bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation of ocular lens development by Smad-interacting protein 1 involvingFoxe3activation
Authors: Yoshimoto Aki , Saigou Yuka , Higashi Yujiro , Kondoh Hisato
Published: September 2005

Sip1, a Smad-binding zinc-finger homeodomain transcription factor, has essential functions in embryonic development, but its role in individual tissues and the significance of its interaction with Smad proteins have not been fully characterized. In the lens lineage, Sip1 expression is activated after lens placode induction, and as the lens develops, the expression is localized in the lens epithelium and bow region where immature lens fibers reside. The lens-lineage-specific inactivation of the Sip1 gene was performed using mice homozygous for floxed Sip1 that carry a lens-specific Cre recombinase gene. This caused the development of a small hollow lens connected to the surface ectoderm, identifying two Sip1-dependent steps in lens development. The persistence of the lens stalk resembles a defect in Foxe3 mutant mice, and Sip1-defective lenses lose Foxe3 expression, placing Foxe3 downstream of Sip1. In the Sip1-defective lens, β-crystallin-expressing immature lens fiber cells were produced, but γ-crystallin-expressing mature fiber cells were absent, indicating the requirement for Sip1 activity in lens fiber maturation. A 6.2 kb Foxe3 promoter region controlled lacZ transgene expression in the developing lens, where major and minor lens elements were identified upstream of -1.26 kb. Using transfection assays, the Foxe3promoter was activated by Sip1 and this activation is further augmented by Smad8 in the manner dependent on the Smad-binding domain of Sip1. This Sip1-dependent activation and its augmentation by Smad8 occur using the proximal 1.26 kb promoter, and are separate from lens-specific regulation. This is the first demonstration of the significance of Smad interaction in modulating Sip1 activity.
TGFβ signaling at the summit
Authors: Whitman Malcolm , Raftery Laurel
Published: September 2005

Ligands belonging to the transforming growth factor (TGF) βsuperfamily have emerged as major regulators of a wide variety of developmental events, ranging from the earliest steps in germ layer patterning of the pre-gastrula embryo to tissue healing, regeneration and homeostasis in the adult. Recently, Caroline Hill and Bob Lechleider organized the third in a bi-annual series of FASEB meetings on TGFβ signaling and development at Snowmass (CO, USA). This meeting highlighted the ongoing interplay between advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of TGFβ family signaling and in investigations into its roles in specific developmental events.
C-terminal EH-domain-containing proteins: consensus for a role in endocytic trafficking, EH?
Authors: Naslavsky Naava , Caplan Steve
Published: September 2005

The Eps15-homology (EH) domain is a highly conserved motif comprising ∼100 residues that is found in proteins from species as diverse as yeast and mammals. Proteins that have an EH domain can carry out a variety of crucial cellular functions ranging from regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, signal transduction and transcriptional regulation to control of the endocytic pathway. EH domains bind to proteins that contain the tripeptide asparagine-proline-phenylalanine (NPF). Although EH domains are typically found at the N-terminus, mammalian cells express four highly homologous C-terminal EH-domain-containing paralogs (EHD1-EHD4), which exhibit broad amino acid conservation throughout the entire sequence. These C-terminal EH-domain-containing proteins also contain a central coiled-coil region involved in oligomerization, as well as an N-terminal nucleotide-binding motif. Recent studies have identified an array of novel binding partners for EHD1-EHD4, including NPF-containing proteins, such as the divalent Rab4/5 effector rabenosyn 5, the cell fate determinant Numb, EH-binding protein 1 (EHBP1) and syndapins I and II. Interactions with the clathrin heavy-chain and components of the internalization machinery have also been described. Indeed, C-terminal EH-domain-containing proteins appear to regulate several key endocytic steps, including internalization and recycling. EHD1 and EHD4 control recycling by regulating the transport of receptors from the recycling compartment to the plasma membrane. EHD1, EHD2 and EHD4 have also been implicated in the internalization of receptors and their transport to early endosomes.
Allometric scaling of flight energetics in Panamanian orchid bees: a comparative phylogenetic approach
Authors: Darveau Charles-A. , Hochachka Peter W. , Welch Kenneth C. , Roubik David W. , Suarez Raul K.
Published: September 2005

The relationship between body size and flight energetics was studied in the clade of tropical orchid bees, in order to investigate energy metabolism and evolution. Body mass, which varied from 47 to 1065 mg, was found to strongly affect hovering flight mass-specific metabolic rates, which ranged from 114 ml CO2 h-1 g-1 in small species to 37 ml CO2 h-1 g-1 in large species. Similar variation of wingbeat frequency in hovering flight occurred among small to large species, and ranged from 250 to 86 Hz. The direct relationship between such traits was studied by the comparative method of phylogenetically independent contrasts (PIC), using a new molecular phylogeny generated from the cytochrome b gene partial sequences. We found wingbeat frequency variation is satisfactorily explained by variation in wing loading, after corrections for body mass and phylogeny. The correlated evolution of mass-specific metabolic rate, wingbeat frequency and wing loading was also revealed after correcting for phylogeny and body mass. Further, the effect of body size on flight energetics can be understood in terms of a relationship between wing form and kinematics, which directly influence and explain the scaling of metabolic rate in this group of bees.
Coordination of feeding, locomotor and visual systems in parrotfishes(Teleostei: Labridae)
Authors: Rice Aaron N. , Westneat Mark W.
Published: September 2005

Fishes require complex coordinated motions of the jaws, body and fins during feeding in order to successfully execute the strike or bite and then move away from the predation site. In conjunction with locomotor systems,sensory modalities guide coordinated feeding behavior, with vision playing an important role in many fishes. Although often studied separately, the locomotor, feeding and visual systems have not previously been examined together during fish feeding. To explore feeding coordination, we examined the kinematics of feeding behavior in two species of herbivorous parrotfish, Sparisoma radians and Scarus quoyi, which exhibit different single bite and repetitive bite strategies. Kinematic data on pectoral fin movements and body position show distinctive differences in strategies for the approach and post-strike motion between these species. Sparisoma and Scarus exhibited significant differences in the magnitude of jaw protrusion, time to maximum jaw protrusion, cranial elevation, and order of events in the feeding sequence. Oculomotor data show that both species orient the pupil forward and downward directed at the site of jaw contact until 100 ms before the bite, at which point the visual field is rotated laterally. Combinations of kinematic variables show repeated patterns of synchrony (onset and duration) for the approach to the food (distance, velocity, eye movement),prey capture (eye movement, jaw movement, fin movement) and post-capture maneuvering (fin movement, distance). Kinematic analyses of multiple functional systems reveal coordination mechanisms for detecting and approaching prey and executing the rapid opening and closing of the jaws during acquisition of food. Comparison of the coordination of feeding,swimming and sensory systems among fish species can elucidate alternative coordination strategies involved in herbivory in coral reef fishes.
Cloning, characterization and expression of escapin, a broadly antimicrobial FAD-containing l-amino acid oxidase from ink of the sea hare Aplysia californica
Authors: Yang Hsiuchin , Johnson Paul Micah , Ko Ko-Chun , Kamio Michiya , Germann Markus W. , Derby Charles D. , Tai Phang C.
Published: September 2005

A 60 kDa monomeric protein isolated from the defensive purple ink secretion of the sea hare Aplysia californica was cloned and sequenced, and is the first sea hare antimicrobial protein to be functionally expressed in E. coli. Sequence analysis suggested that this protein is a flavin-containing l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO), with one predicted potential glycosylation site, although the glycosylation could not be experimentally confirmed. This protein, which we call `escapin', has high sequence similarity to several other gastropod proteins. Escapin was verified by NMR, mass spectroscopy and HPLC to have FAD as its flavin cofactor. Escapin's antimicrobial effects, bacteriostasis and bactericidal, were determined using a combination of two assays: (1) incubation of bacteria on solid media followed by assessment of inhibition by direct observation of zones of inhibition or by turbidity measurements; and (2) incubation of bacteria in liquid media followed by counting viable colonies after growing on agar plates. Native escapin inhibited the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including marine bacteria (Vibrio harveyiiand Staphylococcus aureus) and pathogenic bacteria(Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Escapin also inhibited the growth of yeast and fungi, with different efficacies. Escapin's antimicrobial activity was concentration dependent and did not decrease when stored for more than 5 months at room temperature. Escapin was bacteriostatic and not bactericidal in minimal media (e.g. salt media) with glucose, yeast extract, and a mixture of 20 amino acids each at 50 μmol l-1, but was bactericidal in media enriched with Tryptone Peptone. Escapin was also strongly bactericidal in media with l-lysine at concentrations as low as 3 mmol l-1 and slightly bactericidal in 50 mmol l-1l-arginine, but not in most other amino acids even at 50 mmol l-1. Escapin had high oxidase activity (producing hydrogen peroxide) with either l-arginine or l-lysine as a substrate and little to no oxidase activity with other l-amino acids. Hydrogen peroxide alone (without escapin or amino acids) was strongly bacteriostatic but poorly bactericidal, similar in this respect to l-arginine but different from l-lysine in the presence of escapin. Together these results suggest that there are multiple mechanisms to escapin's antimicrobial effects, with bacteriostasis resulting largely or entirely from the effects of hydrogen peroxide produced by escapin's LAAO activity, but bactericidal effects resulting from lysine-dependent mechanisms not directly involving hydrogen peroxide. Recombinant escapin expressed in bacteria was also active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria,suggesting that glycosylation is not essential for antimicrobial activity.
Are hearing sensitivities of freshwater fish adapted to the ambient noise in their habitats?
Authors: Amoser Sonja , Ladich Friedrich
Published: September 2005

Several groups of fishes, among them two thirds of all freshwater fishes,have developed hearing specializations that enhance auditory sensitivity and broaden frequency ranges compared with hearing non-specialists (generalists),which lack such adaptations. It has been speculated that the enhanced sensitivities of these so-called hearing specialists have evolved in quiet habitats such as lakes, backwaters of rivers, slowly flowing streams or the deep sea. To test this hypothesis, noise levels and frequency spectra of four different freshwater habitats near Vienna, Austria (Danube River, Triesting stream, Lake Neusiedl, backwaters of the Danube River), were recorded and played back to native fish species while simultaneously measuring their auditory thresholds using the auditory evoked potential (AEP) recording technique. As a representative of hearing specialists, we chose the common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Cyprinidae) and for the hearing generalists the European perch (Perca fluviatilis, Percidae). Data show that the carp's hearing is only moderately masked by the quiet habitat noise level of standing waters (mean threshold shift 9 dB) but is heavily affected by stream and river noise by up to 49 dB in its best hearing range (0.5-1.0 kHz). In contrast, the perch's hearing thresholds were only slightly affected (mean up to 12 dB, at 0.1 kHz) by the highest noise levels presented. Our results indicate that hearing abilities of specialists such as carp are well adapted to the lowest noise levels encountered in freshwater habitats and that their hearing is considerably masked in some parts of their distribution range. Hearing in non-specialists such as perch, on the other hand, is only slightly or not at all impaired in all habitats.
Functional trade-offs in the limb bones of dogs selected for runningversusfighting
Authors: Kemp T. J. , Bachus K. N. , Nairn J. A. , Carrier D. R.
Published: September 2005

The physical demands of rapid and economical running differ from the demands of fighting in ways that may prevent the simultaneous evolution of optimal performance in these two behaviors. Here, we test an hypothesis of functional trade-off in limb bones by measuring mechanical properties of limb bones in two breeds of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris L.) that have undergone intense artificial selection for running (greyhound) and fighting (pit bull) performance. The bones were loaded to fracture in three-point static bending. To correct for the effect of shear, we estimated the shear stress in the cross section and added energy due to shear stress to the tensile energy. The proximal limb bones of the pit bulls differed from those of the greyhounds in having relatively larger second moments of area of mid-diaphyseal cross sections and in having more circular cross-sectional shape. The pit bulls exhibited lower stresses at yield, had lower elastic moduli and failed at much higher levels of work. The stiffness of the tissue of the humerus, radius, femur and tibia was 1.5-2.4-fold greater in the greyhounds than in the pit bulls. These bones from the pit bulls absorbed 1.9-2.6-fold more energy before failure than did those of the greyhounds. These differences between breeds were not observed in the long bones of the feet, metacarpals and metatarsals. Nevertheless, the results of this analysis suggest that selection for high-speed running is associated with the evolution of relatively stiff, brittle limb bones, whereas selection for fighting performance leads to the evolution of limb bones with relatively high resistance to failure.
Analysis of the bite force and mechanical design of the feeding mechanism of the durophagous horn shark Heterodontus francisci
Authors: Huber Daniel R. , Eason Thomas G. , Hueter Robert E. , Motta Philip J.
Published: September 2005

Three-dimensional static equilibrium analysis of the forces generated by the jaw musculature of the horn shark Heterodontus francisci was used to theoretically estimate the maximum force distributions and loadings on its jaws and suspensorium during biting. Theoretical maximum bite force was then compared with bite forces measured (1) voluntarily in situ, (2) in restrained animals and (3) during electrical stimulation of the jaw adductor musculature of anesthetized sharks. Maximum theoretical bite force ranged from 128 N at the anteriormost cuspidate teeth to 338 N at the posteriormost molariform teeth. The hyomandibula, which connects the posterior margin of the jaws to the base of the chondrocranium, is loaded in tension during biting. Conversely, the ethmoidal articulation between the palatal region of the upper jaw and the chondrocranium is loaded in compression, even during upper jaw protrusion, because H. francisci's upper jaw does not disarticulate from the chondrocranium during prey capture. Maximum in situ bite force averaged 95 N for free-swimming H. francisci, with a maximum of 133 N. Time to maximum force averaged 322 ms and was significantly longer than time away from maximum force (212 ms). Bite force measurements from restrained individuals (187 N) were significantly greater than those from free-swimming individuals (95 N) but were equivalent to those from both theoretical (128 N)and electrically stimulated measurements (132 N). The mean mass-specific bite of H. francisci was greater than that of many other vertebrates and second highest of the cartilaginous fishes that have been studied. Measuring bite force on restrained sharks appears to be the best indicator of maximum bite force. The large bite forces and robust molariform dentition of H. francisci correspond to its consumption of hard prey.
Symmetry at the active site of the ribosome: structural and functional implications
Authors: Agmon Ilana , Bashan Anat , Zarivach Raz , Yonath Ada
Published: September 2005

The sizable symmetrical region, comprising 180 ribosomal RNA nucleotides, which has been identified in and around the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) in crystal structures of eubacterial and archaeal large ribosomal subunits, indicates its universality, confirms that the ribosome is a ribozyme and evokes the suggestion that the PTC evolved by gene fusion. The symmetrical region can act as a center that coordinates amino acid polymerization by transferring intra-ribosomal signals between remote functional locations, as it connects, directly or through its extensions, the PTC, the three tRNA sites, the tunnel entrance, and the regions hosting elongation factors. Significant deviations from the overall symmetry stabilize the entire region and can be correlated with the shaping and guiding of the motion of the tRNA 3′-end from the A- into the P-site. The linkage between the elaborate PTC architecture and the spatial arrangements of the tRNA 3′-ends revealed the rotatory mechanism that integrates peptide bond formation, translocation within the PTC and nascent protein entrance into the exit tunnel. The positional catalysis exerted by the ribosome places the reactants in stereochemistry close to the intermediate state and facilitates the catalytic contribution of the P-site tRNA 2′-hydroxyl.
GPCR-induced migration of breast carcinoma cells depends on both EGFR signal transactivation and EGFR-independent pathways
Authors: Hart Stefan , Fischer Oliver M. , Prenzel Norbert , Zwick-Wallasch Esther , Schneider Matthias , Hennighausen Lothar , Ullrich Axel
Published: September 2005

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a key role in the regulation of important cellular processes under normal and pathophysiological conditions such as cancer. In human mammary carcinomas the EGFR is involved in regulating cell growth, survival, migration and metastasis and its activation correlates with the lack of response in hormone therapy. Here, we demonstrate in oestrogen receptor-positive and -negative human breast cancer cells and primary mammary epithelial cells a cross-communication between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the EGFR. We present evidence that specific inhibition of ADAM15 or TACE blocks GPCR-induced and proHB-EGF-mediated EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation, downstream mitogenic signalling and cell migration. Notably, activation of the PI3K downstream mediator PKB/Akt by GPCR ligands involves the activity of sphingosine kinase (SPHK) and is independent of EGFR signal transactivation. We conclude that GPCR-induced chemotaxis of breast cancer cells is mediated by EGFR-dependent and -independent signalling pathways, with both parallel pathways having to act in concert to achieve a complete migratory response.
Lysine 3 acetylation regulates the phosphorylation of yeast 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase under hypo-osmotic stress
Authors: Dihazi Hassan , Kessler Renate , Müller Gerhard A. , Eschrich Klaus
Published: September 2005

N-terminal acetylation in the yeast
Determination of the specificity of monoclonal antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni CAA glycoprotein antigen using neoglycoconjugate variants
Authors: Carvalho de Souza Adriana , van Remoortere Alexandra , Hokke Cornelis H. , Deelder André M. , Vliegenthart Johannes F.G. , Kamerling Johannis P.
Published: September 2005

The immunogenic
Bhutan's Military Action against Indian Insurgents
Authors: Mazumdar Arijit
Published: September 2005

This article describes the December 2003 Bhutanese military action against northeast Indian insurgent groups that had set up camps in Bhutan. It analyzes the reasons why Bhutan was forced to deal with this problem and places its actions in the context of domestic politics and foreign relations.
Rethinking the United States's Myanmar Policy
Authors: Holliday Ian
Published: September 2005

U.S. sanctions against Myanmar, intensified in July 2003, are not working. The military junta remains firmly in power. Opposition to it is still repressed. Washington should adopt a more nuanced carrot-and-stick approach aimed at strengthening constructive engagement efforts led by Myanmar's neighbors in East and Southeast Asia.
Is Regime Change Enough for Burma? The Problem of State Capacity
Authors: Englehart Neil A.
Published: September 2005

The U.S. and the EU employ sanctions to encourage regime change in Burma. This policy ignores serious problems of state capacity that impede a transition to democracy and would plague any transitional regime. Engagement with the current regime on issues of state capacity would improve the chances for a transition.
Parental Acceptance‐Rejection: Theory, Methods, Cross‐Cultural Evidence, and Implications
Authors: ROHNER RONALD P. , KHALEQUE ABDUL , COURNOYER DAVID E.
Published: September 2005

This article summarizes concepts, methods, cross‐cultural evidence, and implications of parental acceptance‐rejection theory (PARTheory). The theory focuses primarily on parental love—its expressions, impact, and origins. Nearly 2,000 studies in the United States and cross‐culturally confirm the widely held belief that children everywhere need acceptance (love) from parents and other attachment figures. Evidence has shown that when this need is not met, children worldwide—regardless of variations in culture, gender, age, or ethnicity—tend to self‐report a specific form of psychological maladjustment. Additionally, individuals who perceive themselves to be rejected appear to be more disposed than accepted persons to develop behavior problems, depression or depressed affect, substance abuse, and other mental health‐related issues. Finally, children and adults appear universally to organize their perceptions of acceptance‐rejection around the same four classes of behavior. These include warmth/affection (or coldness/lack of affection), hostility/aggression, indifference/neglect, and undifferentiated rejection.
Perceptions of Parental Acceptance‐Rejection and Self‐Concepts among Ukrainian University Students
Authors: COURNOYER DAVID E. , SETHI RENUKA , CORDERO ANTONIA
Published: September 2005

This report describes perceptions of parental acceptance‐rejection, parental control and self‐concepts in a sample of 108 university students in the city of Kharkiv, Ukraine. The students responded to Russian translations of two questionnaires: the Parental Acceptance‐Rejection/Control Questionnaire (PARQ/Control) and the Personality Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ). The Ukrainian respondents generally regarded their parents as loving, warm and low in hostility, aggression, neglect and indifference. The participants also revealed moderately positive self‐concepts. The now familiar pancultural correlation between perceptions of acceptance‐rejection and psychological adjustment was also observed. The more accepting the participants perceived their mothers and fathers to be, the more likely the students were to hold positive self‐concepts.
Relations among Perceived Intimate Partner Acceptance, Remembered Parental Acceptance, and Psychological Adjustment among Young Adults in India
Authors: PARMAR PARMINDER , ROHNER RONALD P.
Published: September 2005

The principal goal of this study was to explore the way in which remembered childhood experiences of maternal and paternal acceptance mediated or moderated the relation between perceived intimate‐partner acceptance and the psychological adjustment of 79 young adults in India. Results of simple correlations showed a positive relationship between parental (mothers' and fathers') acceptance and psychological adjustment, and similarly between intimate partner acceptance and psychological adjustment. However, results of multiple regression analyses showed that remembered maternal acceptance no longer made a significant contribution to the psychological adjustment of either men or women when the influence of paternal and partner acceptance was partialed out. Perceived partner acceptance was the strongest single predictor of psychological adjustment for men, although this relation was partially mediated by remembered paternal (but not maternal) acceptance in childhood. For women, on the other hand, both perceived partner acceptance and remembered paternal acceptance were about coequal as predictors of psychological adjustment. The influence of remembered paternal acceptance in childhood also moderated the relation between perceived partner acceptance and respondents' psychological adjustment.
The Spiral Journey Back Home: Brahms's “Heimweh” Lieder
Authors: HIRSCH MARJORIE
Published: September 2005

Considering Brahms's “Heimweh” Lieder (op. 63 nos. 7–9) together rather than individually is indispensable to their interpretation. In each song, Brahms conveys the protagonist's longing for lost childhood by introducing the folklike qualities of Kinderlieder within the frame of a Kunstlied. The expression of nostalgia also takes places across the minicycle as a whole. The recurrence and transformation of musical patterns and motifs enhances the retrospective nature of the three songs, which seem to reflect on childhood from successively greater temporal distances. Despite the overt despondency of the poetic speaker in each text, the musical settings together convey a positive message: Death is a welcome refuge from life's afflictions. In offering this consolation, Brahms draws upon the Romantic concept of Heimweh, including its characteristic spiral-like pattern of expression, but tempers it in accordance with the scaled-back artistic goals of the post-Romantic period.
Musicology According to Don Giovanni, or: Should We Get Drastic?
Authors: BERGER KAROL
Published: September 2005

In a recent essay, Carolyn Abbate argues for a “drastic” rather than “gnostic” conception of music and would want to see musicology's efforts redirected accordingly. In the wake of the 1985 call by Joseph Kerman urging musicologists to shift their attention from “positivism” and “formalism” to “criticism” or “hermeneutics”—that is, to musicology centered on interpretation—Abbate issues a call for a new disciplinary revolution, one that would shift our attention from works to performances and thus undo what she perceives as the fatal weakness in Kerman's position. When we ignore the actually made and experienced sounding event in favor of the disembodied abstraction that is the work, we bypass the sensuous, audible, immediate experience (the “drastic”) and put in its place the intellectual, supra-audible, mediated (that is, interpreted) meaning (the “gnostic”) and thus avoid what is of real value in music—the experience, the powerful physical and spiritual impact it may have on us. While I am in fundamental sympathy with Abbate's arguments and aims, I believe that the opposition between the real performance and the imaginary work—the former the object of immediate, sensuous experience, the latter the vehicle of mediated (that is, interpreted, “hermeneutic”) intellectual meaning—on which her argument rests is overdrawn: The hermeneutic element cannot be wholly banished from the arena of performance; there is no such thing as pure experience, uncontaminated by interpretation.
Exposed: Adorno and Schubert in 1928
Authors: Perrey Beate
Published: September 2005

In this close reading of the first page of Adorno's "Schubert," one aim is to highlight the sheer intensity of Adorno's literary ambition, generating a visual poetics that contributes to the text's striking, and daunting, narrative complexity. With reference to the French poet Louis Aragon, Adorno situates Schubert within a distinctly surrealist landscape--a strategic move that is rhetorically as provocative as it is hermeneutically and methodologically risky. I briefly follow up some of this modernist imagery in Schubert's Winterreise, envisioned here as a nondevelopmental, glacial compositional canvas across which the wanderer wanders with a single idea in mind, forever repeated in subtle variations, affecting atmosphere (Stimmung) but not essence: in Winterreise, as Adorno's text suggests, the mind is lost in its own idea, accommodating the pre-human or post-human experience: life-in-death in the midst of an apocalyptic landscape.

A second aim of this paper is to respond to Adorno's stylistic provocation: do we need poetry in music criticism, or indeed criticism as poetry? Do we need allegories of death and Utopian landscapes to talk about music? As will be argued, "Schubert" is a text whose author does not deny that his subject matter--Schubert--is, in fact, wholly fictional. Moreover, as Adorno goes on to describe Winterreise as a journey in search of an inner, and de-centered, self, and as we see this journey slowly unfold before our eyes, it becomes more than usually apparent that Adorno's true subject matter is the admission and expression of emotion. With great poetic acumen, his pen traces like a seismograph the rhythmic pulsations and shockwaves traversing Schubert's landscape. Adorno's essay begins with a fully imagined and powerfully articulated landscape, and as he goes on to render "Schubert's landscape" visible, his text takes on a geography that informs us about the structure of the very selves it describes: first Schubert's; then Adorno's; and finally, possibly, our own.
On Reading Adorno Hearing Schubert
Authors: Leppert Richard
Published: September 2005

Adorno's "Schubert" textually reenacts what he recognizes in Schubert's music, repeating himself but with subtle differences, as though he were holding up a cut gem to light and turning it to see the differences manifested in its facets. Adorno's ideas about this music are less developed than juxtaposed, often paratactically, so as to constitute what Benjamin termed a constellation. What Adorno hears in Schubert is a kind of reciprocity toward otherness. Schubert's "landscape," for Adorno, is grounded in the realm of the cultural imaginary; it represents for him a declaration of love, defined by the difference between subject and object that engenders embrace, rather than domination. The aesthetic truth of Schubert's music doesn't emerge through development, except, ironically perhaps, in the "successful" failure of his developments. Instead, it's articulated in a virtual instant, as in the shape and turn of a melody (and distinctly not in its working out).

The Schubert melody is like the imagined perfection of landscape--as though, like "nature," it were always already complete. The C-minor Andante of the Piano Trio in Eb (op. 100, D. 929) is a case in point. The opening melodic statement in the cello and the folklike second theme in the violin, for the most part, can only be repeated, not improved upon, though Schubert tries--the melodic perfection of the opening statements, the first theme especially, becomes unambiguously evident only when the movement ends. We need everything that follows the initial statements to realize what we first heard: a melody (more than a theme) complete in itself, perfect, and on that account acoustically utopian--a semblance of happiness embedded in the sad honesty of C-minorÕs pensive melancholy.
On World Historians in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: SUBRAHMANYAM SANJAY
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT This essay looks at a set of possible genealogies for the notion of “world history” by reading histories that were written on a world scale in the sixteenth century. It argues that such works were far more widely dispersed than has been hitherto suspected, and they were by no means a strictly European phenomenon; examples from Mexico, the Mughal empire, the Ottoman domains, and Poland all find their place in the discussion. Further, such histories formed part of a sphere of circulation of textual and visual materials on the scale of the planet. Finally, the relationship between such histories and the earlier tradition of “universal histories” is explored, showing the distinctions between them.
Pain, Labor, and the Sublime: Medical Gymnastics and Burke's Aesthetics
Authors: SARAFIANOS ARIS
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT This paper examines a key moment in the modern history of aesthetics, Edmund Burke's Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757). In contrast to prevailing negative interpretations of Burke's medical languages, this study will reinsert the genealogy of aesthetics into the body, fleshing out the bricolage, the rigor, and the far-reaching implications of the medical materialism that enabled this insertion—including the distinctly modern set of individual, social, and political aspirations that it engendered.
The Problem of Revolution in the Age of Slavery: Clotel, Fiction, and the Government of Man
Authors: NABERS DEAK
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT This essay situates William Wells Brown's novel Clotel; or, the President's Daughter (1854) in the context of Anglo-American antislavery challenges to the legitimacy of the American Revolution on the eve of the Civil War. Brown's ambivalent approach to Thomas Jefferson in his novel matches what could be seen in the 1850s as Jefferson's ambivalent approach to human rights as a revolutionary leader. In foregrounding authorial power over his characters, Brown deploys the novel form as a way of examining the implications of the government of man.
Kames's Legal Career and Writings as Precedents for Elements of Criticism
Authors: Manolescu Beth Innocenti
Published: September 2005

Abstract Scholars have seldom explored relationships among Lord Kames's legal career and writings and Elements of Criticism. After considering why Kames did not write a rhetoric of legal advocacy, I argue that Kames's legal career and writings offered precedents for Elements in three areas: fulfilling social aspirations, using principles of human nature for pedagogical purposes, and using a mode of reasoning that involved abstracting principles from particular cases. I provide a more complete understanding of theElements and suggest that aims and methods of Scots law may have penetrated eighteenth-century Scottish rhetorics more broadly.
Resituating Kenneth Burke's ``My Approach to Communism''
Authors: Sheriff Stacey
Published: September 2005

Abstract Kenneth Burke's important 1934 essay “My Approach to Communism” is often read as “a commitment to Communism” celebrating the movement. A typescript (recently discovered in the Kenneth Burke Papers) of a speech given by Burke in January, 1934 invites a reconsideration of “My Approach.” The speech, delivered to the New York John Reed Club, is concerned with finding a solution to America's contemporary economic and social derangements and is more committed to this search and the desired effects of social change than any specific political system or party. Resituating “My Approach to Communism” as a revised and abridged version of this speech encourages a re-reading of the essay as an extended critique of capitalism and an argument for social conditions that foster cultural stability for art's sake.
Feasibility of Using Fluoresceinyl Cypridina Luciferin Analog in a Novel Chemiluminescence Method for Real‐time Photodynamic Therapy Dosimetry
Authors: Qin Yanfang , Xing Da , Luo Shiming , Zhou Jing , Zhong Xueyun , Chen Qun
Published: September 2005

Singlet oxygen (1O2) is the most important cytotoxic agent in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The feasibility of using a chemiluminescence (CL) probe, 3,7‐dihydro‐6‐[4‐(2‐(N′‐(5‐fluoresceinyl)thioureido)ethoxy)phenyl]‐2‐methylimidazo{1,2‐a}‐pyrazin‐3‐one sodium salt (fluoresceinyl Cypridina luciferin analog, FCLA), to monitor 1O2 production during PDT is evaluated in vitro. Lymphoma cells were treated with various protocols of PDT. The results show that the FCLA‐CL production during PDT is linearly related to the corresponding cytotoxicity, regardless of the treatment protocol. With minimum cytotoxicity and interference to the PDT treatment outcome, the FCLA‐CL system is an effective means to quantify PDT 1O2 production and may provide an alternative real‐time dosimeter.
Water/Silica Nanoparticle Interfacial Kinetics of Sulfate, Hydrogen Phosphate, and Dithiocyanate Radicals
Authors: Caregnato Paula , Bertolotti Sonia G. , Gonzalez Mónica C. , Mártire Daniel O.
Published: September 2005

The values of the rate constants for the reactions of the sulfate (2.5 × 109M−1 s−1) and hydrogen phosphate (2.2 × 108M−1 s−1) radicals with silica nanoparticles are obtained by flash photolysis experiments with silica suspensions containing S2O82− or P2O24−, respectively. The interaction of these radicals with the silica nanoparticles leads to formation of transients, probably adsorbed sulfate and hydrogen phosphate radicals, with absorption maxima at around 320 and 350 nm, respectively. A different mechanism takes place for the interaction of the less oxidizing dithiocyanate radicals with the silica nanoparticles. These radicals selectively react with the dissociated silanol groups of the nanoparticles with a rate constant at 298.2K of 7 × 107M−1 s−1 (per mol of SiO− groups), and there is no evidence for their adsorption at the surface. All the results are discussed in terms of the Smoluchowski equation and redox potential of the inorganic radicals.
Bone Marrow Transplantation Can Attenuate the Progression of Mesangial Sclerosis
Authors: Guo Jian-Kan , Schedl Andreas , Krause Diane S.
Published: September 2005

Bone marrow (BM) transplantation has been shown to provide beneficial effects in injured organs, including heart, liver, and kidney. We explored the therapeutic potential of BM transplantation (BMT) in Wilms' tumor suppressor 1 (Wt1) heterozygous mice, which represent a model of mesangial sclerosis. After transplantation of wild-type BM, there is statistically significantly lower urinary albumin and increased survival in Wt1+/− recipients. Control BMT using Wt1+/− donors showed no significant beneficial effects. The long-term beneficial effect of BMT was dependent on the dose of irradiation applied to the recipients before BMT. At a lethal dose of 1,000 cGy, the decrease in albuminuria and prolongation of lifespan in Wt1+/− mice were transient, with maximal amelioration at 12 weeks and resumption of albuminuria by 24 weeks after BMT. This was, at least in part, due to irradiation and not Wt1 heterozygosity because wild-type recipients also developed albuminuria within 24 weeks of BMT with 1,000 cGy. In contrast, Wt1+/− mice transplanted after 400 cGy showed long-term improvement in albuminuria and lifespan. Approximately 0.4% of podocytes were marrow derived, a level that is unlikely to be responsible for the therapeutic effects. In addition, donor BM cells formed rings surrounding the glomeruli, and approximately one third of the cells in these rings were macrophages. In conclusion, transplantation of wild-type BM attenuates progression of mesangial sclerosis in the Wt1+/− model of renal disease, and the mechanism by which this occurs may involve engraftment of BM-derived cells in the renal parenchyma.
Three-Dimensional Nanofibrillar Surfaces Promote Self-Renewal in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Nur-E-Kamal Alam , Ahmed Ijaz , Kamal Jabeen , Schindler Melvin , Meiners Sally
Published: September 2005

The regulation of mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) fate is controlled by the interplay of signaling networks that either promote self-renewal or induce differentiation. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a cytokine that is required for stem cell renewal in mouse but not in human embryonic stem cells. However, feeder layers of embryonic fibroblasts are capable of inducing stem cell renewal in both cell types, suggesting that the self-renewal signaling pathways may also be promoted by other triggers, such as alternative cytokines and/or chemical or physical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by feeder fibroblasts. We have recently used a synthetic polyamide matrix (Ultra-Web) whose three-dimensional (3D) nanofibrillar organization resembles the ECM/basement membrane. Growth of mESCs on this nanofibrillar surface greatly enhanced proliferation and self-renewal in comparison with growth on tissue culture surfaces without nanofibers, despite the presence of LIF in both systems. Enhanced proliferation and self-renewal of the stem cells on nanofibrillar surfaces were correlated with the activation of the small GTPase Rac, the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, and the enhanced expression of Nanog, a homeoprotein required for maintenance of pluripotency. Inhibitors of PI3K reduced the expression level of Nanog in mESCs cultured on 3D nanofibrillar surfaces. These results provide support for the view that the three-dimensionality of the culture surface may function as a cue for the activation of Rac and PI3K signaling pathways, resulting in stem cell proliferation and self-renewal.
Role and Function of Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Differentiation and Biological Characterization of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Mannello Ferdinando , Tonti Gaetana A.M. , Bagnara Gian Paolo , Papa Stefano
Published: September 2005

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), known as matrixins, are Ca- and Zn-dependent endoproteinases involved in a wide variety of developmental and disease-associated processes, proving to be crucial protagonists in many physiological and pathological mechanisms. The ability of MMPs to alter, by limited proteolysis and through the fine control of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, the activity or function of numerous proteins, enzymes, and receptors suggests that they are also involved in various important cellular functions during development. In this review, we focus on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (including those of the myoblastic, osteoblastic, chondroblastic, neural, and apidoblastic lineages) and the possible, if unexpected, biological significance of MMPs in its regulation. The MMP system has been implicated in several differentiation events that suggests that it mediates the proliferative and prodifferentiating effect of the matrixin proteolytic cascade. We summarize these regulatory effects of MMPs on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and hypothesize on the function of MMPs in the stem cell differentiation processes.
Nitrate Movement in Shallow Ground Water from Swine‐Lagoon‐Effluent Spray Fields Managed under Current Application Regulations
Authors: Israel Daniel W. , Showers William J. , Fountain Matthew , Fountain John
Published: September 2005

Rapid increases in the swine (Sus scrofa domestica) population in the 1990s and associated potential for nitrate N pollution of surface waters led the state of North Carolina to adopt stringent waste management regulations in 1993. Our objectives were to characterize (i) nitrate N movement from waste application fields (WAFs) in shallow ground water, and (ii) soil, hydrologic, and biological factors influencing the amount of nitrate N in the adjacent stream. A ground water monitoring study was conducted for 36 mo on a swine farm managed under new regulations. Water table contours and lack of vertical gradients indicated horizontal flow over most of the site. Nitrate N concentrations in water from shallow wells in WAFs averaged 30 ± 19 mg L−1 and δ15N ratios for nitrate N were between +20 and +25 per mil. Nitrate N concentration decreased from field‐edge to streamside wells by 22 to 99%. Measurement of δ18O and δ15N enrichment of nitrate in ground water throughout the WAF–riparian system indicated that denitrification has not caused significant 15N enrichment of nitrate. Over a 24‐mo period, δ15N ratios for nitrate N in the stream approached δ15N ratios for nitrate N in ground water beneath WAFs indicating delivery of some waste‐derived nitrate N to the stream in shallow ground water. Nitrate N concentrations in the stream were relatively low, averaging 1 mg L−1 Dilution of high nitrate N water in shallow horizontal flow paths with low nitrate N water from deeper horizontal flow paths at or near the stream, some denitrification as ground water discharges through the stream bottom, and some denitrification in riparian zone contributed to this low nitrate N concentration.
An Alum‐Based Water Treatment Residual Can Reduce Extractable Phosphorus Concentrations in Three Phosphorus‐Enriched Coastal Plain Soils
Authors: Novak J. M. , Watts D. W.
Published: September 2005

The accumulation of excess soil phosphorus (P) in watersheds under intensive animal production has been linked to increases in dissolved P concentrations in rivers and streams draining these watersheds. Reductions in water dissolved P concentrations through very strong P sorption reactions may be obtainable after land application of alum‐based drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Our objectives were to (i) evaluate the ability of an alum‐based WTR to reduce Mehlich‐3 phosphorus (M3P) and water‐soluble phosphorus (WSP) concentrations in three P‐enriched Coastal Plain soils, (ii) estimate WTR application rates necessary to lower soil M3P levels to a target 150 mg kg−1 soil M3P concentration threshold level, and (iii) determine the effects on soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Three soils containing elevated M3P (145–371 mg kg−1) and WSP (12.3–23.5 mg kg−1) concentrations were laboratory incubated with between 0 and 6% WTR (w w−1) for 84 d. Incorporation of WTR into the three soils caused a near linear and significant reduction in soil M3P and WSP concentrations. In two soils, 6% WTR application caused a soil M3P concentration decrease to below the soil P threshold level. An additional incubation on the third soil using higher WTR to soil treatments (10–15%) was required to reduce the mean soil M3P concentration to 178 mg kg−1 After incubation, most treatments had less than a half pH unit decline and a slight increase in soil EC values suggesting a minimal impact on soil quality properties. The results showed that WTR incorporation into soils with high P concentrations caused larger relative reductions in extractable WSP than M3P concentrations. The larger relative reductions in the extractable WSP fraction suggest that WTR can be more effective at reducing potential runoff P losses than usage as an amendment to lower M3P concentrations.