bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term nutrient fertilization and the carbon balance of permanent
grassland: any evidence for sustainable intensification?
Authors: Fornara Dario A. , Wasson Elizabeth-Anne , Christie Peter , Watson Catherine J.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Sustainable grassland intensification aims to increase plant yields while maintaining the ability of soil to act as a sink rather than sources of atmospheric CO2. High biomass yields from managed grasslands, however, can be only maintained through long-term nutrient fertilization, which can significantly affect soil carbon (C) storage and cycling. Key questions remain about (1) how long-term inorganic vs. organic fertilization influences soil C stocks, and (2) how soil C gains (or losses) contribute to the long-term C balance of managed grasslands. Using 43 years of data from a permanent grassland experiment, we show that soils not only act as significant C sinks but have not yet reached C saturation. Even unfertilized control soils showed C sequestration rates of 0.35 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 (i.e. 35 g C m−2 yr−1; 0–15 cm depth) between 1970 and 2013. High application rates of liquid manure (i.e. cattle slurry) further increased soil C sequestration to 0.86 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 (i.e. 86 g C m−2 yr−1) and a key cause of this C accrual was greater C inputs from cattle slurry. However, average coefficients of slurry-C retention in soils suggest that 85 % of C added yearly through liquid manure is lost possibly via CO2 fluxes and organic C leaching. Inorganically fertilized soils (i.e. NPK) had the lowest C-gain efficiency (i.e. unit of C gained per unit of N added) and lowest C sequestration (similar to control soils). Soils receiving cattle slurry showed higher C-gain and N-retention efficiencies compared to soils receiving NPK or pig slurry. We estimate that net rates of CO2-sequestration in the top 15 cm of the soil can offset 9–25 % of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions from intensive management. However, because of multiple GHG sources associated with livestock farming, the net C balance of these grasslands remains positive (9–12 Mg CO2-equivalent ha−1 yr−1), thus contributing to climate change. Further C-gain efficiencies (e.g. reduced enteric fermentation and use of feed concentrates, better nutrient management) are required to make grassland intensification more sustainable.
Fate of terrigenous organic matter across the Laptev Sea from the mouth of
the Lena River to the deep sea of the Arctic interior
Authors: Bröder Lisa , Tesi Tommaso , Salvadó Joan A. , Semiletov Igor P. , Dudarev Oleg V. , Gustafsson Örjan
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Ongoing global warming in high latitudes may cause an increasing supply of permafrost-derived organic carbon through both river discharge and coastal erosion to the Arctic shelves. Mobilized permafrost carbon can be either buried in sediments, transported to the deep sea or degraded to CO2 and outgassed, potentially constituting a positive feedback to climate change. This study aims to assess the fate of terrigenous organic carbon (TerrOC) in the Arctic marine environment by exploring how it changes in concentration, composition and degradation status across the wide Laptev Sea shelf. We analyzed a suite of terrestrial biomarkers as well as source-diagnostic bulk carbon isotopes (δ13C, Δ14C) in surface sediments from a Laptev Sea transect spanning more than 800 km from the Lena River mouth (< 10 m water depth) across the shelf to the slope and rise (2000–3000 m water depth). These data provide a broad view on different TerrOC pools and their behavior during cross-shelf transport. The concentrations of lignin phenols, cutin acids and high-molecular-weight (HMW) wax lipids (tracers of vascular plants) decrease by 89–99 % along the transect. Molecular-based degradation proxies for TerrOC (e.g., the carbon preference index of HMW lipids, the HMW acids ∕ alkanes ratio and the acid ∕ aldehyde ratio of lignin phenols) display a trend to more degraded TerrOC with increasing distance from the coast. We infer that the degree of degradation of permafrost-derived TerrOC is a function of the time spent under oxic conditions during protracted cross-shelf transport. Future work should therefore seek to constrain cross-shelf transport times in order to compute a TerrOC degradation rate and thereby help to quantify potential carbon–climate feedbacks.
The Quantification and Correction of Wind-Induced Precipitation Measurement Errors
Authors: Kochendorfer John , Rasmussen Roy , Wolff Mareile , Baker Bruce , Hall Mark  E. , Meyers Tilden , Landolt Scott , Jachcik Al , Isaksen Ketil , Brækkan Ragnar , Leeper Ronald
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Hydrologic measurements are becoming increasingly important for both the short and long term management of water resources. Of all the terms in the hydrologic budget, precipitation is the typically most important input. However, measurements of precipitation are still subject to large errors and biases. For example, a high-quality but unshielded weighing precipitation gauge can collect less than 50 % of the actual amount of solid precipitation when wind speeds exceed 5 ms−1. Using results from two different precipitation testbeds, such errors have been assessed for unshielded weighing gauges and for four of the most common windshields currently in use. Functions used to correct wind-induced undercatch were developed and tested. In addition, corrections for the single Altar weighing gauge were developed using the combined results of two separate sites, one of which was in Norway and other in the US. In general the results indicate that corrections described as a function of air temperature and wind speed effectively remove the undercatch bias that affects such precipitation measurements. In addition, a single ‘universal’ function developed for the single Altar gauges effectively removed the bias at both sites, with the bias at the US site improved from −12 % to 0 %, and the bias at the Norwegian site improved from −27 % to −3 %. These correction functions require only wind speed and air temperature, and were developed for use in national and local precipitation networks, hydrological monitoring, roadway and airport safety work, and climate change research. The techniques used to develop and test these transfer functions at more than one site can also be used for other more comprehensive studies, such as the WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment.
Risk Factors and Perceived Restoration in a Town Destroyed by the 2010 Chile Tsunami
Authors: Martínez Carolina , Rojas Octavio , Villagra Paula , Aránguiz Rafael , Sáez-Carrillo Katia
Published: September 2016

Abstract. A large earthquake and tsunami took place in February 2010, affecting a significant part of the Chilean coast (Maule earthquake (Mw = 8.8). Dichato (37° S), a small town located on Coliumo Bay, was one of the most devastated coastal places and is currently under reconstruction. Therefore, the risk factors which explain the disaster at that time as well as perceived restoration 6 years after the event were analyzed in the present paper. Numerical modeling of the 2010 Chile tsunami with four nested grids was applied to estimate the hazard. Physical, socio-economic and educational dimensions of vulnerability were analyzed for pre- and post-disaster conditions. A perceived restoration study was performed to assess the effects of reconstruction on the community and a principal component analysis was applied for post-disaster conditions. The vulnerability factors that best explained the extent of the disaster were housing conditions, low household incomes and limited knowledge about tsunami events, which conditioned inadequate reactions to the emergency. These factors still constitute the same risks as a result of the reconstruction process, establishing that the occurrence of a similar event would result in a similar degree of disaster. For post-earthquake conditions, it was determined that all neighborhoods have the potential to be restorative environments soon after a tsunami. However, some neighborhoods are still located in areas devastated by the 2010 tsunami and present a high vulnerability to future tsunamis. Therefore, it may be stated that these areas will probably be destroyed again in case of future events.
DUACS DT2014: the new multi-mission altimeter data set reprocessed over 20
years
Authors: Pujol Marie-Isabelle , Faugère Yannice , Taburet Guillaume , Dupuy Stéphanie , Pelloquin Camille , Ablain Michael , Picot Nicolas
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The new DUACS DT2014 reprocessed products have been available since April 2014. Numerous innovative changes have been introduced at each step of an extensively revised data processing protocol. The use of a new 20-year altimeter reference period in place of the previous 7-year reference significantly changes the sea level anomaly (SLA) patterns and thus has a strong user impact. The use of up-to-date altimeter standards and geophysical corrections, reduced smoothing of the along-track data, and refined mapping parameters, including spatial and temporal correlation-scale refinement and measurement errors, all contribute to an improved high-quality DT2014 SLA data set. Although all of the DUACS products have been upgraded, this paper focuses on the enhancements to the gridded SLA products over the global ocean. As part of this exercise, 21 years of data have been homogenized, allowing us to retrieve accurate large-scale climate signals such as global and regional MSL trends, interannual signals, and better refined mesoscale features.An extensive assessment exercise has been carried out on this data set, which allows us to establish a consolidated error budget. The errors at mesoscale are about 1.4 cm2 in low-variability areas, increase to an average of 8.9 cm2 in coastal regions, and reach nearly 32.5 cm2 in high mesoscale activity areas. The DT2014 products, compared to the previous DT2010 version, retain signals for wavelengths lower than  ∼  250 km, inducing SLA variance and mean EKE increases of, respectively, +5.1 and +15 %. Comparisons with independent measurements highlight the improved mesoscale representation within this new data set. The error reduction at the mesoscale reaches nearly 10 % of the error observed with DT2010. DT2014 also presents an improved coastal signal with a nearly 2 to 4 % mean error reduction. High-latitude areas are also more accurately represented in DT2014, with an improved consistency between spatial coverage and sea ice edge position. An error budget is used to highlight the limitations of the new gridded products, with notable errors in areas with strong internal tides.
Rapid Wastage of the Hazen Plateau Ice Caps, Northeastern Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada
Authors: Serreze Mark C. , Raup Bruce , Braun Carsten , Hardy Douglas R. , Bradley Raymond S.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Two pairs of small stagnant ice bodies on the Hazen Plateau of northeastern Ellesmere Island, the St. Patrick Bay ice caps and the Murray and Simmons ice caps, are rapidly shrinking, and the remnants of the St. Patrick Bay ice caps are likely to disappear entirely within the next five years. Vertical aerial photographs of these Little Ice Age relics taken during August of 1959 show that the larger of the St. Patrick Bay ice caps had an area of 7.48 km2, and the smaller one 2.93 km2. The Murray and Simmons ice caps covered 4.37 km2 and 7.45 km2 respectively. Outlines determined from ASTER satellite data for July 2016 show that, compared to 1959, the larger and the smaller of the St. Patrick Bay ice caps had both been reduced to only 5 % of their former area, with the Murray and Simmons ice caps faring better at 39 % and 25 %, likely reflecting their higher elevation. ASTER imagery in conjunction with past GPS surveys documents a strikingly rapid wastage of the St. Patrick Bay ice caps over the last 15 years. These two ice caps shrank noticeably even between 2014 and 2015, apparently in direct response to the especially warm summer of 2015 over northeastern Ellesmere Island. The well-documented recession patterns of the Hazen Plateau ice caps over the last 55+ years offer an opportunity to examine the processes of plant recolonization of polar landscapes.
FABRY KARDIOMIOPATIJA
Authors: Šerpytis Pranas , Petrulionienė Žaneta , Badarienė Jolita , Gargalskaitė Urtė , Danieliūtė Justė , Utkus Algirdas
Published: September 2016

Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD) is a X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations of the GLA gene that encodes α-galactosidase A, what causes intracellular accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and due to this – progressive renal, cardiac and cerebrovascular disease. Whereas men experience the most severe clinical phenotype, clinical presentation in women because of X chromosome inactyvation varies from asymptomatic to severely symptomatic. The most common cardiac manifestations in AFD are left ventricular hypetrophy (LVH), coronary heart disease, conduction system disorders, which causes congestive heart insufficiency, arrhythmias and premature myocardial infarction. Heart disease is the main cause of death in Fabry patients. Electrocardiography, echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, tissue doppler imaging and endomyocardial biopsy are the main Fabry cardiomyopahy diagnostic methods, however the gold standart in AFD diagnosis making is genetic testing. Recent studies show that coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) can be the most important factor, that determines LVH and CMD may represent the only sign of cardiac involvement in AFD patients. Interest is now focused on whether Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT) can slow or prevent the onset of Fabry cardiomyopathy manifestations with earlier diagnosis and treatment, however recent papers show that ERT may have only minimal effect on symptoms and cardiovascular morphology and function in established AFD.
FABRY NEFROPATIJA
Authors: Miglinas Marius , Šerpytis Pranas , Gargalskaitė Urtė , Danieliūtė Justė , Utkus Algirdas
Published: September 2016

Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD) is a X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations of the GLA gene that encodes α-galactosidase A, what causes intracellular accumulation of globotriaosylceramide. The main manifestations of AFD are pain attacks, acroparasthesias, cutaneous angiokeratomas, hypohydrosis, kidney, heart and cerebrovascular disorders. Late life-threatening complications include cardiomyopathy, cerebrovascular disease and renal injury. Fabry nephropathy may not appear with clinical signs and symptoms in childhood, but in the older adulthood occurs with significant proteinuria which leads to terminal kidney disease. Proteinuria, hypertension, high level of serum creatinine and low glomerular filtration rate are the main symptoms of progressive kidney disease. Adequate blood pressure control is recommended as proteinuria appears to be correlated with systemic blood pressure in both sexes. Fabry nephropathy treatment focus on control of hypertension, lipids and proteinuria and the main method of patients with terminal kidney disease treatment is kidney transplantation. When there are lack of the other classical manifestations for patients with renal disease, most of these cases are initially diagnosed as chronic glomerulonephritis. In this clinical case chronic glomerulonephropathy was also stated as preliminary diagnosis. AFD was verified by kidney biopsy and genetic testing.
A Cognitive Approach to Interdiscursivity: A Case of a Literary Discourse
Authors: Algublan Badriah Khalid
Published: September 2016

The research aims at investigating the mechanisms which lie behind interdiscursivity , the force that prompts language users to choose it in communication and the effects it can achieve on the basis of  Sperber & Wilson 's Relevance Theory.

This is an attempt to show the situational, social, and mental dimensions of the role of nterdiscursivity using a number of Relevance Theory concepts, including ostensive behaviour,cognitive environments and implicatures treating interdiscursivity  as an ostensive or marked form of communication.
Vozes, sonoridades e percepções: fragmentos do cotidiano musical de professores da escola de educação básica
Authors: Rodrigues Torres Maria Cecilia de Araujo
Published: September 2016

Este trabalho apresenta algumas teorias do cotidiano que vão subsidiar as análises das falas e escolhas musicais de um grupo de professores de escolas de educação básica durante um curso de formação continuada em música, no qual eles organizaram repertórios musicais para trabalhar com seus alunos, além de repertórios das orquestras participantes do Programa Descubra a Orquestra na Sala São Paulo. Traz também falas e percepções do grupo de professores e alunos que foram captadas na atividade de Roda de conversa, após assistirem aos eventos didáticos. Nas análises dos repertórios selecionados, destaca-se um ecletismo com estilos, compositores e músicas diversas, assim como um conjunto de justificativas que sustentam as escolhas de cada grupo. Tanto a seleção de repertório quanto os excertos das rodas de conversas musicais dialogam com autores das teorias do cotidiano, como Souza, Ferraço e Pais, em interlocução com os aspectos culturais do cotidiano escolar.
Avaliações educacionais em larga escala: ponderações críticas alicerçadas na obra de Paulo Freire
Authors: Siqueira Esquinsani Rosimar Serena , Dametto Jarbas
Published: September 2016

Recentemente, uma pauta candente na agenda educacional organiza-se em torno da consolidação das avaliações em larga escala ou avaliações de sistemas, como ação de política educacional. Com base nessa realidade, este texto sugere reflexões sobre a relação entre o pensamento de Paulo Freire e o direcionamento de um olhar crítico para as avaliações em larga escala enquanto instrumento de política educacional. Metodologicamente fundamentado em revisão bibliográfica circunstanciada, este artigo desenvolve ponderações críticas às avaliações de sistemas, apontando que, ao se problematizar o modelo consolidado para avaliações em larga escala, relativizam-se os resultados aferidos, e emerge a concepção de educação subjacente a tais práticas, o que permite a avaliação crítica, a flexibilização da pauta da agenda educacional contemporânea e, com isso, o resgate dos fundamentos libertários que, na concepção de Freire, devem pautar a educação.
Modern Reproductive Technologies to Improve Cattle Production
Authors: Youngs Curtis R.
Published: September 2016

Cattle contribute significantly to the global supply of animal-derived proteins which are an important part of a well-balanced human diet.  With the human population increasing by 1 billion people every 13 years, there will be an estimated 9.6 billion people on planet Earth by the year 2050. To attain global food security the amount of available food will need to double between now and then. Enhancing reproductive efficiency is a prerequisite for boosting production of meat and milk from cattle, and, fortunately, an arsenal of modern reproductive technologies is available to assist with that effort. The objective of this manuscript is to provide an overview of reproductive biotechnologies that can bolster the efficient production of meat and milk from cattle. Protocols for synchronization of estrus and synchronization of ovulation facilitate more efficient artificial insemination using conventional or sex-sorted semen. In vivo and in vitro production of preimplantation embryos from genetically superior females enable creation of multiple offspring with high production potential. Biochemical and ultrasonographic methods for pregnancy testing identify non-pregnant females that can be re-mated or sold to prevent wastage of valuable feed resources. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is used to create copies of highly productive animals, and genome editing of zygotes provides a novel opportunity to selectively enhance the genetic makeup of cattle for the benefit of animal and human health. Wise use of these reproductive technologies will increase food production from cattle and will help alleviate world hunger.
Introducción a los Artículos de la Conferencia Ensminger
Authors: Rothschild Max F. , Matamoros Isidro , Paz Patricio
Published: September 2016

This edition contains papers from the recent conference entitled “Conferencia Internacional Ensminger para la Ganadería”. This conference was devoted to livestock production in Honduras and Latin America and featured ten presentations about cattle production by scientists from the United States, Canada and Colombia. The talks, and subsequent papers published in this issue, included information on beef and dairy cattle nutrition, health, reproduction, genetics, biotechnology and their applications for small holders. The conference was held May 13-14, 2016 at Zamorano University in Honduras and attended by nearly 300 livestock producers, industry personnel, students and faculty. The conference was jointly planned by Zamorano University and the Iowa State University as part of the Ensminger International Livestock Program. It also received financial support from various industry groups such as Inversiones MORAVIA, Soluciones Logísticas RAFEM, Grupo ALIANSA, ANAVIH and ZINPRO.
Santa Rosa de Copán; una propuesta hacia una nueva gestión del agua
Authors: Bautista-Perdomo Jensen Mauricio , Martínez-Villegas Nadia
Published: September 2016

El acceso a servicios de agua potable y alcantarillado adecuados constituye una condición esencial para la dignidad de las personas y para viabilizar el pleno desarrollo de sus capacidades. En la ciudad de Santa Rosa de Copán, el acceso a estos servicios se encuentra muy limitado, y la escasez de agua, mantiene a la población bajo condiciones de inseguridad sanitaria. En el presente artículo se realizó un análisis de la gestión para el abastecimiento de este líquido, su relación que con la sociedad y el ambiente y la perspectiva económica, reflejado en la necesidad de un sistema de tarifas basada en el consumo. Bajo este concepto, se buscaría que cada usuario pague lo que consume, para crear una nueva cultura en el uso racional del agua.Economía y Administración (E&A) Vol.6(1) 2015
Educación Financiera Juvenil en los Call Centers en la ciudad de San Pedro Sula
Authors: Valle Ericka Elizabeth , Alvarado Contreras Keydi Melissa , Murcia Rápalo Larissa Josselin , Guevara Aldo Antonio
Published: September 2016

La globalización ha dinamizado , el comercio y consumo de bienes y servicios de las sociedades lo que ha coadyuvado a que los organismos responsable de regular las actividades de las instituciones bancarias establezcan los mecanismos informativos para que la población en general conozca los derechos y deberes al contratar servicios y productos financieros y el desarrollo de habilidades para la administración de recurso, por consiguiente el objetivo de la investigación es determinar el grado de conocimiento sobre Educación Financiera de la Población Juvenil Económicamente Activa que está laborando en los Call Centers de la ciudad San Pedro Sula, Honduras.La metodología utilizada fue un enfoque cuantitativo, con alcance exploratorio descriptivo, y diseño transversal no experimental. La población objetivo fueron jóvenes en edades de 18-29 años, de género indistintos que laboran en los Call Centers. De una población de 6,100 jóvenes, se utilizó un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio, dando por resultado 408 instrumentos.Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el 68% de los encuestados no saben que las distintas instituciones bancarias tienen a disposición de los sus usuarios portales de educación financieras, se observó que el 22% de los participantes no tienen hábito de ahorro. Respecto al consumo suntuario el 43% de los jóvenes compran semanal, quincenal y mensual bienes como: ropa y accesorios, materiales electrónicos, dinamizando sectores económicos comerciales formales e informales que coadyuva a que el 63% de los encuestados estén endeudados por satisfacción personal, responsabilidades en el hogar y compromisos académicos, 70% de los entrevistados estudian su pregrado.Economía y Administración (E&A) Vol.6(1) 2015
¿Desarrollo en Honduras o Desarrollo de Honduras?
Authors: Orellana Jorge H.
Published: September 2016

El desarrollo ha sido una de esas palabras nocivas que durante varias décadas ha envenenado a la sociedad. El desarrollo se entiende como una meta que todos los países deben alcanzar, un destino inevitable en donde impera la maximización de la riqueza, se promueve el individualismo por encima del sentido comunitario y se destruye a pasos agigantados nuestra Madre Tierra. Ese desarrollo se ha convertido en una trampa que trasciende lo económico y lo político y se ha arraigado culturalmente en el imaginario de la población. Este trabajo presenta diversas valoraciones de la noción del desarrollo, resalta las premisas que están detrás de sus connotaciones.Cuestiona el hecho de que para reducir la pobreza, o las pobrezas, no basta con copiar recetas y modelos, muchos de ellos fracasados, se trata de buscar otras alternativas posibles, es mirar al mundo con otros ojos; es representar a nuestra Honduras como propia para poder transformarla. En este país mentido, oprimido, robado, castigado y secuestrado por la corrupción, la pobreza no ha parado de crecer a pesar de las múltiples intervenciones del llamado desarrollo. Por ello, necesitamos una manera diferente de actuar; crear un pensamiento que desnaturalice la vergonzosa exclusión social que sufre este pueblo, necesitamos una verdadera justicia cognitiva; estudiar la realidad de forma ascendente para comprender y comprendernos; es necesario retomar y analizar postulados de tantos hombres y mujeres que han amado y servido a su nación; porque hablar y hacer más de lo mismo implicará ser fieles testigos de la exclusión y la pobreza, de los mitos y fantasmas del desarrollo que se niegan a desaparecer en este noble país llamado Honduras.Economía y Administración (E&A) Vol.6(1) 2015
Abandono estudiantil de la carrera de Desarrollo Rural, municipio La Dalia, periodo 2012 - 2016
Authors: Laguna Gámez Julio César
Published: September 2016

El actual artículo analiza el abandono estudiantil de la carrera de Desarrollo Rural Sostenible, desarrollada en el Programa Universidad en el Campo, en el municipio del Tuma La Dalia, por la UNAN FAREM Matagalpa, en el periodo 2012 – 2016. Por los dos primeros años este proyecto fue apoyado por la Unión Europea, a través del Proyecto ALFA III, desde el año 2014 la UNAN Managua, lo ha asumido a través del presupuesto institucional. El abandono estudiantil es un fenómeno presente en todos los niveles de educativos del país y se manifiesta a nivel latinoamericano. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las causas del abandono dentro de esta carrera. Se realizó visita a los estudiantes que abandonaron y se les aplicó un instrumento para conocer las causas de su abandono. Este articulo forma parte de un estudio que se le hace a la carrera y al programa Universidad en el Campo, dentro de una investigación doctoral. Los principales causas del abandono son: el nivel de ingreso a la formación (después de haber aprobado noveno y decimo grado), ingresos económicos bajas de los estudiantes, por empleos marginales y/o tener responsabilidades familiares.
Las teorías de la organización: ¿Funcionan para explicar de manera integral a las organizaciones?
Authors: Cárdenas Salazar Pascuala Josefina
Published: September 2016

En el mundo administrativo han surgido teorías que intentan de dar respuesta a los problemas organizacionales, mismas que con diferentes enfoques que tratan de entender y describir los fenómenos que las afectan y como predecir futuros eventos, sin embargo, sus postulados podrían estar dejando de lado factores que inciden en el funcionamiento de una organización y tal vez no cumplan el objetivo para el que fueron creadas. En este ensayo se analizan brevemente los postulados de las distintas teorías de la organización se inicia el análisis con la teoría de la administración científica, luego se habla de la teoría clásica, posterior la teoría de las relaciones humanas, luego, la teoría de la burocracia, posteriormente se mencionará la teoría del comportamiento, se incluye la teoría de los sistemas cooperativos, después la de sistemas y finalmente la teoría de la contingencia. Se concluye que ninguna  teoría contempla de manera integral las variables que explican su funcionamiento y se propone un estudio que de manera holística contemple todas las variables que inciden en el diseño de la organización, considerando también de manera integral todos los aspectos del hombre, considerando las distintas disciplinas del conocimiento.
Diseño de un instrumento para identificar las prioridades competitivas del sector maquilador en San Pedro Sula
Authors: Ocampo Martínez Jared Roberto
Published: September 2016

La globalización ha creado la necesidad que las industrias maquiladoras replanteen sus estrategias y procedimientos para volverse más competitivas y poder de esta forma mantenerse en el mercado. Para poder lograr esta competitividad, las empresas deben establecer estrategias de manufactura que estén enfocadas en satisfacer las necesidades específicas de los clientes. Las necesidades de los clientes pueden modelarse en base al énfasis que estos colocan a ciertas prioridades que compiten entre sí. Una empresa que logra entender bien cuáles son estas prioridades; y luego trabaja para que su estrategia de manufactura responda a estas necesidades logrará posicionarse positivamente sobre sobre su competencia. Este artículo propone un instrumento y metodología que permita identificar las prioridades competitivas del mercado maquilador, así como un indicador que determine que tan bien alineada esta una empresa con dichas prioridades meta. Para hacerlo se ha hecho un extenso análisis de la literatura y se han realizado entrevistas con expertos para probar la validez de constructo del instrumento diseñado.
Het belang van grootouders in hedendaagse gezinnen en het recht op omgang met kleinkinderen
Authors: Geurts T.
Published: September 2016

The importance of grandparents in modern families and the right of access to grandchildren

Within the context of a recent call for the strengthening of the legal position of grandparents with regards to visitation rights, this article presents a brief review of major conceptual notions and empirical findings within the literature on grandparent-grandchild relationships. Three major topics for understanding the intergenerational relationship are addressed: the historical context, the importance of the relationship, and changes over individual time.
Philip A. Cunningham. Seeking Shalom: The Journey to Right Relationship between Catholics and Jews
Authors: Borelli John
Published: September 2016

No abstract is available.
Relation entre le biais d’autoévaluation de compétence des élèves en orthographe grammaticale et leur performance
Authors: Boyer Priscilla , Bouffard Thérèse , Lebrun Monique
Published: September 2016

L’objectif de l’étude était d’examiner, chez des élèves de première secondaire (n = 295), la relation entre leurs biais d’autoévaluation de compétence relatifs à l’orthographe grammaticale et leur performance, en tenant compte de leur sexe. Nous avons administré une dictée permettant d’obtenir des scores de performance en orthographe grammaticale, un questionnaire d'autoévaluation de sa compétence dans ce domaine et un test mesurant les habiletés scolaires (Otis-Lennon). Le résidu de la régression de la perception de compétence sur le score d’habiletés scolaires correspond au biais d’autoévaluation. Les résultats montrent que le biais d’autoévaluation et le sexe de l’élève expliquent 18,3 % (variableaccord) et 7,8 % (variableinfinitif) de la performance en orthographe. Ces résultats renforcent l’idée selon laquelle l’apprentissage de l’orthographe ne relève pas uniquement du système cognitif, mais plutôt d’une interdépendance entre ce dernier et le système affectif et motivationnel de l’apprenant.
Construction du sens de la laïcité en contexte multiculturel : poids des choix pédagogiques et des expériences socio-scolaires 1
Authors: Nyambek Kanga Mebenga Francine
Published: September 2016

L’auteure de l’article analyse la construction du sens de la laïcité dans les contextes scolaires multiculturels français, à la lumière des théories du rapport au savoir. Des observations in situ et entretiens semi-directifs auprès de 105 collégiens, confrontés aux contenus d’enseignement et à la réglementation en vigueur permettent de décrire des modes contrastés d’appropriation et d’interprétation de la laïcité. Ils varient sur les plans épistémique, (entre inculture et approximations, passivité et réflexivité) et identitaire, (entre conflit et adhésion, inclusion et exclusion). Ces rapports à la laïcité sont forgés par des expériences socioscolaires au cours desquelles les statuts majoritaires et minoritaires des élèves, le degré d’hétérogénéité de l’établissement et les relations de sociabilité opèrent davantage que leurs seules performances scolaires. Nous montrons surtout comment des modèles pédagogiques contradictoires participent à une interprétation conservatrice et ethnicisée de la laïcité, questionnant une éducation à la laïcité qui peine à se constituer en espace de discussion démocratique.
The Fractured Right to Vote: Democracy, Discretion, and Designing Electoral Districts
Authors: Pal Michael
Published: September 2016

Electoral boundary commissions and Parliament have recently transformed Canada’s federal electoral map. The 2015 federal election was contested on a new map of 338 ridings, after 30 seats were added to the House of Commons by the Fair Representation Act and commissions set the boundaries of each district. The introduction of independent, non-partisan commissions in 1964 to draw the maps has achieved great success in eliminating the previously entrenched practice of gerrymandering. The extensive discretion granted to commissions to set boundaries, however, generates a new series of potential problems that can undermine the fairness of the electoral map.

This article takes the new map as an opportune time to analyze the Canadian experience with electoral boundary commissions and, particularly, their exercise of discretionary authority. It demonstrates that the ten provincial commissions have adopted divergent approaches to their common task of establishing electoral boundaries. The commissions are at times in direct conflict with one another on the meaning and scope of fundamental principles of redistricting, such as representation by population, community of interest, and minority representation. These conflicting approaches have gone beyond reasonable disagreements over the specific content of the relevant legislative and constitutional principles. The exercise of the discretion held by the commissions in these competing ways has frustrated the principle of the political equality of all citizens. This article argues that the discretion granted to Canadian electoral boundary commissions should be restructured in order to better achieve a common realization of the right to vote.
Les lois spéciales de retour au travail : enjeux institutionnels et constitutionnels
Authors: Drouin Renée-Claude , Trudeau Gilles
Published: September 2016

L’adoption de lois spéciales de retour au travail est devenue un phénomène courant dans l’ensemble du Canada. Malgré leur récurrence, ces actes législatifs visant à mettre fin à un arrêt de travail en cours et à obliger le retour au travail des grévistes ou encore à empêcher le déclenchement d’un arrêt de travail imminent et forcer le maintien de la prestation de travail, dans les deux cas sous peine de sanctions, demeurent exceptionnels. En effet, ils dérogent au régime général des relations de travail, puisqu’en les adoptant, le législateur intervient de façon réactive et ponctuelle afin de suspendre les règles légales encadrant la négociation collective dans le cas d’un conflit de travail spécifique.

L’ampleur du phénomène conduit à s’interroger sur la place que les lois spéciales de retour au travail occupent à l’heure actuelle dans l’encadrement juridique des rapports collectifs de travail. Dans un premier temps, cet article présente un portrait des lois de retour au travail adoptées au niveau fédéral et dans deux provinces canadiennes — le Québec et l’Ontario — au cours des vingt-cinq dernières années (1990–2015) et propose une réflexion sur les enjeux institutionnels qu’elles soulèvent. Dans un deuxième temps, les lois de retour au travail sont analysées à l’aune des droits fondamentaux des travailleurs. L’article propose ainsi une analyse des lois de retour au travail au regard des obligations assumées par le Canada en matière de droit international du travail et s’interroge sur leur constitutionnalité en fonction de la liberté d’association protégée par l’alinéa 2(d) de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés.
Advanced in situ multi-scale characterization of hardness of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic
Authors: Wang Hongxin , Masuda Hideki , Kitazawa Hideaki , Onishi Keiko , Kawai Masamichi , Fujita Daisuke
Published: September 2016

In situ multi-scale characterization of hardness of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) is demonstrated by a traditional hardness tester, instrumented indentation tester and atomic-force-microscope (AFM)-based nanoindentation. In particular, due to the large residual indentation and nonuniform distribution of the microscale carbon fibers, the Vickers hardness could not be calculated by the traditional hardness tester. In addition, the clear residual microindentation could not be formed on the CFRP by instrumented indentation tester because of the large tip half angle of the Berkovich indenter. Therefore, an efficient technique for characterizing the true nanoscale hardness of CFRP was proposed and evaluated. The local hardness of the carbon fibers or plastic matrix on the nanoscale did not vary with nanoindentation location. The Vickers hardnesses of the carbon fiber and plastic matrix determined by AFM-based nanoindentation were 340 ± 30 and 40 ± 2 kgf/mm2, respectively.
Broadband light-scattering spectroscopy on fractal and non-fractal relaxors
Authors: Koreeda Akitoshi , Ogawa Tomohiro , Katayama Daisuke , Fujii Yasuhiro , Tachibana Makoto
Published: September 2016

We show the quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS) spectra of two groups of relaxors: the first group includes relaxors that exhibit glasslike low-temperature thermal conductivity and heat capacity, namely, Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN), (1 − x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–xPbTiO3 (PMN–xPT), Pb(Zr1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PZN), and (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3 (NBT). The other group consists of relaxors exhibiting a normal (crystal) temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity and heat capacity, namely, K1−

x
Li
x
TaO3 (KLT) and KTa1−

x
Nb
x
O3 (KTN). The crystals of the first group yielded self-similar (power-law) QELS spectra, indicating the existence of fractal networks/clusters of polar nanoregions, while those of the second group did not show any self-similarity in the QELS spectra. These results imply that the glasslike low-temperature thermal conductivity and heat capacity in relaxors can be attributed to the vibrational modes specific to fractal networks/clusters formed by polar nanoregions.
Digital historiefortelling i arbeidsplassbasert barnehagelærerutdanning – arbeidsmåte for individuell og kollektiv læring
Authors: HAUG Kristin Holte
Published: September 2016

Abstract: This article presents Norwegian Kindergarten Teacher students’ and Kindergarten staff’s use of Digital Storytelling (DS), a tool for reflection and learning in higher education. The field of DS’ research focus on the use of personal narratives in the learning process, multimedia, and the creative process in developing identity and voice in a social context: the Story Circle. The frame is Workplace-based Kindergarten Teacher Education. The article is based on a case: student Yvonne’s work with DS in her kindergarten. Data is collected through observation and analyzed in light of theories on learning in practice, concretized to Kolb's experiential learning cycle. Results indicate that DS is a beneficial approach for facilitating both individual and collective reflection. A significant condition is that kindergarten staff participates in students' learning processes. Sammendrag: Artikkelen tar for seg barnehagelærerstudenters og barnehageansattes bruk av digital historiefortelling (DH), som er en arbeidsmåte for refleksjon og læring i høyere utdanning. DH kjennetegnes ved: fortellingens betydningen for læring i forhold til tradisjonell sakprosa, den multimodale dimensjonen og den kreative prosessen hvor fortellingen blir til i en sosial kontekst: fortellersirkelen. Rammen er Arbeidsplassbasert barnehagelærerutdanning. Artikkelen baseres på et case: studenten Yvonnes arbeid med DH i egen barnehage. Data er innhentet gjennom observasjon og fortolkes i lys av teorier om læring i praksis, konkretisert til Kolbs erfaringslæringsmodell. Jeg viser at DH tilrettelegger for individuell og kollektiv refleksjon for både studenter og barnehageansatte. Forutsetningen er at ansatte gis muligheter til å delta i studentenes læringsprosesser.
The Use of Harmonic Scalpel in Open Thyroid Surgery: Is It Rewarding?
Authors: Qasaimeh Ghazi Raji , Hamzeh Yousef Khader , Balas Ibraheem , Qasaimeh Motoz Ghazi
Published: September 2016

The advantages and effectiveness of the harmonic scalpel (HS) in open thyroid surgery were evaluated. Haemostasis is the most important factor for successful thyroid surgery. Our aim was to compare the effect of the use of harmonic scalpel versus the conventional haemostasis (CH) methods during open thyroidectomy in the intra-operative and postoperative outcomes. A retrospective review of all total thyroidectomy operations performed in six years was done. The patients were divided in two groups: the CH group and the HS group according to the method used. Information regarding patient's age and sex, pathological diagnosis, operations details, operations duration, the blood loss, the use of drains, and the complications were recorded. Out of 239 operations performed, 143 operations were in the CH group and 96 operations were in the HS group. The average duration of operation was 73 minutes in the HS group versus 97 minutes in the CH group (P < 0.005). Blood loss was less in the HS group (P = 0.014), with fewer drains (P < 0.005). Transient hypocalcaemia (TH) was less in the HS group (12.5% vs. 25.9%, P = 0.012). The hospital stay was less in the HS group (3.4 days vs. 3.9 days, P = 0.001). The use of HS was more costly. HS use in thyroid surgery reduces: operation time, blood loss, use of drains, postoperative TH, and shortens hospital stay. It is more costly but the advantages of its use in a busy hospital offset this drawback.
Retrievals of ice cloud microphysical properties of deep convective systems using radar measurements
Authors: Tian Jingjing , Dong Xiquan , Xi Baike , Wang Jingyu , Homeyer Cameron R. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Fan Jiwen
Published: September 2016

This study presents newly developed algorithms for retrieving ice cloud microphysical properties (ice water content (IWC) and median mass diameter (Dm)) for the stratiform rain and thick anvil regions of deep convective systems (DCSs) using Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD) reflectivity and empirical relationships from aircraft in situ measurements. A typical DCS case (20 May 2011) during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) is selected as an example to demonstrate the 4‐D retrievals. The vertical distributions of retrieved IWC are compared with previous studies and cloud‐resolving model simulations. The statistics from six selected cases during MC3E show that the aircraft in situ derived IWC and Dm are 0.47 ± 0.29 g m−3 and 2.02 ± 1.3 mm, while the mean values of retrievals have a positive bias of 0.19 g m−3 (40%) and negative bias of 0.41 mm (20%), respectively. To evaluate the new retrieval algorithms, IWC and Dm are retrieved for other DCSs observed during the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment (BAMEX) using NEXRAD reflectivity and compared with aircraft in situ measurements. During BAMEX, a total of 63, 1 min collocated aircraft and radar samples are available for comparisons, and the averages of radar retrieved and aircraft in situ measured IWC values are 1.52 g m−3 and 1.25 g m−3 with a correlation of 0.55, and their averaged Dm values are 2.08 and 1.77 mm. In general, the new retrieval algorithms are suitable for continental DCSs during BAMEX, especially within stratiform rain and thick anvil regions.
Phytoplankton blooms weakly influence the cloud forming ability of sea spray aerosol
Authors: Collins Douglas B. , Bertram Timothy H. , Sultana Camille M. , Lee Christopher , Axson Jessica L. , Prather Kimberly A.
Published: September 2016

After many field studies, the establishment of connections between marine microbiological processes, sea spray aerosol (SSA) composition, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) has remained an elusive challenge. In this study, we induced algae blooms to probe how complex changes in seawater composition impact the ability of nascent SSA to act as CCN, quantified by using the apparent hygroscopicity parameter (κapp). Throughout all blooms, κapp ranged between 0.7 and 1.4 (average 0.95 ± 0.15), consistent with laboratory investigations using algae‐produced organic matter, but differing from climate model parameterizations and in situ SSA generation studies. The size distribution of nascent SSA dictates that changes in κapp associated with biological processing induce less than 3% change in expected CCN concentrations for typical marine cloud supersaturations. The insignificant effect of hygroscopicity on CCN concentrations suggests that the SSA production flux and/or secondary aerosol chemistry may be more important factors linking ocean biogeochemistry and marine clouds.
A new approach for monthly updates of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions from space: Application to China and implications for air quality forecasts
Authors: Wang Yi , Wang Jun , Xu Xiaoguang , Henze Daven K. , Wang Yuxuan , Qu Zhen
Published: September 2016

SO2 emissions, the largest source of anthropogenic aerosols, can respond rapidly to economic and policy driven changes. However, bottom‐up SO2 inventories have inherent limitations owing to 24–48 months latency and lack of month‐to‐month variation in emissions (especially in developing countries). This study develops a new approach that integrates Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) SO2 satellite measurements and GEOS‐Chem adjoint model simulations to constrain monthly anthropogenic SO2 emissions. The approach's effectiveness is demonstrated for 14 months in East Asia; resultant posterior emissions not only capture a 20% SO2 emission reduction in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games but also improve agreement between modeled and in situ surface measurements. Further analysis reveals that posterior emissions estimates, compared to the prior, lead to significant improvements in forecasting monthly surface and columnar SO2. With the pending availability of geostationary measurements of tropospheric composition, we show that it may soon be possible to rapidly constrain SO2 emissions and associated air quality predictions at fine spatiotemporal scales.
Evolution of submesoscale coastal frontal waves in the East China Sea based on geostationary ocean color imager observational data
Authors: Yin Wenbin , Huang Daji
Published: September 2016

Oceanic frontal waves are frequently observed, but their life cycles are poorly understood because of the lack of time series data. In this study, the data of geostationary ocean color imager was used to explore the complete evolutionary process of submesoscale frontal waves off the southeast coast of China. Their evolution was analyzed in terms of both wave outline and ridge lines. The process lasted approximately 10 days as the waves propagated southward along the isobaths, accompanied by tidal oscillations. The life cycle comprised three stages: development, maturation, and decay. Scale estimation suggested that the onset of this process is caused by the collective effect of forced motion and unforced instability which is triggered by the passage of a tropical storm. The observed life cycle of frontal waves will provide an empirical basis for future theoretical investigations.