bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A tutorial in assessing disclosure risk in microdata
Authors: Taylor Leslie , Zhou Xiao‐Hua , Rise Peter
Published: June 2018

Statistical agencies are releasing statistical data to other agencies for research purposes or to inform public policy. Prior to data release, these agencies have a legal and ethical obligation to protect the confidentiality of individuals in the data. Agencies often release altered versions of the data, but there usually remains risks of disclosure. Many well‐studied risk measures are available to assess risk; however, many agencies today continue to use subjective judgement, past experience, and ad hoc rules or checklists to assess disclosure risk. More recently, there has been a recognized demand for quantitative risk measures that provide a more objective criteria for data release. This tutorial provides an overview of the statistical disclosure control framework for microdata. We focus on the risk analysis stage within this framework by defining existing disclosure risk measures and how to estimate them with available software.
Maximizing Specific Loss Power for Magnetic Hyperthermia by Hard–Soft Mixed Ferrites
Authors: He Shuli , Zhang Hongwang , Liu Yihao , Sun Fan , Yu Xiang , Li Xueyan , Zhang Li , Wang Lichen , Mao Keya , Wang Gangshi , Lin Yunjuan , Han Zhenchuan , Sabirianov Renat , Zeng Hao
Published: June 2018

Maximized specific loss power and intrinsic loss power approaching theoretical limits for alternating‐current (AC) magnetic‐field heating of nanoparticles are reported. This is achieved by engineering the effective magnetic anisotropy barrier of nanoparticles via alloying of hard and soft ferrites. 22 nm Co0.03Mn0.28Fe2.7O4/SiO2 nanoparticles reach a specific loss power value of 3417 W g−1metal at a field of 33 kA m−1 and 380 kHz. Biocompatible Zn0.3Fe2.7O4/SiO2 nanoparticles achieve specific loss power of 500 W g−1metal and intrinsic loss power of 26.8 nHm2 kg−1 at field parameters of 7 kA m−1 and 380 kHz, below the clinical safety limit. Magnetic bone cement achieves heating adequate for bone tumor hyperthermia, incorporating an ultralow dosage of just 1 wt% of nanoparticles. In cellular hyperthermia experiments, these nanoparticles demonstrate high cell death rate at low field parameters. Zn0.3Fe2.7O4/SiO2 nanoparticles show cell viabilities above 97% at concentrations up to 500 µg mL−1 within 48 h, suggesting toxicity lower than that of magnetite.
Direct adaptive neural network control for switched reluctance motors with input saturation
Authors: Li Cunhe , Wang Guofeng , Li Yan , Xu Aide
Published: June 2018

This paper presents a novel direct adaptive neural network controller for switched reluctance motor (SRM) speed control, which takes into account parameter variations, external load disturbances, and input saturation constraint. The radial basis function (RBF) neural network based on the technology of minimal learning parameters (MLP) is employed to approximate an ideal control law that includes parameter variations and external disturbances. An auxiliary dynamic system is constructed to handle the input saturation constraint. Furthermore, uniform ultimate boundedness of all signals in the SRM drive closed‐loop control system is guaranteed through rigorous Lyapunov analysis. Comparative studies are carried out between the proposed control scheme and conventional proportional‐integral (PI) control, and the simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control scheme has better performance for parameter variations and external load disturbances. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Data‐driven method for a single‐input multi‐output dual‐rate system
Authors: Ito Sho , Sato Takao , Araki Nozomu , Konishi Yasuo
Published: June 2018

We propose a new data‐driven method for a single‐input multi‐output dual‐rate system, in which the sampling interval of plant outputs is an integer multiple of the holding interval of a control input. In the proposed method, the dual‐rate system is converted to a multi‐input multi‐output single‐rate system, and controller parameters are optimized using one‐shot closed‐loop data. Furthermore, the ripple‐free condition is clarified. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is shown through a numerical example. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gridded‐based LPV control of a Clipper Liberty wind turbine
Authors: Wang Shu , Seiler Peter
Published: June 2018

This paper proposes a linear parameter varying (LPV) control design for a Clipper Liberty C96 2.5 MW wind turbine to operate in all wind conditions. A standard approach is to use multiple single‐input, single‐output loops for control objectives at different wind speeds. This LPV controller instead takes these objectives into a uniformed multi‐input, multi‐output design framework. The key difference is that the LPV controller is specifically designed to smoothly transition from Region 2 to Region 3 operation. Reducing structural loads is another major concern in the design. Synthesis of the controller relies on a gridded‐based LPV model of the turbine, which is constructed by interpolation of linearized turbine models at different wind speeds. To overcome the conservativeness in the design, parameter varying rates will be considered based on turbulent wind conditions. The performance of the LPV controller is evaluated using a high fidelity FAST model provided by Clipper. The LPV controller is directly compared with the baseline controller currently operating on the turbine. Simulations and analysis show that the LPV controller meets all performance objectives and has better load reduction performance.
Axial anomaly in multi-Weyl and triple-point semimetals
Authors: Lepori Luca , Burrello Michele , Guadagnini Enore
Published: June 2018

Abstract

We derive the expression of the abelian axial anomaly in the so-called multi-Weyl and triple-point crossing semimetals. No simplifying restrictions are assumed on the symmetry of the spectrum. Three different computation methods are considered: the perturbative quantum field theory procedure which is based on the evaluation of the one-loop Feynman diagrams, the Nielsen-Ninomiya method, and the Atiyah-Singer index argument. It is shown that the functional form of the axial anomaly does not depend on the Lorentz symmetry, but it is determined by the gauge structure group. We discuss the stability of the anomaly — stemming from the quantisation of the anomaly coefficient — under smooth modifications of the lagrangian parameters.
The mobility of the trace metals copper, zinc, lead, cobalt, and nickel in tropical estuarine sediments, Ebrie Lagoon, Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Kouassi N’Guessan Louis Berenger , Yao Koffi Marcellin , Sangare Naminata , Trokourey Albert , Metongo Bernard Soro
Published: June 2018

Purpose

Trace metals accumulate in the food web and can pose high risks to human health and aquatic biota. We investigated seasonal and spatial variations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, and Ni mobility in surface sediments (0–5 cm) and their potential toxicity.

Materials and methods

The sampling was carried out in three embayments of the Ebrie Lagoon (Côte d’Ivoire) during the rainy and dry seasons. The sequential and kinetic extraction methods were used to assess Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, and Ni mobility and their potential toxicity. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to ascertain spatial and seasonal differences.

Results and discussion

The results showed that contrarily to Co, distribution patterns of Zn and Cu in the sediment fractions showed no spatial and seasonal variability. On the other hand, Pb and Ni distribution patterns varied highly across the bays but not seasonally. Nevertheless, repeated measurements over a long period of time should be carried out to better understand the seasonal variability of metal distribution in sediment phases. Cu, Pb, Co, and Ni were abundant in residual fraction (56.93–71.66%) in the bays. On the contrary, a very high portion of Zn (up to 70%) could be remobilized. Cu, Pb, Co, and Ni formed mainly inert complexes in sediments, while Zn formed labile complexes. Zn could pose high risk to biota, Co and Ni a medium risk, and Cu and Pb a low risk.

Conclusions

A combination of both sequential and kinetic methods revealed that both Zn and Pb formed labile complexes in the exchangeable and iron/manganese oxide fractions. Sequential extraction showed high Pb concentrations in the iron/manganese oxides. Thus, Zn and Pb may be highly available, which confirmed fish Pb concentrations exceeding WHO safe limits found by previous studies. Therefore, potential mobility of metals could be better assessed by the exchangeable and iron/manganese oxide fractions obtained by sequential extraction methods.
Sedimentary and geochemical characteristics of two small permafrost-dominated Arctic river deltas in northern Alaska
Authors: Fuchs Matthias , Grosse Guido , Jones Benjamin M. , Strauss Jens , Baughman Carson A. , Walker Donald A.
Published: June 2018

Arctic river deltas are highly dynamic environments in the northern circumpolar permafrost region that are affected by fluvial, coastal, and permafrost-thaw processes. They are characterized by thick sediment deposits containing large but poorly constrained amounts of frozen organic carbon and nitrogen. This study presents new data on soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage as well as accumulation rates from the Ikpikpuk and Fish Creek river deltas, two small, permafrost-dominated Arctic river deltas on the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska. A soil organic carbon storage of 42.4 ± 1.6 and 37.9 ± 3.5 kg C m− 2 and soil nitrogen storage of 2.1 ± 0.1 and 2.0 ± 0.2 kg N m− 2 was found for the first 2 m of soil for the Ikpikpuk and Fish Creek river delta, respectively. While the upper meter of soil contains 3.57 Tg C, substantial amounts of carbon (3.09 Tg C or 46%) are also stored within the second meter of soil (100–200 cm) in the two deltas. An increasing and inhomogeneous distribution of C with depth is indicative of the dominance of deltaic depositional rather than soil forming processes for soil organic carbon storage. Largely, mid- to late Holocene radiocarbon dates in our cores suggest different carbon accumulation rates for the two deltas for the last 2000 years. Rates up to 28 g C m− 2 year− 1 for the Ikpikpuk river delta are about twice as high as for the Fish Creek river delta. With this study, we highlight the importance of including these highly dynamic permafrost environments in future permafrost carbon estimations.
Does the meaningful use of electronic health records improve patient outcomes?
Authors: Wani Deepa , Malhotra Manoj
Published: June 2018

While Electronic Health Records (EHRs) hold the promise of improving patient outcomes, past research on their efficacy has yielded inconsistent results. In this study, we overcome several drawbacks of past research by examining not just partial versus full adoption, but the impact of meaningful assimilation of EHRs as mandated by the HITECH (Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health) Act. Detailed patient‐level data from acute‐care hospitals in California, coupled with relevant data from several other sources, is used to conduct our analysis. After controlling for self‐selection bias, our results show that overall length of stay (LOS) is reduced by 3%, on average, for all patients who undergo treatment at hospitals that are meaningful‐use assimilated, relative to patients at hospitals that have fully adopted EHRs. The magnitude of this reduction is increased for patients with greater comorbidity complexity and greater coordination complexity. In addition, we find an overall decrease in readmission. We do not find such benefits among full adopters of EHRs. Thus, our study provides empirical evidence that instead of merely adoption, assimilation of EHRs at a hospital‐wide level can improve the efficiency with which patients are treated, with benefits from such an assimilation being far more pronounced for patients with a greater degree of health complexities. These are important findings, because hospitals are struggling to deliver quality care to their sickest patients without severe cost overruns. Recommendations from our study point to a path forward in meeting this challenge.
Elevation change of Fedchenko Glacier, Pamir Mountains, from GNSS field measurements and TanDEM-X elevation models, with a focus on the upper glacier
Authors: LAMBRECHT A. , MAYER C. , WENDT A. , FLORICIOIU D. , VÖLKSEN C.
Published: June 2018

Fedchenko Glacier experienced a large thickness loss since the first scientific investigations in 1928. As the largest glacier in the Pamir Mountains, this glacier plays an important role for the regional glacier mass budget. We use a series of Global Navigation Satellite Systems observations from 2009 to 2016 and TanDEM-X elevation models from 2011 to 2016 to investigate recent elevation changes. Accounting for radar wave penetration minimizes biases in elevation that can otherwise reach up to 6 m in dry snow on Fedchenko Glacier, with mean values of 3–4 m in the high accumulation regions. The seasonal elevation changes reach up to ±5 m. The glacier surface elevation decreased along its entire length over multi-year periods. Thinning rates increased between 2000 and 2016 by a factor of 1.8 compared with 1928–2000, resulting in peak values of 1.5 m a−1. Even the highest accumulation basins above 5000 m elevation have been affected by glacier thinning with change rates between −0.2 and −0.4 m a−1 from 2009 to 2016. The estimated glacier-wide mass-balance rates are −0.27 ± 0.05 m w.e. a−1 for 2000 to 2011 and −0.51 ± 0.04 m w.e. a−1 between 2011 and 2016.
Show Us Your Data: Connect the Dots, Improve Science
Authors: Levine Sheen S.
Published: June 2018

‘The truth is under attack’, I wrote earlier this decade (Levine, 2012). As the replication crisis became apparent, the alarm was timely. But now, a counter-attack is raging. In its arsenal are replications, open data, shared instruments, pre-registration of hypotheses and now – data visualizations.
Management and Organization ReviewSpecial Issue ‘Social Networks ‒ The Dark and Bright Sides of Informal Networks’
Authors: Horak Sven , Afiouni Fida , Bian Yanjie , Ledeneva Alena , Muratbekova-Touron Maral , Fey Carl
Published: June 2018

Research on the mechanisms of organizing and managing via interpersonal relations has a rich history in the management and organization-oriented literature. So far, however, the informal dimension of managing and organizing by drawing on informal networks in an international context has received comparably less attention. Recent research has pointed out that social capital and network theories have largely been developed by Western scholars based on circumstances and social structures that are typical of Western societies. Thus, current theory takes into account to a lesser extent their character and nature and the way in which informal ties and networks are formed in other parts of the world (Ledeneva, 2018; Li, 2007b; Qi, 2013; Sato, 2010). Besides the growing body of literature concerned with informal ties and networks in emerging and transitioning countries, for exampleguanxi(China),blat/ svyazi(Russia), andwasta(Arab World), a trend for analyzing pervasive informal networks in advanced and industrialized economies, such asyongo(Korea), has arisen. While insights from the latter research stream indicate that informal networks persist, the results generated in both research streams will help in developing the extant informal network theories further.
The Case for Space
Authors: Cleaver A. V.
Published: June 2018

It is a big honour to be invited to give this lecture in memory of that great engineer, Sir Henry Royce, but particularly so for anyone who happens to work in the Company of which he was co-founder and which of course represents the best memorial for which he could have wished.

I am very conscious of all this tonight but also, and with a distinct unease, that the Grand Old Man might be something less than sympathetic to my theme. The traditions of quality, craftsmanship and meticulous attention to detail design for which Royce is rightly famous, find, of course, their extreme justification in the construction of complex space vehicles, with their critical dependence on reliability. (There were about 15 million parts which had to work in the whole Apollo system, nearly half in the vehicle itself.) There is no doubt that he could have made immense contributions to space propulsion, as he did for land and air.
Propulsion Prospects
Authors: Weir R. H.
Published: June 2018

I welcome this opportunity of following in the footsteps of the eminent and erudite speakers who have given the Barnwell Memorial Lecture on previous occasions. A number of my predecessors in this role were closely associated with Captain Barnwell. Indeed, some were included among his personal friends. I cannot make any such claim, but I did have the privilege of working in association with him for brief periods during 1936 and 1937. At that time I was, in modern parlance, the Project Officer at the Royal Aircraft Establishment on the successful altitude record flights made by Sqn. Ldr. Swain in 1936 and Fit. Lt. Adam in 1937, in Barnwell's Bristol 138A mono-plane. We met on relatively few occasions but I well remember the kindly and tolerant attitude of this eminent aeronautical pioneer towards a very junior officer.
The Development of the Trident Series
Authors: Smith J. P.
Published: June 2018

In 1959 BEA required the Trident 1 to carry a payload of 15 500 lb (7 Mg), or 75 passengers mixed first and economy class, for 1000 statute miles (1609 km), i.e. London-Rome. It was to be tightly tailored to this requirement to achieve low operating costs, and to achieve this they decided on passenger amenity standards which were below those current today. For example, allowance was made for cold meals with coffee etc., not for hot meals. First class seating was 5 abreast, and economy class seat backs were fixed with no adjustment for recline. The aircraft was to be capable of cruising at 600 mph (268 m/s), the economical speed coming out at 585 mph (261 m/s), higher than any other jet.
Flying and Accidents During and Between the Two Wars
Authors: Brown Vernon
Published: June 2018

I learned to fly at Brooklands in the early summer of 1915, in a Maurice Farman Longhorn with a 70 hp Renault engine. Failure to take the Royal Aero Club ticket would have cost £75, but I was lucky and passed the tests in two hours and ten minutes, spread over about three weeks—no flying if it was even slightly bumpy or more than about a 15 mph wind. One had to make two figures of eight at not under 1000 ft and then land in the 50 yds circle with engine off. The sewage farm in the corner of the aerodrome, close to the railway, had a specially magnetic charm for some people, and I happily did not make that mistake.
Experimental Investigation of Curvature Effects on Turbulent Wall Jets
Authors: Sridhar K. , Tu P. K. C.
Published: June 2018

The phenomenon of a jet emerging tangentially to a wall and flowing along the surface of the wall has long been known as a wall jet. Plane and curved wall jets have been investigated by many researchers in the past. In spite of many investigations in this field, a reasonably complete understanding of the curvature effects on the turbulent wall jet has not been achieved. This investigation, therefore, was intended to serve as a complementary study of curvature effects. Experiments were performed with a two-dimensional turbulent jet flow over a plane surface and over circular convex and concave surfaces of various radii in still air. The study was limited to the mean properties of the flow and was not concerned with the momentum loss on the surface.
A Survey of Hypersonic Near Wake Studies
Authors: Crane R. I.
Published: June 2018

The complicated time-dependent flow in the wake of a blunt based body at low speeds is a well known phenomenon, but drastic changes in the wake structure occur as speeds increase. Somewhere in the transonic regime, the periodic vortex shedding ceases, and at supersonic Mach numbers a steady flow pattern is established. The boundary layer on the body separates to form a free shear layer, the two layers from opposite sides of the body meeting at the so-called neck of the wake. Downstream of this point, the viscous wake persists for many hundreds of body diameters, and the term “far wake” is usually taken to refer to downstream distances greater than about ten body diameters. The neck of a hypersonic wake occurs typically one or two diameters from the base, and marks the downstream end of what is often known as the base flow region; this region includes a low speed, recirculating flow bounded by the shear layers and the base wall. Between the base and somewhere a few body diameters beyond the neck, the flow field is known as the near wake, and forms the subject of this survey.
Air Transport—The Manning of an Expanding Industry
Authors: Majendie A. M. A.
Published: June 2018

The establishment of an Industry Training Board for the civil air transport industry in March 1967 provided, for the first time, a single central point of focus for the trained manpower needs of the Industry. The early months of the Board's existence were preoccupied with the establishment of its own internal administration, with the search for accommodation, and with the recruitment and selection of staff. These internal matters were largely disposed of by April 1968, and since then the Board has started to fulfil its proper function.
Operating Aircraft Engines in the Royal Air Force
Authors: Disbrey W. D.
Published: June 2018

It is a great honour, and of considerable personal pleasure to me, to be asked to give this lecture—pleasurable for a number of reasons.

First, this is a unique occasion: this is the first time that a serving officer of the RAF has been asked to give the Sir Henry Royce Memorial Lecture and it is most appropriate that this should coincide with the 50th Anniversary Year of the RAF.

Secondly, I have always taken a great interest in aeroengines, with which I have been closely associated throughout my service career as both pilot and engineer. My early apprentice training was done on the Rolls-Royce Condor engine.
Future Rotorcraft Research in the USA
Authors: Yaggy P. F.
Published: June 2018

Projections of future trends in any field must be somewhat subjective; this assessment of future research on rotorcraft is no exception. However, an effort has been made at objectivity by presenting results of past and current research efforts as a foundation from which the projections are made. These projected trends are solely the opinion of the author and do not represent the policy of any agency within Government or industry, nor are they committal in any sense. Although some illustrations are derived from specific systems under investigation, the general intent of the paper is to avoid discussion of systems and to present illustrations representative of basic problems in the field of rotorcraft for which research effort can be expected to yield significant advance in performance and design.
Fan Lift in VTOL Design
Authors: West R. G.
Published: June 2018

During the past two years the commercial airline operators and the travelling public alike have been forced to acknowledge the rapid increase in airport congestion. This problem is most marked in the North Eastern area of America at the present time but a similar situation will develop fairly soon at major airports in Europe. Even with the introduction of the airbus to scheduled services, the number of aircraft movements at conventional airports, within a given time period, will reach a maximum safe level. The restrictions are imposed partly by the large number of aircraft operations on each runway, and partly by Air Traffic Control safety limits.
Coupled Librational Motion of an Axi-Symmetric Satellite in a Circular Orbit
Authors: Modi V. J. , Shrivastava S. K.
Published: June 2018

The review of the literature suggests that the planar motion of a rigid satellite in a gravity gradient field has been the subject of considerable investigation during the past ten years. In contrast the dynamic study of a satellite executing librational motion out of the orbital plane has received comparatively little attention. Such an investigation is important because as pointed out by Kane, for large amplitudes the transverse motion is strongly coupled with that in the plane.

The lack of information may be due to the complex nature of the problem. The non-linear, non-autonomous, coupled equations of motion involving a large number of parameters are not amenable to simple, concise analysis. Some simplification may be achieved by restricting the satellite motion to a circular orbit. For this case, as indicated by Auelmann, closed zero-velocity curves exist under certain conditions which limit the amplitude of motion.
A Numerical Technique for the Solution of Some Non-Linear Systems
Authors: Carnegie W. , Reif Z. , Wee R. S. S.
Published: June 2018

Exact solutions for certain types of non-linear systems where the non-linearity is symmetrical, that is to say, gravitational effects have been ignored, and damping is absent, are given by Den Hartog and Mikina. The algebra involved in these solutions is somewhat cumbersome and inconvenient to apply. A numerical method is given by Stormer but the computation is tedious without the use of a digital computer. The method employed by Lourie and Tchekmarev is commendable by virtue of its simplicity.
Seventh Handley Page Memorial Lecture Incorporating The Second Century Papers: Looking Ahead in Aeronautics—20
Authors: Cox Harold Roxbee , Norton Kings
Published: June 2018

It is, and always will be, an honour to give the Handley Page Memorial Lecture, but for me the occasion has a special pietas because Sir Frederick Handley Page was a friend of mine for many years and I admired his extraordinary intelligence, pertinacity and independence of character. I had the honour to immediately follow him in two offices of high importance—as President of the RAeS and as Chairman of the Governors of this College, and as this is the last major lecture I intend to give, I am particularly happy that it is in his memory, just as the first major lecture I ever gave was in memory of that other great pioneer, Wilbur Wright.
A Further Sequel to Technical Note 14: The FUGA Family of Elements for Folded Plate Structures
Authors: Argyris J. H. , Scharpf D. W.
Published: June 2018

The success of the TUBA plate elements, has not only engendered the development of the SHEBA elements but has also lead, nolens volens, to the consideration of folded plate structures (Faltwerke), which are of considerable practical importance. A little thought shows that a consistent theory of such systems requires that the kinematic representation or interpolation rule of the membrane state is identical to that for the bending state laid down in the TUBA analysis. Moreover, the membrane modes must be effectively the same as the ones adopted for the SHEBA element.
Reply
Authors: Quarmby Alan
Published: June 2018

It is quite true that MacMillan gave corrections for both the wall effect and the shear effect. I did not say that MacMillan gave no results for the wall effect but it appears, however, that Patel took notice of a correction which did not include the wall effect.

Thus Patel puts the effective centre of the pitot tube at a distance from the wall y=½Kd and by consideration of a model consisting of a linear sublayer, a transition zone and a fully turbulent region derives a value for K of 1·30 and values for the constants in the logarithmic law profile, A= 5·5 and B=5·45.
Comparison of Predicted and Measured Wall Temperatures in a Turbulent Boundary layer with Arbitrary Pressure Gradients
Authors: Hay N.
Published: June 2018

The problem of the prediction of wall and fluid temperature with a turbulent boundary layer can appear in two forms:

(a)

the prediction of wall heat transfer with specified wall temperature;

(b)

the prediction of wall and fluid temperature with specified wall heat flux.

Because the differential equations governing heat flow in the turbulent boundary layer are linear, it is sufficient to be able to predict theoretically either the heat transfer rate consequent upon a step function of temperature or the temperature distribution following a step function of wall heat flow rate. Such predictions will then permit the treatment of the more general situations (a) and (b) by superposition.
Experiments on the Buckling of Simply-Supported Rectangular Plates
Authors: Mills A. C.
Published: June 2018

In ref. (1) Pope presents a theoretical analysis of the buckling of rectangular plates tapered in thickness under uniform load in the direction of taper. An experimental investigation into the end load buckling problem for a plate having simply-supported edges with the sides prevented from moving normally in the plane of the plate is described in ref. (2). For these boundary conditions the theoretical solution is exact. However, the compatability equation is not satisfied exactly when the sides are free to move in the plane of the plate. This experimental investigation demonstrates that the buckling load is nevertheless adequately predicted by the analysis in these circumstances.
The Choice Between One Engine or Two for Tactical Strike/Close Support Aircraft
Authors: Higgins R. W.
Published: June 2018

The problem as to which engine configuration—single or twin—is most suited to the close support/tactical strike class of aircraft has faced both designers and Air Force personnel for many years. The inherent human choice on safety grounds is two engines. But, many aircraft built today are powered by one engine and good reasons for this choice have been produced. The basic arguments for one engine are the lower initial cost and better maintainability.

A comprehensive view of the overall costs incurred by selecting one layout as opposed to the other is a rarity, and yet it is possible to produce a definite indication, albeit by a broad brush, as this paper will show.
The Second Century Papers: Looking Ahead in Aeronautics—19
Authors: Stratton A.
Published: June 2018

Navigation has been defined as “the business of conducting a craft as it moves about its ways“. This broad definition of navigation encompasses the whole process of handling, steering, control, guidance and operation of the craft in a safe and economic manner. Navigation has a much longer history than aeronautics. As man first began to explore the world and to develop trade, the need for safe and predictable operation of the craft was a spur to the application of the most advanced science and technology of the day.
Airport Restrictions as they Affect Airline Planning
Authors: Blundell David R.
Published: June 2018

Within the framework of this broad subject, the paper focuses on some of the intra-mural technical and operational planning activities of an airline resulting, directly or indirectly, from airport restrictions of one form or another. While some of the overall problems discussed are, by their complexity, not within the powers of the airline industry on its own to solve, examples are given: (a) of the actions which an airline can take to minimise the effects of a given problem, and (b) of the contributions that an airline can make to solution of that problem. Attention is drawn to conflicts and anomalies in some of the limitations imposed on the airlines by the airports. Several cases in which airport restrictions are beginning to impose new burdens on the aircraft designer are cited.
Differential Boundary-Layer Separation Effects in the Flow over a Rotating Cylinder
Authors: Griffiths R. T. , Ma C. Y.
Published: June 2018

When a rotating body is placed in a stream of fluid the viscous drag of the rotating surface moving forward on one side and backwards on the other causes the flow velocity to be lower and hence the pressure on the forward-moving side higher than on the backward-moving side, thus giving a lateral (lift) force L in the direction shown in Fig. 1. This force, known as the Magnus force, is well known to engineers and also to sportsmen. In tennis, for example, top spin is used to swerve a fast ball downwards so that it falls within the required area of play, while in golf the Magnus force causes the all too familiar sliced shot when the club is drawn across the ball at impact.
The Evolution of Guided Weapons
Authors: H. W. Pout
Published: June 2018

Throughout this paper I shall be using the term Guided Weapon to describe a weapon which receives corrections to its direction of flight after leaving the launching device, the corrections being related in some way to the measured relative positions and behaviour of the target and weapon. With this definition some rocket weapons are guided, others are not; most of the so-called ballistic missiles are not. I must also emphasise that the opinions expressed are my own, although I gratefully acknowledge the permission of the Ministry of Defence, Navy Department, to publish the paper. I have drawn on UK Naval experience, in much of which I have been personally involved, but at various stages the evolution of Naval guided weapons has been mixed inextricably with that of the other Services’ weapons. For this reason I chose a more general title for the paper.
Materials and Structures for Future Civil Aircraft
Authors: Graham R.
Published: June 2018

An aircraft designer, working on one type of aircraft from inception to first flight, can now expect to be involved with only five different types in the whole course of his professional life. This is about 8 years per aircraft and explains why it is now timely and even popular to be airing views on the shape, manufacture, characteristics and operating requirements of the late 1970 civil air liners.
The Co-Ordination of European Research
Authors: Beteille R.
Published: June 2018

It is clearly unnecessary, before an audience with such experience of aeronautical matters, to explain why scientific, technical and technological research is a fundamental requisite for the growth of the aerospace industry, or why the growth of that industry is one of the factors vital to economic expansion. Nevertheless, I feel it would not be amiss to remind you of the great spur which the particularly advanced nature of the techniques involved in aeronautics provides for all the other industries (air and sea transport, communications, etc), which can often apply to problems closely affecting the general public, solutions which have been initially developed to meet the exacting requirements of aeronautical engineering.
Management Development
Authors: Henson G. S.
Published: June 2018

Professor A. D. Baxter opened the discussion and outlined how the 1964 Industrial Training Act had led to increased awareness of the need for trained and professional skill in management. The Central Training Council set up a Management Training and Development Committee, whose recent booklet “Management Training and Development” (HMSO) was the subject of discussion. There is now, for the first time, a national policy for producing better managers supported by financial sticks and carrots. It was the intention that this new move should lead to a massive scale of training of existing and future managers thereby improving managerial effectiveness, the usage of national resources and thereby the financial situation of firms and of the country.

During the evening no one criticised the national policy, except to say that it was expressed in such broad terms, in the form of a “child's guide”, whose benefits would depend, therefore, on how the policy was interpreted by the Industrial Training Boards. It was too early to say yet whether it would be well interpreted and resolve the special problems of highly technical industries such as aerospace.
Graduates’ and Students’ Section
Authors: Pressnell M. S.
Published: June 2018

Since the Kremer Prize rules were laid down in 1959, a dozen or more man-powered aircraft projects have evolved. Five single-seat aircraft have sustained flight following unassisted take-off, and the question is no longer “Can man fly?” but “How well can he fly?”. Although flights in excess of halt a mile have been achieved, the prize has remained tantalisingly just out of reach, but close enough to encourage the development of this type of flying machine.
Law for Aerospace Activities 1966-2066
Authors: Caplan H.
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this prologue is to outline how I have approached the arrogant and impossible task of surveying an unborn century of law. I may also be able to illustrate that the nature and quality of the task is completely different from that attempted in the preceding papers.

In the whole paper I have done little more than infer repeatedly, in different ways

(a)

that the shape of the future so far as law is concerned will be determined by the methods of communication adopted between sectors of the aerospace community and between the aerospace community and society at large, and

(b)

that the search for effective methods of communication is urgent.

But my target is not the lawyers of our community—who I am not qualified to advise. I write for the other members of the Royal Aeronautical Society and I return to the task of persuading them that they have a role to play in evolving future laws for aerospace activities.
Aeronautical Satellite Systems for Air Traffic Control and Communications in the European Environment
Authors: Leysieffer H. G.
Published: June 2018

The North Atlantic is increasingly developing into the main trade route of the age. Shipping, the pioneer along this highway of commerce, in the past decade has been joined by air traffic displaying a striking growth rate. Not only is the number of aircraft simultaneously plying the Atlantic routes constantly on the increase, but also the volume of passengers and freight transported on each flight. The question, whether such flow of traffic in the air and on water could be dealt with in future with the safety to which it is entitled, has led to world-wide discussions over the past few years concerning the necessity for an air traffic surveillance system for the North Atlantic area. A further question, whether one should not include also sea traffic in such a system suggested itself. The initiative for holding such discussions naturally proceeded less from air and shipping undertakings, but rather from those committees who are entrusted in supervising the safety in the conduct of man and merchandise.
Meteorological Research Satellites—NIMBUS D
Authors: Porter R. W.
Published: June 2018

The Missile and Space Division of the General Electric Company, under contract to NASA, is responsible for the following aspects of the NIMBUS Programme:

Integration and test of the sensor ring and the power and attitude control housing;

Design, fabrication and test of vehicle structure;

Design, fabrication and test of thermo-control, wiring harness, paddle unfold, and spacecraft separation sub-systems;

Ground station operations and maintenance at Valley Forge, Pa;

Technical support at the launch site;

Spacecraft operations at Goddard Space Flight Center during orbit;

Systems definition study for NIMBUS E and F.

Interest in meteorological research by means of artificial earth satellites began in the United States during the period of the IGY (1956-58) when two US experimenters, W. Stroud and V. Suomi, respectively developed experiments for elementary cloud photography and infra-red energy balance measurements to be orbited in IGY satellites.
Notes on the Development of the Brace Airscrew Windmill as a Prime Mover
Authors: Chilcott R. E.
Published: June 2018

In the effort to develop a cheap power source for developing areas we have designed and constructed a 32-ft (9·75 m) diameter airscrew windmill. The airscrew designed by ourselves, incorporates the most recent aerodynamic theory. It comprises three blades manufactured under contract by a Canadian firm in fibre-glass reinforced epoxy resin. The manufacturing method is reasonably inexpensive and gives scope for local production in the developing countries at a later date. The shaft drive down the tower incorporates standard automobile and truck transmission components, which are available cheaply in many countries.
The Second Century Papers: Looking Ahead in Aeronautics—15
Authors: Black Joseph
Published: June 2018

“Man's curiosity searches past and futureAnd clings to that dimension. But to apprehendThe point of intersection of the timelessWith time, is an occupation for the saint.”The Dry Salvages—T. S. Eliot

Why include the topic of education and training, it could be asked, in a series devoted to predicting ahead to the Second Century of the Society. It is obvious that in the other fields covered there is bound to be great technological progress but men, it might be thought, will teach, and learn, and study much as they do today, and as they did yesterday. Thus we could advise our student engineer that “the acquirements which are necessary to enable the individual to distinguish himself, or even to practise his profession with a moderate chance of success are partly abstract and theoretical, and partly experimental or practical.
Development of the Buccaneer
Authors: Boot R. D.
Published: June 2018

Development of the Buccaneer began in 1955, leading to the first flight of the Mark 1 in 1958 and of the Mark 2 in 1963. It was one of the first British aviation projects to operate the Weapons System Concept and to utilise the Development Batch principle.

Development specifically for the low-level high subsonic speed attack, with the requirement for maximum range very much to the fore, required a new approach. The flying qualities and structure produced for the initial design have been utilised with progressive developments in power-plant and equipment to give large improvements in performance, reliability and effectiveness at relatively low cost.
Design of Incentive Contracts, Basic Principles
Authors: Blyth A. H.
Published: June 2018

Some people claim that there is nothing new under the sun. Certainly incentive contracting is not new. The Navy Department boasts of Pepys using delivery incentives in the form of penalties and bonuses in ship contracts 300 years ago. In America, the War Department included a performance incentive in the Wright brothers' aircraft contract in 1907, providing for a 10% bonus for each mile per hour the aircraft would perform in excess of 40mph(18m/s).
The Prospects for Materials
Authors: Kennedy A. J.
Published: June 2018

Modern developments in materials, and the possibilities they offer in present and future engineering, make up a subject on which there has been no shortage of publications in recent years. It would not be possible, in a single article, to review the likely future developments in all the materials of interest to aeronautics; in any case some detailed references have already been made to this subject in other articles, notably that by Molyneux (July JOURNAL) on structural engineering. The point of view adopted here is rather more long-ranging, and certainly more speculative. A separate specialist contribution is being provided on polymeric materials in a later paper in this series and these are not, therefore, examined in any detail here.
The Second Century Papers—Looking Ahead in Aeronautics
Authors: Allen John E.
Published: June 2018

This paper introduces the series of Second Century papers which will appear in the Journal during 1968. The reasons which led the Publications Committee to arrange this series is explained and the authors and the titles of their papers are listed. The papers consider possible changes in aeronautical science, engineering and operations from now until a century ahead on many topics including Propulsion, Aerodynamics, Computing, Navigation, Control, Space Flight, Hovercraft, Aeronautical Education and Law for Aerospace.

This paper sets the scene for the others by reviewing how the aeronautical future looked to Cayley in the early nineteenth century, to those attending the 1893 International Conference, to Lanchester, Thurston and Roxbee Cox. The changing nature of forecasting is illustrated by the Lockheed SST market study of 1965 which is given as an example of present-day predictive techniques using computers.
STOL Aircraft—A Perspective
Authors: Hiscocks R. D.
Published: June 2018

The interest in Canada in the design and manufacture of utility aircraft with a short take-off and landing (STOL) performance may be traced back to the difficulties of surface transport in the early development of the country and the widespread use of bush aircraft.

The leading characteristics of the STOL aircraft are examined with particular reference to design features essential to a short take-off and landing. The choice of powerplants and lifting systems is discussed with emphasis on the requirements for powered lift in the larger sizes of aircraft. The augmentor-wing is described as an example of an integrated propulsion lifting system with promise of a high performance.

The phases of the take-off, transition, climb and landing manoeuvre are reviewed to illustrate the relative importance of various parameters in design and operation. The importance is stressed of good stability characteristics and effective controls for manoeuvring in a confined air space and a consistent landing performance.

The requirements of a para-military mobile force tor a rapid response, deployment overseas and transportation in an area are examined. Some estimates are given of the probability of finding suitable airstrips in a particular region and the cost of constructing new airfields in a dynamic situation. The operating environment in potentially troubled areas of the world is examined briefly to provide guidance in design. The costs of a military supply system are discussed using various modes of transport which include trucks, helicopters, STOL and conventional transport aircraft with results which suggest that the system employing STOL aircraft in the tactical theatre has advantages in cost and effectiveness.

Attention is drawn to the growing requirement for shorthaul, commuter and air taxi aircraft with STOL characteristics. Reference is made to the increases in air travel and the widespread use of large transport aircraft which have encouraged the movement of airports from urban centres at a time when city growth and congestion render surface transport increasingly difficult. The relative costs of commercial systems using the helicopter and STOL aircraft are examined. It is shown that the cost of STOL ports is not an excessive portion of total system costs when all factors are taken into account. Some forecasts are made as to future development trends in transport systems using STOL aircraft.
Some Remarks on the Zero Frequency Modes
Authors: Tabarrok B.
Published: June 2018

In the theory of small vibrations the motion of a system can be characterised in terms of either geometrically compatible displacements or dynamically admis-sable impulses (1,2,3). However, the number of generalised displacements required to describe the motion of a system need not be the same as the number of generalised impulses required for the same purpose. The reason for this difference is that in either or both formulations certain zero frequency modes may be present. If the co-ordinates which describe such modes are eliminated then the number of displacement and impulse co-ordinates required to describe the oscillatory modes will be equal and one can then transform one formulation to the other by means of Legendre's transformation(4).