bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors: targets for immunomodulation. Conference report: International Cytokine Society Conference 2005
Authors: Jang Myoung Ho , Seoh Ju-Young , Miyasaka Masayuki
Published: May 2006

The International Cytokine Society Conference 2005 was held in Seoul, Korea, October 27–31, 2005. This meeting provided the attendants an excellent forum to discuss recent advances in the biology of cytokines, chemokines, their receptors, and the receptors for innate immunity, with particular emphasis on the possibility of interfering with these systems for therapeutic purposes. We herein summarize some of the key findings discussed at the meeting.
New insights into the regulation of TLR signaling
Authors: Miggin Sinead M , O’Neill Luke A J
Published: May 2006

Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation is dictated by a number of factors including the ligand itself and the localization of the receptor, in terms of expression profile and subcellular localization and the signal transduction pathway that has been activated. Recent work into TLR signal transduction has revealed complex regulation at a number of different levels including regulation by phosphorylation, targeted degradation, and sequestration of signaling molecules. Here, we describe recent advances that have been made in our understanding of how TLR signaling is regulated at the biochemical level.
The immune response in autism: a new frontier for autism research
Authors: Ashwood Paul , Wills Sharifia , Van de Water Judy
Published: May 2006

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are part of a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders known as pervasive developmental disorders, which occur in childhood. They are characterized by impairments in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and the presence of restricted and repetitive stereotyped behaviors. At the present time, the etiology of ASD is largely unknown, but genetic, environmental, immunological, and neurological factors are thought to play a role in the development of ASD. Recently, increasing research has focused on the connections between the immune system and the nervous system, including its possible role in the development of ASD. These neuroimmune interactions begin early during embryogenesis and persist throughout an individual’s lifetime, with successful neurodevelopment contingent upon a normal balanced immune response. Immune aberrations consistent with a dysregulated immune response, which so far, have been reported in autistic children, include abnormal or skewed T helper cell type 1 (TH1)/TH2 cytokine profiles, decreased lymphocyte numbers, decreased T cell mitogen response, and the imbalance of serum immunoglobulin levels. In addition, autism has been linked with autoimmunity and an association with immune-based genes including human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 and complement C4 alleles described. There is potential that such aberrant immune activity during vulnerable and critical periods of neurodevelopment could participate in the generation of neurological dysfunction characteristic of ASD. This review will examine the status of the research linking the immune response with ASD.
The characteristics and concerns of mothers of adolescents with a history of SLI
Authors: Pratt Catherine , Botting Nicola , Conti-Ramsden Gina
Published: May 2006

The present study explores the characteristics and concerns of a group of mothers of young people with a history of specific language impairment (SLI). Altogether, 52 young people and their mothers participated. Psychometric tests were used to assess mothers' cognitive and literacy performance and socio-economic status was also recorded. Maternal concerns about their young people were taken from the Autism Diagnostic Interview. Young people were also assessed for language, literacy and cognitive performance. Number and type of concerns as well as the ways in which child and mother characteristics relate to maternal concern were examined. The findings revealed that mothers of those with SLI were no more likely to have language difficulties than those in the general population. The majority of mothers reported either one concern (36.5%), or two concerns (36.5%) for their adolescents. A smaller group reported more concerns (11.5%) and eight mothers reported no concerns for their adolescents (15%). The most common reported primary maternal concern was the future, followed by social and educational concerns. Interestingly, few mothers reported speech and language concerns. Furthermore, maternal concerns for their adolescents were not related to the young people's own characteristics. Whilst most parent characteristics were also not associated with their concerns, type of concern reported appeared to be related to mothers' own skills: higher overall IQ and literacy scores were found for parents reporting concerns about their adolescent's social skill.
A visual graphic tool to support the production of simple sentence structures in a student with learning disability
Authors: Valiquette Christine , Gérin-Lajoie Anne-Marie , Sutton Ann
Published: May 2006

A tool was devised to improve spoken syntax through manipulation of graphic symbols. The participant, a French-speaking 11-year-old girl with general learning disability, learned to produce subject-verb-object (SVOn) sentences and transform them into a subject-object-verb (SOpV) structure in which the object becomes pronominal in a preverbal position. The production of personal pronouns in subject position was also targeted. Didactic methods were selected and administered for a total of 12 individual sessions. Pre-and post-measurements in an elicitation task (picture description) and language sample analysis showed significant improvement on target productions.
Working with pre-school practitioners to improve interactions
Authors: Ahsam Suki , Shepherd Julie , Warren-Adamson Chris
Published: May 2006

Eight pre-schools took part in offsite and onsite speech and language training to improve their interaction skills with children and learn some group language activities. An evaluation was undertaken where practitioners at one pre-school were videoed running a language activity before and after training. The video was analysed to assess change in adult and child interaction. All practitioners who had undertaken the training were interviewed to find out about its impact in their setting. The research showed statistically significant improvements in the children’s communication. Practitioners reported positive benefits to their own and children’s skill development.
Teacher judgements of the language skills of children in the early years of schooling
Authors: Williams Cori
Published: May 2006

Language impairments are often associated with problems in educational attainments and in acquiring literacy, but speech therapy services to school-aged children are not universally available. If teachers are able to reliably identify those children whose language skills place them at risk, then the specialist services offered by speech and language therapists (pathologists) may be used in more productive ways. The current study compared teacher judgements with formal testing of general language ability and phonological awareness. Results indicate that teacher identification compared more favourably with formal test outcomes for pre-primary and Year 1 children than was the case when their judgements of kindergarten children were included.
Providing training in speech and language for education professionals: challenges, support and the view from the ground
Authors: Mroz Maria
Published: May 2006

This article explores the training needs in speech and language of teachers and other early years educators in education settings. Results from the interviews demonstrate that practitioners have clear ideas about preferred training formats and they specifically want more training in identifying children with communication difficulties and opportunities to work more closely with speech and language therapists. The discussion explores the limitations on training faced by early educators and then goes on to demonstrate that there is potential within their policies and practice which could support them in their identification role. However, more explicit links need to be made between the particular needs of children with communication dfjiculties and the general documentation available to educators.
Stearylated octaarginine and artificial virus-like particles for transfection of siRNA into primary rat neurons
Authors: Tönges Lars , Lingor Paul , Egle Roman , Dietz Gunnar P.H. , Fahr Alfred , Bähr Mathias
Published: May 2006

RNA interference (RNAi) provides a powerful experimental tool for sequence-specific gene silencing, allowing efficient analysis of gene function in a multitude of cell types. However, application of RNAi in primary mammalian neurons has been limited by low-transfection efficiency and considerable toxicity of conventional transfection methods. In this study, we evaluated a peptide-mediated and a polymer/lipid-based cellular delivery method for siRNA into rat primary neurons and compared the results with a commonly used liposomal transfection reagent. Stearylated octaarginine (Stearyl-R8) was used as polypeptide and artificial virus-like particles (AVPs) were used as a combined liposomal-polymeric vector, since both reagents have been previously shown to successfully transfect DNA into cell lines. Stearyl-R8 and AVPs both promoted siRNA transfection into primary hippocampal neurons via the endosomal pathway. SiRNA-mediated gene silencing could be effectively induced in primary neuron cultures. In comparison with the commonly used cationic liposome transfection agent, both novel reagents were less detrimental to cell metabolic activity. We conclude that these novel transfection methods yield performances comparable to cationic liposome-mediated transfection for siRNA, while being less cytotoxic in primary neurons. Stearyl-R8 and AVPs may therefore represent novel and more cost-efficient alternatives to conventional siRNA-transfection reagents.
Characterization of GE82832, a peptide inhibitor of translocation interacting with bacterial 30S ribosomal subunits
Authors: Brandi Letizia , Fabbretti Attilio , Stefano Michele Di , Lazzarini Ameriga , Abbondi Monica , Gualerzi Claudio O.
Published: May 2006

GE82832, a secondary metabolite produced by Streptosporangium cinnabarinum (strain GE82832), has been identified as a translational inhibitor by in vitro screening of a library of natural products. Secondary functional tests specific for individual steps of the translational pathway demonstrated that translocation is the specific target of GE82832. Chemical probing in situ demonstrated that this antibiotic protects bases A1324 and A1333 and exposes C1336 of 16S rRNA, thereby indicating that its binding site is located on the head of the 30S ribosomal subunit. The ribosomal location of GE82832, near ribosomal protein S13 and G1338, two elements of the small subunit that are part of or close to the B1a intrasubunit bridge, suggests that translocation inhibition results from an altered dynamics of 30S–50S ribosomal subunit interaction.
K‐means clustering: A half‐century synthesis
Authors: Steinley Douglas.
Published: May 2006

This paper synthesizes the results, methodology, and research conducted concerning theK‐means clustering method over the last fifty years. TheK‐means method is first introduced, various formulations of the minimum variance loss function and alternative loss functions within the same class are outlined, and different methods of choosing the number of clusters and initialization, variable preprocessing, and data reduction schemes are discussed. Theoretic statistical results are provided and various extensions ofK‐means using different metrics or modifications of the original algorithm are given, leading to a unifying treatment ofK‐means and some of its extensions. Finally, several future studies are outlined that could enhance the understanding of numerous subtleties affecting the performance of theK‐means method.
Selecting among three‐mode principal component models of different types and complexities: A numerical convex hull based method
Authors: Ceulemans Eva. , Kiers Henk A. L.
Published: May 2006

Several three‐mode principal component models can be considered for the modelling of three‐way, three‐mode data, including the Candecomp/Parafac, Tucker3, Tucker2, and Tucker1 models. The following question then may be raised: given a specific data set, which of these models should be selected, and at what complexity (i.e. with how many components)? We address this question by proposing a numerical model selection heuristic based on a convex hull. Simulation results show that this heuristic performs almost perfectly, except for Tucker3 data arrays with at least one small mode and a relatively large amount of error.
Generalized reliability estimation using repeated measurements
Authors: Laenen Annouschka. , Vangeneugden Tony. , Geys Helena. , Molenberghs Geert.
Published: May 2006

Reliability can be studied in a generalized way using repeated measurements. Linear mixed models are used to derive generalized test–retest reliability measures. The method allows for repeated measures with a different mean structure due to correction for covariate effects. Furthermore, different variance–covariance structures between measurements can be implemented. When the variance structure reduces to a random intercept (compound symmetry), classical methods are recovered. With more complex variance structures (e.g. including random slopes of time and/or serial correlation), time‐dependent reliability functions are obtained. The effect of time lag between measurements on reliability estimates can be evaluated. The methodology is applied to a psychiatric scale for schizophrenia.
Limited‐information goodness‐of‐fit testing of item response theory models for sparse 2P tables
Authors: Cai Li. , Maydeu‐Olivares Albert. , Coffman Donna L. , Thissen David.
Published: May 2006

Bartholomew and Leung proposed a limited‐information goodness‐of‐fit test statistic (Y) for models fitted to sparse 2P contingency tables. The null distribution of Y was approximated using a chi‐squared distribution by matching moments. The moments were derived under the assumption that the model parameters were known in advance and it was conjectured that the approximation would also be appropriate when the parameters were to be estimated. Using maximum likelihood estimation of the two‐parameter logistic item response theory model, we show that the effect of parameter estimation on the distribution of Y is too large to be ignored. Consequently, we derive the asymptotic moments of Y for maximum likelihood estimation. We show using a simulation study that when the null distribution of Y is approximated using moments that take into account the effect of estimation, Y becomes a very useful statistic to assess the overall goodness of fit of models fitted to sparse 2P tables.
The use of configural frequency analysis for explorative data analysis
Authors: Schrepp Martin.
Published: May 2006

Configural frequency analysis (CFA) is a widely used method of explorative data analysis. It tries to detect patterns in the data that occur significantly more or significantly less often than expected by chance. Patterns which occur more often than expected by chance are called CFA types, while those which occur less often than expected by chance are called CFA antitypes. The patterns detected are used to generate knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the data. We investigate the ability of CFA to detect adequate types and antitypes in a number of simulation studies. The basic idea of these studies is to predefine sets of types and antitypes and a mechanism which uses them to create a simulated data set. This simulated data set is then analysed with CFA and the detected types and antitypes are compared to the predefined ones. The predefined types and antitypes together with the method to generate the data are called a data generation model. The results of the simulation studies show that CFA can be used in quite different research contexts to detect structural dependencies in observed data. In addition, we can learn from these simulation studies how much data is necessary to enable CFA to reconstruct the predefined types and antitypes with sufficient accuracy. For one of the data generation models investigated, implicitly underlying knowledge space theory, it was shown that zero‐order CFA can be used to reconstruct the predefined types (which can be interpreted in this context as knowledge states) with sufficient accuracy. Theoretical considerations show that first‐order CFA cannot be used for this data generation model. Thus, it is wrong to consider first‐order CFA, as is done in many publications, as the standard or even only method of CFA.
Bootstrap scree tests: A Monte Carlo simulation and applications to published data
Authors: Hong Sungjin. , Mitchell Stephen K. , Harshman Richard A.
Published: May 2006

A non‐parametric procedure for Cattell's scree test is proposed, using the bootstrap method.BentlerandYuandeveloped parametric tests for the linear trend of scree eigenvalues in principal component analysis. The proposed method is for cases where parametric assumptions are not realistic. We define the break in the scree trend in several ways, based on linear slopes defined with two or three consecutive eigenvalues, or all eigenvalues after theklargest. The resulting scree test statistics are evaluated under various data conditions, among whichGorsuch and Nelson'sbootstrap CNG performs best and is reasonably consistent and efficient under leptokurtic and skewed conditions. We also examine the bias‐corrected and accelerated bootstrap method for these statistics, and the bias correction is found to be too unstable to be useful. Using seven published data sets which Bentler and Yuan analysed, we compare the bootstrap approach to the scree test with the parametric linear trend test.
Analysing multitrait–multimethod data with structural equation models for ordinal variables applying the WLSMV estimator: What sample size is needed for valid results?
Authors: Nussbeck Fridtjof W. , Eid Michael. , Lischetzke Tanja.
Published: May 2006

Convergent and discriminant validity of psychological constructs can best be examined in the framework of multitrait–multimethod (MTMM) analysis. To gain information at the level of single items, MTMM models for categorical variables have to be applied. The CTC(M−1) model is presented as an example of an MTMM model for ordinal variables. Based on an empirical application of the CTC(M−1) model, a complex simulation study was conducted to examine the sample size requirements of the robust weighted least squares mean‐ and variance‐adjusted χ2 test of model fit (WLSMV estimator) implemented in Mplus. In particular, the simulation study analysed the χ2 approximation, the parameter estimation bias, the standard error bias, and the reliability of the WLSMV estimator depending on the varying number of items per trait–method unit (ranging from 2 to 8) and varying sample sizes (250, 500, 750, and 1000 observations). The results showed that the WLSMV estimator provided a good – albeit slightly liberal – χ2 approximation and stable and reliable parameter estimates for models of reasonable complexity (2–4 items) and small sample sizes (at least 250 observations). When more complex models with 5 or more items were analysed, larger sample sizes of at least 500 observations were needed. The most complex model with 9 trait–method units and 8 items (72 observed variables) requires sample sizes of at least 1000 observations.
Interval estimates of weighted effect sizes in the one‐way heteroscedastic ANOVA
Authors: Kulinskaya E. , Staudte R. G.
Published: May 2006

A framework for comparing normal population means in the presence of heteroscedasticity and outliers is provided. A single number called the weighted effect size summarizes the differences in population means after weighting each according to the difficulty of estimating their respective means, whether the difficulty is due to unknown population variances, unequal sample sizes or the presence of outliers. For an ANOVA weighted for unequal variances, we find interval estimates for the weighted effect size. In addition, the weighted effect size is shown to be a monotone function of a suitably defined weighted coefficient of determination, which means that interval estimates of the former are readily transformed into interval estimates of the latter. Extensive simulations demonstrate the accuracy of the nominal 95% coverage of these intervals for a wide range of parameters.
Maximal reliability and power in covariance structure models
Authors: Penev Spiridon. , Raykov Tenko.
Published: May 2006

In covariance structure modelling, the non‐centrality parameter of the asymptotic chi‐squared distribution is typically used as an indicator of asymptotic power for hypothesis tests. When a latent linear regression is of interest, the contribution to power by the maximal reliability coefficient, which is associated with used latent variable indicators, is examined and this relationship is further explicated in the case of congeneric measures. It is also shown that item parcelling may reduce power of tests of latent regression parameters. Recommendations on weights for parcelling to avoid power loss are provided, which are found to be those of optimal linear composites with maximal reliability.
Testing the Rasch model by means of the mixture fit index
Authors: Formann Anton K.
Published: May 2006

Rudas, Clogg, and Lindsay (RCL)proposed a new index of fit for contingency table analysis. Using the overparametrized two‐component mixture, where the first component with weight 1−wrepresents the model to be tested and the second component with weightwis unstructured, the mixture index of fit was defined to be the smallestwcompatible with the saturated two‐component mixture. This index of fit, which is insensitive to sample size, is applied to the problem of assessing the fit of the Rasch model. In this application, use is made of the equivalence of the semi‐parametric version of the Rasch model to specifically restricted latent class models. Therefore, the Rasch model can be represented by the structured component of the RCL mixture, with this component itself consisting of two or more subcomponents corresponding to the classes, and the unstructured component capturing the discrepancies between the data and the model. An empirical example demonstrates the application of this approach. Based on four‐item data, the one‐ and two‐class unrestricted latent class models and the one‐ to three‐class models restricted according to the Rasch model are considered, with respect to both their chi‐squared statistics and their mixture fit indices.
Bayesian analysis of structural equation models with mixed exponential family and ordered categorical data
Authors: Lee Sik‐Yum , Tang Nian‐Sheng
Published: May 2006

Structural equation models are very popular for studying relationships among observed and latent variables. However, the existing theory and computer packages are developed mainly under the assumption of normality, and hence cannot be satisfactorily applied to non‐normal and ordered categorical data that are common in behavioural, social and psychological research. In this paper, we develop a Bayesian approach to the analysis of structural equation models in which the manifest variables are ordered categorical and/or from an exponential family. In this framework, models with a mixture of binomial, ordered categorical and normal variables can be analysed. Bayesian estimates of the unknown parameters are obtained by a computational procedure that combines the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm. Some goodness‐of‐fit statistics are proposed to evaluate the fit of the posited model. The methodology is illustrated by results obtained from a simulation study and analysis of a real data set about non‐adherence of hypertension patients in a medical treatment scheme.
Book Reviews
Authors: Austin Elizabeth
Published: May 2006

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Understanding concepts and applications

Bruce Thompson Washington DC: APA. Cased ISBN 1‐59147‐093‐5, £39.50. 2006
Book Reviews
Authors: Deary Ian J.
Published: May 2006

Measuring intelligence: Facts and fallacies

David J. Bartholomew Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 0 521 83619 0 (hbk), £40.00;0 521 54478 5 (pbk), £17.99 2006
Book Reviews
Authors: Sevdalis Nick
Published: May 2006

Evaluating research methods in psychology: A case study approach

George Dunbar Oxford: BPS Blackwell ISBN HB: 1405120746, PRICE : £45ISBN PB: 1405120754, PRICE : £12.99.
Lethal Violence, Crime and State Formation in Cambodia
Authors: Broadhurst Roderic
Published: May 2006

This paper estimates homicide rates and describes the nature of violence and crime for Cambodia. Limited data allows only a partial picture of the trends and nature of lethal violence. Post-war economic adversity combined with a weak state and underdeveloped “legal culture” contributed to an elevated rate of homicide. Frequent acts of murder-robbery, mayhem, political violence and banditry present a major threat to social and economic development. A murder incident rate of approximately 5.7 per 100,000 but a homicide rate of 9.3 per 100,000 was estimated for 1996, higher than most countries in the region except the Philippines. Political and economic adversity drove the homicide rate to 11.6 per 100,000 in 1998 similar to levels reached during 1993, the year of the first national elections. Usually homicides were between males and commonly arose from robbery, disputes and quarrels, with most deaths resulting from gunfire. Extra-judicial death arising from police or “mob” actions accounted for high rates of suspect/offender death and contributed significantly to the homicide rate. Rates of violent crime were higher in rural areas but Phnom Penh experienced higher levels of property crime than the provinces. The homicide rate is compared with neighbouring countries and the roles of modernisation, policing and crime are discussed.
Reducing Complaints Against Police and Preventing Misconduct: A Diagnostic Study Using Hot Spot Analysis
Authors: Ede Andrew , Homel Ross , Prenzler Tim
Published: May 2006

This study demonstrates the potential for using complaints data to identify and remedy misconduct problems in policing, and to reduce complaints. The study is distinctive in focusing on units of police management responsibility at the operational level. Drawing on the criminological concept of crime mapping, analysis of complaints was conducted at a more specific level than previously attempted, either in the subject jurisdiction or in published research on the topic. The study is also distinctive in attempting to control for the effects of different “task environments” — by comparing units of similar size and similar duties — and by comparing complaint patterns in terms of concentration and prevalence. A high concentration of complaints was interpreted as indicative of a problem with small numbers of individuals attracting a large number of complaints. A high prevalence was considered indicative of a more diffuse problem that might be associated with negative aspects of the workplace culture of a unit. The analysis found units in all possible combinations of concentration and prevalence of complaints. Out of 436 units, 38 had no complaints and 79 had either a high concentration or a high prevalence. Five units had a combination of a high concentration and high prevalence. A number of implications follow from these findings subject to more refined research. For example, cases of high concentrations of complaints might to be addressed with responses tailored to individual behavioural patterns. The issue of a possible negative culture should be addressed through reviews of management practices, with attention to issues such as supervision and staff morale.
A Further Assessment of “Circle Theory” for Geographic Psychological Profiling
Authors: Kocsis Richard N. , Cooksey Ray W. , Irwin Harvey J. , Allen Greg
Published: May 2006

The Circle theory of environmental range (Canter & Larkin, 1993) has demonstrated utility for the analysis of the spatial distribution of serial rape and arson offences, but the theory's applicability to the crime of multiple burglary is more equivocal. The present study analysed the spatial distribution of 58 multiple burglary cases that had occurred in four Australian rural towns. The marauder pattern of offence that had been found to accommodate most cases of serial rape and arson was no more likely than a commuter pattern to characterise multiple burglaries. Further, among those cases that showed a marauder pattern the circle theory provided only a relatively vague indication of the location of the offender's home base. No correlates of offence pattern were identified. The utility of the circle theory for geographic psychological profiling in cases of multiple burglary therefore remains to be demonstrated. The validity of the theory in this context also was queried. Directional vector analyses of the data suggested that multiple burglaries tend to lie in a narrow corridor relative to the offender's home base, whereas an assumption of the circle theory implies that these vectors will radiate in every direction from the home base. Crime investigators therefore should be discriminating in their application of the circle theory to an actual case of serial crime.
Design and Implementation of Australia's First Drug Court
Authors: Lawrence Ruth , Freeman Karen
Published: May 2006

In 1999 the New South Wales government implemented an evaluated trial of the first drug court in Australia. This paper outlines the initial design and legislative framework of the Court, and the Court's operation over the first six months. For the benefit of policymakers and researchers, challenges that arose in the initial implementation and evaluation process are outlined. Although the Court is based on a North American model, some aspects of the court proved a challenge in the Australian context (such as the development of rewards and sanctions). Difficulties in implementation are outlined, including differences in orientation of a health and welfare perspective compared to a criminal justice perspective and the importance of adequate IT resources for evaluation purposes and for a ‘paperless’ court. In outlining these challenges this article concentrates on the initial implementation phase of a new policy initiative. Long-term evaluation of the project will determine the true success of the Court.
Preaching to the Choir: A Comparison of the Use of Integrated Data Sets in Criminology Journals in Australia, England and the United States
Authors: Jobes Patrick C. , Donnermeyer Joseph F.
Published: May 2006

Empirical analyses of crime increasingly rely on integrated data. This paper considers advantages and limitations of integrated data sets, comparative uses of such data in The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, British Journal of Criminology and Criminology, as well as speculations based on these findings. Integrated data analysis has amplified methodological issues. The reliability of secondary data analysis is both supported and challenged. Relevant questions include how crime is associated with actuarial measures and which measures are most reliable. The more difficult question is whether actuarial measures are valid indicators. One extreme empirical orientation, positivism, relies on empirical, often quantitative, data, and scientific method to derive conclusions and guide policy (Young, 1992a). The other extreme relies on discourse and persuasion. Implications of relying on or rejecting actuarialism are discussed in the context of integrated data research published in the above-mentioned criminology journals.
Longitudinal Rates of Self-Reported Delinquency of At-Risk and Not At-Risk Western Australian High School Students
Authors: Houghton Stephen , Carroll Annemaree
Published: May 2006

Two hundred and forty nine 12 to 13 year old at-risk and not at-risk male and female high school students randomly selected from five high schools in the Perth metropolitan area of Western Australia provided self-reported delinquency data for three consecutive years. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed at-risk students self-reported significantly more involvement in delinquency at the first data collection point than their not at-risk counterparts. Male 12–13 year olds self-reported significantly more involvement in car related crimes, assault, rule infractions, and vandalism compared to their female peers. For some delinquent activities there were significant increases in involvement over time (Motor Vehicle, Drugs, and Public Disorder Offences) while for others (Theft, Rule Infractions, and Vandalism) this was not the case. In the majority of categories of delinquency at-risk students self reported significantly higher rates of involvement.
Autostereoscopic video display with motion parallax
Authors: Hines Stephen P.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A multi‐viewer autostereoscopic display that provides motion parallax without encumbering the observer with special equipment is described. The display is built around a single liquid‐crystal panel, from which multiple images are projected to a screen where they form the 3‐D image. The display can be produced economically because it uses a single display panel and conventional optics. The primary advantage of this technique is its simplicity. Computer‐generated images are supplied to the liquid‐crystal panel with a single video board. 3‐D television can be broadcast by a single unmodified television station (NTSC, PAL, SECAM, HDTV, etc.), and recorded and replayed in 3‐D with a VCR. Applications include 3‐D video arcade games, avionics, engineering workstations, scientific visualization, video phones, and 3‐D television.
A 46‐in. high‐resolution rear‐projection display
Authors: Ohsawa Michitaka , Onozawa Makoto , Hirata Kohji , Watanabe Toshimitsu , Kimura Yuichiro , Ohki Masashi , Yoshikawa Hiroki , Ando Kunio , Matsumi Kuninori , Yuki Ikuo , Asano Tetsuo
Published: May 2006

Abstract— We have developed a 46‐in. high‐resolution high‐luminance compact rear‐projection display that can automatically display in three modes: ID (NTSC), ID‐vista (NTSC), and HD. The main specifications of the display are 800 TV lines of horizontal resolution (aspect ratio 16:9), peak luminance of 1370 cd/m2, 100:1 contrast ratio, and depth of 672 mm. We report on the technology required to realize this high performance.
Wide‐viewing‐angle full‐color TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Yoshida Hidefumi , Nakamura Kimiaki , Ohashi Makoto , Tomita Ikuo , Okabe Masahiro
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Conventional TFT TN‐LCDs display full‐color images only within a narrow vertical viewing angle. Viewed obliquely, the display reverses or brightens. We studied these problems by calculating the light propagation through TN cells and concluded that these reversal phenomena are unavoidable in TN‐LCDs. To widen the viewing angle, we propose a film‐laid double‐twisted‐nematic display (FDTN), consisting of a conventional TN panel, a light‐compensation panel, and two retardation films stacked together. The problem of black images appearing purple is solved using a clockwise‐twisted nematic panel as an optical compensator. The viewing angle of the FDTN‐LCD is about 1.5 times that of the conventional positive TN‐LCD. The contrast ratio normal to the panel exceeds 100.
Fabrication of 10‐in.‐diagonal 16‐gray‐level TFT‐LCDs by novel processing technologies
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Hayama Masahiro , Nakagawa Naoki , Ishibashi Tatsuo , Maejima Taro , Yamazaki Teruhiko
Published: May 2006

Abstract—New processing technologies for large‐area high‐resolution TFT‐LCDs have been developed. A taper‐etching technology for Cr gate electrodes with a resistivity of 18 μΩ/cm was realized. The technology allows control of the taper angle down to as low as 2°. The breakdown voltage between the gate electrodes and the source‐drain electrodes was improved from 140 V to over 400 V. A new end‐point‐detection method using N2plasma emission for the photoresist stripping process has been developed. The method decreases the contact resistance and improves the transfer characteristics of TFTs. These processing technologies make possible the realization of 10‐in.‐diagonal TFT‐LCDs with 16 gray levels.
Image‐processing techniques for a consumer video printer
Authors: Kano Hiroshi , Fujita Hideto , Fukushima Kiyoshi , Ito Kazuo
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The image‐processing techniques used in a newly developed video printer are described. The amount of image data is reduced by subsampling the chrominance signals and by data compression. The DPCM algorithm is used for the compression. A field‐interpolation algorithm that takes into account the correlation between diagonal dots is proposed. This algorithm is simple and has better spatial‐frequency characteristics than the bi‐linear interpolation algorithm. A color‐signal‐conversion circuit that enables users to adjust the color, tint, contrast, and luminance after capturing an image is also described.
High‐Luminance Monochrome Faceplates for Compact Projection Displays
Authors: Gualtieri D. M. , Van De Vaart H. , St. John T. , Hebb R. C.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Epitaxial phosphor faceplates of cerium‐activated yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) phosphor (P‐46) have been prepared on single‐crystal YAG faceplates up to 3 in. in diameter. Photolithographic reticulation of the faceplates was performed to increase the external efficacy of the epitaxial phosphor. A 1 × 1‐in. raster on a 2‐in.‐diameter faceplate has produced a faceplate luminance of 21.5 × 104 cd/m2 (62,700 fL) with 40‐kV excitation at an efficacy of 4.84 lm/W. This is 435 lm from a 1‐square‐in, raster at 90‐W/in.2 excitation. Extrapolated performance of 2000 lm is expected from 3‐in.‐diameter (2.75‐in.‐diagonal raster) faceplates.
Double‐Quadrupole DAF Gun for Self‐Converging Color CRTs
Authors: Suzuki H. , Ueda Y. , Tominaga N. , Hiromitsu N. , Sugawara K.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A new dynamic astigmatism and focus (DAF) gun has been developed for high‐resolution color CRTs, resulting in a rounder spot than that produced by existing DAF guns. A quadrupole lens adjacent to the triode of a conventional DAF was added. This lens is driven by the same dynamic waveform as employed in conventional DAFs. The new gun solves the problem of elliptically distorted spot shapes characteristic of conventional DAF guns with a self‐converging deflection yoke.
Effects of quantization and pixel structure on the image quality of color matrix displays
Authors: Barten Peter G. J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The effects of luminance quantization and pixel geometry on the image quality of color matrix displays are described with the aid of the recently developed square‐root integral (SQRI) metric for image quality. The quantization effect is taken into account by considering it as a form of noise. Image‐quality measurements of various authors are analyzed and compared with calculations based on this model. The measurements appear to agree very well with the calculations.
Dyed color filters for liquid‐crystal displays
Authors: Sugiura Takeo
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The development of LCDs for office automation and TV has focused on larger sizes and color. Color filters, which are used to make colored LCDs, must have high color purity and contrast. To achieve these goals, water‐soluble photosensitive compositions of special polypeptides obtained by the hydrolysis of cattle gelatin have been developed. The photosensitive composition has good resolution and stability. With strict control, the hydrolyzate can be produced with good yield, and its molecular weight can be narrowly distributed as desired. This newly developed dyed color filter, featured by the hydrolyzate, is optimized for commercial production of large color LCDs.
A compensative driving method for common‐electrode voltage distortions in TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Tomita Satoru , Tomita Osamu , Kasahara Koichi
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The results of the investigation and analysis of common‐electrode (counter‐electrode) voltage distortions in TFT‐LCDs are described. The distortions are mainly caused by voltage changes in signal bus‐lines and lead to horizontal crosstalk and degradation of the contrast ratio. A new driving method, in which an ac voltage is applied independently to the storage‐capacitor bus‐lines, is proposed to compensate for the distortions. The effect has been confirmed by comparing it with a conventional driving method by waveform observation, horizontal‐crosstalk observation, and signal‐voltage‐light‐transmission characteristics in both common‐dc and common‐ac drives. It has been further confirmed that the new method can compensate for another distortion of voltages across the liquid‐crystal layer, which does not occur for the common‐dc drive.
The development of ferroelectric LCDs for display applications
Authors: Surguy P. W. H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Ferroelectric LCDs have shown promise for use in high‐speed or highly multiplexed flat‐panel displays. Before ferroelectric liquid‐crystal technology could be implemented in practical devices, a number of significant problems had to be overcome. It is believed that all the remaining problems have now been removed, leaving the way open for large‐scale production of computer displays and the potential for larger devices to rival competing active‐matrix and supertwist display technologies. This paper will review the significant developments of FLCDs, illustrated by examples from both CRL and other laboratories.
The possibilities of ferroelectric liquid crystals for video displays
Authors: Hartmann W. J. A. M. , Verhulst A. G. H. , Van Haaren J. A. M. M. , Blommaert F. J. J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract—Different approaches were used to examine the possibility of using surface‐stabilized ferroelectric liquid‐crystals (SSFLCs) in video displays. The advantages of such displays lie in the viewing‐angle independence and the high switching speed. The large number of gray levels needed for video can, in principle, be obtained by digital or analog techniques. From simulation experiments on a high‐resolution CRT, it is estimated that for video, for the case of equidistant luminance levels, 128 levels for each primary colour are needed. Discrete gradation by means of bi‐level subpixels (spatial dither) is simulated for projection and direct‐view displays. Efficient subpixelation (minimum number of extra connections) results in perceptual artefacts when the three primary colours (RGB) are projected onto each other, as in a projection system. In the case of a direct‐view display with mosaic colour filter, the layout of this mosaic turns out to be more important than subpixelation. Analog gradation methods are based on in‐pixel domain switching effect. They require accurate control of the multidomain structures. Active‐matrix addressing for the SSFLC strongly enhances the reproducibility of the multidomain gray levels via the charge‐control process. This is demonstrated on test displays. Passive‐matrix addressing takes advantage of the bistability and switching speed of the SSFLC effect. One approach to control the multidomain gray levels in passive‐matrix addressing is the “texture method,” which is based on a distribution of the threshold voltage for switching within each pixel. The mechanism, the addressing scheme, the obtainable contrast in the different textures, the applicability of various FLC mixtures, and the resulting temperature sensitivity are discussed. The performance of test displays, operating at video rate, is evaluated. Several issues, such as temperature sensitivity, texture stability, and hysteresis in the transmission‐voltage curve have to be further improved.
Electrochromism of iodized Yb‐diphthalocyanine polymer film
Authors: Kashiwazaki N. , Yamana M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The electrochromism of a plasma‐polymerized Yb‐diphthalocyanine (pp‐YbPc2) film, which can also be iodized by a plasma method, is described. Iodine in the film is immobilized. The prepared film exhibits a red color with the formation of a charge‐transfer complex. In an electro‐chromic cell, the film exhibits a reversible multicoloration of red, green, and blue by applying, respectively, positive, null, and negative potentials with respect to an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The green‐red coloration occurs without injection of counter‐ions. Charges for the green‐red coloration are transferred between immobilized iodine and Yb‐diphthalocyanine. Since ion injection, which is a rate‐determining step of coloration, does not occur, the green‐red coloration response is faster than that of the uniodized film.
Vacuum microelectronics for future display technology
Authors: Utsumi Takao
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Vacuum microelectronics deals with several well‐established, but non‐overlapping, scientific and technical areas. It is not a new science, but is an emerging hybrid of science and technology, which, unfortunately, has no established home. It is composed of technologies which have ignored, rather than collaborated, with each other. In this sense, vacuum microelectronics is a new entity, and the purpose of this paper is to describe our ideas on how the display community can deal with it.
Thermally addressed and erasable displays by polymer‐dispersed nematic liquid crystals with memory properties
Authors: Yamaguchi Rumiko , Ookawara Hiroshi , Ishigame Masaaki , Sato Susumu
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A new type of thermally addressed display device using polymer‐dispersed nematic liquid‐crystal (PDLC) films with highly transparent memory states is described. Its electro‐optical and thermo‐optical properties were studied and its capabilities for thermal addressing were demonstrated. Writing and local erasing are performed by a YAG laser beam in “white‐on‐black” and “black‐on‐white” modes. Thermal images are also successfully written by a thermal printer head onto a flexible PDLC film.
Improved pulsed‐memory dc plasma display with non‐discharge pulses applied to the auxiliary anode
Authors: Choi Cheol Kyung , Shin B. J. , Whang Ki‐Woong
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A new driving method for dc plasma display panels is proposed which is characterized by the application of non‐discharge pulses applied to the auxiliary anode. The role of these pulses is to affect the main discharge. This new method shows an enlarged stable operating region and decreased delay time of the sustain pulse compared to a method with no pulses applied to the auxiliary anode. The luminance is increased by 42% and the luminous efficacy by 33%. Non‐discharge pulses with frequencies in the range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz improve the luminance and the luminous efficacy of the display cell. It is found that the optimum distance between the auxiliary anode and the main anode is about 200 μm.
Private display for a videophone
Authors: Nakazawa Kenji , Shiwa Shinichi , Ichinose Susumu
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A private display for a videophone requires a narrow and movable observation area along with a wide‐viewing‐angle option. A combination of a monochrome LCD panel, a lenticular sheet, and a transparent LCD panel appears suitable for such a private display. Test results for an experimental system based on this method indicate that the development of a practical system for a private display is feasible.
Horizontal deflection defocusing in CRTs
Authors: Alig Casanova R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The physical origin of the edge spot width on CRT screens with self‐converging and anastigmatic deflection yokes is discussed. The discussion is supported with graphical data from a new simulation program.