bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Operating an electric motor in saturation – mechanical vibrations and other effects
Authors: F. Oliveira  , M. P. Donsión  , Jan Iwaszkiewicz  , Jacek Perz
Published: July 2017

This  paper  addresses  some  of  the  effects  of running an electric motor near and in the saturation zone of the electromagnetic  hysteresis  curve,  namely  mechanical  effects such as mechanical vibrations and rotation speed apart from the classic electrical and thermal effects. Mechanical vibrations are intrinsically   characteristic   of   rotating   machines,   and   other turbomachine  characteristics,  such  as  rotor  unbalance,  non-linearity   and   shaft   variable   stiffness   can   introduce   severe disturbances in the operation of the machine. Rotation speed is also   affected   by   electric   parameters,   when   the   mechanical machine  is  connect  to  an  electric  machine,  meaning  both  the electric  machine  type  and  the  process  by  which  it  is  driven affects both the value of speed and its constancy.
Loss reduction in cable sheathing
Authors: B. Novák  , L. Koller  , I. Berta
Published: July 2017

In order to reduce electric potential difference
between the sheathings of single core three-phase cables, the
sheathing is grounded and bonded at one or both ends of the
cables. If the cable is long, double bonding has to be carried out
which leads to circulating currents and increased power loss.
Based on finite element (FE) calculations, this paper shows, that
raising the sheath’s resistance, by decreasing its cross section and
increasing its resistivity, can significantly reduce this loss. The
magnetic field close to the ground surface and the behaviour of
the cable during fault conditions are also investigated.
The solar radiation evaluation by satellite images processing
Authors: M. Boulifa  , A. Adane  , A. Mefti  , S. Ameur  , Z. Ameur
Published: July 2017

. To evaluate the global solar irradiation flux received at the ground surface for Algeria, an analytical model is implemented by processing satellite images and solving the equation of radiative transfer. This model is derived from that initially worked out by C. Gautier et al. in 1980 using high-resolution Goes images. We get that it is well adapted to the processing of lesser resolution images such as those collected by Meteosat 2 following the B2 format. The data base under study mainly consists of clear-sky B2 Meteosat images recorded every three hours in the visible channel (i.e., [0.4 – 1.1 µm]) during the 1986/87 period and representing North Africa and Southern Europe. Hourly and daily global solar irradiation fluxes received at the ground on a horizontal surface have therefore been evaluated by applying the analytical model to the Meteosat images. The obtained results were compared to the hourly ground solar measurements recorded in the radiometric stations of Bouzareah (Algiers) and Oran during the 1986/87 period. Since the deviations between both types of solar data do not exceed 10%, the radiances estimated by modelling are found to be close to the related ground measurements.
A Study of the Antenna Effect of Photovoltaic Modules
Authors: M. Drapalik  , J. Schmid  , E. Kancsar  , V. Schlosser  , G. Klinger
Published: July 2017

We have investigated the reaction of photovoltaic
cells to external electromagnetic fields in a frequency range of
10 Hz to 1 GHz. Outdoor recordings of received RF noise from
the ambient were sampled for different solar cells and modules
and compared with the reception of a simple whip antenna
which represents a monopole for electromagnetic fields.
Additionally in the laboratory well defined signals were
generated and their reception was investigated depending on
geometrical factors of the cells, such as orientation, size and
distance. Two antenna models, namely dipole and patch
configuration, are compared with the experimental findings.
Simulations for the effect of modulated signals on solar cells
were made as well. It was found that the gain in the investigated
frequency range increases essentially linear with the cell area
similar to patch antennas. A crystalline silicon cell of 100 cm2
has almost the same signal amplification as an 83 cm long whip
antenna remaining coarsely constant over the whole frequency
range. For narrow frequency bands however the signal
attenuation or amplification is strongly modified by the dipole
behavior caused by the front metal grid. Simulation shows that
demodulation effects are biggest around the MPP, possibly
affecting subsequent power conditioning units.
New module integrated multilevel inverter for grid connection of photovoltaic plants
Authors: G. Mehlmann  , G. Herold
Published: July 2017

This paper presents a new solar multilevel inver-ter,  based  on  the  cascaded-multilevel  converter.  The  main  idea  is  that  the  new  inverter  generates  a  so  called  “highly  pulsating  space  phasor”  instead  of  a  reference  voltage.  This  operation  mode  limits  the  distortions.  Additionally,  for  the  first  time  energy  redundancies  between  the  voltage  levels  can  be  used,  instead  of  the  so  far  known  voltage  redundancies.  As  a  result,  the  problem  of  unbalanced  voltage  sources  can  be  avoided,  a  complex  control  is  not  necessary  anymore  and  the  MPP  track-ing of solar multilevel inverters can be improved considerably.
Investigation of Line-Commutated Three-Phase Converters Under Voltage Unbalance
Authors: Manuel Weiland  , Gerhard Herold
Published: July 2017

Power  converters  operated  in  unsymmetrical  three-phase  elec-trical  systems  will  generally  work  asymmetrically.  This  intro-duces  disadvantages  for  the  operation  of  the  electrical  power  system,  like  non-characteristic  harmonics.  In  the  case  of  con-trollable  power  converters,  such  as  thyristor  converters,  it  is  possible  to  operate  the  converter  with  asymmetrical  firing  an-gles. This offers the opportunity to react on the system’s unbal-ance  optimizing  the  asymmetrical  operation  of  the  converter  to  lower the disadvantages. In  this  paper,  a  method  is  presented  to  calculate  the  behaviour  of  electrical  equipment  based  on  line-commutated  current  con-verters.  Thereby,  the  operation  of  the  essentially  non-linear  system is described as sectional continuous linear problem. For its solution an approach with differential equations in the range of space-phasors is used. It is shown to be possible to optimize the  unsymmetrical  operation  with  respect  to  certain  quality  criteria by using unsymmetrical firing angles.
Wind loads on an azimuthal photovoltaic platform. Experimental study
Authors: R. Velicu  , G. Moldovean  , I. Scaleţchi  , B.R. Butuc
Published: July 2017

During the dimensioning stage of the embodiment
design process of the azimuthal trackers for photovoltaic (PV)
platforms a very important step is input load calculation. Wind
load is the main load on these kinds of systems and a correct
evaluation of wind load becomes significant for dimensioning.
This paper presents results and conclusions from an
experimental study on wind loads depending on wind velocity
and functional positions of solar tracking platforms. The results
are presented as graphic diagrams and can be useful for the
improvement of actual standards on wind loads.
Genetic Fuzzy Learning of local wind conditions
Authors: A. Agüera Pérez  , J. J. G. de la Rosa  , J. G. Ramiro  , J. C. Palomares Salas
Published: July 2017

The wind climate measured in a point could be
described as the regional wind climate of the zone forced by local
effects derived from topography, roughness and obstacles in the
surrounding area. This paper presents a method that allows to find
fuzzy relations between the local wind climate in a location and the
physical geography of the area. The fuzzy sets used in this work
will connect relief elements with a probability relationed with the
chances of flow over the concerned element. Thus, evaluating the
heights and slopes of the terrain around the selected point, each
fuzzy system will generate a possible local wind climate, which will
be compared with the real one. In order to obtain the best
agreement, a population of these fuzzy systems will be improved
using Genetic Algorithms.
Radiative parameters specific to Braşov urban area
Authors: L. Coste  , C. Şerban
Published: July 2017

The paper objective is to present the input data
needed for the renewable systems design, namely the recording
and the analysis of the local meteorological and climatological
parameters such as the solar radiation, the wind speed, the
clearness index and the atmospheric turbidity factor.
The diagrams presented are obtained on the basis of the
meteorological data recorded during three years, 2006-2008.
The used meteorological data, for this study, were recorded
with a local weather station positioned on the building roof of
the Transilvania University of Braşov.
The paper ends with an analysis of some very important
diagrams concerning the solar and wind power for Braşov area,
and there are worded conclusions derived from the comparative
analysis of these values.
Advanced Voltage Positive Feedback Control for Anti-islanding of a Distribution Generation Inverter
Authors: S.-K. Kim  , J.-H. Jeon  , H.-K. Choi
Published: July 2017

the  paper  discusses  an  analytical  design  of  dq-based   voltage   positive   feedback   (VPF)   control   for   anti-islanding  of  a  distributed  generation  (DG)  inverter.  Design criteria  for  the  voltage  feedback  gain  are  presented.  Based  on small  signal  stability  and  step  response  analysis,  an  analytical design  method  for  lower  and  upper  bounds  of  the  gain  is described.   It   is   proven   that   conventional   VPF   gain   is significantly  influenced  by  real  power  levels  of  a  DG.  To improve this weakness, a modified VPF is proposed. Simulation study  validates  the  analytical  design  method  and  the  modified VPF  control  performance  for  a  constant  power-  controlled inverters.
Investigation of gaseous emissions and ash deposition in a pilot-scale PF combustor co-firing cereal co-product biomass with coal
Authors: Ala Khodier  , Nigel Simms  , Paul Kilgallon  , Nigel Legrave
Published: July 2017

This study presents the results of investigations
into the gaseous emissions and ash deposition characteristics
from combustion of Cereal Co-product mixed with coal in a
100 kWth pulverised fuel combustor. Combustion gas emission
samples for CO2 , O2 , H2O, SO2 , CO, NO, NO2 , N2O, HCl, HF,
were obtained on-line by a high resolution multi-component
Fourier Transform Infra-Red gas analyser. Ash deposit samples
were collected from the flue gas using three air-cooled probes
that simulate heat exchanger tubes with surface temperatures of
500, 600 and 700 °C. The deposits formed were analysed using
SEM/EDX and XRD techniques to assess their corrosion
potential.
Voltage Control for a Loop Distribution System with Renewable Energy Sources
Authors: Y. Hanai  , Y. Hayashi  , J. Matsuki
Published: July 2017

This paper describes and verifies a voltage
control for a loop distribution system. The proposed method
adopts SCADA system based on voltage data from IT switches,
which are sectionalizing switches with sensor installed at 6.6kV
distribution line. The proposed voltage control combines
centralized control of a LRT and autonomous control of
decentrally-allocated RESs. The tap change control of LRT
takes the major role of the proposed voltage control. It is the
extended type of LDC method which is generally adopted, and
minimizes voltage deviations based on voltage data from each
IT switch. The output power control of RES additionally and
autonomously supports the voltage control when the voltage
violation from the upper limit is unavoidable. The reactive
power control in the vacant capacity of RES's inverter mainly
works, and the active power control works when not enough. In
order to check the validity of the method, the experimental
simulations using an analog distribution system simulator are
carried out. This study is supported by a specially-promoted
research grant of Power Academy in 2009 from the Federation
of Electric Power Companies of Japan.
A katábasis de Orfeu no Brasil, por Cacá Diegues
Authors: Cardoso Igor Barbosa
Published: July 2017

O mito de Orfeu foi reelaborado diversas vezes pelo cinema brasileiro. Procura-se contrapor a katábasis produzida por Cacá Diegues a de Marcel Camus, com Orphée Noir (1958), em dois momentos, em A cidade grande (1966) e Orfeu (1999). Argumenta-se que o bandido social e o traficante de drogas são personagens centrais para a produção de distintas composições do inferno feitas por Diegues.
Sugestões sobre P. Dura 33
Authors: Bellucci Nikola D.
Published: July 2017

O artigo examina o fragmento P. Dura 33, texto em pergaminho encontrado durante as escavações de 1921-1922, na cidade síria de Dura Europos, investigando a sua forma, conteúdo e natureza e inserindo-o no contexto das certidões de casamento e divórcio duranos. As análises realizadas sobre o documento, que poderia, assim, ser entendido como uma espécie de inventário “reservado” dos objetos, levariam a evidenciar suas particularidades e diferenças no contexto investigado.
Assessing "eco" in ecotourism in Nepal
Authors: Nyaupane Gyan Prasad
Published: July 2017

Abstract on PDF
Floristic conposition of Butwal area and its surrounding hills
Authors: Shakya Jalendra D.
Published: July 2017

No abstract available
Dalbergia sissoo dieback: a common sub-regional problem
Authors: Editor The
Published: July 2017

No abstract
Causal agents responsible for the die-back of Dalbergia sissoo in Nepal's eastern Tarai
Authors: Parajuli A.V. , Bhatta B. , Adhikari M.K. , Tuladhar J. , Thapa H.B.
Published: July 2017

Abstract on the PDF
Measuring forest and user group changes in community forestry: results from the Koshi hills
Authors: Yadav K.P. , Branney P.
Published: July 2017

Abstract on the PDF
JARA JURI Going to the roots
Authors: Karmacharya S.B.
Published: July 2017

No abstract
Is community forestry of Nepal's Terai in right direction ?
Authors: Baral Jagadish Chandra , Subedi Bodh Raj
Published: July 2017

The paper which is based on the study visit of twenty districts of the Terai has attempted to describe some discrepancies of community forestry in the region. Although, it is argued that the trend of forest degradation has decreased since handover, but at the same time a number of unintended social anomalies have also arised. Such anomalies essentially constitute of inequity and unfairness in the local and national level and in terms of long-term sustainability of forest resources. To minimise such irregularities a steady and 'process oriented' handover is suggested instead of those based on inadequate field works.
Motion predictions of ships in actual operating conditions using potential flow based solver
Authors: Rahaman Md. Mashiur , Islam H. , Akimoto H. , Islam M. R.
Published: July 2017

Prediction of ship's response in real voyage condition is essential for efficient ship design. At sea, ships rarely voyage in head wave conditions, and mostly prefer oblique waves for lower resistance and better propulsion. This paper provides oblique wave simulation results for a container, tanker and bulk carrier using a commercial potential flow (PF) based solver, HydroSTAR. Although, PF codes have limitation regarding resistance prediction, they are well reliable in predicting ship motion in waves. The paper aims at providing a relative comparison of ship resistance and motion in different heading angles for three major ship models namely KCS, KVLCC2 and JBC. The paper should prove useful to shippers in case of weather routing or route selection for voyage.
The effect of electrical discharge machining parameters on alloy DIN 1.2080 using the Taguchi method and determinant of optimal design of experiments
Authors: Sadr Pouyan , Kolahdooz Amin , Eftekhari Seyyed Ali
Published: July 2017

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) process is one of the most widely used methods for machining. This method is used to form parts that conduct electricity. This method of machining has used for hard materials and therefore select the correct values of parameters are so effective on the quality machining of parts. D3 steel has a high abrasion resistance at low temperatures therefore can be a good candidate for this method of machining. Also because of high hardness and low distortion during heat treatment, using this method is economical for this alloy. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of the main parameters such as voltage, current, pulse duration and pulse off time and the interaction of them to determine the optimal condition for the D3 steel alloy (alloy with DIN 1.2080). Chip removal rate (MRR) and surface quality of parts were evaluated as the output characteristic of the study. The optimum conditions were achieved when the MRR is in the highest value and surface roughness is in the lowest one. For investigation of interaction, two kinds of DOE methods (Taguchi and determinant of optimal experimental design) are used. Then the optimal parameters are investigated with the help of the analysis signal to noise (S/N) and mathematical modeling. The optimize results were tested again and compared. Also the results showed that regression modeling has better accuracy than the S/N analysis. This is because of a greater number of experiments that done in this part and taking into account the interaction parameters in the regression model.
Knockdown of Long Noncoding RNA CCAT2 Inhibits Cellular Proliferation, Invasion, and Epithelial‐Mesenchymal Transition in Glioma Cells
Authors: Zeng Jing , Du Tianping , Song Yafeng , Gao Yan , Li Fuyan , Wu Ruimin , Chen Yijia , Li Wei , Zhou Hong , Yang Yi , Pei Zhijun
Published: July 2017

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) colon cancer-associated transcript 2 (CCAT2) has been demonstrated to play an important role in diverse tumorigenesis. However, the biological function of lncRNAs in glioma is still unknown. In this study, we found that lncRNA CCAT2 was overexpressed in glioma
tissues and cell lines and associated with tumor grade and size. Furthermore, patients with high levels of lncRNA CCAT2 had poorer survival than those with lower levels of lncRNA CCAT2. Knocking down lncRNA CCAT2 expression significantly suppressed the glioma cell growth, migration, and invasion,
as well as induced early apoptosis of glioma cells in vitro. Moreover, lncRNA CCAT2 regulated epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated gene expression. In conclusion, lncRNA CCAT2 plays an important role in glioma tumorigenesis and progression and may act as a potential biomarker
for therapeutic strategy and prognostic prediction.
The Indirect Cost of Disability Adjusted Life Years Lost among the Elderly in Kenya
Authors: Kirigia Joses Muthuri , Mburugu Gitonga N , Huka Guyo Sarr
Published: July 2017

Background: As Kenya accelerates the momentum to attain the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 3 on health and 13 on combatting impacts of climate change, it is critically important not to overlook their impacts on the elderly, i.e. people aged 60 years and above (elderly). The objective of this study was to estimate the indirect cost (productivity losses) of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost among the elderly in Kenya in 2015.Methods: The indirect cost associated with jth disease (or health condition) DALYs lost among the elderly is the product of the per capita non-health GDP in purchasing power parity (PPP) and the total jth disease (or health condition) DALYs lost in a specific age group. Per capita non-health GDP equals Kenya’s per capita GDP minus total health expenditure in 2015. The study covers all the diseases and health conditions reported in WHO Global Health Observatory (GHO). The data on DALYs and per capita total health expenditure were obtained from WHO GHO; while per capita GDP data was from IMF World Economic Outlook database.Results: About 2,238,004 DALYs were lost among the elderly in 2015. That health loss resulted into a total indirect cost of Int$ 7,088,274,986; which was evenly distributed among males and females. Approximately, 64.1% of the indirect cost resulted from non-communicable diseases, 29.3% from communicable and nutritional conditions, and 12.2% from injuries. If Kenya is able to fully achieve SDG targets 3.1 on maternal mortality, 3.3 on communicable diseases, 3.4 on NCDs and 3.6 on road traffic accidents by 2030, that would lead to a reduction of 625,238.21 DALYs (38.4%) lost among the elderly, which is equivalent to a saving of Int$ 1,986,641,742 (44.9%) in indirect costs (productivity losses).Conclusions: Kenya incurs every year substantive productivity losses due to morbidity and premature mortality among the elderly. Therefore, there is need for increased government, private sector and partner investments into health and wellbeing of the elderly to prolong their intrinsic and functional capacities.Key words: Elderly, indirect cost, productivity loss, disability-adjusted life year (DALY)
An Anatomical Study Of The Musculus Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Authors: Ferreira Arquez Humberto
Published: July 2017

Background: The present study documents valuable new data on the anatomical variations of the musculus flexor digitorum brevis in an adult Colombian population, this muscle and in particular its fourth slip, has a significant clinical and surgical importance. The fourth slip is undergoing a phylogenetic degeneration. The purpose of this study is to conduct an evidenced on the prevalence of the musculus flexor digitorum brevis and its variants in humans.

Methods and Findings: A total of 17 cadavers with different age groups were used for this study, 34 feet of 15 male and 2 females embalmed adults cadavers in the laboratory of Morphology of the University of Pamplona. All feet (n= 34) were studied serially during the years 2013-2016. Of the 34 feet examined, in 32 (94.12%) the muscle conformed to the classical descriptions given in anatomical textbooks showed 4 bellies. In the remaining 2 feet (5.88%) the muscle divided into three parts which ended in slender tendons to the second, third and fourth toes.

Conclusions: The knowledge of the anatomical variations in relation to the demographic characteristics of patients would be of importance for diagnostic imaging and foot surgery.
Hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans: our 201st patient
Authors: Nazzaro Gianluca , Angileri Luisa , Parducci Betsabeth Abigail , Veraldi Stefano
Published: July 2017

This item has no abstract. Follow the links in the page to access the full text.
Microscopic detection of hemozoin in peripheral leukocytes fails to indicate plasmodial placental infection in pregnant women
Authors: Lopez Carolina , Alvarez Yurley , Arango Eliana , Carmona-Fonseca Jaime , Maestre Amanda
Published: July 2017

Introduction: Malaria in pregnancy very often includes gestational (parasites in maternal peripheral blood) and placental (parasites in placental blood) infection, but the later condition can only be detected after delivery. High frequency of placental plasmodial infection has been confirmed in many countries and is associated with negative birth outcomes. With the hypothesis that placental infection is accompanied by hemozoin circulation in maternal peripheral blood, an exploratory study was conducted to evaluate the association between peripheral leukocytes with hemozoin and placental infection by Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium falciparum in parturient women.

Methodology: A descriptive, transversal and exploratory (pilot type) study was carried out with women from two malaria-endemic localities of northwest Colombia. A total of 25 parturient women with confirmed placental infection and 25 without placental infection were included. Two independent readers measured the number of leukocytes with hemozoin in thick smears of maternal peripheral blood. Plasmodial infection in maternal peripheral blood and placental blood was detected by thick smear and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

Results: Four parturient women had leukocytes with hemozoin in peripheral blood; three of them had placental plasmodial infection and one was negative for placental infection. No statistically significant association between leukocytes with hemozoin in peripheral blood and placental infection was observed.

Conclusions: With this limited sample size, detection of leukocytes with hemozoin by thick smear of maternal peripheral blood did not indicate presence of placental infection.
Adherence to Antitumor Necrosis Factor Use Recommendations in Spondyloarthritis: Measurement and Effect in the DESIR Cohort
Authors: Harvard Stephanie , Guh Daphne , Bansback Nick , Richette Pascal , Saraux Alain , Fautrel Bruno , Anis Aslam H.
Published: July 2017

Objective.

To evaluate a classification system to define adherence to axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) use recommendations and examine the effect of adherence on outcomes in the DESIR cohort (Devenir des Spondylarthropathies Indifférenciées Récentes).

Methods.

Using alternate definitions of adherence, patients were classified as adherent “timely” anti-TNF users, nonadherent “late” anti-TNF users, adherent nonusers (“no anti-TNF need”), non-adherent nonusers (“unmet anti-TNF need”). Multivariate models were fitted to examine the effect of adherence on quality-adjusted life-years (QALY), total costs, and nonbiologic costs 1 year following an index date. Generalized linear regression models assuming a γ-distribution with log link were used for costs outcomes and linear regression models for QALY outcomes.

Results.

Using the main definition of adherence, there were no significant differences between late anti-TNF users and timely anti-TNF users in total costs (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.54–1.36, p = 0.516) or nonbiologic costs (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.44–1.18, p = 0.187). However, in the sensitivity analysis, late anti-TNF users had significantly increased nonbiologic costs compared with timely users (RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.06–2.36, p = 0.026). In the main analysis, there were no significant differences in QALY between timely anti-TNF users and late anti-TNF users, or between timely users and patients with unmet anti-TNF need. In the sensitivity analysis, patients with unmet anti-TNF need had significantly lower QALY than timely anti-TNF users (−0.04, 95% CI −0.07 to −0.01, p = 0.016).

Conclusion.

The effect of adherence to anti-TNF recommendations on outcomes was sensitive to the definition of adherence used, highlighting the need to validate methods to measure adherence.
Development of Human Resources to Increase Policy Capacity in Public Sector
Authors: Kaleem Mahmoud
Published: July 2017

This research paper is based on the correlation between HRM practice and organizational performances. The influence of HRM practices on organizational performance has significant effects. The main objective of this paper is to explore the general practice of HRM programs and establish the influences of properly managing the human resources for better development of selected organizations. This study had surveyed four leading organizations with 300 total respondents, in which 80 workers are working on top managerial positions and the remaining 220 staff members are working on the core non-managerial position. The response rate was 97.98% that signifies the interest rate of staff in the development of effective HRM policies in their organizations.Targeted and convenience sampling techniques are used to drive the results for this study. The results of the survey showed that in those organizations where human resource management practices are poorly planned and implemented and managed by non-experts so called managers, programs and policies of these organizations are perceived poorly by their employees. The study also showed that the enormous benefits of sound human resource management which were highly appreciated by their employees. It was proposed that the organizations should devote a proper human resources management department through which competitive advantages could be created.This paper emphases the development of human resources to increase the capability of policy in the public sector. Therefor the main attention together with to encounter the challenges which are the great hurdles in the communal development and develop a mechanism for the improvement the public sector staff’s competency throughout the policy cycle. Psychological treatments and different physical training segments are adopted in three stages for improvement of staff’s competency. The first one is focusing on the individual’s competency development policy, and that people-oriented approach is crucial factor for achieving successful reforms. In the second stage, conventional means i.e. customary orthodox trainings and development methodologies are adopted for the development of staff’s competency in the ever changing environments.
A
ndes
Authors: Zegarra Chrystian
Published: July 2017

No comprehensive history of the Andean novel, or of any Andean nation, has ever been attempted. There are, however, some important commonalities in the novels of Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru. The lion's share of novelists of the region has favored
realism
even when exploring experimental literary forms. The Andean novel has also been significantly, although not exclusively, informed by efforts to explore the cultural, historical, and political dilemmas associated with the indigenous world, including the violence and exploitation that indigenous peoples have suffered at the hands of landed oligarchs, mining interests, clergy, corrupt government officials, terrorists, and military men. In the second half of the twentieth century the Andean novel was profoundly informed by demographic changes which took place when many indigenous populations migrated from rural to urban settings. More recently, novelists have explored the effects of globalization, neoliberalism, and new technologies. It is therefore possible to identify some commonalities and continuities in the novel of the Andean region from its earliest expressions in the nineteenth century until the present, with novels such as Edmundo Paz Soldán's
El delirio de Turing
(2004,
Turing's Delirium)
, which addresses the dilemmas of a miner's son in the age of cyberspace and globalization, while shedding light on the political and cultural context in which Evo Morales (1959‐) emerged as the first indigenous president of Bolivia and as an enemy of neoliberalism. In a similar vein Daniel Alarcón's
Lost City Radio
(2007), a Peruvian novel written in English, obliquely addresses the residual effects of a period of political violence associated with the dirty war that engaged the Shining Path movement and the Peruvian armed forces (1992–2000). The “radio” in the novel's title is the hinge that connects the indigenous peoples of the Andes with urban populations, both of whom are dealing with the effects of terror, grief, and trauma.
Author
Authors: Kernan Ryan James
Published: July 2017

The author has been traditionally understood as the sole originator of the written work, as the figure possessed with the vision, creativity, intellect, experience, knowledge, and skill requisite to combine all of these factors into a literary medium. Conceived within this paradigm, the author, as both creator and controller, inscribes her or his text with an inviolable authority and authenticity. Authority is a function of his ownership of the idea, and authenticity derives from the author's unique position as the ultimate authority on the meaning or truth of his text. This notion of the author—sometimes labeled as humanist because it posits the classical Cartesian unitary subject as the work's originating consciousness—has occupied a relatively stable position in the history of modern thought and is still not without its proponents and apologists.
British Isles (19th Century)
Authors: Dames Nicholas
Published: July 2017

The nineteenth century was undoubtedly the era of the British novel's most famous authors, names that still function as touchstones in the history of fiction: Jane Austen, Walter Scott, Charles Dickens, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy, to name only a few. It was an era that saw two broad developments that, while often contradictory in effect, were nonetheless subtly related. First, the rapid expansion of the production of novels, facilitated by technological advances in printing and distribution, and by increasing literacy (seepublishing). Second, the fitful but rapid ascent of the novel's cultural stature from popular entertainment to major art form. When Victorian observers were tempted to take a broad view of the century's developments in fiction they tended to notice both changes. In 1859 David Masson noted that it was no longer possible for a critic to read the entire corpus of contemporary novels, estimating around 7,000 novels published in the previous forty years. Despite, or because of, this deluge of fiction, Masson's book was a proclamation of the aesthetic prestige of the modern novel. By the end of the century it was less possible to mingle admiration for the novel's spread with praise of its aesthetic excellence, but the nineteenth century is nonetheless remarkable for its ability to hold both measurable popularity and aesthetic value in tension. The result was a unique cultural consensus shared enough to be a Victorian truism: that the novel was the bestandmost representative literary form of the time.
Definitions of the Novel
Authors: Warner William B.
Published: July 2017

How does one define the novel? Does it consist of a story of love, sex, and romance, or is it centrally concerned with adventure, travel, and tests of strength? Does it happen in the private spaces of the boudoir and the drawing room, or in the public spaces of the tavern and the road? Does it have a gender? Is it written in prose (as most agree), or should we include some verse romances in the category of the novel? Does its relatively late arrival in the literary canon, when compared to poetry and drama, make the novel a distinctly modern genre, or does the novel have a crucial ancient pedigree? Does the novel have a distinct repertoire of forms and genres, or is it, as Mikhail
bakhtin
has famously claimed, a kind of anti‐formalistic non‐GENRE, which subverts, with its protean fecundity, any effort at generic stability or purity? Should the novel be defined according to its long and unruly popularity (which extends from pornography and the
gothic
to
detective
fiction and
science fiction
), or should we define it so that we can take the measure of the most ambitious achievements of novelistic art? Finally, and perhaps most fundamentally, how should we define the purpose of the novel? Is it supposed to enchant or to inform, to entertain or to improve, to allow readers to know, or to escape from, reality? Confronted with this set of alternatives, I would like to begin this entry's effort at definition by saying, with a certain dogmatic pluralism, that the novel is “all of the above.” However, I would immediately add that the writers and readers of novels, over the long history of novels, have had strongly divergent opinions on what the novel is. Indeed, the history of the effort to define what the novel is and the history of the novel are inextricably entangled. For this reason, my strategy is to describe how a prominent thread of the novel's long history—its rise from a form of entertainment to a kind of literature—involves authors, critics, and readers of the novel in efforts to define what it is.
Detective Novel
Authors: Rachman Stephen
Published: July 2017

The detective novel emerged from the U.S., France, and Great Britain in the mid‐nineteenth century out of a number of generic forerunners—some of long standing, others of more recent invention. As a popular form derived from the short stories of the American Edgar Allan Poe featuring the first fictional amateur detective, the Parisian C. Auguste Dupin, who first appeared in “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” (1841), its development in the English‐speaking world throughout the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century coincided with the rise of the short story and was intimately connected to the growth of mass‐circulation magazines, especially in connection with the international success of the Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle (seeserialization). It also contributed to the streamlining of the sprawling three‐volume novels of the Victorian era into more compact, single‐volume narratives. In the twentieth century the development of inexpensive mass circulation (pulp) paperbacks further expanded the market for detective novels (seepublishing). While stage, film, and television adaptations have generally replaced the audience once served by the various forms of short fiction, the demand for the detective novel has grown into a global phenomenon, and detective shows of one variety or another are a staple of television worldwide (seeadaptation). The dissemination of the detective genre can be traced through translations of English‐language classics, and by the early twenty‐first century virtually every major nation and language with developed publishing industries enjoys a popular detective series in translation and produced by indigenous writers.
Domestic Novel
Authors: Merish Lori
Published: July 2017

Given what Ian Watt long ago identified as the novel's generic emphasis on personal relationships and “private” life, almost all fiction might in some respect be classified as domestic (1957,The Rise of the Novel). But the term refers to a prominent subgenre, largely Anglo‐American (with cultural roots in evangelical Protestantism), which emerged in the eighteenth century with Samuel Richardson'sPamela(1740) and came to full flowering in the mid‐nineteenth century. Jane Austen, Charlotte Brontë, Elizabeth Gaskell, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Louisa May Alcott are well‐known domestic authors; domestic fictions by these and a host of lesser‐known writers were published in book form and proliferated, as serial and short fiction, in numerous widely read periodicals (seeserialization). Associated with the rise of female authorship (although male writers, e.g., Nathaniel Hawthorne, also wrote domestic fiction) and a female literary readership as well as the increasing respectability of the novel as literary form, domestic transforms domestic incident into plot, centering on the home and family—not only as the sphere that launches the hero, as in thebildungsromanorpicaresquenovel, but as the locus of significant narrative action; domestic fiction invests the seeming “trifles” of daily domestic life with profound emotional and cultural value (Tompkins, chap. 6). Giving fictional form to the culturally‐and historically‐specific organization of personal life known as “domesticity” (a particular model of the privatized, middle‐CLASS, nuclear family) and to the gendered spatial and social divisions between public and private that defined Victorian society, domestic fiction centered on women; indeed, this literature's emergence coincided with the “rise of the domestic woman,” a moral exemplar and embodiment of “feminine” domestic virtues of modesty, chastity, frugality, sympathy, and selfless devotion to family (Armstrong, chap. 2; seegender). While domestic texts could be comic, even satiric, in tone, many were strongly inflected by evangelical Protestantism's vision of the special moral authority and “influence” of middle‐class women; domestic fiction of this type (often called “sentimental fiction”) played a key role in abolitionism and other early nineteenth‐century movements for social reform. While most accounts identify the waning of domestic fiction after 1870, scholars have traced its sustained relevance within the modernist era and beyond (seemodernism), especially among a diverse group of women writers in Britain and America; others detect its imprint on postcolonial novelists’ politically charged portrayals of “home.”
E
astern and
C
entral
A
frica
Authors: Mwangi Evan
Published: July 2017

In discussions of modern African literature, the broad regional category of “Eastern and Central Africa” is most appropriately used only as a heuristic designation. In this sense, the category does not designate a homogenous tradition as it may be construed in traditional literaryhistory, but rather moves between and beyond the confines of discrete
national
traditions. This entry will therefore use the term to cover countries—such as Zimbabwe or Malawi—that, geopolitically, could also be classified as part of southern Africa, and countries that belong to the Horn of Africa, such as Somalia and Ethiopia.
Editing
Authors: Greetham David
Published: July 2017

Compared with other literary genres, the novel has a relatively recent history, and thus the editing of the novel does not have the long tradition of textual criticism associated with, for example,
epic
, drama, or poetry. Moreover, while we can safely trace the editing of these ancient genres back to at least the time of the Alexandrian librarians and their editing of Homer and the Greek tragedians, the beginning of the editing of the novel cannot unambiguously be assigned to a specific period. This may also be partly a problem of
genre
. While the
Oxford English Dictionary
does not record the word
novel
(as a fictitious narrative of some length) before the mid‐seventeenth century, there have been some attempts to begin the novel, and thus the possible editing of the novel, at earlier points. If, say, Geoffrey Chaucer's verse
Troilus and Criseyde
(ca. 1385) is to be regarded as a form of the
psychological
novel, then the editing of that work begins with the first scribal redactions in the fourteenth century; or if Thomas Malory's
Le Morte D'Arthur
(ca. 1470) is similarly a (prose) novel, then Caxton's structural and teleological recomposition of Malory is an example of early editing in the genre (see
definitions
).
Historical Novel
Authors: Maxwell Richard
Published: July 2017

China offers the earliest substantial tradition of that problematic hybrid form, the historical novel. During the Ming dynasty (1368–1664), compilers and editors created fictionalized presentations of historical events. Some of these books, like the narrative of dynastic dissolution and revival
Three Kingdoms
(first known edition 1522), attributed to Luo Guanzhong, followed well‐known historical sources with substantial faithfulness. Others, like the equally renowned
Water Margin
(various sixteenth‐and seventeenth‐century editions), attributed to Shi Nai'an and Luo Guanzhong, featured episodic tales of adventurous bandits in rebellion against the state and drew more copiously on oral sources. In both cases, raw materials were substantially reworked to produce books of celebrated formal complexity.
Linguistics
Authors: Herman David
Published: July 2017

The study of language and of literature was once united under the umbrella discipline of philology, and before that within the classical trivium of grammar, logic, and rhetoric. In the early years of the twentieth century, however, literary research and language studies began to bifurcate into separate, autonomous areas of inquiry—to the detriment, arguably, of scholarship on the novel, among other literary modes and
genres
. In response, analysts working in a variety of traditions have sought to bring about a rapprochement between frameworks for literary and linguistic study, giving rise to important metatheoretical debates. At issue is the extent to which the sciences of language can or should inform research on prose fiction and, conversely, how the distinctive properties of discourse in the novel might bear on any general account of the structures and functions of language itself.
Magical Realism
Authors: Balderston Daniel
Published: July 2017

In a conversation with novelist Cormac McCarthy, filmmaker Ethan Coen asks McCarthy whether he ever rejects ideas because they are too outrageous. McCarthy replies: “I don't know, you're somewhat constrained in writing a novel, I think. Like, I'm not a fan of some of the Latin American writers, magical realism. You know, it's hard enough to get people to believe what you're telling them without making it impossible. It has to be vaguely plausible” (L. Grossman, 2007, “What Happened When,”Time, 29 Oct.). This quotation neatly catches an equivalence that has come to exist between the most commercially successful works of Latin American literature and magical realism, a concept contested by Latin American writers since it was first imported from German art criticism in the late 1920s. A concept that was for a time (mostly in the 1960s and 1970s) used to sell some forms of Latin American writing is now a straitjacket, resented by most Latin American writers, because it constrains a vast literary tradition. The term “magical realism” was first used by FranzRoh (1890–1965) in 1929 to describe certain currents in German art after expressionism. It was used early by Arturo Uslar Pietri and Miguel Ángel Asturias, and then vigorously challenged by Alejo Carpentier. In 1949 he coined a competing term,lo real maravilloso(the marvelous real), in several essays and prologues, as a way in which the Latin American writer, in contradistinction to the surrealists, can find the marvelous in the real. While not as influential, Carpentier's term is set out somewhat more clearly. Magical realism became a dominant critical term through Angel Flores's “Magical Realism in Spanish American Fiction” (1955) and Luis Leal's 1967 essay of the same name, in which Leal argues with Flores about what the term means and whether Franz Kafka is crucial as an influence. The corpus of both Flores and Leal includes such writers as Jorge Luis Borges and Ernesto Sábato, though they are no longer thought of in this regard.
Marxist Theory
Authors: Wegner Phillip E.
Published: July 2017

The question of the novel has long been central to Marxist theory. Karl Marx “was a great reader of novels,” noted Paul Lafargue, and he “admired Balzac so much that he wished to write a review of his great work
La Comédie Humaine
as soon as he had finished his book on economics” (Baxandall, 150). Conversely, some of the most important and influential contributors to the theorization and history of the novel arise from Marxist theory. This is in part because Marxist theory develops during the peak of the novel's cultural importance; and in part, because of the central role of narrative in Marxist theory.
Mexico
Authors: Cohn Deborah
Published: July 2017

In 1996, five Mexican authors issued what they called the
manifiesto crack
(“crack manifesto”). Ricardo Chávez Castañeda, Ignacio Padilla, Pedro Ángel Palou, Eloy Urroz, and Jorge Volpi were all born in the 1960s and had come of age in the shadow of writers such as Julio Cortázar, Carlos Fuentes, Gabriel García Márquez, and Mario Vargas Llosa, who rose to prominence throughout the West in the 1960s as part of the movement known as the “Boom” in the Spanish American novel. The choice of “crack” for the more recent movement deliberately echoed the use of the term “Boom” to designate the tremendous success of García Márquez and his contemporaries. But the label also implied a rupture, namely the authors’ rejection of
magical realism
, a mode initially associated with García Márquez that had, by the 1990s, become both popular and commercially successful, and that readers and publishers alike had come to expect of Latin American writers. Instead, the writers advocated a return to more demanding novels, looking to their Mexican forebears, Spanish American models, and to European classics. At the same time, they asserted their right to not write about Mexico or Latin America, often setting their work in Europe and drawing heavily for their subject matter on European intellectualism.