bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fusariotoxins in Avian Species: Toxicokinetics, Metabolism and Persistence in Tissues
Authors: Guerre Philippe
Published: June 2015

Fusariotoxins are mycotoxins produced by different species of the genus Fusarium whose occurrence and toxicity vary considerably. Despite the fact avian species are highly exposed to fusariotoxins, the avian species are considered as resistant to their toxic effects, partly because of low absorption and rapid elimination, thereby reducing the risk of persistence of residues in tissues destined for human consumption. This review focuses on the main fusariotoxins deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone and fumonisin B1 and B2. The key parameters used in the toxicokinetic studies are presented along with the factors responsible for their variations. Then, each toxin is analyzed separately. Results of studies conducted with radiolabelled toxins are compared with the more recent data obtained with HPLC/MS-MS detection. The metabolic pathways of deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone are described, with attention paid to the differences among the avian species. Although no metabolite of fumonisins has been reported in avian species, some differences in toxicokinetics have been observed. All the data reviewed suggest that the toxicokinetics of fusariotoxins in avian species differs from those in mammals, and that variations among the avian species themselves should be assessed.
River Flows in the Ebro Basin: A Century of Evolution, 1913–2013
Authors: Sánchez-Chóliz Julio , Sarasa Cristina
Published: June 2015

The water forecast is a major uncertainty in the design of strategies to cope with potential restrictions and ensure the availability of water, even during extreme events such as drought. In this context, our study aimed to present and analyze an updated broad temporal and geographical overview of the evolution of river flows for the most important river in Spain, the Ebro river, from 1913 to 2013. Our main findings indicate a decreasing trend in water resources from 1913 to the present, and a significant level of volatility that reveals a striking irregularity, with asymmetric cycles and dry years. These findings question the current irrigation policies and together with a need to rethink their implementation should drive further research.
La forte population de Java : deux siècles d'explications (Java : explanation of the great population density)
Authors: Sevin Olivier
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - Explanation of demographic imbalance between Java and the socalled "Outer-Islands" has been numerous for almost two centuries. Authors generally considered that the great density of population was a direct consequence of the high fertility of Javanese soils. Some of them, however, connected it with an early economical "take-off". But none of these analyses can explain why marginally suitable regions from an agricultural point of view were overcrowed especially when their economical development was low. We propose another explanation scheme on an historical basis.
L'érosion de bassins-versants : analyse et prévisions selon le modèle (The ES Erosional susceptibility model)
Authors: De Ploey Jan
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - L'article explique les principes de base du modèle ES qui représente la susceptibilité à l'érosion de bassins-versants et ses applications au ravinement, y compris les badlands, et au système rigoles-interrigoles qui érode souvent des terres cultivées. Certaines séquences de valeurs ES y sont présentées et discutées ; elles proviennent de données de la littérature internationale.
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Outcomes for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Exposure and Response Prevention
Authors: Wheaton Michael G. , Schwartz Marissa R. , Pascucci Olivia , Simpson H. Blair
Published: June 2015

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic, disabling condition that afflicts 2% to 3% of the population. Cognitive-behavioral therapy consisting of exposure and response prevention (EX/RP) is the first-line psychologic treatment for OCD. This article describes in detail the components and structure of EX/RP to provide a practical guide for clinicians. We also review the research supporting the use of EX/RP, both as a monotherapy and in combination with pharmacotherapy. We also discuss potential mechanisms of action for EX/RP and conclude with directions for future research.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2015;45(6):303–307.]
Posterior Tibialis Tendon Dysfunction: Overview of Evaluation and Management
Authors: Yao Kaihan , Yang Timothy Xianyi , Yew Wei Ping
Published: June 2015

Educational Objectives

As a result of reading this article, physicians should be able to:

1.

Recognize posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction and begin to include it in differential diagnoses.

2.

Recall the basic anatomy and pathology of the posterior tibialis tendon.

3.

Assess a patient for posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction with the appropriate investigations and stratify the severity of the condition.

4.

Develop and formulate a treatment plan for a patient with posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction.

The posterior tibialis is a muscle in the deep posterior compartment of the calf that plays several key roles in the ankle and foot. Posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction is a complex but common and debilitating condition. Degenerative, inflammatory, functional, and traumatic etiologies have all been proposed. Despite being the leading cause of acquired flatfoot, it is often not recognized early enough. Knowledge of the anatomical considerations and etiology of posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction, as well as key concepts in its evaluation and management, will allow health care professionals to develop appropriate intervention strategies to prevent further development of flatfoot deformities. [Orthopedics.2015; 38(6):385–391.]
Neuromuscular Scoliosis: Current Concepts
Authors: Halawi Mohamad J. , Lark Robert K. , Fitch Robert D.
Published: June 2015

Scoliosis is a common deformity in neuromuscular disorders. This spinal deformity usually presents at an early age, rapidly progresses during growth, and continues to progress even after skeletal maturity. Neuromuscular scoliosis classically involves the entire thoracolumbar spine, often extending to the pelvis and causing pelvic obliquity. Physical examination can be challenging, but it is important to assess the flexibility of the spinal curve and associated joint contractures. Upright anteroposterior and lateral radiographs are the preferred imaging. When formulating a treatment plan, it is important to take into account not only the degree of curvature, but also each patient’s needs and quality of life, the potentially high perioperative complication rates, and the natural history of the underlying neuromuscular disorder. Different neuromuscular conditions behave differently and should therefore be treated differently. With the exception of steroids for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, bracing remains the only reliable nonoperative intervention available. Preoperative optimization of medical comorbidities is crucial given the relatively high complication rate. Posterior segmental instrumentation has revolutionized the surgical management of neuromuscular scoliosis and is the most commonly used technique today. Despite reported improvement in postoperative quality of life, there are several limitations with currently used outcome measures that prevent a well-informed discussion on the outcomes after surgery. [
Orthopedics.
2015; 38(6):e452–e456.]
Antibiotic Bone Cement Cannot Reduce Deep Infection After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Wang Hai , Qiu Gui-Xing , Lin Jin , Jin Jin , Qian Wen-Wei , Weng Xi-Sheng
Published: June 2015

Deep infection following total knee arthroplasty is a catastrophic complication. Recently, antibiotic-loaded bone cement has been applied to prevent deep infection after total joint arthroplasty. However, there is still controversy about the prophylactic effect of antibiotic-loaded bone cement after primary total knee arthroplasty. This study reviewed 2293 patients who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty with 1-year follow-up at the authors’ hospital between February 2003 and October 2012 (mean±SD age, 64.8±10.7 years; male-to-female ratio, 1:5). All potential risk factors, including sex, age, height, weight, body mass index, diagnosis (osteoarthritis or other), diabetic status, operative time (categorized as either ≤120 minutes or >120 minutes), bilateral/unilateral procedure, surgeon volume (categorized as either ≥30 cases/year or <30 cases/year), and bone cement type, were collected. A total of 10 patients who had deep infection were identified during follow-up. Rates of deep infection for antibiotic-loaded bone cement and for plain cement were both 0.40%, and the difference was not significant with Fisher’s exact test (
P
=1.000). Adjusted for the unevenly distributed risk factors (age, height, weight, diagnosis, bilateral/unilateral surgery, and operative time) in both groups, the results of logistic analysis showed that antibiotic-loaded bone cement did not reduce the rate of deep infection following primary total knee arthroplasty compared with plain cement (
P
=.865; odds ratio, 0.835; 95% confidence interval, 0.105–6.713). The study showed that antibiotic-loaded bone cement had no effect on the prevention of deep infection after primary total knee arthroplasty. [
Orthopedics.
2015; 38(6):e462–e466.]
Reversed Contralateral LISS Plate for Vancouver B1 Periprosthetic Femoral Shaft Fractures
Authors: Russo Matthew , Malekzadeh A. Stephen , Hampton Chadwick , Hymes Robert , Schwartzbach Cary , Schulman Jeffrey
Published: June 2015

The authors reviewed all patients treated for periprosthetic femur fractures between March 1, 2007, and January 31, 2010 at the senior author’s institution. Demographic features, mechanism of injury, radiographs, and computed tomography scans were reviewed to determine the type and stability of the femoral implant at the time of injury. All Vancouver B1 fractures were treated with a novel technique that used a contoured distal femoral locking plate intended for the contralateral femur and reversed to accommodate the ipsilateral femoral bow and contour of the proximal femur. Fixation was achieved around the implant with percutaneously placed unicortical and/or bicortical screws. Radiographs were reviewed for fracture healing, malunion, implant failure, and prosthetic loosening. Fifteen patients were identified and underwent the procedure as described. One patient died soon after surgery of complications from a ruptured preexisting esophageal ulcer. Of the remaining 14 patients, the average duration of follow-up was 25 months (range, 6–31 months). Two patients did not achieve union; however, repeat interpretation of the presenting radiographs showed likely misdiagnosed Vancouver B2 fractures. The first patient had late aseptic loosening and underwent revision surgery 22 weeks postoperatively. The other had early loss of fixation that required revision with a long stem prosthesis. Other complications included 1 deep venous thrombosis and 2 superficial wound infections. The infections were successfully treated with a single formal irrigation and debridement, primary closure, and a short course of oral antibiotics. Ultimately, in 86% of patients (12/14), fracture healing occurred with this biologically friendly technique. [
Orthopedics.
2015; 38(6):e467–e472.]
Treatment of 50 Deep Infections After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Matsumoto Tomoyuki , Ishida Kazunari , Tsumura Nobuhiro , Nagai Kanto , Muratsu Hirotsugu , Hida Yuichi , Hiranaka Takafumi , Kuroda Ryosuke , Kurosaka Masahiro
Published: June 2015

The prevalence of infections caused by methicillin-resistant organisms has increased, causing difficulty in the treatment of prosthetic joint infection. A multicenter study was performed to review 50 patients with deep infections with or without a resistant organism, such as methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus,
at the site of total knee arthroplasty. A group of 13 patients with early deep infections and 4 patients with acute hematogenous infections underwent treatment with debridement, antibiotic therapy, and retention of the prosthesis with revision of the polyethylene insert. Thirty-three patients with late chronic infections were treated with challenging prosthesis retention for prostheses that had not loosened or 2-stage exchange arthroplasty for prostheses that had loosened. Mean duration of follow-up was 4.7±1.8 years. No significant differences in resultant functional knees and mean number of operations were observed between 7 patients with resistant early deep infections and 6 patients with nonresistant early deep infections. However, 24 patients with nonresistant chronic infections showed significant improvement in resultant functional knees (24 of 24; 100%) and fewer mean operations (2.8 times) compared with 9 patients with resistant chronic infections (1 of 9, 11%, and 4.3 times, respectively). The remaining 8 patients with resistant chronic infections (89%) had arthrodesis (3 patients) or underwent above-the-knee amputation (1 patient) or spacer arthroplasty (4 patients). Although patients with resistant early postoperative deep infections showed good results that were similar to those in patients with nonresistant early infections, those with resistant late chronic infections had a significantly inferior success rate compared with those who had nonresistant late chronic infections. [
Orthopedics.
2015; 38(6):e529–e535.]
Delayed Pseudoaneurysm of the Popliteal Artery Following ACL Reconstruction
Authors: Ambrosia Jerome , Qazi Zain , Shuler Franklin D. , Giangarra Charles
Published: June 2015

Arterial complications following arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction of the knee are rare. Injuries to vascular structures around the knee have historically been reported more commonly, with reconstructive procedures occurring more posteriorly, such as posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction. The authors present a report of sequelae following a postoperative popliteal artery spasm in an 18-year-old female soccer player who underwent ACL reconstruction using an ipsilateral autologous hamstring graft along with a medial meniscal repair and developed immediate spasm of the popliteal artery responding to sustained balloon angioplasty. Seven weeks postoperatively, she developed foot paresthesias and was noted to have a 3.5×3.1×1.3-cm pseudoaneurysm of her popliteal artery. She underwent popliteal artery bypass with reverse saphenous vein autograft and had an uneventful recovery. This case highlights the importance of prolonged follow-up and maintaining a high degree of suspicion for further arterial complications, even after routine arthroscopic knee procedures. In addition to maintaining close and extended follow-up, the authors agree with other authors’ suggestions that urgent computed tomography angiogram be obtained to evaluate the vascular tree in a patient presenting with a cold, pulseless extremity after routine arthroscopic knee procedures. In this particular case, angiography of the uninvolved side also proved useful in identifying the patient’s aberrant vascular anatomy and may be useful in patients with bilateral aberrant vascular anatomy to better facilitate interpretation of the injured side. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first case of popliteal artery spasm initially responding to sustained angioplasty with the delayed development of a pseudoaneurysm. [
Orthopedics.
2015; 38(6):e543–e546.]
A COMBINATION OF EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSES TO MEASURE THE COMPRESSIVE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TENNIS BALL
Authors: Karimi Alireza , Kudo Susumu , Razaghi Reza , Navidbakhsh Mahdi
Published: June 2015

Tennis is almost a newly born sport (1859) that can be played individually against a single opponent (singles) or between two teams of two players each, namely doubles. Materially, tennis balls were made of cloth strips stitched together from thread. They have also been made of hollow rubber with a felt coating appearing in different colors from traditionally white to yellow in the recent years to permit their visibility. Although the most common injuries associated with tennis have been reported to be related to rotator cuff, elbow, wrist, anterior knee pain, and ankle, the injury that a tennis ball can cause, for example, for eye is still not clear. However, as the tennis ball can reach to a speed of 260 km/h, it seems vital to understand its mechanical properties to have a deep insight into the injury that can happen during playing. Therefore, this study aimed to perform an experimental study to evaluate the linear elastic and nonlinear hyperelastic mechanical properties of the tennis ball under compressive loading. To do this, 40 numbers of approved tennis balls by international tennis federation (ITF) were prepared and subjected to a series of compressive loadings. The strain of the balls was measured via a pair of CCD cameras using digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The results revealed the mean elastic modulus, maximum stress, and strain of 336.69 kPa, 410.15 kPa, and 66%, for the tennis balls, respectively. The nonlinear mechanical behavior of the tennis balls were also computationally investigated through a hyperelastic material model, namely Ogden. Finally, a finite element (FE) model was executed to verify the hyperelastic data with that of experimental and, interestingly, the numerical data were in good agreement with experimental ones. The findings of this study may have implications not only for understanding the compressive mechanical properties of the tennis ball, but also for investigating the injury that can occur in the human body by tennis ball, especially the eye.
Advanced Strategy for Droplet Routing in Digital Microfluidic Biochips Using ACO
Authors: Pan Indrajit , Samanta Tuhina
Published: June 2015

Significant researches are going on for high performance droplet routing in Digital Microfluidic Biochip (DMFB). This chapter elaborates an ant colony optimization based droplet routing technique for high performance design in DMFB. The method is divided into two phases. (1) In the first phase, two dedicated ants generated from each source of the droplets traverse the rectilinear path between the source-target pairs and deposit pheromone to construct rectangular bounding box. Initial bounding box helps in restricted ant movements in the next phase. (2) In the second phase, real routing path is generated. Detour and stalling phenomena are incurred to resolve routing conflict. The method has explored both single ant and multiple ant systems to address detours from the conflicting zone in search for the best possible route towards destination. The method has been simulated on several existing benchmarks and comparative results are quite encouraging.
Remote Sensing Image Classification Using Fuzzy-PSO Hybrid Approach
Authors: Sarkar Anasua , Das Rajib
Published: June 2015

Pixel classification among overlapping land cover regions in remote sensing imagery is a challenging task. Detection of uncertainty and vagueness are always key features for classifying mixed pixels. This chapter proposes an approach for pixel classification using hybrid approach of Fuzzy C-Means and Particle Swarm Optimization methods. This new unsupervised algorithm is able to identify clusters utilizing particle swarm optimization based on fuzzy membership values. This approach addresses overlapping regions in remote sensing images by uncertainties using fuzzy set membership values. PSO is a population-based stochastic optimization technique inspired from the social behavior of bird flocks. The authors demonstrate the algorithm for segmenting a LANDSAT image of Shanghai. The newly developed algorithm is compared with FCM and K-Means algorithms. The new algorithm-generated clustered regions are verified with the available ground truth knowledge. The validity and statistical analysis are performed to demonstrate the superior performance of the new algorithm with K-Means and FCM algorithms.
A Brief Review of New Threats and Countermeasures in Digital Crime and Cyber Terrorism
Authors: Dawson Maurice
Published: June 2015

Cyber security is becoming the cornerstone of national security policies in many countries around the world as it is an interest to many stakeholders, including utilities, regulators, energy markets, government entities, and even those that wish to exploit the cyber infrastructure. Cyber warfare is quickly becoming the method of warfare and the tool of military strategists. Additionally, it is has become a tool for governments to aid or exploit for their own personal benefits. For cyber terrorists there has been an overwhelmingly abundance of new tools and technologies available that have allowed criminal acts to occur virtually anywhere in the world. This chapter discusses emerging laws, policies, processes, and tools that are changing the landscape of cyber security. This chapter provides an overview of the research to follow which will provide an in depth review of mobile security, mobile networks, insider threats, and various special topics in cyber security.
Native Language Identification (NLID) for Forensic Authorship Analysis of Weblogs
Authors: Perkins Ria
Published: June 2015

This chapter introduces Native Language Identification (NLID) and considers the casework applications with regard to authorship analysis of online material. It presents findings from research identifying which linguistic features were the best indicators of native (L1) Persian speakers blogging in English, and analyses how these features cope at distinguishing between native influences from languages that are linguistically and culturally related. The first chapter section outlines the area of Native Language Identification, and demonstrates its potential for application through a discussion of relevant case history. The next section discusses a development of methodology for identifying influence from L1 Persian in an anonymous blog author, and presents findings. The third part discusses the application of these features to casework situations as well as how the features identified can form an easily applicable model and demonstrates the application of this to casework. The research presented in this chapter can be considered a case study for the wider potential application of NLID.
Available Routing Construct (ARC)
Authors: Bellagamba Patrice , Thubert Pascal
Published: June 2015

Every computer network has been built in the last 30 years on the concept of routing tree to compute the path to be used to reach a given prefix or the border of a routing area. This chapter introduces the concept of Available Routing Construct (ARC), which is a two-end (or more) routing basic element that forms its own recovery domain. As it is dual ended, any failure in an ARC can be easily locally resolved by reversing the path toward the other end. A routing area can therefore be described in a graph of hierarchical ARCs. This new paradigm could be leveraged to improve the network resiliency and utilization for both unicast and multicast traffic.
Abstraction and Control of Transport Networks
Authors: Lee Young , Ceccarelli Daniele
Published: June 2015

Virtual network operation refers to the creation of a virtualized environment allowing operators to view the abstraction of the underlying multi-admin, multi-vendor, multi-technology networks and to operate, control and manage these multiple networks as a single virtualized network. Another dimension of virtual network operation is associated with the use of the common core transport network resources by multi-tenant service networks as a way of providing a virtualized infrastructure to flexibly offer new services and applications. The work effort investigating this problem space is known as Abstraction and Control of Transport Networks (ACTN). This chapter provides an ACTN problem description, identifies the scope of this effort, and outlines the core requirements to facilitate virtual network operation.
Using iPads and Mobile Technology for Children with Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Proctor Lisa A. , Wang Ye
Published: June 2015

With increasing access to iPads and mobile technology in both home and school settings, evidence regarding how best to use this technology to enhance language and literacy learning is lacking, particularly for children with developmental disabilities. As a comprehensive review, this chapter discusses the use of iPads and mobile technology in the language and literacy development of this population. It concludes that while iPads and mobile technology provide opportunities for language and literacy development, the inherent challenges and limitations of this technology warrant attention from parents, educators and speech-language pathologists. iPads and mobile technology may be a valuable accelerator for the language and literacy development of children with developmental disabilities if used properly; however, improper or careless usage can become a distraction that further delays the communication development of this population.
Selecting Computer-Mediated Interventions to Support the Social and Emotional Development of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Gillespie-Lynch Kristen , Brooks Patricia J. , Shane-Simpson Christina , Gaggi Naomi Love , Sturm Deborah , Ploog Bertram O.
Published: June 2015

This chapter is designed to provide parents, professionals, and individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) with tools to help them evaluate the effectiveness of computer-mediated interventions to support the social and emotional development of individuals with ASD. Starting with guidelines for selecting computer-mediated interventions, we highlight the importance of identifying target skills for intervention that match an individual's needs and interests. We describe how readers can assess the degree to which an intervention is evidence-based, and include an overview of different types of experiments and statistical methods. We examine a variety of computer-mediated interventions and the evidence base for each: computer-delivered instruction (including games), iPad-type apps, virtual environments, and robots. We describe websites that provide additional resources for finding educational games and apps. We conclude by emphasizing the uniqueness of each individual with ASD and the importance of selecting interventions that are well-matched to the specific needs of each individual.
Microswitch-Based Programs (MBP) to Promote Communication, Occupation, and Leisure Skills for Children with Multiple Disabilities
Authors: Stasolla Fabrizio , Perilli Viviana
Published: June 2015

This chapter provides a literature overview concerning microswitch-based programs (MBP) to promote communication, occupation and leisure skills for children with multiple disabilities. The first aim of the chapter is to present an overview of the empirical studies about the use of MBP, published in the last decade (i.e. period from 2004 to 2014) to emphasize the most recent strategies for children with developmental disabilities, providing a general picture of the different options available. The second goal is to underline strengths and weaknesses of the various studies included in the overview. Finally, the third purpose is to outline issues and questions to be addressed in the future and discuss their implications for research and practice.
Dissemination of Assistive Technology Devices for Children with Disabilities through Realabilities
Authors: Arucevic Senada
Published: June 2015

Over the last decade, vast research has been conducted on assistive technology devices and the potential implementation of these devices in the daily lives of individuals with disabilities. Many devices are new to the public and may require further development, but it is important to disseminate information about these useful technologies, which often afford users more independence with their activities of daily living. Unfortunately individuals with disabilities often encounter stigma; research suggests that assistive technology devices may at times contribute to this ostracism. This chapter reviews a variety of technologies that have been used to improve the quality of life of individuals with varying disabilities. These devices are presented in the context of introducing a new children's television show, Realabilities, a pro-social and stop-bullying children's television program that seeks to enhance the social interaction and initiation of typical children towards children with disabilities. Directions for future research and implementation of these devices are also discussed.
Marketing with Twitter
Authors: Soboleva Alena , Burton Suzan , Khan Aila
Published: June 2015

The increasing use of Twitter by businesses has created the challenge of how to measure its effectiveness for marketing communications. Using data based on two years of Twitter activity by leading global brands in the Auto, FMCG and Luxury industries, this chapter presents measures which can be used by practitioners and researchers to assess the effectiveness of marketing communications on Twitter. It discusses the factors that predict consumer engagement with organizational tweets, and different Twitter strategies that have been successfully (and less successfully) used by leading global brands. We also consider the implications for marketing with Twitter, for these and for smaller organizations.
Integration of Micro-Blogs into the Human Resource Management (HRM) Areas of Recruitment and Selection
Authors: Petty Ryan J , Manroop Laxmikant , Linton Sara
Published: June 2015

This chapter examines the use of micro-blogs in the human resource management (HRM) areas of recruitment and selection. While there is much attention in the popular press and practitioner literature about how HRM is incorporating micro-blogging and related social media platforms to help execute basic HRM functions, scholarly research on the subject is sparse, with only a handful of peer-reviewed journal articles/edited books. Although these works have contributed much to our understanding, we still know very little about how specific HRM practices can incorporate micro-blogs to achieve competitiveness. We also know very little about the legal and ethical dilemmas associated with using micro-blogs and how employers in general and HRM in particular can circumvent these problems. This chapter will address these issues and will conclude with future research directions that might be used as a platform for subsequent conceptual and empirical research.
Benchmarking Micro-Blog Performance
Authors: Dann Stephen
Published: June 2015

This chapter outlines a content classification framework designed to categorize content from individual and group Twitter activity. Measurement of Twitter at the individual account level can support the analysis of individual use of Twitter, and, guide the use of the platform for commercial operations. Applying a pre-existing content classification framework allows for the consistent coding of Twitter timelines into one of the five categories, with an option to further refine into a series of sub-categories. This coding approach allows for the ongoing longitudinal measurement, benchmark and analysis of how individuals or groups use their social media accounts. This chapter also outlines the potential use of the classification framework as a planning tool for guiding content creation. This approach creates a two-stage process of planned content engagement and consistent content measurement metrics from a single framework.
When the History Turns Stronger than the Rhetoric
Authors: Kivikuru Ullamaija
Published: June 2015

The 1990s brought radical changes to Sub-Saharan Africa. In the rhetoric, the ownership mode appeared as a crucial marker of freedom. However, the media mode, inherited from previous phases of social history, seems to change slowly. Old modes reproduce themselves in new media titles disregarding ownership mode. In exceptional cases such as pre-election reporting, ownership mode might have a role: government papers tend to give more support to the existing leadership. In this chapter, evidence is sought from Namibia and Tanzania. The analysis is based on two one-week samples (2007, 2010) of all four papers. In this material, a government paper and a private paper from one particular country resemble each other more than when ownership modes are compared. Bearers of the journalistic culture seem to be media professionals moving from one editorial office to another, but the most decisive factors are the ideals set for journalism.
Work Integrated Learning in Higher Education Hospitality Courses
Authors: Presbury Rajka
Published: June 2015

This chapter reports on a qualitative study looking at Work Integrated Learning (WIL) in a higher education institution. The empirical dataset for this qualitative study was collected through student and industry focus groups and individual semi-structured interviews with Masters students and managers of hotels in Sydney, Australia. The study provides an understanding of the key concepts, issues, and methodologies of applying WIL practices. The results show that a formal qualification together with a structured work placement develops students' knowledge and skills and is beneficial in developing a hotel management career.
Hybridization of the LEACH Protocol with Penalized Fuzzy C-Means (PFCM) and Self-Organization Map (SOM) Algorithms for Decreasing Energy in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Bouyer Asgarali , Hatamlou Abdolreza
Published: June 2015

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of many sensor nodes, which are used for capturing the essential data from the environment and sending it to the Base Station (BS). Most of the research has been focused on energy challenges in WSN. There are many notable studies on minimization of energy consumption during the process of sensing the important data from the environment where nodes are deployed. Clustering-based routing protocols are an energy-efficient protocols that improve the lifetime of a wireless sensor network. The objective of the clustering is to decrease the total transmission power by aggregating into a single path for prolonging the network lifetime. However, the problem of unbalanced energy consumption exists in some cluster nodes in the WSNs. In this paper, a hybrid algorithm is proposed for clustering and cluster head (CH) election. The proposed routing protocol hybridized Penalized Fuzzy C-Means (PFCM) and Self Organization Map (SOM) algorithms with LEACH protocol for the optimum numbers of the CHs and the location of them. Simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm outperforms other existing protocols in terms of network life, number of dead sensor nodes, energy consumption of the network and convergence rate of the algorithm in comparison to the LEACH algorithm.
Thinking About Development
Authors: Godway Eleanor M.
Published: June 2015

The case is presented for a more human vision of development which would mean a different attitude to globalization. The philosophy of John Macmurray goes beyond traditional dualism of body and mind) and the dialectic of Hegel (both of which influence much current theorizing) to give priority to action over thinking. He challenges contemporary orthodoxy by emphasizing the personal and thus raises questions about the value of scientific knowledge for solving the problems of globalization. The strategy of writing development “under erasure” as introduced by Jacques Derrida emphasizes its problematic status. Thus we do have tools to reflect on what is meant by progress and economics and efficiency, and thus reconsider what we might be doing (or destroying) if we are trying to impose change on the “underdeveloped” of the world. tells us: “All meaningful knowledge is for the sake of action, and all meaningful action for the sake of friendship” (p. 15). The thinking of Howard Richards and associates, and his account of a specific development project in Chile (P.P.H.) are offered to illustrate this new way of approaching these issues, as it becomes possible to move away from the impersonal conception of efficiency towards the ultimate value of the personal. Thus we can perhaps come to see our future in terms of what we can do to try to build community (community) from the local to the global.
Structural Exclusion and Just Development
Authors: King Audra
Published: June 2015

The work of feminists and other critics of global development has successfully demonstrated the persistent failure of development to promote just and equitable social change. The author examines a central cause of this failure, which she refers to as the problem of structural exclusion. Structural exclusion occurs where participation in decision-making is restricted to a narrow range of structural perspectives and interests. The author provides a systematic account of structural exclusion as an epistemic obstacle to just and effective development policy. Drawing on this account, she then propose a principle of structural pluralism, which requires that all relevant structural perspectives be included on equal terms and have equal right and effective opportunity to contribute to or influence deliberations at all levels of decision-making about the appropriate vision and policies of development.
TLR3-Mediated CD8+ Dendritic Cell Activation Is Coupled with Establishment of a Cell-Intrinsic Antiviral State
Authors: Széles Lajos , Meissner Felix , Dunand-Sauthier Isabelle , Thelemann Christoph , Hersch Micha , Singovski Simon , Haller Sergio , Gobet Florian , Fuertes Marraco Silvia A. , Mann Matthias , Garcin Dominique , Acha-Orbea Hans , Reith Walter
Published: June 2015

Because of their unique capacity to cross-present Ags to CD8+ T cells, mouse lymphoid tissue–resident CD8+ dendritic cells (DCs) and their migratory counterparts are critical for priming antiviral T cell responses. High expression of the dsRNA sensor TLR3 is a distinctive feature of these cross-presenting DC subsets. TLR3 engagement in CD8+ DCs promotes cross-presentation and the acquisition of effector functions required for driving antiviral T cell responses. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the TLR3-induced antiviral program and cell-autonomous immunity in CD8+ DC lines and primary CD8+ DCs. We found that TLR3-ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and human rhinovirus infection induced a potent antiviral protection against Sendai and vesicular stomatitis virus in a TLR3 and type I IFN receptor–dependent manner. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid–induced antiviral genes were identified by mass spectrometry–based proteomics and transcriptomics in the CD8+ DC line. Nanostring nCounter experiments confirmed that these antiviral genes were induced by TLR3 engagement in primary CD8+ DCs, and indicated that many are secondary TLR3-response genes requiring autocrine IFN-β stimulation. TLR3-activation thus establishes a type I IFN–dependent antiviral program in a DC subtype playing crucial roles in priming adaptive antiviral immune responses. This mechanism is likely to shield the priming of antiviral responses against inhibition or abrogation by the viral infection. It could be particularly relevant for viruses detected mainly by TLR3, which may not trigger type I IFN production by DCs that lack TLR3, such as plasmacytoid DCs or CD8− DCs.
Vagal nerve stimulation for the treatment of autism
Authors: Derakhshan Nima
Published: June 2015

Not required
Chronic Ankle Instability and Neural Excitability of the Lower Extremity
Authors: McLeod Michelle M. , Gribble Phillip A. , Pietrosimone Brian G.
Published: June 2015

Context

Neuromuscular dysfunction of the leg and thigh musculature, including decreased strength and postural control, is common in patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Understanding how CAI affects specific neural pathways may provide valuable information for targeted therapies.

Objective

To investigate differences in spinal reflexive and corticospinal excitability of the fibularis longus and vastus medialis between limbs in patients with unilateral CAI and between CAI patients and participants serving as healthy controls.

Design

Case-control study.

Setting

Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 56 participants volunteered, and complete data for 21 CAI patients (9 men, 12 women; age = 20.81 ± 1.63 years, height = 171.57 ± 11.44 cm, mass = 68.84 ± 11.93 kg) and 24 healthy participants serving as controls (7 men, 17 women; age = 22.54 ± 2.92 years, height = 172.35 ± 10.85 cm, mass = 69.15 ± 12.30 kg) were included in the final analyses. Control participants were matched to CAI patients on sex, age, and limb dominance. We assigned “involved” limbs, which corresponded with the involved limbs of the CAI patients, to control participants.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Spinal reflexive excitability was assessed via the Hoffmann reflex and normalized to a maximal muscle response. Corticospinal excitability was assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Active motor threshold (AMT) was defined as the lowest transcranial magnetic stimulation intensity required to elicit motor-evoked potentials equal to or greater than 100 μV in 5 of 10 consecutive stimuli. We obtained motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) at percentages ranging from 100% to 140% of AMT.

Results

Fibularis longus MEP amplitudes were greater in control participants than in CAI patients bilaterally at 100% AMT (control involved limb: 0.023 ± 0.031; CAI involved limb: 0.014 ± 0.008; control uninvolved limb: 0.021 ± 0.022; CAI uninvolved limb: 0.015 ± 0.007; F1,41 = 4.551, P = .04) and 105% AMT (control involved limb: 0.029 ± 0.026; CAI involved limb: 0.021 ± 0.009; control uninvolved limb: 0.034 ± 0.037; CAI uninvolved limb: 0.023 ± 0.013; F1,35 = 4.782, P = .04). We observed no differences in fibularis longus MEP amplitudes greater than 110% AMT and no differences in vastus medialis corticospinal excitability (P > .05). We noted no differences in the Hoffmann reflex between groups for the vastus medialis (F1,37 = 0.103, P = .75) or the fibularis longus (F1,41 = 1.139, P = .29).

Conclusions

Fibularis longus corticospinal excitability was greater in control participants than in CAI patients.
The impact of health service variables on healthcare access in a low resourced urban setting in the Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: Scheffler Elsje , Visagie Surona , Schneider Marguerite
Published: June 2015

Background: Health care access is complex and multi-faceted and, as a basic right, equitable access and services should be available to all user groups.Objectives: The aim of this article is to explore how service delivery impacts on access to healthcare for vulnerable groups in an urban primary health care setting in South Africa.Methods: A descriptive qualitative study design was used. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with purposively sampled participants and analysed through thematic content analysis.Results: Service delivery factors are presented against five dimensions of access according to the ACCESS Framework. From a supplier perspective, the organisation of care in the study setting resulted in available, accessible, affordable and adequate services as measured against the DistrictHealth System policies and guidelines. However, service providers experienced significant barriers in provision of services, which impacted on the quality of care, resulting in poor client and provider satisfaction and ultimately compromising acceptability of service delivery. Although users found services to be accessible, the organisation of services presented them with challenges in the domains of availability, affordability and adequacy, resulting in unmet needs, low levels of satisfaction and loss of trust. These challenges fuelled perceptions of unacceptable services.Conclusion: Well developed systems and organisation of services can create accessible, affordable and available primary healthcare services, but do not automatically translate into adequate and acceptable services. Focussing attention on how services are delivered might restore the balance between supply (services) and demand (user needs) and promote universal and equitable access.
The relational nature of rational numbers
Authors: Brown Bruce
Published: June 2015

It is commonly accepted that the knowledge and learning of rational numbers is more complex than that of the whole number field. This complexity includes the broader range of application of rational numbers, the increased level of technical complexity in the mathematical structure and symbol systems of this field and the more complex nature of many conceptual properties of the rational number field. Research on rational number learning is divided as to whether children’s difficulties in learning rational numbers arise only from the increased complexity or also include elements of conceptual change. This article argues for a fundamental conceptual difference between whole and rational numbers. It develops the position that rational numbers are fundamentally relational in nature and that the move from absolute counts to relative comparisons leads to a further level of abstraction in our understanding of number and quantity. The argument is based on a number of qualitative, in-depth research projects with children and adults. These research projects indicated the importance of such a relational understanding in both the learning and teaching of rational numbers, as well as in adult representations of rational numbers on the number line. Acknowledgement of such a conceptual change could have important consequences for the teaching and learning of rational numbers.
Ancient Egyptian Ma�at or Old Testament deed-consequence nexus as predecessors of ubuntu?
Authors: Baumann Gerlinde
Published: June 2015

The Ancient Egyptian concept of Ma�at shows some analogies to the concept of ubuntu. Both concepts seem to presuppose that people in a given society are willing to act for each other. In Bible exegesis, the concept of Ma�at has attracted interest in connection with the Old Testament deed-consequence nexus (i.e. good consequences follow good deeds). The article looks at significant parallels between ubuntu, Ma�at and the deed-consequence nexus. Its aim is to outline questions that have been discussed in the context of those two ancient concepts and that could be helpful for future research on ubuntu.
Safety and outcome using endoscopic dilation for benign esophageal stricture without fluoroscopy
Authors: Siddeshi E. R. , Krishna M. V. , Jaiswal Deepak , Krishna M. Murali
Published: June 2015

Aim: The aim was to investigate the use of Savary-Gilliard marked dilators in tight esophageal strictures without fluoroscopy. Materials and Methods: Four hundred and six patients with significant dysphagia from benign strictures due to a variety of causes were dilated endoscopically. Patients with achalasia, malignant lesions, and external compression were excluded. The procedure consisted of two parts. First, Savary-Gilliard or zebra guide wire was placed through video endoscopy and then dilatation was performed without fluoroscopy. In general, “the rule of three” was followed. Effective treatment was defined as the ability of patients, with or without repeated dilatations, to maintain a solid or semisolid diet for more than 12 months. Results: One thousand and twenty-four dilatations sessions in a total of 408 patients were carried out. The success rate for placement of a guide wire was 100% and for dilatation 97% without the use of fluoroscopy, after 6 months–24 years of follow-up. The number of sessions per patient was between one and seven, with an average of three sessions. The ability of patients, after one or more sessions of dilatations to maintain a solid or semisolid diet for more than 12 months was obtained in 386 patients (95.8%). All patients improved clinically without complications after the endoscopic procedure without fluoroscopy, but we noted 22 failures. Conclusions: Dilatation (dilation) using Savary-Gilliard dilators without fluoroscopy are safe and effective in the treatment of very tight esophageal strictures if performed with care.