bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capsule Electron Distributions Near the Diffusion Region of Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Ren Yong , Dai Lei , Wang Chi , Lavraud Benoit , Escoubet C. Philippe , Burch James L.
Published: November 2024

Understanding electron kinetic processes is crucial for elucidating the energy conversion mechanisms in magnetic reconnection. Non‐Maxwellian electron distributions are strong indicators of kinetic‐scale processes near the electron diffusion region, yet they remain incompletely understood. Using in‐situ spacecraft data from 29 magnetopause reconnection events, we unambiguously identify a non‐Maxwellian capsule electron distribution near the electron diffusion region. This distribution comprises an elongated component parallel with the magnetic field at lower energies and a butterfly component (with peaks at pitch angles near and ) at higher energies. We provide evidence that these distributions are partly linked to electron trapping and preferential heating along the direction of magnetic fields. The parallel electric potentials needed for the parallel heating may be linked to kinetic Alfvén waves. These capsule‐like electron distributions are also found to generate whistler emissions. Our results suggest that these kinetic processes are prevalent in magnetic reconnection.
Refining the Extent and Depth of the Shear Zone Surrounding the Alpine Fault Using Receiver Function Harmonics
Authors: Mark Hannah F.
Published: November 2024

Large continental transform faults are thought to cross‐cut the crust and extend into the lithospheric mantle. However, the strain distribution associated with these faults at mantle depths is not well understood. At the heart of this question is the rheology of the lithosphere: when stressed by displacement on a trans‐crustal fault, does the uppermost mantle localize strain in a continuing narrow fault zone, or is that strain instead distributed in a shear zone that widens with increasing depth? This study uses harmonic decomposition of receiver functions to measure the spatial and depth distribution of seismic anisotropy, a proxy for viscous deformation, around the Alpine Fault in Aotearoa New Zealand. Anisotropy aligned with the fault is present in the lithosphere at least 100 km away from the fault trace, suggesting that the Alpine Fault shear zone widens at depth.
Thermoelastic Properties of Seifertite at High Pressures and Temperatures: Implications for Negative Velocity Discontinuities in the D" Layer
Authors: Liu Tao , Wang Xiong , Pu Chang , Jing Zhicheng
Published: November 2024

Negative velocity discontinuities are often observed at the base of the D'' layer, yet their formation mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we present the first investigation of thermoelastic properties of SiO2‐seifertite under 30–200 GPa and 1,000–4,000 K using first‐principles molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the compressional and shear wave velocities of seifertite are 2.0%–4.3% and 7.4%–11.3% lower, respectively, than those of CaCl2‐type SiO2 in the D'' layer. The reductions in VS across the phase transition are significantly larger than previous estimates from density functional theory results. Incorporating the elastic properties of other minerals, we demonstrate that the presence of SiO2 in the accumulated subducted oceanic crust and the associated VS reductions can contribute to the negative velocity discontinuities observed in the D'' layer. The observed low seismic velocities at the base of the lower mantle can be matched if 19–27 vol.% SiO2 is present in the D'' region.
Density Troughs in the Ionosphere Sustained by Transport Barriers
Authors: Malkov M. A. , Sotnikov V. I. , Mishin E. V.
Published: November 2024

This study explores the relaxation and sustainability of density irregularities and plasma flows in the Earth's ionosphere. To do this, we use a modified model of drift‐wave turbulence known as the Hasegawa‐Wakatani model. Similar to turbulent processes in laboratory plasmas, we explore a powerful mechanism that can reduce the turbulent plasma transport. This mechanism is associated with the creation of “zonal flows,” cutting across the gradients of particle density and magnetic fields. They work effectively to minimize particles' random movement and reduce the turbulence causing this movement. The zonal flows create transport barriers in areas where the density gradient is steepest and where drift waves grow most vigorously. The transport barriers significantly delay the refill of low‐density regions with surrounding plasma. They also lead to changes in the electric potential of the plasma and influence the movement of ions in the direction of the magnetic field. Our research investigates how these zonal flows are generated and how effectively they sustain density irregularities. We also examine the spectral characteristics of turbulence in and around these barriers.
Characteristics of the Mediterranean Cyclone IANOS in Convection‐Permitting Simulations: Unraveling Model Sensitivity to Microphysics and Cumulus Parameterization
Authors: Mishra Alok Kumar , Jangir Babita , Khain Pavel , Strobach Ehud
Published: November 2024

This study quantified the relative impact of microphysics parameterization (MP) and cumulus parameterization (CP) schemes on storm prediction using a non‐hydrostatic weather research and forecasting model for an intense Medicane: IANOS. All the simulations agreed with the main observed characteristics of this storm, with some discrepancies in magnitude and location, which vary with CP and MP schemes. These discrepancies were larger during the mature phase of the storm. In the CP‐on simulations, the non‐scale aware Kain–Fritsch (KF) scheme typically resulted in higher precipitation, while the Betts‐Miller‐Janjic (BMJ) scheme led to lower precipitation compared to the CP‐off simulations (C0). The tendency of the KF scheme to consume available convective potential energy at a relatively high rate (i.e., short time scale) resulted in high mass fluxes and latent heat release, leading to strengthened convective activity and, hence, precipitation. The multi‐scale aware (MSKF) substantially reduces the precipitation compared to KF due to the reduced contribution of convective scale precipitation. It also modulates the spatial structure precipitation compared to KF, especially light precipitation over the outer bands, and the contribution of grid‐scale precipitation to total precipitation. KF shows the lowest contribution, around 50%, whereas BMJ exhibits a slightly higher contribution, and MSKF versions nearly reach 100%, making it closer to CP‐off. The improved performance in MSKF compared to KF highlights the importance of MSKF convection parameterization for gray zone (~1–4 km) simulation. The persistent discrepancy in landfall location in CP‐on and CP‐off simulation underscored the need of further investigating other physics parameterizations and dynamical mechanisms.
Nucleic acid drugs: recent progress and future perspectives
Authors: Sun Xiaoyi , Setrerrahmane Sarra , Li Chencheng , Hu Jialiang , Xu Hanmei
Published: November 2024

High efficacy, selectivity and cellular targeting of therapeutic agents has been an active area of investigation for decades. Currently, most clinically approved therapeutics are small molecules or protein/antibody biologics. Targeted action of small molecule drugs remains a challenge in medicine. In addition, many diseases are considered ‘undruggable’ using standard biomacromolecules. Many of these challenges however, can be addressed using nucleic therapeutics. Nucleic acid drugs (NADs) are a new generation of gene-editing modalities characterized by their high efficiency and rapid development, which have become an active research topic in new drug development field. However, many factors, including their low stability, short half-life, high immunogenicity, tissue targeting, cellular uptake, and endosomal escape, hamper the delivery and clinical application of NADs. Scientists have used chemical modification techniques to improve the physicochemical properties of NADs. In contrast, modified NADs typically require carriers to enter target cells and reach specific intracellular locations. Multiple delivery approaches have been developed to effectively improve intracellular delivery and the in vivo bioavailability of NADs. Several NADs have entered the clinical trial recently, and some have been approved for therapeutic use in different fields. This review summarizes NADs development and evolution and introduces NADs classifications and general delivery strategies, highlighting their success in clinical applications. Additionally, this review discusses the limitations and potential future applications of NADs as gene therapy candidates.
Unveiling a Game-changer in the Net-zero Race: Marine Seaweeds for Sustainable Macrofuel Generation
Authors: Ghosh Poulomi , Das Saprativ P.
Published: November 2024

With global population reaching ∼9.5 billion, the demand for fossil fuels is estimated to grow ∼44.8% till 2050. Having an inherent higher sugar content, seaweeds of the taxa Ochrophyta – Phaeophyceae, Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta along with their appropriate biorefining are appraised indispensable for enhancing a surfeit of advanced macrofuel generation, viz., biogas, butanol, ethanol, and furanics, coupled with decarbonising economic portions with no substitutes. Marine weed aquaculture is evolving as a vital biosequestration approach to mark the roots of deep-sea acidification. Seaweed-based biochar and compost are emerging to reinforce the “carbon sink” associations, possibly stimulating numerous sustainable development goals (SDGs). This chapter analyses the processes of valuable product extraction from macroalgal biomass through transesterification, anaerobic digestion, fermentation, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, and direct combustion. Additionally, unsolved methodological and engineering bottlenecks are examined along with a critical focus on circular economy studies to evaluate the worthiness and ecological facets of macroalgal bioenergy generation from womb-to-tomb.
Recent Advances in Marine Microalgae Production: Highlighting Human Health Products from Microalgae
Authors: Arzate-Cárdenas Mario Alberto , Pérez-Legaspi Ignacio Alejandro , Alvarado-Flores Jesús , Carbajal-Hernández Ana Laura , Valerio-García Roberto Carlos , Arreguin-Rebolledo Uriel , Rico-Martínez Roberto
Published: November 2024

The European Union developed a new strategy for sustainable blue economy in 2021 introducing the concept of blue bioeconomy to include all activities creating value from smart use of renewable aquatic resources. From such an initiative, many works have been published regarding microalgal culture for different purposes. We discuss the most recent uses of marine microalgal production used for human health products. This product list includes astaxanthin, retinol or β-carotene, lutein, microalgae-based foods (dietary supplements or dried biomass) including Arthrospira, Chlorella, and Dunaliella, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), peptides, phenolics, phycocyanin, and sulfated polysaccharides, among others.
Towards a Macroalgal Biorefinery via Integrative Production of Bioactive Compounds, Caloric Gas and Carbon-based Porous Materials
Authors: Bayu Asep , Budiyanto Fitri , Farobie Obie , Amrullah Apip , Syaftika Novi , Rahmawati Siti Irma , Karnjanakom Surachai
Published: November 2024

Biorefinery deals with the use of biomass to substitute fossil-based resources in generating multiple valuable carbon-based products like fuels, high-value chemicals and materials. The 1st- and 2nd-generation biomass utilize edible crops and lignocellulose as the feedstock, respectively, and have been proven to be able to provide products similar to petrorefinery. However, the extensive cultivation of these terrestrial plants is constrained by issues such as land availability, competition for food, and the usage of large amounts of freshwater and fertilizers. Macroalgae (seaweeds) represent a strategic option because these aquatic plants are fast growing, cultivable on non-arable lands and highly versatile with a multitude of possible end uses. Their photosynthetic pigments are natural active colorants, ranging from chlorophylls through carotenoids to phycoerythrin giving green, brown, and red colors, respectively. Unlike cellulose or hemicellulose as in lignocellulosic plants, macroalgae photocatalyze carbon dioxide to result in a variety of unique water-soluble polysaccharides (viz. phycocolloids). These polysaccharides contain functional groups such as uronic acid or sulfate, which possess a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-coagulant properties. Extracting these bioactive compounds leaves carbonaceous residue in biomass, which can be thermochemically converted to yield porous char and synthetic gas. Moreover, anaerobic digestion produces methane-rich biogas and hydrolysates rich in minerals suitable for liquid fertilizers. Although some species of macroalgae have been commercially used for food or phycocolloid production, valorising their potentially valuable components could increase their economic value and accelerate the implementation of third-generation macroalgal biorefineries toward a circular blue-economy.
A substrate-induced dual utilization cascade reaction of N-alkyl anilines: highly site-selective sustainable synthesis of chromeno[4,3-b]quinolin-6-ones
Authors: Zhang Zhou , Zhao Sihan , Wen Yuanmin , Zeng Guiyun , Yuan Minglong , Huang Chao
Published: November 2024

A substrate-induced cleavage and reorganization cascade reaction of N-alkyl anilines as a carbon source and the waste group into chromeno[4,3-b]quinolin-6-ones.
Enhanced rotational diffusion and spontaneous rotation of an active Janus disk in a complex fluid
Authors: De Corato Marco , Martínez-Lera Paula
Published: November 2024

Numerical simulations predict that the interplay between active motion and microstructure advection leads to enhanced rotational diffusion and spontaneous rotation of Janus colloids in complex fluids.
Factors Influencing Speech-Language Pathology Referral and Utilization in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: O'Brien Katy H. , Messina Ansley , Pei Yalian , Kemp Amy M. , Gartell Rebecca , Brown Gregory , Gore Russell K. , Appleberry Cheryl , Wallace Tracey
Published: November 2024

Purpose:

Speech-language pathologists provide important services to people recovering from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), also called concussion, although they may be underutilized in outpatient care. Because health care providers face challenges in selecting assessments to efficiently describe patient needs, the purpose of this study was to describe factors related to patients receiving speech-language pathology services after mTBI, as well as how assessments predict amount of services received.

Method:

In this retrospective chart review study, demographic factors, injury characteristics, and assessment scores were extracted from medical records of patients aged 14–65 years receiving services for recent (within 6 months) mTBI at an outpatient specialty clinic. The Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Standardized Assessment of Concussion, and a newly developed self-report measure of cognitive-communication function—the Cognitive-Communication Referral Indicator for Concussion (CCoRI-C)—were used as dependent variables to predict speech-language pathology service referral. For those referred, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) scores were added as dependent variables predicting speech-language pathology dosage.

Results:

A total of 132 patient charts met inclusion and exclusion criteria. In addition to CCoRI-C and PCSS symptoms, receiving imaging, being injured in a motor vehicle crash, experiencing loss of consciousness, and being of female sex were related to speech-language pathology referrals. Of the 77 patients referred for speech-language pathology care, higher CCoRI-C, PCSS, BRIEF, RBANS total, and RBANS visuospatial scores were associated with recommended speech-language pathology dosage. Only the CCoRI-C, BRIEF–Adult Version (BRIEF-A) Behavioral Regulation, and BRIEF-A Metacognition were associated with actual number of speech-language pathology sessions attended.

Conclusions:

Cognitive-communication symptoms and executive function may be important to planning speech-language pathology rehabilitative episodes of care for people with mTBI. Future work should continue to evaluate how assessments augment demographic and injury characteristics in decision making for both referral to and use of speech-language pathology services after mTBI.
Optimization of trusted wireless sensing models based on deep reinforcement learning for ISAC systems
Authors: Zhang Hao , Jing Yi , Xu Wenhui , Zhang Ronghui
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) methods for optimizing trustworthy federated learning models, with a focus on integrated sensing and communication in practical wireless sensing scenarios. Challenges include computational disparities among edge sensing nodes, network transmission differences, and the non‐independent and identically distributed (non‐IID) nature of local training datasets. As the number of edge sensing nodes increases, the likelihood of encountering untrusted nodes also rises, further limiting the performance of traditional federated learning aggregation algorithms. To address these issues, the paper proposes a DRL‐based strategy aimed at optimizing the node selection process in federated learning environments. This strategy intelligently selects nodes for global aggregation, improving overall model performance and efficiency by addressing computational and communication differences among nodes and the non‐IID nature of data.
Capacity planning for wind, solar, thermal and energy storage in power generation systems considering coupled electricity‐carbon markets
Authors: Huan Jiajia , He Yuling , Sun Kai , Lu Hongchang , Wang Haipeng , Wu Xuewei
Published: November 2024

The development of the carbon market is a strategic approach to promoting carbon emission restrictions and the growth of renewable energy. As the development of new hybrid power generation systems (HPGS) integrating wind, solar, and energy storage progresses, a significant challenge arises: how to incorporate the electricity‐carbon market mechanism into the planning of power system capacity. To address this challenge, this article proposes a coupled electricity‐carbon market and wind‐solar‐storage complementary hybrid power generation system model, aiming to maximize energy complementarity benefits and economic efficiency. The model employs a bi‐level optimization method based on the Improved Coati Optimization Algorithm (ICOA) to optimize the system's capacity planning. Simulations reveal that under the coupled electricity‐carbon market scenario, renewable energy capacity increases by 23% over a 5‐year planning period. Additionally, in this scenario, the total cost is 0.042% lower compared to the scenario without coupling. Under the constraint of a 30% renewable energy penetration rate, the capacity development of wind, solar, and storage surpasses thermal power, while demonstrating favourable total cost performance and the comprehensive complementarity index for HPGS. This model offers decision‐making support for optimizing energy resource allocation and improving system reliability and economic viability.
Viability for locally monotone evolution inclusions and lower semicontinuous solutions of Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equations in infinite dimensions
Authors: Jiang Jichao , Keller Christian
Published: November 2024

We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for viability of evolution inclusions with locally monotone operators in the sense of [Liu and Röckner, J. Funct. Anal. 259 (2010) 2902–2922]. This allows us to prove wellposedness of lower semicontinuous solutions of Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equations associated to the optimal control of evolution inclusions. Thereby, we generalize results in [Bayraktar and Keller, J. Funct. Anal. 275 (2018) 2096–2161] on Hamilton–Jacobi equations in infinite dimensions with monotone operators in several ways. First, we permit locally monotone operators. This extends the applicability of our theory to a wider class of equations such as Burgers’ equations, reaction-diffusion equations, and 2D Navier–Stokes equations. Second, our results apply to optimal control problems with state constraints. Third, we have uniqueness of viscosity solutions. Our results on viability and lower semicontinuous solutions are new even in the case of monotone operators.
Teacher perception about Google Sites integrated GeoSMART approach in geography learning
Authors: Nofrion  , Rahmanelli  , Utomo Erwin Pri , Operma Sukron
Published: November 2024

This article analyzed teachers’ perceptions of the GeoSMART approach in geography learning on map material. The GeoSMART approach is a new approach in Geography learning that focuses on five aspects of the learning scenario/learning experience, namely: 1) learning begins with facts and observations, 2) measurable, 3) contextual and applicable in everyday life, 4) developing reasoning/critical thinking and 5) optimization of technology in learning. The data in this article is part of the GeoSMART approach development research data, which only covers the stages: 1) analysis of problems and needs, 2) developing prototypes and doing the validation, and 3) limited testing. The study’s respondents were 32 Geography teachers in West Sumatra who had participated in socialization, workshops, and learning simulations with the GeoSMART approach. Teacher perception data was obtained using questionnaires. The results showed that teachers’ perceptions were generally in the very good category for all indicators asked and that the level of teacher approval was very high.
Testing the influence of spectral resolution for binary change detection accuracies using simulated multispectral bands resampled from hyperspectral data
Authors: Nugraha Wahyu Ananta , Damarjati Safri , Arjasakusuma Sanjiwana
Published: November 2024

The ability from remote sensing data to observe the same areas at different times of acquisition is beneficial for change detection analysis. Various sensors from passive to active sensors have been employed. However, the development of satellite hyperspectral sensors brings the premise of a more accurate change detection analysis. Our study aims to test this premise by conducting the binary change detection analysis at different spectral resolution in Central Java Province. The PRISMA datasets were resampled into the spectral resolution of RapidEye (4-bands), Landsat-8 (8bands), Sentinel-2 (13-bands), and MODIS (19-bands), apart from the original spectral resolution (237-bands) that were used for detecting change using the Principal Component Analysis and KMeans unsupervised analysis methods (PCA-Kmeans). Our results demonstrated that change detection analysis using the RapidEye and Sentinel-2 spectral resolution produced the highest overall accuracies with both showing the same accuracy of 72.04 %. While the original 237 bands produced the accuracy of 65.74 %. This indicated that the detection of major changes in the surface cover can be produced using 4 to 13 bands data. However, hyperspectral data are still potential to be used to detect slight changes in the surface cover, or to perform the unmixing based change detection analysis.
Aspiration after Anesthesia: Chemical versus Bacterial, Differential Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention
Authors: Battaglini Denise , De Rosa Silvia
Published: November 2024

Aspiration following anesthesia is a major patient issue and a difficulty for anesthesiologists. Aspiration syndromes are more common than anticipated, and the condition is frequently undetected. Clinical signs are often dictated by the characteristics of aspiration, such as the infectivity of the material, its volume, and the severity of the underlying clinical condition. Pulmonary aspiration can cause an acute or persistent inflammatory response in the lungs and upper airways that can be complicated by tracheobronchitis, aspiration pneumonia, aspiration pneumonitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and subsequent bacterial infection due to particle, acid, and bacteria-related processes. Aspiration during anesthesia, while relatively rare, poses significant risks for patient morbidity and mortality. Chemical and bacterial aspiration provide distinct diagnostic and management issues. Preventive strategies such as a complete preoperative risk assessment, adherence to fasting rules, proper patient positioning, and the use of protective airway devices are critical in reducing aspiration risk. In addition, drugs such as proton pump inhibitors can help lower stomach acidity and volume. Innovations in monitoring techniques, better training, and awareness activities are critical to enhancing aspiration event management. Given the importance of this entity, this narrative review sought to make an updated overview of the management of aspiration after anesthesia: chemical versus bacterial, differential diagnosis, management, and prevention.
Feasibility and benefit of decompressive percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (dPEG) in advanced cancer patients with malignant bowel obstruction
Authors: Wanzl Julia , Höfer Susanne , Schwamberger Tanja , Tadic Vidan , Muzalyova Anna , Hainsch-Müller Irmtraut , Aulmann Christoph , Messmann Helmut , Probst Andreas
Published: November 2024

Background and study aims Bowel obstruction is a common complication in advanced cancer patients. Patients are restricted in quality of life (QOL) due to nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain. Prospective data on the feasibility and benefit of decompressive percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (dPEG) are scarce.

Patients and methods Patients suffering from symptomatic bowel obstruction due to advanced cancer were included prospectively in a single-center study when other treatments to eliminate the obstruction were impossible. Patients were given a questionnaire the day before dPEG (d-1) and, if the procedure was successful, the day after (d+1) and 14 days after the procedure (d14). Furthermore, lifetime after dPEG was assessed.

Results 53 patients were included. dPEG was technically feasible
in 34 of 53 (64.2%). Significant improvement could be shown for nausea and vomiting when
comparing d-1 to d+1 (nausea (P = 0.002), vomiting (P < 0.001)) and when comparing d-1 to d14 (P = 0.021 and P = 0.003, respectively). Comparing d+1 to
d14, there was no further improvement. QOL improved significantly from 8.1 (mean) on d-1 to
5.9 (mean) on d+1 (P < 0.001). Median survival after successful
dPEG was 27 days (range 2–353).

Conclusions dPEG is an effective method for quickly relieve symptoms of malignant bowel obstruction in advanced cancer patients. However, the technical success rate is limited and needs to be improved. Prospective studies comparing endoscopic and computed tomography-guided procedures are needed to avoid unsuccessful procedures in patients with advanced cancer and limited life expectancy.
Stimulus Rate Effect on Electrocochleogram Components in Adults with High Risk for Noise Exposure
Authors: Jamos Abdullah M. , Rickman Riley
Published: November 2024

Background Hidden hearing loss (HHL) is a newly described condition that has been associated with hearing thresholds within normal limits and poorer speech-in-noise (SIN) performance. Furthermore, HHL has been associated with an elevated or absent middle ear muscle reflex (MEMR). One of the leading factors causing HHL is exposure to noise, specifically in patients who experience temporary threshold shift. This study investigated the SIN performance and MEMR in individuals at risk for noise exposure. Additionally, this study investigated the auditory nerve response measured to different stimulation rates in order to evaluate the auditory nerve adaptation and potentially identify neural loss in individuals at risk for noise exposure.

Research Design Twenty-one young-adult participants (11 low-risk and 10 high-risk) were recruited to participate in the study. Participants were divided into a low-risk and high-risk group based on their noise exposure history and if they have experienced any signs of temporary threshold shift following noise exposure. SIN testing, distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), MEMR, hearing thresholds, and electrocochleography (ECochG) were measured. Experimental protocol included measuring MEMR, word recognition scores in quiet and in noise (0 dB signal-to-noise ratio), and ECochG recordings at three rates (9.1, 37.1, and 71.1 clicks/seconds).

Data Analysis Descriptive statistics are provided for the different variables. Contingency tables were used to investigate the frequency of measuring normal MEMR between both groups. We also investigated the audiometric threshold, DPOAEs amplitude, and SIN results between groups using independent samples t-tests. Lastly, we investigated the effect of stimulation rate on the summating potential (SP) and action potential (AP) between groups using repeated measures analysis of variance with mixed effects.

Results No significant differences in hearing thresholds or DPOAEs amplitude at any tested frequency between both groups. Significantly larger number of participants in the high-risk group have abnormal MEMR compared with the low-risk group. Significantly poorer performance on SIN, smaller AP amplitude, and greater SP/AP amplitude ratio in the high-risk group. Furthermore, the AP amplitude adapted differently for the high-risk group with increasing stimulation rate compared with the low-risk group.

Conclusions The results of this study show that HHL is associated with poorer SIN performance and abnormal MEMR. Additionally, the significant reduction in AP amplitude and the degree of AP amplitude adaptation with change in stimulus rate might indicate loss of neural output in individuals with a history of noise exposure.
Clinical Outcome and Surgical Outcome of Moyamoya Disease after Combined Revascularization Performed at the Neurological Institute of Thailand
Authors: Yuthagovit Sarunya , Lertbutsayanuku Punjama , Tirakotai Wuttipong
Published: November 2024

Objective Moyamoya disease is a chronic, progressive, intracranial steno-occlusive disease. Cerebral revascularization has proved that it is more beneficial than medical therapy for prevention of recurrent stroke. We aimed to report clinical and surgical outcome of moyamoya disease after combined revascularization in Thai population.

Materials and Methods From October 2015 to March 2023, patients diagnosed with moyamoya disease and were operated with combined revascularization were included. Patients were evaluated for hemodynamic state with preoperative and postoperative blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance (BOLD MR) imaging. Demographic data, serial imaging, surgical outcome, and clinical outcome were analyzed. Morbidity and mortality rates of surgery were reported. For clinical outcome evaluation, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores were compared between preoperative and postoperative outcome. The mRS score of 0 to 2 signify good outcome after surgery.

Results There were a total of 55 patients. Ischemic stroke was the most common presentation (87.3%). Based on the Suzuki's classification, most of the patients were stage 3 and 4. Clinical outcome measured with mRS score had good outcome, 100% (mRS score 0–2). For surgical outcome, overall graft patency was 94.8%, overall complication rate was 6.5%, and mortality rate was zero. Mean follow-up duration was 44.5 ± 25.1 months. Recurrent stroke occurred in 1.3%, which was recurrent ischemic stroke.

Conclusion Combined revascularization in moyamoya disease in the Thai population has a good clinical outcome, an acceptable risk of complication, and a reduced recurrent rate of stroke. Clinical and surgical outcome should be studied in the long term with the use of BOLD MR with carbon dioxide stimuli for the evaluation of cerebral blood flow in the patient.
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Aspiration Pneumonia
Authors: Almirall Jordi , Boixeda Ramon , de la Torre Mari C. , Torres Antoni
Published: November 2024

Aspiration pneumonia (AP) remains a critical health issue, especially among older and hospitalized patients. This review focuses on understanding the epidemiology and pathogenesis of AP, exploring key risk factors, and proposing diagnostic strategies. Aspiration pneumonia is commonly associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), where pathogens introduced into the lungs from gastric aspiration cause infection. Several factors, such as oropharyngeal dysphagia, silent aspiration, and poor oral health, contribute to increased risk, especially in frail elderly populations with chronic comorbidities. Diagnostic criteria for AP are not well-defined, complicating accurate diagnosis. Radiographic evidence of pulmonary infiltrates, history of aspiration, and clinical symptoms, such as cough and fever, guide diagnosis, but the absence of specific biomarkers remains a challenge. Furthermore, the microbiome of the lung, which shares characteristics with the oropharyngeal flora, plays a pivotal role in the development of infection. The incidence of AP is likely to increase given the growing elderly population with factors predisposing them to aspiration. It is one of the most common types of pneumonia in older adults, with its prevalence estimated to range from 5% to 24% in cases of CAP admissions. This revision highlights the growing need for comprehensive diagnostic tools and treatment protocols for AP, especially in high-risk populations such as the elderly and those in long-term care. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and the role of silent aspiration can improve prevention strategies and reduce morbidity and mortality in these vulnerable groups.
Transverse Testicular Ectopy and an Incarcerated Inguinal Hernia in a 2-Month-Old Preterm Boy
Authors: Kordasz Marcin Lech , Nakhleh Michael , Matissek Christoph , Mack Alexander , Krebs Thomas Franz , Haecker Frank-Martin
Published: November 2024

Transverse testicular ectopy (TTE) is a rare anomaly in which both testicles descend through the same inguinal canal. Different variants of this anomaly exist, with the most common presenting as two separate spermatic cords and testicular vessel bundles. The management of this condition is challenging, as various factors have to be considered. We report on a 2-month-old preterm boy with TTE, admitted to the hospital due to an ipsilateral incarcerated inguinal hernia. Diagnostic workup included a physical examination revealing a large swelling in the right groin, ultrasound imaging that showed both testicles located in the right inguinal canal, and laboratory tests indicating a deficiency of anti-Mullerian hormone. All of these findings confirmed the diagnosis of TTE. Surgical treatment included diagnostic laparoscopy with herniorrhaphy, followed by inguinal revision with transseptal orchidopexy in a second procedure. The 12-month follow-up was uneventful. Though rare, TTE is an important differential diagnosis in case of an incarcerated hernia combined with (contralateral) empty scrotum. Pediatric surgeons must be aware of this entity. Meticulous diagnostic workup and careful surgical management are mandatory.
Weak ferromagnetism due to third-order invariants
Authors: Chupis I. E.
Published: November 2024

Invariants of third order in the magnetic moments are incorporated in discussing temperature-induced phase transitions in a weakly ferromagnetic orthorhombic crystal. It is shown that these invariants cause the known phase transition from the weakly ferromagnetic state to the antiferromagnetic state in such a crystal to be in fact a transition to another weakly ferromagnetic state arising from these invariants.
Long-wave quasiparticle states localized at a screw dislocation
Authors: Kosevich A. M.
Published: November 2024

Localized long-wave crystal vibrations near a screw dislocation due to anharmonic effects in the presence of static elastic deformations possessing screw symmetry are discussed. The spectrum of these vibrations is calculated. The problem of electron localization at the screw dislocation as a result of deformational interaction is considered. It is shown that when the motion of the current carrier becomes one-dimensional (along the dislocation), the electron-lattice coupling brings about the polaron effect. The shape of the large-radius polaron at the dislocation is described and its energy is estimated.
Optically induced nonequilibrium and heating effects in superconductors
Authors: Schuller Ivan K. , Falco Charles M.
Published: November 2024

We have studied the behavior of a thin film Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) and of a bimetallic superconducting loop under laser light irradiation. We find that the experimental data can be explained by simple thermal heating without assuming the existence of nonthermal nonequilibrium quasiparticle distribution. We also find that the observation of collective behavior at low temperature as suggested by Baru and Sukhanov will be hindered by thermal effects.
Magnetic susceptibility of the ω-phase of Cd–Hg alloys
Authors: Sereda Yu. P. , Svechkarev I. V.
Published: November 2024

The magnetic susceptibility of single crystals of Cd1–xHgx is investigated at temperatures of 4.2–300°K in the region of the ω-phase (0.3 <x <0.7). Singularities of the susceptibility were found, associated with critical points of the spectrum. The energy gaps are determined for the corresponding states in the spectrum and their position in the Brillouin zone. The position of the Fermi level is established in relation to the energy gaps in the principal structural and superstructural Bragg planes, resulting from ω-phase ordering.
Spectral investigation of the distribution of noncentrosymmetric impurity molecules in a crystal with centrosymmetric molecules
Authors: Zagainova L. I. , Klimusheva G. V. , Kurmei N. D.
Published: November 2024

The concentration dependence of the low-temperature (4.2 °K) electronic absorption and luminescence spectra is investigated for a β-naphthol impurity in a naphthalene crystal; this impurity forms substitutional solid solutions within definite concentration limits. The spectra are analyzed to obtain information on the modes of substitution and low-temperature distribution of impurity molecules without an inversion center in a solvent crystal with centrosymmetric molecules; the molecular interaction parameters are determined.
Computer simulation of dislocation unzipping at low temperatures
Authors: Vydashenko V. N. , Landau A. I.
Published: November 2024

Computer simulation was used to investigate the process of successive acts of dislocations surmounting neighboring point obstacles, known as the unzipping process. The statistical characteristics of unzipping were studied at low temperatures, when the process is most highly developed. Under these conditions we obtained histograms of the distribution of the number of obstacles, from which obstacles unpinned successively as an unzipping wave propagated along a dislocation line in either direction. These distributions are shown to depend on the dislocation length, i.e., on the number N¯ of obstacles on which the dislocation rests at any moment in its motion, and also to depend on the path traversed by the dislocation in the slip plane (through the simulation area); these distributions prove to be independent of the load. The unzipping wave displays a tendency to change direction several times without interrupting its motion, as a result of which there is an effect which we call a “zipper” or “zigzag.” It is established that in the motion of a long dislocation line the zigzags tend to cluster and this results in “active zones” replacing each other and the unzipping process is successively localized in them. Consequently the motion of an extended dislocation line at low temperatures proceeds in separate, alternating “tongues” instead of uniformly. The occurrence of unzipping is shown not to resemble the process of broadening of a double kink in any way.
Thermodynamic properties of the quadrupole-ordered phase of simple molecular crystals in the classical approximation
Authors: Burakhovich I. A. , Kokshenev V. B. , Slyusarev V. A.
Published: November 2024

We analyze sources of inconsistency in describing the rotational component of the specific heat of the orientationally ordered phase of molecular crystals within the framework of a molecular-field theory. It is shown that the latter do not take account of the dynamic molecular correlations due to quadrupole–quadrupole interactions, which are important near the phase transition temperature. These correlations are taken into account in calculating the orientational order parameter, the mean energy, and the specific heat.
Surface impedance oscillations of thin conductors in the radio frequency range
Authors: Kirichenko O. V.
Published: November 2024

The surface impedance of thin metal plates is investigated theoretically in the radio frequency range for an arbitrary scattering index of the charge carriers by the specimen surface. The main attention is paid to oscillations in the surface impedance, which are analogous to the Sondheimer oscillations in the static conductivity. Dependences of the impedance on the magnitude of the magnetic field and the thickness of the specimen are obtained for different forms of the scattering index. An experimental investigation of the oscillations for different angles of inclination of the magnetic field permits detailed information to be obtained about the interaction between conduction electrons and the conductor surface.
Static skin effect and transverse electron focusing in tungsten crystals with atomically clean surfaces
Authors: Bozhko S. I. , Mitryaev A. A. , Panchenko O. A. , Razgonov I. I. , Tsoi V. S.
Published: November 2024

The methods of the static skin effect and transverse electron focusing were used to study the reflection of electrons from an atomically clean surface of a tungsten crystal and from a surface containing adsorbed atoms and molecules. It was found that the specular reflectivity p for the atomically clean (110) face is 0.55–0.6 and p = 0.2−0.3 for the (100) face of tungsten; both methods give the same result when estimating the value of p. It was also shown that conduction electrons are diffusely reflected from (110) and (100) faces coated with a monolayer of adsorbed atoms.
Nonlinear relaxation of quasiparticles to a nonequilibrium state in superconductors
Authors: Novikov V. E. , Seminozhenko V. P. , Shestopalov V. L
Published: November 2024

The problem of nonlinear relaxation of quasiparticles to a nonequilibrium stationary state in superconducting films of an S-I-S tunnel junction when the nonequilibrium effects between the electron- and hole-like excitations can be neglected is solved by numerical methods. The case of strong injection when the value of the distribution function fϵ in the injection domain is of the order of unity is considered.
Possible Fano effect and suppression of Andreev reflection in La3Ni2O7
Authors: Yang Yi-feng
Published: November 2024

The recently-discovered high-temperature superconductor La$_3$Ni$_2$O$_7$ under high pressure has stimulated intensive debates. Key controversies concern interlayer versus intralayer pairing scenarios and if the hybridization plays a key role in establishing the superconductivity. But experimental clarification is difficult due to the limitation of employing state-of-the-art techniques under high pressure. Here we propose that quasiparticle tunneling and Andreev reflection may provide a feasible way to distinguish different pairing scenarios. We predict that an asymmetric Fano line shape may be induced by the hybridization between the $d_{x^2-y^2}$ metallic bands and the strongly renormalized flat $d_{z^2}$ quasiparticle bands. In the superconducting state, we show that the Andreev reflection should be greatly suppressed for interlayer pairing superconductivity with a small interlayer hopping. We propose future experiments to examine these predictions and help clarify the fundamental physics of superconducting La$_3$Ni$_2$O$_7$ and other multilayer nickelate superconductors.
Life on a closed timelike curve
Authors: Gavassino L
Published: November 2024

We study the internal dynamics of a hypothetical spaceship traveling on a close timelike curve in an axially symmetric Universe. We choose the curve so that the generator of evolution in proper time is the angular momentum. Using Wigner’s theorem, we prove that the energy levels internal to the spaceship must undergo spontaneous discretization. The level separation turns out to be finely tuned so that, after completing a roundtrip of the curve, all systems are back to their initial state. This implies, for example, that the memories of an observer inside the spaceship are necessarily erased by the end of the journey. More in general, if there is an increase in entropy, a Poincaré cycle will eventually reverse it by the end of the loop, forcing entropy to decrease back to its initial value. We show that such decrease in entropy is in agreement with the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis. The non-existence of time-travel paradoxes follows as a rigorous corollary of our analysis.
Manipulating Floquet-driven topological insulator with off-resonant elliptically polarized light in presence of hexagonal Fermi surface warping
Authors: Agrawal Neetu
Published: November 2024

The irradiation of topological insulator surface with elliptically polarized light modifies the topological properties in a phase-dependent manner impacting the Floquet Chern number which is a crucial topological invariant associated with such driven systems. Employing Floquet theory in presence of hexagonal warping term in the Dirac fermion Hamiltonian under off-resonant conditions, we derive an effective Hamiltonian that highlights distinct features in the Floquet-Dirac surface states. Specifically, we identify a helicity and ellipticity-dependent mass term in the quasi-static Hamiltonian, breaking time reversal symmetry. This mass term changes sign with variations in the helicity and ellipticity of incident radiation, potentially driving the system into trivial or Floquet-Chern topological insulating phases. We calculate the Berry curvature associated with the bandstructure and the resulting anomalous Hall conductivity, finding a strong dependence on the ellipticity and amplitude of the radiation.
Spin polarisation and non-isotropic effective mass in the conduction band of GdN
Authors: Holmes-Hewett W F , Trewick E X M , Trodahl H J , Buckley R G , Ruck B J
Published: November 2024

GdN is a ferromagnetic semiconductor which has seen increasing interest in the preceding decades particularly in the areas of spin- and superconducting- based electronics. Here we report a detailed computational and optical spectroscopy study of the electronic structure of stoichiometric and nitrogen vacancy doped GdN. Based on our calculations we provide the effective mass tensor for undoped GdN, and some indicative values for electron doped GdN. Such a property is valuable as it can affect device design, and can be measured experimentally to validate the existing computation results.