bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Spoilsport" in Drama in Education vs. Dialogic Pedagogy
Authors: Marjanovic-Shane Ana
Published: February 2016

In this paper I compare and contrast two educational paradigms that both attempt to overcome alienation often experienced by students in the conventional education. These two educational paradigms are embodied in different educational practices: First, Drama in Education in its widest definition, is based on the Vygotskian views that human cognitive, semantic (meaning-making), and social-emotional development happens in or through play and/or imagination, thus within the imagined worlds. Second, Critical Ontological Dialogic Pedagogy, is based in the Bakhtin inspired approach to critical dialogue among the “consciousnesses of equal rights” (Bakhtin, 1999), where education is assumed to be a practice of examination of the world, the others and the self. I reveal implicit and explicit conceptual similarities and differences between these two educational paradigms regarding their understanding the nature of learning; social values that they promote; the group dynamics, social relationships and the position of learners’ subjectivity. I aim to uncover the role and legitimacy of the learners’ disagreement with the positions of others, their dissensus with the educational events and settings, and the relationships of power within the social organization of educational communities in these two diverse educational approaches. I explore the legitimacy of dissensus in these two educational approaches regarding both the participants’ critical examination of the curriculum, and in regard to promoting the participants’ agency and its transformations. In spite of important similarities between the educational practices arranged by these two paradigms, the analysis of their differences points to the paradigmatically opposing views on human development, learning and education. Although both Drama in Education and Dialogic Pedagogy claim to deeply, fully and ontologically engage the learners in the process of education, they do it for different purposes and with diametrically opposite ways of treating the students and their relationship to the world, each other and their own developing selves.
Making the Best of It? Human Resource Management Practices in Universities of Azad Jammu & Kashmir
Authors: Ashraf Shagufta , Hussain Iftikhar , Malik Masood Ahmed
Published: February 2016

Pakistan is one of those developing countries, whose literacy rate is very low. It is in a dire need of providing high quality educational facilities to the university students. In today’s competitive world, highly educated and technical human resources are required to manage and operate developmental infrastructure. It is only possible through universities having high educational standards and faculty members with strong organizational commitment. The aim of the current study is to find out that, is there a significant relationship between HRM practices implemented and the ranking of universities and to compare HRM practices namely, job definition, training and development, compensation, team work, employee participation, performance appraisal and Promotion Practices in AJKU and MIU of Azad Kashmir. The data were collected through questionnaire comprising of 38 items namely job definition, training, compensation, team work, employee participation, promotion practices and performance appraisal. Overall sample was 44, Overall sample was comprised of 44 executives (Directors/Heads of Departments) selected randomly from AJKU and MIU of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Collected data were analyzed by applying descriptive and inferential statistical techniques.
The Relationship between Value Domains and Subjective Well-Being of Employees: Evidence from Turkey
Authors: Özdemir Aytül Ayşe
Published: February 2016

The main purposes of this study were to examine Turkish employee’s value preferences and to explore the relation between the preferences of value domains and subjective well-being. The study conducted on 145 employees working in private organizations indicated that universalism, benevolence, conformity, self-direction are the most strongly endorsed value domains by Turkish employees. It was found that achievement, hedonism and stimulation correlated positively with positive affect. Benevolence and tradition correlated negatively with positive affect. Universalism made a negative, tradition do a positive effect on life satisfaction. Suggestions for future research are explored.
Minimum Wage and Unemployment in Greek Labour Market: A Descriptive Analysis
Authors: Karamanis Kostas , Naxakis Charis
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the minimum wage level and the rates of unemployment and employment in the Greek labour market. More specifically, this study analyses the evolution of the minimum wage during the period 2000-2013 and also whether these changes have really affected the unemployment and employment rates or not. The main conclusion of our study supports several other studies conclusions suggesting that the level of minimum wage in Greece did not really affect the unemployment and employment rates. The views of economists on effect of the establishing of minimum wages are quite contradictory. The evaluation of relationship between labour market and minimum wage rate is either positive or negative or even not related at all, depending on the assumptions about characteristics of labour market.
How to Remove the Retroauricular Driveline in the Jarvik 2000 after Heart Transplantation
Authors: Gallo Michele , Bortolussi Giacomo , Bejko Jonida , Tarzia Vincenzo , Gerosa Gino , Bottio Tomaso
Published: February 2016

The Jarvik 2000 is a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) used as either a bridge-to-transplant or destination therapy with the possibility of retroauricular percutaneous power delivery (pedestal). Percutaneous driveline infection in LVAD is a life-threatening complication that affects both the quality and length of life in patients. With its rigid fixation to the bone, the pedestal and the vascularity of scalp skin promote healing and reduce the risk of drive-line infection. We describe a technique to remove the skull-mounted percutaneous pedestal of the Jarvik 2000 after heart transplantation.
Drafting Biological Material Transfer Agreement: A Ready-To-Sign Model for Biobanks and Biorepositories
Authors: Cervo Silvia , De Paoli Paolo , Mestroni Ermes , Perin Tiziana , Escoffier Luca , Canzonieri Vincenzo , Steffan Agostino
Published: February 2016

Purpose

Due to the scarcity of publications, guidelines, and harmonization among national regulations, biobanks and institutions face practical and theoretical issues when drafting a material transfer agreement (MTA), the fundamental tool to regulate the successful exchange of biosamples and information. Frequently researchers do not execute MTAs because of a general lack of knowledge about this topic. It is thus critical to develop new models to prevent loss of traceability and opportunities both for researchers and biobanks, their exposure to various risks, and delays in transferring biomaterials.

Methods

Through the involvement of institutional groups and professionals with multidisciplinary expertise, we have drawn up a ready-to-sign MTA for the CRO-Biobank (the biobank of the National Cancer Institute, CRO, Aviano), a standardized template that can be employed as a ready-to-use model agreement.

Results

The team identified the essential components to be included in the MTA, which comprise i) permissions, liability and representations; ii) custodianship and distribution limitations; iii) appropriate use of materials, including biosafety concerns; iv) confidentiality, non-disclosure, and publications; v) intellectual property protection for both the provider and recipient.

Conclusions

This paper aims to be an unabridged report (among the few works in the existing literature) providing a description of the whole process related to the formation of an MTA. Biobanks and institutions may consider adopting our ready-to-sign form as a standard model. The article discusses the most important issues tackled during the drafting of the document, thus proposing an operative approach for other institutions that face the same problems.
ELEMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS QUE INCIDEN EN LA ENSEÑANZA –APRENDIZAJE DEL ESPAÑOL EN ESTUDIANTES DE PRIMER GRADO, BILWI, RAAN
Authors: Bello Fenly Petronila , Gutiérrez Guillermo Maritza
Published: February 2016

Este estudio se realizó en la escuela de Educación Especial “Hermana Maureen Courtney”, año 2010, Bilwi, RAAN, Nicaragua. Aporta información respecto a los elementos metodológicos que inciden en la enseñanza del español en los estudiantes del primer grado de la Escuela de Educación Especial. Se utilizó la metodología descriptivo- cualitativa, de corte transversal porque es un estudio sincrónico. Se observó el desarrollo de algunas clases de español, se aplicaron entrevistas abiertas a estudiantes, docentes y subdirectora. Entre los resultado se observó que la docente utilizó una metodología tradicional basada en el método silábico y parte del método fonético-analítico-sintético (FAS), incluyendo la tradicionalidad en la organización del aula, es decir una formación de estudiantes sentados en hileras. Además es poca la utilización de medios y materiales didácticos y casi ausencia en la motivación. Consideramos de importancia esta investigación para el fortalecimiento de la enseñanza del español en Educación Especial. Por esta razón se recomienda profundizar en esta temática en futuras investigaciones, lo que ayudará a una mayor sensibilización y mejora de la calidad en la docencia. SUMMARY This study was conducted at the Special Educational School "Sister Maureen Courtney", during the year 2010, in Bilwi, RAAN, Nicaragua. It provides information regarding the methodological elements that affects the teaching of Spanish in the first grade students of the Special Educational School. We used a descriptive-qualitative methodology, cross-sectional because it is a synchronic study. We observed the development of some Spanish lessons and interviews were applied to students, teachers and subdirector. Among the results it showed that the teacher used a traditional methodology based on the syllable and phonics-analytic-synthetic methods (FAS), including traditionality in classroom organization, namely, making students to sit in rows. Furthermore there is little use of media and materials and almost no motivation. We consider this research important for strengthening the teaching of Spanish in Special Education. For this reason it is recommended to deepen this issue in future researches, which will help raise awareness and improve the teaching quality.
Eficiencia Terminal en programas de licenciatura, URACCAN Bilwi 1995 -2005
Authors: García Solórzano Argentina , Tom Earl
Published: February 2016

Se estudió la Eficiencia Terminal en el período 1995 – 2005 en la URACCAN Bilwi, describiéndose algunos factores que inciden en el bajo porcentaje de titulación. La investigación realizada es cuantitativa. Tiene un carácter documental y descriptivo. Las técnicas aplicadas fueron la encuesta a los egresados y la revisión documental por medio de las estadísticas de registro académico. Entre los hallazgos se destaca que en la URACCAN Bilwi, de 1628 estudiantes que ingresaron durante el período estudiado se graduaron 752, lo que significa el 38% de índice de Eficiencia Terminal a pesar de los planes de seguimiento y atención implementados para agilizar los procesos de graduación. El estudio aporta el índice de eficiencia alcanzado, factores por los cuales los egresados no han logrado la Eficiencia Terminal, cómo se han facilitado las nuevas estrategias, así la propuesta de un conjunto de medidas correctivas para mejorar los índices de Eficiencia Terminal. SUMMARY Graduation rate was studied in the period 1995 - 2005 in URACCAN Bilwi, describing some factors that affect the low percentage of degree. The research is quantitative. It has a documentary and descriptive character. The techniques were applied through surveys to graduates and document review through academic registry statistics. Among the findings we emphasize that in the URACCAN-Bilwi, from a total of 1,628 students admitted during the period that was analyzed, 752 graduated, which means 38% of graduation rate, despite monitoring plans that were implemented to maximize the graduation processes. The study contributed to the efficiency rate achieved, factors why graduates have failed terminal efficiency, how we have facilitated new strategies as well as a proposal with a set of corrective measures to improve terminal efficiency rates.
Hijas todas, madres algunas…
Authors: Francis Smith Juliana , Samqui Chang Eva
Published: February 2016

Desde un abordaje feminista se profundiza en las relaciones madres e hijas visibilizadas y valoradas como apertura a la inclusión y democratización de las relaciones de poder entre mujeres y hombres, así como al interior desde ellas. Se aporta sobre las decisiones de las mujeres en su crecimiento profesional y gestión de conocimientos a partir de sus propias experiencias. El enfoque metodológico fue cualitativo en sus niveles descriptivo e interpretativo con el análisis de 10 casos donde existe la relación madre e hija en su calidad de feministas y activistas del Movimiento de Mujeres en Managua, Masaya y Bilwi, con un corte transversal que corresponde de Junio 2009 a Julio 2010. Se caracterizaron las rupturas de mandatos de género sobre la jerarquización, poder, procesos de identidad y asignación de roles de madres e hijas en instancias organizativas y laborales, se priorizaron los testimonios de las mujeres que laboran en ONG’s nacionales e internacionales. En conclusión, la ruptura de los mandatos de género se han dado de una generación a otra, las madres de hoy establecieron con sus madres relaciones donde prevaleció la autoridad y el respeto a costa del criterio propio. Las hijas de hoy afirman que las relaciones con sus madres  son más horizontales y más cercanas como mujeres con consciencia de género. Summary This study is made from a feminist approach in order to make visible and know how to deepen the relationship between mothers and daughters as an opening to the inclusion and democratization of power relations between men and women , as well as from within them. The research contributes to women decisions in terms of their professional growth and knowledge management from their own experiences. The methodology used was qualitative based on a descriptive and interpretative analysis of 10 cases where there is a mother-daughter relationship as a feminist and activist of the Women's Movement in Managua, Masaya and Bilwi, with a cross section corresponding from June 2009 to July 2010. We characterized the ruptures on gender hierarchy, power, identity processes and assignment of roles of mothers and daughters in organizative and laboral instances. The testimonies of women who work in national and international NGO's were prioritized.In conclusion, the rupture of gender mandates have been given from one generation to another; the mothers of today established relationships with their mothers where authority and respect prevails above any other thing. The daughters of today claim that their relationships with their mothers are more horizontal and closer as women with a gender-awareness.
Prólogo No.15(2)
Authors: Hooker Alta
Published: February 2016

Este volumen No. 15 presenta una compilación estructurada en 7 secciones temáticas, las cuales comprenden 10 artículos.
LA FORMACIÓN DE PROFESORES DE MATEMÁTICA DESDE EL ÁMBITO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD COMUNITARIA INTERCULTURAL
Authors: Flores López William Oswaldo
Published: February 2016

En este artículo se analizó la relación entre la formación de profesores de matemática con las funciones sustantivas de la Universidad Comunitaria Intercultural. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo con un enfoque hermenéutico donde se realizó un análisis de contenido de libros, artículos científicos, artículos de prensa, leyes, currículo y programas de formación de profesores, políticas y normas institucionales. Los resultados certifican que la educación y la formación de profesores de matemáticas desde el ámbito de la Universidad Comunitaria Intercultural, se convierte en un sistema de práctica compartida entre la universidad, la comunidad, el Estado, la sociedad civil organizada y el sector productivo y empresarial. Todo este planteamiento nos permite avalar la necesidad de formar profesores de matemáticas desde la perspectiva de comunidades de aprendizaje; creación y recreación de conocimientos, saberes y prácticas; estrategia de acompañamiento e incidencia social y comunitaria; gestión y comunicación intercultural para el desarrollo institucional; cooperación, solidaridad y complementariedad nacional e internacional.
LA ORTOGRAFÍA ACENTUAL EN LA LENGUA MISKITU: ENRIQUECIMIENTO DE LA EDUCACIÓN INTERCULTURAL BILINGÜE
Authors: Morales Quant Ruby , Padilla Brown Marcos , Zapata Webb Yuri
Published: February 2016

El estudio se realizó en diez comunidades: cinco del Wangki, municipio de Waspam  y en localidades de hablantes Tawira de Puerto Cabezas. Participaron un  total de 109 personas entre hombres y mujeres. Su propósito fue demostrar que la  acentuación es plurifonética y no monofonética, como se ha estado considerando hasta este momento. A pesar de que la ortografía acentual del Idioma Español no tiene concordancia  lingüística ni gramatical con la del miskitu, ha sido la base referencial  para el estudio, lo cual permitió hacer adaptaciones al sistema de acentuación de  la lengua en cuestión.      La metodología es cualitativa y participativa en la que se aplicaron entrevistas, diálogo, asamblea, cultos de oración, programas radiales y  consultas bibliográficas. Como la mayoría de las fuentes no saben leer se utilizaron láminas y objetos concretos. Este estudio, además de servirle a los docentes de educación bilingüe, les será de mucha utilidad a investigadores de la cultura de pueblos indígenas como la del miskitu,  a  traductores del español al  idioma miskitu o viceversa, porque además de la acentuación se le brinda información sobre el uso correcto del circunflejo, que en muchos escritos se ha aplicado incorrectamente.
Prólogo 5(2) 2009
Authors: Blandford Alta Hooker
Published: February 2016

CIENCIA E INTERCULTURALIDAD, Volumen 5, Año 2, No. 2, Diciembre 2009
IDENTIDAD Y DESPLAZAMIENTO LINGÜÍSTICO EN LA COMUNIDAD DE WASAKÍN, MUNICIPIO DE RO SITA, R.A.A.N.
Authors: Gomez Elroy Frank
Published: February 2016

Se inquirieron los cambios identitarios y lingüísticos de la lengua thuahka al miskitu en Wasakin, una de las diez variantes lingüísticas que antes existían en “la gran familia sumu”, fenómeno sociolingüístico de realce en la modernización y los procesos globalizantes. El pueblo de Wasakín desciende de los sumu-mayagnas, está anclado en el municipio de Rosita, Región Autónoma Atlántico Norte, RAAN. El método de abordaje fueron las entrevistas semi-estructuradas, período del 2004 al 2006. Se apuntaló el uso de un ‘mapa de movilidad’, instrumento referencial en la investigación sociolingüística de la Academia Británica[3], a través del cual se registraron los puentes comunicativos que se suponen en contextos multilingües. Entre los resultados se describe la identidad y los cambios culturales, en especial el sociolingüístico y la actitud en los hablantes tuahka, acerca del fenómeno de desplazamiento de la lengua, y cómo se percibe en relación con la identidad cultural de Wasakín. Se concluye que por las diversas presiones políticas-sociales y la desvalorización de la lengua tuahka frente al miskitu y al panamahka, tal cual lo demuestra la jerarquía etnolingüística de la Costa Caribe, el rescate y revitalización de la lengua tuahka aunque es remota, implica afrontar profundos retos interculturales que se le plantean al Sistema Educativo Autonómico Regional (SEAR). Palabras claves: identidad cultural; diglosia; poliglosia; contextos multilingües; jerarquía lingüística CIENCIA E INTERCULTURALIDAD, Volumen 6, año 3 No. 1 Enero-Junio 2010, 10-25
Estado de la biodiversidad terrestre de la Región Autónoma Atlántico Sur (RAAS), Nicaragua
Authors: Jordan Christopher A , Hulse Kirkman Roe
Published: February 2016

La Región Autónoma Atlántico Sur (RAAS) de Nicaragua aparece con frecuencia en la literatura académica a raíz de su alta diversidad cultural y biológica, y por su reconocimiento como uno de los últimos lugares remotos del mundo. No obstante, la biodiversidad terrestre de la región carece de representación en las publicaciones científicas, las cuales se limitan a perspectivas generales no basadas en datos científicos, estudios de la etnobotánica e investigaciones sobre la deforestación o regeneración del bosque. Este artículo presenta un informe de los resultados preliminares de una investigación sobre la diversidad de los mamíferos y aves terrestres, basada en el uso de cámaras con sensores de movimiento. Asimismo, se refiere tanto la literatura histórica como la literatura contemporánea de la zona para explorar las implicaciones potenciales. La evidencia sugiere que la recopilación de datos básicos sobre la biodiversidad regional debe ser una prioridad en la etapa actual, durante la cual varias fuerzas locales y globales van conectando y cambiando la Costa Caribe; convirtiéndola en un lugar no tan remoto, y sí sostenible y amigable a la fauna silvestre como aparece en la mayoría de la literatura.
ECONOMÍA INDÍGENA EN LA COMUNIDAD SIKILTA, MUNICIPIO DE SIUNA, RAAN
Authors: García Izaguirre Pio Alejandro , Arguello Mendieta Saida De los Ángeles
Published: February 2016

La URACCAN, Recinto Las Minas ha emprendido acciones de fomento a la investigación en diversas áreas. El estudio Economía Indígena en la Comunidad de Sikilta (palmera), Siuna 2007- 2010, es parte de ese proceso.La comunidad está situada en el territorio mayangna de Sauni Bas, al noroeste del área urbana, río Uly arriba a 33 km, forma parte de la Reserva Biósfera de Bosawás (RBB) y Jinotega. Tiene una población de 155 familias, 780 indígenas, distribuida en 43,200 hectáreas (432 km.2), fundada en 1818, hay acceso por vía acuática y caminos sinuosos.Los objetivos plantean identificar, describir renglones, percepción del pueblo y propuestas para mejorarla. En las metodologías y técnicas  se realizaron entrevistas, grupos focales y observación, propias de la antropología cultural, para conocer la cultura económica. La investigación es de carácter social cualitativa con trabajo de gabinete y campo.La economía se caracteriza por ser de “subsistencia y autoconsumo”, basada en la agricultura, siembran (2/3, 3/4, 1/2, 1 manzana, 50, 100 plantas) por familia; además se dedican a la ganadería, artesanía, maderas, caza, pesca y recolección.La cultura no ha cambiado los renglones económicos, antes cultivaban banano, yuca, pijibay, ahora igual, y granos básicos en lo mínimo. Perpetúan actividades ancestrales, esto ha provocado pobreza.Aplican la reciprocidad e intercambio (“Biri Biri”) entre algunas familias, considerado un remanente del pasado, la práctica es selectiva, favorece a estratos vulnerables la distribución de bienes intracomunitarios y que fue costumbre del pasado.Conservan la identidad y es visible las consecuencias en bienestar material, la propuesta indígena consiste en buscar apoyo para el rubro agropecuario, comercio, educación, salud y viviendas.Palabras claves: Economía indígena; renglones de economía; bienestar económico; percepción económica; alternativa económica.CIENCIA E INTERCULTURALIDAD Volumen 8, año 4 No. 1 Erero - Julio 2011 pp.77-95
Conflictos territoriales en la comunidad de Wasakín, municipio de Rosita, Región Autónoma Atlántico Norte (RAAN)
Authors: García Izaguirre Pio Alejandro
Published: February 2016

Este estudio de caso sobre conflictos territoriales en la comunidad de Wasakín, municipio de Rosita Región Autónoma Atlántico Norte (RAAN), fue descriptivo, en el análisis y valoración a dichos problemas hasta el año 2006, se han descrito las consecuencias y propuestas  para darle salida al conflicto. Es un estudio de caso de Antropología Cultural, con el  auxilio de las ciencias de la Etnografía, Historia, y Geografía para estudiar conflictos ocasionados por el recurso  tierra.Los resultados revelan que el principal factor de los conflictos lo han constituido los mestizos procedentes del Pacífico y Centro de Nicaragua, que llegaron  entre 1916, 1957,  en busca de mejores condiciones de vida. A partir de entonces, se han generado otras olas migratorias (1990), que han provocado conflictos socio-ambientales por la competencia de los recursos, la tierra, bosques, ríos y en contextos de relaciones sociales asimétricas. En lo político, los conflictos han tenido sus raíces en el Estado Nacional por el irrespeto e incumplimiento a los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, al ceder la explotación de los recursos naturales por extranjeros, principalmente por la ausencia de delimitación y titulación formal de sus territorios. SummaryThis study of territorial conflicts in Wasakin community, municipality of Rosita, North Autonomous Atlantic Region (RAAN), was mainly descriptive; the analysis and assessment of such problems until 2006, have described the consequences and proposals to be able to find a solution to the conflict. It is a case study of Cultural Anthropology, with the assistance of the sciences of Ethnography, History, and Geography to study conflicts that are caused by land resource.The results reveal that the main factor of conflicts have been the Mestizos from the Pacific of Nicaragua, who arrived between 1916 and 1957, seeking for better living conditions. Since then, other waves of immigration have been created (1990), which have caused social and environmental conflicts for the competition of resources, land, forests, and rivers in an asymmetric social context. Politically, the conflicts have been rooted in the national government due to the disrespect and violation of the rights of indigenous peoples, by handing over the exploitation of natural resources to foreigners, mainly by the absence of formal demarcation and titling of their territories.
Sistemas de Producción Agrosilvopastoril de la “Quinta El Quiosco”
Authors: Meza Baltodano Juan Ramón , Meza López Byron Rafael
Published: February 2016

El presente ensayo muestra un análisis del sistema de producción tipo silvopastoril de la unidad productiva llamada “Quinta el Quiosco. El objetivo fue evaluar diferentes aspectos del sistema de producción y la relación entre los componentes del sistema, calcular el aporte económico obtenido, y detectar el rol y la integración de la mujer como generadora de ingresos y finalmente algunas alternativas propuestas por el productor antes los cambios en el clima. Metodológicamente se aplicó un diagnóstico de sistemas de producción usando la técnica de análisis documental y visitas de campo. Se encontró que la unidad productiva muestra un Sistema Agrosilvopastoril urbano con cierto grado de coherencia interna que genera suficientes ingresos para la manutención de la familia Lezama. La integración de la mujer es notoria en este sistema como generadora de ingresos y sustento del hogar. La variabilidad climática presentada en los últimos años conllevo al productor a tomar medidas alternas para contrarrestar los efectos ambientales en su producción.REICE Vol.3(6) 2015: 180-193
O estudo trilateral (OMPI, OMC E OMS) e a promoção do acesso à saúde
Authors: Mendes Dany Rafael Fonseca , Nogueira Tatiana Siqueira , De Oliveira Michel Angelo Constantino
Published: February 2016

Este trabalho possui como objetivo a análise do estudo trilateral elaborado pela Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual, Organização Mundial do Comércio e Organização Mundial da Saúde, relacionando a propriedade intelectual, o comércio internacional e a saúde pública, cujo escopo visa à promoção do acesso a novas tecnologias médicas, principalmente pelas populações mais pobres, para que, com isso, a população global alcance o mais alto nível de saúde possível. O estudo em referência é uma resposta a uma demanda crescente, especialmente em relação aos países de baixo desenvolvimento relativo, por desenvolvimento, por fortalecimento de suas capacidades para definir políticas nas áreas de intersecção entre saúde, comércio e propriedade intelectual, possibilitando, com isso, acesso e inovação de medicamentos e de outras tecnologias médicas. Para tanto, nesta pesquisa, foi elaborado um estudo a respeito das três organizações, suas origens, funcionamentos e principais atribuições. Além disso, o presente artigo aborda acerca de outros aspectos contidos no estudo trilateral, como os papéis de cada uma das organizações, a carga global de doenças, o desafio essencial para a política de saúde, a relação entre inovação e dimensões de acesso, além de outros temas abordados pelo estudo trilateral.
Cassiodoro e as Institutiones Divinarum Litterarum como fonte histórica para a discussão sobre práticas bibliográficas e organização do conhecimento
Authors: Crippa Giulia
Published: February 2016

Introdução: A Ciência da Informação discute o acesso e uso da Informação. No âmbito de tais discussões, consideramos que a Bibliografia representa um dos alicerces, em quanto metadisciplina, para o tratamento dos documentos. Se observada pela perspectiva do “gesto bibliográfico”, percebe-se que sua história é bem anterior à invenção da impressão dos livros, podendo ser individualizada em seus elementos principais em um tratado do VI século, o De Institutione Divinaruam Litterarum de Cassiodoro (c. 490-c. 584).

Objetivos: Reconstituir historicamente a recorrência de problemas informacionais enfrentando-os de um ponto de vista intelectual, através de uma fonte histórica, o De Institutione Divinarum Litterarum, de natureza Bibliográfica, através da trajetória de uma reorganização dos saberes e dos registros pagãos e cristãos em um percurso dos conhecimentos considerados não somente legítimos, bem como estruturais para a sociedade. Para tanto, observam-se alguns aspectos da obra de Cassiodoro, enquanto dispositivo de seleção, organização e mediação informacional.

Metodologia: Revisão da literatura e leitura das fontes.

Resultados: Primeira tentativa de sistematização da literatura patrística (à qual o próprio Cassiodoro deu uma contribuição notável, com a composição de um imponente Comentário aos Salmos), os nove capítulos do De Institutione Divinarum Litterarum são um livro feito por livros, entre os autores canônicos da literatura religiosa, um elenco das obras consideradas essenciais na escalada para o conhecimento divino, tendo sua presença justificada pela criação de um programa de educação cristã e sua materialidade descrita. O texto é completado por comentários dedicados à escrita e à tradução delineados com poucos e claros tratos.
Conclusões: O De Institutione Divinarum Litterarum é um texto que revela as múltiplas facetas de um dispositivo da cultura manuscrita, preocupada com sua presença física na biblioteca e com a dimensão filosófica do conhecimento, explicitando os aspectos descritivos e semânticos dos documentos e dos saberes, contribuindo, nos termos de uma história que se torna antropologia na medida em que estuda o gesto bibliográfico, para as dimensões conceituais das disciplinas bibliográficas contemporâneas.
Perceptions of Non-native EFL Teachers’ on L1 Use in L2 Classrooms: Implications for Language Program Development
Authors: Debreli Emre
Published: February 2016

The study of L1 (first language) use in L2 (second language) classrooms has long received attention in the literature. Despite the considerable amount of research that has been conducted on the phenomenon, the focus has often been on the advantages and disadvantages. Considerably, less research has been conducted regarding the non-native L2 teachers’ perceptions of when L1 use is required. More importantly, there has been little research on the limitations faced by non-native EFL (English as a Foreign Language) teachers because of the strong English-only policies they have to follow. The present study explored the perceptions of non-native EFL teachers’ towards the existing English-only policies in their institutions. The teachers’ perceptions of when L1 should or should not be used in L2 classrooms were also of interest. Fifty-four non-native teachers of EFL from English preparatory schools of four universities in Northern Cyprus participated in the study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Analysis of the data indicated that all of the participating teachers were inclined to use L1 in their L2 classrooms for a variety of reasons. Further, it is found that teachers were affected negatively and were restricted in certain issues as a result of having to follow strict English-only policies at their institutions. Implications for program development are discussed here.
Beginselen van procesrecht en de hoogste rechter: mag, moet en gaat de Hoge Raad ooit in dialoog met het EHRM?
Authors: de Groot G.
Published: February 2016

Beginselen van procesrecht en de hoogste rechter: mag, moet en gaat de Hoge Raad ooit in dialoog met het EHRM?

Het procesrecht kent diverse instrumenten om de dialoog tussen rechterlijke instanties te bevorderen. De dialoog tussen nationale rechters enerzijds en HvJ EU en EHRM anderzijds is onder meer van belang voor effectieve grondrechtenbescherming in Nederland. Met het zestiende protocol bij het EVRM kan, als het voor Nederland in werking treedt, naar verwachting de dialoog tussen rechters in Nederland en het EHRM verder worden ontwikkeld.
L’association des dimensions de l’orientation sexuelle, du harcèlement et du suicide : quelles minorités sexuelles sont les plus à risque ?
Authors: Montoro Richard , Thombs Brett , Igartua Karine J.
Published: February 2016

Le but de cette étude était de comparer l’association de l’intimidation avec l’idée suicidaire, la planification et la tentative de suicide, chez les élèves hétérosexuels sans attirance ou comportement envers le même sexe, les élèves hétérosexuels avec attirance ou comportement envers le même sexe et les élèves non hétérosexuels. Un total de 1852 élèves âgés de 14 à 18 ans, de 14 écoles publiques et privées de Montréal ont été interrogés anonymement. Les éléments du sondage ont évalué les dimensions de l’orientation sexuelle, les comportements à risque pour la santé, le harcèlement et les paramètres de suicide. En analyse multivariée, le groupe de référence était les élèves hétérosexuels sans attirance ou comportement envers le même sexe et n’ayant subi aucune intimidation. Lorsque les élèves avaient été victimes d’intimidation, ils étaient plus susceptibles d’avoir des idées suicidaires (rapport des chances [RC] = 2,11, intervalle de confiance [IC] 95 % = 1,52 à 2,92), mais pas plus susceptibles d’avoir eu des tentatives de suicide. Les élèves non hétérosexuels étaient deux fois plus susceptibles d’avoir des idées suicidaires lorsque non victimes d’intimidation (RC = 2,35, IC 95 % = 1,24 à 4,48) et quatre fois plus susceptibles lorsque qu’il y avait eu intimidation (RC = 4,44, IC 95 % = 2,26 à 8,72). De même pour les tentatives de suicide, elles n’étaient pas à risque accru sans intimidation, mais elles étaient presque trois fois plus nombreuses lorsqu’il y avait intimidation (RC = 2,87, IC 95 % = 1,43 à 5,78). La principale conclusion de cette étude est que la différence de risque suicidaire entre les élèves victimes et non victimes d’intimidation était de loin la plus grande chez les élèves ayant une identité non hétérosexuelle.
Le rôle du soutien parental dans la relation entre la victimisation homophobe, l’homophobie intériorisée et la détresse psychologique chez les jeunes de minorités sexuelles (JMS) : une approche de médiation modérée
Authors: Bergeron Félix-Antoine , Blais Martin , Hébert Martine
Published: February 2016

Cet article explore le rôle modérateur du soutien parental dans les relations entre la victimisation homophobe, l’homophobie intériorisée et la détresse psychologique chez des jeunes de minorités sexuelles (JMS), que l’on dit aussi lesbiennes, gais, bisexuels ou en questionnement. Il vise à 1) documenter la prévalence des différentes formes de victimisation homophobe vécue par les JMS, et ce, selon le genre et l’âge ; et 2) explorer l’effet modérateur du soutien parental dans la relation entre la victimisation homophobe, l’homophobie intériorisée et la détresse psychologique. Un échantillon de 228 JMS âgés de 14 à 22 ans, non exclusivement hétérosexuels, recrutés en milieu communautaire dans le cadre de l’enquête sur le Parcours amoureux des jeunes (PAJ) du Québec a été analysé. L’impact de la victimisation homophobe, du soutien parental, de l’homophobie intériorisée sur la détresse psychologique est exploré par un modèle de régression linéaire avec effets de modération et de médiation. Le rôle modérateur du soutien parental est confirmé dans la relation entre la victimisation homophobe et la détresse psychologique. Ces variables peuvent constituer des leviers pour prévenir les effets négatifs des préjudices homophobes sur la santé mentale des JMS.
Les enjeux de santé mentale chez les aînés gais et lesbiennes
Authors: Beauchamp Julie , Chamberland Line
Published: February 2016

La plupart des gais et lesbiennes aînés ont été marqués dans leur trajectoire de vie par des expériences de discrimination et de stigmatisation reliées à leur orientation sexuelle. Ces expériences négatives peuvent avoir eu des impacts sur leur parcours de vie et sur leur santé mentale. Même si, actuellement, la majorité des aînés gais et lesbiennes ont et maintiennent une bonne santé mentale, il ressort des études que les personnes non hétérosexuelles sont plus à risque de développer certains problèmes tels que l’anxiété, la dépression, les idéations suicidaires et la consommation excessive d’alcool et d’autres substances. Cet article présente les facteurs pouvant fragiliser la santé mentale des aînés gais et lesbiennes, soit la victimisation et l’exposition à diverses formes de préjudices au cours du parcours de vie, la gestion continue du dévoilement ou de la dissimulation de l’orientation sexuelle, le degré d’homophobie intériorisée ainsi que la solitude ; et les facteurs potentiels de protection tels que les capacités de résilience, le réseau social et le soutien social. Cet article conclut sur les implications quant à la prise en compte des besoins propres aux aînés gais et lesbiennes. Des recommandations sont mises de l’avant dans une perspective de reconnaissance des enjeux touchant les aînés gais et lesbiennes, et d’amélioration des services qui leur sont offerts.
Nanoscale dynamics of synaptic vesicle trafficking and fusion at the presynaptic active zone
Authors: Vaithianathan Thirumalini , Henry Diane , Akmentin Wendy , Matthews Gary
Published: February 2016

The cytomatrix at the active zone (CAZ) is a macromolecular complex that facilitates the supply of release-ready synaptic vesicles to support neurotransmitter release at synapses. To reveal the dynamics of this supply process in living synapses, we used super-resolution imaging to track single vesicles at voltage-clamped presynaptic terminals of retinal bipolar neurons, whose CAZ contains a specialized structure—the synaptic ribbon—that supports both fast, transient and slow, sustained modes of transmission. We find that the synaptic ribbon serves a dual function as a conduit for diffusion of synaptic vesicles and a platform for vesicles to fuse distal to the plasma membrane itself, via compound fusion. The combination of these functions allows the ribbon-type CAZ to achieve the continuous transmitter release required by synapses of neurons that carry tonic, graded visual signals in the retina.
Large-scale microtubule networks contract quite well
Authors: Belmonte Julio M , Nédélec François
Published: February 2016

The quantitative investigation of how networks of microtubules contract can boost our understanding of actin biology.
Synthesis and nanorod growth of n-type phthalocyanine on ultrathin metal films by chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Koshiba Yasuko , Nishimoto Mihoko , Misawa Asuka , Misaki Masahiro , Ishida Kenji
Published: February 2016

The thermal behavior of 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (TCNB), the synthesis of metal-2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octacyanophthalocyanine–metal [MPc(CN)8–M] (M = Cu, Fe, Ni) complexes by the tetramerization of TCNB, and the growth of MPc(CN)8–M nanorods were investigated. By chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in vacuum, MPc(CN)8 molecules were synthesized and MPc(CN)8–M nanorods were formed on all substrates. Among them, CuPc(CN)8 molecules were synthesized in high yield, and CuPc(CN)8–Cu nanorods were deposited uniformly and in high density, with diameters and lengths of 70–110 and 200–700 nm, respectively. The differences in the growth of MPc(CN)8–M nanorods were mainly attributed to the stability of the MPc(CN)8–M complex, the oxidation of ultrathin metal films, and the diffusion of metal atoms. Additionally, the tetramerization of TCNB by CVD at atmospheric pressure was performed on ultrathin Cu films, and the synthesis of CuPc(CN)8 molecules was observed by in situ UV–vis spectroscopy. CVD under atmospheric pressure is also useful for the synthesis of CuPc(CN)8 molecules.
Using Natural Experiments to Test Environmental Mediation Hypotheses
Authors: L. Rutter Michael , Thapar Anita
Published: February 2016

Concepts of causation are discussed, as are alternative explanations of an association other than causation. Nine types of genetically sensitive natural experiments are described, together with their assumptions and limitations. Social selection biases can be dealt with by designs involving the universal introduction or removal of risks. The use of instrumental variables is discussed in relation to early puberty, China's one‐child policy, and Mendelian randomization. Regression discontinuity designs are described as a way of dealing with confounders. We end by considering whether natural experiments are really needed, and we conclude that they are. We note that natural experiment opportunities are widely available and do not constitute a discrete number of designs.
Developmental Models and Mechanisms for Understanding the Effects of Early Experiences on Psychological Development
Authors: O'Connor Thomas G.
Published: February 2016

Understanding how and why early exposure to stress may have lasting effects on behavior and biology is fundamental to developmental study of psychopathology. Significant progress in this area has been made since the previous volume, in terms of the quality and quantity of findings and the types of research targets. This chapter reviews illustrative and intriguing findings in this large and diverse area of study. Key sections of the chapter aim to outline and differentiate leading developmental models for testing hypotheses concerning early experience and psychological development; to identify leading mechanisms that may account for a carrying forward of effects in development; to articulate methodological challenges for clinical and translational research for current and future investigation; to review select model systems and research paradigms that have risen to prominence in this area; to discuss intervention studies that have shaped the early experience debate and in clinical and public contexts; and to target future directions for clinical and translational research. Although evidence from animal studies plays a prominent role, research findings from human studies are particularly emphasized.
Attachment and Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Fearon R. M. Pasco , Groh Ashley M. , Bakermans‐Kranenburg Marian J. , van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Roisman Glenn I.
Published: February 2016

This chapter examines the conceptual and empirical contributions of attachment theory to the field of developmental psychopathology. It reviews the major elements and methods of attachment theory and research, and considers current evidence regarding (1) the environmental and genetic determinants of attachment, (2) short‐ and long‐term continuity in attachment processes, (3) the association between attachment and emerging psychopathology, (4) candidate mediating mechanisms conveying risk, and (5) the efficacy of attachment‐focused interventions. We end with a consideration of the broader relevance of attachment theory for understanding the process and mechanisms of change in psychological therapies. We conclude that attachment represents a coherent and generally well‐supported developmental construct, which is of great potential value as a framework for prevention and intervention. We also highlight several key outstanding issues and qualifications regarding the measurement of attachment, the scope and limits of its effects on children's outcomes, and unresolved scientific issues regarding causal mechanisms.
Evolutionary Foundations of Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Giudice Marco Del , Ellis Bruce J.
Published: February 2016

In this chapter we situate developmental psychopathology in an evolutionary perspective and demonstrate how the discipline can benefit by embracing modern biological theory. We begin by presenting the integrative approach of evolutionary‐developmental psychology and exploring the interplay between adaptation and maladaptation in the origin of disorders. We then review a host of recent theoretical developments that address the organization of individual differences, the nature of environmental risk, the role of early stress, the nature of gene–environment interactions, the classification of mental disorders, and many other critical issues. Together, these contributions paint the contours of an integrative theory of human development and provide a sophisticated evolutionary foundation for developmental psychopathology. We aim to show that, far from undermining the tenets of developmental psychopathology, the evolutionary framework we describe supports all its core principles while also extending them, clarifying their underlying logic, and connecting them at a deeper level than previously possible.
Differential Susceptibility to Environmental Influences
Authors: Belsky Jay , Pluess Michael
Published: February 2016

The notion that developmental experiences and environmental exposures shape individual development is central to most theorizing about human development and implies that humans are generally characterized by developmental plasticity. Evolutionary‐biological reasoning suggests that such plasticity in development carries substantial costs and in some cases increases the risk for maladaptive developmental outcomes. Consequently, application of evolutionary thinking to the phenomenon of developmental plasticity leads to the conclusion that individuals should vary in their degree of plasticity to balance associated risks and benefits. This notion has been conceptualized in the framework ofdifferential susceptibility, which posits that some people are generally more susceptible to environmental influences than others. After presenting a detailed evolutionary rational for differential susceptibility, the latest empirical evidence for the hypothesized variability in developmental plasticity is reviewed before discussing new research questions stimulated by the application of differential susceptibility reasoning to human development.