bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIMICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXICITY STUDIES OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF APHANIA SENEGALENSIS (SAPINDACEAE)
Authors: Fall Alioune Dior , Bagla Victor P , Bassene Emmanuel , Eloff Jacobus Nicolaas
Published: June 2017

Background: Aphania senegalensis (Sapindaceae) is commonly used in Senegalese traditional medicine to treat pain,

inflammation, asthenia, bacterial and fungal infections.

The aim of this study was to determine the type of phytochemical constituents present in the ethanol leaf extract and its

antimicrobial activity against selected bacterial and fungal pathogens.

Materials and Methods: The ethanol leaf extract of A. senegalensis was evaluated for its cytotoxic effect in the MTT

assay against Vero cells. Flavonoids and tannins were the main constituents of the ethanol leaf extract.

Results: The extract inhibited the growth of the three fungal strains used in this study moderately with the lowest MIC

obtained for Candida albicans (0.16 mg/mL). The extract also inhibited the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus and

Cryptococcus neoformans with an MIC of 0.62 mg/mL. For bacterial pathogens, strong inhibition was obtained against

Enterococcus faecalis (ATTC 29212) (MIC 0.08 mg/mL), while moderate inhibition was obtained for Escherichia coli

(ATTC 25922) (MIC 0.16 mg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATTC 29213) (MIC 0.31mg/mL). The extract however

did not inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATTC 27853) at the highest concentration (2.5 mg/ml) tested.

The ethanol leaf extract of A. senegalensis had a higher cytotoxicity than berberine used as the positive control (LC50

2.67±0.04 μg/mL and 9.99±0.54 μg/mL respectively). The best selectivity index values was obtained for Enterococcus

faecalis (SI = 1.24), followed by Escherichia coli (SI = 0.62) for bacterial pathogens and C. albicans (SI = 0.62) for

fungal pathogens.

Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the extracts may not be safe for use in animals infected by some

pathogens.Enterococcus faecalis (ATTC 29212) (MIC 0.08 mg/mL), while moderate inhibition was obtained for Escherichia coli (ATTC 25922) (MIC 0.16 mg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATTC 29213) (MIC 0.31mg/mL). The extract however did not inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATTC 27853) at the highest concentration (2.5 mg/ml) tested. The ethanol leaf extract of A. senegalensis had a higher cytotoxicity than berberine used as the positive control (LC50 2.67±0.04 µg/mL and 9.99±0.54 µg/mL respectively). The best selectivity index values was obtained for Enterococcus faecalis (SI = 1.24), followed by Escherichia coli (SI = 0.62) for bacterial pathogens and C. albicans (SI = 0.62) for fungal pathogens. This indicatives that the extracts may not be safe to use on animals infected by some pathogens.
EFFECT OF FUCOIDAN ON B16 MURINE MELANOMA CELL MELANIN FORMATION AND APOPTOSIS
Authors: Wang Zhi-Jiang , Wei Xu , Liang Jian-Wen , Wang Cai-Sheng , Kang Yani
Published: June 2017

Background:Fucoidan is a complex sulfated polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed and has a wide variety of

biological activities. It not only inhibits cancer cell growth but also inhibits tyrosinase in vitro. Therefore, it is of

interest to investigate the effect of fucoidan on B16 murine melanoma cells as the findings may provide new insights

into the underlying mechanism regarding the inhibition of melanin formation by fucoidan. In the present study, we

aimed to investigate the anti-melanogenic effect of fucoidan and its inhibitory effect on B16 cells.

Materials and Methods: The influence of fucoidan on B16 melanoma cells and cellular tyrosinase was examined. Cell

viability was examined by the cell counting kit-8 assay. Cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content were

determined using spectrophotometric methods and protein expression was analyzed by immunoblotting. Morphological

changes in B16 melanoma cells were examined by phase contrast microscopy and apoptosis was analyzed by flow

cytometry.

Results: In vitro studies were performed using cell viability analysis and showed that fucoidan significantly decreased

viable cell number in a dose-response manner with an IC50 of 550 ±4.3 μg/mL. Cell morphology was altered and

significant apoptosis was induced when cells were exposed to 550 μg/mL fucoidan for 48 h.

Conclusion: This study provides substantial evidence to show that fucoidan inhibits B16 melanoma cell proliferation

and cellular tyrosinase activity. Fucoidan may be useful in the treatment of hyperpigmentation and as a skin-whitening

agent in the cosmetics industry.
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN TRIBES OF TRIPURA IN NORTHEAST, INDIA
Authors: Maria Debbarma , Pala Nazir A. , Kumar Munesh , Bussmann Rainer W.
Published: June 2017

Background: The present study was carried out in Mandwi area and its outskirts of Tripura district of tribal areas

Autonomous district council to document the available ethno-medicinal plants and their traditional application among

Mandwi tribes.

Methodology: Field explorations were carried out during the months of March-June 2013. The ethno-medicinal survey was

conducted particularly with Tripuri tribe in Mandai area, with the help of local medicine men, locally known as bhoidho

(Tripuri). Data were collected through structure questionnaires and observations during the field visits.

Results: In the present study the local population used a total of 51 plant species belonging to 32 families to cure a variety

of diseases. Of the 51 plants, 21 were herbs, followed by trees (17) and shrubs (8). Climbers and ferns had reported 2

species for each one grass species was found. Fabaceae was the dominant family with the highest number of species (6)

followed by Asteracae (4 species) and Lamiaceae (5 species). Seven other families had 2 species each and 22 families were

represented by a single species. In case single diseases, the highest number of plants (7 species) was used for dysentery,

followed by body pain (6 species), cough (6 species) and toothache (6 species).

Conclusion: The present study concluded that, the Tripuri tribes of the study area possess rich knowledge on the medicinal

plants and their utilization. Thus the present study focuses on the documentation of the traditional knowledge of these

valuable plants, which could enhance the potential of these medicinal plants to other communities as well and by

understanding the importance, other communities can also be helpful for conservation of these resources for further use.
POSSIBLE HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC EFFECT OF GINGER AND ROSEMARY OILS IN RATS
Authors: Eissa Fatma A. , Choudhry Hani , Abdulaal Wesam H. , Baothman Othman A. , Zeyadi Mustafa , Moselhy Said S. , Zamzami Mazin A.
Published: June 2017

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for development of atherosclerosis. The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential effect of ginger oil alone or combined with rosemary oil as hypocholesterolemic agent in rats fed high fat diet.

Materials and methods: Healthy female albino rats (n=80) weighting about (150-180 g) were included in this study divided into two equal groups; Group (I): were fed on the basal diet. Group (I) were divided into 4 subgroups each 10: Group (Ia): negative control. Group (Ib): Rats received i.p 2.5 g/Kg b.w of ginger oil. Group (Ic): rats received i.p 2.5 g/Kg b.w of rosemary oil. Group (Id): Rats received i.p 5 g/Kg b.w mixture of ginger oil and rosemary oil (1:1). The second main groups; Group (II): high fat diet (HFD) were fed on the basal diet plus cholesterol (1%), bile salt (0.25%) and animal fat (15%) to induce hypercholesterolemia for six weeks. Group (II) was divided into 4subgroups: Group (IIa): HFD. Group (IIb): HFD were treated with i.p 2.5 g/Kg b.w ginger oil. Group (IIc): (n=10) HFD were treated with i.p 2.5 g/Kg b.w rosemary oil. Group (IId): (n=10) HFD were treated with i.p 5 g/Kg b.w mixture of oils.

Results: It was found that HFD rats showed a significant elevation in glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, GOT, GPT, alkaline phosphatase and a reduction in serum HDL-c compared with negative control. Treatment with ginger oil, rosemary oil and their mixture modulated the elevation of these parameters. Histopathological examination of the liver tissue of HFD rats showed a lipid deposition and macrophage infiltration and stenosis of hepatic vein. Treatment with mixture oils preserves normal structure of liver.

Conclusion: It was concluded that, hypocholesterolemic effect was related to the active oil content as Rosemary oil contain - α-pinene, Camphor, cineole, borneol and Ginger oil contain Linalool, Terpineol ,Borneol , Eucalyptol.
IN VIVO EFFECT OF GUIDING-HERB RADIX PLATYCODONIS AND RADIX CYATHULAE ON PAEONIFLORIN PHARMACOKINETICS OF XUEFU ZHUYU TANG IN RATS
Authors: Tang Song-qi , Chen Yun-hui , Chen Xi-ping , Zhang Xiao-dan , Huang Wei
Published: June 2017

Background: Xuefu Zhuyu Tang (XFZYT), first recorded in Correction of Errors in Medical Works by Qing-ren Wang, has been proven reliable and effective for curing various diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and angina pectoris. It consists of 11 herbs and two of them, Radix platycodonis and Radix cyathulae, have been traditionally considered as guiding herbs and deeply valued by tens of millions of Chinese medicine practitioners. Do Radix platycodonis and Radix cyathulae affect the pharmacokinetics of the effective constituent-paeoniflorin of XFZYT? If yes, in what way? This study aims to answer these questions.

Materials and Methods: The medicinal solutions of XFZYT, XFZYT without Radix platycodonis (XFZYT-JG), XFZYT without Radix cyathulae (XFZYT-NX), and XFZYT without Radix platycodonis and Radix cyathulae (XFZYT-JG-NX) were prepared and administrated to rats in the normal group and the blood-stasis model group by gavage, respectively. The blood samples of rats in the normal group were obtained 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 240 minutes after gavage; whereas the blood samples of rats in the blood-stasis model group were obtained 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 90, 150, and 240 minutes after gavage. Biological samples were processed; the assays of specificity, precision, linearity, intra-day and inter-day precisions, recovery and stability were conducted; high performance liquid chromatography was performed to detect paeoniflorin content; and DAS software was adopted to generate pharmacokinetic parameters. Mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and water (16:84), detection wavelength was 230 nm, and riboflavin was set as internal standard substance.

Results: The pharmacokinetic parameters of the rats in the normal group after oral gavage of XFZYT, XFZYT-JG, XFZYT-NX, and XFZYT-JG-NX were Cmax = (0.363±0.248, 0.065±0.020, 0.099±0.033, 0.099±0.020) mg/L, Tmax = (0.276±0.084, 0.583±0.342, 0.555±0.228, 0.317±0.033)h, t1/2 = (0.501±0.241, 1.021±0.522, 0.853±0.377, 1.227±0.402) h; and AUC0-∞ = (0.381±0.415, 0.13±0.085, 0.166±0.066, 0.185±0.059) mg/L·h.; whereas the pharmacokinetic parameters for the rats in the blood-stasis model group after oral gavage of XFZYT, XFZYT-JG, XFZYT-NX, and XFZYT-JG-NX were Cmax = (0.315±0.153, 0.215±0.044, 0.228±0.056, 0.248±0.09) mg/L, Tmax = (0.5±0, 0.667±0.129, 0.5±0, 0.542±0.102) h, t1/2 = (0.408±0.146, 0.813±0.135, 0.708±0.383, 0.741±0.173) h, and AUC 0-∞ = (0.306±0.157, 0.408±0.136, 0.368±0.159, 0.381±0.246) mg/L·h.

Conclusion: The guiding herbs, Radix platycodonis and Radix cyathulae, significantly increased the absorption amount and rate of paeoniflorin in XFZYT, and accelerated its elimination from the blood.
SOME ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SHELLED AND KERNEL TEA (Camellia sinensis) SEEDS
Authors: Altuntas Ebubekir , Yildiz Merve
Published: June 2017

Background: Camellia sinensis is the source of tea leaves and it is an economic crop now grown around the World.

Tea seed oil has been used for cooking in China and other Asian countries for more than a thousand years. Tea is the

most widely consumed beverages after water in the world. It is mainly produced in Asia, central Africa, and exported

throughout the World. Some engineering properties (size dimensions, sphericity, volume, bulk and true densities,

friction coefficient, colour characteristics and mechanical behaviour as rupture force of shelled and kernel tea (Camellia

sinensis) seeds were determined in this study.

Materials and Methods: This research was carried out for shelled and kernel tea seeds. The shelled tea seeds used in this

study were obtained from East-Black Sea Tea Cooperative Institution in Rize city of Turkey. Shelled and kernel tea

seeds were characterized as large and small sizes.

Results: The average geometric mean diameter and seed mass of the shelled tea seeds were 15.8 mm, 10.7 mm (large

size); 1.47 g, 0.49 g (small size); while the average geometric mean diameter and seed mass of the kernel tea seeds

were 11.8 mm, 8 mm for large size; 0.97 g, 0.31 g for small size, respectively. The sphericity, surface area and volume

values were found to be higher in a larger size than small size for the shelled and kernel tea samples. The shelled tea

seed’s colour intensity (Chroma) were found between 59.31 and 64.22 for large size, while the kernel tea seed’s

chroma values were found between 56.04 68.34 for large size, respectively. The rupture force values of kernel tea

seeds were higher than shelled tea seeds for the large size along X axis; whereas, the rupture force values of along X

axis were higher than Y axis for large size of shelled tea seeds. The static coefficients of friction of shelled and kernel

tea seeds for the large and small sizes higher values for rubber than the other friction surfaces.

Conclusion: Some engineering properties, such as geometric mean diameter, sphericity, volume, bulk and true

densities, the coefficient of friction, L*, a*, b* colour characteristics and rupture force of shelled and kernel tea

(Camellia sinensis) seeds will serve to design the equipment used in postharvest treatments.
IN VIVO EFFECT OF RUTA CHALEPENSIS EXTRACT ON HEPATIC CYTOCHROME 3A1 IN RATS
Authors: Martínez-Pérez Edith Fabiola , Hernández-Terán Fernando , Serrano-Gallardo Luis Benjamín
Published: June 2017

Background: Since the time when drugs began to be used, it became evident that they could produce a therapeutic effect,

but also a clinical condition of toxicity or no effect at all on humans, despite using the same doses in different patients.

Such untoward effects were termed “drug idiosyncrasy” and also “idiosyncratic drug effects”, but the factors producing

such diverse responses were never taken into account.

Materials and Methods: Ruta chalepensis L. (fringed rue) is an herbaceous plant of the Rutaceae family used in

traditional medicine due to its properties, such as its analgesic and antipyretic effects. This study used 25 male rats divided

into five groups. Plant extract was administered to Groups 1 and 2 at doses of 100 and 30 mg/kg/day, respectively, for three

days; Group 3 was administered 100 mg/kg/day of dexamethasone (DEX), as well as 100 mg/kg/day of Ruta chalepensis

extract; Group 4 was administered 100 mg/kg/day of DEX and treated as positive control; Group 5 was treated as negative

control and was administered a physiological solution. Twenty-four hours after the the last dose, the animals were

sacrificed and their livers were extracted.

Results: The aqueous extract of Ruta chalepensis, intraperitoneally administered, was able to induce cytochrome 3A1 in

doses of 30 mg/kg/day, and a greater inducing effect occurs when the plant is co-administered in doses of 100 mg/kg/day

with dexamethasone.

Conclusion: This study suggests that aqueous extract of Ruta chalepensis can induce cytochrome 3a1. This study helps

provide a better understanding of CYP3a regulation. Future in vitro work is needed to determine the compounds that

produce the cytochrome modulation.
ENSANUT 2012 Análisis de sus principales resultados
Authors: Hernández Mauricio , Rivera Dommarco Juan , Pablo Gutiérrez Juan , Lazcano Eduardo , Reyes Hortensia , Alpuche Aranda Celia
Published: June 2017

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Inequidad persistente en salud y acceso a los servicios para los pueblos indígenas de México, 2006-2012
Authors: Leyva-Flores René , Infante-Xibille César , Pablo Gutiérrez Juan
Published: June 2017

Objetivo. Analizar la situación socioeconómica, de salud y acceso a servicios en población indígena de México, en 2006 y 2012. Material y métodos. Análisis comparativo entre población indígena y no indígena, a partir de información sociodemográfica y de salud de la ENSANUT 2006 y 2012. Se estimaron diferencias de proporciones o medias al comparar indígenas/no indígenas para cada año y entre 2006 y 2012. Resultados. Del total de la población indígena de México, 60% se ubica en el nivel socioeconómico más bajo. El Seguro Popular incrementó su cobertura de 14 a 61.9% en población indígena en comparación con la no indígena (de 10 a 35.7%). Sin embargo, no se observan cambios en utilización de servicios ambulatorios de salud (de 7.1 a 6.4%). La atención hospitalaria del parto en indígenas aumentó (de 63.8 a 76.4%) y persiste diferencia con no indígenas (93.9%). Conclusiones. Incrementar la cobertura del Seguro Popular presenta resultados heterogéneos en utilización de servicios de salud, mientras que el Programa Oportunidades no incide en mejoría de condición socioeconómica de población indígena.
Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y frecuencia de acciones para su prevención y control
Authors: Jiménez-Corona Aída , A Aguilar-Salinas Carlos , Rojas-Martínez Rosalba
Published: June 2017

Objetivo. Estimar la frecuencia de medidas de prevención y control para diabetes tipo 2 en población mexicana. Material y métodos. La ENSANUT 2012 es una encuesta con representatividad nacional, con diseño de muestreo probabilístico, multietápico, estratificado y por conglomerados. En este análisis se utilizó la información de 46 277 adultos mayores de 20 años. El análisis se efectuó utilizando Stata 12. Resultados. La prevalencia de diabetes por diagnóstico previo fue de 9.2% (6.4 millones) en la ENSANUT 2012, 7.3% (3.7 millones) en 2006 y 4.6% (2.1 millones) en 2000. En 2012, la media del número de consultas en el último año para control de la diabetes fue de 7.3; no obstante, el porcentaje de revisión de pies (14.6%), oftalmológica (8.6%) y la determinación de HbA1c (9.6%) fue bajo. Conclusiones. Los casos diagnosticadostienen acceso frecuente a la atención médica. Sin embargo, las intervenciones preventivas se aplican en forma insuficiente en cantidad y calidad.
Hipertensión arterial: prevalencia, diagnóstico oportuno, control y tendencias en adultos mexicanos
Authors: Campos-Nonato Ismael , Hernández-Barrera Lucía , Rojas-Martínez Rosalba
Published: June 2017

Objetivo. Describir la prevalencia, distribución y tendencias de la hipertensión arterial (HTA) en los adultos mexicanos de 20 años o más, así como conocer la prevalencia de diagnóstico oportuno y control de HTA. Material y métodos. Se consideró un total de 10 898 adultos. La medición de la tensión arterial se realizó mediante el uso del esfigmomanómetro de mercurio siguiendo los procedimientos recomendados por la American Heart Association. Se consideró que un adulto era hipertenso cuando cumplía con los criterios diagnósticos del JNC-7. Resultados. La prevalencia de HTA fue de 31.5%, del cual 47.3% desconocía que padecía esta enfermedad. Recibir tratamiento farmacológico no estuvo asociado con un mayor porcentaje de población bajo control. Conclusión. La tendencia entre los años 2000, 2006 y 2012 sugiere una estabilización. Un problema de salud con esta magnitud requiere mejor diagnóstico, atención y capacitación del sector médico para que éste prescriba tratamientos adecuados y mejore el control de la HTA.
Prevalencia de obesidad en adultos mexicanos, ENSANUT 2012
Authors: Barquera Simón , Campos-Nonato Ismael , Hernández-Barrera Lucía
Published: June 2017

Objetivo. Describir la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad (SyO) en adultos mexicanos de 20 años o más, así como detallar su tendencia en las últimas tres encuestas. Material y métodos. Se consideró una muestra de 38 208 adultos con antropometría. La clasificación para categorizar índice de masa corporal (IMC) fue la de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Para obesidad abdominal, se utilizó la clasificación de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes (IDF). Resultados. La prevalencia de SyO fue 71.3% (sobrepeso 38.8% y obesidad 32.4%). La prevalencia de obesidad abdominal fue 74.0%, siendo mayor en mujeres (82.8%) que en hombres (64.5%). En los últimos 12 años se ha observado un incremento promedio anualizado de 1.3%, siendo éste mayor en el periodo 2000-2006 (2.1%) que en el periodo 2006- 2012 (0.3%). Conclusión. Si bien las tendencias muestran una desaceleración del aumento en la prevalencia, no existe evidencia que permita inferir que disminuirá en los próximos años. Por ello, las políticas públicas para su prevención y control deberán intensificarse y mejorarse.
Prevalencia de anemia en mujeres mexicanas en edad reproductiva, 1999-2012
Authors: Shamah-Levy Teresa , Villalpando Salvador , Mundo-Rosas Verónica
Published: June 2017

Objetivo. Describir la prevalencia de anemia en mujeres mexicanas en edad fértil de acuerdo con los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT) 2012, así como su tendencia durante los últimos 6 y 13 años con los datos provenientes de la ENSANUT 2006 y la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición (ENN) 1999, respectivamente. Material y métodos. La información proviene de tres encuestas nacionales (ENN 99, ENSANUT 2006 y ENSANUT 2012) con representatividad nacional, regional y rural/urbana, en las cuales se midió la concentración de hemoglobina (Hb) con un fotómetro Hemocue y se clasificó como anemia o no anemia de acuerdo con los puntos de corte de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se estimaron frecuencias e IC95%, para cada encuesta así como los cambios porcentuales en la prevalencia de anemia en mujeres embarazadas y no embarazadas. Resultados. La prevalencia nacional de anemia en 2012 en mujeres no embarazadas fue 11.6% y en embarazadas de 17.9%. Entre 1999 y 2012 disminuyó 10 pp, y 13.5 pp respectivamente. Conclusiones. La anemia en mujeres en edad fértil, aun cuando ha descendido en los últimos 13 años, continúa siendo un problema serio de salud pública, particularmente en las mujeres embarazadas. Se considera necesario diseñar estrategias de prevención de la deficiencia de hierro y detección temprana de la anemia en las mujeres.
Consumo de tabaco, mortalidad y política fiscal en México
Authors: Guerrero-López Carlos Manuel , Muños-Hernández José Alberto , De Miera-Juárez Belén Sáenz
Published: June 2017

Objetivo. Analizar el tabaquismo, su impacto en mortalidad por enfermedades crónicas y su política fiscal en México. Material y métodos. Se analizaron las encuestas nacionales de salud (ENSA, ENSANUT), registros de mortalidad y encuestas económicas para el periodo 2000-2012 y se estimaron prevalencia, mortalidad y consumo. Resultados. En 2012, 9.2% de los adolescentes y 19% de los adultos son fumadores activos. Entre 2000 y 2012 la prevalencia de tabaquismo permaneció estable. Sin embargo, la cantidad de cigarros promedio consumida se redujo, al tiempo que se han implementado incrementos al impuesto especial a los productos de tabaco. Las muertes atribuibles al consumo de tabaco por cuatro enfermedades se calculó en cerca de 60 000 para 2010. Conclusiones. El tabaquismo es la principal causa de muerte prevenible. El incremento sustancial de los impuestos a los productos de tabaco puede abatir la epidemia de tabaquismo y en consecuencia la mortalidad por enfermedades crónicas en México.
Infecciones respiratorias agudas en niños y signos de alarma identificados por padres y cuidadores en México
Authors: Ferreira-Guerrero Elizabeth , Báez-Saldaña Renata , Trejo-Valdivia Belem
Published: June 2017

Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de las infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA) en las dos semanas previas a la entrevista en niños menores de 5 años y describir signos de alarma identificados por padres o cuidadores (PC). Material y métodos. Análisis de las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud y Nutrición 2006 y 2012 y de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2000. Resultados. La prevalencia disminuyó entre 2006- 2012 (47-44.9%); reducción significativa en los menores de un año y en los pertenecientes al nivel socioeconómico más bajo. En la ENSANUT 2012 la prevalencia fue mayor en los menores de un año. La fiebre fue el principal signo de alarma (28.6%) reconocido por PC en contraste con “respira rápido” (10.2%) y “no puede respirar” (20.9%). Conclusiones. La magnitud del problema ha disminuido, principalmente en los grupos más vulnerables como los niños más pequeños y los pertenecientes a los niveles socioeconómicos más bajos. Sin embargo, existen necesidades de capacitación, principalmente a nivel comunitario.
Condiciones de salud y estado funcional de los adultos mayores en México
Authors: Manrique-Espinoza Betty , Salinas-Rodríguez Aarón , Margarita Moreno-Tamayo Karla
Published: June 2017

Objetivo. Describir las condiciones de salud y el estado funcional de los adultos mayores mexicanos. Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo con una muestra de 8 874 adultos mayores de 60 años o más con representatividad nacional. Se analizaron indicadores asociados con las principales condiciones de salud y del estado funcional, se reportan las principales prevalencias así como pruebas de diferencias de proporciones. Resultados. Los principales padecimientos en esta población son la hipertensión (40%), diabetes (24%) e hipercolesterolemia (20%). Para los indicadores de salud mental, 17.6% presentó síntomas depresivos; 7.3%, deterioro cognitivo y, 7.9%, demencia. Para el estado funcional, 26.9% reportó dificultad para realizar actividades básicas y, 24.6%, para actividades instrumentales. Conclusiones. Es necesaria la puesta en marcha de un nuevo modelo de atención para hacer frente a la creciente prevalencia de las enfermedades crónicodegenerativas en la vejez, así como al aumento de la discapacidad y consecuente dependencia que resulta de ellas.
Mexico and the USA: The world’s leaders in the obesity epidemic
Authors: Elde John P.
Published: June 2017

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Promoting healthful diet and physical activity in the Mexican school system for the prevention of obesity in children
Authors: Safdie Margarita , Lévesque Lucie , González-Casanova Inés
Published: June 2017

Objetivo. El presente trabajo describe el protocolo, objetivo, el diseño y los métodos de un ensayo controlado aleatorio de dos años realizados para evaluar la efectividad de una intervención ambiental en 27 escuelas primarias de la Ciudad de México. Material y métodos. El protocolo consta de dos unidades de análisis: el nivel escolar donde se evaluaron los cambios en el entorno escolar de escuelas primarias publicas de medio tiempo y el nivel individual que evaluó los cambios de comportamiento en alumnos de 9 a 11 años de edad. Se implementaros dos tipos de intervenciones: nutrición y actividad física apoyadas de una estrategia de educación/comunicación. Las intervenciones tuvieron dos intensidades: básica y plus. La evaluación de la efectividad se llevó a cabo durante los ciclos escolares 2006-2007 y 2007-2008. Resultados. Los resultados iniciales reportan los métodos de evaluación de conducta individual así como la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. La evaluación ambiental reporta el protocolo de evaluación del entorno escolar. Conclusiones. Este es el primer proyecto de la de intervención escolar con un diseño multinivel, multifactorial, basado en literatura científica disponible y en investigación formativa para prevenir la obesidad infantil en las escuelas de la Ciudad de México. * * Supported by International Life Science Institute (ILSI), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the Mexican Council for Science and Technology (Conacyt), and Mexican Ministry of Health (SSa).
Interventions for the treatment of obesity among children and adolescents in Latin America: a systematic review
Authors: J Nagle Brian , K Holub Christina , Barquera Simón
Published: June 2017

Objetivo. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática de la literatura fue identificar estrategias basadas en evidencia asociadas con intervenciones en salud efectivas para la prevención y el tratamiento de la obesidad infantil en Latinoamérica. Material y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática por pares de intervenciones relacionadas con la obesidad, que fueron llevadas a cabo en clínicas de atención para la salud. Criterios de inclusión: implementadas en Latinoamérica, dirigidas a niños con obesidad y sobrepeso y evaluación de por lo menos un reultado relacionado con obesidad (ej. índice de masa corporal (IMC), puntaje Z, peso, circunferencia de cintura o grasa corporal). Resultados. Se identificaron cinco intervenciones dirigidas a niños obesos en clínicas de salud en Latinoamérica. Todas las intervenciones mostraron cambios significativos en IMC y la mayoría obtuvo un tamaño del efecto grande a través de la promoción de actividad física y alimentación saludable. Conclusión. A pesar del número limitado de estudios de intervención para tratar la obesidad en clínicas de salud, existe evidencia que las intervenciones en estos lugares pueden ser efectivas en alcanzar cambios antropométricos positivos en los niños con obesidad y sobrepeso.
Informing public policy toward binational health insurance: Empirical evidence from California
Authors: Fulton Brent D , Galárraga Omar , Dow William H
Published: June 2017

Objective. To estimate reimbursement rate differences between Mexico and US based physicians reimbursed by a binational health insurance (BHI) plan and US payers, re- spectively; and show the relationship between plan benefit designs and health care utilization in Mexico. Materials and methods. Data include 33 841 and 53 909 HMO enrollees in California from Sistemas Médicos Nacionales (SIMNSA) and Salud con Health Net, respectively. We use descriptive statisti- cal methods. Results. SIMNSA’s physician reimbursement rates averaged 50.7% (95% CI: 34.5%-67.0%) of Medi-Cal’s, 28.3% (95% CI: 19.6%-37.0%) of Medicare’s, and 22% of US private plans’. Each year, 99.4% of SIMNSA enrollees but only 0.1% of Salud con Health Net enrollees obtained care in Mexico. Conclusion. SIMNSA only covers emergency and urgent care in the US, while Salud con Health Net covers comprehensive care with higher patient cost sharing than in Mexico. To realize potential savings, plans need strong incentives to increase utilization in Mexico.
Utilización transnacional de servicios de salud por parte de los migrantes mexicanos en Estados Unidos
Authors: González-Vázquez Tonatiuh Tomás , Torres-Robles Cristian Armando , Pelcastre-Villafuerte Blanca Estela
Published: June 2017

Objetivo. Documentar la utilización transnacional de recursos y servicios de salud de los migrantes mexicanos en Estados Unidos de América (EUA). Material y métodos. Entre diciembre de 2009 y febrero de 2011, a través de entrevistas y grupos focales, se platicó en cuatro estados mexicanos y en California con 135 personas: migrantes de retorno, médicos alópatas y médicos tradicionales. Resultados. Ante los obstáculos para acceder al sistema de salud de EUA y ciertas facilidades del sistema de salud mexicano, muchos migrantes utilizan en EUA, a la distancia y en sus visitas a México, recursos y servicios de salud mexicanos: médicos alópatas y tradicionales, medicamentos y remedios caseros. Conclusiones. La situación legal de los migrantes y su acceso a un seguro de salud en EUA están relacionados con una utilización transnacional más formal o informal de recursos y servicios de salud mexicanos, siendo los migrantes indocumentados y sin seguro los más vulnerables.
“La Familia” HIV prevention program: A focus on disclosure and family acceptance for Latino immigrant MSM to the USA
Authors: M Melendez Rita , Zepeda Jorge , Samaniego Rafael , Chakravarty Deepalika , Alaniz Gabriela
Published: June 2017

Objective. The objective of this study was to pilot test and evaluate a HIV prevention program that used a Freirean approach to engage Latino immigrant MSM (men who have sex with men) on issues of sexual orientation, family acceptance, stigma as well as HIV prevention and sexual risk behaviors. Materials and methods. Participants were evaluated using a survey before and after participation in the program and compared to a control group. Focus groups where participants discussed their experiences in the program as well as perceptions of the program were held and analyzed. Results. Survey results indicate that after their participation in the program, participants increased their safer sex behaviors, comfort disclosing their sexual orientation and support from friends. Conclusions. HIV prevention needs to incorporate cultural, social and structural factors.
Risk and Reward: Decommissioning and Footprint Reduction
Authors: Judah Janeen
Published: June 2017

President's column

From 2007–2010, I was president of Chevron’s Environmental Management Company. We were responsible for managing end-of-life activities and environmental liabilities for the entire corporation. We removed platforms and pipelines in the Gulf of Mexico, remediated old industrial sites (including refineries, chemical plants, and service stations), and managed Chevron’s Superfund liabilities. Chevron spent several hundred million dollars a year on these activities, all with zero return, which made for uncomfortable discussions when it was time to present my budget.

“Decommissioning yields no return on investment or revenue and carries significant environmental and regulatory liabilities. The effective decommissioning of offshore platforms, subsea wells and related assets is one of the most important challenges facing the oil and gas industry today and in the future. Decommissioning decisions can no longer be avoided by the operators and the industry as a whole.”—IHS Markit Offshore Decommissioning Study Report

Decommissioning and abandonment. That was a Technology Focus topic in the January JPT, and I loved the featured quote: “Unlike a capital project, decommissioning is not something that you can choose to do or not to do.” Like death and taxes, decommissioning eventually comes for every project. The question is: Are we operationally and financially prepared for the inevitable?

The offshore decommissioning problem is huge and gets bigger every year as more platforms reach the end of their productive life. North Sea decommissioning is leading the way as fields developed in the 1970s and 1980s reach their end of life. Created 7 years ago, Decom North Sea (www.decomnorthsea.com) is an industry association that specifically addresses the decommissioning issues in the North Sea and works cooperatively among operators, regulators, and decommissioning contractors. The North Sea regulators, especially UK and Norway, recognize the growing liability.

Decommissioning Gulf of Mexico facilities got much more urgent following hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005; they swept right through the heart of the aging continental shelf fields of offshore Louisiana. Katrina and Rita destroyed more than 100 offshore platforms, many of which were “idle iron,” not in service pending decommissioning. Following those massive storms, US and state regulators stepped up monitoring of shut-in platforms and began pushing operators to decommission and remove idle iron before the next major hurricane.
Technology Update: Conductor Anchor Node Optimizes Efficiency of Riserless Deepwater Exploration Drilling
Authors: Kopperud E. , Knudsen A. , Dybvik S. J. , Hardinges F. , Mathis W.
Published: June 2017

Technology Update

The conductor anchor node (CAN) technology was introduced as part of the architecture for Centrica’s Ivory deepwater exploration well in the Norwegian Sea to optimize efficient operations for the well’s riserless section.

The CAN (Fig. 1), developed by NeoDrill, is a large steel cylinder that is open at the bottom with an open guide pipe in its center. The device sets into the seabed, working similarly to a suction anchor, and carries and secures a well’s conductor (top-hole casing).

The CAN is set in place by a dynamically positioned (DP) installation vessel before the drilling rig arrives. The technology is designed to save rig time and expense, simplify logistics and rig operations, and expedite well startup (https://www.spe.org/en/jpt/jpt-article-detail/?art=2641).

With the CAN, seabed marker buoys and DP transponders were preinstalled by a construction vessel in June 2014. The spud location was prepared for an efficient startup when the drillship arrived in October of that year.

A pilot hole was drilled 50 m off-set from the preinstalled CAN to investigate for shallow hazards and record useful drilling parameters to determine soil strength.

The interpreted soil strength information was used for selecting the optimum conductor length for jetting it in and landing in the CAN. The conductor jetting method was chosen to optimize the dual-derrick rig operations.

All the riserless activities using the dual derricks were optimized to reduce the rig time and maximize the parallel-activities advantages.

Well Design and Challenges

The overall strategy for the well was to perform as much work as possible before rig arrival, to reduce exposure to weather and optimize operations in the riserless sections of the well.

NeoDrill was contracted for preinstalling the CAN to facilitate safe jetting operations and reduce the conductor string length, which is made possible for jetted or cemented conductors by the high axial load-bearing capacity of the CAN system.

Conductor analysis concluded that a 50-m CAN-supported conductor would suffice, compared with the 80- to 100-m length required for a conventional conductor. Conductor jetting is the quickest installation option, as it does not require cementing operations, tripping for a new drilling bottomhole assembly (BHA), and drillout.

The conductor jetting operation was performed using a special conductor running and drillout tool, the Dril-Quip Cam Activated Drill Ahead Tool (CADA tool), which allows each new section to be drilled without tripping for a new BHA.

The CAN allows the conductor to be landed safely without waiting for soil to consolidate (soak) before the CADA tool is released for drilling to resume. Thus, the risks of the conductor and wellhead housing sinking after the tool’s release are mitigated.
Optimism and Activity Rising in the Vaca Muerta
Authors: Jacobs Trent
Published: June 2017

Optimism and Activity Rising in the Vaca Muerta

Confidence in the geologic potential of Argentina’s unconventional resource plays is higher than ever, which is turning the focus to how and when oil and gas producers there will ramp up commercial levels of production. At stake is whether the well-known Vaca Muerta formation will become a shale superpower—and the first outside of North America.

Its immense reserves, estimated to be 308 Tcf of gas and 16 billion bbl of oil, according to the US Energy Information Administration, and the work done so far to prove them has attracted commitments of billions of dollars from international majors BP, ExxonMobil, Shell, and Chevron.

But leading the pack is the domes-tic explorer and producer Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF). The company’s progress may offer a reasonable expectation of what the future holds.

Operating more than 540 shale wells in the Vaca Muerta and running 44 rigs at the end of last year, YPF has been by far the most active shale operator in Argentina. Eighty of those wells are horizontals in the Loma Campana field, operated as a joint venture with Chevron.

The first were drilled and completed there in 2013, and the most recent have shown an average productivity increase of 25%, a figure based on 300 days of production data. In all, YPF drilled 56 horizontals last year, showing that it has picked up the pace compared with 2015 when 30 were drilled and the 2 years prior when a combined five were drilled.

The gas portion of the 62,300 BOED YPF is reporting in gross shale production (which includes areas outside Loma Campana) represents 22% of its total natural gas production. That will be an important piece of the pie chart to track going forward because the majority of YPF unconventional programs, and those of its competitors, have become increasingly focused on boosting Argentina’s gas supplies.

This is a shift from the initial programs that targeted the oil window and is being driven by a newly elected government that is aiming to reverse the country’s position as a net importer of gas.

 

EOR Project in the Vaca Muerta Shale Gives Water for Oil

New research from Argentina is trying to see if the Vaca Muerta shale formation is a viable candidate for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The laboratory and field experiments completed so far are promising, which in itself is a notable development since there have been very few breakthroughs on this front for the shale sector.

The companies leading this work, Buenos Aires-based VYP Consultores and InLab, are using a simple huff-and-puff approach to shale EOR that involves injecting produced water back into a well for a soaking period of 30 days. During this time, with the well shut in, the formation does most of the work through imbibition; i.e., the water goes into the formation, and exchanges places with hydrocarbons.
Pseudodensity Log Generation by Use of Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: June 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 180439, “Pseudodensity-Log Generation by Use of Artificial Neural Networks,” by Wennan Long, University of Southern California; Di Chai, University of Kansas; and Fred Aminzadeh, University of Southern California, prepared for the 2016 SPE Western Regional Meeting, Anchorage, 23–26 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

The challenges of reservoir characterization can be overcome accurately and efficiently by the use of computer-based intelligence methods such as neural networks, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms. This paper will describe how one integrates a comprehensive methodology of data-mining techniques and artificial neural networks (ANNs) in reservoir-petrophysical-properties prediction and regeneration.

Introduction

ANNs—machine-learning models that provide the potential to establish multidimensional, nonlinear, and complex models—can be powerful tools with which to analyze experimental, industrial, and field data.

It is crucial to find the optimal data from one well to build the model with ANNs for pseudowell-log generation of a target well. Manual stratigraphic interpretation, though labor-intensive, is regarded as one approach. Data-mining techniques are another applicable approach, involving the automatic processing of data associated with nonlinearity by use of a statistical method to discover data patterns. One application in petrophysics is facies (or electrofacies) classification, which is widely used to divide well-log data to obtain target information. Clustering analysis, an adjunct to artificial intelligence, can determine electrofacies and categorize lithological profiles quite efficiently.

Porosity, one of the more important petrophysical properties, can be obtained from density logs. In this study, a three-step approach was produced. First, the authors apply preprocessing of the log data by use of standardization and dimension reduction [ principal-component analysis (PCA)]. Second, they apply clustering [model-based clustering (MBC)] to recognize specific patterns and interpret stratigraphic information. Finally, a similar pattern is chosen as input to generate a target pseudodensity log by use of ANNs.

Well-Log-Data Preprocessing Normalization. Well-log data are constructed in a matrix form whereby each row represents the depth record and each column is the different type of well log. Each well constructs one well-log matrix, and one field that has multiple wells constructs a big data set. The initial step in the first stage is to normalize well-log data. This normalization is necessary because different types of well-log data have different units. For instance, the spontaneous-potential log is given in millivolts, whereas the gamma ray log is given in an API unit.
Real-Time Monitoring of Piezoresistive Smart Cement To Verify Operations
Authors: Wilson Adam
Published: June 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper OTC 27060, “Field Test for Real-Time Monitoring of Piezoresistive Smart Cement To Verify Cementing Operations,” by C. Vipulanandan, M. Ali, B. Basirat, A. Reddy, N. Amin, and A. Mohammed, University of Houston; S. Dighe, SPE, Baker Hughes; and H. Farzam, Cemex, prepared for the 2016 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 2–5 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2016 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission.

A field well was designed, built, and used to demonstrate the concept of real-time monitoring of the flow of drilling mud and smart cement and the hardening of the cement in place. A new method has been developed to measure the electrical resistivity of the materials with the two-probe method. Using the new concept, it has been proved that resistivity dominated the behavior of drilling fluid and smart cement.

Introduction

With reported failures and growing interest in environmental and economic concerns in the oil and gas industry, integrity of the cement sheath is of major importance. Oilwell cement serves many purposes in cemented oil and gas wells. Foremost among these is to form a sealing layer between the well casing and the geological formation.

In order to characterize the cement and cement concrete in various applications, electrical-resistivity measurement has been used by many researchers. Studies have also examined the piezo-resistive behavior of modified cement-based and polymer composites. One conclusion is that the change in resistivity has the potential to be used to determine the integrity of the materials.

Smart Oilwell Cement

Cement-slurry flow and stability are the major requirements in well cementing. Oil- and gas-well cements are usually made from Portland cement clinker or from blended hydraulic cements. When admixtures are used with cement, tensile and flexural properties are modified. Also, admixtures will have an effect on the rheology, corrosion resistance, shrinkage, thermal conductivity, specific heat, electrical conductivity, and absorption (heat and energy) properties of cement.

A smart cement has been developed that can sense any changes going on inside the borehole during cementing and during curing after the cementing job. The smart cement can sense the changes in the water/cement ratio, different additives, and any pressure applied to the cement sheath in terms of piezo resistivity. The failure compressive strain for the smart cement was 0.2% at peak compressive stress, and the resistivity change is on the order of several hundreds, making it more than 500 times more sensitive.

Theory and Concept

Impedance Model. Equivalent Circuit. It is important to identify the most appropriate equivalent circuit to represent the electrical properties of a material to characterize its performance with time. In this study, different possible equivalent circuits were analyzed to find an appropriate equivalent circuit to represent smart cement and drilling fluid.