bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Wound Healing and Limb Salvage: A Systematic Review
Authors: Goldman Robert J.
Published: May 2009

This article is a systematic review evaluating published clinical evidence of the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) for wound healing and limb salvage. The data source is the Ovid/Medline database for key word “Hyperbaric Oxygenation” with search limits (human studies, 1978‐2008). Results were combined by Boolean AND with 1 of the 3 following searches: (a) wound healing (10 permutations); (b) compromised flap or graft (3); and (c) osteomyelitis (1). The author evaluated 620 citations, of which 64 reported original observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on HBOT and healing outcomes. All citations with 5 subjects were selected for full text review (44 articles) and evaluated according to GRADE criteria for high, medium, low, or very low level of evidence. A Cochrane review identified 1 additional study with a low level of evidence. This systematic review discusses and tabulates every article of high or moderate level of evidence. For patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) complicated by surgical infection, HBOT reduces chance of amputation (odds ratio [OR] 0.242, 95% CI: 0.137‐0.428) (7 studies) and improves chance of healing (OR 9.992, 95% CI: 3.972‐25.132) (6 studies). Positive efficacy corresponds to HBOT‐induced hyperoxygenation of at‐risk tissue (7 studies) as measured by transcutaneous oximetry. HBOT is associated with remission of about 85% of cases of refractory lower extremity osteomyelitis, but an RCT is lacking to clarify extent of effect. There is a high level of evidence that HBOT reduces risk of amputation in the DFU population by promoting partial and full healing of problem wounds. There is a moderate level of evidence that HBOT promotes healing of arterial ulcers, calciphylactic and refractory vasculitic ulcers, as well as refractory osteomyelitis. There is a low to moderate level of evidence that HBOT promotes successful “take” of compromised flaps and grafts.
Testing the precision of bioevents
Authors: PAUL C. R. C. , LAMOLDA M. A.
Published: May 2009

Deciding which of two bioevents is the less diachronous is a common problem in biostratigraphy. The most accurate correlation uses the finest timescale available. Chemostratigraphy or cyclostratigraphy offer a potential precision of about 10 ka. Graphic correlation can then be used to test the precision of bioevents and to quantify any mismatch. It can also be used to determine in which section any event occurs earlier. Application of these ideas to correlation of the Cenomanian–Turonian and Coniacian–Santonian boundaries demonstrates that some bioevents are as precise as chemo- and cyclostratigraphy, but that most are not. Two problems occur with bioevents. First they may not be recognizable in all sections. Second, where they are recognizable, they may be diachronous. In the former case, calculating confidence intervals on known ranges in sections where the relevant fossil has been recorded is an alternative test. Large confidence intervals suggest that both first and last occurrences of a fossil may be diachronous bioevents. At the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary the following bioevents (in stratigraphic order) appear to be reliable time planes for international correlation. The last occurrences of (1) Corolithion kennedyi, (2) Rotalipora greenhornensis, (3) Axopodorhabdus albianus, (4) Rotalipora cushmani, (5) Lithraphidites acutus, (6) Microstaurus chiastius and (7) the first occurrence of Quadrum gartneri. At the Coniacian–Santonian boundary only the first and last occurrences of Platyceramus undulatoplicatus, and the first occurrences of Platyceramus cycloides and Lucianorhabdus cayeuxii have been identified as potentially reliable bioevents.
Studies in Relation to Malaria
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Cobbett Louis , Strangeways-Pigg T.
Published: May 2009

Grassi has repeatedly asserted that the geographical distribution of the genus Anopheles in Italy coincides with that of malaria. Even in his most recent publication he lays special stress upon the coincidence, and considers that what he claims will probably hold true all over the world.
The Utility of Isolation Hospitals in Diminishing the Spread of Scarlet Fever
Authors: Newsholme Arthur
Published: May 2009

There have not been wanting those who have alleged that isolation hospitals have failed to fulfil the object for which they were erected, inasmuch as scarlet fever has during the last few years been prevalent to an exceptional extent. Those who argue thus, are in favour of diminishing expenditure on the erection and maintenance of isolation hospitals, and consider that we must trust to “improved sanitation” for diminishing and possibly in the end annihilating infectious diseases.
A Comparative Study of Varieties of B. coli isolated from “Typhoid” and Normal Dejecta
Authors: Horrocks W. H.
Published: May 2009

The want of success which has so persistently attended the efforts of most bacteriologists to isolate the B. typhosus from water supplies suspected to have caused enteric fever, suggested a study of the varieties of B. coli which are associated with the B. typhosus in the dejecta of patients suffering from enteric fever. It was hoped that the organisms in question might show cultural characteristics or reactions to specific sera, which would enable them to be distinguished from the varieties of B. coli present in the dejecta of healthy people; so that even if the B. typhosus were not detected, the presence of these special organisms might afford reasonable grounds for the belief that the water under examination had been fouled by the specific dejecta of cases of enteric fever. With this object in view 150 organisms have been examined; of these 80 were isolated from the stools of cases of enteric fever and 70 from the stools of healthy men. The enteric fever cases were five in number, one being a severe relapse, and the other four severe cases which terminated fatally. The stools were obtained during the third and fourth weeks of the disease and also, in the fatal cases, from the intestines after death had occurred.
The Work of Max von Pettenkofer
Authors: J. S. H.
Published: May 2009

The death of Professor von Pettenkofer, which was briefly alluded to in the last issue of the Journal of Hygiene, has removed one who was everywhere acknowledged as a great leader among the workers in our science, and as the pioneer who has been mainly instrumental in bringing about the recognition of Hygiene, particularly on its experimental side, as a separate subject of investigation and university instruction.
Comparison of 6-hour and 24-hour Incubation Periods at 44° C. as a Confirmatory test for Bacterium Coli Type I
Authors: Taylor E. Windle
Published: May 2009

During the discussion of a paper presented by the author to the Society for Water Treatment and Examination at Sheffield in 1952, it was noted that several water bacteriologists were confirming, with a high degree of success, presumptive positive tubes in the coliform test as Bacterium coli type I after incubation for 6 hr. only in MacConkey broth at 44° C. (Taylor, 1952).
The Transmission of Hepatitis Virus by Routine Immunization Procedures
Authors: Ellis F. P.
Published: May 2009

The returns relating to naval personnel who were reported to the Admiralty to have acquired non-surgical jaundice between 1944 and 1947 were examined.

Where the dates of onset of illness and of inoculation were available, the numbers who developed the illness within 11–40 days of inoculation were greater than the numbers to be expected if there was no association between the dates of onset of illness and the dates of inoculation. During 1945 the observed numbers were also greater than the expected numbers when 41–70 days intervened between inoculation and the illness.

The interpretation and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

This paper is published by kind permission of the Medical Director General of the Navy, Surgeon Vice-Admiral Sir Alexander Ingleby-Mackenzie.

I am indebted to Dr F. O. MacCallum for his continued interest and for invaluable suggestions; to Dr J. O. Irwin for scrutinizing the script; to Miss H. M. Ferres who applied the statistical tests to the figures in Table 1; to Surgeon Commander M. A. Rugg-Gunn, Royal Navy, for the information about the ratings' pay books, and to Senior Commissioned Wardmaster J. L. T. Burns, Royal Navy, and Sick Berth Petty Officer (L) D. E. Lee, Royal Navy, who tabulated the numerical data.
Measuring Resistance to Virus Infection
Authors: Moran P. A. P.
Published: May 2009

Dilution series of viruses often do not fit the exponential curve which they should fit if the usual assumptions of the theory of dilution series were true. Suppose the density of the virus suspension is λ, the average number of virus particles per unit volume of the inoculum (we suppose that unit volume is the amount actually used in inoculating the egg or other test material). Let C be the proportion of infective virus so that Cλ is the effective density of virus particles, and X is a factor depending on the dilution used such that CλX is the expected number of infective particles in the inoculum.
Observations on the Carriage of Pneumococci by Patients with Chronic Bronchitis, and their Families
Authors: Clifton Marjorie , Pownall Margaret , Stuart-Harris C. H. , Hammond Rhinedd , Allott Christine
Published: May 2009

Previous workers (Stuart-Harris, Pownall, Scothorne & Franks, 1953; May, 1953)have reported studies on the bacterial flora of the sputum in cases of chronic bronchitis. Both pneumococci and Haemophilus influenzae have been reported frequently in the sputum but the source of these organisms, which might be either the patient's own upper respiratory tract or the environment, has not been traced.A long-term study of individuals with and without chronic bronchitis and of their families was therefore begun in an attempt to discern the role of exogenous infection in this disease. Observations were limited to the pneumococcus because serological identification of individual strains was readily possible in this species.
Electrophoretic and Immunological Studies on Sera from Calves from Birth to Weaning I. Electrophoretic Studies
Authors: Pierce A. E.
Published: May 2009

1. The serum proteins of calves from birth to weaning, and the maternal colostral whey have been examined with the ‘classical’ Tiselius electrophoresis apparatus. Differences were shown between calves fed colostrum and those partially deprived of colostrum.

2. A study of the pre-colostral calf serum showed the presence of albumin and of two major components with mobilities similar to the α and β globulins of adult serum. A component forming approximately 1·4 % of the total serum proteins and with a mobility similar to that of γ1or fibrinogen represented the γ1globulin. This globulin component was not unconverted fibrinogen and may be autogenous γ globulin or γ globulin passively acquiredin utero.

3. Autogenous γ globulin was evident in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived calves shortly after birth. The γ1and γ2components could be distinguished by the 10th day after birth, at which time the γ1globulin was the greater. By the 30th day the γ2globulin exceeded the γ1globulin and a smaller component termed the γ3globulin could usually be detected between the γ2and the salt boundary.

4. Albumin concentrations generally fluctuated inversely to changes in the total serum globulins.

5. The α globulins associated with fetuin declined shortly after birth in the colostrum-fed group. In the deprived group α globulin first rose and then fell. In both groups minimum α globulin values were reached at about the 30th day, when the α1globulin, although initially the major component in pre-colostral calf serum, was more depleted than the α2.

6. The β globulin frequently showed a transient though marked increase when the α globulins were at their lowest values.

7. No changes in the electrophoretic mobilities of the major serum proteins were detected as the calves matured, and no significant difference was found between the mobilities of the electrophoretic components of calf and adult sera.

8. The electrophoretic examination of colostral whey, colostral lacto-globulin fractions and calf serum immediately after suckling usually showed one lacto-globulin component. The relationship between the serum γ globulins and the lacto-globulin. is discussed.

The author wishes to thank Dr M. Robertson, F.R.S., and Sir Alan Drury, F.R.S. for their interest and encouragement during the course of this work, Dr W. R. Kerr for his co-operation in supplying most of the serum and colostrum samples, and Dr A. W. Stableforth and Dr J. S. Paterson for making certain cattle available for these experiments.
Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate and Oxine in the Differentiation of Brucella Species
Authors: Cruickshank J. C.
Published: May 2009

The effect of two chelating agents, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and 8-hydroxy-quinoline (oxine), on 70 strains of brucellae (24Br. abortus, 22Br. melitensisand 28Br. suis) has been examined.

The pattern of growth and inhibition of the three species as it appears in the carbamate test described by Renoux is of some value in the differentiation of species.Br. suisis more resistant to carbamate than the other two species.

The three species also differ in their sensitivity to oxine, and strains ofBr. suisfrom various sources were consistently more resistant than the other species. This observation may be of use in the identification ofBr. suis.

My thanks are due to Prof. Adrian Albert and Dr J. H. Marshall for helpful discussion of the chemical aspects of this work, and to Mr B. Madge, A.I.M.L.T., for technical assistance.
The Effect of Particle Size on the Toxicity of α-Naphthyl Thiourea (Antu) to Albino Rats
Authors: Bentley E. W. , Larthe Yvonne , Taylor A.
Published: May 2009

1. Particles of antu of 5 μ diameter were significantly less toxic to domestic rats than particles of 50–55 μ.

2. In each of three bio-assays they were less toxic than particles of antu of 100–110 μ.

3. It is concluded that the specification for antu for use in poison baits against R. norvegicus should not require it to be in the form of fine particles.

This work was initiated at the suggestion of Dr E. E. Turtle of this Division, and his advice during its progress is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also due to Mr L. E. Hammond for much help in the preparation of the test doses, and to Dr H. Egan and Mr E. I. Johnson of the Government Chemist's staff who carried out a number of the many micro-weighings involved.
The Effect of Local Antibiotic on Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus Pyogenes
Authors: Gould J. C.
Published: May 2009

Lanoline-water cream containing 1% of antibiotic was applied for 7–14 days to the anterior nares of 124 carriers of antibiotic sensitive staphylococci. Nose swab cultures, examined during the administration of the cream, were negative for Staph. pyogenes in all carriers who received oxytetracycline, and in 80, 75, 70 and 67% of those who received penicillin, chlortetracycline, streptomycin and chloramphenicol respectively.

Seventy per cent of carriers gave nose-swab cultures negative for at least 2 weeks, 50% for at least 4 weeks and 25% for at least 20 weeks after the cessation of treatment. Over the same period only 1% of a control group ceased to be carriers.

The nares of 20% of carriers receiving antibiotic were temporarily colonized with antibiotic-resistant strains, but in only one case (0·8%) did the resistant organism persist throughout the period of examination.

The use of this method of controlling staphylococcal carriage in preventing staphylococcal infection is discussed.

I wish to thank Prof. T. J. Mackie for his advice.
Observations on the Survival ofLeptospira AustralisA in Soil and Water
Authors: Smith D. J. W. , Self H. R. M.
Published: May 2009

Soil from a sugar-cane farm in North Queensland was infected with leptospirae. In some instances a culture ofLeptospira australisA was added to the soil; in others it was infected by rats,Rattus rattus, known to be excreting leptospirae in their urine.

After periods ranging from 8 to 43 days, the soil was flooded with rain water which was subsequently examined for leptospirae by treating guinea-pigs according to the ‘subcutaneous stream’ technique.

Leptospirae survived in culture-infected soil for 43 days and in urine-infected soil for 15 days prior to the addition of the rain water. They were recovered from the water at intervals ranging up to 24 days after the flooding of the soil.

The infected soil was of pH 6·1–6·2, its moisture content where determined was 34 and 37%, and the prevailing temperature 20–29° C. The reaction of the infected water samples ranged from pH 6·6 to 7·6.

The possible significance of these findings in relation to the epidemiology of leptospirosis in North Queensland is briefly discussed.
The Significance of Bacillus Coli in Drinking Water
Authors: Savage William G.
Published: May 2009

Of late years the bacteriological examination of water has become of greater importance in routine work and more widely employed. With this development it has become increasingly apparent that the mere number of organisms present in a given quantity of water, though of considerable value, is liable to cause many fallacies of solely relied upon.
Enteric Fever and Sewage Disposal in Tropical Countries
Authors: Aldridge A. R.
Published: May 2009

That many epidemics of enteric fever have been caused by contamination of central water-supplies is beyond dispute, but evidence is accumulating that makes it difficult to attribute its widespread prevalence in endemic form in India and elsewhere to this cause. It is necessary, however, to guard against assuming that therefore the disease is not water-borne. There are in India innumerable chances of water, when stored for domestic use, being contaminated, besides the same possibility in the case of food, feeding utensils, and cloths used for cleaning them. And when it is claimed that dust or flies play an important rôle in its dissemination, it is not necessary to assume that the bacillus is taken into the mouth or respiratory passages directly, but rather that it is conveyed to water, &c., by means of dust or flies.
A Review of Current Theories regarding Immunity (Concluded)
Authors: Ritchie James
Published: May 2009

Two questions. In concluding our review of this division of the subject, which deals with the parts played by the bodily presence of cellular protoplasm as contrasted with the activity of the chemical products of that protoplasm, which from their solubility may act at a distance from the cell producing them, there are two points which may be alluded to. Firstly, it is difficult to see how, granted that two substances are necessary for bactericidal action, these substances can in the first instance at least meet the bacterium except within a cell. Unless all immune bodies are represented in the serum by go-betweens (Zwischenkörper),—by bodies of an identical nature and differing only in that they are subservient to the normal metabolism of the body—how, when a bacterium gains entrance to the blood, does it come in contact with the immune body for which its protoplasm has the affinity? The receptor, which fixes the group in the bacterium corresponding with it, is within a cell,—how can the affinities be satisfied until the bacterium gets within the cell? It is not till the cell has been robbed of the use of these receptors and they become over-regenerated that the immune body becomes free and can be found in the serum. It is possible that all immune bodies are represented by go-betweens, and that a certain amount of the latter must be kept free in the serum for ordinary metabolism, and it is also possible that when the gradient—to use a physical phrase—between the cell and the blood plasma becomes great so far as the amount of go-betweens present in the latter is concerned that the cell becomes more active and secretes more of the material which is being more rapidly taken up than is usual in ordinary metabolism. Thus while the extra-cellular destruction of bacteria is easy to understand in the later steps of immunisation there is a difficulty about the earlier stages.
Medical aspects of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition, October 1901—January 1904
Authors: Ekelof Erik
Published: May 2009

The object of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition was to conduct researches relating to the geography and natural history of the Antarctic regions south of Cape Horn. The expedition was to start from Sweden during the autumn of 1901. On the approach of the Antarctic winter, in February or March 1902, some of the party were to be landed in a suitable place in the Antarctic regions, with the object of wintering there. The members remaining on board the ship “Antarctic,” were to carry on investigations in the regions around Cape Horn, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia. The next summer, i.e. in December 1902 or January 1903, the ship was to return in order to pick up the wintering party at their station; and, thus reunited, the whole expedition was to go back to Sweden, where, as we had calculated, we should arrive in the spring of 1903.
An Improved Method of constructing Shortened Life-Tables for Public Health Comparative Statistics
Authors: Hayward T. E.
Published: May 2009

As is only too well known by those who have undertaken the task, the work of constructing a Life-Table by an extended method, even when “graphic” means are employed for lightening the labour, is long and wearisome.
The successful Application of Preventive Measures against Beri-Beri
Authors: Wright Hamilton
Published: May 2009

As the result of several years of clinical and pathological experience of beri-beri in the Malay peninsula and other parts of the Far East I have been forced to the conclusion that beri-beri is an acute infectious disease with a definite primary lesion.
Bacteriological Examination of Tidal Mud as an Index of Pollution of the River
Authors: Savage William G.
Published: May 2009

Inspection by a sanitary expert of all tidal rivers where oysters or other shell-fish are laid, or found, is of the highest importance, but it may frequently, with advantage, be supplemented by a bacteriological investigation.
An Improved Method of constructing Shortened Life-Tables
Authors: Hayward T. E.
Published: May 2009

The following is an addendum to a paper which appeared in the last number of this Journal.

The primary object of the paper was to give working formulae for the construction of a shortened Life-Table, set forth with sufficient clearness to enable them to be practically used by anyone who understands ordinary arithmetic and the use of logarithms, without any necessary comprehension of the principles of the differential or of the integral calculus, by means of which the formulae have been deduced.
Canine Piroplasmosis. II
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper1 one of us has summarized what is known with regard to canine piroplasmosis, and presented the results of infection experiments carried on in Cambridge with infected ticks (adult Haemaphysalis leachi Andouin) imported from South Africa. In the present paper we propose to describe and figure the parasite as observed in stained preparations, and to state what is known regarding its biology. The supply of infected ticks having unfortunately been exhausted and our last attempt at the transmission of the disease by infected blood inoculation having failed, we are obliged, for the present, to postpone a detailed description of the living parasite.
A Note on Bovine Piroplasmosis
Authors: Mettam A. E.
Published: May 2009

So much has been written concerning Piroplasmosis as it occurs in different animals in various parts of the world that one may be pardoned for directing attention to the fact that the disease exists at home and is constantly coming before the notice of the veterinarian at this time of the year.
A Convenient Form of Gas Analysis Apparatus
Authors: Haldane J. S.
Published: May 2009

In a recent publication1 I described a gas analysis apparatus suitable for rapid and accurate laboratory work. This apparatus is, however, somewhat cumbrous, and cannot easily be conveyed from place to place, as is very often required in investigations relating to questions of hygiene. It also occupies a good deal of working space in a laboratory, as it cannot be moved from its place without a good deal of trouble. On the other hand the already existing forms of portable gas analysis apparatus for technical work are too inaccurate for many of the requirements of work in hygiene and physiology. I have therefore designed an apparatus with a view to meeting these defects as far as possible2.
Note on Haematozoa observed in a Bat and the occurrence of Acanthia pipistrelli Jenyns in South Africa
Authors: Bowhill Thomas
Published: May 2009

Some months ago a bat flew into my house at Grahamstown and was captured. Unfortunately the animal was fatally injured. It was placed in a tobacco-box and on opening the box next day a lively insect like a common bed-bug (Acanthia lectularia) and emiting a similar odour was found in the fur behind the bat's neck. The bug was sent to Mr C. W. Mally, M. Sc., Entomologist to the Eastern Province, for identification and he kindly determined the species as being Acanthia pipistrelli Jenyns, adding that the specimen agreed very well with the description given by Jenyns. Mr Mally wrote, “In the absence of the Northern specimens of this species I cannot express an opinion as to varietal characters. This specimen is of especial importance because there is apparently no record of its occurrence in these parts, nor has the species of bat in connection with which it was first discovered been found at the Cape”. Through the kind intermediation of Mr Mally the bat was forwarded to Professor Duerdin of the Rhodes University, who determined the species to be Vespertilio capensis, “The Cape Serotine Bat”. Prof. Duerdin states it is “apparently one of the commonest of South African bats, but we do not seem to have many”.
Precipitin Antisera and their Standardisation
Authors: Welsh D. A. , Chapman H. G.
Published: May 2009

It is usually accepted that in precipitin reactions a definite quantity of precipitin interacts with a definite quantity of homologous proteid, and further that in ordinary circumstances the interacting quantities combine to give rise to a precipitate, the precipitum. From this it follows that, if a known weight of serum containing precipitin be allowed to react with various weights of homologous proteid and if the quantities of proteid be sufficiently varied, certain reactions will be completed and others will be incomplete. The addition of precipitin and of homologous proteid to the superfluid of each reaction will determine the presence of excess of precipitin or of homologous proteid in such fluid. Conversely, if a known weight of the homologous proteid be allowed to interact with various weights of serum containing precipitin, it will be possible to determine in a similar manner those reactions which have been completed and those in which the homologous proteid or the precipitin is in excess. If the first stated proposition be correct, the results of these two series should coincide. A definite weight of serum containing precipitin should interact with a definite weight of proteid to from the precipitum.
II. Note on the species of fleas found upon rats, Mus rattus and Mus decumanus, in different parts of the world, and on some variations in the proportion of each species in different localities
Authors: Rothschild Hon. N. Charles
Published: May 2009

Ceratophyllus fasciatus1 is the flea usually found on Mus decumanus in Great Britain, and this is also the case, apparently, throughout Northern and Central Europe. The common house mouse, Mus musculus, occasionally harbours this parasite also, though its usual flea is Ctenopsylla musculi.
On the Epidemiology of Plague
Authors: Thompson J. Ashburton
Published: May 2009

It is now twelve years since it first became possible to study plague by modern methods, and yet no conclusion on its aetiology has been reached which has met with general acceptance. Two causes, as it seems to me, have chiefly contributed to this disappoinment. One consists in the appeal which has been persistently made to bacteriology for the lights which in fact are not in its power to shed; the other is neglect of the epidemiological method, or at least failure to apply it effectively. In consequence, a field has been occupied by the bacteriologist which could not be profitably laboured by him. The epidemiologist has not seriously disputed this usurpation of his domain, and for his apparent apathy he has not been without excuses of some weight.
Blood Parasites of the Mole,—including a new form of Intracorpuscular Parasite
Authors: Thomson John D.
Published: May 2009

The material on which these notes are founded was obtained from moles captured in the neighbourhood of the Lister Institute at Elstree in Hertfordshire from the middle of May to the beginning of July, 1906. In all 14 moles were examined.
Spirochaetosis of Mice due to Spirochaeta muris n.sp. in the Blood
Authors: Wenyon C. M.
Published: May 2009

While studying the infection of Trypanosoma dimorphon in mice at the Pasteur Institute some five months ago, I noticed in one of the fresh blood preparations made from a brown mouse (A) infected with the trypanosomes, a small and very active spirochaete. At first I was of the opinion that its presence in the blood was due to contamination from the skin, but, as it was constantly present and was constantly present and was found in blood taken from any part of the body, it was evident that it was parasitic in the blood.
Canine Piroplasmosis. V. Further Studies on the Morphology and Life-History of the Parasite
Authors: Nuttali George H. F. , Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: May 2009

In the present paper we describe the results of further investigations on the morphology and staining characters of Piroplasma canis, as well as a large number of observations on the living parasites. Our previous papers (1905) contained the results of studies preliminary to the investigation of the life-history of the parasite, but further work was unavoidably interrupted owing to the difficulties attending this form of research—we unaccountably failed to transmit the disease after several passages through dogs, and met with great difficulties in rearing progeny from infected ticks. Consequently the observations had to be discontinued until, after several failures, infected ticks (Haemaphysalis leachi) capable of transmitting the disease, had been received from South Africa through the kindness of Mr C. P. Lounsbury, Government Entomologist, Cape Colony. With this fresh strain of the disease we have succeeded in demonstrating various points in the morphology of the parasite which have hitherto escaped observation, and have worked out its method of multiplication in the living blood. Further studies have also been made on the vitality of the parasite outside the body in culture fluids, but these and other studies on the cycle of development within the tick are reserved for future communications.
On the Relationship between Bacillus pestis and Bacillus pseudotuberculosis rodentium (Pfeiffer)
Authors: MacConkey Alfred T.
Published: May 2009

(1) Morphologically and culturally the Bacillus pseudotuberculosis rodentium (Pfeiffer) bears a strong resemblance to B. pestis.

(2) The filtrate from an autolysed agar culture of B. pseudotuberculosis rodentium (Pfeiffer) and a similar filtrate from a B. pestis culture both gave a precipitin reaction with pest serum.

(3) It has been found possible to immunise both guinea-pigs and rats against plague by means of inoculations of cultures of B. pseudotuberculosis rodentium (Pfeiffer), and this immunity lasted in many cases at least six months.
The Mechanism of Phagocytosis from the Adsorption Point of View
Authors: Ledingham J. C. G.
Published: May 2009

The two processes involved in the phagocytosis of bacilli (B. typhosus) by polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the presence of a sensitising fluid, viz. (1) the sensitisation of the micro-organism, and (2) the phagocytosis of the sensitised micro-organism, have been separately investigated. A single guinea-pig end-piece acted as the sensitising fluid throughout all the experiments.

The removal of opsonin by bacillary emulsions was found to run the course of an adsorption process as evidenced by the numerical relations found to subsist between the bound and free opsonin in equilibrium.

Also the actual phagocytosis of sensitised or partially sensitised micro-organisms suspended in a neutral fluid (physiological saline) was found, on analysis by similar numerical methods, to proceed as an adsorption process.
The Present State of our Knowledge of Hay-Fever
Authors: Dunbar W. P.
Published: May 2009

In 1902 the investigations on hay-fever undertaken by me many years previously were brought to a temporary conclusion and their results published. I advanced the theory that hay-fever is a disease caused by vegetable poisons contained in the pollen of certain plants. These substances were connected with the proteid of the pollen grain and of a highly specific character. It was thus possible to decide by means of the isolated poisonous pollen proteid, whether a given disease is identical with hay-fever or not. In 1903 I asserted more forcibly that it was possible to obtain a specific antidote by inoculating pollen proteid into animals,e.g., rabbits or horses. With such an antidote it would be possible (1) to neutralise the pollen poisonin vitroso that it would no more produce morbid symptoms in hay-fever patients. Further it would be possible (2) by this specific antidote to cure symptoms of the disease already developed. By the timely application of the antidote it would (3) be possible to prevent the onset of hay-fever symptoms.
On the Inhibition of the Cholera-Red Reaction by certain Nitrite-Destroying Organisms and on the Mutual Inhibition of B. dysenteriae (Flexner) and V. cholerae when grown together
Authors: Logie W. J.
Published: May 2009

1. It has been shown that certain nitrite-destroying organisms when grown along with V. Cholerae prevent the appearance of the cholera-red reaction. This is not due to the non-formation of nitrite, but to its rapid destruction by the enitrite-destroying organisms.

2. Certain nitrite-destroying organisms fail to prevent the cholera-red reaction.

3.It has been shown in the case of the B. dysenteriae (Flexner) that the failur to prevent the cholera-red reaction is due to an inhibition of the growth of both organisms when grown together.
Gaertner Group Bacilli in Rats and Mice
Authors: Savage William G. , Read W. J.
Published: May 2009

Forty-one rats examined—internal organs and intestinal contents—for presence of Gaertner group bacilli. Bacilli identical with B. enteritidis isolated from five rats in each case from the spleen (in two from liver also). No members of this group isolated from the intestinal contents.

Several of the rat sera were capable of agglutinating Gaertner group bacilli in high dilution. These facts point to the view that old infection with Gaertner group bacilli had taken place.

The general result of the investigation is in favour of the view that while rats are lible to be infected with Gaertner group bailli and to be ill in consequence these bailli are not natural intestnal inhabitants. If this be accepted it may be stated that this group of bacilli are not natural intestinal inhabitants, of any known animal species.

Rats infected with Gaertner group bacilli may serve as a means of infecting meat with these bacilli and may possibly in this way be a cause of meat poisoning outbreaks.
The Blood Volume in Ankylostomiasis. With some Biological Notes Relating to the Disease
Authors: Nicoll Willim
Published: May 2009

In these experiments the hook-worm anaemia of dogs does not appear to be exactly analogous to the corresponding disease in man, but differs from it in two essential particulars, namely, that only young animals suffer and that in them its course progresses much more rapidly to a fatal termination.

Older dogs, although not altogether insusceptible, acquire infection only to a moderate extent, which gives rise to a minor degree of anaemia. From this they gradually recover, even in spite of repeated and continued attempts at re-infection.

The anaemia in young dogs was characterised by great loss of weight, emaciation, prostration and intestinal haemorrhage, but in no case was expistaxis observed.

The blood volume of dogs suffering from the minor degree of hookworm anaemia is not materially altered, but if anything is somewhat diminished. The oxygen capacity of the blood per unit of body weight is also, on the average, somewhat decreased.

Infection is generally accompanied by distinct though not profuse haemorrhage, which is most marked in the early stages, but tends to disappear.

Eosinophilia was not a constant sign either of infection or of disease.

Evidence of blood regeneration was furnished by the appearance of large numbers of erythroblasts (normoblasts) which increased with the progress of the disease.

Cats are much less easily infected than dogs, and monkeys are altogether insusceptible. Man, also, were found to be insusceptible to infection with the dog hook-worm.
The Immunity Reactions of an Inagglutinable Strain of B. typhosus
Authors: McIntosh James , McQueen James M.
Published: May 2009

Inagglutinable strains of B. typhosus are of considerable interest bacteriologists both from a practical and theoretical aspect. These strains present the usual characteristics of the typhoid bacillus, with exception that they are not agglutinated by anti-typhoid sera, if and such a contingency be overlooked one may fail to recognise that one dealing with a typhoid infection. This feature persists in the subcultures for many months, thus differentiating the inagglutinable strains from the many strains of B. typhosus which agglutinate with difficulty when freshly isolated but which regain their full agglutinability after one or two subcultures. Since their discovery these inagglutinable strains have been investigated on several occasions without any definite agreement as to the condition being arrived at.
The Sterility of Normal Urine in Man
Authors: Hort Edward C.
Published: May 2009

It appears to be widely believed that normal human urine as voided is sterile, and that the fact of sterility is capable of ready demonstration.
Studies in the Meaning and Relationships of Birth and Death Rates. III. The Constitution of a Dealth Rate
Authors: Brownlee John
Published: May 2009

This is a particularly difficult branch of the subject to investigate. It might be thought at first sight that the death rates at different age periods might be compared, and this is often done; but when it is noted that the death rates at different age periods are organically connected, it is obvious that such a comparison is statistical or actuarial and completely neglects the biology of the subject. To illustrate the problem a diagram is given. This is constructed on a principle open to objection, but, if that is remembered, it illustrates a number of points. The healthy district life table H2 has been taken as a standard of comparison. Now a healthy district life table labours under certain disadvantages. A district may, as the Register General says, be excluded because it contains an institution drawing its inmates from a wider district. This is not a serious objection. A more serious objection is the fact that whether deaths which might be considered to belong to the district are returned to it or not, the result is equally unsatisfactory. Everyone who has had practical experience knows many instances in which it is impossible to allocate a death to the district to which it properly belongs. When all is balanced, I think that probably on the whole the healthy districts get credit for more than their share of deaths, that is, for more deaths than would occur if there was no process of intermingling of town and country. For one death the town gets credit for, the country gets credit for another, in the one case some old person dying of a cancer in a hospital, in the other, some poor young person, who having tried city life, returns broken, to die of phthisis or some similar disease. Thus a healthy district life table is open to objection as a criterion. It is, however, for the purpose at present required, the only one at our disposal.
The Influence of the Age of the Parent at the Birth of Offspring on the Age at which they are attacked by some of the Zymotic Diseases, with special reference to the Epidemiology of Scarlet Fever
Authors: Ewart R. J.
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper (1912) a rough analysis of certain statistical data was made which seemed to show that the age of the parent at the birth of the offspring was a factor in its susceptibility to the Zymotic Diseases.
On Child Mortality at the Ages 0–5 Years, in England and Wales
Authors: Newsholme Arthur
Published: May 2009

In the preceding reports on infant mortality in counties during 1908 (Cd. 5263), in 241 urban areas in 1907–10 (Cd. 6909), and in Lancashire (Cd. 7511), the chief environmental circumstances favouring excessive infant mortality have been enumerated and to some extent discussed.
A Note on the Lag-Phase in the Growth of Micro-Organisms
Authors: Slator Arthur
Published: May 2009

Ledingham and Penfold have shown that during the lag-phase of growth ofB. coliin a nutrient medium the time and bacilli are connected by an equation of the formXn=KlogYwherenandkare constants (the initial seeding = 1). It has been pointed out in this communication that there is a relationship betweennandk, and that the above equation can be put in the form

The advantage of this new equation is thatKremains of the same value throughout the whole series of experiments.

In the case investigated by Ledingham and Penfold the constant of unrestricted growth is approximately equal to 2K.

The equation can also be put in the form

whereZis the “constant” of growthat a timeX. By suitably adjustingnandathis equation can be made to represent not only the lag-phase of growth but also the logarithmic phase, and the special phase of retarded growth when theX−Ycurve is rectilinear. When cell-death occurs the bacteria usually perish at such a rate that theX−Ycurve is logarithmic; the general equation therefore also covers this case.
Observations on the Bacteriology of an Epidemic of Diphtheria in a School, with Special Reference to the Virulence of the Organisms which were Isolated from the Cases
Authors: Arkwright J. A.
Published: May 2009

(1) A localised epidemic of diphtheria of a clinically mild type (both as regards local and general symptoms) was associated with the prevalence in the fauces of patients and contacts of strains of B. diphtheriae of low pathogenicity for animals; 35% of these strains possessed moderate virulence for guinea-pigs, 30% low virulence and 35% were non-virulent.

(2) Prolonged nasal discharge after moderately severe diphtheria was in one case associated with a strain of B. diphtheriae which was non-virulent for guinea-pigs.

(3) Acid production in various carbohydrate media proved a valuable means of differentiating diphtheria-like bacilli, but the exact composition of the medium is of importance. Peptone water appears to be especially suitable for the basis as being least liable to variation.

(4) The agglutination test gave a fairly uniform result with most of the strains of virulent B. diphtheriae, but three virulent strains did not give a decided positive reaction to this test. Of the non-virulent strains half gave a slight, the remainder a negative result.

Bacillus pseudo-diphtheriae (Hofmann) and certain acid producing diphtheroids gave no reaction.

(5) B. fusiformis and spirochaetes occurred in large numbers on the fauces in this epidemic of diphtheria, in association with the B. diphtheriae.

(6) After all the boys had received prophylactic infections of antitoxin and after the carriers had been isolated the epidemic promptly ceased.

I have to thank Lieut.-Col. Sir Joseph Fayrer, Medical Officer of the Duke of York's School, who was at the time Acting Commandant, for his permission to publish this account.

I am very much indebted to Dr Boycott and Dr Marshall for the very large amount of help which they gave me, and to Dr Dean for his assistance throughout the investigation.
Improvements in the Technique of the Concentration of Antitoxic Sera
Authors: Homer Annie
Published: May 2009

The study of the factors influencing the heat-denaturation of serum proteins has led us to change the technique of my method (1916) for concentrating antitoxic sera. These changes involve a considerable shortening of the process and therefore a brief description of our present method of procedure may be useful to those engaged in serum concentration in other laboratories.
The Absorption or Saturation test of Castellani: its applications in Sero-Diagnosis, and in the Recognition of Bacterial Species. A Critical Review
Authors: Taylor Frank E.
Published: May 2009

The Absorption or Saturation Test published by Castellani in 1902 is now becoming more extensively used by serological and bacteriological workers in European and American laboratories. Its use is also essential for the accurate study of certain tropical infections, so that it behoves all tropical workers to be familiar with this test. It is therefore believed that an account of the method together with a general review of the literature of the subject may not be out of place in this Journal.
The Standardization of killed Agglutinable Cultures of B. dysenteriae
Authors: Gardner A. D.
Published: May 2009

(1) Killed agglutinable broth cultures of the various dysentery bacilli may be prepared by the formalin and cold storage process and may be standardized by the method elaborated by Prof. Dreyer for the typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli.

(2) Since formalin (0·1 %) usually causes a gradual loss of sensitiveness to agglutination during the early life of the emulsion, a certain period (two months) must be allowed to elapse before the emulsion can be used as standard.

(3) After such a period the sensitiveness of the emulsions remains unaltered for at least ten months, and probably much longer.

(4) By none of the other methods of preparation investigated could satisfactory standard agglutinable cultures be made.
Report of Experiments on the Cold Storage of Herrings carried out at North Shields (June and July, 1919)
Authors: Green Ione H.
Published: May 2009

THE following experiments form part of the general scheme of research undertaken with the object of providing a sound scientific basis for methods of fish preservation and storage.

The bacteriological part of the investigation was first undertaken by the author a year ago and the time has been spent in endeavouring to become acquainted with the peculiarities and characteristics of herring bacteria. There is still a large amount of work to be done in this field before practical experiments on a large scale can be carried out to yield really satisfactory results.
The Distribution of Malaria in South Africa and a Mosquito Survey of Military Hospital Areas
Authors: Pratt-Johnson Major J.
Published: May 2009

The following information in regard to the distribution of malaria in South Africa has been compiled chiefly from the reports of Government Medical Officers and Health Officials who were circularised by courtesy of the Union Public Health Department in March, 1918, in regard to the following points:

(1) The areas affected in each district.

(2) The type or types of malaria existing.

(3) The incidence of the disease, whether endemic or epidemic; and

(4) The types of anopheline mosquitoes identified.

The information available from these sources indicates the necessity for a considerable amount of further work to provide a more complete and accurate knowledge of the incidence of malaria in South Africa.