternal mortality risk index in both settings. Decomposition analysis identified marital status, educational status, maternal parity and residence as the key contributors to this disparity.

Conclusion

A notable disparity in the maternal mortality risk index was observed, with home and intransit deaths predominantly affecting women with a high maternal mortality risk index. To reduce these inequalities, efforts should be made to improve community health-seeking behaviour and establish effective referral linkages.
Prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics of functional impairment in community-dwelling older adults in China: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Li Xiaxia , Yu Wenhua , Liu Pan , Zhang Li , Zhang Yaxin , Li Yun , Tang Zhe , Ma Lina
Published: February 2025

Objectives

Functional impairment is an early stage of disability, and timely identification and intervention are critical for the health of older adults. However, little is known about the functional impairment of Chinese older adults due to the absence of specialised assessment tools. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and socio-demographic characteristics of functional impairment in Chinese community-dwelling older adults using the Function Impairment Screening Tool (FIST), which was previously developed based on the Delphi method.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Community-based.

Participants

The study included 6444 community-dwelling older adults from the China Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment Study.

Results

The FIST identified functional impairment in 31.3% of Chinese community-dwelling older adults. The prevalence was higher among women and individuals in rural areas and increased with age. Illiteracy, no spouse, living alone, poor self-reported health, low income, limited meat intake, less exercise, chronic diseases and geriatric syndromes were associated with functional impairment. Furthermore, after adjusting for related variables, functional impairment was independently associated with disability (OR=138.5, 95% CI 70.0 to 273.9), frailty (OR=13.7, 95% CI 10.3 to 18.3), immobility (OR=6.9, 95% CI 5.4 to 8.9), fractures (OR=2.2, 95% CI 1.5 to 3.3) and falls (OR=2.6, 95% CI 1.8 to 3.7).

Conclusion

Approximately one-third of Chinese community-dwelling older adults experienced functional impairment, and its prevalence was associated with socio-psychological characteristics, lifestyle, chronic diseases and geriatric syndromes.