bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of HFNC, bubble CPAP and SiPAP on aerosol delivery in neonates: An in‐vitro study
Authors: Sunbul Fatemah S. , Fink James B. , Harwood Robert , Sheard Meryl M. , Zimmerman Ralph D. , Ari Arzu
Published: December 2014

Aerosol drug delivery via high flow nasal cannula (HFNC), bubble continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and synchronized inspiratory positive airway pressure (SiPAP) has not been quantified in spontaneously breathing premature infants. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare aerosol delivery via HFNC, bubble CPAP, and SiPAP in a model of a simulated spontaneously breathing preterm infant. Working hypothesis: The types of CPAP systems and nebulizer positions used during aerosol therapy will impact aerosol deposition in simulated spontaneously breathing infants. Study design: Quantitative, comparative, in‐vitro study. Methodology: A breath simulator was set to preterm infant settings (VT: 9 ml, RR: 50 bpm and Ti: 0.5 sec) and connected to the trachea of an anatomical upper airway model of a preterm infant via collecting filter distal to the trachea. The HFNC (Optiflow; Fisher & Paykel), Bubble CPAP (Fisher & Paykel), and SiPAP (Carefusion) were attached to the nares of the model via each device's proprietary nasal cannula and set to deliver a baseline of 5 cm H2O pressure. Albuterol sulfate (2.5 mg/0.5 ml) was aerosolized with a mesh nebulizer (Aeroneb Solo) positioned1 proximal to the patient and2 prior to the humidifier (n = 5). The drug was eluted from the filter with 0.1 N HCl and analyzed via spectrophotometry (276 nm). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t‐tests, and one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with P < 0.05 significant. Results: At position 1, the trend of lower deposition (mean ± SD%) across devices was not significant (0.90 ± 0.26, 0.70 ± 0.16 and 0.59 ± 0.19, respectively; P = 0.098); however, in position 2, drug delivery with SiPAP (0.79 ± 0.11) was lower compared to both HFNC (1.30 ± 0.17; P = 0.003) and bubble CPAP (1.24 ± 0.24; p = 0.008). Placement of the nebulizer prior to the humidifier increased deposition with all devices (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Aerosol can be delivered via all three devices used in this study. Device selection and nebulizer position impacted aerosol delivery in this simulated model of a spontaneously breathing preterm infant. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:1099–1106. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chromium Copper Catalysts for LiClO4 Decomposition
Authors: Zhang Yanwei , Yan Ke , Qiu Kunzan , Liu Jianzhong , Wang Yang , Zhou Junhu
Published: December 2014

Chromium copper (CrCu) catalysts are well‐known burning rate catalysts for solid propellants, which were used as energy source for rocket propulsion [1]. The present work reports the enhancement of lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) by employing copper chromium as a catalyst. The LiClO4 decomposition rate depends on the catalyst characteristics, such as chemical composition, specific surface, and crystalline structure. Scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and H2‐temperature‐programmed reduction analyses were used to characterize CrxCu(1−x)O(1+0.5x) catalysts. The samples are prepared using the sol‐gel method with different mole ratios. Furthermore, the samples are tested to evaluate their effect on the LiClO4 decomposition at various temperatures. The blank tests comparison shows that the CrxCu(1−x)O(1+0.5x) catalysts strongly enhance the LiClO4 decomposition. Moreover, CuCr2O4 is formed in the CrxCu(1−x)O(1+0.5x) catalysts. The CrCu binary composite catalysts show smaller crystallites, larger surface area, and better catalytic performance than the pure CuO samples because of the interaction of Cr and Cu ions. This study proposes a hypothetical reaction mechanism for the LiClO4 catalytic decomposition of the CrxCu(1−x)O(1+0.5x) catalysts.
Oxytocin does not directly alter cardiac repolarization in rabbit or human cardiac myocytes
Authors: Qu Yusheng , Fang Mei , Gao BaoXi , Amagasu Shanti , Crumb William J. , Vargas Hugo M.
Published: December 2014

Oxytocin, a nine amino acid peptide, is highly conserved in placental mammals, including humans. Oxytocin has a physiological role in parturition and parenteral administration of the synthetic peptide is used to induce labor and control postpartum hemorrhage. Endogenous levels of oxytocin before labor are ~20 pg/mL, but pharmacological administration of the peptide can achieve levels of 110 pg/mL (0.1 nmol/L) following intravenous administration. Cardiac arrhythmia and premature ventricular contractions have been associated with oxytocin administration in addition to QTc interval prolongation. In the conscious rabbit model, intravenous oxytocin produced QT and QTc prolongation. The mechanism of oxytocin‐induced QTc prolongation is uncertain but could be the result of indirect changes in autonomic nervous tone, or a direct effect on the duration of cardiomyocyte repolarization. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of oxytocin to alter cardiac repolarization directly. Two conventional models were used: QTc interval evaluation in the isolated rabbit heart (IRH) and assessment of action potential duration (APD) in human ventricular myocytes (HVM). Oxytocin did not prolong QTc intervals in IRH or APD in HVM when tested at suprapharmacological concentrations, for example, up to 1 μmol/L. The results indicate that oxytocin has very low risk for eliciting QTc and APD prolongation directly, and infer that the QTc changes observed in vivo may be attributed to an indirect mechanism.
Gene expression changes caused by the p38 MAPK inhibitor dilmapimod in COPD patients: analysis of blood and sputum samples from a randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Betts Joanna C. , Mayer Ruth J. , Tal‐Singer Ruth , Warnock Linda , Clayton Chris , Bates Stewart , Hoffman Bryan E. , Larminie Christopher , Singh Dave
Published: December 2014

The p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) intracellular signaling pathway responds to a variety of extracellular stimuli, including cytokines, Toll‐like receptor agonists, and components of cigarette smoke to influence the expression of proinflammatory mediators. Activation of p38 MAPK is increased within the lungs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. In clinical trials, treatment of COPD patients with p38 MAPK inhibitors has been shown to reduce systemic inflammation plasma biomarkers C‐reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen. As CRP and fibrinogen have been associated with poor clinical outcomes in COPD patients, such as mortality, exacerbation, and hospitalization, we analyzed gene expression data from COPD subjects treated with dilmapimod with the aim of understanding the effects of p38 MAPK inhibition on the inflammatory genome of immune cells within the systemic circulation. Whole blood and induced sputum samples were used to measure mRNA levels by gene array and PCR. Pathway and network analysis showed STAT1, MMP‐9, CAV1, and IL‐1β as genes regulated by dilmapimod that could also influence fibrinogen levels, while only IL‐1β was identified as a gene regulated by dilmapimod that could influence CRP levels. This suggests that p38 MAPK inhibits specific inflammatory pathways, leading to to differential effects on CRP and fibrinogen levels in COPD patients.
FSN‐based cosimulation for fault propagation analysis in nuclear power plants
Authors: Gabbar Hossam A. , Boafo Emmanuel K.
Published: December 2014

The safety of Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) is an important issue that is of concern to all including; regulators, operators, and the general public. Assuring the safety of a NPP is a primary objective by all stakeholders. In the wake of accidents in NPPs recorded in the past such as Chernobyl, TMI, and recently in Fukushima, the need to review existing safety system design and operation as well as performing safety verification of these systems as a means of preventing such accidents in the future is necessary. In this study, we present a framework for achieving safety verification of a NPP with emphasis on using cosimulation with reduced error for real time fault propagation analysis based on Fault Semantic Network in which a multiphysics model is mapped unto fault/risk models, and safety/protection systems of NPPs in order to achieve safety verification based on highest risks and previous accidents. A statistical method is used to reduce errors between simulation results and real time data which is illustrated with a case study from literature. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 35: 53–60, 2016
Low‐temperature transport of charge carriers in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Prudaev Ilya , Tolbanov Oleg , Khludkov Stanislav
Published: December 2014

The results of experimental investigation of forward current‐voltage characteristics of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well light‐emitting diodes are presented. A new model for explaining the complex current dependence on voltage is proposed. The model is based on the assumption of space charge limited current, and ballistic overflow of electrons through the multiple quantum well region. It is shown that electrons are captured in the shallow traps while transferring through the active region. The results of measurements indicate that the activation energy of traps decreases with a temperature decrease, which corresponds to the theory of hopping in exponential band tails.
Economical basis sets and their uses in ab initio calculations
Authors: Zhang Rui‐Qin , Fan Wen‐Jie
Published: December 2014

In this article, we review a practical and effective scheme proposed by one of the authors for choosing basis sets in ab initio calculations and assess its efficiency in selected applications. In the scheme, we consider the different roles of the particular functions, including the polarization and diffuse functions, adopted in the basis set, as well as the nature and environment of the atom. The number and level of basis functions required to describe an atom should be determined according to its relative order in the periodic table and/or electronegativity. For an atom with a relatively higher electronegativity, larger basis functions including polarization and diffuse functions should be used, while the basis functions for a less electronegative atom or positively charged atom can be reduced and may not adopt any polarization and diffuse functions. For systems involving hydrogen bonding, weak interactions, functional groups, metallic bonding with zero or low‐positive valence, and other sensitive interactions, both the polarization and diffuse functions may need to be used. These economical composite basis sets are applied to a variety of systems, from small to very large compounds. Compared with the calculations required for conventional basis set schemes at different levels, the economical composite basis set can accurately predict the structures and properties of compounds while saving significant CPU. A single‐point calculation using the geometric structure determined using the economical composite basis set can further improve the accuracy of calculating certain properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel three‐dimensional guidance law implementation using only line‐of‐sight azimuths
Authors: Liao Fei , Ji Haibo , Xie Yongchun
Published: December 2014

A novel three‐dimensional guidance law using only line‐of‐sight azimuths based on input‐to‐state stability and robust nonlinear
observer is proposed for interception of maneuvering targets. The proposed guidance law does not need any prior information of unknown bounded target maneuvers and uncertainties. Since in practice the line‐of‐sight rate is difficult for a pursuer to measure accurately, a nonlinear robust
observer is introduced to estimate it. A three‐dimensional guidance law with bearing only measurement is obtained for interception of maneuvering targets. The presented algorithm is tested using computer simulations against a maneuvering target. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scanning and transmission electron microscopic analysis of ampullary segment of oviduct during estrous cycle in caprines
Authors: Sharma R. K. , Singh R. , Bhardwaj J. K.
Published: December 2014

The ampullary segment of the mammalian oviduct provides suitable milieu for fertilization and development of zygote before implantation into uterus. It is, therefore, in the present study, the cyclic changes in the morphology of ampullary segment of goat oviduct were studied during follicular and luteal phases using scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Topographical analysis revealed the presence of uniformly ciliated ampullary epithelia, concealing apical processes of non‐ciliated cells along with bulbous secretory cells during follicular phase. The luteal phase was marked with decline in number of ciliated cells with increased occurrence of secretory cells. The ultrastructure analysis has demonstrated the presence of indented nuclear membrane, supranuclear cytoplasm, secretory granules, rough endoplasmic reticulum, large lipid droplets, apically located glycogen masses, oval shaped mitochondria in the secretory cells. The ciliated cells were characterized by the presence of elongated nuclei, abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, oval or spherical shaped mitochondria with crecentric cristae during follicular phase. However, in the luteal phase, secretory cells were possessing highly indented nucleus with diffused electron dense chromatin, hyaline nucleosol, increased number of lipid droplets. The ciliated cells had numerous fibrous granules and basal bodies. The parallel use of scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques has enabled us to examine the cyclic and hormone dependent changes occurring in the topography and fine structure of epithelium of ampullary segment and its cells during different reproductive phases that will be great help in understanding major bottle neck that limits success rate in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer technology. SCANNING 37:36–41, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect from surface treatment of nickel‐titanium rotary files on the fracture resistance
Authors: Kim Bo Hoon , Ha Jung‐Hong , Lee Woo Cheol , Kwak Sang‐Won , Kim Hyeon‐Cheol
Published: December 2014

This study was aimed to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance and torsional resistance of rotary instruments with and without surface treatment. G6 A2 (Group A2) with and G6 A2 without surface treatment after machining (Group AN) were compared in this study. ProTaper F2 (Group F2) which has similar dimension and shape was also used for comparison. To evaluate the torsional resistance, ultimate torsional strength and distortion angle until fracture were recorded, and the toughness was calculated. The cyclic fatigue resistance was compared by evaluating the number of cycles to failure in a simulated canal. Statistical analysis was performed by one‐way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test (p = 0.05). After torsional and cyclic fatigue tests, all fracture fragments were observed under a scanning electron microscope. Group A2 showed higher cyclic fatigue resistance than the groups AN and F2 (p < 0.05). Although group A2 demonstrated lower ultimate torsional strength than the others, there were no significant differences in toughness among the groups. While obvious machining grooves were seen in groups AN and F2, group A2 showed smooth surface resulting from the surface treatment. The specimens of fracture fragments showed typical features of cyclic failure such as micro‐cracks, overloaded fast fracture zone, and torsional fracture such as unwinding helix, circular abrasion marks and dimples. Under the conditions of this study, the surface treated instruments may improve cyclic fatigue resistance while maintaining the torsional resistances and mechanical properties. SCANNING 37:82–87, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bridging the gap between tracking and detecting changes in XML
Authors: Ciancarini Paolo , Iorio Angelo Di , Marchetti Carlo , Schirinzi Michele , Vitali Fabio
Published: December 2014

There are two main approaches to manage changes in XML documents, change‐tracking and diff. Change‐tracking tools, which record edit actions while they are performed on the source document, are able to capture the exact editing process. That is much more difficult for diff algorithms, which have to reconstruct it by comparing two different versions. Interestingly, these algorithms process both text‐centric and data‐centric XML documents the same way. In this paper, we show that more accurate, clear, and human‐readable results can be achieved on text‐centric resources, by employing specific models and algorithms. We describe and discuss a specialized diff algorithm for such a class of documents. We also compare a Java implementation of the algorithm, named JNDiff, with other general‐purpose or data‐oriented diff tools, focusing on the quality of their output. Copyright © 2014 Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of food additives on starch retrogradation: A review
Authors: Fu Zhen , Chen Jun , Luo Shun‐Jing , Liu Cheng‐Mei , Liu Wei
Published: December 2014

Predicting and controlling starch retrogradation is of great interest. Advancements in starch retrogradation are relatively slow and many problems remain to be resolved. At present, starch retrogradation can be controlled qualitatively, but not quantitatively, by some techniques. Constituents or food additives such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and salts play a significant role in inhibiting the retrogradation of starchy foods. Recent studies concerning the effect of additives on starch retrogradation are reviewed, and potential mechanisms are discussed.
Effect of salt addition on gelatinization and rheological properties of sweet potato starch–xanthan gum mixture
Authors: Gil Bumjoo , Yoo Byoungseung
Published: December 2014

The effect of NaCl at different concentrations (1.0–5.0%) on the gelatinization and rheological properties of sweet potato starch (SPS)–xanthan gum (XG) mixtures was examined. Steady shear rheological properties of SPS–XG–NaCl mixtures were determined from the rheological parameters for the power law and Casson flow models. The consistency index (K), apparent viscosity (ηa,100,), and Casson yield stress (σoc) values of SPS–XG–NaCl mixtures were much lower than those of the control (0% NaCl) and also decreased with an increase in the NaCl concentration. The storage modulus (G′) values of SPS–XG–NaCl mixtures were much higher than the loss modulus (G″), indicating that the addition of NaCl influences the synergistic effect in the elastic properties of XG in the SPS–XG–NaCl mixture systems. The addition of NaCl resulted in a significant increase in the peak, breakdown, final, and setback viscosities, and pasting temperature of SPS–XG mixture. In general, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) studies conveyed that the presence of NaCl resulted in an increase in the gelatinization temperatures (To, Tp, and Tc) and a decrease in gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH). In general, these results suggest that the addition of the NaCl to SPS–XG mixtures modified the pasting, rheological, and thermal properties, depending on the NaCl concentration.
Defending Truthmaker Non-Maximalism
Authors: Simpson Matthew ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: December 2014

Jago (2012) argues that truthmaker non-maximalism, the view that some but not all truths require truthmakers, is vulnerable to a challenge from truths which ascribe knowledge of propositions about things which don’t exist. Such truths, Jago argues, can only be dealt with using maximalist resources. I argue that Jago’s point relies on the claim that the relevant truths require truthmakers, a point that non-maximalists can coherently and plausibly deny. Moreover, I argue that by making use of a safety account of knowledge, non-maximalists can fully answer Jago’s challenge.
Impact on obstetric outcome of third‐trimester screening for small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses
Authors: Callec R. , Lamy C. , Perdriolle‐Galet E. , Patte C. , Heude B. , Morel O. ,   the EDEN Mother–Child Cohort Study Group
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

Objectives

To evaluate the performance of screening for small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) fetuses by ultrasound biometry at 30–35 weeks' gestation, and to determine the impact of screening on obstetric and neonatal outcomes.

Methods

For this prospective cohort study, pregnant women were recruited from two French university maternity centers between 2003 and 2006. Performance measures of third‐trimester biometry for the prediction of SGA, defined as estimated fetal weight < 10th centile, were analyzed. Obstetric outcomes and neonatal health status were compared, first, between SGA neonates diagnosed correctly at ultrasound examination (true positive (TP); n = 45) and SGA neonates that went undiagnosed (false negative (FN); n = 110) and, second, between non‐SGA neonates identified as normal at ultrasound examination (true negative (TN); n = 1641) and non‐SGA neonates diagnosed incorrectly as SGA (false positive (FP); n = 101).

Results

In the prediction of SGA, third‐trimester ultrasound had a sensitivity of 29.0% (95% CI, 22.5–36.6%) and specificity of 94.2% (95% CI, 93.0–95.2%). Positive and negative predictive values were 30.8% (95% CI, 23.9–38.7%) and 93.7% (95% CI, 92.5–94.8%), respectively. One hundred and ten SGA neonates went undiagnosed at ultrasound. Compared to the TN neonates considered as of normal weight at ultrasound, planned preterm delivery (before 37 weeks) and elective Cesarean section for a fetal growth indication were 2.4 (P = 0.01) and 2.85 (P = 0.003) times more likely to occur, respectively, in the FP group of non‐SGA neonates, diagnosed incorrectly as SGA during the antenatal period. There was no statistically significant difference in 5‐min Apgar score < 7, cord blood pH at birth < 7.15 and need for neonatal resuscitation between the two subgroups (TN vs FP and TP vs FN).

Conclusions

The performance of third‐trimester ultrasound screening for SGA seems poor, as it misses the diagnosis of a large number of SGA neonates. The consequences of routine screening for SGA in a low‐risk population may lead to unnecessary planned preterm deliveries and elective Cesarean sections in FP pregnancies, without improved neonatal outcome in the FN pregnancies. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Stomach position in prediction of survival in left‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia with or without fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion
Authors: Cordier A.‐G. , Jani J. C. , Cannie M. M. , Rodó C. , Fabietti I. , Persico N. , Saada J. , Carreras E. , Senat M.‐V. , Benachi A.
Published: December 2014

Objective

To investigate the value of fetal stomach position in predicting postnatal outcome in left‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) with and without fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO).

Methods

This was a retrospective review of CDH cases that were expectantly managed or treated with FETO, assessed from May 2008 to October 2013, in which we graded, on a scale of 1–4, stomach position on the four‐chamber view of the heart with respect to thoracic structures. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of management center (Paris, Brussels, Barcelona, Milan), stomach grading, observed‐to‐expected lung area‐to‐head circumference ratio (O/E‐LHR), gestational age at delivery, birth weight in expectantly managed CDH, gestational ages at FETO and at removal and period of tracheal occlusion, on postnatal survival in CDH cases treated with FETO.

Results

We identified 67 expectantly managed CDH cases and 47 CDH cases that were treated with FETO. In expectantly managed CDH, stomach position and O/E‐LHR predicted postnatal survival independently. In CDH treated with FETO, stomach position and gestational age at delivery predicted postnatal survival independently.

Conclusion

In left‐sided CDH with or without FETO, stomach position is predictive of postnatal survival. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Oberflächenfunktionalisierung von Kunststoffoptik
Authors: Schulz Ulrike
Published: December 2014

Transparente Polymere werden zunehmend in vielen Bereichen der Optik eingesetzt. Ihre Oberflächen müssen unter anderem durch dünne Schichten entspiegelt und gehärtet werden. Für Glasoptiken etablierte Prozesse können für die Beschichtung in den meisten Fällen nicht angewendet werden. Im erste Teil des Tutorials (VIP 06/2014) wurden bereits wesentliche Eigenschaften von Polymeren diskutiert, die für die Vakuumbeschichtung relevant sind. Der zweite Teil stellt für Kunststoffoptik optimierte Beschichtungen, insbesondere die Entspiegelung in den Mittelpunkt.
Inverted Cylindrical Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Glocker David , Romach Mark , Scherer George , Eichenberger Justin , Lanzafame John
Published: December 2014

The shape of inverted cylindrical magnetrons makes them ideal for coating a variety of optical components having non‐planar geometries such as prisms, gratings and spherical lenses. In addition, combining dual cathode mid frequency unbalanced magnetron sputtering with the cylindrical geometry produces a unique source for ion enhanced deposition on planar substrates located at the ends of the cathode. Using a 330 mm diameter source, thickness uniformity on stationary substrates of ± 0.25 % over a diameter of 160 mm and ± 1.3 % over 200 mm can be achieved. SiO2 and Ta2O5 deposited on Si have indices of refraction at a wavelength 632 nm of 1.47 and 2.13 respectively and dispersion similar to those reported for ion assisted processes. The off‐axis nature of this arrangement makes such sources particularly useful where the acceleration of negative ions produced at the target surface can damage sensitive materials such as OLEDs.
Niedrigemittierende (Low‐E) Schichten auf KFZ‐Verglasungen
Authors: Gläser Hans Joachim , Ulrich Stephan
Published: December 2014

Low‐E‐Schichten auf der Außenoberfläche von Gebäudeverglasungen werden seit einigen Jahren zur Verhinderung von Reifbeschlag und für eine freie Durchsicht im Winter eingesetzt. Auch bei nachts im Freien parkenden Kfz wurden sie erfolgreich erprobt. Im Artikel wird das Auftreten von Beschlag auf Kfz‐Verglasung in Abhängigkeit von den Witterungsbedingungen, der Emissivität der Außenoberfläche, bei Tag und Nacht, bei parkendem und fahrendem Kfz simuliert. Es zeigt sich, dass das Außenbeschlagrisiko durch die Abkühlung der Kfz‐Kabine unter die Außenlufttemperatur entsteht. Am höchsten ist das Beschlagrisiko für geneigte Windschutzscheiben, nachts bei klarem Himmel und Windstille. Mit fallender Emissivität verringert es sich jedoch stark. Weitere Berechnungen belegen, dass durch Low‐E‐Schichten auf der Außenoberfläche die solare Energiebilanz Qbal.i der Kfz‐Kabine tagsübersteigt. Bei geringer solarer Einstrahlung wirkt sich dies, insbesondere am Morgen nach dem Parken im Freien, positiv auf die Klimatisierung der Kabine in der Heizperiode aus. Bei großer Einstrahlung im Hochsommer wird die Klimaanlage sowohl beim Parken als auch bei Fahrt aber nur geringfügig mehr belastet. Mit steigender Kfz‐Geschwindigkeit kompensiert die Wärmeübertragung durch den Fahrtwind mehr und mehr die Wärmeabstrahlung an den Himmel, d. h. der Einfluss der Emissivät auf Qbal.i verringert sich.
Effect of bungee‐carcass enrichment on behavior and fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in two species of zoo‐housed felids
Authors: Ruskell Amber D. , Meiers Susan T. , Jenkins Sean E. , Santymire Rachel M.
Published: December 2014

Enrichment can improve animal physiological and psychological well‐being. This study sought to promote more natural felid behavior and prevent development or incidence of stereotypies through the use of a feeding enrichment. Our objectives are to use fecal glucocorticoid metabolites values and behavioral observations to quantify the effectiveness of the enrichment device for two species of large cats, Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris; n = 2) and cougar (Felis concolor; n = 2). The feeding enrichment, a white‐tailed deer carcass flank securely attached to an AussieDog Products© Felid 120‐cm bungee, was implemented twice for each individual separated by 1 month. Fecal samples were obtained from each felid and analyzed for pre‐ and post‐enrichment fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) concentrations using a cortisol enzyme immunoassay. An ethogram with 12 mutual exclusive behavioral categories was utilized to record behavioral responses to the enrichment. Results demonstrate that: 1) there were no differences (P > 0.05) in FGMs for either species between pre‐ and post‐enrichment; 2) pacing decreased (P = 0.025) and walking increased (P = 0.017) after exposure to enrichment in both cougars; and 3) tigers reduced (P = 0.025) ‘other' behavioral category after the first enrichment exposure and laid down more (P = 0.025) after the second enrichment exposure. The neutral hormonal impact on the animals coupled with the behavioral changes indicates that this enrichment is successful at altering the animals' behavior without adding physiological stress to their environments. These findings, combined with the low cost and versatility of the enrichment, promote the use of this enrichment to enhance large felid enclosures. Zoo Biol. 34:170–177, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Improvement of l-citrulline production in Corynebacterium glutamicum by ornithine acetyltransferase
Authors: Hao N , Mu Jr , Hu N , Xu S , Yan M , Li Y , Guo K , Xu L
Published: December 2014

In this study, Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 was engineered to produce l-citrulline through a metabolic engineering strategy. To prevent the flux away from l-citrulline and to increase the expression levels of genes involved in the citrulline biosynthesis pathway, the argininosuccinate synthase gene (argG) and the repressor gene (argR) were inactivated. The engineered C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 ∆argG ∆argR (CIT 2) produced higher amounts of l-citrulline (5.43 g/L) compared to the wildtype strain (0.15 g/L). To determine new strategies for further enhancement of l-citrulline production, the effect of l-citrulline on ornithine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.35; OATase; ArgJ) was first investigated. Citrulline was determined to inhibit Ornithine acetyltransferase; for 50 % inhibition, citrulline concentration was 30 mM. The argJ gene from C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 was cloned, and the recombinant shuttle plasmid pXMJ19-argJ was constructed and expressed in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 ∆argG ∆argR (CIT 2). Overexpression of the argJ gene exhibited increased OAT activity and resulted in a positive effect on citrulline production (8.51 g/L). These results indicate that OAT plays a vital role during l-citrulline production in C. glutamicum.
KSC-N: Clustering of Hierarchical Time Profile Data
Authors: Heylen Joke , Van Mechelen Iven , Verduyn Philippe , Ceulemans Eva
Published: December 2014

Quite a few studies in the behavioral sciences result in hierarchical time profile data, with a number of time profiles being measured for each person under study. Associated research questions often focus on individual differences in profile repertoire, that is, differences between persons in the number and the nature of profile shapes that show up for each person. In this paper, we introduce a new method, called KSC-N, that parsimoniously captures such differences while neatly disentangling variability in shape and amplitude. KSC-N induces a few person clusters from the data and derives for each person cluster the types of profile shape that occur most for the persons in that cluster. An algorithm for fitting KSC-N is proposed and evaluated in a simulation study. Finally, the new method is applied to emotional intensity profile data.
Analytical Characterization and Comparison of Tristyrylphenol Ethoxylates Used in Agrochemical Formulations
Authors: Glaubitz Johannes , Schmidt Torsten C.
Published: December 2014

Tristyrylphenol ethoxylates are a group of technical nonionic surfactants that contain no single defined molecule but have a polymeric distribution with an average of 3 styrene and 16 ethylene oxide units. To analyze differences in the ethylene oxide distribution of the surfactant from various suppliers, and thus to specify more precisely the required quality for its use in agrochemical formulations, an analytical method was developed using liquid chromatography coupled to time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry with exact mass measurement in combination with multivariate data analysis. The method investigated here enables a fast and comprehensive characterization and comparison of the tristyrylphenol ethoxylates from different sources. The batches showed significant differences among suppliers with regard to composition and content of by‐products. Differences include the content of the different styrenated phenol ethoxylates (e.g., mono‐, di‐, tri‐, and tetrastyrylphenol ethoxylates) and of mono‐ and distyrylphenol copolymerized propoxylates–ethoxylates. The supplier of a given sample could be traced based on these differences by using a combination of principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis. This was possible using either the raw material or a model agrochemical formulation containing the surfactant.
Public goods and procreation
Authors: Anomaly Jonathan
Published: December 2014

Procreation is the ultimate public goods problem. Each new child affects the welfare of many other people, and some (but not all) children produce uncompensated value that future people will enjoy. This essay addresses challenges that arise if we think of procreation and parenting as public goods. These include whether individual choices are likely to lead to a socially desirable outcome, and whether changes in laws, social norms, or access to genetic engineering and embryo selection might improve the aggregate outcome of our reproductive choices.
Heterogeneity of PIK3CA mutational status at the single cell level in circulating tumor cells from metastatic breast cancer patients
Authors: Pestrin Marta , Salvianti Francesca , Galardi Francesca , De Luca Francesca , Turner Natalie , Malorni Luca , Pazzagli Mario , Di Leo Angelo , Pinzani Pamela
Published: December 2014

Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) represent a “liquid biopsy of the tumor” which might allow real‐time monitoring of cancer biology and therapies in individual patients. CTCs are extremely rare in the blood stream and their analysis is technically challenging.

The CellSearch® system provides the enumeration of CTCs with prognostic significance in patients with metastatic breast cancer (mBC), but it does not allow their molecular characterization, which might be useful to identify therapeutically relevant targets for individualized treatment. Combining the CellSearch® and DEPArray™ technologies allows the recovery of single CTCs as a pure sample for molecular analysis.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the heterogeneity of PIK3CA mutational status within single CTCs isolated from individual mBC patients.

CTCs were enriched and enumerated by CellSearch® in blood samples collected from 39 mBC patients. In 20 out of 39 patients enriched samples with ≥5 CTCs were sorted using DEParray™ to isolate single CTCs or pools of CTCs to be submitted to Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) before sequencing analysis. In 18 out of 20 patients, it was possible to perform PIK3CA sequencing on exons 9 and 20.

Twelve subjects were wild type (wt) for the PIK3CA gene. PIK3CA status could also be assessed in pools of CTCs in seven of these patients, with consistent wt status found. Six patients (33%) had a PIK3CA mutation identified. In 2 of the six patients, molecular heterogeneity was detected when mutational analysis was performed on more than one single CTC, including one patient with loss of heterozygosity on both single and pooled CTCs, and one patient with three different PIK3CA variants on single CTCs but PIK3CA wt status on pooled CTC samples. In six out of the 18 cases PIK3CA status was also evaluable on a primary tumor sample. In one of the six cases a discordance in PIK3CA status between the primary (wild‐type) and the matched CTC (exon 20 mutation) was observed.

This study demonstrates the feasibility of a non‐invasive approach based on the liquid biopsy in mBC patients.

Moreover, our data suggest the importance of characterizing CTCs at the single cell level in order to investigate the molecular heterogeneity within cells from the same patient.
Wilderness Medical Society Practice Guidelines for Spine Immobilization in the Austere Environment: 2014 Update
Authors: Quinn Robert H. , Williams Jason , Bennett Brad L. , Stiller Gregory , Islas Arthur A. , McCord Seth
Published: December 2014

In an effort to produce best practice guidelines for spine immobilization in the austere environment, the Wilderness Medical Society convened an expert panel charged with the development of evidence-based guidelines for management of the injured or potentially injured spine in an austere (dangerous or compromised) environment. Recommendations are made regarding several parameters related to spinal immobilization. These recommendations are graded on the basis of the quality of supporting evidence and balance between the benefits and risks or burdens for each parameter according to the methodology stipulated by the American College of Chest Physicians. A treatment algorithm based on the guidelines is presented. This is an updated version of original WMS Practice Guidelines for Spine Immobilization in the Austere Environment published in Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2013;24(3):241–252.
Wilderness Medical Society Practice Guidelines for the Use of Epinephrine in Outdoor Education and Wilderness Settings: 2014 Update
Authors: Gaudio Flavio G. , Lemery Jay , Johnson David E.
Published: December 2014

The Epinephrine Roundtable took place on July 27, 2008, during the 25th Annual Meeting of the Wilderness Medical Society (WMS) in Snowmass, CO. The WMS convened this roundtable to explore areas of consensus and uncertainty in the field treatment of anaphylaxis. Panelists were selected on the basis of their relevant academic or professional experience. There is a paucity of data that address the treatment of anaphylaxis in the wilderness. Anaphylaxis is a rare disease, with a sudden onset and drastic course that does not lend itself to study in randomized, controlled trials. Therefore, the panel endorsed the following position based on the limited available evidence and review of published articles, as well as expert consensus. The position represents the consensus of the panelists and is endorsed by the WMS. In 2014, the authors reviewed relevant articles published since the Epinephrine Roundtable. The following is an updated version of the original guidelines published in Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2010;21(4):185–187.
Wilderness Medical Society Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Pain in Remote Environments: 2014 Update
Authors: Russell Katie W. , Scaife Courtney L. , Weber David C. , Windsor Jeremy S. , Wheeler Albert R. , Smith William R. , Wedmore Ian , McIntosh Scott E. , Lieberman James R.
Published: December 2014

The Wilderness Medical Society convened an expert panel to develop evidence-based guidelines for the management of pain in austere environments. Recommendations are graded on the basis of the quality of supporting evidence as defined by criteria put forth by the American College of Chest Physicians. This is an updated version of the original WMS Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Pain in Remote Environments published in  Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2014;25(1):41–49.
Wilderness Medical Society Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Lightning Injuries: 2014 Update
Authors: Davis Chris , Engeln Anna , Johnson Eric L. , McIntosh Scott E. , Zafren Ken , Islas Arthur A. , McStay Christopher , Smith William R. , Cushing Tracy
Published: December 2014

To provide guidance to clinicians about best practices, the Wilderness Medical Society (WMS) convened an expert panel to develop evidence-based guidelines for the treatment and prevention of lightning injuries. These guidelines include a review of the epidemiology of lightning and recommendations for the prevention of lightning strikes, along with treatment recommendations organized by organ system. Recommendations are graded on the basis of the quality of supporting evidence according to criteria put forth by the American College of Chest Physicians. This is an updated version of the original WMS Practice Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Lightning Injuries published in Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2012;23(3):260–269.
Effect of feeding frequency of a diet containing soya hulls on the food intake and behaviour of dogs
Authors: Sabchuk Tabyta T. , Silva Juliana R. , Marx Francielle O. , Felix Ananda P. , Maiorka Alex , Oliveira Simone G.
Published: December 2014

Dietary fibre may promote satiety and reduce energy consumption per gram of food. Associated with feeding management, dietary fibre may contribute to reduce anxiety in dogs submitted to food restriction to lose weight. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the food intake and the behaviour of dogs fed diets without soya hulls (0SH) or with soya hulls (16SH) once (1×) or twice (2×) daily. Eight adult Beagle dogs, with 11·3 (se1·6) kg body weight (BW), 4·1 (se0·1) years of age and body condition score between 4 and 7, were distributed in 4 × 4 Latin square design (n8/treatment, 5 d/period) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (0SHv.16SH; 1×v.2×). Food allowance was 50 % in excess of the daily metabolisable energy (ME) requirements; food residues were weighed. The behavioural test consisted in continuously observations for 24 h, using the scanning sampling technique (observations every 10 min). General behaviours, such as sleeping, barking, standing and others were recorded. Food intake in g/kg BW0·75per d of 0SH and 16SH was not different (P > 0·05). However, dogs fed the 0SH diet presented higher (P > 0·05) energy intake (kJ/kg BW0·75per d;P < 0·05) compared with those fed the 16SH diet. Dogs fed 2× daily had higher intake, both in g and in kJ, compared with those fed 1 × , independently of diet. There was no interaction between diets and feeding frequency (P > 0·05). No behavioural differences were observed (P > 0·05). The diet containing 16SH, despite reducing ME intake, did not restrict food intake (in g). Dogs fed 1× per d had lower food intake, possibly due to gastric capacity limitation.
Challenges for Smoking Cessation Intervention as Part of Primary Health Care Services in Developing Countries
Authors: Aung MN , Yuasa Motoyuki , Moolphate Saiyud , Kitajima Tustomu , Fukuda Hiroshi , Lorga Thaworn , Marui Eiji
Published: December 2014

Background:Smoking cessation is most needed but, least accessible public health intervention in developing countries. Practicality of smoking cessation interventions determines their feasibility to implement in resource-limited setting.

Objectives:This review aimed at identifying strategic mechanisms to launch accessible smoking cessation services within primary health care settings of developing countries.

Methods:The efficacy of smoking cessation methods were reviewed in Cochrane reviews and clinical trials. Relevant research with an outcome of smoking cessation for six months and articles published after 2000 indexed in the PubMed database were reviewed. The practicality of each intervention was narratively appraised with further reviewing relevant effectiveness trials and observational studies.

Finding and discussion:Contemporary evidence favours multi-components smoking cessation strategy combining more than one efficacy-proven methods such as brief advice, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and nursing intervention. Future trials to evaluate social and family influences on smoking behaviour in combination with above interventions are necessary. Moreover, training health care professionals in primary health care to implement smoking cessation intervention may overcome human resource insufficiency and ensure smokers’ access to cessation service within the community setting.
Predicting head-marking variability in Yucatec Maya relative clause production
Authors: NORCLIFFE ELISABETH , JAEGER T. FLORIAN
Published: December 2014

abstract

Recent proposals hold that the cognitive systems underlying language production exhibit computational properties that facilitate communicative efficiency, i.e., an efficient trade-off between production ease and robust information transmission. We contribute to the cross-linguistic evaluation of the communicative efficiency hypothesis by investigating speakers’ preferences in the production of a typologically rare head-marking alternation that occurs in relative clause constructions in Yucatec Maya. In a sentence recall study, we find that speakers of Yucatec Maya prefer to use reduced forms of relative clause verbs when the relative clause is more contextually expected. This result is consistent with communicative efficiency and thus supports its typological generalizability. We compare two types of cue to the presence of a relative clause, pragmatic cues previously investigated in other languages and a highly predictive morphosyntactic cue specific to Yucatec. We find that Yucatec speakers’ preferences for a reduced verb form are primarily conditioned on the more informative cue. This demonstrates the role of both general principles of language production and their language-specific realizations.
Systematic mismatches: Coordination and subordination at three levels of grammar
Authors: BELYAEV OLEG
Published: December 2014

In this paper, I analyze two clause combining strategies in Ossetic that exhibit mixed properties between coordination and subordination. I argue that the ‘mismatch approach’ proposed by Culicover & Jackendoff (1997) and Yuasa & Sadock (2002) is best suited to account for their properties. However, in order to adequately describe the behavior of these constructions in terms of the mismatch approach, appealing to three levels of grammar is required instead of two levels (syntax and semantics) discussed in previous works. This provides a clear argument in favor of models of grammar such as Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), where the syntactic level is split between constituent structure (c-structure) and functional structure (f-structure). The properties of semantic coordination and subordination that have been proposed in earlier work mostly belong to the level of f-structure, and not semantics proper. I argue that the only substantial semantic difference between coordination and adverbial subordination is that the former introduces discourse relations between speech acts, while the latter introduces asserted predicates that link two propositions within the same speech act. I provide definitions of coordination and subordination at all the three levels of grammar formalized in terms of the LFG framework, and discuss the tests that can be used for each of these levels.
Closure or Indeterminacy in Septem and Other Plays?
Authors: Garvie A.F.
Published: December 2014

I accept the general consensus that the transmitted end of Septem is not by Aeschylus; his play, as he wrote it, ends by giving an overwhelming impresssion that, while the brothers have killed each other, the city of Thebes has been saved. There are, however, three passages which seem to contradict that impression, by alluding to the usual version of the story in which the city will be destroyed by the Successors of the Seven in the next generation. I argue that all attempts by scholars to explain away this contradiction have been unsuccesssful. Aeschylus deliberately reminded his audience of the alternative version, and the question to be considered is why he did so.