bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibody Production by Guinea Pig Cells Demonstrated by the Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Reaction
Authors: Rosenberg Leon T. , Chandler Marion H. , Cordon Albert S. , Fischel Edward E.
Published: January 2023

The passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction has been used to detect antibody produced by 1 to 5 million cells removed from donor guinea pigs following single primary intravenous injections of antigen and implanted intracutaneously into recipient guinea pigs.

When cells were removed within the first week following immunization the time required for sensitization of skin sites varied from 12 hr to 3 days. This time interval was short when cells were transferred 7 days after immunization, and was longer as cell transfer was carried out sooner after immunization. The disappearance of antibody synthesis several days after transfer may be a functional manifestation of the homotransplant reaction.

Suspensions of spleen cells were consistently effective, and thymus cells occasionally effective in sensitizing skin sites in recipients. Cell suspensions of lymph node, bone marrow, circulating leukocytes and liver did not appear to produce sufficient antibody to sensitize skin sites in recipients under these conditions.

Hydrocortisone, administered to recipients in doses of 10 or 25 mg per day for up to 6 days had no measurable effect on the ability of transferred cells to evoke passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions.
Increased Susceptibility of Mice with Brucellosis to Bacterial Endotoxins
Authors: Abernathy Robert S. , Bradley G. Mary , Spink Wesley W.
Published: January 2023

Infection with Brucella melitensis or Brucella abortus strain 19 increases the susceptibility of ABC mice to the lethality of brucella endotoxin. Mice infected with B. melitensis die within 8–48 hr after challenge with brucella endotoxin. This susceptibility is maximal between 2 and 4 weeks and persists for at least 8–12 weeks. The degree of susceptibility to brucella endotoxin has no correlation with quantitative spleen cultures in brucella-infected mice. Mice infected with B. melitensis are also more susceptible to the lethality of typhoid and coli endotoxins.
The Magnitude of the Immune Response Incited by Killed and Attenuated Mycobacteria
Authors: Hanks John H.
Published: January 2023

Results of the present inquiry indicate that the problem of securing protection against mycobacterial disease cannot be attributed to a failure of available antigens to incite high orders of immune response in the “average” person or animal. The calculated enhancements of resistance after moderately effective immunization of rats against murine leprosy by means of BCG or heat-killed M. lepraemurium were equivalent to × 105 challenge doses. An adjuvant combination of these antigens raised this value to nearly × 1011 challenge doses. On the basis of relative extensions of incubation or survival periods, evidence was presented that equal or superior responses have been observed following the use of BCG to immunize mice against experimental tuberculosis. The degree and persistence of these immune responses were consistent with the known potency of mycobacterial antigens as judged by sensitization, antibody production and adjuvant effects.

These facts have permitted a reinterpretation of the classical observations of small differences between control and immunized groups, of greater differences between individuals within a group than between experimental groups, and of the prolongations of incubation or survival periods without complete protection against mycobacterial disease. It is concluded that basic difficulties concern the exceptionally high activations required to deal effectively with the agents of mycobacterial disease and the problem of maintaining these levels in individuals who are unable to make an “average” response.
Preparation and Immunologic Properties of Trifidin A, an Antigen from Giant Ragweed Pollen
Authors: Goldfarb A. R. , Bhattacharya A. K. , Koerner S. K.
Published: January 2023

A material, Trifidin A, has been isolated from giant ragweed pollen. It is chromatographically and electrophoretically homogenous.

Quantitative precipitin, Ouchterlony and Oudin tests have been used to establish that Trifidin A is a single antigen.

It is shown that Trifidin A has skin reactive properties and is active physiologically on sensitive individuals.
Preparation and Properties of Purified Antilactic Dehydrogenase
Authors: Gregory Kenneth F. , Wróblewski Felix
Published: January 2023

Antibodies inhibitory to rabbit muscle lactic dehydrogenase (LD) have been produced in roosters and purified. A reliable assay procedure for anti-LD activity has been devised and a unit of anti-LD activity defined. In these experiments the route of injection (intravenous or subcutaneous + intravenous) did not appear to influence the titer obtained. The peak of anti-LD activity occurred sooner than did the peak of precipitin activity.

The purified antienzyme was found to serve as a noncompetitive inhibitor of rabbit lactic dehydrogenase. A plot of the logarithm of anti-rabbit LD concentration vs. the per cent inhibition of lactic dehydrogenase resulted in a sigmoid curve, showing that the use of large concentrations of anti-LD could approach but never attain 100% inhibition. A study of inhibition kinetics suggested that one molecule of anti-LD was sufficient to inhibit one molecule of LD. An increased concentration of LD resulted in a lower per cent inhibition with a fixed quantity of anti-LD. The per cent inhibition obtained was independent of temperature. It was also apparently independent of the order in which the reagents were added but an excessively long time interval was required for equilibration of anti-LD with LD when the coenzyme (DPNH) was mixed with enzyme before the addition of antienzyme.

Purified antirabbit LD showed various degrees of inhibition of the lactic dehydrogenases from diverse species. In general considerable cross reaction occurred with mouse LD.
Primary Antibody Response to a Closely Related Heterologous Antigen After Varying Doses of X-Radiation, and its Significance to Related Biologic Phenomena
Authors: Makinodan Takashi , Gengozian Nazareth
Published: January 2023

The intraperitoneal route of antigen injection in normal adult mice was closely comparable to the intravenous route in terms of induction period, rate of appearance of antibodies and mean peak titer, and was superior only in terms of the mean total titer. Increase in the antigen concentration from 1 to 10% in 1 ml of RBC did not significantly raise the agglutinin titers of 500-r mice on days 6 to 50, but did raise the mean total titer slightly. A curvilinear relation for the radiation dose and antibody response was obtained in terms of the induction period, rate of appearance of antibodies, mean peak titer, and mean total titer. The significance of these findings is discussed.
The Quantitative Effects of Cations on Erythrocyte Agglutination by Influenza Virus Vaccine
Authors: Bogert Alwin B. , Corbett John J.
Published: January 2023

This investigation of a particular lot of distilled water shows that the concentration of metal ions in the water is a critical factor in the agglutination of chicken red cells by influenza virus vaccine. Not only is the total ionic concentration a factor, but certain cations (e.g., Cu) may, by themselves, be capable of exerting a modifying influence. The effect may be of considerable significance if the test vaccine and the standard preparation are not homogeneous as to strain. The CCA values obtained are either elevated or depressed by the ionic concentration, depending upon the total modifying action of the particular combination. Valid reproducible potencies can only be obtained with certainty by the use of triple distilled water or water of comparable purity in the preparation of the saline and buffer solutions.
Immunochemical Studies of Poliovirus
Authors: Roizman Bernard , Mayer Manfred M. , Roane Philip R.
Published: January 2023

Exposure of purified poliovirus, Fraction SDGD, which comprises ID+ and NID+ particles, to heat at 56°C or to ultraviolet light, results in loss of infectivity and in a change in immunologic specificity, manifested by a loss of reactivity in complement fixation tests with suitable convalescent phase sera from poliomyelitis patients, and a concomitant appearance of reactivity with certain acute patient phase sera.

The rate of loss of infectivity on heating at 56°C was about the same as the rate of conversion of immunologic specificity. On the other hand, upon exposure to ultraviolet light the rate of loss of infectivity was far greater than the rate of serologic change.

The altered antigen has been designated as denatured D-antigen. We consider it likely that the NIC- particles described in the previous report (9) are immunologically identical with, or similar to, denatured D-antigen.
Studies on the Transfer of Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Tulsky Emanuel
Published: January 2023

Rabbit lymph node cells incubated in vitro with antigenic material for transfer to recipient rabbits were subjected to roentgen irradiation, and the effects of such irradiation were studied by observation of the production of antibody in the recipient animals.

Following transfer of cells irradiated at doses between 150 r and 400 r there was a reduction in the subsequent agglutinin titers of the recipients ranging from substantial reduction to complete suppression. Such effects were found whether the cells were irradiated in the tissues of the donor or recipient animal or in vitro. The transfer of irradiated cells to normal recipients did not yield higher titers than did transfer of these cells to irradiated animals.

The possibility was examined that lymph node cells engaged in antibody formation might have greater resistance to irradiation injury than “resting” cells, as measured by their effectiveness in the formation of antibodies to another antigen. The data of some experiments suggested such an effect, but this was not consistently demonstrated throughout the study.
Persistence of Passively Administered Homologous and Heterologous Antibody in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Chandler Marion H. , Rosenberg Leon T. , Fischel Edward E.
Published: January 2023

Systemic and local anaphylaxis were passively induced in the guinea pig with known amounts of homologous (guinea pig) and heterologous (rabbit and mouse) antibody. Administration of an increased amount of antibody resulted in more prolonged persistence of sensitivity. Furthermore, sensitivity induced with guinea pig antibody persisted longer, both locally and systemically than that induced with an equal amount of heterologous antibody.
Acute and Protracted Anaphylactic Shock in Guinea Pigs after Subcutaneous Eliciting Injection of Antigen
Authors: Stone Sanford H.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Guinea pigs actively sensitized with chicken egg albumin, sheep erythrocytes or rat erythrocytes combined with paraffin oil adjuvants, reacted to the subcutaneous injection of the homologous antigen with a protracted systemic anaphylactic shock. The symptoms of systemic protracted shock followed this sequence: Pruritus, dyspnea, erection of the papillae of the skin, hypothermia, collapse. The temperature may fall to 33–35°C after an hour. Death may occur from 1–30 hr after the eliciting dose. At necropsy, the most striking observation was stasis and/or hemorrhages of the stomach and intestinal walls. Guinea pigs passively sensitized with rabbit or guinea pig antibody 19–20 hr prior to subcutaneous challenge died in acute or protracted shock, depending upon the amount of passively transferred antiserum. Within certain limits the speed of death increases with decreases in the quantity of antibody injected indicating that “excess” antiserum presumably free in the circulation, acts to prolong the syndrome. Actively sensitized guinea pigs immunized without paraffin oil adjuvants suffered a more acute shock after subcutaneous challenge than did animals immunized with incomplete adjuvants. Pyribenzamine and Phenergan injected intraperitoneally in actively or passively sensitized guinea pigs prior to a subcutaneous eliciting injection protected against the respiratory symptoms. Nevertheless, a severe or lethal protracted anaphylactic shock occurred in antihistamine treated animals. In these guinea pigs, necropsy revealed little if any lung involvement.
Stickiness of Erythrocytes Caused by Certain Agglutinins
Authors: Boyd William C. , McMaster Marjorie H.
Published: January 2023

An investigation of the phenomenon of adherence of agglutinated erythrocytes to the walls of the test tubes in which the reactions were carried out supports Landsteiner's suggestion (8) that it is due to the adsorption of a layer (or layers) of molecules of agglutinin on the walls of the test tube, followed by specific adherence of the agglutinated cells to the adsorbed molecules of agglutinin. The agglutinin can be adsorbed to a wide variety of surfaces. In the case of lima bean anti-A agglutinin (lectin), but not in the case of chicken antihuman agglutinin, the sticking can be completely prevented by the addition of lima bean trypsin inhibitor, leaving the cells powerfully agglutinated but free from the glass.
Inhibition of the Bactericidal Activity of the Properdin System by Zymosan and Other Properdin Binding Agents
Authors: Wardlaw Alastair C. , Pillemer Louis
Published: January 2023

Sixteen preparations of cell walls and polysaccharides from Gram-positive and negative bacteria and from yeasts, all of known reactivity toward the properdin system as defined by the Zymosan assay, have been examined for ability to inhibit the bactericidal activity of serum. The indicator strain used (Shigella dysenteriae) was one previously shown to be sensitive to the properdin system.

In competitive inhibition tests where bacteria and test preparation were added simultaneously to a bactericidal concentration of serum, the most active inhibitory agents were those that were known to inactivate complement in addition to combining with properdin. Preparations that combined with properdin but did not inactivate complement had 50- to 100-fold lower inhibitory activities. Certain anomalous results are explained on the basis of differences in reaction rates.

Cell walls from a variety of Gram-positive and negative bacteria resembled Zymosan in their ability, when used as absorbing agents, to remove the bactericidal activity of human serum. Such absorbed serum is termed RPb.

A study was also made of the effect, on RPb formation, of varying the temperature and time of absorption of serum with Zymosan. The effect of these variables accorded, in general, with the known characteristics of interaction of Zymosan with properdin and with the third component of complement.

The results are discussed in relation to the general concept of properdin as a normal serum constituent differing from antibody in its broad spectrum of serologic reactivity and in having exacting requirements for its interactions, but resembling antibody in forming a bactericidal system with complement. The possible relationship of properdin to normal bactericidal antibodies is also briefly considered.
Fluorescent Antibody Methods in the Differentiation of Murine and Epidemic Typhus Sera; Specificity Changes Resulting from Previous Immunization
Authors: Goldwasser R. A. , Shepard C. C.
Published: January 2023

A method is described for the staining of typhus rickettsiae with fluorescent antibody. Convalescent human or guinea pig sera are used in an indirect or in a complement staining procedure. Fluorescent antibody procedures are readily adapted to antibody absorption (or inhibition) techniques, and advantage is taken of this fact to differentiate murine from epidemic typhus sera.

A group of sera from human beings and guinea pigs convalescent from murine or epidemic typhus fever gave results with the expected specificity, but three of 14 presumed murine typhus sera from humans had indeterminate specificity or specificity directed toward epidemic typhus rickettsiae.

Two instances were observed of laboratory personnel who received epidemic typhus vaccine and subsequently were accidentally infected with murine typhus rickettsiae. In both cases the antibody formed during infection had specificity directed toward epidemic rickettsiae.

Guinea pigs were given epidemic or murine typhus vaccines and then infected with murine or epidemic typhus rickettsiae. As a result of infection the homologously challenged animals formed antibody characteristic of the infecting rickettsia, but many of those receiving heterologous challenge formed antibody characteristic of the vaccine.
Antigens Associated with the Toxin of the Gravis Type of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
Authors: Branham Sara E. , Hiatt C. W. , Cooper Aaron D. , Riggs Donald B.
Published: January 2023

Dialyzed filtrates from cultures of two gravis type strains of C. diphtheriae grown on Mueller's medium produced more edema and free pleural and peritoneal fluid in guinea pigs than did comparable preparations from the traditional PW8 (intermedius type) strain. Immunoelectrophoresis confirmed the antigenic complexity of the products of all three strains and disclosed the presence of an extra antigenic component in the gravis preparations.

Ultracentrifugal analysis of the filtrates revealed that a heavy component (40–60 S) was present in the gravis products only. This component appeared to be responsible for the local edema observed in guinea pigs skin tests with gravis toxins.
Notes on the Mathematics of the Antigen-Antibody Double Diffusion Technique
Authors: Engelberg Joseph
Published: January 2023

In the double diffusion technique, antigen and antibody are allowed to diffuse toward each other and react in gel. The reaction may be carried out in agar plates (1) or in tubes (2, 3, 4). In the latter case three contiguous layers, the first consisting of antigen solution, the second of agar, and the third of antiserum or antiserum solidified with agar, are established in a tube (Fig. 1). Antigen and antibody molecules migrate into the central agar layer and combine there to form a visible band by precipitation. Preer (4) and Ouchterlony (5) have developed equations describing the position and movements of zones of precipitation. Their treatments are based on the assumption that the effect of the antigen-antibody reaction on diffusion may be neglected, and that precipitation occurs where equivalent concentrations meet. We have developed equations for the particular case of the stationary boundary which take into account this reaction.
Action of Anticellular Sera on Virus Infections
Authors: Quersin-Thiry Lise
Published: January 2023

Various heated anticellular sera were tested for cell agglutination and for a protective effect against viruses in 23 different stable cell lines and five types of trypsinized primocultures derived from several animal species.

The tests indicate that HeLa cells and all other human cell lines susceptible to poliovirus, as well as Salk's monkey heart cell line, belong to one homogenous antigenic group and that cross-reactions between these lines are complete.

It is assumed that these lines share two antigens in common: an antigen linked to susceptibility to poliovirus and an antigen present in human and monkey cells. As evidenced by partial or weak cross-reactions, either of these two antigens may exist separately in some stable lines or primocultures, e.g., the antigen linked to poliovirus susceptibility in Westwood's rabbit lines; a human antigen, very similar to a monkey antigen, in human and in monkey cell lines which are not susceptible to poliovirus. Cultures not of human or monkey origin and not susceptible to poliovirus had no antigenic relationship to human cell lines or to monkey kidney primocultures (with one exception).

In contrast to those human cell lines which are susceptible to poliovirus (prototype, HeLa), the human cell lines which are not virus susceptible do not form a homogenous group. They do share some human antigen in common but seem to contain another distinct antigen specific for each line.

During the first week of cultivation, trypsinized monkey kidney cultures seem to acquire a new antigen which is present in cultures of the HeLa group but absent in the noncultivated monkey kidney organ.

Homografts of monkey kidney will support multiplication of poliovirus. Antisera prepared against these grafts exhibited a strongly protective effect on MK cultures infected with virus. Antisera prepared against kidney suspension were only weakly active. It is possible that homografts have an ability, like that of MK cultures in continuous cultivation in vitro, to elaborate the antigen linked to virus susceptibility.

Within the HeLa group, some lines displayed more susceptibility to agglutination by various antisera than did other lines. Chang's human liver line (HL) was particularly susceptible to agglutination but, conversely, was less easily protected against virus. However, anti-HL sera had weak agglutinative and high protective effect. No explanation for this last phenomenon is offered.
A Study of the Effect of γ-Irradiation Versus Thermal Processing on the Antigenic Response of Milk Proteins Using the Schultz-Dale Technique
Authors: Linder Robert O. , Shaw T. Michael , Kraybill Herman F.
Published: January 2023

Milk which was thermally processed at 60°C for 35 min showed no appreciable alteration, while similar treatment at 130°C exhibited drastic protein alteration as demonstrated by reduced antigenic response using the Schultz-Dale technique. A commercial hypoallergic milk was found to have about the same degree of alteration as the 130°C heat-treated sample. The degree of milk protein alteration produced by γ-irradiation was considerably less than that produced by super heating. Using treatment-response curves, a heat treatment equivalent for the 9.30 megarad sample was found to be about 89°C for 35 min. Goat milk produced a strong antigenic response in guinea pig uteri passively sensitized to bovine milk proteins.
The Effectiveness of Tuberculo-Glycolipid as an Adjuvant in Eliciting Allergic Encephalomyelitis and Aspermatogenesis
Authors: Freund Jules , Stone Sanford H. , Goode Julius H.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Guinea pigs were injected with testicular extract incorporated in water-in-oil emulsion containing graded amounts of killed, dried Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Wax D from human type of tubercle bacilli. The minimum amount of tubercle bacilli required to induce aspermatogenesis was 0.015 mg; and of Wax D, 0.1 mg. Guinea pigs were injected with rabbit spinal cord incorporated in water-in-oil emulsion containing graded amounts of killed, dried M. tuberculosis or Wax D from human strain tubercle bacilli. The minimum amount of tubercle bacilli required to induce encephalomyelitis with death was 0.04 mg; and of Wax D, 0.4 mg. The minimum amount of tubercle bacilli which induces encephalomyelitis with recovery was 0.02 mg; and of Wax D, 0.2 mg. The guinea pigs were tested for tuberculin sensitization. The minimum amount of tubercle bacilli or Wax D in the water-in-oil emulsion required for sensitization was determined: 0.0004 mg for M. tuberculosis, and 0.2 mg for Wax D. The data summarized in paragraphs 1 and 2 above indicate that 7–10 times more Wax D than tubercle bacilli was required for inducing allergic encephalomyelitis and aspermatogenesis. Since Wax D is only 6–8% of the whole bacillus, it may be concluded that if Wax D is the active factor in inducing delayed hypersensitivity, it is 84–160 times more active when contained in the mycobacterium than after isolation and purification. This consideration is not in favor of, but does not exclude, the role of Wax D in eliciting hypersensitivity of the delayed type. Various interpretations are discussed.
The Relationship between a Serum and Tissue Inhibitor and the Rheumatoid Disease Agglutinating Factor
Authors: Gray J. D.
Published: January 2023

The presence of a substance in serum which inhibits the activity of the rheumatoid disease agglutinating factor for sensitized sheep red blood cells is confirmed. It has been shown that this inhibitory substance is present in saline tissue extracts of heart muscle, lung, liver, spleen, kidney and placenta. The evidence indicates that the substance is a heat labile globulin that denatures on exposure to 57°C for 2 hr and that it combines directly with the R.A. factor. Disassociation between inhibitor and factor can be brought about by heat without loss of potency of the latter but with inactivation of the former.

Normal human serum contains large amounts of free inhibitory substance, a considerable quantity of R.A. factor bound to inhibitor and little or no free R.A. factor. Serum from cases of rheumatoid disease contain large amounts of R.A. factor, some factor bound to inhibitor and little or no free inhibitor.

Consideration is given to an hypothesis that R.A. factor is an antibody and inhibitor probably a complex hapten that arises from tissue metabolism and that the hapten can become fully antigenic by the addition of a further component.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Witebsky Ernest , Rose Noel R.
Published: January 2023

Beef thyroid antisera and hog thyroid antisera produced by the rabbit contain, in addition to potent antibodies against their homologous antigen, antibodies against rabbit thyroid extract. Beef thyroid and hog thyroid antisera when treated with the homologous antigen are completely deprived of their antibody content. Complete absorption with rabbit thyroid extract, on the other hand, removed only that part of the antibody spectrum which is directed against the rabbit thyroid extract but always left antibodies against the homologous thyroid antigen. Rabbit thyroid antibodies in rabbit antisera produced by immunization with thyroid extracts of foreign species are demonstrable mainly by the tanned cell hemagglutination test and occasionally by the gel diffusion precipitation test. In addition, complement-fixing antibodies against rabbit thyroid extracts could be demonstrated in certain antisera against hog thyroglobulin following an intensive and prolonged course of immunization. Histologic changes characteristic of immunologic thyroiditis were also observed in the thyroid glands of the rabbits intensively treated with hog thyroglobulin.
Studies on Herpes Simplex
Authors: Jawetz E. , Okumoto M. , Sonne M.
Published: January 2023

The topical application of corticosteroids to the eye of man or rabbit infected with Herpes simplex virus markedly aggravates the keratitis and may lead to loss of vision. In the experimental herpetic keratitis of rabbits this deleterious effect could not be attributed to enhancement of viral proliferation. Virus titers were similar in steroid-treated or untreated rabbit corneas during the entire course of infection. It is suggested that corticosteroids may exert their harmful effect in this infection by interfering with normal reparative processes and with the structural integrity of the cornea.
A Guinea Pig Potency Test for Adenovirus Vaccine
Authors: Binn Leonard N. , Hilleman Maurice R.
Published: January 2023

An assay for potency of adenovirus vaccine in guinea pigs based on the antigen extinction principle is described. The potency test values in repeat titrations were reproducible within a maximal 7-fold range. Further need for control with a standard reference vaccine is indicated. Potency values for a number of vaccines of diverse origin are presented. These ranged in potency from 66-fold difference for type 4 to 1667-fold difference for type 7 component. The correlation of animal potency value with efficacy in field trials and the limitations of the test are discussed.
Continuous Synthesis of Antibody after Primary Immunization with Protein Antigens
Authors: Richter Maxwell , Haurowitz Felix
Published: January 2023

It has been demonstrated that formation of antibodies to innocuous protein antigens such as bovine serum albumin, guinea pig serum protein, egg albumin and its azo derivatives continues unabated for at least several months after either single or multiple antigen injections. The antibodies present in the immune sera are of the non-precipitating type. They are detected by the agglutination of antigen-coated red blood cells. The implications of this finding for the understanding of the mechanism of antibody formation in general and the secondary antibody response in particular are discussed.
A Chromatographic Technique for the Quantitative Study of the Precipitin Reaction
Authors: Miquel Jaime , Horvath Beni , Klatzo Igor
Published: January 2023

A chromatographic technique for quantitative estimation of precipitin reactions is presented. The main advantageous features of the technique are the small amount of serum required (0.01 ml), the high sensitivity (1 γ of nitrogen), and simplicity of the procedure. The ratio of antigen to antibody in the precipitate can be determined by using the fluorescent antibody. The abbreviated version of the technique can be used for qualitative precipitin reactions or for testing the reactivity of fluorescent antibodies. The minimal concentration of precipitated nitrogen required for quantitative determinations is 100 γ/1 ml of antiserum.
The Differentiation of Cytotoxic and Hemagglutinating Antibodies in Anti-Hela Cell Rabbit Sera
Authors: Goldstein Gerald , Myrvik Quentin N.
Published: January 2023

Rabbits injected with viable HeLa cells produce cytotoxic antibodies and antibodies that agglutinate human erythrocytes of all major blood groups. By means of absorption with HeLa cells, the cytotoxic antibodies may be removed without decreasing the titer of hemagglutinating antibodies. These results suggest that the antibodies producing cytotoxicity and hemagglutination are different antibodies.
Study of Cellular Mechanisms in Resistance to Systemic Histoplasma Capsulatum Infection
Authors: Hill Gilbert A. , Marcus Stanley
Published: January 2023

An isotope assay method is described for following intracellular digestion (cytopepsis) in macrophages in vitro and in vivo. This procedure, in conjunction with morphologic and cultural methods, has been used to study cytopeptic capacities of macrophages derived from normal and immunized mice. Immunization was shown to induce a degree of auxocytopepsis which was independent of mediation by circulating or added antibody.
Immunochemical Studies on Cross-Reactions of Antipneumococcal Sera
Authors: Goodman Joel W. , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: January 2023

A series of dextran fractions of graded molecular weight cross-react with a horse and a rabbit type II antipneumococcal serum. The lower molecular weight fractions precipitate less anti-SII than do the higher molecular weight fractions and none of the fractions removes as much antibody N as does the native dextran from which they were derived.

Quantitative inhibition studies with oligosaccharides of the cross-reaction of the lowest molecular weight dextran fraction with horse anti-SII showed that an upper limit in inhibiting power was reached with isomaltopentaose, as had been found for the cross-reaction of this antiserum with native dextran.
Studies on Cytotropism in Animal Viruses
Authors: Stewart Robert B. , Morgan Herbert R.
Published: January 2023

Infection of tissue cultures derived from hatched chicks and chick embryo lung tissue with the PR8, WS and NWS strains of influenza type A virus and the Lee strain of influenza type B virus showed both tissue culture systems able to support the growth of these viruses at 37°C. At 41°C Lee virus was unable to multiply, and the WS strain was partially inhibited. A similar pattern of results was obtained in vivo, suggesting that a body temperature of 41°C of the hatched chick is the mechanism responsible for the failure of the Lee and WS strains to grow in the lungs of such birds. The PRS and NWS strains were able to grow in both tissue culture systems at 41°C; however, only the PR8 strain was able to persist and perhaps replicate at 41°C in the lungs of hatched chicks. All strains were able to grow in chick embryo lungs in vivo, hence a mechanism other than elevated temperature or absence of cells capable of supporting virus growth is required to explain the failure of the NWS strain to infect hatched chicks.
Antigenic Relationships Between Polymorphic and Monomorphic Strains of the Brucei Group Trypanosomes
Authors: Desowitz R. S.
Published: January 2023

The antigenic relationships between the Brucei group trypanosomes have been examined. The serum of infected sheep has been used as a source of antibody and a respiratory technique empolyed to measure the cross-reactions to specific antibody. Antibody to polymorphic strains is relatively specific although a weak cross-reaction with other polymorphic and monomorphic strains may be demonstrated. After prolonged maintenance by mechanical passage in laboratory animals and the resultant loss of the polymorphic character, the antigenic distinctions between the three species tend to disappear. There is almost complete cross-reactivity between monomorphic strains of the three species comprising the Brucei group.
Observations on the Neutralizing Antibody Response to Group B Coxsackie Viruses in Patients with Central Nervous System Disease
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Shinomoto Tak T. , Schmidt Nathalie J. , Magoffin Robert L.
Published: January 2023

Sera from 540 patients with central nervous system disease were examined by a colorimetric technique for neutralizing antibodies to group B, types 1–5, Coxsackie viruses. Diagnostically significant increases in homologous antibody titer were demonstrated in 50% of the 238 patients from whom a group B Coxsackie virus was isolated. The neutralization test permitted a laboratory diagnosis of 33 cases of group B Coxsackie virus infections from which it was impossible to isolate a viral agent. Increases in the level of heterotypic antibody were seen in only 10% of this group of 271 patients. Although high titers of neutralizing antibody to group B Coxsackie viruses were frequently seen in individuals with laboratory evidence of infection with other viral agents, 4-fold or greater rises in antibody to group B viruses were encountered in only 3 of 101 such patients.
The Effects of Anti-Cornea and Anti-Heart Serum on Cultured Cells of Rabbit Cornea and Other Tissues
Authors: Ehrlich G. , Halbert S. P.
Published: January 2023

Antisera produced in the duck against pooled rabbit corneas exhibited cytotoxic effects on various rabbit cells grown in vitro. Corneal epithelium, endothelium and conjunctival epithelium were damaged by these antisera. The anti-cornea sera showed no significant reactions with rabbit corneal stromal fibroblasts. Conjunctival and spleen fibroblasts and heart “fibroblasts” were also completely unaffected. No effects on rabbit kidney epithelial cultures were observed. Antisera against rabbit lens and rabbit heart also showed cytotoxic effects against rabbit corneal epithelial cells. An apparent difference was found between fibroblasts grown from rabbit corneal stroma, conjunctiva and spleen, and the fibroblast-like cells grown from rabbit heart. The heart cells were profoundly damaged by anti-heart serum, while they were unaffected by anti-corneal and anti-lens sera. None of the sera had any effect on the fibroblasts grown from the other tissues.
Delayed Corneal Hypersensitivity in Guinea Pigs Following Homotransplants of Skin
Authors: Smith Robert F. , Weiser Russell S.
Published: January 2023

In accord with the observation of Brent and associates (3) it has been demonstrated that, following the rejection of skin homografts, guinea pigs give delayed type skin reactions to “homograft antigen” extracted from the spleens of respective donors.

The present investigations have also shown that such animals respond to the intracorneal injection of homograft antigen from their respective donors with typical delayed type hypersensitivity reactions.
An Investigation into the Use of 6-Mercaptopurine to Induce Immunological Tolerance
Authors: Goh Kong-Oo , Miller Daniel G. , Diamond Henry D.
Published: January 2023

Experiments to repeat 6-mercaptopurine induced immunological tolerance are reported. 6-Mercaptopurine definitely suppresses antibody formation in the primary response with a dose of 6 mg/kg a day for 14 days from the day of antigen injection in most of the animals studied. With pure antigens, it was not possible to produce immunological tolerance in rabbits pretreated with 6-MP in the experimental procedure indicated above. Three animals showed immunological unresponsiveness or poor response to the second dose of antigen and to the first dose of another antigen. These animals were considered to be poor producers of circulating antibody.
Effects of Pneumococcus Capsular Polysaccharides on the Degradation of Rabbit Antibodies in Mice
Authors: Gitlin David , Mönckeberg Fernando , Janeway Charles A.
Published: January 2023

Mice injected intraperitoneally with potentially immunizing and immunologically paralyzing doses of pneumococcus type II, III and XII polysaccharides were subsequently given radioiodinated rabbit antibodies intravenously and the disappearance of the labeled proteins from these mice was studied. It was found that: The degradation of rabbit antibodies specific for a given polysaccharide followed a triphasic disappearance pattern when injected into mice that had received 500 μg of that polysaccharide even 35 days earlier. this behavior was attributable directly or indirectly to specific interaction of the antibodies with the antigen.The interaction of rabbit antibodies with specific polysaccharide in vivo accelerated the formation of antibodies against rabbit γ-globulin by the mouse.Rabbit antibodies when mixed with their specific polysaccharides prior to injection also accelerated the formation of antibodies to rabbit γ-globulin by the mouse. Rabbit antibodies in complexes formed with specific polysaccharide in the zone of antigen excess and immediately injected into mice disappeared, as did rabbit antibodies in mice given 500 μg of homologous polysaccharide.Small or immunizing doses of polysaccharide had no apparent effect on the metabolism of rabbit antibodies given 35 days later, whether the antibodies were specific for the polysaccharide or not.

These studies suggest that the specific immunological paralysis induced in mice by pneumococcus polysaccharide is not due to continuous neutralization of antibodies by tissue-fixed polysaccharide.
Intradermal Reactions in Man to Autologous Erythrocytes Sensitized with Tuberculin or Endotoxin
Authors: Sell Stewart , Braude Abraham I.
Published: January 2023

Human subjects were injected intradermally with their own erythrocytes sensitized with old tuberculin or Escherichia coli endotoxin. Erythrocytes sensitized with tuberculin induced a delayed inflammatory response in tuberculinpositive subjects but no inflammatory reaction in tuberculin-negative ones. Erythrocytes sensitized to endotoxin induced an immediate 5-hr inflammatory reaction with a delayed component in all subjects. Unsensitized cells remained at the site of injection, but cells sensitizied to OT or suspended in OT were removed by the delayed reaction in tuberculin-positive subjects. Endotoxin-sensitized cells or cells suspended in endotoxin also remained at the site of injection despite the immediate reaction in all subjects.

These results indicate: a) that antigens adsorbed in blood cells elicit the same reaction as the unabsorbed antigen in vivo; and b) that the intradermal injection of sensitized erythrocytes is a useful technique for distinguishing between the behavior of different types of bacterial antigens, as illustrated in the present study by the differences between the reaction to tuberculinsensitized and endotoxin-sensitized erythrocytes.
Induced and Spontaneous Recurrent Parasitemia in Chronic Infections with Avirulent Strains of Toxoplasma Gondii
Authors: Remington Jack S. , Melton Marjorie L. , Jacobs Leon
Published: January 2023

Parasitemia was shown to occur spontaneously in animals chronically infected with certain strains of Toxoplasma. This was demonstrated in mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs, but not in rats infected with the Toxoplasma strains tested. This parasitemia was found to persist in the presence of high antibody titers and in animals showing resistance to challenge with a virulent strain of Toxoplasma.
The Effects of Pretreatment with X-Rays on the Pathogenesis of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis in Mice
Authors: Hotchin John , Weigand Heribert
Published: January 2023

The protective effect of x-ray pretreatment on mice infected with LCM virus was quantitatively compared using two different virus and mouse strains. The x-ray dose effect was host controlled, and under optimal conditions 500 r protected for 4 to 8 days; this period coincided with severe leukopenia. X-irradiation caused a slight increase in virus titer in brain and blood, while eliminating signs of disease and mortality. The conclusion is made that infection with the virus used is intrinsically harmless, and the protective effect of x-rays is due to a suppression of the disease-producing immune response of the host resulting in a state of tolerant immunity similar to immunological paralysis.
Spotted Fever Vaccine; Potency Assay by Direct Challenge of Vaccinated Mice with Toxin of Rickettsia Rickettsii
Authors: Bell E. John , Stoenner Herbert G.
Published: January 2023

A mouse protection test, devised for the assay of Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine, determined the minimal quantity of vaccine capable of protecting mice against 2 LD50 toxic doses of Rickettsia rickettsii. This technique, which has several advantages over the standard guinea pig potency test, gave relatively consistent results. Thus, potency values were usually reproducible within 0.5 log dilution of vaccine, but variations as great as 0.8 log were observed. Several samples of yolk-sac products and tick-tissue (Dermacentor andersoni) vaccines which varied from 1 to 14 years in age exhibited mouse protection titers of from 1.0 to 2.2 logs. The minimal doses of vaccine required to protect guinea pigs and mice against challenge with R. rickettsii were similar. An antitoxin test similar to the standard method for potency assay of typhus vaccine was also studied. Minimal doses of spotted fever vaccine capable of stimulating a demonstrable amount of antitoxin in the serum of vaccinated guinea pigs were also capable of inducing resistance in these animals. Marked resistance was found to develop in both mice and guinea pigs by the 3rd day following vaccination. Serum antitoxin also developed rapidly in guinea pigs, reaching maximal titer by the 5th day after vaccination. When immunized guinea pigs were challenged with doses of R. rickettsii varying from 50 to 5000 ID50, the resulting vaccine protection titers were similar. However, a challenge dose of 5 ID50 resulted in a 4-fold increase in protective titer.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Shulman Sidney , Witebsky Ernest
Published: January 2023

By means of precipitation with ammonium sulfate, the major globulin and albumin fractions of thyroid extract have been isolated. The required levels of precipitant are, respectively, 1.60 to 1.70 M and 2.50 to 3.00 M. Each fraction seems highly purified by ultracentrifugal analysis. The method is readily reproducible, and does not require any special equipment. It is adaptable to handling of large quantities of extract solution. A new protein fraction of thyroid extract, thyralbumin, has been isolated and partially characterized.
The Passive Transfer to Normal Dogs of Skin Reactivity, Asthma and Anaphylaxis from a Dog with Spontaneous Ragweed Pollen Hypersensitivity
Authors: Patterson Roy , Sparks Dale B.
Published: January 2023

The spontaneous ragweed pollen hypersensitivity disease of a dog has been passively transferred to normal dogs. Wheal and erythema type skin reactivity, asthma and anaphylaxis were transferred by a heat labile serum factor. Extravasation of Evans blue dye in reactive sites in passively sensitized skin sites increased visibility of the Prausnitz-Küstner reactions. Postmortem examination of dogs dying of anaphylaxis showed marked changes in the liver and intestines.
Some Serological Properties of Staphylococcal Cells and Cell Walls
Authors: Yoshida A. , Heden C.-G.
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary

The present studies indicate that Staphylococcus aureus strain 18Z contains at least seven antigenic components, and the cell walls possess at least two. Among these components, one protein antigen which has positive electric charge at pH 7.4 is mainly contained in the cell walls.

It was also shown that the virulent strain and the avirulent mutant strain contained the same antigenic components. However, the interesting question—whether or not the virulent strain may possess an antigen which is not contained in the avirulent strain— could not be settled. It is of course quite possible that an antigenic component which is responsible for virulence is not extractable by the methods described above.

Dr. Gunnar Haukenes has isolated a carbohydrate from Staphylococcus aureus which he considers to be group-specific and identical with the A carbohydrate of Wieghard and Julianelle (7). Dr. Haukenes has found this carbohydrate in the 18Z parent strain and its several mutants (Personal communication from Dr. Per Oeding).

An arguable hypothesis is that the difference in virulence between 18Z-D and 18Z-A and 18Z-C is dependent upon an extracellular cytopathogenic factor; no evidence for this hypothesis was obtained by Kapral and Li (1). Perhaps a more probable hypothesis is that strain 18Z-D possesses some subtle metabolic defect of unknown nature.
Studies of Antisera to Adult Human Hemoglobin
Authors: Naylor G. R. E. , Adair M. E.
Published: January 2023

Of 20 rabbits immunized with adult human hemoglobin, 10 eventually gave good precipitating antisera, 5 gave weak antisera and 5 had not produced precipitins after three courses of injections. When mixed with hemoglobin all the antisera gave red precipitates and were able to precipitate completely adult and cord blood hemoglobin in optimal proportions or antiserum excess. The antisera did not agglutinate human red cells. Three of six antisera tested were able to annul the action of carbonic anhydrase. Absorption experiments with two antisera showed a serological distinction between the major hemoglobin components of a cord blood and an adult blood. Reactions of the antisera suggest the presence of two or more antigenically distinct hemoglobins in a single sample of blood from one adult.
Hemagglutination by Mixtures of Human γ-Globulin and Heterogenetic Bacterial Antigen
Authors: Neter E. , Gorzynski E. A. , Anzai H. , Bokkenheuser V.
Published: January 2023

Study on hemagglutination by mixtures of heterogenetic bacterial antigen and corresponding antibodies revealed the following results: Mixtures of antigen and γ-globulin cause agglutination of human erythrocytes that have been treated with either pancreatic protease, trypsin, ficin, bromelin, or papain.Crude extracts of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Listeria monocytogenes are all effective.Serum Fractions II 1, 2 and II 3 are both effective.Serum containing this antibody in comparable titer does not cause hemagglutination in the presence of antigen.Absorption of heterogenetic antibody from γ-globulin considerably reduces the hemagglutinating capacity of γ-globulin in the presence of antigen.This hemagglutination reaction is inhibited by human and animal serum; the serum factor(s) is heat stable at 75°C and only slightly affected at 100°C. Ultrafiltrates of serum are ineffective. Egg yolk, but not egg white, in high dilutions inhibits the reaction. Mixtures of cardiolipin and lecithin or cholesterol are also effective as inhibitors.