bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A influência do capital cultural no contexto escolar para uma aprendizagem matemática significativa
Authors: Carmignolli Andreza Olivieri Lopes , Muzzeti Luci Regina , Oliveira Maria Fernanda Celli de , Peccin Daniela Aparecida , Mendes Jhennyfer Marques Gomes , Micheleti Laís Ines Sanseverinato
Published: September 2022

O trabalho “A influência do capital cultural no contexto escolar para uma aprendizagem matemática significativa” é parte da dissertação de mestrado intitulada “A influência dos capitais cultural, social e econômico no sucesso da trajetória escolar”, em fase de qualificação, que tem como objetivo analisar como o capital cultural influencia o processo de aquisição do conhecimento matemático. Através da análise dos índices de matemática apresentados nas avaliações, foi possível observar como o capital cultural adquirido no meio familiar contribui para a aprendizagem matemática. O referencial teórico aqui utilizado foi norteado pelos estudos de Pierre Bourdieu, para quem o capital cultural herdado da família facilitará o processo de aquisição do conhecimento de forma significativa, a partir dos conceitos de habitus, ethos, capital cultural, capital social e estratégias de reprodução. A pesquisa foi feita com base em uma abordagem qualitativa, tendo como objetivo analisar os conceitos de capital econômico, capital cultural, capital social e habitus, desenvolvidos no interior da família frente à cultura escolar e à reestruturação desse habitus.
Alelismo para genes letales en una población natural de Drosophila melanogaster originaria de Coyoacán, Ciudad de México
Authors: Salceda Víctor Manuel
Published: September 2022

Una prueba genética para distinguir si dos mutaciones génicas ocurren en el mismo locus funcional, así como establecer sus límites es la llamada prueba de complementación, ampliamente empleada en genética microbiana, el mismo principio se utiliza en agronomía y se conoce como dialelo. En genética de poblaciones y en particular en poblaciones de Drosophila se usa el término prueba de alelismo y es empleada fundamentalmente para determinar distancias genéticas y persistencia de genes en poblaciones naturales y experimentales en las que generalmente se hace para genes letales en condición heterocigota. Así nos propusimos hacer un análisis de éste tipo para genes letales portados en el segundo cromosoma de D. melanogaster extraídos previamente de una población natural originaria de una localidad en la Coyoacán, Ciudad de México. La prueba consistió en cruzar cada cepa portadora de un gen letal contra todas las demás. Un total de 43 cepas fueron sometidas a dicha manipulación correspondiendo así a 903 cruzas individuales. Como resultado se obtuvieron 32 cruzas alélicas, distribuidas en 18 sencillas, cuatro dobles y dos cruzas triples. Finalmente la tasa de alelismo determinada fue de 3.54 % que no difiere mucho del promedio reportado por otros investigadores en estudios similares.
The Most Important Secondary Metabolites of the Genus Aspergillus
Authors: Harčárová Michaela , Naď Pavel , Proškovcová Martina
Published: September 2022

The presence of Aspergillus mycotoxins has been confirmed in various feed and food. They represent a hidden threat that cannot be completely prevented. In animal husbandry, they impair their productive health and, in human nutrition, they can cause acute or chronic health complications. This article provides an overview of the most important secondary metabolites of the genus Aspergillus in terms of their occurrence, toxicity and physico-chemical properties.
Oncogenic Forms of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase: Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis and Development of Resistance to Chemotherapeutics
Authors: Vozáriková Veronika
Published: September 2022

Many types of tumors harbor a mutation in the gene for the metabolic enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase resulting in the production of the oncometabolite ᴅ-2-hydroxy glutarate with a pleiotropic effect on the cell. The paper provides an overview of the latest knowledge of the me­chanism of carcinogenesis, of specific drugs suppressing ᴅ-2-hydroxy glutarate production and of the causes of resistance complicating treatment based on specific inhibitors of oncogenic forms of isocitate dehydrogenase.
Study of natural reservoir sedimentary environment at western flank of South Caspian depression
Authors: Mamedova I. M.
Published: September 2022

Based on the study of core material, the article proposes a new method for facies analysis of the section of the productive strata of Azerbaijans fields, as well as identifies facies variability direction of the pereryv formation. Methodological aspects of studying the structure of grains of deposits of the productive strata using a binocular microscope are considered. A 3D model of the spatial arrangement of the facies of the alluvial-delta genesis was constructed and their relationship with the structure of the South Caspian Depression was established, which makes it possible to correctly design wells both during prospecting and exploration drilling, and during field development.
Approach to localization of residual recoverable reserves under conditions
of high depletion on the example of Uzen field
Authors: Ibrayev А. Е. , Kazhykenkyzy A. , Yelemesov A. S. , Nazaraly A. Zh.
Published: September 2022

The relevance of the chosen topic is contingent on necessity to improve the quality of geotechnical jobs planning and forecasting of key performance indicators after a well intervention at a late stage of development, complicated by the difficulties of residual recoverable reserves localization due to the heterogeneity of geological properties of a field and the longterm impact of development on reservoir.
Isolation of reservoirs and assessment of saturation in cases of water encroachment
Authors: Shilanov N. S. , Tleuzhanov A. Z.
Published: September 2022

At the moment, almost all Mangyshlak fields have depleted reserves and an increase in water cut in the product, at this stage of field development, the problem of estimating reservoir parameters is becoming relevant. The reasons are the texture-structural, facies and lithological-petrophysical features of reservoirs of productive horizons of the field. In the future, it is planned to take samples in all new wells in order to determine the component composition of water for a reliable assessment of the current oil saturation, as well as constructing a mineralization map by area and horizons and reinterpreting well logging materials, conducting perforating and blasting operations for all wells.
Experience of application of multistage hydraulic fracturing technology in a cased vertical well
Authors: Asanov K. B.
Published: September 2022

This article presents the results of the first multi-stage hydraulic fracturing in a vertical well at a field in the Aktobe region. The field has been developed from the very beginning as one development object. The total height of the deposits in some places reaches 400 m; accordingly, since the start of development, all productive formations were perforated through without segregation. Field trial carried out on a well with perforation with a total thickness of 182 m revealed 4 productive formations. In order to open all productive layers with fractures and involve them in the development, it was decided to use a 4 stage layout with a hydraulic fracturing sleeve system with a repeated opening / closing cycle. As a result, after multi-stage hydraulic fracturing using this technology, a 4-fold increase in oil production was obtained. In the future, it is planned to apply this method to other candidate wells.
Influence of electric fields on the quality of well cementing
Authors: Umraliev B. T. , Kenzhaliev A. F. , Taskinbayev M. Zh.
Published: September 2022

This work is devoted to studying the degree of influence of the electric field on the deformation-strength and filtration characteristics of cement stone and the tightness of the annular space. that the electric field has a negative effect on the formation of cement stone and its contact with dividing boundaries. In laboratory conditions it was found that the density of contact of the cement stone with the column depends on the magnitude of the potential difference between the column and the walls of the well and its polarity. It has been established that the process of formation of cement stone in an electric field depends on the composition of the grouting mixture, mixing water, chemical treatments, and ambient temperature.
Case of cementing of well № 205 at zholamanov field with the application of light-weight cement mortar with aluminosilicate additive
Authors: Umraliyev B. T. , Taskinbayev M. Zh. , Seitov A. K. , Ashimov K. B. , Konuspayev T. M.
Published: September 2022

In this work, we perform an analysis of local raw materials as facilitating additives to cements, analysis of data on cementing of wells, and also search for ways to reduce the cost of well cementing.Compositions of lightweight cementing materials that meet the geological and technical conditions for well attachment have been developed, cementing of well No. 205 at the Zholamanov field has been carried out, and cementing quality has been analyzed.
Increasing operational efficiency of oil-producing companies by analyzing the cost-effectiveness of producing wells
Authors: Khassanov B. K. , Khairetdinov R. G. , Tolebay O. S.
Published: September 2022

Improving the operational efficiency of developing fields in the late stages of operation is one of the priority tasks of oil producing organizations. Optimization of field development is achieved, as one of the ways, by stopping of uneconomic production. The article discusses methods for assessing the well efficiency and achieving break-even for the uneconomic well stock through determining targets and applying an algorithm for making further decisions on uneconomic well stock. The resulting tool will improve the efficiency of field operations and get an additional economic effect from the optimization of the well stock.
Geological structure and modeling carbonate reservoirs of kt-ii of theKozhasay field(the esatern edge of pricaspian basin
Authors: Zhanserkeeva Ainura A.
Published: September 2022

In the present work the major results of integrating data from Kozhasay field for 3D geological modeling had been described (regional geological data, exploration and production drilling results, core and cuttings data, 3D seismic data interpretation results, borehole images). The entire borehole imaging data were revised and used for fracture modeling. The hybrid fracture model was generated (discret and implicit fractures). The Kozhasay field had been under production since 2003 and it has produced 4 % of the STOIIP as for 01.01.2019. Theintegrated geological model of KT-II carbonate reservoirs was used to create hydrodynamic model of the field.
Second stage of geological exploration works. Description of complex non-traditional hydrocarbon traps
Authors: Mankenov Kairat K.
Published: September 2022

The article reveals the possible causes of the current state of the oil and gas industry, the reasons for the decline in production, and the inefficiency of geological exploration based on study and synthesis of historical materials and available articles regarding exploration, exploitation and production on the main Kazakhstani fields and analysis of world experience in geological exploration. It is suggested to revise the classical approaches (paradigms) about the geological structure according to the new geological ideas and accelerate the transition to the second stage of exploration aimed at identifying non-traditional types of non-anticlinal traps with using new exploration technologies, methodological approaches to increase efficiency prospecting, exploration and production to ensure the stability of the oil and gas reserves growth in Kazakhstan.
The role of seismic exploration and its impact on geology and field development
Authors: Dautov A. M.
Published: September 2022

This paper presents a brief study of the presence and study of seismic material to study the geological structure of deposits and the natural state of hydrocarbon reserves within the Caspian, Ustyurt-Bachinsky and Mangyshlak basin. The research is based on the concept of studying hydrocarbon deposits by type by foreign companies, based on the structural and dynamic interpretation of seismic material on the example of Kazakhstan fields. Characteristic indicators of the concept are the selection of sedimentation conditions and the beginning of forecasting their distribution in areas where there is no well data, for the selection of sedimentation bodies, the presence of accumulation zones, as well as modern migration channels. The importance of studying seismic material with the help of dynamic interpretation of oil and gas fields in the Caspian basin was clearly demonstrated by earlier analyses of seismic material. Calculations, proofs, and experimental studies made it possible, based on the created conceptual model of the structure of hydrocarbon deposits, to justify the prospects for oil and gas potential and the feasibility of conducting geological exploration within these areas.
Selection of effective solvents against asphalteneresin-paraffin deposition in the Uzen oilfield
Authors: Mussin B. S. , Tleukulova Z. K.
Published: September 2022

Deposition of asphaltenes, resins and paraffins in underground well equipment has always been one of the major challenges in the production of highly paraffinic oil at the Uzen field. This problem still remains extremely urgent, and measures to combat these complications are quite costly.

Paraffin deposition processes in wells and field equipment complicate oil production and lead to oil losses, as well as accidents and equipment downtime. For these reasons, it becomes necessary to conduct a laboratory research on the selection of effective solvents against paraffin deposition and methods for their removal.
Development of nondrained oil reserves at the Zhetybay field
Authors: Tlegenov B. B. , Shishkin V. V. , Turtaev B. T. , Ozhiken A. K. , Kubekbaev E. I. , Bakieva A. B. , Chernov S. O , Machekhin D. S.
Published: September 2022

The article presents the results of a detailed study of the geological conditions of sedimentation that revealed significant residual reserves of the Yu-10 horizon, which had not been covered by the existing development system.

The presented work was carried out in the first quarter of 2020 jointly by specialists of KMG Engineering LLP and DeGolyer and MacNaughton during the study dedicated to localization of residual recoverable oil reserves and improvement of the development system of horizon 10 of the Zhetybai field.
Improvement of the efficiency of repair and insulation works to limit water product from reservoir, using new technologies in Kalamkas oilfield
Authors: Utepov M. S. , Sarbopeyev O. K.
Published: September 2022

The paper presents an analysis of all repair and insulation works (squeeze jobs) carried out over the past 10 years at the Kalamkas field. The authors performed a comparison of the reagents used to limit water inflow, and based on the analysis prepared recommendations to improve the efficiency of repair and insulation works at the Kalamkas field.
Oil and gas potential of paleozoic deposits of the eastern flank of the Caspian basin
Authors: Abilkhassimov Kh. B.
Published: September 2022

The performed analysis of the geological and geophysical data of the subsalt complex on the eastern side of the Caspian basin allows us to look with optimism at the exploration possibilities of new areas at great depths.High prospects may be associated with organogenic constructions of the inner parts of the paleobasin. In addition, of particular interest is the search for lithological and stratigraphic types of reservoirs, which have not been properly studied.
Methodological approaches to justification of reservoir oil properties for estimation of reserves
Authors: Guzhikov P. A. , Kunzharikova K. M. , Uteubayeva Y. Y.
Published: September 2022

Traditional approaches for justification the properties of reservoir oil, used in calculating reserves often lead to errors in estimation of reserves and the impossibility of high-quality modeling and forecasts of hydrocarbon production.The article gives examples where the method of averaging the properties of reservoir oil has led to errors in estimating the reserves of reservoir oil and dissolved gas. To qualitatively substantiate the properties of reservoir oil, methods based on physical parameter correlations should be used. Article also provides criteria for dividing the fluid into regions, which must be taken into account when analyzing the data, as well as tools for checking the quality of the received parameters.
Professor Birbal Sahni work on the palaeobotany of the Assam Tertiaries
Authors: Evans P. , Coates J.
Published: September 2022

na
Professor Birbal Sahni's contributions to Indian Geology
Authors: Narayana Rao S.R.
Published: September 2022

NA
Dr. Sahni's contributions to Indian Numismatics
Authors: Agrawala V.S.
Published: September 2022

NA
On a living species of Junlandicarya found in South Yunnan
Authors: Hu Hsen-Hsu
Published: September 2022

The characteristics of the fruit of Rhamphocarya integrifoliolata, both in its endocarp and its seed, are similar to those of the fruit for the fossil genus Juglandicarya, described by Reid and Chandler from the Eocene London Clay Flora of south-eastern England, although its fruit is much larger than that of the fossil genus. Since the London Clay Flora was mainly of a tropical rain forest closely allied in floristic composition to the Indo-Malayan flora, just as in the case of the flora of south-eastern Yunnan where Rhamphocarya integrifoliolata flourishes, the identification of the living genus with the fossil one is even more indubitable.
Nipa Sahnii, a palm fruit in the Tertiary of Assam
Authors: Lakhanpal R.N.
Published: September 2022

Three fossil fruits collected by Sir Cyril S. Fox 1 1/2 miles south of Kalaichar bungalow (25° 26'; 89° 50' 30") near the western extremity of the Garo Hills are described as Nipa Sahnii. Their age is regarded as Miocene.

A short history of the genus Nipadiles is given.

The bearing of the occurrence of Nipa during Miocene on the palaeogeography of the present locality is discussed.
Distortion of Continental Asia
Authors: Lee J.S.
Published: September 2022

Asiatic arcs are capable of being divided into several classes according to type and distribution. Those which run along and parallel to the Pacific border form several peri pacific chains, including the festoon islands, with the convex front of each individual arc facing south-east. It is found that these arcs have resulted from modified waves of anticlinoria of Neocathaysian or generally N.N. E. trend due to the interception and repression at regular intervals by powerful E.-W. zones of compression. The second class comprises trans-continental chains of the type of arcs arranged on the whole east-west with their main convex front facing south. They are traced right across the Asiatic continent from the Pacific border to the eastern Mediterranean except in the Himalayan and Kangtien-Burma geosynclines and in the unruly mass of Tibet.

These fold-arcs arising from various parts of the abandoned site of the Tethys stand in strong contrast to the shield-like mass of India, where fractures of definite orientation predominate at least since the latter part of the pre-Cambrian era.

From the evidence furnished by distorted clay it can be shown by analogy that both the peripacific and trans-continental arcs are due to southward movements of parts of the continental mass. Such movements are in agreement with the requisite cause for setting up horizontal pressure to produce lineaments in Gondwanaland.
Recent discoveries of Fossil Algae in India
Authors: Rao L. Rama
Published: September 2022

Ever since the discovery of abundant fossil algae in the Niniyur group (Danian) of the Trichinopoly Cretaceous, S. India, was reported in 1931, a large amount of work on fossil algae from the Cretaceous and Eocene rocks of India has been done. Several new genera and species belonging to the two important families, Dasycladaceae and Corallinaceae, have been figured and described, which constitute substantial additions to our knowledge of fossil algae in general. The present paper gives a brief review of these investigations and discusses their stratigraphical and palaeontological importance on the background of similar work done outside India. The great scope and immense possibilities in India for further research in this field are indicated.
A brief summary of the studies of Rock-Forming Calcareous Algae in Japan
Authors: Yabe Hisakatsu
Published: September 2022

The role of calcareous algae is great in the construction of limestone formations. This note gives a retrospect of the studies pursued in Japan on the fossil algal floras taking part in the constitution of various limestones in different ages of the Japanese Islands and the islands of the Japanese possession in the pre-war time. In short, the algae of the corallinaceae and Halimeda are dominant in the Cenozoic limestones, Petrophyton in the Lower Cretaceous Orbitolina calc-psammite, algae of the Dasycladaceae and of the Porostromata, besides Solenopora, in the Upper Jurassic Torinosu limestone, algae of the Dasycladaceae, especially Mizzia, in the Permian fusulinid limestones and Solenopora in a Gotlandian limestone. Some remarks are added regarding Collenia and Girvanella limestones, and also two interesting finds of Margaritina and Triploporella in some Permian limestones of China.
Angiosperm leaf-impressions from the Kasauli beds, N.W. Himalayas
Authors: Sahni Birbal
Published: September 2022

Some dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous leaf impressions recently collected by the author from the Kasauli beds are described and figured. So far the only plant remains known from these beds were some leaf fragments referred to a palm Sabal major Heer, discovered by H. B. Medlicott (1864), briefly described by Dr. Kane in Medlicott and later figured by Feistmantel (1882). Since Medlicott's discovery of over 85 years ago no plant fossils have been recorded from these beds, which are probably much richer in fossils than has been generally believed.
Studies in the Glossopteris Flora of India: 1. Some new Fossil plants from the Lower Gondwanas of the Raniganj Coalfield, India
Authors: Srivastava P.N.
Published: September 2022

The plants described here are: (1) one species of Sphenopteris, viz. Sphenopteris lobifolia Morris, which is being recorded for the first time from the Lower Gondwana rocks of India; (2) a fertile frond of Pecopteris probably belonging to the genus ?Ptychocarpus; (3) an interesting specimen most probably referable to the genus ?Ctenis; (4) a new species of the problematical genus Actinopteris, viz. Actinopteris indica; and (5) a fructification, a cone most probably belonging to Schizoneura gondwanensis.
Palmoxylon surangei, a new species of petrified plams from the Deccan Intertrappean series
Authors: Lakhanpal R.N.
Published: September 2022

A new species of Palmoxylon, P. surangei sp. nov., is described from the Deccan Intertrappean series. The specimen was collected from Keria, a village about two miles south of Mohgaon Kalan, District Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh. The species belongs to the subgroup Cordata of petrified palm stems.
Fossil woods of Dipterocarpaceae from the Tertiary of South Arcot district, Madrad
Authors: Ramanujam C.G.K.
Published: September 2022

The paper describes three new species of fossil woods of Dipterocarpaceae, from the Tertiary rocks of Mortandra, in South Arcot district. They resemble very strongly the extant species of Shorea and Dipterocarpus. The fossils are named as Shoreoxylon Holdeni, Shoreoxylon mortandranse and Dipterocarpoxyloll indicum.
Some observations on pollen found in Indian Tertiary Lignites
Authors: Rao A.R.
Published: September 2022

Attention is drawn to the occurrence of some similar types of pollen, spores and possible microthyriaceous remains in some of the Tertiary lignites of India like those of Palana, Warkalli and S. Arcot and in the Deccan Intertrappean Series. The pollen has been provisionally compared to the genera like Potamogeton, Betula, Fraxinus, Borassus, Tilia, Protea, Carya, Carpinus, Quercus and Schizaea which might well have been the common components of the different Tertiary floras of India. The Indian Tertiary vegetation thus included families like the Proteaceae, Juglandaceae, Tiliaceae, Palmae, Fraxineae, Betulaceae, Potamogetonaceae and Schizaeaceae, and was probably uniform. Some of the above-mentioned pollen and spore types and particularly the Mierothyriaceae occurring in Indian Tertiary lignites are also found in Australia. This fact not only points to the wide distribution of some genera during the Tertiary period but also indicates that the climate was also probably similar in these widely separated regions.
On two new species of Samaropsis from the South Rewa Gondwana basin, Central India
Authors: Saksena Shivdayal
Published: September 2022

Two new species of winged fossil seeds are described from the Ganjra Nalla locality in the South Rewa Gondwana basin, Central India. One of the species, represented by a single specimen, has two broad lateral wings one on either side of a round body, which has a proximal ridge and a distal beak. This species is named Samaropsis johillensis.

There are three specimens of the other species which is characterized by an elliptical body, surrounded by two lateral wings, narrow at the proximal end giving it a cordate shape. The wings increase markedly towards the distal end where they are separated by a wide gap. This species is named Samaropsis ganjrensis.
Studies in the Glossopteris flora of India - 2. Equisetales from the Raniganj coalfield
Authors: Surange K.R.
Published: September 2022

The rhizome and vascular system of an equisetaceous stem is described. Some specimens of Phyllotheca indica are described showing the range in size and form in the species. A fuller description of Phyllotheca Griesbachi is given.
Some fossil plants from the PO series of Spiti (N. W. Himalayas)
Authors: Hoeg O.A. , Bose M.N. , Shukla B.N.
Published: September 2022

The paper deals with some fragmentary remains of fossil plants from the Po series of Spiti, collected in July 1952 from two different plant-bearing beds near the village of Tabo. The present collection strengthens the view of Gothan and Sahni that the age of the Tabo plant-bearing beds is Lower Carboniferous.
Further observations on Morelletpora nammalensis varma from the Khairabad limestone (Ranikot) beds of the Nammal Gorge, Punjab Salt Range
Authors: Varma C.P.
Published: September 2022

Recently the author (1950) reported the occurrence of a new genus of calcareous alga Morlletpora (Dasycladaceae) from the Ranikot beds (Paleocene) of the Punjab Salt Range. A diagnosis of the genus and a very brief description of M. nammalensis was given. The Ranikot alga has been studied further and the genus and its only known species have been redefined. M. nammalensis has been described and compared in detail. The alga has been classified under a new tribe Morelletporeae and sub-tribe Morelletporinae created by the author. Gyroporella Gumb and Uragiella Pia have been suggested to be classified under Gyroporellinae, another sub-tribe of Morelletporeae.
Microfloristic Evidence on the boundary between the Carboniferous and the Permian systems in Pfalz (W. Gwemany)
Authors: Bhardwaj D.C. , Venkatachala B.S.
Published: September 2022

The Sporae dispersae recovered out of the coals from the Upper Carboniferous (Stephanian C)- Lower Rotliegend succession in Pfalz (W. Germany), assigned to 17 spore genera, have been described It includes an account of four new species of Sporae dispersae.

It has been discovered that Lycospora disappears at the end of Stephanian C and Triquitrites continues to remain absent in Kuseler Schichen even. The succeeding microflora in Kuseler Schichten (Lower Rotliegend) continues as a much depleted Stephanian C microflora till finally dying out in Upper Kuseler Schichten. It has been concluded that microfloristically Kuseler Schichten can form a part of the Carboniferous and the boundary between the Permian and the Carboniferous can preferably lie between Kuseler Schichten and the succeeding Lebacher Schichten.
new species of Ptilophyllum from Bansa, South Rewa Gondwana basin
Authors: Bose M.N. , Dev Sukh
Published: September 2022

Cuticular structure of a new species of Ptilophyllum (P. gladiatum) from Bansa, South Rewa, has been described.
Studies in the Glossopteris flora of India - 8. Stereocarpus emarginatus gen. et sp. nov. - A seed from the Lower Gondwana of India
Authors: Surange K.R.
Published: September 2022

A new type of seed, wingless, thick with radial symmetry is described from the Raniganj Series of the Lower Gondwanas of India. A new name, Stereocarpus emarginatus, has been proposed for the same.
The genus Sonneratia and its fossil allies
Authors: Mahabale T.S. , Deshpande J.V.
Published: September 2022

The development, morphology and structure of the flower, embryo, fruit and seeds in two species of Sonneratia, S. acida L. and S. apetala Ham. Are given; and they are compared with the structure of the flower of Sahnianthus Shukla and with that of the fruit and seed of Enigmocarpon parijai Sahni, considered to be the fruit of Sahnianthus. The flowers of Sonneratia closely resemble in many gross features those of Sahnianthus and possess in addition bracts and a loose tissue of floral nectary around the base of the ovary. The fruit wall in S. acida and Enigmocarpon parijai also possesses arenchyma and nests of sclereids.

The fruit of S. acida dehisces irregularly as in Enigmocarpon and has no persistent calyx as in the fruit of S. apetala. The general structure of the fruit, placentation and vascular supply in the two are also more or less similar. The seeds of Enigmocarpon parijai, however, are said to possess both hypostase and epistase. There is a clear hypostase in Sonneratia, but no real epistase in it, like that in the Malpighiaceae. The inner wall of the inner integument in Sonneratia is very thin. When detached, it looks like a compressed hood in the micropyle in matured seeds. There is a conical nucellar beak on top of embryo sac in both the species of Sonneratia and is pushed up a little in the micropyle. The net result of compression during the further development of seeds is that the inner integument with its thin inner wall comes to lie over the nucellar beak, like the frayed end of a whip and gives an appearance of an epistase lying in the micropyle. There is, however, no organic continuity between the two, and, therefore, it is not a true epistase as in Malpighiaceae. In the seed of Enigmocarpon parijai also, there is no continuity between the basal conical part of the so-called epistase and the frayed whip-like end lying in the micropyle. It is, therefore, suggested that it may also have been formed of two distinct components, the nucellar beak on the top of the embryo sac and the thin integumental part lying above it in the micropyle. It was further observed that there is hypostase in several members of the Lythraceae such as Ammania, Woodfordia and Cuphea. They do not have a real epistase but only a nucellar beak.
The occurrence of Cycadopteris zigno in the Mesozoic rocks of India
Authors: Bose M.N.
Published: September 2022

A fragmentary frond of Cycadopteris sp. is reported here for the first time in India. The upper eutide of the leaf is also described.
Studies in the Glossopteris flora of India - 10. Dadoxylon barakarense sp. nov. from the Jharia coalfield, India
Authors: Surange K.R. , Saxena Y.N.
Published: September 2022

A new species of Dadoxylon, D. barakarense, is described from Barakar Stage (Lower Permian). The species is distinguished by the presence of wood parenchyma, 1-2 seriate medullary rays, 1-3 seriate, hexagonal and alternate or round and opposite to sub-opposite radial pits and tracheidal pits on tile tangential wall.
Occurrence of fossil Cynometra from the Cuddalore series near Pondicherry, India
Authors: Navale G.K.B.
Published: September 2022

The paper deals with the anatomical studies of fossil dicot wood from the Cuddalore Series. The structural details of the fossil specimen show closest affinities with the genus Cynometra. The specimen is described as Cynometroxylon dakshinense sp. nov.
Taxonomy of fossil plants (Inclusive sporae dispersae) in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, 1956
Authors: Potonie R.
Published: September 2022

NA
Morrisia, a new genus of Cycadophytic fronds from the Rajmahal Hills, Bihar
Authors: Bose M.N.
Published: September 2022

Under the genus Morrisia are placed those pinnate leaves of Taeniopteris mcclellandi (OLDHAM & MORRIS), which were earlier described by Oldham and Morris (1863) as Stangerites mcclellandi. In addition to the old specimens of Oldham and Morris a few new specimens collected from Bindraban and Sakrigalighat in the Rajmahal Hills, Bihar, during the years 1954-1956 are also described.
The fossil flora of the Jabalpur group - 1. Ptilophyllum institacallum n. sp.
Authors: Bose M.N.
Published: September 2022

Ptilophyllurn institacallum n. sp. is characterized by its thick lower cuticle with cells having variously shaped papillae. The stomata are irregularly scattered over the lower cuticle which shows no distinction between stomatiferous and non-stomatiferaus bands.
On Porostrobus zeilleri Nathorst and its spores with remarks on the systematic position of P. bennholdi Bode and the phylogeny of Densosporites Berry
Authors: Bharadwaj D.C.
Published: September 2022

This paper contains results of a reinvestigation of Porostrobus zeilleri Nathorst., a fructification from the Lower Carboniferous of Spitzbergen and, based thereupon, remarks on the systematic position of P. bennholdi Bode and the phylogeny of Densosporites Berry.

The cone studied represents the lower portion including a part of the stalk. The cone shows rhomboid sporangia arranged spirally, sporangial sporophylls not visible but fine delicate hairs, apparently sporophyllends, seen on the matrix along one of the sides of the cone. Megasporat and microsporate sporangia occur intermixed. Megaspores are sack-like, bottom heavy and gulate or vestibuled with verrucose ornamentation of the exine. Microspores are cingulate, roundly triangular with spinose ornamentation. Inner body has 3 inter-ray papillae.

Porostrobus shows lepidodendroid as well as sigillarioid characters.

Porostorbus bennholdi Bode is shown not to be a Porostrobus at all. It is provisionally referred to Lepidocarpon.

The microspores of Porostrobus agree morphographically as well as stratigraphically to the genotype of the dispersed spore genus Densosporites Berry. In view of the fact that Densosporites also occurs in strata where Porostrobus has never been found, it is postulated that presently circumscribed Densosporites contains spores of cone genera other the Porostrobus as well. 

PS. Porostrobus is considered distinct from Selaginellites and S. canonbiensis Chaloner is advised inclusion in Bothrostrobus (Nath.) Sew.
The seed of Caytonia
Authors: Harris Tom M.
Published: September 2022

A large number of Caytonia seeds has been studied by maceration and the following new parts recognized: inner epidermis and cuticle of integument, nucellar beak forming the pollen chamber and aleurone layer.

Certain uncutinized parts are occasionally preserved, through some exceptional process.

No cutinized megaspore membrane exists in Caytonia.

Certain definite parts of the seed are still not understood and call for further work.5. In having an almost completely cutinized nucellus and no megaspore cuticle Caytonia differs from nearly all Gymnosperms except a few fossils, but agrees with Angiosperms. In other respects, the Caytonia seed is purely Gymnospermous.
Further observations on plant microfossils from a carbonaceous shale (Krols) near Naini Tal, with a discussion on the age of the beds
Authors: Lakhanpal R.N. , Sah S.C.D. , Dube S.N.
Published: September 2022

The plant microfossils recovered from a carbonaceous shale from Brewery, near Naini Tal, belonging to the Krol series, have been described. The recognizable dispersed spores have been assigned to eleven genera and eighteen species. They have been arranged according to the system proposed by Potonie and Kremp. The isolated seeds and fragments of woods and cuticles have been grouped as "Plantae incertae sedis". The age of the Krolseries has been discussed in the light of the microfossils recovered.
A palm trunk from the Lower Miocene coal basin of Salgotarjan
Authors: Greguss Pal
Published: September 2022

The tree-trunk examined originates from North Hungary, from the coal basin of Salgotarjan. Its age is Lower Miocene. The presence of scattered vascular bundles in the 10 cm. long and 8 cm. wide trunk piece shows that it is of palm origin. The minute anatomical structure also confirms that the petrifaction in question is a palm-stem. Another fossil palm has been reported from Hungary from the Lower Miocene, which resembles rather the recent Sabal. The above-mentioned petrifaction is essentially different from this and, therefore, it has been described under a new name: Palmoxylon hungaricum Greg.
A fossil dicotyledonous wood resembling the modern Tamarindus from the Tertiary rocks of South Arcot district, Madras
Authors: Ramanujam C.G.K.
Published: September 2022

A fossil dicotyledonous wood resembling closely the wood of the modern species of Tamarindus has been described in detail for the first time from the Tertiary rocks of India. The fossil was collected from near Mortandra in the Cuddalore series, 5 miles NW. of Pondicherry; it has been named Tamarindoxylon antiquum gen. et sp. nov.
Phyllanthinium bangalamodense : A new species of fossil Euphorbiaceous wood from the "Cuddalore series" of India
Authors: Navale G.K.B.
Published: September 2022

The anatomy of a petrified dicotyledonous wood is described from the Tertiary rocks of the Cuddalore series, South India. The fossil specimen shows close resemblances with the woods of the Phyllanthoidae group of Euphorbiaceae.
The taxonomic significance of the term Psilopsida and the evolutionary trends of this plant phylum
Authors: Nemejc F.
Published: September 2022

The taxonomical significance of the term Psilopsida is discussed in this article. As a special plant phylum the Silurian-Devonian Psilopsida sensu stricto are regarded as an independent intermediary cryptogamic vascular type standing between the Bryophyta and all true pteridophytic plant phyla and exhibiting its own peculiar evolutionary trends. The opinion is suggested that we have to investigate these special evolutionary trends quite independently and irrespectively of the evolution of the single pteridophytic phyla. Several of these trends are indicated.
Further studies on the structure and composition of variably degraded ancient woody tissues
Authors: Sen J.
Published: September 2022

Ancient wood of Heritiera fomes, Bischofia javanica and Picea excelsa has been studied with reference to chemistry of these woods and of their normal representatives in relation to anatomical degradation; structure and texture of the walls of tracheids and fibres and their chemical degradation; microscopic architecture of the cell-wall in terms of its submicroscopic organization, and of its composition.

The cellulose in ancient wood is degraded and disappears relatively guickly, whereas lignin is largely retained. When cellulose is destroyed, its original trend of orientation is left in the form of texture in lignin. In some cases, the original submicroscopic structure of cellulose is, however, well preserved. Probably the mineralization of the decaying cell-wall is mainly controlled by the surviving cellulose or the pattern it leaves in the texture of lignin.
On Hepaticites Kashmiriensis sp. nov. - A fossil member of the Hepaticae from the Karewas of Kashmir, India
Authors: Mehta K.R. , Goswami S.K.
Published: September 2022

One of the samples of a lignitic coal collected from the Nichahom - Handwara area of Kashmir (alt. 6,000'-10,500') on maceration with conc. HC1 and 2 per cent alkali released, a few bryophytic specimens also. One of these, Hepaticites Kashmiriensis, has been described here. It differs from other species of Hepaticites Walton in general plant structure, size of the cells and rhizoids.
Pollen and spore from Neyveli Lignite, South India
Authors: Navale G.K.B.
Published: September 2022

The paper describes some fossil pollen grains and spores from the Neyveli lignite. The fossil grains have been compared to their nearest modern equivalents. The families to which the fossil sporomorphs belong are Caprifoliaceae, Cruciferae, Gentianaceae, Labiatae, Meliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Santalaceae, Gramineae, Liliaceae and Polypodiaceae.
Studies in the Glossopteris flora on India - 13. Barakaroxylon, a new genus of petrified wood from the lower gondwanas of India
Authors: Surange K.R. , Maithy P.K.
Published: September 2022

A novo combination - Barakaroxylon jhariense is proposed for the wood Dadoxylon jhariense Surange & Sah. This wood possesses a solid pith, with marginal vertically running secretory canals and secretory cells. Another new species of Barakaroxylon, i.e. B. kraeuseli is instituted. This wood is characterized by the presence of pitting only on the radial walls of the tracheids and secretory canals scattered all over the pith.
Gymnospermous wood with primary structures from Gondwana Rocks - A Review
Authors: Krausel R. , Maithy P.K. , Maheshwari Hari K.
Published: September 2022

NA
On fossil flora of Ganjra Nalla Bed, South Rewa : Part I. Macrofossils
Authors: Saksena Shivdayal
Published: September 2022

Fine-grained micaceous carbonaceous shales of Ganjra nalla bed (23.22: 81.4E.) are overcrowded with carbonized impressions of Glossopteris indica, G. browniana, G. decipiens, Gangamopteris cyclopteroides, Noeggerathiopsis hislopi, some stems and several species of Samaropsis. A bryophytic sporogonium-like body has also been found. Description of Samaropsis and bryophytic sporogonium-like body has been published separately.
Studies in the Glossopteris flora of India: 14. Two new fossil woods from the Lower Gondwanas of India
Authors: Surange K.R. , Maithy P.K.
Published: September 2022

Two new fossil woods, viz. Indoxylon canalosum gen. et sp. nov. and Dadoxylon parenchymosum have been described from the Lower Gondwanas of India. The former wood is characterized by the presence of secretory canals in the pith, one in centre and rest on the margin and connected by horizontal running canals. The latter wood Dadoxylon parenchymosum is characterized by the presence of solid parenchymatous pith, araucaroid pitting on the radial and tangential walls of the tracheids.
A Shoreoxylon and two other Tertiary woods from the Garo Hills, Assam
Authors: Eyde Richard H.
Published: September 2022

An examination of a collection of fossil wood specimens from the Tertiary of Assam revealed the presence of three distinct kinds of wood. Two of the woods, referable to the family Dipterocarpacea, are described under the names Shoreoxylon evidens sp. nov. and Dipterocarpoxylon kalaicharparense sp. nov. The third is a Terminalia wood, very similar to one previously reported from the Cachar Hills by Prakash and Navale.
The morphology of Stauropteris oldhamia Binney
Authors: Chaphekar M.
Published: September 2022

The mode of branching of the frond of Stauropteris oldhamia Binney, previously described up to the rachises of the 4th order (BERTRAND, 1907-9) has now been described up to the minute tips, viz. the rachises of the 5th and 6th orders.
The aphlebiae are shown to be branched structures, consisting of up to 13 divisions which arise by fundamentally dichotomous branching. The aphlebial divisions have a fibrous structure and are supplied with minute vascular strands. The morphological nature of the aphlebiae is discussed.
In the light of the present findings a new reconstruction of a part of the frond of Stauropteris oldhamia is given.
Castanoxylon gen. nov. from Tertiary beds of the Cuddalore series near Pondicherry, India
Authors: Navale G.K.B.
Published: September 2022

The paper deals with the anatomical studies of the two new fossil dicotyledonous woods resembling the modern woods of Castanopsis. But the woods of Castanea, some species of Lithocarpus and Quercus also show similar combination of anatomical characters like the woods of Castanopsis. Therefore, a new genus Castanoxylon has been created to accommodate the present fossil and for fossils showing similar anatomical characters like the woods of Castanopsis, Castanea, some species of Lithocarpus and Quercus.
Anogeissusoxylon indicum gen. et sp. nov. from the Tertiary rocks near Pondicherry, India
Authors: Navale G.K.B.
Published: September 2022

The present paper describes the anatomical structures of a new fossil dicotyledonous wood collected near Pondicherry, South India. The detailed study of the fossil specimen has shown its affinities with the genus Anogeissus (combretaceae). Therefore, a new form-genus Anogeissusoxylon is created to accommodate the fossil specimen (A. indicum n. sp.).
Studies in Musaceae- 2. Musocaulon Indicum gen. et. sp. nov., A petrified pseudostem from the Deccan Intertrappean Series,India.
Authors: Jain R.K.
Published: September 2022

The present paper deals with a petrified pseudostem of Musaceae discovered from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Mohgaon Kalan (22°1'N; 79°11'E) in district Chhindwara, M.P., India. It is the first fossil record of a pseudostem from India or elsewhere. It has been referred to Musaceae. But it could not be identified with certainty with any living genus.
Some fossil wood from the Jurassic of Rajmahal Hills, Bihar, India
Authors: Sah S.C.D. , Jain K.P.
Published: September 2022

The present paper deals with four new species of Dadoxylon based on secondary woods. They are D. amraparense, D. mandroense, D. bindrabunense, and D. santalense.
Stachyotaxus Sampathkumarani sp. nov. from Onthea in the Rajmahal Hills, Bihar
Authors: Rao A.R.
Published: September 2022

An impression collected from Onthea in the Rajmahal Hills in Bihar (Jurassic), India, is described and interpreted as a species of Stachyotaxus. The impression shows the sterile part bearing Elatocladus conferta type of leaves and the strobilar part bearing oppositely arranged megasporophylls, bearing in the angles of their inward bend two obliquely placed seeds, like those of Stachyotaxus elegans. Incidentally this is the first report of Stachyotaxus from India and the specimen is placed under a new name S. sampathkumarani.
Cycadolepis Saporta from the Rajmahal hills, Bihar
Authors: Bose M.N. , Jain K.P.
Published: September 2022

Revised interpretation of Cycadolepis indica Gupta (1954) and description of a new combination C. oldhamii (Feistmantel) form the subject of this paper.
Palynological studies of Merlabach coals in conjuntion with petrographic structure
Authors: Navale G.K.B.
Published: September 2022

Palynological studies of Merlabach coals from Veine 6 stage 686 have been made along with petrographic structure. The detailed qualitative and quantitative studies of microspore and petrographic components of coals indicate three main zones of microlithotypes and microspore assemblages. Even minor zones are indicated in the main zones. Recognition of these zones suggest sequential coalification of the heterogeneous coal seam. Also the study has shown a distinct relationship between some microspores and petrographic components.
New miospore genera in the coals of barakar stage (lower gondwana) of India
Authors: Tiwari R.S.
Published: September 2022

In the present paper six new miospore genera found in the coals of Barakar Stage of India have been described. New morphographical characters and their hitherto unknown associations, have been determined. Striareticuloiditi infrat. nov., has been proposed to accommodate the dissaccate miospore genera bearing reticuloid striations on the central body.