bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Three‐Dimensional Classification of Proximal Tibiofibular Fractures: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Wu Li‐ping , Mayr Hermann O , Cai Qin , Huan Yuan‐qiao , Zhu Xiao‐hua , Chen Yuan‐zhuang , Tang Yi‐ping , Huang Xin‐yu
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To propose an updated definition of proximal tibia and fibula fracture (PTFF) and establish a three‐dimensional (3D) structure‐based classification of PTFF.

Methods

In total, 1358 adult patients (837 males and 521 females; 43.61 ± 15.13 years， 1364 affected knees) who were diagnosed with PTFF at the departments of orthopaedic surgery of four hospitals from January 2010 to December 2019 were enrolled. The new classification of PTFF, termed Wu classification, included three parts: classification of columns in the horizontal plane, regions in the frontal plane, and segments in the sagittal plane. All PTFFs were classified according to Schatzker, Luo, and Wu classification systems. Additionally, the incidence and characteristics of PTFFs were analyzed.

Results

The major internal structural fractures of PTFF were tibial plateau fracture (TPF) only (725, 53.15%), TPF and proximal fibular fracture (274, 20.09%), and isolated avulsion fracture of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) (189, 13.86%). Approximately a quarter of PTFF cases could not be classified using Schatzker or Luo classifications, but all PTFF cases could be classified using Wu classification. The most frequent PTFFs included all four columns in region IV, segment 2 (235, 17.23%); the posterolateral and posteromedial columns in region II, segment 2 (191, 14.00%); and the lateral and posterolateral columns in region IV, segment 2 (136, 9.97%). Isolated avulsion fracture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) was categorized as three injury types, most of which involved the lateral and medial columns in region II, segment 1 (40/63, 64%). More than 97% of cases of isolated fractures of the PCL involved the posterolateral and posteromedial columns in region II, segment 2. The most frequent combined avulsion fracture of the ACL and PCL included all four columns in region II, segment 2 (18/24, 75%). All of the isolated avulsion fractures of the ACL were located in segment 1, and all those of the PCL in segment 2. The most common type of isolated proximal fibular fracture involved the posterolateral column in region III, segment 2 (23/26, 88%). The most frequent combined TPF and proximal fibular fracture involved all four columns in region IV, segment 2 (107/274, 39.05%).

Conclusions

All cases of PTFF could be classified by the new 3D Wu classification which should be beneficial for clinical diagnosis, guidance of treatment, statistical analysis, academic communication, and prognosis, and the most frequent PTFF involved all four columns in region IV, segment 2.
Review article: Emerging issues in pediatric skin of color, part 1
Authors: Mitchell Krystal N. , Tay Yong Kwang , Heath Candrice R. , Trachtman Rebecca , Silverberg Nanette B.
Published: October 2021

Dermatology for the pediatric skin of color population is the application of dermatology to the genetically diverse and distinctive segment of the pediatric population that includes children of non‐White racial and ethnic groups with increased pigmentation including individuals of Asian, LatinX, African, Native American, Pacific Island descent, Indigenous Peoples, among others, with overlap in particular individuals, and mixtures thereof. Treating children of color is a unique skill set within the field of pediatric dermatology, requiring knowledge and sensitivity. The discipline of pediatric skin of color can be challenging. Difficulty in diagnosis of common conditions stems from underlying pigmentation, variations in common hairstyling practices, and differences in demographics of cutaneous disease, whereas some conditions are more common in children of color, other conditions have nuances in clinical appearance and/or therapeutics with regard to skin color. This article is the first in a series of two articles looking at recently published skin‐related issues of high concern in children of color. Conditions reviewed in Part 1 include (1) hairstyling hair‐related concerns (traction alopecia, central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, endocrine disruption), (2) autoimmune concerns (cutaneous lupus, vitiligo), and (3) infections (tinea capitis, progressive macular hypomelanosis).
Tobacco use and mental health disparities in LGB youth
Authors: Goodin Amie , Fallin‐Bennett Keisa , Anderson‐Hoagland Elizabeth , Fallin‐Bennett Amanda
Published: October 2021

Objective

In 2019, the Youth Risk Behavioral Survey (YRBS) collected sexual orientation data for the first time in Kentucky. Tobacco use behaviors and mental health status among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual (LGB) youth is infrequently documented in southern states such as Kentucky. This study aimed to analyze self‐reported tobacco use and mental health in youth by sexual orientation.

Design

Cross‐sectional survey.

Sample

All participants, aged 12–19, of the 2019 Kentucky YRBS that indicated a sexual orientation.

Measurements

Differences in response distributions for tobacco use and mental health measures were analyzed via chi square by sexual orientation, with additional stratification by sex.

Results

A total of n = 1996 respondents were 12.8% LGB‐identified and 82.1% heterosexual‐identified. No disparities between LGB and heterosexual youth were observed in tobacco‐related behaviors for male students, but disparities were persistent for female students (p = .005 for "tried tobacco before age 13"; p = .007 for "current smoking", p = .012 for "ever smoked"). Mental health disparities between LGB and heterosexual youth were significant for males and females (p < .05, all mental health measures).

Conclusions

Findings suggest that tobacco disparities in this most recent data are narrower than in previous years; however, mental health disparities persist between LGB and heterosexual youth in Kentucky.
What can a dentist learn from an astrophysicist? A photographic evaluation of the long‐term impact of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on the orofacial sphere, using the example of Stephen Hawking: A historical case report
Authors: Vaudroz Vincent , Kiliaridis Stavros , Antonarakis Gregory S.
Published: October 2021

Aims

The present historical case report aims to characterize the long‐term orofacial repercussions of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a rare neurodegenerative disease with poor prognosis and relatively short life expectancy following initial diagnosis.

Methods

Here we focus on the long‐term orofacial evolution seen in the example of Stephen Hawking, one of the greatest personalities in the scientific world, using publicly‐available photographic documentation. The fact that Stephen Hawking lived several decades following his diagnosis of ALS presents one with a unique opportunity to characterize and follow‐up the evolution of the ALS on the orofacial sphere. Through this article, we want to show him and his family, and all those living with this disease, our deepest respect, without intending in any way to intrude or misuse the privacy of the late universally‐respected astrophysicist.

Results

Photographic documentation analyzed longitudinally shows changes towards the development of a Class III malocclusion, lower incisor protrusion, and a concave profile. Moreover, tooth wear has occurred, accompanied by posterior tooth loss and aberrant tongue and lip posture.

Conclusion

The causes of such changes remain speculative but could be due to changes in the soft tissue equilibrium, changes in head and tongue posture, loss of oral function, respiratory needs, and a general deterioration of dental health. Our sincere thanks to the Hawking family who took the time to read the article and approve its publication for scientific and educational purposes. We are also deeply grateful to them for providing us with some photographs from their family collection.
Exploring the politics of strain: Crime and welfare in remote Indigenous Australia
Authors: Staines Zoe , Zahnow Renee
Published: October 2021

The international criminology and social policy literature have long explored possible connections between social welfare and crime. However, existing studies tend towards high‐level comparisons of crime versus total aggregate welfare spend, overlooking sub‐national contextual differences between and within countries. There are also few studies that deeply explore this link in the Antipodes, including in Australia: a settler colony and (neo)liberal welfare state with a recent strong coupling of punitive social and penal policies that disproportionately impact Indigenous populations. This paper attends to these gaps by examining the welfare‐crime link in remote Indigenous Queensland (Australia). We use crime‐report data and an interrupted time series design to explore the effects of dynamic social welfare policies during 2020–2021: a period that saw a temporary shift away from a strict neoliberal welfare model (i.e., heavy conditionality, low benefit rates) to more supportive and decommodifying social welfare in response to the COVID‐19 induced economic recession. Our findings align with previous studies that suggest more supportive and decommodifying policies are associated with lower crime. We also bring greater nuance to how the crime‐welfare link is understood within the ‘structural complexity of [Australian] settler colonialism’ (Wolfe. Journal of Genocide Research. 2006;8:392), by illuminating how a politics of race animates social policies that can either produce or reduce criminogenic strains and, thus, socially construct crime in the image of the Indigenous ‘Other’.
Correlation of cytology to histology in a case of canine granulomatous colitis in a Boxer dog
Authors: Sims Cory S. , Nagle Jonathan , Tolbert M. Katherine , Anderson Katie , Linder Keith , Neel Jennifer
Published: October 2021

A 2‐year‐old castrated male mixed breed dog presented to the North Carolina State Veterinary Teaching Hospital for chronic diarrhea with hematochezia and weight loss. Cytology performed on a rectal scraping revealed macrophages containing magenta, light pink, and variably blue granular inclusions, and phagocytosed material concerning for infectious organisms. Histopathology was consistent with granulomatous colitis and identified intra‐histiocytic bacterial organisms, confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)—tissue culture‐confirmed Escherichia coli. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of granulomatous colitis was made. The patient was successfully treated with oral enrofloxacin, and near‐complete remission of signs was achieved within 6 weeks. This report describes a case of granulomatous colitis in a mixed breed dog, and is the first published description of the cytologic features of this uncommon disease, offering a valuable cytologic‐histologic correlation. In this case, the cytology was helpful in identifying features consistent with granulomatous colitis and prioritizing the differential diagnoses and diagnostic plan.
An SMA-Based Multifunctional Implant for Improved Bone Fracture Healing
Authors: Zimmer Lukas , Britz Rouven , Goergen Yannik , Rizzello Gianluca , Pohlemann Tim , Orth Marcel , Ganse Bergita , Seelecke Stefan , Motzki Paul
Published: October 2021

In this paper, a shape memory alloy (SMA) based, multifunctional smart implant for improved bone fracture healing is presented. In contrast to conventionally used medical implants such as intramedullary nails or bone plates supporting a fractured bone in a passive way, the developed smart implant has on the one hand the ability to work as a common stabilizing implant. On the other hand, the smart implant has the property to stimulate the fracture to improve the bone healing process by controlled contracting micro movements. The smart implant consists of one mechanism to change the stiffness of the implant and one mechanism for the active stimulation purpose. Both actuator mechanisms are realized with the help of Nitinol SMA actuator wires, that are suitable for medical applications because of their biocompatibility. In addition to their actuator property the smart “self-sensing” ability of the SMA wires is used to control the actuator movements.

This work focuses mainly on the development and the design of the smart implant prototype and the parts are produced via 3D rapid prototyping.
Investigations Regarding the Longterm Behaviour of Electrically Heated SMA Wires Using Alternating Current
Authors: Theren Benedict , Schmelter Tobias , Chromik Philipp , Kuhlenkötter Bernd
Published: October 2021

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) exist in several forms, such as wires, tubes, springs and several more. Most commonly available SMA forms are wires, contracting when heated. There are several ways to activate the effect in wires, but mostly they are electrically heated (Joule Heating) using direct current (DC). There are examples of using alternating current (AC) for the activation of SMA wires, but rather for a highspeed activation that can be considered loss-free, since the wire is heated rapidly. This work investigates the long term behavior of SMA wires activated using AC.

An experimental setup according to Design of Experiment (DoE) was proposed to investigate the different influence of the long term behavior between an activation using AC and DC. 15 different levels of the activation parameters voltage, activation time and stress — each for the AC and the DC — were chosen. The value of the DC voltage was the same as the effective voltage for the AC. For each set of parameters, according to the experimental design, two specimens were investigated.

The different activation techniques differ in one important aspect: the source generating a DC is controlled, whereby the output voltage is independently kept constant from the change in electrical resistance induced by the phase transformation of the SMA wires when heated. The AC power does not offer such a function. Therefor the applied value of the effective Voltage is only an initial value at the beginning of the activation. During the activation the values of the voltage and the current change due to the phase transformation.

For further comparison, the activation energy for both activation methods was calculated. During activation the current and the voltage were measured at 600 Hz for the AC and at 50 Hz for the DC. The energy per activation is calculateto increase comparability between AC and DC.
Investigation of Fluid-Dynamic Forces on an Artificial Cownose Ray Fin
Authors: Bianchi Giovanni , Claudio Ivan , Cinquemani Simone
Published: October 2021

The study of fish swimming is of great interest for engineers and researchers because the investigation of novel propulsion mechanisms is functional to the development of autonomous underwater vehicles. Among the different locomotion strategies adopted by fish species, the one characterizing the cownose ray is known to be very efficient. These fishes move their large pectoral fins and create a wave travelling in a direction opposite to the swimming direction. Thus, thanks to momentum conservation, the fish receives a propulsive thrust. This mechanism has been reproduced in a bioinspired robot mimicking a cownose ray, which has been designed and built. Before testing the robot underwater, some preliminary experiments in a small wind tunnel have been performed on a single fin. These tests are aimed at assessing the fluid dynamics of the fin shape and at verifying the effectiveness of this propulsive strategy. The fluid dynamic forces acting on the profile are measured with the fin still; the velocity of the incoming air is such that the Reynolds number is the same as for the fish swimming in water. Then, the propulsive strategy is tested with the fin in motion; the velocity of the incoming air is the same as the relative velocity of water for the fish during forward swimming, and several experiments were carried out with different frequencies and wavelengths of fin motion. Finally, having the fluids different densities, the measured forces and moments are scaled. These tests have confirmed that the cownose ray swimming strategy is effective and a relation between the measured forces with frequency and wavelength of fin motion has been found.
Functionalized Thermoplastic Polyurethane for FDM Printing of Piezoresistive Sensors
Authors: Maynard Cole , Hernandez Julio , Gonzalez David , Viz Monica , O’Brien Corey , Tallman Tyler N. , Garcia Jose , Newell Brittany
Published: October 2021

Recent developments in materials and processes for additive manufacturing (AM) have moved 3D printing beyond just prototyping of manufactured parts and into exciting new applications. For example, various researchers and industries have successfully demonstrated the use of conductive filler modification in materials for use with fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based 3D printers. Due to the piezoresistive effect, these conductive filler-modified materials can be used to print highly customizable sensors on-demand. This is notable because combined with the versatility of FDM printing, it allows for a completely new interpretation of what a sensor is and what a sensor should look like. The accuracy and reliability of these sensors is still under investigation, and common AM materials such as polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) have been the subject of most investigations. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), a commercially available flexible filament, has been less studied for conductive filler modification and printed sensors. This is an important gap in the state of the art because flexible sensors are becoming increasingly important in applications involving large deformations such as soft robotics. Therefore, this work presents the results of an initial study on the development of a carbon nanofiber (CNF)-modified TPU for the development of flexible piezoresistive-based printed sensors. Specifically, this work considers the effect of different manufacturing parameters on CNF/TPU conductivity and printability using a commercially available FDM printer. Ultimately, this project seeks to utilize the proposed functionalized TPU material for the production of embedded sensors in rigid or flexible 3D printed parts.
Optimization and Experimental Validation of a Vacuum Suction Cup Operated by Shape Memory Actuators
Authors: Daut Claudia , Kirsch Susanne-Marie , Welsch Felix , Seelecke Stefan , Motzki Paul
Published: October 2021

Pneumatic Systems, especially those working with compressed air, come with several drawbacks like poor energy efficiency, high level of emission and limited digitalization amongst others. Therefore, there are efforts in industry to replace pneumatics with purely electrical systems. A promising approach in gripping and handling technology is the shape memory alloy (SMA)-based vacuum suction cup, which was first presented at the 2018 SMASIS conference [1].

The working principle relies on an antagonistic SMA-based actuator system in combination with a bistable spring and a silicone membrane. This paper presents the structure and further development of the vacuum suction cup, whose vacuum generation is independent of a temporary or stable airflow. The focus lies on the improvement of the existing mechanics to a more maintenance-friendly design on route to a commercial product. For the implementation new SMA-bundles are created and the wire guides are adjusted accordingly. Besides, several experiments and analyses are carried out to validate the behavior of the mechanics with the new setup using the self-sensing effect. These investigations focus on the effects of varying bundle lengths, lever arms, and damaged bundles on performance. It is shown that the new design approach offers easier handling and robustness in the event of an actuator break.
Computational and Experimental Efficiency Investigation of Nonlinear Energy Harvesting Systems Based on Monostable and Bistable Piezoelectric Beams
Authors: Kardarakos G. C. , Chrysochoidis N. A. , Varelis D. , Margelis N. , Leventakis N. , Plagianakos T. S. , Bolanakis G. , Saravanos D. A. , Papadopoulos E.
Published: October 2021

Piezoelectric energy harvesting from vibrating structures under nonlinear oscillations has been proved quite promising, with a large amount of scientific works focusing on the maximum energy harvested. However, the detailed dynamic response of an electromechanical coupled nonlinear vibrating system and the interaction between the piezoelectric structure and an external electric circuit deem to be an extremely important parameter of interpreting this complex dynamic phenomenon. Current work focuses on a combined experimental and computational campaign conducted to analyze and quantify various factors affecting the efficiency of energy harvesting in vibrating nonlinear piezoelectric–composite strips subjected to compressive loading. The model aims to simulate the power dissipated at an external purely resistive circuit connected at the piezoelectric device terminals during nonlinear oscillations. Experimental studies on a fabricated prototype are also conducted for different excitation frequencies and resistive loads, as to provide an estimation of the energy dissipated. In addition, a preliminary experimental study is performed to quantify the available electrical energy that is produced from the oscillating structure into three different harvesting circuits. Measured results exhibit their performance, indicate their benefits and drawbacks concluding to the most promising piezoelectric energy harvester.
Virtual Reality Supported Design of Smart Grasper
Authors: Djokikj Jelena , Rizov Tashko , Jovanova Jovana
Published: October 2021

Smart material graspers have shown potential for different applications in terms of functionality and actuation, especially in handling arbitrary shapes, fragile objects and complex 3D geometries. However, to take these initial designs further towards real applications, the challenge remains to determine the optimal size, shape, and passive and smart material location. Virtual reality can be beneficial in the early concept generation as it can help visualize and understand the grasping process. The access to suitable hardware and the development of virtual reality (VR) software has resulted in increased use of this technology. The 3D visualization offered by VR especially in the early stages of the design process assists engineers in making appropriate and efficient decisions, and it can also support the interaction with the end user to iterate on potential design improvements.

The conceptual phase is often overlooked and rushed by the other departments involved in the design and development process although it is of great importance for successful outcome. It is important to make the most of it in order to assure quality result. In order to ensure short conceptual phase that will not reflect on the products’ quality we propose introduction of the VR in the early stages of the design process.

In this paper we show how the use of VR can be beneficial in new product development. In this case we focus on the design of smart material grasper.
3D Printed Resonant Compliant Mechanism to Reduce Motor Torque Requirements of Machines With Cyclic Operation
Authors: Luzi Luca , Carloni Amedeo , Agostini Lorenzo , Pucci Riccardo , Refat Mohamed , Berselli Giovanni , Vertechy Rocco
Published: October 2021

In the last decade, additive manufacturing technologies (AMT) have spread widely in the industrial field, mostly for fast prototyping but also for the production of finished parts that need a high level of customization. With respect to the well-established material subtractive technologies (MST), some limitations due to component shape can be overcome with AMT. Topology optimization (TO) combined with AMT is a powerful tool capable of realizing components characterized by similar stiffness but smaller inertia concerning those realized with MST. This tool can be very useful in automatic machinery design in order to reduce the required motor torque. In fact, in this realm, the mechanisms are usually subjected to predominant inertial loads. Moreover, since the introduction of fuse filament deposition modeling (FDM) of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (CFRT), mechanical characteristics comparable to highperformance metal materials can be reached. Thus, rigidity and precision can be achieved as well.

In addition to TO, with FDM and size optimization (SO), the designer can easily realize components characterized by a proper stiffness to be included in mechanisms to tune their dynamic mechanical characteristics. In fact, due to their ability to passively store and release mechanical energy, elastic elements can be introduced in a mechanism in order to compensate for kinetic energy variations, which drastically reduce motor torque requirements. The required elasticity can be easily introduced in the mechanism by replacing standard kinematic pairs with Compliant Joints (CJ) in the form of flexible lamina, also assuring lightness, precision and ease of realization.

This paper analyzes the potentiality of FDM in combination with TO and CJ design (CJD) for the realization of automated machinery mechanisms subjected to inertial loads. A pusher mechanism is considered: the pros and cons of adopting the procedure are shown with respect to the standard procedure.
The Effectiveness of 2D Unit Cells in Creating χ-Spring Based Metamaterials
Authors: Kastner Jared , Joodaky Amin , Gibert James
Published: October 2021

Elastic metamaterials can be used in a variety of vibration and shock absorbing applications due to having mechanical properties that are not typically seen in nature. This work creates 2-dimensional metamaterial from a tessellation of unit cells composed of array Chi-springs. The Chi-springs exhibit a J shaped force displacement relationship or equivalently an effective stress strain relationship that is characterized by three regions: a linear stiffness/module, a quasi-zero stiffness/modulus region, and region of high tangent force/stress. The springs form the fundamental building block for a 2-dimensional unit cell and are created through a series of isometric transformations while meeting constraints on its effective constitutive behavior. The orientations of each unit cell are analyzed using Cayley diagrams, which are then used to determine various 2 × 2 tessellations of the structure. The resulting unit cells and their tessellations are manufactured through 3D printing. They exhibit a J shaped effective constitutive relationship in 2 material loading directions that resembles the force displacement relationship. Material testing indicates that the resulting structures are anisotropic. Furthermore, they have a dominant loading direction that displays larger values of linear modulus, plateau stress, and toughness. This work represents the first nascent steps toward the systematic design of metamaterial behavior in multiple load directions.
Membraneless organelles formed by liquid-liquid phase separation increase bacterial fitness
Authors: Jin Xin , Lee Ji-Eun , Schaefer Charley , Luo Xinwei , Wollman Adam J. M. , Payne-Dwyer Alex L. , Tian Tian , Zhang Xiaowei , Chen Xiao , Li Yingxing , McLeish Tom C. B. , Leake Mark C. , Bai Fan
Published: October 2021

Bacteria use subcellular proteinaceous liquid droplets to survive stress.
Collective behavior emerges from genetically controlled simple behavioral motifs in zebrafish
Authors: Harpaz Roy , Aspiras Ariel C. , Chambule Sydney , Tseng Sierra , Bind Marie-Abèle , Engert Florian , Fishman Mark C. , Bahl Armin
Published: October 2021

Emergent social behavior in larval zebrafish is altered by targeted gene mutations.
Crab in amber reveals an early colonization of nonmarine environments during the Cretaceous
Authors: Luque Javier , Xing Lida , Briggs Derek E. G. , Clark Elizabeth G. , Duque Alex , Hui Junbo , Mai Huijuan , McKellar Ryan C.
Published: October 2021

First Mesozoic crab in amber offers insights into the evolution of true crabs and the colonization of nonmarine environments.
Capturing an elusive but critical element: Natural protein enables actinium chemistry
Authors: Deblonde Gauthier J.-P. , Mattocks Joseph A. , Dong Ziye , Wooddy Paul T. , Cotruvo Joseph A. , Zavarin Mavrik
Published: October 2021

Demystifying the elusive chemistry of actinium leads to novel opportunities in radioisotope production and nuclear medicine.
New species of ancient human unearthed
Authors: Wade Lizzie
Published: October 2021

Homo luzonensis
, from the Philippines, may have been a small-bodied tree climber.
Closure of U.S.
Toxoplasma
lab draws ire
Authors: Wadman Meredith
Published: October 2021

Scientists say political pressure threatens research on cause of blindness and birth defects.
Beliefs in aliens, Atlantis are on the rise
Authors: Wade Lizzie
Published: October 2021

Researchers take to Twitter, blogs to counter pseudoarchaeology's outlandish ideas.
Solar cell built for two looks sweet
Authors: Service Robert F.
Published: October 2021

Simple tandem design uses perovskite layer to feed photons to silicon cell.
The trespasser
Authors: Servick Kelly
Published: October 2021

Physicist Danielle Bassett searches for simple rules that govern the brain's tangled networks.
An exotic quantum fluid in graphene
Authors: Lucas Andrew
Published: October 2021

Under the right conditions, electrons can move as fluids in graphene
Doubling up piezoelectric performance
Authors: Hlinka Jiří
Published: October 2021

Trace amounts of samarium greatly improve materials used in sonar and ultrasound imaging
Plate tectonics, carbon, and climate
Authors: Hartmann Jens
Published: October 2021

Enhanced weathering of uplifted rocks in the tropics may have driven past glaciations
When genome editing goes off-target
Authors: Kempton Hannah R. , Qi Lei S.
Published: October 2021

Detecting unintended mutations could improve DNA-editing strategies
Traveling to the origins of the Solar System
Authors: Wurm Gerhard
Published: October 2021

Asteroid data from the Hayabusa2 mission support collisional evolution of a pristine body
Alpelisib administration reduced lymphatic malformations in a mouse model and in patients
Authors: Delestre Florence , Venot Quitterie , Bayard Charles , Fraissenon Antoine , Ladraa Sophia , Hoguin Clément , Chapelle Célia , Yamaguchi Junna , Cassaca Rubina , Zerbib Lola , Magassa Sato , Morin Gabriel , Asnafi Vahid , Villarese Patrick , Kaltenbach Sophie , Fraitag Sylvie , Duong Jean-Paul , Broissand Christine , Boccara Olivia , Soupre Véronique , Bonnotte Bernard , Chopinet Caroline , Mirault Tristan , Legendre Christophe , Guibaud Laurent , Canaud Guillaume
Published: October 2021

Alplesib exerts therapeutic effects in a mouse model of lymphatic anomalies and in six patients with lymphatic malformations over 6 months’ treatment.
Development of ICT01, a first-in-class, anti-BTN3A antibody for activating Vγ9Vδ2 T cell–mediated antitumor immune response
Authors: De Gassart Aude , Le Kieu-Suong , Brune Patrick , Agaugué Sophie , Sims Jennifer , Goubard Armelle , Castellano Rémy , Joalland Noémie , Scotet Emmanuel , Collette Yves , Valentin Emmanuel , Ghigo Clement , Pasero Christine , Colazet Magali , Guillén Jaime , Cano Carla E. , Marabelle Aurélien , De Bonno Johann , Hoet René , Truneh Alemseged , Olive Daniel , Frohna Paul
Published: October 2021

ICT01, a humanized BTN3A mAb, activates Vγ9Vδ2 T cell antitumor immunity and is well tolerated and pharmacodynamically active in patients.
Complete Genome Sequence of Helicobacter pylori Strain 3401, a Suitable Host for Bacteriophages KHP30 and KHP40
Authors: Takahashi Michiko , Matsumoto Yuki , Ujihara Takako , Maeda Hiromichi , Hanazaki Kazuhiro , Nagasaki Keizo , Takeuchi Hiroaki , Matsuzaki Shigenobu
Published: October 2021

Helicobacter pylori
3401, isolated from a patient with duodenal ulcers in Japan, is susceptible to the bacteriophages KHP30 and KHP40. In this study, we report the complete genome sequence of
H. pylori
3401. This study may lead to the establishment of phage therapy against
H. pylori
infection.
Draft Genome Sequences of Multidrug-Resistant
Shigella
Strains Isolated from Diarrheal Patients in Bangladesh
Authors: Asad Asaduzzaman , Hayat Shoma , Nabila Fahmida Habib , Begum Ruma , Nusrin Suraia , Islam Zhahirul
Published: October 2021

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR)
Shigella
strains has impaired the efficacy of first-line antimicrobials and exacerbated diarrhea-associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. We report the draft genome sequences of 11 MDR
Shigella
strains isolated from the stool specimens of diarrheal patients in Bangladesh.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Anaerobic Arsenite-Oxidizing
Halomonas
sp. Strain ANAO-440, Isolated from an Alkaline Saline Lake in Khovsgol, Mongolia
Authors: Hamamura Natsuko , Damdinsuren Narantuya , Nakajima Nobuyoshi , Yamamura Shigeki
Published: October 2021

The draft genome sequence of
Halomonas
sp. strain ANAO-440 contains 3,866 predicted protein-coding sequences. This strain is capable of anaerobic arsenite oxidation and encodes an
arxA
-type arsenite oxidase within the
arxB2AB1CD
gene island. This genome sequence provides valuable information regarding the physiological diversity of Arx-dependent arsenite-oxidizing microorganisms.
Pulmonary Function in Royal Navy Firefighting Instructors and Trainees
Authors: Calverley J. , Goad R. F. , Legg S. J. , Page B.
Published: October 2021

Tests were carried out on 18 Royal Navy firefighting instructors and on 16 trainees over a period of four weeks in order to study the effect of firefighting training on pulmonary function. Maximal forced expiratory flow-volume data was obtained breathing air and oxyhelium. The instructors (but not the trainees) also performed single breath carbon monoxide transfer factor tests. When the trainees were tested before and after fighting a single wood fire without breathing apparatus, no significant changes were seen in the group as a whole for the flow volume indices. No statistically significant changes in the pulmonary function of the instructors were detected over the course of a working week and over two weekends. The transfer factor per litre of effective alveolar volume fell significantly over a 12 day leave period and did not recover over the first week back at work. It is suggested that this may be related to cigarette smoking. The flow volume indices showed no significant changes over the leave period, but over the first week back at work there were significant decreases in FEVi and FVC and increases in the FEVX/FVC ratio and in flow at 75% of FVC. These changes however were not confined to smoke exposed individuals. No significant changes were seen in any of the other flow volume indices measured, which included peak flow rate, forced mid expiratory flow rate, flows at 25% and 50% of FVC, and the ratio of flows at 50% FVC breathing air and oxyhelium.

It is concluded that over the period studied there is no evidence that pulmonary function is adversely affected by firefighting as carried out at the fire school. Plans for a long term follow-up of the subjects in the initial baseline study are described.
Gardner’s Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Holland J. V.
Published: October 2021

A patient suffering from Gardner’s Syndrome is presented. The clinical features are described and the importance of early diagnosis discussed.
Measurement of Eustachian Tube Function using Electro-acoustic Techniques
Authors: McNicoll W. D.
Published: October 2021

Recordings from ears with retracted tympanic membranes consistently show negative middle ear pressures, indicating dysfunction of the Eustachian tube. Using a Grason Stadler 1723 middle ear analyser which has a tympanometric and acoustic reflex capability, plus a Eustachian function test facility, 221 adult males with bilaterally intact tympanic membranes were assessed as to the state of their Eustachian function. The classical inflation-deflation test and Toynbee’s and Valsalva’s tests were not performed. The Eustachian function test facility was used and the ability to produce a deflection on the induced positive pressure curve on performance of the Valsalva and Toynbee manoeuvres, or the ability to vent an induced positive pressure was regarded as being evidence of positive Eustachian tube function. These findings were confirmed by exposing each subject to an increase in ambient pressure of 10 metres of water at which depth equivalent those subjects who vented or produced deflections on the positive pressure curve were found to be able to equilibrate their middle ear pressures.
Bullet and Missile Wounds in Northern Ireland
Authors: Ramage J. K.
Published: October 2021

A unique experience of treating wounds has been gained by medical staff in Northern Ireland over the last 12 years. Despite the wealth of experience and research, it is often very difficult to associate a wound with the missile of any particular weapon. This article attempts to summarise the characteristics of the various weapons used and the injuries sustained during a recent tour in Belfast by 45 Commando Group, Royal Marines. This unit covered a large area of West Belfast from June to November 1981 and encountered some of the increased levels of violence that followed the deaths of the hunger strikers.
Lung Abscess
Authors: Edmondstone W. M.
Published: October 2021

Four cases are described which illustrate the usual aetiology of lung abscess, its pathogenesis, clinical features and prognosis.
Unexpected sudden infant deaths in Gosport—some comparisons between Service and civilian families
Authors: Powell J. , Machin D. , Kershaw C. R.
Published: October 2021

In both the Service and civilian populations the incidence of unexpected sudden infant death (USID) occurring in Gosport during the 5-year period from 1 January 1977 to 31 December 1981 was considerably higher than in other areas in South-east Hampshire. The results of a retrospective study of 47 of the 49 deaths over this period suggest that potentially avoidable social and child care factors may have contributed to this relatively high incidence. An analysis of risk factors suggests that a scoring system similar to the ‘Sheffield’ system with additional information on weight gain collected by health visitors would be useful in identifying babies at high risk of USID in Gosport in the future. There appear to be no significant differences either in incidence or predicted risk of USID between the civilian and Service population overall (the latter comprising almost entirely families from the Royal Navy).
UK support for the Falkland’s casualties
Authors: Drinkwater J. B.
Published: October 2021

This article outlines the UK management of the RN and RM Falkland’;s casualties. It places on record the essential role of those who manned the base hospitals during the campaign.
The aetiology of patella-femoral pain
Authors: Osborne A. H. , Farquharson-Roberts M. A.
Published: October 2021

The patello-femoral pain syndrome causes confusion amongst referring medical officers. This article attempts to describe the aetiology of the varying types of patello-femoral pain syndrome which commonly present.
Dental health of men in the Royal Navy 1978–80
Authors: Keeble G. B. , Rugg-Gunn A. J.
Published: October 2021

Since there have been few reports of the dental health status of armed service personnel, a survey was undertaken of 742 men in the Royal Navy/Royal Marines over the same period as the Adult Dental Health Survey of the United Kingdom in 1978. Free comprehensive dental care is available to armed service personnel in contrast to UK civilians who have poorer access and have to pay a share of the cost of dental care. It was thus possible to compare the effectiveness of two systems for maintaining adult dental health. Comparisons of dental health of men in the RN/RM and the UK were made for four 10 year age groups between 16 and 54 years. Edentulousness was much less common in the RN/RM reaching a maximum of 5% compared with 27% in the UK at age 45–54 years. The mean number of decayed teeth in dentate males in the RN/RM was 0.8 teeth or less in all 4 age-groups. The total DMFT was similar in the two groups except in the oldest 10 year age group where the RN/RM males had 2.3 sound teeth more than their civilian counterparts. The results suggest that although RN/RM men keep their teeth and have decayed teeth filled, any preventive care is masked by the high level of disease already present by early adulthood and the inability of the DMFT index to detect further treatment of teeth.
Arctic Survival Training—Norway 1985
Authors: Soul J. O.
Published: October 2021

All members of the Royal Naval Surgical Support Teams are theoretically liable to have to serve on the northern nank of NATO, and a number of places are allocated to the SST each year on the Arctic Survival Training (AST) course in Norway. This is a personal account of my participation in AST with the Commando Logistic Regiment of the Royal Marines at Gardermoen in Norway in February 1985.
Blood pressure and diving
Authors: Green R. D. , Leitch D. R.
Published: October 2021

It is generally recommended that individuals should not commence diving training or continue with diving if their arterial blood pressure exceeds 140/90 mmHg. This current standard is reviewed with particular reference to factors in diving which might influence blood pressure. Epidemiological evidence indicates that individuals with a blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg have an increased mortality and morbidity and justifies the existing standard for entry to diving. Diving does not appear to unduly stress individuals who have borderline hypertension (defined as an arterial blood pressure between 140/90 mmHg and 159/94 mmHg) and there is no indication that these individuals experience an excessive rise in blood pressure when exposed to the diving environment or increased workloads. Individuals with a blood pressure between 140/90 mmHg and 150/95 mmHg have a slightly increased risk of experiencing cardiovascular illness but this risk is considered acceptable when considering the diving future of an experienced diver. It is important to exclude associated cardiovascular illness and these individuals should not be using medication which will compromise their maximal cardiovascular response.
Interventional Radiology Part I: Hepatobiliary procedures
Authors: HOGG J. I. C.
Published: October 2021

A series of three articles will review some of the procedures now practised by Interventional Radiologists. Physicians will be familiar with many of these—particularly where they relate to areas of medicine of personal interest. However, others may not be aware of the diversity of activities now undertaken within this rapidly developing sub-division of Medical Imaging. A broad presentation is attempted but particular attention will be paid to those procedures which are or could be undertaken in the Department of Radiology at the Royal Naval Hospital Haslar. The latter are considered with respect to available financial resources and to the cost-effectiveness of the procedure.

The first article covers Hepatobilary procedures. The second will review Vascular procedures and the third will consider both Urological procedures and the techniques of Biopsy, Aspiration and Drainage.
A description of the outbreak of meningitis in HMS Raleigh in February 1987
Authors: Evans C. W. , Lambert B. E. , Gaunt P. N.
Published: October 2021

This paper describes an outbreak of meningococcal meningitis at HMS Raleigh in February 1987 and the action taken to control it.

The three cases all responded to conventional penicillin therapy and returned to duty. Meningococcal naso-pharyngeal carriage rates of up to 62% were recorded during the outbreak. The poor compliance with rifampicin prophylaxis, the emergence of resistant strains and the use and effectiveness of ciprofloxacin are described. Recommendations are made on some aspects of the management of similar outbreaks.
The incidence of symptomatic urolithiasis in Royal Naval Submariners: A comparison with personnel of the surface fleet
Authors: Raffaelli P. I.
Published: October 2021

Submariners are exposed to a number of environmental, dietary and behavioural factors thought to be associated with urolithiasis. A comparative study of the incidence rate in submariners and non-submariners over a seven year period was carried out.

A total of 267 cases of urolithiasis resulting in illness of 48 hours or greater duration were recorded during the years 1979 to 1985 of which 251 were available for study. Thirty four were identified as submariners and 217 as non-submariners (94% successfully identified). The total person years at risk for the two groups were 45,171 and 311,619 respectively. The crude incidence rates, indirectly standardised incidence ratio, the indirectly standardised incidence rates and the relative risk were calculated. Although each respective rate was greater for submariners than that for non-submariners the differences were not statistically significant. It is concluded that this study has failed to identify an increased relative risk for submariners to develop symptomatic urolithiasis.
Differences in C, N,δ13C, andδ15N among plant functional types after a wildfire in a black spruce forest, interior Alaska
Authors: Tsuyuzaki Shiro , Kwon TaeOh , Takeuchi Fumiko , Otaki Michiru , Sawada Yuki
Published: October 2021

We measured differences in %C, %N, δ13C, and δ15N of plant functional types (PFTs) between burned and unburned ground surfaces soon after a wildfire on a north-facing slope in interior Alaska. The C and N were measured for 16 species and Sphagnum litter. δ13C differed among the PFTs and was low for trees and shrubs, suggesting that woody stems slowed C dynamics or showed low water use efficiency. δ15N concentrations suggested that the herbaceous plants depended less on the mycorrhizal associations that became weak on the burned surfaces. The shrub leaves showed the lowest δ15N of PFTs and showed higher δ15N on the burned surface, showing that N transfer from the soils to the leaves in the shrubs was slowed by the wildfire. Mosses showed the highest C/N ratio. Sphagnum litter decomposed faster on the burned surface, and %N and δ15N in the litter increased from the second to third year on both burned and unburned surfaces, while %C changed little. In conclusion, the responses to the wildfire differed among the PFTs as characterized by their C and N dynamics.
Study and analysis of various sentiment classification strategies: A challenging overview
Authors: Keakde Mandar Kundan , Muddana Akkalakshmi
Published: October 2021

In large-scale social media, sentiment classification is a significant one for connecting gaps among social media contents as well as real-world actions, including public emotional status monitoring, political election prediction, and so on. On the other hand, textual sentiment classification is well studied by various platforms, like Instagram, Twitter, etc. Sentiment classification has many advantages in various fields, like opinion polls, education, and e-commerce. Sentiment classification is an interesting and progressing research area due to its applications in several areas. The information is collected from various people about social, products, and social events by web in sentiment analysis. This review provides a detailed survey of 50 research papers presenting sentiment classification schemes such as active learning-based approach, aspect learning-based method, and machine learning-based approach. The analysis is presented based on the categorization of sentiment classification schemes, the dataset used, software tools utilized, published year, and the performance metrics. Finally, the issues of existing methods considering conventional sentiment classification strategies are elaborated to obtain improved contribution in devising significant sentiment classification strategies. Moreover, the probable future research directions in attaining efficient sentiment classification are provided.