bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Big Tuskers of Tsavo: highlighting the importance of the Big Tusker Project in Kenya's Tsavo Conservation Area
Authors: Moller R. , Cahill N. , Kimaile J. K.
Published: April 2019

Tsavo Trust is an action‐orientated, field‐based, not‐for‐profit conservation organization headquartered in Tsavo, Kenya. In association with Kenya Wildlife Service and other partners, Tsavo Trust utilizes a unique strategy to work on direct wildlife‐conservation projects. Tsavo Trust also engages with specific local communities in the stewardship of conservancies, in order to encourage participation in conservation activities that benefit the marginalized people who live on the border of the formal Protected Area. Tsavo Trust recognizes the importance of a holistic approach to biodiversity conservation, using a combination of professional wildlife conservation activities, grass‐roots community engagement, valued partnerships and committed supporters to create a virtuous circle for the protection of Tsavo. The mission is to conserve the vast wilderness of the Tsavo Conservation Area, which encompasses Kenya's biggest Protected Area, and is home to Kenya's largest elephant population, including several iconic ‘Tuskers’, and numerous high‐value species. Tsavo Conservation Area is one of the few truly wild places with significant wildlife left in Africa. This national heritage is under threat and faces multiple challenges, including wildlife crime, climate change and habitat loss. At the time of writing, the Tsavo elephant population contains eight bull ‘Tuskers’ and five iconic cow ‘Tuskers’, as well as c. 26 younger bulls that may emerge as ‘Tuskers’ in the next 5 years. Tsavo Trust's work focuses on four core programmes: ‘Wildlife Conservation Program: Big Tusker Project’, ‘Community Conservancy Program’, ‘Animal Welfare Program’ and ‘Conservation Partnerships’. Through the Big Tusker Project, Tsavo Trust, in partnership with Kenya Wildlife Service, provides extra protection for the last ‘Super Tuskers’ of Tsavo using aerial surveillance and mobile ground‐based units.
Forage legumes for future dry climates: Lower relative biomass losses of minor forage legumes compared to Trifolium repens under conditions of periodic drought stress
Authors: Komainda Martin , Küchenmeister Kai , Küchenmeister Frank , Breitsameter Laura , Wrage‐Mönnig Nicole , Kayser Manfred , Isselstein Johannes
Published: April 2019

Dairy livestock production systems rely on high‐quality forage legumes, which are widely present in grassland swards all over Europe. A future climatic scenario with higher average annual temperatures and lower precipitation is expected to affect grassland productivity in general and the productivity of the most important forage legume species Trifolium repens in particular. One way to cope with such constraints is the adoption of currently underutilized minor legume species with a higher tolerance towards drought stress. Therefore, the present study investigated legume species with lower moisture requirements than T. repens, these are Lotus corniculatus, Medicago falcata, Medicago lupulina and Onobrychis viciifolia in comparison with T. repens. Legumes were grown in containers as monocultures in a roofed open‐sided greenhouse under conditions of optimal water supply or periodic drought stress. Generally, drought stress decreased the biomass production, but species differed in their reaction. Particularly, M. lupulina and L. corniculatus had lower relative biomass losses (−26%) compared to T. repens (−43%, as averaged over drought stress periods). However, in overall biomass production T. repens still was at one level with M. lupulina and L. corniculatus under drought stress. This was related to high stomata control as indicated by the intrinsic water‐use efficiency. We conclude that there are promising future options of forage legumes as alternatives to T. repens.
Genetic and environmental influences on chickpea water‐use efficiency
Authors: Kaloki Peter , Trethowan Richard , Tan Daniel K. Y.
Published: April 2019

Chickpea is a major crop grown for its nutritional value, and it is used for both food and feed. However, terminal drought greatly reduces grain yield in many chickpea producing areas. The impacts of drought could be mitigated by adapting chickpea genotypes with higher water‐use efficiency (WUE). To assess genetic variation for WUE, contrasting genotypes were sown in two moisture regimes (well‐watered and water‐limited) and two tillage regimes (tillage and no‐tillage) in north‐western NSW across two consecutive seasons. The well‐watered and no till treatments were higher yielding than their respective rainfed and tillage treatments. Genotypes did not differ (p < 0.05) in their water use but differed significantly in their WUE, and a significant genotype‐by‐moisture treatment effect was observed. The heritability of WUE was higher under tillage (71.3% for tillage under rainfed conditions and 73.0% for tillage and irrigated conditions) than no‐till (43.3% for no till under rainfed conditions and 36.4% for no‐till and irrigated conditions), and no significant genotype‐by‐tillage interaction was observed.
An intervention including the national early warning score improves patient monitoring practice and reduces mortality: A cluster randomized controlled trial
Authors: Haegdorens Filip , Monsieurs Koenraad G. , De Meester Koen , Van Bogaert Peter
Published: April 2019

Aims

To investigate the impact of the national early warning score on the frequency and the quality of vital sign registration and to study the association between protocol compliance and patient mortality.

Design

We conducted a post hoc data analysis of a stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) in six hospitals.

Methods

All adult, non‐pregnant patients admitted to 24 wards were included. The intervention comprised an observation protocol using the national early warning score combined with a pragmatic medical response strategy. Data collection lasted from October 2013–May 2015. Patient comorbidity scores and vital signs were sampled every 4 months on each ward. All vital signs in the 24 hr before a serious adverse event were collected.

Results

Patients (N = 60,956) were included of which 32,722 in the intervention group. Comorbidity scores were sampled in 3,600 patients and vital signs in 2,951 patients. In 668 patients, vital signs were collected before a serious adverse event. The mean number of vital signs per observation increased significantly in the intervention group. The observation frequency increased in patients with a serious adverse event and decreased in patients without a serious adverse event. Protocol compliance was negatively associated with patient mortality adjusted for comorbidity and age.

Conclusion

Our intervention improved patient monitoring practice and reduced mortality.

Impact

The impact of early warning scores on patient monitoring practice and patient outcomes remains unclear. Our intervention improved the observation of patients and reduced patient mortality. These results could support hospitals in their decision to implement rapid response systems.

Trial Registration: We have registered this study in the clinicaltrials.gov database (identifier: NCT01949025).
Challenging the Notion of the East‐West Memory Divide
Authors: Toth Mano
Published: April 2019

Recent scholarly works on memory practices in Europe often appeal to the notion of the East‐West memory divide or, more dramatically, to the European memory wars which have been allegedly raging at least since the Eastern enlargement of 2004. These terms are supposed to stand for the heated debate between the East and the West, between the countries on the opposing sides of the former Iron Curtain, about what the appropriate memory for Europe should be. In this article, I challenge this simplistic division and I argue that it completely disregards the role of agency. In contrast, I conduct an agent‐centred empirical analysis and show that the social actors involved in the debate are far more diverse, the fault lines are far less clear and the sides of the debate are far more heterogeneous than the carelessly used notion of the East‐West memory divide would have us believe.
Stability of color, β‐carotene, and ascorbic acid in thermally pasteurized carrot puree to the storage temperature and gas barrier properties of selected packaging films
Authors: Sonar Chandrashekhar R. , Paccola Carolina S. , Al‐Ghamdi Saleh , Rasco Barbara , Tang Juming , Sablani Shyam S.
Published: April 2019

Quality of pasteurized products can be affected by the combination of temperature abuse and gas barrier properties, especially oxygen transmission rate (OTR), of packaging films. Carrot puree was thermally pasteurized (90 °C, 14 min) and stored in three different types of pouches (OTR—0.99 ± 0.05 [F‐1], 29.8 ± 1.38 [F‐30], and 80.9 ± 2.15 [F‐81] cm3 m−2 day−1) at different temperatures (4, 8, and 13 °C). Weight loss, pH, instrumental color, β‐carotene, and ascorbic acid were evaluated over a 100‐day storage period. Results show that film OTR and temperature had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on food quality and nutritional attributes. High‐barrier film (F‐1) retained quality, while low‐barrier film (F‐81) increased losses during processing and storage for all parameters tested. High‐barrier film demonstrated stable color values (a* and b*) and significantly (p < 0.05) higher retention of β‐carotene during storage period. Ascorbic acid retention varied from 0 to 89%, depending upon packaging type. Based on ascorbic acid degradation kinetics, activation energy and Q10 values ranged from 20.3–72.3 kJ/mol and 1.36–2.96, respectively.

Practical applications

Pasteurized food products have limited shelf life under refrigerated conditions. The shelf life of these products can be reduced by the combined effect of temperature abuse and gas barrier properties of packaging films. There is scarce information in the literature focusing on the shelf life studies of in‐pack thermally pasteurized products as a function of gas barrier properties. The selection criteria of films for pasteurized products are complex. Generally, higher the barrier properties needed higher is the cost of packaging. This study demonstrated the suitability of medium‐barrier films for in‐pack pasteurization; and combined effect of temperature abuse and gas barrier properties on the nutrient retention.
Comparison of optical projection tomography and light‐sheet fluorescence microscopy
Authors: LIU A. , XIAO W. , LI R. , LIU L. , CHEN L.
Published: April 2019

We present a numerical analysis and experimental characterisation of spatial resolution in optical projection tomography (OPT) and light‐sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) using their ‘standard’ systems. Although both techniques provide spatial resolution at the micrometre scale for mesoscopic (millimetre to centimetre) samples, LSFM provides higher lateral (∼3 μm, ∼34% of OPT) but lower axial (∼25.8 μm, 295% of OPT) resolution as compared to OPT (∼8.75 μm, 100%) when imaging the same sample (∼2 mm). Moreover, OPT provides isotropic spatial resolution due to its rotational scanning which may reduce the ambiguity in 3D analysis, so it is more practically appropriate for relatively large samples. We also demonstrate the application performances of both techniques by imaging various biological tissues, illustrating their imaging ability at different spatial scales.

Lay Description

Optical projection tomography (OPT) and light‐sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) are generally used to extract 3D information from relatively large biological tissues/organs/embryos or even some small animals. Both techniques have made a great progress in recent decades and have been widely applied in life science, medical research and so on. The different implementation features of these two techniques results in isotropic and anisotropic spatial resolution respectively, making a dilemma for the researchers to choose the appropriate system when imaging the samples with different size. So far, there is no study to numerically discuss the differences between their image formation properties and to adequately quantify their own strengths and limitations.

In our work, we quantified the imaging behaviour in ‘standard’ OPT and LSFM using both numerical analysis and experimental characterisations, showing the relationship between spatial resolution and sample size in each system. We also demonstrated the detailed structure differences when imaging various biological tissues. We believe this work will be useful and can provide a reference for the 3D fluorescence‐imaging‐based researchers.
TEM diffraction contrast images simulation of dislocations
Authors: WU W. , SCHAEUBLIN R.
Published: April 2019

For end‐on screw dislocations and inclined dislocations within thin transmission electron microscopy (TEM) foil, TEM diffraction contrast image is largely modified around piercing point due to free surface relaxation. Based on many‐beam Schaeublin–Stadelmann equations, TEM diffraction contrast images simulation of inclined dislocations within thin pure Fe TEM foil are performed and the difference between isotropic and anisotropic dislocation models are studied. Image force are superposed onto bulk elastic field of dislocation in thin foil, the elastic distortions nearby the two emerging points of a straight inclined dislocation located in an elastically isotropic/anisotropic thin foil are expressed as semianalytical solution in Fourier space, and the semianalytical image stress solutions in Fourier space are implemented into CUFOUR for studying free surface relaxation effect on TEM diffraction contrast of dislocation. Simulation results suggest that the diffraction contrast at the ends of dislocation is modified drastically by image forces, and effects of anisotropy cannot be neglected.

Lay Description

For end‐on screw dislocations and inclined dislocations within thin transmission electron microscopy (TEM) foil, TEM diffraction contrast image is largely modified around piercing point due to free surface relaxation. Based on many‐beam Schaeublin–Stadelmann equations, TEM diffraction contrast images simulation of inclined dislocations within thin pure Fe TEM foil are performed and the difference between isotropic and anisotropic dislocation models are studied. Image force are superposed onto bulk elastic field of dislocation in thin foil, the elastic distortions nearby the two emerging points of a straight inclined dislocation located in an elastically isotropic/anisotropic thin foil are expressed as semianalytical solution in Fourier space, and the semianalytical image stress solutions in Fourier space are implemented into CUFOUR for studying free surface relaxation effect on TEM diffraction contrast of dislocation. Simulation results suggest that the diffraction contrast at the ends of dislocation is modified drastically by image forces, and effects of anisotropy cannot be neglected.
Oral health‐related quality of life, oral aesthetics and oral function in head and neck cancer patients after oral rehabilitation
Authors: Fromm Lærke , Gotfredsen Klaus , Wessel Irene , Øzhayat Esben Boeskov
Published: April 2019

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is diagnosed in more than 500 000 patients every year worldwide with increasing prevalence. Oral rehabilitation is often needed after HNC treatment to regain oral function, aesthetics and oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL). The objectives were to evaluate OHRQoL, oral aesthetics and oral function after oral rehabilitation in HNC patients and compare it to that of non‐HNC patients. Eighteen patients treated for HNC who subsequently had oral rehabilitation (2014‐2017), and a control group of eighteen age‐ and gender‐matched non‐HNC patients treated with removable prostheses (2014‐2018) were included in a cross‐sectional study. The OHRQoL was assessed by the Oral Health Impact Profile 49 questionnaire (OHIP‐49), the oral aesthetics by the Prosthetic Esthetic Index (PEI) and the Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES), and the oral function by the Nordic Orofacial Test‐Screening (NOT‐S). The HNC patients had worse oral function and OHRQoL than the control patients (mean NOT‐S score 4.56 vs 0.56, P < 0.01 and mean OHIP‐49 score 42.50 vs 20.94, P = 0.050). When including number of replaced teeth and type of prosthesis in the tests, no significant difference in OHRQoL was found between the groups. No difference was found in the overall aesthetic outcomes (mean PEI total score 32.28 vs 30.67, P = 0.367 and mean OES total score 48.78 vs 53.56, P = 0.321). Multiple regression analyses showed that being HNC patient compared to control patient impaired the oral function. Oral function is significantly impaired in HNC patients compared to non‐HNC patients after oral rehabilitation.
Impact of feeding method on overall activity of indoor, client‐owned dogs
Authors: Su D. K. , Murphy M. , Hand A. , Zhu X. , Witzel‐Rollins A.
Published: April 2019

Objective

To compare the total daily activity time, walking time and running time using food‐dispensing toys versus bowls in a group of client‐owned, primarily indoor dogs.

Materials and Methods

A two‐way, two period, randomised repeated measures mixed‐effects crossover study performed on 26 client‐owned, primarily indoor dogs.

Results

Toy feeding increased average daily total activity time by 12% and walking time by 26%. Average daily total activity time and walking time were reduced by 8 and 7% respectively with each increase in year of age. Gender, body condition and muscle condition had no significant effect on average daily total activity or walking time. Toy feeding, time, their interaction, age, gender, body condition and muscle condition had no significant effect on average daily running time.

Clinical Significance

Feeding toys may be helpful during weight loss programs to achieve the goal of increasing daily exercise duration in dogs that need to lose weight.
The return of the frogs: The importance of habitat refugia in maintaining diversity during a disease outbreak
Authors: McKnight Donald T. , Lal Monal M. , Bower Deborah S. , Schwarzkopf Lin , Alford Ross A. , Zenger Kyall R.
Published: April 2019

Recent decades have seen the emergence and spread of numerous infectious diseases, often with severe negative consequences for wildlife populations. Nevertheless, many populations survive the initial outbreaks, and even undergo recoveries. Unfortunately, the long‐term effects of these outbreaks on host population genetics are poorly understood; to increase this understanding, we examined the population genetics of two species of rainforest frogs (Litoria nannotis and Litoria serrata) that have largely recovered from a chytridiomycosis outbreak at two national parks in the Wet Tropics of northern Australia. At the wetter, northern park there was little evidence of decreased genetic diversity in either species, and all of the sampled sites had high minor allele frequencies (mean MAF = 0.230–0.235), high heterozygosity (0.318–0.325), and few monomorphic markers (1.4%–4.0%); however, some recovered L. nannotis populations had low Ne values (59.3–683.8) compared to populations that did not decline during the outbreak (1,537.4–1,756.5). At the drier, southern park, both species exhibited lower diversity (mean MAF = 0.084–0.180; heterozygosity = 0.126–0.257; monomorphic markers = 3.7%–43.5%; Ne = 18.4–676.1). The diversity patterns in this park matched habitat patterns, with both species having higher diversity levels and fewer closely related individuals at sites with higher quality habitat. These patterns were more pronounced for L. nannotis, which has lower dispersal rates than L. serrata. These results suggest that refugia with high quality habitat are important for retaining genetic diversity during disease outbreaks, and that gene flow following disease outbreaks is important for re‐establishing diversity in populations where it was reduced.
Facilitators and barriers to teaching undergraduate medical students in general practice
Authors: Barber John Richard George , Park Sophie Elizabeth , Jensen Kim , Marshall Hannah , McDonald Paula , McKinley Robert Kee , Randles Hannah , Alberti Hugh
Published: April 2019

Context

Globally, primary health care is facing workforce shortages. Longer and higher‐quality placements in primary care increase the likelihood of medical students choosing this specialty. However, the recruitment and retention of community primary care teachers are challenging. Relevant research was predominantly carried out in the 1990s. We seek to understand contemporary facilitators and barriers to general practitioner (GP) engagement with undergraduate education. Communities of practice (CoP) theory offers a novel conceptualisation, which may be pertinent in other community‐based teaching settings.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were undertaken with 24 GP teachers at four UK medical schools. We purposively sampled GPs new to teaching, established GP teachers and GPs who had recently stopped teaching. We undertook NVivo‐assisted deductive and inductive thematic analysis of transcripts. We used CoP theory to interpret data.

Results

Communities of practice theory illustrated that teachers negotiate membership of three CoPs: (i) clinical practice; (ii) the medical school, and (iii) teaching. The delivery of clinical care and teaching may be integrated or exist in tension. This can depend upon the positioning of the teaching and teacher as central or peripheral to the clinical CoP. Remuneration, workload, space and the expansion of GP trainee numbers impact on this. Teachers did not identify strongly as members of the medical school or a teaching community. Perceptions of membership were affected by medical school communication and support. The findings demonstrate gaps in medical school recruitment.

Conclusions

This research demonstrates the marginalisation of primary care‐based teaching and proposes a novel explanation rooted in CoP theory. Concepts including identity and membership may be pertinent to other community‐based teaching settings. We recommend that medical schools review and broaden recruitment methods. Teacher retention may be improved by optimising the interface between medical schools and teachers, fostering a teaching community, increasing professional rewards for teaching involvement and altering medical school expectations of learning in primary care.
NbALD1 mediates resistance to turnip mosaic virus by regulating the accumulation of salicylic acid and the ethylene pathway in Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Wang Shu , Han Kelei , Peng Jiejun , Zhao Jinping , Jiang Liangliang , Lu Yuwen , Zheng Hongying , Lin Lin , Chen Jianping , Yan Fei
Published: April 2019

AGD2‐LIKE DEFENCE RESPONSE PROTEIN 1 (ALD1) triggers plant defence against bacterial and fungal pathogens by regulating the salicylic acid (SA) pathway and an unknown SA‐independent pathway. We now show that Nicotiana benthamiana ALD1 is involved in defence against a virus and that the ethylene pathway also participates in ALD1‐mediated resistance. NbALD1 was up‐regulated in plants infected with turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Silencing of NbALD1 facilitated TuMV infection, while overexpression of NbALD1 or exogenous application of pipecolic acid (Pip), the downstream product of ALD1, enhanced resistance to TuMV. The SA content was lower in NbALD1‐silenced plants and higher where NbALD1 was overexpressed or following Pip treatments. SA mediated resistance to TuMV and was required for NbALD1‐mediated resistance. However, on NahG plants (in which SA cannot accumulate), Pip treatment still alleviated susceptibility to TuMV, further demonstrating the presence of an SA‐independent resistance pathway. The ethylene precursor, 1‐aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACC), accumulated in NbALD1‐silenced plants but was reduced in plants overexpressing NbALD1 or treated with Pip. Silencing of ACS1, a key gene in the ethylene pathway, alleviated the susceptibility of NbALD1‐silenced plants to TuMV, while exogenous application of ACC compromised the resistance of Pip‐treated or NbALD1 transgenic plants. The results indicate that NbALD1 mediates resistance to TuMV by positively regulating the resistant SA pathway and negatively regulating the susceptible ethylene pathway.
Leadership for public value: Political astuteness as a conceptual link
Authors: Hartley Jean , Sancino Alessandro , Bennister Mark , Resodihardjo Sandra L.
Published: April 2019

Both leadership and public value are increasingly seen as concepts highly relevant to public administration, not only because of complex societal challenges but also as ways to address pluralistic interests in society. This article explores in detail the varied conceptualizations of public value and of public leadership. Furthermore, we argue that political astuteness provides an important conceptual linkage between leadership and public value, enabling actors to read, understand and foster coalitions around diverse and sometimes competing interests. In this introduction to the symposium, we analyse the different conceptualizations of public value, of leadership, and also show how the six articles explicitly or implicitly draw on the linking concept of political astuteness. The article assesses how the six articles of the symposium contribute to each of these three concepts.
Changing healthcare provider and parent behaviors in the pediatric post‐anesthesia‐care‐unit to reduce child pain: Nurse and parent training in postoperative stress
Authors: Jenkins Brooke N. , Fortier Michelle A. , Stevenson Robert , Makhlouf Mai , Lim Paulina , Converse Remy , Kain Zeev N.
Published: April 2019

Background

Children who undergo surgery experience significant pain in the post anesthesia care unit. Nurse and parent behaviors in the post anesthesia care unit directly impact child postoperative pain. Therefore, we have developed and evaluated (Phase 1) and then tested (Phase 2) the feasibility of a new intervention (Nurse and Parent Training in Postoperative Stress) to alter parent and nurse behaviors in a way consistent with reducing child postoperative pain.

Methods

In Phase 1, a multidisciplinary team of experts (physicians, nurses, and psychologists) developed an empirically‐based intervention which was then evaluated by experienced nurses (N = 8) and parents (N = 9) during focus groups. After revising the intervention based on focus group feedback, it was tested in Phase 2 using a pre‐post study design. Nurses (N = 23) who worked in the recovery room were recruited to be part of both pre‐ and post‐intervention data collection periods. Parents were recruited to be part of either the pre‐ (N = 52) or post‐intervention (N = 60) data collection periods. Nurses and parent‐child dyads were recorded in the post anesthesia care unit and videos were coded for the desired (ie, behaviors that may decrease child pain) and non‐desired (ie, behaviors that may increase child pain) behaviors. Pain data was collected from the children's medical records to assess pain after surgery. The intervention was given to the nurses and parents in the post‐intervention data collection period.

Results

Nurses significantly increased their rate of desired behaviors by 231% (P = 0.001; Somer's D = 1) and significantly decreased their rate of non‐desired behaviors by 62% (P = 0.004, Somer's D = −0.88, 95% CI [−1.74, −0.03]). Parents significantly increased their rate of desired behaviors by 124% (P = 0.033). Moreover, the intervention significantly decreased child pain in the post anesthesia care unit (b = −2.19, SE = 0.63, z = −3.46, P = 0.001, 95%CI [−3.43, −0.95]).

Conclusion

The intervention was effective in changing nurse and parent behaviors as well as child pain after surgery.
Successful lung donation at the age of 6 weeks: Challenges and lessons learned
Authors: Pavlushkov Evgeny , Muthialu Nagarajan , Spencer Helen , Ellis Clair , Davies Ben , Claydon Sarah , Berman Marius
Published: April 2019

A clinical case of successful procurement and transplantation of bilateral lungs from 6‐week‐old infant with sepsis secondary to bacterial meningitis is reported. Forty‐one‐day‐old male infant (height 60 cm, weight 4 kg) died of cerebral edema secondary to Escherichia coli meningitis and bacteremia. Preretrieval assessment included the following: arterial gases; pO2 50.4 kPa (378 mm Hg), pCO2 4.9 kPa (37 mm Hg), on FiO2 100%, PEEP 5 cm H2O. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy showed no secretions nor mucosal inflammation; CXR revealed clear lung fields and pleural spaces. Inspection revealed dense adhesions in pericardial cavity and purulent left hemithorax effusion (urgent Gram‐stain came back as negative) but there was no consolidation in the lung. Good compliance of the lungs on inflation/deflation test was observed. The lungs were retrieved using the technique described. The recipient was a 4‐month‐old infant with alveolar capillary dysplasia and malaligned pulmonary veins. Implantation of the lungs was performed via bilateral thoracosternotomy on cardiopulmonary bypass, cooling to 30°C. Elective support with nitric oxide was used postoperatively. Two years after the transplantation, the recipient doing well with normal lung function. Lung procurement from a 6‐week donor with infectious complications and prolonged ventilation is a challenging undertaking but can be successful and should be attempted whenever possible given the paucity of organs available for pediatric recipients.
Automatic EPAP intelligent volume‐assured pressure support is effective in patients with chronic respiratory failure: A randomized trial
Authors: Orr Jeremy E. , Coleman John , Criner Gerard J. , Sundar Krishna M. , Tsai Sheila C. , Benjafield Adam V. , Crocker Maureen E. , Willes Leslee , Malhotra Atul , Owens Robert L. , Wolfe Lisa F.
Published: April 2019

Background and objective

Patients with chronic respiratory failure are increasingly managed with domiciliary non‐invasive ventilation (NIV). There may be limited ability to provide NIV titration for these complex patients, and ventilatory requirements and upper airway support needs may change over time. Therefore, an automatically adjusting expiratory positive airway pressure (AutoEPAP) algorithm may offer advantages over manually adjusted EPAP for treating these patients. This study compared 4% oxygen desaturation index (ODI4%) values during the use of an AutoEPAP algorithm versus manual EPAP titration with the intelligent volume‐assured pressure support (iVAPS) algorithm.

Methods

This prospective, single‐blind, randomized, crossover study was conducted at six US sites. Patients with chronic respiratory failure (neuromuscular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity hypoventilation and other aetiologies) and an apnoea–hypopnoea index of >5/h who were already established NIV users underwent a single night of NIV with the iVAPS manual EPAP and iVAPS AutoEPAP in the sleep laboratory in random order.

Results

A total of 38 patients constituted the study population. Mean ODI4% was statistically non‐inferior with AutoEPAP versus manual EPAP (P < 0.0001). There was no difference in the effect on ODI4% across respiratory failure subgroups. Ventilation parameters and gas exchange were similar with either NIV mode, indicating equally effective treatment of respiratory failure. Sleep parameters were improved during AutoEPAP versus manual EPAP.

Conclusion

A single night of NIV using the iVAPS with AutoEPAP algorithm was non‐inferior to a single night of iVAPS with manual EPAP titration in patients with respiratory failure.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT02683772 at clinicaltrials.gov
Three‐fold nature of coastal progradation during the Holocene eustatic highstand, Po Plain, Italy – close correspondence of stratal character with distribution patterns
Authors: Amorosi Alessandro , Barbieri Giulia , Bruno Luigi , Campo Bruno , Drexler Tina M. , Hong Wan , Rossi Veronica , Sammartino Irene , Scarponi Daniele , Vaiani Stefano Claudio , Bohacs Kevin M.
Published: April 2019

Although general trends in transgressive to highstand sedimentary evolution of river‐mouth coastlines are well‐known, the details of the turnaround from retrogradational (typically estuarine) to aggradational–progradational (typically coastal/deltaic) stacking patterns are not fully resolved. This paper examines the middle to late Holocene eustatic highstand succession of the Po Delta: its stratigraphic architecture records a complex pattern of delta outbuilding and coastal progradation that followed eustatic stabilization, since around 7·7 cal kyr bp. Sedimentological, palaeoecological (benthic foraminifera, ostracods and molluscs) and compositional criteria were used to characterize depositional conditions and sediment‐dispersal pathways within a radiocarbon‐dated chronological framework. A three‐stage progradation history was reconstructed. First, as soon as eustasy stabilized (7·7 to 7·0 cal kyr bp), rapid bay‐head delta progradation (ca5 m year−1), fed mostly by the Po River, took place in a mixed, freshwater and brackish estuarine environment. Second, a dominantly aggradational parasequence set of beach‐barrier deposits in the lower highstand systems tract (7·0 to 2·0 cal kyr bp) records the development of a shallow, wave‐dominated coastal system fed alongshore, with elongated, modestly crescent beaches (ca2·5 m year−1). Third, in the last 2000 years, the development of faster accreting and more rapidly prograding (up toca15 m year−1) Po delta lobes occurred into 30 m deep waters (upper highstand systems tract). This study documents the close correspondence of sediment character with stratal distribution patterns within the highstand systems tract. Remarkable changes in sediment characteristics, palaeoenvironments and direction of sediment transport occur across a surface named the ‘A–P surface’. This surface demarcates a major shift from dominantly aggradational (lower highstand systems tract) to fully progradational (upper highstand systems tract) parasequence stacking. In the Po system, this surface also reflects evolution from a wave‐dominated to river‐dominated deltaic system. Identifying the A–P surface through detailed palaeoecological and compositional data can help guide interpretation of highstand systems tracts in the rock record, especially where facies assemblages and their characteristic geometries are difficult to discern from physical sedimentary structures alone.
Spatial Variation in U.S. Labor Markets and Workplace Gender Segregation: 1980–2005*
Authors: Taylor Tiffany , Turgeon Brianna , Buck Alison , Bloch Katrina , Church Jacob
Published: April 2019

Many studies of workplace inequality have examined why workplace gender segregation still exists and how gender segregation affects workplaces (Cohen, Huffman, and Knauer 2009 Work and Occupations 36(4):318; Huffman, Cohen, and Pearlman 2010 Administrative Science Quarterly 55(2):255). Yet, fewer studies have examined how space might affect gender segregation. In this paper, we investigate two types of space, normative space and industrial space, and their influence on gender workplace segregation within geographic space. We use data from the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and mixed models to examine how normative and industrial spaces affect workplaces within geographic space. We find that both measures of normative and industrial space predict differing levels of gender segregation within geographic spaces (measured via commuting zones). In addition, the effects normative space (women's share of the labor force) has on gender segregation are mediated by industrial restructuring.
Cytology and the cell block method in diagnostic characterization of canine lymphadenopathy and in the immunophenotyping of nodal lymphoma
Authors: Heinrich Daniel A. , Avery Anne C. , Henson Michael S. , Overmann Jed A. , Rendahl Aaron K. , Walz Jillian Z. , Seelig Davis M.
Published: April 2019

Minimally invasive techniques used to evaluate canine peripheral lymphadenopathy (PLN), including fine needle aspiration biopsy with cytological evaluation (FNAB‐C) and flow cytometry (FC), have benefits and limitations. The cell block (CB) method is an alternate processing technique in which fine needle aspirate biopsy samples are concentrated, fixed, and embedded in paraffin for routine histological processing/staining. Utilizing three observers, we determined the diagnostic value of the CB in evaluating canine PLN across six categories (non‐diagnostic, reactive, inflammatory/infectious, probable lymphoma and lymphoma, metastatic neoplasia) and correlated findings to immunophenotypic and clonal antigen receptor rearrangement results in canine nodal lymphoma. Eighty‐five paired FNAB‐C and CB samples were evaluated from canine patients presenting to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Oncology or Internal Medicine services. Diagnostic quality samples were obtained in 55/85 (65%) CB and 81/85 (95%) FNAB‐C samples, respectively, and nodal pathology impacted CB diagnostic yield. Overall percent agreement between diagnostic‐quality FNAB‐C and CB samples was 86%, but increased to 95% if the categories of lymphoma and probable lymphoma were combined. There was 100% agreement for both the diagnoses of metastatic neoplasia and reactive lymph nodes and 92% agreement for the diagnosis of lymphoma/probable lymphoma. Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), CB samples correctly immunophenotyped 22/23 (96%) cases of B‐cell lymphoma, but only 1/6 (17%) cases of T‐cell lymphoma. IHC was not completed on nine cases of lymphoproliferative disease because of insufficient cellularity. When the CB method (CBM) yielded diagnostic quality samples there was good to excellent agreement with FNAB‐C samples and CB samples were suitable for some IHC tests.
Clinical use of cryopoor plasma continuous rate infusion in critically ill, hypoalbuminemic dogs
Authors: Culler Christine A. , Balakrishnan Anusha , Yaxley Page E. , Guillaumin Julien
Published: April 2019

Objective

To investigate the impact of cryopoor plasma (CPP) continuous rate infusion (CRI) on albumin concentration and colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in critically ill dogs with hypoalbuminemia.

Design

Retrospective study between 2013 and 2015 with a 90‐day follow‐up on survivors.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Ten hypoalbuminemic dogs receiving a CPP CRI for albumin replacement or oncotic support. All patients with documented hypoalbuminemia or low COP receiving CPP administration for albumin or oncotic support during the study period were included.

Interventions

CRI of CPP.

Measurements and Main Results

Mean age was 7.4 ± 4.5 years. Mean survival prediction index score was 0.66 ± 0.13. Seven dogs were septic, with 2 of 7 in septic shock and 5 of 7 having septic peritonitis. The mean pre‐ and postinfusion albumin was 15 ± 4 g/L and 21 ± 2 g/L, respectively. The median pre‐ and postinfusion COP was 8.6 mm Hg (4.9–9.7 mm Hg) and 10.2 mm Hg (8.1–13.3 mm Hg), respectively. The median duration of CRI was 16 hours (11–121 h). The mean CPP rate was 1.8 ± 0.6 mL/kg/h, the mean crystalloid rate administered concurrently was 0.8 ± 0.9 mL/kg/h, and the mean hydroxyethyl starch rate administered concurrently was 1.2 ± 0.9 mL/kg/h. The difference in pre‐ and postinfusion albumin was significantly correlated with CPP rate (P= 0.0004), whereas the difference in pre‐ and postinfusion COP was correlated with hydroxyethyl starch rate (P= 0.0128). Mean duration of hospitalization was 8.6 ± 3.9 days. Mann–WhitneyUand Fisher's exact tests were used to compare survivors and nonsurvivors. Survivors were significantly younger than nonsurvivors (3.5 vs 11.5 y,P= 0.033). No side effects were reported. Survival to discharge was 40% with identical 90‐day survival. Of the nonsurvivors, 50% died naturally.

Conclusions

There was an association between the rate of CPP and the change in albumin after CPP CRI in critically ill dogs, suggesting that CPP may be a viable option for treatment of hypoalbuminemia.
Corneal cross‐linking (CXL)—A clinical study to evaluate CXL as a treatment in comparison with medical treatment for ulcerative keratitis in horses
Authors: Hellander Edman Anna , Ström Lena , Ekesten Björn
Published: April 2019

Objective

CompareCXLtreatment with medical treatment alone in horses with stromal, ulcerative keratitis. Animals studied: 24 horses (24 eyes) with stromal, ulcerative keratitis were included.

Procedure

12 horses were initially treated withCXL, and 12 horses were given conventional medical treatment. Topical medical treatment was added to horses in theCXLgroup if necessary. Parameters including cytology, microbial growth, time to fluorescein negativity, and time to inhibition of stromal melting were evaluated.

Results

After the first day of treatments, a decrease in inflammatory signs and pain from the eye was observed in both groups. Stromal melting ceased within 24 hours regardless of treatment.CXLtreatment alone was sufficient in 3 horses with noninfectious, superficial stromal ulcerations. Clinical signs of impaired wound healing were seen after 3‐14 days in corneas with suspected or proven bacterial infection treated withCXLonly, most likely because of insufficient elimination of bacteria deeper in the corneal stroma or because of re‐infection from bacteria in the conjunctiva. The average decrease in stromal ulcer area per day after onset of treatment was almost identical between the groups, and no significant difference in time to fluorescein negativity was found.

Conclusions

We considerCXLa possible useful adjunct treatment of corneal stromal ulcers in horses, especially for melting ulcers and as a potential alternative to prophylactic antibiotic treatment for noninfected stromal ulcers. However,CXLshould not be used alone for infected or suspected infected stromal ulcers, because topical antibiotics were required in all horses with proven infectious keratitis.
A genetic algorithm for fuzzy order acceptance and scheduling problem
Authors: Karakaş Esra , Özpalamutçu Hakan
Published: April 2019

In light of the imprecise and fuzzy nature of real production environments, the order acceptance and scheduling (OAS) problem is associated with fuzzy processing times, fuzzy sequence dependent set up time and fuzzy due dates. In this study, a genetic algorithm (GA) which uses fuzzy ranking methods is proposed to solve the fuzzy OAS problem. The proposed algorithm is illustrated and analyzed using examples with different order sizes. As illustrative numerical examples, fuzzy OAS problems with 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 100 orders are considered. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are demonstrated. Due to the NP-hard nature of the problem, the developed GA has great importance to obtain a solution even for big scale fuzzy OAS problem.  Also, the proposed GA can be utilized easily by all practitioners via the developed user interface.
The integrity of the FOG‐2 LXCXE pRb‐binding motif is required for small intestine homeostasis
Authors: Goupille Olivier , Kadri Zahra , Langelé Amandine , Luccantoni Sophie , Badoual Cécile , Leboulch Philippe , Chrétien Stany
Published: April 2019

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Do Fog2Rb−/Rb− mice present a defect of small intestine homeostasis?

What is the main finding and its importance?

The importance of interactions between FOG‐2 and pRb in adipose tissue physiology has previously been demonstrated. Here it is shown that this interaction is also intrinsic to small intestine homeostasis and exerts extrinsic control over mouse metabolism. Thus, this association is involved in maintaining small intestine morphology, and regulating crypt proliferation and lineage differentiation. It therefore affects mouse growth and adaptation to a high‐fat diet.

GATA transcription factors and their FOG cofactors play a key role in tissue‐specific development and differentiation, from worms to humans. We have shown that GATA‐1 and FOG‐2 contain an LXCXE pRb‐binding motif. Interactions between retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and GATA‐1 are crucial for erythroid proliferation and differentiation, whereas the LXCXE pRb‐binding site of FOG‐2 is involved in adipogenesis. Fog2‐knock‐in mice have defective pRb binding and are resistant to obesity, due to efficient white‐into‐brown fat conversion. Our aim was to investigate the pathophysiological impact of FOG‐2–pRb interaction on the small intestine and mouse growth. Histological analysis of the small intestine revealed architectural changes in Fog2Rb−/Rb− mice, including villus shortening, with crypt expansion and a change in muscularis propria thickness. These differences were more marked in the proximo‐distal part of the small intestine and were associated with an increase in crypt cell proliferation and disruption of the goblet and Paneth cell lineage. The small intestine of the mutants was unable to adapt to a high‐fat diet, and had significantly lower plasma lipid levels on such a diet. Fog2Rb−/Rb− mice displayed higher levels of glucose‐dependent insulinotropic peptide release, and lower levels of insulin‐like growth factor I release on a regular diet. Their intestinal lipid absorption was impaired, resulting in restricted weight gain. In addition to the intrinsic effects of the mutation on adipose tissue, we show here an extrinsic relationship between the intestine and the effect of FOG‐2 mutation on mouse metabolism. In conclusion, the interaction of FOG‐2 with pRb coordinates the crypt–villus axis and controls small intestine homeostasis.
Breaking Wave Interaction With a Group of Four Vertical Slender Cylinders in Two Square Arrangements
Authors: Alagan Chella Mayilvahanan , Bihs Hans , Kamath Arun , Myrhaug Dag , Arntsen Øivind Asgeir
Published: April 2019

The main purpose of the study is to investigate the breaking wave interaction with a group of four circular cylinders. The physical process of wave breaking involves many parameters, and an accurate numerical modeling of breaking waves and the interaction with a structure remain a challenge. In the present study, the open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model REEF3D is used to simulate the breaking wave interaction with multiple cylinders. The numerical model is based on the incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, the level set method for the free surface, and the k–ω model for turbulence. The numerical model is validated with experimental data of large-scale experiments for the free surface elevation and the breaking wave force on a single cylinder. A good agreement is obtained between the numerical results and experimental data. Two different configurations with four cylinders are examined: in-line square configuration and diamond square configuration. For both configurations, three different tank widths and four different spacings between the cylinders are investigated. The breaking wave forces on each cylinder in the group are computed for each case for the two configurations, and the results are compared with the breaking wave force on a single isolated cylinder. Furthermore, the study investigates the water surface elevations and the free surface flow features around the cylinders. For the closely spaced cylinders in a relatively narrower tank, the cylinders in both configurations experience the maximum forces lower than the maximum force on a single cylinder. But for the widely spaced cylinder in a relatively wider tank, the forces are higher and lower for the upstream cylinders and downstream cylinders, respectively, than the maximum force on a single isolated cylinder. The results of the present study show that the interference effects from the neighboring cylinders in a group strongly influence the kinematics around and the breaking wave forces on them.