bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PTHrP Is Endogenous Relaxant for Spontaneous Smooth Muscle Contraction in Urinary Bladder of Female Rat
Authors: Nishikawa Nobuyuki , Kanematsu Akihiro , Negoro Hiromitsu , Imamura Masaaki , Sugino Yoshio , Okinami Takeshi , Yoshimura Koji , Hashitani Hikaru , Ogawa Osamu
Published: April 2013

Acute bladder distension causes various morphologic and functional changes, in part through altered gene expression. We aimed to investigate the physiologic role of PTHrP, which is up-regulated in an acute bladder distension model in female rats. In the control Empty group, bladders were kept empty for 6 hours, and in the Distension group, bladders were kept distended for 3 hours after an artificial storing-voiding cycle for 3 hours. In the Distention group bladder, up-regulation of transcripts was noted for 3 genes reported to be up-regulated by stretch in the cultured bladder smooth muscle cells in vitro. Further transcriptome analysis by microarray identified PTHrP as the 22nd highest gene up-regulated in Distension group bladder, among more than 27 000 genes. Localization of PTHrP and its functional receptor, PTH/PTHrP receptor 1 (PTH1R), were analyzed in the untreated rat bladders and cultured bladder cells using real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting, which revealed that PTH1R and PTHrP were more predominantly expressed in smooth muscle than in urothelium. Exogenous PTHrP peptide (1-34) increased intracellular cAMP level in cultured bladder smooth muscle cells. In organ bath study using bladder strips, the PTHrP peptide caused a marked reduction in the amplitude of spontaneous contraction but caused only modest suppression for carbachol-induced contraction. In in vivo functional study by cystometrogram, the PTHrP peptide decreased voiding pressure and increased bladder compliance. Thus, PTHrP is a potent endogenous relaxant of bladder contraction, and autocrine or paracrine mechanism of the PTHrP-PTH1R axis is a physiologically relevant pathway functioning in the bladder.
Excess Androgens in Utero Alters Fetal Testis Development
Authors: Connolly Fiona , Rae Michael T. , Bittner Lilli , Hogg Kirsten , McNeilly Alan S. , Duncan W. Colin
Published: April 2013

Prenatal androgenization induces a polycystic ovary syndrome-like phenotype in adult female offspring, which is associated with alterations that can be detected in the fetal ovary, suggesting gestational origins of this condition. We therefore investigated whether increased prenatal androgen exposure also altered testicular development using ovine animal models. Biweekly maternal testosterone propionate (TP; 100 mg) from day 62 to day 70/day 90 of gestation altered male developmental trajectory. In male fetuses serum LH was decreased (P < .01), and testicular STAR, CYP11, and CYP17 abundance were reduced. Coincident with this, basal testicular T synthesis was decreased in vitro (P < .001). Leydig cell distribution was severely perturbed in all testes prenatally exposed to TP (P < .001). To examine the contribution of estrogens, fetuses were injected with TP (20 mg), the potent estrogen agonist, diethylstilbestrol (DES; 20 mg), or vehicle control at day 62 and day 82 and assessed at day 90. The effects of fetal (direct) TP treatment, but not DES, paralleled maternal (indirect) TP exposure, supporting a direct androgen effect. Cessation of maternal androgenization at day 102 returned Leydig cell distribution to normal but increased basal T output, at day 112, demonstrating Leydig cell developmental plasticity. Earlier maternal androgen exposure from day 30 similarly influenced Leydig cell development at day 90 but additionally affected the expression of Sertoli and germ cell markers. We show in this study that increased prenatal androgen exposure alters development and function of Leydig cells at a time when androgen production is paramount for male development. This supports the concept that gestational antecedents associated with polycystic ovary syndrome may have effects on the male fetus.
A 5′-Flanking Region of Gonadotropin-Regulated Testicular RNA Helicase (GRTH/DDX25) Gene Directs Its Cell-Specific Androgen-Regulated Gene Expression in Testicular Germ Cells
Authors: Kavarthapu Raghuveer , Tsai-Morris Chon-Hwa , Fukushima Masato , Pickel James , Dufau Maria L.
Published: April 2013

Gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/Ddx25) is a posttranscriptional regulator of genes that are essential for spermatid elongation and completion of spermatogenesis. It also prevents Leydig cells (LCs) from gonadotropin overstimulation of androgen production. In transgenic (Tg) mice carrying deletions of the GRTH 5′-flanking regions, we previously demonstrated that the −1085 bp to ATG contains the elements for basal and androgen-induced LC-specific expression. No expression in germ cells (GCs) was found with sequences extended up to −3.6 kb. To define regulatory regions of GRTH required for expression in GC, Tg mice were generated with 5′-flanking sequence 6.4 kb (6.4Kb-Tg) and/or deletion using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as reporter gene in the present study. GFP was expressed in all lines. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that 6.4Kb-Tg directed GFP expression in both GCs and LCs. Deletion of the sequence −205 bp to −3.6 kb (6.4Kb/del-Tg) directs GFP expression only in meiotic and haploid GCs. This indicated that the distal region −6.4 kb/−3.6 kb is required for GRTH cell-specific expression in GC. Also, it inhibits the expression of GRTH in LC directed by the 205-bp promoter, an effect that is neutralized by the −3.6-kb/−205-bp sequence. Androgen receptor antagonist, flutamide treatment prevents GFP/GRTH expression in Tg lines, demonstrating in vivo direct and indirect effects of endogenous androgen on LCs and GCs, respectively. Our studies have generated and characterized Tg lines that can be used to define requirements for cell-specific expression of the GRTH gene and to further advance our knowledge on the regulation of GRTH by androgen in GCs.
Estrogen Receptor-α Variant, ER-α36, is Involved in Tamoxifen Resistance and Estrogen Hypersensitivity
Authors: Zhang XianTian , Wang Zhao-Yi
Published: April 2013

Antiestrogens such as tamoxifen (TAM) provided a successful treatment for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer for the past four decades. However, most breast tumors are eventually resistant to TAM therapy. The molecular mechanisms underlying TAM resistance have not been well established. Recently, we reported that breast cancer patients with tumors expressing high concentrations of ER-α36, a variant of ER-α, benefited less from TAM therapy than those with low concentrations of ER-α36, suggesting that increased ER-α36 concentration is one of the underlying mechanisms of TAM resistance. Here, we investigated the function and underlying mechanism of ER-α36 in TAM resistance. We found that TAM increased ER-α36 concentrations, and TAM-resistant MCF7 cells expressed high concentrations of ER-α36. In addition, MCF7 cells with forced expression of recombinant ER-α36 and H3396 cells expressing high concentrations of endogenous ER-α36 were resistant to TAM. ER-α36 down-regulation in TAM-resistant cells with the short hairpinRNA method restored TAM sensitivity. We also found that TAM acted as a potent agonist by activating phosphorylation of the AKT kinase in ER-α36-expressing cells. Finally, we found that cells with high concentration of ER-α36 protein were hypersensitive to estrogen, activating ERK phosphorylation at picomolar range. Our results thus demonstrated that elevated ER-α36 concentration is one of the mechanisms by which ER-positive breast cancer cells escape TAM therapy and provided a rational to develop novel therapeutic approaches for TAM-resistant patients by targeting ER-α36.
Metrological Providing for Infra-Red Detector of Hydrocarbon Emissions in Atmosphere
Authors: Чартий  , Chartiy Pavel , Васильев  , Vasilev Andrey , Шеманин  , Shemanin Valeriy
Published: April 2013

Results of infra-red (IR) detector calibration on one homolog of oil saturated hydrocarbons are received. Absorption cross-section amount of this homolog is close to average absorption cross-section of saturated hydrocarbons molecules for oil of various fields. Experimental check of such approach acceptability was validated on integral absorption cross-section of n-hexane molecule. It is shown that the offered method of IR detector calibration on one component is admissible for total loss measurement of oil light fractions within the established error of 25%.
Safety of Electric Blasting Systems in Mining Industry
Authors: Петров  , Petrov Yu.
Published: April 2013

Probabilistic models of galvanic, inductive and capacitor influences of extraneous power sources on electric blasting system

are considered. Statistical modeling algorithm (Monte-Carlo algorithm) for analysis of electric blasting system electromagnetic compatibility is offered and realized. Specific recommendations for increasing of electric blasting works safety are formulated on the ground of obtained results.
Value orientations of Modern Russian youth: Public Policy as a space of formation
Authors: Kamalova Mariya
Published: April 2013

The monograph presents an analysis of scientific and theoretical approaches to public policy and the characteristics of the mechanisms of its influence on the value perceptions of modern Russian youth. Special attention is paid to the identification and characterization of various types and varieties of value ideas of Russian youth, formed taking into account various forms of their self-organization and already acquired ideas under the influence of powerful streams of ideas and attitudes produced in the public space by various political players. It is shown that the conflict relations of these players, which develop within the framework of the three frontier arenas of public policy, ultimately determine the formation of five value streams that affect the values and priorities of young generations. The effectiveness of such influence is due to the mechanisms and technologies used by political actors to influence the youth audience, their compliance with the nature of the social needs of young people, as well as the level of political and civic representations of various segments of this socio-demographic group. Recommendations on the development of public policy, directions for improving the methods of state youth policy, improving the effectiveness of democratic institutions that influence the growth of patriotic and civic values of modern Russian youth are also presented.
For students, postgraduates and teachers of political science universities and faculties, as well as a wide range of readers interested in the issues of value orientations of modern Russian youth.
Oil Waste Processing by Using of Electrodispersion
Authors: Таранцев  , Tarantsev K. , Коростелева  , Korosteleva A.
Published: April 2013

Methods of oil waste neutralization and processing are considered. It is shown that oil waste burning is the most extended of

these methods now. However devices based on electro-hydrodynamic dispersion method of working are most effective for creation

of fuel emulsions. The technological scheme of fuel emulsion creation in black oil boiler conditions, allowing resolve a problem of effective neutralization of the water polluted by oil products is offered.
Institutionalization and Genesis of Noxological Education
Authors: Девисилов  , Devisilov Vladimir , Ванаев  , Vanaev V.
Published: April 2013

Questions of noxological education institutionalization and genesis from science and practice origin in the field of safety through three chronological stages up to introduction of new subject domain «noxology» are considered in this article. Genealogy of noxological education is presented, allowing to track transformation of scientific and educational area and foreseen its development tendency.
Effects of ZnO nanoparticles in alfalfa, tomato, and cucumber at the germination stage: Root development and X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies
Authors: de la Rosa Guadalupe , López-Moreno Martha Laura , de Haro David , Botez Cristian E. , Peralta-Videa José R. , Gardea-Torresdey Jorge L.
Published: April 2013

Past reports indicate that some nanoparticles (NPs) affect seed germination; however, the biotransformation of metal NPs is still not well understood. This study investigated the toxicity on seed germination/root elongation and the uptake of ZnO NPs and Zn2+ in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings. Seeds were treated with ZnO NPs at 0–1600 mg L–1 as well as 0–250 mg L–1 Zn2+ for comparison purposes. Results showed that at 1600 mg L–1 ZnO NPs, germination in cucumber increased by 10 %, and alfalfa and tomato germination were reduced by 40 and 20 %, respectively. At 250 mg Zn2+ L–1, only tomato germination was reduced with respect to controls. The highest Zn content was of 4700 and 3500 mg kg–1 dry weight (DW), for alfalfa seedlings germinated in 1600 mg L–1 ZnO NPs and 250 mg L–1 Zn2+, respectively. Bulk X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) results indicated that ZnO NPs were probably biotransformed by plants. The edge energy positions of NP-treated samples were at the same position as Zn(NO3)2, which indicated that Zn in all plant species was as Zn(II).
Cyclodextrin-scaffolded glycotransporters for gene delivery
Authors: García Fernández José M. , Benito Juan M. , Ortiz Mellet Carmen
Published: April 2013

Conventional drugs consist of a formulation of a bioactive species and a carrier, the former accounting for most of the sophistication of the design. In the case of biomolecular drugs, however, the role of the carrier becomes decisive in enabling the load to reach its target to carry out its designed therapeutic function. Thus, the clinical success of gene therapy, where the active principles are nucleic acids, critically depends on the use of efficient and safe delivery systems. Carbohydrates have proven particularly useful in this regard. Glycocoating, similarly to poly(ethylene)glycol (PEG)-coating (pegylation), can stabilize colloidal aggregates by improving solvation and preventing nonspecific interactions, for example, with serum proteins. Moreover, glycoconjugates can drive specific recognition and receptor-mediated internalization in target cells. Actually, the inherent flexibility of carbohydrate and glycoconjugate chemistry has greatly contributed to enlarging the range of functional materials that can be rationally conceived for gene delivery. Herein, this is illustrated with selected examples that focus on controlling the architectural parameters of the vectors to make them suitable for structure–activity relationship (SAR) and optimization studies. The members of the cyclomaltooligosaccharide (cyclodextrin, CD) family will be the central actors of the story.
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Enderlein Jörg
Published: April 2013

We present an overview on the applicability of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) for the accurate determination of translational diffusion coefficients and thus, via the Stokes–Einstein relation, of molecular size. We consider several of the most common sources of optical aberrations and their impact on the outcome of conventional FCS measurements. We describe also a new variant of FCS, dual-focus FCS, which is robust against most of the considered aberrations, and we report reference values of diffusion coefficients for several fluorescent dyes across the visible spectrum.
A New Model to Decrease Time-to-Appointment Wait for Gastroenterology Evaluation
Authors: Di Guglielmo Matthew D. , Plesnick Joanne , Greenspan Jay S. , Sharif Iman
Published: April 2013

OBJECTIVE:

To describe the implementation and evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to increase new-patient access and decrease time-to-appointment wait for gastroenterology care.

METHODS:

We used a new model of care for gastroenterology evaluation. For specified clinical complaints, we offered new-patient appointments that were scheduled with a general pediatrician as an alternative to a subspecialist. A nurse navigator assisted in triaging patients. We analyzed all patient encounters over an 8-month period. To verify decreased time-to-appointment wait, mystery shoppers made semimonthly calls to centralized scheduling. We surveyed parents/families after visits with the pediatrician or subspecialists regarding satisfaction.

RESULTS:

The “access” pediatrician evaluated and treated ∼40% of all new patients presenting to the division during the study period. Approximately 10% of new patients evaluated by the pediatrician (4% overall) were referred on to the subspecialist; fewer patients were reevaluated by the pediatrician in follow-up. The pediatrician ordered a minimal number of procedures. Semimonthly sampling revealed that overall new-patient access improved from an average time-to-appointment wait of 25 days to <1 day. Parent/family satisfaction was high for the patients evaluated by the pediatrician.

CONCLUSIONS:

Embedding a general pediatrician within a subspecialty division, and navigating patients to this provider, can increase access to treatment of new low- to moderate-complexity patients. The access pediatrician can maintain patient satisfaction, provide high-quality care, and decrease need for subspecialist evaluation. The model, in the setting of a large academic medical center, may provide a solution for barriers to patient care such as lengthy time-to-appointment wait.
Molluscum BOTE Sign: A Predictor of Imminent Resolution
Authors: Butala Niraj , Siegfried Elaine , Weissler Anne
Published: April 2013

Molluscum contagiosum is a common self-limited viral skin infection. The course of the infection often includes tender, crusted, erythematous lesions that prompt suspicion for bacterial infection. However, these signs of inflammation represent a host response that often precedes resolution of the viral disease, rather than bacterial superinfection, and do not require additional antibacterial treatment. We present a case report and retrospective review of 7 additional cases to characterize the clinical presentation of inflamed molluscum, assess the utilization of medical resources, and consider the psychosocial burden associated with mistaken diagnoses of bacterial infection. We propose the acronym “BOTE”* sign (for beginning of the end) to help underscore the significance of inflammation as an expected variant in the evolution of molluscum immunity.
Influence of “GERD” Label on Parents’ Decision to Medicate Infants
Authors: Scherer Laura D. , Zikmund-Fisher Brian J. , Fagerlin Angela , Tarini Beth A.
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND:

The factors that drive overtreatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are not well understood, but it has been proposed that the use of the “GERD” disease label could perpetuate use of medication in otherwise healthy infants.

METHODS:

To determine if use of the disease label GERD influences parents’ perceived need to medicate an infant, we surveyed parents in a general pediatric clinic. Parents were given a hypothetical clinical scenario describing an infant who cries and spits up excessively but is otherwise healthy. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, parents were randomized to receive a scenario in which the doctor either gave a diagnosis of GERD or did not provide a disease label; additionally, half of parents were told that existing medications are probably ineffective, whereas the rest were not given any effectiveness information. We measured parent interest in medication, perception of illness severity, and appreciation of medication offer.

RESULTS:

Parents who received a GERD diagnosis were interested in medicating their infant, even when they were told that the medications are likely ineffective. However, parents not given a disease label were interested in medication only when medication effectiveness was not discussed (and hence likely assumed).

CONCLUSIONS:

Labeling an otherwise healthy infant as having a “disease” increased parents’ interest in medicating their infant when they were told that medications are ineffective. These findings suggest that use of disease labels may promote overtreatment by causing people to believe that ineffective medications are both useful and necessary.
Medicaid Policy Statement
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON CHILD HEALTH FINANCING, Chiu Thomas , Hudak Mark L. , Snider Iris Grace , Long Thomas F. , Helm Mark , Libby Russell Clark , Racine Andrew D. , Shenkin Budd N. , Snider Iris Grace , White Patience Haydock , Berkelhamer Jay E. , Harbaugh Norman Chip , Chiu Thomas , Hudak Mark L. , Snider Iris Grace , Long Thomas F. , Chiu Thomas , Helm Mark , Libby Russell Clark , Racine Andrew D. , Shenkin Budd N. , Snider Iris Grace , White Patience Haydock , Berkelhamer Jay E. , Harbaugh Norman “Chip” , Zimmerman Edward P. , Walter Dan , Hall Robert
Published: April 2013

This Policy Statement was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-064088.

Medicaid insures 39% of the children in the United States. This revision of the 2005 Medicaid Policy Statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics reflects opportunities for changes in state Medicaid programs resulting from the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act as upheld in 2012 by the Supreme Court. Policy recommendations focus on the areas of benefit coverage, financing and payment, eligibility, outreach and enrollment, managed care, and quality improvement.
Mineral element content of some herbs with antiinflammatory effect used in gastrointestinal diseases
Authors: Szentmihályi Klára , May Zoltán , Süle Krisztina , Then Mária
Published: April 2013

Introduction: In gastrointestinal diseases folk medicine usually recommends herbs and teas with antiinflammatory activities, especially mucilage and bitter agent containing plants. The use of stomatics as adjuvant therapy in medical practice is frequent. Aim: The authors explored the mineral element content of some herbs, because mineral elements may have significant role in the development and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, and a close connection between the presence or absence of mineral elements and inflammatoric mediators was noted. Methods: The mineral content in Trigonellae foenugraeci semen, Farfarae folium et flos, Taraxaci radix and Cichorii radix and teas prepared from these herbs was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results were evaluated from nutritional and biomedical points of view. Results:Farfarae folium et flos tea was found to be a rich source of calcium, chromium, manganese and molybdenum. Trigonellae foenugraeci semen, Taraxaci radix and Cichorii radix displayed favourable calcium to magnesium ratio (1–1.5) and they contained other elements (manganese, iron, copper, zinc) which may have significant role in the immune defence system. Conclusion: The beneficial therapeutic effect of the studied herbs may be related to their mineral element content. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 538–543.
Nanoarchitectures constructed with single crystalline Co3O4 spheres and MWCNTs: Temperature effect on the growth and supercapacitors
Authors: Xiao Yuanhua , Cao Yongbo , Zhang Aiqin , Jia Dianzeng , Li Feng
Published: April 2013

Nanoarchitectures consisting of single crystalline Co3O4 spheres and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been constructed successfully. The effect of reaction temperature on the morphology of the products reveal that the growth rate dictates the shape and size of Co3O4 beads on and around MWCNTs. Single crystalline Co3O4 spheres around MWCNTs can be produced in large scale by elevating reaction temperature for the increased growth rate. The electrochemical properties of the hybrid materials were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. The supercapacitors made with the nanoarchitectures show high specific capacitance of 445 F/g at a current density of 0.1 A/g and exhibit excellent cycling stability.
Poly (acrylic acid) - mediated soft template synthesis of Poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-based conducting polymer nanostructures for supercapacitor applications
Authors: Basnayaka Punya A. , Ram Manoj K. , Stefanakos Lee , Kumar Ashok
Published: April 2013

In the present study, poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanostructures were obtained by oxidative polymerization of monomer ‘3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene’ in the presence of poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) in FeCl3as an oxidizing agent. The PEDOT nanostructures were characterized using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) techniques respectively. The morphology of PEDOT nanostructures revealed flowerlike-shape agglomerates with an increase in the concentrations of PAA. The SEM, TEM and FTIR studies revealed that the presence of PAA could only induce a change in morphology during polymerization, but could not influence the molecular structure of the PEDOT nanostructures. The synthesized PEDOT nanostructures were used as electrode material for supercapacitor. The electrochemical capacitive properties of the PEDOT nanostructures were investigated with the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques in the three-electrode cell system. The capacitance of the PEDOT electrode was measured in 0.1M LiClO4and 2M H2SO4electrolytes. The highest specific capacitance value of 215F/g for a PEDOT nanostructured electrode was calculated in 1 M H2SO4electrolyte.
Field Notes for November 2012
Authors: Tite Philip
Published: April 2013

Field Notes for November 2012
Special Issue on “Evidence” in American Religions
Authors: Baker Kelly
Published: April 2013

Kelly J. Baker introduces this special issues of Bulletin for the Study of Religion, on 'Evidence' in American Religions.
Evidentiary Boundaries and Improper Interventions
Authors: Baker Kelly
Published: April 2013

What is the evidence of American religions? This article documents how some evidence becomes suspect and illegitimate while other evidence is assumed to be worthy of scholarly trust. The assumed speciousness of popular culture, in this case zombies, as a source and the danger of sources from so-called fringe movements become important venues to problematize preferenced evidence. How is that some religious movements, labeled dangerous, produce evidence that cannot be trusted at face value? Why is there deep concern over the legitimacy of pop culture as a method to study religion? Relying upon Klan print and zombie culture, this article forces the issue of legitimacy and illegitimacy of evidence.
Historical Cookbooks in the Study of American Religion
Authors: Bailey Emily
Published: April 2013

This study examines late Victorian era Protestant church community cookbooks as moral and cultural guides written by women for women (gendered texts), and examines the domestic roles and Christian practices of women in the years before and after the turn of the twentieth century. For this project I used a sample of eleven Protestant community cookbooks published from 1881 to 1913 to serve as case studies, illuminating the late Victorian period through the words and recipes of the women who wrote them. As domestic guides, the cookbooks employ paratexts, presenting recipes for food and life in broader terms. Artwork and advertisements from the texts offer additional information about the connections between gender, domesticity and religion during the era.
Talking about Religious Experience at Nag Hammadi
Authors: Kaler Michael
Published: April 2013

In this article Michael Kaler notes the emphasis found in gnostic texts on transcendent religious experience and argues that this emphasis needs to be taken more into account in modern research than has tended to be the case.
Field Notes
Authors: Tite Philip
Published: April 2013

The Bulletin welcomes announcements, including call for papers, conference announcements, grant competitions, news items, and other informative updates on happenings in the discipline. Such announcements (like those below) will first appear on the Bulletin’s blog for timely distribution with occasional inclusion in issues of the Bulletin. There is no charge for announcements being included in Field Notes. Please email all announcements (of approximately 500 words) to the editors. Our editorial staff will also be watching for interesting items to include in this section of the Bulletin.
Phosphorus Application Influences the Critical Period of Weed Control in Lettuce
Authors: Odero Dennis C. , Wright Alan L.
Published: April 2013

Field studies were conducted in 2010 and 2011 at Belle Glade, FL, to evaluate the influence of phosphorus (P) applications (98, 196, and 293 kg P ha−1) on the critical period of weed control (CPWC) in lettuce. Natural populations of mixed weed species were allowed to interfere with lettuce in a series of treatments of both increasing duration of weed interference and the duration of weed-free period imposed within 98, 196, and 293 kg P ha−1levels added to the soil. The beginning and end of the CPWC for each P fertilization level based on a 5% acceptable marketable fresh lettuce yield loss level was determined by fitting log-logistic and Gompertz models to represent the increasing duration of weed interference and the duration of weed-free period, respectively. The CPWC in lettuce was estimated to be 4.6, 3.4, and 2.3 wk at 98, 196, and 293 kg P ha−1, respectively. The beginning of the CPWC was delayed at the highest P fertilization level (293 kg P ha−1), whereas the end of the CPWC was hastened at the same P fertilization level. Our study shows that inadequate levels of P fertilization in lettuce result in the need for more-intensive weed management practices to attain acceptable yields.
Seed Burial Physical Environment Explains Departures from Regional Hydrothermal Model of Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Seedling Emergence in U.S. Midwest
Authors: Davis Adam S. , Clay Sharon , Cardina John , Dille Anita , Forcella Frank , Lindquist John , Sprague Christy
Published: April 2013

Robust predictions of weed seedling emergence from the soil seedbank are needed to aid weed management. A common seed accession (Illinois) of giant ragweed was buried in replicate experimental gardens over 18 site years in Illinois, Michigan, Kansas, Nebraska, Ohio, and South Dakota to examine the importance of site and climate variability by year on seedling emergence. In a nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approach, we used a flexible sigmoidal function (Weibull) to model giant ragweed cumulative seedling emergence in relation to hydrothermal time accumulated in each site-year. An iterative search method across a range of base temperature (Tb) and base and ceiling soil matric potentials (ψband ψc) for accumulation of hydrothermal time identified optima (Tb= 4.4 C, ψb= −2,500 kPa, ψc= 0 kPa) that resulted in a parsimonious regional model. Deviations between the fits for individual site-years and the fixed effects regional model were characterized by a negative relationship between random effects for the shape parameterlrc(natural log of the rate constant, indicating the speed at which emergence progressed) and thermal time (base 10 C) during the seed burial period October through March (r= −0.51, P = 0.03). One possible implication of this result is that cold winter temperatures are required to break dormancy in giant ragweed seeds. By taking advantage of advances in statistical computing approaches, development of robust regional models now is possible for explaining arable weed seedling emergence progress across wide regions.
Resistance Mechanism to Tribenuron-Methyl in White Mustard (Sinapis alba) from Southern Spain
Authors: Cruz-Hipolito Hugo , Rosario Jesus , Ioli Gerardina , Osuna Maria D. , Smeda Reid J. , González-Torralva Fidel , De Prado Rafael
Published: April 2013

Tribenuron-methyl has been used widely for the last 15 yr to control white mustard in cereal crops from southern Spain. Since 2007, several cases of tribenuron-methyl resistance have been reported in wheat fields. Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to characterize the mechanism of suspected tribenuron-methyl resistance in a white mustard biotype (hereafter AR16) from Malaga (southern Spain). Under greenhouse conditions, the dose (g ai ha−1) inhibiting fresh weight by 50% (ED50) was 5.20 and 0.57 for the AR16and AR3(known susceptible) biotypes, respectively. With the use of14C-tribenuron-methyl, absorption and translocation from treated leaves were similar between biotypes. Thin-layer chromatography indicated foliar metabolism of tribenuron-methyl was low in both R and S biotypes. Assays on the binding affinity of tribenuron-methyl on acetolactate synthase (ALS) revealed enzyme activity was reduced by 50% (I50value) at 638.7 and 0.23 nM for the AR16and AR3biotypes, respectively. This resulted in 2,777-fold greater resistance to tribenuron-methyl for the AR16compared to AR3biotype. Sequencing the gene encoding ALS, a proline/serine amino-acid substitution, was detected in position 197 of the A domain. Based on these results, it is concluded that tribenuron-methyl resistance in the AR16biotype is due to a target-site mutation in the ALS enzyme, resulting in a lack of affinity to tribenuron-methyl.
Soybean Yield Loss Potential Associated with Early-Season Weed Competition across 64 Site-Years
Authors: Fickett Nathanael D. , Boerboom Chris M. , Stoltenberg David E.
Published: April 2013

Glyphosate applied POST can provide a high level of efficacy on many weed species in soybean, but delayed application beyond optimal weed growth stages might fail to fully protect yield potential. Further, we do not have a good understanding of the extent to which delayed glyphosate application and its associated yield loss is occurring on-farm. Our goal was to characterize on-farm weed communities in glyphosate-resistant soybean just prior to glyphosate application and estimate potential yield loss associated with early-season soybean-weed competition. In field surveys conducted across 64 site-yr in southern Wisconsin in 2008 and 2009, common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, dandelion,Polygonumspp., andAmaranthusspp. were the five most abundant broadleaf weed species across site-years, present in 92, 69, 64, 42, and 50% of all fields, respectively, at average densities of 14, 5, 5, 14, and 10 plants m−2, respectively. Average height of these species was 21 cm or less at or near the time of glyphosate application. Grass and sedge species occurred in 95% of fields at an average density of 41 plants m−2and height of 21 cm. The mean and median values of total weed density across site-years were 101 and 41 plants m−2, with heights of 19 and 17 cm, respectively. Recommended height for treatment is 15 cm. Glyphosate application occurred on average at V3 to V4 soybean growth stage, which is later than V2 soybean typically targeted to protect yield. Average yield loss predicted by WeedSOFT® was 5% with a mean economic loss of $47 ha−1. Predicted yield loss was greater than 5% on one-fourth of the site-years, all of which were treated at V4 soybean or later. The maximum predicted yield loss was 27%. These results suggest that glyphosate was applied at weed height and soybean growth stages that were greater than optimal to protect yield in many fields across southern Wisconsin. A soil-residual herbicide applied PRE, or a more timely POST application of glyphosate would alleviate the majority of these losses.
Microarray Analysis of the Semicompatible, Pathogenic Response and Recovery of Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Inoculated with the Cassava Bacterial Blight PathogenXanthomonas axonopodispv.manihotis
Authors: Horvath David P. , Santana María A. , Anderson James V.
Published: April 2013

Infection byXanthomonas axonopodispv.manihotis(Xam) of the perennial rangeland weed leafy spurge was tested to see whetherXammight serve a potential biological control agent for this invasive weed. Although leafy spurge was susceptible toXaminfection, it recovered within 21 d after inoculation (DAI). Microarray resources available for leafy spurge allowed us to follow the physiological and signaling pathways that were altered as leafy spurge was infected and then recovered fromXaminfection. The first physiological effect ofXaminfection was a down-regulation of photosynthetic processes within 1 DAI. By 7 DAI, numerous processes associated with well-documented pathogenesis responses of plants were observed. Although some pathogenesis responses were still detectable at 21 DAI, other processes associated with meristem development were noted. Ontological analysis of potential signaling systems indicated jasmonic acid plays a significant role in the recovery processes.
Molecular Basis of Resistance to Tribenuron in Water Starwort (Myosoton aquaticum) Populations from China
Authors: Liu Weitang , Bi Yaling , Li Lingxu , Yuan Guohui , Wang Jinxin
Published: April 2013

Populations of water starwort, a winter annual or biennial weed in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), can no longer be controlled by tribenuron following successive use of this herbicide over several years. Whole-plant bioassays have established that the resistant water starwort populations JS17, JS08, JS16, and JS07 showed high-level (from 203-fold to 565-fold) resistance to tribenuron. In vitro acetolactate synthase (ALS) assays revealed that resistance was due to reduced sensitivity of the ALS enzyme to tribenuron. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (I50) values for JS17, JS08, JS16, and JS07 were 72, 71, 70, and 76 times greater, respectively, than were those of the susceptible population JS24. This altered ALS sensitivity in the resistant populations was due to a mutation in the ALS gene resulting in a Pro197to Ser substitution (JS17, JS08, and JS16) and a Pro197to Leu substitution (JS07). This study established the first documented case, to our knowledge, of evolved tribenuron resistance in water starwort and concluded that the molecular basis of resistance is due, at least in part, to a target-site modification at Pro197in the ALS gene.
Crop Seeding Level: Implications for Weed Management in Sweet Corn
Authors: Williams Martin M. , Boydston Rick A.
Published: April 2013

Sweet corn is seeded under a wide range of population densities; however, the extent to which variable population density influences weed suppression is unknown. Therefore, field studies were undertaken to quantify the influence of sweet corn seeding level on growth, seed production, and post-harvest seed germination of wild-proso millet, one of the most problematic weeds in the crop. As crop seeding level increased, path analysis results indicated the crop canopy became taller and thicker, resulting in less wild-proso millet biomass, seed production, and germinability. However, at the level of individual fields, reductions in wild-proso millet growth and seed production were modest, at best, between a crop population currently used by growers and a higher crop population known to optimize yield of certain hybrids. These results indicate near-future increases in sweet corn seeding levels may play a minor role in improving weed management in individual sweet corn fields. Nonetheless, a reduction in crop populations, via weather- or management-driven phenomenon, increases risk of greater wild-proso millet seed production.
Diel horizontal migration in streams: Juvenile fish exploit spatial heterogeneity in thermal and trophic resources
Authors: Armstrong Jonathan B. , Schindler Daniel E. , Ruff Casey P. , Brooks Gabriel T. , Bentley Kale E. , Torgersen Christian E.
Published: April 2013

Vertical heterogeneity in the physical characteristics of lakes and oceans is ecologically salient and exploited by a wide range of taxa through diel vertical migration to enhance their growth and survival. Whether analogous behaviors exploit horizontal habitat heterogeneity in streams is largely unknown. We investigated fish movement behavior at daily timescales to explore how individuals integrated across spatial variation in food abundance and water temperature. Juvenile coho salmon made feeding forays into cold habitats with abundant food, and then moved long distances (350–1300 m) to warmer habitats that accelerated their metabolism and increased their assimilative capacity. This behavioral thermoregulation enabled fish to mitigate trade‐offs between trophic and thermal resources by exploiting thermal heterogeneity. Fish that exploited thermal heterogeneity grew at substantially faster rates than did individuals that assumed other behaviors. Our results provide empirical support for the importance of thermal diversity in lotic systems, and emphasize the importance of considering interactions between animal behavior and habitat heterogeneity when managing and restoring ecosystems.
Latent resilience in ponderosa pine forest: effects of resumed frequent fire
Authors: Larson Andrew J. , Belote R. Travis , Cansler C. Alina , Parks Sean A. , Dietz Matthew S.
Published: April 2013

Ecological systems often exhibit resilient states that are maintained through negative feedbacks. In ponderosa pine forests, fire historically represented the negative feedback mechanism that maintained ecosystem resilience; fire exclusion reduced that resilience, predisposing the transition to an alternative ecosystem state upon reintroduction of fire. We evaluated the effects of reintroduced frequent wildfire in unlogged, fire‐excluded, ponderosa pine forest in the Bob Marshall Wilderness, Montana, USA. Initial reintroduction of fire in 2003 reduced tree density and consumed surface fuels, but also stimulated establishment of a dense cohort of lodgepole pine, maintaining a trajectory toward an alternative state. Resumption of a frequent fire regime by a second fire in 2011 restored a low‐density forest dominated by large‐diameter ponderosa pine by eliminating many regenerating lodgepole pines and by continuing to remove surface fuels and small‐diameter lodgepole pine and Douglas‐fir that established during the fire suppression era. Our data demonstrate that some unlogged, fire‐excluded, ponderosa pine forests possess latent resilience to reintroduced fire. A passive model of simply allowing lightning‐ignited fires to burn appears to be a viable approach to restoration of such forests.
Phosphorus Leaching from Two Soils with Catch Crops Exposed to Freeze–Thaw Cycles
Authors: Riddle Matthew Unwin , Bergstrőm Lars
Published: April 2013

Catch crops have been found to decrease leaching of nitrates into surface water and groundwater, but they also have the potential to increase P loadings to natural waters due to plant destruction during freezing–thawing events. An indoor lysimeter experiment was performed using a clay and a sand soil with four different plant species applied: perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), honey herb (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.), chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), and oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.). These plants were exposed to simulated rainfall and freezing events in two separate experiments, one using topsoil columns with plant material added and one with plant material only. The sand and clay soils had significantly different control total‐P leaching loads after all freezing events, with a mean of 0.32 kg ha–1 for the clay and 0.88 kg ha–1 (P < 0.001) for the sand. The combined (soil including plant material) total‐P leaching loads from the clay soil were in the order: chicory (2.6 kg ha–1) > ryegrass (2.3 kg ha–1) > oilseed radish (2.2 kg ha–1) > honey herb (1.3 kg ha–1), with considerably smaller loads from the sand. Phosphorus losses were greater from the plant‐only experiment, with chicory (51.7 kg ha–1) > oilseed radish (43.2 kg ha–1) > honey herb (18.4 kg ha–1) > ryegrass (10 kg ha–1). The results indicate that soil texture and plant choice can have a large impact on P leaching loads entering natural waters in cold regions and that soils act as an efficient filter for P released from catch crop residues.
Land Application of Aluminum Water Treatment Residual to Bahiagrass Pastures: Soil and Forage Responses
Authors: Silveira Maria Lucia , Driscoll Julie L. , Silveira Cristiane P. , Graetz Donald A. , Sollenberger Lynn E. , Vendramini Joao M. B.
Published: April 2013

Phosphorus transport is an environmental concern, particularly in coarse‐textured soils with minimal P‐sorbing capability. This 2‐yr study evaluated the impact of an Al water treatment residual (Al‐WTR) application on soil P responses, leachate P concentrations, and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flüggé) yield and nutritive value. Treatments were a factorial combination of three Al‐WTR levels (0, 35, and 70 Mg ha–1) and two methods of application (surface vs. incorporated), replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Forage was harvested at 28‐d intervals from May to November 2007 and 2008 and analyzed for neutral detergent fiber and tissue mineral concentrations. Soil samples were collected in August 2006, before the Al‐WTR application, and in November 2007 and 2008. Shallow groundwater P was monitored using a piezometer installed at the 60‐cm depth. Soil water‐extractable P and leachate P concentrations decreased as Al‐WTR application level increased. Mehlich‐1 Al and soil P storage capacity values increased linearly as Al‐WTR application level increased. Soil disturbance due to incorporation of Al‐WTR resulted in horizontal P transport in the soil. Incorporation of Al‐WTR caused a yield suppression in Year 1 (∼11% compared with surface application), but no negative effect was observed in Year 2. Neutral detergent fiber and crude protein were not affected by Al‐WTR application level or method. Data indicate that Al‐WTR reduced P mobility in a Spodosol with no impact on forage responses except for a light reduction in yield in the first year if Al‐WTR was incorporated.
Low‐Input Management and Mature Conservation Tillage: Agronomic Potential in a Cool, Humid Climate
Authors: Légère Anne , Vanasse Anne , Stevenson F. Craig
Published: April 2013

Combining low‐input systems with conservation tillage may be feasible for field crops under northeastern conditions. This study compared the effects of herbicide‐free (HF), organic (ORG), conventional (CONV), and herbicide‐tolerant (GM) cropping systems applied to three 20 yr‐old tillage treatments (MP, moldboard plow; CP, chisel plow; NT, no‐till) on weed biomass and crop productivity in a 4‐yr barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)–red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)–corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Barley yield (4.5 Mg ha–1), and red clover forage yield (two cuts: 5.3 Mg ha–1) were similar across treatments. With MP and CP tillage, silage corn yield for CONV and GM systems (15 Mg ha–1) was 25% greater than for HF and ORG (11 Mg ha–1), whereas HF‐NT and ORG‐NT systems produced no harvestable yield. Soybean yield for HF‐MP and ORG‐MP systems was similar to that for CONV and GM (2.4 Mg ha–1), whereas yield in for the HF and ORG systems with CP and NT was half or less than for other treatments. Some form of primary tillage (CP or MP) was needed in corn and soybean to achieve adequate weed control and yield in the ORG and HF systems. Midseason weed proportion of total biomass was greater in the HF and ORG systems with CP and NT, and provided good yield prediction in corn (R2 = 0.74) and soybean (R2 = 0.84). Nutrient availability appeared adequate in corn following N2–fixing red clover but limiting in NT and CP for soybean following corn. Improving crop sequence, fertilization, and weed management will be key to the adoption of low‐input systems using conservation tillage practices in cool, humid climates.