bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of novel endophytes in perennial ryegrass on herbage production and insect pests from pastures under dairy cow grazing in northern New Zealand
Authors: Thom E. R. , Popay A. J. , Waugh C. D. , Minneé E. M. K.
Published: March 2013

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) infected with a novel endophyte (AR37 or AR1), Wild‐type endophyte or no endophyte (Nil) was sown with white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in autumn 2005. The pastures were rotationally grazed by dairy cows from 2005–2009. Annual dry matter (DM) yield did not differ but AR37 pastures had a higher ryegrass tiller density, especially after the 2008 summer drought (+130%), and less white clover than did AR1 pastures. Concentrations of alkaloids produced by the Wild‐type association (lolitrem B, ergovaline) followed the same seasonal trends as did the AR37 alkaloids (epoxy‐janthitrems) but summer drought reduced concentrations of lolitrem B and epoxy‐janthitrems to less than half the mid‐summer (February) peak concentrations in the other years. Insect pests were monitored annually between 2006 and 2009. Tiller damage by Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel)) was significantly reduced by all endophyte treatments. African black beetle (Heteronychus arator (F.)) populations in soil samples increased during the experiment with Nil > AR1 > Wild‐type = AR37. Root aphid (Aploneura lentisci (Pass.)) infestations followed the pattern AR1 > Nil > Wild‐type = AR37. A lower pest pressure from all insect pests in AR37 pastures is likely to have contributed to this treatment having the highest ryegrass tiller densities.
Type III Sturge‐Weber Syndrome With Migraine‐Like Attacks Associated With Prolonged Visual Aura
Authors: Huang Hung Yu , Lin Kang‐Hsu , Chen Jui‐Cheng , Hsu Yi‐Ting
Published: March 2013

Sturge‐Weber syndrome is known to be associated with migraine attacks and prolong aura even without cerebral infarction. We report the case of a 36‐year‐old woman with type III Sturge‐Weber syndrome developing with prolonged left homonymous hemianopsia after an intractable migraine‐like headache and becoming a permanent visual field defect at 18‐month follow up. By adopting a multimodality imaging study, we suggested that the underlying mechanism of prolonged visual field defect was due to blood flow disturbance and vasogenic leakage under the leptomeningeal angioma combining with atrophy and the damaged integrity of white matter in right occipital lobe.
HBME‐1 expression in hyalinizing trabecular tumours of the thyroid gland
Authors: Lenggenhager Daniela , Maggio Ewerton M , Moch Holger , Rössle Matthias
Published: March 2013

Aims

Hyalinizing trabecular tumour (HTT) is a rare thyroid neoplasm with a trabecular growth pattern, marked intratrabecular hyalinization and nuclear features of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Immunohistochemical HBME‐1 expression was reported recently in PTC, but not in HTT. To clarify further the value of HBME‐1 expression as a tool in differential diagnosis, we investigated the immunophenotype of HTT.

Methods and results

Eight HTT diagnosed from 1997 to 2012 were reviewed on H&E‐stained tissue sections and analysed for HBME‐1, galectin‐3, CK19 and Ki67 expression by immunohistochemistry. Three of eight HTTs (37.5%) were HBME‐1 positive, with staining of tumour cells as well as of intratrabecular hyaline matrix material. All cases were CK19 negative. Galectin‐3 was expressed weakly in four of eight cases (50%). Five of eight cases (62.5%) showed weak‐to‐moderate cytoplasmic Ki67 positivity.

Conclusions

Immunohistochemical HBME‐1 expression is present in HTT and may not serve as a reliable marker in differentiating HTT from PTC. The HBME‐1 positivity of the hyaline matrix suggests that this material is partly of cytoplasmic origin.
Environmental justice at the heart of social work practice: Greening the profession
Authors: Dominelli Lena
Published: March 2013

Social workers face many contemporary challenges. Alongside the difficulties of upholding human rights, social justice and active citizenship, are those of affirming environmental justice and care for planet earth in and through social work practice and addressing climate change and other disasters. I call for social workers to take action that addresses these issues as a strong, united profession that works alongside dispossessed and marginalised people who do not get their share of global resources, despite their limited ecological footprint. I suggest a new paradigm for practice rooted in environmental justice that enhances the well‐being of people, the flora, fauna and the ecosystem that sustains and supports us all – green social work, for practitioners supporting life in one interdependent world.
Tumour expression of bladder cancer‐associated urinary proteins
Authors: Lindén Mårten , Segersten Ulrika , Runeson Marcus , Wester Kenneth , Busch Christer , Pettersson Ulf , Lind Sara Bergström , Malmström Per‐Uno
Published: March 2013

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

The current basis for diagnosis and prognosis in urinary bladder cancer is based on the pathologists' assessment of a biopsy of the tumour. Urinary biomarkers are preferable as they can be non‐invasively sampled. Urinary cytology is the only test with widespread use but is hampered by poor reproducibility and low sensitivity.

By studying the protein expression in bladder tumour tissue samples of proteins previously found in elevated levels in the urine of patients with bladder cancer, we have been able to show that these proteins originate from the tumour. The immunoreactivity of three of the investigated proteins increased with higher stage. Also a serine peptidase inhibitor was found to be predictive of progression from non‐muscle‐invasive to muscle‐invasive tumours.

Objectives

To analyse the expression of five bladder cancer‐associated urinary proteins and investigate if expression is related to the malignant phenotype of the tumour.

To explore the possible prognostic value of these proteins.

Patients and Methods

Urine samples, 16 from patients with bladder cancer and 26 from controls, were used in Western Blotting experiments.

Tissue microarrays with bladder tissue from 344 patients diagnosed with bladder cancer between 1984 and 2005 was used in immunohistochemistry experiments.

The proteins apolipoprotein E (APOE), fibrinogen β chain precursor (FGB), leucine‐rich α2‐glycoprotein (LRG1), polymerase (RNA) I polypeptide E (POLR1E), α1‐antitrypsin (SERPINA1) and topoisomerase 2A (TOP2A) were probed with antibodies validated by the Human Protein Atlas.

Results

Increased expressions of APOE, FGB and POLR1E were correlated with increased tumour stage (P < 0.001).

Expression of SERPINA1 in Ta and T1 tumours was found to increase the risk of tumour progression (hazard ratio 2.57, 95% confidence interval 1.13–5.87; P = 0.025)

Conclusions

All proteins previously detected in urine from patients with bladder cancer were also expressed in bladder cancer tissue.

The expression of APOE, FGB and POLR1E increased with stage and they are potential diagnostic markers.

SERPINA1 was identified as a prognostic marker candidate.
Predictors of biochemical failure in patients undergoing prostate whole‐gland salvage cryotherapy: a novel risk stratification model
Authors: Spiess Philippe E. , Levy David A. , Mouraviev Vladimir , Pisters Louis L. , Jones J. Stephen
Published: March 2013

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Previous studies have identified the most important prognostic factors of the likely outcomes of salvage prostate whole‐gland ablation, including initial clinical stage, biopsyGleason score, andPSA(total and doubling time). There is potential for further optimization of candidate selection for salvage cryoablation with curative intent and nadirPSAachieved after whole‐gland cryotherapy may provide additional prognostic value.

The study shows that the most important prognostic factors of biochemical progression‐free survival for patients who have undergone whole‐gland salvage prostate cryotherapy are nadirPSAachieved after therapy and pre‐therapy biopsyGleason score. Based on these two prognostic variables, we have identified risk stratification groups (low, intermediate and high) which help predict the expected outcomes of salvage whole‐gland prostate cryotherapy in a given patient. This risk stratification constitutes a useful clinical tool in defining which patients maybe best suited for this local salvage treatment method.

Objective

To assess the prognostic variables predicting the risk of biochemical progression‐free survival (bPFS) after salvage prostate whole‐gland cryotherapy using thePhoenix definition ofbPFS.

Patients and Methods

A total of 132 patients underwent prostate whole‐gland salvage cryotherapy with curative intent. No patient underwent neoadjuvant/adjuvant hormonal ablative therapy, and all had extended post‐salvage prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) follow‐up data.

Cox univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of potential predictors ofbPFSwere conducted.

Kaplan–Meier analyses of bPFSwas also performed.

Results

At a mean (range) follow‐up of 4.3 (0.9–12.7) years, the median (range) post‐cryotherapy nadirPSAachieved was 0.17 (0–33.9) ng/mL.

On multivariate analysis, predictors ofbPFSwere nadirPSApost‐cryotherapy and pre‐salvage biopsyGleason score (P< 0.001 and 0.009, respectively).

Risk stratification groups (low, intermediate and high) were developed based on the presence of zero, one or two adverse risk factors, the risk factors being either a nadirPSA>2.5 ng/mLor biopsyGleason score ≥7, with theKaplan–MeierbPFScurves of these risk groups being significantly different (P =0.02 and <0.001, respectively).

Conclusions

Post‐salvage nadirPSAand pre‐salvage biopsyGleason score are important predictors of outcome in this patient cohort.

Low‐, intermediate‐ and high‐risk groups can be determined based on these variables and can define patients best suited for prostate cryotherapy.
Longitudinal gradients in the phylogenetic community structure of European Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) do not coincide with the major routes of postglacial colonization
Authors: Ulrich Werner , Fattorini Simone
Published: March 2013

Species specific colonization abilities and biotic and abiotic filters influence the local and regional faunal composition along colonization trajectories. Using a recent compilation of the occurrences of 1373 darkling beetle (Tenebrionidae) species and subspecies in 49 European countries and major islands, we reconstructed the tenebrionid postglacial colonization of middle and northern Europe from southern European glacial refuges and linked species composition to latitudinal and longitudinal gradients in phylogenetic relatedness across Europe. The majority of European islands and mainland countries appeared to be phylogenetically clustered. We did not find significant latitudinal trends in average phylogenetic relatedness of regional faunas along the supposed postglacial colonization routes but detected a strong positive correlation between mean relatedness and longitude of mainland faunas and an opposite negative correlation for island faunas. The strength of phylogenetic relatedness in the regional tenebrionid faunas decreased significantly with latitude and to a lesser degree with longitude. These findings are in accordance with two trajectories of postglacial colonization from centres in Spain and middle Asia that caused a strong longitudinal trend in the phylogenetic relatedness. Subsequent pair‐wise analyses of species co‐occurrences showed that species of similar distributional ranges tend to be phylogenetically clustered and species of different spatial distribution to be phylogenetically segregated. Both findings are in accordance with the concept of ‘range size heritability’. Our study demonstrates that taxonomic data are sufficiently powerful to infer continental wide patterns in phylogenetic relatedness that can be linked to colonization history and geographic information.
Europe needs a new social balance
Authors: Gabriel Sigmar
Published: March 2013

Sigmar Gabriel, the leader of Germany's main opposition party, the Social Democratic Party (SPD), argues that the EU finds itself in the deepest crisis of its history. To speed up its emergence, it needs reforms that boost growth and increase social justice, rather than focusing solely on austerity measures.
Obama campaign: an insider's view
Authors: Muir David , Axelrod David
Published: March 2013

After the 2010 mid term elections, President Obama's chances of re‐election look bleak. Here, one of Obama's key political strategists, explains how Obama was able to achieve victory in 2012. David Axelrod gives away some ‘tricks of the trade’ and allows a glimpse inside one of recent history's most successful electoral machines.
SUCCESSFUL VASCULAR ACCESS MANAGEMENT FOR HOME HAEMODIALYSIS: A PRACTICAL APPROACH
Authors: Verhallen Annemarie
Published: March 2013

Background

The literature in the field of access management in relation to home haemodialysis (HHD) was reviewed.

Findings

One of the greatest benefits of HHD is the possibility for high dose dialysis. There is, however, concern about its adverse effects on access survival. Furthermore, for the patients, self‐cannulation is often the biggest obstacle for HHD. Both problems might be resolved by applying a single needle dialysis technique or, in case of arterio‐venous fistulae, using the buttonhole (BH) method. As for the BH method there is one limitation—the elevated risk of life‐threatening infections. However, in none of the trials referred to in this paper, the BH method was abandoned, probably due to the implementation of successful, problem‐tackling measures.

Conclusion

Continued training and re‐training of staff and patients is vital to gain and maintain a wide understanding of successful vascular access management.
SHARED CARE, HOME HAEMODIALYSIS AND THE EXPERT PATIENT
Authors: Appleby Sharon
Published: March 2013

Background

The key emphasis for health care is to increase patient choice whilst improving effectiveness. Our Haemodialysis Unit in the UK improved standards and patient choice by introducing a ‘shared‐care’ programme—a programme that enabled our patients to manage their own care with nursing support.

Aim

The main aims of the programme were to increase efficiency by reviewing home haemodialysis (HHD) processes, reduce waiting times (mean six months), increase patient choice and implement a self‐management programme which could be adapted for any patient.

Method

A training package was developed using audit results and consultation with patients. All aspects of renal failure and dialysis were included and a training aid was developed to support the package.

Results

Forty‐eight percent (69/145) of patients in the unit expressed an interest in taking part in shared care. Thirty‐five patients were involved in the pilot, 7 have transferred to HHD, 18 wish to remain in the unit. After training, all patients were able to choose more convenient haemodialysis times. The waiting time for HHD reduced to 10–12 weeks following a seamless transfer from shared care.
THE HOME NETWORK: AN AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL INITIATIVE FOR HOME THERAPIES
Authors: Chow Josephine , Fortnum Debbie , Moodie Jo‐Anne , Simmonds Rosemary , Tomlins Melinda
Published: March 2013

Background

Longer, more frequent dialysis at home can improve life expectancy for patients with chronic kidney disease. Increased use of home dialysis therapies also benefits the hospital system, allowing for more efficient allocation of clinic resources. However, the Australian and New Zealand Data Registry statistics highlight the low uptake of home haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis across Australia.

Objective

In August 2009, the Australia's HOME Network was established as a national initiative to engage and empower healthcare professionals working in the home dialysis specialty. The aim was to develop solutions to advocate for and ultimately increase the use of home therapies. This paper describes the development, achievement and future plan of the Australian HOME Network.

Achievements

Achievements to date include: a survey of HOME Network members to assess the current state of patient and healthcare professional‐targeted education resources; development of two patient case studies and activities addressing how to overcome the financial burden experienced by patients on home dialysis. Future projects aim to improve patient and healthcare professional education, and advocacy for home dialysis therapies.

Conclusion

The HOME Network is supporting healthcare professionals working in the home dialysis specialty to develop solutions and tools that will help to facilitate greater utilisation of home dialysis therapies.
HOME HAEMODIALYSIS DOSE: HOW MUCH OF A GOOD THING?
Authors: Pickering Warren
Published: March 2013

Background

Home dialysis (peritoneal or haemodialysis) in any reasonable guise offers potential benefits compared with in‐centre dialysis. Benefits may be overtly patient centred (independence, quality of life), outcome oriented (survival, resolution of left ventricular hypertrophy) or resource friendly (savings on staff costs). The priority placed on each of these areas is likely to vary from patient to patient, and possibly provider to provider. This is the one strength of home haemodialysis (HHD) rather than being viewed as a weakness, as it can offer different benefits to different people. Intuitively, more haemodialysis is better than less, and this is most realistically achieved at home. Indications are that both long nocturnal dialysis and short daily dialysis can offer real objective benefits.

Literature review

Critics argue correctly that there is a paucity of robust randomised controlled study data. The complexity of HHD regimens and practice and in‐homogeneity of patients means such firm data are unlikely to be forthcoming. However, the positive reports both subjective and objective of patients dialysing at home, and results from the available research suggest that advantages may be seen purely with changing the location of dialysis to home, and independently with enhancing dialysis schedules.

Conclusion

The logical conclusion is that patients undertaking haemodialysis at home should have at least the recommended minimum of four hours three times per week (or equivalent), preferably avoiding the long inter‐dialytic interval, but beyond that rigid adherence to a schedule as dogma should be subjugated to patient choice and flexibility, albeit by prior agreement with supervising medical and nursing staff.
PURCHASING POWER PARITY IN AFRICAN COUNTRIES: FURTHER EVIDENCE FROM FOURIER UNIT ROOT TESTS BASED ON LINEAR AND NONLINEAR MODELS
Authors: YILANCI VELI , ERIS ZEHRA AYCA
Published: March 2013

This paper examines the validity of purchasing power parity hypothesis for 33 African countries using recently developed Fourier unit root tests by Christopoulos and León‐Ledesma that account for the existence of multiple breaks in the real exchange rates. The results support the evidence of the PPP in 20 countries, showing that most of the real exchange rates in the selected countries are characterised by linear or nonlinear stationary around multiple temporary mean changes.
Spiritual Distress—Proposing a New Definition and Defining Characteristics
Authors: Caldeira Sílvia , Carvalho Emília Campos , Vieira Margarida
Published: March 2013

Objective

To identify the definition and defining characteristics (DCs) of spiritual distress (00066).

Method

Integrative literature review.

Results

Thirty‐seven articles and 35 DCs were identified. Spiritual distress as a response to health problems in the context of nursing care is different from an impaired ability to experience and integrate meaning in life.

Conclusions

The diagnosis misses some DCs that emerged from the literature review and lacks comprehensiveness. The domain and the class are reductionist toward its meaning. The taxonomy lacks a spiritual domain to include this and other diagnoses currently dispersed in other domains.

Implications for Practice

Further content and clinical validation is needed, as well as an assessment, to determine the diagnosis' class and domain.

Objectivo

Identificar o conceito e as características definidoras (CDs) de angústia espiritual (00066).

Método

Revisão integrativa de literatura.

Resultados

A amostra é constituída por 37 artigos e foram identificadas 35 CDs. Como resposta a problemas de saúde no contexto de cuidados de enfermagem, a angústia espiritual é diferente de uma capacidade prejudicada de integrar sentido à vida.

Conclusões

O diagnóstico não inclui características definidoras que foram identificadas na revisão integrativa de literatura e é subjetivo. O domínio e a classe são reducionistas perante seu significado.A taxonomia carece de um domínio espiritual que integre este e outros diagnósticos dispersos em outros domínios.

Implicações para a Prática

Novos estudos de validação de conteúdo e clínica devem ser realizados bem como uma avaliação da classe e domínio do diagnóstico.
Antihypertensive Effects of Statins: A Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Controlled Studies
Authors: Briasoulis Alexandros , Agarwal Vikram , Valachis Antonis , Messerli Franz H.
Published: March 2013

In experimental studies, statins have been shown to lower blood pressure through increased nitric oxide bioavailability and improved arterial compliance. The clinical significance of this effect remains poorly documented. The authors performed a meta‐analysis of the effect of statins on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) including prospective randomized, controlled trials of statin therapy. EMBASE and MEDLINE searches for studies in which patients were randomized to treatment with a statin plus standard treatment (or placebo) vs standard treatment (or placebo) were conducted. Studies that provided data on SBP and DBP values before the initiation of the treatment and at the end of the follow‐up period were included. A total of 40 studies with 51 comparison groups examining 22,511 controls and 22,602 patients taking statins were examined. Mean SBP in the statin group decreased by 2.62 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI], −3.41 to −1.84; P<.001) and DBP by 0.94 mm Hg (95% CI, −1.31 to −0.57; P<.001). In studies including hypertensive patients, the decrease in blood pressures with statins was slightly greater (SBP, −3.07 mm Hg; 95% CI, −4.00 to −2.15 and DBP, 1.04; 95% CI, −1.47 to −0.61). Similarly, statins effectively reduced SBP in diabetic patients. In this large meta‐analysis of prospective controlled studies, the authors found a small but statistically significant reduction of SBP in patients taking statins. The decrease in blood pressure may contribute to the pleiotropic effect of statins in reducing cardiovascular risk.
A comparison of teeth and implants during maintenance therapy in terms of the number of disease‐free years and costs ‐ an in vivo internal control study
Authors: Fardal Øystein , Grytten Jostein
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background

Little is known about the cost minimization and cost effectiveness involved in maintaining teeth and implants for patients treated for periodontal disease.

Materials & Methods

A retrospective study was carried out encompassing all patients who had initial periodontal treatment followed by implant placement and maintenance therapy in a specialist practice in Norway. The neighbouring tooth and the contra‐lateral tooth were used as controls. The number of disease‐free years and the extra cost over and above maintenance treatment for both teeth and implants were recorded.

Results

The sample consisted of 43 patients with an average age of 67.4 years. The patients had 847 teeth at the initial examination and received 119 implants. Two implants were removed 13 and 22 years after insertion. The prevalence of peri‐implantitis was 53.5% at the patient level and 31.1% at the implant level. The prevalence of periodontitis was 53.4% at the patient level and 7.6% at the tooth level. The mean number of disease‐free years was: implants: 8.66; neighbouring tooth: 9.08; contra‐lateral teeth: 9.93. These mean values were not statistically significantly different from each other. The extra cost of maintaining the implants was about five times higher for implants than for teeth.

Conclusion

The number of disease‐free years was the same for neighbouring teeth, contra‐lateral teeth and implants. However, due to the high prevalence of peri‐implantitis, the cost of maintaining implants was much higher than the cost of maintaining teeth.
Analysing migrations of Atlantic codGadus morhuain the north‐east Atlantic Ocean: then, now and the future
Authors: Neuenfeldt S. , Righton D. , Neat F. , Wright P. J. , Svedäng H. , Michalsen K. , Subbey S. , Steingrund P. , Thorsteinsson V. , Pampoulie C. , Andersen K. H. , Pedersen M. W. , Metcalfe J.
Published: March 2013

The application of data storage tags bears the potential for a quantum leap in the research on fish migrations, because not only first‐capture and recapture positions are known, but at least theoretically, the migration path during the period at large can be reconstructed. Position, however, cannot be measured directly but has to be estimated using the available data on light, temperature, pressure and salinity. The reconstructed locations based on advanced estimation techniques have been termed geolocations. Examples are discussed which illustrate the applicability of geolocations in individual path descriptions, separation of reproductively isolated populations, timing and areas of spawning, tidal transport and use of protected areas. The examples are based on archival tag data from the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Barents Sea and Faroese and Icelandic Waters. Besides presenting the state‐of‐the‐art geolocations for codGadus morhuain the north‐east Atlantic Ocean, the major aim of this review is to raise awareness of gaps in knowledge and to identify ideas for new research.
Relating Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear and Food Behavior: Correlation of Nonlinear Viscoelastic, Rheological, Sensory and Oral Processing Behavior of Whey Protein Isolate/κ‐Carrageenan Gels
Authors: Melito H.S. , Daubert C.R. , Foegeding E.A.
Published: March 2013

Creating desirable food textures begins with a fundamental understanding of texture, which involves measuring mechanical properties of the food product. Large strain mechanical properties have been correlated with sensory and oral processing characteristics; however, most large strain testing in food research involves determination of fracture properties rather than examination of nonlinear viscoelastic behavior. Relationships between nonlinear viscoelastic behavior and food texture were determined by measuring and correlating nonlinear viscoelastic properties of several whey protein isolate/κ‐carrageenan gels to sensory, oral processing and large strain rheological characteristics. Nonlinear viscoelastic properties correlated (R2 > 0.5, P < 0.05) to sensory, oral processing and large strain rheological behaviors. Sensory correlations included aspects evaluated after several chews as well as first bite aspects. Oral processing correlations generally involved jaw movement terms rather than electromyographical data. Understanding the nonlinear viscoelastic properties of food allows a better understanding of food structure and deformation mechanism and how that structure impacts food texture.

Practical Applications

This work demonstrates the applicability of large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) testing in food science. The LAOS measurement and analysis method may be applied to foods with a wide range of structure and texture, allowing measurements of nonlinear viscoelastic behavior in materials that cannot be tested under current methodology. In addition, LAOS measurements can indicate structural aspects of the material, and correlations between structure and texture may be made from this information.
Attributions, criticism and warmth in mothers of children with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour: a pilot study
Authors: Lancaster R. L. , Balling K. , Hastings R. , Lloyd T. J.
Published: March 2013

Background

Associations between parental expressed emotion (EE) or parental attributions and the problem behaviours of children with intellectual disability (ID) have been explored in ID research. However, a more detailed examination of the attributional model of EE has not been reported. In the present study, we partially replicated and extended research focused on mothers of typically developing children with behaviour problems.

Methods

Twenty‐seven mothers of children with ID and behaviour problems aged 4–9 years were interviewed about their most problematic behaviours exhibited by their child, and completed a Five Minute Speech Sample. Interview transcripts and speech samples were coded for maternal EE and spontaneous causal attributions regarding the child's behaviour problems. Data were also collected on maternal well‐being, and the child's behaviour problems.

Results

Mothers typically made attributions that were internal to the child, controllable by the child, personal to the child and stable for the child. Maternal attributions of being able to control the child's behaviour were associated with high maternal criticism and low warmth. Maternal depression was more strongly associated with the child's behaviour problems when mothers were coded as high in criticism or low in warmth.

Conclusions

Patterns of maternal attributions about their child's behaviour problems and their consequences for maternal well‐being and maternal–child relationships require more research attention. Implications for practice are discussed, including the potential for maternal attributions to be incompatible with the focus of positive behaviour supports offered to families.
Human embryonic stem cells derived keratinocyte as an in vitro research model for the study of immune response
Authors: Kidwai Fahad Karim , Jokhun Doorgesh Sharma , Movahednia Mohammad Mehdi , Yeo Jin Fei , Tan Kai Soo , Cao Tong
Published: March 2013

Background

The innate immune response (IMR) is critical for the oral mucosa due to their continuous exposure to various oral pathogens. Keratinocytes play important role in IMR. Therefore, to date, keratinocytes from different sources have been used as in vitro research model for the study of IMR. However, current keratinocyte research models are hampered by the limited supply, patients' dependency and batch to batch variation. Therefore, in this study, we demonstrated the use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) derived keratinocytes (H9‐Kert) as an alternative research model for the study of IMR.

Methods

The expression kinetics of toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR 4, interleukin (IL) ‐6, IL‐8, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), in H9‐Kert and immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) were analysed at mRNA levels by both reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR. The activation of the inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa‐b (NFĸB) was assayed in these cells by transiently transfecting the cells with NFĸB reporter plasmid. Activation of NFĸB following treatment with heat‐killed Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), an oral pathogen, was determined by assaying for the reporter, secreted alkaline phosphatase activity.

Results

The expression of TLRs, cytokines and activation of NFĸB following bacterial stimulation showed in both H9‐Kert and the widely used HaCaT keratinocyte cell line was similar.

Conclusion

Overall, our results support the potential application of hESCs as an alternative limitless cell source for primary keratinocytes which can be used as consistent and dependable research tool with minimum variations and no donor's dependency.
After the Genocide: Psychological Perspectives on Victim, Bystander, and Perpetrator Groups
Authors: Vollhardt Johanna Ray , Bilewicz Michal
Published: March 2013

Interest in the aftermath of genocide and mass violence has increased in the last few years, and some researchers in various subdisciplines of psychology have begun to address this urgent social issue. Genocide and mass violence continue to influence intergroup relations, conflicts, and policy attitudes. Nevertheless, these topics are still understudied. We introduce this issue by providing a brief overview of the scarce psychological research on the aftermath of genocide among members of former victim, perpetrator, and bystander groups. Although this distinction is too simplistic to explain individual behavior during genocide and its aftermath, we hold on to it as a framework for organizing existing scholarship, and because of the ongoing relevance of these social representations in discourse on this topic. The introduction concludes with an overview of the issue and its organization, including a brief summary of each article.
When the Past is Far from Dead: How Ongoing Consequences of Genocides Committed by the Ingroup Impact Collective Guilt
Authors: Imhoff Roland , Wohl Michael J. A. , Erb Hans‐Peter
Published: March 2013

In two experimental studies, we examined how the ongoing negative consequences for victims of genocides committed by Germans influence the acceptance of collective guilt in young Germans living today. Experiment 1 showed that collective guilt is undermined when the genocide against the Herero people in Namibia is framed as having no impact on contemporary tribe members. The downstream consequence was reduced reparatory intentions. Extending these results, Experiment 2 replicated these findings in the context of Nazi crimes against Jews. In addition, we manipulated to what degree the compliance with the Holocaust was perceived as intentional, a widely debated issue in Holocaust studies. In line with predictions derived from attribution theory, collective guilt and reparatory intentions were particularly prevalent when the Holocaust was explained as the result of deliberate intentions of the ingroup. Implications for ingroup responses to historical harmdoing are discussed.
“Crime against Humanity” or “Crime against Jews”? Acknowledgment in Construals of the Holocaust and Its Importance for Intergroup Relations
Authors: Vollhardt Johanna Ray
Published: March 2013

This article examines the consequences of different representations of the Holocaust for intergroup relations, focusing on the role of acknowledgment of different groups’ fate that is inherent in these construals. Holocaust representations have become increasingly universal. Research on recategorization suggests prosocial outcomes of such superordinate representations. However, among minority groups, acknowledging both superordinate and subgroup identities may be crucial in order to prevent backlash. An experimental study among Jewish and non‐Jewish participants (N = 163) was conducted to test these ideas. As hypothesized, prosocial responses to outgroup victims of collective violence and acknowledgment of their suffering increased among Jewish participants when both a superordinate categorization of the Holocaust and subgroup (Jewish) fate were presented, compared to when only one of these categorizations were used. Conversely, different categorizations did not affect outcomes among the control group. Practical implications for intergroup relations and memorialization in the aftermath of genocide are discussed.
A World without Genocide: Prevention, Reconciliation, and the Creation of Peaceful Societies
Authors: Staub Ervin
Published: March 2013

This article reviews influences leading to extreme violence between groups. It then describes principles and practices of prevention, especially early prevention, and reconciliation: addressing difficult life conditions in ways that include everyone in society; diplomacy that addresses crises and prevents conflicts from becoming intractable; developing constructive visions and groups which make destructive ideological movements less likely; generating positive orientation to previously devalued others; moderating respect for authority in part by encouraging individual judgment; fostering healing by groups from past victimization and psychological woundedness. The socialization of children for inclusive caring and moral courage, developing societal values of cooperation and community, and active bystandership by citizens, leaders, and the media to resist influences leading to violence and create positive institutions that help fulfill basic psychological needs are all important for a world without genocide. The article also describes interventions promoting reconciliation in Rwanda and neighboring countries and research evaluating their effects.
The Romantic Realism of Michel Foucault Returning to Kant
Authors: Varela Charles R.
Published: March 2013

Beatrice Han argues that the theories of subjection (determinism: structure) and subjectivation (freedom: agency) are the “the blind spot of Foucault's work:” to the very end of his life, in being transcendental and historical theories, respectively, they were in irresolvable conflict. In part I, I have argued that Foucault encourages us to situate the theories of the subject in an un‐thematized reach for a metaphysics of realism which, in effect, was to ground his uncertain complementary reach for a naturalist conduct of research. In part II I also argue that it is this fundamental feature of Foucault's Foucault that drives his returns to Kant, the purpose of which is to resolve the conflicting theories of the subject, and thus to solve his Giddensian problem of structure and creativity. Locating the returns and their purpose in my context of Science for Humanism and the recovery of human agency, I ultimately argue that Foucault's two special returns to Kant in order to solve his structure/agency problem led to two unfortunate solutions. The resort to Baudelair's aesthetic subject is a failed solution in so far as it regresses to being a pre‐noumenal conception of the subject. The subsequent mere reinstatement of Kant's subject as causally empowered, minus the noumenalism, is nothing more than a reclamation of Kant's conception. Only the reconstruction of Foucault's realism permits us to assert that he could have moved beyond the reclamation of human agency to its recovery.
The Development of L2 Oral Language Skills in Two L1 Groups: A 7‐Year Study
Authors: Derwing Tracey M. , Munro Murray J.
Published: March 2013

Researching the longitudinal development of second language (L2) learners is essential to understanding influences on their success. This 7‐year study of oral skills in adult immigrant learners of English as a second language evaluated comprehensibility, fluency, and accentedness in first‐language (L1) Mandarin and Slavic language speakers. The primary data were judgments at three times from two sets of listeners: native monolingual speakers of English and highly proficient English L2 speakers. The Mandarin L1 speakers showed no change over time on any of the dimensions, while the Slavic language L1 speakers improved significantly in comprehensibility and fluency. Improvement in accent was limited to the first 2 years in the Slavic language group. These outcomes appear to be due to the complex interplay of L1, age, the depth and breadth of learners’ conversations in English, and their willingness to communicate.
Documenting the biogeographic history ofMicrotus cabreraethrough its fossil record
Authors: Laplana César , Sevilla Paloma
Published: March 2013

Microtus cabreraeis anIberian endemic vole species with specific adaptations to the subhumidMediterranean climate. Its living populations are under a regressive trend. The earliest known records ofMicrotus cabreraedate from the lateMiddlePleistocene, and it originated fromMicrotus brecciensis.

We describe changes in the geographic distribution ofMicrotus cabreraethroughout its history based on its palaeontological record, and link them to environmental changes that have taken place since the appearance ofMicrotus cabrerae.

A series of successive chronological intervals comprising the recorded existence of the species was established, so that the majority of the published fossil records ofMicrotus cabreraecould be used for analysis. For each interval, a map with the inferred distribution of the species was created. The maps were used to establish variations in the species' distribution through time.

A first regression in the extent of the distribution ofMicrotus cabreraetook place inMarineIsotopeStage 2, when the species abandoned south‐easternFrance and centralSpain, where it had been present since the beginning of theLatePleistocene. This range contraction was probably due to the global decline in temperatures and rainfall that took place in this period. After a rapid recolonization of most of the previously abandoned areas at the beginning of theHolocene and a remarkable increase in records during theNeolithic, a new gradual decrease of records is observed from theNeolithic to theRoman period, intensifying fromc.2000 years ago onwards and ending with the final disappearance of the species from south‐westernFrance and north‐easternIberia. This second decline is linked to the aridification of theMediterranean entourage that started in the mid‐Holocene and has been enhanced by human modification of the landscape. The species is shown to be sensitive to climate change.
Lifetime survival rates and senescence in northern elephant seals
Authors: Condit Richard , Reiter Joanne , Morris Patricia A. , Berger Ryan , Allen Sarah G. , Le Boeuf Burney J.
Published: March 2013

The aim of this study was to extend 40 yr of prior demographic work on northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) at Año Nuevo, California, by including the oldest animals. We used a Bayesian mark‐recapture analysis to estimate lifelong survival and lifespan of a cohort of 372 weaned pups branded in 1985–1987 and resighted until 2008. Annual survival probability of females averaged 86.3%/yr at ages 5–16, then declined until age 21, the age of the oldest female. Male survival was lower, averaging 67.7%/yr from age 1 to age 15, the age of the oldest male. Northern elephant seal females in the expanding population at Año Nuevo live longer than southern elephant seal females (M. leonina) at colonies whose populations are declining. This comparison suggests that high survival of females is a key factor in population growth.
E‐cadherin determines Caveolin‐1 tumor suppression or metastasis enhancing function in melanoma cells
Authors: Lobos‐González Lorena , Aguilar Lorena , Diaz Jorge , Diaz Natalia , Urra Hery , Torres Vicente A. , Silva Veronica , Fitzpatrick Christopher , Lladser Alvaro , Hoek Keith S. , Leyton Lisette , Quest Andrew F. G.
Published: March 2013

The role of caveolin‐1 (CAV1) in cancer is highly controversial. CAV1 suppresses genes that favor tumor development, yet also promotes focal adhesion turnover and migration of metastatic cells. How these contrasting observations relate to CAV1 function in vivo is unclear. Our previous studies implicate E‐cadherin in CAV1‐dependent tumor suppression. Here, we use murine melanoma B16F10 cells, with low levels of endogenous CAV1 and E‐cadherin, to unravel how CAV1 affects tumor growth and metastasis and to assess how co‐expression of E‐cadherin modulates CAV1 function in vivo in C57BL/6 mice. We find that overexpression of CAV1 in B16F10 (cav‐1) cells reduces subcutaneous tumor formation, but enhances metastasis relative to control cells. Furthermore, E‐cadherin expression in B16F10 (E‐cad) cells reduces subcutaneous tumor formation and lung metastasis when intravenously injected. Importantly, co‐expression of CAV1 and E‐cadherin in B16F10 (cav‐1/E‐cad) cells abolishes tumor formation, lung metastasis, increased Rac‐1 activity, and cell migration observed with B16F10 (cav‐1) cells. Finally, consistent with the notion that CAV1 participates in switching human melanomas to a more malignant phenotype, elevated levels of CAV1 expression correlated with enhanced migration and Rac‐1 activation in these cells.
Spatial connectedness of plant species: potential links for apparent competition via plant diseases
Authors: Cox C. M. , Bockus W. W. , Holt R. D. , Fang L. , Garrett K. A.
Published: March 2013

This study evaluated the reactions of seven commonC4 grasses of the tallgrass prairie of theUSA GreatPlains to the economically important wheat pathogensPyrenophora tritici‐repentisandGaeumannomyces graminisvar.tritici(Ggt) isolated from wheat. TheP. tritici‐repentisisolates (race 1) were pathogenic on all grasses tested, but symptom severity was markedly low. Three of the grass species inoculated withGgt were highly susceptible, while four species exhibited no symptoms. Because measures of connectedness can provide a proxy for population processes, connectedness was evaluated within and among the seven grass species in representative tallgrass prairie environments for all potential pathogen‐sharing patterns.Andropogon gerardiiwas ubiquitous, so all plant species were well connected to it.Andropogon scoparius(=Schizachyrium scoparium),Sorghastrum nutansandPanicum virgatumwere fairly common but specialized to particular environments.Bouteloua curtipendulawas uncommon but occurred in all environments, whileBuchloë dactyloidesandBouteloua graciliswere uncommon and only occurred in upland sites. Co‐occurrence of plant species was generally not reciprocal in that, for many species pairs, speciesArarely occurred without potential exposure to inoculum from speciesB, while speciesBcommonly occurred without speciesA. The three grass species susceptible toGgt may act as sources of inoculum for each other within tallgrass prairie, with the potential to influence fitness, and tallgrass prairie and commercial wheat ecosystems in theGreatPlains also have the potential to share both pathogens.
Grieving for the Past and Hoping for the Future: Balancing Polarizing Perspectives in Conservation and Restoration
Authors: Hobbs Richard J.
Published: March 2013

I consider the possibility that people engaged in conservation and management of species and ecosystems are experiencing grief related to ongoing loss of species, assemblages, ecosystem integrity, and so on. In human psychology, five stages of the grieving process have been identified, namely denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Although presented as a series of stages, it is recognized that the progression through them is not linear and people can move quickly among them or experience more than one at any one time. I then consider whether current polarized debates in conservation and restoration, for instance in relation to non‐native species and novel ecosystems, result in part from people operating from different places in the grief spectrum. Throughout the grieving process, hope remains a constant feature, and it is important to recognize the place of hope in motivating and sustaining people engaged in conservation and restoration. Although restoration provides great hope that losses can be minimized and, in some cases, reversed, this hope needs to be grounded in a realistic assessment of what is possible in a rapidly changing world.