bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teen friendships, networks, and substance use
Authors: Ragan Daniel T. , Osgood D. Wayne
Published: August 2023

This chapter reviews research from the PROSPER (Promoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) Peers project relating adolescent friendship networks to three forms of substance use: drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, and using marijuana. The first topic is the role of substance use in the friendship selection and peer influence processes, in other words, how substance use shapes adolescent friendship networks and how social influence from friends contributes to change in behaviors. The next focus is the connection between substance use and the organization or structure of the friendship networks. Here, the examination is on whether adolescents who use different substances occupy different positions within the network and whether groups of students who use substances have different network structures. The final topic is change across adolescence in network processes related to substance use—similarity, choosing friends, and peer influence. For each topic, support is found for the premise that friendships and substance use are interconnected phenomena, highlighting the need for continuing to incorporate friendship network processes, position, and structure into the understanding of the etiology of substance use and efforts to prevent it.
Does criminal justice contact alter friendship ties?
Authors: Jacobsen Wade C. , Tinney Erin
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the prevalence of criminal justice involvement among PROSPER (Promoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) youth and the ways in which contact with the legal system may affect relationships with peers. The chapter relies on a theoretical framework that suggests that the stigma of police contact may lead to peer rejection (fewer friendship nominations received) and peer withdrawal (fewer nominations extended). It is estimated that about half of the youth in these rural schools who participated in the baseline questionnaire were arrested (i.e., picked up by police for a suspected law violation) by their senior year of high school. Arrest was disproportionately concentrated among boys of color. Consistent with predictions, it was associated with declines in friendship ties received and extended. Furthermore, the negative associations of arrest with friendship ties were stronger for girls than for boys. In sum, many PROSPER youth experience arrest, and the stigma of these police interactions may interfere with their normative friendships at school. Given that arrests are disproportionately concentrated among youth of color, the findings imply that legal systems in these rural communities may be perpetuating patterns of racial inequality.
Depression, self-harm, and network position
Authors: Copeland Molly , Siennick Sonja E.
Published: August 2023

Peers play a critical role in adolescent mental health. Adolescents’ connections with peers and positions in peer networks can affect subsequent mental distress, including depressive symptoms and self-harm. In turn, depressive symptoms and self-harm can affect subsequent network position among peers. Multiple facets of peer networks, including patterns of ties among close friends and overall social standing in the entire network, are associated with mental distress. This chapter summarizes prior work examining networks, depressive symptoms, and self-harm using the PROSPER (PROmoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience) data. Also presented are new analyses that examine how features of networks, including cohesion among close friends, popularity, and Bonacich centrality, predict depressive symptoms and self-harm. It was found that higher popularity and Bonacich centrality predicted reduced depressive symptoms, while only greater Bonacich centrality predicted lower odds of self-harm. The chapter then examines the influence of distress on networks, finding that both depressive symptoms and self-harm predicted weaker subsequent connections to peers, as reflected in lower cohesion, popularity, and Bonacich centrality scores. Overall, the results indicate that the associations between peer networks and mental well-being are both complex and bidirectional. Multiple aspects of friendship networks both predict and are predicted by teens’ mental health.
Chinese Buddhism and Soft Power
Authors: Ashiwa Yoshiko , Wank David L.
Published: August 2023

With the rise to power of Xi Jinping in 2013, Chinese Buddhism has become deeply incorporated into the aspirations of the Communist Party of China for the country to be recognized as a great power in the world. This chapter argues that the state has been promoting Buddhism as religion and culture in other countries as soft power and sharp power. The analysis explores the religious modalities and state strategies of promotion in terms of the projects in which promotion proceeds; the local effects of projects on images, discourses, and politics regarding the People’s Republic of China; and the contradictions of globally promoting a nationalistic Buddhism.
Religious Diplomacy in the Arab Gulf and the Politics of Moderate Islam
Authors: Sheline Annelle
Published: August 2023

The 9/11 attacks significantly increased the securitization of Islam. The governments of US security partners in the Middle East blamed “radical Islam” as the impetus for extremist violence committed by Muslims and promoted themselves as offering a solution—“moderate Islam”—to benefit from US resources. By blaming violence on a misinterpretation of Islam and framing the remedy for violence as something only they could provide, these governments bolstered their utility in the eyes of their American security guarantor. This chapter investigates claims related to the use of moderate Islam as a means of preventing violence in the early twenty-first century, highlighting the impact of 9/11 on the relationship between the United States and certain Central Asian and Arab states, including Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia. This chapter also details how America’s use of religious discourse shifted during the presidencies of George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump.
Charles Stelzle’s Labor Temple and the Contested Boundaries of American Religion
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano
Published: August 2023

This chapter moves from the national frame to the local frame to examine how a particular Social Gospel leader, Charles Stelzle, carried out the Federal Council of Churches’ “social service” mission within his home congregation. Stelzle named his ministry the “Labor Temple” and placed it in the midst of a diverse, working-class neighborhood in Manhattan. However, by offering free social services, education, and meeting spaces to immigrants, Stelzle rendered wage earners dependent, or at least desirous, of the resources he and the Presbytery of New York had to give away. While ministers defended their preaching as “free speech,” they derided the “radical” speech among their patrons. Ultimately, Federal Council ministers encouraged the public to entrust them as leaders in the world of social service, but they also used their ministries to sharply patrol the appropriate boundaries of working-class Christian belief and political behavior.
The Great War and the Victory of White Protestant Clergy
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano
Published: August 2023

Throughout his presidency, Woodrow Wilson took credit for the accomplishments of the Federal Council of Churches as evidence of the healing work of “Christianity” in the nation and throughout the world. In 1917, Wilson took the advice of these Protestant ministers to enter the Great War and expand this good work of evangelism and “Americanization.” However, the more Wilson entrusted white Protestant clergy with the responsibility to establish industrial democracy and social justice, the less he entrusted working people, including the labor leaders, immigrants, and Black clergy and civic associations, who had their own definitions of both democracy and Christianity. By 1919, the long partnership between the Federal Council of Churches and the American Federation of Labor was coming to an end. The Great War christened the Federal Council of Churches as the nation’s foremost leader in social service, and the white Protestant clergy who presided quickly redefined the meaning of Christian nationhood.
Afterword
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano
Published: August 2023

By the end of the Progressive Era, most ministers of the Federal Council of Churches had done little to measurably improve the lives of working people. They obstructed the efforts of the American Federation of Labor to defend the trade union as a moral agent. They undermined the advocacy of the Socialist Party for jobs programs and public social services. Instead, these ministers designed a weak agenda for moderate reform, and then gathered corporate resources and conservative political allies to help them undermine the public, moral gravity of the labor movement. Their motives were not governed by malice; Protestant clergy aimed primarily to protect the longevity of Protestant churches and their social service ministries. Feeling threatened by the prospect of a powerful labor movement and an expanded welfare state displacing the traditional power of clergy, they capitulated to the weak promises of reform offered by “Christian” corporate giants.
Cotton Colonialism and the New Police in the United States and England, 1830s–1850s
Authors: Go Julian
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the spread of the civil police model. After the London Metropolitan Police was created in 1829, other local governments in Britain copied it, including Manchester. The civil police then spread across the Atlantic, influencing the formation of the New York City Metropolitan Police in the 1840s and the Savannah police in the 1850s, among others. The chapter shows how the racialization of crime and disorder triggered the birth of the new police in these cities and how the larger transatlantic interimperial network of cotton production and trade gifted their form, function, and targets. The chapter further shows how these new police forces were modeled after the London Metropolitan Police but also had various colonial and imperial influences, including slave patrols and settler colonial forms. This chapter finally discusses differences between the emergent policing formations in the different locations, including differences in armaments.
Saxophone Assembly
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 3 contains step-by-step instructions for the assembly of the saxophone.
The Saxophone Family
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 12 is an introduction to the saxophone family, from the sopranino saxophone through the bass saxophone.
The Octave Key
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

The saxophone’s octave key is introduced, significantly increasing the numbers of notes now playable by a student working his or her way through the book.
Final Performance
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 26 offers simple songs and excerpts from famous wind band repertoire for use as practice pieces.
Articulation
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 28 contains a detailed discussion of saxophone articulation, also known as tonguing.
Introduction to Jazz Concepts
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Band directors are often tasked with directing not only their school’s concert band, but the jazz band as well. This chapter introduces saxophone-specific topics such as the history of the instrument in jazz and a jazz-oriented approach to tone, as well as more general information such as introductory improvisation exercises.
Saxophone Maintenance
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 45 discusses how to keep saxophones playable in the short and long term, including simple band room fixes for common issues.
Natural Setting
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes the geological history and the geography of Attica, and what we know of vegetation and climate in antiquity.
Economic History
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: August 2023

This chapter begins with a discussion of the nature of agriculture in Attica, exploring the natural constraints imposed by climate and geology and raising the question of change over time. It proceeds to investigate the exploitation of natural resources, and, in particular, the early history of exploitation of the silver mines at Laurion. Discussion of the role of craft production and its place in the economy turns particularly upon pottery production. The chapter ends with an outline of the history of Athenian coinage, beginning with the so-called Wappenmünzen, and with what we know of the history of Athenian taxation.
Familial and Demographic History (Including Education)
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: August 2023

Chapter 9 explains the grounds that we have for reconstructing the demographic history of Athens, including the patterns of marriage and reproduction, exploiting the evidence of deme quotas. It then notes the limited extent to which family history can be reconstructed and the rather slight evidence for formal education.
Social Customs and Institutions
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: August 2023

Chapter 10 discusses the semi-formalized drinking party known as the “symposion,” tracing its history back into the eighth century where it is the earliest site of alphabetic writing in Athens, and arguing against reducing drinking parties to any single type. It explores what we know, largely from visual evidence of sixth- and early-fifth-century date, of homosexual and heterosexual courtship and their contexts, including the gymnasium, and examines the practices of gift-giving, with a particular focus upon the hunt as a source of gifts that show off the prowess of the gift-giver.
Religious Customs and Institutions
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: August 2023

Chapter 11 traces the geographical distribution and changing nature of sanctuaries across the archaic period. The iconographic evidence from pottery and from the votive assemblage arguably reveals changing attitudes towards the gods. The history of building on the Athenian acropolis, which is particularly rich in the sixth century, is described in some detail. The pattern of Athenian festivals is explored through Solon’s calendar and sixth-century festival innovations, including the revamped Panathenaia and the City Dionysia. The relationship between central and local determination of religious activity is investigated, along with the role of religious cult in relations between town and countryside.
Conclusion
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: August 2023

The studies throughout this text are pulled together to explore how the changing themes of Athenian art, in particular, relate to the history of Athens as a social and political unit. The strength of the evidence for seventh-century Athens as a formally organized community is stressed, as is the extent of tensions within that community. The distribution of Athenian pottery across the Mediterranean emphasizes the extent to which Athens was economically embedded within the wide Mediterranean world and the importance of Athenian craftsmen in those networks. A part, at least, of what was special about Athens was the variety of economic resources on which it could call.
Cities
Authors: Bernard Seth
Published: August 2023

By the sixth century BCE, developments set in motion in the Early Iron Age culminated in a network of cities in Italy, especially in the Central Tyrrhenian area and in select places outside that region. Urbanization in Italy is noteworthy for its long development, as Italian society did not see the same rupture between Bronze and Iron Age visible in other parts of the Mediterranean. Because of this long genesis, Italian urban societies arose not ex novo but in explicit negotiation with the enduring structures of pre-urban society at sites that grew to become cities. As this chapter points out, this process held important implication for historical culture. We find early urban societies negotiating their place vis-à-vis pre- or proto-urban communities in particular ways. One way is by establishing spatial continuity with pre-urban architecture, as we commonly find Early Iron Age huts underneath early urban temples. The huts-to-temples phenomenon appears variously from Magna Grecia to Etruria, but is especially prevalent in South Etruria and Latium, where it is well attested at Rome itself. Another way was by making claims of discontinuity from the pre-urban past. This could be done by carrying out foundation rituals, some of which have left material residues in the archaeology of early cities. Or claims of discontinuity could even be achieved by ritually obliterating and abandoning pre-urban structures, as attested in the case of important recent discoveries from the site of Populonia.
Time
Authors: Bernard Seth
Published: August 2023

Among the novel practices of early urban culture in Italy were new ways of organizing time. These moves in temporality underpinned new forms of historical practice. This chapter looks at how conceptions of time shift from ancestral or genealogical schema to more collective and calendrically arranged schema within the framework of early urban culture. An anxiety with marking the passage of time is seen in early urban rituals, particularly in nail-driving rituals attested at Rome, Pyrgi, and Marzabotto, as well as elsewhere. The major part of the chapter catalogues evidence for calendrical time in Rome and in Italic inscriptions in Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian, and in one case Phoenician. Almost all extant early inscriptions from Italy of substantial length relate to calendrical time in some way. This reveals an abundant interest in the calendar, pointing to a nexus among urbanization, historical culture, early writing, and a particular interest in time arranged according to planetary movements.
Veil of Veils, Holy of Holies
Authors: Dailey E. T.
Published: August 2023

This chapter reconstructs the practices within the convent of Holy Cross, where Radegund lived as a bride of Christ, a description that Radegund and her community applied to her in a manner different from that of other nuns. The status acquired a metaphysical quality that united Radegund’s role as an earthly queen with her pursuit of otherworldly sanctity, resulting in a view that she was in some sense the queen of heaven. The chapter details the manner in which Radegund interpreted the Rule of Caesarius, through which she granted herself exemptions that might not be expected from a simple reading of the Rule. Indeed, Radegund ran her convent as both a monastic space and as something approaching a royal court, in reflection of her own status as an avowed woman and a queen. This chapter also discusses Radegund’s most extreme acts of asceticism and self-mortification. She modelled Holy Cross on her understanding of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the Temple of Jerusalem. Her oratory of the Cross reproduced Golgotha and the Crucifixion; her monastic cell reproduced the Tomb of Christ. She retreated to her cell during Lent and emerged reborn at Easter.
Working for the World
Authors: Porter Louis Howard
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the anxieties, tribulations, and triumphs of Soviet international civil servants in the UNESCO Secretariat, where they struggled to serve world governance by navigating the demands of two power structures and ethical regimes—the Soviet state-party and UNESCO. Working among an international staff that included socialist allies as well as anti-Soviet enemies, Soviet UNESCO employees interpreted the UNESCO bureaucracy through the lens of the Soviet society they came from. While some excelled in the international civil service by harmonizing their dual roles as Soviet agents and servants of the UN, most found the burdens of these contradictory roles onerous and alienating, including one employee who defected. His rebellion and the small acts of disobedience of others fed the anxieties of Soviet authorities, who realized that their compatriots in the secretariat had begun to think like international civil servants out of a need to get by in their workplace.
Reading a Better World
Authors: Porter Louis Howard
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the circulation of UNESCO printed materials inside the USSR to illustrate how UN print culture incorporated Soviet citizens into global discussions. Since Soviet officials wanted to use UNESCO materials to spread Soviet information internationally, they had to allow these texts to circulate inside the USSR as well. Some UNESCO publications dealing with specialized knowledge helped to internationalize Soviet professions (such as library science). Other UNESCO materials, which served as public relations tools for the UN and were considered propaganda by Soviet authorities, extended to Soviet citizens ideas of world governance, world civic duty, and international community. In letters to the editorship of the UNESCO Courier, a popular multilingual magazine, Soviet readers participated as part of an international reading public, concocting utopian dreams and schemes based on these UN ideas. These creative imaginings demonstrate the existence of a small group of Soviet “one-worlders” supportive of the UN project.
Conclusion
Authors: Porter Louis Howard
Published: August 2023

The conclusion sums up the book’s findings, asserting that Soviet enlistment in UN agencies after 1953 amounted to a recognition of the noncommunist international organizational system as the legitimate venue for world governance. After situating Soviet participation in UNESCO in longer Soviet and Russian internationalist traditions, it looks ahead to the end of the primacy of both the West and UNESCO in the international organizational system in the 1970s as well as the role of the United Nations in M. S. Gorbachev’s “New Thinking” foreign policy in the late 1980s. This part of the conclusion outlines Soviet debates over the feasibility of world government in the context of glasnost and the utopian moment at the end of the Cold War. It also highlights how UNESCO projects fed this utopianism among the Soviet intelligentsia. The book ends with a look at Russian reception of the UN after 1991.
Radio
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the effects that radio broadcasting has had on the music industry, and the relationship between the two fields, from the 1920s to the present day. It covers early radio’s transition from live to recorded music in the 1930s through 1940s and the rise of television; the pocket transistor radio as the great catalyst for rock & roll during the 1950s; and the emergence of FM as an outlet for less commercial music genres and its eventual path into Top 40–style tight formatting. It describes format charts in Radio & Records magazine as indicators of the most popular music formats on commercial radio over several decades; loopholes in copyright laws that enabled radio’s importance in the music industry; the effects of making “radio-friendly” music on the creative process; and record labels’ various attempts to influence radio programming, from promotional tactics to payola.
Streaming
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes how streaming music services restored the music industry to growth after years of decline. It covers the launch of Spotify as well as the offers from the major tech giants such as Google, Amazon, and Apple, and the technology advances that enabled this generation of services to succeed with music fans when earlier ones, such as Rhapsody, failed to reach mass-market popularity. The chapter explains the economics of streaming services and how they have attracted consumers around the globe to pay a single monthly fee to access a catalogue of millions of tracks. It explains how artists are crafting songs differently to maximize their engagement with fans and the resulting revenues.
Unexpected and Unwanted
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

This book asks why, against all expectations, global migration tripled in the five decades after 1973. The book argues that economic and geopolitical changes unleashed by the OPEC oil crisis led to well over 100 million migrants that few people expected or wanted. More people are on the move than at any time in human history: 281 million. This total figure has more than tripled since 1975 (90 million) and almost doubled since 1990 (153 million). Economically, immigration has transformed multiple sectors of the economy: agriculture, meatpacking, construction, retail, and caregiving. Politically, migration has cut a swathe through regional, national, and global politics: reshaping coalitions, reconfiguring party systems, and helping propel the far right to power in Europe and—in the form of Donald Trump—the United States. The enormity of these changes is doubly impressive because large-scale migration was unexpected and, in the global north, unwanted: slower post-1970s economic growth should have led to less immigration, and both European and American politicians attempted to end it.
No Blood for Oil
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

For both the Americans and Iraqis, oil was a key contributor to the First Gulf War. The Iran-Iraq War left Iraq bankrupt with a bloated army at a time of collapsing oil prices. To capture a large share of global supply, and the capacity to control the price, Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990. Without the post-OPEC surge in oil prices and the global redistribution of wealth, Iraq would neither have had the resources to fund its war against Iran nor the need to maintain high oil prices following that conflict. For the United States, allowing the invasion to stand would have handed the by-then avowedly anti-American Saddam the ability to control global oil supply and prices. Washington could not tolerate such an outcome. The Americans, leading an international coalition, invaded. The war would produce 3 million refugees.
Where We Live I
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

The chapter shows how government legislation, and above all court decisions, transformed US the construction industry, which had in the 1940s been highly unionized. States repealed laws requiring the payment of union wages. A series of court cases in the 1970s reduced the cost of terminating collective agreements and allowed employers to pull out of contracts to hire cheaper workers. Firms shed unionized workers, who were rehired—taking their higher productivity with them—as non-unionized workers, thus creating more pressure to rid the sector of unions. As in meatpacking, American workers exited the sector. To fill the demand, construction companies turned to migrants. They are a reservoir of surplus labor. In the autumn of 2006, two-thirds of the 3 million Latino workers employed in the construction industry were foreign born; almost all the 300,000 Latino construction workers who lost their jobs over the following year were immigrants.
The Opening of the Protestant Mind
Authors: Valeri Mark
Published: August 2023

This book describes how English and colonial American Protestants described religions throughout the world during a crucial period of English colonization of North America, from 1650 to 1765. It uses a variety of sources, including thick accounts of Catholicism, Islam, and Native American traditions, to argue—against much of current scholarship—that Protestants changed their perspectives on non-Protestant religions and conversion during the early eighteenth century. This account of a transformation in Protestant discourse locates the English Revolution of 1688 and subsequent growth of the British Empire as a turning point when observers keyed the well-being of Britain to civic moral virtues, including religious toleration, rather than to any particular religious creed. A wide range of Protestants, including liberal Anglicans, Calvinist dissenters, deists, and evangelicals endorsed this new understanding of religion and the state. They accordingly began to parse religions around the world not as good or bad as a whole but as complex traditions with some groups who sustained religious liberty and other groups that, under the sway of power-hungry clergy, suppressed religious liberty. They also changed their evangelistic practices, jettisoning civilizing agendas for reasoned persuasion as the means of mission. This story concerns ambiguities in Protestant ideas yet suggests the importance of those ideas for contemporary understandings of religious liberty, matters of race, and moral reasonableness in public life.
Power, Ceremony, and Roman Catholicism
Authors: Valeri Mark
Published: August 2023

This chapter is focused on descriptions of Roman Catholicism and the implications of claims that religious zealotry, heightened ceremonialism, and priestcraft threatened Britain’s constitutional and imperial order. It relies especially on the images of different religious practices presented in the most elaborate dictionary of the world’s religions from the eighteenth century, Bernard Picart and Frederic Bernard’s Ceremonies and Religious Customs of All the Peoples of the World, to contend that anti-ceremonialism and anti-popery provided a template for reading the religions of the world. In addition, it relies on the observations made by mid-eighteenth-century Protestant travelers, who had surprisingly nuanced and different descriptions of the Catholics they encountered.
Epilogue
Authors: Valeri Mark
Published: August 2023

The epilogue hints at ways American independence yet again shifted the political context for Protestant descriptions of different religions. The dictionary of the American writer Hannah Adams marked the beginning of a new discourse that framed American commentaries on religion and the religions of the world. It prompts some consideration of discontinuities between pre-Revolutionary and post-Revolutionary discourses in America. It also provides an occasion to ponder the limits and paradoxes of a discourse of reasonableness and liberty carried on in a context of imperial conquest and racialized subjugation of non-western peoples. The story of these discourses often misfits our theoretical paradigms and points to ways in which mid-eighteenth-century ideas of moral reason and religious liberty might yet serve as resources for our contemporary reflections on religion and civic life.
Attribution: Costs, Profits, and Information
Authors: Smith Lionel
Published: August 2023

Chapter 5 aims to explain the foundation of rules that forbid an administrator from extracting unauthorized profits. This is one of the most original parts of the argument, because the claim is that these rules are not founded on the problems of conflicts of interest (as most commentators argue or suppose). I argue that the rules about unauthorized profits arise out of the role of the administrator: because they are acting for another, profits they extract are attributed to that other. The law does this as a matter of primary right, not as a remedy for wrongdoing. Most commentators suppose the contrary, but this is because they assume without argument that we always act for ourselves, and so any sanction can only be for breach of some duty. My argument linking the rules about profits to the role in which one acts shows that those rules are distinct from the rules about conflicts (which aim to control the exercise of powers as such), and are closer to the rule that an administrator should not have to bear the costs of their administration, because they are acting for another. The same ‘attribution’ view also links both of those rules to the extensive duties of disclosure that fall on administrators: again, it is because they are acting for another that the relevant information must be disclosed to that other, where it will affect their decision-making.
The Widening Reach of Administration in Private Law
Authors: Smith Lionel
Published: August 2023

Chapter 7 examines certain situations which are outside the paradigm of private law administration. The paradigm (Part II.A) consists of the established categories of legal relationships in which one person has legal powers over the assets of another person and holds those powers for and on behalf of the other person. This chapter considers cases outside the established categories, many of which are actively evolving in the law. Some examples are defined by roles, including joint venturers, employees, and trust protectors. Other evolving categories relate to the administration of non-pecuniary interests, such as physical health and education. When we turn to those who protect such interests while acting in well-known roles, such as physicians and parents, it is not surprising that we find that the law is evolving rapidly. The chapter also looks at the case of advisors and others who have factual influence but not legal powers; they are often treated as administrators.
Affect and Moral Understanding
Authors: Sinnerbrink Robert
Published: August 2023

The chapter presents an overview of the relationship between affect and moral understanding in film, followed by an argument that the moral cognitive dissonance effect, by eliciting contradictory or ambiguous emotions and evaluations, can lead to enhanced moral understanding. The chapter first traces differing conceptions of affect from the cognitive/analytic and Continental branches of film and media studies. It goes on to define the various sorts of affect and to show how affect is related to moral evaluation. It then shows how emotional estrangement can lead to moral and cognitive dissonance, which in turn may lead to enhanced moral understanding. The chapter analyzes Michael Haneke’s Amour (2012) as an example of a film that elicits the contradictory emotions and evaluations that lead to such dissonance.
Thicker Than Water
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2023

The world’s women are beset by a hidden hunger: iron deficiency. Up to 40% of reproductive-aged women across the globe have iron deficiency anemia, and it contributes to 20% of maternal deaths. Despite these dire statistics, women are not routinely screened for iron deficiency. Iron deficiency has been used as a tool to control, categorize, and even ignore women and their suffering. Biomedical remedies—mostly iron supplementation—are unequally and indifferently applied to global populations of women. Thicker Than Water: A Social and Evolutionary Study of Iron Deficiency in Women, explores the reasons women are especially vulnerable, using evolutionary theory and social theory in equal measure to understand the causes and consequences of iron deficiency in women. It discusses how, contrary to popular belief, homeostasis protects the iron stores of women from iron loss during menstruation. Instead, women’s iron metabolism has evolved to balance the benefits and danger of iron, protecting vulnerable embryos against excessive iron at the cost of reduced iron stores for themselves. This balancing act is threatened when women’s social circumstances prevent them from accessing the dietary iron they need. This book explores how race, poverty, and gender are entangled with women’s evolved bodies, deeply affecting and even threatening women’s lives. Ultimately, this book shows that women’s evolved bodies—optimized to protect themselves and their offspring—are devastated by structural forces beyond their control.
Gut Feeling
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2023

Medical anthropologists use the term embodiment to discuss how the social world “gets under people’s skin” to create illness. When it comes to iron deficiency, the gut is the primary way that iron becomes part of us. This chapter frames the gut as a nexus for the embodiment of iron status, discussing the links between the gut, microbiome, diet, and craving. It first discusses gendered foods, with women’s foods tending to contain less iron in many societies. Next, it discusses the cultural contexts of craving of non-food items, particularly the consumption of earth, and its curious connection to iron deficiency. Finally, it explores how we are not the only species consuming iron when we eat—a host of iron-metabolizing bacteria in our gut also consume dietary iron, with consequences for human well-being. Above all, the chapter emphasizes the cultural contexts of how we consume, absorb, and discard iron via the gut.
Freedom First
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F.
Published: August 2023

This essay continues Ghannouchi’s argument that political and individual freedoms are the precondition for any other social, moral, and religious goals and should thus be the primary demand of all opponents of dictatorship. These themes are explored through the questions of female political leadership, non-Muslims in positions of authority, the scope of popular sovereignty, and the grounds for equal citizenship without regard for religious identity. Ghannouchi advances arguments in this essay based on religious text, precedent, and pragmatic realism for the urgency of women’s participation in politics, including in leadership roles, for the permissibility of non-Muslims serving in positions of authority, for the legitimacy of popular democracy as a political system, and for the value of moral and political pluralism in politics.
Philosophical-Theological Dialogues on Democracy, Pluralism, and Islam Rached Ghannouchi and Andrew F. March
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F.
Published: August 2023

This wide-ranging dialogue between Ghannouchi and a political theorist addresses the evolution of Ghannouchi’s political thought and a number of core problems of Islam as a public religion in modern conditions. Ghannouchi discusses his childhood, formative influences, education, and political trajectory. March and Ghannouchi then return to some of Ghannouchi’s writings from the 1980s and ’90s on democracy, Islam, and secularism, searching for what has evolved or developed in light of subsequent events and practices since the 2011 revolution. The dialogues are organized around the following themes: “Democracy, Sovereignty, and Morality,” “The Universal Caliphate, Democracy, and the Meaning of the Shariʿa,” and “Freedom, Pluralism, and Toleration.” Of particular interest is how Ghannouchi’s powerful critique of areligious forms of state power and the very modern sovereign state itself stands in light of post-2014 Tunisia’s similarities with many of those Western state forms and foundations, and whether a commitment to social and political pluralism requires a turn toward recognizing a deeper epistemological and metaphysical pluralism.
On Killing and Dying
Authors: Niditch Susan
Published: August 2023

Perhaps more than any other area explored in this set of studies in biblical ethics and beyond, capital punishment points clearly to questions about the way people reach moral decisions or come to accept certain actions as the good and ethical and others as incompatible with choosing the good. Narrative material from the Hebrew Bible offers two options or models in regard to the death penalty, and legal texts frame the death penalty carefully with attention to witness testimony and premeditation. As is the case for all legal traditions, the jurist, or in this case the Rabbi, classical or contemporary, does not come to the tradition utterly open to any conclusion, allowing the evidence to fall where it may. Their worldview, in this case Jewish worldview, their sense of rightness, their sense of what the deity demands, has been shaped by a range of cultural, family, educational, and community factors.
“Proclaim Peace”
Authors: Niditch Susan
Published: August 2023

This chapter outlines various war-views evidenced by the Israelite tradition and relates them to concepts of just war, both causes and conduct. The chapter explores interpretations and appropriations of the biblical tradition in Rabbinic sources, focusing on modern efforts within the framework of Judaism to apply these classical traditions to ethical challenges concerning warring behavior that are presented by twentieth- and twenty-first-century settings. One case study explores the ways in which Rabbis during the Vietnam War variously evaluated the phenomenon of “selective conscientious objection.” A second case study examines ways in which the biblical tradition of ḥerem or “the ban” informs and justifies extremist contemporary Zionist war-views.
Reproductive Ethics
Authors: Niditch Susan
Published: August 2023

Ancient Israelites faced myriad sources of compromised health that had deleterious effects on women’s fertility, the survival of their pregnancies, and the wellness of newborn children. In the area of medical ethics, issues pertaining to fertility are of special interest to the present study of ancient texts and modern appropriations. Women’s inability to become pregnant and the desire to produce healthy children are dominant themes in Israelite foundation myths. Current advances in ways to deal with infertility and safeguard the health of fetuses deeply challenge Jewish ethicists who seek to support the human desire to create new life. A range of Jewish ethicists make an effort to understand and allow for that process within the contours of the ethical tradition while avoiding interference with God’s role as ultimate creator. This chapter is enriched by the reflections of contemporary women in their own voices.
Extended Supply Chains
Authors: Choi Thomas Y.
Published: August 2023

The tendency of focal companies is to seek solutions to their problems at their immediate suppliers. However, the source of their problems may arise from deeper in their supply chains. This realization places importance on considering extended supply chains and necessitates a multi-tier supply chain perspective. At the functional level, a focal company may consider directly sourcing from important lower tier suppliers. As a focal company engages in directed sourcing, it is, in fact, making its supply chain. As such, we discuss supply chain make versus supply chain buy. We also consider how supply chains may be theorized using network concepts involving institutional theories, supply chain financing, and cyber security.
Epilogue
Authors: Choi Thomas Y.
Published: August 2023

As supply chain professionals, we move goods and services to where they are needed. We bring happiness. Conceptually, there is happiness with the lowercase “h” and another with the uppercase “H.” The lowercase “happiness” is what we all seek as individuals. As we seek our happiness, we discover our states of individual happiness are interdependent. When many happinesses at the individual-node level are interdependent, they lead to a rugged landscape. We can only find small hills. Happiness with an upper case “H” would be equivalent to finding a single, tall peak. We can have as our collective goal a world at peace, a world devoid of sicknesses, and a world with no global warming, all worthy goals, but these are elusive goals. This Happiness is not a controlled state that can be attained by planning and execution but an emergent state that needs to be allowed to unfold over time. From our end, we just have to better control the interdependencies among happinesses at the individual company level.
Enforcement of Minimum Labor Standards and Institutionalized Exploitation of Seasonal Agricultural Workers in the EU
Authors: Bruzelius Cecilia , Seeleib-Kaiser Martin
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on labor rights of mobile seasonal workers, and the enforcement thereof, in the agricultural and forestry sector of the EU. We demonstrate that although the EU has explicitly acknowledged the precarious working conditions of seasonal agricultural workers and the need to change policies in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic at the discursive level, the EU continues to have very limited enforcement capacities and competencies and plays an ambivalent role. As enforcement continues to depend on Member States’ policies and measures, we compare enforcement practices in the agriculture and forestry sector across four countries with different enforcement regimes—Austria, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Our analysis suggests that seasonal workers’ rights in agriculture and forestry are neglected across countries, irrespective of enforcement regime. We argue that the scant efforts made to enforce these workers’ rights amounts to institutionalized exploitation of seasonal workers.
Translator
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: August 2023

In 1828, Joseph Smith assumed a role entirely out of keeping with his education and unprecedented in the history of prophetic figures. He presumed to translate. He began with the Book of Mormon and continued to the Bible and the Egyptian scrolls that became the Book of Abraham. He was led to translate by the pressure exerted on him by the gold plates with the strange characters inscribed on their surfaces. At first, he could not help thinking of the plates as another form of treasure like that he had helped his father search for, but over four years he finally realized they were a record requiring translation. It is not entirely clear how translation was accomplished, but it involved the “spectacles” that came with the plates and possibly a seer stone he used in searching for treasure. With the gift of translation came a prophetic voice heard subsequently in the Book of Moses and Smith’s many other revelations.
Art: 1833–2023Poetry
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: August 2023

Over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, poets and painters interpreted the plates in many different ways.. They borrowed perspectives from from their own times and applied them to the Book of Mormon and the plates. In the antebellum period, American poets mourned the silence of lost Indian civilizations. Latter-day Saint poets adopted the same elegiac stance but then rejoiced that through the gold plates the native peoples now could speak. In the twentieth century, poets and painters, led by Clint Larson and Arnold Friberg, played up Wagnerian scenes of dying civilizations. Such fashions faded in time and new ones succeeded them, including the efforts of global artists to paint the gold plates story in forms intelligible both to people in their home countries and to traditional Latter-day Saints. Novelists and playwrights drew on the magic of the plates to enrich their plots. The styles of presentation constantly shifted as the ambient culture evolved.
Anne Carson
Authors: Coles Elizabeth Sarah
Published: August 2023

The scholar is transparent and accountable, the poet inward and errant: anyone who reads Anne Carson has to suspend many such separations of power. The first major critical study of her work, Anne Carson: The Glass Essayist makes the case for the acclaimed poet, classicist, and translator as a remarkable experimental scholar and reader, who rehearses scholarly methods while slipping their constraints of form and emotion. Carson’s attention to sources, ancient and modern, textual or visual, is one of few constants across almost four decades of her published writing, whose uncertain claims on discipline and genre are claimed here as a certain interpretive style. The book follows Carson’s readings through variations in form—from early academic prose and poem-essays to creative adaptations and works for performance—to come to grips with what Coles calls Carson’s transparency: not her easiness or literalism, but a taste for the exposure of her presence, working process, and intent. Carson’s portraits of mediation perform her interventions for the reader, yet they play compellingly with a desire to cut mediation, argument, even authorship, out of the picture; with commitments to poetic economy, constrained writing, chance, impersonation, imitation, and the performative. Coles situates Carson in a vibrant contemporary conversation around the essay, scholar-poets, and post-critical form, where creation transacts critique, and where roles and prerogatives are reset. Reading Carson as a reader, the book argues, is the most pressing way of reading her now.