bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Hamilton Tom
Published: January 2024

The Conclusion summarizes Renée Chevalier’s prosecution of Mathurin Delacanche, and evaluates how it might be understood in sixteenth-century terms as a form of ‘public vengeance’. It also suggests the wider significance of the case for the history of the laws of war. Scholarship in this field often focuses on major jurists such as Hugo Grotius, who lived in Paris at the time when he completed his treatise De Iure belli ac pacis libri tres [The rights of war and peace] (1625). Yet Grotius presented his classic work in universal terms that concerned the theory and not the practice of the laws of war. The Conclusion underlines how this book takes the opposite approach, and shows how Renée Chevalier’s case and others like it made a significant contribution to the history of building peace through the provision of criminal justice.
Mexico
Authors: Rodriguez Ignacio , Avendaño Rogelio
Published: January 2024

Recent power-sector reforms in Mexico from 2016 to develop a new electricity market, with the objectives of modernization of the industry, improving competitiveness, and fostering social and economic development, have led to the introduction of sophisticated auctions that incorporate spatial distribution and system integration challenges as well as a clean energy certificate mechanism. In order to maximize economies of scale, auctions were run through a centralized procurement process for both regulated and free consumers. Prices were record-breaking at the time, but the case also highlights the significance of political economy issues that reversed many of the power-sector reforms and resulted in low project realization rates.
Introduction
Authors: Oxford Will
Published: January 2024

This chapter sets the stage for an exploration of the Algonquian inverse, beginning by introducing inverse morphology and discussing some of the questions that are raised by its existence. The key proposals from each chapter of the book are then laid out. The remaining sections provide background on the Algonquian language family, the typological status of Algonquian grammar, the specialized terminology used in Algonquian linguistics, and the analytical model of agreement morphology that is assumed in the book.
The third-person inverse
Authors: Oxford Will
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the properties of Algonquian inverse clauses in which a third person acts upon another third person. Such clauses are proposed to represent a voice construction, inverse voice, that contrasts with the default active/direct voice. Four aspects of the third-person inverse are considered. First, its distribution: Are factors such as obviation, topicality, and animacy sufficient to predict the contexts in which the third-person inverse will appear? Second, its syntax: Does the third-person inverse involve a passive-like promotion of the notional object to the structural subject position? Third, its function: How does the third-person inverse fit into the overall voice system in a typical Algonquian language? Finally, its origin: How did the third-person inverse come to exist?
Collective Values in Just and Unjust Wars
Authors: Tadros Victor
Published: January 2024

In this chapter, Victor Tadros provides a meta-analysis of the dispute between ‘collectivists’ who conceive of war as a conflict between groups, and ‘individualists’ who conceive of war as a conflict between individuals. Michael Walzer is the most prominent proponent of the former view, supporting ‘orthodox’ features of just war theory. Jeff McMahan is the most prominent proponent of the later view, and his rejection of collectivism leads him to ‘revisionist’ conclusions. Tadros challenges ‘reductive individualism’ about the ethics of war—the view that the morality of war is reducible to the moral considerations that arise in the interpersonal conflict between individuals—by exploring three ways in which group membership affects the morality of war. First, groups can have duties, and therefore can engage in wrongdoing. Second, group membership can ground liability to harm in war because attributing liability to harm on the basis of group membership fairly distributes the risks and harms entailed by fighting in a war within a community. Third, group membership affects whether an individual is permitted, required, or prohibited from fighting war due to the importance of the special relationships they share with other groups members. Although these arguments imply the failure of reductive individualism, they do not support the orthodox interpretation of just war theory. Rather, they warrant an even more radical form of revisionism than that proposed by classic individualists like McMahan, because group membership on this view may support a more radical and far-reaching form of non-combatant liability to harm.
The Rise of the Globalization Age
Authors: Romano Livio , Traù Fabrizio
Published: January 2024

The chapter aims at analysing world industrial development in the course of its last phase, tracing a course in the midst of the many issues that have contributed to making the last decades so tumultuous. Facts are set within a framework that can be divided into four intertwined blocks. First, a retrospective analysis of the emergence of a new paradigm after the fall of what has been called the Golden Age of advanced economic systems. Second, a discussion of the determinants of manufacturing development in the so-called emerging economies. Third, a measure of the integration of manufacturing systems at the global level through the creation of international value chains and the (related) expansion of direct investment flows. Fourth, a discussion of the origins and the main implications of the crisis that struck the world economy at the end of the long expansion cycle in 2008. The goal of the chapter is not to treat all these issues exhaustively, but simply to weave them into a comprehensive view of the paradigm that has shaped the last phase of world industrial development, which will be called the Globalization Age.
Heterogeneous Paths to Industrialization in the Post-War Years
Authors: Romano Livio , Traù Fabrizio
Published: January 2024

The chapter addresses the long-run institutional determinants of industrialization in non-Western economies in the twentieth century. By comparing the different approaches followed by East Asian, Latin American, and Former Communist countries to acquire and build endogenously productive knowledge, it is shown that the countries where industrial development has actually taken place did initially embrace infant industry protection policies and that they succeeded in creating comparative advantages in new activities. This also explains the failure of any attempt to set up policies aimed at favouring manufacturing development in the African continent, where this did not happen. In this perspective, East Asian experience highlights in particular the importance of conditional, selective, and export-oriented policies in successfully sustaining the emergence of new industrial powers in the pre-globalization era.
Building a New Taxonomy of Manufacturing Countries
Authors: Romano Livio , Traù Fabrizio
Published: January 2024

The chapter proposes a novel approach to the categorization of manufacturing development, aimed at accounting for the major global transformations that have occurred in the organization of industrial activities in the last decades at the world level. It first addresses the way manufacturing development can be defined in order to provide a measure of the overall degree of industrialization of different countries, suggesting some specific indicators to this end. On such a basis a new taxonomy of countries according to their degree of manufacturing development is suggested. It is stressed that this does not imply that countries are bound to follow, when developing, a mechanical path leading from one group of the taxonomy to another; in such respect attention is paid to the fact that in the course of time countries can move from one group to another in both directions. Moreover, it is shown that cross-country differences in the degree of industrialization are also mirrored by differences in their institutional features.
The Fall of the Globalization Age
Authors: Romano Livio , Traù Fabrizio
Published: January 2024

The chapter argues that the logic of the industrialization process in the course of the Globalization Age—linking together the Global North and South on productive grounds—has been hinging upon quite exceptional conditions, and that the gradual vanishing of such conditions asks for a rethinking of that logic. In the years following the great financial crisis, major changes relate to the slowdown in world output growth and in the return of distance as a key determinant of firms’ strategic decisions. In this connection the chapter pays attention in particular to the following issues: (1) the structural reasons behind the worldwide slowdown of manufacturing growth; (2) the fall of external demand as a driver of manufacturing development; (3) the decoupling of Chinese productions from global sourcing (as well as some evidence of supply-side disengagement coming from advanced economies in terms of back-shoring); (4) the resurgence of regionalism in international trade; (5) the economic consequences of the advancements of the digital and green transitions.
Aesthetic Litigation as a Mechanism for Building the Truth in the Colombian Truth Commission
Authors: León Yolanda Sierra
Published: January 2024

This chapter seeks to explain the relevance of the aesthetic and artistic processes carried out in communities affected by the long-standing civil war during the proceedings led by the extrajudicial body, the Commission for the Clarification of the Truth, Coexistence and Non-repetition (CEV) in Colombia. Victimised and marginalised communities in Colombia have used their cultural heritage to resist violence. Focusing its attention on the experience of the Hip-Hop Agrario group of the city of Medellín, this study demonstrates how the arts can contribute to the clarification of the truth and recognition of victims, to assigning responsibility to the perpetrators and ensuring co-existence, by denouncing acts of victimisation, revealing the causes of the conflict, and creating spaces for transformation. In this sense, it is understood that artistic productions such as those of Hip-Hop Agrario can contribute positively to the fulfilment of the objectives of the CEV.
Joint Reflection: Comparative Reflections on Transitional Justice and Political Inclusion in South Africa and Colombia
Authors: Cachalia Raisa , Milkes Irit
Published: January 2024

This joint reflection argues that procedural values can both support and undermine peace depending on how they are conceptualised and applied. In order to support, rather than undermine, peace, Cachalia and Milkes argue that emphasis must be placed on the proper purpose of involving citizens in the transitional justice project as well as the quality of involvement of stakeholders. In short, they argue that the purpose of involving citizens in peacebuilding is not to acquire citizen consent or agreement with decisions impacting on the peace and stability of a nation but, rather, to ensure meaningful political inclusion of all stakeholders in these processes.
Contractual Claims
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

This chapter expounds on the concept of contractual claims. It notes that the Employment Tribunals Extension of Jurisdiction (England and Wales) Order 1994 allows tribunals to hear certain specified claims for breach of contract. An employer may counterclaim for breach of contract only if the employee has brought a claim for breach of contract. Several types of contractual claim are excluded from the tribunal’s jurisdiction, such as an ordinary claim for pay stipulated by the contract and not received, which arises while the employee is still employed. The chapter then explores relationships between contractual claims in the tribunal and in the civil courts.
Bias and Improper Conduct of the Hearing
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

This chapter looks into the appearance of bias and improper conduct of hearings. Since all parties are entitled to a fair trial, the tribunal must ensure the parties have a fair opportunity to put their case and to answer the case against them. Tribunals must conform to the general principles of natural justice, act fairly, and refrain from bias. The chapter highlights how any person with bias sitting in a judicial capacity will automatically result in the disqualification of their sitting or conclusion of the proceedings. It also explores the process and power of raising an allegation of bias or procedural impropriety.
Human Rights Claims
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on the claims under the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA). It clarifies that the HRA's main practical effect aims to help people depending on the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) could proceed in domestic courts rather than in the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Strasbourg. Moreover, employment tribunals do not have jurisdiction to hear free-standing complaints under the HRA. The importance of human rights jurisprudence in developing employment case law revolves around procedural fairness, a claimant's private life, trade union freedom, and religious discrimination. The chapter also covers the ECHR's articles likely to be engaged in employment cases.
Interest on Employment Tribunal Awards
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

This chapter covers the interest on employment tribunal awards in correlation with the Employment Tribunals (Interest) Order 1990. It explains that interest accrues on employment tribunal awards, sum net of any recoupment, tax, or national insurance while referencing the current rate of interest is eight per cent. Discrimination awards have different rules in correlation to the interest ordered from the date of the act of discrimination or a mid-point date between the act of discrimination and the calculation date. The chapter elaborates on the interest in discrimination awards. It then notes that the Equality Act 2010 (EqA 2010) includes a provision for enabling employment tribunals to order the payment of interest in circumstances where an award is made under the provision.
Introduction
Authors: Sandberg Joakim , Warenski Lisa
Published: January 2024

This chapter provides an introduction to the emerging field of the philosophy of money and finance. The field addresses philosophical issues about the nature of money and the normative foundations of financial systems. Although philosophical theorizing about money and finance dates back to antiquity, the topic has only recently emerged as a central research focus. The chapter also introduces the present edited volume and locates the contents of its parts and chapters in the broader field. More specifically, the volume is divided into four main parts: Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, and Political Philosophy. Each part contains four chapters on different but interrelated topics, which are all introduced here.
Cryptocurrency
Authors: Passinsky Asya
Published: January 2024

To this day, many theorists regard the commodity theory and the credit theory as the two main rival accounts of the nature of money. Yet cryptocurrency has revolutionized the institution of money in ways that most commodity and credit theorists could hardly have anticipated. Assuming that cryptocurrency is a new form of money, the question arises whether the commodity and credit theories can adequately account for it. This chapter argues that they cannot. It first offers an interpretation of the commodity and credit theories according to which these theories uphold differing claims about the origin of money, the ontology of money, and the function of money. It then argues that thus understood, neither theory can accommodate cryptocurrency. Finally, it proposes a novel hybrid hylomorphic account of money which draws on aspects of both the commodity and credit theories, and it argues that this hybrid account can accommodate cryptocurrency.
Dismantling the invented state
Authors: Thorson Emily
Published: January 2024

This chapter investigates potential roadblocks to dismantling the invented state by empirically testing how the effectiveness of policy corrections are affected by two factors: resistance (Do people with ideological commitments resist policy corrections?) and indifference (Do policy corrections fade over time?). A panel survey shows that exposure to corrective information increases accuracy even a month later, and its effectiveness does not vary by partisanship. In addition, a survey asking people to choose between reading a news article featuring policy-current, policy-outcome, or policy-potential coverage suggests that there is a large public appetite for information about existing policy.
Material Cause
Authors: Thomas Peter D.
Published: January 2024

The second chapter enquires into what constitutes the distinctive nature of genuinely radical emancipatory politics. The notion that a purer political reason may be recovered before, beneath, or beyond “official” politics, whether in a notion of “real politics” or “the Political,” has found widespread assent in contemporary radical thought and practice. Reviewing both foundational and “reconstructive-transcendental” approaches, it is argued that Gramsci’s notion of “political society,” or the primacy of organization from above over association from below, provides a perspective that speaks more clearly to the self-emancipatory impulses of contemporary movements. The notion of political society, in its distinction from and simultaneous parasitic reliance on, civil society, provides the outlines of a critique of political modernity as a generalized process of “subalternization.” Rather than searching for an authentic politics, emancipatory political action today should instead acknowledge the necessary “impurity” of politics itself and subject it to deconstructive critique.
Recent history and current perplexed state of population ethics
Authors: Roberts M. A.
Published: January 2024

The idea behind maximizing consequentialism—the basic maximizing intuition—is that the moral evaluation of a choice depends on whether the future that choice gives rise to—the consequences it produces—is better for people and thus morally better than others. That raises a question: Can humans make up for failing to cure one child’s terrible disease by bringing another, healthier child into existence? Intuitively, they can’t—or so says the basic existential intuition. Yet the dominant narrative in population ethics—still the traditional total view—suggests otherwise. Chapter 1 argues that, when it comes to moral theorizing, deeply held, widely shared intuition—as distinct from “common sense morality”—is humans’ only data; they can’t ignore it. The puzzle method, wherein people work with intuition rather than against it, offers a way of taking that data into account. The upshot? A collection of principles that can be called person based consequentialism.
The asymmetry puzzle
Authors: Roberts M. A.
Published: January 2024

The two cases that form McMahan’s puzzle of the asymmetry are thought to show that people’s two basic intuitions are inconsistent. In the first, options for a child are just nonexistence and a miserable existence. In the second, options for a distinct child are just nonexistence and a worth-having (“happy”) existence. Intuitively, it’s morally better not to create the miserable child but not morally worse not to create the happy child. How can both intuitions be true? Failed solutions ground a child’s moral status in that child’s existential status or claim that nonexistence can’t be compared against existence. This chapter’s solution—the existence-sensitive solution—rejects moral actualism and accepts nonexistence comparability. But it then identifies an important distinction, via the highly intuitive existence condition, between never existing at all and existing and suffering. Also accepting the Pareto reduction principle, the proposed solution then easily generates both halves of the asymmetry.
The Pareto puzzle
Authors: Roberts M. A.
Published: January 2024

It may seem that, intuitively, when it matters to no one else, it doesn’t make things morally better or worse for agents to produce an additional well-off child. But—as both intuition and a standard Pareto principle instruct—under the same conditions it clearly does make things worse to make things worse for an existing or future child. Broome shows that those intuitions together lead to inconsistency. He avoids the inconsistency by insisting that, even when it matters to no one else, failing to produce an additional can make things worse—by, that is, rejecting the highly intuitive existence condition. But simply throwing out the pieces of a puzzle is never a viable means of truly solving the puzzle. In contrast, Temkin and Rabinowicz try actually to solve the puzzle by rejecting certain conceptual necessities (respectively, transitivity and trichotomy). This chapter argues for a third approach. The Pareto minus solution avoids throwing out any of the puzzle pieces but remains within the confines of conceptual necessity. Specifically, it avoids inconsistency by recognizing that our original articulation of intuition was muddled in a certain way and by affirming instead that, while the additional worth-having existence doesn’t make things better, it sometimes makes things worse.
The addition puzzle
Authors: Roberts M. A.
Published: January 2024

Prior chapters may seem to imply that an additional increment of wellbeing—say, five units—can be a moral enhancement in a given future when that future is compared against a second future yet be morally inert when that future is compared against a third future. But how can that be? It seems clear that what an additional increment of wellbeing adds to moral value must itself be fixed—must, that is, meet the stability requirement. Following a strategy shared by Broome and Feldman for addressing issues of equality and desert, the inversive existence-sensitive addition solution proposes that we should add up, not levels of raw wellbeing, but rather contributive values, defined by reference to our maximizing values as constrained by our existential values and assigned by means of a certain value inversion as we move from levels of wellbeing to levels of the values that matter for moral law.
Music in Profile
Authors: Rink John
Published: January 2024

This book reflects the increasing significance of musical performance studies in recent decades. Originally published as separate essays over thirty years, the twelve chapters have been refashioned as a monograph which is both scholarly in nature and intensely personal, building on the author’s extensive musical experience, most notably as a pianist. Hence the primary focus on piano music by Chopin, Schubert, Liszt, Brahms and Rachmaninoff. The book’s cross-cutting themes nevertheless apply to diverse performance idioms and domains. Such themes include: performance as a creative practice; performative agency and contingency; sense-making and decision-making in performance; ‘feeling’ and embodiment in performance; mental representation on the part of performers; knowledge and understanding in ‘informed performance’; intuition in performance; the emergent musical work; musical structure as shape; musical narrative as constructed through performance; the projection of identity and individuality in performance; the poverty and fecundity of musical notation; the limits and powers of verbal discourse in relation to performance; eclecticism and inclusivity in studying performance; evaluation and judgement of performance; and the experience of listening to performance. By exploring these themes in complementary ways, the book offers broad insights into musical ontology, epistemology and semantics while demonstrating various methodologies now used to study performance. Among other things, it highlights the powerful effects that experiencing music in performance can have on those who take part in it, in any capacity. There are many practical insights too. The volume has four sections, focusing on ‘performance and performance studies’, historical performance, analysis and performance, and artistic research. Case studies of romantic masterpieces for the piano feature throughout.
Moments of truth
Authors: Rink John
Published: January 2024

Chapter 4 is one of three in the book principally devoted to historical performance. It begins by surveying the rich seams of information related to performance that musicologists have mined over the years; the creative potential of ‘informed performance’ is then highlighted in a plea for historical investigations that acknowledge the agency of individual performers and the creative nature of the performance act. The ensuing case study assembles ‘information’ relevant to the performance of Chopin’s Nocturne in E♭ major Op. 9 No. 2 in a manner akin to the more broadly focused enquiry in chapter 1 of a prelude by the same composer. This precedes a description of an ‘illustrated talk’ given by the author some years ago in which the nocturne was played twice, back to back, though differently. The discussion of ‘illustrated talks’ – generally referred to as lecture-recitals – includes practical guidance while emphasising the artistic potential of talk-and-play events.
Playing in time
Authors: Rink John
Published: January 2024

Chapter 8 focuses on the manipulation of time in the performance of a ‘multi-piece’ by Brahms – the Fantasien Op. 116. A predominantly analytical investigation prompts the definition of a novel kind of historical performance practice as a strategy in performing this music. ‘Rigorous analysis’ and ‘performer’s analysis’ proceed in tandem, the latter in the problem-solving vein highlighted previously. But the analytical remit here extends further to so-called performance analysis, namely of select recordings, thus complementing the score-based orientation of earlier discussions. One premise is that performance always involves choice, and the basis for choosing, for discrimination, needs to be musically viable in some sense. To that end, the goal is to spell out the basis for and consequences of choice in performing this music, in which motivic relations are significant not just in ensuring the putative unity of the set but also, conceivably, in developing a performance conception thereof.
Analysing motif and gesture in performance
Authors: Rink John
Published: January 2024

Chapter 9 picks up the baton from the first two in the section on analysis and performance by undertaking a more sophisticated ‘performance analysis’ of motif and gesture in three recordings of Chopin’s Mazurka in C major Op. 24 No. 2. A key premise is that music’s gestural properties are actualised only through the agency of performance and that such gestures can act motivically in a performance, potentially enhancing the coherence thereof. Questions are posed concerning the musical significance of the outcomes of performance analysis, the role of ‘performance motifs’ in enhancing coherence, and how the ‘hierarchy of temporally defined musical gestures’ within performances might best be modelled. To that end, the ‘essential motion’ in a particular recording by Artur Rubinstein is illustrated in a diagram featuring several types and levels of gesture. Recordings of the mazurka by Frederic Chiu and Nikita Magaloff are also discussed.
The 1970s
Authors: Freer Courtney
Published: January 2024

This chapter analyzes the period of the 1970s, in particular the elections held in 1971 and again in 1975, which later led to the first extended suspension of parliament (1976–1981), a period that is examined in depth. This period witnessed the growth of both oil wealth and Islamism, which largely replaced Arab nationalism as a leading political ideology able to mobilize support in the country. The chapter goes on to analyze the dynamics of relations between the government, Muslim Brotherhood, and Arab nationalists, with a particular emphasis on the growth of the Muslim Brotherhood and resulting decline in prominence of Arab nationalist blocs. This also led to the government spending more of the country’s oil wealth on religious institutions and education.
The 2000s
Authors: Freer Courtney
Published: January 2024

This chapter covers the 2000s, a time of upheaval, when the amir dissolved his appointed cabinet 11 times and held new parliamentary elections five times, in response to both parliamentary opposition and social movements. The chapter reviews in particular the growth of various segments of the Islamist opposition (Muslim Brotherhood, Salafi organizations, and Shiʿi groups) and the state’s reaction to that mobilization. It also discusses parliament’s role in the 2006 succession of a new amir, as well as the results of elections held in 2003, 2006, 2008, and 2009, and the impact that the large number of elections had on the previously unified and ideologically broad-based opposition.
Core Programming Concepts
Authors: Fieldsteel Eli
Published: January 2024

This chapter covers the fundamentals of writing and evaluating code in the SuperCollider environment, while refraining from delving into sound-related topics. The overall goal of the chapter is to familiarize the reader with commonplace techniques meant to enhance fluency with day-to-day practices and provide foundational support for subsequent chapters. Topics include navigating the programming environment, understanding basic terminology, and an introduction of common classes, objects, and data types (such as Integers, Floats, Strings, Symbols, Booleans, Arrays, and Functions). Keyboard shortcuts and inbuilt resources for getting help are introduced as well, including the Help Browser and Class Browser. The final few sections of this chapter touch on other important fundamental topics, such as randomness, conditional logic, and iteration.
Synthesis
Authors: Fieldsteel Eli
Published: January 2024

This chapter covers a variety of common-practice audio synthesis techniques, and the specifics of their implementations in SuperCollider, in order to familiarize the reader with tools for generating sound using combinations of oscillators, noise generators, filters, and related tools. This chapter also marks the beginning of the second major part of this book, which presents a variety of creative techniques, characterized as essential “ingredients” that make up a large-scale creative project. Topics include additive synthesis, frequency modulation (FM) synthesis and other forms of signal modulation, wavetable-based synthesis, filters and subtractive synthesis, an introduction to modal synthesis, and waveform distortion techniques. This chapter supplies the reader with a diverse collection of simple but intriguing generative musical examples, while encouraging continued exploration.
An Event-Based Structure
Authors: Fieldsteel Eli
Published: January 2024

Perhaps the simplest and most straightforward approach for building a large-scale musical composition in SuperCollider involves the placement of discrete musical events along a predetermined envisioned timeline, establishing a largely autonomous construction with minimal allowance of improvisation or user input, except for triggering individual musical events. This chapter presents strategies for an event-based approach to musical composition, focusing on techniques for categorizing, expressing, storing, and performing a collection of individual musical actions in chronological fashion. In addition, this chapter discusses the importance of being able to “skip” to an arbitrary point along the timeline for rehearsal purposes and shares ideas for introducing indeterminacy and randomness into a timeline-based composition.
Statelet of Survivors
Authors: Holmes Amy Austin
Published: January 2024

In territory liberated from the Islamic State, Syrian Kurds and their Arab and Christian allies have embarked on one of the most radical experiments in self-governance of our time. In defiance of both the Assad regime and Turkish President Erdoğan, they created a statelet to govern their semiautonomous region. Their system of local government does more to empower women and minorities than any other region of Syria. Officials of the statelet claim they are not separatists. In contrast to the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, which held a referendum on independence from Baghdad, the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria maintains their commitment to the unity of Syria. Instead of toppling Bashar al-Assad, they have worked to obtain, and then fiercely defend, their autonomy from Damascus. As the fight against ISIS wore on, and at the behest of the US-led Global Coalition, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) expanded far beyond the Kurdish heartland known as Rojava, gaining control of Arab-majority regions. By the time the ISIS Caliphate was defeated in March 2019, they controlled one-third of Syria and two-thirds of its resources. I trace the genealogy of this social experiment to the Republic of Mount Ararat, where a self-governing entity was proclaimed in 1927 based on solidarity between Kurds and Armenian genocide survivors. Similar to the Republic of Ararat, the Autonomous Administration is founded on the idea of equality between people of different religious and ethnic backgrounds—and on the desire to secure their continued existence, against all odds.
Life under ISIS
Authors: Holmes Amy Austin
Published: January 2024

Contrary to the common narrative, women were not just victims of the Islamic State. Some women participated in the enslavement of other women. I contend that ISIS governance was not just about elevating men into positions of dominance over women—but entailed using women as weapons against each other. Some women were subjugated, so they could in turn police, punish, and even enslave other women. This chapter first describes the “philosophy” of the Islamic State toward women, then proceeds to show how the Islamic State strived to achieve their overall objectives in three ways: restrictions on women’s freedom of movement, restrictions on women’s clothing and eyesight, and restrictions on women’s ability to interact with men. The final section includes an analysis of why the Islamic State suddenly reversed course and called women to wage jihad in the fall of 2017.
Describing . . . Dis-chord: Meet Me in St. Louis (Vincente Minnelli, 1944)
Authors: Corrigan Timothy
Published: January 2024

With attention to the musical score that dominates this penultimate sequence in the film, this is a close examination of an unusually dark moment in Meet Me in St. Louis, when the youngest sister Tootie destroys the family of snow people she has built for Christmas.
Describing . . . Red: Don’t Look Now (Nicolas Roeg, 1973)
Authors: Corrigan Timothy
Published: January 2024

An analysis of the opening sequence of the film focused on the color red, as a vehicle to explore the passions and horrors that lurk under social and psychological surfaces.
Describing . . . Noise: The Piano (Jane Campion, 1993)
Authors: Corrigan Timothy
Published: January 2024

An analysis of the climactic sequence when Ada’s finger is chopped off. While most commentaries on the film concentrate on the music that permeates the film, this discussion examines the important role of noise in the film.
Getting started with exposure therapy
Authors: Farrell Nicholas R. , Becker Carolyn Black , Waller Glenn
Published: January 2024

The aim of this chapter is to help readers understand the process of doing exposure therapy, including how to use self-monitoring to track progress and better recognize learning that takes place during exposure. Readers are provided a self-monitoring tool that can be used to record important information during each exposure therapy exercise. In addition, this chapter provides foundational guidance that can be used by readers when they conduct specific exposure activities recommended in subsequent chapters. Readers also learn how to use a hierarchy. Lastly, this chapter provides a straightforward “dos and don’ts” list to help readers maximize the benefits of exposure.
Overcoming your fears about doing exposure therapy
Authors: Farrell Nicholas R. , Becker Carolyn Black , Waller Glenn
Published: January 2024

Unfortunately, there are widespread misunderstandings about exposure therapy among both patients and professionals, which often leads to fears and avoidance of this therapy. This chapter helps readers address residual fear about engaging in exposure. After reminding readers of the benefits of exposure, the chapter helps them explore potential lingering doubts regarding whether exposure will work for them and they are ready to start exposure. Readers are encouraged to consider the short- and long-term pros and cons of starting exposure immediately. To the authors’ knowledge, this chapter is the first of its kind to directly identify and address common concerns about doing exposure therapy with the aim of maximizing readers’ engagement in the therapy.
Involving carers and other support people
Authors: Farrell Nicholas R. , Becker Carolyn Black , Waller Glenn
Published: January 2024

Recruiting support for family and carers can be important for helping the individual to implement exposure therapy and overcome their eating disorder concerns. It is important to be able to recruit support from such individuals so that they can support and coach the person with the eating disorder to face their fears. Such assistance to change eating disorder behaviors and fears can reduce the burden of care that family and carers experience. However, it is also important to ensure that carers are skilled in supporting exposure therapy without accommodating the fears or being critical. The skill of firm empathy is key to any such support, allowing the family and carers to balance their understanding of the experience of the eating problem with the firmness to support the individual to change.
Pedagogy and Culture
Authors: Lancy David F.
Published: January 2024

Since the founding of the American Educational Research Association in 1916, the field of education—schooling, curricula, teaching, and learning—has been supported by a well-funded and scientifically based effort to document and analyze practice and theory. These ideas were exported around the globe via the replication of Western-style schools using pedagogy from the same source (institutionalized public basic schooling). The success or failure of that effort to transform Indigenous communities is not our prime concern. Rather, it is to argue for the belated study and analysis of the Indigenous pedagogy practiced in communities before the Western model became the norm. This study is buttressed by the very catholic nature of the data corpus ranging from classic fiction (Dickens in this case) to highly focused quantitative studies of the physical skills required of a successful bow hunter. The work draws primarily on work in anthropology, archaeology, history, and cultural psychology, and thereby relies on open lines of communication among subdisciplines that are not as integrated as they might be. This multidisciplinary approach yields insights not accessible to more narrowly focused scholars or interested laypersons. The book’s primary aim is to weave these strands of evidence into a model or models of pedagogy that are distinctly different than the model or models found today in Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic) society.
Babies as Students?
Authors: Lancy David F.
Published: January 2024

This chapter will review the research on parent–infant interaction that leads scholars to claim teaching is the first and paramount means of socializing children. Following the review of Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic (WEIRD) research and popular opinion, the chapter will conduct a complementary analysis of literature on Indigenous communities whose parenting ethnotheories do not encompass teaching. Mother–infant interaction may not include baby talk or motherese; infants may rarely be held en face; the infant’s bids for attention (via pointing) may be ignored; and parents may not engage infants in interaction with objects. On the contrary, a widespread ethnotheory posits that “good” infant care requires frequent, quiet feeding followed by a restful interlude. Nearly continuous physical contact between the infant and others contrasts with the WEIRD pattern of more distal relations bridged by frequent infant-directed verbalization. WEIRD parent–child speech patterns are predicated on an assumption that the infant is a complete person from birth and that all the adult capacities are present in nascent form to be stimulated and scaffolded by special speech forms as necessary. In contrast, most societies withhold fully human status at least until the child is mobile and has acquired speech. The guiding ethnotheory targets an end state where the child develops a collectivist or interdependent character primed to “fit in” to the group as contrasted with the WEIRD-worthy “individualist.” The parent–child interaction and speech patterns elicited by anthropologists show how societies shape children to fulfill these differing aspirations.
The Self-Starting Learner
Authors: Lancy David F.
Published: January 2024

The pedagogy that is detailed in this chapter features the child’s innate tendencies to observe carefully, to eavesdrop on conversations, to imitate others, and to play with and learn to use commonplace objects like tools. These inherited abilities are the foundation upon which Indigenous pedagogy is built. Systems of childcare, social relations, and subsistence are open and transparent. Communities freely provide access to the raw material children need to make sense of their world and to become helpful and accepted community members. Deliberate instruction is not, except under limited circumstances, considered necessary or efficacious. Adults encourage and invite children to accompany excursions that take them beyond the home and neighborhood. Children are processing all this novelty is their inevitable efforts to replicate or imitate what they’ve observed. The child’s initiative in play is accommodated by the community by the provision of child-sized canoes and paddles; among forest dwellers, would-be-hunters practice with smaller bow and arrows supplied by an older sibling; would-be-foragers dig for tubers with donated digging sticks made to size.
Everyday Classrooms
Authors: Lancy David F.
Published: January 2024

“Everyday classrooms” implies routines that play out regularly in the village, which, incidentally, function as rich opportunities for learning. The “classroom” might be an irregular area in the village or camp that has been cleared of vegetation (thus reducing the incursion of snakes and insects). This area might serve as a gathering place for socializing adults and a temporary workshop where grain is spread to dry or fishing nets are repaired. At night it might be the scene of dancing around a bonfire. These exciting activities draw child spectators and eager helpers. The presence of adults, including those too old to forage or do field work, provides vigilant sentinels alert to injury and mayhem. Young children and their sib-caretakers will spend the greater part of the day playing on and near this space, which the Kpelle call the “mother ground” and the Mbuti bopi. Another everyday classroom is the workshop where experts practice their art in full view of children who replicate what they have observed in play and, gradually, take on a more active part in the work. These include, notably, sites where stone tools were made by prehistoric humans.
Intergenerational Resource Distribution
Authors: Finneron-Burns Elizabeth
Published: January 2024

This chapter answers one component of the content question: how much must we conserve for future generations? First it considers and rejects relational and telic versions of intergenerational egalitarianism, as well as existing accounts of strict and moderate sufficientarianism. It argues that a contractualist should endorse a form of what I call ‘reason-balanced sufficientarianism’ whereby the farther one is below the sufficiency threshold, the stronger their claims for assistance. However, while being below sufficiency is a very strong reason to demand assistance, it is not a ‘trump’. This means that while in general the fact that a person is below sufficiency presents them with a very strong reason to reject principles that do not assist them in achieving sufficiency, other reasons may sometimes prevail. The chapter uses reason-balanced sufficientarianism to develop three principles of intergenerational resource distribution.
Introduction
Authors: Cohen Signe
Published: January 2024

This chapter gives a brief introduction to the Upaniṣads and discusses the etymology and meaning of the term “Upaniṣad” itself. It introduces both the central religious and philosophical themes of these texts as well as some of the characteristics of the Upaniṣads as a genre. The chapter discusses the different types of texts called “Upaniṣads” and how they differ from other Hindu sacred texts. The chapter further describes the affiliation of each Upaniṣad with Vedic schools of textual transmission (śākhā) and shows why an understanding of each text’s śākhā affiliation helps us understand the main ideas contained in the text.
Ideal Partner Characteristics in the 21st Century
Authors: Brumbaugh Claudia C. , Doherty Jaclyn K.
Published: January 2024

This chapter reviews literature on mate preferences and interpersonal attraction since 2000, comparing historical and current preferences. Attraction and romance have been affected to some degree by greater egalitarianism between the sexes over time. Meanwhile, many preferences remain consistent, including those that may seem egotistical or shallow, such as people’s desire for physical beauty, resources/status, and similarity to oneself. Preferred characteristics in mates range from potentially problematic features (e.g., risk-taking and dark triad traits) to beneficial qualities (e.g., intelligence, altruism, sense of humor). These preferences often depend on one’s environment, physical health, economic situation, age, and gender. The chapter argues that attraction preferences that are based on social norms shift more rapidly than those rooted in evolutionary processes. Preferences of non-heterosexual people are also considered, and future directions pertaining to nontraditional relationship types and the COVID-19 pandemic are discussed.
Cohabitation Versus Marriage
Authors: Sassler Sharon
Published: January 2024

Over the past five decades, unmarried cohabitation has become widely accepted—even normative—among Americans. Support for cohabitation has increased among many groups, from teenagers to elders. In fact, most first coresidential romantic unions are cohabitations rather than marriages. Yet while the majority of American adults will enter a cohabiting union, most cohabiting unions do not lead to marriage, and the shares of those engaging in serial cohabitation are rising. Whereas many young adults in the 20th century viewed cohabitation as a stepping stone to marriage, in the 21st century cohabitation increasingly serves as an intensive form of dating—at least at its inception. The pathways into marriage from cohabitation differ in important ways by social class, highlighting how union formation contributes to growing levels of inequality.