bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Five‐coordinate dinuclar cobalt (II), copper (II), zinc (II) and cadmium (II) complexes with 4‐bromo‐N‐(2‐pyridinylmethylene)benzenamine: Synthesis, characterisation and methyl methacrylate polymerization
Authors: Park Suhyun , Lee Jaegyeong , Lee Hyosun , Jeong Ah Rim , Min Kil Sik , Nayab Saira
Published: December 2018

A series of late transition metal complexes, [(bpma)Co(μ–Cl)Cl]2, [(bpma)Cu(μ–Cl)Cl]2, [(bpma)Zn(μ–Cl)Cl]2 and [(bpma)Cd(μ–Br)Br]2 (where bpma is 4‐bromo‐N‐((pyridin‐2‐yl)methylene)benzenamine) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The X‐ray structures of dimeric complexes [(bpma)M(μ–X)X]2 (M = Co, Cu and Zn, X = Cl; M = Cd, X = Br) showed a distorted 5‐coordinate trigonal bipyramidal geometry involving two nitrogen atoms of N,N‐bidentate ligand, two bridged and one terminal halogen atoms. The complex [(bpma)Cu(μ–Cl)Cl]2 revealed the highest catalytic activity for the polymerisation of methyl methacrylate in the presence of modified methylaluminoxane with an activity of 9.14 × 104 g PMMA/mol·Cu·h at 60 °C and afforded syndiotactic poly (methylmethacrylate) (rr = 0.69).
Study the influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate on emulsification of heavy and waxy crude oils to improve their flow ability in low temperature conditions
Authors: Sharma Rohit , Deka Barasha , Mandal Arnab , Mahto Vikas
Published: December 2018

Transportation of heavy and waxy crude oils through pipelines is a problem in many regions of the world where low temperatures are observed usually in offshore conditions due to wax and asphaltene precipitation. Transporting them as oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsion through pipelines is one of the feasible flow assurance solutions. In this research work, O/W emulsions using anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate are prepared for two Indian crude oil samples having significant asphaltene and wax deposition potential and effect of emulsification on the flow properties of these crude oils are thoroughly analyzed. It is found that the prepared emulsions have very stable phase volume composition up to 50 days at ambient conditions, and they are thermally stable in the temperature range 20–45°C. Emulsions of heavy crude oil are found to be relatively more stable than that of waxy crude with time and temperatures. Fifty percent (v/v) is the observed optimized oil content in the prepared o/w emulsions for both the crude oils at optimum surfactant concentration that is critical micelle concentration (CMC). The prepared emulsions have viscosities as low as 0.01 Pa s and pour point as low as less than 0°C, ensuring easy flow at low temperatures, suited for pipeline transportation at subsea conditions. Interfacial tension and surface tension values of waxy crude‐water system and its o/w emulsions respectively are higher than that of heavy crude‐water system and its O/W emulsions, which indicate difficulty in waxy crude oil transportation compared with heavy crude oil.
Synthesis and characterization of nanohybrid of poly(octadecylacrylates derivatives)/montmorillonite as pour point depressants and flow improver for waxy crude oil
Authors: Al‐Sabagh A. M. , Betiha M. A. , Osman D. I. , Mahmoud Tahany
Published: December 2018

In this paper, a novel series of nanohybrid of poly(octadecylacrylate derivatives) montmorillonite (ODA/MMT) was prepared by successfully dispersing the inorganic nanolayers of MMT‐clay on the organic polymer matrix via in situ free‐radical polymerization by different ratios. The prepared nanohybrid polymers were characterized by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), HRTEM, GPC, DSC, and TGA instruments. The XRD confirmed the presence of an exfoliated/interacted clay structure in the prepared polymer. Moreover, the molecular weight of the prepared polymer nanohybrids is higher than the corresponding polymer. The results of applying the polymer as pour point depressants showed a considerable reduction from 27°C (initial pour point) to −3 °C, facilitating the process of oil flow at lower temperatures than earlier. The apparent viscosity of waxy crude oil was also decreased significantly by the addition of the (ODA/MMT) polymers, and the long‐term stability of the prepared nanohybrid polymers was superior to that of a conventional polymer. The efficiency of polymers nanohybrid in reducing the pour point of crude oil associated with improved oil flow is one of the most important processes of charge and transportation process. The mechanism of enhancement of the flow properties by the polymers nanohybrid is predicted. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47333.
An institutional analysis of the fiscal autonomy of public hospitals in Vietnam
Authors: Võ Minh Thị Hải , Löfgren Karl
Published: December 2018

This paper explores the fiscal autonomy of Vietnam's public hospitals through analysing the formal autonomy rules and the actual autonomy practices among selected hospitals. We argue that Vietnam's autonomisation of public hospitals underpins the increasing switch of healthcare costs from the state onto society alongside the transition from the universal and free healthcare services to a mix of state subsidy and fees‐for‐services. Utilised as a strategic instrument, hospital autonomy is reinforced in service provision, capital mobilisation, and allocation of net revenues, leaving autonomy in other dimensions increase incrementally. Consequently, Vietnam's hospital autonomisation has occasioned various revenue‐maximising practices including the provision of “patient‐requested” services, provider‐induced supply of unnecessary services, excessive use of high‐tech diagnostic equipment, inappropriate prescription of drugs, increase in patients' length of stay, and receipt of informal payments. While discerning healthcare reform in a country context, this paper expects to offer lessons to policy‐makers in developing countries, which reform their healthcare services along the market principle.
Artificial intelligence in healthcare robots: A social informatics study of knowledge embodiment
Authors: Pee L. G. , Pan Shan L. , Cui Lili
Published: December 2018

Knowledge embodiment, taking a social informatics perspective, refers to the transformation of knowledge into a form in which its value becomes evident. Knowledge embodiment in robotic systems with artificial intelligence (AI robotic systems) actualizes the value of knowledge much more powerfully than other entities, potentially altering the connections among people or even displacing professionals. To understand the effects of knowledge embodiment in AI robotic systems on connections among people and technology, this study addresses 2 cumulative research questions: (i) What is the nature of knowledge embodiment, that is, how are knowledge and AI robots assembled for knowledge work? (ii) How does knowledge embodiment affect connections among people and technology (that is, social informatics)? A case study of a large hospital that has employed different AI robotic systems in many parts of its healthcare service provision process indicates 4 forms of knowledge embodiment, each with a distinct focus. Further, a social informatics analysis suggests four ways knowledge embodiment affects connections among people and technology and reveals related social and institutional issues that go beyond technological determinism. Implications of these findings for research on social informatics and information science are discussed.
An analysis of natural disaster‐related information‐seeking behavior using temporal stages
Authors: Rahmi Rahmi , Joho Hideo , Shirai Tetsuya
Published: December 2018

Since natural disasters can affect many people over a vast area, studying information‐seeking behavior (ISB) during disasters is of great importance. Many previous studies have relied on online social network data, providing insights into the ISB of those with Internet access. However, in a large‐scale natural disaster such as the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011, people in the most severely affected areas tended to have limited Internet access. Therefore, an alternative data source should be explored to investigate disaster‐related ISB. This study's contributions are twofold. First, we provide a detailed description of natural disaster‐related ISB of people who experienced a large‐scale earthquake and tsunami, based on analysis of written testimonies published by local authorities. This provided insight into the relationship between information needs, channels, and sources of disaster‐related ISB. Also, our approach facilitates the study of ISB of people without Internet access both during and after a disaster. Second, we provide empirical evidence to demonstrate that the temporal stages of a disaster can characterize people's ISB during the disaster. Therefore, we propose further consideration of the temporal aspects of events for improved understanding of disaster‐related ISB.
Control‐oriented fault detection of solid oxide fuel cell system unknown input on fuel supply
Authors: Wu Xiao‐long , Xu Yuan‐wu , Xue Tao , Shuai Junchao , Jiang Jianhua , Deng Zhonghua , Fu Xiaowei , Li Xi
Published: December 2018

As the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system work environment is a high‐temperature environment for a long time, it is difficult to obtain the SOFC stack internal state change directly. When the fault occurs, it is difficult to determine where the fault occurs. Moreover, the existing literature ignores the impact of faults, which creates many problems for SOFC system control. Therefore, a state observer‐based fault detection method, which is used to detect the input flow sensor fault and the fuel input fault, is proposed. Their advantage is that they do not need data processing. To realize the fault detection, the observer is used to track the changes of SOFC stack chamber temperature. To obtain the observer estimation parameter, an approach from the actual stack structure parameters is employed to approximate the observer parameters. The results show the proposed fault detect method can judge fuel input fault type quickly and shield the disturbances signals from the sensor effectively. The proposed method also can be used to other operating points or air input fault.
Composite‐rotating consensus of multi‐agent systems with a leader and nonuniform delays
Authors: Mo Lipo , Jiang Yixuan
Published: December 2018

This paper focuses on the composite‐rotating consensus problem of second‐order multi‐agent systems with a leader and nonuniform time‐delays. First, a distributed control law is proposed to solve this problem. Second, by using the complex frequency domain analysis method, the maximal upper bound of time‐delays is deduced and it is proven that all agents eventually rotate around a common point while this point rotates around the origin, provided all communication time‐delays are less than the the maximal upper bound of time‐delays. Finally, simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
An evaluation method for uncertainties in regional climate projections
Authors: Adachi Sachiho A. , Nishizawa Seiya , Ando Kazuto , Yamaura Tsuyoshi , Yoshida Ryuji , Yashiro Hisashi , Kajikawa Yoshiyuki , Tomita Hirofumi
Published: December 2018

Regional climate projections inevitably inherit uncertainties from general circulation models (GCMs). We therefore propose a new approach for identifying the dominant uncertainties. This approach employs the downscaling procedure by Adachi et al. to the uncertainty problem using multiple GCM projections. The mean state of the large‐scale atmospheric states and the deviation from this mean state are the two uncertainty factors considered here, which are provided by a GCM. These two factors are referred to as climatology and perturbation components, respectively. To demonstrate the effectiveness in identifying these uncertainty factors using the proposed approach, a regional projection of summertime climate in western Japan is conducted using four different future climate data that are calculated using an atmospheric GCM with different sea surface temperatures. Results show that the variability in surface air temperature projections is reasonably derived from the climatology uncertainty, whereas the variability in precipitation projections is equally influenced by the climatology and perturbation uncertainties. Both the climatology and perturbation uncertainties should therefore be considered when analysing regional climate projections.
Maintenance condition of back‐building squall‐line in a numerical simulation of a heavy rainfall event in July 2010 in Western Japan
Authors: Yoshida Ryuji , Nishizawa Seiya , Yashiro Hisashi , Adachi Sachiho A. , Yamaura Tsuyoshi , Tomita Hirofumi , Kajikawa Yoshiyuki
Published: December 2018

Back‐building squall‐lines (BBSs) cause local heavy rainfalls and lead to natural disasters. Therefore, better understanding BBSs would have a significant impact on disaster prevention and mitigation. Although a conceptual maintenance condition of BBSs is proposed by previous studies, the concept stands on a case study. We clarified that a mesoscale moist area in water vapor front localizes the continuous forming of new cells in the BBS and reinforced the concept with another case. A numerical simulation of the heavy rainfall during July 11–12, 2010, in western Japan was used to confirmation of the conceptual maintenance condition of the BBS. We found that the new cells of BBS are continually formed at the confluence zone of the synoptic‐scale cold front and the mesoscale area with large water vapor amount at low‐level. It supports the conceptual maintenance condition, and the mesoscale moist area in water vapor front is a distinct characteristic in this case. The position where new cells are formed has been anchored by the mesoscale moist area for 2 hr.
Association between the pharmacokinetics of capecitabine and the plasma dihydrouracil to uracil ratio in rat: A surrogate biomarker for dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity
Authors: Kobuchi Shinji , Akutagawa Mako , Ito Yukako , Sakaeda Toshiyuki
Published: December 2018

Capecitabine is a 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) derivative that is used widely in the treatment of colorectal cancer. The plasma ratio of dihydrouracil (UH2) to uracil (Ura) is expected to gain relevance as an indirect‐response biomarker to estimate the activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD). The latter is a rate‐limiting enzyme in the catabolism of 5‐FU in the capecitabine‐based regimen. However, the relationship between the pharmacokinetics of capecitabine and the plasma UH2/Ura ratio is still unknown. This study evaluated the time‐course alterations of the plasma UH2/Ura ratio in rats treated with 180 mg/kg capecitabine. The molar ratio tended to increase within 1.5 h (1.85 ± 0.76 at 1.5 h after administration of capecitabine) and gradually recovered to its initial level (1.00 ± 0.46). The results of the current study suggest that the plasma UH2/Ura ratio temporarily increases following administration of capecitabine, possibly related to the DPD activity levels. The plasma UH2/Ura ratio might assist in monitoring the alteration of DPD activity levels in capecitabine treatments.
Characterization of the recombinant (R)‐ and (S)‐hydroxypropyl‐coenzyme M dehydrogenases: A case study to augment the teaching of enzyme kinetics and stereoselectivity
Authors: Clark Daniel D.
Published: December 2018

A homologous pair of stereospecific NAD‐dependent enzymes, (R)‐ and (S)‐hydroxypropyl‐coenzyme M dehydrogenase, are part of a bacterial pathway of short‐chain alkene and epoxide metabolism. Their discovery and study, which spans multiple publications over more than a decade, is a data rich story that combines both classical and contemporary experimental biochemistry. A subset of the data for characterization of the recombinant enzymes was used as a case study to augment the teaching of enzyme kinetics and stereoselectivity in an undergraduate biochemistry course at California State University‐Chico. © 2018 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(2): 124–132, 2019.
Neuroimaging markers of global cognition in early Alzheimer's disease: A magnetic resonance imaging–electroencephalography study
Authors: Waser Markus , Benke Thomas , Dal‐Bianco Peter , Garn Heinrich , Mosbacher Jochen A. , Ransmayr Gerhard , Schmidt Reinhold , Seiler Stephan , Sorensen Helge B. D. , Jennum Poul J.
Published: December 2018

Introduction

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) are a promising means to an objectified assessment of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Individually, however, these modalities tend to lack precision in both AD diagnosis and AD staging. A joint MRI–EEG approach that combines structural with functional information has the potential to overcome these limitations.

Materials and Methods

This cross‐sectional study systematically investigated the link between MRI and EEG markers and the global cognitive status in early AD. We hypothesized that the joint modalities would identify cognitive deficits with higher accuracy than the individual modalities. In a cohort of 111 AD patients, we combined MRI measures of cortical thickness and regional brain volume with EEG measures of rhythmic activity, information processing and functional coupling in a generalized multiple regression model. Machine learning classification was used to evaluate the markers’ utility in accurately separating the subjects according to their cognitive score.

Results

We found that joint measures of temporal volume, cortical thickness, and EEG slowing were well associated with the cognitive status and explained 38.2% of ifs variation. The inclusion of the covariates age, sex, and education considerably improved the model. The joint markers separated the subjects with an accuracy of 84.7%, which was considerably higher than by using individual modalities.

Conclusions

These results suggest that including joint MRI–EEG markers may be beneficial in the diagnostic workup, thus allowing for adequate treatment. Further studies in larger populations, with a longitudinal design and validated against functional‐metabolic imaging are warranted to confirm the results.
Green indoor and outdoor environment as nature‐based solution and its role in increasing customer/employee mental health, well‐being, and loyalty
Authors: Han Heesup , Hyun Sunghyup S.
Published: December 2018

The present study was an empirical endeavor to explore the effect of nature‐based solutions (NBS) on the customer and employee loyalty generation process by considering the role of mental health and well‐being in the hotel industry. A quantitative approach was employed. A survey methodology with a convenience sampling technique was used to collect the data. A total of 303 responses and 301 responses for customer and employee groups, respectively, were used for data analysis. Our results of the structural analysis indicated that green indoor and outdoor environment as NBS helps customers and employees improve mental health perception, emotional well‐being, and loyalty. In addition, the prominent role of emotional well‐being in building customer loyalty and of mental health perception in building employee loyalty was uncovered. The developed conceptual frameworks for customers and employees contained a satisfactory ability in predicting loyalty. Mental health perception and emotional well‐being were mediators. Moreover, the relationship strength among study variables differed between customer and employee groups. Overall, our findings significantly increased our understanding of NBS and its critical role in the hotel industry.
Revisiting the genital and femoral branches of the genitofemoral nerve: Suggestion for a more accurate terminology
Authors: Iwanaga Joe , Simonds Emily , Schumacher Maia , Kikuta Shogo , Watanabe Koichi , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: December 2018

The genitofemoral nerve is a branch of the lumbar plexus originating from the ventral rami of the first and second lumbar spinal nerves. During routine dissections of this nerve, we have occasionally observed that the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve gave rise to the femoral branch, and the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve gave rise to the genital branch. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the aforementioned distributions of the genitofemoral nerve in a large number of cadaveric specimens. Twenty‐four sides from fourteen fresh‐frozen cadavers derived from nine males and five females were used in this study. For proximal branches of the genitofemoral nerve, that is, as they first arise from the genitofemoral nerve, the terms “medial branch” and “lateral branch” were used. For the final distribution, the terms “genital branch” and “femoral branch” were used. On eight sides (33.3%) with nine branches, one or two branch(s) from either the medial or lateral branch became coursed as the femoral or genital branches (five became femoral and four became genital branches). Our study revealed that the distribution of the genitofemoral nerve is more complicated than previously described. The “medial branch” and “lateral branch” that we have used in the present study for describing the proximal branches of the genitofemoral nerve are more practical terms to describe the genitofemoral nerve. Clin. Anat. 32:458–463, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overall and disease‐specific survival of Hodgkin lymphoma survivors who subsequently developed gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Rigter Lisanne S. , Schaapveld Michael , Janus Cecile P. M. , Krol Augustinus D. G. , van der Maazen Richard W. M. , Roesink Judith , Zijlstra Josee M. , van Imhoff Gustaaf W. , Poortmans Philip M. P. , Beijert Max , Lugtenburg Pieternella J. , Visser Otto , Snaebjornsson Petur , van Eggermond Anna M. , Aleman Berthe M. P. , van Leeuwen Flora E. , van Leerdam Monique E.
Published: December 2018

Background

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) survivors have an increased risk of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer. This study aims to evaluate whether survival of patients who survived HL and developed GI cancer differs from survival of first primary GI cancer patients.

Methods

Overall and cause‐specific survival of GI cancer patients in a HL survivor cohort (GI‐HL, N = 104, including esophageal, gastric, small intestinal, and colorectal cancer) was compared with survival of a first primary GI cancer patient cohort (GI‐1, N = 1025, generated by case matching based on tumor site, gender, age, and year of diagnosis). Cox proportional hazards regression was used for survival analyses. Multivariable analyses were adjusted for GI cancer stage, grade of differentiation, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.

Results

GI‐HL cancers were diagnosed at a median age of 54 years (interquartile range 45‐60). No differences in tumor stage or frequency of surgery were found. GI‐HL patients less often received radiotherapy (8% vs 23% in GI‐1 patients, P < 0.001) and chemotherapy (28% vs 41%, P = 0.01) for their GI tumor. Compared with GI‐1 patients, overall and disease‐specific survival of GI‐HL patients was worse (univariable hazard ratio (HR) 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03‐1.65, P = 0.03; and HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.00‐1.67, P = 0.049, respectively; multivariable HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.05‐1.68, P = 0.02; and HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.03‐1.72, P = 0.03, respectively).

Conclusions

Long‐term overall and disease‐specific survival of GI cancer in HL survivors is worse compared with first primary GI cancer patients. Differences in tumor stage, grade of differentiation, or treatment could not explain this worse survival.
Optically active crown ether‐based fluorescent sensor molecules: A mini‐review
Authors: Móczár Ildikó , Huszthy Péter
Published: December 2018

This mini‐review focuses on fluorescent optically active crown ethers (polymeric derivatives are not included) reported in the literature (according to our knowledge), of which enantiomeric recognition ability, and in some cases, also inorganic cation complexation properties, were investigated by the sensitive and versatile fluorescence spectroscopy. These crown ether‐based chemosensors contain various fluorophore signaling units such as binaphthyl, anthracene, pyrene, tryptophan, benzimidazole, terpyridine, acridine, phenazine, acridone, BODIPY, and another conjugated aromatic one.
Measuring Purchasing Groups Performance in the Health Care sector
Authors: Nollet Jean , Beaulieu Martin , Fabbe‐Costes Nathalie
Published: December 2018

For many decades, governments in Western countries have attempted to control health costs. One of the strategies used is through purchasing groups, since consolidated needs generate additional savings. Although various aspects of purchasing groups have been studied, performance measurement has been neglected; due to the lack of proper measures, tensions between the purchasing group and its members can't be addressed with more objective information. However, appropriate performance indicators are considered a prerequisite to successful collaboration. Using the in‐depth case of a Canadian purchasing group in the health care sector, this article suggests a set of performance indicators to measure results considering dimensions of the purchasing process and the interactions between the purchasing group and its members (who are also its customers). © 2018 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Independent Directors, Business Risk, and the Informativeness of Accounting Earnings for Debt Contracting
Authors: Chu Ling , Mathieu Robert , Mbagwu Chima
Published: December 2018

Using a sample of new bank loans, we investigate the impact of business risk on the usefulness of operating income after controlling for the proportion of independent directors. Consistent with the literature, our initial analyses reveal that the presence of independent directors on a board reduces the interest rate directly and indirectly through an increase in the usefulness of operating income. However, we further provide evidence that the indirect benefit of a high proportion of independent directors is reduced when we account for the presence of business risk. This suggests that studies examining the usefulness of operating income should take into account the effect of business risk. © 2018 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The brain of the tree pangolin (Manis tricuspis). V. The diencephalon and hypothalamus
Authors: Imam Aminu , Bhagwandin Adhil , Ajao Moyosore S. , Manger Paul R.
Published: December 2018

The diencephalon (dorsal thalamus, ventral thalamus, and epithalamus) and the hypothalamus, play central roles in the processing of the majority of neural information within the central nervous system. Given the interactions of the diencephalon and hypothalamus with virtually all portions of the central nervous system, the comparative analysis of these regions lend key insights into potential neural, evolutionary, and behavioral specializations in different species. Here, we continue our analysis of the brain of the tree pangolin by providing a comprehensive description of the organization of the diencephalon and hypothalamus using a range of standard and immunohistochemical staining methods. In general, the diencephalon and hypothalamus of the tree pangolin follow the organization typically observed across mammals. No unusual structural configurations of the ventral thalamus, epithalamus, or hypothalamus were noted. Within the dorsal thalamus, the vast majority of typically identified nuclear groups and component nuclei were observed. The visual portion of the tree pangolin dorsal thalamus appears to be organized in a manner not dissimilar to that seen in most nonprimate and noncarnivore mammals, and lacks certain features that are present in the closely related carnivores. Within the ventral medial geniculate nucleus, a modular organization, revealed with parvalbumin neuropil immunostaining, is suggestive of specialized auditory processing in the tree pangolin. In addition, a potential absence of hypothalamic cholinergic neurons is suggestive of unusual patterns of sleep. These observations are discussed in an evolutionary and functional framework regarding the phylogeny and life history of the pangolins.
The brain of the tree pangolin (Manis tricuspis). IV. The hippocampal formation
Authors: Imam Aminu , Bhagwandin Adhil , Ajao Moyosore S. , Ihunwo Amadi O. , Manger Paul R.
Published: December 2018

Employing a range of standard and immunohistochemical stains we provide a description of the hippocampal formation in the brain of the tree pangolin. For the most part, the architecture, chemical neuroanatomy, and topological relationships of the component parts of the hippocampal formation of the tree pangolin were consistent with that observed in other mammalian species. Within the hippocampus proper fields CA1, 3, and 4 could be identified with certainty, while CA2 was tentatively identified as a small transitional zone between the CA1 and CA3 fields. Within the dentate gyrus evidence for adult hippocampal neurogenesis at a rate comparable to other mammals was observed. The subicular complex and entorhinal cortex also exhibited divisions typically observed in other mammalian species. In contrast to many other mammals, an architecturally and neurochemically distinct CA4 field was observed, supporting Lorente de Nó's proposed CA4 field, at least in some mammalian species. In addition, up to seven laminae were evident in the dentate gyrus. Calretinin immunostaining revealed the three sublamina of the molecular layer, while immunostaining for vesicular glutamate transporter 2 and neurofilament H indicate that the granule cell layer was composed of two sublamina. The similarities and differences observed in the tree pangolin indicate that the hippocampal formation is an anatomically and neurochemically conserved neural unit in mammalian evolution, but minor changes may relate to specific life history features and habits of species.
Managing a Cray supercomputer as a git branch
Authors: Jacobsen Douglas M. , Kleinman Randy , Longley Harold
Published: December 2018

Modern software engineering/DevOps techniques applied to Cray XC Series systems management enable higher fidelity translation from test to production environments, reduce administration costs by avoiding duplicate efforts, and increase reliability. This can be done by using a git repository to track and manage all system configurations on the SMW(s) (System Management Workstation) and then adapt a gitflow‐like development methodology. Using git improves change management with peer review of changes, identification of who made a change, knowing why a change was made, facilitating easier reversion of bad changes, and enables a workflow using the ideas from gitflow with individual branches for preparing, maintaining, and recording releases. Using branches enables multiple contributors to work on different types of changes without getting unexpected changes from another feature area. We will describe a process similar to that used at NERSC (National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center) to extract/abstract configuration data, manage it using git, and then re‐apply changes to the SMW(s).
Adaptive optimal multi key based encryption for digital image security
Authors: Shankar K. , Lakshmanaprabu S.K. , Gupta Deepak , Khanna Ashish , de Albuquerque Victor Hugo C.
Published: December 2018

The security of digital images is an essential and challenging task on shared communication Model. Generally, high secure working environment and data are also secured with an encryption and decryption method by using secret and public keys. In this paper, the innovative encryption technique for image security, ie, Multiple key‐based Homomorphic Encryption (MHE) technique is proposed. For increasing the security level of encryption and decryption processes, the optimal key is selected using Adaptive Whale Optimization (AWO) algorithm. Fitness function was considered for optimization as PSNR of plain and cipher images. The original image was transformed into blocks and then rearranged utilizing encryption process, this work achieved maximum security, much better than other encryption techniques. From the outcomes, one can achieve incredible quality of the proposed model, the maximum PSNR, and the minimum MSE contrasted with other encryption schemes.
An effective cluster based data dissemination in a hybrid cellular ad hoc network
Authors: Rajkumar M. , Suresh R.M. , Sasikumar R.
Published: December 2018

Recent research works have shown much interest in incorporating ad hoc networks with a cellular network to improve the data dissemination. The primary challenge of disseminating data over a hybrid network is to select the mode of operation between the cellular and ad hoc interfaces effectively. This work proposes Adaptive Data Dissemination (ADD) algorithm that enables the nodes to switch between the cellular and ad hoc interfaces and reduces the burden of the base station without degrading the communication efficiency. The proposed algorithm partitions the entire network into small clusters and selects the cluster head for each cluster based on the link‐worth function. This algorithm divides the transmission range of a base station into two regions such as interior and exterior. The interior region is nearer to the base station, while the exterior constitutes the border region of the base station's coverage area. The cluster heads in the interior region choose the cellular mode and retrieve the data from the base station directly. The cluster head in the exterior region initially chooses the ad hoc mode and later on chooses the cellular mode in the unavailability of demanding data in the neighboring cluster. The ADD algorithm does not allow the same node to act as a cluster head for a long time as the energy will get drained‐off quickly. Therefore, the proposed approach dynamically exchanges the role of the cluster head with the cluster members based on the link‐worth function. The base station deals only with the cluster heads in the interior range, and hence, minimizing the resource consumption at the base station. Nodes exchange as many chunks as possible using ad hoc links to reduce cellular network usage. The success of the proposed approach is evaluated using NS2 simulation.
The study of the weibel electromagnetic instability growth rate in the presence of the body stress
Authors: Amininasab Somayeh , Sadighi‐Bonabi Rasoul , Khodadadi Azadboni Fatemeh
Published: December 2018

Body stress flow can be expected in the fast ignition imploding of the inertial fusion process that strongly damps small‐scale velocity structures. The Weibel instability is one of the plasma instabilities that require anisotropy in the distribution function. The body stress effect was neglected in the calculation of the Weibel instability growth rate. In this article, the propagation condition of impinging waves and the growing modes of the Weibel instability on the plasma density gradient of the fuel fusion with the body stress flow are investigated. Calculations show that the minimum value of the body stress rate threshold in the linear polarization is about 2.96 times greater than that of the circular polarization. Increasing 10 times of the density gradient and decreasing 2 times of the wavelength in the linear polarization and the circular polarization, respectively, lead to about 1.78 × 106 times increment and 0.019 times decrement in the maximum of the Weibel instability growth rate. Also, the Weibel instability growth rate maximum in the circular polarization is about 107 times greater than that of the linear polarization. The body stress flow and the density gradient tend to stabilize the Weibel instability in the circular polarization and act as a destabilizing source in the linear polarization. Therefore, by increasing steps of the density gradient plasma near the relativistic electron beam‐emitting region, in the circular polarization, the Weibel instability occurs at a higher stress flow.
Dynamic anonymous identity authentication (DAIA) scheme for VANET
Authors: Liu Yi‐Ning , Lv Song‐Zhan , Xie Ming , Chen Zu‐Bin , Wang Peng
Published: December 2018

With the development of the vehicular ad hoc network, the security and privacy are now becoming vital concerns, especially when the attacker owns more and more resources. In order to address these concerns, a dynamic anonymous identity authentication scheme is proposed using Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem and blockchain method, which guarantees the security and fast off‐line authentication for vehicle‐to‐infrastructure. Specifically, a dynamic pseudonym key is generated using tamper proof device (TPD) for off‐line authentication and anonymity when a vehicle roams among different roadside units' (RSUs) communication ranges. Even if all RSUs are compromised, vehicle's identity is still privacy. Moreover, two additional design goals are more suitable for the practical environment: (1) the reduced assumption of TPD; (2) certification authority can trace vehicle under the authorization by law.
The psychobiology of emotional development: The case for examining sociocultural processes
Authors: Michalska Kalina J. , Davis Elizabeth L.
Published: December 2018

Psychobiological techniques to assess emotional responding have revolutionized the field of emotional development in recent decades by equipping researchers with the tools to quantify children's emotional reactivity and regulation more directly than behavioral approaches allow. Knowledge gained from the incorporation of methods spanning levels of analysis has been substantial, yet many open questions remain. In this prospective review, we (a) describe the major conceptual and empirical advances that have resulted from this methodological innovation, and (b) lay out a case for what we view as the most pressing challenge for the next decades of research into the psychobiology of emotional development: focusing empirical efforts toward understanding the implications of the broader sociocultural contexts in which children develop that shape the psychobiology of emotion. Thus, this review integrates previous knowledge about the psychobiology of emotion with a forward‐looking set of recommendations for incorporating sociocultural processes into future investigations.
Development and validation of a liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous detection of 10 illicit drugs in oral fluid collected with FLOQSwabs™ and application to real samples
Authors: Fabresse Nicolas , Aouad Hassan , Knapp Adeline , Mayer Charlotte , Etting Isabelle , Larabi Islam Amine , Alvarez Jean‐Claude
Published: December 2018

According to French law, the roadside testing for drugs of abuse (DOA) should be performed in oral fluid (OF) using an immunological screening kit. If the screening is positive, confirmation has to be done in OF collected by a special swab, called the FLOQSwab™ (FS). Unlike other sampling kits, this device was not designed to collect OF since it does not contain an elution buffer. An analytical method was developed for the simultaneous detection of 10 DOA under control in France: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) at 1 ng/mL, and cocaine, benzoylecgonine (BZE), morphine, 6‐monoacetylmorphine (6‐MAM), amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐ethylamphetamine (MDEA), 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐methylamphetamine (MDMA) at 10 ng/mL. Samples were eluted using the Quantisal® buffer and extracted by liquid–liquid extraction for THC and by solid‐phase extraction for the remaining analytes. Analyses were performed by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). The validated method made it possible to detect the concentrations required by law and was successfully applied to samples from drivers who screened positive. The main limitations of this kit are the large variability of the collected OF volume and the poor stability of DOA in OF, requiring the use of a conservation buffer.
Little evidence of a road‐effect zone for nocturnal, flying insects
Authors: Bhardwaj Manisha , Soanes Kylie , Lahoz‐Monfort José J. , Lumsden Linda F. , van der Ree Rodney
Published: December 2018

Roads and traffic may be contributing to global declines of insect populations. The ecological effects of roads often extend far into the surrounding habitat, over a distance known as the road‐effect zone. The quality of habitat in the road‐effect zone is generally degraded (e.g., due to edge effects, noise, light, and chemical pollution) and can be reflected in species presence, abundance, or demographic parameters. Road‐effect zones have been quantified for some vertebrate species but are yet to be quantified for insects. Investigating the road‐effect zone for insects will provide a better understanding of how roads impact ecosystems, which is particularly important given the role insects play as pollinators, predators, and prey for other species. We quantified the road‐effect zone for nocturnal flying insects along three major freeways in agricultural landscapes in southeast Australia. We collected insects using light traps at six points along 2‐km transects perpendicular to each highway (n = 17). We sorted the samples into order, and dried and weighed each order to obtain a measure of dry biomass. Using regression models within a Bayesian framework of inference, we estimated the change in biomass of each order with distance from the road, while accounting for environmental variables such as temperature, moon phase, and vegetation structure. The biomass of nine of the ten orders sampled did not change with distance from the freeway. Orthoptera (i.e., grasshoppers and crickets) was the only order whose biomass increased with distance from the freeway. From our findings, we suggest that the impacts of roads on insects are unlikely extending into the surrounding landscape over a distance of 2 km. Therefore, if there are impacts of roads on insects, these are more likely to be concentrated at the road itself, or on finer taxonomic scales such as family or genus level.
Energetically relevant predator–prey body mass ratios and their relationship with predator body size
Authors: Reum Jonathan C. P. , Holsman Kirstin K. , Aydin Kerim Y. , Blanchard Julia L. , Jennings Simon
Published: December 2018

Food web structure and dynamics depend on relationships between body sizes of predators and their prey. Species‐based and community‐wide estimates of preferred and realized predator–prey mass ratios (PPMR) are required inputs to size‐based size spectrum models of marine communities, food webs, and ecosystems. Here, we clarify differences between PPMR definitions in different size spectrum models, in particular differences between PPMR measurements weighting prey abundance in individual predators by biomass (rbio) and numbers (rnum). We argue that the former weighting generates PPMR as usually conceptualized in equilibrium (static) size spectrum models while the latter usually applies to dynamic models. We use diet information from 170,689 individuals of 34 species of fish in Alaskan marine ecosystems to calculate both PPMR metrics. Using hierarchical models, we examine how explained variance in these metrics changed with predator body size, predator taxonomic resolution, and spatial resolution. In the hierarchical analysis, variance in both metrics emerged primarily at the species level and substantially less variance was associated with other (higher) taxonomic levels or with spatial resolution. This suggests that changes in species composition are the main drivers of community‐wide mean PPMR. At all levels of analysis, relationships between weighted mean rbio or weighted mean rnum and predator mass tended to be dome‐shaped. Weighted mean rnum values, for species and community‐wide, were approximately an order of magnitude higher than weighted mean rbio, reflecting the consistent numeric dominance of small prey in predator diets. As well as increasing understanding of the drivers of variation in PPMR and providing estimates of PPMR in the north Pacific Ocean, our results demonstrate that that rbio or rnum, as well as their corresponding weighted means for any defined group of predators, are not directly substitutable. When developing equilibrium size‐based models based on bulk energy flux or comparing PPMR estimates derived from the relationship between body mass and trophic level with those based on diet analysis, weighted mean rbio is a more appropriate measure of PPMR. When calibrating preference PPMR in dynamic size spectrum models then weighted mean rnum will be a more appropriate measure of PPMR.
Identifying spawning sites and other critical habitat in lotic systems using eDNA “snapshots”: A case study using the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus L.
Authors: Bracken Fiona S. A. , Rooney Sean M. , Kelly‐Quinn Mary , King James J. , Carlsson Jens
Published: December 2018

Many aquatic species of conservation concern exist at low densities and are inherently difficult to detect or monitor using conventional methods. However, the introduction of environmental (e)DNA has recently transformed our ability to detect these species and enables effective deployment of limited conservation resources. Identifying areas for breeding, as well as the ecological distribution of species, is vital to the survival or recovery of a conservation species (i.e., areas of critical habitat). In many species, spawning events are associated with a higher relative abundance of DNA released within an aquatic system (i.e., gametes, skin cells etc.), making this the ideal time to monitor these species using eDNA techniques. This study aims to examine whether a “snapshot” eDNA sampling approach (i.e., samples taken at fixed points in chronological time) could reveal areas of critical habitat including spawning sites for our target species Petromyzon marinus. We utilized a species‐specific qPCR assay to monitor spatial and temporal patterns in eDNA concentration within two river catchments in Ireland over three consecutive years. We found that eDNA concentration increased at the onset of observed spawning activity and patterns of concentration increased from downstream to upstream over time, suggesting dispersal into the higher reaches as the spawning season progressed. We found P. marinus to be present upstream of several potential barriers to migration, sometimes in significant numbers. Our results also show that the addition of a lamprey‐specific fish pass at an “impassable” weir, although assisting in ascent, did not have any significant impact on eDNA concentration upstream after the pass had been installed. eDNA concentration was also found to be significantly correlated with both the number of fish and the number of nests encountered. The application of snapshot sampling techniques for species monitoring therefore has substantial potential for the management of low‐density species in fast‐moving aquatic systems.