bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Natural variation in salt-induced changes in root:shoot ratio reveals SR3G as a negative regulator of root suberization and salt resilience in Arabidopsis
Authors: Ishka Maryam Rahmati , Sussman Hayley , Hu Yunfei , Alqahtani Mashael Daghash , Craft Eric , Sicat Ronell , Wang Minmin , Yu Li’ang , Ait-Haddou Rashid , Li Bo , Drakakaki Georgia , Nelson Andrew , Pineros Miguel , Korte Arthur , Jaremko Lukasz , Testerink Christa , Tester Mark , Julkowska Magdalena M
Published: February 2025

Soil salinity is one of the major threats to agricultural productivity worldwide. Salt stress exposure alters root and shoot growth rates, thereby affecting overall plant performance. While past studies have extensively documented the effect of salt stress on root elongation and shoot development separately, here we take an innovative approach by examining the coordination of root and shoot growth under salt stress conditions. Utilizing a newly developed tool for quantifying the root:shoot ratio in agar-grown Arabidopsis seedlings, we found that salt stress results in a loss of coordination between root and shoot growth rates. We identify a specific gene cluster encoding domain-of-unknown-function 247 (DUF247), and characterize one of these genes as
S
alt
R
oot:shoot
R
atio
R
egulator
G
ene (SR3G). Further analysis elucidates the role of SR3G as a negative regulator of salt stress tolerance, revealing its function in regulating shoot growth, root suberization, and sodium accumulation. We further characterize that
SR3G
expression is modulated by
WRKY75
transcription factor, known as a positive regulator of salt stress tolerance. Finally, we show that the salt stress sensitivity of
wrky75
mutant is completely diminished when it is combined with
sr3g
mutation. Together, our results demonstrate that utilizing root:shoot ratio as an architectural feature leads to the discovery of new stress resilience gene. The study’s innovative approach and findings not only contribute to our understanding of plant stress tolerance mechanisms but also open new avenues for genetic and agronomic strategies to enhance crop environmental resilience.
Atom Search Optimization: a comprehensive review of its variants, applications, and future directions
Authors: El-Shorbagy Mohammed A. , Bouaouda Anas , Abualigah Laith , Hashim Fatma A.
Published: February 2025

The Atom Search Optimization (ASO) algorithm is a recent advancement in metaheuristic optimization inspired by principles of molecular dynamics. It mathematically models and simulates the natural behavior of atoms, with interactions governed by forces derived from the Lennard-Jones potential and constraint forces based on bond-length potentials. Since its inception in 2019, it has been successfully applied to various challenges across diverse fields in technology and science. Despite its notable achievements and the rapidly growing body of literature on ASO in the metaheuristic optimization domain, a comprehensive study evaluating the success of its various implementations is still lacking. To address this gap, this article provides a thorough review of half a decade of advancements in ASO research, synthesizing a wide range of studies to highlight key ASO variants, their foundational principles, and significant achievements. It examines diverse applications, including single- and multi-objective optimization problems, and introduces a well-structured taxonomy to guide future exploration in ASO-related research. The reviewed literature reveals that several variants of the ASO algorithm, including modifications, hybridizations, and multi-objective implementations, have been developed to tackle complex optimization problems. Moreover, ASO has been effectively applied across various domains, such as engineering, healthcare and medical applications, Internet of Things and communication, clustering and data mining, environmental modeling, and security, with engineering emerging as the most prevalent application area. By addressing the common challenges researchers face in selecting appropriate algorithms for real-world problems, this study provides valuable insights into the practical applications of ASO and offers guidance for designing ASO variants tailored to specific optimization problems.
A majority voting framework for reliable sentiment analysis of product reviews
Authors: Moldovan Darie
Published: February 2025

This article presents a tailored majority voting approach for enhancing the consistency and reliability of sentiment analysis in online product reviews. The methodology addresses discrepancies in sentiment classification by leveraging sentiment labels from multiple automated tools and implementing a robust majority decision rule. This consensus-based approach significantly enhances the trustworthiness and consistency of sentiment analysis outcomes, serving as a dependable foundation for training more precise sentiment analysis models. The data labeled with our method was utilized to train deep learning models, achieving competitive accuracy with significantly less data. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in producing results comparable to commercial tools while ensuring data consistency for model training.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in Respiratory Tract Infections: A Retrospective Observational Real-world Database Study in India
Authors: Balaji V , Singh Vishal , Nijhara Puja , Dalal Krunal , Sawant Sanket , Thomas Sebin , Teichman Lindsey , Patkar Shilpa
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) presents a major worldwide challenge to public health, leading to significant levels of illness and death in India. The rise in antibiotic prescriptions during the pandemic raised concerns over the possible increase in antibiotic resistance and the risk of AMR.

Aim: To investigate the real-world antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae to various antibiotics using diagnostic laboratory-based Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing (AST) data from India.

Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, observational, real-world database study that included 1,351 diagnostic AST records of the most common respiratory specimens collected from all ages between January 2017 and July 2022. Diagnostic AST records were collected across four accredited diagnostic laboratories in India, selected through an exhaustive Quality Control (QC) process validated by microbiology experts. The susceptibility patterns of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, azithromycin, levofloxacin, cefixime, cefpodoxime and cefuroxime were evaluated using quantitative analysis {mean ± standard deviation, median (range) for age, frequency and proportions; and Odds Ratios (OR) comparing the susceptibility patterns of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid with other antibiotics} and reported as per the standard AST results as % Sensitive, % Intermediate and % Resistant.

Results: Of the 1,351 diagnostic AST records included in the analysis, 1,257 (93.0%) were from adults (≥18 years). Most H. influenzae {566/608 (93.1%)} and S. pneumoniae {554/743 (74.6%)} isolates were from sputum samples. Most isolates of S. pneumoniae {227 (95.8%)} and H. influenzae {86 (88.7%)} were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was higher compared to most of the antibiotics evaluated. S. pneumoniae also showed high susceptibility to second-generation {cefuroxime: 87.4% (n=111)} and third-generation cephalosporins {cefixime: 91.3% (n=115), cefpodoxime: 97.5% (n=119)}. The susceptibility patterns of both organisms remained consistent during the pre- and post Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic periods, except for H. influenzae to cefixime {94.0% (n=252) to 63.7% (n=137)}.

Conclusion: The overall susceptibility patterns of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae to the selected antibiotics varied over the 5-year study period. The susceptibility of both organisms to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid remained high with some fluctuations. This data also guides clinicians in making evidence-based decisions for managing Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs).
Comparative Study of Effectiveness between Oral Propranolol and Combined Oral Propranolol with Prednisolone in the Treatment of Infantile Hemangioma
Authors: Arifuzzaman A.S.M , Hossain AKM Zahid , Mojumder Md. Rezaul Karim , Huda S.M. Shamsul , Mohanta Dayal Chandra , Mahammad Noor , Akhter Mahfuza , Jannat Fatima - Tul –
Published: February 2025

Background: The most prevalent benign vascular tumor found within pediatric patients is infantile hemangioma since its birth frequency stands at 2-3% that progressively surges to 10% by the first birthday. The therapeutic advantage of administering combined propranolol and corticosteroids compared to propranolol as a standalone treatment for Infantile hemangiomas remains an ambiguous matter. However, the efficacy of propranolol in treating IH patients is not universal. Systemic corticosteroids have known side effects such as water retention, hypertension and hyperglycemia, which could counter the adverse effects of propranolol like hypotension, bradycardia, hypoglycemia. 
Objective: To compare the clinical outcomes and safety profile of oral propranolol monotherapy versus combined oral propranolol and prednisolone in the treatment of infantile hemangioma.
Methods: An observational study was conducted at BSMMU from October 2018 to August 2019, involving 62 patients with IH up to 4 years of age. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A (n=31) received oral propranolol alone, while Group B (n=31) received combined oral propranolol and prednisolone. Treatment outcomes were assessed using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for color changes and percentage of size regression.
Results: Both groups showed improvement in color clearance and size regression. In Group A, 22.6% showed excellent color clearance versus 6.5% in Group B. Mean size regression was 68.05% in Group A and 59.35% in Group B, though the difference was not statistically significant. However, Group B experienced significantly more adverse effects (61.3%) compared to Group A (25.8%) (p=0.005).
Conclusion: This research shows that propranolol treatment alone provides similar results as prednisolone combination treatment for infantile hemangioma but produces less adverse side effects. The regular care of infantile hemangioma does not require prednisolone administration with propranolol.
Artificial Intelligence in E-commerce and Digital Marketing: A Systematic Review of Opportunities, Challenges, and Ethical Implications
Authors: Saleh Redeer Avdal , Zeebaree Subhi R. M.
Published: February 2025

The transformative power of AI has only just begun to redefine how businesses function and relate to their customers within e-commerce and digital marketing. In fact, AI really does help firms adjust to changes in consumer preference and market fluctuations by improving operational efficiencies. Big data analytics, aided by artificial intelligence, really boosts the understanding of the customer journey-hence, optimizing and finally allowing for tailor-made marketing campaigns in real time. This leads to great growth for the business. The COVID-19 pandemic pushed companies into adopting AI-driven solutions in the quest for their resilience; this consequently led to an increase in the need for effective digital marketing strategies. E-commerce activities are integrated with artificial intelligence in order to better understand consumer behavior, support market dynamics forecasting, and enhance risk management strategies. Hence, it becomes an indispensable aspect. It is relevant that ethical frameworks and further research address the problems of data privacy and scalability in order to optimize the intrinsic potential of AI. A focus on innovative applications of AI, alongside interdisciplinary collaboration, can empower an organization to develop genuinely inclusive and effective marketing strategies. Embracing the AI-driven initiatives, this will result in long-term relationship building with the customer for growth in a sustainable manner and maintaining competitiveness at an exponential pace in changing digitization.
Parasitism of Beet Armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) Larvae by Cotesia ruficrus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Egyptian Clover Fields
Authors: Refaei Elsayed, A. , Fergani Yasmin, A. , Khorchid Alaa, M. , Faiz Neven, M.
Published: February 2025

Clover, Trifolium alexandrinum L. is the key fodder winter crop, for feeding livestock in Egypt, particularly with a sharp decline in meat and dairy production. One of the important insect pests attacking clover is the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) which feeds upon clover stems and leaves, and in severe infestation, it can defoliate the plants resulting in considerable foliage reduction. The current investigation was conducted at clover fields in Rasheed district, Beheira Governorate, during the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons, to monitor the population fluctuations of S. exigua as well as the fluctuations of the larval end parasitoid, Cotesia ruficrus (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its efficiency against S. exigua larvae. The first infestation by the beet armyworm was detected on November 1st with 28.00±2.00- 30.00±2.00 larvae, and the highest pest densities were recorded in April and May. The parasitism of S. exigua larvae was recorded started from mid-March up to mid-May. The numbers of the parasitoid،s clusters were low during January, February and March, and were notably high during April and May. This study revealed that C. ruficrus attacked the larvae of S. exigua in clover fields, particularly during April and May, with overall parasitism percentage of 14.41±1.21 - 17.86±1.00%. Thus, the parasitoid, C. ruficrus could be considered as an efficient control element in the integrated pest management (IPM) of the beet armyworm, S. exigua.
A Mathematical Model for Deciding Optimal Ordering Policy for Fixed Lifetime Inventories with Expected Insurance Costs
Authors: O Enagbonma. , B. E Odidi.
Published: February 2025

Managing inventory-related risks is crucial for companies dealing with fixed lifetime inventories. Previous researches have focused on the study of inventory management and risk management. However, there are no adequate study in the literature that combines these two critical aspects in the mamagement of fixed liftetime inventories. We developed a stochastic optimization problem and minimized the expected total costs. The aim of the study is to examine decisions as regards when to place order or not for the probabilistic fixed lifetime inventory model with expected insurance costs. We computed the expected ordering costs, expected holding costs, expected shortage costs, expected outdate costs and expected insurance costs. These expected costs were applied to obtain the expected total costs for the inventory system. We also determined the optimal ordering policy for the probabilistic fixed lifetime inventory model with expected insurance cost. A numerical application demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed model in reducing the expected total costs. The results highlight the usefulness of integrating insurance costs into inventory management for fixed lifetime inventory products.
Assessment of Factors Influencing Tardiness and Poor-Compliance with ANC at Mwembeladu Hospital in Zanzibar, 2024
Authors: Bayard Rodolfo Isidro Bosch , Okafor Chukwuma J. , Martin Diane Millo , Hilal Nibras M. , Khamis Tarik A. , Haji Asila M. , Ali Rayyan J. , Saiz Angel Badia , Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi
Published: February 2025

Background: Antenatal care (ANC) is vital for maternal and infant health, yet women in Zanzibar frequently delay their first ANC visit and struggle with adherence to visits to ANC. This study investigates the socio-demographic factors contributing to these delays. It will describe pregnancy characteristics and assess the timing of the first ANC consultations. 
Methodology: The research employed a descriptive cross-sectional design at Mwembeladu Hospital, targeting pregnant women receiving ANC. Simple random sampling was used to gather data from 260 participants, with analysis focusing on socio-demographic factors and their impact on ANC attendance.
Results: The majority of participants were multigravida (75.8%), and a significant portion attended their first antenatal care (ANC) visit during the second trimester (54.2%). Notably, despite a high level of education among participants, there was no correlation between educational attainment and timely ANC attendance. Similarly, marital status and partner support did not significantly impact the timing of ANC visits.
Conclusion: This study highlights that many women in Zanzibar experience delays in antenatal care (ANC) attendance and have a low number of ANC visits, primarily due to the influence of multigravidity. Nearly half of the participants attended fewer than four consultations.  Analysis of the timing of the first ANC visit shows that multigravid women seek care later. Additionally, an adequate level of education was not associated with improved attendance at antenatal consultations. There is a critical need for early detection of poor compliance and intervention during pregnancy.
Assessing proton plans with three different beam delivery systems versus photon plans for head and neck tumors
Authors: Gray Tara , Liu Chieh‐Wen , Ahmed Saeed , Kolano Anna Maria , Donaghue Jeremy , Koyfman Shlomo , Woody Neil , Campbell Shauna R. , Farr Jonathan B. , Xia Ping
Published: February 2025

Purpose

To compare plan quality among photon volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT) with robustness using three different proton beam delivery systems with various spot size (σ) ranges: cyclotron‐generated proton beams (CPBs) (σ: 2.7–7.0 mm), linear accelerator proton beams (LPBs) (σ: 2.9–5.5 mm), and linear accelerator proton mini beams (LPMBs) (σ: 0.8–3.9 mm) for the treatment of head and neck (HN) cancer with bilateral neck irradiation.

Methods

Ten patients treated for oropharynx cancer with bilateral neck irradiation were planned using CPBs, LPBs, LPMBs, and VMAT. The homogeneity index (HI), mean body dose, and defined volumetric doses for selected critical organs‐at‐risk (OARs) were compared. Set‐up uncertainties of ±3 mm and ± 3.5% range uncertainties were included in robust evaluation using V95%Rx > 95% (Volume that covers 95% of the target volume at 95% of the prescription (Rx) dose) to high dose and low dose CTV volumes (CTV_70 Gy and CTV_56 Gy). VMAT and proton plans were compared in terms of OAR doses and mean body dose only. Homogeneity Indices were compared among IMPT plans in addition to OAR doses. The Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was used to evaluate statistical differences between evaluation metrics for VMAT plans and all proton plan types.

Results

OAR dose metrics were improved by 2% to 30% from CPB plans to LPB or LPMB plans. Compared to photon VMAT plans, all OAR doses except for mandible dose metrics were improved by 2% to 53% for all proton plans. The mean body dose was also improved by 7.5% from CPB to LPB and by 10.8% from CPB to LPMB. In addition, the mean body dose was also improved by 44% from VMAT to CPB, by 48% from VMAT to LPB, and by 50% from VMAT to LPMB plans. Compared to CPB plans, HI was significantly better (p < 0.05) for the LPB and LPMB plans. HI also improved considerably from VMAT to CPB, LPB, and LPMB. For both CTV_70 Gy and CTV_56 Gy, average robust evaluation across all worst‐case scenarios was slightly better for CPB plans, with an average of V95%Rx of the CTV_70 Gy of 97.6% ± 1.22%, followed by 97.2% ± 1.31% and 97.2% ± 1.35% for LPB and LPMB plans, respectively. Robustness for CTV_56 Gy showed comparable robustness across all proton plan types, with an average V95%Rx of 97.4% ± 0.87% for CPB, 97.4% ± 1.21%, and 97.5% ± 1.08% for CPB, LPB, and LPMB plans, respectively.

Conclusion

With decreased spot size, the LPB and LPMB are excellent alternatives to VMAT and CPB therapy and can significantly reduce the dose to normal tissue.
The Role of Luteolin in Inhibiting Prostaglandin‐Endoperoxide Synthase 2 to Relieve Neointimal Hyperplasia in Arteriovenous Fistula
Authors: Zhang Ruibin , Li Wei , Yang Jihua , Fan Xiujie , Fan Huili , Li Wei
Published: February 2025

This study aims to investigate the role and mechanism of luteolin in inflammation and phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) model, for providing a potential agent for the prevention and therapy of AVF neointimal hyperplasia. In vivo, an AVF model is created in Sprague Dawley rats. In vitro, rat VSMCs are treated with platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (PDGF‐BB) to induce the phenotypic switch of VSMCs. Histological AVF changes are analyzed using hematoxylin‐eosin. Western blot and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) are utilized to detect prostaglandin‐endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) expression. In vivo, luteolin inhibits neointima formation and reduces vimentin, α‐SMA, MCP‐1, MMP‐9, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 levels. In vitro, under PDGF‐BB treatment, luteolin inhibits proliferation and migration and reduces TNF‐α, vimentin, α‐SMA, MCP‐1, MMP‐9, and IL‐6 levels in VSMCs. In rat AVF tissues, PTGS2 expression is increased. Luteolin inhibits PTGS2 expression in vivo and in vitro. PTGS2 overexpression reverses the role of luteolin in extracellular matrix protein expression, proliferation, inflammation, and migration in VSMCs treated with PDGF‐BB. Altogether, in the AVF, luteolin inhibits proliferation, migration, the phenotypic switch of VSMCs, neointima formation, and the inflammatory response through inhibiting PTGS2 expression.
Elucidating Sodium Ion Storage Mechanisms in Hard Carbon Anodes at the Electronic Level
Authors: Xia Qingbing , Ko Cheng‐Lin , Cooper Emily R. , Gu Qinfen , Knibbe Ruth , Harmer Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2025

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are a promising technology for advanced energy storage systems. Hard carbon (HC) is a commonly used SIB anode material; however, the Na ion storage mechanism in HC remains poorly understood and highly debated. Here, the paramagnetic species in HC during Na ion storage are systematically studied to elucidate the underlying mechanism at an electronic level using high‐resolution electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, complemented by in situ Raman spectroscopy, in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, and density functional theory calculations. This investigation identifies and characterizes the coexistence of two distinct intercalation processes in HC: Na ion intercalation and Na+‐solvent co‐intercalation, which are active across both the sloping and plateau voltage regions. Additionally, in the sloping region, Na ions are also stored at in‐plane Stone‐Wales defect sites, which transition into a quasi‐metallic state and subsequently to metallic Na as Na ion intercalation progresses. This transformation is driven by charge redistribution within the graphene layers. These insights establish a direct paramagnetic‐electronic structure‐electrochemical property relationship in HC, providing new insights into the Na ion storage mechanism. Furthermore, this study highlights the unique capability of EPR spectroscopy in elucidating the charge storage mechanism in electrode materials.
Hybrid 3D‐Printed Tri‐Cultured Intestine with Tubular Mesh Structure
Authors: Son Seunghun , Lee Bo‐Yeon , Lim Hosub , Choi Haejin , Jung Cho‐Rok , Lim Jung Hwa , Yang Seok‐jo , Lee Junhee
Published: February 2025

In fetal patients with intestinal atresia, surgical resection often leads to short bowel syndrome, necessitating organ transplantation. Owing to a shortage of organ donors, alternatives such as 3D‐bioprinted artificial intestines are receiving increased interest. However, the fabrication of transplantable artificial intestines integrating tri‐cultures of viable functional cells remains challenging. This study introduces an innovative method for fabricating a tri‐cultured tubular mesh intestine (TTMI) integrating myofibroblasts, endothelial, and epithelial cells. Low‐concentration gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) bioink is employed to improve cell viability, and a dual cooling module is incorporated to cool both the GelMA and the printing area for improve printability. To improve the mechanical properties of the TTMI for transplant and tubular stability, a multi‐head four‐axis bioprinter is used to apply bioinks and polycaprolactone (PCL). The final four‐layered TTMI comprises three bioinks and PCL; the two middle layers are printed with a tubular mesh to enable cell‐to‐cell interactions. This technology can be used to fabricate intestines as well as other tubular organs consisting of different cells, ultimately enhancing the availability of functional tissues for transplantation therapy.
Multicolor Organic Single‐Crystal Microcavity Light Emitting Diodes With High Color‐Purity and High Brightness
Authors: Huang Han , Zhao Ruiyang , Li Yunfei , Ji Ying , Li Yuan , Deng Yibo , Liao Qing , Fu Hongbing
Published: February 2025

The development of ultra‐high‐definition (UHD) displays demands organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with high color purity of all three primary colors for a wide color gamut and high brightness essential for future AR/VR applications. However, the vibronic coupling in organic emitters typically results in broad emissions, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) exceeding 40–50 nm. Herein, multicolor organic single‐crystal microcavity light‐emitting diodes (SC‐MC‐OLEDs) are demonstrated by embedding ultrathin 2D organic single crystals (2D‐OSCs) between two silver layers that serve as both electrodes and mirrors. By leveraging the microcavity effect, the resonant output frequencies of SC‐MC‐OLEDs can be continuously tuned from 448 to 602 nm by adjusting the thickness of 2D‐OSCs (i.e., the microcavity length), achieving high color purity with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of <10 nm. Furthermore, the Purcell effect in SC‐MC‐OLEDs enhances the radiative rate and improves light‐coupling efficiency, resulting in a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of up to 4% and minimal efficiency roll‐off. Due to the excellent bipolar transport properties of OSCs, the brightness of SC‐MC‐OLEDs surpasses 106 cd m−2, along with a degree of linear polarization exceeding 0.9, unlocking new application opportunities.
Leveraging Grain Boundary Effects for Nanostructured Electrode Layers in Symmetric Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Baiutti Federico , Chiabrera Francesco , Anzengruber Marlene , Kreka Kosova , Sirvent Juande , Yedra Lluis , Buzi Fjorelo , Liedke Macej Oskar , Cavallaro Andrea , Carmona Zuazo Albert , Estradé Sonia , Butterling Maik , Hirschmann Eric , Wagner Andreas , Aguadero Ainara , Peiró Francisca , Tarancon Albert
Published: February 2025

While grain boundary engineering is attracting great interest as a potential strategy to fabricate highly electrochemically active materials, open questions remain in relation to the fundamental mechanisms of local property enhancement as well as to the potential technological impact of such nanostructuring strategies. In this paper, the ability to turn a predominantly electronic conductor into an excellent mixed‐ionic electronic conductor by grain boundary doping is demonstrated for nanocrystalline films of lanthanum chromite. A four‐orders‐of‐magnitude increase in the oxygen diffusion coefficient at grain boundaries is observed, and related  to local chemical changes. It is shown that grain boundary effects can be effectively exploited for technological purposes by fabricating a proof‐of‐concept symmetric solid oxide cell based on lanthanum chromite film electrodes. The cell is operated under reversible gas feeding conditions, exhibiting electrode self‐healing characteristics. The results provide new insights on the fundamental aspects of fast grain boundary oxygen diffusion and validate grain boundary engineering as a technologically relevant strategy for the realization of solid oxide cells with enhanced performance.
Sequence Context‐Agnostic TadA‐Derived Cytosine Base Editors for Genome‐Wide Editing in Zebrafish
Authors: Zheng Shaohui , Liu Yang , Xia Xinxin , Xiao Jiawang , Ma Hui , Yuan Xuanyao , Zhang Yan , Chen Zixi , Peng Guangcong , Li Wenyuan , Fei Ji‐Feng , Liu Yanmei
Published: February 2025

Single‐nucleotide variants (SNVs) represent a significant form of genetic variation linked to various diseases. CRISPR‐mediated base editing has emerged as a powerful method for modeling diseases caused by SNVs, particularly in zebrafish, which serve as an excellent platform for investigating disease mechanisms and conducting drug screenings. However, existing cytosine base editors (CBEs) for zebrafish often have broad editing windows and strong sequence preferences, limiting their effectiveness. In this study, zebrafish (z) TadA‐derived cytosine base editors, termed zTadA‐CBEs, are developed by introducing key mutations into the TadA8e enzyme. These novel editors demonstrate improved efficiency and precision in cytosine base editing. Specifically, zTadA‐BE4max and zTadA‐BEmv offer complementary editing windows, while zTadA‐SpRY‐BE4max allows for PAM‐flexible editing. Using zTadA‐CBEs, a precise disease model for Axenfeld‐Rieger syndrome is established, and created two new models for Hermansky‐Pudlak syndrome. Additionally, a novel albinism model carrying two pathogenic SNVs in the F0 generation is developed. By employing specifically designed sgRNA, the fmsts± missense mutation is corrected back to the wild‐type nucleotide (C > T), successfully restoring macrophage levels to normal. These findings underscore the potential of zTadA‐CBEs to enhance genome editing techniques and their applications in developing therapies for SNV‐related disorders.
Transformable Tumor Microenvironment‐Responsive Oxygen Vacancy‐Rich MnO2@Hydroxyapatite Nanospheres for Highly Efficient Cancer Sonodynamic Immunotherapy
Authors: Li Minxing , Liu Qiyu , Xie Songzuo , Weng Desheng , He Jinjun , Yang Xinyi , Liu Yuanyuan , You Jinqi , Liao Jinghao , Wang Peng , Lu Xihong , Zhao Jingjing
Published: February 2025

Despite the promise of sonodynamic therapy (SDT)‐mediated immunotherapy, the anticancer efficacy of current sonosensitizers is greatly limited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and their inability to selectively respond to it. Herein, oxygen vacancy‐rich MnO2@hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) core–shell nanospheres (denoted as Ov‐MO@CPO) as an advanced TME‐responsive sonosensitizer for sonodynamic immunotherapy is demonstrated. The Ov‐MO@CPO maintains its structural integrity under neutral conditions but dissolves the pH‐sensitive hydroxyapatite shell under acidic TME to release active oxygen vacancy‐rich MnO2 core, which reinvigorates H2O2 consumption and hypoxia alleviation due to its catalase‐like activity. Furthermore, the introduced oxygen vacancies optimize the electronic structure of Ov‐MO@CPO, with active electronic states near the Fermi level and higher d‐band center. It results in accelerated electron‐hole pair separation and lower catalytic energy barriers to boost ultrasound (US)‐initiated ROS production. These multimodal synergistic effects effectively reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis in 4T1 tumor‐bearing mice. No evident toxic effects are observed in normal mouse tissues. Additionally, when combined with an immune checkpoint inhibitor, Ov‐MO@CPO‐mediated SDT further improves the effectiveness of immunotherapy. This work affords a new avenue for developing TME‐dependent sonosensitizers for SDT‐mediated immunotherapy.
Rapid and Differential Diagnosis of Sepsis Stages Using an Advanced 3D Plasmonic Bimetallic Alloy Nanoarchitecture‐Based SERS Biosensor Combined with Machine Learning for Multiple Analyte Identification
Authors: Kim Woo Hyun , Lee Sungwoo , Jeon Myeong Jin , Lee Kwon Jun , Park Jong‐Hak , Park Dae Won , Park Sungho , Sim Sang Jun
Published: February 2025

Rapid and accurate differential diagnosis of infections, sepsis, and septic shock is essential for preventing unnecessary antibiotic overuse and improving the chance of patient survival. To address this, a 3D gold nanogranule decorated gold‐silver alloy nanopillar (AuNG@Au‐AgNP) based surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) biosensor is developed, capable of quantitatively profiling immune‐related soluble proteins (interleukin three receptor, alpha chain: CD123, programmed cell death ligand 1: PD‐L1, human leukocyte antigen–DR isotype: HLA‐DR, and chitotriosidase: ChiT) in serum samples. The 3D bimetallic nanoarchitecture, fabricated using anodized aluminum oxide (AAO), features a uniform structure with densely packed nanogaps on the heads of Au‐Ag alloy nanopillars, enabling fast, simple, and replicable production. The proposed biosensor achieves accurate results even with low detection limits (4–6 fM) and high signal consistency (relative standard deviation (RSD) = 1.79%) within a one‐step multi‐analytes identification chip with a directly loadable chamber. To enhance the diagnostic performance, a support vector machine (SVM) based machine learning algorithm is utilized, achieving 95.0% accuracy and 95.8% precision in classifying healthy controls, infections with and without sepsis, and septic shock. This advanced 3D plasmonic bimetallic alloy nanoarchitecture‐based SERS biosensor demonstrates clinical usefulness for sepsis diagnosis and severity assessment, providing timely and personalized treatment.
Investigating triclopyr vapor and particle drift in roadside settings
Authors: Polli Estefania G. , Gannon Travis W. , Rogers Ronald R. , LeCompte Mathieu C. , Ahmed Khalied
Published: February 2025

Triclopyr is a synthetic auxin herbicide widely used to manage roadside vegetation due to its effective, selective, and prolonged action on broadleaf species, as well as its low toxicity to humans and animals. However, if triclopyr drifts from the roadside into agricultural lands, it can result in injury and yield loss of sensitive crops. The objective of this study was to characterize and quantify particle and vapor drift of triclopyr as influenced by formulation, season, and nozzle type under roadside conditions. Field studies were conducted on a roadside located along Interstate 540 in Morrisville, NC, in 2022 and 2023. Triclopyr amine and choline were applied at 3363 g a.e. ha−1 using Boominator and Nutating nozzles. Active air samplers were used to collect vapor drift within 48 h after application, while deposit cards were used to collect particle drift 10 min after application. Triclopyr vapor concentration peaked within the first 24 h after application, with the concentration of triclopyr amine being 29% higher than triclopyr choline during this period. Additionally, vapor concentrations of triclopyr were higher during spring and summer compared to fall and winter. No differences in triclopyr particle deposit and drift distance were observed between formulation and nozzle type. Triclopyr was detected at very low levels (< 2% of field rate) within 3 m from the treated area. This study provides valuable insight into triclopyr volatilization, emphasizing temporal, formulation, and seasonal variations, while also addressing the consistency in particle drift between triclopyr formulations and nozzle types.
Enhancing SDT Efficacy of Doxorubicin‐Loaded Sonosensitizer Micelles to Overcome Resistance of Cancer Therapy by Optimizing Acoustic Parameters
Authors: Gong Zhuoran , Hou Deshang , Xu Yunxue , Wang Mengxuan , Lin Shiyin , Zheng Yingjuan , Dai Zhifei
Published: February 2025

Tumor drug resistance has been reported to be associated with drug efflux in tumor cells. Recently, a noninvasive and safe mechanism, sonodynamic therapy (SDT), has been proposed to be an oxidative stress strategy to potentially overcome drug efflux, but with efficacy limitation. Herein, we propose a systematic strategy for optimizing SDT, especially revealing the key role of acoustics parameters acting in SDT efficiency. A doxorubicin (DOX)‐loaded sonosensitive micelle (DPM) mediated “sono‐force” combination (chemotherapy and sonodynamic) therapy strategy, named DPCSTs, which was designed for amplifying SDT to augment oxidative stress to overcome drug efflux and induce robust long‐term inhibition of tumor development by optimized acoustic parameters. The sub‐10 nm size DPM enhanced tumor targeting and renal clearance. Meanwhile, another important component, doxorubicin, significantly suppressed residual tumors (78.6%) due to “sono‐force” augmented oxidative stress reversing drug efflux, finally leading to long‐term tumor development limitation in vivo. It is the first time to propose a systematic strategy for optimizing SDT regimens to overcome resistance, which can synergize with chemotherapy to exert long‐term tumor development inhibition. We believe that this work will advance SDT‐related research to a new level, and improve our understanding of overcoming resistance of targeted cancer therapy.
Direct Photopatterning of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks via Photoinduced Fluorination
Authors: Tian Xiaoli , Li Wenjun , Li Fu , Cai Mingfeng , Si Yilong , Tang Hao , Li Haifang , Zhang Hao
Published: February 2025

Precise and effective patterning strategies are essential for integrating metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) into microelectronics, photonics, sensors, and other solid‐state devices. Direct lithography of MOFs with light and other irradiation sources has emerged as a promising patterning strategy. However, existing direct lithography methods often rely on the irradiation‐induced amorphization of the MOFs structures and the breaking of strong covalent bonds in their organic linkers. High‐energy sources (such as X‐rays or electron beams) and large irradiation doses—conditions unfavorable for scalable patterning—are thus required. Here, we report a photoinduced fluorination chemistry for patterning various zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) under mild UV irradiation. Using UV doses as low as 10 mJ cm–2, light‐sensitive fluorine‐containing molecules covalently bond to ZIFs and enhance their stability in water. This creates a water‐stability contrast between ZIFs in exposed and unexposed regions, enabling scalable direct photolithography of ZIFs with high resolution (2 μm) on 4‐inch wafers and flexible substrates. The patterned ZIFs preserve their original crystallinity and porous properties while gaining increased hydrophobicity. This allows for the demonstration of a water‐responsive fluorescent MOFs array with implications in sensing and multicolor information encryption.
“Naked Nickel”‐Catalyzed Heteroaryl‐Heteroaryl Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling
Authors: Saeb Rakan , Roh Byeongdo , Cornella Josep
Published: February 2025

In this article we report that the air‐stable “naked nickel” [Ni(4‐CF3stb)3] is a competent catalyst in the catalytic Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction (SMC) between heteroaryl bromides and heteroaromatic boron‐based nucleophiles. The catalytic system is characterized by its ability to avoid decomposition or deactivation in the presence of multiple Lewis‐basic sites. The protocol permits the formation of C‒C bonds between two heteroaryl moieties in the absence of complex exogenous ligands, thus minimizing screening procedures and simplifying reaction setups. This method accommodates combinations of distinct 6‐membered heteroaryl bromides and 5‐ and 6‐membered heterocyclic B‐based nucleophiles.
“Nuomici” Litchi Pericarp Waste Transformed Into Activated Film for Food Packaging
Authors: Li Qiuyi , Li Fan , Pan Yuanfeng , Cai Pingxiong
Published: February 2025

The antioxidant composite film was prepared by blending the pericarp extract of the Chinese litchi variety “Nuomici” (NLPE) with chitosan (CS). The study examined the impact of various NLPE concentrations (0%, 2%, 5%, 10%, and 15% [w/v]) on the mechanical properties, water vapor barrier, UV–visible light barrier, and antioxidant properties of the CS film. The results indicated that the composite films displayed superior antioxidant and UV‐barrier properties, accompanied by lower water vapor permeability coefficients, water content, elongation at break, and tensile strength, compared to the pure CS film. Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, SEM, and x‐ray diffraction were employed to analyze the hydrogen bonding between CS and NLPE, revealing their excellent compatibility. Furthermore, fruit preservation studies demonstrated that CS composite film containing 5% (w/v) NLPE retarded weight loss and shrinkage of green grapes more effectively than both the pure CS film and the control group without film packaging. Therefore, CS/NLPE film holds significant potential and value for practical applications in food packaging, while also offering a novel approach for the reuse of waste resources and sustainable packaging.
Fabrication of Efficient and Easily Recyclable Silver Nanoparticles‐Anionic Polymer Hydrogel Composite Catalyst for Rapid Degradation of Water Pollutants
Authors: Fatima Irum , Ajmal Muhammad , Naseem Atif , Ali Abid , Javed Fatima , Hashmi Muhammad Ali , Mahmood Khalid , Ahmad Muhammad , Ullah Faheem , Ahmad Zaheer
Published: February 2025

In this study, a porous three‐dimensional polymeric network of poly(3‐sulfopropyl methacrylate) [p(SPMA)] is prepared and embedded with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to design a nanocomposite catalyst. The analytical techniques including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (SEM–EDX), rheology, and UV–visible spectroscopy are used to investigate the composition and morphology of the prepared nanocomposite catalyst. The fabricated p(SPMA) hydrogel exhibits hydrophilic character with % swelling of 1974 in aqueous medium. The porosity of the nanocomposite catalyst is endorsed by SEM while the skeleton of p(SPMA) and embedding of AgNPs is affirmed by EDX. The catalytic performance of the synthesized nanocomposite catalyst is analyzed in the chemical reduction of two different dyes; methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and two different nitroaromatic compounds; 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP), and 4‐nitroaniline (4‐NA). The apparent rate constant (kapp) of the catalytic is found to be 0.365 × 10−2, 1.059 × 10−2, 0.159 × 10−2, and 0.581 × 10−2 s−1, for 4‐NA, 4‐NP, MO, and MB, respectively. The synthesized nanocomposite catalyst is recycled 10 times in succession by a simple, quick, and effortless process of filtration via a plankton cloth filter, and it is found that the catalyst retains 70% activity in the tenth cycle.
Exploring mono and bis‐gold‐DTC complexes against cancer and leishmania
Authors: dos Santos Thaiz Cristina Soares , Tessaro Patrícia Salvador , Querino Ana Luiza de Andrade , Neto Arthur Henrique Rodrigues , Evangelista Igor Martins Felix , de Sousa Alessandra Mara , Rugani Jerônimo Nunes , Oliveira Willian Xerxes Coelho , Monte-Neto Rubens Lima do , Silva Heveline
Published: February 2025

Cancer is one of the main challenges of global public health and a leading cause of death, hindering the increase in life expectancy, and Leishmaniasis occupies the second position in the number of deaths from parasitic diseases. Gold(I)‐based drugs are being studied for chemotherapy and have been shown promising results, leading to the search for analogs with more favorable effect profiles. This work presents the synthesis and characterization of five new gold(I) complexes, [AuIDTCPPh3] and [AuI2DTC(PPh3)2], using dithiocarbamate‐derived ligands and triphenylphosphine, with potential biological activity. The antiproliferative activity was investigated in breast tumor cell lines (MDA‐MB‐231 and 4T1) and a non‐tumor breast cell line (MCF‐10a), showing that complexation with gold enhances cytotoxic activity. The anti‐leishmanial activity was investigated against intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, L. (Leishmania) amazonensis, and L. (L.) infantum. All complexes demonstrated promising activity, especially the bis‐gold(I) complexes, which showed higher activity in the studied cell lines and Leishmania parasites. The results show the importance of the gold atom in these compounds, supporting the development of gold‐based compounds as prototypes for metallodrugs.
Collision‐free flocking control of uncertain multi‐agent systems: Combining current learning adaptive control and projection operator
Authors: Wang Ximing , Li Zhitao , Wu Zixing
Published: February 2025

Adaptive flocking control of multi‐agent systems faces challenges in handling uncertainties and ensuring safety. This paper aims to address these issues based on the hypothesis that the uncertain parameters are bounded. First, a concurrent learning adaptive control method relaxes the persistently excitation condition for parameter convergence, enabling adaptability with interval excitation only. Second, an element‐wise projection operator bounds parameter estimates within known intervals, precomputing collision avoidance conditions, and guaranteeing safety. Third, combining with the aforementioned methods, a distributed flocking algorithm incorporates limited sensing range in a moving region, achieving collision avoidance, connectivity, and cohesion via bounded potential functions. LaSalle's invariance principle shows that parameter estimates converge within bounds, collision avoidance conditions hold, and system stability is achieved. Simulations validate enhanced adaptability, guaranteed safety, and the expected cooperative flocking motion. The proposed approach addresses critical challenges for real‐world deployment of swarm technology.
A Preliminary Study of CircRNA Expression Characteristics in the Progression of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Liu Shimeng , Ou Yang , Zhu Yi , Li Jianqi , Jiang Runze , Zhao Feng , Wang Xinwei
Published: February 2025

Colorectal cancer (CRC) progression involves complex genetic changes. This study examines circRNA expression in CRC to identify biomarkers for improved diagnosis and staging. The objective of this study is to explore the role of circular RNA (circRNA) in CRC progression and identify specific circRNA biomarkers. Using high‐throughput circRNA chip technology, cancerous and adjacent tissues from three CRC patients (staged as T1‐3N0M0) were analyzed to identify differentially expressed circRNAs. Bioinformatics analyses, including co‐expression network construction, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotations, were performed to evaluate circRNA function and pathways. A total of 404 differentially expressed circRNAs were identified, with significant variations between cancerous and adjacent tissues. Trend analysis revealed that circRNA expression decreased progressively with CRC advancement. Co‐expression network analysis highlighted eight key circRNAs, including hsa_circ_0000007, associated with CRC progression. GO and KEGG analyses indicated these circRNAs are involved in ribosome biogenesis, metabolism, and the regulation of G1‐S phase transcription through the RB1 gene. The expression of hsa_circ_0000007, hsa_circ_0023608, hsa_circ_0026694, and hsa_circ_0029903 decreased as CRC progressed, suggesting their potential as biomarkers for CRC diagnosis and staging. These findings offer insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying CRC progression.