bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fine structural features of nanoscale zero-valent iron characterized by spherical aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (Cs-STEM)
Authors: Liu Airong , Zhang Wei-xian
Published: June 2014

An angstrom-resolution physical model of nanoscale zero- valent iron (nZVI) is generated with a combination of spherical aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (Cs-STEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).
On-chip monitoring of skeletal myoblast transplantation for the treatment of hypoxia-induced myocardial injury
Authors: He Juan , Ma Chao , Liu Wenming , Wang Jinyi
Published: June 2014

We present a microfluidic method for assessing skeletal myoblast transplantation for the treatment of hypoxia-induced myocardial injury.
Global in vivo terminal amino acid labeling for exploring differential expressed proteins induced by dialyzed serum cultivation
Authors: Xie Li-Qi , Nie Ai-Ying , Yang Shu-Jun , Zhao Chao , Zhang Lei , Yang Peng-Yuan , Lu Hao-Jie
Published: June 2014

An accurate and high throughput isobaric MS2 quantification strategy based on metabolic labeling and trypsin digestion.
A novel nanogel-based fluorescent probe for ratiometric detection of intracellular pH values
Authors: Cao Lixia , Li Xiaoyan , Wang Shuangqing , Li Shayu , Li Yi , Yang Guoqiang
Published: June 2014

A new nanogel indicator (NGI) for ratiometric fluorescent detection of intracellular pH values has been reported. In aqueous solution, the NGI can be used for ratiometric sensing of pH changes with a large hypsochromic shift of 100 nm in the green–red region and reversible. Furthermore, the NGI has been used to calibrate the cytosol pH in living cells.
OsNAP connects abscisic acid and leaf senescence by fine-tuning abscisic acid biosynthesis and directly targeting senescence-associated genes in rice
Authors: Liang Chengzhen , Wang Yiqin , Zhu Yana , Tang Jiuyou , Hu Bin , Liu Linchuan , Ou Shujun , Wu Hongkai , Sun Xiaohong , Chu Jinfang , Chu Chengcai
Published: June 2014

Significance

Premature leaf senescence is known to decrease rice yield severely, but the molecular mechanism underlying this relationship remains largely unknown. Similarly, although abscisic acid (ABA)-induced leaf senescence has long been observed, the mechanism of this pathway has yet to be determined. In this study we identified and characterized a dominant premature leaf senescence mutant, prematurely senile 1 (
ps1-D
). The data demonstrated both that
PS1/Oryza sativa
NAC (no apical meristem,
Arabidopsis
ATAF1/2, and cup-shaped cotyledon2)-like, activated by apetala3/pistillata (
OsNAP
) is an ideal marker of natural senescence onset and that it functions as an important link between ABA and leaf senescence in rice. Furthermore, reduced
OsNAP
expression led to extended grain filling and an improved seed-setting rate, which significantly enhanced the grain yield. Thus, fine-tuning
OsNAP
expression should be a means of improving rice yield.
EARLY BUD-BREAK 1 (EBB1) is a regulator of release from seasonal dormancy in poplar trees
Authors: Yordanov Yordan S. , Ma Cathleen , Strauss Steven H. , Busov Victor B.
Published: June 2014

Significance

Timing of vegetative bud dormancy is an environmentally and economically important trait whose importance will grow due to rapid climate changes. However, the underpinning regulatory mechanisms are still poorly understood. We report the identification and characterization of theEarly Bud-Break 1(EBB1) gene in poplar that regulates the timing of bud-break. EBB1 plays a major and integrative role in the reactivation of the shoot apical meristem after winter dormancy. The knowledge about EBB1 function can enable novel approaches for population management, molecular breeding, and genetic engineering of dormancy-associated traits.
BEETL-fastq: a searchable compressed archive for DNA reads
Authors: Janin Lilian , Schulz-Trieglaff Ole , Cox Anthony J.
Published: June 2014

Motivation: FASTQ is a standard file format for DNA sequencing data, which stores both nucleotides and quality scores. A typical sequencing study can easily generate hundreds of gigabytes of FASTQ files, while public archives such as ENA and NCBI and large international collaborations such as the Cancer Genome Atlas can accumulate many terabytes of data in this format. Compression tools such as gzip are often used to reduce the storage burden but have the disadvantage that the data must be decompressed before they can be used.

Here, we present BEETL-fastq, a tool that not only compresses FASTQ-formatted DNA reads more compactly than gzip but also permits rapid search for k -mer queries within the archived sequences. Importantly, the full FASTQ record of each matching read or read pair is returned, allowing the search results to be piped directly to any of the many standard tools that accept FASTQ data as input.

Results: We show that 6.6 terabytes of human reads in FASTQ format can be transformed into 1.7 terabytes of indexed files, from where we can search for 1, 10, 100, 1000 and a million of 30-mers in 3, 8, 14, 45 and 567 s, respectively, plus 20 ms per output read. Useful applications of the search capability are highlighted, including the genotyping of structural variant breakpoints and ‘ in silico pull-down’ experiments in which only the reads that cover a region of interest are selectively extracted for the purposes of variant calling or visualization.

Availability and implementation: BEETL-fastq is part of the BEETL library, available as a github repository at github.com/BEETL/BEETL.

Contact:  acox@illumina.com
Measure for Measure: An Experimental Test of Online Political Media Exposure
Authors: Guess Andrew M.
Published: June 2014

Self-reported measures of media exposure are plagued with error and questions about validity. Since they are essential to studying media effects, a substantial literature has explored the shortcomings of these measures, tested proxies, and proposed refinements. But lacking an objective baseline, such investigations can only make relative comparisons. By focusing specifically on recent Internet activity stored by Web browsers, this article's methodology captures individuals' actual consumption of political media. Using experiments embedded within an online survey, I test three different measures of media exposure and compare them to the actual exposure. I find that open-ended survey prompts reduce overreporting and generate an accurate picture of the overall audience for online news. I also show that they predict news recall at least as well as general knowledge. Together, these results demonstrate that some ways of asking questions about media use are better than others. I conclude with a discussion of survey-based exposure measures for online political information and the applicability of this article's direct method of exposure measurement for future studies.
European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Syllabus for Subspecialty Training
Authors: D'Antiga Lorenzo , Nicastro Emanuele , Papadopoulou Alexandra , Mearin Maria L. , Tzivinikos Christos , Vandenplas Yvan , van Goudoever Hans , Baumann Ulrich , Troncone Riccardo , Koletzko Berthold
Published: June 2014

The requirements for and conditions of subspecialty training in paediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition (PGHN) are rather variable across European countries. The European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) agreed on a training syllabus aimed to foster a harmonised European PGHN curriculum and to support national PGHN societies and governmental bodies to promote and establish high‐quality training programmes and levels of certification in the field. The document provides PGHN training prerequisites and objectives and the basic knowledge elements to acquire the clinical, technical, and management skills needed. Guidelines and instruments for self‐monitoring and appraisal are proposed, and a logbook is available online. These training standards are a first step towards a European certification and recognition as a specialist in PGHN.
Clinical Patterns and Outcome of Early‐Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Ledder Oren , Catto‐Smith Anthony G. , Oliver Mark R. , Alex George , Cameron Donald J.S. , Hardikar Winita
Published: June 2014

We sought to determine whether extremely‐early‐onset childhood inflammatory bowel disease (age <6 years; 20 ulcerative colitis [UC], 8 Crohn disease [CD], 2 indeterminate, sequentially diagnosed) was clinically more severe than in older children (6–17 years; 19 UC, 39 CD, 2 indeterminate). Early‐onset UC was marked by less abdominal pain at presentation, but an aggressive course with a significant reduction in weight‐for‐age, increased use of immunosuppressants, and more surgery. Children with early‐onset CD were more likely to have bloody stools at presentation and an isolated colitis. This study supports the suggestion that inflammatory bowel disease phenotype differs in early‐onset disease.
Liver Transplantation for Classical Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Authors: Díaz Victoria M. , Camarena Carmen , de la Vega Ángela , Martínez‐Pardo Mercedes , Díaz Carmen , López Manuel , Hernández Francisco , Andrés Ane , Jara Paloma
Published: June 2014

Objectives:

The aim of the study was to evaluate indications, results, and clinical and neurological evolution in children who have undergone liver transplantation for classical maple syrup urine disease (MSUD).

Methods:

Descriptive study of liver transplantation for MSUD between 1991 and 2012. Eight patients were transplanted.

Results:

Indications for transplant were poor metabolic control expressed as significant psychomotor disabilities (4 had psychomotor delays, 5 had spasticity, and 5 had epilepsy) and poor quality of life (mean number of acute metabolic decompensations and mean number of total hospitalizations before transplantation 5 and 12, respectively). Four required nasogastric tube, with a maximum 4 g/day protein‐restricted diet in all of them. Seven sustained significant alterations in brain magnetic resonance imaging. Mean leucine and alloisoleucine levels were 608 (standard deviation [SD] 516) and 218 μmol/L (SD 216), respectively. All of the patients received transplants with deceased‐donor livers, with ages between 1.5 and 2.5 years (mean 1.78 years). Mean posttransplantation follow‐up period was 12.2 years (range 5–21 years). Final patient and graft survival was 87.5% and 75%, respectively. Following transplantation, none required hospitalization in the last 3 years nor did any have new acute metabolic decompensations following a normal diet. Five followed normal schooling, 2 had motor disabilities, and 2 had convulsive crises. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was taken in 4 patients, showing neuroimage improvement in 3 of them. Mean leucine levels were <350 μmol/L from the immediate posttransplantation period (mean 225 μmol/L, SD 78), with a maximum alloisoleucine level of 20 μmol/L.

Conclusions:

Liver transplantation is an effective treatment for classical MSUD that arrests brain damage, although it does not reverse the process.
Complete genome analysis of a rare group A rotavirus, G11P[25], isolated from a child in Mumbai, India, reveals interspecies transmission and reassortment with human rotavirus strains
Authors: Shetty Sushmitha A. , Mathur Meenakshi , Deshpande Jagadish M.
Published: June 2014

Hospital-based rotavirus surveillance was carried out in Mumbai during 2005–2009. An isolate (B08299) with a rare genotype combination (G11P[25]) was detected. The present study was undertaken to characterize the complete genome of the isolate. B08299 exhibited a G11–P[25]–I12–R1–C1–M1–A1–N1–T1–E1–H1 genotype constellation. Phylogenetic analysis of the 11 gene segments of B08299 revealed that the VP2 and NSP5 genes of B08299 had a human origin, while the VP6 gene represented an I12 genotype of obscure origin. The remaining six genes formed a lineage distinct from human and porcine rotaviruses within genotype 1. Analysis of the structural and non-structural genes suggested that B08299 has evolved by gene reassortment. Our findings provide further evidence that interspecies transmission is an important mechanism involved in the evolution and genetic diversity of human rotaviruses in nature.
Genome comparison of three serovar 5 pathogenic strains of Haemophilus parasuis: insights into an evolving swine pathogen
Authors: Bello-Ortí Bernardo , Aragon Virginia , Pina-Pedrero Sonia , Bensaid Albert
Published: June 2014

Haemophilus parasuisis the causative agent of Glässer’s disease, a systemic disorder characterized by polyarthritis, polyserositis and meningitis in pigs. Although it is well known thatH. parasuisserovar 5 is the most prevalent serovar associated with the disease, the genetic differences among strains are only now being discovered. Genomes from two serovar 5 strains, SH0165 and 29755, are already available. Here, we present the draft genome of a thirdH. parasuisserovar 5 strain, the formal serovar 5 reference strain Nagasaki. Anin silicogenome subtractive analysis with full-length predicted genes of the threeH. parasuisserovar 5 strains detected 95, 127 and 95 strain-specific genes (SSGs) for Nagasaki, SH0165 and 29755, respectively. We found that the genomic diversity within these three strains was high, in part because of a high number of mobile elements. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of large sequence polymorphisms (LSPs), encompassing regions ranging from 2 to 16 kb, revealed LSPs in virulence-related elements, such as a Toll-IL receptor, the AcrA multidrug efflux protein, an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, lipopolysaccharide-synthetizing enzymes and a tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP) transporter. The whole-genome codon adaptation index (CAI) was also calculated and revealed values similar to other well-known bacterial pathogens. In addition, whole-genome SNP analysis indicated that nucleotide changes tended to be increased in membrane-related genes. This analysis provides further evidence that the genome ofH. parasuishas been subjected to multiple lateral gene transfers (LGTs) and to fine-tuning of virulence factors, and has the potential for accelerated genome evolution.
COP1 and phyB Physically Interact with PIL1 to Regulate Its Stability and Photomorphogenic Development inArabidopsis
Authors: Luo Qian , Lian Hong-Li , He Sheng-Bo , Li Ling , Jia Kun-Peng , Yang Hong-Quan
Published: June 2014

In Arabidopsis thaliana, the cryptochrome and phytochrome photoreceptors act together to promote photomorphogenic development. The cryptochrome and phytochrome signaling mechanisms interact directly with CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1), a RING motif–containing E3 ligase that acts to negatively regulate photomorphogenesis. COP1 interacts with and ubiquitinates the transcription factors that promote photomorphogenesis, such as ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 and LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED1 (HFR1), to inhibit photomorphogenic development. Here, we show that COP1 physically interacts with PIF3-LIKE1 (PIL1) and promotes PIL1 degradation via the 26S proteasome. We further demonstrate that phyB physically interacts with PIL1 and enhances PIL1 protein accumulation upon red light irradiation, probably through suppressing the COP1–PIL1 association. Biochemical and genetic studies indicate that PIL1 and HFR1 form heterodimers and promote photomorphogenesis cooperatively. Moreover, we demonstrate that PIL1 interacts with PIF1, 3, 4, and 5, resulting in the inhibition of the transcription of PIF direct-target genes. Our results reveal that PIL1 stability is regulated by phyB and COP1, likely through physical interactions, and that PIL1 coordinates with HFR1 to inhibit the transcriptional activity of PIFs, suggesting that PIL1, HFR1, and PIFs constitute a subset of antagonistic basic helix-loop-helix factors acting downstream of phyB and COP1 to regulate photomorphogenic development.
Plasticity in Cell Division Patterns and Auxin Transport Dependency during in Vitro Embryogenesis inBrassica napus
Authors: Soriano Mercedes , Li Hui , Jacquard Cédric , Angenent Gerco C. , Krochko Joan , Offringa Remko , Boutilier Kim
Published: June 2014

In Arabidopsis thaliana, zygotic embryo divisions are highly regular, but it is not clear how embryo patterning is established in species or culture systems with irregular cell divisions. We investigated this using the Brassica napus microspore embryogenesis system, where the male gametophyte is reprogrammed in vitro to form haploid embryos in the absence of exogenous growth regulators. Microspore embryos are formed via two pathways: a zygotic-like pathway, characterized by initial suspensor formation followed by embryo proper formation from the distal cell of the suspensor, and a pathway characterized by initially unorganized embryos lacking a suspensor. Using embryo fate and auxin markers, we show that the zygotic-like pathway requires polar auxin transport for embryo proper specification from the suspensor, while the suspensorless pathway is polar auxin transport independent and marked by an initial auxin maximum, suggesting early embryo proper establishment in the absence of a basal suspensor. Polarity establishment in this suspensorless pathway was triggered and guided by rupture of the pollen exine. Irregular division patterns did not affect cell fate establishment in either pathway. These results confirm the importance of the suspensor and suspensor-driven auxin transport in patterning, but also uncover a mechanism where cell patterning is less regular and independent of auxin transport.
Bread Staling: Updating the View
Authors: Fadda C. , Sanguinetti A. M. , Del Caro A. , Collar C. , Piga A.
Published: June 2014

Staling of bread is cause of significant product waste in the world. We reviewed the literature of the last 10 y with the aim to give an up‐to‐date overview on processing/storage parameters, antistaling ingredients, sourdough technology, and measurement methods of the staling phenomenon. Many researchers have been focusing their interest on the selection of ingredients able to retard staling, mainly hydrocolloids, waxy wheat flours (WWF), and enzymes, but different efforts have been made to understand the molecular basis of bread staling with the help of various measurement methods. Results obtained confirm the central role of amylopectin retrogradation and water redistribution within the different polymers in determining bread staling, but highlighted also the importance of other flour constituents, such as proteins and nonstarch polysaccharides. Data obtained with thermal, spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, X‐ray crystallography, and colorimetry analysis have pointed out the need to encourage the use of one or more of these techniques in order to better understand the mechanisms of staling. Results so far obtained have provided new insight on bread staling, but the phenomenon has not been fully elucidated so far.
Adding Molecules to Food, Pros and Cons: A Review on Synthetic and Natural Food Additives
Authors: Carocho Márcio , Barreiro Maria Filomena , Morales Patricia , Ferreira Isabel C.F.R.
Published: June 2014

The pressing issue to feed the increasing world population has created a demand to enhance food production, which has to be cheaper, but at the same time must meet high quality standards. Taste, appearance, texture, and microbiological safety are required to be preserved within a foodstuff for the longest period of time. Although considerable improvements have been achieved in terms of food additives, some are still enveloped in controversy. The lack of uniformity in worldwide laws regarding additives, along with conflicting results of many studies help foster this controversy. In this report, the most important preservatives, nutritional additives, coloring, flavoring, texturizing, and miscellaneous agents are analyzed in terms of safety and toxicity. Natural additives and extracts, which are gaining interest due to changes in consumer habits are also evaluated in terms of their benefits to health and combined effects. Technologies, like edible coatings and films, which have helped overcome some drawbacks of additives, but still pose some disadvantages, are briefly addressed.

Future trends like nanoencapsulation and the development of “smart” additives and packages, specific vaccines for intolerance to additives, use of fungi to produce additives, and DNA recombinant technologies are summarized.
Toxic Elements in Food: Occurrence, Binding, and Reduction Approaches
Authors: Hajeb P. , Sloth J. J. , Shakibazadeh Sh. , Mahyudin N. A. , Afsah‐Hejri L.
Published: June 2014

Toxic elements such as mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and lead, sometimes called heavy metals, can diminish mental and central nervous system function; elicit damage to blood composition as well as the kidneys, lungs, and liver; and reduce energy levels. Food is considered one of the main routes of their entry into the human body. Numerous studies have been performed to examine the effects of common food processing procedures on the levels of toxic elements in food. While some studies have reported negative effects of processing, several have shown that processing practices may have a positive effect on the reduction of toxic elements in foodstuffs. A number of studies have also introduced protocols and suggested chemical agents that reduce the amount of toxic elements in the final food products. In this review, the reported methods employed for the reduction of toxic elements are discussed with particular emphasis on the chemical binding of both the organic and inorganic forms of each element in various foods. The molecular groups and the ligands by which the food products bind with the metals and the types of these reactions are also presented.
Filamentous Fungi and Mycotoxins in Cheese: A Review
Authors: Hymery Nolwenn , Vasseur Valérie , Coton Monika , Mounier Jérôme , Jany Jean‐Luc , Barbier Georges , Coton Emmanuel
Published: June 2014

Important fungi growing on cheese include Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Geotrichum, Mucor, and Trichoderma. For some cheeses, such as Camembert, Roquefort, molds are intentionally added. However, some contaminating or technological fungal species have the potential to produce undesirable metabolites such as mycotoxins. The most hazardous mycotoxins found in cheese, ochratoxin A and aflatoxin M1, are produced by unwanted fungal species either via direct cheese contamination or indirect milk contamination (animal feed contamination), respectively. To date, no human food poisoning cases have been associated with contaminated cheese consumption. However, although some studies state that cheese is an unfavorable matrix for mycotoxin production; these metabolites are actually detected in cheeses at various concentrations. In this context, questions can be raised concerning mycotoxin production in cheese, the biotic and abiotic factors influencing their production, mycotoxin relative toxicity as well as the methods used for detection and quantification. This review emphasizes future challenges that need to be addressed by the scientific community, fungal culture manufacturers, and artisanal and industrial cheese producers.
High‐Pressure Inactivation of Enzymes: A Review on Its Recent Applications on Fruit Purees and Juices
Authors: Chakraborty Snehasis , Kaushik Neelima , Rao P. Srinivasa , Mishra H. N.
Published: June 2014

In the last 2 decades high‐pressure processing (HPP) has established itself as one of the most suitable nonthermal technologies applied to fruit products for the extension of shelf‐life. Several oxidative and pectic enzymes are responsible for deterioration in color, flavor, and texture in fruit purees and juices (FP&J). The effect of HPP on the activities of polyphenoloxidase, peroxidase, β‐glucosidase, pectinmethylesterase, polygalacturonase, lipoxygenase, amylase, and hydroperoxide lyase specific to FP&J have been studied by several researchers. In most of the cases, partial inactivation of the target enzymes was possible under the experimental domain, although their pressure sensitivity largely depended on the origin and their microenvironmental condition. The variable sensitivity of different enzymes also reflects on their kinetics. Several empirical models have been established to describe the kinetics of an enzyme specific to a FP&J. The scientific literature in the last decade illustrating the effects of HPP on enzymes in FP&J, enzymatic action on those products, mechanism of enzyme inactivation during high pressure, their inactivation kinetics, and several intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the efficacy of HPP is critically reviewed in this article. In addition, process optimization of HPP targeting specific enzymes is of great interest from an industrial approach. This review will give a fair idea about the target enzymes specific to FP&J and the optimum conditions needed to achieve sufficient inactivation during HPP treatment.
A Review on Kombucha Tea—Microbiology, Composition, Fermentation, Beneficial Effects, Toxicity, and Tea Fungus
Authors: Jayabalan Rasu , Malbaša Radomir V. , Lončar Eva S. , Vitas Jasmina S. , Sathishkumar Muthuswamy
Published: June 2014

Fermentation of sugared tea with a symbiotic culture of acetic acid bacteria and yeast (tea fungus) yields kombucha tea which is consumed worldwide for its refreshing and beneficial properties on human health. Important progress has been made in the past decade concerning research findings on kombucha tea and reports claiming that drinking kombucha can prevent various types of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, promote liver functions, and stimulate the immune system. Considering the widespread reports on kombucha, we recognized the need to review and update the research conducted in relation to kombucha tea, its products and tea fungus. Existing reports have suggested that the protective effects of kombucha tea are as good as those of black tea, however, more studies on kombucha tea and its composition are needed before final conclusions can be made.
Culture‐Dependent and Culture‐Independent Nucleic‐Acid‐Based Methods Used in the Microbial Safety Assessment of Milk and Dairy Products
Authors: Fusco Vincenzina , Quero Grazia Marina
Published: June 2014

Despite great advances in the diagnostics and better awareness for food safety and security worldwide, significant numbers of foodborne outbreaks have been traced back to the consumption of milk and dairy products contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, such asListeria monocytogenes,Staphylococcus aureus,Salmonellaspp.,Campylobacterspp., and pathogenicEscherichia coli. Several culture‐dependent and culture‐independent nucleic acid‐based methods have been proposed to identify, detect, and type milk‐ and dairyborne pathogenic bacteria. In our review, we will provide an overview on why it is of utmost importance to ascertain the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in milk and milk products; thereafter, we will describe the most commonly used culture‐dependent and culture‐independent methods, as well as the most attractive ones with regard to their future exploitation, providing the reader with new insights into how and when they can be exploited to ensure the enumeration, and accurate detection at both species and strain level of the most important milk‐ and dairyborne pathogenic bacteria, even if in a viable but nonculturable state.
Flaxseed‐Enriched Cereal‐Based Products: A Review of the Impact of Processing Conditions
Authors: Mercier Samuel , Villeneuve Sébastien , Moresoli Christine , Mondor Martin , Marcos Bernard , Power Krista A.
Published: June 2014

The properties of cereals products, bread, pasta, muffins, cookies, cakes, and bars, enriched with flaxseed, were reviewed to highlight suitable processing conditions for the production of high‐quality flaxseed‐enriched products with the desired health attributes. The review highlights the contrasting effect of flaxseed enrichment on the mechanical and physical properties of cereal products according to product type, flaxseed enrichment level, and processing history. Flaxseed lipids remain stable for most processing and storage conditions, presumably due to the significant antioxidant properties of lignans, but information is lacking on the impact of home‐handling, such as bread toasting, on lipid oxidation. Cereal products enriched with flaxseed generally exhibit similar or improved shelf life compared to equivalent products with no flaxseed enrichment, suggesting that flaxseed may limit starch retrogradation, maintain moisture content, and delay microbial growth. Sensory analysis shows lower organoleptic properties of most cereal products containing flaxseed, but similar consumer acceptance for cereal products without and with flaxseed enrichment up to 15% is reported in the literature. This review indicates the need to better understand the impact of flaxseed enrichment on product microstructure and to conduct an extensive assessment of the health effects of flaxseed‐enriched products, since very few studies have focused on the quantification of the bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and activity of flaxseed bioactive compounds for a variety of processing conditions and product formulation.
Engineered Nanoscale Food Ingredients: Evaluation of Current Knowledge on Material Characteristics Relevant to Uptake from the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Yada Rickey Y. , Buck Neil , Canady Richard , DeMerlis Chris , Duncan Timothy , Janer Gemma , Juneja Lekh , Lin Mengshi , McClements David Julian , Noonan Gregory , Oxley James , Sabliov Cristina , Tsytsikova Lyubov , Vázquez‐Campos Socorro , Yourick Jeff , Zhong Qixin , Thurmond Scott
Published: June 2014

The NanoRelease Food Additive project developed a catalog to identify potential engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) used as ingredients, using various food‐related databases. To avoid ongoing debate on defining the term nanomaterial, NanoRelease did not use any specific definition other than the ingredient is not naturally part of the food chain, and its dimensions are measured in the nanoscale. Potential nanomaterials were categorized based on physical similarity; analysis indicated that the range of ENMs declared as being in the food chain was limited. Much of the catalog's information was obtained from product labeling, likely resulting in both underreporting (inconsistent or absent requirements for labeling) and/or overreporting (inability to validate entries, or the term nano was used, although no ENM material was present). Three categories of ingredients were identified: emulsions, dispersions, and their water‐soluble powdered preparations (including lipid‐based structures); solid encapsulates (solid structures containing an active material); and metallic or other inorganic particles. Although much is known regarding the physical/chemical properties for these ingredient categories, it is critical to understand whether these properties undergo changes following their interaction with food matrices during preparation and storage. It is also important to determine whether free ENMs are likely to be present within the gastrointestinal tract and whether uptake of ENMs may occur in their nanoform physical state. A practical decision‐making scheme was developed to help manage testing requirements.
Measurement Methods to Detect, Characterize, and Quantify Engineered Nanomaterials in Foods
Authors: Singh Gurmit , Stephan Chady , Westerhoff Paul , Carlander David , Duncan Timothy V.
Published: June 2014

This article is one of a series of 4 that reports on a task of the NanoRelease Food Additive project of the International Life Science Institute Center for Risk Science Innovation and Application to identify, evaluate, and develop methods that are needed to confidently detect, characterize, and quantify intentionally produced engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) released from food along the alimentary tract. This particular article focuses on the problem of detecting ENMs in food, paying special attention to matrix interferences and how to deal with them. In this review, an in‐depth analysis of the literature related to detection of ENMs in complex matrices is presented. The literature review includes discussions of sampling methods, such as centrifugation and ENM extraction. Available analytical methods, as well as emerging methods, are also presented. The article concludes with a summary of findings and an overview of potential knowledge gaps and targets for method development in this area.
Measurement Methods to Evaluate Engineered Nanomaterial Release from Food Contact Materials
Authors: Noonan Gregory O. , Whelton Andrew J. , Carlander David , Duncan Timothy V.
Published: June 2014

This article is one of a series of 4 that report on a task of the NanoRelease Food Additive project of the Intl. Life Science Inst. Center for Risk Science Innovation and Application to identify, evaluate, and develop methods that are needed to confidently detect, characterize, and quantify intentionally produced engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) released from food along the alimentary tract. This particular article focuses on the problem of detecting ENMs that become released into food indirectly from food contact materials. In this review, an in‐depth analysis of the release literature is presented and relevant release mechanisms are discussed. The literature review includes discussion of articles related to the release phenomenon in general, as experimental methods to detect ENMs migrating from plastic materials into other (nonfood) complex matrices were determined to be relevant to the focus problem of food safety. From the survey of the literature, several “control points” were identified where characterization data on ENMs and materials may be most valuable. The article concludes with a summary of findings and a discussion of potential knowledge gaps and targets for method development in this area.
Civil Liabilities for Unsafe Foods in Bangladesh and Australia: A Comparative Perspective on Consumer Protection
Authors: Solaiman S.M. , Ali Abu Noman M.A.
Published: June 2014

The statutory laws concerning food safety, which allow the consumers affected by unsafe foods to claim compensation for their loss or damage in Bangladesh, are flawed in several respects. These flaws are argued to have harmful impacts on consumer protection. The ineffective legislation in the absence of application of the common law principles of negligence has left the consumers virtually helpless in securing remedies for their injuries. This article endeavors to critically examine the ambiguities and shortcomings in the Consumer Rights Protection Act 2009 (Bangladesh) looking through the prisms of the Australian Consumer Law 2010 and relevant case law from major common law jurisdictions. It discovers a number of weaknesses in the legislation of Bangladesh and provides specific suggestions for strengthening the civil liability provisions from the perspective of consumer protection by preventing their contraventions and providing adequate compensation.
Ethyl Carbamate in Fermented Beverages: Presence, Analytical Chemistry, Formation Mechanism, and Mitigation Proposals
Authors: Jiao Zhihua , Dong Yachen , Chen Qihe
Published: June 2014

Ethyl carbamate (EC) commonly found in fermented beverages has been verified to be a multisite carcinogen in experimental animals. EC was upgraded to Group 2A by the Intl. Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2007, which indicates that EC is a probable carcinogen to humans. Because of its threat to human safety, the presence of EC may be a big challenge in the alcoholic beverage industry. During the past few years, thorough and systematic research has been carried out in terms of the generation of EC in order to meet the allowed limitation levels in fermented beverages. Previous studies have indicated that EC primarily results from the reaction of ethanol and compounds containing carbamyl groups. These main EC precursors are commonly generated from arginine metabolism by Saccharomyces cerevisiae or lactic acid bacteria accompanied by the fermentation process. This review comprehensively summarizes the genotoxicity, analytical methods, formation pathways, and removal strategies of EC in various beverages. The article also presents the metabolic mechanism of EC precursors and pertinent metabolites, such as urea, citrulline, and arginine.
Association between malocclusion and headache among 12‐ to 15‐year‐old adolescents: a population‐based study
Authors: Komazaki Yuko , Fujiwara Takeo , Ogawa Takuya , Sato Miri , Suzuki Kohta , Yamagata Zentaro , Moriyama Keiji
Published: June 2014

Objectives

Headaches are a common problem among adolescents, and malocclusion is a possible risk factor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between malocclusion and headache among Japanese adolescents aged 12–15 years using a population‐based sample.

Methods

A total of 938 adolescents (94.7% of the target population in Koshu City) participated. A modified version of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) was used by orthodontists to evaluate occlusal characteristics, and the frequency of headaches (none, rarely, sometimes) was assessed via questionnaire (N = 938). Ordered logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the association between malocclusion and headache.

Results

The prevalence of malocclusion diagnosed using the modified version of the IOTN was 44.9%. Multiple ordered logistic regression analyses showed that the odds ratio (OR) of having malocclusion for headache was 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–1.80), after adjustment for demographics, lifestyle, and dental status including orthodontic treatment history and tooth size. Moreover, among occlusal traits, lower crowding was independently associated with headache (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.07–2.51).

Conclusions

We found that malocclusion, especially lower crowding, was associated with headache in a population‐based sample of adolescents aged 12–15 years in Japan. Further study is needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which malocclusion affects headache.
Comparative maxillary bone‐defect healing by calcium‐sulphate or deproteinized bovine bone particles and extra cellular matrix membranes in a guided bone regeneration setting: an experimental study in rabbits
Authors: Turri Alberto , Dahlin Christer
Published: June 2014

Objectives

The aim of this study was to histologically compare the dynamics of bone healing response between calcium sulphate (CaS) and deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) particles in guided bone regeneration utilizing an extracellular matrix membrane (ECM) as barrier.

Materials and methods

Eighteen rabbits were used in thisstudy. 5 × 5 mm defects were created in the edentulous space between the incisors and molars in the maxilla. The CaS and DBBM particles were placed in the defects, with or without the placement of a membrane by means of random selection. Healing was evaluated at 2, 4 and 8 weeks by histology.

Results

A total resorption of the CaS material was seen already at 2 weeks. Only minor resorption could be seen of the DBBM particles. The CaS group showed significantly more bone regeneration at all three healing periods compared to the DBBM group. The addition of an ECM membrane demonstrated significant additional effect on bone regeneration. The CaS group showed significant increased amounts of blood vessels compared to the DBBM group.

Conclusions

Thisstudy showed that CaS in combination with an ECM membrane provided synergistic effects on bone regeneration, seemingly due to stimulating angiogenesis in the early healing process.
Regenerative Therapy in Experimental Parkinsonism: Mixed Population of Differentiated Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells, Rather Than Magnetically Sorted and Enriched Dopaminergic Cells Provide Neuroprotection
Authors: Tripathy Debasmita , Verma Poonam , Nthenge‐Ngumbau Dominic N. , Banerjee Meghna , Mohanakumar Kochupurackal P.
Published: June 2014

Aim

The objective of the study was to develop regenerative therapy by transplanting varied populations of dopaminergic neurons, differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells (mES) in the striatum for correcting experimental parkinsonism in rats.

Methods

mES differentiated by default for 7 days in serum‐free media (7D), or by enhanced differentiation of 7D in retinoic acid (7R), or dopaminergic neurons enriched by manual magnetic sorting from 7D (SSEA−) were characterized and transplanted in the ipsilateral striatum of 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced hemiparkinsonian rats. Neurochemical, neuronal, glial and neurobehavioral recoveries were examined.

Results

7R and SSEA− contained significantly reduced NANOG and high MAP2 mRNA and protein levels as revealed, respectively, by reverse transcriptase‐PCR and immunocytochemistry, compared with 7D. Striatal engraftment of 7D resulted in a significantly better behavioral and neurochemical recovery, as compared to the animals that received either 7R or SSEA−. The 7R transplanted animals showed improvement neither in behavior nor in striatal dopamine level. The grafted striatum revealed increased GFAP staining intensity in 7D and SSEA−, but not in 7R cells transplanted group, suggesting a vital role played by glial cells in the recovery. Substantia nigra ipsilateral to the side of the striatum, which received transplants showed more tyrosine hydroxylase immunostained neurons, as compared to 6‐hydroxydopamine‐infused animals.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate that default differentiated mixed population of cells are better than sorted, enriched dopaminergic cells, or cells containing more mature neurons for transplantation recovery in hemiparkinsonian rats.
Absence of subependymal nodules in patients with tubers suggests possible neuroectodermal mosaicism in tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Boronat Susana , Caruso Paul , Thiele Elizabeth A
Published: June 2014

Aim

Patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) with brain involvement usually have both tubers and subependymal nodules (SENs) and the occurrence of one lesion without the other seems to be rare. The aim of this study was to assess the specific clinical manifestations and genotype of patients with one type of lesion or the other but not both.

Method

The magnetic resonance images of 220 patients with TSC were reviewed, and patients with either tubers or SENs, but not both, were identified.

Results

Out of a total of 220 patients (95 males, 125 females; mean age 22y 9mo, range 9mo–81y), six (3%) had tubers without SENs (two males; four females; mean age 34y 10mo, range 11–48y); however, no patients with SENs and without tubers were identified. No mutation was identified (NMI) in any of the six patients who underwent mutational analysis of TSC1 and TSC2. Five of the six patients had three or fewer tubers.

Interpretation

We found no patients with SENs but without tubers among our cohort. In all patients with tubers but without SENs, mutational studies of TSC1/TSC2 were negative, and the majority of these had three or fewer tubers. A possible mechanism for patients with NMI and an absence of SENs is a mosaicism with a first postzygotic mutation in the neuroectoderm.
Hepcidin in tumor‐related iron deficiency anemia and tumor‐related anemia of chronic disease: pathogenic mechanisms and diagnosis
Authors: Shu Tingting , Jing Changwen , Lv Zhigang , Xie Yuchun , Xu Jiaren , Wu Jianzhong
Published: June 2014

Objectives

Anemia is a common hematological abnormality in patients with cancer. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and anemia of chronic disease (ACD) are the most prevalent, both characterized by hypochromic microcytic anemia and low serum iron (SI). Their differential diagnosis is difficult in clinical practice, hampering their treatment. Our objective was to evaluate the use of hepcidin to discriminate tumor‐related IDA and ACD and to investigate the mechanism of action of hepcidin in these anemias.

Methods

Blood samples were collected at Jiangsu Cancer Hospital. Patients were divided into IDA and ACD groups by Prussian blue staining of bone marrow smears. Serum hepcidin was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. SI, total iron‐binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation (TSAT), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) also determined in this study.

Results

Areas under the curve on receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of hepcidin to be better than those of SI, TIBC, and TSAT. In ACD, hepcidin was correlated positively with IL‐6 (r = 0.81, P < 0.01) and negatively with SI (r = −0.78, P < 0.01). In IDA, no significant relationship between IL‐6 and hepcidin was found (r = −0.20, P = 0.17), but hepcidin decreased with decreasing quartiles of SI (r = 0.89, P < 0.01). SI was positively correlated with hemoglobin (r = 0.89, P < 0.01; r = 0.84, P < 0.01) in both groups.

Conclusions

Hepcidin is a promising serological marker for the differential diagnosis of tumor‐related ACD and IDA, clarifying the pathogenesis of these anemias and guiding corrective treatment.
Trends in excess mortality in follicular lymphoma at a population level
Authors: Mounier Morgane , Bossard Nadine , Belot Aurélien , Remontet Laurent , Iwaz Jean , Dandoit Mylène , Girard‐Boulanger Stéphanie , Herry Aurélie , Woronoff Anne‐Sophie , Casasnovas René‐Olivier , Maynadié Marc , Giorgi Roch ,   FRANCIM Network and MESURE Working Survival Group
Published: June 2014

Background

Since the 1990s and since the development of humanised monoclonal antibodies in 1998, the treatment of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma has undergone profound changes. Follicular lymphoma (FL) was the first to benefit from this treatment, and several clinical trials have shown a significant improvement in overall survival, but little information is available at a population level.

Objective

Our objective was to estimate changes in FL‐specific mortality at a population level, with an appropriate methodology.

Methods

Two French retrospective population‐based studies on FL were conducted, one from 1995 to 2004, in 1477 patients, and one from 1995 to 2010, in 451 patients. Trends in excess mortality rates (EMRs) according to age, sex, Ann Arbor stage and year of diagnosis were evaluated using the flexible model of Remontet et al.

Results

Trends in the EMR differed according to age at diagnosis and was higher in advanced stage (III, IV) in patients older than 65 yr. The EMR decreased linearly from 1995 to 2010. This decrease was more marked for advanced stages.

Conclusion

FL‐specific mortality decreased over the years of diagnosis, and the difference according to the lymphoma stage diminished in more recent years. However, progress in the management of FL was not able to erase age‐related differences.