bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unhoused women in Niagara: Lived expertise of homelessness in community‐engaged research
Authors: Heritz Joanne
Published: February 2024

How do we apply a gender lens to the housing needs of vulnerable women? The YWCA Niagara Region (YWCA) asked this question. Brock University's Niagara Community Observatory (NCO) partnered with the YWCA to identify the barriers to accessing safe and affordable housing in Niagara, with priority placed on community engagement and inclusive access to housing. The article has a two‐fold purpose. First, it provides an overview of community‐engaged research, focusing on the key principles and practices involved in listening to stories of women with lived expertise of homelessness facing discrimination or disadvantage compounded by intersectional identities of Indigeneity, race, gender and ability. Second, it reports on the making of a policy brief and video clip designed as advocacy tools for increasing awareness of the need for increased equitable access to safe and affordable housing for women and gender diverse peoples in Niagara.
A 9‐year retrospective cohort study of the monitoring and screening of childhood developmental delay in Thailand
Authors: Thaineua Vallop , Sirithongthaworn Samai , Kanshana Siripon , Isaranurak Sirikul , Karnkawinpong Opart , Benjaponpitak Amporn , Wattanayingcharoen Suwanchai , Piensrivachara Ekachai , Srikummoon Pimwarat , Thumronglaohapun Salinee , Nakharutai Nawapon , Traisathit Patrinee , Tangviriyapaiboon Duangkamol
Published: February 2024

Background

Developmental delay in early childhood can have negative long‐term cognitive and psychiatric sequelae, along with poor academic achievement, so early screening and surveillance are paramount. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of screening and surveillance on child developmental delay using the Developmental Surveillance and Promotion Manual (DSPM) and the Thai Early Developmental Assessment for Intervention (TEDA4I) for Thai children aged 0–5 years old.

Methods

Data were obtained from the routine developmental screening for specific disorders at ages 9, 18, 30, 42 and 60 months conducted using DSPM and TEDA4I from 2013 to 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data, and the results are visualised graphically herein.

Results

Only 56% of the children were screened for child developmental delay using DSPM. The proportion of children screened increased from <1% in 2013 to 90% in 2021. Suspected developmental delay prevalence increased significantly from 3.91% in 2013–2015 to 10.00% in 2016–2018 and 26.48% in 2019–2021. Moreover, of the children with suspected developmental delay who received developmental stimulation within a month, only 87.9% returned for follow‐up visits when they were evaluated again using TEDA4I to ascertain any abnormalities and specific areas of deficit. The overall proportion of children diagnosed with developmental delay was 1.29%. During the pandemic, the proportion of screening tests for child developmental delay at routine vaccination visits and follow‐ups decreased but was still at least 80% in each region.

Conclusions

Since 1%–3% of children have suspected developmental delay, early detection is key to treating it as soon as possible. We anticipate that our findings will raise awareness in parents and caregivers about childhood developmental delay and lead to the implementation of early intervention and follow‐up at the rural level in Thailand.
Nothing to it: a reply to Wheeler's “much ado about nothing”
Authors: De Laet Jan , Goloboff Pablo A.
Published: February 2024

Wheeler (Cladistics 2023, 39, 475) recently suggested that the issues with inapplicable characters in phylogenetic analysis can be dealt with directly by treating observed absences of a feature not in a separate absence/presence character but as insertion/deletion events in a complex character that describes the feature in all its variation; and that this dynamic homology view can be achieved by imposing a sequence or linear order on a set of characters and by analysing the resulting sequence character using custom alphabet tree alignment algorithms. As Wheeler observed, this approach can lead to considering inappropriate character states (such as a head state and a foot state) homologous. We show that it is also sensitive to the specific ordering assumption used and that such different character orders can lead to a preference for different trees. We present a simple four‐taxon dataset with observations of absence, but no inapplicable characters or other kinds of character dependence, for which the dynamic homology framework gives different results to classic algorithms for independent characters, including an optimal tree with biologically impossible reconstructions at inner nodes (every terminal has a head but the inner nodes are headless). We show how these issues can be solved by removing the character ordering assumption that the approach requires. Doing so, the dynamic homology framework reduces in general to Maddison's (Syst. Biol. 1993, 42, 576) well‐known proposal to deal with inapplicability using step matrix analysis of complex characters. If in addition costs are interpreted in terms of homology, it reduces to Goloboff et al.'s (Cladistics 2021, 37, 596) step matrix implementation for maximization of homology as applied to inapplicable characters. However, if used with homogeneous costs, as Wheeler suggested, it reduces to unordered analysis of such complex characters, which is known to treat tails that may share many observed features as irrelevant for establishing kinship when they differ in just one feature, e.g. colour.
Flavonoid‐based yellow dye extract from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) combined with chitosan for anti‐bacterial and ultraviolet‐protective functionalisation of silk
Authors: Do Khai Ly , Mushtaq Asim , Ahsan Taswar , Yousaf Muhammad , Zhao Feng , Su Miao
Published: February 2024

In the modern period, scientists are interested in the functional properties of natural materials. The present study is the first report on the use of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) yellow dye extract combined with chitosan bio‐mordant for enhancing the anti‐bacterial and ultraviolet‐protective activities of silk. The presence of flavonoid‐based compounds in the dye extract was verified using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet‐visible techniques. Moreover, alum mordant was also utilised in the silk dyeing process to compare the efficiency of bio and metallic mordanting agents. Experiment outcomes revealed that the chitosan mordanted‐dyed silk sustained adequate fastness after being tested by washing, light, wet‐rubbing, and dry‐rubbing. In addition, superb bacterial inhibition percentages of 89% and 76% against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, individually, were accomplished. Furthermore, the ultraviolet‐protective behaviour of this silk sample was demonstrated with a 50+ ultraviolet protection factor and low‐grade ultraviolet transmittance. This study reveals the great performance of an organic flavonoid dye as a sustainable and environmentally‐friendly substance for dyeing and functionalising silk, as well as the efficacy of a green mordant over a metallic mordant in increasing the dyeability and functional activities of silk.
Characteristics, toxicology and major organ pathology of deaths due to acute alcohol toxicity in Australia, 2011–2022
Authors: Darke Shane , Duflou Johan , Peacock Amy , Chrzanowska Agata , Yuen Wing See , Farrell Michael , Lappin Julia
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Acute alcohol toxicity is a significant component of alcohol‐related mortality. The study aimed to: (i) determine the circumstances of death and characteristics of fatal alcohol toxicity cases, 2011–2022; (ii) determine their toxicological profile and major autopsy findings; and (iii) determine trends in population mortality rates.

Methods

Retrospective study of acute alcohol toxicity deaths in Australia, 2011–2022, retrieved from the National Coronial Information System.

Results

A total of 891 cases were identified, with a mean age of 49.2 years, 71.0% being male. Alcohol use problems were noted in 71.3%. In 57.5% death was attributed solely to acute alcohol toxicity, and combined acute alcohol toxicity/disease in 42.5%. There was evidence of sudden collapse in 24.9% of cases. The mean BAC was 0.331 g/100 mL (range 0.107–0.936), and spirits were the most commonly reported beverages (35.8%). Cases of combined toxicity/disease had significantly lower BACs than those attributed solely to alcohol toxicity (0.296 vs. 0.358 g/100 mL). Cardiomegaly was diagnosed in 32.5%, and severe coronary artery disease in 22.1%. Aspiration of vomitus was noted in 18.0%, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 19.6%. Severe liver steatosis was present in 33.4% and 13.6% had cirrhosis. There was an average annual percentage increase in deaths of 7.90.

Discussion and Conclusions

The ‘typical’ case was a long‐standing, heavy spirits drinker. BACs showed enormous variation and no arbitrary concentration may be deemed lethal. Clinically significant disease was associated with death at a lower BAC and people with such disease may be at increased risk of alcohol poisoning.
The Covid‐19 lesson from Sweden: Don't lock down
Authors: Andersson Fredrik N G , Jonung Lars
Published: February 2024

Covid‐19 triggered a wave of lockdowns across the world, contributing to a severe downturn in economic activity. Governments responded by introducing expansionary fiscal and monetary measures. We compare the health and economic outcomes in Sweden, commonly viewed as an outlier relying more on recommendations and voluntary adjustments than on strict lockdowns, with those of comparable European OECD countries. Our results suggest that the Swedish policy of advice and trust in the population to reduce social interactions voluntarily was relatively successful. Sweden combined low excess death rates with relatively small economic costs. In future pandemics, policymakers should rely on empirical evidence rather than panicking and adopting extreme measures. Even if policymakers appeared to act rapidly and decisively, the rushed implementation of strict lockdowns in 2020/21 probably did more harm than good.
Systematic review of hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy approach in thalassemia: Comparative analysis in animal models
Authors: Maharani Indira Laksmi , Zauhari Muhammad Hafizh , Kiansantang Rakean Ahmad , Wibowo Razzan Satria , Humaira Rizqi Najla , Dwijayanti Adisti , Sianipar Imelda Rosalyn
Published: February 2024

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy has shown potential as a therapeutic approach for thalassemia in recent years. However, a comparison of the varying gene therapy methods of HSC gene therapy in thalassemia has never been reviewed. This study aims to evaluate the utilization of HSC gene therapy approaches in animal models of thalassemia. A systematic review was conducted in five databases: PubMed, EBSCOHost, Science Direct, SCOPUS, and Proquest using a combination of the terms hematopoietic stem cell or hematopoietic stem cell or HSC, thalassemia, genetic therapy or gene therapy and animal model. Only journals published in English between 2008 and 2023 were included. This literature included six studies analyzing the use of HSC gene therapy in thalassemic mice models. The three outcomes being assessed in this review were globin levels, hematological parameters, and red blood cell (RBC) phenotypes. Gene therapy approaches for thalassemia using HSC showed significant improvement in β‐globin levels and RBC phenotypes. Phenotypic improvements were also observed. These outcomes indicate good efficacy in gene therapy for thalassemia in mice models. Furthermore, more studies assessing the efficacy of HSC gene therapy in the human model should be done in future studies.
The dimensionality of infection networks among viruses infecting microbial eukaryotes and bacteria
Authors: Edwards Kyle F. , Hayward Colleen
Published: February 2024

Diverse viruses and their hosts are interconnected through complex networks of infection, which are thought to influence ecological and evolutionary processes, but the principles underlying infection network structure are not well understood. Here we focus on network dimensionality and how it varies across 37 networks of viruses infecting eukaryotic phytoplankton and bacteria. We find that dimensionality is often strikingly low, with most networks being one‐ or two‐dimensional, although dimensionality increases with network richness, suggesting that the true dimensionality of natural systems is higher. Low‐dimensional networks generally exhibit a mixture of host partitioning among viruses and nestededness of host ranges. Networks of bacteria‐infecting and eukaryote‐infecting viruses possess comparable distributions of dimensionality and prevalence of nestedness, indicating that fundamentals of network structure are similar among domains of life and different viral lineages. The relative simplicity of many infection networks suggests that coevolutionary dynamics are often driven by a modest number of underlying mechanisms.
Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in psoriasis
Authors: Chen Xiuhui , Deng Guoliang , Chen Kaifeng , Chen Yanhong , Ye Weijun , Sun Ping
Published: February 2024

The NLRP3 inflammasome, a complex consisting of the nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain, leucine‐rich repeat, and pyrin domain‐containing protein 3, has emerged as a critical mediator of pathological inflammation and a significant therapeutic target for various inflammatory diseases. Psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin condition without a definitive cure, has shown promising results in animal models through the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome. This review aims to explore the development of the NLRP3 inflammasome in psoriasis and the molecular mechanisms responsible for its inhibition by natural products and small molecules currently being developed for psoriasis treatment. Furthermore, we are examining clinical trials using agents that block the NLRP3 pathway for the treatment of psoriasis. This study is timely to provide a new perspective on managing psoriasis.
Critical review of self‐diagnosis of mental health conditions using artificial intelligence
Authors: Wimbarti Supra , Kairupan B. H. Ralph , Tallei Trina Ekawati
Published: February 2024

The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionised various aspects of our lives, including mental health nursing. AI‐driven tools and applications have provided a convenient and accessible means for individuals to assess their mental well‐being within the confines of their homes. Nonetheless, the widespread trend of self‐diagnosing mental health conditions through AI poses considerable risks. This review article examines the perils associated with relying on AI for self‐diagnosis in mental health, highlighting the constraints and possible adverse outcomes that can arise from such practices. It delves into the ethical, psychological, and social implications, underscoring the vital role of mental health professionals, including psychologists, psychiatrists, and nursing specialists, in providing professional assistance and guidance. This article aims to highlight the importance of seeking professional assistance and guidance in addressing mental health concerns, especially in the era of AI‐driven self‐diagnosis.
African Immigrants' perceptions and attitudes toward cardiovascular health
Authors: Commodore‐Mensah Yvonne , Ogungbe Oluwabunmi , Broni Eric , Ezeike Camillus , Turkson‐Ocran Ruth‐Alma , Wenzel Jennifer , Cooper Lisa A.
Published: February 2024

Aim

To explore perceptions and attitudes of African immigrants (Ghanaians, Nigerians, Liberians, and Sierra Leoneans) in the Baltimore‐Washington, DC, metropolitan area toward cardiovascular health.

Methods

This was a qualitative study among African immigrants recruited from religious and community‐based organizations in the Baltimore‐Washington metro area. A purposive sample of 66 African immigrants originally from Ghana, Nigeria, Liberia, and Sierra Leone completed a sociodemographic survey and participated in focus group discussions. Focus group data were analysed using qualitative description to develop emergent themes.

Results

A total of 66 African immigrants with a mean (±standard deviation) age of 51 (±11.8) years participated in the focus group discussions. Fifty percent were women, 91% had at least a bachelor's degree, 84% were employed, 80% had health insurance, and 75% were married/cohabitating. The majority of the participants (74%) had lived in the US for 10 years or more, 44% of them had hypertension, and 12% had diabetes. Findings from the focus group discussions revealed: gender differences in descriptions of cardiovascular health and healthiness, an emotional response associated with cardiovascular disease (evoking fear and anxiety and associated with family secrecy), positive and negative lifestyle changes after migration, cardiovascular screening behaviours, and facilitators and barriers to cardiovascular disease prevention practices and heart‐healthy lifestyle.

Conclusions

Participants understood health to be a holistic state of well‐being. Secrecy in disclosing their cardiovascular disease diagnoses informed by historical socio‐cultural belief systems, perceived racial discrimination by healthcare providers, communication and health literacy barriers, economic barriers of holding multiple jobs and the exorbitant cost of heart‐healthy foods were identified as some barriers to achieving optimal cardiovascular health in this immigrant population.

Impact

Our study expanded on the body of knowledge on African immigrants' perceptions and attitudes toward cardiovascular health. Addressing this knowledge gap will provide important intervention opportunities targeted at improving cardiovascular health outcomes in this population.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
The effects of social (dis)engagement on status conferral: A context dependent account
Authors: Zhang Teng , Overbeck Jennifer R.
Published: February 2024

The functionalist perspective of status suggests that, to attain status, individuals need to be socially engaging and contribute to a group. In contrast, the signaling perspective of status indicates that people often perceive a lack of social engagement as a status cue and thus confer status on someone who is socially disengaging. Integrating these two important perspectives in the status literature, we propose a context dependent account of social (dis)engagement and status conferral in groups and organizations. Whereas social engagement (e.g., contributing to a group and connecting with its members) results in status attainment in task contexts, social disengagement (e.g., withholding benefits from a group and distancing oneself from its members) leads to status attainment in social contexts. A laboratory study and an online experiment provide partial empirical support for our predictions. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
α‐Solanine attenuates chondrocyte pyroptosis to improve osteoarthritis via suppressing NF‐κB pathway
Authors: Zhou Jinyi , Wu Jinting , Fu Fangda , Yao Sai , Zheng Wenbiao , Du Weibin , Luo Huan , Jin Hongting , Tong Peijian , Wu Chengliang , Ruan Hongfeng
Published: February 2024

α‐Solanine has been shown to exhibit anti‐inflammatory and anti‐tumour properties; however, its efficacy in treating osteoarthritis (OA) remains ambiguous. The study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of α‐solanine on OA development in a mouse OA model. The OA mice were subjected to varying concentrations of α‐solanine, and various assessments were implemented to assess OA progression. We found that α‐solanine significantly reduced osteophyte formation, subchondral sclerosis and OARSI score. And it decreased proteoglycan loss and calcification in articular cartilage. Specifically, α‐solanine inhibited extracellular matrix degradation by downregulating collagen 10, matrix metalloproteinase 3 and 13, and upregulating collagen 2. Importantly, α‐solanine reversed chondrocyte pyroptosis phenotype in articular cartilage of OA mice by inhibiting the elevated expressions of Caspase‐1, Gsdmd and IL‐1β, while also mitigating aberrant angiogenesis and sensory innervation in subchondral bone. Mechanistically, α‐solanine notably hindered the early stages of OA progression by reducing I‐κB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65, thereby inactivating NF‐κB signalling. Our findings demonstrate the capability of α‐solanine to disrupt chondrocyte pyroptosis and sensory innervation, thereby improving osteoarthritic pathological progress by inhibiting NF‐κB signalling. These results suggest that α‐solanine could serve as a promising therapeutic agent for OA treatment.
Limited effects of culling on the behavior of invasive lionfish (Pterois miles) in the Mediterranean
Authors: Phillips Elizabeth W. , Bottacini Davide , Schoonhoven Anna N. M. , Kamstra Ynze J. J. , De Waele Hannah , Jimenez Carlos , Hadjioannou Louis , Kotrschal Alexander
Published: February 2024

Invasive species pose serious threats to ecosystems. To reduce ecological and economic consequences of invasions, efforts are made to control invaders and evaluating the effects of such efforts is paramount. Lionfishes (Pterois volitans and Pterois miles) are native to the Indo‐Pacific Ocean and pose a major threat to local ecosystems in the invaded Atlantic and Mediterranean. Culling via spearfishing is a widespread measure to limit lionfish population size in invaded ranges. However, like most hunted fishes, lionfish alter their behavior after repeated culling, potentially decreasing the effectiveness of future culls. Previous studies on lionfish in the Caribbean have shown that lionfish are less bold after repeated culling. However, the impact of culling on lionfish in their newest invasive range, the Mediterranean, remains enigmatic. To determine the behavioral changes in response to culling in this second area of invasion, we tested for effects of culling on the behavior of lionfish in Cyprus, a region heavily impacted by the lionfish invasion in the Mediterranean. We compared the response of lionfish to an approaching free diver holding a metal pole (imitating a spear fisher) between protected areas where spearfishing is restricted and areas where culls are frequently conducted. We also assessed whether activity, hiding pattern, and site fidelity differed between these culled and unculled sites. Overall, we found limited effects of culling on the traits measured, indicating surprising resistance to culling‐induced behavioral changes in Mediterranean lionfish. Future studies should monitor invasive lionfish population densities and the effects of culling in more detail to tailor management plans and reduce the negative effects of these fish in specific invaded ranges.
Older adults with overlapping caregiving responsibilities and care needs in a U.S. national community‐based sample
Authors: Semere Wagahta , Yank Veronica , Lisha Nadra E. , Lindquist Lee A. , Huang Alison J.
Published: February 2024

Background

Community‐dwelling older adults often serve as caregivers despite having their own health concerns and disabilities, yet little is known about their care needs.

Methods

Cross‐sectional analysis including community‐dwelling U.S. adults over age 60 years who self‐identified as caregivers in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project in 2015–2016. Caregiving was defined by self‐reported assistance of another adult with day‐to‐day activities due to age or disability; overlapping care‐receiving was defined by simultaneous receipt of help for at least one activity of daily living (ADL) or independent ADL (IADL). Multivariable logistic regression models examined attributes associated with overlapping care‐receiving among older caregivers, adjusted for caregiver characteristics (age, gender, spousal caregiving, self‐reported physical and mental health, cognitive function, and household assets).

Results

Among the 444 caregivers, the mean age was 67.8 (SD 0.29) years, 55.8% were women, 78.1% were non‐Hispanic White, 54.7% self‐identified as primary caregivers, and 30.7% were caring for a spouse. Thirty‐two percent of older caregivers were caregiving while themselves receiving assistance with at least one ADL or IADL. Thirty‐four percent of caregivers reported <$50,000 in household assets and 10% did not answer the question. Given prior research that supports that most nonrespondents fall into the low‐income group, subjects were combined. Analyses with and without nonrespondents did not substantially change the results. Compared to caregivers who were not simultaneously receiving care, caregivers reporting overlapping care‐receiving had greater odds of being older (AOR 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.14, 1.48] per each 5‐year age increase), caregiving for a spouse (AOR 1.93, 95% CI [1.20, 3.13]), having limited household assets (AOR 2.10, 95% CI [1.17, 3.80], for <$50,000 compared to ≥$50,000), and having poor or fair self‐reported physical health (AOR 2.94, 95% CI [1.43, 6.02]).

Conclusions

Over 30% of older adult caregivers report simultaneously receiving care for their own daily activities. Older caregivers who receive care are more likely to be older, spousal caregivers, and have limited assets and worse physical health. Targeted strategies are needed to support older caregivers who are uniquely vulnerable due to their overlapping care needs.
Development of an exercise therapy referral clinical support tool for patients with osteoporosis at risk for falls
Authors: Bullock Garrett S. , Duncan Pamela , Chandler Alison M. , Aguilar Aylin A. , Latham Nancy , Storer Tom , Alexander Neil , McDonough Christine M.
Published: February 2024

Background

The purpose of this study was to develop a clinical support tool for osteoporosis clinic providers to support risk assessment and referrals for evidence‐based exercise therapy programs.

Methods

A sequential Delphi method was used with a multidisciplinary group of national falls experts, to provide consensus on referral to exercise therapy for patients at risk for falls. The Delphi study included a primary research team, expert panel, and clinical partners to answer the questions: (1) “What patient characteristics are needed to develop a clinical support tool?”; (2) “What are the recommended exercise referrals for patients with osteoporosis at risk for falls?” The consensus process consisted of two rounds with 8 weeks between meetings. Two qualitative researchers analyzed the data using a modified version of a matrix analysis approach.

Results

The following were the most important variables to include when determining exercise therapy referrals for patients with osteoporosis: Patient history and demographics, falls history over the last year, current physical function and balance, caregiver and transportation status, socioeconomic and insurance status, and patient preference. Potential exercise therapy referrals included one‐on‐one physical therapy, group physical therapy, home health, community‐based exercise programs, and not acceptable for exercise therapy.

Conclusions

Patient characteristics including patient history, physical function and balance performance, socioeconomic and insurance status, and patient preference for exercise therapy are important to inform both the medical provider and patient with osteoporosis to choose the most appropriate exercise therapy referral. Adoption of the algorithmic suggestions may have a significant impact on uptake and adherence to exercise therapy, ultimately improving patient physical function and reducing falls risk.
Critical period of exposure to mercury and the diagnostic of autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review
Authors: Netto Bruna Bittencourt , da Silva Elica Pizzolo , de Aguiar da Costa Maiara , de Rezende Victória Linden , Bolan Sofia Januário , Ceretta Luciane Bisognin , Aschner Michael , Dominguini Diogo , Gonçalves Cinara Ludvig
Published: February 2024

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by repetitive behaviors and deficits in social interaction. Its etiology is not completely clear, but both genetic and environmental factors contribute to and influence its development and course. The increased number of autism cases in recent years has been strongly associated with increased exposure to heavy metals. Mercury (Hg) has gained prominence in the scientific literature as a result of its presence as an urban pollutant and well‐described neurotoxicity. This review assessed the relationship between Hg exposure in the pre‐ and post‐natal period and ASD. The systematic review identified observational clinical studies and pre‐clinical trials in journals indexed in the PubMed, Embase, ProQuest, and LILACS databases. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between exposure to Hg and ASD and to define the critical period of exposure. A total of 57 articles were selected for this review, with 35 articles (61.40%) identifying a positive association between ASD and Hg, while 22 articles (38.60%) did not find the same outcome. The biological samples most used to analyze Hg body burdens were hair (36.84%) and blood (36.84%). Most case–control studies found an increase in Hg levels in individuals with ASD who were exposed to a polluted environment in the post‐natal period. Taken together, the studies suggest that these patients have a deficient detoxification system, and this could worsen the symptoms of the disorder. However, new studies addressing the influence of Hg on the post‐natal nervous system and its relationship with ASD should be carried out.

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Roxadustat reduces left ventricular mass index compared to rHuEPO in haemodialysis patients in a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Tan Wei , Wang Xiang , Sun Yudong , Wang Xiaohui , He Jin , Zhong Ling , Jiang Xianhong , Sun Yan , Tian En , Li Zhuoying , He Liangping , Hao Ying , Tang Bin , Hua Wei , Ma Xiangyu , Yang Jurong
Published: February 2024

Background

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is highly prevalent in haemodialysis (HD) patients and is associated with an increased risk of death. Roxadustat and recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO, abbreviated as EPO) are the main treatment strategies for renal anaemia in HD patients, but it has not been clear whether there is a difference in their effect on LVH.

Methods

In this multi‐centre, prospective, randomized trial of 12‐month duration, study participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to the roxadustat group or the EPO group. The doses of both treatment regimens were adjusted so that the patients had a haemoglobin level of 10.0–12.0 g per dL. The primary study endpoint was the change from baseline to 12 months in the left ventricular mass index (LVMI, g/m2) measured by echocardiography.

Results

In total, 114 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 50 years, and the median dialysis duration was 33 months. Sixty‐one patients were men, and 24 were diabetic. LVMI decreased from 116.18 ± 27.84 to 110.70 ± 25.74 g/m2 in the roxadustat group. However, it increased from 109.35 ± 23.41 to 114.99 ± 28.46 g/m2 in the EPO group, with a significant difference in the change in LVMI between the two groups [−5.48 (−11.60 to 0.65) vs. 5.65 (0.74 to 10.55), p < 0.05]. Changes in left ventricular mass, end‐diastolic volume and 6‐min walk test seemed superior in the roxadustat group. There were no significant differences in other cardiac geometry, biochemical parameters and major adverse cardiovascular events between the two groups.

Conclusions

Compared to EPO, roxadustat is more helpful in the regression of LVH in HD patients.
Precision medicine in cardiovascular therapeutics: Evaluating the role of pharmacogenetic analysis prior to drug treatment
Authors: Ingelman‐Sundberg Magnus , Pirmohamed Munir
Published: February 2024

Pharmacogenomics is the examination of how genetic variation influences drug metabolism and response, in terms of both efficacy and safety. In cardiovascular disease, patient‐specific diplotypes determine phenotypes, thereby influencing the efficacy and safety of drug treatments, including statins, antiarrhythmics, anticoagulants and antiplatelets. Notably, polymorphisms in key genes, such as CYP2C9, CYP2C19, VKORC1 and SLCO1B1, significantly impact the outcomes of treatment with clopidogrel, warfarin and simvastatin. Furthermore, the CYP2C19 polymorphism influences the pharmacokinetics and safety of the novel hypertrophic cardiomyopathy inhibitor, mavacamten. In this review, we critically assess the clinical application of pharmacogenomics in cardiovascular disease and delineate present and future utilization of pharmacogenomics. This includes insights into identifying missing heritability, the integration of whole genome sequencing and the application of polygenic risk scores to enhance the precision of personalized drug therapy. Our discussion encompasses health economic analyses that underscore the cost benefits associated with pre‐emptive genotyping for warfarin and clopidogrel treatments, albeit acknowledging the need for further research in this area. In summary, we contend that cardiovascular pharmacogenomic analyses are underpinned by a wealth of evidence, and implementation is already occurring for some of these gene–drug pairs, but as with any area of medicine, we need to continually gather more information to optimize the use of pharmacogenomics in clinical practice.
Natural course of partially embolized carotid‐cavernous fistulas
Authors: Voldřich Richard , Grygar Jan , Charvát František , Netuka David
Published: February 2024

Background and Purpose

To present the first study analyzing the clinical and radiological course of carotid‐cavernous fistulas (CCFs) following incomplete embolization. The study compares magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to plain angiography (digital subtraction angiography [DSA]) and investigates the long‐term ophthalmological impact of residual fistula.

Methods

Fistulas classified as partially embolized after the last endovascular treatment were prospectively followed with DSA, MRA, and ophthalmological examination. Both direct and indirect CCFs were included.

Results

Twenty‐one CCFs were included in the study. Nine (43%) fistulas were direct and 12 (57%) were indirect. A favorable clinical outcome of modified Rankin scale ≤2 was recorded in 19 (90%) patients at the last follow‐up. Postinterventional ophthalmologic examinations in 16 patients revealed no negative effects of residual fistulas; five remaining patients refused to undergo further examination. Spontaneous thrombosis and complete occlusion of the CCF were demonstrated in 90% of patients, with a mean time to occlusion of 5.7 ± 4.7 months. Fourteen (66%) patients completed the full imaging follow‐up (MRA and DSA). In 21% of these cases, discrepancy between the two imaging modalities was observed—MRA failed to detect persistent fistulas identified by DSA.

Conclusions

The goal of CCF treatment is safe and complete embolization. However, if adequate flow reduction is achieved, both direct and indirect CCFs tend to spontaneously thrombose. Residual flow does not result in ophthalmological deterioration until the fistula is completely closed. MRA may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect residues of fistulas including cortical venous drainage. Therefore, complete CCF closure should be confirmed through DSA.
Peer sexual harassment among 10‐year‐olds: Roles, genders, classroom occurrence, and associations with emotional problems
Authors: Valik Andrea , Lunde Carolina , Skoog Therése , Gattario Kristina Holmqvist
Published: February 2024

This is the first study examining peer sexual harassment among 10‐year‐olds (N = 985), studying how being a victim, perpetrator, or witness relates to emotional problems, and how these associations are moderated by gender and class occurrence of sexual harassment. Results showed that 45% of the participants reported victimization, 17% perpetration, and 60% witnessing sexual harassment, with vast overlaps between roles. Victimization and witnessing were related to more emotional problems. Victimized girls reported more emotional problems than boys, but girls who perpetrated reported fewer emotional problems than boys. Associations between peer sexual harassment and emotional problems varied across classrooms. Our findings highlight the occurrence of peer sexual harassment in younger ages, emphasizing an ecological perspective when addressing it in school.
Statistical analysis of irregularly spaced spatial data in frequency domain
Authors: Zhang Shibin
Published: February 2024

Central limit theorems (CLTs) for frequency‐domain statistics are fundamental tools in frequency‐domain analysis. However, for irregularly spaced data, they are still limited. In both the pure increasing domain and the mixed increasing domain asymptotic frameworks, three CLTs of frequency‐domain statistics are established for the observations at uniformly distributed sampling locations over a rectangular sampling region. One is for discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs), while the other two pertain to generalized spectral means (GSMs). The asymptotic joint normality and independence of the DFT at any finite number of standard frequencies are derived. Additionally, the asymptotic normalities of two GSMs are set up, with asymptotic variances given in different forms, according to the Gaussian or non‐Gaussian model assumption. Three established CLTs are very useful in investigating the sampling properties of many important frequency‐domain statistics, such as periodogram, non‐negative definite auto‐covariance estimator, spectral density estimator, and Whittle likelihood estimator as well.
Macoma calcarea (Gmelin, 1791), a poorly studied bivalve, in the Kara Sea: Distribution and growth variability
Authors: Lisitsyna Kseniya N. , Gerasimova Alexandra V. , Filippova Nadezhda A.
Published: February 2024

Macoma calcarea, one of the most common bivalves in the infauna of the Arctic seas of Russia, is still poorly investigated from an ecological viewpoint. We studied the distribution and growth of Macoma in the southwestern part of the Kara Sea. The samples were obtained at 119 stations at depths from 4 to 415 m in 2012–2013. The main trends in the distribution of this species corresponded to its feeding type (deposit‐feeder), the biogeographic affiliation and the features of reproductive ecology. Macoma calcarea in the study area were mainly concentrated at depths of 20–50 m. Their density and biomass were, respectively, eight and two times higher on silty sediments than on sandy ones. The results of age assessment of M. calcarea by the external growth marks and the shell cross‐sections were quite similar. However, age determination based on internal growth marks was found to be preferable for older individuals and individuals with heavily eroded shells. Group growth rate of M. calcarea was not very sensitive to environmental conditions. No site‐to‐site variability in the growth characteristics was found. The maximum size and age of M. calcarea (37 mm and 21 years respectively), as well as the average annual growth rate (about 2 mm/year), were close to the values of these parameters in other parts of the distribution of this species.
A systematic review and disability‐adjusted life years of Scedosporium/Lomentospora infection in patients after near‐drowning
Authors: Kermani Firoozeh , Yazdani Charati Jamshid , Roohi Behrad , Moslemi Azam , Bandeghani Azadeh , Faeli Leila , Shokohi Tahereh , Roilides Emmanuel
Published: February 2024

Scedosporium/Lomentospora species exist as saprophytic moulds that can potentially lead to serious infections in patients who have experienced near‐drowning incidents. Scedosporium species are distributed across different regions of the world while Lomentospora prolificans has quite a restricted geographic distribution. We aimed to systematically review scedosporiosis cases after near‐drowning, their clinical manifestations, underlying diseases, treatments, outcomes and its impact through disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs). Five available sources were searched from 1 January 2007, to 20 April 2022. Thirty‐eight studies, including 41 patients, were evaluated. Mean age was 33.6 ± 18.6 years (range 1–68), and 28 were male (68.3%). Central nervous system (CNS) dissemination predominated (36/41; 87.8%), presenting mainly as multiple brain abscesses (26/41; 63.4%), followed by lung involvement (22/41; 56.4%). Scedosporium apiospermum species complex was the most causative agent (38/41; 92.7%). Overall mortality was 51.2%. Half of the patients (18/37) were cured after receiving proper treatment, and in most cases, voriconazole alone or in combination with surgery or other antifungals caused survival. The mean survival time was 123 ± 27 days. Mean DALYs in 1980–2022 were 46.110 ± 3.318 (39.607–52.612). Time to diagnosis was estimated to be 120 days, and there was no association between time to diagnosis and outcome. Voriconazole is a potentially effective therapy, and combination of surgery and antifungal treatment may lead to more favourable outcome. Advances in early diagnosis and appropriate antifungal therapy may have contributed to reducing its mortality.
Pollen morphology of Norwegian hybrids of Sorbus
Authors: Andersen Heidi Lie , Dhakal Nirmala , Parsian Hoda Houshiar , Salvesen Per Harald , Bjune Anne Elisabeth
Published: February 2024

The genus Sorbus s.l. consists of small to medium‐sized trees primarily found in coastal areas, with three European hotspots of diversification: Fennoscandia, south‐east Europe and the British Isles. Taxonomic classification of Sorbus s.l. in Europe is still unresolved, and this study aims to address this issue by examining the pollen morphology of various Sorbus hybrids. Pollen morphology of 16 specimens from 13 species of Sorbus s.str., Aria and Hedlundia, some of them common, others are endemic and listed as threatened species, were studied. Measurements of the polar and equatorial axis of all pollen grains show that there are variations in pollen size and shape among different hybrids, with a correlation between ploidy levels and the equatorial diameter of the pollen. Surface structures of the pollen were observed using SEM. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to analyze the pollen characters, and the results show that it is possible to separate Aria from Sorbus and Hedlundia based on the length of the polar axis of the pollen grain, while the number of perforations is important for classification within Hedlundia. The study concludes that pollen morphology can be a useful tool for distinguishing between different Sorbus hybrids and can thus aid in understanding their past distributions.
Mechanisms involved in the muscle relaxing effects of STW 5 in guinea pig stomach
Authors: Allam Shady , Krüger Dagmar , Michel Klaus , Schnabl Katharina , Klingenspor Martin , Schemann Michael , Annaházi Anita
Published: February 2024

Introduction

The herbal preparation STW 5 ameliorates functional dyspepsia partly by relaxing smooth muscle of the proximal stomach, thus improving gastric accommodation. We explored the unknown pathways responsible for this effect by testing targets known to modulate gastric smooth muscle relaxation.

Methods

STW 5‐induced relaxation of smooth muscle strips from guinea pig gastric corpus before and after pharmacological interventions were recorded with force transducers in an organ bath. ORAI1 mRNA expression was tested in the proximal stomach.

Key Results

Blockade of Ca2+‐activated K+ and Cl− channels, voltage‐gated L‐ or T‐type Ca2+ channels, TRPA1‐, TRPV1‐, adenosine or 5‐HT4 receptors, antagonizing ryanodine receptors, inhibiting cyclooxygenase or sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase did not affect STW 5‐evoked relaxation. Likewise, protein‐kinase A or G were not involved. However, the relaxation evoked by STW 5 was significantly reduced by phorbol‐12‐myristat‐13‐acetat, an activator of protein‐kinase C, by 2‐ aminoethyldiphenylborinate, an inhibitor of the IP3 receptor‐mediated Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum or by SKF‐96365, a nonselective store‐operated calcium entry (SOCE) blocker. Furthermore, the mixed TRPC3/SOCE inhibitor Pyr3, but not the selective TRPC3 blocker Pyr10, reduced the effect of STW 5. Finally, BTP2, a potent blocker of ORAI‐coupled SOCE, almost abolished STW 5‐evoked relaxation. Expression of ORAI1 could be demonstrated in the corpus/fundus.

Conclusions & Inferences

STW 5 inhibited SOCE, most likely ORAI channels, which are modulated by IP3‐ and PKC‐dependent mechanisms. Our findings impact on the design of drugs to induce muscle relaxation and help identify phytochemicals with similar modes of actions to treat gastrointestinal disturbances.
Modelling optimal ligninolytic activity during plant litter decomposition
Authors: Chakrawal Arjun , Lindahl Björn D. , Manzoni Stefano
Published: February 2024

A large fraction of plant litter comprises recalcitrant aromatic compounds (lignin and other phenolics). Quantifying the fate of aromatic compounds is difficult, because oxidative degradation of aromatic carbon (C) is a costly but necessary endeavor for microorganisms, and we do not know when gains from the decomposition of aromatic C outweigh energetic costs.

To evaluate these tradeoffs, we developed a litter decomposition model in which the aromatic C decomposition rate is optimized dynamically to maximize microbial growth for the given costs of maintaining ligninolytic activity. We tested model performance against > 200 litter decomposition datasets collected from published literature and assessed the effects of climate and litter chemistry on litter decomposition.

The model predicted a time‐varying ligninolytic oxidation rate, which was used to calculate the lag time before the decomposition of aromatic C is initiated. Warmer conditions increased decomposition rates, shortened the lag time of aromatic C oxidation, and improved microbial C‐use efficiency by decreasing the costs of oxidation. Moreover, a higher initial content of aromatic C promoted an earlier start of aromatic C decomposition under any climate.

With this contribution, we highlight the application of eco‐evolutionary approaches based on optimized microbial life strategies as an alternative parametrization scheme for litter decomposition models.
Fusarium graminearum rapid alkalinization factor peptide negatively regulates plant immunity and cell growth via the FERONIA receptor kinase
Authors: Wang Yujie , Liu Xin , Yuan Bingqin , Chen Xue , Zhao Hanxi , Ali Qurban , Zheng Minghong , Tan Zheng , Yao Hemin , Zheng Shuqing , Wu Jingni , Xu Jianhong , Shi Jianrong , Wu Huijun , Gao Xuewen , Gu Qin
Published: February 2024

The plant rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) peptides function as key regulators in cell growth and immune responses through the receptor kinase FERONIA (FER). In this study, we report that the transcription factor FgPacC binds directly to the promoter of FgRALF gene, which encodes a functional homologue of the plant RALF peptides from the wheat head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum (FgRALF). More importantly, FgPacC promotes fungal infection via host immune suppression by activating the expression of FgRALF. The FgRALF peptide also exhibited typical activities of plant RALF functions, such as inducing plant alkalinization and inhibiting cell growth, including wheat (Triticum aestivum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Arabidopsis thaliana. We further identified the wheat receptor kinase FERONIA (TaFER), which is capable of restoring the defects of the A. thaliana FER mutant. In addition, we found that FgRALF peptide binds to the extracellular malectin‐like domain (ECD) of TaFER (TaFERECD) to suppress the PAMP‐triggered immunity (PTI) and cell growth. Overexpression of TaFERECD in A. thaliana confers plant resistance to F. graminearum and protects from FgRALF‐induced cell growth inhibition. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the fungal pathogen‐secreted RALF mimic suppresses host immunity and inhibits cell growth via plant FER receptor. This establishes a novel pathway for the development of disease‐resistant crops in the future without compromising their yield potential.