bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The duality of ocean acidification as a resource and a stressor
Authors: Connell Sean D. , Doubleday Zoë A. , Foster Nicole R. , Hamlyn Sarah B. , Harley Christopher D. G. , Helmuth Brian , Kelaher Brendan P. , Nagelkerken Ivan , Rodgers Kirsten L. , Sarà Gianluca , Russell Bayden D.
Published: May 2018

Ecologically dominant species often define ecosystem states, but as human disturbances intensify, their subordinate counterparts increasingly displace them. We consider the duality of disturbance by examining how environmental drivers can simultaneously act as a stressor to dominant species and as a resource to subordinates. Using a model ecosystem, we demonstrate that CO2‐driven interactions between species can account for such reversals in dominance; i.e., the displacement of dominants (kelp forests) by subordinates (turf algae). We established that CO2 enrichment had a direct positive effect on productivity of turfs, but a negligible effect on kelp. CO2 enrichment further suppressed the abundance and feeding rate of the primary grazer of turfs (sea urchins), but had an opposite effect on the minor grazer (gastropods). Thus, boosted production of subordinate producers, exacerbated by a net reduction in its consumption by primary grazers, accounts for community change (i.e., turf displacing kelp). Ecosystem collapse, therefore, is more likely when resource enrichment alters competitive dominance of producers, and consumers fail to compensate. By recognizing such duality in the responses of interacting species to disturbance, which may stabilize or exacerbate change, we can begin to understand how intensifying human disturbances determine whether or not ecosystems undergo phase shifts.
An assessment of assumptions and uncertainty in deuterium‐based estimates of terrestrial subsidies to aquatic consumers
Authors: Brett Michael T. , Holtgrieve Gordon W. , Schindler Daniel E.
Published: May 2018

The deuterium ratio (2H/1H) in tissue is often used to estimate terrestrial subsidies to aquatic consumers because of strongly differentiated values between terrestrial and aquatic primary producers. However, quantitative deuterium‐based analyses of terrestrial resource assimilation are highly dependent on several poorly defined assumptions. We explored the sensitivity of these estimates to assumptions regarding environmental water contributions to consumer deuterium content (ω) and algal photosynthetic hydrogen discrimination (εH). We also tested whether 13C/12C and 2H/1H‐based estimates of terrestrial resource assimilation give similar outcomes. The average of the 12 experiments that have directly estimated proportional contributions of environmental water to consumer tissue 2H/1H was 0.27 ± 0.11 (mean ± SD), with similar values for invertebrates and fish. Conversely, of the 28 field studies that have used 2H/1H to characterize aquatic food webs, all but one assume a value that is less than our current best estimate, usually substantially less. A reanalysis of the raw data from four recent case studies indicates the calculated terrestrial contribution to aquatic consumers is extremely sensitive to this assumption. When the authors’ original assumptions were used (i.e., ω = 0.16 ± 0.05), the estimated proportional contribution of terrestrial resources to aquatic consumers (θT) averaged 29 ± 17%, and when ω = 0.27 was used the average estimated assimilation of allochthonous resources was ≈0.00. A compilation of published photosynthetic hydrogen discrimination values for microalgae averaged εH = −150 ± 27‰ (SD, n = 99), and a sensitivity analysis showed the outcomes of these calculations were also strongly influenced by uncertainty in εH. There was no statistical association between 13C/12C and 2H/1H‐based estimates of terrestrial subsidies (r = −0.12, n = 274). This analysis indicates that the assumptions in deuterium‐based estimates of terrestrial resource assimilation are highly influential but poorly constrained; therefore, the impact of these assumptions on calculated outputs must be carefully assessed and thoroughly reported. Due to the highly uncertain assumptions inherent in deuterium‐based analyses, we urge much more caution when using this approach to estimate terrestrial subsidies to consumers in aquatic ecosystems.
A microfluidic glucose sensor incorporating a novel thread‐based electrode system
Authors: Gaines Michelle , Gonzalez‐Guerrero Maria Jose , Uchida Kathryn , Gomez Frank A.
Published: May 2018

An electrochemical sensor for the detection of glucose using thread‐based electrodes and fabric is described. This device is relatively simple to fabricate and can be used for multiple readings after washing with ethanol. The fabrication of the chip consisted of two steps. First, three thread‐based electrodes (reference, working, and counter) were fabricated by painting pieces of nylon thread with either layered silver ink and carbon ink or silver/silver chloride ink. The threads were then woven into a fabric chip with a beeswax barrier molded around the edges in order to prevent leaks from the tested solutions. A thread‐based working electrode consisting of one layer of silver underneath two layers of carbon was selected to fabricate the final sensor system. Using the chip, a PBS solution containing glucose oxidase (GOx) (10 mg/mL), potassium ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6]) (10 mg/mL) as mediator, and different concentrations of glucose (0‐25 mM), was measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV). It was found that the current output from the oxidation of glucose was proportional to the glucose concentrations. This thread‐based electrode system is a viable sensor platform for detecting glucose in the physiological range.
Partial stratification in two‐sample capture–recapture experiments
Authors: Premarathna W. A. Lasantha , Schwarz Carl James , Jones Thomas S.
Published: May 2018

Capture heterogeneity is known to cause bias in estimates of abundance in capture–recapture experiments. This heterogeneity is often related to observable fixed characteristics of the animals such as sex. If this information can be observed for each handled animal at both sample occasions, then it is straightforward to stratify (e.g., by sex) and obtain stratum‐specific estimates. However, in many fishery experiments, it is difficult to sex all captured fish because morphological differences are slight or because of logistic constraints. In these cases, a subsample of the captured fish at each sample occasion is selected, and additional and often more costly measurements are made, such as sex determination through sacrificing the fish. Our data now consist of two types of marked animals: animals whose value of the stratification variable is unknown, and subsamples at each occasion where the value of the stratification variables are determined. In this paper, we develop and apply new methods for these types of experiments. Furthermore, given the relative costs of sampling for a simple capture and for processing the subsample, optimal allocation of effort for a given cost can be determined. We also develop methods to account for additional information (e.g., prior information about the sex ratio) and for supplemental continuous covariates such as length. These methods are applied to a problem of estimating the size of the walleye population in Mille Lacs Lake, MN.
A plastic holographic waveguide combiner for light‐weight and highly‐transparent augmented reality glasses
Authors: Yoshida Takuji , Tokuyama Kazutatsu , Takai Yuichi , Tsukuda Daisuke , Kaneko Tsuyoshi , Suzuki Nobuhiro , Anzai Takafumi , Yoshikaie Akira , Akutsu Katsuyuki , Machida Akio
Published: May 2018

There is a high demand for light‐weight, stylishly designed augmented reality (AR) glasses with natural see‐through capabilities for the wide‐spread distribution of novel wearable device to general consumers. We have successfully developed a unique production process of a holographic waveguide combiner that enables us to laminate holographic optical elements (HOEs) onto a plastic substrate with optical grade quality. The plastic substrate waveguide combiner has a number of advantages over conventional glass substrate combiners; the plastic substrate makes AR glasses lighter in weight and unbreakable. With the lamination process of HOEs, we can apply them to a various designs to satisfy general customers' wide range of preferences for the style. We also potentially made it possible for the holographic waveguide combiner to be produced in larger volumes at lower costs by using our novel roll‐to‐roll hologram recording and laminating process. In this paper, we present our approach of the plastic substrate HOE production process for AR glasses.
Predicting positive outcomes for waterfowl hunters and waterfront residents
Authors: Triezenberg Heather A. , Knuth Barbara A.
Published: May 2018

Social conflicts among wildlife stakeholders can suggest possible new directions for wildlife management, including opportunities to expand the base of stakeholders supporting active management. In response to New York State Department of Environmental Conservation information needs, we examined potential conflicts between waterfowl hunters and waterfront residents to understand their attitudes toward hunting along developed waterfronts and how spatial proximity was related to likelihood of waterfowl hunters’ experiences of harassment by waterfront residents. We sent mail‐back questionnaires to waterfowl hunters (n = 1,000) and waterfront residents (n = 1,000) near Lake Ontario in the greater‐Rochester area of New York, USA. We identified factors predicting acceptance of waterfowl hunting along developed waterfronts. Waterfront residents who knew waterfowl hunters were more supportive of waterfowl hunting than residents who did not know hunters. Hunters who hunted closer to occupied dwellings (e.g., waterfront homes) were more likely to experience harassment from residents than hunters who hunted farther away. Educational communication and policies that address public access, safety, safe distance of hunting from homes, and rules and regulations relating to waterfowl hunting are needed for acceptance of waterfowl hunting along developed waterfronts. Non‐hunters who accept hunting activities have the potential to positively affect wildlife management by expanding the base of involved, supportive stakeholders. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Nutritional carrying capacity for cervids following disturbance in hardwood forests
Authors: Nanney Jordan S. , Harper Craig A. , Buehler David A. , Bates Gary E.
Published: May 2018

Closed‐canopy forests dominate the landscape across much of the eastern United States and often lack a well‐developed understory, which limits nutrition available for cervids. We evaluated the influence of timber harvest combined with prescribed fire, herbicide treatment, or fire and herbicide treatment in young mixed‐hardwood forests on forage availability and nutritional carrying capacity (NCC) for elk (Cervus canadensis) and white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Cumberland Mountains, Tennessee, USA, July–August 2013–2015. We compared forage availability, NCC using a 12% and 14% crude protein nutritional constraint, and vegetation composition in untreated mature forest stands, reclaimed surface mines, and 6 timber harvest treatments (timber harvest only, with early growing‐season fire, with late growing‐season fire, with herbicide only, with herbicide and early growing‐season fire, and with herbicide and late growing‐season fire). Forage availability in treatments involving timber harvest was greater than in untreated mature forest stands and reclaimed surface mines. Forage availability estimates in treatments involving herbicide and prescribed fire were less than all other timber harvest treatments. Nutritional carrying capacity estimates at the 12% and 14% crude protein constraints were greater in timber harvest treatments and on reclaimed surface mines than in untreated mature forest stands. Herbaceous species coverage was greater and woody species coverage was less on reclaimed surface mines and in timber harvest treatments involving herbicide and prescribed fire than in all other timber harvest treatments and untreated mature forest stands. Greater coverage of herbaceous forage species in treatments involving herbicide and prescribed fire and on reclaimed surface mines compensated for reduced forage availability and resulted in NCC estimates similar to all other timber harvest treatments. Our data indicate using periodic prescribed fire and following an herbicide application with prescribed fire are effective techniques to transition young mixed‐hardwood forest communities to early successional communities and maintain increased forage availability and NCC for elk and deer. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Contact rates in wild boar populations: Implications for disease transmission
Authors: Podgórski Tomasz , Apollonio Marco , Keuling Oliver
Published: May 2018

Inter‐individual contacts in wildlife populations are usually highly heterogeneous. This variation translates into differential disease transmission rates between individuals, which have vital consequences for the spread, persistence, and control of infectious diseases. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) is an abundant game species across Europe that poses serious health threats to wildlife, livestock, and humans. However, factors shaping contact rates and structure in wild boar populations, key parameters in disease ecology, remain poorly studied. We quantified dyadic association rates, as a proxy of contacts, and individual‐based network centrality measures using telemetry data from 3 wild boar populations across Europe. Next, we examined the effect of sex, age, group membership, and space use on association rates and individual centrality. Contact rates depended strongly on the distance between individual home ranges; the most frequent associations occurred at distances of 0–1 km (mostly within groups), less frequent at 1–3 km (mostly between groups), and sporadic at >4 km. Association rates were an order of magnitude higher within social groups than between them. Between‐group association rates were only dependent on the distance between groups, with no apparent effect of animal sex or age. At the social network level, young animals (0.5–2 yr) showed greater between‐group connectivity and a more central position in the network than adults. Our results highlight substantial contact heterogeneities in wild boar populations, which should be considered in epidemiological modeling and disease control actions. First, wild boar contact rates are strongly constrained socially and spatially. Hence, management measures reducing these constraints, such as supplementary feeding and intensive hunting, may lead to increased disease transmission rates. Second, young wild boars show exceptional connectivity within the population, highlighting their high capacity for disease transmission. Therefore, targeted removal of yearlings should be considered to optimize disease control efforts. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Cultivated oasis evolution in the Heihe River Basin over the past 2,000 years
Authors: Tang Xia , Zhao Yan , Zhang Zhiqiang , Feng Qi , Wei Yongping
Published: May 2018

Cultivated oases play an important role in supporting human civilization in arid regions. Few quantitative analyses have been conducted on the influence of natural disturbances and human interventions on this fragile system over a long timescale. This paper presents an empirical study to investigate the quantitative relationship between cultivated oasis evolution and a set of natural and human factors in Heihe River Basin (HRB) over a timeframe of approximately 2,000 years (206 BC–1949 AD). Multiple data sources, including documentary records, historical atlas reconstruction data, and published papers, were used. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was adopted to quantify any significant contributions of the selected variables. The results showed that cultivated oasis in the HRB had experienced substantial fluctuations. Population size, agricultural policies, military clashes, and grain yield per unit area were 4 major human related factors determining historical cultivated oasis development, while flood was the only significant natural factor. In combination of similar studies in recent decades, this study shows that the dynamics of oasis development and its transition is important for determination of the sustainable size of a cultivated oasis in the HRB.
Maternal Metabolomic Profile and Fetal Programming of Offspring Adiposity: Identification of Potentially Protective Lipid Metabolites
Authors: Hellmuth Christian , Lindsay Karen L. , Uhl Olaf , Buss Claudia , Wadhwa Pathik D. , Koletzko Berthold , Entringer Sonja
Published: May 2018

Scope

The fetal programming paradigm posits that the origins of obesity can be traced, in part, to the intrauterine period of life. However, the mechanisms underlying fetal programming are not well understood, and few studies have measured offspring adiposity in the neonatal period. The aim of this study is to identify maternal metabolites, and their determinants, that are associated with neonatal adiposity.

Methods and results

A targeted metabolomics approach is applied to analyze plasma samples collected across gestation from a well‐characterized cohort of 253 pregnant women participating in a prospective study at the University of California, Irvine. Whole‐body dual X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) imaging of body composition is obtained inN= 121 newborns. Statistical models are adjusted for potential confounders and multiple testing. The authors identify six alkyl‐linked phosphatidylcholines (PCae), containing fatty acid 20:4, that are significantly and negatively associated with neonatal body fat percentage. Factors indicating higher socioeconomic status, non‐Hispanic ethnicity, and higher nonesterified fatty acid percentages are positively associated with these PCae.

Conclusions

The polyunsaturated fatty acid 20:4 contained in PCae may exert a beneficial effect with respect to future propensity for obesity development. Prepregnancy and early pregnancy factors are determinants of these PCae, highlighting the importance of addressing preconceptional conditions for fetal programming of newborn adiposity.
Health‐Related Quality of Life After Surgery for Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumours
Authors: Milanetto Anna Caterina , Nordenström Erik , Sundlöv Anna , Almquist Martin
Published: May 2018

Background

Overall survival for patients with small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours (siNETs) is long, even with metastatic disease, making quality of life issues relevant. The impact of surgery on quality of life is not known. We investigated determinants of health‐related quality of life in patients who had undergone surgery for a siNET.

Methods

Patients operated for a siNET between 1998 and 2016 at Skåne University Hospital (Lund, Sweden), who were alive in February 2017, were sent two questionnaires constructed by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLQ‐C30, EORTC QLQ‐GINET21). Global quality of life, physical function, disease‐related worries, diarrhoea and endocrine symptoms were evaluated with linear and logistic regression in relation to patient‐, tumour‐ and treatment‐related factors. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA 11®.

Results

One hundred patients (84%) completed the questionnaires. Women had worse global quality of life (p = 0.019), more disease‐related worries (p < 0.001) and endocrine symptoms (p = 0.017) than men. Older age was associated with more disease‐related worries (p = 0.007), but fewer endocrine symptoms (p = 0.034). Non‐symptomatic tumour versus symptomatic tumour (p = 0.002), and treatment with somatostatin analogues versus no treatment (p = 0.040) were associated with less diarrhoea. Small versus large bowel resection was associated with better global quality of life (p = 0.036) and physical function (p = 0.035).

Conclusions

Male gender, younger age, treatment with somatostatin analogues, non‐symptomatic tumour, and small intestinal surgery rather than large bowel surgery were associated with better quality of life.
COMPACT METRIZABLE STRUCTURES AND CLASSIFICATION PROBLEMS
Authors: ROSENDAL CHRISTIAN , ZIELINSKI JOSEPH
Published: May 2018

We introduce and study the framework of compact metric structures and their associated notions of isomorphisms such as homeomorphic and bi-Lipschitz isomorphism. This is subsequently applied to model various classification problems in analysis such as isomorphism ofC*-algebras and affine homeomorphism of Choquet simplices, where among other things we provide a simple proof of the completeness of the isomorphism relation of separable, simple, nuclearC*-algebras recently established by M. Sabok.
HIERARCHIES OF FORCING AXIOMS, THE CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS AND SQUARE PRINCIPLES
Authors: FUCHS GUNTER
Published: May 2018

I analyze the hierarchies of the bounded and the weak bounded forcing axioms, with a focus on their versions for the class of subcomplete forcings, in terms of implications and consistency strengths. For the weak hierarchy, I provide level-by-level equiconsistencies with an appropriate hierarchy of partially remarkable cardinals. I also show that the subcomplete forcing axiom implies Larson’s ordinal reflection principle atω2, and that its effect on the failure of weak squares is very similar to that of Martin’s Maximum.
THERE ARE NO INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURES BETWEEN THE GROUP OF INTEGERS AND PRESBURGER ARITHMETIC
Authors: CONANT GABRIEL
Published: May 2018

We show that if a first-order structure${\cal M}$, with universe ℤ, is an expansion of (ℤ,+,0) and a reduct of (ℤ,+,<,0), then${\cal M}$must be interdefinable with (ℤ ,+,0) or (ℤ ,+,<,0).
THE EIGHTFOLD WAY
Authors: CUMMINGS JAMES , FRIEDMAN SY-DAVID , MAGIDOR MENACHEM , RINOT ASSAF , SINAPOVA DIMA
Published: May 2018

Three central combinatorial properties in set theory are the tree property, the approachability property and stationary reflection. We prove the mutual independence of these properties by showing that any of their eight Boolean combinations can be forced to hold at${\kappa ^{ + + }}$, assuming that$\kappa = {\kappa ^{ < \kappa }}$and there is a weakly compact cardinal aboveκ.

If in additionκis supercompact then we can forceκto be${\aleph _\omega }$in the extension. The proofs combine the techniques of adding and then destroying a nonreflecting stationary set or a${\kappa ^{ + + }}$-Souslin tree, variants of Mitchell’s forcing to obtain the tree property, together with the Prikry-collapse poset for turning a large cardinal into${\aleph _\omega }$.
WEAKLY 2-RANDOMS AND 1-GENERICS IN SCOTT SETS
Authors: WESTRICK LINDA BROWN
Published: May 2018

Let ${\cal S}$ be a Scott set, or even an ω-model of WWKL. Then for each A ε S, either there is X ε S that is weakly 2-random relative to A, or there is X ε S that is 1-generic relative to A. It follows that if A1,…,An ε S are noncomputable, there is X ε S such that each Ai is Turing incomparable with X, answering a question of Kučera and Slaman. More generally, any ∀∃ sentence in the language of partial orders that holds in ${\cal D}$ also holds in ${{\cal D}^{\cal S}}$, where ${{\cal D}^{\cal S}}$ is the partial order of Turing degrees of elements of ${\cal S}$.
ZFC PROVES THAT THE CLASS OF ORDINALS IS NOT WEAKLY COMPACT FOR DEFINABLE CLASSES
Authors: ENAYAT ALI , HAMKINS JOEL DAVID
Published: May 2018

In ZFC, the class Ord of ordinals is easily seen to satisfy the definable version of strong inaccessibility. Here we explore deeper ZFC-verifiable combinatorial properties of Ord, as indicated in Theorems A & B below. Note that Theorem A shows the unexpected result that Ord is never definably weakly compact in any model of ZFC.

Theorem A. Let${\cal M}$be any model of ZFC.

(1)

The definable tree property fails in${\cal M}$: There is an${\cal M}$-definable Ord-tree with no${\cal M}$-definable cofinal branch.

(2)

The definable partition property fails in${\cal M}$: There is an${\cal M}$-definable 2-coloring$f:{[X]^2} \to 2$for some${\cal M}$-definable proper class X such that no${\cal M}$-definable proper classs is monochromatic for f.

(3)

The definable compactness property for${{\cal L}_{\infty ,\omega }}$fails in${\cal M}$: There is a definable theory${\rm{\Gamma }}$in the logic${{\cal L}_{\infty ,\omega }}$(in the sense of${\cal M}$) of size Ord such that every set-sized subtheory of${\rm{\Gamma }}$is satisfiable in${\cal M}$, but there is no${\cal M}$-definable model of${\rm{\Gamma }}$.

Theorem B. The definable ⋄Ordprinciple holds in a model${\cal M}$of ZFC iff${\cal M}$carries an${\cal M}$-definable global well-ordering.

Theorems A and B above can be recast as theorem schemes in ZFC, or as asserting that a single statement in the language of class theory holds in all ‘spartan’ models of GB (Gödel-Bernays class theory); where a spartan model of GB is any structure of the form $\left( {{\cal M},{D_{\cal M}}} \right)$, where ${\cal M} \models {\rm{ZF}}$ and ${D_{\cal M}}$ is the family of${\cal M}$-definable classes. Theorem C gauges the complexity of the collection GBspa of (Gödel-numbers of) sentences that hold in all spartan models of GB.

Theorem C. GBspais${\rm{\Pi }}_1^1$-complete.
The Carniolan Society for Agriculture and Useful Arts 1767–87: Promoting Practical and Theoretical Knowledge Based on Cameralist and Physiocratic Ideas
Authors: Sušjan Andrej , Južnič Stanislav
Published: May 2018

TheCarniolanSociety forAgriculture andUsefulArts, often somewhat loosely called the Carniolan Farming Society, worked between the years 1767 and 1787 in the Habsburg duchy of Carniola on the southern border of Holy Roman Empire, which now forms the central western part of Slovenia with its capital Ljubljana (Laibach), northeastern Italy with the city of Duino, and a part of Croatian Istria with the city of Pazin. The official name of the Society (referred to as Society or Carniolan Society in this article) wasKaiserlich Königliche Gesellschaft des Ackerbaues und nützlicher Künste im Herzogthume Krain. It published two important periodicals: theSammlung nützlicher Unterrichte(Collection of useful instructions) and a weekly magazine titledWöchentliches Kundschaftsblatt des Herzogthum Krain(Weekly news of the Duchy of Carniola). Both publications promoted intellectual and scientific developments of the time and reflected a progressive spirit of Enlightenment and rationalism, characteristic of the eighteenth century in Europe.
Dilemmas of Security: The State, Local Agency, and the Czechoslovak-Hungarian Boundary Commission, 1921–25
Authors: Haslinger Peter
Published: May 2018

In a memorandum presented to the Hungarian-Czechoslovak Boundary Commission on 23 February 1922 by the inhabitants of the southern Slovak town of Viškovce (Hungarian: Ipolyvisk), the twenty-five signatories requested “humbly for consideration and well-meaning settlement of the following concern.” The municipality was bordered on three sides by the Ipeľ (Hungarian: Ipoly) River, but had been cut off from the only usable road by the border, making communication extremely difficult. In winter and at high water in the spring and autumn, the place was “completely cut off from the outside world.” For three years, they had observed how provisional boundaries were continuously redrawn, and bore the brunt of these changes. The inhabitants said that all alternative routes had become inaccessible during that time and the center of Šahy (Hungarian: Ipolyság), which was just ten kilometers away, had become extremely difficult to reach even in urgent cases. Thus, they requested that the only existing road “be opened to us as quickly as possible and our traffic given back to us.”
Uncovering Mussolini and Hitler in Churches: The Painter's Ideological Subversion and the Marking of Space along the Slovene-Italian Border
Authors: Pelikan Egon
Published: May 2018

This study analyzes the phenomenon of church paintings as subversive visual representations of Fascism and as an act of systematic rebellion against Fascist “ideological marking of space.” Slovene Expressionist painter and sculptor Tone Kralj's (1900−75) paintings functioned as ideological markers of national territory. He painted churches along the ethnic border as it was imagined by the Slovene community, delineating it with visual symbols of anti-Fascism and anti-Nazism. Kralj's undertaking can thus be interpreted as an instance of systematic “subversive coverage” of an ethnically exposed borderland with church paintings. Even today, his artistic “delineation” of the then-disputed ethnic border is a marking phenomenon that cannot be found anywhere else in Europe. If one of the most important authorities on Fascist ideology in Italy, Emilio Gentile, considers Fascist ideology to be a form of political religion and a modern manifestation of the sacralization of politics, then Tone Kralj's church paintings could be regarded as an instance of systematic introduction of the political and ideological into the religious context. Perhaps the most ingenious feature of Kralj's ecclesiastical art is his fusion of Catholicism with the Slovene national idea for the purpose of ideologically marking and promoting anti-Fascism and anti-Nazism as well as Slovene nationalism and Slovene irredentism in the Julian March.
Visions and Revisions of Empire: Reflections on a New History of the Habsburg Monarchy
Authors: Cole Laurence
Published: May 2018

Over the last three decades, a steady stream of histories of the Habsburg monarchy and/or its ruling dynasty has appeared, reflecting the renewed interest in the region after the collapse of the Soviet bloc in central and east-central Europe. These histories—among which English-language publications predominate—fall into three broad categories. Firstly, there are those, such as Martyn Rady's recent contribution to Oxford University Press'sVery Short Introductionseries, that take a “from-the-beginning-to-the-end” approach in chronological terms. French historian Jean Bérenger's classical overview of the history of the Habsburg lands since 1273, first published in 1990 and subsequently translated into German and English, probably constitutes the most substantial contribution in this vein (that is to say, for the period after 1989 that is under discussion here).
Direct Measurements of Momentum Flux and Dissipative Heating in the Surface Layer of Tropical Cyclones During Landfalls
Authors: Ming Jie , Zhang Jun A.
Published: May 2018

This study analyzes high‐frequency wind data collected by research towers in the surface layer of Typhoons Hagupit (2008) and Chanthu (2010) to investigate the characteristics of the momentum flux, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), drag coefficient, and dissipative heating (DH) during landfalls. It is found that the momentum flux TKE and DH increase with the wind speed up to the maximum observed wind speed (~40 m/s), in agreement with previous studies that presented eddy correlation flux data in a similar condition but with lower maximum observed wind speed. However, the momentum flux, TKE, drag coefficient, and DH are found to be substantially larger in Typhoon Chanthu (2010) than those in Typhoon Hagupit (2008) at a given wind speed, likely due to much rougher surface conditions surrounding the tower deployed in Typhoon Chanthu (2010). Furthermore, the DH is calculated using two different methods: (1) based on surface‐layer theory and (2) based on the standard turbulent spectra method. It is found that the first method tends to overestimate the value of DH compared to the second method, and the overestimation of the DH by the first method is much smaller over rougher underlying surface than over the smoother underlying surface. Our analysis shows that the magnitude of the DH over land is as large as the sensible heat flux (~100 W/m2) previously observed over the ocean, which should not be neglected in numerical models simulating tropical cyclones during landfalls.
Large Hydrological Processes Changes in the Transboundary Rivers of Central Asia
Authors: Chen Yaning , Li Zhi , Fang Gonghuan , Li Weihong
Published: May 2018

Central Asia, which is one of the most complex regions in the world, is crisscrossed with transboundary rivers shared by several countries. This paper analyzes the effects of climate change and human activities on hydrological processes and water resources in these transboundary rivers over the past half century. The results show that the average temperature in the Tienshan Mountains experienced “sharp” increases in 1998, with the average temperature after 1998 being 1.0°C higher than that during 1960–1998. This rapid warming has accelerated glacier shrinkage and decreases in snow cover. These changes influenced the hydrological processes, causing an earlier runoff peak and aggravated extreme hydrological events. Changes in mountainous hydrological processes affected regional water availability and intensified future water crisis in Central Asia. The mismatched spatial distributions of water and land resources, along with the intense human activities (e.g., overexploitation of water resources), have ultimately led to the present water crisis in Central Asia's river basins. This is the main reason for ongoing water conflicts in the region's transboundary rivers and the ecological disaster of the Aral Sea.
Biogeochemical Responses to Holocene Catchment‐Lake Dynamics in the Tasmanian World Heritage Area, Australia
Authors: Mariani Michela , Beck Kristen K. , Fletcher Michael‐Shawn , Gell Peter , Saunders Krystyna M. , Gadd Patricia , Chisari Robert
Published: May 2018

Environmental changes such as climate, land use, and fire activity affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems at multiple scales of space and time. Due to the nature of the interactions between terrestrial and aquatic dynamics, an integrated study using multiple proxies is critical for a better understanding of climate‐ and fire‐driven impacts on environmental change. Here we present a synthesis of biological and geochemical data (pollen, spores, diatoms, micro X‐ray fluorescence scanning, CN content, and stable isotopes) from Dove Lake, Tasmania, allowing us to disentangle long‐term terrestrial‐aquatic dynamics through the last 12 kyear. We found that aquatic dynamics at Dove Lake are tightly linked to vegetation shifts dictated by regional hydroclimatic variability in western Tasmania. A major shift in the diatom composition was detected at ca. 6 ka, and it was likely mediated by changes in regional terrestrial vegetation, charcoal, and iron accumulation. High rainforest abundance prior ca. 6 ka is linked to increased terrestrially derived organic matter delivery into the lake, higher dystrophy, anoxic bottom conditions, and lower light penetration depths. The shift to a landscape with a higher proportion of sclerophyll species following the intensification of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation since ca. 6 ka corresponds to a decline in terrestrial organic matter input into Dove Lake, lower dystrophy levels, higher oxygen availability, and higher light availability for algae and littoral macrophytes. This record provides new insights on terrestrial‐aquatic dynamics that could contribute to the conservation management plans in the Tasmanian World Heritage Area and in temperate high‐altitude dystrophic systems elsewhere.
Accelerated Nutrient Cycling and Increased Light Competition Will Lead to 21st Century Shrub Expansion in North American Arctic Tundra
Authors: Mekonnen Zelalem A. , Riley William J. , Grant Robert F.
Published: May 2018

Recent changes in species composition, and increases in shrub abundance in particular, have been reported as a result of warming in Arctic tundra. Despite these changes, the driving factors that control shrubification and its future trajectory remain uncertain. Here we used an ecosystem model, ecosys, to mechanistically represent the processes controlling recent and 21st century changes in plant functional type using RCP8.5 climate forcing across North American Arctic tundra. Recent and projected warming was modeled to deepen the active layer (spatially averaged by ~0.35 m by 2100) and thereby increase nutrient availability. Shrub productivity was modeled to increase across much of the tundra, particularly in Alaska and tundra‐boreal ecotones. Deciduous and evergreen shrubs increased from ~45% of total tundra ecosystem net primary productivity (NPP) in recent decades to ~70% by 2100. The increased canopy cover of shrubs reduced incoming shortwave radiation for low‐lying plants, causing declines in graminoids NPP from a current 35% of tundra NPP to 18%, and declines in nonvascular plants from 20% to 12%. The faster‐growing deciduous shrubs modeled with less efficient nutrient conservation dominated much of the low Arctic by 2100 where nutrient cycling became more rapid, while the slower‐growing evergreen shrubs modeled with more efficient nutrient conservation dominated a wider latitudinal range that extended to the high Arctic where nutrient cycling remained slower. We conclude that high‐latitude vegetation dynamics over the 21st century will depend strongly on soil nutrient dynamics, diversity in plant traits controlling nutrient uptake and conservation, and light competition.
Nonlinear Meridional Moisture Advection and the ENSO‐Southern China Rainfall Teleconnection
Authors: Wang Qiang , Cai Wenju , Zeng Lili , Wang Dongxiao
Published: May 2018

In the boreal cooler months of 2015, southern China (SC) experienced the largest rainfall since 1950, exceeding 4 times the standard deviation of SC rainfall. Although an El Niño typically induces a positive SC rainfall anomaly during these months, the unprecedented rainfall increase cannot be explained by the strong El Niño of 2015/2016, and the dynamics is unclear. Here we show that a nonlinear meridional moisture advection contributes substantially to the unprecedented rainfall increase. During cooler months of 2015, the meridional flow anomaly over the South China Sea region, which acts on an El Niño‐induced anomalous meridional moisture gradient, is particularly large and is supported by an anomalous zonal sea surface temperature gradient over the northwestern Pacific, which recorded its largest value in 2015 since 1950. Our study highlights, for the first time, the importance of the nonlinear process associated with the combined impact of a regional sea surface temperature gradient and large‐scale El Niño anomalies in forcing El Niño rainfall teleconnection.
Regional Intensification of the Tropical Hydrological Cycle During ENSO
Authors: Stephens Graeme L. , Hakuba Maria Z. , Webb Mark J. , Lebsock Matthew , Yue Qing , Kahn Brian H. , Hristova‐Veleva Svetla , Rapp Anita D. , Stubenrauch Claudia J. , Elsaesser Gregory S. , Slingo Julia
Published: May 2018

This study provides observational evidence for feedbacks that amplify the short‐term hydrological response associated with the warm phase of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation. Our analyses make use of a comprehensive set of independent satellite observations collected over decades to show that much larger local changes to cloud (~50%/K) and precipitation (~60%/K) occur than would be expected from the guidance of Clausius‐Clapeyron theory (~7%/K). This amplification comes from atmospheric feedbacks involving shifts in the patterns of latent and radiative heating that mutually act on the dynamics enhancing changes to the hydrological cycle. We also confirm the existence of an opposing negative flux feedback at the ocean surface, driven largely by solar radiation changes, that opposes the surface warming. Estimates of the strength of this and other feedback factors associated with warming in the Niño3 region are provided from observations. These observations are also used to examine comparative processes and feedbacks in model experiments from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project.
Source Complexity of an Injection Induced Event: The 2016Mw5.1 Fairview, Oklahoma Earthquake
Authors: López‐Comino J. A. , Cesca S.
Published: May 2018

Complex rupture processes are occasionally resolved for weak earthquakes and can reveal a dominant direction of the rupture propagation and the presence and geometry of main slip patches. Finding and characterizing such properties could be important for understanding the nucleation and growth of induced earthquakes. One of the largest earthquakes linked to wastewater injection, the 2016 Mw5.1 Fairview, Oklahoma earthquake, is analyzed using empirical Green's function techniques to reveal its source complexity. Two subevents are clearly identified and located using a new approach based on relative hypocenter‐centroid location. The first subevent has a magnitude of Mw5.0 and shows the main rupture propagated toward the NE, in the direction of higher pore pressure perturbations due to wastewater injection. The second subevent appears as an early aftershock with lower magnitude, Mw4.7. It is located SW of the mainshock in a region of increased Coulomb stress, where most aftershocks relocated.
Cloud Feedback Key to Marine Heatwave off Baja California
Authors: Myers Timothy A. , Mechoso Carlos R. , Cesana Gregory V. , DeFlorio Michael J. , Waliser Duane E.
Published: May 2018

Between 2013 and 2015, the northeast Pacific Ocean experienced the warmest surface temperature anomalies in the modern observational record. This “marine heatwave” marked a shift of Pacific decadal variability to its warm phase and was linked to significant impacts on marine species as well as exceptionally arid conditions in western North America. Here we show that the subtropical signature of this warming, off Baja California, was associated with a record deficit in the spatial coverage of co‐located marine boundary layer clouds. This deficit coincided with a large increase in downwelling solar radiation that dominated the anomalous energy budget of the upper ocean, resulting in record‐breaking warm sea surface temperature anomalies. Our observation‐based analysis suggests that a positive cloud‐surface temperature feedback was key to the extreme intensity of the heatwave. The results demonstrate the extent to which boundary layer clouds can contribute to regional variations in climate.
Remote Sensing of the Reconnection Electric Field From In Situ Multipoint Observations of the Separatrix Boundary
Authors: Nakamura T. K. M. , Nakamura R. , Varsani A. , Genestreti K. J. , Baumjohann W. , Liu Y.‐H.
Published: May 2018

A remote sensing technique to infer the local reconnection electric field based on in situ multipoint spacecraft observation at the reconnection separatrix is proposed. In this technique, the increment of the reconnected magnetic flux is estimated by integrating the in‐plane magnetic field during the sequential observation of the separatrix boundary by multipoint measurements. We tested this technique by applying it to virtual observations in a two‐dimensional fully kinetic particle‐in‐cell simulation of magnetic reconnection without a guide field and confirmed that the estimated reconnection electric field indeed agrees well with the exact value computed at the X‐line. We then applied this technique to an event observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission when crossing an energetic plasma sheet boundary layer during an intense substorm. The estimated reconnection electric field for this event is nearly 1 order of magnitude higher than a typical value of magnetotail reconnection.
Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Variations in Ganymede's Oxygen Atmosphere and Aurora
Authors: Molyneux P. M. , Nichols J. D. , Bannister N. P. , Bunce E. J. , Clarke J. T. , Cowley S. W. H. , Gérard J.‐C. , Grodent D. , Milan S. E. , Paty C.
Published: May 2018

We present high‐sensitivity Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Cosmic Origins Spectrograph and HST Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph measurements of atmospheric OI 130.4‐nm and OI] 135.6‐nm emissions at Ganymede, which exhibit significant spatial and temporal variability. These observations represent the first observations of Ganymede using HST Cosmic Origins Spectrograph and of both the leading and trailing hemispheres within a single HST campaign, minimizing the potential influence of long‐term changes in the Jovian plasma sheet or in Ganymede's atmosphere on the comparison of the two hemispheres. The mean disk‐averaged OI] 135.6‐nm/OI 130.4‐nm observed intensity ratio was 2.72 ± 0.57 on the leading hemisphere and 1.42 ± 0.16 on the trailing hemisphere. The observed leading hemisphere ratios are consistent with an O2 atmosphere, but we show that an atomic oxygen component of ~10% is required to produce the observed trailing hemisphere ratios. The excess 130.4‐nm emission on the trailing hemisphere relative to that expected for an O2 atmosphere was ~11 R. The O column density required to produce this excess is determined based on previous estimates of the electron density and temperature at Ganymede and exceeds the limit for an optically thin atmosphere. The implication that the O atmosphere is optically thick may be investigated in future by observing Ganymede as it moves into eclipse or by determining the ratio of the individual components within the 130.4‐nm triplet.
Equatorial Ionospheric Disturbance Field‐Aligned Plasma Drifts Observed by C/NOFS
Authors: Zhang Ruilong , Liu Libo , Balan N. , Le Huijun , Chen Yiding , Zhao Biqiang
Published: May 2018

Using C/NOFS satellite observations, this paper studies the disturbance field‐aligned plasma drifts in the equatorial topside ionosphere during eight geomagnetic storms in 2011–2015. During all six storms occurred in the solstices, the disturbance field‐aligned plasma drift is from winter to summer hemisphere especially in the morning‐midnight local time sector and the disturbance is stronger in June solstice. The two storms occurred at equinoxes have very little effect on the field‐aligned plasma drift. Using the plasma temperature data from DMSP satellites and Global Positioning System‐total electron content, it is suggested that the plasma density gradient seems likely to cause the disturbance winter‐to‐summer plasma drift while the role of plasma temperature gradient is opposite to the observed plasma drift.
Inferring Surface Albedo Prediction Error Linked to Forest Structure at High Latitudes
Authors: Bright Ryan M. , Eisner Stephanie , Lund Marianne T. , Majasalmi Titta , Myhre Gunnar , Astrup Rasmus
Published: May 2018

Predicting the surface albedo of a forest of a given species composition or plant functional type is complicated by the wide range of structural attributes it may display. Accurate characterizations of forest structure are therefore essential to reducing the uncertainty of albedo predictions in forests, particularly in the presence of snow. At present, forest albedo parameterizations remain a nonnegligible source of uncertainty in climate models, and the magnitude attributable to insufficient characterization of forest structure remains unclear. Here we employ a forest classification scheme based on the assimilation of Fennoscandic (i.e., Norway, Sweden, and Finland) national forest inventory data to quantify the magnitude of the albedo prediction error attributable to poor characterizations of forest structure. For a spatial domain spanning ~611,000 km2 of boreal forest, we find a mean absolute wintertime (December–March) albedo prediction error of 0.02, corresponding to a mean absolute radiative forcing ~0.4 W/m2. Further, we evaluate the implication of excluding albedo trajectories linked to structural transitions in forests during transient simulations of anthropogenic land use/land cover change. We find that, for an intensively managed forestry region in southeastern Norway, neglecting structural transitions over the next quarter century results in a foregone (undetected) radiatively equivalent impact of ~178 Mt‐CO2‐eq. year−1 on average during this period—a magnitude that is roughly comparable to the annual greenhouse gas emissions of a country such as The Netherlands. Our results affirm the importance of improving the characterization of forest structure when simulating surface albedo and associated climate effects.