bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a NanoBRET Assay Platform to Detect Intracellular Ligands for the Chemokine Receptors CCR6 and CXCR1
Authors: Huber Max E. , Wurnig Silas L. , Moumbock Aurélien F. A. , Toy Lara , Kostenis Evi , Alonso Bartolomé Ana , Szpakowska Martyna , Chevigné Andy , Günther Stefan , Hansen Finn K. , Schiedel Matthias
Published: June 2024

A conserved intracellular allosteric binding site (IABS) was recently identified at several G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs). This target site allows the binding of allosteric modulators and enables a new mode of GPCR inhibition. Herein, we report the development of a NanoBRET‐based assay platform based on the fluorescent ligand LT221 (5), to detect intracellular binding to CCR6 and CXCR1, two chemokine receptors that have been pursued as promising drug targets in inflammation and immuno‐oncology. Our assay platform enables cell‐free as well as cellular NanoBRET‐based binding studies in a nonisotopic and straightforward manner. By combining this screening platform with a previously reported CXCR2 assay, we investigated CXCR1/CXCR2/CCR6 selectivity profiles for both known and novel squaramide analogues derived from navarixin, a known intracellular CXCR1/CXCR2 antagonist and phase II clinical candidate for the treatment of pulmonary diseases. By means of these studies we identified compound 10, a previously reported tert‐butyl analogue of navarixin, as a low nanomolar intracellular CCR6 antagonist. Further, our assay platform clearly indicated intracellular binding of the CCR6 antagonist PF‐07054894, currently evaluated in phase I clinical trials for the treatment of ulcerative colitis, thereby providing profound evidence for the existence and the pharmacological relevance of a druggable IABS at CCR6.
Simple Solution Plasma Synthesis of Ni@NiO as High‐Performance Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries Application
Authors: Beletskii Evgenii , Pinchuk Mikhail , Snetov Vadim , Dyachenko Aleksandr , Volkov Alexey , Savelev Egor , Romanovski Valentin
Published: June 2024

Pursuing of straightforward and cost‐effective methods for synthesizing high‐performance anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries is a topic of significant interest. This study elucidates a one‐step synthesis approach for a conversion composite using glow discharge in a nickel formate solution, yielding a composite precursor comprising metallic nickel, nickel hydroxide, and basic nickel salts. Subsequent annealing of the precursor facilitated the formation of the Ni@NiO composite, exhibiting exceptional electrochemical properties as anode material in Li‐ion batteries: a capacity of approximately 1000 mAh g−1, cyclic stability exceeding 100 cycles, and favorable rate performance (200 mAh g−1 at 10 A g<M−.1). Comparative analysis across various methods for synthesizing NiO‐based materials underscored the superiority of the Ni@NiO composite. Furthermore, an assessment of resource costs demonstrated the cost‐effectiveness and scalability of the approach in terms of resource consumption per Ah. Lastly, the integration of a Ni@NiO anode with an NMC532 cathode in a full battery highlights Ni@NiO's potential for conversion anodes, achieving a practical gravimetric energy density of 92 Wh kg−1.
The Mechanism of Inhomogeneous Mass Transfer Process of Separators in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Na , Yin Shuaimeng , Meng Yufeng , Gu Meirong , Feng Zhenhe , Lyu Siqi , Chen Hao‐Sen , Song Wei‐Li , Jiao Shuqiang
Published: June 2024

The liquid‐phase mass transport is the key factor affecting battery stability. The influencing mechanism of liquid‐phase mass transport in the separators is still not clear, the internal environment being a complex multi‐field during the service life of lithium‐ion batteries. The liquid‐phase mass transport in the separators is related to the microstructure of the separator and the physicochemical properties of electrolytes. Here, in‐situ local electrochemical impedance spectra were developed to investigate local inhomogeneities in the mass transfer process of lithium‐ion batteries. The geometric microstructure of the separator significantly impacts the mass transfer process, with a reduction in porosity leading to increased overpotentials. A competitive relationship among porosity, tortuosity, and membrane thickness in the geometric parameters of the separator were established, resulting in a peak of polarization. The resistance of the liquid‐phase mass transfer process is positively correlated with the viscosity of the electrolyte, hindering ion migration due to high viscosity. Polarization is closely related to the electrochemical performance, so a phase diagram of battery performance and inhomogeneous mass transfer was developed to guide the design of the battery. This study provides a foundation for the development of high stability lithium‐ion batteries.
Comprehensive Review of Li‐Rich Mn‐Based Layered Oxide Cathode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Theories, Challenges, Strategies and Perspectives
Authors: Chen Huai , Xia Xiao , Ma Jun
Published: June 2024

Lithium‐rich manganese‐based layered oxide cathode materials (LLOs) have always been considered as the most promising cathode materials for achieving high energy density lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, in practical applications, LLOs often face some key problems, such as low initial coulombic efficiency, capacity/voltage decay, poor rate performance and poor cycle stability. It seriously shortens the lifespan of lithium‐ion batteries and hinder the large‐scale commercial application of LLOs. Herein, firstly, the basic theories of LLOs were systematically reviewed, including the structural characteristics, the working mechanism of LLOs, the preparation methods of LLOs (liquid phase co‐precipitate method, sol‐gel method, hydrothermal synthesis method, solid phase method, low heat solid‐phase method, high temperature solid‐state method etc.), and electrochemical characteristics of LLOs (first charge discharge characteristics and reversible efficiency, cycling performance, high and low temperature performance and thermal stability etc.). Then, key challenges faced by LLOs were systematically discussed. Finally, the LLOs modification strategies used to address these challenges (element doping, surface modification, defect engineering, structural and morphological control etc.) were elaborated in detail. This important review provides potential insights and directions for further improving the electrochemical performance of LLOs, and provides a necessary theoretical basis for accelerating the large‐scale commercial application of LLOs. It possesses important scientific research value and far‐reaching social significance.
Siglec‐1, an easy and contributory inflammation marker in rheumatology
Authors: Boz Valentina , Tesser Alessandra , Burlo Francesca , Donadel Nicola , Pastore Serena , Amaddeo Alessandro , Vittoria Francesca , Padovan Matteo , Di Rosa Marianna , Tommasini Alberto , Valencic Erica
Published: June 2024

Objectives

Inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) are poorly informative about interferon (IFN)‐related disorders. In these conditions, the measure of the interferon score (IS), obtained by measuring the expression of IFN‐stimulated genes, has been proposed. Flow cytometry‐based assays measuring sialic‐acid‐binding Ig‐like lectin 1 (Siglec‐1) expression could be a more practical tool for evaluating IFN‐inflammation. The study compared Siglec‐1 measures with IS and other inflammatory indexes. We compared Siglec‐1 measures with IS and other inflammatory indexes in real‐world paediatric rheumatology experience.

Methods

We recruited patients with immuno‐rheumatological conditions, acute infectious illness and patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery as controls. Siglec‐1 expression was measured in all samples, and IS, ESR and CRP were also recorded if available.

Results

Overall, 98 subjects were enrolled in the study, with a total of 104 measures of Siglec‐1. Compared with IS, Siglec‐1 expression showed good accuracy (86.0%), specificity (72.7%) and sensitivity (85.7%). The measure of the percentage of Siglec‐1‐positive cells performed best at low levels of IFN‐inflammation, while the measure of mean fluorescence intensity performed best at higher levels. Ex vivo studies on IFN‐stimulated monocytes confirmed this behaviour. There was no link between Siglec‐1 expression and either ESR or CRP, and positive Siglec‐1 results were found even when ESR and CRP were normal. A high Siglec‐1 expression was also recorded in subjects with acute infections.

Conclusion

Siglec‐1 measurement by flow cytometry is an easy tool to detect IFN‐related inflammation, even in subjects with normal results of common inflammation indexes.
Why are there so many definitions of eutrophication?
Authors: Pannard Alexandrine , Souchu Philippe , Chauvin Christian , Delabuis Monique , Gascuel‐Odoux Chantal , Jeppesen Erik , Le Moal Morgane , Ménesguen Alain , Pinay Gilles , Rabalais Nancy N. , Souchon Yves , Gross Elisabeth M.
Published: June 2024

Because of the first observations in the 1900s of the oligotrophic and eutrophic states of lakes, researchers have been interested in the process that makes lakes become turbid because of high phytoplankton biomass. Definitions of eutrophication have multiplied and diversified since the mid‐20th century, more than for any other ecological process. Reasons for the high number of definitions might be that the former ones did not sufficiently describe their causes and/or consequences. Global change is bringing eutrophication more into the spotlight than ever, highlighting the need to find consensus on a common definition, or at least to explain and clarify why there are different meanings of the term eutrophication. To find common patterns, we analyzed 138 definitions that were classified by a multiple correspondence factor analysis (MCA) into three groups. The first group contains the most generic scientific definitions but many of these limit the causes to increased nutrient availability. A single definition takes into account all causes but would require additional work to clarify the process itself. Nutrient pollution, which is by far the primary cause of eutrophication in the Anthropocene, has generated a second group of environmental definitions that often specify the primary producers involved. Those definitions often mention the iconic consequences of nutrient pollution, such as increased algal biomass, anoxia/hypoxia and reduced biodiversity. The third group contains operational definitions, focusing on the consequences of nutrient pollution, for ecosystem services and therefore associated with ecosystem management issues. This group contains definitions related to regulations, mainly US laws and European directives. These numerous definitions, directly derived from the problem of nutrient pollution, have enlarged the landscape of definitions, and reflect the need to warn, legislate and implement a solution to remedy it. Satisfying this demand should not be confused with scientific research on eutrophication and must be based on communicating knowledge to as many people as possible using the simplest possible vocabulary. We propose that operational definitions (groups 2 and 3) should name the process “nutrient pollution,” making it possible to refine (scientific) definitions of eutrophication and to expand on other challenges such as climate warming, overfishing, and other nonnutrient‐related chemical pollutions.
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors‐Induced Endocrinopathies: Assessment, Management and Monitoring in a Comprehensive Cancer Centre
Authors: Elshafie Omayma , Khalil Abir Bou , Salman Bushra , Atabani Abier , Al‐Sayegh Hasan
Published: June 2024

Objectives

To determine the incidence, presentation, frequency and management of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI)‐related endocrinopathies in a comprehensive cancer centre in Oman, particularly with programme death 1/programme death‐ligand 1 (PD‐1/PD‐L1) inhibitors.

Background

A high number of patients treated with PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors for the management of solid tumours developed endocrinopathies.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of patients admitted to Sultan Qaboos Comprehensive Cancer Care and Research Centre (SQCCCRC) from August 2021 to December 2022. All adults diagnosed with solid cancers and have received at least one dose of ICIs were included. Patients with incomplete data were excluded from the analysis. Data regarding the ICI‐induced endocrinopathy were collected.

Results

A total of 139 patients were included in the study of which 58% were females. The median age of the cohort was 56 years. The incidence of endocrine‐related adverse events was 28%. The mean time for the development of endocrine adverse events after treatment initiation was 4.1 ± 2.8 months. Of the patients who developed toxicity, 90% had hypothyroidism. Ten patients developed hyperthyroidism, two patients were diagnosed with secondary adrenal insufficiency/hypophysitis and one patient developed Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Using univariable logistic regression weight and body mass index (BMI) significantly impacted the development of endocrine immune‐related adverse events (irAEs).

Conclusions

This is the first study from the Sultanate of Oman to assess PD‐1/PDL‐1 ICI‐induced endocrinopathies. The most common endocrine adverse event is thyroid dysfunction, mainly hypothyroidism followed by hyperthyroidism. Hypophysitis, primary adrenal insufficiency and CIADM occur less frequently, but have a more significant effect on the patient's health. The treating physician should be aware of ICI‐induced endocrinopathies, screening and treatment. Furthermore, our study showed that patients with a higher BMI have a greater risk of developing irAES. Further studies are needed to establish the predictors of endocrine irAEs.
Iatrogenic Hypoparathyroidism Development After Thyroidectomy: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Alomari Amal A. , Abu Shanab Raneen N. , Bajunaid Randa A. , Alomari Lugean K. , Almehmadi Nidaa M. , Alzahrani Raghad S. , Althubaiti Alaa , Radi Suhaib
Published: June 2024

Background

Iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism is a common cause of postthyroidectomy hypocalcaemia. It has varying incidence rates after neck surgery in Saudi Arabia, ranging from 0.07% to 65.30%. Hypoparathyroidism can manifest with a spectrum of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe and life‐threatening. This study aimed to assess the rate and predictors of iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism after thyroid surgery and its natural course.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study used a data collection form to extract patient information from the electronic healthcare system (Best‐Care) for patients treated from 2017 to 2022. Patients' demographics, surgical specifics and biochemical profiles were recorded for subsequent analysis.

Results

Among the 343 patients who underwent thyroidectomy, 130 (37.9%) developed hypoparathyroidism, primarily within the first day after surgery. Calcium or vitamin D supplementation before surgery did not significantly influence hypoparathyroidism development. Notably, extensive combined lymph node dissection was significantly associated with postoperative hypoparathyroidism development (p = 0.0004). More patients who underwent central and lateral lymph node dissection (n = 19, 79.17%) developed hypoparathyroidism than patients who underwent central (n = 18, 40.91%) or lateral (n = 8, 38.10%) dissection alone. Permanent hypoparathyroidism was observed in 40 patients (11.66%).

Conclusion

This study revealed a high incidence of iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism and high rates of permanent hypoparathyroidism. Further research is warranted to better comprehend the risk factors and optimise management strategies for iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism. Overall, our findings emphasise the need for vigilant monitoring and effective management of patients undergoing thyroidectomy and the significance of postoperative replacement therapies.
Point‐of‐care testing of DNA damage markers‐8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine based on cobalt‐iron‐platinum‐ruthenium/N doped ordered mesoporous carbon
Authors: Zhao Yuxin , Liu Fangxun , Zhang Tong , Zheng Man , Shi Kun , Yang Xin , Zhao PinYi , Li Xin , Zhang Yufan , Li Pan , Wang Huan
Published: June 2024

In this work, we achieved point of care detection of DNA damage marker 8‐hydroxy‐2’‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OH‐dG) on tetrapartite metal nanoparticles loaded ordered mesoporous carbon composite nanomaterials (Co‐Fex‐Pt−Pd@NOMC). Nitrogen doping and co‐metal loading were achieved using dopamine as nitrogen, carbon sources and metal linker. In addition, the presence of catechol groups in dopamine with strong affinity for metal ions, make the simultaneous confinement of metals inside and outside the pores of ordered mesoporous carbon. Then, Fe, Pt and Pd metal nanoparticles were introduced to interact with Co nanoparticles to form four‐in‐one alloy nanoparticles by oil bath and carbonisation. The finally formed Co−Fe6‐Pt−Pd@NOMC nanocomposites exhibited excellent catalytic performance for the determination of 8‐OH‐dG. A lower limit of detection (LOD) of 0.044 μM, a wide linear range (0.175 μM–118.375 μM) and strong stability, reproducibility and selectivity were obtained. In addition, Co−Fe6‐Pt−Pd@NOMC realised the detection of 8‐OH‐dG in real human urine sample. At the same time, 8‐OH‐dG after DNA damage and guanine damage were also studied in this work. The electrochemical response of 8‐OH‐dG was combined with DNA damage to verify the mechanism of DNA damage. New solutions and idea were provided for the preparation of inorganic nanocomposites for the detection of 8‐OH‐dG in this work.
Deformation, fracture, and energy evolution characteristics of coal‐rock under dynamic–static combined loading
Authors: Li Wei , Zhang Zhizhen , Teng Yeqi , Wang Hao , Man Cao , Ren Menghan , Shang Xiaoji , Dou Linming , Gao Feng
Published: June 2024

Deep coal‐rock formations are subjected to complex stress environments characterized by high static stresses and dynamic disturbances. To study the damage, fracture, and energy evolution characteristics of coal‐rock under dynamic–static combined loading, a new multiscale constitutive model for coal‐rock under dynamic–static combined loading is proposed based on micromechanics, and it is implemented into the LS‐DYNA solver. A numerical model of coal‐rock Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar under dynamic–static combined loading is established using LS‐DYNA, and research on the mechanical and energy evolution characteristics of coal‐rock under one‐dimensional and three‐dimensional dynamic–static combined loading is conducted. The results show that under one‐dimensional dynamic–static combined loading, with the increase of precompression, the dynamic peak stress linearly decreases while the combined peak stress linearly increases, and the dissipated energy of the specimen shows a decreasing trend. The fracture patterns of the coal‐rock specimen include internal shear fracture and external tensile fracture, and eventually, these two modes of fracture intersect to form macroscopic mesh cracks. As the axial pressure increases, the degree of specimen fragmentation gradually increases. Under three‐dimensional dynamic–static combined loading, with the increase of preconfining pressure, the stress–strain curve of the specimen will transition from “stress drop” to “stress rebound” after the peak. The peak stress increases with the increase of confining pressure, and the energy dissipation density of the specimen increases first and then decreases with the increase of confining pressure. With the increase of confining pressure, the hoop deformation of the specimen plays a constraining role, and the degree of specimen fracture gradually weakens, and the time of fracture occurrence gradually delays. The research results contribute to revealing the mechanical and energy mechanisms of rockburst disasters in deep coal mines.
Temperature‐dependent viscosity effects on heat transfer characteristics of grade three fluid in electromagnetohydrodynamic flow between large parallel plates maintained at uniform temperatures
Authors: Mohanty Rajiva Lochan , Mishra Vijay Kumar , Chaudhuri Sumanta
Published: June 2024

Heat transfer characteristics in the electromagnetohydrodynamic flow of a third‐grade fluid between parallel plates have already been examined by researchers, but studies on the effect of temperature‐dependent viscosity on velocity, temperature, and heat transfer coefficients are very few. The present study investigates the heat transfer behavior of a third‐grade fluid flow between large parallel plates, taking temperature‐dependent viscosity when magnetic and electric fields are imposed externally. The plate walls are subjected to uniform temperatures. Consideration of temperature‐dependent viscosity results in the formulation of the phenomenon by nonlinear, coupled differential equations, which are solved by applying the least‐square method (LSM). Solving coupled, nonlinear equations by the LSM requires a great deal of modification in the implementation process. The obtained results in terms of dimensionless velocity are validated with the results of earlier studies and are also in a close match with the results of the Adomian decomposition method of the current study. Results indicate that for a higher value of the viscosity parameter, at first, velocity increases with an increase in the non‐Newtonian parameter. Beyond a certain value of the non‐Newtonian parameter, velocity starts reducing. Temperature, at all points of any cross‐section, increases up to a certain non‐Newtonian parameter and then reduces with the rise in the same parameter. For higher values of the viscosity parameter and low non‐Newtonian parameters, the upper plate requires an enhanced rate of cooling. Whereas, for higher values of the non‐Newtonian parameter at higher viscosity parameters, a lower heating rate is required. The results of the mathematical model can serve to be useful in the field of liquid metal flows in metallurgical industry, micropumps, medical and biological sectors, and microelectromechanical applications.
Combined effects of rainfall‐runoff events and antecedent soil moisture on runoff generation processes in an upland forested headwater area
Authors: Vichta Tomáš , Deutscher Jan , Hemr Ondřej , Tomášová Gabriela , Žižlavská Nikola , Brychtová Martina , Bajer Aleš , Shukla Manoj Kumar
Published: June 2024

In this study, we investigate the combined effect of different rainfall‐runoff event types and antecedent soil moisture (ASM) on runoff processes in the headwater elementary discharge area of a small forested upland catchment. The study focuses on (i) the relationship between soil moisture thresholds and runoff generation; (ii) the combined effect of ASM and tree vicinity and (iii) the relationship between different rainfall‐runoff event types and different types of runoff (baseflow and stormflow). The results suggest that ASM has a strong impact on local runoff generation processes. Soil water content (35%–36%) threshold exceedance was related to stormflow runoff generation caused by the activation of quick preferential flow paths in the soil during storm events, especially in the upper and the deepest soil layers. At the same time, unexpected non‐linear increases in baseflow runoff ratios were documented during dry, precipitation‐free, periods and when the 31%–34% soil moisture threshold was exceeded, presumably due to the hydrological connection of farther slope areas during these conditions. Multiple stormflow periods, which exhibited the lowest runoff coefficient, were the most significant events in terms of water retention and soil water recharge due to increased vertical hydrological connectivity enabling more rapid transport to deeper soil layers. However, this rainfall type occurred least often over the study period. The important role of forest stands (individual trees) in creating spatial patterns of soil moisture and preferential infiltration paths to deeper soil layers was also confirmed. These results contribute towards a better conceptualisation of hydrological behaviour in elementary headwater discharge areas and highlight the potential dangers associated with expected increases in extreme weather events.
Orally administered yeast‐derived β‐glucan alleviates mast cell‐dependent airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in a murine model of asthma
Authors: Zheng Jianzhou , Bai Yu , Xia Lei , Sun Xiao , Pan Jie , Wang Shizhong , Qi Chunjian
Published: June 2024

Background

Particulate β‐glucans (WGP) are natural compounds with regulatory roles in various biological processes, including tumorigenesis and inflammatory diseases such as allergic asthma. However, their impact on mast cells (MCs), contributors to airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation in asthma mice, remains unknown.

Methods

C57BL/6 mice underwent repeated OVA sensitization without alum, followed by Ovalbumin (OVA) challenge. Mice received daily oral administration of WGP (OAW) at doses of 50 or 150 mg/kg before sensitization and challenge. We assessed airway function, lung histopathology, and pulmonary inflammatory cell composition in the airways, as well as proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).

Results

The 150 mg/kg OAW treatment mitigated OVA‐induced AHR and airway inflammation, evidenced by reduced airway reactivity to aerosolized methacholine (Mch), diminished inflammatory cell infiltration, and goblet cell hyperplasia in lung tissues. Additionally, OAW hindered the recruitment of inflammatory cells, including MCs and eosinophils, in lung tissues and BALF. OAW treatment attenuated proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and IL‐6 levels in BALF. Notably, OAW significantly downregulated the expression of chemokines CCL3, CCL5, CCL20, CCL22, CXCL9, and CXCL10 in BALF.

Conclusion

These results highlight OAW's robust anti‐inflammatory properties, suggesting potential benefits in treating MC‐dependent AHR and allergic inflammation by influencing inflammatory cell infiltration and regulating proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the airways.
Effect of foreign impurity and growth temperatures on hexagonal structure and fundamental properties of ZnO nanorods
Authors: Seydioglu T. , Kurnaz S. , Tokeşer E. Aşıkuzun , Yildirim G. , Ozturk O.
Published: June 2024

This study examined the influence of growth temperature and dopant concentration on the properties of Gd‐ and Ni‐doped zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs). ZnO seed layers were deposited on glass substrates using a sol–gel and dip‐coating approach. Gd‐ and Ni‐doped ZnO NRs were hydrothermally grown on the seed layers at different temperatures such as 75, 90, and 105°C for a constant growth time of 5 h. The crystal structure, optical, surface morphology views, and electrical properties of the NRs were extensively investigated by x‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–visible spectroscopy, and four probe experimental methods. The XRD analysis confirmed the successful substitution of Zn2+ ions by Gd3+ and Ni2+ within the ZnO main matrices. The reordering of hexagonal structures with varied electronegativity, ionic radius dimensions, and valence electron states of Gd and Ni dopants affected seriously the fundamental characteristic features of NRs. The SEM images showed that the ZnO NRs grown at 90°C possessed a more favorable surface morphology and well‐defined hexagonal shape compared with those grown at other growth temperatures. Higher dopant concentration led to an increase in NR diameter but a decrease in density depending on the increase in the space between the NRs. Additionally, the optical transmittance was found to generally enhance with increasing dopant concentration. The results obtained highlighted the interplay between growth temperature, dopant type and concentration in tailoring the structural, morphological, and optical properties of Gd‐ and Ni‐doped ZnO NRs, paving the way for the development of optimized nanomaterials for various applications.

Research Highlights

The XRD analysis confirmed the successful substitution of Zn2+ ions by Gd3+ and Ni2+ within the ZnO main matrices.

The SEM images showed that the ZnO NRs grown at 90°C possessed a more favorable surface morphology and well‐defined hexagonal shape compared with those grown at other growth temperatures.

The optical transmittance was found to generally enhance with increasing dopant concentration.

The results obtained highlighted the interplay between growth temperature, dopant type and concentration in tailoring the structural, morphological, and optical properties of Gd‐ and Ni‐doped ZnO NRs, paving the way for the development of optimized nanomaterials for various applications.
Fetal development of the urinary tract of Cuniculus paca
Authors: de Sousa Diego Ferreira , Monteiro Frederico Ozanan Barros , Mayor Pedro , Giese Elane Guerreiro , Branco Érika , de Lima Ana Rita
Published: June 2024

The species Cuniculus paca is highly subject to predation, whether natural or anthropogenic, and the ability of species to withstand different levels of depredation depends directly on their reproductive dynamics. However, there is little literature on the developmental biology of this species, and so the aim of this paper was to describe the fetal development of the urinary tract of C. paca through morphological analysis. Twelve specimens with estimated gestational ages of between 75 and 157 days were used, divided into 3 groups. We found the urinary tract in pelvic‐abdominal topography with macroscopic differentiation between the organs already present in the first ages studied; in addition, the microscopic structural pattern changed little between the groups. This evidence reinforces the precocial development of these individuals.

Research Highlights

With the results obtained for development of urinary tract in Cuniculus paca reinforces the precocial development of these individuals. The urinary tract had pelvic‐abdominal topography with macroscopic differentiation between the organs already present in the first ages studied. The microscopic structural pattern changed little between the groups. At all analyzed fetal ages, the cortical region of kidney was characterized by the presence of glomeruli arranged throughout the region, formed by capillary plexuses surrounded by a glomerular capsule. In addition, the cortical region also presented convoluted tubules with cubic epithelial tissue cells and a brush border. The presence of a developed macula densa was observed next to the glomeruli, suggesting the initial formation of the fetal juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Acute neuroinflammation promotes a metabolic shift that alters extracellular vesicle cargo in the mouse brain cortex
Authors: Vassileff Natasha , Spiers Jereme G. , Juliani Juliani , Lowe Rohan G. T. , Datta Keshava K. , Hill Andrew F.
Published: June 2024

Neuroinflammation is initiated through microglial activation and cytokine release which can be induced through lipopolysaccharide treatment (LPS) leading to a transcriptional cascade culminating in the differential expression of target proteins. These differentially expressed proteins can then be packaged into extracellular vesicles (EVs), a form of cellular communication, further propagating the neuroinflammatory response over long distances. Despite this, the EV proteome in the brain, following LPS treatment, has not been investigated. Brain tissue and brain derived EVs (BDEVs) isolated from the cortex of LPS‐treated mice underwent thorough characterisation to meet the minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles guidelines before undergoing mass spectrometry analysis to identify the differentially expressed proteins. Fourteen differentially expressed proteins were identified in the LPS brain tissue samples compared to the controls and 57 were identified in the BDEVs isolated from the LPS treated mice compared to the controls. This included proteins associated with the initiation of the inflammatory response, epigenetic regulation, and metabolism. These results allude to a potential link between small EV cargo and early inflammatory signalling.
Assessment of the physiological performance of the invasive oriental shrimp Palaemon macrodactylus from an atypical marine population
Authors: Maraschi Anieli , Asaro Antonela , Bas Claudia Cristina , Ituarte Romina Belén
Published: June 2024

Since 2000, a well‐established population of the invasive oriental shrimp Palaemon macrodactylus has been present in fully marine conditions in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean (~38° S). To assess the physiological performance of this atypical population restricted to fully marine conditions, we conducted a laboratory experiment in which individuals were transferred from 35 ‰S (local seawater) to 2 ‰S; 5 ‰S; 10 ‰S; 20 ‰S; 50 ‰S and 60‰ for short (6 h), medium (48 h), and long (>504 h) acclimation periods. We measured the time course response of relevant parameters in the shrimp's hemolymph; activity of Na+, K+‐ATPase (NKA), and V‐H+‐ATPase (VHA); and muscle water content. Shrimp showed great osmoregulatory plasticity, being able to survive for long periods between 5 ‰S and 50 ‰S, whereas no individual survived after transfer to either 2 ‰S or 60 ‰S. Shrimp hyper‐regulated hemolymph osmolality at 5 ‰S and 10 ‰S, hypo‐regulated at 35 ‰S and 50 ‰S, and isosmoticity was close to 20 ‰S. Compared to 35 ‰S, prolonged acclimation to 5 ‰S caused a decrease in hemolymph osmolality (~34%) along with sodium and chloride concentrations (~24%); the NKA and VHA activities decreased by ~52% and ~88%, respectively, while muscle water content was tightly regulated. Our results showed that the atypical population of P. macrodactylus studied here lives in a chronic hypo‐osmo‐ion regulatory state and suggest that fully marine conditions contribute to its poor performance at the lower limit of salinity tolerance (<5 ‰S).
Intermittent swimming and muscle power output in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis
Authors: Coughlin David J. , Dutterer Madeline D.
Published: June 2024

Slow and sustainable intermittent swimming has recently been described in several Centrarchid fishes, such as bluegill and largemouth bass. This swimming behavior involves short periods of body‐caudal fin undulation alternating with variable periods of coasting. This aerobic muscle powered swimming appears to reduce energetic costs for slow, sustainable swimming, with fish employing a “fixed‐gear” or constant tailbeat frequency and modulating swimming speed by altering the length of the coasting period. We asked if this swimming behavior was found in other fish species by examining volitional swimming by brook trout in a static swimming tank. Further, we employed muscle mechanics experiments to explore how intermittent swimming affects muscle power output in comparison to steady swimming behavior. Brook trout regularly employ an intermittent swimming form when allowed to swim volitionally, and consistently showed a tailbeat frequency of ~2 Hz. Coasting duration had a significant, inverse relationship to swimming speed. Across a range of slow, sustainable swimming speeds, tailbeat frequency increased modestly with speed. The duration of periods of coasting decreased significantly with increasing speed. Workloop experiments suggest that intermittent swimming reduces fatigue, allowing fish to maintain high power output for longer compared to continuous activity. This study expands the list of species that employ intermittent swimming, suggesting this behavior is a general feature of fishes.
The multigenerational impact of long QT syndrome: A Gitxsan perspective
Authors: Huisman Lee‐Anna , Martin Sheridan , Ewasiuk Emma , McAdam Alexa , Wood Lynes‐Ford K’sana , McCormick Rod , Arbour Laura
Published: June 2024

Long QT syndrome (LQTS), a rare cardiac condition that can lead to sudden death, is highly prevalent in First Nations communities of northern British Columbia. In the Gitxsan community of 5500, an estimated 1 in 125 individuals are affected, primarily due to the novel pathogenic variant p.V205M in KCNQ1. Over the past decade, more than 800 Gitxsan individuals received genetic testing and counseling for LQTS through a community‐based study. Despite the substantial research characterizing the biological underpinnings of LQTS, there are few studies exploring the lived experiences of families with LQTS, especially those of Indigenous peoples. The goal of this study was to gain a greater understanding of the impact of the genetic confirmation of LQTS in this community, and the impact the condition has on individuals, their families, and the community. A qualitative study was developed in consultation with a local research advisory board and a Talking Circle, a traditional Indigenous format for discussion, was held. Four people who belonged to the same kindred group attended the Talking Circle. This article presents the multigenerational impact that LQTS and genetic diagnosis have through the reflections of one Gitxsan family. LQTS affects identity and family relationships, including those between parents and children, siblings, and even extended family members. Laughter and humor played an important part in coping. The role of family relationships for this Gitxsan family was seen to be critical in managing an LQTS diagnosis. This multigenerational perspective provides key insights into family structure and dynamics which can inform genetic counseling and clinical care. As cultural safety is experienced and therefore defined by the person receiving services, listening to the perspectives and preferences of Indigenous peoples is essential to the delivery of culturally informed care.
Oriented synthesis and insecticidal activities of novel meta‐diamide scaffolds incorporating with 1,2,4‐triazole moiety
Authors: Zhang Lei , Liu Jiyong , Zhou Liqi , Yan Chengyi , Wu Daoxin , Liu Minhua
Published: June 2024

In an effort to discover a new insecticide, we designed and synthesized a series of novel meta‐diamide compounds containing 1,2,4‐triazole with cyproflanilide as a lead compound. All the compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HR‐MS. Both Plutella xylostella and Mythimna separata were tested for their insecticidal activity at 200 mg/L (P. xylostella: 0%–100%; M. separata: 0%–100%), 20 mg/L (P. xylostella: 0%–97%; M. separata: 0%–100%), and 2 mg/L (P. xylostella: 0%–97%; M. separata: 0%–100%), while Aphis craccivora was tested for its insecticidal activity at 400 mg/L (A. craccivora: 0%–36%). Further studies are needed to investigate the insecticidal activity of A. craccivora. Preliminary bioactivity results showed that most of the compounds had good insecticidal activity at 200 mg/L against P. xylostella and M. separata. Especially, the compound 7p, N‐(cyclopropylmethyl)‐N‐(5‐((2,6‐dibromo‐4‐(perfluoropropan‐2‐yl)phenyl) carbamoyl)‐2‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)phenyl)‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)nicotinamide (7p), showed good insecticidal activity at even lower doses of 2 mg/L (P. xylostella: 97%; M. separata: 100%), which was equivalent to that of the lead compound cyproflanilide (P. xylostella: 100%; M. separata: 100%), as well as significantly better than the two known compounds Ia (P. xylostella: 97%; M. separata: 0%) and Ib (P. xylostella: 60%; M. separata: 0%). Preliminary structure–activity relationship was also discussed based on insecticidal tests. The results indicate that meta‐diamide compounds containing 1,2,4‐triazole can be developed as novel insecticides.
A 3‐month‐old neonatal rhesus macaque HFMD model caused by coxsackievirus B1 infection and viral tissue tropism
Authors: Suqin Duan , Yongjie Li , Wei Zhang , Ming Zhang , Yanyan Li , Yuan Zhao , Weihua Jin , Quan Liu , Mingxue Li , Wenting Sun , Lixiong Chen , Hongjie Xu , Jie Tang , Jingshan Hou , Zijun Deng , Fengmei Yang , Shaohui Ma , Zhanlong He
Published: June 2024

Coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1), an enterovirus with multiple clinical presentations, has been associated with potential long‐term consequences, including hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), in some patients. However, the related animal models, transmission dynamics, and long‐term tissue tropism of CVB1 have not been systematically characterized. In this study, we established a model of CVB1 respiratory infection in rhesus macaques and evaluated the clinical symptoms, viral load, and immune levels during the acute phase (0–14 days) and long‐term recovery phase (15–30 days). We also investigated the distribution, viral clearance, and pathology during the long‐term recovery period using 35 postmortem rhesus macaque tissue samples collected at 30 days postinfection (d.p.i.). The results showed that the infected rhesus macaques were susceptible to CVB1 and exhibited HFMD symptoms, viral clearance, altered cytokine levels, and the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Autopsy revealed positive viral loads in the heart, spleen, pancreas, soft palate, and olfactory bulb tissues. HE staining demonstrated pathological damage to the liver, spleen, lung, soft palate, and tracheal epithelium. At 30 d.p.i., viral antigens were detected in visceral, immune, respiratory, and muscle tissues but not in intestinal or neural tissues. Brain tissue examination revealed viral meningitis‐like changes, and CVB1 antigen expression was detected in occipital, pontine, cerebellar, and spinal cord tissues at 30 d.p.i. This study provides the first insights into CVB1 pathogenesis in a nonhuman primate model of HFMD and confirms that CVB1 exhibits tissue tropism following long‐term infection.
Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder associated Epstein‐Barr virus DNAemia after liver transplantation in children: Experience from single center
Authors: Dogan Barut , Sema Yildirim Arslan , Bora Kunay , Veysel Umman , Benan Dernek , Ezgi Kıran Taşçı , Gozde Akkus Kayali , Demir Derya , Ozsan Nazan , Hekimgil Mine , Zumrut Sahbudak Bal , Miray Karakoyun , Funda Cetin , Sema Aydogdu
Published: June 2024

The most prevalent malignancy that complicates both adult and pediatric solid organ transplantation is post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). This study aimed to analyze the clinical and pathological characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNAemia and PTLD in pediatric liver transplant recipients. A retrospective chart review was performed on 112 patients less than 18 years of age who underwent isolated orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) between 2010 and 2022 at Ege University Children's Hospital. Data gathered for 1‐year post‐OLT included age at OLT, EBV, immunoglobulin (Ig)M/IgG status of the donor and recipient, indication for OLT, induction regimen, all immunosuppression levels, date and result of EBV polymerase chain reaction testing, rejection episodes documented by liver biopsy, and the development of PTLD. Forty‐nine patients (43.75%) developed EBV DNAemia (median interval from surgery: 2 months, min–max: 2–36), of which 43 (87.8%) grafts came from living donors, and 6 (12.2%) came from deceased donors. Nine (18.4%) patients died during follow‐up, and eight (16.3%) developed PTLD. Of these 8 patients; five patients developed EBV‐related disease, one child developed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, one developed aplastic anemia, and one child developed B cell lymphoma. When PTLD patients and without‐PTLD patients were compared, pediatric intensive care unit hospitalization, abnormal bone marrow biopsy findings, lymphadenopathy, age at diagnosis of EBV DNAemia, EBV viral load, tacrolimus (FK 506) pre‐infection, were higher and tacrolimus 1‐month levels were lower in patients with PTLD (p < 0.05). In logistic regression analysis, we showed that the age at diagnosis of EBV DNAemia was significantly higher in children with PTLD (p = 0.045; OR: 1.389; 95% CI: 1.007–1.914). PTLD is a rare but severe complication associated with EBV after OLT. This study demonstrated that PTLD is associated with older age, higher tacrolimus blood levels before EBV DNAemia, and higher peak EBV viral load at 1 month of EBV DNAemia.
A finite‐difference‐based technique for numerically efficient computation of capacitance matrices for 2‐dimensional multi‐conductor problems involving thin dielectric coating
Authors: Sharma Kapil , Mittra Raj
Published: June 2024

Numerical computation of capacitance matrices using conventional finite‐difference (FD) technique for arbitrarily shaped multi‐conductor problems which typically involve thin dielectric coating is challenging due to the fact that an extremely fine discretization of the computational domain is required to capture the nuances of the geometries involved, which, in turn, exacts a high computational resource cost—both in terms of memory and time. In this paper, we present a novel finite‐difference‐based technique which utilizes polynomial interpolation and extrapolation techniques in conjunction with the conventional finite‐difference technique to handle 2‐dimensional problems involving multiple conductors, typically with a thin dielectric coating. The proposed technique does not require fine discretization of the computational domain and provides accurate results in an efficient manner.
A high‐speed and power efficient CMOS dynamic comparator for data converter circuits
Authors: Brindha K. , Manjula J.
Published: June 2024

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) comparators play a pivotal role in analog and mixed‐signal circuits, finding diverse applications across electronic systems. In data converter circuits, the significance of high‐speed, low‐power comparators is pronounced. They ensure swift and precise signal comparisons, minimizing energy usage for dependable analog‐to‐digital and digital‐to‐analog conversions. This paper introduces an advanced CMOS dynamic comparator, optimized for data converter circuits using a 45 nm CMOS process. The comparator integrates two novel designs tailored for operation at 0.8 and 1 V power supplies, functioning at 1 GHz. One design incorporates a cascode differential amplifier in the pre‐amplifier stage, enhancing speed and sensitivity by augmenting gain, linearity, and output swing. This approach achieves a delay of 73.53 ps and consumes 9.95 μW at a 1 V supply voltage. The second design employs a simple charge pump in the pre‐amplifier stage, further elevating speed and sensitivity through amplified voltage levels and enhanced slew rate, resulting in a 57.24 ps delay and 9.03 μW power consumption at 1 V. Simulations underscore the proposed comparator's superiority over conventional counterparts, showcasing significant enhancements in speed and power efficiency, all while preserving precision and dependability.