bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HANDLING CLAY PRODUCTS WITH STORAGE BATTERY TRUCKS1
Authors: Straight H. R.
Published: June 2006

Economies of storage battery trucks which have been proved are cited. Comparison of cost of wheelbarrow and truck methods is given showing that trucks will pay for themselves the first year, have low cost upkeep, and will last for twelve or more years.
SOME REMARKS AS TO THE FORMATION OF SEEDS AND BUBBLES IN GLASS POTS1
Authors: Cohn Willi M.
Published: June 2006

Observations on glass pots in plants, experiments on laboratory pots, and theoretical considerations point to the fact that the occurrence of seeds and bubbles may be prevented by the introduction of porous pot walls or by the introduction of porous fireclay rods or similar objects into the melt. The porosity of the walls must be maintained throughout the entire duration of the melting process.
CLAY SEWERPIPE MANUFACTURE1
Authors: Hertzell E. A.
Published: June 2006

A method for checking flue‐gas analyses is discussed and applied to Orsat data obtained during the firing of sewerpipe kilns. Calculations are made for kilns fired by coal, fuel oil, and natural gas. Discrepancies are noted and possible reasons for them advanced. Conditions under which the check applies are presented.
ON THE DIRECT DETERMINATION OF SODA IN SODA‐LIME GLASSES BY PRECIPITATION AS URANYL ZINC SODIUM ACETATE1
Authors: Glaze Francis W.
Published: June 2006

A method for the direct determination of soda in soda‐lime glasses is described. It depends on the quantitative precipitation of soda as uranyl zinc sodium acetate and is based on the method described by Barber and Kolthoff. The advantage of this method lies in the fact that the sodium salt can be precipitated in the presence of the other basic oxides ordinarily present in soda‐lime glasses.
A METHOD FOR ELIMINATING WATER MARKS FROM TABLEWARE1
Authors: Bolf C. A.
Published: June 2006

Water marks are eliminated from decorated tableware by washing in a solution (1 part to 4000) of Saponin as it comes from the “decal” machines, or by adding a defoaming agent such as turkey red oil to the saponin solution in the machine tank.
OPACITY OF ENAMELS IN TERMS OF COLORS1
Authors: Stark R. E.
Published: June 2006

The matching of colors is a most difficult task, especially when the judgment of different eyes enters the equation. A constructive criticism is offered, concerning the so‐called opacity of an euamel and suggestions are advanced as to how a “standard” for color comparisons can be made, especially for white enamels.
CONTROL OF DRAINING CONSISTENCIES OF ENAMELS BY ADDITION OF SODIUM SILICATE1
Authors: Bennett Dwight G.
Published: June 2006

Additions of small amounts of sodium silicate to certain types of enamel slips has a deflocculating effect and thus greatly improves their draining properties. One‐quarter of 1% of the weight of the frit was found most satisfactory. Additions up to 1/2% were, not deleterious.

The wet weight per unit area method for control of enamel consistency is not at all reliable. Dry weight per unit area is the only accurate method for controlling the consistency of wet‐coat enamels.
VISCOSITY OF GLASS BETWEEN THE STRAIN POINT AND MELTING TEMPERATURE1
Authors: Lillie Howard R.
Published: June 2006

An apparatus is described which employs the elongation of a glass fiber under load for the determination of annealing and strain points. The same apparatus is also used by varying the suspended load for the determination of the temperature‐viscosity curve between the annealing range and the softening point of the glass. A description is given of measurements made in this manner on a series of three simple soda‐lime‐silica glasses at theses low temperatures, as well as measurements made in a rotating cylinder viscomcter between the softening point and the melting temperature. Curves are shown for the viscosities of the three glasses in the two temperature ranges and a complete viscosity curve from 500 to 1400°C is given for one of them. It is found that the two methods yield results that fit a smooth curve between these limits of temperature.
THE INDEX OF REFRACTION OF SOME SODA‐LIME‐SILICA GLASSES AS A FUNCTION OF THE COMPOSITION1
Authors: Faick C. A. , Finn A. N.
Published: June 2006

Twenty‐one soda‐silica and twenty‐one soda‐lime‐silica glasses were made in platinum crucibles and the index of refraction and chemical compositioii of each glass were determined. From the data obtained equations were derived and a diagram was prepared showing the relations between index of refraction and composition of these glasses.

The diagram makes it possible to predict with considerable accuracy (1) the index of refraction of any glass in the range of compositions considered, from its composition. and (2) the cwpositions of the various glasses which have the same index of refraction.

Some evidence is presented indicating that index of refraction of the soda‐silica glasses may be a simple function of certain soda‐silica compounds which may be present in glass.
A SUGGESTED FACTORY PERFORMANCE INDEX1
Authors: McAfee W. Keith
Published: June 2006

The growing complexity of product and manufacturing methods makes a rapid measuring stick of performance more necessary. A Performance Index is suggested that weights the various factors according to their respective effect on manufacturing costs.
METAL MARKING OF WHITEWARE GLAZES AS INFLUENCED BY SULPHUR AND CARBON IN KILN ATMOSPHERES1
Authors: Geller R. F. , Creamer A. S.
Published: June 2006

A study was made to determine the causes which make glaze surfaces susceptible to marking by metallic objects. The effect of carbon monoxide and of varying concentrations of SO2 gas in the furnace atmosphere at 860°C, was investigated. It was found that (a) carbon monoxide does not produce surfaces which metal mark; (b) concentrations of from 0.1 to 1.2% Sop incrcase susceptibility to scratching with metals; (c) SO2 in concentrations of 3% and higher will destroy the gloss of glazes on typical hotel ware and earthenware; and (d) concentrations of SO2 of 3 to 12½% cause the glaze on one vitreous low‐fired type of ware to metal mark.
PROGRESS REPORT ON DETERMINATION OF CRYSTALLINE COMPOUNDS CAUSING OPACITY IN ENAMELS BY X‐RAY METHODS1
Authors: Andrews A. I. , Clark G. L. , Alexander H. W.
Published: June 2006

By use of the X‐ray, the identity of the crystalline compounds present in enamels as Tin oxide is present as SnO2, antimony compounds as Other antimony comopacifiers was determined. Sb2O5, fluorspar as CaF2, and cryolite contributes only NaF. pounds are not present and AIF2 was not found in any of the enamels studied.
AN EXPERIMENT IN EGYPTIAN BLUE GLAZE*
Authors: Binns Charles F. , Klem Myrtle , Mott Hazel
Published: June 2006

Soft pastes and glazes were developed using soluble fluxes and coloring material which produced results resembling the color and texture effects on Egyptian trinkets.
OCCURRENCE AND PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALLINE ALUMINA IN SILICATE MELTS*
Authors: Barlett Helen Blair
Published: June 2006

Crystalline habits of the4 alpha and beta forms of alumina are discussed. A new form designated as zeta‐alumina, which has been found only in melts containing Lic, is described. Its optical properties and X‐ray diffraction pattern are included.
THE USE OF TRIBARIUM GUMINATE IN STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS*
Authors: Carter W. K. , King R. M.
Published: June 2006

Tribarium aluminate was used in brick and sewer pipe, both on laboratory and plant scale tests. It was found to be efficient both as a scum preventive and as a producer of better density and color.
RELIABILITY OF CROSS‐BEND, IMPACT, AND REFLECTIVITY DATA OBTAINED FROM VARIOUS SIZES OF TEST PIECES*
Authors: McIntyre G. H. , Irwin J. T. , Ammon M. G.
Published: June 2006

Cross‐bend, impact, and reflectivity data are given on test pieces varying from 2 by 3 to 9 by 16 inches, using an application range of 30 to 100 grams per square foot (dry weight). The results indicate that the 4‐ by 12‐inch test piece, properly prepared, may be used for such determinations with a minimum error.
RESISTANCE TO SUDDEN TEMPERATURE CHANGE OF SOME BODIES OF THE SYSTEM TALC‐CLAY‐MULLITE*
Authors: King R. M. , Evans C. L.
Published: June 2006

Several bodies capable of being processed by the usual manufacturing methods, with varying talc, clay, and mullite content, were studied to determine their relative resistance to thermal shock. These bodies were fired at various temperatures and submitted to quenching and transverse strength tests.
THE RELEASE OF STRAIN IN GLASS*
Authors: Bailey James , Sharp Donald E.
Published: June 2006

Measurements of strain release1 showed that check results were obtained only when the previous history of the samples was the same. Moreover, it was found that the release of strain was more rapid at first than could be accounted for by the equation of Adams and Williamson.

This paper discusscs the effect of previous history on the measurements, describes an improved device for loading the specimens, and suggests a logarithmic equation which, in general, fits the observations better than that of Adams and Williamson. Tests of the equation are made both on data obtained from the modified apparatus described and on the data of Adams and Williamson. It is indicated that the Adams and Williamson equation gives too long an annealing time at higher temperatures and too short an annealing time at lower temperatures.

It appears that the rate of release of strain depends on some power of the strain which varies from unity at high temperatures where the glass is a viscous fluid to a higher power at low temperatures where the release of strain is elastico‐viscous in character. With a siugle specimen at any fixed temperature in the annealing range, however, it appears that the release of strain in various parts of the specimen takes place at a rate which is proportional to the strain, but that the rate undergoes continual change with time.
THE DETERMINATION BY X‐RAY METHODS OF CRYSTALLINE COMPOUNDS CAUSING OPACITY IN ENAMELS*
Authors: Andrews A. I. , Clark G. L. , Alexander H. W.
Published: June 2006

The crystatline compounds present in vitreous enamels were determined by X‐ray methods, particular reference being given to the opacifiers. It was shown that tin is present in enamels as crystalline tin oxide and antimony as the crystalline antimony pentoxide. Fluorspar added to the enamel contributes crystalline calcium fluoride. Cryolite and sodium silicofluoride contribute crystalline sodium fluoride. Other opacifiers and compounds such as zirconium oxide, zirconium silicate, calcium phosphate, arsenic oxide, and zinc sulfide added to enamels were studied. With the exception of the zirconium opacity the compounds causing opacity in enamels were identified alone and in the presence of other opacifiers.
PROGRESS REPORT ON THE STUDY OF GASES IN ENAMELING IRON*
Authors: Baker Ralph W. , Joublanc J. C.
Published: June 2006

Since all ferrous materials contain within their structure a varied assortment and quantity of gases, a discussion is presented of the effect of such factors as time, temperature, atmosphere, and deliberate methods used in the manufacture of enameling iron. A study of the important gaseous impurities in ferrous materials is given. Melting investigations were made to deterrninc at high temperatures the absorptive capacity of specially prepared irons for air, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide, and the influence of carbon, manganese, silicon, and aluminum on the absorptive and retentive capacities. Manganese in increasing amounts increased the absorption of all gases. A critical percentage content of 0.25% of manganese was found to exist, at which maximum absorption of nitrogen occurred; below and above this percentage content the absorption of nitrogen decreased.

Many grades of enameling iron were subjected to a similar investigation. Certain irregularities of various analyses of commercial irons were noted in that there were irregularities of absorption and retention of gases in a range of temperature which included the temperature at which porcelain enamels were fired. The enameling iron of low carbon and low manganese content, containing only the permissibly low phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, and alloying elements, should insure dependable performance during enameling operations.
OPTICAL SPECIFICATION OF VITREOUS ENAMELS *
Authors: Judd Deanb B. , Harrison W. N. , Sweo B. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

In 1931, Kubelka and Munk worked out the relationship between reflectance and thickness of material for thin, homogeneous layers illuminated diffusely. In the equation expressing this relationship, the hypothetical ideal material is defined by two constants, reflectivity and coefficient of scatter. In the present paper are presented data demonstrating how well the reflectance characteristics of vitreous enamels can be specified by these constants.
THE THEORY OF PHOTOELASTICITY *
Authors: Mueller Hans
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The photoelastic birefringence of solids is caused by the superposition of two effects. An elastic deformation changes the arrangement of the atoms. If the deformation is a simple strain, this effect produces negative birefringence which increases with increasing refractive index of the solid. The second effect is due to a deformation of the atoms. A strain creates optical anisotropy of the atoms and causes positive birefringence. In most glasses the second effect is predominant, but for glasses with a large index of refraction the first effect takes precedence.
THE FRACTIONATION OF A CLAY INTO CLOSELY MONODISPERSED SYSTEMS *
Authors: Norton F. H. , Speil S.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The advantages of studying a clay by dividing it into a series of nearly nionodispersed systems are brought out. A method for carrying this out is described, using a Florida kaolin as an example. The size distribution in each fraction is measured by settling methods, and good agreement is indicated between these sizes and the microscopically measured sizes.
GRAIN SIZE OF WHITEWARE CLAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE ANDREASEN PIPETTE *
Authors: Loomis George A.
Published: June 2006

abstract

The Andreasen pipette method of determining grain sizes by sedimentation is a refinement of the ordinary pipette method. The apparatus was selected for the determination of grain size in a general study of clay casting slips after consideration of other methods. It permits precise results but requires more time and precision than some other methods. Graphs are presented for comparison of typical American kaolins and ball clays and English china clays and ball clays.
CORRELATION OF ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING BRICK *
Authors: Johnson J. Stuart
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A relationship has been found to exist between the electrical and thermal conductivities of certain ceramic materials. This relation appears to be both a direct and an approximately linear function of the porosity of the material and, for the materials used, independent of chemical composition.

Current‐voltage relations bear out the generally accepted assumption that solid, non‐metallic dielectrics, such as ceramic materials, exhibit electrical conductivity by virtue of a movement of ions. Current‐time’relations indicate that the materials used in this study exhibited an appreciable polarization current, the magnitude and time of decay of which were closely associated with the porosity.

The latter, time of decay, is of particular interest. From these observations, it is evident that the effective direct‐current resistance of a ceramic insulator may not be its final steady‐state resistance but some much lower value.
THE LAW OF ANNEALING OF GLASS: QUANTITATIVE TREATMENT AND MOLECULAR INTERPRETATION *
Authors: Taylor Nelson W.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The reduction of strain birefringence with time in Pyrex‐brand chemical resistant glass has been shown to follow the equation.

The molecular nature of stress and strain has been examined, and it has been shown that the Maxwell law is followed when the strain‐bearing molecular species (principally the dissociated units) relax independently, without interaction; the Adams‐Williamson law is followed when these same species relax by virtue of interaction according to the well‐known law for a second order or bimolecular reaction, —dX/dt = k2X2. The temperature dependence of each of these two processes is discussed and an activation energy of 94,000 calories is calculated for the bimolecular interaction process. The theory as outlined appears to be a necessary and sufficient description of the annealing process in silicate glasses or similar materials.
THE MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE SIZES IN CLAYS *
Authors: Norton F. H. , Speil S.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A simple method is described for measuring the complete range of particle sizes in a clay, with equipment which can readily be used in the plant‐control laboratory. The usual Casagrande sedimentation method is extended to lower limits of size by swinging the suspension in a long arm centrifuge by which means particles can be measured as small as 0.05 micron. Distribution curves are shown for several types of clay and the precision of the results are discussed.
FRIT SOLUBILITY: II, CONTROLLED VARIABLES OF FRIT COMPOSITION AND THEIR RELATION TO ENAMEL CONSISTENCY *
Authors: McIntyre G. H. , Bevis R. E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The sodium carbonate and borax of a sheet‐steel ground‐coat composition were varied to give variable frit solubility. Definite relationships between enamel consistency and Na2O and B2O3 content of the mill liquor are shown. The ratio of soluble Na2O to B2O3 is of more importance than their total solubility.
LITHIUM MINERALS AND COMPOUNDS IN CERAMICS *
Authors: Betz George C.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A comparison of the chemical and physical properties of lithium and the more common alkali metals, sodium and potassium, is presented. The occurrence and chemical analyses of the commercial ores of lithium and the ceramic application of some of the lithium compounds are given.
LIFE HISTORY OF A GLAZE: II, MEASUREMENT OF STRESS IN A COOLING GLAZE
Authors: Blakely A. M.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A modification of the Steger method is described for measuring the stress in a glaze. The test specimen consists of a double‐pronged fork glazed on the outside so that the distance between the ends of the prongs gives a measure of the glaze stress. A method has been devised to calculate the actual stress in the glaze from the deflection of the prongs. Actual stress curves are given for several body combinations when the specimens are cooled, and the influence of aging and treatment in the autoclave is discussed.
REFRACTIVE INDICES OF SOME GLASSES IN THE TERNARY SYSTEM K2O 4SiO2‐Fe2O3‐SiO2*
Authors: Faust George T. , Peck Albert B.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

In the course of some phase‐rule investigations of the ternary system K2O‐4SiO2‐Fe2O3‐SiO2 by the “quenching method” of Shepherd, Rankin, and Wright, the refractive indices of 30 glasses were measured by the usual petrographic immersion method. The refractivities varied from 1.438 for a K2O‐7SiO2 glass to 1.621 for the most ferriferous glass which contained 32.3% Fe2O3. The maximum FeO content reached a value of 0.33 % in a glass originally containing 25 % Fe2O3. Along the sections K2O 4SiO2, K2O‐5SiO2, K2O‐6SiO2, and K2O‐7SiO2, the relation between the Fe2O3 content of the glasses and the refractive index is apparently linear. The isofracts, however, in the ternary system are curved lines.
THE RELATION OF DEFECTS IN ENAMEL COATINGS TO HYDROGEN IN STEEL*
Authors: Zapffe C. A. , Sims† C. E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The effects of hydrogen as functions of time, temperature, and impurities in steel are described and experimentally demonstrated. Experimental evidence is presented to show that the blistering and boiling action over carbide areas in steel are due principally to hydrogen that associates with the carbon. Steel enameling stock contains quantities of hydrogen which may effuse during firing to cause or aggravate such phenomena as “boiling,”“primary boiling,”“rebelling,”“blistering,” and “bubbling.” Low‐temperature effusion of hydrogen contributes to other defects, including “fishscaling,”“delayed fishscaling,” and possibly “pop‐offs,”“jumping,”“shiners,” and some cases of “chipping” and, perhaps, “bursting” of enamel on cooking utensils. These defects have seldom been identified with hydrogen evolution. An indirect effect of hydrogen on “copperheads” and “black specks” is also identified.

An exhaustive review of both English and German literature on enameling defects is included. Many observations recorded in the literature are shown to agree with the hydrogen theory.

Certain types of inclusions in steel are shown to react with occluded hydrogen to form compounds that will not dissociate appreciably at some enamel‐firing temperatures, and critical quantities of the hydrogen are therefore prevented from reaching the enamel coating during firing to cause blistering and related defects.
SHORT METHODS FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GLASS*
Authors: Webster P. A. , Lyle A. K.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Analytical methods have been developed which shorten the time required for the determination of many of the constituents found in glass. These short methods have been worked into a procedure for the routine chemical analysis of container and sheet glasses.

The determination of SiO2, BaO, SO3, R2O3, CaO, MgO, B2O3, Na2O, and K2O percentages on several samples can be made in a single day. Most of the experimental work has been done on Bureau of Standards glass No. 128, but results from several other glasses are included. Particular care has been taken to discover interfering substances and to eliminate errors from this source. The accuracy is comparable with that obtained from the use of umpire methods.
DECALCOMANIA: PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT *
Authors: Watts Arthur S
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The greatest fault of overglaze decalcomania is the lack of resistance to solution and abrasion, which is due chiefly to the fluxes used for adherence to the glazed surfaces and for the development of brilliancy. With our increasing knowledge of silicate eutectics, these properties may be greatly improved. Various color fluxes are tested and several experimental fluxes with improved chemical resistance are reported. The possibilities of overglaze colors and decalcomania that mature at 1500° and 1750 °F. are also discussed, and some data are furnished.
EFFECT OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON ACCELERATED CHEMICAL DURABILITY TESTS MADE ON COMMERCIAL GLASS BOTTLES, II*
Authors: Bacon Frank R. , Burch O. G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The effects of storage of solutions in glass bottles at room temperature are compared with the results of various accelerated tests with corresponding solutions in the first paper of this series. The acid tests at room temperature are in good agreement with those at higher temperatures.

Relative resistances of glass bottles as shown by accelerated tests with water roughly parallel relative resistances appearing in room‐temperature storage of unbuffered, neutral materials only if the various amounts of extraction are approximately the same at both temperatures.

The tendency of bottles to produce flakes or insoluble matter in alkaline solutions bears no direct relation to the amount of soluble matter extracted by such solutions.
MELTING RATE OF SODA‐LIME‐SILICA GLASSES AS INFLUENCED BY COMPOSITION AND THE EFFECT OF MINOR CONSTITUENTS*
Authors: Pons J. C.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Using the disappearance of batch as a criterion of melting, a comparison of the rate of melting of twenty‐six soda‐lime‐silica glass compositions has been made. With the composition, Na10 14%, CaO 12%. and SiOt (+R20.) 74%, as abase glass, theeffect of substituting small amounts of B.O., BaO, SOI, etc., on the rate of melting was studied. Theraw materials used were soda ash, calcite limestone. silica sand, dehydrated borax, barytes, salt cake, Chilean saltpeter, ammonium sulfate, fluorspar, and common salt.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MASSIVE TOPAZ*
Authors: Stuckey J. L. , Amero J. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Tests on the deposit of massive topaz in Chesterfield County, South Carolina, show that the mineral has a P.C.E. of 40 and a low permanent expansion. Most of the fluorine and water are driven off between 850° and 900 ° C. The fluorine, however, carries off with it some of the iron and considerable silica. The physical properties of a fire‐clay refractory in which different amounts of topaz are used to replace flint fire clay have also been investigated.
X‐RAY STUDY OF POTASH‐SILICA GLASS*
Authors: Biscoe J. , Druesne M. A. A. , Warren B. E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

X‐ray diffraction studies have been made of two samples of potash‐silica glass whose composition is 20.9% and 29.1% of K2O by weight. A Fourier analysis of the intensity curves indicates a structure similar to that found in soda‐silica glass. Each silicon is tetrahedrally bonded to 4 oxygen ions, with each oxygen bonded either to 1 or 2 silicons. The K+ potassium ions are situated in holes in the silicon‐oxygen network with an average of about 10 oxygen neighbors.
ELASTIC AND VISCOUS PROPERTIES OF SEVERAL POTASH‐SILICA GLASSES IN THE ANNEALING RANGE OF TEMPERATURE*
Authors: Taylor Nelson W. , Doran Robert F.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Quantitative data are presented, and conclusions are drawn regarding the molecular nature of elastic and viscous processes in certain silicate glasses.
EFFECT OF COMPOSITION AND THERMAL HISTORY ON DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS OF SODA‐BOROSILICATE GLASSES*
Authors: Humphrys J. M. , Morgan W. R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The dielectric constants, densities, and refractive indices of two series of soda‐boro‐silicate glasses were measured at 25° C. on some quenched specimens and on other specimens that were stabilized at different temperatures. The compositions of the two series were Na2O‐4.69 SiO2‐B2O, (0 to 45%) and Na2O B2O3‐SiO2 (30 to 100%), respectively. The structure of the glasses was found to depend on the ratio of oxygen atoms to the sum of the boron and silicon atoms and also on the concentration of the sodium ions. If the ratio of O to B + Si is greater than 2.0 or if the ratio of oxygen to sodium ions is less than 6.0, some of the oxygens are bonded only to one boron or to one silicon atom. The presence of “single‐bonded” oxygen atoms in the glass structure leads to a lower density and a higher dielectric constant and refractive index. The dielectric constant decreases and the density increases continuously as the temperature of heat treatment is lowered. The effect of heat treatment is greater for the glasses which contain the larger number of “single‐bonded” oxygen atoms and the higher concentration of sodium ions.
FURTHER STUDIES OF GLASS FRACTURE WITH HIGH‐SPEED PHOTOGRAPHY*
Authors: Edgerton H. E. , Barstow F. E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Photoelastic photographs, with exposures of approximately one‐millionth of a second, were taken of transient stresses in glass before, during, and after fracture. The longitudinal and transverse waves in glass have been photographed and their velocities measured (18,000 and 11,000 ft. per sec, respectively). It was also found that under special conditions cracks may travel slower than .5000 ft. per sec, the value previously given as the crack propagation velocity.
PRACTICAL THICKNESS OF PARTIAL COATINGS OF ACID‐RESISTANT ENAMEL*
Authors: Spencer‐Strong George H.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The effect of the firing cycle, fluidity of enamel glasses, water content of enamel slips, method of application, fineness of grind, and opacifiers on the actual thickness of partial acid‐resistant enamel coatings, measured by the Shartsis and Harrison method, is discussed. The results of this study appear to explain the failure of highly acid‐resistant enamels to produce satisfactory acid resistance in some enameling plants.
X‐RAY STUDY OF SODA‐LIME‐SILICA GLASS*
Authors: Biscoe J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

X‐ray diffraction patterns of three compositions of soda‐lime‐silica glass were made, and radial distribution curves for the three glasses were obtained from Fourier analyses of the patterns. The results indicate that the silicon atoms are tetrahedrally bonded to 4 oxygens. Each oxygen is bonded to either 1 or 2 silicons. If each sodium is assumed to be surrounded by 6 oxygens, each calcium must be surrounded by about 7 oxygens. The structure is similar to that of soda‐silica glass except that some of the sodiums are replaced by calciums. A qualitative correlation of the structure with density and coefficient of expansion is made.
PARTICLE‐SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF GLAZES*
Authors: Koenig J. H. , Henderson F. C.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The particle‐size distributions of experimental and commercial stains and glazes and glaze materials were determined by using the Andreasen pipette method. The variation in particle size of two porcelain glazes, raw and fritted, was correlated with the glaze working properties and certain physical properties of the glaze film, such as fluidity, microtexture, scratch‐hardness, and glaze stress. The relation of grinding efficiency to length of milling time and different ball size was studied for these two glazes and also for a stain, and the color imparted by the stain at different grain sizes was noted.
CHARACTERISTIC INTERFERENCE PATTERNS OF PLATE AND WINDOW GLASS*
Authors: Adams F. W. , French P. W.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

An optical setup for photographing the interference patterns of a piece of flat glass is described, and photographs of characteristic patterns for several samples of plate and window glass are reproduced. Such photographs identify an unknown piece of glass as plate glass or window glass and also reveal information as to its flatness and optical polish.
EFFECT OF IRON OXIDE ON MELTING OF GLASS*
Authors: Shute R. L. , Badger A. E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The addition of small amounts of iron oxide (0.1 to 0.2%) to soda‐lime‐silica glass batches exerts a profound influence in increasing the output of glassmelting tanks as well as in favoring the production of higher quality glass. The color produced by this addition, moreover, is not objectionable for many uses of the ware.

The accelerated melting rate probably is the result of a chemical effect of iron oxide in the batch and a physical property possessed by such glass to absorb radiation from the flames more efficiently. Attempts to measure these effects were made by rioting the melting rate of glasses which contain varying additions of iron oxide and by determining the temperature gradient that exists in glass when it is melted in a miniature tank. The presence of iron oxide aids melting and fining in crucible melts at 1200°C., but no effect was observed at higher temperatures. The measurement of temperature gradients in a pot holding 45 lb. of glass and heated by flames passing over the glass surface showed that the temperature gradient increases with iron oxide content.
ELECTRIC FURNACE BOROALUMINATE*
Authors: Baumann H. N. , Moore C. H.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Boroaluminate has been produced as a crystalline material by electric furnace fusion. The crystal form is orthorhombic; Ng= 1.625, Nm= 1.603, and Np= 1.589; composition, 2B2O3·9Al2O3; unit cell, a= 15.0 a.u., b= 7.5 a.u., and c = 5.67 a. u. Other crystallographic and X‐ray data are given in detail. It appears to melt incongruently, and it is analogous in several ways to mullite.

The physical properties of fusion‐cast refractory boroaluminate compositions are enumerated.
X‐RAY DIFFRACTION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM BORATE GLASSES*
Authors: GREEN ROBERT L.
Published: June 2006

Data are presented from X‐ray studies and from measurements of the physical properties of potassium borate glasses in the composition range from 0 to 40% by weight of KzO. Calculations based on the X‐ray diffraction patterns show a change from three‐ to fourfold coordination with an increase to 22% in K2O content. The potassium ions form single‐bonded oxygens and thus produce a weakening of the structures with a K2O content greater than 22%. With 20 to 25% of K2O, the coefficient of thermal expansion is a minimum, which shows that the majority of the boron atoms are in four‐fold coordination. The curves of the composition versus the trans formation point, softening point, density, refractive index, and viscosity for 200° to 400°C. also show a change of slope in the composition range of 20 to 30% of K2O.

The random structure picture as well as the tendency of boron atoms to assume tetrahedral coordination in alkaline borate glasses serve to explain satisfactorily the X‐ray diffraction curves and the otherwise anomalous physical behavior of the potassium borate glasses.
NEPHELINE SYENITE IN HOTEL CHINAWARE BODIES*
Authors: KOENIG C. J.
Published: June 2006

A series of hotel chinaware bodies, based on a commercial body composition, was prepared. The greater fluxing activity of nepheline syenite compared to potash feldspar was compensated for (1) by lowering the firing temperature, (2) by reducing the amount of the principal flux, and (3) by reducing or eliminating the auxiliary flux.
GLASSFORMING NATURE OF OXIDES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TANTALA, TITANIA, AND BERYLLIA*
Authors: Sun Kuan‐Han , Silverman Alexander
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The ρ value of an oxide, which is defined as the ratio of the cation radius to the oxygen radius, has been considered as one of the criteria for determining whether an oxide is a network former, that is, a glassformer or an intermediate. Most of all the known network formers have ρ values smaller than 0.414, which is the limit for a tetrahedral structure.

The experimental facts as to whether Ta2O6 alone forms a glass are in controversy. A study of its ρ value reveals that Tanoe is probably not a glassformer. The same is true for Cb2O5. The ρ value of TiO2 also indicates that it is not a glassformer. The small ρ value of BeO leads to the belief that BeO is an intermediate oxide in glass. Further evidence, based on the physical and chemical properties of beryllia‐containing glasses, has been established to show the validity of the viewpoint.

It has been pointed out that all of the elements whose oxides are glassformers or intermediates may be grouped together in the periodic table. It has also been noted that, of all the possible oxide glassformers, the most important are SiO2, B2O5, P4O4, and GeO2.
SURFACE TENSION OF GLASS AND ITS EFFECT ON CORDS*
Authors: Silverman W. B.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The results of experiments with synthetic cords indicate that surface tension is the most important factor in the disappearance of cords. The viscosity relations of the glasses do not correlate with the tendency to form inhomogeneities. Fibers of higher surface tension than the base glass with which it is fused form cords, and those of lower surface tension do not. Compositions that are high in RO or A1208 tend to form inhomogeneities in glasses which have a lower content of these two constituents.
GLASS‐BATCH MIXING *
Authors: Brownell Wayne E. , Scholes S. K.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Laboratory methods of mixing, sampling, and analyzing batches are discussed. The idea of segregation of particles by continued mixing is shown to be fallacious. The use of powdered materials to improve the rate and thoroughness of mixing is recommended.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF FIRING STEATITE CERAMICS*
Authors: Stone R. L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The composition of normal as well as low‐loss steatite bodies is shown on the MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2 phase diagram. Clay‐talc bodies containing 10% or less of clay have the longest firing range. Bodies near the forsterite corner of the clinoenstatite‐forsterite‐cordierite triangle have a firing range of about 100 °C. but they are too refractory. Auxiliary fluxes, such as CaO and BaO, shorten the firing range appreciably. The alkalis lengthen it but are electrically detrimental. The RO2 elements, such as SiO2 and ZrO2, when added in appreciable quantities, give good firing range but an excessive increase in the refractoriness of the body.
MECHANICS OF ENAMEL ADHERENCE: XV, INFLUENCE OF COBALT AND NICKEL OXIDES ON METAL PRECIPITATION AT GROUND COAT‐IRON INTERFACE*
Authors: King R. M.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The method previously described for determining metal precipitation during groundcoat firing on sheet iron has been refined and used in a quantitative study of the comparative influence of cobalt and nickel oxides on this precipitation. The effect of these oxides has been studied separately and in mixtures, and it has been found that nickel oxide has the more pronounced action. This action is evident even when the ratio of cobalt oxide to nickel oxide is 3 to 1.
PLANT INVESTIGATION OF VARIABLES AFFECTING COLOR OF SILICA BRICK
Authors: McDowell J. Spotts
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The data in this report were obtained during the years of 1923, 1924, and 1925. Among the topics studied were the effects of color in silica brick resulting from the lime, iron oxide, and alumina content of the brick and from varying drying and firing conditions. The effect on color of sulfur gases from coal and the time‐temperature relations are also discussed. The lime‐alumina ratio, the, iron oxide content of the brick, and setting and firing conditions are concluded to be the most significant factors related to the color of the product.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE STAINING OF SILICA BRICK*
Authors: Trostel L. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The staining of silica brick was found to occur in a critical temperature range of 900°‘ to 1000°C. Concurrently the brick had to be “soaked“ in this temperature range and exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere. Stained brick could be “cleaned up” or staining prevented by manipulation of the foregoing set of conditions as well as by additions of 4.5% or more of lime. The experimental data examined in the light of the system CaO‐Fe2O3‐SiO2 suggest that the colorant is the mineral dicalcium ferrite.
ELECTRICALLY FUSED FORSTERITE‐OLIVINE, I‐II*
Authors:   THE Electrothermal Section OF THE Electrotechnical Laboratory
Published: June 2006

Abstract

North Carolina olivine was melted in the electric arc‐resistance furnace, with simultaneous reduction of the iron (fayalite) components, to form a product consisting essentially of crystalline forsterite. The forsterite obtained from olivine by reduction was contaminated by clinoenstatite or a siliceous glass unless MgO or CaO was added to the charge. Silica, present in excess of orthosilicate proportions, was not eliminated by carbon reduction. Simultaneous reduction or vaporization of MgO prevented increase in the MgO to SiO2 ratio by carbon reaction. Addition of theoretical amounts of MgO to the melt to produce forsterite completely eliminated the clinoenstatite and siliceous glass and resulted in an abrupt increase in high‐temperature load‐bearing strength. The presence of lime was detrimental to high‐temperature load‐bearing strength.
DUPLICATION OF CHROME‐BROWN ELECTRICAL PORCELAIN GLAZES WITH NONESSENTIAL MATERIALS*
Authors: Fuller RichardB. , Watts ArthurS.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

This condensed report covers the development of a commercial glaze using cheap, nonessential materials in maximum amount. The results meet fully the more expensive glaze which is no longer available.
MECHANICS OF ENAMEL ADHERENCE: XIV, (1) ROLE OF COBALT OXIDE IN METAL AND OXIDE PRECIPITATION DURING GROUND‐COAT FIRING CYCLE AND (2) DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE AND TIME INTERVALS OF PRECIPITATION*
Authors: King R. M.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The role of cobalt oxide in metal precipitation is explained on the basis of the influence of cobalt oxide on the reaction 4FeO ↔ Fe + Fe3O4. The temperature intervals during the firing cycle at which precipitation takes place and the relative rates of precipitation in ground coats of varying composition have been determined by a method of electrical conductivity at high temperatures.
EFFECT OF CHEMICALLY FORMED SURFACE FILMS ON GLASS SOLUBILITY*
Authors: Jones Frank L. , Hafner Harold C.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The leaching of acid‐soluble oxides from a silicate glass forms a silica‐rich surface film that is permeable to further acid attack. A quantitative study has been made of the effect of baking these surface films at various temperatures. The baking decreases the permeability of the films and thus makes the glass more resistant to attack by acid solutions.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF FACTORS INFLUENCING COLOR OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS*
Authors: Cook Ralph L. , Andrews Andrew I.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The fundamental basis of color specification, namely, brilliance, purity, and dominant wave length, has been determined from spectrophotometric curves by means of an integrating calculator. The effect of variations in the particle size of the frit and the coloring agents on the purity, brilliance, and dominant wave length has also been studied.
FITTING GLAZES TO CERAMIC BODIES*
Authors: Schurecht H. G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

In fitting glazes to bodies, conditions of manufacture and service must be considered. Crazing tests for glazed ware to be used under different types of service are described, and new data are given pertaining to fitting glazes to ceramic bodies.
VITRIFIED CORDIERITE BODIES
Authors: Thiess L. E.
Published: June 2006

Twenty‐eight ceramic bodies of the three‐component system, MgO‐Al2O3.SiO2, with additions of various fluxes, such as feldspar, beryl, spodumene, nepheline syenite, and other glassforming compositions and their vitrification range between cone 13 and cone 15 have been investigated. The electrical and mechanical properties, thermal expansion, and resistance against electrical power arcs are given.
AN IMPROVED VOLUMENOMETER*
Authors: Richmond Joseph c. , Peterson John B. , Herschel Winslow H.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A volumcnometer of improved design has been developed for measuring the solid volumes of specimens varying in size up to that of standard refractory bricks. The chief feature of the new design is the use of a closed‐cistern, altitude‐type mercurial barometer to replace the simple manometer previously used. The barometer is de signed for use in a constant temperature room (21.1°C.) where the acceleration of gravity is 980.1 cm. per sec.2. Under these conditions, pressure readings are auto matically corrected to standard conditions. A vernier permits rapid readings to 0.1 mm. of mercury.
RELATION OF HYDROGEN TO ADHERENCE OF SHEET‐STEEL ENAMELS*
Authors: Deringer W. A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The principal theories of adherence are reviewed, and a new theory involving hydrogen gas is discussed. A review of the literature and experimental data show that hydrogen is a factor in the adherence of sheet‐steel enamels and that adherence, reboiling, and fish scaling are closely related.
RELATION OF THICKNESS TO IMPACT RESISTANCE OF PORCELAIN ENAMEL*
Authors: Fellows Roger L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Chipping of porcelain enamel on the flanges of table tops as a result of impact was studied and compared with the results obtained from the Porcelain Enamel Institute tentative standard impact test. A correlation was found to exist between the results using the P.E.I, test on standard 1‐in. tubes and those obtained on the corner of a table‐top flange. The impact resistance of enamels applied over a radius also increased as the thickness of the enamel was increased.
POSSIBLE USE OF SUSPENDED ROOFS AND WALLS IN GLASS FURNACES*
Authors: Longenecker L. S.
Published: June 2006

Construction advantages and limitations of the sprung‐type tank crown are discussed, and some modern heating chamber applications are shown in which the roof or crown has been changed in contour to secure better and more efficient heating. Developments have been made which indicate that a roof or crown may be used for more than just a top inclosure over a heating chamber. An explanation is given of how the present roof construction has been changed to secure these improved contour lines across and lengthwise of the heating chamber. Any of these features may be more generally applied to improved glass tank construction.
SPECTROCHEMICAL PROCEDURE IN CLAY ANALYSIS*
Authors: Austin A. E. , Bassett L. B.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Five types of electrodes and arcing techniques were compared. Complete qualitative analyses of four clays were run, and a quantitative method has been set up for trace elements, giving a short method for sample preparation. Two elements were determined quantitatively to show the described procedure.
TRANSFORMATION REGION OF GLASS*
Authors: Winter Aniuta
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Evidence for the existence of a “transformation region” rather than a “transformation point” in the 1014 poise range of glasses has been produced by a variety of experiments, both static and dynamic. Refractive index was measured (1) on small specimens quenched in air and (2) directly in the furnace by the single‐prism and three‐prism methods. Quantitative agreement was obtained, and the method of quenched samples is recommended as the simplest of those tested. Thermal expansion coefficients were also determined on the quenched samples.

Disannealing lowered the refractive index of glasses; for a borosilicate crown, by an order of 0.006. The change resulting from strains was comparatively small and in the opposite direction so that birefringence was found to be an untrustworthy indicator of the state of a glass. For a series of optical glasses, the difference between the refractive‐index extremes is a function of the lowest temperature at which the minimum index can be realized. Thermal expansion coefficients may also vary with heat‐treatment. Two limiting states of glass are postulated to explain the observations. In between these states lies the region of transformation, including an intermediate state for each temperature between the two limiting temperatures. For all of the glasses e‐xamined, the extent of the transformation region was about 100°C. The rate of transformation into the low‐temperature state may be studied from “equilibrium curves” by plotting stable refractive index as a function ‐of temperature. Whereas the conversion to the high‐temperature state is instantaneous at the upper temperature of the transformation region, the conversion to the low‐temperature condition demands a minimum time at each temperature, which explains why annealing is such a time‐consuming process. The annealing time, however, may be drastically reduced by following the equilibrium curves in a stepwise fashion. With insufficient annealing, higher temperature states are frozen in and transformation continues even at room temperature as proved by measurements extending over sixteen months of study.
EFFECT OF OPACIFIERS ON FUSED VISCOSITY OF FELDSPATHIC GLAZES*
Authors: Beam James K.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A study has been made of the fusion characteristics of feldspar, flint, kaolin, and whiting used in glaze compositions with zine oxide and various opacifiers. The fusion characteristics of tin oxide, Opax, Zircopax, and various combinations of opacifiers are given. All heat‐treatments mentioned are at cone 12. Isoviscosity triaxial diagrams show the fields of good glazes in each series, and the rclative effects of composition changes on the physical properties are outlined.
CRYSTALLINE AND GLASSY PHASES OF STEATITE DIELECTRICS*
Authors: Ueltz Herbert F. G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A review of the literature is cited. Dielectric and physical properties are listed for fifteen oxides which are included in the glass phase of a steatite body. Data from electrical measurements made at 500, 600, 1000, and 1100‐kc. frequencies and at 25°, 85°. 120°, and 150°C. are included. The results of petrographic examination are noted for each body. A systematic classification in terms of the periodic table indicates correlative characteristics with respect to valency and atomic weight.