bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Political ‘Left’ in the Interwar Period, 1924–1939
Authors: Radcliff Pamela
Published: September 2014

In the turbulent interwar period, the political ‘Left’ was one of the most visible protagonists, with historians continuing to disagree about the role it played in shaping the outcome of the political struggles. Embedded in strong ‘moral narratives’ about the ‘rise of fascism’, the ‘crisis of democracy’, and the nature of the Bolshevik Revolution, the political Left has been vilified or lionized. For the period from the mid-1920s until 1939, both supporters and detractors agree that the Left was on the defensive, internally divided and weakened by the Great Depression and subject to repression by the state, whether democratic, authoritarian, or Stalinist. This chapter argues that the failure narrative should not subsume the vibrant experimentation and rich and contradictory diversity of the Left experience. A portrait emerges of the interwar Left that wrestled with inevitably imperfect and varied solutions to the ‘problem of community life’ in twentieth-century mass society.
Hume on Miracles
Authors: Levine Michael
Published: September 2014

This chapter argues that Hume’s argument against justified belief in miracles in Part 1 of his essay is a priori and applies to firsthand experience of a miracle as well as to testimony. The disputed issues cannot be decided on how closely one reads the text or on what Hume “actually says” but are interpretive and require setting them in the context of Hume’s Treatise—his peculiar empiricism, his account of causation, and his theory of a posteriori reasoning. But even if, contrary to the a priori reading of Hume’s argument in Part 1, Hume never thought it impossible to justifiably believe in a miracle, and even if Hume’s argument in Part 1 fails, this does nothing to support the view that anyone has ever been “justified” in believing in a miracle or that “difficult and delicate empirical investigations” are needed before one justifiably rejects such belief.
Hume and Nietzsche
Authors: Kail Peter J. E.
Published: September 2014

In his contribution, the author discusses the deep and surprising similarities between the philosophies of David Hume and Friedrich Nietzsche. The author argues that these stem from their shared conception of naturalism. Their naturalism is primarily an explanatory one and primarily aimed at explaining human thought and practice. In Nietzsche, this form of naturalism is expressed in his adoption of a genealogical approach to various topics, most famously that of morality. The author shows that Hume’s naturalism is similarly genealogical. The author also argues that their conceptions of morality and the self are closer than popular images of the two philosophers might have it.
Protecting America’s Borders and the Undocumented Immigrant Dilemma
Authors: Gutiérrez David
Published: September 2014

This chapter provides a broad overview of the evolution of the debate concerning unauthorized migration and border control, focusing in particular on the tension and mutual antagonism that has historically existed between those who advocate strict policies of border enforcement and those who, primarily for economic reasons, tend to promote more lenient immigration policies. Particular emphasis is given to the development of U.S. immigration law, the debate over enforcement policy and militarization of the border, historical patterns of economic migration and employment of immigrants, the emergence of various “guest worker” programs and the attendant rise in unauthorized immigration, the demographic effects of ongoing regional and global market integration, and the evolving debate over U.S. citizenship and the role and function of noncitizens in modern society.
Posttraumatic Stress During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
Authors: Ayers Susan , Ford Elizabeth
Published: September 2014

Research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in pregnancy and postpartum is relatively new but clearly demonstrates the importance of recognizing and treating women with PTSD at this time. Women with PTSD in pregnancy are at greater risk of pregnancy complications and health behaviors that have a negative impact on the woman and fetus. Approximately –3% of women develop PTSD after giving birth, and rates increase for women who have preterm or stillborn infants or life-threatening complications during pregnancy or labor. Models of the etiology of postpartum PTSD focus on the interaction among individual vulnerability, risk, and protective factors during and after birth. Research shows evidence for the role of previous psychiatric problems, depression in pregnancy, severe complications during birth, support, and women’s subjective experience of birth in postpartum PTSD. Very little research has examined screening or intervention. The chapter highlights key research topics that need addressing.
Media Responsiveness in Times of Crisis
Authors: Winkler Carol
Published: September 2014

This chapter examines how media respond to crises, providing an overview of studies on the topics of terrorism, war, natural disasters, transportation accidents, and environmental catastrophes occurring both at home and abroad. The chapter briefly describes the parameters of the media’s influence and summarizes key findings of previous studies that examine media sources, messages, and audiences as they relate to coverage of crisis events. It concludes by discussing how political communication scholars interested in crises should focus attention on emergent sources of media influence, on how digital technologies transform media texts and their influence, and on how online environments recast conventional conceptions of media audiences.
The Media Agenda
Authors: Weaver David H. , Choi Jihyang
Published: September 2014

This chapter provides an overview of media agenda setting, also known as agenda building. Although much of the agenda-setting research tradition has focused on how media affect the public agenda, agenda building examines how the media’s agenda comes about. The chapter considers five possible influences on the news media agenda: influential news sources, other media, journalistic norms and traditions, unexpected events, and media audiences. Research to date indicates that there is no one decisive factor that determines the media agenda. Instead, media agendas are built as a joint product of these influences. The chapter concludes by offering suggestions for future areas of research that would refine understanding of the media agenda-setting process.
A Typology of Media Effects
Authors: Iyengar Shanto
Published: September 2014

This chapter discusses the progression of mass media effects research from early preoccupation with attitude change through minimal effects paradigms to the current resurgence in persuasion research. Implications of contemporary changes in the media environment on media effects research are considered. After surveying and classifying definitions of media effects, the chapter discusses how fundamental transformations in the media environment brought about by information technology may work to reshape scholarly understandings of the relationship between news sources and audiences. The availability of multiple sources makes it possible for consumers to be more selective in their exposure to news programs. Selective exposure means that people with limited interest in politics may bypass the news entirely, while the more attentive may tailor their exposure to suit their political preferences. Both these trends imply a weakening of persuasion effects.
News Media as Political Institutions
Authors: McChesney Robert W. , Pickard Victor
Published: September 2014

This chapter discusses research on the policies, laws, and subsidies that create and shape the organizational structures and practices that form the basis of the news media. The research reviewed treats news media institutions as political actors and makes assumptions about journalism’s importance in a democratic society. Although this line of research, with its emphasis on political economic and normative questions, often has been marginalized in American mass communication scholarship, the authors explain its ongoing importance, particularly in relation to the journalism crisis, and, suggest future directions.
Closeness, Distance, and Rapprochement in Sibling Relationships
Authors: Scharf Miri , Shulman Shmuel
Published: September 2014

The chapter discusses the nature of sibling relationships during emerging adulthood and the interplay between developmental processes and sibling relationships. Past unresolved conflicts and continuous rivalry might lead to conflictual and alienated relationships. However, greater maturity and separate residence might induce a kind of rapprochement. Emerging adults’ acknowledgment of their need to maintain family bonds, combined with greater emotional and cognitive maturity, might enable them to reconstruct their siblinghood. Family structure, history, personality, and culture contribute to the intensity and quality of sibling relationships. Considering the challenges young people face in the current societal context, siblings are among the closet kin to whom one can turn in stressful conditions. The authors present narratives of emerging adults demonstrating possible factors that influence the sibling bond, the possible influence of culture and more distal variables (sibling relationships of the respondents’ parents), and suggestions for future research and implications for practice.
Emerging Pathomechanisms Involved in Obesity
Authors: D'Aniello Roberta , Troisi Jacopo , D'Amico Osvaldo , Sangermano Maria , Massa Grazia , Moccaldo Anna , Pierri Luca , Poeta Marco , Vajro Pietro
Published: September 2014

Objective:

Overweight/obesity prevalence has increased dramatically worldwide. Recent evidence suggests sleep deprivation/fragmentation, fructose‐exceedingly rich diets, and exposure to endocrine disruptors (eg, bisphenol A, BPA) as emerging additional factors involved in pathomechanisms and in the treatment resistance of obesity and its complications. Our study focuses on these factors for further preventive/therapeutic approaches in paediatric obesity.

Methods:

Fifty‐four Italian children (cases: n = 31 overweight/obese; controls: n = 23 normal weight) were clinically/anthropometrically characterised. Parents completed questionnaires on the relation between obesogenic factors and childhood obesity. BPA was measured by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry on early morning urine samples. Correlations between the continuous variables were analysed using Spearman rank correlation.

Results:

Sleep deprivation/fragmentation, nocturnal breathing problems, and daytime sleepiness increased with increasing body mass index, correlating with the presence of clinical markers of metabolic syndrome (eg, acanthosis nigricans). Frequency of sugar‐enriched drink consumption and the amount of fructose per portion and/or per week increased, paralleling the ponderal excess and all the other anthropometric parameters. In the entire sample population, free and total BPA levels increased paralleling the body mass index increase (r> 0.8), whereas the conjugate demonstrated the opposite trend. The re‐use of disposable plastic showed a positive correlation with urinary BPA levels.

Conclusions:

Despite its exploratory nature, the results of our pilot study confirm the close relation between certain factors and paediatric obesity, underscoring their role as emerging targets for prevention and therapy.
Crystal structure of azido(η5-cyclopentadienyl)bis(triphenylphosphane-κP)ruthenium(II) dichloromethane hemisolvate
Authors: Hernández-Calva Adriana , Meléndez-Balbuena Lidia , Arroyo Maribel , Ramírez-Monroy Armando
Published: September 2014

The title solvated complex, [Ru(η5-C5H5)(N3){P(C6H5)3}2]·0.5CH2Cl2, displays a typical piano-stool geometry about the RuIIatom. The bond lengths and angles of the cyclopentadienyl and phosphane ligands are very similar to that of the unsolvated complex [Taqui Khanet al.(1994).Acta Cryst.C50, 502–504]. The azide anion displays similar N—N distances of 1.173 (3) and 1.156 (3) Å and has an N—N—Ru angle of 119.20 (15)°, indicating a greater contribution of the canonical form Ru—N=N(+)=N(-)for the bonding situation. An intramolecular C—H...N hydrogen-bonding interaction between oneorthoH atom of a phosphane ligand and the N atom coordinating to the metal is observed. A similar intermolecular interaction is observed between ametaH atom of a phosphane ligand and the terminal azide N atom of a neighbouring complex. Finally, two C—H...N interactions exists between the H atoms of the dichloromethane solvent molecule and the terminal N atom of two azide anions. The solvent molecule is located about a twofold rotation axis and shows disorder of the Cl atoms with an occupancy ratio of 0.62 (3):0.38 (3).
Crystal structure of (E)-13-{4-[(Z)-2-cyano-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phenyl}parthenolide methanol hemisolvate
Authors: Penthala Narsimha Reddy , Bommagani Shobanbabu , Janganati Venumadhav , Parkin Sean , Crooks Peter A.
Published: September 2014

The title compound, C33H35NO6[systematic name: (Z)-3-(4-{(E)-[(E)-1a,5-dimethyl-9-oxo-2,3,7,7a-tetrahydrooxireno[2′,3′:9,10]cyclodeca[1,2-b]furan-8(1aH,6H,9H,10aH,10bH)-ylidene]methyl}phenyl)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile methanol hemisolvate], C33H35NO6·0.5CH3OH, was prepared by the reaction of (Z)-3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile with parthenolide [systematic name: (E)-1a,5-dimethyl-8-methylene-2,3,6,7,7a,8,10a,10b-octahydrooxireno[2′,3′:9,10]cyclodeca[1,2-b]furan-9(1aH)-one] under Heck reaction conditions. The molecule is built up from fused ten-, five- (lactone) and three-membered (epoxide) rings with a {4-[(Z)-2-cyano-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phenyl}methylidene group as a substituent. The 4-[(Z)-2-cyano-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phenyl group on the parthenolide exocyclic double bond is oriented in atransposition to the lactone ring to form theEisomer. The dihedral angle between the benzene ring of the phenyl moiety and the lactone ring mean plane is 21.93 (4)°.
Crystal structure of bis(2-{[(pyridin-2-yl)methylidene]amino}benzoato-κ3N,N′,O)cobalt(II)N,N-dimethylformamide sesquisolvate
Authors: Buvaylo Elena A. , Kokozay Vladimir N. , Vassilyeva Olga Yu. , Skelton Brian W.
Published: September 2014

The title compound, [Co(C13H9N2O2)2]·1.5C3H7NO, is formed as a neutral CoIIcomplex with dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent molecules. The CoIIatom has a distorted O2N4octahedral coordination sphere defined by two tridentate anionic Schiff base ligands with the O atoms beingcis. The coordination sphere around the CoIIatom is geometrically different from that reported for the co-crystal [Co(C13H9N2O2)2]·AA·H2O (AA is anthranilic acid). One of the DMF solvent molecules was modelled as being disordered about a crystallographic inversion centre with half-occupancy. The crystal structure is made up from alternating layers of complex molecules and DMF molecules parallel to (010). C—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions between the complex molecules and the solvent molecules consolidate the crystal packing.
Crystal structure of 2-chloro-1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanone
Authors: Shen Zheng , Mao Qiu-Xia , Ge Ji-Long , Tu Yong-Rui , Wang Yan
Published: September 2014

In the title molecule, C11H10ClFO2, the benzene ring, the F atom and the O atom of the dihydropyran ring are essentially coplanar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.007 Å. The dihydropyran ring is in a half-chair conformation. In the crystal, molecules are linked by pairs of weak C—H...π hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers.
Crystal structure of the charge-transfer complex 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide–pyrazine-2,3,5,6-tetracarbonitrile (2/1)
Authors: Beck Johannes , Daniels Jörg , Krieger-Beck Petra , Dittmann Gertrud , Oliveira Adriano Bof de
Published: September 2014

The reaction of 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalen-1-ylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide (TTSC) with pyrazine-2,3,5,6-tetracarbonitrile (tetracyanopyrazine, TCNP) yields the title 2:1 charge-transfer adduct, 2C11H12N3S·C6N8. The complete TCNP molecule is generated by a crystallographic inversion centre and the non-aromatic ring in the TTSC molecule adopts an envelope conformation with a methylene C atom as the flap. In the crystal, the thiosemicarbazone molecules are connected through inversion-related pairs of N—H...S interactions, building a polymeric chain along theb-axis direction. The TCNP molecules are embedded in the structure, forming TTSC–TCNP–TTSC stacks with the aromatic rings of TTSC and the molecular plane of TCNP in a parallel arrangement [centroid–centroid distance = 3.5558 (14) Å]. Charge-transfer (CT)viaπ-stacking is indicated by a CT band around 550 cm−1in the single-crystal absorption spectrum.
Do Joint Audits Improve or Impair Audit Quality?
Authors: DENG MINGCHERNG , LU TONG , SIMUNIC DAN A. , YE MINLEI
Published: September 2014

Conventional wisdom holds that joint audits would improve audit quality by enhancing audit evidence precision because “Two heads are better than one.” Our paper challenges this wisdom. We show that joint audits by one big firm and one small firm may impair audit quality, because, in that situation, joint audits induce a free‐riding problem between audit firms and reduce audit evidence precision. We further derive a set of empirically testable predictions comparing audit evidence precision and audit fees under joint and single audits. This paper, the first theoretical study of joint audits, contributes to a better understanding of the economic consequences of joint audits on audit quality.
Effect of Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor‐23, Matrix Gla Protein and Fetuin‐A in Predicting Osteoporosis in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Wu Qing , Xiao Dong‐Mei , Fan Wei‐Feng , Ye Xian‐Wu , Niu Jian‐Ying , Gu Yong
Published: September 2014

This study is aimed at exploring the role of serum fibroblast growth factor‐23 (FGF‐23), matrix Gla (MGP) and Fetuin‐A in the calcium‐phosphate metabolism and estimate the value of serum FGF‐23, MGP and Fetuin‐A levels in predicting osteoporosis in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. This study included 64 patients who receive hemodialysis in our hospital. The serum FGF‐23, MGP and Fetuin‐A were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELlSA). Bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. The 64 patients (30 males, 34 females, 60.6 ± 11.3 years of age) received an average of 6.88 ± 2.94 years of dialysis. Body mass index (BMI), Kt/V, dialysis vintage, patient age, serum levels of FGF‐23, Fetuin‐A, bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (ALP‐B), and calcium were different in statistical significance among the three groups of patients in terms of normal bone mass (N = 10), osteopenia (N = 24), or osteoporosis (N = 30). BMI, Kt/V, ALP‐B, dialysis vintage and serum Fetuin‐A level were identified as independent variables of femoral neck BMD by stepwise multiple regression analysis. The area under ROC curve showed that serum Fetuin‐A was useful for identifying osteoporosis in MHD patients. The cutoff value corresponding to the highest Youden's index was serum Fetuin‐A ≤89 μg/mL, which was defined as the optimal predictor of osteoporosis. Its sensitivity/specificity was 71%/77.8%. The incidence of osteoporosis is high in MHD patients. Serum Fetuin‐A level is closely correlated with osteoporosis and it may serve as a predictor of osteoporosis.
Factors Affecting Circuit Life During Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Children With Liver Failure
Authors: Goonasekera Chulananda D , Wang Justin , Bunchman Timothy E , Deep Akash
Published: September 2014

Despite abnormal clotting, circuits clot during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in children with acute liver failure (ALF). We report our experience. All children with ALF needing CRRT were studied over 2 years. Patient and circuit factors associated with circuit use were evaluated. Thirty‐one children in liver failure (median age 7.4 years) underwent CRRT, of which 17 (54.8%) died. A total of 98 filtration episodes were used. The smallest access catheter was 6.5 Fr, while the largest was 13.5 Fr. The most common filter used was HFO7 (63%). Mean duration (SD) of circuit use was 33.13(30.83) hours. Of the 98 filtration episodes, circuits blocked in 25, whereas the access catheter blocked in 25. Fifty‐two circuits were changed electively for a variety of reasons. Prostacyclin was the anticoagulant in 62 filtration episodes. The remaining filtration episodes had either no anticoagulation or heparin. The mean (SD) “downtime” was 5.13 (9.15) hours. We found a significant association between fresh frozen plasma (FFP) use with circuit blockade. Neither the duration of CRRT nor the “downtime” influenced mortality. The CRRT circuits blocked in children despite deranged clotting in liver disease. Circuits are changed for a variety of reasons other than clotting. The use of FFP reduces circuit life.
Detection of blebs and bullae in patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax by multi‐detector CT reconstruction using different slice thicknesses
Authors: Lee Ki Hyun , Kim Kun Woo , Kim Eun Young , Lee Jae‐Ik , Kim Young Saing , Hyun Sung Youl , Kim Hyung Sik , Kim Jeong Ho
Published: September 2014

Introduction

The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performances of multi‐detector computed tomography (MDCT) reconstruction at two different slice thicknesses (1 mm, ‘high resolution’ vs. 5 mm, ‘routine’) with respect to the detection of blebs and bullae (BBs) in patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP).

Methods

Thirty‐one patients underwent wedge resection of BBs (29 unilateral and 2 bilateral) for PSP from January 2010 to January 2013. Two observers assessed the presence and locations of BBs independently using high‐resolution CT (HRCT) and routine CT reconstruction, and compared the sensitivities of each reconstruction method for BB detection using operative findings as a standard reference. In addition, the number of BBs in each CT image set was recorded and inter‐observer agreements were evaluated.

Results

Sensitivity for the detection of BBs was significantly better for HRCT than routine CT (97.0% vs. 63.6% for observer 1 and 94.0% vs. 57.6% for observer 2, respectively, both P‐values < 0.001). On a per‐bleb and a per‐bulla basis, inter‐observer agreements regarding BBs by HRCT were good and very good (k = 0.66 and 0.94, respectively) and superior to those determined by routine CT (k = 0.59 and 0.60, respectively).

Conclusion

Different slice thickness reconstructions influence the diagnostic efficacy of MDCT for the detection of BBs in patients with PSP. High‐resolution thin slice CT reconstruction was found to have a significantly greater sensitivity than routine thicker slice thickness reconstruction for the detection of BBs.
Correlation of quantitative diffusion‐weighted and dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI parameters with prognostic factors in prostate cancer
Authors: Chung Melody P. , Margolis Dan , Mesko Shane , Wang Jason , Kupelian Patrick , Kamrava Mitchell
Published: September 2014

Introduction

The aim of this study was to determine if correlations exist between quantitative parameters from dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) and diffusion‐weighted (DW) MRI with National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) risk group, Gleason score (GS), maximum tumour diameter (MTD), pre‐treatment prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), clinical T stage and MRI prostate volume in prostate cancer.

Method

We retrospectively reviewed 3T multiparametric MRI reports on biopsy‐proven prostate cancer patients performed during radiation treatment evaluation or an active surveillance protocol. DCE‐MRI parameters included Ktrans (influx volume transfer coefficient), Kep (efflux reflux rate constant) and iAUC (initial area under the curve). Average DCE and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were recorded for regions of interest on DW‐MRI. Relationships between MRI metrics and risk group, GS, MTD, PSA, clinical T stage and MRI prostate volume were examined using analysis of variance. Central and peripheral tumours were also analysed separately in a sub‐analysis. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.0125.

Results

Of 58 patients, 29%, 52% and 19% had low (L), intermediate (I), or high (H) NCCN risk disease, respectively. Ktrans significantly correlated with PSA. For central tumours, Ktrans significantly correlated with MTD and PSA, and Kep significantly correlated with PSA. For peripheral tumours, iAUC was significantly different when stratified by L/I/H risk and GS, and ADC score with L/I/H risk, GS, and clinical T stage.

Conclusions

DCE‐ and DW‐MRI metrics correlate with some risk stratification factors in prostate cancer. Further work is required to determine if MRI metrics are complementary or independent prognostic factors.
In search of the best methods for multivariate selection analysis
Authors: Morrissey Michael B.
Published: September 2014

Regression is an important method for characterizing the form of natural selection from individual‐based data. Many kinds of regression analysis exist, but few are regularly employed in studies of natural selection. I provide an overview of some of the main underused types of regression analysis by applying them to test analyses of viability selection for lamb traits in Soay sheep (Ovis aries). This exercise highlights known problems with existing methods, uncovers some new ones and also reveals ways to harness underused methods to get around these problems.

I first estimate selection gradients using generalized linear models, combined with recently published methods for obtaining quantitatively interpretable selection gradient estimates from arbitrary regression models of trait–fitness relationships. I then also apply generalized ridge regression, the lasso and projection‐pursuit regression, in each case also deriving selection gradients. I compare inferences of nonlinear selection by diagonalization of theγmatrix and by projection‐pursuit regression.

Selection gradient estimates generally correspond across different regression methods. Although there is little evidence for nonlinear selection in the test data sets, very problematic aspects of the behaviour of analysis based on diagonalization of theγare apparent. In addition to better‐known problems, (i) the direction and magnitude of estimated major axes of quadratic selection are biased towards directions of phenotype that have little variance, and (ii) the magnitudes of selection of major axes of variance‐standardizedγare not themselves interpretable in any standardized way.

While all regression‐based methods for analysis of selection have useful properties, projection‐pursuit regression seems to stand out. This method can (i) provide both dimensionality reduction, (ii) be the basis for inference of quantitatively interpretable selection gradients and (iii) by characterizing major axes of selection, rather than of linear or quadratic selection separately, provide biologically interpretable inference of nonlinear selection.
Sparse Kernel Machine Regression for Ordinal Outcomes
Authors: Shen Yuanyuan , Liao Katherine P. , Cai Tianxi
Published: September 2014

Ordinal outcomes arise frequently in clinical studies when each subject is assigned to a category and the categories have a natural order. Classification rules for ordinal outcomes may be developed with commonly used regression models such as the full continuation ratio (CR) model (fCR), which allows the covariate effects to differ across all continuation ratios, and the CR model with a proportional odds structure (pCR), which assumes the covariate effects to be constant across all continuation ratios. For settings where the covariate effects differ between some continuation ratios but not all, fitting either fCR or pCR may lead to suboptimal prediction performance. In addition, these standard models do not allow for nonlinear covariate effects. In this article, we propose a sparse CR kernel machine (KM) regression method for ordinal outcomes where we use the KM framework to incorporate nonlinearity and impose sparsity on the overall differences between the covariate effects of continuation ratios to control for overfitting. In addition, we provide data driven rule to select an optimal kernel to maximize the prediction accuracy. Simulation results show that our proposed procedures perform well under both linear and nonlinear settings, especially when the true underlying model is in-between fCR and pCR models. We apply our procedures to develop a prediction model for levels of anti-CCP among rheumatoid arthritis patients and demonstrate the advantage of our method over other commonly used methods.
Immunoglobulin (Ig)G purified from human sera mirrors intravenous Ig human leucocyte antigen (HLA) reactivity and recognizes one's own HLA types, but may be masked by Fab complementarity-determining region peptide in the native sera
Authors: Ravindranath M H , Terasaki P I , Maehara C Y , Jucaud V , Kawakita S , Pham T , Yamashita W
Published: September 2014

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) reacted with a wide array of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, in contrast to normal sera, due possibly to the purification of IgG from the pooled plasma. The reactivity of IgG purified from normal sera was compared with that of native sera to determine whether any serum factors mask the HLA reactivity of anti-HLA IgG and whether IgG purified from sera can recognize the HLA types of the corresponding donors. The purified IgG, unlike native sera, mirrored IVIg reactivity to a wide array of HLA-I/-II alleles, indicating that anti-HLA IgG may be masked in normal sera – either by peptides derived from soluble HLA or by those from antibodies. A < 3 kDa peptide from the complementarity-determining region (CDR) of the Fab region of IgG (but not the HLA peptides) masked HLA recognition by the purified IgG. Most importantly, some of the anti-HLA IgG purified from normal sera – and serum IgG from a few donors – indeed recognized the HLA types of the corresponding donors, confirming the presence of auto-HLA antibodies. Comparison of HLA types with the profile of HLA antibodies showed auto-HLA IgG to the donors' HLA antigens in this order of frequency: DPA (80%), DQA (71%), DRB345 (67%), DQB (57%), Cw (50%), DBP (43%), DRB1 (21%), A (14%) and B (7%). The auto-HLA antibodies, when unmasked in vivo, may perform immunoregulatory functions similar to those of therapeutic preparations of IVIg.
Plant hybridization: the role of human disturbance and biological invasion
Authors: Guo Qinfeng
Published: September 2014

Aim

Anderson & Stebbins (1954,Evolution,8, 378–388) posited that human activities promote species hybridizations by creating opportunities for hybridization and new habitats for hybrids to persist through disturbances (i.e. the ‘disturbance hypothesis’). While the first part of this hypothesis appears to be well supported, the second part has not been corroborated with empirical evidence, probably because of the lack of appropriate data. In this study, I (1) document the richness and distribution of hybrid plants in the United States; (2) examine the relationships between hybrids of different origins and between hybrid plants and native or exotic plants; and (3) examine possible mechanisms for these relationships and test the disturbance hypothesis.

Location

The United States.

Methods

The richness and distribution of plant hybrids was examined at the county level according to origin, that is, formed between native–native species (N × N), native–exotic species (N × E) and exotic–exotic species (E × E), using data from the Biota of North America Program.

Results

The three hybrid types (N × N,N × EandE × E) were positively related to each other and showed stronger positive relationship with exotic richness than with native richness. They also exhibited similar spatial patterns, with richness hotspots concentrated in the north‐east United States and Great Lakes region. However, the richness of hybrids of exotic origin (E × EandN × E) was not related to county area, as often observed for native species; instead, it showed strong positive relationships with human population density. Thus, the overall patterns of hybrid richness and distribution support the ‘disturbance hypothesis’.

Main conclusions

The results are generally consistent with the disturbance hypothesis. The relationship between the number of hybrids of exotic origin and overall exotic richness provided stronger evidence for human‐induced than for naturally caused hybridization, although other possible explanations may also exist.
The self‐built ecovillage in L'Aquila, Italy: community resilience as a grassroots response to environmental shock
Authors: Fois Francesca , Forino Giuseppe
Published: September 2014

The paper applies the community resilience approach to the post‐disaster case of Pescomaggiore, an Italian village affected by the L'Aquila earthquake in 2009. A group of residents refused to accept the housing recovery solutions proposed by the government, opting for autonomous recovery. They developed a housing project in the form of a self‐built ecovillage, characterised by earthquake‐proof buildings made of straw and wood. The project is a paradigmatic example of a community‐based response to an external shock. It illustrates the concept of ‘community resilience’, which is widely explored in the scientific debate but still vaguely defined. Based on qualitative methodologies, the paper seeks to understand how the community resilience process can be enacted in alternative social practices such as ecovillages. The goal is to see under which conditions natural disasters can be considered windows of opportunity for sustainability.
Interictal high frequency oscillations correlating with seizure outcome in patients with widespread epileptic networks in tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Okanishi Tohru , Akiyama Tomoyuki , Tanaka Shin‐Ichi , Mayo Ellen , Mitsutake Ayu , Boelman Cyrus , Go Cristina , Snead O. Carter , Drake James , Rutka James , Ochi Ayako , Otsubo Hiroshi
Published: September 2014

Objective

Multiple tubers in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) often are responsible for drug‐resistant epilepsy. The complexity of the epileptic network formed by multiple tubers complicates localization of the epileptogenic zone that is needed to design a surgical treatment strategy. High frequency oscillations (HFOs) on intracranial video‐electroencephalography (IVEEG) may be a valuable surrogate marker for the localization of the epileptogenic zone. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that high occurrence rate (OR) of interictal HFOs can guide the localization of the epileptogenic zone.

Methods

We analyzed the OR of interictal HFOs at 80–200 Hz (ripples) and >200 Hz (fast ripples, FRs). We divided OR of interictal HFOs between high and low rates by thresholding. We analyzed the correlation between seizure outcomes using Engel classification and the resection ratio of the seizure onset zone (SOZ), and high‐OR HFOs using ordinal logistic regression analysis.

Results

We collected 10 patients. The seizure outcomes resulted in Engel classification I in three patients, II in four, III in one, and IV in two. High‐OR ripples (5–57 [mean 29] channels, 1–4 [2.8] lobes) and high‐OR FRs (9–66 [mean 27] channels, 1–4 [2.6] lobes) were widely distributed. The resection ratio of SOZ did not show statistically significant correlation with the seizure outcome. The resection ratio of high‐OR ripples showed statistically significant correlation with the seizure outcome (p = 0.038). The resection ratio of high‐OR FRs showed statistically significant correlation with the seizure outcome (p = 0.048).

Significance

The multiple extensive zones with high‐OR HFOs suggest a complex and widespread epileptic network in patients with TSC. In a subset of TSC patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy, resection of cortex with both interictal high‐OR FRs and ripples on IVEEG correlated with a good seizure outcome.
Unicortical condylar fracture of the Thoroughbred fetlock: 45 cases (2006–2013)
Authors: Ramzan P. H. L. , Palmer L. , Powell S. E.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

Fracture of the metacarpal/tarsal condyle is usually preceded by prodromal pathology. Early recognition of injury is desirable to minimise the risk of serious breakdown; however, the clinical and diagnostic characteristics of unicortical condylar fractures have been poorly documented to date.

Objectives

To describe the clinical, imaging and outcome features of racehorses in first opinion practice diagnosed with short unicortical fracture of the metacarpal/tarsal condyle.

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Methods

All flat racehorses sustaining a unicortical condylar fracture while under the primary care of a single first opinion UK veterinary practice (2006–2013) were identified from imaging records and histories analysed for clinical presentation, lesion location, treatment, rehabilitation guidance and outcome.

Results

Forty‐five cases were identified during the period of study. Forelimb injuries predominated (35/45, 77.8%). Mean age of cases was 3.4 ± 1.3 years. Palpable clinical abnormality referable to the fetlock region was not a feature. The majority (35/45, 77.8%) of injuries were diagnosed with radiography (flexed dorsopalmar/plantar projection), with the remainder requiring magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosis. Seven horses underwent surgery either at the time of original diagnosis or following reinjury. Twenty‐eight of 30 horses (93.3%), not retired for unrelated reasons, returned to racing, with 5 (16.7%) conservatively managed horses sustaining reinjury at a median of 305 days. Misdiagnosis resulted in progression to catastrophic fracture in 2 cases.

Conclusions

Clinical findings associated with unicortical condylar fractures can be mild and appropriate diagnostic imaging is necessary for injury detection. Failure to detect injury can lead to catastrophic fracture. Most cases respond to conservative management and return to racing, but risk of reinjury merits consideration of surgery in selected cases. Veterinary vigilance and timely intervention has the potential to considerably reduce the incidence of complete condylar fracture of the fetlock in the racehorse.

The Summary is available in Chinese – see Supporting information.
Effect of Gray Scale Binder Levels on Additive Manufacturing of Porous Scaffolds with Heterogeneous Properties
Authors: Vlasea Mihaela , Toyserkani Ehsan , Pilliar Robert
Published: September 2014

An additive manufacturing platform was developed for fabricating constructs with heterogeneous properties. The liquid binder amount was investigated in calcium polyphosphate bone substitutes. Two part categories were produced with 150 and 190 μm layer thickness and 70, 80, 90, 100, and 90/70% gray scale. It was shown that the gray scale level had an effect on samples with 150 μm layer thickness where porosity ranged between 43 ± 1% and 49 ± 2% and the compressive strength varied between 4.8 ± 1.3 MPa and 15.5 ± 1.9 MPa. The results suggest that the binder gray scale level can be used to locally predict porous properties.
Vitamin D Receptor Genetic Polymorphism Is Significantly Associated With Decreased Risk of Hypertension in a Chinese Han Population
Authors: Jia Jian , Shen Chong , Mao Lina , Yang Keming , Men Chen , Zhan Yiyang
Published: September 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism and hypertension in a Chinese Han population. The authors genotyped 3 tagSNPs (rs11574129, rs2228570, and rs739837) of the VDR gene using TaqMan assays in a case‐control study including 2409 patients with hypertension and 3063 controls. The results showed that rs2228570 presented statistical correlations with decreased risk of male hypertension after adjustment for confounding factors, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of additive, dominant, and recessive models were 0.828 (0.74–0.927), 0.75 (0.631–0.89), and 0.816 (0.67–0.995), and P values were .001, .001, and .044, respectively. Significant associations were found in the smoking population and ORs (95% CIs) of additive and dominant models were 0.81 (0.69–0.952) and 0.71 (0.552–0.913) (P values .011 and .008), respectively, after adjustment for covariates. Quantitative trait analysis indicated that the untreated cases with TT genotype of rs2228570 showed higher systolic blood pressure compared with the TC/CC genotype (P=.015). Our findings suggest that VDR genetic polymorphism rs2228570 is significantly associated with the decreased risk of hypertension in Chinese men and smokers.
The Role of Scale and Technology Maturity in Life Cycle Assessment of Emerging Technologies: A Case Study on Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Gavankar Sheetal , Suh Sangwon , Keller Arturo A.
Published: September 2014

Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been applied for assessing emerging technologies, where large‐scale production data are generally lacking. This study introduces a standardized scheme for technology and manufacturing readiness levels to contextualize a technology's development stage. We applied the scheme to a carbon nanotube (CNT) LCA and found that, regardless of synthesis technique, CNT manufacturing will become less energy intensive with increased levels of readiness. We examined the influence of production volume on LCA results using primary data from a commercial CNT manufacturer with approximately 100 grams per day production volume and engineering design of a scaled‐up process with 1 tonne per day production capacity. The results show that scaling up could reduce 84% to 94% of its cradle‐to‐gate impacts, mainly as a result of the recycling of feedstock that becomes economically viable only beyond certain minimum production volume. This study shows that LCAs on emerging technologies based on immature data should be interpreted in conjunction with their technology and manufacturing readiness levels and reinforces the need of standardizing and communicating information on these readiness levels and scale of production in life cycle inventory practices.
Sustaining the Flow of External Ideas: The Role of Dual Social Identity across Communities and Organizations
Authors: Langner Benedikt , Seidel Victor P.
Published: September 2014

Firm‐hosted online communities are increasingly a part of innovation efforts that seek to provide a flow of external ideas into organizations. However, many online communities do not gain traction or die out over time. One possible but underresearched driver of sustained engagement by members of firm‐hosted communities is a social identity that makes community members feel like they are part of the firm. We sought to empirically derive the organizational practices that support community members having a dual social identity with both communities and organizations. We completed extensive field work and over 90 interviews regarding two firms that had a history of sustained engagement by members of their communities: T‐shirt firm Threadless and automotive firm Local Motors. We identified eight organizational practices that supported dual social identity. Four of these practices made members perceive a porous boundary between firm and community, including an “open house” policy and hiring from the community. Another four practices made members feel supported in community efforts, including promoting community projects and having top management active in the community. We describe the practices in detail and the implications for firms using online communities as one component of their portfolio of innovation efforts.
Evolutionary radiation of the Panax bipinnatifidus species complex (Araliaceae) in the Sino‐Himalayan region of eastern Asia as inferred from AFLP analysis
Authors: Zuo Yun‐Juan , Wen Jun , Ma Jin‐Shuang , Zhou Shi‐Liang
Published: September 2014

The Panax bipinnatifidus species complex (P. bipinnatifidus and its close relatives) in the Sino‐Himalayan region has been taxonomically difficult. Evolutionary analyses using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were carried out on 125 individuals representing 11 populations of the P. bipinnatifidus species complex and one population of P. stipuleanatus Tsai & Feng as an outgroup. The populations from the eastern Himalayan region, sampled from Nepal and eastern Tibet, formed two main groups in the neighbor‐joining and split network analyses. The Pailong population (Tibet‐PL) in eastern Tibet showed a highly distinct AFLP profile and was placed as the most basally branched group in the neighbor‐joining tree. The remaining Himalayan populations showed three subgroups: the Nepal‐HB and Nepal‐HS subgroup, the Nepal HH subgroup, and the Tibet‐BY subgroup. The three Himalayan subgroups had very limited gene flow among them and showed subtle morphological differences. The populations in eastern, central, and western China showed clear geographic patterns and can be sorted into several geographical groups. Each major group in the species complex has strong bootstrap support, but relationships among them are poorly resolved, which is consistent with a pattern of evolutionary radiation. The strong geographic grouping, high Nei's population differentiation index, and limited gene flow among populations in different regions support the importance of geographic isolation in the diversification of the P. bipinnatifidus species complex in the Sino‐Himalayan region.
Toward Assessing and Improving Survey Questions on Religion: The ARDA's Measurement Wizard
Authors: Bader Christopher D. , Finke Roger
Published: September 2014

Developing survey measures of religion is deceptively difficult. As religion in America becomes more diverse and research projects become more global, finding a shared vocabulary that taps into concepts of interest and selecting response categories that capture the full range of choices becomes ever more challenging. This research project introduces new tools and techniques for exploring and evaluating past survey measures of religion, including a new software tool that draws on the ARDA's massive collection of survey measures. We offer two examples to demonstrate how these resources can serve to evaluate past survey measures of religion and improve future measures.
A new serpentine‐adapted carnation (Caryophyllaceae) from Turkey: Dianthus serpentinus sp. nov.
Authors: Hamzaoğlu Ergin , Koç Murat , Büyük İlker , Aksoy Ahmet , Soydam Aydin Semra
Published: September 2014

In the framework of a revision of Turkish Dianthus, specimens collected from Kızıldağ (Derebucak, Konya) are described as a new species. The new species is named as Dianthus serpentinus Hamzaoğlu sp. nov., and a description, images, chorology and ecology, and threat category are given. It is compared with the closely related D. acrochlorus, based on its general morphology and seed micromorphology. In addition, the phylogenetic relationship among the closely related species, some Dianthus species belonging to section Dentati from Turkey, D. serpentinus and 14 additional Dianthus species obtained from GenBank are investigated based on DNA sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal internally transcribed spacer region. The results obtained from the molecular analyses supports the morphological data.