bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Lives of Alcohol in Pre-colonial India
Authors: Chatterjee Prasun
Published: June 2005

Alcohol appeared in several varieties in South Asia during the seventeenth century. This object lived different lives in that it was produced locally as well as brought from Europe, Africa and the Middle-east Asia, was exchanged in several networks within the subcontinent and consumed by a diversity of people. Alcohol was at once the agent of social interaction, and an object of exchange. It was perceived as being central to the constitution of authority. Hierarchies of class, caste, gender and community both participated and came to be represented around the object. In discourses on the body and health, alcohol became the metaphor for completely opposite qualities—birth and death, health and disease. Embedded in processes and representations of great diversity, alcohol can be considered as not just mute but as integral to the dynamics of pre-colonial India.
Market Segmentation and Share Price Premium
Authors: Chan Kalok , Kwok Johnny K.H.
Published: June 2005

In China, domestic firms can issue both domestic (A) and foreign (B or H) shares. Domestic investors can only invest in A-shares and foreign investors only in B- and H-shares. Unlike other emerging markets, domestic A-shares are sold at a premium relative to foreign shares. We conjecture that the premium for domestic shares is determined by the limited alternative investment opportunities available to retail investors. The empirical evidence indicates that cross-sectional variation in the premiums for A-shares is negatively related to the relative supply of A-shares, and positively related to the relative supply of foreign shares. There is also evidence that the premiums can be explained by the speculative nature of retail investors, liquidity risk and firm size (market value of free-floating shares).
Size Anomaly on the Taiwan Stock Exchange
Authors: Liao Tung Liang
Published: June 2005

This study uses the stochastic dominance theory, which is distribution-free, to examine the relationship between realised returns and firm size for companies listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange between 1982 and 1999. The findings show that small-cap and large-cap portfolios outperform both medium-cap portfolios and the market, when investors are allowed to borrow and lend money at prevailing risk-free rates. The ‘traditional’ size effect exists only when investors are permitted to borrow and lend money at very high risk-free interest rates. As compared to mature markets, like in the US or UK, our findings also indicate that the widespread use of size in asset pricing is doubtful in emerging markets after 1980.
Auction of Pakistani Cellular Mobile Licences
Authors: Hassan Sadaf Asir
Published: June 2005

Delafone International, a telecommunications company based in Denmark, was preparing a bid for cellular mobile licences in Pakistan. Harris Scott, the CEO of the mobile unit of Delafone and Ammar Ahmad, a financial consultant, had to recommend an initial bid price for this licence. Since the first bid price was only a qualifier for the following auction stage, they also had to develop a strategy for the upcoming auction and decide on a walk-away price.
Fashion Knits
Authors: Ali Syed Mubashir , Jaffer Syed Muhammad
Published: June 2005

With an MBA from a well-known university in Pakistan, Ali had lucrative job offers from several multinational companies, but instead he decided to set up a stitching unit for manufacturing knitted garments. Based on his market research, he planned to operate and expand the stitching unit, which was expected to incur a cost of Rs 15 million and which was to be financed by equity. Based on changing market dynamics and calculation of data Ali had to determine whether the stitching unit was a financially viable project.
Building Information Capabilities and Websales at Siam City Cement
Authors: Marchand Donald A. , Chung Rebecca
Published: June 2005

In 1998, Holcim, the world's second largest cement producer, acquired Siam City Cement, Thailand's second largest cement producer. The new management team focused on improving the company's performance to sell more cement in the mature Thai market. The case focuses on how Siam City Cement quickly developed its IT infrastructure and introduced inside of 24 months an Enterprise Resource Planning system, Customer Relationship Management tools and webSALES, an online distribution channel. The case raises the question of what else Siam City Cement needs to do beyond IT measures to achieve the full value of the significant IT investment. It also highlights the challenge of how to motivate management and employees to use information more effectively to improve customer services and to increase market share and profitability.
Perceptions of Risk and Resiliency Factors Associated With Rural African American Adolescents’ Substance Abuse and HIV Behaviors
Authors: Brown Emma J. , Waite Colette D.
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to select and refine an integrated substance abuse and HIV prevention intervention model for rural African American adolescents based on input from teens, parents, pastors, and school officials. DESIGN: The study design was qualitative descriptive. Twenty-one adolescents and 17 adults participated in four focus groups. The adolescent groups consisted of 11 adolescents, ages 13 to 15 years, and 10 adolescents, ages 16 to 18 years. The two adult groups consisted of 7 and 8 participants, respectively. RESULTS: Adolescent and adult respondents discussed numerous risk and resiliency factors associated with adolescents’ potential drug use and sexual behavior. Overall, all groups identified more HIV-related factors than drug-use factors, whether risk or resiliency. Both adolescents and adults reported common factors, but the majority of factors were not held in common. Adolescents recommended a comprehensive prevention-intervention approach, which included condom use demonstration, whereas the adult approach lacked any reference to sex education. CONCLUSION: Adolescents and adults recognize the need to intervene early with rural African American teens to decrease their risk of engaging in sex and drug use. Although both acknowledge the existence of resiliency factors, the risk factors appear to outweigh the resiliency factors, especially at the community level.
Resilience: When Coping Is Emotionally Intelligent
Authors: Edward Karen-leigh , Warelow Philip
Published: June 2005

The potential for resilient behaviors and emotional intelligence involves an interplay between the individual and his or her broader environment. Studies that have examined resilience explore factors or characteristics that assist individuals to thrive from and in adversity. These protective factors are part of an individual’s general makeup. Some of these factors are considered genetic, such as a personality that is outgoing and social; however, many protective behaviors can be learned. Coping in the face of adversity involves emotional intelligence and resilience, both of which can be developed through support and education. In this context, fostering resilience and emotional intelligence has the potential to improve clinical outcomes for mental health consumers.
The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context
Authors: Balzacq Thierry
Published: June 2005

The prime claim of the theory of securitization is that the articulation of security produces a specific threatening state of affairs. Within this theory, power is derived from the use of ‘appropriate’ words in conformity with established rules governing speech acts. I argue, however, that a speech act view of security does not provide adequate grounding upon which to examine security practices in ‘real situations’. For instance, many security utterances counter the ‘rule of sincerity’ and, the intrinsic power attributed to ‘security’ overlooks the objective context in which security agents are situated. As a corrective, I put forward three basic assumptions — (i) that an effective securitization is audience-centered; (ii) that securitization is context-dependent; (iii) that an effective securitization is power-laden. The insights gleaned from the investigation of these assumptions are progressively integrated into the pragmatic act of security, the value of which is to provide researchers in the field with a tractable number of variables to investigate in order to gain a better understanding of the linguistic manufacture of threats.
Beyond the West: Terrors in Transatlantia
Authors: Cox Michael
Published: June 2005

One of the least expected but most significant events of recent years is that which led to a profound crisis in the transatlantic relationship. The argument advanced here is that the split between a number of European states and the United States of America not only casts doubt on the idea of the ‘West’ but also brings into question various liberal theories of international politics that suggest that the two regions are so bound together by ideology, interest and institutions that a serious disagreement between them was, and presumably remains, unlikely. This it is suggested both fails to explain the original rift and underestimates the very profound differences that continue to divide the US and Europe. A more complex and abrasive kind of relationship is in the making. Unfortunately, those who have thus far tended to shape the debate about the transatlantic relationship in general, and indeed the extent of US hegemony in particular, either seem historically unable or theoretically unwilling to grasp the extent of change now occurring in one of the most important regions in the international system.
Social Psychology and the Identity-Conflict Debate: Is a ‘China Threat’ Inevitable?
Authors: Gries Peter Hays
Published: June 2005

Are the relations among nations inevitably conflictual? Neorealism and neoliberalism share the rationalist assumption that states are self-regarding, but debate over whether states pursue relative or absolute gains. Scholars focusing on identity have recently joined the controversy. Wendt (1992) has argued against the realists that conflict is not the inevitable product of anarchy. Drawing on social psychology to defend realism, Mercer (1995) has countered that conflict is ‘an inescapable feature of... interstate relations’. This paper argues that international identity dynamics do not inexorably lead to competition, let alone conflict. Mercer’s pessimism is unwarranted. Drawing on social identity theory (SIT), it argues that intergroup conflict is a highly contingent outcome, and that social psychology provides insights into when the realists are right, and when the liberals are. Utilizing examples from Sino-American relations, the paper also seeks to contribute to the stalemated debate in the China field between optimists and pessimists over the existence of a ‘China threat’.
Party Systems and Democratic Consolidation in Africa’s Electoral Regimes
Authors: Kuenzi Michelle , Lambright Gina
Published: June 2005

That political parties are necessary ingredients of democratic governance is accepted as an incontrovertible fact by most political observers. Similarly, party system institutionalization is viewed as a requisite for the consolidation of democracy. In contrast, the effects of different party system characteristics on democracy are sharply contested. We contribute to this debate through a systematic analysis of the relationship between three party system characteristics (legislative volatility, the average age of parties, and the effective number of parliamentary parties) and the level of democracy in 33 African countries. Our results show that party system stability, measured by the average age of parties, and party system competitiveness, measured by the effective number of parties, have positive associations with democracy in African countries. Our results highlight the tension and potential trade-offs between stability and competition in the largely inchoate party systems of Africa.
Political Parties, Social Demographics and the Decline of Ethnic Mobilization in South Africa, 1994-99
Authors: Piombo Jessica
Published: June 2005

Before the advent of democratic rule in South Africa, most people had expected the country to experience an explosion of politicized ethnicity when minority rule was replaced. Yet this has not come to pass, and ethnic political parties have declined in number and influence in post-apartheid South Africa. Instead, between 1994 and 1999 partisan politics developed in a multipolar direction, with some parties embracing racial mobilization and others attempting to build multi-ethnic, non-racial entities. This article explains these developments as a product of the ways that political parties have responded to the incentives established by political institutions, on the one hand, and the structure of social divisions, on the other. The analysis holds implications for our understanding of the ways in which social cleavages in ethnically divided societies become politically salient, and for the lessons of institutional and constitutional engineering, particularly with respect to how proportional representation systems interact with other factors to shape politics in ethnically diverse societies.
Party Politics and Different Paths to Democratic Transitions
Authors: Creevey Lucy , Ngomo Paul , Vengroff Richard
Published: June 2005

Benin and Senegal represent two successful cases of democratic transition in Africa. They also represent two different paths to that end. This article explores the role of political parties in facilitating these different and successful paths to democratic transitions. In Benin, political parties and political leaders relied on the prevailing patterns of ethno-regional cleavages to structure their strategic interactions, mobilize electoral support and organize competition in legislative and presidential elections. In Senegal, an incremental pattern of institutional reform helped the ruling party retain power while enabling fragmented opposition groups to participate in competitive elections. In the long run, this helped opposition groups develop an effective electoral coalition to defeat the ruling party in presidential and legislative elections and bring about a turnover in government.
Enlivened Objects
Authors: Skuse Andrew
Published: June 2005

This article examines the social maintenance of commodity exchange and use values with specific regard to radio in Afghanistan. It addresses the socio-symbolic significance of the technology, as reflected in the domestic positioning and care afforded to radio sets. Radio brands, durability, disrepair and repair are also discussed in the context of poverty, the maximization of future exchange values and the long-term extraction of maximal use values. The article addresses notions of mundane everyday object enlivenment and concludes by suggesting that the meaning invested in certain objects, in this instance radio, is characterized by a process of ongoing economic and semantic investment that serves to maintain the object as a source of information, marker of social status, modernity and symbol of global connection.
Domestic Boundaries
Authors: Garvey Pauline
Published: June 2005

The article presents an exploration of domestic borders in the Norwegian town of Skien. Differences between homes may be minimal, however the differentiation between homes, can occasionally, be marked (Wallman, 1978: 203). This observation has relevance for Norwegian and Somali households whereby perceptions of domestic boundaries, visibility and definitions of privacy are analysed. The domestic window is shown to provide one material medium for the negotiation of ethnic identity and social classification. I argue notions of the private are dynamic and contextual and frequently have less to do with ‘being seen’ than with a perception of the social gaze. Consequently, looking at ethnic minorities, Norwegian locals and the private home in Skien does not just imply investigating the link between visibility and privacy but questioning the ideas on which this link is based, and rethinking notions of privacy itself.
Lost in Translation: from Omiyage to Souvenir
Authors: Pigliasco Guido Carlo
Published: June 2005

Centering on the analysis of the omiyage (gifts brought back from trips for family, friends and colleagues) in Japan, this article describes the Japanese office ladies’ (OLs) practices of consumption in Hawaii. In contemporary Japan, foreign goods, especially brand name ones, are not only bearers of intrinsic aesthetic value but are forms negotiating OLs’ emancipatory social action. Based on interviews with OLs visiting Hawaii’s shopping scene between 1994 and 2004, this article explores the nature and evolution of the Japanese omiyage, analyzing its metamorphosis and trespasses, along with issues of internationalization and consumption. These changes delineate an historical transformation from a traditional culture characterized by a non-individualistic, others-oriented omiyage practice, to a material one, self-oriented and characterized by a form of Occidentalism, fetishized fads and style-status symbols.
Indian Yellow
Authors: Bailkin Jordanna
Published: June 2005

This article examines the economics and politics of the pigments that British artists used in order to depict non-white subjects and thus attempts to begin to reconstruct the palette of empire. In analyzing the origins, popularity, and disuse of one pigment (that is, Indian yellow) that had particular relevance for painting Indian subjects, I look at the intersection of material culture and imperial politics. The process of visually representing Britain’s colonized subjects of the Raj was, I argue, implicated in a complex set of ideas about indigenous labor and religion that ultimately necessitated a ban on or disuse of Indian yellow in the metropole.
Dysregulation of pretend play and communication development in children with autism
Authors: Blanc R. , Adrien J. -L. , Roux S. , Barthélémy C.
Published: June 2005

We hypothesized that the difficulties of the child with autism originate from disorders of organization and regulation of actions according to environmental changes. Autism impoverishes general mental representation skills, which are the basis of symbolic play and the development of communication. Twenty-one children with autism were compared with 14 children with global intellectual impairment and 15 matched typically developing children, on both regulation of play activities and communication development. Regulation of play was very disordered in children with autism, with breaking off, dissociation and instability of actions. However, in directed play their actions were more structured and corresponded to a better developmental level. In addition, dysregulation was associated with delayed, heterogeneous development of communication skills. The results of this study are in line with our hypotheses and emphasize the role of symbolic play in differential diagnosis and the value of therapies based on regulation processes and symbolic play.
Toxic trace elements in the hair of children with autism
Authors: Fido Abdullahi , Al-Saad Samira
Published: June 2005

Excess or deficiency of natural trace elements has been implicated in the etiology of autism. This study explores whether concentration levels of toxic metals in the hair of children with autism significantly differ from those of age- and sex-matched healthy controls. In-hair concentration levels of antimony, uranium, arsenic, beryllium, mercury, cadmium, lead and aluminum from 40 boys with autism and 40 healthy boys were determined by Perkin-Elmer mass spectrometry. The children with autism had significantly ( p < 0.001) higher in-hair concentration levels of lead, mercury and uranium. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the other five toxic elements. The ratio between nutritional elements and toxic metals among children with autism was within the normal range. The possible sources of the toxic metals are discussed. Such testing is informative but at present the practical implications in terms of diagnosis and clinical management are limited.
Use of the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress (QRS-F) with parents of young children with autism
Authors: Honey Emma , Hastings Richard P. , Mcconachie Helen
Published: June 2005

The Questionnaire on Resources and Stress (Friedrich, short form: QRS-F) has been used widely with parents of children with disabilities. However, its psychometric properties in parents of young children with autism have not been established. Here, 174 mothers and 43 fathers of children under 6 years with autism spectrum disorder were studied by two independent research teams. Each parent completed a 31-item version of the QRS-F. Factor analysis of the mothers’ scores on these items failed to identify an expected two- or three-factor structure. Thus, the properties of a total stress score were explored. Analyses revealed evidence of good reliability, and expected associations with social support, coping and autism severity. These analyses lend preliminary support to the convergent validity of the scale. Overall, the data support the use of a total stress score from the 31-item version of the QRS-F in research with parents of young children with autism.
High-functioning autism and sexuality
Authors: Stokes Mark A. , Kaur Archana
Published: June 2005

Few studies have compared sexual behaviours among adolescents with high-functioning autism (HFA) and typical populations, and indicated whether specialized education is required. We hypothesized that adolescents with HFA would (1) display poorer social behaviours; (2) engage in fewer behaviours related to privacy and have poorer knowledge regarding privacy issues; (3) have less sex education; and (4) display more inappropriate sexual behaviours; and that (5) parental concerns would be greater for the HFA sample. Parents of typical adolescents ( n = 50) and adolescents with HFA ( n = 23) were surveyed with a Sexual Behaviour Scale (SBS) developed by the authors, with domains corresponding to the hypotheses. The HFA and typical groups were found to be significantly different on all five domains. However, following covariation with age and level of social behaviour, it was found that only parental concerns about their child distinguished between typical adolescents and those with HFA. Specialized sex education programmes with a social interaction emphasis should be considered for this group.
An ecological framing of HIV preventive intervention: a case study of non-government organizational work in the developing world
Authors: Mooney Annabelle , Sarangi Srikant
Published: June 2005

The work that non-governmental organizations (NGOs) perform in terms of HIV and AIDS is wide-ranging. Financial resources are available from government and other agencies if NGOs can frame their work in alignment with their interests. We take the particular case of Disha Foundation, an NGO working in Nasik, in the state of Maharashtra in India, whose clients are migrant workers. Drawing upon a broad notion of frame, we focus on the way in which activities such as ‘intervention’, ‘prevention’, ‘empowerment’ and ‘community’ in the HIV field can differ radically from articulation (at a government level) to practice (of NGOs). Disha’s interventions can be described as ecological, in so far as they map and change root causes. Thus, Disha can be seen as doing HIV prevention. Further, we argue that framing HIV funding calls primarily in terms of ‘quality of life’ would facilitate the work of NGOs, especially of ecological interventions.
Expressive bodies: demented persons’ communication in a dance therapy context
Authors: Nyström Krister , Lauritzen Sonja Olin
Published: June 2005

Dementia is a disease that brings with it various limitations in the afflicted person’s communication with others. The purpose of this study is to explore, not the limitations, but the capacity of the demented person to communicate under conditions that differ from the everyday life of the care institution. Group dance therapy sessions with elderly, demented persons were video-taped and analysed with a focus on how verbal and non-verbal modes of communication were used by the participants. The ways the demented persons use body movements, free dance movements, speech and singing in different combinations is described and discussed in terms of different expressive modes, where body movements are used to substitute or support speech as well as to express thoughts, memories and emotions. The results from the study indicate that under conditions that allow for different modes of expression, the communication of the demented person can be found to be rich and varied in expression and content.
Crafting a praxis-oriented culture concept in the health disciplines: conundrums and possibilities
Authors: Dorazio-Migliore Margaret , Migliore Sam , Anderson Joan M.
Published: June 2005

‘Culture’ is a key concept in the social sciences. It also figures prominently in health science discourses. Yet, it is an imprecise and politically charged term. Due to a variety of factors, health care professionals may tend to use notions of culture that can be easily applied. Dangers are posed when using simplified culture concepts, however, because they act as ‘interpretive lenses’ - lenses that may generate cultural stereotypes, lead health professionals to miss key interactions and processes in the provision of care, and simplify the cultural complexities surrounding the position(s) of both the health care providers and their clients. Two cases of eldercare are analysed to demonstrate the multi-layered intricacies of the concept of culture. The overall point is that ‘culture’ is a highly complex and dynamic term; the way in which it is conceptualized and used has enormous consequences for health care.
Embodied expertise: women’s perceptions of the contraception consultation
Authors: Lowe Pam
Published: June 2005

This research, based on qualitative interviews and non-participant observation, emerges from a larger study investigating what factors influence the ‘contraceptive careers’ of British women in their 30s. The women informants recognized that contraceptive products often impacted on their health, but viewed them as distinct from ‘medical matters’. Rather than doctors being seen as having expertise, it was women health professionals, be they nurses, midwives, health visitors or doctors, who were perceived as the ones who ‘know’ about contraception, through an assumption that they are contraception users. This embodied knowledge is valued by the women above their formal medical training. I will also show how general practice surgeries and family planning clinics were viewed as gendered spaces, which altered the expectations and experiences of the women during contraceptive consultations. This study found that as ‘real’ expertise over contraception stems from embodied rather than textual knowledge, the women’s choices were grounded by a gendered sense of trust.
WTO Agriculture Negotiations and South Asian Countries
Authors: Chand Ramesh , Bathla Seema
Published: June 2005

As mandated by Article XX of the Uruguay Round, negotiations for next round of the Agreement on Agriculture (AOA) began in 1999 and are now in an advanced stage. It is quite important now for South Asian countries (SACs) to join hands based on mutual interest and geographic considerations, and push a common agenda in the negotiations on the AOA. These countries have a lot in common in their economic situation, agricultural concerns and interest in the global market. Taking a common position in the negotiations will increase the bargaining strength of SACs and help in getting better deal for the region. The South Asian agenda for a new round of negotiations on agriculture in the WTO needs to be somewhat offensive. The popular opinion in SACs is such that any deal that secures freedom from commitment and provides protection against imports is a great achievement. In a liberalized economy, protection and freedom from commitment granted to other countries is equally, and sometimes more, important. Sometimes it is beneficial to go for a trade-off between, say, making a commitment to reduce subsidies and reducing protection in own market if it results in enough gain in market access in other countries. South Asian agriculture has some strength and SACs need not be extremely defensive and inward looking. This paper suggests a common agenda for SACs for genuine protection of the domestic market and to take advantage of the external one.
Commercial Agriculture in Kerala after the WTO
Authors: Joseph Brigit , Joseph K.J.
Published: June 2005

The agricultural sector of Kerala, after prolonged stagnation resulting from increased production cost and declining profitability inter alia on account of rising wages, has adapted its crop structure to focus on less labour-intensive commercial crops. Such a structural change in the region's agricultural sector has coincided by the formation of the WTO and the new trading environment for agricultural commodities. Against this background, this article seeks answer to the following: has the restructuring effort by Kerala agriculture to salvage itself from the ‘high-cost syndrome’ been thwarted by the new trading environment resulting from the WTO?
Water and Sanitation in South Asia in the Context of the Millennium Development Goals
Authors: Kulshrestha Mukul , Mittal Atul K.
Published: June 2005

The South Asia region holds the key to the fulfilment of the Millennium Development Goals related to water and sanitation. Any effort towards achieving the 2015 targets would require investments in the sector that cannot be generated internally by the countries of the region. The authors demonstrate that such efforts will invariably require at least a 10-fold international inflow of investments to the region, besides massive domestic investments and adoption of sector efficiency measures. This article identifies and discusses a plethora of problems that the sector faces in the South Asia region and links the problems to two root causes: inappropriate tariff structures and poor governance. The article also discusses the issue of prevalence of corruption in the water and sanitation sector in the South Asia and concludes that the sector needs wide reforms with a strong political commitment to take on the challenge of the year 2015 development targets.
Anthropological suspicion, public interest and NAGPRA
Authors: Fine-Dare Kathleen S.
Published: June 2005

This article asks why suspicion regarding the aims of anthropology has been heightened in an era when anthropologists are perhaps engaged in more advocacy work than ever.While it may seem contradictory or even ‘unfair’ that anthropology continues to get a ‘bad rap’, this perception (of and about all parties involved) is itself an important focus for anthropological reflection. In this article, I examine an event that has contributed to this issue in important ways - the passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) in 1990 - to illustrate why suspicions about anthropologists have taken on new dimensions, and to suggest what kind of approach anthropologists might take in responding to these issues.
Lives in fragments?
Authors: Jones Andy
Published: June 2005

The European Neolithic has often been figured in ideational terms. The transformations that gave rise to sedentism, agriculture and the construction of monuments have been explained either in terms of abstract symbolic schemes or as a change in worldview and cosmology. As an alternative, this article suggests that a greater emphasis needs to be placed on the constitution of the person during this period of transformation. Instead of focusing on the playing out of symbolic structures, it is instead important to consider the role that materiality plays in forming social relations. By focusing on the treatment of material culture, human remains and the use of architecture, we begin to understand in concrete terms not only how the European Neolithic was built, but also how people were transformed through this process.
Orientalism, ideology and identity
Authors: Boivin Nicole
Published: June 2005

While many would argue that the preoccupation with caste in South Asian anthropology can be linked to an essentializing and orientalist project that has increasingly come under fire in post-colonial and subaltern studies, this article suggests that within South Asian archaeology it is, in contrast, the almost complete neglect of caste that hints at deeper problems within the discipline. After attempting to identify why caste has been largely omitted from archaeological studies in South Asia, the article goes on to explore some of the issues that archaeologists will have to consider if they are going to begin to explicitly address caste in their research, including the relationship between caste and material culture, time, place, agency and ideology. The article concludes by examining the reasons why archaeologists need to address caste, and the ways in which archaeology can contribute to a more sophisticated and nuanced understanding of caste and its development and contemporary relevance in South Asia.
Keeping the dead at arm’s length
Authors: Williams Howard
Published: June 2005

Archaeologists have identified two kinds of furnished graves dating to the late fifth and sixth centuries AD from southern and eastern England: inhumation and cremation. While the ‘weapon burial rite’ is a frequent occurrence for inhumation graves, weapons are rarely found in cinerary urns. This article argues that this divergence may relate to the contrasting roles of cremation and inhumation as mortuary technologies of remembrance linked to alternative strategies for managing the powerful mnemonic agency of weapons.
Towards a definition of politico-ideological practices in the prehistory of Minorca (the Balearic islands)
Authors: PÉRez Rafael MicÓ
Published: June 2005

Archaeological research into political relations and ideology among prehistoric societies has often been seen as unreliable or intrinsically speculative. Without denying the difficulties of this task, great advances can nevertheless be made when societies produced specialized artefacts in order to enhance social communication. Starting from historical materialism, the goal of this article is to show how Minorcan communities from the late second millennium BC constructed social differences in the context of a changing non-classist society. The research is based upon a unique set of wooden carvings recently found inside the Mussol Cave (Minorca, Balearic Islands, Spain). The analysis begins with a careful description of these objects and the place where they were used, before categorizing them as a form of specialized ‘communicative artefacts’. As such, they played a crucial role in the context of practices aimed at enabling certain people to acquire a new social condition.
Using learning processes to promote change for sustainable development
Authors: Ballard David
Published: June 2005

Sustainable development is widely recognized as a major change challenge, though its urgency is not as widely appreciated. This article begins by reviewing the challenge and showing how it is not currently being taken up. Drawing on the wider literature, it identifies some of the key contextual issues that need to be addressed in change programmes for sustainability. It then develops a simple model of three conditions, ‘awareness’, ‘agency’ (the identification of meaningful ways of responding) and ‘association’ with other people, whose development is shown to be crucial in addressing these issues and hence to promoting change for sustainable development. It also identifies a vital process (‘action and reflection’) for doing this. The article concludes with a case example, using this model to review a change initiative in the corporate sector.
How indigenous farmers and university engineers create actionable knowledge for sustainable irrigation
Authors: Dewulf Art , Craps Marc , Bouwen René , Abril Felipe , Zhingri Mariela
Published: June 2005

In this article we explore how actionable knowledge was created among substantially different communities of practice in a process with enduring consequences. Analysing an irrigation technology case from southern Ecuador, we illustrate how an indigenous irrigation organization, an intermediary NGO, and a university engineering center together produced actionable knowledge. The project’s original expert approach to designing generally applicable software for irrigation management gradually and implicitly transformed into an iterative participatory action research approach. We show how the transformation improved the work as the stakeholders gradually contextualized their knowledge creation, bridged the boundaries of the involved communities of practice by externalizing mutual knowledge and shared tacit knowledge by engaging in common practices with concern for the quality of relationships.
A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to the Enhancement of Self-Esteem in a Patient Suffering Chronic Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Hall Pauline L. , Tarrier Nicholas
Published: June 2005

This report describes a novel cognitive-behavioral intervention aimed to increase self-esteem, in a lady with a diagnosis of bipolar illness. It is argued that self-esteem is important to the development, maintenance, and relapse of the illness symptoms, being both a vulnerability factor to, and a consequence of, illness episodes. The intervention involves modification of the strength of positive beliefs about the self through the focus of attention on specific behavioral examples of the patient’s positive attributes. The intervention is described in detail and results over the longer term are reported. There were significant improvements on measures of self-esteem, which was in the normal range at posttreatment and follow-up. General psychotic psychopathology improved by 20% and there was an improvement in social functioning over one standard deviation. Results at 3- and 12-month follow-ups indicate that improvements were largely maintained although there was some reduction in the magnitude of improvement.
Individual Social-Cognitive Intervention for Aggressive Behavior in Early Adolescence
Authors: Boxer Paul , Butkus Michael
Published: June 2005

This study presents a case of successful treatment provided to an early-adolescent African American male diagnosed with conduct disorder. Treatment in this case was conceptualized using a cognitive-ecological framework for understanding the development of aggressive behavior. Specific interventions included individual social-cognitive psychotherapy, family psychoeducation, and school collaboration. Implications for research and practice involving the treatment of aggressive youth are discussed, and recommendations for clinical work based on the cognitive-ecological framework are offered.
Status Dynamic Treatment of a Case of Bulimia
Authors: Bergner Raymond M.
Published: June 2005

According to Marshall (1993), bulimic individuals often emerge from families where the methods of parental governance are characterized by excessive coerciveness, disregard for who the child actually is, and insistence on conformity to an a priori template of how the child should be. Later, these methods are adopted by the child in her attempts to control her own behavior. Bulimic binge eating represents a rebellious reaction against these coercive and self-disregarding methods of familial and self governance. Bulimic purging represents a reinstatement of the coercive regime and sets the stage for further rebellion in the future. A critical practical implication of this formulation is that therapeutic emphasis should be placed on changing the self-governance strategies of bulimic individuals. A clinical case is presented in which such a focus resulted in a highly favorable outcome.
Successes and Failures in the Implementation of a Manualized Treatment for Childhood Depression in an Outpatient Setting
Authors: Stegall Sheri D. , Nangle Douglas W.
Published: June 2005

This article describes successes and failures in the implementation of a manualized treatment for childhood depression. The use of treatment manuals is controversial because most have been derived from lab-based treatments and may not be transportable into real-world settings. A manualized cognitive-behavioral treatment was utilized to treat a 9-year-old boy who presented with multifaceted problems (e.g., depressed mood, eating and sleeping difficulties, crying, bedwetting). The outcome was favorable yet underscored the importance of being flexible and using functional analysis. Numerous challenges were encountered, including the lack of a clear-cut diagnosis, difficulties sustaining the pace of treatment, assessing client progress, and motivating both the child and parents. Challenges are discussed with respect to implications for managed care, debates surrounding manualized treatment, and suggestions for utilizing treatment manuals.
The Effects of a Consistent Sleep Schedule on Time Taken to Achieve Sleep
Authors: Finley Christy L. , Cowley Brian J.
Published: June 2005

In this study the authors evaluated how a consistent sleep schedule would result in the participant’s being able to demonstrate a shorter latency between retiring for bed and sleep. A 44-year-old female went to bed within the same 15-minute time period at night and arose within the same 15-minute time period in the morning. A single-subject reversal design was used. During treatment, the average latency between going to bed and sleeping was 46 minutes (111 minutes before treatment), with the last 5 nights averaging 9 minutes of latency. The participant established consistency in her bedtime schedule by going to bed at the same time every night and by arising in the morning at the same time. This intervention resulted in the participant’s demonstrating a shorter latency between the onset of bedtime and going to sleep. This intervention and measuring procedure was used with little expense to the participant and yet captured the behavior change intended.
The last resort?
Authors: Fish Rebecca , Culshaw Eloise
Published: June 2005

This study provides feedback from research with staff and clients of a medium secure learning disability service in north-west England. Participants were asked about incidents which required the use of physical intervention, using unstructured interviews within a participatory research framework. The article explores clients’ and staff accounts of aggressive incidents and the consequences of physical intervention. Clients cited other clients and the ward atmosphere as the main reasons for aggressive behaviour. Some clients said that the use of physical intervention made them more frustrated and brought back memories of frightening experiences. Staff reported that incidents of aggression and the use of physical intervention were upsetting and traumatic, causing feelings of guilt and self-reproach. Staff said that they always used physical intervention as a last resort, although clients often reported otherwise. Time out and post-incident discussions were valued by both groups, as were strong staff/client relationships.
Positive contributions made by children with an intellectual disability in the family
Authors: Hastings Richard P. , Beck Alexandra , Hill Christopher
Published: June 2005

The aims of this article were to test the psychometric properties of the Positive Contributions Scale (PCS), and to compare perceptions of positive contributions reported by mothers and fathers. Participants were 140 mothers and 60 fathers of children with intellectual disabilities. Results supported the reliability and construct validity of the PCS. Internal consistency was good for all subscales bar one, and the PCS total score was associated with scores on the Positive Affect Scale. There were differences on PCS scales for mothers and fathers, with mothers generally reporting more positive contributions than fathers. The PCS is a reasonably robust measure and its use in future research should help to address questions about the nature and function of parental positive perceptions. The PCS might also be used in applied settings to help balance the effects of asking families about their difficulties and support needs.
A focus group enquiry into stress experienced by staff working with people with challenging behaviours
Authors: Raczka Roman
Published: June 2005

A focus group is a group of people with a shared interest who meet to discuss a particular topic and generate information and opinion. Initially developed for use in market research, focus groups have been widely used in research and are often used in health and social care research. There is an increasing use of focus groups within learning disability settings both with staff and with service users. In this study a series of explorative focus groups gathered information from community staff regarding their experiences of stress when working with people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviours.
Importance of Sonographers Reporting Work-Related Musculoskeletal Injury
Authors: David Stephanie
Published: June 2005

This study is intended to provide descriptive data of the incidence of sonographers reporting work-related musculoskeletal pain and barriers that inhibit reporting. Approximately 135 sonographers received a survey; 70 surveys were returned. An absent sonographer may lead to increased wait time for patients and compromise examination quality as remaining sonographers decrease examination times to accommodate a larger number of patients. Many sonographers are not reporting their pain or injury due to an incorrect belief that nothing can be done to improve the situation. This is a misconception that may result in more severe injury and a larger number of sonographers leaving the field. Strategies must be developed that encourage sonographer reporting of pain and facilitate interventions designed to provide sonographers with a safe and healthy environment.
Adenomyosis
Authors: Tonni Gabriele , Ventura Alessandro
Published: June 2005

The present study confirms the potential use of transvaginal power Doppler sonography in the field of pelvic inflammatory disease such as endometriosis, as well as its usefulness in the subtle differential instrumental diagnosis between adenomyosis and leiomyomata. Transvaginal power Doppler application is critical in studying the vascular tree of such lesions and can aid clinicians in planning the most appropriate therapeutic strategy. The differential diagnosis using power Doppler sonography is based on vascular characteristics. Adenomyosis is characterized by a preserved vascular texture supply that results in dilated spiral arteries running perpendicular toward the myometrium into the endometrial surface. Leiomyomata exhibits a vascular tree that typically circumscribes the solid mass. Nodular stage II adenomyosis in young, infertile patients may be treated with a conservative hysteroscopic resection of the myometrium under laparoscopic guidance. 2D or 3D transvaginal power Doppler angiography should be used to improve diagnostic sensitivity and facilitate appropriate therapeutic intervention.
The Role of Sonography in Selective Laser Photocoagulation Therapy for the Treatment of Severe Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
Authors: Reas Amber
Published: June 2005

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a serious complication occurring in a significant number of monochorionic twin pregnancies. Vascular anastamoses within the shared placenta lead to a potentially fatal hemodynamic imbalance from one twin to the other. Advances in sonography and endoscopic fetal surgery have led to treatment options, including selective laser photocoagulation of communicating vessels (SLPCV) and amnioreduction therapy. Recent research has allowed the development of a sonographically based staging system, which is being found useful in determining the optimal treatment method for individual cases based on the severity of TTTS by stage. This literature review aims to improve obstetrical sonographers’ understanding of the role they play in the overall evaluation of patients with TTTS and to offer suggestions and available techniques, as well as provide expectations, that may aid them in their evaluation of these patients, particularly during SLPCV therapy.