bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Placing the Music Teacher in an Era of Reform
Authors: Shaw Ryan
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this chapter is to conceptualize a sociological understanding of music teachers’ “positioning” in instructional reform contexts. In particular, the chapter synthesizes work on factors related to agency and constraints as they relate to the contemporary US music educator. The notion of position is complex and metaphorical, as it presents a transgeographical concept of location, akin to sociological discourse on the social imaginary or what Williams called “structures of feeling.” After bringing together research and theory on music teacher emotions, morals, caring, isolation, micropolitics, and social networks, the chapter presents a framework to illuminate music teachers’ unique positioning and explain how music teachers respond to reforms.
Documentary’s Expanded Fields
Authors: Kim Jihoon
Published: February 2022

This introduction offers readers a series of key concepts that run the gamut of this book. These include “documentary’s expanded fields,” which are inspired by the writings of Gene Youngblood and Rosalind E. Krauss, and the “twenty-first-century documentary,” an array of the nonstandardized documentary practices and artifacts that emerged during this period thanks to the digital technologies for production and postproduction of images and the nontheatrical experiential platforms, such as VR interfaces, the gallery, video-sharing services, and interactive websites. While contextualizing these nascent practices and artifacts within the sociocultural crises and the technological changes of the twenty-first century, the introduction also identifies five domains of the conventional documentary film that they refashion and transform, namely, “image,” “vision,” “dispositif,” “archive,” and “activism.”
Expanded Images
Authors: Kim Jihoon
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the expanded horizon of documentary images by investigating a wide array of nonfiction media practices that adopt digitally graphic images or employ digital postproduction techniques, theorizing what these images and techniques imply for the documentary image’s epistemological and rhetorical functions. Encompassing the cases of contemporary data visualizations, Forensic Architecture’s video documentations, and the experimental documentaries of James Benning and Sharon Lockhart, it argues that digital technologies for imaging and postproduction expand the traditional boundaries of what the documentary image is and does, by dismantling the existing hierarchies between the photographic and the graphic, between the lens-based and the manipulated, between the still and the moving images, and between factual records and investigative or revelatory approaches.
Expanded Dispositifs
Authors: Kim Jihoon
Published: February 2022

Addressing the burgeoning of moving image installation works aimed to reinvent the forms and subjects of documentary cinema in the contemporary art scene of the twenty-first century, which has also been called the “documentary turn,” this theorizes how the gallery functions as a basis for expanding the apparatus of documentary cinema. Drawing on Francesco Casetti’s idea of “relocation” and Jacques Rancière’s “redistribution,” this chapter presents the concept of documentary’s “expanded dispositif.” It refers to the installations’ arrangement of heterogeneous technical and aesthetic elements, which results in the various moving image expressions that are linked to, but at the same time not totally identical to, the theater-based standardized documentary cinema. In order to explain the dual operation of these expressions, this chapter examines documentary installations by Ben Rivers, Steve McQueen, John Akomfrah, Isaac Julien, Chantal Akerman, Amar Kanwar, etc.
Introduction
Authors: Winter Tim
Published: February 2022

This chapter explains why we need to examine the Silk Road more critically and carefully and why it matters as a narrative of history. It offers an overview of the key forces and events that led to the Silk Road becoming so popular around the world over the course of the twentieth century. It also explains why so much confusion surrounds the term today and how it has emerged as a domain of scholarship, of popular culture, of government and international policy, of branding and marketing, and as a tool for future-making, diplomacy, peace, and cultural governance. Finally, the chapter outlines geocultural theory and its role in analyzing the Silk Road.
Frontiers of Antiquity
Authors: Winter Tim
Published: February 2022

Here the book turns to the scholar explorers who traveled across Central Asia in search of artifacts and evidence of historical settlement in the decades running up to World War I. The chapter argues that interpretations of the region’s history were in part shaped by the geopolitical circumstances of the period, namely the Great Game. Today, the Silk Road is commonly depicted as an apolitical history of transmission and dialogue between East and West, Asia and Europe, but we learn here that below the surface lie ideas about the geographical reach of civilizations and claims about the “roots” of modern European and Asian societies.
Silk Road Futures
Authors: Winter Tim
Published: February 2022

The final chapter returns to questions and issues raised in the Introduction, namely the role and value of the Silk Road as a narrative of history and as a framework for cultivating forms of cultural internationalism in the twenty-first century. The discussion integrates various themes raised over the course of the book and speaks to the future of the Silk Road in relation to China’s seeming long-term investment in the term. The chapter asks whether Eurocentric histories of premodern pasts are now being overlaid with Sinocentric depictions. It also reflects on China’s geopolitical and geo-economic ambitions relative to its commitment to Silk Road internationalism. Together then, these two themes attempt to signal likely ways the Silk Roads will hold significance in the future and why this demands a more sustained conversation about how they should be discussed and studied by scholars.
Moral Limitations in IP Theory
Authors: Snow Ned
Published: February 2022

This chapter argues that the three theories which underlie the system of intellectual property imply that specific moral values limit the scope of protectable subject matter. The economic theory, the labor-desert theory, and the autonomy-personality theory each impose certain moral limitations. Specifically, the economic theory implies that the law should not incentivize creations that result in a net harm to society; the labor-desert theory implies that the law should not reward creators whose intellectual works harm life, health, liberty, or property of another; and the autonomy-personality theory implies that the law should not recognize rights in works that inhibit another’s exercise of autonomy or personality. In examining these theories and their moral values, this chapter does not address specific issues of application.
Free Speech
Authors: Snow Ned
Published: February 2022

This chapter considers whether denying patent or copyright protection on moral grounds is inconsistent with doctrines of free speech. The chapter first examines whether moral denials of patent or copyright protection constitute a government restriction of private speech. For patent, it concludes that moral denials would not be such a restriction. The denial of patent protection likely reflects the government’s choice to selectively adopt private speech as its own, and even if not, the denials should be viewed as permissible regulations of conduct that only incidentally affect speech. By contrast, this chapter concludes that for copyright, moral denials of protection would restrict authors’ private speech. Consequently, the chapter further examines whether an exceptional doctrine in free speech law might excuse moral denials of copyright protection. The chapter posits that the limited-public-forum doctrine may excuse such denials, but only if the denial is viewpoint neutral, which imposes a severe speech restriction.
Beavers
Authors: Rosell Frank , Campbell-Palmer Róisín
Published: February 2022

Today, beavers are represented by two species, the Eurasian beaver and the North American beaver. Though these are the last remaining representatives of a once much larger consortium of animals, they have played a significant role in human history and dominated wetland ecology in the northern hemisphere. Their behaviour and ecology both fascinate and perhaps even infuriate, but seemingly they never fail to amaze. This comprehensive text serves to go beyond the natural history of these species, also describing their impacts on humans, conflict mitigation, animal husbandry, and conservation. This practical and accessible text incorporates some of the latest scientific findings, whilst setting the background of the broad depth of knowledge on beavers. The recovery and active restoration of both species has emerged following relentless persecution to the verge of extinction, a major conservation success story. Now can perhaps be described as the new dawn of the beaver, where more than ever its landscape-scale impacts, such as potential for water resource management, are being increasingly recognized.
A Killer Wit
Authors: Dobrenko Evgeny , Jonsson-Skradol Natalia
Published: February 2022

In this chapter the comic is examined as an element of the ritual of terror. Its central claim is that contrary to the seemingly obvious lawlessness of Stalinist rule, Stalinism was a triumph of law taken to the extreme. Jokes in the legal proceedings during the purges of the 1930s (in particular the party plenum of February–March 1937 where Nikolai Bukharin was interrogated pre-trial), Stalin’s speeches from the time, and the Short Course of the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) are analyzed as elements of a special kind of training in the formation of the ideologically correct view of the world. Special attention is paid to the construction of image of the enemy.
Performing the Kinaidos
Authors: Sapsford Tom
Published: February 2022

Performing the “Kinaidos” is the first book-length study to explore the figure of the kinaidos (Latin, cinaedus), a type of person noted in ancient literature for his effeminacy and untoward sexual behavior. By exploring the presence of this unmanly man in a wide range of textual sources (Plato, Aeschines, Plautus, Catullus, Martial, Juvenal, documentary papyri, and dedicatory inscriptions) and across numerous locations (classical Greece, Ptolemaic Egypt, and the Roman world), Performing the “Kinaidos” demonstrates how this figure haunted, in different ways, the binary oppositions structuring ancient societies located around the Mediterranean from the 6th century BCE to the 2nd century CE. Moving beyond previous debates over whether the kinaidos was an ancient “homosexual” or not, the book re-evaluates this figure by analyzing the multiple axes of difference such as sex, status, ethnicity, and occupation through which this type of person gained legibility in antiquity. It also emphasizes the kinaidos’ role in the development of the category of the professional performer. The book centers the numerous descriptions of the specific poetic and dance styles associated with the kinaidos in ancient sources—a racy verse meter called the Sotadean and a rapid shimmying of the buttocks—and integrates them with the closely related issue of acceptable forms of male social performance in classical cultures.
Perhaps it’s not that bad?
Authors: Lekander Mats
Published: February 2022

The chapter examines mechanisms of discontent from a health perspective, and discusses absolute versus relative health outcomes as well as the importance of direction of change. Two dimensions of health are described. One dimension is the biomedical one connected to diagnoses, and the other is the subjective health experience—in other words, the presence or absence of disease in one dimension and one’s personal experience of health in the other. With increased interdisciplinary knowledge, the subjective perspective has emerged as an important aspect that the healthcare sector must systematically take into account. One negative consequence of health fixation and worry, ushering in people to look inward in search of symptoms, is that we risk pushing people downward in the subjective dimension, and thereby potentially into becoming “ill” in the disease dimension. In this perspective, possibilities and difficulties of behavior change are discussed, as well as how reduced or increased worry may connect subjective health to changes in verifiable health. The chapter brings the book’s themes of objective and subjective health determinants and immune defensive behaviors back to the reader as an individual and asks if the situation, after all, is as bad as may be believed.
Stokvels
Authors: Armstrong Ann
Published: February 2022

Stokvels are the South African rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs). Stovkvels aim to empower rural Black women whose economic lives are often precarious, and who have a hard time accessing formal capital from banks. The historical experience of apartheid has made the use of Stokvels essential to life for many South Africans. Stokvels are ROSCAs or banking cooperatives carried out informally by members who know one another for mutual benefit. The chapter gives a brief snapshot of the issues prevailing in modern-day South Africa. It also presents the role and the significance of its small, medium-, and micro-enterprise (SMME) sector. The author documents the challenges South Africans face, particularly Black women, who have traditionally been marginalized socially and excluded economically. It is argued that Stokvels promotes social justice in South Africa for women with their range and variety as they are communal financial enterprises benefitting both the individual and the community. This work draws on community - economies ideas, as well as literature from South Africa, to locate the need for Black South Africans to use alternative banks to meet their needs. The chapter concludes by examining how Stokvels—and their billions of rand—might be mobilized to create a more humane and collective economy.
Arisan
Authors: Haryani Ririn , Dombroski Kelly
Published: February 2022

Arisan is an Indonesian economic practice which has been in existence for hundreds of years, and is believed to have been brought to Indonesia by Chinese merchants interacting with the Orang Asli Indigenous people. It has primarily been a financing and social activity for women. The rules of the practice are that each member of the group puts in the same amount of money each at meeting, and each member gets one turn “winning” the collective sum. The round is finished when everyone has received the money. As a part of a set of traditional practices of helping each other (gotong royong), the Arisan member may ask the round winner to swap their turn in any emergency situation, so he/she can access the money without any interest paid. While anthropologist Clifford Geertz describes Arisan as a middle rung in an economy moving from traditional to capitalist, we argue it continues to provide valuable financial support to women in contemporary times. It is also a platform for women in the community to meet, to share concerns and thoughts, and to care for each other. This chapter, through interviews with women in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, aims to show women’s continuing contributions to an economy of care through Arisan, and the contribution of Arisan to alternative economies beyond capitalist markets and development programs. Arisan does this by enabling and preserving different forms of economic subjectivity beyond that of the “rational economic man,” performing caring, relational, and collective economic subjects.
Environmental Great Powers and Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Authors: Park Susan
Published: February 2022

How do great powers engage with global environmental politics? Despite the proliferation of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) there is surprisingly little research on the role of great powers contributing to global international society through international environmental law. This chapter examines the role of ‘environmental great powers’ across and within seven environmental issue areas and six MEAs. Focusing on China, the European Union, India, Japan, Russia, and the United States, the chapter argues that they display no agreement individually or collectively to be responsible. Environmental great powers do not accept that their status implies responsibility, despite their culpability and capacity to respond to global environmental problems. As this chapter shows, environmental great powers demonstrate similar practices as leaders, laggards, swing states, and brokers in advancing or curtailing MEAs according to their interests and identity. However, environmental great powers have been at the forefront of creating secondary institutions, intergovernmental organizations (IOs), to enact MEAs on their behalf. This may constitute responsibility via delegation, which demonstrates a convergence of great power responsibility with global governance. However, any such convergence is overridden by contestation in a deep pluralist global international society, as indicated by divisions over the provision of technical capacity and resources in MEAs.
Auxiliary selection in Italo-Romance and inflexional classes
Authors: Bach Xavier , Štichauer Pavel
Published: February 2022

This chapter puts forward an account of auxiliary selection in terms of inflexional classes (following, e.g., Bonami 2015:97; Baerman, Brown, and Corbett 2017:28f.), theoretically couched within Stump’s notions of content paradigm, form paradigm, and segregated inflexional classes (Stump 2016). It is argued that the inflexion-class behaviour of auxiliary selection can best be seen in cases of mixed perfective auxiliation systems attested in a range of Italo-Romance varieties, where an intricate alternation of the two auxiliaries HAVE and BE is found within one and the same paradigm. The chapter focuses on cases where one coherent class of lexemes, namely reflexives, is split between the two auxiliaries giving rise to a mixed paradigm which is an instance of heteroclisis (cf. Stump 2006; Kaye 2015; Bach 2019). It is hypothesized that this kind of reflexive heteroclisis might be one of the origins of mixed perfective auxiliation systems in Italo-Romance.
Fabrication and evaluation of a BMP-2/dexamethasone co-loaded gelatin sponge scaffold for rapid bone regeneration
Authors: Gan Qi , Pan Hao , Zhang Wenjing , Yuan Yuan , Qian Jiangchao , Liu Changsheng
Published: February 2022

Improving the osteogenic activity of BMP-2 in vivo has significant clinical application value. In this research, we use a clinical gelatin sponge scaffold loaded with BMP-2 and dexamethasone (Dex) to evaluate the osteogenic activity of dual drugs via ectopic osteogenesis in vivo. We also investigate the mechanism of osteogenesis induced by BMP-2 and Dex with C2C12, a multipotent muscle-derived progenitor cell. The results show that the gelatin scaffold with Dex and BMP-2 can significantly accelerate osteogenesis in vivo. It is indicated that compared with the BMP-2 or Dex alone, 100 nM of Dex can dramatically enhance the BMP-2-induced alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), ALP mRNA expression and mineralization. Further studies show that 100 nM of Dex can maintain the secondary structure of BMP-2 and facilitate recognition of BMP-2 with its receptors on the surface of C2C12 cells. We also find that in C2C12, Dex has no obvious effect on the BMP-2-induced Smad1/5/8 protein expression and the STAT3-dependent pathway, but Runx2-dependent pathway is involved in the Dex-stimulated osteoblast differentiation of BMP-2 both in vitro and in vivo. Based on these results, a potential mechanism model about the synergistic osteoinductive effect of Dex and BMP-2 in C2C12 cells via Runx2 activation is proposed. This may provide a theoretical basis for the pre-clinical application of Dex and BMP-2 for bone regeneration.
Safety and immunogenicity of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in adolescents with rheumatic diseases treated with immunomodulatory medications
Authors: Heshin-Bekenstein Merav , Ziv Amit , Toplak Natasa , Hagin David , Kadishevich Danielle , Butbul Yonatan A , Saiag Esther , Kaufman Alla , Shefer Gabi , Sharon Orli , Pel Sara , Elkayam Ori , Uziel Yosef
Published: February 2022

Objectives

Adolescents with juvenile-onset autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRDs) could be at risk for disease flare secondary to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or to withholding anti-inflammatory therapy. While vaccination can protect against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), safety and immunogenicity data regarding anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among adolescents with AIIRDs are limited. This international, prospective, multicentre study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine among adolescents and young adults with juvenile-onset AIIRDs, 80% of whom are on chronic immunomodulatory therapy.

Methods

Vaccine side effects, disease activity and short-term efficacy were evaluated after 3 months in 91 patients. Anti-spike S1/S2 IgG antibody levels were evaluated in 37 patients and 22 controls 2–9 weeks after the second dose.

Results

A total of 91 patients and 40 healthy controls were included. The safety profile was good, with 96.7% (n = 88) of patients reporting mild or no side effects and no change in disease activity. However, three patients had transient acute symptoms: two following the first vaccination (renal failure and pulmonary haemorrhage) and one following the second dose (mild lupus flare vs viral infection). The seropositivity rate was 97.3% in the AIIRD group compared with 100% among controls. However, anti-S1/S2 antibody titres were significantly lower in the AIIRD group compared with controls [242 (s.d. 136.4) vs 387.8 (57.3) BAU/ml, respectively; P < 0.0001]. No cases of COVID-19 were documented during the 3 month follow-up.

Conclusion

Vaccination of juvenile-onset AIIRD patients demonstrated good short-term safety and efficacy and a high seropositivity rate but lower anti-S1/S2 antibody titres compared with healthy controls. These results should encourage vaccination of adolescents with juvenile-onset AIIRDs, even while on immunomodulation.
Persistent Inequalities in College Completion, 1980–2010
Authors: Voss Kim , Hout Michael , George Kristin
Published: February 2022

Fewer than half of America’s college students complete their bachelor’s degrees. To many, cost seems to be the crucial barrier. Sociologists of education have long argued, though, that inequalities start before costs matter. Entrenched “sort and sieve” processes apportion outcomes to family background. The whole system of grading, testing, and selecting some students while rejecting others makes a degree much more likely for students from higher status families—and that system was in place long before states limited appropriations and tuition skyrocketed. Analyzing longitudinal data from three cohorts of high school students, we find only small changes in the college graduation rate as of 1988, 1998, and 2010. Second, baseline socioeconomic and racial disparities in college completion were just as high in 1988 as in 2010. Third, mediation analysis shows that half of the socioeconomic disparities work through pre-college factors such as grades and curriculum choices. The other half reflect higher graduation rates at selective colleges. Fourth, the only notable change concerned community colleges; the potential disadvantage of starting at one declined after the 1980s. Our analysis affirms sociologists’ focus on persistent aspects of academic sorting, not recent changes, as the root of inequality of opportunity in American higher education.
Characterization of the Mechanistic Linkages Between Iodothyronine Deiodinase Inhibition and Impaired Thyroid-Mediated Growth and Development inXenopus laevisUsing Iopanoic Acid
Authors: Haselman Jonathan T , Olker Jennifer H , Kosian Patricia A , Korte Joseph J , Denny Jeffrey S , Tietge Joseph E , Hornung Michael W , Degitz Sigmund J
Published: February 2022

Iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO) are key enzymes that influence tissue-specific thyroid hormone levels during thyroid-mediated amphibian metamorphosis. Within the larger context of evaluating chemicals for thyroid system disrupting potential, chemical activity toward DIOs is being evaluated using high-throughput in vitro screening assays as part of U.S. EPA’s ToxCast program. However, existing data gaps preclude any inferences between in vitro chemical inhibition of DIOs and in vivo outcomes relevant to ecological risk assessment. This study aimed to generate targeted data in a laboratory model species (Xenopus laevis) using a model DIO inhibitor, iopanoic acid (IOP), to characterize linkages between in vitro potency, in vivo biochemical responses, and adverse organismal outcomes. In vitro potency of IOP toward DIOs was evaluated using previously developed in vitro screening assays, which showed concentration-dependent inhibition of human DIO1 (IC50: 97 µM) and DIO2 (IC50: 231 µM) but did not inhibit human or X. laevis DIO3 under the assay conditions. In vivo exposure of larval X. laevis to 0, 2.6, 5.3, and 10.5 µM IOP caused thyroid-related biochemical profiles in the thyroid gland and plasma consistent with hyperthyroxinemia but resulted in delayed metamorphosis and significantly reduced growth in the highest 2 exposure concentrations. Independent evaluations of dio gene expression ontogeny, together with existing literature, supported interpretation of IOP-mediated effects resulting in a proposed adverse outcome pathway for DIO2 inhibition leading to altered amphibian metamorphosis. This study highlights the types of mechanistic data needed to move toward predicting in vivo outcomes of regulatory concern from in vitro bioactivity data.
Effects of elevated ozone and warming on terpenoid emissions and concentrations of Norway spruce depend on needle phenology and age
Authors: Kivimäenpää Minna , Riikonen Johanna , Valolahti Hanna , Elina Häikiö , Holopainen Jarmo K , Holopainen Toini
Published: February 2022

Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) trees are affected by ongoing climate change, including warming and exposure to phytotoxic levels of ozone. Non-volatile terpenoids and volatile terpenoids (biogenic organic volatile compounds, BVOCs) protect spruce against biotic and abiotic stresses. BVOCs also affect the atmosphere’s oxidative capacity. Four-year-old Norway spruce were exposed to elevated ozone (EO) (1.4 × ambient) and warming (1.1 °C + ambient air) alone and in combination on an open-field exposure site in Central Finland. Net photosynthesis, needle terpenoid concentrations and BVOC emissions were measured four times during the experiment’s second growing season: after bud opening in May, during the mid-growing season in June, and after needle maturation in August and September. Warming increased terpene concentrations in May due to advanced phenology and decreased them at the end of the growing season in matured current-year needles. Ozone enhanced these effects of warming on several compounds. Warming decreased concentrations of oxygenated sesquiterpenes in previous-year needles. Decreased emissions of oxygenated monoterpenes by warming and ozone alone in May were less prominent when ozone and warming were combined. A similar interactive treatment response in isoprene, camphene, tricyclene and α-pinene was observed in August when the temperature and ozone concentration was high. The results suggest long-term warming may reduce the terpenoid-based defence capacity of young spruce, but the defence capacity can be increased during the most sensitive growth phase (after bud break), and when high temperatures or ozone concentrations co-occur. Reduced BVOC emissions from young spruce may decrease the atmosphere’s oxidative capacity in the warmer future, but the effect of EO may be marginal because less reactive minor compounds are affected.
The Medicago truncatula IEF Gene Is Crucial for the Progression of Bacterial Infection During Symbiosis
Authors: Kovács Szilárd , Kiss Ernő , Jenei Sándor , Fehér-Juhász Erzsébet , Kereszt Attila , Endre Gabriella
Published: February 2022

Legumes are able to meet their nitrogen need by establishing nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with rhizobia. Nitrogen fixation is performed by rhizobia, which has been converted to bacteroids, in newly formed organs, the root nodules. In the model legume Medicago truncatula, nodule cells are invaded by rhizobia through transcellular tubular structures called infection threads (ITs) that are initiated at the root hairs. Here, we describe a novel M. truncatula early symbiotic mutant identified as infection-related epidermal factor (ief), in which the formation of ITs is blocked in the root hair cells and only nodule primordia are formed. We show that the function of MtIEF is crucial for the bacterial infection in the root epidermis but not required for the nodule organogenesis. The IEF gene that appears to have been recruited for a symbiotic function after the duplication of a flower-specific gene is activated by the ERN1-branch of the Nod factor signal transduction pathway and independent of the NIN activity. The expression of MtIEF is induced transiently in the root epidermal cells by the rhizobium partner or Nod factors. Although its expression was not detectable at later stages of symbiosis, complementation experiments indicate that MtIEF is also required for the proper invasion of the nodule cells by rhizobia. The gene encodes an intracellular protein of unknown function possessing a coiled-coil motif and a plant-specific DUF761 domain. The IEF protein interacts with RPG, another symbiotic protein essential for normal IT development, suggesting that combined action of these proteins plays a role in nodule infection.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Effects of Temperature on Development of Canker-Causing Pathogens in Almond and Prune
Authors: Luo Y. , Ma R. , Barrera E. , Gusella G. , Michailides T. J.
Published: February 2022

Between 2000 and 2020, canker diseases of nut and stone fruit trees have become very widespread and severe in California. This study determined the effects of temperature on the development of canker-causing pathogens of almond and prune. Five pathogen taxa, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Cytospora leucostoma, Diaporthe (Phomopsis) neotheicola, Lasiodiplodia citricola, and Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, were used. Colony growth on medium and canker lesion development on detached shoots were measured at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C. The effects of temperature on colony growth differed among different pathogen taxa, although 25°C was the optimal temperature for most of the pathogens tested. The patterns of lesion growth as response to temperature were different among the different pathogens and tree crops. On almond, the highest growth rates appeared at 30°C for B. dothidea and L. citricola, but at 20°C for N. mediterraneum. The growth rates for C. leucostoma were lower than those of the other three pathogen taxa, with the highest rates recorded at 25°C. However, on prune, C. leucostoma showed greater lesion growth rates at different temperatures than the other pathogen taxa and maximum growth at 30 to 35°C. Similar trends were observed for L. citricola. The growth rates of B. dothidea and N. mediterraneum were comparatively lower than those of C. leucostoma and L. citricola.
Reduction of Pythium Damping-Off in Soybean by Biocontrol Seed Treatment
Authors: Pimentel Mirian F. , Arnao Erika , Warner Amanda J. , Rocha Leonardo F. , Subedi Arjun , Elsharif Nariman , Chilvers Martin I. , Matthiesen Rashelle , Robertson Alison E. , Bradley Carl A. , Neves Danilo L. , Pedersen Dianne K. , Reuter-Carlson Ursula , Lacey Jonathan V. , Bond Jason P. , Fakhoury Ahmad M.
Published: February 2022

Pythium spp. is one of the major groups of pathogens that cause seedling diseases on soybean, leading to both preemergence and postemergence damping-off and root rot. More than 100 species have been identified within this genus, with Pythium irregulare, P. sylvaticum, P. ultimum var ultimum, and P. torulosum being particularly important for soybean production given their aggressiveness, prevalence, and abundance in production fields. This study investigated the antagonistic activity of potential biological control agents (BCAs) native to the U.S. Midwest against Pythium spp. First, in vitro screening identified BCAs that inhibit P. ultimum var. ultimum growth. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated evidence of mycoparasitism of all potential biocontrol isolates against P. ultimum var. ultimum and P. torulosum, with the formation of appressorium-like structures, short hyphal branches around host hyphae, hook-shaped structures, coiling, and parallel growth of the mycoparasite along the host hyphae. Based on these promising results, selected BCAs were tested under field conditions against six different Pythium spp. Trichoderma afroharzianum 26 used alone and a mix of T. hamatum 16 + T. afroharzianum 19 used as seed treatments protected soybean seedlings from Pythium spp. infection, as BCA-treated plots had on average 15 to 20% greater plant stand and vigor than control plots. Our results also indicate that some of these potential BCAs could be added with a fungicide seed treatment with minimum inhibition occurring, depending on the fungicide active ingredient. This research highlights the need to develop tools incorporating biological control as a facet of soybean seedling disease management programs. The harnessing of native BCAs could be integrated with other management strategies to provide efficient control of seedling diseases.
Identification, Genetic Diversity, and Chemical Control of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni in China
Authors: Luo Mei , Meng Fan-Zhu , Tan Qin , Zhou Yang , Chaisiri Chingchai , Fan Fei , Yin Wei-Xiao , Luo Chao-Xi
Published: February 2022

Peach bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni has become widespread in most peach-producing areas of China and has caused devastating losses to the peach industry. However, little is known about the population biology and epidemiology of X. arboricola pv. pruni in China, thus no effective management strategy is available. Altogether, 321 symptomatic samples of peach bacterial spot from 12 provinces in China were collected from which 612 bacterial isolates were obtained. Based on 16S rDNA sequence comparison in GenBank, the obtained isolates were identified as Pantoea spp. (514) and Xanthomonas spp. (98). The pathogenicity test demonstrated that the causal agent of the peach bacterial spot was the Xanthomonas spp. instead of the Pantoea spp. Based on morphological observation, physiological and biochemical characterization, and molecular identification, the Xanthomonas spp. were further identified to be X. arboricola pv. pruni. Then, 41 X. arboricola pv. pruni isolates representing different populations were selected and analyzed with repetitive element sequence based-PCR and intersimple sequence repeat markers to understand the genetic diversity and population structure along with four X. arboricola pv. pruni isolates from plum and three isolates of X. arboricola pv. juglandis as comparison. A total of 98 polymorphic alleles were identified, with a mean value of percentage of polymorphic loci of 14. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis revealed the profound heterogeneity between X. arboricola pv. juglandis and X. arboricola pv. pruni, moderate genetic differentiation within X. arboricola pv. pruni, and obvious host specificity but weak geographical differentiation in X. arboricola population. Finally, the efficiency of bactericides on X. arboricola pv. pruni was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The parallel repeated field trials in two orchards demonstrated that 80% Mancozeb (1:800) and 47% Kocide (1:800, 1:1,500, and 1:2,000) had excellent control efficacies for X. arboricola pv. pruni, especially as the control efficacy of Kocide could even reach 90%. This study conducted a systematic investigation for the occurrence, population variance, and chemical control of X. arboricola pv. pruni. It improved the understanding of the pathogen populations of peach bacterial spot in China and provided solid theoretical and practical guidance for X. arboricola pv. pruni control.
Sensitivity and Resistance Risk Assessment ofFusarium graminearumfrom Wheat to Prothioconazole
Authors: Liu Jinliang , Jiang Jia , Guo Xuhao , Qian Le , Xu Jianqiang , Che Zhiping , Chen Genqiang , Liu Shengming
Published: February 2022

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum, is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat. Prothioconazole is a broad-spectrum demethylation inhibitor fungicide with excellent efficacy against FHB. In this study, 235 strains of F. graminearum collected from different regions of Henan Province of China in 2016, 2017, and 2018 were randomly selected. The sensitivity of F. graminearum to prothioconazole was determined by the mycelial growth inhibition method. The results showed that the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of F. graminearum to prothioconazole ranged from 0.4742 to 3.4403 μg/ml, and the average EC50value was 1.7758 ± 0.6667 μg/ml. The sensitivity frequency distribution presented a consequent unimodal curve, and thus the average EC50value can be established as the baseline sensitivity of F. graminearum to prothioconazole. Ten strains of prothioconazole-resistant mutants were obtained by fungicide taming, and the resistance factor of the mutants ranged from 5.71 to 12.32. The genetic stability assay showed that resistance can be inherited stably for 10 generations. All mutants displayed different degrees of defects in vegetative growth, conidia formation, and pathogenicity compared with the parental strain. These results indicated that F. graminearum has a low risk of resistance to prothioconazole. Cross-resistance assay showed that no cross-resistance was found between prothioconazole and carbendazim, tebuconazole, phenamacril, and pydiflumetofen. Among all mutants, sequence analysis showed that no mutation site was found in cyp51A and cyp51B. Real-time PCR assays showed that the expression levels of cyp51A and cyp51B of the mutants were significantly increased after prothioconazole treatment for 24 h. In summary, our study provided a theoretical basis for the resistance risk assessment of F. graminearum to prothioconazole and scientific application of prothioconazole in controlling FHB.
An introduction to gender-affirming hormone therapy for transgender and gender-nonbinary patients
Authors: Harris Miles S. , Goodrum B. Ashby , Krempasky Chance N.
Published: February 2022

Transgender and gender-nonbinary patients may present to primary care providers seeking gender-affirming hormone therapy. Patients who meet criteria for diagnosis of gender incongruence may start or continue hormone therapy after providing informed consent. Prescribing and monitoring of masculinizing and feminizing hormone therapy can be managed in primary care settings.
Potential influence of factors for genu valgus with hereditary multiple exostoses
Authors: Liu Ya , Fang Jianfeng , Liu Yao , Zhang Zheng , Wang Xiaodong , Guo Zhixiong , Zhang Fuyong
Published: February 2022

Genu valgus is one of the most common limb deformities in hereditary multiple exostoses (HME). However, it is easily concealed and may account for subsequent osteoarthritis of the knee. The knees of 56 patients (33 men and 23 women) with HME were investigated bilaterally. Knee valgus was described by the mechanical axis deviation (MAD), mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA), and medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA). We investigated sex, age, BMI, total number of palpable osteochondromas, number of radiographic osteochondromas around the knee, forearm deformities, morphology and distribution of lesions, and correlations between these factors and genu valgus. The measurement of LDFA and MPTA was performed to identify the sources of genu valgus deformity. Based on the measurement of the mechanical axis, limbs were classified as genu valgus (n = 22) or normal mechanical axis groups (n = 90). The different severities of the genu valgus patients were classified by MAD. By bivariate logistic regression, genu valgus was significantly associated with more sessile and flared metaphyseal lesions. However, only the number of flared metaphyseal lesions had a significant influence on the severity of genu valgus. By analyzing the LDFA and MPTA, it was found that abnormalities of both proximal tibia and distal femur play important roles in genu valgus. Early detection of sessile and flared metaphyseal knee lesions in patients with HME can contribute to early intervention of genu valgus. Level of relevance: Level 2.
Educational Outcomes of Childhood Survivors of Critical Illness—A Population-Based Linkage Study*
Authors: Tomaszewski Wojtek , Ablaza Christine , Straney Lahn , Taylor Catherine , Millar Johnny , Schlapbach Luregn J. ,   on behalf of the Australian & New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Centre for Outcomes & Resource Evaluation (CORE) and the Australian & New Zealand Intensive Care Society Paediatric Study Group (ANZICS PSG)
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVES:

Major postintensive care sequelae affect up to one in three adult survivors of critical illness. Large cohorts on educational outcomes after pediatric intensive care are lacking. We assessed primary school educational outcomes in a statewide cohort of children who survived PICU during childhood.

DESIGN:

Multicenter population-based study on children less than 5 years admitted to PICU. Using the National Assessment Program—Literacy and Numeracy database, the primary outcome was educational achievement below the National Minimum Standard (NMS) in year 3 of primary school. Cases were compared with controls matched for calendar year, grade, birth cohort, sex, socioeconomic status, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status, and school. Multivariable logistic regression models to predict educational outcomes were derived.

SETTING:

Tertiary PICUs and mixed ICUs in Queensland, Australia.

PATIENTS:

Children less than 5 years admitted to PICU between 1998 and 2016.

INTERVENTIONS:

Not applicable.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:

Year 3 primary school data were available for 5,017 PICU survivors (median age, 8.0 mo at first PICU admission; interquartile range, 1.9–25.2). PICU survivors scored significantly lower than controls across each domain (p < 0.001); 14.03% of PICU survivors did not meet the NMS compared with 8.96% of matched controls (p < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, socioeconomic status (odds ratio, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.67–2.74), weight (0.94; 0.90–0.97), logit of Pediatric Index of Mortality-2 score (1.11; 1.03–1.19), presence of a syndrome (11.58; 8.87–15.11), prematurity (1.54; 1.09–2.19), chronic neurologic conditions (4.38; 3.27–5.87), chronic respiratory conditions (1.65; 1.24–2.19), and continuous renal replacement therapy (4.20; 1.40–12.55) were independently associated with a higher risk of not meeting the NMS.

CONCLUSIONS:

In this population-based study of childhood PICU survivors, 14.03% did not meet NMSs in the standardized primary school assessment. Socioeconomic status, underlying diseases, and severity on presentation allow risk-stratification to identify children most likely to benefit from individual follow-up and support.
One-stage versus staged ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy for simultaneous ureteral and renal stones
Authors: Atwa Ahmed M. , Elawdy Mohamed Mohamed , Taha Diaa-Eldin , Abouelkheir Rasha T. , Abouelenein Ebrahim Elsaeed , El-Halwagy Samer , El-Hefnawy Ahmed S. , El-Tabey Naser , EL-Nahas Ahmed R. , Shoma Ahmed M.
Published: February 2022

Objectives:

This study is aimed to investigate the outcome of one-stage ureteroscopy (URS) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for simultaneous ureteral and renal stones over 10years at a tertiary urology institute.

Materials and methods:

We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients who were operated on for simultaneous ureteral and renal stones from January 2011 to December 2020. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group A, who underwent one-stage URS and prone PCNL, and group B, who underwent staged procedures. The overall success, complications, operative time, and hospital stays were compared between the 2 groups.

Results:

Data for 190 patients were reviewed; mean age was 50 ± 13years old, and 146 (77%) were male. The one-stage (A) and staged (B) groups included 102 and 88 patients, respectively. Group A included older patients, with a high The American Society of Anesthesiologists score, while group B included more patients with multiple or staghorn stones. The one-stage group recorded shorter operative time (120 ± 12min vs. 140 ± 16min, p = 0.02) and shorter hospital stays (3days [2-6] vs. 4days [3-9], p = 0.06). Otherwise, both groups had equal outcomes in terms of success rates and complications.

Conclusions:

PCNL and URS can be performed in one-session for simultaneous ureteral and renal stones, except for multiple renal and staghorn stones. The results are comparable to those of the staged procedure in terms of success rate and complications, with the advantage of a shorter operative time and hospital stay.
Granulomatous Dermatitis Heralding Myelodisplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Neoplastic or Reactive Cells? A Study of 2 Cases
Authors: Prieto-Torres Lucía , Santonja Carlos , Chamizo Cristina , García-Gil Miguel F. , Lezcano Victoria , Arranz-Sánchez Dulce-María , Rodríguez-Pinilla Socorro María , Azaceta Gemma , García-García Mar
Published: February 2022

Skin manifestations in the context of underlying hematological malignancies are well known and not an infrequent clinical finding. They can represent specific neoplastic infiltrates or be considered as reactive. In the latter group, where granulomatous dermatitis is included, controversy has emerged recently. According to newly reported data, the histiocytes comprising these granulomata can carry the same molecular alterations found in the primary process. Moreover, the skin manifestations in these patients are sometimes the initial clue for the diagnosis of the underlying malignancy. We present here 2 cases with granulomatous skin infiltrates preceding the diagnosis of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. In one of them, the sameIDH2mutation was detected in granulomatous lesions on the skin and in the bone marrow. This was performed by pyrosequencing instead of next-generation sequencing, with improved cost-effectiveness.