bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The man-machine: the modern sports of cycling and motor racing
Authors: Vere Bernard
Published: September 2018

The first part of this chapter compares three paintings of racing cyclist produced across Europe in quick succession during 1912–13. The works are by the expressionist Lyonel Feininger, the cubist Jean Metzinger and the Italian futurist Umberto Boccioni. The second half of the chapter looks at responses to motor-racing from Germany, Italy and France. Starting with the futurist F. T. Marinetti’s notorious infatuation with the motorcar, the chapter then considers the importance of the automobile to the purist project of Le Corbusier and Amédée Ozenfant. The chapter concludes by looking at a pair of articles that Werner Graeff wrote for the journal G. Although there are many similarities between Graeff’s attitude and those of the purists, it is Graeff who is most uncompromising in his vision of a modern artist-engineer.
The stadium has carried the day against the art museum
Authors: Vere Bernard
Published: September 2018

This chapter takes its title from a quote by Hannes Meyer, the second Director of the Bauhaus and others as an example for the arts and architecture. The final chapter concerns the sports stadium, a building type with its roots in the antique, but thoroughly reimagined for the twentieth century. Amid a slew of projects two stand out. The first is the International Red Stadium in the Soviet Union, a project led by the Russian Constructivists at the VKhUTEMAS (Higher State Artistic and Technical Workshops). Although never realised, with its constructivist impulse it drew attention in Western Europe, partly as result of being featured in the famous Parisian Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes in 1925 and partly by virtue of the contacts that El Lissitzky, who worked on the project, had established there. The second is Pier Luigi Nervi’s remarkable stadium in Florence. Named for a fascist martyr, the Giovanni Berta epitomised Italian rationalist ideals. It, like Raffaello Fagnoni’s closely related Mussolini stadium in Turin, was aggressively promoted as an example of the modernity of Mussolini’s Italy.
Scientific Soundness and the Problem of Predatory Journals
Authors: Beall Jeffrey
Published: September 2018

Predatory publishers and journals aim to make as much money as possible from researchers using the author-pays publishing model. Though most claim to manage a proper peer review, the practice of rejecting papers for publication is contrary to their business model of maximizing revenue through author fees. Accordingly, predatory publishers frequently accept and publish articles presenting pseudo-science dressed up as legitimate research. This chapter analyzes the increasing occurrence of pseudo-science being published in predatory open-access journals.
Authors, Users, and Pirates
Authors: Meese James
Published: September 2018

How should we think about authorship, use and piracy in an era of media convergence? How does the growing focus on amateur creativity impact on existing legal and cultural understandings of around creation? And why are the author, user and pirate so prominent in debates around copyright law? Authors, Users, Pirates: Copyright Law and Subjectivity presents a new way of thinking about these three central subjects of copyright. It outlines a relational approach to subjectivity, charting connections between the author, user and pirate through a series of historical and contemporary case studies, moving from early regulatory debates around radio spectrum and nineteenth century cases on book abridgments to the controversial reuse of Instagram photos and the emergence of multi-channel networks on YouTube. The book draws on legal scholarship, cultural theory and media studies research to provide a new way of thinking about subjectivity and copyright. It also offers insights into a range of critical issues that sit at the intersection of copyright law and digital media including online copyright infringement, amateur media production and the potential futures of creative industries.
Refleksjonsøkter og trekantsamarbeid i «tur-retur»- praksis
Authors: Johannessen Baard , Kaldahl Anne-Grete , Skotheim Torhild
Published: September 2018

Målet med dette studiet er å finne en modell for praksis for grunnskolelærerstudenter som i større grad tetter gapet mellom teori og praksis.Refleksjonsseminar og tur –retur praksis ble prøvd ut, for å utdanne studenter som er bedre skikket til å møte framtidens yrkesliv. Studentene fikk praksis på to praksisskoler i stedet for fire. Semistrukturerte intervjuer med en triangulering av data fra studenter, praksislærere, rektorer og høgskoleansatte ble gjennomført. Dataen ble analysert ved induktiv innholdsanalyse.Resultatene fremhever fire kategorier som fremmer studentenes pedagogiske innsikt: En bedre tilknytning mellom teori og praksis, refleksjonsseminar, økt pedagogisk innsikt igjennom å forstå sin egen rolle, og mer tid til pedagogisk arbeid i klasserommet. Refleksjonsseminarene gjorde studentene mer selvstendige og autonome i sine refleksjoner og yrkesutførelse, samt at jevnbyrdigheten med lærerne og rektor på praksisskolene økte.
Profesjonsretting og studentaktivitet
Authors: Sylte Ann Lisa
Published: September 2018

Resultater fra et aksjonsforskningsprosjekt, gjennomført som utviklingsforsøk ved Universitets- og høgskolepedagogisk basiskurs for lærere i profesjonsutdanninger, viser eksempler på sentrale prinsipper for profesjonsrettet og studentaktiv profesjonsutdanning.Et problem i mange profesjonsutdanninger er lav studentaktivitet, lav relevans i forhold til aktuelt yrke og mangel på sammenheng i utdanningsinnholdet.Det ble gjort forsøk med profesjonsretting og studentaktivitet inspirert av Flipped Classroom (omvendt undervisning) for å imøtekomme utfordringene. Kjernen i prinsippene er analyse av yrkesoppgaver og -utøvelse som utgangspunkt for læreplananalyse og profesjonsdidaktisk planlegging av innhold, undervisning og vurdering, knyttet til koherens og helhetlig yrkeskompetanse. Hjemmearbeid og studentaktiv læring gjennom refleksjon i og over praksis er også viktig.Men resultatene viser også utfordringer med profesjonsretting og behov for utvikling av profesjonsdidaktisk lærerkompetanse.
Media violence exposure and aggression in adolescents: A risk and resilience perspective
Authors: Khurana Atika , Bleakley Amy , Ellithorpe Morgan E. , Hennessy Michael , Jamieson Patrick E. , Weitz Ilana
Published: September 2018

Media violence exposure (MVE) is associated with aggressive outcomes in adolescents. However, based on the differential susceptibility hypothesis, this risk is expected to vary based on the individual's unique risk and protective factors. Using survey data from 1,990 adolescents (Mean age = 15.6 ± 1.10 years; 48% female) and content analysis of U.S. top‐grossing films and popular TV shows, we evaluated the effect of MVE in relation to both risk (i.e., family conflict, impulsivity, sensation seeking) and protective factors (i.e., parental monitoring, parental involvement, parental mediation). Relative weights analyses revealed that MVE was one of the strongest predictors of aggression, after impulsivity and family conflict. The cumulative risk score showed a linear and quadratic relation with the likelihood of aggression, with MVE and family conflict having an interactive relation in predicting aggression. Parental monitoring remained a significant protective factor even when all risk factors were accounted for. Targeted preventive interventions that reduce family conflict, promote parental monitoring, and reduce exposure to violent media may be effective in reducing aggressive tendencies and related negative outcomes.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors in the onset of myasthenia gravis with hyperCKemia
Authors: Takamatsu Koutaro , Nakane Shunya , Suzuki Shigeaki , Kosaka Takayuki , Fukushima Satoshi , Kimura Toshihiro , Miyashita Azusa , Mukaino Akihiro , Yamakawa Shiori , Watanabe Keisuke , Jinnin Masatoshi , Komohara Yoshihiro , Ihn Hironobu , Ando Yukio
Published: September 2018

Immune checkpoint inhibitors sometimes cause neuromuscular adverse events. Although a few cases of myasthenia gravis with hyperCKemia triggered by immune checkpoint inhibitors have been described, conclusive evidence remains limited. We conducted a systematic review of published cases of myasthenia gravis with hyperCKemia related to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Moreover, we tested anti‐striational antibodies in the case of myasthenia gravis with myositis after nivolumab administration. We located 17 published case reports. Anti‐striational antibodies were tested in six cases and five cases were positive. Our systematic analyses revealed poor prognosis in myasthenia gravis combined hyperCKemia with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Organic Interface Engineering for Stable Green PHOLEDs through an Ultrathin Interface Tunneling Layer
Authors: Park So‐Ra , Ahn Dong A , Seol Ki‐Hyuk , Yang Sena , Kim Jeong Won , Lampande Raju , Nam Hyoungsik , Suh Min Chul
Published: September 2018

Device stability of the organic light emitting diodes is strongly affected by accumulated charge carriers at both interfaces of emitting layer (EML). To reduce the stress of devices from undesirable charge accumulation near EML, an interface tunneling layer (ITL) is introduced. Notably, ITL affects charge injection behavior, which helps to reduce a chemical degradation of EML. As a result, significantly improved device lifetime (by 2.5 times, ≈402.1 h, LT 75) after the introduction of pretty thin (1 nm) ITL between EML and electron transporting layer is obtained. Such a tunneling behavior by analysis of impedance spectroscopy (IS), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and electric stress for electron and hole only devices are verified.
A Highly Sensitive Bending Sensor Based on Controlled Crack Formation Integrated with an Energy Harvesting Pyramid Layer
Authors: Lee Serin , Oh Jinwon , Yang Jun Chang , Sim Joo Yong , Ryu Jeongjae , Kim Jin‐Oh , Park Steve
Published: September 2018

A highly sensitive bending sensor composed of patterned Pt lines, integrated with energy harvesting capability, is reported. The sensitivity of the bending sensor increases as the width of the Pt lines decreases, owing to the increase in crack density with decreasing line width. Furthermore, sensitivity increases with increasing bending cycles, but saturates at around 1000 cycles. Such a behavior corresponds to the increase and eventual saturation of crack density with increasing bending cycles. A microstructured polydimethylsiloxane layer is placed on top of the Pt lines to serve as a triboelectric energy harvesting layer, where human skin and the Pt lines are utilized as electrodes. Voltage and current of 18.6 V and 209 nA are generated, respectively, from gentle finger tapping. These demonstrations make the device highly useful for a wide variety of portable and wearable flexible electronic applications.
Gecko‐Inspired Paper Artificial Skin for Intimate Skin Contact and Multisensing
Authors: Gao Bingbing , Wang Xuan , Li Tong , Feng Zhangqi , Wang Chunyan , Gu Zhongze
Published: September 2018

Touch sensing is the most basic but important way for organisms to interact with the outside world, and thus, fingertip skin has been widely studied to enable the manufacture of artificial skin. Sensitive multisensing integrated with perfect adhesion performance is crucial for synchronous and sensitive human physical and biochemical indicator monitoring. Here, a gecko‐inspired nanotentacle skin integrated with a microfluidic system and a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)‐based piezoelectricity nanogenerator (PENG) is proposed for simultaneous multisensing. The obtained 3D nitrocellulose (NC) nanotentacle array paper is flexible and freestanding. Stainless stamps are used to imprint lithography patterns (microfluidic channels) on the NC paper, and channels with three branches are used for sweat split‐flow and sensing of pH, urea, and lactic acid. Meanwhile, the patterned substrate is integrated with a PENG, and the nanotentacles allow the substrate to conformally fit to rough skin, thus enabling sensitive sensing of micromotions (pulse beats). The results indicate that the multifunctional skin sensor is capable of sensitively monitoring the human state, thereby serving as an inspiring example for the construction of next‐generation skin with smart sensing systems. Furthermore, our sensors are amenable to a variety of applications, such as personal care, artificial skin, and human–machine interactions.
Bench‐Stable Sulfoxide‐Based Boronates: Preparation and Application in a Tandem Suzuki Reaction
Authors: Čubiňák Marek , Eigner Václav , Tobrman Tomáš
Published: September 2018

A set of novel aromatic and heteroaromatic bench‐stable sulfoxide‐based boronates was prepared. The structure of the boronates was established by means of X‐ray crystallography, and the prepared boronates were successively used in Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions under different conditions. We also developed a tandem Suzuki reaction so that a base is generated during the nucleophilic addition of Grignard reagents to 4‐bromobenzaldehyde. The formed intermediates were smoothly coupled with the prepared boronates and the boronic acids under external base‐free conditions.

magnified image
Influence of Chemistry and Misfit Dislocation Structure on Dopant Segregation at Complex Oxide Heterointerfaces
Authors: Dholabhai Pratik P. , Martinez Enrique , Uberuaga Blas P.
Published: September 2018

Complex oxide heterostructures and thin films have emerged as promising candidates for diverse applications. Lattice mismatch between the two oxides lead to the formation of misfit dislocations, which influence vital material features. Trivalent dopant segregation to misfit dislocations at semi‐coherent oxide heterointerfaces, while not well understood, is anticipated to impact interface‐governed properties. Here, atomistic simulations elucidating the influence of misfit dislocations on dopant segregation at SrTiO3/MgO heterointerfaces are reported. SrO‐ and TiO2‐terminated interfaces that have differing misfit dislocation structure were considered for trivalent dopants segregation. At SrO‐terminated interface, dopants tend to segregate toward but not precisely to the heterointerface, whereas at TiO2‐terminated interface, dopants exhibit a thermodynamic preference to accumulate at the heterointerface. Most favorable segregation sites at SrO‐terminated interface are located within the coherent terrace, whereas those at TiO2‐terminated interface are at misfit dislocation intersections. Atomic layer chemistry and the resulting misfit dislocation structure at the heterointerface, along with concomitant strain at the heterointerface due to mismatched dopants, play a critical role in influencing the observed trends for dopant segregation. Overall, the present results offer a fundamental atomic scale perspective of dopant behavior at semi‐coherent complex oxide heterointerfaces and the interplay between dopant chemistry, interface chemistry, and misfit dislocation structure.
Microstructural changes in the brain in elderly patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Zhao Lanlan , Wang Yuezhi , Zhang Yu
Published: September 2018

Objective

It is unclear how alterations in gray matter volume and white matter density affect elderly patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between structural changes in the brain and psychological stress in elderly IBS patients.

Methods

Eighteen IBS patients and 12 healthy controls underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. Voxel‐based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging analysis were used to identify abnormalities in cortical regions and white matter, respectively.

Results

The IBS group showed a significant GMV reduction in the cingulate gyrus, occipital lobe, hippocampus, frontal lobe, medial frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, and limbic lobe as well as a higher GMV in the insula, superior temporal gyrus, angular gyrus, and supramarginal gyrus. Diffusion tensor imaging indicated that the IBS group had lower fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum, upper corona, fornix, internal capsule, and brainstem. Additionally, IBS patients showed higher mean diffusivity in the cingulate gyrus, corpus callosum, upper corona, internal capsule, external capsule, fornix, and superior longitudinal fasciculus.

Conclusion

Structural changes in the brain play a role in the condition of elderly IBS patients. Psychological stress is an important factor for developing IBS via the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis.
Identification of non‐convulsive status epilepticus with bradylalia using arterial spin‐labeling magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Yamamoto Shuzo , Mutoh Tatsushi , Tatewaki Yasuko , Tsurutani Hisanobu , Watabe Noriaki , Saito Hiroshi , Yasui Nobuyuki , Taki Yasuyuki
Published: September 2018

Case

Non‐convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is among the differential diagnoses of decreased consciousness, but often presents a diagnostic challenge. A 65‐year‐old woman was admitted to our emergency department with bradylalia. No abnormal finding was detected by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Subsequently, acquired arterial spin‐labeling images showed hyperperfusion in the right hemisphere.

Outcome

After the examination, the patient began experiencing left hemifacial seizures, which were relieved by diazepam; however, she was still agitated. Ictal confusion due to NCSE was suspected. Electroencephalography revealed periodic, generalized epileptiform activities with brief seizures of facial muscles by intermittent photic stimulation. Another supportive case of NCSE detected by arterial spin‐labeling from a 56‐year‐old right‐handed man has also been presented.

Conclusion

Arterial spin‐labeling magnetic resonance perfusion imaging provides valuable information regarding cerebral perfusion status in NCSE patients in emergency/acute settings.
Molecular and clinical relationship between live‐attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccination and childhood onset myasthenia gravis
Authors: He Dan , Zhang Han , Xiao Jun , Zhang Xiaofan , Xie Minjie , Pan Dengji , Wang Minghuan , Luo Xiang , Bu Bitao , Zhang Min , Wang Wei
Published: September 2018

Objective

The incidence of childhood onset myasthenia gravis (CMG) in China is higher than that in other countries; however, the reasons for this are unclear.

Methods

We investigated the clinical and immunological profiles of CMG, and assessed the potential precipitating factors. For the mouse studies, the possible implication of vaccination in the pathogenesis was explored.

Results

In our retrospective study, 51.22% of the 4,219 cases of myasthenia gravis (MG) were of the childhood onset type. The cohort study uncovered that the pathophysiology of CMG was mediated by immune deviation, rather than through gene mutations or virus infections. The administration of the live‐attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (LA‐JEV), but not the inactivated vaccine or other vaccines, in mice induced serum acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody production, reduced the AChR density at the endplates, and decreased both muscle strength and response to repetitive nerve stimulation. We found a peptide (containing 7 amino acids) of LA‐JEV similar to the AChR‐α subunit, and immunization with a synthesized protein containing this peptide reproduced the MG‐like phenotype in mice.

Interpretation

Our results describe the immunological profile of CMG. Immunization with LA‐JEV induced an autoimmune reaction against the AChR through molecular mimicry. These findings might explain the higher occurrence rate of CMG in China, where children are routinely vaccinated with LA‐JEV, compared with that in countries, where this vaccination is not as common. Efforts should be made to optimize immunization strategies and reduce the risk for developing autoimmune disorders among children. Ann Neurol 2018;84:386–400
Hochfluss‐Hochselektivitäts‐MOF‐Membran: Geträgerte MIL‐160‐Schicht für die Trennung der Xylolisomere durch Pervaporation
Authors: Wu Xiaocao , Wei Wan , Jiang Jianwen , Caro Jürgen , Huang Aisheng
Published: September 2018

Die Abtrennung von p‐Xylol (kinetischer Durchmesser ∼0.58 nm) von seinen sperrigeren Isomeren o‐ und m‐Xylol (∼0.68 nm) ist ein hochaktuelles Trennproblem der petrolchemischen Industrie. Wir entwickelten eine hochselektive und langzeitstabile geträgerte Molekularsiebmembran auf Basis der metall‐organischen Gerüststruktur MIL‐160 für die selektive Abtrennung von p‐Xylol von seinen Isomeren durch Pervaporation. Die Porenweite von MIL‐160 beträgt etwa 0.5∼0.6 nm. Damit kann p‐Xylol die Molekularsiebmembran ungehindert passieren, die sperrigeren Isomere jedoch nicht. Für die Trennung eines binären äquimolaren flüssigen p‐/o‐Xylol‐Gemisches wurde bei 75 °C der relativ hohe p‐Xylolfluss von 467 g m−2 h−1 mit einer p‐/o‐Xylol‐Selektivität von 38.5 gemessen. Aufgrund der vergleichsweise hohen Stabilität von MIL‐160 blieb diese Trennleistung während einer 24‐h‐Langzeitmessung erhalten. Diese Kombination von guter Trennleistung und hoher Stabilität machen geträgerte MIL‐160‐Membranen für eine technische Xylol‐Trennung interessant.
Polymerizing Like Mussels Do: Toward Synthetic Mussel Foot Proteins and Resistant Glues
Authors: Horsch Justus , Wilke Patrick , Pretzler Matthias , Seuss Maximilian , Melnyk Inga , Remmler Dario , Fery Andreas , Rompel Annette , Börner Hans G.
Published: September 2018

A novel strategy to generate adhesive protein analogues by enzyme‐induced polymerization of peptides is reported. Peptide polymerization relies on tyrosinase oxidation of tyrosine residues to Dopaquinones, which rapidly form cysteinyldopa‐moieties with free thiols from cysteine residues, thereby linking unimers and generating adhesive polymers. The resulting artificial protein analogues show strong adsorption to different surfaces, even resisting hypersaline conditions. Remarkable adhesion energies of up to 10.9 mJ m−2 are found in single adhesion events and average values are superior to those reported for mussel foot proteins that constitute the gluing interfaces.
Construction of Heterostructured Fe2O3‐TiO2 Microdumbbells for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Zhang Peng , Yu Le , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: September 2018

Designing advanced structures for heterojunction photocatalysts is an effective approach to enhance their performance toward solar‐energy conversion. Herein we develop a facile synthetic strategy for the fabrication of Fe2O3‐TiO2 microdumbbells. With the assistance of preferentially adsorbed hexadecylamine molecules, amorphous TiO2 nanospheres with tunable size are grown at the two ends of Fe‐based metal–organic compound microrods. Subsequent annealing of the hybrid obtained leads to the formation of a novel heterostructured Fe2O3‐TiO2 microdumbbell photocatalyst. Owing to the heterojunction formed and the unique structure, Fe2O3‐TiO2 microdumbbells with optimized composition and morphology show enhanced performance for photoelectrochemical water oxidation, compared to monophasic Fe2O3 and TiO2 materials as well as physical mixtures thereof.
Purification of the Ester Phase by Water Extraction in Biodiesel Production
Authors: Zlatar Vuk , Obranović Marko
Published: September 2018

Water extraction is an effective method for removal of impurities from the post‐transesterification reaction product in biodiesel production. It is commonly used in downstream processing alongside evaporation/distillation and filtration. The effects of process parameters on biodiesel purity, biodiesel loss, and capacity of water extraction were investigated. Soaps were found to be key impurities, which significantly influenced the process and are the only emulsifier species that have an impact on the process. The acid value of biodiesel after water extraction was dependent on the initial soap content. Difficulties with soaps can be solved by adding an adequate amount of citric acid (0.01–0.10%) in wash water. The effects of temperature, pH of water extract, and mixing were investigated. Higher temperature (>25 °C) and higher pH (>7.0) increased biodiesel loss during the extraction. Higher pH and lower temperature increased the ester content. With an optimal amount of citric acid in the wash water, high intensity mixing (>1.0 kW m−3) is desired for the most effective purification. Correlation for calculation of an optimal amount of citric acid based on the desired pH of extract, the ratio of wash water to ester, and the initial soap content in ester was found. Excess hydrolysis of biodiesel during extraction was not observed. For the first time, engineering aspects of process‐settling time, and mixing parameters and their influence on removal of impurities and subsequent separation were determined. Optimal mixing power per unit of volume was 2.25 kW m−3, mixing time 2.5 min, and settling time 30 min. From the results and data obtained, an optimal system for water extraction of crude biodiesel was also proposed.
Gas‐separation behavior of poly(ether sulfone)–poly(ethylene glycol) blend membranes
Authors: Akbarian Iman , Fakhar Afsaneh , Ameri Elham , Sadeghi Morteza
Published: September 2018

Poly(ether sulfone) (PES), because of its low chain mobility and high gas selectivity, was selected as a gas‐separation membrane. Because poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) contains polar ether groups favorable for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture, we investigated the effects of PEG on the CO2/CH4and CO2/N2separation properties of PES–PEG blend membranes. PEG with different molecular weights (4000, 6000, and 10,000) and concentrations of up 30 wt % was added to PES. Scanning electron microscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction analyses on the blends confirmed the uniformity and dense surfaces of the membranes and no changes in the crystallinity, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated good interactions between the PEG and PES segments. Gas permeation tests showed that with increasing PEG molecular weight, its weight fraction permeability of CH4and CO2increased, whereas the permeability of O2and N2decreased. The best composition of PES–PEG was a 70/30 ratio; with this composition, the selectivities of CO2/N2and CO2/CH4were enhanced by 64 and 14%, respectively, compared to that of the pure membrane. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2018,135, 46845.
Heat‐activated pressure sensitive adhesives for linerless labels
Authors: Einsla Melinda , Griffith William , Himmelberger Daniel , Zolynski Sarah , Zhang Sipei , Powell Terri , Malotky David
Published: September 2018

Pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs) suitable for use in label applications without a silicone‐coated release liner (so‐called “linerless” labels) were developed utilizing heat‐activated adhesive formulations comprised of dispersed styrenic block copolymers (SIS), dispersed plasticizers, and dispersed tackifiers. Various grades of SIS were investigated, as well as several different dispersants. The best results were obtained with an SIS polymer with 19% diblock dispersed with a long‐chain primary carboxylic acid. Of the four plasticizers studied, sucrose benzoate resulted in the best combination of high peel and low blocking in the end‐use application. Peel forces upwards of 10 N/25 cm were obtained for the heat‐activated adhesive, indicating their applicability for many label applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47048.
Regeneration of highland papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens) from anther culture
Authors: Chong‐Pérez Borys , Carrasco Basilio , Silva Herman , Herrera Francisca , Quiroz Karla , Garcia‐Gonzales Rolando
Published: September 2018

Premise of the Study

Vasconcellea pubescens is an important Caricaceae species cultivated in several countries of South America. The objective of this study was to investigate different media compositions and plant growth regulators to induce plant regeneration.

Methods

Anthers were cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium with varying concentrations of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) plus a cytokinin (N‐(2‐chloro‐4‐pyridyl)‐N′‐phenylurea). The effect of the basal medium supplemented with auxins and cytokinins on shoot regeneration from the induced calli was also evaluated. Addition of maltose to the basal medium was also tested.

Results

The combination of 0.54 μM NAA and 22.66 μM 2,4‐D induced the highest rate of calli formation. Regeneration via organogenesis was obtained in Murashige and Skoog and Woody Plant Medium supplemented with maltose and containing 8.88 μM 6‐benzylaminopurine, 5.71 μM indoleacetic acid, and 2.28 μM zeatin.

Discussion

The plant regeneration protocol reported here permits the development of haploid and double haploid plants that can be useful for propagation purposes, allow a better molecular understanding of the species, and facilitate the production of new cultivars.
Elucidation of the Sodium–Copper Extrusion Mechanism in CuCrS2: A High Capacity, Long‐Life Anode Material for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Krengel Markus , Hansen Anna‐Lena , Hartmann Felix , van Dinter Jonas , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: September 2018

The front cover artwork is provided by the group of Prof. Bensch at the inorganic chemistry department of Christian‐Albrechts‐University Kiel (Germany). The image illustrates the copper – sodium extrusion mechanism in CuCrS2 during the first step of sodium uptake. Additionally, the results of ex‐situ X‐ray diffraction measurements and pair distribution function measurements are displayed. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/batt.201800039.
Engineering Artificial Fusion Proteins for Enhanced Methanol Bioconversion
Authors: Fan Liwen , Wang Yu , Tuyishime Philibert , Gao Ning , Li Qinggang , Zheng Ping , Sun Jibin , Ma Yanhe
Published: September 2018

Methanol is a low‐cost and abundantly available feedstock derived from natural gas and syngas. Although bioconversion holds promise for producing desired chemicals from methanol under economically viable operating conditions, the efficiency is limited by unfavorable kinetics of methanol oxidation and assimilation. Herein, artificial fusion proteins were engineered to enhance methanol bioconversion. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)‐dependent methanol dehydrogenase (Mdh), 3‐hexulose‐6‐phosphate synthase (Hps) and 6‐phospho‐3‐hexuloisomerase (Phi) from different sources were first screened for catalytic activity. Next, we designed six fusion proteins using the best enzyme candidates and flexible linkers. Fusing Mdh with Hps or Hps‐Phi increased the Vmax of methanol oxidation up to 5.8‐fold, and enhanced methanol conversion to fructose‐6‐phosphate up to 1.3‐fold. Interestingly, fusion engineering changed the polymerization states of proteins and produced larger multimers, which may be responsible for the changed catalytic characteristics. This fusion engineering approach can be coupled with other metabolic engineering strategies for enhanced methanol bioconversion to valuable chemicals.
Bioorthogonal Metalloporphyrin‐Catalyzed Selective Methionine Alkylation in the Lanthipeptide Nisin
Authors: Maaskant Ruben V. , Roelfes Gerard
Published: September 2018

Bioorthogonal catalytic modification of ribosomally synthesized and post‐translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) is a promising approach to obtaining novel antimicrobial peptides with improved properties and/or activities. Here, we present the serendipitous discovery of a selective and rapid method for the alkylation of methionines in the lanthipeptide nisin. Using carbenes, formed from water‐soluble metalloporphyrins and diazoacetates, methionines are alkylated to obtain sulfonium ions. The formed sulfonium ions are stable, but can be further reacted to obtain functionalized methionine analogues, expanding the toolbox of chemical posttranslational modification even further.
Chemical Strategies for Activating PINK1, a Protein Kinase Mutated in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Lambourne Olivia A. , Mehellou Youcef
Published: September 2018

PINK1 is a ubiquitously expressed mitochondrial serine/threonine protein kinase that has emerged as a key player in mitochondrial quality control. This protein kinase came to prominence in the mid‐2000s, when PINK1 mutations were found to cause early onset Parkinson's disease (PD). As most of the PD‐related mutations occurred in the kinase domain and impaired PINK1′s catalytic activity, it was suggested that small molecules that activated PINK1 would maintain mitochondrial quality control and, as a result, have neuroprotective effects. Working on this hypothesis, a few small‐molecule PINK1 activators that offer critical insights and distinct approaches for activating PINK1 have been discovered. Herein, we briefly highlight the discovery of these small molecules and offer insight into the future development of small‐molecule PINK1 activators as potential treatments for PD.
Dosimetric advantages of stereotactic radiosurgery as a boost to adjuvant conventional radiotherapy in the setting of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the parotid with skull base invasion
Authors: Phan Jae L. , Pollard Courtney , Wang He , Ng Sweet Ping , Sheu Tommy , Ginsberg Lawrence E. , Hessel Amy C. , Gidley Paul W. , Rosenthal David I. , Phan Jack
Published: September 2018

Key Clinical Message

This study highlights gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery (GK‐SRS) as boost therapy in a patient with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the parotid involving the skull base and invasion of the facial nerve. Using GK‐SRS, dose to the brainstem and temporal lobe were reduced when compared to less conformal radiotherapy techniques.
Accuracy of mucosa supported guided dental implant surgery
Authors: Jones Andoni
Published: September 2018

Key Clinical Message

Implant deviation at platform and apex was comparable to that seen in similar studies, showing that Mucosa Supported Guided Dental Implant Surgery can be a safe implant placement technique. Implant diameter and length, bone density and density deviations showed moderate strong correlation with apical deviation.
A case of rabies in a Kano brown doe
Authors: Kaltungo Bilkisu Yunusa , Audu Solomon Wuyah , Salisu Ibrahim , Okaiyeto Solomon Olu , Jahun Balarabe Magaji
Published: September 2018

Key Clinical Message

This manuscript aims at creating awareness especially to livestock farmers and veterinarians/clinicians that rabies occurs in livestock species. Furthermore, clinicians should note that the viral load in dog bite cases by rabid dog can be reduced by vigorous washing and disinfection which may ultimately delay the clinical manifestation of rabies.
Not all inflammation in a renal allograft is rejection
Authors: Alquadan Kawther F. , Womer Karl L. , Santos Alfonso H. , Zeng Xu , Koratala Abhilash
Published: September 2018

Key Clinical Message

High index of suspicion for adenovirus infection is required in renal graft dysfunction, especially in the setting of hematuria. Histology can mimic acute rejection, which creates a diagnostic dilemma. Tissue adenovirus immunostains, though usually reliable, may not be always positive like in our case.
Porous Nickel Nano‐Foam by Femtosecond Laser Structuring for Supercapacitor Application
Authors: Lange Karsten , Hördemann Christian , Schulz‐Ruhtenberg Malte , Caro Jürgen
Published: September 2018

A focused femtosecond laser beam was scanned across a nickel electrode in a line pattern with different line distances to generate a large electrochemical surface area for charge storage. During the laser structuring process, small metal particles were generated and sintered to a porous foam‐like structure, the so‐called laser‐induced nano‐foam (LINF), which strongly adheres to the substrate surface. The structuring was carried out in argon atmosphere, in order to prevent oxidation of the LINF structure during the structuring process. The topography of the LINF was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and laser scanning microscopy. The electrochemical surface area of the electrodes was determined by cyclic voltammetry based on the charging of the double‐layer. The total capacity of the nickel LINF electrodes was measured by galvanostatic charge‐discharge to test their capability for supercapacitor applications. The surface area enlargement and therefore the total capacity increases with decreasing line distance. The LINF structure provides a surface area enlargement up to a factor of 1600 and a total capacity up to 2 C cm−2.
An Iron‐Based Long‐Lived Catalyst for Direct C−H Arylation of Arenes and Heteroarenes
Authors: Chakraborty Soumi , Ahmed Jasimuddin , Shaw Bikash Kumar , Jose Anex , Mandal Swadhin K.
Published: September 2018

Direct C−H arylation of arenes and heteroarenes to biaryls at ambient temperature has been accomplished using a phenalenyl‐supported iron(III) catalyst. The present catalyst requires a chemical reductant such as potassium and functions without any light stimulation. C−H arylation of various heteroarenes including pyridine as well as unactivated arene such as benzene delivered good to excellent yield (28 examples, up to 92 %) at room temperature. A combined effort based on experiments and theoretical calculations established that a phenalenyl‐based radical species (generated by chemical reduction of the iron(III) coordinated phenalenyl complex) plays key role during the catalysis. Furthermore, this catalyst displayed remarkable stability during the catalysis, as evident from the fact that it was still usable over ten consecutive catalytic runs without losing its catalytic efficiency.
A Complex Zeolite Containing Multiple Ring Sizes in a Single Channel: One‐Dimensional Zeolite UZM‐55
Authors: Mowat John P. S. , Miller Mark A. , Galey Melissa M. , Sinkler Wharton , Prabhakar Sesh , Xu Lijun , Nicholas Collette L. , Nicholas Christopher P.
Published: September 2018

Zeolites are porous aluminosilicate materials utilized in a variety of sorption, separation, and catalytic applications. The oil refining industry in particular has seen a number of significant advances due to the introduction of new technologies enabled by new zeolites. Of particular importance are zeolites with 10‐ or 12‐membered ring pores, resulting in pore shapes and sizes appropriate for the interaction with small hydrocarbon molecules. Here, the synthesis of a new zeolite UZM‐55 is reported and the idealized structure thereof is presented. The most complex structure solved to date, UZM‐55 possesses a large triclinic unit cell containing 52 T‐sites. The material uniquely contains both 10‐ and 12‐membered ring pores in a single, undulating one‐dimensional channel, the first example in a zeolitic material of multiple delimiting rings in a single channel. This discovery opens new opportunities in shape‐selective adsorption and catalysis. Demonstrated here is the unique adsorption behavior of UZM‐55, shown both experimentally and computationally to adsorb one nonane molecule per unit cell in a linear conformation.
Measuring Pain Avoidance‐Like Behavior in Drug‐Dependent Rats
Authors: Pahng Amanda R. , Edwards Scott
Published: September 2018

In contrast to their analgesic properties, excessive use of either opioids or alcohol produces a paradoxical emergence of heightened pain sensitivity to noxious stimuli, termed hyperalgesia, which may promote increased use of opioids or alcohol drinking to manage worsening pain symptoms. Hyperalgesia has traditionally been measured in rodents via reflex‐based assays, including the von Frey method. To better model the motivational and affective dimensions of pain in a state of opioid/alcohol dependence and withdrawal, this unit describes the use of a non‐reflex‐based method for measuring pain avoidance‐like behavior in dependent rats. In the mechanical conflict‐avoidance task, rats run across probes of varying heights to avoid a bright aversive light and to reach a dark goal chamber. A longer latency to exit onto the nociceptive probes reflects increased pain avoidance‐like behavior during withdrawal. Mechanical conflict‐avoidance testing can be repeated to provide both baseline assessment of pain avoidance behavior and pain avoidance measures after the induction of dependence.© 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
How to Agree on a CTC: Evaluating the Consensus in Circulating Tumor Cell Scoring
Authors: Zeune Leonie L. , de Wit Sanne , Berghuis A.M. Sofie , IJzerman Maarten J. , Terstappen Leon W.M.M. , Brune Christoph
Published: September 2018

For using counts of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the clinic to aid a physician's decision, its reported values will need to be accurate and comparable between institutions. Many technologies have become available to enumerate and characterize CTCs, thereby showing a large range of reported values. Here we introduce an Open Source CTC scoring tool to enable comparison of different reviewers and facilitate the reach of a consensus on assigning objects as CTCs. One hundred images generated from two different platforms were used to assess concordance between 15 reviewers and an expert panel. Large differences were observed between reviewers in assigning objects as CTCs urging the need for computer recognition of CTCs. A demonstration of a deep learning approach on the 100 images showed the promise of this technique for future CTC enumeration. © 2018 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
A precise time synchronization method for real‐time schedulers
Authors: Kikutani Tatsushi , Yakoh Takahiro
Published: September 2018

This paper proposed a precise time synchronization method between schedulers of real‐time operating systems by communicating time stamps over a network. An NTP‐based communication protocol was used to measure the time offset between nodes. To minimize the measurement error, a light‐weight network stack called RT‐Messenger was used instead of common transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) stack. Also, a Kalman filter was introduced to eliminate such error and to estimate time offset and drift. Furthermore, a real‐time scheduler in RTAI/Linux (where RTAI is real‐time application interface) was modified to compensate the time difference using the estimated offset and drift. The time compensation of a scheduler clock affects the next resume times for real‐time tasks. Therefore, a recalculation process of next resume times for all real‐time tasks and a reordering process of real‐time task queue were added to the real‐time scheduler. To validate the proposed method, time differences of resume times for two real‐time tasks on different nodes were measured under various experimental conditions. The results confirm that the resume time differences were successfully kept lower than 400 ns with 300 ns standard deviation under the condition of observation period at 1 s and correction period at 10 s.
Intraoperative S‐ketamine for the reduction of opioid consumption and pain one year after spine surgery: A randomized clinical trial of opioid‐dependent patients
Authors: Nielsen Rikke Vibeke , Fomsgaard Jonna Storm , Nikolajsen Lone , Dahl Jørgen Berg , Mathiesen Ole
Published: September 2018

Background

We aimed to explore the effect of intraoperative S‐ketamine on analgesic consumption and pain one year after spine surgery in chronic opioid‐dependent patients undergoing spinal fusion surgery.

Methods

Single‐centre, randomized, blinded trial of 147 patients. Intervention: Perioperative S‐ketamine bolus 0.5 mg/kg followed by S‐ketamine 0.25 mg kg−1 hr−1 infusion or placebo. Main outcomes: Analgesic use, pain (visual analogue scale 0–100 mm [VAS]) and labour market attachment one year after surgery assessed by written questionnaires.

Results

Response rate was 67%. One year after surgery, the daily use of oral morphine equivalents was lower in the ketamine group versus the placebo group: 0 (0–20) mg versus 20 (0–62) mg, (p = 0.02), and fewer patients had a daily use of any analgesics in the ketamine group versus placebo group, 42% (95% CI 23–61) versus 74% (95% CI 58–87), (p = 0.04). Mobilization pain was lower in the ketamine group compared to the placebo group: Median difference 17 mm (95% CI −30 to −3), (p = 0.02). Pain at rest was lower in the ketamine group compared to the placebo group with median difference: 13 mm (95% CI −23 to −3), (p = 0.01). Further, labour market attachment was better in the ketamine group, (p = 0.02).

Conclusion

Intraoperative ketamine may reduce analgesic use, pain, and improve labour market attachment one year after spine surgery in a chronic opioid‐dependent population.

Significance

This randomized clinical trial shows that intraoperative ketamine may reduce opioid use and pain and improve labour market attachment one year after spine surgery in an opioid‐dependent population.
Continuous enzymatic production and adsorption of laminaribiose in packed bed reactors
Authors: Abi Akram , Hartig Dave , Vorländer Karl , Wang Anqi , Scholl Stephan , Jördening Hans‐Joachim
Published: September 2018

Bienzymatic production of laminaribiose from sucrose and glucose was combined with adsorption on zeolite BEA to introduce a first capture and purification step. Downstream processing including washing and desorption steps was characterized and optimized on a milliliter scale in batch mode. Results were then transferred to a packed bed system for enzymatic production and adsorption where the influence of adsorbent particle diameter on purity and productivity was evaluated. Finally, a continuous enzymatic production of laminaribiose was conducted over 10 days. The subsequent downstream processing of the loaded zeolites led to purities of over 0.5 gLaminaribiose gsugar−1 in the desorbate with a total productivity of 5.6 mgLaminaribiose Lenzyme bed−1 h−1 without the use of recycles.
Evolution of out‐of‐plane deformation and subsequent instability in rectangular RC walls under in‐plane cyclic loading: Experimental observation
Authors: Dashti Farhad , Dhakal Rajesh P. , Pampanin Stefano
Published: September 2018

In this study, to understand the causes and consequences of out‐of‐plane instability in rectangular RC walls, the sequence of events observed during a rectangular wall experiment campaign where out‐of‐plane instability was the primary failure pattern is discussed in detail. Large tensile strains developed in the boundary zone longitudinal bars at large in‐plane curvature demands and caused subsequent yielding in compression during load reversal before crack closure could activate contribution of concrete to the load‐carrying capacity of the wall. The specimen deformed in the out‐of‐plane direction when this phenomenon progressed along a sufficient height and length of the wall and led to significant reduction of its stiffness in the out‐of‐plane direction. One of the major sources of inherent eccentricity that could potentially affect development of this failure pattern is identified to be the postyield response of the longitudinal bars across the wall thickness, generating different values of residual strains and consequently inducing their asynchronous yielding under compressive actions. Analytical models proposed in literature for prediction of out‐of‐plane instability failure as well as their relevant assumptions are compared with the test measurements. While the observations presented in past research on development of out‐of‐plane instability in concrete columns representing the boundary zones of rectangular walls are in line with the sequence of events observed in this study, the assumptions made in the analytical models regarding the height of the wall effectively involved in formation of out‐of‐plane deformations (effective buckling height) were found to be different.