bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of cytapheresis for induction therapy and extra‐intestinal skin manifestations of ulcerative colitis
Authors: Shibuya Tomoyoshi , Nomura Osamu , Nomura Kei , Haraikawa Mayuko , Haga Keiichi , Ishikawa Dai , Osada Taro , Yamaji Ken , Ikeda Shigaku , Nagahara Akihito
Published: March 2022

Introduction

In recent years, the prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases has been increasing in Japan due to the westernization of lifestyles. Many patients have been reported to have extra‐intestinal manifestations (EIMs) at least once. Skin lesions occur with a high degree of frequency among EIMs, with erythema nodosum (EN) and pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) the main complications. Cytapheresis is again attracting attention as a treatment with few side effects.

Methods

We investigated the therapeutic effect of cytapheresis on ulcerative colitis (UC) and cutaneous EIMs. Between 2008 and 2021, 240 patients with active UC had induction therapy by cytapheresis at our hospital.

Results

Remission and response rates were 50.0% and 67.5%, respectively. Apheresis was performed on seven patients with PG and five patients with EN with a good response. Serious adverse events were not observed.

Conclusion

This retrospective assessment of efficacy showed that EN and PG responded favorably to cytapheresis.
The post‐COVID‐19 future of digital learning in higher education: Views from educators, students, and other professionals in six countries
Authors: Guppy Neil , Verpoorten Dominique , Boud David , Lin Lin , Tai Joanna , Bartolic Silvia
Published: March 2022

Predictions about the post‐pandemic future of digital learning vary among higher education scholars. Some foresee dramatic, revolutionary change while others speculate that growth in educational technology will be buffeted both by modest expansion and unevenness. To this debate we contribute evidence from four groups across six countries on four continents: college and university educators (n = 281), students (n = 4243), senior administrators (n = 15), and instructional design specialists (n = 43). Our focus is on the future of digital learning after the pandemic‐induced pivot to emergency remote instruction. Using data from interviews and self‐administered questionnaires, our findings reveal a high degree of congruency between respondent groups, with most envisioning more blended/hybrid instruction post‐pandemic and some modest increases in fully online courses. Student opinion is more sceptical about future change than within the other groups. Among respondents in all groups there is little expectation for a full‐blown, revolutionary change in online or digital learning.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

Digital learning has been growing in higher education, although a digital disconnect continues whereby the availability of educational technology exceeds its application to learning.

Expectations regarding technology‐mediated learning post‐COVID‐19 are mixed, hampering planning for the future.

Hesitancy about teaching or taking courses with some or full online components persists.

What this paper adds

A strong majority of respondents in higher education foresee the most growth in blended/hybrid forms of digital learning post‐COVID‐19.

A solid percentage, between about two‐thirds and three‐quarters of faculty and students, envision learners and instructors taking or teaching more fully online courses post‐pandemic.

A strong congruency exists between faculty, students, senior administrators, and instructional design professionals in their ranking of scenarios for the future of digital learning.

Implications for practice and/or policy

Educational technology in higher learning will not return to a pre‐COVID‐19 normality—if a pre‐COVID‐19 ‘normal’ could even be defined.

As post‐pandemic institutional planning unfolds, it is important to reflect experiences and incorporate insights of instructors, students, and instructional designers.

Successfully building on these insights, where more blended/hybrid learning is foreseen, requires a thoughtful integration of face‐to‐face learning and educational technology.
PP6 deficiency in mice with KRAS mutation and Trp53 loss promotes early death by PDAC with cachexia‐like features
Authors: Fukui Katsuya , Nomura Miyuki , Kishimoto Kazuhiro , Tanuma Nobuhiro , Kurosawa Koreyuki , Kanazawa Kosuke , Kato Hiroyuki , Sato Tomoki , Miura Shinji , Miura Koh , Sato Ikuro , Tsuji Hiroyuki , Yamashita Yoji , Tamai Keiichi , Watanabe Toshio , Yasuda Jun , Tanaka Takuji , Satoh Kennichi , Furukawa Toru , Jingu Keiichi , Shima Hiroshi
Published: March 2022

To examine effects of PP6 gene (Ppp6c) deficiency on pancreatic tumor development, we developed pancreas‐specific, tamoxifen‐inducible Cre‐mediated KP (KRAS(G12D) plus Trp53‐deficient) mice (cKP mice) and crossed them with Ppp6cflox/flox mice. cKP mice with the homozygous Ppp6c deletion developed pancreatic tumors, became emaciated and required euthanasia within 150 days of mutation induction, phenotypes that were not seen in heterozygous or wild‐type (WT) mice. At 30 days, a comparative analysis of genes commonly altered in homozygous versus WT Ppp6c cKP mice revealed enhanced activation of Erk and NFκB pathways in homozygotes. By 80 days, the number and size of tumors and number of precancerous lesions had significantly increased in the pancreas of Ppp6c homozygous relative to heterozygous or WT cKP mice. Ppp6c−/− tumors were pathologically diagnosed as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) undergoing the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cancer cells had invaded surrounding tissues in three out of six cases. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses indicated an enhanced cancer‐specific glycolytic metabolism in Ppp6c‐deficient cKP mice and the increased expression of inflammatory cytokines. Individual Ppp6c−/− cKP mice showed weight loss, decreased skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and increased circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and IL‐6 levels, suggestive of systemic inflammation. Overall, Ppp6c deficiency in the presence of K‐ras mutations and Trp53 gene deficiency promoted pancreatic tumorigenesis with generalized cachexia and early death. This study provided the first evidence that Ppp6c suppresses mouse pancreatic carcinogenesis and supports the use of Ppp6c‐deficient cKP mice as a model for developing treatments for cachexia associated with pancreatic cancer.
Reforms and inequalities in selective fields of higher education in France: Measuring the impacts using a dual approach
Authors: Jaoul‐Grammare Magali
Published: March 2022

One of the specificities of French higher education is that there is no single higher education system but two compartmentalised and hierarchical higher education systems comprising (1) universities and (2) grande école higher education institutions. Competing for a place in the latter requires that students have succeeded in classe préparatoire studies at the undergraduate level (an intensive foundation degree). While access to university is open to all students, access to classe préparatoire is very selective and remains the source of many inequalities. Thus, in 2018, only 7% of students studying in classe préparatoire programmes had a working‐class father, compared with 50% whose father was a manager, and less than 43% were women, 30% of whom were in the science stream (RERS, 2018). Numerous reforms have been implemented over the past thirty years to mitigate inequalities associated with gender, social and cultural status, as well as geographical location. This study analysed the impact of reforms on the evolution of inequalities. With focus on social and gender inequalities, I use a dual approach to analyse questions pertaining to access and the impact of reforms; specifically, (1) a cliometric approach, based on a quantitative historical analysis of long time series, and (2) a microeconomic approach that relies on individual series. I show that despite measures aimed at opening access to students of different gender and social backgrounds, the grandes écoles higher education institutions remain a relatively compartmentalised system that perpetuates the reproduction of social and gender inequalities.
Salivary gland involvement and oral health in patients with coeliac disease
Authors: Liu Jason , Lundemann Ann‐Kristine Juncker , Reibel Jesper , Pedersen Anne Marie Lynge
Published: March 2022

Coeliac disease (CD) is a chronic immune‐mediated enteropathy triggered by ingestion of gluten. The aim of this study was to investigate if the salivary glands as a component of the mucosal immune system are involved in CD, leading to sialadenitis and salivary gland dysfunction and associated oral manifestations. Twenty patients with CD aged 49.2 (SD 15.5 years) and 20 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy controls underwent an interview regarding general and oral health, serological analysis, a clinical oral examination including bitewing radiographs, Candida smear, assessment of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli levels, unstimulated and chewing‐stimulated whole and parotid saliva flow rates, analysis of secretory IgA, and a labial salivary gland biopsy. Xerostomia, mucosal lesions, dry/cracked lips and focal lymphocytic sialadenitis were more prevalent and extensive in patients with CD than in healthy controls. Moreover, the patients had less gingival inflammation and higher whole saliva flow rates than the healthy controls, but did not differ regarding dental health and levels of cariogenic bacteria and Candida. The major salivary gland function appears unaffected, contributing to maintenance of a balanced microbiota and oral health in CD patients. Xerostomia and labial dryness may be related to minor salivary gland inflammation and subsequent impaired mucosal lubrication.
Whole‐transcriptome sequencing identifies postzygotic ATP2A2 mutations in a patient misdiagnosed with herpes zoster, confirming the diagnosis of very late‐onset segmental Darier disease
Authors: Mohaghegh Fatemeh , Youssefian Leila , Galehdari Hamid , Tavakoli Narjes , Vahidnezhad Hassan , Uitto Jouni
Published: March 2022

An 82‐year‐old female patient presented with a recent onset of painful skin lesions in unilateral distribution on the abdominal area following the lines of Blaschko; the initial diagnosis of Varicella‐Zoster infection was made. However, because the individual lesions appeared as hyperkeratotic papules and were unresponsive to antiviral therapy, a skin biopsy was performed, which revealed hyperkeratosis, suprabasal acantholysis and dyskeratosis with corps ronds and grains, consistent with acantholytic dyskeratotic acanthoma. Since this entity has been associated with Darier disease, whole‐transcriptome sequencing by RNA‐Seq was performed on RNA isolated from a lesion and from adjacent normal appearing skin, and a recently developed bioinformatics pipeline that can identify both genomic sequence variants and the presence of any of 926 viruses was applied. Two pathogenic missense mutations in the ATP2A2 gene were identified in the lesional but not in normal appearing skin, and no evidence of Varicella‐Zoster infection was obtained. These findings confirm the diagnosis of segmental Darier disease due to postzygotic mutations in the ATP2A2 gene, and attest to the power of a novel single‐step application of RNA‐Seq in providing correct diagnosis in this rare genodermatosis.
Caspases help to spread the message via extracellular vesicles
Authors: Hill Claire , Dellar Elizabeth R. , Baena‐Lopez Luis Alberto
Published: March 2022

Cell‐cell communication is an essential aspect of multicellular life, key for coordinating cell proliferation, growth, and death in response to environmental changes. Whilst caspases are well‐known for facilitating apoptotic and pyroptotic cell death, several recent investigations are uncovering new roles for these enzymes in biological scenarios requiring long‐range intercellular signalling mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are small membrane‐bound nanoparticles released from cells that may carry and deliver cargo between distant cells, thus helping to coordinate their behaviour. Intriguingly, there is emerging evidence indicating a key contribution of caspases in the biogenesis of EVs, the selection of their cargo content, and EV uptake/function in recipient cells. Here, we discuss the latest findings supporting the interplay between caspases and EVs, and the biological relevance of this molecular convergence for cellular signalling, principally in non‐apoptotic scenarios.
Molecular and cellular factors determining the functional pleiotropy of cytokines
Authors: McFarlane Alison , Pohler Elizabeth , Moraga Ignacio
Published: March 2022

Cytokines are soluble factors vital for mammalian physiology. Cytokines elicit highly pleiotropic activities, characterized by their ability to induce a wide spectrum of functional responses in a diverse range of cell subsets, which makes their study very challenging. Cytokines activate signalling via receptor dimerization/oligomerization, triggering activation of the JAK (Janus kinase)/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signalling pathway. Given the strong crosstalk and shared usage of key components of cytokine signalling pathways, a long‐standing question in the field pertains to how functional diversity is achieved by cytokines. Here, we discuss how biophysical – for example, ligand‐receptor binding affinity and topology – and cellular – for example, receptor, JAK and STAT protein levels, endosomal compartment – parameters contribute to the modulation and diversification of cytokine responses. We review how these parameters ultimately converge into a common mechanism to fine‐tune cytokine signalling that involves the control of the number of Tyr residues phosphorylated in the receptor intracellular domain upon cytokine stimulation. This results in different kinetics of STAT activation, and induction of specific gene expression programs, ensuring the generation of functional diversity by cytokines using a limited set of signalling intermediaries. We describe how these first principles of cytokine signalling have been exploited using protein engineering to design cytokine variants with more specific and less toxic responses for immunotherapy.
Salivation in Parkinson's disease: A scoping review
Authors: Verhoeff Merel C. , Koutris Michail , Vries Ralph de , Berendse Henk W. , Dijk Karin D. van , Lobbezoo Frank
Published: March 2022

Objectives

We aimed to provide an overview of the available literature that includes both objective assessments (namely hypersalivation and hyposalivation) and the subjective experience (namely xerostomia and drooling) of salivary problems in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Background

In patients with Parkinson's disease, there may be complaints of salivary problems such as xerostomia or drooling. This can have consequences for their oral health and quality of life. To date, systematic reviews have focused on drooling only.

Materials and methods

A literature search in 4 databases was performed up to 12 February 2021. Two researchers independently assessed studies for eligibility.

Results

In total, 63 studies were included. The prevalence of self‐reported xerostomia ranged from 49% to 77%, and that of self‐reported drooling ranged from 5% to 80%. Ten articles reported a significantly lower mean salivary flow in patients with Parkinson's disease than in controls. None of the articles with both a control group and a patient group reported a significantly higher salivary flow in patients with Parkinson's disease. When questioned about subjective salivary problems, a significantly higher prevalence of both xerostomia (7 studies) and drooling (14 studies) was found in patients with Parkinson's disease than in controls. Patients with Parkinson's disease have a lower salivary flow rate and higher prevalence of both xerostomia and drooling than controls.

Conclusion

The complexity of salivary problems present in patients with Parkinson's disease necessitates a multidisciplinary approach in order to avoid mutually counteracting treatments from different healthcare professionals.
Trajectories of muscle quantity, quality and function measurements in hospitalized older adults
Authors: Welch Carly , Greig Carolyn , Lewis Danielle , Majid Zeinab , Masud Tahir , Moorey Hannah , Pinkney Thomas , Stanley Benjamin , Jackson Thomas
Published: March 2022

Aim

Acute sarcopenia is defined by the development of incident sarcopenia (low muscle quantity/quality and function) within 6 months of a stressor event. However, outcome measures for clinical trials have not been validated. This study aimed to characterize changes in muscle quantity, quality, strength, and physical function during and after hospitalization.

Methods

Patients aged ≥70 years admitted for elective colorectal surgery, emergency abdominal surgery or acute infections were recruited from a single university hospital. Assessments were carried out at baseline, and within 7 ± 2 days and 13 ± 1 weeks postoperatively or post‐admission.

Results

A total of 79 participants (mean age 79 years, 39% female) were included. Physical function defined by the Patient‐Reported Outcome Measures Information System T‐score declined from baseline (42.3, 95% CI 40.2–44.3) to 7 days (36.6, 95% CI 34.5–38.8; P = 0.001), with improvement after 13 weeks (40.5, 95% CI 37.9–43.0). Changes in muscle quantity, quality and function measurements were overall heterogeneous, with few significant changes at the study population level. Change in rectus femoris echogenicity over 13 weeks correlated with changes in handgrip strength (r = 0.53; P < 0.001) and gait speed (r = 0.59; P = 0.003) over the same period.

Conclusions

Patient‐Reported Outcome Measures Information System T‐score provides a sensitive measure of change in physical function in hospitalized older patients. However, changes in muscle quantity, quality and function measurements were heterogeneous, and not significant at the study population level. Further research should assess for factors that might be predictive of changes within individuals to enable stratified interventions. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 311–318.
Navigating white academe during crisis: The impact of COVID‐19 and racial violence on women of color professionals
Authors: Melaku Tsedale M. , Beeman Angie
Published: March 2022

Scholars have shown that women of color experience racial and gender aggressions in different workplaces but strategically in predominantly white institutions. This article explores how women of color professionals in academic institutions perceive their experiences during this time of multiple pandemics induced by COVID‐19 and racial violence. By examining research on women of color in academe and other white institutional spaces, we discuss how systemic racism is embedded within organizational practices that sustain racial inequality. Drawing on data from a qualitative online survey of women of color in academe (n = 25), our theoretically grounded research employs Black feminist thought as a methodological practice to examine how COVID‐19 and racial violence have impacted women of color through the continued perpetuation of racial and gender inequities. The findings provide important insights on how institutional responses to public discourses about racism can influence the experiences of women of color and their career trajectories.
Characterisation of oil oxidation, fatty acid, carotenoid, squalene and tocopherol components of hazelnut oils obtained from three varieties undergoing oxidation
Authors: Cui Nana , Zhao Tiantian , Han Zhentai , Yang Zhen , Wang Guixi , Ma Qinghua , Liang Lisong
Published: March 2022

Hazelnut oils obtained from three varieties of Chinese hybrid hazelnuts (cv. ‘Liaozhen 3 (LZ)’, ‘Pingou 21’ (PG) and ‘Yuzhui’ (YZ)) were used to compare the lipid oxidation characteristics (peroxide value, p‐anisidine value and conjugated diene value), fatty acid profiles and major active components (squalene, carotenoids and tocopherols) under oxidation condition at 60 °C for 40 days, in addition, the molecular structure changes in the three hazelnut oils were monitored by Raman spectroscopy. The lipid oxidation of the three hazelnut oils had similar tendencies, and the oxidation rate was slower in the early stage and faster in the later stage. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) tended to decrease mainly due to the decrease in linoleic acid. LZ had higher contents of tocopherol, carotenoids and PUFAs than the other varieties, while YZ owned the highest content of squalene. Tocopherol and carotenoids of the three hazelnut oils showed easy loss, while squalene was relatively stable. Raman spectroscopy can effectively indicate the degree of oxidation and carotenoid levels of hazelnut oil. This study can provide a scientific basis for variety selection in planting and utilisation of active ingredients for the hazelnut industry.
Association between caregivers' health‐related quality of life and care recipients' health outcomes
Authors: Hoshino Junko , Tamakoshi Koji , Hori Yoko , Sakakibara Hisataka
Published: March 2022

Aims

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between family caregivers' health‐related quality of life and health outcomes in care recipients.

Methods

A total of 160 female caregivers in Japan were initially assessed using self‐reported baseline questionnaires to determine physical and mental aspects of their health‐related quality of life. Based on these scores, they were divided into three groups: lower, middle, and higher quality of life. We followed up with the 133 participants (after excluding those that did not respond) 6 years later to assess the health of their care recipients; 36 caregivers continued to provide home care, while 97 reported that their care recipient had died or been admitted into institutionalized care.

Results

Statistically, a higher risk for care recipients' health deterioration was strongly associated with the mental component score in the lower caregivers' quality of life group of than for the middle group, after adjusting for the care recipients' age, health status, and caregivers' age at baseline. There was no significant association between deterioration of health of care recipients and physical component scores of the caregivers.

Conclusion

Caregivers' poor health‐related quality of life, particularly poor mental health, may be linked to the deterioration of care recipients' health.
Prevalence, Evolution, and Predictive Factors of Symptoms of Postpartum Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a French‐Speaking Cohort
Authors: Ben‐Hassine Sarra , Chabbert Margaux , Rozenberg Patrick , Wendland Jaqueline
Published: March 2022

Background

Identifying factors that are predictive for postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is important to inform clinical and research practice. Yet prospective longitudinal studies investigating symptoms of postpartum PTSD and their prevalence, evolution, comorbidities, and predictors remain limited. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of women's symptoms of PTSD at different times in the postpartum period and to identify comorbidities and predictive factors in a French‐speaking sample.

Methods

A total of 168 women participated in this longitudinal study, which included 3 assessment points: immediate postpartum, 2 months postpartum, and 6 months postpartum. Participants filled out questionnaires regarding sociodemographic characteristics, pregnancy, and birth outcomes; subjective perceptions of birth; and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD.

Results

Among the participants, 11.7% reported having symptoms of PTSD 2 months after birth and 10.5% reported having symptoms 6 months after birth. Regarding comorbidities and associated factors, depressive symptoms, poor marital adjustment, and impaired maternal‐infant bonding were significantly and positively correlated with symptoms of PTSD. Peritraumatic distress, negative perceived childbirth experience, and complications and perceived difficulties during birth were predictive factors for postpartum PTSD.

Discussion

More than 1 in 10 women experienced symptoms of postpartum PTSD. Health care professionals need to be aware of symptoms of postpartum PTSD, predictive factors, and comorbidities to be able to better identify women presenting those symptoms and refer them for appropriate psychological support.
Thread lifting: Does patient satisfaction change according to age, type of threads used, number of threads used and treatment area?
Authors: Hügül Hüray , Özkoca Defne , Kutlubay Zekayi
Published: March 2022

Background

Aging is an inevitable process. Eyebrows, cheeks, mandible, and neck are the areas that are the most vulnerable to the aging process. The most commonly thread lifted areas of the face are the jawline, midface, eyebrows, and the neck.

Patients and method

In this retrospective study, patients who were treated with thread‐lifting between January 2018 and April 2020 were evaluated and the following were noted: the age and gender of the patient; the type of thread used; number of threads used; treatment area; patient satisfaction; and complications. The effects of age, type of thread used, number of threads used, and treatment area on patient satisfaction were analyzed statistically.

Results

The relationship between age and patient satisfaction is statistically insignificant, p = 0.697. The relationship between patient satisfaction and the type of the thread used was insignificant, p = 0.533. There is no relationship between the number of threads used and patient satisfaction, p = 0.783. There is no difference in patient satisfaction between treatment areas, p = 0.930. The most commonly observed complications were edema, pain, and ecchymosis.

Conclusion

We report that the patient satisfaction in thread‐lifting is independent of the patient's age, treatment area, type of thread used, and the number of threads used. Our study is novel as it is the first study to report that the age of the patient and the thread type do not effect patient satisfaction.
Polycentric Governance of Privately Owned Resources in Circular Economy Systems
Authors: Patala Samuli , Albareda Laura , Halme Minna
Published: March 2022

Natural resource scarcity is giving rise to new forms of resource governance and so enhancing the transition to more sustainable resource use. One key development is the growth of circular economy systems, where residual resources are reused in closed‐loop systems. This requires an understanding of how diverse actors collectively govern the sustainable use and sharing of privately owned residual and waste resources. Our empirical analysis of three circular economy systems in Finland, the United States and Spain shows how a polycentric form of governance develops through collective action between businesses, the public sector, and societal actors based on multiple units of cooperation. Adopting insights from the polycentric governance of commons, we develop a theory of polycentric governance for privately owned residual resources. Our findings show that polycentric governance involves three main interacting elements: mutual adjustment between actors, practices for collective agency, and structures for sharing resources. As well as contributing to the understanding of collective action for sustainability, these findings also advance the interorganizational governance literature.
A Critical Review of the Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Empirical Literature on Cognition‐Based and Affect‐Based Trust
Authors: Legood Alison , van der Werff Lisa , Lee Allan , den Hartog Deanne , van Knippenberg Daan
Published: March 2022

Trust plays a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of effective working relationships. In this paper we offer a critical review of the conceptualization and operationalization of cognition‐based and affect‐based trust. While definitions and measures of trust are abundant, the view of trust as a concept with cognitive and affective bases is well established. Nevertheless, the validity of this approach has rarely been examined. Our theoretical and empirical review (content validity study, systematic review and meta‐analysis) of the literature reveals a failure to fully capture cognition or affect in current trust theory and measurement. We find the construct of affect‐based trust to be particularly problematic in its current form. Resolving these issues is critical to advancing our understanding of the differentiating roles of these two important bases of trust. We detail areas for future research on the conceptualization and measurement of trust to stimulate theoretical exploration and methodological advances.
Effect of Internal Design Modification on the Mechanical Properties of Laser Sintered Cobalt‐Chromium Multi‐Unit Metal‐Ceramic Frameworks
Authors: Kocak Elif Figen , Ekren Orhun , Ucar Yurdanur
Published: March 2022

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of internal design modifications on the mechanical properties of multi‐unit Cobalt‐Chromium (Co‐Cr) metal‐ceramic frameworks manufactured by direct metal laser sintering.

Material and methods

Four‐unit fixed partial denture metal‐ceramic frameworks were digitally designed on a metal die model using 3D software. A total of 30 specimens were prepared using Co‐Cr alloy powder with direct metal laser sintering (n = 10). The control group specimens were solid where the inside of the specimens was completely full. For the test groups, the internal design of the framework was modified. Leaving the outer shell thickness of the framework at 0.5 mm, two different internal designs with hollow geometries were created (1.5 mm and 2 mm inner bar distances) and a cross section area of the connector was calculated. The weights of the specimens were measured and subjected to a 3‐point‐bending test at 1 mm/min crosshead speed. Data were statistically analyzed using One‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey (α = 0.05).

Results

There was a statistically significant difference among the groups in terms of weight of the specimens (p ≤ 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed among groups in term of both flexural strength and flexural modulus (p ≤ 0.05).

Conclusions

Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that changing the internal design of the metal frameworks decreases the weight of the framework, but does not affect the flexural strength and flexural modulus. Therefore, clinical applications of internally modified frameworks seem promising for metal‐ceramic restorations.
Associations Between Major Depressive Episodes and School‐ or Community‐Based Activity Participation Among Adolescents Using Nationwide Representative Data
Authors: Delfin Danae , Eke Ransome , Gray Haleigh , Kerr Zachary Y. , Wallace Jessica S.
Published: March 2022

Background

This study examined the association between participation in school‐based and/or community‐based activity and major depressive episodes (MDE) in adolescents using nationally representative data.

Methods

This study utilized cross‐sectional data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health from 2015 to 2019. Nine screening questions determined the presence of past‐year MDE in adolescents ages 12‐17 (n = 67,033). Participants indicated past‐year participation in school‐based (eg, team sports, cheerleading, choir, band, student government, or clubs) and/or community‐based activities (eg, volunteer activities, sports, clubs, or groups). Sociodemographic variables included sex, race/ethnicity, family income, and age. Descriptive statistics, univariable and multivariable regression analyses were conducted. The multivariable model included interaction terms between age and sex, and age and race/ethnicity.

Results

Overall, 14% of the sample met the criteria for having MDE. The odds of MDE increased with age. Joint effects of age and sex, and age and race/ethnicity significantly influenced the association between MDE and school‐ or community‐based activities. Participation in 1+ community‐based activities was protective for MDE across all races/ethnicities.

Conclusions

Findings help illuminate the direct association of school‐ and community‐based activity participation on MDE risk in adolescents, improving our understanding of MDE across various sociodemographic subgroups in an adolescent population. Schools should aim to facilitate equitable programming and endorse adolescent participation in multiple activities throughout the year. Schools should examine the resources available and consider partnerships that would bolster resources, access, and social capital throughout the community.
Obesity influences the proteome of periodontal ligament tissues following periodontitis induction in rats
Authors: Lopes Maria Eduarda Scordamaia , Marcantonio Camila Chierici , de Molon Rafael Scaf , Cerri Paulo Sérgio , Salmon Cristiane Ribeiro , Mofatto Luciana Souto , Nociti Junior Francisco Humberto , Deschner James , Cirelli Joni Augusto , Nogueira Andressa Vilas Boas
Published: March 2022

Background and Objectives

Many studies have been conducted to better understand the molecular mechanism involved with periodontitis progression. There has been growing interest in the potential impact of obesity on periodontitis onset and progression, but the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. The present study was designed to determine the impact of obesity on experimentally induced periodontitis in rats and identify novel pathways involved.

Methods

Sixteen Holtzman rats were distributed into two groups (n = 8): ligature‐induced periodontitis (P) and obesity plus ligature‐induced periodontitis (OP). Obesity was induced by a high‐fat diet for 70 days, whereas periodontitis was induced for 20 days, with a cotton thread placed around the upper first molars bilaterally. Alveolar bone loss was measured by microtomographic analysis and histologically by histometry on the hemimaxillae. The protein composition of the periodontal ligament was evaluated by proteomic analysis.

Results

Data analysis (body weight, adipose tissue weight, and blood test) confirmed obesity induction, whereas bone loss was confirmed by micro‐CT and histologic analyses. Proteome analysis from the periodontal ligament tissues (PDL) identified 819 proteins, 53 exclusive to the P group, 28 exclusive to the OP group, and 738 commonly expressed. Validation was performed by immunohistochemistry for selected proteins (spondin1, vinculin, and TRAP).

Conclusion

Histologically, it was found that obesity did not significantly affect bone loss resulting from periodontitis. However, the present study's findings indicated that obesity affects the proteome of PDL submitted to experimental periodontitis, allowing for identifying potential targets for personalized approaches.
Single dose and chronic oral administration of cannabigerol and cannabigerolic acid‐rich hemp extract in fed and fasted dogs: Physiological effect and pharmacokinetic evaluation
Authors: Amstutz Kara , Schwark Wayne S. , Zakharov Alexander , Gomez Beatriz , Lyubimov Alex , Ellis Karolynn , Venator Kurt P. , Wakshlag Joseph J.
Published: March 2022

The use of cannabinoids in veterinary medicine has been increasing exponentially recently and there is little information regarding the pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids except for cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), with even more sparse information related to their native acid forms found in cannabis. Cannabigerol (CBG) is the precursor molecule to cannabinoid formation in the cannabis plant which may have medicinal properties as well, yet there are no publications related to CBG or the native cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) in companion animal species. The aim of this study was to investigate similar dosing of CBG and CBGA from hemp plants that have been used for cannabidiol pharmacokinetic studies. Administration in the fed and fasted state was performed to better understand absorption and retention of these unique hemp‐derived cannabinoids in dogs. Results suggest that when providing a hemp‐derived CBG/CBGA formulation in equal quantities, CBGA is absorbed approximately 40‐fold better than CBG regardless of being given to fed or fasted dogs. After twice daily dosing for two weeks at 2 mg/kg in the fasted and then fed state, no differences in the mean serum CBG (5 ng/ml) or CBGA (250 ng/ml) serum concentrations were observed between states. Importantly, physical examination, complete blood counts, and serum chemistry evaluations over the two weeks suggest no adverse events during this short‐term dosing trial.
Normalising disclosure or reinforcing heroism? An exploratory critical discourse analysis of mental health stigma in medical education
Authors: Sukhera Javeed , Poleksic Jelena , Zaheer Juveria , Pack Rachael
Published: March 2022

Introduction

There has been a proliferation of initiatives targeted towards improving psychological wellbeing among medical learners. Yet many learners do not seek assistance due to stigma against help seeking. Understanding the prevailing discourses on the effects of mental health stigma in the context of medical education will improve insight on how to address stigma and improve wellbeing. In this study, the authors sought to explore discourses on stigma in medical education through a Foucauldian Critical Discourse Analysis.

Methods

The authors assembled several sets of texts related to stigma in medical education. The initial archive consisted of social media discourse and was expanded to include digital news media. Next, the authors conducted semi‐structured qualitative interviews with medical students, residents and faculty. Using principles of Critical Discourse Analysis informed by the writings of Michel Foucault, the authors analysed the archive to identify truth statements, representative statements and discursive effects.

Results

Analysis revealed an emancipatory discourse of disclosure that normalised help‐seeking, which conflicted with a discourse of performance. Results suggested that public disclosure remains challenging in private contexts due to a medical culture that rewards perfectionism and lauds heroism. Discourses on performance positioned disclosure as disruptive to the system's need to maintain its own hegemony. Overall, stigma was perceived as rooted within the structural power of the medical education system and society at large.

Conclusion

Discourses on stigma in medical education hold implications for the teaching, learning and overall wellbeing of medical learners. The tensions between discourses on disclosure and performance have the potential to perpetuate further distress for learners and worsen asymmetries in power. Interventions to address stigma would benefit from understanding and addressing the role of power and hierarchy in maintaining and dismantling stigma.
The novel avirulence effector AlAvr1 from Ascochyta lentis mediates host cultivar specificity of ascochyta blight in lentil
Authors: Henares Bernadette M. , Debler Johannes W. , Farfan‐Caceres Lina M. , Grime Christina R. , Syme Robert A. , Blake Sara N. , Herdina  , Davidson Jennifer A. , Oliver Richard P. , Singh Karam B. , Kamphuis Lars G. , Lee Robert C.
Published: March 2022

Ascochyta lentis is a fungal pathogen that causes ascochyta blight in the important grain legume species lentil, but little is known about the molecular mechanism of disease or host specificity. We employed a map‐based cloning approach using a biparental A. lentis population to clone the gene AlAvr1‐1 that encodes avirulence towards the lentil cultivar PBA Hurricane XT. The mapping population was produced by mating A. lentis isolate P94‐24, which is pathogenic on the cultivar Nipper and avirulent towards Hurricane, and the isolate AlKewell, which is pathogenic towards Hurricane but not Nipper. Using agroinfiltration, we found that AlAvr1‐1 from the isolate P94‐24 causes necrosis in Hurricane but not in Nipper. The homologous corresponding gene in AlKewell, AlAvr1‐2, encodes a protein with amino acid variation at 23 sites and four of these sites have been positively selected in the P94‐24 branch of the phylogeny. Loss of AlAvr1‐1 in a gene knockout experiment produced a P94‐24 mutant strain that is virulent on Hurricane. Deletion of AlAvr1‐2 in AlKewell led to reduced pathogenicity on Hurricane, suggesting that the gene may contribute to disease in Hurricane. Deletion of AlAvr1‐2 did not affect virulence for Nipper and AlAvr1‐2 is therefore not an avirulence gene for Nipper. We conclude that the hemibiotrophic pathogen A. lentis has an avirulence effector, AlAvr1‐1, that triggers a hypersensitive resistance response in Hurricane. This is the first avirulence gene to be characterized in a legume pathogen from the Pleosporales and may help progress research on other damaging Ascochyta pathogens.
Effects of topiramate on inflammatory parameters in migraine prophylaxis
Authors: Özdemir Hasan Hüseyin , Dönder Ahmet
Published: March 2022

Aim

Many medical agents are used in migraine prophylaxis. Topiramate is used as a first‐line treatment option for migraine prophylaxis. It has different side effects, but its effects on inflammatory markers are unknown. In this study, we investigate the effects of topiramate in neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) with migraine patients without aura.

Method

In this retrospective study, 60 healthy controls and 78 patients who were followed up and had a diagnosis of migraine and took a topiramate therapy were evaluated pretreatment, 3rd, and 6th months after treatment. The number of days with pain, duration of pain, Migraine Disability Assessment Test (MIDAS), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores of the patients were evaluated before treatment and during the controls.

Results and Conclusions

A significant decrease was observed in the painful days, duration of pain, MIDAS, and VAS scores in the evaluations in the 3rd and 6th month periods after the initiation of topiramate. Thrombocytopenia developed in one patient, generalized paresthesia in two patients, and treatment was discontinued for these patients. NLR, PLR, and CRP values before the topiramate treatment were statistically higher than the values at 3rd and 6th months of treatment. Neutrophil, platelet, and lymphocyte counts also decreased during treatment. There was no statistically significant difference between inflammatory parameters and number of days with pain, duration of pain, MIDAS, and VAS scores. NLR, PLR, and CRP values decreased topiramate therapy. Studies are needed to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory effectiveness of topiramate in the treatment of migraine.
Cranial osteomyelitis associated with SAPHO syndrome: An underdiagnosed cause of chronic headache
Authors: Sugie Masayuki , Yasaki Shunji
Published: March 2022

A 50‐year‐old woman having palmoplantar pustulosis was admitted with a headache accompanied by occipital bulge. She had a history of cryptogenic cervical spondylitis which had not completely remitted despite treatment with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Head magnetic resonance imaging revealed enhanced swelling in the soft tissues of the right occipital region corresponding to the bulging locus. Bone scintigraphy demonstrated increased uptake in the parieto‐occipital bone, cervical spine, and sternoclavicular joints. Considering the negative results of the culture tests, she was diagnosed with aseptic cranial osteomyelitis induced by synovitis‐acne‐pustulosis‐hyperostosis‐osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome; cervical osteitis might induce her unidentified spondylitis. This syndrome is unrecognized as a cause of secondary headache. Based on our review of previous reports and the current case, we suggest that a painful bulge, which is demonstrated as an enhanced swelling in the cephalic soft tissue, may be a diagnostic cue for SAPHO syndrome.
Women's Low Employment Rates in India: Cultural and Structural Explanations
Authors: Chatterjee Esha , Vanneman Reeve D.
Published: March 2022

Indian women's labor force participation rates have long demonstrated a U‐shaped relationship with their education, rather than a more conventional positive linear relationship. The low rates of employment for moderately educated women are usually explained either as a result of the cultural stigma of women's employment in a patriarchal society or because of the lack of demand from white‐collar and light manufacturing jobs for women with middle levels of education. Using especially well‐suited data from two waves of the India Human Development Survey, we test these explanations by examining the education–employment relationship in districts with low cultural stigma (low observance of purdah) and high proportions of (salaried) employment considered “suitable” for women. We find little support for either the cultural or structural explanations: the education–employment relationship remains U‐shaped in districts with low stigma or with more “suitable” salaried employment. Instead, we suggest a better explanation lies in the high levels of gender segregation where most white‐collar jobs are reserved for men. We simulate what the education–employment relationship would look like if these white‐collar occupations were female‐dominated as they are in most places in the world and find a more conventional linear relationship.
Sovereign bail‐outs and fiscal rules in a banking union*
Authors: Marattin Luigi , Meraglia Simone , Minetti Raoul
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we study optimal fiscal rules in a two‐country economy in which cross‐country linkages between sovereign debts and banking sectors motivate bail‐outs among countries. The first‐best sovereign borrowing, which is contingent on the output gap between the countries, cannot be achieved in the presence of asymmetric information on a country's potential output. Because bail‐out induces overborrowing, fiscal rules can be implemented to prevent the ensuing inefficiency. A mechanism can be designed to induce a country with low potential output (i.e., a small negative output gap) to run an optimal budget deficit upon receiving a transfer (ex post) from the other country. We characterize conditions under which this fiscal mechanism Pareto dominates a “cyclically adjusted” fiscal rule imposing a unique ceiling on a country's borrowing, independently of its potential output. We apply our setting to a discussion of the implications for fiscal rules within the European Monetary Union.