bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Volume and Surface Distribution Heterogeneity of Nano‐pore in Coal Samples by CO2 and N2 Adsorption Experiments
Authors: ZHANG Junjian , WEI Chongtao , LUO Jinhui , LU Guanwen , QUAN Fangkai , ZHENG Kai , PENG Yujie
Published: July 2019

In this paper, the heterogeneity of adsorption pores in middle and high rank coal samples were analyzed by using low temperature N2 and CO2 adsorption technology and fractal theory. The following results were achieved. 1) According to the results of volume and surface fractal dimension, meso‐pores can be classified into Mep‐1, Mep‐2, and Mep‐3, respectively. Micro‐pore can be classified into Mip‐1, Mip‐2, and Mip‐3, respectively. 2) Pore types play an important role in affecting the heterogeneity of meso‐pores. The volume heterogeneity (VHY) of Mep‐1 is simpler than that of Mep‐2 and Mep‐3 in type A samples. However, the VHY of Mep‐1 becomes gradually larger than that of Mep‐2 and Mep‐3 from type A to type B and C. The VHY of open pore in the same diameter is higher than that of semi‐open or closed pore. Meanwhile, the surface heterogeneity (SHY) of types A and B samples is significantly larger than that of type C, the SHY of semi‐open or closed pores is more complicated than that of open pores. 3) Coal rank mainly affects the heterogeneity of micro‐pores. The heterogeneity of type A is always smaller than that of type B and C. The VHY of Mip‐1 is more complicated than that of Mip‐2 and Mip‐3 in the same samples, and the sensitivity of the VHY of Mip‐1 and Mip‐2 to the degree of coal rank is smaller than that of Mip‐3. Meanwhile, the SHY of Mip‐1 and Mip‐2 is simpler than that of Mip‐3 in the same sample, the SHY of micro‐pores remains stable as the pore size decreases, and the affect of coalification level on SHY decreases with the decrease in pore diameter. Full‐scale fractal characterization has enabled quantitative characterization of adsorption pore properties and provided useful information with regards to the similarity of pore features in different coal reservoirs.
Ore Controls and Metallogenesis of Au‐Ag Deposits at Atalla Mine, Central Eastern Desert of Egypt
Authors: ABD EL MONSEF Mohamed
Published: July 2019

Gold‐silver deposits in the Atalla area occur as hydrothermal quartz veins in NE–SW pre‐existing fractures within the Atalla granitic pluton. The orientation of such quartz veins has been attributed to extensional behavior related to the Atalla Shear Zone (ASZ). The Atalla area is covered by a variety of lithologies that are (from oldest to youngest): metasedimentary rocks, metavolcanic rocks, ophiolite assemblage (serpentinites/talc‐carbonates), Atalla granite and Dokhan volcanic rocks. Microscopically, Atalla granite ranges in composition from granodiorite to monzogranite. Whole‐rock geochemistry constrains the calc‐alkaine affinity of the Atalla granite that was intruded within an orogenic (syncollision) tectonic regime. The ore minerals are represented by gold/silver (electrum), pyrite (Py1 & Py2), arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, covellite and goethite. The temperature of ore formation ranges from 240 to 285°C and the estimated fluid pressure is in the range of 20–100 MPa. Based on the geological setting, ore textures and fluid characteristics; the Atalla Au‐Ag deposits are considered to be orogenic in nature, formed from a continental collision (∼653‐590 Ma), synchronous with the emplacement of calc‐alkaline magmatism during the evolutionary history of the Arabian Nubian Shield (ANS). The initial ore‐forming fluid was primarily derived from a metamorphic source related to ophiolitic‐serpentinite rocks under deep regional conditions of greenschist‐amphibolite facies, where the Atalla granitic eruption provided the required temperature conditions for the metamorphic process to take place. Under such conditions, the transportation of ore metals as bisulfide complexes is favoured. The deposition of ore minerals was triggered by fluid‐wallrock interaction through fracture pathways in conjunction with a temperature‐pressure drop that is likely to have been related to uplift into the crustal levels.
Detrital Zircon U‐Pb Geochronology and Provenance of the Hebukesaier Formation in the Shaerbuerti Mountains, Northern West Junggar: Implication for Devonian Subduction of the Junggar–Balkhash Ocean
Authors: LIANG Hao , CHEN Jiafu , MA Xu , YANG Hongzhang , XIN Mingyang
Published: July 2019

Limited Devonian magmatic record in northern West Junggar leads to contrasting models on its tectonic evolution. In this study, we conducted LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb dating on detrital zircons of two sandstones from the Hebukesaier Formation in the Shaerbuerti Mountains. Detrital zircons with oscillatory zoning are characterized by high Th/U (> 0.3) and low La/Yb (< 0.15), indicating their magmatic origin. The youngest zircon ages of two samples are 402 ± 2 Ma and 406 ± 2 Ma, respectively, suggesting that the Hebukesaier Formation was deposited at the Early Devonian. Detrital zircon age patterns show single peaks (at ca. 424 Ma, n = 157), which indicates that these clastics were likely proximal accumulation after short distance transportation. Provenance of the Hebukesaier Formation was the Xiemisitai and Shaerbuerti Mountains. Detrital zircon ages range from 481 Ma to 395 Ma, which indicates that there was relatively continuous Early Paleozoic magmatism in the Xiemisitai and Shaerbuerti Mountains since the Early Ordovician. Age spectrums of sampled detrital zircons are distinct from those of Lower Devonian strata either in southern West Junggar or in East Junggar, which implies for individual tectonic evolution of northern West Junggar. We favor that Lower Devonian Hebukesaier Formation was developed in a fore–arc setting due to the northward subduction of the Junggar–Balkhash Ocean.
Distribution Patterns of Ag in Hydrothermal Precipitates from the Okinawa Trough
Authors: ZHANG Yaoyao , CHU Fengyou , LI Zhenggang , DONG Yanhui , LONG Jiangping , WANG Hao , ZHU Jihao , LIU Jiqiang
Published: July 2019

The Okinawa Trough is characterized by enrichment of Ag in hydrothermal precipitates; however, the distribution of this enrichment remains poorly constrained. This study presents the results of a field‐emission scanning electron microscopy and electron‐microprobe analysis based mineralogical and geochemical investigation of the spatial distribution of Ag within Ag‐rich sulfide samples from the Okinawa Trough. The tetrahedrite, covellite, and galena in these samples contain high concentrations of Ag (average values of 1.60, 0.78, and 0.23 wt%, respectively) and also various Ag sulfosalts. Examination of the Ag budget of these samples indicates that most of the Ag is hosted by tetrahedrite followed by galena. The Ag within tetrahedrite is incorporated by substitution into the Cu site, whereas galena becomes Ag‐enriched by the coupled incorporation of monovalent Ag, Tl, and Cu, and trivalent Sb and Bi into Pb lattice sites. Tetrahedrite and galena containing higher concentrations of Sb favor increased Ag substitution. Four sets of Ag host minerals are identified with distinct ore formation temperatures. Tetrahedrite and galena concentrate the majority of Ag at medium temperatures (150–300°C). Other Ag host minerals concentrate only minor or trace amounts of Ag, including massive sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite at high temperatures (>300°C), colloform pyrite and sphalerite at low temperatures (<150°C), and Ag‐sulfosalts at even lower temperatures (<100°C).
Geological Controls on High Production of Tight Sandstone Gas in Linxing Block, Eastern Ordos Basin, China
Authors: QI Yu , JU Yiwen , MENG Shangzhi , YU Kun , LI Wuyang , JIA Tianrang , WU Jianguang , CHEN Wangang , LUO long
Published: July 2019

Tight sandstone gas in the Linxing Block, eastern Ordos Basin, has been successfully exploited. The high performance is mainly a result of the special geological conditions. The key geological controls for high production have been discussed on the basis of seismic data, field observation, sample features, mercury porosimetry, mechanical properties, and basin modeling. Firstly, the coal measures have good gas generation potential, not only because of the existence of coalbeds and organic‐rich shales, but also because coal laminae and microbial mats in the shales significantly increase their total organic carbon (TOC) contents. Secondly, except for the uplifted zone of the Zijinshan complex and the eastern fault zone, rare large faults develop in the Carboniferous–Permian sequence, ensuing the sealing capacity of cap rock. Small fractures generally concentrated in the sandstones rather than the mudstones. Thirdly, gas accumulation in the Linxing Block was controlled by the tectonic, burial and thermal histories. Gas accumulation in the Linxing Block started in the Late Triassic, followed by three short pauses of thermal maturation caused by relatively small uplifts; the maximum hydrocarbon generation period is the Early Cetaceous as a combined result of regional and magmatic thermal metamorphisms. Field profiles show abundant fractures in sandstone beds but rare fractures in mudstone beds. Mechanical properties, determined by lithostratigraphy, confine the fractures in the sandstones, increasing the permeability of sandstone reservoirs and retaining the sealing capacity of the mudstone cap rocks. The modern ground stress conditions favor the opening of predominant natural fractures in the NNW–SSE and N–S directions. These conclusions are useful for exploring the potential tight sandstone gas field.
He–Ar Isotopic Tracing of Pyrite from Ore‐forming Fluids of the Sanshandao Au Deposit, Jiaodong Area
Authors: HAN Zhenyu , YU Xiaowei , LI Shoujun , Tian Jingxiang , WANG Zhongliang , YU Xiaojing , WANG Ligong
Published: July 2019

The Sanshandao Au deposit is located in the famous Sanshandao metallogenic belt, Jiaodong area. To date, accumulative Au resources of 1000 t have been identified from the belt. Sanshandao is a world‐class gold deposit with Au mineralization hosted in Early Cretaceous Guojialing‐type granites. Thus, studies on the genesis and ore‐forming element sources of the Sanshandao Au deposit are crucial. He and Ar isotopic analyses of fluid inclusions from pyrite (the carrier of Au) indicate that the fluid inclusions have 3He/4He=0.043–0.21 Ra with an average of 0.096 Ra and 40Ar/36Ar=488–664 with an average of 570.8. These values represent the initial He and Ar isotopic compositions of ore‐forming fluids for trapped fluid inclusions. The comparison of H–O isotopic characteristics combined with deposit geology and wall rock alteration reveals that the ore‐forming fluids of the Sanshandao Au deposit show mixed crust–mantle origin characteristics, and they mainly comprise crust‐derived fluid mixed with minor mantle‐derived fluid and meteoric water during the uprising process. The ore‐forming elements were generally sourced from pre‐Cambrian meta‐basement rocks formed by Mesozoic reactivation and mixed with minor shallow crustal and mantle components.
Efficacy and safety of avocado‐soybean unsaponifiables for the treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized placebo‐controlled trials
Authors: Simental‐Mendía Mario , Sánchez‐García Adriana , Acosta‐Olivo Carlos A. , Vilchez‐Cavazos Félix , Osuna‐Garate Jorge , Peña‐Martínez Víctor M. , Simental‐Mendía Luis E.
Published: July 2019

Objective

We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis from randomized controlled trials to examine the efficacy and safety of avocado‐soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) in patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Data sources

Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched for randomized placebo‐controlled trials.

Study selection

Original studies were randomized placebo‐controlled trials evaluating the effect of orally administered ASU on knee or hip OA symptoms using the Lequesne index, visual analog scale (VAS) and/or joint space width (JSW).

Data extraction

Meta‐analysis was conducted using a random‐effects model and generic inverse variance method. Heterogeneity was tested using the I2 statistic index.

Data synthesis

Avocado‐soybean unsaponifiables therapy had a significant reduction on pain by VAS assessment (weighted mean difference [WMD]: −9.64 mm, 95% CI: −17.43, −1.84; P = .02; I2 = 92%). A subanalysis according to the type of OA showed that ASU significantly decreased both VAS and Lequesne index in knee OA (WMD: −17.36, 95% CI: −25.91, −8.82; P < .0001; I2 = 87% and WMD: −2.33, 95% CI: −2.88, −1.78; P < .00001; I2 = 18%, respectively) but not in hip OA. Finally, ASU supplementation showed no significant differences for adverse events compared to placebo (relative risk: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.25; P = .88; I2 = 0%).

Conclusion

Results of this meta‐analysis suggest a beneficial effect of ASU treatment in symptomatic knee OA but not in hip OA. Additionally, adverse events were similar in patients receiving ASU therapy or placebo.
Can Audit Committee Expertise Increase External Auditors' Litigation Risk? The Moderating Effect of Audit Committee Independence
Authors: Alderman Jillian , Jollineau S. Jane
Published: July 2019

This study examines whether the perceived independence and financial expertise of audit committee members affect external auditors' exposure to legal liability. We use an experiment in which potential jurors make judgments about auditor independence and legal liability for a case involving an audit failure. We find that perceptions of audit committee independence from management are positively associated with judgments of auditor independence and negatively associated with auditor liability. However, financial expertise of audit committee members can be a double‐edged sword. Our experiment finds that judgments of auditor liability are higher when the audit committee is perceived to have higher financial expertise but lower independence from management. In assessing litigation risk of current and prospective clients, auditors may want to carefully consider the independence of audit committee members from management, particularly when audit committee members have financial expertise. In the event of an audit failure, the financial expertise of nonindependent audit committee members can negatively affect jurors' perceptions of auditor independence and liability.
Phenotyping tree resistance to a bark‐chewing insect, the pine weevil Hylobius abietis
Authors: Zas Rafael , Poceiro María S. , Lores María , Rolke Laura M. , Sampedro Luis
Published: July 2019

Breeding for resistance to forest pests and pathogens is emerging as a promising tool for minimising the impact of the increasing biotic threats that our forests are experiencing as a consequence of global change. Efficient phenotyping protocols of resistance are urgently needed. Here we present the results of two experiments aimed to determine whether the variation in resistance to the pine weevil Hylobius abietis, a harmful pest of European conifers, can be inferred by nondestructive bioassays using excised plant material collected in forest genetic trials. Weevil damage and amount of nonvolatile resin induced by weevil feeding were assessed in young trees and in branches of adult trees using several phenotyping procedures (bioassays using either living trees, excised plant material and cut stem twigs) on four pine species (Pinus pinaster, P. radiata, P. sylvestris and P. pinea). Half of the plants were previously induced with methyl jasmonate (MJ), a treatment that is known to affect resistance to the pine weevil. In Experiment 1, living and excised plants showed parallel results: MJ treatment significantly reduced weevil damage, and saplings responded to weevil damage locally increasing the nonvolatile resin (NVR) in the stems proportionally to the damage suffered. This response was, however, slightly lower in excised than in living saplings. On the contrary, patterns of weevil feeding on stem twigs completely departed from those observed in living and excised seedlings. Moreover, cut stem twigs were unable to respond to weevil feeding increasing NVR according to the weevil damage. In Experiment 2, assessment of weevil damage on excised branches explained around 50% of variation in damage on living branches. This relationship became much more pronounced (R2 = 0.81) when explored at the mean treatment level; branch manipulation did not alter the patterns of variation in resistance across pine species or MJ treatments. Irrespective of the assessment procedure, MJ consistently decreased weevil damage in all pine species, with larger reduction in weevil damage in stone and maritime pine than in radiata and Scots pine. Radiata pine was the most resistant while Scots pine was the most susceptible to the pine weevil. Overall, results suggest that using excised plant material is an operative alternative for phenotyping weevil resistance whenever care is taken to maintain the functionality of the excised plant material. This will allow taking advantage of multiple available conifer genetic trials to deepen the ecological genetics of resistance to the pine weevil and to screen for resistance without compromising the long‐term utility of those genetic trials.
Prehospital Care of Pediatric Hypoglycemic Seizure Patients in the State of North Carolina: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Burroughs Zachary T. , Mitchell Michael S. , Hiestand Brian , Winslow James
Published: July 2019

Background

Pediatric seizures are commonly encountered in emergency medical services (EMS). Evidence is accumulating that the rate of hypoglycemia in this setting is low, challenging the concept of routine prehospital glucose measurement.

Objective

We studied factors associated with EMS protocol compliance for glucose testing in children < 18 years of age with a 9‐1‐1 call for seizure as well as rates of hypoglycemia in the prehospital setting.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of data from the North Carolina EMS registry from 2013 to 2014. North Carolina EMS protocols require glucose measurement prior to seizure treatment. Scene calls for patients ≤ 17 years with a complaint of seizure were included. We calculated incidence of testing, hypoglycemia, and the relative risk of compliance with glucose measurement.

Results

There were 13,182 calls for seizure, of which 6,262 (47.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 46.6% to 48.3%) had a glucose obtained. Hypoglycemia (glucose < 60 mg/dL) was present in 78 of 6,262 (1.25%, 95% CI = 0.97% to 1.5%) patients. Glucose was supplemented in 61 patients (median glucose 61 mg/dL, interquartile range = 51 to 67 mg/dL). Testing rates increased with age (relative risk [RR] = 1.04 per year, 95% CI = 1.03–1.04 per year), emergency medical technician–paramedic (EMT‐P) presence (RR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.1–1.3) and with antiepileptic medication use (RR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.1 to 1.2). Testing was less likely in nonwhite patients (RR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.92 to 0.98).

Conclusions

Compliance is suboptimal, varying with patient age, race, and EMT‐P presence. Testing increases when antiepileptic drugs are used. Hypoglycemia in tested patients was infrequent; however, proper treatment for hypoglycemic seizures will not be delivered if testing does not occur. It is worthwhile examining the utility of routine testing in this setting; however, until such time as protocols are revised, regional EMS administration should focus on education and uniform compliance with state protocols.
Heavy drinking in adolescents is associated with change in brainstem microstructure and reward sensitivity
Authors: Galinowski André , Miranda Ruben , Lemaitre Hervé , Artiges Eric , Paillère Martinot Marie‐Laure , Filippi Irina , Penttilä Jani , Grimmer Yvonne , van Noort Betteke M. , Stringaris Argyris , Becker Andreas , Isensee Corinna , Struve Maren , Fadai Tahmine , Kappel Viola , Goodman Robert , Banaschewski Tobias , Bokde Arun L.W. , Bromberg Uli , Brühl Rüdiger , Büchel Christian , Cattrell Anna , Conrod Patricia , Desrivières Sylvane , Flor Herta , Fröhner Juliane H. , Frouin Vincent , Gallinat Juergen , Garavan Hugh , Gowland Penny , Heinz Andreas , Hohmann Sarah , Jurk Sarah , Millenet Sabina , Nees Frauke , Papadopoulos‐Orfanos Dimitri , Poustka Luise , Quinlan Erin Burke , Smolka Michael N. , Walter Henrik , Whelan Robert , Schumann Gunter , Martinot Jean‐Luc ,   for the IMAGEN Consortium
Published: July 2019

The cortical‐cerebellar circuit is vulnerable to heavy drinking (HD) in adults. We hypothesized early microstructural modifications of the pons/midbrain region, containing core structures of the reward system, in HD adolescents. Thirty‐two otherwise symptom‐free HDs at age 14 (HD14) and 24 abstainers becoming HDs at age 16 (HD16) were identified in the community with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and compared with abstainers. The monetary incentive delay (MID) task assessed reward‐sensitive performance. Voxelwise statistics of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) values in the thalamo‐ponto‐mesencephalic region were obtained using tract‐based spatial statistics. Projections between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) were identified by probabilistic tractography. Lower fraction of anisotropy and higher radial diffusivity (RD) values were detected in the upper dorsal pons of HD14 adolescents, and a trend for higher RD in HD16, compared with abstainers. When expecting reward, HD14 had higher MID task success scores than abstainers, and success scores were higher with a lower number of tracts in all adolescents. In symptom‐free community adolescents, a region of lower white matter (WM) integrity in the pons at age 14 was associated with current HD and predicted HD at age 16. HD was related to reward sensitivity.
Difficult airway management algorithms: a directed review
Authors: Edelman D. A. , Perkins E. J. , Brewster D. J.
Published: July 2019

The primary aim of this study was to identify, describe and compare the content of existing difficult airway management algorithms. Secondly, we aimed to describe the literature reporting the implementation of these algorithms. A directed search across three databases (MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus) was performed. All articles were screened for relevance to the research aims and according to pre‐determined exclusion criteria. We identified 38 published airway management algorithms. Our results show that most facemask employ a four‐step process as represented by a flow chart, with progression from tracheal intubation, facemask ventilation and supraglottic airway device use, to a rescue emergency surgical airway. The identified algorithms are overwhelmingly similar, yet many use differing terminology. The frequency of algorithm publication has increased recently, yet adherence and implementation outcome data remain limited. Our results highlight the lack of a single algorithm that is universally endorsed, recognised and applicable to all difficult airway management situations.
Adverse obstetric outcomes among female childhood and adolescent cancer survivors in Sweden: A population‐based matched cohort study
Authors: Armuand Gabriela , Skoog Svanberg Agneta , Bladh Marie , Sydsjö Gunilla
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Cancer treatment during childhood may lead to late adverse effects, such as reduced musculoskeletal development or vascular, endocrine and pulmonary dysfunction, which in turn may have an adverse effect on later pregnancy and childbirth. The aim of the present study was to investigate pregnancy and obstetric outcomes as well as the offspring's health among childhood and adolescent female cancer survivors.

Material and methods

This register‐based study included all women born between 1973 and 1977 diagnosed with cancer in childhood or adolescence (age <21), as well as an age‐matched comparison group. A total of 278 female cancer survivors with their first childbirth were included in the study, together with 829 age‐matched individuals from the general population. Logistic regression and analysis of variance were used to investigate associations between having been treated for cancer and the outcome variables, adjusting for maternal age, nicotine use and comorbidity.

Results

Survivors were more likely to have preeclampsia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.58 to 7.56), undergo induction of labor (aOR 1.66, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.62), suffer labor dystocia (primary labor dystocia aOR 3.54, 95% CI 1.51 to 8.34 and secondary labor dystocia aOR 2.43, 95% CI 1.37 to 4.31), malpresentation of fetus (aOR 2.02, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.65) and imminent fetal asphyxia (aOR 2.55, 95% CI 1.49 to 4.39). In addition, deliveries among survivors were more likely to end with vacuum extraction (aOR 2.53, 95% CI 1.44 to 4.47), with higher risk of clitoral lacerations (aOR 2.18, 95% CI 1.47 to 3.23) and anal sphincter injury (aOR 2.76, 95% CI 1.14 to 6.70) and emergency cesarean section (aOR 2.34 95% CI 1.39 to 3.95). Survivors used pain‐reliving methods to a higher extent compared with the comparison group. There was no increased risk of neonate diagnoses and malformations. The results showed that survivors who had been diagnosed with cancer when they were younger than 14 had an increased risk of adverse obstetric outcomes.

Conclusions

The study demonstrates increased risk of pregnancy and childbirth complications among childhood and adolescent cancer survivors. There is a need to optimize perinatal care, especially among survivors who were younger than 14 at time of diagnosis.
Preliminary testing in turkeys of the safety and efficacy of a putative haemorrhagic enteritis virus vaccine
Authors: Hoang Phuong , Gerber Priscilla F. , Reynolds Paul , McMillan Mary , Gray Peter , Walkden‐Brown Stephen W.
Published: July 2019

Haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) causes clinical haemorrhagic enteritis in young poults and/or subclinical immunosuppression which is often associated with colibacillosis. This disease is controlled with live vaccines worldwide, however, importation of HEV vaccines or cells that support HEV propagation are not permitted in Australia. A major experiment in isolators was conducted to test the safety and efficacy of a putative HEV vaccine. The study had a factorial design with four factors namely vaccination age (28 and 42 days of age), vaccine dose (0, 105, 106, 107 genomic copies of HEV vaccine), challenge with HEV (yes, no) and vaccination‐challenge interval (7, 21 or 42 days). A total of 315 poults were used providing 6‐8 birds per treatment combination. Turkey growth rate, mortality, pathological findings, anti‐HEV antibodies and viral load were examined. Vaccination lead to significant increases in anti HEV antibody over the following 2‐4 weeks. Overall, vaccination with 106 and 107 was protective against increase in relative splenic weight and splenic viral load in challenged birds. Clinical haemorrhagic enteritis was not induced by any treatment but there was an increased incidence of airsacculitis in groups receiving either HEV vaccine or challenge virus compared to the negative control birds (25.8‐29.3% vs. 9.4%, P < 0.05). Growth rate, mortality and relative bursal weight were unaffected by vaccination. This laboratory level study indicates that the putative vaccine is safe and likely to be efficacious, but may cause elevated levels of airsacculitis. These findings require confirmation in larger scale field trials.
The counterintuitive impact of responses and response times on parameter estimates in the drift diffusion model
Authors: Jordan Pascal
Published: July 2019

Given a drift diffusion model with unknown drift and boundary parameters, we analyse the behaviour of maximum likelihood estimates with respect to changes of responses and response times. It is shown analytically that a single fast response time can dominate the estimation in that no matter how many correct answers a test taker provides, the estimate of the drift (ability) parameter decreases to zero. In addition, it is shown that although higher drift rates imply shorter response times, the reverse implication does not hold for the estimates: shorter response times can decrease the drift rate estimate. In the light of these analytical results, we illustrate the actual impact of the findings in a small simulation for a mental rotation test. The method of analysis outlined is applicable to a broader range of models, and we emphasize the need to further check currently used reaction time models within this framework.
Gatekeeping Japan's Dual Civil Society: Semiotic Ideology inTōjishaTalk
Authors: Hasegawa Yuka
Published: July 2019

This article studies the discussions that took place at a lifelong learning course in Yokohama city, Japan, on the topic oftōjisha, or subjects who might utilize the part of the city that was intended for commercial‐residential mixed‐use zoning. I examine how the course facilitators mediated the tōjisha talk using a semiotic ideology by instructing the discussants to list potential figures who might publicize the city by performatively enacting their citizenship using public spaces and exchanging symbolic artifacts in the city. This demonstrates how the male facilitators exercised their power to produce tōjisha as human capital that markets the city, which resulted in a breach in the gendered division of labor that historically produced and used public spaces for self‐cultivation and community development. I argue that a bourgeois, masculinist public sphere acts as a gatekeeper of Japan's dual civil society, by mediating the subjectivization of individuals through lifelong learning.
Comment on Phylogenetic analyses with four new Cretaceous bristletails reveal inter‐relationships of Archaeognatha and Gondwana origin of Meinertellidae
Authors: Montagna Matteo
Published: July 2019

Archaeognatha (Machilida plus †Monura), with ~450 extant species worldwide, represent a key lineage for the understanding of insect evolution. In a recently published phylogenetic analysis on Archaeognatha, based on a total‐evidence approach, a Machilidae key fossil (Gigamachilis triassicus) from the Middle Triassic Lagerstätte of Monte San Giorgio and a representative of †Monura (Dasyleptus triassicus) from the same fossiliferous site, were not considered. In the present study, the phylogenetic analyses performed by Zhang et al. (2018) using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference were repeated including these two key taxa; in addition, Tricholepidion gertschi and Lepisma saccharina were included as representatives of Zygentoma. In the total‐evidence Bayesian analysis, †Monura was found to be paraphyletic, whereas in the maximum parsimony analysis, performed only on morphological characters, they were monophyletic. Moreover, the attribution of G. triassicus to Machilidae is now confirmed by these analyses, indicating that members of the extant group of Machilidae were already present in the Middle Triassic, at least ~100 Myr before the previous estimate.
Multiobjective fuzzy mathematical model for a financially constrained closed‐loop supply chain with labor employment
Authors: Goli Alireza , Zare Hasan Khademi , Tavakkoli‐Moghaddam Reza , Sadegheih Ahmad
Published: July 2019

This paper addresses the multiobjective, multiproducts and multiperiod closed‐loop supply chain network design with uncertain parameters, whose aim is to incorporate the financial flow as the cash flow and debts' constraints and labor employment under fuzzy uncertainty. The objectives of the proposed mathematical model are to maximize the increase in cash flow, maximize the total created jobs in the supply chain, and maximize the reliability of consumed raw materials. To encounter the fuzzy uncertainty in this model, a possibilistic programming approach is used. To solve large‐sized problems, the multiobjective simulated annealing algorithm, multiobjective gray wolf optimization, and multiobjective invasive weed optimization are proposed and developed. The numerical results demonstrate that these algorithms solve the problems within about 1% of the required solving time for the augmented ε‐constraint and have similar performance and even better in some cases. The multiobjective simulated annealing algorithm with a weak performance takes less time than the other two algorithms. The multiobjective gray wolf optimization and multiobjective invasive weed optimization algorithms are superior based on the multiobjective performance indices.
Clinical Pharmacology‐Driven Translational Research to Optimize Bedside Therapeutics of Sotalol Therapy
Authors: Dahmane Elyes , Tang Kathy , Gobburu Jogarao V.S. , Mattingly T. Joseph , Reed Brent N. , See Vincent Y. , Ayres Joshuha , Ivaturi Vijay
Published: July 2019

Oral sotalol, used in adults for sinus rhythm control, is initiated at 80 mg b.i.d. and titrated to a maximum safe dose. The US Food and Drug Administration recommends monitoring the corrected QT interval (QTc) for at least 3 days, until steady‐state exposure of the drug is reached, before patient discharge, which can significantly impact the total cost of treatment. The objectives of this research were to design an accelerated intravenous sotalol loading and maintenance therapy that will reduce the hospital length of stay and to also evaluate the pharmacoeconomic impact in a hospital setting. Pharmacokinetic simulations of sotalol plasma concentrations vs. times profiles were performed to determine the optimal intravenous/oral transition regimen. A cost minimization analysis from the health sector perspective was conducted to assess the cost savings for these proposed accelerated regimens. For a chosen target dose of 120 mg b.i.d., two infusions of 40 mg over 1 hour and 20 mg over 0.5 hour, each followed up by an evaluation of QTc, can be administered followed immediately by the target oral maintenance dose of 120 mg at the end of the second infusion. Consequently, steady‐state exposure and, therefore, steady‐state QTc are obtained on the first day of therapy, facilitating an earlier hospital discharge. Two and 1‐day mean total cost of −$3,123 (95% confidence interval (CI), −$3,640, −$2,607) −$4,820 (95% CI, −$5,352, −$4,288) were observed for this strategy, respectively. We are proposing an intravenous to oral transition strategy for sotalol that has the potential to significantly reduce cost and increase patient convenience.
Spatial gradients in country‐level population trends of European birds
Authors: Hanzelka Jan , Horká Petra , Reif Jiří
Published: July 2019

Aim

Population trends reflect influence of environmental drivers acting upon species' population dynamics. As the strength of this influence may change predictably in space, we test multiple hypotheses about spatial gradients in the effects of environmental drivers on bird population trends across the continent.

Location

Europe.

Methods

We used country‐level population trends for 249 bird species in 32 European countries. For each species, we expressed values of 12 traits which mirror the influence of major environmental drivers: climate change, land‐use change and change in environmental legislation. We related these traits to population trends using generalized additive mixed models and tested for the presence of spatial gradients by including the interaction of countries' geographic position with four of these traits for which we hypothesized spatial patterns in relationships to trends.

Results

Species listed for the longest time under Annex I of the EU's Birds Directive had increasingly positive trends towards the north‐west, but an indication of the opposite pattern was found for shorter‐listed species. Cold‐adapted species had increasingly negative trends towards the North and especially the north‐west, whereas the trends of the warm‐adapted species were generally positive and increased in northern direction. Spatial gradients in trends were weaker for the habitat niche position with forest species having positive trends in North‐Eastern Europe and open‐habitat species having negative trends in the Westernmost edge of the continent.

Main conclusions

The influence of all major hypothesized drivers varies across Europe. Climate change impacts are probably most detrimental in North‐Western Europe for the Arctic and upland birds, whereas the warm‐adapted species may benefit from these changes at the same time. The differences in the enforcement of environmental legislation among countries are a likely driver of the spatial patterns for the Annex I species, whereas the unification of land‐use intensity may be the cause of relatively weak patterns in the habitat niche effects.
In vitroevaluation of plants as storage media for avulsed teeth: A systematic review
Authors: Resende Kêmelly Karolliny Moreira , Faria Geovanna Pascoal , Longo Daniele Lucca , Martins Lázara Joyce Oliveira , Costa Cláudio Rodrigues Rezende
Published: July 2019

Background/Aims

Dental avulsion is defined as the complete displacement of a tooth from its socket owing to trauma. The treatment outcome depends on storage of the avulsed teeth in media capable of maintaining the viability of periodontal ligament cells, when immediate replantation is not possible. To maintain the viability of periodontal ligament cells, plants can be used as a storage medium because of their pharmacological and phytotherapic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of plants on the tissue repair following tooth replantation.

Methods

This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines and included articles collected in the Cochrane, LILACS, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science databases, plus articles found in the grey literature. The articles were screened for partial reading using the Endnote and Rayyan platform. The methodology of studies was evaluated by using the OHAT and GRADE.

Results

In the initial search, 2361 articles were obtained, only 51 articles were submitted to complete reading, and 35 articles were selected for the qualitative analysis. The evaluated plants had a potential effect on cell viability and proliferation. The articles evaluated mainly the action of plants on cells of the periodontal ligament. Propolis, coconut water and Aloe vera were the most common storage medium.

Conclusion

The methodological limitations persist, and the evaluation of the pharmacological potential of plants on dental tissues still requires more research.
Can school centralization foster human capital accumulation? A quasi‐experiment from early twentieth‐century Italy
Authors: Cappelli Gabriele , Vasta Michelangelo
Published: July 2019

This article shows that a shift towards a more centralized school system can benefit countries that are characterized by poor levels of human capital and large regional disparities in education. In 1911, Italy moved from a fully decentralized primary school system towards centralization through the Daneo‐Credaro Reform. The design of the Reform allows us to compare treated municipalities with those that retained school autonomy. Our quasi‐experiment, based on propensity score matching (PSM), shows that centralization substantially increased the pace of human capital accumulation. Treated municipalities were characterized by a 0.43 percentage‐point premium on the average annual growth of literacy between 1911 and 1921. We discuss some of the channels through which the new legislation affected primary schooling and literacy, with important implications for long‐term economic growth.
The effect of primary education teachers on the formation of pupil citizenship
Authors: Lukšik Ivan
Published: July 2019

Decreasing levels of civic participation and political engagement are generating an interest in citizenship and citizenship education. New forms of citizenship education which go beyond traditional instruction on political institutions are being sought, such as “democratic citizenship education”, “education of, for and through democracy” and “teaching democracy”. One area which has been little investigated is primary school teachers and citizenship education. This article reports on questionnaire‐based research among Slovak teachers that shows great variety in the focus of citizenship education. Teachers emphasised national pride as well as multicultural, global, regional and human rights aspects and the common good of an entity. The connections between teacher focus on citizenship education, the curricular framework, models of citizenship education and generational differences are all discussed.
Signs of stabilisation and stable coexistence
Authors: Broekman Maarten J. E. , Muller‐Landau Helene C. , Visser Marco D. , Jongejans Eelke , Wright S. J. , de Kroon Hans
Published: July 2019

Many empirical studies motivated by an interest in stable coexistence have quantified negative density dependence, negative frequency dependence, or negative plant–soil feedback, but the links between these empirical results and ecological theory are not straightforward. Here, we relate these analyses to theoretical conditions for stabilisation and stable coexistence in classical competition models. By stabilisation, we mean an excess of intraspecific competition relative to interspecific competition that inherently slows or even prevents competitive exclusion. We show that most, though not all, tests demonstrating negative density dependence, negative frequency dependence, and negative plant–soil feedback constitute sufficient conditions for stabilisation of two‐species interactions if applied to data for per capita population growth rates of pairs of species, but none are necessary or sufficient conditions for stable coexistence of two species. Potential inferences are even more limited when communities involve more than two species, and when performance is measured at a single life stage or vital rate. We then discuss two approaches that enable stronger tests for stable coexistence‐invasibility experiments and model parameterisation. The model parameterisation approach can be applied to typical density‐dependence, frequency‐dependence, and plant–soil feedback data sets, and generally enables better links with mechanisms and greater insights, as demonstrated by recent studies.
Supratentorial arachnoid cysts and seizures/epilepsy: A population study in community dwellers aged ≥20 years
Authors: Del Brutto Oscar H. , Mera Robertino M. , Kiernan Jaydon , Castle Paul , Zambrano Mauricio , Sedler Mark J.
Published: July 2019

Literature on the association between arachnoid cysts and seizures/epilepsy is inconsistent, and most series have been flawed due to recruitment bias. In this study, we aimed to assess the prevalence of supratentorial arachnoid cysts (SACs) in Atahualpa residents aged ≥20 years, and to estimate whether these lesions were associated with seizures/epilepsy. A total of 1157 individuals were included. Computed tomography revealed SACs in 25 individuals (2.2%). Most had middle cranial fossa SACs (n = 19). Recurrent nonprovoked seizures were diagnosed in 28 individuals and a single seizure in 4. Only 1 of 25 (4%) individuals with SACs had seizures/epilepsy as opposed to 31 of 1132 (2.7%) who did not have SACs (P = 0.508). A logistic regression model showed no association between SACs and seizures/epilepsy, after taking into account the effect of relevant confounders (odds ratio [OR] 1.71; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.22‐13.3; P = 0.607). This study provides evidence of lack of association between SACs and seizures/epilepsy.
Increased gamma and decreased fast ripple connections of epileptic tissue: A high‐frequency directed network approach
Authors: Zweiphenning Willemiek J. E. M. , Keijzer Hanneke M. , van Diessen Eric , van ‘t Klooster Maryse A. , van Klink Nicole E. C. , Leijten Frans S. S. , van Rijen Peter C. , van Putten Michel J. A. M. , Braun Kees P. J. , Zijlmans Maeike
Published: July 2019

Objective

New insights into high‐frequency electroencephalographic activity and network analysis provide potential tools to improve delineation of epileptic tissue and increase the chance of postoperative seizure freedom. Based on our observation of high‐frequency oscillations “spreading outward” from the epileptic source, we hypothesize that measures of directed connectivity in the high‐frequency range distinguish epileptic from healthy brain tissue.

Methods

We retrospectively selected refractory epilepsy patients with a malformation of cortical development or tumor World Health Organization grade I/II who underwent epilepsy surgery with intraoperative electrocorticography for tailoring the resection based on spikes. We assessed directed functional connectivity in the theta (4‐8 Hz), gamma (30‐80 Hz), ripple (80‐250 Hz), and fast ripple (FR; 250‐500 Hz) bands using the short‐time direct directed transfer function, and calculated the total, incoming, and outgoing propagation strength for each electrode. We compared network measures of electrodes covering the resected and nonresected areas separately for patients with good and poor outcome, and of electrodes with and without spikes, ripples, and FRs (group level: paired t test; patient level: Mann‐Whitney U test). We selected the measure that could best identify the resected area and channels with epileptic events using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and calculated the positive and negative predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity.

Results

We found higher total and outstrength in the ripple and gamma bands in resected tissue in patients with good outcome (rippletotal: P = .01; rippleout: P = .04; gammatotal: P = .01; gammaout: P = .01). Channels with events showed lower total and instrength, and higher outstrength in the FR band, and higher total and outstrength in the ripple, gamma, and theta bands (FRtotal: P = .05; FRin: P < .01; FRout: P = .02; gammatotal: P < .01; gammain: P = .01; gammaout: P < .01; thetatotal: P = .01; thetaout: P = .01). The total strength in the gamma band was most distinctive at the channel level (positive predictive value [PPV]good = 74%, PPVpoor = 43%).

Significance

Interictally, epileptic tissue is isolated in the FR band and acts as a driver up to the (fast) ripple frequency range. The gamma band total strength seems promising to delineate epileptic tissue intraoperatively.
NMR and crystallographic structural studies of the extremely stable monomeric variant of human cystatin C with single amino acid substitution
Authors: Maszota‐Zieleniak Martyna , Jurczak Przemyslaw , Orlikowska Marta , Zhukov Igor , Borek Dominika , Otwinowski Zbyszek , Skowron Piotr , Pietralik Zuzanna , Kozak Maciej , Szymańska Aneta , Rodziewicz‐Motowidło Sylwia
Published: July 2019

Human cystatin C (hCC), a member of the superfamily of papain‐like cysteine protease inhibitors, is the most widespread cystatin in human body fluids. This small protein, in addition to its physiological function, is involved in various diseases, including cerebral amyloid angiopathy, cerebral hemorrhage, stroke, and dementia. Physiologically active hCC is a monomer. However, all structural studies based on crystallization led to the dimeric structure formed as a result of a three‐dimensional exchange of the protein domains (3D domain swapping). The monomeric structure was obtained only for hCC variant V57N and for the protein stabilized by an additional disulfide bridge. With this study, we extend the number of models of monomeric hCC by an additional hCC variant with a single amino acid substitution in the flexible loop L1. The V57G variant was chosen for the X‐ray and NMR structural analysis due to its exceptional conformational stability in solution. In this work, we show for the first time the structural and dynamics studies of human cystatin C variant in solution. We were also able to compare these data with the crystal structure of the hCC V57G and with other cystatins. The overall cystatin fold is retained in the solute form. Additionally, structural information concerning the N terminus was obtained during our studies and presented for the first time.

Database

Crystallographic structure: structural data are available in PDB databases under the accession number 6ROA. NMR structure: structural data are available in PDB and BMRB databases under the accession numbers 6RPV and 34399, respectively.