bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Parity with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan
Authors: Wang Hongxin , Iwama Noriyuki , Yuwaki Keiichi , Nakamichi You , Hamada Hirotaka , Tomita Hasumi , Tagami Kazuma , Kudo Rie , Kumagai Natsumi , Metoki Hirohito , Nakaya Naoki , Hozawa Atsushi , Kuriyama Shinichi , Yaegashi Nobuo , Saito Masatoshi
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the association between parity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Japanese women, considering the clinical history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and menopausal status, which are known risk factors for T2DM. Overall, 30,116 Japanese women (6,588 premenopausal and 23,528 postmenopausal) were included in this cross-sectional study. They were divided into two groups according to menopausal status (premenopausal and postmenopausal women), and the association between parity and T2DM was evaluated using a multiple logistic regression model with possible confounders, including a clinical history of GDM. The association between parity and T2DM was not statistically significant in premenopausal women. In contrast, a linear graded association between parity and T2DM was found in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, the association between parity and T2DM in postmenopausal women was attenuated after adjusting for body weight gain after the age of 20 years. A clinical history of GDM was significantly associated with a high risk for T2DM, regardless of adjustment for body weight gain after the age of 20 years in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Parity is associated with an increased risk of T2DM in postmenopausal women but not in premenopausal women. Maintaining appropriate body weight would be beneficial in attenuating the risk of T2DM in postmenopausal women. A clinical history of GDM is a risk factor for T2DM in both pre- and postmenopausal women; therefore, women with a clinical history of GDM require continuous medical care to survey for T2DM.
Friction and heat transfer in forced air convection with variable physical properties
Authors: Modesti Davide , Pirozzoli Sergio
Published: December 2024

We establish a theoretical framework for predicting friction and heat transfer coefficients in variable-property forced air convection. Drawing from concepts in high-speed wall turbulence, which also involves significant temperature, viscosity and density variations, we utilize the mean momentum balance and mean thermal balance equations to develop integral transformations that account for the impact of variable fluid properties. These transformations are then applied inversely to predict the friction and heat transfer coefficients, leveraging the universality of passive scalars transport theory. Our proposed approach is validated using a comprehensive dataset from direct numerical simulations (DNS), covering both heating and cooling conditions up to a friction Reynolds number

$\textit {Re}_\tau \approx 3200$

. The predicted friction and heat transfer coefficients closely match the DNS data with accuracy margin 1–2 %, representing a significant improvement over the current state of the art.
The MAGPI Survey: Insights into the Lyα line widths and the size of ionised bubbles at the edge of cosmic reionisation
Authors: Mukherjee Tamal , Zafar Tayyaba , Nanayakkara Themiya , Gupta Anshu , Gurung-López Siddhartha , Battisti Andrew , Wisnioski Emily , Foster Caroline , Mendel Jon Trevor , Harborne Katherine , Lagos Claudia , Kodama Tadayuki , Croom Scott , Thater Sabine , Webb Jacinda , Barsanti Stefania , Sweet Sarah , Prathap Jahang , Valenzuela Lucas , Mailvaganam Anilkumar , Carrillo Martinez Jose Luis
Published: December 2024

We present spectroscopic properties of 22 Ly

$\alpha$

emitters (LAEs) at

$z = 5.5 - 6.6$

with Ly

$\alpha$

luminosity

$\mathrm{log}( L_{\mathrm{Ly}\alpha} \, [\mathrm{erg} \, \mathrm{s}^{-1}]) = 42.4 - 43.5 $

, obtained using VLT/MUSE as part of the Middle Ages Galaxy Properties with Integral Field Spectroscopy (MAGPI) survey. Additionally, we incorporate broad-band photometric data from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Wide layer for 17 LAEs in our sample. The HSC-y band magnitudes show that our LAEs are UV-bright, with rest-frame absolute UV magnitudes

$ -19.74 \leq \mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{UV}} \leq -23.27$

. We find that the Ly

$\alpha$

line width increases with Ly

$\alpha$

luminosity, and this trend becomes more prominent at

$z \gt 6$

where Ly

$\alpha$

lines become significantly broadened (

$\gtrsim+260 \, \mathrm{km}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$

) at luminosities

$\mathrm{log}( L_{\mathrm{Ly}\alpha} \, [\mathrm{erg} \, \mathrm{s}^{-1}]) \gt 43 $

. This broadening is consistent with previous studies, suggesting that these sources are located inside larger ionised bubbles. We observe a slightly elevated ionising photon production efficiency estimated for LAEs at

$z \gt 6$

, which indicates that younger galaxies could be producing more ionising photons per UV luminosity. A tentative anti-correlation between ionising photon production efficiency and Ly

$\alpha$

rest-frame equivalent width is noticed, which could indicate a time delay between production and escape of ionising photon primarily due to supernovae activity. Furthermore, we find a positive correlation between radius of ionised regions and Ly

$\alpha$

line width, which again suggests that large ionised bubbles are created around these LAEs, which are allowing them to self-shield from the scattering effects of the intergalactic medium (IGM). We also detect two very closely separated LAEs at

$z = 6.046$

(projected spatial distance between the cores is 15.92 kpc). This is the LAE pair with the smallest separation ever discovered in the reionisation epoch. The size of their respective bubbles suggests that they likely sit inside a common large ionised region. Such a closely separated LAE pair increases the size of ionised bubble, potentially allowing a boosted transmission of Ly

$\alpha$

through neutral IGM and also supports an accelerated reionisation scenario.
A novel dual-band absorber for millimeter-wave RADAR applications
Authors: Govindarajan Geethanjali , Gulam Nabi Alsath Mohammed , Savarimuthu Kirubaveni , Kanagasabai Malathi
Published: December 2024

A linearly polarized dual-resonant millimeter-wave absorber for Radio Detection And Ranging (RADAR)applications is presented in this paper. The frequency-selective absorber (FSA) is composed of solitarily using the distributed elements. The proposed FSA achieves a dual-band resonance characteristic utilizing the mutual coupling between concentric square loops, the second harmonic mode of the Jerusalem cross, and the corrugated cross grids. The proposed dual-band FSA operates from 25.5 to 26.5 GHz (1 GHz) (fL) and 31.8 GHz–32.5 GHz (0.7 GHz) (fH) with minimum absorptivity of 96% and 92%, respectively. The desired frequency response of the proposed unit cell is demonstrated by an equivalent circuit model. The FSA prototype is fabricated and the simulated results are validated using experimental measurements. The proposed FSA is a suitable candidate for stealth application in defense and military systems.
War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health 15 years on: implications of an ecological framework for addressing the mental health of conflict-affected populations
Authors: Miller K. E. , Rasmussen A.
Published: December 2024

Aims

Fifteen years ago, we published an article in Social Science and Medicine seeking to resolve the contentious debate between advocates of two very different frameworks for understanding and addressing the mental health needs of conflict-affected populations. The two approaches, which we labelled trauma-focused and psychosocial, reflect deeply held beliefs about the causes and nature of distress in war-affected communities. Drawing on the burgeoning literature on armed conflict and mental health, the reports of mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) staff in the field, and on research on the psychology and psychophysiology of stress, we proposed an integrative model that drew on the strengths of both frameworks and underscored their essential complementarity. Our model includes two primary pathways by which armed conflict impacts mental health: directly, through exposure to war-related violence and loss, and indirectly, through the harsh conditions of everyday life caused or exacerbated by armed conflict. The mediated model we proposed draws attention to the effects of stressors both past (prior exposure to war-related violence and loss) and present (ongoing conflict, daily stressors), at all levels of the social ecology; for that reason, we have termed it an ecological model for understanding the mental health needs of conflict-affected populations.

Methods

In the ensuing 15 years, the model has been rigorously tested in diverse populations and has found robust support. In this paper, we first summarize the development and key tenets of the model and briefly review recent empirical support for it. We then discuss the implications of an ecological framework for interventions aimed at strengthening mental health in conflict-affected populations.

Results

We present preliminary evidence suggesting there has been a gradual shift towards more ecological (i.e., multilevel, multimodal) programming in MHPSS interventions, along the lines suggested by our model as well as other conceptually related frameworks, particularly public health.

Conclusions

We reflect on several gaps in the model, most notably the absence of adverse childhood experiences. We suggest the importance of examining early adversity as both a direct influence on mental health and as a potential moderator of the impact of potentially traumatic war-related experiences of violence and loss.
Feeling the rules: Historical and contemporary perspectives on emotional norms and social distinction
Authors: Cummins Stephen Thomas , Pahl Kerstin Maria
Published: December 2024

Feeling rules are norms surrounding emotions, particularly emotional expressions in social contexts, and are a well-known aspect of human societies in both the past and present. As a subdiscipline, the history of emotions has found great profit in tracking changing feeling rules over time to better understand social formations. Emotional norms are culturally, geographically, and socially specific, providing coherence to communities or serving as instruments of distinction within them. Yet some historians have found a sole focus on the normative insufficient for grasping, in their entirety, the historical aspects of emotions and their specific functions. This special issue suggests some new ways to think about escaping the dualism of emotional norms and emotional experiences – or, put more broadly, of structure and subjectivity – without privileging either as the determining factor in shaping social relations. To show the interrelations between rules and experiences, we draw from sociological work on taste and social distinction, arguing that emotions become socially potent and drivers of historical change by being both means and objects of value judgments. This introduction provides an overview of feelings rules and emotional norms in the history of emotions, connects these to work in the sociology of taste, and introduces the case studies in the special issue.
Acquired resistance to PD-L1 inhibition enhances a type I IFN-regulated secretory program in tumors
Authors: Shi Yuhao , McKenery Amber , Dolan Melissa , Mastri Michalis , Hill James W , Dommer Adam , Benzekry Sebastien , Long Mark , Abrams Scott I , Puzanov Igor , Ebos John M L
Published: December 2024

Therapeutic inhibition of programmed cell death ligand (PD-L1) is linked to alterations in interferon (IFN) signaling. Since IFN-regulated intracellular signaling can control extracellular secretory programs in tumors to modulate immunity, we examined IFN-related secretory changes in tumor cells following resistance to PD-L1 inhibition. Here we report an anti-PD-L1 treatment-induced secretome (PTIS) in tumor models of acquired resistance that is regulated by type I IFNs. These secretory changes can suppress activation of T cells ex vivo while diminishing tumor cell cytotoxicity, revealing that tumor-intrinsic treatment adaptations can exert broad tumor-extrinsic effects. When reimplanted in vivo, resistant tumor growth can slow or stop when PTIS components are disrupted individually, or when type I IFN signaling machinery is blocked. Interestingly, genetic and therapeutic disruption of PD-L1 in vitro can only partially recapitulate the PTIS phenotype highlighting the importance of developing in vivo-based resistance models to more faithfully mimic clinically-relevant treatment failure. Together, this study shows acquired resistance to immune-checkpoint inhibitors ‘rewires’ tumor secretory programs controlled by type I IFNs that, in turn, can protect from immune cell attack.
Solvent and counterion cooperatively induced inversion of the stereocenter Δ/Λ and CPL in a mononuclear Eu(iii) complex
Authors: Li Wenhua , Yin Sen , Song Ziye , Yan Pengfei , Zhou Yanyan , Gao Ting , Li Hongfeng
Published: December 2024

The mononuclear Eu3+ complexes show solvent and Cs+ ion cooperatively induced metal stereocenter Δ/Λ configurational inversion, accompanied by an inversion of the circularly polarized luminescence sign.
Correction: Reinvestigation of Passerini and Ugi scaffolds as multistep apoptotic inducers via dual modulation of caspase 3/7 and P53-MDM2 signaling for halting breast cancer
Authors: Ayoup Mohammed Salah , Wahby Yasmin , Abdel-Hamid Hamida , Abu-Serie Marwa M. , Ramadan Sherif , Barakat Assem , Teleb Mohamed , Ismail Magda M. F.
Published: December 2024

Correction for ‘Reinvestigation of Passerini and Ugi scaffolds as multistep apoptotic inducers via dual modulation of caspase 3/7 and P53-MDM2 signaling for halting breast cancer’ by Mohammed Salah Ayoup et al., RSC Adv., 2023, 13, 27722–27737, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ra04029a.
Investigating numerical stability by scaling heat conduction in a 1D hydrodynamic model of the solar atmosphere
Authors: Pandey Vartika , Bourdin Philippe-A.
Published: December 2024

Context. Numerical models of the solar atmosphere are widely used in solar research and provide insights into unsolved problems such as the heating of coronal loops. A prerequisite for such simulations is an initial condition for the plasma temperature and density. Many explicit numerical schemes employ high-order derivatives that require some diffusion, for example isotropic diffusion, for each independent variable to maintain numerical stability. Otherwise, significant numerical inaccuracies and subsequent wiggles will occur and grow at steep temperature gradients in the solar transition region.

Aims. We tested how to adapt the isotropic heat conduction to the grid resolution so that the model is capable of resolving varying temperature gradients. Our ultimate goal is to construct an atmospheric stratification that can serve as an initial condition for multi-dimensional models.

Methods. Our temperature stratification spans from the solar interior to the outer corona. From that, we computed the hydrostatic density stratification. Since numerical and analytical derivatives are not identical, the model needs to settle to a numerical equilibrium to fit all model parameters, such as mass diffusion and radiative losses. To compensate for energy losses in the corona, we implemented an artificial heating function that mimics the expected heat input from the 3D field-line braiding mechanism.

Results. Our heating function maintains and stabilises the obtained coronal temperature stratification. However, the diffusivity parameters need to be adapted to the grid spacing. Unexpectedly, we find that higher grid resolutions may need larger diffusivities – contrary to the common understanding that high-resolution models are automatically more realistic and would need less diffusivity.

Conclusions. Smaller grid spacing causes larger temperature gradients in the solar transition region and hence a greater potential for numerical problems. We conclude that isotropic heat conduction is an efficient remedy when using explicit schemes with high-order numerical derivatives.
PolyCLEAN: Atomic optimization for super-resolution imaging and uncertainty estimation in radio interferometry
Authors: Jarret Adrian , Kashani Sepand , Rué-Queralt Joan , Hurley Paul , Fageot Julien , Simeoni Matthieu
Published: December 2024

Context. Imaging in radio interferometry requires solving an ill-posed noisy inverse problem, for which the most adopted algorithm is the original CLEAN algorithm and its variants. Alternative explicit optimization methods have gained increasing attention, as they demonstrate excellent reconstruction quality thanks to their ability to enforce Bayesian priors. Nowadays, the main limitation to their adoption is run-time speed. Additionally, uncertainty quantification is difficult for both CLEAN and convex optimization techniques.

Aims. We address two issues for the adoption of convex optimization in radio interferometric imaging. First, we propose a method for a fine resolution setup, which scales naturally in terms of memory usage and reconstruction speed. Second, we develop a new tool to localize a region of uncertainty, paving the way for quantitative imaging in radio interferometry.

Methods. The classical ℓ1 penalty is used to turn the inverse problem into a sparsity-promoting optimization. For efficient implementation, the so-called Frank-Wolfe algorithm is used together with a polyatomic refinement. The algorithm naturally produces sparse images at each iteration, leveraged to reduce memory and computational requirements. In that regard, PolyCLEAN reproduces the numerical behavior of CLEAN, while guaranteeing that it solves the minimization problem of interest. Additionally, we introduce the concept of the dual certificate image, which appears as a numerical byproduct of the Frank-Wolfe algorithm. This image is proposed as a tool for uncertainty quantification on the location of the recovered sources.

Results. PolyCLEAN demonstrates good scalability performance, in particular for fine-resolution grids. On simulations, the Pythonbased implementation is competitive with the fast numerically-optimized CLEAN solver. This acceleration does not affect image reconstruction quality: PolyCLEAN images are consistent with CLEAN-obtained ones for both point sources and diffuse emission recovery. We also highlight PolyCLEAN reconstruction capabilities on observed radio measurements.

Conclusions. PolyCLEAN can be considered as an alternative to CLEAN in the radio interferometric imaging pipeline, as it enables the use of Bayesian priors without impacting the scalability and numerical performance of the imaging method.
Update on Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism in Children
Authors: Kasteler Rahel , Albisetti Manuela , Bosch Alessandra
Published: December 2024

Children with cancer have an increased risk for venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) compared to the healthy pediatric population. VTE rates in children with cancer vary among cancer types. Other VTE risk factors include central venous catheters and cancer therapies. VTE diagnosis relies on objective radiological imaging, and management to this date typically involves anticoagulant therapy. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are the most common choice. Evidence for primary VTE prevention is conflicting, and antithrombin replacement, LMWH, or apixaban have been studied. Recently, direct oral anticoagulants such as rivaroxaban or dabigatran were investigated for VTE treatment, showing promise in efficacy and safety. However, bleeding risks in this population need careful consideration, especially periprocedurally or with treatment-related thrombocytopenia. Prediction tools for VTE require adaptation for pediatric cancer patients. Progress in understanding and managing VTE in children with cancer is significant, with ongoing trials and real-world data contributing to improved strategies.
Impact of Thrombophilia Testing on Clinical Management: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: McRae Hannah L. , Müller Jens , Rühl Heiko , Pötzsch Bernd
Published: December 2024

Thrombophilia management is based on the personal and family history of thrombosis. Current guidelines recommend performing thrombophilia testing only when the results will change clinical management. To investigate to what extent treatment recommendations changed following thrombophilia testing, clinical and laboratory data of 255 patients with and without venous thromboembolism who underwent thrombophilia screening were assessed retrospectively. A local score based on clinical indicators for thrombophilia was used to assess the pretest probability of thrombophilia. A total of 144 patients (57.6%) were found to have a clear thrombophilic phenotype, of which 78 were predicted to have definite thrombophilia and considered for indefinite anticoagulation; 66 were likely to have thrombophilia and were considered for indefinite or prolonged anticoagulation. Eighty-three (32.5%) could not be clearly classified and 28 (11%) were asymptomatic. A thrombophilic risk factor was diagnosed in 98 (38.4%) patients; this included 64 of 144 (44.5%) patients with a clear thrombophilic phenotype and 26 of 83 (31.3%) patients who could not be easily classified. Treatment recommendations changed in 57 of 255 (22%) patients following thrombophilia testing. Eight patients were switched from direct oral anticoagulants to vitamin K antagonists due to confirmed triple-positive antiphospholipid syndrome. In 49 patients, the anticoagulant dose was either increased (n = 3) or treatment was prolonged (n = 46) following diagnosis of high-risk thrombophilia. Clinically, assessing thrombophilia probability score before thrombophilia testing improves thrombophilia management recommendations.
Quality of Life and Related Factors in Patients Diagnosed with
Mucopolysaccharidosis and Their Caregivers
Authors: Yekedüz Merve Koç , Cilesiz Kubra , Kara İlknur Sürücü , İnci Aslı , Kose Engin , Tümer Leyla , Eminoğlu Fatma Tuba
Published: December 2024

Objectives Quality of life (QoL) is directly associated with
physical-psychological well-being, family and environmental factors in patients
with Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS). The present study aims to investigate the
factors affecting QoL in both MPS patients and their caregivers.

Methods The sociodemographic characteristics, clinical findings, and
special needs of 37 patients with MPS were questioned, among which 28 pediatric
patients were evaluated for QoL using the KINDL-parents scale. The World Health
Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHO-QoL-BREF) was used to assess the
QoL of 37 caregivers of patients.

Results The patients with MPS type III had the lowest median score in the
self-esteem domain among the other types. The patients undergoing enzyme
replacement therapy scored high in the friends domain, while the
physical-psychological/emotional domain scores of the patients with sleep
disturbance and their parents were lower than those without. Patients with
appetite/eating problems scored low in the self-esteem domain and their
caregivers scored low in the social relationship domain. The
psychological/emotional domain scores of the patients who needed special
education and their parents were lower than those who did not. Total scores and
KINDL disease domain scores were decreased in those receiving psychiatric
medical treatment.

Conclusions In this study, the aim was to simultaneously assess the
quality of life of MPS patients and their parents. Sleep disturbances, appetite
problems, special education, and psychiatric treatment negatively impacted
QoL.
Oral Conditions, Salivary pH, Flow Rate, Phosphate Level, and Phosphorus Intake of Pre- and Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Tjahajawati Sri , Rafisa Anggun , Aldrin Namira Vahra Khairunnisa , Pramesti Hening Tjaturina
Published: December 2024

Objectives This study aimed to investigate salivary parameters, including pH, flow rate, phosphate levels, and phosphorus intake, to explore potential variations between postmenopausal and premenopausal women.

Material and Methods This study included 68 postmenopausal and 94 premenopausal women. Inclusion criteria comprised women aged 45 to 65 years with a minimum menopausal duration of 2 years and women aged 21 to 40 years for premenopausal participants. Exclusion criteria involved systemic diseases and any dental treatments received in the last 6 months. Direct observation facilitated the visual detection of intraoral inflammation, ulcers, plaque, calculus, dental mobility, and caries. A questionnaire covering demographic data, dental pain, xerostomia, burning sensation, ulcer etiology and duration, and gingival bleeding etiology was administered. Phosphorus intake was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Unstimulated whole saliva, collected by spitting, was analyzed for various salivary parameters, such as pH, flow rate, and phosphate level. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine subjects' salivary phosphate level.

Statistical Analysis The difference in intraoral conditions between groups was analyzed using the chi-square or Fisher's exact test. For the comparison of salivary parameters and phosphorus intake between study groups, the ANOVA: univariate general linear model was utilized. The correlation between salivary phosphate levels and age, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and phosphorus intake was examined using Spearman's rank correlation.

Results The postmenopausal group demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence (p < 0.005) of gingival swelling, gingival discoloration, gingival recession, plaque, calculus, caries, tooth mobility, xerostomia, and burning sensation. Following adjustments for age, BMI, and blood pressure, a statistically significant difference in salivary flow rate between groups was observed (p = 0.008). No significant differences were found in salivary pH (p = 0.764), salivary phosphate level (p = 0.142), or phosphorus intake (p = 0.323) between the two groups. There was no significant correlation between salivary phosphate levels and age (p = 0.747), BMI (p = 0.308), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.747), diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.622), and phosphorus intake (0.829) in both groups.

Conclusion Postmenopausal women exhibited a lower salivary flow rate compared with premenopausal women. No differences or correlations were observed in salivary phosphate level and phosphorus intake between the two groups.
Biomechanical Evaluation of a Femoral Implant for Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty in Dogs: An Ex Vivo Study
Authors: Perez Neto Daniel M.G. , Muzzi Leonardo A.L. , Santos Fábio L. , Muzzi Ruthnea A.L. , Kawamoto Fernando Y.K. , Mesquita Luciane R. , Minto Bruno W.
Published: December 2024

Objective The objective of this study was to assess the stability of the femoral component of a hip resurfacing arthroplasty prosthesis in canine cadaveric bone using a biomechanical test.

Study Design Twenty adult dog cadavers were utilized, from which both femoral bones were extracted and preserved for experimentation. For each pair of femurs from the same animal, one femur underwent implantation of the hip resurfacing arthroplasty prosthesis, while the contralateral femur remained intact. All femoral specimens underwent flexo-compression biomechanical testing, with variables including maximum load (ML), load at collapse (LC), displacement at maximum load (DML), displacement at collapse (DC), and stiffness (k) being analysed. Subsequent to the biomechanical evaluation, the femoral specimens were radiographed to assess failure behaviour.

Results The prosthesis group showed a reduction of 22% (p ≤ 0.050) for the ML variable and 27% (p ≤ 0.05) for LC values. The prosthetic group supported a mean ML equivalent to six times the body weight of the animals whose bones were tested. No significant disparities were detected between the groups for the other analysed variables (DML, DC, and k). Similar failure patterns, such as fractures in the femoral neck region, were observed in specimens from both groups.

Conclusion The hip resurfacing arthroplasty prosthesis demonstrated biomechanical performance with no differences in DML, DC, and k but showed inferior performance in ML and LC when compared with intact femurs in the ex vivo setting.
Skin effect in a metal plate under symmetric radiofrequency excitation
Authors: Zherebchevskii D. É. , Naberezhnykh V. P. , Chabanenko V. V.
Published: December 2024

The surface impedance of cadmium and tungsten plates was investigated experimentally in a strong (up to 80 kOe) magnetic field perpendicular to the surface for the case of symmetrical excitation of rf waves at liquid helium temperature. The results are compared with theory. It is found that unlike the antisymmetric case, the losses in the plate under symmetric excitation increase monotonically with the magnetic field. This is explained by a difference in skin field distribution in the plate. Taking into account slight tilting of the magnetic field to the surface leads to changes in the dependences of the impedance components. An essential discrepancy between theoretical predictions and experimental results is discovered in the imaginary part of the impedance.
Microcontact spectroscopy of tantalum, molybdenum, and tungsten
Authors: Rybal’chenko L. F. , Yanson I. K. , Bobrov N. L. , Fisun V. V.
Published: December 2024

Electron–phonon interaction in superconducting transition metals (Ta, Mo, W) is investigated by the method of microcontact spectroscopy. The spectra obtained are compared with model densities of the phonon states F(ω) computed from experiments on neutron scattering, and with the tunnel Electron–phonon interaction function g(ω) for Ta. Close agreement between the appropriate spectra is obtained for Ta and Mo, while a significant discrepancy is observed for W, which is the appearance of a blurred maximum instead of the two expected separated peaks on the microcontact spectra. The absolute intensities of a number of microcontact spectra G(eV) and electron–phonon coupling constants λ are calculated. For all three metals the values obtained turned out to be considerably below those expected. The possible reasons for this disagreement are discussed.
A possible new mechanism of the critical current in superconductors
Authors: Fogel’ N. Ya. , Cherkasova V. G.
Published: December 2024

It has been discovered that the critical current Ic in thin (2ξ ≤ d < λ) vanadium films is independent of the temperature within a certain range of reduced temperatures and magnetic field intensities (magnetic field parallel to the film surface). A hypothesis is proposed for explaining this behavior of the critical current on the basis of concepts about transitions between a commensurate phase and an incommensurate one. The commensurability between the period of the vortex lattice in a film and the period of the vortex image lattice is also examined.
Proton rings from late-forming ballistic sheath fields
Authors: Unzicker B. , Czapla N. , Ghenuche P. , Stutman D. , Negoita F. , Doria D. , Ur C. A. , Cernaianu M. O. , Schumacher D. W.
Published: December 2024

Many laser-driven ion experiments have seen ring-like patterns in the proton angular distribution across a wide array of laser and target parameters. These rings can impede measurement due to the small acceptance angle of detectors and often inhibit potential applications. A myriad of explanations for their formation have been proposed, yet most studies attribute them to some aspect of the laser–plasma interaction. Using 3D particle-in-cell simulations, we show that late-forming strong radial electric fields can arise due to charge separation while the beam is in flight, long after the laser–plasma interaction. These fields can accelerate ions to significant divergences (≈10°) as they propagate away from the target. We compare our results to a recent experiment where a high intensity, short pulse laser (I0≈1021 W/cm2, τ≈30 fs) was incident upon thin (≈1 μm) liquid crystal targets. Our simulations capture all the main features of the experimental results—namely, robust ring formation and larger rings for higher energy protons. In addition, we show that rings do not form for sufficiently short preplasma scale lengths. Finally, we develop a phenomenological model to describe the spatiotemporal structure of the radial electric field and use this to explain the proton rings' energy and preplasma dependencies.
Dielectric nonlinearity analysis of BNT–ST–BT relaxor ferroelectric thin films with different film thicknesses
Authors: Zhao Jinyan , Wang Zhe , Li Yizhuo , Zheng Kun , Zhang Jie , Meng Haoyan , Zhang Nan , Zhao Yulong , Niu Gang , Ren Wei
Published: December 2024

Thickness-dependent dielectric nonlinear properties of 0.78Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.2SrTiO3–0.02BaTiO3 thin films in a thickness range of 0.62–1.62 μm were investigated in this work. It was demonstrated that the dielectric properties decreased with the decrease in thickness due to the substrate clamping inducing the degeneration of intrinsic contribution and the reduced domain wall mobility. A low DC electric field promoted domain switching and reversible domain wall motion. The domain mobility was suppressed by a high DC electric field, which resulted in reduced dielectric permittivity combined with the tunability of intrinsic dielectric response.
First-principles study of nonlinear magnetoelectric effects in improper LuFeO3 multiferroics
Authors: Ke Da , Zhang Yubo
Published: December 2024

Hexagonal LuFeO3 is known as an improper multiferroic material because of its ferroelectric structural distortion, measured by the Γ2− polar mode, and is driven by a trimerization structural distortion represented by the K3 non-polar mode [Fennie and Rabe, Phys. Rev. B 72, 100103(R) (2005)]. The K3 mode is also the primary structural origin of net weak ferromagnetism, associated with the ferromagnetic coupling between the in-plane geometrically frustrated spins. Here, we study the magnetoelectric coupling in LuFeO3 using first-principles calculations and applied external electric fields. We find that the weak ferromagnetism responds to the electric field polarization through the K3–Γ2− coupling, which is an intrinsic characteristic of improper multiferroics. Interestingly, the magnetoelectric coupling exhibits strong asymmetry under positive and negative electric fields. This nonlinearity is due to the competition between the K3 and the Γ2− modes according to Landau's theory and is related to asymmetrical interatomic interactions at the atomic level.
Stabilization of beam heated plasmas by beam modulation
Authors: Einkemmer L.
Published: December 2024

A constant intensity beam that propagates into a stationary plasma results in a bump-on-tail feature in velocity space. This results in an instability that transfers kinetic energy from the plasma to the electric field. We show that there are intensity profiles for the beam (found by numerical optimization) that can largely suppress this instability and drive the system into a state that, after the beam has been switched off, remains stable over long times. The modulated beam intensity requires no feedback, i.e., no knowledge of the physical system during time evolution is required, and the frequency of the modulation scales approximately inversely with system size, which is particularly favorable for large plasma systems. We also show that the results obtained are robust in the sense that perturbations, e.g., deviation from the optimized beam profiles, can be tolerated without losing the ability to suppress the instability.
Elastic moduli and thermal conductivity of quantum materials at finite temperature
Authors: Folkner Dylan A. , Chen Zekun , Barbalinardo Giuseppe , Knoop Florian , Donadio Davide
Published: December 2024

We describe a theoretical and computational approach to calculate the vibrational, elastic, and thermal properties of materials from the low-temperature quantum regime to the high-temperature anharmonic regime. This approach is based on anharmonic lattice dynamics and the Boltzmann transport equation. It relies on second and third-order force constant tensors estimated by fitting temperature-dependent empirical potentials from path-integral quantum simulations with a first-principles machine learning Hamiltonian. The temperature-renormalized harmonic force constants are used to calculate the elastic moduli and the phonon modes of materials. Harmonic and anharmonic force constants are combined to solve the phonon Boltzmann transport equation to compute the lattice thermal conductivity. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach on bulk crystalline silicon in the temperature range from 50 to 1200 K, showing substantial improvement in the prediction of the temperature dependence of the target properties compared to experiments.
A hydraulic-mechanical coupling model of dynamic waterflood-induced fractures in fractured tight reservoirs
Authors: Cai Dingning , Cheng Shiqing , Bai Wenpeng , Wei Cao , Wang Yang
Published: December 2024

The propagation of waterflood-induced fractures (WIFs) occurs during prolonged water injection and is influenced by the distribution and properties of natural fractures (NFs). Available numerical models rarely consider fracture activation and rupture in an integrated manner, which makes it difficult to reflect complex fracture morphology. In this paper, we propose a hydraulic-mechanical model with strain-dependent damage variables to describe the dynamic expansion characteristics of WIFs. There are discrete filled NFs in the matrix with non-equal-thickness joint elements, for which we derive the constitutive equations to calculate fracture widths during water injection and production. Damage variables for the matrix and fractures are calculated according to the maximum tensile stress criterion and the Mohr–Coulomb criterion. A comparison between the coupled model and experimental results is conducted to demonstrate its validity. Finally, we simulated and analyzed four influencing factors of the pressure response and fracture evolution. The study demonstrates that fracture behavior and damage area evolution are highly sensitive to injection rate, communication sequence, NF density, and orientation. The activation, cross, and capture interactions between NFs and WIFs complicate the fracture-damage network and enhance seepage efficiency. High injection rates promote crack tip propagation, while lower rates facilitate the evolution of secondary fractures at low pressure. For high NF density reservoirs, low-pressure injection fully activates NFs, aiding damage evolution. In low NF density reservoirs, excessive pressure induces simpler fracture morphologies, making unstable water injection more effective than continuous injection. This work guides appropriately induced fractures to improve water absorption in tight reservoirs.
Cost and time-efficient microdevice fabrication process for rarefied gas flow applications
Authors: Gaignebet Nicolas , Rojas-Cárdenas Marcos , Colin Stéphane , Raffy Simon , Raison Matthieu , Palleau Étienne
Published: December 2024

This study presents a rapid and cost-effective method for fabricating microchannels for rarefied gas flow applications using maskless photolithography. The geometrical characteristics of the microchannels were characterized via optical microscopy and profilometry, while their fluidic performances were characterized for gas flows at varying levels of rarefaction. The fluid conductance of the fabricated microchannels was measured and compared with theoretical predictions, demonstrating excellent agreement, thus confirming the precision of the fabrication process. Our findings indicate that the microchannels maintain dimensional integrity across different pressure levels, validating the reliability of the chosen materials and methods. Through this research, we have established a robust, low-cost, and rapid fabrication process based on maskless photolithography for producing affordable microfluidic devices for rarefied gas flow applications.
Development and validation of a turbulence model based on drift velocity
Authors: Sun Yifan , Qi Haiying , Zhang Guihua , Wu Yuxin
Published: December 2024

This paper proposes a novel turbulence model based on drift velocity. By employing a partial-averaging method, the model decomposes turbulent fluctuations into two symmetric groups and derived transport equations for the drift velocity, successfully preserving the first-order statistical information of turbulence. The drift velocity model addresses the limitations of traditional Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes models in near-wall turbulence simulations by reconstructing the drift velocity momentum equation and incorporating a wall destruction term for accurate resolution. Implemented on the OpenFOAM platform, the model's performance is evaluated against several standard benchmarks, including the flat plate boundary layer, 0012 airfoil bypass, and backward-facing step flow. Results demonstrate improved accuracy of the drift velocity model in simulating complex turbulent flows.
Compressible effects of a supersonic evacuated tube maglev train at various Mach numbers
Authors: Huang Zun-Di , Peng Cheng , Chen Zheng-Wei , Guo Zi-Jian , Chang Ning , Chen Hong-Bei , Kong Wei-Kai , Wang You-Biao
Published: December 2024

Evacuated tube maglev train (ETMT) system aims to advance ultra-high-speed transportation, featuring unique high-speed flow phenomena and complex shockwave dynamics in low-pressure environments that demand further exploration. This paper examines the flow structures and aerodynamic loads of the ETMT over a range of Mach numbers from 0.8 to 2.0. Leveraging a compressible, density-based solver based on the Advection Upstream Splitting Method, extensive numerical simulations of the ETMT were conducted across transonic and supersonic regimes, revealing diverse aerodynamic characteristics under varying operational conditions. The research delineates how aerodynamic properties distinctively shift with operating Mach numbers. In supersonic conditions, distinct shockwave effects emerge prominently, and as the train's velocity escalates, there is a consistent reduction in overall drag and lift coefficients, resulting in a net reduction of 32% in the total train drag coefficient (a most economical Mach number of 1.8) and the lift diminished by 38%. However, notable disparities exist in the drag and lift coefficients among different train sections. These insights are instrumental in understanding the aerodynamic behavior of tube trains at ultra-high speeds and serve as a crucial guide for the train's exterior design.
Frank Kameny the astronomer
Authors: Hostetter-Habib Kai
Published: December 2024

The famed gay rights leader and accomplished scientist was one of thousands of US government employees who lost their livelihoods during the Lavender Scare.
Low-temperature gas-phase formation of cyclopentadiene and its role in the formation of aromatics in the interstellar medium
Authors: Yang Zhenghai , Medvedkov Iakov A. , Goettl Shane J. , Nikolayev Anatoliy A. , Mebel Alexander M. , Li Xiaohu , Kaiser Ralf I.
Published: December 2024

The cyclopentadiene (C
5
H
6
) molecule has emerged as a molecular building block of nonplanar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonaceous nanostructures such as corannulene (C
20
H
10
), nanobowls (C
40
H
10
), and fullerenes (C
60
) in deep space. However, the underlying elementary gas-phase processes synthesizing cyclopentadiene from acyclic hydrocarbon precursors have remained elusive. Here, by merging crossed molecular beam experiments with rate coefficient calculations and comprehensive astrochemical modeling, we afford persuasive testimony on an unconventional low-temperature cyclization pathway to cyclopentadiene from acyclic precursors through the reaction of the simplest diatomic organic radical—methylidyne (CH)—with 1,3-butadiene (C
4
H
6
) representing main route to cyclopentadiene observed in TaurusMolecular Cloud. This facile route provides potential solution for the incorporation of the cyclopentadiene moiety in complex aromatic systems via bottom–up molecular mass growth processes and offers an entry point to the low-temperature chemistry in deep space leading eventually to nonplanar PAHs in our carbonaceous Universe.
Enforced CARD11/MALT1 signaling in dendritic cells triggers hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Isay Sophie E. , Vornholz Larsen , Schnalzger Theresa , Groll Tanja , Magg Thomas , Loll Patricia , Weirich Gregor , Steiger Katja , Hauck Fabian , Ruland Jürgen
Published: December 2024

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening syndrome fueled by uncontrolled mononuclear phagocyte activity, yet the innate immune mechanisms driving HLH pathogenesis remain elusive. Germline gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in CARD11, a pivotal regulator of lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling, cause the lymphoproliferative disease B-cell expansion with NF-κB and T-cell anergy, which is frequently associated with HLH development. Given that CARD11 is physiologically expressed not only in lymphocytes but also in dendritic cells (DCs), we explored whether enforced CARD11 signaling in DCs contributes to immunopathology. We demonstrated that exclusive DC-intrinsic expression of CARD11-GOF in mice was sufficient to induce a lethal autoinflammatory syndrome that mimicked human HLH. Mechanistically, DC-intrinsic CARD11-GOF signaling triggered cell-autonomous inflammatory cytokine production via MALT1 paracaspase engagement. Genetic deletion of
Malt1
in CARD11-GOF-expressing animals reversed the hyperinflammatory phenotype. These results highlight the significant role of enforced CARD11/MALT1 signaling in DCs as a contributor to HLH pathology and suggest potential therapeutic strategies for HLH treatment.
Electrocalcium coupling in brain capillaries: Rapidly traveling electrical signals ignite local calcium signals
Authors: Mughal Amreen , Hennig Grant W. , Heppner Thomas , Tsoukias Nikolaos M. , Hill-Eubanks David , Nelson Mark T.
Published: December 2024

The routing of blood flow throughout the brain vasculature is precisely controlled by mechanisms that serve to maintain a fine balance between local neuronal demands and vascular supply of nutrients. We recently identified two capillary endothelial cell (cEC)-based mechanisms that control cerebral blood flow in vivo: 1) electrical signaling, mediated by extracellular K
+
-dependent activation of strong inward rectifying K
+
(Kir2.1) channels, which are steeply activated by hyperpolarization and thus are capable of cell-to-cell propagation, and 2) calcium (Ca
2+
) signaling, which reflects release of Ca
2+
via the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP
3
R)—a target of G
q
-protein-coupled receptor signaling. Notably, Ca
2+
signals were restricted to the cell in which they were initiated. Unexpectedly, we found that these two mechanisms, which were presumed to operate in distinct spatiotemporal realms, are linked such that Kir2.1-dependent hyperpolarization induces increases in the electrical driving force for Ca
2+
entry into cECs through resident TRPV4 channels. This process, termed electrocalcium (E-Ca) coupling, enhances IP
3
R-mediated Ca
2+
release via a Ca
2+
-induced Ca
2+
-release mechanism, and allows focally induced hyperpolarization, including that initiated by ATP-dependent K
+
(K
ATP
) channels, to travel cell-to-cell via activation of Kir2.1 channels in adjacent cells, providing a mechanism for the “pseudopropagation” of Ca
2+
signals. Computational modeling supported the basic features of E-Ca coupling and provided insight into the intracellular processes involved. Collectively, these data provide strong support for the concept of E-Ca coupling and provide a mechanism for the spatiotemporal integration of diverse signaling pathways in the control of cerebral blood flow.