bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Analysis of Camellia sinensis Extract and Salicylic Acid in the Management of Acne Vulgaris in Students
Authors: Asumah Onyeka M. , Ugboma Evaristus Jideofor , Oparaeche Nathan , Njoku Chukwuemeka Chidindu , Okon Deborah , Agbo Thankgod Chierozona
Published: August 2024

Purpose: This study aims to compare the efficacy of Camellia sinensis extract serum with salicylic acid gel in treating acne vulgaris.
Method: The bioactive compounds from the Camellia sinensis leaf extract were extracted using distilled water and formulated into a serum for topical application. Salicylic acid was also formulated into a gel-based cream for topical application, and the effect on acne was investigated over the course of two weeks. This entails a longitudinal, open-label, and random treatment of six selected subjects with Camellia sinensis bioactive compound serum and others with salicylic acid gel for 14 days under close observation.
Results: The Camellia sinensis gel-based cream was found to be effective in the treatment of certain types of acne vulgaris. The salicylic acid gel (standard) effectively treated all types of acne. The effect of salicylic acid on various forms of acne as presented on test subjects in Group A didn’t peak until the second week, with a visible reduction in blackheads (open comedones). While Camellia sinensis peaked in the first week of treatment, there was little to no reduction in blackheads, but there was a visible reduction in pore size, indicating that it may have preventive properties against acne formation. Subjects treated with Camellia sinensis experienced no adverse effects, while others experienced slight tingling, dryness, and irritation while using salicylic acid.
Conclusion: Based on this study, the treatment that showed faster results within the short period allocated to the study shows promising use as a standard form of treatment for acne vulgaris as compared to salicylic acid because no adverse effect was experienced with Camellia sinensis.
Economics of Fresh Water Cultured Fish Production in Odisha and Bihar, India: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Das Ankita , Singh K.M. , Ahmad Nasim , Kumari Tulika , Sinha D.K.
Published: August 2024

Fisheries and aquaculture are important sectors that provide nutritional security, contribute to agricultural exports, and provide livelihoods to about 28 million fishermen, fish farmers, and other value-chain actors. The study was conducted in two states of Eastern India, i.e. Odisha and Bihar, to estimate the comparative economics of freshwater fish production and its profitability. The results showed that the cost of fish production was estimated to be Rs. 346943.45/ha of pond, constituting Rs. 208582.74 as a variable cost and Rs.138360.71 as a fixed cost in Odisha. In Bihar, the per hectare fish production for an average pond size was estimated to be Rs. 318445.47, comprising variable cost as Rs 188061.82 and fixed cost as Rs. 130383.64. On average, per hectare, fish production in Odisha from all ponds was estimated to be 45.69 quintals, while in Bihar, it was 35.67 quintals. The profitability analysis revealed that in Odisha, per hectare gross income, on average, for all ponds was Rs. 717763.06. In the case of Bihar, the gross income for all the ponds was calculated to be Rs. 540352.02/ha. It was concluded that returns on investments in all pond categories were comparatively higher in Odisha than in different pond size groups of Bihar.
Effect of Nano Urea on Leaf Nutrients and Some Quality Parameters of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze)
Authors: Saikia Plabita , Gogoi Aditi Smith , Bhuyan Rana Pratap , Rafique Nawab Tayab , Gogoi Manuranjan
Published: August 2024

Some important parameters of tea on mature plants of TV 23 clone were studied after application of Nano-urea as foliar spray at Experimental Garden for Plantation Crops, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during the period 2021-2022. The usage of "Nano Urea" (Liquid), a novel product created and patented by Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited (IFFCO), is projected to replace the use of urea granules, one of the most widely used fertilizers in the world.
Leaf nutrients i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and quality parameters i.e., Caffeine, polyphenol were observed after application of nano urea. Leaf nitrogen, leaf phosphorus and leaf potassium were found to be increased with the application of higher dose of Nano Urea. Leaf nitrogen was observed maximum (4.57%) in the plot where 0.4% Nano-urea applied in three sprays. Total phosphorus content of leaf was found to be the highest in treatment T7(0.423%) the lowest was observed in treatment T0 (0.370%). Total potassium content of leaf was the highest in treatment T7 (2.517%) and lowest K2O content was observed in treatment T0 (2.013%) which was a control.
In quality parameters, it was found that application of Nano Urea showed significant impact on the total caffeine content of tea leaf. The highest value of caffeine was found in treatment T7 (3.233%) and lowest was found in treatment T0 (3.10%) (control).
Time‐Lapse Imaging of Glial–Axonal Interactions
Authors: Ioannidou Kalliopi , Edgar Julia M. , Barnett Susan C.
Published: July 2015

In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin is formed by oligodendrocytes that are derived from precursor cells, known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Successive stages of OPC interactions with the axons can be visualized in vitro and ex vivo using mixed neural cell cultures and pieces of intact spinal cord, respectively. OPCs and their differentiation can be imaged using cell‐type‐specific markers or green fluorescent protein (GFP) tags. This protocol describes methodology for generating these two systems for time‐lapse imaging of dynamic cell interactions using fluorescent and 2‐photon microscopy. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Attentional Set‐Shifting Paradigm in the Rat
Authors: Popik Piotr , Nikiforuk Agnieszka
Published: July 2015

The attentional set‐shifting task (ASST) is the rat version of the intra‐dimensional/extra‐dimensional (ID/ED) test and was developed fifteen years ago. Damage to the medial frontal cortex results in a failure to “unlearn” old contingencies, i.e., impairs ED set shifting. As such, the task measures cognitive flexibility that can be compromised both in schizophrenia and depression as well as in animal models of these diseases. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Determination of Activity of the Enzymes Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyl Transferase (HPRT) and Adenine Phosphoribosyl Transferase (APRT) in Blood Spots on Filter Paper
Authors: Auler Kasie , Broock Robyn , Nyhan William L.
Published: July 2015

Hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyl‐transferase (HPRT) deficiency is the cause of Lesch‐Nyhan disease. Adenine phosphoribosyl‐transferase (APRT) deficiency causes renal calculi. The activity of each enzyme is readily determined on spots of whole blood on filter paper. This unit describes a method for detecting deficiencies of HPRT and APRT. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High Throughput‐Based Mitochondrial Function Assays by Multi‐Parametric Flow Cytometry
Authors: Robinson J. Paul , Li Nianyu , Narayanan Padma Kumar
Published: July 2015

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been increasingly implicated as an important mechanism for chemical‐induced toxicity. In the present unit, we describe a multi‐parametric flow cytometry assay to assess the effects of drug or chemical‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction in cells. Cells are cultured in a glucose‐supplemented medium and exposed to increasing concentrations of various chemicals. Several key mitochondrial/cellular parameters known to be directly impacted by mitochondrial dysfunction, such as mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) level, and cell viability, are simultaneously measured by flow cytometry. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Accurately specifying storm‐time ULF wave radial diffusion in the radiation belts
Authors: Dimitrakoudis Stavros , Mann Ian R. , Balasis Georgios , Papadimitriou Constantinos , Anastasiadis Anastasios , Daglis Ioannis A.
Published: July 2015

Ultralow frequency (ULF) waves can contribute to the transport, acceleration, and loss of electrons in the radiation belts through inward and outward diffusion. However, the most appropriate parameters to use to specify the ULF wave diffusion rates are unknown. Empirical representations of diffusion coefficients often use Kp; however, specifications using ULF wave power offer an improved physics‐based approach. We use 11 years of ground‐based magnetometer array measurements to statistically parameterize the ULF wave power with Kp, solar wind speed, solar wind dynamic pressure, and Dst. We find that Kp is the best single parameter to specify the statistical ULF wave power driving radial diffusion. Significantly, remarkable high energy tails exist in the ULF wave power distributions when expressed as a function of Dst. Two‐parameter ULF wave power specifications using Dst as well as Kp provide a better statistical representation of storm‐time radial diffusion than any single variable alone.
Concurrent observations of ultraviolet aurora and energetic electron precipitation with Mars Express
Authors: Gérard J.‐C. , Soret L. , Libert L. , Lundin R. , Stiepen A. , Radioti A. , Bertaux J.‐L.
Published: July 2015

The database of the Spectroscopy for the Investigation of the Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars (SPICAM) instrument between late January 2004 and Mars 2014 has been searched to identify signatures of CO Cameron and CO2+ doublet ultraviolet auroral emissions. This study has almost doubled the number of auroral detections based on SPICAM spectra. Auroral emissions are located in the vicinity of the statistical boundary between open and closed field lines. From a total of 113 nightside orbits with SPICAM pointing to the nadir in the region of residual magnetic field, only nine nightside orbits show confirmed auroral signatures, some with multiple detections along the orbital track, leading to a total of 16 detections. The mean energy of the electron energy spectra measured during concurrent Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms/Electron Spectrometer observations ranges from 150 to 280 eV. The ultraviolet aurora may be displaced poleward or equatorward of the region of enhanced downward electron energy flux by several tens of seconds and shows no proportionality with the electron flux at the spacecraft altitude. The absence of further UV auroral detection in regions located along crustal magnetic field structures where occasional aurora has been observed indicates that the Mars aurora is a time‐dependent feature. These results are consistent with the scenario of acceleration of electrons by transient parallel electric field along semiopen magnetic field lines.
Influence of shape on the optical properties of hematite aerosol
Authors: Veghte Daniel P. , Moore Justin E. , Jensen Lasse , Freedman Miriam Arak
Published: July 2015

Mineral dust particles are the second highest emitted aerosol type by mass. Due to changes in particle size, composition, and shape that are caused by physical processes and reactive chemistry, optical properties vary during transport, contributing uncertainty in the calculation of radiative forcing. Hematite is the major absorbing species of mineral dust. In this study, we analyzed the extinction cross sections of nigrosin and hematite particles using cavity ring‐down aerosol extinction spectroscopy (CRD‐AES) and have measured particle shape and size distributions using transmission electron microscopy. Nigrosin was also used in this study as a spherical standard for absorbing particles. The size‐selected nigrosin particles have a narrow size distribution, with extinction cross sections that are described by Mie theory. In contrast, the size distribution of size‐selected hematite particles is more polydisperse. The extinction cross sections were modeled using Mie theory and the discrete dipole approximation (DDA). The DDA was used to model more complex shapes that account for the surface roughness and particle geometry. Of the four models used, Mie theory was the simplest to implement, but had significant error with a 26.1% difference from the CRD‐AES results. By increasing the complexity of the models using the DDA, we determined that spheroids had a 14.7% difference, roughened spheres a 12.8% difference, and roughened spheroids a 11.2% difference from the experimental results. Using additional parameters that account for particle shape is necessary to model the optical properties of hematite particles and leads to improved extinction cross sections for modeling aerosol optical properties.
Multi‐component instantaneous frequency estimation using locally adaptive directional time frequency distributions
Authors: Khan Nabeel Ali , Boashash Boualem
Published: July 2015

This paper presents a locally adaptive time‐frequency (t,f) method for estimating the instantaneous frequency (IF) of multi‐component signals. A high‐resolution adaptive directional time‐frequency distribution (ADTFD) is defined by locally adapting the direction of its smoothing kernel at each (t,f) point based on the direction of the energy distribution in the (t,f) domain. The IF of signal components is then estimated from the ADTFD using an image processing algorithm. Using the mean square error between the original IF and estimated IF as a performance criterion, experimental results indicate that the ADTFD gives better IF estimation performance compared with other TFDs for a multi‐component signal. For example, for signal‐to‐noise ratio of 12dB, the IF estimate obtained using the ADTFD achieves a mean square error of −42dB for a weak signal component, which is an improvement of −12dB compared with other TFDs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tailoring light with a digital micromirror device
Authors: Ren Yu‐Xuan , Lu Rong‐De , Gong Lei
Published: July 2015

A digital micromirror device (DMD) is a product of micromechanics. The DMD employs numerous micromirrors as the actuating components to switch small portions of light on and off. During the past few decades, such devices have been widely applied in digital light processing technology. The expanding range of applications makes the DMD increasingly important in various research aspects. Recent advances demonstrate that the DMD is potentially better than the traditional liquid crystal spatial light modulator in speed, spectrum sensitivity, and polarization modulation. These characteristics have been verified in a series of recently reported experiments. This review summarizes the related theory, experimental techniques, and applications for wavefront shaping with DMDs in both statically shaping various spatial modes and dynamically compensating for wavefront distortion caused by the scattering medium.

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Chemische Evolution eines bakteriellen Proteoms
Authors: Hoesl Michael Georg , Oehm Stefan , Durkin Patrick , Darmon Elise , Peil Lauri , Aerni Hans‐Rudolf , Rappsilber Juri , Rinehart Jesse , Leach David , Söll Dieter , Budisa Nediljko
Published: July 2015

Der natürliche Satz an Aminosäuren innerhalb des genetischen Codes wurde durch kontinuierliche Evolution von Escherichia coli so modifiziert, dass diese in Gegenwart der synthetischen Aminosäure L‐β‐(Thieno[3,2‐b]pyrrolyl)alanin ([3,2]Tpa) als alleiniges Surrogat zur kanonischen Aminosäure L‐Tryptophan (Trp) wachsen. Mittels Langzeit‐Kultivierung in synthetischem Nährmedium konnten Bakterien evolviert werden, die diese Substitution im Proteom an allen 20899 TGG‐Codons im Genom von E. coli W3110 aufweisen. Die erzeugten Bakterien mit naturfremder Aminosäurezusammensetzung zeigen robustes Wachstum selbst in Abwesenheit von Tryptophan. Unsere Experimente stellen einen richtungweisenden Ansatz zur Evolution synthetischer Zellen mithilfe alternativer biochemischer Basiskomponenten dar.
Dehydrative Direct CH Allylation with Allylic Alcohols under [Cp*CoIII] Catalysis
Authors: Suzuki Yudai , Sun Bo , Sakata Ken , Yoshino Tatsuhiko , Matsunaga Shigeki , Kanai Motomu
Published: July 2015

The unique reactivity of [Cp*CoIII] over [Cp*RhIII] was demonstrated. A cationic [Cp*CoIII] catalyst promoted direct dehydrative CH allylation with non‐activated allyl alcohols, thus giving C2‐allylated indoles, pyrrole, and phenyl‐pyrazole in good yields, while analogous [Cp*RhIII] catalysts were not effective. The high γ‐selectivity and C2‐selectivity indicated that the reaction proceeded by directing‐group‐assisted CH metalation. DFT calculations suggested that the γ‐selective substitution reaction proceeded by CH metalation and insertion of a CC double bond, with subsequent β‐hydroxide elimination. The [Cp*CoIII] catalyst favored β‐hydroxide elimination over β‐hydride elimination.
Mercury under Pressure acts as a Transition Metal: Calculated from First Principles
Authors: Botana Jorge , Wang Xiaoli , Hou Chunju , Yan Dadong , Lin Haiqing , Ma Yanming , Miao Mao‐sheng
Published: July 2015

The inclusion of Hg among the transition metals is readily debated. Recently, molecular HgF4 was synthesized in a low‐temperature noble gas but the potential of Hg to form compounds beyond a +2 oxidation state in a stable solid remains unresolved. We propose high‐pressure techniques to prepare unusual oxidation states of Hg‐based compounds. Using an advanced structure search algorithm and first‐principles electronic structure calculations, we find that under high pressure Hg in HgF compounds transfers charge from the d orbitals to the F, thus behaving as a transition metal. Oxidizing Hg to +4 and +3 yielded the thermodynamically stable compounds HgF4 and HgF3. The former consists of HgF4 planar molecules, a typical geometry for d8 metal centers. HgF3 is metallic and ferromagnetic owing to the d9 configuration of Hg, with a large gap between its partially occupied and unoccupied bands under high pressure.
Highly E‐Selective and Enantioselective Michael Addition to Electron‐Deficient Internal Alkynes Under Chiral Iminophosphorane Catalysis
Authors: Uraguchi Daisuke , Yamada Kohei , Ooi Takashi
Published: July 2015

A highly E‐selective and enantioselective conjugate addition of 2‐benzyloxythiazol‐5(4H)‐ones to β‐substituted alkynyl N‐acyl pyrazoles is achieved under the catalysis of a P‐spiro chiral iminophosphorane. Simultaneous control of the newly generated central chirality and olefin geometry is possible with a wide array of the alkynyl Michael acceptors possessing different aromatic and aliphatic β‐substituents, as well as the various α‐amino acid‐derived thiazolone nucleophiles. This protocol provides access to structurally diverse, optically active α‐amino acids bearing a geometrically defined trisubstituted olefinic component at the α‐position.
Tandem Chemoselective Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Enabled by Nucleophile Speciation Control
Authors: Seath Ciaran P. , Fyfe James W. B. , Molloy John J. , Watson Allan J. B.
Published: July 2015

Control of boronic acid speciation is presented as a strategy to achieve nucleophile chemoselectivity in the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. Combined with simultaneous control of oxidative addition and transmetalation, this enables chemoselective formation of two CC bonds in a single operation, providing a method for the rapid preparation of highly functionalized carbogenic frameworks.
[2+2] Photocycloaddition of Cinnamates in Flow and Development of a Thiourea Catalyst
Authors: Telmesani Reem , Park Sung H. , Lynch‐Colameta Tessa , Beeler Aaron B.
Published: July 2015

Cyclobutanes derived from the dimerization of cinnamic acids are the core scaffolds of many molecules with potentially interesting biological activities. By utilizing a powerful flow photochemistry platform developed in our laboratory, we have evaluated the effects of flow on the dimerization of a range of cinnamate substrates. During the course of the study we also identified a bis(thiourea) catalyst that facilitates better reactivity and moderate diastereoselectivity in the reaction. Overall, we show that carrying out the reaction in flow in the presence of the catalyst affords consistent formation of predictable cyclobutane diastereomers.
SiSi Double Bonds: Synthesis of an NHC‐Stabilized Disilavinylidene
Authors: Ghana Priyabrata , Arz Marius I. , Das Ujjal , Schnakenburg Gregor , Filippou Alexander C.
Published: July 2015

An efficient two‐step synthesis of the first NHC‐stabilized disilavinylidene (Z)‐(SIdipp)SiSi(Br)Tbb (2; SIdipp=C[N(C6H3‐2,6‐iPr2)CH2]2, Tbb=C6H2‐2,6‐[CH(SiMe3)2]2‐4‐tBu, NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene) is reported. The first step of the procedure involved a 2:1 reaction of SiBr2(SIdipp) with the 1,2‐dibromodisilene (E)‐Tbb(Br)SiSi(Br)Tbb at 100 °C, which afforded selectively an unprecedented NHC‐stabilized bromo(silyl)silylene, namely SiBr(SiBr2Tbb)(SIdipp) (1). Alternatively, compound 1 could be obtained from the 2:1 reaction of SiBr2(SIdipp) with LiTbb at low temperature. 1 was then selectively reduced with C8K to give the NHC‐stabilized disilavinylidene 2. Both low‐valent silicon compounds were comprehensively characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. Additionally, the electronic structure of 2 was studied by various quantum‐chemical methods.
Facing and Overcoming Sensitivity Challenges in Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Ardenkjaer‐Larsen Jan‐Henrik , Boebinger Gregory S. , Comment Arnaud , Duckett Simon , Edison Arthur S. , Engelke Frank , Griesinger Christian , Griffin Robert G. , Hilty Christian , Maeda Hidaeki , Parigi Giacomo , Prisner Thomas , Ravera Enrico , van Bentum Jan , Vega Shimon , Webb Andrew , Luchinat Claudio , Schwalbe Harald , Frydman Lucio
Published: July 2015

In the Spring of 2013, NMR spectroscopists convened at the Weizmann Institute in Israel to brainstorm on approaches to improve the sensitivity of NMR experiments, particularly when applied in biomolecular settings. This multi‐author interdisciplinary Review presents a state‐of‐the‐art description of the primary approaches that were considered. Topics discussed included the future of ultrahigh‐field NMR systems, emerging NMR detection technologies, new approaches to nuclear hyperpolarization, and progress in sample preparation. All of these are orthogonal efforts, whose gains could multiply and thereby enhance the sensitivity of solid‐ and liquid‐state experiments. While substantial advances have been made in all these areas, numerous challenges remain in the quest of endowing NMR spectroscopy with the sensitivity that has characterized forms of spectroscopies based on electrical or optical measurements. These challenges, and the ways by which scientists and engineers are striving to solve them, are also addressed.
On the Role of Metals in Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Masa Justus , Xia Wei , Muhler Martin , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: July 2015

The notion of metal‐free catalysts is used to refer to carbon materials modified with nonmetallic elements. However, some claimed metal‐free catalysts are prepared using metal‐containing precursors. It is highly contested that metal residues in nitrogen‐doped carbon (NC) catalysts play a crucial role in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In an attempt to reconcile divergent views, a definition for truly metal‐free catalysts is proposed and the differences between NC and M‐Nx/C catalysts are discussed. Metal impurities at levels usually undetectable by techniques such as XPS, XRD, and EDX significantly promote the ORR. Poisoning tests to mask the metal ions reveal the involvement of metal residues as active sites or as modifiers of the electronic structure of the active sites in NC. The unique merits of both M‐Nx/C and NC catalysts are discussed to inspire the development of more advanced nonprecious‐metal catalysts for the ORR.
Fused Thiophene‐Pyrrole‐Containing Ring Systems up to a Heterodecacene
Authors: Wetzel Christoph , Brier Eduard , Vogt Astrid , Mishra Amaresh , Mena‐Osteritz Elena , Bäuerle Peter
Published: July 2015

A new class of π‐conjugated polycyclic hydrocarbons that promises interesting electronic properties is presented. The synthesis and extension of the S,N‐heteroacene series consisting of only five‐membered heterocyclic rings up to a very long, stable, and still soluble decacene SN10 is realized by multiple Pd‐catalyzed aminations of halogenated thiophene precursors as key reactions. These novel heteroacenes were characterized by optical spectroscopy and electrochemistry providing interesting structure–property relationships. Nearly complete bond‐length equalization in the inner part of the conjugated backbone and an unusual herringbone packing in the solid state underline the structural features of these novel systems.
HighlyE‐Selective and Enantioselective Michael Addition to Electron‐Deficient Internal Alkynes Under Chiral Iminophosphorane Catalysis
Authors: Uraguchi Daisuke , Yamada Kohei , Ooi Takashi
Published: July 2015

A highly E‐selective and enantioselective conjugate addition of 2‐benzyloxythiazol‐5(4H)‐ones to β‐substituted alkynyl N‐acyl pyrazoles is achieved under the catalysis of aP‐spiro chiral iminophosphorane. Simultaneous control of the newly generated central chirality and olefin geometry is possible with a wide array of the alkynyl Michael acceptors possessing different aromatic and aliphatic β‐substituents, as well as the various α‐amino acid‐derived thiazolone nucleophiles. This protocol provides access to structurally diverse, optically active α‐amino acids bearing a geometrically defined trisubstituted olefinic component at the α‐position.
How Affect Shapes Risky Choice: Distorted Probability Weighting Versus Probability Neglect
Authors: Suter Renata S. , Pachur Thorsten , Hertwig Ralph
Published: July 2015

People's choices between prospects with relatively affect‐rich outcomes (e.g., medical side effects) can diverge markedly from their choices between prospects with relatively affect‐poor outcomes (e.g., monetary losses). We investigate the cognitive mechanisms underlying this “affect gap” in risky choice. One possibility is that affect‐rich prospects give rise to more distortion in probability weighting. Another is that they lead to the neglect of probabilities. To pit these two possibilities against each other, we fitted cumulative prospect theory (CPT) to the choices of individual participants, separately for choices between options with affect‐rich outcomes (adverse medical side effects) and options with affect‐poor outcomes (monetary losses); additionally, we tested a simple model of probability neglect, the minimax rule. The results indicated a qualitative difference in cognitive mechanisms between the affect‐rich and affect‐poor problems. Specifically, in affect‐poor problems, the large majority of participants were best described by CPT; in affect‐rich problems, the proportion of participants best described by the minimax rule was substantially higher. The affect gap persisted even when affect‐rich outcomes were supplemented by numerical information, thus providing no support for the thesis that choices in affect‐rich and affect‐poor problems diverge because the information provided in the former is nonnumerical. Our findings suggest that the traditional expectation‐based framework for modeling risky decision making may not readily generalize to affect‐rich choices. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate measurement error models for replicated data under heavy‐tailed distributions
Authors: Cao Chunzheng , Lin Jinguan , Shi Jian Qing , Wang Wei , Zhang Xinyue
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we deal with multivariate measurement error models for replicated data under heavy‐tailed distributions, providing appealing robust and adaptable alternatives to the usual Gaussian assumptions. The models contain both error‐prone covariates and predictors measured without errors. The surrogates of the response and the multiple error‐prone covariates are replicated and are allowed unpaired and/or unequal cases. Under the scale mixtures of normal distribution class, we provide an explicit iterative formula of the maximum likelihood estimation via an expectation‐maximization‐type algorithm. Closed forms of asymptotic variances of the estimators are also given. The effect and robustness performances are confirmed by the simulation studies. Two real data sets are analyzed by the proposed models. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Series of Multifunctional Metal–Organic Frameworks Showing Excellent Luminescent Sensing, Sensitization, and Adsorbent Abilities
Authors: Yi Fei‐Yan , Li Jian‐Ping , Wu Dai , Sun Zhong‐Ming
Published: July 2015

A series of highly luminescent‐active metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) 1–3 with hierarchical pores have been rationally constructed and fully characterized. The predesigned semi‐rigid hexacarboxylate ligand hexa[4‐(carboxyphenyl)oxamethyl]‐3‐oxapentane acid (H6L) has been adapted with various space‐directed N donors (i.e., 2,2’‐bipyridine, 4,4′‐di(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl, and 1,3,5‐tri(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)benzene) from a bidentate V‐shape to a tridentate Y‐shape. This family of multifunctional MOF materials represents a variety of potential applications in the following aspects: first, as luminescent sensors that show a fast and sensitive detection for pollutant CrO42− and Cr2O72− ions in aqueous media; second, as adsorbents that can rapidly remove harmful organic dyes; third, as an antenna that can effectively sensitize visible‐light‐emitting Tb3+ ions. These multifunctional MOF materials combine optical‐sensing, adsorption, and sensitization properties, thus are very useful in many potential applications. Furthermore, these materials have proved to be reusable.
CaII‐Catalyzed Alkenylation of Alcohols with Vinylboronic Acids
Authors: Lebœuf David , Presset Marc , Michelet Bastien , Bour Christophe , Bezzenine‐Lafollée Sophie , Gandon Vincent
Published: July 2015

Direct alkenylation of a variety of alcohols with vinylboronic acids has been accomplished using the air‐stable calcium(II) complex Ca(NTf2)2 under mild conditions with short reaction times. For reluctant transformations, an ammonium salt was used as an additive to circumvent the reactivity issue.
Self‐Assembly of Amphiphilic Janus Dendrimers into Mechanically Robust Supramolecular Hydrogels for Sustained Drug Release
Authors: Nummelin Sami , Liljeström Ville , Saarikoski Eve , Ropponen Jarmo , Nykänen Antti , Linko Veikko , Seppälä Jukka , Hirvonen Jouni , Ikkala Olli , Bimbo Luis M. , Kostiainen Mauri A.
Published: July 2015

Compounds that can gelate aqueous solutions offer an intriguing toolbox to create functional hydrogel materials for biomedical applications. Amphiphilic Janus dendrimers with low molecular weights can readily form self‐assembled fibers at very low mass proportion (0.2 wt %) to create supramolecular hydrogels (G′≫G′′) with outstanding mechanical properties and storage modulus of G′>1000 Pa. The G′ value and gel melting temperature can be tuned by modulating the position or number of hydrophobic alkyl chains in the dendrimer structure; thus enabling exquisite control over the mesoscale material properties in these molecular assemblies. The gels are formed within seconds by simple injection of ethanol‐solvated dendrimers into an aqueous solution. Cryogenic TEM, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and SEM were used to confirm the fibrous structure morphology of the gels. Furthermore, the gels can be efficiently loaded with different bioactive cargo, such as active enzymes, peptides, or small‐molecule drugs, to be used for sustained release in drug delivery.
Hydrogen‐Bonding Pincer Complexes with Two Protic N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes from Direct Metalation of a 1,8‐Bis(imidazol‐1‐yl)carbazole by Platinum, Palladium, and Nickel
Authors: Marelius David C. , Darrow Evan H. , Moore Curtis E. , Golen James A. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Grotjahn Douglas B.
Published: July 2015

Pincer protic N‐heterocyclic carbene (PNHC) complexes were synthesized by direct metalation, the formation of a metal carbon bond from an unfunctionalized CH bond in a single synthetic step. Significantly, direct metalation succeeded even for a first‐row metal, nickel. The chloride complexes were isolated and then converted to the acetate, triflate, or in the platinum case, a hydride analogue. Crystal structures and 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR data, as well as IR spectra, document the effects of intramolecular hydrogen bonding and the planar but flexible pincer framework. Anti‐Markovnikov addition of OH bonds to alkynes, including catalyzed alkyne hydration, were demonstrated on the Pt triflate analog.
Bisamidate Prodrugs of 2‐Substituted 9‐[2‐(Phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA, adefovir) as Selective Inhibitors of Adenylate Cyclase Toxin from Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Česnek Michal , Jansa Petr , Šmídková Markéta , Mertlíková‐Kaiserová Helena , Dračínský Martin , Brust Tarsis F. , Pávek Petr , Trejtnar František , Watts Val J. , Janeba Zlatko
Published: July 2015

Novel small‐molecule agents to treat Bordetella pertussis infections are highly desirable, as pertussis (whooping cough) remains a serious health threat worldwide. In this study, a series of 2‐substituted derivatives of 9‐[2‐(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA, adefovir), in their isopropyl ester bis(L‐phenylalanine) prodrug form, were designed and synthesized as potent inhibitors of adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) isolated from B. pertussis. The series consists of PMEA analogues bearing either a linear or branched aliphatic chain or a heteroatom at the C2 position of the purine moiety. Compounds with a small C2 substituent showed high potency against ACT without cytotoxic effects as well as good selectivity over human adenylate cyclase isoforms AC1, AC2, and AC5. The most potent ACT inhibitor was found to be the bisamidate prodrug of the 2‐fluoro PMEA derivative (IC50=0.145 μM). Although the bisamidate prodrugs reported herein exhibit overall lower activity than the bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) prodrug (adefovir dipivoxil), their toxicity and plasma stability profiles are superior. Furthermore, the bisamidate prodrug was shown to be more stable in plasma than in macrophage homogenate, indicating that the free phosphonate can be effectively distributed to target tissues, such as the lungs. Thus, ACT inhibitors based on acyclic nucleoside phosphonates may represent a new strategy to treat whooping cough.
Differential effects of social and physical environmental enrichment on brain plasticity, cognition, and ultrasonic communication in rats
Authors: Brenes Juan C. , Lackinger Martin , Höglinger Günter U. , Schratt Gerhard , Schwarting Rainer K.W. , Wöhr Markus
Published: July 2015

Environmental enrichment (EE) exerts beneficial effects on brain plasticity, cognition, and anxiety/depression, leading to a brain that can counteract deficits underlying various brain disorders. Because the complexity of the EE commonly used makes it difficult to identify causal aspects, we examined possible factors using a 2 × 2 design with social EE (two vs. six rats) and physical EE (physically enriched vs. nonenriched). For the first time, we demonstrate that social and physical EE have differential effects on brain plasticity, cognition, and ultrasonic communication. Expectedly, physical EE promoted neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation, but not in the subventricular zone, and, as a novel finding, affected microRNA expression levels, with the activity‐dependent miR‐124 and miR‐132 being upregulated. Concomitant improvements in cognition were observed, yet social deficits were seen in the emission of prosocial 50‐kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) paralleled by a lack of social approach in response to them, consistent with the intense world syndrome/theory of autism. In contrast, social EE had only minor effects on brain plasticity and cognition, but led to increased prosocial 50‐kHz USV emission rates and enhanced social approach behavior. Importantly, social deficits following physical EE were prevented by additional social EE. The finding that social EE has positive whereas physical EE has negative effects on social behavior indicates that preclinical studies focusing on EE as a potential treatment in models for neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by social deficits, such as autism, should include social EE in addition to physical EE, because its lack might worsen social deficits. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1586–1607, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Data‐Driven Optimal Transport
Authors: Trigila Giulio , Tabak Esteban G.
Published: July 2015

The problem of optimal transport between two distributions ρ(x) and μ(y) is extended to situations where the distributions are only known through a finite number of samples {xi} and {yj}. A weak formulation is proposed, based on the dual of the Kantorovich formulation, with two main modifications: replacing the expected values in the objective function by their empirical means over the {xi} and {yj}, and restricting the dual variables u(x) and v(y) to a suitable set of test functions adapted to the local availability of sample points. A procedure is proposed and tested for the numerical solution of this problem, based on a fluidlike flow in phase space, where the sample points play the role of active Lagrangian markers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“On–Off” RGD Signaling Using Azobenzene Photoswitch‐Modified Surfaces
Authors: Vaselli Elisa , Fedele Chiara , Cavalli Silvia , Netti Paolo A.
Published: July 2015

Photoresponsive surfaces were developed by modifying glass slides with switchable Gly‐Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐Ser (GRGDS) peptides to investigate light‐controlled cell adhesion. The GRGDS peptide sequence was attached to an azobenzene moiety and then “clicked” to silanized glass substrates. The photoresponsive behavior of such cell‐instructive materials (CIMs) was first checked by contact angle technique and by recording local changes in wettability owing to the isomerization of the azobenzene domain upon light stimulus. “On–off” switching was observed for at least five cycles when illuminated consecutively with UV and visible‐light sources. Finally, cell‐adhesion studies with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) validated our system as an effective light‐responsive CIM platform and the possibility of dynamically controlled cell adhesion in situ was envisioned.
Individual irrationality, network structure, and collective intelligence: An agent‐based simulation approach
Authors: Xu Bo , Liu Renjing , He Zhengwen
Published: July 2015

An agent‐based model is constructed to study the effects of individual irrationality and network structure on collective performance. We find that individual irrationality and network density are the most influential factors. Moderate degree of irrationality results in moderate knowledge unity and superior quality of knowledge; increasing network connections or decreasing average path length (APL) can promote quality of knowledge integration and knowledge unity. Furthermore, APL is more influential than clustering coefficient and centralization (CE). Less clustering may contribute to higher quality of knowledge integration, while higher CE may contribute to higher knowledge unity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 44–54, 2016
Crystal structures of 1,8‐bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (DMAN) and dicarboxylic acids complexes determined from single‐crystal and powder diffraction data
Authors: Oszajca Marcin , Nitek Wojciech , Rafalska‐Łasocha Alicja , Łasocha Wiesław
Published: July 2015

New complexes of DMAN proton sponge with 3 dicarboxylic acids (dca): glutaric {1}, suberic {2} and dodecanedioic acid {3} were obtained. The structures of the complexes {1,2} were solved on the basis of laboratory powder data, while the structure of {3} was solved using single crystal methods. The additional goal of the study was to test some new approaches to organic crystal structure solution from powder diffraction data, particularly with presence of molecules with high number of internal rotational degrees of freedom (dca molecules). Performance of structure solution using the popular FOX program was tested with alternative definitions of flexible dca molecules.
Comparison of macroinvertebrate communities of intermittent and perennial streams in the dry forest of Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Authors: de Szoeke Suzanne M. , Crisman Thomas L. , Thurman Paul E.
Published: July 2015

The 7 m‐wide Canal Oeste passes over a series of first‐order, intermittent streams on hillsides on its way to irrigate the lowlands of Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Streams passing under lined portions of the canal have maintained intermittent flow, while those under unlined portions of the canal have become perennial, thus providing a unique opportunity to examine the impact of drastically altered hydrology on macroinvertebrate communities of dry forest streams. Macroinvertebrates were studied from the end of the dry season through a wet season. Macroinvertebrate recolonization of intermittent streams at the beginning of the wet season was rapid, led by small bodied taxa such as chironomids and oligochaetes with short life cycles and/or great tolerance for low oxygen and spates. As additional, less tolerant taxa arrived, most likely aerially from adjacent perennial streams, the fauna of intermittent streams progressively became similar to that of perennial streams of the area within 3–4 months of rewetting. The great resilience of the macroinvertebrate community is clearly demonstrated by its ability to adjust with few modifications to a complete switch from intermittent to perennial hydroperiod. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copper‐Catalyzed Domino Reactions for the Synthesis of Phenothiazines
Authors: Huang Manna , Huang Dongting , Zhu Xinhai , Wan Yiqian
Published: July 2015

A method for the one‐pot synthesis of phenothiazines from benzothiazoles and aryl ortho‐dihalides was explored. Preliminary work on the mechanism of the reaction suggested that it follows a domino process, including the hydrolysis of benzothiazoles followed by C–S coupling and C–N coupling. The low loading of the catalyst system (5 mol‐% for both copper and ligand), the mild experimental conditions (90 °C, 12 h), and the use of a green reaction medium make this synthesis very attractive to academia and industry.
The relationship between the Rat Grimace Scale and mechanical hypersensitivity testing in three experimental pain models
Authors: De Rantere D. , Schuster C.J. , Reimer J.N. , Pang D.S.J.
Published: July 2015

Background

The assessment of facial expressions associated with pain has been used to evaluate pain in humans and has recently found application in non‐human mammals. These so called ‘grimace scales’ have the potential to be developed into a widely accepted non‐invasive method of measuring pain in laboratory rodents. Currently, common methodologies to assess pain rely on nociceptive tests that assess stimulus evoked withdrawal responses. These tests, however, are limited to the assessment of a reflexive response without an affective component. This study aimed to use the recently developed Rat Grimace Scale (RGS) and assess its relationship with a conventional nociceptive test (the application of von Frey filaments).

Methods

Fifty‐two adult, male Wistar rats were randomized to one of five treatment groups: intraplantar carrageenan, intraplantar complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), plantar incision, anaesthetic control and saline injection control. The RGS and response to mechanical hypersensitivity testing was evaluated at predetermined time points before and after treatment until withdrawal responses returned to baseline levels.

Results

The RGS score significantly increased in all pain models. The peak RGS score also coincided with the development of paw hypersensitivity. However, mechanical hypersensitivity persisted after RGS scores returned to baseline.

Conclusion

This study confirms that the three pain models induce pain in rodents and showed that peak pain coincided with peak mechanical hypersensitivity. However, mechanical hypersensitivity remained once pain subsided, mimicking the human experience of CFA injection. These findings further our understanding of the roles of, and relationship between, these assays in the assessment of nociception and pain.
Comparison between rocking analysis and kinematic analysis for the dynamic out‐of‐plane behavior of masonry walls
Authors: Giresini Linda , Fragiacomo Massimo , Lourenço Paulo B.
Published: July 2015

This paper provides a contribution to the rocking analysis of masonry walls by making a comparison with the kinematic analysis suggested by the Italian code. It is shown that the latter approach is generally over‐conservative and therefore potentially inappropriate for historic buildings, where rehabilitation can be expensive and can affect their cultural value. The equation of motion given by the Housner formulation, corresponding to the movement of a rigid block, is here modified to account for different boundary conditions at different heights of the wall. These boundary conditions or horizontal restraints can represent vaults, transverse walls, or retrofitting devices such as steel tie‐rods. A systemic analysis of walls having different dimensions and slenderness is performed, and the results from the Italian code and rocking analysis are compared. Finally, the improvement in the response offered by retrofitting devices is discussed in terms of reduction of amplitude ratio. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of autophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by vaginal fluid from women with a malignant adnexal mass
Authors: Orfanelli Theofano , Doulaveris Georgios , Holcomb Kevin , Jeong Jiyeon M. , Sisti Giovanni , Kanninen Tomi T. , Caputo Thomas A. , Gupta Divya , Witkin Steven S.
Published: July 2015

Inhibition of autophagy is a characteristic of ovarian cancer. We determined whether inhibition of autophagy by vaginal fluid could provide a non‐invasive test for cancer risk stratification in women presenting with an adnexal mass. Vaginal fluid supernatants from 90 women undergoing evaluation for a suspicious adnexal mass were incubated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from healthy women under conditions that induce autophagy. Rapamycin, an autophagy inducer, was added to some cultures. After 48 hr the cells were collected, lysed and assayed by ELISA for intracellular p62 concentration. p62 is a cytoplasmic protein that is consumed during autophagy induction. Its concentration is inversely proportional to the extent of autophagy induction. Clinical information including pathological diagnoses was obtained after completion of laboratory studies. Mean p62 levels were 9.4 ng/ml in the 21 women with a subsequent malignant diagnosis, 4.5 ng/ml in the eight women with a borderline tumor diagnosis and 3.6 ng/ml in the 61 women with benign disease (p < 0.0001, malignant vs. others). When rapamycin was added to the vaginal fluid‐PBMC co‐incubation, p62 levels in samples from women with a malignant diagnosis decreased to 3.3 ng/ml, a level comparable to what was observed with the nonmalignant samples. Vaginal fluid inhibition of autophagy can differentiate between women with malignant and benign adnexal masses.