bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eliciting Maltreated and Nonmaltreated Children's Transgression Disclosures: Narrative Practice Rapport Building and a Putative Confession
Authors: Lyon Thomas D. , Wandrey Lindsay , Ahern Elizabeth , Licht Robyn , Sim Megan P. Y. , Quas Jodi A.
Published: January 2014

This study tested the effects of narrative practice rapport building (asking open‐ended questions about a neutral event) and a putative confession (telling the child an adult “told me everything that happened and he wants you to tell the truth”) on 4‐ to 9‐year‐old maltreated and nonmaltreated children's reports of an interaction with a stranger who asked them to keep toy breakage a secret (n = 264). Only one third of children who received no interview manipulations disclosed breakage; in response to a putative confession, one half disclosed. Narrative practice rapport building did not affect the likelihood of disclosure. Maltreated children and nonmaltreated children responded similarly to the manipulations. Neither narrative practice rapport building nor a putative confession increased false reports.
Management of colon cancer in the elderly: a population‐based study
Authors: Egenvall M. , Schubert Samuelsson K. , Klarin I. , Lökk J. , Sjövall A. , Martling A. , Gunnarsson U.
Published: January 2014

Aim

Although the median age of patients diagnosed with colon cancer is over 70 years, little is known about specific characteristics and management in the elderly. The aim of this study was to define the characteristics of colon cancer in elderly patients and compare the quality of preoperative assessment and surgery with that of younger patients undergoing surgery for colon cancer.

Method

Data on 15 255 patients diagnosed with colon cancer between 2007 and 2010 were retrieved from the Swedish National Colon Cancer Register. Of these, 12 959 underwent surgical resection: 6141 were 75 years or older while 6818 were younger. The χ2 test, Mann–Whitney U‐test and univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used for between‐group comparison.

Results

Older patients were more likely to be female (54% older/48% younger) and have right‐sided cancer (60% older/49% younger). Among patients who underwent resection, the elderly were less often evaluated regarding tumour stage prior to surgery (59% older/65% younger) and they were less often evaluated at a multidisciplinary team conference (26% older/34% younger). Elderly patients more frequently underwent emergency surgery (22% older/19% younger) despite having an earlier cancer stage. When adjusted for stage, fewer elderly patients underwent a radical curative procedure (OR for noncurative resection 1.19; 95% CI 1.06–1.33).

Conclusion

Routine management of patients with colon cancer is age‐dependent. Patients aged 75 years and older are less often completely staged and less often evaluated at a multidisciplinary team conference prior to surgery. Adjusted for stage, fewer elderly patients undergo curative resection.
Development and evaluation of a cadaveric training curriculum for low rectal cancer surgery in the English LOREC National Development Programme
Authors: Foster J. D. , Gash K. J. , Carter F. J. , West N. P. , Acheson A. G. , Horgan A. F. , Longman R. J. , Coleman M. G. , Moran B. J. , Francis N. K.
Published: January 2014

Aim

The National Development Programme for Low Rectal Cancer in England (LOREC) was commissioned in response to wide variation in the outcome of patients with low rectal cancer. One of the aims of LOREC was to enhance surgical techniques in managing low rectal cancer. This study reports on the development and evaluation of a novel national technical skills cadaveric training curriculum in extralevator abdominoperineal excision.

Method

Three sites were commissioned for the cadaveric workshops, each delivering the same training curriculum. Training was undertaken in pairs using a fresh‐frozen cadaveric model under the supervision of expert mentors. Global assessment score (GAS) forms were developed to promote reflective learning. Feedback on the impact of the workshop was obtained from a sample of delegates at the end of the course, and also after 3–23 months via an online questionnaire.

Results

Overall 112 consultant colorectal surgeons attended one of 15 cadaveric technical skills training workshops. Seventy‐six per cent of delegates reported easy identification of anatomy in the cadaveric model; 67% found tissue planes easy to interpret. Ninety‐six per cent of delegates felt the workshop would influence their future practice; 96% reported increased awareness of important anatomy. Only 2% of delegates wished to pursue supplementary formal training from LOREC.

Conclusion

Fresh‐frozen cadavers could provide an effective training model for low rectal surgery. A structured 1‐day cadaveric workshop has facilitated the dissemination of technical skills for management of low rectal cancer. Attending the cadaveric workshop enhanced delegates’ confidence in performing this procedure.
Host ontogeny determines parasitoid use of a forest caterpillar
Authors: Murphy Shannon M. , Stoepler Teresa M. , Grenis Kylee , Lill John T.
Published: January 2014

For most organisms, patterns of natural enemy‐mediated mortality change over the course of development. Shifts in enemy pressure are particularly relevant for organisms that exhibit exponential growth during development, such as juvenile insects that increase their mass by several orders of magnitude. As one of the dominant groups of insect herbivores in most terrestrial plant communities, larval lepidopterans (caterpillars) are host to a diverse array of parasitoids. Previous research has described how the frequency of herbivore parasitism varies among host plants or habitats, but much less is known about how parasitism pressure changes during host development. To test whether the two major parasitoid taxa, wasps and flies, differentially attack shared hosts based on host developmental stage, we simultaneously exposed early‐ and late‐instarEuclea delphiniiBoisduval (Lepidoptera:Limacodidae) caterpillars to parasitism in the field. We found strong evidence that parasitoids partition hosts by size; adult female wasps preferentially parasitized small caterpillars, whereas adult female flies preferred to attack large caterpillars. Our results demonstrate that host ontogeny is a major determinant of parasitoid host selection. Documenting how shifts in enemy pressure vary with development is important to understanding both the population biology and evolutionary ecology of prey species and their enemies.
Thrombospondins 1 and 2 are important for afferent synapse formation and function in the inner ear
Authors: Mendus Diana , Sundaresan Srividya , Grillet Nicolas , Wangsawihardja Felix , Leu Rose , Müller Ulrich , Jones Sherri M. , Mustapha Mirna
Published: January 2014

Thrombospondins (TSPs) constitute a family of secreted extracellular matrix proteins that have been shown to be involved in the formation of synapses in the central nervous system. In this study, we show that TSP1 and TSP2 are expressed in the cochlea, and offer the first description of their putative roles in afferent synapse development and function in the inner ear. We examined mice with deletions of TSP1, TSP2 and both (TSP1/TSP2) for inner ear development and function. Immunostaining for synaptic markers indicated a significant decrease in the number of formed afferent synapses in the cochleae of TSP2 and TSP1/TSP2 knockout (KO) mice at postnatal day (P)29. In functional studies, TSP2 and TSP1/TSP2 KO mice showed elevated auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds as compared with wild‐type littermates, starting at P15, with the most severe phenotype being seen for TSP1/TSP2 KO mice. TSP1/TSP2 KO mice also showed reduced wave I amplitudes of ABRs and vestibular evoked potentials, suggesting synaptic dysfunction in both the auditory and vestibular systems. Whereas ABR thresholds in TSP1 KO mice were relatively unaffected at early ages, TSP1/TSP2 KO mice showed the most severe phenotype among all of the genotypes tested, suggesting functional redundancy between the two genes. On the basis of the above results, we propose that TSPs play an important role in afferent synapse development and function of the inner ear.
Institutional Shareholder Investment Horizons and Seasoned Equity Offerings
Authors: Hao (Grace) Qing
Published: January 2014

Firms with more short‐term institutional shareholders experience significantly more negative abnormal returns at the announcement of seasoned equity offerings. This effect is strong for primary offerings (only firms receive proceeds), but is not present for secondary offerings (firms do not receive any proceeds). Furthermore, a shorter institutional shareholder investment horizon predicts poorer postissue abnormal operating performance and the negative effect of a shorter shareholder horizon is mitigated by higher managerial ownership. My results are consistent with the argument that long‐term shareholders more carefully monitor managerial activities and prevent misuse of the cash flow provided by equity issues.
Species ecology and the impacts of bioenergy crops: an assessment approach with four example farmland bird species
Authors: Everaars Jeroen , Frank Karin , Huth Andreas
Published: January 2014

The cultivation of energy crops can cause land‐use conflicts, including loss of biodiversity in farmlands. In our study, we focus on farmland birds and analyse whether the impacts of such bioenergy activities differ for bird species with different ecology. We do this by comparing the impacts on four example species; skylark (Alauda arvensis), yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava), corn bunting (Miliaria calandra) and northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus). We used a spatially explicit ecological model, which combines three simplified crop selection criteria (suitability for nesting, suitability for foraging, spatial heterogeneity) that differ between the selected species. We used the model to investigate change in breeding pair density between a baseline and several bioenergy scenarios that differ in intensity and spatial agglomeration. We subsequently simulated scenarios with potential positive habitat effects (maintenance of 10% set‐aside or 10% alfalfa) as well as spatial effects (increased crop diversity and reduction of field size) as mitigation strategies to increase the breeding pair density. The four species responded to the bioenergy scenarios with a decrease in breeding pair density that can be divided into roughly three levels: strong (skylark), intermediate (yellow wagtail and corn bunting) and no response (northern lapwing). The intensity of the response depended on the bioenergy scenario. The decrease in breeding pair density under the least intensive bioenergy scenario could be fully mitigated for all the considered bird species through 10% set‐aside. However, with increasing dominance or spatial agglomeration of a single energy crop (e.g., maize), impacts cannot or hardly be mitigated and the effectiveness of the mitigation strategies becomes increasingly more dependent on the ecological preferences of the bird species.
Divergent geographies of policy and practice? Voluntarism and devolution in England, Scotland and Wales
Authors: Woolvin Mike , Mills Sarah , Hardill Irene , Rutherford Alasdair
Published: January 2014

Across Great Britain, engagement with civil society is an increasingly central component of public policy and governance rhetoric. However, attention has tended to focus on policy developments emanating from Westminster that relate to England, rather than the policy and governance ‘spaces’ emerging in the devolved administrations, such as Scotland and Wales. It has also tended to focus on the organisations through which voluntary participation takes place, rather than on voluntary participation itself. In this paper we examine the extent to which there are divergent governance spaces with regards to voluntarism apparent at the national levels of England, Wales and Scotland, set against a backdrop of wider debates on devolution, civil society, community, and the Big Society. Given the common driver of public service reform which emerges from our review, we then examine the emergence of sub‐national ‘spaces’ through the example of rural Scotland, in which the delivery of public services can be particularly challenging. Overall, we contend that public policy towards volunteering and the voluntary and community sector (VCS) in Scotland, Wales and England has been shaped by similar drivers, but the rhetoric surrounding their deployment and the distinct governance landscapes in Wales and Scotland have the capacity to influence the deployment of these goals in distinct ways. We also argue that greater attention may need to be paid to emergent ‘sub‐national’ governances spaces of voluntarism.
Consumer preferences for iced coffee determined by conjoint analysis: an exploratory study with Norwegian consumers
Authors: Asioli Daniele , Næs Tormod , Granli Britt Signe , Lengard Almli Valérie
Published: January 2014

The main aim of this study was to investigate consumer preferences for extrinsic attributes of iced coffee, explore consumers' coffee consumption habits, find new market opportunities and segment consumers based on similar products preferences. A sample of 101 consumers of iced coffee was recruited during 2012 in Norway. Twelve iced coffee products combining different levels of attributes such as coffee type, origin, calories and price were presented on screen and rated according to consumers' willingness to buy (WTB). Mixed model anova, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) were applied to analyse data. Results show that the most preferred products for the consumer sample as a whole were low‐price low‐calorie products, while age has a significant effect on WTB for different iced coffee products. Four different consumer segments based on type of iced coffee and country of production preferences were identified and discussed.
Infiltration and sealing versus fluoride treatment of occlusal caries lesions in primary molar teeth. 2–3 years results
Authors: Bakhshandeh Azam , Ekstrand Kim
Published: January 2014

Background

Studies examining the efficacy of sealing occlusal caries lesions in the primary dentition are limited, and no studies have so far examined the efficacy of infiltrating occlusal lesions on primary molar teeth.

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of infiltrating, sealing, or fluoride varnishing on the occlusal surfaces with initial caries lesions.

Design

Split‐mouth design study was carried out with 50 children aged between 5 and 8 years with three occlusal lesions. After randomization, one lesion was infiltrated with ICON and varnished with Duraphat (I+F), one lesion was sealed with Delton and varnished with Duraphat (S+F), and one lesion only varnished with Duraphat (F).

Results

Lesion status could be followed on radiographs on 47 children after 2–3 years (mean=22 months). Seven lesions in the I+F group, 9 lesions in the S+F, and 17 lesions in the F group showed radiographic progression. A significant difference in lesion progression was only found between the I+F‐ and the F group of teeth (P = 0.021).

Conclusions

Infiltration and sealing occlusal surfaces with initial caries lesions on primary molar teeth showed a high efficacy in arresting caries progression, significant for the I+F or borderline significant for the S+F compared with the F group.
Bacterial Meningitis After Sinus Surgery in Five Adult Horses
Authors: Bach Fabienne S. , Bodo Gabor , Kuemmerle Jan M. , Bienert‐Zeit Astrid , Hainisch Edmund K. , Simhofer Hubert
Published: January 2014

Objective

To report meningoencephalitis as a complication after paranasal sinus surgery in 5 horses.

Study Design

Case series.

Animals

Adult horses (n = 5).

Methods

Medical records (2005–2010) of 5 horses that developed neurologic signs after sinus surgery were reviewed to identify potential risk factors, cause(s), or common pathways for infection.

Results

Underlying diseases were primary (n = 1) and secondary sinusitis (4) because of apical dental infection (1), sinus cyst (2), or masses in the ethmoturbinate region (2). Horses were treated by conventional surgical approaches and aftercare including repeated sinus lavage. Four horses had undulating pyrexia postoperatively despite antimicrobial therapy. All horses developed neurologic signs, eventually unresponsive to treatment. Suppurative meningoencephalitis was diagnosed macro‐ and/or microscopically on necropsy in all horses.

Conclusion

Meningitis is a rare but fatal complication after sinus surgery in horses.
In VivoBiomechanical Evaluation of a Novel Angle‐Stable Interlocking Nail Design in a Canine Tibial Fracture Model
Authors: Déjardin Loïc M. , Cabassu Julien B. , Guillou Reunan P. , Villwock Mark , Guiot Laurent P. , Haut Roger C.
Published: January 2014

Objective

To compare clinical outcome and callus biomechanical properties of a novel angle stable interlocking nail (AS‐ILN) and a 6 mm bolted standard ILN (ILN6b) in a canine tibial fracture model.

Study design

Experimentalin vivostudy.

Animals

Purpose‐bred hounds (n = 11).

Methods

A 5 mm mid‐diaphyseal tibial ostectomy was stabilized with an AS‐ILN (n = 6) or an ILN6b (n = 5). Orthopedic examinations and radiographs were performed every other week until clinical union (18 weeks). Paired tibiae were tested in torsion until failure. Callus torsional strength and toughness were statistically compared and failure mode described. Total and cortical callus volumes were computed and statistically compared from CT slices of the original ostectomy gap. Statistical significance was set atP < .05

Results

From 4 to 8 weeks, lameness was less pronounced in AS‐ILN than ILN6b dogs (P < .05). Clinical union was reached in all AS‐ILN dogs by 10 weeks and in 3/5 ILN6b dogs at 18 weeks. Callus mechanical properties were significantly greater in AS‐ILN than ILN6b specimens by 77% (failure torque) and 166% (toughness). Failure occurred by acute spiral (control and AS‐ILN) or progressive transverse fractures (ILN6b). Cortical callus volume was 111% greater in AS‐ILN than ILN6b specimens (P < .05).

Conclusions

Earlier functional recovery, callus strength and remodeling suggest that the AS‐ILN provides a postoperative biomechanical environment more conducive to bone healing than a comparable standard ILN.
Evaluation of Serum Phosphorylated Neurofilament Subunit NF‐H as a Prognostic Biomarker in Dogs With Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation
Authors: Nishida Hidetaka , Nakayama Masanari , Tanaka Hiroshi , Kamishina Hiroaki , Izawa Takeshi , Hatoya Shingo , Sugiura Kikuya , Suzuki Yoshihisa , Ide Chizuka , Inaba Toshio
Published: January 2014

Objective

To investigate whether pNF‐H is a prognostic biomarker of spinal cord injury (SCI) in paraplegic dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH).

Study Design

Prospective, case‐control clinical study

Animals

Dogs (n = 60) with SCI from IVDH and 6 healthy dogs.

Methods

Serum from 60 thoracolumbar IVDH dogs (Grade 4: 22 dogs; Grade 5: 38 dogs) collected 1–3 days after injury, and 6 control dogs, was analyzed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against a phosphorylated form of the high‐molecular‐weight neurofilament subunit NF‐H (pNF‐H). Serum pNF‐H levels were compared between different IVDH grades and their prognostic value was investigated.

Results

pNF‐H levels were significantly greater in Grade 5 than Grade 4 dogs. There were significant differences in pNF‐H levels between dogs that regained voluntarily ambulation and those that did not. All 8 dogs that had high pNF‐H levels 1–3 days after injury did not regain the ability to walk after surgery.

Conclusions

Serum pNF‐H levels might be a biomarker for predicting prognosis of canine SCI.
Transsphenoidal surgery using a high definition video telescope for pituitary adenomas in dogs with pituitary dependent hypercortisolism: Methods and results
Authors: Mamelak Adam N. , Owen Tina Jo , Bruyette David
Published: January 2014

Objective

To (1) establish a technique for transsphenoidal removal of pituitary adenomas in dogs with pituitary dependent hypercortisolism (PDH) using a high definition video telescope, and (2) report initial outcomes.

Study Design

Prospective case series.

Animals

Dogs with pituitary dependent hypercortisolism (PDH; n = 26) with suprasellar masses.

Methods

Pituitary tumors were removed using a modification of a transoral transsphenoidal approach. Surgery was observed using a high definition video telescope (VITOM™) and localization of the sella was performed by drilling pilot holes in the basisphenoid bone followed by computed tomography (CT).

Results

Dogs had PDH confirmed by urinary cortisol to creatinine ratio (UCCR) and endogenous ACTH assays, and tumors confirmed by MRI. There were no postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks, wound dehiscence, or surgical site infections. Overall postoperative mortality was 19% with no mortality observed in the last 16 dogs, indicating an initial “learning curve” followed by good surgical results. All dogs that survived the immediate postoperative period (1 week) returned to their owners in good health, on hormonal replacement therapy. Follow‐up ranged from 3 to 36 months. Sustained tumor control and hormonal remission based on normalized ACTH and UCCR measurements were observed in 20/21 (95%) dogs at 1‐year follow‐up.

Conclusions

Modifications of a trans‐oral transsphenoidal technique for surgical removal of pituitary tumors provides a safe and effective strategy for long‐term remission of PDH with acceptable morbidity and mortality.
Plate fixation for management of plantar instability of the distal tarsus/proximal metatarsus in 5 horses
Authors: McCormick Justin D. , Watkins Jeff
Published: January 2014

Objective

To report plate fixation for management of traumatic injuries resulting in plantar instability of the proximal intertarsal (PIT) and tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints.

Study Design

Case series.

Materials and Methods

Medical records (October 1988 to August 2007) of horses that had internal fixation of the distal aspect of the tarsus were reviewed. Horses that had a broad dynamic compression plate (DCP) or broad locking compression plate (LCP) applied on the plantar‐lateral aspect of the tarsus extending from the proximal calcaneus to the proximal one third of the metatarsus were included. Signalment, clinical signs, radiographic findings, time to surgery, implant type, postoperative management and complications were recorded. Long‐term (>1 year) outcome was obtained for 4 horses.

Results

Five horses were treated, 4 had DCP fixation and 1 had LCP fixation. Subluxation of the proximal intertarsal joint was treated in 3 horses and 2 horses had fractures of the distal tarsal bones or proximal aspect of the metatarsus. Perioperative complications included peroneus tertius rupture (2 horses) and postoperative infection.1 Four horses were discharged and 1 year after surgery were considered sound at pasture; 3 horses were sound enough for limited riding.

Conclusions

Plate fixation provides adequate strength and stability for successful management of injuries that result in plantar instability of the tarsus and proximal metatarsus.
Perspectives of Employees with Intellectual Disabilities on Themes Relevant to Their Job Satisfaction. An Explorative Study using Photovoice
Authors: Akkerman Alma , Janssen Cees G. C. , Kef Sabina , Meininger Herman P.
Published: January 2014

Background

This study explored the perspectives of people with intellectual disabilities on themes relevant to their job satisfaction in integrated and sheltered employment.

Method

The photovoice method was used. Nine participants with moderate to mild intellectual disabilities, working in integrated and sheltered employment, took pictures of aspects related to their job satisfaction. Each participant was subsequently interviewed about his/her pictures. Interview transcripts were content analysed to distinguish themes.

Results

Nine themes were found: the nature of the work itself, working conditions, experienced job demands, social relations at work, received support, perceived autonomy, opportunities for using competencies, opportunities for growth and development and meaningfulness. All themes were applicable in integrated and sheltered employment.

Conclusions

From the perspective of people with intellectual disabilities, various themes relate to their job satisfaction, either in positive or negative ways. Photovoice appeared to be a valuable approach, facilitating participants in expressing their views and providing in‐depth information.
Too Big to Be Efficient? The Impact of Implicit Subsidies on Estimates of Scale Economies for Banks
Authors: DAVIES RICHARD , TRACEY BELINDA
Published: January 2014

We examine whether “too‐big‐to‐fail” (TBTF) factors affect estimates of scale economies for large banks. From a standard model of bank production that does not control for any TBTF factors, we find evidence of scale economies for our sample of large banks. We then control for TBTF factors by using a measure of the “implicit subsidy” that emerges from a reduction in TBTF banks’ funding costs due to investor expectations of government support. We do this in two ways: first, we estimate scale economies from an augmented model of bank production that employs a proxy for the counterfactual price of debt that banks would face in the absence of any TBTF funding cost advantage; second, we estimate scale economies from a model of bank production that is estimated only for a sample of banks considered unlikely to be TBTF. After controlling for TBTF factors using either method, we no longer find evidence of scale economies for our sample of large banks. These results suggest that estimated scale economies for large banks are affected by TBTF factors.
Bank Bonuses and Bailouts
Authors: HAKENES HENDRIK , SCHNABEL ISABEL
Published: January 2014

This paper shows that bonus contracts may arise endogenously as a response to agency problems within banks, and analyzes how compensation schemes change in reaction to anticipated bailouts. If there is a risk‐shifting problem, bailout expectations lead to steeper bonus schemes and even more risk taking. If there is an effort problem, the compensation scheme becomes flatter and effort decreases. If both types of agency problems are present, a sufficiently large increase in bailout perceptions makes it optimal for a welfare‐maximizing regulator to impose caps on bank bonuses. In contrast, raising managers' liability can be counterproductive.
Multinational Banks and the Global Financial Crisis: Weathering the Perfect Storm?
Authors: DE HAAS RALPH , VAN LELYVELD IMAN
Published: January 2014

We use data on the 48 largest multinational banking groups to compare the lending of their 199 foreign subsidiaries during the Great Recession with lending by a benchmark of 202 domestic banks. Contrary to earlier and more contained crises, parent banks were not a significant source of strength to their subsidiaries during 2008–09. When controlling for other bank characteristics, multinational bank subsidiaries had to slow down credit growth almost three times as fast as domestic banks. This was in particular the case for subsidiaries of banking groups that relied more on wholesale funding.
The Costs and Benefits of American Policy-Making Venues
Authors: Ley Aaron J.
Published: January 2014

Many law and policy scholars consider judges inimical to good public policymaking, and the criticisms they level on the judiciary implicitly reflect some of the concerns raised by Alexander Bickel and other critics. Despite the charge by critics that judges are institutionally ill equipped to participate in the policy-making process and that legal processes are costly, there are reasons to believe otherwise. This article uses field interviews and three case studies of an environmental dispute in the Pacific Northwest to show that the judiciary can be an institutional venue that enhances public input, can be more inclusive than other venues, and produces positive-sum outcomes when other venues cannot. The findings also suggest that legislative and agency policymaking are just as contentious and costly as judicial policy-making processes.
Unfounding Sexual Assault: Examining the Decision to Unfound and Identifying False Reports
Authors: Spohn Cassia , White Clair , Tellis Katharine
Published: January 2014

One of the most controversial—and least understood—issues in the area of sexual violence is the prevalence of false reports of rape. Estimates of the rate of false reports vary widely, which reflects differences in way false reports are defined and in the methods that researchers use to identify them. We address this issue using a mixed methods approach that incorporates quantitative and qualitative data on sexual assault cases that were reported to the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) in 2008 and qualitative data from interviews with LAPD detectives assigned to investigate reports of sexual assault. We found that the LAPD was clearing cases as unfounded appropriately most, but not all, of the time and we estimated that the rate of false reports among cases reported to the LAPD was 4.5 percent. We also found that although complainant recantation was the strongest predictor of the unfounding decision, other factors indicative of the seriousness of the incident and the credibility of the victim also played a role. We interpret these findings using an integrated theoretical perspective that incorporates both Black's sociological theory of law and Steffensmeier, Ulmer, and Kramer's focal concerns perspective.
Acute polyarthritis immediately after kidney transplantation: A medication‐induced rheumatoid arthritis flare?
Authors: Brumby Catherine , Huang Louis , Lee Darren , McMahon Lawrence
Published: January 2014

A patient with known steroid‐dependent rheumatoid arthritis (RA) developed an acute symmetrical polyarthropathy of small and medium‐sized joints associated with markedly elevated inflammatory markers suggestive of RA flare, on day 4 after deceased‐donor renal transplantation. The patient received standard induction immunosuppression with methylprednisolone and basiliximab, and had commenced prednisolone, tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. Serological investigations and joint aspirate to exclude infective causes and crystal arthropathy were unremarkable. High‐dose prednisolone (50 mg daily) resulted in partial but unsustained symptomatic improvement. On suspicion of a medication‐related adverse event, tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil were changed to cyclosporine A and azathioprine on day 16. This was followed by rapid improvement in symptoms and normalization of inflammatory markers. Unexpected sequelae in the early post‐transplantation period create diagnostic and management challenges. Medication‐related adverse events are not uncommon, and we speculate in this case on the potential for medication‐induced immune system dysregulation stimulating disease activity in a chronic autoimmune condition after introduction of new immunosuppressants.
Familial myelodysplastic syndrome/acute leukemia syndromes: a review and utility for translational investigations
Authors: West Allison H. , Godley Lucy A. , Churpek Jane E.
Published: January 2014

The familial myelodysplastic (MDS)/acute leukemia (AL) predisposition syndromes are inherited disorders that lead to significantly increased lifetime risks of MDS and AL development. At present, four recognized syndromes have Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments—certified testing for their respective germ‐line mutations: telomere biology disorders due to mutation of TERC or TERT, familial acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with mutated CEBPA, familial MDS/AML with mutated GATA2, and familial platelet disorder with propensity to myeloid malignancy. These disorders are heterogeneous with regard to their causative genetic mutations, clinical presentation, and progression to MDS/AL. However, as a group, they all share the unique requirement for a high index of clinical suspicion to allow appropriate genetic counseling, genetic testing, and mutation‐specific clinical management. In addition, translational investigations of individuals and families with these syndromes provide a rare opportunity to understand key pathways underlying susceptibility and progression to MDS/AL and allow the possibility of novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of both familial and sporadic forms of MDS/AL.
A cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating an incentive‐based outdoor physical activity programme to increase outdoor time and prevent myopia in children
Authors: Ngo Cheryl S. , Pan Chen‐Wei , Finkelstein Eric A. , Lee Chun‐Fan , Wong Inez B. , Ong Julia , Ang Marcus , Wong Tien‐Yin , Saw Seang‐Mei
Published: January 2014

Purpose

To evaluate an incentive‐based intervention to increase time spent outdoors among children in a 9‐month cluster randomised controlled trial.

Methods

Two hundred and eighty‐five children aged 6–12 years of age were randomised to the intervention (n = 147) or control arm (n = 138) in the Family incentive trial (FIT). The FIT intervention comprised of targeted education on myopia and good eye care habits, structured weekend outdoor activities and incentives for children to increase their daily steps via pedometers. The main outcome measure was outdoor time, measured by the WHO questionnaire and a 1‐week diary.

Results

Interim analysis at 6 months showed a significant increase in mean outdoor time per week in the intervention arm (14.75 h week−1) compared to the control arm (12.40 h week−1) as measured by the questionnaire (p = 0.04). However, greater outdoor time was not statistically significant at the end of the trial (15.95 h week−1 vs 14.34 h in the control group (p = 0.29).

Conclusions

There was an increase in outdoor time for children in the incentive‐based physical activity outdoor program after 6 months but not at the end of the trial. Further larger school trials with better compliance with the intervention and longer duration could be conducted to evaluate clinical outcomes such as myopic shifts.
The Constitutional Ambitions of James Madison's Presidency
Authors: Kleinerman Benjamin A.
Published: January 2014

Following Richard Neustadt, scholarship on the presidency tends to focus on presidents as single‐minded seekers of political power. But, precisely because of the grandness of their political stage, presidents may, in fact, have constitutional ambitions concerning not how much power they will have but how they will wield their constitutional powers. James Madison's presidency provides an important case study of a president's constitutional ambitions. Entering office with constitutional concerns about the power of the presidency relative to the other branches, Madison used his own presidency and especially the War of 1812 to model a new type of constitutional office that he thought would fit better in the system of the separation of powers.
The LawConnecting Presidential Power to Public Law
Authors: Fisher Louis
Published: January 2014

When political science developed in theUnitedStates in the 1880s, the study of politics incorporated public law. Upon its founding in 1903, the American Political Science Association linked the discipline of government studies to law. Presidential scholarEdwardS.Corwin was regularly invited to testify before Congress on constitutional matters, as were other political scientists. By 1963, however, behavioral studies topped the list of fields in which significant work was being done. Located at the bottom was public law. Presidential scholars, giving little attention to legal and constitutional analysis, generally promoted broad trust in presidential power with few checks. That orientation has been rejected by a number of political scientists who remain committed to public law. Part of the political science discipline remains divorced from legal analysis.
Frontal alpha asymmetry and sexually motivated states
Authors: Prause Nicole , Staley Cameron , Roberts Verena
Published: January 2014

Anterior alpha asymmetry of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals has been suggested to index state approach (or avoidance) motivation. This model has not yet been extended to high approach‐motivation sexual stimuli, which may represent an important model of reward system function. Sixty‐five participants viewed a neutral and a sexually motivating film while theirEEGwas recorded, and reported their sexual feelings after each film. Greater alpha power in the left hemisphere during sexually motivated states was evident. A positive relationship between self‐reported mental sexual arousal and alpha asymmetry was identified, where coherence between these indicators was higher in women. Notably, coherence was stronger when mental versus physical sexual arousal was rated. Alpha asymmetry appears to offer a new method for further examining this novel coherence pattern across men and women.
Strong Consistency of Reduced K‐means Clustering
Authors: Terada Yoshikazu
Published: January 2014

Reduced k‐means clustering is a method for clustering objects in a low‐dimensional subspace. The advantage of this method is that both clustering of objects and low‐dimensional subspace reflecting the cluster structure are simultaneously obtained. In this paper, the relationship between conventional k‐means clustering and reduced k‐means clustering is discussed. Conditions ensuring almost sure convergence of the estimator of reduced k‐means clustering as unboundedly increasing sample size have been presented. The results for a more general model considering conventional k‐means clustering and reduced k‐means clustering are provided in this paper. Moreover, a consistent selection of the numbers of clusters and dimensions is described.
Extra Credit: Bank Finance and Firm Export Status in Germany
Authors: Goldbach Stefan , Nitsch Volker
Published: January 2014

This paper estimates the exporter premium in bank lending. We examine credit relationships in Germany, covering all loans of more than 1.5 million euro over the period from 2005 to 2010. Having controlled for a wide range of other firm and bank characteristics, our results indicate that exporting firms take out loans around 15 per cent larger than those of non‐exporters.
Strongyloides stercoralishyperinfection presenting as subacute small bowel obstruction following immunosuppressive chemotherapy for multiple myeloma
Authors: Shields Adrian Matthew , Goderya Rashida , Atta Mustafa , Sinha Prakash
Published: January 2014

We report the case of a 59-year-old Afro-Caribbean woman who presented with symptoms of anorexia, lethargy, abdominal distension and vomiting on the background of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, treated with one cycle of cyclophosphamide–thalidomide–dexamethasone chemotherapy 20 days previously. A diagnosis of subacute bowel obstruction was made; however, the aetiology of the obstruction remained elusive. Common electrolyte abnormalities were excluded and a midline laparotomy revealed minimal intra-abdominal adhesions. Histological examination of a small bowel mesentery biopsy showed inflammatory cell infiltrate composed of lymphocytes, eosinophils and occasional plasma cells with a foreign body giant cell reaction suggestive of worm infection. A postoperative stool sample revealed heavy infestation with the rhabditiform larvae ofStrongyloides stercoralis. The patient recovered following ivermectin treatment. In the absence of other causality, we attribute the subacute bowel obstruction toS stercoralishyperinfection, triggered by immunosuppression secondary to chemotherapy and multiple myeloma.
Two cases of primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy
Authors: Hession Paul , Walsh Jennifer , Gaffney Geraldine
Published: January 2014

Two women suffering from primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy are presented. Patient 1 with a history of four miscarriages, an ectopic pregnancy and a sixth pregnancy complicated by severe early onset preeclampsia. She was found to have high serum Ca2+levels after delivery and parathyroid adenoma was diagnosed by ultrasound. A right inferior parathyroidectomy was performed. Patient 2 with a history of high serum Ca2+and generalised symptoms of hypercalcaemia. Ultrasound did not reveal adenoma but an elective neck exploration was performed in light of the abnormal blood results. The right inferior parathyroid gland was excised and histology confirmed the presence of adenoma. These cases help highlight the different ways in which primary hyperparathyroidism can present and the barriers to diagnosis in pregnancy. Various potential complications (including miscarriage and preeclampsia) are explored and the appropriateness of surgical treatment during pregnancy is emphasised.
CUMULATIVE MEASURE OF CORRELATION FOR MULTIPARTITE QUANTUM STATES
Authors: DE OLIVEIRA ANDRÉ L. FONSECA , BUKSMAN EFRAIN , DE LACALLE JESÚS GARCÍA LÓPEZ
Published: January 2014

The present article proposes a measure of correlation for multiqubit mixed states. The measure is defined recursively, accumulating the correlation of the subspaces, making it simple to calculate without the use of regression. Unlike usual measures, the proposed measure is continuous additive and reflects the dimensionality of the state space, allowing to compare states with different dimensions. Examples show that the measure can signal critical points (CPs) in the analysis of Quantum Phase Transitions (QPTs) in Heisenberg models.
INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CELLULOSE INSULATION PAPER
Authors: WANG Y. Y. , TIAN M. , XU H. X. , FAN P.
Published: January 2014

This paper aims to investigate the impact of moisture on mechanical properties of insulation paper. According to the molecular modeling approach proposed by Theodorou, the amorphous cellulose models of insulation paper with different moisture contents were built up to calculate mechanical parameters and hydrogen bond networks. And relevant conclusions could be drawn through further analysis on these calculation results: water molecules can destroy hydrogen bond network between the neighboring cellulose molecules, which might be responsible for the significant decrease of Young's modulus and other mechanical parameters, while no appreciable effect of intramolecular hydrogen bonds on mechanical properties was detected. Thus tensile tests were also carried out to study the moisture influence on the Young's modulus, by which the result of the simulation was approved.
SIMULATION OF STENOSIS GROWTH IN THE CAROTID ARTERY BY LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD
Authors: KARIMPOUR H. , JAVDAN E.
Published: January 2014

Atherosclerosis, as the leading cause of mortality, is usually regarded as a systemic disease and several well-identified risk factors have been implicated in its pathogenesis. Low or highly oscillatory wall shear stress has mainly been linked to the development of atherosclerosis. Conditions under which human blood can be considered Newtonian for the purpose of arterial flow modeling are investigated with emphasis on near wall shear stresses. The Lattice Boltzmann method is implemented in parallel for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian models of blood and then examined in the context of steady and oscillatory flows. As the lattice method permits to adjust the morphology of the computational domain during the solving process, the artery walls are reshaped in a recursive manner by the progressive accumulation of deposits according to the conventional OSI criterion. Regions subjected to partial obstructions identified qualitatively well with those susceptible to atherosclerosis in the in vivo sample, thereby approving this criterion by verifying its accumulative effect. The present work demonstrates the suitability of LB method for studying flows across geometries that transform due to atherosclerotic progression and permits to explain the trend of deposit distribution across time.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONTRALATERAL BONES OF THE HUMAN LOWER LIMBS: A MULTISCALE INVESTIGATION
Authors: CRISTOFOLINI LUCA , BALEANI MASSIMILIANO , SCHILEO ENRICO , VAN SINT JAN SERGE , JUSZCZYK MATEUSZ MARIA , ÖHMAN CAROLINE , ZWIERZAK IWONA , LEFÈVRE PHILIPPE , JUSZCZYK JAN MARIA , VICECONTI MARCO
Published: January 2014

This study addressed side asymmetry between human lower limb long bones.

A multiscale approach was taken to investigate differences between contralateral femurs, tibias and fibulas, at body-level (total-body CT-scans, anatomical dissection), organ-level (volume and moments of areas; structural stiffness and strain distribution in bending and torsions) and tissue-level (mineral density, elastic modulus, hardness).

Because of the large amount of measurements taken, the study was limited to two donors. However, high statistical power within the same donor was achieved thanks to a large number of highly-repeatable measurements. Muscle cross-sections suggested that both donors were right-legged. The right bones had higher structural stiffness (up to +115%, statistically significant, except for the tibia). The right bones also experienced generally lower strain than the contralateral ones (up to -25%, statistically significant). The right bones had larger volume (up to +16%) and moments of area (up to +116%, statistically significant in most cases) than the left ones. Difference in tissue density between contralateral bones (< 7%) was not statistically significant in most cases. Also the differences found in elastic modulus of the femur cortical tissue (2–5%) were not statistically significant. Similarly, tissue hardness in the right bones was only marginally higher than in the contralateral ones (+1% to +4%, not statistically significant). Therefore, it seems that structural differences between contralateral bones associated with laterality are mainly explained by differences in bone quantity (volume) and organization (area moments). Bone tissue quality (density, hardness) seems to give a marginal contribution to structural side asymmetry.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MARANGONI MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC BIO-NANOFLUID CONVECTION FROM A NON-ISOTHERMAL SURFACE WITH MAGNETIC INDUCTION EFFECTS: A BIO-NANOMATERIAL MANUFACTURING TRANSPORT MODEL
Authors: BÉG O. ANWAR , FERDOWS M. , SHAMIMA S. , ISLAM M. NAZRUL
Published: January 2014

Laminar magnetohydrodynamic Marangoni-forced convection boundary layer flow of a water-based biopolymer nanofluid containing nanoparticles from a non-isothermal plate is studied. Magnetic induction effects are incorporated. A variety of nanoparticles are studied, specifically, silver, copper, aluminium oxide and titanium oxide. The Tiwari–Das model is utilized for simulating nanofluid effects. The normalized ordinary differential boundary layer equations (mass, magnetic field continuity, momentum, induced magnetic field and energy conservation) are solved subject to appropriate boundary conditions using Maple shooting quadrature. The influence of Prandtl number (Pr), magnetohydrodynamic body force parameter (β), reciprocal of magnetic Prandtl number (α) and nanofluid solid volume fraction (φ) on velocity, temperature and magnetic stream function distributions is investigated in the presence of strong Marangoni effects (ξ i.e., Marangoni parameter is set as unity). Magnetic stream function is accentuated with body force parameter. The flow is considerably decelerated as is magnetic stream function gradient, with increasing nanofluid solid volume fraction, whereas temperatures are significantly enhanced. Interesting features in the flow regime are explored. The study finds applications in the fabrication of complex biomedical nanofluids, biopolymers, etc.