bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasma glucose levels of the white sucker, Catostomus commersonii, and the northern pike, Esox lucius
Authors: Mackay W. C. , Beatty D. D.
Published: August 2008

The level of plasma glucose was investigated in specimens of white sucker and northern pike which had been caught at different times of the year by both gill net and trap net. Blood samples were collected for analysis within 1 minute of the time the fish were first handled.Male white suckers undergo a significant seasonal change in plasma glucose levels but female suckers do not. The plasma glucose of the female fish of both species was more variable than that of male fish sampled at the same time. At certain times of the year male fish of both species had a significantly lower plasma glucose concentration than female fish. Fish which had been caught by gill net or held in the laboratory were found to have higher, more variable plasma glucose levels than fish which were sampled from the trap net.
Probable larviposition by Cephenemyia phobifer (Clark) (Diptera: Oestridae)
Authors: Golini V. I. , Smith S. M. , Davies D. M.
Published: August 2008

Observations of five females of Cephenemyia phobifer (Clark), the pharyngeal bot-fly of the white-tailed deer, indicate that this species is larviparous. The behavior of the host and the fly are compared with published records of larvipositing Cephenemyia spp. of the palaearctic region. The internal anatomy of the female reproductive system of C. phobifer is briefly described.
The helminth parasites of three species of gulls in Newfoundland
Authors: Threlfall William
Published: August 2008

Thirty-two great black-backed gulls (Larus marinus), 72 kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), and 1 glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) were examined for their helminth parasite burden during 1966 and 1967, in Newfoundland, Canada. A total of 16 species of helminths were recovered (four species of trematodes, nine of cestodes, and three of nematodes). The great black-backed gull was found to be infected with 14 species of helminth, the kittiwake with five, and the glaucous gull with four. The records in this paper are new for Canada, and two are new North American records. No annual or seasonal differences were noted in the parasite burden, nor was there any significant difference between the burden of chicks and adults, or males or females.
Distribution and movements of white foxes in northern and western Alaska
Authors: Chesemore David L.
Published: August 2008

White foxes occur on the tundra of northern and western Alaska and predominate on St. Lawrence, St. Matthew, Hall, and Diomede Islands in the Bering Sea. Few white foxes are found on the Pribilof and Aleutian Islands where blue foxes dominate the local fox population. On the Alaskan Arctic Slope, two seasonal movements, the first in the fall when foxes move seaward towards the coast and sea ice, and the second in late winter and early spring when they return inland to occupy summer den sites, occur. Although reported in other arctic areas, no definite records of fox migrations in northern Alaska exist. Distribution records for white foxes in Alaska are summarized.
The occurrence of a pair of exocrine glands in the mesothorax of Lytta nuttalli Say (Coleoptera: Meloidae)
Authors: Morgan Anne
Published: August 2008

This paper describes a pair of convoluted structures tying on either side of the digestive tract in the mesothorax of Lytta nuttalli Say. They are absent in all the larval stages, but in both sexes of the adults they are equally well developed. They are also found in Lytta viridana LeConte. Each structure has two distal branches ending blindly in the thorax and a short proximal portion leading to an external opening via a prominent reservoir. Histologically they are typically glandular in appearance and show definite indications of secretory activity. They are not thought to secrete either saliva or cantharidin, but rather to produce a pheromone which mediates the formation of protective aggregations of the insects. This type of gland is not known to occur in any other family of insects.
The mode of life of Mysella cuneata, a bivalve 'commensal' with Phascolion strombi (Sipunculoidea)
Authors: Gage John
Published: August 2008

The minute erycinacean bivalve, Mysella cuneata, lives in the burrow system of the sipunculid, which occupies discarded gastropod shells. Specimens were collected monthly from dredgings in Buzzards Bay, Mass. in 1965. The bivalve was found to be a protandrous hermaphrodite, becoming ripe in summer. The larvae are brooded to a shelled veliger stage within the mantle cavity of the adult; later larval stages are most probably plank tonic. Although plotting a size/frequency distribution of the M. cuneata, found associated with Phascolion strombi in the dredgings, did not show any clear pattern, an analysis of measurements of the annual growth-checks on the shells distinguished at least four year-classes.In the laboratory, bivalves isolated from their 'host' were quite motile and would reassociate with the worm. Experiments established that the bivalves respond by a direct orthokinesis to an unknown chemical factor from the sipunculid. Trials also demonstrated a positive geotaxis. A positive klinolaxis in uniform and gradient water-flow, and a response of circling which may be a 'klinokinesis', was demonstrated in some experiments in a trough with conditions simulating the 'host' microenvironment; under these conditions, too, well-defined turning movements were shown at a chemical boundary. The responses are shown to function in reestablishing their association with the 'host' in the laboratory, and to account for their posture in the worm-burrow. Although such reassociation perhaps occurs only rarely in nature, the behavior could certainly operate to initiate the association by a free-living larva.A preliminary review of behavior in the Erycinacea is included.
Cation antagonism and a model for the cell membrane
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

Solutions of NaCl or KCl at a concentration of 0.5 M collapse the new-laid egg of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.), and these effects are prevented by 0.01 M CaCl2 and to a lesser extent by 0.01 M MgCl2. Collapse of the egg by the NaCl or KCl solutions can be reversed by a subsequent addition of 0.01 M CaCl2; return to a NaCl or KCl solution leads again to collapse. This antagonism between monovalent and divalent cations could explain certain properties of the living cell.
Hematological studies of barren-ground caribou
Authors: McEwan E. H.
Published: August 2008

Erythrocyte, hemoglobin, packed-cell volumes, and total and differential leucocyte counts from wild caribou are compared with values determined for captive animals maintained on a high plane of nutrition. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin of lactating female caribou, about 30%, differed from the normal value of 34%, suggesting that some of the wild caribou may suffer from hypo-chromic anemia. Plasma electrolytes and calcium and phosphorus levels were slightly lower in wild than captive caribou. The blood urea nitrogen level was about 28% higher in captive than wild caribou, because of differences in protein intake.
A study of megakaryocytes in albino rats
Authors: Marien G. J. , McFadden K. D.
Published: August 2008

Liver, spleen, and bone marrow from albino rats varying in age from 20 days gestation to 120 days old were studied to determine sites of formation of megakaryocytes. By counting 30 high-power microscope fields it was found that the liver was the major site of megakaryocytopoiesis in fetal animals. While megakaryocytes could be found in the red pulp of fetal spleens late in development, this organ did not supersede the liver in megakaryocytopoiesis until a few days after birth. Similarly, in rats 10 days old megakaryocytes could be found in the developing bone marrow of the femur. The bone marrow does not become a significant site of megakaryocytopoiesis until about 40 days after birth when cell counts in the vicinity of 700 megakaryocytes per 30 high-power fields are attained.The number of megakaryocyte mitoses occurring in liver and spleen exceeded that in bone marrow by a figure inversely proportional to the total number of megakaryocytes counted in the liver and spleen. Mitoses found in megakaryoblasts are thus concluded to be endoploid in nature, carried over as an epiphenomenon from the immediate megakaryoblast precursor cell.Possible phagocytosis occurring in megakaryocytes of liver and splenic red pulp of young rats was studied.
Notes on an unusual specimen of Scotophilus from Vietnam
Authors: Peterson R. L.
Published: August 2008

A specimen of a young Scotophilus with a supernumerary pair of large permanent upper incisors is tentatively referred to S. heathi, the larger of the two Asian species usually recognized. S. kuhlii appears to be the valid name for the taxon that has been referred to S. temminckii although the subspecific status of forms within this smaller species remains obscure.
A quantitative study of the helminth parasites of the Newfoundland short-finned squid, Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus (LeSueur) (Cephalopoda:Decapoda)
Authors: Brown Elizabeth L. , Threlfall William
Published: August 2008

Ommastrephid squid of the subspecies Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus (LeSueur) were obtained during the late summer and early autumn of 1966 and 1967 from numerous areas around the eastern coast of the island of Newfoundland. Helminths of five genera were found, namely, Phyllobothrium sp. and Dinobothrium plicitum (both of which had previously been recorded from this host), Pelichnibothrium speciosum, Scolex polymorphus, and Nybelinia sp. The last three represent new records from this ommastrephid. The incidence of these parasites was tested for correlation with standard length and with sex of the host animal. Annual and seasonal variations in degree of infection were also noted. The greatest number of procercoids encountered were Dinobothrium plicitum. Degree of infection with helminths in 1966 and 1967 was similar (39%:40%) and contrary to earlier published data, infection by cestodes is not always directly correlated with mantle length. Any possible relations between sex of the squid and parasite burden are unclear.
Marine nematodes of Canada. I. Prince Edward Island
Authors: Hopper B. E.
Published: August 2008

Seven nematode species, of which two are new, viz.: Bathylaimus hamatus and Hypodontolaimus reversus, are recorded from the north coast of Prince Edward Island, Canada. Promonhystera albigensis Riemann, 1966 is transferred to the genus (subgenus) Theristus (Daptonema). Further notation of the inverse relationship between nematodes and copepods is recorded.
Studies on the helminth parasites of the American herring gull (Larus argentatus Pont.) in Newfoundland
Authors: Threlfall William
Published: August 2008

Four hundred and ten herring gulls (128 chicks and 282 "adults"), obtained in Newfoundland, Canada, were examined for their helminth burden during 1966 and 1967. A total of 35 species of helminths were recovered during the survey (11 species of trematodes. 10 of cestodes, 11 of nematodes, and 3 of acanthocephala). Many of the records are new for Canada."Adult" birds were found to be far more heavily parasitized than the chicks, both with regard to number of birds infected and number of species per infected bird. Seasonal and annual variations were noted in the intensity of infection with certain species, while differences in the intensity of infection in male and female birds were noted in eight species. The helminths found were shown to have definite site preferences in the host animal.
A comparison of sandbathing in two populations of the Great Basin pocket mouse Perognathus parvus (Peale)
Authors: Turner Brian N. , Iverson Stuart L.
Published: August 2008

Since physiological, morphological, and ecological differences have been found in two closely related populations of Perognathus parvus, this study was initiated to determine whether behavioral differences were also present. Sixteen animals from a high-altitude, cool, moist environment and 14 from a warm, dry environment, 1500 ft lower in elevation, were held in the laboratory for at least 6 months. Burrowing, washing, and sandbathing behavior were observed in an arena half filled with sandy soil. Behavior was recorded with a keyboard operating a multiple pen recorder and with a movie camera. Observations were submitted to frequency, duration, and sequence analysis. Slight but statistically significant differences were found in sandbathing behavior. Valley animals, living in a drier climate and in denser numbers, exhibited more belly rubs in sandbathing, whereas hillside animals, living in a wetter climate and in less dense numbers, showed more side rolls. These differences may be related to an olfactory function in communication and (or) to differences in substrate.
The effects of certain drugs and biogenic substances on the melanophores of Fundulus heteroclitus L.
Authors: Abbott F. S.
Published: August 2008

The effects upon the melanophores of Fundulus heteroclitus of 37 agents known to act upon the autonomic nervous system in mammals have been observed. Catechol amines and related substances caused aggregation of the melanin granules in vivo and in vitro. Substances blocking the sympathetic nervous system in mammals caused dispersion in Fundulus. No evidence of a cholinergic dispersing mechanism was found. The results confirm the presence of an adrenergic aggregating mechanism. Experiments with other biogenic substances did not yield conclusive results.
Coordinated singing by black-crested titmice
Authors: Lemon Robert E.
Published: August 2008

Tape recordings made in Texas reveal that neighboring black-crested titmice, Parus atricristatus, share a repertoire of several song types. When singing together, neighbors frequently sing the same song type, and, similarly, individuals often replied with the pattern played to them from a tape recorder. Thus the manner of singing of this species is similar to that of some other tits and certain richmondenine finches which often match patterns when singing.
Metacercariae of a trematode in the brain of Fundulus heteroclitus L.
Authors: Abbott Frank S.
Published: August 2008

Metacercariae of an unidentified trematode were found in the brains of 25 Fundulus heteroclitus, representing 100% infection of a random sample. The cysts occurred most frequently in the optic lobes, but other sites in the brain were also affected occasionally. Although the cysts caused considerable compression and possible destruction of nervous tissue, the behavior of the fish was entirely normal.
Goat milk. I. Mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) milk. Gross composition and fatty acid constitution
Authors: Lauer B. H. , Blood D. A. , Pearson A. M. , Baker B. E.
Published: August 2008

Milk was obtained from a mountain goat that was killed near Haines Junction, Yukon, and from another that was killed near Taseko Lake, B.C. The gross composition of the milks and the fatty acid constitution of the milk fats were determined.
Fecundity of the yellow perch, Perca flavescens Mitchill, in the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario
Authors: Sheri A. N. , Power G.
Published: August 2008

The relationships between the logarithm of the number of ova shed by yellow perch in the Bay of Quinte and length, weight, and age of the fish were found to be: Y = 2.982 + 0.007X where X is length in millimeters; Y = 3.769 + 0.004X where X is weight in grams; Y = 3.780 + 0.098X where X is the age in completed years. The logarithm of the number of mature ova spawned = 4.082 + 0.003 multiplied by the ovary weight in grams. Individual fecundity ranged from 3035 for a II + fish, 135 mm, 27.2 g to 61 465 for a VIII + fish, 257 mm, 308.4 g.
An annotated checklist of the freshwater Tricladida of the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions
Authors: Ball Ian R.
Published: August 2008

Sixty-three valid species of freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria), representing 16 genera, are listed from North and South America. Comments on nomenclatural problems or changes of taxonomic status are included when necessary. Worldwide distributional data are provided at the generic level, but at the specific level only the Western hemisphere is considered. The taxonomic status of four incompletely described species is also briefly discussed. A bibliography of 84 references directs users of the checklist to the most important recent papers dealing with the taxonomy and distribution of the individual species, and provides a key to the older literature. New records for Canada, involving nine species, are given preliminary mention.
Home range and habitat of the cardinal in peripheral and central populations
Authors: Dow Douglas D.
Published: August 2008

A bird's habitat is defined as the physiognomy of vegetational and other cover-forms present in the area that it occupies. Habitats of the cardinal, Richmondena cardinalis, were compared near the center of its range in western Tennessee and at the periphery in southern Ontario.Population density in Tennessee was 0.74 males per hectare (30 per 100 acres), and in Ontario was 0.012 per hectare (0.48 per 100 acres). In Tennessee, cardinals occupied every available type of cover, suggesting plasticity of response to habitat; in Ontario, they were most common in the most abundant cover, suggesting little or no selection.Home ranges were smaller in the central population, 1.18 vs. 18.81 ha (2.91 vs. 46.48 acres). Home ranges in both areas contained the same proportion of woody cover, but woody "edge" was proportionately greater in the central population. Most cover-forms and substrates in home ranges occurred with equal frequencies in the two regions; differences could be reasonably explained in terms of geographic dissimilarity rather than by differential preferences. Peripheral home ranges contained much coniferous foliage, so that birds were not selecting all-broadleaved areas. This suggests that coniferous foliage may be insufficient to limit the species in the north.It is suggested that, in the central area, greatest density is reached in non-preferred habitats such as hedgerows because distance can be easily maintained between neighbors.
The salivary gland chromosomes of seven taxa in the subgenus Stegopterna (Diptera, Simuliidae, Cnephia)
Authors: Madahar D. P.
Published: August 2008

The salivary gland chromosomes are described for seven taxa in the subgenus Stegopterna Enderlein of Cnephia Enderlein. All taxa have the typical blackfly complement with n = 3. The widely distributed North American Cnephia mutata Malloch has the nucleolar organizer in IL and the standard sequence in IS. All other taxa display a shift of the nucleolus to IS and homozygosity for the inversion IS-1. The Scandinavian C. richteri Enderlein apparently exhibits no further changes, the northern North American C. emergens Stone is characterized by the additional inversions, IS-2, IIIS-1, IIIL-1. The remaining four taxa, designated here as C. "Y", C. "X", C. "O", C. "W" are western North American, presumably undescribed and close to C. mutata. Their close relation to one another is indicated by the sharing of some inversion polymorphisms. They differ in certain floating autosomal inversions, and C. "O" and C. "W" in having distinctive and complex Y-chromosomes, based on chromosome I (C. "O") or chromosome II (C. "W"). A diagram illustrating the cytophylogenetic relations of the seven taxa is presented.
Lampritrema nipponicum (Trematoda) from west Atlantic argentines
Authors: Scott J. S.
Published: August 2008

A new host and locality record is given for Lampritrema nipponicum. The occurrence of this parasite in the Atlantic supports the suggestion that L. nipponicum and Distomum miescheri are conspecific.
Cyclophosphamide and the survival time of mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis cysts
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

One injection of cyclophosphamide, 200 mg/kg, given to LDF1 mice 1 week after the intraperitoneal implantation of Echinococcus multilocularis cysts, prolonged the survival time of females by about 30%, and that of males by over 50%. An additional injection of this drug, 100 mg/kg, 1 month after the first injection, did not further prolong survival.
The gray vireo, Vireo vicinior Coues (Passeriformes: Vireonidae), in the Sierra del Carmen, Coahuila, Mexico
Authors: Barlow Jon C. , Johnson R. Roy
Published: August 2008

The gray vireo, Vireo vicinior, is reported for the first time as breeding in the Sierra del Carmen, Coahuila, Mexico. The two specimens collected also are the first collected from Coahuila.
Helminth parasites of salamanders of the genus Plethodon in western Oregon
Authors: Panitz Eric
Published: August 2008

Thelandros salamandrae Schad 1960 is reported from Plethodon elongatus, P. stormi, and P. vehiculum. Plethodon vehiculum was also parasitized by Brachycoelium salamandrae (Trematoda) and Barietta idahoensis (Cestoda). Cosmocercoides dukae and Dorylaimus sp.? probably obscurus from P. vehiculum are regarded as accidental infections resulting from host feeding habits. Plethodon larselli was not infected.
Helminths of the grizzly bear, Ursus arctos L., in northern Canada
Authors: Choquette L. P. E. , Gibson G. G. , Pearson A. M.
Published: August 2008

Twenty-nine grizzly bears, Ursus arctos L., killed between 1965 and 1967 in northwestern Canada, principally the Yukon Territory, were examined for helminths. The authors found six species of helminths with the following prevalence: Baylisascaris transfuga (Rudolphi, 1819) Sprent, 1968 in 16 of 21 bears; Dochmoides yukonensis Wolfgang, 1956 in 10 of 21; Dirofilaria ursi Yamaguti, 1941 in 3 of 27; Trichnella spiralis (Owen, 1835) Railliet, 1896 in21 of 24; Diphyllobolhrium (?) ursi Rausch, 1954 provis. in 3 of 21; and Taenia krabbei Moniez, 1879 in 2 of 21 bears. These findings are discussed in the light of other reports, and constitute the first record of helminths from grizzly bears in Canada.
Some records for Ixodidae of Nova Scotia
Authors: Martell Arthur M. , Yescott Richard E. , Dodds Donald G.
Published: August 2008

Tick–host relations for five species of ticks were investigated in western Nova Scotia. Relative infestations of hosts by each stage of the tick's life cycle are presented for four of these species. Several additional records are also given.
Mineral constituents of the milks of some Arctic species
Authors: Lauer B. H. , Baker B. E.
Published: August 2008

Milk was collected from the following Arctic or sub-Arctic species: Arctic wolf, husky, fin whale, beluga whale, and mountain goat. The ash obtained from each milk was analyzed for its sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and phosphorus contents.
Morphology and morphometric variation in Lecithophyllum botryophorum (Trematoda: Hemiuridae) in Argentina silus
Authors: Scott J. S.
Published: August 2008

New trematode material from the argentine, Argentina silus, of the east and west Atlantic is identified as Lecithophyllum botryophorum. The parasite is redescribed and compared to the original description of the species and to L. anteroporum. Change in size of different anatomical structures is correlated with growth of the trematode. The sequence of development of the parts of the reproductive system is outlined.
The behavior of adult gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the early stages of the breeding season
Authors: Cameron Austin W.
Published: August 2008

A 4-week period, December 18, 1967, to January 16, 1968, was spent studying a colony of gray seals on the Basque Islands, Nova Scotia. Before hauling out on the breeding islands, the seals congregate on exposed reefs nearby, where they remain for several weeks. Once invasion of the breeding area begins there is a mass movement and the entire herd beaches within the space of a week. The first seal observed to haul out was a cow which whelped within 24 hours. The bulls take up stations almost immediately whereas the cows wander aimlessly over the breeding area until they have whelped. The spot at which the pup is born seems to determine the cow's station. For several days after the pup is born, the cow remains with it constantly; thereafter she goes to sea at regular intervals. For the first week to 10 days after beaching, the bulls exhibit no territorial behavior and it is possible the boundaries are not established until later. The resident bulls appeared to ignore each other and no fighting was observed.
Effects of prolactin on the glomerulus of the marine threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., form trachurus, after transfer from seawater to fresh water, during the late autumn and early winter
Authors: Lam T. J. , Leatherland J. F.
Published: August 2008

Prolactin injections caused structural changes in the glomeruli of the marine threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, form trachurus, in the late autumn and early winter.In seawater, the prolactin-injected sticklebacks had significantly smaller glomeruli than either the solvent-injected or the uninjected controls. After transfer to fresh water, the prolactin-injected fish showed a significant percentage increase in size of the glomerular tuft, but not of the Bowman's capsule when compared with the initial (seawater) prolactin-injected fish. In contrast, the solvent-injected fish in fresh water did not show a significant percentage change in glomerular size when compared with the initial (seawater) solvent-injected fish, except for a transitory percentage reduction, nor did they show a differential percentage change of the glomerular tuft and the Bowman's capsule. Also, the prolactin-injected fish in fresh water (and perhaps seawater (P = 0.05)) had a significantly higher glomerular ratio (tuft diameter/capsule diameter) and percentage frequency of glomeruli without (evident) intracapsular space than the solvent-injected fish. The significance of these findings has been discussed in terms of a seasonal variation of prolactin secretion and the action of prolactin in renal physiology.
Occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863 in Vulpes fulva in Saskatchewan
Authors: Hnatiuk Joseph M.
Published: August 2008

An examination of the intestine of one red fox (Vulpes fulva) revealed the presence of 19 immature specimens of the cestode (Echinococcus multilocularis).
Bionomic notes on the solitary Evylaeus oenotherae (Stevens) (Hymenoptera: Halictinae), a matinal summer bee visiting cultivated Onagraceae
Authors: Knerer Gerd , MacKay Patricia
Published: August 2008

Overwintered females of Evylaeus oenotherae establish haplometrotic nests in aggregations and rear a single annual generation in from 12 to 20 cells per nest. Competition for suitable nests in early summer appears to keep the breeding population at a certain level and prevents the overexploitation of its exclusive food source, Oenothera pollen. The bee's late active phase is synchronized with the flowering period of the host in June and July. Initially, females are active in the morning and evening, but are quickly trained to a matinal rhythm only, when excursions in the evening fail to yield suitable food.
The productivity of four inbred strains of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Butler L.
Published: August 2008

Four inbred strains of flies have been maintained by brother × sister mating since November, 1963. Counts of production per vial were made at 14 days, and the flies from the most productive vial were used as the parents of the next generation. For analysis the data were separated into three groups: vials with no production (blanks), vials with less than 20 flies (low production), and those with over 20 flies. The number of blanks did not change significantly in strain A but did show significant decreases in strains B and D. Until generation 60 the number of blanks per generation was not distributed in a Poisson series, but after this generation it was. The number of vials with low production was high in all strains for the first 20 generations and then decreased in widely different generations for each strain.Changes took place in all four strains but by different mechanisms. In strain A there was no increase in range, but the mode moved from 40 to 150 flies per vial and the proportion of low productive vials fell from 15% to 2% per generation. In strain D the low production vials fell from 22% to 6% and there was an extension of the range. Each of the strains shows definite trends of increase and decrease which last from 3 to 30 generations, and vary in slope from 0.3 to 13.8 flies per vial per generation. While we cannot determine how much or how many of these slopes are environmental, it can be argued that since many of the slopes of the four strains are not correlated, part of the cause is genetic. The changes in the direction of the trends show that phenotypic selection in small populations was not effective in accumulating and exploiting mutations for greater productivity.
Soil-inhabiting nematodes of the orders Araeolaimida, Chromadorida, Enoplida, and Monhysterida from the Canadian high Arctic
Authors: Mulvey R. H.
Published: August 2008

Fourteen soil-inhabiting species of nematodes, including two new species, are recorded from the Canadian high Arctic. Microlaimus arcticus n. sp. and Hofmaenneria hazenensis n. sp., are described and illustrated. Two genera, Cylindrolaimus and Achromadora, are revised. Most of the recorded species are illustrated and measurements presented. Taxonomic keys to species in the genera Bastiania, Achromadora, Microlaimus, and Trischistoma are presented. The taxonomic position of the genus Nannonchus Cobb, 1913 is discussed.
Paracanthocephalus rauschi sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Paracanthocephalidae) from grayling, Thymallus arcticus (Pallas), in Alaska
Authors: Schmidt Gerald D.
Published: August 2008

Paracanthocephalus rauschi sp. n. is described from grayling, Thymallus arcticus, and incidentally in otter, Lutra canadensis, from Alaska. It is most similar to P. tenuirostris Achmerov and Dombrovskaja-Achmerova, 1941, differing from it in having eggs 65–88 microns long rather than 40–41 microns long, and hooks on the female up to 167 microns long rather than up to 119 microns long. A key to the species in Paracanthocephalus is included.
New Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) from the east coast of Vancouver Island
Authors: Tynen Michael J.
Published: August 2008

The following new species of littoral enchytraeid are described from the east coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia—Enchytraeus cryptosetosus, Lumbricillus mirabilis, L. vancouverensis, L. georgiensis, L. qualicumensis, L. belli. These descriptions bring the number of North American Enchytraeus spp. to 6 and that of Lumbricillus spp. to 13. Existing evidence suggests that the enchytraeid fauna of the Pacific slope is quite distinct from that of the rest of North America and may have closer affinities with that of the northwest Pacific.
New Pogonophora from the northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Southward Eve C.
Published: August 2008

Five species of Pogonophora have been found in collections of benthos from depths of 200 to 2680 meters off the coast of British Columbia, Canada. They include two species already known from the Pacific, Polybrachia canadensis and Siboglinum pusillum; a new species of Lamellisabella, and a new species of Siboglinum. The fifth species is probably another new species of Siboglinum, but the specimens are not sufficiently complete for definite determination.
Habitat utilization by cardinals in central and peripheral breeding populations
Authors: Dow Douglas D.
Published: August 2008

Color-banded male cardinals, Richmondena cardinalis, were observed in a dense population in Tennessee and in a sparse one in Ontario. Continuous observations were made, using a tape recorder, of a bird's behavior relative to the cover-forms comprising its habitat. Frequencies of cover-forms occurring in home ranges were obtained by sampling, and a measure of a cardinal's discrimination among them was obtained using an extension of Shannon's formula. Peripheral birds showed higher discrimination in foraging sites than central birds. Cardinals in both regions showed strong discrimination among habitat features for singing and foraging. In the peripheral region, cardinals showed strong preference for non-coniferous song perches, and either actively avoided coniferous foliage or preferred other types for foraging. All nests were in coniferous foliage. Discrimination between foliage types was not so marked in the central region, where conifers occurred less frequently. Throughout its range, the cardinal requires suitable woody cover for nesting. There is evidence that males prefer high song perches, but height seems less important than conspicuousness.
Grain aphids in New Brunswick. IV. Effects of malathion and 2,4-D amine on aphid populations and on yields of oats and barley
Authors: Adams Jean B. , Drew Margaret E.
Published: August 2008

Aphid populations on oats (Fundy and Stormont) and barley (Charlottetown 80) were studied in the field and yields of these grains examined under the different levels of aphid infestation resulting from applications of malathion and 2,4-D amine to the crop.Two species of aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Macrosiphum avenae (Fab.), occurred on the grains, and the greatest populations developed on barley. In all cases highest numbers were associated with applications of 2,4-D amine. Applications of this herbicide to similar aphids under laboratory conditions showed that the species differed in their responses as measured by reproduction and longevity.One malathion treatment, applied when aphids were dispersing into the field, reduced ensuing aphid numbers on oats by 29% and on barley by 64%. Yields of oats were increased by 47% and of barley 32% when malathion alone was used. When malathion and 2,4-D amine were applied together, aphid results and yield results were confusing.In all treatments, aphid populations collapsed abruptly once the grain panicle emerged, and in no case did aphids persist more than 10 weeks on either grain.
Studies on the helminth fauna of Alaska. XLVII. Sobolevingylus microti sp. nov. (Nematoda:Pseudaliidae), a lungworm of rodents
Authors: Rausch R. L. , Rausch V. R.
Published: August 2008

Sobolevingylus microti sp. nov. occurs in the pulmonary tissue of the northern vole, Microtus oeconomus Pallas (type host), and other rodents in east-central Alaska. The third species of Sobolevingylus Romanov, 1952, to be described, and the first from North America, S. microti is distinguished from S. petrovi Romanov, 1952, a parasite of mustelids, by its longer spicules and by the presence of a gubernaculum, and from S. rodentius Gubanov, 1964, a parasite of rodents, by its smaller size, much larger gubernaculum, smaller eggs, and a much longer oesophagus in the first-stage larva. A laboratory-reared northern vole was infected experimentally by larvae which developed in slugs, Deroceras laeve (Müller).
Hymenolepis pribilofensis n. sp. (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae) from the Pribilof shrew (Sorex pribilofensis Merriam) from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska
Authors: Olsen O. Wilford
Published: August 2008

Shrews captured on St. Paul Island of the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea harbored hymenolepidid cestodes with morphological characteristics sufficiently different from known species to justify the proposal of a new one.
Some observations on the ultrastructure of the hummingbird pectoral muscles
Authors: Grinyer I. , George J. C.
Published: August 2008

In the hummingbird, the supracoracoideus, the chief elevator muscle of the wing, though smaller than the depressor muscle pectoralis, is relatively better developed than in other birds. It is also unique in its cellular organization in that it consists of only the red (type 1) fibers like the pectoralis. Both muscles have conspicuously large aggregations of mitochondria which may be so numerous and densely packed in certain areas that the number of myofibrils in the area may be relatively insignificant, a feature hitherto unknown and unparalleled in vertebrate skeletal muscles. Of the two muscles the supracoracoideus appeared to contain larger aggregations of mitochondria, suggesting greater mitochondrial density in that muscle. This finds support in the biochemical observations of earlier investigators that, in hummingbirds, the supracoracoideus has a higher level of succinic dehydrogenase activity than the pectoralis. The ability of the hummingbird for hovering flight is attributed to the above unique features in its pectoral muscles.With the numerous mitochondria and fat droplets interspersed between myofibrils, some myofibrils tend to split and bifurcate. Similar splitting is also seen in regions where there is considerable proliferation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Numerous glycogen granules are present within the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Both muscles have copious blood supply through numerous capillaries. The disposition of the myofibrils in relation to the capillaries indicates that muscular pumping should be an effective mechanism for intramuscular transport of oxygen and metabolites.
Digenetic trematodes from Newfoundland, Canada. 1. Three species from Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758
Authors: Hanek George , Threlfall William
Published: August 2008

Three species of digenetic trematodes are recorded from the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758, namely Podocotyle atomon (Rudolphi, 1802), Brachyphallus crenatus (Rudolphi, 1802), and Lecithaster gibbosus (Rudolphi, 1802). The latter two species are new host records for North America.
Comparative morphology and descriptions of three new species of Teratocephalus from Canada
Authors: Anderson R. V.
Published: August 2008

Three new species of soil-inhabiting nematodes, Teratocephalus decarinus, T. subvexus, and T. lirellus, are described. Contour and inclination of cephalic plicae, relative development of the cervical expansion, character of the body annules, number of longitudinal body ridges, and size of the metarhabdions are considered useful taxonomic characters. Morphology of the head, excretory and reproductive systems, and the cuticle is discussed and compared. All females have two uteri and bifurcated tail termini, which have not been reported previously for any known species in this genus. A taxonomic key to the nominal species is presented. T. demani Stefański, 1924 is transferred to Euteratocephalus Andrássy, 1958. T. terrestris, after De Coninck (1935), is regarded as different from T. terrestris (Bütschli, 1873) de Man, 1876 and is named T. deconincki.
Observations on feeding of the squid Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus (Lesueur, 1821) in captivity
Authors: Bradbury Helen E. , Aldrich Frederick A.
Published: August 2008

The short-finned ommastrephid Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus (Lesueur) was induced to feed on dead capelin (Mallotus villosus (Müller)) while in captivity. The sessile arms, rather than the tentacles, are used in prey capture. Although the fish were dead, the ommastrephid still severed the spinal cord immediately upon capture, as described in earlier field observations. After feeding, non-ingestible portions (head, intestine, and tail fin) are forcibly ejected and the arms are cleaned of particles by a water jet from the funnel.Apparently, feeding in captivity is restricted to early morning hours, and one feeding in a tank precluded the acceptance of food by tank mates upon subsequent introduction of capelin.An encounter between two squid for the same capelin is described.
Hormonal control of ovarian development and metamorphosis in Malacosoma pluviale
Authors: Sahota T. S.
Published: August 2008

Simplified preparations, such as isolated abdomens, were used to study the effect of farnesyl methyl ether (a juvenile hormone mimic) and ecdysone on ovarian development and adult development in Malacosoma pluviale. Untreated isolated abdomens showed very limited ovarian development and failed to form imaginal cuticle, thus indicating a lack of adult development. Topical application of farnesyl methyl ether to the isolated abdomens blocked the ovarian development completely and no adult development ensued either. Both adult development and ovarian development of the isolated abdomens were stimulated by ecdysone injections. Thus, adult development and ovarian development in M. pluviale seem to be closely related.
Ovarian maturation and egg laying in the crayfish Orconectes virilis: influence of temperature and photoperiod
Authors: Aiken D. E.
Published: August 2008

Photoperiod and temperature control ovarian growth and maturation in the crayfish Orconectes virilis, and increased water temperature induces egg laying in spring.Laboratory experiments with O. virilis from Alberta revealed that although ovarian growth will occur in warm water and darkness, or cold water and long-day photoperiod, subsequent exposure to spring temperature and photoperiod will not induce egg laying when the ovary has matured under these conditions. Complete ovarian maturation requires 4–5 months of low temperature and constant darkness.
Ultrastructure of the eta cells in the pituitary gland of adult migratory sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
Authors: Cook H. , Overbeeke A. P. van
Published: August 2008

In the rostral pars distalis of the adult migratory sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), most of the cells are arranged in follicles. The predominant cell type, the eta cell, contains secretory granules of 175–300 mμ in diameter; its endoplasmic reticulum shows a conspicuous lamellar organization. These cells undergo only slight changes as the fish migrate from the ocean to the spawning grounds. The findings are discussed in relation to the function of prolactin in euryhaline teleosts.
The salivary gland chromosomes of Prosimulium multidentatum Twinn and three forms included in Prosimulium magnum (Dyar and Shannon) (Diptera:Simuliidae)
Authors: Ottonen P. O. , Nambiar Ramachandran
Published: August 2008

Further study of the morphology of salivary gland chromosome complements within the range described for Prosimulium magnum showed the species to consist of three cytologically distinct populations. The first two forms are without sex chromosomes, (1) a form analogous to the species chromosomal standard, P. magnum, (2) a form which is differentiated by the fixed inversion IIS-25, but (3) the third form has cytological XcYc sex determination. In the Great Lakes region these three forms of the P. magnum complex and P. multidentatum are sympatric in three separate areas, Michigan, Southern Ontario, and Western New York State. Natural hybrids between the forms have so far been obtained only infrequently, and the known hybrids are described. Some chromosomal aspects of speciation are discussed in relation to the present observations on the species complex.
Studies of the differentiating plerocercoid cuticle of Schistocephalus solidus. II. The ultrastructural examination of cuticle development
Authors: Morris Gerald P. , Finnegan Cyril V.
Published: August 2008

These studies were designed to provide information on ultrastructural changes in the differentiating plerocercoid cuticle of Schistocephalus solidus. Portions of the cuticle retain an apparently primitive or undifferentiated morphology during growth with the most profound changes being restricted to the thick superficial cuticle of each segment. Although the velum remains thin and similar in many ways to the entire cuticle of small worms, the superficial cuticle increases greatly in depth, changes in structural composition, develops a basal mitochondria population, and elaborates an extensive surface layer of cuticular protrusions. These morphological observations are correlated with previous histochemical results.
Attempts at chemotherapy of Echinococcus multilocularis infections in rodents
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

Attempts were made to inhibit the growth of vegetatively propagated Echinococcus multilocularis cysts in mice by using two antischistosomals, two antimalarials, two organophosphorous parasiticides, and one cytostatic, cyclophosphamide. Of these only the latter and lucanthone inhibited the growth of cysts; 7 to 14 injections of 100 mg/kg of lucanthone inhibited it by 30 to 60%. A single injection of cyclophosphamide, 200 mg/kg, 1 week after infection, inhibited the growth by 75 to 90%. This retardation was still apparent 3 months after the injection of cyclophosphamide.
Observations on the haematology of several races of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus)
Authors: Cowan I. McT. , Bandy P. J.
Published: August 2008

Haematological studies involving 49 wild fawns of the black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) and 44 captive reared fawns of four genotypes of O. hemionus provided data upon haemoglobin level, haematocrit, sedimentation rate, and major cellular elements. The differences between races include lower counts of erythrocytes and lymphocytes, and a higher count of neutrophiles in the mule deer (O. h. hemionus).Comparisons of the black-tailed deer (O. hemionus) and the species O. virginianus revealed lower leucocyte counts and higher haematocrit values in the second species.
Erythropoiesis in peripheral blood of tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) and turtle (Malaclemys terrapin)
Authors: Engelbert Vibeke E. , Young Ann Dorothy
Published: August 2008

Erythropoiesis in peripheral blood of domestic birds was shown earlier to arise directly from the nucleus of mature erythrocytes as nuclear protuberations that later broke free. Three to seven percent of new red cells originated in this way from clone cells.Investigations of peripheral blood in reptiles has further demonstrated formation of nucleated red cells as clones from nuclear buds of mature erythrocytes. Clone cells plus new immature red cells constitute, in Sphenodon punctatus, 8–18% and, in turtle, Malaclemys terrapin, 18–25% of the total cell population. Some lymphocytes and granulocytes appear also to arise from nuclear buds. Thrombocytes were present in some animals, absent in others, but were not counted in the present work.
Erythropoiesis in peripheral blood of seven species of New Zealand and one species of Canadian birds
Authors: Engelbert Vibeke E. , Young Ann Dorothy
Published: August 2008

The development of clone cells as protuberations from nuclei of mature erythrocytes in peripheral blood has been described for seven native New Zealand birds. The percentage of new cells ranged from 38.95 in the kiwi to 11.35 in the yellow-eyed penguin. Blood from a native Canadian bird, the white-throated sparrow, had 29.75% and 25.00% new cells. These results support earlier work.
Sliding set points for body weight in ground squirrels during the hibernation season
Authors: Mrosovsky N. , Fisher K. C.
Published: August 2008

The duration of the hibernation season of 13-lined ground squirrels, Citellus tridecemlineatus, repeatedly aroused over the winter, was only slightly less than that of undisturbed animals. The aroused animals ate more than eight times as much food during the middle of their hibernation season. This suggests that ground squirrels compensate by increased food intake for extra energy expenditure forced on them by repeated arousals. Aroused animals deprived of food lost weight at a greater rate than undisturbed animals. When food was returned they gained weight rapidly. However, weights did not return to predeprivation levels, but only to levels appropriate for the stage of the cycle at the time food was returned. These findings suggest that, even when ground squirrels are losing weight over the winter, they regulate their weight, but at a level that progressively declines. The underlying mechanisms probably depend on adjustments to the balance between medial and lateral hypothalamic areas.
Studies on the sense organs on the palps of selected culicine mosquitoes
Authors: McIver Susan , Charlton Christel
Published: August 2008

Four structures are found on the maxillary palps of female culicine mosquitoes: microtrichia, scales, sensilla chaetica, and thin-walled, bulb-shaped organs. The bulb organs are localized on the distal half of the ventral part of palpal segment 4, have perforated walls, are carbon dioxide receptors (Kellogg, in press), and vary in number among the species from 29/palp on Aedes aegypti to 89/palp on Culex restuans. An explanation for observed behavioral responses to carbon dioxide is given.