bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Magnetic Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Composite and Its Application in Direct Electrochemistry of Horseradish Peroxidase
Authors: Zheng Jing , Xu Jing‐Li , Jin Tang‐Bo He , Wang Jia‐Ling , Zhang Wen‐Qian , Hu Yu‐Xiao , He Pin‐Gang , Fang Yu‐Zhi
Published: August 2013

A novel magnetic ordered mesoporous carbon composite was prepared. Electrochemical measurements showed that the ordered mesoporous carbon composite provided an excellent matrix for the co‐adsorption of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP could be separated and collected by the application of a magnetic field and its direct electron‐transfer could be achieved in the solution, not on the electrode thereby preventing the degradation of the enzyme. The cyclic voltammetric experimental results of HRP indicated that HRP displayed a pair of stable peaks with a formal potential of −0.306 V in PBS. The resulting biosensor exhibited fast amperometric response to hydrogen peroxide.
The composition and distribution of the rejuvenated component across the Hawaiian plume: Hf‐Nd‐Sr‐Pb isotope systematics of Kaula lavas and pyroxenite xenoliths
Authors: Bizimis Michael , Salters Vincent J. M. , Garcia Michael O. , Norman Marc D.
Published: August 2013

Rejuvenated volcanism refers to the reemergence of volcanism after a hiatus of 0.5–2 Ma following the voluminous shield building stage of Hawaiian volcanoes. The composition of the rejuvenated source and its distribution relative to the center of the plume provide important constraints on the origin of rejuvenated volcanism. Near‐contemporaneous lavas from the Kaula‐Niihau‐Kauai ridge and the North Arch volcanic field that are aligned approximately orthogonally to the plume track can constrain the lateral geochemical heterogeneity and distribution of the rejuvenated source across the volcanic chain. Nephelinites, phonolites and pyroxenite xenoliths from Kaula Island have radiogenic Hf, Nd and unradiogenic Sr isotope compositions consistent with a time‐integrated depleted mantle source. The pyroxenites and nephelinites extend to the lowest 208Pb/204Pb reported in Hawaiian rocks. These data, along with new Pb isotope data from pyroxenites from the Salt Lake Crater (Oahu) redefine the composition of the depleted end‐member of the Hawaiian rejuvenated source at 208Pb/204Pb=37.35±0.05, 206Pb/204Pb = 17.75±0.03, εNd = 9–10, εHf ∼16–17 and 87Sr/88Sr <0.70305. The revised isotope composition also suggests that this depleted component may contribute to LOA and KEA trend shield stage Hawaiian lavas, consistent with the rejuvenated source being part of the Hawaiian plume and not entrained upper mantle. The isotope systematics of rejuvenated magmas along the Kaula‐Niihau‐Kauai‐North Arch transect are consistent with a larger proportion of the rejuvenated depleted component in the periphery of the plume track rather than along its axis.
Electrophilic and Reactive Oxygen Species Detoxification Potentials of Chalcone Dimers is Mediated by Redox Transcription Factor Nrf‐2
Authors: Ajiboye Taofeek O. , Yakubu Musa T. , Oladiji Adenike T.
Published: August 2013

Nuclear erythroid related factor‐2 (Nrf2), a redox‐transcription factor, plays a critical role in the detoxification of electrophilic and reactive oxygen species that halt various biochemical and molecular processes. This makes it a candidate for regulation by polyphenols. This study investigates the capability of chalcone dimers (lophirones B and C) to induce expressions and activities of cytoprotective enzymes. Chalcone dimers administration to rats not only induced the Nrf2, but also suppressed cytoplasmic Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (Keap1) expressions. In addition, the chalcone dimers significantly (p < 0.05) increased the expressions and activities of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and reduced quinone oxidoreductase‐1, glutathione‐S‐transferase, epoxide hydrolase and uridyl glucuronosyl transferase in rat liver. Also, activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in rat liver increased significantly (p < 0.05). Overall, lophirones B and C increased the expressions and activities of cytoprotective proteins in rat liver possibly through the reduction of cytoplasmic Keap1 expression, leading to the nuclear translocation of Nrf2.
Light absorption by secondary organic aerosol from α‐pinene: Effects of oxidants, seed aerosol acidity, and relative humidity
Authors: Song Chen , Gyawali Madhu , Zaveri Rahul A. , Shilling John E. , Arnott W. Patrick
Published: August 2013

It is well known that light absorption from dust and black carbon aerosols has a warming effect on climate while light scattering from sulfate, nitrate, and sea salt aerosols has a cooling effect. However, there are large uncertainties associated with light absorption and scattering by different types of organic aerosols, especially in the near‐UV and UV spectral regions. In this paper, we present the results from a systematic laboratory study focused on measuring light absorption by secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) generated from dark α‐pinene + O3 and α‐pinene + NOx + O3 systems in the presence of neutral and acidic sulfate seed aerosols. Light absorption was monitored using photoacoustic spectrometers at four different wavelengths: 355, 405, 532, and 870 nm. Significant light absorption at 355 and 405 nm was observed for the SOA formed from α‐pinene + O3 + NO3 system only in the presence of highly acidic sulfate seed aerosols under dry conditions. In contrast, no absorption was observed when the relative humidity was elevated to greater than 27% or in the presence of neutral sulfate seed aerosols. Organic nitrates in the SOA formed in the presence of neutral sulfate seed aerosols were found to be nonabsorbing, while the light‐absorbing compounds are speculated to be aldol condensation oligomers with nitroxy organosulfate groups that are formed in highly acidic sulfate aerosols. Overall, these results suggest that dark α‐pinene + O3 and α‐pinene + NOx + O3 systems do not form light‐absorbing SOA under typical atmospheric conditions.
An improved whitecap timescale for sea spray aerosol production flux modeling using the discrete whitecap method
Authors: Callaghan Adrian H.
Published: August 2013

The discrete whitecap method (DWM) to model the sea spray aerosol (SSA) production flux explicitly requires a whitecap timescale, which up to now has only considered a whitecap decay timescale, τdecay. A reevaluation of the DWM suggests that the whitecap timescale should account for the total whitecap lifetime (τwcap), which consists of both the formation timescale (τform) and the decay timescale (timescale definitions are given in the text). Here values of τform for 552 oceanic whitecaps measured at the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory on the east coast of the USA are presented, and added to the corresponding values of τdecay to form 552 whitecap timescales. For the majority of whitecaps, τform makes up about 20–25% of τwcap, but this can be as large as 70% depending on the value of τdecay. Furthermore, an area‐weighted mean whitecap timescale for use in the DWM (τDWM) is defined that encompasses the variable nature of individual whitecap lifetimes within a given time period, and is calculated to be 5.3 s for this entire data set. This value is combined with previously published whitecap coverage parameterizations and estimates of SSA particle production per whitecap area to form a size‐resolved SSA production flux parameterization (dF(r80)/dlog10r80). This parameterization yields integrated sea‐salt mass fluxes that are largely within the range of uncertainty of recent measurements over the size range 0.029 µm < r80 < 0.580 µm. Physical factors controlling whitecap lifetime such as bubble plume lifetime and surfactant stabilization are discussed in the context of SSA production from whitecaps.
Agricultural biodiversity as a link between traditional food systems and contemporary development, social integrity and ecological health
Authors: Johns Timothy , Powell Bronwen , Maundu Patrick , Eyzaguirre Pablo B
Published: August 2013

Traditional food systems offer a key link between the social and economic resilience of smallholder farmers and pastoralists and the sustainable food and nutrition security of global populations. This paper addresses issues related to socio‐cultural diversity and the continuing complex engagement of traditional and modern communities with the plants and animals that sustain them. In light of some of the unhealthful consequences of the ‘nutrition transition’ to globalized modern diets, the authors define and propose a process for a more successful food system transition that balances agro‐biodiversity and processed commodities to support diet diversity, health and social equity alongside sustainable economic growth. We review empirical research in support of practice and policy changes in agriculture, economic development and health domains as well as cross‐sectoral and community‐based innovation. High‐value food crops within domestic and global value chains can be an entry point for smallholders' participation as contributors and beneficiaries of development, while sustainable small farms, as purveyors of environmental and public health services, diversify global options for long‐term adaptation in the face of environmental uncertainty. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
REVEGETATION OF DECOMPOSED GRANITE ROADCUTS IN KOREA: DEVELOPING DIGGER, EVALUATING COST EFFECTIVENESS, AND DETERMINING DIMENSIONS OF DRILLING HOLES, REVEGETATION SPECIES, AND MULCHING TREATMENT
Authors: Lee J.‐W. , Park C.‐M. , Rhee H.
Published: August 2013

Decomposed granite roadcuts are difficult to revegetate after losing the topsoil and vegetation cover. We developed a new drilling machine, Digger, to efficiently drill six holes simultaneously on decomposed granite roadcuts to facilitate revegetation. The Digger consists of a base machine (0.7 m3‐level excavator) and a mounting body with six hydraulic motors instead of a bucket. We tested its performance on two roadcuts in southwest Korea using time‐motion studies, which showed that the Digger can drill 240 m2 of decomposed granite roadcuts daily. The unit cost of the Digger was less than a half of other roadcut stabilization and revegetation techniques in Korea, making the Digger a cost‐effective revegetation technology. Field germination and growth tests were also conducted to identify appropriate diameter and depth of drilling holes, suitable revegetation species, and mulching treatment. We drilled holes with three different diameters and depths, filled the holes with a mixture of plant seeds and cultivated soil, applied mulching treatments (coir geotextile, shade net, and no mulching), and measured the germination and growth results at two field plots after 1 month and 1 year. The results showed that drilling diameter 10 cm and depth 10 cm were large enough to result in better plant germination and growth. Erosion control species, Poa pratensis L. and Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees, survived and grew better than native woody species. Coir geotextile improved the plant germination and growth. The time‐motion and revegetation results show that the Digger can be a promising technology to restore decomposed granite roadcuts. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiac arrest during adult liver transplantation: A single institution's experience with 1238 deceased donor transplants
Authors: Matsusaki Takashi , Hilmi Ibtesam A. , Planinsic Raymond M. , Humar Abhinav , Sakai Tetsuro
Published: August 2013

Liver transplantation (LT) is one of the highest risk noncardiac surgeries. We reviewed the incidence, etiologies, and outcomes of intraoperative cardiac arrest (ICA) during LT. Adult cadaveric LT recipients from January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2009 were reviewed. ICA was defined as an event requiring either closed chest compression or open cardiac massage. Cardiac arrest patients who recovered with only pharmacological interventions were excluded. Data included etiologies and outcomes of ICA, intraoperative deaths (IDs) and hospital deaths (HDs), and potential ICA risk factors. ICA occurred in 68 of 1238 LT recipients (5.5%). It occurred most frequently during the neohepatic phase (60 cases or 90%), and 39 of these cases (65.0%) experienced ICA within 5 minutes after graft reperfusion. The causes of ICA included postreperfusion syndrome (PRS; 26 cases or 38.2%) and pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE; 24 cases or 35.3%). A higher Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score was found to be the most significant risk factor for ICA. The ID rate after ICA was 29.4% (20 cases), and the HD rate was 50.0% (34 cases). The 30-day patient survival rate after ICA was 55.9%, and the 1-year survival rate was 45.6%: these rates were significantly lower (P < 0.001) than those for non-ICA patients (97.4% and 85.1%, respectively). In conclusion, the incidence of ICA in adult cadaveric LT was 5.5% with an intraoperative mortality rate of 29.4%. ICA most frequently occurred within 5 minutes after reperfusion and resulted mainly from PRS and PTE. A higher MELD score was identified as a risk factor. Liver Transpl 19:1262–1271, 2013. © 2013 AASLD.
Muscle mass predicts outcomes following liver transplantation
Authors: DiMartini Andrea , Cruz Ruy J. , Dew Mary Amanda , Myaskovsky Larissa , Goodpaster Bret , Fox Kristen , Kim Kevin H. , Fontes Paulo
Published: August 2013

For patients with end-stage liver disease, commonly used indices of nutritional status (ie, body weight and body mass index) are often inflated because of fluid overload (ie, ascites and peripheral edema), and this results in an underdiagnosis of malnutrition. Because muscle is the largest protein reservoir in the body, an estimate of the muscle mass may be a more reliable and valid estimate of nutritional status. Therefore, we used pretransplant computed tomography data for 338 liver transplantation (LT) candidates to identify muscle and fat mass on the basis of a specific abdominal transverse section commonly used in body composition analyses, and we investigated the contribution of this measure to specific post-LT outcomes. We found that the majority of our patients (68%) could be defined as cachectic. For men, muscle mass predicted many important posttransplant outcomes, including intensive care unit (ICU) stay, total length of stay (LOS), and days of intubation. Muscle mass was a significant predictor of survival and also predicted disposition to home versus another facility. For women, muscle mass predicted ICU stay, total LOS, and days of intubation, but the effect was modest. Muscle mass did not predict survival or disposition for women. In conclusion, because pretransplant muscle mass is associated with many important postoperative outcomes, we discuss these findings in the context of possible pretransplant interventions for either improving or sustaining muscle mass before surgery. Liver Transpl 19:1172-1180, 2013. © 2013 AASLD.
Three-dimensional print of a liver for preoperative planning in living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Zein Nizar N. , Hanouneh Ibrahim A. , Bishop Paul D. , Samaan Maggie , Eghtesad Bijan , Quintini Cristiano , Miller Charles , Yerian Lisa , Klatte Ryan
Published: August 2013

The growing demand for liver transplantation and the concomitant scarcity of cadaveric livers have increased the need for living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Ensuring the safety of donors and recipients is critical. The preoperative identification of the vascular and biliary tract anatomy with 3-dimensional (3D) printing may allow better preoperative surgical planning, avert unnecessary surgery in patients with potentially unsuitable anatomy, and thereby decrease the complications of liver transplant surgery. We developed a protocol and successfully 3D-printed synthetic livers (along with their complex networks of vascular and biliary structures) replicating the native livers of 6 patients: 3 living donors and 3 respective recipients who underwent LDLT. To our knowledge, these are the first complete 3D-printed livers. Using standardized preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative assessments, we demonstrated identical anatomical and geometrical landmarks in the 3D-printed models and native livers. Liver Transpl 19:1304–1310, 2013. © 2013 AASLD.
Synthesis and Photovoltaic Performance of a [1,2,3]Triazolo[4,5‐g]quinoxaline‐Based Low‐Bandgap Polymer
Authors: Hai Jiefeng , Zhao Baofeng , Zhu Enwei , Bian Linyi , Wu Hongbin , Tang Weihua
Published: August 2013

A narrow‐bandgap conjugated polymer, PFDTBTzQ‐2OC1, is prepared by alternating [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5‐g]quinoxaline and 9,9‐didodecyl‐fluorene. With a bandgap of 1.63 eV, this polymer has wide absorption ranging from 300–760 nm in film. Bulk heterojunction solar cells fabricated by blending PFDTBTzQ‐2OC1 with [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester exhibit a maximum power conversion efficiency of 1.31%, with a short‐circuit current density of 1.98 mA cm–2, an open‐circuit voltage of 0.74 V, and a fill factor of 0.47.

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One‐Pot Synthesis of Polyester–Polyolefin Copolymers by Combining Ring‐Opening Polymerization and Carbene Polymerization
Authors: Xiao Longqiang , Liao Liqiong , Guo Xin , Liu Lijian
Published: August 2013

The ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of a cyclic ester using alkyl acetate carbene (ROCOCH:) is generated from diazoacetate as organocatalyst under microwave irradiation, which enables the one‐pot preparation of copolymers of polyester and polyolefin. The chemical structure of the polymerized product is characterized by NMR, Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), and UV–vis spectroscopy. The incorporation of the azo group into the obtained copolymer is determined by elemental analysis, which indicates that 1.38–6.21% nitrogen is contained in the obtained copolymers. The influences of catalyst and microwave irradiation parameters on the polymerization are investigated. Both the microwave power and irradiation time have great influences on the copolymerization. Moreover, the molar mass of the obtained polymers is calculated with polystyrene standards, which gradually increases from 600 to 36 100 g mol−1 as the reaction temperature increases from 60 to 120 °C. Poly­mer with of 36 100 g mol−1 and PDI of 1.86 is produced under optimized conditions. The combination of ROP and carbene polymerization offers a new and convenient pathway to synthesize copolymers of polyesters and polyolefins.

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Does change in hip circumference predict cardiovascular disease and overall mortality in Danish and Swedish women?
Authors: Lanfer Anne , Mehlig Kirsten , Heitmann Berit L. , Lissner Lauren
Published: August 2013

Objective

Accumulating evidence consistently shows that small hip circumference (HC) is related to increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease, diabetes, and premature death in women. This study aims to clarify whether this inverse association can be found in both normal‐ and overweight individuals and if change in HC over time relates to morbidity and mortality risk.

Methods

HC and 6‐year change in HC in relation to the risk for all‐cause mortality and CVD morbidity and mortality was investigated in a pooled sample of 2,867 women from the DANISH MONICA study and the Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg with a total of 66,627 person‐years of follow‐up.

Results

Baseline HC was significantly and inversely associated with all‐cause and CVD‐specific mortality after adjustment for BMI, waist circumference (WC), and other covariates. In stratified analyses, the inverse association was weaker in women with a BMI of more than 25 kg/m2. Six‐year change in hip size was not associated with mortality or morbidity endpoints.

Conclusions

Our results imply the existence of a basal risk associated with small hip size, which is, however, independent from changes in gluteofemoral body mass and therefore unlikely to be modifiable.
Evidence for the role of AMPK in regulating PGC‐1 alpha expression and mitochondrial proteins in mouse epididymal adipose tissue
Authors: Wan Zhongxiao , Root‐Mccaig Jared , Castellani Laura , Kemp Bruce E. , Steinberg Gregory R. , Wright David C.
Published: August 2013

Objective

PGC‐1α is a transcriptional co‐activator and master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. While extensively studied in skeletal and cardiac muscle, recent findings suggest that white adipose tissue PGC‐1α plays an important role in regulating glucose homeostasis. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the role of AMPK in regulating PGC‐1α and mitochondrial enzymes in mouse epididymal and inguinal subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Methods

Mitochondrial protein content and norepinephrine and CL 316,243‐induced PGC‐1α mRNA expression were studied in mouse epididymal and inguinal adipose tissue from wild‐type and AMPK β1−/− mice.

Results

The protein content and phosphorylation of AMPKα was reduced in epididymal adipose tissue from AMPK β1−/− compared to WT mice, concomitant with decreases in PGC‐1α and mitochondrial marker proteins. Norepinephrine and CL 316,243‐mediated induction of PGC‐1α were decreased in cultured epididymal adipose tissue from AMPK β1−/− relative to WT mice. In inguinal adipose tissue from AMPK β1−/− mice, mitochondrial marker protein content and norepinephrine and CL 316,243‐mediated increases in PGC‐1α were normal despite reductions in the content and phosphorylation of AMPKα.

Conclusions

Norepinephrine‐ and CL 316,243‐mediated induction of PGC‐1α and mitochondrial protein expression is regulated by AMPK in epididymal, but not inguinal adipose tissue.
Comparison of the effectiveness of different counseling methods before second trimester genetic amniocentesis in Thailand
Authors: Hanprasertpong Tharangrut , Rattanaprueksachart Rawiwan , Janwadee Suthiraporn , Geater Alan , Kor‐anantakul Ounjai , Suwanrath Chitkasaem , Hanprasertpong Jitti
Published: August 2013

Objective

The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of counseling methods before second trimester genetic amniocentesis.

Study design

The design of this study is a randomized controlled study comparing the improvement in patients' knowledge satisfaction anxiety and perceived pain between computer‐assisted instruction (CAI) and leaflet self‐reading (LSR) and subsequent individual counseling among pregnant women scheduled for second trimester genetic amniocentesis in a developing country.

Results

There were 164 and 157 participants in the LSR and CAI groups, respectively. In both groups, knowledge improved significantly after LSR/CAI (p < 0.001) and increased further after individual counseling (p < 0.001). After combined counseling, knowledge was significantly higher in the LSR than in the CAI group (p = 0.032). Knowledge was associated with higher level of education and previous exposure to genetic counseling. Pain decreased more in the CAI than in the LSR group after completion of counseling (p = 0.021). Reduction in anxiety and increase in satisfaction did not differ between the groups. Counseling method did not affect the final decision of patients to accept amniocentesis.

Conclusion

Both counseling methods improved patients' knowledge and satisfaction and reduced pain and anxiety. In combination with individual counseling, LSR was more effective than CAI in improving patients' knowledge before second trimester genetic amniocentesis. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes for upper gastrointestinal complications varied by position and age: a validation study in a cohort of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs users in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy
Authors: Pisa Federica , Castellsague Jordi , Drigo Daniela , Riera‐Guardia Nuria , Giangreco Manuela , Rosolen Valentina , Clagnan Elena , Zanier Loris , Perez‐Gutthann Susana , Barbone Fabio
Published: August 2013

Purpose

To validate the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification discharge codes used to identify cases of upper gastrointestinal complications (UGICs) in hospitals of Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy.

Methods

Cohort study on the risk of UGIC in users of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs conducted in Friuli Venezia Giulia between 2001 and 2008. Cases were identified through primary and secondary International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision Clinical specific codes 531 (gastric ulcer), 532 (duodenal ulcer), 533 (peptic ulcer), 534 (gastrojejunal ulcer), and nonspecific code 578 (gastrointestinal hemorrhage). Potential cases were confirmed through hospital chart review.

Results

The chart retrieval percentage was 98.4%.The positive predictive value (PPV) was 94.3% for primary codes 531 and 532, 79.5% for code 533, 83.1% for code 534, 40.2% for code 578. The PPV for secondary codes was 34.7% but increased to 88.9% and 79.2% when the primary code was for peritonitis or acute post‐hemorrhagic anemia, respectively. Validation of secondary codes increased case ascertainment by 4.9%. Endoscopy confirmed 79.4% of cases but only 67.2% of those above age 84 years.

Conclusions

The PPV was high for specific primary codes and moderate to low for nonspecific primary and secondary codes. The inclusion of confirmed cases identified by nonspecific and secondary codes can be of value in studies that need a complete ascertainment of cases occurring in the study population.

In this cohort, not including these cases would underestimate the incidence of UGICs. A potential for case misclassification exists in particular in eldest ages. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein domain definition should allow for conditional disorder
Authors: Yegambaram Kavestri , Bulloch Esther M.M. , Kingston Richard L.
Published: August 2013

Abstract: Proteins are often classified in a binary fashion as either structured or disordered. However this approach has several deficits. Firstly, protein folding is always conditional on the physiochemical environment. A protein which is structured in some circumstances will be disordered in others. Secondly, it hides a fundamental asymmetry in behavior. While all structured proteins can be unfolded through a change in environment, not all disordered proteins have the capacity for folding. Failure to accommodate these complexities confuses the definition of both protein structural domains and intrinsically disordered regions. We illustrate these points with an experimental study of a family of small binding domains, drawn from the RNA polymerase of mumps virus and its closest relatives. Assessed at face value the domains fall on a structural continuum, with folded, partially folded, and near unstructured members. Yet the disorder present in the family is conditional, and these closely related polypeptides can access the same folded state under appropriate conditions. Any heuristic definition of the protein domain emphasizing conformational stability divides this domain family in two, in a way that makes no biological sense. Structural domains would be better defined by their ability to adopt a specific tertiary structure: a structure that may or may not be realized, dependent on the circumstances. This explicitly allows for the conditional nature of protein folding, and more clearly demarcates structural domains from intrinsically disordered regions that may function without folding.
Reconfigurable Integrated Multirobot Exploration System (RIMRES): Heterogeneous Modular Reconfigurable Robots for Space Exploration
Authors: Roehr Thomas M. , Cordes Florian , Kirchner Frank
Published: August 2013

This paper presents the multirobot team RIMRES (Reconfigurable Integrated Multirobot Exploration System), which is comprised of a wheeled rover, a legged scout, and several immobile payload items. The heterogeneous systems are employed to demonstrate the feasibility of reconfigurable and modular systems for lunar polar crater exploration missions. All systems have been designed with a common electromechanical interface, allowing to tightly interconnect all these systems to a single system and also to form new electromechanical units. With the different strengths of the respective subsystems, a robust and flexible overall multirobot system is built up to tackle the, to some extent, contradictory requirements for an exploration mission in a crater environment. In RIMRES, the capability for reconfiguration is explicitly taken into account in the design phase of the system, leading to a high degree of flexibility for restructuring the overall multirobot system. To enable the systems' capabilities, the same distributed control software architecture is applied to rover, scout, and payload items, allowing for semiautonomous cooperative actions as well as full manual control by a mission operator. For validation purposes, the authors present the results of two critical parts of the aspired mission, the deployment of a payload and the autonomous docking procedure between the legged scout robot and the wheeled rover. This allows us to illustrate the feasibility of complex, cooperative, and autonomous reconfiguration maneuvers with the developed reconfigurable team of robots.
Molecular Diversity Subdivides the Adult Forebrain Neural Stem Cell Population
Authors: Giachino Claudio , Basak Onur , Lugert Sebastian , Knuckles Philip , Obernier Kirsten , Fiorelli Roberto , Frank Stephan , Raineteau Olivier , Alvarez-Buylla Arturo , Taylor Verdon
Published: August 2013

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the ventricular domain of the subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of rodents produce neurons throughout life while those in humans become largely inactive or may be lost during infancy. Most adult NSCs are quiescent, express glial markers, and depend on Notch signaling for their self-renewal and the generation of neurons. Using genetic markers and lineage tracing, we identified subpopulations of adult V-SVZ NSCs (type 1, 2, and 3) indicating a striking heterogeneity including activated, brain lipid binding protein (BLBP, FABP7) expressing stem cells. BLBP+ NSCs are mitotically active components of pinwheel structures in the lateral ventricle walls and persistently generate neurons in adulthood. BLBP+ NSCs express epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, proliferate in response to EGF, and are a major clonogenic population in the SVZ. We also find BLBP expressed by proliferative ventricular and subventricular progenitors in the fetal and postnatal human brain. Loss of BLBP+ stem/progenitor cells correlates with reduced neurogenesis in aging rodents and postnatal humans. These findings of molecular heterogeneity and proliferative differences subdivide the NSC population and have implications for neurogenesis in the forebrain of mammals during aging. Stem Cells  2014;32:70–84
Vitamin C Enhances Nanog Expression Via Activation of the JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway
Authors: Wu Haibo , Wu Yongyan , Ai Zhiying , Yang Liping , Gao Yuan , Du Juan , Guo Zekun , Zhang Yong
Published: August 2013

Vitamin C (Vc), also known as ascorbic acid, is involved in many important metabolic and physiological reactions in the body. Here, we report that Vc enhances the expression of Nanog and inhibits retinoic acid-induced differentiation of embryonic stem cells. We investigated Vc regulation of Nanog through Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway using cell signaling pathway profiling systems, and further confirmed by specific pathway inhibition. Using overexpression and knockdown strategies, we demonstrated that STAT2 is a new positive regulator of Nanog and is activated by phosphorylation following Vc treatment. In addition, site mutation analysis identified that STAT2 physically occupies the Nanog promoter, which was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Taken together, our data suggest a role for Vc in Nanog regulation networks and reveal a novel role for STAT2 in regulating Nanog expression. Stem Cells  2014;32:166–176
Protein Kinase Inhibitor γ Reciprocally Regulates Osteoblast and Adipocyte Differentiation by Downregulating Leukemia Inhibitory Factor
Authors: Chen Xin , Hausman Bryan S. , Luo Guangbin , Zhou Guang , Murakami Shunichi , Rubin Janet , Greenfield Edward M.
Published: August 2013

The protein kinase inhibitor (Pki) gene family inactivates nuclear protein kinase A (PKA) and terminates PKA-induced gene expression. We previously showed that Pkig is the primary family member expressed in osteoblasts and that Pkig knockdown increases the effects of parathyroid hormone and isoproterenol on PKA activation, gene expression, and inhibition of apoptosis. Here, we determined whether endogenous levels of Pkig regulate osteoblast differentiation. Pkig is the primary family member in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), murine marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and human mesenchymal stem cells. Pkig deletion increased forskolin-dependent nuclear PKA activation and gene expression and Pkig deletion or knockdown increased osteoblast differentiation. PKA signaling is known to stimulate adipogenesis; however, adipogenesis and osteogenesis are often reciprocally regulated. We found that the reciprocal regulation predominates over the direct effects of PKA since adipogenesis was decreased by Pkig deletion or knockdown. Pkig deletion or knockdown also simultaneously increased osteogenesis and decreased adipogenesis in mixed osteogenic/adipogenic medium. Pkig deletion increased PKA-induced expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (Lif) mRNA and LIF protein. LIF neutralizing antibodies inhibited the effects on osteogenesis and adipogenesis of either Pkig deletion in MEFs or PKIγ knockdown in both murine and human mesenchymal stem cells. Collectively, our results show that endogenous levels of Pkig reciprocally regulate osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation and that this reciprocal regulation is mediated in part by LIF. Stem Cells  2013;31:2789–2799
Preparing Advocates: Service‐Learning in TESOL for Future Mainstream Educators
Authors: Moore Jessie l.
Published: August 2013

Service‐learning pedagogy can provide future educators a meaningful introduction to the field of TESOL and the English language learners (ELLs) it serves. This article briefly describes one approach to integrating service‐learning into an Introduction to TESOL course and presents research findings on TESOL students' learning outcomes, which included a better understanding of TESOL practices and a sense of advocacy for ELLs.
Theory and simulation of atom tunneling in chemical reactions
Authors: Kästner Johannes
Published: August 2013

Quantum tunneling of atoms, the penetration of energy barriers higher than the total energy of the system, plays a role in many chemical systems. While any chemical reaction is dominated by tunneling at low enough temperature, there is evidence for hydrogen atom tunneling even in enzymatic reactions at ambient conditions. The smaller the mass of the atoms, the lower and thinner the barrier is, the stronger the tunneling effect increases the reaction rate. Different methods to calculate tunneling rates are available. They range from full solutions of the time‐dependent Schrödinger equation via the semiclassical method to ad hoc corrections of classical transition state theory. The basis of different methods, their accuracy, and applicability is discussed in the present overview, with a particular focus on instanton theory, a Feynman‐path‐based approach using the semiclassical approximation.

This article is categorized under:

Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Reaction Dynamics and Kinetics
Solar thermal CSP technology
Authors: Romero Manuel , González‐Aguilar José
Published: August 2013

Solar thermal concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, because of their capacity for large‐scale generation of electricity and the possible integration of thermal storage devices and hybridization with backup fossil fuels, are meant to supply a significant part of the demand in countries of the solar belt. Nowadays, the market penetration of solar thermal electricity is steeply increasing, with commercial projects in Spain, USA, and other countries, being the most promising technology to follow the pathway of wind and photovoltaics to reach the goals for renewable energy implementation in 2020 and 2050. In the first commercial projects involving parabolic‐trough technology, some improvements are being introduced like the use of large molten‐salt heat storage systems able to provide high degrees of dispatchability to the operation of the plant, like the plants Andasol in Guadix, Spain, with 7.5 h of nominal storage, or the use of direct steam generation loops to replace thermal oil at the solar field. In the near future, the research and innovation being conducted within the field of linear Fresnel collectors may lead to high temperature systems able to operate up to 500°C and produce cost‐effective superheated steam. Central receiver systems are opening the field to new thermal fluids like molten salts (Gemasolar tower plant in Seville, Spain) with more than 14 h of nominal storage and air, and new solar receivers like volumetric absorbers, allowing operation at temperatures above 1000°C. All these factors can lead to electricity generation cost reduction of CSP plants by 30–40% for the period 2010–2020, according to public roadmaps and cost analysis made by the International Energy Agency in 2010. WIREs Energy Environ 2014, 3:42–59. doi: 10.1002/wene.79

This article is categorized under:

Concentrating Solar Power > Systems and Infrastructure
Computational solution of stochastic differential equations
Authors: Sauer Timothy
Published: August 2013

Stochastic differential equations (SDEs) provide accessible mathematical models that combine deterministic and probabilistic components of dynamic behavior. This article is an overview of numerical solution methods for SDEs. The solutions are stochastic processes that represent diffusive dynamics, a common modeling assumption in many application areas. We include a description of fundamental numerical methods and the concepts of strong and weak convergence and order for SDE solvers. In addition, we briefly discuss the extension of SDE solvers to coupled systems driven by correlated noise. WIREs Comput Stat 2013. doi: 10.1002/wics.1272

This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Computational Finance

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Modeling Methods

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Numerical Methods
MR Appearance and Clinical Significance of Changes in the Hip Muscles and Iliopsoas Tendon after Arthroscopic Iliopsoas Tenotomy in Symptomatic Patients
Authors: Hain Kendra S. , Blankenbaker Donna G. , De Smet Arthur A. , Keene James S. , del Rio Alejandro Munoz
Published: August 2013

Background

Iliopsoas tenotomy is a treatment for snapping hip. Does this surgical procedure change the surrounding muscle and tendon anatomy?

Questions/Purposes

This study seeks to evaluate the changes in the MR appearance of the hip muscles and iliopsoas tendon in patients following arthroscopic iliopsoas tenotomy.

Methods

One hundred sixty-nine consecutive adults were evaluated after iliopsoas tenotomy at the lesser trochanter. Each MR exam was evaluated independently by three radiologists for muscle edema, atrophy (grade 0–4), compensatory hypertrophy, signal within the iliopsoas tendon (increased on T1 or T2 sequences), and iliopsoas tendon morphology (distorted or disrupted) above, at, and below the iliopectineal eminence. A finding was considered positive if reported by two or three of the radiologists.

Results

Twenty subjects met the inclusion criteria. Muscle edema was present in 15% (3/20) of subjects within the iliacus, psoas, and quadratus femoris. Atrophy was observed in the following muscles: iliacus 85% (17/20), psoas 75% (15/20), quadratus femoris 10% (2/20), rectus femoris 5% (1/20), vastus lateralis 5% (1/20), and gluteus maximus 25% (5/20). There was no compensatory hypertrophy. Ninety percent (18/20) had increased T1 and 10% (2/20) had increased T2 signal within the iliopsoas tendon. Thirty-five percent (7/20) of the iliopsoas tendons was disrupted and 85% (17/20) was distorted, most commonly below the iliopectineal eminence.

Conclusion

The majority of postoperative symptomatic patients has atrophy of the iliacus and psoas muscles and distortion and disruption of the iliopsoas tendon and should be recognized as a normal imaging appearance following iliopsoas tendon release.
p27kip1 maintains a subset of leukemia stem cells in the quiescent state in murine MLL‐leukemia
Authors: Zhang Jun , Seet Christopher S. , Sun Clare , Li Jing , You Dewen , Volk Andrew , Breslin Peter , Li Xingyu , Wei Wei , Qian Zhijian , Zeleznik-Le Nancy J. , Zhang Zhou , Zhang Jiwang
Published: August 2013

MLL (mixed‐lineage leukemia)‐fusion genes induce the development of leukemia through deregulation of normal MLL target genes, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1. Both HOXA9 and MEIS1 are required for MLL‐fusion gene‐induced leukemogenesis. Co‐expression of HOXA9 and MEIS1 induces acute myeloid leukemia (AML) similar to that seen in mice in which MLL‐fusion genes are over‐expressed. p27kip1 (p27 hereafter), a negative regulator of the cell cycle, has also been defined as an MLL target, the expression of which is up‐regulated in MLL leukemic cells (LCs). To investigate whether p27 plays a role in the pathogenesis of MLL‐leukemia, we examined the effects of p27 deletion (p27−/−) on MLL‐AF9 (MA9)‐induced murine AML development. HOXA9/MEIS1 (H/M)‐induced, p27 wild‐type (p27+/+) and p27−/− AML were studied in parallel as controls. We found that LCs from both MA9‐AML and H/M‐AML can be separated into three fractions, a CD117‐CD11bhi differentiated fraction as well as CD117+CD11bhi and CD117+CD11blo, two less differentiated fractions. The CD117+CD11blo fraction, comprising only 1–3% of total LCs, expresses higher levels of early hematopoietic progenitor markers but lower levels of mature myeloid cell markers compared to other populations of LCs. p27 is expressed and is required for maintaining the quiescent and drug‐resistant states of the CD117+CD11blo fraction of MA9‐LCs but not of H/M‐LCs. p27 deletion significantly compromises the leukemogenic capacity of CD117+CD11blo MA9‐LCs by reducing the frequency of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) but does not do so in H/M‐LCs. In addition, we found that p27 is highly expressed and required for cell cycle arrest in the CD117‐CD11bhi fraction in both types of LCs. Furthermore, we found that c‐Myc expression is required for maintaining LCs in an undifferentiated state independently of proliferation. We concluded that p27 represses the proliferation of LCs, which is specifically required for maintaining the quiescent and drug‐resistant states of a small subset of MA9‐LSCs in collaboration with the differentiation blockage function of c‐Myc.
Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition leads to crizotinib resistance in H2228 lung cancer cells with EML4‐ALK translocation
Authors: Kim Hyeong Ryul , Kim Woo Sung , Choi Yun Jung , Choi Chang Min , Rho Jin Kyung , Lee Jae Cheol
Published: August 2013

Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with reduced sensitivity to many chemotherapeutic drugs, including EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Here, we investigated if this reduced sensitivity also contributes to resistance to crizotinib, an ALK inhibitor of lung cancer that exhibits the EML4‐ALK translocation. We established a crizotinib‐resistant subline (H2228/CR), which was derived from the parental H2228 cell line by long‐term exposure to increasing concentrations of crizotinib. Characteristics associated with EMT, including morphology, EMT marker proteins, and cellular mobility, were analyzed. Compared with H2228 cells, the growth of H2228/CR cells was independent of EML4‐ALK, and H2228/CR cells showed cross‐resistance to TAE‐684 (a second‐generation ALK inhibitor). Phenotypic changes to the spindle‐cell shape were noted in H2228/CR cells, which were accompanied by a decrease in E‐cadherin and increase in vimentin and AXL. In addition, H2228/CR cells showed increased secretion and expression of TGF‐β1. Invasion and migration capabilities were dramatically increased in H2228/CR cells. Applying TGF‐β1 treatment to parental H2228 cells for 72 h induced reversible EMT, leading to crizotinib resistance, but this was reversed by the removal of TGF‐β1. Suppression of vimentin in H2228/CR cells by siRNA treatment restored sensitivity to crizotinib. Furthermore, these resistant cells remained highly sensitive to the Hsp90 inhibitors, similar to the parental H2228 cells. In conclusion, we suggest EMT is possibly involved in acquired resistance to crizotinib, and that HSP90 inhibitors could be a promising option for the treatment of EMT.
An Introduction to Australian Public Policy
Authors: Maddison Sarah , Denniss Richard
Published: August 2013

The public policy arena is a complex framework of actors, politics and instruments. An Introduction to Australian Public Policy, Second Edition examines the broad range of models, influences and players that shape the development of public policy in Australia, and equips students with a working knowledge of both the theoretical underpinnings and real-world challenges of the field. Fully revised and updated, the new edition addresses the diverse approaches to policy formulation required by different practitioners and institutions. Accessible and engaging, this edition includes: a new chapter on policy evaluation; practical exercises on how to write policy briefs and media releases and eleven new, concise case studies from Australia's top public policy practitioners. The book is accompanied by a companion website which contains chapter summaries and a glossary. Widely regarded as the best introduction to Australian public policy available, the book is an essential resource for undergraduate students of politics and policy workers.
Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
Authors: Loo Yew-Chaye , Chowdhury Sanaul Huq
Published: August 2013

Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete remains the most comprehensive text for engineering students and instructors as well as practising engineers. This second edition has been updated to reflect recent amendments to the Australian Standard for Concrete Structures AS3600-2009. The content is presented in a clear, easy-to-follow manner and this edition features even more illustrative and design examples to aid comprehension of complex concepts. Part I addresses the analysis and design of reinforced concrete structures; Part II covers topics on prestressed concrete. Additional technical and practical information is set out in four appendices. Each chapter includes a set of problems that consolidates what students have learnt. Worked solutions to the problems are available to instructors on the companion website at www.cambridge.edu.au/academic. Thorough in its treatment, with many practical formulas, diagrams and tables, this book is an indispensable resource for students and engineers in their continuing learning and professional education.
On the number of fixed points of a sofic shift-flip system
Authors: KIM YOUNG-ONE , RYU SIEYE
Published: August 2013

If $X$ is a sofic shift and $\varphi : X\rightarrow X$ is a homeomorphism such that ${\varphi }^{2} = {\text{id} }_{X} $ and $\varphi {\sigma }_{X} = { \sigma }_{X}^{- 1} \varphi $, the number of points in $X$ that are fixed by ${ \sigma }_{X}^{m} $ and ${ \sigma }_{X}^{n} \varphi , m= 1, 2, \ldots , n\in \mathbb{Z} $, is expressed in terms of a finite number of square matrices: the matrices are obtained from Krieger’s joint state chain of a sofic shift which is conjugate to $X$.