bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Affordability
Authors: Meen Geoffrey , Whitehead Christine
Published: January 2021

Affordability is, perhaps, the greatest housing problem facing households today, both in the UK and internationally. Even though most households are now well housed, hardship is disproportionately concentrated among low-income and younger households. Our failure to deal with their problems is what makes housing so frustrating. But, to improve outcomes, we have to understand the complex economic and political forces which underlie their continued prevalence. There are no costless solutions, but there are new policy directions that can be explored in addition to those that have dominated in recent years.
The first, analytic, part of the book considers the factors that determine house prices and rents, household formation and tenure, housing construction and the roles played by housing finance and taxation. The second part turns to examine the impact of past policy and the possibilities for improvement - discussing supply and the impact of planning regulation, supply subsidies, subsidies to low-income tenants and attempts to increase home ownership.
Rather than advocating a particular set of policies, the aim is to consider the balance of policies; the constraints under which housing policy operates; what can realistically be achieved; the structural changes that would need to occur; and the significant sacrifices that would have to be made by some groups if there are to be improvements for others. Our emphasis is on the UK but throughout the book we also draw on international experience and our conclusions have relevance to analysts and policy makers across the developed world.
Crisis, What Crisis?
Authors: Meen Geoffrey , Whitehead Christine
Published: January 2021

The opening chapter provides an overview of the topics covered in the book, set in the context of the key policy debates that have taken place in recent years, not just in the UK but across countries facing similar issues. The chapter introduces the analytical approaches to be used. The methods are primarily those of economists – including modern as well as traditional techniques - but recognise the insights of other disciplines and the political constraints under which housing operates. The chapter stresses that housing cannot be divorced from the macroeconomy and monetary and fiscal policies are often more important to housing outcomes than policies directly aimed at housing. But housing also influences the economy which, particularly since the Global Financial Crisis, has added further constraints on housing policy.
Is Housing Really Unaffordable?
Authors: Meen Geoffrey , Whitehead Christine
Published: January 2021

Most UK households do not face affordability difficulties; those most affected are typically low-income renters and aspiring first-time buyers. However, popularly-used affordability indicators look at the average household position across the country, rather than the distribution across households. Therefore, Chapter 2 discusses the strengths and weaknesses of different affordability measures, including the popular price to earnings or income ratios, the share of expenditure taken by housing and residual income methods. The chapter is critical of these measures and, therefore, proposes two new indicators that provide more information: the first examines the relationship between housing stress and expenditure shares for low-income renters; the second constructs a version of the Lorenz curve for aspiring first-time buyers and shows the proportion of houses that could be afforded by households with different levels of income around the country.
Housing, Affordability and the Macroeconomy
Authors: Meen Geoffrey , Whitehead Christine
Published: January 2021

Chapter 8 marks the beginning of the book’s policy discussion. Not only is housing strongly affected by the macroeconomy, but housing also affects the economy as a whole. Although housebuilding is a modest part of economic activity, the indirect effects of housing are powerful. Chapter 8 considers these interlinkages. Early research, which concentrated on the relationship between housing and consumer expenditure, generated considerable controversy. The Global Financial Crisis stimulated further analysis, emphasising the role of housing wealth particularly in providing collateral for loans. Recent international studies have considered the impact of liberalisation of international capital markets; the importance of housing and housing finance for macroeconomic stabilisation; and in reverse the importance of macro policy for default, particularly in the light of the US sub-prime crisis. The chapter also discusses the extent to which housing becomes more sensitive to changes in monetary policy instruments in a liberalised environment.
Subsidizing the Housing Costs of Lower-Income Tenants
Authors: Meen Geoffrey , Whitehead Christine
Published: January 2021

Chapter 12 turns to tenant subsidies. Since the introduction of income-related housing subsidies to tenants in the early 1970s there has been continuing debate about the relative weight to be given to demand side and supply side subsidies. The numbers helped by the second is limited by available supply while in the UK the first provides an as of right benefit to all eligible households in both the social and private rented sectors. Other issues relate to the efficiency and capacity to target assistance, the relative public expenditure costs to achieve government objectives, and their impact on the allocation of affordable housing and on work incentives. One of the most important and unpredicted changes in housing has been the growth of private renting which now accommodates around 20 per cent of households in the UK. The chapter discusses these tenure shifts and examines how austerity, regulation and changes to welfare policy have impacted on households and affordability.
How to Live with a Female Body: Securityscapes against Sexual Violence and Related Interpretation Patterns of Kyrgyz Women
Authors: Oestmann Kathrin , Korschinek Anna M.
Published: January 2021

The chapter investigates individual securityscapes that respond to gender-based violence. Indeed, large parts of Kyrgyz society remain structured around highly patriarchal norms and violence against women is commonplace. Academic literature on this problem has so far mainly considered the practice of 'bride kidnapping' in rural areas of the country. However, as this chapter demonstrates, it also concerns young women in the capital city of Bishkek. In order to avoid the ever-present prospect of sexual harassment or even rape, they need to adhere to specific security measures that determine much of their daily lives. This involves, for example, remaining inconspicuous and constricting their movements around certain times and places.
Romantic Securityscapes of Mixed Couples: Resisting Moral Panic, Surviving in the Present and Imagining the Future
Authors: Myrzabekova Asel
Published: January 2021

This chapter combines the two themes of security against ethnic and gender-based violence, which have been at the center in the previous chapters. Frequently, violence against women becomes intertwined with ethnic identity politics in Kyrgyzstan. A particularly controversial topic here is ethnically 'mixed' relationships. If a Kyrgyz female decides to become involved with a non-Kyrgyz partner, she can often expect to be ostracized by her family, in some cases even beaten and threatened with death. The chapter looks at various cases and shows the different ways in which couples deal with this situation. The choice usually boils down to either keeping the relationship secret or to running away with one's partner and trying to make a new life for oneself in another place.
Intensity interferometry-based 3D imaging
Authors: Wagner Fabian , Schiffers Florian , Willomitzer Florian , Cossairt Oliver , Velten Andreas
Published: January 2021

The development of single-photon counting detectors and arrays has made tremendous steps in recent years, not the least because of various new applications, e.g., LIDAR devices. In this work, a 3D imaging device based on real thermal light intensity interferometry is presented. By using gated SPAD technology, a basic 3D scene is imaged in reasonable measurement time. Compared to conventional approaches, the proposed synchronized photon counting allows the use of more light modes to enhance 3D ranging performance. Advantages like robustness to atmospheric scattering or autonomy by exploiting external light sources can make this ranging approach interesting for future applications.
The emerging SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2: An insight into the viruses zoonotic aspects
Authors: Al-Salihi Karima A. , Khalaf Jenan Mahmood
Published: January 2021

Zoonotic coronavirus disease (COVID) has emerged in the past two decades and caused a pandemic that has produced a significant universal health alarm. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2002 and 2012, respectively, provoking severe lower respiratory infection and deadly pneumonia. COVID-19 is a severe respiratory disease caused by the new strain of novel CoV (SARS-CoV-2). The zoonotic aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are highlighted in this article. COVID-19 has rapidly become a pandemic and has spread and infected millions of people worldwide. As of November 19, 2020, the date of submitting this review, the total CoV cases, deaths, and recovered patients are 56,828,218, 1,359,320, and 39,548,923, respectively. In conclusion, COVID-19 has particularly altered the opinion of the significance of zoonotic diseases and their animal origins and the intermediate reservoirs, which may be unknown wild animals. Genetically, the SARS-CoV-2 is related to the SARS-like bat CoVs and shares 85% identity with the SARS-CoV that is derived from the SARS-like bat CoVs. However, the virus is related to a lesser extent to the MERS-CoV. The SARS-CoV-2 uses the same receptor-binding domain receptor of the SARS-CoV – the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; conversely, DPP4 (CD26). It has not been proved that the MERS-CoVs primary receptor is the receptor of the SARS-CoV-2.
Exploring the Genre Conventions of the YA Dystopian Trilogy as Twenty-First-Century Utopian Dreaming
Authors: Fitzsimmons Rebekah
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the popular format of the YA dystopian trilogy and, by considering the trilogy as a unified text, outlines the plot patterns and other genre conventions apparent in this popular form. Through a distant comparative reading of multiple trilogies, this essay argues that their pedagogical nature utilizes the liminal position of teens in society to advocate for rebellion and institutional overthrow in the pursuit of a utopian hope for a better future.
New Directions for Old Roads: Rewriting the Young Adult Road Trip Story
Authors: Vanfosson Jason
Published: January 2021

This chapter argues that contemporary young adult road narratives rewrite the story of the road to include more diverse representations that expose the challenges of traveling while part of a marginalized group. Road trip narratives codify privilege via class, gender, sexual orientation, and whiteness within the North American context to define a dominant road story that has commonly been represented throughout literary history. This chapter examines how the young adult road trip becomes a site of subversion for indigenous travelers, travelers of color, queer travelers, and trans travelers through the ways certain identities receive or navigate the privilege of mobility on the road within different geographical spaces.
Mythopoeic YA: Worlds of Possibility
Authors: Phillips Leah
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses how mythopoeic YA, a speculative, ‘imaginary world’ fiction initially by women and still for adolescent girls, brings new worlds into being to actualize new modes of being. Drawing on the hero stories of traditional mythic narratives, mythopoeic YA engages and complicates the system of binary opposition at the heart of its source material by occupying spaces between oppositions, giving space to female-authors, and by foregrounding female-heroes, non-Western worlds, and relationships thereby offering alternative and inclusive models of being-hero. First emerging in the early-1980’s with the work of Tamora Pierce and Robin McKinley, Leigh Bardugo’sGrishaverse and Tomi Adeyemi's Orïsha offer excellent, contemporary examples.
Tomás Rivera: The Original Latinx Outsider
Authors: Wadham Tim
Published: January 2021

This chapter follows Rivera’s story and the parallel story of the creation of the stage version of Tomás and the Library Lady in the context of Latinx outliers. While Pat Mora’s book portrays Rivera’s journey becoming a reader, González’s play is about Rivera’s journey becoming a writer. González’s play demonstrates how a fellow outlier helped Rivera break from the constraints of the stereotypes forced upon him and to find, through literature, a way to belong.
The Monstrous “Mother” in Moto Hagio’s Marginal: The Posthuman, the Human, and the Bioengineered Uterus
Authors: Kuribayashi Tomoko
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes monstrous childbearing in a manga text that introduces us to a graphic world where female reproduction is a rarity. Centering on the narrative of a genetically engineered, posthuman character called Kira, Marginal examines what it means when the uterus is separated from the female body. This chapter asks whether the erasure of gender from the process of maternity can indeed shift patriarchal gender matrices in more promising directions, or, if maternity continues to be framed as problematically monstrous because of Kira’s “artificial” existence, her connection to the natural environment, and her lack of control over her body/reproductive organs.
Black Feelings
Authors: Corrigan Lisa M.
Published: January 2021

In Black Feelings, Corrigan traces the surging optimism of the Kennedy administration through the Black Power era’s dynamic and powerful circulation of black pessimism to understand how black feelings were a terrain of political struggle for black meaning, representation, and agency as black activists navigated the physical violence and psychological strain of movement disappointment, particularly with liberals (both black and white). Black Feelings demonstrates how racial feelings emerged, ebbed, flowed, disappeared, and re-emerged as the Long Sixties unfolded and finally ended. Black Feelings investigates how politicians, activists, and artists articulated the relationship between feeling black and black feelings to chart the affective energies that animated and troubled liberalism’s tropes of progress, equality, exceptionalism, perfection, and colorblindness. Black Feelings pays special attention to hope, hopelessness, impatience, brotherhood, rage, shame, resentment, disgust, contempt, betrayal, and melancholy and metaphors like the “powederkeg” that helped propel the affective racial landscape in the Long Sixties. Consequently, Black Feelings maps how black intellectuals described, animated, located, solicited, and projected feelings that shaped their political affiliations and their rhetorical strategies in opposition to dominant constructions of white feelings.
American Negritude
Authors: Corrigan Lisa M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter contextualizes Malcolm X’s interventions about black feelings in the contemporary psychological literatures that framed and circulated about blackness to understand how new black psychology informed Malcolm’s emotional and rhetorical repertoire. Then, in excavating Malcolm’s performances of black rage as an easily identifiable feeling and an intended goal of his rhetorical corpus, Corrigan argues that Malcolm’s psychological strategy articulated what she calls “American Negritude.” Marrying black psychology to the work of African and Caribbean intellectuals theorizing postcolonial black subjectivity, Malcolm’s rhetorical skills hinged on his ability to resituate black political and social consciousness around black pride and disidentification from whites. Malcolm’s American Negritude, particularly as it embraced rage, was at odds with the affective orientation and the racial liberalism of the integrationists and created both tension and opportunity for a global blackness. Still, while Malcolm reconceptualized feeling and being black, his enactment of black rage was often confused with hatred, which fueled white opposition to Malcolm and the NOI and fed white fragility in the early 1960s. Malcolm’s critique of black loyalty to white civil religion hinged on his relentless exposure of faulty black identifications, which he saw as a form of modern slavery.
“A Little Smackerel of Something”
Authors: Keeling Kara K. , Pollard Scott T.
Published: January 2021

The narratives of A.A. Milne’s Winnie-the-Pooh and The House at Pooh Corner serve collectively as a Künstlerroman—a narrative about an artist’s growth—and Pooh’s development as poet is structured around three nodes: food, sociability, and creativity. Pooh’s obsession with food, especially honey, is not mere oral greed: his desire for food in company is frequently linked to his practice and performance of poetry. Using anthropologist Mary Douglas’s analysis of meal structure, which encodes social relationships and creates social boundaries through food meanings within individual meals, this chapter examines how the metonymic triad of food, social connections, and creativity structure the social relations among the animals. Meals and food provide the occasions for this triad to operate: both formal meals (the banquet in Winnie-the-Pooh) and lighter meals (such as “elevenses” and teas). The meals and food provide occasions within the pastoral setting of the Hundred Acre Woods for Pooh to develop his poetic art, from spontaneous hums to his heroic epic about Piglet.
“A Profound Love for Luscious Things”
Authors: Keeling Kara K. , Pollard Scott T.
Published: January 2021

To explore Maurice Sendak’s In the Night Kitchen, this chapter utilizes research in Jewish immigrant history and migration patterns in the United States, Jewish-American foods and foodways, period-relevant Jewish-American cookbooks, food manufacturing in the first half of the twentieth century, and roadside/programmatic architecture. This research reveals the rich cultural background of Sendak’s story as both quintessentially Jewish and deeply American. Mickey’s night kitchen holds a complex variety of legible social codes. Food embeds such codes, and its “messages . . . will be found in the pattern of social relations being expressed” (Mary Douglas). Sendak’s experiences in a marginalized subculture mirror those of children. As a marginalized group, children are deeply aware of social hierarchies and their place within them: they understand their lack of power. Mickey fulfills children’s dreams for power within a context they can understand: the food they consume in their daily lives.
Dangerous Angels: The Weetzie Bat Books
Authors: Keeling Kara K. , Pollard Scott T.
Published: January 2021

In Dangerous Angels, Francesca Lia Block uses food to intersect the regionalism, history, and physical and cultural geographies of Los Angeles in the1980s. To explore the links among food, setting, and culture, the chapter looks at the particularities of Los Angeles, considering its geography, architecture, the urban histories of Hollywood and the foothills (especially Laurel Canyon), along with the well-documented food culture (restaurant histories, farmers markets, journalism) that marks the region. Block links knowledge, taste, and place as central to the narrative arc of the series. For all the wild eclecticism of Block’s world, the primary food signifier—that also dominates the value of place—is vegetarian home-cooking, providing physical, emotional, ethical, and intellectual support for the series’ heterogeneous community. A comfortable home with a well-stocked kitchen full of healthy vegetarian ingredients—where knowledgeable cooks happily work together making meals—makes the series’ eclecticism possible and sustainable.
“A Variation of Vengeance”
Authors: Donnar Glen
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines contrasting reflections on “war on terror,” primarily exploring the action-thriller, The Kingdom (2008), about the FBI investigation into fictional coordinated terror attacks on an American oil workers compound in Saudi Arabia. With foreign and outpost space structured much like a “frontier western,” American masculine identity and sovereignty are numerously undermined in the course of the investigation. The film can only counter this through a jarring final act shift from “forensic procedural” to over-the-top action-war “revenge fantasy.” The bloody annihilation of the Orientalized “terror-Other” mastermind nominally “(re)Americanizes” foreign land and reinstitutes professional agency and militarized masculinity. In comparison with John Ford’s Fort Apache (1948), Munich (2005) and Zero Dark Thirty (2012), the chapter concludes The Kingdom instead confirms the disquieting irresolution of violent revenge, extending terror through blowback and failing to reinvigorate a “protective” paternal masculinity undercut in being the same as America’s “dark mirror,” the Arab terrorist.
The Immigrant Experience
Authors: Donahue Jennifer
Published: January 2021

The first chapter examines physical and psychic fragmentation in Danticat’s Breath, Eyes, Memory and Krik? Krak! In Danticat’s work, folklore and flight intersect to highlight the relationship between dissociation, flight, and transformation. The works position the navigation of trauma as central to the protagonists’ emotional growth. Danticat’s work illustrates the transformative nature of flight and features Haitian and Haitian American characters who learn how to reconcile the effects of traumatic events. The works showcase women in various states of imprisonment, with flight, whether imagined or literal, serving as the vehicle for escape. Danticat fuses print and oral cultures and positions folklore as a tool for communicating values, solidifying relationships, and navigating trauma.
Traversing the Triangular Road
Authors: Donahue Jennifer
Published: January 2021

The third chapter reads transnational identity as based on cultural heritage rather than physical location. In Praisesong for the Widow and Small Island, Paule Marshall and Andrea Levy utilize the historical novel to reify the importance of cultural connection. As the works reveal, the new homeland can occasion a series of negotiations for immigrant families. As second-generation immigrants born of Caribbean parents, Marshall and Levy explore the relationship between migration and belonging. Through fiction, they highlight the trauma of the immigrant experience and position exile as a painful consequence of leaving one’s homeland. The works suggest that the condition of estrangement can both propel and function as a result of migration.
The Need for a Theory of Children’s and YA Adaptation
Authors: Meeusen Meghann
Published: January 2021

Serving primarily as an introduction, chapter one has two functions: explaining binary polarization and suggesting why scholars will benefit from thinking about children’s adapted film in a new way. This first chapter defines key terms, describing how film adaptations widen the divide between concepts to rework power structures. Chapter one explores why, even in the face of a critical movement away from fidelity-based studies, scholars are still drawn to hierarchical approaches, and in particular, why there may exist a particularly strong pull toward this kind of study in children’s and YA criticism. As such, chapter one not only articulates the text’s theory of children’s and YA adaptation, but also explains the need for such an approach.
Looking for Employment
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses John Roy Lynch's experience looking for employment. He first succeeded in securing employment as a dining-room waiter in a private boarding house at a monthly salary of five dollars. However, his work at the boarding house was not at all satisfactory to him, so he decided to remain there but one month; when he was paid off at the end of the first month, he received four dollars instead of five because he was accused of being responsible for the disappearance of one or two knives and forks. Lynch then found employment as a cook for a company of the Forty-ninth Illinois Volunteers Regiment of Infantry. He remained there until the regiment was ordered away, which covered a period of about six weeks. Lastly, he secured employment as pantryman on the government transport Altamont, at a stipulated monthly salary of twenty-five dollars.
A Constitution for Mississippi
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the creation of a new constitution for Mississippi. The year 1866 was eventful in the history of the country. A bitter war was then going on between Congress and President Andrew Johnson over the question of the reconstruction of the states lately in rebellion against the national government. The first election held in Mississippi under the Reconstruction Acts took place in 1867, when delegates to a constitutional convention were elected to frame a new constitution. The Democrats decided to adopt what they declared to be a policy of “masterly inactivity”—that is, to refrain from taking any part in the election and allowing the same to go by default. Of the Republican membership of the Constitutional Convention, a large majority were white men, many of them being natives of the state, and a number of others, though born elsewhere, had been residents of the state for many years preceding the war of the rebellion.
Justice of the Peace
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes John Roy Lynch's experiences as a justice of the peace. A justice of the peace at that time had original jurisdiction in all civil cases where the amount in controversy did not exceed three hundred dollars. In criminal cases he had jurisdiction concurrent with the county court in all cases below the grade of felony, and in felonious and capital cases he could sit as a committing magistrate, examine the witnesses, and decide whether or not the testimony was sufficient to bind the accused over to the next grand jury, with or without bail, to fix the amount and accept or reject such bondsmen as might be offered. While his decision was not final and therefore not a bar to further action by a higher court, it had, nevertheless, an important bearing upon any subsequent action that might be taken. To have a young and inexperienced colored man placed in charge of such an important office was looked upon by many, even of his warmest personal friends, with serious misgivings. But after several months had passed these misgivings had entirely disappeared.
Electing a Legislature
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter studies how John Roy Lynch's appointment to, and acceptance of, the office of justice of the peace resulted in creating, for the time being, two factions in the Republican party in the county. One was known as the Lynch faction and the other the Jacobs faction. When the constitution was submitted to a popular vote in November of 1869, it was provided that there should be elected at the same time all officers provided for, or created by, the constitution, and that they were to be chosen by popular vote, including members of the legislature. The county of Adams—Natchez—was entitled to one member of the state senate and three members of the House of Representatives. H. P. Jacobs was a candidate for the Republican nomination for state senator. For that position the Lynch faction refused to support him, but it had no objection to his nomination for member of the House. Since Jacobs persisted in his candidacy for state senator, the Lynch faction brought out an opposing candidate in the person of a Baptist minister by the name of J. M. P. Williams. The contest between them was interesting and exciting, though not bitter, and turned out to be very close.
Financing State Reconstruction
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter illustrates that in addition to the election of three United States senators, the legislature had some very important work before it. A new public school system had to be inaugurated and put into operation, thus necessitating the construction of school houses throughout the state, some of them, especially in the towns and villages, to be quite large and of course expensive. All of the other public buildings and institutions in the state had to be repaired, some of them rebuilt, all of them having been neglected and some of them destroyed during the progress of the late war. In addition to this, the entire state government in all of its branches had to be reconstructed and so reorganized as to place the same in perfect harmony with the new order of things. To accomplish these things money was required; but there was none in the treasury. The government had to be carried on, therefore, on a credit basis—that is, by the issuing of notes or warrants based upon the faith or credit of the state.
Speaker of the House Lynch
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights the nomination of John Roy Lynch by the House Republican caucus for Speaker of the House. In the organization of the House, the contest was not between white and colored, but between Democrats and Republicans. No one had been elected, at least on the Republican side, because he was a white man or because he was a colored man, but because he was a Republican. After a preliminary canvass, the fact was developed that Lynch was not only the choice of the colored members for Speaker of the House, but of a large majority of the white Republican members as well. They believed and voted in accordance with that belief, both in the party caucus and in the House, that he was the best equipped man for that responsible position. This fact had been demonstrated to their satisfaction during the two sessions of the preceding legislature.
1874: Diminishing Republican Power
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the diminishing Republican power. The Mississippi Constitution, having been ratified in 1869, an odd year of the calendar, caused the regular elections for state, district, and county officers to occur on the odd years of the calendar, while the national election occurred on the even years of the calendar, thus necessitating the holding of an election in the state every year. No election was to be held in 1874, therefore, except to choose members of Congress and to fill a few vacancies. The regular election for county officers and members of the legislature would be held in 1875. From a Republican point of view, Mississippi, as was true of the other reconstructed states, up to 1875 was all that could be expected and desired and no doubt would have remained so for many years but for the unexpected results of the state and congressional elections of 1874.
1875: Gloomy Prospects for Reelection
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter details how, when John Roy Lynch returned to his home after the adjournment of Congress in March of 1875, the political clouds were dark. The outlook, politically, was discouraging; the prospect of Republican success was not at all bright. There had been a marked change in the situation from every point of view. Democrats were bold, outspoken, defiant, and determined. In addition to these unfavorable indications, Lynch noticed that he was not received and greeted by them with the same warmth and cordiality as on previous occasions. With a few exceptions, they were cold and indifferent in their attitude and manner. Lynch knew it was indicative of a change in the political situation which meant that he had before him the fight of his life. His advocacy and support of the Federal Elections Bill, commonly called the “Force Bill,” was occasionally given as the reason for this change, but Lynch knew this was not the true reason.
1875: Democratic Victory
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the Democratic victory in 1875. Although as a result of the sanguinary revolution in 1875 there was no hope or prospect of future Republican success in Mississippi, the Republican leaders in that state did not abandon their efforts to bring about and reestablish friendly relations between Senator Alcorn and Governor Ames. With that end in view, both were made delegates to the National Republican Convention of 1876 from the state at large. But this failed to accomplish the purpose desired. When the newly elected legislature met the first Monday in January of 1876, the fact was developed that the Lamar faction was slightly in the ascendancy in the Democratic party. This, of course, resulted in the election of Mr. L. Q. C. Lamar to the United States Senate to succeed Senator Alcorn whose term would expire on March 4, 1877.
The Disputed Presidency
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses the dispute between R. B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden. Although the action of the returning boards in South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida gave Hayes a majority of one vote in the electoral college, the Democrats, who were largely in the majority in the national House of Representatives, were evidently not willing to acquiesce in the declared result, claiming that Tilden had been fairly elected and that he ought to be inaugurated. Hon. Henry Waterson of Kentucky, who was at that time a member of the House, delivered a fiery speech in which he declared that one hundred thousand armed men would march to Washington to see that Tilden was inaugurated. The situation for a while looked very grave. It seemed as if there would be a dual government, both Hayes and Tilden claiming to be the legally elected president. To prevent this was the problem then before Congress and the American people. The creation of an electoral commission to pass upon and decide the disputed points involved was finally suggested and accepted by a majority of both parties.
1880: Garfield, the Compromise Candidate
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses the presidential election of 1880. There were three prominent candidates for the Republican presidential nomination: James G. Blaine, Ulysses S. Grant, and John Sherman. However, after a number of fruitless ballots during the national convention, it became apparent that neither of the three leading candidates could possibly be nominated. When James A. Garfield's name was suggested as a compromise candidate, he was found to be acceptable to both the Blaine and Sherman men and to some of the Grant men who had abandoned all hope of Grant's nomination. The result was that Garfield was finally made the unanimous choice of the convention for president of the United States.
The Garfield Years
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter studies the Garfield administration, which started out under most favorable auspices. Roscoe Conkling took an active and leading part in the Senate as a champion and spokesman of the administration. He seemed to have taken it for granted that, although his bitter enemy in the person of James G. Blaine was secretary of state, his own influence with the administration would be potential. In conversation with his personal friends, he insisted that this was a part of the agreement that had been made and entered into at the famous Mentor Conference, about which so much had been said and published. If it were true that Conkling's control of the federal patronage in New York in the event of Republican success was part of the agreement that was made and entered into at the celebrated Mentor Conference, it transpired that Blaine had sufficient influence with the president to bring about its repudiation.
1882: Party and Election Disputes
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter reflects on the contested-election case of John Roy Lynch against James R. Chalmers, which was finally disposed of by the House of Representatives in the spring of 1882. The Committee on Elections, of which Hon. W. H. Calkins of Indiana was chairman, gave the case a thorough, careful, and patient investigation. Lynch could have established his right to the seat by setting up the rejected votes of Warren County alone, but he decided to expose and show up, as far as possible, the illegal and questionable methods that have been adopted throughout the district to overcome the heavy Republican majority and have a Democrat returned to Congress from that district. For this purpose, he secured the legal services of ex-Attorney General Joshua S. Morris to manage the case and to conduct the examination of witnesses in the district. To represent him before the committee in Washington, Lynch secured the legal services of the law firm of Shellabarger and Wilson and also Gen. Stewart L. Woodford of New York.
1885: The Failure of J. R. Chalmers
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter narrates the James R. Chalmers's defeat for governor. It was the year 1885 in which the general election in the state of Mississippi was held for the election of governor and other state officers, district and county officials. The state was hopelessly Democratic. In view of unfavorable political conditions, many Republicans doubted the wisdom of putting a ticket in the field in opposition to the Democratic machine, but after consultation, and since the organization called Greenbackers had made some headway, it was decided to put a ticket in the field if fusion between Republicans and Greenbackers could be agreed upon, which was found to be possible. General Chalmers, who had publicly identified himself with the Republican party, was willing to accept the Republican nomination for governor, if his nomination would be endorsed by the Greenback party. After his humiliating defeat for governor, Chalmers retired to private life where he remained until the meeting of the National Republican Convention in Chicago in 1888, when he made another effort to bring himself into public notice.
The Harrison Years
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter details how, upon the inauguration of a national Democratic administration, John Roy Lynch devoted his time principally to his private business, until the opening of the presidential campaign in 1888. The indications were that there was to be quite a bitter fight for the Republican presidential nomination. It was thought that another effort would be made to bring about the nomination of James G. Blaine. If there had been a strong sentiment in the Republican party in favor of the nomination of the statesman from Maine, he no doubt would have consented to the use of his name. But when it was made plain to him that a well-organized effort would be necessary to secure him the nomination, and even then such an effort might not be crowned with success, he wisely decided not to allow his name to be used as a candidate before the national convention. Ohio presented the name of Senator John Sherman, whose nomination at one time appeared to be reasonably certain. Meanwhile, Indiana presented the name of General Benjamin Harrison, whose ultimate success was not at first seriously contemplated.
Cleveland’s Reelection
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on Grover Cleveland's reelection. President Benjamin Harrison administration was one of the best America has ever had. The president was an able lawyer and a great statesman but he was not what may be called a tactful politician. He was plain, honest, candid, and outspoken. He was not only emphatic in giving expression to his opinions, but he was sometimes unfortunate in using language that was more forceful than the occasion required. He never failed to consult and confer with the representative men of his party in and out of Congress about making appointments to office, but he would not always accept their suggestions or act favorably upon their recommendations. In fact, such suggestions and recommendations were frequently ignored and disregarded. In this way and on this account he made more enemies than friends among the representative men of his own party. In his candidacy for renomination in 1892, those men were, of course, against him.
Law Firm of Terrell and Lynch
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at how John Roy Lynch formed a law partnership with Robert H. Terrell, under the firm name of “Terrell and Lynch.” This firm opened an office and carried on business at Washington, D.C. Terrell was an able and brilliant young man. He was a graduate from the college department of Harvard University. The firm continued in active business until the inauguration of President William McKinley, by whom, in June of 1898, Lynch was made a major and Paymaster of Volunteers to serve as such during the Spanish–American War. Subsequently, Terrell was also called into public service, having been appointed a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia, and later one of the judges of the municipal court of said district.
1896: The McKinley Campaign
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses William McKinley's campaign for presidential nomination. The contest for the Republican nomination in 1896 commenced early in the administration of Grover Cleveland. In 1892, the country had voted to try the experiment of a change in the fiscal policy of the government. But the result was more serious than had been anticipated. It seemed to be apparent, shortly thereafter, that the people were waiting with impatience for the next election day to come so as to enable them to reverse the decision they had made in 1892. In anticipation of that fact, the indications were that the contest for the Republican presidential nomination in 1896 would be a spirited and lively one. It appeared that the leading candidates would be Major William McKinley of Ohio and Speaker Thomas B. Reed of Maine.
In Cuba
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines John Roy Lynch's experiences in Cuba. During the three years that Lynch was stationed on duty in Cuba, it was his good fortune to be required to visit not only every province, but nearly every important city and town on the island. While doing so, he made it a point to carefully study the country and people—the character and fertility of the soil, the habits and customs of the natives. During the first year, he made very little progress, because only a few of the natives could speak or understand English and he had no knowledge of Spanish. But during the second and third years, the third especially, Lynch made satisfactory progress, because he had mastered the Spanish language sufficiently to understand, in the main, what was said in conversation and to make himself understood. In fact, he could carry on a conversation in Spanish whenever he could get a person with whom he was talking to speak slowly and deliberately and articulate clearly and distinctly. But Lynch succeeded in getting all the information he wanted, except in a part of one province, Puerto Principi.
Retirement and Remarriage
Authors: Lynch John Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses John Roy Lynch's retirement. Early in the administration of President Theodore Roosevelt, an order came from the War Department by which Lynch was directed to appear before a retiring board based upon the report that was made by the army doctors at Iloilo in 1907. The report indicated that Lynch was not only afflicted with a clearly developed case of organic heart disease, but that the disease had made such headway that he probably had only a few months longer to live. Lynch ridiculed the report and contended vigorously that it was untrue and inaccurate. Still, the retiring board reported that he was thus afflicted and should be retired on account of physical incapacity. The chapter also looks at Lynch's remarriage.
Die Figur des Landarztes im Medienvergleich
Authors: Nesselhauf Jonas
Published: January 2021

Jonas Nesselhauf widmet sich in seinem Beitrag dem Landarzt als einer paradigmatischen Figur des ländlichen Raums: Die fast ausschließlich männliche Figur verbindet in Romanen und Erzählungen das »einfache« Landleben mit dem medizinischen Fortschritt, stellt ein Scharnier zwischen Provinz und Metropole, Tradition und Moderne dar. So werden an dieser Sozial- und Reflektionsfigur, beginnend mit der Blüte der Dorfliteratur im 19. Jahrhundert, immer wieder Fragen ländlicher Alltags- und Lebensverhältnisse aufgezeigt und soziale Konflikte und Probleme verhandelt, etwa mit dem erfolgreichen und die Region zu Aufschwung und Blüte führenden Mediziner Benassis in Honoré de Balzacs Roman »Le médecin de campagne« (1833). Im frühen 20. Jahrhundert wird der Landarzt zunächst noch als Gegensatz zum urbanen Leben und den Fortschritten der modernen Medizin aktualisiert - so beispielsweise in Franz Kafkas Erzählung »Ein Landarzt« (1917/18) oder Michail Bulgakows Sammlung »Aufzeichnungen eines jungen Arztes« (1925/27) -; später dann, in Thomas Bernhards Roman »Verstörung« (1967), seziert der Landarzt die vermeintlich degenerierte Gesellschaft, ohne diese aber heilen zu können. Heute, in Zeiten zunehmender Landflucht und infrastruktureller Versorgungsengpässe auf dem Land, scheint diese Figur in Groschenromanen und Fernsehserien zunehmend verklärt zu werden: Heimatgeschichten in Fernsehfilmen, TV-Serien und Heftromanen inszenieren das Ländliche als idyllischen Imaginationsraum und den Landarzt als stereotype Schablone.
Optimal Łojasiewicz–Simon inequalities and Morse–Bott Yang–Mills energy functions
Authors: Feehan Paul M. N.
Published: January 2021

For any compact Lie group 𝐺 and closed, smooth Riemannian manifold(X,g)(X,g)of dimensiond≥2d\geq 2, we extend a result due to Uhlenbeck (1985) that gives existence of a flat connection on a principal 𝐺-bundle over 𝑋 supporting a connection withLpL^{p}-small curvature, whenp>d/2p>d/2, to the case of a connection withLd/2L^{d/2}-small curvature. We prove an optimal Łojasiewicz–Simon gradient inequality for abstract Morse–Bott functions on Banach manifolds, generalizing an earlier result due to the author and Maridakis (2019), principally by removing the hypothesis that the Hessian operator be Fredholm with index zero. We apply this result to prove the optimal Łojasiewicz–Simon gradient inequality for the self-dual Yang–Mills energy function near regular anti-self-dual connections over closed Riemannian four-manifolds and for the full Yang–Mills energy function over closed Riemannian manifolds of dimensiond≥2d\geq 2, when known to be Morse–Bott at a given Yang–Mills connection. We also prove the optimal Łojasiewicz–Simon gradient inequality by direct analysis near a given flat connection that is a regular point of the curvature map.
Equilibrium measure for a nonlocal dislocation energy with physical confinement
Authors: Mora Maria Giovanna , Scagliotti Alessandro
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we characterize the equilibrium measure for a family of nonlocal and anisotropic energies

I
α

I_{\alpha}

that describe the interaction of particles confined in an elliptic subset of the plane.
The case

α
=
0

\alpha=0

corresponds to purely Coulomb interactions, while the case

α
=
1

\alpha=1

describes interactions of positive edge dislocations in the plane.
The anisotropy into the energy is tuned by the parameter 𝛼 and favors the alignment of particles.
We show that the equilibrium measure is completely unaffected by the anisotropy and always coincides with the optimal distribution in the case

α
=
0

\alpha=0

of purely Coulomb interactions, which is given by an explicit measure supported on the boundary of the elliptic confining domain.
Our result does not seem to agree with the mechanical conjecture that positive edge dislocations at equilibrium tend to arrange themselves along “wall-like” structures.
Moreover, this is one of the very few examples of explicit characterization of the equilibrium measure for nonlocal interaction energies outside the radially symmetric case.