bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generic properties of the spectrum of the Stokes system with Dirichlet boundary condition in \( R^{3} \)
Authors: Chitour Y. , Kateb D. , Long R.
Published: October 2014

Let

(SD_{\Omega })

be the Stokes operator defined in a bounded domain
Ω
of

\mathbb{R}^{3}

with Dirichlet boundary conditions. We prove that, generically with respect to the domain
Ω
with

C^{5}

boundary, the spectrum of

(SD_{\Omega })

satisfies a non-resonant property introduced by C. Foias and J.C. Saut in [17] to linearize the Navier–Stokes system in a bounded domain
Ω
of

\mathbb{R}^{3}

with Dirichlet boundary conditions. For that purpose, we first prove that, generically with respect to the domain
Ω
with

C^{5}

boundary, all the eigenvalues of

(SD_{\Omega })

are simple. That answers positively a question raised by J.H. Ortega and E. Zuazua in [27, Section 6]. The proofs of these results follow a standard strategy based on a contradiction argument requiring shape differentiation. One needs to shape differentiate at least twice the initial problem in the direction of carefully chosen domain variations. The main step of the contradiction argument amounts to study the evaluation of Dirichlet-to-Neumann operators associated to these domain variations.
Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres
Authors: Lamarck Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de
Published: October 2014

Best known for his ideas relating to evolution, French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) first built his reputation as a botanist and was elected to the prestigious Académie des Sciences in 1779. His career took a new turn in 1793 when he was made professor of 'insects, worms and microscopic animals' at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, although he lacked prior knowledge of the subject area. Undaunted, Lamarck set out to classify organisms which few naturalists had considered worthy of study since Linnaeus. He was the first to distinguish vertebrates from 'invertebrates' - a term he coined - by the presence of a vertebral column. In this groundbreaking seven-volume work, published between 1815 and 1822, he arranges invertebrates into twelve classes, laying the foundations for the modern study of these organisms. Volume 4, first published in 1817, continues to classify insects.
Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres
Authors: Lamarck Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de
Published: October 2014

Best known for his ideas relating to evolution, French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) first built his reputation as a botanist and was elected to the prestigious Académie des Sciences in 1779. His career took a new turn in 1793 when he was made professor of 'insects, worms and microscopic animals' at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, although he lacked prior knowledge of the subject area. Undaunted, Lamarck set out to classify organisms which few naturalists had considered worthy of study since Linnaeus. He was the first to distinguish vertebrates from 'invertebrates' - a term he coined - by the presence of a vertebral column. In this groundbreaking seven-volume work, published between 1815 and 1822, he arranges invertebrates into twelve classes, laying the foundations for the modern study of these organisms. Volume 6, published in two parts between 1819 and 1822 (reissued here together), continues with the study of conchifera and covers molluscs.
Geographical Origin of Post-Landmine Injury Malaria Infections
Authors: Durham Jo , Battle Katherine , Rickart Keith , Shanks G. Dennis
Published: October 2014

Objective

In Cambodia, a highly landmine-contaminated country with endemic malaria, symptomatic falciparum malaria has been observed in patients presenting with traumatic landmine injuries. Because a link between recrudescence of symptomaticPlasmodium falciparummalaria and severe trauma is well established, we explored whether a link could be demonstrated between the geolocation of landmine amputations and malaria cases.

Method

Landmine amputation data in Cambodia (2005–2008) were compared with predicted measures of malaria endemicity. Data of injuries that had resulted in amputation were plotted over a surface ofP falciparumparasite rates.

Results

No statistically significant correlation was found, possibly because theP falciparumendemicity surface was drawn from a model-based geostatistical prediction of infection prevalence and did not distinguish cases of recrudescence. The implication of this finding is that where symptomatic falciparum malaria has been observed in patients with landmine injuries, the cases were likely to be reactivated falciparum infections and not new cases.

Conclusions

Further research is needed to understand the relationship betweenP falciparumand trauma. To distinguishP falciparumrecrudescence from new cases, a prospective registry is needed. Also, practitioners need to be aware of the possibility of post-injury malaria recrudescence in complex emergencies. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-5)
On the disturbance evolution downstream of a cylindrical roughness element
Authors: Plogmann B. , Würz W. , Krämer E.
Published: October 2014

Roughness-induced transition is one of the main parameters contributing to performance loss of airfoils. Within this paper, the disturbance evolution downstream of a single, cylindrical roughness element, which is placed in a laminar boundary layer in an airfoil leading edge region, is investigated. The experiments focus on medium height roughness elements with respect to the local boundary layer displacement thickness. Hence, transition is not directly tripped at the roughness element. The roughness diameter is comparable to the streamwise wavelength of the most amplified (linear) disturbance eigenmodes. The vortical structures observed downstream of the roughness are in agreement with previous findings in the literature. In the near roughness wake, a distinct growth of high-frequency (fundamental) modes, that is modes with a high $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}n$-factor at the roughness location, is observed. In the far roughness wake, these fundamental modes recover linear stability characteristics due to a possible relaxation of the mean flow. However, an interaction of particularly two-dimensional fundamental modes and by the roughness interference excited oblique fundamental modes results in an excitation of subharmonic type, low-frequency combination modes, which are associated with a phase-locked interaction mechanism. Depending on the initial growth of the fundamental modes in the near wake, the low-frequency modes can experience a nonlinear growth in the far roughness wake and, thereby, trip turbulence. The fundamental mode growth rate in the near wake in turn is a weak function of the disturbance frequency and of the pressure gradient, whereas it is decisively increasing with the roughness height, that is with the mean flow distortion caused by the roughness.
Awareness and comprehension of the right to silence in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Kidd Garry , Sullivan Kim
Published: October 2014

Awareness and comprehension of the Queensland Police Service (QPS) caution was investigated in a group (N= 140) of university students in Queensland, Australia. Awareness was measured before participants were shown and read aloud the QPS caution; comprehension was then assessed. Participants also completed the Australian Legal Awareness Questionnaire (ALAQ) to ascertain their knowledge of legal matters more generally. The results show that participants were generally unaware of their legal rights and had difficulty comprehending the right to silence caution. Overall, the study demonstrates that while many participants reported understanding the QPS caution, the reality is that most did not. This is a concerning outcome considering that people already marginalised by virtue of lower education and literacy levels (many Indigenous Australians residing in Far North Queensland, for example) are further seriously disadvantaged by failing to comprehend the police caution.
ON THE MINIMAL PROPERTY OF DE LA VALLÉE POUSSIN’S OPERATOR
Authors: DEREGOWSKA BEATA , LEWANDOWSKA BARBARA
Published: October 2014

Let $X={\mathcal{C}}_{0}(2{\it\pi})$ or $X=L_{1}[0,2{\it\pi}]$. Denote by ${\rm\Pi}_{n}$ the space of all trigonometric polynomials of degree less than or equal to $n$. The aim of this paper is to prove the minimality of the norm of de la Vallée Poussin’s operator in the set of generalised projections ${\mathcal{P}}_{{\rm\Pi}_{n}}(X,\,{\rm\Pi}_{2n-1})=\{P\in {\mathcal{L}}(X,{\rm\Pi}_{2n-1}):P|_{{\rm\Pi}_{n}}\equiv \text{id}\}$.
Balloon angioplasty of the bilateral renal arteries by Takayasu arteritis with a paclitaxel-eluting balloon
Authors: Hecht Tobias , Esmaeili Anoosh , Behnke-Hall Kachina
Published: October 2014

We report about a 12-year-old girl who presented with a blood pressure difference between the extremities with the suspicion of an aortic coarctation. After imaging and laboratory tests, the diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis was made. Owing to persistent arterial hypertension despite medical treatment, we initiated a treatment with a balloon angioplasty of the renal arteries with an eluting balloon.
UIMA Ruta: Rapid development of rule-based information extraction applications
Authors: KLUEGL PETER , TOEPFER MARTIN , BECK PHILIP-DANIEL , FETTE GEORG , PUPPE FRANK
Published: October 2014

Rule-based information extraction is an important approach for processing the increasingly available amount of unstructured data. The manual creation of rule-based applications is a time-consuming and tedious task, which requires qualified knowledge engineers. The costs of this process can be reduced by providing a suitable rule language and extensive tooling support. This paper presents UIMA Ruta, a tool for rule-based information extraction and text processing applications. The system was designed with focus on rapid development. The rule language and its matching paradigm facilitate the quick specification of comprehensible extraction knowledge. They support a compact representation while still providing a high level of expressiveness. These advantages are supplemented by the development environment UIMA Ruta Workbench. It provides, in addition to extensive editing support, essential assistance for explanation of rule execution, introspection, automatic validation, and rule induction. UIMA Ruta is a useful tool for academia and industry due to its open source license. We compare UIMA Ruta to related rule-based systems especially concerning the compactness of the rule representation, the expressiveness, and the provided tooling support. The competitiveness of the runtime performance is shown in relation to a popular and freely-available system. A selection of case studies implemented with UIMA Ruta illustrates the usefulness of the system in real-world scenarios.
Novel directions for G × E analysis in psychiatry
Authors: Vinkhuyzen A. A. E. , Wray N. R.
Published: October 2014

G × E in psychiatry may explain why environmental risk factors have big impact in some individuals but not in others, and conversely why relatives that are genetically at risk for disease do not all develop disease. Here we discuss two novel methods that use an aggregate genome-wide measure of genetic risk to detect G × E and estimate its effect in the population using data currently available and data we anticipate will be available in the near future. The first method exploits summary statistics from large-scale genome-wide association studies ignorant of the environmental conditions and detects G × E in an out-of-sample risk-profiling framework. The second method relies on larger samples and is based on a mixed linear model framework. It estimates variance explained directly from single nucleotide polymorphisms and environmental measures. Both methods have great potential to improve public health interventions focusing on risk-based screening that is informed by both genetic and environmental risk factors.
In Situ Atom Scale Visualization of Domain Wall Dynamics in VO2 Insulator-Metal Phase Transition
Authors: He Xinfeng , Xu Tao , Xu Xiaofeng , Zeng Yijie , Xu Jing , Sun Litao , Wang Chunrui , Xing Huaizhong , Wu Binhe , Lu Aijiang , Liu Dingquan , Chen Xiaoshuang , Chu Junhao
Published: October 2014

A domain wall, as a device, can bring about a revolution in developing manipulation of semiconductor heterostructures devices at the atom scale. However, it is a challenge for these new devices to control domain wall motion through insulator-metal transition of correlated-electron materials. To fully understand and harness this motion, it requires visualization of domain wall dynamics in real space. Here, domain wall dynamics in VO2 insulator-metal phase transition was observed directly by in situ TEM at atom scale. Experimental results depict atom scale evolution of domain morphologies and domain wall exact positions in (202) and (040) planes referring to rutile structure at 50°C. In addition, microscopic mechanism of domain wall dynamics and accurate lattice basis vector relationship of two domains were investigated with the assistance of X-ray diffraction, ab initio calculations and image simulations. This work offers a route to atom scale tunable heterostructure device application.
Type 1 and Type 2 scenarios in hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry studies on protein–ligand complexes
Authors: Konermann Lars , Rodriguez Antony D. , Sowole Modupeola A.
Published: October 2014

Ligand binding to a protein can elicit a wide range of responses when studied by HDX mass spectrometry.
Development of a highly sensitive real-time immuno-PCR for the measurement of chloramphenicol in milk based on magnetic bead capturing
Authors: Tao Xiaoqi , He Zhifei , Cao Xingyuan , Shen Jianzhong , Li Hongjun
Published: October 2014

The real-time immuno-quantitative PCR (RT-IPCR) schematic illustration of the determination of CAP in milk based on magnetic bead capturing.
Hetero-nanostructured suspended photocatalysts for solar-to-fuel conversion
Authors: Yuan Yu-Peng , Ruan Lin-Wei , Barber James , Joachim Loo Say Chye , Xue Can
Published: October 2014

The recent developments of hetero-nanostructures for photocatalytic H2production and CO2reduction are reviewed in detail, based on material compositions that form heterojunctions.
Strain-rate stiffening of cortical bone: observations and implications from nanoindentation experiments
Authors: Maruyama Noriko , Shibata Yo , Wurihan Wurihan , Swain Michael V. , Kataoka Yu , Takiguchi Yuichi , Yamada Atsushi , Maki Koutaro , Miyazaki Takashi
Published: October 2014

A novel mechanism of highly mineralized bone durability almost independent of viscoelastic behaviour along with a series of nanoindentation experiments is reported.
Theoretical analyses of the fluorescence lifetimes of thed-amino acid oxidase–benzoate complex dimer from porcine kidney: molecular dynamics simulation and photoinduced electron transfer
Authors: Nueangaudom Arthit , Lugsanangarm Kiattisak , Pianwanit Somsak , Kokpol Sirirat , Nunthaboot Nadtanet , Tanaka Fumio , Taniguchi Seiji , Chosrowjan Haik
Published: October 2014

The mechanism of photoinduced electron transfer from benzoate and aromatic amino acids to the excited isoalloxazine in thed-amino acid oxidase–benzoate complex dimer was studied using molecular dynamics simulation and an electron transfer theory.
Preparation and characterization of continuous carbon nanofiber-supported SPEEK composite membranes for fuel cell application
Authors: Di Youbo , Yang Wenjuan , Li Xiaojie , Zhao Zhou , Wang Meirong , Dai Jinming
Published: October 2014

An easy spinning-based strategy was developed to fabricate polyacrylonitrile-based carbon nanofiber-supported SPEEK composite membranes for fuel cell applications.
Bulk and solution properties of a thermo-responsive rod–coil block polymer based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
Authors: Liu Peng , Liang Jiexing , Chen Shen , Zhang Hailiang
Published: October 2014

Molecular weight dependence on thermoresponsive behaviors of rod–coil diblock copolymers (x indicates the DP of rod PHIPPVTA blocks).
Graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for gramicidin (GOGD) for high antibacterial performance
Authors: Abdelhamid Hani Nasser , Khan M. Shahnawaz , Wu Hui-Fen
Published: October 2014

As a powerful and novel nanocarrier, graphene oxide (GO) is employed to load a water insoluble antibacterial drug, gramicidin (GD), for effective antibacterial treatments.
Self-assembled amphoterecin B loaded into a self-assembled cardanol derivative as a soft green carrier for delivery and enhanced antifungal activity
Authors: Mahata Denial , Mandal Santi M. , Nando Golok B.
Published: October 2014

Benzenediazonium functionalized cardanol was self-assembled and loaded with self-assembled AmpB for sustained release. This approach exerts a dual role as self-assembled AmpB binds to ergosterol, whereas the PHPDB soft green carriers binds to chitin, and the enhanced the antifungal activity helps to control fungal infections caused by biofilm forming MDR pathogens.
The effect of electric field on hydrogen storage for B/N-codoped graphyne
Authors: Zhang Lihong , Wang Ning , Zhang Shengli , Huang Shiping
Published: October 2014

The interaction between H2 molecule and B/C/N sheet is Kubas interaction under an external electric field.
A systematic study of the variation of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), TTF+˙ and TTF2+reaction pathways with water in the presence and absence of light
Authors: Adeel Shaimaa M. , Li Qi , Nafady Ayman , Zhao Chuan , Siriwardana Amal I. , Bond Alan M. , Martin Lisandra L.
Published: October 2014

The chemistry of TTF0/+/2+and HTTF+in acetonitrile/water uses different reaction pathwayse.g.illumination of TTF+oxidises water to O2.
Photocatalytic reactions of a nickel(ii) annulene complex incorporated in polymeric structures
Authors: Estiu G. , Ferraudi G. , Lappin A. G. , Ruiz G. T. , Vericat C. , Costamagna J. , Villagran M.
Published: October 2014

A study of the structural and chemical processes of a new polymeric photocatalyst containing a Ni(ii) macrocyclic complex and its application to the solar reduction of CO2 in aqueous homogeneous solution.
1-Butylimidazole-derived ionic liquids: synthesis, characterisation and evaluation of their antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities
Authors: Ranjan Prabodh , Kitawat Bheru Singh , Singh Man
Published: October 2014

The reaction of 1-butylimidazole (1a) with aryl/alkoxy halides (2a–h) using a microwave solvent-free approach delivered imidazolium-based ILs (3a–h) in good yield. Some of them showed promising antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Construction of fluorescence-tunable pyrido-fused benzimidazoles via direct intramolecular C–H amination under transition-metal-free conditions
Authors: Gong Weitao , Gao Peng , Li Gang , Mehdi Hassan , Ning Guiling , Yu Jingjie
Published: October 2014

A mild and efficient synthetic route to fluorescence-tunable pyrido-fused benzimidazole (PBI) scaffolds has been reported.
A reversible cross-linked polymer network based on conjugated polypseudorotaxanes
Authors: Guo Shuwen , Zhang Jing , Wang Beibei , Cong Yong , Chen Xin , Bu Weifeng
Published: October 2014

A supramolecular cross-linked conjugated polymer network induced by controllable acid–base reactions leads to a reversible change in the fluorescence intensities.
Synthesis and characterization of well-defined PAA–PEG multi-responsive hydrogels by ATRP and click chemistry
Authors: Zhou Chao , Qian Shan-shan , Li Xia-jun , Yao Fang , Forsythe John S. , Fu Guo-dong
Published: October 2014

Well-defined multi-responsive PAA–PEG hydrogels exhibit a unique swelling property at different pH and Ca2+ secondary crosslinking, and can potentially be used as stimuli responsive biomaterials.
Simultaneous removal of nitrite and ammonia as dinitrogen in aqueous suspensions of a titanium(iv) oxide photocatalyst under reagent-free and metal-free conditions at room temperature
Authors: Kominami Hiroshi , Kitsui Ken , Ishiyama Yuki , Hashimoto Keiji
Published: October 2014

Over TiO2 photocatalyst, NO2− and NH3 are simultaneously removed from water as N2 without the use of an extra reagent.
A non-covalent complex of quantum dots and chlorin e6: efficient energy transfer and remarkable stability in living cells revealed by FLIM
Authors: Valanciunaite Jurga , Klymchenko Andrey S. , Skripka Artiom , Richert Ludovic , Steponkiene Simona , Streckyte Giedre , Mely Yves , Rotomskis Ricardas
Published: October 2014

Non-covalent complex of lipid-coated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots and second-generation photosensitizer, chlorin e6 can enter living HeLa cells with maintained integrity that ensures efficient FRET.
Continuous release of gentamicin from gold nanocarriers
Authors: Perni Stefano , Prokopovich Polina
Published: October 2014

Antimicrobial activity of gentamicin can be extended through release from gold nanocarriers after conjugation.
Novel 3-D nanoporous graphitic-C3N4 nanosheets with heterostructured modification for efficient visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production
Authors: Yuan Jielin , Gao Qiongzhi , Li Xin , Liu Yingju , Fang Yueping , Yang Siyuan , Peng Feng , Zhou Xiaosong
Published: October 2014

Phosphorus-doped g-C3N4 (P-C3N4) nanosheets with unique 3-D nanoporous structures are synthesized for the first time in this work; such functional porous architectures coupled with BiPO4 nanorods can exhibit superior photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production.
A novel supported Cu catalyst with highly dispersed copper nanoparticles and its remarkable catalytic performance in methanol decomposition
Authors: Qing Shaojun , Hou Xiaoning , Liu Yajie , Xi Hongjuan , Wang Xiang , Chen Cheng-meng , Wu Zhiwei , Gao Zhixian
Published: October 2014

Modification of SiO2 by starch makes it possible to prepare an efficient Cu/SiO2 catalyst for methanol decomposition by the simple impregnation method.
Sustainable joint solventless coproduction of glycerol carbonate and ethylene glycol via thermal transesterification of glycerol
Authors: Esteban Jesús , Fuente Elena , González-Miquel María , Blanco Ángeles , Ladero Miguel , García-Ochoa Félix
Published: October 2014

Valuable glycerol carbonate and ethylene glycol can simultaneously be obtained from glycerol in solventless operation by means of a thermal reaction in the absence of a catalyst.
Tandem redox mediator/Ni(ii) trihalide complex photocycle for hydrogen evolution from HCl
Authors: Hwang Seung Jun , Powers David C. , Maher Andrew G. , Nocera Daniel G.
Published: October 2014

The challenge that short excited state lifetimes of first-row transition metal complexes present to the photoactivation of M–X bonds has been overcome with a phosphine mediator coupled to a nickel metal catalyst.
Theranostic nanoscale coordination polymers for magnetic resonance imaging and bisphosphonate delivery
Authors: Liu Demin , He Chunbai , Poon Christopher , Lin Wenbin
Published: October 2014

Mn-zoledronate NCP carries 63 wt% of zoledronate for cancer therapy and 13 wt% of Mn2+ for T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.
Surface modified titania nanotubes containing anti-bacterial drugs for controlled delivery nanosystems with high bioactivity
Authors: Huang Peilin , Wang Jingnan , Lai Shuting , Liu Fang , Ni Nan , Cao Qingyun , Liu Wei , Deng David Y. B. , Zhou Wuyi
Published: October 2014

Drug delivery nanosystems have been designed as Enro-NH2-TNTs and Enro-SH-TNTs with high bioactivity and excellent in vitro and in vivo controlled release.
Light-driven fluorescence enhancement and self-assembled structural evolution of an azobenzene derivative
Authors: Ran Xia , Wang Haitao , Shi Lili , Lou Jie , Liu Bo , Li Min , Guo Lijun
Published: October 2014

Light-driven fluorescence and emission enhancement of AOB-t8 in organic solution under UV light illumination was obtained, even though AOB-t8 itself is negligibly fluorescent in the initial nonirradiated solution.
Solution processed and self-assembled polymerizable fullerenes/metal oxide as an interlayer for high efficient inverted polymer solar cells
Authors: Hu Lin , Chen Lie , Hu Xiaotian , Chen Yiwang
Published: October 2014

Self-assembled polymerized fullerenes/ZnO as an efficient interlayer realized a PCE of 7.5% with improved stability in inverted polymer solar cells.
A highly sensitive and selective formaldehyde gas sensor using a molecular imprinting technique based on Ag–LaFeO3
Authors: Zhang Yumin , Liu Qingju , Zhang Jin , Zhu Qin , Zhu Zhongqi
Published: October 2014

A novel formaldehyde gas sensor has been developed for the first time using a molecular imprinting technique to recognize small organic molecules.
The mold integration method for the calculation of the crystal-fluid interfacial free energy from simulations
Authors: Espinosa J. R. , Vega C. , Sanz E.
Published: October 2014

The interfacial free energy between a crystal and a fluid, γcf, is a highly relevant parameter in phenomena such as wetting or crystal nucleation and growth. Due to the difficulty of measuring γcf experimentally, computer simulations are often used to study the crystal-fluid interface. Here, we present a novel simulation methodology for the calculation of γcf. The methodology consists in using a mold composed of potential energy wells to induce the formation of a crystal slab in the fluid at coexistence conditions. This induction is done along a reversible pathway along which the free energy difference between the initial and the final states is obtained by means of thermodynamic integration. The structure of the mold is given by that of the crystal lattice planes, which allows to easily obtain the free energy for different crystal orientations. The method is validated by calculating γcf for previously studied systems, namely, the hard spheres and the Lennard-Jones systems. Our results for the latter show that the method is accurate enough to deal with the anisotropy of γcf with respect to the crystal orientation. We also calculate γcf for a recently proposed continuous version of the hard sphere potential and obtain the same γcf as for the pure hard sphere system. The method can be implemented both in Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics. In fact, we show that it can be easily used in combination with the popular Molecular Dynamics package GROMACS.
Isostructural magnetic phase transitions and the magnetocaloric effect in Ising ferromagnets
Authors: Lavanov G. Yu. , Kalita V. M. , Loktev V. M.
Published: October 2014

It is shown that the first-order isostructural magnetic phase transition between antiferromagnetic phases with different magnitudes of the antiferromagnetism vector induced by an external magnetic field in Ising antiferromagnets can be related to entropy. It is found that, depending on the temperature, the entropy jump and the corresponding heat release can change their signs at the phase transition point. In the low-temperature region of the metamagnetic first-order phase transition the entropy jump is positive, while the entropy jump is negative near the triple point for isostructural magnetic phase transitions.
High spatial and temporal resolution charge exchange recombination spectroscopy on the HL-2A tokamak
Authors: Wei Y. L. , Yu D. L. , Liu L. , Ida K. , von Hellermann M. , Cao J. Y. , Sun A. P. , Ma Q. , Chen W. J. , Liu Yi , Yan L. W. , Yang Q. W. , Duan X. R. , Liu Yong
Published: October 2014

A 32/64-channel charge exchange recombination spectroscopy (CXRS) diagnostic system is developed on the HL-2A tokamak (R = 1.65 m, a = 0.4 m), monitoring plasma ion temperature and toroidal rotation velocity simultaneously. A high throughput spectrometer (F/2.8) and a pitch-controlled fiber bundle enable the temporal resolution of the system up to 400 Hz. The observation geometry and an optimized optic system enable the highest radial resolution up to ∼1 cm at the plasma edge. The CXRS system monitors the carbon line emission (C VI, n = 8–7, 529.06 nm) whose Doppler broadening and Doppler shift provide ion temperature and plasma rotation velocity during the neutral beam injection. The composite CX spectral data are analyzed by the atomic data and analysis structure charge exchange spectroscopy fitting (ADAS CXSFIT) code. First experimental results are shown for the case of HL-2A plasmas with sawtooth oscillations, electron cyclotron resonance heating, and edge transport barrier during the high-confinement mode (H-mode).
New design of a multi-jet target for quasi phase matching
Authors: Hage A. , Landgraf B. , Taylor M. , Wünsche M. , Gangolf T. , Höppner H. , Prandolini M. J. , Riedel R. , Schulz M. , Tavella F. , Willner A. , Yeung M. , Paulus G. G. , Spielmann C. , Dromey B. , Zepf M.
Published: October 2014

An improved dual-gas quasi-phase matching (QPM) foil target for high harmonic generation (HHG) is presented. The target can be setup with 12 individual gas inlets each feeding multiple nozzles separated by a minimum distance of 10 μm. Three-dimensional gas density profiles of these jets were measured using a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer. These measurements reveal how the jets influence the density of gas in adjacent jets and how this leads to increased local gas densities. The analysis shows that the gas profiles of the jets are well defined up to a distance of about 300 μm from the orifice. This target design offers experimental flexibility, not only for HHG/QPM investigations, but also for a wide range of experiments due to the large number of possible jet configurations. We demonstrate the application to controlled phase tuning in the extreme ultraviolet using a 1 kHz-10 mJ-30 fs-laser system where interference between two jets in the spectral range from 17 to 30 nm was observed.
Maintenance-Feeding Effort Affects Instrumental Performance
Authors: Eisenberger Robert , Masterson Fred A. , Over Susan
Published: October 2014

The effort required of rats to obtain food, employing standard maintenance-feeding procedures, can affect the effort subsequently expended in an instrumental-learning task. Rats received 43 food-rewarded runway trials followed by access to food (a) on the home-cage floor, or (b) from a hopper attached to the home-cage's wiremesh front wall. Hopper feeding involved the greater effort since the rats had to gnaw the food pellets through the wire mesh. Following 9 or 27 days of maintenance feeding, the rats were returned to the runway for one rewarded trial and 16 extinction trials. The hopper-fed rats ran faster than floor-fed rats on the rewarded test trial. In extinction, long-term maintenance feeding produced faster subsequent running times by the hopper-fed rats than the floor-fed rats. Short-term maintenance feeding, on the other hand, produced slower running times by the hopper-fed rats than the floor-fed rats. The results are consistent with previous findings of transfer of effort across behaviours and suggest that the effort required for reinforcement in the maintenance environment can systematically influence the effectiveness of various experimental treatments.
Reward, Novelty and Spontaneous Alternation
Authors: Gaffan E. A. , Davies Jeffrey
Published: October 2014

It has been suggested that rats’ propensity for “win-shift” behaviour in spatial memory and spontaneous alternation tests reflects a species-specific foraging strategy which leads them to avoid places where they have recently found food. An alternative explanation is that they avoid places which are familiar. In three experiments using a T-maze, we evaluated these accounts by comparing the probability of avoiding or re-entering a recently visited arm, as a function of whether food had or had not been found on the previous visit. Each rat received a series of 16 exposure-test trial pairs over 8 days. Neither alternation nor repetition of the previous choice was differentially reinforced. Experiments I and II forced rats to enter a specific arm before a subsequent choice, and differed in the overall probability of reward; in Experiment III all choices were free. In all three experiments the probability of alternating was greater after nonreward than after reward. This effect occurred more reliably on later tests within a day, little difference appearing on earlier tests. It was concluded that there was no evidence for a spontaneous “win-shift” tendency as such, and that these and other results can be adequately accounted for by a combination of exploratory tendencies (spontaneous alternation) and the conventional effects of reward.
The Effects of Environmental Change on Chicks’ Responses to a Familiar Stimulus
Authors: Taylor Ann , Berryman Julia C. , Burgess D. J. H. , Hill D. , Mann D.
Published: October 2014

The purpose of the present experiments was to explore chicks’ proximity seeking behaviour in relation to imprinting objects in unfamiliar settings. Experiment I showed that chicks, which were individually imprinted on a stationary imprinting object, displayed reduced proximity seeking behaviour when tested in a pen smaller than the rearing pen. This finding confirmed earlier work on the effects of changed pen size. Experiment II used continuous and intermittent noise rearing and testing conditions, in all possible combinations, and a stationary imprinting object. Increased proximity seeking was found in conditions where the auditory environment was changed from rearing to testing, a result apparently opposite to that obtained in earlier work. It is suggested that the effect of environmental change on proximity seeking may vary with the modality in which change occurs and the salience of the imprinting object.
Hippocampal Lesion Syndrome: Switching to and from a Place Hypothesis
Authors: Blue Jerome H.
Published: October 2014

Spatial discrimination learning (Experiment I) and strategy shifts (Experiment II) were examined in experimentally lesioned rats. Sixty adult male rats were in one of five lesion groups ( N = 12/group): operated controls, fornical, entorhinal, fornicoentorhinal and dorsal-ventral hippocampal. All animals reached criterion on the discrimination learning test. In the strategy shift experiment, however, animals with hippocampal lesions had more difficulty than animals without hippocampal lesions. The findings suggest that the hippocampus may not be involved in learning strategies, but in switching a strategy.
Blocking and Overshadowing between Intra-Maze and Extra-Maze Cues: A Test of the Independence of Locale and Guidance Learning
Authors: Diez-Chamizo V. , Sterio D. , Mackintosh N. J.
Published: October 2014

Rats were trained on an elevated maze where the rewarded alternative was defined either in terms of intra-maze cues (rubber or sandpaper flooring on rewarded and unrewarded arms, regardless of their position) or in terms of extra-maze cues (the correct arm always pointed toward a particular corner of the room, and was sometimes covered with rubber and sometimes with sandpaper), or where both sets of cues were simultaneously relevant. In Experiment 1 rats pretrained with either intra-maze or extra-maze cues alone relevant learned less about the other set of cues than non-pretrained control groups, when, in a second phase of the experiment, both sets of cues were simultaneously relevant. Experiment 2 confirmed that intra-maze cues could block extra-maze cues, and ruled out one alternative explanation of the results of Experiment 1. Experiment 3 showed that extra-maze cues overshadowed intra-maze cues, but that there was no reciprocal overshadowing of extra-maze by intra-maze cues. This was despite the fact that animals learned the intra-maze discrimination significantly faster than the extra-maze discrimination. Experiment 3 also suggested that rats did not solve the extra-maze discrimination by learning to approach or avoid specific extra-maze cues, but rather by locating the correct arm by reference to the entire set of extra-maze cues. The results suggest that locale or place learning and cue or guidance learning, in O'Keefe and Nadel's (1978) terminology, interact with one another in much the same way as does learning about any pair of stimuli in a Pavlovian conditioning experiment.
Activation of Locations in Working Memory in Cats
Authors: Goulet Sonia , Doré Franç Y. , Lehotkay Rachel
Published: October 2014

Cats saw an object appear and disappear at two successive locations; the movement of the object from one location to the other was not perceived but was indicated by indirect cues and the two disappearances were separated by a 0-sec or a 20-sec interval. Performance was poorer with the 0-sec than with the 20-sec interval. With the 0-sec interval, the percentages of search attempts made at the object's initial and final hiding locations did not differ whereas with the 20-sec interval, more search attempts were made at the final than at the initial location. These results provide additional support to Goulet, Dore and Rousseau's (1994) interpretation of cats’ search behaviour in terms of activation of spatial locations in working memory.
Contextual Control of Latent Inhibition by the Reinforcer
Authors: Killcross Simon , Dickinson Anthony
Published: October 2014

Three experiments examined the contextual control of latent inhibition (LI) by the unconditioned stimulus (US) using a within-subjects conditioned suppression procedure with rats. The effect of reducing the context change produced by the introduction of the shock US was investigated by presenting this US during preexposure to the conditioned stimulus (CS). Although limited CS preexposure in the absence of the US had no impact on subsequent conditioning, preexposure in the presence of the shock retarded both excitatory and inhibitory conditioning. We conclude that the introduction of the US during the conditioning phase of a normal LI experiment can produce a contextual change that reduces the observed magnitude of LI.
Within Compound Associations Mediate the Retrospective Revaluation of Causality Judgements
Authors: Dickinson Anthony , Burke John
Published: October 2014

The role of within-compound associations in the retrospective revaluation of causality judgements was investigated in a two-stage procedure in which the subjects were asked to learn whether or not different food stimuli caused an allergic reaction in hypothetical patients. In the compound-cue stage a number of compound cues, each consisting of a competing stimulus and a target stimulus, were associated with the reaction across a series of trials, whereas in the single-cue stage the subjects had the opportunity to learn which of the competing cues, when presented alone, caused the reaction. Each target stimulus was presented with the same competing cue across all compound trials in the consistent condition, but with a different competing cue on each trial in the varied condition. In a forward procedure, in which the single-cue stage preceded compound cue training, judgements of the causal effectiveness of the target stimuli were reduced or blocked by training them in compound with a competing cue that had been previously paired with the reaction. Moreover, the magnitude of this reduction was comparable in the consistent and varied conditions. This was not true, however, when the single- and compound-cue stages were reversed in the backward procedure. Judgements for target cues compounded with competing cues that were subsequently paired with the reaction were reduced only in the consistent condition. If it is assumed that stronger associations were formed between the competing and target stimuli during the compound-cue stage in the consistent condition than in the varied condition, this pattern suggests that the retrospective revaluation of causality judgements can be mediated by the formation of within-compound associations.
A crowd-sourcing approach for the construction of species-specific cell signaling networks
Authors: Bilal Erhan , Sakellaropoulos Theodore , Participants Challenge , Melas Ioannis N. , Messinis Dimitris E. , Belcastro Vincenzo , Rhrissorrakrai Kahn , Meyer Pablo , Norel Raquel , Iskandar Anita , Blaese Elise , Rice John J. , Peitsch Manuel C. , Hoeng Julia , Stolovitzky Gustavo , Alexopoulos Leonidas G. , Poussin Carine
Published: October 2014

Motivation: Animal models are important tools in drug discovery and for understanding human biology in general. However, many drugs that initially show promising results in rodents fail in later stages of clinical trials. Understanding the commonalities and differences between human and rat cell signaling networks can lead to better experimental designs, improved allocation of resources and ultimately better drugs.

Results: The sbv IMPROVER Species-Specific Network Inference challenge was designed to use the power of the crowds to build two species-specific cell signaling networks given phosphoproteomics, transcriptomics and cytokine data generated from NHBE and NRBE cells exposed to various stimuli. A common literature-inspired reference network with 220 nodes and 501 edges was also provided as prior knowledge from which challenge participants could add or remove edges but not nodes. Such a large network inference challenge not based on synthetic simulations but on real data presented unique difficulties in scoring and interpreting the results. Because any prior knowledge about the networks was already provided to the participants for reference, novel ways for scoring and aggregating the results were developed. Two human and rat consensus networks were obtained by combining all the inferred networks. Further analysis showed that major signaling pathways were conserved between the two species with only isolated components diverging, as in the case of ribosomal S6 kinase RPS6KA1. Overall, the consensus between inferred edges was relatively high with the exception of the downstream targets of transcription factors, which seemed more difficult to predict.

Contact:  ebilal@us.ibm.com or gustavo@us.ibm.com.

Supplementary information:  Supplementary Data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Unusual Presentation of Chikungunya Virus Infection With Concomintant Erysipelas in a Returning Traveler From the Caribbean: A Case Report
Authors: Schechter Marcos C. , Workowski Kimberly A. , Fairley Jessica K.
Published: October 2014

Chikungunya fever is a mosquito-borne febrile illness caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family. It is transmitted by primarily Aedes aegytpi and Aedes albopictus mosquitos [1]. Once of little importance in the Americas, local transmission was identified in the Caribbean in late 2013. More than 1000 travelers returning to the continental United States have been diagnosed with CHIKV. More importantly, there have been 9 documented cases of autochthonous disease in Florida as of September 16, 2014 [2].
“Belonging Bulimia”
Authors: Potter Nancy Nyquist , Radden Jennifer
Published: October 2014

This article examines the ethical issues associated with explaining, understanding, and treating disorderly eating behaviors (DEB) in young women. It argues that the kind of gender-related, self-destructive behavior observed in disordered eating seems to be incongruent with individualistic analysis and explanation, instead pointing to evidence indicating that it is better to view such disorders as group phenomena. After reviewing recent studies that looked into the prevalence and causes of “group” disorders using the particular example of bulimia, the article describes the new category of “belonging bulimia” that may be used to understand, and hence prevent, such epidemics. It discusses the theoretical assumptions pertinent to belonging bulimia, with emphasis on relationality, causal explanation, and social behavior. It stresses the need to study social factors in the etiology of belonging bulimia with the neuroscience of groups, rather than just individuals. It also calls for a greater focus on virtue ethics to address belonging bulimia.
Ethics in Relation to Caregiving and Caregivers in Mental Health
Authors: Hughes Julian C. , Baldwin Clive
Published: October 2014

Ethical issues in relation to caregiving and caregivers in connection with mental health can be characterized by two themes. First, they reflect the everyday nature of informal caregiving. Secondly, because caregivers are situated in a particular context, the dilemmas that face them are particular. Thus, whilst different ethical issues can arise in the context of any mental illness, in every case there will be something unique to their nature. This chapter considers some of the ethical problems that might arise in relation to a variety of mental disorders (i.e. schizophrenia, depression, anorexia nervosa, post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol problems). These will always reflect the nature of the relationships in question. Greater attention is paid to ethical issues that arise for people with dementia. This helps to show both the variety of ethical difficulties and the situated nature of carers, who respond to difficulties in the context of dynamic relationships.
Clubs, Parties, Factions
Authors: Walton Charles
Published: October 2014

Historical debate over the political clubs of the French Revolution over the past two centuries has turned on the question of whether factionalism grew out of their democratic principles or from external circumstances. This chapter suggests that neither ideology nor circumstances can fully account for this radicalization. Instead, the conditions of a ‘weak state’ must be addressed. When authorities were unable or unwilling to implement legislation or to respond to demands coming from society, the clubs often intervened, militating for action to be taken. Tax collection and the crisis of subsistence constituted two crucial issues that the state failed to managed. The clubs, which were divided on these issues, found themselves debating them in a context in which no legal limits on slander (another state weakness) existed. Unchecked calumny poisoned intra and inter-club relations and contributed to factionalism.
Breathing in Singing
Authors: Watson Alan
Published: October 2014

Accounts of breathing in methodological books on singing are often confusing or inaccurate rather than helpful. This chapter provides an overview of the principles ofrespiration and how this is modified for singing. Inspiration results from an increase inthoracic dimensions caused by activity in the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.At high lung volumes the sternocleidomastoids and scalenes also aid chest expansion.Subglottic pressure is created during expiration by the contraction of the abdominal wall,predominantly as a result of lateral abdominal muscle activity, which drives the relaxeddiaphragm upwards while simultaneously the internal intercostals pull the ribsdownwards. When the lungs are full and the inspiratory muscles release, elastic recoilforces alone can drive out the air and in order to regulate subglottic pressure theseforces must be resisted by gradually reducing inspiratory muscle activity. How different patterns of activity in these and other muscles contribute to singing is described and theway in which similar ends can be achieved by different means in different singers isexplained.
Laozi’s Daodejing (6th Century BC)
Authors: Barbalet Jack
Published: October 2014

This chapter examines Daodejing, a compilation of sayings written by Laozi which focuses on engagement in political and practical affairs in early China. It discusses the text of Daodejing, its difficulties, origin, and purpose as well as its emphasis on both action and process. It also outlines the character of Daodejing as an exposition of process, the work’s treatment of the unfolding of process through paradox, the mechanisms of process in imminence and latency, and the idea that something comes from nothing. Finally, it considers emptiness as a source of potentiality.