bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GRAFLOG: Understanding Drawings through Natural Language
Authors: Pineda Luis A. , Klein Ewan , Lee John
Published: October 2007

This paper describes an experimental interactive graphics interface, GRAFLOG, in which drawings receive linguistic interpretations. It is possible to emulate linguistic interaction in situations where graphics is thought to be necessary. The paper presents examples of such a kind of dialogue and the architecture of the implementation. The paper explains how representations of drawings can be constructed by treating graphical symbols as “objects”, and how a parallel linguistic interpretation for these symbols can be constructed. It highlights the relevance of “deictic expressions” and “spatial prepositions” in building the interface mechanisms between these two kinds of representations. Lastly, it shows how a reasoning component is constructed for making deductions from premises that are found in both the graphical and linguistic domains. Using GRAFLOG, it is possible to represent knowledge through words and pictures. GRAFLOG is implemented, using an object oriented programming style, in PROLOG and GKS.
Construction of Interactive Programs in Computer Graphics
Authors: Dufourd Jean‐François
Published: October 2007

In interactive computer graphics, one often finds a gap between sophisticated algorithms, using very high level data structures, and poor methods of program and object construction. Particular programming languages are too readily adopted for solving problems, before a precise specification of the problem to be solved has been formulated.

This paper shows that progress can be made by using modern engineering methods to specify and develop graphical software. Two programming techniques are studied here: the algebraic specification of data types and a functional static modular method of problem statement.

The paper also discusses these proposals in the context of other modes of computer graphics specification and programming.
A Proposal for a Distributed Model of GKS Based on Prolog
Authors: Milanese V.
Published: October 2007

The Graphical Kernel System GKS is so well established as a standard for graphics programming that quite a number of models for multiprocessor and distributed environments have already been suggested. It is therefore necessary to consider new languages and methodologies capable of supporting its distributed implementation. In this context, clausal logic languages provide suitable means for describing the system in a declarative form and, moreover, ensure the applicability of meta‐programming techniques for specifying the semantics of implementation. The Prolog language, extended with communication and modularization structures required by the distributed programming, is thus here considered as a feasible means for establishing a model of GKS organized in functional modules which could be supported by different processors. For such a model a two‐level implementation scheme is outlined and a reconfiguration and personalization methodology is suggested.
A Transputer Network for Fast Operations on Digitised Images
Authors: Arabnia H.R. , Oliver M.A.
Published: October 2007

Algorithms for the translation and scaling of a digitised image are described. The algorithms have been designed to work on a transputer network which has a simple topology. This transputer network was originally proposed for the arbitrary rotation operation on digitised images1. The data structure used to represent the image is closely related to mnlength encoding. Both operations can be performed in real time on non trivial images.
Photosimulation: Interreflection with Arbitrary Reflectance Models and Illumination
Authors: Neumann László , Neumann Attila
Published: October 2007

Methods for realistic image synthesis are described. Exact mathematical establishment of reflectance models is presented, together with the development of feasible reflectance models meeting the energy balance. A new bidirectional reflectance type, separable reflectance, is introduced. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the iterative solution of the linear equation system of interreflection are presented. Lastly, a new method of inserting numerically defined objects into real optical surroundings is described.
Mass Market Applications for Real Time 3D Graphics
Authors: Plummer Michael , Penna David
Published: October 2007

This paper discusses the applicability of real time 3D image synthesis to mass market products. Likely application areas are covered. There is discussion of the man machine interface problems arising in systems where it has to be assumed that little or no training will be provided. A research prototype package, a kitchen designer which allows a user to design and view a kitchen in real time, is described in some detail. Emphasis is given to aspects of the user interface design such as 3D navigational aids. Finally there is consideration of the system performance level required.
The Incremental Display of a Single‐Valued Curve
Authors: Smith F.J. , Leitch S.
Published: October 2007

A new algorithm is described for the drawing of a single‐valued smooth function on a raster screen. It first approximates the function by a spline, normally cubic, and then displays the spline using a combination of finite differences and a special Bresenham type algorithm in integer arithmetic. Finite difference have not been successful previously, partly because of the build up of rounding errors. We show that for a modern workstation with 32 bit‐integers these errors can be estimated and the algorithm modified to minimise their effect.

The result of combining all of these factors, spline, finite differences, error control, geometry and integer arithmetic is a powerful algorithm which we believe is generally more accurate and faster than previous algorithms for smooth curves.

It is worth noting that when the curve is a straight line, our algorithm becomes an extension (and minor improvement) on Bresenham's algorithm.
Migration of GKS/GKS‐3D and PHIGS Discussed under the View of the Computer Graphics Reference Model
Authors: Poller Jochem , Noll Stefan , Rix Joachim
Published: October 2007

The Migration Problem of GKS‐3D and PHIGS is discussed in this report under the view of the graphics reference model's description technique: the component and framework concept. Therefore the components of GKS‐3D and PHIGS are defined. The common and different concepts are indicated and the mapping from PHIGS to GKS‐3D and from GKS‐3D to PHIGS is done. This mapping is performed only on the components which have been proved as a description technique suited for such purposes. The migration has two different aspects. One is the theoretical approach to prove that such a migration is possible. The other one is more practical. It gives guide‐lines for the use of PHIGS and GKS‐3D and shows under which circumstances both can be used together.
A Method for the Representation, Evaluation and Display of CSG Models in PHIGS and PHIGS+
Authors: Patel Manjula
Published: October 2007

The Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System (PHIGS) is about to become a standard graphics system† which caters for the definition, display and modification of two and three‐dimensional graphical data.

PHIGS, however, is mainly a wireframe system, and the PHIGS+, extensions to it have been put forward to allow the incorporation of shaded 3D graphics into PHIGS.,

One area that is important to a large constituency and which has so far not been considered in PHIGS, and PHIGS+, is that of solid modelling. This paper addresses one aspect of solid modelling by describing a simple method for the representation, evaluation and display of Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) models in PHIGS, and PHIGS+..
Rational Zoom of Bit Maps Using B‐Spline Interpdation in Computerized 2‐D Animation
Authors: Durand Charles X. , Faguy Daniel
Published: October 2007

This paper describes the application of B‐spline interpolation to the problem of rational transformation in computerized 2‐D animation. The technique described herewith can also be applied to the resolution independence problem which arises when the same production workstation is used to produce animation series to be recorded on variable film sizes This article fully explains our solution to the problem of rational zoom. An algorithm has been written to speed up computations by spreading the computing load among similar technical workstations hooked up in a network. Large magnifications of professional quality can be achieved in very little time and very smooth animation effects can be obtained by applying rational zooms with magnification coefficients that are a time function.
A Prolog Rule‐Based System for cartographic Name Placement
Authors: Cook Anthony C. , Jones Christopher B.
Published: October 2007

Manual name placement is an extremely time consuming task and has been one of the most difficult aspects of the map production process to automate. It is complicated by the large number of rules required for the selection and placement of names. A hybrid Prolog/Fortrau rule‐based system is described for placing names on a variety of map types. It uses a set of Prolog primitives for spatial search and name placement operations. The Ordnance Survey's 1:625000 scale digital dataset has been used to illustrate the application of rules for the selection of labels as well as for controlling their size and orientation. The application to other types of maps and diagrams is also briefly described.
IFSs and Interactive Image Synthesis
Authors: Horn Alastair N.
Published: October 2007

Deterministic Fractal geometry provides a framework for describing both the geometry of man‐made structures and the geometry of nature.

Certain deterministic Fractals which exist in the plane may be “partitioned” into a number of “tiles” equivalent to the whole under some geometric mapping. We term such Fractals self‐tiling images.

We describe a scheme called Iterated Function Systems (IFSs) which an represent self‐tiling images. IFSs make explicit the mappings which take a self‐tiling image into its tiles.

We show how a self‐tiling image exists as the limit of both random and deterministic processes based upon its associated IFS, and exploit massive SIMD parallelism in image generation on the AMT DAP.

We also attempt to answer the question: “Can one synthesise images by the interactive graphical manipulation of a representation of IFSs?”, and present our interactive system for image synthesis (ISIS).
Relationships between Image Synthesis and Analysis Towards Unification?
Authors: Pun Thierry , Blake Edwin
Published: October 2007

Image analysis and image synthesis have evolved on separate tracks, at different paces. There is however an increasing awareness of the numerous and growing overlaps between the two fields. By detailing the various areas where such overlaps might be found this report wishes to promote unification of analysis and synthesis into “imagery”.

Three ways of looking for common ground are presented: commontheoretical background, commonareas of study, and commonapplications. They show that the distinction between image synthesis and image analysis has outlived its usefulness. The absolute differences can be discarded; what remains is a great commonality of interest.
Node Partitioning in an Octree Display Pipeline
Authors: Heal B.W.
Published: October 2007

The node partitioning stage of a graphics pipeline to transform and display octree encoded objects is described. Its function is to accept a sequence of octree node codes, from which the hidden nodes have been removed, and to partition it into sets of nodes which are suitable for a multiprocessor rendering stage. Each set is capable of being processed and displayed independently.
Using GKS Concurrently: a Practical Solution
Authors: Flores J. Zamorano , Costoya F. Pérez , Pérez J. Carretero , Henriquez L.M. Gómez , Ambite A. Pérez
Published: October 2007

This paper analyses the use of GKS with concurrent languages, showing the inherent problems that arise when working in a multitasking environment. A theoretical solution and its practical implementation are described.
An Efficient Circle‐Drawing Algorithm
Authors: Kuzmin Yevgeni P.
Published: October 2007

An efficient incremental circledrawing algorithm which uses paired update of the decision variable is proposed. The output of the algorithm is identical to the output of Bresenham's algorithm but the total number of arithmetical operations is less. Efficiency of the algorithm is independent of the output devices. Its other advantages are discussed.
The Anti-Poll Tax Movement: A Pressure Movement?
Authors: Tonge Jon
Published: October 2007

The anti-poll tax campaign has been the subject of scant empirical or theoretical analysis. One explanation lies in the difficulty of locating the campaign within existing theories of pressure groups or social movements. This article argues for the creation of a distinct model of protest, based upon the concept of a pressure movement, to explain a campaign that was single-issue, decentralised, non-hierarchical and variable according to location. Distinctions between pressure groups and social movements have become increasingly arbitrary with the rise of groups lacking formalised membership. Pressure movements are thus likely to form key contestatory actors in future years.
The Liberal Predicament: Historical and Logical
Authors: Bellamy Richard , Zvesper John
Published: October 2007

There are two distinct accounts of the inner weakness of contemporary liberalism: a historical account, which emphasizes the extent to which liberal societies have changed, making liberal arguments seem less and less relevant; and a logical account, which emphasizes the extent to which liberal arguments themselves have changed, abandoning their original conceptual foundations. This article summarizes these two accounts, and then argues that liberalism might be more defensible if these two accounts can work in combination rather than antagonistically. The strength of such a combination is briefly illustrated by sketching its possible implications for two important liberal debates: markets and multiculturalism.
Hegel and Natural Law Theory
Authors: Burns Tony
Published: October 2007

This paper examines Hegel's attitude towards natural law theory. Commentators disagree on this. Some say that Hegel is hostile to natural law theory and that he is a legal positivist. Others say that he is in fact, a natural law theorist in the conventional sense. The paper argues that both of these interpretations are incorrect. It takes the view that Hegel is a natural law theorist, but not in the conventional sense. Like certain of the medieval scholastics, he subscribes to what is by current standards, an unconventional type of natural law theory, which derives ultimately from Aristotle.
Beyond Prometheus: Hegel on the Need to Be Free
Authors: Fraser Ian
Published: October 2007

For Hegel, the realm of natural necessity is the realm of unfreedom. Man's constant burden of having to satisfy his natural needs makes him as unfree as Prometheus tied to his rock. This article sets out to discover how Hegel thinks such an impediment can be overcome. Through an analysis of needs and the role of work in his writings an answer is ascertained which indicates the pertinence and potency of Hegel's political philosophy for politics today.
What are the Democratic Impediments to Participatory Democracy?
Authors: Mather Janet
Published: October 2007

This paper, whilst noting that there is a democratic deficit contained within liberal democratic poltical systems, argues that all known alternatives to present practices create their own problems for democracy. To demonstrate this, a variety of desirable democratic outcomes are examined alongside six main forms of exercising democratic input. The best form of input according to the criteria is identified. This form, ‘demarchy’, which is found first in the work of Burnheim, is then subjected to scrutiny. This demonstrates that even within this system, the problems likely to arise have democratic bases.
The Mystery of the Third Hurdle: Re-Electing the Conservative Leader
Authors: Cowley Philip
Published: October 2007

This article examines one aspect of the contests for the leadership of the British Conservative Party: the ‘third’ hurdle. Since the introduction of formal elections no Conservative leader has been tripped up by the third hurdle (a need to win ‘convincingly’) but this has not prevented its existence as being taken as fact. This article considers whether it exists at all, and if so, attempts to consider its height. It concludes that if the third hurdle exists it owes more to realpolitik than to precise statistical measurement.
Political Science: A Look at the Discipline from a Postgraduate Perspective
Authors: Doyle Helen , McGregor-Riley Victoria
Published: October 2007

Research has become increasingly important within social science since the introduction of the Research Assessment Exercise (RAE). The RAE has served to simultaneously focus the attention of academic institutions upon research output and emphasise the obvious penalties of poor performance in this area in terms of potentially lower academic status, lower income and lower student numbers. Academic institutions have, therefore, begun to pay an increasing amount of attention to postgraduate research and the needs of postgraduates. This article questions the extent to which institutions are actually meeting these needs and reviews the extent to which institutions reap the potential benefits that employment of postgraduates can bring.
The Bentham Edition
Authors: Rosen F.
Published: October 2007

Nearly a third of the 65-volume edition of The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham has now been completed. How has it changed our understanding of Bentham's thought and his contribution to contemporary political theory?
Russian Studies: The Fractured Mirror
Authors: Sakwa Richard
Published: October 2007

Accused of having failed to predict the fall of communism, Russian studies after 1991 has struggled to redefine its identity and to adapt to the challenge of a more open field. Do the skills honed to understand an essentially closed system remain relevant for the study of a dynamically changing society committed to international political and economic integration? Do area studies have a future or should Soviet and post-Soviet analysis become part of comparative politics and transition studies? Is there something unique about Russian studies, and if so, what language can we use to describe this essential ‘difference’? Russian studies has now been ‘normalised’, integrated into the mainstream social science disciplines, but there remains the danger that this might be at the price of losing some sensitivity to factors that make Russia ‘Russia’.
MANAGING METROPOLITAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA*
Authors: Richardson Harry W.
Published: October 2007

This paper examines selected problems of managing growth in large Asian cities. Managing the national urban system presents difficult problems because of the very high capital costs associated with absorbing population in the very large metropolitan areas. Cost savings from promoting a decentralized settlement pattern are small compared with reductions in nationwide infrastructure standards and other non‐spatial strategies. Asian cities have not managed spatial decentralization very well. A sound approach may involve more intervention in some spheres (e.g. accelerating the supply of basic services to newly developed residential neighborhoods) and less intervention in others (e.g. prior selection of subcenters, large‐scale land acquisition and other land use controls). Urban service delivery strategies have been hampered by the lack of resources, timidity in the introduction of cost recovery systems, and inadequate operations and maintenance.
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY: The Case of Nigerian Manufacturing A Framework for Policy Study*
Authors: Anas Alex , Lee Kyu Sik
Published: October 2007

This paper reviews the Nigerian situation regarding the private provision of infrastructure services by manufacturers with a focus on electrical power generation. While private provision occurs also in water supply, intraurban freight and worker transport, telecommunications, and waste disposal, the degree of its occurence in electrical power generation, a relatively expensive manufacturing input, has the largest economic implications for the firms and the country. The policy framework developed in this paper, however, is applicable to these other subsectors. Manufacturing firms' private provision responses are identified, analyzed, and grouped into seven regimes, four of which are currently observed to occur, and three are precluded from occuring due to existing regulations. A model of public infrastructure supply that is pertinent for developing countries is proposed and discussed. Policy options which could improve the current situation are also examined and discussed. It is argued that the most promising options are likely to be those which encourage new modes of cooperative private provision among manufacturers, accompanied by deregulation, privatization, contestability, modern pricing, and selective maintenance in the public agencies.
THE ROLE OF THE SERVICE SECTOR IN THE ECONOMY OF METROPOLITAN GENEVA, 1975–1985
Authors: Bailly Antoine S. , Coffey William J.
Published: October 2007

Modern production systems are characterized by the growth of service industries and the increasing interdependence between services and the production of goods. Further, current research is becoming increasingly concerned with the strategic role of certain service functions in the process of economic growth. In this paper we examine these phenomena in the specific context of the economic structure and evolution of metropolitan Geneva. We begin by presenting an alternative typology of economic activity, and then employ this typology to examine three aspects of Geneva's economic structure: its configuration in 1985; its evolution over the period 1975–1985; and intrametropolitan shifts of economic activity. Finally, we compare Geneva to other metropolitan areas and cities in Switzerland, France, and Canada, in order to demonstrate the universality of the processes taking place.
A Study of the Urbanization Process in Post War Japan*
Authors: Yamada Hiroyuki , Tokuoka Kazuyuki
Published: October 2007

Japan experienced extremely rapid urbanization and high economic growth after the war, but urbanization trends have considerably changed over the years. To analyze the recent evolution of Japanese cities, we introduce a new definition of the metropolitan area, which is called the Standard Metropolitan Employment Area (SMEA). By applying the same criteria to 1965, 1975 and 1985 census data sets, we identified 87 SMEAs in 1965, 104 in 1975 and 118 in 1985. By comparing the three descriptions of urban Japan during these years, we can obtain a broad picture of urban development in the two decades. During that time, decentralization became significant in terms of employment as well as population. Not only were the urbanized areas dispersed throughout the country, but also suburbanization advanced within the metropolitan areas. Such decentralization developed dramatically during the former decade, while during the latter 10 years it slowed down.
SLUM DWELLERS' HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION PATTERN AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR COST RECOVERY IN SLUM UPGRADING: Evidence from Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Miah Abdul Quader , Weber Karl E.
Published: October 2007

Strong emphasis has recently been placed on recovery of improvement costs from slum dwellers for sustainable development of low‐income urban settlements. Furthermore, socio‐economic stratification of slum dwellers is perceived to influence their consumption and investment patterns in the city. Against this background, populations in six slums in Dhaka, stratified into house owners and renters, were studied. Results show that renters have stronger ties with their rural origin where they are likely to return and remit a significant portion of their income, leaving a limited amount for consumption and investment in the city. In contrast, owners have stronger attachment to the city, remit negligible amounts to their village of origin and pay more attention to city consumption and investment. Consequently, any cost recovery approach to slum upgrading implies heavy reliance on owners. But renters can also be expected to share the cost, to some limited extent, in the form of property tax or community services charges. The key point here is the concurrence of renters and owners on the sharing of costs and benefits.
PARATRANSIT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: A Market Response to Poor Roads?*
Authors: Cervero Robert
Published: October 2007

Southeast Asia's paratransit sector has become a vital source of mobility in many cities. Run by private operators, generally under free market conditions, paratransit vehicles maneuver into areas that standard buses cannot serve and provide frequent door‐to‐door service, at a profit. Yet despite past successes, pressure is mounting to greatly restrict or even ban paratransit vehicles from many cities, replacing becaks, bajajs, tuktuks, microbuses, minibuses, and jeepneys with large buses operated by public monopolies. While it is well known that paratransit provides low performance services tailored to what poor people can pay, an often overlooked benefit is that it compensates for the inadequacies of many roads in Southeast Asian cities. This paper empirically tests the extent to which mixes of paratransit fleets and services have evolved so as to adapt to the low capacity, poorly interconnected road systems in this part of the world. Using data for eight of Southeast Asia's largest cities, it is found that the greatest variety of paratransit modes, both in terms of types and seating capacities, generally exists in the places with the least amount of road capacity per capita and a poor road hierarchy. The paper concludes that any retrenchment in paratransit's role in Southeast Asian cities should be governed by market conditions rather than government fiat.
SPATIAL POLICY AND INFRASTRUCTURE CONSTRAINTS ON INDUSTRIAL GROWTH IN THAILAND*
Authors: Lee Kyu Sik
Published: October 2007

Using the factory registration data of the Ministry of Industry, the paper documents the location patterns of manufacturing establishments in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region and evaluates spatial policies in light of the observed decentralization trends of manufacturing activity. The paper also shows the location patterns of new firms and by firm size and analyzes infrastructure and site constraints for their growth. The paper discusses the need for spatial policies to be consistent with market forces and the need for infrastructure investment to respond to the location dynamics of service demand.
TESTS OF THE STANDARD URBAN MODEL: A Micro (Trade‐Off) Alternative
Authors: Richardson Harry W. , Gordon Peter , Choi Yeol
Published: October 2007

Three methods of testing the validity of the monocentric model (the negative house price gradient, the wasteful commuting approach, and the hypothesis of a trade‐off between housing expenditures and commuting costs) are evaluated. The negative house price gradient is not supported by several recent hedonic models. “Wasteful” commuting is a poor test because it persists even a policentric world and may be more the result of the weakness of journey‐to‐work minimization as a key determinant of residence and/or workplace location. This study uses the commuting information presented in the 1985 American Housing Survey in eight large metropolitan areas to show that the trade‐off hypothesis fails badly. Heterogeneous Preference for housing, commuting and indeed for all goods and services, combined with a wide variety of workplaces and choice of residential locations at highly, variable rents and house prices may be the major reason why the trade‐off is not generally observed.
WORKERS' COMPENSATION COSTS AND REGIONAL GROWTH DYNAMICS*
Authors: Williams Martin , Graeser Paul
Published: October 2007

This paper attempts to gauge the effect of workplace regulation, against the background of other influences, on the increasing or decreasing competitive advantage of particular regions relative to the nation. We employ two measures of regional growth. The first is the differential rate of investment growth across states between 1978 and 1984. The results for output growth show that states both in the South and outside the South stand to lose their competitive edge in manufacturing activity from rising unit labor cost and energy cost. Rising taxes hurt industrial activity in the North but are not critical in the South. Agglomeration economies that benefit the North, apparently have no detrimental effect in the South. Rising workers' compensation cost is significant in the decline in southern competitiveness; it is not in the North. Both regions enhance their competitive position when local markets grow. For regional manufacturing investment, we find that unit labor cost and energy cost have no significant effect on the competitive position of states in the South. However, taxes and workers' compensation costs hurt investment opportunities in South.
THE PUZZLE OF HOUSING PRIVATIZATION IN EASTERN EUROPE
Authors: Struyk Raymond , Telgarsky Jeffrey
Published: October 2007

This paper focuses on the part of the housing sector proving most difficult to reform in Eastern Europe‐State‐owned rentals—which typically constitute about 20 percent on the housing stock overall and half of the units in the largest cities. The paper argues that two objectives must be pursued simultaneously: (1) selling units at or near market prices to tenants or other households willing to purchase them; and (2) integrating the remaining state‐owned rentals with the nascent but expanding rental market. The six elements of a strategy for achieving these objectives are described.
LAND TAXATION AND ITS IMPACT ON LAND PRICE: The Case of Japan in the 1990s
Authors: Mera Koichi
Published: October 2007

The multifold increases in land prices in Tokyo, at first, and in other major cities of Japan, later, during the last half of the 1980s brought forth government proposals to strengthen the land holding taxes which were very low in the past. This paper analyzes the background of these developments as well as their rationales, and looks at possible consequences of planned increases in land holding taxes. It is argued that the rivalry between the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Local Autonomy is leading to a situation in which unexpectedly heavy land holding taxes will be imposed in the near future, lowering the price of land to much less than half of what it was in the past.
DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Farrington Colin
Published: October 2007

The United Kingdom abolished domestic property taxation, the major autonomous revenue source for local authorities, in 1989 (Scotland) and 1990 (England and Wales). The introduction of a flat rate personal charge (called by the Government ‘the community charge’ and by its opponents ‘the poll tax’) aroused huge political controversy. The choice of a substitute tax, to operate from 1993, and based at least partly on property, was one of the major domestic issues in the recent General Parliamentary Election. This paper examines the background to the abolition of domestic property taxation and why it was such a key political issue, explains why the “community charge” failed and describes the immediate prospects.
AIRLINE SERVICES AND METROPOLITAN AREAS IN THE ASIA‐PACIFIC REGION 1970 ‐ 1990
Authors: O'Connor Kevin , Scott Ann
Published: October 2007

This paper looks at the ways in which air transport has affected economic growth in metropolitan areas in the Asia‐Pacific region. Two primary influences are identified: level of service to a particular airport; and local airline industry activities. The paper examines the former by means of an historical overview of the factors influencing the development of economic ‘control centers’ in the Pacific Rim. The level of a service at an airport in the region has depended greatly on local economic activity, as well as on geography, aircraft technology, and intergovernmental regulation. Data on non‐stop international flights in the Asia‐Pacific region for 1970, 1980, and 1990 are used to document the emergence of major hubs such as Hong Kong, Los Angeles, and Tokyo. It is argued that as technology advances, services will become even more concentrated in a few places, causing further congestion and strain on infrastructure capacity.
A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF ANNUAL PASSENGER DEMAND FOR THE STATE RAILWAY OF THAILAND
Authors: Doi Masayuki
Published: October 2007

This paper presents a time series regression model to estimate annual passenger demand for the State Railway of Thailand (SRT). The model was developed for a time period of 15 years (1974–1988), incorporating such variables as the country's gross domestic product (GDP), SRT passenger fares, competing intercity bus fares, and a dummy variable of the Fifth National Five Year Plan advocating a railway‐favored modal shift policy. This simple but useful model analysis estimated the demand elasticities as: 0.907 with respect to real GDP; ‐0.970 with respect to real SRT fare; and 0.808 with respect to real bus fare. Remarkable manufacturing‐oriented economic development of Thailand in recent years played an important part in recent SRT demand increases. As the relatively high own and cross fare elasticity estimates imply, the SRT is concerned about demand loss to competing intercity bus services, and has thus been keeping fare levels low. The model analysis also estimated a demand gain of 12.3% due to the modal shift policy during the Fifth Plan period, suggesting effectiveness of the policy.
EXPORTS, URBAN GROWTH, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Mukoko Samba
Published: October 2007

Several cross‐countries regression analyses have revealed that exports positively contribute to economic growth in less developed countries, implying that apart from the increases in the stocks of labor and capital, growth can also be stimulated by reallocating resources from the less efficient non‐export sector to the more productive export sector. This paper re‐specifies the relation between exports and economic growth for non‐urban goods exporting African countries. The impact of exports on the growth rate of national income is analyzed along with that of the growth of population in the urban region.
SUSTAINABLE URBANIZATION: NEEDED POLICY CHANGES FOR INDIA
Authors: Mathur Om Prakash
Published: October 2007

This paper is concerned with two questions: what is it that is unsustainable about the process of urbanization and growth of cities in developing countries?; and why do countries persist with strategies that are evidently unsustainable? Making use of data from India, which today has the second largest urban population in the world, and taking note of increasing global concern for sustainable urbanization, this paper points out that the developing countries have to move beyond a general acceptance of the concept to see it being put into practice.
BOTTOM‐UP APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN SRI LANKA
Authors: Wickramanayake Ebel
Published: October 2007

Low‐income communities, whether in urban or rural areas, need certain basic facilities that are difficult or impossible to acquire either due to poverty or other constraints. Welfare‐oriented governments have, therefore, attempted to provide these basic facilities, but not with great success. Recently new approaches have been adopted to improve the situation by encouraging people to become involved in community‐level decision making with respect to their needs and to implement the construction of acceptable facilities. The communities would then shoulder a greater responsibility, leading to development with a higher degree of sustainability.
A MODEL OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT WITH AN APPLICATION TO TAIWAN
Authors: Heikkila Eric
Published: October 2007

This paper develops and applies a model to investigate questions pertinent to Taiwan's six year development plan. The model is designed to explore the implications of transportation versus industrial infrastructure investments on Taiwan's regional development objectives. Accessibility to population centers and related activities is seen as a critical factor in determining a location Is economic development potential. The model postulates an adjustment process that is geared to increasing economic welfare subject to adjustment costs. An empirical illustration using data from Taiwan suggest that Taipei's primacy is likely to increase over the coming decades. Across the board transportation improvements are shown to favor the island's central regions at the expense of Taipei and Kaohsiung.
THE EMERGENCE OF EXTENDED METROPOLITAN REGIONS IN INDONESIA: JABOTABEK AND BANDUNG METROPOLITAN AREA
Authors: Firman Tommy , Dharmapatni Ida Ayu Indira
Published: October 2007

The Jakarta Metropolitan Region (Jabotabek) is advancing to the Bandung Metropolitan Regions (BMA) and vice versa. In fact, these two metropolitan regions are being physically integrated by giant corridors of urban regions, stretching from Serang to Cikampek, and from Bandung to Jakarta, shaping an extended metropolitan region, also called a mega‐urban region. There are many factors contributing to this process, i.e. large‐scale housing and new town, industrial estate, and toll road development. However, this development has created many environmental problems that should be taken into consideration in formulating development policy for the future in order to avoid environmental collapse.
ESTIMATING, EXPLAINING, AND TARGETING POVERTY IN BELIZE: IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY
Authors: Lewis Blane D.
Published: October 2007

This paper focuses on estimating, explaining, and targeting poverty in Belize. The analysis is based on household‐level data derived from a national income and expenditure survey conducted in 1990. The paper estimates that the incidence of poverty was about 23 percent at that time nationwide, although there were significant differences in the incidence of poverty across rural and urban areas and across districts and subdistricts of the country. The analysis shows that the household head's age and education level and the household's size, number of children, and location appear to be significant explanators of the incidence of poverty; and, on the other hand, the investigation demonstrates that the head's gender, migration status, worker type, and sector of employment do not seem to explain, to any significant degree, the existence of poverty. The paper also illustrates the importance of sound targeting procedures in keeping poverty reduction costs low as a greater number of beneficiaries are included in such anti‐poverty programs. In addition, the analysis shows the clear tradeoff between undercoverage and leakage errors in program implementation. Finally, the paper suggests that poverty program geographic targeting errors would probably not be reduced substantially if subdistricts were used as targets instead of districts in Belize.
COMMENTS ON THE DYNAMICS OF REGIONAL POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT GROWTH
Authors: Carter George H.
Published: October 2007

There has been much discussion about whether population growth causes employment growth or vice versa. This study supplements the work of Mathur and Song by confirming that population growth causes employment growth in die Snowbelt and die reverse in die Sunbelt. Also, regional growth rates of population and employment alternated between convergence, divergence, and convergence during 1955‐88.
THE DESIGN OF DIRECT DEMAND SUBSIDY PROGRAMS FOR HOUSING IN LATIN AMERICA
Authors: Ferguson Bruce , Rubinstein Jacobo , Vial Vicente Dominguez
Published: October 2007

Traditional Latin American housing programs, which have used below‐market interest rates to convey subsidies, have suffered from serious vices: high per‐unit cost and subsidies, low population coverage, lack of transparency, benefits to the middle‐class rather than the poor, and inefficiency. Chile broke out of this flawed traditional mode by launching a housing program that conveys subsidies directly to households in die form of a one‐time, non‐reimbursable grant This approach has spread to other Latin American countries, increasingly with the support of donors. The paper describes and then analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of direct subsidy programs in Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Uruguay to distill ten design lessons: target to low‐income households and ensure political autonomy; replace below‐market interest rates with direct demand subsidies; use group mechanisms for low‐income households; stimulate supply, not just demand; adjust key amounts for inflation; balance progressivity and financial feasibility; join die efforts of various levels of government; use NGOs; establish mechanisms for on‐going consolidation of housing solutions; and include measures to promote broader housing sector reform. The conclusion applies these lessons to the design of a housing pilot project in Venezuela.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE GREAT HANSHIN‐AWAJI EARTHQUAKE ON THE LOCAL HOUSING MARKET
Authors: Kawawaki Yasuo , Ota Mitsuru
Published: October 2007

The Great Hanshin‐Awaji Earthquake destroyed a huge number of houses and caused housing problems in the disaster area. This paper investigates the influence of the earthquake on the related housing market, mainly in terms of changes in house prices and housing rents, and analyzes the machanism of the changes. Empirical results by Hedonic analyses indicate the influences are different between house prices and housing rents and also between the disaster district and the surrounding area. Those differences are explained by the factors of the earthquake that would affect the housing market, such as decrease in income, diversity of damage among the districts and others.
IMPLICATIONS OF FARM TENURE FOR A REGION'S FOOD PRODUCING POTENTIAL: A NORTHEAST U.S. CASE STUDY
Authors: Tavernier Edmund M. , Temel Tugrul T. , Derr Donn A.
Published: October 2007

Farm tenure places important production decisions in the hands of farm operators, who may not be the most efficient decisionmakers. This study estimates a Cobb‐Douglas production function to examine the effect of the structure of farm tenure categories on agricultural production in the northeast region of the US. The analysis indicates that a 10 percent increase in full‐owner and part‐owner operations decreases and increases output by 2 percent and 3 percent, respectively; tenant operations also increase agricultural output by 1.8 percent to 2.5 percent. The results suggest that the relationship between tenure structure and agricultural production may hold long‐term implications for agricultural production.
EMPLOYMENT GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN URBAN CANADA, 1971–1991
Authors: Coffey William J. , Shearmur Richard G.
Published: October 2007

This paper presents an analysis of recent patterns of employment growth and structural transformation within urban Canada and, more specifically, seeks to determine which economic activities are becoming spatially more concentrated or more dispersed across the urban system. In addition, the paper seeks to identify the urban area attributes (e.g., size, region, economic diversity) that are most strongly correlated with employment growth. The data employed in the empirical analysis are based upon employment in 159 economic sectors across a set of 152 urban units with populations greater than 10 thousand inhabitants. The results indicate three major trends: tertiarization; spatial polarization; and declining rates of employment growth.
GROWTH AREAS, GROWTH CENTRES AND REGIONAL CONVERSION*
Authors: Cameron Gordon C.
Published: October 2007

Five arguments in favour of a growth area strategy have been analysed and though all of them lack empirical substance, they have certain merits on a priori grounds. Thus any policy which contributes, on the long‐run, to a more rapid concentration of a region's population into relatively large urban areas, is likely to create the conditions for servicing net and replacement demand for social/economic overhead capital at a low per capita cost. Moreover for a given subsidy cost, discriminatory investment in the dense, complex, urbanised areas of a region may maximise the flow of income to regional earners in the short‐run: attract the maximum flow of exogenous enterprise and capital; and give the best chance of creating a new export base which reduces the regional balance‐of‐payments deficit and provides sufficient job‐opportunities to restrain the flow out of the region of the economically active. In addition, the quality and content of shortterm regional planning may be improved if the mix and scheduling of public investment over time is given a rigorous spatial dimension. Thus, on all of these counts, there are convincing reasons for encouraging an especially rapid development of the relative large, dense interrelated urban areas and by contrast good reasons for a relative neglect of the small hinterland areas.
THE BACKWARD‐BENDING SUPPLY CURVE OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY1
Authors: Copes Parzival
Published: October 2007

Proceeding from an article by Gordon, published in 1954, the substance of an economic theory of the fisheries has emerged from the writings of a number of economists.2 The theory has emphasized the common‐ property nature of the fishery resource, generally leading to an ‘over‐exploitation’ that results in dissipation of the rent that the resource could yield.
THE CASE FOR REGIONAL POLICIES*
Authors: Kaldor Nicholas
Published: October 2007

In Britain, as in other countries, we have become acutely aware in recent years of the existence of a ‘regional’ problem—the problem, that is, of different regions growing at uneven rates; with some regions developing relatively fast and others tending to be left behind. In some ways this problem of fast and slow growing regions has not led to the same kind of inequalities in regional standards of living, in culture or in social structure, in the case of Britain as in some other countries—such as Italy, the United States or France. And in general, the problem of regional inequalities within countries is not nearly so acute as that between the rich and poor countries of the world—with differences in living standards in the ratio of 20:1, or even 50:1, as between the so‐called ‘advanced’ countries and the ‘developing’ countries. Yet, as investigations by Kuznets and others have shown, the tremendous differences that now divide the rich and poor nations are comparatively recent in origin. They are the cumulative result of persistent differences in growth rates that went on over periods that may appear long in terms of a life‐span, but which are relatively short in terms of recorded human history—not more than a few centuries, in fact. Two hundred, or two‐hundred‐and‐fifty years ago, the differences in living standards, or in the ‘stage’ of both economic and cultural development of different countries, or parts of the globe, were very much smaller than they are today.
INCOMES POLICY
Authors: Routh Guy
Published: October 2007

LLOYD ULMAN AND ROBERT J. FLANAGAN, Wage Restraint: A Study of Incomes Policies in Western Europe (University of California Press, 1971)

JOAN MITCHELL, The National Board for Prices & Incomes (Secker & Warburg, 1972)

ALLAN FELS, The British Prices and Incomes Board (Cambridge University Press, 1972)

HUGH CLEGG, How to Run an Incomes Policy and Why We Made Such a Mess of the Lust One (Heinemann, 1971)

MICHAEL PARKIN AND MICHAEL T. SUMNER (eds.), Incomes Policy and Inflation (Manchester University Press, 1972)

FRANK BLACKABY (ed.), An Incomes Policy for Britain (Heinemann, 1972)
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE SMALL FIRM: A REVIEW ARTICLE
Authors: Jacobsen Lowell
Published: October 2007

Herbert Giersch (ed.) New Opportunities for Entrepreneurship. Tübingen: Mohr, 1984, pp. 262 + vi, DM62 (paperback). Cyril Levicki
ON THE KING‐DAVENANT “LAW” OF DEMAND1
Authors: Creedy John
Published: October 2007

“Now there is one law of prices which you must know and understand before you can make the least progress in interpreting the simplest problem. It is known to some economists, I do not say all, for it is most unaccountably neglected or obscured in most treatises on the subject, as Gregory King's Law.”