bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk factors associated with canine parvovirus disease in dogs: A case-control study
Authors: Doan Phu H.
Published: July 2021

Canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2) is one of the most contagious viral agents causing acute enteritis in pups with high rate of morbidity and mortality. The study aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with canine parvovirus (CPV) occurrence in dogs in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. A total number of 132 dogs less than six months of age were recruited in the study and split into two groups: ‘CPV diseased dogs’ included 44 (33.3%) dogs positive with canine parvovirus confirmed by rapid immune-migration test, and ‘normal dogs’ consisted of 88 (66.7%) healthy dogs. Results indicated that the unvaccinated dogs had 11.76 times more risk of CPV infection than vaccinated dogs (OR = 11.76,P<0.001). The risk of CPV in dogs raised with others at the same age was 5.01 times (OR = 5.01,P= 0.027) higher than those raised singly. The risk of CPV infection of dogs interacting with neighbour dogs was 3.13 times (OR = 3.13,P= 0.028) higher than the dogs having no contact with other dogs living nearby. Briefly, our study highlights potential factors for CPV disease prevention, especially CPV vaccination is the most important driver affecting the occurrence of parvovirus in young dogs
Effects of drying methods on color retention and chlorophyll of celery (ApiumgraveolensL.), spinach (Spinacia oleraceaL.), Malabar spinach (Basella albaL.)
Authors: Tran Dat Q
Published: July 2021

Dried vegetables are considered convenient for storage, transportation and preservation. The different drying techniques could influence the quality of resulting products. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of three distinguish drying methods as hot-air drying, foam-mat drying and microwave drying on the color retention and chlorophyll of green vegetables powder. Fresh spinach(Spinacia oleraceaL.), celery (Apium graveolensL.), Malabar spinach (Basella albaL.) were dried by different methods: hot air at 60oC, foam-mat at 60oC and microwave at 270 W until the samples reached approximately 9% of moisture content (wb). The drying time of the dried samples by microwave, foam-mat and hot-air method were 60, 210 and 240 min, respectively. Foam-mat dried vegetables were found to have the best quality in terms of color and the residual chlorophyll content. The findings suggest that foam-mat drying is promising in dried vegetable processing
Slow medicine: a philosophical conception for a humanized geriatric practice
Authors: Wachholz Patrick Alexander , Velho José Carlos Aquino de Campos
Published: July 2021

Expansion of the concept of health, care fragmentation, and technology overvaluation have fostered discussions about the limitations of the biomedical model. The post-COVID-19 era can be one of the largest and best windows of opportunity for implementation of interventions aimed at promoting health equity, particularly in geriatrics. The mission of Slow Medicine can be summarized in three keywords: measured, because it acts with moderation, gradually and without waste; respectful, because it seeks to preserve the dignity and values of each person; and equitable, because it is committed to ensuring access to appropriate care for all. Operationally, the Slow Medicine movement is known internationally for the “Doing more does not mean doing better” campaign, whose objective is essentially to reflect upon and try to engage physicians in reflective practices to avoid the overuse of medical resources, both diagnostically and therapeutically. In this article, we present a brief historical summary and the principles that guide the praxis of the Slow Medicine movement, and invite the reader to reflect on a “geriatrics without haste.”
Analisis Potensi Nanopartikel Seng Oksida Sebagai Terapi Alternatif Terhadap Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Penyebab Infeksi Saluran Kemih
Authors: Kohar Kelvin , Krisandi Grady , Prayogo Stephanie Amabella
Published: July 2021

Pendahuluan: Hingga saat ini, infeksi saluran kemih (ISK) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan utama dunia yang menyerang 150 juta orang per tahunnya. Bakteri Uropathogenic Eschericia coli (UPEC) bertanggung jawab atas lebih dari 80% keseluruhan kasus tersebut. Dalam menginfeksi saluran kemih, UPEC didukung dengan berbagai faktor virulensi yang turut berperan dalam mengakibatkan resistensi terhadap antibiotik sebagai tatalaksana farmakologis utama ISK. Kemajuan dalam perkembangan teknologi nanopartikel menunjukkan bahwa nanopartikel seng oksida memiliki aktivitas antimikroba. Oleh karena itu, kajian literaturini dibuat untuk membahas potensi nanopartikel seng oksida dalam menangani ISK akibat UPEC serta membantu mewujudkan tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan nomor 3, yaitu menjamin kehidupan yang sehat dan mendorong kesejahteraan bagi semua orang di segalausia.Metode: Artikel ini disusun berdasarkan metode literature review. Berbagai pusat data daring dengan menggunakan beberapa kata kunci digunakan untuk pencarian literatur. Literatur kemudian disaring berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Hasil akhir pencarianmendapatkan 30 literatur.Pembahasan: Nanopartikel seng oksida dapat disintesis dari ekstrak tumbuhan Aloe vera. Pada konsentrasi yang sangat kecil, 0,3 µg/ml, nanopartikel ini memiliki efek antiadhesi dengan menurunkan ekspresi gen flu dan fimH, sebagai faktor virulensi UPEC. Efektivitas dan keamanan penggunaan nanopartikel pada konsentrasi ini juga telah dibuktikan secara in vitro. Selain itu, nanopartikel seng oksida dengan konsentrasi tinggi juga dapat berperan sebagaiantibiofilm dan antibakteri.Simpulan: Nanopartikel seng oksida memiliki sifat anti-adhesi, antibakteri, dan antibiofilm yang menjanjikan. Keamanan nanopartikel seng oksida telah dibuktikan secara in vitro dan in vivo. Kedua hal ini menunjukkan potensi besar nanopartikel seng oksida untuk menjadi alternatif tatalaksana pada ISK akibat UPEC.

Kata Kunci: Infeksi saluran kemih, Nanopartikel seng oksida, Uropatogenik Escherichia coli
FOTOTERAPI 405NM BLUE LIGHT LASER SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF TERAPI GONORE KOINFEKSI KLAMIDIASIS RESISTEN ANTIBIOTIK
Authors: Fitri Alfiani Zukhruful , Alverina Clara
Published: July 2021

Pendahuluan: Gonore atau kencing nanah merupakan infeksi menular seksual (IMS) yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Neisseria gonorrhoeae, umumnya menyerang mukosa genital. Insidensi gonore tidak sedikit, WHO menyebutkan 87 juta kasus baru di tahun 2016. Adapun kasus koinfeksi Chlamydia trachomatis sekitar 10-40%. Menurut WHO 2018, disebutkan bahwa 70% negara melaporkan resistensi antimikroba karena N. gonorrhoeae. Tidak hanya itu, belakangan juga ditemukan resistensi sefalosporin generasi ketiga di 10 Negara.

Metode: Studi literatur ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui potensi terapi alteratif gonore koinfeksi klamidiasis yang resisten antibiotik. Sitasi yang digunakan berasal dari jurnal ilmiah di Google Scholar, PubMed, dan publikasi WHO dari tahun 2015-2020.

Pembahasan: Antimicrobial blue light (aBL) merupakan jenis terapi untuk mengendalikan infeksi bakteri yang resisten antibiotik didasarkan pada penggunaan cahaya. Mekanisme aBL dengan panjang gelombang 405 nm adalah dengan menginaktivasi mikroba melalui efek sitotoksik dan genotoksik melalui fotosensitizer endogen pada mikroba. Hal tersebut kemudian menyebabkan kerusakan membran sel serta inaktivasi faktor virulensi bakteri, baik N. gonorrhoeae dan C. trachomatis.

Simpulan: Fototerapi 405 nm Blue Light Laser dapat menjadi alternatif  terapi non farmakologis untuk pengobatan gonore baik infeksi tunggal maupun disertai koinfeksi klamidiasis. Adapun kelebihannya antara lain, mudah digunakan, tidak invasif, membutuhkan durasi yang cukup singkat, memiliki selektivitas yang tinggi sehingga tidak merugikan sel epitel vagina, dan tidak ada resistensi terhadap penggunaan fototerapi ini.
Potensi Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell (CAR-T Cell) dengan Target Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) Termodifikasi CRISPR/Cas9 sebagai Terapi Kanker Prostat
Authors: Habibi Ali , Risqiyani Siti Zulaikha , Putri Dwi Ari Santi
Published: July 2021

ABSTRAK

 

Pendahuluan : Kanker prostat merupakan keganasan sel-sel prostat yang menjadi salah satu keganasan tersering pada pria dengan prevalensi 137,9 kasus baru per 100.000 pria tiap tahunnya. Salah satu pekerjaan yang memiliki risiko tinggi terhadap kejadian kanker prostat adalah petani, karena diakibatkan pajanan pestisida dan zat berbahaya lainnya. Saat ini, Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) masih menjadi terapi yang banyak digunakan. Namun, ADT dapat menurunkan libido, impotensi, hot flashes, dan peningkatan risiko patah tulang. Karena beberapa kelemahan dari terapi ADT, maka diperlukan inovasi terapi untuk kanker prostat.

Metode : PRISMA yang didasarkan fakta-fakta dan pengambilan data secara random dengan memasukan kata kunci yang telah ditentukan. Dari 94 jurnal yang telah ditelaah, 64 jurnal diantaranya dianggap sesuai dengan topik bahasan dan digunakan sebagai referensi.

Hasil dan Pembahasan : CAR-T Cell termodifikasi CRISPR/Cas9 diinjeksikan ke mencit terbukti efisien dan efektif meningkatkan fungsi CAR-T Cell. Mekanisme imunosupresif yang diakibatkan oleh ikatan PD-1 dengan PD-L1 dapat dituntaskan dengan menggunakan metode CRISPR/Cas9-mediated anti PD-1, sehingga yang dapat mempertahankan aktivasi CAR-T Cell. Dibuktikan dengan peningkatan degranulasi CAR-T Cell dan clearance tumor pada uji in vivo.

Kesimpulan : Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell (CAR-T Cell) dengan target Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) termodifikasi CRISPR/Cas9 berpotensi sebagai inovasi terapi yang efektif pada kanker prostat.
CAR-T-ICI: Kombinasi chimeric antigen receptor T-cell dengan immune checkpoint inhibitor anti PD-1 selaku pilihan terapi terbaru kanker kolorektal
Authors: Hermansyah Imam , Zulfikar Eddy
Published: July 2021

ABSTRAK

Pendahuluan: Kanker kolorektal selaku keganasan ketiga tersering di dunia umumnya ditangani dengan operasi, radioterapi, maupun kemoterapi berdasarkan stadium penyakitnya. Namun, akibat prosedur invasif dan efek samping yang ditimbulkan oleh terapi tersebut, Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell hadir sebagai pilihan terapi terbaru yang bersifat lebih spesifik terhadap sel tumor. Efektivitas CAR T-cell untuk mengobati tumor padat masih terbatas oleh karena molekul imun inhibitorik, Programmed Cell Death-1 (PD-1) yang memiliki efek imunosupresif terhadap sel T. Oleh karena itu, penyusunan literature review ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji potensi terapi kombinasi imunoterapi CAR-T cell dengan anti PD-1 dalam pengobatan kanker kolorektal stadium lanjut. Metode: Literature review ini disusun menggunakan metode studi pustaka dengan strategi pencarian jurnal ilmiah PubMed yang kemudian dianalisis secara sistematis.  Pembahasan: Berdasarkan studi sebelumnya, ekspresi EpCAM dalam jumlah tinggi ditemukan pada sel kanker kolorektal.  Sekresi IFN-γ dan TNF-α dalam jumlah yang tinggi ditemukan pada sel tumor EpCAM positif menunjukkan bahwa EpCAM-CAR-T cell memiliki efek sitotoksik spesifik terhadap sel tumor target. Rata-rata volume tumor kolorektal pada kelompok EpCAM CAR-T cell lebih rendah dibanding kontrol, menunjukkan EpCAM-CAR-T cell mampu menghambat pembentukan dan pertumbuhan sel tumor. Di sisi lain, 35,8% pasien kanker kolorektal metastasis diketahui memiliki objective response rate dan 73,6% diantaranya tercatat memiliki disease control rate ≥12 minggu setelah terapi anti PD-1 nivolumab, menunjukkan efektivitas nivolumab dalam pengendalian penyakit jangka panjang dengan masa survival yang lebih lama pada pasien kanker kolorektal metastasis. Simpulan: Kombinasi imunoterapi EpCAM CAR-T cell dengan anti PD-1 memiliki potensi sebagai pengobatan terbaru yang efektif untuk kanker kolorektal stadium lanjut.

 

Kata kunci: Anti PD-1, CAR-T cell, imunoterapi, kanker kolorektal
Pengaruh Radioterapi Terhadap Parameter Hasil Pemeriksaan Darah Lengkap Pasien Karsinoma Nasofaring di Rumah Sakit Pendidikan Universitas Hasanuddin Periode 2016-2018
Authors: Hermansyah Imam , Zulfikar Eddy , Sibala' Aton Prasetya , Papendang William Chandra , Toaha Ahmad Fachry , Widaningsih Yuyun
Published: July 2021

ABSTRAK

Pendahuluan: Karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) merupakan salah satu keganasan regio kepala dan leher yang paling sering ditemukan di dunia. Hingga saat ini, radioterapi masih menjadi terapi pilihan utama untuk penderita KNF, terutama jenis KNF loko-regional yang belum metastasis jauh. Radioterapi dapat memberikan efek samping terhadap sistem hematopoietik, sehingga  pemeriksaan darah lengkap merupakan prosedur yang wajib dilakukan sebelum, selama, dan setelah radioterapi. Sayangnya, data penelitian terkait efek radioterapi terhadap parameter darah lengkap pasien KNF di Indonesia masih terbatas. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek radioterapi terhadap sistem hematopoietik pada penderita KNF dengan melihat jumlah leukosit, kadar hemoglobin, dan jumlah trombosit pasca radioterapi. 

Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional dengan desain cross sectional menggunakan data rekam medik penderita KNF yang menjalani radioterapi siklus lengkap di Rumah Sakit Pendidikan Universitas Hasanuddin periode 2016-2018. Data yang diperoleh diolah dengan menggunakan uji hipotesis Friedman.

Hasil: Dari 41 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria ekslusi dan inklusi, perbedaan rata-rata yang signifikan pada parameter darah lengkap pasca radioterapi hanya ditemukan pada variabel jumlah leukosit (p<0,05), dibandingkan dengan variabel hemoglobin dan trombosit yang perubahannya tidak begitu bermakna (p>0,05).

Pembahasan: Radiasi yang mengenai sumsum tulang akan menyebabkan depresi jumlah sel darah karena destruksi sel punca hematopoietik dan sel progenitor yang sangat sensitif radiasi. Berdasarkan tingkat sensitifitas terhadap radioterapi, leukosit merupakan sel darah yang paling radiosensitif, diikuti oleh trombosit kemudian eritrosit.

Kesimpulan: Radioterapi memberikan efek yang signifikan terhadap perubahan jumlah leukosit pasien karsinoma nasofaring.

 

Kata kunci: Darah lengkap, karsinoma nasofaring, radioterapi
Clause by clause: the reasoning in the Stormont House Agreement ‘Model Bill’ on dealing with the past in Northern Ireland
Authors: McEvoy Kieran , Bryson Anna , Gormally Brian , McKeown Gemma , Holder Daniel , Greenberg Daniel , Mallinder Louise
Published: July 2021

Not available
Justice, truth and oral history: legislating the past ‘from below’ in Northern Ireland
Authors: McEvoy Kieran , Bryson Anna
Published: July 2021

Drawing on the ‘from below’ perspective which has emerged in transitional justice scholarship and practice over the past two decades, this article critically examines the dealing with the past debate in Northern Ireland. The paper begins by offering an outline of the from below perspective in the context of post-conflict or post-authoritarian societies which are struggling to come to terms with past violence and human rights abuses. Having provided some of the legal and political background to the most recent efforts to deal with the past in Northern Ireland, it then critically examines the relevant past-related provisions of the Stormont House Agreement, namely the institutions which are designed to facilitate ‘justice’, truth recovery and the establishment of an Oral History Archive. Drawing from the political science and social movement literature on lobbying and the ways in which interests groups may seek to influence policy, the paper then explores the efforts of the authors and others to contribute to the broader public debate, including through drafting and circulating a ‘Model Bill’ on dealing with the past (reproduced elsewhere in this issue) as a counterweight to the legislation which is required from the British government to implement the Stormont House Agreement. The authors argue that the combination of technical capacity, grass-roots credibility and ‘international-savvy’ local solutions offers a framework for praxis from below in other contexts where activists are struggling to extend ownership of transitional justice beyond political elites.
Exploring childhood, criminal responsibility and the evolving capacities of the child: the age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales
Authors: Arthur Raymond
Published: July 2021

Currently in England and Wales the law considers that all children below 10 years of age are exempt from criminal liability for their actions as such children are morally not responsible and lacking blameworthiness. This approach to young people in conflict with the law misrepresents the evidence regarding young people who offend and encourages highly contestable judgements about individuality, identity and welfare. I will argue that children have a right to respect for their evolving capacities and that respecting this right would help to redirect the criminal justice system towards a normative framework better equipped to accommodate the realities of childhood and in which the child’s experience of vulnerability and powerlessness is embedded throughout.
The common law influence over the age of criminal responsibility – Australia
Authors: Crofts Thomas
Published: July 2021

This article explores how Australian jurisdictions came to have an approach to the age of criminal responsibility similar to that which existed in England and Wales until 1998. It discusses recent debates in Australia about reforming the minimum age of criminal responsibility and the presumption of doli incapax. This shows that while there has been criticism of the presumption of doli incapax within Australia no jurisdiction has taken the English step of abolishing it. It finds that a greater challenge to the presumption of doli incapax may, however, come from calls for an increase in the minimum age of criminal responsibility to the age of 12. While several common law countries have raised the minimum age level to 12 (as called for by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child), they have also abolished the presumption of doli incapax, thus reducing protection for 12- and 13-year-olds. This article argues that unless the minimum age of criminal responsibility is raised to 14 or 16, as preferred by the UN Committee, there are good reasons to retain the presumption of doli incapax.
The age of criminal responsibility and the age of consent: should they be any different?
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: July 2021

This article considers the connection between the age of criminal responsibility and the age at which a person is able to give effective consent. It argues that there a good reasons why these two ages could be different. In considering this issue the article looks at the concepts of criminal responsibility and consent within the criminal law. It claims that these involve assessment of very different factors. It could, therefore, be entirely appropriate for a court to determine that a child has sufficient legal capacity to be guilty of a criminal offence, but lack capacity to consent to behaviour that would otherwise be a criminal offence.
Foreword
Authors: Dickson Brice , McCormick Conor
Published: July 2021

Not available
Potential barriers to the new child’s right to appeal to Special Educational Needs and Disability tribunals in Northern Ireland
Authors: Drummond Orla
Published: July 2021

The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act (Northern Ireland) 2016 has changed the legal landscape for those seeking to utilise the Special Educational Needs Tribunal in the event of a dispute regarding special educational provision. The new Act provides children over compulsory school age with the right to request a statutory assessment and the right to appeal to the tribunal against certain decisions of the Education Authority. While these new participative rights are reflective of international obligations emanating from the UNCRC and the UNCRPD, recent research has highlighted a number of procedural and attitudinal barriers which may dilute the effectiveness of the legislation in guaranteeing a child’s right to participate at the tribunal. This paper uses new empirical data from key stakeholders in the process to discuss these potential barriers and asserts that implanting a child’s right to appeal into a process with preexisting participative barriers will do little to ensure meaningful child participation at SEN tribunals.
R (on the Application of Johnson) (Appellant) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Respondent) [2016] UKSC 56
Authors: Desmond Alan
Published: July 2021

To come
Political, economic and environmental crisis in Northern Ireland: the true cost of environmental governance failures and opportunities for reform
Authors: Brennan Ciara , Purdy Ray , Hjerp Peter
Published: July 2021

Decades of systemic failure to take environmental protection seriously has brought Northern Ireland to the brink of environmental, and now political and economic disaster. This article will consider the reasons why environmental governance in this jurisdiction has continued to be so problematic and the cost of government failure in this context for the people of Northern Ireland. It will set out the environmental, economic and socio-political consequences of the epic failures of successive devolved administrations to take environmental governance seriously, to respond to critiques of the performance of the environmental regulator and to ensure the effective enforcement of environmental law. Finally, it will consider options for dealing with this ongoing problem in a turbulent political environment where collapsing political institutions at Stormont and wider constitutional issues associated with the UK’s plans to leave the EU may continue to stymie reform or present a unique opportunity to reinvent environmental governance and begin the process of remedying the damage caused by years of neglect.
Equitable allowances or restitutionary measures for dishonest assistance and knowing receipt
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: July 2021

This article considers the credit given to dishonest assistants and knowing recipients in claims for disgorgement, with greater focus on dishonest assistance. Traditionally, equity has awarded a parsimonious ‘just allowance’ for work and skill. The language of causation in Novoship (UK) Ltd v Mikhaylyuk [2014] EWCA Civ 908 suggests a more generous restitutionary approach which is at odds with the justification given: prophylaxis. This tension makes the law incoherent. Moreover, the bar to full disgorgement has been set too high, such that the remedy is unavailable in practice. Therefore, even if the restitutionary approach is affirmed, it must be revised.
Legal object commentary: anti-slavery medallion
Authors: Johnstone Owain
Published: July 2021

This anti-slavery medallion was cast in 1787, based on the symbol of the London Society for the  Suppression of the Slave Trade. It was a key object and image within the movement to abolish the slave trade in Britain. The medallion conveys a particular understanding of the slave trade as a social problem (such as assuming the vulnerability and passivity of the slave). Consequently, the medallion speaks to recent literature on the social construction of social problems. That literature, however, has tended to focus on the role of discourse in problem construction – rather than material objects like the medallion. This article interrogates the nature of the medallion as a material problem representation, bringing it into dialogue with discursive representations of a related contemporary issue: human trafficking. The article suggests ways in which the medallion challenges and develops those discursive representations. It concludes that the material dimension of the representation – and construction – of social problems is easily overlooked despite its significance, and that it merits further investigation.
The holy thorn reliquary and cultural heritage
Authors: Vigneron Sophie
Published: July 2021

A thorn, a valueless piece of wood, is displayed in an exquisite box made of gold and precious stones, and ornamented with intricate figures and symbols. This rare artefact showcases a worthless item, but for the meaning attached to it – the belief that it comes from the Crown of Thorns worn by Jesus Christ, during the Crucifixion. In the British Museum, the reliquary is one among many objects displayed for their tangible rather than intangible values. Thus, it becomes a metaphor for the definition of heritage, the identification of heritage values and the framework of cultural heritage law.
United Enemies
Authors: Stathopoulou Kelly
Published: July 2021

This commentary presents the sculpture ‘United Enemies’, in the context of international legal research. It relies on experimental theatre and related understandings of performance to explain how internal selfdetermination language and rhetoric are used in the texts of African intrastate peace agreements to bring together former enemies. In doing so, it identifies two categories of connection between the legal object and the research question: conceptualisation (how to tell this story) and dissemination (how to communicate its research findings).
Illicit drug markets, systemic violence and victimisation
Authors: Connolly Johnny
Published: July 2021

A common theme that runs throughout much of the literature on drug markets, drug-related crime and also the impact of drug law enforcement is how limited our understanding of them is. In the absence of research and reliable evidence, certain ‘taken for granted’ assumptions or stereotypes have emerged to fill the gaps in knowledge. Journalistic and television exposés, present a Hobbesian spectacle of an inherently violent world populated by ‘evil drug dealers’. These representations have also influenced legislative responses, particularly since 1996. In the Republic of Ireland, following the murder of journalist Veronica Guerin, a plethora of new draconian laws were introduced. This led to a form of legislation by ‘moral panic’ particularly in response to drug-related crime. Prior to the mid-1990s, Northern Ireland had largely avoided the growth in heroin consumption of the type associated with Dublin since the 1980s. High levels of police and military security and the anti-drug stance of many paramilitary organisations had a suppression effect on the importation, distribution and consumption of serious drugs. The Good Friday Agreement of 1998 led to the dismantling of the state security apparatus and a reduction in police numbers. This period also marks the beginning of a period of increased drug consumption and the establishment of heroin hotspots in a number of urban areas.

Despite this increased policy attention, drug use in Ireland has been found to be associated with increased levels of systemic violence: fights over organisational and territorial issues; so-called ‘gangland’ murders; disputes over transactions or debt collection; and the intimidation of family members and the wider ‘host’ communities in which local drug markets tend to take hold. Much of this victimisation remains hidden as fear of reprisal from those involved with the drug trade and a lack of confidence in the criminal justice system discourages reporting. This article reviews recent research evidence in this area and examines the implications for future policy responses.
‘Respectable’ victims and safe solutions: the hidden politics of victimology?
Authors: McCullagh Ciaran
Published: July 2021

This paper offers a critique of the dominance that victim discourse has come to occupy in debates about criminal justice in Ireland. It argues that such a discourse works with an unacceptably simplistic notion of the term ‘victim’, it can lead to reforms that result in revictimisation rather than victim empowerment and it distorts the experiences of many crime victims for whom victimisation is inconvenient rather than traumatic.
Victim personal statements in managing victims’ voices in sentencing in Northern Ireland: taking a more procedural justice approach
Authors: Moffett Luke
Published: July 2021

Victim personal statements (VPS) have been introduced in a number of common law criminal justice systems. Although they have been espoused as important in ensuring victims’ ‘voices’ are ‘heard’ in sentencing, this article examines the extent of improving victim satisfaction and procedural justice in Northern Ireland. In light of increasing juridification of victim participation through the VPS by the EU and the English Court of Appeal, its impact on sentencing has received mixed views amongst victims, intermediaries and legal practitioners. Drawing from 24 interviews with judges, lawyers and intermediaries, this article finds that greater attention should be paid to vulnerable victims’ inclusion and that judges should better articulate the impact the VPS has on sentencing and the significance of such statements in acknowledging the victim’s experience, rather than engendering harsher sentences.
Rape pornography, cultural harm and criminalisation
Authors: Palmer Tanya
Published: July 2021

In 2015 the offence of possessing extreme pornography (Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, s 63) was extended to cover the possession of pornographic images of rape. Proponents of the legislation claim that rape pornography is ‘culturally harmful’, because it normalises and legitimates sexual violence. Critics have dismissed ‘cultural harm’ as poorly defined and lacking evidence. However, critical engagement with, and development of, this concept has been limited on both sides of the debate.

This article fills that gap through a sustained theoretical exposition of the concept of cultural harm and detailed analysis of its role in justifying the criminalisation of rape pornography. It makes the case that at least some rape pornography is culturally harmful, but nevertheless concludes that criminalisation of the possession of rape pornography is not an appropriate response to that harm.
Post-Brexit Britain and the pay culture: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Arsalidou Demetra , Lui Alison
Published: July 2021

This paper examines the impact of Brexit on financial services regulation in relation to three areas linked to executive remuneration. They are: the bonus cap; the clawback of pay; and the level of disclosure required by shareholders with regard to details of directors’ remuneration. It will be argued that legally Brexit will have little impact on any of the three areas. UK legislation has already incorporated a great deal of EU legislation. The status quo of retaining such legal restrictions seems sensible in light of public sentiment towards unfairness in executive compensation and uncertainty towards the Brexit negotiations. Nevertheless, London faces stiff competition from other major international financial centres in a post-Brexit era. The loss of single passporting rights is also encouraging major banks to invest in other European financial centres. Brexit creates opportunities too. With the integration of digital technology, it is possible to create convenient platforms where investors can access reports on executive remuneration.
A little Parthenon no longer: the proportionality of tobacco packaging restrictions on autonomous communication, political expression and commercial speech
Authors: O'Dell Eoin
Published: July 2021

This paper evaluates the constitutionality of statutory restrictions upon tobacco packaging in Ireland. It concludes that public health and the protection of children constitute pressing and substantial reasons sufficient to justify the Public Health (Standardised Packaging of Tobacco) Act 2015 and part 5 of the Health (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2017 as proportionate restrictions upon tobacco companies’ freedom of political expression protected by Article 40.6.1 of the Constitution and freedom of autonomous communication protected by Article 40.3.1.
EU environmental law and policy post-Brexit: models for engagement between the EU27 and the UK
Authors: O'Gorman Roderic
Published: July 2021

The UK’s departure from the EU will have significant impact on the existing EU environmental protection regimes. This article examines the possible options for the new relationship between the EU27 and the UK and how the environment might be protected under this. This is done through an analysis of how environmental law is dealt with under the EU’s existing relationship models with non-member states. These models are examined in conjunction with the negotiating lines that have been set down by both the UK and EU to see which is most politically feasible, and what impact it will have on how the EU protects the environment.
The EU’s role in policing the rule of law: reflections on recent Polish experience
Authors: Grzeszczak Robert , Terrett Stephen
Published: July 2021

Although Brexit has understandably been the primary focus of much recent EU-related discussion, it is not the only threat to the EU’s long-term stability. The growing impact of populism has already influenced the Brexit referendum result and an anti-liberal resurgence within the EU. Events in Poland have led to criticism of the EU’s apparent impotence in counteracting governments determined to implement an antiliberal, national-populist legislative agenda that threatens the rule of law. This article offers a critical analysis of the mechanism contained in Article 7 TEU and the tools created by the European Commission within its New Framework, viewed through the prism of escalating violations of the rule of law in Poland, with particular focus on the destabilisation of the Constitutional Tribunal. It analyses whether such criticisms are justified and, if so, whether a more robust framework for addressing anti-liberal populism is required. We compare the EU’s evolution into an organisation that protects individual human rights with its fledgling evolution into an organisation that seeks to police the rule of law. We argue that, in contrast to its successful human rights evolution, the EU’s current efforts towards enforcing the rule of law give little cause for optimism.
The consequences of Brexit for the labour market and employment law – challenges for the European Union from a Polish perspective
Authors: Pisarczyk Łukasz
Published: July 2021

One of the most important problems arising from Brexit will concern labour law and the labour market – specifically the future development of labour law at the European level, the situation in domestic labour markets, and (as a consequence) changes in national legislations. At present, it is difficult to draw any precise conclusions regarding the impact of Brexit; however, it is possible to identify some of the more likely scenarios and consequences. There are substantial questions concerning: the future of EU law after Brexit and how Brexit will affect British labour law; the situation of multinational labour law institutions (e.g. European Works Councils), as well as the posting of workers. A lot depends on the final agreement between the UK and the EU. A close economic partnership may enforce the maintenance of the most important labour standards and mechanisms which are necessary to guarantee equilibrium between the partners.
Introduction – Caught in the web: capturing the zeitgeist of ‘Big Tech’ companies, social media speech and privacy
Authors: Wragg Paul
Published: July 2021

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Weapons of mass distraction
Authors: Barnes Robin
Published: July 2021

The Circle invites an ever closer look at the ethos of current and emerging surveillance technology. Dave Eggers’ novel foreshadowed the culminating moments in 2018, when high-powered social media platforms generated a maelstrom of controversy in the US and UK and then nothing changed. Concern over the integrity of electoral processes around the globe has risen to new heights, as privacy experts warn that unfettered growth of surveillance capitalism could change democracy forever. Far from a case of unintended consequences run amok, corporate tech executives admit that continual mining of personal data for unrestricted use by corporations and political operatives that specialise in psychological manipulation were part of the original design. The dark side of all this connectivity as highlighted by the ruckus over Cambridge Analytica places mainstream news producers squarely under the microscope. This article examines the wilderness between the goal of reporting in the public’s interest and the current role of  news organisations.
Whence and whither ‘modern medical law’?
Authors: Brazier Margaret , Montgomery Jonathan
Published: July 2021

Academic study of law relating to healthcare has flourished in the UK. Yet our field of study is often seen as ‘new’, both as an ‘area of importance in legal practice and as an academic discipline’. We argue that practical engagement between English law and medicine has a long history, a history revealing that claims of historic deference from one learned profession (the law) to another (medicine) is a myth. We further contend that ‘medical law’ as an academic discipline also enjoys a history. We explore these histories by looking back to the late medieval and early modern eras, and then show that crucial developments in more recent history have been overlooked in the emphasis on medical law as ‘new’. An appreciation of whence ‘medical law’ is crucial to assessing how future directions for law and scholarship in relation to the regulation of health may develop – whither it may go.
The legal duty of candour in healthcare: the lessons of history?
Authors: Kelly Catherine , Quick Oliver
Published: July 2021

Providers of health and social care in England are under a statutory duty to be open and honest with patients who suffer harm when receiving care or treatment. This ‘duty of candour’ was introduced by regulation 20 of the Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014 and is one of 13 fundamental standards of care regulated by the Care Quality Commission (CQC). This was hailed as a landmark for openness in patient–professional relationships and as having the potential for enhancing a safety culture in healthcare. However, the decision to supplement existing ethical duties and policy initiatives encouraging openness with a statutory duty was contentious and encountered considerable medical resistance. This paper will trace the background to the legal duty, analyse its contents and consider its enforcement and potential obstacles to its effectiveness. Our analysis will foreground resistance based in practitioners’ and healthcare institutions’ fear of litigation and prosecution in the UK. However, opposition to candour emerged within the medical profession prior to the emergence of modern liability systems. This paper will argue that in order to create a culture of candour it is important to look beyond the more commonly identified professional concerns about litigation and understand these historical trends. In particular, we argue that a longer-term understanding of medical resistance to openness has important lessons for the likely effectiveness of the legal duty of candour.
Forfeiture of payment to a delinquent agent
Authors: Devonshire Peter
Published: July 2021

A principal’s claim for forfeiture of an agent’s commission following the latter’s default can be explained from both an equitable and common law perspective. In equity, the threshold for forfeiture is imprecise and reflects the vagaries of fiduciary obligations. At common law, forfeiture can be claimed in proceedings for money had and received. However, the principal’s claim may be subject to counter-restitution in respect of the agent’s services. It is argued that the common law provides an effective means of reconciling the parties’ interests and that an approach based on failure of consideration would provide a more coherent and principled outcome in equity.
Deception, mistake and non-disclosure: challenging the current approach to protecting sexual autonomy
Authors: Madhloom Omar
Published: July 2021

English criminal law appears reluctant to criminalise deceptive sexual behaviour. It currently does so only in circumstances where the defendant has actively lied to the complainant regarding a fact recognised by law as crucial to consent. This restrictive approach arguably fails in many cases to protect the complainant’s sexual autonomy. The central argument presented in this article is that all forms of deception, including non-disclosure, a false promise and mistake as to a material fact, may distort the complainant’s decisionmaking process and undermine her ability to make an informed choice. A material fact is one which plays a significant role in a person’s decision to engage in sex. This article advocates that the law of rape should be widened to include mistake on the part of the complainant and non-disclosure by the defendant.
Liability threshold for damages in public procurement: the EFTA Court’s Fosen-Linjen saga
Authors: Sanchez-Graells Albert
Published: July 2021

In this case comment, I explore the two EFTA Court Judgments in the Fosen-Linjen saga and their opposing views on the interaction between EU/EEA rules on procurement remedies and the more general principle of state liability for breaches of EU/EEA law. I review the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and, in particular, the perceived inconsistencies between the two 2010 judgments in Strabag and Spijker, which featured very prominently in the legal arguments submitted to the EFTA Court in both Fosen-Linjen cases. I also use the benchmark of the UK Supreme Court’s Nuclear Decommissioning Authority judgment to support the view that Spijker reflects the correct understanding of EU/EEA law and that there should be no further debate about it. I submit that the Court of Justice of the European Union would be well-advised to (re)confirm the position enshrined in Spijker at the earliest opportunity, to avoid any perpetuation of this debate in the context of EU/EEA public procurement law.
The need for a Bill of Rights in Northern Ireland
Authors: Livingstone Stephen
Published: July 2021

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Gender, violence and Brexit
Authors: Walby Sylvia
Published: July 2021

What would be the implications of Brexit for gender, for violence, and for gendered violence? While most attention on Brexit has concerned the economy, and the relationship of the UK to the Single European Market, this article focuses on violence, and the relationship of the UK to the European Area of Freedom, Justice and Security. Brexit potentially restructures the balance of multiple polities, including the UK and EU, and their capacities and powers to govern. This potentially has implications for gender relations, insofar as gender is governed by the EU rather than the UK, for violence, insofar as violence is governed by the EU rather than the UK, and for gendered violence, at the intersection of these processes. The article addresses the likely outcomes of different forms of Brexit (from hard to soft) by analysing the significance of the UK and the EU in governing gender and governing violence. This includes engagement with the theories of gender regimes and the theories of violence, and the significance of different forms of governance in shaping gender and violence. The article concludes that the detrimental implications of socio-legal changes that would be consequent on Brexit for the rate of gendered violence are underestimated.
Langford v Secretary of State for Defence: taking a functional approach towards survivors' benefits?
Authors: Griffiths Kathy
Published: July 2021

This is a commentary on Langford v Secretary of State for Defence, where the Upper Tribunal's decision was overruled by the Court of Appeal. The decision has implications for the payment of pensions and survivors' benefits in future cases, but, as will be argued here, the case is also important from a family law perspective.
PROSPEK USAHA PEMBESARAN LELE SANGKURIANG PROBIOTIK DI DESA SUKOSARI KECAMATAN BELITANG KABUPATEN OKU TIMUR
Authors: Aisah
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this research were to : (1) To know the cost, income and income obtained by farmers on the cultivation of sangkuriang catfish probiotics in Sukosari Belitang OKU Timur, (2) To know the feasibility of cultivation business of sangkuriang catfish probiotik in Sukosari Belitang OKU Timur. This research was conducted in Sukosari Village, Belitang Sub-District, East OKU Regency. The selection of the location of this study is determined purposively with the consideration that in Sukosari Village there are some farmers who do cultivation of catfish sangkuriang by using probiotics to increase the productivity of catfish. This research was conducted in March 2014. This study found that the total cost of production issued in the cultivation of catfish sangkuriang probiotik in one production cycle is Rp 15.175.709, the total revenue during one production cycle is Rp 20,886,042 so that Income received amounted to Rp 5,710,333. The value of R / C ratio is 1.37 shows the cultivation of probiotic sangkuriang catfish, and the NPV value is Rp 21,082,125, the IRR value is 39.79% and the Net B / C value is 1.79 indicating Cultivation of catfish sangkuriang probiotik feasible (feasible) to be developed.
ANALISIS SOSIO KULTURAL PETANI NANAS (ANANAS COMOSUS) DI DESA TANJUNG BATU KABUPATEN OGAN ILIR
Authors: Aminullah
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this research were to : (1) To determine the perception of farmers Pineapple (Ananas comosus) on farm Pineapple (Ananas comosus) at Tanjung Batu district of Tanjung Batu Ogan Ilir, (2) Determine how the analysis of the feasibility of farming Pineapple (Ananas comosus) The village of Tanjung Batu district of Tanjung Batu Ogan Ilir. This research was conducted in June 2015 by the survey. This study found that the perception of farmers on the availability of supporting infrastructure and facilities provided in order to smooth the absolute namely pineapple farm with a total score of 71 and a percentage of 61.74%, while for the farmer's perception that the experience was a factor of the success in pineapple farming is by total score 83 and a percentage of 72.17% for the farmer's perception that the extension is needed in the pineapple farm in the village of Tanjung Batu with a total score of 57 with a percentage of 49.57%, and the NPV value is Rp 12.10902 million, the IRR is equal to 29 , 03% and Net B / C of 1.13 then this shows that pineapple farming in the village of Tanjung Batu district of Tanjung Batu Ogan Ilir profitable and feasible (feasible) to be developed.
PROSPEK PEMBESARAN IKAN BAWAL (Colossoma macropomum) DI DESA SUKOSARI KECAMATAN BELITANG KABUPATEN OKU TIMUR
Authors: Yudi Zuriah
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study is to: (1) To find out how much the cost of production and acceptance of the enlargement of pomfret (Colossoma macropomum) in one production process, (2) To find out how the value of the feasibility of enlargement of bawal fish (Colossoma macropomum) in one time production process. This research was conducted in Sukosari Village, Belitang District, OKU Timur Regency. Determination of research location is done purposively or purposely, with the consideration that in Sukosari Village is one of the villages that develop bawal fish enlargement farming and the area has enough population in the research criteria. The study was conducted in February 2015 until it was completed. This study found that the average cost of revenues and revenues of pomfret fish breeding in the production period of 4 months, obtained revenue in pomfret breeding business amounted to Rp 37.322.467 / process, while the income from the business of raising fish pomfret Rp 11.352.433 / process. The analysis of R / C ratio obtained from the enlargement of pomfret fish in 4 months is 1.4, which means that every one rupiah sacrificed will be obtained by the receipt of 1.4 so the enlargement of pomfret is said to be profitable. ROI analysis represents the rate of return on capital where ROI on the business of fish bawal enlargement is 42%.