bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiology of Laminaria
Authors: Conolly Nichola J. , Drew Edward A.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Dissolved nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and phosphate were monitored for 2.5 years along a coastal eutrophication gradient originating at the St. Andrews sewer outfall. Linear growth rates and tissue composition (phosphorus, various nitrogen fractions and storage carbohydrates) were monitored at the same stations in lamina tissue of Laminaria digitata and L. saccharina. Growth rates were considerably enhanced at the eutrophicated stations both in spring, when exogenous nutrients were at peak values at all stations, and during the summer when exogenous nutrients were very low at all stations. Enhanced summer growth rates were correlated with the increased reserves of N and P accumulated during winter and spring, and particularly with soluble organic nitrogen reserves. Accumulation of storage carbohydrates was inversely correlated with growth rate and tissue N and P reserves, presumably because fixed carbon could be incorporated into new protein and thence new tissue only if internal non‐protein N reserves were available.
Coral Diseases in the Indo‐Pacific: A First Record
Authors: Antonius Arnfried
Published: May 2008

Abstract. . The so‐called “band” diseases of reef corals, the White Band Disease (WBD) and the Black Band Disease (BBD), were observed in the Red Sea and in the Philippines. Since they were previously known only from the western Atlantic, this is the first record for the Indo‐Pacific region. WBD is neither infectious nor contagious and the pathogen is unknown. BBD is highly infectious and contagious and is caused by the cyanophyte Phormidium corallyticum. Susceptibility to WBD occurs throughout the order Scleractinia, but the effects of the disease are most severe among Acroporidae. Susceptibility to BBD seems to be restricted to Faviidae, with Platygyra and Goniastrea species the most heavily afflicted. WBD cannot be influenced by any parameter tested so far. BBD can be enhanced by light and by water eutrophication, and its advance can be stopped by antibiotics. An active WBD seems to be a precondition for the origin of BBD.
Zooplankton Feeding Ecology: Contents of Fecal Pellets of the Copepod Undinula vulgaris from Continental Shelf Waters of the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Turner Jefferson T.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The in situ diet of the copepod Undinula vulgaris was examined by comparing contents of fecal pellets produced on natural food with assemblages of available phytoplankton. Samples were collected in continental shelf waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. U. vulgaris was an indiscrimi‐nant suspension feeder, ingesting a broad size, shape, and taxonomic array of phytoplankters. Contents of fecal pellets generally matched those of available phytoplankton assemblages. The presence within the same fecal pellets of remains of microplankters ranging over two orders of magnitude in longest dimension suggests that feeding is nonselective, and that U. vulgaris may rapidly switch between several modes of feeding.
Aspects of the Reproductive Activity of Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan along the Southeastern Coast of the Mediterranean
Authors: Shlagman A. , Lewinsohn CH. , Tom M.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Reproductive parameters of the females of Penaeus semisulcatus regarding the process of ovary maturation, the degree of synchronization of the ova maturation stage within an ovary, the correlation between female length and both maturity and fecundity, as well as the relationship between moulting, copulation and ovarian maturity stage were investigated.

The seasonal and spatial pattern of the reproduction of the female population of P. semisulcatus along the southeastern coast of the Mediterranean was determined.

Average ova diameter, morphological appearance of the ova, presence of sperm, characteristics of the spermatophore, and hardness of the cuticle were used in order to study the above parameters.
Behavioural Effects of Chemically Dispersed Oil and Subsequent Recovery in Diploria strigosa (Dana)
Authors: Wyers S.C. , Frith H.R. , Dodge R.E. , Smith S.R. , Knap A.H. , Sleeter T.D.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Survival and behaviour of the hermatypic coral Diploria strigosa was studied during 6–24 h doses with water‐accomodated fractions of chemically dispersed crude oil, and for a subsequent recovery period of 1 month. Experiments utilized a flow‐through laboratory dosing procedure and incorporated petroleum hydrocarbon measurements in order to simulate a major but short‐term oil spill in shallow subtidal benthic reef environments. Chemically dispersed oil treatments consisted of Arabian Light Crude oil with Corexit 9527 or BP1100WD at 1–20 ppm concentrations of oil.

In general, effects observed were sub‐lethal, temporary, and associated with the highest concentrations tested. Responses to the presence of dispersed oil at 20ppm for 24 h included mesenterial filament extrusion, extreme tissue contraction, tentacle retraction and localized tissue rupture. The nature and severity of reactions during the dosing phase varied between colonies and treatments, but colonies typically resumed normal behaviour within 2 h to 4 d of the recovery period. It therefore seems unlikely that observed biological effects would impair long‐term viability.
Les coraux (Scléractiniaires et Hydro‐coralliaires) de 'atoll de Takapoto, îles Tuamotu: Aspects écologiques
Authors: Kühlmann Dietrich H.H. , Chevalier Jean‐Pierre
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Recent publications on the coral community of the Tuamotu archipelago have dealt with the Mururoa and Taiaro atolls, with virtually no information available on Takapoto. Consequently the reefs of this atoll were studied using SCUBA to a depth of 70 m and in different biotopes such as patch reefs of the lagoon, and external or protected slopes. A description of the various coral communities is given; specific diversity, ecological valence, community composition, percent coverage, and constructive potential is discussed in relation to abiotic factors.

In June 1978 the coral associations of the atoll Takapoto, Tuamotu Archipelago, were studied down to 70m by SCUBA (D.Kühlmann) and the corals later determined by J.‐P. Chevalier (†) in Paris. Fifty‐eight Scleractinia and five hydrocorals were observed in the reefs.

The highest diversity of species exists in clear, moderate moving waters on a moderately inclined substratum. An ecological valence was established as euryoecious for Montipora verrucosa, Porites lobata, Favia speciosa and Mille‐pora platyphylla. Deep water species are Leptoseris porosa and Fungia cf. granulosa. The coral associations show characteristic differences at the windward and leeward outer slopes as well as at the patch reefs of the lagoon; these differences are regulated by distinctive hydrodynamics, sedimentation processes, and substrate types as the most effective environmental factors in smaller habitats. The highest degree of coverage of hard corals is found at the windward slope between 10 and 20 m with 90%, the lowest with less than 10% at the slopes of the patch reefs in the lagoon because of the strong sedimentation. The most important reef constructors in the different habitats are listed.

Remerciements

J'exprime ma gratitude à B. Salvat, qui m'a fourni la possibilityé de travailler à 'Antenne de Moorea du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, et sur 'atoll de Takapoto. Mes remerciements s'adressent également au Ministére des Universités de la République Démocratique Allemande pour la prise en charge du voyage Berlin‐Tahiti‐Berlin. A.Hauti, Chef du Sérvice de la Pêche, Station de Recherche Nacre et Perliculture de Takapoto, a mis á ma disposition tous les moyens nécessaires á la plongée sur les récifs, embarcations comprises. 'aide de Cigi, Puhipuhi, Bernard, Ismail et Pari fut toujours éfficace. Je n'oublierai pas 'amitie profonde de mes compagnons, G. Richard et G. Vergonzanne. Aprés le décès de J.‐P. Chevalier en 1981, M. Pichon, B. Thomassin et H. et J. ZIBROWIUS ont aimablement traduit mon manuscrit en français.
Absorption Efficiencies of the Intertidal Mangrove Dwelling Mollusk Melampus coffeus LINNÉ and the Rocky Intertidal Mollusk Acanthopleura granulata GMELIN
Authors: Mook. David
Published: May 2008

Abstract. .The absorption efficiencies of the intertidal mangrove dwelling mollusk Melampus coffeus and the rocky intertidal dwelling mollusk Acanthopleura granulata were calculated by a modification of CONOVER'S (1966) equation. M. coffeus tended to consume fresh mangrove leaves indicating that M. coffeus may obtain much of its energy from the actual substrate material rather than from associated bacteria and meiofauna on decaying leaves. Obtaining energy directly from the substrate may be a mechanism for M. coffeus to utilize its food source more efficiently. In contrast, chitons (A. granulata) may utilize the higher energy components of their limited intertidal microflora! food source. Using the high energy component of a food source may be an additional mechanism by which organisms efficiently utilize a food source.
The Effect of Human Exclusion on the Population Structure of Key‐Hole Limpets Fissurella crassa and F. limbata on the Coast of Central Chile
Authors: Oliva Doris , Castilla Juan Carlos
Published: May 2008

Abstract. We describe the basic ecology of two key‐hole limpets, Fissurella crassa and Fissurella limbata, which are heavily harvested by coastal shellfishermen (mariscadores) at the rocky intertidal of central Chile. The ecological role of human predation on these species was assessed. Anthropic exclusion from a stretch of the rocky intertidal at Las Cruces (non‐harvested area) for about two and a half years resulted in changes of the densities and size distributions of these fissurelid species as compared to populations in control zones (harvested area). Differential human predation generates, on key‐hole limpets, responses of different intensities related to the accessibility of man to the mesohabitats (sheltered platforms, exposed platforms and vertical walls) and fringes of the intertidal (mid‐low intertidal and Lessonia nigrescens fringe). Thus, size distributions and mean densities of both fissurelids differ widely between the harvested and non‐harvested areas on both platform habitats but not on vertical walls. In the mid‐low intertidal fringe, differences are greater than in the less accessible L. nigrescens intertidal fringe. Moreover, we discuss the way in which other species, directly harvested by mariscadores (i. e., the mollusc Concholepas concholepas) can affect the keyhole limpet populations of central Chile rocky shores. Finally, we highlight the ecological role of these limpets on the dynamics of intertidal ecosystems and how they can modify community landscape.
Diel Fluctuations of a Shallow Water Fish Community in the Inner Oslofjord, Norway
Authors: Nash Richard D.M.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. A shallow water fish community in the inner Oslofjord, Norway, was sampled with a beach seine at 4h intervals over two 36 h periods (25‐26th May and 28‐29th September, 1982). Night length varied from 1 h in May to 11 h in September. Differences in the community composition were observed between May and September. The diversity of the fish community changed between the two months although the interpretation of the change was dependent on the method used to analyse the community. The three dominant species (Gasterosteus aculeatus, Sprattus sprattus, and Ammodytes tobianus) showed diel variations in catch rate which were out of phase with each other. The percentage overlap in abundance of the dominant species was low. The summation of the individual periodicities resulted in aperiodicity at the community level. There were fluctuations, over a diel cycle, in all the community parameters (number of individuals, number of species, species diversity [H'J, species richness [D] and evenness [J']) which affect measures of resource partitioning in fish communities and which should therefore be considered in ecological studies. Diel fluctuations in abundance of some individual shallow water species varied between seasons causing problems in population estimates.
In situ Bicarbonate Uptake by Bacteria‐Alvinella Associations
Authors: Alayse‐Danet A. M. , Gaill F. , Desbruyeres D.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Three species of Alvinellidae are found on walls of some hydrothermal chimneys at 13o N on the East Pacific Rise (EPR); numerous epibiotic bacteria were associated with two of these polychaetes, Alvinella pompejana and Alvinella caudata, but not with the third, Paralvinella grasslei. Many studies suggest that chemoautotrophic bacteria play a prominent role in deep‐sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems. Particularly important are the intracellular bacteria present in the giant pogonophores and bivalve molluscs.

The abundant epibioses observed on these Alvinella species are unusual and the relationships between these bacteria and the worms are unknown. Previous results, including 13C values, morphological insertion of the bacteria on the epidermis, presence of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase, and fixation of 14C bicarbonate in some bacteria and in the dorsal epidermis, suggest that a trophic relationship could exist between Alvinella and its epibiotic bacteria. The present study compared the incorporation area of 14C bicarbonate in the 3 species. Paralvinella, which is devoid of epibiotic bacteria, served as a control.
Zooplankton Feeding Ecology: Contents of Fecal Pellets of the Cyclopoid Copepods Oncaea venusta, Corycaeus amazonicus, Oithona plumifera, and O. simplex from the Northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Turner Jefferson T.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. In situ feeding habits of the cyclopoid copepods Oncaea venusta, Corycaeus amazonicus, Oithona plumifera, and O. simplex were investigated by scanning electron microscope examination of fecal pellets, the contents of which reflected copepod gut contents upon capture. Peilet contents were compared with assemblages of phytoplankton present in surface waters at times of copepod collection. All samples were from the northern Gulf of Mexico. All four copepods fed upon phytoplankton and O. venusta also ingested other crustaceans. Dominant components of fecal pellets generally did not mirror those of available phytoplankton assemblages. In some cases, O. venusta ingested primarily larger‐sized particles even when these were not most abundant, and in other cases it did not ingest large cells even when they were present in bloom concentrations. The presence of small (< 2–5 urn diameter) centric diatoms in O. venusta pellets suggests the possibility of feeding by mechanisms other than suspension or raptorial feeding. Limited observations suggest that C. amazonicus and O. plumifera may feed raptorially on larger particles even when these are not particularly abundant, and that the small O. simplex (< 500 nm total length) feeds mainly upon nanoplankton. It appears that cyclopoid feeding mechanisms are complex, and likely more so than those of many calanoids.
Food and Feeding Habits of the Surf Zone Penaeid Prawn Macropetasma africanus (Balss)
Authors: Cockcroft Andrew , Mclachlan Anton
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Macropetasma africanus is an important component of the nearshore macrofauna in South African marine waters. Juveniles utilize high energy surf zones as nursery and maturation areas before offshore migration to spawning areas. Samples were taken from two surf zone areas and an offshore spawning area over a two year period. Spatial, seasonal, and diel variations in diet, established from stomach content analysis (N = 1020), indicate that M. africanus is an omnivorous feeder with a diet reflecting general food availability in the environment. Five major food groups were identified. Detritus was the most important food group identified in a medium energy surf zone and offshore spawning area. Phytoplankton was the major food group utilized in a high energy surf area characterized by phytoplankton blooms. Crustaceans were an important component of the diet in all three areas sampled and the remains of copepods, ostracods, isopods, amphipods, and mysids were identified. Benthic macrofauna and meiofauna are not important components of the M. africanus diet in the turbulent surf zone areas but appear more important in the offshore area. Feeding behaviour is adapted to turbulent conditions found in surf areas and the passage of food through the foregut is rapid.
Notes on the Biology and Ecology of the Jellyfish Aurelia aurita Lam. in Elefsis Bay (Saronikos Gulf, Greece)
Authors: Papathanassiou E. , Panayotidis P. , Anagnostaki K.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The occurrence of pianktonic stages of the scyphomedusa Aurelia aurita LAM. in monthly samples, from May 1983 to July 1985, was studied in Elefsis Bay (Saronikos Gulf, Greece). Results showed that the medusae biomass had its maximum value during summer, followed by a sharp drop during fall and winter. The major peak for the ephyrae liberation was during January‐February, when zooplankton biomass reached its maximum. The vertical distribution of A. aurita in relation to light intensity is discussed.
Relationships of Phytoplankton with Certain Environmental Factors in the South Euboikos Gulf (Greece)
Authors: Friligos Nikolaos , Gotsis‐Skretas Olympia
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The abundance and taxonomic diversity of phytoplankton have been studied in relation to certain environmental factors in the South Euboikos Gulf, a restricted tidal embayment on the eastern coast of Greece. The northern part of the gulf with higher tidal current, influenced by sewage and industrial effluents, showed high concentrations of nutrients, a greater total density of phytoplankton, relatively high chlorophyll a content, and a lower taxonomic diversity when compared with the southern part. The phytoplankton cycle was largely due to changes in diatom concentration. A slight variation in the occurrence of species and dominance could be observed along the salinity gradients.
Activity Pattern of the Sea‐Star, Marthasterias glacial is, in Port‐Cros Bay (France, Mediterranean Coast)
Authors: Savy Sylvette
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Tagged individuals of Marthasterias giacialis (L.) followed in situ for 24 h cycles or for up to 4 consecutive days show that sea‐star activity is not only nocturnal; we observed a non‐synchronized (between individuals) movement, with 1 or 2 (ocassionally 3) peaks; movement, occurs mainly between 6:00 p.m. and 9:00 a.m., without a clear peak at the population level, independent the prevailing light conditions (for 6:00–9:00p. m. and 6:00–9:00a. m. periods). M. giacialis shows periods of inactivity ranging from 1 to 3 days. It is hypothesized that the study site is visited for short term feeding raids by individuals coming from the deep water and then moving back.
A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of the Marine Algae in the Saronikos Gulf (Greece)
Authors: Diapoulis A. , Haritonidis S.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. One hundred ninety‐seven macroalgal taxa, belonging to four classes, were identified at seven characteristic stations of the Saronikos Gulf.

Species diversity was higher in cleaner waters. From the outer to the inner section, the number of species and the coverage increased in Bryopsidophyceae and decreased in Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae.
Role of Bacteria in the Carbon and Nitrogen Flow between Water‐Column and Sediment in a Shallow Marine Bay (Bay of Piran, Northern Adriatic Sea)
Authors: Herndl G. J. , Faganeli J. , Fanuko N. , Peduzzi P. , Turk V.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The interdependences between phytoplankton standing crop, bacterial biomass and the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool in the water column were investigated and related to sediment parameters in a shallow marine bay (Bay of Piran, Northern Adriatic Sea) over an annual cycle. Bacterioplankton density varied between 1–10 × 105 cells ml‐1, with lowest density observed in March corresponding to the low Chi a concentrations during this period. Generation times as determined by dialysis incubations ranged between 4h (June) and 82 h (March). Mean bacterial secondary production rates during summer were about 40 mg C m‐1 d‐1 and 5mg C m‐3.d‐1 during winter. With a short time lag, DOM concentrations followed the fluctuation in Chi a.

Sediment oxygen demand measurements revealed a mean mineralization rate of about 260 mg C m‐2 d‐1 during summer and 100–200 mg C m‐2 d‐1 in winter. Sediment bacterial density varied between 108 ‐ 109 cells g (sediment dry wt)‐1 in the top 5 cm sediment layer or, in terms of biomass, 4.3 g C m‐l during summer and 0.6 g C m‐2 during winter. Highest concentrations of DOM in pore waters were measured in September, coinciding with high rates of sediment oxygen demand.
Vertical Distribution of Phytoplankton in the Central and Northern Part of the Gulf of California (June 1982)
Authors: Hernández‐Becerril David U.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Vertical profiles of temperature, nutrients (silicate, phosphate, and nitrate), chlorophyll a and phytoplankton abundance are given for six stations located in the Gulf of California, June 1982, above 1 % of light intensity. The vertical distribution of phytoplankton was related to the water column structure: stratified stations had a defined nutricline and subsurface chlorophyll and phytoplankton abundance maxima were present, which were found to be related to the depth of the principal thermocline; vertical distribution of taxa was not uniform and low affinity values (< 0.5) were calculated among depths at these stations. Despite the irregular vertical distribution of chlorophyll and cell number, there was a great affinity in the species composition throughout the euphotic zone at well‐mixed or weakly stratified stations. Nanoplankton organisms, mainly coc‐colithophorids, were the most important numerical contributors at the chlorophyll maxima, except when this was superficial, in which case diatoms were the most numerous group. Some patterns of the vertical distribution of the main phytoplankton groups (e.g., diatoms, dinoflagellates, and microflagellates) are shown. The spectrum of diversity in the water column was useful only for mixed‐waters. The relationship between stability, nutrients, and phytoplankton ‐ regarding their vertical distribution ‐ and the importance of physical and biological processes on phytoplankton ecology are discussed.
Reproductive Cycle of the Caribbean Feather Star Nemaster rubiginosa (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)
Authors: Mladenov Philip V. , Brady Kevin
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The reproductive cycle of the comatulid crinoid Nemaster rubiginosa from Discovery Bay, Jamaica is described histologically. The cycle is annual and may be divided into (1) a “resting” phase (summer) in which most adults possess immature, unsexable gonads, (2) a recovery phase (early fall) marked by the re‐initiation of gametogenesis and rapid gonadal growth, (3) a breeding phase (late fall and winter) during which the gonads are mature and repeated spawning likely takes place, and (4) a post‐spawning phase (spring) during which relict gametes are removed from the shrinking gonads. Although unsexable individuals predominate during the “resting” phase, a small proportion of the adult population is unsexable at all times of the year. The reproductive condition of animals in the same month in two successive years was very similar, suggesting that the timing of reproduction is quite predictable from year to year. The re‐initiation of gametogenesis in the early fall is correlated with both rising sea temperature and shortening daylength, and the October to March breeding season corresponds to the period of short daylengths at the study site. The well‐defined and synchronized annual reproductive cycle of Nemaster rubiginosa contrasts with the more prolonged and variable reproductive cycles reported for other tropical crinoids and points to a diversity of breeding patterns among tropical crinoids.
The Diets in Four Pacific Tube Blennies (Acanthemblemaria: Chaenopsidae): Lack of Ecological Divergence in Syntopic Species
Authors: Lindquist David G. , Kotrschal Kurt M.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The diets of three syntopic Gulf of California Acanthemblemaria (A. balanorum, A. crock‐eri and A. macrospilus) and A. castroi from the Galapagos Island are nearly uniformly composed of harpacticoid copepods and other small benthic‐vagile or planktonic crustaceans. On occasion, large prey items such as crabs or other small fishes are taken. HORN'S index of niche overlap indicates that the three syntopic Acanthemblemaria are not separated along the food resource utilization axis. Slight variations in diets among the syntopic species seem to be related to differences in degree of microhabitat specialization.
Dietary Preferences and Carbon Absorption by two Grazing Gastropods, G/bbula umbilicaris (LINNÉ) and Jujubinus striatus (LINNÉ)
Authors: Peduzzi Peter
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Ingestion rates and absorption efficiencies in Gibbula umbilicaris and Jujubinus striatus feeding on green algal films, diatoms, macro‐epiphytes, and dead Posidonia ocean/'ca‐Ieaves have been investigated in laboratory experiments.

For both gastropod species, ingestion rates were highest in diatoms and thin green algal films as food source. G. umbilicaris exhibited significant lower consumption rates when feeding on seagrass debris or macro‐epiphytes, J. striatus consumed neither Posidonia‐debris nor macro‐epiphytes.

Highest carbon absorption efficiencies were found in both gastropod species when feeding on diatoms and green algal films. Significantly lower efficiencies were found in G. umbilicaris when consuming seagrass debris or macro‐epiphytes.

Analyses of fecal material confirmed these findings. Highest organic carbon contents were measured in fecal pellets produced after consumption of seagrass debris or macro‐epiphytes reflecting the presence of structural carbohydrates. SEM examinations of feces revealed mainly diatom frustules, refractory parts of macroalgal and other plant material. Analyses of gut contents gave similar results suggesting a basically microphagous herbivory for both gastropod species.

Since seagrass debris and macro‐epiphytes are not used very effectively, the high absorption efficiencies when animals feed on the microfloral component of the periphyton are discussed as possible adaptation to limited food availability.
The Energetic and Nutritional Contribution of Glucose and Glycine Taken up from Natural Sea Water by Adult Marine Mussels
Authors: Gorham William T.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The removal of glycine and glucose by freshly collected adult Mytilus edulis was determined using radiolabeled substances added to ambient concentrations of dissolved organic materials in freshly collected natural sea water. Uptake rates were calculated for substrate concentrations of 0.5 μM glycine and 1.0 μM glucose and were compared with the animals' energy and nitrogen demands as measured by oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates. Respiration and ammonia excretion rates as well as cither glycine or glucose removal were all determined for the same animals. The mean respiration rate was 670μl O2 g‐1h‐1, the mean ammonia excretion rate 1.95 μg‐at NH4‐g‐1 h‐1. The calculated uptake rates were 0.48 μmol ‐g‐1‐h‐1 for free amino acids and 0.44 μmol‐g‐1 h‐1 for free simple sugars. Such uptake rates could have contributed roughly 13% of the mussels' energy requirements or 10% of the mussels' nitrogen requirements assuming the following conditions: 0.5 μM concentration of free amino acids, 1.0μM concentration of simple sugars, uptake of total amino acids at a rate based on a weighted removal rate of glycine, alanine, serine, and glutamic acid, and uptake of simple sugars at a rate equal to that of glucose removal. It is apparent that simple organic substances dissolved in sea water may be of some benefit to mussels, especially when the substances occur in concentrations typical of coastal sea water.
Seasonal Changes in Nitrogen, Free Amino Acids, and C/N Ratio in Mediterranean Seagrasses
Authors: Pirc Helmut , Wollenweber Bernd
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Seasonal changes in nitrogen, free amino acids, and carbon were investigated in the three Mediterranean seagrasses Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa, and Zostera noltii. Leaves, rhizomes, roots, as well as dead plant material were analysed separately. Highest N‐concentrations were obtained in the winter months, regardless of species or plant part. In contrast to the other two species, the N‐content in Posidonia was higher in the rhizomes than in the leaves.

In the investigated species, marked differences in the free amino acid (FAA) composition were detected between species: Proline, lacking in Posidonia, was the main component in Cymodocea. In Posidonia, FAA decreased from 320umol g‐1 (dry wt) in leaf sheaths to 1.5 umol g‐1 (dry wt) in the leaf tips. The function of proline as a possible storage and/or stress metabolite is discussed.

High C/N values in dead P. oceanica and C. nodosa rhizomes as well as in P. oceanica wrack seem to be related to considerable resistance to decomposition. Low C/N ratios did not increase in detached C. nodosa and Z. noltii leaves, which began to decompose shortly after detachment from the plants.
Foliose Dictyoceratida of the Australian Great Barrier Reef.
Authors: Bergquist Patricia R. , Ayling Avril M. , Wilkinson Clive R.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Seven species belonging to three genera of foliose Dictyoceratida are described placing emphasis on field recognition characteristics. These sponges are dominant elements of the Great Barrier Reef fauna.

One new genus, Strepsichordaia, and two new species, Strepsichordaia lendenfeldi and Carterio‐spongia contorta, are described and full redescriptions of poorly known older species are given.

Features of skeletal morphology and terpene chemistry which make this group of genera distinct within the Dictyoceratida are discussed and a new familial allocation is suggested.
Reproductive Biology of Liocarcinus puber and L holsatus (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) from the Gower Peninsula, South Wales
Authors: Choy Satish
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Routine monthly samples of the commercially important portunid crab Liocarcimtx puber and the sympatric but ecologically separated L. holsatus were collected from the waters and shores around the Gowcr Peninsula, South Wales, between November 1983 and September 1985.

The pubertal moult in L. puber occurred at 38 mm CW (carapace width) (females) and 42 mm CW (males). In L. holsatus this occurred at 17 mm (females) and 18.5 mm CW (males). The median size of ovigcrous females was 49.2 ± 6.7 mm CW in L. puber and 26.5 ± 2.0 mm CW in L. holsatus.

Moulting and copulation occurred between spring and autumn, the moulting period of males being earlier than that of the females. Ovigcrous L. holsatus were recorded throughout the year, with highest proportions between February and April. L. puber were ovigcrous mainly between January and March; none was recorded between September and November. The number of eggs of the wild brood (range: 39,000–280,000 for L. holsatus and 40.000–262.000 for L. puber) was related to female body size as y = 3.099.51 c0.1126x, r = 0.90, n = 21 and y = 6,335.98 c0.051x, r = 0.88, n = 23, respectively, where y = number of eggs and x = carapace width (mm).

Following successful copulation, females of both species were able to spawn more than once during an intcrmoult period.
Blennies and Endolithic Bivalves: Differential Utilization of Shelter in Adriatic Blenniidae (Pisces: Teleostei)
Authors: Kotrschal Kurt
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The utilization of empty holes of endolithic bivalves (Gttsirocluwnu dubui by Bknnius chdmcitinus, and Litliophaga lithophaga by all other species) as shelters by egg‐guarding males of nine species of Adriatic Blenniidae is compared. A wide spectrum of entrance sizes to these “standardized” shelters is used with the most frequent utilization ranging between 1(H) and 275 mm: (11.2–18.8mm mean entrance diameters). As a trend within and between species, larger fish utilize holes with disproportionately wider entrances. There arc significant differences between species in the means of “fit” of the heads within the entrances: the heads of B. dulmaibuts, B. canaeve, B. adrialicus, and B. zvonimiri“fit” tightly into their entrances whereas the two large species, B.puvo and B. tentacularis, which only facultatively use holes of boring mussels for breeding, arc found in holes with “oversized” entrances. In most species mean shelter depth approximates mean body length. Species which tightly “fit” their entrances tend to stay longer when disturbed mechanically or chemically compared to those with only a loose “fit”. The ecological and evolutionary significance of these patterns is discussed.
Coral Reef Community Structure at Caño Island, Pacific Costa Rica
Authors: Guzmán Héctor M. , Cortés Jorge
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Around the Biological Reserve of Caño Island, Pacific Costa Rica, there are five large coral reef flats (with size ranges of 0.8–4.2 ha) built mainly of dead Pocillopora spp. At present, they are covered mainly by crustose coralline algae and microatolls of Porites lobata. From the upper reef slope to the reef base several corals grow in small patches (e. g., Pavona clavus, Pavona varians, Pavona gigantea, Gardineroseris planulata, Psammocora superficialis, Pocillopora elegans, Pocillopora damicornis); the massive coral Porites Iobata is predominant. Pocilloporid species are predominant on most other eastern Pacific reefs.

The Caño Island reef is typical of a community whose structure has been controlled by both physical (in shallow water) and biological (in deeper water) factors. Shallow reef areas are influenced by strong wave action and extreme low tides. The distribution, abundance, and feeding preferences of corallivorous organisms (e. g., Acanthaster planci, Arothron meleagris, Pseudobalistes naufragium, Quoyula monodonta) on the deeper reef suggest that most pocilloporids are affected and limited by them. Although there is no evidence of any predator on Porites lobata at Caño Island, the triggerfish Pseudobalistes naufragium breaks off fragments of the coral while searching for food. These fragments often survive to form new colonies. Together, this dispersal mechanism, rapid injury recovery, and high resistance to environmental stress seem to enhance the distribution and dominance of the massive coral Porites lobata at Caño Island.
Spatio‐Temporal Distribution of Algal and Animal Communities in a Posidonia oceanica Meadow
Authors: MaZzella Lucia , Scipione Maria Beatrice , Buia Maria Cristina
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Investigations were carried out in a Posidonia oceanica meadow at Ischia (Gulf of Naples) along a depth gradient from 1 to 32 m in November 1979 and May 1981.

In these two months, different discontinuities were found at the sampling stations (1, 5, 10, 20, 30 m) at 10 m for leaf features, between 1 and 5 m for the algal community and the vagile fauna. The leaf features (length, surface, and biomass) along the transects show a delay in leaf production toward the deeper stations, below the thermocline.

The algal community shows in both seasons and in all stations a persistence of an encrusting layer, mostly represented by Corallinaceae and the brown alga Myrionema orbiculare, while at the shallowest station (1 m) the community is characterized by a more developed upright layer.

The vagile fauna of the leaf stratum, mostly represented by Polychaeta, Mollusca, and Crustacea (Peracarida and Decapoda), shows a consistent zonation in both seasons along the transect. A superficial community at I m, characterized by a low number of species and individuals and specialized for high environmental energy levels, and a deeper community, persistent in time and more strictly related to the Posidonia oceanica meadows, are identified.

The influence of environmental factors and the importance of meadow structure for the zonation of the algal and animal communities are discussed.
The Distribution of Amphipoda in a Brackish‐Water Lagoon in Greece
Authors: Nicolaidou Artemis , Karakiri Maria
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The distribution of the benthic Amphipoda was studied in the brackish‐water lagoon Mazoma of Amvrakikos Bay, Ionian Sea, Greece. Eleven amphipod species typical of the sublittoral zone, some with preference for enclosed bays and lagoons, were identified. Gammarus crinicornis, Microdeutopus bifidus, C. rotundirostris, and Erichthonius difformis are mentioned for the first time for Greek waters. The distribution of amphipods in the lagoon is governed by the vegetation and is probably modified by interspecific relations.
Ecological Differences in the Distribution of two Tethya (Porifera, Demospongiae) Species Coexisting in a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon
Authors: Corriero Giuseppe , Balduzz Andrea , Sarà Michele
Published: May 2008

Abstract. In the Sicilian lagoon Stagnone di Marsala, Tethya aurantium and T. citrina show different ecological distributions, although some overlapping occurs. The first species reaches its highest density where linear currents are maximal, and in this habitat it is particularly frequent on Posidonia oceanica rhizomes. The second species is more abundant in still water locations and is equally common on Posidonia rhizomes and on calcareous concretions. Such distributions can be related to water movement, Posidonia shoot density, and associated factors such as sedimentation and food availability. These observations are consistent with an adaptive interpretation of the morphofunctional features distinguishing the two species.
Effect of Hydrocarbons and Decontaminating Substances on Bacterial Flora of Coastal Sediments
Authors: Crisafi Ermanno , Zaccone Renata , Genovese Lucrezia , Ferla Rosabruna La , Maugeri Teresa Luciana
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Seventy six samples of coastal sediments collected in the Straits of Messina were studied in order to evaluate the effects of an oil spill and the consequent “clean‐up” operations on heterotrophic acrobic bacteria.

In addition, in vitro tests were carried out to estimate the effects of five dispersants on the growth and oil degrading capacity of marine strains isolated from the same sediments.
Factors Affecting the Distribution and Diversity of Polychaetes in Amivrakikos Bay, Greece
Authors: Nicolaidou Artemis , Papadopoulou K.‐Nantia
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The polychaetc fauna was studied in 18 soft‐bottom stations in Amvrakikos Bay of the Ionian Sea. Of the 146 species found many had single occurrences, which caused low similarity between stations. Mixing and renewal of water influenced the distribution of species and feeding types of polychaetes, while their diversity correlated with sedimentary structure. Water depth was the factor which accounted for the greatest variability in the data, whereas salinity had no discernible effect on the polychaetc fauna.
The Effects of Industrial Pollution on the Development and Succession of Marine Fouling Communities II. Multivariate Analysis of Succession
Authors: Moran P. J. , Grant T. R.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The successional stages of fouling communities from 3 sites located along a pollution gradient within Port Kembla Harbour (Australia) were compared quantitatively with those from Wollongong Harbour, a relatively unpolluted area located close by.

A multivariate classification of the data showed that the development of fouling communities in Port Kembla Harbour was very different from that in Wollongong Harbour, involving different types of species. In addition, the classification identified a secondary pattern in the data which showed that the species composition of the Port Kembla Harbour communities changed with time, independently of any seasonal effects.

A principal coordinate analysis of the data was able to further expand on these findings. It demonstrated that the succession of fouling communities in Port Kembla Harbour involved a process whereby one group of species (ascidians) was gradually replaced through time by a second group of different species (bivalves). In contrast, the communities in Wollongong Harbour were dominated by inhibitory interactions. The succession in this area mainly involved species (particularly bryozoans) which colonised during the initial stages of development and remained in the communities as they continued to develop.

Changes in the succession of fouling communities from Port Kembla Harbour were thought to be due to the loss of pollution sensitive species, such as bryozoans, from the environment. This was not attributed to the acute, toxic effects of the pollutants, but rather to more subtle and indirect effects.
Coral Associations, Biocorrosion, and Space Competition in Pedum spondyloideum (Gmelin) (Pectinacea, Bivalvia)
Authors: Kleemann Karl
Published: May 2008

Abstract. In the northern Red Sea several genera of sclcractinian corals arc used as hosts by Pedum spondyloideum. High population densities lead to space competition. The bivalves use chemical means to interact with each other and with their host corals. Due to dorsal attachment and predominantly ventral growth ‐ to keep pace with coral growth ‐ biocorrosion is less obvious, than in Lilhophuga.
The Mollusc Thais haemastoma ‐An Exhibitor of ‘Imposex’ and Potential Biological Indicator of Tributyltin Pollution
Authors: Spence S.K. , Hawkins S.J. , Santos R.S.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. In the Azores the gastropod Thais haemastoma shows varying degrees of imposex, the induction of male sex characters in the female. It is inferred that imposex in T. haemastoma is caused by tributyltin (TBT) associated with boats using organotin‐based antifouling paints. The two indices ‐ relative penis size and vas deferens sequence ‐ employed previously for Nucella lapillus, were used without alteration. T. haemastoma is only the third species reported as exhibiting ‘effective sterilisation’ of the female. Unlike Nucella lapillus, T. haemastoma has a planktonic larva, allowing populations to be sustained even when local TBT pollution is high. This makes T. haemastoma potentially a better indicator species, as monitored populations can be maintained by the influx of larvae. T. haemastoma may thus provide a cheap method of assessing the extent of TBT contamination in warm waters, particularly in the Mediterranean and Atlantic Islands. Preliminary examination of material from a marina in Spain showed a high incidence of ‘sterile’ animals.
Distribution and Adaptations of Sea Ice Inhabiting Harpacticoida (Crustacea, Copepoda) of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica)
Authors: Dahms H.‐U. , Bergmans M. , Schminke H. K.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Seven harpacticoid species were found to be associated with sea ice collected during 5 Antarctic cruises of the RV Polarstern. Their distribution within the fast ice and pack ice zones of the Weddell Sea is presented. Whereas some individuals probably become entrapped into the ice only accidentally, at least 4 species arc genuinely sympagic. These have evolved remarkable adaptations, as evidenced by field and laboratory studies of Dresclieriella glacialis, which is by far the most abundant. Such adaptations include: the ability to penetrate deep into ice; a comparatively high salinity tolerance allowing it to endure large salinity fluctuations associated with ice crystal formation and melting; good swimming ability, necessary both for horizontal dispersal and for a planktonic intermezzo after annual melting of the sea ice. D. glacialis is the first polar non‐vertebrate mctazoan to be cultivated through its entire life cycle. Its life history suggests an r‐stratcgy; this would be the first indication of such a trait in the polar environment. A new species of Drescheriella, on the other hand, exhibits resting stages (C IV‐V) known to date only for Calanoidu but not reported for Harpacticoida.
On the Scale of Aggregation of Meio‐benthic Copepods on a Tidal Mudflat
Authors: Fleecer J.W. , Palmer M. A. , Moser E.B.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The dispersion pattern of mciobenthic harpacticoid copepods was measured on a mudflat at different tidal conditions. Samples were collected using a 5 times 5 array of contiguous cores (8 mm ID), and analyzed by spatial autocorrelation (MOHAN'S I statistic). Four species were abundant, and all were judged to be patchy by autocorrelation. The apparent scale of patchincss did not differ with tidal stage. Three species were aggregated at very small spatial scales (0.5 to 1cm2), with patches probably distributed at random within a sampling array. The fourth species was also aggregated at the smallest spatial scale (neighboring cores), but may have been regularly spaced at distances longer than 5 cm. This study shows that processes on the order of several cm2 must dictate the patch dynamics of small metazoans.
Mussel Periostracum from Deep‐Sea Redox Communities as a Microbial Habitat: 2. The Pit Borers
Authors: Hook James E. , Golubic Stjepko
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Mussel periostracum from the Florida Escarpment redox community (3266 m depth) is extensively bored by a variety of microorganisms. Four different types of pit borings were observed and characterized on the basis of SEM images of their resin casts, and/or light and TEM reconstructions: two large, open‐pit borers, a “button” borer, and a cone borer. These boring patterns represent distinctive feeding “strategies”. The cumulative activities of periostracum borers remove the protective organic layer from the mussel shells, exposing the mineral to cndolith attack.
Depth Distribution and Abundance of Northern Adriatic Littoral Rocky Reef Blennioid Fishes (Blenniidae and Tripterygion)
Authors: Illich Ingeborg P. , Kotrschal Kurt
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Species' depth distributions and abundances were visually assessed along 24 transects in a northern Adriatic assemblage of blennioid fishes (14 species of Blenniidae, 1 species of Triptery‐giidue). Total abundance of blennioids was highest in 0.5‐1 m depth, decreasing upwards and downwards. Species diversity (Shannon‐Wiener) is highest at the shallowest depth (0‐0.5 in). The curybathic species Parablennius incognitus, Lipophrys dalmatinus, Tripterygion tripteronotus, and Parablennius tentacularis were most abundant at all depths (relative to the species investigated). All stenobathic species were most abundant at 0‐0.5 m. Depth distribution patterns and abundance ranks of species were similar at western, eastern, southern, and northern transects.
Distribution and Abundance of Ascidians from a Locality on the Northeast Coast of Spain
Authors: Turon Xavier
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The distribution of ascidians from a locality on the Spanish Mediterranean coast is investigated by means of classification and ordination analyses. Five groups or taxocoenoses are recognized, and the species are distributed among them following a gradient of light and hydro‐dynamism. This pattern is affected by microhabitat factors (cryptic environments). The distribution of ecological types of ascidians is described.
Study of a Crustacea Decapoda Taxocoenosis of Posidonia oceanica Beds from the Southeast of Spain
Authors: García‐Raso J. E.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. During 1986 and 1987 a decapod crustacean taxocoenosis of Posidonia oceanica beds from the southeast of Spain has been studied.

Data on abundance‐dominance of the 50 species found and other information such as reproduction and the selective use of gastropod shells by the dominant hermit crabs arc given.

Differences in richness and cquitability between shallow (3–4 m) and deeper (5–7 m) samples arc also shown.

The taxocoenosis presents a geometrical distribution in which only 9 species have a relative abundance higher than 1 % and in which the structure is basically controlled by the two dominant hermit crabs, Cestopagitius limidus and Calcium tubularis, and hydrodynamic conditions.