bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Curcumin Protects Skin against UVB‐Induced Cytotoxicity via the Keap1‐Nrf2 Pathway: The Use of a Microemulsion Delivery System
Authors: Ben Yehuda Greenwald Maya , Frušić-Zlotkin Marina , Soroka Yoram , Ben Sasson Shmuel , Bitton Ronit , Bianco-Peled Havazelet , Kohen Ron
Published: July 2017

Curcumin was found to be beneficial in treating several skin pathologies and diseases, providing antioxidant protection due to its reducing properties and its electrophilic properties (the ability to activate the Nrf2 pathway and induce phase II cytoprotective enzymes). Nevertheless, clinical applications of curcumin are being hampered by its insufficient solubility, chemical instability, and poor absorption, leading to low efficacy in preventing skin pathologies. These limitations can be overcome by using a nanotechnology‐based delivery system. Here, we elucidated the possibility of using curcumin encapsulated in a microemulsion preserving its unique chemical structure. We also examined whether curcumin microemulsion would reduce UVB‐induced toxicity in skin. A significant curcumin concentration was found in the human skin dermis following topical application of a curcumin microemulsion. Moreover, curcumin microemulsion enhanced the reduction of UV‐induced cytotoxicity in epidermal cells, paving the way for other incorporated electrophiles in encapsulated form protecting skin against stress‐related diseases.
Investigating the Evidence of Behavioral, Cognitive, and Psychiatric Endophenotypes in Autism: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ruparelia Kavita , Manji Karim , Abubakar Amina , Newton Charles R.
Published: July 2017

Substantial evidence indicates that parents of autistic individuals often display milder forms of autistic traits referred to as the broader autism phenotype (BAP). To determine if discrete endophenotypes of autism can be identified, we reviewed the literature to assess the evidence of behavioral, cognitive, and psychiatric profiles of the BAP. A systematic review was conducted using EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PsycEXTRA, and Global Health. Sixty papers met our inclusion criteria and results are discussed according to the proportion of studies that yield significant deficits per domain. The behavioral, cognitive, and psychiatric endophenotypes in parents of autistic probands are still not clarified; however, evidence suggests mild social/communication deficits, rigid/aloof personality traits, and pragmatic language difficulties as the most useful sociobehavioral candidate endophenotype traits. The existence of deficits in the cognitive domain does suggest familial vulnerability for autism. Furthermore, increased depressed mood and anxiety can also be useful markers; however, findings should be interpreted with caution because of the small number of studies in such heterogeneously broad domains and several methodological limitations.
The Involvement of Mg2+ in Regulation of Cellular and Mitochondrial Functions
Authors: Pilchova Ivana , Klacanova Katarina , Tatarkova Zuzana , Kaplan Peter , Racay Peter
Published: July 2017

Mg2+ is an essential mineral with pleotropic impacts on cellular physiology and functions. It acts as a cofactor of several important enzymes, as a regulator of ion channels such as voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels and K+ channels and on Ca2+‐binding proteins. In general, Mg2+ is considered as the main intracellular antagonist of Ca2+, which is an essential secondary messenger initiating or regulating a great number of cellular functions. This review examines the effects of Mg2+ on mitochondrial functions with a particular focus on energy metabolism, mitochondrial Ca2+ handling, and apoptosis.
Cybersecurity Vulnerability Analysis of the PLC PRIME Standard
Authors: Seijo Simó Miguel , López López Gregorio , Moreno Novella José Ignacio
Published: July 2017

Security in critical infrastructures such as the power grid is of vital importance. The Smart Grid puts power grid classical security approach on the ropes, since it introduces cyberphysical systems where devices, communications, and information systems must be protected. PoweRline Intelligent Metering Evolution (PRIME) is a Narrowband Power-Line Communications (NB-PLC) protocol widely used in the last mile of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) deployments, playing a key role in the Smart Grid. Therefore, this work aims to unveil the cybersecurity vulnerabilities present in PRIME standard, proposing solutions and validating and discussing the results obtained.
Peripheral Exophytic Oral Lesions: A Clinical Decision Tree
Authors: Mortazavi Hamed , Safi Yaser , Baharvand Maryam , Rahmani Somayeh , Jafari Soudeh
Published: July 2017

Diagnosis of peripheral oral exophytic lesions might be quite challenging. This review article aimed to introduce a decision tree for oral exophytic lesions according to their clinical features. General search engines and specialized databases including PubMed, PubMed Central, Medline Plus, EBSCO, Science Direct, Scopus, Embase, and authenticated textbooks were used to find relevant topics by means of keywords such as “oral soft tissue lesion,” “oral tumor like lesion,” “oral mucosal enlargement,” and “oral exophytic lesion.” Related English-language articles published since 1988 to 2016 in both medical and dental journals were appraised. Upon compilation of data, peripheral oral exophytic lesions were categorized into two major groups according to their surface texture: smooth (mesenchymal or nonsquamous epithelium-originated) and rough (squamous epithelium-originated). Lesions with smooth surface were also categorized into three subgroups according to their general frequency: reactive hyperplastic lesions/inflammatory hyperplasia, salivary gland lesions (nonneoplastic and neoplastic), and mesenchymal lesions (benign and malignant neoplasms). In addition, lesions with rough surface were summarized in six more common lesions. In total, 29 entities were organized in the form of a decision tree in order to help clinicians establish a logical diagnosis by a stepwise progression method.
Selectable Implant Removal Methods due to Mechanical and Biological Failures
Authors: Lee Jong-Bin
Published: July 2017

Dental implant has been restoring the function and esthetics lost from missing tooth. However, biomechanical implant complications are the major cause of failing implants. Therefore, implant removal is one of the indispensable dental treatments. The 70-year-old male and 66-year-old female who had discomfort on posterior implants region came to Department of Periodontology. Conventional method using trephine bur and the new, nontraumatic method using a fixture removal kit were used for implant removal, respectively. Two different methods are commonly used for implant removal. Each has advantages and disadvantages; thus, the applied surgical method must consider a patient’s intraoral condition, posttreatment plan, and the level of surgeon’s skill and experience. In conclusion, strategically executing the most optimal implant removal method plays a pivotal role in maximizing the success rate of implant reinstallation that follows afterwards.
Small Bowel Obstruction Caused by Internal Hernia through a Peritoneal Defect of the Pouch of Douglas: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature
Authors: Choi Pyong Wha
Published: July 2017

Herniation of small bowel through the peritoneal defect of the Pouch of Douglas is extremely rare type of internal hernia, and this type of internal hernia has been described as an entity of perineal hernia. Here, we describe a case of a 26-year-old female without history of abdominal surgery presenting with incarcerated small bowel hernia through a peritoneal defect of the Pouch of Douglas. She visited an emergency department presenting with abdominal pain and distension. Without improvement symptom by conservative management, an operation was performed. During the operation, the distal ileum had been herniated through a peritoneal defect of the Pouch of Douglas, and there were no specific findings on gynecological examination. Reduction of the herniated bowel and primary repair of the peritoneal defect were performed. The case represents a very rare type of internal hernia and provides published cases of hernia through a peritoneal defect of the Pouch of Douglas.
A Utilização de Vídeos no Ensino: Uma Experiência Prática com Alunos de Graduação
Authors: Cooper-Capetini Vinícius , Pereira Amanda Gomes , Lins Bruna Bezerra , Silva-Junior José Sinésio , Assis Leonardo Vinícius Monteiro de , Belpiede Luciana Tocci , Costa Marcos Rodrigo Jerônimo da , Nunes Patrícia Pereira , Castelo-Branco Regiane Cardoso , Nunes Maria Tereza
Published: July 2017

O ensino de fisiologia endócrina faz parte do currículo dos estudantes da área de Ciências Biomédicas. Contudo, em função da necessidade de um conjunto de conhecimentos bem fundamentados de Biologia Celular, Molecular e Bioquímica, há dificuldade na assimilação desse tópico, principalmente por alunos dos primeiros dois anos de graduação, o que cria a necessidade do uso de diferentes estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem para a apropriação desses conhecimentos. Quando empregado de forma coerente com a proposta pedagógica, o vídeo em sala de aula pode ser uma ferramenta útil para a superação dessa dificuldade. Com esse intuito nos propusemos a utilizar essa estratégia junto aos alunos do primeiro semestre de graduação da Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo, como uma atividade em grupo em sala de aula, a fim de motivá-los a desenvolver uma leitura crítica da mídia em relação ao conteúdo de Fisiologia Endócrina, mais especificamente de fisiologia das glândulas adrenais e do metabolismo do cálcio e do fósforo. Com a introdução dos vídeos em sala de aula, tornaram-se notórios o maior interesse e o envolvimento dos alunos na realização das atividades propostas, possibilitando: (a) melhor aproveitamento do conteúdo previamente trabalhado em sala de aula, o que certamente facilitou o aprendizado; e (b) o estabelecimento de correlações entre fatos do cotidiano e a liberação e ação de hormônios naquele contexto determinado.
O Uso das TICs e da Pesquisa como Recursos Pedagógicos no Ensino de Bioquímica para o Curso de Licenciatura em Química
Authors: Lima Emmanuela Ferreira de
Published: July 2017

Com a chegada da tecnologia, o uso de computadores, tablets e celulares do tipo smartphones tem aumentado a cada dia, e a sociedade vem se adequando a essas mudanças em todas as áreas do conhecimento, e não poderia ser diferente no ensino. As Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TICs) vêm se tornando uma ferramenta importante de auxílio na aprendizagem, podendo conferir dinamismo às aulas e despertar o interesse dos alunos também no ensino de nível superior. Aliada às TICs, a pesquisa proporciona uma participação ativa do aluno na busca pelo conhecimento e o auxilia em seu crescimento intelectual e pessoal, dando mais autonomia e confiança na abordagem de determinados conteúdos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar a experiência vivida na disciplina de Bioquímica pertencente ao sétimo período do curso de Licenciatura em Química do Instituto Federal Goiano, campus Morrinhos, Goiás, no que diz respeito ao uso de programas de computador e da pesquisa como ferramentas no estudo do tema proteínas. Os resultados obtidos foram bastante positivos, mostrando que as TICs, associadas à pesquisa, no ensino superior de Química e Bioquímica, podem ser usadas como uma alternativa para aprimorar metodologias de ensino e, por sua vez, melhorar o aprendizado dos alunos.
O Ciclo Pedagógico e o Aprendizado em Campo de Prática Profissional: Ação e Reflexão na Escola Pública
Authors: Andrade Luciane Sá de , Gonçalves Marlene Fagundes Carvalho , Silva Marta Angélica Iossi
Published: July 2017

Este relato tem por objetivo apresentar a experiência de um grupo de docentes que desenvolvem a iniciativa “Ciclo Pedagógico” em uma disciplina no curso de bacharelado e licenciatura em Enfermagem da EERP-USP, a qual tem por base a articulação da formação com o mundo do trabalho, de acordo com um referencial pedagógico histórico-crítico. Essa metodologia se estrutura no princípio de identificação da prática social, problematização dela, apropriação de conhecimentos e transformação social. Compõe-se de cinco momentos: a) inserção na realidade; b) síntese provisória; c) busca de informações/conhecimentos; d) nova síntese; e) avaliação. Essas etapas são registradas pelos estudantes, num relato crítico-reflexivo, inserido na plataforma Stoa-USP. Inverte-se o direcionamento da ação pedagógica: ao invés de o aluno estudar conteúdos previamente estabelecidos dentro da sala de aula na universidade e depois ir ao campo de prática, as questões de aprendizagem são construídas a partir das vivências na realidade, colocando o estudante de graduação numa posição ativa em relação à reflexão e à construção de seu conhecimento. Considera-se que tal estratégia permite ao aluno de graduação desenvolver competências imprescindíveis para sua formação enquanto enfermeiro licenciado no contexto da Educação Básica e destaca que o papel do docente, em todo o processo, na condução das discussões e na articulação dos fatos trazidos pelos estudantes com os objetivos da disciplina, é fundamental para que a experiência no campo de prática se reverta efetivamente em aprendizado.
Metodologias Ativas de Aprendizagem: Estudo sobre a Problematização da Realidade Social na Disciplina de Psicologia, Educação e Temas Contemporâneos na EACH-USP
Authors: Grandino Patrícia Junqueira
Published: July 2017

Apresentamos aqui o relato de experiência de docência sustentada em metodologia de PBL, desenvolvida na Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades da USP. Na disciplina de Psicologia, Educação e Temas Contemporâneos, assumimos o compromisso de questionar a realidade contemporânea a partir de pressupostos da psicologia e da educação, tecendo um quadro teórico crítico que desloca o debate do senso comum em direção a uma reflexão crítica e elaborada das questões emergentes da realidade social. Grupos de alunos elegem uma temática atual e desenvolvem uma investigação considerando as referências teóricas da disciplina, uma contextualização crítica da temática eleita e a realização de uma entrevista com ferramentas para desenvolver empatia (em parceria com o d-USPLeste: Laboratório de Design, Inovação e Criatividade). Os resultados apontam para uma maior qualidade na reflexão crítica, valorização da diversidade humana, quebra de estereotipias, maior facilidade de relacionamento entre estudantes e um ganho significativo na abrangência de temas sociais com enfoque interdisciplinar.
AVA Nexus e a Produção Discente em Rede na Graduação da ECA-USP: Da Informação ao Conhecimento
Authors: Passarelli Brasilina , Vetritti Fabiana Grieco Cabral de Mello
Published: July 2017

A concepção e a implantação do AVA Nexus – da Informação ao Conhecimento (http://nexus.futuro.usp.br) no âmbito das disciplinas Recursos Informacionais I e II, para os alunos de quarto e quinto períodos do curso de Graduação em Biblioteconomia e Documentação da Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo (ECA-USP), nos anos 2000, constituíram um projeto de vanguarda, estimulando o hibridismo de cursos presenciais ancorados em um AVA – Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem, e funcionando como plataforma de publicação de atividades individuais e coletivas dos alunos e também como LOR (learning objects repository), repositório de objetos de aprendizagem. Este artigo visa a caracterizar o AVA, bem como a apresentar indicadores da produção discente individual e coletiva ao longo de mais de treze anos (2002-2015). Com o presente trabalho espera-se contribuir para o debate acerca da importância dos repositórios de objetos de aprendizagem e dos AVAs na construção de um novo conjunto de MIL – Literacias de Mídia e Informação entre os estudantes de graduação da ECA-USP e, por extensão, das instituições de ensino superior (IES) que se utilizam da metodologia de blended learning em cursos presenciais.
A Utilização da Caderneta de Saúde da Criança por Alunos de Enfermagem
Authors: Salles Isadora Cardoso , Toriyama Aurea Tamami Minagawa
Published: July 2017

A Caderneta de Saúde da Criança (CSC) é um instrumento essencial de vigilância à saúde, e seu uso correto favorece a comunicação, a educação em saúde e a promoção da saúde infantil. A literatura aponta falhas consideráveis na utilização da CSC pelos profissionais de saúde. Assim, é importante avaliar se alunos, futuros enfermeiros, compreendem a CSC como instrumento de promoção da saúde da criança. Dessa forma, o presente estudo pretende subsidiar melhorias no ensino da Enfermagem na Saúde da Criança. Entre seus objetivos encontram-se: verificar se os alunos compreendem a função da CSC, se manusearam, preencheram ou utilizaram a CSC e se eles se sentem capacitados para utilizar corretamente a CSC. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, retrospectivo e quantitativo realizado com alunos do terceiro e quarto anos do curso de graduação em Enfermagem da Escola de Enfermagem da USP. Foi aplicado um questionário com questões objetivas e dissertativas após a aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e a autorização da diretoria. Dos 73 alunos que responderam à pesquisa, apenas dois afirmaram não saber o que é a CSC. Mais de 30% referiram que a CSC serve para acompanhar o crescimento e o desenvolvimento da criança, e aproximadamente 20% a relacionaram à vacinação. A maioria se sente capacitada para utilizá-la, pois teve oportunidades de manuseá-la ou por considerarem-na de fácil utilização. Nenhum deles reconhece a CSC como um documento de saúde necessário para o acompanhamento integral da criança.
What Lines, Rats, and Sheep Can Tell Us
Authors: Taylor Alex S.
Published: July 2017

In his 2015 Research Through Design provocation, Tim Ingold invites his audience to think with string, lines, and meshworks. In this article I use Ingold's concepts to explore an orientation to design—one that threads through both Ingold's ideas and Vinciane Despret's vivid and moving accounts of human-animal relations. This is a “thinking and doing” through design that seeks to be expansive to the capacities of humans and non-humans in relation to one another.
Honi the Circle Drawer: “A Member of the Household” or “A Son Who Implores His Father”?
Authors: Ben-Pazi Isaiah
Published: July 2017

This article analyzes the meaning of two short metaphors used in the legend of Honi the Circle Drawer that define Honi’s relationship with God: Honi referred to himself as a “ben bayit” and Shimon son of Shatah called him “a son who implores his father” (m. Taʿan. 3:8). Explaining these metaphors contains the key to understanding the conflict between Honi and Simeon son of Shatah who criticized him harshly. Most of the explanations for this exchange suggested previously involve imposing philosophical issues that are not suggested by the text. This article examines the use of the key term “ben bayit” and shows that it indicates a position of a slave who has decision-making powers in God’s “house.” This is what Honi presumed to be, and Shimon rejected.
Indian Ports
Authors: Aserkar Rajiv
Published: July 2017

Infrastructure is a key factor in the economic development of a nation. India is considered an emerging economic super power, along with China. Whereas China has entered into global market with the help of its world class infrastructure, India has still not been able to fully develop its world class infrastructure. Indian ports in particular are under tremendous burden of increased imports and exports in the last few years. The result is frequent reports of port congestion, delays in the shipment of export consignments and consequent loss of credibility in the overseas markets. Ports are an important link in the supply chains that connect manufacturers with the markets. Efficient and well equipped ports will help India to take its rightful place in the world economy. This paper attempts to discuss various challenges and opportunities for Indian ports and highlights their importance for the growth of Indian economy.
Inflow of Foreign Direct Investment into Karnataka
Authors: Narayana M.R.
Published: July 2017

This paper presents an economic analysis of patterns, performance, and implications of foreign direct investment (FDI) into Karnataka State since 1991 with special reference to building credible databases, offering special policy support, developing indicators of competitive performance, and deriving implications for regional economic growth, exports, and globalization. These analyses and implications are of relevance and applicability for design of FDI promotion policy by other states in the Indian federation. At the same time, Karnataka's experiences serve as benchmarks for comparative studies on FDI among states in India and sub-national units elsewhere in other developing countries.
Prospects of Bilateral Trade between India and Bangladesh
Authors: Sikdar Chandrima
Published: July 2017

India and Bangladesh offer natural markets for each other's export products. In their mutual trade, they enjoy the advantages of reduced transaction costs and quicker delivery due to geographical proximity, common language and a heritage of common physical infrastructure. That is why soon after the launching of liberalization in Bangladesh in 1982 India's exports to Bangladesh registered unprecedented growth. On the other hand, Bangladesh's exports to India also increased, but not at a commensurate rate. This inevitably led to the increase of the official trade deficit of Bangladesh with India over the past decades.

It has been held that this trade imbalance was not just an economic issue but generated strong enough political resonance that was inimical to the cordial relations between the two economies. Thus, in recent years, India-Bangladesh bilateral trade has been an issue that has called for much concern. It has been held at various levels of policy-making that a bilateral free trade area between the two economies will go a long way in dealing with this ever increasing trade gap. But the ultimate success of any bilateral trading arrangement between economies hinges on a number of factors like trade intensity index of an economy; its pattern of revealed comparative advantage and the extent of trade complementarities between the economies. The present paper seeks to discuss these concepts and to evaluate the prospects of bilateral trade between India and Bangladesh in the light of these indices.
Should India Opt for Full Capital Account Convertibility?
Authors: Chakraborty Debashis , Guha Arup
Published: July 2017

The usefulness of easing controls on capital flows in a country is a long-debated question. It is argued that the liberal capital control regime boosts the confidence of the international community on the domestic economy and becomes instrumental fo r ensuring higher capital inflows. On the contrary, it is widely held that controls on capital flow s ensure a developing country against experiencing a sudden potential currency crisis. In the light of the current debate in India on the appropriateness of adoption of Capital Account Convertibility (CAC), the current paper looks into the interrelation between current and capital account balance in the country first, and the macroeconomic scenario next, in order to explore whether the country has reached a stage to opt for fullfledged CAC. The empirical findings suggest that India should move cautiously in this regard.
Export Orientation of Sports Goods Industry in Punjab
Authors: Banga Gagandeep , Kumar Babita , Goyal Navansh
Published: July 2017

In today's business world exports have started to play an important role. Many companies have recognized the importance of conducting business activities outside the home country. Industries that were strictly national in scope only a few years ago are dominated by a handful of global enterprises. The present research was undertaken with the objective to study the export orientation of the sports goods industry in Jalandhar (Punjab) and to examine the factors affecting export orientation. To achieve the objectives, a total of 30 units exporting sports goods were selected from a list of 263 units as given by the Sports Goods Export Promotion Council (SGEPC). The respondents were chosen on random basis. It was found that for all the issues related to marketing activities, these units had an ethnocentric approach with few exceptions like identification of foreign markets, product pricing and channel selection in which regiocentric orientation is followed. The main forces driving export in sports goods industry are quality, cost and market demand. On the other hand, cost, market difference and capital requirement are the major forces restraining export of sports goods. The major problems plaguing the sports goods industry in Jalandhar are lack of brand name and competition from other exporting countries like China.
Determinants of Exports of Textile Industry in Punjab
Authors: Mehra Anjana , Kaur Gian
Published: July 2017

This paper analyzes the determinants of Punjab's exports of textiles during 1991-2008. The study used log linear regression model and it was found that fixed investment plays a positive and significant role in determining exports. Yearly growth rates have been computed to capture year-to-year fluctuations and Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGRs) are estimated to view the impact of immediate post liberalization and post liberalization process on pace of growth momentum in exports. The study reveals the fact that growth of exports decelerated steeply in post liberalization period.

JEL Classifiaction: C51, C22, L67
FDI and Its Impact on Indian Economy
Authors: Srikanth Maram , Kishore Braj
Published: July 2017

The study is a modest attempt to explain the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) equity inflows on Indian economy by using monthly data for the period April 2005 to March 2011, before and after the eruption of Global Financial Crisis. The empirical study is based on ȌGranger Causality Testȍ to establish the linkages between FDI equity inflows and macro-economic variables such as Inflation, Index of Industrial Production (IIP), interest rates, exchange rates and foreign exchange reserves. As per the results, there is a unidirectional causality from FDI equity inflows to IIP and WPI; and also from foreign exchange reserves to FDI. Hence, the Indian policy-makers are encouraged to attract more and more FDI inflows into the country so as to accelerate the pace of industrial production thereby addressing supply side gaps to contain inflationary pressures in the economy and also to accumulate foreign exchange reserves so that international creditworthiness of the country can be enhanced.
Challenges to US Marketing
Authors: Andrus Roman R.
Published: July 2017

Change seems to be a modern constant. The response of American marketing institutions to seven different contemporary forces-ranging from inflation and shortages to activist pressures-are examined. They clearly illustrate the opportunistic perspective of US marketing institutions.
Foreign Capital and Economic Growth
Authors: Aggarwal Raj
Published: July 2017

In the current environment of significant global change, how can declining levels of development aid and private capital inflows be best used to promote economic growth in the developing countries? This question is addressed here and traditional analysis of this topic is complemented by taking a perspective that focuses on the limitations of how development aid and foreign capital inflows are usually allocated. It is suggested here that poor countries can benefit from a greater use of competitive markets to allocate development aid and private capital inflows.
Threshold and Rate of Dark Adaptation as Functions of Aǵe and Time
Authors: Domey Richard G. , McFarland Ross A. , Chadwick Ernest
Published: July 2017

In order to describe one family of dark adaptation curves obtained from an age sample ranging from 16 through 89 years, a mathematical model of the form

[Formula: see text]

was derived.

It was found that the model could be generalized. In addition it was concluded that threshold of dark adaptation as a function of time was lawfully related to chronological age.

Rate of adaptation was determined by differentiating the equation at time 30 sec and time 6 min as follows:

[Formula: see text]

The results showed that rate of dark adaptation was a curvilinear function of age.

These findings are consistent with the hypotheses that dark adaptation threshold and rate of dark adaptation depend upon basic underlying physiological processes that change with age.
A System Measure of Driver Performance
Authors: Learner David B.
Published: July 2017

A general review of measures of driving performance introduces a discussion of criteria requirements. Specific suggestions for criteria development related to psychomotor, intellectual and perceptual processes of the driver are included. In addition, a general measure for determining system performance that has application for all vehicular man-machine systems is described.
Volumetric Requirements for Hand Tool Usage
Authors: Baker Paul T. , McKendry James M. , Grant George
Published: July 2017

This paper presents a quantitative description of the volume required to use common hand tools. The volume described, termed the “space envelope”, is for the tool using hand of right-handed subjects. The data were collected on six individuals who had hands at or above the 95th percentile of the military population in length and breadth. The data were obtained by use of a photographic process employing time exposures for each action. This technique provided data comparable to that provided by movie techniques but at a lower cost. The implications of the data for maintenance requirements are also discussed.
Human Enǵineering—1911 Style
Authors: Ross Sherman , Aines Andrew A.
Published: July 2017

A brief historical note is given on a 1911 journal called “HUMAN ENGINEERING” to show an early use of the term. The content and methodology of “human engineering” and related terms as they are used today differ from the 1911 definition.
Complex Behavior in a “Simple” Task
Authors: Wolin Burton R.
Published: July 2017

The present study is part of a research program being conducted to investigate the process by which man discovers rules of environmental generators.

Using the binary choice situation, five subgenerators having a range of values of E1 from 0.3 to 0.7, and an average value of 0.5 were operated for 100 prediction trials at a time.

The subjects' predictions varied as a direct function of the value of the subgenerators. An analogy is drawn between motor tracking and symbolic tracking. Ways of extending investigation of the analogy are discussed.
Keeping Track of Several Things at Once
Authors: Yntema Douwe B.
Published: July 2017

A series of experiments on short-term memory is summarized. The results imply that when possible the following rules should be observed in presenting information to an operator who must keep track of a changing situation: (a) Each variable of which he must keep track should have its own exclusive set of possible states. (b) There should be few variables with many possible states, not many variables with few states, (c) A variable should not change state any more often than necessary. Three other conclusions may be useful to system designers as background information: capacity for random information is low; regularity within the sequence of states assumed by an individual variable is not particularly helpful; and orderly relations among the present states of different variables can be very helpful, at least in the extreme cases that were considered.
The Effects of Target Distance and Direction on Maximum Velocity of the Rolling Ball Control
Authors: Rogers James G.
Published: July 2017

Modern manual tracking and display systems transmit velocity, rather than position, of the rolling hall control into the display computer; in this manner, the necessity of continually updating control position is avoided, and a signal is transmitted to the computer only when the ball is moved. This presents difficulties to the system designer, however, insofar as the expected range of velocities for the rolling ball control has not been experimentally determined. In the present study, the maximum rate of surface travel for a 3-in.-diameter track ball is elicited for subjects tracking randomly-positioned stationary targets at varying distances and directions. Maximum ball velocities, presented in graphical and tabular form, are found to be functions of both target distance and direction, increasing almost linearly with distance.
The Accuracy of Target Axis Angle Difference Judgments
Authors: Cooley W. E. , Aiken E. G.
Published: July 2017

Observers were tested on their ability to make target axis angle difference judgments utilizing the angles at the boundaries of an angle classification system as standard stimuli. Utilizing the constant stimulus method with three judgment categories, the uncertainty interval was found to be approximately ± 2 deg. Compared with absolute angular categorization employed in a previous study, the presence of a comparison stimulus considerably increased accuracy.
On Response-Response Compatibility
Authors: Cross Kenneth , Noble Merrill , Trumbo Don
Published: July 2017

This study was designed as a first step in the investigation of response-response compatibility effects, a compatibility phenomenon hypothesized by Fitts and his associates.

A two-hand cranking task was used in which S could, by manipulating two cranks, adjust a mechanical stylus to any one of one hundred points on a ten-by-ten matrix. The four possible combinations of clockwise and counterclockwise movements of the two cranks made up four response conditions. Three different stimulus types (codes) were used: digital, pictorial, and instructional. The stimuli, projected onto the rear side of a translucent screen located directly in front of S, indicated the point on the matrix to which S was to move the stylus. The target series used for each of the three stimulus types required the use of the four response conditions with equal frequency.

It was found that speed of both total adjustment and initial response was dependent upon the particular stimulus type used, but not dependent upon response conditions. In contrast, number of correct initial movements was dependent upon response conditions but not stimulus types. The latter was, however, a function of response sets rather than compatibility. No evidence of significant interaction was found.

The present findings fail to support the hypotheses of Fitts and his associates and time and motion principles which also, in effect, contend that R-R compatibility effects exist. Furthermore, the existence of response sets with no corresponding effect on the over-all efficiency of the system suggests that sets and compatibility are two different and not necessarily interacting phenomena.
Joy Stick vs. Multiple Levers for Remote Manipulator Control
Authors: Crawford Billy M.
Published: July 2017

Two modes of control, a joy stick and a multiple-lever system for the same remote manipulator were investigated experimentally. Operator performance was measured by task time and by errors made in initiating control movements. The results show superior performance with the joy stick control. However, with practice the effectiveness of the multiple-lever control tended to approach that of the joy stick. No significant correlations between performance with either control and Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Test scores were obtained. A discussion of human engineering implications is included.
The Effect of Display Update Rate on Immediate Memory
Authors: Sheldon James M.
Published: July 2017

Display update rate was conceived in this experiment as being resolvable into two components, the duration of each display and the amount of change in the information being displayed from one display to the next. Subjects viewed sequences of displays consisting of four 3-digit numbers. At varying points in the sequence, the subject was required to recall one of the 3-digit numbers from the immediately preceding display. Displays were projected for either 4.8 or 8.6 sec, and either four or two 3-digit numbers were changed from one display to the next display. The hypothesis that fewer 3-digit numbers would be correctly recalled at higher update rates was not supported.
The Role of Experimenter Attitude and Contingent Reinforcement in a Vigilance Task
Authors: Ware J. Roger , Kowal Boyd , Baker Robert A.
Published: July 2017

Experimenter attitude toward one group of monitors was democratic (expansive and permissive) and experimenter attitude toward another group was autocratic (brief and brusque). Both groups monitored under three conditions of environmental stimulation (1) control (no stimulation) (2) radio contingent on detection performance, and (3) radio non-contingent on detection performance. The group treated in a democratic manner showed significantly higher levels of detection performance on all three conditions of environmental stimulation. The performance under radio contingent and radio noncontingent conditions was significantly higher than the control condition, and the radio condition contingent showed no performance decrement.
An Investigation of Automobile Handling as Implemented by a Variable-Steering Automobile
Authors: Segel Leonard
Published: July 2017

Steering tasks consisting of steady turns and fast passing maneuvers were performed by five drivers using an automobile with a variable-steering system. The experiment employed subjective evaluation methods to investigate the influence of (1) steering-force gradient and (2) artificial steering-system torques (with the force gradient held fixed) on driver opinion of vehicle handling in the selected maneuvers. The experimental data indicate that both the steering-force gradient and the damping of the steering system through its influence on the free control oscillatory mode of motion of the over-all vehicle have a first order effect on driver evaluation of the handling qualities of an automobile. A steering-force gradient of 17 ft-lb/g of lateral acceleration was found to be near optimum for the specific conditions investigated.
The Efficiency of Two Dimensional Traffic Markers in Referring Commands
Authors: Nelson Thomas M.
Published: July 2017

Commands issued by traffic markers are not meant to be acted upon by every driver. Drivers are intended only to obey signs placed at right angles to the lane they are driving. Perception of orientation is therefore important in determining whether or not the command is to be obeyed. Theoretical knowledge and practical experience indicate that ordinary types of traffic markers have surface characteristics difficult to accurately localize. An experiment in which subjects indicated the orientation of a traffic marker confirmed the hypothesis. It was concluded that ordinary traffic markers have a serious psychological defect. Factors modifying this defect were discussed.
Field Measurement of Human Performance in Man—Machine Systems
Authors: Rabideau Gerald F.
Published: July 2017

Field evaluation of human performance is rapidly assuming a role of major importance in system measurement. However, the special conditions under which such ecological tests must be performed impose certain limitations upon the evaluator which must be recognized. These limitations involve restrictions on the opportunity to manipulate variables, which lead to greater use of subjectively-oriented data collection tools: e.g. the human observer, the interview and checklists. Factors to be considered in the planning of a field test are discussed.
Some Problems in the Measurement of Human Performance in Man–Machine Systems
Authors: Swain Alan D.
Published: July 2017

Quantification of human performance in man–machine systems is receiving more and more attention in human factors work. Obstacles to such quantification include: (1) complexity and subjectivity of available quantification methods, (2) grossness of assumptions behind these methods, and (3) resistance of some psychologists. Research is needed (1) to develop an improved human performance data bank, (2) to develop improved models and methods, and (3) to validate quantification data, models and methods. Some research is being done in these areas.
The Physician as an Estimator of Hospital Stay
Authors: Robinsons Gordon H. , Davis Louis E. , Johnson George C.
Published: July 2017

The abilities of physicians to estimate the length of stay of their hospital patients was investigated. Two estimates were made; one at admission request and another after a prescribed number of days of hospitalization. Data are presented as correlation coefficients between actual and estimated lengths of stay and as conditional frequency functions of actual given an estimated length of stay. Differences between physicians in surgical and medical service are shown. It is concluded that physicians' estimates may be a useful source of data for operating an elective patient scheduling system.
Optimum Angular Accelerations for Control of a Remote Maneuvering Unit
Authors: Clark Herbert J.
Published: July 2017

Six Ss successfully reoriented the attitude of a simulated remote maneuvering unit (RMU) using an on-off acceleration command control system. RMU attitude was determined solely by viewing the space scene being televised by the RMU. The RMU was controlled under three conditions of angular acceleration; 4, 8, and 12° / sec.2. Four deg/sec2 resulted in least fuel expenditure and most accurate rate control without a sacrifice in time. These results and Ss' preference data recommended pitch, yaw, and roll accelerations of 4°/sec2 when using an on-off acceleration command control system.
Human Factor Problems in Satellite Telephoning
Authors: Klemmer Edmund T.
Published: July 2017

Telephone calls routed via satellite involve long transmission paths which in turn require significant transmission times even at the speed of light. This transmission time produces a delay in speech transmission of about 0.3 seconds in each direction for a synchronous satellite. Although the delay itself is not usually noticed by the talkers, it significantly increases the disturbing effects of echo and mutilation of speech by the echo suppressors so that the overall quality of the circuit, as judged by the users, suffers.
A Study and Review of Human Response to Prolonged Random Vibration
Authors: Hornick Richard J. , Lefritz Norman M.
Published: July 2017

This article describes a study conducted to determine the effects of long duration, random vibration—characteristic of low-altitude high-speed (LAHS) flight aircraft—on human performance, physiological, biodynamic, and tolerance responses. Ten subjects experienced 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 RMS g with a shaped power spectral density from 1 to 12 cps while engaging in LAHS control tasks. Simulation runs were of 5 hours duration, with the centermost 4 hours under dynamic conditions. Results of this experiment are related to those of other studies which had the same general objectives in order to provide a brief review and summary about what is known regarding human capabilities for LAHS flight.
Displays for Seeing without Looking
Authors: Vallerie Leroy L.
Published: July 2017

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of peripheral vision displays for presenting dynamic tracking information during difficult control tasks such as landing high speed aircraft or rendezvousing spacecraft. It was hypothesized that peripheral displays could be successfully used to improve performance provided visual switching between information sources is normally an essential part of such tasks. Visual switching consists of eye movement, accommodation, and convergence. The hypothesis was tested by comparing the performance on a two dimensional compensatory tracking task under conditions in which the requirements for visual switching and the provisions of peripheral displays were systematically varied and controlled. The study clearly demonstrated that tracking performance deteriorates as visual switching increases and that peripheral displays can be used to overcome its adverse effects.
The Effects of Values and Costs on the Detection and Identification of Signals in Auditory Vigilance
Authors: Levine Jerrold M.
Published: July 2017

The effects on performance of the value of detecting a signal, the cost of a miss or false detection, and the size of the set from which the signals were drawn were studied in an auditory vigilance task. Seventy-two subjects were randomly assigned to each cell of a factorial arrangement of the cost and load variables and required to detect and identify each of several 49 db SPL pure tones differing only in frequency.

Analyses of the number of correct detections, correct identifications, false detections and detection response time indicated a significant performance decrement with time for all measures and suggested that increasing costs for misses and false detections led to poorer detection performance while value had no effect. Load effected only identification performance, as higher loads led to a decrease in the percentage of signals correctly identified.

The ď and β statistics of signal detection theory, indicated sensitivity to be invariant with manipulations of costs and with time. These findings imply that the performance decrement during a vigil is due to an increased strictness in the criterion the subject sets for deciding whether or not a signal was present. The cost factors were effective in manipulating performance by causing changes in the subjects' decision criteria.
Control-Display Association Preferences for Concentric Controls
Authors: Bradley James V.
Published: July 2017

Seventy-five male college students and twenty-five human engineering psychologists were given a questionnaire presenting diagrams consisting of three concentrically ganged knobs and three dials which they were told the knobs operate. They were asked which dial they thought should be operated by each of the three knobs. Knob-dial associations were obtained with dials in horizontal and vertical arrays above, below, to the left of, and to the right of the knobs, and with dials differing in size, shape and distance from the knob axis. Knob-dial associations were found to be influenced by all of these factors except dial shape. Associations which were both strong and relatively unrivaled were found for dial position in a horizontal array (except when the array is to the left of the knobs), and for dial size. Subjects associated the spatial knob progression, front knob to back knob with the spatial dial progression, left dial to right dial and with the dial size progression, smallest dial to largest dial. Strong, but strongly rivaled, associations were found for dial position in a vertical array and for dial distance from the knob axis.
Control of a Remote Maneuvering Unit During Satellite Inspection
Authors: Clark Herbert J.
Published: July 2017

Operator performance in flying a simulated remote maneuvering unit (RMU) on a coplanar satellite in-pection mission was evaluated under two conditions of RMU attitude control and two condiitons of cockpit instrumentation. The maneuver was repeatedly performed successfully using either an on-off acceleration-command attitude control system or an on-off rate-command attitude control system, each with either a full panel of cockpit instruments (six) or only one cockpit instrument.

The rate-command system was found to be superior for pitch control during station keeping and for roll control in general. The acceleration-command system was superior for pitch control during the trajectory portions of the mission. Because both control systems had disadvantages, investigation of a variable rate-control system is recommended.

More economical and precise RMU control was obtained under the full-panel cockpit instrumentation condition irrespective of the control system used. The instruments of most value were found to be those which provided X (longitudinal) and Z (vertical) distance information.

The limitations of the simulation and the advantages and disadvantages of an “inside-out“ versus an “outside-in“ television display of the target and its surrounds are also discussed.