bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Interethnic Difference of Collateral Angioarchitectures on Prevalence of Hemorrhagic Stroke in Moyamoya Disease
Authors: Hori Satoshi , Kashiwazaki Daina , Yamamoto Shusuke , Acker Güliz , Czabanka Marcus , Akioka Naoki , Kuwayama Naoya , Vajkoczy Peter , Kuroda Satoshi
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Fragile, dilated moyamoya vessels are the main source of hemorrhagic stroke in moyamoya disease (MMD). However, the prevalence of hemorrhagic stroke largely differs between Asian and western countries, although the underlying pathophysiology has not been clarified.

OBJECTIVE

To systematically analyze the difference of collateral angioarchitectures between Japanese and European Caucasians with MMD.

METHODS

This study included 71 patients with MMD, including Japanese (n = 41) and European Caucasians (n = 30). Using preoperative cerebral angiography, the developments of lenticulostriate artery (LSA), anterior choroidal artery (AChoA), posterior communicating artery (PcomA), and posterior choroidal artery (PChoA) were precisely evaluated, and ethic difference was analyzed in terms of patients’ age and the onset type.

RESULTS

Cerebral angiography demonstrated that the marked dilatation of AChoA and PChoA were significantly more remarkable in Japanese than in European Caucasians (P = .004 andP = .002, respectively). Ageing advanced the dilatation and extension of PChoA and PcomA, and diminished the development of LSA in Japanese patients (P < .001,P = .03, andP = .03, respectively). European Caucasian patients did not have the specific dilated pattern like Japanese patients.

CONCLUSION

The marked dilatation of PChoA and PcomA is considered a powerful predictive marker of hemorrhage in MMD. Collateral channels spontaneously shift from the anterior to posterior circulation in Japanese patients during ageing but not in European Caucasian patients. These different dilation patterns of the collateral pathway may be associated with an ethnic difference of the clinical onset type in MMD.
Medium of Instruction Policy
Authors: Tollefson James W. , Tsui Amy B.M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter traces the main pedagogical and political agendas that are implicit in medium of instruction (MOI) policies. It begins with an important worldwide effort to promote mother-tongue MOI: the Education for All initiative. Although this initiative has gained wide support among education scholars, MOI policies that privilege former colonial languages remain dominant in many contexts. The second section focuses on colonial and postcolonial contexts. In recent years debates about MOI in postcolonial education have focused on the spread of English MOI under globalization. The third section examines globalization, specifically with the examples of Malaysia, Hong Kong, China, and European higher education. The fourth section examines a major counterforce to English MOI: the language rights movement. Finally, the chapter ends with a discussion of explicit efforts to use MOI to reduce inequality.
Bilingual Education Policy and Neoliberal Content and Language Integrated Learning Practices
Authors: Relaño-Pastor Ana María
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents an overview of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) policy and practice in Europe to shed light on the neoliberalization and commodification processes involved in the global spread of English. The first part surveys the key issues of CLIL research in Europe by offering a summary of the major trends in policy and practice. The second section advocates for approaching CLIL as policy and practice from an ethnographic, political economy perspective to understand the complex relationships between bilingual language policy, stakeholders’ circulating discourses about bilingualism, and bilingual classroom practices. The third section briefly illustrates the case of bilingual programs in the central-south autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha, Spain, attending to the social hierarchization processes involved in the implementation of CLIL programs in this region. The chapter’s final section advocates for the need to incorporate the ethnographic turn in future research on CLIL in Europe and beyond.
Language Tests, Language Policy, and Citizenship
Authors: Frost Kellie , McNamara Tim
Published: May 2018

The role of language tests in immigration policy has attracted significant attention in recent years as the disruptive effects of globalisation are felt. Much of the research has focused on the situation in Europe, where societies that were traditionally not countries of immigration now have significant and increasing immigrant communities. Less attention has been paid to countries of immigration such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States, which have sometimes encouraged immigration and have found it easier to embrace various forms of multiculturalism, despite some inevitable tensions. This chapter provides an account of the complex and rapidly changing role that language test scores have played in immigration policies favouring highly skilled migrants in Australia, and draws on Foucault’s discussion of the function of examinations to explore the impact of these changes on the lives of individuals subjected to the policies.
Language Policies and Sign Languages
Authors: Müller de Quadros Ronice
Published: May 2018

This chapter argues for specific actions needed for language planning and language policies involving sign languages and Deaf communities, based on the understanding of what sign languages are, who the signers are, where they sign, and the sign language transmission and maintenance mechanisms of the Deaf community. The first section presents an overview of sign languages and their users, highlighting that sign languages are often used in contexts where most people use spoken languages. The second section addresses the functions, roles, and status of sign languages in relation to spoken languages, as well as the relationship between Deaf communities and hearing society. The medical view of deafness, which has a significant impact on language policies for Deaf people, is critically considered. The third section offers examples of language policies, especially related to the use of sign languages in education, and an agenda for future work on sign language policy and planning.
Maintaining “Good Guys” and “Bad Guys”
Authors: Silberstein Sandra
Published: May 2018

The ideological work of national media renders (inter)national crises intelligible, often without challenging systemic or institutional practices or the policy agenda of political elites. What becomes speakable and legible represents a form of language policy. This chapter explores the policies implicit in the virtually simultaneous media coverage of two international crises: the July 2014 downing of Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 over Ukraine and Israel’s “Operation Protective Edge” into Gaza. The analysis focuses on the intertexualities produced by US-based media and the ideological tensions and labor these occasioned, particularly the construction of “good guys” and “bad guys,” victims and villains, for a national and international audience.
Research Methods in Language Policy and Planning
Authors: Johnson David Cassells
Published: May 2018

Interdisciplinarity is a hallmark of language policy and planning (LPP) research and reveals how the impact of language plans and policies transcends disciplinary boundaries. Interdisciplinarity also means that clear LPP-specific methods have been slow to develop, if at all. This chapter reviews the methodological history of the field, highlighting major shifts engendered by particular research approaches, and ends with some predictions about where the field might be headed as evidenced by emerging trends. First, epistemological foundations are discussed, which help clarify methodological directions and perspectives. Then, a chronological history of LPP research methods is considered, with particular attention to language planning foundations, the critical and empirical turns, and emerging trends.
Neoliberalism and Linguistic Governmentality
Authors: Martín Rojo Luisa
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the role of language policies, ideologies, knowledge, and practices in the expansion and consolidation of neoliberalism and the forms of governance that emerge from it. It explores the current context of neoliberalism, explaining how it becomes a practice of governance of individuals and social groups. Adopting Foucault’s concept of governmentality, the chapter traces the main features of neoliberal governmentality, including its linguistic components. The chapter examines how neoliberalism is transforming language policies, educational programmes, and practices through the discourses of personal enterprise and language as profit. The impact of these discourses on speakers’ experiences and trajectories, particularly in the processes of linguistic self-training and capitalisation, are examined, as well as new forms of subjectivity that emerge from these processes. The final section discusses how the effects of neoliberalism as a practice of governance provide a window to a better understanding of the changes and challenges of language policies.
“We Work as Bilinguals”
Authors: Unamuno Virginia , Bonnin Juan Eduardo
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the social impact of language policy and planning (LPP) in the daily life of Wichi communities in Argentina. The analysis shows how languages and bilingualism, categorized as a specific resource to access public positions in deprived regions in Argentina, define a disputed territory and shape social conflicts among groups. The chapter focuses on the Argentinean region known as El Impenetrable, where new language policies are transforming health and educational institutions traditionally managed by non-indigenous people. The presence of new actors in public institutions, assessed with relation to language competences, and the setting of a new political agenda can be explained from local and global processes where public decisions are rooted. Ethnographic sociolinguistics and discourse analysis are combined in a methodological approach to LPP that takes into account the interplay of different voices in relation to local and social transformations regarding indigenous language uses and values.
Language Policy and Planning and Linguistic Landscapes
Authors: Hult Francis M.
Published: May 2018

Linguistic landscape analysis is the study of visual language use in public space. Its fundamental premise is that the ways in which languages are visually used (or not used) contribute to the discursive construction of a distinct sense of place. Linguistic landscape analysis is related to language policy in two key ways, one indirect and one direct. Indirectly, all language policies entextualize language ideologies; analyzing the visual representation of the linguistic order in the public space of a community provides insight into how values present in policies may or may not be iterated in everyday experiences. Directly, some polities regulate what languages may be used in public spaces, as well as how they may be used. Language policy researchers investigate such regulations and how they may or may not relate to the actual practice of language use on signs in specific communities. This chapter reviews work that has taken indirect and direct orientations to studying language policy and linguistic landscapes. Suggestions for future directions for both are provided.
Socioeconomic Junctures, Theoretical Shifts
Authors: Heller Monica
Published: May 2018

This chapter begins by situating language policy and planning (LPP) historically, linking it to colonialism and capitalism, and in particular to the development of the nation-state. The institutionalized emergence of LPP as a defined field of scholarly inquiry in the 1960s–1980s, with a peak in the 1960s and 1970s, is understood in the context of state management of populations on the terrain of language, necessarily connected to the interests of capital. The central question is how LPP has been understood, at various historical junctures, to be connected to both political and economic interests. LPP’s increasingly explicit interest in economic activity tracks a shift in locus of attention and activity. The question for LPP has thus become the legitimacy of its mission: whose interests it serves, and in the name of what.
A Satisficing Search Model of Text Production
Authors: Margolin Drew B.
Published: May 2018

The abundance of civic discourse now observable via digital archives has created an enormous opportunity for researching public opinion. Making use of these data requires understanding the theoretical processes by which they are produced. This chapter introduces satisficing semantic search as one theoretical process that accounts for the content of and form in which discourse is produced. The chapter defines satisficing search processes and explores their implications for the assessment of public opinion from digital archives. It focuses on two key concepts from satisficing search theory: availability, the extent to which discursive material can be found with ease, and aspiration, the extent to which individuals are motivated to find material that precisely represents their underlying views. After defining and describing means of measuring these concepts, the chapter argues that they can be used to detect the strength of both social and political movements.
Partition-Specific Network Analysis of Digital Trace Data
Authors: Freelon Deen
Published: May 2018

Network analysis offers a powerful framework for analyzing traces of digital communication. Yet communication researchers have largely followed the lead of social network theorists, who do not always share the former’s analytical goals. This chapter introduces three research questions of broad interest to scholars of networked digital communication that are not easily answered with tools created by social network theorists. It answers these questions empirically using a real-world Twitter data set to demonstrate their value. It also provides a Python module that implements functions to answer these questions, as well as a supplemental tutorial that demonstrates how to use the functions.
Ethical Issues in Internet Research
Authors: Mai Bo , Repnikova Maria
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines ethical issues in Internet research by considering the case of China. Drawing on the notion that an Internet ethical framework should be flexible enough to allow for “ethical self-direction and (in case of error) correction,” it explores the ethical implications of China’s own unique sociocultural context for Internet research. The chapter begins with a discussion of the important sociocultural variables that must be taken into account in the application of the Chinese Internet for research purposes, including the pervasive censorship, political repression, and a weak legal framework for privacy protection. It then reviews existing methodological approaches to Chinese Internet research and their ethical ramifications, such as online experiments and surveys, content analysis, and digital ethnography. It also proposes some strategies for ethical navigation of the Chinese Internet space, including the use of virtual names for participants and hiding the original websites of sensitive blogs.
Dignity, Respect, and Cognitive Disability
Authors: Killmister Suzy
Published: May 2018

Dignity is typically taken to be an inherent feature of humans, in virtue of which we have moral status and are owed basic forms of respect. When such claims are made, an explanation is owed as to how we come to have such dignity. A very standard response appeals to purportedly universal capacities held by humans, such as rationality. However, this way of construing dignity has the effect of excluding individuals with severe cognitive disabilities. If such individuals do not have dignity, it follows that they lack moral status and are not owed basic forms of respect. This chapter offers an alternative way of construing dignity. Rather than grounding it in natural capacities, the chapter argues that dignity is grounded in the social kind “human.” On this approach, all human beings have dignity, irrespective of their cognitive capacities.
Philosophy and the Apparatus of Disability
Authors: Tremain Shelley L.
Published: May 2018

Mainstream philosophers take for granted that disability is a prediscursive, transcultural, and transhistorical disadvantage, an objective human defect or characteristic that ought to be prevented, corrected, eliminated, or cured. That these assumptions are contestable, that it might be the case that disability is a historically and culturally specific, contingent social phenomenon, a complex apparatus of power, rather than a natural attribute or property that certain people possess, is not considered, let alone seriously entertained. This chapter draws on the insights of Michel Foucault to advance a historicist and relativist conception of disability as an apparatus (dispositif) of power and identify mechanisms of power within philosophy that produce the underrepresentation of disabled philosophers in the profession and the marginalization of philosophy of disability in the discipline.
Utilizing Political Consumerism to Challenge the 21st Century Fast Fashion Industry
Authors: Connell Kim Y. Hiller
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines political consumerism in the fashion industry. The chapter provides a brief history of socially, environmentally, and economically objectionable practices within the industry. The frames for this historical overview are practices of fashion corporations in the 1990s and responding consumer action. Examination of current supply and demand factors driving political consumerism within the fashion industry are framed within the context of fast fashion—the current dominant model of production and consumption within the fashion industry. The chapter includes an overview of the key characteristics of fast fashion and how they contribute to sustainability issues within the industry. Following this discussion, the chapter discusses the four major forms of political consumerism (boycotting, buycotting, lifestyle, and discursive strategies) currently occurring within the consumption of fashion. This examination includes discussion of barriers to political consumption, the role of both market mechanisms and consumer actions, and political consumerism challenges unique to the fashion industry.
Prohibition, Legalization, and Political Consumerism
Authors: Bennett Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2018

Cannabis (marijuana) is the most commonly consumed, universally produced, and frequently trafficked psychoactive substance prohibited under international drug control laws. Yet, several countries have recently moved toward legalization. In these places, the legal status of cannabis is complex, especially because illegal markets persist. This chapter explores the ways in which a sector’s legal status interacts with political consumerism. The analysis draws on a case study of political consumerism in the US and Canadian cannabis markets over the past two decades as both countries moved toward legalization. It finds that the goals, tactics, and leadership of political consumerism activities changed as the sector’s legal status shifted. Thus prohibition, semilegalization, and new legality may present special challenges to political consumerism, such as silencing producers, confusing consumers, deterring social movements, and discouraging discourse about ethical issues. The chapter concludes that political consumerism and legal status may have deep import for one another.
Some Dilemmas of Political Consumerism
Authors: Webb Sarah , Pertierra Anna Cristina
Published: May 2018

In the Philippines, socioeconomic relations that result from deeply uneven market engagements have long made consumption a moral affair. Ecoconscious lifestyles and consumer practices remain largely the domain of elite and middle-class Filipinos, and as such, engagement with sustainable and environmentally friendly consumption may be seen not only as a marker of class distinction but also as a critique of urban and rural poor livelihood practices deemed to be environmentally detrimental. Focusing on a case study from Palawan Island, the chapter discusses some dilemmas that have arisen as the application of “eco” to tourism practices has become widespread and attractive to middle-class Filipinos with steadily growing spending power. The relevance of class to considering dilemmas of political consumerism is not unique to the Philippines, and these issues provide an opportunity to critically reflect on who benefits from political consumerism.
Energy Devices and Political Consumerism in Reconfigured Energy Systems
Authors: Kloppenburg Sanneke , van Vliet Bas
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses political consumerism in the context of a transformation towards a low-carbon electricity system. Over the past decades, deregulation, liberalisation, and privatisation have opened up spaces for Western consumers to influence the greening of energy provision and consumption via the market. Electricity system reconfiguration means a growing diversity of home-based energy devices that engage consumers with energy in new and altered ways. With the use of smart meters, solar panels, and home batteries, passive energy users change into prosumers and comanagers of the grid. To understand the power of consumers in coshaping low-carbon electricity systems, the chapter shows the need to consider the politics of intermediation and technology. The chapter concludes that energy devices afford new individual and collective forms of engaging with energy, which opens up room for political consumerism not only in relation to energy production and consumption but also with regards to digital technologies and information flows.
Advice Across Disciplines and Contexts
Authors: MacGeorge Erina L. , Van Swol Lyn M.
Published: May 2018

Advice has been studied in many different academic disciplines, such as communication, psychology, business, sociology, education, and public health. These disciplines examine advice across diverse personal and professional relationships, in a broad range of contexts, and as exchanged across the multiple media we use to communicate. However, scholars from diverse fields are often unaware of research on advice outside their home domains. This introductory chapter examines ways advice has been conceptualized and operationalized across disciplines. It also offers analyses of prototypical advice and its principal functions. Finally, it provides overviews of the other chapters in the Handbook, highlighting key intellectual contributions made by the authors.
Advice in the Lawyer-Client Relationship
Authors: McGinniss Michael
Published: May 2018

The lawyer-client relationship is constituted through communication, and the lawyer’s advising role is a foundational element. This chapter begins by reviewing the most significant professional requirements impacting lawyers when advising clients. It then reviews the major models for advising in lawyer-client relationships. Attention is given to the methods employed in research on lawyer-client advising and some key findings of that research. Finally, it discusses best practices for lawyers in giving advice and for clients in receiving advice.
Advice Communication in Cyberspace
Authors: Feng Bo , Zhu Xun , Malloch Yining Zhou
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on advice communication in cyberspace. It discusses the relatively unique characteristics of advice seeking, provision, and reception via the Internet, using advice communication in traditional one-on-one, face-to-face, and personal relationship settings as a reference. Major theoretical frameworks that have informed the existing research on online advice, key research questions, and findings are reviewed. This chapter offers practical suggestions on effective advice communication online. It also discusses opportunities for future research in this area.
Reflections on Advice and the Ethics of Communication
Authors: Browne Stephen Howard
Published: May 2018

Advice is an inherently communicative act. Because it deals with human well-being, it is also, unavoidably, of ethical concern. The essays in this volume provide a wide and rich ground for speculating about the interplay of advice, communication, and ethics. This brief set of reflections discusses some of the features of advice that render it amenable to ethical analysis, and then considers the ethics of advising as understood from four ethical perspectives—deontology, consequentialism, virtue, and care. Throughout, the chapter highlights content from the chapters, ethical considerations for the practice of advising, and possible directions for further study.
Cinematic Depictions of Music Creative Processes in Classical and Popular Music
Authors: Cormac Joanne
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on depictions of the creative process in a particular type of biographical source: biopics of classical and popular composers. Biopics reach broader audiences than traditional musicological texts and provide a window into how the creative process is understood in the popular imagination. This chapter outlines the main motifs that are usually associated with music creative processes in film. It compares depictions of classical composers with popular musicians, arguing that over time the two have converged as popular musicians have begun to be treated as artists rather than professional entertainers. Simultaneously, the chapter analyzes some of the cinematic conventions that are commonly used in the depiction of the creative act, particularly visual techniques such as flashbacks and overlays, and the manipulation of the soundtrack. These techniques idealize the creative act as a product of the mind, emphasizing its subconscious aspects rather than the practical techniques of composition.
Music for Cochlear Implants
Authors: Helmreich Stefan
Published: May 2018

This paper examines compositions and performances created by scientists and musicians who seek to make music for cochlear implants, surgically implanted assistive medical technologies used by many hard-of-hearing and deaf people. The implant employs a microphone to capture an audio signal, which is then divided into frequency bands and transmitted to a receiver emplaced in a recipient’s skull, behind the ear. The implant provides poor reproduction of those timbral features of sound central to many normative experiences and expectations of music. Compositions and performances for implant users seek either (1) to improve the way the implant processes frequency, (2) to create music that works well with an implant’s available frequency profile, or (3) to access the implant directly, crafting music specially tailored for the implant through the device’s signal relays. Critically assaying such projects, this paper reevaluates and recontextualizes what can count as timbre in diverse deaf and hearing worlds.
Jesuits in the Orthodox World
Authors: Shore Paul
Published: May 2018

Interactions between Jesuits and Orthodox believers have been characterized both by meaningful encounters and by conflict and misunderstanding. The gaps between urban, transnational, and book-oriented Jesuit culture and the traditional, rural, and preliterate cultures of many Orthodox populations were underscored by different theological ideas and by great power politics. Ethnic rivalries and a historic suspicion of Catholicism among some Orthodox also contributed to tensions. Jesuits nonetheless worked over a wide portion of Russia, the Balkans, and other locations in Eastern Europe, although their success in converting Orthodox was always very modest. The Soviet era brought severe persecution to Jesuits. Since 1991, the Society has returned to the region, but with a focus now based on education, compassion, outreach, and social justice rather than on proselytizing.
Echoes of “the Raven”
Authors: Cohen Michael C.
Published: May 2018

This essay examines Poe’s strategic uses of unoriginality, generic convention, and cliché in his poems of the 1830s and 1840s. Rather than situating Poe as a champion of originality amid a culture of convention, I argue that Poe’s reviews and other essays on poetics theorize a principle of verse based upon the materiality of language, in which all poetic effects work on the model of the echo. Poe’s critiques of contemporary writers reveal highly counterintuitive views about originality, repetition, and plagiarism. In light of his arguments about poetic language, I read several of Poe’s shorter poems before turning to “The Raven,” examining first its debts to Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s “Lady Geraldine’s Courtship” before listening to its own sonorous practice of echoing.
Will Irrigation Technology, Pricing, or Quotas Ensure Sustainable Water Use?
Authors: Perry Chris
Published: May 2018

Irrigation dominates demand in many watershort countries, generating competition, scarcity, and environmental degradation. Remedies require political commitment, laws, institutional reforms and technical interventions, collectively based on physical water accounts that distinguish between nonconsumptive uses that largely return water to the surface or subsurface system environment for reuse, and consumptive uses that remove water from the local water system. Domestic and industrial uses predominate in the former category; irrigation dominates the latter. The most commonly recommended solution to the water crisis, namely improved technology, has the potential to worsen scarcity by increasing both consumption and demand for water. An alternative option, pricing, has nowhere been successfully demonstrated to reduce irrigation demand to sustainable levels. Enforced physical quotas that are consistent with sustainable consumption is the only proven approach, and it is essential that the elements necessary to achieve this are introduced before widespread adoption of ‘hi tech’ irrigation is promoted.
Food and Water Security in West Asia
Authors: Woertz Eckart
Published: May 2018

West Asia is one of the most water-scarce regions of the world and one of its foremost importers of virtual water despite sustained efforts at self-sufficiency, especially in cereal production. Technology-oriented policy solutions eye a reorientation of agriculture towards fruit and vegetables that are less water-intensive than cereals and provide more value added per water unit consumed. Turkey is a role model here; the country has an agricultural trade surplus and ranks among the top ten agricultural economies globally in value terms. Yet technology-oriented policy prescriptions overlook the sociopolitical ‘problemsheds’ that emerge (along with new agro-lobbies) and agriculture as the main water consumer has to compete with other economic sectors and sprawling urbanization. This article looks at the different categories of countries and their specific challenges.
Valuing Water in Food Systems and Beyond
Authors: Morgan Alexis J. , Orr Stuart , Matthews Nathanial
Published: May 2018

The value of water can, and should, be understood in a multitude of ways as value is contingent upon the needs and perspectives of various users; companies, governments and communities all value water differently. Buildsing from an earlier water valuation framework, this chapter looks at the value of water from a business perspective, and more specifically, through an applied water stewardship lens. Water valuation is broadly split into two categories: economic and financial valuation, to speak to public and private sector user groups respectively. Providing an overview of various applied water valuation methodologies is applicable for food systems and beyond. The concept of water valuation from a corporate water stewardship angle is a nascent area. It is anticipated that the coming decade will see an increasing number of more nuanced approaches that can help mainstream the idea and thereby benefit water resources.
Oil Palm Value Chain Management
Authors: Murphy Denis
Published: May 2018

Oil palm is a key global crop, providing food and nonfood resources for billions of people. Two distinct types of oil, derived respectively from the fleshy mesocarp of the palm fruit and from the kernel (seed), are distributed via separate supply chains to markets in Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Oil palm is a tropical crop typically grown in high rainfall regions but yields have recently been reduced by water limitation due to changing climate patterns. In addition, over recent decades, indirect land use changes due to the expansion of oil palm into new regions have affected local hydrology and biotic components of these ecosystems. As the expansion of oil palm cultivation continues in order to meet growing consumer demand, especially in Asia, new research is beginning to address potential solutions to critical issues such as the environmental impact and biological performance of oil palm crops.
Farmer-led Water User Associations in Agricultural Water Management
Authors: Zurayk Rami , Dirar Azza
Published: May 2018

Since agriculture consumes the largest share of the world’s water, farmers undoubtedly play an instrumental role in the management of this precious resource. As such, various policy approaches have sought to engage farmers in the management of water for irrigation. There is much literature on policy approaches that devolve irrigation management to farmers through organizing them into ‘water user associations’ and mobilizing them into cooperative water resource management. When the implementation experience and success of these approaches are assessed, the results show a great variation in experience with overall limited success. The key challenges stem from various assumptions underlying the policy approaches, namely the way in which farmers are conceptualized as a homogenous group of ‘water users’. Cooperative and participatory approaches to natural resource management cannot be institutionally manufactured without addressing key political ecological realities and the wider contexts in which ‘resource users’ operate.
Food, Water and Society
Authors: Bromwich Brendan , Allan Tony , Colman Anthony , Keulertz Martin
Published: May 2018

Society’s greatest use of water is in food production, a fact that puts farmers centre stage in global environmental management. Management of food value chains, however, is not well set up to enable farmers to undertake their dual role of feeding a growing population and stewarding natural resources. This chapter introduces an analytical framework by which food, water, and society can be investigated. Food value chains comprise three market modes: production; trade and process; retail and consumption. The model demonstrates the interfaces between blue water, green water, virtual water, polluted drainage, and evapotranspiration. By categorizing social, cultural, and political influences on the three market modes the framework enables integrated analysis of food, water, and society . The combined management of food and water through redesign of food value chains emerges as a key challenge for the twenty-first century.
Green Water Used By Plants And Managed By Farmers
Authors: Dent David Leslie
Published: May 2018

All fresh water is delivered by the soil. There are two critical junctures: when rain hits the ground—where it may infiltrate or run off carrying the soil with it; and in the soil itself—where it may evaporate from a bare surface, be taken up by roots, or drain to streams and groundwater. Both partitions are managed by farmers so every land-use decision is a water-use decision. Green water is held in the soil and used by plants—the more green water, the more primary production; and the best soils supply orders of magnitude more than the poorest. Practices that maximize the green water resource, such as conservation agriculture, arrest soil erosion, maximize soil water storage and groundwater recharge, and moderate floods. But water consumed in the fields where it falls is not available for use elsewhere.
Heritage as an Element of the Scenescape
Authors: Frish Okabe Martha , Silver Daniel , Nichols Clark Terry
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses a new approach to the study of urban place, “the scenes approach.” While this approach is not exclusively applicable to cities, this chapter is focused on urban areas. Businesses and institutions, people and practices join to produce areas with distinct aesthetics—hip, edgy, refined, glamorous, etc. These qualities make it possible to move about a city as if it were a scenic route, to discover the styles of life each has to offer. This chapter is intended as a first effort to extend scenes thinking to historic preservation and public heritage practice (and vice versa) and we invite critical dialogue and collaboration.
Public Heritage as Transformative Experience
Authors: Schaepe David M.
Published: May 2018

Tensions exist in the relationship between indigenous people and colonial-based authorities regarding the definition, recognition, and treatment of public heritage. This chapter takes an auto-ethnographic and self-reflexive approach to the exploration of current issues at the heart of such relationships in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Case studies focus on Stó:lō-Coast Salish cultural sites including archaeological and heritage landscape features. This approach to dialogue is structured around the interplay between concepts of metamorphosis and transformation, drawn from Kafka’s literary work and Stó:lō oral history. Professional ethical guidelines and a framework of Indigenous-colonial relationships are proposed as means of addressing and reconciling current points of contention in the realm of public heritage.
Petitioning and Demonstrating
Authors: Miller Henry
Published: May 2018

Despite being the most popular and accessible form of political activity among ordinary people, petitioning has received remarkably little attention from modern British historians. This chapter focuses on what gains in understanding such attention might yield. First, the historical study of petitions and demonstrations underlines the fact that popular politics was not always coterminous with party or electoral politics. Second, petitions provide a way to break down the barriers between high and low or elite and popular politics and offer a lens through which to study the transnational and imperial dimension of British political culture. Finally, the chapter looks to future directions and argues that quantitative and geographic mapping techniques offer the potential to inject a new, and long overdue, quantitative rigour into the study of modern British political history.
Elections
Authors: Blaxill Luke
Published: May 2018

This chapter evaluates the two principal methodologies adopted in studying elections over the past 200 years. The first prominently features ‘psephological’ analyses of aggregate voting data and social cleavages; the second is the revisionist ‘linguistic’ approach, which emphasizes the careful reconstruction and exploration of electoral languages and discourses, often in a specific locality. This chapter argues that, while both approaches have undoubtedly yielded considerable benefits, what was once a large field of scholarly endeavour has been split in two, with the empirical, quantitative tradition now associated with political science on one side and the now dominant cultural and linguistic approaches on the other. The chapter ends by exploring potential new directions and argues that the advent of the ‘digital turn’ and the vast proliferation of electronic sources in its wake now make possible an approach which could see the gap between electoral historians and political scientists begin to close.
Popular Politics
Authors: Chase Malcolm
Published: May 2018

Though part of what might be termed historians’ ‘mental furniture’, popular politics is an elastic term that evades close definition. This chapter suggests some defining principles and characteristics of popular political activity. It then takes a broadly chronological form and identifies in the first half of the nineteenth century a diminishing resort to violence and the growing importance of memory and commemoration (notably in Scotland and Wales, less so in England). It goes on to examine the content of popular liberalism and the apparent ‘taming’ of popular politics in the twentieth century. It ends by suggesting that the forms popular politics had increasingly taken by the turn of the millennium seem to indicate a revival of older modes of contesting power.
Democracy
Authors: Thompson James
Published: May 2018

This chapter seeks to bring out the interrelated quality of twentieth century discussions of democracy, drawing especially on debates in the 1930s and 1970s. It locates these within the longer history of the British conversation about democracy, a conversation that was both influenced by discussions elsewhere and informed by comparisons with, and imaginings of, other polities. It starts with an examination of the history of debating democracy in Britain and then turns to the British way of doing democracy. It argues that the former is essential to making sense of the latter. It moves on to consider how the British have done democracy, drawing upon an emerging cultural history of democratic practices. The final section offers thoughts on the prospects for the historiography of democracy in Britain, and on what its development so far says about the state of modern British political history.
The Civil Service
Authors: Pemberton Hugh
Published: May 2018

Despite current concerns with good governance and policy delivery, little serious attention has been paid to the institution vital to both: the Civil Service. This chapter places present problems in historical context. Starting with the seminal 1854 Northcote–Trevelyan Report, it covers the ‘lost opportunity’ of the 1940s when the Civil Service failed to adapt to rapidly rising demands on the state, as advocated by Beveridge and Keynes. It then examines the belated attempts at modernization in the 1960s, the Service’s vilification in the 1970s, the final destruction of the ‘old order’ during the Thatcher administration, and the subsequent restructuring of the Service and the (highly flawed) embracing of the ‘new public management’ ethos.
Trade Unions
Authors: Whiting Richard
Published: May 2018

In assessing the relationship between trade unions and British politics, this chapter has two focuses. First, it examines the role of trade unions as significant intermediate associations within the political system. They have been significant as the means for the development of citizenship and involvement in society, as well as a restraint upon the power of the state. Their power has also raised questions about the relationship between the role of associations and the freedom of the individual. Second, the chapter considers critical moments when the trade unions challenged the authority of governments, especially in the periods 1918–26 and 1979–85. Both of these lines of inquiry underline the importance of conservatism in the achievement of stability in modern Britain.
DBT
Authors: Brinton Clarke Louise
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes the author’s personal experience in DBT, both the challenges and the successes. Having lived a life of trauma, accompanied by repeated patterns of invalidation from both without and within, the author entered DBT as a textbook case. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) was discussed when the author was 15 years old; she was diagnosed at age 18. She battled with the diagnosis and often focused on its perceived injustice, instead of addressing what could be changed. The author spent a year in DBT as a client, and a further year as a graduate facilitator. She uses the skills she learned regularly; she feels more in control and no longer makes things worse. The author recognizes that there are pros and cons to DBT treatment, and that DBT treatment may not be suitable for everyone.
Max Scheler
Authors: Cutting John
Published: May 2018

This article discusses the philosophy of Max Scheler (1974–1928), a German philosopher known for his work in phenomenology, psychopathology, sociology, psychology, ethics, and philosophical anthropology. After a brief biographical sketch, the article focuses on Scheler’s philosophical trajectory, beginning with his undergraduate and postgraduate theses on some of the various realms of knowledge such as ethics, logic, psychology, and the transcendental approach of Immanuel Kant, and how he was influenced by Edmund Husserl’s phenomenological philosophy. It then examines Scheler’s two important treatises on the phenomenology of emotion and value: Zur Phänomenologie und Theorie der Sympathiegefühl und vom Liebe und Hass (On the Phenomenology and Theory of the Feeling of Sympathy and of Love and Hate) and Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik (Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values). Scheler’s works on philosophical anthropology, metaphysics, knowledge, and the realms of existence are also considered.
Curricular Transformation in Health Systems Science: The Need for Global Change
Authors: Gonzalo Jed D. , Wolpaw Terry , Wolpaw Dan
Published: May 2018

In this Invited Commentary, the authors propose a counterperspective to the article by Borkan and colleagues, who advocate for a circumscribed, piloted, choice-focused approach to introducing curricular redesign options in undergraduate medical education, particularly in the area of health systems science. In making this case, Borkan and colleagues cluster several kinds of innovative curricular changes that the authors of this commentary believe are best separated by the scope of change and associated educational strategy: (1) innovations customized to student interest and motivation, which are best served by focused programmatic interventions; (2) innovations such as longitudinal integrated clerkships that represent creative and needed educational strategies but may be difficult to expand because of complex barriers; and (3) innovations that are truly transformational, with critical connections far beyond the boundaries of the medical school curriculum, which must be addressed in a comprehensive approach—despite the challenges, frustrations, and difficulties. The authors situate health systems science squarely into the third category, and address three important questions addressing the nature and demands of this change. In making these arguments, the authors draw from experiences at the Penn State College of Medicine and collaborations with other U.S. medical schools related to large-scale curricular transformation and challenges that impact this change. The authors contend that medical education needs to navigate this major change for all students in a way that not only succeeds for learners but, more important, addresses the needs of patients seeking care in rapidly evolving systems of care.
Commentary on “Gaps in the Substance Use Disorder Treatment Referral Process: Provider Perceptions”
Authors: Rosenbloom David L.
Published: May 2018

Blevins et al describe dysfunction in the referral process for substance use disorders. Their recommended solutions, however, are unlikely to address many of the underlying reasons for the dysfunction they describe