bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Ruthenium Complexes with 4‐(1H‐Pyrrol‐1‐yl)‐Substituted Polypyridine Ligands − Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Properties
Authors: Martineau David , Gros Philippe , Beley Marc , Fort Yves
Published: September 2004

Three new pyrrole‐containing ligands and their ruthenium complexes have been prepared. The pyrrole ring bound by nitrogen to pyridine was found to significantly modify photophysical and electrochemical properties compared to parent bi‐ and terpyridines. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Extending The Reaction Landscape of the {Pt(μ‐S)2Pt} Core: From Metal Centers to Non‐Metallic Electrophiles
Authors: González‐Duarte Pilar , Lledós Agustí , Mas‐Ballesté Rubén
Published: September 2004

The outstanding nucleophilicity of the {Pt(μ‐S)2Pt} core in compounds [L2Pt(μ‐S)2PtL2] (L2 = phosphane) accounts for their ability to act as metalloligands towards main group and transition metals, and thus for the high number of [{L2Pt(μ3‐S)2PtL2}xML′y]z aggregates already described. However, the electronic and molecular features underpinning this behavior anticipate a landscape of comparable richness for the reactions of [L2Pt(μ‐S)2PtL2] with non‐metal electrophiles. Exploration of the chemistry of [L2Pt(μ‐S)2PtL2] (L2 = chelating diphosphane) towards various electron‐acceptor species has been the aim of our research for the past years. In this microreview we survey the synthetic strategies of [L2Pt(μ‐S)2PtL2] compounds, their distinguishing electronic and molecular features, the dynamic processes and electron‐donor properties of the {Pt(μ‐S)2Pt} core, and its binding ability towards metal centers. Moreover, particular attention is given to the reaction chemistry of [L2Pt(μ‐S)2PtL2] with organic electrophiles and protic acids, as well as to the influence of the {Pt(μ‐S)2Pt} core on the reactivity of inorganic or organic L′ ligands in [{L2Pt(μ3‐S)2PtL2}xML′y]z aggregates. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Post‐Metallocene Hydridolanthanide Chemistry: [Lu{(Me3Si)2NC(NiPr)2}2(μ‐H)]2 — A Novel Lanthanide Hydride in a Non‐Cyclopentadienyl Coordination Environment; Synthesis, Structure and Catalytic Activity in Olefin Polymerization
Authors: Trifonov Alexander A. , Fedorova Elena A. , Fukin Georgy K. , Bochkarev Mikhail N.
Published: September 2004

The reaction of anhydrous LuCl3 with a twofold molar excess of lithium guanidinate [Li{(Me3Si)2NC(NiPr)2}], obtained in situ from the amide [LiN(SiMe3)2(Et2O)] and 1,3‐diisopropylcarbodiimide in THF, yields the bis(guanidinate) “ate” complex [Lu{(Me3Si)2NC(NiPr)2}2(μ‐Cl)2Li(THF)2] (1). The alkyllutetium derivative [Lu{(Me3Si)2NC(NiPr)2}2(CH2SiMe3)] (2) was synthesized by a metathesis reaction of 1 with LiCH2SiMe3 in toluene. The treatment of 2 with an equimolar amount of PhSiH3 in hexane at room temperature results in the first known dimeric lanthanide hydride in a bis(guanidinate) coordination environment, [Lu{(Me3Si)2NC(NiPr)2}2(μ‐H)]2 (3). The crystal structures of complexes 1 and 3 have been determined by X‐ray crystallography. The hydrido complex 3 was found to catalyze polymerization of ethylene, propylene and styrene. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Characterisation of chicken fat dry fractionation at the pilot scale
Authors: Arnaud Elodie , Relkin Perla , Pina Michel , Collignan Antoine
Published: September 2004

Chicken fat was processed by dry fractionation to obtain a solid fraction at ambient temperature. Crystallisation and separation were performed using industrial‐type procedures. Crystal formation and changes were monitored, while determining the composition, physical characteristics and thermal behaviour of the initial fat and resulting fractions. Dry fractionation, under the described conditions, produced stearin that resembled other animal fats such as lard and tallow and with better physical features than the initial fat stock. The results of this study also highlighted the mechanisms involved during the dry fractionation process.
Glucose Biosensor Based on Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Dai Yi‐Qing , Shiu Kwok‐Keung
Published: September 2004

An amperometric glucose biosensor based on multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) modified glassy carbon electrode has been developed. MWCNT‐modified glassy carbon electrode was obtained by casting the electrode surface with multi‐walled carbon nanotube materials. Glucose oxidase was co‐immobilized on the MWCNT‐modified glassy carbon surface by electrochemical deposition of poly(o‐phenylenediamine) film. Enhanced catalytic electroreduction behavior of oxygen at MWCNT‐modified electrode surface was observed at a potential of −0.40 V (vs. Ag|AgCl) in neutral medium. The steady‐state amperometric response to glucose was determined at a selected potential of −0.30 V by means of the reduction of dissolved oxygen consumed by the enzymatic reaction. Common interferents such as ascorbic acid, 4‐acetamidophenol, and uric acid did not interfere in the glucose determination. The linear range for glucose determination extended to 2.0 mM and the detection limit was estimated to be about 0.03 mM.
Glucose Microbiosensor Based on MnO2 and Glucose Oxidase Modified Carbon Fiber Microelectrode
Authors: Hocevar Samo B. , Ogorevc Bozidar , Schachl Klemens , Kalcher Kurt
Published: September 2004

A glucose microbiosensor has been developed using electrochemical codeposition of glucose oxidase (GOx) along with MnO2 as mediator, onto a single carbon fiber microelectrode. A two‐step deposition of only MnO2 initially and then of MnO2 in the presence of GOx has been introduced to ensure appropriate activity of the mediator. Several parameters such as deposition potential and time, concentration levels etc. have been characterized and optimized. A thin Nafion film was applied as an immobilization/encapsulation and interference‐free protective layer. The proposed microbiosensor was employed as an amperometric glucose detector at pH 7.5 at an operating potential of +0.58 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The microbiosensor is characterized by a well‐reproducible amperometric response, linear signal‐to‐glucose concentration range from 1.5 mmol L−1 to 15 mmol L−1, and a limit of detection (S/N=3) of 0.8 mmol L−1. The microbiosensor exhibits good stability over more than ten hours of continuous measurement.
Development of a Rapid Single‐Drop Analysis Biosensor for Screening of Phenanthrene in Water Samples
Authors: Moore Eric J. , Kreuzer Mark P. , Pravda Miloslav , Guilbault George G.
Published: September 2004

Detection techniques for biosensors often require bulky instruments or cells that are not feasible for in‐field analysis. Our single‐drop cell design, optimized in this work, comprised a screen‐printed three‐electrode (SPE), strip in horizontal position onto which a volume of 100 μL of sample or substrate solution was placed to ensure electrical contact (complete circuit). Together with optimized linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), parameters for the detection of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (AP), the system was applied to a biosensor for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in environmental samples. A limit of detection (LOD), of 0.15 ppb was achieved for a model system with an IC50 value of 0.885 ppb and a linear range (LR), of 0.2–10 ppb. Application of the single drop analysis (SDA), format to a PAH biosensor gave a LOD of 1.4 ppb for detection of phenanthrene with an IC50 value of 29.3 ppb and linear range of 2–100 ppb. Proof of concept is shown with spiked sample analysis of phenanthrene in matrices such as sea, river and tap water.
Trace Determination of Chromium by Square‐Wave Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry on Bismuth Film Electrodes
Authors: Chatzitheodorou Eleni , Economou Anastasios , Voulgaropoulos Anastasios
Published: September 2004

This works reports the use of adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) for the trace determination of chromium on a rotating‐disk bismuth‐film electrode (BFE). During the reductive accumulation step, all the chromium species in the sample were reduced to Cr(III) which was complexed with cupferron and the complex was accumulated by adsorption on the surface of a preplated BFE. The stripping step was carried out by using a square‐wave (SW) potential‐time voltammetric signal. Electrochemical cleaning of the bismuth film was employed, enabling the same bismuth film to be used for a series of measurements in the presence of dissolved oxygen. The experimental variables as well as potential interferences were investigated and the figures of merit of the method were established. Using the selected conditions, the 3σ limit of detection for chromium was 100 ng L−1 (for 120 s of preconcentration) and the relative standard deviation was 3.6% at the 2 μg L−1 level (n=8). Finally, the method was applied to the determination of chromium in real samples with satisfactory results.
Seismic performance evaluation of steel arch bridges against major earthquakes. Part 2: simplified verification procedure
Authors: Lu Zhihao , Usami Tsutomu , Ge Hanbin
Published: September 2004

The performance‐based philosophy has been accepted as a more reasonable design concept for engineering structures. For this purpose, capacity evaluation and demand prediction procedures for civil engineering structures under earthquake excitations are of great significance. This work presents a displacement‐based seismic performance verification procedure including capacity and seismic demand predictions for steel arch bridges and investigates its applicability. Pushover analyses is employed as a basis in this method to investigate the structure's behaviors. A failure criterion for steel members accounting for the effect of local buckling is involved and an equivalent single‐degree‐of‐freedom (ESDOF) system with a simplified bilinear hysteretic model formulated using pushover analyses results is introduced to estimate the displacement capacity and maximum demand of steel arch bridges under major earthquakes. To check the accuracy of the proposed method, seismic capacities and demands from multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDOF) time‐history analyses with Level‐II design earthquake record inputs modeling major earthquakes are used as benchmarks for comparison. By a case study, it is clarified that the proposed prediction procedure can give accurate estimations of displacement capacities and demands of the steel arch bridge in the transverse direction, while insufficient for the longitudinal direction, which confirms the conclusion drawn in other structure types about the applicability of pushover analyses. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of pool length on local turbulence production and energy slope: a flume experiment
Authors: Thompson Douglas M.
Published: September 2004

The inﬂuence of pool length on the strength of turbulence generated by vortex shedding was investigated in a 6 m long recirculating ﬂume. The experiment utilized a 38% constriction of ﬂow and an average channel‐bed slope of 0·007. The base geometry for the intermediate‐length pool experiment originated from a highly simpliﬁed, 0·10 scale model of a forced pool from North Saint Vrain Creek, Colorado. Discharge in the ﬂume was 31·6 l/s, which corresponds to a discharge in the prototype channel of 10 m3/s. Three shorter and four longer pool lengths also were created with a ﬁxed bed to determine changes in turbulence intensities and energy slope with pool elongation. Three‐dimensional velocities were measured with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter at 31–40 different 0·6‐depth and near‐bed locations downstream of the rectangular constriction. The average velocity and root mean square (RMS) of the absolute magnitude of velocity at both depths are signiﬁcantly related to the distance from the constriction in most pool locations downstream of the constriction. In many locations, pool elongation results in a non‐linear change in turbulence intensities and average velocity. Based on the overall ﬂow pattern, the strongest turbulence occurs in the center of the pool along the shear zone between the jet and recirculating eddy. The lateral location of this shear zone is sensitive to changes in pool length. Energy slope also was sensitive to pool length due to a combination of greater length of the pool and greater head loss with shorter pools. The results indicate some form of hydraulic optimization is possible with pools adjusting their length to adjust the location and strength of turbulent intensities in the center of pools, and lower their rate of energy dissipation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pedogenic factors affecting magnetic susceptibility of the last interglacial palaeosol S1 in the Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Feng Z.‐D. , Wang H. B. , Olson C. G.
Published: September 2004

The magnetic susceptibility has been used as a quantitative or semi‐quantitative proxy for reconstructing the summer monsoon intensity in the Chinese Loess Plateau based on extensive studies on climatic or/and environmental mechanisms producing the magnetic susceptibility signatures. However, the precise nature of the link between past climates and the susceptibility signatures has remained uncertain primarily due to lack of our understanding in the ﬁnalizing and preserving processes of the signatures. This paper attempts to examine the reliability or acceptability of this summer monsoon proxy from non‐magnetic perspectives of soil‐forming processes. We chose nine sections along two transects: one across the western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau and another across the eastern part. Several conclusions can be drawn from our analytical data. First, clay translocation within the S1 palaeosol proﬁles, as indicated by ﬁeld‐observed clay coatings on ped faces in Bt and Bk horizons and demonstrated by laboratory‐analysed clay contents, must have moved some of the magnetic minerals downward so that the susceptibility reﬂects only the post‐translocation distribution of the magnetic‐susceptibility‐producing minerals. Second, the best‐developed palaeosol S1S3 at most of the sections studied is not expressed by the magnetic susceptibility because this palaeosol developed in underlying coarse loess (L2) and coarse textures tend to lower the susceptibility. Third, carbonate concentration is normally negatively correlated with the magnetic susceptibility or simply suppresses the magnetic susceptibility peak when the susceptibility enhancement exceeds the carbonate dilution effect. To conclude, extreme caution must be observed when using magnetic susceptibility signatures to retrieve high‐resolution records of the last interglacial palaeoclimate in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implicit schemes with large time step for non‐linear equations: application to river flow hydraulics
Authors: Burguete J. , García‐Navarro P.
Published: September 2004

In this work, first‐order upwind implicit schemes are considered. The traditional tridiagonal scheme is rewritten as a sum of two bidiagonal schemes in order to produce a simpler method better suited for unsteady transcritical flows. On the other hand, the origin of the instabilities associated to the use of upwind implicit methods for shock propagations is identified and a new stability condition for non‐linear problems is proposed. This modification produces a robust, simple and accurate upwind semi‐explicit scheme suitable for discontinuous flows with high Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) numbers.

The discretization at the boundaries is based on the condition of global mass conservation thus enabling a fully conservative solution for all kind of boundary conditions.

The performance of the proposed technique will be shown in the solution of the inviscid Burgers' equation, in an ideal dambreak test case, in some steady open channel flow test cases with analytical solution and in a realistic flood routing problem, where stable and accurate solutions will be presented using CFL values up to 100. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of heat, mass and momentum transport behaviours in directionally solidifying alloy castings under electromagnetic fields using an extended Direct‐SIMPLE scheme
Authors: Xu Daming , Bai Yunfeng , Guo Jingjie , Fu Hengzhi
Published: September 2004

A Direct‐SIMPLE scheme is further extended for numerical simulations of heat and species mass transfer, and liquid flow behaviours in solidification processes of shaped alloy castings under various electromagnetic (EM) fields, based on a binary continuum model (a solidification transport phenomena/processes (STP)‐based dendrite solidification model). Unlike in a SIMPLE scheme, no iterative computations are needed to achieve the final pressure and velocity corrections in the extended Direct‐SIMPLE procedure, therefore extremely high computational efforts can be avoided. Using three different types of model alloys, pseudo‐binary In718 base‐4.85 wt% Nb, γ(TiAl)‐55 at% Al and Al‐4.5 wt% Cu systems, sample computations for solving strongly coupled solidification transport phenomena in directionally solidifying shaped castings under static and harmonic EM‐fields of different strengths are carried out, to demonstrate the feasibility and efficient calculation performance of the present model and numerical methods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transgenic expression of Cre recombinase from the tyrosine hydroxylase locus
Authors: Lindeberg Jonas , Usoskin Dmitry , Bengtsson Henrik , Gustafsson Anna , Kylberg Annika , Söderström Stine , Ebendal Ted
Published: September 2004

Catecholaminergic neurons are affected in several neurological and psychiatric diseases. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the first, rate‐limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. We report a knockin mouse expressing Cre‐recombinase from the 3′‐untranslated region of the endogenous Th gene by means of an internal ribosomal entry sequence (IRES). The resulting Cre expression matches the normal pattern of TH expression, while the pattern and level of TH are not altered in the knockin mouse. Crossings with two different LacZ reporter mice demonstrated Cre‐mediated genomic recombination in TH expressing tissues. In addition, LacZ was found in some unexpected cell populations (including oocytes), indicating recombination due to transient developmental TH expression. Our novel knockin mouse can be used for generation of tissue‐specific or general knockouts (depending on scheme of crossing) in mice carrying genes flanked by loxP sites. This knockin mouse can also be used for tracing cell lineages expressing TH during development. genesis 40:67–73, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inter‐tuff correlation and architecture within the Moor Cliffs Formation, Lower Old Red Sandstone, southwest Wales: a multi‐disciplinary approach for reservoir characterization
Authors: Love Sue E. , Gould Simon , Davies Sarah
Published: September 2004

The laterally continuous coastal exposures of the Moor Cliffs Formation of the Anglo‐Welsh Basin have allowed a highly detailed 2D reconstruction of the floodplain. Whole‐rock trace element geochemical and spectral gamma‐ray (SGR) correlation are combined with traditional sedimentological analysis allowing outcrop and subsurface techniques to be compared. Micaceous, quartz‐rich and well‐sorted fluvial channel sandstones form up to 10% of the thickness in this low net‐to‐gross succession. High Th/K ratios derived from SGR analysis distinguish sandstones from the surrounding fine‐grained sediments, but lateral facies variations prevent the correlation of fluvial channel intervals using SGR without outcrop control. Red‐brown micaceous siltstone and claystone constitute 65 to 95% of the outcrop thickness and contain abundant pedogenic features characteristic of modern Vertisols. The most mature Vertisol horizons and the non‐pedogenically altered siltstones/claystones do not show significant differences in their SGR response. Intraformational conglomerates comprising carbonate and siltstone clasts within a siltstone matrix are common above laterally extensive erosion surfaces, and can be clearly recognized from a sharp spike in Nb/Y and Zr/Y ratios. Major tuff horizons, which form chronostratigraphic marker horizons throughout the Moor Cliffs Formation, are also characterized by a distinctive geochemical signature, enabling calibration of the geochemical and sedimentological datasets. Geochemical and SGR analytical techniques are complementary and assist in enhancing the confidence of correlations created by traditional techniques in the Moor Cliffs Formation. Where multiple correlation scenarios have been interpreted due to a lack of diagnostic marker beds or biostratigraphic control, the SGR and geochemical data can increase confidence in a particular interpretation and hence decrease uncertainty in geological models of low net‐to‐gross systems in the subsurface. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silurian and Lower Devonian plant assemblages from the Anglo‐Welsh Basin: a palaeobotanical and palynological synthesis
Authors: Edwards Dianne , Richardson John B.
Published: September 2004

A comprehensive survey of plant assemblages from Upper Silurian (Gorstian–Přídolí) and Lower Devonian (Lochkovian–Pragian) localities in South Wales and the Welsh Borderland is presented, together with some comments on recent improvements in dating and correlation. Spore assemblages provide a stratigraphic framework for plant evolutionary studies and, along with microvertebrates, enable correlation from continental to marine rocks, i.e. near‐shore to shelf deposits. While it is recognized that the assemblages provide the most complete and extensive record of the history of vascular plants in a restricted geographical area during the time interval, it seems likely that major evolutionary innovation occurred elsewhere. The plants themselves display a number of types of fossilization. Particularly important are the pyrite permineralizations which have helped in the elucidation of the ultrastructure of tracheids in early vascular plants. Minute, coalified, relatively uncompressed fossils (mesofossils) from the Přídolí Lochkovian of the Welsh Borderland are hypothesized to be the products of wildfire, the earliest records to date. In addition to displaying often exquisite anatomical detail, the sporangia contain spores which have been linked to those in dispersed assemblages. Such relationships are helpful in the reconstruction of local and regional vegetation, even in the absence of meso‐ and megafossils. However, because these fossils are allochthonous and preserved in fluvial sediments, the habitats of the plants remain uncertain. A new hypothesis suggests that interfluvial areas, where calcretes are interpreted as relicts of vertisols and a seasonally dry climate, provided refugia in the Lower Devonian for the cryptospore‐producing plants which dominated Ordovician and Lower Silurian land vegetation, while vascular plants colonized areas in the immediate vicinity of rivers. Variation in regional vegetation is explored via comparisons of composition of spore assemblages in southern Britain and Scotland and timing of appearances of derived taxa, integrated with limited information on the spore producers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fish trails from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Tredomen Quarry, Powys, southeast Wales
Authors: Morrissey Lance B. , Braddy Simon J. , Bennett John P. , Marriott Susan B. , Tarrant Peter R.
Published: September 2004

Alluvial deposits of the St Maughans Formation (Lower Old Red Sandstone, Early Devonian) of Tredomen Quarry, near Brecon, southeast Wales, have yielded the oldest known trails of swimming fish as well as body fossils of heterostracans and osteostracans, their inferred producers.Undichna unisulcacomprises a single sinusoidal wave (of varying amplitude and wavelength) and is attributed to the caudal lobe or fin of a swimming heterostracan or osteostracan. Variation in the dimensions ofU. unisulcatrails, together with functional analysis of their inferred producers, suggests different fish sizes and swimming speeds.Undichnacf.simplicitasshows a more complex arrangement of intertwined waves and is interpreted as being produced by a combination of the caudal fin, anal spine and paired pelvic spines of an acanthodian. A new ichnotaxon,Undichna trisulcataisp. nov., consists of three isolated furrows arranged in parallel with associated pectoral fin imprints, and is interpreted as either the trail left by a ‘cruising’ cephalaspid, intermittently pushing off the substrate with its pectoral fins, or a trail made by a cephalaspid landing on the substrate. The presence ofUndichnawithin these relatively proximal fluvial sediments (displaying no evidence of marine influence) is indicative of anin situvertebrate freshwater community. Taphonomic constraints onUndichnapreservation, in combination with sedimentological analysis, suggest weak bottom currents and/or rapid burial, post‐trail formation. Arthropod trackways (Diplichnites gouldiTypes A and B,Protichnitesisp., andPalmichnium pottsae), a bilobed trail (cf.Cruziana), worm burrows (cf.Cochlichnus) and large meniscate backfilled burrows (Beaconites barretti) contribute invertebrate components to this ichnofauna. The association ofDiplichnitestrackways on the same surfaces asUndichnasupports a semi‐aquatic habit of their inferred myriapod producers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A supramodal limbic‐paralimbic‐neocortical network supports goal‐directed stimulus processing
Authors: Laurens Kristin R. , Kiehl Kent A. , Liddle Peter F.
Published: September 2004

Limited processing resources are allocated preferentially to events that are relevant for behavior. Research using the novelty “oddball” paradigm suggests that a widespread network of limbic, paralimbic, and association areas supports the goal‐directed processing of task‐relevant target events. In that paradigm, greater activity in diverse brain areas is elicited by rare task‐relevant events that require a subsequent motor response than by rare task‐irrelevant novel events that require no response. Both stimulus infrequency (unexpectedness) and novelty, however, may contribute to the pattern of activity observed using that paradigm. The goal of the present study was to examine the supramodal neural activity elicited by regularly occurring, equiprobable, and non‐novel stimuli that differed in the subsequent behavior they prescribed. We employed event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during auditory and visual versions of a Go/NoGo task. Participants made a motor response to the designated “Go” (target) stimulus, and no motor response to the equiprobable “NoGo” (nontarget) stimulus. We hypothesized that task‐relevant Go events would elicit relatively greater hemodynamic activity than would NoGo events throughout a network of limbic, paralimbic, and association areas. Indeed, Go events elicited greater activity than did NoGo events in the amygdala‐hippocampus, paralimbic cortex at the anterior superior temporal sulcus, insula, posterior orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, as well as in heteromodal association areas located at the temporoparietal junction, anterior intraparietal sulcus and precuneus, and premotor cortex. Paralimbic cortex offers an important site for the convergence of motivational/goal‐directed influences from limbic cortex with stimulus processing and response selection mediated within the frontoparietal areas. Hum Brain Mapp 24: 35–49, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deriving welfare measures in discrete choice experiments: a comment to Lancsar and Savage (1)
Authors: Ryan Mandy
Published: September 2004

Lancsar and Savage argue that current methods of deriving welfare estimates, using discrete choice experiments, are inconsistent with random utility and welfare theory. In this paper I show that this not the case. The general formula proposed by Small and Rosen for estimating welfare, which Lancsar and Savage claim should be used, reduces to the method used by health economists for state of the world models. The important question then becomes when are state of the world models, as opposed to multiple alternative models, appropriate? Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic implications of Fas‐ligand expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Ho Sheng‐Yow , Guo How‐Ran , Chen Helen H. W. , Hsiao Jenn‐Ren , Jin Yin‐Tai , Tsai Sen‐Tien
Published: September 2004

Background.

In nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), Fas‐ligand (Fas‐L)–mediated apoptosis might contribute to the immune privilege of tumors. In some cancers, dysregulation of Fas‐L protein in tumors might lead to disease progression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlations between Fas‐L expression and the clinical outcomes in patients with NPC.

Methods.

We recruited 78 patients with primary NPC, classified clinical stages according to the 1997 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system, and assessed Fas‐L with immunohistochemical methods.

Results.

Forty‐one (53%) of 78 patients were Fas‐L–positive. The prevalence was 0%, 57%, 58%, and 82% from stages I to IV, respectively (p < .001). Fas‐L expression was associated with the N classification (p = .05) but not the T classification. Patients with positive Fas‐L expression had a lower rate of disease‐free survival and overall survival (p = .01 for all log‐rank tests).

Conclusion.

Patients with NPC with Fas‐L–positive tumors had higher clinical stages and lymph node metastasis at diagnosis and poorer disease‐free survival and overall survival; therefore, Fas‐L expression may be a potential biomarker of prognosis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 977–983, 2004
Effects of cooperative and competitive incentives on agility, quality, and speed in an experimental setting
Authors: Yauch Charlene A. , Adkins Kristin
Published: September 2004

Inter‐ and intraorganizational cooperation have been identified as essential characteristics of agile manufacturing. For this research, agility was compared using two experimental treatments: cooperative versus competitive. Student teams performed a task and were confronted with random changes to simulate a dynamic environment. Although differences were not statistically significant, the results show that cooperative incentives do not result in greater agility. Speed also decreased with cooperative incentives but quality improved. The experiment provides a preliminary understanding of how competition, cooperation, and agility interrelate and suggest that intra‐organizational cooperation may not be the best means of achieving manufacturing agility. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 14: 403–413, 2004.
The concept of work compatibility: An integrated design criterion for improving workplace human performance in manufacturing systems
Authors: Abdallah S. , Genaidy A. , Salem O. , Karwowski W. , Shell R.
Published: September 2004

In this paper, we present the concept of work compatibility as an integrated work design criterion that simultaneously improves human health and safety, productivity, and work quality in manufacturing systems. In this respect, we have modeled work compatibility as a work design parameter that mathematically integrates the energizing (i.e., system resources) and the demand (i.e., system requirements) forces in the work system.

A mathematical equation has been derived for the work compatibility matrix. Furthermore, an operating zone has been developed in which there is a region of optimality for the employee to function on practical grounds with a good degree of efficiency and sustainability. An application example is provided to demonstrate the potential of work compatibility to improve productivity and quality along with improvement in worker safety and health. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 14: 379–402, 2004.
The effects of organizational learning culture and job satisfaction on motivation to transfer learning and turnover intention
Authors: Egan Toby Marshall , Yang Baiyin , Bartlett Kenneth R.
Published: September 2004

Although organizational learning theory and practice have been clarified by practitioners and scholars over the past several years, there is much to be explored regarding interactions between organizational learning culture and employee learning and performance outcomes. This study examined the relationship of organizational learning culture, job satisfaction, and organizational outcome variables with a sample of information technology (IT) employees in the United States. It found that learning organizational culture is associated with IT employee job satisfaction and motivation to transfer learning. Turnover intention was found to be negatively influenced by organizational learning culture and job satisfaction. Suggestions for future study of learning organizational culture in association with job satisfaction and performance‐related outcomes are discussed.
Decade of Behavior Distinguished Lecture: Development of physical aggression during infancy
Authors: Tremblay Richard E.
Published: September 2004

Violence is a major public concern in our modern societies. To prevent this violence we need to understand how innocent children grow into violent adolescents and adults. It is generally believed that humans are most frequently physically aggressive during adolescence and early adulthood. With longitudinal studies of large samples of children from different countries that followed them from infancy to adulthood, scientists tried to discover at what age individuals learn how to physically aggress. These studies indicated that the peak age for physical aggression was not during early adulthood, adolescence, or even kindergarten, but rather between 24 and 42 months after birth. Although there are important individual differences in children's use of physical aggression, most of them will learn to use socially acceptable alternatives when angry or frustrated before they enter school. To prevent chronic physical aggression and its terrible consequences over the whole life course, modern societies should provide children with the optimal prenatal and postnatal environments.
Chromator, a novel and essential chromodomain protein interacts directly with the putative spindle matrix protein skeletor
Authors: Rath Uttama , Wang Dong , Ding Yun , Xu Ying‐Zhi , Qi Hongying , Blacketer Melissa J. , Girton Jack , Johansen Jørgen , Johansen Kristen M.
Published: September 2004

We have used a yeast two‐hybrid interaction assay to identify Chromator, a novel chromodomain containing protein that interacts directly with the putative spindle matrix protein Skeletor. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that Chromator and Skeletor show extensive co‐localization throughout the cell cycle. During interphase Chromator is localized on chromosomes to interband chromatin regions in a pattern that overlaps that of Skeletor. However, during mitosis both Chromator and Skeletor detach from the chromosomes and align together in a spindle‐like structure. Deletion construct analysis in S2 cells showed that the COOH‐terminal half of Chromator without the chromodomain was sufficient for both nuclear as well as spindle localization. Analysis of P‐element mutations in the Chromator locus shows that Chromator is an essential protein. Furthermore, RNAi depletion of Chromator in S2 cells leads to abnormal microtubule spindle morphology and to chromosome segregation defects. These findings suggest that Chromator is a nuclear protein that plays a role in proper spindle dynamics during mitosis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diversity of antisense regulation in eukaryotes: Multiple mechanisms, emerging patterns
Authors: Munroe Stephen H.
Published: September 2004

High‐throughput analysis of RNA molecules in multicellular eukaryotes has revealed an abundance of complementary antisense RNAs that are transcribed from separate or overlapping genes. In mammals these include many novel non‐coding RNAs of unknown function. This unexpected complexity of the mammalian transcriptome suggests that expression of many genes is regulated post‐transcriptionally by mechanisms mediated by RNA–RNA base pairing. The recent discovery of the widespread expression of microRNAs in animals and plants provides a prototypic example of such regulation in eukaryotes. However, there are likely to be numerous other types of antisense regulation in eukaryotes, many as yet uncharacterized. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiac specification of embryonic stem cells
Authors: Ménard Claudine , Grey Corinne , Méry Annabelle , Zeineddine Dana , Aimond Franck , Pucéat Michel
Published: September 2004

Over the past decade, cell transplantation has been recognized as a mean of repairing infarcted myocardium. Both adult stem cells and differentiated cells have yielded encouraging results with regard to engraftment into postinfarction scars. However, these cells now feature serious restrictions. As an alternative, embryonic stem (ES) cells are particularly attractive, because of their plasticity and the subsequent possibility to drive them towards a cardiomyogenic phenotype after exposure to appropriate growth factors. An additional theoretical advantage of ES cells is their expected immune privilege. In this article, we summarize the findings obtained in cell therapy using ES cells and discuss the molecular mechanisms of cardiac specification of the cells. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The performance of nonhybrid density functionals for calculating the structures and spin states of Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexes
Authors: Deeth Robert J. , Fey Natalie
Published: September 2004

The local density approximation and a range of nonhybrid gradient corrected density functionals (PW91, BLYP, PBE, revPBE, RPBE) have been assessed with respect to the prediction of geometries and spin‐state energy preferences for a range of homoleptic Fe(II)L6 and Fe(III)L6 complexes, where L = Cl−, CN−, NH3, pyridine, imidazole, H2O, OCH2 and tetrahydrofuran. While the qualitative spin‐state energies from in vacuo structure optimizations are reasonable the geometries are relatively poorly treated, especially for [FeCl6]3−/4−. Structural results for all the complexes are significantly improved by including environmental effects. The best compromise between structural and spin‐state predictive accuracy was obtained for the RPBE functional in combination with the COSMO solvation approach. This approach systematically overestimates the energetic preference for a low spin state, which is partly due to the well‐known effect of the lack of exact exchange in nonhybrid functionals and partly due to the larger solvation stabilization of low‐spin complexes that have shorter bond lengths and thus smaller molecular volumes than their high‐spin partners. Calculations on low spin [Fe(bipy)3]2+ and [Fe(phen)3]2+ and their ortho methyl substituted analogs, which are high spin at room temperature but cross over to low spin at low temperature, suggest the RPBE/COSMO combination generates low spin states which are too stable by approximately 13 kcal mol−1. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1840–1848, 2004
Cognitive‐behavioral therapy for children who have obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Authors: Piacentini John , Langley Audra K.
Published: September 2004

Obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) is a relatively chronic and impairing disorder in children and adolescents. Whereas childhood OCD was largely ignored in the past, major advances in the identification and treatment over the past 20 years have led to a significant upsurge in the prevalence of youngsters seeking treatment for this problem. The present article describes the use of exposure‐based cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of childhood OCD. Although the phenomenology of OCD is largely consistent across the age span, traditional adult CBT approaches have been modified for use with children and adolescents in order to address those developmental differences that do exist. The case example describes the use of CBT for a child who has OCD and highlights these developmental considerations, including age‐appropriate techniques to address family involvement in the disorder and the impact of symptoms on the psychosocial functioning of the patient. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
PI‐3K/Akt and NF‐κB/IκBα pathways are activated in Jurkat T cells in response to TRAIL treatment
Authors: Zauli Giorgio , Sancilio Silvia , Cataldi Amelia , Sabatini Nadia , Bosco Domenico , Di Pietro Roberta
Published: September 2004

The aim of this work was to evaluate the involvement of survival pathways in the response of Jurkat T leukaemic cells sensitive to the cytotoxic action of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL)/Apo2L. Jurkat T cells express TRAIL‐R2/DR5 and TRAIL‐R4/DcR2 receptors and start to die by apoptosis early (3 h) upon TRAIL administration reaching a dose‐dependent increase in the percentage of dead cells within 48 h (up to 85–90%). This increase in cell death is accompanied by a dose‐dependent significant (P < 0.05) increase in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and reverted by the treatment with a broad inhibitor of caspases, z‐VAD‐fmk. Co‐treatment of the cells with inhibitors of PI‐3 kinase (LY294002) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) (SN50) pathways leads to an earlier significantly increased cytotoxicity, respectively in the form of apoptosis and necrosis. Consistently with the data obtained with the pharmacological inhibitors, the activation and nuclear translocation of both PI‐3K and NF‐κB were observed. In summary, our results provide evidence that even in sensitive neoplastic cells TRAIL paradoxically activates pro‐survival pathways, which protect against TRAIL‐mediated death since their inhibition leads to an earlier and increased cytotoxicity. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A procollagen C‐proteinase inhibitor diminishes collagen and lysyl oxidase processing but not collagen cross‐linking in osteoblastic cultures
Authors: Pischon Nicole , Babakhanlou‐Chase Hermik , Darbois Laurent , Ho Wen‐Bin , Brenner Mitchell C. , Kessler Efrat , Palamakumbura Amitha H. , Trackman Philip C.
Published: September 2004

The deposition of insoluble functional collagen occurs following extracellular proteolytic processing of procollagens by procollagen N‐ and C‐proteinases, fibril formation, and lysyl oxidase dependent cross‐linking. Procollagen C‐proteinases in addition process and activate lysyl oxidase. The present study evaluates a possible role for procollagen C‐proteinases in controlling different aspects of collagen deposition in vitro. Studies determine whether inhibition of procollagen C‐proteinase activity with a specific BMP‐1 inhibitor results in perturbations in lysyl oxidase activation, and in collagen processing, deposition, and cross‐linking in phenotypically normal cultured murine MC3T3‐E1 cells. Data show that BMP‐1 Inhibitor dose dependently inhibits lysyl oxidase activation by up to 50% in undifferentiated proliferating cells. In differentiating cultures, BMP‐1 inhibitor decreased collagen processing but did not inhibit the accumulation of mature collagen cross‐links. Finally, electron microscopy studies show that collagen fibril diameter increased. Thus, inhibition of procollagen C‐proteinases results in perturbed collagen deposition primarily via decreased collagen processing. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of EGF on H2O2‐induced inhibition of α‐MG uptake in renal proximal tubule cells: Involvement of MAPK and AA release
Authors: Han Ho Jae , Lee Yun Jung , Park Ji Yong , Kim Eun Jung , Lee Jang Hern , Taub Mary L.
Published: September 2004

Both oxidative stress and epidermal growth factor (EGF) contribute to the initiation and progression of renal proximal tubular dysfunction under pathophysiologic conditions. Thus, this study was performed (1) to examine both the individual, and the combined effects of H2O2 and EGF on α‐methyl‐D‐glucopyranoside uptake (α‐MG uptake) in the primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells (PTCs), and (2) to elucidate the involvement of p44/42 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phospholipase A2 in mediating these actions. Both H2O2 and EGF inhibited α‐MG uptake individually, while the combination of H2O2 and EGF further potentiated the inhibitory effect on α‐MG uptake, which was elicited by each agent. H2O2 not only caused a rapid increase in the phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK, but also promoted the translocation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) from the cytosolic to particulate fraction, and stimulated cellular [3H]‐arachidonic acid (AA) release. EGF similarly activates phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK and stimulates [3H]‐AA release. When PTCs were exposed to 100 μM H2O2 and 50 ng/ml EGF simultaneously, a further increase in the phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK, of [3H]‐AA release, and of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was elicited as compared with the effects of each individual agonist alone. Moreover, the additive phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK, [3H]‐AA release, and PGE2 production by H2O2 and EGF was almost completely inhibited by the p44/42 MAPK inhibitor, PD 98059. In conclusion, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that under conditions of oxidative stress, the H2O2‐induced inhibition of α‐MG uptake in the renal proximal tubule is mediated through a modulation of the EGF signaling pathway, promoting further phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK, activation of PLA2. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An efficient and environmentally friendly method for synthesis of arylmethylenemalononitrile catalyzed by Montmorillonite K10–ZnCl2 under ultrasound irradiation
Authors: Li Ji‐Tai , Xing Chun‐Yong , Li Tong‐Shuang
Published: September 2004

Montmorillonite K10‐supported ZnCl2 is an efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst. Knoevenagel condensation of malononitrile with aromatic aldehydes catalyzed by K10–ZnCl2 in anhydrous ethanol produces arylmethylenemalononitriles in 87–98% yield within 2–10 min under ultrasound irradiation. The catalyst can be reused two times without significant decrease in activity. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
The antifungal activity and biotransformation of diisophorone by the fungus Aspergillus niger
Authors: Kiran Ismail , Yildirim Hande N , Hanson James R , Hitchcock Peter B
Published: September 2004

The microbial transformation of racemic diisophorone was investigated using the plant pathogen Aspergillus niger as a biocatalyst. Incubation of diisophorone with Aspergillus niger gave 8α‐hydroxy‐diisophorone, 10‐hydroxydiisophorone and 17‐hydroxydiisophorone on the basis of their spectroscopic data including two‐dimensional NMR analysis, nOe and an X‐ray crystallographic study. The antifungal activity of diisophorone against Aspergillus niger was also examined. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry