bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic flood hazard mapping: effects of uncertain boundary conditions
Authors: Domeneghetti A. , Vorogushyn S. , Castellarin A. , Merz B. , Brath A.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Comprehensive flood risk assessment studies should quantify the global uncertainty in flood hazard estimation, for instance by mapping inundation extents together with their confidence intervals. This appears of particular importance in the case of flood hazard assessments along dike-protected reaches, where the possibility of occurrence of dike failures may considerably enhance the uncertainty. We present a methodology to derive probabilistic flood maps in dike-protected flood prone areas, where several sources of uncertainty are taken into account. In particular, this paper focuses on a 50 km reach of River Po (Italy) and three major sources of uncertainty in hydraulic modelling and flood mapping: uncertainties in the (i) upstream and (ii) downstream boundary conditions, and (iii) uncertainties in dike failures. Uncertainties in the definition of upstream boundary conditions (i.e. design-hydrographs) are assessed through a copula-based bivariate analysis of flood peaks and volumes. Uncertainties in the definition of downstream boundary conditions are characterised by uncertainty in the rating curve with confidence intervals which reflect discharge measurement and interpolation errors. The effects of uncertainties in boundary conditions and randomness of dike failures are assessed by means of the Inundation Hazard Assessment Model (IHAM), a recently proposed hybrid probabilistic-deterministic model that considers three different dike failure mechanisms: overtopping, piping and micro-instability due to seepage. The results of the study show that the IHAM-based analysis enables probabilistic flood hazard mapping and provides decision-makers with a fundamental piece of information for devising and implementing flood risk mitigation strategies in the presence of various sources of uncertainty.
Of the gradient accuracy in Full-Stokes ice flow model: basal slipperiness inference
Authors: Martin N. , Monnier J.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. This work focuses on the numerical assessment of the accuracy of an adjoint-based gradient in the perspective of variational data assimilation and parameter identification in glaciology. We quantify the ability to identify the basal slipperiness for such methods with a non-linear friction law. The complete adjoint problem is solved and a comparison with the so called "self-adjoint" method, neglecting the viscosity dependency to the velocity, common in glaciology, is carried out. A lower bound of identifiable wavelengths of 10 ice thickness in the friction coefficient is established, when using the full adjoint method, while the "self-adjoint" method is limited to a maximum of 20 ice thickness wavelengths. In addition, the full adjoint method demonstrates a better robustness and reliability for the parameter identification process. The derivation of the adjoint model using algorithmic differentiation leads to formulate a generalization of the "self-adjoint" approximation towards an incomplete adjoint method, adjustable in precision and computational burden.
Nosocomial Pneumonia Associated to PVL-ProducingStaphylococcus aureusin Children in Benin
Authors: Baba-Moussa Lamine , Ahoyo Théodora Angèle , Le Brun Cécile , Makoutodé Michel , Dramane Karim , Kotchoni Simeon Oloni , Prévost Gilles
Published: August 2013

We determined the type of toxins produced byStaphylococcus aureusstrains and the possible source of contamination during an outbreak of nosocomial pneumonia in a Paediatric service in Benin. Data of 37 patients admitted in the malnourished unit who were diagnosed with pneumonia according to WHO definition and with radiological evidence of a pulmonary infiltrate were collected within six weeks. Pneumonia was further confirmed by the identification of corresponding pneumonia-relatedS. aureus. Samples were also collected from hospital personnel, the environment, and the food fed to the patients. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to compare the bacterial profile from different sources. Among the 37 patients admitted during this period, 17 developed pneumonia and 10 were associated withS. aureusstrains. Nine patients infected withS. aureusPVL-producing strains had underlying diseases and developed an acute multilobar pneumonia, which was fulminating and rapidly became fatal in all except the oldest child. Most of the isolates found on sick children were similar to those from special nutrients consumed by children and on the personnel at the hospital. The highly probable relationships between children contamination and isolate presence in the special nutrient underline the rapid and disastrous dissemination of some PVL-producing isolates in this paediatric unit.
Improvement Quality and Shelf Life Assessment of Minimally Processed Apples by Use of Protein Coatings
Authors: Pizato Sandriane , Cortez-Vega William Renzo , Da Costa Tailine Saturnino , De Oliveira Lauren Menegon , Prentice Carlos
Published: August 2013

Minimally processed fruits offer a convenient and practical product to the consumer, with quality and freshness similar to the in natura product. The aim of this study was to apply coatings of croaker protein isolate (Micropogonias furnieri) with organoclay (montmorillonite) on minimally processed apples during 12 days of storage at 5 ± 1 °C. The apples were washed, peeled and cut into cubes. Coatings were then applied where T1 (control sample), T2 (croaker protein isolate coating) and T3 (croaker protein isolate coating and montmorillonite (MMT). The pieces were allowed to drain into sieves and these were stored in polyethylene terephthalete (PET) packaging for a period of 12 days at 5 ± 1 °C. Analyses of weight loss, firmness, color (Lightness (L*), Chroma a* and b*), pH, and microbiological analyses (psychrotrophic, yeasts and molds, Salmonella and Escherichia coli) were carried out. The analyses were carried out in triplicate and evaluated at the times of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12 days of storage. The use of croaker protein isolate coating and MMT proved promising in keeping weight loss, microbiological counts, enzymatic browning and firmness loss at minimum in minimally processed apples.
Realistic Detailed Balance Study of the Quantum Efficiency of Quantum Dot Solar Cells
Authors: Mellor Alexander , Luque Antonio , Tobías Ignacio , Martí Antonio
Published: August 2013

An attractive but challenging technology for high efficiency solar energy conversion is the intermediate band solar cell (IBSC), whose theoretical efficiency limit is 63%, yet which has so far failed to yield high efficiencies in practice. The most advanced IBSC technology is that based on quantum dots (QDs): the QD‐IBSC. In this paper, k·p calculations of photon absorption in the QDs are combined with a multi‐level detailed balance model. The model has been used to reproduce the measured quantum efficiency of a real QD‐IBSC and its temperature dependence. This allows the analysis of individual sub‐bandgap transition currents, which has as yet not been possible experimentally, yielding a deeper understanding of the failure of current QD‐IBSCs. Based on the agreement with experimental data, the model is believed to be realistic enough to evaluate future QD‐IBSC proposals.
Pain over time and its effects on life in thalassemia
Authors: Oliveros Olivia , Trachtenberg Felicia , Haines Dru , Gerstenberger Eric , Martin Marie , Carson Susan , Green Sage , Calamaras Diane , Hess Pauline , Yamashita Robert , Vichinsky Elliott ,   Thalassemia Clinical Research Network
Published: August 2013

Pain reports have become increasingly common and problematic in thalassemia. As patients are living longer, there is a growing need to study pain and to explore its impact on patient lives. The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) was used quarterly to assess pain and pain interference in patients with thalassemia in North America. The Medical Outcomes Study 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used to assess quality of life, anxiety and depression. Of the 252 participants, 56% reported pain at least once over the course of this study, with 32% reporting severe pain (≥7/10); 16% reported pain at all four visits. Increased pain severity significantly interfered with daily life (P < 0.001; regression analysis) and participants with more sites of pain showed an increase in the amount of daily activities affected by pain (P = 0.001). Participants reporting more visits with pain reported a significantly higher impact on affective and physical function (P < 0.001). Physical quality of life decreased with increasing numbers of visits with pain (P < 0.001). Those who reported one or more sites of pain showed increased symptoms of both depression (P < 0.001) and anxiety (P = 0.003). Participants reporting at least two visits with pain had higher symptoms of anxiety (P = 0.002) and those with at least three visits reported higher symptoms of depression (P = 0.003). Pain is prevalent in thalassemia and is often a chronic condition that interferes with life. The study highlights the significance of pain in thalassemia and its impact, which should be considered in future research and treatments. Am. J. Heamtol. 88:939–943, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deletion of 14.7 Mb 2q32.3q33.3 with a marfanoid phenotype and hypothyroidism
Authors: Tomaszewska Agnieszka , Podbiol‐Palenta Agnieszka , Boter Marjan , Geisler Gabriela , Wawrzkiewicz‐Witkowska Angelika , Galjaard Robert‐Jan H. , Zajączek Stanislaw , Srebniak Malgorzata I.
Published: August 2013

Interstitial 2q deletions are very rare chromosome abnormalities. The 2q32q33 deletion was proposed as a distinct entity with characteristic phenotype. Most patients have feeding problems, growth restriction, moderate to severe developmental delay, speech delay or lack of speech, high, prominent forehead, thin sparse hair, teeth abnormalities and a high or cleft palate. We report on another rare case of interstitial 2q33 deletion found during routine karyotyping and further characterized by the use of a genomic SNP array. The patient presented here has a “Marfanoid” phenotype, hypothyroidism, and a marked tactile hypersensitivity. We concluded that hypothyroidism might be caused by the deletion of the CD28 and/or CTLA4 genes; also cardiological monitoring of patients with the deletion including BMPR2 may be considered in order to prevent the possible medical complications associated with pulmonary hypertension. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Verbal memory functioning in adolescents and young adults with costello syndrome: Evidence for relative preservation in recognition memory
Authors: Schwartz David D. , Katzenstein Jennifer M. , Hopkins Elisabeth , Stabley Deborah L. , Sol‐Church Katia , Gripp Karen W. , Axelrad Marni E.
Published: August 2013

Costello syndrome (CS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by germline mutations in the HRAS proto‐oncogene which belongs to the family of syndromes called rasopathies. HRAS plays a key role in synaptic long‐term potentiation (LTP) and memory formation. Prior research has found impaired recall memory in CS despite enhancement in LTP that would predict memory preservation. Based on findings in other rasopathies, we hypothesized that the memory deficit in CS would be specific to recall, and that recognition memory would show relative preservation. Memory was tested using word‐list learning and story memory tasks with both recall and recognition trials, a design that allowed us to examine these processes separately. Participants were 11 adolescents and young adults with molecularly confirmed CS, all of whom fell in the mild to moderate range of intellectual disability. Results indicated a clear dissociation between verbal recall, which was impaired (M = 69 ± 14), and recognition memory, which was relatively intact (M = 86 ± 14). Story recognition was highly correlated with listening comprehension (r = 0.986), which also fell in the low‐average range (M = 80 ± 12.9). Performance on other measures of linguistic ability and academic skills was impaired. The findings suggest relatively preserved recognition memory that also provides some support for verbal comprehension. This is the first report of relatively normal performance in a cognitive domain in CS. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms by which altered RAS‐MAPK signaling affects neuronal plasticity and memory processes in the brain. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Screening and familial characterization of copy‐number variations in NR5A1 in 46,XY disorders of sex development and premature ovarian failure
Authors: Harrison Steven M. , Campbell Ian M. , Keays Melise , Granberg Candace F. , Villanueva Carlos , Tannin Grace , Zinn Andrew R. , Castrillon Diego H. , Shaw Chad A. , Stankiewicz Pawel , Baker Linda A.
Published: August 2013

The NR5A1 gene encodes for steroidogenic factor 1, a nuclear receptor that regulates proper adrenal and gonadal development and function. Mutations identified by NR5A1 sequencing have been associated with disorders of sex development (DSD), ranging from sex reversal to severe hypospadias in 46,XY patients and premature ovarian failure (POF) in 46,XX patients. Previous reports have identified four families with a history of both 46,XY DSD and 46,XX POF carrying segregating NR5A1 sequence mutations. Recently, three 46,XY DSD sporadic cases with NR5A1 microdeletions have been reported. Here, we identify the first NR5A1 microdeletion transmitted in a pedigree with both 46,XY DSD and 46,XX POF. A 46,XY individual with DSD due to gonadal dysgenesis was born to a young mother who developed POF. Array CGH analysis revealed a maternally inherited 0.23 Mb microdeletion of chromosome 9q33.3, including the NR5A1 gene. Based on this finding, we screened patients with unexplained 46,XY DSD (n = 11), proximal hypospadias (n = 21) and 46,XX POF (n = 36) for possible NR5A1 copy‐number variations (CNVs) via multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA), but did not identify any additional CNVs involving NR5A1. These data suggest that NR5A1 CNVs are an infrequent cause of these disorders but that array CGH and MLPA are useful genomic screening tools to uncover the genetic basis of such unexplained cases. This case is the first report of a familial NR5A1 CNV transmitting in a pedigree, causing both the male and female phenotypes associated with NR5A1 mutations, and the first report of a NR5A1 CNV associated with POF. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two somali half‐siblings with CHST3‐related chondrodysplasia illustrating the phenotypic spectrum and intrafamilial variability
Authors: Tanteles George A , Dixit Abhijit , Dhar Sunil , Suri Mohnish
Published: August 2013

Deficiency of carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3 (CHST3; also known as chondroitin‐6‐sulfotranferase) has been associated with a phenotype of severe chondrodysplasia and progressive spinal involvement. Recent reports indicate that affected individuals initially present with neonatal multiple joint dislocations. We describe a 14‐year‐old Somali patient and her 3‐year‐old maternal half‐brother with novel homozygous CHST3 mutations. The proband presented at the age 5½ years with short stature and genua valga. Her clinical course was characterized by rapid progression of spinal deformities and large joint contractures. Her half‐brother presented at birth with bilateral knee dislocation and talipes equinovarus. This report of a Somali family with CHST3‐related chondrodysplasia illustrates the intrafamilial variability in phenotypic expression of this rare disorder. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expanding the SHOC2 mutation associated phenotype of noonan syndrome with loose anagen hair: Structural brain anomalies and myelofibrosis
Authors: Gripp Karen W. , Zand Dina J. , Demmer Laurie , Anderson Carol E. , Dobyns William B. , Zackai Elaine H. , Denenberg Elizabeth , Jenny Kim , Stabley Deborah L. , Sol‐Church Katia
Published: August 2013

Noonan syndrome is a heterogenous rasopathy typically presenting with short stature, characteristic facial features, cardiac abnormalities including pulmonic valve stenosis, ASD and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), cryptorchidism, ectodermal abnormalities, and learning differences. The phenotype is variable, and limited genotype phenotype correlation exists with SOS1 mutations often associated with normal cognition and stature, RAF1 mutations entailing a high HCM risk, and certain PTPN11 mutations predisposing to juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. The recently identified SHOC2 mutation (p.Ser2Gly) causes Noonan syndrome with loose anagen hair. We report five patients with this mutation. All had skin hyperpigmentation, sparse light colored hair, increased fine wrinkles, ligamentous laxity, developmental delay, and 4/4 had a structural cardiac anomaly. Hypotonia and macrocephaly occurred in 4/5 (80%); 3/5 (60%) had polyhydramnios, increased birth weight or required use of a feeding tube. Distinctive brain abnormalities included relative megalencephaly and enlarged subarachnoid spaces suggestive of benign external hydrocephalus, and a relatively small posterior fossa as indicated by a vertical tentorium. The combination of a large brain with a small posterior fossa likely resulted in the high rate of cerebellar tonsillar ectopia (3/4; 75%). Periventricular nodular heterotopia was seen in one patient with a thick and dysplastic corpus callosum. We report on the first hematologic neoplasm, myelofibrosis, in a 2‐year‐old patient with SHOC2 mutation. Myelofibrosis is exceedingly rare in children and young adults. The absence of a somatic JAK2 mutation, seen in the majority of patients with myelofibrosis, is noteworthy as it suggests that germline or somatic SHOC2 mutations are causally involved in myelofibrosis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The archaeology of rock art in Fiji: evidence, methods and hypotheses
Authors: Cruz Berrocal María , Millerstrom Sidsel
Published: August 2013

We present results from four field seasons in Fiji focused on rock art research. We recorded previously noted sites and surveyed particular areas in search of new ones. The results tend to confirm the scarcity of Fijian rock art, as our research has produced a total of 23 sites. Nonetheless, this fact implies some interesting aspects. First, there are at least two different traditions of rock art in Fiji, which we have broadly defined as a Polynesian‐based tradition and a collection of unique cases. In spite of the small size of the sample, the Polynesian‐based tradition shares a series of conventions that allow us to detect patterns. The group of unique cases is formed by particular and unique actions, and is likely later in time. Fiji is an exception in the broader Oceanic context in terms of rock art, since it is generally quite abundant in this area. This discontinuity is used to argue that rock art was probably not an inherited cultural practice carried out by people during the colonisation process but, rather, a relevant activity associated with different historical developments in different archipelagos.
Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 Receptor Stimulation by Hydrogen Peroxide Is Critical to Trigger Pain During Monosodium Urate–Induced Inflammation in Rodents
Authors: Trevisan Gabriela , Hoffmeister Carin , Rossato Mateus F. , Oliveira Sara M. , Silva Mariane A. , Ineu Rafael P. , Guerra Gustavo P. , Materazzi Serena , Fusi Camilla , Nassini Romina , Geppetti Pierangelo , Ferreira Juliano
Published: August 2013

Objective

Gout is a common cause of inflammatory arthritis and is provoked by the accumulation of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. However, the underlying mechanisms of the pain associated with acute attacks of gout are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA‐1) and TRPA‐1 stimulants, such as H2O2, in a rodent model of MSU‐induced inflammation.

Methods

MSU or H2O2 was injected into the hind paws of rodents or applied in cultured sensory neurons, and the intracellular calcium response was measured in vitro. Inflammatory or nociceptive responses in vivo were evaluated using pharmacologic, genetic, or biochemical tools and methods.

Results

TRPA‐1 antagonism, TRPA‐1 gene deletion, or pretreatment of peptidergic TRP‐expressing primary sensory neurons with capsaicin markedly decreased MSU‐induced nociception and edema. In addition to these neurogenic effects, MSU increased H2O2 levels in the injected tissue, an effect that was abolished by the H2O2‐detoxifying enzyme catalase. H2O2, but not MSU, directly stimulated sensory neurons through the activation of TRPA‐1. The nociceptive responses evoked by MSU or H2O2 injection were attenuated by the reducing agent dithiothreitol. In addition, MSU injection increased the expression of TRPA‐1 and TRP vanilloid channel 1 (TRPV‐1) and also enhanced cellular infiltration and interleukin‐1β levels, and these effects were blocked by TRPA‐1 antagonism.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that MSU injection increases tissue H2O2, thereby stimulating TRPA‐1 on sensory nerve endings to produce inflammation and nociception. TRPV‐1, by a previously unknown mechanism, also contributes to these responses.
Periarticular Bone Loss in Antigen‐Induced Arthritis
Authors: Engdahl Cecilia , Lindholm Catharina , Stubelius Alexandra , Ohlsson Claes , Carlsten Hans , Lagerquist Marie K.
Published: August 2013

Objective

Bone loss in arthritis is a complex process characterized by bone erosions and periarticular and generalized bone loss. The antigen‐induced arthritis (AIA) model is mainly used to study synovitis and joint destruction, including bone erosions; however, periarticular bone loss has been less extensively investigated. The objectives of this study were to characterize and establish AIA as a model for periarticular bone loss, and to determine the importance of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX‐2)–derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) in periarticular bone loss.

Methods

Arthritis was induced in mice by local injection of antigen in one knee; the other knee was used as a nonarthritis control. At study termination, the knees were collected for histologic assessment. Periarticular bone mineral density (BMD) was investigated by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Flow cytometric analyses were performed using synovial and bone marrow cells.

Results

AIA resulted in decreased periarticular trabecular BMD and increased frequencies of preosteoclasts, neutrophils, and monocytes in the arthritic synovial tissue. Arthritis induction resulted in an increased capability to produce ROS. However, induction of arthritis in Ncf1*/* mice, which lack NOX‐2–derived ROS, and control mice resulted in similar reductions in periarticular trabecular BMD.

Conclusion

The initiation of AIA resulted in periarticular bone loss associated with local effects on inflammatory cells and osteoclasts. Furthermore, based on our observations using this model, we conclude that NOX‐2–derived ROS production is not essential for inflammation‐mediated periarticular bone loss. Thus, AIA can be used as a model to investigate the pathogenesis of local inflammation–mediated bone loss.
The Influence of Skills, Message Frame, and Visual Aids on Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Authors: Garcia‐Retamero Rocio , Cokely Edward T.
Published: August 2013

In a large three week longitudinal study, we investigated the efficacy of framed messages for promoting condom use in sexually active young adults. We also investigated the influence of key risk literacy skills (i.e., numeracy and graph literacy) and visual aids (i.e., icon arrays) on the efficacy of framed messages. Finally, we investigated the underlying psychological mechanisms of behavioral change on the ability of icon arrays to improve message effectiveness. Results showed that framed messages including icon arrays increased adherence to self‐reported condom use by giving rise to enduring changes in attitudes and behavioral intentions, which influenced behavior. Icon arrays were found to be most beneficial among young adults with relatively low numeracy as long as they had high graph literacy. These findings build on the previous research in risk communication and extend psychological theories of health‐related decision making such as the theory of planned behavior. These findings also map the conditions under which well‐constructed visual aids can be among the most effective, transparent, and ethically desirable means of risk communication. Implications for risk communication and informed medical decision making are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterogeneity of d‐glucuronyl C5‐epimerase expression and epigenetic regulation in prostate cancer
Authors: Prudnikova Tatiana Y. , Soulitzis Nikolaos , Kutsenko Olesya S. , Mostovich Lyudmila A. , Haraldson Klas , Ernberg Ingemar , Kashuba Vladimir I. , Spandidos Demetrios A. , Zabarovsky Eugene R. , Grigorieva Elvira V.
Published: August 2013

Heparansulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) play an important role in cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions and signaling, and one of the key enzymes in heparansulfate biosynthesis is d‐glucuronyl C5‐epimerase (GLCE). A tumor suppressor function has been demonstrated for GLCE in breast and lung carcinogenesis; however, no data are available as to the expression and regulation of the gene in prostate cancer. In this study, decreased GLCE expression was observed in 10% of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) tissues and 53% of prostate tumors, and increased GLCE mRNA levels were detected in 49% of BPH tissues and 21% of tumors. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between increased GLCE expression and Gleason score, TNM staging, and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level in the prostate tumors (Pearson correlation coefficients GLCE/Gleason = 0.56, P < 0.05; GLCE/TNM = 0.62, P < 0.05; and GLCE/PSA = 0.88, P < 0.01), suggesting GLCE as a candidate molecular marker for advanced prostate cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed an intratumoral heterogeneity of GLCE protein levels both in BPH and prostate cancer cells, resulting in a mixed population of GLCE‐expressing and nonexpressing epithelial cells in vivo. A model experiment on normal (PNT2) and prostate cancer (LNCaP, PC3, DU145) cell lines in vitro showed a 1.5‐ to 2.5‐fold difference in GLCE expression levels between the cancer cell lines and an overall decrease in GLCE expression in cancer cells. Methyl‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), bisulfite sequencing, and deoxy‐azacytidin (aza‐dC) treatment identified differential GLCE promoter methylation (LNCaP 70–72%, PC3 32–35%, DU145, and PNT2 no methylation), which seems to contribute to heterogeneous GLCE expression in prostate tumors. The obtained results reveal the complex deregulation of GLCE expression in prostatic diseases compared with normal prostate tissue and suggest that GLCE may be used as a potential model to study the functional role of intratumor cell heterogeneity in prostate cancer progression.
‘In Earlier Days Everyone Could Discipline Children, Now They Have Rights’: Caregiving Dilemmas of Guidance and Control in Urban Tanzania
Authors: Frankenberg Sofia Johnson , Holmqvist Rolf , Rubenson Birgitta
Published: August 2013

Caregiving practices in Tanzania are potentially affected by socio‐demographic change such as urbanization and globalization. The aim of this study is to explore adult caregivers' discourses regarding the responsibility of caregiving, related to guidance and control of children in Tanzania. Data was collected in focus group discussions with parents and grandparents in an urban area of Tanzania. The analysis found two interpretative repertoires: guidance and control as a community matter and guidance and control as a family matter. These repertoires are related to responsibility and to an ideological dilemma regarding parental authority and individual's rights. The findings are discussed in relation to the tendency to polarize between ideologically traditional versus modern societies. This illustrates how lived ideology of caregiving responsibility is historically and socially situated, in the local context and how the spread of Children's Rights ideology needs to be understood in this context. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of Fragment‐Based n‐FABS NMR Screening Applied to the Membrane Enzyme FAAH
Authors: Lambruschini Chiara , Veronesi Marina , Romeo Elisa , Garau Gianpiero , Bandiera Tiziano , Piomelli Daniele , Scarpelli Rita , Dalvit Claudio
Published: August 2013

Despite the recognized importance of membrane proteins as pharmaceutical targets, the reliable identification of fragment hits that are able to bind these proteins is still a major challenge. Among different 19F NMR spectroscopic methods, n‐fluorine atoms for biochemical screening (n‐FABS) is a highly sensitive technique that has been used efficiently for fragment screening, but its application for membrane enzymes has not been reported yet. Herein, we present the first successful application of n‐FABS to the discovery of novel fragment hits, targeting the membrane‐bound enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), using a library of fluorinated fragments generated based on the different local environment of fluorine concept. The use of the recombinant fusion protein MBP‐FAAH and the design of compound 11 as a suitable novel fluorinated substrate analogue allowed n‐FABS screening to be efficiently performed using a very small amount of enzyme. Notably, we have identified 19 novel fragment hits that inhibit FAAH with a median effective concentration (IC50) in the low mM–μM range. To the best of our knowledge, these results represent the first application of a 19F NMR fragment‐based functional assay to a membrane protein.
Isolated Vanadium Surface Complexes on Aluminum Fluoride ‐ A Model for the Relevance of Oxygen Atoms of Aluminum Oxide Supports in Catalytic Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Haeßner Carmen , Müller Barbara , Storcheva Oksana , Köhler Klaus
Published: August 2013

The redox properties and reactivity of oxidation catalysts of isolated mononuclear oxovanadium complexes supported on aluminum fluoride, AlF3, and on aluminum oxide, Al2O3, were compared. AlF3 is an interesting model for a non‐oxide support to study the role of oxygen atoms of nonreducible oxide supports during catalytic oxidation with supported vanadium oxide catalysts. Solid‐state 1H NMR indicate the presence of reactive FH and OH groups on the surface of AlF3 and the presence of reactive OH groups on the surface of Al2O3. Oxovanadium(V) triisopropoxide, VO(OiPr)3, was grafted onto the surfaces of both supports. Immobilization led to mononuclear vanadium complexes with oxidation states of +V (major) and +IV (minor). In contrast to alumina, the vanadium surface species were neither reducible nor oxidizable on AlF3. Redox cycles were studied by electron paramagnetic resonance of vanadium(IV). In situ IR spectroscopic investigations showed high and comparable initial stoichiometric reactivity to propane for both catalysts. Reactions on AlF3 stopped after a short initial period as a result of the absence of surface oxygen of the support. The results indicate the relevance of surface oxygen of the alumina support in oxidation reactions. In contrast to vanadium on alumina, VOx/AlF3 is catalytically inactive in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. Only after partial oxidation of AlF3 to Al2O3 above 500 °C was catalytic activity observed. The investigations support a recent report contradicting common oxygen‐exchange models, which assume the involvement of only surface vanadium oxide layers, and thus it appears as though a more complex process is in operation.
Unprecedented Electron‐Poor Octahedral Ta6 Clusters in a Solid‐State Compound: Synthesis, Characterisations and Theoretical Investigations of Cs2BaTa6Br15O3
Authors: Demont Antoine , Prestipino Carmelo , Hernandez Olivier , Elkaïm Erik , Paofai Serge , Naumov Nikolaï , Fontaine Bruno , Gautier Régis , Cordier Stéphane
Published: August 2013

The crystal structure of Cs2BaTa6Br15O3 has been elucidated by using synchrotron X‐ray powder diffraction and absorption experiments. It is built from edge‐bridged octahedral [(Ta6${{\rm Br}{{{\rm i}\hfill \atop 9\hfill}}}$${{\rm O}{{{\rm i}\hfill \atop 3\hfill}}}$)${{\rm Br}{{{\rm a}\hfill \atop 6\hfill}}}$]4− cluster units with a singular poor metallic electron (ME) count equal to thirteen. This leads to a paramagnetic behaviour related to one unpaired electron. The arrangement of the Ta6 clusters is similar to that of Cs2LaTa6Br15O3 exhibiting 14‐MEs per [(Ta6${{\rm Br}{{{\rm i}\hfill \atop 9\hfill}}}$${{\rm O}{{{\rm i}\hfill \atop 3\hfill}}}$)${{\rm Br}{{{\rm a}\hfill \atop 6\hfill}}}$]5− motif. The poorer electron‐count cluster presents longer metal–metal distances as foreseen according to the electronic structure of edge‐bridged hexanuclear cluster. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on molecular models were used to rationalise the structural properties of 13‐ and 14‐ME clusters. Periodic DFT calculations demonstrate that the electronic structure of these solid‐state compounds is related to those of the discrete octahedral units. Oxygen–barium interactions seem to prevent the geometry of the octahedral cluster to strongly distort, allowing stabilisation of this unprecedented electron‐poor Ta6 cluster in the solid state.
Computational fluid dynamics validation and comparison analysis of scale‐up relationships of spouted beds
Authors: Du Wei , Xu Jian , Wei Weisheng , Bao Xiaojun
Published: August 2013

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was attempted to investigate the hydrodynamic similarity of spouted beds of different sizes. The dimensionless scaling groups were derived by analysing the solid stress tensors with the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF). Results show that Ums, the minimum spouting velocity and the dimensionless spout diameter (Ds/Dc), become smaller with the increasing column diameter (Dc) as the fluid flares out to the annulus immediately above the orifice, and the portion of fluid in the annulus region increases with the increasing column diameter. Importantly, we observed distinctive dissimilarity in the voidage profiles and dimensionless particle velocities in the upper part of spouted beds, especially for larger columns. New correlations on spout diameter and Ums were derived based on the scaling‐up analysis by regression of experimental data appeared in literatures for both small and large columns, which can greatly improve the predictions for spouted beds as compared with those previous equations, especially for large columns with deviations less than 15% for most of data.
CFD simulation of flow regime maps in a slot‐rectangular spouted bed
Authors: Tabatabaei Seyed Alireza , Mahinpey Nader , Esmaili Ehsan , Lim C. Jim
Published: August 2013

The recognition of flow regimes is very important in the application of spouted beds. In this paper, two‐dimensional computer simulations of a slot‐rectangular spouted bed using FLUENT commercial software were utilised to construct flow regime maps. Two‐phase gas–solid flows in the bed were simulated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using the two‐phase Eulerian–Eulerian granular model. The numerical simulations were applied to predict different flow regimes. The constructed flow regime map for a bed containing solid particles with a diameter of 1.44 mm was in good agreement with the experimental map previously reported elsewhere. With this successful numerical mapping, a flow regime map for particles with a diameter of 3.77 mm was constructed for various superficial gas velocities and static bed heights. The map was composed of six distinct flow patterns, that is fixed bed, internal jet, jet‐in‐fluidised‐bed, spouting, incoherent spouting and slugging. The slugging flow regime occurred at large values for the static bed height and air inlet velocity, while the spouting regime arose by increasing the air inlet velocity at low values of static bed height. Unlike the spouting regime, large pressure drop fluctuations were observed in the incoherent spouting regime.
Treatment of Recalcitrant Caprolactam Wastewater Using Electrooxidation and Ozonation
Authors: Gedam Nitin , Neti Nageswara Rao , Kashyap Sanjay M.
Published: August 2013

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the degradation of recalcitrant wastewater are of interest due to field application potential. We attempted the treatment of caprolactam (CL) wastewater which is highly acidic (pH 3.1) with low biodegradability index, using AOPs viz. electrochemical oxidation (EO) and ozonation. EO experiments under recirculation batch mode (20 mL min−1) in a three‐dimensional carbon bed reactor confirmed 18% chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction. The first order rate constant for the EO of CL wastewater was estimated as 1.38 ± 0.15 × 10−2 min−1. The apparent Faradic efficiency and specific energy consumption were found to be 9.4% and 2.75 kWh kg−1 COD, respectively. Similarly, 27% COD and 26% total organic carbon were removed during 4‐h ozonation. Various organic compounds present in the raw and ozone treated effluent have been identified using GC‐MS; while many degraded partially, CL persisted even in 10‐h reacted samples. Both EO and ozonation methods are insufficient for the degradation of highly non‐biodegradable complex wastewater.
Phenanthrene Biodegradation by Pseudomonas xanthomarina Isolated from an Aged Contaminated Soil
Authors: Sopeña Fatima , Laiz Leonila , Morillo Esmeralda , Sanchez‐Trujillo Maria Antonia , Villaverde Jaime , Jurado Valme , Saiz‐Jimenez Cesareo
Published: August 2013

The bacterial community of a soil contaminated by a mothball chemical industry mainly consisted of Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria (with Achromobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp., respectively, as the most representative genera). Upon addition of phenanthrene, species of these two genera were found in the enrichment cultures as well as among the isolated strains. The isolated bacteria were tested for phenanthrene degradation, but only Pseudomonas xanthomarina, either as single culture or in a consortium, showed this capability. Here we show that in aged contaminated soils some members of the bacterial community are active in biodegradation processes, can be easily isolated, and may result appropriated for bioremediation uses.
Chemical Reactivity Assessment Using Reactive Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: The Katritzky Reaction
Authors: Yan Xin , Augusti Rodinei , Li Xin , Cooks R. Graham
Published: August 2013

Paper spray ionization can be used to study organic reactions in solution under ambient conditions by utilizing the rate acceleration that occurs in reactions in small volumes of solution. In this novel approach to performing reactions, reagents are transferred onto a triangular paper surface by drop‐casting and charged droplets of the reaction product mixture are released by field evaporation and examined online by mass spectrometry. The increase in the rate of product formation is attributed to solvent evaporation, which increases reagent concentrations, changes the pH, and enhances intermolecular interactions. As a proof of principle, the Katritzky reaction between a pyrylium salt and mono‐ or diamines, including substituted anilines, was investigated. The influence of electronic and steric effects was evaluated straightforwardly. The carbon chain length of α,ω‐diamines was found to control the formation of mono‐ versus disubstituted products, thus reflecting the strong destabilizing coulombic effects in the shorter carbon‐chain systems. Information on the mechanism was provided by the observation of 2H‐pyran intermediates and mixed pyridinium–2H‐pyran ions. The rates of product formation in the base‐assisted Katritzky reaction increase linearly from 0.1 to 10 equivalents of triethylamine. The reactive paper spray technique, owing to its speed and information content, has potential pedagogical value and provides a tool to explore organic reactions and correlate experimental results with current mechanistic understanding.
Hypoxia downregulates the expression of activating receptors involved in NK‐cell‐mediated target cell killing without affecting ADCC
Authors: Balsamo Mirna , Manzini Claudia , Pietra Gabriella , Raggi Federica , Blengio Fabiola , Mingari Maria Cristina , Varesio Luigi , Moretta Lorenzo , Bosco Maria Carla , Vitale Massimo
Published: August 2013

In certain infection sites or tumor tissues, the disruption of homeostasis can give rise to a hypoxic microenvironment, which, in turn, can alter the function of different immune cell types and favor the progression of the disease. Natural killer (NK) cells are directly involved in the elimination of virus‐infected or transformed cells, however it is unknown whether their function is affected by hypoxia or not. In this study, we show that NK cells adapt to a hypoxic environment by upregulating the hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α. However, NK cells lose their ability to upregulate the surface expression of the major activating NK‐cell receptors (NKp46, NKp30, NKp44, and NKG2D) in response to IL‐2 (or other activating cytokines, including IL‐15, IL‐12, and IL‐21). These altered phenotypic features correlate with reduced responses to triggering signals resulting in impaired capability of killing infected or tumor target cells. Remarkably, hypoxia does not significantly alter the surface density and the triggering function of the Fc‐γ receptor CD16, thus allowing NK cells to maintain their capability of killing target cells via antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity. This finding offers an important clue for exploitation of NK cell in antibody‐based immunotherapy of cancer.
What does it mean to belong? Interpersonal bonds and intragroup similarities as predictors of felt belonging in different types of groups
Authors: Easterbrook Matt , Vignoles Vivian L.
Published: August 2013

Belonging is a fundamental human need, deemed essential for optimal psychological functioning. There is, however, little consensus about how people gain feelings of belonging from social groups, with theories suggesting different antecedents depending upon how groups are conceptualised. The social identity perspective conceptualises groups as social categories and proposes that feelings of group belonging arise from perceived intragroup similarity. However, if groups are construed as interpersonal networks, feelings of belonging would be expected to arise from the quality of relationships and interactions among members. We tested these predictions using multilevel structural equation modelling of longitudinal data from 113 participants. We found that perceived intragroup similarity prospectively predicted feelings of belonging within groups perceived as social categories but not within those perceived as networks, whereas the quality of interpersonal bonds predicted feelings of belonging to both kinds of groups. We discuss the importance of distinguishing types of groups and suggest implications for research into group membership and well‐being. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Further validation of a single‐item measure of social identification
Authors: Reysen Stephen , Katzarska‐Miller Iva , Nesbit Sundé M. , Pierce Lindsey
Published: August 2013

We examine the validity and reliability of a single‐item measure of social identification (SISI). Convergent validity is shown with significant positive correlations with previously published unidimensional and multidimensional measures of in‐group identification and other group‐relevant measures (e.g., entitativity and collective self‐esteem). Divergent validity is shown via nonsignificant correlations with social desirability measures. Predictive validity is shown with positive correlations with group‐relevant behavior (e.g., volunteerism and voting). External validity is shown with correlations with other in‐group identification measures in a community sample. The reliability of the scale is shown by examining scores of the SISI for six different identities at three points in time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combustion behavior and optimal proportion of industrial sludge‐derived fuels
Authors: Chiou Ing‐Jia , Chen Chin‐Ho , Lin Yao‐Sheng
Published: August 2013

This work develops an application of industrial sludge‐derived fuels (ISDF) that is based on the acceptable calorific value of pulp sludge and textile sludge. The optimal proportions of pulp sludge and textile sludge in ISDF are determined to produce the ISDF to obtain its optimal combustion efforts. Experimental results demonstrate that the calorific values of pulp sludge and textile sludge are 9.46 and 15.25 MJ kg−1, respectively, establishing the potential to be sludge‐derived fuels. Adding textile sludge increased the calorific value and flammability of ISDFs. The fibrous tissues in pulp sludge strengthened the cementing property of ISDFs. ISDFs regained 2.55–3.72% moisture after 72 h; their unit dry weight was 0.63–0.72 g cm−3; their compressive strength was 3.78–5.80 kgf cm−2; and their calorific value was 9.46–11.20 MJ kg−1. Adding 10% calcium hydroxide by weight reduced the calorific value of the ISDFs by 18.30–22.86%. The flame temperature of ISDFs in 5 min was 193.8–233.7°C. The optimal ISDF was PS70TS30. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 1000–1007, 2014
Shaking table testing of an existing masonry building: assessment and improvement of the seismic performance
Authors: Mendes Nuno , Lourenço Paulo B. , Campos‐Costa Alfredo
Published: August 2013

This paper aims to assess and improve the seismic performance of an existing masonry building with flexible floors, representative of a Portuguese building typology—‘gaioleiro’ buildings. The study involved seismic tests and dynamic identification tests of two models (nonstrengthened and strengthened) in the shaking table. Each model was subjected to several seismic tests with increasing amplitude. Before the first test and after each seismic test, the dynamic identification of the model was carried out, aiming at obtaining their seismic vulnerability curves based on a damage indicator obtained from the decrease of the frequencies of the modes. In the strengthened model, steel elements were used to improve the connection between walls and floors, together with ties in the upper stories. The results show that adopted strengthening technique is effective for reducing the seismic vulnerability of ‘gaioleiro’ buildings, namely for improving the out‐of‐plane behavior of the facades. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Untangling dynamical and microphysical controls for the structure of stratocumulus
Authors: Ovchinnikov Mikhail , Easter Richard C. , Gustafson William I.
Published: August 2013

Stratocumulus clouds can assume closed‐ or open‐cell structures with strikingly different abilities to reflect solar radiation. While open cells have been linked to the presence of precipitation and low droplet concentrations, complete understanding of processes leading to their formation is lacking. Here we show that the structure of stratocumulus can be linked to two time scales: an updraft time scale (tup) and a rain initiation time scale (tr). When sufficient drizzle forms within updrafts (tr ≤ tup), cloud water in the outflow is depleted enough that an overcast cloud cannot be sustained. Using a simple parcel model, we relate these time scales to three observable parameters (droplet number concentration, cloud depth, and updraft speed) and derive a functional representation for the transition from closed to open cells. Eight well‐documented observed and simulated cases of open‐ and closed‐cell stratocumulus fit well into the classification based on our model.