bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Using a Pedometer on Time Spent Walking in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Engel Lisa , Lindner Helen
Published: January 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of using a pedometer on time spent walking, in sedentary and overweight adults with type 2 diabetes participating in a coaching intervention. It was hypothesized that participants using a pedometer would spend more time walking than would nonpedometer participants.

Method: A sample of 57 men and women with a mean age of 62 years participated in a randomized controlled trial in a community setting. Participants were allocated to either a pedometer and coaching (intervention) group or a coaching-only (control) group. Coaching for both groups involved education, goal setting, and supportive/motivational strategies to increase time spent walking. The duration of the study was 6 months, with blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin, anthropometric, and fitness measurements assessed at baseline and at 3-month intervals.

Results: A repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated that the coaching-only group spent significantly more time walking than did the pedometer group. However, when an analysis of covariance with all the other variables as covariates was performed, group membership had no influence on time spent walking. Significant reductions in waist circumference and weight were achieved for both groups from baseline to 6 months. Cardiovascular fitness also increased significantly for both groups.

Conclusion: The study demonstrated that previously sedentary older adults with type 2 diabetes, supported with a coaching intervention, were able to achieve the physical activity targets known to be beneficial to health. However, using a pedometer added no further benefit. Further research on the impact of specific coaching strategies in diabetes management is warranted.
Assessing Psychosocial Variables
Authors: Fisher Kelly L.
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this article is to share an educational strategy or tool that is relevant for use in patient and professional diabetes education. The tool offers an opportunity for diabetes educators to screen for psychosocial variables such as depression or emotional distress. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify psychological variables that have an impact on individuals living with diabetes and their ability to self-manage their disease. The literature revealed that both depression and emotional distress related to diabetes was experienced by individuals with diabetes along with those individuals who were unable to self-management their disease. The Accu-Check Interview is a computer software program that may assist diabetes educators to provide diabetes education. Use of the Accu-Check Interview software program has been implemented at various sites including the Joslin Clinic (Boston, Mass), Baystate Medical Center (Springfield, Mass), and Emerson Hospital (Concord, Mass). The Diabetes Self Care Profile is a Web-based version of the Accu-Check Interview and can be accessed as a demonstration in English and Spanish. These tools allow diabetes educators to screen for psychosocial variables and address issues with individuals while using a motivational interviewing approach.
Small Firm Networking
Authors: Shaw Eleanor
Published: January 2006

Despite significant research interest in small firm networks, gaps continue to exist in knowledge and understanding about the concept of a network and its relationship with small firms. This article seeks to build upon extant research by discussing some of the findings to emerge from a qualitative study of small firm networks. The findings presented concentrate on the contents found to exist across the social networks in which six small service firms are embedded. Discussion of these reveal the multiplexity of network relationships and emphasize the informal nature of small firm networking processes. In particular, discussion provides some insight into what motivates small firms to engage in networking and identifies areas for future research.
Effects of Self-concept Traits and Entrepreneurial Orientation on Firm Performance
Authors: Poon June M. L. , Ainuddin Raja Azimah , Junit Sa’Odah Haji
Published: January 2006

This study examined relationships among three self-concept traits, entrepreneurial orientation, and firm performance using survey data from 96 entrepreneurs. We used path analysis to test the direct and indirect effects of the trait variables on perceptual measures of firm performance. Entrepreneurial orientation - operationalized to reflect the dimensions of innovativeness, proactiveness, and propensity to take risks - was used as the mediating variable for explaining the relationship between self-concept traits and firm performance. The results indicated that internal locus of control was positively related to firm performance, and entrepreneurial orientation did not play a mediating role in this relationship. In contrast, generalized self-efficacy had no direct effects on firm performance; however, it influenced firm performance positively through its effect on entrepreneurial orientation. Finally, self-attributed achievement motive was not significantly related to entrepreneurial orientation or firm performance. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Physician Evaluation after Medical Errors: Does Having a Computer Decision Aid Help or Hurt in Hindsight?
Authors: Pezzo Mark V. , Pezzo Stephanie P.
Published: January 2006

Objective. The authors examined whether physicians’ use of computerized decision aids affects patient satisfaction and/or blame for medical outcomes. Method. Experiment 1: Fiftynine undergraduates read about a doctor who made either a correct or incorrect diagnosis and either used a decision aid or did not. All rated the quality of the doctor's decision and the likelihood of recommending the doctor. Those receiving a negative outcome also rated negligence and likelihood of suing. Experiment 2: One hundred sixty-six medical students and 154 undergraduates read negative-outcome scenarios in which a doctor either agreed with the aid, heeded the aid against his own opinion, defied the aid in favor of his own opinion, or did not use a decision aid. Subjects rated doctor fault and competence and the appropriateness of using decision aids in medicine. Medical students made judgments for themselves and for a layperson. Results. Experiment 1: Using a decision aid caused a positive outcome to be rated less positively and a negative outcome to be rated less negatively. Experiment 2: Agreeing with or heeding the aid was associated with reduced fault, whereas defying the aid was associated with roughly the same fault as not using one at all. Medical students were less harsh than undergraduates but accurately predicted undergraduate's responses. Conclusion. Agreeing with or heeding a decision aid, but not defying it, may reduce liability after an error. However, using an aid may reduce favorability after a positive outcome.
Valuation Structures of Health States Revealed with Singular Value Decomposition
Authors: Krabbe Paul F. M.
Published: January 2006

Objective. A basic mathematical routine called singular value decomposition (SVD) is introduced and applied to explore the applicability of this methodology in the context of health state valuations. Methods. SVD dissects a data matrix into 3 separatematrices that contain all the information present in the original data. Eachmatrix comprises a specific type of information. One matrix comprises arrays of weights that show the different valuation structures (i.e., similar ways among respondents to quantify specific sets of health states). A 2nd matrix with weights expresses how strongly each respondent's ratings are related to each of the valuation structures, and a 3rd matrix contains the percentages of variance associated with the valuation structures. SVD was applied to data from a group of 340 respondents who each gave a value to 16 health states using the time tradeoff (TTO) method and the visual analog scale (VAS). Results. SVD of the VAS data showed 1 distinct response pattern that accounted for 91.6% of the total variance. The contribution of the 1st component in the TTO data wasmuch lower (57.4%), and a 2nd component (15.6%) could be identified that reflected a distinct preference structure opposed to the 1st and principal component. Conclusions. Application of SVD to the TTO data revealed that respondents fell into 2 different groups in their TTO evaluations, but respondents weremore similar to each other in their VAS responses. The author discusses other applications of SVD to clinical research.
Estimating the Association between SF-12 Responses and EQ-5D Utility Values by Response Mapping
Authors: Gray Alastair M. , Rivero-Arias Oliver , Clarke Philip M.
Published: January 2006

Background. Reliably mapping from generic or diseasespecific health status measures into health state utilities would assist health economists. Existing studies mainly use ordinary least squares (OLS) regression equations to predict utility values for particular health states. The authors examine an alternative approach tomap between 2 generic health status instruments, the SF-12 and the EQ-5D. Methods. Multinomial logit regression is used to estimate the probability that a respondent will select a particular level of response to questions in the EQ-5D, using individual question responses and summary scores from the SF-12 as predictors. Monte Carlo simulation methods are used to generate predicted EQ-5D responses, and utility scores (tariffs) are then attached. Results are comparedwithanalternativeapproach based on direct mapping to utility scores using OLS. Data. The authors estimate equations using 12,967 adult survey responses-from the 2000 US Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. They report mean squared error (MSE) andmean absolute error (MAE) of their predicted utilitieswithin this sample, and out-of-sample using 13,304 adults from the 1996 Health Survey for England. Results. The authors obtain an in-sample and out-of-sample MSE of 0.03, compared with 0.02 for the OLS approach. Their MAE of 0.11 is similar to OLS results. The authors’ method predicts groupmean utility scores and differentiates between groups with or without known existing illness. Conclusions. The authors’ approach has higher MSE than the direct OLS approach but givesmore descriptive data on domains of health effects. Further outofsample prediction work will help test the validity of these methods.
Reassessing the Cost-Effectiveness of Meningococcal Serogroup C Conjugate (MCC) Vaccines Using a Transmission Dynamic Model
Authors: Trotter Caroline L. , Edmunds W. John
Published: January 2006

Background. The meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MCC) vaccination program has successfully reduced morbidity and mortality from serogroup C disease in England and Wales, owing to high short-term vaccine effectiveness and substantial herd immunity. The latter effect was not accounted for in the previous economic analysis of the MCC program. Methods. The authors applied a transmission dynamicmodel, which accounts for herd immunity, to reevaluate the cost-effectiveness of MCC vaccination. The direct and indirect benefits of the MCC vaccine strategy implemented in England and Wales were compared. The cost-effectiveness of alternative MCC vaccine strategies, including future changes to the current schedule, were evaluated. Results. The authors found that including herd immunity improved the average cost-effectiveness ratio in all cases, although the extent depended on the vaccine strategy considered. Incremental analysis showed that those strategies that offered 1 dose early in the 2nd year of life dominated strategies that offered 3 doses of vaccine in infancy and that catch-up vaccination up to the age of 18 years was also highly attractive. Furthermore, the authors analyzed the effect of future changes to the routine vaccine schedule and predicted that shifting the age at routine vaccination from 2, 3, and 4 months (3 doses) to 12 months (1 dose) resulted in a net gain in the total number of cases prevented with only a few extra cases occurring in children under 1 year of age. This program dominated the current strategy. Conclusions. Models that do not include the indirect effects of vaccination will underestimate the impact of MCC vaccination andmay lead to distorted decision making.
Primary Care Physician Specialty Referral Decision Making: Patient, Physician, and Health Care System Determinants
Authors: Forrest Christopher B. , Nutting Paul A. , von Schrader Sarah , Rohde Charles , Starfield Barbara
Published: January 2006

Purpose. To examine the effects of patient, physician, and health care system characteristics on primary care physicians’ (PCPs’) specialty referral decision making. Methods. Physicians (n = 142) and their practices (n = 83) located in 30 states completed background questionnaires and collected survey data for all patient visits (n = 34,069) made during 15 consecutive workdays. The authors modeled the occurrence of any specialty referral, which occurred during 5.2% of visits, as a function of patient, physician, and health care system structural characteristics. A subanalysis was done to examine determinants of referrals made for discretionary indications (17% of referrals), operationalized as problems commonly managed by PCPs, high level of diagnostic and therapeutic certainty, low urgency for specialist involvement, and cognitive assistance only requested from the specialist. Results. Patient characteristics had the largest effects in the any-referral model. Other variables associated with an increased risk of referral included PCPs with less tolerance of uncertainty, larger practice size, health plans with gatekeeping arrangements, and practices with high levels of managed care. The risk of a referral being made for discretionary reasons was increased by capitated primary care payment, internal medicine specialty of the PCP, high concentration of specialists in the community, and higher levels of managed care in the practice. Conclusions. PCPs’ referral decisions are influenced by a complex mix of patient, physician, and health care system structural characteristics. Factors associated with more discretionary referrals may lower PCPs’ thresholds for referring problems that could have been managed in their entirety within primary care settings.
Horror and the Everyday in Post-Holocaust France
Authors: Silverman Max
Published: January 2006

The recent proliferation of studies of French representations of the Holocaust, dominated by trauma studies and postmodern theory, has tended to privilege the survivor testimony of Robert Antelme (author of L'Espèce humaine), the critical work of Maurice Blanchot on the unnameable and a Levinassian ethics of the other. In this article I would like to focus on a different strand in post-Holocaust art and theory in France in which the significant imaginative thinker aiming to shape a new aesthetic vision is not Blanchot but Alain Resnais's collaborator on Nuit et brouillard, Jean Cayrol. Through an analysis of Resnais's film (1955), I will consider ways in which the interplay between everyday life and horror, and especially the role of objects in this process, are central to the emergence of a reshaped artistic vision in post-Holocaust France: in the words of Cayrol, an ‘art concentrationnaire … où l'invraisemblable et le naturel se confondraient’. I will then discuss the importance of an antifascist politics of representation at the heart of this artistic vision which subsequent treatments of the Holocaust have often effaced.
Towards a Poetics of Consumerism
Authors: Lane Jeremy F.
Published: January 2006

The influence of Gaston Bachelard's studies of the ‘poetic’ or ‘material imagination’ on the ‘nouvelle critique’ has long been acknowledged. Similarly, the importance of Bachelard's work in the history of science to social theorists such as Louis Althusser, Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu has received considerable critical attention. What has been largely unexplored, however, is the impact of Bachelard's studies of the ‘material imagination’ on social theorists such as Henri Lefebvre, Jean Baudrillard, and Roland Barthes, in their analyses of the advent of mass consumerism in post-war France. This article examines the use made by these theorists of Bachelard's concept of the ‘material imagination’ as an index of everything authentic that risked being lost in France's embrace of mass consumerism. It also shows how Bachelard's ‘material imagination’ could serve as a powerful tool for explaining the affective appeal that the new spaces and mass-produced commodities of post-war France possessed for French consumers.
Les radios libres, utopie ‘deleuzoguattarienne’
Authors: Dalle Matthieu
Published: January 2006

A la fin des annÈes 70 et au dÈbut des annÈes 80 en France, le mouvement des radios libres trouve en FÈlix Guattari et Gilles Deleuze de prÈcieux alliÈs. Si les deux hommes dÈfendent avec tant d’ardeur ces stations locales Èmettant illÈgalement sur la bande FM, c’est parce que celles-ci mettent en pratique, dans leur fonctionnement interne ainsi que dans leurs relations avec leur environnement socio-politique, les principes de flexibilitÈ, de transversalitÈ et de multiplicitÈ chers aux auteurs de L’Anti-Œdipe,et s’affirment comme des machines de guerre rÈsistant ‡ l’oppression de l’appareil d’…tat. La lÈgalisation de 1981 les transforme en ‘radios locales privÈes’ et enclenche pour une grande majoritÈ de stations un processus d’institutionnalisation dÈsormais achevÈ. En ce sens, les radios libres sont restÈes une utopie ‘deleuzoguattarienne’.
Manon Through the Lens of Clouzot (1948)
Authors: Wynn Thomas
Published: January 2006

If cinema may potentially recast what is most fundamental to literature, Henri-Georges Clouzot's version of Prévost's Manon Lescautassumes its duty to show the once hidden heroine by transferring the novel to the early days of post-war France. Following an analysis of Maupassant's critique of the novel, in which he proposes the heroine as a disembodied and mythical seductress, this article examines how eighteenth-century illustrations offer an alternative narrative to the text's monological account of infidelity. Hair emerges as a sign of desire and specularity, a combination that Clouzot's film develops at the level of both narrative and image. Profiting from the demands of the mainstream cinematic apparatus and his modern mise-en-scène,the director uses his heroine's hair to signal her metamorphosis from collaborator to prostitute to victim. Clouzot's adaptation is seen not as a betrayal of Prévost's novel, but as an example of the mythology of its heroine.
Changing Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Homosexuals: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature
Authors: Tucker Edmon W. , Potocky-Tripodi Miriam
Published: January 2006

Objective: This article systematically reviews evidence for interventions that change attitudes toward homosexuals. Method: In all, 17 empirical studies using college and/or university student samples and interventions intended to improve heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbian, gay, or bisexual individuals are reviewed. Characteristics of the studies with regard to participants, interventions, methodologies, attitude measures, and outcomes are reported. The studies are also rated for their level of empirical support. Finally, challenges of the research and applications to social work practice are discussed. Results: No intervention met the criteria of a well established or probably efficacious treatment, as all studies had substantial methodological limitations. Conclusion: These interventions require further testing with well designed, methodologically sound experiments to determine efficacy. Researchers who pursue this controversial topic, however, may experience considerable opposition in obtaining funding and/or forums for dissemination of their findings.
Treating Depression During Pregnancy and the Postpartum: A Preliminary Meta-Analysis
Authors: Bledsoe Sarah E. , Grote Nancy K.
Published: January 2006

Objectives: This meta-analysis evaluates treatment effects for nonpsychotic major depression during pregnancy and postpartum comparing interventions by type and timing. Methods: Studies for decreasing depressive severity during pregnancy and postpartum applying treatment trials and standardized measures were included. Standardized mean differences were calculated for continuous variable outcome data. Results: Thirteen interventions reported positive effect sizes, one reported marginally positive effect size, one reported no effect, and the remaining reported marginally negative effect size. By type of treatment, medication with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT; 3.871, p < .001) and medication alone (3.048, p < .001) reported largest effect size, followed by group therapy (CBT, educational, and transactional analysis; 2.045, p < .001), interpersonal psychotherapy (1.260, p < .001), CBT (.642, p < .001), psychodynamic (.526, p = .014), counseling (.418, p = .014), and educational (.100, p = .457). Postpartum implementation produced larger effect size (.837, p < .001) than implementation during pregnancy (.377, p = .002). When medication interventions are excluded, postpartum effect size is .704 (p < .001). Conclusions: Preliminary findings suggest medication, alone or with CBT; group therapy with CBT, educational, and transactional analysis components; interpersonal psychotherapy; and CBT produce largest effect sizes in this population among interventions tested.
A preliminary study to investigate the influence of different teaching styles on pupils’ goal orientations in physical education
Authors: Salvara Marina I. , Jess Mike , Abbott Angela , Bognár József
Published: January 2006

Via a Greek sample of 75 sixth grade pupils, the influences of teaching styles on pupils’ goal orientations were investigated. LAPOPECQ was distributed twice, before and after the application of the teaching programme consisting of four teaching style groups. Employing a paired samples t test, the results indicated significant pre-to-post changes. Thereafter, a two-way independent analysis of variance and post-hoc Bonferroni tech niques resulted in significant differences in the pre-to-post changes of pupils’ goal orientations. The effect of gender differed only for the knowledge assimilation (KAG) and mainly for the production (KPG) groups, examined with the use of independent t tests. Pearson product-moment correlations were applied to determine the degree of relationships in the changes of LAPOPECQ components for each teaching group and for the whole sample. The results indicated that the teaching group denoting reproduction of knowledge (KRG) affected negatively pupils’ perceived motivational orientations towards learning/task, while the teaching groups implying assimilation (KAG), discovery (KDG) and production (KPG) of knowledge revealed a positive effect.
Culture, embodied experience and teachers’ development of TGfU in Australia and Singapore
Authors: Light Richard , Tan Steven
Published: January 2006

Despite the diversity of cultural settings within which it is now being implemented, research on Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) is yet to address the impact of culture on teaching and learning. With its growth in Asia, in places such as Singa pore and Hong Kong that are culturally distinct from western settings, this seems to be an area of research in need of attention in the TGfU literature. In setting out to redress this oversight in the literature this article draws on a study of TGfU teacher development conducted in Australia and Singapore to examine teachers’ development of TGfU/Games Concept Approach (GCA) teaching in a sequence covering the last two years of teacher education and the first two years of full-time teaching. This article highlights the extent to which teacher development of TGfU is situated within immedi ate cultural and institutional contexts. It identifies how the different cultural meanings attached to sport and its place in both countries shape the participants’ interpretation and understanding of TGfU/GCA.
Multiculturalism online
Authors: Siapera Eugenia
Published: January 2006

This article is concerned with the politics of multiculturalism as encountered on the internet. Theoretically, it examines the different normative positions vis-à-vis multiculturalism in the works of Charles Taylor, Jürgen Habermas, Jeremy Waldron and Nancy Fraser. Three main dilemmas emerge: essentialism or fluidity of identities; universalism or particularism; and recognition or redistribution. These are empirically examined subsequently through online portals developed by four minority communities in the UK. Eight portals, developed by black British, Indian/South Asian, Chinese and Muslim communities were analysed with a view to understanding how such dilemmas are understood in online environments, taken to represent a version of everyday political conduct. The analysis focused on addressees/interlocutors, communicative forms and users, indicating that all multicultural dilemmas are enacted online. Following an agonistic model of politics, the article suggests that multicultural politics should be understood as an open arena for the struggle between these dilemmas.
‘If I have no money for travel, I have no need’
Authors: Smith Andrew
Published: January 2006

This article seeks to respond to the theoretical suggestion that the rise of 21st-century migration reveals the new social importance of the work of the imagination. Beginning with material from a qualitative survey of Nigerian expatriates in Scotland, and deploying the theoretical models of Pierre Bourdieu, it suggests something of the limited constituency for whom such a claim is realistic. It concludes with a contrasting examination of these themes as they appear in Marx’s early writing.
Nationalism and Otherness
Authors: Khatib Lina
Published: January 2006

This article focuses on the representation of Islamic fundamentalism in contemporary Egyptian films. It aims to go beyond orientalism-based studies consumed with analysing the West’s representation of, and thus power over, the East. The article problematizes discourses examining fundamentalism’s role as the West’s Other and the source of its identity by analysing the complicated political role that fundamentalism plays in Egypt as an ‘Islamic’ democracy. Islamic fundamentalism is explored as an Other in Egyptian cinema that is used as a tool for strengthening Egyptian national identity. The article thus reveals the cultural tensions and power struggles present within Egypt as a nation caught between modernity and extremism. The article’s highlighting of the processes of Otherness within the ‘East’ itself reveals the limitation of the idea of an East/West dichotomy.
Thinking the Event with Hannah Arendt
Authors: Vázquez Rolando
Published: January 2006

This article addresses the critique of the modern conception of history and time through a reading of Hannah Arendt. Arendt’s work provides an alternative to the thought with universal pretensions that has dominated the panorama of modernity. She thinks the historical through contradiction and gives a place to human experience next to facts. In thinking the event Arendt shows the insufficiency of the modern chronological appropriation of the past and the limits of using theory as a given framework of interpretation. Understanding the historical event is to challenge the chronology assumed in our forms of understanding and representing the real. Her work blurs the tacit boundary that lurks in modern forms of representation between a ‘dynamic’ present and a ‘congealed’ past. Arendt’s thinking provides a critique of the modern notions of time and history as of the use of theory as a fixed framework of interpretation.
The Exclusion of the Crowd
Authors: Borch Christian
Published: January 2006

In the late 19th century, a comprehensive semantics of crowds emerged in European social theory, dominated in particular by Gustave Le Bon and Gabriel Tarde. This article extracts two essential, but widely neglected, sociological arguments from this semantics. First, the idea that irrationality is intrinsic to society and, second, the claim that individuality is plastic rather than constitutive. By following the destiny of this semantics in its American reception, the article demonstrates how American scholars soon transformed the conception of crowds. Most importantly, the theoretical cornerstone of the European semantics, the notion of suggestion, was severely challenged in the USA. It is argued that this rejection of the suggestion doctrine paved the way for a distinctive American approach to crowds and collective behaviour in which the early European emphasis on irrationality was ignored and crowds were analysed as rational entities. This may have relieved the discomfort of irrationality but it is also entirely disposed of what were in fact crucial sociological insights. The article recalls the semantics of crowds in order to evoke an early branch of social theory that still contains a provocative gesture.
Waste, Industry and Romantic Leisure
Authors: Varul Matthias Zick
Published: January 2006

Veblen’s work contains a neglected, since for the most part implicit, theory of recognition centred on his concepts of waste and workmanship. This article tries to develop this theory in order to shed new light on the theorem of conspicuous leisure and consumption. The legitimacy of violence at the ‘predatory stage’ of culture has been partly superseded by a legitimacy of industrial efficiency, so that the leisure classes need to disguise their conspicuous waste as socially useful productive endeavours. At the same time waste remains a powerful symbol of legitimate status, so that even the industrial classes turn to it in order to assert their social worth and demand social recognition. Waste - which is far more central in Veblen’s theory than is emulation - becomes an ambiguous symbol which can stand for both unproductive privilege and industrial efficiency. The utilitarian urge for efficiency and the meaninglessness of a struggle for recognition through conspicuous waste produce a desire for a romantic escape, also acknowledged by Veblen, but often overlooked in his sharp criticism of consumerism.
Using video to investigate preschool classroom interaction: education research assumptions and methodological practices
Authors: Flewitt Rosie
Published: January 2006

This article reports on the use of video to collect dynamic visual data in education research and proposes that using visual technologies to collect data can give new insights into classroom interaction. Video data unveil how young children use the full range of material and bodily resources available to them to make and express meaning, forcing a reconsideration of Vygotskian accounts of the relationship between thought and language by producing grounded evidence for a pluralistic interpretation of the construction and negotiation of meaning. In addition to challenging language-biased approaches to classroom interaction, using video to collect data also forces a reexamination of established methodological practices. Drawing on data from ESRC-funded ethnographic video case studies of 3-year-old children communicating at home and in a preschool playgroup, this article discusses methodological and ethical dilemmas encountered in the collection and transcription, or representation, of dynamic visual data, arguing that visual data gives insights into aspects of communicative behaviour previously unaccounted for in early years education research.
Chameleonic Leadership: Towards a New Understanding of Political Leadership During the Northern Ireland Peace Process
Authors: Gormley-Heenan Cathy
Published: January 2006

This article argues that the interpretations of political leadership in peace processes offered by both the political leadership literature and the peace and conflict studies literature, to date, are often inappropriate in the context of Northern Ireland. It contends that an alternative interpretation of political leadership during the Northern Ireland peace process is critical to the development of any future analyses of that process, and also to the development of the analyses of peace processes more generally. The article then suggests that political leadership during the Northern Ireland peace process was often necessarily contradictory in style and substance and argues that such contradictions and inconsistencies form the basis of the alternative interpretation that this article seeks ultimately to present. At this point, the article turns to the introduction of a novel alternative concept, that of chameleonic leadership, outlining what this concept might mean in both theory and in practice, in terms of the peace process, and using the concept as a means of bringing the reader towards a new understanding of political leadership during the Northern Ireland peace process.
Discourses of Leadership: Gender, Identity and Contradiction in a UK Public Sector Organization
Authors: Ford Jackie
Published: January 2006

This article explores leadership as a discursive phenomenon. It examines contemporary discourses of leadership and their complex inter-relations with gender and identity in the UK public sector. In particular, it focuses on various ways in which managers’ identities are constructed within discourse, produced in specific historical and institutional sites within specific discursive formations and practices, by specific enunciative strategies (Hall, 1996). Drawing from interviews with senior managers employed in a large UK local authority, this article researches the dominant discourses of modernization and the primacy afforded to discourses of leadership in the council. It explores first how these discourses become part of managerial workplace identities, and second, what other discourses help to shape managers’ identities. Contradiction, discursive production, plurality and ambiguity feature heavily in the analysis of these managers. Accordingly, the article questions dominant hegemonic and stereotypical notions of subjectivity that assume a simple, unitary identity and perpetuate androcentric depictions of organizational life.
Investigations of andesitic volcanic debris terrains: Part 2 — Geotechnical
Authors: Gay Derek A. , Morgan Frank D. , Vichabian Yervant , Sogade John A. , Reppert Philip , Wharton A. E.
Published: January 2006

Here, results of geotechnical investigations for the proposed Dominica international airport are presented. The main geotechnical investigative method is comprised of boreholes to 30 m depth with standard penetrating testing (SPT) and undisturbed Shelby tube and disturbed split-spoon soil sampling. The geotechnical investigation confirms the findings of a companion geophysical investigation, which concludes that bedrock is not likely to be encountered within the proposed depths of excavation for the airport. Geophysical and geotechnical data correlations are developed. Seismic velocity and the number N of blow counts with SPT (SPT N) appear to be well correlated by a linear model. A model relationship between SPT and seismic dynamic elastic modulus is developed using seismic velocity. SPT N is better correlated with the dynamic elastic modulus than with seismic velocity. The study shows that the seismic velocity and the derived dynamic elastic moduli can accurately predict soil strength as measured by SPT blow counts.
Waveform tomography at a groundwater contamination site: VSP-surface data set
Authors: Gao Fuchun , Levander Alan R. , Pratt R. Gerhard , Zelt Colin A. , Fradelizio Gian Luigi
Published: January 2006

Application of 2D frequency-domain waveform tomography to a data set from a high-resolution vertical seismic profiling (VSP) experiment at a groundwater contamination site in Hill Air Force Base (HAFB), Utah, reveals a surprisingly complicated shallow substructure with a resolution of approximately 1.5 m. Variance in the waveform misfit function is reduced 69.4% by using an initial velocity model from first-arrival traveltime tomography. The waveform tomography model suggests (1) a low-velocity layer at 1 to 4 m depth, (2) a high-vertical-velocity gradient of 80 m/s/m on average, and (3) severe lateral variations — velocity contrasts as large as about 200 m/s occur in a distance as short as 1.5 m. The model is well correlated with lithologic logs and is interpreted geologically. A Q-value of 20 is estimated for the target area. The extreme lateral and vertical variations of the subsurface compromise many standard seismic processing methods.
A spectral numerical method for electromagnetic diffusion
Authors: Carcione José M.
Published: January 2006

I present a pseudospectral explicit scheme that can simulate low-frequency electromagnetic (EM) propagation in the earth. This scheme solves linear periodic parabolic equations, having accuracy within machine precision, both temporally and spatially. The method is based on a Chebyshev expansion of the evolution operator, with the spatial derivatives computed via a staggered Fourier pseudospectral technique. The results match analytical solutions of the initial-value problem and the Green's function. An example of the EM field produced by a set of magnetic sources in a heterogeneous model illustrates the algorithm's performance.
Kirchhoff time migration for transversely isotropic media: An application to Trinidad data
Authors: Alkhalifah Tariq
Published: January 2006

Using a newly developed nonhyperbolic offset-mid-point traveltime equation for prestack Kirchhoff time migration, instead of the conventional double-square-root (DSR) equation, results in overall better images from anisotropic data. Specifically, prestack Kirchhoff time migration for transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI media) is implemented using an analytical offset-midpoint traveltime equation that represents the equivalent of Cheop's pyramid for VTI media. It includes higher-order terms necessary to better handle anisotropy as well as vertical inhomogeneity. Application of this enhanced Kirchhoff time-migration method to the anisotropic Marmousi data set demonstrates the effectiveness of the approach. Further application of the method to field data from Trinidad results in sharper reflectivity images of the subsurface, with the faults better focused and positioned than with images obtained using isotropic methods. The superiority of the anisotropic time migration is evident in the flatness of the image gathers.
3D prediction of surface-related and interbed multiples
Authors: Reshef Moshe , Arad Shahar , Landa Evgeny
Published: January 2006

Multiple attenuation during data processing does not guarantee a multiple-free final section. Multiple identification plays an important role in seismic interpretation. A target-oriented method for predicting 3D multiples on stacked or migrated cubes in the time domain is presented. The method does not require detailed knowledge of the subsurface geological model or access to prestack data and is valid for both surface-related and interbed multiples. The computational procedure is based on kinematic properties of the data and uses Fermat's principle to define the multiples. Since no prestack data are required, the method can calculate 3D multiples even when only multi-2D survey data are available. The accuracy and possible use of the method are demonstrated on synthetic and real data examples.
A fast and accurate frequency estimation method for canceling harmonic noise in geophysical records
Authors: Saucier Antoine , Marchant Matthew , Chouteau Michel
Published: January 2006

The cancellation of harmonic noise from geophysical records can be achieved by subtracting an estimate of the harmonic noise. Estimating the harmonic noise consists of estimating the fundamental frequency and the amplitudes and phases of all harmonics. We propose a new frequency-estimation method that builds upon the estimator originally proposed by Nyman and Gaiser. This Nyman and Gaiser estimation (NGE) method exploits the fact that the noise fundamental frequency is known to be close to 60 Hz. The NGE method is based on solving a system of four equations that determine the amplitude, phase, and frequency of a given harmonic in the harmonic noise. Hence, NGE can produce frequency estimates for all harmonics. Our improved estimator uses a suitable linear combination of these NGE frequency estimates to produce a more accurate estimate of the fundamental frequency. Our method is more accurate than NGE, and its accuracy is comparable to least-squares estimation (LSE). The advantage of our method is that it is about two times faster than LSE. This speed gain can become valuable when processing large magnetotelluric (MT) data records. Applying our method to the restoration of MT data, we found that the harmonic noise amplitude in the periodogram is reduced by at least 60 dB to a level below that of MT data.
A 3D parametric inversion algorithm for triaxial induction data
Authors: Abubakar Aria , Habashy Tarek M. , Druskin Vladimir , Knizhnerman Leonid , Davydycheva Sofia
Published: January 2006

We develop a parametric inversion algorithm to determine simultaneously the horizontal and vertical resistivities of both the formation and invasion zones, invasion radius, bed boundary upper location and thickness, and relative dip angle from electromagnetic triaxial induction logging data. This is a full 3D inverse scattering problem in transversally isotropic media. To acquire sufficient sensitivity to invert for all of these parameters, we collect the data using a multicomponent, multispacing induction array. For each transmitter-receiver spacing this multicomponent tool has sets of three orthogonal transmitter and receiver coils. At each logging point single-frequency data are collected at multiple spacings to obtain information at different depths of investigation. This inversion problem is solved iteratively with a constrained regularized Gauss-Newton minimization scheme. As documented in the literature, the main computational bottleneck when solving this full 3D inverse problem is the CPU time associated with constructing the Jacobian matrix. In this study, to achieve the inversion results within a reasonable computational time, we implement a dual grid approach wherein the Jacobian matrix is computed using a very coarse optimal grid. Furthermore, to regularize the inversion process we use the so-called multiplicative regularization technique. This technique automatically determines the regularization parameter. Synthetic data tests indicate the developed inversion algorithm is robust in extracting formation and invasion anisotropic resistivities, invasion radii, bed boundary locations, relative dip, and azimuth angle from multispacing, multicomponent induction logging data.
Correlation of vertical electrical sounding and borehole-log data for delineation of saltwater and freshwater aquifers
Authors: Hodlur G. K. , Dhakate Ratnakar , Andrade Rolland
Published: January 2006

In a case history from the Mahanadi basin (India), we demonstrate the use of resistivity data from electric-log soundings and from borehole logs to discriminate between saltwater and freshwater aquifers. We use interpreted data from eight surface-based vertical electrical soundings (VES) and electric well logs from three boreholes in this study. We establish a quantitative relation among longitudinal unit conductance S (obtained from VES), water resistivity [Formula: see text], and layer thickness h. We show that ambiguities in resistivity data interpretation limit its ability to distinguish between freshwater and saltwater aquifers. Electric well-log data interpretation is much more accurate but requires boreholes, which are not cost effective when exploring for groundwater. Integrating well-log-based estimates of [Formula: see text] into resistivity interpretation of surface-based soundings improves its ability to discriminate freshwater aquifers while maintaining cost-effective exploration.
Spectral analysis of gravity gradiometry profiles
Authors: While James , Jackson Andrew , Smit Dirk , Biegert Ed
Published: January 2006

The gravity gradient tensor (whose components are the second derivatives of the gravitational potential) is a symmetric tensor that, ignoring the constraint imposed by Laplace's equation, contains only six independent components. When measured on a horizontal plane, these components generate, in the spectral domain, six power spectral densities (PSDs) and fifteen cross-spectra. The cross-spectra can be split into two groups: a real group and a pure imaginary group. If the source distribution is statistically stationary, 1D spectra can be found from the 2D spectra via the slice theorem. The PSDs form two power-sum rules that link all gradient components. The power-sum rules, in combination with further equalities between the power and cross-spectra, reduce the number of independent spectra to 13, a number reduced to seven if the power spectrum of the potential is assumed isotropic. The power-sum rules, cross-spectral phases, and coherence between components all provide information on the internal consistency of a set of gradiometry measurements. This information can be used to assess the noise, to determine the isotropy, and, for a self-similar source, to calculate the scaling factor and average depth. When applied to a data set collected in the North Sea, the power-sum rules reveal high-frequency noise that is distributed among only three of the gradient components; additionally, the coherences reveal the source to be anisotropic with a nonzero correlation length.
This issue of GEOPHYSICS
Authors: Sun Yonghe
Published: January 2006

In this article, the Editor of Geophysics provides an overview of all technical articles in this issue of the journal.
Media Review
Authors: Brownell Travis , Werner Roy Karl
Published: January 2006

Emergency Medicine Procedures.: By Eric F. Reichman and Robert R. Simon. New York, NY
The Effect of Picture Archiving and Communications Systems on the Accuracy of Diagnostic Interpretation of Pediatric Emergency Physicians
Authors: Gouin Serge , Patel Hema , Bergeron Sylvie , Amre Devendra , Guérin Ronald
Published: January 2006

Objectives:
To compare the accuracy of diagnostic interpretation of radiographs by pediatric emergency physicians (EPs) before and after the introduction of a Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS).

Methods:
The pre‐PACS study period included results from September 2001, when patients were evaluated by using only conventional radiographs. The post‐PACS study period consisted of results from September 2002, when patients were evaluated by using only digital radiographic studies. During these periods, consecutive medical records of all patients who underwent radiological studies when attending the pediatric emergency department (ED) were reviewed. The radiographic interpretation by the pediatric EP, documented at the time of the ED visit, was compared with that made by the pediatric radiologist.

Results:
Data were available from 1,644/1,651 sets of conventional radiographs ordered for the pre‐PACS study period and from 1,430/1,431 sets of digital radiographic studies for the post‐PACS study period. The prevalence of positive radiological studies as per the radiologists was 32.2% (pre‐PACS study period) vs. 28.7% (post‐PACS study period). Diagnostic performance of the pediatric EPs for the two time periods was as follows: overall accuracy, 98.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 94.5% to 100%) vs. 98.5% (95% CI = 87.5% to 100%); sensitivity, 96.4% (95% CI = 94.5% to 97.8%) vs. 98.1% (95% CI = 96.2% to 99.2%); specificity, 98.9% (95% CI = 98.1% to 99.4%) vs. 98.6% (95% CI = 97.7% to 99.3%); negative predictive value, 98.3% (95% CI = 97.4% to 99.0%) vs. 99.2% (95% CI = 98.5% to 99.7%); and positive predictive value, 97.7% (95% CI = 96.0% to 98.8%) vs. 96.6% (95% CI = 94.4% to 98.2%). The proportion of false negatives (FN) was 1.2% (19/1,644) vs. 0.6% (8/1,430). Only one FN patient for each time period required immediate follow‐up for a missed diagnosis.

Conclusions:
Radiograph interpretations by pediatric EPs with digital studies remain as accurate in comparison with assessments performed by using conventional radiographs.