bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deciding for or Against Participation in Higher Education: The Views of Young People from Lower Social Class Backgrounds
Authors: Connor Helen
Published: March 2003

The main concern of this paper is the decision making of young people from lower social class backgrounds about whether or not to participate in higher education. In the light of recent reforms of student funding and renewed efforts to widen participation in British higher education, an examination is made of the factors influencing the choices made by young people close to the time of making application for entry. Drawing on the findings of a research study undertaken in 2000 and conducted with recent and prospective undergraduate entrants, a contemporary perspective is offered on the issues facing different groups of young people from disadvantaged backgrounds. By way of conclusion, consideration is given to the need for improved information sources to guide young people in their decisions.
‘Hannibal at our Gates’: Loyalists and Fifth‐columnists during the Bishops' Wars – the Case of Yorkshire1
Authors: Scott David
Published: March 2003

This article examines the response of the Yorkshire gentry to the king's call for military assistance against the Covenanters in the Bishops' Wars of 1639–40. Based upon detailed analysis of royal efforts to mobilize the county's formidable militia forces, it suggests that by 1640 a number of leading Yorkshiremen were working in concert with the king's aristocratic opponents in order to encourage the Scots to invade and thus force the summoning of a new parliament. It also tests the contention that men's attitudes towards the Scots in 1639–40 correlate with their political alignment during the Civil War.
The British Electoral System, 1885–1970
Authors: Catterall Peter
Published: March 2003

At a time when the electoral system is coming under renewed scrutiny, this article examines the origins and creation of the present system in 1884-5, and its subsequent survival. This is the first such analysis to draw upon Public Record Office and party archives. Whilst showing that the political classes have been quite prepared to consider the merits of alternatives, particularly S.T.V., for Ireland or in colonial settings, they have usually been seen as less appropriate for Westminster. In exploring why that should be the case this article seeks to provide a new explanation for the longevity of the electoral arrangements of 1885.
A culture of consolation? Rethinking politics in working-class London, 1870–1914*
Authors: August Andrew
Published: March 2003

In their communities, and in interactions with authorities and profit-seekers, residents of late Victorian London working-class districts struggled forcefully over the distribution of power, resources and prestige. They battled one another, in households and neighbourhoods, enforcing hierarchies and unequal access to resources. Philanthropists met hostile, manipulative and assertive poor people. Working-class Londoners resisted unwelcome state incursions and exploited government resources toward their own ends. They also fought employers and landlords over resources and power. Though their involvement in unions and socialist politics was uneven, these working-class Londoners participated actively in a pervasive politics of everyday life.
British Trade with the Spanish Colonies, 1788–1795
Authors: Pearce Adrian J.
Published: March 2003

British trade with colonial Spanish America was largely contraband, and detailed statistical data describing its value and character are notoriously scarce. This article presents what is very probably the only detailed survey of a major branch of the trade which exists for any period, describing the trade of the British colonies in the Caribbean and North America in the years 1788–1795. Data are given both for tonnage of shipping and for type and value of commodities traded, with particular focus on the import trade. The work is based on a unique statistical series recently discovered in the Public Record Office, London.
From Reflection to Refraction: Rethinking Paradigms of Cultural Interaction and Identity in Peru and Mexico
Authors: Moore Melisa
Published: March 2003

This article explores the construction and reworking of paradigms of culture contact and identity by social scientists and cultural critics in response to contradictory sociocultural experiences of modernity in Peru and Mexico. It seeks to do so in the context of calls made by the Peruvian critic Antonio Cornejo Polar for greater historicism and critical thinking about these, and the concern that this appeal has since generated in the field of Latin American Cultural Studies. Focusing first on the postcolonial, ideologically driven model of ‘mestizaje’, the article then traces continuities and discontinuities between it and latter–day thinking about cultural pluralism.
Developing Drugs for the Developing World: An Economic, Legal, Moral, and Political Dilemma
Authors: Resnik David B.
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the economic, legal, moral, and political difficulties in developing drugs for the developing world. It argues that large, global pharmaceutical companies have social responsibilities to the developing world, and that they may exercise these responsibilities by investing in research and development related to diseases that affect developing nations, offering discounts on drug prices, and initiating drug giveaways. However, these social responsibilities are not absolute requirements and may be balanced against other obligations and commitments in light of economic, social, legal, political, and other conditions. How a company decides to exercise its social responsibilities to the developing world depends on (1) the prospects for a reasonable profit and (2) the prospects for a productive business environment. Developing nations can either help or hinder the pharmaceutical industry’s efforts to exercise social responsibility through various policies and practices. To insure that companies can make a reasonable profit, developing nations should honor pharmaceutical product patents and adhere to international intellectual property treaties, such as the Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. To insure the companies have a good business environment, developing nations should try to promote the rule of law, ethical business practices, stable currencies, reliable banking systems, free and open markets, democracy, and other conditions conducive to business. Overall, this paper advocates for reciprocity and cooperation between pharmaceutical companies and developing nations to address the problem of developing drugs for the developing world. In pursuing this cooperative approach, developing nations may use a variety of other techniques to encourage pharmaceutical companies to act responsibly, such as subsidizing pharmaceutical research, helping to design and implement research protocols, providing a guaranteed market, and bulk buying.
Influencing the Development of Young Children with Disabilities: Current Themes in Early Intervention
Authors: McCollum Jeanette A.
Published: March 2003

Early intervention as a field encompasses a multitude of approaches. Nevertheless, recent research and theory have led to increasing agreement on the characteristics of high quality services. Two themes, `development‐in‐context' and `systems of service', are particularly evident in the changes taking place in service delivery. This article describes these themes and demonstrates how they are interwoven throughout different components of early intervention systems.
Cats Under the Stars: A Narrative Story
Authors: Zimmerman Jeffrey L. , Beaudoin Marie‐Nathalie
Published: March 2003

This paper provides an introduction to Narrative Therapy. This post‐structural approach represents a movement away from the dominant therapeutic approaches that privilege psychological or biological theories over the client's experience of problems. Distinctions are made between narrative ideas and traditional psychosocial points of view in the areas of what a problem is, how change occurs, and about notions of the self. Narrative ideas and practices are illustrated by presenting work done with a problem affecting a young man in a school setting. Narrative work involves experience and meaning; the paper is organised to provide this for the reader.
Advances in Polychrome Ceramics in the Islamic World of the 12th Century AD
Authors: Mason R. B. , Tite M. S. , Paynter S. , Salter C.
Published: March 2003

As part of a multidisciplinary programme of research on Islamic glazed pottery, the development of polychrome decoration during the 12th century AD has been investigated by examining polished sections through glazed pottery in an analytical scanning electron microscope. The two main decorative techniques used were underglaze and overglaze painting. The results suggest that true underglaze decoration, involving the application of pigment without any associated slip, was first developed in Syria, from where it spread to Iran, on to China and ultimately across wide areas of the world. In contrast, the overglaze technique used on mina'i ware was both very short‐lived and confined to Iran. The analytical results suggest that the probable explanation for this was the technical problems associated with maturing the overglaze paint and the consequent risk of unsatisfactory products.
Isolation and Isotopic Analysis of Individual Amino Acids from Archaeological Bone Collagen: A New Method Using Rp‐hplc
Authors: O'Connell T. C. , Hedges R. E. M.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a new method for the isolation and isotopic analysis of some individual amino acids from proteins. The technique and its constituent steps are discussed; then isotopic analyses of amino acids from several samples of bone collagen from the Late Roman site of Poundbury, Dorset, UK are presented.

The applications of the method are discussed, as well as some advantages of this technique relative to other methods. Although developed for use with archaeological bone collagen, the technique is equally applicable to other proteinaceous materials. The use of reversed‐phase HPLC avoids problems of isotopic fractionation inherent in using ion‐exchange HPLC. Amino acids are isolated preparatively, allowing both carbon and nitrogen isotopic values to be measured on a single sample using CF‐IRMS. Since amino acids are isotopically analysed in an underivatized form (unlike GC‐C‐IRMS), the method also presents the possibility of collecting the CO2 generated during CF‐IRMS: this would allow the subsequent dating by 14C‐AMS of individual amino acids isolated from archaeological samples.
A New Methodology for the Provenance of Marble Based on EPR Spectroscopy
Authors: Polikreti K. , Maniatis Y.
Published: March 2003

Fifteen years of research in investigating the characteristics of the EPR spectra of different types of white marble from several quarries in the Eastern Mediterranean has produced an accumulation of a large number of data, and much experience. Statistical treatment of these EPR data (statistical distributions and parameter correlations), has led to the selection of 10 parameters that are useful for quarry discrimination. Apart from the EPR parameters, the maximum grain size, measured with a stereomicroscope, has been found very useful. Boxplots have been found to be very useful as a first easy visual tool for evaluating the discrimination capacity of each parameter.

On the basis of these results, a new methodology for determining the provenance of an archaeological sample was developed in stages, using a different pair or combination of parameters each time. In the first stage, the Penteli, Naxos, Hymettus and Proconnessus quarries are completely separated from each other. However, overlapping occurs between the parameter fields of Paros and Proconnessus, Paros and Hymettus and between the two archaic quarries of Melanes and Apollon on Naxos. If the sample is located in a non‐overlapping area, its provenance is obvious and easily determined. If the sample lies in one of the above three overlapping areas, an additional stage is necessary, in which other parameters are used to eliminate or decrease the overlap. Despite the partial overlapping of Paros with other quarries, the famous Lychnites marble of Paros, which was quarried underground, is clearly distinguished.
Taphonomy and experimentation
Authors: Denys C.
Published: March 2003

Many experiments have been conducted in the field of taphonomy in order to understand the effects of some agents and the associated pattern and process of bone modifications. A review of these experiments and the patterns of bone modifications is presented here. Numerous experiments focus on peculiar points of bone accumulation, mainly to gain knowledge about human habits and practices, but the action of some taphonomic agents has also been explored, among them, diagenetic processes. The striking feature of all these works are that they are localized, performed on non–statistical samples and without repeatability. Very few experiments combine different agents to fit more closely to the complexity of most fossil bone accumulations.
Development alternatives: practice, dilemmas and theory
Authors: Bebbington A. J. , Bebbington D. H.
Published: March 2003

This paper argues that much scholarly work on civil society and alternative development has three weaknesses: it understates the diversity among popular organizations and their ideas about development alternatives; it pays insufficient attention to the economic dimensions of alternatives; and it understates the potential importance of the local state. Drawing on experiences from highland Bolivia, we suggest that a closer engagement with the dilemmas encountered in practical attempts to pursue development alternatives can suggest ways forward in each of these areas. Linking scholarly and practical work is thus important for theoretical reasons as well as ones of relevance.
Are Private Sector Consumption Decisions Affected by Public Sector Consumption?
Authors: Henry Ólan T. , Olekalns Nilss
Published: March 2003

This paper looks at the interaction between public and private consumption in Australia. The results show that there is a long‐run equilibrium relation between private and public consumption. However, the nature of this relation changed during the 1980s from one of complementarity to one of substitutability.
Would Excess Capacity in Public Firms Be Socially Optimal?
Authors: Wen Mei , Sasaki Dan
Published: March 2003

We analyse oligopolistic interactions between a welfare‐maximizing public firm and a profit‐maximizing private firm in a repeated game. We find that the public firm can hold excess capacity as a strategic punishment device to sustain a subgame perfect equilibrium which is welfare‐superior to the static Nash equilibrium. Basically, potential punishment from the public firm in the dynamic game can make the self‐interested private firm behave in the public interest. Furthermore, if capacity is endogenous, public excess capacity can occur in a welfare efficient equilibrium when the cost of public capacity investment is higher than that of private investment.
Land use/cover change in central Tibet, c. 1830–1990: devising a GIS methodology to study a historical Tibetan land decree
Authors: Ryavec Karl
Published: March 2003

In this study, historical Tibetan tax‐related data pertaining to cultivated land in central Tibet are studied by means of GIS and compared with contemporary patterns. A Tibetan land decree from 1830 contains aggregated data on the amount of land‐based tax units for estates in 57 districts of central Tibet. The purpose of this study is to devise a GIS methodology to study the potential utility of these data for historical geographical research, and to determine the approximate changes in cultivated land areas between 1830 and 1990. Traditional Tibetan tax data are significant for current efforts to construct historical land cover databases of the Tibetan Plateau region for the study of the human dimensions of global change.
Patterns and dynamics of urban forests in relation to land use and development history in Guangzhou City, China
Authors: Jim C.Y. , Liu H.T
Published: March 2003

Trees in cities display a varied pattern that is often moulded by a city’s physical fabric and its evolution through time. The town plan expressed in spatial dimension as land use, and in temporal sense as development history, furnishes a framework to evaluate the intricate association between city and trees. Guangzhou city, the premier metropolis of south China, has been established for 2800 years, and has a long history of urban greening and heterogeneous land use. Five urban districts, which represent old, middle‐aged and young stages of development and cover the bulk of the city’s built‐up zones, form the study area. Interpretation of aerial photographs is used as a basis to classify the urban forest into three types, and to design a sampling scheme for studying trees in urban parks, institutional grounds and roadsides. District history has bequeathed a plethora of configurations in terms of buildings, roads and land uses, accompanied by plantable spaces of dissimilar dimensions, geometry and quality. The districts display diverse tree attributes such as frequency, density and species diversity. Young districts, with lower density, more institutional uses and wider roads, present more opportunities for greening. Recent shifts in landscape fashion have introduced a significantly different treescape. A few exceptionally large parks and institutional sites play a pivotal role in the city’s tree assets. Parks, roadsides and institutional forests have different tree‐stocking rates and species assemblages. Implications for future planting and management of urban trees in different situations, and for the greening of other cities in China, and other developing countries, are explored.
Examining rival theories of demographic influences on political support: The power of regional, ethnic, and linguistic divisions in Ukraine
Authors: Barrington Lowell W.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. What effects do regional, linguistic, and ethnic divisions have on support for the government and political system? What is the effect of each when the others are controlled for? Are apparent differences in support across regions simply compositional effects of ethno‐linguistic patterns in those regions? This article provides answers to these questions, through the analysis of late 1998 mass survey data from Ukraine. The results indicate that region of residence strongly shapes support for the government and regime. Ethnicity and language, on the other hand, have weaker effects than scholars would expect, once region is controlled for. Thus, regional differences are not simply reflecting ethno‐linguistic patterns in Ukraine, as scholars have often implied. These findings shed light on rival theoretical approaches to understanding regional, ethnic and linguistic sources of identity. They also highlight the necessity for scholars who have emphasized ethnic and linguistic cleavages in other countries to consider controlling for region of residence before jumping to conclusions about effects on political attitudes. Finally, the findings have narrower, but important, implications for the study of Ukraine and for its stability.
A Nolan Committee for the German ethics infrastructure?
Authors: Behnke Nathalie
Published: March 2003

Abstract. An international trend towards establishing and conforming standards of ethical behaviour in the public sector has repeatedly been stated. Germany, however, remains surprisingly reluctant to adopt such recommendations. This article argues that the likelihood of German decision makers implementing new, and especially soft, ethics measures depends on the demand for such measures, on the one hand, and their supply, on the other. The analysis shows that contradictory forces have an impact on Germany. The demand for new ethics measures is relatively low as a high level of hard ethics measures incorporated in the longstanding formal legal system of rules and regulations make the implementation of new measures seem unnecessary. Also, the demand for soft ethics measures is less marked in Germany than in the United Kingdom. This comparatively weak pressure meets the natural inertia caused by cognitive and institutional path–dependency in institutional choices of political decision makers. On the other hand, external bodies (such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development – OECD) provide blueprints for soft ethics measures and encourage the implementation of uniform standards across countries. Which of these forces will prevail in the long run, however, cannot be deduced from the present situation.
Do voters have a cue? Television advertisements as a source of information in citizen–initiated referendum campaigns
Authors: Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd
Published: March 2003

Abstract. In this article we examine the scope for campaign effects in citizen–initiated referendum (CIR) elections. Given the context of CIR elections, television effects can be seen to be even bigger and more important than in candidate elections. We use survey data on information demands made upon voters in CIR campaigns, and the information sources they use, in order to gauge the relative importance of various sources that voters rely upon in making voting decisions. We then examine the relative importance of television advertising as a source of information in CIR campaigns. We find that voters report using many sources of information, with few voters relying exclusively upon television advertisements. Rather than telling voters which way to vote, television campaigns may simply raise awareness of CIRs and so encourage voters to seek cues elsewhere, in particular from ballot guides where cues are more readily discerned.
Managed Care, Access to Specialists, and Outcomes among Primary Care Patients with Pain
Authors: Grembowski David E. , Martin Diane , Diehr Paula , Patrick Donald L. , Williams Barbara , Novak Louise , Deyo Richard , Katon Wayne , Dickstein Deborah , Engelberg Ruth , Goldberg Harold
Published: March 2003

Objective. To determine whether managed care controls were associated with reduced access to specialists and worse outcomes among primary care patients with pain.

Data Sources/Study Setting. Patient, physician, and office manager questionnaires collected in the Seattle area in 1996–1997, plus data abstracted from patient records and health plans.

Study Design. A prospective cohort study of 2,275 adult patients with common pain problems recruited in the offices of 261 primary care physicians in Seattle.

Data Collection. Patients completed a waiting room questionnaire and follow‐up surveys at the end of the first and sixth months to measure access to specialists and outcomes. Intensity of managed care controls measured by plan managed care index and benefit/cost‐sharing indexes, office managed care index, physician compensation, financial incentives, and use of clinical guidelines.

Principal Findings. A financial withhold for referral was associated with a lower likelihood of referral to a physician specialist, a greater likelihood of seeing a specialist without referral, and a lower patient rating of care from the primary physician. Otherwise, patients in more managed offices and with greater out‐of‐network plan benefits had greater access to specialists. Patients with more versus less managed care had similar health outcomes, but patients in more managed offices had lower ratings of care provided by their primary physicians.

Conclusions. Increased managed care controls were generally not associated with reduced access to specialists and worse health outcomes for primary care patients with pain, but patients in more managed offices had lower ratings of care provided by their primary physicians.
Managing Costs, Managing Benefits: Employer Decisions in Local Health Care Markets
Authors: Christianson Jon B. , Trude Sally
Published: March 2003

Objectives To better understand employer health benefit decision making, how employer health benefits strategies evolve over time, and the impact of employer decisions on local health care systems.

Data Sources/Study Setting Data were collected as part of the Community Tracking Study (CTS), a longitudinal analysis of health system change in 12 randomly selected communities.

Study Design This is an observational study with data collection over a six‐year period.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods The study used semistructured interviews with local respondents, combined with monitoring of local media, to track changes in health care systems over time and their impact on community residents. Interviewing began in 1996 and was carried out at two‐year intervals, with a total of approximately 2,200 interviews. The interviews provided a variety of perspectives on employer decision making concerning health benefits; these perspectives were triangulated to reach conclusions.

Principal Findings The tight labor market during the study period was the dominant consideration in employer decision making regarding health benefits. Employers, in managing employee compensation, made independent decisions in pursuit of individual goals, but these decisions were shaped by similar labor market conditions. As a result, within and across our study sites, employer decisions in aggregate had an important impact on local health care systems, although employers' more highly visible public efforts to bring about health system change often met with disappointing results.

Conclusions General economic conditions in the 1990s had an important impact on the configuration of local health systems through their effect on employer decision making regarding health benefits offered to employees, and the responses of health plans and providers to those decisions.
Using a Standardized Donor Ratio to Assess the Performance of Organ Procurement Organizations
Authors: Stogis Sheryl , Hirth Richard A , Strawderman Robert L , Banaszak‐Holl Jane , Smith Dean G
Published: March 2003

Objective. To develop a Standardized Donor Ratio (SDR) as an outcome measure for evaluating the effectiveness of organ procurement organizations (OPOs).

Data Sources/Study Setting. All deaths by cause in the United States during 1993–1994 as reported in the Vital Mortality Statistics, Multiple Cause of Death files. The OPO‐specific data were provided by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS).

Study Design. Each OPO's expected number of donors was calculated by applying national donation rates to deaths with potential for donation in 24 age, sex, and race cells. The SDR was calculated by dividing the observed number of donors by the expected number. The X2 tests of the hypothesis that the OPO's performance differed from the national norm of 1.0 were performed. The SDR was compared to the existing performance standard based on the unadjusted number of donors per million live population in the OPO's service area. An ordinary least squares (OLS) regression assessed predictors of the SDR.

Principal Findings. The SDRs ranged from 0.41 to 1.99. Twenty‐nine of 64 OPOs had SDRs significantly different than 1.0. The SDRs were positively associated with the percent of white living population and the number of organ types transplanted per transplant center served by the OPO.

Conclusions. The SDRs can be used by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), UNOS, and OPOs to target quality improvement initiatives, present more accurate comparisons of OPO performance, and develop public policy on the evaluation of the effectiveness of organ procurement efforts.
Racial Differences in Predictors of Dental Care Use
Authors: Gilbert Gregg H , Shah Ging R , Shelton Brent J , Heft Marc W , Bradford Edward H , Chavers L. Scott
Published: March 2003

Objective. To test five hypotheses that non‐Hispanic African Americans (AAs) and non‐Hispanic whites (NHWs) differ in responsiveness to new dental symptoms by seeking dental care, and differ in certain predictors of dental care utilization.

Data Sources/Study Setting. Florida Dental Care Study, comprising AAs and NHWs 45 years old or older, who had at least one tooth, and who lived in north Florida.

Study Design. We used a prospective cohort design. The key outcome of interest was whether dental care was received in a given six‐month period, after adjusting for the presence of certain time‐varying and fixed characteristics.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods. In‐person interviews were conducted at baseline and 24 months after baseline, with six‐monthly telephone interviews in between.

Principal Findings. African Americans were less likely to seek dental care during follow‐up, with or without adjusting for key predisposing, enabling, and oral health need characteristics. African Americans were more likely to be problem‐oriented dental attenders, to be unable to pay an unexpected $500 dental bill, and to report postbaseline dental problems. However, the effect of certain postbaseline dental signs and symptoms on postbaseline dental care use differed between AAs and NHWs. Although financial circumstance was predictive for both groups, it was more salient for NHWs in separate NHW and AA regressions. Frustration with past dental care, propensity to use a homemade remedy, and dental insurance were significant predictors among AAs, but not among NHWs. The NHWs were much more likely to have sought care for preventive reasons.

Conclusions. Racial differences in responsiveness to new dental symptoms by seeking dental care were evident, as were differences in other predictors of dental care utilization. These differences may contribute to racial disparities in oral health.
The Millennium Survey: Variable/Institutional Framework Subsystems
Authors: Davis John B.
Published: March 2003

Pryor’s Millennium Survey results need to be understood in the context of economists’ different economic models appropriate to different institutional frameworks. These variable/institutional framework subsystems in turn may be distinguished according to whether the variables involved exhibit considerable deviation from trend and whether significant institutional change is anticipated. One such subsystem, involving globalization, financial volatility, and income inequality, seems to be relatively independent of a subsystem made up of the domestic economy as a whole.
The Economic Role of Government as, in Part, a Matter of Selective Perception, Sentiment and Valuation: The Cases of Pigovian and Paretian Welfare Economics
Authors: Medema Steven G. , Samuels Warren J.
Published: March 2003

This essay identifies and explores the role of selective perception, sentiment and valuation in the formation of economic policy, with particular reference to the conduct of policy‐making under the aegis of Pigovian and Paretian welfare economics. First, we identify certain background conditions. Second, we present an argument with regard to the economic role of government. Finally, we apply the argument to Pigovian and Paretian welfare economic reasoning, showing first the equivalence of Pigovian and Paretian reasoning under particular assumptions and their non‐equivalence under more realistic conditions, and then how the latter results give rise to selective perception, sentiment and valuation in the formation of economic policy.
The Uses of Authority in Economics
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Perlman Mark
Published: March 2003

Why do economists believe what they believe? Why do they not all believe the same things? Our answer to these questions revolves around the nature, variety, and uses of authority in economics. Our data are the various frameworks that economists, knowingly and unknowingly, employ to formulate their questions and organize their intellectual endeavors. We call these devices patristic traditions, or cultural and intellectual frameworks, or governing legacies, or several other phrases. They all connote authority systems, traceable to specific intellectual or cultural precursors, or authorities. Our central proposition is that the specific set of governing legacies that each individual economist possesses effectively guides his or her thinking. By recognizing these authorities we can more effectively understand others' minds, understand our own, and increase our ability to persuade. So our propositions concern the uses of authorities—how economists of the past have used them and how we ourselves use them, but especially how we might use them to productive ends.
AFDC Payments and Illegitimacy Ratios: A Reappraisal of Endogeneity Using Panel Data
Authors: Caudill Steven B. , Mixon Franklin G.
Published: March 2003

This paper develops a rational choice model of the fertility of single women in the presence of government transfers. Evidence is presented which suggests that real AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children) bene~ts leads to higher rates of illegitimacy. In fact, the unbiased parameter estimate which we present is six times larger than those estimates using OLS (Caudill and Mixon 1993). Also, the point elasticity estimate of real public benefit levels with respect to changes in the illegitimacy rate produced in this study is very robust, approximately +1.4. Our result, which encompasses all fertility of single women in the U.S., is quite encouraging because it falls within an elasticity range of +1.3 to +2.1 produced by a recent study (Clarke and Strauss 1998) for black and white teen fertility (for single women), respectively.
A Note on the Determinants of Public Dissatisfaction with Government: Economic and Political Factors Affecting the Public’s Attitude toward Government
Authors: Cebula Richard J. , Paul Chris
Published: March 2003

This study empirically identifies both the economic and political determinants of the public’s dissatisfaction with government in the United States. Using annual survey data on the public’s dissatisfaction with government obtained for the years 1965–1996, it is found that the Vietnam War, Watergate, oil price shocks and higher federal marginal income tax rates resulted in elevated levels of the public’s dissatisfaction with government, whereas increases in housing prices and a rising Dow Jones industrial average reduced the public’s dissatisfaction with the government.
Customs and Conventions
Authors: Vromen Jack J.
Published: March 2003

This comment is part of a symposium on Ekkehart Schlicht, On Custom in the Economy (1998)
Segmentation in the Market for Child Labor: The Economics of Child Labor Revisited
Authors: Scoville James G.
Published: March 2003

Recent events have focused attention on international labor standards, with some special attention being paid to child labor. The diverse forms of child labor are often merged into one: a stereotype of “children sewing Nikes,” although the situation varies widely from that model. Certain forms of child labor are not substitutable by adult labor; others are more appropriately modeled as a form of apprenticeship. A simple family utility function helps elucidate the reasons. The ultimate purpose of the paper is to challenge the policy ambiguity—we cannot tell whether restrictions on child labor are good or bad—that was a result in Basu and Van’s earlier (1998) modeling of child labor
PART II Criticisms and Reconstructions Searle's Foole
Authors: Thalos Mariam
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT .

In The Construction of Social Reality, John Searle promises a causal account of how social facts are constructed by human acts of intention, but specifically disavows a special theoretical space in that account for human motivation. This paper argues that such a story as Searle tells cannot serve as a causal account of society. A causal account must illuminate motivations, because doing so illuminates the aims and interests lacking which we cannot explain why these social practices come to be and not potential others. Thus Searle's would‐be account of society has a problem analogous to that of Hobbes, which Hobbes's own Foole poses, and that Hobbes never answers to anyone's satisfaction.
Age effects on consumer demand: an additive partially linear regression model
Authors: Lyssiotou Panayiota , Pashardes Panos , Stengos Thanasis
Published: March 2003

An additive partially linear regression model is used to estimate non‐parametrically the effects of total expenditure and age in the context of Engel curves and to investigate the specification and welfare interpretation of the age effects in parametric models of consumer behaviour. Empirical analysis based on data drawn from the U.K. Family Expenditure Survey shows that modelling of the effects of age requires a more sophisticated approach than that generally adopted in parametric demand analysis. It also shows that failing to adequately capture these effects can have misleading welfare implications. JEL Classification: C14, D12

L’effet de l’âge sur la demande des consommateurs : un modèle de régression additif partiellement linéaire. On utilise un modèle de régression additif partiellement linéaire pour faire la calibration non paramétrique des effets de la dépense totale et de l’âge dans le contexte de courbes de Engel, et pour enquêter sur la spécification des effets d’âge et leur interprétation en termes de bien‐être dans des modèles paramétriques de comportements du consommateur. L’analyse empirique est construite sur des données de la U.K. Family Expenditures Survey et montre que la modélisation des effets de l’âge réclame une approche plus sophistiquée que celle qui est généralement utilisée dans l’analyse paramétrique de la demande. On montre aussi que le manque à bien saisir ces effets peut conduire à des conclusions fausses pour ce qui est du niveau de bien‐être.
Separate, But How Unequal? Ethnic Residential Stratification, 1980 to 1990
Authors: Timberlake Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2003

Much recent scholarship has focused on inequality in the socioeconomic status of neighborhoods in which different racial and ethnic groups are concentrated. However, the most widely used measures of residential inequality merely describe the extent to which groups are nominally differentiated in residential space. I use 1980 and 1990 U.S. Census data to calculate levels of and changes in residential stratification—the degree to which members of one group tend to live in more advantaged neighborhoods than members of another group—between whites and blacks, Latinos, and Asians. Results both confirm and qualify conventional interpretations of residential inequality when measured as nominal–level segregation. For example, although in 1990 Latinos and Asians were similarly and only moderately segregated from whites, Asians experienced dramatically lower levels of neighborhood disadvantage. I also find that although levels of segregation were nearly identical in central cities and suburban rings, residential stratification was much lower for suburban residents than for their central city counterparts. I conclude by discussing implications of the findings for theoretical and empirical research on residential inequality.
The Effect of Market Structure on the Incentives to Quote Aggressively: An Empirical Study of Nasdaq Market Makers
Authors: Klock Mark , McCormick D. Timothy
Published: March 2003

We use data on Nasdaq stocks to study arguments that preferencing reduces incentives to quote competitively. We examine a market maker’s volume as a function of various measures of quoting aggressiveness. We find that more aggressive quoting does indeed result in more business. We also examine the relation between volume and quote aggressiveness as a function of the competitiveness. We find that in less (more) competitive markets, increased quote aggressiveness has a smaller (larger) impact on market share. We argue that preferencing arrangements could be more harmful to public investors in markets where competition is weak.
The Performance of Internet Firms Following Their Initial Public Offering
Authors: Johnston Jarrod , Madura Jeff
Published: March 2003

We find that initial returns were more favorable for Internet initial public offerings (IPOs) than non–Internet firm IPOs. Since the demise of the Internet sector, the underpricing of Internet–firm IPOs is not significantly different from other IPOs.

Initial returns of Internet firms are positively and significantly related to underwriter prestige and to pre–IPO market conditions. However, initial returns after the demise of the Internet sector are not significantly related to these characteristics.

The aftermarket performance of Internet firms is initially favorable but weakens over time. Firms that experienced higher initial returns during the strong Internet cycle experience weaker aftermarket performance.
Information Flows across Markets: Evidence from China–Backed Stocks Dual–Listed in Hong Kong and New York
Authors: Xu Xiaoqing Eleanor , Fung Hung–Gay
Published: March 2003

Using a bivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model, we examine patterns of information flows for China–backed stocks that are cross–listed on exchanges in Hong Kong and New York. Results analyzing the dual–listed stocks indicate significant mutual feedback of information between domestic (Hong Kong) and offshore (New York) markets in terms of pricing and volatility. Stocks listed on the domestic market appear to play a more significant role of information transmission in the pricing process, whereas stocks listed on the offshore market play a bigger role in volatility spillover.
Why Some Firms Use Collar Offers in Mergers
Authors: Fuller Kathleen P.
Published: March 2003

Collar offers are merger offers using all stock as the method–of–payment that specify a range within which the bidder's price can fluctuate. In this paper the wealth effects associated with collar offers are determined, and cross–sectional regressions are employed to determine if this offer type is a significant determinant of abnormal returns. Results indicate that collar offers are associated with significantly positive abnormal returns for the target firm, even greater than those of firms receiving cash offers, but significantly negative returns for the bidder. These results raise an interesting question: why do some bidders make collar offers? Since the immediate wealth gains are strictly for the target and bidders making collar offers have returns insignificantly different than those making fixed stock offers, bidders must be utilizing collar offers for non–wealth related reasons. Using existing theories regarding the method–of–payment choice, various hypotheses for why firms may make collar offers are presented and tested using a multinomial logit analysis. The choice of collar offers seems to be significantly tied to the relative size of the merger, uncertainty regarding the bidder's value, and the target's and bidder's pre–merger insider ownership percentages.
Ownership of Cross–Listed Equities: An Investigation of Turnover, Diversification, and Risk
Authors: Lau Sie Ting , McInish Thomas H.
Published: March 2003

Using data for a sample of Malaysian stocks that are traded in both Malaysia and Singapore, we show that the turnover rate (trading volume relative to shares held) is significantly higher in the foreign market than in the domestic market. We also find that ownership of cross–listed shares by foreign investors is not motivated by diversification benefits. Instead, we find that the proportion of a firm's shares held in Singapore is directly related to the firm's level of systematic risk.
What Do They Think and Feel about Growth? An Expectancy–Value Approach to Small Business Managers’ Attitudes toward Growth
Authors: Wiklund Johan , Davidsson Per , Delmar Frédéric
Published: March 2003

This study focuses on small business managers’ motivation to expand their firms. More specifically, we examine the relationships between expected consequences of growth on the one hand, and overall attitude toward growth on the other. Data were collected in three separate studies over a ten–year period using the same measuring instrument. The results suggest that noneconomic concerns may be more important than expected financial outcomes in determining overall attitude toward growth. In particular, the concern for employee well–being comes out strongly. We interpret this as reflecting a concern that the positive atmosphere of the small organization may be lost in growth. We conclude that this concern may be a cause for recurrent conflict for small business managers when deciding about the future route for their firms.
DNA Polymerase γ, The Mitochondrial Replicase
Authors: Kaguni Laurie S.
Published: March 2003

▪ Abstract  DNA polymerase (pol) γ is the sole DNA polymerase in animal mitochondria. Biochemical and genetic evidence document a key role for pol γ in mitochondrial DNA replication, and whereas DNA repair and recombination were thought to be limited or absent in animal mitochondria, both have been demonstrated in recent years. Thus, the mitochondrial replicase is also apparently responsible for the relevant DNA synthetic reactions in these processes. Pol γ comprises a catalytic core in a heterodimeric complex with an accessory subunit. The two-subunit holoenzyme is an efficient and processive polymerase, which exhibits high fidelity in nucleotide selection and incorporation while proofreading errors with its intrinsic 3′ → 5′ exonuclease. Incorporation of nucleotide analogs followed by proofreading failure leads to mitochondrial toxicity in antiviral therapy, and misincorporation during DNA replication leads to mitochondrial mutagenesis and dysfunction. This review describes our current understanding of pol γ biochemistry and biology, and it introduces other key proteins that function at the mitochondrial DNA replication fork.
A convolution product of (2j)th derivative of Dirac′s delta in r and multiplicative distributional product between r−k and ∇(△jδ)
Authors: Téllez Manuel A. Aguirre
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to obtain a relation between the
distribution δ(2j)(r) and the operator △jδ and to give a sense to the convolution distributional product
δ(2j)(r)∗δ(2s)(r) and the multiplicative
distributional products r−k · ∇(△jδ) and (r − c) −k · ∇(△jδ).
Association of heparin‐induced skin lesions, intracutaneous tests, and heparin‐induced IgG
Authors: Harenberg J , Huhle G , Wang L , Hoffmann U , Bayerl Ch , Kerowgan M
Published: March 2003

Background: Cutaneous heparin‐induced allergic reactions to subcutaneous heparin may begin 2–5 days after administration. The relation of the delayed‐type hypersensitivity and a systemic immunologic response is controversial. The present investigation aimed to analyze the occurrence of thromboembolic complication, pathologic heparin‐induced platelet activation (HIPA), and the presence of circulating heparin‐induced IgG in patients with heparin‐induced skin reactions.

Methods: Intracutaneous tests, HIPA assay, and heparin‐heparin IgG antibodies were performed in nine patients with heparin‐induced skin lesions.

Results: Six of eight patients showed positive intracutaneous tests to heparin and to four low‐molecular‐weight heparins. Three of six heparin‐positive patients presented hypersensitivity to a heparinoid, too. Two of three patients had a positive HIPA test and elevated heparin‐induced IgG antibodies. Both patients developed complications presenting as heparin‐induced skin necrosis or arterial thrombosis. Two of nine patients were treated with danaparoid, 4/9 patients received r‐hirudin, and 1/9 received oral coumarin. In 2/9 patients, anticoagulant therapy was stopped, but these patients will receive r‐hirudin if indicated.

Conclusions: On the basis of the coincidence of local and systemic hyperreactivity to heparin and danaparoid, patients with heparin‐induced skin lesions should receive r‐hirudin, a nonheparin compound, for anticoagulant treatment.