bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation, public policies, and human rights
Authors: Guendel Ludwig
Published: June 2012

The chapter addresses the role of social evaluation in the systematization of public value and documents the adoption and implementation of public policy for human rights. Public policy with a human rights approach arises from a political, legal, and institutional acknowledgment of the social subject. It is an intricate process, part of global discussions about how to reconfigure economic, cultural, and social policy and the administration of justice. Its complexity involves multiple dimensions and organizational and institutional processes as they occur with any other government or state policy (Mény & Thoenig, 1992). ©Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Evaluating with at‐risk communities: Learning from a social program in a Brazilian slum
Authors: Carolina Letichevsky Ana , Penna Firme Thereza
Published: June 2012

This chapter describes a 2‐year evaluation of a social program in a Brazilian slum troubled by poverty, unemployment, drug‐related threats, and violence, where self‐protecting attitudes have led to inhabitant behaviors of fear and silence. Evaluation experience in this unique environment taught us how not to conduct evaluations. Our strategies made more sense where they were informed by what not to do. Trust building as the basis for data collection and data utilization was of utmost importance. Inclusion and empowerment ensured key community member involvement, stakeholder safety and integrity, and just as important, data quality. Emphasis on appreciative inquiry facilitated utilization of findings for community betterment. The significant lesson that emerged astonished the program staff, sponsors, evaluators, and evaluees alike: Evaluation became meaningful to this community. ©Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Performance measurement and evaluation systems: Institutionalizing accountability for governmental results in Latin America
Authors: Cunill‐Grau Nuria , Ospina Sonia M.
Published: June 2012

Results‐based performance measurement and evaluation (PME) systems are part of a global current in public administration. In the Latin American context, this trend is also a reflection of the broader processes of reform of the latter half of the 20th century, including the modernization of public administration, as well as broad processes of decentralization and democratization, both of which are dimensions of development in Latin America, regardless of the political and ideological orientation of specific governments. This chapter documents the development of such evaluative approaches to organizational quality and raises some issues for further discussion. ©Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Floral biodiversity and geology of the Talcher Basin, Orissa, India during the Permian–Triassic interval
Authors: Goswami Shreerup , Singh Kamal Jeet
Published: June 2012

The review paper provides an updated account of the previous and recently published records concerning the palaeobiology and the geology of the Talcher Basin of Orissa State, India. We conclude that fossil floral species in this basin originated in the earliest Permian Talchir Formation and evolved and diversified through the Karharbari Fm., Barakar Fm., Barren Measures Fm. and the uppermost Kamthi Fm. (Late Permian–Triassic). The megaflora and the palynology of the different formations of the basin are also discussed briefly. The geological setting of the basin along with the status of different formations (especially the Kamthi Formation) has been redefined. The post‐Barakar Fm. rocks, earlier retained in the Raniganj/Kamthi, Panchet and Mahadeva formations in this basin, have been critically assessed and redefined as the Lower and Upper Kamthi formations of Late Permian and Triassic ages, respectively. Accordingly, the geological map of the basin has been modified. Permian deposits (particularly the Barakar and the lower Kamthi formations) not only have the best preserved flora but also possess the highest diversity, whereas the upper Kamthi Triassic sediments have a meagre number of taxa. The plant diversity of the basin has been discussed in detail to interpret the development of the flora, evolutionary trends and palaeoenvironments of the basin. The patchy Gangamopteris vegetation of the Talchir glacial phase has ultimately evolved and diversified through time (Karharbari Fm. to Lower Kamthi Fm.) and gave rise to the thick dense swampy forests consisting of large Glossopteris trees and other shade‐loving under‐storied pteridophytes. Several groups of plants including spores and pollen have disappeared in a ladder pattern during the Permian–Triassic interval (Lower Kamthi–Upper Kamthi Fm.) and, similarly, in steps, many new fore‐runners appeared in the Upper Kamthi Formation.

Records of marine acritarchs and ichnofossils in this basin at various Permian–Triassic levels demonstrate that there were marine influences. These features suggest a paralic (coastal marine to deltaic) mode of origin of the coal beds and associated sediments in the basin. The present study also advocates the continued survival of plants, rather than a mass extinction near the vicinity of the Permian–Triassic (P–T) boundary in this basin. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Review of Web‐Based Dietary Interventions: From the Human–Computer Interaction Practitioners' Perspective
Authors: Kwon Bum chul , Hur Inkyoung , Yi Ji Soo
Published: June 2012

Despite the popularity of web‐based dietary interventions, there are few evidence‐based, practical guidelines that help human–computer interaction (HCI) practitioners design new dietary intervention systems. We suspect that a lack of such guidelines is partly due to a chasm between two major research domains, healthcare and HCI. We believe that technologies developed in HCI are not used and evaluated by healthcare researchers, so we fail to accumulate experiences to develop guidelines. To assess the gap, we carefully selected 86 papers that employed and evaluated various web‐based dietary interventions in both fields and analyzed general characteristics, behavior change strategies, intervention media, and research outcomes used in each paper. Through this review, we reaffirmed our belief about the discrepancies between healthcare and HCI, and additional findings helped us offer some suggestions to close the gap. We also identified several interesting patterns among behavior change strategies, intervention media, and outcomes that provide potential topics for future research. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic disease and disability among Iraqi populations displaced in Jordan and Syria
Authors: Doocy Shannon , Sirois Adam , Tileva Margarita , Storey J. Douglas , Burnham Gilbert
Published: June 2012

The Iraq conflict resulted in the largest displacement in the Middle East since the Palestinian crisis, and provision of health services to the displaced population presents a critical challenge. The study aimed to provide information on chronic medical conditions and disability to inform humanitarian assistance planning. Nationally representative cross‐sectional surveys of Iraqi populations displaced in Jordan and Syria were conducted in late 2008 and early 2009. Clusters of 10 household were randomly selected using probability‐based sampling; a total of 1200 and 813 Iraqi households in Jordan and Syria, respectively, were interviewed. The majority of respondents in both countries perceived healthcare as unaffordable but accessible; cost was an important barrier to care. In Jordan, most routine health expenditures were for medications where in Syria, expenses were divided between medical consultations and medication. Chronic disease prevalence among adults was 51.5% (confidence interval (CI): 49.4–53.5) in Syria and 41.0% (CI: 39.4–42.7) in Jordan, most common were hypertension and musculoskeletal problems. Overall disability rates were 7.1% (CI: 6.3–8.0) in Syria and 3.4% (CI: 3.0–3.9) in Jordan. In both countries, the majority of disability was attributed to conflict, prevalence was higher in men than women, and depression was the leading cause of mental health disability. Chronic illnesses, disabilities and psychological health are key challenges for the Iraqi population and the health systems in Jordan and Syria. Continued attention to the development of systems to manage conditions that require secondary and tertiary care is essential, particularly given reported difficulties in accessing care and the anticipated prolonged displacement. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of a Brief Training in Motivational Interviewing on Trainee Skill Development
Authors: Young Tabitha L. , Hagedorn W. Bryce
Published: June 2012

Motivational interviewing (MI) is an empirically based practice that provides counselors with methods for working with resistant and ambivalent clients. Whereas previous research has demonstrated the effectiveness of training current clinicians in this evidenced‐based practice, no research has investigated the efficacy of teaching MI to counselors‐in‐training who work with clients from the general population. The authors examined the effect of a student‐based training in MI for 43 graduate‐level counselor trainees using a quasi‐experimental controlled design. Statistical analyses based on pretest and posttest assessments revealed participants’ knowledge and skill in MI significantly improved in the treatment group. Implications for training future counselors and suggestions for additional research are explored.
The Gap Between Influence and Efficacy: College Readiness Training, Urban School Counselors, and the Promotion of Equity
Authors: Savitz‐Romer Mandy
Published: June 2012

This phenomenological study presents 11 urban school counselors’ perceptions of their graduate education in school counseling in relation to their engagement in college readiness counseling with low‐income, 1st‐generation college‐bound students. Findings from 2 rounds of interviews suggest that intentional strategies to integrate postsecondary readiness and planning into counselor education curricula is necessary to efficiently prepare school counselors to promote college access and success for at‐risk youth, thereby reducing the inequities that currently exist in postsecondary degree attainment.
Testing the Engagement Theory of Program Quality in CACREP‐Accredited Counselor Education Programs
Authors: Warden Shannon P. , Benshoff James M.
Published: June 2012

This study examined the engagement theory of program quality (Haworth & Conrad, 1997), which highlights positive student learning outcomes that result from stakeholder involvement in program evaluation within master's‐level graduate programs. A total of 481 master's‐level counseling students and 63 faculty members, representing 68 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP)–accredited counselor education programs, participated in the study. Findings reveal that engagement theory is a potentially useful quality assessment resource for CACREP‐accredited programs in their efforts at enhancing and sustaining program quality.
Externally Funded Research in Counselor Education: An Overview of the Process
Authors: Villalba José A. , Young J. Scott
Published: June 2012

“Publish or perish” is a phrase familiar to untenured and tenured faculty alike. In recent years, prominence has been placed on academicians to secure external funding for their research and training projects. The counselor education field has not been immune to this call for externally funded projects. This article includes strategies for seeking and receiving external funding for counseling‐related research in an effort to help counselor educators flourish in a paradigm that increasingly calls for greater external funding. Emphasis is placed on gaining knowledge and experience with federal funding agencies.
Brain structure and spatial sensitivity profile assessing by near‐infrared spectroscopy modeling based on 3D MRI data
Authors: Chuang Ching‐Cheng , Chen Chung‐Ming , Hsieh Yao‐Sheng , Liu Tsan‐Chi , Sun Chia‐Wei
Published: June 2012

The goal of this study is to prove that the light propagation in the head by used the 3‐D optical model from in vivo MRI data set can also provide significant characteristics on the spatial sensitivity of cerebral cortex folding geometry based on Monte Carlo simulation. Thus, we proposed a MRI based approach for 3‐D brain modeling of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). In the results, the spatial sensitivity profile of the cerebral cortex folding geometry and the arrangement of source‐detector separation have being necessarily considered for applications of functional NIRS. The optimal choice of source‐detector separation is suggested within 3–3.5 cm by the received intensity with different source‐detector separations and the ratio of received light from the gray and white matter layer is greater than 50%. Additionally, this study has demonstrated the capability of NIRS in not only assessing the functional but also detecting the structural change of the brain by taking advantage of the low scattering and absorption coefficients observed in CSF of sagittal view. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photonic crystal biosensors towards on‐chip integration
Authors: Threm Daniela , Nazirizadeh Yousef , Gerken Martina
Published: June 2012

Photonic crystal technology has attracted large interest in the last years. The possibility to generate highly sensitive sensor elements with photonic crystal structures is very promising for medical or environmental applications. The low‐cost fabrication on the mass scale is as advantageous as the compactness and reliability of photonic crystal biosensors. The possibility to integrate microfluidic channels together with photonic crystal structures allows for highly compact devices. This article reviews different types of photonic crystal sensors including 1D photonic crystal biosensors, biosensors with photonic crystal slabs, photonic crystal waveguide biosensors and biosensors with photonic crystal microcavities. Their applications in biomolecular and pathogen detection are highlighted. The sensitivities and the detection limits of the different biosensors are compared. The focus is on the possibilities to integrate photonic crystal biosensors on‐chip. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Force field development for cofactors in the photosystem II
Authors: Zhang Lu , Silva Daniel‐Adriano , Yan YiJing , Huang Xuhui
Published: June 2012

We present a set of force field (FF) parameters compatible with the AMBER03 FF to describe five cofactors in photosystem II (PSII) of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms: plastoquinone‐9 (three redox forms), chlorophyll‐a, pheophytin‐a, heme‐b, and β‐carotene. The development of a reliable FF for these cofactors is an essential step for performing molecular dynamics simulations of PSII. Such simulations are important for the calculation of absorption spectrum and the further investigation of the electron and energy transfer processes. We have derived parameters for partial charges, bonds, angles, and dihedral‐angles from solid theoretical models using systematic quantum mechanics (QM) calculations. We have shown that the developed FF parameters are in good agreement with both ab initio QM and experimental structural data in small molecule crystals as well as protein complexes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the importance of excited state dynamic response electron correlation in polarizable embedding methods
Authors: Eriksen Janus J. , Sauer Stephan P. A. , Mikkelsen Kurt V. , Jensen Hans J. Aa. , Kongsted Jacob
Published: June 2012

We investigate the effect of including a dynamic reaction field at the lowest possibleab initowave function level of theory, namely the Hartree‐Fock (HF) self‐consistent field level within the polarizable embedding (PE) formalism. We formulate HF based PE within the linear response theory picture leading to the PE–random‐phase approximation (PE–RPA) and bridge the expressions to a second‐order polarization propagator approximation (SOPPA) frame such that dynamic reaction field contributions are included at the RPA level in addition to the static response described at the SOPPA level but with HF induced dipole moments. We conduct calculations onpara‐nitro‐aniline andpara‐nitro‐phenolate using said model in addition to dynamic PE–RPA and PE–CAM–B3LYP. We compare the results to recently published PE–CCSD data and demonstrate how the cost effective SOPPA‐based model successfully recovers a great portion of the inherent PE–RPA error when the observable is the solvatochromic shift. We furthermore demonstrate that whenever the change in density resulting from the ground state‐excited state electronic transition in the solute is not associated with a significant change in the electric field, dynamic response contributions formulated at the HF level of theory manage to capture the majority of the system response originating from derivative densities. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Simple Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Antidepressants in Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Pan Chi‐Wen , Duh Tsai‐Hui , Wu Hsin‐Lung
Published: June 2012

Fluoxetine (FT), fluvoxamine (FX), sertraline (ST) and trazodone (TD) are new type of antidepressants acting as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In structures, they all have chromophore and can be easily monitored by UV absorption spectrophotometry. A simple isocratic high‐performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection (215 nm) was developed for the simultaneous quantification of FT, FX, ST and TD. The determination range of the method is over 10.0–400.0 μM for each drug. The detection limits (S/N = 3, injection 20 μL) are about 0.1 μM for TD, 0.2 μM for FT, FX and ST. The relative standard deviation and relative error of the method for intra‐ and inter‐day analyses of FT, FX, ST and TD were all below 3.7%. Application of the method to the analysis of FT, FX or ST in pharmaceutical product proved feasible. The method could be used for the quality control assay of the analytes in bulk and in formulations.
Measurement of the Binding of Adenosylcobalamin to Glutamate Mutase by Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Lin Heng‐Ju , Hsu Hui‐Ju , Duann Yeh‐Fang , Chen Hao‐Ping
Published: June 2012

Fluorescence spectroscopy is a fast, highly sensitive technique for investigating protein‐ligand interactions. Intrinsic protein fluorescence is usually occurred by exciting the proteins with 280‐295 nm ultraviolet light, and the light emission is observed approximately between 330‐350 nm. No emission light between 330‐350 nm can be observed when adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) is excited at 282 nm. The binding of AdoCbl to glutamate mutase was therefore investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy in this study. Our results show that direct measurement for determining the Kd of AdoCbl by fluorescence spectroscopy leads to significant errors. Here we report the source of error and a corrected method for measuring the binding of coenzyme B12 to glutamate mutase using fluorescence spectroscopy.
Infinite Basis Set Extrapolation for Double Hybrid Density Functional Theory 2: Effect of Adding Diffuse Basis Functions
Authors: Chuang Yao‐Yuan , Chen Sheng‐Min
Published: June 2012

We applied the Infinite Basis (IB) set extrapolation and Double Hybrid Density Functional Theory (DHDF) to calculate the electron affinities, reaction barrier heights, proton affinities, non‐covalent interactions, atomization, ionization, and alkyl bond dissociation energies. We previously found that the mean unsigned error of the B2KPLYP‐IB calculation with the combination of cc‐pVTZ and cc‐pVQZ reach the chemical accuracy limit (∼2 kcal/mol) where the largest deviation occurred in the electron affinity calculations and the weak interactions between noble gases and nonpolar molecules. Here, we investigated the basis set effect using the B2KPLYP‐IB extrapolation scheme that involves (1) the addition of extra tight d basis functions to the second row elements (i.e. cc‐pV(L+d)Z), (2) the addition of extra s, p, and d diffuse basis functions, and (3) a comparison between Dunning's Correlation Consistent and Jensen's Polarization Consistent (pc‐L) basis sets. We found that the addition of extra s and p diffuse basis functions formed the minimal augmented basis sets proposed by Truhlar. This addition permitted the B2KPLYP‐IB to reach the chemical accuracy limit with the combination of the double ζ and triple ζ basis sets. Adding extra s, p diffuse functions to the pc‐L series permitted only a small improvement. This small improvement is due to the fact that the pc‐L basis sets already contain a large number of functions for the p block elements. Taken together, the results suggest that this minimal augmented basis sets is useful for due to its accuracy and affordable computational cost.
Rapid Preparation of C18 Monoliths for Micro‐column Separation Using Ultraviolet and Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Bai Lianyang , Gong Wenjun , Duan Qirong , Chen Jun , Zhang Yuping
Published: June 2012

An organic‐based monolith with long alkyl chain ligands was prepared by UV photo‐initiation using (a) 1‐octadecene as a functional monomer, (b) ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as the cross‐linking agent, (c) 1‐propanol, 1,4‐butanediol and dimethylformamide as triporogenic solvents, and (d) Irgacure 1800 as the initiator. The monoliths containing a high fraction of 1‐octadecene possessed a better total porosity, improved permeability, and result in faster separation. Similar monolithic capillary was quickly fabricated in 3 min by microwave irradiation using azobisisobutyronitrile as the thermal initiator. Conventional polyimide‐coated capillaries were used instead of expensive UV‐transparent capillaries in both methods.
Delirium in hospitalized patients: Implications of current evidence on clinical practice and future avenues for research—A systematic evidence review
Authors: Khan Babar A. , Zawahiri Mohammed , Campbell Noll L. , Fox George C. , Weinstein Eric J. , Nazir Arif , Farber Mark O. , Buckley John D. , MacLullich Alasdair , Boustani Malaz A.
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND:

Despite the significant burden of delirium among hospitalized adults, critical appraisal of systematic data on delirium diagnosis, pathophysiology, treatment, prevention, and outcomes is lacking.

PURPOSE:

To provide evidence‐based recommendations for delirium care to practitioners, and identify gaps in delirium research.

DATA SOURCES:

Medline, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) information systems from January 1966 to April 2011.

STUDY SELECTION:

All published systematic evidence reviews (SERs) on delirium were evaluated.

DATA EXTRACTION:

Three reviewers independently extracted the data regarding delirium risk factors, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and outcomes, and critically appraised each SER as good, fair, or poor using the United States Preventive Services Task Force criteria.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

Twenty‐two SERs graded as good or fair provided the data. Age, cognitive impairment, depression, anticholinergic drugs, and lorazepam use were associated with an increased risk for developing delirium. The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) is reliable for delirium diagnosis outside of the intensive care unit. Multicomponent nonpharmacological interventions are effective in reducing delirium incidence in elderly medical patients. Low‐dose haloperidol has similar efficacy as atypical antipsychotics for treating delirium. Delirium is associated with poor outcomes independent of age, severity of illness, or dementia.

CONCLUSION:

Delirium is an acute, preventable medical condition with short‐ and long‐term negative effects on a patient's cognitive and functional states. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012; © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Retrieving treatment and control proportions from incomplete summary data in meta‐analysis
Authors: Olkin Ingram
Published: June 2012

One of the vexing problems often encountered when combining the results of independent studies in a meta‐analysis is that the data provided in individual studies are incomplete. Some studies may provide only a risk difference and others only an odds ratio. Of course, if the proportions for treatment and control are reported, then the meta‐analyst can carry out a variety of analyses, such as fixed or random effect estimates. Excluding studies with incomplete data carries a risk and should be avoided if it is possible to retrieve the original proportions. Inclusion criteria in some meta‐analyses may require that studies contain full data. This requirement can be relaxed if the original data can be retrieved. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences in posttraumatic stress reactions between witnesses and direct victims of motor vehicle accidents
Authors: Tierens Marlies , Bal Sarah , Crombez Geert , Loeys Tom , Antrop Inge , Deboutte Dirk
Published: June 2012

The present study describes posttraumatic stress reactions in young witnesses of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs). This study investigated (a) whether witnesses of MVAs report fewer trauma symptoms than direct victims, but more than adolescents who were never exposed to an MVA; and (b) whether individual differences in sex, negative appraisal, avoidant coping, and social support account for variability in trauma symptoms beyond status as a witness as compared to a victim. Self‐report data came from a community‐based sample of 3,007 adolescents with an average age of 14.6 years and comprising 53% boys. Compared to direct victims of an MVA in which someone was injured, witnesses of MVAs with injury reported significantly less internalizing symptoms, such as symptoms of posttraumatic stress (d = 0.25), fear (d = 0.21), and depression (d = 0.17). Compared to adolescents who were never exposed to an MVA with injury, witnesses reported significantly more externalizing symptoms (d = 0.24). In multiple regression analyses the significant difference between witnesses and victims disappeared when sex, other stressful events, appraisals, and coping were added to the model. These findings suggest that adolescent witnesses, as well as direct victims, may be at risk for posttraumatic reactions.
Measures of psychophysiological arousal among resettled traumatized iraqi refugees seeking psychological treatment
Authors: Slewa‐Younan Shameran , Chippendale Kerenze , Heriseanu Andreea , Lujic Sanja , Atto John , Raphael Beverley
Published: June 2012

Resettled refugees living in Western countries frequently report high levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. This study sought to measure levels of physiological arousal in a group of resettled Iraqi refugees in Australia receiving psychological treatment. A continuous recording of electrocardiogram (ECG) data was used to examine baseline heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in refugees (n = 25) and healthy age‐ and sex‐matched controls (n = 23). Descriptively, PTSD (48%) was the most commonly noted disorder followed equally by major depressive episode (36%) and dysthymia (36%) in the refugees. Examination of the physiological data indicated that the refugee group had increased resting HR compared with healthy controls (78.84 vs. 60.08 beats per minute, p < .001). No significant differences were noted in the HRV data with age, gender, and years of education included in the model. This finding highlights the importance of examining levels of arousal in refugees presenting with mental health complaints to provide appropriate treatment strategies.
What can multiwave studies teach us about disaster research: An analysis of low‐income Hurricane Katrina survivors
Authors: Green Gillian , Lowe Sarah R. , Rhodes Jean E.
Published: June 2012

Previous research on natural disasters has been limited by a lack of predisaster data and statistical analyses that do not adequately predict change in psychological symptoms. In the current study, we addressed these limitations through analysis of 3 waves of data from a longitudinal investigation of 313 low‐income, African American mothers who were exposed to Hurricane Katrina. Although postdisaster cross‐sectional estimates of the impact of traumatic stress exposure and postdisaster social support on postdisaster psychological distress were somewhat inflated, the general trends persisted when controlling for predisaster data (B = 0.88 and −0.33, vs. B = 0.81 and −0.27, respectively). Hierarchical linear modeling of the 3 waves of data revealed that lower predisaster social support was associated with higher psychological distress at the time of the disaster (β = −.16), and that higher traumatic stress exposure was associated with greater increases in psychological distress after the storm (β = .86). Based on the results, we suggest that the impact of traumatic stress on psychological trajectories cannot be accounted for solely by preexisting risk, and recommend more complex research designs to further illuminate the complex, dynamic relationships between psychological distress, traumatic stress exposure, and social support.
Ethnic differences in symptoms among female veterans diagnosed with PTSD
Authors: C'de Baca Janet , Castillo Diane , Qualls Clifford
Published: June 2012

Among U.S. male Vietnam veterans, Hispanics have been shown to have higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than African Americans and non‐Hispanic Whites (Kulka et al., 1990). In terms of gender, Tolin and Foa's (2006) meta‐analysis suggested women experience higher rates of PTSD than men. This study examined ethnic differences in PTSD and other symptomatology among 398 female veterans (63% non‐Hispanic White, 28% Hispanic, 9% African American) seeking treatment for PTSD from 1995 to 2009 at a Veterans Administration (VA) behavioral health clinic. The following symptom clusters were examined: anxiety/PTSD, depression, anger/hostility, and psychotic/dissociative symptoms. Few differences were found among the groups, suggesting the 3 ethnic groups studied were more similar than different. African American female veterans, however, scored higher on measuring ideas of persecution/paranoia, although this may reflect an adaptive response to racism. These findings warrant further investigation to elucidate this relationship.
Synthesis and Photophysical Behavior of Pyrene‐Bearing Cellulose Nanocrystals for Fe3+ Sensing
Authors: Zhang Lingzhi , Li Qian , Zhou Jinping , Zhang Lina
Published: June 2012

Cellulose nanocrystals are converted into fluorescent labeling nanoparticles (Py‐CNC) by a three‐step procedure. The fluorescence emission of pyrene is enhanced after the modification to cellulose nanocrystals. Py‐CNC is evaluated for its sensing ability towards metal ions and exhibits high selectivity towards Fe3+ among other screened metal ions with good discrimination between Fe2+ and Fe3+. The excellent selectivity for Fe3+ over a wide linear concentration range is observed through changes in the emission spectra. Spectroscopic analyses prove that the coordination interaction between Fe3+ and pyrene‐modified cellulose nanocrystals leads to the recognition process. This sensing nanomaterial can be employed as a chemosensor for Fe3+ and promoted for many applications in chemical, environmental, and biological systems.
New explicit approximate solution of MHD viscoelastic boundary layer flow over stretching sheet
Authors: Abdou Mohamed Aly Mohamed , Soliman Abdel‐Maksoud Abdel‐Kader
Published: June 2012

In this paper, the study the momentum and heat transfer characteristics in an incompressible electrically conducting non‐Newtonian boundary layer flow of a viscoelastic fluid over a stretching sheet. The partial differential equations governing the flow and heat transfer characteristics are converted into highly nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations by similarity transformations.

The resultant coupled highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved by means of, homotopy analysis method (HAM) for constructing an approximate solution of heat transfer in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) viscoelastic boundary layer flow over a stretching sheet with non‐uniform heat source.

The proposed method is a strong and easy to use analytic tool for nonlinear problems and does not need small parameters in the equations. The HAM solutions contain an auxiry parameter, which provides a convenient way of controlling the convergence region of series solutions. The results obtained here reveal that the proposed method is very effective and simple for solving nonlinear evolution equations. The method is straightforward and concise, and it can also be applied to other nonlinear evolution equations in physics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modified ‐expansion method for finding exact wave solutions of the coupled Klein–Gordon–Schrödinger equation
Authors: Bansal Anupma , Gupta Rajesh K.
Published: June 2012

The coupled Klein–Gordon–Schrödinger equation is reduced to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) by using Lie classical symmetries, and various solutions of the nonlinear ODE are obtained by the modified ‐expansion method proposed recently. With the aid of solutions of the nonlinear ODE, more explicit traveling wave solutions of the coupled Klein–Gordon–Schrödinger equation are found out. The traveling wave solutions are expressed by the hyperbolic functions, trigonometric functions, and rational functions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mathematical and physical Study of multiscale deconvolution models of turbulence
Authors: Dunca Argus Adrian , Kohler Kara E. , Neda Monika , Rebholz Leo G.
Published: June 2012

This work presents a rigorous analysis of mathematical and physical properties for solutions of multiscale deconvolution turbulence models. We show that solutions of these models exactly conserve model quantities for the integral invariants of fundamental physical importance: kinetic energy, helicity, and (in two dimensions) enstrophy. The kinetic energy conservation is the key that allows us to next apply the phenomenology of homogeneous, isotropic turbulence to establish the existence of a model energy cascade and, in particular, that the cascade exhibits enhanced energy dissipation in a secondary accelerated cascade, which ends at the model's microscale (which we establish is larger than the Kolmogorov microscale). We also prove that the model dissipates energy at the same rate as true turbulent flow, ∼ O(U3 ∕ L), independent of Reynolds number. Lastly, we prove the existence of global attractors for the model solutions; the proof of which also shows that solutions are actually one degree of regularity higher than previously known. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stationary solutions of Euler–Poisson equations for non‐isentropic gaseous stars
Authors: Xie Huazhao , Li Suli
Published: June 2012

The motion of the self‐gravitational gaseous stars can be described by the Euler–Poisson equations. For some velocity fields and entropy functions that solve the conservation of mass and energy, we consider the existence of stationary solutions of Euler–Poisson equations. Under various restriction to the strength of velocity field, different assumptions on the isentropic function and adiabatic exponent, we get the existence, multiplicity and uniqueness of the stationary solutions to the Euler–Poisson system, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymptotic behavior for a class of the renewal nonlinear equation with diffusion
Authors: Michel Philippe , Touaoula Tarik Mohamed
Published: June 2012

In this paper, we consider nonlinear age‐structured equation with diffusion under nonlocal boundary condition and non‐negative initial data. More precisely, we prove that under some assumptions on the nonlinear term in a model of McKendrick–Von Foerster with diffusion in age, solutions exist and converge (long‐time convergence) towards a stationary solution. In the first part, we use classical analysis tools to prove the existence, uniqueness, and the positivity of the solution. In the second part, using comparison principle, we prove the convergence of this solution towards the stationary solution. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An exponential matrix method for solving systems of linear differential equations
Authors: Yüzbaşı Şuayip , Sezer Mehmet
Published: June 2012

This paper presents an exponential matrix method for the solutions of systems of high‐order linear differential equations with variable coefficients. The problem is considered with the mixed conditions. On the basis of the method, the matrix forms of exponential functions and their derivatives are constructed, and then by substituting the collocation points into the matrix forms, the fundamental matrix equation is formed. This matrix equation corresponds to a system of linear algebraic equations. By solving this system, the unknown coefficients are determined and thus the approximate solutions are obtained. Also, an error estimation based on the residual functions is presented for the method. The approximate solutions are improved by using this error estimation. To demonstrate the efficiency of the method, some numerical examples are given and the comparisons are made with the results of other methods. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Globale Grippegefahr
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: June 2012

Grippeviren, die von Haustieren auf Menschen überspringen, können zu Pandemien mit hoher Sterblichkeit führen. Die Menschheit ist darauf nicht gut vorbereitet, und zwei umstrittene Publikationen, die zeigen, wie leicht ein Virus übertragbar werden kann, haben die Sorgen vermehrt.
Einfach und frei: Protein‐Ligand‐Docking
Authors: Pippel Martin , Scharfe Michael , Meier René , Sippl Wolfgang
Published: June 2012

Das Programm Paradocks liefert Open‐source‐Algorithmen und ‐Anwendungen, um Wechselwirkungen von Proteinen und Liganden für die medizinische Chemie zu beschreiben. Die Komponenten und Schnittstellen der Software sind so programmiert, dass der Quellcode möglichst problemlos zu erweitern ist.
Vertriebsmanagement in der Spezialchemie
Authors: Kühne Andreas
Published: June 2012

Hersteller müssen einem steigenden Innovations‐ und Kostendruck standhalten, um am Markt zu bestehen. Werkzeuge, die sowohl im Vertrieb als auch in der technischen Abteilung frühzeitig die Chancen bewerten, ermöglichen eine effizientere Ressourcenverteilung.
In‐situ‐Beobachtung,
Authors: Koch Marcus , Quilitz Mario , Schmid Herbert , de Jonge Niels
Published: June 2012

Hochauflösungs‐TEM/STEM spektroskopiert und bildet Strukturen atomar aufgelöst ab. Mit einer

Mikrofluid‐Probenkammer eignet sich das Elektronenmikroskop auch für In‐situ‐Untersuchungen zu lebens‐ und materialwissenschaftlichen Fragen.
“… zur Not kann ich immer noch Straßenmusiker werden …”
Authors: Kahlert Heike
Published: June 2012

Soziologinnen haben Chemikerinnen und Chemiker am Ende der Promotion und Beginn der Postdoc‐Phase zu ihren Karriereplänen befragt. Der Karrieretyp “Wissenschaft als Beruf” kennt die Risiken einer wissenschaftlichen Laufbahn, möchte diese aber dennoch nach der Doktorarbeit weiter verfolgen, auch wenn er am Ende auf der Straße landet. Die Studie identifizierte zwei weitere Typen von Karrierezielen und fand auch heraus, welche Faktoren dazu führen, dass Frauen oft eine wissenschaftliche Laufbahn in der Chemie erst gar nicht anstreben.
An embedded mesh method for treating overlapping finite element meshes
Authors: Sanders Jessica , Puso Michael A.
Published: June 2012

A new technique for treating the mechanical interactions of overlapping finite element meshes is presented. Such methods can be useful for numerous applications, for example, fluid–solid interaction with a superposed meshed solid on an Eulerian background fluid grid. In this work, we consider the interaction of two elastic domains: one mesh is the foreground and defines the surface of interaction, the other is a background mesh and is often a structured grid. Many of the previously proposed methods employ surface defined Lagrange multipliers or penalties to enforce the boundary constraints. It has become apparent that these methods will cause mesh locking under certain conditions. Appropriately applied, the Nitsche method can overcome this locking, but, in its canonical form, is generally not applicable to non‐linear materials such as hyperelastics. The relationship between interior point penalty, discontinuous Galerkin and Nitsche's method is well known. Based on this relationship, a nonlinear theory analogous to the Nitsche method is proposed to treat nonlinear materials in an embedded mesh. Here, a discontinuous Galerkin derivative based on a lifting of the interface surface integrals provides a consistent treatment for non‐linear materials and demonstrates good behavior in example problems. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Improvements in the reliability and element quality of parallel tetrahedral mesh generation
Authors: Chen Jianjun , Zhao Dawei , Huang Zhengge , Zheng Yao , Wang Desheng
Published: June 2012

The paper presents a parallel tetrahedral mesh generation approach based on recursive bidivisions using triangular surfaces. Research was conducted for addressing issues concerning mesh generation reliability and element quality. A novel procedure employing local modification techniques is proposed for repairing the intersecting interdomain mesh instead of directly repeating the bidivision procedure, which improves the robustness of the complete meshing procedure significantly. In addition, a new parallel quality improvement scheme is suggested for optimizing the distributed volume meshes. The scheme is free of any communication cost and highly efficient. Finally, mesh experiments of hundreds of millions of elements are performed to demonstrate the reliability, effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method and its potential applications to large‐scale simulations of complex aerodynamics models. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatherhood intervention development in collaboration with African American non‐resident fathers
Authors: Julion Wrenetha A. , Breitenstein Susan M. , Waddell Donald
Published: June 2012

Because interventions developed in partnership with African American fathers not residing with their children are virtually non‐existent, existing interventions fail to address the multiple factors that constrain these fathers' positive involvement with their children. We developed a videotape fatherhood intervention:Building Bridges to Fatherhood. In collaboration with a Fathers Advisory Council composed of 12 African American fathers, we used Aranda's framework for community‐based nursing intervention development to design the intervention. Data from 13 focus group meetings show Advisory Council members' insights on program structure and content, fathers' commitment to their children and communities, and the benefits they garnered from Council participation. The implications for involving fathers in intervention development include using relevant language, vernacular, and interpersonal interactions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 35:490–506, 2012
Optimal dropout policies for networked control systems
Authors: Ling Qiang
Published: June 2012

By realizing the feedback paths over communication networks, we get a class of networked control systems (NCSs), where the network's quality‐of‐service (QoS) is commonly characterized by the average dropout rate of feedback data packets. The control performance of an NCS however, is determined not only by the average dropout rate but also by the dropout pattern of feedback data packets. This paper provides a systematic way to determine the optimal dropout pattern (policy) under a given average dropout rate, where the performance is measured by the output signal power under an exogenous white noise. By modeling the finite‐memory dropout policies with the general Markov chain, this paper formulates the optimal dropout policy design into the optimization of parameters of a dropout Markov chain. That optimization is first solved by an augmented Lagrangian gradient method, which may be stuck at local optima because of the problem's non‐convexity. To compensate this weakness, we apply the branch‐and‐bound method to the optimization whose constraints are bilinear. The branch‐and‐bound method can approach the global optimal solution with any desired tolerance in finite steps. The obtained optimal dropout policy may be interpreted as a network's QoS constraint whose enforcement provides a hard guarantee on the control system's performance. An example is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the achieved results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clubfeet and associated abnormalities on fetal magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Nemec Ursula , Nemec Stefan F. , Kasprian Gregor , Brugger Peter C. , Bettelheim Dieter , Wadhawan Isha , Kolb Alexander , Graham John M. , Rimoin David L. , Prayer Daniela
Published: June 2012

Objective

Clubfoot, or talipes equinovarus (TEV), is commonly diagnosed on prenatal ultrasound. This study sought to visualize TEV and associated abnormalities on fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared with ultrasound.

Methods

This retrospective study included the MRI scans of 44 fetuses with TEV using postnatal assessment and autopsy as standard of reference. Isolated TEV was differentiated from complex TEV with associated abnormalities. MRI findings and previous ultrasound diagnoses were compared.

Results

Isolated TEV was found in 19/44 (43.2%) fetuses and complex TEV in 25/44 (56.8%). Associated abnormalities consisted of the following: central nervous system/spinal abnormalities in 13/25 (52.0%) fetuses; musculoskeletal abnormalities in 7/25 (28.0%); thoracic abnormalities in 3/25 (12.0%); a tumor in one case; and hydrops fetalis in one. Of the 44 cases, 35 (79.5%) pregnancies were delivered, and nine (20.5%) pregnancies, which were terminated, all had complex TEV. Of the 42 available ultrasound reports, additional MRI findings were made in 8/42 (19.0%) cases. MRI did not add findings in isolated TEV on ultrasound. In 4/44 (9.1%) cases, autopsy revealed additional findings compared with prenatal imaging.

Conclusion

Fetal MRI enables differentiation between isolated and complex TEV. Isolated TEV on ultrasound may not be an MRI indication, whereas MRI may be useful in cases of complex TEV. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Living copolymerization of ethylene with norbornene by fluorinated enolato‐imine titanium catalyst
Authors: Ravasio Andrea , Boggioni Laura , Scalcione Giulia , Bertini Fabio , Piovani Daniele , Tritto Incoronata
Published: June 2012

Complex [Ti(κ2‐N,O‐{2,6‐F2C6H3NC(Me)C(H) C(CF3) O})2Cl2] (1) was evaluated as catalyst for living copolymerization of ethylene (E) with norbornene (N) upon activation with dried methylaluminoxane (d‐MAO) at temperatures between 25 and 90 °C. Copolymerization performed at different [N]/[E] feed ratios afforded stereoirregular alternating high molar mass P(E‐co‐N) with narrow molar mass distribution. The living nature of E‐co‐N copolymerization by 1/d‐MAO was demonstrated by kinetics at 50 °C. This catalyst system was used for the synthesis of block copolymers such as polyethylene (PE)‐block‐P(E‐co‐N) with a crystalline PE block and an amorphous P(E‐co‐N) block as well as P(E‐co‐N)1‐block‐P(E‐co‐N)2, having different norbornene contents in the segments and thus having different Tg values. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012