bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathology of black bass hepatic tissue infected with larvae of the tapeworm Proteocephalm ambloplitis
Authors: Joy J. E. , Madan E.
Published: January 2006

Plerocercoid larvae of Proteocephalus ambloplitis are common among native basses in a south‐western West Virginia (U.S.A.) reservoir managed by the West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. Liver pathology induced by these larval cestodes in small black basses (i.e. length < 305 mm for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides; < 254 mm for spotted bass, M. punctulatus) is characterized by extensive areas of pressure necrosis with macrophage infiltration adjacent to the parasite tegument, but with little evidence of blood vessel congestion or fibrosis. Parasitized livers of larger bass (i.e. ≥ 305 mm for largemouth, ≥ 254 mm for spotted) showed considerable damage with blood vessel congestion, bile‐stasis and extensive fibrosis, along with degenerating as well as migrating plerocercoids. The prognosis for survival of the smaller hosts, with 16.7 and 8.7 larvae per liver for largemouth and spotted bass, respectively, is questionable.
The effects of intraperitoneally implanted dummy acoustic transmitters on the behaviour and physiology of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L
Authors: Moore A. , Russell I. C. , Potter E. C. E.
Published: January 2006

The behavioural and physiological effects of surgical implantation of dummy miniature acoustic transmitters into the peritonealcavities ofjuvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were assessed. lntraperitoneal implantations had no significant effect on growth, feeding or swimming behaviour in either parr or smolts. Recovery from the surgical implantation was both rapid and total; infection was absent; and physiological processes such as smoltification and maturation of testes in precocious parr were unaffected. Expulsion of the transmitter through the body wall, not through the implantation wound, occurred in a number of fish but without adversely affecting the animals. The intraperitoneal implantation technique is discussed in relation to its use during biotelemetry studies.
Chondrostoma polylepis Steindachner X Rutilus lemmingii (Steindachner) (Osteichthyes, Cyprinidae), a new natural hybrid from the Duero River basin, Spain
Authors: Elvira B. , Rincon P. A. , Velasco J. C.
Published: January 2006

Hybrids of the Iberian nase, Chondrostoma polylepis, and the pardilla roach, Rutilus lemmingii, were found in the River Yeltes, Salamanca, Spain. Morphological multivariate (PCA) and univariate (ANOVA) analyses of 10 C. polylepis, 33 R. lemmingii and 15 hybrids have shown that the hybrids are intermediate in shape between the parent species, with a stronger resemblance to the nase. A brief discussion of the potential causes of the hybridization is presented.
The fourbeard rockling, Enchelyopus cimbrius (L.), in eastern Newfoundland
Authors: Keats D. W. , Steele D. H.
Published: January 2006

A population of fourbeard rocklings, Enchelyopus cimbrius, was studied in shallow water (<10 m) in eastern Newfoundland. They are nocturnal, occupying burrows in muddy substrate during the day. and often retreating into these burrows at night when disturbed. The population consisted mostly of 80–150 mm individuals, aged 2‐3 years. Feeding was observed only at night, and food consisted mostly of polychaete worms, especially the scale worm Harmorhoe imbricara. The contribution of polychaetes increased with increasing size of fish.
Hepatocyte nuclear size and nutritional condition of larval pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis (Cuvier et Valenciennes)
Authors: Strüssmann C. A. , Takashima F.
Published: January 2006

This paper presents evidence that the size of the nuclei of parenchymal cells of the liver is correlated with the nutritional status of first‐feeding pejerrey larvae, Odontesthes bonariensis (Cuvier et Valenciennes). Kariometry revealed that larvae which successfully began exogenous feeding maintained the large nuclear sizes attained during the period of endogenous feeding. In contrast, nuclei of fasted larvae shrank gradually and lowest values were attained before starvation death. The degree of shrinkage seemed to be dependent on rearing temperature; reduction in nuclear area was faster and more pronounced at higher temperatures. In addition, mean hepatocyte nuclear areas of larger as well as of triploid fish are presented. The results suggest that hepatocyte nuclear size might constitute an alternative indicator for the identification of starving condition in field larval specimens.
A comparison of methods for estimating mean fecundity
Authors: Shoesmith E.
Published: January 2006

Four computational methods for estimating mean fecundity are compared by Monte Carlo simulation. One of the four methods is the simple expedient of estimating fecundity at sample mean length, a method known to be downwardly biassed. The Monte Carlo study shows that the other three methods reduce bias and provide worthwhile efficiency gains. For small samples, the most efficient of the four methods is a ‘bias adjustment’, proposed here, that uses easily calculated sample statistics. For large samples, a numerical integration method has the highest efficiency. The fourth method, a ‘direct summation’ procedure which can be done easily in many statistical or spreadsheet programs, performs well for all sample sizes.
Changes in lactate content in the gills of the mudskippers Periophthalmus chrysospilos and Boleophthalmus boddaerti in response to environmental hypoxia
Authors: Ip Y. K. , Low W. P. , Lim A. L. L. , Chew S. F.
Published: January 2006

The gills of Periophthalmus chrysospilos exhibited significantly greater pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities than those of Boleophthalmus boddaerti (P <0.01). Under the control normoxic condition, the branchial lactate content of the former mudskipper was also significantly greater (P < 0.01) than that of the latter. After hypoxic exposure, lactate and alanine accumulated in the gills of P. chrysospilos but not B. boddaerti. Succinate and propionate were not detected in the gills of these two mudskippers under the control and hypoxic conditions.
The population biology of pike, Esox lucius L., in two gravel pit lakes, with special reference to early life history
Authors: Wright R. M.
Published: January 2006

The population biology of pike in two gravel pit lakes of contrasting habitat type were studied. The density of pike (1 + and over) in November 1987 in the Main Lake was 7.7 fish ha−1 (19 kg ha−1) and in St Peter's was 71 fish ha‘(53 kg ha−1). The age distribution showed that recruitment was consistent in St Peter's but variable in the Main Lake. The main factor causing this difference in recruitment is abundance of aquatic vegetation. Survival up to November 1987 of 0‐group pike in the Main Lake was 0.00175% from potential egg deposition, producing 6.6 fish ha−1 (0.83 kg ha−1). In St Peter's survival was 0.00315%, producing 23 fish ha−1 (3.04 kg ha 1).
Delayed spawning of perch, Perca fluviatilis L., in acidified lakes
Authors: Rask M. , Vourinen P. J. , Vuorinen M.
Published: January 2006

The timing of spawning of perch was examined in four acidified lakes (pH 4.4–4.8) and in one circum‐neutral lake (pH 6.3) in southern Finland in spring 1987. In three of the lakes, perch started to spawn soon after the ice melt (4–14 degree days > 5° C) and had spawned by the end of May at about 100 degree days > 5° C. In the two most acidified lakes, fish started to spawn later, at 35 and 60 degree days > 5° C, and had spawned in early June, at about 200 degree days > 5° C. The maturing of gonad products was delayed in both males and females.
Relation of water odour, salinity and temperature to ascent of glass‐eels, Anguilla anguilla (L.): a laboratory study
Authors: Tosi L. , Spampanato A. , Sola C. , Tongiorgi P.
Published: January 2006

The ascent of Anguilla anguilla (L.) which shows a variable pattern, has prompted much research that is not related to environmental conditions in a simple manner. Physico‐chemical parameters of the water can be used by glass‐eels as orienting cues during upstream migration. Temperature, salinity and odour linked with marine and river waters are three of the most important cues. Laboratory experiments were carried out by testing the responses of groups of 20 glass‐eels, acclimated to either salt or fresh water at 11° C, towards water flows differing in temperature (8, 11 and 14° C), salinity (fresh water and 33‰ salt water) and odour (natural surface, marine or odourless tap water). Preferences were tested varying any one or two of the three factors at a time, or presenting the three factors simultaneously, in all possible combinations. The three factors tested singly reveal that thermal and salinity preferences recorded using odorous waters were analogous to those already observed with odourless water. Freshwater flows are preferred to salt‐water. Temperatures below the acclimation temperature are preferred to higher temperatures. Natural odorous waters are preferred to odourless water at the same salinity. Data from 2900 choices recorded in 163 tests demonstrate that salinity is the most important factor guiding flow choice. Preference for fresh water is affected more by temperature than by odour. The latter, in turn, influences more thermal than salinity choices. Odour attractiveness mainly acts by reinforcing preferred stimuli or offsetting unpleasant ones. Preference differences were found between glasseels acclimated to fresh and salt water. Preference for fresh water strongly affects the choices of the former group, blunting the effects of thermal and odorous stimuli. Salt‐water reared glass‐eels, less conditioned by salinity, seem to be more sensitive to thermal and odorous attractions.
Influence of short‐term oestradiol treatment on plasma thyroid hormone kinetics in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri
Authors: Cyr D. G. , Eales J. G.
Published: January 2006

The effects of 17β‐oestradiol (E2) on plasma kinetics of thyroid hormones (T4, l‐thyroxine; T3, 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐l‐thyronine) were studied in immature rainbow trout. E2‐3‐benzoate (0.5 mg/100 g) was injected intraperitoneally on days 0 and 3, and on the morning of day 4 each trout received an intracardiac injection of either [125I]T4 and Na 131I or [I25I]T3. Groups of trout were bled and killed from 5 min to 4 days post‐injection of tracer. E2 did not alter the plasma T4 level but depressed the T4 plasma clearance rate, plasma‐to‐total tissue flux of T4 and thyroidal T4 secretion rate. Monodeiodination of T4 to T3 was also depressed, as judged from plasma [I25I]T3 and I25I − levels in [125I]T4‐injected trout. E2 had no major effect on T3 plasma clearance rate but depressed the plasma T3 level, plasma‐to‐total tissue flux of T3 and the T3 plasma appearance rate. E2 had no influence on biliary transport of [I25I]T4 or [125I]T3. The above results suggest that E2, at the dose range employed, depresses extrathyroidal T4 to T3 conversion, which may in turn decrease plasma T4 clearance and thyroidal T4 secretion.
Bacterial involvement in ulcerative condition of air‐breathing fish from India
Authors: Pal J. , Pradhan K.
Published: January 2006

Four types of bacteria, two fluorescent pseudomonads, one aeromonad (Aeromonas hydrophila anaerogens) and one coccus (Micrococcus variant) were isolated from skin lesions of airbreathing fishes. The bacterial culture in mixed condition induced severe ulcers in healthy Anabas testudineus. Pure cultures of each of two pseudomonads and an aeromonad separated from the mixture induced superficial ulcer formation.
Effects of low pH on the chorion of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and brown trout, Salmo trutta f. fario
Authors: Kügel B. , Hoffmann R. W. , Friess A.
Published: January 2006

Morphological studies on the effect of low pH on egg shells (chorion) of rainbow trout, Oncorhynrhus mykiss Walbaum (formerly Salmo gairdneri), and brown trout, Salmo trutta f. fario L., showed that the plugs of the outer layer of the chorion, which block the channels of the underlying layer, developed distinctive vacuolization at low pH exposure. This may lead to loss of chorional semi‐permeability. Chorions were incompletely degraded at low pH inducing hatching problems. Partially hatched alevins showed only a small local zone of dissolution of the chorion around the head of the embryo preventing the larvae from being freed.
New data elucidating the taxonomy and ecology of the Parabrotulidae (Pisces: Zoarcoidei)
Authors: Nielsen J. , Badcock J. , Merrett N. R.
Published: January 2006

One hundred and eighty‐two new specimens of Parabrotula and 52 Leucobrotula are reported. Generic separation is confirmed. although premaxillary dentition no longer distinguishes the two. Two species of Parabrotula (one yet to be described) and one of Leucobrotula are strongly indicated from meristic data. Breeding biology is considered, with comment upon sexual dimorphism in size, size at maturity and possible breeding period. Parabrotulu plagiophthalmus Zugmayer, 1911 is shown to be a midwater non‐migrant species (range 76@1500 m) with a temperature preference in the eastern North Atlantic of 9.0–5.0° C. Leucobrotulu udipatus Koefoed, 1952 exhibits a depth range of 61–1290 m and a temperature range of 9.0–4.2° C. Geographically it is evidently restricted to the North Atlantic and endemic to the eastern side. Most specimens were caught pelagically in the northwest African upwelling area in slope waters. Parabrotulaplagiophthalnius is distributed worldwide, although 89% came from the eastern North Atlantic.
Consumption, growth and evacuation in the Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus
Authors: Paul A. J. , Paul J. M. , Smith R. L.
Published: January 2006

Growth of Pacific cod was related to energy consumption (cal g−1 day−1) and was well described by linear equations. Maintenance ration was 11 and 12 cal g−1 day−1 at 4.5 and 6.5° C, respectively. Cod between 200 and 5000 g had similar growth rates when growth was expressed as a function of consumption (cal g−1 day−1). Laboratory consumption of food averaged 0.9 and 1.3% body weight per day at 4.5 and 6.5° C, respectively. At these temperatures growth was 0.34–0.38% body weight day−1.

Maximum stomach volumes equated to approximately 4.7% of body weight with shrimp as prey. At this meal size Pacific cod did not feed the next day. A multiple meal evacuation experiment was used to verify the consumption estimates. A return‐to‐hunger estimate of the meal size evacuated was 1.5% body weight day−1 at 6.5° C, similar to the 1.3% consumption estimate. For Pacific cod fed a single meal of 1% body weight the estimated instantaneous evacuation rate was 0.63 body weight day−1 at 6.5° C. Meal size markedly affected the evacuation rate.

Measured consumption and growth rates are similar to those of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua.
Comparative study of growth of flatfishes on the west coast of Brittany
Authors: Deniel C.
Published: January 2006

Lusitanian and boreal flatfish species live in the Bay of Douarnenez (Brittany, France); ten are abundant enough to be the subject of this growth investigation. In all species, females attain greater ultimate size than males, and oldest specimens are frequently female. Species are segre‐gated to their longevity: those rapidly reaching their asymptotic length have the shortest life spans and also the highest values of the Von Bertalanffy parameter K.

In the bay, species of the boreal fish fauna (plaice, dab) find suitable environmental conditions for rapid growth; fish of the Lusitanian fauna (sand soles) grow slower than those living in southern areas.

In the Atlantic Ocean, the growth of the sole is better than in the North Sea and the Mediterranean.
Shift in pike, Esox lucius L., predation pressure following the introduction of ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus (L.) to Loch Lomond
Authors: Adams C. E.
Published: January 2006

Rapid and dramatic change in the fish community of Loch Lomond has resulted from a series of fish introductions in recent years. A comparison of the diet of pike, Esox lucius L., in 1989–1990 with data from 1955–1967, prior to recent introductions, demonstrates a shift in prey choice. In 1955–1967 powan, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), dominated in the diet (57% of prey by number) by 1989–1990 the introduced ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus (L.), was the commonest prey species (44% by number). This shift in pike predation to an abundant population of introduced ruffe has consequences for native species. Assuming that the pike population has not increased in response to increased food availability due to the introduction of ruffe, pike predation pressure on native species will be relieved. This is likely to have the greatest effect on powan. Comparison of the predation rate in 1955–1967 with 1989–1990 supports the hypothesis that the rate of predation on powan has declined, although the effect that this may have on the powan population is unclear, as the role of predation in the regulation of population size is unknown for this species.
Factors affecting gastric evacuation in cod, Gadus morhua L., fed single‐meals of natural prey
Authors: dos Santos J. , Jobling M.
Published: January 2006

Functional relationships were derived in order to describe the effects of fish weight (262–2066 g), temperature (1–14° C), prey size and ration size (0.4–8.4% body weight) on gastric evacuation in cod fed four natural prey types. Interindividual (unexplained) differences among voluntary fed cod were relatively large. Power functions were appropriate for describing the effects of fish weight and ration size on the half‐time of evacuation. Effects of meal and/or prey size appeared to counterbalance the effects of cod size. It is suggested that when cod of different sizes are fed fixed proportions of their body weight evacuation time is constant and independent of body size. There was found to be an exponential relationship between temperature and gastric evacuation time but, observations made at similar temperatures at different times of the year suggested that seasonal effects were of minor importance.
Composition and seasonal fluctuations of the ichthyoplankton community in a shallow tidal channel of Cadiz Bay (S.W. Spain)
Authors: Drake P. , Arias A. M.
Published: January 2006

The composition and seasonal variation of the ichthyoplankton community in a shallow tidal channel in Cadiz Bay was studied for 5 years (1984 1988), taking fortnightly samples with a conical tide‐strained net (0.5 mm mesh). Thirty‐nine species belonging to 21 families of teleosts were caught. Four species (Pomutoschistus microps Kroyer, Atherina hoyeri Risso, Liza rumuda Risso and Lizu a lira Ia Risso) totalled more than 90% of the annual ichthyoplankton abundance. Three species, assumed to be permanent residents, dominated the number offish (837%), and were represented by all their developing stages; 26 species (66.7%) were temporary residents, contributing 17.2% to the total abundance and were represented only by early developing stages; the remaining 10 species were classified as rare. Monthly numbers of species and individuals showed seasonal variation with a main annual peak in spring and in late spring‐early summer, respectively. The diversity (H’) and evenness (S) indices of this community were low (0.13 to 1.83 and 0.03 to 0.71. respectively), with higher values in winter and late summer, and both were significantly correlated with the log‐transformed density of temporary residents (r = 0.43 and 0.41, respectively; P<0.0l) and permanent residents (r=−0.75 and −0.79, respectively; P<0.01). Multivariate classification analysis of samples revealed that similar cyclical changes were taking place in the structure of this ichthyoplankton community every year; three periods could be differentiated: (1) a cool period of low fish density but relatively high diversity; (2) moderate temperature and salinity with high numbers of species and density but low diversity and (3) a warm period of moderate diversity and fish density.
The evolutionary significance of genetic variation at enzyme synthesizing loci in the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus
Authors: Powers D. A. , Lauerman T. , Crawford D. , Smith M. , Gonzalez‐Villasenor I. , DiMichelet L.
Published: January 2006

Using the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus as an experimental model, we demonstrate how a multi‐disciplinary approach to problems of intraspecies genetic variation can provide a better understanding of complex biodiversity problems than can be addressed by a more monolithic approach. We emphasize the importance of starting with simple molecular systems and making predictions that can be tested by experimentation at a higher level of biological complexity‐leading from molecules to cells to organ systems to organisms and eventually laboratory and field selection experiments. Using this interdisciplinary approach, we address the classical ‘selectionisti neutralist’ controversy.
Adaptive nature of intrapopulational biochemical polymorphism in fish*
Authors: Kirpichnikov✠ V. S.
Published: January 2006

The balanced selective nature of protein polymorphism in fishes is reviewed, noting its diversity and association with molecular structure and size. The functional and kinetic differences between allelic variants are discussed for the few species within which they have been studied, and related to population size, habitat and clinal variation. Heterosis is discussed in relation to heterozygote excess and deficit in natural and in reared populations, and the nature of heterozygote advantage considered. Natural selection of protein loci is evidenced in changes of allele frequency with age, with experience of environmental extremes (heated effluents), and in culture. Finally, it is argued that protein polymorphism has a primarily adaptive nature, arising through selection pressures rather than through genetic drift.
Effect of hypoxia on in vivo thromboxane and prostacyclin levels in arterial blood of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Mustafa T. , Jensen F. B.
Published: January 2006

Endogenous levels of TXB2 and 6‐keto PGF1a are reported in dorsal aortic blood from rainbow trout. Acute hypoxia induced an increase in TXB2 levels whereas 6‐keto PGF1a was unaffected. We suggest that enhanced thromboxane synthesis might have a role in microcirculation of various organs in fish hypoxia.
Diel abundance, migration and feeding of fish larvae (Eleotridae) in a floodplain billabong
Authors: Gehrke P. C.
Published: January 2006

Eleotrid larvae (2.1–16 mm) were collected from surface waters of a billabong in south‐eastern Australia. Estimates of larval density in plankton net samples at night averaged 148.3 larvae per m3 and 16.6 larvae per m3 during the day. In contrast, pump samples provided density estimates of 8.3 larvae per m3 at night and 0.9 larvae per m3 during the day. Larval densities did not differ between open water, snag (fallen tree) and Typha habitats, but Typha habitats yielded larger larvae than other habitats. 32.9% of larvae in pump samples were damaged and unmeasurable, creating a bias favouring larger larvae. The modal length of larvae in net samples at night was 5–6 mm, compared with 3–4 mm during the day, reflecting both greater net avoidance by larger larvae during the daytime and dispersal of smaller larvae from the surface at night. Dispersion patterns of larvae suggest that classes of larvae smaller than, and larger than 5.0 mm exhibit reciprocal diel vertical migration behaviour linked to ontogenetic changes in diet. Larvae less than 5 mm fed only during the day and preyed exclusively on rotifers, whereas larger larvae continued to feed at night and consumed mostly planktonic crustaceans.
Protein digestion, growth and food conversion in Atlantic salmon and Arctic charr with different trypsin‐like isozyme patterns
Authors: Torrissen K. R. , Shearer K. D.
Published: January 2006

Protein digestibility and food conversion were determined in groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) with or without the trypsin‐like isozyme TRP‐2*92. Determinations were made at two salinities, 0 and 27 ppt; at two temperatures, 6 and 10° C and on large (200 g) and small (30–90 g) fish. The overall digestibility of protein was found to be 81.4±0.2% and was unaffected by the presence of the isozyme or the other variables. The feed conversion ratio of Atlantic salmon possessing TRP‐2*92 was observed to be significantly lower with significantly higher specific growth rate than in fish without this isozyme.
Radioactive strontium (85Sr) in marking whitefish [Coregonus lavaretus (L.)] larvae and the dispersal of larvae from river to sea
Authors: Lehtonen H. , Nyberg K. , Vuoronen P. J. , Leskelä A.
Published: January 2006

Anadromous whitefish [Coregonus lavaretus (L.)] yolk‐sac larvae were marked with a radioactive strontium isotope, 85Sr. Before marking the method was tested in accumulation‐elimination tests using various strontium concentrations. The first‐phase effective half‐life of 85Sr in yolk‐sac larvae was 4 days. The mean 85Sr radioactivity was 81 Bq per larva at the day of release and the half‐life of the slow component was 51 days, so the strontium label was easily detected up to 60 days after marking. The larvae were released into the River Simojoki about 12 km upstream from the river mouth and recaptured from early May to the end of July. Marked larvae were found at the river mouth 12–13 days after release, while the last marked fish in the river were found at 16 days. It is likely that all leave the river within 2 to 3 weeks post‐hatching. Two months after marking some larvae had attained a distance of 10 km from the river mouth.
Choosing where to feed: the influence of competition on feeding behaviour of cod, Gadus morhua L.
Authors: van Duren L. A. , Glass C. W.
Published: January 2006

Groups of cod, Gadus morhua L, presented with two feeding patches with a food abundance ratio of 2:1, distributed themselves between the patches in a ratio of 2.5:1. This is slightly higher than the 2:1 ratio predicted by the ideal free distribution theory. Large differences were observed in competitive ability between individual fish. A strong correlation was found between feeding success of individuals and time spent in a feeding patch. The more successful competitors caught about 2.5 times as many food items in the rich patch as in the poor patch. The less successful competitors caught an equal amount of food in both patches. All competitors, however, spent significantly more time in the rich patch. These results suggest that hunting success is the most important factor in assessing patch quality. However, it is not the only parameter which cod use in deciding where to feed.
Growth estimates from otolith increment widths of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reared in changing environments
Authors: Bradford M. J. , Geen G. H.
Published: January 2006

For otolith increments to provide useful estimates of fish growth, otolith growth must covary closely with somatic growth. We reared groups of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum) for 70 days, changing ration or temperature during a 20‐day treatment period. Restricted rations halted somatic growth, however increment widths decreased gradually; somatic growth was overestimated from increment width. Otolith growth followed changes in water temperature more closely than changes in ration, supporting a hypothesized effect of metabolic rate on otolith growth. Increment growth was only loosely coupled to fish growth rate, and may also be affected by past growth histories. For juvenile fish, increment widths may not be sensitive indicators of short‐term changes in growing conditions.
Influence of the daily distribution of light on reproduction in the barbel, Barbus barbus (L.)
Authors: Poncin P.
Published: January 2006

The influence of the daily distribution of light on the duration of the breeding season of the barbel was investigated. Interrupted night photoperiods (6L:2D:2L:14D or 6L:8.5D:2L:7.5D) allowed spawnings of male and female barbel (previously maintained under 10L:14D or 16.5L:7.5D) to continue, whereas a 2 or 8.5 h shorter photoperiod (8L: 16D) inhibited both sexes. The number of spawnings for each female was significantly higher under 6L:2D:2L:14D or 6L:8.5D:2L:7.5D (respectively 2.9 and 3.6 spawnings on average) than in control groups maintained under 8L:16D (0.6 and 2.1 spawnings on average). These results suggest that there is a daily rhythm of photosensitivity in the barbel.
Competition for space between introduced brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and a native galaxiid (Galaxias vulgaris Stokell) in a New Zealand stream
Authors: McIntosh A. R. , Townsend C. R. , Crowl T. A.
Published: January 2006

Increasing circumstantial evidence indicates that the introduction of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) to New Zealand has caused a widespread decline in native fish populations but few of the underlying mechanisms have been investigated. The possibility of spatial competition was investigated by comparing the microhabitat used by native Galaxias vulgaris Stokell (Family Galaxiidae) that were sympatric and allopatric with brown trout. A range of microhabitat variables was measured from random locations where G. vulgaris were present in the Shag River during the day. G. vulgaris preferred coarse substrates, using them as resting places, but showed no other microhabitat preferences. This pattern of microhabitat use did not change in the presence of brown trout although galaxiid densities were considerably lower. Experiments in in situ stream channels confirmed that competition for space does not occur during the day even at high galaxiid densities. This situation changed dramatically at night, however, with G. vulgaris spending significantly more time in slower areas when trout were present. G. vulgaris feeds on drifting invertebrates, so brown trout could affect the galaxiids deleteriously by forcing them to occupy less profitable feeding positions. Interspecific competition for space, perhaps combined with competition for food and predation by trout, could explain declines in G. vulgaris populations.
Fewer newborn result in superior juveniles in the paternally brooding pipefish Syngnathus typhle L.
Authors: Ahnesjö I.
Published: January 2006

In the pipefish Syngnathus typhle L. parental care is exclusively paternal. Males brood embryos in a brood pouch for about a month, providing nutrients and oxygen. The newborn juveniles are free‐swimming and no further care is provided. The influence of paternal length and number of newborn on juvenile weight and growth rate, and how in turn the latter relates to juvenile survival, were investigated. It was found, using partial correlations, that paternal length is significantly and positively correlated to weight of newborn, weight of a two‐week‐old juvenile and juvenile growth rate (weight increment day‐1). Furthermore, number of newborn is correlated negatively to weight of newborn, weight after two weeks and juvenile growth rate. In an experiment in which juvenile pipefish of different sizes were exposed to predation it was shown that larger juveniles survived better. It is concluded that, in S. typhle, large juvenile size and rapid juvenile growth positively influence offspring performance. Offspring performance is positively influenced by paternal length which, however, may be a consequence of larger males receiving larger eggs. The number of newborn, i.e. the number of siblings in the male's pouch, has a negative effect on offspring performance, independently of other factors. Thus, the results show that for males the benefits of having superior juveniles will be at the cost of having fewer offspring.
Tetramer‐blocking assay for defining antigen‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes using peptide‐MHC tetramer
Authors: Yokouchi Hiroshi , Chamoto Kenji , Wakita Daiko , Noguchi Daisuke , Yamazaki Koichi , Dosaka‐Akita Hirotoshi , Nishimura Masaharu , Ikeda Hiroaki , Nishimura Takashi
Published: January 2006

Peptide‐MHC tetramers have been engineered to allow accurate detection of antigen‐specific cytotoxic C lymphocytes (CTL) by flow cytometry. Here, we propose a novel use for peptide‐MHC tetramers in the specific and sensitive analysis of the cytotoxic function of antigen‐specific CTL by blocking MHC‐restricted antigen‐specific cytotoxicity. We found that pretreatment of ovalbumin (OVA)‐specific CD8+ CTL (OT‐1 CTL), derived from OT‐1 T‐cell receptor (TCR)‐transgenic mice, with OVA257−264 peptide‐H‐2Kb tetramer caused a marked inhibition of the cytotoxicity against OVA‐expressing EG‐7 tumor cells. OVA257−264 peptide‐H‐2Kb tetramer did not block the cytotoxicity mediated by 2C mouse (H‐2b)‐derived CD8+ CTL, which recognize allo (H‐2Ld) antigens. Moreover, OT‐I CTL activity was not inhibited by an irrelevant HBV208−216 peptide‐H‐2Kb tetramer. These results indicate that the blocking of CTL activity with peptide‐MHC tetramer was caused by interference with the interaction between the TCR and H‐2Kb‐OVA257−264 peptide complex, but not with the CD8‐MHC class I interaction. The blocking activity of OVA257−264 peptide‐H‐2Kb tetramer was reversible because OT‐I CTL pretreated with the tetramer recovered their cytotoxicity after culturing with interleukin‐2 for 24 h. The same results were also demonstrated in freshly isolated, in vivo‐primed OT‐1 CTL sorted by the tetramer. These results demonstrate that peptide‐MHC tetramer is a useful tool for defining MHC‐restricted antigen‐specific CTL function. Moreover, our finding implies that the measurement of CTL activity immediately after tetramer‐guided sorting is not a suitable method for evaluating the function of in vivo‐induced tetramer‐positive CTL. We believe that the tetramer‐blocking assay presented here will be useful for functionally monitor the induction of MHC‐restricted antigen‐specific CTL during vaccination therapy against tumor and infectious diseases. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 148 –154)
Laminin‐5 (laminin‐332): Unique biological activity and role in tumor growth and invasion
Authors: Miyazaki Kaoru
Published: January 2006

The development and progression of tumor cells is controlled by their interactions with neighboring host cells and a variety of microenvironmental factors including extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, growth factors and proteinases. Cell‐adhesive ECM proteins are a prerequisite for growth and migration of many types of cells. Their interactions with integrins and other cell surface receptors induce intracellular signaling that regulates the actin cytoskeleton and gene expression. The basement membrane protein laminin‐5 is a notable cell adhesion molecule, which promotes cellular adhesion and migration much more efficiently than other ECM proteins. There is accumulating evidence that laminin‐5 is involved in tumor growth and progression. With special reference to laminin‐5, this article reviews the regulatory mechanisms of cellular adhesion and migration by ECM molecules and their significance in tumor progression. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 91 – 98)
Formation of 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine in the DNA of cultured human keratinocytes by clinically used doses of narrowband and broadband ultraviolet B and psoralen plus ultraviolet A
Authors: Orimo Hiroshi , Tokura Yoshiki , Hino Ryosuke , Kasai Hiroshi
Published: January 2006

Psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) and narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) are widely used in skin disease phototherapy. Recently, the efficacy of UVB therapy has been greatly improved by narrowband UVB, compared to conventional broadband UVB. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the influence of UVB‐induced and PUVA‐induced oxidative stress on cultured keratinocytes. We analyzed 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OH‐dG) in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line) using a high‐performance liquid chromatography system equipped with an electrochemical detector. Non‐irradiated human keratinocytes contained a baseline of 1.48 ± 0.22 (mean ± SD) 8‐OH‐dG per 106 deoxyguanosine (dG) residues in cellular DNA, which increased linearly with higher doses of UVB. When their abilities to induce 8‐OH‐dG were compared to each other, based on the minimal erythemal and therapeutically used doses, by irradiating them with broadband UVB at 100 mJ/cm2, the amount of 8‐OH‐dG increased to 3.42 ± 0.46 residues per 106 dG, while a narrowband UVB treatment at 1000 mJ/cm2, with biological effects comparable to those elicited by 100 mJ/cm2 broadband UVB, increased it to 2.06 ± 0.31 residues per 106 dG. PUVA treatment, with 100 ng/mL 8‐methoxypsoralen and 5000 mJ/cm2 UVA, increased the 8‐OH‐dG level to 4.52 ± 0.42 residues per 106 dG. When HaCaT cells treated with 2000 mJ/cm2 narrowband UVB were cultured and the amount of 8‐OH‐dG was monitored in the living cells, 65.6% of the residues were repaired 24 h after treatment. Our study provides a warning that widely used narrowband UVB and PUVA induce cellular oxidative DNA damage at the therapeutically used doses, although to a lesser degree than broadband UVB with the same clinically effective dose. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 99  – 105)
Prevalence of Drug Misuse Among Young People in Glasgow 1970–72
Authors: Fish F. , Wells B. W. P. , Bindeman S. , Bunney J. E. , Jordan Monica M.
Published: January 2006

Using a self‐report questionnaire we hose determined the prevalence of non‐therapeutic drug taking among young persons, within the age range 26–24, in the following groups: school pupils, university/college students, trainee nurses, patients attending special (V.D.) clinics, casualty patients, and young offenders. The percentage proportions of occasional and regular drug misusers within each group are given together with information on the extent of misuse of individual drags and drug combinations.
British Users of Opiate‐type Drugs: A Follow‐up Study
Authors: Blumberg Herbert H.
Published: January 2006

People were interviewed in 1971, when they first attended London “drug clinics”, and again twelve months later. Of 187 people, 28 per cent did not receive even an initial regular prescription for opiates, 29 per cent had received at least an initial regular prescription but were not receiving one at follow‐up and 43 per cent were receiving an opiate‐type prescription at follow‐up. Use of heroin decreased in the course of the year (partly as an historical, as opposed to a career/maturation‐type, change). At both times the no‐prescription group showed the most unemployment, illegal activities, and physical complications.
Failure of an Experimental Treatment Program to Inculcate Controlled Drinking in Alcoholics
Authors: Ewing John A. , Rouse Beatrice A.
Published: January 2006

This paper reviews an out‐patient pilot experiment that attempted to inculcate controlled drinking behavior in alcoholics. The methods are detailed along with some of the problems experienced and solutions invoked. The nature of a long term follow‐up study is discussed and the results are presented.

Thirty‐five patients were referred or self‐referred to the experimental program. Ten people came one time only and decided that they did not want to participate. Eleven others came less than six times, some of them saying they felt that too much effort was required of them and that it would be easier to stop drinking altogether. A total of 14 people came at least six times and nine of these came on 12 to 24 occasions. Treatments were held weekly and lasted at least four hours.

This follow‐up is the longest yet reported of a program designed to maintain controlled drinking in alcoholics. The follow‐up period ranged from 27 to 55 months since treatment was completed. Although patients who persisted in the program were very successful at learning to recognize their levels of blood alcohol and at developing controlled drinking patterns while in the program, the follow‐up results indicate that sooner or later all of them had begun to drink again with loss of control.
Fenland Opium Eating in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Berridge Virginia
Published: January 2006

The paper deals with the widespread consumption of opium among the population of the Fens in the nineteenth century. It analyses the probable areas where consumption concentrated, types of consumer and the amount and varieties of the drug both sold and used. The total picture obtained is related to prevailing attitudes and debates about drug use within nineteenth century society.
Alcohol Consumption in Offshore Oil Rig Workers
Authors: Aiken G. J. M. , McCance C.
Published: January 2006

The opportunity was taken in March 1981, to obtain self‐reports from a sample of men working in the North Sea Oil Industry, of the amount of alcohol consumed during the week preceding their period offshore. It was very heavy; approximately 30per cent of 213 men had drunk amounts above the safe limits suggested by the Royal College of Psychiatrists [1]. The findings are compared with data obtained by similar methods in other groups of men by other investigators, and the results discussed.
Alcohol and Food Abuse: Some Comparisons
Authors: Scott Derek W.
Published: January 2006

The literature concerning alcohol and food abuse is reviewed. Previous researchers in their respective fields of alcoholism, anorexia nervosa and hyperphagia/obesity have often remarked on cross‐abuse commonalities. Such supposed commonalities are examined. Sociocultural and familial influences, personality, intemality vs externality, and the concepts of craving, abstinence and relapse are discussed. The Abstinence Violation Effect and catastrophe theory are outlined as models with comment on their applicability. Conclusions and suggestions for subsequent research are proposed.
The World Health Organization and Alcohol Control
Authors: Room Robin
Published: January 2006

While international concern and cooperation about alcohol programmes date back almost a century, modem programming in international agencies has been primarily focused in the World Health Organization. Aside from a spate of work in 1950–1955, the primary effort has come since 1970. The main lines of this work are described. Assessing the record, the programme has been successful in symbolic accentuation of alcohol issues, and productive in information collation, conceptual development and collaborative research, but has failed as yet to become institutionalized as a regular‐budget activity. The difficulties for WHO and other public health institutions in facing the terrain of alcohol control are discussed.
The Contribution of Pavlovian Conditioning to Drug Tolerance and Dependence
Authors: MACRAE JAMES R. , SCOLES MICHAEL T. , SIEGEL SHEPARD
Published: January 2006

A progressively smaller response to a drug over repeated administrations defines tolerance. While traditional views of tolerance have assumed that the physiological changes underlying tolerance result simply from past exposure to the drug per se, it has become increasingly apparent that environmental cues present at the time of drug administration contribute to tolerance. The contribution of such drug‐predictive environmental cues has been incorporated in a Pavlovian conditioning model of tolerance. The present paper summarizes data supporting the conditioning analysis of tolerance. The relevance of this analysis for the management of tolerance in clinical settings, and for drug withdrawal symptoms, is discussed.
Pathological Gambling Among Youthful Multiple Substance Abusers in a Therapeutic Community
Authors: LESIEUR HENRY R. , HEINEMAN MARY
Published: January 2006

Patients in a therapeutic community were questioned about their gambling behavior in order to find out what percentage of them were pathological gamblers. The South Oaks Gambling Screen (the SOGS) was used to screen the clients for gambling‐related problems. Out of 100 residents tested, 14 were diagnosed as pathological gamblers and an additional 14 showed signs of problematic gambling. Seventeen percent listing alcohol as one their three favorite drugs, 18% listing cocaine, 13% preferring marihuana, 11% preferring hallucinogens, 29% choosing heroin, 10% choosing PCP, and none choosing tranquilizers or sedatives showed signs of pathological gambling. Males were more likely to be classified as pathological gamblers than females. Residents aged 19 years and over were four times as likely to show signs of pathological gambling than those 18years and under. SOGS was also significantly associated with parental gambling (50% of the children of pathological gamblers were pathological gamblers themselves) and occupational status. The implications for study and treatment of these individuals are made in terms of the study of addictions.
Childhood Loss in Alcoholics and Narcotic Addicts
Authors: TENNANT CHRIS , BERNARDI ELSA
Published: January 2006

Parental loss in childhood is more common in alcoholics and narcotic addicts than normal controls. These differences are not confounded by demographic variables or depression. The loss is by separation from parents rather than by parental death. The type of separation usually implicated is the result of family or marital disturbance. In the case of alcoholics, separations from mother or both parents are important but separation from father alone is not. In narcotic addicts the above pattern was also observed but in addition, paternal separations due to marital dysharmony may be involved. These results are discussed in the light of family related theories of drug dependence.
Alcoholic Hallucinosis: a psychiatric enigma–2. Follow‐up Studies
Authors: GLASS ILANA B.
Published: January 2006

This paper reviews the contribution of natural history and genetic studies to the understanding of the syndrome called alcoholic, hallucinosis. Critical analysis of research methodology demonstrates that the diversity of fundamental definitions and assessment techniques challenge the interpretations derived from the data. Important questions for future research are outlined.
Interactions Among DUI Offender Characteristics and Traditional Intervention Modalities: a long‐term recidivism follow‐up
Authors: WELLS‐PARKER ELISABETH , ANDERSON BRADLEY J. , McMILLEN DAVID L. , LANDRUM JAMES W.
Published: January 2006

Using long‐term DUI (Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol) arrest recidivism data from a controlled study of DUI intervention effectiveness, interactions among DUI interventions, age, race, education, and alcohol severity were estimated using logit analysis. Data were collected in a 9‐year follow‐up study of the Mississippi DUI Probation Project. The effects of short‐term interventions (alcohol education schools for low alcohol severity offenders and structured group interventions for high alcohol severity offenders) were specified by educational level. Short‐term rehabilitation was modestly effective for those with less than 12 years of education, but less effective or detrimental for the more highly educated. The effects of probation were specified by age and education, being more effective for those under 30 years and 55 years or older than for the middle aged group. Probation was most effective for well‐educated older (55 +) offenders. An analysis of the under 30 years group also suggested that probation was especially effective for young well‐educated Minority offenders.
The Homogeneity of the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome: a factorial analysis of the SADD questionnaire
Authors: DAVIDSON ROBIN , BUNTING BRENDAN , RAISTRICK DUNCAN
Published: January 2006

The Severity of Alcohol Dependence Data (SADD) questionnaire was administered under different conditions to three groups of patients in Leeds, Deny and Omagh. The results were then factor analysed using both exploratory and confirmatory procedures. There was a consistent and strong first factor which suggests that with some small modifications the SADD is a unidimensional scale. The results are interpreted as providing further evidence for the homogeneity of the alcohol dependence syndrome.