bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Refugees and Beneficiaries of Subsidiary Protection: Measuring and Comparing Integration Policies
Authors: Pasetti Francesco , Conte Carmine
Published: June 2021

In the last decade, the study of migration policy has increasingly made use of synthetic measures, such as indicators and indexes, to compare and evaluate states’ responses to international migration. But major research gaps exist in the assessment of integration policies targeting beneficiaries of international protection (BIPs). Comprehensive, comparative data on the subject are also lacking. How can we measure and compare BIPs integration policies? And how can we evaluate their effectiveness in meeting BIPs’ integration needs? To answer these questions, this article uses the National Integration Evaluation Mechanism (NIEM), which provides a set of 173 indicators to evaluate BIP integration systems in EU member states. Following a review of the literature in the field, this paper describes NIEM’s methodology and then presents the key findings in the 2019 data for 14 EU countries. The conclusions reflect on the main contributions and limitations of the study.
The Industrial Impact of Economic Uncertainty Shocks in Australia*
Authors: Burrell Hamish , Vespignani Joaquin
Published: June 2021

Understanding the impact of economic uncertainty shocks at the industrial disaggregated level is critical for both fiscal and monetary policy response. We estimate an SVAR model using quarterly Australian data from 1987:2 to 2018:4. The results of this paper emphasise that individual industries have a unique response to an economic uncertainty shock and do not necessarily reflect the response of the broader aggregate macroeconomy. We found the following stylised facts: (i) The construction industry is the most negatively impacted industry by an economic uncertainty shock in terms of investment, output and employment in Australia, (ii) The financial and insurance services industry also endures a substantial decline to the shock, particularly on investment and employment indicators, and (iii) Economic uncertainty is shown to have less impact on the mining, health care and social assistance and public administration and safety industries.
Chloride channel accessory 1 integrates chloride channel activity and mTORC1 in aging‐related kidney injury
Authors: Lee Hak Joo , Donati Andrew , Feliers Denis , Sun Yuyang , Ding Yanli , Madesh Muniswamy , Salmon Adam B. , Ikeno Yuji , Ross Corinna , O'Connor Christopher L. , Ju Wenjun , Bitzer Markus , Chen Yidong , Choudhury Goutam Ghosh , Singh Brij B. , Sharma Kumar , Kasinath Balakuntalam S.
Published: June 2021

The mechanism of kidney injury in aging are not well understood. In order to identify hitherto unknown pathways of aging‐related kidney injury, we performed RNA‐Seq on kidney extracts of young and aged mice. Expression of chloride (Cl) channel accessory 1 (CLCA1) mRNA and protein was increased in the kidneys of aged mice. Immunostaining showed a marked increase in CLCLA1 expression in the proximal tubules of the kidney from aged mice. Increased kidney CLCA1 gene expression also correlated with aging in marmosets and in a human cohort. In aging mice, increased renal cortical CLCA1 content was associated with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) deficiency, which was ameliorated by administering sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a source of H2S. In order to study whether increased CLCA1 expression leads to injury phenotype and the mechanisms involved, stable transfection of proximal tubule epithelial cells overexpressing human CLCA1 (hCLCA1) was performed. Overexpression of hCLCA1 augmented Cl− current via the Ca++‐dependent Cl− channel TMEM16A (anoctamin‐1) by patch‐clamp studies. hCLCA1 overexpression also increased the expression of fibronectin, a matrix protein, and induced the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Mechanistic studies underlying these changes showed that hCLCA1 overexpression leads to inhibition of AMPK activity and stimulation of mTORC1 as cellular signaling determinants of injury. Both TMEM16A inhibitor and NaHS reversed these signaling events and prevented changes in fibronectin and SASP. We conclude that CLCA1‐TMEM16A‐Cl− current pathway is a novel mediator of kidney injury in aging that is regulated by endogenous H2S.
Q134R: Small chemical compound with NFAT inhibitory properties improves behavioral performance and synapse function in mouse models of amyloid pathology
Authors: Sompol Pradoldej , Gollihue Jenna L. , Kraner Susan D. , Artiushin Irina A. , Cloyd Ryan A. , Chishti Emad A. , Koren Shon A. , Nation Grant K. , Abisambra Jose F. , Huzian Orsolya , Nagy Lajos I. , Santha Miklos , Hackler Laszlo , Puskas Laszlo G. , Norris Christopher M.
Published: June 2021

Inhibition of the protein phosphatase calcineurin (CN) ameliorates pathophysiologic and cognitive changes in aging rodents and mice with aging‐related Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐like pathology. However, concerns over adverse effects have slowed the transition of common CN‐inhibiting drugs to the clinic for the treatment of AD and AD‐related disorders. Targeting substrates of CN, like the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATs), has been suggested as an alternative, safer approach to CN inhibitors. However, small chemical inhibitors of NFATs have only rarely been described. Here, we investigate a newly developed neuroprotective hydroxyquinoline derivative (Q134R) that suppresses NFAT signaling, without inhibiting CN activity. Q134R partially inhibited NFAT activity in primary rat astrocytes, but did not prevent CN‐mediated dephosphorylation of a non‐NFAT target, either in vivo, or in vitro. Acute (≤1 week) oral delivery of Q134R to APP/PS1 (12 months old) or wild‐type mice (3–4 months old) infused with oligomeric Aβ peptides led to improved Y maze performance. Chronic (≥3 months) oral delivery of Q134R appeared to be safe, and, in fact, promoted survival in wild‐type (WT) mice when given for many months beyond middle age. Finally, chronic delivery of Q134R to APP/PS1 mice during the early stages of amyloid pathology (i.e., between 6 and 9 months) tended to reduce signs of glial reactivity, prevented the upregulation of astrocytic NFAT4, and ameliorated deficits in synaptic strength and plasticity, without noticeably altering parenchymal Aβ plaque pathology. The results suggest that Q134R is a promising drug for treating AD and aging‐related disorders.
Vulval lichen sclerosus: An Australasian management consensus
Authors: Yeon Janice , Oakley Amanda , Olsson Ann , Drummond Catherine , Veysey Emma , Marshman Gillian , Saunders Helen , Opie Jacinta , Bradford Jennifer , Cole Judith , DeAmbrosis Kate , Cook Kathryn , Pepall Linda , Eva Lois Jane , Sladden Michael , Selva‐Nayagam Priya , Phillips Roderic , Ball Sally , Hill Sarah , Bohl Tanja , Day Tania , Lee Geoffrey , Fischer Gayle
Published: June 2021

Background/Objectives

Vulval lichen sclerosus (VLS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition predominantly affecting the anogenital region in women and children. To date, there is lack of agreement amongst experts on a severity scale to aid assessment, research and treatment stratification on VLS. Furthermore, literature on best practice for long‐term management of VLS is lacking. The aim of this consensus is to provide broad guidelines on the short and long‐term management of VLS.

Methods

An initial focus group of Australasian experts in vulval dermatology developed a draft consensus statement for the management of VLS. Based on the results of the draft statement, a consensus panel of 22 Australasian experts, comprised of the initial and additional members, participated in an anonymous four‐stage eDelphi process. Round 1 involved generation and voting on statements from the draft consensus statement developed by the focus group. In Rounds 2, 3 & 4, panel members were presented formal feedback from previous rounds and asked to indicate their level of agreement. Consensus was reached if there was ≥70% agreement on the importance of an item in the 4 (agree) to 5 (strongly agree) range.

Results

The expert panel, with a total of 504 collective years of experience in the field of VLS, reached consensus on a core set of 51 management statements related to diagnosis, severity, initial and long‐term management, follow‐up, and complications of VLS.

Conclusions

This study has identified a set of management statements for VLS that may be useful in clinical practice in the Australasian population.
The implications of deteriorating state‐owned enterprise performance on the South African economy
Authors: Chitiga‐Mabugu Margaret , Henseler Martin , Mabugu Ramos Emmanuel , Maisonnave Hélène
Published: June 2021

This paper constructs and uses a recursive dynamic general equilibrium model for South Africa to examine the economywide consequences of a continued deterioration in performance of state‐owned enterprises and rise in foreign interest rates. A decline in state‐owned enterprisesproductivity has substantial negative ramifications on the rest of the economy. Government would increase its domestic borrowing and therefore hamper private investment, leading to a decrease in gross domestic product and rising unemployment, particularly the unskilled. The model shows that the effects get worse in the long run compared to the short run and when foreign interest rates increase. Preparedness and awareness of these economywide consequences point to the importance of addressing the problems of competitiveness in the state‐owned entities.
Development of a risk prediction nomogram for disposition of acute toxic exposure patients to intensive care unit
Authors: Elgazzar Fatma M. , Afifi Ahmed M. , Shama Mohamed Abd Elhady , Askary Ahmad El , El‐Sarnagawy Ghada N.
Published: June 2021

Early risk stratification of acutely poisoned patients is essential to identify patients at high risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. We aimed to develop a prognostic model and risk‐stratification nomogram based on the readily accessible clinical and laboratory predictors on admission for the probability of ICU admission in acutely poisoned patients. This retrospective cohort study included adult patients with acute toxic exposure to a drug or a chemical substance. Patients' demographic, toxicologic, clinical and laboratory data were collected. Among the 1260 eligible patients, 180 (14.3%) were admitted to the ICU. We developed a generalized prognostic model for predicting ICU admission in patients with acute poisoning. The predictors included the Glasgow coma scale, oxygen saturation, diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate and blood bicarbonate concentration. The model displayed excellent discrimination and calibration (optimistic‐adjusted area under the curve = 0.924 and optimistic‐adjusted Hosmer and Lemeshow test = 0.922, respectively) when internally validated. Additionally, we developed prognostic models that determine ICU admission in patients with specific poisonings. Furthermore, we constructed risk‐stratification nomograms that rank the probability of ICU admission in these patients. The developed risk‐stratification nomograms help decision‐making regarding ICU admission in acute poisonings. Future external validation in independent cohorts is necessary before clinical application.
Organizational perspectives on outdoor talking therapy: Towards a position of ‘environmental safe uncertainty’
Authors: Cooley Sam J. , Jones Ceri R. , Moss Duncan , Robertson Noelle
Published: June 2021

Objectives

There is growing support within the therapy professions for using talking therapy in alternative environments, such as outdoor spaces. The aim of the present study was to further understand how the organizational culture in clinical psychology may prevent or enable practitioners to step outside the conventional indoor consulting room.

Design

Informed grounded theory methodology was used within a pragmatist philosophy.

Methods

Participants (N = 15; nine male, six female) were identified using theoretical sampling. The sample consisted of experts and leaders within the profession of clinical psychology (e.g., heads of services, training programme directors, chairs of professional bodies, and developers of therapy models; M years in the profession = 34.80, SD = 9.77). One‐to‐one interviews and analysis ran concurrently over 9 months (April–December 2020). Mason’s model of safe uncertainty was drawn upon to illuminate and organize themes.

Results

The main themes comprised organizational factors that either support a practitioner in maintaining a position of curiosity and flexibility towards the environment where therapy is located (‘environmental safe uncertainty’), or push them towards adopting a more fixed position (‘environmental certainty’). Themes included influences from therapy traditions, accessibility of alternative environments, internalized risk, workplace subcultures, business models, biomedical approaches, and the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Conclusions

Whether therapy is located in a consulting room, outdoors, clients’ homes, or digitally, practitioners, clients, and services are encouraged to maintain a position of environmental safe uncertainty.

Practitioner Points

The therapy process and outcomes are influenced by the physical environment in which talking therapy is situated.

Practitioners have often remained fixed in their preferred therapy environment, such as the indoor consulting room, without exploring the potential benefits of alternative environments or involving the client in this decision‐making (i.e., ‘environmental certainty’).

Outdoor environments, as well as other alternatives to the consulting room (e.g., digital, home visits, and public places), can support access to therapy, subsequent engagement, and therefore health care equity.

Practitioners and clients are encouraged to adopt a position of ‘environmental safe uncertainty’, which is defined as having openness, critical curiosity, and collaboration regarding the therapy environment and the possibility of other environments being more conducive to therapy.
Advanced theory of mind in children with mild intellectual disability and deaf or hard of hearing children: A two‐year longitudinal study in middle childhood
Authors: Smogorzewska Joanna , Osterhaus Christopher
Published: June 2021

The present study investigates the development of advanced theory of mind (AToM) among typically developing (TD) children, children with mild intellectual disability (MID), and deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) children. The 2‐year longitudinal study comprised three waves and included a large sample of children from Poland in middle childhood aged around 7.5–9.5 years (N = 779; M = 7.7, SD = 0.92 at wave 1). The analysis of children’s understanding of second‐order false belief and the Faux‐Pas Recognition Test showed that TD children outperformed children with MID and DHH children on both measures. At 7.5 years, almost 60% of the TD children correctly solved the second‐order false belief task; correct performance at 7.5 years in children with MID and DHH children was 27 and 38% respectively. Two years later, correct performance rose to 80% (TD children), 45% (children with MID), and 63% (DHH children). Despite these differences, the speed of AToM development did not differ across the groups. The development of faux‐pas recognition followed a non‐linear pattern, with TD children showing no further significant development after mid‐elementary school. Our findings show differences in AToM development between TD children, children with MID, and DHH children, and they suggest that children’s development of AToM may follow different developmental pathways, depending on the aspect of AToM under study.
Nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor suppresses experimental autoimmune neuritis in mice via declining macrophages polarization to M1 type
Authors: Shen Donghui , Chu Fengna , Lang Yue , Zheng Chao , Li Chunrong , Liu Kangding , Zhu Jie
Published: June 2021

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory and immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Macrophages play a central role in its animal model, experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), which has been well accepted. Additionally, nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitors have been used to treat cancers and have shown beneficial effects. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect of M2 macrophage and the NF-κB pathway's correlation with macrophage activation in EAN in C57BL/6 mice. We demonstrate that M2 macrophage transfusion could alleviate the clinical symptoms of EAN by reducing the proportion of M1 macrophage in the peak period, inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. The NF-κB inhibitor (BAY-11-7082) could alleviate the clinical symptoms of EAN and shorten the duration of symptoms by reducing the proportion of M1 macrophages and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Consequently, BAY-11-7082 exhibits strong potential as a therapeutic strategy for ameliorating EAN by influencing the balance of M1/M2 macrophages and inflammatory cytokines.
Bioethics in Africa: A contextually enlightened analysis of three cases
Authors: Jecker Nancy S. , Atuire Caesar
Published: June 2021

Across sub‐Saharan Africa, bioethics is an emerging field of scholarly inquiry, informed by contextual features distinct to the region. A cultural mix comprised of Euro‐American influences, indigenous traditions, Christian faiths and Muslim communities, a bioethics for the sub‐Saharan region must be responsive to this milieu. This paper asks, what values and methods can best promote the practice of bioethics in Africa? We set forth a strategy that leans one way or another in response to contextual features of a particular setting. Since our aim is to be responsive to context, we begin with a series of cases and develop values and methods in response to each case as we work through its ethical analysis. Section I introduces a case involving setting priorities for public funding of services that produce large benefits for a small group of people, using the example of dialysis in Ghana. Section II presents a situation involving determining the permissibility of a double standard of quality for healthcare devices in rich and poor nations, using the example of explanting pacemakers from deceased people in wealthy nations for use by people in low‐ and middle‐income nations. Section III describes a scenario where international groups clash with religious and spiritual healers over the chaining of people with severe mental illness at prayer camps and healing centers in Ghana. Section IV articulates a three‐pronged strategy for engaging in bioethics brought to light by the case analyses and defends it against objections. Throughout the paper, we tag certain views ‘African’ and others ‘Western’ to indicate ethical beliefs commonly found in these regions and less commonly found elsewhere. We do not mean to imply that all Africans hold a certain ethical stance or that all Westerners do; nor do we mean to suggest that people outside these regions do not hold the views in question.
How fast is too fast? Water velocity differentially affects growth of four Gila River, native cyprinids
Authors: Hedden Crosby , Gido Keith B. , Cameron Alexander C.
Published: June 2021

Understanding trade‐offs associated with occupying various aquatic habitats provides a mechanistic understanding of habitat needs that can be used to evaluate the consequences of habitat loss or alteration. We used instream enclosures and field observations to identify how velocity affects the growth rates of four native species in the upper Gila River basin: longfin dace (Agosia chrysogaster) and speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus), two species of no conservation concern, and loach minnow (Tiaroga cobitis) and spikedace (Meda fulgida), two federally endangered species. Elevated velocity was predicted to increase food delivery through drift or stimulation of benthic primary production. Energetic costs of high‐velocity habitat were predicted to vary with morphology and behaviour and be lowest for speckled dace and loach minnow because they are adapted to occupy interstitial spaces of the substrate in riffles. Spikedace and longfin dace should perform best in moderate velocities, where the trade‐off between exposure to drifting macroinvertebrates outweighs the energetic costs of maintaining position in the water column. Growth rates of loach minnow and speckled dace increased in higher velocities, but contrary to our initial predictions, spikedace growth rates also increased in high‐velocity habitats while longfin dace grew fastest in low‐velocity habitats; similar to the locations these species occupied based on field observations. These results indicate that for spikedace, the increased abundance of drifting macroinvetebrates in high‐velocity habitats outweighs the energy expenditure, but for longfin dace the energetic costs of occupying moderate to high‐velocity habitats outweigh the benefit to increased food availability. Our experiment provides a mechanistic understanding of habitat requirements across species and may inform predictions on how modifications or restoration of riverine ecosystems influence native fish diversity.
It’s complicated: Heterogeneous patterns of genetic structure in five fish species from a fragmented river suggest multiple processes can drive differentiation
Authors: Gehri Rebecca R. , Gruenthal Kristen , Larson Wesley A.
Published: June 2021

Fragmentation of river systems by dams can have substantial genetic impacts on fish populations. However, genetic structure can exist naturally at small scales through processes other than isolation by physical barriers. We sampled individuals from five native fish species with varying life histories above and below a dam in the lower Boardman River, Michigan, USA, and used RADseq to investigate processes influencing genetic structure in this system. Species assessed were white sucker Catostomus commersonii, yellow perch Perca flavescens, walleye Sander vitreus, smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, and rock bass Ambloplites rupestris. We detected significant differentiation within each species, but patterns of population structure varied substantially. Interestingly, genetic structure did not appear to be solely the result of fragmentation by the dam. While genetic structure in yellow perch and walleye generally coincided with “above dam” and “below dam” sampling locations, samples from our other three species did not. Specifically, samples from rock bass, smallmouth bass, and, to a much lesser extent, white sucker, aligned with a putative Great Lakes (GL) group that contained mostly individuals sampled below the dam and a putative Boardman River (BR) group that contained individuals sampled both above and below the dam, with some evidence of admixture among groups. We hypothesize that the GL and BR groups formed prior to dam construction and our samples largely represent a mixed stock that was sampled sympatrically outside of the spawning season. Support for this hypothesis is especially strong in smallmouth bass, where GL fish were 151 mm smaller than BR fish on average, suggesting a potential ontogenetic habitat shift of young GL fish into the lower river for feeding and/or refuge. Our study illuminates the complex dynamics shaping genetic structure in fragmented river systems and indicates that conclusions drawn for a single species cannot be generalized.
Microstructural features of subchondral radiolucent lesions in the medial femoral condyle of juvenile Thoroughbreds: A microcomputed tomography and histological analysis
Authors: Lemirre Thibeaut , Santschi Elizabeth M. , Girard Christiane A. , Fogarty Ursula , Janes Jennifer G. , Richard Helene , Laverty Sheila
Published: June 2021

Background

The aetiology of equine medial femoral condyle (MFC) subchondral bone radiolucencies (SR) is unknown.

Objectives

Characterise the microstructural structural features of MFC SR in juvenile Thoroughbreds with microcomputed tomography (μCT) and histology.

Study design

Cross‐sectional post‐mortem study.

Methods

Distal femurs were collected at post‐mortem. Conventional tomodensitometry was employed to scout for MFCs with and without SR lesions (SR+ and SR−, respectively). Group 1 were CT MFC SR+ and Group 2 age‐matched SR− controls. Both underwent μCT and histological analysis. Group 3 CT MFC SR− foals, <6 months, were selected to search for chondronecrosis. Histological sections, processed from the lesion (Group 1) and a corresponding site in Groups 2 and 3, were assessed for chondronecrosis, fibrin, fibroplasia and osteochondral separation. Group 3 sections were surveyed for chondronecrosis alone.

Results

A total of 178 femurs from 89 Thoroughbreds were harvested. Of these horses 19.1% (95% CI: 10.9%‐27.3%) were CT MFC SR+ (17/23; 7.46 ± 4.36 months) and met the inclusion criteria for Group 1. Group 2 included 30 CT MFC SR− specimens (5.00 ± 2.73 months) and Group 3 had 44 CT MFC SR− s (2.68 ± 1.74 months). SR were located axially in foals <7 months of age, and centrally thereafter. All SRs had areas of thickened cartilage on histology and separation at the osteochondral junction containing fibrin (acute event) and fibroplasia (chronicity) in 73.9% (17/23; 95% CI: 56%‐91.9%). In Group 1 specimens, chondronecrosis was present in 82.6% (19/23; 95% CI: 67.1%‐98.1%) but four MFC SR+ had no evidence of chondronecrosis. Chondronecrosis was not detected in the Group 3 foal MFCs.

Main limitations

No longitudinal follow‐up.

Conclusions

The absence of chondronecrosis, pathognomic of osteochondrosis, in four MFC SR+s and in all of the CT MFC SR− foals suggests that osteochondrosis is not the cause, or the only cause, of these lesions and favours trauma as an alternate aetiological hypothesis.
The Immunity‐malignancy equilibrium in multiple myeloma: lessons from oncogenic events in plasma cells
Authors: Perini Tommaso , Materozzi Maria , Milan Enrico
Published: June 2021

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells (PC) that grow within the bone marrow and maintain massive immunoglobulin (Ig) production. Disease evolution is driven by genetic lesions, whose effects on cell biology and fitness underlie addictions and vulnerabilities of myeloma cells. Several genes mutated in myeloma are strictly involved in dictating PC identity and antibody factory function. Here, we evaluate the impact of mutations in IRF4, PRDM1, and XBP1, essential transcription factors driving the B to PC differentiation, on MM cell biology and homeostasis. These factors are highly specialized, with limited overlap in their downstream transcriptional programs. Indeed, IRF4 sustains metabolism, survival, and proliferation, while PRDM1 and XBP1 are mainly responsible for endoplasmic reticulum expansion and sustained Ig secretion. Interestingly, IRF4 undergoes activating mutations and translocations, while PRDM1 and XBP1 are hit by loss‐of‐function events, raising the hypothesis that containment of the secretory program, but not its complete extinction, may be beneficial to malignant PCs. Finally, recent studies unveiled that also the PRDM1 target, FAM46C/TENT5C, an onco‐suppressor uniquely and frequently mutated or deleted in myeloma, is directly and potently involved in orchestrating ER homeostasis and secretory activity. Inactivating mutations found in this gene and its interactors strengthen the notion that reduced secretory capacity confers advantage to myeloma cells. We believe that dissection of the evolutionary pressure on genes driving PC‐specific functions in myeloma will disclose the cellular strategies by which myeloma cells maintain an equilibrium between antibody production and survival, thus unveiling novel therapeutic targets.
Identification and analysis of stem‐specific promoters from sugarcane and energy cane for oil accumulation in their stems
Authors: Wang Jiang , Li Yaxin , Wai Ching Man , Beuchat Gabriel , Chen Li‐Qing
Published: June 2021

Considerable recent progress has been achieved in bioengineering oil accumulation in the vegetative tissues of plants, opening an opportunity for large scale production of biodiesel, jet fuel, lubricants, and high‐value lipid bioproducts. For the highly productive C4 crops, such as sugarcane, energy cane, Miscanthus, and fiber sorghums, the bulk of the biomass is the stem. However, little success has been made in accumulating oil in the stem. Since engineering a trait with a constitutive promoter often results in pleiotropic effects that counter trait improvement, identification of stem parenchyma‐specific promoters is a prerequisite for efficient use of the ample photoassimilates stored in mature stem parenchyma cells. In this study, we first identified two TST genes encoding homologues of tonoplast sugar transporters that were strongly and almost exclusively expressed in the stems of canes via a combination of RNA‐seq atlas analysis, in silico analysis of a sugarcane genome, phylogenetic analysis, and quantitative PCR analysis. They were further confirmed in the pith parenchyma cells of the mature stem by RNA in situ hybridization. When fused with the β‐Glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, the promoters of two alleles, TST2b‐1A and TST2b‐1C, from one TST gene demonstrated that they could drive the GUS expression exclusively in the stem in Arabidopsis.
The B‐Natural study—The outcome of immune tolerance induction therapy in patients with severe haemophilia B
Authors: Astermark Jan , Holstein Katharina , Abajas Yasmina L. , Kearney Susan , Croteau Stacy E. , Liesner Riana , Funding Eva , Kempton Christine L. , Acharya Suchitra , Lethagen Stefan , LeBeau Petra , Bowen Joel , Berntorp Erik , Shapiro Amy D.
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Inhibitors develop less frequently in haemophilia B (HB) than haemophilia A (HA). However, when present, the success of tolerization by immune tolerance induction (ITI) therapy is lower and the risk of complications higher.

Aim

To evaluate the use and outcome of ITI in patients with HB and inhibitors.

Methods

Subjects include singletons or siblings with a current/history of inhibitors enrolled in B‐Natural—an observational study designed to increase understanding of clinical management of patients with HB. Patients were followed for 6 months and information on demographics, medical and social history, and treatment were recorded.

Results

Twenty‐nine patients with severe HB and inhibitors were enrolled in 24 centres. Twenty‐two underwent one or more courses of ITI with or without immune suppression. Eight patients (36.4%) were successfully tolerized after the first course of ITI. One of these successes (12.5%) experienced allergic manifestations, whereas the corresponding number for the 10 treatment failures was five (50%). One of seven (14.2%) patients with large deletions and three of eight (37.5%) with nonsense mutations were tolerized at the first attempt, and all patients experiencing nephrosis either failed or were on‐going. At study end, 11 (50%) were considered successfully tolerized after one or more ITI courses, three were unsuccessful, and eight were still undergoing treatment.

Conclusion

Our data underscore the possibilities and difficulties of achieving tolerization in patients with HB with inhibitors. The type of mutation and complications appear to correlate with ITI outcome, but more accurate definitions of successful ITI are warranted.
Understanding young adults’ reasons for seeking ‘clinically unnecessary’ urgent and emergency care: A qualitative interview study
Authors: Long Jaqui , Knowles Emma , Bishop‐Edwards Lindsey , O’Cathain Alicia
Published: June 2021

Background

Studies have identified young adults as more likely to use emergency departments for ‘clinically unnecessary’ problems, with limited similar evidence for emergency ambulance use. Media portrayals depict young adults as motivated by ‘convenience’, but little research has explored the reasons for their help‐seeking behaviour.

Methods

Qualitative interviews with 16 young adults (18‐30) considered by clinicians to have made unnecessary use of emergency ambulance, emergency department or an urgent GP appointment. Data analysis was informed by interpretive phenomenological analysis.

Findings

A number of interrelated factors contributed to participants’ decisions. They were anxious about the seriousness of their symptoms, sometimes exacerbated by reduced coping capacity due to poor mental health or life stresses. They looked to others to facilitate their decision making, who sometimes encouraged urgent contact. They wanted to avoid impact on existing day‐to‐day commitments including work or study. They had strong views about different health services, sometimes based on frustration with lack of resolution of on‐going health problems. Convenience was not identified as a significant factor, although some actions could be interpreted in this light if the context was not considered.

Conclusions

Young adults make ‘clinically unnecessary’ use of urgent and emergency care for more than convenience. Their decisions need to be understood in relation to the complexity of their experience, including lack of confidence in making health‐related decisions, lowered coping capacity and concern to maintain normal daily life.
Prognostic impacts of peripheral blood erythroblasts after single‐unit cord blood transplantation
Authors: Kaito Yuta , Konuma Takaaki , Monna‐Oiwa Maki , Kato Seiko , Isobe Masamichi , Okabe Motohito , Imai Yoichi , Takahashi Satoshi , Tojo Arinobu
Published: June 2021

Introduction

The appearance of erythroblasts (EBLs) in peripheral blood occurs in a variety of serious conditions and has been associated with mortality in critically ill patients. However, the incidence, risk factor, and outcomes of EBLs after cord blood transplantation (CBT) remain unclear.

Methods

We have investigated the impact of EBLs on transplant outcomes on 225 adult patients who underwent single‐unit CBT at our single institute.

Results

The cumulative incidences of EBL ≥200 × 106/L and EBL ≥1000 × 106/L at 60 days after CBT were 17% and 4%, respectively, detected after a median of 35 days and 36.5 days. Multivariate analysis using erythroblastosis as time‐dependent covariates demonstrated the significant association of EBL ≥1000 × 106/L, but not EBL ≥200 × 106/L, with the development of grade III‐IV acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD, hazard ratio [HR]: 18.56; P < .001), higher nonrelapse mortality (HR: 13.38; P < .001), and overall mortality (HR: 4.97; P = .001).

Conclusion

These data suggested that higher levels of EBLs were recognized as a significant risk factor for severe acute GVHD and mortality after single‐unit CBT. Higher levels of EBLs may serve as a surrogate marker for poor single CBT outcomes.
A practical toolkit to support Australian mental health clinicians to manage Metabolic Syndrome: A pilot study
Authors: Porter Cassandra , Aggar Christina
Published: June 2021

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) results in poor physical health outcomes and reduced life expectancy of up to 20 years less for people living with severe mental illness. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate a locally developed practical toolkit (Let’s Get Physical‐Improved Physical Health in Mental Health Services‐A Practical Toolkit) to support mental health clinicians to manage MetS. The study explored clinician’s knowledge and attitudes towards managing MetS, confidence to screen for and intervene in MetS, and improvement in documentation. A longitudinal prospective study, utilizing audit and pre–post‐questionnaire design, was conducted. Of the 60 clinicians who were employed in the regional inpatient unit, 65% (n = 39) participated in at least one of the intervention education sessions. The final sample comprised 17 clinicians with matched pre‐ and post‐intervention data (28% of eligible participants). A total of 80 (20 per month) eMR metabolic monitoring form and patient file audits were conducted. Whilst the results were not statistically significant, this study found an overall improvement in clinicians’ knowledge of, and confidence to screen for and intervene in, MetS. Attitude scores were overall positive. There was also overall improvement in MetS documentation. The implementation of the practical evidence‐informed physical health in mental health services toolkit may have a positive impact on clinician knowledge, attitudes, and confidence in screening and intervening in MetS. Replicating this study with a larger sample is recommended.
Coping strategies in health care providers as second victims: A systematic review
Authors: Kappes Maria , Romero‐García Marta , Delgado‐Hito Pilar
Published: June 2021

Aim

To analyze personal and organizational strategies described in the literature for dealing with the second victim phenomenon among healthcare providers.

Background

The second victim phenomenon involves many associated signs and symptoms, which can be physical, psychological, emotional, or behavioral. Personal and organizational strategies have been developed to deal with this phenomenon.

Materials and methods

A systematic review was carried out in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, Science Direct, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases, searching for evidence published between 2010 and 2019 in Spanish, English, German, and Portuguese.

Results

Seven hundred and eighty‐three articles were identified. After eliminating duplicates, applying inclusion and exclusion criteria and critical analysis tools of the Joanna Briggs Institute, 16 research articles were included: 10 quantitative studies (design: descriptive, correlational, systematic, or integrative review) and six qualitative studies (descriptive, systematic review). There are several different personal and organizational strategies for dealing with the second victim phenomenon. Among these, peer support and learning from adverse events are highly valued. In personal strategies stands out the internal analysis of the adverse event that the professional performs to deal with the generated negative feelings. In organizational strategies, the most valued are second victim support programs with rapid response teams and made up of peers.

Conclusions

The main organizational coping strategies for tackling this phenomenon are online programs in countries such as the United States, Spain, and other European countries. Formal evaluation of these programs and research is required in Latin America.

Implications for nursing and health policies

Adequately coping with the second victim phenomenon allows health professionals and organizations to learn from adverse events. Furthermore, by supporting health professionals who suffer from the second victim phenomenon, the organization takes care of its most valuable resource, its human capital. This contributes toward building a culture of healthcare quality in organizations, which will reduce adverse events in the future.
The effectiveness of preoperative stoma site marking on patient outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kim Young Man , Jang Hyun Jin , Lee Yun Jin
Published: June 2021

Aims

This study systematically reviews the literature regarding preoperative stoma site marking and discusses the effectiveness of the procedure on complication rates, self‐care deficits and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL).

Design

Systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Data source

Our review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane and CINAHL databases were searched to obtain articles published in English. Articles were also retrieved from Korean databases as well. Our last search was conducted on 2 June 2019.

Review methods

Two reviewers independently selected relevant studies, evaluated their methodological quality and extracted data. Experimental and observational studies were included. Our main focus was on complication rates, self‐care deficits and HRQOL. We conducted meta‐analysis using the statistical software spss 25.0 and Stata 13.0.

Results

Of the 1,039 articles reviewed, 20 were included for review, and 19 were used for quantitative synthesis. Preoperative stoma site marking reduced complication rates (odds ratio [OR]: 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.36–0.62; I2: 70.6%), lowered self‐care deficits (OR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.18–0.64; I2: 0%), and increased HRQOL (standardized mean difference, 1.05; 95% CI: 0.70–1.40; I2: 0%). Quality appraisal results for both the individual studies and the studies overall were excellent. The possibility of publication bias was low.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that preoperative stoma site marking improves patient outcomes: stoma‐related complication rates and self‐care deficits decrease and HRQOL rises. For this reason, preoperative stoma site marking should be a mandatory procedure in clinical settings. The practice should also be supported by policymakers and healthcare expert associations.

Impact

Preoperative stoma site marking reduces overall complication rates by 53% and skin problems by 59%. Preoperative stoma site marking also improves self‐care and health‐related quality of life. We recommend that preoperative stoma site marking should be a mandatory procedure in clinical settings.
Nurse turnover: A longitudinal survival analysis of the Korea Nurses' Health Study
Authors: Kim Young Taek , Kim Oksoo , Cha Chiyoung , Pang Yanghee , Sung Choa
Published: June 2021

Aims

To identify factors influencing turnover among Korean female nurses from a longitudinal perspective.

Design

A national cohort study called the Korea Nurses’ Health Study (2013–2020) was used.

Methods

A national sample of female nurses from module 1 (N = 20,613, 2013–2014), module 5 (N = 11,527, 2016–2017), module 7 (N = 8,658, 2018–2019) and module 8 (N = 10,253, 2019–2020) was used. Based on a nurse turnover model, individual, health‐related, social work environment and work organizational factors were considered explainable variables for nurse turnover. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used to identify the factors influencing female nurse turnover in South Korea.

Results

Female nurses who had less education, were unmarried, were pregnant, and had higher stress levels and an increased probability of experiencing turnover as they aged. Those who perceived moderate health rather than good/very good health, had depressive symptoms, had a higher salary, were charge nurses/unit managers/supervisors or advanced practice nurses, were advanced practice nurses rather than registered nurses, worked shifts, worked in special care units or outpatient wards/administration as opposed to general wards, and worked in larger hospitals had a decreased probability of experiencing turnover as they aged. A two‐way interaction analysis revealed that those who had depressive symptoms and increased perceived stress were more likely to experience turnover as they aged.

Conclusion

Multiple factors influenced female nurse turnover, including individual, health‐related, social work environment and work organizational factors. A multidimensional approach is needed to reduce nurse turnover.

Impact

Various factors predict nurse turnover as nurses age, implying that a multifaceted approach is needed to manage nurse turnover. The influence of depressive symptoms on turnover should be evaluated by considering the perceived stress level. Nursing managers and policy makers could use our results to develop programs/policies to reduce nurse turnover.
They’re (not) playing our song: (Ir)religious identity moderates the effects of listening to religious music on memory, self‐esteem, and mood
Authors: Ysseldyk Renate , Karamally Talib , Kelly Ashleigh , Morton Thomas A. , Haslam S. Alexander
Published: June 2021

Previous research suggests that listening to music can enhance memory and well‐being. However, what is often missing from this analysis is consideration of the social dimensions of music—for example, its capacity to affirm or threaten listeners’ social identities. This study examined whether (ir)religious music that was potentially identity‐affirming or identity‐threatening (Christian hymns, Buddhist chants, classical, or no music) would affect Christians’ and Atheists’ (N = 267) well‐being and memory performance while listening. Analyses revealed significant interactions between (ir)religious group and music type on memory, self‐esteem, and mood. Listening to music that potentially threatened one's religious identity appeared to undermine both performance self‐esteem and actual memory performance, while increasing feelings of hostility. This pattern was found for Christians (vs. Atheists) who listened to Buddhist chants. Conversely, Atheists’ performance self‐esteem (and to some degree their memory performance) was lowest, and their hostility highest, when they listened to Christian hymns. In this way, listening to music that potentially threatened one's religious group identity (or lack thereof) appeared to be detrimental for memory, self‐esteem, and mood. These results bridge research on the psychology of religion, music psychology, and social identity theorizing by demonstrating that the effects of music on memory and well‐being may reflect important (even sacred) social identities, with potential implications for individual well‐being and intergroup relations.
Evaluation of peer bullying, internet addiction, and psychological adaptation level of students aged 9–15
Authors: Kelleci Meral , Tel Havva , Akgül Gündoğdu Nurcan , Temel Mert Zeynep
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This study was conducted to evaluate peer bullying, internet addiction, and psychological adaptation capabilities of students in the 9–15 age group.

Design and Methods

The study was performed as cross‐sectional‐descriptive research with 880 students included in the research sample.

Findings

One‐fourth of the students in the 9–15 age group suffered from psychological adaptation issues, one‐fifth suffered from bullying issues, and 16.5% suffered from internet addiction.

Conclusion

There is a need for early determination in risky age groups, a collaboration between parents and teachers in schools, and extended social studies on the prevention of peer bullying and internet addiction.
miR‐126‐3p is essential for CXCL12‐induced angiogenesis
Authors: Bassand Kévin , Metzinger Laurent , Naïm Meriem , Mouhoubi Nesrine , Haddad Oualid , Assoun Vincent , Zaïdi Naïma , Sainte‐Catherine Odile , Butt Amena , Guyot Erwan , Oudar Olivier , Laguillier‐Morizot Christelle , Sutton Angela , Charnaux Nathalie , Metzinger‐Le Meuth Valérie , Hlawaty Hanna
Published: June 2021

Atherosclerosis, in the ultimate stage of cardiovascular diseases, causes an obstruction of vessels leading to ischemia and finally to necrosis. To restore vascularization and tissue regeneration, stimulation of angiogenesis is necessary. Chemokines and microRNAs (miR) were studied as pro‐angiogenic agents. We analysed the miR‐126/CXCL12 axis and compared impacts of both miR‐126‐3p and miR‐126‐5p strands effects in CXCL12‐induced angiogenesis. Indeed, the two strands of miR‐126 were previously shown to be active but were never compared together in the same experimental conditions regarding their differential functions in angiogenesis. In this study, we analysed the 2D‐angiogenesis and the migration assays in HUVEC in vitro and in rat's aortic rings ex vivo, both transfected with premiR‐126‐3p/‐5p or antimiR‐126‐3p/‐5p strands and stimulated with CXCL12. First, we showed that CXCL12 had pro‐angiogenic effects in vitro and ex vivo associated with overexpression of miR‐126‐3p in HUVEC and rat's aortas. Second, we showed that 2D‐angiogenesis and migration induced by CXCL12 was abolished in vitro and ex vivo after miR‐126‐3p inhibition. Finally, we observed that SPRED‐1 (one of miR‐126‐3p targets) was inhibited after CXCL12 treatment in HUVEC leading to improvement of CXCL12 pro‐angiogenic potential in vitro. Our results proved for the first time: 1‐the role of CXCL12 in modulation of miR‐126 expression; 2‐the involvement of miR‐126 in CXCL12 pro‐angiogenic effects; 3‐the involvement of SPRED‐1 in angiogenesis induced by miR‐126/CXCL12 axis.