bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecological diversification associated with the pharyngeal jaw diversity of Neotropical cichlid fishes
Authors: Burress Edward D.
Published: October 2015

Innovations can facilitate bursts of diversification by increasing access to novel resources and the attainment of novel functional designs. Pharyngognathy, exhibited by highly diverse groups such as wrasses and cichlid fishes, is hypothesized to increase foraging capacity and efficiency.

Here, I test the hypothesis that pharyngeal jaw shape and tooth morphology are adaptive in an ecologically diverse radiation of Neotropical cichlid fishes that spans North, Central and South America.

I partitioned species into generalized trophic guilds using published stomach content analyses and quantified shape variation of the lower pharyngeal jaw (LPJ) using geometric morphometrics. Additionally, I tested for convergence in LPJ shape and trophic guild by mapping the phylogeny onto the principal components and testing for shifts towards similar evolutionary regimes.

Major LPJ shape variation included the length and orientation (i.e. narrow or wide) of the lateral processes and length of the medial process, which varied based on the proportion of fishes and plants consumed. Pharyngeal tooth number, diversity and the frequency of tooth types were not evenly distributed among trophic guilds. There were seven distinct evolutionary regimes that converged upon four optima.

Pharyngeal jaw diversification is associated with the exploitation of novel resources among Neotropical cichlids such that pharyngeal specialization has increased access to otherwise poorly accessible resources, such as resources that are difficult to crush (e.g. hard‐shelled organisms) and assimilate (e.g. algae).
Influences of sampling effort on detected patterns and structuring processes of a Neotropical plant–hummingbird network
Authors: Vizentin‐Bugoni Jeferson , Maruyama Pietro K. , Debastiani Vanderlei J. , Duarte L. da S. , Dalsgaard Bo , Sazima Marlies
Published: October 2015

Virtually all empirical ecological interaction networks to some extent suffer from undersampling. However, how limitations imposed by sampling incompleteness affect our understanding of ecological networks is still poorly explored, which may hinder further advances in the field.

Here, we use a plant–hummingbird network with unprecedented sampling effort (2716 h of focal observations) from the Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil, to investigate how sampling effort affects the description of network structure (i.e. widely used network metrics) and the relative importance of distinct processes (i.e. species abundances vs. traits) in determining the frequency of pairwise interactions.

By dividing the network into time slices representing a gradient of sampling effort, we show that quantitative metrics, such as interaction evenness, specialization (H2′), weighted nestedness (wNODF) and modularity (Q; QuanBiMo algorithm) were less biased by sampling incompleteness than binary metrics. Furthermore, the significance of some network metrics changed along the sampling effort gradient. Nevertheless, the higher importance of traits in structuring the network was apparent even with small sampling effort.

Our results (i) warn against using very poorly sampled networks as this may bias our understanding of networks, both their patterns and structuring processes, (ii) encourage the use of quantitative metrics little influenced by sampling when performing spatio‐temporal comparisons and (iii) indicate that in networks strongly constrained by species traits, such as plant–hummingbird networks, even small sampling is sufficient to detect their relative importance for the frequencies of interactions. Finally, we argue that similar effects of sampling are expected for other highly specialized subnetworks.
Community structure influences species’ abundance along environmental gradients
Authors: Eloranta Antti P. , Helland Ingeborg P. , Sandlund Odd T. , Hesthagen Trygve , Ugedal Ola , Finstad Anders G.
Published: October 2015

Species’ response to abiotic environmental variation can be influenced by local community structure and interspecific interactions, particularly in restricted habitats such as islands and lakes. In temperate lakes, future increase in water temperature and run‐off of terrestrial (allochthonous) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are predicted to alter community composition and the overall ecosystem productivity. However, little is known about how the present community structure and abiotic environmental variation interact to affect the abundance of native fish populations.

We used a space‐for‐time approach to study how local community structure interact with lake morphometric and climatic characteristics (i.e. temperature and catchment productivity) to affect brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) yield in 283 Norwegian lakes located in different biogeographical regions.

Brown trout yield (based on data from standardized survey gill net fishing; g 100 m−2 gill net night−1) was generally lower in lakes where other fish species were present than in lakes with brown trout only. The yield showed an overall negative relationship with increasing temperature and a positive relationship with lake shoreline complexity. Brown trout yield was also negatively correlated with DOC load (measured using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index as a proxy) and lake size and depth (measured using terrain slope as a proxy), but only in lakes where other fish species were present. The observed negative response of brown trout yield to increasing DOC load and proportion of the pelagic open‐water area is likely due to restricted (littoral) niche availability and competitive dominance of more pelagic fishes such as Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus (L.)).

Our study highlights that, through competitive interactions, the local community structure can influence the response of a species’ abundance to variation in abiotic conditions. Changes in biomass and niche use of top predators (such as the brown trout), associated with predicted changes in direct and indirect climatic factors, may have further influences on the structure and function of temperate lake ecosystems.
Top predators and habitat complexity alter an intraguild predation module in pond communities
Authors: Anderson Thomas L. , Semlitsch Raymond D.
Published: October 2015

Predator diversity and habitat complexity frequently influence species interactions at lower trophic levels, yet their joint investigation has been performed infrequently despite the demonstrated importance of each individual factor.

We investigated how different top predators and varying habitat complexity influence the function of an intraguild predation module consisting of two larval salamanders, intraguild predator Ambystoma annulatum and intraguild prey A. maculatum.

We manipulated predator food webs and habitat complexity in outdoor mesocosms.

Top predators significantly influenced body condition and survival of A. annulatum, but habitat complexity had minimal effects on either response.

A three‐way interaction among the covariates top predator identity, habitat complexity and A. annulatum survival influenced body condition and survival of A. maculatum via a density‐mediated indirect effect. Different top predator combinations had variable effects in different habitat complexity treatments on intraguild predator (A. annulatum) survival that subsequently influenced intraguild prey (A. maculatum) body condition and survival.

Future work should consider how different top predators influence other food web components, which should vary due to predator attributes and the physical environments in which they co‐occur.
Nefopam analgesia and its role in multimodal analgesia: A review of preclinical and clinical studies
Authors: Girard Philippe , Chauvin Marcel , Verleye Marc
Published: October 2015

Nefopam is a non‐opioid, non‐steroidal, centrally acting analgesic drug used to prevent postoperative pain, primarily in the context of multimodal analgesia. This paper reviews preclinical and clinical studies in which nefopam has been combined with opioids, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory compounds, and paracetamol. This report focuses on the literature during the last decade and discusses the translational efforts between animal and clinical studies in the context of multimodal or balanced analgesia. In preclinical rodent models of acute and inflammatory pain, nefopam combinations including opioids revealed a synergistic interaction or enhanced morphine analgesia in six out of seven studies. Nefopam combinations including non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (aspirin, ketoprofen or nimesulide) or paracetamol likewise showed enhanced analgesic effects for the associated compound in all instances. Clinical studies have been performed in various types of surgeries involving different pain intensities. Nefopam combinations including opioids resulted in a reduction in morphine consumption in 8 out of 10 studies of severe or moderate pain. Nefopam combinations including NSAIDs (ketoprofen or tenoxicam) or paracetamol also demonstrated a synergic interaction or an enhancement of the analgesic effect of the associated compound. In conclusion, this review of nefopam combinations including various analgesic drugs (opioids, NSAIDs and paracetamol) reveals that enhanced analgesia was demonstrated in most preclinical and clinical studies, suggesting a role for nefopam in multimodal analgesia based on its distinct characteristics as an analgesic. Further clinical studies are needed to evaluate the analgesic effects of nefopam combinations including NSAIDs or paracetamol.
Characterization of the stromatolite microbiome from Little Darby Island, The Bahamas using predictive and whole shotgun metagenomic analysis
Authors: Casaburi Giorgio , Duscher Alexandrea A. , Reid R. Pamela , Foster Jamie S.
Published: October 2015

Modern stromatolites represent ideal ecosystems to understand the biological processes required for the precipitation of carbonate due to their long evolutionary history and occurrence in a wide range of habitats. However, most of the prior molecular work on stromatolites has focused on understanding the taxonomic complexity and not fully elucidating the functional capabilities of these systems. Here, we begin to characterize the microbiome associated with stromatolites of Little Darby Island, The Bahamas using predictive metagenomics of the 16S rRNA gene coupled with direct whole shotgun sequencing. The metagenomic analysis of the Little Darby stromatolites revealed many shared taxa and core pathways associated with biologically induced carbonate precipitation, suggesting functional convergence within Bahamian stromatolites. A comparison of the Little Darby stromatolites with other lithifying microbial ecosystems also revealed that although factors, such as geographic location and salinity, do drive some differences within the population, there are extensive similarities within the microbial populations. These results suggest that for stromatolite formation, ‘who’ is in the community is not as critical as metabolic activities and environmental interactions. Together, these analyses help improve our understanding of the similarities among lithifying ecosystems and provide an important first step in characterizing the shared microbiome of modern stromatolites.
Deep sequencing of amplified Prasinovirus and host green algal genes from an Indian Ocean transect reveals interacting trophic dependencies and new genotypes
Authors: Clerissi Camille , Desdevises Yves , Romac Sarah , Audic Stéphane , de Vargas Colomban , Acinas Silvia G , Casotti Raffaella , Poulain Julie , Wincker Patrick , Hingamp Pascal , Ogata Hiroyuki , Grimsley Nigel
Published: October 2015

High‐throughput sequencing of Prasinovirus DNA polymerase and host green algal (Mamiellophyceae) ribosomal RNA genes was used to analyse the diversity and distribution of these taxa over a ∼10 000 km latitudinal section of the Indian Ocean. New viral and host groups were identified among the different trophic conditions observed, and highlighted that although unknown prasinoviruses are diverse, the cosmopolitan algal genera Bathycoccus, Micromonas and Ostreococcus represent a large proportion of the host diversity. While Prasinovirus communities were correlated to both the geography and the environment, host communities were not, perhaps because the genetic marker used lacked sufficient resolution. Nevertheless, analysis of single environmental variables showed that eutrophic conditions strongly influence the distributions of both hosts and viruses. Moreover, these communities were not correlated, in their composition or specific richness. These observations could result from antagonistic dynamics, such as that illustrated in a prey–predator model, and/or because hosts might be under a complex set of selective pressures. Both of these reasons must be considered to interpret environmental surveys of viruses and hosts, because covariation does not always imply interaction.
IL‐17 Induces Fetal Loss in a CBA/J×BALB/c Mouse Model, and an Anti‐IL‐17 Antibody Prevents Fetal Loss in a CBA/J ×DBA/2 Mouse Model
Authors: Xu Wang‐Ming , Xiao Zhuo‐Ni , Wang Xiao‐Bo , Huang Ying
Published: October 2015

Problem

Many researchers have demonstrated that the expression of interleukin‐17(IL‐17) is higher in spontaneous abortion. However, whether Th17 cells are an independent factor in inducing abortion is not known.

Method of study

This study investigated the effect of exogenous recombinant IL‐17 and an anti‐IL‐17 antibody in a normal and an abortion mouse model using flow cytometry, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, real‐time PCR, and Western blot.

Results

Th17 cells and the related factors, IL‐17 and RORγt, were significantly upregulated in abortion mice, and Treg cells and the related factor, Foxp3, were downregulated. Intraperitoneal injection of recombinant IL (rIL)‐17 induced fetal loss in a normal mouse model, and an anti‐IL‐17 antibody prevented fetal loss in an abortion mouse model.

Conclusion

This study confirmed an imbalance of the Th17/Treg paradigm in abortion mice and IL‐17 as a risk factor of fetal loss. An anti‐IL‐17 antibody may prevent abortion.
Parental smoking and development of allergic sensitization from birth to adolescence
Authors: Thacher J. D. , Gruzieva O. , Pershagen G. , Neuman Å. , van Hage M. , Wickman M. , Kull I. , Melén E. , Bergström A.
Published: October 2015

Background

The relation between secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure and the development of allergic sensitization in children is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatal SHS exposure contributes to the development of allergic sensitization in children and adolescents up to 16 years of age.

Methods

We included 3316 children from a birth cohort followed up for 16 years. SHS exposure and symptoms of allergic disease were assessed using repeated parental questionnaires. Serum immunoglobulin E against eight common inhalant and six food allergens was assessed at ages 4, 8, and 16 years with ImmunoCAP. The association between SHS exposure and sensitization was explored using logistic regression and generalized estimating equations.

Results

Exposure to SHS in infancy without prior exposure in utero was associated with an excess risk of food sensitization at age 4 years (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.08–2.00), with comparable ORs at ages 8 and 16 years. In longitudinal analyses, an overall association was indicated between SHS in infancy and food sensitization up to age 16 years (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.98–1.56). Maternal smoking during pregnancy was unrelated to sensitization up to 16 years of age. When sensitization was combined with concurrent symptoms of allergic disease, SHS in infancy was associated with an overall elevated risk of eczema with sensitization (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.20–2.18).

Conclusions

SHS exposure in infancy appears to increase the risk of sensitization to food allergens up to age 16 years, as well as eczema in combination with sensitization.
Apelin as a marker for monitoring the tumor vessel normalization window during antiangiogenic therapy
Authors: Zhang Li , Takara Kazuhiro , Yamakawa Daishi , Kidoya Hiroyasu , Takakura Nobuyuki
Published: October 2015

Antiangiogenic agents transiently normalize tumor vessel structure and improve vessel function, thereby providing a window of opportunity for enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Currently, there are no reliable predictors or markers reflecting this vessel normalization window during antiangiogenic therapy. Apelin, the expression of which is regulated by hypoxia, and which has well‐described roles in tumor progression, is an easily measured secreted protein. Here, we show that apelin can be used as a marker for the vessel normalization window during antiangiogenic therapy. Mice bearing s.c. tumors resulting from inoculation of the colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT29 were treated with a single injection of bevacizumab, a mAb neutralizing vascular endothelial growth factor. Tumor growth, vessel density, pericyte coverage, tumor hypoxia, and small molecule delivery were determined at four different times after treatment with bevacizumab (days 1, 3, 5, and 8). Tumor growth and vessel density were significantly reduced after bevacizumab treatment, which also significantly increased tumor vessel maturity, and improved tumor hypoxia and small molecule delivery between days 3 and 5. These effects abated by day 8, suggesting that a time window for vessel normalization was opened between days 3 and 5 during bevacizumab treatment in this model. Apelin mRNA expression and plasma apelin levels decreased transiently at day 5 post‐treatment, coinciding with vessel normalization. Thus, apelin is a potential indicator of the vessel normalization window during antiangiogenic therapy.
Consumer Trust in Chicken Brands: A Structural Equation Model
Authors: Lassoued Rim , Hobbs Jill E. , Micheels Eric T. , Zhang David Di
Published: October 2015

The issues of what drives consumers to trust the food industry in general and food brands specifically, and the outcomes of consumer trust, are increasingly of interest to food industry stakeholders and to policy makers. The extant knowledge of trust in food brands, and in particular the empirical investigation of brand trust, is relatively underresearched in food economics. Research examining institutional trust has been carried out in sociology, marketing, and political science, while a limited number of studies to date have investigated the degree of consumer trust in food. This paper extends previous research on consumer trust in the context of food by developing a conceptual framework based on insights from the trust literature that explores the drivers and outcomes of consumer confidence in food quality and food safety. The conceptual framework is tested with a Structural Equation Model using survey data from a sample of Canadian consumers of fresh chicken. Model results indicate that both trust in the food industry (i.e., food companies and food retailers) and brand trust bolster consumer confidence in credence attributes. Furthermore, personal traits, such as risk aversion and ethically motivated behavior, moderate the relationship between brand trust and consumer confidence in credence qualities.
Collision of lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung: a case report
Authors: Chan Jammy Kin Iong , Tai Wai Meng , Wen Jian Ming
Published: October 2015

We report a rare case of collision of lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma (LELC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) in the lung. A 59‐year‐old woman had a history of fever and cough. A mass was found by X‐ray in the left upper lung. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows a dumbbell‐like mass in the fore and tongue segment of the left upper lung with irregular spiculate margin. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) (18F‐FDG) shows strong concentration of radioactivity (SUVmax 6.9–12.3 cm) in the lung mass only. The patient subsequently underwent resection of left upper lung and associated hilar lymph nodes. Histological examination revealed it was a collision carcinoma comprising LELC and AC. The hilar lymph nodes were tumuor free. The immunoreactions, Epstein–Barr early RNA in situ hybridization and molecular analyses, such as EGFR mutation, c‐Met, anaplastic lymphoma kinase were different in both tumuor components, indicating they derived from different cell origin. This rare case was discussed.
Keratoacanthoma: a distinct entity?
Authors: Gleich Tobias , Chiticariu Elena , Huber Marcel , Hohl Daniel
Published: October 2015

Keratoacanthoma (KA) are common but exceptional benign tumors, often appearing on sun‐exposed areas of light skinned people and showing spontaneous resolution. The goal of this study was to review existing literature, to point out the etiological complexity of KA biology and to answer the controversial debate if or not KA is a distinct entity or a variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Relying on recent results, we highlight that KA is an individual lesion with a unique molecular signature caused by alterations in the TGFβ signalling pathway. These recent findings will help to understand the nature of KA and to develop new reliable diagnostic tools, simplifying the discrimination of the histologically similar KA and SCC.
Experimental white piedra: a robust approach to ultrastructural analysis, scanning electron microscopy and etiological discoveries
Authors: Inácio Cicero P. , Rocha Ana Paula S. , Barbosa Renan do N. , Oliveira Neiva T. , Silva Josineide C. , de Lima‐Neto Reginaldo G. , Macêdo Danielle Patrícia C. , Neves Rejane P.
Published: October 2015

White piedra is a fungal infection characterized by nodules comprised of Trichosporon species and restricted to the extrafollicular portion of the hair shaft. The diagnosis is based on clinical and mycological characteristics, and must be confirmed with a precise identification of the etiological agent. This research aimed to develop an in vitro infection model of white piedra and analyze its morphological and ultra‐structural aspects. In the process, hair infection was induced using eight isolates of the genus Trichosporon maintained in the Culture Collection Micoteca URM. The ITS and IGS1 regions were sequenced for taxonomic confirmation. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was performed at the Strategic Center for Northeast Technologies (CETENE). The scanning electron microscope was equipped with an Energy Dispersion Spectrometer (EDS). The Trichosporon isolates were identified as Trichosporon asahii (6) and Trichosporon montevideense (2) by internal transcript spacer (ITS) region and intergenic spacer 1 region (IGS1) sequencing. All eight strains were used to induce the in vitro hair infection, and nodules formed after the incubation period. Temperature variations and high humidity were not observed to be related to the development of this hair disease. The main chemical constituents detected in the nodules were carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, as well as a low level of sulfur. The absence of calcium, combined with the low level of sulfur, might explain the soft nature of the white piedra nodules. This study demonstrated that several Trichosporon species may be responsible for causing white piedra.
Association for Conflict Resolution Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordinators
Authors: Fieldstone Linda , Bronson Sue , Michelle Morley Hon.
Published: October 2015

On November 6, 2014, the AFCC Board of Directors endorsed the Association for Conflict Resolution (ACR) Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordination, including ethical principles for Eldercaring Coordinators, training protocols, and court pilot project template. The collaboration between Task Forces created by ACR and the Florida Chapter of AFCC, composed of twenty U.S./Canadian and twenty Florida‐wide organizations, produced both an overarching guide to assist in the development of programs and a more detailed model addressing state/province‐specific needs and characteristics. Eldercaring coordination is a dispute resolution option specifically for high‐conflict cases involving the care, needs, and safety of elders.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:

There are currently no dispute resolution options for parties involved in high‐conflict cases regarding the care, needs, and safety of an elder.

The ACR Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordination address the discrepancies between dispute resolution options available for parents in conflict regarding their minor children and mature families with unresolved concerns about the care, needs, and safety of an elder.

The ACR Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordination provide information regarding the ethical practice of eldercaring coordination including a specific definition, recommended qualifications, ethical practices, grievance procedures, training protocols, and a court pilot project template.

The practice of eldercaring coordination will address the influx of court cases expected as baby boomers continue to age, reducing delays in court hearings, as parties will have the opportunity to resolve their concerns without continuous court attention.

As of June 2015, five states began Pilot Projects on Eldercaring Coordination, which will be studied by an independent research group to enhance the progress of the process and to develop the best practices for initiating the programs elsewhere.
Associations between Parent and Child Reports Of Interparental Conflict/Violence And Child Difficulties in A Family Mediation Setting*
Authors: Rudd Brittany N. , Hotzworth‐Munroe Amy , Applegate Amy G. , D'Onofrio Brian M. , Ballard Robin H. , Bates John E.
Published: October 2015

We examined the association between parents’ (N = 52 mothers and 52 fathers) and children's (N = 27) reports of interparental conflict and child difficulties in a family mediation setting. Parents’ reports of conflict were moderately associated with children's reports of exposure to parental conflict, but only fathers’ reports of conflict were associated with children's reports of negative responses to parent conflict. While mothers and fathers agreed on their child's difficulties, only mothers’, not fathers’, report of child difficulties were moderately related to child reports of child difficulties. Mothers’ and fathers’ reports of conflict generally were not strongly associated with reports of child difficulties. In contrast to parent reports, children's reports of exposure to parents’ conflict were moderately and significantly related to self‐reported child difficulties and moderately related to parents’ reports of child academic difficulties. The magnitude of the association between the child's report of interparental conflict and self‐report of difficulties was stronger than the association between parent report of conflict and parent report of child difficulties, suggesting that parents may not fully understand their child's exposure to parent conflict/violence or the problems their child is experiencing.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:

Family law stakeholders prioritize the creation of parenting arrangements that are in the best interest of the child; however, it is unclear how to gather information about the child and the child's perspective in order to inform such arrangements.

The study results suggest that parents may not agree with each other or with the child about important family issues, such as parent conflict and child difficulties. For example, parents may not fully understand their child's exposure to parental conflict/violence when in the midst of custody negotiations.

More research is needed to determine the best method for gathering information about the child during custody proceedings. In the meantime, it is important to gather information from multiple sources and to consider the agreement and differences across such sources of information.
Assessing the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency: An Evaluation of a Court‐Based Delinquency Prevention Program
Authors: Bergdahl Jacqueline , Twill Sarah , Norris Michael , Ream Matthew
Published: October 2015

In 2002, the State of Ohio mandated juvenile courts to provide prevention for at‐risk youth. This study examined official court records to evaluate the effectiveness of a prevention program administered by the Greene County Juvenile Court. A sample of 362 youth referred to the program for the years 2002 to 2009 by concerned caretakers, teachers, and police was analyzed. Consistent with intake goals, 81.7% of clients were referred for at‐risk but not actually delinquent behaviors. Completion of the prevention program did not predict future court referrals, but neither did seriousness of referral behavior. Children with two biological parents were significantly more likely to complete the program, whereas referrals to Strengthening Families Program and substance abuse screening significantly predicted program noncompletion. Implications for policy and research are discussed.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:

This article highlights efforts by county juvenile court to implement a secondary prevention program for at‐risk but not officially court‐referred youth.

Delinquency prevention research depends on good juvenile court data and adequate comparison groups.

Evidence‐based predelinquent interventions with external process and outcome evaluations should be the standard.
Ensuring Insurance for Foster Care: Requiring Foster Parents to Obtain Liability Insurance to Cover Harm Done to Foster Children in their Care
Authors: Palma Devon
Published: October 2015

This Note proposes that all states should require that foster parents have liability insurance before children are placed in their care. This Note also proposes that the liability insurance needs to cover not just harm to third parties but also harm to the foster children through the negligent acts of the foster parents. This legislation will allow foster children to have standing to bring claims against their foster parents and insurance companies and give them a greater opportunity for recovery. Currently, the policies and statutes governing the policies in place do not cover all types of harm that can occur during the foster parent–child relationship. Certain policies leave children who are harmed by their foster parents’ negligence unable to recover any damages from the people who have harmed them. Because foster parents can be left to defend the actions themselves, they often become judgment proof due to their low income, leaving the children who are harmed with little chance of recovery.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:

States need to require foster parents to obtain liability insurance, which covers harm done by the foster children to third parties, harm to the home, and any harm done to the child by the foster parents.
Learning to be A Peacemaking Lawyer: Law Student Perspectives on Building Peacemaking into Law School Curricula, Building Paths to Practice for New Lawyers, and Interdisciplinary Training
Authors: Zeidel Matthew , Yu Sandy , Zerehi Sara
Published: October 2015

From our perspectives as students, we reflect on the teachings of Lawyer as Peacemaker, a Winter 2015 course taught at UCLA School of Law — the school's course devoted to peacemaking lawyering. Utilizing our newfound peacemaking worldview, we share our collective reactions to the Lawyer as Peacemaker course and the ten articles in the Family Court Review Special Issue on Peacemaking for Divorcing Families. We then advocate for integrating peacemaking into law school curricula and experiential learning offerings and make recommendations on how law schools today can prepare students to practice peace.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:

This article is a collaborative work product of three students who come from an array of work experience, backgrounds and interests and from their newly founded peacemaking worldview, the three students collaboratively analyzed ideas presented in the Lawyer as Peacemaker course and the articles from this issue.

The peacemaking mediation allows the parties more control over their legal disputes and allows the control of the costs that come with litigation.

Peacemaking involves a holistic and collaborative method, involving mental health professionals to financial advisors as well as legal professionals.

However, peacemaking skill courses are not readily available to many law students while studying in law school.

This valuable asset should be made available more extensively to law students interested in family law.
The Interdisciplinary Settlement Conference: A Grassroots Alternative for Resolving High‐Conflict Parenting Disputes in Lean Times
Authors: Sulmeyer Stephen H. , Adams Verna A. , Wood Beverly
Published: October 2015

This article describes a court‐connected alternative dispute resolution program, the Interdisciplinary Settlement Conference. The key feature of this program is the participation of two volunteer panelists, one a family law attorney and the other a mental health professional experienced in parenting disputes, who assist the judicial officer in working with the parties and their attorneys (if any) to reach a resolution of their parenting dispute. Significantly, in addition to addressing the parties’ legal issues, the panelists also address the parties’ psychological and emotional issues relevant to the dispute on an as‐needed basis. Findings from six years of experience with the program are discussed, including evidence of high satisfaction with the program, a high rate of settlement, a decrease in relitigation, and a concomitant savings of scarce judicial resources.
Self‐clearance mechanism of mitochondrial E3 ligase MARCH5 contributes to mitochondria quality control
Authors: Kim Song‐Hee , Park Yong‐Yea , Yoo Young‐Suk , Cho Hyeseong
Published: October 2015

MARCH5, a mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin ligase, controls mitochondrial dynamics proteins and misfolded proteins, and has been proposed to play a role in mitochondria quality control. However, it remains unclear how mutant MARCH5 found in cancer tissues is removed from cells. Here, we show that mutation in the MARCH5 ligase domain increased its half‐life fourfold, resulting in a drastic increase in its protein level. Abnormal accumulation of the E3 ligase‐defective MARCH5 mutants MARCH5H43W and MARCH5C65/68S was diminished by overexpression of active MARCH5WT; the mutant proteins were degraded through the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Coimmunoprecipitation revealed that MARCH5 forms homodimers, and that substitution of Gly to Leu at the first putative GxxxG dimerization motif, but not the second, resulted in a loss of dimeric interaction. Moreover, overexpression of the dimerization‐defective mutant MARCH54GL could not decrease the level of accumulated MARCH5H43W, suggesting that dimerization of MARCH5 is necessary for self‐clearance. Abnormal accumulation of MARCH5H43W and mitochondrial hyperfusion led to NF‐ĸB activation, which was suppressed by overexpression of MARCH5WT. Together, the data reveal a self‐protective mechanism involving MARCH5, which can target its own dysfunctional mutant for degradation in order to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis.
Initial soil C and land‐use history determine soil C sequestration under perennial bioenergy crops
Authors: Rowe Rebecca L. , Keith Aidan M. , Elias Dafydd , Dondini Marta , Smith Pete , Oxley Jonathan , McNamara Niall P.
Published: October 2015

In the UK and other temperate regions, short rotation coppice (SRC) and Miscanthus x giganteus (Miscanthus) are two of the leading ‘second‐generation’ bioenergy crops. Grown specifically as a low‐carbon (C) fossil fuel replacement, calculations of the climate mitigation provided by these bioenergy crops rely on accurate data. There are concerns that uncertainty about impacts on soil C stocks of transitions from current agricultural land use to these bioenergy crops could lead to either an under‐ or overestimate of their climate mitigation potential. Here, for locations across mainland Great Britain (GB), a paired‐site approach and a combination of 30‐cm‐ and 1‐m‐deep soil sampling were used to quantify impacts of bioenergy land‐use transitions on soil C stocks in 41 commercial land‐use transitions; 12 arable to SRC, 9 grasslands to SRC, 11 arable to Miscanthus and 9 grasslands to Miscanthus. Mean soil C stocks were lower under both bioenergy crops than under the grassland controls but only significant at 0–30 cm. Mean soil C stocks at 0–30 cm were 33.55 ± 7.52 Mg C ha−1 and 26.83 ± 8.08 Mg C ha−1 lower under SRC (P = 0.004) and Miscanthus plantations (P = 0.001), respectively. Differences between bioenergy crops and arable controls were not significant in either the 30‐cm or 1‐m soil cores and smaller than for transitions from grassland. No correlation was detected between change in soil C stock and bioenergy crop age (time since establishment) or soil texture. Change in soil C stock was, however, negatively correlated with the soil C stock in the original land use. We suggest, therefore, that selection of sites for bioenergy crop establishment with lower soil C stocks, most often under arable land use, is the most likely to result in increased soil C stocks.
Outcomes of direct pulp capping: interrogating an insurance database
Authors: Raedel M. , Hartmann A. , Bohm S. , Konstantinidis I. , Priess H. W. , Walter M. H.
Published: October 2015

Aim

To evaluate the effectiveness of direct pulp capping under general practice conditions. It was hypothesized that direct pulp capping is an effective procedure in the majority of cases and prevents the need for root canal treatment or extraction.

Methodology

Claims data were collected from the digital database of a major German national health insurance company. Only patients who had been insurance members for the entire 3 year period 2010 to 2012 were eligible. Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were conducted for all teeth with direct pulp capping. Success was defined as not undergoing root canal treatment. Survival was defined as not undergoing extraction. Differences between survival functions were tested with the log rank test.

Results

A total of 148 312 teeth were included. The overall success rate was 71.6% at 3 years. The overall survival rate was 95.9% at 3 years. The success rates for single‐rooted teeth (71.8%) and multirooted teeth (71.5%) were similar although significantly different (P < 0.001). Best 3‐year success rates were found at low (79.7%; <18 years.) and very high age (81.8%; >85 years.).

Conclusions

After direct pulp capping, more than two‐thirds of the affected teeth did not undergo root canal treatment within 3 years. Although this study has the typical limits of a claims data analysis, it can be concluded that direct pulp capping is an effective intervention to avoid root canal treatment and extraction in a general practice setting.
Chloroform upregulates early growth response‐1‐dependent thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression via the JNK and ERK pathways in human keratinocytes
Authors: Lee Hana , Bae Hyun Cheol , Kim Jinhee , Jeong Sang Hoon , Ryu Woo‐In , Son Sang Wook
Published: October 2015

Background

Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the environment has been reported to exacerbate allergic inflammatory diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the exact mechanism by which VOCs induce an inflammatory response in the skin is poorly understood. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is known to be an important factor in the initiation and maintenance of allergic inflammatory diseases, including AD.

Objectives

The aim of this work is to define the correlation between VOCs and TSLP.

Methods

The present study demonstrates dose‐dependent increases of TSLP protein and mRNA levels in keratinocytes following exposure to chloroform. We further investigated the regulatory mechanisms of chloroform‐induced TSLP expression in human keratinocytes.

Results

Chloroform induces early growth response‐1 (Egr‐1) protein expression in human keratinocytes. This process is mediated by the c‐JUN N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. Inhibition of phosphorylated JNK and ERK significantly downregulated Egr‐1 expression, which was subsequently associated with reduced TSLP expression in chloroform‐exposed human keratinocytes. Moreover, treatment of Egr‐1 siRNA abolished chloroform‐induced TSLP protein expression and TSLP promoter transcriptional activation.

Conclusions

Taken together, these findings suggest that, in human keratinocytes, the upregulation of TSLP by chloroform is induced through an Egr‐1‐dependent mechanism that requires the c‐JNK and ERK pathways. Our results suggest that exposure to chloroform may aggravate allergic skin diseases such as AD through Egr‐1‐dependent TSLP regulation.
Correlation of human papillomavirus types with clinical features of patients with condyloma acuminatum in China
Authors: Cong Xianling , Sun Ran , Zhang Xuewen , Wang Yuqian , Wang Liying , Yu Yongli
Published: October 2015

Background

Condyloma acuminatum (CA)‐related human papillomavirus (HPV) typing has focused on the prevalence of HPV types. The correlation between HPV types and the clinical features of CA has rarely been documented.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between HPV types and the clinical features of CA.

Methods

Polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to type HPV in the CA lesions from 80 Chinese patients with full clinical data.

Results

We determined that HPV6 and HPV11 single infections were the most frequent and accounted for 38.7 and 36.3%, respectively. Multiple infections caused by HPV6, HPV11, HPV16, HPV18, and/or HPV31 accounted for the remaining 25%. We were the first to document the HPV11 and HPV31 co‐infection in a patient with colon carcinoma infected anal CA in China. The statistical analysis demonstrated that multiple HPV infections predisposed an individual to more warts, larger warts, a longer disease course, and a greater frequency of recurrence. The cases infected with the high‐risk type, HPV16, accounted for 60% of the multiple infections and had a higher relapse rate than any other type of HPV infection.

Conclusions

Compared with a single HPV type infection, multiple HPV infections in CA were related to a more severe disease and a worse prognosis. These data provide useful information for the treatment and prognosis of CA. Mapping the proportion of CA caused by the virus types pre‐vaccination enables the prediction of the vaccination benefits regarding CA burden reduction.
Terra firma‐forme dermatosis: report of a series of 11 cases and a brief review of the literature
Authors: Ashique Karalikkattil T. , Kaliyadan Feroze , Goyal Tarang
Published: October 2015

Background

Terra firma‐forme dermatosis (TFFD) is a benign, yet little known disorder with very few cases reported in the literature. TFFD is considered to be only a cosmetic problem but can be a cause of embarrassment for the patients.

Methods

Eleven patients with TFFD presenting in a tertiary care center over a period of 5 years were analyzed with respect to disease presentation, treatment, and possible factors involved in causation.

Results

The commonest cause in our series was ignorance regarding proper cleansing techniques, inadequate pressure while scrubbing the affected area, and a lack of concern, fear, or pain as in the case of surgical sites.

Conclusion

Awareness among the clinicians about the existence of TFFD is essential to save time for the clinician and to reduce the economic burden on the patient by avoiding costly investigations and treatment. Proper counseling regarding the cleansing of surgery sites may help prevent the development of this condition in such situations.
Processing and Testing of RE2Si2O7 Fiber–Matrix Interphases for SiC–SiC Composites
Authors: Boakye Emmanuel E. , Mogilevsky Pavel , Parthasarathy Triplicane A. , Keller Kristin A. , Hay Randall S. , Cinibulk Michael K.
Published: October 2015

Rare‐earth disilicates (RE2Si2O7) are investigated for use as oxidation‐resistant alternatives to carbon or BN fiber–matrix interphases in ceramic matrix composites (CMC). Dense α, β, γ‐Y2Si2O7, and γ‐Ho2Si2O7 pellets were formed at 64 MPa and 1050°C–1200°C for 1 h using the field‐assisted sintering technique (FAST). Pellet modulus was measured using nanoindentation, and Vickers hardness was measured at loads of 100, 500, and 1000 g. The sliding stress of SCS‐0 SiC fibers incorporated in α‐, β‐, and γ‐RE2Si2O7 matrices were measured by fiber push‐out. Deformation of RE2Si2O7 after indentation and after fiber push‐out was characterized by TEM. Implications of the results for use of RE2Si2O7 as a fiber–matrix interphase in CMCs are discussed.
Highly Conductive p‐Type Zinc blende SiC Thin Films Fabricated on Silicon Substrates by Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Kim Kwang Joo , Kim Min Hwan , Kim Young‐Wook
Published: October 2015

Polycrystalline silicon carbide (SiC) thin films were fabricated on Si(100) substrates using radio‐frequency magnetron sputtering followed by annealing at 1300°C in an Ar atmosphere. The SiC films exhibited a zinc blende structure with planar and point defects as detected by X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The SiC films were p‐type conductive with electrical resistivity as low as 2.8 × 10−3 Ω·cm at room temperature. The p‐type character of the SiC films can be explained in terms of the Si vacancies in the C‐rich environment as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy.
Phase Constitution and Dynamic Properties of Spark Plasma‐Sintered Alumina–Titanium Composites
Authors: Hayun Shmuel , Meir Shai , Kalabukhov Sergey , Frage Nahum , Zaretsky Eugene
Published: October 2015

Al2O3/Ti composites of various metal to ceramic ratios were fabricated by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The effects of titanium concentration in the initial mixture on phase composition, and on the static and dynamic (planar impact testing) mechanical properties of the SPS‐processed composites were investigated. It was observed that the significant alumina dissolution in titanium takes place during SPS treatment. The composites fabricated from starting alumina/titanium powder mixtures with a mass fraction of titanium less than 0.8 consisted of two phases, alumina and a solid solution of oxygen and aluminum in titanium. For starting mixtures with higher titanium content, the presence of a Ti3Al intermetallic phase with a relatively low fraction of dissolved oxygen was detected. Changes in phase composition could explain the effect of titanium content in the starting mixture on physical and mechanical properties of the composites. Mechanisms governing the dynamic response of the composites under loading of different intensities are discussed.