bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CAR T-Cells in Multiple Myeloma Are Ready for Prime Time
Authors: Rodríguez-Otero Paula , Prósper Felipe , Alfonso Ana , Paiva Bruno , San Miguel Jesús F. San
Published: November 2020

The survival of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) has been dramatically improved in the last decade thanks to the incorporation of second-generation proteasome inhibitors (PI), immunomodulatory drugs (IMID), and, more recently, anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies (MoAb). Nevertheless, still, a major proportion of MM patients will relapse, underscoring the need for new therapies in this disease. Moreover, survival in patients failing the current standard of care regimens (including PI, IMIDs, and anti-CD38 MoAb), which is now defined as triple-class refractory, remains dismal, and new drugs with different mechanism of action are needed. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeted therapies and in particular chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T-cell) treatment have emerged as promising platforms to overcome refractoriness to conventional drugs. In this manuscript, we review the current available data regarding CAR T-cell therapy for MM, with a special focus on target selection, clinical results, limitations, and future strategies.
A New Dyspnea Evaluation System Focusing on Patients’ Perceptions of Dyspnea and Their Living Disabilities: The Linkage between COPD and Frailty
Authors: Oishi Keiji , Matsunaga Kazuto , Harada Misa , Suizu Junki , Murakawa Keita , Chikumoto Ayumi , Ohteru Yuichi , Matsuda Kazuki , Uehara Sho , Hamada Kazuki , Ohata Shuichiro , Murata Yoriyuki , Yamaji Yoshikazu , Asami-Noyama Maki , Edakuni Nobutaka , Kakugawa Tomoyuki , Hirano Tsunahiko
Published: November 2020

Background: As much as there are unmet needs for brief frailty assessment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the lack of a simplified and comprehensive dyspnea evaluation system that focuses on the patients’ perceptions of dyspnea and their COPD living disabilities remains a major challenge. We developed patient-reported outcome measures for dyspnea-related behavior and activity limitation (PROMs-D), which consisted of the Activity-limit Dyspnea Scale (ADS) and Self-Limit Dyspnea Scale (SDS), while investigated the usefulness of PROMs-D in identifying frailty. Methods: We administered PROMs-D and frailty status evaluations in 128 outpatients. Results: We classified 30 (23.4%), 50 (39.0%), and 48 (37.5%) patients as robust, prefrail, and frail, respectively. There was a positive correlation between SDS and ADS (ρ = 0.67, p < 0.001), and both ADS and SDS had high accuracies for detecting frailty (AUC, 0.82 and 0.78, respectively). Moreover, a PROMs-D score that consisted of the sum of ADS and SDS was more effective in stratifying frailty (cutoff value, 2; AUC, 0.85; sensitivity, 60%; specificity, 95%). Conclusions: PROMs-D could be used as the first step for frailty screening in patients with COPD, and we propose the importance of capturing the troublesome nature of living behaviors due to dyspnea in daily clinical practice.
Mitochondrial Pathobiology and Metabolic Remodeling in Progression to Overt Systolic Heart Failure
Authors: Chaanine Antoine H. , LeJemtel Thierry H. , Delafontaine Patrice
Published: November 2020

The mitochondria are mostly abundant in the heart, a beating organ of high- energy demands. Their function extends beyond being a power plant of the cell including redox balance, ion homeostasis and metabolism. They are dynamic organelles that are tethered to neighboring structures, especially the endoplasmic reticulum. Together, they constitute a functional unit implicated in complex physiological and pathophysiological processes. Their topology in the cell, the cardiac myocyte in particular, places them at the hub of signaling and calcium homeostasis, making them master regulators of cell survival or cell death. Perturbations in mitochondrial function play a central role in the pathophysiology of myocardial remodeling and progression of heart failure. In this minireview, we summarize important pathophysiological mechanisms, pertaining to mitochondrial morphology, dynamics and function, which take place in compensated hypertrophy and in progression to overt systolic heart failure. Published work in the last few years has expanded our understanding of these important mechanisms; a key prerequisite to identifying therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in heart failure.
Multidisciplinary Approach for the Management and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections with a Resorbable, Gentamicin-Loaded Bone Graft Substitute
Authors: Whisstock Christine , Volpe Antonio , Ninkovic Sasa , Marin Mariagrazia , Meloni Marco , Bruseghin Marino , Boschetti Giovanni , Brocco Enrico
Published: November 2020

Diabetic patients are at increased risk of developing foot ulcers which may cause bone infections associated with a high probability of both amputation and mortality. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment are of key importance. In our Diabetic Foot Unit, effective multidisciplinary treatment of osteomyelitis secondary to diabetes involves the application of a gentamicin-eluting calcium sulphate/hydroxyapatite bone graft substitute to fill residual bone voids after debridement. The data of all patients treated with the gentamicin-eluting calcium sulphate/hydroxyapatite bone graft substitute for diabetic foot infections with ulcer formation and osteomyelitis at metatarsals, calcaneus and hindfoot at our institute from July 2013 to September 2016 were retrospectively collected and evaluated. A total of 35 patients were included in this retrospective single-arm case series and were either continuously followed up for at least one year or until healing was confirmed. Nineteen lesions affected the distal row of tarsus/talus, ten the calcaneus and a further six were located at the metatarsals. While all of the metatarsal lesions had healed at 1-year follow-up, the healing rate in the hindfoot region was lower with 62.5% at the calcaneus and 72.2% at the distal tarsus and talus at 12 months, respectively. The overall cure rate for ulcerous bone infection was 81.3%. In two calcaneal lesions (25%) and two lesions of distal tarsus/talus (11.1%) amputation was considered clinically necessary. Promising results were achieved in the treatment of diabetic foot infections with soft tissue ulcers by a multidisciplinary approach involving extensive debridement followed by adequate dead space management with a resorbable gentamicin-eluting bone graft substitute.
A Pooled Analysis of Serum Phosphate Measurements and Potential Hypophosphataemia Events in 45 Interventional Trials with Ferric Carboxymaltose
Authors: Rosano Giuseppe , Schiefke Ingolf , Göhring Udo-Michael , Fabien Vincent , Bonassi Stefano , Stein Jürgen
Published: November 2020

Ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) has been shown to achieve rapid replenishment of iron stores and correction of anaemia in various populations with iron deficiency. A decrease in serum phosphate (PO43−) levels, which in most cases is asymptomatic, has been reported with IV iron preparations. Hypophosphataemia (HP) is a known adverse drug reaction with FCM. This post hoc pooled analysis investigates the frequency, duration, risk factors, and clinical signs of HP as reported in interventional clinical trials with FCM. Pooled data from subjects enrolled across 45 clinical trials in different therapy areas were included. A three-step adjudication process was utilised to identify adverse events of HP. Stratified analyses by therapy group and stepwise logistic regression analysis were used to identify predictors of HP. This pooled analysis confirms that FCM is associated with increased rates of serum PO43− lowering, but mean serum PO43− values were seen to recover at Week 4 and further recover at Week 8. Among all subjects receiving FCM therapy (n = 6879), 41.4% (n = 2847) reached a PO43− nadir value <2.5 mg/dL at any point on study and 0.7% (n = 49) reached a nadir <1 mg/dL. Although gastroenterology and women’s health subjects were identified to be at higher risk, occurrence of severe HP (<1 mg/dL [0.3 mmol/L]) following FCM administration was not observed to be common among subjects in these studies. Furthermore, there was no correlation between laboratory serum PO43− values and the occurrence of reported adverse events related to low PO43− levels.
Are Vegetation Dynamics Impacted from a Nuclear Disaster? The Case of Chernobyl Using Remotely Sensed NDVI and Land Cover Data
Authors: Gemitzi Alexandra
Published: November 2020

There is a growing interest for scientists and society to acquire deep knowledge on the impacts from environmental disasters. The present work deals with the investigation of vegetation dynamics in the Chernobyl area, a place widely known for the devastating nuclear disaster on the 26th of April 1986. To unveil any possible long-term radiation effects on vegetation phenology, the remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was analyzed within the 30 km Exclusion Zone, where all human activities were ceased at that time and public access and inhabitation have been prohibited ever since. The analysis comprised applications of seasonal trend analysis using two techniques, i.e., pixel-wise NDVI time series and spatially averaged NDVI time series. Both techniques were applied in each one of the individual land cover types. To assess the existence of abnormal vegetation dynamics, the same analyses were conducted in two broader zones, i.e., from 30 to 60 km and from 60 to 90 km, away from Chernobyl area, where human activities were not substantially altered. Results of both analyses indicated that vegetation dynamics in the 30 km Exclusion Zone correspond to increasing plant productivity at a rate considerably higher than that of the other two examined zones. The outcome of the analyses presented herein attributes greening trends in the 30 km and the 30 to 60 km zones to a combination of climate, minimized human impact and a consequent prevalence of land cover types which seem to be well adapted to increased radioactivity. The vegetation greening trends observed in the third zone, i.e., the 90 km zone, are indicative of the combination of climate and increasing human activities. Results indicate the positive impact from the absence of human activities on vegetation dynamics as far as vegetation productivity and phenology are concerned in the 30 km Exclusion Zone, and to a lower extent in the 60 km zone. Furthermore, there is evidence that land cover changes evolve into the prevalence of woody vegetation in an area with increased levels of radioactivity.
Erratum: Lee, J.-H.; Kim, D.-K. Mapping Environmental Conflicts Using Spatial Text Mining. Land 2020, 9, 287
Authors: Lee Jae-hyuck , Kim Do-Kyun
Published: November 2020

The authors would like to correct the following section of this paper [...]
Combined Environment Simulator for Low-Dose-Rate Radiation and Partial Gravity of Moon and Mars
Authors: Takahashi Akihisa , Yamanouchi Sakuya , Takeuchi Kazuomi , Takahashi Shogo , Tashiro Mutsumi , Hidema Jun , Higashitani Atsushi , Adachi Takuya , Zhang Shenke , Guirguis Fady Nagy Lotfy , Yoshida Yukari , Nagamatsu Aiko , Hada Megumi , Takeuchi Kunihito , Takahashi Tohru , Sekitomi Yuji
Published: November 2020

Deep space exploration by humans has become more realistic, with planned returns to the Moon, travel to Mars, and beyond. Space radiation with a low dose rate would be a constant risk for space travelers. The combined effects of space radiation and partial gravity such as on the Moon and Mars are unknown. The difficulty for such research is that there are no good simulating systems on the ground to investigate these combined effects. To address this knowledge gap, we developed the Simulator of the environments on the Moon and Mars with Neutron irradiation and Gravity change (SwiNG) for in vitro experiments using disposable closed cell culture chambers. The device simulates partial gravity using a centrifuge in a three-dimensional clinostat. Six samples are exposed at once to neutrons at a low dose rate (1 mGy/day) using Californium-252 in the center of the centrifuge. The system is compact including two SwiNG devices in the incubator, one with and one without radiation source, with a cooling function. This simulator is highly convenient for ground-based biological experiments because of limited access to spaceflight experiments. SwiNG can contribute significantly to research on the combined effects of space radiation and partial gravity.
Shear Wave Splitting and Polarization in Anisotropic Fluid-Infiltrating Porous Media: A Numerical Study
Authors: De Marchi Nico , Sun WaiChing , Salomoni Valentina
Published: November 2020

The triggering and spreading of volumetric waves in soils, namely pressure (P) and shear (S) waves, developing from a point source of a dynamic load, are analyzed. Wave polarization and shear wave splitting are innovatively reproduced via a three-dimensional Finite Element research code upgraded to account for fast dynamic regimes in fully saturated porous media. The mathematical–numerical model adopts a u-v-p formulation enhanced by introducing Taylor–Hood mixed finite elements and the stability features of the solution are considered by analyzing different implemented time integration strategies. Particularly, the phenomena have been studied and reconstructed by numerically generating different types of medium anisotropy accounting for (i) an anisotropic solid skeleton, (ii) an anisotropic permeability tensor, and (iii) a Biot’s effective stress coefficient tensor. Additionally, deviatoric-volumetric coupling effects have been emphasized by specifically modifying the structural anisotropy. A series of analyses are conducted to validate the model and prove the effectiveness of the results, from the directionality of polarized vibrations, the anisotropy-induced splitting, up to the spreading of surface waves.
Environmental Impact of Food Packaging Materials: A Review of Contemporary Development from Conventional Plastics to Polylactic Acid Based Materials
Authors: Ncube Lindani Koketso , Ude Albert Uchenna , Ogunmuyiwa Enoch Nifise , Zulkifli Rozli , Beas Isaac Nongwe
Published: November 2020

Plastics have remained the material of choice, and after serving their intended purpose, a large proportion ends up in the environment where they persist for centuries. The packaging industry is the largest and growing consumer of synthetic plastics derived from fossil fuels. Food packaging plastics account for the bulk of plastic waste that are polluting the environment. Additionally, given the fact that petroleum reserves are finite and facing depletion, there is a need for the development of alternative materials that can serve the same purpose as conventional plastics. This paper reviews the function of packaging materials and highlights the future potential of the adoption of green materials. Biopolymers have emerged as promising green materials although they still have very low market uptake. Polylactic acid (PLA) has emerged as the most favoured bioplastic. However, it is limited by its high cost and some performance drawbacks. Blending with agricultural waste and natural fillers can result in green composites at low cost, low greenhouse gas emissions, and with improved performance for food packaging applications. The continent of Africa is proposed as a rich source of fibres and fillers that can be sustainably exploited to fabricate green composites in a bid to achieve a circular economy.
Electronic Structure of Rock Salt Alloys of Rare Earth and Group III Nitrides
Authors: Winiarski Maciej J.
Published: November 2020

Lattice parameters and electronic properties of RE1−xAxN alloys, where RE = Sc, Y, Lu and A = Al, Ga, and In, have been derived from first principles. The materials are expected to exhibit a linear decrease in cubic lattice parameters and a tendency to a linear increase in band gaps as a function of composition. These effects are connected with a strong mismatch between ionic radii of the RE and group III elements, which leads to chemical pressure in the mixed RE and group III nitrides. The electronic structures of such systems are complex, i.e., some contributions of the d- and p-type states, coming from RE and A ions, respectively, are present in their valence band regions. The findings discussed in this work may encourage further experimental efforts of band gap engineering in RE-based nitrides via doping with group III elements.
Mechanical, Thermal, and Moisture Buffering Properties of Novel Insulating Hemp-Lime Composite Building Materials
Authors: Abdellatef Yaser , Khan Mohammad Amil , Khan Asif , Alam Mehdi Iftekharul , Kavgic Miroslava
Published: November 2020

Hempcrete is a sustainable biocomposite that can reduce buildings’ embodied energy while improving energy performance and indoor environmental quality. This research aims to develop novel insulating hemp-lime composites using innovative binder mixes made of recycled and low-embodied energy pozzolans. The characterization of composites’ mechanical and hygrothermal properties includes measuring compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and moisture buffer capacities. This study also investigates the impact of sample densities and water content on compressive strength at different ages. The findings suggest that mixes with a 1:1 binder to hemp ratio and 300−400 kg/m3 density have hygrothermal and mechanical properties suitable for insulating infill wall applications. Hence, compressive strengths, thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacity values range from 0.09 to 0.57 MPa, 0.087 to 0.10 W/m K, and 1250 to 1557 J/kg K, respectively. The average moisture buffer value for all hempcrete samples of 2.78 (gm/m2 RH%) indicates excellent moisture buffering capacity. Recycled crushed brick pozzolan can enhance the hygrothermal performance of the hemp-lime composites. Thus, samples with 10% crushed brick have the lowest thermal conductivity considering their density and the highest moisture buffer capacity. The new formulas of hydrated lime and crushed brick have mechanical properties comparable to metakaolin and hydraulic lime formulas.
Low-Cost Online Handwritten Symbol Recognition System in Virtual Reality Environment of Head-Mounted Display
Authors: Shiu Chih-Wei , Chen Jeanne , Chen Yu-Chi
Published: November 2020

Virtual reality is an important technology in the digital media industry, providing a whole new experience for most people. However, its manipulation method is more difficult than the traditional keyboard and mouse. In this research, we proposed a new low-cost online handwriting symbol recognition system to accurately identify symbols by user actions. The purpose was low cost processing without requiring a server. Experimental results showed that the average success rate of recognition was 99.8%. The execution time averaged a significantly low 0.03395 s. The proposed system is, respectively, highly reliable and at a low cost. This implies that the proposed system is suitable for applications in real-time environments.
Fast Search Method Based on Vector Quantization for Raman Spectroscopy Identification
Authors: Park Jun-Kyu , Lee Suwoong , Park Aaron , Baek Sung-June
Published: November 2020

In spectroscopy, matching a measured spectrum to a reference spectrum in a large database is often computationally intensive. To solve this problem, we propose a novel fast search algorithm that finds the most similar spectrum in the database. The proposed method is based on principal component transformation and provides results equivalent to the traditional full search method. To reduce the search range, hierarchical clustering is employed, which divides the spectral data into multiple clusters according to the similarity of the spectrum, allowing the search to start at the cluster closest to the input spectrum. Furthermore, a pilot search was applied in advance to further accelerate the search. Experimental results show that the proposed method requires only a small fraction of the computational complexity required by the full search, and it outperforms the previous methods.
Feature Selection to Optimize Credit Banking Risk Evaluation Decisions for the Example of Home Equity Loans
Authors: Pérez-Martín Agustin , Pérez-Torregrosa Agustin , Rabasa Alejandro , Vaca Marta
Published: November 2020

Measuring credit risk is essential for financial institutions because there is a high risk level associated with incorrect credit decisions. The Basel II agreement recommended the use of advanced credit scoring methods in order to improve the efficiency of capital allocation. The latest Basel agreement (Basel III) states that the requirements for reserves based on risk have increased. Financial institutions currently have exhaustive datasets regarding their operations; this is a problem that can be addressed by applying a good feature selection method combined with big data techniques for data management. A comparative study of selection techniques is conducted in this work to find the selector that reduces the mean square error and requires the least execution time.
A Meshless Method Based on the Laplace Transform for the 2D Multi-Term Time Fractional Partial Integro-Differential Equation
Authors: Kamran Kamran , Shah Zahir , Kumam Poom , Alreshidi Nasser Aedh
Published: November 2020

In this article, we propose a localized transform based meshless method for approximating the solution of the 2D multi-term partial integro-differential equation involving the time fractional derivative in Caputo’s sense with a weakly singular kernel. The purpose of coupling the localized meshless method with the Laplace transform is to avoid the time stepping procedure by eliminating the time variable. Then, we utilize the local meshless method for spatial discretization. The solution of the original problem is obtained as a contour integral in the complex plane. In the literature, numerous contours are available; in our work, we will use the recently introduced improved Talbot contour. We approximate the contour integral using the midpoint rule. The bounds of stability for the differentiation matrix of the scheme are derived, and the convergence is discussed. The accuracy, efficiency, and stability of the scheme are validated by numerical experiments.
Numerical Investigation of Aerodynamic Drag and Pressure Waves in Hyperloop Systems
Authors: Le Thi Thanh Giang , Jang Kyeong Sik , Lee Kwan-Sup , Ryu Jaiyoung
Published: November 2020

Hyperloop is a new, alternative, very high-speed mode of transport wherein Hyperloop pods (or capsules) transport cargo and passengers at very high speeds in a near-vacuum tube. Such high-speed operations, however, cause a large aerodynamic drag. This study investigates the effects of pod speed, blockage ratio (BR), tube pressure, and pod length on the drag and drag coefficient of a Hyperloop. To study the compressibility of air when the pod is operating in a tube, the effect of pressure waves in terms of propagation speed and magnitude are investigated based on normal shockwave theories. To represent the pod motion and propagation of pressure waves, unsteady simulation using the moving-mesh method was applied under the sheer stress transport k–ω turbulence model. Numerical simulations were performed for different pod speeds from 100 to 350 m/s. The results indicate that the drag coefficient increases with increase in BR, pod speed, and pod length. In the Hyperloop system, the compression wave propagation speed is much higher than the speed of sound and the expansion wave propagation speed that experiences values around the speed of sound.
New DNA Codes from Cyclic Codes over Mixed Alphabets
Authors: Dinh Hai Q. , Pathak Sachin , Upadhyay Ashish Kumar , Yamaka Woraphon
Published: November 2020

Let R=F4+uF4,withu2=u and S=F4+uF4+vF4,withu2=u,v2=v,uv=vu=0. In this paper, we study F4RS-cyclic codes of block length (α,β,γ) and construct cyclic DNA codes from them. F4RS-cyclic codes can be viewed as S[x]-submodules of Fq[x]⟨xα−1⟩×R[x]⟨xβ−1⟩×S[x]⟨xγ−1⟩. We discuss their generator polynomials as well as the structure of separable codes. Using the structure of separable codes, we study cyclic DNA codes. By using Gray maps ψ1 from R to F42 and ψ2 from S to F43, we give a one-to-one correspondence between DNA codons of the alphabets {A,T,G,C}2,{A,T,G,C}3 and the elements of R,S, respectively. Then we discuss necessary and sufficient conditions of cyclic codes over F4, R, S and F4RS to be reversible and reverse-complement. As applications, we provide examples of new cyclic DNA codes constructed by our results.
Aggregation of L-Probabilistic Quasi-Uniformities
Authors: Pedraza Tatiana , Rodríguez-López Jesús
Published: November 2020

The problem of aggregating fuzzy structures, mainly fuzzy binary relations, has deserved a lot of attention in the last years due to its application in several fields. Here, we face the problem of studying which properties must satisfy a function in order to merge an arbitrary family of (bases of) L-probabilistic quasi-uniformities into a single one. These fuzzy structures are special filters of fuzzy binary relations. Hence we first make a complete study of functions between partially-ordered sets that preserve some special sets, such as filters. Afterwards, a complete characterization of those functions aggregating bases of L-probabilistic quasi-uniformities is obtained. In particular, attention is paid to the case L={0,1}, which allows one to obtain results for functions which aggregate crisp quasi-uniformities. Moreover, we provide some examples of our results including one showing that Lowen’s functor ι which transforms a probabilistic quasi-uniformity into a crisp quasi-uniformity can be constructed using this aggregation procedure.
Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia in Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome in a Newborn—Case Report and Mini-Review
Authors: Luca Alina-Costina , Curpan Alexandrina-Stefania , Miron Ingrith , Horhota Emma Oana , Iordache Alin-Constantin
Published: November 2020

Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW) syndrome is a rare abnormal condition frequently associated with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) and is described as an arrhythmia under the form of increased heartbeat. Currently, there are various possible treatments going from medicines such as adenosine and beta-blockers to cardioversion. The unknown causes of this condition together with the different responses to treatment in each patient make it difficult to establish the best therapeutic approach. In this context, in the current paper, we were interested in reporting the therapeutic options and their efficiency in the case of associated heart or inflammatory conditions in a 13-day-old patient.
Dangerous Pathogens as a Potential Problem for Public Health
Authors: Janik Edyta , Ceremuga Michal , Niemcewicz Marcin , Bijak Michal
Published: November 2020

Pathogens are various organisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, which can cause severe illnesses to their hosts. Throughout history, pathogens have accompanied human populations and caused various epidemics. One of the most significant outbreaks was the Black Death, which occurred in the 14th century and caused the death of one-third of Europe’s population. Pathogens have also been studied for their use as biological warfare agents by the former Soviet Union, Japan, and the USA. Among bacteria and viruses, there are high priority agents that have a significant impact on public health. Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis, Variola virus, Filoviruses (Ebola, Marburg), Arenoviruses (Lassa), and influenza viruses are included in this group of agents. Outbreaks and infections caused by them might result in social disruption and panic, which is why special operations are needed for public health preparedness. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria that significantly impede treatment and recovery of patients are also valid threats. Furthermore, recent events related to the massive spread of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are an example of how virus-induced diseases cannot be ignored. The impact of outbreaks, such as SARS-CoV-2, have had far-reaching consequences beyond public health. The economic losses due to lockdowns are difficult to estimate, but it would take years to restore countries to pre-outbreak status. For countries affected by the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), their health systems have been overwhelmed, resulting in an increase in the mortality rate caused by diseases or injuries. Furthermore, outbreaks, such as SARS-CoV-2, will induce serious, wide-ranging (and possibly long-lasting) psychological problems among, not only health workers, but ordinary citizens (this is due to isolation, quarantine, etc.). The aim of this paper is to present the most dangerous pathogens, as well as general characterizations, mechanisms of action, and treatments.
Development of Porous and Flexible PTMC Membranes for In Vitro Organ Models Fabricated by Evaporation-Induced Phase Separation
Authors: Pasman Thijs , Baptista Danielle , van Riet Sander , Truckenmüller Roman K. , Hiemstra Pieter S. , Rottier Robbert J. , Stamatialis Dimitrios , Poot André A.
Published: November 2020

Polymeric membranes are widely applied in biomedical applications, including in vitro organ models. In such models, they are mostly used as supports on which cells are cultured to create functional tissue units of the desired organ. To this end, the membrane properties, e.g., morphology and porosity, should match the tissue properties. Organ models of dynamic (barrier) tissues, e.g., lung, require flexible, elastic and porous membranes. Thus, membranes based on poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) are often applied, which are flexible and elastic. However, PDMS has low cell adhesive properties and displays small molecule ad- and absorption. Furthermore, the introduction of porosity in these membranes requires elaborate methods. In this work, we aim to develop porous membranes for organ models based on poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC): a flexible polymer with good cell adhesive properties which has been used for tissue engineering scaffolds, but not in in vitro organ models. For developing these membranes, we applied evaporation-induced phase separation (EIPS), a new method in this field based on solvent evaporation initiating phase separation, followed by membrane photo-crosslinking. We optimised various processing variables for obtaining form-stable PTMC membranes with average pore sizes between 5 to 8 µm and water permeance in the microfiltration range (17,000–41,000 L/m2/h/bar). Importantly, the membranes are flexible and are suitable for implementation in in vitro organ models.
The Influence of Aluminum Content on Oxidation Resistance of New-Generation ODS Alloy at 1200 °C
Authors: Stratil Luděk , Horník Vít , Dymáček Petr , Roupcová Pavla , Svoboda Jiří
Published: November 2020

The aim of the paper is to evaluate the effect of aluminum content on the oxidation resistance of new-generation of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy at 1200 °C. Three grades of the alloy of chemical composition Fe-15Cr-xAl-4Y2O3 with different Al contents x = 0.3 wt.%, 2.0 wt.% and 5.5 wt.% are prepared by mechanical alloying. The alloys are consolidated by high temperature rolling followed by heat treatment. To study the oxidation resistance the samples are isothermally aged in the air for 1 h, 4 h, 16 h and 64 h at 1200 °C. The oxidation kinetics, composition and formation mechanism of the oxide layers are analyzed. The weight gain of prepared steels is estimated. The kinetics of oxidation is studied on metallographic cross-sections of the exposed samples by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis. The oxides on the surfaces are identified by X‑ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The Al content significantly enhances the oxidation resistance of the alloy. For a sufficiently high Al content in the alloy a compact oxide layer of α‑Al2O3 on the surface is formed, which significantly suppresses further oxidation process.
Experimental Investigation of Friction Stir Welding on 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy using Taguchi-Based GRA
Authors: Asmare Assefa , Al-Sabur Raheem , Messele Eyob
Published: November 2020

The use of aluminum alloys, nowadays, is swiftly growing from the prerequisite of producing higher strength to weight ratio. Lightweight components are crucial interest in most manufacturing sectors, especially in transportation, aviation, maritime, automotive, and others. Traditional available joining methods have an adverse effect on joining these lightweight engineering materials, increasing needs for new environmentally friendly joining methods. Hence, friction stir welding (FSW) is introduced. Friction stir welding is a relatively new welding process that can produce high-quality weld joints with a lightweight and low joining cost with no waste. This paper endeavors to deals with optimizing process parameters for quality criteria on tensile and hardness strengths. Samples were taken from a 5 mm 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet with butt joint configuration. Controlled process parameters tool profile, rotational speed and transverse speed were utilized. The process parameters are optimized making use of the combination of Grey relation analysis method and L9 orthogonal array. Mechanical properties of the weld joints are examined through tensile, hardness, and liquid penetrant tests at room temperature. From this research, rotational speed and traverse speed become significant parameters at a 99% confidence interval, and the joint efficiency reached 91.3%.
Metabolomes and Lipidomes of the Infective Stages of the Gastrointestinal nematodes, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Trichuris muris
Authors: Yeshi Karma , Creek Darren J. , Anderson Dovile , Ritmejerytė Edita , Becker Luke , Loukas Alex , Wangchuk Phurpa
Published: November 2020

Soil-transmitted helminths, including hookworms and whipworms, infect billions of people worldwide. Their capacity to penetrate and migrate through their hosts’ tissues is influenced by the suite of molecules produced by the infective developmental stages. To facilitate a better understanding of the immunobiology and pathogenicity of human hookworms and whipworms, we investigated the metabolomes of the infective stage of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis third-stage larvae (L3) which penetrate the skin and Trichuris muris eggs which are orally ingested, using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We identified 55 polar metabolites through Metabolomics Standard Initiative level-1 (MSI-I) identification from N. brasiliensis and T. muris infective stages, out of which seven were unique to excretory/secretory products (ESPs) of N. brasiliensis L3. Amino acids were a principal constituent (33 amino acids). Additionally, we identified 350 putative lipids, out of which 28 (all known lipids) were unique to N. brasiliensis L3 somatic extract and four to T. muris embryonated egg somatic extract. Glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids were the major lipid groups. The catalogue of metabolites identified in this study shed light on the biology, and possible therapeutic and diagnostic targets for the treatment of these critical infectious pathogens. Moreover, with the growing body of literature on the therapeutic utility of helminth ESPs for treating inflammatory diseases, a role for metabolites is likely but has received little attention thus far.
NLRP3 Inflammasome Biomarker—Could Be the New Tool for Improved Cardiometabolic Syndrome Outcome
Authors: Suceveanu Andra-Iulia , Mazilu Laura , Katsiki Niki , Parepa Irinel , Voinea Felix , Pantea-Stoian Anca , Rizzo Manfredi , Botea Florin , Herlea Vlad , Serban Dragos , Suceveanu Adrian-Paul
Published: November 2020

Metabolomics, the research area studying chemical processes involving metabolites, finds its utility in inflammasome biomarker discovery, thus representing a novel approach for cardiometabolic syndrome pathogeny acknowledgements. Metabolite biomarkers discovery is expected to improve the disease evolution and outcome. The activation of abundantly expressed NLRP3 inflammasome represents the background process of the diabetes mellitus disturbances like hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, as well as for myocardial cell death and fibrosis, all of them being features characteristic for cardiometabolic syndrome. Many molecules like troponins, brain natriuretic protein (BNP), ST2/IL-33, C-reactive protein (CRP), TNF, IL-1β, and IL-18 cytokines have been already examined as molecular markers for diagnosing or predicting different cardiac disturbances like myocardial infarction, heart failure, or myocarditis. In addition, metabolomics research comes with new findings arguing that NLRP3 inflammasome becomes a promising molecular tool to use for clinical and therapeutical management providing new targets for therapies in cardiometabolic syndrome. Inflammasome markers analyses, along with other molecular or genetic biomarkers, will result in a better understanding of cardiometabolic syndrome pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Screening, diagnostic, and prognostic biomarkers resulted from inflammasome biomarker research will become standard of care in cardiometabolic syndrome management, their utility becoming the first magnitude.
A Genomic Survey of Signalling in the Myxococcaceae
Authors: Whitworth David E. , Zwarycz Allison
Published: November 2020

As prokaryotes diverge by evolution, essential ‘core’ genes required for conserved phenotypes are preferentially retained, while inessential ‘accessory’ genes are lost or diversify. We used the recently expanded number of myxobacterial genome sequences to investigate the conservation of their signalling proteins, focusing on two sister genera (Myxococcus and Corallococcus), and on a species within each genus (Myxococcus xanthus and Corallococcus exiguus). Four new C. exiguus genome sequences are also described here. Despite accessory genes accounting for substantial proportions of each myxobacterial genome, signalling proteins were found to be enriched in the core genome, with two-component system genes almost exclusively so. We also investigated the conservation of signalling proteins in three myxobacterial behaviours. The linear carotenogenesis pathway was entirely conserved, with no gene gain/loss observed. However, the modular fruiting body formation network was found to be evolutionarily plastic, with dispensable components in all modules (including components required for fruiting in the model myxobacterium M. xanthus DK1622). Quorum signalling (QS) is thought to be absent from most myxobacteria, however, they generally appear to be able to produce CAI-I (cholerae autoinducer-1), to sense other QS molecules, and to disrupt the QS of other organisms, potentially important abilities during predation of other prokaryotes.
In Silico Characterization and Phylogenetic Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Components in the Model Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 and Other Pseudomonads
Authors: Blanco-Romero Esther , Garrido-Sanz Daniel , Rivilla Rafael , Redondo-Nieto Miguel , Martín Marta
Published: November 2020

Biofilms are complex structures that are crucial during host–bacteria interaction and colonization. Bacteria within biofilms are surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM) typically composed of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and DNA. Pseudomonads contain a variety of ECM components, some of which have been extensively characterized. However, neither the ECM composition of plant-associated pseudomonads nor their phylogenetic distribution within the genus has been so thoroughly studied. In this work, we use in silico methods to describe the ECM composition of Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and model for rhizosphere colonization. These components include the polysaccharides alginate, poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG) and levan; the adhesins LapA, MapA and PsmE; and the functional amyloids in Pseudomonas. Interestingly, we identified novel components: the Pseudomonas acidic polysaccharide (Pap), whose presence is limited within the genus; and a novel type of Flp/Tad pilus, partially different from the one described in P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, we explored the phylogenetic distribution of the most relevant ECM components in nearly 600 complete Pseudomonas genomes. Our analyses show that Pseudomonas populations contain a diverse set of gene/gene clusters potentially involved in the formation of their ECMs, showing certain commensal versus pathogen lifestyle specialization.
Bile Acid Signal Molecules Associate Temporally with Respiratory Inflammation and Microbiome Signatures in Clinically Stable Cystic Fibrosis Patients
Authors: Flynn Stephanie , Reen F. Jerry , Caparrós-Martín Jose A. , Woods David F. , Peplies Jörg , Ranganathan Sarath C. , Stick Stephen M. , O'Gara Fergal
Published: November 2020

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a congenital disorder resulting in a multisystemic impairment in ion homeostasis. The subsequent alteration of electrochemical gradients severely compromises the function of the airway epithelia. These functional changes are accompanied by recurrent cycles of inflammation–infection that progressively lead to pulmonary insufficiency. Recent developments have pointed to the existence of a gut–lung axis connection, which may modulate the progression of lung disease. Molecular signals governing the interplay between these two organs are therefore candidate molecules requiring further clinical evaluation as potential biomarkers. We demonstrate a temporal association between bile acid (BA) metabolites and inflammatory markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from clinically stable children with CF. By modelling the BALF-associated microbial communities, we demonstrate that profiles enriched in operational taxonomic units assigned to supraglottic taxa and opportunistic pathogens are closely associated with inflammatory biomarkers. Applying regression analyses, we also confirmed a linear link between BA concentration and pathogen abundance in BALF. Analysis of the time series data suggests that the continuous detection of BAs in BALF is linked to differential ecological succession trajectories of the lung microbiota. Our data provide further evidence supporting a role for BAs in the early pathogenesis and progression of CF lung disease.
Assessment of Graphitized Coal Ash Char Concentrates as a Potential Synthetic Graphite Source
Authors: Badenhorst Charlotte , Santos Cláudia , Lázaro-Martínez Juan , Białecka Barbara , Cruceru Mihai , Guedes Alexandra , Guimarães Renato , Moreira Karen , Predeanu Georgeta , Suárez-Ruíz Isabel , Cameán Ignacio , Valentim Bruno , Wagner Nicola
Published: November 2020

Coal ash char concentrates from four countries (Portugal, Poland, Romania, and South Africa) were prepared, characterised, and graphitized under the scope of the Charphite project (Third ERA-MIN Joint Call (2015) on the Sustainable Supply of Raw Materials in Europe). Coal ash chars may be a secondary raw material to produce synthetic graphite and could be an alternative to natural graphite, which is a commodity with a high supply risk. The char concentrates and the graphitized material derived from the char concentrates were characterised using proximate analysis, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction (structural), Raman microspectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, and petrographic analyses to determine if the graphitization of the char was successful, and which char properties enhanced or hindered graphitization. Char concentrates with a lower proportion of anisotropic particles and a higher proportion of mixed porous particles showed greater degrees of graphitization. It is curious to see that embedded Al2O3 minerals, such as glass and clay, influenced graphitization, as they most likely acted as catalysts for crystal growth in the basal direction. However, the graphitized samples, as a whole, do not compare well against a reference natural graphite sample despite some particles in select char concentrates appearing to be graphitized following graphitization.
Study of the Photothermal Catalytic Mechanism of CO2 Reduction to CH4 by Ruthenium Nanoparticles Supported on Titanate Nanotubes
Authors: Novoa-Cid Maria , Baldovi Herme G.
Published: November 2020

The Sabatier reaction could be a key tool for the future of the renewable energy field due to the potential of this reaction to produce either fuels or to stabilize H2 in the form of stable chemicals. For this purpose, a new composite made of ruthenium oxide nanoparticles (NPs) deposited on titanate nanotubes (TiNTs) was tested. Titanate nanotubes are a robust semiconductor with a one-dimensional (1D) morphology that results in a high contact area making this material suitable for photocatalysis. Small ruthenium nanoparticles (1.5 nm) were deposited on TiNTs at different ratios by Na+-to-Ru3+ ion exchanges followed by calcination. These samples were tested varying light power and temperature conditions to study the reaction mechanism during catalysis. Methanation of CO2 catalyzed by Ru/TiNT composite exhibit photonic and thermic contributions, and their ratios vary with temperature and light intensity. The synthesized composite achieved a production rate of 12.4 mmol CH4·gcat−1·h−1 equivalent to 110.7 mmol of CH4·gRu−1·h−1 under 150 mW/cm2 simulated sunlight irradiation at 210 °C. It was found that photo-response derives either from Ru nanoparticle excitation in the visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) region (photothermal and plasmon excitation mechanism) or from TiNT excitation in the ultraviolet (UV) region leading to electron–hole separation and photoinduced electron transfer.
The Impact of Food Histamine Intake on Asthma Activity: A Pilot Study
Authors: Vassilopoulou Emilia , Konstantinou George N. , Dimitriou Anastasia , Manios Yannis , Koumbi Lemonica , Papadopoulos Nikolaos G.
Published: November 2020

Asthma is a complex chronic inflammatory disorder. Diet’s impact on asthma symptoms is controversial. The objective of this pilot crossover, randomized, two-period study was to examine the effect of dietary histamine intake on asthma symptoms in twenty-one children with mild intermittent asthma. Children were randomly assigned to either a high- or low-histamine diet, based on the Mediterranean pattern, for 4 weeks. After a 2-week washout period, patients crossed to the alternative diet for 4 additional weeks. Asthma symptoms were assessed at baseline and after the completion of each diet period by a clinician. Daily symptoms and peak flow were recorded throughout the intervention. Adherence to the dietary intervention was assessed via analysis of four random 24-h recalls, for each intervention period. Eighteen children completed the study. Significantly higher mean air flow obstruction was recorded and a trend for prolonged and more severe symptoms was observed during the high-histamine period. Diet may have an active and direct impact on asthma symptoms. Food choice is affected and/or may affect symptoms in children with mild asthma. Diet intervention is promising yet challenging, for asthma control.