bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Barbadin selectively modulates FPR2-mediated neutrophil functions independent of receptor endocytosis
Authors: Sundqvist Martina , Holdfeldt André , Wright Shane C. , Møller Thor C. , Siaw Esther , Jennbacken Karin , Franzyk Henrik , Bouvier Michel , Dahlgren Claes , Forsman Huamei
Published: May 2020

Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), mediates neutrophil migration, a response that has been linked to β-arrestin recruitment. β-Arrestin regulates GPCR endocytosis and can also elicit non-canonical receptor signaling. To determine the poorly understood role of β-arrestin in FPR2 endocytosis and in NADPH-oxidase activation in neutrophils, Barbadin was used as a research tool in this study. Barbadin has been shown to bind the clathrin adaptor protein (AP2) and thereby prevent β- arrestin/AP2 interaction and β-arrestin-mediated GPCR endocytosis. In agreement with this, AP2/β-arrestin interaction induced by an FPR2-specific agonist was inhibited by Barbadin. Unexpectedly, however, Barbadin did not inhibit FPR2 endocytosis, indicating that a mechanism independent of β-arrestin/AP2 interaction may sustain FPR2 endocytosis. This was confirmed by the fact, that FPR2 also underwent agonist-promoted endocytosis in β-arrestin deficient cells, albeit at a diminished level as compared to wild type cells. Dissection of the Barbadin effects on FPR2-mediated neutrophil functions including NADPH-oxidase activation mediated release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chemotaxis reveled that Barbadin had no effect on chemotactic migration whereas the release of ROS was potentiated/primed. The effect of Barbadin on ROS production was reversible, independent of β-arrestin recruitment, and similar to that induced by latrunculin A. Taken together, our data demonstrate that endocytic uptake of FPR2 occurs independently of β-arrestin, while Barbadin selectively augments FPR2-mediated neutrophil ROS production independently of receptor endocytosis. Given that Barbadin binds to AP2 and prevents the AP2/β-arrestin interaction, our results indicate a role for AP2 in FPR2-mediated ROS release from human neutrophils.
Entrepreneurial practices of collaboration comprising constellations
Authors: Hydle Katja Maria , Billington Mary Genevieve
Published: May 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore empirically and theoretically collaborations, which small entrepreneurial firms establish with other firms, stemming from innovation processes within the original firm.

Design/methodology/approach

The article advances “entrepreneurship as practice” (EaP) using practice theory, employing specifically the concept of constellations. Three specific constellations emerge, each characterized by particular practices, purposes and outcomes. The empirical material stems from a collective case study of 32 entrepreneurial firms regarding 40 innovation projects.

Findings

The findings suggest that innovation practices in entrepreneurial firms stimulate new collaborations forming specific constellations, which in turn lead to learning and further innovation.

Research limitations/implications

The theoretical framework developed extends EaP and practice theory by casting light on how constellations are, their forms, shapes and outcomes. The findings extend existing research on collaboration for innovation and contribute to practice theory by modeling different constellations and their structures.

Practical implications

The practical implications of the findings for entrepreneurial firms arise from understandings of how different constellations may influence further learning and innovation.

Originality/value

The originality of the study is the identification and exposition of distinctive constellations of collaboration stemming from entrepreneurial innovation. This study exposes that innovation is differently open, whether the collaboration is interdependent, incorporated into the collaboration or independent from the other collaborative partners, with implications for learning and for innovation outcomes. The findings give insight into the enabling and limiting factors of each constellation, factors which may facilitate or hinder learning and innovation.
Minimizing the ripple effect caused by operational risks in a make-to-order supply chain
Authors: Xu Henry
Published: May 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to introduce a web-based pilot system for minimizing the ripple effect (i.e. spreading of the negative impact of an exceptional event along the supply chain from its original position) caused by operational risks in the context of make-to-order supply chains.

Design/methodology/approach

The study employs a design science research methodology, which covers three major stages: system requirements identification, business process design and the implementation and evaluation of a web-based pilot system.

Findings

The developed system has the potential to significantly reduce the negative impact of the ripple effect caused by operational risks in a make-to-order supply chain in terms of material shortages, late deliveries and subsequent additional costs associated with expediting measures when a customer order is running late.

Research limitations/implications

The system presented in this paper is a prototype that needs to be further developed and tested in the future.

Practical implications

This paper provides integrated business processes and useful guidelines for supply chain managers and information system developers in dealing with the ripple effect in the supply chain.

Originality/value

In contrast to prior studies that have focused on investigating the impact of the ripple effect on the supply chain caused by natural or man-made disasters, this research attempts to offer a novel approach to address the research problem (i.e. the ripple effect caused by operational risks such as delays) directly from the design science perspective.
A Rapid Systematic Review of Clinical Trials Utilizing Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine as a Treatment for COVID‐19
Authors: Chowdhury MD Sadakat , Rathod Jay , Gernsheimer Joel
Published: May 2020

Objectives

The emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2 has presented clinicians with a difficult therapeutic dilemma. With supportive care as the current mainstay of treatment, the fatality rate of COVID‐19 is 6.9%. There are currently several trials assessing the efficacy of different antivirals as treatment. Of these, chloroquine (CQ) and its derivative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have garnered the most attention.

Methods

In this study, the literature currently available on CQ and HCQ as treatment of COVID‐19 was surveyed using EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, MedRxiv, and one clinical trial registry. Upon gathering published and preprint trials, risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0.

Results

There are currently seven completed clinical trials and 29 registered clinical trials focusing on HCQ or CQ as a therapeutic avenue for COVID‐19. Of these, five of seven trials have shown favorable outcomes for patients using CQ or HCQ and two of seven have shown no change compared to control. However, all seven trials carried varying degrees of bias and poor study design.

Conclusion

There are currently not enough data available to support the routine use of HCQ and CQ as therapies for COVID‐19. Pending further results from more extensive studies with more stringent study parameters, clinicians should defer from routine use of HCQ and CQ. There are several clinical trials currently under way with results expected soon.
Population pharmacokinetics of regorafenib in solid tumours: Exposure in clinical practice considering enterohepatic circulation and food intake
Authors: Keunecke Anne , Hoefman Sven , Drenth Henk‐Jan , Zisowsky Jochen , Cleton Adriaan , Ploeger Bart A.
Published: May 2020

Aim

Regorafenib is an oral multikinase inhibitor with clinical efficacy in a range of advanced solid tumours. A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed to evaluate the variability of the PK of regorafenib and its pharmacologically active metabolites M‐2 and M‐5 in solid tumours.

Methods

The model was initially developed using densely sampled phase 1 data and information on food intake to incorporate enterohepatic circulation (EHC) that was identified to considerably contribute to the PK of regorafenib. This was then applied to sparsely sampled data from four phase 3 studies in patients with advanced solid tumours. The need for exact food intake data to estimate individual drug exposure was evaluated.

Results

By incorporating EHC, the model adequately described the PK profiles of regorafenib, M‐2 and M‐5 after single and multiple doses in patients from phase 1 studies. Individual exposure in phase 3 studies was adequately described based on assumptions on the time and frequency of food intake, although exact food intake data are recommended to improve the estimation. Covariate analysis identified sex and body mass index (BMI) as impacting exposure to regorafenib, and sex as strongly impacting exposure to M‐2 and M‐5 (also influenced by the BMI effect on parent regorafenib in the joint model developed); however, these factors accounted for a small portion of the overall variability in exposure.

Conclusions

The adequate description of regorafenib PK after multiple dosing requires the incorporation of EHC. Neither single nor combined covariates predicted exposures that would warrant a priori regorafenib dose adjustment.
An insight into natural koala drinking behaviour
Authors: Mella Valentina S. A. , Orr Caitlin , Hall Lachlan , Velasco Sabrina , Madani George
Published: May 2020

Koalas are thought to have little need to drink because they gain the majority of the water that they require to survive from the water content in the leaves that they feed on. In this manuscript, we expand beyond the handful of incidental observations of koala drinking reported in the literature and describe natural koala drinking behaviour in the wild at different locations in Australia and across a range of weather conditions, discussing how koalas may have stronger reliance on free water than previously thought.
Understanding the early stages of peptide formation during the biosynthesis of teicoplanin and related glycopeptide antibiotics
Authors: Kaniusaite Milda , Tailhades Julien , Kittilä Tiia , Fage Christopher D. , Goode Robert J.A. , Schittenhelm Ralf B. , Cryle Max J.
Published: May 2020

The biosynthesis of the glycopeptide antibiotics (GPAs) demonstrates the exceptional ability of nonribosomal peptide (NRP) synthesis to generate diverse and complex structures from an expanded array of amino acid precursors. Whilst the heptapeptide cores of GPAs share a conserved C terminus, including the aromatic residues involved cross‐linking and that are essential for the antibiotic activity of GPAs, most structural diversity is found within the N terminus of the peptide. Furthermore, the origin of the (D)‐stereochemistry of residue 1 of all GPAs is currently unclear, despite its importance for antibiotic activity. Given these important features, we have now reconstituted modules (M) 1–4 of the NRP synthetase (NRPS) assembly lines that synthesise the clinically relevant type IV GPA teicoplanin and the related compound A40926. Our results show that important roles in amino acid modification during the NRPS‐mediated biosynthesis of GPAs can be ascribed to the actions of condensation domains present within these modules, including the incorporation of (D)‐amino acids at position 1 of the peptide. Our results also indicate that hybrid NRPS assembly lines can be generated in a facile manner by mixing NRPS proteins from different systems and that uncoupling of peptide formation due to different rates of activity seen for NRPS modules can be controlled by varying the ratio of NRPS modules. Taken together, this indicates that NRPS assembly lines function as dynamic peptide assembly lines and not static megaenzyme complexes, which has significant implications for biosynthetic redesign of these important biosynthetic systems.
Epidemiological profile and severity of erythema nodosum leprosum in Brazil: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Baima de Melo Caroline , Silva de Sá Bárbara D. , Aníbal Carvalho Costa Filipe , Nunes Sarno Euzenir
Published: May 2020

Background

Leprosy can cause acute reactions, which may be type 1 (reverse reaction) or type 2 (erythema nodosum leprosum – ENL). ENL has been classified as mild, moderate, or severe. In order to standardize the classification, the Erythema Nodosum Leprosum International Study (ENLIST) Group has developed an objective scale, the ENLIST ENL Severity Scale (EESS), which was the first validated severity scale of ENL in the world. The goal of the study was to describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients with ENL attending a tertiary hospital in Piauí, Brazil, classifying them according to the EESS.

Methods

A descriptive cross‐sectional observational study was conducted on 26 patients recruited sequentially from May 2017 to February 2018. Their data were statistically analyzed and compared against each other through a structured questionnaire.

Results

According to the score obtained in the scale, the patients were divided into two groups: mild ENL and moderate/severe ENL. The extent and number of nodules were related to the severity of the cases, and these data were statistically significant. The majority of the patients were male, between the ages of 31 and 49 years old, with low educational level, and residents in the urban area.

Conclusions

This was the first study to use EESS in Brazil. This scale is easy to apply and allows for the enhancement of treatment protocols. The study also showed a correlation between the number and extension of nodules and the severity of the condition.
Does age‐adjusted D‐Dimer have a role in assessment of VTE recurrence rates?
Authors: Robertson Charlotte , Milne Denis , Watson Henry
Published: May 2020

Introduction

It is known that D‐dimer levels increase with age and several studies have evaluated the use of an age‐adjusted (AA) cut‐off in the initial assessment of suspected venous thromboembolism (VTE). We performed a retrospective study to assess the effect that using an AA D‐dimer in the DASH score would have on the recommended duration of anticoagulant treatment for patients following a first unprovoked episode of VTE and then compared this with the advice that has been given to patients using a fixed cut‐off D‐dimer in the DASH score.

Methods

Data were collected for the period from April 2014 to October 2017. For each patient, the DASH score by a single cut‐off D‐dimer value (500 ng/mL) as well as an AA D‐dimer cut‐off value (D‐dimer cut‐off value equal to age in years × 10) was calculated for patients over 50 years. The Vienna prediction model was employed alongside this to compare the VTE recurrence risk using a well‐established method.

Results

A total of 204 patients were eligible for analysis, 145 of whom were over the age of 50 years. In 24 of these patients, the use of the AA D‐dimer made a significant impact on the predicted risk of recurrence using the DASH score and would have likely changed the recommendation to offer long‐term anticoagulation.

Conclusion

As an age‐adjusted D‐dimer cut‐off has been assessed in the diagnostic setting, it would be logical and appropriate to also consider this philosophy in the prediction of the risk of recurrence of VTE following a first unprovoked event.
Probing the role of arginine 323 of the D1 protein in photosystem II function
Authors: Sugiura Miwa , Taniguchi Tomonori , Tango Nanami , Nakamura Makoto , Sellés Julien , Boussac Alain
Published: May 2020

The Mn4CaO5 cluster of photosystem II (PSII) advances sequentially through five oxidation states (S0 to S4). Under the enzyme cycle, two water molecules are oxidized, O2 is generated and four protons are released into the lumen. Umena et al. (2011) have proposed that, with other charged amino acids, the R323 residue of the D1 protein could contribute to regulate a proton egress pathway from the Mn4CaO5 cluster and TyrZ via a proton channel identified from the 3D structure. To test this suggestion, a PsbA3/R323E site‐directed mutant has been constructed and the properties of its PSII have been compared to those of the PsbA3‐PSII by using EPR spectroscopy, polarography, thermoluminescence and time‐resolved UV–visible absorption spectroscopy. Neither the oscillations with a period four nor the kinetics and S‐state‐dependent stoichiometry of the proton release were affected. However, several differences have been found: (1) the P680+ decay in the hundreds of ns time domain was much slower in the mutant, (2) the S2QA−/DCMU and S3QA−/DCMU radiative charge recombination occurred at higher temperatures and (3) the S0TyrZ•, S1TyrZ•, S2TyrZ• split EPR signals induced at 4.2 K by visible light from the S0TyrZ, S1TyrZ, S2TyrZ, respectively, and the (S2TyrZ•)' induced by NIR illumination at 4.2 K of the S3TyrZ state differed. It is proposed that the R323 residue of the D1 protein interacts with TyrZ likely via the H‐bond network previously proposed to be a proton channel. Therefore, rather than participating in the egress of protons to the lumen, this channel could be involved in the relaxations of the H‐bonds around TyrZ by interacting with the bulk, thus tuning the driving force required for TyrZ oxidation.
Contributing factors to surgical site infection after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy: A follow‐up retrospective study
Authors: Hagen Chris R. M. , Singh Ameet , Weese J. Scott , Marshall Quinn , Linden Alex zur , Gibson Thomas W. G.
Published: May 2020

Objective

To identify factors associated with surgical site infection (SSI) after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO).

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Dogs (n = 541) that underwent TPLO (n = 659).

Methods

Medical records of dogs that underwent TPLO from 2011‐2018 were reviewed. Data collected included perioperative and postoperative antimicrobial administration, stifle inspection, duration of surgery and anesthesia, comorbidities, and development of SSI including timing, microbiological investigation, and implant removal. Referring veterinarians were contacted for all dogs without a recorded return visit. Risk factors for SSI were assessed by using a multivariable logistic regression model built by using a stepwise approach.

Results

Surgical site infection was documented in 71 of 659 (11%) TPLO, with methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus pseudintermediusaccounting for 20 of 71 (28%) infections. Protective factors against SSI included administration of postoperative antimicrobials (odds ratio [OR] 0.263; 95% CI = 0.157, 0.442) and timing of preoperative antimicrobial administration. Preoperative antimicrobial timing was protective against SSI when it was administered more than 60 minutes before the first incision compared with administration within 30 minutes (OR 0.275; 95% CI = 0.112, 0.676) or within 60 minutes (OR 0.419; 95% CI = 0.189, 0.929) of the first incision.

Conclusion

Early administration of perioperative antimicrobials and postoperative antimicrobial administration were protective against SSI after TPLO.

Clinical significance

Antimicrobials can influence the risk of SSI after TPLO. Perioperative and postoperative antimicrobial administration timing should be considered to reduce SSI.
The Theory and Empirics of the Marriage Market
Authors: Chiappori Pierre-André
Published: May 2020

This article reviews recent developments in the literature on marriage markets. A particular emphasis is put on frameworks based either on frictionless matching models with transfers or on search models.
Phase I Study in Healthy Women of a Novel Antimycotic Vaginal Ovule Combining Econazole and Benzydamine
Authors: Di Stefano A. F. D. , Radicioni M. M. , Vaccani A. , Caccia G. , Focanti F. , Salvatori E. , Pelacchi F. , Picollo R. , Rosignoli M. T. , Olivieri S. , Bovi G. , Comandini A.
Published: May 2020

Purpose. A novel fixed-dose combination of 150 mg of econazole with 6 mg of benzydamine formulated in vaginal ovules was investigated in a randomised, double-blind, four-parallel group, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic Phase I study in healthy women. Methods. The fixed-dose combination was compared to econazole and benzydamine single-drug formulations and with placebo after daily applications for 3 consecutive days. Safety and tolerability were evaluated recording the adverse drug reactions, local and general tolerability scores, clinical laboratory assays, and vital signs. Econazole, benzydamine, and its metabolite benzydamine N-oxide pharmacokinetics were investigated after single and multiple applications. Results. Local reactions were generally absent. Pruritus and pain at the application site were infrequently reported. According to the subjects’ evaluations, the overall tolerability of the ovules was rated as excellent or good. No significant effect of any treatment on laboratory parameters, vital signs, body weight, vaginal pH, or ECG was observed. Very low econazole, benzydamine, and benzydamine-N-oxide concentrations were measured in plasma, though quantifiable in almost all samples. Conclusion. The tested fixed-dose combination showed a good safety profile consistently with the known tolerability of both active substances. In addition, the confirmed low bioavailability of the drugs excludes the possibility of any accumulation effects and limits the risk of undesired systemic effects. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier NCT02720783 last updated on 07 February 2017.
Testing the differential cost assumption of the handicap hypothesis with a tropical jumping spider
Authors: Braga Castilho Leonardo , Andrade Maydianne C.B. , Macedo Regina H.
Published: May 2020

The handicap hypothesis predicts that more elaborate males attract more predators, but are also better able to escape attacks. Thus, a unit increase in trait elaboration has a lower cost for a high-quality male (i.e., differential cost). Although widely accepted, the handicap hypothesis has seldom been appropriately tested, especially concerning the differential cost assumption. Here, we tested this assumption using the jumping spider Hasarius adansoni. The courtship display of male H. adansoni involves bright white patches that contrast with their dark-coloured body. In experimental trials, we measured male escape capacity following a simulated predatory attack. Measurements of escape capacity were correlated to the size of white patches. Contrary to expectations, spiders with larger white patches did not exhibit better escape capacity. We conclude that this trait does not function as a handicap. It is possible that other sexual selection processes are at work.
‘March Separately, But Strike Together!’ The Communist Party’s United-Front Policy in the Weimar Republic
Authors: Bois Marcel
Published: May 2020

The Communist Party of Germany (KPD) first coined the united-front policy in 1921, representing a promising effort to bolster Communist influence in the workers’ movement of that country. As the first part of the article shows, the KPD recruited large numbers of new members and significantly improved its electoral returns as a result. Despite this success, however, the party only pursued the united-front policy in two phases (1921–3 and 1926). As illustrated in the second part of the article, the KPD bid farewell to the united front as ‘Stalinisation’ began to set in during the Weimar Republic’s final years – with lethal consequences, as its abandonment decisively abetted the victory of German fascism.
Revisiting the management of term breech presentation: a proposal for overcoming some of the controversies
Authors: Carbillon Lionel , Benbara Amelie , Tigaizin Ahmed , Murtada Rouba , Fermaut Marion , Belmaghni Fatma , Bricou Alexandre , Boujenah Jeremy
Published: May 2020

Background

The debate surrounding the management of term breech presentation has excessively focused on the mode of delivery. Indeed, a steady decline in the rate of vaginal breech delivery has been observed over the last three decades, and the soundness of the vaginal route was seriously challenged at the beginning of the 2000s. However, associations between adverse perinatal outcomes and antenatal risk factors have been observed in foetuses that remain in the breech presentation in late gestation, confirming older data and raising the question of the role of these antenatal risk factors in adverse perinatal outcomes. Thus, aspects beyond the mode of delivery must be considered regarding the awareness and adequate management of such situations in term breech pregnancies.

Main body

In the context of the most recent meta-analysis and with the publication of large-scale epidemiologic studies from medical birth registries in countries that have not abruptly altered their criteria for individual decision-making regarding the breech delivery mode, the currently available data provide essential clues to understanding the underlying maternal-foetal conditions beyond the delivery mode that play a role in perinatal outcomes, such as foetal growth restriction and gestational diabetes mellitus. In view of such data, an accurate evaluation of these underlying conditions is necessary in cases of persistent term breech presentation. Timely breech detection, estimated foetal weight/growth curves and foetal/maternal well-being should be considered along with these possible antenatal risk factors; a thorough analysis of foetal presentation and an evaluation of the possible benefit of external cephalic version and pelvic adequacy in each specific situation of persistent breech presentation should be performed.

Conclusion

The adequate management of term breech pregnancies requires screening and the efficient identification of breech presentation at 36 weeks of gestation, followed by thorough evaluations of foetal weight, growth and mobility, while obstetric history, antenatal gestational disorders and pelvis size/conformation are considered. The management plan, including external cephalic version and follow-up based on the maternal/foetal condition and potentially associated disorders, should be organized on a case-by-case basis by a skilled team after the woman is informed and helped to make a reasoned decision regarding delivery route.
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Palliative Care in German Comprehensive Cancer Centers - an evaluation of the implementation status
Authors: Lödel Sarah , Ostgathe Christoph , Heckel Maria , Oechsle Karin , Gahr Susanne
Published: May 2020

Background

The working group for palliative medicine within the Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) network funded by the German Cancer Aid in Germany has developed and published 14 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for palliative care in CCCs. This study analyzed to what extent these SOPs have been implemented in the clinical routine in the CCC network one year after their publication.

Methods

An online-based survey on the implementation status, limitations in daily practice and further themes was conducted between April and July 2018. In total, 125 health professionals in specialized palliative care from all 16 CCC locations were invited to participate. The data were analyzed descriptively using SPSS.

Results

The response rate was 52.8%. More than half of the respondents (57.6%) knew about the free availability of SOPs on the CCC network website. The extent to which each SOP was being used actively in practice by the survey respondents ranged from a low of 22.7% (for the “Fatigue” SOP) to a highest of 48.5% (for the “Palliative Sedation” and “Respiratory Distress” SOPs). The respondents became aware of the SOP through recommendations from colleagues, team meetings or from the head of the department. The SOPs “Respiratory distress of an adult palliative patient” and “Palliative sedation” were perceived as the most practically oriented and understandable. Barriers to use SOPs were mainly limited time resources and lack of knowledge of existence and availability.

Conclusions

In practice, better knowledge about the SOPs and at the same time increased use can be achieved through systematic training or discussion of SOPs in regular team meetings. There is a need to take measures to optimize the implementation in clinical practice.
Case Report and Management of Discovery of Lower Extremity Venous Thrombosis on Musculoskeletal Ultrasound
Authors: Eker Jessica , Kasper Korey , Leggit Jeff C.
Published: May 2020

Despite the increasing availability of ultrasound in the ambulatory setting, there has yet to be an established consensus on what constitutes proper diagnosis of a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) using point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) as well as proper management if one is suspected using this modality. This case report presents the discovery of non-compressible veins during a musculoskeletal (MSK) POCUS examination for a calf injury and explores the current standard of care for the appropriate subsequent steps in the diagnosis and management of suspected lower-extremity (LE) DVT using MSK POCUS.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ ПЕРЕВОДА АУДИОВИЗУАЛЬНОГО ТЕКСТА
Authors: Pesina Svetlana Andreevna , Baklykova Tatyana Yuryevna
Published: May 2020

Статья посвящена актуальным проблемам перевода аудиовизуальных текстов и особенностям языковых средств выражения кинодискурса как формы и источника социально-культурного знания. Критически рассматривается типология кинодискурсов, определяется специфика аудиовизуального текста в целом и мультипликационного текста, в частности. Даются определения таким понятиям, как «культурная адаптация», «лакуна», «аудиовизуальный перевод» и ряду других, определяются приемы и способы культурной адаптации кинодискурса. Поднимается проблема эффективного обучения студентов переводу различных типов аудиовизуальных текстов. В этой связи выявляются наиболее значимые компетенции, обуславливающие формирование основных навыков перевода кинодискурса: общелингвистические, включающие учет особенностей фонетики, грамматики и стилистики исходного языка, литературно-сценарные, предопределяющие знание особенностей построения сценария, владение основными сюжетными линиями произведения, кинематографические, интертекстуальные и культурно-социальные знания, включающие знание истории кинематографа, его жанров, значимых кинопроизведений.Методология исследования. Результаты проведенного исследования показывают, что информационно и сюжетно значимые интертекстуальные элементы содержат национальные фоновые знания, поэтому необходима культурно и лингвистически обусловленная адаптация. В связи с этим анализируются виды, а также лингвистические и экстралингвистические факторы культурной адаптации. Показано, что в адаптации нуждаются интертекстуальные элементы, которые несут в себе национальные фоновые знания. В результатах исследования отмечается, что проблемы перевода аудиовизуальных текстов до сих пор не стали предметом каких-либо масштабных специальных исследований в отечественной и западной лингвистике.
К ВОПРОСУ О ГРАММАТИКАЛИЗАЦИИ СОЧЕТАНИЯ «BE + PARTICIPLE I» В ИСТОРИИ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
Authors: Sokolova Alina Yurevna
Published: May 2020

Цель. Статья посвящена одному из самых спорных вопросов грамматики английского языка – грамматикализации сочетания «be + Participle I». Лингвисты сходятся во мнениях относительно периода грамматикализации и аспектуальных функций данной конструкции, однако расходятся по вопросу составных элементов, которые участвуют в процессе грамматикализации. Автор ставит целью обнаружить истоки данной конструкции.Методы. В работе используется вся совокупность методов языковых исследований, включая сопоставительный анализ, контекстуальный анализ семантики, категоризацию, исследование лексико-семантического поля.Результаты. В статье рассматриваются несколько возможных вариантов. Первый относит начало процесса грамматикализации сочетания (от словосочетания с лексическим локативным значением (X be at / on V-ing)) к среднеанглийскому периоду. Второй говорит о наличие предшественника данной конструкции в древнеанглийском языке, который представлял собой сочетание древнеанглийского причастия на -end с глаголом «быть». Автор указывает на недостаток каждого подхода и предлагает свои доказательства, основанные на проведенных ранее исследованиях. В статье отмечается, что древнеанглийское причастие на -end, утрачивая глагольные функции в среднеанглийский период, не могло стать компонентом будущего грамматикализированного сочетания со значением длительного действия. В глагольную парадигму вместо причастия вписывается отглагольное существительное на -ng. Оно значительно расширяет свои функции в среднеанглийский период и полностью вытесняет древнеанглийское причастие.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в практике преподавания английского языка, в теоретических курсах по грамматике, лексикологии и истории английского языка.
Spin-noise spectrum in a pulse-modulated field
Authors: Zhang Guiying , Wen Ya , Qiu Jian , Zhao Kaifeng
Published: May 2020

We measure the spin noise spectrum (SNS) of a thermal Rubidium vapor in a pulse-modulated transverse magnetic field and develop a simple theory to describe the main structure of the SNS. Notably, when the pulse area is equal to π, the SNS consists of resonances centered at half-odd-integer multiples of the modulation frequency, while revealing the spin dynamics of the system in a zero field. Our study opens a promising way of studying zero-field spin dynamics by spin noise spectrum free from any low-frequency environmental disturbances.
Ketahanan Berbagai Kultivar Padi Lokal terhadap Penyakit Hawar Daun Bakteri
Authors: Khaeruni Andi , Najamuddin Erwin , Wijayanto Teguh , Syair Syair
Published: May 2020

Bacterial leaf blight disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is an important rice disease in Indonesia, including in South East Sulawesi. The use of resistant varieties is one of the effective and environmentally friendly control strategies to suppress the disease. This study aimed to determine the level of resistance of some local rice varieties of South and Southeast Sulawesi against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pathotypes IV, VIII and X. The study was conducted in a screen house involving 3 bacterial pathotypes and 11 local rice cultivars. Shearing method was used for inoculation of bacteria to leaf on vegetative and generative phases. Disease incidences were measured 3 weeks after inoculation, and the data was further used to determine the level of resistance of the tested rice cultivars. The results showed that incubation period of the disease was longer on Kelaca cultivar compared to other cultivars. On vegetative phase, this cultivar showed moderate resistant to pathotypes IV and X, and highly resistant to patotype VIII, whereas on the generative phase it showed moderate resistant to pathotypes IV and VII, and highly resistant to pathotype X. Therefore, Kelaca cultivar can be recommended for endemic areas of leaf blight in South and Southeast Sulawesi
Komparasi Metode Isolasi DNA Patogen Antraknosa dan Bulai untuk Deteksi PCR
Authors: Syahputra Ade , Mutaqin Kikin Hamzah , Damayanti Tri Asmira
Published: May 2020

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an important tool for detection, identification and monitoring of quarantine pests in Indonesia. DNA isolation method from target organism is an important step to provide adequate DNA template for performing PCR. Objective of the research was to compare conventional, commercial kit, FTA-card and its modification methods of DNA isolation to be used in PCR detection for Colletotrichum acutatum and Peronosclerospora sorghi from chili and maize, respectively. DNA obtained from various isolation methods were measured using UV-vis nanodrop-spectrophotometry.  DNA amplification was performed using DNA concentration of 15 ng µL-1 from each isolation method with gradual primer concentrations of 0.4; 0.6; 0.8; and 1.0 mM. The highest concentration of DNA was achieved with conventional methods for C. acutatum from pure culture and P. sorghi from maize leaf. Best DNA purity was obtained from isolation method using commercial kit for C. acutatum from infected fruit (1.94) and from conventional method for C. acutatum from pure culture (1.91). The highest total yield of isolated DNA was achieved by modified FTA-card for C. acutatum from pure culture. In general DNA amplification using various primer concentration gave positive results although DNA bands intensity was varied from faint to very bright.  Furthermore PCR optimization using the best primer concentration from previous reaction showed that all DNA templates resulted in thick and bright DNA bands.
Vascular Streak Dieback: Penyakit Baru Tanaman Kakao di Sumatera Barat
Authors: Trisno Jumsu , Reflin Reflin , Martinius Martinius
Published: May 2020

Vascular streak dieback (VSD) symptoms was reported recently in several cacao plantations in West Sumatera.  Disease incidence reached 58.82–100% with disease intensity of 24.29–44.71%.  In some cases, dead plant was also found. Fungal isolation was performed to identify the agents associated with VSD.  Plant samples showing VSD symptoms was collected from 3 locations of cacao production center in West Sumatera, i.e. Limapuluh Kota regency, Padang Pariaman regency, and Padang city.  Small pieces of leaf and twig were plated on water agar and potato dextrose agar medium for fungal isolation.  Morphology of hifa, basidiocarp, and basidiospora observed from fungi colonies indicated the presence of Ceratobasidium theobromae on infected plant samples.  This is the first report on the association of C. theobromae on cacao in West Sumatera.
Isolasi, Seleksi, dan Identifikasi Bakteri Endofit sebagai Agens Penginduksi Ketahanan Padi terhadap Hawar Daun Bakteri
Authors: Parida Ida , Damayanti Tri Asmira , Giyanto Giyanto
Published: May 2020

Bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is one of the major problems in rice production in Indonesia. One of the control measures for the disease is by the utilization of endophytic bacteria. This study was aimed to determine the ability of endophytic bacteria isolated from the roots, stems and leaves of rice in inducing plant resistance to bacterial leaf blight on rice. Screening of endophytic bacteria showed that 370 isolates have good viability and have different colony morphology. Among them, 7 isolates were able to induce resistance and 1 isolate was able to promote the growth of rice in the nursery. However, only 8 isolates did not cause  hypersensitive reaction on tobacco plants. The selected isolates of endophytic bacteria were further examined for their ability to induce resistance of rice in greenhouse experiments.  Observation involved several variables, i.e. PR1 and PBZ1 gene expression, peroxidase enzyme activity, incubation period, and disease progression. Seven isolates of endophytic bacteria were able to induce PR1 and PBZ1 gene expression, 4 isolates were able to increase peroxide enzyme activity, 4 isolates could prolong the incubation period, and 2 isolates can inhibit the development of disease. However, only EB4 451 isolate was consistently able to induce PR1 and PBZ1 gene expression, increased peroxide enzyme activity, prolonged incubation period, and suppressed the progression of the disease. The EB4 451 isolate was identified based on nucleotide sequence as Bacillus subtilis.
Waktu Inkubasi pada Derajat Distilasi Kitosan Enzim dan Efektifitas Penghambatannya terhadap Penyakit Antraknosa
Authors: Suryadi Yadi , Priyatno Tri Puji , Samudra I Made , Susilowati Dwi Ningsih , Nurzulaika Hermawati , Syaefudin Syaefudin
Published: May 2020

The use of chitosan as a coating agent of harvested fruits is an alternative method in controlling anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum sp.). This study aimed to obtain an optimal enzymatic chitosan (EC) that hydrolyzed using chitinase from Burkholderia cepacia isolate E76. The optimal incubation condition to produce EC was 2 h with the yield of 3.52 ± 0.38 g. The degree of deacetylation (DD) chitosan and  EC was 66.91% and 80.91%, respectively. Based on in vitro assays, EC 2% was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of Colletotrichum sp. (94.22%)  than chitosan, while the highest inhibition for chitosan 3% was 55.26%. Moreover, the EC 2% showed the highest inhibition of spore germination (74.12%). The in vivo assay revealed that EC 2% showed the highest inhibition on the fungal growth (88.88%), compared to the other concentrations. On the other hand, the EC 2% and 3% gave similar results on inhibition of Colletotrichum sp.of chili (55.55%).
Identifikasi Molekuler Cowpea mild mottle virus pada Tanaman Kedelai di Jawa
Authors: Kulsum Umi , Hartono Sedyo , Sulandari Sri , Sumowiyarjo Susamto
Published: May 2020

Soybean (Glycine max) is an important  food crops in Indonesia, but the production is considered low. Infection of Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) may affect to the productivity of the crops.  The virus cause a variety of symptoms on soybean such as mosaic, chlorosis, necrosis, distortion, and leaf dwarf. The aims of this study were to detect and identify CPMMV by molecular technique from some varieties of soybeans, i.e.  ‘Anjasmoro’, ‘Argomulyo’, ‘Grobogan’, and two local Edamame varieties. Symptomatic samples was obtained randomly from main soybean growing areas in Java.  DNA amplification using specific primer for coat protein of CPMMV was only successfully gained from leaf samples of var. Argomulyo from Malang which showing mosaic on the leaf surface, vein clearing, and chlorosis. Further amino acid and nucleotide sequence analysis showed that this CPMMV isolate has highest homology (99%) to CPMMV isolate of French bean from China.
Whole-Genome Comparative and Pathogenicity Analysis of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Rissen
Authors: Zhou Aiping , Li Jun , Xu Zhihong , Ni Jinjing , Guo Jian , Yao Yu-Feng , Wu Wenjuan
Published: May 2020

Salmonella are a type of bacteria known to cause food-borne illness. Their host range varies widely, and their susceptibility to the host determines its pathogenicity. Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen (S. Rissen) is a widely distributed serotype; however, its virulence and pathogenicity are poorly understood. In this study, the pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of a representative S. Rissen isolate were investigated. The cell model results showed that S. Rissen preferred to replicate in human macrophage cells U937 compared to murine macrophage cells RAW264.7, suggesting that it has a level of host adaptability. Genome sequencing and comparison analysis revealed that the distribution and nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms of virulence factors in S. Rissen were similar to those in S. Typhi rather than to those in S. Typhimurium. Taken together, our results suggest that although S. Rissen is a common serotype distributed in swine herds, pork and chicken products, it has strong ability to infect humans.
Comportamento da produção científica sobre síndrome respiratória aguda grave
Authors: Cheng Cesar , Machado Daniel Aragão , Silva Roberto Carlos Lyra da , Louro Thiago Quinellato , Garcia Andrea dos Santos , Silva Carlos
Published: May 2020

Objetivo: Analisar a dispersão de periódicos e colaboração científica sobre Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, disponibilizada na Web of Science. Métodos: Estudo bibliométrico que analisou a produção de documentos disponíveis na Web of Science, de 1989 a 2020. Resultados: Recuperou-se 1623 documentos distribuídos em 538 periódicos. A média de produção por ano foi de 55,9. A produção média por autoria foi de 1,73. A categoria Enfermagem contribuiu com 17 (1,04%) documentos, ficando com a Virologia a maior contribuição 324 (19,96%). A China liderou o ranking com 640 publicações (39,43%). Conclusão: Os dados apresentados demonstram o alto nível de interesse da comunidade científica pelo assunto. Foi possível identificar 82 autores compondo um grupo de Elite de Autores, cuja produtividade foi de 66,1%. Os Estados Unidos, China e Arábia Saudita são os países que mais formaram Redes de Colaboração.
Organizaciones sociales y autogestión del hábitat en contextos urbanos neoliberales
Authors: Rodríguez María Carla , Zapata María Cecilia
Published: May 2020

Este artículo analiza las características y efectos de la ejecución del Programa de Autogestión de la Vivienda (Ley 341/00) de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires desde principio de siglo hasta la actualidad y, por medio de esta política, el derrotero historiográfico de la disputa por la centralidad de los sectores populares. Para ello, el artículo problematiza la relación entre autogestión y el derecho a la ciudad a partir de la identificación de marcos de oportunidad y limitaciones que se presentaron en un contexto del neoliberalismo realmente existente. Se recurrió a una metodológica multi-método (cuali-cuantitativa) a partir de la recuperación de resultados de las tesis doctorales de las autoras y fuentes primarias, mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a 120 cooperativistas del Programa, ejecutada durante 2018. A partir de una muestra construida para tal efecto, se logró una cobertura del 60% del total de familias involucradas en conjuntos habitados de la Ley 341 en ese momento. Con la investigación, se verificó que la autogestión se configuró como un habilitante del habitar dignamente la centralidad urbana por parte de los sectores populares y, a la vez, un campo en disputa por sus implicaciones y aperturas en términos de horizonte de reorganización de las relaciones fundantes del orden social capitalista.
RESULTS OF MULTI-FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE CONDITION OF HYDROTECHNICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
Authors: EVDOKIMOV Sergey V. , SELIVERSTOV Vladimir A. , ORLOVA Alla A.
Published: May 2020

Control over the state of the main hydraulic structures of Zhiguli hydroelectric power station is carried out according to observations of the control and measuring equipment installed in the facilities and in their base, as well as the results of systematic inspections and surveys conducted by both the power plant personnel and invited experts. A computer information and diagnostic system for monitoring the condition of facilities is being introduced at the hydroelectric power station. The introduction of this system made it necessary to pay attention to the reliability of the results obtained with the help of instrumentation. The aim of the research is to conduct a multivariate analysis of the state of hydraulic structures Zhigulevskaya HPP on the results of field observations of all devices. It is established that the antifiltration elements of the underground circuit of the HPP building were not effective enough for the specific geological conditions of the base in terms of damping the filtration head. The main pressure drop in the base occurs on the upper tooth of the HPP building, where the maximum filtration gradient is observed, which is very dangerous. In the course of research it was found that several piezometers in the base do not work or their indications cause great doubts, their repair and replacement are required. According to the results of the work, it is concluded that it is necessary to equip the main piezometers of the HPP building with remote water level meters and create an automated system of survey and monitoring of the base state on their basis.
STRUCTURE OF TEMPLE COMPLEXES UNDER CONDITIONS OF COMPLEX RELIEF AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Authors: VOLOGDINA Nataliya N. , ALEXANDROVA Olga Y.
Published: May 2020

The main direction of the research includes the analysis of the structure of temple complexes in difficult terrain. The influence of landscape morphology on the specifics of the structure and architecture of religious buildings is considered. One of the important components is the historical outline of the construction of temple complexes as unique events, as well as time as one of the main “building materials”. Based on the analysis, the design principles were developed: uniqueness, regional affiliation, continuity, contextuality, spatial narrative, structurality, geomorphological certainty, genios loci (Greek. genius of place), integrity, sacredness, nested structures, koinos bios (Greek. common life).