bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myosin IG is differentially expressed in the lymph nodes of patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: February 2021

Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). Between the breast and the brain reside the secondary lymphoid organ, the lymph nodes. We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with metastasis to the lymph nodes in humans with metastatic breast cancer. We found that myosin IG, encoded by MYO1G, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the lymph node metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to primary tumors of the breast. MYO1G mRNA was present at increased quantities in lymph node metastases as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Importantly, expression of MYO1G in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with patient recurrence-free survival. Modulation of MYO1G expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the lymph nodes and the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
计算思维理论框架：回顾、比较与启示
Authors: QU JINGRU , Ye Hu
Published: February 2021

基于不同的概念定义，若干计算思维理论框架应运而生，但是尚未有相关文献对这些理论框架进行系统性地梳理与比较。文章回顾了现有的、主流的八个计算思维理论框架，通过对这些框架的比较，发现了抽象、算法、分解与概括这四个计算思维重要概念，并着重探讨了不同框架各自的优点与局限性，给出了相应的应用建议。
Satellite Imagery for Monitoring and Mapping Soil Chromium Pollution in a Mine Waste Dump
Authors: Khosravi Vahid , Ardejani Faramarz Doulati , Gholizadeh Asa , Saberioon Mohammadmehdi
Published: February 2021

Weathering and oxidation of sulphide minerals in mine wastes release toxic elements in surrounding environments. As an alternative to traditional sampling and chemical analysis methods, the capability of proximal and remote sensing techniques was investigated in this study to predict Chromium (Cr) concentration in 120 soil samples collected from a dumpsite in Sarcheshmeh copper mine, Iran. The samples mineralogy and Cr concentration were determined and were then subjected to laboratory reflectance spectroscopy in the range of Visible--Near Infrared--Shortwave Infrared (VNIR–SWIR: 350–2500 nm). The raw spectra were pre-processed using Savitzky–Golay First-Derivative (SG-FD) and Savitzky–Golay Second-Derivative (SG-SD) algorithms. The important wavelengths were determined using correlation analysis, Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression (SMLR) and PLSR data mining methods were applied to the selected spectral variables to assess Cr concentration. The developed models were then applied to the selected bands of Aster, Hyperion, Sentinel-2A and Landsat 8-OLI satellite images of the area. Afterwards, rasters obtained from the best prediction model were segmented using a binary fitness function. According to the outputs of the laboratory reflectance spectroscopy, the highest prediction accuracy was obtained using ANN applied to the SD pre-processed spectra with R2 = 0.91, RMSE = 8.73 mg.kg-1 and RPD = 2.76. SD-ANN also showed an acceptable performance on mapping the spatial distribution of Cr using Ordinary Kriging (OK) technique. Using satellite images, SD-SMLR provided the best prediction models with R2 values of 0.61 and 0.53 for Hyperion and Sentinel-2A, respectively. This led to the higher visual similarity of the segmented Hyperion and Sentinel-2A images with the Cr distribution map. The findings of this study indicated that applying the best prediction models obtained by spectroscopy to the selected wavebands of Hyperion and Sentinel-2A satellite imagery could be considered as a promising technique for rapid, cost-effective and eco-friendly assessment of Cr concentration in highly heterogeneous mining areas of Sarcheshmeh in Iran.
WICO Graph: A Labeled Dataset of Twitter Subgraphs based on Conspiracy Theory and 5G-Corona Misinformation Tweets
Authors: Schroeder Daniel Thilo , Schaal Ferdinand , Filkukova Petra , Pogorelov Konstantin , Langguth Johannes
Published: February 2021

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, a surge of misinformation has flooded social media and other internet channels, and some of it has the potential to cause real-world harm. To counteract this misinformation, reliably identifying it is a principal problem to be solved. However, the identification of misinformation poses a formidable challenge for language processing systems since the texts containing misinformation are short, work with insinuation rather than explicitly stating a false claim, or resemble other postings that deal with the same topic ironically. Accordingly, for the development of better detection systems, it is not only essential to use hand-labeled ground truth data and extend the analysis with methods beyond Natural Language Processing to consider the characteristics of the participant's relationships and the diffusion of misinformation. This paper presents a novel dataset that deals with a specific piece of misinformation: the idea that the 5G wireless network is causally connected to the COVID-19 pandemic. We have extracted the subgraphs of 3,000 manually classified Tweets from Twitter's follower network and distinguished them into three categories. First, subgraphs of Tweets that propagate the specific 5G misinformation, those that spread other conspiracy theories, and Tweets that do neither. We created the WICO (Wireless Networks and Coronavirus Conspiracy) dataset to support experts in machine learning experts, graph processing, and related fields in studying the spread of misinformation. Furthermore, we provide a series of baseline experiments using both Graph Neural Networks and other established classifiers that use simple graph metrics as features.
Review of “Ideas in the History of Economic Development – The Case of Peripheral Countries” edited by Estrella Trincado, Andrés Lazzarini, and Denis Melnik
Authors: Boianovsky Mauro
Published: February 2021

Book Review of “Ideas in the History of Economic Development – The Case of Peripheral Countries” edited by Estrella Trincado, Andrés Lazzarini, and Denis Melnik
TSPY is differentially expressed in lymph node metastases in human breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: February 2021

Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). Between the breast and the brain reside the secondary lymphoid organ, the lymph nodes. We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with metastasis to the lymph nodes in humans with metastatic breast cancer. We found that the testis-specific protein on Y chromosome, TSPY, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the lymph node metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Analysis of a separate microarray dataset revealed that TSPY was also differentially expressed in brain metastatic tissues. TSPY mRNA was present at increased quantities in lymph node metastases as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Modulation of TSPY expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the lymph nodes and the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
Data Management for Researchers: 8 Principles of Good Data Management
Authors: Henry Teague R
Published: February 2021

This is a copy of the original blog post "8 Principles of Good Data Management", formatted into a single document and uploaded to OSF/Psyarxiv for the purpose of having persistent DOIs for reference. Feel free to refer to the entire OSF repository for Data Management for Researchers (https://osf.io/sja89/) or individual posts by using their respective Psyarxiv entries.
Negative attitudes to cyclists may affect road space given to them: variation in drivers’ perceptions of adequate space when overtaking a cyclist on the road
Authors: Saxton Tamsin , Thorp Andrew
Published: February 2021

Cycling has individual and collective benefits, and thus various initiatives have attempted to increase cycling uptake. Motivations and intentions around cycling can be influenced by perceptions of risk and safety, which can be derived in part from the overtaking manoeuvres of other road users. Yet we know little about the systematic variables between drivers that might give rise to differences in their overtaking of cyclists. Accordingly, we investigated how people’s personality and attitudinal variables covary with their perceptions of adequate space when overtaking cyclists. We recruited 386 participants (including 349 regular drivers and 114 regular cyclists) from networks within the UK (particularly the north-east of England) who completed an online survey where we assessed their Big Five personality traits, attitudes to cyclists, driving anger, optimism, and their perceptions of the acceptability of overtaking manoeuvres by drivers passing cyclists on roads, depicted in photographs. We found that people evaluated a greater number of overtaking manoeuvres as more acceptable in particular if they had more negative views of cyclists, and also if they did not cycle regularly, and if they reported more driving anger. People often report negative attitudes towards cyclists, but attitudes are subject to change, and future work could investigate whether encouraging drivers to view cyclists more positively could also reduce drivers’ close-pass overtaking manoeuvres.
Ways to solve the psychological problems caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the educational space of Georgia through psychological counseling (main issues of psychological counseling)
Authors: Inasaridze Ketevan
Published: February 2021

In 2020, the situation created by the COVID-19 pandemic in the world, including in Georgia, led to the emergence of a number of mental health problems in the population. The Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports of Georgia has started to establish a psychological hotline to solve the psychological problems in the Georgian educational space. This article aims to increase the knowledge of the psychologists involved in the psychological hotline service about the main issues of psychological counseling
Social Thermoregulation: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: IJzerman Hans , Hadi Rhonda , Coles Nicholas Alvaro , Paris Bastien , Sarda Elisa , Fritz William , Klein Richard Anthony , Ropovik Ivan
Published: February 2021

One key motivating force for bonding across animals is their need to regulate body temperature, also called social thermoregulation. This phenomenon has been extensively documented in animals, but only recently its existence has been suggested in humans. Psychology, however, has been faced with conflicting findings and the social thermoregulation literature has been no exception. We conducted a meta-analysis of the social thermoregulation literature in humans with the goal of estimating bias-corrected effect sizes and examining the evidential value. We included studies in English on humans and coded studies based on three theoretical frameworks (Bargh, Lakoff, and IJzerman). We found that temperature can be “primed” and that support for “compensation” is mixed. Social thermoregulation’s effect sizes are symmetrical and bidirectional and there was insufficient data available to examine claims about moderation by attachment and latitude. Further, based on the available information in the literature, we cannot establish whether social thermoregulatory behaviors and cognitions are automatic. Results for different subfields (e.g., Emotion, Interpersonal) and methods (e.g., verbal/visual or tactile prime) were mixed. Results for the full dataset were moderated by proportion of women in the dataset, but no moderation by climate was detected. Standard error also decreased over the years, meaning that publication practices in this literature are slightly improving, but heterogeneity is substantial. Better measurements, more diverse samples, and Registered Reports will be necessary for a higher-quality social thermoregulation literature.
Physical Activity (PA) Improves Positive Moods for International Students During COVID-19: A Multiple Baseline Design Report
Authors: Tong Lingyao
Published: February 2021

Most people have difficulties maintaining mental health during the COVID-19 pandemics. International college students are at increased risk of developing mental disorders, which calls for effective preventive interventions. Previous work found modest effectiveness of physical activity (PA) in preventing and treating depression, whereas whether the intervention is effective among healthy individuals remains unclear. This study aims to design a low-intensify physical training to improve international students’ mood status. We used a 22-day multiple baseline design (MBD) with three healthy international students. The visual and randomization test were analyses using the R packages (RcmdrPlugin.SCDA and dependent packages). Results showed that taking mild aerobic exercise helps participants experience more positive moods (happy, energetic, concentrated), whereas PA had no significant effects on reducing negative moods (tired, anxious, depressed, sleepy). We suggest the importance of taking regular and mild exercise for international students at risk of mood disorders during the COVID-19.
Legal Cynicism, Intrusive Policing, and the Dynamics of Police Legitimacy: Evidence from Brazil’s Largest City
Authors: Oliveira Thiago Rodrigues
Published: February 2021

Public experiences with the law in some neighborhoods are marked by an overwhelming police presence alongside deep-seated beliefs that legal agents are disinterested in ensuring public safety. This mutual experience of intrusive policing and legal cynicism has important implications for people’s recognition of the legitimacy of legal authority. In the context of a global city in the Global South, this study provides a quantitative assessment of the dynamics of perceived police intrusion and cynicism about police protection and the implications of those experiences for beliefs about the legitimacy of legal institutions. Drawing on a three-wave longitudinal survey representative of adult residents of eight neighborhoods in São Paulo, Brazil (N = 1,200), I demonstrate that perceived police intrusion and cynicism about police protection (a) are two sides of the same coin, being produced by similar social forces and dynamically reproducing each other and (b) operate to undermine police legitimacy. Integrating the legal cynicism and procedural justice theoretical frameworks, this study shows that intrusive as well as unheeding and neglectful policing practices can contribute to delegitimizing legal authority. I conclude with a discussion about the distribution of repression and protection and highlight the urgency of exploring public-authority relations in the Global South.
Conflicto territorial y cambios en la cultura política: Cataluña-España
Authors: Bonet-Martí Jordi , Ubasart-González Gemma
Published: February 2021

The aim of this article is to explore the relationship between the changes that have occurred in political culture and the social and territorial crisis that has developed in Spain since 2011. For this, we will focus on the analysis of the evolution of the historical series of traditional indicators of political culture, in order to show how, coinciding with the outbreak of the economic crisis, secular trends were altered and how these changes could have influenced the double process of rupture. Finally, it will be discussed how this rupture was channeled in Spain through the transformation of the party system, while in Catalonia it took the form of territorial conflict.
Traditional and contemporary approaches to mathematical fitness-fatigue models in exercise science: A practical guide with resources. Part II.
Authors: Swinton Paul , Stephens Hemingway Ben , Rasche Christian , Pfeiffer Mark , Ogorek Ben
Published: February 2021

The standard fitness-fatigue model (FFM) is known to include several limitations described by the linearity assumption, the independence assumption, and the deterministic assumption. These limitations ensure that the modelled response to chronic training does not match the complexity observed in practice. The purpose of part II of this review series was to describe previous extensions to the standard FFM to address these limitations, providing key mathematical insights and resources to both explain technical elements and enable researchers and practitioners to fit these extended models to their own data. To address the linearity assumption of the standard FFM and the associated limitation that doubling the training load predicts twice the performance improvement, two distinct extensions are reviewed including the addition of a non-linear transform to training inputs and inclusion of non-linear terms within the system of differential equations. To address the independence assumption where the response to a training session is unaffected by previous sessions, a popular extension where fatigue is updated as an exponentially weighted moving average of previous training loads is reviewed. Finally, the review introduces the concept of state-space models where uncertainty in the estimates of fitness, fatigue and performance measurement can be directly modelled eliminating the unsuited deterministic assumption of the standard FFM. The review also highlights how state-space models can be further expanded to include features such as the Kalman filter where parameter estimates can be updated with incoming performance measurements to better predict and manipulate training to optimise performance. Collectively, the range of topics covered in this review series and the resources provided should enable researchers and practitioners to better investigate the extensive area of FFMs and determine in what contexts models can assist with training monitoring and prescription.
Factors Influencing Investment Decisions in Gold
Authors: Thapa Bishesh , Shah Ajay Kumar
Published: February 2021

The paper aims to evaluate the various factors influencing investment decisions in gold. Six influential factors such as price of gold, secured investment, liquidity need, social status, advertisement and influences and demand of gold were used and their relation with investment decision in gold was tested. The study is based on descriptive research design and uses the primary data obtained by a structured questionnaire for quantitative analysis. Convenient sampling method was used and sample size of 160 respondents was taken from Kathmandu valley. The study uses descriptive statistics, t-test, and correlation to show the important influential variable and relation with investment decision. Among all the influential variables, liquidity need and social status shows the highest mean value which indicates strong agreement towards reason for investing in gold whereas advertisement and influences has lowest agreement. However, when it comes to relationship of different factors with investment decision on gold then, secured investment has the highest correlation value with the investment decision in gold. Moreover, the results showed that there is positive significant relationship between all the contextual variables and investment decision.
Diaspora Diplomacy: Emerging Priority of Nepal’s Foreign Policy
Authors: Sharma Pratima
Published: February 2021

Many people from Nepal are currently living in foreign countries. Their living has become a prominent issue in foreign policy and international relations as it has a broader impact on the bilateral connection between Nepal and the host countries as well as in the development back home. Appropriately mobilizing diverse potential inheritance in the Nepali diaspora can be a real boon for Nepal in achieving the national goals. The government is working on that by devising various policies, but the results are not satisfactory. Rigorous homework is yet to be done at the policy-making level to maximize achievements through the effective conduction of diaspora diplomacy. Hence, shedding light on the broader perspective of the Nepali diaspora, this paper attempts to focus on their role in the social, economic and cultural development of Nepal. The new institutional and policy arrangements that policymakers should adopt in upcoming days to address diaspora needs and to maintain a balanced relation between the government and Nepali community residing outside the border are also discussed. The article is descriptive and analytical in format, and the data are collected from secondary sources.
Postawy kontestacyjne Pokolenia next (Stop! или Движение без остановок Iriny Bogatyriewej)
Authors: Kalita Liliana
Published: February 2021

This paper examines Russia’s “next” generation and its expressions of anti-consu- merist protest, which stem from a fascination with the american beat Generation. Criticism of the consumerist lifestyle prompts the protagonists of bogatyreva’s prose to seek an alternative, especially through hitchhiking, which provides the opportunity to become closer to oneself and others. Communion with nature and a turn towards Eastern Mysticism become important elements of these new styles of existence. The nature of the rebellion of the “next” generation is primarily psy- chological, with an emphasis on expanding one’s own awareness, as well as social, underpinned by the dream of creating a society based on anti-capitalist ideals.
Implementasi Case Based Reasoning Mendiagnosa Penyakit Stroke Menggunakan Algoritma Probabilistic Symmetric
Authors: Rachman Rizal
Published: February 2021

Penyakit stroke merupakan salah satu penyakit yang cukup berbahaya di Indonesia. Penyakit yang diawali dengan tanda seperti mati rasa yang berada di wajah, kaki, lengan, ataupun di sisi salah satu tubuh, disertai dengan adanya kebingungan dan sulit untuk bicara. Penyakit stroke merupakan suatu penyakit yang berhubungan dengan aliran darah ke otak. Mengingat sedikitnya dokter spesialis saraf di berbagai daerah di Indonesia serta keterbatasan waktu dan tenaga seorang dokter dalam melayani masyarakat luas sehingga dibutuhkan sebuah sistem yang mampu membantu mendiagnosa penyakit stroke. Sistem pakar dapat memungkinkan orang awam bisa mengerjakan pekerjaan para ahli. Perhitungan ketidakpastian dalam sistem pakar dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa metode ketidakpastian. Case based reasoning merupakan sebuah paradigma utama dalam penalaran otomatis (automated reasoning) dan mesin pembelajaran (machine learning). Untuk mencari jarak terdekat dari tiap tiap kasus dan mencari ukuran kemiripan (similaritas) kasus lama dengan kasus baru, dalam penelitian ini menggunakan algoritma K-Nearest Neighbor dan algoritma similaritas probabilistic symmetric. Dalam penelitian ini, telah dibuat web aplikasi sistem pakar diagnosa penyakit stroke sehingga dapat membantu masyarakat/pengguna dalam mendiagnosa awal gejala penyakit stroke tanpa menemui seorang dokter.
Pengembangan Aplikasi Android Belajar Kriptografi Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Mata Kuliah Kriptografi
Authors: Hendy Hendy , Akbar Habibullah
Published: February 2021

Kriptografi merupakan salah satu mata kuliah yang biasanya terdapat di dalam program studi Teknik informatika maupun sistem informasi. Mata kuliah ini dapat dikatakan cukup sulit karena banyak mahasiswa yang belum mendengar istilah ini. Banyak mahasiswa di zaman sekarang menggunakan android untuk menemukan solusi seputar soal yang terdapat di dalam mata kuliah ini. Kesulitan ini dapat diatasi atau diringankan dengan melakukan pengembangan terhadap sebuah aplikasi berbasis android yang dapat berfungsi sebagai media pembelajaran untuk menjelaskan kepada para mahasiswa cara-cara untuk menuntaskan masalah seputar mata kuliah kriptografi. Aplikasi “Belajar Kriptografi” diharapkan dapat membantu para mahasiswa agar dapat lebih memahami materi di dalam mata kuliah kriptografi. Aplikasi akan dinilai kebergunaan dan dampaknya terhadap mahasiswa.
Failure Analysis on BGA U45 on Soldered Balls
Authors: Flores Miguel Angel Neri , Olvera Gregorio Vázquez
Published: February 2021

This paper presents a failure analysis to determine the origin of the failure on the soldered balls of one BGA soldered to a Printed circuit board, presenting Intermittency on the soldered joints, by Visual inspection, X ray inspection, Computed Tomography(CT), Cross-section analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy dispersive spectroscopy, determined the failure located on soldered balls of the BGA was caused by cracks that run along the Intermetallic layer formed between the solder balls and the copper pads of the printed circuit board, that were located near the BGA corners. With X ray computed Tomography we can analyze all the soldered balls of the BGA, by "virtual" cross-sections on the soldered joints without damage on the sample.
Simple Circuit Edit Passive Voltage Contrast Technique to Identify Leakage Location
Authors: Ting S.L. , Tan P.K. , Withana I. , Tan H. , Chen C.Q.
Published: February 2021

Passive voltage contrast (PVC) is widely used to detect underlying connectivity issues between metals based on the brightness of upper metals using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or focused ion beam (FIB). [1] However, it cannot be applied in all cases due to the uniqueness of each case where brightness alone is insufficient to tell leakage location. In this study, propose a simple technique using platinum (Pt) marking as a circuit edit (CE) technique to alter metal PVC to identify the actual leakage location. Conventional SEM and PVC contrast imaging are unable to pinpoint exact defects without data confirming the leakage from nano-probing such as Atomic Force Probing (AFP) or SEM base nano-probing (NP) [2]. Using this method, we can improve the analysis cycle time by direct analysts the defective location in SEM, while also saving tool cost.
Site-Specific Sample Preparation Method for Atom Probe Tomography on Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Alvis Roger L. , Kral Zdenek , Landin Trevan , Orsborn Jonathan , Prosa Ty J. , Rice Katherine P.
Published: February 2021

An advanced technique for site-specific Atom Probe Tomography (APT) is presented. An APT sample is prepared from a targeted semiconductor device (commercially available product based on 14nm finFET technology). Using orthogonal views of the sample in STEM while FIB milling, a viable APT sample is created with the tip of the sample positioned over the lightly-doped drain (LDD) region of a pre-defined PFET. The resulting APT sample has optimal geometry and minimal amorphization damage.
Automated Via Detection for PCB Reverse Engineering
Authors: Botero Ulbert J. , Koblah David , Capecci Daniel E. , Ganji Fatemeh , Asadizanjani Navid , Woodard Damon L. , Forte Domenic
Published: February 2021

Reverse engineering (RE) is the only foolproof method of establishing trust and assurance in hardware. This is especially important in today's climate, where new threats are arising daily. A Printed Circuit Board (PCB) serves at the heart of virtually all electronic systems and, for that reason, a precious target amongst attackers. Therefore, it is increasingly necessary to validate and verify these hardware boards both accurately and efficiently. When discussing PCBs, the current state-of-the-art is non-destructive RE through X-ray Computed Tomography (CT); however, it remains a predominantly manual process. Our work in this paper aims at paving the way for future developments in the automation of PCB RE by presenting automatic detection of vias, a key component to every PCB design. We provide a via detection framework that utilizes the Hough circle transform for the initial detection, and is followed by an iterative false removal process developed specifically for detecting vias. We discuss the challenges of detecting vias, our proposed solution, and lastly, evaluate our methodology not only from an accuracy perspective but the insights gained through iteratively removing false-positive circles as well. We also compare our proposed methodology to an off-the-shelf implementation with minimal adjustments of Mask R-CNN; a fast object detection algorithm that, although is not optimized for our application, is a reasonable deep learning model to measure our work against. The Mask R-CNN we utilize is a network pretrained on MS COCO followed by fine tuning/training on prepared PCB via images. Finally, we evaluate our results on two datasets, one PCB designed in house and another commercial PCB, and achieve peak results of 0.886, 0.936, 0.973, for intersection over union (IoU), Dice Coefficient, and Structural Similarity Index. These results vastly outperform our tuned implementation of Mask R-CNN.
Study of Retention Time Variation due to the Change in Adjacent Wordline Voltage of BCAT DRAM Structure
Authors: Kang Dongsuck , Jung Ilwoo , Yoon Jinsuob , Lee Dongin , Hong Hyeongsun , Chung Ilsub
Published: February 2021

As DRAM design rule (D/R) shrinks, the retention time due to leakage current becomes more important. Retention time failures that arise from gate induced drain leakage (GIDL) or junction leakage are exacerbated by changes in the electrostatic potential between adjacent lines or nodes. This study analyzes the effects of wordline (adjacent line) potential on retention time based on in sub-20nm DRAM technology. Electrical tests have confirmed that cells that fail from GIDL and junction leakage exhibit different behaviors according to the leakage characteristic and changes in adjacent wordline (especially in word-line across STI) potential. Simulations also confirm that these observations are due to the change in electric field. Based on these findings, a new perspective on the mechanism of retention failures is proposed.
Optimization of Cross Sectioning for Solder Joint using Broad Ar Ion Beam Milling with Temperature Control
Authors: Asano Natsuko , Omoto Tamae , Lu Jinfeng , Morita Hirobumi , Erdman Natasha , Asahina Shunsuke
Published: February 2021

Understanding solder joints is very important for failure analysis in semiconductor manufacturing because it is commonly used for mounting semiconductor devices on boards. However, regarding sample preparation for analysis, solder poses challenges in crosssection preparation due to the differences in melting point and hardness of its constituents. Therefore, precision cutting methods such as ion milling are required. On the other hand, ion milling method usually causes thermal damage during cutting. In this paper, we tried to optimize the sample temperature during Ar ion milling using liquid nitrogen cooling [1].
Methods of Improving Accuracy in InGaN MQWs Quantitative Analysis by STEM/EDS
Authors: Bow Jong-Shing , Lai Wei-Chis
Published: February 2021

The composition of InGaN/AlN/GaN MQWs nano structure is anlayzed by STEM/EDS. The concentration of nitrogen in GaN materials is usually lower than that of gallium for specimen thickness larger than 50 nm due to low penetration ability of N K X-rays (0.392 KeV). The concentration of indium in the InGaN quanturm wells obtained by STEM/EDS analysis is always much lower its real value. This concentration dilution in this 3 nm structure results from the effect of electron beam broadening, and can be improved to a certain level by reducing specimen thickness, C2 aperture, and dwell time, with a sacrifice in signal intensity.
SRAM Bitcell Defect Identification Methodology Using Electrical Failure Analysis Data
Authors: Kim Hyungtae , Kim Geonho , Li Yunrong , Jeong Jinyong , Kim Youngdae
Published: February 2021

Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) has long been used for a new technology development vehicle because it is sensitive to process defects due to its high density and minimum feature size. In addition, failure location can be accurately predicted because of the highly structured architecture. Thus, fast and accurate Failure Analysis (FA) of the SRAM failure is crucial for the success of new technology learning and development. It is often quite time consuming to identify defects through conventional physical failure analysis techniques. In this paper, we present an advanced defect identification methodology for SRAM bitcell failures with fast speed and high accuracy based on the bitcell transistor analog characteristics from special design for test (DFT) features, Direct Bitcell Access (DBA). This technique has the advantage to shorten FA throughput time due to a time efficient test method and an intuitive failure analysis method based on Electrical Failure Analysis (EFA) without destructive analysis. In addition, all the defects in a wafer can be analyzed and improved simultaneously utilizing the proposed defect identification methodology. Some successful case studies are also discussed to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed defect identification methodology.
Nano-Indentation for Evaluating Low-K Dielectric Adhesion
Authors: Gambino Jeff , Nitschke Tim , Taylor Carrie , Barth Will , Anderson Harold , Qin Wentao , Watkins Robert
Published: February 2021

Low-K dielectric adhesion problems were observed at M1 and M2 levels during thermal cycling of a flip chip product. Nano-indentation of simple BEOL test structures was used to determine the relative strength of the various interfaces in the BEOL stack. It is observed that the weakest adhesion is associated with the initial stages of the SiCOH low-K dielectric deposition. Adhesion loss related to the SiCN etch stop deposition is not observed.
HİBRİD SÖZLEŞMELERDEKİ SAKLI TÜREVLER
Authors: KALDIRIM Zeliha , SELVİ Yakup
Published: February 2021

İşletmelerin maruz kaldığı finansal riskleri yönetmek için kullanılan geleneksel türev finansal araçların yanında hibrid finansal araçların kullanımı yaygınlaşmaktadır. Hibrid finansal araç ya da sözleşmelerin içinde yer alan saklı türevlerin tanımlanması, analizi ve muhasebeleştirilmesi detaylı ve karmaşık bir süreçtir. Saklı türevlerle ilgili açıklamalar “TFRS-9 Finansal Araçlar” standardında bulunmasına rağmen, ayrıştırma sürecindeki karmaşık yapı muhasebeleştirme konusunda çeşitli sorunları ortaya çıkarmaktadır.Çalışmada saklı türevlerin tanımlanması, saklı türevlerin tespit edilebilmesi için hibrid sözleşmelerin analizi ve ayrıştırma ilkelerinin “TFRS-9” çerçevesinde incelenerek, ayrıştırma sonrası muhasebeleştirme sürecinin açıklanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda; satış sözleşmelerindeki saklı yabancı para türevlerinin “TFRS-9” çerçevesinde ayrıştırma ve muhasebeleştirme süreci örnek bir uygulama ile detaylı olarak ele alınmıştır.
ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN MUHASEBE MESLEK MENSUPLARININ MESLEKİ ETİK İLKELERİNE UYMA DÜZEYLERİNE YÖNELİK ALGILARI
Authors: SÖNMEZ Yahya , ALTINIŞIK Fatih
Published: February 2021

Bu çalışma, üniversitede eğitim gören ve muhasebe dersi alan öğrencilerin muhasebe meslek etiğine ilişkin algılarını ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Uygulanan anket sonucunda elde edilen verilerin dağılımı parametrik olmayan istatistiki metotlarla analiz edilmiş ve demografik değişkenlerle öğrencilerin meslek etiği algıları arasındaki ilişki araştırılmıştır. Yapılan analizler neticesinde; muhasebe meslek mensupları tarafından en çok uyulan etik ilkenin “mesleki davranış”, uyulmayan ilkenin ise “dürüstlük” olduğu düşüncesinin öğrenciler arasında hâkim olduğu ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Ayrıca demografik değişkenlerden “Ailede/yakın çevrede muhasebe meslek mensubu bulunmakta mıdır?”, “Genel ağırlıklı not ortalaması” ve “Staj yapma/çalışma durumuna göre öğrencilerin meslek etiğine ilişkin algılarının istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı olarak farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Ülkeler açısından kalkınmanın araçlarından biri olan mesleki etik ilkelerinin muhasebe meslek mensubu adayı öğrenciler tarafından nasıl algılandığını ve öğrencilerin, meslek mensuplarının bu ilkelere uyma düzeyleri hakkındaki görüşlerini ortaya çıkarmaya yönelik bu araştırmanın, iş dünyasında ve ekonomide olumlu etkileri olacağı düşünülmektedir.
Радянські політичні ритуали і практики повсякдення
Authors: Коляструк Ольга , Коляструк Олександр
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this article is the analysis of the Soviet political rituals and daily practices that developed under their influence. The methodology of the research is based on the general and special historical methods of cognition of the past involving the methods of socio-cultural and political anthropology. The scientific novelty of the paper consists in the fact that the role of various Soviet political rituals in establishing of the norms and practices of the Soviet daily life has been analyzed for the first time and the influence of the Soviet ritual culture in the Soviet regime strengthening has been found. Mass calendar holidays-rituals (October Revolution Day, Workers’ Solidarity Day) not only marked a new era in the history, but also leveled the sacredness of the Christian cycle (Christmas – Easter). Evolution of the formal organization of the Soviet ritual (from staging-imitation through carnivalization to monumental narrativization) and improvement of its semantic content (nomination – sacralization – monumentalization – memorialization) have been traced. From the beginning, festive commemoration was meant to form the Soviet identity, design the collective past and set the framework of collective memory. Official rituals gradually penetrated into the daily life (family and friendly holiday feasts, house cleaning, novelties purchase and greeting cards). Conclusions. From the beginning, the Soviet rituals were a reliable ideological weapon, an instrument of the communist indoctrination of the country’s population. Political rituals played a major role in legitimization of the Bolsheviks power, became an effective means of communication with society, enabled its consolidation within the framework of the Soviet political canon, minimized the social conflicts, leveled open dissatisfaction with the governmental authorities and assisted in the formation of ideological unanimity. Along with repressive methods, the Soviet political rituals served to create new political reality, enabled its acceptance by the masses of people, formed consciousness, encouraged relevant political actions and practices of the daily life.
Образи «радянського» та «радянськості» у культурному ландшафті Вінниччини (за польовими етнографічними матеріалами)
Authors: Жмуд Наталка
Published: February 2021

The purpose of the article is to analyze the images of "Soviet" and "Sovietness" in visual objects of the cultural landscape of Vinnitsia region on the basis of field ethnographic materials collected in the process of collective and individual expeditions by students of the Faculty of History, Law and Public Administration and teachers of the Department of History of Ukraine Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University in 2018-19. The methodology of the research is based on the combination of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) methods with the principles of historicism, systematicity, scientificity and verification and is carried out in the interdisciplinary plane - in the context of "cultural landscaping" (in the context of anthropology of space) and memory discourses and methodology of visual anthropology. The scientific novelty of the work is to try to breed the concepts of "Soviet" and "Sovietness". Through the analysis of visual objects of cultural landscape, the author traced the organic combination of objects of material culture (toponymy, symbolism, multifunctional architecture, vehicles, memorial sites, etc.) with varieties of human practices (daily, ritual, symbolic, artistic, etc.) focusing on the connection of visualization with a cognitive form of cognition that emphasizes sociocultural features in the creation and understanding of these visual images. The researcher also touched upon the difficulties of (not)reading the images of "Soviet" and "Sovietness" in the visual space, their (im)perception and (not)rethinking by different generations. Conclusions. The perspective of the outlined topic is important not only in the scientific but also in the public area, reflecting its applied vector. Since the main purpose of the visual in Soviet times was to achieve homogeneity and unification of society in all its spheres, therefore, the key tasks of modern "cultural landscaping" discourse is the transformation of the cultural landscape towards the construction of its "face" with a clear local identity of its inhabitants and express "individualization" space to represent sociocultural heterogeneity. This should become an active mode of formation, first of all, its tourist attraction for "others" and comfort for "self".
Architecture and philosophy of antiquity: The formation of classical architecture
Authors: Negulyaeva T. V. , Dyadchenko S. F.
Published: February 2021

The classical architecture is being constantly developed in time, and, consequently, is relevant nowadays. The paper deals with the development of classical architectural in antiquity up to the present time. This is necessary for further study of modern architecture. The aim of this work is to identify the most stable formation of the classical antique architecture. Scientific novelty lies in the systematic approach to the studying the evolution of ancient architectural theory, taking into account a variety of external factors and based on ancient philosophy. The main level of scientific knowledge is a theoretical (historical) method, which involves a study of graphic and textual information covering the era as well as a systematic analysis of the material for the identification of basic principles of the antique architecture. It is shown that the main principles of the antique architecture are being developed in a close connection with philosophy, and determine the further development of the classical direction in architecture.
Administrative organization of villages of Spassky rural settlement in the late 19th and early 29th centuries
Authors: Verevkina E. D. , Sitnikova E. V.
Published: February 2021

The article discusses the formation of Siberian settlements on the example of villages of the Spassky rural settlement (the Tomsk region, Russia). The influence of the MoskovskoSibirskii Tract on the development of villages is determined by the number of houses and residents. The analysis of the villages of the Spassky rural settlement includes the history of the formation of settlements; territorial management units; volost management; volost assignment to settlements after 1861, and changes in the volost boundaries based on lists of settlements in Tomsk Gubernia at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The relevance of the study is determined by little information on the historical and cultural heritage of Tomsk villages and the problems of preserving historical rural settlements in Russia.

Purpose: A study the history and development of villages in the Spassky rural settlement. Practical implications: the results obtained can be used in the implementation of design work on the prospective development of old Siberian villages. Scientific novelty: Historical study of the formation and development of settlements in the Spasskoye rural settlement, which has not been studied previously. Methodology/Approach: The critical analysis of the literature, system and structural analysis of information and creative synthesis of conclusions were used in this work. Theoretical works of historians and architects listed in the bibliographic list of this article. Research findings: The formation of villages in Siberia occurred, to a large extent, owing to immigrants from the European part of Russia, who brought their own traditions of housekeeping. The analysis of the volost distribution of the villages of the Spassky rural settlement shows that the territories inhabited by certain nationalities transformed to separate volosts and were called foreign. The growth in the number of courtyards and residents of settlements in the adjacent villages of the Tomsk Province confirmed the more intensive development of the adjacent villages.
Phase-amplitude coupling of interictal fast activities modulated by slow waves on scalp EEG and its correlation with seizure outcomes of disconnection surgery in children with intractable nonlesional epileptic spasms
Authors: Uda Takehiro , Kuki Ichiro , Inoue Takeshi , Kunihiro Noritsugu , Suzuki Hiroharu , Uda Hiroshi , Kawashima Toshiyuki , Nakajo Kosuke , Nakanishi Yoko , Maruyama Shinsuke , Shibata Takashi , Ogawa Hiroshi , Okazaki Shin , Kawawaki Hisashi , Ohata Kenji , Goto Takeo , Otsubo Hiroshi
Published: February 2021

OBJECTIVE

Epileptic spasms (ESs) are classified as focal, generalized, or unknown onset ESs. The classification of ESs and surgery in patients without lesions apparent on MRI is challenging. Total corpus callosotomy (TCC) is a surgical option for diagnosis of the lateralization and possible treatment for ESs. This study investigated phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) of fast activity modulated by slow waves on scalp electroencephalography (EEG) to evaluate the strength of the modulation index (MI) before and after disconnection surgery in children with intractable nonlesional ESs. The authors hypothesize that a decreased MI due to surgery correlates with good seizure outcomes.

METHODS

The authors studied 10 children with ESs without lesions on MRI who underwent disconnection surgeries. Scalp EEG was obtained before and after surgery. The authors collected 20 epochs of 3 minutes each during non–rapid eye movement sleep. The MI of the gamma (30–70 Hz) amplitude and delta (0.5–4 Hz) phase was obtained in each electrode. MIs for each electrode were averaged in 4 brain areas (left/right, anterior/posterior quadrants) and evaluated to determine the correlation with seizure outcomes.

RESULTS

The median age at first surgery was 2.3 years (range 10 months–9.1 years). Two patients with focal onset ESs underwent anterior quadrant disconnection (AQD). TCC alone was performed in 5 patients with generalized or unknown onset ESs. Two patients achieved seizure freedom. Three patients had residual generalized onset ESs. Disconnection surgeries in addition to TCC consisted of TCC + posterior quadrant disconnection (PQD) (1 patient); TCC + AQD + PQD (1 patient); and TCC + AQD + hemispherotomy (1 patient). Seven patients became seizure free with a mean follow-up period of 28 months (range 5–54 months). After TCC, MIs in 4 quadrants were significantly lower in the 2 seizure-free patients than in the 6 patients with residual ESs (p < 0.001). After all 15 disconnection surgeries in 10 patients, MIs in the 13 target quadrants for each disconnection surgery that resulted in freedom from seizures were significantly lower than in the 26 target quadrants in patients with residual ESs (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

In children with nonlesional ESs, PAC for scalp EEG before and after disconnection surgery may be a surrogate marker for control of ESs. The MI may indicate epileptogenic neuronal modulation of the interhemispheric corpus callosum and intrahemispheric subcortical network for ESs. TCC may be a therapeutic option to disconnect the interhemispheric modulation of epileptic networks.