bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emerging methodologies and technologies applied to university education
Authors: Romero Oliva Manuel Francisco , Heredia Ponce Hugo , Amante García Beatriz , Martínez Martínez María
Published: February 2024

Education, in general, is part of a changing and liquid society (Bauman & Donskis, 2019) that has to evolve in tune with the changes occurring in the educational ecosystem. In this context, technologies appear that are gradually being incorporated into the educational environment and, consequently, new forms of teaching appear, i.e., the so-called emerging methodologies (Cabero-Almenara et al., 2022; Villamarin-Reinoso et al., 2022). The incorporation of these require a reflection based on experimentation, research and, therefore, on evidence that can support new educational models in teacher training to meet social challenges and the formation of citizens in the interpretation of reality and their realization as people. These methodologies cause the students to play an active role in the whole teaching-learning process and require teachers to undergo ongoing training in order to incorporate them and work in the classroom from a pedagogical, didactic and technological approach (augmented reality, flipped classroom, design thinking, gamification, m-learning...). Hence, talking about emerging methodologies goes beyond talking about technological renovation and integration, which are key aspects in these approaches, but also means thinking about the inclusion of participating voices in the educational processes from the interaction and democratization of the classroom (educational diversity and inclusion). In this sense, university education is not left behind, since "it must innovate in its teaching-learning processes and provide different means that help students to generate new ideas creatively, acquire skills adapted to the needs of the labor market and learn to respond appropriately to the demands of the environment". (Fernández-Piqueras, et al. 2020, p.185). Therefore, the incorporation of these methodologies can favor the teaching-learning process in all areas of knowledge, but first the following questions should be rethought: how are we currently teaching, for whom are we teaching, what are we teaching for, etc.?  Ultimately, the aim of this special issue is to answer these questions and to reflect on the teaching of the future and the changes we need to make to make it truly effective and efficient, so that students learn and adapt to the demands of the future.
The Effect of Lotus Root Starch Content on the Water Barrier Properties and Biodegradability of Cassava Bioplastic Films
Authors: Abdullah Muhammad Iezwan Izuddin , Wan Mohamed Wan Zarina
Published: February 2024

Biodegradable films demand increases due to the awareness of the environmental effects of synthetic plastics. However, biodegradable films based on starch have high water sensibility and poor mechanical properties. This led to an interest among the scientist in improving the properties of biodegradable films. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of lotus root starch content on the water solubility, water absorption, water vapor permeability and biodegradability of cassava bioplastic films. The lotus root starch was added at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of cassava starch. The results showed that the water absorption properties decreased by 122% to 21% and the water vapor permeability showed a decreasing trend as the lotus starch content increased. The water solubility increased from 4% to 36% with the increase of lotus starch content and biodegradability increased by 87.5% at 50% of lotus starch content. The results exposed the potential of cassava/ lotus starch bioplastic films for food packaging applications.
Impact Resistance Enhancement of GLARE Composite Laminates Reinforced with Shape Memory Alloy Wires
Authors: Sumbaga Yudha Arya , Saptono Rahmat
Published: February 2024

This study investigates the impact resistance of Glass Laminate Aluminum Reinforced Epoxy (GLARE) composite laminates by incorporating shape memory alloy (SMA) wires. The influence of varying percentages of pre-strain (0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%) on the SMA wires embedded in the GLARE composites was examined. Laminate composites were made by hand lay-up method using 1100 series aluminum, glass laminate, epoxy resin, and nitinol wire. Impact testing was carried out using the Charpy (un-notched) method. The results demonstrate that the presence of SMA wires significantly enhances the impact resistance of the laminates. The energy absorption capacity of the laminates was found to increase with increasing pre-strain percentage. The highest impact resistance was observed in the specimens with 3% pre-strain, which exhibited a 35.2% increase in energy absorption compared to the specimens without SMA wires. However, a further increase in pre-strain to 5% resulted in a 21.5% decrease in energy absorption due to the higher fraction of stress-induced martensite, limiting the shape memory effect. Additionally, the damage analysis revealed that the absence of SMA wires led to severe debonding and delamination in the GLARE laminates. Conversely, specimens with 3% pre-strain exhibited the least damage, with limited debonding observed only in the front interface of the aluminum and epoxy-laminated fiberglass layers. The higher damage resistance of these specimens is attributed to their optimal energy absorption capability. Based on the findings, it is recommended to further investigate alternative shape memory alloy materials to determine their impact resistance enhancement potential compared to the current SMA wires. Additionally, conducting experiments with pre-strain percentages in the range of 3-5% would provide a better understanding of the maximum achievable performance. Furthermore, microscale observations should be conducted to gain more detailed insights into the damage mechanisms of the tested specimens.
The Effect of Volume Fraction and Alkalization Treatment on Characteristic of Straw-Epoxy Hydrophobic Composites with Coating Method
Authors: Prastuti Okky Putri , Martak Fahimah , Kurniati Yuni , Nur'ain Hanna Eryati , Wardani Devi Ardelia
Published: February 2024

The rapid development of the timber industry has caused the total capacity of the Indonesian timber industry to exceed the ability of production forests to provide raw materials sustainably. One of the industries that require a supply of wood as its main raw material is the furniture industry. The raw materials for furniture that are commonly used are logs and planks. In recent years, there has been the development of new materials that use natural fibers as polymer reinforcement, which can be used to replace wood materials. The material is a natural fiber composite. Composite materials reinforced with natural fibers are widely used in aerospace, automotive, circuit boards and other applications. One of the natural fibers that can be used as a composite is straw fiber. This high proportion of cellulose in straw fiber can be used for several things, one of which is composite materials. The utilization of rice straw fiber and epoxy as raw materials for making composites is an alternative to overcoming the increasing demand for wood. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the effect of volume fraction and alkalization treatment on the physical and mechanical characteristics of straw fiber composites, also to determine and analyze the effect of adding a coating of PE/SiO2 on the hydrophobic characteristics of straw fiber composites. The physical and mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated based on the SNI 03-2059-2006 and SNI-01-4449-2006 standard. The volume fractions used are 40%, 50%, and 60%. The length of the fiber used is 5 mm. And the alkalization variables used were 5% and 10% NaOH with 4 and 8 hours of immersion. The compressive strength decreased by adding fiber volume fraction and increased by higher treatment alkalization. The coating method can produce composite with the contact angle value of more than 90o.
The Performance Study of Microstrip Patch Antenna Made of Polyurethane - Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Composite
Authors: binti Syed Mahmud Syarifah Norsuhaila , binti Azman Nur Iffah Zulaikha , Salim Nurjannah , You Kok Yeow , Jusoh Mohamad Ashry
Published: February 2024

In this paper, the performance of microstrip patch antenna that is made of fully biodegradable materials has been studied. The polymer resins of Polyurethane as a binder agent were produced using polyol extracted from palm oil while the host composites were made from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber. The performance of Polyurethane – Oil Palm (PolyOP) Empty Fruit Bunch composite as a microwave dielectric substrate was tested by fabricating microstrip patch antenna on it. The performance of fabricated patch antenna was measured using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) and is compared with simulation results obtained from High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) simulator. The difference of percentage in resonant frequency, return loss, bandwidth and VSWR between simulation and measurement were found to be 0.4%, 75.2%, 67.9%, and 12.7%, respectively.
Optimising Subsea Natural Gas Pipeline Inspection Using CFD
Authors: Rostam Farahin , Chauvet Christian , Jagannatha Deepak
Published: February 2024

Subsea pipeline inspections require large amounts of chemicals and procedures, which costs money, time, and energy. This paper showcases the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool to help optimize this process by studying the feasibility of replacing nitrogen gas with a single Tri-ethylene Glycol (TEG) filling process in one of the natural gas fields located at north-western coast of Australia.

To determine the feasibility of using only a single TEG filling process, a few scenarios had to be studied for their environmental and operational impact. The first scenario is to determine how effective TEG is at removing seawater inside the Pig Launch Receiver (PLR), which was initially pre-loaded with the In-Line Inspection (ILI) tool and filled with 100% TEG, then connected to the Gas Export Line (GEL) at the seabed, temporarily exposing it to the seawater environment. Another scenario involves the removal of natural gas inside the PLR after the ILI tool launches. The study compares the use of expensive nitrogen purging against the cheaper option of pumping TEG. The final scenario involves the environmental impact of lifting the PLR back to the surface filled with TEG and natural gas vs. nitrogen.

Conclusions were drawn based on the CFD study. In the first scenario, it could be concluded that there was minimal seawater ingress into the PLR, and a TEG purge after installation was adequate to remove most of the seawater ingress. In the second case, it was proven that injection of TEG was sufficient to remove most of the export gas from the system, leaving minimal trapped gas in the system. The final case showed that there were mostly TEG and minimal natural gas escaping to the environment during lifting, making the process of a single TEG filling process viable.

The study demonstrates how the use of advanced technology such as CFD has reduced the use of expensive chemicals compared to just using simple calculations and field experience. It has also allowed to reduce the duration of the intervention, saving cost and energy.
Pipeline Leak Mechanisms
Authors: Bridge C. D.
Published: February 2024

This work investigates the mechanisms that occur when a pipeline leaks. A thorough understanding of the pipeline leak mechanism is the primary building block that must be understood fully prior to selecting technologies for leak detection. With an expectation of the greatest failure risks, the most significant leak mechanism(s) can be deduced and subsequently the strengths and weakness of leak detection technologies ranked against the pipeline operator’s operational philosophy requirements (e.g., is the operator looking for an accurate position of a leak or a probable area of concern) compared with accuracy of detecting a leak and reducing false positives. It is not within the scope of the work to consider methodologies for leak detection.
Severe Sour Pipeline Lateral Buckling Mitigation Design Optimisation
Authors: Shariff Shehzada , Bezensek Bostjan
Published: February 2024

This paper presents the optimisation journey of lateral buckling mitigation design for a severe sour service pipeline. The journey, which was in a front-end stage of a project, involved preliminary in-environment fracture toughness testing program, preliminary engineering critical assessments (ECA), and pipeline design activities to achieve a feasible pipeline design.

A thermal buckling study concluded that the pipeline is susceptible to lateral buckling with unacceptable consequences. Lateral buckling mitigation options were investigated and confirmed that the Zero Radius Bend (ZRB) buckle trigger remains an effective solution. The pipeline design thus focused on the optimization of the material, number of the trigger points, and its locations.

In-environment fracture toughness testing program was conducted using representative girth welds made by carbon steel consumables and representative carbon steel pipes to cater for the required design scenarios. Concurrently, an ECA was performed to establish allowable pipeline longitudinal stresses as input to pipeline design for optimization of lateral buckling mitigation measures. This assessment was iterative to define a compromise between the welding acceptance criteria, the material capacity (fracture toughness in sour) and the number of buckle triggers to be installed. The ECA outcome provided the allowable longitudinal stress for use in the pipeline design.

Normally, ECA is performed in the execution stage of a project to define the welding acceptance criteria for known material properties and final pipeline design stresses. It is also common that pipeline design is driven by factors that do not consider the material capacity limitations on large stress (strain) utilisation in sour service and rather aim to comply with a given design code. It is less commonly known that these design codes do not account for significantly reduced carbon steel material properties in severe sour therefore there is a gap in the pipeline design codes.

The main learnings from this journey are that allowing for pipeline utilisation up to the SMYS value of the material (defined at 0.5% strain in DNV-ST-F101 and API 5L) is not safe for sour pipeline design in severe sour conditions (NACE TM 0175 Region 3). Instead, severe sour pipeline design should: (1) Not exceed the Sulphide Stress Cracking (SSC) material qualification stress limits; and (2) Satisfy ECA defined limits for the longitudinal stress in the girth weld. If these are not considered, the pipeline may (i) initiate cracking in the crown of the lateral buckle in service due to SSC degradation, (ii) it may become impractical to construct if the welding acceptance criteria become too stringent in the execute project phase, or (iii) it may be unsafe to operate for the intended design envelope.
Specialized Carbon Dioxide Self-Healing Cement System Engineered for Carbon Capture and Storage Well in Norwegian Continental Shelf
Authors: Knowles John S. , Johnson Carl R. , Liapunova Nadezhda , Syslak Håvar
Published: February 2024

In recent years, the energy sector has experienced a noticeable shift in focus away from traditional oil and gas activities, diversifying into activities related to sustainability. One such activity is carbon capture and storage (CCS). In this paper we explore such activities with specific focus on the installed primary well barrier element, i.e., the cement sheath, including application, and performance as such in a dynamically stressed carbon dioxide (CO2) environment.

It is well known that under certain conditions, Portland cement can be adversely affected by CO2, although the impact on set cement will vary with conditions such as fluid salinity, temperature, pressure, and permeability of the set material. Based on several years of concept evolution, a specialized cement system has been developed that not only has intrinsic resistance to CO2 degradation but adds the functionality of self-healing. In this context, small microfractures or microannuli may be sealed over time when the cement system is exposed to CO2. This system was qualified following extensive CO2 exposure where the mechanical properties were assessed before and after testing. This step was added to ensure the set cement maintained integrity over time, including during pressure and temperature changes/cycles during CO2 injection.

Following consultation and close collaboration with the operator, the design of the self-healing CO2 resistant cement system was accepted with optimal results, based on field conditions. The results of the final design will be presented in this paper, including those related to the iterations necessary to tailor the required mechanical properties to prevent failure caused by stress-related cracking. The self-healing action will also be presented. Upon implementation in the field, the specialized CO2 self-healing cement system was transported offshore and handled at the rig with no unforeseen challenges. This bolstered the practice of conducting a thorough prejob risk assessment. A detailed operational program was prepared, permitting the cement slurry to be mixed and placed without incident. From a post-job perspective, validation of the annular barrier is crucial, so wireline cement bond logging was conducted. The log outcome exceeded the minimum criteria for a barrier as dictated by the latest NORSOK D-010 (2021) requirements.

We present the first-ever implementation of a newly developed self-healing CO2 resistant cement system in the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). As the industry places more emphasis on constructing wells or repurposing existing wells, the availability and application of this type of technology becomes more important. The importance increases as the industry seeks to achieve global sustainability goals. Establishing long-term wellbore integrity and maintaining the stored CO2 in the formation for perpetuity is paramount in achieving these challenging objectives.
Pipeline CO2mmissioning: The First Step is the Hardest
Authors: Harris A. , McKay C. , Stokes S.
Published: February 2024

The first introduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) into a new carbon capture and storage (CCS) pipeline is one of the most onerous operations over the asset lifecycle. The emergence of CCS hubs and terminals introduce additional technical challenges for CO2 system operation due to varying CO2 source and composition. The paper addresses a key operation which is a known risk for these emerging projects and provides valuable mitigation insights based on real project design experience.

The objective of this paper is to share insights from CCS project initial start-up planning case studies to educate on systems risks and mitigation measures related to this operation. The case studies show that adequately designing for first fill operational flexibility has a first order impact on the pipeline design, and therefore has the potential to result in cost growth if not accounted for early in design.

The initial pressure drop from a source of higher-pressure CO2 to an initially lower pipeline pressure can result in very low transient operating temperatures as the CO2 phase changes and expands to lower pressure gas, giving rise to risks to mechanical integrity of the pipeline and risk of water dropout leading to wet CO2 corrosion risks. As the pipeline is then subsequently pressurized, the conversion of lower density gaseous CO2 to higher density liquid CO2 can be an unexpected constraint to commissioning schedule estimates, taking an order of magnitude longer than simple linear predictions might estimate.

This paper presents case studies around these challenges, example methods of assessment for predicting these behaviors, and examples of the design and operational levers available to the project design team to plan around these challenges for successful pipeline commissioning.

The case studies and example assessment methods presented in this paper consider:

The impact that the source of CO2 has, comparing liquid CO2 from vessel transport conditions vs CO2 sourced directly from an emitter. The impact of fluid impurities, comparing a CO2-rich fluid (96 mol% CO2) to a pure CO2 fluid. Dehydration requirements of first fill. The effectiveness that heating the CO2 or sourcing the CO2 from a higher temperature source has on mitigating low temperatures. The effectiveness of increasing the initial pipeline pressure through an initial partial pressurization with dry air or nitrogen. Constraints that may occur due to repurposing an existing hydrocarbon pipeline as compared to a new greenfield pipeline.
TMCP Linepipe Materials, Welding Specifications and their Applications in NACE Region 3 Severe Sour Service
Authors: Yip H. W. , Ahamad E. F. , Ong H. G.
Published: February 2024

Large diameter TMCP (Thermo-Mechanically Controlled Process) pipeline steel has been used widely in the past for NACE sour service pipelines application successfully. TMCP pipeline material has the benefits of good mechanical properties, good weldability, and cost competitive over alternate material such as Quench and Temper (Q&T) steel, especially for large diameter and long-distance pipeline. However, the recent pipeline project incident has shown detrimental local variations in the TMCP mechanical properties i.e., increased ID surface hardness leading to Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) from the Local Hard Zones (LHZ) or hard spots. This has led to the concerns over the use of TMCP steels on severe sour service in NACE region 3 application. This paper is to share the recent works carried out by the steel mill and Company on the use of TMCP steels for severe sour NACE region 3 application, and to address the potential risk of SSC by implementing the number of control measures e.g. Steel mill TMCP optimization, the steel plate surface hard spot detection system implementation, material specification in term of strength, line-pipe ECA, laybarge welding technique adopted and early welding qualification specifications. This paper also addresses control measures that have been in placed in minimizing the risk TMCP material deterioration during pipeline girth weld application.
Powering Offshore Field Development Project with Renewable Energy
Authors: Sio Julian , Tawie Mervin , Chan Nigel
Published: February 2024

This paper describes the various initiatives taken during different project phases in enabling the main power generation from both offshore platform and Onshore Gas Plant (OGP) to be derived from renewable energy sources such as solar power and hydropower. For offshore platform, during front end stage, the project team embarked on the journey to convert a carbon-intensive power generation in the form of Micro Turbine Generator (MTG) to fully solar powered system. Rigorous load reduction from various disciplines such as Instrument and Subsea was key in enabling the fully solar powered solution for offshore platform. Besides, electrical load segregation especially during manned and unmanned scenario was also crucial in reducing overall electrical load during normal operation. For OGP, evaluation was performed during front end between self-generation and tie-in electrical power from the grid. The evaluation considered possibility of renewable energy opportunities through grid power such as the grid's majority hydropower composition and the availability of Renewable Energy Certificates (REC) from the state utility company. During execute phase, initiatives such as encouraging contractors to tie-in grid power instead of utilizing diesel generators during fabrication also contributed to the overall Green House Gases (GHG) emissions reduction of the project.
Characterizing Slug Flow in Offshore Gas Condensate Fields: A Fit-For-Purpose Approach for Assessing Mechanical Integrity
Authors: Kobayashi Hiroaki , Furuichi Naoto , Zhang Jeff , Jagannatha Deepak
Published: February 2024

This paper addresses the intricate challenges of accurately simulating slug flow in pipelines, particularly in cases exacerbated by potential chemical contamination. Such complex scenarios can be challenging to replicate with state of art simulation tools, underscoring the significance of the methodology presented in this paper. Far from being purely theoretical, this approach was applied effectively in a real-world field operation, demonstrating its practical applicability and relevance. The proposed fit-for purpose methodology encompasses three critical stages:

Detailed Characterization of Slug Flow: This step is essential for gaining a thorough understanding of slug flow characteristics. Simulation Integration: Implementing the characterized slug flow into simulation software to accurately replicate observed slug behavior. Preparation of Process Data: This involves generating process data for mechanical assessment, guided by modeling that is benchmarked against actual field observations.

This paper not only presents a tailored methodology for handling such complex flow scenarios but also details a real-world case study where this approach was successfully employed. In the case study, the artificial slug generation technique was pivotal in pinpointing the location and volume of the slug, thereby facilitating the preparation of crucial process data for mechanical assessments, particularly for areas of interest such as free spans. Despite the uncertainty surrounding the exact root cause of the slug flow, potentially linked to chemical contamination during a planned maintenance campaign, this methodology proved effective in overcoming the constraints of conventional simulation tools. The successful implementation of this methodology in a field operation not only validates its practicality but also suggests its potential for wider adoption in the industry. It stands as a testament to the methodology's capability to address and resolve complex flow challenges in pipeline systems.
Benzydamine hydrochloride ameliorates ethanol-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages by stabilizing redox homeostasis
Authors: Dasgupta Tiasha , Manickam Venkatraman
Published: February 2024

Objective:

To evaluate the protective effect of benzydamine hydrochloride against ethanol-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Methods:

RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with ethanol (100 mM) and benzydamine hydrochloride (7.5 μM). The inflammatory status was confirmed by measuring pro-(TNF-α and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines through ELISA and RT-PCR assays. Reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial membrane potential were investigated to study the protective role of benzydamine hydrochloride against ethanol-induced oxidative stress. Apoptosis detection was also investigated using flow cytometry and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining.

Results:

Benzydamine hydrochloride significantly decreased the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6, as well as the generation of reactive oxygen species inside the cells, thereby stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane potential and reducing DNA fragmentation. The ethanol-induced cellular necrosis was also reversed by the administration of benzydamine hydrochloride.

Conclusions:

Benzydamine hydrochloride ameliorates ethanol-induced cell apoptosis and inflammation in RAW macrophages.
Restorative antiaging influence and chemical profile of Prunus domestica L. (European plum) seed extract in a D-galactose-induced rat model
Authors: El Sawi Salma A. , Elbatanony Marwa M. , El-Feky Amal M. , Ibrahim Mohamed E. , Aly Hanan F.
Published: February 2024

Background

Prunus domestica L., also known as European plums or prunes, is a member of the Rosaceae family. Recently, fruit byproducts like seeds have been used as a novel and affordable source of bioactive compounds that may be an affordable source of substances. These substances hold potential benefit to the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Objective

The study aims to evaluate the chemical composition of P. domestica L. seeds and their safety and efficiency as an antiaging agent.

Materials and methods

The phenolic content in ethanolic seed extract was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and β-carotene concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) negative ion mode was carried out to investigate the phytoconstituents, in addition to the isolation of the main active compounds on preparative TLC as well as evaluation of cognitive capabilities, measurement of antioxidants and neurotransmitters and histopathological brain examination.

Results and conclusion

The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of ethanolic extract were 136.55 mg GAE/g and 89 mg CE/g, respectively. Also, high performance liquid chromatography analysis led to the identification of β-carotene as the main natural pigment (59.376 mg/100 g), followed by chlorophyll b (41.745 mg/100 g) and finally chlorophyll a (20.824 mg/100 g). In addition, UPLC/ESI-MS analysis using the negative ion mode led to the identification of 24 compounds, including two flavonols, one flavanone, two flavones, 10 flavonoid-O-glycosides, two methylated flavonoids, one isoflavonoidC-glycosides, two phenolic acids, two aldehydes, one stilbene, and one coumarin. Preparative TLC chromatographic technique for ethanolic P. domestica seed extract resulted in the isolation of γ-tocopherol, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, luteolin, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside. The ethanolic extract proved to have a remarkable scavenging effect against 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl in a dose-dependent manner compared with vitamin C. Improvement in behavioral assessment was noticed posttreatment of rats with the extract suggesting amelioration in cognitive ability and spatial memory of rats compared with standard drug. In addition, noticeable improvements were observed in neurotransmitter levels, acetylcholinesterase, noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin, in the brain tissue of aged rats. Besides, remarkable improvements in oxidative stress biomarkers (nitric oxide, reduced glutathione and lipid peroxide, total antioxidant capacity) and in histopathological pictures of different brain regions posttreatment of aged rats with the extract compared with donepezil standard drug were recorded.
Comparison of nasal and face mask ventilation in anaesthetised obese adults: A randomised controlled study
Authors: Singh Gyan , Luthra Neeru , Jain Richa , Grewal Anju , Garg Shubham , Mann Livleen Deep
Published: February 2024

Background and Aims:

The use of a face mask while inducing general anaesthesia (GA) in obese patients is often ineffective in providing adequate ventilation. Although nasal mask ventilation has demonstrated effectiveness for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), it has not yet been applied to the induction of anaesthesia. This study evaluated the efficacy of nasal mask ventilation against standard face mask ventilation in anaesthetised obese patients with body mass index (BMI)>25 kg/m2.

Methods:

Ninety adult patients with BMI >25 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to receive either facemask (Group FM) or nasal-mask (Group NM) ventilation during induction of GA. Expired tidal volume (VtE), air leak, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), plateau pressure (PPLAT), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) were recorded for10 breaths, and their mean was analysed.

Results:

The mean (standard deviation) VtE measured was not significantly higher in Group NM [455.98 (55.64) versus 436.90 (49.50) mL, P = 0.08, degree of freedom (df):88, mean difference (95% confidence interval [CI]) −19.08 (−41.14, 2.98) mL]. Mean air-leak [16.44 (22.16) versus 31.63 (21.56) mL, P = 0.001, df: 88, mean difference 95%CI: 15.19 (6.03,24.35)], mean PIP [14.79 (1.39) versus 19.94 (3.05) cmH2O, P = 0.001, df: 88, mean difference, 95%CI: 5.15 (4.16, 6.14)], and mean PPLAT [12.04 (1.21) versus 16.66 (2.56) cmH2O, P = 0.001, df: 88, mean difference 95% CI: 4.62 (3.78, 5.45)] were significantly lower in Group NM. EtCO2, SpO2, and haemodynamic measurements were similar between the two groups.

Conclusion:

Nasal mask ventilation is an effective ventilation method and can be used as an alternative to face mask ventilation in anaesthetised obese adults with BMI>25 kg/m2.
Effect of ultrasound-guided bilateral superficial cervical plexus block versus perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative quality of recovery in patients undergoing thyroidectomy: A randomised double-blind comparative trial
Authors: Yang Xiaoqian , Yang Hui , Li Mengci , Zhu Kairun , Shen Lulu , Xie Chenglan
Published: February 2024

Background and Aims:

Recent studies have found that ultrasound-guided (USG) bilateral superficial cervical plexus block (BSCPB) and intravenous infusion of lidocaine (IVL) have the potential to improve the quality of postoperative recovery. This study aimed to investigate and compare their effects on postoperative quality of recovery in patients undergoing thyroidectomy.

Methods:

A total of 135 patients were randomised to Group N: BSCPB with 10 mL 0.75% ropivacaine on each side, Group L: intravenous lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg for 10 min, followed by 1.5 mg/kg/h) and Group C: intravenous saline combined with BSCPB saline. The primary objective was quality of recovery-40 (QoR-40). Other parameters compared were numeric rating pain scale (NRS) score, haemodynamic data, opioid dosage and incidence of adverse effects. Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Chi-square test.

Results:

Compared to Group C, both groups N and L had higher QoR-40 total scores as well as scores indicating physical comfort, emotional state and pain dimensions on postoperative day (POD) 1 and POD2 (P < 0.001). The QoR-40 total and pain dimension scores in Group N were higher on POD1 and POD2 (P < 0.05). The NRS scores and the change in haemodynamics were lower in Group N compared to groups L and C (P < 0.05). The results of other parameters were lower in groups N and L than in Group C (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

USG BSCPB and IVL are comparable in improving the quality of postoperative recovery in patients undergoing thyroidectomy.
Lifestyle Intervention Improves Physical Fitness and Quality of Life in Children with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Authors: Scheffers Linda Elisabeth , Beyene M. , Utens E. M. W. J. , Dieleman G. C. , Walet Sylvia , Toussaint-Duyster L. C. C. , Pijnenburg Marielle W. , Berg L. E. M. van den ,   On Behalf of the Rotterdam Exercise Team
Published: February 2024

Background:

Exercise capacity in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is lower compared to healthy peers. We aimed to improve maximal exercise capacity using a combined lifestyle intervention in children with BPD.

Methods:

This semi-cross-over randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of a combined intervention of high-intensity interval training, healthy diet recommendations, and psychological support in children with BPD. Effects were measured on (sub) maximal exercise capacity, lung function, muscle strength, core stability, physical activity levels, quality of life, fatigue, fear of exercise, caloric intake, energy balance, and body composition using a generalized estimation approach.

Results:

Fourteen children with BPD, median age 8.0 years (interquartile range: 7.7–8.9), 8 males, participated. At baseline, all patients had peak oxygen (VO2)/kg, forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) within normal limits. These parameters did not increase significantly after the intervention compared to the control period (effect size peak VO2/Kg + 3.1 ml/kg/min [95% confidence interval (CI) −0.4–6.7], P = 0.076, FVC z-score + 0.67 [95% CI − 0.1–1.4] P = 0.082, and FEV1 z-score + 0.53 [95% CI − 0.13–1.19] P = 0.117). Peak load and peak ventilation on the maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test and walked distance on the 6-min walking test increased significantly compared to the control period (respectively, +14 watt [95% CI 10–18], P < 0.001, +7 L/min [95% CI 2–12], P = 0.009 and + 45 m [95% CI 1–90], P = 0.046). Both self-reported and parent-reported quality of life improved significantly in five domains (including the physical functioning domain).

Conclusion:

A 12-week combined lifestyle intervention improved peak load and peak ventilation, walk distance, and quality of life in children with BPD.
Reference Values of Chest Expansion among Healthy Children: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Phulgirkar Pranjali , Sahasrabudhe Prajakta , Shayam Ashok , Sancheti Parag
Published: February 2024

Background and Objective:

Examination of the chest wall movement during breathing provides valuable insight into the function of a person’s respiratory system. Chest mobility and lung function may be altered due to growth, body composition, and respiratory disease. Preliminary baseline values for measuring chest expansion were obtained for healthy adult Indians. However, because the rib configuration of children differs from that of an adult, reference values for children need to be established.

Materials and Methods:

In the present study, chest expansion was measured at three levels – second rib, fourth rib, and xiphisternum (R2, R4, and xiphisternum level which was marked at the lower end of the body of the sternum) – in 720 children aged 5–12 years using a nonstretchable measuring tape. The difference between chest circumference at maximum expiration and maximum inspiration was recorded as the value of chest expansion. Out of three, one best value and not an average value was considered a chest expansion measurement at each level.

Results:

Three subgroups were made: 5–7 years, 8–10 years, and 11–12 years. Results were documented and presented as mean and standard deviation for each subgroup. The reference values for chest expansion among healthy children in the age group of 5–12 years are 2.5 cm–3.2 cm at the R2 level, 3.1 cm–3.7 cm at the R4 level, and 3.8 cm–4.1 cm at the xiphisternum level.

Conclusions:

The chest expansion for different age groups among healthy children was different.
Nonpharmacological interventions and outcomes in the management of complications of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-related myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: A systematic review
Authors: Davoudi Malihe , Boostani Reza , Manzari Zahra Sadat
Published: February 2024

Background:

Human T-cell lymph tropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I)-related myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) is a progressive inflammatory process affecting the spinal cord that occurs as a result of HTLV 1. The use of nonpharmacological approaches has always been one of the treatment strategies in these patients, but disagreement about these interventions and their results has led to their limited use. Therefore, this study aimed to identify nonpharmacological interventions and their consequences in these patients.

Materials and Methods:

We followed the Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. The present report is organized according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. This study was conducted at PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus, among all published studies by December 30, 2021. Keywords were: HTLV-1, Human T-lymph tropic virus 1, HTLV-I-associated myelopathy, HAM/TSP, tropical spastic paraparesis, nonpharmacological intervention, nonpharmacological treatment, massage, physiotherapy, acupuncture, acupressure, and exercise. The quality of the studies was assessed using JADAD.

Results:

Of 288 articles, 11 were eligible for data extraction published between 2014 and 2021. 90/9% of studies were randomized clinical trials. 81/8% of articles were of high quality. The total sample size was 253 people, of which 137 (54/15%) were women. Approaches such as exercise and motion therapy, electrotherapy, behavioral therapy, and virtual reality can be used for these patients. With these interventions, results such as improved mobility and balance, physical condition, pain, quality of life, muscle spasticity, maximum inspiratory pressure, and urinary symptoms can be achieved.

Conclusion:

The most common physical therapy method used in studies was active and passive body movements, which are associated with positive results for patients. Due to the small sample size in this group of studies, it is necessary to conduct more clinical trials for more accurate conclusions. Furthermore, due to the limited number of studies that have used electrical stimulation or combined intervention packages, it is not possible to say with certainty what effect these methods have on patients. It is necessary to conduct more clinical trials.
Sonographic estimation of fetal heart rate in healthy pregnant women in Umuahia South East Nigeria
Authors: Obiozor Anthony Ayaegbunam , Imo Augustine Onuegbuchi C.
Published: February 2024

Introduction:

There are various methods of estimating fetal heart rate (FHR) in pregnancy such as the use of fetoscope, sonicaid, and others. Of all these methods, Doppler ultrasound evaluation of FHR is preferred because it is real in time, readily available, does not involve the use of ionizing radiation, is cheap, reproducible and is not observer dependent. It does not have any deleterious effect on the fetus, it also shows the fetal cardiac tracing and rhythm such that FHR and heart sound can be heard and calculated. This can help in determining abnormal fetal heart sound.[1,2] There is not much previous work on the ultrasound estimation of FHR in pregnant women in Umuahia and hence the need for this study.

Aim:

The aim of the study is to establish normal ranges of FHR in healthy pregnant women using Doppler-guided ultrasound estimation, to correlate it with the gestational age (GA) and estimated fetal weight (EFW).

Materials and Methods:

This is a randomized prospective study of 110 healthy singleton pregnant women on their routine antenatal visit. Data on GA were obtained using the crown-rump length in the first trimester and biparietal diameter (BPD) and femur length (FL) in the second and third trimesters. FHR was obtained using Doppler interrogation of the heart while the weight of the fetus was obtained using three parameters; the FL, abdominal circumference, and the BPD.

Results:

The result obtained from the data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Mean, minimum, and maximum values were obtained. The relationship between the FHR, EFW, and GA was correlated. The minimum GA was n = 10 weeks while the maximum GA was n = 40 weeks with a mean value of 30. The minimum fetal weight was observed to be n = 35 g while the maximum fetal weight was n = 4402 g and the mean value was 1923.8 the minimum FHR obtained from this research was n = 125 bpm and the maximum = 176 bpm while the mean was observed to be 143.4.

Conclusions:

In summary, the FHR is affected by the EFW and the GA in such a manner that as the fetal weight and GA increase, the FHR decreases and vice versa. The FHR ranges from 125 bpm to 176 bpm in a healthy pregnant woman.
О вложении пространств Бесова нулевой гладкости в пространства Лоренца
Authors: Stolyarov Dmitriy Mikhailovich
Published: February 2024

Показано, что пространство Бесова нулевой гладкости $B_{p,q}^{0,1}$ не вкладывается в пространство Лоренца $L_{p,q}$ при $p\ne q$; здесь $p,q\in (1,\infty )$. Этот результат дает отрицательный ответ на вопрос, поставленный О.В. Бесовым.
Пространства типа Бургейна-Морри со структурой пространств Бесова
Authors: Zhao Yirui , Sawano Yoshihiro , Tao Jin , Yang Dachun , Yuan Wen
Published: February 2024

Пространства Бургейна-Морри $\mathcal {M}^p_{q,r}(\mathbb R^n)$, обобщающие пространства, введенные Ж. Бургейном, играют важную роль в исследованиях, связанных с оценкой Стрихарца и с нелинейным уравнением Шрeдингера. В данной работе с помощью дополнительного параметра $\tau $ вводится новый интересный класс функциональных пространств $\mathcal {M}\dot {B}^{p,\tau }_{q,r}(\mathbb R^n)$, названных пространствами Бесова-Бургейна-Морри. Эти пространства оказываются связующим мостом между пространствами Бургейна-Морри $\mathcal {M}^p_{q,r}(\mathbb R^n)$ и пространствами амальгамного типа $(L^q,\ell ^r)^p(\mathbb R^n)$. Предложена конструкция преддвойственного и двойственного пространств для $\mathcal {M}\dot {B}^{p,\tau }_{q,r}(\mathbb R^n)$, ключевую роль в которой играет свойство Фату блочных пространств в слабой локальной топологии пространства $L^{q'}(\mathbb R^n)$. На основе этих свойств с помощью произведения Кальдерона установлена комплексная интерполяция пространств $\mathcal {M}\dot {B}^{p,\tau }_{q,r}(\mathbb R^n)$. Построена норма интегрального типа, эквивалентная $\|\kern 1pt{\cdot }\kern 1pt\|_{\mathcal {M}\dot {B}^{p,\tau }_{q,r}(\mathbb R^n)}$, конструкция которой существенно опирается на тонкие геометрические свойства двоичных кубов. С помощью этой нормы получен критерий ограниченности операторов на $\mathcal {M}\dot {B}^{p,\tau }_{q,r}(\mathbb R^n)$. Данный критерий позволяет установить ограниченность на $\mathcal {M}\dot {B}^{p,\tau }_{q,r}(\mathbb R^n)$ классических операторов, включая максимальный оператор Харди-Литтлвуда, дробный интеграл и оператор Кальдерона-Зигмунда.
Об универсальном восстановлении функций по значениям в точках в равномерной норме
Authors: Temlyakov Vladimir Nikolaevich
Published: February 2024

Известно, что результаты об универсальной дискретизации квадратичной нормы по значениям в точках полезны в разреженном восстановлении функций по значениям в точках с ошибкой, измеряемой в квадратичной норме. В работе продемонстрировано, как результаты об универсальной дискретизации равномерной нормы по значениям в точках и недавние результаты об универсальном представлении по значениям в точках позволяют предъявить хорошие универсальные методы восстановления по значениям в точках периодических функций нескольких переменных из анизотропных классов Соболева и Никольского. Наиболее точные результаты получены в случае функций двух переменных, где для восстановления используются множества точек Фибоначчи.
Demonstration of 2027 Emissions Standards Compliance Using Heavy-Duty
Gasoline Compression Ignition with P1 Hybridization
Authors: Viswanathan Aravindh Babu , Merritt Brock , Sommers Steven , Kumar Praveen , Zhang Yu
Published: February 2024

Heavy-duty on-road engines are expected to conform to an ultralow NOx
(ULNOx) standard of 0.027 g/kWh over the composite US heavy-duty
transient federal test procedure (HD-FTP) cycle by 2031, a 90% reduction
compared to 2010 emissions standards. Additionally, these engines are expected
to conform to Phase 2 greenhouse gas regulations, which require tailpipe
CO2 emissions under 579 g/kWh. This study experimentally
demonstrates the ability of high fuel stratification gasoline compression
ignition (HFS-GCI) to satisfy these emissions standards. Steady-state and
transient tests are conducted on a prototype multi-cylinder heavy-duty GCI
engine based on a 2010-compliant Cummins ISX15 diesel engine with a urea-SCR
aftertreatment system (ATS). Steady-state calibration exercises are undertaken
to develop highly fuel-efficient GCI calibration maps at both cold-start and
warmed up conditions. A P1 hybrid architecture is proposed to enable the use of
an integrated starter generator (ISG) capable of spinning the engine up to idle
speeds and an electrically heated ATS for fast heat-up and better thermal
management. The combined solution is shown to satisfy the aforementioned
ULNOx standard across the composite HD-FTP while decreasing the
CO2 emissions compared to the 2013 baseline values, cementing the
credentials of low-cetane fuels as viable, near-term alternatives to diesel fuel
in heavy-duty on-road engines.