bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Downstream’ effects on the predicate in Functional Grammar clause derivations
Authors: CORNISH FRANCIS
Published: October 2002

The article deals with the dynamic, retroactive effects within a clause derivation of
various ‘downstream’ specifications (that is, at subsequent levels in the derivation)
on the semantic structure and aspectual character of the predicator at the ‘nuclear’,
‘core’ and ‘extended’ predication layers within standard Functional Grammar
(Dik 1997a) – specifically, the insertion of given types of argument expressions within the predicate frame and the adjunction of certain semantically marked types of level 1 and level 2 satellites. A third type of retroactive effect is produced via the assignment or otherwise of the pragmatic function ‘Focus’ to the syntactic exponent of a predicate, which results in the singling out of a given part of the latter's semantic structure to act as a predicator.

All these dynamic, retroactive effects on a predicator and the structures it projects assume
a semantically transparent underlying predicate structure on which to operate; yet in the
standard FG model, no such structure is available via the predicate frame, which forms the initial
structure for the derivation of a clause. The article demonstrates the drawbacks of the strict
separation of meaning definitions (lexical semantics) and predicate frames (semantically-based
syntax) within FG in terms, precisely, of the perspicuous mapping between syntax and semantics.
It proposes a semantically transparent alternative to the standard predicate frame, based on
Pustejovsky's (1995) ‘Generative Lexicon’ approach to lexico-semantic structure.
Relevant role of the labrum associated with the mandibles in the Lophogaster typicus digestive function
Authors: De Jong L. , Moreau X. , Barthélémy R.-M. , Casanova J.-P.
Published: October 2002

This study was aimed at understanding the diet and the digestive function of the deep-living Lophogastrida species Lophogaster typicus (Mysidacea: Lophogastrida). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations have revealed that the mandibles exhibit typical features of a carnivorous diet, i.e. large and sharp incisor process and small molar one with only few scales. The analysis of gut contents confirms morphological data as crustacean remains have been recognized. However, the presence of a large quantity of unidentifiable soft particulate matter also indicates a saprophagous tendency. The external asymmetrical edge of the labrum consists of a small grinding area. The entire external face of the labrum exhibits numerous pores, which are related with glandular units. These units are organized into acini of two to four large cells. Two types of acini have been observed, i.e. with dark or clear cells. According to ultrastructural and cytochemical data, labral secretions are believed to be mucopolysaccharidic (for clear acini) and enzymatic components (for dark acini), and are therefore involved both in coating and in digesting the food. Moreover, presence of neuronal endings and endocrine cells, both associated with glandular units, and comparison between glandular units in starved and fed animals suggest a controlled release of the secretions. Therefore, the labrum plays a crucial role in the digestive function of the lophogastrid crustacean L. typicus, as it involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of the food.
Branching dynamics of two species of arborescent demosponge: the effect of flow regime and bathymetry
Authors: Bell James J. , Barnes D.K.A. , Shaw C.
Published: October 2002

A series of measurements were taken from 50 random examples of the arborescent sponges Raspailia ramosa and Stelligera stuposa at a number of sites and depths at Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland. Sites ranged from fast flowing habitats, experiencing little sediment settlement, to the converse where current flow was extremely slight and sediment settlement rates high. Depth intervals at which sponges were measured ranged from 6 to 24 m. Sponges of both species varied with respect to measurements taken and the growth proportions (ratios of measurements taken). The greatest morphological differences occurred between depth and current extremes. However, at the most sedimented site (24 m) branching complexity of both species actually decreased in opposition to the proposed current models. It is discussed that simple morphologies (such as singly dichotomized sponges) may be better suited to extremely sedimented regimes being more erect than larger, more complex specimens. Other biological factors that may limit branching complexity are considered and emphasis is placed upon the possible inadequacies of community or group level models of morphological adaptation.
Spongivory by Eucidaris tribuloides from Salvador, Bahia (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)
Authors: Santos C.P. , Coutinho A.B. , Hajdu E.
Published: October 2002

Sea urchins were collected in August 1999, at Salvador (Todos os Santos Bay, State of Bahia, Brazil). Twenty out of 20 Eucidaris tribuloides sea urchins studied had sponge remains in their guts, 12 of which, in large enough quantities to discard the hypothesis of sponge contamination on other food items. No other macroscopic evidence of alternative food sources has been encountered. Sponges found in large enough quantities were classified in seven genera, spread over seven families and five orders of the Demospongiae. Among the commonest sponges were Haliclona spp. and Iotrochota birotulata. The results show clearly the spongivorous habit of E. tribuloides at the studied site.
Sur la loi de répartition du k-ième facteur premier d'un entier
Authors: DE KONINCK J.-M. , TENENBAUM G.
Published: October 2002

Soit {pk(n)}w(n)k=1
la suite croissante des facteurs premiers distincts d'un entier n.
Nous donnons, lorsque k → ∞, une approximation uniforme de la loi de répartition
limite de la fonction arithmétique n [map ] pk(n), précisant ainsi un résultat classique
d'Erdős. Deux applications en sont déduites, relatives à la médiane de cette loi et à
celle de la fonction “ nombre de facteurs premiers ”.
Coeliac disease in the older patient
Authors: McNamee S , McLoughlin R , Stevens FM , Mulkerrin EC , O’Keeffe ST
Published: October 2002

Coeliac disease (CD) is a syndrome caused by damage to the small intestinal mucosa caused by ingestion of gluten in wheat and other cereals in genetically susceptible people. In recent years, there is increasing recognition of the broad spectrum of clinical and histological features associated with gluten sensitivity. CD can present at any age.
Ultrabroadband collection and illumination optics for Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy in the 200–700 nm wave band
Authors: Appel Roland K. , Dyer Chris D. , Lockwood John N. , Bell Andy J.
Published: October 2002

The design and construction of an optical instrument is described to enable accurate and reliable resonance Raman scattering and photoluminescence measurements to be acquired in the 200–700 nm (1.77–6.2 eV) wave band, with minimum user intervention between changes of the excitation wavelength. An f/6 line or point focus is formed at the sample. f/2 achromatic catadioptric optics image the scattered light to the entrance slit of an f/7.5 spectrometer. An ultraviolet sensitive charge coupled device camera enables imaging and alignment of samples within the excitation laser region, providing an imaging resolution of better than 13 μm (results presented elsewhere suggest a resolution limit of 7 μm). The use of an aperture plate allows pseudo-confocal operation, leading to considerable improvement in depth discrimination when interrogating extended volume scatterers. This mode of operation furthermore eliminates stray light derived from the Rayleigh line, thereby enabling line focus spectra to be obtained to very low wave numbers. The optics present a unique method of interrogating a sample with an extended lateral and well-defined axial interaction region with a high collection efficiency (optical throughput of >41%), simultaneously offering broadband achromatic spectral response in collection from 200 to 700 nm.
Nanoscopic interchain aggregate domain formation in conjugated polymer films studied by third harmonic generation near-field scanning optical microscopy
Authors: Schaller Richard D. , Snee Preston T. , Johnson Justin C. , Lee Lynn F. , Wilson Kevin R. , Haber Louis H. , Saykally Richard J. , Nguyen Thuc-Quyen , Schwartz Benjamin J.
Published: October 2002

The electronic structure of conjugated polymer films is of current interest due to the wide range of potential applications for such materials in optoelectronic devices. A central outstanding issue is the significance of interchain electronic species in films of these materials. In this paper, we investigate the nature of interchain species in films of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) both before and after thermal annealing. Our investigation employs a combination of third harmonic generation (THG) and near-field scanning optical microscopy to measure the wavelength and spatial dependence of the THG efficiency. These chemically selective imaging measurements reveal new, low-energy absorption features in nanometer-scale spatially distinct regions of annealed films that are only infrequently observed prior to annealing. This suggests that the polymer strands in annealed MEH-PPV films pack together closely enough that significant ground-state wave function overlap can occur: thermal annealing creates nanoscopic aggregation domains. THG polarization studies indicate that polymer chain segments in these domains have a preferred orientational alignment. The spatial correlation of these aligned nanoscopic regions within the annealed films suggests that they form via a nucleation and growth type mechanism. In combination with previous work, these data support the idea that the nature and spatial distribution of interchain interactions in conjugated polymer films are complex; conjugated polymer films likely contain an inhomogeneous spatial distribution of both ground- and excited-state interchain species.
Compact focusing von Hamos spectrometer for quantitative x-ray spectroscopy
Authors: Shevelko A. P. , Kasyanov Yu. S. , Yakushev O. F. , Knight L. V.
Published: October 2002

A compact focusing crystal spectrometer based on the von Hamos scheme is described. Cylindrically curved mica and graphite crystals with a radius of curvature of R=20 mm are used in the spectrometer. A front illuminated charge-coupled device (CCD) linear array detector makes this spectrometer useful for real-time spectroscopy of laser-produced plasma x-ray sources within the wavelength range of λ=1.8–10 Å. Calibration of crystals and the CCD linear array makes it possible to measure absolute photon fluxes. X-ray spectra in an absolute intensity scale were obtained from Mg, Ti, and Fe laser-produced plasmas, with a spectral resolution λ/δλ=800–2000 for the mica and λ/δλ=200–300 for graphite crystal spectrometers. The spectrometer has high efficiency in a wide spectral range, it is compact (40 mm diam, 150 mm length), easy to align, and flexible. The spectrometer is promising for absolute spectral measurements of x-ray radiation of low-intensity sources (femtosecond laser-produced plasmas, micropinches, electron-beam–ion-trap sources, etc.).
Gas dynamic calibration of a nano-Newton thrust stand
Authors: Jamison Andrew J. , Ketsdever Andrew D. , Muntz E. P.
Published: October 2002

The ability to measure extremely low thrust levels with unusual precision is becoming more critical as attempts are made to characterize the performance of emerging micropropulsion systems. Many new attitude control concepts for nanospacecraft involve the production of thrust below 1 μN. A simple, but uniquely successful thrust stand has been developed and used to measure thrust levels as low as 86.2 nano-Newtons (nN) with an estimated accuracy of ±11%. Thrust levels in the range of 712 (nN) to 1 μN have been measured with an estimated accuracy of ±2%. Thrust is measured from an underexpanded orifice operating in the free molecule flow regime with helium, argon, and nitrogen propellants. The thrust stand is calibrated using results from direct simulation Monte Carlo numerical models and analytical solutions for free molecule orifice flow. The accuracy of the gas dynamic calibration technique, using free molecule orifice flow, has also been investigated. It is shown that thrust stand calibration using high Knudsen number helium flow can be accurate to within a few percent in the 80 to 1 μN thrust range for thin walled orifices when the stagnation pressure is accurately measured. The thrust stand and calibration technique exhibit significant improvement for accurate, low thrust measurements compared to currently published results.
High temperature fiber optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy sensor for analysis of molten alloy constituents
Authors: Rai Awadhesh K. , Yueh Fang Y. , Singh Jagdish P. , Zhang Hansheng
Published: October 2002

A fiber optic (FO) laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) sensor that measures the on-line, in situ elemental composition of a molten alloy inside the melt in a furnace is described. This sensor has applications as a process monitor and control tool for glass, aluminum, and steel melters. The sensor is based on the transmission of laser energy through a multimode optical fiber. The laser radiation from the fiber is collimated and finally focused inside the aluminum melt in the furnace by a specially designed stainless steel holder that holds the collimating and focusing lens. Atomic emission from sparks from the laser plasma is collected by the same stainless steel lens holder and transmitted back through the optical fiber and finally fed into the entrance slit of the spectrograph. The present design of the stainless steel holder is useful for obtaining a collimated LIBS signal over a long distance (the distance between the focusing and collimated lenses is more than 200 cm). Parametric studies such as sample-to-lens distance and the effect of the angle of incidence of the laser beam on the sample surface were performed. Calibration curves for minor elements were obtained for solid Al alloys as well as for a molten Al alloy in the laboratory furnace by inserting the FO LIBS probe inside the molten material. The performance of the probe was also tested by inserting the stainless steel holder into the melt at a 45° angle, which is necessary for collecting LIBS data in an industrial furnace. LIBS spectra in different spectral regions were recorded in the pilot furnace during different tests where known amounts of minor elements were added to the melt. The results obtained from this sensor for different Al alloys demonstrate the usefulness of this sensor to monitor the concentration of different constituents of the molten Al alloy in an industrial furnace.
Surface roughening of tensilely strained Si1−x−yGexCy films grown by ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Calmes Cyril , Bouchier D. , Débarre D. , Clerc C.
Published: October 2002

Using in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction, we have studied the surface roughening of SiGeC that occurs in ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition under certain growth conditions. For a given SiH3CH3 fraction in the gas phase, high growth rates and low temperatures are found to be favorable to obtain smooth surfaces. Roughening is accompanied by a dramatic decrease of the substitutional C content. According to these observations, we propose a model of surface roughening based on the formation of carboneous complexes on the film surface, limited by the growth rate and the diffusion length of C adatoms. From that, a critical ratio between the growth rate and the C diffusion coefficient was assumed. Its temperature dependence was determined. The activation energy of C adatoms diffusion was found to be close to the well known value for hydrogen desorption.
Simulated self-assembly and optoelectronic properties of InAs/GaAs quantum dot arrays
Authors: Johnson H. T. , Nguyen V. , Bower A. F.
Published: October 2002

Numerical simulations are used to compute the quantum confinement and optical absorption spectra of a quantum dot array that is fabricated by the spontaneous formation of islands during deposition of a strained epitaxial film. The epitaxial growth process is first modeled using a continuum finite element method, so the quantum dot array under consideration is itself the result of a computational model. Quantum confinement properties of the resulting island array are then computed by approximating the band structure of the solid using the Luttinger-Kohn k⋅p Hamiltonian, suitably extended to account for the effects of strain in the islands. The calculations predict the evolution of the spectrum of electron and hole states during self-assembly and coarsening of the island array including a two-dimensional to zero-dimensional electron gas transition at the onset of island self-assembly. For a fully formed array of quantum dots the spectral properties are dominated by inhomogeneous broadening, or the effects of a distribution in size and shape of dots in the array. In particular, there is found to be energy degeneracy between s-type states in smaller quantum dots and p-type or d-type states in larger quantum dots. Also, among the states in the computed electron and hole spectra are some states with strong wave function coupling between pairs of adjacent dots and other states that are delocalized throughout the entire wetting layer. The optical absorption spectrum for the quantum dot array, computed from the electron and hole spectra, compares well with experimental photoemission and absorption data.
Non-Debye dielectric relaxation in binary dielectric mixtures (50-50): Randomness and regularity in mixture topology
Authors: Tuncer Enis , Nettelblad Bo , Gubañski Stanisław M.
Published: October 2002

In this article, the frequency dependent dielectric properties ε(ω) of ordered and disordered two-dimensional binary composite structures were investigated and compared. The ordered structures were composed of hard disk inclusions in a matrix phase, and the inclusions were distributed on lattice sites. The disordered structures were, on the other hand, composed of 16 × 16 square networks (crossword puzzle-like structures), and the phases were assigned randomly to each square. The material parameters of the phases were assumed to be frequency independent (ε and σ being constant). Numerical calculations were performed using the finite element method in the frequency domain. We have found that the dielectric relaxation character of the structures, which were due to the interfacial (or Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars) polarization, changed drastically depending on the conductivity ratio of the phases and topology of the structures. Application of a recently developed dielectric data analysis method have resulted additional information about the dielectric relaxations in the considered structures. The regular lattice structures with a less conductive matrix phase than the inclusions’ (match composite), σ1<σ2, show a symmetric distribution of relaxation times, narrower than those with σ1>σ2 (reciprocal composite) when ε1 in both cases were lower than ε2. The generated random structures have, on the other hand, resulted in symmetrical relaxations (of Cole–Cole type) for match composites and asymmetrical relaxations of Davidson–Cole type for reciprocal composites in two dimensions. Therefore, depending on the ratio of the conductivities and permittivities of the phases, the interfacial polarization can be interpreted differently. The obtained relaxation time distributions have revealed that the relaxations were broad, and unlike the responses of the empirical formulas, there existed one maximum and one minimum, or two cutoff, time constants for the dielectric relaxation in dielectric mixtures. Comparison of the data to the Wiener and Hashin–Shtrikman bounds has indicated that the latter one was not valid for the triangular lattice and random structures. Finally, our simulations have also yielded similar dielectric responses as an analytical formula proposed for brine-saturated rock mixtures when σ1<σ2, when the constituent with the lowest ε is also the least conductive, match composite.
Ab initio predictions of the spectroscopic parameters of the silicon halomethylidyne (Si=C–X; X=F,Cl,Br) free radicals
Authors: Evans Corey J. , Clouthier Dennis J.
Published: October 2002

Ab initio methods have been used to predict the spectroscopic parameters for the ground (X̃ 2Πi) and first (Ã 2Σ+) excited states of the unknown silicon halomethylidyne (SiCF, SiCCl, and SiCBr) free radicals. The predictive power of the chosen theoretical methods has been satisfactorily tested on the known SiCH radical. Calculations show that the linear Si=C–X species is the global minimum on the potential energy surface, with the bent X–Si=C isomer several thousand cm−1 higher in energy. For the ground states, the geometries, vibrational frequencies, spin–orbit coupling constants, and Renner–Teller parameters have been predicted at several levels of theory with three different basis sets. These results can be used to generate a set of ground-state vibrational energy levels which may be useful in assigning the emission spectra of the radicals. The excited state geometries, vibrational frequencies, and excitation energies have also been calculated and the rotational contours of the 000 bands have been simulated at medium resolution under jet-cooled conditions. These calculations have been employed in a successful search for the spectrum of the SiCCl radical.
In situ characterization of the grain and grain-boundary electrical responses of zirconia ceramics under uniaxial compressive stresses
Authors: M’Peko Jean-Claude , Spavieri Deusdedit L. , de Souza Milton Ferreira
Published: October 2002

The electrical properties of ion-conducting tetragonal zirconia ceramics subjected to mechanical stresses were studied using impedance spectroscopy. The material’s overall resistance (grain and grain boundary) was found to increase when stress was applied perpendicularly to the measuring electric field (σ⊥E), while only comparatively discreet variations, involving a decreasing trend of resistance, occurred when the electric field and mechanical stress were parallel (σ∥E). The increment in electrical resistance for σ⊥E was found to be consistent with an increase of the conduction process energy barrier. The mechanical effect reported here is of elastic nature, covering a wide range of applied stresses. The electrical characteristics from cracking and fracturing at higher stresses are also presented.
Violet-blue photoluminescent properties of mesoporous zirconia modified with phosphoric acid
Authors: Chen Hang-Rong , Shi Jian-Lin , Yang Yong , Li Yong-Sheng , Yan Dong-Sheng , Shi Chao-Shu
Published: October 2002

Two strong violet-blue luminescence emissions at 390 and 440 nm under excitation at room temperature have been observed in the ordered mesoporous zirconium oxide post-treated with phosphoric acid. The oxide was characterized by powder x-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption, diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence analysis, and time-resolved photoluminescence decay spectra. It is concluded that these photoluminescence responses are related to the presence of P–O–Zr lumophores in tetrapodal framework due to the post-treatment with phosphoric acid, and are also related to the defects of oxygen vacancies in the mesoporous zirconia itself. The significant optical properties of this material may be very interesting for further application.
Superhigh strains by variant reorientation in the nonmodulated ferromagnetic NiMnGa alloys
Authors: Jiang Chengbao , Liang Ting , Xu Huibin , Zhang Ming , Wu Guangheng
Published: October 2002

Superhigh strains of 15% for the Ni53Mn25Ga22 and 13.5% for the Ni54Mn23Ga23 with the nonmodulated martensite structure were achieved by variant reorientation. A strong magnetic anisotropy exists in the prefabricated single variant with the easy axis along the contraction [001] direction of the high-temperature cubic phase. A higher austenitic transformation temperature was found in the single variant comparing with the original multivariant sample. The same order of magnitude for the saturation magnetization Ms, magnetic anisotropy constant ku, and the twin reorientation stress σtw, namely, 57.6 A m2/kg, 1.4×105 J/m3, and approximately 20 MPa, respectively, as those in 5M martensite indicate that it is reasonable to expect a much higher magnetic field-induced-strain in the nonmodulated NiMnGa alloys.
Zirconia and zirconia-organically modified silicate distributed feedback waveguide lasers tunable in the visible
Authors: Lo Dennis , Shi Lei , Wang Jun , Zhang Guo-Xuan , Zhu Xiao-lei
Published: October 2002

Zirconia and zirconia-organically modified silicate waveguides of refractive index from 1.56 to 1.64 and thickness from 0.6 to 1.4 μm were prepared by the sol-gel method. Narrow linewidth (<0.5 nm) lasing was observed in dye-doped zirconia and zirconia-organically modified silicates waveguides. Tuning of the output wavelength was achieved by varying the period of the gain modulation generated by a nanosecond Nd:yttritium–aluminum–garnet laser at 532 nm. Tuning ranges were 586–618 nm and 629–657 nm for rhodamine 6G and rhodamine B, respectively. The threshold pump energy was about 50 μJ for rhodamine 6G-doped zirconia film on glass substrates.
Structural study of a commensurate phase at Co/Si(111) interface using in situ surface x-ray scattering
Authors: Kang T. S. , Je J. H. , Kim H. J. , Noh D. Y. , Kim N. D. , Chung J. W.
Published: October 2002

Interfacial structure and reaction stoichiometry of the Co-adsorbed Si(111) surface at room temperature has been studied by in situ synchrotron surface x-ray scattering. The intensity oscillation at the anti-Bragg position of the (1,0) off-specular crystal truncation rod indicates a layerwise consumption of silicon substrate during the deposition of the first 15 Co monolayers. Our data suggest that an interfacial silicide layer formed in the initial stage of growth have the atomic stoichiometry of Co2Si. The silicide layer is a commensurate phase of pseudohexagonal Co2Si, which shows a long-range order with large strain imposed by the Si substrate.
Central Scotland as a Polycentric Urban Region: Useful Planning Concept or Chimera?
Authors: Bailey Nick , Turok Ivan
Published: October 2002

Interest in the concept of the polycentric urban region (PUR) has been growing among planners and policy-makers in north-west Europe. PURs are believed to offer a means of promoting regional economic competitiveness while safeguarding environmental objectives. This paper interrogates the concept and examines its relevance to the central Scotland region. Central Scotland has a polycentric physical form, but the evidence that it is a single functional region in economic terms is much more mixed. The dominant pattern of interactions suggests two separate city-regions, although links between adjoining areas seem to be growing. Despite considerable rivalry between public organisations across the region, there appears to be increasing support for the development of some kind of strategic spatial framework to inform key investment decisions and to promote closer collaboration. This would not necessarily be based on the PUR concept, since it is too broadly specified at present to guide the kinds of decision that need to be made. Further work is needed to elaborate and refine the concept.
Dealing with Deconcentration: Population Deconcentration and Planning Response in Polynucleated Urban Regions in North-west Europe
Authors: Bontje Marco
Published: October 2002

The process of population redistribution is influenced by a complex set of factors which can be grouped in economic, socio-cultural, demographic and policy factors. Most countries in Europe have to a certain extent tried to influence population redistribution through policy measures, mostly in the sphere of spatial planning, in the recent past. This paper offers a critical evaluation of the degree to which 'spatial planning matters' in the population redistribution process. First, the focus will be on the Netherlands, a country with a polynucleated settlement pattern that is known for its ambitious policies to counteract the continuous deconcentration of population. In addition, an international comparison with three other areas in north-west Europe (also characterised by a polynucleated settlement system) will be presented, in which the key question is: to what extent do different spatial planning systems lead to different developments in population distribution? The evidence presented, with striking similarities in population redistribution in the four case-study areas, suggests that the influence of spatial planning is very modest. To conclude this paper, the possible future role of spatial planning in the deconcentration process is questioned. Will spatial planning be able to counteract or control the formation of urban fields, in which people, companies and services are seemingly spread out 'at random' over large areas?
The Impacts of State Growth Management Programmes: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Carruthers John I.
Published: October 2002

This paper examines the impact that alternative state planning frameworks have on five dimensions of urban development: density, the spatial extent of urbanised land area, property value, public expenditures on infrastructure and population change. The objectives of the analysis are threefold. First, the background discussion provides a brief overview of urban sprawl as a public policy problem and outlines how state growth management programmes attempt to respond to it. Secondly, the empirical analysis examines the effects of growth management in a cross-section of metropolitan counties during the 1982-97 time-period. The five outcome measures are modelled in a simultaneous equations framework in order to test several specific hypotheses about how state land-use policies affect the character of urban growth. Thirdly, the results of the empirical analysis are described within the context of previous research on the effectiveness of growth management. The findings suggest that state growth management programmes with strong consistency requirements and enforcement mechanisms hold much promise for reducing urban sprawl, while programmes that do not require consistency and/or have weak enforcement mechanisms may inadvertently contribute to it.
Sharing the Risk of Home-ownership: A Portfolio Approach
Authors: Mok Diana
Published: October 2002

This paper examines the relationships among the desirability of home-ownership, price risks and the return of housing investment. It argues that price risks may undermine the desirability of ownership, using both a theoretical and an empirical approach. The theoretical model studies aspatially the equilibrium house prices in a two-good, pure exchange economy, where investors (consumers) differ in their level of risk aversion. It shows that larger price risks and higher level of risk aversion decrease the attractiveness of owning a house. The empirical component uses current status data and a proportional hazard model to show the effect of risks and returns on households' hazard rates to be owners. The implication points to the inadequacy of the conventional housing finance arrangements, which provide little help for households to diversify or hedge the risk of home-ownership.
Intrametropolitan Patterns of High-order Business Service Location: A Comparative Study of Seventeen Sectors in Ile-de-France
Authors: Shearmur Richard , Alvergne Christel
Published: October 2002

The location of high-order service sectors outside traditional CBDs can be taken as a sign of the CBD's decline and there is evidence that such a process is occurring. However, all evidence does not point this way. In this paper, we study the Paris region in order to explore the location patterns of 17 distinct high-order business service sectors. The location patterns of high-order business services are found to be complex, each sector behaving differently and each sector displaying combinations of concentration and dispersal. Hypotheses are put forward relating the various interlocking patterns to the markets (producer-consumer; local-global), to the internal structure (large-small establishments, local branches, back-offices, small consultancies) and to the nature (technical-non-technical) of each sector.
A Modern Tool for Classical Plant Growth Analysis
Authors: HUNT R. , CAUSTON D. R. , SHIPLEY B. , ASKEW A. P.
Published: September 2002

We present an all‐inclusive software tool for dealing with the essential core of mathematical and statistical calculations in plant growth analysis. The tool calculates up to six of the most fundamental growth parameters according to a purely ‘classical’ approach across one harvest‐interval. All of the estimates carry standard errors and 95 % confidence limits. The tool is written in Microsoft® Excel 2000 and is available free of charge for use in teaching and research from supplementary data.
Designing a training program which delivers results quickly!
Authors: Duguay Scot M. , Korbut Keith A.
Published: September 2002

A well‐designed and executed training program minimizes new employee “on‐boarding” time and time‐to‐first‐contribution. This paper presents considerations for the design of a two‐phase training program for new employees – an initial program (addressing training requirements of a general group), and a detailed program (requiring skill mastery by individual functional area). A process involving frequent employee‐leader reviews and employing the skills of peer coaches and mentors is proposed. The effectiveness of the training program can be more accurately assessed via a leadership team review of expected versus actual progress against the training program objectives. After initial cycles of this process at Solutia Inc., learnings and next steps have been identified.
Management by panacea – the training implications
Authors: Rees W. David , Porter Christine
Published: September 2002

The various pressures that managers are under to accept ready‐made solutions to problems that they face are identified. However, if the causes of the problems are not carefully diagnosed in the first instance it can be a matter of luck whether the solutions work or are actually counter‐productive. Management training needs to include an emphasis on diagnostic techniques and to enable managers to look beyond departmental boundaries for both the causes of and solutions to problems. Managers also need to learn how to deploy the right mix of people to tackle problems and in so doing demonstrate to others the importance of a diagnostic and integrated approach to problem solving.
Coaching as a strategic intervention
Authors: Rider Liz
Published: September 2002

Introduces maximizing the benefits of coaching at a strategic level, rather than focusing purely on individual development, using The Royal Bank of Scotland Group (RBSG) as an example. Highlights how many organisations are failing to capture the broad benefits of coaching by seeing it purely as an as individual development intervention. This is classified first generation coaching with limited organisational impact. Additional benefits can be realised when the organisational sponsor takes a “quality control” perspective, and seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of the coaching intervention. This is described as the second generation of coaching. Another, and extremely powerful, element, which is rarely tapped, is the coaches’ learning. The third generation of coaching achieves the benefits of the first and second generation, but also harnesses and disseminates the learning the coach gains about the organization, to the benefit of the business and its people, thus realizing the maximum benefits of the coaching investment. Applies third generation coaching and describes working with RBSG and learning with them as they transform, utilizing coaching to its maximum benefit.
Business performance measures and alignment impact on strategy
Authors: McAdam Rodney , Bailie Brian
Published: September 2002

The aim of this paper is to explore the longitudinal alignment between performance measures and business strategy. Moreover, the paper will probe the role of business improvement models as a key catalyst in this alignment process. Since the late 1980s performance measurement has become topical with ever‐increasing interest in the subject. The increasing interest has been driven by the rapidly changing business environment and strategy, in both the private and public sectors. A literature review covering the current issues concerning performance measurement was undertaken, emphasising the development of performance measurement in relation to business strategy. The continual alignment of performance measures and frameworks with business strategy is stressed. Also, business improvement models are reviewed as possible mechanisms for enabling this alignment. Following this review, a longitudinal case study approach, based on a five‐year university/industry learning partnership with an international aerospace organisation, was used to investigate alignment between performance measures and business strategy. The findings of the study confirm that performance measures linked to strategy are more effective. Moreover, the alignment between the measures, measurement framework and the strategy must be continually reviewed and treated as a dynamic and complex issue, rather than a linear mechanistic relationship.
Skill mix, doctors and nurses: substitution or diversification?
Authors: Banham Lindsey , Connelly Jim
Published: September 2002

This commentary surveys the current arguments for and against modifying the work of doctors and nurses by placing the main viewpoints – substitution and diversification – within the policy background, particularly that of the UK. We discuss the forces for modification: cost effectiveness, professional development, quality improvement and pragmatic management and how each provides a stand‐point for evaluation of the issues. Policy makers and managers in the health sector should be aware of the rather fragmented evidence base for doctor‐nurse substitution and should consider skill mix changes only when they are clear about: purpose, evidence base, acceptable risks, accountability and quality assurance. Doctor‐nurse substitution is not necessarily cost effective, nor is it unfailingly a gain in nurse professionalism or in quality of care. Of the management perspectives available – advocacy, skepticism or pragmatism – the current evidence and policy base favours pragmatism over evaluations of the rightness or wrongness of a general policy.
What might encourage later retirement among general practitioners?
Authors: Luce Anna , van Zwanenberg Tim , Firth‐Cozens Jenny , Tinwell Claire
Published: September 2002

More GPs are needed, but there are concerns about retaining the existing workforce quite apart from recruiting new doctors. This survey of GP principals in the Northern deanery aged over 45, identified factors potentially encouraging them to take early retirement (before 60) or to work on beyond 60. Over a third of those with retirement plans intended to retire early. Perceived undesirable changes in the NHS and workload were the main factors influencing intentions to retire. Reducing hours and administrative duties, and improving managerial support were factors that may encourage later retirement. Financial incentives in the form of increased pensions were most attractive to those already planning later retirement. A total of 35 per cent scored above threshold for significant psychological distress, and the higher psychological distress the earlier GPs wanted to retire. Interventions encouraging later retirement should be targeted at reducing workload and administration. Interventions to reduce stress could also encourage later retirement.
Risk and reward in the Thai sex industry
Authors: Booranapim Yardfon , Mainwaring YLynn
Published: September 2002

This study examines the relationship between commercial sex workers and their employers using the results of interviews with 83 commercial sex workers from 35 establishments in the Bangkok area. The intentions were to gain insight into the motivations and working conditions of the workers and to see whether the nature of the employment relation gives support to the mainstream economic theory of “implicit contracts” concerning labour exchanges that occur in a risky world. Despite the existence of obvious risks (e.g. contracting HIV/AIDS) there is little evidence of risk‐sharing implicit contracts. This could in part be explained by the ignorance of risks shown by commercial sex workers. But even where, in the case of the poorest prostitutes, there is apparent evidence of risk‐sharing, it is argued that this is better explained in terms of a theory of debt‐bondage.
Necroeconomics – the theory of post‐Communist transformation of an economy
Authors: Papava Vladimer
Published: September 2002

The paper offers a new view of the process of post‐Communist transformation of an economy. The collapse of the Communist regime had the result that with rare exceptions all goods produced in these countries were incompatible with international standards due to low quality and/or high prices. The economy of that type can be referred to as “dead” economy, or “necroeconomy”. “Routine”, which has been deeply rooted in the command economy over many decades, is the reproductive base of necroeconomy. The “routine” which reproduces necroeconomy depends, inter alia, on the behavior of the homo transformaticus, who in the realm of entrepreneurship assumes a title of “post‐delets”. The end of necroeconomy is the only true indicator of the end of post‐Communist transformation.
Bangladesh: building for a better future?
Authors: Hossain Sayed , Cheng Ming‐Yu
Published: September 2002

Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has undergone episodes of change and has recorded considerable economic achievements. In this study, a standard regression model is used to identify factors that significantly contribute to economic growth in Bangladesh. The factors under consideration are private and public investment, public and private consumption, export and import. All factors are found to have a significant positive relationship with GDP at 5 percent of significance level except for public investment. The result implies that privatisation process needs to be catered with greater attention for accelerating GDP growth. Import is found to be significant but with a negative relationship with GDP. The result indicates that with the increased in import, the GDP will decline further. As a matter of fact, more than 60 percent of the imported items are for consumption purposes which is not likely to contribute much to GDP growth. From the empirical estimation, it is suggested that prudence planning should be taken to enhance private investment, export, private and public consumption for a better living in the country.
A dangerous occupation? Violence in public libraries
Authors: Farrugia Sarah
Published: September 2002

Outlines the problem of violence in British public libraries, where incidents commonly involve problem groups from drunks to unruly youths to irate patrons. The problem can be more extreme in US libraries with several librarians being killed, in a country that averages 20 workplace murders each week. Current feelings amongst library staff are of managerial apathy and a reluctance to tackle the problem with appropriate resources. Discusses the reasons for violence and suggests measures that can be employed to reduce the threat and deal with incidents if they occur. Risk assessment is the crucial first step in this process and risk management strategies should follow. This should incorporate security measures and staff training. Results of a survey of library workers carried out in 2001 to gauge a random “snapshot” view of violence in libraries is discussed and compared to a similar survey undertaken in 1995 by McGrath.
The trials of going online: the image database of British Library bookbindings
Authors: Marks P.J.M. , Grinyer David
Published: September 2002

The image database of British Library bindings, created with the help of iBase, is a stand alone system installed in the Rare Books and Music Reading Room in April 2001. It was designed as a finding aid to bookbindings in the BL printed book collections. The requirement for increased access demanded by the Library’s funding body and raised expectations of users concerning the online availability of information necessitated the transformation of the database. The ensuing problems accommodating the database on the Internet were not solely technical; lack of staff time and financial resources, the need to appeal to a wider range of users, and the requirement to conform to a house style which did not yet exist all hindered the process.
Information services in an electronic environment: a review
Authors: Revill Don
Published: September 2002

The reviewer concludes that the human problems of knowing one’s users, liaison and collaboration with academic staff, user training and information literacy, are still unresolved issues despite the wealth of information potentially available to professionals via electronic services monitoring and despite the promise of electronically mediated solutions. The measurement and evaluation of electronic services remain difficult with little consensus on what to measure and how to do it. Contends that classification has much to contribute to electronic information retrieval yet is seriously neglected.
Transforming a run down general practice into a leading edge primary care organisation with the help of the EFQM excellence model
Authors: Jackson Sue , Bircher Richard
Published: September 2002

This article explains how a primary care team transformed a run down general practice into a leading edge healthcare organisation by adopting the principles of the EFQM excellence model. The decisions surrounding the choice of approach, challenges faced, benefits achieved and lessons learned are all described in such a way that the reader may appreciate the issues which faced the members of the 15‐man team. In particular, the practice team found that describing indicators of quality and gathering evidence to test out assumptions regarding performance were vital elements in the pursuit of a continuous improvement culture that was to benefit patients, staff and key stakeholders alike. Whilst an increase in workload was experienced in the early days, the knowledge that this was associated with improved performance made the efforts worthwhile and the team eager to adopt a regular, never‐ending cycle of self‐assessment and improvement.
The state of electronic customer relationship management in retailing
Authors: Feinberg Richard A. , Kadam Rajesh , Hokama Leigh , Kim Iksuk
Published: September 2002

This paper analyzes the availability of electronic customer relationship management (E‐CRM) features on retail Web sites and their relationship to consumer satisfaction and site traffic. The top 100 specialty store, standard retail store, and Internet retailer Web sites were analyzed for the presence of 41 E‐CRM features. The availability of these features was then assessed for their relationship with consumer traffic to the site and customer satisfaction with the site. Internet retailers were significantly more likely to have E‐CRM attributes on their site. However only the chat feature, spare parts availability, gift certificate purchase, mailing address, search engine, links, and a company profile were associated with customer satisfaction. No E‐CRM feature was associated with customer traffic to a site. Standard retailers appear to be behind in implementing E‐CRM features in current operations. It is not clear that retailers understand what aspects of E‐CRM will be important in customer satisfaction.