bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transport of Patagonian dust to Antarctica
Authors: Li Fuyu , Ginoux Paul , Ramaswamy V.
Published: September 2010

The transport of Patagonian dust to Antarctica is investigated by using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Atmospheric Model with online aerosol, in combination with trajectory analysis and satellite observations. The southern coastal region of northern Patagonia and the San Julian's Great depression are identified as major sources in Patagonia. Trajectory analysis indicates that only 13%–20% of air masses from Patagonia reach Antarctica within 10 days, with and going to West and East Antarctica, respectively. Almost twice as many trajectories from the San Julian's Great Depression reach Antarctica compared to the more northern Patagonian source. It takes ∼7 days for Patagonian dust to be transported to East Antarctica, and 4–5 days to West Antarctica. The transport to East Antarctica is driven by the low‐pressure systems moving eastward in the subpolar low‐pressure zone, whereas a dust event going directly southward to West Antarctica typically happens when a high‐pressure system blocks the depressions moving through the Drake Passage. Demonstrating these features, respectively, by following the journey of two typical dust plumes from Patagonia to East and West Antarctica, this study clarifies how climatic factors may affect the amount of dust reaching the Antarctic surface.
Comparison of erythemal UV irradiances from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and ground‐based data at four Thai stations
Authors: Buntoung S. , Webb A. R.
Published: September 2010

The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), on board the NASA EOS Aura spacecraft since July 2004, provides a global view of surface spectral ultraviolet (UV) irradiance at 305, 310, 324, and 380 nm; erythemal dose rate both at overpass time and local noontime; and erythemal daily dose. Previous studies have shown comparisons of the OMI erythemal UV irradiances and ground‐based UV measurements in areas of midlatitude and high latitudes, predominantly in the Northern Hemisphere. In this study the noontime erythemal UV dose rates retrieved from OMI and measured from broadband instruments at four sites in Thailand were compared. The comparisons show a positive bias for the OMI data with respect to the ground‐based measurements. The differences between the two data sets were 30%–60% for all data and were 10%–40% for cloudless data. The differences for the cleanest site showed better agreement than those for the more urban sites. Using the Libradtran radiative transfer model, we show that aerosol is responsible for much of the positive bias in polluted areas. Since absorbing aerosol is not taken into account in the OMI surface UV algorithm, aerosol absorption correction factors have been introduced as a function of aerosol absorption optical thickness provided by OMI to improve the OMI UV data for urban and maritime sites. The differences between the corrected erythemal UV data and the ground‐based data were reduced to less than 20%.
Bayesian estimation of local signal and noise in multimodel simulations of climate change
Authors: Duan Qingyun , Phillips Thomas J.
Published: September 2010

In this study, a Bayesian maximum‐likelihood method is used to estimate local probability distributions of projected climate changes in continental temperature T and precipitation P under greenhouse emission scenarios of two different severity levels. These estimates are derived from multimodel climate simulations of the 20th and 21st centuries. Bayesian‐weighted multimodel consensus estimates of the local climate‐change signal and noise are determined from the statistical agreement of each model's simulation of historical climate with observations and of its 21st‐century climate projection with suitably chosen target data. The consensus estimates of climatic changes in T are found to be universally positive and statistically significant under either future emissions scenario. In contrast, changes in P vary locally in sign, and they are statistically significant only in limited regions under the more severe scenario. The impacts of jointly considering more than one variable or statistical parameter on the Bayesian estimation of 21st‐century climate change also are explored. The multivariate approach allows estimation of a probability distribution of the joint projected climate change in T and P, while inclusion of both first‐ and second‐moment statistics of either variable results in a greater differentiation of the Bayesian weights and a general enhancement of the local signal‐noise ratio.
Numerical simulations of gravity‐driven fingering in unsaturated porous media using a nonequilibrium model
Authors: Chapwanya Michael , Stockie John M.
Published: September 2010

This is a computational study of gravity‐driven fingering instabilities in unsaturated porous media. The governing equations and corresponding numerical scheme are based on the work of Nieber et al. (2003) in which nonmonotonic saturation profiles are obtained by supplementing the Richards equation with a nonequilibrium capillary pressure‐saturation relationship, as well as including hysteretic effects. The first part of the study takes an extensive look at the sensitivity of the finger solutions to certain key parameters in the model such as capillary shape parameter, initial saturation, and capillary relaxation coefficient. The second part is a comparison to published experimental results that demonstrates the ability of the model to capture realistic fingering behavior.
Assessing the regional disparities in geoengineering impacts
Authors: Irvine Peter J. , Ridgwell Andy , Lunt Daniel J.
Published: September 2010

Solar Radiation Management (SRM) Geoengineering may ameliorate many consequences of global warming but also has the potential to drive regional climates outside the envelope of greenhouse‐gas induced warming, creating ‘novel’ conditions, and could affect precipitation in some regions disproportionably. Here, using a fully coupled climate model we explore some new methodologies for assessing regional disparities in geoengineering impacts. Taking a 4 × CO2 climate and an idealized ‘sunshade’ SRM strategy, we consider different fractions of the maximum theoretical, 4 × CO2‐cancelling global mean cooling. Whilst regional predictions in particularly relatively low resolution global climate models must be treated with caution, our simulations indicate that it might be possible to identify a level of SRM geoengineering capable of meeting multiple targets, such as maintaining a stable mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet and cooling global climate, but without reducing global precipitation below pre‐industrial or exposing significant fractions of the Earth to ‘novel’ climate conditions.
Auroral kilometric radiation diurnal, semidiurnal, and shorter‐term modulations disentangled by Cassini
Authors: Lamy L. , Zarka P. , Cecconi B. , Prangé R.
Published: September 2010

During the flyby of the Earth by Cassini in 1999, the Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) instrument recorded a month of quasi‐continuous observations of auroral kilometric radiation (AKR). Analyzing the full polarization of incoming radio waves, we found AKR to be 100% circular left‐handed (LH) or right‐handed (RH). As AKR is emitted predominantly on the extraordinary mode, we analyzed separately the northern (RH) emission, from the southern (LH) one with respect to the magnetic equator. AKR power variations reveal (1) a log‐normal distribution at time scales of minutes, (2) bursts of emission at time scales of a few hours, and (3) a clear overall modulation at 24 h, together with a weaker modulation at 12 h (especially visible for LH emissions). The prominent 24 h modulation is found to modulate LH and RH AKR in phase opposition. This is interpreted as being due to visibility effects related to the precession of the terrestrial magnetic dipole, making Cassini oscillate relative to the average AKR beaming pattern from each hemisphere. We accordingly quantified the AKR beaming as a function of explored latitudes. On time scales shorter than a few hours, LH and RH emissions are found to be correlated. This is attributed to the actual conjugacy of the corresponding sources, simultaneously turned on by substorm occurrence. The geometrical anticorrelation (at 24 h) dominates close to Earth, while the short‐term correlation (substorms) dominates far from Earth, where the detection threshold makes the visibility less important than the occurrence of substorms. Finally, the 12 h modulation is detected when it is not masked by strong visibility effects, namely, for the LH emission, which is observed mostly near the magnetic equator along the path of Cassini. As a 12 h modulation of some geomagnetic indices was also observed, we suggest that the AKR semidiurnal modulation may have a physical cause, for which we favor the variable geometry and efficiency of the reconnection between interplanetary and geomagnetic fields, or magnetotail oscillations.
Rupture of the myocardial histoskeleton and its relation to sudden death after infusion of glycine 1.5% in the mouse
Authors: Hahn ROBERT G. , Olsson JOEL , SÓTonyi PÉTER , Rajs JOVAN
Published: September 2010

Hypoxic lesions in the subendocardium and long‐standing dilatation of the interstitium have been described after exposure of the heart to glycine 1.5%, which is a widely used irrigating medium in endoscopic surgery. To study if the hypo‐osmotic properties of the fluid cause these morphological changes, whether their long duration can be explained by rupture of the histoskeleton and whether they promote sudden death, 75 mice received an intravenous infusion of 200 ml/kg or 300 ml/kg over 60 min of either glycine 1.5%, glycine 1.5% in normal saline, normal saline, or no fluid (controls). The animals were decapitated when they were dying from the infusion, or else 7 days later, and 69 hearts were examined by light microscopy and 4 by electron microscopy. Rupture of the histoskeleton and hypoxic lesions in the subendocardium were observed in 47% and 35%, repectively, of the mice given glycine 1.5%, while the incidence averaged 20% in the two other groups. Rupture occurred in 38% of the mice that died, in 23% of those that survived an infusion, and in 0% of the controls. Hypoxic changes correlated with bradycardia, which is a sign of glycine absorption in the clinic. In conclusion, rupture of the histoskeleton and hypoxic changes occur in the subendocardium of mice after volume loading. These morphological changes were aggravated by the hypo‐osmotic properties of glycine 1.5%.
Characterization of a folate receptor in parotid gland and a folate binding protein in saliva from humans: Epitope relatedness to human milk folate binding protein
Authors: Holm JAN , Hansen STEEN INGEMANN , HØIer‐Madsen MIMI , Nichols CARL W.
Published: September 2010

The present study was performed to establish the antigenic identity and origin of the folate binding protein in human saliva. We identified a folate receptor in human parotid and submandibular gland which immunoreacted with antibodies against human milk folate binding protein, as evidenced by ELISA and immunostaining of ductal epithelium and secretory glandular material. The receptor concentration was 0.4–1.4 nmol 3H‐folate bound/g protein. Ligand binding was of a high‐affinity (K=1010M−1) type, exhibited positive cooperativity, a slow radioligand dissociation at pH 7.4, and inhibition by folate analogues. The concentration of immunoreactive folate binding protein in saliva as determined by ELISA with antibodies against human milk folate binding protein was several fold higher than that determined by radioligand binding (nil ‐ 1 nM). This indicates that a major fraction of the immunoreactive material does not bind 3H‐folate, and could represent a precursor form of the protein. In conclusion, the folate binding protein in human saliva seems to be a secretory product of the salivary glands. The protein is also epitope‐related to folate binding proteins in other human mucosal secretions.
Changes in tonsillar tissue in early HIV‐1 infection and during 3 years of antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Voltersvik PAL , Dyrhol‐Riise ANNE MA , Bostad LEIF , RØSok BÅRD I. , Olofsson JAN , ÅSjÖ BIRGITTA
Published: September 2010

Tonsillar tissue from individuals in the early stages of HIV‐1 infection was studied during the natural course of infection and during antiretroviral therapy with and without a protease inhibitor in order to investigate markers of clinical progression and evaluate the effects of therapy. Tonsillar biopsies and blood samples were collected at regular intervals during 3 years and clinical observations were noted. Tonsillar morphology was evaluated and the fragmentation of the follicular dendritic cell network was quantified by standardised follicular fragmentation rate (FR) analysis. Lymphocyte subsets were phenotyped by flow cytometry, and viral load was calculated by limiting dilution assay. The FRs were higher in the HIV‐1‐infected individuals than in the uninfected controls, although tonsillar tissue from both groups contained follicular fragmentation. During HIV‐1 infection, the FR increased and the tonsillar CD4/CD8 ratio declined. During maximum viral suppression, FR approached that of controls while tonsillar T cell subsets and blood CD4 cell counts normalised. Even when virus suppression was incomplete, tonsillar improvements were observed in parallel with a resolution of the HIV‐1‐related dermatological disorders. However, persistent viral replication paralleled distortion of the tonsillar architecture. We suggest that a normalisation of the lymphoid tissue may have important functional and clinical implications in HIV‐1 infection.
Risk of miscarriage for pregnant users of pivmecillinam: a population‐based case‐control study
Authors: NØRGAARD METTE , SKRIVER METTE VINTHER , SØRENSEN HENRIK TOFT , SCHØNHEYDER HENRIK CARL , PEDERSEN LARS
Published: September 2010

Few data exist on the risk of miscarriage after exposure to pivmecillinam. We therefore conducted a population‐based case‐control study in a Danish county with 0.5 million inhabitants during the period 1997–2002. We included 1,599 women with a miscarriage recorded in the Hospital Discharge Registry and selected 10 controls per case among primiparous women who had a live birth during the study period. Controls were selected from the Danish Medical Birth Registry. We obtained data on use of pivmecillinam and sulfamethizole from a prescription database. Five cases (0.30%) and 24 controls (0.15%) were exposed to pivmecillinam in the last week before the miscarriage/index date. After adjustment for maternal age, use of antidiabetics or antiepileptics, the odds ratio for miscarriages among users of pivmecillinam compared with non‐users was 2.03 (95% confidence interval: 0.77–5.33) and the corresponding odds ratio for use of sulfamethizole was 1.53 (95% confidence interval: 0.76–3.09). Exposure within 2 to 12 weeks before the miscarriage was not associated with an increased risk. We concluded that use of pivmecillinam was associated with an increased risk of miscarriage, but the risk was not significantly (p=0.64) different from the risk associated with use of sulfamethizole.
The organophosphate-degrading enzyme from Agrobacterium radiobacter displays mechanistic flexibility for catalysis
Authors: Ely Fernanda , Hadler Kieran S. , Gahan Lawrence R. , Guddat Luke W. , Ollis David L. , Schenk Gerhard
Published: September 2010

The OP (organophosphate)-degrading enzyme from Agrobacterium radiobacter (OpdA) is a binuclear metallohydrolase able to degrade highly toxic OP pesticides and nerve agents into less or non-toxic compounds. In the present study, the effect of metal ion substitutions and site-directed mutations on the catalytic properties of OpdA are investigated. The study shows the importance of both the metal ion composition and a hydrogen-bond network that connects the metal ion centre with the substrate-binding pocket using residues Arg254 and Tyr257 in the mechanism and substrate specificity of this enzyme. For the Co(II) derivative of OpdA two protonation equilibria (pKa1 ~5; pKa2 ~10) have been identified as relevant for catalysis, and a terminal hydroxide acts as the likely hydrolysis-initiating nucleophile. In contrast, the Zn(II) and Cd(II) derivatives only have one relevant protonation equilibrium (pKa ~4–5), and the μOH is the proposed nucleophile. The observed mechanistic flexibility may reconcile contrasting reaction models that have been published previously and may be beneficial for the rapid adaptation of OP-degrading enzymes to changing environmental pressures.
The Purification of Red Cells for Transfusion by Freeze‐Preservation and Washing. IV. The Use of Micropore Filtration To Reduce the Residual HL‐A Antigenicity of Previously Frozen, Washed Red Cells
Authors: Crowley J. P. , O'Donnell M. , Sell K. W. , Valeri C. R.
Published: September 2010

Using a semi‐quantitative HL‐A antibody adsorption assay, a reduction in HL‐A antigenicity was observed in 15 of 22 units of previously frozen and washed red blood cells after passage through a micropore transfusion filter. Red blood cell viability was unaffected by this procedure. Micropore filtration was a simple adjunct to the freezing and washing of red blood cells that may further reduce histocompatibility antigen exposure in transfused recipients.
Anti‐N Antibodies in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: McLeish W. A. , Brathwaite A. F. , Peterson P. M.
Published: September 2010

Anti‐N is a rare antibody. This paper describes six examples in patients on hemodialysis for chronic renal failure. They were detected over a two‐year period from 40 patients on hemodialysis. The antibody appears only after some months on dialysis. Four patients were group MN, one patient MM, and one NN. The direct antiglobulin test was positive in all patients.
Washed Hyperpacked Frozen and Shelf Red Blood Cells
Authors: Umlas J.
Published: September 2010

In order to determine the maximum degree to which blood units could be packed and still be effective, shelf stored blood and previously frozen red blood cells were washed and hyperpacked to hematocrits of 90 to 98 per cent. These products had average volumes of 180 and 162 ml, respectively. When transfused into a group of patients with stable nonhemolytic anemias or with slow or intermittent blood loss, the hyperpacked shelf stored blood resulted in average hematocrit increments of 4.4 per cent; the hyperpacked frozen red blood cells resulted in average hematocrit increments of 3.4 per cent. Conventionally packed unwashed red blood cells had approximately 10 per cent more hemoglobin and volumes of 270 to 330 ml, but resulted in average hematocrit elevations of only 2.8 per cent. Unwashed blood hyperpacked to hematocrits of 90 per cent with removal of the visible buffy coat took much longer to administer. Thus, by washing and hyperpacking shelf stored blood or previously frozen red blood cells, transfusions with the minimal amount of extraneous material can be given.
A Computerized Donor Processing System for a Regional Blood Collection Center
Authors: Chambers R. W. , Lundy J. A. , Friedman L. I. , Gordon S. B.
Published: September 2010

The initial phase of a computerized on‐line donor processing system was developed and demonstrated at the American National Red Cross, Washington Regional Donor Center and at bloodmobile operations. It was used for entry of donor registration information and for screening donors early in the donation procedure against a list of deferred donors. This demonstration took place with the computerized donor processing system running in parallel with the present manual operations. Since volunteer staff usually assist in the operation of most blood collection facilities, it was necessary to demonstrate that nontechnical personnel could operate the computerized system.
Platelet Loss on Exposure of Citrated Blood to Various Foreign Surfaces
Authors: Perkins H. A. , Rolfs M. R. , Hymas P. G.
Published: September 2010

Citrated whole blood was rotated in tubes or closed loops of tubing and the percentage of platelets lost on exposure to the surface of the container was noted. Platelet loss in the presence of uncoated glass surfaces (mean loss 31%) was significantly less than in the presence of glass siliconed with two different reagents (82% and 86%). Platelets adhered to siliconed glass but not to uncoated glass. Other inert surfaces also resulted in a high degree of platelet loss: Teflon 90 per cent, silicone rubber 85 per cent, Parawax 84 per cent, polystyrene 82 per cent, polyethylene 79 per cent, polypropylene 60 per cent, and polycarbonate 58 per cent. One lot of polyvinyl chloride transfusion grade tubing resulted in only 2 per cent loss of platelets, but other lots varied between 35 and 84 per cent. Loss of platelets on exposure to the surface of plastic containers may have to be considered when evaluating new materials for preparation of blood components.
Antibodies to Part of the Rh0 Antigen Complex Occurring in Two Women with Rh0 Variants
Authors: Zaino E. C. , Applewhaite F.
Published: September 2010

Two women with Rh0 variants are reported. Both had received transfusions and had anti‐Rh antibodies. One was found to have anti‐RhACD and anti‐Jka and represents a phenotype not reported previously. The other was the mother of a child with a mild hemolytic disease caused by anti‐RhCD. Family studies of both patients showed transmission of Rhcd but not Rhacd. Emphasis is placed on transfusing Rh0 negative blood to Rh0 variants lacking any or all of factors RhA, RhB, RhC and RhD.
Observations on the Gya and Hy Antigens and the Antibodies that Define Them
Authors: Moulds J. J. , Polesky H. F. , Reid M. , Ellisor S. S.
Published: September 2010

Two high frequency antigens, Hy (Holley) and Gya (Gregory), show an apparent association. All individuals lacking Gya are whites and these individuals are Hynegative. A second group of Hy‐negative individuals are blacks. All of these react weakly with anti‐Gya. Neither Gya nor Hy are well developed on cord cells, although antibodies to both factors have been stimulated by pregnancy. Anti‐Gya and anti‐Hy antibodies react best in the antihuman globulin test. These antibodies have low avidity, high titers, and have been implicated as causing transfusion reactions.
Attitudes Underlying Reluctance to Donate Blood
Authors: Bartel W. P. , Stelzner W. , Higgins J.
Published: September 2010

Attitudes underlying reluctance to donate blood were examined in two samples, college and general public, by means of direct and indirect questionnaires. Results were highly consistent across samples and sexes, and indicated that personal and emotional concerns, such as fear of the needle, fear of the sight of blood, fear of dizziness, inconvenience, and possibly ill effects on health, contribute more heavily to reluctance than people can (or will) recognize. Forthright handling of these fears and concerns by blood collection agencies is advocated.
Inherited Mosaicism Affecting the ABO Blood Groups
Authors: Marsh W. L. , Nichols M. E. , øyen R. , Decary F. , Whitsett C. , Ethridge E. L.
Published: September 2010

Blood samples from two families and three other unrelated people contain a mixture of red blood cells of two different ABO types. Previously described causes of red blood cell mosaicism have been excluded from responsibility. Other blood group systems are not involved. The phenotypes, which have been designated ABO mos, are inherited through a variant allele at the ABO locus and appear to arise from a change in regulation of an ABO gene of some somatic cells.
Functional and Ultrastructural Status of Platelets Prepared by the Celltrifuge
Authors: Wirman J. A. , Ruder E. A. , Smith R. T. , Ts'ao C.
Published: September 2010

Function and morphology of platelets collected by the Celltrifuge were investigated. In vitro platelet tests included aggregation by adenosine diphosphate, collagen, and epinephrine, ability to support clot retraction, uptake and release of labeled serotonin, and morphology at the ultrastructural level. Each of these tests was also performed on platelets obtained from the same donor before the collection procedure was instituted. Data obtained from pre‐ and post‐Celltrifuge platelet samples were compared and analyzed on individual donor basis as well as on eight donors as a group. The hemostatic effectiveness of Celltrifuge‐collected platelets was evaluated by their ability to raise platelet counts and to shorten the template bleeding time in four thrombocytopenic recipients. Our results indicate that platelets prepared by this continuous flow centrifugation equipment retained their functional and ultrastructural integrity, and significantly raised the platelet counts and shortened the bleeding time of all four patients.
Successful Control of Life‐Threatening Thrombocytosis with a Blood Processor
Authors: Greenberg B. R. , Watson‐Williams E. J.
Published: September 2010

A patient with polycythemia rubra vera developed marked thrombocytosis and hemorrhage after splenectomy. Plateletpheresis with a blood processor proved to be a sale, efficient, and rapid method for the mechanical removal of large quantities of platelets prior to adequate control with chemotherapy.
Genetics of Anti‐A and Anti‐B Levels
Authors: Grundbacher F. J.
Published: September 2010

Hemolysins and agglutinins anti‐A and anti‐B were measured in 401 blood group O individuals belonging to 74 families. Levels of hemolysins and saline agglutinins reached a peak during childhood and decreased thereafter. Incomplete agglutinins showed a relative increase after childhood. Hemolysins and agglutinins were higher in blacks than in whites. Whites had higher anti‐A than anti‐B levels and the levels were higher in females than in males. In blacks the anti‐B levels were almost as high as were the levels of anti‐A and little sex difference was found. Levels of hemolytic anti‐A and saline anti‐A were closely correlated as were hemolytic anti‐B and saline anti‐B but low correlations were found between anti‐A and anti‐B levels. Anti‐A and anti‐B hemolysin and agglutinin levels were positively correlated with serum IgM levels. Anti‐B levels were also correlated with IgG levels but anti‐A levels were not. Isoantibody levels were not correlated with IgA, IgD, and IgE levels. Correlation and regression analysis among relatives disclosed that from 20 to 30 per cent of the total phenotypic variation in isoantibody levels was accounted for by genetic variation. Age of the individual also contributed markedly to the variation in hemolysins and saline agglutinins, but about one‐half of the total variation remained unaccounted for.
Blood Preservation XVI Packed Red Cell Storage in CPD‐Adenine
Authors: Dawson R. B. , Ellis T. J. , Hershey R. T.
Published: September 2010

Interest has been renewed in CPD‐adenine as a long‐term liquid blood preservative. The question of whether the metabolic product of adenine, 2,8‐dioxyadenine was toxic to humans has apparently been resolved by extensive animal and human studies in favor of there being no potential toxicity in the amounts used in blood preservation. Sweden is adopting CPD‐adenine (0.25 mM) as its national blood preservative after ten years of clinical experience in trials. They have shown that each additional week of storage time beyond the current three weeks with CPD results in a 50 per cent reduction of wasteage caused by outdating. They are adopting the 35‐day time for regular use with 42 days for an emergency reserve supply. However, many units of blood in the U.S. are stored as packed red blood cells and the question has been raised as to whether there is sufficient glucose in the preservative to maintain red blood cell metabolism in the packed cell unit. The present investigation indicates that there is sufficient glucose for 35 days of packed cell storage in CPD‐adenine (0.25 mM) but in some units this might be marginal at 42 days of storage.
The Acquisition of Granulocytes by Leukapheresis: A Comparison of Continuous Flow Centrifugation and Filtration Leukapheresis in Normal and Corticosteroid‐Stimulated Donors
Authors: MacPherson J. L. , Nusbacher J. , Bennett J. M.
Published: September 2010

Leukapheresis by continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) or filtration (FL) were compared in untreated and corticosteroid‐treated donors. The administration of prednisone 60 mg orally 10 to 12 hours before leukapheresis increased significantly both the donor's prepheresis WBC counts and the total granulocyte yields by CFC or FL. Dexamethasone 6 mg iv at the start of FL did not increase granulocyte yields significantly. In untreated donors FL yielded 0.25 × 1010 granulocytes per liter donor blood processed as compared with 0.05 × 1010 per liter in CFC donors. Corticosteroid premedication has a greater relative effect in increasing yields by CFC than by FL. Donor reaction rates were between 4 and 6 per cent for both procedures.
Platelets and Factor VIII as Functions of Blood Collection Time
Authors: Reiss R. F. , Katz A. J.
Published: September 2010

Plasma and platelet concentrates were prepared from whole blood collected in less than eight minutes, and from blood collected in 8 to 12 minutes. Comparison was made between the two collection groups, of Factor VIII activity in fresh plasma, and of Factor VIII activity in fresh frozen plasma. Using the rank sum test, no significant difference was found between Factor VIII activities in either fresh or fresh frozen plasma. The number of platelets in concentrates prepared from blood collected in less than eight minutes were compared with those in concentrates from blood collected in 8 to 12 minutes. Mean numbers of platelets were 6.89 × 1010 and 7.12 × 1010, respectively. No significant difference was found between the two groups when compared by the rank sum test, or the “t” test. Current guidelines recommending maximum eight‐minute collection times for component preparation may be inappropriately restrictive.
Increasing Whole Blood Oxygen Affinity During Rapid Exchange Transfusion: a Potential Hazard
Authors: White J.M. , White Y.S. , Buskard N. , Gillies I. D. S.
Published: September 2010

Whole blood cell separators are being used to achieve partial exchange transfusions in patients with hemoglobin S. The rate and extent of the alteration of whole blood oxygen affinity, incurred by this procedure, has been determined in a patient with Hb S/C disease. The implications in terms of oxygen delivery to the tissues are described for this patient and also for patients with the more severe disease associated with Hb S/S. It is concluded that whole blood cell separators should be used with an awareness of the possible detrimental effects of acute increases of whole blood oxygen affinity in these patients.
The Prevalence of Hepatitis‐B Antigen (HBsAg) and Its Antibody (ANTI‐HBs) Among London Hemophiliacs and Blood Donors from London and Two Tropical Areas
Authors: Islam M.N. , Banatvala J. E.
Published: September 2010

The prevalence of hepatitis‐B antigen (HBsAG) and its antibody (anti‐HBs) among 49 London hemophiliacs was compared with that among women attending an antenatal clinic and healthy blood donors from London and from two parts of the tropics (Mauritius and Zambia). The prevalence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs was low in antenatal patients, London blood donors and blood donors from Mauritius. However, a high proportion of hemophiliacs (59%) were anti‐HBs positive, this being comparable with Zambian blood donors (53%), although anti‐HBs titers in hemophiliacs were much higher (GMT 1:342) than in Zambian blood donors (GMT 1:36). In contrast, HBsAg was detected in 29 of 250 (12%) Zambian donors but in only 3 of 49 (6%) hemophiliacs. Clinically overt hepatitis occurred in only two hemophiliacs. However, the presence of HBsAg‐specific IgM in 7 of 29 (24%) anti‐HBs‐positive hemophiliacs suggests that a proportion of these patients recently experienced subclinical infection by hepatitis‐B virus, Anti‐HBs‐positive hemophiliacs received a significantly higher number of cryoprecipitate units than did those without anti‐HBs(P < 0.01). Five of seven hemophiliacs with high titers of anti‐HBs(> 1: 4,096) showed a decline in titer after 1972 which may have been associated with the introduction of screening of cryoprecipitate for HBsAg.
Further Evidence of Heterogeneity Within the Kidd Blood Group System
Authors: Humphrey A.J. , Morel P. A.
Published: September 2010

Serological studies on blood of selected individuals show that red blood cells from individuals genetically JkaJk and JkbJk give single dose agglutination reactions with anti‐Jka and anti‐Jkb respectively, but react as strongly with anti‐JkaJkb as do cells from random individuals. A Jk(a+b‐) Oriental person has been found whose red blood cells give a single dose reaction with anti‐Jka, but react more weakly than do cells from random people in tests with anti‐JkaJkb. The results support a conclusion that the antigen recognized by anti‐JkaJkb is a distinct and separate antigen of the Kidd blood group system.
Statewide Support of Thrombocytopenic Patients with ABO Matched Single Donor Platelets
Authors: Reiss R. F. , Katz A. J.
Published: September 2010

Use of ABO matched, HLA nonmatched platelet units obtained from single donors by pheresis, using the Haemonetics 30 Cell Separator, has a lowered hepatitis risk, and possibly delays the onset of the refractory state. Pheresis also offers a method of obtaining HLA matched platelets for the already refractory patient. A mean of 4.2 × 1011 platelets are collected in about 1 1/2; hours. ABO matched, HLA nonmatched platelets produced corrected increments of more than 2500/mm3 per 7 × 1010 platelets infused in 67 per cent of transfusions to nonselected recipients. The procedure is simple, safe, and requires little time. It is a worthwhile large‐scale program for a regional blood center to undertake in order to provide optimal therapy for thrombocytopenic patients.
Delayed Overt Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Due to Anti‐U Antibody
Authors: Rothman I. K. , Alter H. J. , Strewler G. J.
Published: September 2010

A patient is described who developed a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction, 11 days posttransfusion, caused by anti‐U. This case illustrates the difficulty that can occur in distinguishing a delayed transfusion reaction from autoimmune hemolytic disease when the antibody involved is directed against a high incidence blood group antigen.
A Walking Blood Donor Program for Seriously Ill Premature Infants
Authors: Hattersley P. G. , Goetzman B. W. , Gross S. , Blankenship W. J.
Published: September 2010

Premature infants with hyaline membrane disease and related disorders are frequently hypovolemic. Furthermore, they frequently require repeated phlebotomies for laboratory evaluation of electrolytes, pH, oxygen tension, and other parameters. Adequate care of such infants is aided by small transfusions of heparinized blood. The walking donor program at the Sacramento Medical Center premature nursery furnishes these transfusions without exposing the infants to the hazards of receiving blood from many different donors. The program is described in detail, and the shortcomings of some of the alternative programs are pointed out.
Hemagglutination Inhibition Studies of Water Soluble Blood Group Substances Recovered from the Erythrocytes of Classical Bombay Oh Subjects
Authors: Vos G. H. , Moores P. P.
Published: September 2010

Using ethanol and acetone fractionation to isolate soluble blood group substances from red blood cells, ‘Bombay’ Oh bloods were found to contain variable amounts of concealed H substance. The IgG variety of anti‐H in ‘Bombay’ bloods has a greater affinity for these substances than the IgM variety of anti‐H. Group O parents of ‘Bombay’ Oh subjects were found to have normal levels of H substance, indicating that individuals heterozygous for a recessive suppressor gene ‘x’ synthesize it normally. In‐the ‘Bombay’ family studied, Lewis determinants were abnormally expressed in two members. Lewis activity was detected in the soluble extracts of their red blood cells but not by the direct agglutination test. Further tests using known Le(a−b−) types are necessary to determine whether these findings are linked to the ‘Bombay’ Oh phenomenon.
Characterization of Three New Apparently Related High Frequency Antigens
Authors: Wells R. F. , Korn G. , Hafleigh B. , Grumet F. C.
Published: September 2010

Three high frequency reactive antisera (Kir, Oca, Mil) are described which, based on serologic and genetic characteristics, identify a set of apparently related antigens. The antibodies react only by indirect antiglobulin technique against both adult and cord red blood cells, are primarily IgG, are not complement dependent nor enhanced by papain pretreatment of red blood cells, are high titered but of low avidity, and are not neutralized by serum nor absorbed by platelets. The antisera are not identical with, but may be related to, the Kna antibody. Population data show reactivity frequencies of 99.8 per cent for Kir, 98.7 per cent for Oca, and 96.4 per cent for Mil. The four phenotypes found are Kir+, Oca+, Mil+; Kir+, Oca+, Mil−; Kir+, Oca−, Mil+ and Kir−, Oca−, Mil−. The occurrence of five unrelated triple negative individuals is greater than would be expected by chance alone for three independent antigens. Family studies demonstrate that the triple negative phenotype appears to be a recessive trait not linked to the Fy or MNS loci, and the Mil‐trait is not linked to ABO, Jk, or HLA. Clinical observations following infusion of incompatible blood and in vivo survival studies of 31Cr tagged red blood cells indicate that the antigens, though potent immunogens, are not clinically significant.
Blood Preservation Using Metabolic Regulators and Nutrients: XXI. Further Studies on Pyruvate and DHA (Dihydroxyacetone)
Authors: Dawson R. B. , Hershey R. T. , Myers C. , Holmes S.
Published: September 2010

CPD‐adenine is being adopted in Europe for five weeks for regular blood bank storage and six weeks for emergency use storage. There may be a need to maintain normal levels of 2,3‐DPG during this prolonged storage time. In a pilot study from this laboratory, improved 2,3‐DPG maintenance was noted with DHA and pyruvate during the fifth and sixth weeks of storage. DHA and pyruvate are relatively unstable in aqueous solutions and in the present study extra care was taken with their experimental use. The additive effect of using DHA and pyruvate together in maintaining 2,3‐DPG was confirmed in this study in which significant improvements were seen as early as the seventh day of storage.
Plateletpheresis Residues: A Source of Large Quantities of Human Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Segel G. B. , Lichtman M. A. , Gordon B. R. , MacPherson J. L. , Nusbacher J.
Published: September 2010

The residue from single‐donor plateletpheresis contains a large number of human mononuclear cells. We have been able to harvest more than 1 × 109 viable lymphocytes for laboratory study from the leukocyte‐rich sediment that previously had been discarded. Prior to removal by adherence 5 × 108 monocytes were also available for further purification, if desired. The physical properties and response to phytohemagglutinin were very similar when lymphocytes isolated from plateletpheresis residues were compared with those obtained directly from venous blood.
Sterile Connector
Authors: Tenczar F. J.
Published: September 2010

Fabrication of a sterile connector for joining a supply source to an independent delivery location through a contaminated environment requires four design steps: 1) alignment of connector housings; 2) exclusion of the contaminated environment; 3) sterilization of the excluded region; and 4) penetration within the sterilized area followed by coupling of the protected internal conduits. Protective covers for connectors now in use may be modified to provide penetrable terminal barrier membranes that can be joined to exclude the environment. An adhesive containing an antimicrobiologic agent would set the stage for a controlled mechanical penetration of the decontaminated fused barriers. In another design concept, plastic barrier membranes without preliminary adhesion are simultaneously fused, sterilized, and penetrated by a nichrome wire heated to approximately 288 C. A system can be designed that is compatible, at the option of the user, with either of these methods. The more economical mechanical approach could then be used for parenteral fluid therapy while the nichrome wire technique would be reserved for more complex processing methods (frozen erythrocytes) or when storage of the resulting component is a factor.
Achieving optical gain in waveguide-confined nanocluster-sensitized erbium by pulsed excitation
Authors: Miller Gerald M. , Briggs Ryan M. , Atwater Harry A.
Published: September 2010

We use a rate equation approach to model the conditions for optical gain in nanocluster sensitized erbium in a slot waveguide geometry. We determine the viability of achieving net gain for the range of reported values of the carrier absorption cross section for silicon nanoclusters. After accounting for the local density of optical states modification of the emission rates, we find that gain is impossible in continuous wave pumping due to carrier absorption, regardless of the carrier absorption cross section. We, therefore, propose a pulsed electrical operation scheme which mitigates carrier absorption by taking advantage of the short lifetime of silicon nanoclusters compared to erbium. We show that pulsed excitation of a 10 nm layer achieves a modal gain of 0.9 dB/cm during each pulse. Furthermore this gain can be increased to 2 dB/cm by pumping a 50 nm layer.
A method for finding three-dimensional magnetic skeletons
Authors: Haynes A. L. , Parnell C. E.
Published: September 2010

Magnetic fields are an essential component of a plasma. In many astrophysical, solar, magnetospheric, and laboratory situations the magnetic field in the plasma can be very dynamic and form highly complex structures. One approach to unraveling these structures is to determine the magnetic skeleton of the field, a set of topological features that divide the magnetic field into topologically distinct domains. In general, the features of the magnetic skeleton are difficult to locate, in particular those given by numerical experiments. In this paper, we propose a new set of tools to find the skeleton of general magnetic fields including null points, spines, separatrix surfaces, and separators. This set of tools is found to be considerably better at finding the skeleton than the currently favored methods used in magnetohydrodynamics.
Crystallization behavior of amorphous Alx(Ge2Sb2Te5)1−x thin films
Authors: Seo Jae-Hee , Song Ki-Ho , Lee Hyun-Yong
Published: September 2010

Crystallization properties of thermally deposited amorphous Alx(Ge2Sb2Te5)1−x (x=0.06 and 0.10) films were investigated. The crystallization was performed by both macroscopic thermal annealing and nanopulse laser illumination (λ=658 nm and beam diameter <2 μm). The Al0.10(Ge2Sb2Te5)0.90 film exhibited a very stable one-step phase transition from amorphous→face-centered cubic (fcc) in the annealing temperature range of 100–300 °C. The Al0.10(Ge2Sb2Te5)0.90 film had a higher sheet resistances (RS) in both the amorphous and crystalline phases compared to the Ge2Sb2Te5 film, resulting in lower set and reset programming currents in the phase-change random-access memory. The crystallization speed (v) of the amorphous films was quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated through the analysis of the surface images and the nanopulse reflection-response curves. Conclusively, the Al atom added into Ge2Sb2Te5 serves as a center for suppression of the fcc-to-hexagonal phase transition and the v-value was largely improved by the proper addition of Al, e.g., v[Al0.10(Ge2Sb2Te5)0.90]>v[Ge2Sb2Te5]. Additionally, the improved v was believed to result from improvements in both the nucleation and growth processes.
Improvement in output power of a 460 nm InGaN light-emitting diode using staggered quantum well
Authors: Liao Chih-Teng , Tsai Miao-Chan , Liou Bo-Ting , Yen Sheng-Horng , Kuo Yen-Kuang
Published: September 2010

Staggered quantum well structures are studied to eliminate the influence of polarization-induced electrostatic field upon the optical performance of blue InGaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Blue InGaN LEDs with various staggered quantum wells which vary in their indium compositions and quantum well width are theoretically studied and compared by using the APSYS simulation program. According to the simulation results, the best optical characteristic is obtained when the staggered quantum well is designed as In0.20Ga0.80N (1.4 nm)–In0.26Ga0.74N (1.6 nm) for blue LEDs. Superiority of this novelty design is on the strength of its enhanced overlap of electron and hole wave functions, uniform distribution of holes, and suppressed electron leakage in the LED device.
Simulations of the implosion and stagnation of compact wire arrays
Authors: Jennings C. A. , Cuneo M. E. , Waisman E. M. , Sinars D. B. , Ampleford D. J. , Bennett G. R. , Stygar W. A. , Chittenden J. P.
Published: September 2010

Wire array z-pinches have been used successfully for many years as a powerful x-ray source, as a dynamic hohlraum, and as an intense K-shell radiation source. Significant progress has been made in the effective modeling of these three-dimensional (3D) resistive plasmas. However, successful modeling also requires an accurate representation of the power delivered to these loads from the generator, which is an uncertainty potentially as large as the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) implosion dynamics. We present 3D resistive MHD simulations of wire arrays that are coupled to transmission line equivalent models of the Z generator, driven by voltage sources derived directly from electrical measurements. Significant (multi-mega-ampère) current losses are shown to occur in both the convolute and the final feed. This limits the array performance and must be correctly accounted for to accurately represent the generator response to the load. Our simulations are validated against data for compact: 20 mm diameter, 10 mm long wire arrays that have produced the highest x-ray power densities on Z. This is one of the most comprehensive experimental data sets for single and nested wire arrays and includes voltage, current, x-ray power and energy, and multiple mass distribution measurements. These data tightly constrain our simulation results and allow us to describe in detail both the implosion and stagnation, and how energy is delivered to, and radiated from z-pinch loads. We show that the radiated power is consistent with the kinetic energy delivered to a distributed 3D mass profile over its implosion and stagnation. We also demonstrate how the local inductance of the transmission line connecting to the wire array is responsible for delivering more than 50% of the total radiated power. This makes the power output dependent on the design of specific elements of the generator, and their response to the imploding load, and not just on the peak current that can be delivered.
Atomic and electronic structure of S-terminated GaAs(001) surface
Authors: Usanmaz D. , Srivastava G. P. , Çakmak M.
Published: September 2010

We have reported, from ab initio calculations, on the changes in the electronic and structural properties due to S adsorption on the GaAs(001) surface. In our investigation, we have considered the experimentally observed (2×6) reconstruction for S coverages of n/12 monolayers (MLs), with n=2, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10. Electronic energy levels and density of states for all the six coverages of S have been discussed. Using the chemical potential argument our calculations suggest that the reconstruction with S coverage of 10/12 ML (the Tsukamoto model) represents the most energetically preferable structure for S/GaAs(001). However, while this adsorption geometry is consistent with the electron counting model, it does not passivate the GaAs(001) surface electronically. The most effective reduction in the density of states in bulk band gap region is obtained for the coverage of 0.5 ML with five mixed As–S dimers, though this geometry is inconsistent with the electron counting model for chemical passivation of the surface.