bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O papel da informação como medida preventiva ao uso de drogas entre jovens em situação de risco
Authors: Sanchez Zila van der Meer , Oliveira Lúcio Garcia de , Ribeiro Luciana Abeid , Nappo Solange Aparecida
Published: May 2010

Entre os jovens, o uso de drogas ilícitas é um problema de saúde coletiva que desperta atenção. Poucos estudos sobre motivos para o não-uso de drogas exploram o real papel da informação como método preventivo. Este estudo pretende analisar, entre adolescentes e jovens em situação de risco, os motivos para o não-uso de drogas ilícitas destacando o impacto da informação como fator protetor. Através de metodologia qualitativa, adotou-se uma amostra intencional, selecionada por informantes-chave e por "bola-de-neve". Foram entrevistados 62 adolescentes e jovens entre 16 e 24 anos, de baixa classe socioeconômica. Destes, 32 eram não-usuários de drogas (NU) e 30 eram usuários pesados (U). Entre o grupo NU, a informação destacou-se como principal motivo de não-uso, através do conhecimento de aspectos positivos e negativos. O principal meio de veiculação foi a família, seguido da observação da experiência negativa vivenciada por amigos que já faziam abuso. Em contrapartida, no grupo U, prevaleceu a falta de informação ou a disponibilidade de conhecimentos vagos. Dispor de informações adequadas sobre o tema "drogas" parece essencial à prevenção do uso experimental entre adolescentes e jovens em situação de risco. No entanto, a informação que mais parece eficaz é a transmitida pela família.
Modos de vida e modos de beber de jovens indígenas em um contexto de transformações
Authors: Souza Maximiliano Loiola Ponte de , Deslandes Suely Ferreira , Garnelo Luiza
Published: May 2010

Através de uma pesquisa etnográfica, analisaram-se as interações entre os atuais modos de vida e de beber de jovens indígenas de uma populosa localidade do Alto Rio Negro. Para tanto, se utilizou um modelo teórico que permitiu decompor e articular a realidade social em diferentes níveis. Observou-se que houve a multiplicação das situações em que se bebe, que são associadas a mecanismos tanto de demarcação de pertencimento como de explicitação de diferenças intergrupais. Atualmente, os jovens inserem-se em múltiplas redes de interação. Através delas, podem criar ambientes juvenis de consumo de álcool, beber longe dos pais e comprar bebidas industrializadas. Com a introdução da escola e o abandono dos rituais de iniciação, o status do jovem tornou-se incerto e sobre ele incidem de forma ambígua as normas sociais de consumo de álcool, num contexto no qual não há consenso na prática cotidiana a respeito das possíveis estratégias para regular o beber juvenil. Através desta pesquisa, puderam-se aventar alternativas teórico-metodológicas para investigar as relações que se estabelecem entre os modos de vida e a produção da saúde e da doença, incorporando a esta análise a cultura (e sua transformação), a vida cotidiana (e suas contradições), as pessoas (e suas subjetividades).
Integralidade da saúde: norteando mudanças na graduação dos novos profissionais
Authors: González Alberto Durán , Almeida Marcio José de
Published: May 2010

As fortes mudanças ocorridas no setor saúde, com a criação do Sistema Único de Saúde, forçaram um repensar sobre a formação dos novos profissionais de saúde. Porém, a substituição do sistema dominante de atenção à saúde, centrado na doença, hospitalar e superespecializado, por modelos de atenção que valorizem a integralidade, o cuidado humanizado e a promoção da saúde, ainda não foi conquistada e depende, em grande medida, do perfil de formação e da prática dos profissionais de saúde. É no descompasso entre a formação dos novos profissionais e as necessidades dos usuários do sistema que está o grande entrave da relação Serviços de Saúde e Ensino em Saúde. Este ensaio busca formular uma compreensão sobre a necessidade de uma formação mais integral para um serviço mais integral. Busca-se dar subsídios para afirmar que a integralidade das ações em saúde deve ser precedida pela integralidade do pensamento e do ensino em saúde.
Representações sociais do trabalho: uma análise comparativa entre jovens trabalhadores e não trabalhadores
Authors: Oliveira Denize Cristina de , Fischer Frida Marina , Teixeira Maria Cristina Triguero Veloz , Sá Celso Pereira de , Gomes Antonio Marcos Tosoli
Published: May 2010

O trabalho na adolescência é justificado, dentre outros aspectos, pela necessidade econômica das famílias. Os objetivos deste estudo foram analisar o conteúdo e a estrutura da representação social do trabalho na adolescência, entre estudantes trabalhadores e não trabalhadores, entre catorze e dezoito anos; comparar as representações nos dois grupos estudados; verificar se as cognições participantes do núcleo central das representações caracterizadas se confirmam em uma segunda técnica de estudo das representações. A amostra foi composta por 724 alunos do ensino médio da rede pública de ensino da cidade de São Paulo. A coleta de dados foi realizada através da técnica de evocações livres de palavras, utilizando o termo indutor "trabalho", e da realização de 21 grupos focais. Os resultados revelam que a representação do trabalho, em ambos os grupos, foi associada a significados morais e psicossociais positivos. Do ponto de vista metodológico, a maioria dos elementos classificados como participantes do núcleo central da representação foram confirmados nos diferentes eixos temáticos da análise de conteúdo dos grupos focais.
An analysis of reproducibility of DAI and IOTN indexes in a brazilian scene
Authors: Lima Rejane Bezerra de , Paiva Ângela Cristina Pinto de , Farias Arthur Costa Rodrigues , Lima Kenio Costa
Published: May 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the indexes DAI and IOTN in predicting the need of orthodontic treatment based in one property: reproducibility. The index DAI was developed in USA in 1989 and can identify 10 occlusal alterations that result, mathematically, in scores, with weights based in its relative importance according with the judgment of laypeople. The IOTN was developed in England also in 1989 and incorporates an aesthetic component AC and a component of dental health DHC. The AC component consists on a scale illustrated with 10 photos which had been divided in bands of degrees in accordance with a hierarchic scale and classifies the patients in degrees of treatment needed. The instruments of collection of the data were: plastic rule of DHC component and an aesthetic visual scale of component AC praised for the IOTN and one periodontal OMS probe praised for DAI. The sample was composite by 60 patients. The results indicated that both indexes were highly reproducible in accordance with Pearson and Spearman coefficients, which were strengthened by t-tests of Student and Wilcoxon, respectively. The correlation results between the examiners had varied between r=0.85 and r=1.00.
Change in Tunnel Heading in the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Response to Movement Through Opened Space
Authors: Bardunias Paul , Su Nan-Yao
Published: May 2010

Subterranean termites excavate tunnel patterns that radiate outward from a point of origin along vectors generated by path integration. Upon encountering open space, the tunnel heads away from the new site. In this study we forced termite excavators to travel from an introduction chamber through a tube with a 90° bend before entering a sand-filled arena, an opened chamber with perpendicular openings that forced a 90° turn before access to the arena, or an open chamber with an odor trail left by previous termites traveling through the opened chamber connecting the perpendicular openings. When forced to move through an opened chamber with no odor trail, the termites tunnelled away from the second chamber, not the introduction chamber. In contrast, when a path is either constrained inside a tube or demarcated by odor trail the path was more likely to head away from the first chamber, suggesting that they are not responding to a cue derived from an intrinsic value of open space. The discontinuation of their perceived path as they traveled through the open space seems to have caused an updating of the path integrator. The location of the deposition of excavated sand from the arena within the tube and chamber system varied, with sand found only in the second chamber when the path was broken. The cues that cause an updating of the path integrator also may stimulate sand deposition.
Temperature and Photoperiodic Effects on Induction and Termination of Diapause in Female Leptocorisa chinensis (Hemiptera: Alydidae)
Authors: Yamashita Ken-Ichi , Takabayashi Junji , Miura Kazuki
Published: May 2010

The effects of temperature and photoperiod on diapause induction and termination in Leptocorisa chinensis Dallas (Hemiptera: Alydidae) were studied under constant conditions or by using transfer experimental protocols. Nymphs were reared either under a long-day (16:8 [L:D] h) or a short-day (12:12 [L:D] h) photoperiod at 25°C in the laboratory. Females oviposited at 25 and 20°C under the long-day photoperiod. However, females did not lay eggs within 100 d at 15°C under the long-day photoperiod or at 20 and 15°C under short-day conditions. At 25°C, when nymphs were reared under a long-day photoperiod and transferred to a short-day photoperiod on the day of adult emergence, females started oviposition in 10 d but stopped shortly thereafter. When nymphs were reared under a short-day photoperiod and transferred to a long-day photoperiod on the day of adult emergence, females started oviposition in ≈40 d. Females that had been transferred from the field on 1 February and 29 March to long-day laboratory conditions at 25°C started oviposition in ≈40 d. However, females that had overwintered in the field were transferred to a short-day photoperiod at 25°C on 1 February and 29 March did not start oviposition in the laboratory. Both the nymphal and adult stages of L. chinensis are considered to be sensitive to reproductive diapause induction and termination signals both before and after overwintering. Female L. chinensis require not only a long-day photoperiod and >40 d at temperature of 20°C or higher but also threshold temperatures for start of oviposition, even after the winter.
Variation in the Shape of Genital Appendages Along a Transect Through Sympatric and Allopatric Areas of Two Brachypterous Grasshoppers, Parapodisma setouchiensis and Parapodisma subastris (Orthoptera: Podisminae)
Authors: Kawakami Yasushi , Tatsuta Haruki
Published: May 2010

Divergence in genital traits between closely related species is occasionally greater in sympatry than in allopatry, possibly because directional selection facilitates differentiation so as to prevent unfit hybridization. Here, we report for the first time that the shape of a functional genital structure, cercus, differs markedly between sympatrically and allopatrically occurring individuals in two brachypterous grasshopper species, Parapodisma setouchiensis Inoue 1979 and Parapodisma subastris Huang 1983 (Orthoptera: Podisminae). Although in areas of allopatry the cerci were straight in both species, in areas of sympatry the cerci of P. setouchiensis had an almost orthogonal bend. Furthermore, the angles of curvature of the cerci of P. setouchiensis varied continuously along a transect through sympatric and allopatric areas. We also observed copulation behavior in pairs and found that the apical part of the cerci was inserted into the space between the posterior edges of the seventh abdominal sternite and the seventh abdominal tergite of the female. We suggest that the orthogonally bent cerci allows the male to obtain a firm grip on the female's abdomen and propose that the conspicuous variation in the cerci of P. setouchiensis contributes to the strength of reinforcement of a premating isolation system.
A Cytogenetic Approach to the Study of Neotropical Odontomachus and Anochetus Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Santos Igor S , Costa Marco A , Mariano Clea S F , Delabie Jacques H C , Andrade-Souza Vanderly , Silva Janisete G
Published: May 2010

Odontomachus (Latreille) and Anochetus (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) are closely related pantropical genera of ponerine ants that share morphological and behavioral characteristics. A comparative study was carried out using conventional Giemsa staining, fluorochrome staining, and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Karyotypes revealed a higher stability in chromosome number among Odontomachus species than among Anochetus species. We observed a higher frequency of metacentric chromosomes in the karyotypes of Anochetus compared with the more common telocentrics of Odontomachus species. Differences in the localization of rDNA genes on chromosomes between the two genera also were verified, rDNA genes were found on telocentric and submetacentric chromosomes in Anochetus and on telocentric chromosomes in Odontomachus. Our cytogenetic results lend support to Brown's hypothesis that Odontomachus has evolved from a lineage of Anochetus. The karyotype divergence of both genera can be explained by a model of evolution in which there is a tendency to the increase of chromosome number by centric fission. Supporting evidence for this hypothesis is discussed.
A New Species ofTaosa(Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae) from South America Associated with Water Hyacinth
Authors: Lenicov Ana M De Remes , Hernández M Cristina
Published: May 2010

A new species of Taosa (Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae) is described, All the stages were collected on the aquatic weed Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae) at several localities on the Paraguay River in Argentina, and in the upper Amazon River in Perú. Taosa (Cuernavaca) longula Remes Lenicov sp. nov. is distinguished by the following coloration pattern and morphological features: uniform green coloration with apair of lateral small dark spots on mesonotum, vertex subquadrate with a closed triangular facet well defined on apex, and a long anal segment; in male, the shape and relative length of parameres, the tubular aedeagus with a pair of ventral spinose processes recurved upward; in the female, the length, shape and denticulation of the first valvulae of the ovipositor, To facilitate the comparison of the new species with the morphologically allied, Taosa inexacta (Walker) and Taosa herbida (Walker 1851), a key is included. Further information on reproductive and feeding behavior, host plants, and geographical distribution of this species are given.
Review and Key to the World Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) of Greenideinae Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Including Notes on Invasive Pest Species
Authors: Starý Petr , Rakhshani Ehsan , Havelka Jan , Tomanović Željko , Kavallieratos Nikolas G , Sharkey Michael
Published: May 2010

A review and illustrated key of the aphidiine parasitoids of Greenideinae aphids is presented including their distribution. Fissicaudus thailandicus Starý & Rakhshani sp. nov. from Thailand is described and figured. Parabioxys songbaiensis Shi & Chen is redescribed based on reared specimens from North Korea. Faunal peculiarities and relationships of the taxa are discussed together with a synopsis of their potential as biocontrol agents.
Effects of Temperature and Controlled Atmospheres on Codling Moth Metabolism
Authors: Neven Lisa G , Hansen Lee D
Published: May 2010

Although controlled atmosphere temperature treatments are effective in controlling codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), in fruit, the mechanism by which this combination treatment kills the larvae is unknown. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine the effects of elevated temperatures, low O2, and high CO2 on the metabolic heat rate of fifth-instar codling moths. Total ATP levels also were determined. Metabolic heat rates in air increased from 0 to 30°C and decreased above 30°C. Heat rates measured isothermally at 23°C under decreased O2 or increased CO2 were lower than those in air with the lowest in 1 kPa O2 and 1 kPa O2 + 15 kPa CO2, Continuous temperature scans from 23 to 44.5°C under low O2 and high CO2 atmospheres produced lower metabolic heat rates than scans under air. Low O2 atmospheres produced the lowest ATP levels, and high concentrations of CO2 produced the highest ATP levels. These results indicate that heat treatments under controlled atmospheres have a dramatic effect on codling moth metabolism, low O2 prevents ATP synthesis, and high CO2 prevents use of ATP.
Adaptive Traits ofRiptortus pedestrisNymphs (Heteroptera: Alydidae) for Locating Host Plants
Authors: Nakajima Yuji , Sakuma Masayuki , Sasaki Rikiya , Fujisaki Kenji
Published: May 2010

Riptortus pedestris (F.) (Heteroptera: Alydidae) females oviposit not only on host plants but also on nonhosts, which may impose high costs on nymphs in terms of locomotion energy and time searching for host plants. Therefore, we hypothesized that second-instar nymphs have developed adaptive traits that help them access host plants, because the first feeding stage occurs during the second instar in this bug. We compared responses to the aggregation pheromone, relative leg lengths, and locomotion performance using a servosphere locomotion compensator as tests of physiological, morphometric, and behavioral traits, respectively, among the instars. We also investigated the effects of delayed feeding in the second instar on subsequent survival and development. Our results indicated that second-instar nymphs might have responded more sensitively to synthetic aggregation pheromone than other instars. Morphological measurements showed that second-instar nymphs had the longest relative leg length compared with other instars. The experiment using the servosphere revealed that second-instar nymphs had higher locomotion performance than did older nymphs, which may allow second-instar nymphs to walk a distance comparable to older nymphs, although their body size is much smaller. However, we did find that more than a 48-h delay in feeding after the first-instar molt decreased subsequent survival rates and that a later first-feeding led to a longer developmental period during the second instar. We concluded that R. pedestris nymphs have evolved various adaptive traits to enhance the probability of accessing host plants in response to the costly oviposition habit of adult females that lay eggs on nonhosts.
“As a Leaf on a Branch …”: Dante's Neologisms
Authors: Luzzi Joseph
Published: May 2010

This essay begins by showing how the criticisms of neologism that Dante in-herited from ancient and medieval rhetoric, especially those that decry the supposed barbarity of invented words, provide counterintuitive insight into the motives behind Dante's lexical experimentalism in theCommedia. It then turns to the metaphoric link between Horace's defense of neologisms in theArs poetica(The Art of Poetry[18 BCE]) and Adam's speech on the origin of language inParadiso26, a relation whose Homeric and Vergilian resonances inflect Dante's understanding of linguistic cycles. I argue that Dante's rewriting through Horace of the infernal, Vergilian simile of the falling leaves establishes a poetics of regeneration inParadisothat joins the process of word creation to the miracle of the Resurrection and to the time‐bound, cyclic nature of what Adam calls the linguistic “uso d'i mortali” ‘usage of mortals.’
Clustering and Curling Locks: The Matter of Hair inParadise Lost
Authors: Dobranski Stephen B.
Published: May 2010

InParadise LostMilton introduces Adam and Eve by lingering on their appearance, but instead of presenting a detailed catalog of the couple's physical attributes, he focuses on their hair. This essay challenges earlier readings of Adam and Eve's locks by examining Milton's imagery in the context of hair's cultural and spiritual value. Comparing depictions of hair in sixteenth-century sonnets and cavalier seduction poetry reveals how Milton appropriates the early modern aesthetic ofsprezzaturato convey Adam and Eve's unique innocence. The essay shows that Milton's description is not merely superficial, nor even merely symbolic. Rather, when read in relation to early modern theories of hair's etiology and to Milton's own animist materialism, hair inParadise Lostliterally embodies Adam and Eve's prelapsarian love. Their clustering and curling locks enact the couple's amorous reciprocity and signify the paradoxical strength and fragility of their Edenic marriage.
Thinkiest
Authors: Jagose Annamarie
Published: May 2010

All my feeling for Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick comes from her writing. I wasn't a friend. I never met her or even heard her give a public lecture or present a paper. The closest we came was being bound together, one after the other, in the same edited anthology, my essay on sequence and precedence in Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca and its various adaptations following an extract from her A Dialogue on Love. If Sedgwick's essay and mine can be said to speak to each other, to strike a conversational pose, as though the breadth of a page might be mistaken for the more sociable span of a bar or table, it is only to point up the spuriousness of this effect. For whatever weight of significance the closing section of Sedgwick's essay might seem to license my finding in this happenstance—“I don't resist … secretly fingering this enigmatic pebble. I can't quite figure out what makes its meaning for me” (“Dialogue” 351)—is made implausible with the page's turn by the brutalist facade of my first sentence: “Sequence is its own alibi” (352).
Eve at Amherst
Authors: Parker Andrew
Published: May 2010

Eve's Tenure at Amherst—She Taught in the English Department from 1984 TO 1988—Coincided with the Tenth Anniversary of coeducation at the college and the early years of the AIDS pandemic. She found on her arrival a culture that had neither fully welcomed its female students and faculty members nor begun to acknowledge its homophobia. Eve gave early on a witty and provocative lecture to the campus community called “Sabrina Doesn't Live Here Anymore,” which enlisted as a feminist icon a nude female statue that had been glorified and abused throughout its long association with Amherst. Known today mostly by Eve's former colleagues and students (and the occasional still-disgruntled alumnus), the talk catalyzed campus activism and lead ultimately to the founding of the Women's and Gender Studies Department, perhaps the first in the country to adopt that compound name. Those familiar with Eve's later work may be surprised by her lecture's full-throated feminism—Between Men had yet to appear, and queer theory was hardly a gleam in anyone's eye. Even after a quarter century, however, its inventiveness and turnings of phrase could be mistaken for no one else's. Readers of PMLA may appreciate particularly the opening section of the talk, reproduced below, for the window it provides onto an academic culture then on the brink of transformation. It also powerfully conveys, beyond any reminiscence I could provide, what Eve sounded like the moment I first heard her speak in public.
Embarrassment and the Forms of Redemption
Authors: Kurnick David
Published: May 2010

Homosexuality is the truth of love.

—Gilles Deleuze,Proust and Signs

No one wants to be called a homosexual.

—Leo Bersani,Homos

The Tension Between My Epigraphs' Formulations Might be Taken as The Animating Energy of Queer Theory. If the first provides queers with a vision of our sexuality as flatteringly significant, the second insists with punishing concision that this significance resists translation into social equality. More precisely, the two statements could be seen as mutually constitutive: it is the social abjection of the sexually deviant that makes our sexuality interesting, as it is the excessive symbolic interest of our difference that has made us socially volatile. Or at least this has been one guiding assumption of queer theory, which has leveraged some of its most imaginative work by arrogating to queerness a symbolic centrality out of all proportion to queers' acknowledged numbers or to our social power. It is no accident that Leo Bersani articulates the unpleasant reality principle in this little epigraphic debate. His writing is justly famous for its suspicion of the rhetoric of identitarian dignity and for its refusal of conceptual consolations of all kinds; Bersani's habit of accentuating the negative made his work the inevitable reference point forPMLA'sMay 2006 Forum on the “antisocial thesis” in queer theory (Caserio et al.). And yet for all Bersani's insistence on exposing the fantasies of transcendence undergirding our culture and our criticism, his writing is perhaps even more remarkable for the way it has managed to combine that scouring sensibility with a sense of ethical and political promise. Refusing the culture of redemption won't, of course, quite save you. But Bersani's work has always suggested that it could be beneficent (a favorite word of his).
The Humanities and HIV/AIDS: Where Do We Go from Here?
Authors: Tomso Gregory
Published: May 2010

Scholars in the Humanities May be Surprised to Learn That There has Been an Outpouring of New Work on HIV/AIDS by Economists and political scientists in the past few years, as it has finally become clear that the pandemic has seriously impacted governmental operations, redirected state resources, and threatened national and even international security around the globe. This upsurge of interest accentuates the decline in scholarly attention to HIV/AIDS in the humanities that has occurred now that the high tide of AIDS activism has receded across much of the global North and West and nearly a generation has passed since the pandemic first appeared. In an effort to jump-start a second-wave approach to the study of HIV/AIDS in the humanities, I show here how new scholarship in the fields of economics and political economy helps to revitalize questions of subjectivity, epistemology, globalization, and representation that have long been central to the study of HIV/AIDS in traditional humanities disciplines. Given the global reach of the pandemic and the vast technological, disciplinary, and governmental expertise required to contain it, a deliberate yet self-reflexive turn to political economy may help humanities scholars find a foothold in responding to HIV/AIDS. The pandemic has been the catalyst for an entirely new set of techniques of governance related to the health and well-being of nations and global populations—a global biopolitics of HIV/AIDS—yet there is virtually no work in the humanities responding to these dramatic changes.
A new turban-shaped gogiid eocrinoid from the Kaili Formation (Kaili Biota), Balang, Jianhe County, Guizhou Province, China
Authors: Parsley Ronald L. , Zhao Yuanlong
Published: May 2010

A rare new turban-shaped basal Middle Cambrian gogiid eocrinoid, Turbanicystis inflatus new genus and species is described from the Kaili Formation (Kaili Biota), Guizhou Province, China. It co-occurs with three other markedly different gogiids, Sinoeocrinus, Globoeocrinus, and Balangicystis, and is part of a unique Middle Cambrian community that is dominated by echinoderms.
Pennsylvanian brachiopods from the Geumcheon-Jangseong Formation, Pyeongan Supergroup, Taebaeksan Basin, Korea
Authors: Lee Sangmin , Choi Duck K. , Shi G. R.
Published: May 2010

We provide the first detailed systematic taxonomy and paleoecological investigation of late Paleozoic brachiopod faunas from Korea. Specifically, we focus on the brachiopods from the Geumcheon-Jangseong Formation, the lower part of the Pyeongan Supergroup in the Taebaeksan Basin. The formation yields a variety of marine invertebrate fossils, including brachiopods, molluscs, echinoderms, corals, fusulinids, and conodonts. Diverse brachiopods are described from six siliciclastic horizons of the formation at three localities, including 23 species belonging to 20 genera with two new species:Rhipidomella parvan. sp. andStenoscisma wooin. sp. Three brachiopod assemblages of the late Moscovian (Pennsylvanian) age are recognized based on their species compositions and stratigraphic distributions, namely theChoristites, Rhipidomella, andHustediaassemblages. The brachiopod faunal composition varies within each assemblage as well as between the Assemblages, most likely reflecting local paleoenvironmental and hence paleoecological differences. TheChoristitesAssemblage includes relatively large brachiopods represented byDerbyia, Choristites, andStenoscismaand may have inhabited open marine to partly restricted marine environments, whereas theRhipidomellaandHustediaAssemblages consist of a small number of small-sized brachiopods living in lagoonal environments. TheChoristitesAssemblage shows a close affinity with Moscovian brachiopod assemblages in the eastern Paleo-Tethys regions, especially theBrachythyrina lata-Choristites yanghukouensis-Echinoconchus elegansAssemblage of North China, whereas theRhipidomellaandHustediaassemblages both exhibit strong endemism.
Systematic and biostratigraphic significance of the American rudist bivalve Durania aguilae Adkins, 1930
Authors: Mitchell Simon F. , Pons Jose Maria
Published: May 2010

The rudist bivalve Durania aguilae Adkins was described from the Mendez Formation in Mexico and originally attributed to the Santonian. We revise this species and show that it belongs to the genus Chiapasella Müllerried. We also recognize that Chiapasella aguilae (Adkins) is a senior synonym of Chiapasella trechmanni Mitchell and Gunter, an important biostratigraphic indicator in the late late Maastrichtian of Jamaica. Chiapasella aguilae is therefore an important late late Maastrichtian marker fossil that has been recorded from Jamaica, Mexico, and Cuba.
The jaw apparatus of the Late Cretaceous ammonite Didymoceras
Authors: Kruta Isabelle , Landman Neil H. , Rouget Isabelle , Cecca Fabrizio , Larson Neal L.
Published: May 2010

We report on well-preserved upper and lower jaws found inside the body chambers of two specimens of Didymoceras nebrascense (Meek and Hayden, 1856) from the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale of the USA. The finds are described and compared to existing material, and their possible functions are discussed.
Confocal laser scanning microscopy and Raman imagery of the late Neoproterozoic Chichkan microbiota of South Kazakhstan
Authors: Schopf J. William , Kudryavtsev Anatoliy B. , Sergeev Vladimir N.
Published: May 2010

Precambrian microbiotas, such as that permineralized in bedded and stromatolitic cherts of the late Neoproterozoic, 750- to 800-Ma-old, Chichkan Formation of South Kazakhstan, have traditionally been studied by optical microscopy only. Such studies, however, are incapable of documenting accurately either the three-dimensional morphology of such fossils or their chemical composition and that of their embedding minerals. As shown here by analyses of fossils of the Chichkan Lagerstätte, the solution to these long-standing problems is provided by two techniques recently introduced to paleontology: confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and Raman imagery. The two techniques are used together to characterize, in situ and at micron-scale resolution, the cellular and organismal morphology of the thin section-embedded organic-walled Chichkan fossils. In addition, Raman imagery is used to analyze the molecular-structural composition of the carbonaceous fossils and of their embedding mineral matrix, identify the composition of intracellular inclusions, and quantitatively assess the geochemical maturity of the Chichkan organic matter.

CLSM and Raman imagery are both broadly applicable to the study of fossils, whether megascopic or microscopic and regardless of mode of preservation, and both are non-intrusive and non-destructive, factors that permit their use for analyses of archived specimens. They are especially useful for the study of microscopic fossils, as is demonstrated in this first in-depth study of diverse taxa of a single Precambrian microbiota for which they provide information in three dimensions at high spatial resolution about their organismal morphology, cellular anatomy, kerogenous composition, mode of preservation, and taphonomy and fidelity of preservation.
Rudists of Tibet and the Tarim Basin, China: Significance to Requieniidae phylogeny
Authors: Scott Robert W. , Wan Xiaqiao , Sha Jingeng , Wen Shi-Xuan
Published: May 2010

Rudists are a principal biotic component of Cretaceous carbonates in Tibet and in the Western Tarim Basin. Barremian to Maastrichtian carbonate units are widespread on the northern margin of the Indian Plate and in Tethyan tectonic slices that were welded onto Eurasia in successive stages during the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene. In far northwestern Tibet, Barremian-Cenomanian endemic rudists and cosmopolitan orbitolinid foraminifera occupied isolated carbonate platforms in the eastern Tethys. Rudists, corals, and stromatoporoids composed bioherms up to 10 m thick and several kilometers in lateral extent. A unique endemic requieniid rudist,Rutonia, is compared to morphologically similar but older, less derived genera. Associated specimens in this assemblage are indeterminate requieniid valves, monopleurids, and two genera with three radiolitid species that are re-described and taxonomic positions re-evaluated. In southern Tibet, mainly endemic Campanian-Maastrichtian radiolitid rudists and cosmopolitan larger benthic foraminifera contributed to carbonate shelves on the northern Indian Plate near the Cretaceous equator. In the Western Tarim Basin Cenomanian strata yield Tethyan rudist species.

Coiling morphometric analysis using the three-dimensional morphology Raup diagram shows that Requieniidae valves in contact with the substrate are convergent with the basic gastropod shell. More derived strongly coiled, younger requieniids were adapted to encrusting or semi-infaunal habits. Stratigraphic analysis confirms that Requieniidae diversity crises coincided with Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events

Two end members of valve geometry each appear to be primitive and derived characters respectively and separate the family Requieniidae into two clades that are here recognized as two new subfamilies. The end members are defined by the coiling geometry, whether the spire is close to the plane of commissure or it is translated along the coiling axis and by myophore structures. The older matheroniform clade has a low spirogyrate LV that is translated slightly from the commissure along the coiling axis; this group is composed ofMatheronia(and its subgenusMonnieria),Hypelasma, Lovetchenia, Rutonia, andKugleria.Genera in the younger clade have a tall trochospiral LV that is translated along the coiling axis and consists ofRequienia, Toucasia, Pseudotoucasia, Apricardia, Bayleoidea, andBayleia.Claditics support these relationships.
New marsupial from the early Eocene of Virginia
Authors: Rose Kenneth D.
Published: May 2010

A new species of the marsupialPeradectesis described from the early Eocene Nanjemoy Formation of Virginia. It is the first Tertiary marsupial known from the Atlantic Coastal Plain north of Florida. The smallest species ofPeradectes, it is more closely related to species known from the Western Interior of North America than to contemporaneous European species.
Conservative evolution in nautiloid shell morphology: Evidence from the Pennsylvanian nautiloidMetacoceras mcchesneyifrom Ohio, USA
Authors: Wani Ryoji , Mapes Royal H.
Published: May 2010

Morphometric analyses of shell morphology in the Pennsylvanian nautiloidMetacoceras mcchesneyiMurphy, 1970 (Cephalopoda, Mollusca) recovered from coal mines in Madison Township, Columbiana County, Ohio, USA, reveal the ontogenetic change from hatching to maturity as well as intra-specific variation of shell morphology. The shell shape ofM. mcchesneyihas isometric relationships, and the umbilicus diameter between umbilical shoulders has a positive allometric relationship with shell diameter. These show that the relative whorl shape was constant through the ontogeny, but the umbilicus became relatively broader with growth. The siphuncle position moved from a ventro-central position toward the center with growth until 420° of the total rotational angle had been attained. A constriction was recognized on the early whorl at 9.5 mm in shell diameter, and the interval angles of succeeding septa were changed at the 5th septum, indicating that hatching occurred at this diameter. The ventral apertural wall, the disappearance of ornamentation toward the last preserved aperture, and the last whorl separating from the previous whorl indicate thatM. mcchesneyiattained maturity at ca. 70 mm in shell diameter. Most characteristics of shell morphology inM. mcchesneyi(the relative shell shape and ornamentation through ontogeny) are comparable to those in modern and younger fossil nautilids, irrespective of taxonomy and age, supporting the conclusion that evolutionary rates of shell morphology are conservative in nautilid history.
Analysis of Herbage Mass and Herbage Accumulation Rate Using Gompertz Equations
Authors: Barker David J. , Ferraro Fernanda P. , La Guardia Nave Renata , Sulc R. Mark , Lopes Fernanda , Albrecht Kenneth A.
Published: May 2010

Sigmoid equations are recognized as representative of the pattern of herbage accumulation during a growth period; however, the various equations and their variability among locations and during the growing season have not been well described. The objectives of this study were to find the most suitable, four‐parameter sigmoid equations to fit measured herbage mass and to investigate how the patterns of herbage accumulation (i.e., equation parameters) varied with time of year and location. Herbage mass was measured approximately weekly during 11 to 12 growth periods with a rising plate meter (RPM) at three north‐central United States locations (Columbus and Coshocton, OH, and Arlington, WI) during 2008, and those data were fit to Gompertz equations. There were four replicates for each growth period. We found predictable relationships between instantaneous herbage accumulation rate (HARi) and herbage mass for each location and date. Time‐independent HARi vs. herbage mass curves have potential use for pasture management by defining the optimum herbage mass at which HARi is maximum. The optimum herbage mass varied between 1600 and 4000 kg dry matter (DM) ha−1 depending on location and date. Allowing herbage mass to exceed the optimum point (e.g., delayed harvest), or harvesting to below the optimum point, will reduce the HARi. The HARi–herbage mass curves define a range of herbage mass within which pastures can be managed to achieve high HARi, and maintaining pastures within 90% of the maximum HARi may be a practical target for producers.
The Effects of Glyphosate‐Tolerant Technology on Reduced Alfalfa Seeding Rates
Authors: Hall Marvin H. , Hebrock Nicholas S. , Pierson Paulette E. , Caddel John L. , Owens Vance N. , Sulc R. Mark , Undersander Daniel J. , Whitesides Ralph E.
Published: May 2010

Higher costs associated with glyphosate tolerant (GT) compared to nonGT alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed stimulates questions about reduced seeding rates in combination with the GT technology. Our objective was to determine if glyphosate herbicide in combination with GT alfalfa could improve the persistence, productivity, or forage quality when seeding alfalfa at a reduced rate. Glyphosate‐tolerant alfalfa was seeded at seven locations into conventionally tilled seedbeds at rates of 6.7, 11.2, 15.7, and 20.2 kg ha−1 pure live seed (PLS) in the spring of 2006. Stand density, botanical composition, yield, and forage quality were determined for each seeding rate under three herbicide treatments: (i) glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine], (ii) a nonglyphosate herbicide, and (iii) no herbicide. Level of weed infestation was different among locations, but there were no weed infestation × seeding rate or herbicide × seeding rate interaction. Lower seeding rates had lower plant mortality than higher seeding rates. Seeding rate had no affect on forage quality or weed content at any harvest. At only the first harvest in the seeding year did the 6.7 kg ha−1 seeding rate produce less alfalfa forage (about 250 kg ha−1) than other seeding rates. In both the seeding year and year after seeding, using herbicides resulted in less weed and greater alfalfa yield than when no herbicide was used. Regardless of weed control treatment, seeding rates of GT alfalfa greater than 6.7 kg ha−1 did not improve weed control, alfalfa yield, total herbage (alfalfa + weeds) yield, or forage quality.
Cotton Water Use and Lint Yield in Four Great Plains Soils
Authors: Tolk Judy A. , Howell Terry A.
Published: May 2010

The development of earlier maturing, cool temperature tolerant varieties of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has allowed cotton production to expand into regions with shorter, cooler growing seasons. The objective of this research was to evaluate the interactive effect of soil type, irrigation, and meteorological conditions on the water use and lint yield of cotton grown in four U.S. Great Plains soils. Cotton was grown in 2005 through 2007 in 48 weighing lysimeters which contained clay loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sand at Bushland, TX, with irrigation beginning after emergence. The seasonal heat units (HU) from planting to harvest were 1010°C in 2005, 1075°C in 2006, and 985°C in 2007. From seedling to beginning boll development, reference evapotranspiration averaged 7.6 mm in 2005, 8.5 mm in 2006, and 6.7 mm in 2007. Lint yield was significantly related to open boll number at harvest in all soils and years. Averaged cotton lint yields for the 2005 and 2007 full and deficit irrigation treatments were significantly larger in the fine sand (160 g m−2) than in the other soils (126 g m−2). In 2006, cotton lint yield in the fine sand was significantly smaller (101 g m−2) than the average of the other soils (147 g m−2). Cotton lint yield increased in the silt loam soil and decreased in the fine sand as seasonal HU increased. Early season meteorological conditions which influenced square shedding and boll development may have affected lint yields interactively with soil texture and irrigation.
Phosphorus Fertilization of Late‐Planted Winter Wheat into No‐Till Fallow
Authors: Lutcher L. K. , Schillinger W. F. , Wuest S. B. , Christensen N. W. , Wysocki D. J.
Published: May 2010

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is planted in low precipitation areas of north‐central Oregon and east‐central Washington after 14 mo of tilled fallow. No‐till fallow (NTF) is an alternative to the tillage‐based method. The disadvantage of NTF is the loss of seed‐zone moisture and inability to plant early. Delayed plant growth and reduced grain yield (GY) associated with late planting in NTF may be offset by P fertilization. We conducted a field experiment at three locations for 3 yr to evaluate effects of 0, 5, and 15 kg ha−1 of P fertilizer on plant P concentration (PPC), dry matter accumulation (DMA), P uptake (PU), spikes per unit area (SPU), 1000 kernel weight (KW), kernels per spike (KPS), and GY. Soft white winter wheat was planted into NTF during the third week of October. Phosphorus fertilizer was placed below and beside the seed while planting. Application of 5 and 15 kg ha−1 P increased PPC and/or DMA and enhanced overall PU by 0.6 and 1.7 kg P ha−1, respectively. Corresponding increases in SPU were equal to 35 and 55 spikes m−2 Phosphorus application had no effect on KW or KPS. The 5 kg ha−1 P treatment increased overall GY by 4.4%. The 15 kg ha−1 P treatment increased overall GY by 7.6%. Significant GY responses to P application, across sites, ranged from 2.2 to 14.5%. Improvement in P nutrition and increases in SPU and GY were observed at sites where initial soil test P (STP) levels were <12 mg kg−1
Extension and Evaluation of Intercropping Field Trials Using Spatial Models
Authors: Knörzer Heike , Müller Bettina U. , Guo Buqing , Graeff‐Hönninger Simone , Piepho Hans‐Peter , Wang Pu , Claupein Wilhelm
Published: May 2010

Intercropping has often been considered as a secluded cropping system within one field. However, in African and Asian countries, where intercropping is widespread, the system can be looked on at a much larger scale: small fields alternate as strips with different crops grown on them, turning the collection of fields into a kind of unplanned intercropping. The more fragmented the agricultural landscape, the more relevant the borders can become. Traditionally, statistical analysis of intercropping experiments has been done by a simple analysis of variance without taking spatial models into account. But especially strip intercropping experimental arrangements lack in randomization as the cropping system imposes alternating strips. Thus, spatial variability and its effect on yield have to be regarded differently. Two different features of intercropping experiments were studied in the present paper: statistical peculiarities of intercropping designs and the border effect which is a key component of intercropping performance. Field trial results from Germany and China indicated that intercropping showed significant border row effects within the first four rows. For statistical analysis, different spatial models were added to the baseline model to account for the spatial trend and to check whether or not standard models are suitable for analyzing intercropping experiments. The results showed that for the German experiment the baseline model fitted well in the year 2008 and a common analysis of variance seemed to be well suited. However, for the Chinese experiments and the German experiment in the year 2009 the spatial models improved the model fit.
Yield and Maturity of Ultra‐Narrow Row Cotton in High Input Production Systems
Authors: Brodrick Rose , Bange Michael P. , Milroy Stephen P. , Hammer Graeme. L.
Published: May 2010

Ultra‐narrow row (UNR) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), with rows spaced <40 cm apart, has the potential to reduce the time to maturity as UNR as fewer bolls per plant need to be produced to achieve comparable yields to 1 m spaced cotton crops. The objective of this study was to compare the maturity and yield of cotton grown under UNR spacing with conventionally spaced rows in high‐yielding, high‐input production systems (>1800 kg lint ha−1). Six field experiments comparing UNR and 1 m spaced systems were conducted across a range of environments in Australia where yield on average was increased by 14.4% (P < 0.05) in UNR but the magnitude of this difference varied among experiments (3.7–38.8%). There were no differences in crop maturity (60% bolls open) between the systems. As expected, plants under the UNR system were smaller and produced fewer and smaller bolls. The higher yield under UNR was associated with a greater number of bolls per unit area. Although plants in the UNR crop had fewer fruiting branches and bolls per plant, these bolls did not mature earlier than those in the conventionally spaced crop. Lower boll retention was measured in the UNR crop and may be a key reason for the UNR crops maturing at the same time. The use of UNR may offer opportunities for growers to improve yields, but not for shortening the time of maturity in high yield high input systems. The use of the mepiquat chloride did not affect outcomes in this study.