bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecological effects of peatland drainage for forestry
Authors: Laine Jukka , Vasander Harri , Sallantaus Tapani
Published: April 2011

Production forestry in peatlands, associated with drainage, is a controversial but widely applied forestry practice, especially in northern Europe. This paper aims to provide a synthesis of the ecological effects of forest drainage. Effects of the hydrological change, brought about by drainage on the chemical and physical properties of the surface peat, microbial activity, tree stand and ground vegetation, biodiversity, and faunal change, are reviewed. Finally, the role of forestry use of northern peatlands in the global climatic warming is synthesized.Key words: biodiversity, environmental impacts, forest drainage, global change, peatland hydrology.
Ecological impact of 100 years of metal processing at Prescot, northwest England
Authors: Dickinson Nicholas M. , Watmough Shaun A. , Turner Andrew P.
Published: April 2011

The environmental legacy of 100 years of a metal processing industry is evaluated, based on a case study of ecotoxicological research that has been carried out in the area surrounding a copper refinery, a cadmium alloying plant, and a brass foundry at Prescot, northwest England. Aerial fallout of particulate copper and cadmium has been very localized, but soluble and potentially more toxic forms of the metals have been transported further. Accumulation of Cu and Cd in soils to exceptionally high levels has occurred, with Zn and Pb also highly elevated, but depth profiles, spatial dispersion patterns, mobility, and speciation vary between metals. A very limited effect on tree growth is apparent, although phytotoxic symptoms are readily observed in tree seedlings. Site contamination is reflected in metal concentrations in tree rings. Significant food chain transfer of Cu and Cd to invertebrates and small mammals has occurred, affecting population sizes of invertebrates and producing toxicological symptoms in shrews. Copper may have been a cause of concern for livestock in surrounding rural areas and human ingestion of metals may have been significant in the past, but currently both are likely to be negligible. Impingent metals have led to selection for metal resistance in some plant species; metal tolerance traits in grasses appeared rapidly in lawns in the area and the intensity of tolerance in plants directly reflects the localized degree of contamination. Cellular metal tolerance traits have been induced in trees as an acclimation response to metal contamination. Declining industrial activity in recent years has resulted in unexpected pulses of plant-available soil Cd and of several other metals including Mn, Ca, Mg, and Ni. Metal disappearance rates from surface horizons are also higher than expected following recent cessation of metal processing, and the fate of these transitory metals presents further cause for concern.Key words: heavy metals, ecosystem, food chains, pollution, metal tolerance.
The model forest concept: a model for future forest management?
Authors: Brand David G. , Bouman O. Thomas , Bouthillier Luc , Kessler Winifred , Lapierre Louis
Published: April 2011

Society has been wrestling with the concept of managing forests sustainably for several years. As one of the most widespread of the earth's ecosystems and as a renewable resource providing a wide range of consumptive and nonconsumptive benefits to society, forests have been at the centre of many policy discussions. While much progress was made at the Earth Summit in 1992 and since that time, there are few concrete examples of sustainable forest management in practice. In this paper, some of the key foundations of sustainable forest management are reviewed, including the balancing of economic and environmental objectives in society, the philosophy of ecosystem management, the role of science and technology in forest management, public participation in decision making, and the internationalization of forest issues. To examine the practical implications of these concepts, four very different case studies of attempts to implement sustainable forest management in Canada are examined and discussed. These model forests are part of a network of 10 such sites in Canada, which are linked with several others in Mexico, Russia, Malaysia, and the United States. They combine the interests, mandates, and objectives of government agencies, aboriginal peoples, communities, and many other stakeholders for the purpose of creating a comprehensive vision and program of work aimed at achieving sustainable forest management in the areas concerned. Each model is unique, however, and reflects the local context. The authors conclude that the future of forest management will be based on a government acceptance of delegation of responsibility to such partnerships and on the application of diverse and innovative solutions to forest management issues.Key words: sustainable forest management, model forest, ecosystem management, integrated resource management, public participation, Canada.
The use of biological effects monitoring in studies of marine pollution
Authors: Addison R. F.
Published: April 2011

Although we usually view marine pollution in terms of the distribution of chemicals, several modern approaches allow us to detect biological responses to contaminants with sensitivity approaching that of analytical chemistry. In this review, I summarize practical field experience of measuring responses to pollution at different levels of biological complexity. I discuss three biochemical measurements (hepatic monooxygenase induction in fish, metallothionein induction, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition), measurements of energy partitioning in bivalve molluscs, and analyses of benthic community structure to assess the impact of marine pollution.Key words: monooxygenases, metallothioneins, acetylcholinesterase, Scope for growth, community structure.
Biodiversity implications of changes in the quantity of dead organic matter in managed forests
Authors: Freedman B. , Zelazny V. , Beaudette D. , Fleming T. , Johnson G. , Flemming S. , Gerrow J. S. , Forbes G. , Woodley S.
Published: April 2011

Dead organic matter is an important structural and functional element in natural forests, but its quantity, quality, and spatial distribution are greatly modified by intensive harvesting and management through forestry. From the perspective of conflicts with biodiversity, the most important changes are associated with reductions in the abundance of snags, cavity trees, and coarse-woody debris, all of which are well known as critical habitat elements for a wide range of indigenous species. Changes in the depth and quality of the forest floor of managed stands are also important for some species and guilds of wildlife. Resolution of this conflict between forestry and biodiversity will require the design and implementation of management systems that accommodate the critical habitat qualities associated with dead organic matter, particularly with large-dimension deadwood and cavities. This goal may be most effectively achieved by an integrated strategy that involves (i) basing forest-management planning on shifting-mosaic habitat models of stand harvesting and replacement, designed to ensure a continuous availability of sufficient areas of stands old enough to sustain habitat features associated with dead organic matter, along with (ii) the provision of protected areas of mature and older growth forest, associated with riparian buffers, deer yards, and nonharvested ecological reserves and other kinds of protected areas. The protected areas are necessary to accommodate those elements of biodiversity that cannot tolerate the conditions of managed stands.Key words: biodiversity, managed forests, plantations, old-growth forests, coarse-woody debris, cavity trees, snags.
Canadian boreal forest ecosystem structure and function in a changing climate: impact on fire regimes
Authors: Weber M G , Flannigan M D
Published: April 2011

Boreal forest fire regime, which encompasses fire intensity, frequency, seasonality, size, type (crown versus surface), and severity (depth of burn), is an organizing factor of boreal forest landscapes and highly dependant on climate. This review combines what is known about boreal forest dynamics from paleological studies, with the information derived from state-of-the-art climate and vegetation modeling, to present possible scenarios of the impact of anticipated climate change on boreal forest ecosystem structure and function, particularly in relation to fire regimes. Anticipated climatic/atmospheric impact on plant physiological, communal, ecosystem, and finally landscape-level interactions with fire are reviewed. All indications from the modeling sector point towards unprecedented increased regional or seasonal temperatures, with projected changes most pronounced at high latitudes and there greatest in winter. Anticipated climate change scenarios are expected to alter dramatically the boreal forest ecosystems and fire regimes with which they are currently in equilibrium. Changed fire regimes could be represented by increased annual area burned because of an extended fire season, increased fire frequency, and severity. Simulation studies show the potential for greatly reduced boreal forest area and increased fragmentation due to climate change. Fire regime as an ecosystem process is highly sensitive to climate change because fire behaviour responds immediately to fuel moisture, which is affected by precipitation, relative humidity, air temperature, and wind speed. This interaction between climate change and fire regime has the potential to overshadow the importance of the direct effects of global warming on species distribution, migration, substitution, and extinction. Such a scenario suggests that rate and magnitude of fire-regime-induced changes to the boreal forest landscape could greatly exceed anything expected due to atmospheric warming alone. Socioeconomic implications of altered fire regimes in a changing climate are discussed in terms of adaptive fire management strategies, age class distribution, and such global stewardship issues as biodiversity, carbon cycling, and sequestration.
Studies of hazardous waste sites and human health: evaluation of internal validity
Authors: Saunders L D , Chen W , Hrudey S E
Published: April 2011

We conducted a systematic review of English-language analytical epidemiological studies assessing whether contaminants from hazardous waste sites cause adverse human health effects. From 900 candidate studies identified from computerized searches, bibliographic reviews, reference lists, and personal contacts, 43 potentially eligible studies were chosen. These were independently screened by two reviewers and 14 studies were selected for the final review. Each study was assessed independently by three reviewers. The methodology and main results were summarized. Studies were rated for different aspects of internal validity and criteria for causation. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated and differences were resolved by consensus. Most (11 of 14) studies selected for the final review were case-control studies. Hazardous exposures ranged from a single chemical in groundwater to multiple compounds in contaminated landfill sites. Health outcomes assessed included various cancers, various reproductive outcomes, and a variety of nonspecific health conditions and symptoms. Reported statistically significant relative risks (RRs) or odds ratios (ORs) were generally modest. Overall, for these 14 studies exposure measures were poorly rated; outcome measures were well rated and measurement bias, selection bias, and confounding biases were intermediately rated. Adherence to criteria for temporal association and biological plausibility was better than for other criteria of causality. The studies reviewed did not provide convincing evidence of causal relationships between hazardous waste site exposure and adverse human health effects, in particular because of poor exposure measurement. This does not mean that such causal relationships do not exist. Substantially better exposure assessment methodology is needed to establish the harmful effects caused by hazardous waste exposures.
Pharmacokinetic modeling in toxicology: a critical perspective
Authors: Wen Yuan Hua , Kalff Jacob , Peters Robert Henry
Published: April 2011

Pharmacokinetic models provide novel approaches in the environmental arena for evaluating toxicological problems. For example, pharmacokinetic parameters play an important and even determinant role in risk assessment and policy making. The present contribution reviews the most basic pharmacokinetic models, their development, and their applications in toxicology. The theory, principles, and data requirements are critically discussed. The fundamental differences among various pharmacokinetic models are compared and contrasted. The techniques and philosophy for model validation are discussed and illustrated.Key words: Pharmacokinetics, toxicology, modeling, philosophy, statistics, validation.
Trend analysis of the published concentrations of heavy metals in aerosols above the North Sea and the English Channel for the period 1971-1994
Authors: Hoornaert Stefaan , Treiger Boris , Van Grieken René , Laane Remi
Published: April 2011

A literature review is given of atmospheric trace metal concentrations in aerosols above the North Sea and the English Channel over the period 1971-1994. Literature data have been gathered and intercompared to look for possible trends in the reported concentrations. Six trace metals are considered: Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr. A distinction is made between measurements in different regions of the North Sea, and between coastal and marine areas. The majority of the data deals with the Southern Bight, providing the most reliable trends. Strong decreasing trends are observed for the Pb and Zn concentrations above the North Sea during the years 1971-1994. For Cd, Cu, Ni, and Cr, much less data are available in the literature. Despite this, also for Cd and Cu a decreasing trend is present. Cr and Ni concentrations are fluctuating, mostly without a certain pattern. The trends in the concentrations are also compared to changes in the European emission profiles. Key words: heavy metals, aerosols, North Sea, trend analysis, literature.
Embryo and endosperm development in coriander (Coriandrum sativum)
Authors: Yeung Edward C. , Bowra Steve
Published: April 2011

Coriander ( Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds are rich in lipids and are potentially important sources of oils for industrial use. The objective of this study was to determine the details of embryo and endosperm development and the sites of storage reserves using microscopy and histochemistry. In coriander, the zygote divides unequally, giving rise to a large basal cell and a smaller terminal cell. Subsequent divisions in the basal cell result in the formation of a suspensor, and divisions in the terminal cell give rise to cells of the embryo proper. A defined cell lineage is absent in the formation of the proembryo. Contrary to other flowering plants, the suspensor persists as the embryo matures and storage products are present within the cytoplasm of the suspensor cells. After fertilization, the primary endosperm nucleus divides rapidly, resulting in a large syncytium of nuclei and cytoplasm. The rapid nuclear divisions occur prior to the first division of the zygote. Cellularization of the endosperm occurs soon after. Within the developing seed, the endosperm can be separated into two main regions, i.e., the “embryo surround region” (ESR) of endosperm and the persistent endosperm. The endosperm cells in these two regions have different cell fates and storage products. In the ESR, the endosperm cells undergo distinct structural changes and are destined to degenerate. These endosperm cells produce a significant amount of polysaccharides and these materials appear to aid in cell separation prior to cell degeneration. At the boundary of the ESR, the endosperm cells are partially degenerated with a large accumulation of lipids. The bulk of the endosperm cells next to the seed coat persist and they are responsible for the production and accumulation of storage lipids and proteins.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF RUST RESISTANCE IN WHEAT: IV. PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS OF THE WHEAT PLANT
Authors: Newton R. , Anderson J. A.
Published: April 2011

It is suggested that rust resistance in wheat may be due to the liberation of phenols in the host-cell upon the entrance of the fungus. A tentative method has been developed for determining phenolic compounds in wheat press-juice, including a critical study of the conditions for clarifying the juice with tungstic acid. The content of phenolic substances in wheat varieties has been found to bear some relation to rust resistance. Yellow pigments of the flavone type appear to be the main phenolic compounds present, and these are being investigated.
THE INHERITANCE OF REACTION TO BLACK STEM RUST OF WHEAT IN A DICOCCUM × VULGARE CROSS
Authors: Harrington J. B. , Smith W. K.
Published: April 2011

A genetical study of resistance of wheat to black stem rust, and a plant breeding attack on the rust problem are described. A large F2population of the cross Vernal (T. dicoccum) × Marquis (T. vulgare) was grown under severe natural epidemic conditions in the field and hundreds of F3progenies were exposed in the seedling stage, under controlled conditions, to pure physiologic forms of rust. In the field Vernal is highly resistant and Marquis susceptible to most forms of stem rust. Resistance in the field proved incompletely dominant and appeared to be governed by a single genetic factor. Marquis and Vernal were found to differ by one main genetic factor, Rb, for seedling reaction to form 21. This factor Rb, carried by Vernal, also governs seedling resistance to forms 17, 29 and 36 and appears to be responsible for the slight seedling resistance of Vernal to form 27. There was some evidence that the factor Rbis the same factor that controls the resistance of the F2plants to the forms of rust in the field (forms 17, 21, 29 and 36 were known to be present.) A different factor Racauses the resistance of Marquis seedlings to form 27. Vernal resistance was not found to be associated closely with the seed shape of that variety nor with its adherence of glumes to the seed.
COLOR CHANGES IN LEPUS AMERICANUS AND OTHER ANIMALS
Authors: Hadwen Seymour
Published: April 2011

Observations on the color changes of Lepus americanus are recorded and discussed. Melanin is shown to be lacking in the white winter hair but plentiful in the dark summer hair, especially in the roots, thereby protecting the animal from sunburn. In view of the observations on experimental animals it is considered that the color changes of Lepus americanus are due, not to local environmental factors, but to an inherited habit. The conclusion is reached that color changes are primarily for the summer exclusion and winter retention of heat and for protection against ultra-violet light. (G.B.T.)
STUDIES ON THE ACTION OF SULPHATES ON PORTLAND CEMENT: I. THE USE OF THE EXPANSION METHOD IN THE STUDY OF THE ACTION OF SULPHATES ON PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR AND CONCRETE
Authors: Thorvaldson T. , Wolochow D. , Vigfusson V. A.
Published: April 2011

This paper describes the methods employed in the use of expansion measurements as a means of studying the action of sulphates on Portland cement, and on Portland cement mortars. Experimental data are given dealing with the reproducibility of the expansion measurements and the relation between expansion and loss of tensile strength of mortars. Results obtained with standard sand mortars and graded sand mortars of varying richness of mix prepared from cements which differ in their resistance to sulphate action are presented.
SPECTROSCOPY OF THE LIGHT FROM THE NIGHT SKY
Authors: McLennan F.R.S. J. C. , Ireton M.A. H. J. C.
Published: April 2011

This paper describes the development and the construction, with optical details, of a high light power spectrograph suitable for the photography of the spectrum of the light of the moonless night sky and the spectra of auroral displays.Preliminary experiments carried out with it in England and in Canada are described. Typical spectrograms recorded by the instrument are shown.Suggestions for still further increasing the efficiency of the spectrograph are made. The advantages of using the spectrograph described are pointed out. Additional investigations of auroral phenomena, and an extension of those previously made are outlined.
NEW PHENOMENA IN X-RAY SCATTERING
Authors: Gray J. A. , Zinn W. H.
Published: April 2011

X rays were scattered by a number of samples of graphite and charcoal in such a way that the scattering increased in intensity as the scattering angle approached zero. In certain cases the scattering at small angles was very similar to the scattering of α-particles; this result cannot be explained easily on the basis of the current views on the nature of X-rays and matter. Experiments are being devised to test what part adsorbed gases play in the phenomena, and to determine whether the scattering at very small angles is a true particle scattering.
THE UDDER AS A RESERVOIR OF BR. MELITENSIS (ABORTUS) INFECTION OF CATTLE
Authors: Mitchell Chas. A. , Duthie R. C.
Published: April 2011

The removal of the udders from two cows known to be infected with Br. melitensis (abortus) was followed in both cases by a reduction in agglutination titre. In the one case, the agglutination titre declined from 1:600 to a value within the negative range, 1:25, and in the other the very high agglutination titre (1:28000) rapidly declined to a point just within the positive range, 1:100.
METHODS OF MAKING LECHER-WIRE MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Field Geo. S.
Published: April 2011

Several methods of measuring the wave-length of electric waves on wires have been investigated. It was found that incorrect results were obtained when neon glow-tubes were moved along the wires to indicate the voltage nodes. By placing the neon lamp at the far end of the wires, however, and using shorting bridges to indicate the nodes, it was found possible to obtain quite consistent results. A thermogalvanometer, used in a similar manner, proved to be a somewhat better indicator and gave results which were more precise.
THE NATURAL MICROFLORA OF THE SOIL IN RELATION TO THE FOOT-ROT PROBLEM OF WHEAT
Authors: Henry A. W.
Published: April 2011

In these studies the natural microflora of the black loam soil typical of the Edmonton district of Alberta had a marked inhibitive action on the development of the wheat foot-rotting fungus Helminthosporium sativum when the latter was grown directly in this soil. The severity of foot-rot infection of wheat seedlings caused by this pathogene was correspondingly reduced as a result of this action. A trace of unsterilized soil serving as a source of the saprophytic soil organisms had almost as great an influence as a relatively large amount. A similar effect on Fusarium graminearum, another fungous pathogene which causes loot-rot of wheat, is indicated.Bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi isolated from black soil each had a suppressive action on H. sativum in the soil and reduced the severity of foot-rot infection caused by it, but the fungi were considerably more effective than the bacteria and actinomycetes tested. A combination of all of these organisms produced the most marked effect and one equivalent to that produced by the organisms of unsterilized soil.The significance of the results in connection with the foot-rot problem of wheat is briefly discussed and their possible bearing on other plant diseases caused by soil-borne pathogenes is mentioned.
A STUDY OF THE MALE GENITALIA OF CANADIAN SPECIES OF PENTATOMIDAE
Authors: Baker Alex. D.
Published: April 2011

A description of the male genitalia of the Pentatomidae is given, followed by a comparative study of these structures as found in Canadian species of this family. The development of our knowledge of the subject is indicated and the more important papers reviewed in the light of the author's findings. Each of the genital structures is discussed and described in turn. The act of copulation and the workings of the genital parts are described. Descriptions of a number of Canadian species of Pentatomidae are given in detail. A section is devoted to an explanation of the general line of development of the genital structures within the family.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES. XXXIV. THE CONSTITUTION OF LEVAN AND ITS RELATION TO INULIN
Authors: Hibbert Harold , Tipson R. Stuart , Brauns F.
Published: April 2011

A description is given of the properties of levan, a polysaccharide obtained by the action of Bacillus mesentericus, and of its enzyme, on sucrose; in particular, its complete hydrolysis to fructose, and behavior when subjected to acetylation and methylation.By hydrolysis of trimethyl levan, a crystalline trimethyl fructose was obtained (the first crystalline methylated γ-sugar to be synthesized). This yielded a trimethyl methylfructoside on condensation with methyl alcohol containing HCl. The properties of these compounds are described for the first time.On methylation and subsequent hydrolysis of the glucide, a tetramethyl fructose was obtained having properties identical with those of the tetramethyl fructose obtained by hydrolysis of heptamethyl sucrose.Oxidation of the new trimethyl fructose yielded a dibasic dimethyl lactol acid, and esterification of the latter, followed by methylation and treatment with dry ammonia, gave a crystalline diamide. These results show that the new crystalline trimethyl fructose is 1:3:4-trimethyl fructofuranose.It follows from this that levan is a polymerized anhydro-fructofuranose with linkages at positions 2 and 6 of the fructose chain, thus differing from inulin which has been shown to be an anhydro-fructofuranose with linkages at positions 1 and 2.The synthesis of levan thus represents a further example of the polymerization of an anhydro sugar taking place through the medium of the γδ hydroxyl groups. It serves to emphasize the importance of these spatial positions with reference to the carbonyl group, a phenomenon to which attention has been drawn repeatedly by Hibbert.
THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-ETHER AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-WATER-ETHER MIXTURES
Authors: Linton E. P. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The dielectric constants of solutions of hydrogen peroxide and of hydrogen peroxide-water mixtures in ether have been determined over a wide range of concentrations. It was shown: (a) that the dielectric constant of hydrogen peroxide in ether is proportional to the amount of hydrogen peroxide per unit volume, and (b) that the variation of the dielectric constant with mole fraction was proportional to the dielectric constant of the solution examined, so that the logarithm of the dielectric constant varies in a linear way with the molecular fraction. By this means the dielectric constant of pure hydrogen peroxide at 0 °C. was found to be 93.7. It has been shown that hydrogen peroxide-water mixture has a higher dielectric constant than either constituent. The densities of ether-hydrogen peroxide solutions were measured and a maximum aberration from the mixture rule found at a 1:1 concentration.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES. XXXV. POLYSACCHARIDE SYNTHESIS BY THE ACTION OF ACETOBACTER XYLINUS ON CARBOHYDRATES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Tarr H. L. A. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

The action of Acetobacter xylinus, when cultivated in nutrient solutions containing certain carbohydrates or polyhydric alcohols, in forming surface polysaccharide membranes has been confirmed. The nutrient substrate necessary for the effective synthesis of nitrogen and ash-free polysaccharides from such carbon compounds has been carefully determined, and the necessity for the presence of a small amount of ethyl alcohol definitely proved. This type of synthesis appears to be specific for this organism, in that only the hexoses, their anhydrides and compounds which presumably yield hexoses as a result of the bacterial action, give rise to polysaccharide formation. When the carbon compound used is not a free hexose, nor one apparently capable of conversion into a hexose, as in the case of pentoses such as arabinose and xylose, glycols, polyglycols and erythritol, no membrane formation takes place. On the other hand mannitol, which is known to undergo oxidation with the formation of fructose under the experimental conditions, gives rise to a high yield of a synthetic polysaccharide. Glycerol behaves similarly, due presumably to a primary oxidation to dihydroxy acetone and conversion of this to fructose, the latter then yielding the polysaccharide membrane. The introduction of a methyl group into glycerol and glucose, with the formation of α-methyl glycerol and α-methyl glucoside, respectively, inhibits polysaccharide formation. The product obtained from glucose was found to be very closely related to cellulose, if not identical with it (13). Galactose is much less reactive than glucose, while mannose appears to be relatively inactive with the strain of A. xylinus employed. The highest yield of the polysaccharide was obtained from fructose, a result presumably connected with the recognized fact that this bacterium forms little or no acid from this sugar.
THE EFFECT OF SURFACE FILMS ON EXPLORING ELECTRODES IN GAS DISCHARGES
Authors: Middleton W. E. K. , Alty T.
Published: April 2011

The presence of organic vapors in a hydrogen discharge is shown to influence greatly the current collected by an exploring electrode immersed in the discharge. It appears that the vapor molecules striking the collector may remain attached to its surface thus forming an insulating layer around it and limiting the current collected. The rate of formation of this layer is obtained from the rate of decrease of current to the collector. It is shown that this rate varies very greatly with the voltage of the collector and that the time required for the current to be reduced to one-half its initial value is shortest when the collector is at the space potential.
ON THE PROPAGATION OF LONGITUDINAL WAVES IN CYLINDRICAL RODS
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

The solution of the velocity equation obtained by Pochhammer on the basis of the mathematical theory of elasticity is determined for the propagation of longitudinal waves of any frequency in a long solid circular cylinder of any diameter. For a given frequency a large number of solutions may be obtained, but when the condition is imposed that for low frequencies the velocity must gradually assume the value found by experiment, a single value is obtained for each frequency. The velocity decreases with increasing frequency, so that, for a cylinder of finite length, the resonance frequencies come closer and closer together. It is also necessary to take into account, however, that in a solid rod longitudinal waves are accompanied by radial vibrations of the particles, and that a cylindrical rod has, regardless of its length, a series of natural frequencies for radial waves, so that for wave-lengths comparable with the diameter of the tube a coupled system of oscillations is set up. The resonant frequencies of such a system depend on the degree of coupling.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EQUILIBRIA EXISTING IN GAS-WATER SYSTEMS FORMING ELECTROLYTES
Authors: Morgan O. M. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The data and theoretical treatment contained in this paper are the continuation of a series of researches instituted to investigate the equilibria existing in certain gaseous-aqueous systems. In this work the vapor pressures and electrolytic conductivities of aqueous solutions of sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia have been measured with greater precision than ever before over a temperature range from 0 to 25 °C. and over a concentration range where their respective vapor pressures do not exceed one atmosphere. From the data thus derived, equilibria relations have been calculated and certain changes have been made in the mode of theoretical procedure involved in this type of calculation.With regard to the equilibria existing in the three systems, the conclusions drawn may be summarized as follows: Practically all of the ammonia exists in the combined form and practically all the carbon dioxide exists as free carbon dioxide in the aqueous solutions in the temperature range investigated. The amounts of free and combined sulphur dioxide are of the same order of magnitude and the relative amount of combined and free sulphur dioxide can be calculated approximately, the latter increasing markedly with rising temperature. The true dissociation constant can therefore be found for ammonium hydroxide, can be estimated for sulphurous acid, but cannot be calculated for carbonic acid from the available data.
THE VAPOR DENSITY OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE
Authors: Wright R. H. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

An apparatus for the measurement of the vapor density of condensable gases at pressures greater than atmospheric and at various temperatures is described. The vapor density of redistilled hydrogen sulphide was measured at 47°, 25°, 0°, −20°, and −35 °C., and up to 4 atm. pressure. The interpolated value for the vapor density of hydrogen sulphide under standard conditions was found to be 1.537. This value agrees with the values given by Leduc (1.538) and Baume and Perrot (1.539), but the difference may be attributed in part to the neglect of the earlier experimenters to allow for deviations from the gas laws in correcting their values to standard pressure. The results are expressed as apparent molecular weights, and the deviations from the theoretical value shown to be due to the action of molecular attraction.
THE TRIAENOPHORUS PARASITE IN THE FLESH OF THE TULLIBEE (LEUCICHTHYS)
Authors: Nicholson Daniel
Published: April 2011

In the flesh of many tullibee and some whitefish there are yellow cysts which contain a thread-like worm 5 to 25 cm. (2 to 10 in.) in length. As these fish are favorite foods, a study of the characteristics and pathogenicity of any larvae found in their flesh is important. This paper describes the appearance of the parasite and relates it to its adult form in the intestine of the jackfish (Esox lucius) which preys on young tullibee and white fish. Feeding the parasite to dogs did not result in the development of adult tapeworms and from this it is inferred that triaenophorous parasite is non-pathogenic to man.
A QUANTITATIVE METHOD FOR MEASURING THE DETERGENT ACTION OF LAUNDRY SUPPLIES
Authors: Morgan O. M.
Published: April 2011

An improved type of standard soil for measuring and comparing the detergent efficiencies of soaps has been developed. The technique of application of this soil to white, desized cotton sheeting has been studied with respect to obtaining a uniform product which is sensitive to small differences in washing procedure, both chemical and mechanical. The effects of time, temperature, soap concentration, and various rates of agitation have been investigated in connection with this soil. The results prove its sensitivity.A miniature wash wheel has been constructed for use in the above work. It exhibits several improvements over small machines of this type formerly used.
INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO FOWL PARALYSIS (NEUROLYMPHOMATOSIS GALLINARUM): II. ON A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE INCIDENCE OF FOWL PARALYSIS IN TWO GROUPS OF CHICKS
Authors: Biely Jacob , Palmer Elvira , Asmundson V. S.
Published: April 2011

Data are presented on two groups of thirty chicks each, hatched from a susceptible and an apparently resistant flock. There was a significant difference in the incidence of fowl paralysis and lymphomatous tumors in these two groups. This is interpreted to mean that there is an inherent difference in susceptibility and resistance to fowl paralysis and lymphomatous tumors.
STUDIES OF POLYMERS AND OF POLYMERIZATION.: VI. THE VULCANIZATION OF METHYL RUBBER
Authors: Whitby George Stafford , Katz Morris
Published: April 2011

Samples of synthetic rubber prepared by the polymerization of dimethylbutadiene at room temperature and at 45 °C. respectively were subjected to vulcanization tests in comparison with natural rubber. In an accelerated gum stock containing 3% sulphur the cold polymer gave at best vulcanized products less than one-third as strong and only about one-third as extensible as natural rubber; the heat polymer gave products as extensible but only one-tenth as strong as natural rubber. The incorporation of carbon black greatly increased the strength of the synthetic rubbers, rendering both about half as strong as natural rubber in a similar stock. The vulcanized synthetic rubbers were less "snappy" than natural rubber at room temperature. Increase of temperature improved their speed of retraction, but seriously reduced their breaking strength. Products from the cold polymer showed a greatly increased stiffness and strength at 5 °C. as compared with room temperature, and at about 1 °C. were non-retractible. In general the synthetic rubbers were much more sensitive than natural rubber to change of temperature. A 50:50 mixture of the heat and cold polymers was also subjected to tests.
REACTIONS OF ETHYL ALCOHOL ON NICKEL-CHROMIUM CATALYSTS
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Morris H. E.
Published: April 2011

A series of catalysts containing nickel and chromium has been prepared and their action on mixtures of ethyl alcohol and water studied. The most active catalysts are prepared by precipitation of the metals as hydroxides or in combination as nickel chromate. The activity of the catalysts depends very much on the nature of the treatment accorded them in preparation. The action of the nickel always predominates but it is more sensitive than chromium to vigorous treatment. The catalysts generally lose some of their activity with use, the nickel more so than the chromium, and the dehydrating efficiency of the catalyst may rise. Secondary reactions, with the production of carbon and complex organic liquids, usually occur, both of which result in carbon dioxide production.
THE EFFECT OF AGING ON THE ACTIVITY OF BAKER'S YEAST
Authors: Larmour R. K. , Brockington S. F.
Published: April 2011

Yeast stored in cakes on ice showed little evidence of change in activity, as expressed in loaf volume, during the first 19 days; thereafter the loaf volume increased until the yeast was 30 days old; after this it decreased but never became as low as with the fresh yeast. The rate of carbon dioxide production was quite constant up to 26 days; thereafter it increased somewhat and maintained a higher though more irregular rate until the end of the series when the yeast was 56 days old.
PROPAGATION OF ULTRASOUND IN SOLID CYLINDERS (TRANSVERSE WAVES)
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

The expression giving the phase velocity c with which flexural waves pass through long solid rods is deduced for frequencies varying between zero and over 1,000,000 cycles per sec. and rods of any diameter. As the frequency increases, the velocity c increases gradually from very low values toward c2 = mE/2s(m+1), reached when the wave-length is much smaller than the diameter of the rod. Published experimental results for transverse waves are in good agreement with the theory given. In general at least four effects enter into the propagation of ultrasound through solid cylinders: first, longitudinal waves, for which the phase velocity decreases toward c as the frequency increases; second, transverse waves, for which the phase velocity increases toward c as the frequency increases; third, pure radial waves at certain frequencies; fourth, resonance effects between the different types of waves, which, on account of the mechanical coupling existing between them, change the natural period of vibration of the rod without affecting the velocity.
THE MECHANISM OF POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS
Authors: Chalmers William
Published: April 2011

Attention is called to an earlier, unpublished writing by the author wherein a chain-reaction mechanism was suggested for all polymerizations leading to macro-molecular products. It is further pointed out that the only scheme of reaction which is compatible with this mechanism is that which involves only the double bond, i.e., the possibility of the changes taking place by the transference of hydrogen atoms is practically excluded.
LIST OF FUNGI INFECTING MAN IN MANITOBA
Authors: Davidson A. M. , Gregory P. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE ACTION OF ANILINE ON GLUCOSE IN WATER SOLUTION IN THE PRESENCE OF ACETIC ACID
Authors: Cameron C. N. , Guest G. H.
Published: April 2011

It was found that water solutions of glucose, aniline and acetic acid yield a brown amorphous precipitate. Further, this precipitate was produced as a result of the preliminary formation of glucose-anilide and then by the further action of acetic acid on the anilide.The amount and speed of formation of glucose-anilide (produced in the solution of glucose, aniline and acetic acid) were found to increase to a marked extent with increase in the concentration of aniline and acetic acid.Evidence for the conversion of the stable amylene-oxide glucose-anilide to the more reactive glucose anil was obtained.Attempts to separate the colored material into different fractions and to identify them are described.
THE POLYMERIZATION OF ACETALDEHYDE. II.
Authors: Hatcher W. H. , Kay Muriel G.
Published: April 2011

Using acetaldehyde prepared out of contact with oxygen, the specific gravities of this substance and its mixtures with paraldehyde have been determined, and shown to differ from those previously obtained. The following values for specific gravity were obtained:— pure acetaldehyde, 0.7865 (15 °C.); pure paraldehyde, 0.9984 (15 °C.); metaldehyde, 1.120 and 1.127.The rates of polymerization of acetaldehyde with and without contact with oxygen have been shown to differ, and the latter values are in agreement with a former study.
APPLICATIONS SPECTROSCOPIQUES DE LA DECHARGE SANS ELECTRODES
Authors: Déjardin Georges
Published: April 2011

not available
"SMUTTY" WHEAT CAUSED BY USTILAGO UTRICULOSA ON DOCK-LEAVED PERSICARY
Authors: Aamodt O. S. , Malloch J. G.
Published: April 2011

Ustilago utriculosa (Nees) is reported for the first time in Canada on pale or dock-leaved persicary. It is a loose smut, readily dispersed when passing through a threshing machine.Infected persicary plants growing in a wheat field were harvested with the grain, and in the threshing operation the grain was mechanically contaminated with smut spores. The grain was visibly covered with smut, but there was no odor as is the case when wheat is infested with bunt spores.Wheat contaminated with persicary loose smut spores seems to be subject to the usual additional cost in handling common to "smutty" wheat caused by bunt. The effect of persicary smut on the loaf color was similar to that of bunt. These observations afford an example of the indirect ways in which weeds may cause losses in crop production.
RADIO OBSERVATIONS ON THE UPPER IONIZED LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE AT THE TIME OF THE TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE OF AUGUST 31, 1932
Authors: Rose D. C.
Published: April 2011

This report contains the results from one of the three stations set up by the National Research Council of Canada to take observations on radio reflections from the ionized layers in the upper atmosphere during the total solar eclipse of August 31, 1932. The station concerned was located at Kingston, Ontario, and was approximately under the centre of totality for the upper or Appleton layer. Hence observations at this station were limited to the upper layer. The results from the other two stations at Corner Brook, Newfoundland, and at Vankleek Hill, Ontario, are reported in the paper immediately preceding (8).The method was that developed by Breit and Tuve, in which a short pulse is transmitted, the reflection being received and its time delay recorded by means of a cathode ray oscillograph.The results indicate that the ionization of the upper layer is caused by radiation (presumably ultra-violet light) from the sun. Whether or not this is the sole cause is uncertain because of the time lag in recombination of ions in the layer. A reduction in ionization of over 30% was noted.A magnetic storm which occurred a few days before the eclipse made the results more difficult to interpret but gave some information of the effect of such a storm on the upper layer. It appeared to cause considerable instability in the layer and a somewhat lower ion content.
THE PARASITIC HELMINTHS OF CANADIAN ANIMALS: I. THE CESTODARIA AND CESTODA
Authors: Wardle Robert Arnold
Published: April 2011

One adult Cestodarian, 53 adult Cestoda and 24 larval Cestoda are known to occur in Canadian animals. The majority of the Cestoda are distributed among the Dibothriocephaloidea and Taenioidea.Of the Cestoda, 29 of the adult species are represented in Europe, 14 are recorded elsewhere only in the United States, 6 are recorded only in Canada and 4 are unassignable. Of the 24 larval forms, 14 and one doubtful form are also European, 3 and two doubtful forms are recorded elsewhere only in the United States, 2 occur also in Japanese waters and 2 are not assignable.An attempt is made to evaluate the economic status of the cestodes of the area.
A LABORATORY COMPARISON OF THE DETERGENT EFFICIENCIES OF LAUNDRY SOAP BUILDERS
Authors: Morgan O. M.
Published: April 2011

The detergent efficiencies of four common laundry soap builders have been measured and compared on a laboratory scale. Their order of decreasing efficiency when both concentration and actual washing efficiency are considered is caustic soda, soda ash, sodium metasilicate and trisodium phosphate. When actual washing efficiency alone is considered the order is sodium metasilicate, caustic soda, trisodium phosphate, and soda ash. In all experiments the soap concentration was 0.1%.pH values of the built soaps are given over a wide range of concentration. All soap builders do not exert their optimum detergent effect at the same pH value.Two of the alkalies, namely caustic soda and sodium metasilicate, increased the. lathering power of the soap notably.
THE DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE IN HONEY BY THE HYDROMETER METHOD
Authors: Chataway H. D.
Published: April 2011

The hydrometer method of testing honeys has been shown to give results as satisfactory as those obtained by other methods provided that; (1) a large sensitive hydrometer is used, (2) the percentage of moisture is calculated from a proper honey table and not from the usual sugar tables, and (3) a shallow layer of water is added to the surface of the honey after the hydrometer has been introduced. A suitable, specially constructed hydrometer is described, and a table of true honey densities has been drawn up. For accurate work the observed densities should be corrected for the slight error which would otherwise arise from the smaller buoyancy thrust of the water layer as compared with a honey layer of the same thickness.