bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defense responses of sunflower plants to the fungal pathogen attack
Authors: Krsmanović Slobodan , Petrović Kristina , Dedić Boško , Bagi Ferenc , Stojšin Vera , Jaćimović Simona , Ćuk Nemanja
Published: November 2020

Sunflower plants show pronounced allelopathic traits and represent a suitable base for potential scientific research work. Understanding and exploiting precisely of that potential could greatly reduce the use of chemical products for plant protection that are intensively used in the production technology of this crop. Today, a big effort is made in sunflower breeding in order to produce the resistance to the economically most important pathogens, which are in most cases phytopathogenic fungi and parasitic weeds such as broomrape. Since sunflower is an increasingly popular crop within farmer fields in the Republic of Serbia, an overview of so far known, passive and active defense mechanisms, that are key for the crop resistance creating, is given. The study also describes in detail, the interactions among the most harmful fungal pathogens and sunflower plants, the expression of genes caused by their attack, and the production of metabolites that are crucial for the induced defense formation.
Mathematical modelling of the effect of heat fluxes from external sources on the surface of spacecraft
Authors: Ye Ko , Pronina Polina , Polyakov Pavel
Published: November 2020

Modelling the extraneous heat exchange of spacecraft using solar radiation simulation facility and simulators of the planetary radiation field in several cases is an intractable problem not only in technical but also in methodological terms. For some technical reasons, solar radiation simulator is stationary. Consequently, to reproduce a possible change in the orientation of the test object relative to the solar radiation flux, it is necessary to equip the thermal vacuum unit with devices that allow the test object to be rotated at least about two axes. In this paper, a mathematical model and a method for solving the problem of heat transfer in a multilayer structure of screen-vacuum thermal insulation under the influence of solar radiation is proposed. A method is proposed for the numerical solution of a normal system of nonlinear differential equations using the linearisation of nonlinear terms. Various results of numerical modelling were obtained, which indicate the adequacy of the proposed mathematical model. It has been revealed that high-inertia thermal insulation of sufficient thickness is required to stabilise the thermal state inside the spacecraft.
PSD2 influence on digital banking transformation: Banks' perspective
Authors: Petrović Marijana
Published: November 2020

The European Union government has forced banks to open and make their customer information accessible with their permission, for other players in the financial market to use and take part of that business, in order to make the banking industry more innovative, stimulate new ideas in the payments market and better regulate existing legal frameworks for payment and banking services across the EU. This paper analyzes the impact that the revised PSD2 Directive has on the digital transformation of banking across the European Union.
Alternative tools for motivating young primary school students when learning Maths
Authors: Vinkler Lidija
Published: November 2020

A decrease in concentration, motivation and academic success is a common occurrence with elementary school pupils. This is most noticeable in STEM lessons, particularly in Maths. Teachers resort to various teaching approaches in order to motivate students. However, teachers often realize such approaches bring no significant success in the classroom due to a lack of interest on the part of the students. The motivation and success of students can be increased by grouping the students within heterogeneous classes, which is frequently used with younger elementary school students. The article features a description of three different activities, which can be used to make Maths lessons more appealing when given to students in groups. At first, the activities might not seem related to Maths, but try them as they are great examples of activities, which increase mathematical thought. Described activities are Mud Town, Map Colouring and Ice Cream Stands.
Antonio Machado y Álvarez «Demófilo»
Authors: Cruces Roldán Cristina
Published: November 2020

El texto analiza el recorrido intelectual y la aportación al flamenco deAntonio Machado y Álvarez «Demófilo» (1846-1893), el folclorista másrelevante de la escuela sevillana y autor de la Colección de cantes flamencos(1881). Sitúa al autor en la encrucijada histórica entre el despertar de las cienciasnaturales, el positivismo y el evolucionismo, y lo inscribe en el siglo delnacionalismo político, el costumbrismo y el realismo.El proyecto de institucionalización que Demófilo llevó a cabo de los estudios defolclore y literatura popular en España y su síntesis de investigaciones sobreflamenco evidencian la modernidad y la aspiración científica de su aportaciónprincipal: la construcción de un modelo sistematizador del corpus flamenco detradición oral, plenamente comprometido con un ideario humanista, identitarioy de progreso.
Investigating the Utility of Birds in Precontact Yup’ik Subsistence: A Preliminary Analysis of the Avian Remains from Nunalleq
Authors: Masson-MacLean Edouard , Houmard Claire , Knecht Rick , Moss Madonna L.
Published: November 2020

Birds have been an integral part of traditional Yup’ik lifeways in the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, southwest Alaska, both economically and symbolically. From a subsistence point of view, the rich ethnographic record for the region highlights the importance of this resource as a critical seasonal food and a source of raw materials for clothing and tools. Little is known of bird exploitation in precontact Yup’ik society, however, as a result of limited archaeological research in the region, which thus constrains our ability to understand subsistence strategies prior to Euro-American contact. Recent excavations at the Nunalleq site (sixteenth to seventeenth century AD) have yielded a well-preserved avian assemblage that provides the opportunity to explore the use of birds during the late prehistoric period in the region. In this paper, we present the results of our preliminary zooarchaeological and technological analyses of this material. These new data demonstrate that a relatively wide range of taxa were harvested by precontact Yupiit, reflecting their multiple uses of birds. People not only exploited birds for their meat but also targeted specific taxa for the qualities of their skins for making parkas, their feathers as adornments or for fletching arrows, and their bones for making needles and other tools. Though this study shows a certain degree of continuity between precontact and historic Yup’ik subsistence practices, it also highlights a gradual decline in the non-dietary use of birds and the gradual increase in the intake of birds primarily targeted as sources of food in more recent times.
The Fabric of Basketry: Initial Archaeological Study of the Grass Artifacts Assemblage from the Nunalleq Site, Southwest Alaska
Authors: Masson-MacLean Julie , Masson-MacLean Edouard , Knecht Rick
Published: November 2020

More than two thousand archaeological grass artifacts dating from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century have been recovered from Nunalleq (GDN-248), an archaeological site located near the village of Quinhagak, southwest Alaska, in eight seasons of fieldwork at the site. This growing collection of basketry and cordage provides unprecedented insights on the use of grass artifacts in precontact Yup’ik households. Permafrost soils have preserved this assemblage astonishingly well, with objects made from grass blades and roots. Here we present the results of a preliminary study of these rarely encountered artifacts, based on the data recorded in the course of conservation work.
Éthique de la considération : transdescendance et transascendance
Authors: Barreau Jean-Marc
Published: November 2020

Trouvant son originalité dans un ancrage à la fois clinique et spéculatif, cet article apporte à la science de l’accompagnement spirituel non seulement la prise en compte d’une double typologie des blessures spirituelles, mais aussi et surtout la manière de les accompagner spirituellement. En ce qui concerne la double typologie des blessures spirituelles, l’auteur s’appuie sur la recherche développée dans son ouvrage Soins palliatifs. Accompagner pour vivre, qui présente une typologie des blessures spirituelles dites « fondamentales ». Fort de ce soubassement, l’auteur assume le travail d’une stagiaire en soins spirituels qu’il a lui-même supervisée. À partir des 20 verbatim produits par celle-ci, s’appuyant sur une méthodologie qualitative, il met à jour une deuxième typologie des blessures spirituelles qu’il nomme « transversales ». C’est alors, dans la conjonction de ces deux typologies, que l’auteur traite de la manière de les accompagner et propose un accompagnement spirituel séculier dépassant ce que l’anthropologie du théologien et philosophe Louis Roy suggère. Ce dépassement s’opère grâce à l’appropriation que Corine Pelluchon fait de l’anthropologie de Bernard de Clairvaux. Le cadre conceptuel de l’article invite à revisiter la notion de « souffrance existentielle » à la lumière des blessures spirituelles et donc des « souffrances spirituelles ».
Nicolas de Cues et l’historiographie philosophique du XXe siècle
Authors: Fiamma Andrea
Published: November 2020

L’article retrace l’histoire de l’historiographie de Nicolas de Cues au XXe siècle, en s’appuyant sur le livre d’Ernst Cassirer Individu et cosmos dans la philosophie de la Renaissance. L’hypothèse de recherche est la suivante : l’interprétation que Cassirer propose de la modernité de la philosophie de Nicolas de Cues a été le point de départ de la formation de deux courants historiographiques différents au XXe siècle : le premier essaie de comprendre la genèse de la subjectivité moderne et le second, de définir l’identité de l’humanisme italien dans l’histoire de la philosophie de la Renaissance.
Modos comunicativos y filosofía de la acción política: de Eduard Gans a David Graeber
Authors: Cavaller Víctor
Published: November 2020

La comunicación se define en su relación entre el pensar y el ser. En general, se pueden distinguir tres modos comunicativos que contemplamos en la acción política asociados a tres formas de posicionar la comunicación en esta relación y que responden a lo que se conoce como pensamiento conservador, progresista o pragmático. Este artículo está dedicado a la descripción del origen de esta relación entre comunicación y acción política.
A Scheduling Strategy of Mobile Parcel Lockers for the Last Mile Delivery Problem
Authors: Wang Yang , Bi Mengyu , Chen Yanyan
Published: November 2020

In the form of unattended Collection-and-Delivery Points (CDP), the fixed parcel lockers can save courier miles and improve the delivery efficiency. However, due to the fixed location and combination, the fixed parcel locker cannot accommodate the change of demands effectively. In this paper, an approach to supplementing fixed lockers by mobile parcel lockers to meet the demands of the last mile delivery has been proposed. With the goal of minimizing the operating cost, the location and route optimization problems of mobile parcel lockers are integrated into a non-linear integer programming model. An embedded GA has been developed to optimally determine the locations of distribution points, the number of mobile parcel lockers needed by each distribution point and the schedules and routes of mobile parcel lockers, simultaneously. Finally, a numerical example is given to compare the optimization results of the schemes with and without the aggregation problem. The results show that the scheme with the aggregation problem can greatly save the delivery time. However, for the scheme without the aggregation problem, time windows are more continuous, so it saves the number of vehicles.
COUPLING BETWEEN A RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE AND A CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE OR A CYLINDRICAL CAVITY THROUGH A SMALL HOLE
Authors: LIN WEI-GUAN  ,   成都电讯工程学院
Published: November 2020

Three different forms of coupling through a small hole are treated by approxi mate methods, which are justified from good physical reasoning. These are the end on coupling between a rectangular and a circular waveguides, the coupling between a TE10 mode in a rectangular waveguide and a TM120 mode in a circular cavity through a circular hole in the side wall of the circular cavity and the coupling between a TE01 mode in a rectangular waveguide and a TMmn mode in circular waveguide through a circular hole in the side wall of the latter. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the methods of handling problems of complicated microwave component parts. A few formulas developed in this paper are believed to be new and useful in design works.
THE METHOD OF SOLVING ELECTROMAGNETIC PEOBLEM FROM THE KNOWN SOLUTIONS OF THE CORRESPONDING STATIC PROBLEM
Authors: LIN WEI-GUAN  ,   成都电讯工程学院
Published: November 2020

If an electromagnetic field can be represented by a pure electric wave (E-wave or TM wave, transverse magnetic field) or a pure magnetic wave (H-wave or TE wave, transverse electric field), then as a boundry value problem, when the operating frequency tends to zero, the electromagnetic field will be re-duced to an electrostatic or a magnetostatic field, respectively. Hence the solution of such an electromagnetic problem can easily be obtained from that of the corresponding static problem, because there exists an one-to-one correspondence between the terms of the series solution of the electromagnetic problem and those of the series solution of the static problem, and therefore we can obtain one series from the other, using the rales of determining the integration constants in the unknown series outlined in this paper.We point out two possibilities of the existense of pure electric waves and pure magnetic waves; one in coordinate systems satisfying eq. (3) and other conditions discussed in this paper and the, other in problems where some forms of symmetry exist so that the system of Maxwell's equations can be broken into two independent groups, which we also call respectively electric waves and magnetic wavea.By means of the proposed-method some complicated boundry value problems can be solved with ease as we have done here for the problem of the excitation of waveguides by a dipole from the known solution of the corresponding static problem. Since there is a rich accumulation of electrostatic and magnetostatic problems so the method proposed here should be valuable in solving field problem and should be studied further.
THE BRANCHING RATIO OF RADIATIVE DECAY OF π+ MESONS
Authors: CHEN YEN-FA  , SONG YUH  ,   中山大学物理系
Published: November 2020

The branching ratio of π+→e++v+r to π+→μ++v is calculated by standard perturbation method. The universal Fermi weak interaction of V-A type and a strong interaction proposed by Salam are assumed. The result does not contradict with the most recent experiment.
EFFECT OF SMALL ADDITIONS OF RARE EARTH OXIDES ON THE MAGNETIC BEHAVIOR OF A VARIETY OF SQUARE-LOOP FERRITE CORE
Authors: LI GUO-DONG  , WANG XIN-LIN  , XIAO FU-KUANG  ,   中国科学院
Published: November 2020

Small quantities (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 weight percent) of rare earth oxides (La2O3, CeO2, Sm2O3, Gd2O3) and Y2O3 were added to a square-loop Mg-Mn ferrite which contained some ZnO and CuO. The effect of these additions on the static hysteresis loop and the signal to noise ratio was investigated. The samples were prepared by the usual oxide method, sintered 2 hours in air at 1300℃ and quenched from l050℃ or 950℃. Preli-minary results showed that La2O3 or Gd2O3 increased the squareness ratio (B-Hm/2)/Bm and the signal to noise ratio (uV1)/(dV0). Furthermore, for a large number of cores, the distribution curve of (uV1)/(dV0) was shifted as a whole to higher values of (uV1)/(dV0). In contrast, CeO2, Sm2O3and Y2O3 additions did not show these effects. The saturation magnetization and the Curie point were not appreciably effected by the introduction of the rare earth oxides. The influence of the core size, the quenching temperature as well as the content of rare earth oxides on the squareness ratio and the signal to noise ratio was also noted.
STUDY OF THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE YTTRIUMYTTERBIUM GARNET SYSTEM
Authors: LI GUO-DONG  , ZHAI CHING-YONG  , XIN HOU-WEN  , CHEN ZHONG-RONG  ,   中国科学院
Published: November 2020

The yttrium-ytterbium (Y-Yb) garnet system Y3-xYbxFe3O12 was investigated at the compositions for which x=0, 0.75, 1.50, 2.25 and 3.00. The samples were prepared by the co-precipitation method and sintered 7 hours in oxygen atmosphere at 1350℃ or 1400℃. Lattice constants and theoretical densities were determined from X-ray diffraction data. It was found that the whole system consisted of a single phase with the garnet structure, and the lattice constant decreased linearly from 12.371? (Y3Fe5O12) to 12.297? (Yb3Fe5O12). The static hysteresis loop, the initial permeability at 500 Kc, the saturation magnetization between liquid-air temperature to the Curie point and the magnetic spectrum between 500 Mc and 3000 Mc were observed as a function of compositions. It was found that all the samples had high bulk densities ( > 90 % theoretical densities) and high resistivities (109—1010ohm-cm), and that the saturation magnetization Vs temperature curves had positive slopes at 10W temperature for x ≥ 1.50.
APPLICATION OF THE BETHE-WEISS METHOD TO THE STATISTICAL THEORY OF FERROMAGNETISM OF SUBSTITUTIONAL SOLID SOLUTIONS
Authors: XU ZHI-YI  , LENG ZHONG-ANG  , LI YIN-YUAN  ,   中国科学院
Published: November 2020

The Bethe-Weiss method in the statistical theory of Heisenberg ferromagnetism is generalized and applied to the case of subtitutional solid solutions of random distribution. Calculations are carried out for binary solutions containing magnetic atoms of spin 1/2 and nonmagnetic ones. The Curie temperature v.s. composition and the paramagnetic susceptibility v.s. temperature curves are obtained for simple and body-centered cubic lattices. The degree of magnetic short-range order at the Curie point becomes higher as the concentration of non-magnetic atoms increases. The results are qualitatively applicable to solutions of two different kinds of magnetic atoms. It is also concluded that the method gives an useful approximation only for higher concentrations of magnetic atoms.
OPTICAL IMAGE FORMATION IN TERMS OF FOURIER SUMMATION AND ITS RELATION TO INFORMATION TRANSMISSION
Authors: TAN WEI-HAN  , WANG CHIH-CHIANG
Published: November 2020

From the point of view of diffraction theory of optical image formation, each frequency term in the Fourier summation is regarded as a single information carrying element. The amount of information transmitted to the image space is limited by the size of the optical pupil, and is proportional to its area, irrespective of its shape or any phase modifying device which may be present at the pupil. A quantity called "information density" is introduced. The relation between resolving power and the amount of information carried through an optical system is discussed.
THE AVERAGE SPECTRUM OF CHINESE SPEECH: DETERMINED BY FIELD AND LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF SPEECH NOISE
Authors: PAO TZE-WEI  , WEI YUNG-CHIO  ,   南京大学物理系
Published: November 2020

This report summurizes the preliminary work on the average spectrum of Chinese speech investigated by the Acoustics Laboratory (1956-1959), the principle of measurements being through the analysis of speech noise, a method found to be superior in many respects to the conventional method adopted by many authors. Both field and laboratory measurements were made and the spectra are presented.The average spectrum thus obtained from laboratory measurement (in an anechoic chamber) is compared with Tarnoczy's for Hungarian speech, Dunn and White for English speech etc. While the similarities of the shapes of these spectral distribution curves support the findings of the visible speech and show that the maximum energy characterizing all these languages falls approximately within the same range of frequency, the differences may be ascribed essentially to some special linguistic and phonetic features of Chinese speech sounds such as the predominance and tonal quality of the vowel sounds etc.A somewhat detailed account of the experimental techniques is given together with factors that led to uncertainties of the result enumerated and possibilities for further refinement of the present work (e.g., more accurate measurement to be conducted above 5,000 c/s etc.) discussed.
MECHANISM OF GROWTH OF METAL WHISKERS BY MEANS OF VAPOUR REDUCTION
Authors: T. S. KE  , Y. K. WAN  ,   中国科学院
Published: November 2020

Experiments were made on the growth of copper and iron whiskers by means of vapour reduction. The mechanism of growth was studied in order to find out the effective procedures of growing thick and long whiskers with very high strength. The growth of whiskers was found to be facilitated when the crystal structure of the grow-boat material is similar to that of the whisker. This led to the conclusion that the growth of whiskers is through a mechanism involving an axial screw dislocation. On the basis of observations on the mode of distribution and the direction of growth of the copper and iron whiskers grown on the wall of the boat, it was concluded that the growth of these whiskers proceeded from the tip. Furthermore, experiments showed that the cuprous (or ferrous) chloride vapour was preferentially reduced by hydrogen at the tip of the whisker, presumably because of the catalyzing action of the surface step produced at the tip by a screw dislocation.Observations on the growth of thick copper whiskers with a diameter of 50-120 microns revealed laminar growth, growth in piling up forms and in layers. Such peculiar growth behavior may possibly be associated with an alternation of one-dimensional and two-dimensional nucleation and growth. The possibility of growing a piece of bulk crystal essentially free from dislocations by suitably selecting and controlling the condition and mode of growth was discussed.
JETS INDUCED IN EMULSIONS AND CLOUD CHAMBERS BY COSMIC RAY PARTICLES OF ENERGY(1011-1014eV)
Authors: W.Y.CHANG  ,   中国科学院
Published: November 2020

This paper incends to give a comprehensive survey of the high encrgy nuckar interactions produced in emulsions and cloud chambers by particles of an energy in the range 1011 to 1014 cV. The more difficult problems of measurement, such as determination of the primary energy, identification of the secondary particles and estimation of the target mass, are first brought up for discussion. Effort has been made to explain whenever possible the physical meaning of the quantities, which may give information concerning the collision mechanism and hence the internal structure of the colliding particles. The main quantities or these arc the angular distribution, the transverse momentum and the inelasticity, in addition to the multiplicities of the different kinds of the secondary particles. For these quantities, the principle of measurement, the accuracy of experiment and the meaning of the results, particularly the latter, have been emphazised and discussed in some detail. Finally, the various models of the "one emitting centre" and of the "two emitting centres" arc discussed entirely from the physical point of view and are compared with the experimental results. It is hoped that this paper may present a general picture of the recent development of the high energy nuclear interactions and indicate the problems siill remained to be sclved.
THE WORKING CHARACTERISTICS OF A RECTANGULAR AND TROUGH LINE WITH INNER CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL CONDUCTOR
Authors: LIN WEI-GUAN
Published: November 2020

By means of elliptical functions the rectangular line with inner central conductor of circular cylindrical shape is transformed into a coaxial line with circular outer conductor and nearly circular inner conductor, then by employing a finite number of terms of circular cylindrical harnomics we can fit the boundary conditions at the outer conductor and at a finite number of points at the inner conductor, thus the problem of the rectangular line with inner central circular conductor is solved. Similarly, by means of trigonometrical functions, the trough line with central inner conductor can be handled, i.e., it is transformed into a wire of nearly circular cross-section parallel to and in front of a grounded plane, then by means of the bipolar coordinate transformation, the problem of this trough line can be solved by using a finite number of rectangular harnomics. When the distance between the axis of the inner conductor and the bottom of the trough tends to infinity, the results obtained in this paper go into that of the well-known slab line.
Three-dimensional porous ceramic framework reinforcing composite electrolyte
Authors: Cui Long-Fei , Ju Jiang-Wei , Cui Guang-Lei ,   Qingdao Industrial Energy Storage Research Institute, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China,   Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Published: November 2020

All solid-state lithium batteries demonstrate excellent characteristics of high safety and energy density, which make them very promising energy storage devices. Among various kinds of solid electrolytes, rigid-flexible coupling composite electrolyte combines the advantages of rigid solid inorganic ceramic electrolytes, i.e., excellent room temperature ionic conductivity, and of flexible solid polymer electrolytes, i.e., the flexibility, and thereby is considered to be one of the most ideal electrolyte candidates for all solid-state lithium batteries. Dispersing 0- or 1-dimensional inorganic fillers is a widespread method to fabricate rigid-flexible coupling composite, where the ionic conductivity of polymer can be improved by one order of magnitude mainly due to the decreased degree of crystallinity. However, aim to further increase the ionic conductivity by increasing the filler content cannot be accomplished because of the fillers' tendency to aggregation. what's more, the highly conductive inorganic fillers are separated by the polymer phase and thus cannot form fast and continuous Li+ transportation channels. Accordingly, inorganic fillers which can provide percolated pathway for Li+ transportation and avoid aggregating are highly desirable. To this end, different from adding 0- or 1-dimensional inorganic fillers into polymer matrices, polymers can be cast into porous inorganic substrates, that is, 3-dimensional porous ceramic framework, to obtain organic-inorganic composite electrolyte, in which organic phase, inorganic phase, and organic/inorganic interfacial phase are all continuous for fast Li+ transportation. And meanwhile, its self-supported structure prevents the agglomeration of inorganic particles. In recent years, the 3-dimensional porous ceramic framework has been more and more frequently used in rigid-flexible coupling composite electrolytes. To have a deep insight into the positive function of 3-dimensional porous ceramic framework, in this review, we firstly reveal the mechanism of the huge improvement in the ionic conductivity and thermostability of the composite electrolyte. Then, we summarize the frequently used preparation methods of the 3-dimensional porous ceramic framework reported recently. Finally, for the future perspective of rigid-flexible coupling composite electrolyte development, we propose two feasible improvement strategies. This review can thereby provide great significance of designing solid electrolytes with comprehensive performance for all solid-state lithium batteries with high energy density and superior safety.
Generation of tunable ultraviolet femtosecond pulse in MgO crystal by cascaded four wave mixing
Authors: Chen Zhong , Hua Lin-Qiang , Zhang Jin , Gong Cheng , Liu Xiao-Jun ,   State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China,   University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
Published: November 2020

Ultraviolet femtosecond laser pulse is an important tool in studying ultrafast chemical and physical processes. Realizing broadband ultraviolet laser pluses with a wide tunable range would significantly facilitate the study of ultrafast processes. As an effective and convenient method, the cascaded four-wave mixing (CFWM) has been widely adopted to generate broadband and tunable ultraviolet femtosecond laser pulses. In this work, we carry out CFWM in MgO crystal by using two 400-nm pulses to generate tunable ultraviolet femtosecond pulse. The MgO crystal is chosen due to its high third-order nonlinear susceptibility, large band gap and high transmittance in the ultraviolet region. In the experiment, nine frequency up-converted and five frequency down-converted sidebands are observed. The measured wavelength and scattering angle of each sideband are consistent with the CFWM theory predictions. The wavelength range of the sidebands covers 350–450 nm. The total conversion efficiency of the ultraviolet sidebands is 1.2%, which is higher than the reported values with visible/near infrared driven lasers. Meanwhile, the spectra of the high-order sidebands present a Gaussian profile and can support a Fourier-transform-limited pulse duration of less than 50 fs. Besides, the central wavelengths of the sidebands can be effectively tuned by adjusting the time-delay between the two pre-chirped pump pulses. Our study provides an efficient and convenient scheme to generate short ultraviolet femtosecond pulses with a wide tunable range.
Genomic characterization and phylogenetic analysis ofSalmonella entericaserovar Javiana
Authors: Hudson Lauren K. , Constantine-Renna Lisha , Thomas Linda , Moore Christina , Qian Xiaorong , Garman Katie , Dunn John R. , Denes Thomas G.
Published: November 2020

Salmonella entericaserovar Javiana is the fourth most reported serovar of laboratory-confirmed humanSalmonellainfections in the U.S. and in Tennessee (TN). AlthoughSalmonellaser. Javiana is a common cause of human infection, the majority of cases are sporadic in nature rather than outbreak-associated. To better understandSalmonellaser. Javiana microbial population structure in TN, we completed a phylogenetic analysis of 111Salmonellaser. Javiana clinical isolates from TN collected from Jan. 2017 to Oct. 2018. We identified mobile genetic elements and genes known to confer antibiotic resistance present in the isolates, and performed a pan-genome-wide association study (pan-GWAS) to compare gene content between clades identified in this study. The population structure of TNSalmonellaser. Javiana clinical isolates consisted of three genetic clades: TN clade I (n = 54), TN clade II (n = 4), and TN clade III (n = 48). Using a 5, 10, and 25 hqSNP distance threshold for cluster identification, nine, 12, and 10 potential epidemiologically-relevant clusters were identified, respectively. The majority of genes that were found to be over-represented in specific clades were located in mobile genetic element (MGE) regions, including genes encoding integrases and phage structures (91.5%). Additionally, a large portion of the over-represented genes from TN clade II (44.9%) were located on an 87.5 kb plasmid containing genes encoding a toxin/antitoxin system (ccdAB). Additionally, we completed phylogenetic analyses of globalSalmonellaser. Javiana datasets to gain a broader insight into the population structure of this serovar. We found that the global phylogeny consisted of three major clades (one of which all of the TN isolates belonged to) and two cgMLST eBurstGroups (ceBGs) and that the branch length between the twoSalmonellaser. Javiana ceBGs (1,423 allelic differences) was comparable to those from other serovars that have been reported as polyphyletic (929–2,850 allelic differences). This study demonstrates the population structure of TN and globalSalmonellaser. Javiana isolates, a clinically importantSalmonellaserovar and can provide guidance for phylogenetic cluster analyses for public health surveillance and response.
Translocation of an arctic seashore plant reveals signs of maladaptation to altered climatic conditions
Authors: Hällfors Maria , Lehvävirta Susanna , Aandahl Tone , Lehtimäki Iida-Maria , Nilsson Lars Ola , Ruotsalainen Anna , Schulman Leif E. , Hyvärinen Marko T.
Published: November 2020

Ongoing anthropogenic climate change alters the local climatic conditions to which species may be adapted. Information on species’ climatic requirements and their intraspecific variation is necessary for predicting the effects of climate change on biodiversity. We used a climatic gradient to test whether populations of two allopatric varieties of an arctic seashore herb (Primula nutans ssp. finmarchica) show adaptation to their local climates and how a future warmer climate may affect them. Our experimental set-up combined a reciprocal translocation within the distribution range of the species with an experiment testing the performance of the sampled populations in warmer climatic conditions south of their range. We monitored survival, size, and flowering over four growing seasons as measures of performance and, thus, proxies of fitness. We found that both varieties performed better in experimental gardens towards the north. Interestingly, highest up in the north, the southern variety outperformed the northern one. Supported by weather data, this suggests that the climatic optima of both varieties have moved at least partly outside their current range. Further warming would make the current environments of both varieties even less suitable. We conclude that Primula nutans ssp. finmarchica is already suffering from adaptational lag due to climate change, and that further warming may increase this maladaptation, especially for the northern variety. The study also highlights that it is not sufficient to run only reciprocal translocation experiments. Climate change is already shifting the optimum conditions for many species and adaptation needs also to be tested outside the current range of the focal taxon in order to include both historic conditions and future conditions.
Constraints in Adoption of Animal Husbandry Practices in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Lavanya A. , Babu G. Prasad
Published: November 2020

The present study was carried out to find out the constraints in implementation of improved dairy related activities among the dairy farmers in adopted villages who have been receiving regular guidance and technical support from KVK, Banavasi, Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 120 farmers from 3 mandals were selected using simple random sampling method and a series of questions covering aspects like breeding, feeding, health care and clean milk production were administered and constraints were recorded and categorised. The beneficiaries perceived "non-availability of green fodder throughout the year" (81.66%) and "A.I. centre not/distantly located" (64%) as the most serious infrastructural constraints. "Cost of rearing crossbred cows is very high" (89.66%) and "excess workload" (84%) as the main constraints of socio psychological nature encountered by the beneficiaries.
Effect of Juice Extract of Beetroot, Lemon, Pawpaw Leaf and Their Combinations on Weight and Lipid Profile of Albino Wistar Rat
Authors: Gurumtet I. , Kopdorah S. W. , Wazoh L. , Hassan A. A. , Denkok Y. , Embugushiki E. R. , Makwin S. B.
Published: November 2020

Fruits and vegetables have been found to contain important phytochemicals that have been implicated in preventing overweight and obesity. This study is aim at investigating the effects of lemon, pawpaw leaves, beetroots juices and their combinations on rates of urination, defecation, and weight changes of albino wistar rats were examine at interval. Also, the effects of the juice extracts on cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein where examined. Juice was extracted using a laboratory extractor. Results obtained indicates an increase in weight in groups A, B, C, D, E, F and G. But a decrease in weight was noticed in group H, which is the group administered all juice extracts at equal proportion. A reduction in the volume of urine was noticed in group A, B, C, D, F, G and H. Urine level was seen to increase in group E. The quantity of feces was observed to reduce in groups A, E, F, G and H. with the exception of groups B,C and D where the feces level was seen to increase. Cholesterol level was observed to reduce drastically in group D compared with other groups. Triglyceride level was observed to be low in group B compared with other groups. HDL level was very low in group H compared to other groups. LDL level was very low in group D compared with other groups. Group D also had a very high effect on HDL and LDL by increasing and reducing HDL and LDL respectively. This is only second to control group. The above evidences suggests that some fruit juices directly inhibits weight gain by providing the needed calories required by the body for its activity. This implies that consumption has a potential role in the prevention of overweight and obesity.
Antihelminthic Activity, Phytochemical Profile and Microscopic Features of Ocimum basilicum Collected in DR Congo
Authors: Kabengele Carlos N. , Ngoyi Etienne M. , Kasiama Giresse N. , Kilembe Jason T. , Matondo Aristote , Inkoto Clement L. , Lengbiye Emmanuel M. , Mbadiko Clement M. , Amogu Jean Jacques D. , Bongo Gedeon N. , Gbolo Benjamin Z. , Tshibangu Damien S. T. , Ngbolua Koto-te-Nyiwa , Tshilanda Dorothée D. , Mpiana Pius T.
Published: November 2020

Aim: The main aim of the present study is to validate the bioactivity of O. basilicum, a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat helminthiasis in DRC.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Kinshasa, between June 2018 and March 2019.

Methodology: Different parts (stems, leaves and flowers) of O. basilicum and specimens of earthworms of Benhamia rosea were collected and identified at University of Kinshasa. Micrographic examination was carried out using Biolux NV microscope and X-ray fluorescence method for mineral content determination. Radical scavenging activity was performed using the ABTS radical test.

Results: Microscopic analysis of O. basilicum powder revealed various histological elements like crystalline fibres, sclerotic fibres, fragments of spiral vessels, pluricellular hairs and glandular hairs. Phytochemical screening in solution and by TLC revealed the presence of polyphenols (flavonoids, anthocyanins, saponins), alkaloids, steroids, coumarins, terpenoids, irridoids and anthraquinones. 20 elements including calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulphur, chlorine, aluminium, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, strontium, rubidium, bromine, silver, vanadium, neodymium, silicium and lead were determined. The aqueous extract of O. basilicum showed good dose-dependent antihelminthic activity and radical scavenging activity with IC50: 27.04 ± 4.58 µg/mL.

Conclusion: This study provides an additional information on the mineral composition and antihelminthic activity of O. basilicum growing in DRC. The antihelminthic activity of this plant could be associated to the presence of flavonoids. To the current knowledge, no study on the histological elements of O. basilicum is available in the literature.
The Effectiveness of the Heated Humidified High Flow Nasal Cannula as a Noninvasive Respiratory Support for Preterm Infants for Prevention of Extubation Failure
Authors: Nofal Sarah Mohamed , Sheikh May Rabie El- , Mahdy Heba Saed El- , Awny Mostafa Mohamed
Published: November 2020

Aims: To compare the efficacy and safety of the HHHFNC as a post extubation respiratory support of preterm infants who were initially required endotracheal intubation and conventional mechanical ventilator after birth at different flow rates (3 L/min and 6 L/min).

Study Design: A Randomized controlled trial.

Place and Duration of Study: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Pediatrics department, Tanta University Hospitals, over one-year period, from December 2018 to December 2019.

Methodology: 30 preterm, with gestational age (30-36) weeks and birth weight ≥ 1300 g, were randomized to receive HHHFNC at either flow rate 3 or 6 L\min to prevent postextubation failure. Primary outcomes: the incidence of treatment failure of the HHHFNC at flow 3 and 6 L/min, which will require n CPAP or NIMV, or will require reintubation after successful extubation within 72 h. Secondary outcomes: rate of deaths within 72 hours post extubation, the total duration of all types of oxygen support, total duration of hospitalization and incidence of neonatal morbidities such as nasal trauma, BPD, symptomatic PDA, IVH ≥ grade II, pneumothorax, pulmonary hemorrhage, ROP, apnea, sepsis and NEC ≥ stage II.

Results: The incidence of need for higher flow rate of HHHFNC (n =17, 56.6%) , the need for n CPAP or NIMV after failure of higher flow rate of HHHFNC (n =16, 53.3%), the need for intubation & MV (n =7, 23.3%), the incidence of nasal trauma (n =9, 30%), BPD (n =9, 30%) , IVH ≥ II (n =7, 23.3%) , NEC ≥ II (n =0), pneumothorax ( n =5, 16.6%) , pulmonary haemorrhage (n =3, 10%), death (n =3, 10%), median duration of hospitalization in days =22.5 (17-28), median duration of all oxygen support in days = 18 (15-21), so the failure rate was 17 out of 30 (56.6%).

Conclusion: HHHFNC use is noninferior to other forms of noninvasive respiratory support in preterm infants for prevention of extubation failure. There were better outcomes of HHHFNC with higher gestational age and birth weight in preterm infants at either flow rates 3 or 6 L/min.
Tailored Graphene Micropatterns by Wafer‐Scale Direct Transfer for Flexible Chemical Sensor Platform
Authors: Kim Yeonhoo , Kim Taehoon , Lee Jinwoo , Choi Yong Seok , Moon Joonhee , Park Seo Yun , Lee Tae Hyung , Park Hoon Kee , Lee Sol A , Kwon Min Sang , Byun Hyung‐Gi , Lee Jong‐Heun , Lee Myoung‐Gyu , Hong Byung Hee , Jang Ho Won
Published: November 2020

2D materials, such as graphene, exhibit great potential as functional materials for numerous novel applications due to their excellent properties. The grafting of conventional micropatterning techniques on new types of electronic devices is required to fully utilize the unique nature of graphene. However, the conventional lithography and polymer‐supported transfer methods often induce the contamination and damage of the graphene surface due to polymer residues and harsh wet‐transfer conditions. Herein, a novel strategy to obtain micropatterned graphene on polymer substrates using a direct curing process is demonstrated. Employing this method, entirely flexible, transparent, well‐defined self‐activated graphene sensor arrays, capable of gas discrimination without external heating, are fabricated on 4 in. wafer‐scale substrates. Finite element method simulations show the potential of this patterning technique to maximize the performance of the sensor devices when the active channels of the 2D material are suspended and nanoscaled. This study contributes considerably to the development of flexible functional electronic devices based on 2D materials.
Hybrid Solid Electrolyte Interphases Enabled Ultralong Life Ca‐Metal Batteries Working at Room Temperature
Authors: Song Huawei , Su Jian , Wang Chengxin
Published: November 2020

Currently, the application of calcium metal anodes is challenged by rapidly degenerated plating/stripping electrochemistry without suitable solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs) capable of fast Ca2+ transport kinetics and superior ability to resist anion oxidation. Here, through in situ evolved Na/Ca hybrid SEIs, symmetrical Ca//Ca batteries readily remain stable for more than 1000 h deposition–dissolution cycles (versus less than 60 h for those with pure Ca SEIs under the same condition). Coupled with a specially designed freestanding lattice‐expanded graphitic carbon fiber membrane and tailored operation voltages, the proof‐of‐concept Ca‐metal batteries reversibly run for almost 1900 cycles with ≈83% capacity retention and a high average discharge voltage of 3.16 V. The good performance not only benefits from the stable SEIs at the Ca metal surface which affords free Ca2+ transports and prohibits out‐of‐control fluridation of Ca (forming CaF2 ion‐/electron‐insulating layer) but is also attributed to reversible relay insertion/extraction electrochemistry in the cathode. This work sheds new light on durable metal battery technology.
Enhanced Directional Light Extraction from Patterned Rare‐Earth Phosphor Films
Authors: Cabello‐Olmo Elena , Molet Pau , Mihi Agustín , Lozano Gabriel , Míguez Hernán
Published: November 2020

The combination of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and rare earth (RE) phosphors as color‐converting layers comprises the basis of solid‐state lighting. Indeed, most LED lamps include a photoluminescent coating made of phosphor material, i.e., crystalline matrix suitably doped with RE elements, to produce white light from a blue or ultraviolet LED chip. Transparent phosphor‐based films constitute starting materials for new refined emitters that allow different photonic designs to be implemented. Among the different photonic strategies typically employed to tune or enhance emission, surface texturing has proved its versatility and feasibility in a wide range of materials and devices. However, most of the nanofabrication techniques cannot be applied to RE phosphors directly because of their chemical stability or because of their cost. The first monolithic patterned structure of down‐shifting nanophosphors with square arrays of nanoholes with different lattice parameters is reported in this study. It is shown that a low‐cost soft‐nanolithography procedure can be applied to red‐emitting nanophosphors (GdVO4:Eu3+ nanocrystals) to tune their emission properties, attaining a twofold directional enhancement of the emitted light at predesigned emission wavelengths in specific directions.
Microstructural Engineering of Cathode Materials for Advanced Zinc‐Ion Aqueous Batteries
Authors: Pam Mei Er , Yan Dong , Yu Juezhi , Fang Daliang , Guo Lu , Li Xue Liang , Li Tian Chen , Lu Xunyu , Ang Lay Kee , Amal Rose , Han Zhaojun , Yang Hui Ying
Published: November 2020

Zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have attracted intensive attention due to the low cost, high safety, and abundant resources. However, up to date, challenges still exist in searching for cathode materials with high working potential, excellent electrochemical activity, and good structural stability. To address these challenges, microstructure engineering has been widely investigated to modulate the physical properties of cathode materials, and thus boosts the electrochemical performances of ZIBs. Here, the recent research efforts on the microstructural engineering of various ZIB cathode materials are mainly focused upon, including composition and crystal structure selection, crystal defect engineering, interlayer engineering, and morphology design. The dependency of cathode performance on aqueous electrolyte for ZIB is further discussed. Finally, future perspectives and challenges on microstructure engineering of cathode materials for ZIBs are provided. It is aimed to provide a deep understanding of the microstructure engineering effect on Zn2+ storage performance.