bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multicolor Observations of Phobos with the Viking Lander Cameras: Evidence for a Carbonaceous Chondritic Composition
Authors: Pollack James B. , Veverka Joseph , Pang Kevin , Colburn David , Lane Arthur L. , Ajello Joseph M.
Published: October 2006

The reflectivity of Phobos has been determined in the spectral region from 0.4 to 1.1 micrometers from images taken with a Viking lander camera. The reflectivity curve is flat in this spectral interval and the geometric albedo equals 0.05 ± 0.01. These results, together with Phobos's reflectivity spectrum in the ultraviolet, are compared with laboratory spectra of carbonaceous chondrites and basalts. The spectra of carbonaceous chondrites are consistent with the observations, whereas the basalt spectra are not. These findings raise the possibility that Phobos may be a captured object rather than a natural satellite of Mars.
Planetary-Scale Forcing of the January 1977 Weather
Authors: McGuirk J. P.
Published: October 2006

The type of weather anomalies that occurred in the United States during January 1977 are typical of a planetary-scale wave phenomenon called stratospheric sudden warming (SSW). Specific changes in weather parameters nearly always accompany SSW. Blocking ridges (intensified high-pressure cells) develop over the oceans, the North Pole warms, mid-latitudes cool, and continental temperatures plunge. These characteristics usually persist for at least a month. When the SSW is strong, as in January 1958, 1963, and 1977, the accompanying weather anomalies can be unusually severe.
Chemical Etching of Fission Tracks in Polyfluoro Plastics
Authors: Komaki Yoshihide , Tsujimura Shigeo
Published: October 2006

A method has been developed for the chemical etching of fission tracks in polyfluoro plastics. The formation of fine holes several tens of nanometers in diameter in polyvinylidene fluoride films, bombarded by fission fragments in oxygen and etched in 5-normal sodium hydroxide solution at 85°C, was confirmed by electron microscopy.
Acrolein Induces Differentiation of Infection Structures in the Wheat Stem Rust Fungus
Authors: Macko V. , Renwick J. A. A. , Rissler J. F.
Published: October 2006

A chemical factor from wheat stem rust uredospores that induces infection structure formation has been identified as acrolein (2-propenal). This compound is the active component of distillates from uredospore extracts previously shown to induce infection structure formation.
The Ancient Lunar Core Dynamo
Authors: Runcorn S. K.
Published: October 2006

Lunar paleomagnetism provides evidence for the existence of an ancient lunar magnetic field generated in an iron core. Paleointensity experiments give a surface field of 1.3 gauss, 4.0 × 10
9
years ago, subsequently decreasing exponentially. Thermodynamic arguments give a minimum value of the heat source in the core at that time: known sources, radioactive and other, are quantitatively implausible, and it is suggested that superheavy elements were present in the early moon.
Effects of Federal Residential Energy Conservation Programs
Authors: Hirst Eric , Carney Janet
Published: October 2006

We used a detailed engineering-economic simulation model of residential energy use to evaluate the effects of nine different residential energy-use "futures." These "futures" are described in terms of annual and cumulative energy use from 1977 through 2000 by fuel, end use, and in aggregate. Outputs from the model also include economic information on the costs to households of fuels, equipment, and thermal improvements to new and existing structures. The major outputs from these nine cases are shown in Tables 1 and 2 and Figs. 6 and 7.
Ocean Eddies Generated by Seamounts in the North Pacific
Authors: Royer Thomas C.
Published: October 2006

Small-scale (diameters of about 37 kilometers) fluctuations in dynamic topography north of Hawaii along 158°W are well correlated with upstream seamounts. The fluctuations are subsurface but are manifested as baroclinic eddies at the sea surface. These eddies are confirmed by direct observations and supported by theoretical considerations. The eddies cause small-scale variability in the currents and hydrographic structures in this area, and they should be considered in any sampling programs of the region.
Cell Walls of Crown-Gall Tumors and Embryonic Plant Tissues Lack
Agrobacterium
Adherence Sites
Authors: Lippincott James A. , Lippincott Barbara B.
Published: October 2006

Crown-gall tumor initiation by
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
is inhibited by cell walls from normal dicotyledonous plants but not by cell walls from crown-gall tumors apparently because of bacterial adherence or nonadherence, respectively, to the different cell walls. Cell walls from normal and tumor tissues in culture also show this difference, indicating that the two types of tissue stably maintain this difference under these conditions. Habituated tissue cultures, which resemble crown-gall tumor cultures, however, form cell walls that are inhibitory like those of the normal cultures from which they are derived. Monocotyledonous plants do not act as hosts for
Agrobacterium
and bacteria-specific inhibition is not shown by cell walls from several species of grass, a monocot family. Cell walls from "embryonic" tissues (dicot seedlings less than 2 centimeters long), unlike those from older seedlings, are noninhibitory. Crown-gall tumors thus resemble embryonic tissues in this respect.
Chemistry of Oceanic Particulate Matter and Sediments: Implications for Bottom Sediment Resuspension
Authors: Baker Edward T. , Feely Richard A.
Published: October 2006

Analyses of suspended particulate matter from the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean have defined a 400-meter-thick benthic nepheloid layer enriched in aluminum, silicon, iron, and manganese relative to the overlying waters. Chemical mass-balance calculations suggest that the concentration increases in the benthic nepheloid layer are due to resuspension from the fraction of the local bottom sediments in the size range ≤1 micrometer.
Land Floras: The Major Late Phanerozoic Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide/Oxygen Control
Authors: McLean Dewey M.
Published: October 2006

Since at least the late Mesozoic, the abundance of terrestrial vegetation has been the major factor in atmospheric carbon dioxide/oxygen fluctuations. Of modern ecosystem types occupying more than 1 percent of the earth's surface, productivity/area ratios of terrestrial ecosystems (excepting tundra and alpine meadow, desert scrub, and rock, ice, and sand) exceed those of marine ecosystems and probably have done so for much of late Phanerozoic time. Reduction of terrestrial ecosystems during marine transgression would decrease the world primary productivity, thus increasing the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and decreasing the oxygen concentration. Regression would produce opposite effects.
Soybean Lines Lacking the 120,000-Dalton Seed Lectin
Authors: Pull Steven P. , Pueppke Steven G. , Hymowitz Theodore , Orf James H.
Published: October 2006

Seeds of 102 lines of
Glycine max
(L.) Merr., the soybean, were screened quantitatively for the presence of the 120,000-dalton soybean lectin. Wide variation in the content of this lectin was noted, and five lines of soybean whose seed totally lacked the lectin were identified. Roots of all five lines were effectively nodulated by several strains of
Rhizobium japonicum
, thus indicating that the 120,000-dalton soybean seed lectin is probably not required for the initiation of soybean-
Rhizobium
symbiosis.
Deep-Sea Foraging Behavior: Its Bathymetric Potential in the Fossil Record
Authors: Kitchell Jennifer A. , Kitchell James F. , Clark David L. , Dangeard Louis
Published: October 2006

Spiral and meander foraging traces in the deep sea are not distributed in proportion to assumed food availability. Data collected by means of deep-sea photography failed to reveal a bathymetric gradient in behavioral complexity or sensitivity. The foraging paradigm developed by numerous trace fossil studies does not adequately predict the modern environment.
Movement of Neural Activity on the Superior Colliculus Motor Map During Gaze Shifts
Authors: Munoz Douglas P. , Pélisson Denis , Guitton Daniel
Published: October 2006

The superior colliculus contains neurons that cause displacements of the visual axis (gaze shifts). These cells are arranged topographically in a motor map on which the vector (amplitude and direction) of the coded movement varies continuously with location. How this spatial representation becomes a temporal code (frequency and duration) in the motoneurons is unknown. During a gaze shift, a zone of neural activity moved continuously on the map from an initial location, defining the vector of the desired gaze shift, to a final "zero" position containing neurons that were active during fixation. Thus, the spatial-temporal transformation may be accomplished by control of gaze throughout the spatial trajectory of activity on the motor map.
Efficiency of Convection and Time Variation of the Solar Constant
Authors: Dearborn David S. P. , Newman Michael J.
Published: October 2006

Variations in the efficiency of convection resulting from its stochastic nature could be manifested as small (≲1 percent) fluctuations in the solar constant. This could result in changes in the earth's climate with time scales of decades to centuries.
Mutant Strains of
Rhizobium japonicum
with Increased Ability to Fix Nitrogen for Soybean
Authors: Maier Robert J. , Brill Winston J.
Published: October 2006

A strain of
Rhizobium japonicum
used in commercial inoculants was mutagenized and screened by a rapid effectiveness assay with soybean plants. Two mutant strains nodulated the roots earlier than the wild type and also expressed greater symbiotic nitrogen-fixing activity than the wild type in the presence and absence of fixed nitrogen. In addition, one of the mutants formed more root nodules than the wild type. Plants inoculated with these strains had increased dry weights (∼60 percent) and nitrogen content (∼100 percent) when grown in growth chambers.
Violently Active Galaxies: The Search for the Energy Machine
Authors: Metz William D.
Published: October 2006

The energy source in these galaxies will be shown to be a black hole, I think, even though it may take 100 years before we have proven it
.—MARTIN REES, at the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge, England

I think it will take 1000 years and we may very well be on the wrong track. These [black hole] models are getting into the textbooks now, but there is never anything testable and people are working on smaller and smaller pieces of the problem
.— GEOFFREY BURBIDGE, at the University of California, San Diego, and soon to assume the post of head of the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Tucson, Arizona

REES:
I agree, but I would argue that the way we are going about it is the most productive approach, even though the modelers may be getting the illusory satisfaction of a Ptolomean theorist who adds another epicycle
.

BURBRIDGE:
I'm glad to hear you say that, Martin. The trouble is that so many people take these things more seriously than you do
.
Crystal Chemistry of Silicon—Oxygen Bonds at High Pressure: Implications for the Earth's Mantle Mineralogy
Authors: Hazen R. M. , Finger L. W.
Published: October 2006

Transformations involving a change from tetrahedrally coordinated to octahedrally coordinated silicon (
IV
Si →
VI
Si) are observed to occur at high pressure when the mean
IV
Si-O bond compresses to approximately 1.59 angstroms based on known room-pressure crystal structures, Si-O bond compressibilities, and pressures of
IV
Si →
VI
Si transformations. The lower two-thirds of the mantle transition zone of high-density gradient (500 to 900 kilometers) corresponds to the predicted range of
IV
Si →
VI
Si transformations. The 10 percent density increase of this zone at zero pressure is attributed primarily to the density increase associated with the change in silicon coordination. Below 900 kilometers all silicon is predicted to be in octahedral or greater coordination. The concept of cation polyhedral stability fields is defined.
Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate Synthesis in Cultured Human Cells
Authors: Benke Paul J. , Dittmar David
Published: October 2006

Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) concentrations and PRPP synthetase activity were studied in cultured human fibroblasts with control and mutant hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (HPRT) activity. The PRPP concentrations increased 20- to 50-fold and PRPP synthetase activity 3-fold in cells from patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome when aminopterin, an inhibitor of de novo purine synthesis, was added to the medium. Concentrations of PRPP and PRPP synthetase activity did not increase in control cells in medium containing aminopterin unless hypoxanthine was removed from the medium. Exposure of cells to cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, prevented the induction of PRPP synthetase and the formation of high PRPP concentrations. Cells from a patient with a mutant HPRT with a high Michaelis constant for PRPP increased PRPP levels and PRPP synthetase activity to a new steady state when they were grown in medium containing aminopterin. Inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis, the presence of hypoxanthine in the medium, and mutant HPRT activity affect the regulation of PRPP levels and PRPP synthetase activity.
The Fields Medals (I): Relating the Continuous and the Discrete
Authors: Mostow George D.
Published: October 2006

The highest award to which a mathematician can aspire is the Fields Medal, an award comparable in many respects to a Nobel Prize in the prestige it confers. J.C. Fields, who set up a trust for the gold medals that constitute the award, said only that they should be made "in recognition of work already done and as an encouragement for further achievements on the part of the recipient." This has been interpreted to mean that the medals should be given to young mathematicians (generally those under the age of 40), a tradition that has been closely followed since the first two medals were awarded in 1936. The Fields Medals are given out only every 4 years, at the quadrennial convening of the International Congress of Mathematicians. This year, Fields Medals were presented to Gregory A. Margoulis of the Soviet Union, Daniel Quillan of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Charles Fefferman of Princeton University, and Pierre Deligne of the Institute des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques in France.
Radio Tracking of a Fin Whale (
Balaenoptera physalus
)
Authors: Ray G. C. , Mitchell E. D. , Wartzok D. , Kozicki V. M. , Maiefski R.
Published: October 2006

A tagged whale of the genus
Balaenoptera
was intermittently tracked by radio for 27.8 hours over a distance of about 145 kilometers. Data on breathing and movement show that during that time the whale took 58 breaths in 130 minutes and traveled 20 kilometers at more than 9 kilometers per hour. Precise measurements of such parameters and of other features of the life history of great whales, which travel long distances over the high seas, often in groups, are now possible through radio tagging.
L-Canaline Detoxification: A Seed Predator's Biochemical Mechanism
Authors: Rosenthal Gerald A. , Dahlman D. L. , Janzen Daniel H.
Published: October 2006

The seeds of the Neotropical legume,
Dioclea megacarpa
the sole food source for developing larvae of the bruchid beetle,
Caryedes brasiliensis
, contain about 13 percent L-canavanine (dry weight). Canavanine detoxification and utilization produces L-canaline, a potent neurotoxic and insecticidal amino acid. This seed predator has developed a unique biochemical mechanism for degrading canaline by reductive deamination to form homoserine and ammonia. In this way, canaline is detoxified; canavanine's stored nitrogen is more fully utilized and its carbon skeleton is conserved
Gulf Stream Ring Coalescence with the Gulf Stream off Cape Hatteras
Authors: Watts D. Randolph , Olson Donald B.
Published: October 2006

A cyclonic ring, which had separated from the Gulf Stream 7 months earlier and traveled 500 kilometers westward, collided with the stream in September 1977. Within 3 days the ring and stream joined to form a sharp S-shaped meander. Shipboard expendable temperature probes and four bottom-moored inverted echo sounders were used to obtain synoptic descriptions of the rejoining process.
Seasonal Cycling of Cesium-137 in a Reservoir
Authors: Alberts James J. , Tilly Laurence J. , Vigerstad Torgny J.
Published: October 2006

Studies of a reservoir in the southeastern United States show that cesium-137, introduced into the system from a leak in a nuclear fuel element, cycles between the water and sediment on a seasonal basis. The cycling, which coincides with the annual periods of thermal stratification in this monomictic lake, has been occurring for over 10 years.
Variable Porosity in Siliceous Skeletons: Determination and Importance
Authors: Hurd David C. , Wenkam Chiye , Pankratz H. Stuart , Fugate James
Published: October 2006

Gas adsorption data were used to obtain the specific surface area and specific pore volume for a variety of biogenically precipitated silica samples. The results suggest that this material is finely divided and porous. This interpretation was corroborated by the use of transmission electron microscopy at magnifications up to 180,000.
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Production by Embryonic Chick Cells
Authors: Robertson Anthony , Grutsch James F. , Gingle Alan R.
Published: October 2006

Cells dissociated from 1-day-old chick embryos produce a pulse of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) when stimulated with cyclic AMP. There is a stimulus threshold concentration of about 10
-8
molar cyclic AMP and an upper limit, above which the response is suppressed, of about 6 × 10
-6
molar. The response occurs within 5 seconds of stimulation and corresponds to an average pulse size in the range of 10
7
molecules per cell.
Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium in a Polar Desert Pond: A Sensitive Index of Meteorological Cycles
Authors: Harris H. J. H. , Cartwright K. , Torii T.
Published: October 2006

The dramatic variation in the composition of a brine pond in Antarctica is a seasonal phenomenon. The phase relations of salts in solution are such that hydrologic conditions and temperature determine composition during the austral summer. Temperature is the primary determinant of composition during the winter.
Summary of Historical Data: Interpretation of the Pioneer and Voyager Cloud Configurations in a Time-Dependent Framework
Authors: Terrile Richard J. , Beebe Reta F.
Published: October 2006

Ground-based imaging of Jupiter at visible and infrared wavelengths has been used to build up a time sequence of cloud feature variations. The global cloud configuration seen by Voyager 1 appears markedly different than that seen by Pioneer 10 and 11. In the context of historical data, these two different cloud distributions are not unique but part of a continuous spectrum of global variations. The most recent global changes occurred in a pattern which has been a characteristic trend observed many times before.
Allan Hills 77005: A New Meteorite Type Found in Antarctica
Authors: McSween Harry Y. , Taylor Lawrence A. , Stolper Edward M.
Published: October 2006

The unique achondrite ALHA 77005 appears to be related to shergottite meteorites through igneous differentiation and may have affinities with mafic rocks on the earth.
Seasat Altimeter Calibration: Initial Results
Authors: Tapley B. D. , Born G. H. , Hagar H. H. , Lorell J. , Parke M. E. , Diamante J. M. , Douglas B. C. , Goad C. C. , Kolenkiewicz R. , Marsh J. G. , Martin C. F. , Smith S. L. , Townsend W. F. , Whitehead J. A. , Byrne H. M. , Fedor L. S. , Hammond D. C. , Mognard N. M.
Published: October 2006

Preliminary analysis of radar altimeter data indicates that the instrument has met its specifications for measuring spacecraft height above the ocean surface (± 10 centimeters) and significant wave height (± 0.5 meter). There is ample evidence that the radar altimeter, having undergone development through three earth orbit missions [Skylab, Geodynamics Experimental Ocean Satellite 3 (GEOS-3), and Seasat], has reached a level of precision that now makes possible its use for important quantitative oceanographic investigations and practical applications.
Venus: Further Evidence of Impact Cratering and Tectonic Activity from Radar Observations
Authors: Campbell D. B. , Burns B. A. , Boriakoff V.
Published: October 2006

Earth-based radar images at a resolution of 10 kilometers show a diverse surface terrain on Venus, probably produced by both impact events and tectonic activity. Only a small number of craters of apparent impact origin are seen. Large-scale features show lineaments and parallel ridges suggesting tectonic origins.
Remote Sensing of Surface Ocean Circulation with Satellite Altimetry
Authors: Mather R. S. , Rizos C. , Coleman R.
Published: October 2006

The Geodynamics Experimental Ocean Satellite (GEOS-3) radar altimeter has provided some information on the dynamic sea-surface topography of the global oceans. Regional studies of the densely surveyed Sargasso Sea indicate that the average nontidal variability of the oceans is ± 28 centimeters. Sea-surface highs and lows determined from GEOS-3 altimetry correlate favorably with eddy structures inferred from Nimbus-6 infrared imagery.
Further Results of the Pioneer Venus Nephelometer Experiment
Authors: Blamont Jacques , Ragent Boris
Published: October 2006

Backscattering data for the nephelometer experiments conducted aboard the Pioneer Venus mission probes, including data up to the highest altitudes measured by the probes, are presented. A few small signals were detected below the main cloud deck. Ambient radiation was measured at near-ultraviolet and visible wavelengths; the variation of extinction of near-ultraviolet with altitude is inferred. Ambient radiance decreased more rapidly at 530 than at 745 nanometers in the lower atmosphere.
Gravity Field of Venus: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Phillips Roger J. , Sjogren William L. , Abbott Elsa A. , Smith John C. , Wimberly Ray N. , Wagner Carl A.
Published: October 2006

The line-of-sight gravity field for Venus has been mapped by tracking the Pioneer Venus spacecraft in the vicinity of periapsis for a 45° swath of longitude eastward of 294°. There are consistent and systematic variations in the gravity signature from orbit to orbit, attesting to the reality of observed anomalies. Orbit 93 passes over a large positive topographic feature, the "northern plateau," for which there is no corresponding gravity signature. If this region has no isostatic compensation, the gravity signal would exceed the noise level by a factor of 7. The results of simulation modeling indicate that the northern plateau must be compensated at depths of about 100 kilometers or less. The long-wavelength anomalies seen in the Venus gravity data have been Fourier-decomposed along the orbital tracks and compared to analogous spectra for Earth. The gross power in the two mean spectra is approximately the same, but systematic variations among the harmonics suggest differences in dynamic processes or lithospheric behavior, or both, for the two planets.
Sulfur Volcanoes on Io
Authors: Consolmagno Guy J.
Published: October 2006

Widespread volcanism on Jupiter's satellite Io, if it occurred over the age of the solar system, would quickly reduce the inventory of most common volatiles needed to drive such volcanism. One exception is the volatile element sulfur. It is therefore postulated that sulfur is the driving volatile for Ionian volcanism. Its presence is consistent with a carbonaceous-chondrite-like bulk composition for the original material that formed Io 4.5 billion years ago. The ubiquity of sulfur on Io today demonstrates the importance of this element in the processes that formed its surface.
Flash X-ray Microscopy
Authors: McCorkle R. , Angilello J. , Coleman G. , Feder R. , La Placa S. J.
Published: October 2006

Soft x-ray contact microscopy, utilizing single-shot exposures of ∼60 nanoseconds duration in polymethyl methacrylate, has been realized with a resolution of 300 angstroms. The radiation spectrum is intense in the "window" between 23 and 44 angstroms where water is transparent compared to biological materials, and therefore permits viewing of wet samples.
Adaptive Female-Mimicking Behavior in a Scorpionfly
Authors: Thornhill Randy
Published: October 2006

This study provides a clear example of female-mimicking behavior by males in insects and evaluates quantitatively the adaptive significance of this behavior, which is poorly understood in many other organisms. Males of
Hylobittacus apicalis
provide females with a prey arthropod during copulation. Some males mimic female behavior when interacting with males that have captured nuptial prey, resulting in males stealing prey which they will use for copulation. Males that pirate prey copulate more frequently and probably incur fewer predation-related risks.
Hypolimnetic Oxygen Deficits: Their Prediction and Interpretation
Authors: Cornett R. Jack , Rigler Frank H.
Published: October 2006

Rates of hypolimnetic oxygen depletion can be predicted from a knowledge of a lake's phosphorus retention, the average hypolimnetic temperature, and the mean thickness of the hypolimnion. Areal oxygen deficits cannot be used to index lake trophic status because areal calculations do not eliminate the influence of hypolimnetic morphometry.
Diffusion of Cesium Ions in H
2
O-Saturated Granitic Melt
Authors: Watson E. Bruce
Published: October 2006

The intrinsic self-diffusion coefficient (
D
) for cesium-134 in a granitic melt containing 6.1 to 6.3 percent (by weight) of dissolved H
2
O is three to four orders of magnitude higher than the values reported for chemically similar but dry granitic glass. For the temperature interval 700° to 800°C and a confining pressure of 2 kilobars, cesium diffusivity is given by
D
= 7.19 × 10
–5
exp (– 19.52 × 10
3
/RT), where
R
is the gas constant and
T
is the absolute temperature; the activation energy of about 20 kilocalories per mole is less than half the value for H
2
O-free glass. The observed increase in ionic mobility that accompanies solution of H
2
O implies sharply reduced equilibration times for chemical processes that occur in H
2
O-bearing silicate melts.
Cosmos 954: Search for Airborne Radioactivity on Lichens in the Crash Area, Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: Taylor H. W. , Hutchison E. A. , McInnes K. L. , Svoboda J.
Published: October 2006

The fission product radioactivity detected on lichens in the vicinity of the impact area of the Soviet satellite Cosmos 954 does not exceed the background levels found in the general area as a result of past nuclear explosions.
The Dead Sea: Deepening of the Mixolimnion Signifies the Overture to Overturn of the Water Column
Authors: Steinhorn I. , Assaf G. , Gat J. R. , Nishry A. , Nissenbaum A. , Stiller M. , Beyth M. , Neev D. , Garber R. , Friedman G. M. , Weiss W.
Published: October 2006

Throttling of freshwater inputs into the meromictic Dead Sea weakened the long-term stability of the water column. Between 1975 and 1978 successive deepenings of the pycnocline from 70 meters to beyond 200 meters were recorded. Complete overturn finally took place during the winter of 1978-1979. This unique process was accompanied by changes in the geochemistry of several components.
Nitrogen-15 Dioxide Uptake and Incorporation by
Phaseolus vulgaris
(L.)
Authors: Rogers Hugo H. , Campbell Janet C. , Volk Richard J.
Published: October 2006

The sorption rate and metabolic fate of nitrogen dioxide, a major air pollutant, have been determined for
Phaseolus vulgaris
(L.). Sorption was determined kinetically by chemiluminescent monitoring of
15
NO
2
removal from the test atmosphere and directly by mass spectrometric analysis of nitrogen derived from the plant tissue. Sorptive processes were first order with respect to
15
NO
2
concentration. Virtually all of the
15
NO
2
taken up was metabolized.
Solar Availability for Winter Space Heating: An Analysis of SOLMET Data, 1953 to 1975
Authors: Asbury J. G. , Maslowski C. , Mueller R. O.
Published: October 2006

Solar availability for space heating on coldest-weather days has been determined from an analysis of SOLMET data tapes. The tapes contain hourly readings of insolation and ambient temperature over the period from 1953 through 1975. Scatter diagrams of insolation versus heating degree-days, compiled on a daily basis, indicate a wide variation in the insolation level, even during coldest-weather periods. For all but one of the eight sites studied, the peak-day backup energy requirement of the solar system was in excess of 85 percent of the peak-day energy requirement of the conventional (nonsolar) heating system.
Carbon-14 Dating of Small Samples by Proportional Counting
Authors: Harbottle Garman , Sayre E. V. , Stoenner R. W.
Published: October 2006

Conventional carbon-14 dating by means of gas proportional counters has been extended to samples containing as little as 10 milligrams of carbon. The accuracy of the dating procedure has been checked by dating sequoia tree-ring samples of the 1st century A.D. and B.C. and an oak tree-ring sample of the 19th century A.D.
Semiconductor Alternating-Current Motor Drives and Energy Conservation
Authors: BenDaniel D. J. , David E. E.
Published: October 2006

The concentration of electrical energy usage in alternating-current motor drives presents an opportunity for substantial conservation. Emerging advances in power semiconductor transistor systems will support a major commercial effort to this end. An alternating-current synthesizer for this purpose may soon be available. The synthesizer produces electrical power of variable and programmable frequency, voltage, and wave form so that performance can be optimized. This technology provides the additional opportunity for fundamental improvements in electrical distribution and usage systems in the longer term. Power processing with semiconductor a-c motor controls is expected to become widespread in the near future.
Planetary Radio Astronomy Observations from Voyager 2 Near Jupiter
Authors: Pearce J. B. , Riddle A. C. , Warwick J. W. , Alexander J. K. , Desch M. D. , Kaiser M. L. , Thieman J. R. , Carr T. D. , Gulkis S. , Boischot A. , Leblanc Y. , Pedersen B. M. , Staelin D. H.
Published: October 2006

The Voyager 2 Planetary Radio Astronomy experiment to Jupiter has confirmed and extended to higher zenomagnetic latitudes results from the identical experiment carried by Voyager 1. The kilometric emissions discovered by Voyager 1 often extended to 1 megahertz or higher on Voyager 2 and often consisted of negatively or, less frequently, positively drifting narrowband bursts. On the basis of tentative identification of plasma wave emissions similar to those detected by Voyager 1, the plasma torus associated with Io appeared somewhat denser to Voyager 2 than it did to Voyager 1. We report here on quasiperiodic sinusoidal or impulsive bursts in the broadcast band range of wavelengths (800 to 1800 kilohertz). A Faraday effect appears at decametric frequencies, which probably results from propagation of the radiation near its sources on Jupiter. Finally, we discuss the occurrence of decametric emission in homologous arc families.
Jupiter's Cloud Distribution Between the Voyager 1 and 2 Encounters: Results from 5-Micrometer Imaging
Authors: Terrile Richard J. , Capps R. W. , Becklin E. E. , Cruikshank D. P.
Published: October 2006

As part of a continuing effort of ground-based support for Voyager target selection, infrared images in the 5-micrometer wavelength region were acquired in preparation for the Voyager 2 flyby of Jupiter. Observations were made during May 1979 from the Palomar 5-meter telescope and the new 3-meter NASA Infrared Telescope Facility at Mauna Kea and are compared to previous observations. Variations seen in the 5-micrometer flux distribution suggest global patterns of clouding over of some Jovian belts and clearing of others. These data were used to predict the Jovian cloud distribution at the time of the Voyager 2 encounter in order to target the imaging and infrared experiments to areas free of high obscuring clouds.
Academic Tenure and Mandatory Retirement Under the New Law
Authors: Oi Walter Y.
Published: October 2006

Federal abrogation of the age-based mandatory retirement provisions in existing academic tenure contracts calls for a review of tenure and salary policies. Here two alternative explanations for the institution of tenure are examined. Then five alternative policy responses that might be adopted by university administrations are described and analyzed. The proposal favored by the author consists of a two-track salary plan in which a distinction is drawn between tenure and employment.
Wittig: Fortune Favors the Prepared Mind
Authors: Vedejs Edwin
Published: October 2006

The 1979 Nobel Prize for Chemistry has been awarded jointly to Georg Wittig of the University of Heidelberg and Herbert C. Brown of Purdue University for their separate work in organic synthesis. Wittig's major achievement was the development of a highly specific method for the synthesis of olefins. Brown found major new routes to add substituents to olefins selectively. Both employed elements that had found little previous use in organic synthesis, and both prospered by following up on unexpected observations.
Tectonic Tilt Rates Derived from Lake-Level Measurements, Salton Sea, California
Authors: Wilson Mark E. , Wood Spencer H.
Published: October 2006

Tectonic tilt at the Salton Sea was calculated by differencing lake-level measurements from two points on the sea. During the past 26 years, tilting was down toward the southeast. By 1970 differential vertical movement amounted to 110 millimeters between two gages situated 38 kilometers apart on the southwest shore. A reversal in tilt direction in late 1972 has diminished the net differential vertical movement to 60 millimeters.
Pioneer Saturn
Authors: Dyer J. W.
Published: October 2006

After leaving the neighborhood of Jupiter in December 1974, the Pioneer 11 spacecraft headed toward Saturn; it encountered Saturn on 1 September 1979. Its trajectory and general features are described in this report.
Pioneer Saturn Infrared Radiometer: Preliminary Results
Authors: Ingersoll A. P. , Orton G. S. , Münch G. , Neugebauer G. , Chase S. C.
Published: October 2006

The effective temperature of Saturn, 94.4 + 3 K, implies a total emission greater than two times the absorbed sunlight. The infrared data alone give an atmospheric abundance of H
2
relative to H
2
+ He of 0.85 ± 0.15. Comparison of infrared and radio occultation data will give a more precise estimate. Temperature at the 1-bar level is 137 to 140 K, and 2.5 K differences exist between belts and zones up to the 0.06-bar level. Ring temperatures range from 60 to 70 K on the south (illuminated) side and from < 60 to 67 K in the planet's shadow. The average temperature of the north (unilluminated) side is ∼ 55 K. Titan's 45-micrometer brightness temperature is 80 ± 10 K.
Polar Coronal Holes and Cosmic-Ray Modulation
Authors: Hundhausen A. J. , Sime D. G. , Hansen R. T. , Hansen S. F.
Published: October 2006

A comparison of the size of polar coronal holes with the cosmic-ray intensity observed during the most recent sunspot cycle shows close correspondence. This lends support to recent suggestions that the well-known sunspot-cycle modulation of cosmic rays is a three-dimensional effect, probably related to the global character of the interplanetary magnetic field.
Nutrient and Oxygen Redistribution During a Spring Neap Tidal Cycle in a Temperate Estuary
Authors: Webb Kenneth L. , D'Elia Christopher F.
Published: October 2006

Spring tidal currents produce homogeneous water columns in a number of estuaries that are moderately stratified during neap tides. In the York River estuary, this destratification redistributes ammonium and phosphate regenerated by the benthos as well as oxygen from the surface. This redistribution has significant implications for nutrient cycles, organism distributions, and the management of estuaries.
Army Ants on the Move: Relation Between Food Supply and Emigration Frequency
Authors: Topoff Howard , Mirenda John
Published: October 2006

Underfed colonies of
Neivamyrmex nigrescens
in the laboratory emigrated on 62 percent of the nomadic days, as compared with only 28 percent for overfed colonies. Because the emigration frequency in the field is similar to that of underfed colonies, nomadic raids may not bring in enough food to satiate the larval broods. Since emigrations take time away from raiding, the food-related mechanism underlying emigrations may have evolved under more stringent ecological conditions
.
Sounding the Stratosphere and Mesosphere by Infrared Limb Scanning from Space
Authors: Gille John C. , Bailey Paul L. , Craig Richard A. , House Frederick B. , Anderson Gail P.
Published: October 2006

Inversion of the measurements obtained by the infrared limb scanner on the Nimbus 6 satellite has demonstrated that the stratospheric and mesospheric temperatures and ozone concentrations may be obtained remotely from space with accuracy and precision comparable to in situ methods. Such global data have many applications in middle atmospheric research and operational temperature sounding.
Josephson Tunnel-Junction Electrode Materials
Authors: Kircher C. J. , Murakami M.
Published: October 2006

Josephson superconducting devices of the tunnel-junction type have exciting potential for use in building ultrahigh-speed computers. We consider the properties of superconducting metals that are needed for such devices that would be used in integrated computer circuits operated at a temperature near absolute zero. Recent advances in lead-alloy thin-film materials are described that have led to substantial improvements in lead-alloy Josephson device reliability. The properties of a Pb
0.84
In
0.12
Au
0.04
alloy, of Nb, and of Nb
3
Sn are discussed as examples of three different groups of materials that are of interest. Investigations of lead-alloy and niobium devices have progressed to the point that it is evident that they have good potential for fabricating integrated circuits containing large numbers of devices.
Contribution of the Ocean Sector to the United States Economy
Authors: Pontecorvo Giulio , Wilkinson Maurice , Anderson Ronald , Holdowsky Michael
Published: October 2006

The national income accounts have been reorganized to estimate the contribution to the gross national product of the ocean sector and its various subsectors for the year 1972. The new account is the first within the national income accounts to be organized along geographic, rather than productive, sectors. If properly updated and disseminated, this new account will give government and business interests a solid and consistent data base to measure, and choose among, the alternative uses of the oceans.
Precipitation Chemistry Patterns: A Two-Network Data Set
Authors: Pack Donald H.
Published: October 2006

Precipitation chemistry data from two networks, one with nine sites and the other with eight, are shown to provide comparable data, that is, they were drawn from the same population. These data may thus be combined into a 17-site network. This combination of data provides a comprehensive description of the contemporary patterns of acid precipitation in the northeastern United States.
Bacterial Origin of Luminescence in Marine Animals
Authors: Leisman Gary , Cohn Daniel H. , Nealson Kenneth H.
Published: October 2006

Bacterial luciferase activity was detected in light organ extracts of squids, fishes, and pyrosomes, suggesting that these systems are derived from bacteria-animal symbioses. In none of these cases was it possible to culture luminous bacteria. Analyses of the decay kinetics show that the luciferases from the squid, ceratioid, and pyrosome light organs are all similar to bacterial luciferases from the genus
Photobacterium
, while those from the anomalopid light organs are different.
Population Trends and Prospects
Authors: Mauldin W. Parker
Published: October 2006

For the next 20 years there is likely to be a slowing of population growth rates for all areas of the world except Africa. The present population of developed countries is expected to increase by about 12 percent by the year 2000; that of all developing countries is expected to increase by about 50 percent. The momentum of population growth is strong; a few analysts suggest that growth may cease at 8 billion, but a figure of more than 10 billion seems much more likely.
The Sciences in America, Circa 1880
Authors: Kevles Daniel J. , Sturchio Jeffrey L. , Carroll P. Thomas
Published: October 2006

For many years American science in the late 19th century was regarded as an intellectual backwater. This view derived from the assumption that the health of American science at the time was equivalent to the condition of pure science, especially pure physics. However, a closer look reveals that there was considerable vitality in American scientific research, especially in the earth and life sciences. This vitality is explainable in part by the natural scientific resources of the American continent but also in part by the energy given science from religious impulses, social reformism, and practicality. Furthermore, contrary to recent assumptions, the federal government was a significant patron of American science. The portrait of American science circa 1880 advanced in this article suggests that the nation's scientific enterprise was characterized by pluralism of institutional support and motive and that such pluralism has historically been the normal mode.
Detection, Pursuit, and Overgrowth of Tropical Gorgonians by Milleporid Hydrocorals: Perseus and Medusa Revisited
Authors: Wahle Charles M.
Published: October 2006

Encounters leading to competitive interactions between colonies on coral reefs are to some extent accidents of patterns of recruitment and growth. In contrast, colonies of
Millepora
spp. actively detect nearby arborescent gorgonians and subsequently redirect growth in order to contact and overgrow them. Detection is dependent on water flow over the two colonies.
Cytoplasmic Reversion of
cms-S
in Maize: Association with a Transpositional Event
Authors: Levings C. S. , Kim B. D. , Pring D. R. , Conde M. F. , Mans R. J. , Laughnan J. R. , Gabay-Laughnan S. J.
Published: October 2006

Spontaneous reversion to fertility in S male-sterile cytoplasm of maize is correlated with the disappearance of the mitochondrial plasmid-like DNA's, S-1 and S-2, and changes in the mitochondrial chromosomal DNA. Hybridization data indicate that one of the plasmid-like DNA's, S-2, is prominently involved in the mitochondrial DNA rearrangements.
The Cayo Santiago Primate Colony
Authors: Windle William F.
Published: October 2006

This is an account of the vicissitudes of the monkeys on Cayo Santiago. In it is described the relationship of the establishment of that primate colony to the development of the National Regional Primate Research Center Program in the United States and the Laboratory of Perinatal Physiology in Puerto Rico. The Cayo Santiago colony opened new aspects of biomedical research and stimulated the general use of nonhuman primates in behavioral as well as physiological investigations.
Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Osmoregulation in a Blue-Green Alga
Authors: Borowitzka Lesley J. , Demmerle Susanne , MacKay Mark A. , Norton Raymond S.
Published: October 2006

The process of osmoregulation in a unicellular blue-green alga,
Synechococcus
sp., has been studied by natural-abundance carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of intact cells and cell extracts. 2-
O
-α-D-Glucopyranosylglycerol was identified as the major organic osmoregulatory solute. This demonstrates the presence of a major osmoregulatory solute in a blue-green alga and is also an example of an osmoregulatory role for glucosylglycerol.
1979J2: The Discovery of a Previously Unknown Jovian Satellite
Authors: Synnott S. P.
Published: October 2006

During a detailed examination of imaging data taken by the Voyager 1 spacecraft within 4.5 hours of its closest approach to Jupiter, a shadow-like image was observed on the bright disk of the planet in two consecutive wide-angle frames. Analysis of the motion of the image on the Jovian disk proved that it was not an atmospheric feature, showed that it could not have been a shadow of any satellite known at the time, and allowed prediction of its reappearance in other Voyager 1 frames. The satellite subsequently has been observed in transit in both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 frames; its period is 16 hours 11 minutes 21.25 seconds ± 0.5 second and its semimajor axis is 3.1054 Jupiter radii (Jupiter radius = 7.14 × 10
4
kilometers). The profile observed when the satellite is in transit is roughly circular with a diameter of 80 kilometers. It appears to have an albedo of ∼0.05, similar to Amalthea's.
Resonance Raman Effect of Carbonyl Group as a Probe of Its π-Electron State
Authors: Nishimura Yoshifumi , Tsuboi Masamichi
Published: October 2006

By examining the occurrence or absence of a resonance Raman effect for a carbonyl bond-stretching vibration, one can achieve a unique characterization of the carbonyl π-electrons. It can be concluded, for example, that the carbonyl π-electrons of nicotinamide do not migrate into the ring π-electron orbitals responsible for the 265-nanometer band, whereas those of dihydronicotinamide do migrate into orbitals responsible for the 340-nanometer band.
Ratoon Stunting Disease of Sugarcane: Isolation of the Causal Bacterium
Authors: Davis Michael J. , Gillaspie A. Graves , Harris Russell W. , Lawson Roger H.
Published: October 2006

A small coryneform bacterium was consistently isolated from sugarcane with ratoon stunting disease and shown to be the causal agent. A similar bacterium was isolated from Bermuda grass. Both strains multiplied in sugarcane and Bermuda grass, but the Bermuda grass strain did not incite the symptoms of ratoon stunting disease in sugarcane. Shoot growth in Bermuda grass was retarded by both strains.
Telecommunications in Alaskan Villages
Authors: Hills Alex , Morgan M. Granger
Published: October 2006

A recently installed satellite system now provides modern long-distance telecommunication services to 100 rural Alaskan villages, most of whose residents are Alaska Natives. In most villages no local telephone or television distribution facilities have yet been installed. Local telephone exchange service appears to be economically marginal unless modest regulatory changes are made. Television delivery presents more difficult problems involving technical and organizational structure. If, after weighing the potential social and cultural effects, village residents elect to acquire television, a delivery system based on low-power transmitters in the villages, local government as the basic organizational and economic unit, and a statewide nonprofit service organization, is the feasible system best suited to village needs.
Decipherment of the Earliest Tablets
Authors: Schmandt-Besserat Denise
Published: October 2006

The first signs of writing were crudely impressed on clay tablets. These signs are found to represent and stand for clay tokens used for recording prior to writing. The recent decoding of a series of tokens makes it possible to identify the signs as units of grain metrology, land measure, animal numeration, and other economic units.
Acid Lakes from Natural and Anthropogenic Causes
Authors: Patrick Ruth , Binetti Victoria P. , Halterman Steven G.
Published: October 2006

Lakes may be acid because of natural ecological conditions or because of anthropogenic activities. Apparently there has been a recent increase in acidity of many lakes in the northeastern United States. Factors that may be contributing to this increase include the use by utilities of precipitators, sulfur scrubbers, and tall stacks; the use of petroleum; and methods of combustion of fossil fuels.