bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Cognitive and Behavioral Skills to Adolescent Tobacco Smoking
Authors: Gilchrist Lewayne D. , Snow William H. , Lodish Deborah , Schinke Steven P.
Published: October 2009

This study examined an assumption held by many smoking prevention programs that social skills can affect the onset of tobacco smoking. Data from 129 sixth graders were used to predict smoking behavior 15 months later in seventh grade. Five skill variables emerged as the best predictors of future smoking. By analyzing discriminant scores based on individual levels of social skills, the investigators were able to accurately classify 80% of the students surveyed as smokers or nonsmokers. Measures of social skills accounted for 29% of the variation in adolescent smoking behavior.
A History of Vision Screening
Authors: Appelboom Tina M.
Published: October 2009

The vision screening program has a long and interesting history involving educators, pediatricians, optometrists, and ophthalmologists. Since, the earliest screening program initiated in 1899, many alterations in the original program have resulted from consideration of test reliability, testing conditions, and child maturity. Indeed, even the basic concept of vision screening had to be proven beneficial before it was widely accepted. The three basic areas of the exam — visual acuity, hyperopia, and heterophoria — developed independently into a concise, thorough screening system. Minor controversies continue, causing continuing modification and improvement.
The Role of the School in Consumer Health Education
Authors: Corry James M. , Galli Nicholas
Published: October 2009

Ethical consumer health education is education that is noncoercive and facilitates an individual's voluntary adoption of health improving behaviors. Patients and consumers attempting to utilize the medical marketplace for cure or prevention may be ill‐prepared to do so because of the complexity of the marketplace, the strong marketing influences of the marketplace, and their own lack of fundamental preparation in the rudiments of decision‐making, valuing, assertiveness, data collection, and other skills necessary to be a good consumer. For this reason, school‐based consumer health education is necessary to prepare current and future consumers to safely and efficiently use the medical marketplace.
Causes and Treatment of Insomnia Among Adolescents
Authors: Morrison Jack R. , Kujawa Edward , Storey Brian A.
Published: October 2009

Though the preponderance of research on insomnia suggests that this malady occurs primarily among the adult population, recent research has revealed that as many as 13% of the adolescent population may suffer from chronic insomnia. Having one in 10 of the school population afflicted by this seldom considered ailment holds serious implications for learning. Adolescent insomnia can impair the victim's daily existence and affect personal life, school performance, and school attendance. Furthermore, if not dealt with initially, adolescent insomnia may lead to adult insomnia and dependence on alcohol and other drugs. The prevalence of adolescent insomnia, its cause, diagnosis, and treatment are examined.
The Health Knowledge of Ninth Grade Students in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Fabiyi Amos K.
Published: October 2009

A stratified random sample of 540 ninth grade (Class 3) students in Oyo State, Nigeria, were administered the 60‐item Health Education Test Form 3A. The purpose of the study was to obtain baseline data concerning the health knowledge of the students for use in the development of Health Education curricula in Oyo State. Subjects from the metropolian area, from medium‐size towns, and from rural areas recorded composite mean scores of 29.02, 24.78, and 25.01, respectively; indicating a general deficiency of health knowledge among the subjects. Recommendations are offered concerning curriculum, teacher preparation, and international cooperation to assist in the development of quality Health Education programs for Nigerian students.
The Validity of Reliability Assessments
Authors: Basch Charles E. , Gold Robert S.
Published: October 2009

This paper focuses on reliability and evaluation of health education programs in school settings. Reliability is a concept that guides researchers in selecting or developing instruments, and is used as a standard, with validity and acceptability, for judging the credibility of research findings and inferences. Reliability is defined within the context of research design, and methods for estimating the reliability of cognitive measures are reviewed. Using data gathered in a school health education curriculum evaluation as an example, possible errors in hypotheses testing that may occur when estimating internal consistency of cognitive test scores obtained in quasi‐experimental designs are examined. The appropriateness of internal consistency as a measure of reliability of cognitive measures is discussed and suggestions for reliability assessment and related issues such as power analysis are presented.
Student Heart Health Knowledge, Smoking Attitudes, and Self‐Esteem
Authors: Allendorff Sibylle , Sunseri Albert J. , Cullinan John , Oman Joan K.
Published: October 2009

The Chicago Heart Health Curriculum Program (CHHCP) is a comprehensive, cardiovascular disease, risk‐reduction program designed for a multiracial urban population of sixth‐grade students and their families. The study showed strong program impact on student health knowledge, and found that independence of peers significantly influenced smoking attitudes and self‐esteem. The latter was associated strongly with humanistic teacher attitudes and behavior as well. Smoking attitudes were found to be related significantly to general health attitudes. The results suggest that future programs conveying heart health knowledge should consider student learning in the affective context of self‐esteem, independence of peers, and teacher humanism. Reinforcement through continual intervention over a prolonged period may produce more permanent change over time.
Parents' Decision‐Making Process in Medication Administration for Control of Hyperactivity
Authors: Slimmer Lynda W. , Brown Ronald T.
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this research was to investigate the efficacy of a specific intervention strategy designed to diminish the ambivalence that parents experience when deciding to place their hyperactive child on stimulant medication. Data analyses demonstrated that a counseling intervention was more effective than a control conference in making parents more aware of the importance of deliberating about their decision. The results further indicated that parents evidenced a positive attitude regarding the intervention and, subsequently, toward their decision concerning medication administration, if the intervention was conducted by a school nurse. Discussion includes an interpretation of these findings that suggests the importance of health care professionals in the school setting.
Effect of a Brief Instructional Unit in Death Education on the Death Attitudes of Prospective Elementary School Teachers
Authors: Molnar‐Stickels Linda A.
Published: October 2009

The present study determined if there would be a significant change in the attitudes of prospective elementary school teachers toward death after two, one‐and‐one‐half hour instructional units of death education that were incorporated into an elementary health education methods and content class (experimental group). Control groups consisted of similar students who did not receive death education, but were enrolled in the elementary health education methods and content class (control group I) and another group of students who were not in elementary education, but were enrolled in a basic home economics class (control group II). The Templer Death Anxiety Scale and a scale developed by the author to measure attitudes toward death education for young children were administered to the three groups during pretest and posttest sessions two and 10 weeks after instruction. Validity and reliability for the author's scale was determined by various experimental procedures. Several different resources were used in the education process. The experimental group had significantly less fear of death and felt more comfortable discussing death with children than did the two control groups. The results suggest that brief units of death education are effective in changing the attitudes of future elementary teachers.
Impacted Cerumen as a Reason for Failure in Hearing Conservation Programs
Authors: Bricco Elizabeth
Published: October 2009

To test the hypothesis that children with impacted cerumen experience more hearing or middle ear problems than children with normal cerumen, two serial audiometric screenings including otoscopic examinations, tympanometry, and audiometry were conducted. Thirty children with impacted cerumen and 30 children with normal cerumen were rescreened three months after the initial screening. Results suggest an association between impacted wax and subsequent problems.
Occupational Stress in Special Education: A Challenge for School Health Professionals
Authors: Falck Vilma T. , Kilcoyne Martha E.
Published: October 2009

Results of this study support the hypothesis that the majority of special educators, their support personnel, and general education administrators do not experience more job dissatisfaction than comparable occupational groups. However, they do report lower levels of subjective well‐being when compared with normal populations. Furthermore, 18% of the educators in the study perceived themselves as failing to cope with their job, experienced more frequent symptoms of poor physical health, and reported significantly poorer subjective well‐being. Health promotion programs for public school personnel should initiate prevention‐oriented health education programs for all employees. For those identified as more vulnerable to stress‐related mental and physical health problems, therapeutic approaches may be necessary. However, self‐help and mutual support groups may offer both groups a social support system to help meet human needs in addition to offering the potential for reducing perceived occupational stress. School health personnel may be in the best position to influence policies, procedures, and practices in schools that would support the work‐related needs of all employees.
Exercise Science and Health Enhancement: A Curriculum Imperative in Professional Preparation
Authors: Felts W. Michael , Richardson Glenn E.
Published: October 2009

Exercise as a strategy to maintain and promote health continues to gain prominence because of increasing public participation in exercise programs and a growing body of literature supporting its efficacy. This paper addresses the need for including exercise science in the formal training of the health educator by 1) summarizing research concerning the effectiveness of exercise in health maintenance and enhancement, 2) presenting a rationale for including exercise science in the health educator's professional preparation curriculum, and 3) providing an outline for the course.
School Absence Among Children with Chronic Illness
Authors: Cook Barbara A. , Schaller Karin , Krischer Jeffrey P.
Published: October 2009

This paper reports school attendance for 336 chronically ill, Medicaid‐eligible children living in rural areas of northern Florida. Demographic data were obtained by a questionnaire administered in a home interview. Attendance data were collected directly from the schools. The mean number of days absent the previous year was 16.9; the mean percentage of days absent was 9.4%. Regression analysis indicated that lower education level of parents and the child's inability to participate in physical activities were significant in predicting days missed from school.

No individual diagnostic category was predictive of school absence. Thus, the chronicity of an illness and its impact on the child may be a more significant influence on school attendance than the actual diagnosis of the illness.
Helping the Young Stroke Victim
Authors: Leiner Deborah
Published: October 2009

Cerebrovascular accidents, or strokes, are a major source of disability; some 500,000 new cases are diagnosed annually. Though the number of young stroke victims is small, the cost in medical expenses and human suffering can be staggering. Causes of stroke are explained and information concerning survival rates, recovery, and rehabilitation is presented. Contributions to the integration and acceptance of the young stroke survivor by administrators, counselors, students, teachers, and school nurses are examined.
Personal Assessment of Stress Factors for College Students
Authors: Bush Herman S. , Thompson Merita , Van Tubergen Norman
Published: October 2009

During a four‐year period, an instrument to identify stress was developed from items suggested by students from a search of related literature, and from a jury of experts. The 100‐item instrument, including four subcategories, was administered to more than 1,200 students at 23 colleges. Means were computed to the total test, subcategories, and individual items according to frequency and intensity. Responses of men and women were sufficiently different to warrant establishing separate means; women scored higher than men. The degree of stress reported by women decreased with each grade level, but peaked in the sophomore year for men and declined thereafter. Academic factors were cited most frequently as a source of stress, while Relationships and Home and Community factors ranked high in stress intensity. The instrument provides a valuable tool to assist students identify factors that could be targeted for stress management. The instrument also could be used as a tool for further stress management research.
Hepatitis A in Day Care Centers
Authors: Crawford Florence , Vermund Sten H.
Published: October 2009

A dramatic increase in the number of preschool children in US day care facilities has presented new problems in infectious disease control, particularly with agents transmitted through the fecal‐oral route. As the school health field broadens to encompass the day care setting, such issues are becoming increasingly important for school health practitioners. Hepatitis A has attributes favoring day care‐related reservoirs and outbreaks. The anicteric course of infection in young children usually does not alert the school health practitioner to infectious hepatitis. This article reviews epidemiologic and clinical features of hepatitis A in day care centers. Control measures including immunoglobulin prophylaxis for contacts of infected individuals and rigid attention to hygienic standards are examined, and suggestions for designing day care systems in communities are discussed.
Selecting and Recruiting Health Programs for the School Health Education Evaluation
Authors: Owen Sandra L. , Kirkpatrick Margaret A. , Lavery Sally Wolfe , Gonser Howard L. , Nelson Steven R. , Davis Roy L. , Mason Elaine F. , Connell David B.
Published: October 2009

The School Health Curriculum Project (SHCP) and three promising health education approaches, Project Prevention, 3 Rs and High Blood Pressure (HBP), and Health Education Curriculum Guide, were the curricula used in the School Health Education Evaluation (SHEE) project. This paper contains program descriptions of each, and a brief description of the process that led to their selection.

Inclusion of the School Health Curriculum Project (SHCP) was mandated by the use of government funds to support the SHEE. The three alternative curricula, Project Prevention, 3 Rs and High Blood Pressure, and Health Education Curriculum Guide, were selected on the basis of a protocol devised jointly by contractors, government project officers, and the project advisory panel.
Summary of Findings of the School Health Education Evaluation: Health Promotion Effectiveness, Implementation, and Costs
Authors: Connell David B. , Turner Ralph R. , Mason Elaine F.
Published: October 2009

A summary of important findings from the School Health Education Evaluation (SHEE) are reported. This paper focuses on the four principal outcome scores of Overall Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, and Program‐Specific Knowledge. The relationship of those scores to measures of program implementation and cost also is described. A consistent pattern of findings emerged across the participating health instruction programs, suggesting that health instruction was effective in meeting program objectives as taught in the study classrooms, and that school health program effectiveness was strongly related to the level of implementation. Significant increases in Overall Knowledge and Program‐Specific Knowledge were found for treatment classrooms when compared with control classrooms. Smaller, yet statistically significant, increases were found for attitudes and self‐reported practices. Curriculum implementation measures were related to program effectiveness. A higher level of program implementation produced greater increases in all scores, but was most strongly related to improvement in attitudes and self‐reported practices. Analysis of cost data revealed wide variation across the program. Implementation costs (those associated directly with the number of classroom instruction hours) accounted for more than 90% of the total costs and were, in turn, related to program effectiveness. Analysis of effects‐to‐classroom hours revealed that, while relatively few hours of instruction can produce large effects for knowledge, more hours are required for the development of attitude and practice effects, and that stable effects are established for all three domains at about 40–50 classroom hours.
Methodological and Substantive Significance
Authors: Cook Thomas D. , Walberg Herbert J.
Published: October 2009

As two of the consultants on the team that advised on design and execution of the School Health Education Evaluation (SHEE), the authors offer retrospective comments on the accomplishments and significance of the study. Comments are divided into three parts. First, the authors point out why many evaluators would argue a priori that the design of the study would not be feasible. Second, the authors discuss why the study did work and what makes it exemplary. Finally, the authors point out the several substantive findings of the study that have broad significance in education beyond health education alone.
Education for Menarche
Authors: Dashiff Carol
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Educational programs to prepare young women for menarche potentially can affect their self‐view, peer interaction, decision‐making, and self‐care capabilities. A review of literature on menarche and menarcheal education is presented with implications for program development. References that can assist health educators in developing appropriate content and strategies are identified.
A Process Evaluation Study of Peer Leaders in Health Education
Authors: Perry Cheryl L. , Klepp Knut‐Inge , Halper Andrew , Hawkins Ken G. , Murray David M.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Peer education is an important part of health education programs. In smoking prevention programs, peer leaders are particularly efficacious. Yet, research on peer leaders' perceptions of these programs is minimal. This study assessed the perceptions of elected peer leaders (N = 207) in one seventh grade smoking prevention program and one chemical abuse prevention program in spring 1984. Peer leaders' assessments of the adequacy of their training, the programs' components, the programs' influence on their behavior and attitudes, and the efficacy of the programs were analyzed. Differences between genders and the level of peer leader enthusiasm also were assessed. Further research with peer leaders is suggested as a way to strengthen ongoing health promotion efforts.
Toward Improved Instruction in Hearing Health at the Elementary School Level
Authors: Frager Alan M.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The role public elementary schools have in educating children about hearing and hearing conservation is underscored by the high incidence of hearing loss in society and by the deleterious effect on communication and learning that hearing impairment causes in children. A survey to assess the extent and estimated effectiveness of the education regarding hearing and hearing conservation provided to children was conducted. One hundred sixty regular elementary school teachers returned a questionnaire, and their responses revealed that hearing and hearing conservation concepts were being taught in most classrooms. However, their responses questioned the effectiveness of the methods and materials used to teach these concepts. The findings of the survey suggest three ways to improve teaching in this area: provide in‐depth instruction about the causes of hearing impairment; use more hands‐on activities; and provide teachers with more resources to supplement instruction.
The Impact of Chlamydia Infections on Teen Mothers and Their Children
Authors: Babin Vanessa , Ojanlatva Ansa
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Chlamydia trachomatis recently has emerged as the most frequently diagnosed sexually transmitted disease (STD) agent. An estimated three million cases are diagnosed annually in the United States. Because the infection is not reportable, only estimates can be made. The most common STD, it also is often transmitted to infants through infected mothers. Prevention and treatment of the disease in newborns require different procedures from those for gonorrhea, as do diagnostic and treatment methods for infected adults. Chlamydia also appears to pose a threat to pregnancy.
A California School Nurse Credential Survey
Authors: Brajkovich Helen L. , Madison Roberta
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This survey determined which required competencies currently employed California school nurses rated as adequate in their basic preparation for entry into school nursing practice. A questionnaire was sent to 2,861 California school nurses; 1,534 (54%) were returned and 1,227 were used in the analysis. The questionnaire listed 24 competencies required for school nursing by the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing. Demographic factors were solicited to develop a profile of the candidates who responded. Survey results indicated most nurses believed 11 of the required competencies were met in their bachelor's degree program. Many respondents did not consider their preservice training adequate in some competencies. These results could be useful to universities that are considering establishing a certificate program for school nursing.
Through the Art of Children: Perceptions of Alcohol Use and Abuse
Authors: Sheppard Margaret A. , Taylor Bruce D.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Through analysis of children's art, submitted as alcohol education posters, insight was gained as to what children believe to be the effects of alcohol use. More than 5,000 posters were submitted by children in grades one‐13 in two poster contests sponsored by the Addiction Research Founation of Ontario in 1982 and 1984. Most posters were submitted by students in grades four‐eight. The most common messages were “Don't Drink” and slogans about drinking and driving. Other messages included use within the family, use with friends, use and sports, use leading to death, physical effects, and solutions to drinking. The message never to drink was prominent, but few posters advocated drinking in moderation.
AIDS: Preschool and School Issues
Authors: Black Jeffrey L.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This paper reviews the epidemiological, clinical, and public health aspects of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in the pediatric population. Evidence establishing modes of transmission is emphasized. Guidelines are presented to assist school staff in the educational management of children infected with the AIDS virus.
Caring for the Ill Child in Day Care
Authors: Rodgers Fran Sussner , Morgan Gwen , Fredericks Beth C.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Current estimates indicate about 54% of American children have mothers who work outside the home. All children become ill, whether or not their parents are employed. However, for a working mother, even a mild illness can create anxiety, since alternate day care arrangements may be necessary. The problem of caring for the ill child in pre‐schools or day care has received little attention from program planners or policy makers. Most state regulatory policies require exclusion of the ill child from day care. This article discusses recent developments in providing for ill children in day care settings. Four models of providing such care are described and criteria are offered for evaluating ill child care arrangements.
The Relationship Between Child Abuse and Handicapping Conditions
Authors: Mullins June B.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This article discusses the relationship of child abuse, including neglect and sexual abuse, to the presence of handicapping conditions, both physical and psychological. Child abuse can cause physical and psychological disabilities in children who otherwise would have been normal. Studies show that children who are handicapped, or otherwise perceived as different by potentially abusive parents, are at high risk for abuse. Evidence also indicates that the handicaps of some children who were diagnosed originally as disabled are exacerbated by abuse. While cause and effect are not easily determined in specific cases, researchers agree that a pervasive relationship exists between handicapping conditions and abuse. Abused children are overrepresented in special education classes and handicapped children are overrepresented in the abused population. Many abused children become abusers as adults. Several suggestions concerning the problem are offered for school personnel.
Prediction of Streptococcal Pharyngitis: An Option for School Nurses?
Authors: Squires Rose L. , Ellison Geraldine C.
Published: October 2009

In this article the authors address the dilemma confronting school nurses in determining whether or not to counsel parents about seeking medical care for a child with a sore throat. The use of a clinical scorecard in the school setting as an aid in predicting streptococcal pharyngitis is investigated. The authors conclude that the only valid solution to the dilemma is the availability of the throat culture to schools. Using the culture as an additional assessment tool augments those already proven over time — the stethoscope, scoliosis and vision screening, and the otoscope.
San Diego Family Health Project: Reaching Families Through the Schools
Authors: Nader Philip R. , Sallis James F. , Rupp Joan , Atkins Catherine , Patterson Thomas , Abramson Ian
Published: October 2009

This project tests the effectiveness of a family‐based health behavior change intervention in two ethnic groups. The aim is to help family members initiate and maintain dietary and physical activity behaviors believed to be linked to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This paper describes the project and the baseline results. Twelve San Diego elementary schools were randomly assigned to intervention or control conditions. Hispanic and Anglo families with a fifth or sixth grade child were recruited to participate in a two‐year study. The intervention emphasizes enjoyable experiences designed to transmit knowledge and skills required for long‐term changes in diet and physical activity habits. Groups of families met at schools for 12 weekly sessions and six maintenance sessions distributed throughout the following nine months. Outcome behavioral and physiologic measures will be collected at baseline, three months, 12 months, and 24 months. Differences between Anglo and Mexican‐American subjects justify targeted activities specific to these groups.
Transferring a Clinic‐based Health Education Program for Children with Asthma to a School Setting
Authors: Kaplan Deborah L. , Rips Jill L. , Clark Noreen M. , Evans David , Wasilewski Yvonne , Feldman Charles H.
Published: October 2009

Open Airways is a clinic‐based health education program for low income, inner city families of children with asthma. The program was transferred to the public schools to test it in a setting more representative of school‐age children with asthma, and to provide health education for families not receiving medical care for asthma. During the transfer, the program changed from placing primary responsibility for management on parents to a child‐centered program independent of direct parental involvement. Children's attendance increased greatly and a significant number of families not receiving regular medical care for asthma enrolled. Preliminary analysis showed the child‐centered program improved children's school performance and asthma management skills. The findings of this study suggest health education programs designed for medical care settings can be adapted successfully for use in the schools and reach new populations of children with chronic diseases.
Evaluation of Nursing Practice in Schools
Authors: Proctor Susan E.
Published: October 2009

Evaluation of school nursing often focuses more on programmatic concerns than on performance. More emphasis is placed on program components than on quality of nursing performance. In addition, many such evaluations are conducted by non‐nurses who do not possess the theoretical or clinical knowledge to evaluate practice accurately. Considerations in planning meaningful evaluations of school nursing practice are described. Types of objectives are identified, and suggestions for designing an evaluation are offered. The importance of standardizing an evaluation is discussed, including reference to some major evaluation resources.
A Developmental Approach to Pregnancy Prevention with Early Adolescent Females
Authors: Proctor Susan E.
Published: October 2009

Traditional pregnancy prevention strategies employed with adults and older teens do not recognize significant developmental differences between early adolescents and other age groups. Methods that compliment, reflect, and are consistent with developmental needs of the young teen provide cogent approaches to teen pregnancy prevention. Particular emphasis should be placed on interpersonal relationships and their importance in the young woman's life, especially the relationship between the young teen and her parents. Developing and improving all relationships instrumental in positively affecting teen decision‐making represent potent approaches to pregnancy prevention. The axioms of Piaget, Erikson, and Mercer are examined in regard to cognitive, social, emotional, and psychosexual development in the 12–14 year old. Young teens' responses to sex education as well as their use of contraception are reviewed in relation to developmental theory.
Substance Abuse Prevention Research: Recent Developments and Future Directions
Authors: Botvin Gilbert J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Substance abuse continues to be one of the most serious problems facing communities throughout the United States. Existing school‐based prevention programs have produced disappointing results when carefully evaluated. However, promising research has been conducted during the past eight years with two new prevention models that focus on the psychosocial factors believed to promote substance abuse. One, the social infuence model, is designed to increase adolescents' ability to resist social influences to smoke, drink, or use drugs. The other model, though also designed to increase adolescents' resistance to pro‐substance use social influences, focuses primary attention on the development of an array of cognitive‐behavioral personal and social skills. More than 20 research studies testing programs based on these two prevention models have demonstrated significant reductions in substance use. Though future research is clearly needed, the results of these studies provide considerable cause for optimism.
A Synthesis of Research on Nutrition Education at the Elementary School Level
Authors: Weiss Edward H. , Kien C. Lawrence
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This literature review emphasizes the importance of teacher training, teaching strategies, parental involvement, curricular concerns, administrative support, and social/cultural factors on the impact of nutrition education programs at the elementary school level. The characteristics, implementation, and effectiveness of selected elementary nutrition education programs are reviewed, and instructional methods and materials shown effective through research are identified and discussed.
AIDS: Resource Materials for School Personnel
Authors: Fulton Gere B. , Metress Eileen , Price James H.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The AIDS dilemma continues to escalate, leaving a legacy that probably will affect the nation for years to come. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control, the National Academy of Sciences, and the U.S. Surgeon General have noted that in the absence of a vaccine or treatment for AIDS, education remains the only effective means to prevent the spread of the disease. Thus, schools have an important role in protecting the public health. To respond appropriately to the situation, school personnel must become familiar with relevant information and resources available concerning AIDS. This article first provides essential information about AIDS using a question‐and‐answer format. Second, policy statements addressing school attendance by students infected with the virus that causes AIDS are presented. Third, hotlines that can be used to obtain more detailed information about AIDS are described. Fourth, organizations that can provide information for school health education about AIDS are identified. Fifth, an annotated list of audiovisual materials that schools can use to provide education about AIDS is provided. Sixth, a bibliography of publications relevant to school health education about AIDS is offered.
Application of the Role Delineation Project “Framework” to a Professional Preparation Program
Authors: Bruess Clint E. , Hendricks Charlotte M. , Poehler David L. , Redford Jeanette
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Using the Framework for the Development of Competency‐based Curricula for Entry Level Health Educators, the health education faculty at the University of Alabama at Birmingham reviewed and modified their undergraduate health education professional preparation program. Efforts focused on the five steps of preparation and study, review and organization of Framework subcompetencies, organization of Framework subcompetencies into potential courses, placement of objectives for courses, and revision of schedule and sequence for professional preparation courses. The process produced seven core courses to be required of all health education majors. A master list of subcompetencies and objectives also was developed. Faculty perceived several benefits from participating in the project.
Smokeless Tobacco Use by Middle School Males: A Preliminary Test of the Reasoned Action Theory
Authors: Brubaker Robert G. , Loftin Tonetta L.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study identified psychosocial variables associated with smokeless tobacco use within the context of the reasoned action theory. One hundred twelve male students, ages ten‐14, completed a questionnaire that operationalized components of the theoretical model. Multiple regression analyses revealed intention to use smokeless tobacco correlated significantly with attitude toward the behavior and perceived social pressure. As predicted by the theory, significant differences between those who intended to use smokeless tobacco and those who did not were found on several outcome and normative beliefs. The data support the utility of the theory as a means of explaining smokeless tobacco use. Future research recommendations are offered.
School Health Services
Authors: Zanga Joseph R. , Oda Dorothy S.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Since compulsory public education began in the United States, a component of that system which now is titled, School Health Services, has existed. Even with this history, the concept remains somewhat nebulous, even in the minds of its supporters, because of a paucity of verifiable, reproducible research in the area. Until research catches up with practice, and legislation is guided by firm data, it is essential to continue to clarify and strengthen the existing system. That system with a professionally prepared school nurse as its central focus provides the greatest hope for addressing the problems that are within the scope of school health service practice.
School Health Education: A Foundation for School Health Programs
Authors: Lohrmann David K. , Gold Robert S. , Jubb Wanda H.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This article describes the present status of health instruction — one of the original three components of the school health program — and suggests ways to improve its effectiveness as one of the eight components of a comprehensive school health promotion program. The article also demonstrates the complexity of the theory base, content, methodology, and outcome expectations of health instruction; a complexity that demands the subject be taught by teachers who are thoroughly prepared and committed to teaching health.
School Climate: Psychological Health and Well‐Being in School
Authors: Schultz Edward W. , Glass Raymond M. , Kamholtz J. Dennis
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This article explores several aspects of a healthy school climate. Beginning with a general discussion, it also examines elements of school climate such as interpersonal relationships and supportive instructional practices. A discussion of the school as a human social system that lends itself to a problem‐solving approach to identify, explore, and resolve issues of psychological climate in school is included.
Integrated School and Community Programs
Authors: Killip Diana C. , Lovick Sharon R. , Goldman Leslie , Allensworth Diane D.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Collaboration and coordination among school nurses, health teachers, guidance counselors, food service directors, principals, administrators, parents, and community agencies have the potential to upgrade school health programs. Benefits derived from an integrated school and community program are documented. Three models that have effectively brought together schools and community agencies are described.
School Health Promotion: Child Nutrition Programs
Authors: Frank Gail C. , Vaden Allene , Martin Josephine
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Since 1946, with the enactment of the National School Lunch Act, an important and integral part of the comprehensive school health program has been ensuring the nutritional needs of students are met. This article describes the history of the school nutrition program and how it has adapted to meet the needs of today's students. The modern menu is more healthful, foods are prepared with less salt, sugar, and fat, and nutrition education complements food choices. Through collaboration, nutrition education has been integrated into health education and the other elements of the total school health program to better meet students needs.
The School Counselor and Holistic Health
Authors: Thomas Patricia A. , Texidor Margaret S.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Today, students confront many issues that affect their physical, intellectual, psychological, and social well‐being. To serve students in a holistic wellness‐oriented manner, a collaborative effort of school health personnel is useful. School counselors contribute to the health of students and faculty by helping them deal with issues that may interfere with optimal learning, using both preventive and curative interventions. Counselors also work collaboratively to solve health‐related problems and concerns of students and serve as lifestyle management role models.
School Psychologist: An Integral Member of the School Health Team
Authors: Thomas Alex
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The primary responsibility of school psychologists is the application of psychological assessment, consultation, and intervention within public school settings. This article examines the role of the school psychologist as an individual and as a member of a school's child study team. The changing role of the school psychologist is noted as are the various organizations school psychologists may join, their educational requirements, and other facets of the school psychologist field.
Adolescent Pregnancy and Unfinished Developmental Tasks of Childhood
Authors: Poole Carol
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Adolescent pregnancy may occur when developmental needs have not been met adequately during earlier childhood stages. Reasons adolescents give for becoming pregnant may indicate which developmental needs were not met. Once developmental needs have been identified, professionals can help the adolescent and her child by tailoring interventions to fill gaps that occurred during earlier stages of development. This article explores the potential relationship between adolescent pregnancy and unfinished developmental tasks of childhood. Implications for intervention are addressed.
Effects of Computer‐assisted Instruction on Selected Interaction Skills Related to Responsible Sexuality
Authors: Kann Laura K.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study examined effects of computer‐assisted instruction on decision‐making, assertiveness, and interpersonal communication related to responsible sexuality. Health science classes from four secondary schools in three mid‐western states participated in the quasi‐experimental study. The Experimental Group (n = 151) received simulation‐based CAI, while Control Group #1 (n = 147) received regular classroom instruction, and Control Group #2 (n = 93) received no intervention. A 46‐item questionnaire was administered to determine changes in the dependent variables. Findings indicated CAI, but not RCI, effectively improved decision‐making knowledge and behavior, assertiveness knowledge and behavior, and interpersonal communication knowledge, attitude, and behavior. However, CAI did not improve assertiveness attitude. Over a five‐week period, the effectiveness of CAI decayed for the knowledge variables. The effectiveness of CAI varied according to subject's gender, grade, and school‐community setting. Results suggest simulation‐based CAI provides an instructional approach that promotes positive change in some interaction skills related to responsible sexuality without many of the risks inherent in regular classroom instruction involving such sensitive topics.
Evaluation of School‐based, High School Health Services
Authors: Siegel Lucille P. , Krieble Todd A.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This article describes the cost‐effectiveness of the Middletown Adolescent Health Project (MAHP), a school‐based, comprehensive health services project that provides students with written parental permission for treatment of minor and acute illnesses, sports and routine physical examinations, laboratory work‐ups, screenings, health promotion/wellness activities, medical social services, and nutrition counseling. These free services are offered at Middletown High School. An evaluation was conducted after the project's first year. Cost comparisons for medical care at the high school vs. private care were substantial. Potential out‐of‐pocket expenses for obtaining care in a private physician's office were 89% more than through the MAHP.
Correlates of Blood Pressure in Elementary Schoolchildren
Authors: Melby Christopher L. , Dunn Patrick J. , Hyner Gerald C. , Sedlock Darlene , Corrigan Donald L.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This cross‐sectional study determined which anthropometric, dietary, and physical fitness variables were best predictors of blood pressure (BP) in 323 white elementary schoolchildren. Height, weight, triceps, and subscapular skinfold thicknesses were measured, followed by two resting BP measurements. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by time in a one mile run. A food frequency questionnaire measured habitual dietary intake. Correlational analysis revealed height, weight, body mass index (wt/ht2), and skinfold thicknesses were anthropometric variables associated significantly with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Physical fitness was not correlated with BP and, among dietary variables, only estimated daily caloric intake, dietary cholesterol, and nondiscretionary sodium were related to blood pressure. A multiple regression analysis selected weight, body mass index (BMI), and total caloric intake as factors explaining the greatest amount of BP variability. For some individuals, hypertension may originate in childhood, thus, these results could have implications for primary prevention of high blood pressure.
The Declining Status of School Nurses in New York
Authors: Hill‐White Donna , Christansen Hope T.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Several organizational factors impeding development of school nursing in New York are identified, including educational preparation, the primary care role, administration of school nursing, professional allegiances, and state legislation. Statistics reveal attrition of more highly educated certified nurses and a rapid influx of noncertified diploma nurses, while employment of other personnel in schools — health educators, school psychologists, and social workers — remains stable or increases. Two national movements in school health nursing have been incorporated in New York: state certification of school nurses and implementation of school nurse practitioners at selected sites. However, the status of school nursing has not improved. School nurses have not been socialized through education to deal with organizational impediments to their role development. Consequently, changes they promoted have proven ineffective. (J Sch Health 1987;57(4):137–143)
Planning and Evaluating a School Health Project
Authors: Hays Bevely J. , Heermann Judith A.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: School health projects allow school nurses to respond to requests from clients, to test new program components, and to address short‐term health needs. This article discusses details of planning and evaluating projects in the school setting. Aspects of planning a project are discussed including facilitating and blocking forces, and considerations in evaluating a project are presented including types of evaluation and choosing the appropriate evaluation for a project.
An Evaluation of Side Effects Associated with Participation in a Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Program
Authors: Wurtele Sandy K. , Miller‐Perrin Cindy L.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Parents of children who participated in a school‐based sexual abuse prevention program were surveyed regarding their children's reactions to the program. In addition, children were asked to rate their fears of various people and situations both before and after participating in the program. No increases in fear ratings were observed, and parents reported no increased frequency of problematic behaviors. Fathers reported a significant decrease in total frequency of problem behaviors after the program. No parent reported the program had an overall negative effect on their child. Instead, the program stimulated discussion in the home regarding sexual abuse. This exchange of information was important, as results indicated more than one‐half the parents had not discussed the topic with their child before the program. The results suggest sexual abuse prevention programs can be implemented effectively in schools without harming the children.
AIDS: What You and Your Friends Need to Know — A Lesson Plan for Adolescents
Authors: Miller Leslie , Downer Ann
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The AIDS knowledge and attitudes of students attending an urban high school in Seattle were pretested. Subsequently, a 50‐minute AIDS lesson plan was designed using the findings. Instruction occurred one month following the pretest, with a posttest administered one week after instruction. Significant increases in knowledge about AIDS, and parallel changes in tolerant and compassionate beliefs about people with AIDS were observed. Learning outcomes were retained at retesting eight weeks after instruction. Prior to receiving the AIDS lesson, 34% of students listed schools as their source of learning about AIDS. Schools became the major source of learning (82%) after one hour of instruction.