bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Down the Middle of the Road”
Authors: Mason Robert
Published: January 2018

Against the backdrop of a dynamic and divisive intraparty debate about how best to recapture majority status, moderate Republicans identified a consensus posture as an electoral imperative, whereas conservatives advocated an anti-statist challenge to the principles on which consensus rested. These differences shaped Republican thinking on public policy during the Eisenhower era in particular; the administration’s agenda embodied the key assumptions of Godfrey Hodgson’s “ideology of the liberal consensus,” but still manifested significant differences with Democratic policies. Eisenhower prioritized fiscal conservatism, advocated state and local rather than federal solutions to socioeconomic problems, and critiqued New Deal liberalism as rooted in divisive group interest rather than oriented toward the public interest and social harmony. The Republican right, by contrast, contended that acceptance of the New Deal state threatened American freedoms and advocated deployment of superior military power to meet the external threat of Communism; the refusal of this faction—which initially represented a minority within the GOP—to embrace consensus laid the foundations for the conservative mobilization that would fundamentally reshape both the Republican party and American politics in the second half of the 1960s and beyond.
Billy Graham’s Neo-evangelical Triumph and the Limits of the Liberal Consensus
Authors: Balbier Uta A.
Published: January 2018

This chapter demonstrates how Billy Graham and like-minded clerics did much to move conservative evangelicalism into the political and religious mainstream through their appropriation of core elements of the liberal consensus, notably anti-communism, patriotism, and consumerism. This enabled them to lay the conservative ecumenical groundwork for the rise of the Religious Right in the 1970s.
Applying Modes of Production Analysis to Non-State, or Anarchic, Societies
Authors: Angelbeck Bill
Published: January 2018

The concept of modes of production has been a constructive way to analyze state societies in archaeological history. Yet the utility for archaeologists working with non-state, or anarchic societies, can be quite generalized, mainly useful for broad temporal scales of analysis. To apply to non-state societies, I reorient modes of production from historical epochs to the microscale, evaluating the seasonal shifts of activity throughout the annual round. For complex hunter-gatherers, such as the Coast Salish of the Northwest Coast, modes of production shifted constantly season by season as they adjusted their subsistence strategies toward the availability of varied resources. In so doing, they implemented distinct means of production and varying relations of production to harness those resources most effectively. Some involved small-scale formations, with dispersed families (egalitarian and autonomous), while others involved corporate multi-family groups (hierarchical with ranks of authority), for instance, to process fish during annual salmon runs. In this way, Salish individuals engaged different modes of production throughout the year, each varying in levels of autonomy, which they often pursued. By focusing modes of production into particular modes, we can track the microscale revolutions that occur within broader historical epochs.
The Ritual Mode of Production in the Casas Grandes Social Field
Authors: Cunningham Jerimy J.
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces a mode of production approach focused on how social labor was appropriated in the Casas Grandes Region of Chihuahua, Mexico. A domestic mode of production seems to have defined productive activities throughout the sequence beginning in the Viejo period (AD 600–1200) and continuing into the Medio period (AD 1200-1450). However, in the latter half of the Medio period, a ritual mode of production developed around Paquimé in which surplus labor was increasingly appropriated for site construction, communal agriculture for feasting and more elaborate craft production. Rather than a distinct mode, however, I argue that these new relations reflect an elaboration of the domestic mode that limited exploitation and elites power.
Introduction
Authors: Valentine Paul , Beckerman Stephen
Published: January 2018

This introduction provides an overview of the theories employed by the contributors. They agree that social spaces are equally or more relevant to understanding why marital rules are sometimes ignored or manipulated. All but one of the contributors direct their attention to differentiating and exploring the relationship between kinship and marriage structures as they ought to be and as they are. They arrive at the same conclusion: there were or are mechanisms to impart flexibility to what appears to be rigid elementary kinship structures. The introduction also describes how and to what use these strategies of manipulating the marital norms are put, starting with individual effort and moving to community-wide strategies. Running through the book is another theme—the way globalization is subverting traditional hierarchies, altering identities and eroding ancestral norms and values. Several chapters describe how the diminishing authority of elders has led to more extra-marital pregnancies, more “love” marriages, and fewer alliances between families. Finally the introduction critiques two of Lévi-Strauss’s key findings; rather, people manipulate the marital rules in an attempt to maximize their potential spouses—they may succeed or fail.
“Is This Like the Nile that Riseth Up?”
Authors: Littman Robert J. , Silverstein Jay E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter uses data from Tell Timai, Egypt to examine political dymanics in a Greco-Roman Egyptian city (Thmuis) in Late Antiquity, focusing on the Greek period of rule in Egypt and the influence of Hellenism from Alexander’s conquest of Egypt (332 B.C.E.) to the death of Cleopatra VII, the last Ptolemaic pharaoh (30 B.C.E.). The succeeding Ptolemaic dynasty strove to establish legitimacy through what Hellenization of the Egyptians, or Egyptization of the Greeks, generating new hybrid icons and deities. Yet as Ptolemy V took the throne, rebellion consumed Egypt. This Classical archaeology study offers insights into the dynamic processes of colonization and imperialism in a realm that was a crucible for Western ideology. Excavation data from north Timai reveal the violence of Hellenistic
The Legacy of Preclassic Calendars and Solar Observation in Mesoamerica’s Magic Latitude
Authors: Milbrath Susan
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the changing nature of calendar records in Mesoamerica, with a focus on the solar cycle. Maya E Groups exhibit solstice alignments during the Middle (1000-350 BCE) and Late Preclassic (350 BCE-0-CE), when calendar records were first being developed. Solar alignments also measured a 260/105-day subdivision of the year coordinating with the agrarian year and yearbearer calendar records show similar subdivision in texts from Middle Preclassic Oaxaca and some Late Preclassic long count texts from Veracruz. Although yearbearers also appear during the Late Preclassic in the Maya area, they are not incorporated in Maya long count records. By the time E Groups were fully evolved in Guatemala, Late Preclassic long count calendar inscriptions incorporate the 360-day tun and Tzolkin. In the Early Classic (250-600 CE), solstice orientations became less common and the calendar was increasingly complex with a fully developed baktun cycle and the lunar series. By the Late Classic (600-900 CE), texts increasingly emphasized period endings and katun rituals. In the Terminal Classic (900-950 CE), Tun-Ahau dating began to replace the long count, and the increasing importance of solstice orientations in the Postclassic (950-1200 CE) coincides with additional changes in the Maya calendar, most probably resulting from direct contact with Central Mexico.
The Founding of Yaxuná
Authors: Stanton Travis W.
Published: January 2018

This chapter reviews the evidence for E Groups in the northern Maya lowlands with an emphasis on the site of Yaxuná, Yucatán. Data indicate that E Groups in Yucatán and northern Campeche are distributed along Middle (1000–350 BCE) and Late Preclassic (350 BCE–0 CE) period trade routes between the northern salt flats and the southern lowland kingdoms. Excavations at the E Group at Yaxuná reveal similar patterns of deposition compared to southern lowland E Groups as well as a high frequency of ceramics from Petén. These data suggest that Yaxuná was founded and/or allied with southern lowland kingdoms to control an interior trade route to the northern coast.
“It’s Every Day and It’s a Lifestyle”
Authors: Koenes Mary Jene
Published: January 2018

The Seminole Tribe of Florida has a population of ~4,000 people. It is perhaps not surprising then that not all Tribal members are directly involved in the THPO. Most only interact with its operations abstractly through presentations at community meetings or other outreach events. Many are likely only aware of the THPO through the clearance requirements necessary to get their future home sites cleared for development. The presented interview gives the perspective of someone who is deeply connected to their culture and history but who does not interact regularly with the THPO.
Camp Life
Authors: Fenno Matthew , Brunso Karen , Freeman Jessica
Published: January 2018

Oral histories concerning the clan camps of the early and mid-twentieth century are still abundant today, but it is feared much of this important history will be lost within a generation. Tribal schools realize the importance of teaching this recent history as it was during these times that Seminole families were still entirely self-sufficient, growing and hunting the majority of their subsistence base. The self-sufficiency ethos is a key part of cultural identity and one that helps define who the Seminole people are. As the authors explain, the research undertaken by the THPO to document these reservation-era camps is driven by a community need to actively manage and preserve this information for future generations of Tribal members. The importance of this work is driven home if you are lucky enough to witness a Tribal school group visiting a historic camp; armed with maps and plans showing where houses and gardens were located students can immerse themselves in their own history. Archaeology adds to this story by providing not only the means to capture a picture of the camp that can be combined with oral histories but also to provide a tangible tool by which students can actively participate in the learning process.
Everything You Know Is Wrong!
Authors: Snapp Annette L.
Published: January 2018

The construction and reuse of strategic military forts throughout Florida was part of a U.S. tactic to keep an army supplied in a vast theater of war. The forts also had another purpose: to keep a close watch on the enemy. Fort Shackelford is particularly important in this regard as it was placed in the heart of the Seminole community in the Big Cypress swamp. The placement of the fort was, in fact, at the center of events that lead to the Third Seminole War. Today the location of the fort is believed to be on the Big Cypress Reservation. Conventional means of finding the fort, through historic research and archaeological investigation, appear to have pinpointed its location. In any other context the project would have been written up, published, and otherwise filed away. In hindsight and as this chapter clearly demonstrates, this outcome would not have told anywhere near the full story. The actual history of the fort is a human story that can only be told with time and a strong relationship with the community.
Preservation of Culture in Connection with the Largest Environmental Restoration Project Ever
Authors: Charles James , Backhouse Paul N.
Published: January 2018

The vast-scale projects currently being undertaken within the Everglades, collectively referred to as Everglades Restoration, represent an enormous challenge in terms of Tribal consultation. In broad terms, few people relate the Everglades to a cultural environment, and most research undertaken to date has been biologically driven. Despite the intensity of research, basic questions regarding the building blocks of the Everglades ecosystem—tree islands—remain largely unanswered. Archaeological research demonstrates that as long as the Everglades have existed people have lived within this environment. Discussion regarding restoration therefore must include a cultural voice. The enormity of the task is made clear by referencing the wall-sized Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan map that adorns the wall of the THPO. Each component of the overall project is given an individual designation and assigned a project management team. The challenge, as with many interrelated projects occurring at any given time, is ensuring a Tribal voice is heard.
The Promise and Potential of Seminole Tribal Historic Preservation and Archaeology
Authors: Weisman Brent R.
Published: January 2018

More than twenty years have elapsed since the federal nexus for the creation of THPOs occurred yet the work of the THPO remains unevaluated holistically. What are the contributions that have been made socially, culturally, politically, academically, and economically? With little organizational or mission-centric uniformity between individual programs, should we expect greater homogenization of institutional forms in the future? Or does the diversity in programs underscore the very different cultural groups that comprise the modern political configurations of the indigenous people of North America? The Seminole Tribe THPO is a case study of one well-resourced office that is attempting to build capacity and pull up a seat to sit squarely at the table. The relative successes, or otherwise, of this strategy will ultimately be judged by the community it serves.
Roots, Routes, and Returns
Authors: Valkeakari Tuire
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Caryl Phillips’s, Cecil Foster’s, and Edwidge Danticat’s depictions of contemporary African Caribbean encounters with the United States and Canada, with a particular focus on the complexities of “return”—a theme that facilitates discussions about “origins” and “home” and about formations of both diasporic and national identities and solidarities. A State of Independence (Phillips), Sleep on, Beloved (Foster), and Breath, Eyes, Memory (Danticat) all depict black Caribbean-born diasporans’ return trips back to the Caribbean. In all their complexity, these visits and their existential consequences play a pivotal role in how Phillips’s, Foster’s, and Danticat’s protagonists interpret their pasts and envision their future identities as members of their families, of two nations, of the Caribbean diaspora, and of the African diaspora.
Introduction
Authors: Fitts Mary Elizabeth
Published: January 2018

Chapter 1 provides an orientation to the history and historiography of the Catawba people. It places the present work in the context of previous research concerning the Catawba Nation, and highlights the need for carefully evaluating and constructing narratives of change and persistence in treatments of American Indian history. Two terms used throughout the book to designate collective entities, “Nation” and “community,” are defined with reference to the works of ethnohistorians, sociologists, and anthropologists.
Sacred Spring
Authors: O'Donoughue Jason
Published: January 2018

This chapter begins to sketch an alternative interpretation of the use and significance of springs in Florida. It deals exclusively with Silver Glen Springs, site of the largest freshwater shell mounds in the St. Johns River valley and greater American Southeast. It considers whether Silver Glen Springs was considered sacred in the past and whether all springs might have an inherent sanctity. Silver Glen went through several transformations over its history but throughout was the focal point of regional gatherings that persisted for several millennia and reached impressive scale. Since the earliest inhabitation of the region, springs have drawn people in and been the focus of gatherings big and small. Foregrounding the sociality of springs draws attention away from their physical parameters, but the two are recursively linked. If springs have been considered sacred, it is a consequence of both their physicality and the history of sociality they manifest.
Springs Eternal
Authors: O'Donoughue Jason
Published: January 2018

This chapter begins with discussion of the contemporary tensions and debates surrounding springs, including barriers to their conservation and the framing of the past in media coverage and springs conservation narratives. It then draws on entanglement theory to summarize the preceding chapters and examine the ways that springs are caught up with geological, hydrological, social, economic, and political forces. It argues that conservation can be fruitfully enhanced by an archaeological sensibility that draws attention to springs’ historical significance and to the remnants of the past still visible in the present. Indeed, the archaeological and historical significance of springs should be intrinsic to their value today. It further argues that there is continuity between past and present practice, with springs functioning as gathering places that draw people for ritual purposes. This continuity provides a bridge spanning the chasm of time and demonstrating the relevance of past experience to modern conundrums.
The Mississippianization of the Illinois and Apple River Valleys
Authors: Wilson Gregory D. , Delaney Colleen M. , Millhouse Phillip G.
Published: January 2018

This chapter investigates Mississippian beginnings in three regions; the Lower Illinois River Valley, the Central Illinois River Valley, and the Apple River Valley. During the eleventh and twelfth centuries each region witnessed a cultural transformation represented archaeologically in the appearance of Cahokian-style material culture. The nature of this transformation was highly variable as the inhabitants of some regions came to embrace a more complete assortment of Cahokian traditions than others.
Early Mississippian in the North Carolina Piedmont
Authors: Boudreaux Edmond A.
Published: January 2018

The topic of Mississippian origins in the North Carolina Piedmont has received very little attention from archaeologists since the 1950s. This chapter pulls together information from multiple sites, especially the extensively excavated Town Creek site, to present an overview of Early Mississippian in the North Carolina Piedmont. The presence of Mississippian lifeways in the region is indicated by the appearance of complicated-stamped ceramics by around A.D. 1150-1200. Associated social changes include the appearance of archaeologically visible households and the development of a civic-ceremonial center at the Town Creek site. Public and domestic architecture as well as evidence for ritual activities suggests that social groups interacted and were integrated at multiple scales within the Early Mississippian community at Town Creek.
Práticas e eventos de letramentos no contexto de uma disciplina na modalidade semipresencial
Authors: Raposo KarinyCristina Souza
Published: January 2018

Assumindo a perspectiva dos estudos sobre letramento a partir de uma abordagem social, conforme os Novos Estudos sobre Letramento – New Literacy Studies – (STREET, 2012, 2010, 2007; BARTON; HAMILTON, 2005), o presente trabalho investiga as práticas e os eventos de letramento ocorridos na disciplina de Leitura e Produção de Textos ofertada na modalidade semipresencial nos cursos de graduação em Direito, Administração e Engenharia Civil em um Centro Universitário. Considerando ainda que os eventos de letramento apresentam o texto como elemento central na mediação das interações, parte-se de uma perspectiva textualmente orientada, ou seja, a partir da análise dos principais textos com os quais os estudantes lidam, levando em conta o gênero fórum, objetivou-se estudar as peculiaridades das práticas e eventos de letramento no ambiente acadêmico, no contexto específico da referida disciplina.
A questão da identidade na escrita acadêmica
Authors: Fernandes de Paula Danytiele Cristina
Published: January 2018

No processo de formação acadêmica, os estudantes são confrontados com o dilema de produzir textos marcados, ao mesmo tempo, pela própria identidade e pela voz de outros pesquisadores, sendo, portanto, autorais sem deixar de citar os discursos já ditos. Para discutir esse problema, o presente artigo aborda a questão da identidade na escrita acadêmica, destacando seu caráter dialógico de constituição dentro da esfera social, cultural, histórica e acadêmica. Discute também a ideia de citação não apenas em termos tecnicistas e estruturais, mas como uma dimensão estética, marcada por relações de poder que também constituem a identidade dentro das produções textuais. A proposta é discutir esses conceitos para a compreensão do problema imposto aos alunos e as dificuldades encontradas por eles, problematizando questões ocultas pela abordagem puramente normativa, discutindo a constituição da escrita como dialógica e propondo encaminhamentos futuros para o tratamento da identidade da citação na formação acadêmica dos estudantes.
Rethinking anti-racism
Authors: Gilligan Chris
Published: January 2018

This chapter draws on the work of Karl Marx to critique the Race Relations approach. The author argues that conventional social science (which underpins Race Relations theory) is, in its methodological approach to understanding the world, inherently elitist. This is so because it artificially separates understanding the world (theory) and acting in the world (practice) and because it allocates a special role to experts. Race Relations theory and practice tends to view ordinary people as inclined towards racism and allocates a special role to enlightened experts in tackling racisms.
Theory: explaining financial crisis and conceptualising capitalism
Authors: Hearn Jonathan
Published: January 2018

Building on the historical perspective of the previous chapter, this chapter begins by posing the basic questions ‘what is theory for?’. It argues that in the present case it is to situate the events under scrutiny within a hierarchy of more proximate and more general causes impinging on those events. Towards this end it first surveys a range of explanations that have been brought to bear on the post-2008 crisis, and then surveys a range more general theories of the long-term trajectory of capitalism. In both cases it suggests which theories and explanations are probably the most significant. It concludes by reflecting on the challenge of situating relatively small-scale ethnographic data within large historical explanations that seem to dwarf human agency.
Culture: nations, banks and the organisation of power and social life
Authors: Hearn Jonathan
Published: January 2018

With this chapter the book shifts from the contextualisation of the original study to the close examination of that study and its data. It presents ethnographic data on the discourses in the Bank relating to the ideas of national and organisational cultures. It examines how staff members compared and contrasted the cultures of the two merging organisations, Halifax and Bank of Scotland, and how they construed the differences between Scottishness and Englishness, especially in terms of culturally encoded notions of ‘diffidence’ and ‘confidence’. It shows how all these notions of culture became bound up with the making sense of the tensions engendered by the merger and the general direction of organisational change. A ‘conceptual interlude’ in the middle of the chapter explores the social science concept of culture, arguing that this tends to be too narrow and ideational, and insufficiently attuned to the organisation of power in the generation of culture.
Epilogue
Authors: Hearn Jonathan
Published: January 2018

The epilogue pulls back from the study presented to place it in the context of general patterns of national identity and recent and on going constitutional change in the UK. It explores how this case study relates to recent political events that have happened since the time of fieldwork, including the Scottish Independence Referendum of 2014, the UK Brexit Referendum of 2016, and the changing compositions of party systems in Scotland and the UK as a whole. It suggests that these events, like the formation of HBOS and its crisis, reflect deep and rapid economic, political and social changes, and illustrate the human struggle to make sense of and act towards an often imponderable future.
Governing the future: children’s health and biosocial power
Authors: Ryan Kevin
Published: January 2018

This chapter builds an analysis around the health aspects of theNational Strategy for Research and Data on Children’s Lives 2011-2016.Adopting a genealogical approach to the present, it explores the meaning of ‘health’ – in the case of children – in the context of the Department of Health’s Policy Framework for a Healthier Ireland 2012-2020.Drawing on Foucault’s notion of biopolitics, the chapter argues that what is unique to the intersection of ‘childhood’ and ‘health’ is the way this articulates what might be described as a ‘biosocial imperative’: the ways in which ‘incomplete’ life is strategically acted upon through social technologies with a view to governing the future.By approaching the National Strategy via the past, this chapter shows how we have moved from biosocial technologies whereby childhood is a means to securing strategic ends, to a biosocial apparatus that constructs children as actors to be acted upon with a view to governing the future.
Doing the ‘right thing’? Children, families and fatness in Ireland
Authors: Share Michelle , Share Perry
Published: January 2018

Set up against the background of increasing concerns in the Irish media and government discourses around a childhood obesity epidemic since the 2000s, this chapter critically unpicks the ways in which particular truths are created about childhood obesity by a complex range of institutional actors, and become the basis for interventions and actions targeted at particular groups. Specifically, it explores how data from the National Longitudinal Study of Children, Growing up in Ireland (GUI) has been used to construct a particular reality of the ‘problem’ of childhood obesity, grounded in an uncritical acceptance of medical norms and instruments (such as the Body Mass Index). This chapter points to the sheer complexity of both the institutional actors (medical and social scientists, policy makers, and the media), and types of knowledges, invoked in the problematisation of obesity, whilst also highlighting the limits of interventions that place responsibility for tackling the ‘risk’ of obesity at the feet of children, parents (and most specifically, mothers), and schools through individualised interventions to act on the behaviours and bodies of children.
Conclusions: moving beyond segregated localities
Authors: Leonard Madeleine
Published: January 2018

This chapter brings together the core themes of the book which is to understand and illuminate how teenagers growing up in Belfast construct, produce, perceive and experience place. Rather than considering place as an inert opaque backdrop to daily interaction, place is considered vital to creating landscapes of meaning. The chapter articulates how social relationships are inherently spatial and how identities while multiple and shifting are influenced by and impact on place. The chapter advocates the importance of understanding and incorporating young people’s perceptions and experiences of collective identity categories as a crucial starting point to finding ways in which more cohesive cross-community local and public spaces can be identified and supported.
Multiplications
Authors: Vohnsen Nina Holm
Published: January 2018

Chapter 3 explores how the temporarily united interests and viewpoints that had found a common ground in the proposal for the trial continued to live on and produce new versions of Active – Back Sooner. It portrays Active – Back Sooner as its methodological requirements puts it on collision course with national employment policy, legal principles, and local organisational attempts to ensure the quality of the general casework. Through attempts to rectify counterproductive or inexpedient practice the trial’s purpose begin to multiply. The chapter shows that the continuous planning Active – Back Sooner was subjected to was not restricted to the municipal Jobcenter, but rather that the trial continued to be designed and planned centrally in the Ministry too. The chapter documents that all these diversions from the initial plans were generated by highly sensible decisions and attempts to make the interventions meaningful, and further, that these attempts were what in turn tore Active – Back Sooner utterly apart or inflated it beyond recognition. It concludes that the recognition of the absurdity of the labour market effort, rather than being a mode of ridicule, in fact offers a holistic analytical position from which to appreciate the sum total of the labour market effort.
Children born of war: an introduction
Authors: Lee Sabine
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces children born of war as a research theme. Tracing the increasing visibility of conflict-related sexual violence in recent conflicts, it reflects on the significant difference in academic and advocacy attention to challenges faced by victims of gender-based violence in wars and their offspring. In a second step the developing interdisciplinary research landscape around CBOW is explored before the five case studies and the rationale underlying the historical-comparative case study methodology are introduced.
Intellectual flows and counterflows: the strange case of J. S. Mill
Authors: Zastoupil Lynn
Published: January 2018

This essay re-examines the fact that J. S. Mill’s published work registers surprisingly few direct examples of influence from India, despite his lengthy East India Company career. Situating Mill’s contact with South Asia in the rich history of Anglo-Indian intellectual exchange that colonialism engendered, it argues that this missed opportunity to connect is striking because of the confluence of extraordinary motives and opportunity in Mill’s early life. During the 1830s, European intellectual influences and colonial imperatives combined to lead Mill to advocate a form of Einfühlung—sympathetic understanding of others—at the very moment when the visiting Indian reformer Rammohun Roy was being celebrated across Britain by many individuals close to Mill, such as Jeremy Bentham. Yet Mill never met Rammohun and he virtually ignored the celebrated Bengali in his correspondence and published work. This neglect, the chapter argues, is astounding: not only did Mill and Rammohun campaign alike for freedom of the press in the 1820s, but numerous people that Mill knew used Rammohun’s example to argue that social progress depends on such liberties, a view of progress that Mill shared at the time. The essay concludes that Mill’s rejection of this foundational idea of liberty in favour of the famously restrictive one espoused in On Liberty awaits proper investigation, as does the abandonment of Einfühlung in his later publications.
The indigenous redemption of liberal universalism
Authors: Rowse Tim
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the uptake of liberal universalism by indigenous thinkers in the settler societies of Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. It focuses on five thinkers—Peter Jones (Canada), Charles Eastman and Zitkala-Sa (U.S.), Apirana Ngata (New Zealand) and William Cooper (Australia)—who accepted the Christian faith and belief in the perfectability of human beings of their settler overlords. Here, we see the ideas of the colonizers taken up with little revision. Where there was little chance that the colonizers might go away, these figures took up the ideas of the colonisers and sought to show that they held implications for social life much different than the practices currently in existence. They took the principle of human perfectability seriously, by saying that it applied truly universally—to all human societies, their own and the colonizers’ alike. ‘What was important about liberal universalism’, Rowse concludes, ‘was that every branch of humanity, including those that colonized, must be measured against a civilized standard.’
Marxism and historicism in the thought of Abdullah Laroui
Authors: Daifallah Yasmeen
Published: January 2018

This chapter investigates the contemporary Moroccan scholar Abdullah Laroui, who has been active since the late 1960’s in a variety of works and genres. Daifallah demonstrates that Laroui’s thinking has continued to use Marxism as a central intellectual resource up to the present, even as his work has become less explicit about that source given changes in time and circumstance. Throughout his prolific corpus, Daifallah argues, Laroui deploys Marxist forms of historicism as a tool for envisioning a more appealing future that bypasses the colonizing and other problematic tendencies of liberalism. In this way, Laroui seeks to sensitize readers to the contingency of their current circumstances and to open space for envisioning new, heretofore novel, possibilities for a world free of colonialism and domination. This future, Laroui suggests, will adopt many of the ‘principles and dreams’ of European thought, while shaking free of its brutality, domination, and exploitation. Laroui’s Marxism illustrates the continuing fecundity of rival universalisms, and demonstrates that debate about the stakes of divergent social theories is by no means concluded in the contemporary world.
Connecting to politics: expectations and actions
Authors: Matto Elizabeth C.
Published: January 2018

With the demographics of the generation firmly established, this chapter pulls together various streams of data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the American National Election Studies, and the Harvard Public Opinion Project and provides a picture of the political participation of young adults. This picture includes the current voting behavior of young adults, longitudinal data on Millennial voting, and inter and intra-generational comparisons in voting rates. In addition, the political activities of young adults beyond voting are considered including participating in campaigns, following the news, and use of social media or “hashtag activism”. This portrait is juxtaposed with the history of the passage of the 26th Amendment lowering the voting age and the expectations surrounding this milestone. Although emerging forms of engagement offer promise, this chapter includes a warning that these methods are only promising if they produce results – a warning that extends to those studying youth engagement.
Citizen now: organizing for action
Authors: Matto Elizabeth C.
Published: January 2018

The research presented in this chapter offers an alternative approach to studying and appreciating youth political participation - one that considers the issues or problems motivating political action and the groups through which this political action takes place. Survey research shows that the economy is an issue of top concern not only for the public at large but also for young adults. Three groups focused upon the effects of the economy on young adults emerged in analysis of news coverage of Millennials: Young Invincibles, The Can Kicks Back, San Bernardino Generation Now. Using a qualitative methodological approach, these groups serve as case studies of Millennials responding to a public issue. This chapter offers a description of each group’s origin, mission, and resulting structure.
Conclusion
Authors: Matto Elizabeth C.
Published: January 2018

The final chapter highlights the lessons learned from the case studies as well as the research designs they inspire. Consideration also is given to the normative implications of research addressing youth political participation. Lastly, practical suggestions are offered of actions parents, educators, policymakers, and even young adults themselves can take in order to encourage and equip them to be active citizens. The texts concludes that there are limitations both with declaring young adults "disengaged" because their behavior is unlike previous generations and asserting that they’re "better engaged" without demonstrating that their efforts will serve the interests of their generation. Instead, there is value in taking both theoretical and practical steps to ensure that today's young adult - citizen now – is understood and fully participating in the political process.
Making different choices in the Balkan wars of the 1990s: Bosnia in 1992–95 and Kosovo in 1999
Authors: Peterson James W.
Published: January 2018

The historic Russian interest in the Balkans cmpeted with the American-led, changed NATO mission to generate considerable conflict in the immediate aftermath of the 1991 break-up of Yugoslavia. During the ensurng Balkan Wars, American and Russian interests clashed continuously during the Bosnian civil war of 1992-95. Further, the distinctiveness of the Kosovo republic within the shrunken Yugoslavia intensified these American-Russian differences. NATO air strikes took place both under the sponsorship of Operation Allied Force in Bosnia and in response to Serbian military incursions its own republic of Kosovo that included a 90% Muslim population. Conversations continued sporadically after completion of the NATO-Russian Founding Act in 1997, but military initiatives by the West threw them off the tracks.
The wars in Afghanistan (2001), Iraq (2003), and Georgia (2008): a mixed set of perceptions
Authors: Peterson James W.
Published: January 2018

Presidents Putin/Medvedev and Georgia W. Bush both adopted basically unilateralist approaches towards the three wars. There was commonality in all three wars, for each took place within ethnically divided states: Afghanistan, Iraq, and Georgia. Russia was wiling to permit American access to Central Asian air bases in republics that had previously been part of the Soviet Union. However, there was considerable controversy between the two over the Gergia war as well as the war in Iraq. Presidents Bush and Obama both utilized a common surge strategy in Iraq and Afghanistan, but the final results in each were disappointing in terms of the continuing turmoil within the two nations. One positive feature of the effort in Afghanistan was support by NATO through its International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), whereas no allied naions provided help to Russia in its incursion into Georgia. Both nations incurred considerable costs, the Russians in global public opinion and the United States in considerable depletion of its treasury.
Muse
Authors: Chaplin Felicity
Published: January 2018

The Parisienne is often described as muse, not only to painters, poets and writers, but also fashion designers, musicians and filmmakers. This chapter argues that films treating the Parisienne type as muse reveal that the type exists between representation and reality, inhabiting an interstitial space between art and life. Parisienne muses share recognisable iconographical motifs. They are: fashionable; elusive, insofar as they are not able to be possessed by any man or adequately rendered by any artist; highly constructed aesthetic objects, the result of multiple depictions in painting and literature; and self-fashioning, mainly through attention to costume and gesture. While she inspires male artists, the Parisienne muse cannot be reduced to the modern or Romantic conception of the muse as passive object of male desire or artistic construction. Rather, she conforms more to the classical ideal of the muse as active in relation to the artist as passive receptor of inspiration.
This chapter looks at these motifs as they are taken up in three films: Jean Renoir’s Elena et les hommes (1956), Raúl Ruiz’s Klimt (2006), and Woody Allen’s Midnight in Paris (2010).
Courtesan
Authors: Chaplin Felicity
Published: January 2018

La Parisienne is frequently associated with prostitution, whether in the narrow sense of the streetwalker or courtesan or the general sense of the object and subject of consumption. Tracing her development in nineteenth-century art and literature, this chapter examines the way the Parisienne as courtesan is re-presented in cinema in Charles Chaplin’s A Woman of Paris (1923), Alain Cavalier’s La Chamade (1968), and Baz Luhrmann’s Moulin Rouge! (2001).
Cinematic courtesans have their prefigurations in both real life courtesans of the Second Empire, as well as in representations in French art, literature, and visual culture (Manet, Degas, Toulouse-Lautrec, Balzac, Zola, Dumas fils). Motifs associated with the Parisienne courtesan include the familiar tropes associated with Paris as a demimonde: desire, pleasure, and consumption. Alongside these tropes are the visual and narrative motifs on which the iconography of the Parisienne courtesan is based: fashion or style (often conceived to denote luxury and leisure), transformation (usually from provincial to high class), ambiguity (insofar as her class origins, motivations, and emotional allegiances are generally obscure), and the ménage à trois (films featuring Parisienne courtesans often involve the choice between an earnest but poor lover and a rich benefactor).
Soft power and welfare work
Authors: Mik-Meyer Nanna
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents key discussion on power and introduces the concept of power used in this book; one that combines Bourdieu’s work on field, capital and doxa with Goffman’s work on strategic interaction in efforts to ensure analyses of welfare encounters which show how the encountering individuals are shaped by the capacities and resources of the field(s) in which they interact as well as how both parties actively manipulate and negotiate these resources. This conceptualisation furthermore draws on the work of Nye on soft power as this concept point to the fact that the type of power at play in welfare encounters is not best described as hard or constraining but rather how particular resources and capitals give some actors the (soft) power to define the interaction.
The power of bureaucracy, market and psychology in citizen–staff encounters
Authors: Mik-Meyer Nanna
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents excerpts from two of the author’s previous empirical studies on welfare encounters. The aim of presenting these empirical analyses is to illustrate how to study the power of particular contexts in the welfare encounter. By presenting these two empirical cases, the chapter shows how diagnoses and systems of categorisation reflect a larger environment (a concept by Hall, which here refers to bureaucratic principles, market values, NPM techniques and norms from the field of psychology) and produce particular behavioural expectations of both citizens and welfare workers. The first case shows how doctors (GPs and municipal medical consultants), caseworkers and citizens negotiate the diagnoses of stress and depression, and the second case (greatly inspired by Goffman’s work) shows how norms from the field of psychology and the bureaucracy affect the evaluation of whether or not a citizen is suited for early retirement benefits.
Slaves and medicine: black perspectives
Authors: Snelders Stephen
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines leprosy politics in the age of slavery reading the sources from a bottom-up perspective: that of the slaves. The chapter examines the slaves’ own belief systems about leprosy, including a spiritual perspective that radically differed from the European medical perspective. Slaves had their own healers and treatments for leprosy. The widespread belief in the role of taboo violations among the Afro-Surinamese combined with the slaves’ unwillingness to disclose details of their medical and spiritual views and practices to their European masters contributed to European ideas about the slaves’ presumed indifference and fatalism. The difference in perspectives on leprosy between African slaves and European masters contributed both to the development of the ‘Great Confinement’ policies (with an aim to countermand the perceived African fatalism and indifference) and to the undermining of these policies, since the slaves saw nothing to gain by observing or adhering to the policies.
Towards a modern colonial state: reorganizing leprosy care, 1890–1900
Authors: Snelders Stephen
Published: January 2018

Fears of leprosy as an ‘imperial danger’ spread globally after 1890. These coincided with a reorganization of leprosy care in Suriname. However, this reorganization had a dynamic of its own tied to the heritage of Surinamese confinement policies and the necessity for an accommodation between the dominant Christian religious groups in the colony (Protestants and Catholics) and with the colonial state. The reorganization of leprosy care in the colony was intended to establish better-organized leprosy asylums that should be more accommodating to the citizens of a ‘modern’ colonial state. Moreover, the colonial government acquiesced to pleas from medical doctors for more humane treatment, and managed the interests of religious groups and missionaries who wanted to maintain or gain a foot in leprosy care. However, the new care continued the traditions of contagionism, compulsory segregation, and racist prejudices that had characterized Surinamese leprosy politics since the eighteenth century, long before the international concerns of the 1890s.
Developing modern leprosy politics, 1900–1950
Authors: Snelders Stephen
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses 20th-century leprosy politics in Suriname in the context of a modernizing colonial state and in an era of ‘authoritarian high modernism’. Modern leprosy politics were a Janus head. On the one side, the politics were based on the latest developments and fashion in medical views on leprosy: sufferers should be treated as patients, not as criminals; medical treatment in asylums and in outpatient clinics should be encouraged; and a humane organization of life in the asylums should be promoted. However, unlike in other colonies, the idea of compulsory segregation was never abandoned. Sufferers with non-European backgrounds, especially the Afro-Surinamese and the British Indians, were still stigmatized and seen as unwilling or unable to cooperate. They had to be forced into segregation. On the other side of the Janus head, policies of surveillance, detection, and compulsory segregation were therefore intensified. A new edict of 1929 inaugurated a renewed era of increased detection and segregation of sufferers. By the 1940s, the colonial state claimed that leprosy was finally under control. However, this claim is doubtful.
Complex microcosms: asylums and treatments, 1900–1950
Authors: Snelders Stephen
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the modern leprosy asylums in Suriname. In the modern Catholic and Protestant asylums of Majella and Bethesda Christian missionaries gave leprosy care a central place in their activities and in the presentation of these activities to their co-religionists and financiers in Europe. Together with the Groot-Chatillon state asylum, Christian asylums were interconnected parts of a system of leprosy care that was created after accommodation between the colonial state and the Christian churches in the 1890s. What resulted was a system including care and medical treatment by colonial medicine that ideally would return cured and grateful citizens back to society. Looking from ‘below’, the asylums were characterised by their own infrapolitics of friction and resentment. The permeability of asylum boundaries characterised by movement of patients between asylums and the outside world, and even between asylums was apparent. In everyday life there were limits to the disciplinary power of the regimes in the asylums.