bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of the nc‐CrxCy/a‐C and nc‐CrxCy/a‐C:H nanocomposite coatings on oxygen‐hardened Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy
Authors: Zimowski Slawomir , Moskalewicz Tomasz , Kot Marcin , Wendler Bogdan , Czyrska‐Filemonowicz Aleksandra
Published: April 2012

The nanocomposite coatings, nc‐CrxCy/a‐C and nc‐CrxCy/a‐C:H, consisting of chromium carbide nanocrystals embedded in an amorphous hydrogen free carbon (a‐C) matrix or in an amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a‐C:H) matrix deposited on oxygen‐hardened Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy by magnetron sputtering were investigated. Oxygen hardening of titanium alloy was performed by oxidation under plasma glow discharge. For both coatings, the phase identification by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of Cr7C3 and Cr23C6 nanocrystals of size 2÷13 nm embedded in an amorphous carbon a‐C and a‐C:H matrix. The microhardness values were found to be 9.7 GPa and 12.1 GPa for the nc‐CrxCy/a‐C and nc‐CrxCy/a‐C:H coatings, respectively, and 10.6 GPa for oxygen‐hardened titanium alloy. Scratch tests indicated good coating‐substrate adhesion for both coatings. It was found that the hydrogenated nc‐CrxCy/a‐C:H coating exhibited lower coefficient of friction ranging from 0.1 to 0.15 (while sliding 1‐mm diameter alumina ball) as compared to friction coefficient of nc‐CrxCy/a‐C coating which showed higher value, up to 0.2. The coated alloy features much better wear resistance than oxygen‐hardened one. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructural and chemical properties of Cu‐In alloys formed using co‐electrodeposition
Authors: Moon Kyung‐Won , Ashok Kumar A. , Lee Young‐Boo , Park Yang‐Kyu , Choi Chel‐Jong
Published: April 2012

We investigated the microstructural and chemical properties of Cu‐In alloys formed on Au‐coated Si substrates using co‐electrodeposition. The co‐electrodeposition was performed using electrolytic solutions with various molar ratios of CuCl2 and InCl3 (1 mM/5 mM, 2 mM/4 mM, and 5 mM/5 mM) at room temperature. With increased electrodeposition current, the concentrations of Cu and In atoms in the Cu‐In alloys decreased and increased, respectively. Because of the preferential growth of Cu, a decrease in the molar ratio of CuCl2 and InCl3 led to a reduction in the minimum electrodeposition current that is required to obtain Cu‐In alloys with the same concentration of Cu and In atoms. The increases in electrodeposition current and the molar ratio of CuCl2 and InCl3 facilitated the formation of Cu‐In dendrites with long central trunks and secondary branches. The dendrites could be associated with autocatalytical alloy growth driven by a concentric diffusion field of metal ions on a thermodynamically unstable surface. During co‐electrodeposition using electrolytic solution (CuCl2 = 1 mM and InCl3 = 5 mM) under an electrodeposition current of 20 mA, the increase in the cathodic overpotential caused by surface irregularity led to the formation of Au‐In, which could be a main cause of the observed hillock formation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A molecular dynamics simulation of the effect of near‐surface gas‐phase collisions on final velocities of sputtered ions
Authors: Kuba P. , Lorinčík J. , Anders C. , Urbassek H. M.
Published: April 2012

We have performed molecular dynamic simulations of low‐energy sputtering of copper by Ar atoms and estimated ionization probabilities of individual atoms. The trajectories of the sputtered copper atoms were investigated around the distance from the surface, where the charge state of the sputtered species is formed (the freezing distance). It was found that a large part of the sputtered atoms or ions undergoes near‐surface gas‐phase collisions after the charge state had been determined at freezing distances. The passage of the ions through the zone of collisions above the surface leads to a randomization of their freezing‐distance velocities, which affects velocity distributions of both ions and neutral atoms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructural characterization of abnormal grain growth behavior of Al‐doped ZnO in thin film solar cells
Authors: Shin Hui‐Youn , Joo M. H. , Moon S. K. , Moon T. H. , Park K. H.
Published: April 2012

The microstructure of abnormal grains in Al‐doped ZnO (AZO) films using a seed layer was examined with the aim of enhancing the performance of transparent conducting oxides in thin film solar cells. The AZO films were prepared by DC‐pulsed magnetron sputtering using a two‐step process. The seed layer was deposited on a glass substrate under an Ar/O2 atmosphere with a gas flow ratio of 24/1, and the bulk layer was formed on the seed layer in pure Ar. The microstructural properties of the AZO films were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fast Fourier transform simulation, and strain analysis with high‐resolution TEM images. The TEM revealed peculiar microstructures on the AZO film showing abnormal grains and a rough surface. The AZO seed layer was formed at a thickness of 50 nm, and two types of grains with columnar and hillock structures were formed on the seed layer. Elemental analysis using energy dispersive X‐ray measurement showed that the abnormal grains contained more metallic elements (Al and Zn) than the normal region with columnar structure in the AZO film. The analysis of fast Fourier transform images of each region showed that the crystal structures of the normal and abnormal grains were the same, whereas the abnormal grain had a different growth orientation from that of the normal region. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cryo‐TOF‐SIMS/SEM system for the analysis of the chemical distribution in freeze‐fixed Cryptomeria japonica wood
Authors: Kuroda Katsushi , Fujiwara Takeshi , Imai Takanori , Takama Ruka , Saito Kaori , Matsushita Yasuyuki , Fukushima Kazuhiko
Published: April 2012

Initially, we investigated the distribution of chemicals in dried wood samples using a standard TOF‐SIMS and obtained two‐dimensional images of chemical distribution in various wood samples. However, during drying as part of the sample preparation, some artifacts could occur because water‐soluble chemicals could be moved, drained, or changed at that time. To understand the function of chemicals in living trees, it is important to reveal the distribution of chemicals in planta. For this purpose, we developed the new cryo‐TOF‐SIMS/SEM system to analyze chemical distribution in frozen‐hydrated samples. This new system consists of a glove box, a cryo‐SEM, and a cryo‐TOF‐SIMS, which are interconnected by a cryo‐vacuum shuttle. This system was then applied to freeze‐fixed Cryptomeria japonica xylem. Potassium, ferruginol, a major wood chemical of C. japonica, and water were simultaneously detected in frozen‐hydrated wood tissues. For accurate detection, the sublimation of ice from sample surfaces must be prevented. After the TOF‐SIMS analysis of the surface, the sample was cut to make the next sample surface in the glove box and cryo‐TOF‐SIMS analysis was performed again. Continuing with this procedure, we obtained a three‐dimensional analysis data of TOF‐SIMS images. The maximum height was 1000 µm. These results suggest that this new system is useful for revealing the chemical distribution of wood tissue in planta. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model predictive control of a wind turbine using short‐term wind field predictions
Authors: Spencer Martin D. , Stol Karl A. , Unsworth Charles P. , Cater John E. , Norris Stuart E.
Published: April 2012

As wind turbines become larger and hence more flexible, the design of advanced controllers to mitigate fatigue damage and optimise power capture is becoming increasingly important. The majority of the existing literature focuses on feedback controllers that use measurements from the turbine itself and possibly an estimate or measurement of the current local wind profile. This work investigates a predictive controller that can use short‐term predictions about the approaching wind field to improve performance by compensating for measurement and actuation delays.

Simulations are carried out using the FAST aeroelastic design code modelling the NREL 5 MW reference turbine, and controllers are designed for both above rated and below rated wind conditions using model predictive control. Tests are conducted in various wind conditions and with different future wind information available. It is shown that in above rated wind conditions, significant fatigue load reductions are possible compared with a controller that knows only the current wind profile. However, this is very much dependent on the speed of the pitch actuator response and the wind conditions. In below rated wind conditions, the goals of power capture and fatigue load control were considered separately. It was found that power capture could only be improved using wind predictions if the wind speed changed rapidly during the simulation and that fatigue loads were not consistently reduced when wind predictions were available, indicating that wind predictions are of limited benefit in below rated wind conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological Evolution on Display: an Approach to Evolutionary Issues Through a Museum
Authors: Falchetti Elisabetta M.
Published: April 2012

Biological museums can promote interest in evolution and contribute to its understanding. Modern exhibitions generally emphasize the main concepts of evolutionary theory: biodiversity and adaptation. In 2009 at the Zoological Museum of Rome, to celebrate Charles Darwin, a pilot didactic project was carried out for schools and the general public in order to involve people in evolutionary issues, to stimulate interest and at constructing knowledge about evolution. An exhibition consisting of exhibits and laboratory settings was created. The thematic contexts of the exhibition and the practical experiences were aimed at facing some epistemological obstacles that influence the understanding of evolution and at constructing some “framing concepts” that, on the contrary, could facilitate it. The communicative and didactic strategies were all participative and interactive, based on the personal questioning and restructuring of preexisting knowledge. Behaviors, conversations, and comments by the participants were monitored in order to record any possible change of ideas, interests, attitudes, and learning.
Ecologies of Socialism: Soviet Gradostroitel'stvo and Late Soviet Socialism
Authors: Nunan Timothy Alexander
Published: April 2012

The most lasting legacy of the Soviet experience, more so than institutions that persist in the Russian Federation today or the mentalities of citizens of post-Soviet states, was its transformation of Eurasia from a rural continent into an urban one. Particularly after the Great Patriotic War, the landscape of Soviet urban spaces changed as countless rows of low-quality apartment housing sprung up and a uniform socialist urban culture appeared to be forming. However, how and why this urban revolution happened, and what effect it had on the psychological makeup of Soviet citizens, remains lesser known. Meanwhile, while scholars of urban history such as Jane Jacobs, Reyner Banham, Lewis Mumford, and Mike Davis have produced fascinating tracts and monographs on the “ecologies” of American urban spaces – how, in other words, human beings in various political systems have interacted with the built urban landscape around them – limited work has been done on similar processes and histories in the Soviet world beyond the technical literature of the Cold War era. In this paper, I attempt to provide the outlines of such a history with such an approach by analyzing how changes in the Soviet urban fabric from approximately 1932 to 1980s affected social life in Soviet cities and among Soviet families. Basing my argument on close readings of Soviet books on gradostroitel'stvo (urban construction, urban studies) as well as literature, and guided by the insights of the above-listed urbanist thinkers, I argue that changes in urban planning so altered the relationship between citizens, the Party, and History that the Soviet system lost key strengths that had emboldened it during the 1930s and 1940s. In particular, while new Soviet housing projects obviously raised the standard of living of a great portion of the population, in resolving the housing problem, they also dismantled the “stranger's gaze” – the everyday urban clashes that, enabled by denunciations and an efficient and brutal NKVD – that had dominated Soviet housing until then. Focusing on Magnitogorsk in the 1930s and a variety of new Soviet cities (Navoi, Dneprodzherzhinsk, etc.) to make this point, I argue that the Soviet system, in effect, built itself out of existence by building so much into existence. I also point to the possibility of rich transnational comparisons in this field in the future.
Mechanical load‐dependent cardiac ER stress in vitro and in vivo: Effects of preload and afterload
Authors: Toischer Karl , Kochhäuser Simon , Nguyen van Phuc , Leineweber Kirsten , Hasenfuss Gerd , Kögler Harald
Published: April 2012

Proteins are folded in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER stress initially leads to compensatory upregulation of ER chaperones and later to apoptosis, but the contribution of biomechanical load vs. neurohumoral stress to myocardial ER stress is unknown. We show that the ER chaperones Grp78 and calreticulin (CRT) are upregulated by afterload, but not by preload in vitro and in vivo. Angiotensin II upregulated ER chaperones in unloaded muscle strips, but the angiotensin receptor‐1 antagonist irbesartan did not significantly blunt the induction of ER chaperones by afterload. In monocrotaline‐treated rats, Grp78 and CRT were upregulated in the afterloaded right ventricle, but not in the only neurohumorally stressed left ventricle. These findings suggest that afterload but not preload induces myocardial ER stress, largely independent of angiotensin II signaling.
China’s Megacities: Risks, Opportunities and Environmental Health
Authors: Jahn Heiko J.
Published: April 2012

Einleitung

Megastädte in China befinden sich im Wandel, geprägt durch rasantes ökonomisches und Bevölkerungswachstum. Die Regier- und Steuerbarkeit sind beeinträchtigt und infrastrukturelle Maßnahmen, z.B. zum Schutz der Umwelt, können nicht in gleichem Maße mithalten. Umweltverschmutzung mit substantiellen Gesundheitsgefährdungen ist die Folge. Gesetze/Bestimmungen zum Umweltschutz sollten auf allen Ebenen (Zentralregierung bis Stadteilebene) umgesetzt werden, um die Stadtgesundheit zu verbessern.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease and tympanoplasty surgical outcome: is there a relationship?
Authors: Habesoglu T E , Habesoglu M , Kalaycik C , Tek A , Surmeli M , Egeli E
Published: April 2012

Objective:

To investigate the possible clinical relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and the type one tympanoplasty surgical outcomes of adults with chronic otitis media, by using a simple, cost-effective, reliable questionnaire and physical findings.

Methods:

Fifty-two of 147 patients undergoing type one tympanoplasty were studied. Gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms were evaluated using the Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease questionnaire. Laryngoscopic physical findings of laryngopharyngeal reflux were evaluated using the Reflux Finding Score. A successful outcome was defined as an intact tympanic membrane. Correlations between the two assessment tool results and the patient's surgical success were calculated.

Results:

The gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire score was significantly higher in patients with unsuccessful tympanic membrane closure (group one) than in patients with successful closure (group two) (p < 0.05). The Reflux Finding Score was also significantly higher in group one than group two (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive relationship between the gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire score and the Reflux Finding Score (p < 0.01).

Conclusion:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease may be a significant prognostic factor for tympanoplasty failure. Therefore, reflux investigation may be important during the treatment of chronic otitis media, and positive cases may need reflux treatment as well as ear disease treatment.
Self-injected petawatt laser-driven plasma electron acceleration in 1017 cm−3 plasma
Authors: WANG X. , ZGADZAJ R. , YI S. A. , KHUDIK V. , HENDERSON W. , FAZEL N. , CHANG Y.-Y. , KORZEKWA R. , TSAI H.-E. , PAI C.-H. , LI Z. , GAUL E. , MARTINEZ M. , DYER G. , QUEVEDO H. , BERNSTEIN A. , DONOVAN M. , SHVETS G. , DITMIRE T. , DOWNER M. C.
Published: April 2012

We report production of a self-injected, collimated (8 mrad divergence), 600 pC bunch of electrons with energies up to 350 MeV from a petawatt laser-driven plasma accelerator in a plasma of electron density ne = 1017 cm−3, an order of magnitude lower than previous self-injected laser-plasma accelerators. The energy of the focused drive laser pulse (150 J, 150 fs) was distributed over several hot spots. Simulations show that these hot spots remained independent over a 5 cm interaction length, and produced weakly nonlinear plasma wakes without bubble formation capable of accelerating pre-heated (~1 MeV) plasma electrons up to the observed energies. The required pre-heating is attributed tentatively to pre-pulse interactions with the plasma.
What pollinatesLantana camarain the mountains of Costa Rica?
Authors: Hamm Christopher A.
Published: April 2012

Lantana camaraL. (Verbenaceae) is a shrub of Neotropical origin that has spread to at least 60 countries (Dayet al. 2003), and its ability to rapidly occupy disturbed habitat has led to it being named one of the ten worst weeds on the planet (Cronk & Fuller 1995, Sharmaet al. 2005). A number of traits may have contributed to its success as an invasive species. For example,L. camaraincreases the available soil nitrogen in otherwise nitrogen-poor ecosystems (Sharma & Raghubanshi 2009), it is extremely resilient to disturbance (Gentle & Guggin 1997a, Hiremath & Sundram 2005), it is allelopathic to native plants (Achhireddy & Singh 1984, Gentle & Duggin 1997b) and its fruits are dispersed by a variety of birds (Mandon-Dalgeret al. 2004, Swarbricket al. 1998). A potentially unappreciated aspect ofL. camarabiology that may also contribute to its invasiveness relates to pollination ecology.
Some Properties of Lower Level-Sets of Convolutions
Authors: CROOT ERNIE
Published: April 2012

In the present paper we prove a certain lemma about the structure of ‘lower level-sets of convolutions’, which are sets of the form {x ∈ ℤN : 1A * 1A(x) ≤ γ N} or of the form {x ∈ ℤN : 1A(x) < γ N}, where A is a subset of ℤN. One result we prove using this lemma is that if |A| = θ N and |A+A| ≤ (1 − ϵ)N, 0 < ϵ < 1, then this level-set contains an arithmetic progression of length at least Nc, c = c(θ, ϵ, γ) > 0. It is perhaps possible to obtain such a result using Green's arithmetic regularity lemma (in combination with some ideas of Bourgain [6]); however, our method of proof allows us to obtain non-tower-type quantitative dependence between the constant c and the parameters θ and ϵ. For various reasons (discussed in the paper) one might think, wrongly, that such results would only be possible for level-sets involving triple and higher convolutions.
Technology developments for a large-format heterodyne MMIC array at W-band
Authors: Sieth Matthew , Church Sarah , Lau Judy M. , Voll Patricia , Gaier Todd , Kangaslahti Pekka , Samoska Lorene , Soria Mary , Cleary Kieran , Gawande Rohit , Readhead Anthony C.S. , Reeves Rodrigo , Harris Andrew , Neilson Jeffrey , Tantawi Sami , Van Winkle Dan
Published: April 2012

We report on the development of W-band (75–110 GHz) heterodyne receiver technology for large-format astronomical arrays. The receiver system is designed to be both mass producible, so that the designs could be scaled to thousands of receiver elements, and modular. Most of the receiver functionality is integrated into compact monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifier-based multichip modules. The MMIC modules include a chain of InP MMIC low-noise amplifiers, coupled-line bandpass filters, and sub-harmonic Schottky diode mixers. The receiver signals will be routed to and from the MMIC modules on a multilayer high-frequency laminate, which includes splitters, amplifiers, and frequency triplers. A prototype MMIC module has exhibited a band-averaged noise temperature of 41 K from 82 to 100 GHz and a gain of 29 dB at 15 K, which is the state-of-the-art for heterodyne multichip modules.
Climate patterns and phytoplankton dynamics in Antarctic latent heat polynyas
Authors: Montes‐Hugo Martin A. , Yuan Xiaojun
Published: April 2012

Seasonal coherence between satellite‐derived phytoplankton parameters (chlorophyllaconcentration (Chl) and phytoplankton bloom initiation time (BIT)), environmental variables (sea ice concentration, surface solar radiation, and wind speed), and climate patterns (El Niño 3.4, the Southern Annular Mode, the Pacific South America pattern, the semiannual oscillation, and the wave‐3 stationary pattern) was investigated in four latent heat polynyas (Amundsen Sea, western Ross Sea, Dumont d'Urville, and Prydz Bay) using data corresponding to 1998–2006 phytoplankton growing seasons. In general, polynyas in the western sector (i.e., Amundsen Sea and western Ross Sea) had a greater sea ice cover, lower solar radiation levels, higher and more variable Chl, and more variable and delayed (i.e., high BIT) phytoplankton blooms. Differences in Chl and BIT were mainly attributed to differences in water stratification and interannual variability of sea ice concentration caused by ice shelf calving events in the Ross Sea. Changes in solar radiation reaching the sea surface played an important role in determining phytoplankton blooms in the western Ross Sea and Prydz Bay. Stronger winds tend to benefit development of phytoplankton blooms in polynyas having more stratified waters. Sensitivity of phytoplankton to climate variability in polynyas under investigation was highly influenced by the polynya size during summer (e.g., Chl in Dumont d'Urville and BIT in the western Ross Sea). Also, the response of Chl to the same climate pattern changed with the polynya's location (e.g., correlation between Chl and El Niño 3.4 in Amundsen Sea (positive) and Dumont d'Urville (negative)).
Generation and properties of in vivo flux transfer events
Authors: Zhang H. , Kivelson M. G. , Angelopoulos V. , Khurana K. K. , Pu Z. Y. , Walker R. J. , McPherron R. L. , Hsu T.‐S. , Zong Q. G. , Phan T.
Published: April 2012

Of the 3701 flux transfer event signatures that we identified in THEMIS data between May and October of 2007 and 2008 at low‐latitudes on the magnetopause, 41 were distinctive in that the north‐south flow components reversed direction during the ∼1 min required for THEMIS spacecraft to traverse the structure. We have ruled out the possibility that these 41 “flow reversal events” (FREs) were single X‐line structures in motion, and confirmed from their field and plasma properties that they indeed were flux ropes. We have interpreted the plasma flow reversal as evidence that we observed the flux ropes while they were being generated by a pair of X‐lines that developed in sequence through component merging, a process that seems to play a significant role in forming flux ropes. Our analysis, which applies only to low latitude flux ropes, provides evidence to modify the updated multiple X‐line reconnection scenario with component merging as the dominant associated reconnection process.
Equatorial ionosphere responses to two magnetic storms of moderate intensity from conjugate point observations in Brazil
Authors: Abdu M. A. , Batista I. S. , Bertoni F. , Reinisch B. W. , Kherani E. A. , Sobral J. H. A.
Published: April 2012

Equatorial ionospheric responses during two magnetic storms of moderate intensity are investigated, for the first time, by conjugate point observations in Brazil. The study focuses on storm‐induced changes in the evening prereversal vertical drift, thermospheric trans‐equatorial winds, spread F/plasma bubble irregularity development, electron density/plasma frequency heights, the EIA strength, and zonal plasma drifts. It is based on data obtained from five Digisondes operated in Brazil, three of them being part of a conjugate point equatorial experiment (COPEX) involving a dip equatorial and two magnetic conjugate sites at ±12°. The other two were operated at the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) trough and crest locations at nearby magnetic meridians. The results bring out, and clarify, many outstanding aspects of the strong influence of storm time electric fields on the equatorial ionosphere at different phases of the two long lasting storm sequences. During both storms prompt penetration electric fields dominated the ionospheric response features as compared to the disturbance wind dynamo effects that were not very conspicuous. An under‐shielding (over‐shielding) electric field occurring in the evening hours causes enhancement (suppression) of the prereversal vertical drift and post sunset spread F/plasma bubble generation. The same electric fields cause post sunset EIA enhancement and suppression, respectively. Post sunset (post midnight) spread F can develop from under‐shielding (over‐shielding) electric fields, while it can be disrupted by over‐shielding (under‐shielding) electric field. Trans‐equatorial winds are found to be ineffective to stabilize the post sunset F region against the destabilizing effect of strong prereversal vertical drift. Storm time westward plasma drifts are found to be driven by prompt penetration eastward electric fields (through their effect of inducing vertical Hall electric fields), rather than by a disturbance westward thermospheric wind during these storms.
U.S. and USSR to cooperate on auroral studies
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A joint U.S.‐USSR scientific program will study the structure and form of auroral ‘substorms.’ The NSF has granted $24,600 to the University of Alaska, College, to permit the university's Geophysical Institute to carry out the U.S. portion of the program The Geophysical Institute will cooperate with the Institute of the Physics of the Earth (IPE) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in the program.

Auroral substorms are magnetic storms that occur throughout the earth's outer atmosphere at high latitudes. They cause radio blackouts, clutter on radar, and brilliant displays of the aurora borealis.
Reorganization of the astronomy section of NSF
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Astronomy Section of the National Science Foundation has been reorganized to better reflect present directions of current interest in astronomy research. Robert Fleischer continues as Head of the section.

The former programs for optical astronomy and radio astronomy have been abolished. Each of the new programs described below includes theoretical and laboratory studies, as well as observations in all spectral regions.
Symposium on remote sensing of environment
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Seventh International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment will be held on the campus of the University of Michigan, May 17–21, 1971, The symposium is open to all who have an interest in remote sensing. Its purposes are to present reports on work in progress and to stimulate an exchange of information concerning numerous aspects of the field of remote sensing.
International Seminar For Hydrology Professors, Logan, Utah, August 3”14, 1970
Authors: Downs C. E.
Published: April 2012

Fifty‐five professors from twenty‐six states and nine countries participated in the second International Seminar for Professors of Hydrology, ‘Systems Analysis of Hydrologic Problems,’ held at Utah State University.
Solar telescope tested in near‐space environment assembly
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Scientists and engineers at the High Altitude Observatory (HAO) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) recently evaluated an engineering model of a coronagraph—a special sort of solar telescope—designed to study the sun from space. The coronagraph will be one of eight astronomical instruments aboard the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM), a module of the Skylab, a manned, multi‐purpose laboratory spacecraft. NASA is planning to launch the Skylab into earth orbit about two years from now.
Opening for resident scholar in water resources planning
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

In response to the growing complexity and diversity of natural resources planning, the Corps of Engineers, Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors has established a resident scholar program. Eligible for participation in the program are scholars representing a broad range of disciplines and specialties related to water resources planing including, but not limited to, economics, political and other social sciences, geography, ecology and environmental planning, systems analysis and operations research, and urban and regional planning. Preference will be accorded to individuals currently active in graduate level teaching and research who are eligible for sabbatical leave or who desire to take a temporary leave of absence.
IAU Symposium
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The International Astronomical Union Symposium No. 47, ‘The Moon,’ will be held March 22–26, 1971 at The School of Physics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England.

Sessions will be devoted to the following fundamental areas of lunar science: the figure of the moon, magnetic fields and the moon, age and evolution of the lunar surface, thermal and electrical properties of lunar rocks and solid state physics, internal constitution and physiochemical processes in the interior, origin and motion of the moon, and mineralogy and petrology of lunar rocks.
NOAA scientists study Antarctic environment
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Ten scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration are participating in the 1970–1971 U.S. Antarctic Research Program. They will conduct experiments and research on various aspects of the antarctic environment over the next year. Four units of NOAA are represented on the white continent—the National Ocean Survey, the National Weather Service, the Environmental Research Laboratories, and the NOAA Office of Plans and Programs. Their work is being financed by the National Science Foundation, which administers the over‐all U.S. Antarctic Research Program in which nearly 200 American and foreign scientists and technicians are participating.
UCLA seeks young men for South Pole jobs
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

UCLA is now looking for four or five young men to train for a $6000‐a‐year job (after taxes) at the South Pole. Financed by the National Science Foundation as a part of the U.S. Antarctic Research Program, traineeships for the polar assignment are now available for 1971–1972.
Earth tides
Authors: Kuo John T.
Published: April 2012

Research in earth tides in the United States has increasingly been focused on the problem of spatial variations, and specifically directed toward evaluation of the secondary effects of ocean tides and regional geology on earth tides. Considerable effort has also been exerted in developing new gravimeters, tiltmeters, and strainmeters, which potentially can be used as tidal instruments if long‐term stability of these instruments can be achieved.
Gravimetry
Authors: Rice Donald A.
Published: April 2012

Recent progress in gravimetry has been remarkably influenced by improvement in the accuracy and reliability of absolute gravity determinations, which are now recognized as fundamental in establishing the worldwide network of base stations and calibration lines. Important advances have been made in the exacting operational phases of gravity measurement at sea, data processing, and techniques for delicate relative measurements over time scales useful in geophysical studies. There are interesting new developments in supersensitive detectors of gravity and its gradients.
Progress in electronic surveying
Authors: Wood L. E.
Published: April 2012

Important progress in electronic surveying has been made in the past four years. Particularly notable are the increased availability of commercial instruments for electromagnetic distance measurements, the initial development of very long base line interferometry (VLBI) for geophysical measurements, and the efforts to determine atmospheric refractivity by dispersion, Raman lidar, and radiometry.
Guiding usage [Comment on “Mechanical properties and processes in the mantle”: Editor response to letter from J.H. Tatsch; “Call for rehearsal” by Robert Cohen; and on “Reducing JGR publishing costs”]
Authors: Lyman John , Radoski Henry R. , De Bremaecker J.‐Cl.
Published: April 2012

Your treatment of J.H. Tatsch's letter in February EOS concerning misuse of rheology for rheidity left much to be desired from several points of view. In the first place, I disagree that rheidity is jargon. Jargon is the substitution of an unfamiliar term for a familiar one, as when a meteorologist uses ‘lapse rate’ for ‘temperature gradient’ or a physician describes a sore joint as ‘arthritis.’ But rheidity is a precisely defined term with no short synonym.
The President's Page: AGU National Meetings
Authors: Newell Homer E.
Published: April 2012

The Annual Meetings of the American Geophysical Union provide an opportunity for 2500 participants to meet in formal and informal gatherings and exchange views on the latest activities in geophysics. Over the years AGU has attempted to accommodate both traditional interests and those that are newest and most challenging. That some measure of success has been achieved is indicated by the steady growth of the Union to over 10,000 members today, the large attendance and lively discussion at the meetings, and the steady high‐quality production of its publications.
The environmental crisis
Authors: Abelson Philip H.
Published: April 2012

Today concern about the environment is deep and widespread. It shows no sign of diminishing and, on the contrary, gives evidence of approaching hysteria on some occasions. The recent flap about mercury in tuna illustrates how fast the public jumps at any worrisome news about the environment, even when the concern is not justified. If we are to have a livable environment we must work constructively, but excessive fear and panic will impede progress, particularly when they are directed against the wrong or nonexistent problems.
Earthquake Hypocenter data base available
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A magnetic tape containing hypocenter data for 40,000 earthquakes from January 1961 through August 1970 is now available from NOAA's National Geophysical Data Center. These data were used by the National Ocean Survey (formerly Coast and Geodetic Survey) to produce World and Regional Seismicity Maps. They include earthquake location, time, depth, and magnitude.
NATO Advanced Study Institute on Lunar Studies
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

An advanced course of scientific conferences on astronomy, chemistry, geology, and physics of the moon will be held under the auspices of the Science Committee of NATO at the University of Patras, Greece, September 14–25, 1971. The conferences will be devoted to the discussion of the following general topics: (1) Motion and Gravity Field of the Moon, (2) Internal Structure and Chemical Composition of the Moon, (3) Morphology of the Lunar Surface and its Formations, and (4) Physical Properties of the Lunar Surface. The conference consists of four daily sessions combining lectures with discussion.
Island station in Pacific opened by U.S. and Mexico
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The United States and Mexican governments have established a new, cooperative weather station on Guadalupe Island in the Pacific Ocean off lower California. The jointly‐funded station on the Mexican‐owned island will make upper‐ air observations for improved warnings of storms threatening Mexico and the U.S. It fills a long‐recognized need for atmospheric data from an ocean area that generates severe weather for both countries. The station culminates several years of negotiations.
California earthquake damage
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Shown here are scenes of destruction from the major earthquake, magnitude 6.6 on the Richter Scale, that struck the Los Angeles, California, area at 6:00:41.5 A.M. PST (9:00:41.5 A.M. EST) Tuesday. February 9, 1971. The quake resulted in sufficient damage to warrant a ‘major disaster’ declaration by President Nixon. Heavy damage was reported in central and northern Los Angeles, particularly the San Fernando Valley and the suburban towns of Newhall and Saugus. Collapsed freeway overpasses, fissures in roadways, and numerous fires caused by ruptured gas mains resulted from the earthquake. Some minor cracks in the faces of two reservoir dams in the San Fernando Valley caused some water leaks, with the subsequent evacuation of nearby valley residents.
Lockheed electronics gets earth resources contract
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

An $800.000 NASA Manned Spacecraft Center contract to provide scientific and technical support services for the Earth Resources Laboratory has been awarded to Lockheed Electronics Co., Inc.

Lockheed will assist the laboratory, which is located at NASA's Mississippi Test Facility in Bay St. Louis, in developing applications for information acquired from Gemini and Apollo missions, aircraft and ground stations, plus data to be obtained from future programs such as Earth Resources Technology Satellites (ERTS) and the manned Skylab.
Measuring coastal wave energy
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Development of a long‐term measure of unidirectional effective coastal wave energy has been conducted by W.F. Tanner and F.W. Stapor of the Florida State University Geology Department. Previously, coastal wave energy was measured directly, on a short‐term basis (thereby including non‐effective components, which make up 99% or more of the total), or was estimated from various rules‐of‐thumb.

Stapor used bathymetric charts to compartmentalize selected reaches of low‐to‐moderate energy sandy coast, and to determine the volume of sand eroded and deposited in each compartment. Leakage was relatively slight.
Data Center for EROS Program
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A significant step forward for the Department of the Interior's EROS (Earth Resources Observation Systems) program—directed by the U.S. Geological Survey was announced recently. Interior Secretary Rogers C.B. Morton said that an architect‐engineer contract for an EROS Data Center, to be located in the vicinity of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, has been successfully negotiated. Total cost of the center is estimated at $4.8 million, and is scheduled for completion in mid‐1972.

‘The Center at Sioux Falls,’ Secretary Morton said, ‘will be a key installation in the use of remote‐sensor data obtained from aircraft and spacecraft for purposes of resources and environmental surveys. Under the management of the Geological Survey, it will be a central repository where data will be received and processed.
Modeling techniques in water resources systems
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

An International Symposium on Modeling Techniques in Water Resources Systems will be held in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, May 9–12, 1972. The symposium will bring together international experts from all disciplines involved with the development and application of mathematical modeling techniques to the planning, operation, and management of water resources systems.

Approximately 70% of the papers will be invited; the rest will be unsolicited. Participation in the symposium will be by invitation only. For further information concerning the symposium write Asit K. Biswas, Chairman, Organizing Committee, International Symposium on Modeling Techniques in Water Resources Sector, Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Gordon Research Conferences
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Gordon Research Conferences, international symposia on significant developments in the most active areas of basic research, will hold seventy sessions this summer. Scheduled to open June 14, the conferences will be held at seven sites in New Hampshire and Wisconsin and will continue through September 3.

The meetings, each devoted exclusively to a single subject, are limited to about 100 participants and last one week each. More than 7000 scientists will participate this year from the U.S. and abroad.
Seminar on Waves on Beaches
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Mathematics Research Center, University of Wisconsin, and the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, D.C., will hold an Advanced Seminar on Waves on Beaches, October 11–13, 1971, in Madison, Wisconsin. The seminar will consist of about ten invited lectures on wave motion and resulting sediment transport. Attendance is by invitation, and information may be obtained from Mrs. G. Moran, Secretary, Advanced Seminar, Mathematics Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.
Petrologic aspects of plate tectonics
Authors: Wyllie Peter J.
Published: April 2012

The concept of plate tectonics has developed during the past four years from the hypotheses of continental drift and sea‐floor spreading, supported by a variety of evidence from paleomagnetism, geochronology, and marine geology and geophysics. A series of four contiguous papers in the March 1968 issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research correlated on a global scale the linear magnetic anomalies, which are parallel to and bilaterally symmetrical about the oceanic ridge system, with the polarity reversals of the earth's magnetic field imprinted on new oceanic crust as it was generated at the oceanic ridge crests [Pitman et al., 1968; Dickson et al., 1968; Le Pichon and Heirtzler, 1968; Heirtzler et al., 1968]. In 1967 and 1968, four major papers introduced plate tectonics: the earth's surface is considered to be made up of a few rigid crustal plates or blocks in motion relative to each other [McKenzie and Parker, 1967; Morgan, 1968; Le Pichon, 1968; Isacks et al., 1968].
Experimental igneous petrology
Authors: Lindsley D. H.
Published: April 2012

Experimentation in all aspects of petrology has increased dramatically in the past four years. To hold the bibliography of U.S. contributions to manageable proportions, the scope of this report has for the most part been arbitrarily confined to studies in which silicate liquids were produced; to determinations of subsolidus relations having a direct bearing on the formation or crystallization of magmas; and to fluid phases coexisting, with melts or with solid phases at high temperatures. The most important casualties of these restrictions are studies of sulfide systems and of low‐ to intermediate‐temperature hydrothermal alteration. Furthermore, no theses or dissertations are cited; and I have omitted the abstracts of oral papers and the contributions to the Carnegie Institution of Washington Yearbook that subsequently have been published in more extended form. It might also be noted that, because of a change in publication date, the contributions to the C.I. W. Yearbook 65 were incorrectly dated 1966 (correct year is 1967) in the previous report [Eugster, 1967]; consequently, only three years of that publication (Yearbooks 66, 1968; 67, 1969; and 68, 1970) need be considered here. Within these limits, the bibliography has been made as complete as possible, but only representative works are cited in the text.
Rheology of the mantle
Authors: O'Connell Richard J.
Published: April 2012

There have been two main avenues of investigation of the rheology of the mantle: theoretical and laboratory studies of the mechanical behavior of solids and direct estimates obtained by comparing geologic observations with model calculations in which rheological parameters are the principal variables. Studies of large‐scale mantle flow, such as convection, might also put some constraints on mantle rheology, although at the present better knowledge of the rheology is needed to specify suitable models for investigation.

The main advances of the last 4 years in our understanding of mantle rheology have been in the realization that the lower mantle may be less resistant to creep than was previously believed and in the realization and preliminary investigation of the complexities of the convection problem.
Melting relations
Authors: Wyllie Peter J.
Published: April 2012

The process of magma generation with subsequent uprise and intrusion or extrusion of magma is one of the fundamental processes in the evolution of the earth. Rheological and other physical properties change markedly wherever and whenever partial melting occurs. The melting relations of minerals and rocks can now be measured in the laboratory to pressures corresponding to depths of more than 250 km. The measurements provide limits for temperatures within the earth and a basis for extrapolation to greater depths. This report outlines experimental results for the melting of elements, minerals, and rocks under various conditions, in a dry state or in the presence of water and other volatile components. There is overlap with reports on experimental petrology in another section, but it is reduced to a minimum by limiting this review to melting curves and properties, without attention to the more detailed aspects of petrogenesis.
Seismology U.S. National Report, 1967”1971 Fifteenth General Assembly, IUGG: Explosion Seismology on Land and Sea
Authors: Hales Anton L.
Published: April 2012

In the last U.S. National Report to the IUGG there were two sections on explosion studies: one [Steinhart, 1967] on explosion studies on the continents; the other [Shor, 1967a] on explosion studies at sea. In this report also the land and sea studies will be dealt with separately.
Sq and L variations
Authors: Matsushita S.
Published: April 2012

There has been a great increase in knowledge and understanding of solar quiet (Sq) and lunar (L) daily geomagnetic variations during the past four years. Large amounts of data for both geomagnetic fields and related upper atmospheric phenomena have been obtained by various techniques, and intensive efforts have been made in analyzing and interpreting the data with advanced computers. Matsushita [1967a, 1968a] summarized major studies of Sq and L variations and their equivalent current systems obtained up to 1967. Gupta [1967] discussed the relative importance of solar radiation and gravitational tides in causing geomagnetic variations, and Gupta and Chapman [1969] presented solar and lunar harmonics at 54 stations by spectral analyses. Malin and Chapman [1970] discussed the determination of lunar daily geophysical variations by the Chapman‐Miller method and presented a useful computer program for the calculation. Campbell et al. [1971] found a galactic component of the geomagnetic field for quiet nighttime hours at Honolulu and San Juan after subtracting Sq and L fields.