bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between environmental conditions,TRI5 gene expression and deoxynivalenol production in storedLentinula edodes infected withFusarium graminearum
Authors: Han Z. , Shen Y. , Di Mavungu J. Diana , Zhang D. , Nie D. , Jiang K. , De Saeger S. , Zhao Z.
Published: April 2018

This study made the first attempt to relate the production of deoxynivalenol (DON) to the expression ofTRI5 gene inFusarium graminearum as a function of interacting environmental factors (water activity (aw) (0.95-0.98), temperature (20-30 °C) and incubation time (7 day-28 day)), so as to investigate its production mechanisms inLentinula edodes. Changes in temperature, water activity and incubation time could significantly (P<0.01) affect DON production andTRI5 gene expression. The highest DON concentration (793.5±27.4 μg/kg) andTRI5 gene expression (2−ΔΔCt=38.8±4.8) were observed when the cultures were incubated at 20 °C and 0.98 aw for 21 days. Multi-regression analysis was performed and nonlinear models based on polynomial equations were established to uncover the individual effects of temperature, water activity and incubation time as well as their interactions on DON production andTRI5 gene expression. The established model was further used to develop contour maps to predict the DON production andTRI5 gene expression in relation to storage conditions inL. edodes. Highly significant positive correlation between DON production and foldTRI5 gene expression (R=0.5534,P<0.0001) was observed in this commodity. The production mechanisms of DON inL. edodes revealed in the present study will be beneficial for developing more effective targeted control strategies.
Two-Year Outcome of a Patient Treated With Phototherapeutic Keratectomy and Autologous SMILE Lenticule Transplantation for Flap-Related Complications Following LASIK
Authors: Zhao Jing , Zhao Feng , Huang Jinrong , Xu Haipeng , Chen Yingjun , Zhou Xingtao
Published: April 2018

PURPOSE:

To describe a patient with flap complications after LASIK who was subsequently treated using phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) and an autologous lenticule transplant obtained via small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE).

METHODS:

A 23-year-old man experienced free flap and partial flap loss in the left eye following LASIK, resulting in corneal stroma opacity 1 month later. The manifest refraction was −3.25 diopters sphere (DS)/−0.50 diopters cylinder (DC) × 100° in the right eye and +2.50 DS/−1.25 DC × 155° in the left eye. His left eye was treated with PTK and transplantation of an autologous lenticule obtained from his right eye using the SMILE procedure.

RESULTS:

At the 2-year follow-up visit, the uncorrected distance visual acuity of the left eye had improved from 20/100 to 20/22 and the corrected distance visual acuity had improved from 20/25 to 20/18. Central corneal thickness had increased from 464 to 499 µm. The mean keratometry value had decreased from 45.00 diopters (D) at the 1-month follow-up visit to 39.40 D at the 2-year follow-up visit. Optical coherence tomography examination revealed that the lenticule remained transparent and exhibited a visible demarcation line.

CONCLUSIONS:

The transplantation of an autologous lenticule obtained via SMILE combined with PTK improved uncorrected and corrected acuity in this patient with flap loss after LASIK.

[
J Refract Surg.
2018;34(4):281–285.]
Simulation of the Effect of Different Presbyopia-Correcting Intraocular Lenses With Eyes With Previous Laser Refractive Surgery
Authors: Camps Vicente J. , Miret Juan J. , García Celia , Tolosa Angel , Piñero David P.
Published: April 2018

PURPOSE:

To simulate the optical performance of three presbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses (IOLs) implanted in eyes with previous laser refractive surgery.

METHODS:

A simulation of the through-focus modulation transfer function (MTF) was performed for three presbyopia-correcting IOLs (Mplus, Oculentis GmbH, Berlin, Germany; Symfony, Johnson & Johnson Vision, Santa Ana, CA; and Mini Well, SIFI S.p.A., Lavinaio, Italy) in one eye with previous myopic LASIK and another with hyperopic LASIK. Real topographic data and the wavefront aberration profile of each IOL obtained with a Hartmann–Shack sensor were used.

RESULTS:

In the eye with myopic LASIK, all IOLs lost optical quality at near and intermediate distances for 4- and 4.7-mm pupil size. For 3-mm pupil size, the Mini Well IOL showed the best intermediate and near MTF and maintained the far focus independently of the pupil. In the eye with hyperopic LASIK, the Mini Well IOL showed an intermediate, distance, and −4.00-diopter (D) foci for all pupils. The Symfony IOL showed a depth of focus at far and intermediate distance for 3-mm and a focus at −2.50 D in the rest. The Mplus showed a focus of −4.50 and −3.00 D for the 3- and 4-mm pupil, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

The Mini Well and Symfony IOLs seem to work better than the Mplus IOL in eyes with previous myopic LASIK. With previous hyperopic LASIK, the Mini Well IOL seems to be able to provide acceptable near, intermediate, and far foci for all pupil sizes. These findings should be confirmed in future clinical studies.

[
J Refract Surg.
2018;34(4):222–227.]
Biological Lenticule Implantation for Correction of Hyperopia: An Ex Vivo Study in Human Corneas
Authors: Damgaard Iben Bach , Ivarsen Anders , Hjortdal Jesper
Published: April 2018

PURPOSE:

To evaluate changes in corneal tomography after stromal lenticule implantation ex vivo, with respect to the dependency of the lenticule thickness and implantation depth on the corneal curvature and the postoperative biomechanical strength at increased chamber pressure.

METHODS:

Twenty-eight human donor corneas underwent pocket implantation of refractive stromal lenticules. Four groups were created by the combination of two implantation depths (110 and 160
µ
m) and two lenticule thicknesses (95
µ
m = 4.00 diopters [D], 150
µ
m = 8.00 D). Sagittal keratometry and total corneal refractive power (TCRP
4mm,apex,zone
) were obtained for the front and back curvature with Pentacam HR (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) at chamber pressures of 15 and 40 mm Hg.

RESULTS:

The anterior curvature steepening was comparable between the 4.00 D and 8.00 D groups (
P
> .141), but more pronounced with 110
µ
m implantation depth (
P
< .038). The posterior curvature flattened significantly more after implantation of 8.00 D than 4.00 D lenticules (
P
< .002), but was similar at 110 and 160
µ
m implantation depths (
P
> .071). Average ΔTCRP for the 4.00 D and 8.00 D groups was 3.10 ± 0.60 and 5.30 ± 1.66 diopters (D) at 110-
µ
m depth, respectively (
P
= .003), but 1.99 ± 0.79 and 3.36 ± 1.45 D at 160-
µ
m depth, respectively (
P
= .066). The relative correction achieved was 66% to 78% at 110-
µ
m depth and 42% to 50% at 160-
µ
m depth, but similar when using 4.00 D and 8.00 D lenticules. Increased chamber pressure caused significant anterior and posterior curvature steepening after implantation in all four groups (
P
< .001), but not before implantation (
P
> .632).

CONCLUSIONS:

The power of the implanted lenticule must be higher than the intended correction, and customized to the chosen implantation depth. Biomechanical strength seems to decrease after lenticule implantation.

[
J Refract Surg.
2018;34(4):245–252.]
Variation in the Best Fit Sphere Radius of Curvature as a Test to Detect Keratoconus Progression on a Scheimpflug-Based Corneal Tomographer
Authors: Gupta Nishant , Trindade Bruno L. , Hooshmand Joobin , Chan Elsie
Published: April 2018

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the variation in the best fit sphere radius (BFSR) of curvature on a Scheimpflug corneal tomographer as a test to detect keratoconus progression.

METHODS:

In this retrospective, comparative, case–control study, two groups of eyes with stable or progressive keratoconus were identified based on keratometric, refractive, and visual acuity criteria. Two sequential scans were used to assess the variation in topometric variables. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted for anterior and posterior BFSR values.

RESULTS:

A total of 94 eyes of 62 patients were included in the study; 43 eyes were included in the progressive group and 51 eyes in the stable group. In the progressive group, these differences were found to be statistically significant in sequential scans for the analyzed variables: steepest axis keratometry value (K2) = 1.94 ± 1.70 D (
P
< .001), maximum keratometry value (Kmax) = 2.62 ± 3.08 D (
P
≤ .001), apex pachymetry = 12.233 ± 13.728
µ
m (
P
≤ .001), anterior BFSR = 0.116 ± 0.107 mm (
P
≤ .001) and posterior BFSR = 0.082 ± 0.075 mm (
P
≤ .001). In the stable group, changes in K2, Kmax, apex pachymetry, anterior BFSR, and posterior BFSR were not found to be statistically significant. Analysis of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) showed that the best tests for discriminating between progressive and stable groups were the variation in the anterior BFSR and variation in K2 (AUROC = 0.940, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.884 to 0.996 and AUROC = 0.935, 95% CI = 0.881 to 0.990, respectively). Variation in the posterior BFSR had an AUROC of 0.863 with a 95% CI of 0.775 to 0.950.

CONCLUSIONS:

Steepening of the BFSR of anterior and posterior surface elevation maps could be used as indices for keratoconous progression.

[
J Refract Surg.
2018;34(4):260–263.]
The Relationship Between Mechanical Properties, Ultrastructural Changes, and Intrafibrillar Bond Formation in Corneal UVA/Riboflavin Cross-linking Treatment for Keratoconus
Authors: Chang Shao-Hsuan , Eliasy Ashkan , Chen Kai-Jung , Ji You-Ren , Young Tai-Horng , Wang Tsung-Jen , Willoughby Colin E. , Hamill Kevin J. , Elsheikh Ahmed
Published: April 2018

PURPOSE:

To determine the relationship between mechanical behavior in cross-linked corneas and changes in the corneal ultrastructure after corneal cross-linking (CXL).

METHODS:

Porcine corneas were treated following the “Dresden” protocol, the current gold standard for clinical treatment, consisting of dropwise application of 0.1% riboflavin in 20% dextran followed by 30 minutes of ultraviolet-A (UVA) irradiation. The effect of CXL was assessed using uniaxial tensile testing, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, with results compared against corneas treated with each of the treatment solution components individually.

RESULTS:

UVA/riboflavin cross-linked corneas displayed 28% ± 17% increase in the material tangent modulus compared with dextran treatment alone, and altered collagen architecture within the first 300
µ
m of stromal depth consisting of 5% increase in the thickness of collagen fibrils, no significant changes to interfibrillar spacing, and an 8% to 12% decrease in number of fibrils per unit area. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed formation of interfibrillar bonds (
P
= .012) induced by UVA-mediated CXL.

CONCLUSIONS:

The data support a model wherein collagen fibril diameter and structural density are fundamental parameters in defining tissue stiffening following UVA/riboflavin CXL and provide benchmarks against which modifications to the Dresden CXL protocol can be evaluated.

[
J Refract Surg.
2018;34(4):264–272.]
Feasibility of Using PROMIS
®
in Individuals With Advanced Parkinson's Disease and Their Caregivers
Authors: Shin Ju Young , Pohlig Ryan T. , Habermann Barbara
Published: April 2018

The purpose of the current study was to test the feasibility of using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS
®
) measures to assess change in self-reported health status for dyads of individuals with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) and their caregivers. Fifteen dyads (
N
= 30) participated and took 11 PROMIS measures. The measures showed good reliability (all Cronbach's alphas > 0.82). Dyads reported worse health status than the PROMIS reference groups at baseline and 6-month follow up. Paradoxically, individuals with PD scored higher in Applied Cognition–General Concerns, Companionship, and Emotional Support than the reference groups at both times. The only domain that changed significantly for individuals with PD over 6 months was Applied Cognition–General Concerns. The results of this study suggest that future research (a) could use the PROMIS measures with dyads, and (b) would be warranted for tracking changes over time using the PROMIS measures with larger samples, garnering more power. In addition, future research could examine if the computer adaptive versions work for individuals with advanced PD.

[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2018; 11(3):129–136.]
« Arrêtez de m’appeler sire !!! ». Les enjeux du refus du pouvoir à travers la fantasy médiévaliste
Authors: Besson Florian
Published: April 2018

La grande majorité des héros de la fantasy médiévaliste se caractérisent par leur refus du pouvoir : ils fuient leurs responsabilités, abandonnent leurs trônes, se déguisent en chevaliers errants, refusent les titres et les couronnes. Ce motif si souvent répété renvoie en fait à notre malaise face à la violence intrinsèque du pouvoir des seigneurs médiévaux : cette violence, qui sous-tend une domination à la fois politique, économique et symbolique du reste du corps social, semble incompatible avec les représentations contemporaines de l'héroïsme. C'est dès lors l'ensemble de la fantasy qui est comme traversée par ce dilemme : il s'agit de représenter des univers globalement médiévaux tout en mettant en scène des héros qui sont, par leur attitude face au pouvoir et à la violence, des contemporains. Derrière cette question, c'est en fait tout notre propre rapport au pouvoir qui est en jeu
The Effect of Adding Halloysite Nanotubes as Filler on the Mechanical Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene
Authors: Dulebová Ľudmila , Glogowska Karolina , Hájek Jaroslav , Fic Jakub
Published: April 2018

Reinforcing thermoplastic polymers with nanotubes or nanoplatelets to form nanocomposites is a way to increase the usage of polymeric materials in engineering applications by improving their mechanical properties. The contribution presents the results of research from basic processing and mechanical properties of nanocomposites. Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) was used as a matrix for experiments. The material LDPE was modified by Halloysite nanotubes (HNT) with a mass share of 2, 4, 6 wt% of the matrix. Nanocomposites were filled with 5 wt% Polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PE-graft-MA) as a compatibilizer. The specimens were prepared by injection molding and their selected mechanical properties were tested by static tensile test, Charpy impact test and Shore hardness test.
Graphene Growth by Transfer-Free CVD Method Using Cobalt/Nickel Catalyst Layer
Authors: Machac Petr , Hejna Ondrej
Published: April 2018

Graphene has been long considered for application in electronics manufacturing due to its extraordinary electronic, mechanical and thermal properties. This paper focuses on the graphene preparation onto dielectric substrate using transfer-free chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method with an intermediate catalytic metal layer (cobalt, nickel). Graphene layers were formed via segregation mechanism at temperatures in the range of 850 - 1050 °C onto the metal-dielectric boundary. Evaluated Raman spectra, which reveal the number of graphene layers and their defectivity suggested, that thinner metal layer and balanced ratio of H2:CH4 yield the best results for both cobalt and nickel layer. Spectra showed low amount of defects and the average number of carbon layers between 2-3, however, single-layer graphene (SLG) samples were also prepared. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that graphene domains on larger scale are not fully continuous.
Impact Resistance Study of High-Density Polyethylene through Drop-Weight and Tensile Impact Tests
Authors: Mizera Ales , Manas Miroslav , Manas David , Stoklasek Pavel , Hylova Lenka
Published: April 2018

This study deals with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) which was put to the drop weight and tensile impact tests. HDPE is a semicrystalline thermoplastic polymer which is used in common applications such as packaging, consumer goods and car tanks. The injection moulded HDPE samples were subjected the drop weight impact test at different potential energies and the results were subsequently evaluated and discussed. The second test was performed on pendulum test machine where impact resistance in tensile was studied. It was found out that HDPE is a low-cost material with high-performance properties in the field of the impact resistance which was evaluated in penetration and tensile test where the plastic deformation creates.
FEM Modelling Techniques for Three Point Bend Test of Rubber Composites
Authors: Kledrowetz Jan , Javořík Jakub , Keerthiwansa Rohitha , Nekoksa Pavel
Published: April 2018

This paper studies different modelling methodologies for a calculation of the three point bend test. Test samples are composed of a rubber matrix and either steel or textile cords reinforcement. Prior to the bending tests, all of the used materials including the matrix and the reinforcement were measured to find out their mechanical properties. Rubber materials were described using hyperelastic models. FEM software MSC Marc/Mentat is employed as a calculation tool and its various functionalities are utilized for a description of the test composite models. The main observed outcome is a dependence of the vertical force causing the test sample deformation on the amount of the deformation. Calculated results are compared to each other and to measurements. Then, all the modelling techniques are evaluated.
Optical and Electron Microscopy Investigation of Damaged Storz Firehose Couplings Microstructure
Authors: Băbuţ Cornel , Ungureanu Nicolae , Iepure Gheorghe
Published: April 2018

This paper presents the results of a microscopic investigation of fractured Storz type fire hose couplings. It is part of the authors’ previous investigations on the failure mechanisms of this type of couplings. The investigations were performed using optical and scanning electron microscopy with Field Emission Gun (FED) and X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS). It is shown that the AlSi5Cu1Mg casting alloy, used for the fabrication of these couplings, presents a normal microstructure. Thus, the nucleation and growth of micro-cracks in the investigated couplings are not related to the alloy’s microstructural defects and must be generated by a different process.
Electroless Composite Nickel Coatings Strengthening with TiN Nanoparticles Plated on Ductile Cast Iron
Authors: Kaleicheva Julieta Atanasova , Karaguiozova Zdravka Kirilova
Published: April 2018

Electroless nickel (Ni) and composite nickel coatings (Ni+TiN) are investigated in this study. EFFTOM -Nickel Method for electroless nickel plating is applied. Nanosized TiN particles (50nm) are used as a strengthening material. The coatings are plated on ductile cast iron samples. The wear tests of the coatings by the classic model TABER ABRASER “disc to disc” are carried out. The observation of the samples microstructure by means of an optical metallographic microscope GX41 OLIMPUS and the microhardness measurements by Knoop Method are performed. The wear resistance, the thickness and microhardness of the samples before and after thermal processing at 290°C, 6 h are defined.
On the Effect of the Cutting Speed of a Water Jet Abrasive Cutting Process on the Surface Morphology of the Low Carbon Steel S235
Authors: Košťál Peter , Moravčíková Jana , Delgado Sobrino Daynier Rolando , Holubek Radovan
Published: April 2018

In order to increase the cutting and breaking capacity of abrasive water jet machining (AWJM), abrasive particles are usually added to water. The AWJM technology is generally used for harder and heavier machinable materials like thick sheets, composite materials with metal and ceramic properties and others within these categories to just cite a few. The contribution is mainly focused on the analysis of the surface properties of the steel S235 after the cutting process, and this depending on the cutting speed of the water jet. Three different cutting speeds were used for the analysis because this cutting parameter significantly affects the resulting quality of the machined surface. A contact profile method was used to analyze surface roughness. The observed surface roughness parameters were the Ra, Rt and Rz respectively. The above-mentioned surface roughness parameters were measured in three positions, i.e.: at the inlet, middle and exit positions of the water jet with respect to the machined material.
Comparison of three most frequently used alpha blocker agents in medical expulsive therapy for distal ureteral calculi, result of a retrospective observational study
Authors: Sentürk Aykut Buğra , Aydin Cemil , Ekici Musa , Yaytokgil Muhammet , Akkoc Ali , Baykam Mehmet Murat
Published: April 2018

Purpose: In this study, we compared the effects of three agents frequently used in daily life for medical expulsive therapy. Materials and methods: A total of 143 patients meeting the criteria were included in the study. Patients were divided into three homogeneous drug groups which were tamsulosin group (n:48), alfuzosin group (n:47) and silodosin group (n:48). The time of stone expulsion, analgesic needs, side effects of the medicine and endoscopic intervention needs of the patients were recorded. Results: The rate of stone expulsion was 70.8% (n:34) in tamsulosin group, 70.2% (n:33) in alfuzosin group, and 75% (n:36) in silodosin group. No significant difference was observed among the rates of stone expulsion in three groups, and the rates of stone expulsion were similar (p = 0.778). The duration of stone expulsion was significantly different in the groups (p = 0.012): the time of stone expulsion for tamsulosin was 2.33 ± 0.78 days longer than for Silodosin, indicating a significant difference. There was no significant difference between tamsulosin-alfuzosin and silodosin-alfuzosin (respectively p = 0.147, p = 0.925). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that medical expulsive therapy by using alpha blocker agents is safe and efficacious. This option must be kept in mind for patients who do not ask for surgery as the first-step treatment for eligible patients.
A new technique of ultrasound guided percutaneous renal biopsy by perforated probe and perpendicular needle trajectory
Authors: Brardi Simone , Cevenini Gabriele , Bonadio Angelo Giovanni
Published: April 2018

The percutaneous biopsy of native kidneys according to the classical methodology is performed under real time ultrasound guidance with the needle introduction along a trajectory of about 30°, aimed to the lower pole of the kidney. Recently, a variant of the classical technique has been introduced by which a perforated ultrasound probe is used to guide the needle along a perpendicular trajectory to the terminal section of the lower kidney pole where the front and back margins of the cortical kidney tissue join each other without renal sinus interposition so to offer to the needle a 3-4 cm thick cortical tissue front which allows to obtain a cortical tissue sample suitable for histological examination even with a single needle pass, while at the same time limiting the possibility of damaging the smaller kidney calices of the lower group whose lesion causes hematuria. In this paper, we present a large survey (50 patients) to compare to data from the literature obtained by using similar needle gauge and with a similar follow-up period after biopsy. The result of this comparison confirms the efficacy of this variant of the classical technique because in front of a statistically lower number of needle passes, it allowed to obtain 100% of samples suitable for histological analysis, in absence of major complications and with a statistically lower post-biopsy hemoglobin drop in comparison to that observed in a group of 44 patients biopsied with a greater number of needle passes, in the only study of the literature which is directly comparable to our study in relation to needle gauge and duration of monitoring.
Injection therapy for chronic prostatitis: A retrospective analysis of 77 cases
Authors: Toth Attila , Guercini Frederico Maria , Feldthouse Dawn Marta , Zhang Jun Chao
Published: April 2018

Objective: To compare pre- and post-therapy symptom scores reported on the National Institute of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIHCPSI) after trans-rectal antibiotic injections therapy for men suffering from chronic prostatitis. Materials and methods: Retrospective analysis of NIHCPSI symptom scores obtained from chart reviews of 77 treated males suffering from chronic prostatitis before and after trans rectal injections for the treatment of chronic prostatitis. Results: Most patients reported a 40% to 60% improvement in symptom scores. In subgroups comparing scores in patients with less than 5 injections, the improvement was less than in patients who received 10 or more injections. Patients’ responses after a shorter (3 months) follow up showed better pain scores than patient’s scores after longer, over one-year or more, follow- up periods. Conclusion: Our findings show that direct antibiotic injection for chronic prostatitis is a viable addition to standard therapies. Improvements in symptom scores are long lasting. Discomfort is minimal and side effects are rare and avoidable
Pathology outcomes in patients with transurethral bladder tumour resection in a Turkish population: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Budak Salih , Yücel Cem , Keskin Mehmet Zeynel , Yoldas Mehmet , Kısa Erdem , Can Ertan , Kucuk Ulku , Kozacıoğlu Zafer
Published: April 2018

Objectives: Transurethral bladder tumour resection (TURBT) is the common surgical method used in the diagnosis, staging and treatment of patients with bladder tumour. Most of the rare tumours other than the urothelial carcinomas of the bladder are in advanced stage on diagnosis and necessitate aggressive treatment. In our study, we aimed to the histologic types of bladder cancer and to determine the regional incidence of rare bladder cancer types in our region. Materials and methods: We retrospectively evaluated 815 patients who underwent TURBT surgery between January 2010 and March 2016 in our clinic with a diagnosis of bladder cancer and at least 1 year follow-up. Patients with tumour histopathological examination including histological tumour type, grade and were reported. Thirty-nine patients with an unclear pathology report (neighboring organ invasion, cautery artifact, etc) and 17 patients whose data could not be accessed were excluded from the study. The patients who had received chemotherapy or radiotherapy due to any type of malignancy (23) were also excluded from the study. Results: The outcomes of 736 patients operated in our clinics due to bladder tumour were evaluated. The mean age was 65.2 ± 8.4; 135 were female and 601 were male. Among them 711 patients with urothelial carcinoma were reported (94.2%). According to TNM classification, stage Ta was observed in 270 patients (37.9%), stage T1 in 297 (41.7%), and stage T2 in 144 (20.3%). Non-urothelial cancers were reported in 25 cases (3.3%). Conclusion: The incidence of bladder carcinoma varies between regions. The results of our study are similar to those of the western countries. Increased smoking and exposure to environmental carcinogenetic agents may lead to altered incidences and histological types of bladder tumours. Revision of regional tumour records may be useful to develop and evaluate future treatment strategies.
Canadian R&D studies of partially briquetted coke oven charges
Authors: Price J T , Gransden J F , Leeder W R
Published: April 2018

Partial briquetting, a technology used extensively in Japan, improves coke quality by briquetting a portion of a coke oven charge and blending the briquets uniformly with matrix coal before charging the mixture to conventional slot-type coke ovens. This
technology has been investigated at CANMET by carbonizing coals and blends from the Canadian steel and coal industries in a 325-kg capacity pilot-scale coke oven. Partially briquetting (30%) four commercial coking blends used in Canada improved coke quality by 2.6 to 6.7 ASTM coke stability
units compared with that produced conventionally with no excessive wall pressures, and no change in coke oven productivity. To determine the minimum amount of lv coal required in binary hv-lv blends, four different hv coals were each blended with lv coal at several ratios, carbonized conventionally,
and 30% partially briquetted. For both the Western Canadian hv and the best coking Appalachian hv blends the amount of lv coal required to maintain coke quality dropped from 25% in a conventionally charged blend to about 10% in partially briquetted charges. Additions of thermal hv coal,
semi-anthracite, coke breeze, and petroleum coke to only the briquetted portion of a binary hv-lv (30% partially briquetted) blend were studied. About 70-80% petroleum coke or thermal coal could be substituted into the briquets before coke quality deteriorated to that of the conventionally
charged base blend. Coke breeze could be added in only small amounts and should be blended into briquets and matrix coal. Similar results were obtained for Canadian industrial blends. Such additions generally decreased coking pressures. Petroleum coke proved to be an excellent additive but could not
replace the lv coal completely and maintain coke strength, even if 50% of the charge was briquetted. Technical scale testing of several briquetting variables indicated finer crushing of the briquetted coal and increasing pitch levels from 6 to 10% further improved coke quality compared with
that of conventional charges.
A data package for the validation of a computer model of the CCRL tunnel furnace facility
Authors: Hughes P M J
Published: April 2018

This report describes the results of a variety of experiments undertaken in the CANMET/Combustion and Carbonization Research Laboratory (CCRL) tunnel furnace facility for the generation of a data package. This data package is to be used for the validation of
sophisticated computer codes that are capable of predicting the conditions inside the furnace during combustion. The report describes several experiments in the tunnel furnace in which low and high-volatile coals were burned at two swirl settings and compared to oil. Also described are the
measurement techniques and the reliability of the data. The data presented in this report make it possible to compare measured and predicted values for most of the information available from currently used computer codes.
Liquid fuels from canadian coals
Authors: Taylor G W
Published: April 2018

In Canadian energy planning, the central issue of security of supply must be addressed by developing flexible energy systems that make the best possible use of available resources. For liquid fuel production, oil sands and heavy oils currently appear more
attractive than coal or biomass as alternatives to conventional crude oil, but the magnitude of their economic advantage is uncertain. The existence of large resources of oil sands, heavy oils, natural gas and low-sulphur coals in Western Canada creates a unique opportunity for Canadians to optimize
the yield from these resources and develop new technology. Maritime coals deserve special consideration to meet regional needs arising from total reliance on imported crude. Many variations on the three basic liquefaction routes -- hydroliquefaction, pyrolysis and synthesis -- are under
investigation around the world, and the technology is advancing rapidly. In the Canadian context, each process has merit under certain circumstances. Based on our limited current understanding of the available coals, surface-mineable subbituminous and lignite coals of Alberta and Saskatchewan appear
to offer the best combination of favourable properties, deposit size and mining cost, but other deposits in Alberta, Nova Scotia and British Columbia should not be ruled out. The research effort in Canada is small by world standards, but it is unlikely that technology could be imported that is
ideally suited to Canadian conditions. Importing technology is undesirable, and innovation or process modification to suit Canadian coals and markets is preferred. Coprocessing of coals with bitumen or heavy oils would be a uniquely Canadian, exportable technology. The cost of synthetic crude from
coal in Canada is uncertain, estimates ranging from $113 to $220/m 3 ($18 to $35/bb1). Existing economic evaluations vary widely depending on assumptions, and can be misleading. Product quality is an important consideration. Several priority areas for research and development are identified in this
paper. Of particular importance are basic engineering, hydrogen supply, coal quality and environmental impact. The main considerations bearing on research and pilot plant strategies are discussed. Such strategies should improve our understanding of Canadian coals,. develop Canadian technology, and
above all, build the infrastructure and expertise that will be needed if coal liquefaction reaches the commercial stage.
Direct use of coal in blast-furnace technology
Authors: Hutny W P , Price J T
Published: April 2018

This study was undertaken to investigate processes involving coal injection into blast furnaces and to assess the suitability of Canadian coals for this technology. Investigations and operating data from several industrial works are reported. This paper discusses
factors influencing coal injection, particularly coal characteristics, coal combustion, and mechanical systems. Both theoretical and practical aspects have been considered. Criteria for assessing coal based on volatile matter content and ash are discussed and an alternative method is proposed based
on a complete characterization of pyrolysis products. The suitability of several Canadian coals for blast-furnace injection has been recognized. Future research needs are identified.
Techniques d'injection directe de charbon dans les hauts fourneaux
Authors: Hutny W P , Price J T
Published: April 2018

This study was undertaken to investigate processes involving coal injection into blast furnaces and to assess the suitability of Canadian coals for this technology. Investigations and operating data from several industrial works are reported. This paper discusses
factors influencing coal injection, particularly coal characteristics, coal combustion, and mechanical systems. Both theoretical and practical aspects have been considered. Criteria for assessing coal based on volatile matter content and ash are discussed and an alternative method is proposed based
on a complete characterization of pyrolysis products. The suitability of several Canadian coals for blast-furnace injection has been recognized. Future research needs are identified.
L'exploitation du charbon au Canada: 1983
Authors: Romaniuk A S , Naidu H G
Published: April 2018

L'objet du présent rapport est double: présenter une quantité importante de renseignements sur l'exploitation des houillères existant au Canada en décembre 1983 et mettre à jour l'évaluation des réserves de charbon dont
disposait le Canada en décembre 1982. En ce qui concerne l'exploitation des houillères, le rapport comprend le nom des exploitants, l'emplacement et la taille des exploitations et une brève description des modes d'extraction et de préparation du charbon ainsi que de
l'équipement principalement utilisé. Comme la géologie des houillères varie énormément au Canada et qu'elle détermine la technologie à utiliser pour l'extraction et le traitement du charbon, une section décrivant brièvement la géologie des
principaux champs houillers a été incluse. On a mis à jour les données sur les réserves houillères du Canada à partir des données présentées dans le rapport ER 79-9 d'EMR, car des changements importants se sont produits depuis 1978, surtout en
Nouvelle-Écosse, en Alberta et en Colombie-Britannique. On a aussi mis à jour les données concernant la qualité des charbons. Les catégories de réserves houillères sont définies de la même façon que dans le rapport précédent d'EMR, sauf que
la catégorie CHARBON DES COUCHES EXPLOITABLES remplace l'ancienne catégorie "charbon exploitable". L'approbation des projets d'extraction de charbon en Alberta et en Colombie-Britannique se fait selon des procédures bien définies. Il en résulte une certaine divulgation dans
le public des données sur les quantités de charbon en réserve, les critères de limitation, la qualité du charbon, les plans d'exploitation, l'évaluation des effets sur le milieu, etc. Les renseignements technologiques apparaissant dans le présent rapport ont aussi
été recueillis par le personnel des Laboratoires de recherche sur le charbon lors de leur visite régulière dans les houillères exploitées un peu partout au Canada.
Pilot plant thermal hydrocracking of GCOS (Great Canadian Oil Sands) bitumen: 1. the effect of heavy oil recycle on the plant operation
Authors: Khulbe C P , Pruden B B , Denis J M , Merrill W H
Published: April 2018

The objective of the present investigation was to determine the operability of the thermal hydrocracking plant using a recycle-oil stream to increase liquid velocity in the reactor, in an attempt to reduce sludge or coke formation. Life runs of about three weeks
were conducted with heavy oil recycle fed to the bottom of the reactor. The two long experimental runs in this series, R-2-1-2 and R-2-2-4, are described in detail. All shorter runs in which recycling of heavy oil was attempted are also described. Of main concern in this report are those factors
which influenced the steady operation of the pilot plant, such as coke formation and deposition of metal sulphide which caused fouling and line plugging. The heavy-oil recycling, at a recycle to feed weight ratio of 2:1 or greater, reduced coke formation in the reactor compared with once-through
operations at the same temperature, pressure and pitch conversion. Total recycle of the heavy ends before reaching the required temperature gave a smooth start-up. Adjusting the recycle-oil withdrawal rate was better than adjusting the feed flow as a means of maintaining the hot-catch-pot level. The
increase in the ash content of the reactor fluid, coupled with a short "first-pass" residence time are perhaps the reasons for the suppression of coke formation when heavy oil is recycled.
Effect of thermal hydrocracking on the distribution of compound-types in Athabasca bitumen
Authors: George A E , Banerjee G T , Smiley G T , Sawatzky H
Published: April 2018

The changes in the chemical.composition of Athabasca bitumen due to thermal hydrocracking under varying severities of treatment were studied. The main reaction appeared to be the cleavage of saturated hydrocarbon structures from aromatic clusters resulting in
large increases in the saturated hydrocarbon fraction as well as decreases in molecular weights. The mononuclear promatic fraction increased very substantially in weight with severity of treatment but the increase in the number of mononuclear aromatic structures was even more marked. The dinuclear
aromatic fraction decreased in weight but the number of these structures increased. The polynuclear aromatic and polar fractions decreased markedly in weight but the number of polynuclear aromatic structures changed only slightly. The most severe treatment almost eliminated the asphaltenes and the
basic materials. The changes in the sulphur contents of the various fractions were followed and are discussed. Attempts are made to partially explain the conversions during these treatments by thermal hydrogen transfer-aromatization reactions. *
Evaluation of peat samples as part of a peat fuel inventory in the province of Newfoundland
Authors: Tibbetts T E
Published: April 2018

In this report sixty-six samples of peat from thirty-five sites are evaluated at the request of the Province of Newfoundland as part of a reconnaissance of the peatlands in that province. The broad objective is to assess the potential of peat as an alternate
source of energy. With this in view, the parameters such as ash, volatile matter, sulphur, calorific value, degree of humification fusibility and chemical analysis of ash emphasized in this evaluation, are concerned with the use of peat as a fuel.
Index of commercial flocculants - 1974
Authors: Hamza H A , Picard J L
Published: April 2018

The primary aim of this index is to assist the worker in selecting a range of flocculants for laboratory evaluations to optimize solid-liquid separation applications. The number of bench tests required to cover the range can be reduced to a minimum by applying
the principle of pre-screening. Information contained in the tables was acquired from the manufacturers - directly and through technical bulletins - and was supplemented by additional data as reported in the literature or obtained from bench-scale evaluation tests carried out in the Western Research
Laboratory. It is anticipated that a continuing survey of new developments in the industry will be maintained and that periodic revisions will be issued.
A pilot plant investigation of thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen: 2. effect of recycle of heavy oil on product quality
Authors: Khulbe C P , Pruden B B , Denis J M , Merrill W H
Published: April 2018

Studies were made of thermal hydrocracking in a bottom-feed reactor with recirculation of a portion of the heavy-oil product (recycle run). In this report, a comparison of product quality for runs with and without recycle is made at similar experimental
conditions of temperature, pressure, hydrogen gas flow and fresh feed flow. Compared with once-through runs, the pitch conversion decreased slightly for the recycle run but the hydrogen consumption increased. The sulphur content of the distillate was nearly the same for both cases, but nitrogen
content and specific gravity were lower for the recycle run because of a larger fraction boiling between the initial boiling point and 250°C and higher nitrogen removal. The sulphur content of the pitch was nearly the same, but the pitch specific gravity was higher for the recycle run. Sulphur
removal was nearly equal but nitrogen removal was about 17 wt % for the recycle run compared with 4% for once-through operation. Reactor temperature had a marked effect on product yields, pitch conversion and sulphur removal, and a minor effect on product quality.
Pilot plant thermal hydrocracking of GCOS (Great Canadian Oil Sands) bitumen: 3. effect of heavy oil recycle on reactor fouling
Authors: Khulbe C P , Pruden B B , Denis J M , Merrill W H
Published: April 2018

Thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen was carried out in a pilot-scale reactor at a pressure of 13.9 MPa, a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of one, and temperatures of 450 and 460°C with recirculation of a portion of the heavy-oil product to the
reactor bottom. The pilot plant was operated for 21 days (R-450) and 13 days (R-460) to determine the effect of heavy-oil recirculation on deposition of solids in the reactor and hot separator. The effect of heavy-oil recirculation in both runs was to reduce substantially the deposition of solids in
the reactor and hot separator compared to once-through runs at the same pitch conversion. The suppression of the formation of deposits was ascribed to a short "first pass" residence time and a high ash content of the reactor fluid.
Hot briquetting study using western canadian coal samples
Authors: Leeder W R , Malette M J
Published: April 2018

Preliminary hot briquetting studies were done by the Canadian Metallurgical Fuel Research Laboratory (CMFRL) with one Fording Coal Limited coking, and three CanPac Minerals Limited (Lethbridge, Brooks and Ardley) noncoking exploration coal samples. The CanPac
coal samples, even when cleaned, had ash and alkali metal contents that would be considered too high by steel companies. The "cleaned" Fording exploration sample was moderately caking and can be classified as a high volatile bituminous (hvAb) coal, unlike the low caking medium volatile product
presently mined for export. Based on laboratory studies, it was concluded that the hvAb Fording sample would probably be unsatisfactory as the only binder component in hot briquetting as it generally gave hot briquettes of lower strength than those made with a highly caking hvAb binder coal
(Devco-26). As well, when the hvAb Fording binder coal was used, the strength of heat-treated hot briquettes did not increase as it did with Devco-26. These results are in agreement with previous work that suggested western Canadian coking coals, because of their poor caking properties, would
probably make a poor hot briquette binder if used alone.
Thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen: steady-state effects on product yields and qualities in the absence of scrubbing of the recycle gas
Authors: Shah A M , Pruden B B , Denis J M
Published: April 2018

investigated in the absence of scrubbing of the recycle gas. The experiments were carried out in a 3.8-cm ID x 4-m long reactor at temperatures of 445 and 450°C, liquid hourly space velocities (LHSV) of 1 and 2, and recycle hydrogen gas rates of 0.0388 and
0.0425 m3 /h at the system pressure and 20°C. At an LHSV of 2, three to four hours were required for the recycle gas purity to stabilize at constant values of 73.5% and 71.5% hydrogen at 445°C and 450°C respectively. However, at an LHSV of 1 and 450°C, ten to twelve hours
were required to attain a constant recycle gas purity of 62.6% H2. Once the recycle gas purity reached a constant value of 62.6% H2, operating time had no effect on the product yields and gaseous and liquid products of consistent quality were obtained.
Rapid method for determining sulphur and vanadium in petroleum products by non-dispersive x-ray fluorescence
Authors: Makhija R , Draper R G , Furimsky E
Published: April 2018

The presence of sulphur and vanadium in fuels is of great concern to producers and users. Sulphur levels must be controlled to meet environmental requirements while corrosion by vanadium during combustion may result in serious equipment damage. The involvement of
the Energy Research Laboratories in the development of technologies for processing of high sulphur and vanadium content crudes resulted in a need for a rapid analytical method because a great number of samples had to be analysed in a short period of time. The results are used to control
technological parameters during thermal hydrocracking experiments performed in the pilot plant. A method is described for simultaneous determination of sulphur and vanadium in petroleum products by non-dispersive X-ray fluorescence. The method is rapid, non-destructive and at least as accurate as
previous wet chemistry methods. Sulphur and vanadium can be determined in the ranges of 0.1 to 5.0 per cent and 20 to 4000 parts per million, respectively. The method is suitable for all relatively homogeneous petroleum fractions and residuums, including solid pitches. Preliminary results show that
titanium can be analysed in addition to sulphur and vanadium.