bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lei de Educação Ambiental em Minas Gerais: burocrática e inconstitucional?
Authors: Teixeira João Vitor Souza , Palhares Adriel Andrade , Carvalho Felipe Mol Pessoa de , Santos Kamila Vilela Barros , Silva Rone Frank
Published: December 2021

A Educação Ambiental é um importante instrumento de apoio para a disseminação da consciência coletiva de preservação do meio ambiente para as gerações atuais e futuras da sociedade. A Organização das Nações Unidas chama atenção aos países para a importância desta temática e os mesmos se organizam para cumprir com as premissas firmadas em acordo com a organização. No Brasil, a responsabilidade para a promoção da Educação Ambiental é atribuída à esfera pública, porém, os estados podem acionar outros atores para contribuir, como a iniciativa privada, por exemplo. O presente artigo faz um apanhado das legislações de Educação Ambiental dos estados brasileiros identificando que a legislação mineira é mais restritiva e burocrática e questiona se existe discricionariedade perante o que consta na Constituição Federal do Brasil.
Dimensões da sustentabilidade em cursos de licenciatura a distância da área de ciências naturais: estudo dos projetos pedagógicos
Authors: Santos Dionísia Fernanda Paixão , Sousa Carlos Erick Brito de , Nunes Sannya Fernanda Rodrigues
Published: December 2021

O estudo realiza uma análise das dimensões da sustentabilidade nos projetos pedagógicos dos cursos de licenciatura a distância da área de Ciências Naturais da Universidade Federal do Maranhão. Para isso, optamos por uma abordagem qualitativa que abrange, enquanto procedimentos técnicos, análise documental. A linha metodológica adotada, para as análises dos projetos pedagógicos, foi a análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin, complementada com o software IRAMUTEQ. A partir dos dados coletados, verificamos os cursos sinalizam princípios das dimensões da sustentabilidade para a formação de uma cidadania ambiental e para formação de sujeitos éticos e críticos, em contrapartida, os currículos dos cursos estão estruturados de forma linear o que dificulta o trabalho interdisciplinar. Deste modo, a interdisciplinaridade é vista como uma possibilidade de articulação entre as diferentes dimensões da sustentabilidade.
La reflexividad en la danza contemporánea
Authors: Moszowski Van Loon Aäron
Published: December 2021

Al yuxtaponer algunos episodios clave en el desarrollo de la danza y la antropología contemporáneas, pretendo arrojar luz sobre un momento crucial en la historia reciente de las artes escénicas. Después de rastrear las semejanzas y las diferencias entre el teatro posdramático y lo que Rudi Laermans propone llamar la “danza en general”, me enfoco en la antropo­logía socio­cultural para delimitar más claramente el tipo de reflexividad que se despliega en obras de danza contemporánea como Pichet Klunchun and Myself (2005) de Jérôme Bel y Product of Other Circumstances (2009) de Xavier Le Roy. Paralelamente, reconstruyo estas dos obras y sondeo el alcance de una reflexividad que no opera “desde fuera” sino “desde dentro”. Además, ya que en ambos casos se trata de una reflexividad que gira en torno al problema de la alteri­dad, esto resulta particularmente relevante para la propia antropología. A un nivel más general, pongo de manifiesto que las artes escénicas y las ciencias antropológicas son empresas convergentes.
Molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and ADMET analysis of levamisole derivatives against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (MPro)
Authors: EL Khatabi Khalil , Aanouz Ilham , Alaqarbeh Marwa , Ajana Mohammed Aziz , Lakhlifi Tahar , Bouachrine Mohammed
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The new species of coronaviruses (CoVs), SARS-CoV-2, was reported as responsible for an outbreak of respiratory disease. Scientists and researchers are endeavoring to develop new approaches for the effective treatment against of the COVID-19 disease. There are no finally targeted antiviral agents able to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 at present. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the potential uses of levamisole derivatives, which are reported to be antiviral agents targeting the influenza virus. Methods: In the present study, 12 selected levamisole derivatives containing imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole were subjected to molecular docking in order to explore the binding mechanisms between these derivatives and the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro (PDB: 7BQY). The levamisole derivatives were evaluated for in silico ADMET properties for wet-lab applicability. Further, the stability of the best-docked complex was checked using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation at 20 ns. Results: Levamisole derivatives and especially molecule N°6 showed more promising docking results, presenting favorable binding interactions as well as better docking energy compared to chloroquine and mefloquine. The results of ADMET prediction and MD simulation support the potential of the molecule N°6 to be further developed as a novel inhibitor able to stop the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion: This research provided an effective first line in the rapid discovery of drug leads against the novel CoV (SARS-CoV-2).
Penehyclidine hydrochloride ameliorates renal ischemia reperfusion-stimulated lung injury in mice by activating Nrf2 signaling
Authors: Yang Qiang , Li Lei , Liu Zhaohui , Li Chunlei , Yu Lili , Chang Yulin
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) is an anticholinergic with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation activities. PHC displayed protectivity against renal ischemia reperfusion (RIR) injury. Nevertheless, the precise protectivity of PHC on RIR-induced lung injury remains unknown. Methods: We examined the effects of PHC on RIR-induced lung injury and investigated the underlying mechanism. We induced RIR in mice and administrated PHC to RIR mice. Kidney function was monitored by measuring the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine level in serum. We evaluated the lung injury, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in lung, pro-inflammatory cytokine level, and oxidative markers in serum and lung tissues. We tested the expression level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in lung of RIR mice after PHC treatment. Finally, we evaluated the effects of PHC in RIR Nrf2-/- mice. Results: PHC greatly downregulated the serum levels of BUN, creatinine, IL-6, NO, malondialdehyde (MDA), and matrix metalloproteinase-2. PHC also ameliorated the lung injury, decreased the MPO activity, and suppressed production of IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, MDA, and O2-, while it promoted production of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in lung. PHC improved the production of Nrf2 and HO-1. Conclusion: The protectivity of PHC was absent in Nrf2-/- mice. PHC ameliorated RIR-induced lung injury through Nrf2 pathway.
In silico analysis of GATA4 variants demonstrates main contribution to congenital heart disease
Authors: Abbasi Shiva , Mohsen-Pour Neda , Naderi Niloofar , Rahimi Shahin , Maleki Majid , Kalayinia Samira
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital abnormality and the main cause of infant mortality worldwide. Some of the mutations that occur in the GATA4 gene region may result in different types of CHD. Here, we report our in silico analysis of gene variants to determine the effects of the GATA4 gene on the development of CHD. Methods: Online 1000 Genomes Project, ExAC, gnomAD, GO-ESP, TOPMed, Iranome, GME, ClinVar, and HGMD databases were drawn upon to collect information on all the reported GATA4 variations.The functional importance of the genetic variants was assessed by using SIFT, MutationTaster, CADD,PolyPhen-2, PROVEAN, and GERP prediction tools. Thereafter, network analysis of the GATA4protein via STRING, normal/mutant protein structure prediction via HOPE and I-TASSER, and phylogenetic assessment of the GATA4 sequence alignment via ClustalW were performed. Results: The most frequent variant was c.874T>C (45.58%), which was reported in Germany.Ventricular septal defect was the most frequent type of CHD. Out of all the reported variants of GATA4,38 variants were pathogenic. A high level of pathogenicity was shown for p.Gly221Arg (CADD score=31), which was further analyzed. Conclusion: The GATA4 gene plays a significant role in CHD; we, therefore, suggest that it be accorded priority in CHD genetic screening.
Gender-based in vivo comparison of culprit plaque characteristics and plaque microstructures using optical coherence tomography in acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Prasad Krishna , Reddy S Sreeniavs , Kaur Jaspreet , Rao k Raghavendra , Kumar Suraj , Kadiyala Vikas , Ram Kashyap Jeet , Panwar Garima
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Women perform worse after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) than men. The reason for these differences is unclear. The aim was to ascertain gender differences in the culprit plaque characteristics in ACS. Methods:Patients with ACS undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for the culprit vessel underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. Culprit plaque was identified as lipid rich,fibrous, and calcific plaque. Mechanisms underlying ACS are classified as plaque rupture, erosion,or calcified nodule. A lipid rich plaque along with thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) was a vulnerable plaque. Plaque microstructures including cholesterol crystals, macrophages, and microvessels were noted. Results: A total of 52 patients were enrolled (men=29 and women=23). Baseline demographic features were similar in both the groups except men largely were current smokers (P<0.001). Plaque morphology,men vs. women: lipid rich 88.0% vs. 90.5%; fibrous 4% vs 0%; calcific 8.0% vs. 9.5% (P = 0.64). Of the ACS mechanisms in males versus females; plaque rupture (76.9 % vs. 50 %), plaque erosion (15.4 % vs.40 %) and calcified nodule (7.7 % vs. 10 %) was noted (P = 0.139). Fibrous cap thickness was (50.19 ±11.17 vs. 49.00 ± 10.71 mm, P = 0.71) and thin-cap fibroatheroma (96.2% vs. 95.0%, P = 1.0) in men and women respectively. Likewise no significant difference in presence of macrophages (42.3 % vs. 30%, P = 0.76), microvessels (73.1% vs. 60 %, P = 0.52) and cholesterol crystals (92.3% vs. 80%, P = 0.38). Conclusion: No significant gender-based in-vivo differences could be discerned in ACS patients’ culprit plaques morphology, characteristics, and underlying mechanisms.
Evaluation of Surface Roughness of a Ni-Cr Alloy Treated With the Nd/YAG Laser and the Sandblast Technique
Authors: Moslehifard Elnaz , Seyyedashrafi Mir Mahdi , Khosronejad Nasim
Published: December 2021

Introduction: This study was to assess the effect of various output parameters of laser treatment on roughening the surface of a commercial nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) alloy as compared to the sandblasting technique. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six disk-shaped (5 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness) specimens in total were made of a nickel-chromium alloy by using the lost-wax technique. Air-abrasion surface treatment was used for sixteen specimens. Specimens were divided into six groups; one of them was sandblasted and the rest were irradiated by different Nd:YAG laser output parameters as follows: Group A: energy: 122 mJ, frequency: 20 Hz, irradiation duration: 20 seconds, spot size: 1.5 mm; Group B: energy: 122 mJ, frequency: 20 Hz, irradiation duration: 20 seconds, spot size: 3.5 mm; Group C: energy: 122 mJ, frequency: 10 Hz, irradiation duration: 20 seconds, spot size: 3.5 mm; Group D: energy: 102 mJ, frequency: 10 Hz, irradiation duration: 20 seconds, spot size: 3 mm; Group E: energy: 102 mJ, frequency: 20 Hz, irradiation duration: 20 seconds, spot size: 3 mm. The surface roughness of all surface-treated specimens was evaluated by using a profilometer, and their average roughness (Ra) was calculated. The average value of each group was analyzed by t test and one-way ANOVA (SPSS 17). Results: Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed between the study groups. The highest Ra was achieved for the sandblasted group. The Ra value in group C was the highest value among the laser-etched groups. Conclusion: Based on the results, Nd:YAG laser irradiation increases surface roughness, but it is not as efficient as the sandblasting method as a gold standard.
Antibacterial Effects of a 940 nm Diode Laser With/ Without Silver Nanoparticles Against Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Hendi Seyedeh Sareh , Shiri Maryam , Poormoradi Banafsheh , Alikhani Mohammad Yousef , Afshar Saeid , Farmani Abbas
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The final goal of root canal therapy is to remove of the most bacteria from the root canal. This study aimed at comparing the antibacterial effects of a diode laser with a wavelength of 940nm and silver nanoparticles and the synergic effects of both techniques on Enterococcus faecalis. Methods: Ninety single-rooted human teeth were decoronated and prepared with rotary files. The samples were irrigated with sodium hypochlorite and EDTA17%. Then they were autoclaved and contaminated with E. faecalis suspension (1.5 × 108 CFU/mL) for 21 days. The samples were fixed in a microtube and were randomly divided into 4 experimental (n=20) groups and a negative control group (n=10) as follows: Group 1: hypochlorite sodium 5%, Group 2: silver nanoparticle, Group 3: diode laser, and Group 4: diode laser and silver nanoparticle. The samples were obtained from dentin chips before and after the intervention. The data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test. Furthermore, alterations in bacterial colonies were entered using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test (α=0.05). Results: There was a significant decrease in colony counts for all groups after interventions (P value<0.05). Also, all groups showed more reductions in colony counts compared with the negative control group (P value <0.004). There was a significant reduction for group 1 in comparison with other groups (P value <0.001) and this group had an extreme decrease of colony counts (RCC=100%). There was an important differential between silver nanoparticles and diode laser groups in bacterial counts (P value<0.001) and silver nanoparticles (RCC=83.15%) had more efficiency than the diode laser (RCC=41/33%). RCC of group 4 was 68/52%. Conclusion: Followed by sodium hypochlorite 5%, silver nanoparticles were the most effective antibacterial substances. The 940 nm laser diode had less antibacterial effect compared to its use with silver nanoparticles.
The effect of interval, continuous and combined aerobic exercise on IGF-1 hormone and body composition in type 2 diabetic patients with NAFLD
Authors: Bayat Zahra , Gaeini Abbasali , Nuri Reza
Published: December 2021

Background. IGF-1 hormone decreases in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD. The effect of exercise on this hormone requires further researches. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the interval, continuous, and combined aerobic exercise on IGF-1 hormone and body composition in type 2 diabetic patients with NAFLD. Methods. In this study, forty female type 2 diabetes patients with NAFLD (mean age 50.6 ± 4.5 years, height 1.58 ± 0.07 m, weight 74.4 ± 9.9 kg) were randomized into four groups. The exercise training groups performed exercises by cycle ergometer three days a week for eight weeks. The groups included: interval aerobic exercise group (75-80% maximum heart rate), continuous aerobic exercise group (60-75% maximum heart rate), combined exercise group (interval and continuous), and control group. Variance analysis was used for analysis and comparison between groups. The t-dependent test was used for intra-group compression (α≤0.05). Results. Decreased body weight, BMI, waist circumference, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, body fat percentage, body fat mass, and increased IGF-1 were significant in all three exercise groups (P≤0.05). In the control group, increased hip circumference and decreased IGF-1 were significant (P≤0.05). Among the three exercise groups, the interval aerobic exercise group had the most effect on improving type 2 diabetic patients with NAFLD. Comparing between the groups, IGF-1, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-height ratio were significant in the interval, continuous, and combined aerobic exercise groups compared to the control group (P≥0.05). Conclusion. Interval, continuous, and combined aerobic exercise improves body composition and hormone IGF-1, and according to the findings, interval aerobic exercise had the greatest effect on diabetic patients with NAFLD. Therefore, it is recommended that these patients participate in aerobic exercise regularly, especially interval aerobic exercise.
A Terbium Metal–Organic Framework Platform for Determination of Lamotrigine in Exhaled Breath Condensate
Authors: Eydi Parisa , Rahimpour Elaheh , Khoubnasabjafari Maryam , Jouyban-Gharamaleki Vahid , Jouyban Abolghasem
Published: December 2021

Background: Lamotrigine is widely used in the management of partial epilepsy, generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy and Lenox-Gastut syndrome and an add-on therapy in the treatment of complex and simple partial seizures and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures resistant to multiple drug therapy. Methods: In the current study, a fluorometric nanoprobe based on metal–organic frameworks (MOF) was designed for the determination of lamotrigine in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). The MOF nanoprobe consisted of Tb3+ ions as metal part and dimethylformamide (DMF) and 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) as organic parts of nanoprobe. Results: The used probe shows a week fluorescence in alkaline media owing to an energy transfer from nitrogen groups of DMF and Phen on carbonyl group of DMF as an antenna for Tb3+ luminescence. However, its fluorescence is enhanced in acidic conditions by protonation of DMF nitrogen atoms and Phen and deactivation of energy transfer pathways of nitrogen groups to carbonyl group. Lamotrigine addition to this fluorescent system leads to quenching in the fluorescence intensity due to reactivation of the above mentioned energy transfer pathways resulting in competitive interaction with H+ ions. Moreover, the inner filter effect (IFE) of lamotrigine on DMF–Tb–Phen MOF NPs is considered as another reason for the observed quenching in the fluorescence of DMF–Tb–Phen MOF NPs. The intensity of the fluorescence was recorded at λem = 545 nm and the difference between fluorescence signal in the absence and presence of lamotrigine was the analytical response. The factors affected on experimental conditions were optimized utilizing a multivariate optimization technique. The validation of nanoprobe response to lamotrigine gives a linear relationship in the range of 0.05 to 2.0 µg⋅mL‒1 with a detection limit of 11.0 ng⋅mL‒1 for lamotrigine. Conclusion: The developed method reveals good repeatability and selectivity for lamotrigine in real samples.
Pharmaceutical properties of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa), Toward an ideal treatment for Hypertension
Authors: Fazljou Seyyed Mohammad Bagher , Kamyab Raha , Namdar Hossein , Torbati Mohammadali , Araj-Khodaei Mostafa , Ghojazadeh Morteza
Published: December 2021

High blood pressure is the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease and should be controlled primarily by changes in lifestyle, such as regular exercise, a low-salt diet, and weight loss in overweight or obesity. If lifestyle changes are not enough, many types of medications can be used to control high blood pressure; however, side effects constitute one of the most critical limitations of conventional medicines associated with high blood pressure. For this reason, the use of traditional and herbal medicines has been welcomed by the public for many years. Sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is one of the most suitable herbal medicines for hypertension. According to research results, sour tea has the same effect as conventional medicines without serious side effects. The present study introduces sour tea as a suitable herbal medicine for high blood pressure to provide readers of this article with a comprehensive understanding of the medicinal properties of sour tea for the treatment of hypertension and its effects on several other common diseases, including cancer.
Potential anthelmintic and antioxidant activities of Jasminum fruticans L. and its phytochemical analysis
Authors: AKKOL Esra KÜPELİ , Kozan Esma , Bardakci Hilal , Barak Timur Hakan , Khalilpour Sara
Published: December 2021

Background: Ethnobotanical investigations conducted in Turkey demonstrated that Jasminum fruticans L. extract and fruit juice had been used against parasites in animals. In this study, the possible antihelmintic activity of various J. fruticans extracts contributing to its traditional use, was relatively assessed. In addition, the antioxidant potentials and phytochemical composition of the extracts were investigated since there is a relationship between helminthiasis, oxidative stress and phenolic metabolites. Methods: In this study, aerial parts of J. fruticans were subsequently extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH). In vivo anthelmintic activitiy of the extracts was compared with albendazole used as a reference in adult earthworms. Various methods, including free radical scavenging and metal-related activity assays, were used to assess the antioxidant capacity of the above-mentioned extracts. Assessment of phenolic composition was accomplished through total phenolic, phenolic acid, and flavonoid content assays as well as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scan modes. Further chlorogenic acid (3-O-caffeoylquinic acid) contents of extracts were quantified using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Results: Between all tested extracts, MeOH extract at a quantity of 50.0 mg/mL, paralysed worms in 8.1 min and killed them in 12.8 min, showing a high anthelmintic effect similar to albendazole. Similarly, in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity, cupric ion reduction and total antioxidant capacity experiments demonstrated that MeOH extract had significant antioxidant activity. Further phytochemical screening showed that MeOH extract was richer regarding phenolic metabolites. Chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid and gallic acid were only detected in the MeOH extract. Conclusion: Results justify and support the use of J. fruticans in traditional medicine as an anthelmintic agent. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the strong antioxidant capacity along with the phenolic composition determined in the MeOH extract and anthelmintic activity.
Active Targeting Gold Nanoparticle for Chemotherapy Drug Delivery: A Review
Authors: Gumala Azhoma , Sutriyo Sutriyo
Published: December 2021

Objective Active targeting strategy in chemotherapy drug delivery aims to improve the therapeutic outcomes and minimise the side effects of chemotherapeutics. This review discusses utilising ligands attached to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) along with several specific ligands attached to AuNPs for active targeting in chemotherapy drug delivery. Key finding Antibodies, peptides, vitamins, DNA, polysaccharides, aptamers, and hormones showed active-targeting abilities as ligands attached to AuNPs. Active-targeting AuNPs enhanced cellular uptake and cytotoxicity in a specific cancer cell in vitro while reducing tumor growth in vivo by improving the photothermal, photodynamic and chemotherapy effects. Active-targeting ligands increased the internalization of AuNPs loaded onto the specific tumour site and minimised the accumulation in the normal site. Conclusion AuNPs with active-targeting ligands such as antibodies, peptides, vitamins, DNA polysaccharides, aptamers, and hormones can improve the therapeutic outcomes of chemotherapeutics and can attenuate the toxicity effect in normal cells. For further research and development, researchers should be addressing AuNP characterization, drug–ligand disposition, active-targeting AuNP quantification, and target-AuNPs pertinence concerning the desired therapeutic outcomes.
The prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome and depression in Guilan medical students in 2020
Authors: Abdollahi Elahe , Soleimani Robabeh , Taherzadeh Hamed , Eslamdoust-Siahestalkhi Fatemeh
Published: December 2021

Background: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and depression are specific mental disorders that can negatively affect college students’ social, occupational, and academic performance, especially medical students. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of CFS and depressive symptoms and their relationship with medical students. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted with 175 medical students at the Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2020 in Guilan in the north of Iran. Three levels of medical students, including basic sciences and physiopathology, externship, and internship students, participated. A demographic information questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) were used to collect data. SPSS 22 was used to analyze the data, including Mann-Whitney, KruskalWallis, and Spearman tests. Results: The mean age of the participants was 23.92 ± 2.04 years. Of 175 participants, 50.9% were males. In all, 11.4% of subjects reported levels of CFS, and 38.8 % of them showed levels of depression. The rates of CFS and depressions were not associated with age, gender, marital status, educational level, geographic area, or student habitation (P>0.05). The use of cigarettes (P=0.002), alcohol, and substances (P<0.0001) showed a significant relationship with higher levels of CFS and depression scores. The relationship between the CFS score and depression was significant (r=0.523, P<0.0001). Conclusion: The prevalence of CFS and depression among medical students were 11.4% and 38.8%, respectively. There was a positive association between CFS and depression. Implementing screening policies is recommended, along with programs to help promote mental and physical health among students.
Effect of osmotic dehydration combined with citric acid on bioactive compounds in freeze-dried MD2 pineapple
Authors: Hanafi Nur Syazwani , Hasham Rosnani , Othman Nor Zalina , Sarmidi Mohamad Roji
Published: December 2021

The use of freeze drying process to prolong the shelf life of food products is considered mainstream in food industries due to its capability to retain the nutritional value. Citric acid and osmotic solution were used as a pre-treatment in this study to produce high-quality dried products. Four treatment groups were observed, including untreated (control), 1% citric acid (CA), 1% CA with 20% sugar solution (CAOD 20%), and 1% CA with 60% sugar solution (CAOD 60%). Physical properties such as moisture content; pH; total soluble solid; colour value; and bioactive compounds, such as vitamin C, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities were evaluated in freeze-dried pineapples. The result showed that CAOD 60% demonstrated a positive effect, with the least moisture content and the lowest value of colour changes (ΔE) at 5.69 ± 0.04% and 33.76 ± 2.17, respectively, as compared with that of other samples. In terms of phytochemical, the control and CA groups recorded higher retention of vitamin C, TPC, and TFC compared with other osmotic dehydration samples; however, there was no significant effect (p<0.05) on TPC and TFC. Interestingly, CAOD 60% possessed strong antioxidant activity, with the lowest IC50 value of 85.85 ± 5.93. From these findings, it was found that CAOD 60% resulted in positive effect on both the physical qualities and preservation of antioxidant activity, making it a recommended condition for pre-treatment in fruit preservation, which is essential in ensuring both the food security aspect and maintenance of its nutritional value.
FEATURES OF FORMING THE VT1-0+AMG5 JOINT DURING EXPLOSION WELDING WITH THE INFLUENCE OF ACOUSTIC VIBRATIONS
Authors: Korolev M. P. , Kuz’min E. V. , Kuz’min S. V. , Lysak V. I. , Donskoy D. V. , Zarubin M. S. , Petrushkin P. A. , Avtandilyan R. V.
Published: December 2021

The work is devoted to the study of the influence of the introduction of acoustic vibrations during explosion welding of the VT1-0 + AMg5 pair. A comparative study of joints obtained by the conventional method of explosion welding and explosion welding with the effect of acoustic vibrations in various welding modes has been carried out. The results of the study of the microstructure and mechanical properties allow us to speak about the positive effect of the introduction of acoustic vibrations during welding VT1-0 + AMg5, which consists in expanding the weldability area and reducing the volume of the melted metal in the joint zone. It is also shown in the work that the nature of surface preparation before welding can have a significant effect on the strength of the joint.
PENGUJIAN PEMBIAYAAN MUSYARAKAH SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING ANTARA DANA PIHAK KETIGA (DPK) TERHADAP LABA BERSIH PADA BANK UMUM SYARIAH PERIODE 2017-2019
Authors: Anggreni Meilinda , Novianty Ira
Published: December 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dana pihak ketiga terhadap laba bersih dengan pembiayaan musyarakah sebagai variabel intervening pada Bank Umum Syariah (BUS) di Indonesia periode 2017-2019. Jenis data yang digunakan yaitu data sekunder, Sumber data berupa laporan keuangan tahunan Bank Umum Syariah. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan  14 BUS sebagai sampel. Metode kuantitatif digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling dan analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yakni uji asumsi klasik dan analisis jalur. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu (1) dana pihak ketiga mempengaruhi pembiayaan musyarakah, (2) dana pihak ketiga mempengaruhi terhadap laba bersih, (3) pembiayaan musyarakah mempengaruhi laba bersih, (4) variabel pembiayaan musyarakah dapat memediasi dana pihak ketiga terhadap laba bersih.
DAMPAK CG PADA CSRD DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS SEKTOR PERTAMBANGAN SYARIAH BEI
Authors: Mai Muhammad Umar , Ariani Henny
Published: December 2021

The study aims to investigate the impact of corporate governance on corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) and the effect of CSRD to the profitability. The samples to study was gained from annual-report of the 29 firms that listed in Sharia’s critheria issued by the Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) in the Mining Sector Companies, from 2015 to 2019. The study will conduct by using the Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) using Warp-PLS software. The results of this study indicate that corporate governance proxied by variabels such as institutional ownership, board independent, and board of directors size have positive impact and significant to CSRD. Thus, The results  have indicated that CSRD have positive impact and significant to profitability. This study contribute to the development of corporate governance’s theory especially on the CSRD activities within the mining sectors companies with Sharia Critheria. Otherwise, this study gives new widen perspective to the managements and investors on the mining sectors companies with Sharia Critheria. In bound of the corporate governance, CSRD activities , and the profitability achievements.
Analisa Performa Pada Cooling Tower Jenis Mechanical Draft Crossflow
Authors: Melkias Alvera
Published: November 2021

Sistem pendingin pada unit PLTP terdiri dari dua macam sistem sirkulasi yaitu sistem air pendingin utama ( Main Cooling Water System ) yang melayani pendinginan pada kondensor dan sistem air pendingin sekunder ( Secondary Cooling Water System ) yang melayani pendinginan untuk peralatan bantu. Jenis cooling tower yang dipergunakan pada unit PLTP Kamojang adalah mechanical draft crossflow tower. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk menganalisis menara pendingin di Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi Kamojang. Untuk mengetahui kinerja Cooling Tower pada saat dioperasikan, analisis kalor yang terevaporasi, kalor pendinginan dari air ke cooling tower serta nilai efektivitas Cooling Tower. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah membandingkan nilai kalor evaporasi, kalor pendingin serta nilai efektivitas berdasarkan data desain dan data operasi pada sistem. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan serta analisa yang telah dilakukan maka diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa kalor evaporasi pada data desain yaitu 242,437.76 kW dan kalor pendinginan 242,027.93 kW sedangkan pada data operasi kalor evaporasi sebesar 298,496.06 kW dan kalor pendinginan 298,374.40 kW. Nilai efektivitas pada data desain sebesar 64% sedangkan pada data operasi sebesar 59,37% adanya penurunan sebesar 4,63%.
POTENSI SEKAM PADI SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF PLTBm DI SUMATERA BARAT
Authors: Udjianto Tjatur , Sasono Teguh , Manunggal Bambang Puguh
Published: December 2021

Sekam padi merupakan biomassa yang melimpah di Indonesia, salah satunya di Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Provinsi ini merupakan salah satu Provinsi penghasil beras terbesar di luar Pulau Jawa. Pada tahun 2019 Provinsi Sumatera Barat menghasilkan padi sebesar 1.482.996 ton-GKG. Sekam padi merupakan hasil sampingan dari penggilingan padi menjadi beras. Produksi sekam padi pada tahun 2019 di provinsi Sumatera Barat adalah sebesar 370.749 ton, sekitar 25%-nya dari produksi padi. Potensi energi sekam padi di Provinsi Sumatra Barat pada tahun 2019 dengan nilai kalor 13,44 MJ/kg adalah sebesar 4.982.866.594 MJ. Sekam padi sebagai bahan bakar PLTBm mempunyai manfaat mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap sumber energi fosil dan memanfaatkan limbah proses penggilingan padi. Teknologi PLTBm dengan menggunakan alat konversi energi biomassa secara thermal dapat berupa Gasifikasi, pembakaran dan pirolisis. Perhitungan kapasitas terpasang PLTBm diasumsikan menggunakan gasifikasi dengan teknologi pembangkit mesin diesel. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan kapasitas terpasang PLTBm Provinsi Sumatra Barat adalah sebesar 58,7 MW. Energi listrik gross yang diproduksi PLTBm Provinsi Sumatra Barat adalah sebesar 465.068 MWh. Setelah dikurangi Auxiliary power/house load PLTBm, produksi energi listrik net yang dijual atau dimanfaatkan adalah sebesar 444.140 MWh. Dengan dipasangnya PLTBm maka akan menghasilkan penurunan emisi gas rumah kaca dalam satu tahun sekitar 479.902 ton- CO2 ekivalen.
MODIFIKASI RUANG STERILISASI MEDIA TANAM JAMUR UNTUK MENGURANGI KEGAGALAN PRODUK JAMUR TIRAM
Authors: Ignatius Riyadi Mardiyanto  , Maridjo  , Ratriana Astuti
Published: November 2021

Sterilization room of mushroomss baglog is.function to kill bacteria, or any type of life in the mushrooms baglog so when the planting of oyster mushrooms, not wild mushrooms are disturbitg. Most of the oyster mushroom farmers in Indonesia are still traditional mushroom farmers. They sterilize the baglog based only on experience – previous experience. Mushroom farmers during the sterilization process using sterilization room shaped pan with a total time of sterilization during the nine hours, to reach 90.7"C temperature baglog takes eight hours. Thus are requiring a lot of fuel which ultimately adds to the cost of production. By doing this modification, aiming to reduce the failure rate and save fuel in the process of sterilization. From the results of the modification and testing can reduce the failure rate on mushroom growing media up to 65,48% and can save fuel up to 66,67%.
PENGARUH KETIDAKSEIMBANGAN BEBAN PADA RUGI DAYA SALURAN NETRAL JARINGAN DISTRIBUSI TEGANGAN RENDAH
Authors: Achmad Deni Mulyadi
Published: November 2021

Ketidakseimbangan beban pada suatu sistem jaringan distribusi tenaga listrik selalu terjadi dan penyebab ketidakseimbangan tersebut adalah pada pengaturan beban - beban satu fasa pada pelanggan jaringan tegangan rendah. Akibat ketidakseimbangan beban tersebut muncul arus pada netral trafo. Arus yang mengalir pada netral trafo ini menyebabkan terjadinya losses (rugi - rugi), yaitu losses akibat adanya arus netral pada penghantar netral trafo. Setelah dianalis, diperoleh bahwa bila terjadi  ketidakseimbangan beban sebesar 13,3 %, maka arus netral yang muncul lumayan besar yakni sebesar 108 ampere dan losses akibat adanya arus netral pada penghantar netral trafo sebesar 0,36%.
PENGARUH JUMLAH FASA TERHADAP FREKUENSI KELUARAN PADA STEP DOWN CHOPPER
Authors: Achmad Mudawari
Published: November 2021

Chopper banyak dipergunakan sebagai power suplai dan diharapkan riak keluarannya sekecil mungkin. Untuk mengurangi riak pada sisi keluaran chopper dapat dipasang tapis. Ukuran tapis dipengaruhi oleh besar kecilnya frekuensi. Dalam artikel ini diusulkan cara untuk mempertinggi frekuensi keluaran tanpa mempertinngi frekuensi switching komponen elektroniknya. Dari hasil analisis maupun simulasi menunjukkan bahwa pada step down chopper dua fasa frekuensi arus keluaran besarnya dua kali frekuensi arus fasanya.
EFEK KOEFISIEN PERPINDAHAN PANAS KESELURUHAN TERHADAP EFEKTIVITAS SISTEM PENDINGIN BANTALAN GENERATOR
Authors: Sri Wuryanti  , Mega Ary Sylvia
Published: November 2021

Pada penelitian ini digunakan sistem pendingin jenis heat exchanger (HE) yang berfungsi untuk menurunkan temperatur minyak pelumas yang digunakan untuk mendinginkan bagian bantalan turbin dan governor. Minyak pelumas yang mengalir melalui selongsong didinginkan oleh air yang mengalir melalui pipa, selanjutnya minyak pelumas tersebut digunakan untuk mendinginkan bearing (bantalan) dan governor. Untuk mendapatkan sistem pendinginan yang optimal, maka perlu dilakukan analisis unjuk kerja dari sistem heat exchanger tersebut yang dalam hal ini adalah nilai efektivitasnya, sehingga dapat diketahui kondisi kelayakan dari sistem heat exchanger tersebut. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi harga efektivitas adalah koefisien perpindahan panas keseluruhan (U). Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa koefisien perpindahan panas keseluruhan (U) tertinggi adalah 11,318 W/m2 °C dan terendah 10,939 W/m2 °C, sehingga efektivitas (e) tertingginya adalah 0,475 dan terendah 0,452. Bila dibandingkan dengan nilai efektivitas standar yaitu 0,5 maka sistem pendinginan tersebut masih mendekati nilai standar sehingga masih layak untuk digunakan.
PENGARUH MODEL DIFRAKSI TERHADAP PERAMBATAN GELOMBANG DETONASI PADA CAMPURAN BAHAN BAKAR HIDROGEN-OKSIGEN DENGAN DILUENT ARGON
Authors: Bambang Puguh
Published: November 2021

Pada sistem pembakaran snpersonik, shock wave dan reaction wave merambat dengan kondisi berhimpit dengan kecepatan di bawah 1 mikro detik. Shock wave yang memiliki tekanan tinggi hingga mencapai 20 kali tekanan awal akan membahayakan bagi keselamatan manusia jika kecelakaan detonasi terjadi. Dengan demikian  diharapkan kecelakaan yang diakibatkan oleh gelombang detonasi akan dapat dihindari atau diminimalisasi. Hal ini dilakukan dengan cara mengubah gelombang detonasi menjadi gelombang deflagrasi, yaitu memisahkan shock wave dengan reaction wave akibat proses ekspansi gelombang detonasi. Pada eksperimen ini, model diuji pada pipa uji detonasi (PUD) horizontal berpenampang lingkaran dengan diameter dalam 50 mm dan panjang 6300 mm yang terdiri dari seksi driver sepanjang 1000 mm, seksi driven sepanjang 5300 mm. Pada seksi driven dipasang model facing step 50% dengan bahan alumunium sepanjang 300 mm. Empat unit sensor tekanan yang berfungsi untuk merekam profil tekanan sepanjang proses pembakaran dan empat unit ionisation probe yang berfungsi untuk mendeteksi waktu kedatangan flame front, dipasang masing - masing 2 unit di upstream dan 2 unit di downstream dari model dengan posisi saling berhadapan. Campuran bahan bakar untuk seksi driver yang digunakan pada eksperimen ini adalah campuran hidrogen dan oksigen dengan kondisi stokiometrik dan tekanan awal 100 kPa untuk menjamin terjadinya detonasi pada seksi driver, sedangkan pada seksi driven campuran bahan bakar yang digunakan adalah campuran hidrogen - oksigen dengan diluent argon pada variasi tekanan awal mulai 20 kPa hingga 100 kPa. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh 3 mekanisme perambatan gelombang detonasi di belakang model.facing step 50%, yaitu a) Reinisiasi detonasi oleh adanya DDT, yaitu kondisi merambatnya kembali gelombang detonasi akibat proses deflagration to detonation transition di daerah downstream dari model setelah sebelumnya quenching detonasi akibat gelombang ekspansi, (b) Reinisiasi detonasi oleh adanya S-W, kondisi merambatnya kembali gelombang detonasi akibat adanya interaksi gelonbang kejut dengan dinding pipa, (c) transmisi detonasi, merupakan proses perambatan gelombang detonasi tanpa melalui proses quenching didaerah downstream dari model.
EVALUASI KINERJA TURBIN GAS ABB GT 13-E1 DI PT INDONESIA POWER UBP PRIOK
Authors: Kartono  , Sekti Kunthi  , Tina Mulya Gantina
Published: November 2021

Turbin Gas merupakan salah satu komponen terpenting dalam sistem PLTG dan PLTGU, maka dari itu tnrbin gas memerlukan perhatian lebih sehingga perlu dilakukan evaluasi kinerjanya. Prinsip kerja turbin gas adalah mengkonversi energi kimia yang terkandung di dalam bahan bakar menjadi gas panas, yang selanjutnya tekanan gas panas tersebut dipakai untuk menggerakkan poros turbin untuk menghasilkan listrik, Salah satu gambaran yang dapat menunjukan kinerja turbin gas adalah efisiensi. Bedasarkan hasil pengujian efisiensi dengan menggunakan metode tidak langsung pada turbin gas ABB GT 13 – E1 di PT Indonesia Power UBP Priok, diperoleh data bahwa sudah terjadi penurunan di kompresor, ruang bakar, dan turbin. Penurunan efisiensi di kompresor adalah sebesar 6,5 - 7,3%.; diruang bakar terjadi penurunan efisiensi sebesar 16,8 - 19,1% dan di turbin terjadi penurunan efisiensi sebesar 15,9 - 18,18%. Dengan demikian penurunan efisiensi thermal di turbin gas adalah sebesar l5 -

21%.
RANCANG BANGUN TRANDUSER TEMPERATUR MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR TERMISTOR
Authors: Wahyu Budi Mursanto  , Rony Fachrul
Published: November 2021

Tranduser temperatur ini dibuat dengan menggunakan sensor termistor yang memiliki koefisien negatif atau NTC. Termistor memiliki karakteristik non-linier. Dengan karakteristik yang non-linier, dilakukan linierisasi menggunakan metoda rangkaian paralel. Tranduser temperatur ini memiliki range pengukuran dari 20°C hingga 50°C, Catu daya DC digunakan sebagai sumber tegangan untuk rangkaian tranduser temperatur. Tranduser ini membutuhkan sebuah rangkaiun pengkondisi sinyal agar tegangan keluarannya berkisar pada 2 volt hingga 5 volt. Penggunaan mikrokontroller Atmega 8535 bertujuan untuk mengolah keluaran yang berupa sinyal analog menjadi sebuah sinyal digital yang ditampilkan pada sebuah LCD 16x2.
PENGARUH VARIASI NILAI RASIO KARBON DAN NITROGEN (C per N RATIO) PADA CAMPURAN KOTORAN KERBAU-SAPI PADA PRODUKSI BIOGAS MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM FERMENTASI BATCH
Authors: Purwinda Iriani  , Tina Mulya Gantina  , Arif Santya Budi  , Florida
Published: November 2021

Penggunaan energi terbarukan di Indonesia mulai mengalami kenaikan, dimana salah satu jenisnya adalah biogas. Penggunaan biogas pada saat ini banyak memanfaatkan kotoran hewan ruminan sebagai bahan baku utama. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan kajian mengenai perbandingan antara produksi biogas berbahan baku campuran kotoran

kerbau-sapi dengan C:N rasio 40:1, 50:1, 55:l dan 65:1. Pengujian kimiawi bahan baku penelitian menunjukkan bahwa C:N rasio kotoran kerbau adalah 88:l dan kotoran sapi adalah 38,5:1. Fermentasi bahan baku dilakukan dalam keadaan anaerob pada digester 19 liter di temperatur lingkungan selama 34 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan

bahwa total volume biogas tertinggi diperoleh pada bahan baku kerbau-sapi dengan C:N rasio 50:l sebanyak 24,3 liter, sedangkan komposisi gas CH4 tertinggi diperoleh pada baku kotoran kerbau--sapi dengan C:N rasio 55:l yaitu 51,26% di fermentasi pada hari ke- 15.
PERANCANGAN DAN PEMBUATAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA MIKROHIDRO PADA SALURAN SUNGAI OPAK UNTUK MENDUKUNG PEREKONOMIAN MASYARAKAT DUKUH BENDO, DESA WUKIRSARI, KECAMATAN IMOGIRI, KABUPATEN BANTUL, YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Slameto
Published: November 2021

Energi adalah kebutuhan yang vital untuk masyarakat, ketersediaan energi alternatif di lndonesia khususnya untuk mikrohidro sekitar 450 MW, sementara baru digunakan sekitar 81MW. Di provinsi Yogyakarta misalnya, masih sedikit penggunaan energi alternatif ini, padahal wilayah ini memiliki banyak potensi sumber mikrohidro. Studi ini merupakan studi ulang tahapan awal pembangunan PLTMH. Studi yang dilakukan yaitu berupa survei kelayakan, perancangan dan pembangunan PLTMH di dukuh Bendo, desa Wukirsari, Bantul, Yogyakarta. Dari data yang didapatkan, saluran irigasi ini manpu menghasilkan daya sekitar 714 watt, dengan luasan 1,76 m2, kecepatan 0,85 m per detik dan debit I ,5 m3 per detik.
ALAT PENGUKUR KECEPATAN DAN ARAH ANGIN YANG TERINTEGRASI MELALUI MIKROKONTROLER
Authors: Suyanto
Published: November 2021

Hembusan angin merupakan gabungan dari dua karakteristik angin yaitu kecepatan dan arah angin. Dua faktor ini sangat penting dalam pemanfaatan maupun pencegahan dampak hembusan angin. Alat pengukur kecepatan angin pada umumnya terpisah dengan alat pengukur arah angin. Komposisi kedua parameter angin tersebut dapat diterapkan melalui kombinasi optocoupler dan kombinasi logik. Optocoupler akan membaca piringan kode dan menghasilkan keluaran berupa pulsa dan kombinasi logik. Lalu mikrokontroler AT89S52 akan mengolah data tersebut. Pulss akan diolah agar menghasilkan keluaran kecepatan angin yang terjadi, sedangkan kombinasi logik akan diolah agar menghasilkan kemana arah angin sedang berhembus. Besarnya kecepatan angin dan arahnya ditampilkan pada LCD. Pengaturan kecepatan angin maksimum pada 11 meter per detik ditetapkan sebagai batas yang diperkenankan. Kombinasi logik dengan tiga sensor mampu menghasilkan arah angin yang sesuai dengan kecepatannya.
PEMANFAATAN SUMBER ENERGI TERBARUKAN MELALUI PEMBUATAN PENGERING HIBRID SURYA-BIOMASSA PADA PENGERINGAN BIJI KOPI
Authors: Agoeng H Rahardjo  , Bambang Puguh  , Hani Aprianti Solihah
Published: December 2021

Indonesia merupakan negara tropis dengan kelimpahan sumber energi terbarukan berupa sinar matahari dan biomassa yang melimpah. Kedua jenis sumber energi terbarukan tersebut mulai digunakan dan dikembangkan sebagai energi alternatif di sektor pertanian dan perkebunan dalam hal teknologi pengeringan. Salah satu produk perkebunan yang memperhatikan penggunaan teknologi pengeringan adalah kopi. Pada sistem pengeringan konvensional, penghilangan kadar air pada biji kopi mengandalkan kontak langsung dengan sinar matahari yang mana cuaca dan lama pengeringan dapat menjadi kelemahan sistem pengeringan tersebut. Pada penelitian dilakukan pembuatan pengering kopi sistem hibrid dengan menggunakan kolektor surya dan tungku biomassa berkapasitas 2,5 kg. Hasil pengujian didapatkan efisiensi pengering sebesar 7,4% sedangkan pengeringan konvensional sebesar 4,4%.
RANCANGAN SISTEM SUPLAI DAYA DARURAT PADA PLTG TANJUNG UNCANG 2X35 MW
Authors: Ali Mashar  , Siti Saodah  , Achmad Maulana Fathi
Published: December 2021

Pada sebuah pembangkit listrik terdapat peralatan - peralatan vital tambahan (auxiliary load) yang tidak dapat terputus suplai dayanya baik dalam keadaan normal maupun  dalam keadaan darurat (suplai daya dari generator utama terputus). Sistem suplai daya darurat merupakan sistem yang bertugas mensuplai daya pada beban vital tambahan ketika keadaan darurat (emergency). Komponen utama dari sistem suplai daya darurat adalah Emergency Diesel Generator (EDG) berfungsi sebagai pensuplai daya pada sistem tersebut. Besarnya rating daya dari EDG ditentukan dari jumlah beban vital tambahan yang akan disuplai. Berdasarkan pertimbangan kebutuhan daya bebannya,  spesifikasi EDG yang digunakan pada PLTG Tanjung Uncang 2x35 MW adalah 1225 kVA dengan tegangan nominal 6,6 kV, frekuensi 50 Hz dan PF 0,8. Electric Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) digunakan untuk memverifikasi data beban vital tambahan dan untuk melakukan simulasi load flow dan short circuit pada sistem. Simulasi load flow analysis dilakakan untuk mengetahui aliran daya yang mengalir pada jaringan, sedangkan short circuit analysis dilakukan untuk melihat arus gangguan yang  mengalir ketika terjadi short circuit (hubung singkat). Dari simulasi load flow analysis didapatkan bahwa daya yang mengalir dari generator menuju jaringan sebesar 754 kW. Dari simulasi short circuit analysis didapatkan jika Bus LV1 terjadi gangguan 3-phase fault 1.631 kA, jika sumber kegagalan terjadi pada Bus LV2 -G 1.222 kA. Sedangkan, jika sumber kegagalan terjadi pada Bus MV1 L-L 0.313 kA, jika sumber gangguan terjadi pada Bus MV2 L-L-G 0.260 kA dan jika sumber kegagalan terjadi pada Bus DC sebesar 5.342 kA.