bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enantioselective Hydroxyvinylation with Lithioethenes.
Authors: Yuan Yi , Harrison‐Marchand Anne , Maddaluno Jacques
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Optical Resolution of 2‐Aryl‐2‐fluoropropionic Acids, Fluorinated Analogues of Non‐Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs).
Authors: Fujisawa Hidehito , Fujiwara Tomoya , Takeuchi Yoshio , Omata Kenji
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rhodium/diene‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Arylboronic Acids to α,β‐Unsaturated Weinreb Amides.
Authors: Shintani Ryo , Kimura Takahiro , Hayashi Tamio
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile One‐Pot Benzylation of Sodium Enolates Using Trifluoromethanesulfonic Anhydride and Diphenyl Sulfoxide.
Authors: Takuwa Tomofumi , Minowa Tomofumi , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Mono‐ or Dichalcogenation of Aryl Iodide with Sulfur or Selenium by Copper Catalyst and Aluminum.
Authors: Taniguchi Nobukazu
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
First Examples of Hypervalent Enhancement of Photoallylation by Allylsilicon Compounds via Photoinduced Electron Transfer.
Authors: Nishigaichi Yutaka , Suzuki Akira , Saito Takahiro , Takuwa Akio
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unusual p‐Toluene Sulfonic Acid—Catalyzed Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation.
Authors: Govindan Shanmugam , Maddipatla Madhavi , Podichetty Anil Kumar , Macharla Prabhakahr , Nalivela Venu , Sundaram Venkataraman , Mathad Vijayavitthal T. , Ghanta Mahesh Reddy , Yalavarti Ravindra Kumar
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Direct Nitration of 3‐Arylamino‐2‐chloro‐1,4‐naphthoquinones.
Authors: Win Thida , Yerushalmi Sarit , Bittner Shmuel
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 1,4‐Naphthoquinone Derivatives as Antibacterial and Antiviral Agents.
Authors: Tandon Vishnu K. , Yadav Dharmendra B. , Singh Ravindra V. , Vaish Meenu , Chaturvedi Ashok K. , Shukla Praveen K.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Synthesis of cis‐3,4‐Disubstituted β‐Sultams.
Authors: Enders Dieter , Moll Alexander
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Functionalized Acetophenones as Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitors.
Authors: Dixit Manish , Tripathi Brajendra K. , Srivastava Arvind K. , Goel Atul
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and anti‐Tyrosine Kinase Activity of 3‐(Substituted‐benzylidene)‐1,3‐dihydro‐indolin Derivatives: Investigation of Their Role Against p60c‐Src Receptor Tyrosine Kinase with the Application of Receptor Docking Studies.
Authors: Olgen Sureyya , Akaho Eiichi , Nebioglu Dogu
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Conversion of Sterically Hindered Diacylated 1,2‐Phenylenediamines into 2‐Substituted Benzimidazoles.
Authors: Charton Julie , Girault‐Mizzi Sophie , Sergheraert Christian
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Fluorinated Spiro[indole‐indazolyl‐thiazolidine]‐2,4′‐diones: Design and Synthesis.
Authors: Jain Subhash C. , Khanna Pankaj , Bhagat Sunita , Jain Manish , Sakhuja Rajeev
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Study of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Novel 8‐Methyl‐7,9‐diaryl‐1,2,4,8‐tetraazaspiro[4.5]decan‐3‐thiones.
Authors: Balasubramanian S. , Ramalingan C. , Aridoss G. , Kabilan S.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic N‐Sulfonyliminium Ion Mediated Cyclizations to α‐Vinyl‐Substituted Isoquinolines and β‐Carbolines and Applications in Metathesis.
Authors: Kinderman Sape S. , Wekking Monique M. T. , van Maarseveen Jan H. , Schoemaker Hans E. , Hiemstra Henk , Rutjes Floris P. J. T.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
(1H‐Imidazo[4,5‐c]pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1,2,5‐oxadiazol‐3‐ylamine Derivatives: A Novel Class of Potent MSK‐1‐Inhibitors
Authors: Bamford Mark J. , et al. et al.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure‐Driven HtL: Design and Synthesis of Novel Aminoindazole Inhibitors of c‐Jun N‐Terminal Kinase Activity.
Authors: Stocks Michael J. , Barber Simon , Ford Rhonan , Leroux Frederic , St‐Gallay Steve , Teague Simon , Xue Yafeng
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heterocyclic Thiones and Their Analogues in 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions. Part 4. Reactions with 4‐Aryl‐2‐phenyl‐1,2‐dihydrophthalazine‐1‐thiones with Nitrile Imides.
Authors: Budarina E. V. , Plotnikov V. F. , Labeish N. N. , Bel'skii V. K. , Galishev V. A.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Reactions in Ionic Liquids: Ionic Liquid‐Accelerated One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Arylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidines.
Authors: Xie Yuan‐Yuan
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Efficient Synthesis of 6,7,8,9‐Tetrahydro‐benzothieno[2,3‐d]‐1,2,4‐triazolo [1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐10(3H)‐ones via a Tandem Aza‐Wittig/Heterocumulene‐Mediated Annulation.
Authors: Ding Ming‐Wu , Huang Nian‐Yu , He Hong‐Wu
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cu‐Nanoparticles: A Chemoselective Catalyst for the Aza‐Michael Reactions of N‐Alkyl‐ and N‐Arylpiperazines with Acrylonitrile.
Authors: Verma Akhilesh K. , Kumar Rupesh , Chaudhary Preeti , Saxena Amit , Shankar Ravi , Mozumdar Subho , Chandra Ramesh
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Screening of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazinoindolinone (IX) and s‐Triazole Derivatives (XII) of Pyranobenzopyran.
Authors: Mulwad V. V. , Chaskar A. C. , Shirodkar J. M.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Methyl (Z)‐(4,4‐Difluoro‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐1‐benzazepin‐5‐ylidene)acetate Using a Dianion Horner—Wadsworth—Emmons Reagent.
Authors: Shimada Yoshiaki , Akane Hiroaki , Taniguchi Nobuaki , Matsuhisa Akira , Kawano Noriyuki , Tanaka Akihiro
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fluoride‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling Reaction of a Silylphosphine, Activated Alkenes and Aldehydes.
Authors: Hayashi Minoru , Matsuura Yutaka , Watanabe Yutaka
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Synthesis of (Z)‐2‐(1‐Trimethylgermyl‐1‐alkenyl)‐1,3,2‐dioxaborinanes and Their Conversion into Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Bhat Narayan G. , Caga‐Anan Zerremi , Leija Reynaldo
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
First Total Synthesis of N‐Oxido‐3‐aza‐1,3,5(10)‐trieno Steroids.
Authors: Oumzil Khalid , Ibrahim‐Ouali Malika , Santelli Maurice
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of N‐Phosphoryl Amino Acids Using Bis(9‐fluorenylmethyl)phosphite.
Authors: Wu Lisa Y. , Berkman Clifford E.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Alkaloid from Narcissus serotinus L.
Authors: Vrondeli A. , Kefalas P. , Kokkalou E.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of (‐)‐16‐Normethyldictyostatin: A Potent Analogue of (‐)‐Dictyostatin.
Authors: Shin Youseung , Fournier Jean‐Hugues , Balachandran Raghavan , Madiraju Charitha , Raccor Brianne S. , Zhu Guangyu , Edler Michael C. , Hamel Ernest , Day Billy W. , Curran Dennis P.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Antitumor Agent. Part 242. First Total Synthesis of Desmosdumotin C.
Authors: Nakagawa‐Goto Kyoko , Wu Jiu‐Hong , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
PbTe Nanorods by Sonoelectrochemistry.
Authors: Qiu Xiaofeng , Lou Yongbing , Samia Anna C. S. , Devadoss Anando , Burgess James D. , Dayal Smita , Burda Clemens
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetic Nanoparticles as Many‐Spin Systems
Authors: Kachkachi H. , Garanin D. A.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polyfluoroaromatic Compounds with a ‐N=CClR Group — A Reactive Type of Polyfluoroarene
Authors: Petrova Tamara D. , Platonov Vyacheslav E.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
L‐Carnitine: New Aspects of a Known Compound — A Brief Survey
Authors: Lohninger Alfred , Pittner Gisela , Pittner Fritz
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Natural‐Product‐like Libraries Based on Non‐Aromatic, Polycyclic Motifs
Authors: Messer Roland , Fuhrer Cyril A. , Haener Robert
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Enantioselective Reactions by the Chiral Cobalt Complexes as Lewis Acid Catalysts
Authors: Kezuka Satoko , Mita Tsuyoshi , Iwakura Izumi , Ikeno Taketo , Yamada Tohru
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions or Electrophilic Coupling Reactions Using Arynes
Authors: Yoshida Hiroto , Kunai Atsutaka
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Active Sites and States in the Heterogeneous Catalysis of Carbon—Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Somorjai Gabor A. , Marsh Anderson L.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Glycosylation (OPG) for the Chemical Synthesis of Oligosaccharides
Authors: Yu Biao , Yang Zunyi , Cao Hongzhi
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fluorescent Molecular Sensing System Based on Tri‐Pyrene‐Labeled γ‐Cyclodextrin at the Hetero Rim
Authors: Dorjpalam Naranchimeg , Toda Masaya , Itoh Hideaki , Hamada Fumio
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Porphyrin Architectures and Host—Guest Chemistry
Authors: Maiya Bhaskar G.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of Zincophorin and Its Methyl Ester
Authors: Meyer Christophe , Defosseux Magali , Blanchard Nicolas , Cossy Janine
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Breaking the Symmetry of Silacyclic Templates to Assemble Pinolidoxin and Herbarumin I
Authors: Kozmin Sergey A. , Liu Dong
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Selenocarbonyl‐Promoted Aldol Reactions
Authors: Michalczyk Ryszard , Li Zizhong , Wu Ruilian , Moody Eddie , Schmidt Jurgen , Silks L. A. III
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Special Characteristics of Pharmaceuticals Related to Environmental Fate
Authors: Cunningham V. L.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Strategies for Obtaining PNA and PNA Conjugates
Authors: Romanelli Alessandra , Saviano Michele , Pedone Carlo
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Reduction of Nitrotyrosine and the Denitrosation of Nitroso‐(Amino Acid) Residues in Peroxynitrite‐Treated Histones
Authors: Kuo Wu‐Nan , Ivy Dynisha , Robinson Marvin J.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pseudopeptides and Reduced Amide Isosteres: Structural Probes Potentially Useful as a Subunit Malarial Vaccine Component
Authors: Lozano Jose Manuel , Patarroyo Manuel Elkin
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
COMIC III™
Authors: Ladson Jack A. , Fairman Hugh
Published: October 2005

There is a need in the industry to teach colorists, and it is a responsibility of educational institutions to teach students the fundamentals of color, color science, and computer color formulation. The COMIC III™ is a new, interactive computer program designed to answer those needs and requirements in an innovative self‐study program format. A brief history of Davidson and Hemmendinger's product line of color‐matching computers is presented. This history passes through the analogue stage of COMIC I to the digital stage of COMIC II. Then COMIC III, a computer‐color‐matching teaching tool for modern computers, is presented in each of the COMIC III's features and screens are described in the accompanying syllabus. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 3, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20159
(η5‐Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)iridium(III) Complexes with η2‐N,O andη2‐P,S Ligands
Authors: Gorol Michael , Roesky Herbert W. , Noltemeyer Mathias , Schmidt Hans‐Georg
Published: October 2005

Chloro(η5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)(η2‐pyridine‐2‐car‐boxylato)iridium(III) [Ir(η5‐C5Me5)(η2‐C5H4N‐2‐CO2)Cl] (2) and chloro(η5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)[η2‐2‐(diphenylphosphanyl)thiophenolato]iridium(III) [Ir(η5‐C5Me5)(η2‐2‐Ph2PC6H4S)Cl] (3) were prepared and their structures determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Complex 2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca. The number of molecules per unit cell is eight, whereas 3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21 and the number of molecules per unit cell is four. The coordination of the η2‐bound ligands in 2 and 3 leads to chelate bite angles N–Ir–O(2) and P–Ir–S of 77.0(2)° and 82.42(7)°, respectively. The iridium atoms in 2 and 3 are chiral and both enantiomers are present in the unit cell. The substitution of the chloro ligand in 3 affords hydrido(η5‐pentamethylcyclopentadi‐enyl)‐[η2‐2‐(diphenylphosphanyl)thiophenolato]iridium(III][Ir(η5C5Me5)(η2‐2‐Ph2PC6H4S)H] (4) and methyl(η5‐penta‐methylcyclopentadienyl)[η2‐2‐(diphenylphosphanyl)thiophen‐olato]iridium(III) [Ir(η5‐C5Me5)(η2‐2‐Ph2PC6H4S)Me] (5), respectively, in good yields. The 31P{1H} NMR resonances of 4 (δ = 33.9 ppm) and 5 (δ = 35.8 ppm) prove unambiguously that the 2‐(diphenylphosphanyl)thiophenolato ligand still remains η2‐coordinated.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Liste der ethnomykologisch und biotechnologisch relevanten Pilze – Literatur – Kunst – Volksmedizin – Pharmazie – Techniken – Drogen
Authors: Kreisel Hanns
Published: October 2005

Verzeichnis von Pilzen, welche in der Ethnomykologie, Ethnomedizin, Toxikologie, Pharmazie, Kunst und Literatur eine Rolle spielen, mit aktueller Nomenklatur und wichtigen Synonymen. Im Anschluss wird ein Verzeichnis von Namen mykologischer Produkte und Inhaltsstoffe erläutert. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Conspectus of Aizoaceae, Gisekiaceae and Molluginaceae of Egypt and the Sudan (Feddes Repertorium 116 (2005) 1–2, p. 1–42)
Authors: Hassan N. S. , Hartmann H. E. K. , Liede‐Schumann S.
Published: October 2005

See original: Feddes Repertorium 116 (2005) 1–2, p. 1–42

The DELTA files can be viewed under the address

http://www.uni‐bayreuth.de/departments/planta2/wg/delta Aiz/
Translocation–excision–deletion–amplification mechanism leading to nonsyntenic coamplification of MYC and ATBF1
Authors: Van Roy Nadine , Vandesompele Jo , Menten Björn , Nilsson Helén , De Smet Els , Rocchi Mariano , De Paepe Anne , Påhlman Sven , Speleman Frank
Published: October 2005

Despite oncogene amplification being a characteristic of many tumor types, the mechanisms leading to amplicon formation have remained largely unresolved. In this study, we used a combinatorial approach of fluorescence in situ hybridization and single‐nucleotide polymorphism chip gene copy number analyses to unravel the mechanism leading to nonsyntenic coamplification of MYC and ATBF1 in SJNB‐12 cells. To explain our findings, we propose a complex series of events consisting of multiple double‐strand breaks, accompanied (or triggered) by the formation of a reciprocal translocation t(8;16), as well as excisions and deletions near the translocation breakpoints. This study provides evidence for a translocation–excision–deletion–amplification sequence of events rather than a breakage–fusion–bridge model, which has been more frequently proposed to explain proto‐oncogene amplification. Furthermore, it illustrates the power of presently available tools for detailed analysis of the complex rearrangements that accompany amplicon formation. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lack of BIC and microRNA miR‐155 expression in primary cases of Burkitt lymphoma
Authors: Kluiver Joost , Haralambieva Eugenia , de Jong Debora , Blokzijl Tjasso , Jacobs Susan , Kroesen Bart‐Jan , Poppema Sibrand , van den Berg Anke
Published: October 2005

We previously demonstrated high expression of primary‐microRNA BIC (pri‐miR‐155) in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and lack of expression in most non‐Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes including some Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cases. Recently, high expression of BIC was reported in BL in comparison to pediatric leukemia and normal peripheral‐blood samples. In this study, we extended our series of BL cases and cell lines to examine expression of BIC using RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) and quantitative RT‐PCR (qRT‐PCR) and of miR‐155 using Northern blotting. Both BIC RNA ISH and qRT‐PCR revealed no or low levels of BIC in 25 BL tissue samples [including 7 Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)–positive cases] compared to HL and normal controls. In agreement with these findings, no miR‐155 was observed in BL tissues. EBV‐negative and EBV latency type I BL cell lines also showed very low BIC and miR‐155 expression levels as compared to HL cell lines. Higher levels of BIC and miR‐155 were detected in in vitro transformed lymphoblastoid EBV latency type III BL cell lines. An association of latency type III infection and induction of BIC was supported by consistent expression of BIC in 11 and miR‐155 in 2 posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) cases. In summary, we demonstrated that expression of BIC and miR‐155 is not a common finding in BL. Expression of BIC and miR‐155 in 3 latency type III EBV–positive BL cell lines and in all primary PTLD cases suggests a possible role for EBV latency type III specific proteins in the induction of BIC expression. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating the criterion for determining water vapour sources of summer precipitation on the northern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Yang Meixue , Yao Tandong , Wang Huijun , Tian Lide , Gou Xiaohua
Published: October 2005

According to the precipitation and δ18O data obtained during the GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment–Tibet Intensive Observation Period, based on the knowledge that δ18O is lower in precipitation formed from ocean air mass vapour than that from local evaporation vapour, the water vapour sources can be identified from the δ18O values in precipitation. We attempt to give the identification criterion of δ18O values in precipitation. The threshold values chosen to distinguish between ocean and local sources are δ18O < −20‰ and δ18O > −13‰ respectively. According to this criterion, the proportion of local evaporation‐formed precipitation and ocean air‐mass‐formed precipitation in total precipitation was estimated. The average value of precipitation at three sites (NODA, Amdo and AQB) is 249·76 mm. Among this, precipitation formed directly by the ocean air mass vapour is 80·08 mm at most. Precipitation formed by water vapour evaporated from local places is 117·05 mm at least. That is to say that precipitation formed directly by the ocean air mass vapour accounts for 32·06% of the total precipitation at most. Precipitation formed by water vapour evaporated from local places accounts for 46·86% of the total precipitation at least. At least 21·8% of the total precipitation came from water vapour that was evaporated on the way and transported by the monsoon circulation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accurate prediction of basicity in aqueous solution with COSMO‐RS
Authors: Eckert Frank , Klamt Andreas
Published: October 2005

The COSMO‐RS method, a combination of the quantum chemical dielectric continuum solvation model COSMO with a statistical thermodynamics treatment for realistic solvation simulations, has been used for the prediction of base pKa constants. For a variety of 43 organic bases the directly calculated values of the free energies of dissociation in water showed a very good correlation with experimental base pKa values (r2 = 0.98), corresponding to a standard deviation of 0.56 pKa units. Thus, we have an a priori prediction method for base pKa with the regression constant and the slope as only adjusted parameters. In accord with recent findings for pKa acidity predictions, the slope of pKa vs. ΔGdiss was significantly smaller than the theoretically expected value of 1/RTln(10). The predictivity of the presented method is general and not restricted to certain compound classes, but systematic corrections of 1 and 2 pKa units for secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines are required, respectively. The pKa prediction method was validated on a set of 58 complex multifunctional drug‐like compounds, yielding an RMS accuracy of 0.66 pKa units. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 11–19, 2006
Studies in transesterification of ethylene carbonate to dimethyl carbonate over Amberlyst A‐21 catalyst
Authors: Dhuri Shekhar M , Mahajani Vijaykumar V
Published: October 2005

Transesterification of ethylene carbonate (EC) with methanol (MeOH) was studied in a slurry reactor using various homogeneous and heterogeneous, acidic as well as basic, catalysts. Among all catalysts studied, the weakly basic anion‐exchange resin Amberlyst A‐21 gave more than 95% selectivity towards dimethyl carbonate (based on EC converted). Using this Amberlyst A‐21 as a catalyst, the kinetics for the transesterification reaction was studied in the range of temperature from 363 to 393 K, varying catalyst loading from 11.24 to 44.97 kg m−3 and the molar ratio MeOH:EC being varied between 4:1 and 16:1. The initial rate data were analysed using a power law model to aid process design. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Biological and electrochemical oxidation of naphthalenesulfonates
Authors: Panizza Marco , Zolezzi Marcello , Nicolella Cristiano
Published: October 2005

A biofilm airlift suspension (BAS) reactor and an undivided flow cell equipped with a boron‐doped diamond (BDD) anode and a stainless‐steel cathode were used to investigate the effects of varying operating conditions on process performance in the biological and electrochemical oxidation of a mixture of naphthalenesulfonates contained in the infiltration water of a contaminated industrial site. The experiments were aimed at evaluating the feasibility of process integration and the criteria for optimization (i.e. how to maximize degradation efficiency with minimum energy consumption) in combined biological and electrochemical oxidation of scarcely biodegradable compounds. Because of high reactor biomass concentration and long biomass retention time, the BAS reactor achieved a high degradation capacity (up to 6.8 kg COD m−3 d−1). On the other hand, owing to the recalcitrant character of some of the aromatic sulfonates in the leachate, the overall degradation efficiency did not exceed 70% based on COD measurements. All naphthalene‐mono‐ and ‐disulfonates (except naphthalene‐1,5‐disulfonate) were completely degraded in the BAS reactor, whereas more complex molecules (e.g. naphthalenetrisulfonates) were more recalcitrant to biological oxidation. These compounds were completely mineralized by electrochemical oxidation using a boron‐doped diamond anode. The energy consumption and the time required for the complete mineralization of the infiltration water decreased from 80 kWh m−3 and 4 h to 61 kWh m−3 and 3 h for the oxidation of raw and biologically pretreated leachate, respectively. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Revised capillary suction time (CST) test to reduce consumable costs and improve dewaterability interpretation
Authors: Scholz Miklas
Published: October 2005

The aim of this paper is to critically assess the standard capillary suction time (CST) test and to propose a modified device (prototype) and a revised CST procedure. The empirical CST test (using a circular funnel) is well established as the leading method for the determination of sludge dewaterability in spite of its current shortcomings such as restricted modelling possibilities, and therefore the ability to predict physical processes such as the amount of water bound by the paper. Nevertheless, the CST apparatus is portable, and the method is easy to conduct, quick, cost‐effective and accurate, if the product of solid concentration and average specific resistance to filtration is of interest. A novel prototype with a rectangular instead of a circular funnel incorporating a stirrer (optional), and using a cheaper paper with similar or improved characteristics is proposed to reduce consumable costs and improve dewaterability interpretation. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
The ligand effect in Ti‐mediated living radical styrene polymerizations initiated by epoxide radical ring opening. 1. Alkoxide and bisketonate Ti complexes
Authors: Asandei Alexandru D. , Moran Isaac W.
Published: October 2005

Bisketonate and alkoxide Ti(III) complexes derived from Zn reduction of Ti(IV) precursors were evaluated as catalysts for the living radical polymerization (LRP) of styrene initiated by Ti‐catalyzed epoxide radical ring opening and mediated by reversible termination with Ti(III). No polymerization occurred with tris(2,2,6, 6‐tetramethyl‐3,5‐heptanedionato)titanium (III), whereas dichlorobis(2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐3,5‐heptanedionato)titanium (IV) affords only a free radical polymerization. Preliminary living features were displayed by (iPrO)2TiCl2. Investigations of the effect of epoxide/Ti/Zn ratios, temperature, and nature of the epoxide demonstrated that (iPrO)3TiCl provides a linear dependence of Mn on conversion over a wide range of conditions with an optimum for [Sty]/[epoxide group]/[Ti]/[Zn] = 50/1/2/4 at 90 °C. However, the polydispersity could not be reduced below 1.4–1.5, with an initiator efficiency of 0.15. These results were rationalized in terms of a combination of decreased Ti oxophilicity and ligand exchange. The lowered oxophilicity decreases the initiation rate and broadens Mw/Mn. The fast alkoxide exchange promotes a weak dependence of the polymerization on reaction conditions and generates macromolecular Ti species with reduced ability to mediate LRP. Thus, while monofunctional epoxides provide homogeneous polymerizations and narrower Mw/Mn, difunctional initiators may lead to gel formation at high conversion. Nonetheless, all polymerizations were light gray to colorless and afforded white polymer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6028–6038, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of multifunctional polymers via atom transfer radical polymerization of N‐(ω′‐alkylcarbazolyl) methacrylates initiated by Ru(II) polypyridyl chromophores
Authors: Farah Abdiaziz A. , Pietro William J.
Published: October 2005

A series of poly(N‐(ω′‐alkylcarbazoly) methacrylates) tris(bipyridine) Ru‐centered bifunctional polymers with good filming, thermal, and solubility properties were synthesized and characterized. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of N‐(ω′‐alkylcarbazoly) methacrylates in solution was used, where Ru complexes with one and three initiating sites acted as metalloinitiators with NiBr2(PPh3)2 as a catalyst. ATRP reaction conditions with respect to polymer molecular weights and polydispersity indices (PDI) of the target bifunctional polymers were examined. Electronic absorption and emission spectra of the resultant functional polymers provided evidence of chromophore presence within a single polymeric chain. The thermal properties of all polymers were also investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and these analyses have indicated that these polymers possess higher thermal stabilities than poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) obtained via free radical polymerization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6057–6072, 2005
Flame‐retardant epoxy resins with high glass‐transition temperatures. II. Using a novel hexafunctional curing agent: 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene 10‐yl‐tris(4‐aminophenyl) methane
Authors: Lin Ching Hsuan , Cai Sheng Xiong , Lin Chun Hung
Published: October 2005

We synthesized a novel phosphorus‐containing triamine [9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene 10‐yl‐tris(4‐aminophenyl) methane (dopo‐ta)] from the nucleophilic addition of 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene 10‐oxide and pararosaniline chloride, using triethylamine as an acid receiver. We confirmed the structure of dopo‐ta by IR, mass, and NMR spectra and elemental analysis. dopo‐ta served as a curing agent for diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and dicyclopentadiene epoxy (hp7200). Properties such as the glass‐transition temperature (Tg), thermal decomposition temperature, flame retardancy, moisture absorption, and dielectric properties of the cured epoxy resins were evaluated. The Tg's of cured DGEBA/dopo‐ta and hp7200/dopo‐ta were 171 and 190 °C, respectively. This high Tg phenomenon is rarely seen in the literature after the introduction of a flame‐retardant element. The flame retardancy increased with the phosphorus content, and a UL‐94 V‐0 grade was achieved with a phosphorus content of 1.80 wt % for DGEBA/dopo‐ta/diamino diphenylmethane (DDM) systems and 1.46 wt % for hp7200/dopo‐ta/DDM systems. The dielectric constants for DGEBA/dopo‐ta and hp7200/dopo‐ta were 2.91 and 2.82, respectively, implying that the dopo‐ta curing systems exhibited low dielectric properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5971–5986, 2005
Synthesis of sequence‐controlled copolymers from extremely polar and apolar monomers by living radical polymerization and their phase‐separated structures
Authors: Inoue Yuuki , Watanabe Junji , Takai Madoka , Yusa Shin‐ichi , Ishihara Kazuhiko
Published: October 2005

A series of copolymers composed of two monomer units having a polar phosphorylcholine group and an apolar fluorocarbon group with a controlled monomer unit sequence were synthesized by a reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) living radical polymerization method. 2‐Methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) were selected as the monomers, because they have disparate polarity. Furthermore, to investigate the influence of the monomer unit sequence in a polymer chain on the phase‐separated structure in the bulk and surface structure, copolymers having a continuous change in the monomer unit composition along the polymer chain (gradient copolymer) were synthesized, as well as random and block copolymers. The analysis of instantaneous composition revealed a continuous change in the monomer unit composition in the gradient copolymer and the statistical monomer unit sequence in the random copolymer. Thermal analysis assumed that the gradient sequence of the monomer unit would make the phase‐separated structure in the bulk ambiguous, while the well‐defined and monodispersive block sequence would undergo the distinct phase‐separation due to the extreme difference in the polarity of the component monomer units. The preliminary surface characterization of the synthesized polymers indicated the monomer unit sequence in the polymer chain would much influence on the surface structure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6073–6083, 2005
Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization of 2,5‐dialkyl‐1,4‐divinylbenzene with molybdenum or ruthenium catalysts: Factors affecting the precise synthesis of defect‐free, high‐molecular‐weight trans‐poly(p‐phenylene vinylene)s
Authors: Nomura Kotohiro , Miyamoto Yoshitaka , Morimoto Hisao , Geerts Yves
Published: October 2005

Factors affecting the syntheses of high‐molecular‐weight poly(2,5‐dialkyl‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene) by the acyclic diene metathesis polymerization of 2,5‐dialkyl‐1,4‐divinylbenzenes [alkyl = n‐octyl (2) and 2‐ethylhexyl (3)] with a molybdenum or ruthenium catalyst were explored. The polymerizations of 2 by Mo(N‐2,6‐Me2C6H3) (CHMe2 Ph)[OCMe(CF3)2]2 at 25 °C was completed with both a high initial monomer concentration and reduced pressure, affording poly(p‐phenylene vinylene)s with low polydispersity index values (number‐average molecular weight = 3.3–3.65 × 103 by gel permeation chromatography vs polystyrene standards, weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight = 1.1–1.2), but the polymerization of 3 was not completed under the same conditions. The synthesis of structurally regular (all‐trans), defect‐free, high‐molecular‐weight 2‐ethylhexyl substituted poly(p‐phenylene vinylene)s [poly3; degree of monomer repeating unit (DPn) = ca. 16–70 by 1H NMR] with unimodal molecular weight distributions (number‐average molecular weight = 8.30–36.3 × 103 by gel permeation chromatography, weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight = 1.6–2.1) and with defined polymer chain ends (as a vinyl group, CHCH2) was achieved when Ru(CHPh)(Cl)2(IMesH2)(PCy3) or Ru(CH‐2‐OiPr‐C6H4)(Cl)2(IMesH2) [IMesH2 = 1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)‐2‐imidazolidinylidene] was employed as a catalyst at 50 °C. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6166–6177, 2005
Molecular mobility of free‐radical‐functionalized carbon‐nanotube/siloxane/poly(urea urethane) nanocomposites
Authors: Wu Han‐Lang , Yang Yu‐Ting , Ma Chen‐Chi M. , Kuan Hsu‐Chiang
Published: October 2005

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were functionalized by a free‐radical reaction of vinyltriethoxysilane and were blended with poly(urea urethane) (PUU) containing poly(dimethylsiloxane) as a soft segment. PUU was end‐capped with aminopropyltriethoxysilane (A‐silane) or phenyltriethoxysilane (P‐silane).A‐silane‐end‐capped PUU was covalently bonded to functionalized MWNTs, whereas P‐silane‐end‐capped PUU was noncovalently bonded to pristine MWNTs by a π–π interaction. Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectra, and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the functionalization of MWNTs. The results showed that the optimal reaction time of the functionalization of MWNT was 8 h, and the organic content of the modified carbon nanotubes reached 35.22%. Solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance and dynamic mechanical analysis were used to investigate the molecular structure and molecular mobility of the carbon‐nanotube/PUU nanocomposites. A‐silane PUU covalently bonded to MWNTs showed a considerable reduction in the molecular motion of the soft segment, which led to the glass‐transition temperature decreasing from −117 to −127 °C as MWNTs were incorporated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6084–6094, 2005
A new reversed‐phase liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method for analysis of underivatised amino acids: evaluation for the diagnosis and the management of inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism
Authors: Piraud M. , Vianey‐Saban C. , Bourdin C. , Acquaviva‐Bourdain C. , Boyer S. , Elfakir C. , Bouchu D.
Published: October 2005

Seventy‐six compounds of biological interest for the diagnosis of inherited disorders of amino acids (AA) metabolism have previously been demonstrated to be detectable in positive mode electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS), after separation by ion‐pairing reversed‐phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). The separation method used tridecafluoroheptanoic acid as ion‐pairing agent, and a gradient of acetonitrile for the elution of the most retained compounds. This method had previously been demonstrated to be suitable for the qualitative diagnosis of many AA disorders, and for the quantitative measurement of 16 AA in biological fluids, using their stable isotope labelled (SIL) AA as internal standard. For quantification of the other AA, an internal standard was chosen among the available SIL‐AA, as close as possible to the analyte to be measured, in terms of structural analogy, and of retention time in the chromatographic system. The performances of the quantitative analysis of the other AA to be measured are reported here. They show validated results for several AA, allowing their accurate quantification, with another SIL‐AA as internal standard. For some other AA, quantitative results were not accurate, allowing only semi‐quantitative or qualitative determination for these parameters. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confident protein identification using the average peptide score method coupled with search‐specific, ab initio thresholds
Authors: Shadforth Ian , Dunkley Tom , Lilley Kathryn , Crowther Daniel , Bessant Conrad
Published: October 2005

Perhaps the greatest difficulty in interpreting large sets of protein identifications derived from mass spectrometric methods is whether or not to trust the results. For such experiments, the level of confidence in each protein identification made needs to be far greater than the often used 95% significance threshold to avoid the identification of many false‐positives. To provide higher confidence results, we have developed an innovative scoring strategy coupling the recently published Average Peptide Score (APS) method with pre‐filtering of peptide identifications, using a simple peptide quality filter. Iterative generation of these filters in conjunction with reversed database searching is used to determine the correct levels at which the APS and peptide quality thresholds should be set to return virtually zero false‐positive reports. This proceeds without the need to reference a known dataset. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical deterioration in established heart failure: What is the value of BNP and weight gain in aiding diagnosis?
Authors: Lewin Jennifer , Ledwidge Mark , O'Loughlin Christina , McNally Clare , McDonald Ken
Published: October 2005

Background:

Weight gain and increase in B‐Type Natriuretic Peptide have been advocated as means of aiding diagnosis of heart failure. However, there are few data to support the use of these criteria in diagnosing clinical deterioration in patients with established disease.

Aims:

This prospective study examines the sensitivity and specificity of absolute and relative changes in BNP and weight in determining the early onset of clinical deterioration in patients with established heart failure.

Methods:

All patients who presented to the outpatient clinic with completed self‐reported daily weight books, baseline BNP measurement, outpatient BNP measurement and assessment by a cardiologist blinded to BNP and weight were included. Each patient was determined as clinically stable (CS) or in clinical deterioration (CD). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and sensitivity and specificity calculations for various absolute and relative BNP and weight changes were carried out.

Results:

Weight and BNP changes were examined in 34 CS presentations (mean age 69.5±16.1 years) and 43 CD presentations (mean age 70.0±10.6 years). ROC analysis demonstrated that neither weight nor BNP changes in absolute or relative values predicted clinical deterioration in this study population adequately (AUC values ranging from 0.64 to 0.66).

Conclusions:

These data demonstrate that increase in body weight and BNP in isolation are not sensitive in assessing clinical deterioration in established heart failure. These observations may need to be emphasized in patient education and to physicians involved in assessment of heart failure patients.
Suppression of laser‐induced choroidal neovascularization by oral administration of SA3443 in mice
Authors: Muranaka Kimimasa , Yanagi Yasuo , Tamaki Yasuhiro , Takahashi Hidenori , Usui Tomohiko , Ohashi Koji , Matsuoka Hidehito , Senda Toshihiko
Published: October 2005

The effect of a synthetic cyclic disulfide compound, SA3443, on neovascularization was investigated. In vitro, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and RT‐PCR demonstrated that SA3443 suppressed the expression of the hypoxia‐induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at both protein and mRNA levels in ARPE‐19 cells. In vivo, the administration of SA3443 to mice with laser‐induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) suppressed the leakage from the lesions and reduced their size. Furthermore, the expression level of VEGF protein was significantly reduced by the administration of SA3443. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SA3443 suppresses VEGF production and reduces vascular leakage and the growth of mouse experimental CNV.
The “resurrection method” for modification of specific proteins in higher plants
Authors: Mori Masashi , Dohi Koji
Published: October 2005

We describe a new method designated “the resurrection method” by which a modified protein is expressed in higher plants in place of the original protein. The modified gene constructed by introducing synonymous codon substitutions throughout the original gene to prevent the sequence‐specific degradation of its mRNA during RNA silencing is expressed while the expression of the original gene is suppressed. Here, we report the successful alteration of the biochemical properties of green fluorescent protein expressed in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana, suggesting that this method could be useful for gene control in living plants.
Apo2L/TRAIL is an indirect mediator of apoptosis induced by interferon‐α in human myeloma cells
Authors: Gómez-Benito Maria , Balsas Patricia , Bosque Alberto , Anel Alberto , Marzo Isabel , Naval Javier
Published: October 2005

Interferon‐α (IFN‐α) is currently used for the therapy of multiple myeloma (MM) though it is only effective in some patients. IFN‐α induces apoptosis in some MM cell lines and it has been proposed to occur through an autocrine loop involving Apo2L/TRAIL. We have analysed the sensitivity to IFN‐α and Apo2L/TRAIL of five MM cell lines and found no correlation between the apoptosis inducing ability of both cytokines. IFN‐α‐induced apoptosis in MM cells was not prevented by a caspase‐8 selective inhibitor (Z‐IETD‐fmk) or blocking Apo2L/TRAIL. However, human monocytes treated with IFN‐α release bioactive Apo2L/TRAIL to culture media which was cytotoxic for MM cells resistant to IFN‐α. We propose that Apo2L/TRAIL released from IFN‐α‐stimulated blood monocytes would be a major mediator of the anti‐myeloma effect of IFN‐α in vivo.
On the phenology of North Sea ichthyoplankton
Authors: Greve Wulf , Prinage Sabine , Zidowitz Heike , Nast Jutta , Reiners Frank
Published: October 2005

The timing of fish larvae abundance was investigated at Helgoland Roads in the southern North Sea for the years 1990, 1993–1996, 1998, and 1999. From the 44 species identified, 27 were sufficiently abundant in more than 3 years and had well defined seasonal changes to calculate their phenology. The passage of the 15%, 50%, and 85% annual cumulative abundance thresholds was used to define the “start of season”, “middle of season”, and “end of season”, respectively. The timing of a significant number of these events was correlated with the mean annual winter sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in weeks 1–10 with higher temperatures leading to earlier appearance. The timing of the end of season was also negatively correlated with the SSTs. Sole (Solea solea) is presented as an example of the general functional relationship.
Long-term variability of growth and recruitment of cod (Gadus morhua) off Greenland
Authors: Rätz Hans-Joachim , Lloret Josep
Published: October 2005

Growth variation was estimated from mean lengths-at-ages 4 and 5 for Atlantic cod off Greenland based on 52 973 fish taken from commercial and scientific catches from 1955 to 2002. Mean length-at-age values were corrected for area and seasonal effects, and significant growth reductions occurred during the 1960s and from the mid-1970s until the mid-1980s. Annual growth rates of cod in Greenland waters during the most recent decade (1993–2002) were consistently among the highest recorded. Statistical growth models accounting for temperature, fishing mortality, and stock abundance effects were constructed. Multiple linear regressions revealed significant positive temperature effects on growth of both age groups and a significant negative stock density effect on length-at-age 4. Correlations between exploitation intensity and length-at-age were statistically insignificant. During the period 1955–2002, the number of recruits at age 3 was significantly correlated with the Greenland cod spawning-stock biomass, June water temperature on top of Fyllas Bank (West Greenland), and Iceland cod recruitment. All factors had a positive effect on the number of Greenland recruits and, combined, accounted for 60% of the observed variation. Spawning stock size was, by far, the most important factor contributing to recruitment variability, while June water temperature below 1°C and Iceland recruits below 150 million never coincided with high year-class strength in Greenland during the past 50 years. Thus, previous conclusions regarding a close relation between the Greenland and Icelandic cod stocks might need to be reconsidered in the light of a continued recruitment failure in Greenland waters over the two most recent decades, despite the improved environmental conditions and near-average recruitment of the Icelandic stock. The low precision of the recruitment model, however, prevents reliable predictions in the short or medium term, but a substantial short-term recovery of the Greenland cod stock remains unlikely.
Acetylcholinesterase activity in hosts (herring Clupea harengus) and parasites (Anisakis simplex larvae) from the southern Baltic
Authors: Podolska Magdalena , Napierska Dorota
Published: October 2005

This study compares the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of herring Clupea harengus infected with Anisakis simplex larvae and non-infected individuals caught in coastal waters of the southern Baltic. Acetylcholinesterase activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Generalized linear models were applied to analyse the dependence of AChE activity on the area of sampling and the biological parameters of fish and their parasites. The AChE activity of herring was higher in samples from the western and central coasts (regarded as “clean” waters) than in fish caught in the semi-enclosed areas of the Gulf of Gdańsk and Vistula Lagoon (regarded as “polluted” sites). The opposite relationship was noted in the activity of AChE extracted from A. simplex larvae. In male hosts, the parasitic AChE activity was markedly higher than in the females in all examined areas.