bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of timing in some time study methods
Authors: Pehkonen Aarne
Published: July 2018

With measured times varying between 3 ... 115 cmin (average 19 cmin) the average deviation in the use of time study instruments (approximately 63 000 times) was 0,83 cmin (6,4 %). As the times became shorter, below 15 ... 20 cmin, there was a sharp decline in the relative measuring accuracy. The measuring accuracy improved when conditions at the study location were favourable to the observation of the break point or limited the reception of information other than that coming from the study object. The measuring accuracy of watches with pointer display improved if the pointer could be stopped at the moment of measuring and the result read out afterwards. The variables describing the characteristics of the test person, e.g. age, basic schooling, degree of training and intelligence, were correlated with the measuring accuracy. The measuring of times did not seem to require special techno-mechanical talent. With the aid of variables that describe the characteristics of the test persons and that can be determined in a simple manner it is not possible to give a reliable estimate as to how well a specific person is suited to the task of a time investigator. This problem may be solved by using, for example, a work test based on simulation.
Persiljan ja porkkanan siemenlevintäiset sienet Suomessa
Authors: Tahvonen Risto
Published: July 2018

Suomeen tuotavien persiljan ja porkkanan siemenien mukana kulkeutuvien sienien selvittämiseksi tutkittiin vuosina 1969—75 kaupassa olleista persiljan siemenistä 36 erää ja porkkanan siemenistä 57 erää. Siemeniä idätettiin Jacobsenin idätysaltaalla, josta sienet tutkittiin siemenkohtaisesti stereo- ja valomikroskoopilla. Siemenen eriaikaisten tiraami-liotusten 30° C:ssa ja tiraami-kuivapeittauksen sekä taimettumislämpötilan vaikutus porkkanan siemenlevintäisiin sieniin on testattu. Alternaria dauci (Kühn) Groves & Skolko oli 54 %:ssa porkkanaeristä keskimäärin7.2 %:n pitoisuuksina. Sieni oli voimakas taimipoltteen aiheuttaja porkkanalla. Stemphylium radicinum (Meier, Drechsler & Eddy) Neergaard oli 39 %:ssa persiljan ja 58 %:ssa porkkanan siemeneristä. Keskimääräinen sienipitoisuus oli persiljalla 10 % ja porkkanalla 6 %. Sieni oli voimakas taimipoltteen aiheuttaja. Persiljalta eristetty S. radicinum oli sienen muunnos S.radicinum var. petroselini Neergaard, joka oli persiljalle voimakas patogeeni, mutta vioitti porkkanaa heikosti. Septoria petroselini Desm. oli kaikissa persiljaerissä yhtä lukuunottamatta 3—37 %:n pitoisuuksina. Persiljan ja porkkanan siemeniltä löydettiin edellisten lisäksi 31 muuta sienisukua ja -lajia, joista yleisin oli Alternaria tenuis auct. Näillä sienillä ei ollut merkitystä itämisessä ja taimettumisessa. Porkkanan siemenen liotus 0.2 %:ssa tiraami-suspensiossa 6, 12 ja 24 tuntia 30°C:ssa sekä tiraami-kuivapeittaus estivät Alternaria dauci- ja Stemphylium radicinum-sienien aiheuttaman taimipoltteen, mutta kaksi pisintä liotusaikaa alensivat taimettumista sekä sairailla että terveillä siemenillä. Alhainen taimettumislämpötila, 13°C, vähensi A. dauci- ja S. radicinum-sienen aiheuttamaa taimipoltetta.
Sipulin koostumus ja aromi sekä niihin vaikuttavat tekijät
Authors: Mälkki Yrjö , Nikkilä Olavi E. , Aalto Mauri
Published: July 2018

Yhdeksästä pikkuistukassipuli- ja seitsemästä ryvässipulikannasta määritettiin välittömästi korjuun ja esikuivatuksen jälkeen sekä tämän jälkeen kuukausittain kuiva-ainepitoisuus, aromin voimakkuutta osoittava murskattaessa muodostuva palorypälehappo, liukoiset hiilihydraatit, pelkistävät sokerit, kokonaistyppi, aminotyppi (formolityppi) sekä pH. Kuiva-ainepitoisuus vaihteli pikkuistukassipuleilla rajoissa 11,9 . . . 13,5%, ryvässipuleilla rajoissa 17,4 ... 18,6%. Erotus johtui lähes kokonaan liukoisten hiilihydraattien määrästä. Pelkistävien sokerien pitoisuus oli pikkuistukassipuleilla keskimäärin 0,5 %-yksikköä korkeampi kuin ryvässipuleilla. Palorypälehappopitoisuus oli ryvässipuleilla lähes poikkeuksetta korkeampi tuorepainoa kohti laskettuna. Korjuun jälkeen oli ryvässipulinäytteiden palorypälehappopitoisuuden keskiarvo lähes 50 % korkeampi kuin pikkuistukassipulien. Säilytyksen kestäessä palorypälehappopitoisuus kohosi kummallakin ryhmällä, ja ryhmien välinen ero pieneni. Palorypälehappopitoisuus oli korrelaatiossa kuiva-ainepitoisuuteen, lisäksi osassa näytteitä pelkistävien sokerien pitoisuuteen, osassa näytteitä aminotyppeen. Viljelyn kestäessä kohosi palorypälehapon taso tuleentumiseen asti, ja laski tämän jälkeen. Eri lajikkeilla saavutettiin maksimikohta eri aikoina. Esikuivaus kohotti palorypälehapon pitoisuutta, eri lajikkeilla saavutettiin maksimi eri lämpötiloissa. Kahdella pikkuistukkasipulikannalla todettiin esikuivauksen johtavan merkittävään kuiva-ainetappioon, liukoisten hiilihydraattien pitoisuuden laskuun ja pelkistävien sokerien pitoisuuden nousuun. Pakastettuna säilytetyissä sipulinäytteissä kohosi palorypälehapon taso ensimmäisen säilytyskauden aikana vain vähäisessä määrin ja laski edelleen säilytettäessä. -1 ja +4° C:n säilytyksessä tapahtui kummassakin palorypälehappopitoisuuden nousua, kunnes +4°:ssa säilytetty sipuli alkoi itää tai pilaantua. Laboratoriomittakaavan pakkaskuivauskokeissa säilyi aromista palorypälehappopitoisuuden mukaan arvosteltuna keskimäärin 85,7 %.
The effect of sulphur deficiency and sulphur fertilisation on the nitrogen compounds of timothy
Authors: Ettala Terttu , Kreula Matti , Tähtinen Hilkka
Published: July 2018

The effect of sulphur deficiency and sulphur fertilisation on the nitrogen compounds of plants was studied, using timothy as the test species. The samples were obtained from 4 field trials performed in northern Finland. The nitrogen and sulphur treatments in each of these trials were as follows: a) N O, S O, b) N 48, S O, c) N 48, S 34, d) N 96, S O and e) N 96, S 68 kg/ha. Nitrogen was applied as NPK compound fertiliser and sulphur in the form of gypsum. In trials 1and 2 sulphur given in addition to nitrogen increased the yield considerably. The contents of soluble-, protein-, a-amino-, ammonium- and nitrate-nitrogen, as well as the free and peptide- and protein-bound amino acids were determined in the harvested timothy. Nitrogen fertilisation did not have any noticeable effect on the protein-nitrogen content of sulphur-deficient plants, but sulphur fertilisation increased it by an average of 26 % (trial 2). The proportion of soluble nitrogen of the total nitrogen in trials 1 and 2 averaged 50 % with N-fertilisation and 37 % with N+S fertilisation. Sulphur fertilisation decreased the contents of a-amino-, ammonium- and nitrate-nitrogen, and also their proportions of the total nitrogen. In those trials (3 and 4) in which sulphur fertilisation did not increase the yield, the proportion of soluble nitrogen of the total nitrogen was an average of 33 % with all treatments. In sulphur-deficient timothy the content of asparagine and aspartic acid totalled 60 % of the content of free amino acids, and their nitrogen formed about 17% of the total plant nitrogen. The corresponding figures with sulphur fertilisation were 39 % and 3.5 %, and in those trials where there was no sulphur deficiency (trials 3 and 4) on average 27 % and 2.5 %, irrespective of fertilisation. The proportion of soluble nitrogen of the total nitrogen of timothy was closely correlated (r = 0.79***) to the N/S ratio, as was the proportion of asparagine plus aspartic acid of the total free amino acids (r = 0.91***).
The effect of processing treatments on the rumen microbial digestion in vitro of skimmilk powder protein
Authors: Syväoja Eeva-Liisa , Kreula Matti
Published: July 2018

The microbial degradation of the protein of skimmilk powders manufactured and treated in different ways (high-, medium-, and low-heat spray, instant, roller, formaldehyde-treated spray) and milk powder products (skimmilk powder-wheat flour granules, skimmilk powder-barley flour pellets) was determined in anaerobic, rumen simulating conditions in vitro. The tests showed that milk protein was decomposed rapidly and extensively in rumen fluid buffer. The heat treatment had a slight N solubility-reducing effect. Formaldehyde treatment decreased the degradation of the protein at the beginning of the incubation, but this effect became smaller as incubation proceeded. After 48 h the N solubility of the treated skimmilk powder was about the same as that of untreated spray powder. The variation in the in vitro N solubility of formaldehyde-treated skimmilk powder was greater than with the other powders and products. The skimmilk powder-wheat flour granules were hard products which remained indigestible for several hours. At the end of the microbial digestion test the addition of skimmilk powder increased the N solubility of wheat flour protein. On the basis of the results obtained from the digestion test on a pelleted skimmilk powder-barley flour product it can be assumed also that the addition of skimmilk powder caused an increase in the N solubility of barley flour protein.
Leaching of plant nutrients from cultivated soils: II Leaching of anions
Authors: Hartikainen Helinä
Published: July 2018

Leaching of anions from three soil samples (sand, fine sand and sandy clay) representing the plough layer was studied in a lysimeter experiment under conditions corresponding to the fallow. The effect of fertilization and that of acid irrigation solution on the amounts of anions washed out was also studied. The extraction of anions from different soils seems to correspond to that of cations; the coarser the soil, the higher the nutrient losses. This was valid for nitrate and sulfate, but the amounts of phosphate extracted were insignificant. The sum of the anion equivalents leached was lower than the respective sum of cations in all the leachates indicating that a part of the cations was leached as bicarbonate. The physical properties of the soil regulating the infiltration of water affect the movement of anions bonded non-specifically. The anions in pores of soil aggregates seem to be protected against leaching to a certain degree. However, the biological value of an anion is an important factor. It seems that microbiological processes may decrease the leaching losses of nitrate.
Nitrate, ammonium and urea nitrogen as fertilizers for wheat and rye in a field experiment
Authors: Jaakkola Antti
Published: July 2018

In a five-year field experiment on a well-limed sandy soil five nitrogen fertilizers were compared. They were urea, ammonium sulphate, calcium nitrate, calcium ammonium nitrate and a mixture of ammonium sulphate and calcium nitrate. The crops in successive years were spring wheat, winter rye, winter wheat, spring wheat and winter rye. The average yield level was not different because of different fertilizers, but in individual years some differences were found. Average contents of nitrogen and calcium in grain and straw, however, showed a slight superiority of calcium nitrate to ammonium sulphate. Other fertilizers did not deviate significantly from either of these. Placement vs. broadcasting, application time and rate of fertilizer nitrogen were also investigated. These factors did not affect the differences between fertilizers. The soil-acidifying effect of the fertilizers decreased in the order: ammonium sulphate, urea, mixture of AS and CN, calcium ammonium nitrate. Calcium nitrate had no effect on soil acidity.
An econometric model of beef production for optimization purposes
Authors: Sirén Jouko
Published: July 2018

The aim of this study was to create a model depicting the growth process of a beef animal to provide means for economic optimization of the slaughter weight and of the length of the rearing period. Using data from Finnish beef rearing experiments, a model with two functions, one for weight gain and the other for feed intake, was estimated. In weight gain functions total energy and digestible crude protein were the main explanatory variables. Intake capacity of the animal was estimated as time needed to consume the dry matter quantity of a given feed input using also protein, crude fibre content and energy content of feed as explanatory variables. The model was estimated separately for Ayrshire bulls and for Friesian-Ayrshire and Charolais-Ayrshire cross-breeds. Functions of Cobb-Douglas or transcendental forms gave the best fits and turned out to be logical. Information given by the regression coefficient estimates was analyzed in detail as background for applications of the model. When dealing with the optimization problem the dynamics of production was discussed and a maximum daily profit was selected as the optimization criterion. An example was then presented to illustrate the profit maximization. Since they were of essential importance in the production economy, the feed composition and its productivity were analyzed and an example was derived to minimize the price of feed mix with maximum productivity.
Selection intensity for milk yield in 1970—1977 in the Finnish Ayrshire
Authors: Lindström U. B.
Published: July 2018

Selection differentials for sires and dams of bulls taken into AI use in 1970—1977, as well as for sires used in AI, were combined with an estimate of the quality of dams of female replacements to calculate the (predicted) genetic change in milk yield in the Ayrshire breed. In the period the average annual genetic gain was 0.97 % of the mean yield, in the last three years it was c. 1.1 %. The average generation interval was 6.8 years; 8.7 years for the bull sires, 7.4 years for the bull dams and 6.4 years for the cow sires. The bull sires accounted for 42 %, the bull dams for 37 % and the cow sires for only 12% of the total genetic gain. A more rational use of progeny tested and young bulls, combined with a reduction of the generation interval of 15 %, could easily have increased the genetic progress by 20 %.
Management techniques of maize crop in the marginal growing area in Finland
Authors: Pulli Seppo , Kara Osmo , Tigerstedt P. M. A.
Published: July 2018

Silage maize management studies were carried out in 1976—78 on the University farm in Siuntio in southern Finland. Seeding time trials in 1976—77 consisted of three different types of varieties seeded at four different times between May 11 and June 8. In 1978 three seeding dates were tested in relation to the seeding depth of the maize. Population density studies were carried out in 1976—77. As a result of the management studies it can be concluded that the weather conditions were so unfavorable that true differences could not be found because even the best alternative in the management technique did not give a satisfactory agronomic result. Seeding dates from May 15 to May 25 can be recommended. Relatively heavy frosts in early June (—4°C to—6° C) will hurt stands but they do not kill the plant. The advance earned with early planting is thus not totally lost through the frosts Seeding depths of 5 to 7 cm are recommended. Population densities more than 10 plants/m2 are not necessary for the maximum yield. In average or better than average growing conditions the planting densities of 6 to 8 plants/m2 could yield a more mature forage crop.
Syysrukiin perustaminen, hoito ja rikkaruohojen ekologia
Authors: Raatikainen Mikko , Raatikainen Terttu
Published: July 2018

Tutkimus tehtiin v. 1972—1974 koko Suomesta otannalla poimituilla 325 syysruislohkolla, joiden pinta-ala oli 0.7 % maan ruisalasta. Ruista viljeltiin keskimääräistä suuremmilla tiloilla. Sitä viljeltiin suositusten mukaan etenkin kevyehköillä kivennäismailla ja keskinkertaisen kosteilla tai poutivilla mailla. Leikkuupuintia ja herbisidejä rukiin viljelylohkoilla ei ollut käytetty kovin usein. Esikasvina oli Lounais-Suomessa tavallisimmin kevätvilja tai ruis ja Väli-Suomessa nurmi tai kevätvilja. Peruslannoitukseksi annettiin karjanlantaa 30%:lle ja väkilannoitteita 92 %:lle ruislohkoista. Lajikkeet olivat yleensä alueelle suositeltuja. Kylvösiemenestä peitattiin vain 48 %, ja kylvösiementä käytettiin usein liikaa, mikä aiheutti tiheitä ja lakoontuvia kasvustoja. Kylvökausi oli liian pitkä, mistä seurasi yksittäisillä tiloilla huomattavia sadonmenetyksiä. Kahukärpästä ei torjuttu kemiallisesti eikä talvituhosieniäkään orasasteella juuri koskaan. Typpeä käytettiin kevätlannoituksessa yleensä suositellut määrät, mutta eräissä tapauksissa liikaa, kun samalla muu nykyaikainen viljelytekniikka laiminlyötiin. Ruislohkoista käsiteltiin herbisideillä 25 % ja korrenvahvisteella 15 %. Ruisalasta oli vain 0.9 % nurmen suojaviljana. Ruislohkoilta löydettiin 176 putkilokasvilajia. Lajimäärä oli suurin Itä-Suomessa. Kaikkien lajien yleisyysprosentit määritettiin. Yleisimmät lajit olivat syysyksivuotisista Viola arvensis, Stellaria media, Matricaria spp., Myosotis arvensis ja Lapsana communis, kevätyksivuotisista Chenopodium album, Galeopsis spp., Erysimum cheiranthoides, Polygonum aviculare ja P. convolvulus ja monivuotisista Ranunculus repens, Agrostis spp., Cerastium caespitosum, Phleum pratense ja Agropyron repens. Lohkoilla oli keskimäärin 303 rikkaruohoa/m2. Tiheys oli pienin Lounais-Suomessa. Kaikkien lajien yksilömäärä tai versomäärä/m2 määritettiin. Tiheimmässä kasvoivat syysyksivuotisista Viola arvensis, Stellaria media, Matricaria spp., Myosotis arvensis ja Lapsana communis, kevätyksivuotisista Galeopsis spp.,Chenopodium album ja Erysimum cheiranthoides ja monivuotisista Agrostis spp., Agropyron repens, Poa pratensis ja Ranunculus repens. Tilakoko, lohkon ikä peltona, maalaji, maaperän kosteus, leikkuupuintikertojen määrä, herbisidiruiskutusten määrä, esikasvi, kylvöaika, peittaus, kasvukauden vaihe, viljan peittävyys ja viljelyalue vaikuttivat joko suoranaisesti rikkaruohojen tiheyteen tai olivat tiheyden indikaattoreita. Rukiinviljelyalue jakaantui rikkakasvien perusteella kahteen alueeseen.
Kasvihuonetomaatin viljelyn työnmenekki
Authors: Yläranta Maritta , Ryynänen Viljo
Published: July 2018

Vuonna 1977 tehdyssä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin lasinalaisen tomaatinviljelyn työvaiheittaista ja viikottaista työnmenekkiä eri pituisissa viljelyissä. Lisäksi pyrittiin löytämään syitä viljelmien välisiin työnmenekkieroihin. Keskimääräiseksi vuotuiseksi kokonaistyönmenekiksi 1000 m2 kohti saatiin lyhyessä viljelyssä 1 253 h, keskipitkässä viljelyssä 1583 h ja pitkässä viljelyssä 1998 h. Yksittäisistä työvaiheista kului eniten työtä (28 %) lehtien ja sivuversojen poistoon. Työ jakaantui kasvukauden eri viikoille useimmiten epätasaisesti. Työhuippuja aiheuttivat mm. istutus- ja sadonkorjuutyöt. Keskimääräinen työntuotos oli lyhyessä viljelyssä 6.6 kg/h, keskipitkässä viljelyssä 7.7 kg/h ja pitkässä viljelyssä 11.0 kg/h. Työntuotos sadonkorjuutöissä oli keskimäärin 53.0 kg/h ja lajittelu- ja pakkaustöissä 90.1 kg/h. Viljelmien välisistä työnmenekkieroista selittivät 76 % automaatioaste, kasvihuonekoko, viljelijän koulutus ja ikä sekä vakinaisten työntekijöiden lukumäärä. Selittämättä jäänyt osa sisälsi erilaisia inhimillisten tekijöiden vaikutuksia.
The efficacy of lindane and dimethoate against cabbage maggots in Finland
Authors: Varis Anna-Liisa , Dalman Pirjo
Published: July 2018

Various rates of lindane and dimethoate were used in different localities against cabbage maggots in cabbages and tests were done on hatching larvae of Delia floralis Fall. to determine the possible resistance of 3 field strains to these insecticides. Considerable differences were noted in the efficacy of both insecticides in various localities and significant differences were found in the susceptibility of different strains to both insecticides. The LC 50-values compared with those of the most susceptible strain were, however, less than 3-fold. The reasons for the poor efficacy of the insecticides are discussed.
Udder diseases in dairy cows — field observations on incidence, somatic and environmental factors, and control
Authors: Saloniemi Hannu
Published: July 2018

The incidence of udder diseases and the predisposing factors were examined in 32 herds, in a total of 500 cows. During a 3-year-period 0.32 cases of clinical mastitis occurred per cow per annum. Subclinical mastitis was detected in 61.2 % of the cows during one year. The average incidence based on a single sampling was 36.5 %. In order to obtain reliable information on the udder health of a herd the occurrence of both clinical and subclinical mastitis must be followed. Clinical cases, both those treated by a veterinarian on a farm visit and those treated by the owner according to phone prescription must be filed statistically. In this study the incidence of mastitis as reported by owner was only half of that actually detected. The incidence of teat injuries requiring veterinary treatment was 0.03 cases per cow per annum. The diagnosis »presence of bacteria» obtained from a milk sample examination using Nordic methods means according to this study in most cases the probable occurrence of infection and mastitis. Scoring of observations made from udder health, and indexes based on these scores prove to be good tools when studying relationships between udder diseases and predisposing factors. Of the somatic factors the age of the cow, stage of lactation, the distance of the rear teats from the stall floor and the position of the teats influence the incidence of mastitis. Therefore, these factors must be taken into consideration in preventive work, especially in the culling of cows. Neither teat shape nor milkability had any connection with the incidence of udder diseases. With regard to the factors in the production environment the incidence of clinical mastitis was influenced especially by the function of the milking machine. Diurnal changes in temperature, when exceeding5 degrees centigrade, increased the occurrence of mastitis. The use of a thermohygrograph is proposed in preventive work. Because of the small number of the herds only in few cases reliable proof could be obtained as to whether the constructional details of the cowshed or stall or the milking hygiene had any effect on udder health. The observations made, however, were not in disagreement with those findings published in other Nordic countries. The significance of the cattle tender as an environmental factor is great. When a mastitis control programme is worked out, therefore, the mastitis situation in a herd, and the predisposing factors detected on the farm must be reliably demonstrated to the owner and the measures required for improvement must be clearly proposed.
Comparative effects of barley feed and sodium selenite on selenium levels in hen eggs and tissues
Authors: Kääntee E. , Kurkela P.
Published: July 2018

An investigation was made into the effects of barleys with varying levels of selenium, and of sodium selenite, on the selenium content of organs in laying hens (blood, spleen, breast muscle, liver, kidney, lung, heart, gizzard and ovary) and in the yolks and whites of their eggs. The results indicated that grain Se affects the Se level of organs far more than sodium selenite supplementation. The Se concentrations of feed and organs correlate logarithmically, and blood Se in hen is the most reliable indicator of the Se level in other organs. It was typically observed that while variations in grain Se caused similar changes in the Se level of both egg yolk and white, sodium selenite primarily affected the yolk Se level. This contrasting effect is similar to that found in earlier published reports.
Development and productivity of timothy (Phleum pratense L.)
Authors: Pulli Seppo
Published: July 2018

The research series on the growth and development of timothy was comprised of a comparison between the three most important timothy varieties in Finland, Tammisto, Nokka and Tarmo in different parts in Finland. The second part of the investigation involved the greenhouse study of the development of the same three varieties together with the northern type Norwegian variety Engmo and southern type Swedish line Sv. 0873. The development and growth of the three Finnish timothy varieties had similar dry matter and protein production capabilities. The Tammisto variety exhibited rather demanding requirements for growth factors and had regression coefficients greater than one for both dry matter and protein production. The Nokka variety can be classified as a general variety on the basis of its dry matter production, and a well thriving variety with a low level of growth factors on the basis of its raw protein production. The Nokka regression coefficients were approximately one and less than one for dry matter and protein production respectively. The Tarmo variety in regard to energy and protein production is considered a modest variety which had the lowest regression coefficient of the three varieties. Tarmo variety and Svalöv line Sv. 0873 had exceptionally slow primary development. In later growing stages, however, these same two varieties developed faster than the others. The regrowth capabilities of the Sv. 0873 line and the Engmo variety were weaker than those of the Finnish varieties. The Engmo variety, suited for northern conditions, had the largest root production whereas Sv. 0873, bred for southern conditions, had the weakest. The Engmo variety’s large root production promoted fast LAI development. Seeding depth had significance only in the first cutting. The size of the regrowth yield was primarily influenced by the size of the previous cutting. The yields of consecutive cuttings were negatively correlated.
Composition of perch roe and keeping quality of roe products during cold- and frozen-storage
Authors: Linko Reino , Kaitaranta Jukka , Vuorela Riitta
Published: July 2018

Proximate composition of whole roe bags and washed eggs of perch(Perca fluviatilis) was studied at different stages of maturity. Lipids and fatty acids of the roe were investigated in detail. Perch roe was processed using chemical preservatives, sugar, salt, and freezing and changes in the quality of the products were followed by chemical and sensory analyses during a one-year cold- and frozen-storage period. Mature roe as roe bags contained 13 % protein, 4 % fat and 1 % ash on wet weight basis. The amounts of protein and ash decreased somewhat when the roe was screened. The major lipids in perch roe were sterol and wax esters composing about 80 % of the total lipids. Polyenoic acids with dominant docosahexaenoic acid composed about half of the fatty acids in neutral lipids whereas saturated acids dominated in phospholipids. Frozen, washed roe was better in its quality during the one-year storage time as compared to heavy-salted, cold-stored roe containing preservatives which, in turn, was preferred to the light-salted, frozen roe or sugar-salted, cold-stored roe.
Normal and light weight oats as feed for growing pigs
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa , Alaviuhkola Timo
Published: July 2018

The feed value for pigs of five lots of oats was studied by digestibility and feeding trials. Two of the oats were very light (36—39 kg/hl), three normal weight(51—56 kg/hl). The most apparent difference between the light and normal oats was the contents of starch and crude fibre and the digestibility of NFE. Clear differences were also found in the colours of meals, although all oats were light-coloured varieties. The difference in the energy value between the best and the poorest was 13 % by the digestibility and 15 % by the feeding trial. The difference in the economic return on the oats was 23%. The energy values of the three normal oats were very much alike. One of the two light oats was darker in colour and poorly palatable due to damage during harvest. Its energy value was found lower in the feeding trial than in the digestibility trial. Our results show that light weight oats, if not damaged, are useful feed for pigs, even though their nutritive values arc lower. The feed value of damaged oats, on the other hand, could not be predicted from the chemical composition, nor sufficiently even from the results of the digestibility trial.
Nutritive value for growing pigs of pekilo protein and torula yeast grown in spent sulphite liquour
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa , Pekkarinen Eeva
Published: July 2018

The digestibility and nutritive value of pekilo protein (Paecilomyces varioti), and torula yeast (Candida utilis) were determined for four pigs weighing 35—50kg. The proportion of pekilo or torula was 30% of the barley-based diet. The crude fat was determined by the standard ether extraction method and by the HCl-ether method. The first method indicated a low fat content and a highly negative digestibility of fat, but the second showed that the pig is able to digest and absorb a large part of the ether-insoluble fat. The energy value thereby increased 14 % for pekilo and 12 % for torula over those obtained by the conventional ether method. The same energy value was obtained for barley by both methods. The energy values (HCI-ether method) obtained for pekilo and torula were 0.96 and 0.95 F.U./kg DM(F. U. = 0.7 kg starch), or 13.41 and 12.98 MJ ME/kg DM, respectively. The protein values, corrected for nucleic acid nitrogen, were 434 and 358g DCP/kg DM. The only significant difference between pekilo and torula was the DCP value (P< 0.001). The nitrogen balances in the pekilo and torula trials were very high and identical (24.4 and 24.0 g N/d), confirming the value of these feeds as protein supplements to cereal feeds for pigs.
Rehumaissin typpilannoituksesta ja sadetuksesta
Authors: Kara Osmo , Pulli Seppo
Published: July 2018

Typpilannoitusmäärän ja lannoitustapojen vaikutusta rehumaissin sadontuottoon ja raakavalkuaisen määrään tutkittiin vuosina 1976—1978 ja vastaavasti sadetuksen ja lannoituksen vaikutusta v. 1978 Suitian tilalla Siuntiossa. Koetekijöinä olivat rivi- ja sijoituslannoitus sekä typpilannoitustasot. Sadetuskokeessa tutkittiin N-lannoitusmäärien ja -levitysaikojen vaikutusta satoihin. Typpilannoitustavalla, rivi- tai sijoituslannoituksella, ei ole ollut merkittävää vaikutusta rehumaissin kuiva-ainesatoon, raakavalkuaissatoon ja raakavalkuaispitoisuuteen. Typpilannoituksella 150N kg/ha kylvön yhteydessä annettuna saatiin suurimmat kuiva-ainesadot. Sitä suuremmat lannoitemäärät 2—3 erässä levitettynä eivät ole lisänneet satotasoa. Typpilannoitustason noustessa 100 N kg:sta/ha 250 N kg:aan/ha lisääntyivät sekä raakavalkuaispitoisuus että raakavalkuaissato merkittävästi. Sadetus lisäsi yhden kasvukauden tutkimuksissa rehumaissin satotasoa merkittävästi. Kokeessa käytetyt typpilannoitemäärät 120 ja 170 N kg/ha ovat antaneet sadettaen ja sadettamatta keskimäärin yhtä suuret sadot kuin 240 N kg/ha yhdessä tai useammassa erässä levitettynä. Sadetuksella myös raakavalkuaissadot olivat suurempia, mutta raakavalkuais-% keskimäärin pienempi kuin sadettamatta.
Agriculture in northern Namibia, Owambo and Kawango 1965—1970
Authors: Soini Sylvi
Published: July 2018

The soils of Owambo and Kawango plateau in Northern Namibia between logitudes 14°—21°E and latitudes 17°23”—18°30” S are studied applying some methods of the Finnish agricultural soil map work. Soil samples of 120 sites, 76 from 3 depths are analysed, the results are connected with the descriptions of terraines and presented as averages and figures. This basic knowledge is connected with the facts of references, observations during the period, results of agricultural observation trials, questionaires and discussions with the farmers. According to these the descriptions and suggestions are made concerning the agriculture in the area. Water and plant nutrient supplies, soil concervation and the most possible different branches o fthe farming life in the area are taken into consideration and a list of these is presented.
Production environment of beef cattle farms in relation to the incidence of DFD meat
Authors: Saloniemi Hannu , Tuori Mikko , Syrjälä-Qvist Liisa , Puolanne Eero
Published: July 2018

In 1979—80, DFD (dark, firm, dry) meat was obtained from 26.3 % of the bulls slaughtered in Finland. The incidence of DFD meat depends closely on the mode of lairage at the slaughterhouse. In the present study, the frequency of DFD meat in 693 bulls reared at 45 farms was examined in relation to the production environment on the farms. The incidence of DFD meat is increased by housing in group pens at the slaughterhouse, high atmospheric humidity and poor hygiene in the farm buildings, failure to keep the animals clean and rearing in standings. In an analysis of variance,29.9 % of the variation in the pH of the carcasses was explained when the independent variables were: the mode of lairage at the slaughterhouse (group pens vs. individual spaces, 17.1 %), the atmospheric humidity in the farm buildings (8.6 %), the management at the farms (pens. vs. standings, 6.3 %), the slaughterhouse (three slaughterhouses 3.8 %)and the level of hygiene at the farm(1.9 %). The reduction in the variation explained caused by the removal of each variable is given in percentage units in parentheses. The influence of feeding was slight, being smaller than that of a good rearing environment and individual spaces at the slaughterhouse, but intensive feeding and a high growth rate were also connected with a low DFD percentage.
The degradation and utilization of formaldehyde-treated urea by rumen microbes in vitro
Authors: Setälä Jouko , Syrjälä-Qvist Liisa
Published: July 2018

Urea was treated with different levels of formaldehyde (HCHO). The HCHO percentages, on a weight basis, were 0(F0), 0.25 (F0.25) 0.50 (F0.50), 0.75 (F0.75), 1.0 (F1.0), 1.5 (F1.5), 2.0 (F2.0), 3.0 (F3.0) and 5.0(F5.0). Twenty milligrams of urea was incubated for 5 hours in 40 ml of sheep rumen fluid-buffer solution (1:1) together with 1.5 grams of substrate. The substrate consisted of vacuum-dried and milled feeds: barley (25 %), molassed beet pulp (25 %) and NaOH-treated straw (50 %). The feeds and urea were used in the same proportions as in the diet of the sheep which yielded the rumen fluid for incubation. Treatment with HCHO decreased hydrolysis of urea to ammonia. The ammonia concentration in contents offer mentors 2 hours after the start of incubation had a highly significant (P < 0.001) negative correlation (r = -0.976, n = 72) with the HCHO treatment level. Microbial protein synthesis was calculated from tungstic acid - sulphuric acid precipitation. Synthesis of protein, expressed as grams of nitrogen per 100 grams fermented organic matter was highest when F1.5-F3.0 urea was used. Treatment with more than 3 % of HCHO decreased the number of protozoa and the general activity of the microbes, thus decreasing fermentation of organic matter and lowering the yield of microbial protein. When F1.5 urea was used, the total yield (mg protein/hr) was significantly higher than with untreated urea, but the results obtained with F1.5 urea did not differ significantly from those with F0.75 or F2.0 urea.
Watersoluble phosphorus in Finnish mineral soils and its dependence on soil properties
Authors: Hartikainen Helinä
Published: July 2018

Water soluble phosphorus ranged from 0.2 mg to 117.8mg/kg in 104 surface soil samples studied. On the average, water extracted less P from the heavy clay soils (4.8 ± 2.2mg/kg) than from the coarser clays (12.8 ± 4.6 mg/kg) and non-clay soils (13.3 + 7.2 mg/kg). Water extraction seemed to illustrate ’’the effective” P status, it is that determined by the quantity and quality of sorption components in soil, soil pH and the content of organic carbon. These factors did not affect the amounts of P dissolved in water directly but inderectly by controlling the nature of P bonding which, in turn, seems to be of decisive importance in the extractability of P into water. The P supplying power of a given fraction is obviously controlled by the quantity of corresponding sorption agent. Water extractable P correlated most closely with the molar ratio of NH4F soluble P to oxalate extractable Al (r=0.93***, n= 103). However, according to the theory presented, with progressing desorption, P starts to mobilize also from the NaOH soluble fraction, its significance being the more apparent the greater the corresponding molar ratio NaOH-P/Fe is. In addition, the role and significance of other inorganic P fractions were discussed.
Effects of dietary organic selenium content on fowls, chicks and eggs
Authors: Kääntee Esa , Kurkela Paavo , Jaakkola Kaarlo
Published: July 2018

This study deals with the effects of dietary organic selenium on the condition of parent fowls and offspring, on hatching and on egg Se, S, Fe, Zn and Cu contents. The results showed that selenium contents of 0.14 to 0.85 mg/kg DM had no untoward effects on the condition of the animals or on hatching. The selenium contents of eggs and feed were interrelated. An increase in the selenium content of eggs caused no changes in their S, Fe, Zn or Cu contents.
Comparison of grass silage utilization by reindeer and sheep: 1. Palatability, feeding values and nutrient supply
Authors: Syrjälä-Qvist Liisa
Published: July 2018

The utilization of silages prepared from grass at three different growth stages was studied with three adult reindeer and three adult sheep. Palatability, digestibility and nitrogen balance trials were performed according to the Latin-square design. As the different silages were similar in chemical composition and quality, the results are mainly expressed and discussed as the averages for all three. The intake of silage dry matter(DM) by the reindeer averaged 938 g/day and the intake by the sheep 1787g/day. These values corresponded to intakes of about 3.7kg and 7.1kg fresh silage, and 16g and 27g DM/kg liveweight, respectively. The total water consumption (water from feed + water drunk) for the reindeer was 5 g/kg DM eaten and for the sheep 3kg. The digestibility of the different silage constituents was similar in the reindeer and sheep, but the apparent digestibility of crude protein was significantly (P
Comparison of grass silage utilization by reindeer and sheep: 2. Rumen fermentation and rumen microbiota
Authors: Syrjälä-Qvist Liisa
Published: July 2018

The criteria used in comparing the utilization of grass silage by reindeer and sheep were rumen pH, ammonia, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and microbes. Rumen samples were taken before feeding, and 2 ½ and 5 ½ hours after the beginning of feeding. Rumen fermentation was lower in the reindeer than in the sheep and differed less between the three sampling times. In the reindeer/the pH of the rumen fluid averaged 6.94 and in the sheep 6.61. The average amounts of NH3—N were 17.0 and 24.2 mg/100 ml rumen fluid and those of total VFA 8.46 and 10.90 mmoles/100ml rumen fluid, respectively. The proportion of acetic acid in the VFA in the reindeer was 75.3 molar % and in the sheep 66.0 molar %, the corresponding values for propionic acid being 18.5 and 22.0 molar % and for butytic acid 4.2 and 8.8 molar %. The number of rumen ciliates in the reindeer averaged 87/mm3 rumen contents and in the sheep 314/ mm3. The numbers of bacteria were 16.0 X 106/mm3, respectively. The proportion of the total microbe mass in the reindeer rumen contents was 1.8 % and in the sheep 2.4 %. The proportions of bacteria in this mass were 87 % and 70 %, respectively. The differences between the reindeer and sheep in the rumen fermentation results and in the numbers of rumen microbiota were nearly all statistically significant (P
Gas chromatographic determination of water and ethanol in silage by internal standard method
Authors: Huida Lea
Published: July 2018

Water and ethanol contents of different silages were determined by solvent extraction gas chromatography. Methanol was used as internal standard. The gas chromatograph was equipped with thermal conductivity and hydrogen flame ionization detectors. Glass columns, length 1.5m, i.d. 2 mm, were packed with Chromosorb 101, 80/100 mesh size. Water and ethanol extractions of 10 silages and gas chromatographic runs of the extracts could be carried out daily. The methods are suitable for routine laboratory analysis and use of the internal standard allows the gas chromatographic runs to be performed faster and more accurately. The precisions of water and ethanol determinations were satisfactory, the mean relative standard deviation percents of 12 replicate analyses being respectively 0.22 and 2.55. Water content of silages was also determined by conventional forced-air oven drying at 105°C. When ethanol content of the silage was above 5 percent, there was a tendency for water contents obtained by the oven drying method to be over 5 percentage units greater than those obtained by solvent extraction gas chromatography. When the ethanol content was below 0.5 percent, high acetic acid and lactic acid contents with low pH resulted the same tendency, the difference between the methods varring from 0.5 to 2.2 percentage units.
Digestibility of amino acids in pig diets containing Eurolysine bacterial protein or Pekilo protein, with special reference to a gas chromatographic method used in amino acid determination
Authors: Näsi Matti , Huida Lea
Published: July 2018

The apparent faecal digestibilities of amino acids were determined in growing pigs on diets in which 50% or 100 % soybean meal supplement was replaced by Eurolysine bacterial protein or Pekilo protein. The trial was conducted as two 3X3 Latin squares with six castrated pigs. Compared with the soybean meal supplement, the Eurolysine diet had lower (P < 0.05) digestibilities of arginine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine and tyrosine. Compared with the Pekilo diet the Eurolysine diet had lower digestibilities (P < 0.05) of alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, leucine, proline and serine. Lysine digestibility was higher on the Eurolysine diet than on the Pekilo diet. A gas chromatographic method used in amino acid determination is described and evaluated.
Pollen spectrum of Finnish honey
Authors: Varis Anna-Liisa , Helenius Juha , Koivulehto Kari
Published: July 2018

Pollen spectra were analysed on 160 honey samples representing the whole beekeeping area of Finland in the years 1977 and 1978. A semi-quantitative method of pollen analysis based online counts was developed. It was found efficient for determining the relative numbers of pollen grains in the honey samples. On average, ca. 16 pollen types were identified per sample. The number of honeydew elements was low in all samples. Brassicaceae pollen was the dominant type. The other most frequent and abundant types were pollen grains of Trifolium repens + T. hybridum, Salix spp., "the Rosaceae group” (Prunus, Malus, Sorbus spp.), Apiaceae, and Filipendula ulmaria. These pollen types constituted 90.8 % (1977) and 90.3 % (1978) of all the pollen examined. Between 1960—1963 and 1977—1978 the average proportion of Brassicaceae pollen has risen, while the proportion of T. repens + T. hybridum pollen has decreased, evidently due to the changes in agricultural practices. The seasonal variation in the pollen spectrum was explained by the weather conditions. Regionally characteristic pollen spectra were not found, although Brassicaceae pollen was typical of the honeys of agricultural zones I and II, due to cultivation of Brassica oilseed crops in those regions. The positive correlation of the proportion of Brassicaceae pollen with the total pollen count is discussed in connection with the problem of determining the botanical origin.
Rapeseed meal as a protein source for growing pigs
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa
Published: July 2018

Three groups of 17 Yorkshire pigs, from 24 to 98 kg liveweight, were fed on three diets which differed only in the main protein sources. Diet 1 contained Span rapeseed meal (RSM) 17% and pea 5 %, diet 2 RSM 8 % and fish meal 4 %, and diet 3 (control) soybean meal (SBM) 5.5 % and fish meal 4 %. The daily rations were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous, and contained digestive crude protein (DCP), lysine and S-amino acids according to standards. The feeds were steam pelleted, and the pigs were fed using a one-diet system and restrictive feeding. The only clear difference between diets was the poorer palatability of those containing RSM, especially of diet 2. The feeding of groups 1 and 2 was therefore actually unrestrictive. The average daily intake of f.u./pig was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in group 2. Some tail biting occurred in group 2. The growth results were equal for diets 1 and 3, and nonsignificantly poorer for diet 2. The average daily gains of groups 1, 2 and 3 were 813, 788 and 820 g, and the f.u./kg gain 2.74, 2.78 and 2.74, respectively. In carcass characteristics there were no differences between diets: the side fat was 20.3, 21.3 and 20.9 mm, and the area of l. dorsi 36.7, 37.8 and 37.7cm2, respectively. No odd tastes in fat or meat were observed. The results indicate that quite a high level of Span ROM in steam pelleted diet can be fed and still produce high daily gain. The combination of RCM with other feed ingredients seems to have an extra influence on the palatability and nutritive value of the diet. Because RSM makes the diet more bulky and less palatable, the pigs can be fed ad libitum without negative effect on the carcass quality.
Leaf protein production from energy willow leaves
Authors: Näsi Matti
Published: July 2018

The extraction of protein from leaves of two energy willow clones (Salic cv. Aquatica and S. viminalis) and the chemical composition and nutritive value of the leaf fractions were investigated in six experiments. The preservation of leaf juice and wet leaf protein concentrate (LPC) was also studied. The extraction of juice averaged 33 % of the fresh weight, and the extraction ratios of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were 10.5 % and 2.9 %. The percentages of juice DM, CP and TP (true protein) separated in LPC were 6 %, 21 % and 48 %, respectively. The separation values were higher when LPC was precipitated by heating than by acidification. Removal of nutrients from the leaves was low and there were only minor differences in composition between the pressed pulp and the leaves. The leaf juice contained 8.3 % DM, of which 20.9 % was ash, 4.9 % CP, 1.9 % TP and 43.2 % sugars. The LPC had an average DM content of 19.6 %, CP being 21.4 % and TP 19.5 % of DM. The in vitro digestibility and pepsin-HCI-solubility of the protein were low. The mean tannin content of the LPC averaged 3.6 % of DM. The mean lysine and methionine contents of the LPC were low, 3.3 and 1.5 g/16 g N, respectively. The preservation of the leaf juice was satisfactory even without addition of preservative. Preservation of wet LPC was good with additives used at the 1.0 % v/w level. Leaf protein extraction was low and the nutritive value of LPC was not particularly high. This may have been partly due to the late date of harvesting and to the fact that the leaves were frozen for storage.
Preservation of grass juice and wet leaf protein concentrate for animal feeds
Authors: Näsi Matti
Published: July 2018

Formic acid, mixtures of acids (AIV 1, AIV 2) and formalin-acid mixtures (Viher solution, Viher acid) were tested as preservatives of juice and wet leaf protein concentrate (LPC) obtained from grass, clover and pea. The main criteria used in judging the success of preservation were changes in the protein fraction, fermentation of sugars, and losses of dry matter and true protein during storage. Fermentation of sugars and moulding could be inhibited in plant juices by adding 0.5 % v/w preservative, but proteolysis continued and true protein was degraded in unheated juices. Ensiling losses of pea juice were considerable, 4.0-15.6 % of DM, in all treatments. For wet leaf protein concentrate precipitated by steaming (85°C), good preservation could be obtained with the additives used in silage making applied at a level of 1 % v/w. In these treatments protein breakdown was minimal, because heating eliminated proteolytic enzymes and partly sterilized the LPC product.
Production of piglets as related to slaughter and growth traits
Authors: Puonti Matti
Published: July 2018

The relations between sows production of piglets and their own on-farm testing results as well as their sibs results are analysed. The study is based on actual data from 248 normal pig farms, 3746 sows and 5195 litters. A rapid growth rate seems to be correlated to early maturity by young sows. A favourable genetic relationship between farrowing age and litter size of the gilt was found. Farrowing interval and litter size showed a positive phenotypic correlation. Sows lean in carcase had a higher farrowing age than other sows. Other carcase characteristics were not correlated to fertility traits. Breeding for fertility is possible by pigs without losses in other traits.