bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Undercover Policeman Uses Ambiguity, Hit and Run, Interrupting, Scripting, and Refusing to Take “No” for an Answer in a Solicitation to Murder Case: The Crown v. Mohammed Arshad
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: September 2007

This case is set in the cross-culture milieu of Scotland, where many Muslim families now live. Fearing that his daughter would disgrace the family by marrying outside of the Muslim cultural framework, Arshad expressed his frustration to a friend, who for an unknown reason told the police that Arshad was looking for a hit man to kill his daughter’s new husband. In the undercover conversations that followed, the policeman uses all of the conversational strategies of ambiguity, hit and run, interrupting, scripting, and refusing to take “No” for an answer.
Jews and Non‐Jews: Paul's Ethnic Map
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson
Published: September 2007

Pauline scholarship has typically downplayed Paul's ethnic language, masked it as something else, or juxtaposed ethnic particularity with a universal faith in Christ. This chapter offers an examination of Paul's “us/them” language and shows how ethnicity, far from being invisible or irrelevant in Paul's thinking, organizes his religious categories. Paul employs oppositional ethnic construction (a phrase borrowed from Jonathan Hall) to contrast the plight of the gentiles (before Christ) with the Jews. This juxtaposition highlights the primary problem he seeks to address: gentile alienation from the God of Israel. The chapter concludes with a survey of Paul's ethnic terminology, which is often presented in the form of oppositional pairs: Jew/gentile, Jew/Greek, circumcised/foreskinned, etc. These pairings highlight the “otherness” of non-Jews on Paul's ethnic map.
1 Yes and No
Authors: Naiden F. S.
Published: September 2007

This chapter defines supplication as a quasilegal practice consisting of four steps — an approach made by the suppliant, his use of a gesture or word, his presentation of request, and a response by the party entertaining the request, the supplicandus. This chapter also reviews scholarly literature on the subject, concentrating on the late 19th- and early 20th-century sources for contemporary work, notably that of John Gould. Last comes the plan of the book, which is partly typological, partly developmental. The relation between supplication and the Greek and Roman legal systems is crucial to the developmental aspect. Hebrew and Near-Eastern supplication are also discussed.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Carp Benjamin L.
Published: September 2007

This book begins by describing the eighteenth‐century American city and its cultural landscape. The introduction discusses the social, economic, political, cultural, and military importance of the cities in the British Empire. A brief synopsis recounts the history of the cities from the turbulent 1740s through the Seven Years' War and the imperial crisis, and summarizes the content of the book's chapters. The introduction explains why political mobilization is a useful concept for understanding the imperial crisis and the origins of the American Revolution. Americans who sought to overturn the policies of Parliament (and later sought to overthrow the British government) faced a number of challenges: the pluralistic urban environment and the potential for civic impasse; social unrest; Loyalist countermobilization; and communication with the rural hinterlands.
ORDERLY AND DISORDERLY MOBILIZATION IN THE TAVERNS OF NEW YORK CITY
Authors: Carp Benjamin L.
Published: September 2007

City dwellers collected together in taverns to eat and drink, converse, exchange news and information, and debate politics. New York City stood at the pinnacle of alcohol consumption, communication, and sociability in the American colonies. New York's taverns and grogshops frequently played host to British officers, troops, and sailors, bringing the Sons of Liberty and friends of government face to face. Clubs and associations, laws and polite hierarchies were in place to maintain an orderly tavern setting. Yet rebels and other dissenters often capitalized on the entropic, drunken atmosphere of taverns to create societal disorder and political upheaval. In the complex world of New York politics, whichever faction could organize and rally tavern companies would have the greatest success at mobilizing the populace. During the imperial crisis, taverns or public houses brought together a cross‐class political network that was necessary for the coherence of a revolutionary alliance.
Chapter 3 “AND YET THERE IS ROOM ”
Authors: Carp Benjamin L.
Published: September 2007

The churches, meetinghouses, and synagogues where colonial Americans participated in religious life could be a source of political mobilization or a source of civic impasse. The political allegiances of many Newport, Rhode Island, residents drew upon the prevailing New England conflicts between Congregationalists and Anglicans. In addition, the religious diversity of Newport's residents‐including Baptists, Quakers, Jews, and others‐fostered a pluralistic political climate. Amidst the acceptance and flexibility that characterized a cosmopolitan city, Ezra Stiles observed that this religious diversity also caused suspicion and contention. The urban setting also provided fertile ground for religious revivals among women and blacks, such as those at the home of Sarah Osborn. While the attendant social agitation (especially against slavery) failed to create lasting revolutionary transformation, such revivals nevertheless had a significant impact on public life.
Religion and Politics in Post‐Communism
Authors: Stan Lavinia , Turcescu Lucian
Published: September 2007

The introductory chapter serves as theoretical, historical and factual background for the volume. In it we review the book's theoretical framework, research design and structure, and investigate the relationship between religion and politics in communist and post‐communist times, emphasizing the communist authorities’ control over religious affairs, the positions adopted by the Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Greek Catholic Churches in response to the state's encroachment on their activity, and the changing nature of church‐state relations from 1947 to 2006.
Summary of Results for the Euro Area
Authors: Fabiani Silvia , Loupias Claire , Druant Martine , Hernando Ignacio , Kwapil Claudia , Landau Bettina , Martins Fernando , Mathä Thomas , Roberto Sabbatini , Stahl Harald , Stokman Ad
Published: September 2007

This chapter summarizes the results of firms' pricing practices collected through surveys conducted by the national central banks of nine countries. The results suggest that the model of perfect competition with the law of one price is not the blueprint for euro area markets: markup pricing is the dominant practice adopted by firms in setting prices and price discrimination, across customers and markets, and it is very common. Around one-third of the companies follow mainly time-dependent rules while the remaining two-thirds use pricing rules with some element of state dependence. Firms review prices with a frequency between one and three times per year and take into account a wide range of information including expectations, although about one-third of them follows a purely backward-looking behavior. Price movements in response to shocks are asymmetrical: price increases are mostly affected by cost shocks, and price reductions mostly affected by changes in market conditions (demand and competitors' prices).
Price Reactions to Demand and Cost Shocks
Authors: Kwapil Claudia , Baumgartner Josef , Scharler Johann
Published: September 2007

This chapter investigates price rigidity after cost and demand shocks in Austria. We find that the average time lag between a shock and the price adjustment is four to six months. Furthermore, firms' price reactions to cost and demand shocks are asymmetric: prices are stickier downward than upward in the face of cost shocks and the opposite is true in the case of major demand shocks. Finally, our results suggest that tight customer relationships increase price stickiness in response to demand shocks.
Price Setting in German Manufacturing
Authors: Stahl Harald
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents new evidence on the formation of producer prices based on a one-time survey that was conducted on a sample of 1,200 German firms in manufacturing in June 2004. Most of the firms have price-setting power and apply mark-up pricing. Fixed nominal contracts are the most important reason for postponing price adjustment. The second most likely reason is coordination failure, which causes more upward than downward stickiness. A cluster analysis shows that firms can be assigned to four different groups according to an increasing complexity of reasons of price stickiness.
The Pricing Behavior of Italian Firms
Authors: Fabiani Silvia , Gattulli Angela , Sabbatini Roberto
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines price setting behaviour of Italian firms on the basis of the results of a survey conducted by Banca d'Italia in early 2003 on a sample of around 350 firms belonging to all economic sectors. Prices are mostly fixed following standard mark-up rules, although customer-specific characteristics have a role and rival prices mostly affect price-setting strategies in industrial firms. In reviewing their prices, firms follow either state-dependent rules or a combination of time and state-dependent ones. The most important explanations of nominal rigidity are: explicit contracts, coordination failure and the perception of the temporary nature of the shock. Asymmetries are also important: cost shocks impact more when prices have to be raised than when they have to be reduced, whereas demand decreases are more likely to induce a price change than demand increases.
The Pricing Behavior of Spanish Firms
Authors: Álvarez Luis J. , Hernando Ignacio
Published: September 2007

This chapter reports the results of a survey carried out by the Banco de España on a sample of around 2,000 Spanish firms to deepen the understanding of firms' price setting behaviour. Most firms are price setters that use predominantly state-dependent rules or a combination of time- and state-dependent rules when reviewing their prices. Changes in costs are the main factor underlying price increases, whereas changes in market conditions (demand and competitors' prices) are the main driving forces of price decreases. The degree of price flexibility is directly related to the share of energy inputs over total costs and to the intensity of competition, whereas it is inversely linked to the labour share. The three theories of price stickiness that receive the highest empirical support are implicit contracts, coordination failure, and explicit contracts.
Rethinking Solidarity
Authors: Kamitsuka Margaret D.
Published: September 2007

This chapter addresses one of the most contested issues in feminist theology today: solidarity. Three important contemporary approaches to this issue (by white feminists Sharon Welch and Sheila Greeve Davaney and womanist M. Shawn Copeland) are examined. In critical conversation with Welch's views on communicative action, Davaney's pragmatism, and Copeland's appeal to eucharistic unity, the chapter proposes some conditions under which feminists might continue rethinking the notion of solidarity. This is followed by discussion of how a metaphor borrowed somewhat eclectically from the field of dance improvisation theory can help us look anew (though still very skeptically) at solidarity in light of inescapable and determinative differences in women's experience.
5 Two Conceptions of Morality
Authors: Gert Bernard
Published: September 2007

This chapter compares two conceptions of morality, one championed by Aristotle, Ross, and Kant, the other championed by Hobbes and Mill. In The Good in the Right, Audi develops a version of the first tradition by using Kant as a foundation for Ross, and presents ten midlevel axioms that are intended as modifications of Ross's prima facie duties. In addition to being self‐evident, Audi claims that these middle axioms are supported by various versions of Kant's categorical imperative. This chapter compares these ten midlevel axioms with the ten moral rules that it claims are the universally known rules of common morality. The point of this comparison is to show the great difference between the two conceptions of morality mentioned above. Gert defends the Hobbes‐Mill conception.
17 Belief, Intention, and Reasons for Action
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: September 2007

Audi addresses challenges to his views about intention, moral psychology, and reasons for action that are raised by Fred Adams (Chapter 12), Alfred R. Mele (Chapter 13), and Raimo Tuomela (Chapter 14) in Part III, “Intention, Self‐Deception, and Reasons for Action.”
Economics
Authors: Louden Robert B.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses Enlightenment philosophers' defense of commercial society and free trade. They defended the new commercial society because they believed it represented a better society — better morally, in the triple sense of being more just and tending toward greater liberty as well as equality; better economically, in the sense of producing more wealth and higher living standards; and better in terms of its beneficial spillover effects. The ultimate moral argument behind the multiple Enlightenment campaigns for free trade is that — commerce not only civilizes people, “operating to cordialize mankind”; if universalized, it will eventually “extirpate the system of war” and bring world peace.
Conclusion
Authors: Louden Robert B.
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with a discussion of the use of history to test Enlightenment ideals. It then draws together earlier assessments of the current status of Enlightenment ideals within each of the five fields of investigation: religion, education, economics, politics, and international relations.
Introducing Possession
Authors: Cohen Emma
Published: September 2007

The reader is introduced to possession, and many of the key “why” questions that the book addresses, through the description of a possession healing ceremony and to the principal ethnographic focus of the book—a terreiro, or Afro‐Brazilian cult house in the city of Belém, northern Brazil. Brief introductions to dominant approaches to possession within academic scholarship and to the explanatory approach adopted by the author are given. This is followed by a chapter‐by‐chapter summary of the book.
TWO The Second Bank of the United States
Authors: Ellis E. Richard
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the creation of the 2 BUS and the differences that existed between it and the First Bank of the United States (1 BUS). It also examines the early operations of the 2 BUS and its relationship with the state banks and a federal program of internal improvements.
FIVE Virginia'S Response toMcCulloch v. Maryland
Authors: Ellis E. Richard
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the great newspaper debate over the broader, long-range significance of McCulloch v. Maryland that took place between William Brockenbrough and Spencer Roane who were critical of it and the defense of the opinion in a series of anonymously published essays written by Chief Justice Marshall. It also treats the relationship between Cohens v. Virginia and the problem of national corporations. In addition, it discusses John Taylor and Thomas Jefferson's opposition to Marshall's opinion and how all this relates to the emerging issue of slavery.
SIX Ohio and the Bank of the United States
Authors: Ellis E. Richard
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyzes Ohio's vigorous opposition to the decision handed down in McCulloch v. Maryland, and how the state defended its forceful removal of the $100,000 tax it levied on the branches of the 2BUS. This controversy revealed in a clear and direct manner the basic economic and constitutional issues in the controversy between the states and the 2 BUS as well as how these developments led to the U.S. Supreme Court case of Osborn et. al. v. The Bank of the United States which was, in effect, a rehearing of many of the same issues that had been decided in McCulloch v. Maryland.
How the Blue Goddess of Speech Turns Blue
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai
Published: September 2007

This chapter addresses the problem of violence toward women and the silencing of women through violence. Through a myth in the Great Blue Tantra (Bṭhannīla Tantra) this chapter examines a metaphorical enactment of violence towards women where the Blue Goddess of Speech is abducted by two demons. In this myth a metaphorical rape occurs where the Goddess of Speech is silenced and metaphorically defiled, registered through her loss of fair white skin. That it is the Goddess of Speech who loses her voice in the face of violence records a psychological acuity on the part of this text's author. This myth narratively makes transparent the links between violence and the loss of speech. How do men and women respond to violence towards women? In this case the myth's calm compassionate response offers a refiguring of the ability and stategies for speech for women as victims of male violence.
Appendix 2
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai
Published: September 2007

The Bṭhannīla Tantra, which forms the primary text used in this study, has not yet been translated from Sanskrit into English or any European language, though it has been published, in its various versions as many as five times in India since the 1880s. This appendix is presented to give some sense of the contents of this text. This synopsis covers the major themes and topics addressed in the Bṭhannīla Tantra. The Bṭhannīla Tantra is a comparatively large text, 256 pages of Sanskrit. This synopsis will focus less on the minutiae of precise ritual details, the most substantial element within the Bṭhannīla Tantra, and more upon that element of the Bṭhannīla Tantra that presents the greatest amount of authorial reflection—the “voice” of these authors through its stories and occasional philosophical explanations, for culling out the view of women that the Bṭhannīla Tantra presents.
The Christology of Theodoret of Cyrus
Authors: Clayton, Jr. Paul B.
Published: September 2007

Theodoret of Cyrus (c.393-466) was the most able Antiochene theologian in the defence of Nestorius from the Council of Ephesus in 431 to the Council of Chalcedon in 451. While the works of Theodore of Mopsuestia and Nestorius are extant today only in translations or in fragments, Theodoret's voluminous works are largely available in their original Greek. This study of his writings throws light on the theology of those councils and the final evolution and content of Antiochene Christology. This book demonstrates that Antiochene Christology was rooted in the concern to maintain the impassibility of God the Word and is consequently a two-subject Christology. Its fundamental philosophical assumptions about the natures of God and humanity compelled the Antiochenes to assert that there are two subjects in the Incarnation: the Word himself and a distinct human personality. This Christology is not the hypostatic union of the Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon.
Combinatoriality
Authors: Jackendoff Ray
Published: September 2007

One of the most striking features of language is the fact that speakers can understand and construct an indefinitely large number of sentences that they have never experienced before. This leads to the conclusion that a speaker's knowledge is instantiated as a set of generative principles (or rules) for constructing and recognizing sentences; these principles constitute the speaker's mental grammar. After enumerating some of the general types of rules proposed in various frameworks of generative grammar, the chapter discusses some problems that combinatoriality poses for popular theories of semantic memory and neural nets.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Jackendoff Ray
Published: September 2007

This concluding chapter reviews the various topics discussed in the preceding chapters. It is argued that enriched composition and the multiple tiers of semantics liberate syntactic theory from a great deal of the complexity with which it has become encumbered over the years. This complexity rose from the demand that syntax be the sole generative component, responsible for all combinatorial structure in semantics. Now that semantics has its own generative organization, syntax needs to share with it only enough structure to get words into the right order for phonology. We can therefore envision a far leaner syntactic component, taking some of the burden off the learner and off Universal Grammar as well.
Heads, Arguments, and Adjuncts
Authors: Croft William
Published: September 2007

This chapter offers an analysis of heads, arguments and adjuncts in terms of the symbolic relation between the syntactic unit and the semantic structure of the construction. The various syntactic tests proposed to identify syntactic heads are invalid or do not match, since they are manifestations of different phenomena. The chapter turns to semantic definitions, and revises the Cognitive Grammar definition to profile equivalence (the denotation of the head is equivalent to that of the construction as a whole). This definition does not differentiate between lexical and functional heads, but the grammaticalization and fusion of functional elements to the lexical heads implies a further condition that defines the lexical profile equivalent as the head. The argument-adjunct distinction behaves differently for form and meaning. Semantically, it is gradient, in terms of valence. Syntactically, the difference corresponds to whether the null instantiation of the unit is free (adjunct) or definite (argument).
Fundamental properties of harmonic morphisms
Authors: Baird Paul , Wood John C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter characterizes harmonic morphisms between Riemannian manifolds and discusses their basic properties. The first non-constant term of the Taylor series of a harmonic morphism at a point called ‘symbol’ is considered. The tension field of a submersion is related to the mean curvature of the fibres, yielding geometrical criteria for harmonic morphisms that leads to a study of the associated foliations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the second variation of energy and volume.
Climatic Fluctuations and Marine Systems: A General Itroduction to the Ecological Effects
Authors: Ottersen Geir , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Hurrell James W.
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter begins with a brief account of the Atlantic as a whole and how it is linked to other oceans, before focusing on the main currents and hydrography of the North Atlantic. This is followed by a brief account of some of the main circulation patterns in the world's oceans and the role of large-scale climate variability. It provides an overview of oceanographic processes that are believed to be of particular importance to marine ecology. Finally, examples are presented to illustrate how diverse the responses of ecology are to atmospheric and ocean climate variability.
Climate Variability Over the North Atlantic
Authors: Hurrell James W. , Dickson Robert R.
Published: September 2007

This chapter provides a broad review of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and its forcing of the North Atlantic Ocean. Of particular interest is the long, irregular amplification of the oscillation towards one extreme phase during winter over recent decades. This climatic event, which is unprecedented in the modern instrumental record of NAO behaviour, has produced a wide range of effects on North Atlantic ecosystems. Some attention will also be given to the climatic impacts of periods of atypical NAO behaviour, such as the spatial displacement of the main centres of action in some winters, or to periods when other patterns of large-scale Atlantic climate variability are more pronounced.
FLUCTUATIONS IN MAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyses the effect of a magnetic field on superconducting fluctuations. First, the self-consistent treatment of the critical temperature shift in a magnetic field is demonstrated. The fluctuation corrections to magnetoconductivity are then calculated at points near and far from the transition temperature. The effect of fluctuations on the Hall conductivity and its specifics in the high-temperature superconductors are discussed. In addition to the phenomenological results seen in Chapter 2, the short wave-length and dynamical fluctuation contributions to the fluctuation magnetic susceptibility far from transition are analysed. The quantum fluctuations in magnetic fields above Hc2 are considered.
EFFECT OF FLUCTUATIONS ON THERMOELECTRICITY AND HEAT TRANSPORT
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei
Published: September 2007

This chapter introduces a phenomenological definition of the heat current. An explicit expression for the heat current operator in interacting electron system is derived in the framework of microscopic theory, and is used to study the behaviour of fluctuation thermoelectric power and thermal conductivity above the superconducting transition. The final section of this chapter discusses the manifestation of fluctuations in the Nernst effect, which is of current interest in relation to the giant effect observed in high-temperature superconductors.
THEORY OF RANDOM SOLID STATES
Authors: Mézard M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter is a non-technical, elementary introduction to the theory of glassy phases and their ubiquity. The aim is to provide a guide and some kind of coherent view to the various topics that have been explored in recent years in this very diverse field, ranging from spin or structural glasses to protein folding, combinatorial optimization, neural networks, error correcting codes, and game theory.
REPRINT THE TRANSMISSION OF STRESS IN AN AGGREGATE
Authors: Edwards S. F. , Oakeshott R. B. S.
Published: September 2007

This paper considers the question of how stress is transmitted in aggregates. The macroscopic state of a powder is summarized by its compactivity X ≡ (∂ V/∂S). In aggregates where the particles have stuck together (e.g., lipid crystals in margarines, or in flocculated colloids) the material has a fractal structure on which stress is carried. In a non-cohesive powder, the possibility that the stress will be carried by domes of particles is considered, giving a dimensionality for the set of stressed particles between 2 and 3. Finally, it is observed that there is a coupling between the structure (described by its compactivity X) and the distribution of stress.
Some random thoughts on the statistical analysis of food-web data
Authors: Solow Andrew R.
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the formal statistical analysis of community food webs. Among the issues covered are testing for hypothesized regularities (e.g., constant connectance) in a collection of food webs and fitting and testing parametric models (e.g., the cascade model). The analysis of partially observed food webs is also covered.
VERTEX COVER—AN ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
Authors: Niedermeier Rolf
Published: September 2007

This chapter illustrates many facets of fixed-parameter algorithmics using the graph problem, Vertex Cover. These include problem parameterization, aspects of special and more general problem formulations, topics concerning counting and enumeration, lower bound questions, and also practical aspects. Finally, the use of ‘Vertex Cover structure’ for other problems is considered.
APPLICATIONS OF INDUCTIVE DEFINITIONS AND CHOICE PRINCIPLES TO PROGRAM SYNTHESIS
Authors: Berger Ulrich , Seisenberger Monika
Published: September 2007

This chapter is concerned with the problem of finding constructive content in nonconstructive mathematical theorems. By so doing, one gains insight into possible constructive aspects hidden in classical theorems. It describes — in a nontechnical way — how these aspects can be brought to light and computationally exploited. It describes two methods of extracting constructive content from classical proofs, focusing on theorems involving infinite sequences and nonconstructive choice principles. The first method removes any reference to infinite sequences and transforms the theorem into a system of inductive definitions, the other applies a combination of Gödel's negative- and Friedman's A-translation. Both approaches are explained by means of a case study on Higman's Lemma and its well-known classical proof due to Nash-Williams. It also discusses some proof-theoretic optimizations that were crucial for the formalization and implementation of this work in the interactive proof system Minlog.
AN ELEMENTARY CHARACTERIZATION OF KRULL DIMENSION
Authors: Henri Lombardi Thierry Coquand , Roy Marie-Françoise
Published: September 2007

This chapter contributes to the new direction in constructive algebra originated by Coquand, Lombardi, and others, which aims at a partial realisation of Hilbert's programme. The idea is to prove that theorems in commutative algebra constructively, and at the same low type level at which they can be formulated. To this end, the chapter needs to reduce the complexity of some concepts, in the present case that of Krull dimension of a commutative ring. Although the traditional definition of it seems quite intuitive, it requires quantifying over all prime ideals of the given ring. To circumvent this problem the chapter gives an inductive characterization of Krull dimension, without primes, which carries over to this setting the inductive concept of dimension going back to Brouwer, Menger, and Urysohn. This follows the geometrical intuition that an algebraic variety is of dimension ≤ k if and only if each subvariety has a boundary of dimension < k.
APPROXIMATING INTEGRABLE SETS BY COMPACTS CONSTRUCTIVELY
Authors: Spitters Bas
Published: September 2007

The interplay between intuitionistic mathematics and Bishop-style constructive mathematics is crucial for this chapter's contribution. In locally compact spaces, (Borel-)measurable sets can be approximated by compact sets. Ulam extended this result to complete separable metric spaces. This chapter gives a constructive proof of Ulam's theorem. The technique used aims to first prove the theorem intuitionistically and then, using the logical ‘trick’ seen in Chapter 16, to obtain a proof which is acceptable in Bishop-style mathematics. The proof also provides some insight into the trick seen in Chapter 16. Finally, it shows how several intuitionistic measure theoretic theorems can be extended to regular integration spaces, that is, integration spaces where integrable sets can be approximated by compacts. These results may also help in understanding Bishop's original choice of definitions.
Tropical forests dynamics in response to a CO2-rich atmosphere
Authors: Körner Christian
Published: September 2007

The fixation and storage of carbon by tropical forests, which contain close to half of the globe's biomass carbon, may be affected by elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. Classical theoretical approaches assume a uniform stimulation of photosynthesis and growth across taxa. Direct assessments of the carbon balance either by flux studies or by repeated forest inventories also suggest a current net uptake, although magnitudes sometimes exceed those missing in the global C-balance. Reasons for such discrepancies may lie in the nature of forest dynamics and in differential responses of taxa or plant functional types. This contribution argues that CO2 enrichment may cause forests to become more dynamic and that faster tree turnover may convert a stimulatory effect of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis and growth into a long-term net biomass carbon loss by favouring shorter lived trees of lower wood density. At the very least, this is a scenario which deserves inclusion into long-term projections in the carbon relations of tropical forests. Species and plant functional type specific responses (‘biodiversity effects’) and forest dynamics need to be accounted for in projections of future carbon-storage in tropical forests.
Introducing the thought experiment
Authors: Wilkinson David M.
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter sets out the books central thought experiment: ‘For any planet with carbon-based life, which persists over geological time-scales, what is the minimum set of ecological processes that must be present?’. It contrasts this process base approach with the more conventional ‘entity’-based approach used by most university level ecology texts — where entities are things such as individuals, populations, species, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. The chapter also introduces the concept of the ‘Gaian effect’: the long term effect of any given process on the persistence of life on a planet. The key ‘fundamental processes’ described in the following chapters are summarized.
Energy flow
Authors: Wilkinson David M.
Published: September 2007

The second law of thermodynamics is central to understanding ecology, although it is ignored by most ecology text books. It follows from the second law that all organisms must draw free energy from their environment and return waste products back to their environment. Microorganisms often play a central role in decomposition of these waste products, but in spite of their importance are ignored by most food web studies. The possible relevance of developing ideas on maximum entropy production (MEP) to global ecology is also discussed.
Merging of organismal and ecological physiology
Authors: Wilkinson David M.
Published: September 2007

All organisms modify their environment to some extent. Daisyworld models illustrate the theoretical possibility that these modifications could lead to planetary regulation for life friendly conditions, but also illustrate the need for substantial biomass for this to occur. In academic ecology, the recent concentration on biodiversity may have tended to obscure the fundamental importance of biomass, which will often be dominated by a limited number of species. This ‘mass ratio’ effect is important both at the ecological community and planetary scale. Once biomass is sufficient for the merging of organismal and ecological physiology, then the planet will tend to show some level of regulation for life friendly conditions. The size of this effect is currently a key unknown in both Earth based environmental science and astrobiology.
Photosynthesis
Authors: Wilkinson David M.
Published: September 2007

Photosynthesis — both anoxygenic and oxygenic — allows access to new sources of energy. Oxygenic photosynthesis has the potential to create an oxygen-rich atmosphere and so allow aerobic respiration, which yields much higher amounts of energy than anaerobic respiration. The amount of oxygen added to the atmosphere is intimately linked to the burial of organic matter in sediments, therefore marine phytoplankton are crucially important in maintaining the levels of atmospheric oxygen on Earth. Anoxygenic photosynthesis will have a positive Gaian effect by providing an important source of energy. Oxygenic photosynthesis is more problematical; as with anoxygenic photosynthesis it provides an energy source, but the oxygen given off is likely to be toxic to organisms evolved in anoxic conditions. It is currently impossible to know if we should expect most biospheres to evolve oxygenic photosynthesis. However, improvements in telescope technology should allow us to look for oxygen-rich atmospheres around distant Earth-like planets.
OPTIMAL EXISTENCE THEORY FOR NON-NEGATIVE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis
Published: September 2007

This chapter studies the existence and uniqueness of solutions of the Cauchy problem for the PME posed in the whole space, which take a Radon measure as initial data. Section 13.1 constructs limit solutions for data measures with the growth condition found as optimal in the previous chapter (in the non-negative case). The theory is continued in Section 13.2 where it is proven that any non-negative solution defined in a domain QT has a unique initial trace. In Sections 13.3 and 13.4, it is proved that the initial trace determines the solution in a unique way. This is a landmark in the theory of the PME and completes the basic theory of the Cauchy problem developed in previous chapters.
PROPAGATION PROPERTIES
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis
Published: September 2007

This chapter introduces a study of the properties of the support and the free boundary of the solution in a several dimensional setting. It discusses in detail the property of finite propagation and its consequences for the PME. Attention is focused on non-negative solutions.
TECHNIQUES OF SYMMETRIZATION AND CONCENTRATION
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis
Published: September 2007

This chapter aims to obtain basic estimates for the PME and related equations using as a main tool the techniques of symmetrization and mass concentration comparison, combined with scaling properties. Section 17.1 reviews the main concepts from symmetrization theory and introduces a comparison of mass concentrations. Sections 17.2 and 17.3 derive the basic comparison results for the elliptic equations to which the PME is reduced when it is solved by the ITD method. Comparison theorems for the evolution are then derived in Section 17.4. The application to the PME is in Section 17.5.
REGULARITY AND FINER ASYMPTOTICS IN SEVERAL DIMENSIONS
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis
Published: September 2007

This chapter investigates the precise regularity that is to be expected for non-negative solutions of the PME that have free boundaries. Section 19.1 describes the results of Caffarelli, Vázquez, and Wolanski that show that non-negative solutions with compactly supported initial data have pressures that are Lipschitz continuous functions after a certain time which depends on the data. Section 19.2 presents focusing solutions constructed by Aronson et al., which develop a singularity for speed in finite time, precisely where a hole in the initial support is filled. Section 19.3 proves the transfer of regularity that happens in the PME: Lipschitz continuity with respect to the space variable implies the same type of continuity in time. Section 19.4 reports on more refined regularity results for large times. Section 19.5 discusses the conservation of the initial regularity when the data are smooth; conservation can happen either locally in time or globally in time. Then, the chapter presents the property of asymptotic concavity: it is proved that the pressure of a compactly supported solution becomes a concave function in its support for all large times, hence the free boundary (and all the level sets) are convex hypersurfaces.
MOLECULAR CHAOS AND ENTROPY
Authors: Hinshelwood C. N.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses molecular chaos and entropy. It presents the concepts of molecular chaos, statistical equilibrium, and partition law as defining the thermal balance between various parts of a material system, and the idea of a temperature. Next it talks about formulating quantitative rules for equilibria in systems of many atoms and molecules. The quantity called entropy plays a key role in the solution of this problem.
HECKE ALGEBRAS AS GALOIS DEFORMATION RINGS
Authors: Hida Haruzo
Published: September 2007

The deformation theoretic techniques of Wiles-Taylor were introduced for elliptic modular forms in the introductory Chapter 1, and are generalized to Hilbert modular forms (following Fujiwara's treatment) in this chapter. In particular, Fujiwara's ‘R=T’ theorem (the identification of the Galois deformation ring and the corresponding Hecke algebra) is proven in the minimal case. In addition to the Taylor-Wiles methods, an explicit formula of the L-invariant (of the adjoint L-functions) as well as an integral solution to Eichler's basis problem are presented for Hilbert modular forms.
Crime, Police, and Penal Policy
Authors: Emsley Clive
Published: September 2007

This book provides a synthesis of recent research on the history of crime and criminal justice in Europe from the mid-18th to the mid-20th centuries. It tackles the subject chronologically, paying due attention to the evolving economic, social, and political aspects of the continent over the two centuries. It addresses specifically the different forms of criminal offending and the changing interpretations and understandings of that offending at both elite and popular levels. It explores how both old regimes and the new nation states, that emerged in the early 19th century, responded to criminal activity with the development of police forces and the refinement of forms of punishment. The book has a comparative perspective and it draws attention to the ways in which different states observed each other's institutions, and adopted and moulded what suited them. It emphasises also the ways in which different reformers exchanged ideas and investigated policing and penal policy in other countries. These kinds of exchanges and observations are commonly missed with the usual focus on a single country or region. There is engagement throughout with the theoretical issues that have underpinned much of the recent research in the area, but the book aims to eschew any close identification with a single theoretical standpoint.
1 Stesichoros and the Story of Geryon
Authors: Barrett W. S.
Published: September 2007

The focus of the paper presented in this chapter is on the poet Stesichoros and his poem the Geryoneis, the story of Geryon. Stesichoros is a poet to whom the fates have been unkind. He wrote a great deal of poetry and he had a high reputation in antiquity, and apparently a very considerable influence on later literature. Yet all that remained of his works until a few years ago, apart from a few isolated words and phrases, was about twenty fragments amounting in all to the equivalent of about forty hexameter lines.
4 Pindar's Odes for Hagesidamos of Lokroi: Olympians 10 and 11
Authors: Barrett W. S.
Published: September 2007

This chapter talks about two odes of Pindar, Olympians 10 and 11. The odes were written for a victor from Lokroi in Italy, Hagesidamos son.
11 Bacchylides, Ode 13
Authors: Barrett W. S.
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes the author's dissatisfaction with a number of commonly accepted supplements in Bacchylides' ode. It is based on two things: first, an attempt (primarily with the aid of Kenyon's facsimile) to relate every supplement exactly to the available space; second, an examination of the papyrus itself in London. This second exercise has allowed the correction in seven places of statements made about the smaller vestiges, and nine previously unobserved vestiges have been found. The whole text of the ode (arranged, for convenience of metrical comparison, with a complete triad on each page) is presented, followed by a continuous commentary.
6 Letters of Recommendation and the Rhetoric of Praise
Authors: Rees Roger
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines letters of reference or recommendations written by Charlesworth, Cicero, Pliny, and Fronto, focusing on how the authors emphasize their own discretion in offering their evaluation of the subject and how their statements about the subject's merit can be interwoven with praise. The style confirms its vintage, with the formal pairing of substantives and adjectives, the fondness for abstractions and the contrastive ‘but’ and certain details of phrasing, such as ‘I am glad indeed’ or ‘standing in work or games’. It is easy to identify both continuities and changes. Alignment of interests and obligations through triangulation can be seen throughout surviving letters of recommendation and identify them as best textual evidence for the processes of Roman patronage in action.
8 The Letter's the Thing (in Pliny, Book 7)
Authors: Fitzgerald William
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines Pliny's Letter found in Book 7, with particular reference to its status and some of the ways in which the letter was seen as the thing itself, as well as a symbol for the relation between the first and last letters of the book. The question of the status of Pliny's Letters in his project of self-immortalization is not unrelated to the status of the Letter itself, which always raises, in some form or other, the question of whether it is the thing itself or an adjunct, substitute, or signpost. On one account, the letter is a pis aller, the substitute for a conversation, a dinner, or some other kind of social intercourse that is prevented by the separation of the participants; it may refer back to some social event, or even anticipate it, but it is not the thing itself. Alternatively, the letter is the distillation of the self in the presence of the other, its words and gestures unaffected by chance, distraction, misunderstanding and all the mishaps that interfere with communication, causing intentions to go astray and meanings to be imperfectly conveyed. It is the thing itself and not a substitute.
Propertius and Cynthia: Elegy 1. 3 (1970)
Authors: Lyne R.O.A.M.
Published: September 2007

This paper interprets 1.3 as a dramatization of disillusionment; the subversion of the character's vision of the sleeping beloved is here made into the author's presentation of a basic experience. But the character and author are identified, the basic experience is seen as the author's experience in love.
Propertius 3. 10 (1973)
Authors: Lyne R.O.A.M.
Published: September 2007

This paper gives a close reading of this poem of Propertius, with detailed analysis of the text and its language, concentrating on the psychology of the lover.
Introduction to C. Day Lewis's Translation of Vergil's Eclogues and Georgics (1983)
Authors: Lyne R.O.A.M.
Published: September 2007

This paper is a stimulating account of the alienation effect apparently achieved by topographical dislocation in the Eclogues, and of the political symbolism of agriculture in the Georgics.
Ovid's Metamorphoses, Callimachus, and l'art pour l'art
(1984)
Authors: Lyne R.O.A.M.
Published: September 2007

In the Metamorphoses, Ovid adopts the aesthetic principles of Callimachus, which are close to l'art pour l'art. He pursues certain of their implications to their logical limit, and at times reminds one strikingly of the theory and practice of specific 19th-century writers in England and France.
Vergil's Aeneid: Subversion by Intertextuality. Catullus 66. 39–40 and Other Examples (1994)
Authors: Lyne R.O.A.M.
Published: September 2007

Using the examples of Dido's death and her reappearance in the Underworld, Lyne proclaims a shift to accepting the language of intertextuality rather than of allusion.
Structure and Allusion in Horace's Book of Epodes (2005)
Authors: Lyne R.O.A.M.
Published: September 2007

This paper argues that Horace's Epodes show clear use of Callimachus' Iambi in their structure, and provides a close analysis of Epode 13.
[Tibullus] Book 3 and Sulpicia (2004–5)
Authors: Lyne R.O.A.M.
Published: September 2007

This paper provides a running commentary on the poems normally attributed to Sulpicia in [Tibullus] III, focusing on book-structure and gender as well as elegiac conventions.
5 Turmoil in Barcelona: Busca and Biga
Authors: Ryder Alan
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses tension in Barcelona that spilled into unrest in Catalonia. The tension began from a conflict of interest between groups of citizens — the Biga and Busca factions — that grew into a contest for control of the city. The Biga faction had the city of Barcelona in its grip by manipulating the membership of the two bodies which ran the city: the five-man executive council (the Consell), and the deliberative Council of a Hundred (Consell de Cent Jurats). The opposing Busca faction was seeking a voice in city government commensurate with its social and economic importance.
7 Busca in Triumph and Disillusion
Authors: Ryder Alan
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the battle between the Busca and Biga parties for control of the Catalan capital, a battle which drew Busca and remensa together in the face of common enemies. The Biga didn't accept defeat no more readily than the remensa landlords did, and in its struggle to overthrow the new municipal regime it won support from oligarchic forces entrenched in the Corts and Diputació.