bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A cross‐sectional study on the ability of physicians to hypertension management in China's Sichuan Tibetan rural area
Authors: Ye Runyu , Zhang Xin , Zhang Zhipeng , Yang Xiangyu , Chen Xiaoping
Published: August 2021

This study aimed to investigate the hypertension management abilities of rural physicians in a high‐altitude Tibetan area. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted in the Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China, in October 2020. Information about healthcare resources in local medical institutions, along with the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and training status of primary care physicians, was collected. Limited resources were observed in terms of equipment, drugs, and personnel in the 18 township hospitals included. A total of 132 physicians participated in this survey. The scores for hypertension‐related knowledge, attitudes toward hypertension management, routine practice ability, priority given to hypertension, and confidence in performing certain tasks were 32.60%, 67.40%, 18.90%, 65.15%, and 35.60%, respectively. The most concerning issues lay in the ignorance of the healthy lifestyle, undervaluation of cardiovascular risks, and lack of confidence in optimally performing management activities. Only 9.85% of the physicians received more than 24 days of training per year; 28.79% preferred a longer training time. While training was generally provided in conference sessions (63.64% of current training programs), physicians preferred remote education (55.30%), and on‐site guidance (46.21%) from professionals. The current training was centered around clinical skills (61.36%) and was identified as a major training requirement by the physicians surveyed (80.30%). This survey suggests that the medical resources may not be effective, with deficiencies present in the knowledge and practices of primary care physicians in the Sichuan Tibetan area. Hypertension education and skill‐development courses based on the specific issues identified should be provided to these physicians in the future.
Biodistribution of adeno‐associated virus type 2 carrying multi‐characteristic opsin in dogs following intravitreal injection
Authors: Tchedre Kissaou T. , Batabyal Subrata , Galicia Melissa , Narcisse Darryl , Mustafi Sourajit Mitra , Ayyagari Ananta , Chavala Sai , Mohanty Samarendra K.
Published: August 2021

Gene therapy of retinal diseases using recombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV) vector‐based delivery has shown clinical success, and clinical trials based on rAAV‐based optogenetic therapies are currently in progress. Recently, we have developed multi‐characteristic opsin (MCO), which has been shown to effectively re‐photosensitize photoreceptor‐degenerated retina in mice leading to vision restoration at ambient light environment. Here, we report the biodistribution of the rAAV2 carried MCO (vMCO‐I) in live samples and post‐mortem organs following intraocular delivery in wild‐type dogs. Immunohistochemistry showed that the intravitreal injection of vMCO‐I resulted in gene transduction in the inner nuclear layer (INL) but did not induce detectable inflammatory or immune reaction in the dog retina. Vector DNA analysis of live body wastes and body fluids such as saliva and nasal secretions using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed no correlative increase of vector copy in nasal secretions or saliva, minimal increase of vector copy in urine in the low‐dose group 13 weeks after injection and in the faeces of the high‐dose group at 3–13 weeks after injection suggesting clearance of the virus vector via urine and faeces. Further analysis of vector DNA extracted from faeces using PCR showed no transgene after 3 weeks post‐injection. Intravitreal injection of vMCO‐I resulted in few sporadic off‐target presences of the vector in the mesenteric lymph node, liver, spleen and testis. This study showed that intravitreal rAAV2‐based delivery of MCO‐I for retinal gene therapy is safe.
The crucial role of clinicopathological correlation in COVID‐19‐related cutaneous manifestations
Authors: Rongioletti F.
Published: August 2021

Linked article: Barrera‐Godínez A et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35: 1865–1873. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17381
How does atopic dermatitis in childhood and adolescence affect educational success?
Authors: Möhrenschlager M. , Demolli P. , Schmidt V.
Published: August 2021

Linked article: K. Pálsson et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35: 1849–1858. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17346
Quality of clinical practice guidelines for gestational and congenital toxoplasmosis: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Cabra‐Bautista Ginna , Paz‐Córdoba Beatriz E. , Henao‐Pabón Tatiana , Bravo Ana Milena , Florez Ivan D. , Delgado‐Noguera Mario , Calvache Jose Andrés
Published: August 2021

Objective

To evaluate the methodological quality and transparency of the clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of gestational and congenital toxoplasmosis (CT).

Methods

Systematic review of the literature on gestational and CT CPGs conducted in the MEDLINE, Embase, TripDatabase, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud databases and extensive manual searches in 19 CPG repositories. The characteristics of each of the guidelines were extracted using My AGREE PLUS on‐line. Three reviewers assessed overall quality using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) tool.

Results

The combined systematic review found 8651 citations. Of them 46 full texts were reviewed, and eight documents were finally included: four toxoplasmosis CPGs, three prenatal care CPGs that included recommendations on toxoplasmosis, and one pregnancy infection guideline that also included recommendations on toxoplasmosis. The AGREE II domains found to have the highest scores were ‘clarity of presentation’ (85%; [37%‐100%]), followed by ‘scope and purpose’ (73%; [33%‐98%]), and ‘editorial independence’ (51%; [3%‐94%]); the domains with the lowest scores were ‘rigour of development’ (36%; [11%‐79%]), ‘stakeholder involvement’ (34%; [24%‐85%]), and ‘applicability’ (17%; [6%‐83%]). The Colombian and Spanish‐Agencia de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias de Andalucía (AETSA) CPGs had the highest global AGREE II scores. Absolute interrater agreement was good to excellent.

Conclusion

Substantial quality variation was found among CPGs, which provided recommendations in accordance with the context of the disease in the corresponding country or region. Only two of the CPGs appraised obtained a good score and are classified as ‘recommended’.
Ontogenetic diet shifts of rough scadTrachurus lathamiin the North Patagonian shelf (south‐west Atlantic Ocean)
Authors: Temperoni Brenda , Barbini Santiago Aldo , Orlando Paula , Buratti Claudio César
Published: August 2021

Rough scadTrachurus lathamiis a key pelagic fish in the Argentinean continental shelf (ACS, south‐west Atlantic Ocean), with recent increases in abundance. It is a main prey of fishes and marine mammals, and shares the environment with commercially relevant pelagic species (Engraulis anchoitaandScomber colias), playing an important role linking lower and upper trophic levels in the ecosystem. This study aims to determine the ontogenetic changes in the diet composition, feeding strategy, trophic niche breadth and trophic level ofT. lathamiin the North Patagonian Shelf (43°–45°30′S). The stomach contents of adult fish (n = 238) were analysed. The results suggest a clear ontogenetic shift in the diet at a size of ~190 mm. Smaller individuals (160–190 mm) were specialized on misidaceans, and showed the highest trophic level, while largerT. lathami(221–230 mm) consumed decapods (Peisos petrunkevitchi) and teleosts (eggs and larvae). Trophic niche breadth was higher at the medium‐sized class (191–220 mm), which mainly preyed on copepods (Calanoides carinatus) and chaetognaths (Sagittaspp.), evidencing a more diverse diet and a rather generalist strategy. Updated information on the trophic ecology ofT. lathamievidences its extremely plastic feeding behaviour, being able to adapt its trophic niche to the most readily available food items from the mesopelagic community.
Molecular identification of glucose transporter 4: The responsiveness to starvation, glucose, insulin and glucagon on glucose transporter 4 in common carp (Cyprinus carpioL.)
Authors: Yang Liping , Zhi Shaoyang , Yang Guokun , Qin Chaobin , Yan Xiao , Niu Mingming , Zhang Wenlei , Liu Mingyu , Zhao Mengjuan , Nie Guoxing
Published: August 2021

Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is comprehensively investigated in mammals, while the comparative research of GLUT4 in common carp is deficient. To investigate the function of GLUT4, carp glut4 was first isolated. The open reading frame of carp glut4 was 1518 bp in length, encoding 505 amino acids. A high‐sequence homology was identified in carp and teleost, and the phylogenetic tree displayed that the carp GLUT4 was clustered with the teleost. A high level of glut4 mRNA was analysed in fat, red muscle and white muscle. After fasting treatment, glut4 mRNA expression was increased significantly in muscle. In the oral glucose tolerance test experiment, glut4 mRNA was also significantly elevated in muscle, gut and fat. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of insulin resulted in the upregulation of glut4 gene expression significantly in white muscle, gut and fat. On the contrary, the glut4 mRNA level in the white muscle, gut and fat was markedly downregulated after glucagon injection. These results suggest that GLUT4 might play important roles in food intake and could be regulated by nutrient condition, insulin and glucagon in common carp. Our study is the first to report on GLUT4 in common carp. These data provide a basis for further study on fish GLUT4.
Effect of pulsed electric field‐assisted extraction on recovery of sulforaphane from broccoli florets
Authors: Mahn Andrea , Comett Raidel , Segura‐Ponce Luis A. , Díaz‐Álvarez Rodrigo E.
Published: August 2021

Sulforaphane (SFN) is an isothiocyanate occurring in broccoli, with exceptional health‐beneficial properties, such as anticancer, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐hypertensive effects. Processes to maximize SFN content in broccoli developed until now are expensive and SFN bioavailability in the vegetable is not optimal. To increase SFN extraction yield from broccoli florets, it was proposed to complement traditional solvent extraction with pulsed electric field (PEF) as tissue disruption method enabling the reduction of mass transfer resistance in vegetable matrices. Tissue disruption methods enhance the performance of this process because it reduces mass transfer resistance. PEF is an innovative technology recently introduced in the food industry. We studied the effect of electric field strength (10 and 15 kV/cm) and time of exposure to the PEF treatment (30, 90, and 150 s) on the recovery of SFN from broccoli florets, using a statistical factorial design. Electric field strength and exposure time significantly affected SFN recovery in a positive way. PEFs increase SFN recovery by more than 50% compared to traditional extraction. This result was achieved at 150 s exposure to PEF and 10 kV/cm.

Practical Applications

The use of pulsed electric fields significantly improved sulforaphane recovery from broccoli in comparison with traditional extraction methods. Even though in this work the raw material was commercial broccoli heads, it is most likely that the results obtained here can be replicated using low‐value raw material, such as broccoli heads that do not meet commercial standards or crop discards. Accordingly, PEF technology constitutes an option for valorization of Brassicaceae agroindustry discards.
Self‐efficacy proxy predicts frailty incidence over time in non‐institutionalized older adults
Authors: Hladek Melissa D. , Zhu Jiafeng , Buta Brian J. , Szanton Sarah L. , Bandeen‐Roche Karen , Walston Jeremy D. , Xue Qian‐Li
Published: August 2021

Background

Physical frailty is defined as a syndrome of decreased physiologic reserve conferring vulnerability to functional decline, mortality, and other adverse outcomes upon experiencing stressors. Self‐efficacy, which is confidence in one's ability to perform well in a domain of life, is modifiable. Self‐efficacy is associated with improved health behavior and decreased chronic disease burden. Its relationship to frailty is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a general self‐efficacy proxy predicts incident frailty.

Methods

A nationally representative sample of 4825 U.S. older adults aged 65 and older living in the community or non‐nursing home care setting enrolled in the National Health and Aging Trends Study from 2011 to 2018 was used. Self‐efficacy was dichotomized into low and high groups using the one‐item self‐efficacy proxy measure. The Physical Frailty Phenotype was used to categorize participants as frail and non‐frail. A discrete time hazard model using data from eight rounds was used to obtain incident hazard ratios of frailty in two models. Model 1 was adjusted for age, race, sex, education, and income. Model 2 contained Model 1 covariates and added disability and comorbidities.

Results

Among people without frailty at baseline, risk of developing frailty over 7 years was increased by 41% among those with low versus high self‐efficacy after adjustment for sociodemographics (P = 0.002), and by 27% after further adjustment for disability and comorbidities (P = 0.032).

Conclusion

This study generates a rationale to further explore self‐efficacy in frailty research. Self‐efficacy may be a key modifiable element to incorporate into multimodal physical frailty interventions.
Systemic interventions for traumatic event exposure: A 2010–2019 decade review
Authors: McWey Lenore M.
Published: August 2021

Trauma exposure is a pervasive issue worldwide. People exposed to traumatic events may develop PTSD, depression, anxiety, and other mental health symptoms. Family and intimate partner relationship problems also are frequently associated with trauma exposure. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic research synthesis of the empirical evidence on systemic interventions for traumatic event exposure from 2010 to 2019. A search of peer‐reviewed research resulted in 31 articles that met inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Systemic interventions were grouped by modality (e.g., parent‐child, couple, group). The collective evidence was strongest for systemic youth‐caregiver interventions, group, and couple treatment categories for traumatic event exposure. Youth‐centered interventions that included various combinations of family member participation can be considered probably efficacious. Overall, results indicated that systemic interventions for traumatic event exposure were successful in reducing posttraumatic stress symptoms including PTSD, depression, and anxiety, and improving relational outcomes.
Association of serum Gasdermin D with anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor encephalitis
Authors: Ma Xiaoyu , Chen Chen , Lu Yaxin , Fang Ling , Cao Baohua , Hu Xueqiang , Qiu Wei , Shu Yaqing
Published: August 2021

Anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is associated with autoimmune disorders and neuroinflammatory disorders, but its role in anti‐NMDAR encephalitis is unclear. In this study, we measured serum levels of GSDMD in 42 patients with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis and 25 healthy controls. Of the 42 patients, 17 had follow‐up evaluation of GSDMD levels and modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores at 3 months. Association of GSDMD with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis and its clinical parameters were evaluated. Serum GSDMD levels were significantly higher in patients with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis than in healthy controls (p = 0.002, padjusted = 0.009), especially in males (p = 0.001, padjusted = 0.022). This was also evident in patients with severe impairment (mRS >3 vs mRS ≤3; p < 0.001). Serum GSDMD was associated with mRS before and after adjustment for age and gender (r = 0.440 and 0.430, p = 0.004 and 0.006, respectively) as well as serum CH50 (r = −0.419 and −0.426, p = 0.011 and 0.012, respectively). Furthermore, 3‐month follow‐up evaluation revealed that after treatment, anti‐NMDAR encephalitis patients had significantly decreased serum GSDMD levels (p = 0.007) and significantly decreased mRS scores (p = 0.002) compared with before treatment. Furthermore, the changes in mRS scores were negatively associated with changes in GSDMD levels, although the associations were not significant (r = −0.222, p = 0.393). Our findings show that serum GSDMD levels are elevated in anti‐NMDAR encephalitis and are associated with disease prognosis.

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What do young women below national screening age in England think about cervical cancer and cervical screening? A qualitative study
Authors: Groves Samantha , Brooks Joanna
Published: August 2021

Aims and objectives

To explore what women aged below the national screening age in the UK know and think about cervical cancer and cervical screening.

Background

The efficacy of cervical cancer screening is well established. However, cervical screening attendance in the United Kingdom has decreased, with especially low rates at the first screening opportunity at age 25. Research has not yet explored knowledge and beliefs underpinning young women's intention to screen before first screening invitation.

Design

Qualitative exploratory study.

Methods

Qualitative email interviews were undertaken with 16 participants, using questions derived from the Health Belief Model. Data were analysed using template analysis. The COREQ were followed.

Results

Analysis generated three themes; (1) Learning about cervical cancer and cervical screening: sources of information and (missed) opportunities; (2) Young women know screening is important – but they don't always know why; (3) Screening intentions: a cost/benefit analysis of the available information.

Conclusions

Young women had varied knowledge and beliefs about cervical cancer and screening which were underpinned by several sources of information available to them. Most women expressed an intention to attend screening when invited; however, some participants were unsure, with low screening‐based knowledge and low perceived susceptibility of cervical cancer identified as key barriers. Social media, familial interactions and interventions within education were highlighted as being suited to interventions aimed at increasing cervical cancer‐ and screening‐based knowledge in young women.

Relevance to clinical practice

Findings suggest that women below screening age could be better informed about cervical cancer and screening. Tailored interventions addressing common concerns and misconceptions around screening may be acceptable to young women and could help to promote screening attendance at first invitation.
Consumer‐led approach to adapt a food‐odors emotional lexicon for the Spanish population: A tool for designing the scent of food spaces
Authors: Romeo‐Arroyo Elena , Mora María , Vázquez‐Araújo Laura
Published: August 2021

Aromas are powerful stimuli capable of triggering emotions. The Geneva Emotion and Odor Scale (GEOS) was developed to measure the affective response to odors, and was later adapted to other countries and cultures (EOSs). Also, an universal scale was proposed (UniGEOS) to be used regardless of the culture, but without considering Spanish‐speaking cultures. During the present research, a lexicon for measuring the emotions evoked by food‐related odors has been developed, adapting the aforementioned scales to the Spanish population and using a consumer‐led approach. Using EOSs lists as starting point, the procedure was: to discard nonemotional terms and translate the selected ones, to group the emotions and remove the irrelevant ones for the food‐odors category, and to test the lexicon. The developed lexicon (SEFrOS) contained six categories, 25 terms. The lexicon shared some dimensions with EOSs, but with specific differences, maybe related to culture or the food‐linked nature of the lexicon.

Practical applications

Emotions elicited by foods have been investigated during the last years to favor proper products positioning in the market. Odors have been used to modulate customer perceptions and attitudes towards products and stores, because of being closely linked to these emotions' elicitation. Although some lexicons have been developed to assess food‐related emotions, no lexicon has been developed to specifically evaluate the emotions elicited by food‐odors, and to study the emotions elicited by the odor of food‐related spaces. This research presents the development of a new lexicon for food‐odors, using previously validated odor scales as starting point, and adapting them to the Spanish population, well‐known because of its eating‐out model closely related to different food spaces.
Femoral condylar fractures in four continental giant breed rabbits
Authors: Dorlis C. , Garcia‐Pertierra S. , Richardson J. , Koterwas B. , Keeble E. , Eatwell K. , Ryan J. , Clements D. N.
Published: August 2021

Four male neutered continental giant rabbits aged between 10 and 30 months were presented with femoral condylar fractures, which developed without an observed traumatic injury. Stabilisation of the condylar fracture was achieved with screw fixation in all cases, which was supplemented with additional fixation in three cases. Complications consequent to the surgical intervention occurred in two cases: a femoral fracture and loss of fixation. Three rabbits were reported to have recovered normal limb function, and the rabbit that developed a femoral fracture as a consequence of its surgical intervention was treated with amputation.
Fostering SME supplier‐enabled innovation in the supply chain: The role of innovation policy
Authors: Selviaridis Kostas , Spring Martin
Published: August 2021

Buying organizations collaborate with their suppliers to innovate, and increasingly seek to tap into the innovation potential of technologically adept small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) who are new to them. Engagement with technology‐based SMEs as possible suppliers can be constrained by institutions (e.g., rules, regulations, and norms of conduct) embodied in the buying organization's procurement and supply chain strategy, processes, and practices. Although prior research has examined how institutional forces influence supplier‐enabled innovation, little is known about institutional failures that are particularly germane to innovative SMEs and impede collaboration between these SMEs and buying organizations. Consistent with the focus of the second emerging discourse incubator (EDI) on researching the effects of institutions (e.g., regulations) and public policies on supply chains, we investigate how enacted innovation policies address SME‐specific institutional failures in a public sector context, that of the English National Health Service (NHS). Our qualitative research reveals that public agencies responsible for policy enactment seek to promote SME supplier‐enabled innovation in the supply chain through institutional change and mitigation, SME connectivity to supply chain actors, and SME supplier development support. We synthesize our findings into a research model and set of propositions which theorize on the specific mechanisms underpinning the interventions of policy‐enacting agencies and their effects. Our study contributes to the literature on supplier‐enabled innovation and to research focusing on collaboration between buyers and innovative small suppliers. More broadly, we generate theoretical insights regarding the role of public agencies enacting policy as a class of non‐firm actors whose interventions influence the supply chain. The findings also add to our understanding of the interplay between supply chains and institutions.
Obstructive sleep apnea during the chronic stroke recovery period: Comparison between primary haemorrhagic and ischaemic events
Authors: Griesbach Grace S. , Howell Stefanie N. , Masel Brent E.
Published: August 2021

The present study retrospectively determined the incidence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after a primary haemorrhagic event compared to an ischaemic stroke during the post‐acute recovery period ( > 3 months). Consideration of medications taken during the sleep evaluation provided additional information on the association between OSA and pathophysiological conditions that may increase the risk of a repeated cardiovascular event. The medical records from 103 patients that underwent a type I fully attended overnight polysomnography as a standard evaluation procedure at a rehabilitation facility were reviewed. Diagnosis of ischaemic or primary haemorrhagic stroke was obtained from a neurological report that was typically confirmed by imaging. Medications taken at the time of the sleep study were documented. Age‐adjusted assessment of sleep‐disordered breathing revealed a higher incidence of apnea and hypopnea in the ischaemic stroke group (p < 0.005). Patients with ischaemic stroke were also more likely to have severe OSA (p < 0.005). In comparison, a higher percentage of patients with haemorrhagic stroke had an apnea–hypopnea index <5 events/hr (p < 0.005). Those with an ischaemic stroke were taking more lipid lowering agents (p < 0.05). Results suggest that apnea is less prevalent after a haemorrhagic stroke, independent of hypertension, compared to an ischaemic stroke. An increase in predictive values for OSA was observed for indicators of diabetes (p < 0.05). These data indicate that it is relevant to consider stroke type when determining the risk of OSA during the chronic recovery period thus facilitating new strategies for stroke recurrence prevention.
Association between serum fibroblast growth factor‐23 concentration and development of hyperphosphatemia in normophosphatemic dogs with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Miyakawa Hirosumi , Hsu Huai‐Hsun , Ogawa Mizuki , Akabane Ryota , Miyagawa Yuichi , Takemura Naoyuki
Published: August 2021

Background

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐23 is increased first in the sequence of changes associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD)‐mineral and bone disorder. Thus, its measurement may serve as a predictive indicator of incident hyperphosphatemia.

Objectives

To investigate whether serum FGF‐23 concentration in normophosphatemic dogs with CKD is associated with the risk of the subsequent development of hyperphosphatemia and CKD progression.

Animals

Forty‐two normophosphatemic dogs with CKD.

Methods

Blood samples and medical records were retrospectively investigated. Hyperphosphatemia was defined as a serum phosphorous concentration >5.0 mg/dL. Progression was defined as a >1.5‐fold increase in serum creatinine concentration. The time periods and hazard ratios for these outcomes were assessed using Kaplan‐Meier analysis, log‐rank test, and univariate Cox regression analysis. The variables associated with the outcomes in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate Cox regression model with backward selection.

Results

Serum FGF‐23 concentration >528 pg/mL was associated with a shorter time to development of hyperphosphatemia (P < .001) and CKD progression (P < .001). In multiple Cox regression analysis, increased FGF‐23 concentration remained a significant variable associated with these outcomes (P < .05).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Increased FGF‐23 concentration in normophosphatemic dogs with CKD was associated with significant risk of development of hyperphosphatemia, independent of CKD stage, and of the progression of CKD. Future research focusing on whether interventions that decrease FGF‐23 secretion will slow the development of hyperphosphatemia and CKD progression is needed.
Slow crabs ‐ fast genomes: Locomotory capacity predicts skew magnitude in crustacean mitogenomes
Authors: Jakovlić Ivan , Zou Hong , Chen Jian‐Hai , Lei Hong‐Peng , Wang Gui‐Tang , Liu Jianquan , Zhang Dong
Published: August 2021

Base composition skews (G−C/G+C) of mitochondrial genomes are believed to be primarily driven by mutational pressure, which is positively correlated with metabolic rate. In marine animals, metabolic rate is also positively correlated with locomotory capacity. Given the central role of mitochondria in energy metabolism, we hypothesised that selection for locomotory capacity should be positively correlated with the strength of purifying selection (dN/dS), and thus be negatively correlated with the skew magnitude. Therefore, these two models assume diametrically opposite associations between the metabolic rate and skew magnitude: positive correlation in the prevailing paradigm, and negative in our working hypothesis. We examined correlations between the skew magnitude, metabolic rate, locomotory capacity, and several other variables previously associated with mitochondrial evolution on 287 crustacean mitogenomes. Weakly locomotory taxa had higher skew magnitude and ω (dN/dS) values, but not the gene order rearrangement rate. Skew and ω magnitudes were correlated. Multilevel regression analyses indicated that three competing variables, body size, gene order rearrangement rate, and effective population size, had negligible impacts on the skew magnitude. In most crustacean lineages selection for locomotory capacity appears to be the primary factor determining the skew magnitude. Contrary to the prevailing paradigm, this implies that adaptive selection outweighs nonadaptive selection (mutation pressure) in crustaceans. However, we found indications that effective population size (nonadaptive factor) may outweigh the impact of locomotory capacity in sessile crustaceans (Thecostraca). In conclusion, skew magnitude is a product of the interplay between adaptive and nonadaptive factors, the balance of which varies among lineages.
Pervasive admixture and the spread of a large‐lipped form in a cichlid fish radiation
Authors: Sowersby Will , Cerca José , Wong Bob B. M. , Lehtonen Topi K. , Chapple David G. , Leal‐Cardín Mariana , Barluenga Marta , Ravinet Mark
Published: August 2021

Adaptive radiations have proven important for understanding the mechanisms and processes underlying biological diversity. The convergence of form and function, as well as admixture and adaptive introgression, are common in adaptive radiations. However, distinguishing between these two scenarios remains a challenge for evolutionary research. The Midas cichlid species complex (Amphilophusspp.) is a prime example of adaptive radiation, with phenotypic diversification occurring at various stages of genetic differentiation. One species,A.labiatus, has large fleshy lips, is associated with rocky lake substrates, and occurs patchily within Lakes Nicaragua and Managua. By contrast, the similar, but thin‐lipped, congener,A.citrinellus, is more common and widespread. We investigated the evolutionary history of the large‐lipped form, specifically regarding whether the trait has evolved independently in both lakes from ancestral thin‐lipped populations, or via dispersal and/or admixture events. We collected samples from distinct locations in both lakes, and assessed differences in morphology and ecology. Using RAD‐seq, we genotyped thousands of SNPs to measure population structure and divergence, demographic history, and admixture. We found significant between‐species differences in ecology and morphology, local intraspecific differences in body shape and trophic traits, but only limited intraspecific variation in lip shape. Despite clear ecological differences, our genomic approach uncovered pervasive admixture between the species and low genomic differentiation, with species within lakes being genetically more similar than species between lakes. Taken together, our results suggest a single origin of large‐lips, followed by pervasive admixture and adaptive introgression, with morphology being driven by local ecological opportunities, despite ongoing gene‐flow.
PqsR‐independent quorum‐sensing response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 outlier‐strain reveals new insights on the PqsE effect on RhlR activity
Authors: García‐Reyes Selene , Cocotl‐Yañez Miguel , Soto‐Aceves Martín Paolo , González‐Valdez Abigail , Servín‐González Luis , Soberón‐Chávez Gloria
Published: August 2021

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous environmental bacterium and an opportunistic pathogen that represents an important health hazard. The quorum‐sensing response regulates the expression of several virulence factors and involves three regulons: Las, Rhl, and Pqs. The P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027 strain, which belongs to the genetically diverse PA7 clade, contains a frame‐shift mutation in the pqsR gene that encodes a transcriptional activator necessary for pyocyanin (PYO) synthesis in type strains PAO1 and PA14. Here we characterize the PqsE‐dependent production of PYO in strain ATCC 9027. We show that this strain expresses pqsE independently of PqsR and in the absence of quinolone production, and that PqsE promotes the RhlR‐dependent production of PYO, yet this production is not strictly dependent on PqsE. In addition, we show that in both strains ATCC 9027 and PAO1, PqsE overexpression causes an increased concentration of RhlR and enhances PYO production but does not affect rhamnolipids (RL) production in the same way. These results suggest that PqsE interaction with RhlR preferentially modifies its ability to activate transcription of genes involved in PYO production and provide new evidence about PqsE‐dependent RhlR activation, highlighting the variability of the QS response among different P. aeruginosa clades and strains.

Highlights

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 is able to produce pyocyanin in phosphate limiting conditions, even in the absence of a functional PqsR.

This strain does not produce alkyl quinolones like PQS and HHQ, but expresses pqsE.

Synthesis of pyocyanin by ATCC 9027 is only partially dependent on pqsE.

The overexpression of pqsE in the ATCC 9027 and PAO1 strains causes pyocyanin overproduction.

The overexpression of pqsE in these strains causes an increased RhlR concentration without affecting rhlR transcription or translation.

Rhamnolipids production is not affected to the same extent as pyocyanin by overexpression of pqsE in these strains.
Direct aspiration through a balloon guide catheter can augment vessel wall injury
Authors: Inoue Hiroyasu , Yamada Kentaro , Oomura Masahiro , Naiki‐Ito Aya , Matsukawa Noriyuki
Published: August 2021

We report a 75‐year‐old woman with extracranial internal carotid artery occlusion treated with neurointervention. The patient presented with tandem lesions for which mechanical thrombectomy was performed. Retrieval of massive white clots and endothelial tissue by forceful manual aspiration via a balloon guiding catheter after angioplasty can be indicative of augmentation of vessel wall injury.
General well‐being of intensive care nurses: A prototype analysis
Authors: Jarden Rebecca J. , Sandham Margaret , Siegert Richard J. , Koziol‐McLain Jane
Published: August 2021

Background

Prototype analyses of well‐being have identified central characteristics and prototypicality for New Zealand teachers, lawyers, adolescents, and work well‐being of nurses. What has not yet been explored is the broad construct of well‐being in intensive care nurses.

Aims

To identify intensive care nurses' conceptions of general well‐being and investigate whether their general well‐being is prototypically organized.

Design

Prototype analysis.

Methods

Three linked studies conceptualize well‐being in this prototype analysis. In study 1, nurses reported features of well‐being. Study 2 investigated the organization of these features. Study 3 sought confirmation of prototypical organization.

Results

Sixty‐five New Zealand nurses participated. For study 1 (n = 23), the most frequently reported elements of well‐being included physical health (n = 26), work‐life balance (n = 20), and personal relationships (n = 18). For study 2 (n = 25), the highest rated elements included mental and emotional health, [general] health, work‐life balance, and love. Work‐life balance, physical health, and personal relationships were in the top five most frequently reported and were rated in the top 12 most central. Overall, ratings of centrality and the number of times reported were positively correlated (r = 0.33, P < .005). For study 3 (n = 17), confirmatory analyses did not reach statistical significance (P = .15).

Conclusions

Physical health, work‐life balance, and personal relationships are key characteristics of well‐being for intensive care nurses. Mental, emotional, and general health and work‐life balance were considered most important for well‐being.

Relevance to clinical practice

Physical health, work‐life balance, and personal relationships are key characteristics of well‐being for intensive care nurses. These characteristics of the broad construct of well‐being are helpful in both defining and identifying conceptual models of well‐being that may be used to inform the development and measurement of well‐being programmes.
Introduction to the Special Issue ‐ The internet, social media and trade union revitalization: Still behind the digital curve or catching up?
Authors: Geelan Torsten
Published: August 2021

This article introduces the special issue of New Technology, Work and Employment titled “The Internet, Social Media and Trade Union Revitalization: Still Behind the Digital Curve or Catching Up?” The objectives of this special issue are threefold. First, to develop an analytical framework that can help researchers assess the role that internal and external factors play in mediating the nature and scope of union experimentation with new information and communication technologies (ICTs) and its contribution to the outcomes of revitalisation. Second, to present methods and concepts that are new to this area of research. Third, to generate empirical insight into how the various actors that constitute the trade union movement (e.g. worker councils, union confederations, trade unions, and union‐led coalitions) can and are using the internet, social media and artificial intelligence as a means of revitalisation. Taken together the geographical scope of the articles range from single‐country cases studies in Germany, the UK and Canada, to a cross‐national case study in Australia and the USA, and a comparative study across Europe. In terms of ICTs, attention is given to websites, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and an AI chatbot.
Speech breathing: variable but individual over time and according to limb movements
Authors: Serré Hélène , Dohen Marion , Fuchs Susanne , Gerber Silvain , Rochet‐Capellan Amélie
Published: August 2021

Breathing is variable but also highly individual. Since the 1980s, evidence of aventilatory personalityhas been observed in different physiological studies. This original term refers to within‐speaker consistency in breathing characteristics across days or even years. Speech breathing is a specific way to control ventilation while supporting speech planning and phonation constraints. It is highly variable between speakers but also for the same speaker, depending on utterance properties, bodily actions, and the context of an interaction. Can we yet still observe consistency over time in speakers’ breathing profiles despite these variations? We addressed this question by analyzing the breathing profiles of 25 native speakers of German performing a narrative task on 2 days under different limb movement conditions. The individuality of breathing profiles over conditions and days was assessed by adopting methods used in physiological studies that investigated a ventilatory personality. Our results suggest that speaker‐specific breathing profiles in a narrative task are maintained over days and that they stay consistent despite light physical activity. These results are discussed with a focus on better understanding what speech breathing individuality is, how it can be assessed, and the types of research perspectives that this concept opens up.
Oral epithelial dysplasia: Recognition, grading and clinical significance
Authors: Odell Edward , Kujan Omar , Warnakulasuriya Saman , Sloan Philip
Published: August 2021

Histopathological grading of epithelial dysplasia remains the principal laboratory method for assessing the risk of malignant transformation in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Current views on the molecular pathogenesis and histological interpretation of the features of epithelial dysplasia are described, and the use of grading systems for epithelial dysplasia is discussed. Changes to the current 2017 WHO criteria for diagnosis are proposed with emphasis on the architectural features of epithelial dysplasia. The predictive values of three‐grade and binary systems are summarised, and categories of epithelial dysplasia are reviewed, including lichenoid and verrucous lesions, keratosis of unknown significance, HPV‐associated dysplasia, differentiated and basaloid epithelial dysplasia. The implications of finding epithelial dysplasia in an oral biopsy for clinical management are discussed from the pathologists' viewpoint.
Simulation of Corneal imaging properties for near objects
Authors: Langenbucher Achim , Eppig Timo , Cayless Alan , Gatzioufas Zisis , Wendelstein Jascha , Hoffmann Peter , Szentmáry Nóra
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Using raytracing simulation to study the effect of corneal imaging metrics for different aperture sizes as a function of object distances with different schematic model eyes.

Methods

This raytracing simulation determined the best focus (with the least root‐mean‐square (rms) ray scatter) and the best wavefront focus (with least rms wavefront error) for four schematic model eyes (Liou‐Brennan (LBME), Atchison (ATCHME), Gullstrand (GULLME) and Navarro (NAVME)) with 4 aperture sizes (2–5 mm) and 30 object distances in a logscale from 10 cm to 10 m plus infinity. For each configuration, 10,000 rays were traced through the cornea, and the aperture stop was located at the lens front apex plane as described in the model eyes. The wavefront was decomposed into Zernike components to extract the spherical aberration term.

Results

The focal distance with respect to the corneal front apex increases from around 31 mm for objects at infinity to around 40 mm for objects at 10 cm. The best (wavefront) focus was systematically closer to the cornea compared with the paraxial focus, and the overestimation of focal length with the paraxial focus was larger for large aperture sizes and small object distances. The rms ray scatter and wavefront error were both systematically larger with large aperture and small object sizes. At best focus the rms wavefront error was systematically larger, and the rms ray scatter was systematically smaller compared to the best wavefront focus. Spherical aberration varied more with GULLME than with LBME or NAVME, and increased strongly at smaller object distances.

Conclusions

The imaging properties of the cornea, especially spherical aberration, increase strongly as the object distance decreases. This effect should be considered, especially when considering aberration correcting lenses for near vision such as multifocal or enhanced depth of focus lenses.
Annular lipoatrophy of the ankle: Four new pediatric cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Touhouche Timila Assia , Tournier Emilie , Lamant Laurence , Hardy Juliette , Taieb Alain , Labreze Christine , Cony Marianne , Lepreux Sebastien , Chiaverini Christine , Lacour Jean Philippe , Cardot‐Leccia Nathalie , Bedane Christophe , Assikar Safae , Charissoux Aurélie , Mazereeuw‐Hautier Juliette
Published: August 2021

Annular lipoatrophy of the ankle is a rare and unique acquired lipoatrophic panniculitis that mainly affects children. There is no consensus on treatment, and the long‐term course is not well known. We present four new pediatric cases that contribute to the understanding of this rare disease.
Training in pediatric skin of color: Suggested curricular guidelines of the pediatric dermatology research alliance special interest group in pediatric skin of color
Authors: Silverberg Nanette B. , Jacob Sharon , Heath Candrice , Gonzalez Mercedes , Yu Jiade , Luu Minnelly , Benjamin Latanya , Kenner‐Bell Brandi , Oboite Michelle , Castelo‐Soccio Leslie , Stein Sarah L.
Published: August 2021

Background

Deficiencies in the skills necessary to diagnose and manage patients with skin of color may contribute to health disparities. The Pediatric Dermatology Research Alliance Special Interest Group in Pediatric Skin of Color (PSOCG) convened to generate a curriculum of topics required for basic pediatric skin of color (PSOC) education for medical students and residents in dermatology to improve the quality of education in PSOC.

Methods

A survey was distributed to the PSOCG members to assess expert opinion regarding critical topics for inclusion in a basic PSOC syllabus. Video conference and two rounds of survey were used to rank topics for inclusion and to highlight the underlying need for inclusion.

Results

Group members composed of academic pediatric dermatologists with teaching responsibilities including skin of color topics for dermatology residents and medical students. Learning objectives were developed for an educational lecture on basic science, and clinical conditions affecting PSOC were grouped by age—infantile, pediatric, and adolescent skin conditions affecting the PSOC population were identified for inclusion with rank score based on specific parameters including greater frequency in skin of color, nuances in skin of color, and need for medical workup.

Conclusions

Increased focus on PSOC education is needed to improve quality of care for children of color through enhanced knowledge. Inflammatory, genetic, and particularly primary pigmentary disorders should be the focus of a broad curriculum in pediatric skin of color education for medical trainees. Objectives should include improved diagnosis, treatment, and ability to educate patients and their families regarding the nature of their conditions.
Determinants of severe bradycardia in adolescents hospitalized for anorexia nervosa
Authors: Assalone Chiara , Leonardi Letizia , Franceschi Roberto , Fumanelli Jennifer , Maines Evelina , Marini Massimiliano , Quintarelli Silvia , Genovese Aldo , Soffiati Massimo
Published: August 2021

Background

Severe bradycardia is an indication supporting hospitalization in adolescents with eating disorders. Some adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) and significant weight loss present with a normal pulse rate at admission, whereas others have severe bradycardia, suggesting that total weight loss is not the most important determinant of bradycardia. The aims of this study were to define the prevalence of severe bradycardia as the cause for hospital admission in adolescents with AN, to evaluate correlations between known determinants of severe bradycardia and pulse rate at admission, and to evaluate the average time required to recover from severe bradycardia after re‐feeding.

Methods

Ninety‐nine hospitalized patients with AN were enrolled. Weight loss history, anthropometric, laboratory, and electrocardiogram data were collected at admission to and at discharge from hospital. Multivariate analysis was performed to detect the most important determinants of severe bradycardia.

Results

Forty‐eight percent of the AN patient admissions were due to severe bradycardia (AN‐B+ group). Patients in this group had a higher maximum lifetime weight (P = 0.0045), greater premorbid weight loss (P = 0.0011), and more rapid weight loss (P = 0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that recent weight loss is an independent predictor of bradycardia at hospital admission (R2: 0.35, P = 0.0001). Severe bradycardia normalized after minimal weight gain of 0.25 ± 0.18 kg/day for 3–10 days.

Conclusions

This study confirms that recent weight loss is probably the most important determinant of severe bradycardia in adolescents with AN.