bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ternary Polymer Solutions with Hydrogen Bonds, 1
Authors: Soria Vicente , Figueruelo Juan E. , Gómez Clara M. , Abad Concepción , Campos Agustín
Published: January 2007

The Flory Huggins methodology coupled to AET has been extended to ternary polymer systems, in particular to solvent (A)/polymer 1 (B)/polymer 2 (C) systems, with the two polymers displaying H‐bonding interactions. Because the H‐bonding can perturb the randomness of polymeric conformations, the change in Gibbs free energy of mixing, ΔG, should arise from changes in combinatorial entropy as well as in interaction energy. The combinatorial part of ΔG is evaluated through AET as a function of the association constant η between B and C components, the autoassociation constant σ between B components, and the independent number m of interaction sites of acceptor C. The enthalpic contribution is evaluated by introducing concentration independent interaction parameters, $g'_{ij}$, evaluated by subtracting from the functions gij(ϕ) the energetic contributions due to the H‐bonding specific interactions. Once the resulting ΔG equation is tested, values obtained for hypothetic systems with low, moderate and strong H‐bonding interactions are discussed.

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Ternary Polymer Solutions with Hydrogen Bonds, 2
Authors: Figueruelo Juan E. , Monzó Isidro S. , Gómez Clara M. , Soria Vicente , Abad Concepción , Campos Agustín
Published: January 2007

Experimental ternary phase diagrams for ternary systems CHL/PS‐MAA/PVPy with diverse MAA contents have been determined by GPC. The presence of MAA in the copolymers gives rise to specific interactions, by hydrogen bond formation between both polymeric components, so strong that the isotherm for the system with the highest MAA content so far studied, CHL/PS‐MAA(8%)/PVPy, is representative of a complex coacervation situation. By applying the theoretical background deduced by coupling the Flory‐Huggins lattice model to the AET developed for ternary polymeric systems SPP with specific intermolecular interactions (via hydrogen bonds), free energy surfaces for the CHL/PS‐MAA/PVPy systems are constructed. From these plots theoretical ternary phase diagrams are deduced and a fair agreement with those obtained experimentally is observed.

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Adsorption of Semiflexible Chains on Nanostriped Surfaces: Monte Carlo Simulations
Authors: AlSunaidi Abdullah
Published: January 2007

Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to investigate the adsorption of semiflexible chains from a semidilute solution to substrates with periodic stripes of width w. The chains are made of fused N = 10 monomers of diameter σ interacting with each other through excluded volume interactions and with the stripes via a square‐well potential of depth ε and width σ. The surface coverage was found to increase upon increasing the chain stiffness and decreases on increasing the width of the stripes. At small w, more flexible chains are adsorbed than stiff chains. Analysis of the radius of gyration for the chains showed that when w < 8σ, the component along the stripe direction is significantly larger than the others. Orientational order parameter reveals that, for small w, chains have preference to align along the stripe direction.

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Cover Picture: Macromol. Theory Simul. 1/2007
Authors: Soria Vicente , Figueruelo Juan E. , Gómez Clara M. , Abad Concepción , Campos Agustín
Published: January 2007

Cover: The picture on the cover shows the simulated H‐bonding contribution to the free‐energy of mixing, ΔG, for binary polymer blends in the dilute regime (top). Moreover, our methodology has also been used to quantitatively predict the 3D region of thermodynamic stability (bottom) of a ternary polymer system with controlled intersegmental H‐bonds, under liquid‐liquid phase separation regime. Further details can be found in the article by V. Soria,* J. E. Figueruelo, C. M. Gómez, C. Abad, and A. Campos on page 53.
Chain Length Distributions of Polyolefins Made with Coordination Catalysts at Very Short Polymerization Times – Analytical Solution and Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Soares João B. P. , Hamielec Archie E.
Published: January 2007

We developed an analytical solution to describe how the CLD of polymers made with coordination polymerization catalysts vary as a function of time for very short polymerization times before the CLD becomes completely developed. We compared the analytical solution with a dynamic Monte Carlo model for validation, obtaining excellent agreement. Our analytical solution can be used to determine when the steady‐state hypothesis, commonly used in polymerization models, becomes valid as a function of polymer chain length. We also extended our model to describe polymerization with multiple‐site‐type catalysts. Depending on the polymerization kinetic parameters of the different site types on the catalyst, the fully developed CLD is reached through very different intermediate CLDs. This modeling approach, although rather simplified, can be used to interpret results from short polymerization time experiments such as the ones done in stopped‐flow reactors.

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Dynamic Monte Carlo Simulation of ATRP with Bifunctional Initiators
Authors: Al‐Harthi Mamdouh , Soares João B. P. , Simon Leonardo C.
Published: January 2007

A dynamic Monte Carlo model was developed to simulate ATRP with bifunctional initiators in a batch reactor. Model probabilities were calculated from polymerization kinetic parameters and reactor conditions. The model was used to predict monomer conversion, average molecular weight, polydispersity and the complete CLD as a function of polymerization time. The Monte Carlo model was compared with simulation results from a mathematical model that uses population balances and the method of moments. We also compared polymerizations with monofunctional and bifunctional initiators to illustrate some of the advantages of using bifunctional initiators in ATRP. In addition, we used the model to investigate the effect of the control volume and several polymerization conditions on simulation time, monomer conversion, molecular weight averages and CLD. Our results indicate that computational times can be reduced without sacrificing the quality of the results if we run several simulations with small control volumes rather than one single simulation with a large control volume.

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Preparation of Polymer‐Metal Composites via In Situ Decomposition of Metal Salts by Frontal Polymerization
Authors: Barany Zsolt Bela , Nagy Istvan Peter , Lovrity Zita , Gacsi Zoltan
Published: January 2007

Composites containing powdered zinc, and zinc/lead acetate were prepared via frontal polymerization. In the case of the acetates, elemental metal was formed in an in situ decomposition process. The local area function was used to demonstrate the distribution of fillers, and the uniformity of the area fraction for the quantitative characterization of the distribution. With the use of metal acetates, composites of uniform metal distribution can be produced, unlike in systems with metal powder, where the metal particles are enriched at the margin of the sample. It can be established that the specific direct‐current resistance significantly decreases in AA‐TGDMA composites by the addition of zinc acetate, compared to that of the initial monomer mixture. On heating, the unreacted zinc acetate decomposes further, which results in the further decrease in electrical resistance.

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Continuous Bulk Process for the Production of High‐Impact Polystyrene: Recent Developments in Modeling and Control
Authors: Meira Gregorio R. , Luciani Carla V. , Estenoz Diana A.
Published: January 2007

This work presents (in a wider perspective), some of our recent developments in the mathematical modeling and control of bulk polymerization for the production of HIPS. The recent model by Casís assumes the polymerization to be heterogeneous, and it calculates (in two phases) the global molecular structure of the three polymeric components of HIPS (free polystyrene, unreacted polybutadiene, and graft copolymer). At present, a model is being developed capable of estimating the average particle morphology (salami or core‐shell). Assuming a continuous bulk HIPS process as homogeneous, Luciani estimated the evolution of the MFI of the final product during changes of grade, with the aim of minimizing the intermediate off‐spec product. Finally, an unpublished simulation is presented that describes the transitions between the steady state of a HIPS‐grade and that of a general‐purpose polystyrene.

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EBV+ lymphoproliferative disease following prolonged chemotherapy for refractory LCH
Authors: Lee Dean A. , Tatevian Nina , Herring Ruth A. , McClain Kenneth L.
Published: January 2007

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus for which latent infection in B lymphocytes occurs in most individuals by middle childhood. Clinically significant reactivation of this virus occurs in the context of suppressed cell‐mediated immunity, occasionally developing into lymphoproliferative disease (EBV‐LPD). EBV reactivation is rarely associated with intensive chemotherapy alone. Here we present the case of a 4‐year‐old female who developed EBV‐LPD as a complication of prolonged immunosuppressive chemotherapy for her multiply‐recurrent Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:728–730. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Markers of bone turnover are associated with growth and development in young subjects with sickle cell anemia
Authors: Fung Ellen B. , Kawchak Deborah A. , Zemel Babette S. , Rovner Alisha J. , Ohene‐Frempong Kwaku , Stallings Virginia A.
Published: January 2007

Children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) have low bone mass though bone turnover has not been well described. In this study, growth and pubertal development were assessed twice, 1 year apart, in 80 young subjects with type‐SS SCA, while whole body bone mineral content (BMC) and density where measured in a subset (n = 46). Markers of bone turnover were measured at the second visit. Bone formation (alkaline phosphatase) was elevated, whereas bone resorption (deoxypryidinoline) was decreased compared to published data in healthy children. Markers of bone turnover correlated with growth velocity and pubertal development but not with changes in bone mass. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:620–623. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elevated maternal second‐trimester serum alpha‐fetoprotein as a risk factor for placental abruption
Authors: Tikkanen Minna , Hämäläinen Esa , Nuutila Mika , Paavonen Jorma , Ylikorkala Olavi , Hiilesmaa Vilho
Published: January 2007

Objective

To analyze the association of second‐trimester maternal serum alpha‐fetoprotein (MSAFP) and free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (MSβ‐hCG) levels to placental abruption.

Methods

Fifty‐seven women with placental abruption and 108 control women without placental abruption were tested for second‐trimester MSAFP and MSβ‐hCG levels as a part of a trisomy 21 screening program. Discriminatory cutoff levels for MSAFP were sought to predict placental abruption.

Results

The median of the MSAFP multiples of median (MoM) (1.21) was significantly higher in the abruption group than in the control group (1.07) (p = 0.004). In multivariate analysis, elevated MSAFP remained an independent risk factor for placental abruption when adjusting for other risk factors (parity ≥ 3, smoking, previous placental abruption, preeclampsia, bleeding in II or III trimester, and placenta previa). MSAFP ≥ 1.5 MoM had a sensitivity of 29% and a false‐positive rate of 10%. The levels of the MSβ‐hCG MoM did not differ between the cases and the controls.

Conclusion

Although second‐trimester MSAFP levels are higher in women with subsequent placental abruption, the clinical usefulness of this test is limited due to low sensitivity and high false‐positive rate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of Highly Releasing PET Surfaces by Atmospheric Pressure Glow Plasma Fluorination and Surface Roughening
Authors: Masutani Yasushi , Nagai Nodoka , Fujita Shiro , Hayashi Masushi , Kogoma Masuhiro , Tanaka Kunihito
Published: January 2007

Combined surface treatments using plasma fluorination and surface roughening were applied to investigate whether they could increase the peel property of PET beyond the value needed for use as a release coating of pressure‐sensitive adhesive tapes. The peel strength of PET treated with CF4/He APG plasmas decreased to approximately 100 N · m−1, but not quite to the ideal value of PTFE, 20 N · m−1. We also prepared PET with a rough surface (matte PET) to examine the effect of surface roughening. The matte PET peel strengths were decreased by plasma fluorination; the roughest matte PET showed even lower peel strength than PTFE. We conclude that the combined treatments could be effective in the formation of a surface with high peel property on PET.

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Proteomics analysis of cellular components in lentiviral vector production using Gel‐LC‐MS/MS
Authors: Wheeler Jun X. , Jones Christopher , Thorpe Robin , Zhao Yuan
Published: January 2007

Among the gene therapy vectors developed to date, lentiviral vectors persist in the host and are therefore best suited for long‐term gene transfer and gene‐replacement therapies. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1‐based lentiviral vector products are currently produced by transient transfection, filtration and ultracentrifugation, and the quality of the resultant vector product is variable. We reason that by identifying host proteins co‐produced with viral vectors we may better understand the mechanism of viral vector production, and improve the safety and quality of the resultant products. Our LC‐MS/MS studies identified both viral vector proteins and host proteins, including nuclear proteins, elongation factors and chaperone and heat shock proteins (HSP), and confirmed the presence of known HIV‐incorporated proteins, e.g. elongation factor‐1α, HSP70 and Histone 2A, demonstrating the capability and viability of LC‐MS/MS methods for the proteomic analysis of highly complex samples. Evaluation of the functions of the identified components is in progress to understand their implication for product quality and safety. These studies support the development of improved production and characterisation methods and advance the clinical application of lentiviral vector‐based products.
Expression of tropomyosin alpha 4 chain is increased in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma as evidenced by proteomic profiling by two‐dimensional electrophoresis and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry
Authors: Harada Toshio , Kuramitsu Yasuhiro , Makino Akira , Fujimoto Masanori , Iizuka Norio , Hoshii Yoshinobu , Takashima Motonari , Tamesa Michiko , Nishimura Taku , Takeda Shigeru , Abe Toshihiro , Yoshino Shigefumi , Oka Masaaki , Nakamura Kazuyuki
Published: January 2007

To identify proteins associated with esophageal carcinogenesis, we performed protein profiling of 16 esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs) and paired noncancerous tissues by 2‐DE and MS/MS. In cancerous tissues, three spots showed significant up‐regulation in the amount of protein, while eight spots were significantly down‐regulated. The identities of the spots were determined by PMF with LC‐MS/MS and were confirmed by immunoblotting. The up‐regulated proteins were tropomyosin alpha 4 chain, transgelin, and pyruvate kinase. The down‐regulated proteins were serum albumin precursor, isoforms of annexin A1, tropomyosin beta chain, 14‐3‐3 protein sigma, and isoforms of serotransferrin precursor. In all 16 cases, up‐regulation of the tropomyosin alpha 4 chain was confirmed by immunoblotting. Localization of the tropomyosin alpha 4 chain in ESCC cells and adjacent fibroblasts was confirmed by immunohistochemistry.
Robotic pyeloplasty: a critical appraisal
Authors: Badwan K. , Bhayani S.
Published: January 2007

Background

Laparoscopic pyeolplasty has become a minimally invasive alternative to open pyeloplasty. Due to technical concerns with intracorporeal suturing, robotic pyeloplasty has become an emerging alternative.

Methods

The literature was reviewed for reports and outcomes on robotic pyeloplasty.

Results

Reports of robotic pyeloplasty are increasing, and outcomes appear excellent.

Conclusions

Robotic pyeloplasty is feasible with excellent outcomes. Challenges remain in making the procedure cost effective. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling as a teaching learning process for understanding materials: A case study in primary education
Authors: Acher Andrés , Arcà María , Sanmartí Neus
Published: January 2007

Modeling is being used in teaching learning science in a number of ways. It will be considered here as a process whereby children of primary school age exercise their capacity of organizing recognizable and manageable forms during their understanding of complex phenomenologies. The aim of this work is to characterize this process in relation to the modeling of properties of and changes in materials. The data are discussed by establishing relationships between the modeling process with three different aspects: the specialized scientific knowledge, the physical manipulation of phenomena, and the interaction among those participating in the class. The results show how 7–8‐year‐old students generate a modeling process that leads them to explain the behavior of different materials by using a “model of parts” created ad hoc. This model, built up from some kind of a discrete vision of the material, proves to be coherent for children of this age and evolves by relating the visible continuum with an imagined discontinuum. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 91:398–418, 2007
Global transcriptional profiling of Candida albicans cwt1 null mutant
Authors: Moreno I. , Castillo L. , Sentandreu R. , Valentin E.
Published: January 2007

CaCwt1p is a Candida albicans putative transcriptional factor homologue to Rds2p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The lack of this protein in S. cerevisiae leads to a pleiotropic resistance to drugs and defects in cell wall architecture that are also detectable in C. albicans. It is also known that CaCwt1p is mainly expressed in the stationary growth phase of this fungus. In order to elucidate the role of CWT1, transcriptome analysis of the mutant strain was performed in exponential and stationary growth phases. A total of 460 genes were found to be up‐ or downregulated in the mutant strain growing exponentially, and 666 genes presented a misregulation when cwt1 cells reached the stationary phase. Under both conditions, 6% of the genes were related to cell wall architecture. An important set of genes involved in protein translation and ribosome biogenesis presented altered expression levels in cwt1 in both exponential and stationary growing cells. In addition, genes encoding for glycolytic enzymes and glycerol formation were found to be differentially regulated throughout cell growth. Finally, the expression of other transcriptional factors was modified in cwt1. This fact could indicate that the pleiotropic phenotype presented by the cwt1 null mutant is not only due to its absence, but also to the modified expression of other transcriptional factors. RSAT software was used to predict theoretical DNA binding motifs for this transcriptional factor. Surprisingly, the DNA sequences AGGGCT and/or AGCCCT could act as a direct promoting binding site for Cwt1p. These sequences have been reported to be related to the STRE box. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relating body size to the role of aquatic subsidies for the riparian spider Nephila clavata
Authors: Akamatsu Fumikazu , Toda Hideshige , Okino Tokio
Published: January 2007

We examined the relationship between body size of the riparian spider Nephila clavata and the contribution of allochthonous (aquatic insects) and autochthonous (terrestrial insects) sources to its diet using stable isotope analysis. During the study period from July to September, the body size of the females increased remarkably (about 60‐fold) but that of males remained small. The biomass of both aquatic and terrestrial insects trapped on the spider webs increased with spider size, with the biomass of the former ranging between 30 and 70% of that of the terrestrial insects. The average relative contribution of aquatic insects to the diet of the spiders, calculated from δ13C values, was 40–50% in spiders in the early juvenile and juvenile stages, 35% in adult males and 4% in adult females. There was a significant negative relationship between the relative contribution of aquatic insects and body size of the female spiders. We conclude that aquatic insects might be an important seasonal dietary subsidy for small spiders and that these allochthonous subsidies may facilitate the growth of riparian spiders, which may in turn enable the spiders to feed on larger prey.
Effect of reduced levels of the LDL receptor of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells on cholesterol uptake and cell proliferation: A coculture study with baby hamster kidney cells
Authors: Haeffner E.W. , Wittmann U. , Kiesewetter L. , Zimmermann H.P. , Stöhr M. , Spiess E.
Published: January 2007

We have introduced a heterologous coculture model between Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) and baby hamster kidney cells (PtK2), and we have studied the influence of PtK2 cells and their newly synthesized cholesterol on uptake and tumor cell proliferation. PtK2 cells produce about five times more cholesterol as compared to EAT cells, and they support tumor cell growth in coculture experiments. This growth stimulation is reduced by 80% when EAT cells are cultured in PtK2 cell‐derived medium in the presence of a monoclonal anti‐low‐density lipoprotein receptor (anti‐LDLr) antibody. Freshly synthesized cholesterol by PtK2 cells is taken up by EAT cells in a time‐dependent manner amounting to a threefold increase after 24 h. Alternatively, cholesterol transfer to EAT cells is decreased between 28% and 35%, when PtK2 cell cholesterol synthesis is inhibited in the presence of mevinolin, the specific inhibitor of the hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase. Furthermore, lower levels of EAT cell LDL receptor induced by antisense technology reduces cholesterol uptake and cell proliferation. These data demonstrate a metabolic interaction between normal and tumor cells mediated via the exchange of cholesterol, an important membrane constituent.
Analysis of the monovalent ion fluxes in U937 cells under the balanced ion distribution: Recognition of ion transporters responsible for changes in cell ion and water balance during apoptosis
Authors: Vereninov A.A. , Goryachaya T.S. , Moshkov A.V. , Vassilieva I.O. , Yurinskaya V.E. , Lang F. , Rubashkin A.A.
Published: January 2007

Unidirectional 22Na, Li+ and Rb+ fluxes and net fluxes of Na+ and K+ were measured in U937 human leukemic cells before and after induction of apoptosis by staurosporine (1 μM, 4 h) to answer the question which ion transporter(s) are responsible for changes in cell ion and water balance at apoptosis. The original version of the mathematical model of cell ion and water balance was used for analysis of the unidirectional ion fluxes under the balanced distribution of major monovalent ions across the cell membrane. The values of all major components of the Na+ and K+ efflux and influx, i.e. fluxes via the Na+,K+‐ATPase pump, Na+ channels, K+ channels, Na/Na exchanger and Na‐Cl symport were determined. It is concluded that apoptotic cell shrinkage and changes in Na+ and K+ fluxes typical of apoptosis in U937 cells induced by staurosporine are caused by a complex decrease in the pump activity, Na‐Cl symport and integral Na+ channel permeability.
Mechanosensitive channel activity and F‐actin organization in cholesterol‐depleted human leukaemia cells
Authors: Morachevskaya Elena , Sudarikova Anastasiya , Negulyaev Yuri
Published: January 2007

This study focuses on the functional role of cellular cholesterol in the regulation of mechanosensitive cation channels activated by stretch in human leukaemia K562 cells. The patch‐clamp method was employed to examine the effect of methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (MβCD), a synthetic cholesterol‐sequestering agent, on stretch‐activated single currents. We found that cholesterol‐depleting treatment with MβCD resulted in a suppression of the activity of mechanosensitive channels without a change in the unitary conductance. The probability that the channel was open significantly decreased after treatment with MβCD. Fluorescent microscopy revealed F‐actin reorganization, possibly involving actin assembly, after incubation of the cells with MβCD. We suggest that suppression of mechanosensitive channel activation in cholesterol‐depleted leukaemia cells is due to F‐actin rearrangement, presumably induced by lipid raft destruction. Our observations are consistent with the notion that stretch‐activated cation channels in eukaryotic cells are regulated by the membrane—cytoskeleton complex rather than by tension developed purely in the lipid bilayer.
Nuclear differentiation for mating types in the ciliate Dileptus anser: A hypothesis
Authors: Yudin A.L. , Uspenskaya Z.I.
Published: January 2007

We have obtained the first data on inheritance and genetic determination of mating types (MTs) in the lower ciliate Dileptus anser (= D. margaritifer). Observation of MT instability in young, just matured exconjugant clones obtained from some (not all) crosses appears to be the key finding in our study. In a clone of this kind, the states of maturity and immaturity (or adolescence) often alternate and/or one MT changes to another, sometimes repeatedly, during the period of several weeks after the clone's maturation. On occasion, all three MTs found in this species can be expressed consecutively. All cells of the culture are synchronously involved in such changes of their sexual state — no spontaneous selfing (intraclonal conjugation) was ever observed in such cultures. These observations suggest that the mat locus in dilepti is a compound integral one; it is inherited as a whole and can specify expression of any one of possible MTs (much as it occurs in Tetrahymena thermophila). Some other mechanisms, supposedly epigenetic ones among them, control what MT will be expressed in a given exconjugant clone in particular. Steady functioning of these mechanisms provides stable, unambiguous differentiation of the compound mat locus to one and only one MT and subsequent Mendelian behavior of the character over sexual generations. If, for some still unknown reasons the control of such differentiation is disturbed, MT expressed in a given exconjugant clone becomes unstable and its Mendelian behavior can be violated.
The main psychotherapeutic trends in Poland with special attention to the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Cracow
Authors: Orwid M. , Badura W. , Bomba J. , Mamrot E. , Jaworska‐Franczak E.
Published: January 2007

In our account we describe the need to rebuild psychiatric services in Poland after the end of World War II and then discuss psychotherapeutic approaches which now exist in Poland with special reference to their application to an adolescent unit at Cracow.
Alcohol and young people
Authors: Ritson Bruce
Published: January 2007

In most countries, the past decade has seen an increase in alcohol consumption which has been particularly evident among young people. This increase has been most marked for girls. These changes have brought about an attendant rise in alcohol related problems amongst adolescents.

The paper examines the place of alcohol education in fostering moderate drinking and reviews research on the development of drinking habits. Finally it considers the task of professionals working with adolescents in responding to alcohol problems once they are recognized.
The senex dominated youth: Issues and problems of the adolescent grown too old, too good, too soon
Authors: Daher Douglas M.
Published: January 2007

The absence of the challenging, defiant, adventurous spirit in a youth can lead to later psychological dilemmas which stem from repressed adolescence. A discussion of a youth‐age archetype, the puer‐senex, is used to trace particular patterns for male adolescents who identify too quickly with adult standards. After briefly describing the analytical profiles of the puer and the senex, the paper focuses upon possible consequences for youths who have not identified with their puer tendencies. The search for the puer by the senex dominated adolescent is often directed toward peer relationships, particularly with regards to social and sexual aspects. The puer components might also be sought after through religious or aesthetic pursuits. When the puer is not searched for, a youth is primed for a later identity upheaval. Several references to and some discussion of the puer‐senex archetypal theme in literature are presented. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of recognizing the potential porblems of a youth grown old too soon.
Self mutilation
Authors: Raine Wendy J.B.
Published: January 2007

In this paper, the various theoretical avenues which have been explored in an attempt to understand the difficulties of self‐mutilating patients, have led to the conclusion that the primary problem is in the area of very early symbiotic object relationships, where skin assumes great significance, and where, in these patients, an unclear differentiation between mother and self has come about. Cutting the skin enhances the differentiation, and so can be seen as serving an adaptive function for the patient, although in terms of a therapeutic relationship, it is a major form of acting‐out.
Psychotherapy in borstal
Authors: Ellis Mary J.L.
Published: January 2007

Individual psychotherapy is not always the treatment of choice where delinquent adolescents are concerned. Nevertheless, it does have a place for youngsters whose delinquency is the result of neurotic conflicts stemming from broken and distorted relationships in their childhood. The assessment interview can be important and give pointers for and against offering the youngster individual psychotherapy. A case is described, and the dangers explored, of a boy who chose me as his therapist in spite of my reluctance to enter into the demanding relationship I foresaw the work would entail.
Alice in Wonderland and cognitive development: teaching with examples
Authors: Lough George J.
Published: January 2007

Alice in Wonderland can be used to give interesting examples of many of the basic concepts of adolescent psychology. Alice's experiences can be seen as symbolic depictions of important aspects of adolescent development, such as initiation, identity formation, and physical, cognitive, moral, and social development. The psychology instructor may choose a part of the story, then point out the parallels between it and particular aspects of adolescent development. This approach enables the instructor to create and maintain a high level of student interest in the course material.
How much do young offenders need social work?
Authors: Kerslake Andrew
Published: January 2007

The current orthodoxy in social work with young offenders centres on the twin themes of justice and systems management. The first beseeches social work to use mechanisms, such as the 1982 Criminal Justice Act, as a means of improving the juvenile court process. The second seeks to provide a clear alternative to custody by redefining Intermediate Treatment as a strategy aimed primarily at “heavy end” offenders.

The recent news that the numbers of those receiving Youth Custody has risen sharply since the implementation of the above Act, only serves to amplify the importance of the debate about what kind of social work young offenders should receive. The current implication for both the courts and social work practice is that justice is not being done and diversion not being achieved.

However, should social work respond by concentrating the vast majority of its endeavours in one particular area, then it would clearly have major implications both for practice and for the allocation of resources. It would therefore have an effect on the kind of social work young offenders might receive and hence how much such a service may be required.
Meaning and importance of the practice of religion amongst adolescents in Senegal
Authors: Vandewiele Michel , D'Hondt Walter
Published: January 2007

In view of the growing importance of religion in Senegal, 950 Wolof speaking secondary school students were asked to comment upon the meaning and importance they gave to the practice of religion, and whether they believed it had any consequence on their lives and their country at large. An analysis of answers provided show a large predominance of the practice of religion due to several reasons; historical, political and social, despite a minor trend of peripheral contest (10% of subjects said they don't believe in destiny nor in the importance of religious practice). Like‐wise the belief in the idea of destiny, i.e. that one's life was decided beforehand, did not seem to contradict the largely expressed need to be actively involved in the economic development of the country.
RHIZOBIAL INOCULATION AND P FERTILIZATION RESPONSE IN COMMON BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS) UNDER GLASSHOUSE AND FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: ZAMAN-ALLAH M. , SIFI B. , L'TAIEF B. , EL AOUNI M. H. , DREVON J. J.
Published: January 2007

Osmotic constraints, nutrient deficiencies, especially phosphorus, and the lack of efficient strains of rhizobia in Mediterranean soils are major factors limiting symbiotic nitrogen fixation and yield in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). In order to improve yields, we investigated responses to rhizobial inoculation and P fertilization under glasshouse and field conditions with two bean cultivars, Coco blanc and BAT477. The nodulation test, using a hydroponic system in a glasshouse, revealed strong variability among 22 rhizobium strains of various origins, in their symbiotic efficiency, compared with Rhizobium tropici CIAT899. The introduced strains proved to be more efficient although some local rhizobia revealed high potential efficiencies. Glasshouse trials showed a significant effect of inoculation and P supply on nodulation, N content and shoot dry weight that varied with rhizobial strain. Field trials substantiated the glasshouse observations and emphasized the effects of cultivar-rhizobia interactions on symbiotic parameters and yields. It is concluded that inoculation with suitable rhizobia with supply of additional P is a technology that may improve symbiotic nitrogen fixation and yield in common bean in some soils under a Mediterranean climate.
PARTICIPATORY VARIETAL SELECTION WITH IMPROVED PEARL MILLET IN WEST AFRICA
Authors: OMANYA G. O. , WELTZIEN-RATTUNDE E. , SOGODOGO D. , SANOGO M. , HANSSENS N. , GUERO Y. , ZANGRE R.
Published: January 2007

A reconnaissance survey and participatory varietal selection trials (PVS) were conducted in four major pearl millet-growing countries of the Sahel between 2001 and 2003. The studies aimed to identify farmers' preferences in improved pearl millet varieties, increase awareness, test new varieties and enhance farmers' access to the improved varieties. Farmers selected five out of 10 tested varieties, with preferred characteristics, namely, maturity cycles of 80–90 d in the Sahel and 90–100 d in the Sudanian agro-ecozones, acceptable grain yield, compact and long (30–100 cm) panicles, a large number of tillers with panicles, adaptation and an acceptable taste. Farmers indicated that their local varieties were of superior adaptation and taste. They mentioned that hindrances to uptake and sustained use of improved varieties were due to lack of awareness, traditional values, seed unavailability, early maturity, bird damage and lack of fertilizer. The strong genotype × environment interactions in the Sahel suggests that breeding should be directed towards producing varieties adapted to specific zones rather than for wide adaptation. Notably, since farmers often cultivate pearl millet without any soil amendments, it may be advisable to disseminate varieties as a package (with fertilizer and agronomic instructions) rather than as varieties alone in a PVS programme, in order to achieve the full potential of improved varieties. The PVS trials are synergistic to plant breeding in identifying varieties suitable for harsh environments, which are difficult to duplicate in the research station. However, in the absence of formal distribution seed systems in the trial countries, village- or community-based seed production of varieties selected by farmers appears critical to the sustainable adoption of selected varieties.
The Mark Of Cain—Revealed At Last?
Authors: Moberly R. W. L.
Published: January 2007

Then thelordsaid to him, “Not so! Whoever kills Cain will suffer a sevenfold vengeance.” And thelordput a mark on Cain, so that no one who came upon him would kill him. (Gen 4:15)
Confession of the Son of God in Hebrews
Authors: MACKIE SCOTT D.
Published: January 2007

Hebrews is addressed to a community whose waning commitment may lead to a complete abandonment of their Christian identity. In response, the author crafts an imaginative and powerful exhortation that centers on Jesus' identity as the Son of God. The author first dramatizes the Son's exaltation, emphasizing the Father's declaration of Jesus' sonship, the Son's reciprocal confession of the Fatherhood of God, and the Son's conferral of family membership upon the recipients. The recipients are then called upon to participate in this pattern of mutual familial confession in two strategic hortatory passages: 4.14–16 and 10.19–25. These two exhortations to confess Jesus as the Son of God are intended to bring a halt to their wavering commitment and solidify their identity as siblings of the Son.
Assembly synthesis with subassembly partitioning for optimal
in-process dimensional adjustability
Authors: LEE BYUNGWOO , SAITOU KAZUHIRO
Published: January 2007

Achieving the dimensional integrity for a complex structural assembly
is a demanding task due to the manufacturing variations of parts and the
tolerance relationship between them. Although assigning tight tolerances
to all parts would solve the problem, an economical solution is taking
advantage of small motions that joints allow, such that critical
dimensions are adjusted during assembly processes. This paper
presents a systematic method that decomposes product geometry at an early
stage of design, selects joint types, and generates subassembly
partitioning to achieve the adjustment of the critical dimensions during
assembly processes. A genetic algorithm generates candidate assemblies
based on a joint library specific for an application domain. Each
candidate assembly is evaluated by an internal optimization routine that
computes the subassembly partitioning for optimal in-process
adjustability, by finding a series of minimum cuts on weighted graphs. A
case study on a three-dimensional automotive space frame with the
accompanying joint library is presented.
IMPERIAL ECONOMICS: HARRIET MARTINEAU'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY AND THE NARRATION OF EMPIRE
Authors: Klaver Claudia C.
Published: January 2007

IN THE PREFACE TO HER twenty-five volume series of novellas, Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–33), Harriet Martineau advertises her attempt to popularize the emergent science of political economy. However, at the same time that she justifies her plan to illustrate various principles of political economy through her use of narrative form, Martineau goes further, arguing for the global scope and significance of this contested and often misunderstood new science. Toward the close of her preface, she writes:
PIRACY, SLAVERY, AND THE IMAGINATION OF EMPIRE IN STEVENSON's PACIFIC FICTION
Authors: Jolly Roslyn
Published: January 2007

OFFICIALLY, BRITAIN WAS a reluctant coloniser in the Pacific. Unwilling to take on the expense and responsibility of colonial administration, or to interfere with the imperial ambitions of other European powers in the region, successive British governments in the nineteenth century turned down offers of protectorates and other opportunities to colonize Pacific lands. But the energies and ambitions of individual British subjects were not similarly constrained, and the many who went to the Pacific to evangelize, to plant, and to trade established a strong unofficial British presence in the region. Acts of private colonization and a range of quasi-colonialist activities by Britons eventually forced their government to alter imperial policy and take on island protectorates and colonies, but except for the annexation of Fiji in 1874, this did not begin to happen until the late 1880s. For most of the century, Britain contented itself with passing a series of laws which attempted to control what its subjects did on the other side of the world, while minimizing responsibility for the administration of colonies.
PANDORA'S BOX: WALTER CRANE, “OUR SPHINX-RIDDLE,” AND THE POLITICS OF DECORATION
Authors: O'Neill Morna
Published: January 2007

WITH WALTER CRANE, marginality is a question of medium. For his contemporaries, Crane's artistic practice embodied the ethos of Arts and Crafts eclecticism, apparent in this view of his studio from 1885 (Figure 15): watercolor, oil painting, tempera, sculpture, design, and illustration vie for our attention. As the painter Sir William Rothenstein recalled, “Crane could do anything he wanted, or anyone else wanted” (292). As an artist, designer, and – crucially – a socialist, Crane disregarded the traditional distinctions between high art and popular culture. With a history of art constructed along the fault lines of media, school, and style, Crane's diverse artistic practice and radical politics defy easy categorization. And this is precisely the point: his work requires the viewer to think across media, to move from the margins of wallpaper and illustration to the center of painting and back again. Or perhaps it is more fruitful to think of this process as one of inversion, placing wallpaper at the center and painting at its margins. According to Homi Bhabha, it is this “disjunctive temporality” (151) of the margins that allows cultural identity and political solidarities to emerge. The forging of political solidarities through art was the crux of Crane's project, and the disruption of established cultural hierarchies signaled the central role of art in political agitation. Visible on the right margin of photograph of Crane's studio (see Figure 15), the watercolor Pandora from 1885 (Figure 16) provides an ideal starting point for an exploration of the ways in which socialist politics move from the decorative margins to the very heart of Crane's art, a process enabled by the artist's politicized reinterpretation of classical mythology.
Check-ups in obese and diabetic patients: Preventive Medicine
Authors: Charro Salgado  , Rubio Herrera  , Runkle de la Vega
Published: January 2007

Obesity is a chronic disease associated with important additional diseases, such as DM 2, that both reduce life quality and increase morbimortality from any cause. In the Western world, obesity is directly responsible for most deaths due to associated chronic disease. Therefore, substantial effort should be directed towards adequate primary prevention campaigns and policies, as well as towards an intensive and long-term multidisciplinary treatment of obesity, in an attempt to combat this threat to the health of a large part of our population.
Interventions to Prevent Overweight in Children
Authors: Müller  , Danielzik  , Landsberg  , Pust
Published: January 2007

There are only few controlled studies on prevention of overweight in children and adolescence. These studies differ with respect to strategy, setting, duration, focus, variables of outcome and statistical power. Universal and school-based interventions show some improvement of health knowledge and health-related behaviours but they have only minor or no effects on nutritional status. However they reduce the incidence of overweight. The effects seem to be more pronounced in girls than in boys. Children of middle and high class as well as children with intact families benefit better from intervention than children with low socioeconomic status. Selected prevention in overweight children was most successful when children were treated together with their parents. However there are social barriers limiting the success. Simple interventions in a single area are unlikely to work on their own. The development of effective preventive interventions likely require strategies that affect multiple settings simultaneously. At present there is no concerted action but many strategies are followed in isolation. There is need for national campaigns and action plans on childhood overweight and obesity. It is tempting to speculate that this will also increase the effects of isolated approaches.
Epidemiology and Management of Obesity in Germany
Authors: Erbersdobler
Published: January 2007

The prevalence of obesity is continuously increasing in Germany. Only one third of German adult inhabitants exhibits a desirable body weight. However, there is still a discrepancy between both formerly separated countries of Germany. The prevalence of obesity is higher in the eastern part, the former German Democratic Republic (DDR). Also, the increase in obesity (BMI > 30) in men and women was somewhat higher in the eastern part. The main intention of prevention of overweight is stabilizing or moderately reducing body weight by lowering energy intake and by increasing physical activity. Also therapy of obesity should be based on dietary restriction, enhanced physical activity and behavioural therapy. Therapy with drugs is only recommended if the above mentioned programs were not successful. A surgical therapy is recommended in cases with a BMI of > 40 or of > 35 with significant health implications. The governmental authorities support a lot of activities about healthy eating and physical activity partially together with groups of industry.
Implications of Person Fluctuation for the Stability and Validity of Test Scores
Authors: Ferrando Pere J.
Published: January 2007

In the IRT person-fluctuation model, the individual trait levels fluctuate within a single test administration whereas the items have fixed locations. This article studies the relations between the person and item parameters of this model and two central properties of item and test scores: temporal stability and external validity. For temporal stability, formulas are derived for predicting and interpreting item response changes in a test-retest situation on the basis of the individual fluctuations. As for validity, formulas are derived for obtaining disattenuated estimates and for predicting changes in validity in groups with different levels of fluctuation. These latter formulas are related to previous research in the person-fit domain. The results obtained and the relations discussed are illustrated with an empirical example.
Regional patterns of radiocarbon and fossil fuel‐derived CO2 in surface air across North America
Authors: Hsueh Diana Y. , Krakauer Nir Y. , Randerson James T. , Xu Xiaomei , Trumbore Susan E. , Southon John R.
Published: January 2007

Radiocarbon levels in annual plants provide a means to map out regional and continental‐scale fossil fuel plumes in surface air. We collected corn (Zea mays) across North America during the summer of 2004. Plants from mountain regions of western North America showed the smallest influence of fossil fuel‐derived CO2 with a mean Δ14C of 66.3‰ ±1.7‰. Plants from eastern North America and from the Ohio‐Maryland region showed a larger fossil fuel influence with a mean Δ14C of 58.8‰ ± 3.9‰ and 55.2‰ ± 2.3‰, respectively, corresponding to 2.7 ppm ± 1.5 ppm and 4.3 ppm ± 1.0 ppm of added fossil fuel CO2 relative to the mountain west. A model–data comparison suggests that surveys of annual plant Δ14C can provide a useful test of atmospheric mixing in transport models that are used to estimate the spatial distribution of carbon sources and sinks.