bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Juvenile fish response to wetland inundation: how antecedent conditions can inform environmental flow policies for native fish
Authors: Beesley Leah S. , Gwinn Daniel C. , Price Amina , King Alison J. , Gawne Ben , Koehn John D. , Nielsen Daryl L.
Published: September 2014

One of the greatest threats to lotic ecosystems is flow regulation. The impacts of flow regulation on native fish are often mitigated using periodic water allocations, termed environmental flows. The effectiveness of environmental flows has been studied in some systems, but the role of flow conditions prior to water allocation (i.e. antecedent conditions) has rarely been quantified.

We evaluated the effects of floodplain inundation due to variable river flows on fish abundance in wetlands of the mid‐Murray River, Australia, using a hierarchical multi‐species model parameterized to estimate fish abundance while accounting for variable detection. We evaluated the effects of antecedent conditions on three time‐scales, including patterns in long‐term (5 years prior), medium‐term (1 year prior) and short‐term (3 months prior) wetland inundations.

While species‐specific responses to antecedent conditions varied, we found a general divergence in the responses of native and non‐native species. Native fish tended to respond positively to consistent frequent inundation of wetlands, while non‐native fish tended to respond positively to long‐ or medium‐term dry periods and short‐term wet periods.

Fish detection probability varied among species, sampling gears, wetland areas and wetlands, indicating that accounting for variable detection can be critical when evaluating patterns in fish abundance.

Synthesis and applications. We found that antecedent conditions can be important for determining environmental water allocation policies. Our results indicated that native fish generally responded positively to frequent inundation of wetlands, while non‐native species generally responded positively to long dry periods followed by short‐term inundation events. For some non‐native species, long dry periods not only generated a positive response in abundance, but enhanced the positive response to short‐term inundation events. The divergence between native and non‐native fishes' responses to antecedent conditions provides opportunities for managers to allocate water to favour native fish assemblages. Future research of environmental flows for managing fish assemblages should consider antecedent conditions and apply models that account for incomplete detection, such as the one developed here, to better inform the management process.
Effects of forest certification on the ecological condition of Mediterranean streams
Authors: Dias Filipe S. , Bugalho Miguel N. , Rodríguez‐González Patricia M. , Albuquerque António , Cerdeira J. Orestes
Published: September 2014

Forest certification, a proxy for sustainable forest management, covers more than 10% of the world's forests. Under forest certification, forest managers and landowners must comply with environmental, economic and social management standards aiming to promote forest conservation. Despite an increasing area of certified forests, there is a dearth of data on how forest certification is affecting the conservation of forest ecosystems and associated habitats.

Here, we assess the effects of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification, one of the largest certification schemes in the world, on the ecological condition of streams crossing Mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands.

We used the Stream Visual Assessment Protocol (SVAP) to compare the ecological condition of streams located in areas with 3 and 5 years of certification, in non‐certified areas and in least disturbed streams.

Forest certification positively affected the ecological condition of the surveyed streams, but its effects were only measurable after 5 years of certification. Streams with 5 years of certification had more continuous, dense and diverse riparian vegetation when compared to streams located in non‐certified areas. Moreover, the condition of streams located in areas with 5 years of forest certification was similar to the condition of least disturbed streams.

Synthesis and applications. Forest certification promotes the ecological condition of streams occurring within Mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands. This mainly happens because in areas under forest certification, managers and landowners have to comply with management practices that require them to remove or reduce the main causes for stream degradation, allowing riparian habitats to recover. Within landscapes with large and increasing areas under forest certification, such as the Mediterranean cork oak woodlands, the positive effects of certification on the ecological condition of streams may spread across the hydrographic network in the medium to long term.
Modern Rice Technologies and Productivity in the Philippines: Disentangling Technology from Managerial Gaps
Authors: Villano Renato , Bravo‐Ureta Boris , Solís Daniel , Fleming Euan
Published: September 2014

Using cross‐sectional farm‐level data from 3,164 rice‐farming households in the Philippines, we measure the impact of modern rice technologies on farm productivity while disentangling technology gaps (the distance between production frontiers) from managerial gaps (differences in technical efficiency). To do so, we combine a recently developed stochastic production frontier framework with impact evaluation techniques to control for biases stemming from observables and unobservables. First, we find an adequate control group using propensity score matching to mitigate the effect of biases from observable variables. Then, we test for biases that might arise from unobserved variables using a stochastic frontier framework corrected for self‐selection. Finally, we estimate meta‐frontiers to assess productivity differences between adopters and non‐adopters. The analysis shows that the adoption of certified seeds has a significant and positive impact on productivity, efficiency and net income in rice farming.
Food Beliefs: Elicitation, Estimation and Implications for Labeling Policy
Authors: Costanigro Marco , Deselnicu Oana , Kroll Stephan
Published: September 2014

We present a model in which consumers use product attributes (or labels) and their own beliefs to form expectations about the quality of a product. We use best–worst scaling to elicit beliefs, and study how information may influence these beliefs. In our ranking experiments, participants sort different milk products according to (perceived) nutritional or environmental quality, and we use the resulting choice data to recover beliefs econometrically. In a nutritional quality experiment, we measure how food labels (i.e. front‐of‐package, back‐of‐package and ratio of recommended to restricted nutrients) alter consumers’ beliefs, finding that truthful attribute information may sometimes mislead consumers. The discussion explains how similar experiments could be used to distinguish informative labels from marketing messages.
Polymorphisms in TRPV1 and TAS2Rs Associate with Sensations from Sampled Ethanol
Authors: Allen Alissa L. , McGeary John E. , Hayes John E.
Published: September 2014

Background

Genetic variation in chemosensory genes can explain variability in individual's perception of and preference for many foods and beverages. To gain insight into variable preference and intake of alcoholic beverages, we explored individual variability in the responses to sampled ethanol (EtOH). In humans, EtOH elicits sweet, bitter, and burning sensations. Here, we explore the relationship between variation in EtOH sensations and polymorphisms in genes encoding bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) and a polymodal nociceptor (TRPV1).

Methods

Caucasian participants (n = 93) were genotyped for 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TRPV1, 3 SNPs in TAS2R38, and 1 SNP in TAS2R13. Participants rated sampled EtOH on a generalized Labeled Magnitude Scale. Two stimuli were presented: a 16% EtOH whole‐mouth sip‐and‐spit solution with a single time‐point rating of overall intensity and a cotton swab saturated with 50% EtOH on the circumvallate papillae (CV) with ratings of multiple qualities over 3 minutes. Area‐under‐the‐curve (AUC) was calculated for the time‐intensity data.

Results

The EtOH whole‐mouth solution had overall intensity ratings near “very strong.” Burning/stinging had the highest mean AUC values, followed by bitterness and sweetness. Whole‐mouth intensity ratings were significantly associated with burning/stinging and bitterness AUC values on the CV. Three TRPV1 SNPs (rs224547, rs4780521, rs161364) were associated with EtOH sensations on the CV, with 2 (rs224547 and rs4780521) exhibiting strong linkage disequilibrium. Additionally, the TAS2R38 SNPs rs713598, rs1726866, and rs10246939 formed a haplotype, and were associated with bitterness on the CV. Last, overall intensity for whole‐mouth EtOH associated with the TAS2R13 SNP rs1015443.

Conclusions

These data suggest genetic variation in TRPV1 and TAS2Rs influence sensations from sampled EtOH and may potentially influence how individuals initially respond to alcoholic beverages.
The longer term experiences of parent training: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Furlong M. , McGilloway S.
Published: September 2014

Background

Child conduct problems are a major public health priority. Group‐based parenting programmes are popular in addressing such problems, but evidence for their longer‐term effectiveness is limited. Moreover, process evaluations are rare and little is understood about the key facilitative and inhibitive factors associated with maintaining outcomes in the longer term.

Method

This study involved the use of qualitative methods as part of a larger process evaluation to explore the longer‐term experiences of parents who participated in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the Incredible Years Parenting Programme (IYPP) in disadvantaged settings in Ireland. A series of one‐to‐one in‐depth interviews was conducted with parents at 12‐ (n = 20) and 18‐month follow‐up (n = 8) and analysed using constructivist grounded theory.

Results

Most parents reported positive child behaviour despite several challenges, but a substantial subset reported periods of relapse in positive outcomes. A relapse in child behaviour was linked to relinquishing skills in stressful times, the negative influence of an unsupportive environment, and the perceived ineffectiveness of parenting skills. Resilience in implementing skills despite adversity, and the utilization of available social supports, were associated with the maintenance of positive outcomes.

Conclusions

Strengthening resilience and social support capacities may be important factors in maintaining positive longer‐term outcomes. Those who design, research and deliver parenting programmes might consider the possibility of including a relapse‐prevention module and/or the provision of post‐intervention supports for more vulnerable families.
SOX10 mutations mimic isolated hearing loss
Authors: Pingault V. , Faubert E. , Baral V. , Gherbi S. , Loundon N. , Couloigner V. , Denoyelle F. , Noël‐Pétroff N. , Ducou Le Pointe H. , Elmaleh‐Bergès M. , Bondurand N. , Marlin S.
Published: September 2014

Ninety genes have been identified to date that are involved in non‐syndromic hearing loss, and more than 300 different forms of syndromic hearing impairment have been described. Mutations in SOX10, one of the genes contributing to syndromic hearing loss, induce a large range of phenotypes, including several subtypes of Waardenburg syndrome and Kallmann syndrome with deafness. In addition, rare mutations have been identified in patients with isolated signs of these diseases. We used the recent characterization of temporal bone imaging aspects in patients with SOX10 mutations to identify possible patients with isolated hearing loss due to SOX10 mutation. We selected 21 patients with isolated deafness and temporal bone morphological defects for mutational screening. We identified two SOX10 mutations and found that both resulted in a non‐functional protein in vitro. Re‐evaluation of the two affected patients showed that both had previously undiagnosed olfactory defects. Diagnosis of anosmia or hyposmia in young children is challenging, and particularly in the absence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), SOX10 mutations can mimic non‐syndromic hearing impairment. MRI should complete temporal bones computed tomographic scan in the management of congenital deafness as it can detect brain anomalies, cochlear nerve defects, and olfactory bulb malformation in addition to inner ear malformations.
Next‐generation DNA sequencing of a Swedish malignant hyperthermia cohort
Authors: Broman M. , Kleinschnitz I. , Bach J.E. , Rost S. , Islander G. , Müller C.R.
Published: September 2014

Malignant hyperthermia (MH)‐related mutations have been identified in the ryanodine receptor type 1 gene (RYR1) and in the dihydropyridine gene (CACNA1S), but about half of the patients do not have causative mutations in these genes. We wanted to study the contribution of other muscle genes to the RYR1 phenotypes. We designed a gene panel for sequence enrichment targeting 64 genes of proteins involved in the homeostasis of the striated muscle cell. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) resulted in >50,000 sequence variants which were further analyzed by software filtering criteria to identify causative variants. In four of five patients we identified previously reported RYR1 mutations while the fifth patient did not show any candidate variant in any of the genes investigated. In two patients pathogenic variants were found in other genes known to cause a muscle disorders. All but one patient carried likely benign rare polymorphisms. The NGS technique proved convenient in identifying variants in the RYR1. However, with a clinically variable phenotype‐like MH, the pre‐selection of genes poses problems in variant interpretation.
Hog Industry Structure and the Stringency of Environmental Regulation
Authors: Azzam Azzeddine , Nene Gibson , Schoengold Karina
Published: September 2014

The paper develops a comparative statics model of long‐run industry equilibrium in the presence of size‐based environmental regulation stringency and applies the model to the U.S. hog industry. The economic model shows that when size‐based environmental stringency is also size biased, large farms downsize, expand, or do neither depending on how environmental stringency shifts their marginal production cost relative to their average cost. Empirical testing using data from the top‐ten hog‐producing states suggests that environmental regulation stringency has limited impact on small farms and leads to a reduction in the number of large farms. Results cannot reject positive size bias at the farm level due to the stringency of environmental regulation.
790. ERYTHRONIUM HENDERSONII
Authors: Clennett Chris
Published: September 2014

The taxonomy, distribution and cultural requirements of the North American Erythronium hendersonii S. Watson (Liliaceae) are discussed; an illustration is provided, together with a full description.
795. ROSA MOYESII FORMA ROSEA
Authors: Rix Martyn
Published: September 2014

Rosa moyesii f. rosea Rehder & Wilson from Sichuan, near Kanding, is illustrated. Its relationships with f. moyesii and with Rosa sweginzowii Koehne, Rosa holodonta Stapf and related species from western China are discussed.
Evaluation of the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator pretreatment in acute stroke patients with large vessel occlusions treated with the direct bridging approach. Is it worth the effort?
Authors: Fjetland L. , Kurz K. D. , Roy S. , Kurz M. W.
Published: September 2014

Background and purpose

The direct bridging concept in acute stroke treatment combines intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and endovascular treatment (EVT). The frequency and extent of reperfusion obtained already due to IVT were evaluated. Additionally undesired events and the clinical outcome were analysed.

Methods

Fifty‐seven acute stroke patients treated with direct bridging were analysed for this study. The response to IVT was evaluated according to the modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction scale (m‐TICI). IVT responders (m‐TICI ≥2B in digital subtraction angiography) were compared with IVT non‐responders (m‐TICI <2B in digital subtraction angiography) with respect to clinical outcome and occurrence of undesired events.

Results

Fourteen patients (25%) got a change from TICI 0 to ≥2B due to IVT alone. There were otherwise no differences between the IVT responders and IVT non‐responders.

Conclusions

Intravenous thrombolysis pretreatment in the context of the bridging approach contributes substantially to revascularization.
Within‐Individual Correlations Reveal Link Between a Behavioral Syndrome, Condition, and Cortisol in Free‐Ranging Belding's Ground Squirrels
Authors: Dosmann Andy J. , Brooks Katherine C. , Mateo Jill M.
Published: September 2014

Animals often exhibit consistent individual differences in behavior (i.e., animal personality) and correlations between behaviors (i.e., behavioral syndromes), yet the causes of those patterns of behavioral variation remain insufficiently understood. Many authors hypothesize that state‐dependent behavior produces animal personality and behavioral syndromes. However, empirical studies assessing patterns of covariation among behavioral traits and state variables have produced mixed results. New statistical methods that partition correlations into between‐individual and residual within‐individual correlations offer an opportunity to more sufficiently quantify relationships among behaviors and state variables to assess hypotheses of animal personality and behavioral syndromes. In a population of wild Belding's ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi), we repeatedly measured activity, exploration, and response to restraint behaviors alongside glucocorticoids and nutritional condition. We used multivariate mixed models to determine whether between‐individual or within‐individual correlations drive phenotypic relationships among traits. Squirrels had consistent individual differences for all five traits. At the between‐individual level, activity and exploration were positively correlated whereas both traits negatively correlated with response to restraint, demonstrating a behavioral syndrome. At the within‐individual level, condition negatively correlated with cortisol, activity, and exploration. Importantly, this indicates that although behavior is state‐dependent, which may play a role in animal personality and behavioral syndromes, feedback mechanisms between condition and behavior appear not to produce consistent individual differences in behavior and correlations between them.
Small Mammals Ignore Common Rules: A Comparison of Vocal Repertoires and the Acoustics between Pup and Adult Piebald Shrews Diplomesodon pulchellum
Authors: Volodin Ilya A. , Zaytseva Alexandra S. , Ilchenko Olga G. , Volodina Elena V.
Published: September 2014

A common rule for mammals vocalizing in the human audible frequency range (20 Hz–20 kHz) suggests that calls are higher in fundamental frequency (f0) in the young than in adults, because of the smaller sound‐producing structures of the young. Exclusions are rare, for example the pups of Asian house shrews (Suncus murinus) make some call types of the same or higher pitch than adults. In this study, calls from 62 piebald shrews (Diplomesodon pulchellum), 37 1 to 10‐d‐old pups from 10 litters and 25 adults were acoustically investigated in captivity. We found eight call types, all within the human audible frequency range: short and long low‐frequency squeaks with nearly flat contour, high‐frequency squeaks with modulated contour, high‐frequency squeaks with fractured contour, short and long screeches, clicks and whimpers. Seven call types were shared by pups and adults, suggesting that this vocal repertoire commences at birth. Against the common rule, the f0 of squeaks was the same in pups and adults, and the f0 of clicks and screeches was even higher in adults than in pups. These results suggest a non‐descending ontogenetic pathway that not follows the common physical relationship, of the lower f0 for the larger vocal folds.
Duration of disease influences survival to discharge ofThoroughbred mares with surgically treated large colon volvulus
Authors: Hackett E. S. , Embertson R. M. , Hopper S. A. , Woodie J. B. , Ruggles A. J.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

Large colon volvulus results in strangulating obstruction requiring surgical treatment. Duration of this disease prior to surgical treatment is likely to influence survival directly.

Objectives

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of duration of large colon volvulus on patient survival to discharge. Relationships between other factors and survival following large colon volvulus were also examined.

Study design

Retrospective case analysis.

Methods

Medical records ofThoroughbred mares aged ≥2 years undergoing surgical treatment for large colon volvulus between 1March 1986 and 28February 2011 were reviewed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify influence of duration and other factors on survival to discharge.

Results

Within the study period, 1039 surgeries were performed to correct large colon volvulus in 896Thoroughbred mares. Median duration of colic signs prior to admission was 2 h (interquartile range [IQR] 1–4 h). Median time from admission to anaesthetic induction was 25 min (IQR15–45 min). Median surgical time was 70 min (IQR55–85 min). Primary surgical treatment was simple correction of the large colon volvulus followed by replacement of the colon. The overall survival to discharge was 88%. The final model identified risk factors significantly associated with survival and included colic duration prior to admission, packed cell volume at admission, surgery length, duration of hypotension while under anaesthesia, heart rate 48 h post operatively, post operative manure consistency and days hospitalised.

Conclusions

Duration of colic prior to admission was statistically associated with patient survival to discharge. Other factors significantly associated with survival in mares with large colon volvulus were related to disease severity and degree of colonic compromise. Mares with large colon volvulus have a good prognosis for recovery with early referral and prompt surgical treatment.
Long‐term growth‐increment chronologies reveal diverse influences of climate forcing on freshwater and forest biota in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Black Bryan A. , Dunham Jason B. , Blundon Brett W. , Brim‐Box Jayne , Tepley Alan J.
Published: September 2014

Analyses of how organisms are likely to respond to a changing climate have focused largely on the direct effects of warming temperatures, though changes in other variables may also be important, particularly the amount and timing of precipitation. Here, we develop a network of eight growth‐increment width chronologies for freshwater mussel species in the Pacific Northwest, United States and integrate them with tree‐ring data to evaluate how terrestrial and aquatic indicators respond to hydroclimatic variability, including river discharge and precipitation. Annual discharge averaged across water years (October 1–September 30) was highly synchronous among river systems and imparted a coherent pattern among mussel chronologies. The leading principal component of the five longest mussel chronologies (1982–2003; PC1mussel) accounted for 47% of the dataset variability and negatively correlated with the leading principal component of river discharge (PC1discharge; r = −0.88; P < 0.0001). PC1mussel and PC1discharge were closely linked to regional wintertime precipitation patterns across the Pacific Northwest, the season in which the vast majority of annual precipitation arrives. Mussel growth was also indirectly related to tree radial growth, though the nature of the relationships varied across the landscape. Negative correlations occurred in forests where tree growth tends to be limited by drought while positive correlations occurred in forests where tree growth tends to be limited by deep or lingering snowpack. Overall, this diverse assemblage of chronologies illustrates the importance of winter precipitation to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and suggests that a complexity of climate responses must be considered when estimating the biological impacts of climate variability and change.
The DNA‐Binding Protein HU has a Regulatory Role in the Acid Stress Response Mechanism in Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Almarza Oscar , Núñez Daniel , Toledo Hector
Published: September 2014

Background

Bacterial genomes are compacted by association with histone‐like proteins to form a complex known as bacterial chromatin. The histone‐like protein HU is capable of binding and bending the DNA molecule, a function related to compaction, protection, and regulation of gene expression. In Helicobacter pylori, HU is the only histone‐like protein described so far. Proteomic analysis from our laboratory showed that this protein is overexpressed under acidic stress.

Materials and Methods

We used a purified recombinant wild‐type protein and two mutant proteins with the amino acid substitutions K3A/S27D and K62R/V63N/P64A to characterize the function of the N‐terminal domain and the flexible arm of HU.

Results

In vitro assays for DNA protection, bending, and compaction were performed. We also designed a H. pylori hup::cat mutant strain to study the role of HU in the acid stress response. HUwt protein binds DNA and promotes its bending and compaction. Compared with the wild‐type protein, both mutant proteins have less affinity for DNA and an impaired bending and compaction ability. By using qRT‐PCR, we confirmed overexpression of two genes related to acid stress response (ureA and speA). Such overexpression was abolished in the hup::cat strain, which shows an acid‐sensitive phenotype.

Conclusions

Altogether, we have shown that HUwt–DNA complex formation is favored under acidic pH and that the complex protects DNA from endonucleolytic cleavage and oxidative stress damage. We also showed that the amino‐terminal domain of HU is relevant to DNA–protein complex formation and that the flexible arm of HU is involved in the bending and compaction activities of HU.
Effect of Spinel Kinds on Properties of Alumina—Spinel Castables
Authors: Qiu Wendong , Ruan Guozhi , Ouyang Junhua , Zhao Yuxi , Xu Guogang
Published: September 2014

Effect of spinel kinds on the properties of alumina—spinel castables was investigated. The results showed that the addition of various kinds of spinels has an effect on the physical and mechanical properties of these refractory castables. The reason is that the Al2O3‐rich spinel precipitated Al2O3 and MgO‐rich spinel solid solution and formed secondary spinel. In addition, stable spinel in castables during heat treatment process was found to be more effective for enhancing cold and hot strength.
Divine Simplicity in Historical Perspective: Resourcing a Contemporary Discussion
Authors: Ortlund Gavin
Published: September 2014

This article seeks to resource contemporary discussions about divine simplicity by exploring how this doctrine was understood throughout patristic and medieval church history, especially with respect to the relation of divine simplicity to the doctrine of the Trinity. It argues, first, that there have been different versions of divine simplicity throughout church history, though most current treatments focus on the Thomist version. Second, it suggests that divine simplicity had a greater role in the witness and worship of the church than is generally recognized today. Third, it argues that many of the differences between contemporary and ancient treatments of divine simplicity boil down to more basic ontological differences. Finally, it draws attention to the close connection between divine simplicity and the Trinity throughout church history, and suggests that the doctrine of divine simplicity provides a more reliable means of grounding the Trinity as monotheistic than the doctrine of perichoresis.
When Is a Firm's Information Asymmetry Priced? The Role of Institutional Investors
Authors: Luong Hoang Luong , Nguyen Huong Giang (Lily) , Yin Xiangkang
Published: September 2014

This study reexamines the competing claims that probability of informed trading (PIN) is priced in the cross‐section of stock returns while adjusted PIN (AdjPIN), the component of PIN related to information asymmetry, is not. We find that behind these seemingly contradicting conclusions is the role of institutional investors, and the pricing of PIN and AdjPIN depends on institutional ownership. Only for those stocks with low institutional ownership are both PIN and AdjPIN priced. Our findings imply that investors require compensation for information risk only from stocks with low institutional ownership.
Global Development and Happiness: How Can Data on Subjective Well‐Being Inform Development Theory and Practice?
Authors: Kroll Christian
Published: September 2014

How can the new science of happiness add value to development theory and practice? While the topic of subjective well‐being (SWB, i.e. people's self‐reported life satisfaction and happiness) has recently attracted much attention in rich nations where economic growth over the past 60 years has not led to rises in average happiness, the potential of SWB in a development context remains underexploited. To illustrate one innovative way of using SWB data in such a context and outline their possibilities to the development community, this paper considers conventional development wisdom through a life satisfaction lens. The Human Development approach with its three key elements – material conditions, health and education – is reassessed by examining to what extent these factors actually matter for people's life satisfaction in different nations. Using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression and data from the World Values Survey (WVS) for about 100,000 people from 70 nations, considerable heterogeneity can be identified regarding the importance of these three factors for the citizens’ SWB across countries. In addition, a ranking is devised on the basis of these results which combines subjective assessments of life satisfaction from the WVS and objective living conditions as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI). As a result, it becomes clear which countries are more successful in generating the goods that truly matter for people's well‐being. The findings of this paper make a case for country specific development goals and strategies that go beyond a one‐size‐fits‐all approach. The results can therefore inform the current debate on how to revise the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) beyond 2015 and thereby advocate Customised Development Goals (CDGs). Future research should continue to provide more evidence on what are anthropological constants in the determinants of SWB and which variables are culturally relative.
The Political Economy of Low Carbon Energy in Kenya
Authors: Newell Peter , Phillips Jon , Pueyo Ana , Kirumba Edith , Ozor Nicolas , Urama Kevin
Published: September 2014

There is growing international focus on how to support more integrated approaches to addressing climate change in ways that capture synergies and minimise the trade‐offs between climate change mitigation, adaptation and development. These aims are embodied in the concept of climate compatible development (CCD). But what does this look like in practice in Kenya?

With a National Action Plan on Climate Change, a Vision 2030 Strategy, a new constitution and a revised Energy Policy, Kenya is at a critical cross‐roads with respect to defining its energy future for the years to come. The challenge is to enable a just transition to a lower carbon economy that delivers poverty reduction and climate resilience at the same time. But thinking about who sets the terms of transition and for whom, raises key political questions about the role of actors, interests and institutions in the energy sector. In other words, who has the power to change power?

Drawing on 29 interviews with government officials, donors and businesses conducted during 2013, insights gleaned from an interactive workshop with practitioners on the themes of the research, as well as available academic and grey literature, this paper explores the role of politics, actors and institutions in enabling or frustrating the pursuit of climate compatible energy development in Kenya. This is a critical time for Kenya in deciding its energy future and whether and how it will aim to make it ‘climate compatible’. Issues of power and political economy will play a key role in determining technological and social outcomes: the winners and losers from different energy pathways and on whose terms and how the trade‐offs between competing policy objectives are resolved. In particular political economy analysis helps to understand the potential for energy systems to meet climate, development and adaptation needs simultaneously.
Association between periodontal condition and hypertension in a non‐smoking population aged 30–49 years: results of the Health 2000 Survey in Finland
Authors: Ollikainen Emilia , Saxlin Tuomas , Tervonen Tellervo , Suominen Anna Liisa , Knuuttila Matti , Jula Antti , Ylöstalo Pekka
Published: September 2014

Aim

The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to investigate whether periodontal condition is associated with hypertension and systolic blood pressure.

Materials and Methods

The study population consisted of dentate, non‐diabetic, non‐smoking individuals aged 30–49 years (n = 1296) in the national Health 2000 Survey in Finland. The number of teeth with deepened (≥4 mm) and deep (≥6 mm) periodontal pockets and the number of sextants with gingival bleeding were used as explanatory variables. Hypertension and systolic blood pressure were used as outcome variables.

Results

There was no consistent association between the number of teeth with deepened (≥4 mm) (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.95–1.01) or deep (≥6 mm) (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.90–1.12) periodontal pockets and hypertension after adjusting for confounding factors. Nor was there any essential association between the number of bleeding sextants and hypertension.

Conclusions

Periodontal pocketing and gingival bleeding did not appear to be related to hypertension in non‐diabetic, non‐smoking individuals aged 30–49 years. Further studies using experimental study designs would be required to determine the role of infectious periodontal diseases in the development or progression of hypertension.
Genome‐wide exploration identifies sex‐specific genetic effects of alleles upstream NPY to increase the risk of severe periodontitis in men
Authors: Freitag‐Wolf Sandra , Dommisch Henrik , Graetz Christian , Jockel‐Schneider Yvonne , Harks Inga , Staufenbiel Ingmar , Meyle Joerg , Eickholz Peter , Noack Barbara , Bruckmann Corinna , Gieger Christian , Jepsen Søren , Lieb Wolfgang , Schreiber Stefan , König Inke R. , Schaefer Arne S.
Published: September 2014

Aim

Periodontitis (PD) is influenced by genetic as well as lifestyle and socio‐economic factors. Epidemiological studies show that men are at greater risk of severe forms of PD, suggesting interplay between sex and genetic factors. We aimed to systematically analyse patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) for gene–sex interactions.

Materials and Methods

Three hundred and twenty‐nine German AgP cases and 983 controls were genotyped with Affymetrix 500K Arrays and were analysed by logistic regression analysis. The most significant gene–sex interaction was replicated in an independent sample of 382 German/Austrian AgP cases and 489 controls.

Results

Ten single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in strong linkage disequilibrium (r2 > 0.85) upstream the gene neuropeptide Y (NPY) suggested gene–sex interaction (p < 5 × 10−5). SNP rs198712 showed the strongest association in interaction with sex (p = 5.4 × 10−6) with odds ratios in males and females of 1.63 and 0.69 respectively. In the replication, interaction of sex with rs198712 was verified with p = 0.022 (pooled p = 4.03 × 10−6) and similar genetic effects. Analysis of chromatin elements from ENCODE data revealed tissue‐specific transcription at the associated non‐coding region.

Conclusion

This study is the first to observe a sexually dimorphic role of alleles at NPY in humans and support previous genome‐wide findings of a role of NPY in severe PD.
A prospective randomized exploratory study comparing the efficacy of once‐daily topical 0.5% 5‐fluorouracil in combination with 10.0% salicylic acid (5‐FU/SA) vs. cryosurgery for the treatment of hyperkeratotic actinic keratosis
Authors: Simon J.‐C. , Dominicus R. , Karl L. , Rodríguez R. , Willers C. , Dirschka T.
Published: September 2014

Background

Actinic keratoses (AKs) are clinically significant and require therapy. Efficacy of low‐dose (0.5%) 5‐fluorouracil with 10% salicylic acid (5‐FU/SA) has been shown in randomized comparative trials of hyperkeratotic lesions of various grades.

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy, tolerability and safety of low‐dose 5‐FU/SA topical solution vs. cryosurgery in patients with moderate/severe (grade II/III) hyperkeratotic AKs (NCT01358851).

Methods

In an exploratory, open, randomized study, patients with histologically confirmed moderate/severe hyperkeratotic AKs on the face/forehead or bald scalp received 6 weeks of once‐daily topical 0.5% 5‐FU/SA, or up to two cryosurgery treatments (3 weeks apart). Histological outcomes were determined from punch biopsies. Clinical, cosmetic and tolerability outcomes were also assessed.

Results

Sixty‐six patients received treatment (33 per arm). The baseline total number of lesions was 266 (8.1/patient) in the 0.5% 5‐FU/SA and 263 (8.0/patient) in the cryosurgery group. Most (74.5%) lesions were grade II (grade III, 25.5%). Mean change in lesion count from baseline to Day 98 was −5.2 and −5.7 lesions per patient for 0.5% 5‐FU/SA and cryotherapy groups respectively. Histological AK clearance rates on Day 98 were 62.1% and 41.9% respectively. At 6‐month posttreatment follow‐up, recurrence of cleared lesions (no clinically visible lesions in treatment area) occurred in 39.4% of 0.5% 5‐FU/SA and 84.8% of cryosurgery patients. Drug‐related adverse events (AEs), including local skin reactions considered ‘severe’ by the investigator, were reported in 24.2% of 0.5% 5‐FU/SA and 6.1% of cryosurgery patients. All drug‐related AEs were skin reactions.

Conclusions

Although the study was not powered to explore statistical differences in clinical efficacy between treatments, a short (6‐week) schedule of topical treatment with 0.5% 5‐FU/SA achieved greater histological clearance and lower recurrence of grade II/III hyperkeratotic AKs than cryosurgery. AE incidence across both treatment groups was relatively low and AEs were generally mild or moderate. Clinical trials.gov identifier: NCT01358851.
Different stocks of brook lamprey in Spain and their origin from Lampetra fluviatilis at two distinct times and places
Authors: Pereira A. M. , Doadrio I. , Robalo J. I. , Almada V. C.
Published: September 2014

Using the mitochondrial non‐coding region I, it was shown that the two Spanish Lampetra planeri populations (Cares–Deva and Olabidea–Ugarana) correspond to different genetic units. The Cares–Deva population is probably a recent offshoot of Lampetra fluviatilis, being the Olabidea–Ugarana population less diverse and of older origin.
Does type D personality affect symptom control and quality of life in asthma patients?
Authors: Kim Sung Reul , Kim Hyun Kyung , Kang Jeong Hee , Jeong Seok Hee , Kim Hye Young , Kim So Ri , Kim Mi Young
Published: September 2014

Aims and objectives

This study aims to identify the effects of type D personality on symptom control and quality of life and to explore factors influencing quality of life among asthma patients in Korea.

Background

Psychological factors such as depression and stress are well known to be related to medical outcomes and quality of life in asthma patients. People with type D personality are vulnerable to stress, show poor prognosis in disease and experience low quality of life.

Design

A descriptive cross‐sectional design was used.

Methods

A total of 144 patients with asthma participated in this study. Data were collected through face‐to‐face interviews using structured questionnaires: the Type D Personality Scale‐14, Asthma Control Test and Asthma‐Specific Quality of Life.

Results

About 33% of participants were classified into the type D personality group. The type D personality group showed statistically significantly lower symptom control and asthma‐specific quality of life compared to the non‐type D personality group. Based on forward stepwise multiple regression, the most significant factor of quality of life was symptom control, followed by type D personality, hospitalisation within the previous one year, and lifetime hospitalisation experiences.

Conclusions

The prevalence of type D personality in asthma patients was high, and type D personality was significantly associated with poor symptom control and low quality of life. Psychosocial interventions might be beneficial to improve symptom control and quality of life in asthma patients with type D personality.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses should be aware of the high prevalence of type D personality and the effects on symptom control and quality of life in asthma patients. Nurses should also provide personality‐specific interventions to improve quality of life in such patients.
Moderate physical activity level as a protective factor against metabolic syndrome in middle‐aged and older women
Authors: Lin Chia‐Huei , Chiang Shang‐Lin , Yates Patsy , Lee Meei‐Shyuan , Hung Yi‐Jen , Tzeng Wen‐Chii , Chiang Li‐Chi
Published: September 2014

Aims and objectives

To investigate whether physical activity is a protective factor against metabolic syndrome in middle‐aged and older women.

Background

Socio‐demographic and lifestyle behaviour factors contribute to metabolic syndrome. To minimise the risk of metabolic syndrome, several global guidelines recommend increasing physical activity level. However, only limited research has investigated the relationship between physical activity levels and metabolic syndrome in middle‐aged and older women after adjusting for socio‐demographic and lifestyle behaviour factors.

Design

Cross‐sectional design.

Methods

A convenience sample of 326 middle‐aged and older women was recruited. Metabolic syndrome was confirmed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, and physical activity levels were measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire.

Results

The sample had a mean age of 60·9 years, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 43·3%. Postmenopausal women and women with low socioeconomic status (low‐education background, without personal income and currently unemployed) had a significantly higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome. After adjusting for significant socio‐demographic and lifestyle behaviour factors, the women with moderate or high physical activity levels had a significantly lower (OR = 0·10; OR = 0·11, p < 0·001) risk of metabolic syndrome and a lower risk for each specific component of metabolic syndrome, including elevated fasting plasma glucose (OR = 0·29; OR = 0·26, p = 0·009), elevated blood pressure (OR = 0·18; OR = 0·32, p = 0·029), elevated triglycerides (OR = 0·41; OR = 0·15, p = 0·001), reduced high‐density lipoprotein (OR = 0·28; OR = 0·27, p = 0·004) and central obesity (OR = 0·31; OR = 0·22, p = 0·027).

Conclusions

After adjusting for socio‐demographic and lifestyle behaviour factors, physical activity level was a significant protective factor against metabolic syndrome in middle‐aged and older women. Higher physical activity levels (moderate or high physical activity level) reduced the risk of metabolic syndrome in middle‐aged and older women.

Relevance to clinical practice

Appropriate strategies should be developed to encourage middle‐aged and older women across different socio‐demographic backgrounds to engage in moderate or high levels of physical activity to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome.
Design and validation of the INICIARE instrument, for the assessment of dependency level in acutely ill hospitalised patients
Authors: Morales‐Asencio José Miguel , Porcel‐Gálvez Ana María , Oliveros‐Valenzuela Rosa , Rodríguez‐Gómez Susana , Sánchez‐Extremera Lucrecia , Serrano‐López Francisco Andrés , Aranda‐Gallardo Marta , Canca‐Sánchez José Carlos , Barrientos‐Trigo Sergio
Published: September 2014

Aims and objectives

The aim of this study was to establish the validity and reliability of an instrument (Inventario del NIvel de Cuidados mediante IndicAdores de clasificación de Resultados de Enfermería) used to assess the dependency level in acutely hospitalised patients. This instrument is novel, and it is based on the Nursing Outcomes Classification.

Background

Multiple existing instruments for needs assessment have been poorly validated and based predominately on interventions. Standardised Nursing Languages offer an ideal framework to develop nursing sensitive instruments.

Design

A cross‐sectional validation study in two acute care hospitals in Spain.

Methods

This study was implemented in two phases. First, the research team developed the instrument to be validated. In the second phase, the validation process was performed by experts, and the data analysis was conducted to establish the psychometric properties of the instrument.

Results

Seven hundred and sixty‐one patient ratings performed by nurses were collected during the course of the research study. Data analysis yielded a Cronbach's alpha of 0·91. An exploratory factorial analysis identified three factors (Physiological, Instrumental and Cognitive‐behavioural), which explained 74% of the variance.

Conclusions

Inventario del NIvel de Cuidados mediante IndicAdores de clasificación de Resultados de Enfermería was demonstrated to be a valid and reliable instrument based on its use in acutely hospitalised patients to assess the level of dependency.

Relevance to clinical practice

Inventario del NIvel de Cuidados mediante IndicAdores de clasificación de Resultados de Enfermería can be used as an assessment tool in hospitalised patients during the nursing process throughout the entire hospitalisation period. It contributes information to support decisions on nursing diagnoses, interventions and outcomes. It also enables data codification in large databases.
Electromyogram biofeedback training for daytime clenching and its effect on sleep bruxism
Authors: Sato M. , Iizuka T. , Watanabe A. , Iwase N. , Otsuka H. , Terada N. , Fujisawa M.
Published: September 2014

Bruxism contributes to the development of temporomandibular disorders as well as causes dental problems. Although it is an important issue in clinical dentistry, no treatment approaches have been proven effective. This study aimed to use electromyogram (EMG) biofeedback (BF) training to improve awake bruxism (AB) and examine its effect on sleep bruxism (SB). Twelve male participants (mean age, 26·8 ± 2·5 years) with subjective symptoms of AB or a diagnosis of SB were randomly divided into BF (n = 7) and control (CO, n = 5) groups to undergo 5‐h daytime and night‐time EMG measurements for three consecutive weeks. EMG electrodes were placed over the temporalis muscle on the habitual masticatory side. Those in the BF group underwent BF training to remind them of the occurrence of undesirable clenching activity when excessive EMG activity of certain burst duration was generated in week 2. Then, EMGs were recorded at week 3 as the post‐BF test. Those in the CO group underwent EMG measurement without any EMG BF training throughout the study period. Although the number of tonic EMG events did not show statistically significant differences among weeks 1–3 in the CO group, events in weeks 2 and 3 decreased significantly compared with those in week 1, both daytime and night‐time, in the BF group (P < 0·05, Scheffé's test). This study results suggest that EMG BF to improve AB tonic EMG events can also provide an effective approach to regulate SB tonic EMG events.