bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Communication Thinking — New Values Within PR Language
Authors: Minyar-Belorucheva A. , Sergienko P.
Published: September 2022

The article examines the language of public relations (PR) discourse, which conveys both universal and culture-specific values in the professional activities of PR councilors. Within the framework of modern communication studies, the focus is on the change of value orientations caused by the paradigmatic transformations of communicative thinking in the new era promoted by the Western world. The objective the article is to analyze the particularities of modern value concepts implemented in the language of PR specialists, both at the local and global levels. The methodology of the work is based on linguistic research and achievements in the field of communication studies of Russian and foreign theorists of leading scientific schools. Research methods include content analysis, continuous sampling, philological analysis, as well as general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. Modern PR communication participated in values shift and modification of ideological ideas through communicative practices inherent in PR discourse. In conclusion, it has been found out that new value concepts within the framework of PR discourse are a new volatile reality of Western society, which must be studied to expand interdisciplinary knowledge and increase the pragmatic component of communicative research. The novelty of the research lies in the identification of ideological shifts embodied in the practice and language of PR communication, which also determines the practical significance of the presented work. In conclusion, it is noted that public relations specialists need to create messages taking into account the transformations taking place in modern global society. The obtained research results can be used in the process of teaching the theory of communication studies, intercultural communication and public relations writing practice.
Linguistic Security. Anti-Vaccination as a Communicative Threat: Linguistic Mechanisms of Consciousness Manipulation
Authors: Slyshkin G. , Malygina L. , Pavlova E. , Yaczyao Syuy
Published: September 2022

Review of the round table "Linguistic security. Anti-vaccination as a communicative threat: linguistic mechanisms of consciousness manipulation", organized by the staff of the research laboratory "Linguistic security and psychology of information impact" of the Institute of Law and National Security of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation. Non-institutional information flows of medical topics (news in the media, blogs, Internet forums, public in social networks), which have become a significant factor in the functioning of the public health system, are considered. Particular attention is paid to the discussion of the increasing potential for a destructive impact on the consciousness of patients through the presentation of unreliable (erroneous or deliberately false) information in the communicative space. The importance of a linguistically safe environment for national security is noted. Such concepts as “covid dissident” and “vaccine dissident” and their impact on society are considered, foreign experience in countering “anti-vaccination” is analyzed. Based on the results of the discussion, tactics were proposed for consolidating society in times of crisis, for the formation of a linguistically safe media environment in terms of the values of medicine and healthcare, and directions for further work to counter destructive information flows using the arsenal of linguistic expertise were outlined. A roadmap for a system for monitoring linguistic security and countering linguo-communicative threats is proposed.
Rank-Dependent Utility Under Multiple Priors
Authors: Wang Fan
Published: September 2022

Nonlinear perception of risk is integrated into models of decision under ambiguity, thereby providing a theoretical basis for behavioral analyses that involve both risk and ambiguity. The main model replaces the risk front of maxmin expected utility by rank-dependent utility, and it is derived from simple, observable axioms that are not restricted to expected utility under risk. The model highlights the interaction between risk attitude and ambiguity attitude, and it is compatible with the paradoxical choices hypothesized by Machina. Following the same idea, nonlinear perception of risk can also be integrated into variational and multiplier preferences. When applied to comparative ambiguity attitudes, the idea enables more comparisons by allowing for both heterogeneous taste and perception of risk.

This paper was accepted by Ilia Tsetlin, behavioral economics and decision analysis.
How Endogenization of the Reference Point Affects Loss Aversion: A Study of Portfolio Selection
Authors: He Xue Dong , Strub Moris S.
Published: September 2022

Endogenization of the Reference Point Reduces Loss Aversion

A central idea in behavioral economics is that agents derive utility from gain and losses relative to a certain reference point and that losses loom larger than gains. In “How Endogenization of the Reference Point Affects Loss Aversion: A Study of Portfolio Selection,” He and Strub study the implications of various models of partially endogenous reference points on portfolio selection. In these models, an agent faces a salient exogenous reference point that influences the formation of endogenously determined expectations about the future, through rational expectations, optimal expectations, or mental updating of the reference point. A key finding is that the predictions of these models are identical to a model with an exogenous reference point but a lower degree of loss aversion. This suggests that it is difficult to separately identify an agent’s degree of loss aversion and his or her reference point and may help to explain why experienced and sophisticated agents appear to be less loss averse than expected in some field settings.
Product Ranking in the Presence of Social Learning
Authors: Maglaras Costis , Scarsini Marco , Shin Dongwook , Vaccari Stefano
Published: September 2022

Optimal Policies for Online Platforms When Social Learning Occurs

Before buying products online, consumers read the reviews written by the previous customers. If they buy the product, they write a review themselves. When the product is of unknown quality, consumers learn it over time; that is, social learning occurs. If consumers have various purchase options of similar products of different brands, the platform that they use may affect this social learning by choosing the order in which the products appear on its website. In “Product Ranking in the Presence of Social Learning,” Maglaras, Scarsini, Shin, and Vaccari compare various policies that the platform may adopt, with the goal of maximizing its revenue collected from commission fees for sold items. The criterion to compare the policies is the worst-case regret with respect to a fully informed platform benchmark.
Somos, fomos, estamos ou seremos?
Authors: Tarran Clarisse
Published: September 2022

SOMOS, FOMOS, ESTAMOS OU SEREMOS? é um texto da artista Clarisse Tarran que aborda a necessidade de não linearidade na construção narrativa de movimentos da história da arte e da urgência de crítica ao sistema atual nas artes visuais brasileira.
Sobre o cheiro do tabaco
Authors: Tarran Clarisse
Published: September 2022

Série de três manipulações digitais sobre a foto tida como imagem ícone da Semana Arte Moderna de 1922, feita em 1924 no almoço em homenagem a Paulo Prado no Hotel Terminus em SP de autoria desconhecida. Da esquerda para a direita, de cima para baixo: o jornalista italiano Francesco Pettinati, Flamínio Ferreira, René Thiollier; (abaixo) Manuel Bandeira; Sampaio Vidal, que participaria da fundação do Partido Democrático; Paulo Prado, Graça Aranha, Manuel Villaboim, que trabalhava na Cia. Prado Chaves, cujo presidente era Paulo Prado; (abaixo) Couto de Barros, Mário de Andrade, Cândido Mota Filho, Gofredo da Silva Teles, genro de Olívia Penteado; (sentados) Rubens Borba de Moraes, Luís Aranha, Tácito de Almeida e, à frente, Oswald de Andrade.
Currículo na Educação Infantil: a pandemia e o desenvolvimento humano
Authors: Carbonieri Juliana , Magalhães Cassiana
Published: September 2022

O presente artigo busca sistematizar reflexões acerca da percepção dos pesquisadores e dos Movimentos Sociais em relação ao Parecer CNE/CP 05/2020 por meio da análise das contribuições geradas após a homologação do referido Parecer. O texto faz o exercício de pensar os impactos gerados, em especial para a organização do currículo na Educação Infantil. A questão norteadora foi: Quais os impactos do Parecer 05/2020 na educação infantil no Brasil no período pandêmico? Configura-se como uma revisão sistemática em base de dados, visando artigos revisados por pares, publicados entre junho de 2020 a junho de 2021. O resultado permitiu evidenciar risco iminente da adoção de livros didáticos para a etapa e a possibilidade de ensino doméstico como intenções do Parecer CNE/CP 05/2020. Ressalta-se ainda, a circunstância imposta pela Pandemia não exclui as especificidades da educação infantil e, torna-se imperativo exclamarem sobre a iminência da perda dos direitos conquistados e suas consequências.
The impact of SMS reminders on adherence to medication and care plans after coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Authors: Bikmoradi Ali , Omidvar Safoora , Roshanaei Ghodratollah , Khatiban Mahnaz , Harorani Mehdi
Published: September 2022

Background/Aims

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery requires specialised long-term follow up, and non-adherence to a care plan may lead to complications. This study aimed to assess the effects of SMS reminders on adherence to medication and care plans among patients who had been discharged from hospital after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Methods

A randomised controlled trial was performed in Iran, with eligible patients divided into an intervention (n=40) and a control (n=40) group. All participants completed a questionnaire measuring their adherence to their medication and care plan 1 day before discharge from the hospital. The intervention group received SMS reminders about their treatment plan plus routine care, while the control group received routine care only. The study lasted for 6 weeks. One week after the completion of the intervention period, both groups filled in the questionnaire again and the results were compared. Independent and paired t-tests were used to assess the significance of results.

Results

There were no significant differences between the two groups before the intervention. Compared to baseline, the intervention group had significantly improved adherence to their medication and care plans (P<0.001) after the intervention. These improvements were significantly greater than those seen in the control group (P<0.001).

Conclusions

An SMS reminder is a useful and cost-effective way to improve adherence to medication and care plans among patients discharged from hospital after coronary artery bypass graft surgery, as part of follow-up care.
The New Model Army
Authors: Gentles Ian
Published: September 2022

The New Model Army was one of the most formidable fighting forces ever assembled. Formed in 1645, it was crucial in overthrowing the monarchy and propelling one of its most brilliant generals, Oliver Cromwell, to power during the English Revolution. Paradoxically, it was also instrumental in restoring the king in 1660. This authoritative history examines the full scope of the New Model Army. As a fighting force it engineered regicide, pioneered innovative military tactics, and helped to keep Cromwell in power as Lord Protector until his death. All the while, those within its ranks promoted radical political ideas inspired by the Levellers and held dissenting religious beliefs. The book explores how brilliant battlefield maneuvering and logistical prowess contributed to its victories—and demonstrates the vital role religion played in building morale and military effectiveness.
The Political Wars, 1646–48 Part I: From the King’s Surrender to the Assault on Parliament
Authors: Gentles Ian
Published: September 2022

This chapter illustrates the New Model Army's religious and political character. It looks at the strife surrounding its creation and its early reputation for religious radicalism. Right from the start, the New Model had been called ‘the Independent Army’. The chapter also examines Colonel Edward Massie's Western Brigade, noting that there had long been friction between the brigade and the New Model. The superior discipline of the New Model proved to be a telling factor in the Commons' decision to preserve it at the expense of Massie's brigade. It then emphasizes that the survival of the New Model was due to the superior strength of the parliamentary Independents, against the Presbyterians led by Essex and Holles. As with most political victories, the triumph of the Independents over the party of Essex and Holles was not a clean one. The chapter discusses the imminent departure of the Scots, and the Presbyterian triumph in London. It also considers the imminent extinction of the New Model, and analyses the arguments over whether or when to invade London, how to treat with the king, and whether to impose a constitutional settlement on England.
Barebone’s Parliament and the Protectorate, 1653–56
Authors: Gentles Ian
Published: September 2022

This chapter begins with a discussion about what form of government should replace the Rump. It debates over how to reshape the sovereign power in the wake of the Long Parliament's demise, arguing on the Old Testament model of the Jewish Sanhedrin. The chapter shifts to discuss the draft constitution under which the assembly was governed. As the chapter explains, the assembly soon acquired the mocking nickname ‘Barebone's Parliament’, after one of its members, Praise-God Barebone. The chapter then reviews the House resolutions for the abolition of the Court of Chancery and the framing of a completely new body of law. It cites several reasons for the failure of the radical agenda in Barebone's Parliament. A careless attitude towards the army's financial welfare, combined with indifference to the army's honour led moderates, with covert support from the army, to pull the plug on Barebone's Parliament. The chapter next explicates the first Protectoral Parliament under the terms of the Instrument of Government. It then presents the two major instances of early military opposition to the Protectorate: the Three Colonels' Petition and the so-called ‘Overton's plot’.
The Army brings back the King, 1659–60
Authors: Gentles Ian
Published: September 2022

This chapter stresses that England was once again in the hands of a naked military dictatorship. It examines the whirlwind changes that shaped the political destiny of England. For the next two and a half months, striving to govern a sullen and resentful populace, they would flounder under inept leadership. The chapter introduces General George Monck who gained his position by deploying political skill of a far higher order than any of his counterparts in England. It elaborates on the power that religious radicals exercised over the London officers, then demonstrates Monck's determination to save the English church from such fanatics. The chapter follows how Monck went public with his support for the Rump and his defiance of the Wallingford House Junto. It argues that his intention was merely to put an end to military dictatorship by restoring the supremacy of Parliament. The chapter explores the pressures to end the military dictatorship. It then highlights Monck's unfailing sense of timing and his careful neutralisation of all opposition which led to the peaceful return of the monarchy.
Founding Immigrants
Authors: Bon Tempo Carl J. , Diner Hasia R.
Published: September 2022

Immigration from the British Isles as well as from parts of the German speaking lands laid the basis for the white population of North America. The connection between place of origin and religion mattered much as immigrants decided where to settle and when but economic possibilities drew men and women to the colonies. Many came in some form of indentured servitude, considering it economically advantageous, despite hardship and abuses, to enter into a contract with an employer in America or to a ship captain who would bring them across the Atlantic.
The Masses Arrive as the Door Starts to Close, 1882–1921
Authors: Bon Tempo Carl J. , Diner Hasia R.
Published: September 2022

The decades from the 1880s through the 1920s represented a high point of immigration, primarily from eastern and southern Europe. Drawn to America’s great industrial surge, individuals and families made the move and despite the increased bureaucratization of immigration as the federal government assumed control of the process, they considered immigration to the United States an attractive life choice.
Newcomers and World War II
Authors: Bon Tempo Carl J. , Diner Hasia R.
Published: September 2022

World War II generated immense labor needs in the United States, resulting in the beginning of the Bracero program that brought tens of thousands of Mexican temporary workers to the U.S. In the face of the European refugee crisis, political, economic, cultural, and foreign policy concerns led to a less than robust American response. During the war, the U.S. tightened border security and incarcerated those of Japanese descent, but also began to end Asian exclusion.
More Giveaways Sow More Seeds of Discontent
Authors: Leshy John D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter takes a look at further major instances of public land grants. While Congress was bestowing huge grants of public lands on the western railroads, it was also furnishing the legal basis for extracting minerals found on the public lands, particularly through the Mining Law of 1872. Railroads were the largest beneficiary, because coal was replacing wood as their primary fuel source. The chapter also considers two other important questions of public land policy—water and rights-of-way for canals and highways. Additionally, the chapter examines the period in the post-Civil War era generally known as the “Gilded Age.” During this time, many public land laws enacted in the first decades after the Civil War led to large businesses acquiring control of, and in many cases title to, vast amounts of public land, allowing them to wield much power over the lives of ordinary Americans.
Moving Beyond “Paper Parks”
Authors: Leshy John D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers the challenges of making the two million acres of public land at Yellowstone available as a “pleasuring-ground” for people's “enjoyment” while holding park resources “in their natural condition.” For the first several years, Yellowstone's remoteness was its chief protection. As the number of visitors began to grow, and neither a cultural ethic nor specific rules were available to guide visitors' conduct, reports soon began to emerge that that the park's natural attractions were either being defaced or slaughtered for game. But the government could do little without personnel or legal machinery in place to provide meaningful protection. Furthermore, private enterprises, especially railroads, played a complicated role in the matter. Among the first promoters of western tourism, they often supported keeping scenic attractions in public ownership. But a dogged focus on bottom-line profit sometimes led them, as at Yellowstone, to support measures that threatened the very values that made these places attractive. In the end, two unlikely allies emerged as leaders of the campaign to rescue Yellowstone from these threats—General Philip Sheridan and Senator George Vest.
The Campaign for Forest Reservations Gains Momentum
Authors: Leshy John D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores forest reservation policies. Reservation bills were introduced in Congress throughout the 1880s. Some would have simply reserved all public forested lands, while others would have given the president some discretion in the matter. Some focused broadly on safeguarding water supplies and reducing the risk of erosion and flooding, while others sought to preserve trees in order to sustain wood supplies. Some would have created “parks” rather than “forest reserves”—distinctions between the two labels did not begin to emerge for another decade or two. The chapter shows the extent of these debates as reservation of public lands was conducted by the executive and judiciary, and the lessons learned from reservation efforts in the Adirondack Mountains, the Niagara Falls, and Canada.
The Forest Service Takes Control of the Forest Reserves
Authors: Leshy John D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers the business of handing over much of the ordinary business of administering American public lands to a nonpartisan, relatively permanent bureaucracy. Although the public lands were never at the leading edge in the campaign for civil service reform toward the end of the 1800s, they were far from the margins. The shift in public land policy toward reserving more and more lands from divestment changed the question from whether the national government would develop an institutional capacity to manage these lands in the national interest to how it would do so. The transition did not happen quickly, however. But it went hand in hand with the growing strength of the movement to retain substantial amounts of public land permanently in national ownership.
Roosevelt and Congress Use Public Lands to Protect Wildlife Habitat
Authors: Leshy John D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter deals with how the national government adopted numerous measures to protect wildlife habitats, sometimes through executive acts like Theodore Roosevelt's at Pelican Island, and sometimes through congressional action. These early wildlife refuges contained many fewer acres of public land than the forest reserves, and it would be another couple of decades before the United States began to acquire significant amounts of private land for national wildlife refuges. The government also moved rather slowly to develop the institutional capacity to handle the increasing federal responsibility for wildlife. And yet, after a century of little action in this area, public lands came to be used to protect wildlife and habitat in the Roosevelt era at an astounding rate. That the executive and Congress moved in tandem and protected many areas outside the West showed how popular these measures were across the nation.
Roosevelt and National Parks
Authors: Leshy John D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines American national parks during Theodore Roosevelt's administration. A few national parks were established during Roosevelt's presidency, some notable and some less so. In 1902, he signed into law a measure establishing Crater Lake National Park in Oregon. In June 1906, Roosevelt approved a bill establishing Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado. The other national parks established during Roosevelt's presidency were a curious assemblage of places where Congress succumbed to what a longtime leader of the National Park Service once described as the “parochial enthusiasm of local politicians.” However, Roosevelt's impact on the national parks cannot be measured solely by the number of parks established during his time in office, because a goodly number of the many forest reserves, game ranges, and national monuments he established eventually became national parks.
Public Lands and the Future
Authors: Leshy John D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter presents ongoing challenges in public land policy. Climate change is a significant concern here, as it alters natural qualities that were a primary reason why the United States decided to retain or acquire certain pieces of land. Closely related to the climate challenge are grave threats to biodiversity. The chapter also considers the exponential growth of the recreational use of public lands. Meanwhile, extractive uses on public lands have diminished sharply in importance. Indeed, public lands are responsible for a declining share of petroleum exploration and development in the nation. And even though public lands are vast, the cost of managing them is extremely small when measured against other demands on the federal treasury.
Celebrity as Strategy
Authors: Jones Elizabeth D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores how researchers employed a number of strategies to aid their exploration of ancient DNA research. In their pursuit of DNA from fossils, scientists engaged in a data-driven strategy in terms of pursuing valuable samples, state-of-the-art technologies and techniques, and the molecular information (DNA) that could be recovered from accessible samples using those existing technologies. At the same time, they engaged in a question-driven strategy by asking and answering questions about the theoretical preservation and potential extraction of DNA from fossil material, and asking historical or biological questions about the organisms or populations under investigation. But researchers also adopted a further research strategy: a celebrity-driven strategy. With this strategy, scientists capitalized on publicity opportunities and created their own opportunities for attention too in order to communicate the excitement as well as value of this new line of research to professional, public, and political audiences.
Empires of Eurasia
Authors: Mankoff Jeffrey
Published: September 2022

Famously described by Mackinder as the “geographic pivot of history,” Eurasia was for thousands of years an arena for exchange and geopolitical competition among empires, among them the predecessors of today’s Chinese, Iranian, Russian, and Turkish states. When these Eurasian empires collapsed in the first decades of the 20th century, the states that replaced them still bore traces of the imperial legacy, even as rulers like Atatürk, Lenin, Mao, and the Pahlavi shahs actively denigrated their imperial predecessors. Cold War-era rivalries and alignments also reduced the salience of central Eurasia as a focal point for imperial competition. Since the end of the Cold War, these imperial legacies have grown more salient and more visible. The collapse of the USSR, China’s attempt to expand development from its eastern coast to its western periphery, and, more recently, the gradual reconnection of Eurasia to global markets through the construction of transit, infrastructure, and trade linkages have created opportunities for China, Iran, Russia, and Turkey to once again project power and influence into their Eurasian hinterlands in patterns structurally, institutionally, and ideologically shaped by the imperial legacies they each inherited. Their shared challenges include contested historical narratives, tension between national and trans-national identity discourses, and unstable borders. Leaders in all four states intervene in debates about historical memory, evoking the imperial past as a golden age and a template for their own ambitions.
Russia’s Near Abroad and the Geopolitics of Empire
Authors: Mankoff Jeffrey
Published: September 2022

The South Caucasus and Central Asia remained on the periphery of both the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. The Soviet collapse left a vacuum in the South Caucasus and Central Asia that other powers sought to fill. Today, Moscow seeks to maintain the South Caucasus and Central Asia as a buffer zone against what it views as threats to its own security, ranging from drug trafficking to radical Islamists to NATO. Putin’s Russia uses a range of tools to project influence in the region, including manipulation of conflicts on its neighbors’ territory, control of infrastructure and media outlets, as well as, occasionally, military force. It also promotes schemes for regional integration like the Eurasian Economic Union to limit or slow the South Caucasus and Central Asian states’ drift out of Russia’s sphere of influence.
Iranian Identity and Iran’s “Empire of the Mind”
Authors: Mankoff Jeffrey
Published: September 2022

Ancient Iran took its identity from the existence of a Persianate cultural realm stretching from the Euphrates to the Indus. With the coming of Islam, Iran became integrated with the wider Muslim world, but the “idea of Iran” endured, and with it the recognition of Iran as a distinct entity within the Muslim world. Iran’s distinctive identity took on additional significance with the conversion to Shi’ism under the Safavids, which set Iran off from its Sunni rivals and established new connections with centers of Shi’ite learning, including the shrine cities of Iraq and Lebanon. Since the Islamic Revolution, this Shi’ite dimension has become increasingly salient as a driver of Iranian foreign policy, though the Islamic Republic also inherited a more recent tradition of Persian-centric nationalism, connected to Pahlavi efforts to replace Iran’s imperial model of overlapping sovereignties—the “protected kingdoms of Iran (Mamalik Mahruse-e Iran)”—with a Persian nation-state. Today, Tehran seeks to bring the Shi’ite populations of the Greater Middle East from Lebanon to Afghanistan under its influence, forging a Shi’ite counterweight to Sunni powers like Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Turkey—even while continuing to support Sunni Islamists whose strategic objectives align with its own.
China’s Inner Asian Borderlands
Authors: Mankoff Jeffrey
Published: September 2022

The challenge of diversity is especially acute along China’s Inner Asian periphery, which encompasses Northeastern China, previously referred to as Manchuria, and the autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Tibet, and Xinjiang. These areas were intermittently controlled by Sinitic states based on the Central Plain, but most comprehensively integrated with “China proper” during periods of rule by Inner Asian dynasties like the Mongol Yuan and the Manchu Qing. By the last decades of Qing rule, new ideas about national identity and the threat posed by European and, later, Japanese imperialism sparked efforts to extend the system of provincial administration prevailing in the eighteen provinces of “China proper” to Inner Asia. Following the Qing collapse, foreign support helped sustain Tibet and Xinjiang from reconquest by China for decades. Today, Tibet and Xinjiang remain only partly integrated into the political and social fabric of the PRC. In recent years, this legacy of foreign intervention and separatism has led Beijing to intensify efforts to secure its hold in both Tibet and Xinjiang, adopting a strategy mirroring the approaches of Eurasia’s other postimperial states, albeit magnified by China’s comparative wealth and access to modern technology.
Seeking Social Solutions at Home
Authors: Corfield Penelope J.
Published: September 2022

This chapter talks about the continuing preoccupation of Georgian social thought: coordinating mass societies and achieving collective harmony. It argues that Georgian society had plenty of visionary advocates of community-based alternatives, mentioning the radical egalitarian Thomas Spence. His efforts constituted one of many examples of utopian and visionary projects in this era. Alongside such communitarian visions, the chapter also introduces an alternative emphasis coming to the fore, one based upon individual ‘rights’. The concept was familiar, being derived from law. The chapter describes the affluent's contradictory attitudes: hoping for low-cost welfare, yet fearing the dangers of disorder should the impoverished become too unruly. These competing pressures combined to shape the Georgians' evolving social policies.
Middlocrats
Authors: Corfield Penelope J.
Published: September 2022

This chapter addresses the formative emergence of the middle class. It uses the word ‘middlocrats’, an invented term to convey the authority of those in the so-called ‘middle’ between the ostensible rulers and the outwardly ruled, in both town and country. The chapter then highlights that the language of ‘class’ was gliding slowly into currency. The new terminology, which later acquired its own rigidities, began as a loose form of social description, contrasting with earlier references to precise ‘ranks’ and ‘degrees’. This chapter then jumps to examine how the existence of these middlocrats immediately contradicted any idea that British society faced a binary divide between extremes of great wealth and great poverty. It then notes that middlocrats were to be found throughout the three traditional realms, particularly in the towns; and they recruited families from diverse ethnic heritages. Theirs was a competitive world; and, as the chapter shows, fortunes fell as well as rose.
The Advent of the Workers
Authors: Corfield Penelope J.
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks at the shifting of ‘labouring poor’ or ‘lower orders’ into ‘workers’. Far from being passive beings at the foot of the social ladder, the chapter notes that Georgian masses were sharing in the general social ferment—and making their own history. It emphasizes that Britain's economic transformation had the effect of increasing the number of skilled workers, the range of their skills, and a new cultural awareness of their positive role. The chapter also reviews how most Georgian Britons could detect obvious divergences between ‘refined’ and ‘low’ speech, as well as the multitude of regional accents. The chapter then tackles the persistence of class and other differences in speech and the spread of standard English. It investigates how language partly divided and partly united the British people in the Georgian era, and argues that it was not surprising that the terminology of social description was itself in flux.
Georgians in an Age of Experimentation
Authors: Corfield Penelope J.
Published: September 2022

This chapter analyses how the turbo-charged society of Georgian Britain and Ireland produced a major transformation in human history. It emphasizes that not all plans for innovation succeeded, noting that experimentation, which opened the floodgates, entailed ‘trial and error’. The chapter shifts to discuss how empiricism became a Georgian cultural mantra. The concept was taken at once to signify the avoidance of dogmatic extremes and equally a willingness to apply ad hoc measures. It also reviews the need for rational testing, and demonstrates how rational enquiry and debates were seen as central to all forms of learning. The chapter looks at the subjectivity of human brainpower. It argues that an antidote to error was offered by shared questioning and debate—and, for scientists, by repeated experimentation.
On Failing to Make a Map in Time
Authors: Guldi Jo
Published: September 2022

This chapter describes writing, maps, and other devices of paper as instruments of power, as only the few could read in colonial India and most nations under British rule. During the Raj, and for many centuries before it, written laws tended to reflect the values of these literate few. The chapter talks about Indian economists and American observers that agreed on the historical role of paper under colonization: Britain's regime of paper documentation and regulation of the economy favored the colonizer. It analyzes the need for maps in developing nations, which attracted the notice of the United Nations. The administrators at the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization attempted to contrive a plan that would support farmers and peasants around the world in creating an open system of land governance, capable of supporting a global redistribution of land.
Techniques of the Mystic
Authors: Guldi Jo
Published: September 2022

This chapter talks about Vinoba Bhave, who became one of Mahtama Gandhi's acolytes in the 1930s that help run the ashrams associated with the satyagraha movement. After Gandhi's assassination in 1948, Vinoba became the prophet of a new political movement that drew on Gandhi's ideas. The chapter explores Vinoba's strategy that was grounded in nonviolent action but had a new meaning in the context of Indian independence. It details how Vinoba challenged Indian society to collaborate to extend the opportunities available to the poor through radical, spontaneous, and individual acts such as the gifting of land. Vinoba's insistence on voluntary individual actions provided a pivotal new vision for both Asian and Western skeptics of the state's centralized authority.
The Technique of the Squat
Authors: Guldi Jo
Published: September 2022

This chapter highlights the claim of anarchist writer and social historian Colin Ward of the “one-night house.” According to Ward, it was a universal rule that anywhere in the world, if someone constructed a house between sundown and sunrise, the builder would have gained a moral entitlement to the house and land, enforced by occupation. The chapter explains that Ward's theory encapsulated the idea of a universal right of occupation, a concept with origins in popular movements that had captured the attention of academics and policy makers around the world. The chapter then describes the activities of squatters who built one-night houses on empty land in the countryside or moved into abandoned houses in the city at the beginning of the 1970s. Squatting appealed to individuals who rejected the role of the state in a functioning society, and who trusted markets and individual initiative to distribute resources fairly.
Monopolists and Interlopers
Authors: Smith Edmond
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses monopolists and interlopers. English commercial culture was often collaborative, which was reinforced by institutional arrangements that helped regulate international activities. The chapter also covers the debate between merchants and parliament over the efficacy of the corporate and monopolistic structure of the overseas trade in England. It notes the effort corporations are willing to go through to keep safe, such as putting differences aside to respond to risks of competition threatening current members. Outsiders, interlopers, and renegade members are recognised as common threats to monopolistic practices. Competitions are likely to be fierce across various corporations for control of specific commodities.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Edmond
Published: September 2022

This chapter explains the expansion of merchants' operations in England and across the globe. It also notes the prominent roles of corporations in the commercial community and members in employing frameworks and structures. The behavioural practices merchants learned, such as overseeing distant agents and reporting standards imposed by merchants and private corporations, remained valuable assets that could be used in other industries than just commerce. The chapter also covers the militarization and colonisation of trade. England's merchants shaped the country's trade and empire not just by creating the frameworks in which commerce and colonisation could occur. Thus, despite England's colonial activities, merchants still maintained an essential role within the empire.
Workplace Bullying and Its Implications for Gender Transformation in the South African Higher Education Sector
Authors: Mangolothi Brightness , Pelisa Mnguni Peliwe
Published: September 2022

While transformation in the higher education sector in South Africa has been the subject of intensive research since 1994, few studies have explored the link between workplace bullying and transformation. Whereas workplace bullying has drawn researchers’ attention for decades, it is only recently that scholars have started to interrogate the phenomenon through the intersectional lens. This paper employs intersectionality to explore women academics’ experiences of workplace bullying and to suggest links between workplace bullying and gender transformation in the higher education sector in South Africa. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a cross-section of 25 women academics who had experienced workplace bullying. As part of data triangulation, four union representatives and three human resources practitioners were also interviewed. The study’s main findings indicate that gender, race and class mediate women academics’ experiences of workplace bullying. In historically White universities, African, Coloured and Indian women academics, particularly those from working-class backgrounds, are more likely to be bullied, by seniors, peers, administrators and students. For White women academics, race ameliorates their workplace bullying experiences. The simultaneous effects of race, gender and class derail transformation as members of previously disadvantaged groups either remain stuck in junior academic positions, or exit the sector.
Theoretical development
Authors: Peace Sheila
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses theoretical perspectives underpinning environmental and geographical gerontology. Prior to the 1960s, early work in north America and western Europe from psychology and sociology saw developmental psychologists identify the relationship between personal needs, motivating behaviour and what was called environmental press (Murray, Lewin), while urban sociologists reported the negative impact of environmental deprivation (Park and Burgess). This work outside gerontology contributed to Kleemeier initiating environmental gerontology in 1959. Late 20th and 21st century development by multidisciplinary authors focused at individual and community level on older people’s interaction with living environments. Key authors (Lawton, Rowles, Rubinstein, Golant) examine(d) : person-environment interaction; place attachment; relocation, place theory, environmental press/congruence; the role of personal competence, agency, and impact on wellbeing. Additionally, aspects of materiality through built form alongside cultural and personal meaning of ageing self are seen in work of Wahl, Oswald, Chaudhury, Diaz Moore, Iwarsson. On-going critique supports applied and interdisciplinary research and recognises the value of life course perspectives. Finally, perspectives commonly associated with geographical gerontology introduce non-representational theory (Thrift, Skinner) and relational theory (Massey, Cutchin) – as approaches contributing diverse understanding of spatial ageing.
Housing in later life
Authors: Peace Sheila
Published: September 2022

This chapter turns to general needs housing in UK/England; the dwellings of most older people focusing on this mainstream housing where housing type, tenure, standards, and markets embed individual housing histories. Discussion of housing development during the 20th century contextualises environments of ageing identified through the English Housing Survey examining tenure and balance between owner-occupation and renting; housing satisfaction; cultural diversity and access to liminal spaces. From this profile the built environment and housing policy are considered – from ‘lifetime homes’ to HAPPI principles – looking at how building and planning regulations affect housing design that may make settings more or less inclusive. Finally, focus turns to the changing nature of housing including: the need and capacity for home adaptation; SMART homes; homes as a place of care, and co-designing housing alternatives.
Epilogue
Authors: Denis Jean-Louis , Germain Sabrina , Régis Catherine , Veronesi Gianluca
Published: September 2022

The Epilogue explores the potential impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the role of medical doctors in health policy. The pandemic has become part of the distal context, potentially triggering sudden policy shifts and more radical healthcare reforms. The key challenges for governments and healthcare systems will be to organise the ‘post-pandemic’ period to allow for a thoughtful process of analysis and understanding drawing from the lessons learnt. Key avenues of reform are likely to consist of restructuring the long-term care sector, redefining on a medium- and long-term horizon the contribution of public health and the role of primary care in a modern PFHS. This should also involve a greater recognition of healthcare professionals working in this area. The institution of professions, and more specifically the institution of medical politics, will be at the heart of this potential shift in policy making and the implementation process.
Journeys into and through local activism under austerity
Authors: Jupp Eleanor
Published: September 2022

This chapter tackles local activism under austerity. Activism and community engagement were deemed as transformative experiences that enabled women to have a sense of self. Women's experiences with activism and citizenship mostly vary on factors such as race, class, location, age, work, and migration status. Moreover, the class position is known to shift in line with migration. Migration, then, can be experienced as trauma or loss of self and identity. In the UK, migrant women tend to deal with conditions of austerity despite the hostile environment caused by the UK policies. Additionally, austerity could be viewed as depoliticising the role of community initiatives.
Austerity politics and infrastructures of care: Children’s Centre closures and activism
Authors: Jupp Eleanor
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks into austerity politics and infrastructures of care. It expounds on the impact of Children's Centres and subsequent closure affecting everyday lives by referencing the policy background and debates surrounding the Sure State Children's Centres. The narratives on Children's Centres either revolve around everyday lives and caring for children, or relationship breakdowns, mental health issues, domestic violence, and bereavement. Localised activism could pose issues due to its conflicting visions of social welfare and collective care. Moreover, austerity constrains the spending on closures and expectations from services and their recipients. Thus, everyday infrastructures of care that offer accessible friendship and support are under threat with austerity cuts.
Origins of child protection in Aotearoa
Authors: Hyslop Ian Kelvin
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks into the origins of child protection in Aotearoa. It starts with the position of social work, which targets the working-class poor in the provision of services and interventions. However, social work focusing on deficits in individual and family conduct instead of structural inequalities is believed to perform a political function to reinforce liberal orthodoxy. Socialist ideology contributes to the historical development of the anglophone society, including the shape of social work in child welfare. The chapter also mentions the impact of the eugenics movement on social work as poor women were the obvious targets for social workers.
The dual nature of flexibility: family-friendly or performance-oriented logic?
Authors: Chung Heejung
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines which companies provide flexible working arrangements and which workers gets access to and uses these arrangements. It first explores the dual nature of flexible working - namely the performance logic vs. family-friendly logic, and summarises theories explaining why employers provide flexible working arrangements and to whom. Finally, the chapter presents empirical evidence testing these theories, and review other published work. The results show that despite popular belief, provision of/access to flexible working may be still driven by performance enhancing goals, rather than work-life balance or well-being goals. When examining who has access to flexible working arrangements, family and care demands of workers have limited explanatory power. Rather, it is better explained by the type of work carried out, the relative value the worker has in the company– i.e. their skill level, and position of seniority/power they carry, and in general how much performance outcomes employers can expect from these workers. This explains why disadvantaged workers, possibly with the most demand for such flexibility, are the least likely to gain access to such arrangements.