bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accretion onto disc galaxies via hot and rotating CGM inflows
Authors: Stern Jonathan , Fielding Drummond , Hafen Zachary , Su Kung-Yi , Naor Nadav , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Quataert Eliot , Bullock James
Published: March 2024

Observed accretion rates onto the Milky Way and other local spirals fall short of that required to sustain star formation for cosmological timescales. A potential avenue for this unseen accretion is a rotating inflow in the volume-filling hot phase ($\sim 10^6\, {\rm K}$) of the circumgalactic medium (CGM), as suggested by some cosmological simulations. Using hydrodynamic simulations and a new analytic solution valid in the slow-rotation limit, we show that a hot inflow spins up as it approaches the galaxy, while remaining hot, subsonic, and quasi-spherical. Within the radius of angular momentum support ($\sim 15\, {\rm kpc}$ for the Milky Way) the hot flow flattens into a disc geometry and then cools from $\sim 10^6$ to $\sim 10^4\, {\rm K}$ at the disc–halo interface. Cooling affects all hot gas, rather than just a subset of individual gas clouds, implying that accretion via hot inflows does not rely on local thermal instability in contrast with ‘precipitation’ models for galaxy accretion. Prior to cooling and accretion the inflow completes ≈tcool/tff radians of rotation, where tcool/tff is the cooling time to free-fall time ratio in hot gas immediately outside the galaxy. The ratio tcool/tff may thus govern the development of turbulence and enhancement of magnetic fields in gas accreting onto low-redshift spirals. We show that if rotating hot inflows are common in Milky-Way-size disc galaxies, as predicted, then signatures of the expected hot gas rotation profile should be observable with X-ray telescopes and fast radio burst surveys.
Amalia Holst (1758–1829)
Authors: Cooper Andrew
Published: March 2024

Amalia Holst’s writings expose a paradox at the heart of the German Enlightenment. While philosophers made significant gains in unearthing the social conditions of human freedom, they failed to advance either the political status or the education of women. Holst’s major work, On the Vocation of Woman to Higher Intellectual Education (1802), was the first text to criticize the Enlightenment project from a woman’s standpoint and to advance the improvement of women’s education from Enlightenment principles. In this chapter I examine Holst’s conception of the sexless mind as an attempt to vindicate woman’s equal share in the human vocation while accommodating socially defined norms. To grasp the philosophical importance of Holst’s arguments, I argue, we must not simply unearth her striking critique of the Enlightenment but also situate her response within the challenges facing women philosophers in Germany at the turn of the nineteenth century.
Lou Salomé (1861–1937)
Authors: Kraus Katharina Teresa
Published: March 2024

Lou Salomé (1871–1937) was one of the most prolific women writers in Germany at the turn of the century, producing both literary works and essays on topics of religion, philosophy, gender theory, and psychoanalysis. This chapter explores her philosophy of life as a philosophical position in its own right by clarifying the major influences on her position and discussing it in the context of the contemporary philosophy of life movement in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Section 1 examines, in The God and related texts, her critique of religious experience and her positive account of life and the “faith in life,” highlighting specifically the Spinozist and Nietzschean influences on her position. Section 2 focuses on her feminist writings, especially The Human Being as a Woman, and shows how her philosophy of life is reflected in her gender theory, according to which womanhood is understood in terms of a female way of life and development.
Marxism and the Woman Question in Imperial and Weimar Germany
Authors: Moir Wolfe Cat
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines the thought of the socialist and working-class women’s movement in Imperial and Weimar Germany through the lens of Marxism’s relation to the woman question. Because most socialist women were not trained philosophers, though they were often steeped in the Marxist and socialist theory of their time, and many were autodidacts, reconstructing their ideas involves an exercise in intellectual history from below, where labor history meets the history of ideas, social history meets history of philosophy. The chapter begins with a brief account of the history of the proletarian women’s movement in German-speaking Europe and then examines the ideas advanced by its participants. While proletarian women often focused on topics characteristic of feminist philosophy, such as suffrage, motherhood, and prostitution, their concerns were not limited to women’s issues. The chapter examines socialist and Marxist women’s contributions to the theory of the state, revolution, nationalism, colonialism, war, and welfare.
Social and Political Philosophy
Authors: Gjesdal Kristin
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores the contributions of nineteenth-century women to social and political thought. Focusing on the works of Germaine de Staël, Karoline von Günderrode, Bettina Brentano von Arnim, Hedwig Dohm, Clara Zetkin, and Rosa Luxemburg, it makes visible the important philosophical arc from early romanticism to late nineteenth-century socialism. The chapter concludes with a brief reflections on the legacy of these movements and how they contribute to the shaping of phenomenology and later twentieth-century thought.
The Philosophical Letter and German Women Writers in Romanticism
Authors: Fuchs Renata
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses German Romantic women writers’ contributions to Romantic philosophy in the context of dialogical networks of love. Their personal, fictionalized, and literary letters not only represent dialogue in writing (an extension to salon conversations) but also reinvent and retheorize the Romantic notions of sociability, symphilosophy, and sympoetry (as theorized by men) as well as retheorizing the concepts of love. Dorothea Mendelssohn Veit Schlegel, Rahel Levin Varnhagen, and Bettina Brentano von Arnim suggested a new vision for an emancipated community of women that develops and creates together through philosophical discourse and poetry. These women authors both fashioned epistolary culture bordering on the private conversation and public sphere while in dialogue with free equal women and men, and fused the roles of erotic and intellectual partners. They provided a model for shaping intellectual and cultural life in the modern world while challenging rigid dichotomies of class, gender, and ethnicity.
Hedwig Dohm (1831–1919)
Authors: Shapshay Sandra
Published: March 2024

This chapter investigates the contribution of German feminist philosopher and writer Hedwig Dohm (1831–1919) to the debate on the nature and value of compassion (Mitleid) between Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche. I argue that her contribution consists of three main points. First, she highlights the gendered nature of compassion, taking Schopenhauer’s discussion out of the transcendental realm and situating it in a dynamic social context. Second, Dohm illuminates parallels between the norms of the nineteenth-century bourgeois woman’s lifecycle and the increasing degrees of self-lessness in Schopenhauer’s Mitleids-Moral. Thus, she joins Nietzsche in the criticisms of its harmful effects on the self, but Dohm focuses her attention on the half of the human population that is intensively socialized to fall under its sway. Third, she criticizes Nietzsche’s ideal of the Overman or Zarathustra, replacing it with the ideal of “The New Mother,” an ideal that feels timely even today.
Dynamic Form
Authors: Mailman Joshua Banks
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses dynamic form—form arising from the flux of a designated property, with the retrospective contour of such flux representing the dynamic form as experienced and remembered. To forge this representation, quantitative models called vessels, which are proxy listener scanning functions, relate an idealized listener directly to the score, traversed automatically, thus emulating an idealized real-time hearing. A vessel of dynamic form focuses on features of texture, rhythm, pitch, or timbre, or any appropriate combination of these. The chapter discusses listener phenomenology and compositional poetics and planning. It also discusses smooth or gradated change arising from interpolation, frequency modulation, and ring modulation, as well as their relations to proto-spectralist techniques of Reich, Murail, Ligeti, and Saariaho. It considers granularity and ontology of sound and score. Excerpts are drawn from Grisey’s Partiels, Ligeti’s Atmosphéres, Reich’s Drumming, Murail’s Territoires de L’oubli, and Saariaho’s Io, Lichtbogen and Papillon II.
Revival Zion and Spiritual Baptists
Authors: Duncan Carol B.
Published: March 2024

This chapter covers the traditions of Revival Zion and Spiritual Baptists. Both religions emerged in the English-speaking Caribbean in Jamaica and St. Vincent and Trinidad and Tobago, respectively. Moreover, both Spiritual Baptists and Revival Zion expressed anticolonial, national cultural identities and their contributions to expressive oral cultures. The chapter explains that the Spiritual Baptists and Revival Zion represent evolving African Caribbean worldviews, ritual practices, and cultural expressions rooted in the traditions of enslaved Africans and their descendants. It details the historical overview of the introduction of Christianity taken up by enslaved Africans before considering its historicity and its embeddedness in colonial frameworks.
Afro-Cuban Religions in Cuban Literature
Authors: Presas Alex
Published: March 2024

This chapter cites the influence of archival oralities of culture in correlation with Afro-Cuban religions featured in Cuban literature. It starts with a short overview of Manga-Mocha: cuento ñáñigo, representing Afro-Cuban themes in Spanish Caribbean literature. Even though the publication of Manga-Mocha was over a century ago, its thematic representation of Afro-Cuban religions has expanded into the portrayal of a strong communal identity in Cuban literature and culture. The conformation of a more diverse Cuban culture began with the gradual integration of Afro-Cuban values into the island’s sociopolitics during the second half of the nineteenth century. Moreover, Cuban ethnographer Fernando Ortiz’s sense of intermeshed transmutations also resulted in a complex system in which Afro-Cuban religions influenced the poetic and fictional representation of Cuban writers.
Expert and Knowledge Networks
Authors: Fitzgerald Deborah
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines the factors behind the shift from subsistence farming to modern, large-scale farming and agribusiness. It considers the role of rural agricultural societies, the development of agricultural education, primarily in Europe and the United States, and the rise of science-based expertise. It next discusses the transition from expertise based on experience to expertise based on scientific agricultural education. The chapter then follows the impact of Justus von Liebig’s proposal for science-based education and the institutional model of research-education-extension that led to the American land-grant university system, as well as most European agricultural education. Finally, it argues that the introduction of scientific expertise shaped the rise of agribusiness interests and their command of the field in the twentieth century.
Commodity Frontiers as Drivers of Global Capitalism
Authors: Bosma Ulbe , Vanhaute Eric
Published: March 2024

Frontier expansion, the proliferation of extractive economies in geologically and climatically distinct ecosystems, at ever greater distances and across ever broader space, has been a main driver for the expansion of a global capitalist system. This contribution develops the concept of commodity frontiers as part of a specific understanding of capitalism as a historical process of commodification of labor and nature, driven by the intrinsic need to permanently open up new opportunities for accumulation. The unstinting quest for the cheapest answers to environmental and resource problems has fundamentally transformed the global countryside and its rural populations. Commodity frontiers studies provide a comparative-historical lens to study three interrelated research fields: how global capitalism transformed rural societies and agricultural systems worldwide; how successive regimes of appropriation of nature, land, and labor developed; and how commodity frontier expansion has been the subject of profound social and political contests.
Soy
Authors: Langthaler Ernst
Published: March 2024

In the twentieth century, soy emerged as the world’s leading agricultural commodity. Combining a global and centennial perspective with an agro-food approach, this chapter explores waves of globalization through the lens of soy. Having served as regional food crop in East Asia for millennia, soy became a global cash crop in the British-centered agro-food regime (1870–1929), linking the northeast of China as the world’s leading producer to consumer goods industries in Northwest Europe. Soy found enlarged rooms of maneuver in the US-centered agro-food regime (1947–1973), connecting the US Midwest and adjacent regions as major suppliers in the divided world market with growing demand for animal-based food from Western Europe and Japan. Soy rose to global dominance in the WTO-centered agro-food regime (since 1995), integrating producers in the South American “soybean republic” as well as European and East Asian consumers into global agribusiness. Soy’s emergence as a commodity in the slipstream of globalization was driven by state governments, (trans-)national corporations, and social movements as well as by the crop’s versatility in socio-natural networks.
Frontier Agriculture and the Creation of Global Neo-Europes
Authors: Daly Jonathan
Published: March 2024

In the late nineteenth century, five countries topped the list of global wheat exporters: Russia, the United States, Canada, Argentina, and Australia. All five benefited from ongoing technological innovations but could not have become breadbaskets of the world without some of the richest grassland on the planet. Their global output was spurred in large part by the booming industrial economy requiring vastly more grain for burgeoning urban labor forces. Although the Soviet collectivization drive derailed the Russian agricultural colossus, it was back on track and had reached the number one position in world wheat exports by 2018. The other four early breadbaskets remained in the top six, suggesting something like an environmental determinism at work.
The Global Green Revolution
Authors: Tauger Mark B.
Published: March 2024

Chapter 33 presents a history of the Green Revolution, the most significant improvement in agricultural production in the twentieth century. After reviewing the Green Revolution’s origins in Italy and the USSR, it describes the wheat and rice high-yielding varieties produced at CIMMYT and IRRI in the 1950s and 1960s and their spread to India and many other countries, through the work of Norman Borlaug, Henry Beachell, and other scientists. It examines the institutionalization of the Green Revolution in the CGIAR and its expansion, problems, and reforms. It briefly reviews the spread of the Green Revolution to Africa and China. It surveys the main criticisms of the Green Revolution, and the main socioeconomic and environmental problems its expansion has brought to many areas. It concludes by discussing the importance of the Green Revolution for future world food production.
Women in Agriculture
Authors: Riney-Kehrberg Pamela
Published: March 2024

As long as human beings have engaged in agriculture, women have been farmers. They are and were agricultural laborers of all varieties. They worked for their husbands and fathers, and on their own behalf. They worked with their families, and on their own. Some were enslaved, while others owned their own bodies and their own labor. Many women have managed farms, some for husbands, but others for themselves. Few have owned their own land, but even so, because of their commitment to agriculture as a family enterprise, they have organized on behalf of farmers. As populations have moved and shifted, the number of women taking responsibility for farms has shifted as well. In some places, such as China and India, agriculture has become feminized over time, while in other places, such as the United States, agriculture has become defeminized. Without women, the story of world agriculture is far from complete.
English in Malaysia
Authors: Hashim Azirah
Published: March 2024

When Malaysia gained independence in 1957, it had inherited a number of different languages and dialects. Article 152 of the Constitution made Malay the official and sole national language. English became the second most important language although its use in official domains would be phased out after ten years. This chapter provides an overview of Malaysian English (MalE) by tracing its historical, sociopolitical, and sociocultural development in the years prior to independence until today. Firstly, it describes the arrival of English during the colonial period and how English became embedded in the multilingual habitat of the country. Secondly, it discusses the status of English and the different linguistics forms of English that have emerged. Thirdly, English in different functional domains is illustrated with examples from various domains, most notably the media and law. Finally, reflections on the future prospects for English in the country (and, indeed, the region) are given.
English in Myanmar
Authors: McCormick Patrick
Published: March 2024

Despite not being an official language in Burma/Myanmar, English is everywhere in speech and writing. A close examination of written and spoken English reveals contradictory roles for the language: it is no one’s native language and has no official status, yet people and the government regularly use it, in preference to local languages, to communicate to each other. This situation, reflecting the legacy of British colonialism, has become naturalized for most people. English symbolizes power, prestige, and influence. English is not merely functional, making up for words which local languages lack, or a way to get ahead in education or livelihoods. Rather, speakers of Burmese and other local languages use English to signal their allegiance to power. Traditional pedagogies reaffirm the status and position of English.
English-language literature of Malaysia
Authors: Ganesan Kavitha
Published: March 2024

This chapter traces the inception and development of Malaysian Literature in English (MLE) by examining the nation’s sociopolitics. This hinges on ethnocentric policies which are divisive for the writer, from both the Malay and non-Malay ethnic backgrounds, who chooses English as a creative medium. From the 1970s to the 1990s the Malay writers appropriated the journalistic form of writing, while the non-Malay writers used the novel to negotiate their sense of belonging to the nation. The present era has been more favourable for MLE, as multi-ethnic writers’ approach towards writing in English has become more inclusive. The diasporic/transnational MLE writers contribute to MLE’s expansion, and follow an inclusive path towards more creativity with their counterparts in Malaysia.
Aesthetics and the Clinical Encounter
Authors: Oyebode Femi
Published: March 2024

The clinical encounter can be conceived of as a functional, instrumental, and transactional process. It is an encounter between someone who is in distress and is in the role of a patient and another person who has expertise, makes inquiries, comes to judgements, and proffers assistance to the other, in the role of doctor. These roles have implicit and explicit expectations that determine how the encounter unfolds. In this chapter, the author will explore the characteristics of the aesthetic values that influence the patient’s actions, the patient’s narrative account, and the patient’s desire to be more than a patient. The author will then turn to the aesthetic values that underpin the clinical inquiry, how this shapes the possibility of attentive listening, and the notion of attunement to the patient’s dilemma. Finally, the author will consider the conjoint enterprise between the patient and the doctor to escape the limitations and constraints of role performance such that creativity and aesthetics determine what emerges within the clinical encounter.
Xul Solar and Jorge Luis Borges in the Revista Multicolor de los Sábados [Multicolor Saturday Magazine]
Authors: Artundo Patricia M.
Published: March 2024

Since Alejandro Xul Solar and Jorge Luis Borges met around 1925, both appeared associated with different publishing ventures in which Borges had an active role. This chapter focuses on the early 1930s, placing both within the editorial setting of the Revista Multicolor de los Sábados of the newspaper Crítica, published in Buenos Aires between 1933 and 1934. This approach allows for the verification of what Borges stated on repeated occasions about the exceptional nature of Xul Solar’s library and the way in which he activated it from this Buenos Aires publication. The collaborative work between the artist and the writer involved the appropriation and consequent transformation of texts and images taken from different books. Among the latter is Indianermärchen aus Südamerika by Theodor von Koch-GrünbergFrom the reading proposed here, Xul Solar’s private library takes shape and leads to a reflection on the concepts of “version” and “translation,” both of which are central to Borges’s editorial work.
Faculty Reflections on Students as Partners
Authors: Smith Heather A.
Published: March 2024

Using a narrative writing style, this chapter explores the students as partners approach and reflects on the possibilities and the challenges associated with this approach. Throughout, the chapter highlights sites and experiences of discomfort—necessary discomfort—as the author’s student partners become her teachers and as the experiences of reflecting on power expose her own privilege and unexamined assumptions that are embedded in the everyday and that impact her students and student partners. Discomfort, for the author, becomes a potential space of transformation in an ongoing journey. Adopting the students as partners approach in various aspects of the author’s work has been a significant catalyst for her ongoing evolution as a teacher and scholar.
International Relations
Authors: Arvanitakis James
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses the relevance and importance of a critical social science and international relations education across all academic disciplines for undergraduate students. Given the rapidly changing global political, social, and security environment, such critical insights are an important part of preparing graduates for both their future careers and as engaged and empowered citizens. Drawing on the framework of the “citizen scholar,” the argument is that this should be underpinned by a pedagogical approach of cultural humility—acknowledging that learning about cultures is an ongoing journey. A core part of developing such an attribute can be a deep international exchange. Unless such an exchange includes deep engagement with the local culture framed by a sense of cultural humility that is appropriately incorporated into the curriculum, there is a risk that we perpetuate colonial attitudes. That is, the sense that the visiting students will see the local population as something exotic to be observed.
Concretizing International Studies Pedagogy for Undergraduate Students
Authors: Andrews Nathan
Published: March 2024

International studies is sometimes perceived as dwelling in the ivory tower because some of the theories discussed in the classroom seem out of touch with current realities or the various career paths of students taking these programs. As a contribution to partly address this theory-practice conundrum, this chapter shows that an undergraduate capstone course in IS has great promise in terms of (1) helping students assess their learning over the course of their degree and concretize theories and ideas examined in the classroom for the “real world”; (2) preparing students to function in complex professional environments; (3) enhancing the leadership capabilities of final-year undergraduates through engaged group work, presentations, and cross-cultural learning; and (4) providing instructors and program chairs the opportunity to (re)evaluate the essence of a degree in IS for the current and future generation of learners. The chapter is built around these four promises, informed by reflections on my recent experience with teaching a global capstone course.
Expelling the Myth of the Average Student by Integrating Inclusive Learning Environments into International Studies Classrooms
Authors: De Matos Ala Jacqueline
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines generative ways in which international studies educators can construct inclusive curricula that cater to the diverse learning capacities and needs of students. Curricula are often designed without expressly considering whether their format and execution would be accessible to all students. However, with a substantial number of the students in our classes identifying as having specialized learning requirements, it is imperative that our curricula are capable of assisting these students to meet their full intellectual potential. Integrating inclusive education practices into curricula is not onerous nor does it require enormous expertise. Moreover, as it is predicated on sound educational practices its adoption enhances the teaching and learning experience for everyone.
Social Media and the International Studies Classroom
Authors: Carmichael Leah , Murdie Amanda
Published: March 2024

This chapter shows how to intentionally incorporate social media as a pedagogical tool and the advantages of digital literacy in the International Studies environment. Today’s environment requires students to achieve digital literacy both as consumers and producers of social media. The intentional incorporation of social media as a pedagogical tool has the potential to transform the learning environment. The chapter first examines how the international studies classroom can move towards a more dynamic learner-centered approach with careful consideration of social media consumption. Students can consume social media as a source of scholarly information, as a source of career-relevant content, and as a world politics phenomenon. The subsequent section discusses how, once students become more critical consumers of social media content, they may practice producing original information for academic and professional purposes in a safe environment. Students can be engaged through communities of practice, within social media sandboxes, and can be aided in creating intentional career e-portfolios. Social media skills are critical for success in international studies and help improve traditional course outcomes.
Experiential Learning
Authors: Below Amy
Published: March 2024

Building on early works by John Dewey, Paulo Freire, and David A. Kolb, this chapter discusses the objectives of and challenges and opportunities in adopting various forms of experiential learning in our international studies curricula. With specific attention paid to study abroad, internships, and service-learning options, experiential learning differs from “traditional” modes of knowledge acquisition as it requires students and teachers to place themselves in potentially unfamiliar places (literally or theoretically) and become active participants in the co-creation of knowledge. Faculty become facilitators, helping students reflect on the learning process. Adopting such practices does require personal and pedagogical risk for all involved, but the potential rewards, especially in the long term, can be invaluable and benefit all co-learners: faculty, students, local partners, co-facilitators, and communities alike.
Economic and Social Rights in South Asia
Authors: Abeyratne Rehan
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines the post-colonial history and judicial adjudication of economic and social rights in South Asia, focusing on the Indian Constituent Assembly Debates that framed the 1950 Constitution of India. The Constitution enshrined Directive Principles of State Policy to bring about economic and social justice through political means. These Principles acquired legal force with early Supreme Court case law that interpreted them in harmony with fundamental rights. The Indian Supreme Court later transformed Directive Principles into enforceable rights through public interest litigation (PIL) and other doctrinal innovations. The chapter notes this robust use of judicial review created jurisprudential and institutional problems. The chapter also explores the partial adoption of Indian case law in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The chapter argues that in all three countries, the PIL-based approach leaves economic and social rights on shaky legal foundations. The progressive realization of these rights, therefore, ultimately rests on legislative action.
Coercion and Pacification on the Frontier
Authors: Litster Mirani , Wallis Lynley A. , Burke Heather , Cole Noelene
Published: March 2024

The Native Mounted Police were a paramilitary organization that operated across Queensland, Australia during the nineteenth century. Archaeologically they are represented by numerous camp sites occupied for varying durations, from just a few weeks to several decades. Living in these camps were White officers and the Aboriginal troopers serving under them, accompanied by the female partners of the troopers and sometimes of the officer(s), and their children. This investigation and analysis of glass beads recovered archaeologically from the Burke River (Boulia), Mistake Creek (Belyando), and Lower Laura (Boralga) Native Mounted Police camps represents the first detailed analysis of such objects in the Queensland context. We interpret these results within their spatial context and suggest that glass beads were given as enticements to Aboriginal women to act as go-betweens, as tokens to reward tractable behavior, and as symbols of co-optation for the female partners of the Native Mounted Police troopers.
Situating the “Local” within the “Locale”
Authors: Jamir Tiatoshi , Tetso David
Published: March 2024

The involvement of local communities in archaeological excavation is a mundane and common practice in India. This has been the case since field archaeology became an integral part of the colonial quest to study India’s deep past, which conversely had a profound impact in postcolonial Indian archaeology. What is not known clearly, however, is the nature and extent of the local community’s participation in such research programs. This leads one to ask the obvious: Was the research made explicit within a participatory praxis braiding together the archaeologists’ work with local communities, or engaging and collaborative with equitable research aim, or did such initiatives dismantle power structures and relations? These are some fundamental but head-on questions that generally come to mind. It is here that Indigenous archaeology situated within a postcolonial framework aided in alternative ways to approach Indigenous communities of the region over the study of their ancestral heritage sites. This piece, therefore, examines and situates three cases of community-based archaeological research undertaken in the Northeastern corner of India in Nagaland and outlines the scale of interactions at multiple levels between local communities and Indigenous archaeologists.
Exchange Systems and Interaction in Ancient Island and Coastal Settings
Authors: Dawson Helen , van Rensburg Julian Jansen
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses island and coastal exchange systems and interaction using the Mediterranean and Red Seas as case studies. The authors present a synthesis of the development of different theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of interaction and exchange from the mid-twentieth century to the present day. They rely in particular on the concept of “maritime cultural landscapes”, which has provided the basis for successive interpretative frameworks, in particular the “islandscape” and “seascape”, since its original formulation in the early 1990s. They discuss the archaeological evidence for exchange and interaction in the Mediterranean and Red Seas, providing a comparative and diachronic overview from the Neolithic to the Islamic periods and focusing on phases of increased connectivity. Following this, the authors outline how a relational approach combining multiple data sets can be used to reconstruct island interconnections or “networks of networks,” disentangling social and environmental factors that shaped interaction at different geographical and temporal scales.
Hosea in the Book of the Twelve
Authors: Leuchter Mark
Published: March 2024

The Book of Hosea holds a position in the Book of the Twelve that speaks to the persistence of traditions long associated with it inherited by the redactors of the latter work. Its initial position in the sequence of the prophecy running through the Book of the Twelve, its rhetoric steeped in myths regarding prophecy and Levitical identity, and its place in the history of the growth of material prophetic texts in the late monarchic and exilic periods reflect the worldview of the scribes who redacted the Book of the Twelve in the late Persian period and their own sense of social identity in the landscape of Yehudite Judaism. Hosea’s oracles and their intertextual connection with other literary traditions establish the discursive parameters for the subsequent prophetic works that were redacted into a collection that preserved critiques of foreign imperialism and the systems sustained by it.
Hosea 11 and Metaphors of Identity, Relationship, and Core Values in Contexts of Trauma
Authors: Matheny Jennifer M.
Published: March 2024

Hosea 11:1–4 shifts the imagery from previous chapters from negative metaphors of marriage and infidelity to an intimate portrait of a parent and son. Israel is represented as Ephraim, and Yhwh is symbolized as a parental figure. Strong emotive language characterizes the relationship between Israel and Yhwh in significant ways, rarely attested in this fashion the Hebrew Bible. Hosea 11 provides several allusions to the exodus story, rooting Israel in their core identity as a covenant people. Hosea’s metaphors in ch. 11 critique, convict, and call Ephraim (Israel) back to their covenant relationship and faithful worship of Yhwh. The interplay of the imagery in Hos. 11 draws out the Neo-Assyrian context, which assists political-theological readings in connecting images, animal and people domains, and metaphors alluding to the Assyrian goddess Ishtar. This essay focuses especially on key relational and gendered metaphors to demonstrate how social scientific approaches, such as psychological hermeneutics (trauma studies and acceptance and commitment therapy) can offer beneficial voices within contemporary approaches.
Hosea 12–13 and Prophetic Composition, Rhetoric, and Recollection
Authors: Goldingay John
Published: March 2024

Hosea 12–13 is a compilation of prophetic messages that critique Israel for its treachery and waywardness, warn Israel of trouble that Yhwh will bring to it as a consequence, and recollect events from Israel’s story. Hosea makes systematic use of ambiguity, allusiveness, and paronomasia as he seeks to drive Israel to work out what his messages mean and imply. His recollections of events related in the Torah and Former Prophets also contribute to that agenda. It is not clear whether he would have known the Genesis story of Jacob in the form we have it, but this uncertainty does not inhibit comparison of his version and the Genesis version. Both are sparing in their judgments on a person such as Jacob, which contributes to the way Hosea makes the story a repository of ambiguity and allusiveness contributing to an encouragement of reflection and change on Israel’s part.
Kingship and Political Power in the Book of Hosea
Authors: Dewrell Heath D.
Published: March 2024

While Hosea may give the initial impression of being hostile to Israelite kings and kingship, a careful read of the book as a whole reveals a more nuanced view of Israelite kingship than one might expect. Israelite kingship is currently corrupt and ineffectual, to be sure. As a result, Yhwh will sweep it away, leave the Israelites with no native king of their own, to be ruled instead by the foreign king of Assyria. This is not the end of Israelite kingship, though. Rather, it is merely an intermediate step on the road to a restored kingship, in which a future Davidic king will rule the people of Judah and Israel together.
The Book of Hosea and the History of Eighth-Century BCE Israel
Authors: Hasegawa Shuichi
Published: March 2024

Based on biblical and extrabiblical texts, and archaeological data, the first part of this essay sketches the history of the Northern Kingdom of Israel in the late ninth and eighth centuries BCE. The superscription of the book of Hosea dates Hosea’s activities to the reign of Jeroboam II, who ruled in the early eighth century BCE. The kingdom saw a period of prosperity in the early eighth century BCE, but it suffered from repeated coups and Assyrian invasions in the latter part of the same century, and it was finally conquered and annexed by Assyria in 720 BCE. The second part of this essay examines the relationship between relevant passages from Hosea and the historical circumstances during the eighth century BCE. While those passages may reflect the historical situation of the Northern Kingdom at that time, some of them do not necessarily do so, especially when such historical association is made based only on biblical accounts. Figurative language in the passages makes it difficult to associate them with precise historical circumstances, of which we know little. The current texts are the results of Fortschreibung, which hinders identification of their historical settings.
Masculinity Studies and Hosea
Authors: Haddox Susan E.
Published: March 2024

As a central aspect of human identity, gender is significant not only for individuals but also for community status. A society’s construction of gender and gender relationships often embeds underlying power structures, so that gender comes to symbolize power and prestige in different spheres of influence. Masculist interpretation reveals the ways that gender pervades the rhetoric and assumptions of the texts without assuming that the male is the unreflective norm. Hosea was one of the earliest Hebrew Bible texts given a masculist interpretation and it has sustained the interest of interpreters. The types of approaches under the umbrella of masculinity studies are diverse. These include perspectives that draw from reader-response criticism, cultural anthropology, linguistics, psychoanalysis, cultural criticism, and queer theory. Interpreters have focused on masculinity as defined in terms of hegemonic masculinity, femininity, boyhood, and embodiment. Masculist interpretation focuses on the construction of masculinity and how the rhetoric of the text affects the male audience. Key questions include the definitions of masculinity, the way that masculinity is used in the text, issues of the masculine portrayal of God, and the effects on audiences past and present.
Queer Theory and Hosea
Authors: Williams Jennifer J.
Published: March 2024

This queer reading of Hosea asks, “What are the possible impacts on trans persons when reading the destabilized gender and character of Gomer as an eshet zenunim in the book of Hosea?” Taking into consideration the physical reality of trans folx, it is possible to read this woman as a transsexual sex worker and thus reveal hidden violence while eliciting understanding and empathy for the trans community. The metaphor of the eshet zenunim reveals a triply marginalized transbody who is both rejected and acquired. Such a queer reading of the book of Hosea aims to shift feminist and theoretical perspectives, raising awareness of the violence experienced by the trans community.
Hosea in the New Testament
Authors: Moyise Steve
Published: March 2024

Each of the six explicit quotations of Hosea in the New Testament are discussed in terms of the text of the quotation, its purpose in the new work, and the type of exegesis used to apply it to its new situation. Attention is also given to some of the allusions to the book, as well as its imagery, particularly the idea of God as husband to Israel and idolatry referred to as prostitution. Opinions vary as to how much the New Testament authors were interested in the original context of their citations, but this study does highlight the “semantic potential” of the text, and in a few cases, may contribute to discussions of Hosea’s original meaning.
Hosea in Popular Culture
Authors: Gravett Emily O.
Published: March 2024

The book of Hosea’s influence on later works is small compared to other biblical books. But Hosea and his life, especially his commanded marriage to his wife of whoredom/harlotry, Gomer-bat-Diblaim, makes a surprising number of appearances in postbiblical popular (or “pop”) culture, especially by and for Christians. This essay focuses on some of the more sustained and explicit engagements with Hosea across novels, films, and even music. Through the ways they reimagine and retell the biblical text, these instances of pop culture provide commentary and illumination of the original, biblical story. In particular, the figure of Gomer gets further or redeveloped in contemporary mediums—with a backstory, a family, friends, a personality, and beauty. We may gain newfound understanding, even sympathy, for her character after interacting with the pop-culture interpretations. By making their inspiration clear and by creating links to the biblical text, pop-culture creators open the possibility of comparison—and of a dynamic dialogue between the two worlds.
The Book of Hosea and Israelite Religion in the Eighth Century BCE
Authors: Tiemeyer Lena-Sofia
Published: March 2024

This essay discusses the religion of ancient Israel, with a focus on how it is portrayed in the book of Hosea. In dialogue with the Ugaritic Baal Cycle, as well as biblical and epigraphic onomastic evidence, it maintains that the polemic against Baal and El in Hosea predominantly concerns Israel’s understanding of Yhwh. In this debate, Hosea and the people of Israel speak at cross purposes. The prophet accuses the people of worshipping Yhwh incorrectly, while the people defend the orthodoxy of their cult of Yhwh. Hosea’s polemic against Israel is twofold. In Hos. 2, Hosea claims that Israel must learn to use God’s personal name, Yhwh, and to comprehend the depth of their covenant relationship. In Hos. 8:5–6 and 13:1–2, as well as 9:10 and 11:2, Hosea maintains that people must reevaluate their current understanding of history and to realize that the God of their ancestors, who interacted with the patriarchs and later led the people out of Egypt, should be called by his specific name, Yhwh.
Transformation and Reinterpretation in the Composition and Redaction of Hosea
Authors: Rudnig-Zelt Susanne
Published: March 2024

This essay studies the development of redaction criticism on Hosea. It starts with Jörg Jeremias’s groundbreaking new perspective in the 1980s. Jeremias recognized the influence of redactors on the text they transmitted, though for Jeremias these redactors were very close to the historical prophet. This has changed in the last forty years. Many now claim that the origins of the book have nothing to do with prophetic activity as it usually appears in the Hebrew Bible. Since the book of Hosea as it now stands has some elements in common with prophetic books like Jeremiah, the redactors behind the book are likely responsible for at least one deep transformation of the transmitted texts (e.g., from laments to accusations). The textual difficulty of Hosea also suggests that there has been more than one such transformation. This essay discusses several ways to reconstruct these transformations and proposes new explanations for the similarities among Hosea, Jeremiah, and Deuteronomistic Theology.
Domination in Majoritarian Democracy
Authors: Ingham Sean
Published: March 2024

A common intuition about the ‘tyranny of the majority’ would appear to conflict with the republican thesis that a group’s unconstrained power is dominating even if the group does not care to exercise it. It is commonly assumed that a majoritarian democracy, in which there are no institutional constraints on the power of majorities to impose their preferences, endangers the freedom of vulnerable minorities in particular—such as an historically marginalized ethnic minority—rather than everyone’s freedom equally. But if, as republicans claim, a citizen’s freedom is independent of whether majorities wish to exercise their power, then it is unclear why pure majoritarianism would pose any special danger to the freedom of those who are likely to find themselves on the losing side, beyond the generalized danger it poses to everyone, equally. The present chapter explains how republicans can meet this challenge. Majoritarian democracy can produce an asymmetrical pattern of domination, where just one subset of the population (e.g. the ethnic majority) dominates everyone else, as a consequence of the mechanisms by which social norms structure public deliberation and both facilitate and constrain collective action.
The European Union
Authors: d’Argent Pierre
Published: March 2024

The foundational paradox, or ontological mystery, of EU law is that it owes its existence to, and stems from, the most traditional instruments of international law between sovereign States (i.e. treaties), but that, at the same time, it intends to separate itself from international law by choosing the conditions under which it accepts interaction with the international legal order that gives validity to the TEU and TFEU. Moreover, EU law is all about (1) replacing domestic law with EU law within each Member State, (2) replacing international law with EU law between the Member States and, as a result of both, (3) replacing the Member States as subjects of international law by the EU itself vis-à-vis the rest of the world. Phrased differently, the emergence and development of EU law is an experiment in juridical novatio of legal orders and subjects.
Semiotic object relations theory (SORT) as the basic CAT theory?
Authors: Leiman Mikael
Published: March 2024

The chapter explores the concept of semiotic object relations theory (SORT), which was originally formulated by Anthony Ryle in 2002. To develop this theory, it was necessary to present two conceptual modifications to the original procedural sequence model (PSM). The chapter presents the concept of object-directed activity and a revised concept of the sign as the building blocks of the SORT. It goes on to discuss the relationship between this conception and standard CAT theory. It is suggested that the SORT operates as a metatheory, providing a broad explanatory frame without necessitating radical changes in the current concepts or clinical practices.