bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2[(1R,2R)‐2‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐3‐ (1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐yl)propyl]‐4‐ [4‐tetrafluoropropoxyphenyl]‐3‐(2H,4H)‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐thione — A Novel and Potent Azole Antifungal Agent.
Authors: Sattigeri Jitendra A. , Sethi Sachin , Salman Mohammad
Published: July 2010

Starting from the known epoxy alcohol (I), a new strategy for the synthesis of the potent fungicide (IX) in multigram quantities is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Derivatives of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles are Potent Mitostatic Agents Featuring Strong Microtubule Depolymerization Activity in the Sea Urchin Embryo and Cell Culture Assays.
Authors: Kiselyov Alex S. , et al. et al.
Published: July 2010

The synthesis of a limited number of novel isothiazolyl‐substituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles (V) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Features of the Synthesis of 1,1′‐Phenylenebis(1H‐tetrazoles) and Their Transformations in Basic Environment.
Authors: Vorob'ev A. N. , Baranovskii A. V. , Gaponic P. N. , Ivashkevich O. A.
Published: July 2010

Reactions of phenylenediamines with sodium azide and triethyl orthoformate provides the title bis(tetrazoles), which suffer tetrazole opening under basic conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of a New Series of 3‐Triazolonyl Iminocoumarins.
Authors: Kammoun Myriam , Turki Hamida , Fery‐Forgues Suzanne , El Gharbi Rachid
Published: July 2010

3‐Triazolonyl‐substituted iminocoumarins are obtained for the first time.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Bioactivities of Clopyralid Hydrazide‐Hydrazones.
Authors: Zhang Jie , Shen Tianhua , Xu Lijuan , Shen Fenfang , Qin Quan , Ma Chunan , Song Qingbao
Published: July 2010

A series of novel clopyralid hydrazide‐hydrazones (III) is synthesized and screened for herbicidal and antimicrobial activities but with no promising results.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Trialkyl Quinoline‐2,3,4‐tricarboxylates by Reaction of Isatin, Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates, and Sodium O‐Alkyl Carbonodithioates.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Seyfi Samereh , Hossaini Zinatossadat
Published: July 2010

The three‐component reaction is considered as a practical route to the quinoline ring system.
ChemInform Abstract: A Straightforward Approach to Substituted 2‐(Hydroxymethyl)‐2,3‐dihydrofuro[2,3‐b]pyridines and 3‐Hydroxy‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrano[2,3‐b]pyridines.
Authors: Hajbi Youssef , Suzenet Franck , Khouili Mostafa , Lazar Said , Guillaumet Gerald
Published: July 2010

Intramolecular inverse electron demand Diels—Alder reaction of appropriately alkyne‐ tethered 1,2,4‐triazines affords the required title compounds as interesting biological scaffolds.
ChemInform Abstract: Na2S2O4: A Versatile Reagent for the One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐c]pyridines from 4‐Amino‐3‐nitropyridine and Aldehydes via Reductive Cyclization.
Authors: Dubey P. K. , Chowdary K. S. , Ramesh B. , Reddy P. V. V. Prasada
Published: July 2010

Two routes for the preparation of the title compounds (III) start from (I) or (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: A Concise Total Synthesis of (+)‐Tetrabenazine and (+)‐α‐Dihydrotetrabenazine.
Authors: Paek Seung‐Mann , Kim Nam‐Jung , Shin Dongyun , Jung Jae‐Kyung , Jung Jong‐Wha , Chang Dong‐Jo , Moon Hyunyoung , Suh Young‐Ger
Published: July 2010

Tetrabenazine (I) is applied in racemic form as drug for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington′s disease.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of 2‐Methyl‐ and 1,2‐Dimethyl‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidine with Aroyl Chlorides: Diverse Reactivities of Cyclic Ketene N,N′‐Acetals Generated in situ.
Authors: Ye Guozhong , Chatterjee Sabornie , Zhou Aihua , Barker Bobby Lloyd , Chen Chunlong , Song Yingquan , Pittman Charles U. Jr.
Published: July 2010

Substrates (I) undergo Et3N‐promoted reaction with aroyl chlorides to give N,N′‐diaryl derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of Novel N1‐(2‐Nitrophenyl sulfenyl substituted) Pyrrolidino[2,1‐c][1,4]‐benzodiazepine, Thiazolidino[3,2‐c][1,4]‐benzodiazepine and Thiazolidino[4,3‐c][1,4]‐benzodiazepine from the Corresponding N‐Substituted Isatoic Anhydride.
Authors: Nain Sumitra , Gupta Varini , Arya Megha , Sirohi Reenu , Kishore D.
Published: July 2010

The title compounds (III) are prepared most efficiently under solvent‐free conditions and microwave irradiation.
ChemInform Abstract: Diphenylphosphinite Ionic Liquid (IL‐OPPh2): A Solvent and Ligand for Palladium‐Catalyzed Silylation and Dehalogenation Reaction of Aryl Halides with Triethylsilane.
Authors: Iranpoor Nasser , Firouzabadi Habib , Azadi Roya
Published: July 2010

Aryl chlorides, bromides and iodides are silylated in the presence of Cs2CO3.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrophosphination of Propargylic Ethers with Diphenylphosphine in the Presence of LiHMDS, N‐Heterocyclic Carbene, and Ti(NMe2)4.
Authors: Sakae Ryosuke , Yamamoto Yuta , Komeyama Kimihiro , Takaki Ken
Published: July 2010

A three‐component catalyst for the regio‐ and stereoselective hydrophosphination of propargylic ethers is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Quaternary and P‐Stereogenic Phosphonium Triflates.
Authors: Remond Emmanuelle , Tessier Arnaud , Leroux Frederic R. , Bayardon Jerome , Juge Sylvain
Published: July 2010

This method can also be applied to prepare quaternary arsinium triflates.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of Vinyl Selenides under Ligand‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Reddy Vutukuri Prakash , Kumar Akkilagunta Vijay , Rao Kakulapati Rama
Published: July 2010

A mild and efficient protocol allows the stereoselective synthesis of vinyl selenides in the presence of CuO nanoparticles as a recyclable catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Stannylcarbonylation of Hydroxy‐Substituted Alkynes. Intramolecular Trapping of α‐Ketenyl Radicals by a Hydroxy Group Leading to Lactols.
Authors: Ryu Ilhyong , Fukuyama Takahide , Nobuta Osamu , Uenoyama Yoshitaka
Published: July 2010

The tin hydride mediated radical carbonylation of hydroxy‐substituted alkynes leads to lactols as principal products.
ChemInform Abstract: Pre‐schisanartanins C—D and Propintrilactones A—B, Two Classes of New Nortriterpenoids from Schisandra propinqua var. propinqua
Authors: Lei Chun , Xiao Wei‐Lie , Huang Sheng‐Xiong , Chen Ji‐Jun , Pu Jian‐Xin , Sun Han‐Dong
Published: July 2010

structures and cytotoxicities of the title compounds (I), (II), (IIIa), and (IIIb)
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of (+)‐Nephrosteranic Acid by Ring‐Closing Metathesis and Its Biological Evaluation.
Authors: Perepogu Arun Kumar , Raman D. , Murty U. S. N. , Rao Vaidya Jayathritha
Published: July 2010

A stereoselective synthesis of (+)‐nephrosteranic acid (VIII) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Synthesis of (+)‐Bromoxone, (+)‐Epiepoxydon and (+)‐Epiepoformin.
Authors: Jin Ming Yu , Hwang Geum‐Sook , Chae Hee Il , Jung Sun Hee , Ryu Do Hyun
Published: July 2010

(+)‐Bromoxone (VII) is prepared via an enantioselective Diels—Alder reaction of quinone ketal (I), a selective exo‐epoxidation of derivative (IV) and a retro‐Diels—Alder reaction of epoxide (V) as key steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Nanoparticles Being Facet‐Controlled
Authors: Lee Kwangyeol , Kim Minsik , Kim Heonjo
Published: July 2010

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanopowders and Films of Titanium Oxide for Photocatalysis: A Review
Authors: Shapovalov V. I.
Published: July 2010

Review: 189 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid Acid Catalysts: Modification of Acid Sites and Effect on Activity and Selectivity Tuning in Various Reactions
Authors: Rode C. V. , Garade A. C. , Chikate R. C.
Published: July 2010

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Design and Synthesis of Water‐Soluble Silver(I) Complexes Exhibiting a Wide Spectrum of Effective Antimicrobial Activities
Authors: Nomiya Kenji , Azaumaya Isao , Kasuga Noriko Chikaraishi , Kato Takako
Published: July 2010

Review: 19 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Square‐Pyramidal Coordinated Phosphine Iron Fragments: A Tale of the Unexpected
Authors: Grohmann Andreas , Kohl Stephan
Published: July 2010

Review: 27 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐Carboxylate Based Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Related Aspects
Authors: Natarajan Srinivasan , Mahata Partha
Published: July 2010

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbonylative Palladium‐Catalyzed Reactions of Lactam‐, Lactone‐, and Thiolactone‐Derived Vinyl Triflates and Phosphates for the Synthesis of N‐, O‐, and S‐Heterocycles
Authors: Occhiato Ernesto G. , Scarpi Dina , Prandi Cristina
Published: July 2010

Review: e.g. pyridines, pyrans, thiopyrans and pyrroles; 127 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Quadrane Sesquiterpenes: Natural Sources, Biology and Syntheses
Authors: Presset Marc , Coquerel Yoann , Rodriguez Jean
Published: July 2010

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen Bond Catalysis or Broensted Acid Catalysis? General Considerations
Authors: Akiyama Takahiko
Published: July 2010

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: γ‐Hydroxy‐α,β‐acetylenic Esters: Asymmetric Syntheses and Applications
Authors: Gao Ge , Pu Lin
Published: July 2010

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Applications of Photochemistry: The Renaissance of the ArSN1 Reaction
Authors: Fagnoni Maurizio
Published: July 2010

Review: 23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solution‐Phase Chemistry. Properties, Reactivity and Selectivity Modeled by Implicit Solvation Models
Authors: Freccero Mauro
Published: July 2010

Review: 64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Concerted Molecular Rearrangements
Authors: Merino Pedro
Published: July 2010

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemiluminescence of Indole and Its Derivatives
Authors: Vasil'ev R. F. , Trofimov A. V. , Tsaplev Yu. B.
Published: July 2010

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Useful Products from Complex Starting Materials: Common Chemicals from Biomass Feedstocks.
Authors: Marshall Amanda‐Lynn , Alaimo Peter J.
Published: July 2010

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents of Plants from Genus Nerium
Authors: Sharma Pallavi , Choudhary Amit Singh , Parashar Pradeep , Sharma Mahesh Chandra , Dobhal Mahabeer Prasad
Published: July 2010

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Progress in Understanding and Exploiting the Immune Response in Solid Organ and Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Christiansen Frank T. , Velardi Andrea
Published: July 2010

Review: 4 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biofuel Combustion Chemistry: From Ethanol to Biodiesel
Authors: Kohse‐Hoeinghaus Katharina , Osswald Patrick , Cool Terrill A. , Kasper Tina , Hansen Nils , Qi Fei , Westbrook Charles K. , Westmoreland Phillip R.
Published: July 2010

Review: 125 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploring Biodiversity for Cellulosic Biofuel Production
Authors: Gowen Christopher M. , Fong Stephen S.
Published: July 2010

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: From Disease Proteomics to Biomarker Development — Establishment of Antibody Proteomics Technology and Exploration of Cancer‐Related Biomarkers
Authors: Nagano Kazuya , Imai Sunao , Nakagawa Shinsaku , Tsunoda Shin‐ichi , Tsutsumi Yasuo
Published: July 2010

Review: 13 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fault Diagnosis Engineering in Molecular Signaling Networks: An Overview and Applications in Target Discovery
Authors: Abdi Ali , Emamian Effat S.
Published: July 2010

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Functional Proteins Identified by Proteomic Analysis in the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor‐Mediated Signaling Pathway and Application for Practical Use
Authors: Tashiro Kyoko , Konishi Hiroaki , Nabeshi Hiromi , Yamauchi Emiko , Taniguchi Hisaaki
Published: July 2010

Review: 18 refs.
Secure mobile agents with controlled resources
Authors: Zhang Qi , Mu Yi , Zhang Minjie , Deng Robert H.
Published: July 2010

Mobile agents often travel in a hostile environment where their security and privacy could be compromised by any party including remote hosts in which agents visit and get services. It is believed that the host visited by an agent should jointly sign a service agreement with the agent's owner; hence a proxy‐signing model was proposed in the literature, allowing every host in the agent system to sign a service agreement. We observe that this actually poses a serious problem whereby a host that should be excluded from an underlying agent network could also send a signed service agreement. In order to solve this problem, we propose two schemes achieving host authentication with controlled resources, where only selected hosts can be included in the agent network. We provide two schemes in this paper. The second scheme offers a smaller data size. We also define security models and provide rigorous security proofs to our schemes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavior of RF Discharge Plasmas in the Uragan‐3M and Uragan‐2M Torsatrons
Authors: Pankratov I.M. , Beletskii A.A. , Berezhnyj V.L. , Burchenko P.Ya. , Chechkin V.V. , Grigor'eva L. I. , Hartmann D. , Koch R. , Konovalov V. G. , Kulaga A. Ye. , Lesnyakov G. G. , Hartmann D. , Lozin A.V. , Lyssoivan A.I. , Maznichenko S.M. , Mironov Yu.K. , Moiseenko V.Ye. , Pashnev V. K. , Petrushenya A. A. , Prokopenko A. V. , Romanov V. S. , Shapoval A. N. , Shtan' A.F. , Sitnikov D.A. , Skibenko A.I. , Slavnyj A.S. , Solodovchenko S.I. , Sorokovoy E. L. , Sorokovoy Ye. L. , Shvets O. M. , Stadnik Yu. S. , Tarasov I. K. , Tereshin V. I. , Tsybenko S. A. , Zamanov N. V. , Volkov Ye. D.
Published: July 2010

In the Uragan‐3M (U‐3M) and Uragan‐2M (U‐2M) torsatrons possibilities and prospects of Alfvén method utilization for wall conditioning, plasma production and heating are studied. In U‐3M the effect of fast ion loss on H‐like mode formation is investigated. In U‐2M the wall conditioning associated with the chemical reactivity of the atomic hydrogen to create volatile substances is used. A compact four‐strap antenna is proposed for Alfvén resonance heating in U‐2M (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characteristics of Edge MHD Modes and ELM Activity Observed in Large Helical Device Plasmas
Authors: Watanabe F. , Toi K. , Ohdachi S. , Sakakibara S. , Morita S. , Funaba H. , Minami T. , Narihara K. , Narushima Y. , Suzuki C. , Tanaka K. , Tokuzawa T. , Watanabe K.Y. , Yamada I. , LHD Experiment Group
Published: July 2010

In the Large Helical Device (LHD), nonlinear evolution of strongly destabilized edge MHD modes, which are thought to be resistive interchange modes, induce repetitive bursts of magnetic fluctuations, soft X‐ray (SX) fluctuations, and extreme ultra‐violet (XUV) fluctuations, and generates a train of sharp spikes in Hα emission signals. These Hα spikes exhibit the character of edge localized mode (ELM). The ELM activities are also observed in high beta or high density L‐mode plasmas having steep pressure gradient at plasma edge as well as H‐mode plasmas with the L‐H transition. The responsible instabilities for ELMs in LHD plasmas are thought to be resistive interchange modes, and are clearly different from those in a tokamak where peeling‐ballooning modes are the candidates. The repetition frequency of ELMs (fELM) increases with the increase of external heating power, of which the character is similar to that of type I ELMs in tokamaks. The product of fELM and the relative ELM amplitude (δHα/Hα) is roughly in proportion to the input heating power, where the ELM induced loss energy (ΔWp) increases with δHα/Hα (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron Density Profile Measurement in Heliotron J with a Microwave AM Reflectometer
Authors: Mukai K. , Nagasaki K. , Zhuravlev V. , Fukuda T. , Mizuuchi T. , Minami T. , Okada H. , Kobayashi S. , Yamamoto S. , Hanatani K. , Konoshima S. , Ohshima S. , Takeuchi M. , Nishi D. , Minami K. , Lee H.Y. , Takabatake Y. , Kishi S. , Yashiro H. , Sano F.
Published: July 2010

A microwave reflectometer is developed for electron density profile measurement in Heliotron J. An amplitude modulation (AM) type system is adopted to reduce density fluctuation effects. The carrier frequency ranges from 33 to 56 GHz, and the modulation frequency is 200 MHz. The X‐mode is selected as the propagation mode in order to measure a hollow density profile which is typically observed in ECH plasmas. A test‐bench examination using an aluminum reflection plate shows that the measured phase shift agrees well with that expected from the change in the plate position. The initial measurement results show that the reconstructed density profile has hollow profile at low density and steep gradient at the edge in ECH plasma. The hollowness is weakened as the averaged density increases (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Global Energy Confinement Studies in TJ‐II NBI Plasmas
Authors: Ascasíbar E. , Estrada T. , Liniers M. , Ochando M. A. , Tabarés F. L. , Tafalla D. , Guasp J. , Jiménez‐Gömez R. , Castejön F. , Löpez‐Bruna D. , Löpez‐Fraguas A. , Pastor I. , Cappa A. , Fuentes C. , Fontdecaba J. M. , TJ‐II Team
Published: July 2010

This paper is an extension of global plasma confinement in electron‐cyclotron operation to neutral beam heated plasmas in TJ‐II. The reported NBI plasmas have been obtained under lithium‐coated wall conditions. The plasma operation exhibits a substantially better density control and improved confinement as compared to similar boron‐coated wall discharges heated by NBI. Regression analyses of energy confinement time yield a scaling law indicating degradation with power with an exponent of αP = 0.8. The scaling shows an improvement with density with exponent αn = 0.5. The dependencies on plasma radius and rotational transform have not been resolved so far because the –still incomplete– NBI database suffers from a high correlation between these two parameters (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Development of the Neoclassical Transport Module for the Integrated Simulation Code in Helical Plasmas
Authors: Wakasa A. , Murakami S. , Fukuyama A. , Beidler C.D. , Maaßberg H. , Yokoyama M. , Sato M.
Published: July 2010

The neoclassical transport database, DCOM/NNW, is improved to evaluate the neoclassical transport flux more accurately in high‐temperature plasma in LHD. GSRAKE code, which solves the ripple‐averaged drift kinetic equation, is also used to extend the database to the further collisionless regime. Finally we construct a neoclassical transport database DCOM‐GSRAKE/NNW for LHD (DGN/LHD). The neoclassical transport analyses of high temperature LHD plasma are performed using DGN/LHD. Also DGN/LHD is implemented as a neoclassical transport analysis module in the TASK3D, the integrated simulation code for a helical plasma (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Considerations from the Viewpoint of Neoclassical Transport Towards Higher Ion Temperature Heliotron Plasmas
Authors: Yokoyama M. , Matsuoka S. , Funaba H. , Ida K. , Nagaoka K. , Yoshinuma M. , Takeiri Y. , Kaneko O. , LHD Experiment Group
Published: July 2010

The neoclassical (NC) transport analyses have been performed to elucidate the plausible approaches towards higher ion‐temperature heliotron plasmas. Avoidance of the ripple transport is the key issue, for which the neoclassical ambipolar radial electric field (Er) can be utilized. The ion‐root scenario and the electron‐root scenario are expected to be effective according to the experimental situation (especially, the temperature ratio between ions and electrons). The impact of the ion mass on the neoclassical ambipolarEris also investigated to reveal the easier realization of electron‐rootErin heavier ion plasmas (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hoxb8‐Cre mice: A tool for brain‐sparing conditional gene deletion
Authors: Witschi Robert , Johansson Torbjörn , Morscher Giannina , Scheurer Louis , Deschamps Jacqueline , Zeilhofer Hanns Ulrich
Published: July 2010

The spinal cord is the first site of temporal and spatial integration of nociceptive signals in the pain pathway. Neuroplastic changes occurring at this site contribute critically to various chronic pain syndromes. Gene targeting in mice has generated important insights into these processes. However, the analysis of constitutive (global) gene‐deficient mice is often hampered by confounding effects arising from supraspinal sites. Here, we describe a novel Cre mouse line that expresses the Cre recombinase under the transcriptional control of the Hoxb8 gene. Within the neural axis of these mice, Hoxb8‐Cre expression is found in spinal cord neurons and glial cells, and in virtually all neurons of the dorsal root ganglia, but spares the brain apart from a few cells in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The Hoxb8‐Cre mouse line should be a valuable new tool for the in vivo analysis of peripheral and spinal gene functions in pain pathways. genesis 48:596–602, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Applying the institutions of sustainability framework to the case of agricultural soil conservation
Authors: Prager Katrin
Published: July 2010

The Institutions of Sustainability (IoS) framework is a coherent framework that takes into account the interdependencies between ecological and social systems. It has been applied in previous studies and proven to be a useful tool for the analysis of issues in agricultural economics and resource management centred on human–nature interaction. However, previous contributions have not made explicit how to create the link between the analytical framework and practical empirical research, i.e. how to operationalize the IoS framework, how to ‘unpack’ action arenas and how to derive a step by step analysis of the institutional arrangements. This paper explains the application of this framework using the example of agricultural soil degradation and soil conservation policy. It draws on experience from 10 case studies across Europe where the common framework and methods were applied. I discuss several challenges that occurred when the framework was utilized to guide case study research. The paper aims to assist scholars from different disciplines in the application of the IoS framework to undertake a systematic institutional analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
MicroPrep: Chip‐based dielectrophoretic purification of mitochondria
Authors: Moschallski Meike , Hausmann Monika , Posch Anton , Paulus Aran , Kunz Nancy , Duong Thanh Tu , Angres Brigitte , Fuchsberger Kai , Steuer Heiko , Stoll Dieter , Werner Simon , Hagmeyer Britta , Stelzle Martin
Published: July 2010

We have developed a microfluidic system – microPrep – for subcellular fractionation of cell homogenates based on dielectrophoretic sorting. Separation of mitochondria isolated from a human lymphoblastoid cell line was monitored by fluorescence microscopy and further characterized by western blot analysis. Robust high throughput and continuous long‐term operation for up to 60 h of the microPrep chip system with complex biological samples became feasible as a result of a comprehensive set of technical measures: (i) coating of the inner surfaces of the chip with BSA, (ii) application of mechanical actuators to induce periodic flow patterns, (iii) efficient cooling of the device to ensure integrity of organelle, (iv) a wide channel to provide for high fluidic throughput, and (v) integration of a serial arrangement of 10 dielectrophoretic deflector units to enable separation of samples with a high particle load without clogging. Hence, microPrep yields tens of micrograms of enriched and purified mitochondria within hours. Western blots of mitochondria fractions showed that contaminating endoplasmatic reticulum was reduced by a factor 6 when compared with samples prepared by state of the art centrifugation.
Microfluidic devices for electrokinetic sample fractionation
Authors: Wang Zhen , Taylor Justine , Jemere Abebaw B. , Harrison D. Jed
Published: July 2010

We present three generations of microchip‐based “in‐space” sample fractionators and collectors for use in proteomics. The basic chip design consisted of a single channel for CE separation of analytes that then intersects a fractionation zone feed into multiple high aspect ratio microchannels for fractionation of separated components. Achievements of each generation are discussed in relation to important design criteria. CE‐separated samples were electrokinetically driven to multiple collection channels in sequence without cross‐contamination under the protection of sheath streams. A 36‐channel fractionator demonstrated the efficacy of a high‐throughput fractionator with no observed cross‐contamination. A mixture of IgG and BSA was used to test the efficiency of the fractionator and collector. CE of the fractionated samples was performed on the same device to verify their purity. Our demonstration proved to be efficient and reproducible in obtaining non‐contaminated samples over 15 sample injections. Experimental results were found to be in close agreement with PSpice simulation in terms of flow behavior, contamination control and device performance. The design presented here has a great potential to be integrated in proteomic platforms.
A rapid and reliable bonding process for microchip electrophoresis fabricated in glass substrates
Authors: Segato Thiago Pinotti , Coltro Wendell Karlos Tomazelli , de Jesus Almeida André Luiz , de Oliveira Piazetta Maria Helena , Gobbi Angelo Luiz , Mazo Luiz Henrique , Carrilho Emanuel
Published: July 2010

In this report, we describe a rapid and reliable process to bond channels fabricated in glass substrates. Glass channels were fabricated by photolithography and wet chemical etching. The resulting channels were bonded against another glass plate containing a 50‐μm thick PDMS layer. This same PDMS layer was also used to provide the electrical insulation of planar electrodes to carry out capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. The analytical performance of the proposed device was shown by using both LIF and capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection systems. Efficiency around 47 000 plates/m was achieved with good chip‐to‐chip repeatability and satisfactory long‐term stability of EOF. The RSD for the EOF measured in three different devices was ca. 7%. For a chip‐to‐chip comparison, the RSD values for migration time, electrophoretic current and peak area were below 10%. With the proposed approach, a single chip can be fabricated in less than 30 min including patterning, etching and sealing steps. This fabrication process is faster and easier than the thermal bonding process. Besides, the proposed method does not require high temperatures and provides excellent day‐to‐day and device‐to‐device repeatability.
Analysis of amphetamine‐type substances by capillary zone electrophoresis using capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection
Authors: Epple Rochelle , Blanes Lucas , Beavis Alison , Roux Claude , Doble Philip
Published: July 2010

CE with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) was employed for the separation and detection of seven amphetamine analogues as well as amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine. The separation electrolyte was 30 mM hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPβCD) in a 75 mM acetic acid+25 mM sodium acetate buffer adjusted to pH 4.55. Conductivity detection was compared with UV detection using this same electrolyte. Average detection limits for C4D and UV were 1.3 and 1.0 ppm, respectively. The effects of HPβCD concentration and BGE composition on the selectivity of the separation were also investigated. An illicit, street‐grade sample of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) and a prescription dextroamphetamine tablet were also analysed.
Advanced biosorbents materials for removal of chromium from water and wastewaters
Authors: Sahmoune Mohamed Nasser , Louhab Krim , Boukhiar Aissa
Published: July 2010

As we known, it is very expensive and ineffective to remove chromium ions from wastewaters using conventional methods when the chromium concentration is low (1–100 mg L−1). Thus, it is very necessary to develop alternative technologies now. A biosorption technology in which dead biomass is used to accumulate chromium is a method that can replace conventional processes for remediating chromium pollution in wastewaters. Biosorbents are prepared from naturally abundant and/or waste biomass. Because of the high uptake capacity and very cost‐effective source of the raw material, biosorption is a progression toward a perspective method. An overview of advanced biosorbents for the removal of chromium is reported with special emphasis on the recent investigations on biosorption of chromium in water and wastewater. © American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011.
Into geothermal solutions: The sustainability case for Challenge Stadium in Perth, Western Australia
Authors: Oldmeadow Edward , Marinova Dora
Published: July 2010

Geothermal energy sources have long been known, but new applications based on innovative technologies with greater efficiency of low temperature resources are starting to emerge. The article outlines the application of a low temperature geothermal resource for Challenge Stadium in Perth, Western Australia, an award winning engineering solution by Parsons Brinckerhoff (PB) as a case for sustainability. Key benefits from Challenge Geothermal include: (1) reduced consumption of fossil‐based fuel; (2) cost savings; (3) water supply and water infrastructure development for a local school; (4) enhanced sustainability profile for the sports and recreation facility. For cities situated in geothermally‐rich environments, the greatest potential benefit from this type of project is the promotion of sustainability principles. Projects such as Challenge Geothermal can be seen as sustainable as they are ecologically friendly and support locally appropriate technological solutions whilst benefiting the community and economy of the city. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011.
Topographic changes of a supply‐limited inland parabolic sand dune during the incipient phase of stabilization
Authors: Hugenholtz Chris H.
Published: July 2010

Topographic surveys on an inland parabolic sand dune over a six‐year period provide insight into the effects of diminishing local sand supply on dune stabilization. During the interval (2003–2009) sparse vegetation cover (Psoralea lanceolata) increased despite drier than normal moisture conditions and steady wind power during the growing season. Whereas these climatic conditions are typically ascribed to sustaining or increasing dune activity, here they coincide with stabilization. Through the use of geographic information system (GIS) analysis of volumetric changes it is shown that the increase of P. lanceolata can be attributed to the reduction of local sand supply from two blowouts along the arms of the parabolic dune during the six‐year period. These results show that climate is not the only control on dune activity in vegetated inland dunefields. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical modelling of rainfall‐ and snowmelt‐induced erosion of stony slope underlain by permafrost
Authors: Vedie E. , Lagarde J.‐L. , Font M.
Published: July 2010

Physical modelling experiments have been carried out in a cold room to test on a small scale, the effects of water supply during the thaw of an experimental slope with permafrost. Permafrost was maintained at depth and a thin active layer was frozen and thawed from the surface. Data from the experiments relate to two different conditions, first with moderate rainfall, and second with heavy rainfall during the thaw period.

When moderate rainfall is applied during thaw phases, the experimental slope is slightly degraded. At the scale of the experiment, erosion processes involve frost jacking of the coarse blocks, frost creep and gelifluction that induce slow and gradual down slope displacements of the active layer, but also small landslides leading to large but slow mass movements with short displacements. Changes in experimental slope morphology are marked by the initiation of a small‐scale drainage network and the development of a little crest line which shows a progressive upslope migration. With such boundary conditions, there is not enough water supply to evacuate downslope the whole of the eroded material and a topographic smoothing is observed.

When heavy rainfall is applied during thaw periods, rapid mass wasting (small mud‐flows and debris flows) become prominent. Slope failures are largely controlled by the water saturation of the active layer and by the occurrence of steeper slopes. At the scale of the experiment, rates of erosion and maximum incision increase by about 100% leading to significant slope degradation with marked and specific scars comparable to gullying. These morphological changes are dependant on both the size and the frequency of catastrophic events. These experiments provide detailed data that could improve the knowledge of the physical parameters that control the initiation, at a small‐scale, of erosion processes on periglacial slopes with a thin active layer and/or with thin cover of mobilizable slope deposits. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile components of Teucrium massiliense L. – identification of 6‐methyl‐3‐heptyl acetate as a new natural product
Authors: Djabou Nassim , Paolini Julien , Desjobert Jean‐Marie , Allali Hocine , Baldovini Nicolas , Costa Jean , Muselli Alain
Published: July 2010

Volatile components extracted from the aerial parts and separated organs of Corsican and Sardinian Teucrium massiliense have been studied. The chemical composition of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) has been investigated using GC–RI, GC–MS (EI and CI modes) and 13CNMR spectroscopy. For the first time, a real concentration via calibration curves and response factor calculations has been determined for each oil component. The concentrations of the major components were 6‐methyl‐3‐heptyl acetate (23.83–18.16 g/100 g), 3‐octyl acetate (10.55–6.95 g/100 g), isobutyl isovalerate (7.67–2.91 g/100 g), germacrene D (6.13–1.01 g/100 g) and linalool (6.63–5.23 g/100 g). To the best of our knowledge, the occurrence of 6‐methyl‐3‐heptyl acetate as a natural product is reported for the first time. Furthermore, the chemical composition of volatile fractions emitted from the aerial parts and separated organs of T. massiliense L. has been studied by HS–SPME/GC–RI and GC–MS after optimization of SPME parameters. Concerning the contribution of plant organs to the aromatic plant fingerprint, we noted that the flowers produced more volatiles than other organs. The volatile fractions obtained from the different organs were qualitatively quite similar to each other but differed in the percentages of their major components. Also, the influence of HS–SPME extraction parameters (equilibrium and extraction times and temperature) on the chemical composition of the plant volatile fraction is discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Influence of Conductive Additives and Inter‐Particle Voids in Carbon EDLC Electrodes
Authors: Pandolfo A. G. , Wilson G. J. , Huynh T. D. , Hollenkamp A. F.
Published: July 2010

Through the interpretation of porosity and intrusion data, and correlation to the electrochemical response, this study has confirmed that are not only carbon blacks (CBs) very effective in improving the electrical connectivity of a carbon electrode coating, but they also significantly modify the porosity of the electrode coating and thereby also influence ionic diffusion. CBs are more effective conductive fillers than graphites in EDLC electrodes. The highly branched structure of CBs allows multiple electrical contact points and results in a lower electrode electronic resistance. CBs can decrease inter‐particle porosity (both volume and size) and introduce additional porosity that is characteristic of the type of carbon employed. It is observed that electrode coatings prepared from a carbon slurry have a highly macroporous structure and that electrolyte accessibility to individual activated carbon particles is unlikely to be the limiting factor to accessing capacitance. Electrochemical testing has confirmed the strong relationship between bulk electrode resistance and the accessibility of capacitance at different rates.
Laterite nodules: A credible source of iron ore in iron age northeast Thailand?
Authors: Cawte Hayden James , Boyd William E.
Published: July 2010

The advent of iron metallurgy changed the course of prehistoric Thailand. There is, however, little information on the nature of iron production and the extent to which locally abundant and easily quarried lateritic iron may have been the ore source. For northeast Thailand archaeological sites, the presence of both iron slag and laterite iron nodules within and surrounding these sites has widely been assumed to represent localized smelting using locally sourced iron ore. This interpretation is, however, based on untested laterite‐equals‐ore and slag‐equals‐smelting equations. This paper tests these assumptions by examining the chemistry of the lateritic iron nodules from two archaeological sites. At one site, the laterite is not a credible ore source and iron working probably comprised only smithing. Local laterite at the other site may be a usable ore. We conclude that, in northeast Thailand, the use of local laterite as an ore source cannot be assumed and that presence of both laterite and slag is not necessarily evidence for prehistoric smelting. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identifying and linking source areas of flow and P transport in dairy‐grazed headwater catchments, North Island, New Zealand
Authors: Müller K. , Srinivasan M. S. , Trolove M. , McDowell R. W.
Published: July 2010

We examined the applicability of the critical‐source area (CSA) concept to the dairy‐grazed 192‐ha Upper Toenepi catchment and its 8·7‐ha Kiwitahi sub‐catchment, New Zealand. We evaluated if phosphorus (P) transport from land into stream is dominated by saturation‐excess (SE) and infiltration‐excess (IE) runoff during stormflow and by sub‐surface (<1·5 m depth) flows during baseflow. We measured stream flow and shallow groundwater levels, collected monthly stream, tile drain (TDA) and groundwater samples, and flow‐proportional stream samples from the Kiwitahi sub‐catchment, and determined their dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations. In the Kiwitahi sub‐catchment, during storm events, IE contributions were significant. Contributions from SE appeared significant in the Upper Toenepi catchment. However, in both catchments, sub‐surface contributions dominated stormflow and baseflow periods. Absence of water table at the surface and the water table gradient towards the stream indicated that P transport during events was not limited to surface runoff. The dynamics of the groundwater table and the occurrence of SE areas were influenced by proximity to the stream and hillslope positions. Baseflow accounted for 42% of the annual flow in the Kiwitahi sub‐catchment, and contributed 37 and 52% to the DRP and TP loads, respectively. The P transport during baseflow appeared equally important as P losses from CSAs during stormflow. The close resemblance in P levels between groundwater and stream samples during baseflow demonstrates the importance of shallow groundwater for stream flow. In the Upper Toenepi catchment, contributions from effluent ponds (EFFs) dominated P loads. Management strategies should focus on controlling P release from EFFs, and on decreasing Olsen P concentrations in soil to minimize leaching of P via sub‐surface flow to streams. Research is needed to quantify the role of sub‐surface flow as well as to expand management strategies to minimize P transfers during stormflow and baseflow conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Importin subunit alpha‐2 is identified as a potential biomarker for non‐small cell lung cancer by integration of the cancer cell secretome and tissue transcriptome
Authors: Wang Chun‐I. , Wang Chih‐Liang , Wang Chih‐Wei , Chen Chi‐De , Wu Chih‐Ching , Liang Ying , Tsai Ying‐Huang , Chang Yu‐Sun , Yu Jau‐Song , Yu Chia‐Jung
Published: July 2010

The cancer cell secretome may contain potentially useful biomarkers. In this study, we integrated the profiles of secreted proteins in lung cancer cell lines with mRNA expression levels from pulmonary adenocarcinoma tissue, with a view to identify effective biomarkers for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Among the novel candidates isolated, importin subunit alpha‐2 (also known as karyopherin subunit alpha [KPNA]‐2), was selected for further validation. Immunohistochemical staining revealed overexpression of KPNA2 in the nuclei of tumor cells, compared with adjacent normal cells. A sandwich ELISA assay developed to detect KPNA2 levels in serum samples showed significantly higher serum KPNA2 in NSCLC patients than in healthy controls. A combination of serum KPNA2 and carcinoembryonic antigen displayed higher diagnostic capacity than either marker alone. Importantly, protein levels of KPNA2 in pleural effusion from NSCLC patients were also significantly higher than those from non‐lung cancer. Moreover, knockdown of KPNA2 inhibited the migration ability and viability of lung cancer cells. Our results collectively suggest that integration of the cancer cell secretome and transcriptome datasets provides an efficient means of identifying novel biomarkers for NSCLC, such as KPNA2.
Down‐regulation of Notch‐1 is associated with Akt and FoxM1 in inducing cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Wang Zhiwei , Li Yiwei , Ahmad Aamir , Banerjee Sanjeev , Azmi Asfar S. , Kong Dejuan , Wojewoda Christine , Miele Lucio , Sarkar Fazlul H.
Published: July 2010

Although many studies have been done to uncover the mechanisms by which down‐regulation of Notch‐1 exerts its anti‐tumor activity against a variety of human malignancies, the precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the cellular consequence of Notch‐1 down‐regulation and also assessed the molecular consequence of Notch‐1‐mediated alterations of its downstream targets on cell viability and apoptosis in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. We found that the down‐regulation of Notch‐1 led to the inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis, which was mechanistically linked with down‐regulation of Akt and FoxM1, suggesting for the first time that Akt and FoxM1 are downstream targets of Notch‐1 signaling. Moreover, we found that a “natural agent” (genistein) originally discovered from soybean could cause significant reduction in cell viability and induced apoptosis of PCa cells, which was consistent with down‐regulation of Notch‐1, Akt, and FoxM1. These results suggest that down‐regulation of Notch‐1 by novel agents could become a newer approach for the prevention of tumor progression and/or treatment, which is likely to be mediated via inactivation of Akt and FoxM1 signaling pathways in PCa. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 78–88, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Locating and labeling neural stem cells in the brain
Authors: Landgren Henrik , Curtis Maurice A.
Published: July 2010

The phenomenon of adult neurogenesis has been demonstrated in most mammals including humans. At least two regions of the adult brain maintain stem cells throughout life; the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle wall. Both regions continuously produce neurons that mature and become integrated into functional networks that are involved in learning and memory and odor discrimination, respectively. Apart from these well‐studied regions neurogenesis has been reported in a number of other brain regions, such as amygdala and cortex. However, these studies have been contested and there is currently no well‐postulated function for non‐SVZ/SGZ neurogenesis. The studies of the regional localization of neurogenesis in the brain have been made possible due to several methods for detecting adult neurogenesis including; bromodeoxyuridine labeling (BrdU) together with markers of mature neurons, genetic labeling, by mouse transgenesis, or with the use of viral vectors. These techniques are already put to creative use and will be essential for the discovery of the nature of the adult neural stem cells. In this mini‐review, we will discuss the localization of neural stem/progenitor cells in the brain and their implications as well as discussing the pro's and con's of stem cell labeling techniques. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 1–7, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PKCε regulates contraction‐stimulated GLUT4 traffic in skeletal muscle cells
Authors: Niu Wenyan , Bilan Philip J. , Yu Junna , Gao Jing , Boguslavsky Shlomit , Schertzer Jonathan D. , Chu Guilan , Yao Zhi , Klip Amira
Published: July 2010

The signaling pathways that stimulate glucose uptake in response to muscle contraction are not well defined. Recently, we showed that carbachol, an acetylcholine analog, stimulates contraction of C2C12 myotube cultures and the rapid arrival of myc‐epitope tagged GLUT4 glucose transporters at the cell surface. Here, we explore a role for protein kinase C (PKC) in regulating GLUT4 traffic. Cell surface carbachol‐induced GLUT4myc levels were partly inhibited by the conventional/novel PKC inhibitors GF‐109203X, Gö6983, and Ro‐31‐8425 but not by the conventional PKC inhibitor Gö6976. C2C12 myotubes expressed several novel isoforms of PKC mRNA with PKCδ and PKCε in greater abundance. Carbachol stimulated phosphorylation of PKC isoforms and translocation of PKCδ and PKCε to membranes within 5 min. However, only a peptidic inhibitor of PKCε translocation (myristoylated‐EAVSLKPT), but not one of PKCδ (myristoylated‐SFNSYELGSL), prevented the GLUT4myc response to carbachol. Significant participation of PKCε in the carbachol‐induced gain of GLUT4myc at the surface of C2C12 myotubes was further supported through siRNA‐mediated PKCε protein knockdown. These findings support a role for novel PKC isoforms, especially PKCε, in contraction‐stimulated GLUT4 traffic in muscle cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 173–180, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FOXM1 expression mediates growth suppression during terminal differentiation of HO‐1 human metastatic melanoma cells
Authors: Huynh Kim Mai , Soh Jae‐Won , Dash Rupesh , Sarkar Devanand , Fisher Paul B. , Kang Dongchul
Published: July 2010

Induction of terminal differentiation represents a potentially less toxic cancer therapy. Treatment of HO‐1 human metastatic melanoma cells with IFN‐β plus mezerein (MEZ) promotes terminal differentiation with an irreversible loss of growth potential. During this process, the transcription factor FOXM1 is down‐regulated potentially inhibiting transactivation of target genes including those involved in G2/M progression and cell proliferation. We investigated the mechanism of FOXM1 down‐regulation and its physiological role in terminal differentiation. Genetic and pharmacological studies revealed that FOXM1 down‐regulation was primarily caused by MEZ activation of PKCα and co‐treatment with IFN‐β plus MEZ augmented the effect of PKCα. Promoter analysis with a mutated E‐box on the FOXM1 promoter, and in vitro and in vivo binding assays confirm a direct role of c‐Myc on FOXM1 expression. Reduction of c‐Myc and overexpression of Mad1 by IFN‐β plus MEZ treatment should cause potent and persistent reduction of FOXM1 expression during terminal differentiation. Overexpression of FOXM1 restored expression of cell cycle‐associated genes and increased the proportion of cells in the S phase. Our experiments support a model for terminal differentiation in which FOXM1 down‐regulation via activation of PKCα followed by suppression of c‐Myc expression, are causal events in promoting growth inhibition during terminal differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 194–204, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.