bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why We Should Disestablish Marriage
Authors: Metz Tamara
Published: November 2023

Mary Shanley argues that to support stable caregiving unions, protect the vulnerable, and ensure gender equality, we must bolster but reform the legal institution of marriage. The alternative, she says, is to treat marriage as a private contract. But this approach, she warns, would fail to achieve the desired ends. Shanley is correct about the limits of contract. The broader problem with contractualism is that it fails to capture the nature of—and therefore provide adequate protection and support for—most intimate caregiving relationships. She is wrong, however, to conclude that protecting the vulnerable, supporting caregiving unions, and ensuring equality require bolstering the legal institution of marriage. On the contrary, these goals would be better served if the state withdrew from its current role of defining and conferring marital status. Liberty and equality, the vulnerable and their caregivers, married people and marriage itself would all be better served were marriage disestablished and a more general-purpose civil union aimed explicitly at protecting and supporting intimate caregiving units of all types created.
Gaucher Disease: A Sphingolipidosis
Authors: Hines William C , Glew Robert H
Published: November 2023

The patient was a 34-year-old woman of Ashkenazic Jewish ancestry.When she was four years old (September 1974), her parents noticed that she had frequent nosebleeds and bruised easily. In addition, she tired with little exertion and looked pale. They took her to the emergency department, and on admission to the hospital, a bone marrow biopsy revealed the presence of Gaucher cells as seen in Figure 16-1. She was diagnosed as having Gaucher disease, an inborn error of metabolism affecting β-glucosidase (also known as acid β-glucosidase or glucocerebrosidase). White blood cell (WBC) β-glucosidase assays were performed on the patient and her immediate family members. Her parents and only sibling had slightly reduced levels of WBC β- glucosidase, whereas the patient’s β-glucosidase activity was only 9% of the control mean level, thus confirming the diagnosis of Gaucher disease on a biochemical-enzymatic basis. In addition, she was found to have an elevated level of serum acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, a characteristic of most patients with Gaucher disease.
Phenylketonuria
Authors: Anderson William L , Mitchell Steven M
Published: November 2023

Penny Urick is a 22-year-old G1P0 (one pregnancy, no births) woman who was seen at the family practice clinic for routine prenatal care during her first pregnancy.Mrs.Urick described herself as “generally healthy.”At the time of her visit, she stated that she took no medications and had no known medical allergies; however, her medical record revealed a history of phenylketonuria (PKU). When further questioned about her experience with PKU Mrs. Urick stated that:
Lactose Intolerance
Authors: Osgood Marcy P , Johnson Abiodun O
Published: November 2023

A 6-year-old African American boy presented with a 6-month history of nausea, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea with three to four watery stools a day associated with passage of much gas. These complaints began soon after he started first grade when he was required to drink 2 cups of milk with his school lunch.The symptoms occurred after lunch, and he felt much better after having a bowel movement.No blood was noted in the stool. He was mostly symptom free on weekends, when he rarely drinks milk. There has been no fever or no weight loss, and his appetite has remained good
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: P450c21 Steroid Hydroxylase Deficiency
Authors: Pepe Gerald J , Rosenthal Miriam D
Published: November 2023

A 2-day-old neonate was referred to the pediatric endocrinology team with ambiguous external genitalia, including clitoral hypertrophy and fusion of the labia.The baby had been delivered spontaneously at 38 weeks of gestation after an uneventful pregnancy and presented with no obvious clinical manifestations other than apparent masculinization of the external genitalia/genital ambiguity. A sample was obtained for genetic testing, which subsequently confirmed a 46XX chromosomal makeup. Examination of serum electrolytes indicated mild hyponatremia (decreased sodium concentration) and hyperkalemia (elevated potassium).
Morvan’s syndrome as a paraneoplastic phenomenon (thymoma)
Authors: Josephs Dr. Keith A
Published: November 2023

Morvan’s syndrome, or chorée fibrillaire de Morvan, is characterized by peripheral nerve hyperexcitability, dysautonomia, insomnia, and fluctuating delirium. Typical presenting signs and symptoms include muscle twitching, hyperhydrosis, insomnia, fluctuating cognition, and limb paresthesias. The precise pathophysiologic mechanism of the syndrome is not known, but recent studies support the concept that Morvan’s syndrome is an autoimmune or paraneoplastic disorder.
Central pain disorder: thoracic cavernous angioma
Authors: Sandroni Dr. Paola
Published: November 2023

MRI demonstrated a 12-mm minimally enhancing intramedullary lesion within the lower aspect of the thoracic cord suggestive of a cavernous angioma (Figure). Itching (or pruritus) is a sensation that generates an urge to scratch the affected area. Itch generally has been considered a form of pain because it can be as distressing as pain. Indeed, itching is conveyed by C fibers, as is pain sensation. No specific itch receptor is known, and the identity of a fiber population specific for itch is still uncertain. This population may be heterogeneous and consist of both itch-specific and polymodal fibers that also convey pain sensation but are exquisitely sensitive to histamine. Intraneural recordings have documented the existence of both fiber types. Exactly where these fibers end peripherally is not known, but most authors think they terminate in both the dermis and epidermis.
Adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD)
Authors: Boes Dr. Christopher J
Published: November 2023

The sural nerve specimen demonstrated frequent polyglucosan bodies in axons, and an axillary skin biopsy specimen showed them in the luminal cells of apocrine glands. Muscle biopsy showed diastase-resistant, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive material in a small population of muscle fibers. Glycogen branching enzyme (GBE) activity from skin fibroblasts was markedly decreased at 178 units (normal, 1,300±390 units). These findings suggested the diagnosis of APBD. APBD is a rare neurologic disorder characterized by progressive upper and lower motor neuron signs, early urinary incontinence, and cognitive impairment. The disease was first described in 1971, and since then, approximately 50 cases have been reported in the English-language literature. Most patients present in the fifth or sixth decade of life with symptoms and signs of myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and neurogenic bladder. Weakness and sensory loss typically start in the lower extremities. Approximately 70% of the reported patients have some degree of cognitive impairment, which can become severe later in the course of the disease. The dementia affects cortical and subcortical functions. The symptoms progress over a variable number of years until death. This combination of peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) disease with early sphincter problems is unique.
An Overview of Cardiac Morphogenesis: Getting from a Muscle-Covered Tube to a Four-Chambered Pump
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy
Published: November 2023

The heart is the first organ to function during embryonic development, and until recent times, cessation of heart function constituted death. Heart development in all vertebrates from fish to humans follows the same general pattern: fusion of myocardium and endocardium in the ventral midline to form a simple tubular heart; onset of function, looping to the right side; chamber specification and formation; and finally, development of specialized conduction tissue, coronary circulation, innervation, and mature valves. The variation on this theme involves expansion and remodeling of the heart tube followed by septation to form two-, three-, or four-chambered hearts. The fish heart has undivided pulmonary and systemic circulations and uses chambers pumping in series, so virtually no septa form, whereas all warm-blooded animals have divided pulmonary and systemic circulations that function serially, but in parallel, requiring complex septation of the heart (Fig. 1.1).
New Generation of Global Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Stohl Michael , Stohl Cynthia , Townsley Nikki C
Published: November 2023

Despite the ubiquitous acknowledgment of globalization in virtually all areas of social, political, and economic life, conceptualizations and discussions of ethical and responsible organizing within academic, policy making, and local communities often remain remarkably parochial.
Can Corporate Personhood Be Socially Responsible?
Authors: Ritz Dean
Published: November 2023

Corporate personhood creates equality before the law that results in inequality in human society. It permits corporate appeals to justice that result in human injustice. These claims—the first legal, the latter moral—appeal to the ideals of human equality before the law and universal participation in the political community, ideals reflected in normative definitions of democracy.
Corporate Social Responsibility as Oxymoron
Authors: Cloud Dana L
Published: November 2023

Since 1997, I have been studying the situation of workers at the Boeing Company in Wichita, Kansas, and the Puget Sound area (Everett and Seattle, Washington). Drawing from about 40 hours of interviews with dissident unionists at this company, my project has focused mainly on ordinary workers’ experience of and resistance to layoffs, outsourcing, benefits reduction, and the implementation of “new” management models. I tell the story of worker resistance not only to the company but also to a top-heavy and conservative union leadership. This project shows that many workers at Boeing understand corporate responsibility in ways that could inform and deepen corporate social responsibility (CSR) research.
Sustainable Development Discourse and the Global Economy
Authors: Ganesh Shiv
Published: November 2023

The very publication of this book both presupposes and establishes the proliferation of discourse about corporate social responsibility (CSR), so it is not my aim to rehearse the contours of this trend. Rather, I wish to expand the scope of such collective assessment of CSR discourse by examining it with reference to other dominant discourses in late industrial global capitalism that attempt to connect issues of economic growth with social and environmental concerns.
Silent Fifties
Authors: Hockenos Paul
Published: November 2023

The Fischer family—Joschka now six years old—resettled about fifty miles to the southwest in a Catholic hamlet outside Stuttgart called Öffingen. There, the five Fischers rented three rooms in a small house owned by a Hungarian e´migre´. In 2005 his German widow still lived in the unassuming white stucco building and remembered the Fischers fondly, especially the devout, hard-working Elisabeth. The prewar size of the village of about 2,000 had grown by half again with the influx of postwar refugees. The newcomers lived in one part of the village, the locals in another. “Our parents always told us not to go there, where the refugees were. It was offlimits,” explains Irene Fritz, who, at the age of ten, had a special interest in classmate Joschka.
The Price of Power
Authors: Hockenos Paul
Published: November 2023

Even though Berlin had been Germany’s capital since Unification Day, it wasn’t until the federal government and both houses of parliament picked up and moved in the summer of 1999 that the Berlin Republic left behind its 1949–90 predecessor on the Rhine, at least physically.
Evolution of the Human Sex Chromosomes and a Portrait of the Human X
Authors: Migeon Barbara R
Published: November 2023

Aside from self-preservation, the most pressing issue for an organism is to repro- duce itself. Reproduction can be as simple as cleaving one cell into two; in this case, the daughter cells produced are exact copies of the cell from which they were de- rived. However, reproduction of most organisms involves contributions from two nonidentical gametes, the egg and sperm—each supplies different genetic at- tributes to the progeny of their mating. Sexual reproduction of this kind provides infinite numbers of new combinations of the parental genes. Some of these may specify novel traits that enable the offspring to better adapt to a changing ecological niche than could their parents.
Variations 1 Stability of the Inactive X
Authors: Migeon Barbara R
Published: November 2023

In stating her hypothesis, Mary Lyon clearly implied that X inactivation was a general mechanism shared by most mammals. Yet, it seems that the details of the inactivation process may differ among mammals. Nonetheless, because most of the recent experimental evidence comes from manipulating mouse embryos and embryonic stem cells, findings in the mouse have been considered to be the -whole truth” and valid for all mammals. What has not been appreciated enough is that the process of X inactivation itself has been subject to its own evolution, resulting in many variations on the themes. Because so few species of worms and flies have been studied, we do not know how much interspecies variation has occurred in their mechanisms of dosage compensation.
The Single Active X
Authors: Migeon Barbara R
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapters have dealt with the biology of X inactivation. We have considered the means of equalizing the expression of X-linked genes in males and females of our species, and how it differs from other mammals. The major feature of X dosage compensation in all mammals is the creation of a single active X chromosome in diploid cells of both sexes. Men have one X because the Y lost most of the X homologous genes during its evolution. Women have effectively a single X because only one is functional in each of their cells. Having only one working X chromosome in each cell has implications for the health of males and females. This chapter and the next deal with the medical consequences of the single X in both sexes and of the cellular mosaicism in females. Chapter 10 considers how the single active X affects the phenotype of normal individuals and those with chromosome abnormalities that change the dos- age of X- and Y-linked genes, (sex chromosome aneuploidies).
Determinants of Female Phenotypes
Authors: Migeon Barbara R
Published: November 2023

The biology leading to the masculinization of the male fetus has been relatively well worked out. We know a good deal about the complicated pathways induced by the Y-linked SRY gene that triggers differentiation of the testes and the cascade of events needed to masculinize the XY fetus (reviewed in [302]). Although quite a bit is known about the genetic program for maleness, considerably less is known about the one for femaleness. Those who write about feminization of the fetus usually say that it is the constitutive or default pathway to sexual de- velopment—which is the prevailing thought [303]. Although a functional testis is essential for the physical appearance characteristic of males, a functional ovary is not needed for the phenotype of females, at least the exterior manifestations of one. However, Yao [304] reminds us that even if the ovary-determining gene has not been identified, there must be one—because the ovary is as structurally and functionally complex as other organs. Even though it develops only when the testis pathway is absent or loses its command, there certainly must be an active genetic pathway controlling its formation.
Comparative Approaches
Authors: Heinzerling Lisa , Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces you to some comparative perspectives on the problem of regulating risk. The materials are drawn from studies of environmental regulation in Great Britain and Japan. As with all study of comparative law, there are gains and risks from reading these materials. The main advantage, for our purposes, is that the materials can open our minds to alternative ways of doing things that might not be apparent if we simply looked at the United States. The main risk is that we might end up thinking that the comparative materials provide “models” for alternative approaches that could simply be transplanted to the United States. However, the ways a legal system approaches a problem are deeply embedded in the nation’s general culture. At the very least, transplants must be adapted to the legal culture into which they are imported.
Not a Suicide Pact
Authors: Posner Richard A
Published: November 2023

Eavesdropping on the phone calls of U.S. citizens; demands by the FBI for records of library borrowings; establishment of military tribunals to try suspected terrorists, including U.S. citizens--many of the measures taken by the Bush administration since 9/11 have sparked heated protests. In Not a Suicide Pact, Judge Richard A. Posner offers a cogent and elegant response to these protests, arguing that personal liberty must be balanced with public safety in the face of grave national danger. Critical of civil libertarians who balk at any curtailment of their rights, even in the face of an unprecedented terrorist threat in an era of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, Posner takes a fresh look at the most important constitutional issues that have arisen since 9/11. These issues include the constitutional rights of terrorist suspects (whether American citizens or not) to habeas corpus and due process, and their rights against brutal interrogation (including torture) and searches based on less than probable cause. Posner argues that terrorist activity is sui generis--it is neither "war" nor "crime"--and it demands a tailored response, one that gives terror suspects fewer constitutional rights than persons suspected of ordinary criminal activity. Constitutional law must remain fluid, protean, and responsive to the pressure of contemporary events. Posner stresses the limits of law in regulating national security measures and underscores the paradoxical need to recognize a category of government conduct that is at once illegal and morally obligatory. One of America's top legal thinkers, Posner does not pull punches. He offers readers a short, sharp book with a strong point of view that is certain to generate much debate. OXFORD'S NEW INALIENABLE RIGHTS SERIES This is inaugural volume in Oxford's new fourteen-book Inalienable Rights Series. Each book will be a short, analytically sharp exploration of a particular right--to bear arms, to religious freedom, to free speech--clarifying the issues swirling around these rights and challenging us to rethink our most cherished freedoms.
A New and Solemn Volume Opens
Authors: White G Edward
Published: November 2023

Shortly after arriving in washington, holmes wrote to his English friend Frederick Pollock that his professional and personal life in Boston seemed like “a finished book-locked up far away, and a new and solemn volume opens.”1 In other letters to friends written soon after beginning his work in December 1902, he spoke of the “mighty panorama of cases from every part of our great empire,”2 the quality of the lawyers who argued cases before the Court (“the strongest men in the country”3), the appearance of legal questions “l had never heard of,”4 and the presence of “some very powerful men”5 among his new colleagues on the Court. The Supreme Court of the United States, he concluded, was “a center of great forces,”6 and the justices interpreted the law “as statesmen governing an empire.”7 This was Holmes’s initial reaction to becoming a Supreme Court justice, and there were other changes that suggested that he had indeed entered a new stage of his life.
Copley and Edwards: Self, Consciousness, and Thing
Authors: Novak Barbara
Published: November 2023

The first mature American master, John Singleton Copley (fig. 1.1), offers us a plethora of p’s with which to explore the enigma of selfhood. To philosophical and perceptual, we might add the words phenomenological, pragmatic, practical, provincial, primitive, precursor, and even puritanical. Yet on some levels, Copley seems to have been far from a Puritan. Copley was an Anglican, born of Anglo-Irish lineage. His sensual handling of stuffs indicates an a-puritanical love of luxe. Yet he is practicing his art in Boston, a cradle of American Puritanism. He is painting portraits not only of Anglicans but mostly of Congregationalists, and he marries a Congregationalist, Sukey Clarke, whose father had his tea tossed overboard at the Boston Tea Party. Copley is working not long after the Great Awakening—indeed, he is a child in the crucial decade after the Awakening of 1740. Thus he is situated in time close to the Awakening’s great theologian, Jonathan Edwards (fig. 1.2), who dies in 1758, five years after Copley’s earliest paintings.
Dickinson and Ryder: Immortality, Eternity, and the Reclusive Self
Authors: Novak Barbara
Published: November 2023

When I think of Emily Dickinson and Albert Ryder I visualize them in the uniforms of their eccentricity: she in the white gown that named her the White Moth of Amherst, he in his top hat strolling along the Bowery, admiring the silvery moonlight. She (according to her own statement) is very small. He—to judge from Marsden Hartley’s memory portrait of him in his daily uniform of knitted sailor’s cap and sweater—is quite large (fig. 6.1). Small and large, they shared a remarkable number of contingent situations: both shy and called reclusive, both considered eccentric, both perceived as childlike, both with eye troubles, both born New Englanders. Both created works that were small in size and large in ambition. Both worked in the latter part of the nineteenth century (Dickinson more than a decade and a half earlier) at a time when Darwinism had placed God in doubt.
Pollock and Olson: Time, Space, and the Activated Bodily Self
Authors: Novak Barbara
Published: November 2023

Jackson Pollock and Charles Olson had many things in common, Herman Melville among them. Few books seem to have affected Pollock, but those that did were very significant. Moby-Dick was important enough for some of his paintings to have that title: Untitled (Blue (Moby-Dick)) and Pasiphaë (in its original title). Possibly even more telling, he named his dog Ahab. Lee Krasner once remarked that Pollock’s favorite work by Melville was Moby-Dick, while hers, because of the way it treated good and evil, was Billy Budd. Is Pollock’s 1945 Portrait of H.M. a portrait of Melville? What kinship did Pollock feel with Melville—as artist, and as man? Olson’s more profound involvement with Melville is easier to chart. Olson, author of the epic Maximus Poems, was one of the greatest of Melville scholars, whose imaginative Call Me Ishmael I find more exciting and provocative than any academic treatise on him. For Olson, Melville was a nineteenth-century prophet or forerunner of “projective space,” an active principle that also fuses Pollock and Olson within their cultural moment.
The Sheriff’s Wagon
Authors: Bouton Terry
Published: November 2023

When it comes to symbols for the spirit of 1776, Pennsylvania has almost a monopoly. After all, it is home to the Liberty Bell, Valley Forge, and Independence Hall. It was the location of the First Continental Congress and the birthplace of the Declaration of Independence. These symbols speak of the triumph of liberty and democracy and have been celebrated, with good reason, by Americans ever since. There is, however, another symbol of the Revolution that complicates the ending to the traditional story. And although this symbol has disappeared from cultural memory, in the years after the War for Independence, it was to many Pennsylvanians the most potent icon of the Revolution’s outcome. The image was this: the heavily loaded wagon of a county sheriff bearing the foreclosed property of debt-ridden citizens. The power of this icon came from its ubiquity. During the postwar decade, the sheriff ‘s wagon could be seen nearly everywhere.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Mccaffrey Stephen C , Main Thomas O
Published: November 2023

Litigation in domestic courts that has some connection with another country or countries is hardly a new phenomenon, but it is one that is increasing in frequency. Everything from people and diseases to goods and communications are now in constant motion around the globe at a speed, and in quantities, that would not have been imaginable even several decades ago. At the same time, concerns about immigration are leading to calls to build walls and seal borders in some developed countries; international borders are in other ways becoming ever more porous—even almost irrelevant, for some purposes, such as communication via the Internet.
Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards
Authors: Mccaffrey Stephen C , Main Thomas O
Published: November 2023

Arbitration can provide a neutral and effective forum for the resolution of transnational disputes. At the conclusion of such a proceeding, arbitrators typically enter an award declaring a victor and describing the appropriate relief. Losing parties who have been ordered by arbitrators to pay some amount or to perform or discontinue some act, might voluntarily comply at that time. But when these parties fail to perform promptly, arbitrators lack the vast authority of courts to enforce their awards. So prevailing parties—and, in a sense, the whole enterprise of arbitration—turn to courts for help.
Male Youth and Honor
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram
Published: November 2023

One of the key objectives in the raising of Southern white children was the early enforcement of sexual ascriptions, a prerequisite for the maintenance of the traditional ethic. The process began in earnest when a little boy “dropped the slips,” that is, received his first pair of pants and no longer wore a small shift. The change usually occurred about age four. Alexander Stephens recalled the event, which had an almost ritual significance for him: “This was a momentous event with me, changing my ideas, giving me entirely new notions of myself, hitherto undreamed of.” With the change in status and dress came also a sterner attitude on the father’s part. Obedience was more regularly demanded. The switch appeared with greater frequency. Nevertheless, corporal punishment was not much more than a reactive device, in contrast to the pattern of the Northern evangelical household. There the usual practice in the decades of the early nineteenth century was to resort to the birch rod when all else failed and to accompany the beatings with lectures on the meaning of vice and the rightfulness of adult displeasure. By such means the justice of the adult choice was supposed to be internalized. The child knew what to expect but also how to exercise self-control and forswear immediate gratification.
A Young Man’s Career: Cultural and Familial Limits
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram
Published: November 2023

In all the strategies for individual male advance in the South, from the choosing of a career to marriage to a wealthy first cousin, as the case might be, the party ordinarily to be reckoned with was the young man’s father. He ensured the stability of the family system, even when he was sometimes a cause of frustration. The situation very much resembled the English gentry world, with its desperate and hard-headed young people and mistrusting elders. One can find them well described in such novels as Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility and Anthony Trollope’s Palliser series and Castle Richmond. So slow was the young man’s professional advance, blocked by older occupiers of positions standing in the way, that enforced idleness and the need for security and wealth often prompted even respectable men to bend principle to whatever opportunities arose, however slim they were. The pressures at home and in the world at large were such that the system generated quantities of that familiar Southern figure, the “black sheep.” There seemed to be at least one in every generation of established families: men who repudiated religious precept and conventional morality and gave authenticity to the common sobriquets of the day: scoundrel, rogue, ne’er-do-well.
Women 1n a Man’s World: Role and Self-Image
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram
Published: November 2023

The encounter of antebellum Southern male and female was intense, competitive, and almost antagonistic. Intense, because all exchanges were, in a society that placed so much value upon personal contact and close relationships. Competitive, since independence was a social goal that women, despite the contrary requirement of subordination, shared with men. The struggle, however, had to be subterranean and devious, for men alone were given the privilege of expressing their feelings openly. Antagonisms grew out of the conflict, but also out of the misogyny that arose from male fear of female power.
Law, Property, and Male Dominance
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram
Published: November 2023

The foundation of woman’s status in marriage was her legal unity with her husband, as defined in common law. It is a curious but not unexpected fact that whereas woman’s social existence largely de pended upon her being married, her legal identity ended the moment the ceremony was performed. Sir William Blackstone, whom American jurists of both sections cited as often as they did the Constitution, bluntly put the issue in perspective in his Commentaries in 1765: “By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law,” so much so that her “legal existence” was “suspended” for the duration of the marriage. This heavy and complacent dictum was slightly mitigated in Chancellor Kent’s Commentaries on the American Law, published 1826 to 1830. Whereas Blackstone stressed the consolidation of the wife’s interest with that of her husband, “under whose wing, protection, and cover, she performs everything,” Kent boasted that a new “Christian” era had begun to provide “equality and dignity” for women. It had all been done, he thought, in a manner flattering to “the female character,” a distinctly different order of being. Kent was not altogether misleading.
Policing Slave Society: Insurrectionary Scares
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram
Published: November 2023

Lynch law, vigilantism, and charivaris were the ultimate expressions of community will. They established the coercive lines between acceptable and unacceptable behavior for all members of the South ern social order. Most especially, these ancient rituals demarcated the separate spheres of racial life, but they also imposed upon the entire spectrum of Southern white ranks the ethical principles to which the consensus of a locale was dedicated: the integrity of family life and the rule of men over women, of “respectability” over the shameless, sometimes of the honor-conscious poor over the rich deviant. Within the rubric of lynch law the slave insurrectionary scare must be most carefully considered-a phenomenon that out lasted, under modification, the “domestic institution” itself. It may seem perverse to categorize the prosecution of the white South’s most dreaded crime, black insurgency, as a facet of community action. But the standards of evidence used in court trials were so low, the means of obtaining damaging testimony so dubious, the impotence of constituted authority so evident, that insurrectionary prosecutions at law must be seen as a religious more than a normal criminal process.
The Global Campaign Against Epilepsy: Epilepsy Out of the Shadows
Authors: Meinardi Harry , de Boer Hanneke M
Published: November 2023

On the occasion of an International Congress of Medicine, held in 1909 in Budapest, a group of doctors involved in epilepsy decided to start an international organization called the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). Their objectives were presented in its constitution: “The League intends by the cooperation of all countries to make the epilepsy problem the object of special study and to make practical use of the results of such study.” By papers, demonstrations, and personal exchange of ideas, knowledge of the disease was advanced, and its deleterious effects diminished. The First World War (and later the Second World War) interrupted the activities of the ILAE. The ILAE made a new start in 1935 at a meeting in London and formulated new objectives. As mentioned by the chairman of that meeting, the first aim of the reorganized League was the social care of persons with epilepsy, rather than scientific research into epilepsy. However, since doctors are perhaps more inclined to what has been called the sciences than to the humanities, in 1961 a group within the ILAE called for the establishment of an International Bureau for Epilepsy to attend to the social aspects of epilepsy. In 1971, the ILAE was accepted by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a nongovernmental organization (NGO) with official relations to WHO. WHO did not have a department concerned with neurological disorders. That field was taken care of by the department of mental health.
Forty Years of Experience with Epilepsy in Africa
Authors: Jilek-Aall Louise
Published: November 2023

Shortly after finishing medical school, I took a diploma course in tropical medicine so that I could work as a physician in Africa, as I had dreamed of since I was a medical student. As recipient of a small research grant, I accepted work at a dispensary in a remote, mountainous area of Tanganyika, now Tanzania, East Africa. I was to help the nurse at a mission station with the medical care of people who came for treatment from villages in the mountains. It took me several months before I learned to speak their language and felt confident treating all the many diseases they presented. I began to notice that quite a few patients came with severe burns. This astonished me, as I knew that people in rural Africa cook their food on small open fires in front of their huts and are used to handling fire from early childhood on. But here, some people came with limbs deformed from burn scars and others with horrible fresh wounds from burns often reaching to the bone or covering large segments of the body. I also noticed that the patients with these burns looked poorer than most of the others. They were malnourished, disheveled, and depressed; they kept their heads lowered and their eyes fixed on the floor. It took some courage to clean and treat their burn wounds, festering and buzzing with flies. I observed that other people retreated from these wretched ones; even family members showed little sympathy and spoke with harsh language to them, while the patients themselves hardly uttered a word.
Introduction
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

Silent, insidious, devastating. This is how an entomological attack is likely to unfold today. But to imagine modern uses of insects as weapons, we must look to the past. History reveals an unholy trinity of strategies—transmission of pathogenic microbes, destruction of livestock and crops, and direct attacks on humans—through which six-legged soldiers have wreaked havoc on human society. The woman nervously checks her watch. In an hour, the human tide of the New York City rush hour will begin to pour underground. But, for the moment, there are few people who can see her reach into a shopping bag and take out a soda can. The woman peels off a strip of tape covering the opening and rolls the can beneath a bench on the subway platform. She heads to the escalator a bit more quickly than she and her fellow terrorists had been trained to move, but she’s anxious to complete the other deposits.
A Tiny Terrorist in Castro’s Crops
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

The Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs presented the U.S. government with a written complaint of entomological warfare the day after Christmas in 1996. The allegation concerned the release of insects by an American plane that passed through the Giron corridor, a designated flight path over Cuba. Per the diplomatic drill, the U.S. State Department explained away the charge in early February, maintaining that the incident was merely the release of warning smoke—not a cloud of crop-eating insects—meant to ensure visual contact with a nearby aircraft.1 Such a cursory denial would have completed a typical tête-à-tête between the two countries, but the Cubans had other plans.
Fear on the Farm
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

The role of entomological weapons in the modern world is changing as rapidly as the nature of human conflict. Conventional military engagements between uniformed troops equipped with planes and tanks battling to seize control of land have given way to insurgent forces using improvised weapons to attain cultural and political victories. Stealth, sabotage, and subterfuge even the odds. And insects can be an ideal means of waging an “asymmetrical” war. For decades, military planners assumed that humans were the most likely targets. But 21st-century conflicts with unconventional enemies create different scenarios for security and defense planners.
Pharmacogenetics
Authors: Weber Wendell W
Published: November 2023

Genes are important modifiers of the human response to drugs, hormones, and toxins. Medical patients and healthy individuals alike display significant differences in response and suffer adverse effects as a result of exposure to many therapeutic agents and occupational chemicals. In this new edition Weber brings together laboratory methods and epidemiological studies in defining the role of heredity in human drug response. The book is divided into two major sections, one covering pharmacogenetic concepts and the second the application of those concepts. The first edition was published in 1997, and a vast amount of new information about the genetics of human drug response has accumulated since then. In just five years, we have moved from mapping the first complete sequence of a free-living organism to a working draft of the human genome. The application of tools for analysing genetic variation and the maturation of the human genome initiative has provided a wealth of primary genetic information and functional genomic data to fuel out understanding of genetic variation. Today, pharmacogenetics comprises a well-integrated network of physicians and scientists worldwide who are attempting to identify variations in human disease and drug response and how they might use this information to discover new, more effective drugs and avoid unwanted drug responses. Dr Weber is completely overhauling and updating all discussions to reflect the enormous changes of the past 10 years. As pharmacogenetics is an even hotter topic than it was in 1997, this new book should have even wider appeal in its second edition.
Classification and Diagnosis of Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias and Other Primary Headaches
Authors: Newman Lawrence C
Published: November 2023

This chapter will be divided into two sections in which the clinical features of a variety of uncommon headache disorders will be reviewed. In the first part of this chapter, we will discuss a group of headaches that are collectively known as the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs) (found in Chapter 3 of the ICHD-II). The TACs are characterized by headaches of excruciating severity accompanied by prominent autonomic features. While the symptomatology of these syndromes may appear similar, they do in fact differ significantly in terms of the frequency and duration of individual attacks. Furthermore, proper treat- ment of these disorders is predicated upon correct diagnosis; a number of these conditions respond dramatically to therapy with indomethacin but not to agents typically prescribed for cluster, migraine, or tension-type headaches. Although the TACs generally begin during adulthood, adolescent and child- hood cases do occur.
Psychiatric Comorbidity and Causes of Headache
Authors: Baskin Steven M
Published: November 2023

It is widely acknowledged that psychological factors can have a significant influence on headache. There are numerous hypotheses in the literature about psychological interactions with headache. Some include personality traits that may predispose to headache; psychological and stress factors that may be associated with the onset, exacerbation, and maintenance of headache; psychiatric comorbidity where both headache and psychiatric disorders coexist; and head- ache as purely symptomatic of psychiatric illness.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Acute Migraine
Authors: Rapoport Alan M
Published: November 2023

The pharmacologic treatment of headache is only one part of the entire regi- men of optimal management principles for headache patients. Prior to pre- scribing medication, it is critical for the physician to make an accurate set of diagnoses, to establish a good doctor–patient relationship, to review the details of previous treatment regimens, to go over the various therapeutic options with the patient (including the non-pharmacologic ones), and to reassure the patient that on the basis of the history, examination, and appropriate testing, no other significant neurologic problems exist. Educating patients about how to identify and avoid headache triggers and teaching them to understand how medications work (including avoidance of adverse reactions or drug–drug interactions) are also essential parts of successful headache management.
Antiepileptic Drug Dosage Forms and Administration Guidelines
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, dosage forms, starting dose, titration schedule, maintenance dose, dose limits, and discontinuation schedule of each antiepileptic drug (AED) are discussed separately. In addition, signiﬁcant administration guidelines, contraindications, precautions, and information for patients are discussed brieﬂy. Indications for each of AEDs are discussed in Chapter 5. Choose an AED that is appropriate for the seizure type and epilepsy syndrome. Because there often are several good options, choose the speciﬁc agent based on comorbidity, potential side effects, need to consider teratogenic effects, and pharmacological properties.
Mechanisms of Action and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

How the various drugs prevent or attenuate seizures is not fully understood, and the mechanisms listed below only summarize some of the known potential effects of these agents on the neurons and glia. In an ideal world, the speciﬁc defect(s) would be identiﬁed that underlie epilepsy in individual patients, and therapy would then be targeted to correct the dysfunctional mechanism. In reality, identiﬁcation of the speciﬁc defect is rarely possible, and empiric therapy must be planned. There is presently no evidence to support the theoretical concept that use of drugs that possess varying putative mechanisms of action offer clear advantage over use of drugs that share similar putative mechanisms of action.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With Liver Disease
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

The use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in the presence of liver diseases and hepatic dysfunction is associated with an increased risk of adverse effects. Knowledge of the mechanisms of metabolism and elimination of these drugs is crucial when selecting an AED in epilepsy patients with liver disease. Loss of hepatocytes and disruption of liver blood ﬂow may alter the metabolism of some AEDs. Hypoalbuminemia and impaired metabolism by cytochrome P-450 and glucosyltranferase enzymes may increase free AED levels (Lacerda et al., 2006). The type of hepatic disease may also preferentially affect some enzyme systems; for example, CYP3A4 is affected more in hepatocellular dysfunction and CYP2E1 is affected more in cholestasis.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients on Chemotherapy or Immunosuppressive Therapy
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

Chemotherapeutic agents may lose effectiveness when enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are prescribed because many chemotherapeutic agents are also metabolized by the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system. These AEDs include phenobarbital, primidone, phenytoin, and carbamazepine, as well as excarbazepine and topiramate in higher doses. On the other hand, enzyme-inhibiting AEDs, such as valproic acid, may amplify hematologic and other toxicities of chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., nitrosoureas or etoposide). It is therefore advisable to use AEDs that do not interfere with the cytochrome P-450 enzyme complex and have low protein binding, when treating patients who require chemotherapy (Patsalos et al., 2002; Oberndorfer et al., 2005; Vecht and van Breemen, 2006).
Law and Civilization
Authors: Llewellyn Karl N
Published: November 2023

When one turns his eyes from law outward, the first effect is to make law shrink into seeming insignificance. There is so much outside. And it so obviously bears in upon and changes and remodels law itself. After a further while—so to speak as the eyes grow adjusted to the glare—one attains a truer picture. One perceives an interplay of causation between law and the world outside. One begins to suspect something of the nature of the interplay. It may have value for you, it may shorten the period of refocusing, it may indeed stir you to break the surface tension of the law and take a slow look around, if I sketch here some outline of what I think one comes to see when he sets out to survey law’s relation to civilization.

By civilization I mean what anthropologists call culture, the whole setup of society, including the ways in which we act and the ways in which we are organized, including our material and intellectual equipment and our ways of using both. As to law, you know roughly what I mean. But it is not workable to tie to a single meaning when dealing with primitive times and with our own as well. You would not have me deny the presence of law in a society merely because there were no state officials. There was an international law before League or U.N. Both law and state have grown, and grown gradually, and at times quite independently of each other. If we are to watch law’s relation to civilization we must therefore watch law’s development in civilization—and what we watch will be a different thing from time to time and place to place. The sole inescapable common element is dealing with disputes. The sole inescapable common focus is the relation between the ways of dealing with disputes and the other ways of living.
Beyond Bread and Butter
Authors: Llewellyn Karl N
Published: November 2023

To me there is more joy than pain, by a good deal, in the thorns of such a thicket as that through which I have just dragged you. And as the tonic iodine burns in the wounds and beneath the skin the whole body tingles with that curious bubbling sense of muscle pleasure, there comes again the thought: for too much law, more law will be the cure. If law makes blind, more law will make you see.

But more law of what kind? More of the bread and butter kind, of the straight trade dope? That turns, I fancy, on how you conceive your trade. There is a bony structure of technique without which you will be a feckless artisan—worthless, and unsuccessful. Those hard bones you must have. You must assemble them into a whole, each in its place, each one articulated with the rest. When that is done you can refine somewhat on the articulation, get joints to working neatly. But I do not know that extra bones will bring much vision to the eye sockets of a skull.

It all depends on what you want of law, what law can offer you. That turns, in turn, on what you want of life.

There is a brand of lawyer for whom law is the making of a livelihood, a competence, a fortune. Law offers means to live, to get ahead. It is so viewed. Such men give their whole selves to it, in this aspect. Coin is their reward. Coin makes it possible to live. Coin is success, coin is prestige, and coin is power. Such lawyers, I take it, reflect rather adequately the standards of our civilization. They have perceived the mainspring of a money economy. They follow single-heartedly on their perception. Coin is, in this society, the measure of a man.