bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les tensions de l’éthique et de l’éducation au cours des dernières décennies
Authors: Bourgeault Guy
Published: May 2019

Un retour sur les dernières décennies touchant les rapports entre éthique et éducation ou formation dégage et illustre trois tensions majeures : entre l’hétéronomie et l’autonomie; entre la cohésion sociale et un vivre-ensemble faisant place à l’altérité et, du même coup, à la diversité; entre l’individualisme du chacun pour soi et la solidarité requise pour l’exercice de la responsabilité. Ces trois tensions interpellent à la fois l’éthique et la politique, l’école et l’éducation ou la formation.
Égalité des chances et stratification dans le champ scolaire : quid de l’équité du système d’éducation ?
Authors: Lessard Claude
Published: May 2019

Le système d’éducation québécois, comme la société qui l’entoure, se fragmente : d’abord, en fonction des facteurs sociaux traditionnels — notamment, le revenu et l’éducation des parents —, ensuite, en fonction de la multiplication de modèles socioculturels. Dans le champ de l’enseignement primaire et secondaire, la première fragmentation s’exprime par la montée de l’enseignement privé, notamment dans les centres urbains; la seconde fragmentation se manifeste, au sein du réseau public, par la multiplication et la variété des projets particuliers, conçus pour retenir des élèves de milieux favorisés, mais aussi pour permettre à des groupes sociaux de transmettre à leurs enfants une éducation distinctive. Ce texte analyse la manifestation de cette double fragmentation dans le champ éducatif et la contextualise dans le cadre de grands changements sociétaux. Nous soutenons qu’ainsi mis sur les rails de la concurrence, le système scolaire québécois est de plus en plus stratifié ou qu’il a plusieurs vitesses. Nous explorons quelques politiques publiques qui permettraient la sortie d’une situation difficile à dépasser.
Exercer une autorité bienveillante dans un contexte démocratique contemporain. Reconnaissance et prudence
Authors: Roelens Camille
Published: May 2019

Une autorité bienveillante semble être un moyen pouvant contribuer à accompagner chaque personne vers l’autonomie individuelle. Cet article considère successivement deux conséquences possibles de l’énoncé de cette thèse. L’une d’entre elles est que cela nous incite à tenter une dialectique de l’autorité et de la reconnaissance (partie 1). Les auteurs s’accordent sur le fait que l’autorité n’existe que si sa légitimité est reconnue. Des penseurs contemporains, dont Taylor, Honneth et Ricoeur, ont réinvesti la notion hégélienne delutte pour la reconnaissancepour penser le monde social. Quelles articulations envisager entre ces deux logiques ? La difficulté inhérente à l’occupation d’une place d’autorité aujourd’hui est ensuite discutée (partie 2). Nombre de chercheurs en sciences de l’éducation se sont demandé à quelles conditions il était possible d’exercer l’autorité. Notre deuxième partie pose la question de la nécessité, pour celui qui exerce une telle autorité, de prendre également soin de lui-même.
SAISIR LE PASSÉ DANS LE PRÉSENT
Authors: Kühn Marion
Published: May 2019

Le motif de la filiation sert, comme l’ont démontré les travaux de Dominique Viart, puis de Laurent Demanze, en littérature contemporaine, le plus souvent à exprimer les enjeux d’une transmission défaillante de la mémoire familiale. Sujet au coeur de multiples romans et récits contemporains au Québec, la tentative d’appropriation fictionnalisée d’un passé familial inconnu relève, chez Anaïs Barbeau-Lavalette, Carole David et Judy Quinn, de ce qu’Astrid Erll appelle une « mémoire transculturelle », car c’est un passé autre qui fait irruption dans le présent des personnages. Construits autour de départs de membres de famille, les fictions des trois écrivaines imbriquent en effet mémoire familiale et histoire internationale en embrassant soit le point de vue en amont, soit celui en aval de la lignée familiale. Par le truchement de dispositifs narratifs et temporels complexes, qui servent de point de départ pour l’analyse, les fictions mettent à l’avant-plan le rôle des personnages comme porteurs d’une mémoire qui s’avère stratifiée. Dégageant les différents rapports au temps qui sous-tendent les mises en scène de mémoires « voyageantes », cet article fait l’analyse de la variété des postures proposées par ces fictions québécoises contemporaines face au « présent [qui] s’[est] découvert inquiet, en quête de racines, obsédé de mémoire » (Hartog 2012 : 248).
LA STRUCTURE FAMILIALE COMME REMPART
Authors: Alarie Julien
Published: May 2019

Dans Les maisons, Tessa, une femme indécidable, qui est de plus en plus
« rattrapée par la sévérité, le jugement et l’intransigeance », est continuellement aux
prises avec une ironie destructrice. Pourtant, à certains endroits, l’autodénigrement laisse
place à des « moments-voilà-peut-être-tout-ce-qui-existe-désormais », commandés par l’ironie
elle-même et qui ont tous en commun la structure familiale, sorte de rempart contre le monde
chaotique. C’est ainsi que la maman extrêmement lucide se résout, pour compenser une ironie
avilissante, à « laisser se déployer la vie, cette vie qui fait parfois si bien les
choses ».
L’expérience de l’enfermement chez les proches de détenus
Authors: Ferreccio1,2 Vanina , Manrique Gabriela
Published: May 2019

Cet article porte sur une population croissante et peu explorée dans le paysage argentin : les proches des personnes détenues. À partir d’un travail ethnographique auquel participèrent des personnes détenues et des proches de ces dernières dans des prisons pour hommes et femmes de la province de Santa Fe, en Argentine, nous présentons les multiples aspects qui caractérisent cette population. Une première partie s’intéresse à l’insistance avec laquelle les proches se définissent comme étant « invisibles », non seulement auprès du gouvernement et de ses politiques de soutien, mais aussi auprès du service d’intervention des établissements de détention. La deuxième partie aborde la difficulté pour les proches de se réunir en associations, à cause, d’une part, de la distinction entre les familles qui collaborent avec l’ordre carcéral et les familles cachivaches et, d’autre part, de la violence en prison, qui constitue, à l’extérieur, un frein aux relations entre les proches. La troisième partie se penche sur un mécanisme de protection que doivent adopter de nombreuses femmes au moment de subir la fouille corporelle, soit le déni (Cohen, 2008). La dernière partie aborde la (nouvelle) centralité de la famille comme facteur de différenciation entre les détenus et, par conséquent, leur redéfinition pénitentiaire. Bref, nous montrons qu’il existe une relation bidirectionnelle qui fait en sorte que les proches sont à la fois partie intégrante de l’ordre carcéral et soumis à la gouvernance des logiques pénitentiaires, même en étant « hors » de la prison.
Déconstruire la stigmatisation des familles dans le discours sur les familles affectées par l’incarcération
Authors: Hannem1 Stacey , Dubois Florence
Published: May 2019

La présente étude se penche sur les tentatives récentes des chercheurs et des activistes pour comprendre les conséquences collatérales du système de justice pénale pour les familles des détenus et pour remettre en question la légitimité de tels dommages collatéraux dans la « guerre contre le crime ». Ceux qui cherchent à montrer que les familles des détenus sont des victimes du système font souvent face à des préjugés stigmatisants : les discours sociaux et politiques qui identifient ces familles comme étant marginalisées créent aussi des obstacles à la remise en cause des politiques qui ont des effets négatifs sur ces familles. Généralement, le discours des chercheurs et des défenseurs de cette cause qui tentent d’attirer l’attention sur les problèmes auxquels font face ces familles insiste sur l’innocence et montre du doigt le rôle des familles dans la réduction du crime. Chercheurs et défenseurs soutiennent ainsi que les services aux familles et aux enfants réduisent les risques de récidive et de crimes « intergénérationnels ». J’examinerai ici les dilemmes dans la conduite de telles analyses coût-bénéfice et dans la rhétorique néolibérale de la réduction du risque en vue de remettre en question les politiques qui affectent les familles. Je défendrai que la remise en cause de la stigmatisation et des changements dans les discours sur les conséquences collatérales doit passer par l’inclusion et les droits de la personne plutôt que par le discours de l’exclusion employé par les idéologies dominantes sur la réduction du crime.
La discriminación en el acceso a la federación deportiva de las personas que viven o conviven con VIH en el ámbito de la Comunitat Valenciana
Authors: Gascón-Cuenca (tutor) Andrés , De Sousa Selfa Ana , Domingos Victorino , Proaño Guzmán Christian , Granda Iñiguez Andrea
Published: May 2019

El presente informe ha sido realizado por un grupo de estudiantes del Máster en Derechos Humanos, Democracia y Justicia Internacional pertenecientes a la Clínica Jurídica per la Justícia Social de la Facultat de Dret de la Universitat de València. El mismo tiene por objeto la realización de una investigación de carácter jurídico-social respecto a la posible situación de discriminación que pueden estar afectando a las personas que viven o conviven con VIH dentro del ámbito deportivo. Concretamente, este estudio se centra en los requisitos establecidos por las federaciones deportivas ubicadas en el ámbito territorial de la Comunitat Valenciana para acceder al deporte profesional o federado.
La realización de esta investigación se estructurará de la siguiente manera. En primer lugar, se realizará una breve referencia a la razón que motiva el informe, es decir, a la necesidad detectada que nos indujo a efectuar esta investigación. En segundo lugar, se valorará desde el punto de vista constitucional el razonamiento argumentado para la realización de pruebas serológicas de VIH respecto al acceso a la federación deportiva, revisando desde el criterio de la proporcionalidad si sería constitucionalmente aceptable que las personas que conviven con VIH tengan la obligación de presentar un examen serológico de VIH para acceder al carácter de federado, o si al contrario, esto supone una vulneración de derechos fundamentales. En tercer lugar, nos referiremos de forma breve a la normativa internacional y nacional concerniente a la cuestión investigada, en cuanto a la regulación del proceso de federación deportiva y al tratamiento de datos de carácter personal, de igual manera, a lo pertinente en cuanto a la legislación relativa en materia de igualdad, dignidad y no discriminación. Posteriormente, se expondrán de forma clara y sintética los datos y resultados obtenidos del estudio de campo realizado en el período de elaboración del presente informe1, el cual ha consistido en contactar a la totalidad de federaciones deportivas de la Comunitat Valenciana, con el objetivo de solicitar información concerniente a los requisitos exigidos a las personas que deseen federarse. De esta manera, nos ha sido posible conseguir una visión clara del estado de la cuestión dentro de este ámbito territorial y obtener un conocimiento tanto a nivel cuantitativo como cualitativo de las federaciones que solicitan exámenes serológicos de VIH para que una persona pueda proceder a la federación. Por último, se presentará un apartado en el que se sinteticen las conclusiones alcanzadas.
Present problems to the Right to Peaceful Public Assembly in Spain
Authors: Gascón-Cuenca (tutor) Andrés , Año-Ibiza Alejando , Diago-Sanz Marcos , Lenzi Olga , Mercader-Jiménez Lorena , Núñez-Ávila María Dolores , Quintana-Nieto Paula
Published: May 2019

he Public Safety Organic Act 4/2015, also known as Spanish "gag law", has been harshly criticized by both national and international experts, and several worldwide institutions, due to the fact that it may be considered contrary to human rights and fundamental freedoms.
This report focuses on the identification of the standards of protection of the right to peaceful public assembly and the challenges this new regulation poses to it. Therefore, we will cover the following areas:
On the one hand, we shall analyze the Spanish legal framework, that includes the following:

Article 21 of the Spanish Constitution, which offers a special protection to the right to peaceful public assembly.

The constitutional standards of protection.

The problem of the definition of this right.

The case-law of the Constitutional Court, in order to identify the standards of
protection set by it.

Articles 513 and 557 of the Criminal Code.

The Private Security Services Act, as it regulates some aspects that may interfere
with fundamental rights, as the one we are studying in this report.

Finally, we will analyze the regulation established by the new Public Safety Organic Act, entered into force in 2015, and also the Peaceful Public Assembly Regulatory
Act.

On the other hand, we will research into the international standards of protection of the right to peaceful public assembly, which are mainly settled in three international legal instruments: The Human Rights Council, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the European Convention on Humans Rights, and its case-law.
Finally, we shall conclude this report with a critical approach to the new regulation established by the Public Safety Organic Act, as we consider it precludes the standards of protection we will identify throughout the report.
Synergy between serum amyloid A and secretory phospholipase A2
Authors: Jayaraman Shobini , Fändrich Marcus , Gursky Olga
Published: May 2019

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an evolutionally conserved enigmatic biomarker of inflammation. In acute inflammation, SAA plasma levels increase ~1,000 fold, suggesting that this protein family has a vital beneficial role. SAA increases simultaneously with secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), compelling us to determine how SAA influences sPLA2 hydrolysis of lipoproteins. SAA solubilized phospholipid bilayers to form lipoproteins that provided substrates for sPLA2. Moreover, SAA sequestered free fatty acids and lysophospholipids to form stable proteolysis-resistant complexes. Unlike albumin, SAA effectively removed free fatty acids under acidic conditions, which characterize inflammation sites. Therefore, SAA solubilized lipid bilayers to generate substrates for sPLA2 and removed its bioactive products. Consequently, SAA and sPLA2 can act synergistically to remove cellular membrane debris from injured sites, which is a prerequisite for tissue healing. We postulate that the removal of lipids and their degradation products constitutes a vital primordial role of SAA in innate immunity; this role remains to be tested in vivo.
Improved noise characteristics of mutually injection locked semiconductor lasers in a weak coupling regime
Authors: Ke Xu , Ma Weichao , Xiong Bing , Sun Changzheng , Hao Zhibiao , Han Yanjun , Wang Jian , Wang Lai , Li Hongtao , Yu Jiadong , Luo Yi
Published: May 2019

Noise characteristics of stable mutual injection locking under weak coupling is studied by a theory based on noise correlation analysis. Both relative intensity noise (RIN) and frequency noise are investigated in detail. It is found that the RIN characteristics of mutual injection locked lasers under weak coupling are similar to that of unidirectional injection locking, except for the oscillation caused by coupling delay. Different from unidirectional injection locking, however, an extremely narrow linewidth can be obtained by mutual injection locking, and the injection parameters have a significant influence on the linewidth.
Yrkesrelevant skoleopplæring for fremtidens mediegrafikere
Authors: Aakernes Nina , Hiim Hilde
Published: May 2019

Høsten 2020 skal det innføres en ny struktur for yrkesfagene i videregående skole, og nye læreplaner skal utarbeides. Det skal opprettes et nytt yrkesfaglig utdanningsprogram for IKT og medieproduksjon. Dette utdanningsprogrammet skal inneholde flere lærefag og blir dermed bredere enn det «gamle utdanningsprogrammet» for medier og kommunikasjon (MK).

I denne artikkelen presenterer vi resultater fra en toårig kvalitativ studie som har undersøkt kompetansebehovet i mediegrafikerfaget og yrkesrelevansen av dagens skoleopplæring for mediegrafikerlæringene. Studien har fulgt syv lærlinger i mediegrafikerfaget fra lærekontrakt ble inngått og frem til svenneprøven. Grunnlaget for resultatene som blir presentert i artikkelen er observasjoner i lærebedriftene og tilsammen 34 semistrukturerte intervjuer med lærlinger, yrkesfaglærere, instruktører i bedrift og representanter for opplæringskontor. Resultatene viserhvilken kompetanse som er sentral i mediegrafikerfaget, og styrker og svakheter ved dagens skoleopplæring. Disse resultatene peker mot hva som skal til for å oppnå en yrkesrelevant utdanning av mediegrafikere i det nye programmet.
Dietary supplementation of black soldier fly (Hermetica illucens)meal modulates gut microbiota, innate immune response and health status of marron (Cherax cainii, Austin 2002) fed poultry-by-product and fishmeal based diets
Authors: Foysal Md Javed , Fotedar Ravi , Tay Chin-Yen , Gupta Sanjay Kumar
Published: May 2019

The present study aimed to evaluate the dietary supplementary effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) (BSF) meal on the bacterial communities in the distal gut, immune response and growth of freshwater crayfish, marron (Cherax cainii) fed poultry-by-product meal (PBM) as an alternative protein source to fish meal (FM). A total of 64 marron were randomly distributed into 16 different tanks with a density of four marron per tank. After acclimation, a 60-days feeding trial was conducted on marron fed isonitrogenouts and isocalorific diets containing protein source from FM, PBM, and a combination of FM + BSF and PBM + BSF. At the end of the trial, weight gain and growth of marron were found independent of any dietary treatment, however, the two diets supplemented with BSF significantly (P< 0.05) enhanced haemolymph osmolality, lysozyme activity, total haemocyte counts, and protein and energy contents in the tail muscle. In addition, the analysis of microbiota and its predicted metabolic pathways via 16s rRNA revealed a significantly (P< 0.05) higher bacterial activity and gene function correlated to biosynthesis of protein, energy and secondary metabolites in PBM + BSF than other dietary groups. Diets FM + BSF and PBM + BSF were seen to be associated with an up-regulation of cytokine genes in the intestinal tissue of marron. Overall, PBM + BSF diet proved to be a superior diet in terms of improved health status, gut microbiota and up-regulated expression of cytokine genes for marron culture.
Genetic variability and structure of the Olive Field Mouse: a sigmodontine rodent in a biodiversity hotspot of southern Chile
Authors: Zepeda Paulo S. , Rodríguez-Serrano Enrique , Torres-Pérez Fernando , Celis-Diez Juan L. , Palma R Eduardo
Published: May 2019

The temperate rainforests of southern Chile, a recognized biodiversity hotspot, were significantly affected by Pleistocene glacial cycles in their southern portion and have been severely disrupted mainly due to recent human activities. Additionally, the landscape is characterized by a series of potential barriers to gene flow, such as the Chacao Channel, Cordillera de Piuche in Chiloé and both the Ancud and the Corcovado gulfs. We used mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite data across several populations to evaluate the genetic variability and structure of the sigmodontine rodentAbrothrix olivacea brachiotis, one of the most common species of small mammals and an inhabitant of these biodiverse forests. Sequencing data showed that along with the recovery of high haplotype variation for this species, there was a low nucleotide diversity between haplotypes, showing no genetic differences between the Chiloé Island and continental populations in southern Chile or through any other geographic barrier in the study area. However, microsatellite data exhibited some level of population structuring. The most evident clusterings were those of the Chiloé Island and that of North Patagonia. These findings are corroborated by a barrier analysis that showed a genetic barrier in the latter areas, whereas the Chacao Channel was not a significant barrier for this rodent. Overall, the genetic variability and structure ofA. o. brachiotiswas concordant with historical factors, such as the Last Glacial Maximum and the presence of geographic elements that isolate populations.
Influence of Different Concentrations of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and Storage Conditions on the Physico-chemical Properties and Shelf-life of Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Authors: Amoateng M. E. , Kumah P. , Yaala I. , Amoasah B.
Published: May 2019

‘Power’ tomato cultivar was harvested at the mature green stage and studied to determine how different 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) concentrations and storage conditions may influence its quality and shelf-life. A 3 x 2 factorial arrangement in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used and it was replicated three times. The factors were the tomato cultivar: ‘Power’, three 1-MCP concentration levels: 1 ppm, 2 ppm, untreated was 0 ppm and two storage conditions: Ambient and refrigerator conditions. The research was conducted between January and May 2017 at the Department of Horticulture, KNUST in Kumasi, Ghana. The 1-MCP concentration required were obtained by adding 100 ml of heated distilled water at 50°C to appropriate amounts of 1-MCP (MaxFresh, 3.3%) powder to obtain the 1 ppm and 2 ppm concentrations. After the 1-MCP powder has completely dissolved, it was then placed in a sealed bottle with a mini fan attached and then placed in the treatment chamber and released in a form of vapour on fruits and sealed immediately to avoid gas loss for a period of 24 hours. They were then stored in the refrigerator and ambient conditions at a temperature of 13°C-15°C and 29.5°C with Relative Humidity of 60-75% and 80-85% respectively. There was a significantly (P<0.01) delayed in ripening as characterized by changes in pH, firmness and total titratable acidity. Tomatoes treated with 1 ppm and 2 ppm of 1-MCP concentrations had delayed ripening when stored in the refrigerator and as a result had a longer shelf-life of 74 and 90 days respectively compared to fruits that were not treated and kept at ambient condition which took 60 days. There is confirmation from these results that the use of 1-MCP have saleable outlook for those who grow and trade in a way of delaying the ripening of green tomatoes.
Impact of Trichoderma Enhanced Composting Technology in Improving Soil Productivity
Authors: Matin M. A. , Islam M. N. , Muhammad N. , Rahman M. H.
Published: May 2019

Objectives: The study was conducted to determine (i) suitable waste, its quantity and dose of Trichoderma harzianum suspension and (ii) the impact of tricho-compost application on soil productivity.

Materials and Methods: Soil properties were tested before and after application of Trichoderma enhanced composting technology at five different districts of North-West Bangladesh. RCBD was used in the experiment where six biodegradable substratum were used and mixed with Trichoderma suspension in each pit. These six substratums were mixed with five doses of Trichoderma suspension i.e., 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ml per 100 kg substratum with three replications and therefore 90 pits were prepared to conduct the experiment. Nutrient content like N, P, K, B, S, Zn, soil pH and organic carbon were analysed in the laboratory.

Results and Discussion: Among the composting materials potato plant, water hyacinth, cowdung and household waste produced better compost than rice stubble and bio-slurry. Trichoderma suspension dose on 100 kg substratum 750 and 1000 ml showed better efficacy than other doses in terms of decomposition time, quantity of produced composed and nutrient value. The status         of nutrient in soil were compared before and after interventions of Trichoderma suspension by means of using paired t-test and found that soil pH, K, S, Zn, N and B were increased significantly, where as organic carbon slightly increased but not significant changed and P decreased significantly.

Conclusion: There should be ample scope to be created tricho-compost everywhere for soil improvement for better crop production towards food security and improved livelihoods.
Health Risk Assessment of Chromium, Manganese and Arsenic through the Consumption of Food from Industrial Areas in South Eastern States of Nigeria
Authors: Onyedikachi Uchechi Bliss , Belonwu Chuka Donatus , Wegwu Mattew Owhonda
Published: May 2019

Aim: This study investigated the health risk associated with chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn) and arsenic (As) through consumption of some food crops in selected industrialized areas located in the south eastern states of Nigeria using the estimated daily intake(EDI), bioaccumulation factor(BCF), target hazard quotient(THQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk(ILCR).

Study Design: Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to assess the concentrations of Cr, Mn and As in the different food crops and soils at the industrialized areas.

Place and Duration: Samples were collected around industrial layouts in south east states of Nigeria. Duration was between February 2018 to September 2018.

Methodology: Twelve (12) different food crops which included 3 each of vegetables, tubers fruits and nuts and their rhizophere soils were collected from farmlands close to the industries at Osisioma, Akwuuru, Ishiagu, Ngwo, Irete while Umudike was the control site for this study.

Results: Mean concentrations of Cr and Mn ranged from 0.01 ± 0.01c to 26.32 ± 0.02 dmg/kg and 0.01 ± 0.00 to 5.53 ± 0.00 mg/kg while As which was Below Detection Limit (< 0.01) mg/kg. 60 and 11 0ut of 72 samples exceeded the WHO permissible limits of 0.2 and 2 mg/kg for Cr and Mn respectively. The BAF of >1 was recorded in 26 Samples out of 108 with its highest values in Pumpkin and Waterleaf suggesting it could be tried as bioindicators .THQ > 1 was recorded in all samples for different locations except for Star apple and Kolanut. ILCR values for Cr in all the samples ranged 10-2 to 10-5 exceeding the permissible range of 10-4 to 10-6.

Conclusion: The exposed population has the probability of contracting cancer and other ailments due to exposure to the heavy metals in this study. Therefore, this study suggests further consideration of the metals as chemicals of concern with respect to industrial locations in South Eastern, Nigeria.
Antioxidant Status of Breast, Cervical and Ovarian Cancer Patients at Various Menopausal Stages in Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Ayo E. I. , Asaolu M. F. , Oyebanji O. G. , Akinlua I. , Sonuga A. A.
Published: May 2019

Cancer is a collection of diseases which involves the abnormal growth of cells with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. The aim of this study is to access the antioxidant status of women with female predominant cancer (breast, cervical and ovarian) in relationship with their menopausal stages. Blood samples were collected from 180 freshly diagnosed female patients of breast, cervical and ovarian cancer at Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Idi- Araba, Mushin, Lagos and Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Ikeja, Lagos and 60 relatively healthy subjects at different menopausal stages. Serum catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activites, Reduced Glutathione (GSH), Vitamin C and E concentrations were evaluated in subject’s blood sample using standard established methods. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis (p<0.05). However, the results of the female cancer patients at each menopausal stage were compared to premenopausal, menopausal and postmenopausal control groups, while the results obtained from the menopausal and postmenopausal control subjects were compared to the premenopausal control subjects. There was significant decrease (p<0.05) in the activities of CAT, SOD and in the concentrations of GSH, Vitamins C and E in all the menopausal stages when compared to the control groups. However, MDA concentrations showed significant increase (p<0.05) in all the menopausal stages in comparison to the corresponding control groups. These findings suggest that cancer patients might be at risk from oxidative cell damage. Therefore, further research is required in this field with a view of improving the management of cancers predominant in females.
Nitrogen Use Efficiency: Farming Practices and Sustainability
Authors: Haroon Muhammad , Idrees Fahad , Naushahi Hamza Armghan , Afzal Rabail , Usman Muhammad , Qadir Tauqeer , Rauf Husnain
Published: May 2019

It is expected that up to 2050, human population will be doubled. Agricultural researchers are striving their best to meet the food challenges. To get the higher yield, nitrogenous fertilizers use is also being increased. Nitrogenous fertilizers play vital roles in different plant’s growth and developmental processes. But, excessive use of nitrogen is no more beneficial to plants. Only 30 to 50% nitrogen use efficiency is recorded in plants, the remaining nitrogen is used by soil microbes, leached down in soil profile or volatilized. Different agronomical practices have been practiced and suggested for the general cultivation. Proper use of these agronomical practices can increase the crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency.
K
olakowski,
L
eszek (1927–2009)
Authors: Rojek Chris
Published: May 2019

Leszek Kolakowski's career illustrates the contradictions of modernity while being devoted to studying them. His experience under Marxist‐Leninism in postwar Poland exposed him to a model of government outwardly based upon socialist principles of management and development. Kolakowski grew to find it brutal, inflexible, and annihilating. Following sustained criticism of “presently existing socialism” he was expelled. His subsequent work examined the limitations of the central categories of modernist thought. He drew on the traditions of metaphysics and vitalism to pursue this end. He argued that the Enlightenment tradition that elevated reason as the defining characteristic of progress was unable to achieve social integration. His later work turned to the Christian tradition as the best resource to achieve integration.
Causal Inference
Authors: Sobel Michael E.
Published: May 2019

This entry provides an introduction to the statistical literature on causal inference.
Ethnic Identity and Globalization
Authors: Terpenning Steven
Published: May 2019

Globalization and ethnic identity are inescapable features of our contemporary social experience, operating in a complex and paradoxical relationship. On one hand, ethnic identity is often employed in service of resisting or contesting globalization. A group that can convincingly demonstrate a shared history and culture in a particular territory is well positioned to put forward a political argument or territorial claim in the national or international arena. On the other hand, this politicalization of ethnicity and its relationship to geography itself emerged and spread through globalization. The very concept of ethnic identity as we know it arose from the history of increased global mobility and intercultural contact. In addition, political movements that assert a common ethnic identity are often enabled by globalization in that they rely on international networks, institutions, and media outlets to shape and convey their message. While the increasing mobility of people, ideas, and things has loosened ties between ethnicity and territory, ethnic identity remains a primary way for a group of people to express a shared culture and history while differentiating themselves from other groups. Furthermore, since globalization is experienced in different ways by different populations, ethnic identity has become a useful discourse for people to process and articulate their experience.
Civilizing Process
Authors: van Krieken Robert
Published: May 2019

The concept of “the civilizing process” aims at understanding those social and political conditions, practices, and strategies which have produced changing conceptions of civilization. The concept is used in the greatest depth by the German sociologist Norbert Elias. Elias's approach shows that what is experienced as “civilization” is founded on a psychic structure or habitus which had changed over time, and that it can only be understood in connection with changes in broader social relationships.

The concept is an important element of social and historical studies of the self, emotions and the body, sport, crime and punishment, genocide, organizations, international relations, and globalization. A central methodological problem concerns whether there has been too much emphasis placed on it as an unplanned process, and not enough attention paid to it as a civilizingmissionoroffensive. Anthropologists have also drawn attention to the continuities in human behavior across all cultural and historical contexts.

The themes which will dominate future discussion of the civilizing process include extending the analysis of civilizing processes beyond advanced industrial societies, the regulation of crime and corruption, the application of the concept to international relations, and the analysis of globalization.
Islam
Authors: Allam Khaled Fouad
Published: May 2019

The Arab Spring has led to a double crisis, for contemporary Islam on one side and for some Arabic countries emerging during the twentieth century on the other. The contemporary Islam crisis features two main actors: one group of Muslims, who think there is only one way to democracy, revising the connection between institutions and Sharia (religious law); another group, on the other hand, totally reject western democracy, because in their opinion it puts religion aside. Therefore there is also a struggle from an interpretive point of view of Islam that concerns its own identity; for this reason in recent years Islamic radicals have taken a virulent stance on the western world, democracy, and secularization. The second element of this crisis is related to the Arabic states and Muslim (but not Arabic) countries, such as Afghanistan or some sub‐Saharan African countries – Mali, for example. This crisis reveals the weakness of these countries and the real danger of their dissolution at the expense of democracy and in favor of the creation of a caliphate.
Socialist Feminism
Authors: Gardiner Judith Kegan
Published: May 2019

Socialist feminism is a social movement and political philosophy combining the gender politics of women's liberation with the ideals of democratic socialism. Opposed to both centralized state socialism and to capitalist patriarchy, it organized autonomous activist women's groups in the United States from the late 1960s through the mid‐1970s.
Urban Movements
Authors: Pruijt Hans
Published: May 2019

Urban movements are social movements through which citizens attempt to achieve some control over their urban environment. The urban environment comprises the built environment, the social fabric of the city, and the local political process.
Taking the fight out of people: Exploring how defeat modulates the automatic aggressive response to facial anger
Authors: Wilkowski Benjamin M. , Leki Elizabeth L.
Published: May 2019

Past studies indicate that angry facial expressions automatically activate an aggressive response, seeming to support the view that humans possess an inborn, automatic tendencies to aggress. However, the current authors drew on influential models from evolutionary game theory to suggest that experiences of defeat may modulate this tendency. To examine this, four experiments were conducted to explore how defeat may modulate this aggressive response. In each study, participants executed simulated fight or flight responses based a computerized opponent's facial expression. Across studies, participants were typically faster to initiate fight (than flight) responses against an angry opponent. Simply losing simulated fights (Experiment 1) or experiencing aversive, white noise following simulated losses (Experiment 2) did not eliminate this tendency. However, when aversive noise was specifically experienced after losing to an angry opponent, the automatic aggressive response was eliminated (Experiment 3). This result was directly replicated (Experiment 4). Thus, these studies isolate the cues which automatize submissive behavior and show that fighting experience can modulate even our automatic aggressive responses to others’ anger displays.
Solvent‐Assisted Low‐Temperature Crystallization of SnO2 Electron‐Transfer Layer for High‐Efficiency Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Cong , Jiang Yue , Guo Jiali , Wu Xiayan , Zhang Wenhui , Wu Sujuan , Gao Xingsen , Hu Xiaowen , Wang Qianming , Zhou Guofu , Chen Yiwang , Liu Jun‐Ming , Kempa Krzysztof , Gao Jinwei
Published: May 2019

A high‐quality polycrystalline SnO2 electron‐transfer layer is synthesized through an in situ, low‐temperature, and unique butanol–water solvent‐assisted process. By choosing a mixture of butanol and water as a solvent, the crystallinity is enhanced and the crystallization temperature is lowered to 130 °C, making the process fully compatible with flexible plastic substrates. The best solar cells fabricated using these layers achieve an efficiency of 20.52% (average 19.02%) which is among the best in the class of planar n–i–p‐type perovskite (MAPbI3) solar cells. The strongly reduced crystallization temperature of the materials allows their use on a flexible substrate, with a resulting device efficiency of 18%.
Biocatalysis: Ready to Master Increasing Complexity
Authors: Faber Kurt , Fessner Wolf‐Dieter , Turner Nicholas J.
Published: May 2019

No Abstract

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Reduction of the Hysteresis Voltage in Atomic‐Layer‐Deposited p‐Type SnO Thin‐Film Transistors by Adopting an Al2O3 Interfacial Layer
Authors: Jang Younjin , Yeu In Won , Kim Jun Shik , Han Jeong Hwan , Choi Jung‐Hae , Hwang Cheol Seong
Published: May 2019

The origin of hysteresis in the drain–source current (IDS)–gate‐source voltage (VGS) characteristics of atomic‐layer‐deposited (ALD) p‐type SnO thin‐film transistors (TFTs) is examined by adding ALD Al2O3 interfacial layers (IL) between the SnO channel layer and the SiO2 gate insulator (GI) layer. SnO TFTs with SiO2 GI exhibit a large hysteresis voltage (Vhy) due to the trap state density near the interface between the SnO active layer and the SiO2 GI (known as the border trap). Both experimental results and theoretical calculations show that the origin of border traps is the gap states in SiO2, which is induced by the Sn diffusion into the SiO2 layer. The use of Al2O3 films as ILs suppresses this diffusion. The effectiveness, however, is dependent on the thickness, crystallinity, and density of the Al2O3 films. The Vhy of the SnO TFTs can be decreased when the thickness and density of the ILs is increased if the amorphous structure of the Al2O3 IL is maintained after the rapid thermal annealing process. p‐Type ALD SnO TFTs with optimum ILs exhibit a high on‐off ratio of IDS (1.2 × 105), high field‐effect mobility (1.6 cm2 V−1 s−1), and a small Vhy (0.2 V).
An association between women's physical attractiveness and the length of their reproductive career in a prospectively longitudinal nationally representative sample
Authors: Kanazawa Satoshi
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Objectives

Why is physical attractiveness more important for women's mate value in long‐term mating than in short‐term mating? This article replicates Bovet et al.'s (Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2018; 31:229–238) recent finding that physically attractive women have a later expected age of menopause.

Methods

I analyzed the prospectively longitudinal, nationally representative sample of women in the National Child Development Study, applying t‐test and multiple regression analyses.

Results

Analyses showed that girls rated physically attractive at age 7 underwent menarche 3.12 months earlier than other girls, and they had 32% smaller odds of having undergone menopause before age 51. The results suggest that more physically attractive women have longer reproductive careers, explaining why physical attractiveness may be a more important determinant of women's mate value in long‐term mating than in short‐term mating.

Conclusions

Women's physical attractiveness predicts the timing of menarche and menopause, thereby the length of their reproductive careers.
Impact of population aging on the presentation of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in the Pan Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study
Authors: Tagami Takashi , Tanaka Hideharu , Shin Sang Do , Ma Matthew Huei‐Ming , Ko Patrick Chow‐in , Karim Sarah , Khruekarnchana Pairoj , Naroo Ghulam Yasin , Ong Marcus Eng Hock
Published: May 2019

Aim

As a population ages, it can impact on the characteristics and outcomes of cardiogenic out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the age incidence of cardiogenic OHCA and population aging.

Methods

This was a post‐hoc analysis of the Pan Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study (PAROS) database. Data on the population old‐age dependency ratio (i.e. elderly/non‐elderly) were extracted from publicly accessible sources (United Nations and World Health Organization).

Results

We analyzed 40,872 OHCA cases from seven PAROS countries over the period 2009 to 2013. We found significant correlation between the population old‐age dependency ratio and elderly/non‐elderly ratio in OHCA patients (r = 0.92, P = 0.003). There was a significant correlation between the population old‐age dependency ratio and risk differences of 30‐day survival rates for non‐elderly and elderly OHCA patients (r = 0.89, P = 0.007).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the proportion of elderly among OHCA patients will increase, and outcomes could increasingly differ between elderly and non‐elderly as a society ages progressively. This has implications for planning and delivery of emergency services as a society ages.
X‐ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy Applied to Nitrogenase and Related Models: Experimental Evidence for a Spin‐Coupled Molybdenum(III) Center
Authors: Kowalska Joanna K. , Henthorn Justin T. , Van Stappen Casey , Trncik Christian , Einsle Oliver , Keavney David , DeBeer Serena
Published: May 2019

Nitrogenase enzymes catalyze the reduction of atmospheric dinitrogen to ammonia utilizing a Mo‐7Fe‐9S‐C active site, the so‐called FeMoco cluster. FeMoco and an analogous small‐molecule (Et4N)[(Tp)MoFe3S4Cl3] cubane have both been proposed to contain unusual spin‐coupled MoIII sites with an S(Mo)=1/2 non‐Hund configuration at the Mo atom. Herein, we present Fe and Mo L3‐edge X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectroscopy of the (Et4N)[(Tp)MoFe3S4Cl3] cubane and Fe L2,3‐edge XMCD spectroscopy of the MoFe protein (containing both FeMoco and the 8Fe‐7S P‐cluster active sites). As the P‐clusters of MoFe protein have an S=0 total spin, these are effectively XMCD‐silent at low temperature and high magnetic field, allowing for FeMoco to be selectively probed by Fe L2,3‐edge XMCD within the intact MoFe protein. Further, Mo L3‐edge XMCD spectroscopy of the cubane model has provided experimental support for a local S(Mo)=1/2 configuration, demonstrating the power and selectivity of XMCD.
Acridan‐Grafted Poly(biphenyl germanium) with High Triplet Energy, Low Polarizability, and an External Heavy‐Atom Effect for Highly Efficient Sky‐Blue TADF Electroluminescence
Authors: Hung Miao‐Ken , Tsai Kuen‐Wei , Sharma Sunil , Wu Jun‐Yi , Chen Show‐An
Published: May 2019

We propose the novel σ–π conjugated polymer poly(biphenyl germanium) grafted with two electron‐donating acridan moieties on the Ge atom for use as the host material in a polymer light‐emitting diode (PLED) with the sky‐blue‐emitting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) material DMAC‐TRZ as the guest. Its high triplet energy (ET) of 2.86 eV is significantly higher than those of conventional π–π conjugated polymers (ET=2.65 eV as the limit) and this guest emitter (ET=2.77 eV). The TADF emitter emits bluer emission than in other host materials owing to the low orientation polarizability of the germanium‐based polymer host. The Ge atom also provides an external heavy‐atom effect, which increases the rate of reverse intersystem crossing in this TADF guest, so that more triplet excitons are harvested for light emission. The sky‐blue TADF electroluminescence with this host/guest pair gave a record‐high external quantum efficiency of 24.1 % at maximum and 22.8 % at 500 cd m−2.
A Single‐Atom Iridium Heterogeneous Catalyst in Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Xiao Meiling , Zhu Jianbing , Li Gaoran , Li Na , Li Shuang , Cano Zachary Paul , Ma Lu , Cui Peixin , Xu Pan , Jiang Gaopeng , Jin Huile , Wang Shun , Wu Tianpin , Lu Jun , Yu Aiping , Su Dong , Chen Zhongwei
Published: May 2019

Combining the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, single‐atom catalysts (SACs) are bringing new opportunities to revolutionize ORR catalysis in terms of cost, activity and durability. However, the lack of high‐performance SACs as well as the fundamental understanding of their unique catalytic mechanisms call for serious advances in this field. Herein, for the first time, we develop an Ir‐N‐C single‐atom catalyst (Ir‐SAC) which mimics homogeneous iridium porphyrins for high‐efficiency ORR catalysis. In accordance with theoretical predictions, the as‐developed Ir‐SAC exhibits orders of magnitude higher ORR activity than iridium nanoparticles with a record‐high turnover frequency (TOF) of 24.3 e− site−1 s−1 at 0.85 V vs. RHE) and an impressive mass activity of 12.2 A mg−1Ir, which far outperforms the previously reported SACs and commercial Pt/C. Atomic structural characterizations and density functional theory calculations reveal that the high activity of Ir‐SAC is attributed to the moderate adsorption energy of reaction intermediates on the mononuclear iridium ion coordinated with four nitrogen atom sites.
Homoleptic Aryl Complexes of Uranium (IV)
Authors: Wolford Nikki J. , Sergentu Dumitru‐Claudiu , Brennessel William W. , Autschbach Jochen , Neidig Michael L.
Published: May 2019

The synthesis and characterization of sterically unencumbered homoleptic organouranium aryl complexes containing U−C σ‐bonds has been of interest to the chemical community for over 70 years. Reported herein are the first structurally characterized, sterically unencumbered homoleptic uranium (IV) aryl‐ate species of the form [U(Ar)6]2− (Ar=Ph, p‐tolyl, p‐Cl‐Ph). Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy and computational studies provide insight into electronic structure and bonding interactions in the U−C σ‐bond across this series of complexes. Overall, these studies solve a decades‐long challenge in synthetic uranium chemistry, enabling new insight into electronic structure and bonding in organouranium complexes.
Working Relationally with Youth in Child Protection Institutions: A Milieu‐Therapy Perspective
Authors: Bøe Monica , Lorås Lennart , Vigdal Mariann Iren
Published: May 2019

Children and youth who have shown serious difficulties or if it is surmised that parents over time will not be able to care for the child or youth, could be placed in a child protection institution. The therapeutic work in such institutions is often described as milieu therapy. There has been little focus on the milieu therapist's relational work in child protection institutions. The research question for this study was: What factors are described by milieu therapists as significant for relational work with youth placed in institutions? To answer this question, we collected data from qualitative semi‐structured interviews with four milieu therapists working in child protection institutions. Interpretative phenomenological analysis helped us identify three overarching categories: (1) structural and personal factors as a basis for relational work; (2) various forms of communication in relational work; and (3) relational work with a starting point in everyday events.