bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conceptualizing Dissemination Research and Activity: The Case of the Canadian Heart Health Initiative
Authors: Elliott Susan J. , O'Loughlin Jennifer , Robinson Kerry , Eyles John , Cameron Roy , Harvey Dexter , Raine Kim , Gelskey Dale
Published: June 2003

Cardiovascular diseases are now the world's leading cause of death. To reduce high rates of such preventable premature deaths, evidence-based approaches to heart health promotion must be disseminated across public health systems. To succeed, we must build capacity to disseminate strategies that are practical and effective. However, we know little about such dissemination, and we lack both conceptual frameworks to guide our thinking and appropriate scientific methodologies. This article presents conceptual and analytic frameworks that integrate several approaches to understanding and studying dissemination processes within public health systems. This work is based on the Canadian Heart Health Dissemination Project, a research program examining a national heart health dissemination initiative. The primary focus is the development of a systematic protocol for measuring levels of capacity and dissemination, and determining successful conditions for, and barriers to, capacity and dissemination, as well as the nature of the relationship between these key concepts.
The Effectiveness of Injury Prevention Strategies: What Does the Public Believe?
Authors: Girasek Deborah C. , Gielen Andrea C.
Published: June 2003

This article is based on a random digit dialed telephone survey in which adults were asked to name effective strategies for preventing deaths due to motor vehicle crashes, falls, drowning, fires/burns, and poisoning. A majority of the 943 respondents could name prevention techniques, although they were least likely to do so for fatal falls. Participants at highest risk for not naming a countermeasure were those with fewer years of education. The strategy cited most often for preventing deaths due to falls, poisoning, and drowning was safety education. These findings suggest that more advantaged members of the public feel they know how to prevent America's leading causes of injury death. They may not fully appreciate, however, the options of creating health-promoting environments and safer products. This work makes it very clear that people with less education also need to be exposed to the breadth of effective injury countermeasures.
Health Care Utilization by Older Alcohol-Using Veterans: Effects of a Brief Intervention to Reduce At-Risk Drinking
Authors: Copeland Laurel A. , Blow Frederic C. , Barry Kristen Lawton
Published: June 2003

The objective of the study was to estimate the effect of a brief alcohol-reduction intervention on health care use. Male veterans aged 55 years and older drinking more than guideline limits participated in an effective primary care-based randomized clinical trial to reduce drinking. Repeated measures ANCOVA assessed short-term and long-term changes in both inpatient and outpatient utilization. Stage of change (SOC) was assessed in a subsample to test for interaction between SOC and the intervention. Veterans exposed to the intervention used more outpatient medical services in the short term. Long-term effects on inpatient/outpatient use were not observed. SOC did not moderate the effect of the intervention but was associated with differential use of health care services. A cost-effective brief intervention to reduce drinking may spur increased efforts to seek health care. Early detection and management of alcohol-related or other illnesses might be expected to accrue savings in later years.
Using the Transtheoretical Model to Stage Screening Behavior for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Trauth Jeanette M. , Ling Bruce S. , Weissfeld Joel L. , Schoen Robert E. , Hayran Mutlu
Published: June 2003

This study sought to describe the colorectal cancer (CRC)-screening behavior of a population of two lower income communities near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The transtheoretical model was used to characterize individuals according to their stage of readiness to engage in one of two recommended CRC screening tests—the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) or Flexible Sigmoidoscopy (FSG) test. A telephone survey was conducted of 50- to 79-year-old men and women in Aliquippa and Clairton in the spring of 1999. Analyses based on 414 survey respondents showed associations between FOBT or FSG behavioral stage and factors including gender, age, recent doctor checkup, chronic need for prescription medications, history of cervical Pap smear testing, history of prostate-specific antigen blood testing, and prior doctor recommendation in favor of FOBT or FSG testing. This study appears to be one of the first applications of this theory to understanding CRC screening behavior in a community intervention.
Access and Attitudinal Factors Related to Breast and Cervical Cancer Rescreening: Why are Latinas Still Underscreened?
Authors: Otero-Sabogal Regina , Stewart Susan , Sabogal Fabio , Brown Beth A. , Pérez-Stable Eliseo J.
Published: June 2003

To identify access, attitudes, and health practices of Latina women undergoing regular mammography and Pap smear screening, 977 Latinas aged 40 to 74, residing in four California cities, answered a telephone interview. Forty-one percent of women had regular mammography, and 73% had regular Pap smear screening. Cancer screening maintenance was associated with having health insurance, a regular place of care, and fewer fatalistic attitudes about cancer. Regular mammography and Pap smear screening were also associated with ever being married, attending church, and having taken hormone replacement therapy. Being older than 50, residing in the United States a long time, and having had a hysterectomy predicted mammography maintenance. Pap smear screening maintenance was negatively associated with poverty, old age, and negative attitudes toward physicians. There are structural and attitudinal barriers to regular cancer screening among Latinas. Interventions that increase access to care and address women's attitudes about cancer are needed.
Explaining Variation in Gun Control Policy Advocacy Tactics among Local Organizations
Authors: Zakocs Ronda C. , Earp Jo Anne L.
Published: June 2003

The goal of this study was to determine how well four organizational characteristics (structure, resources, motivation, or political capacity) explained local organizations' use of a variety of advocacy tactics aimed at promoting state gun control laws. In 1998, 679 local organizations were identified as potentially active on state gun control issues; a questionnaire was mailed to each group's leader. Seventy-nine percent ( n=538) responded to the survey, with 81% ( n=207) of eligible organizations completing questionnaires. The four organizational characteristics explained approximately half the variation in local groups' use of a wide range of advocacy tactics. Organizations with stronger motivation to address the gun control issue and greater political capacity engaged in more diverse gun control advocacy tactics; the authors found organizational structure and resources unlikely to be related. Leaders of advocacy organizations should consider ways to encourage members' motivations on the issue while fostering greater capacity for political action.
Factors Associated with Fidelity to Substance Use Prevention Curriculum Guides in the Nation's Middle Schools
Authors: Ringwalt Christopher L. , Ennett Susan , Johnson Ruby , Rohrbach Louise Ann , Simons-Rudolph Ashley , Vincus Amy , Thorne Judy
Published: June 2003

Teachers' fidelity of implementation of substance use prevention curricula is widely considered desirable and is linked empirically to effectiveness. The authors examine factors pertinent to teachers' fidelity to curricula guides, using data from a nationally representative sample of 1,905 lead substance use prevention teachers in the nation's public and private schools. Findings suggest that about one-fifth of teachers of substance use prevention curricula did not use a curriculum guide at all, whereas only 15% reported they followed one very closely. Positively associated with adherence were teachers' discretion in their coverage of prevention lessons, beliefs concerning the effectiveness of the most recent training they received and the curricula they taught, and level of support they received from their principals for substance use prevention. The authors conclude that some degree of curriculum adaptation is inevitable and suggest how adherence to curricula guides may be improved through teacher training.
Civic Engagement and Particularized Trust
Authors: Uslaner Eric M. , Conley Richard S.
Published: June 2003

In this article, we argue that not all social connections contribute to social capital as most people have conceived it. People with strong ethnic identifications and who associate primarily with people of their own kind either will withdraw from civic participation or will belong only to organizations made up of their own nationality. People with looser ties to their in-group are more likely to take an active role in the larger society. We show the importance of acculturation on broader dimensions of civic engagement by analyzing a Los Angeles Times survey of ethnic Chinese in Southern California in 1997.
Latino Group Consciousness and Political Participation
Authors: Stokes Atiya Kai
Published: June 2003

Although studies of minority political participation often emphasize the link between socioeconomic variables or between mobilization and political participation, little empirical research has investigated the effects of group consciousness on Latino political participation. This article examines this relationship using a multidimensional conception of group consciousness. Specifically, I argue that Latinos who self-identify using a pan-ethnic identifier, express dissatisfaction with access to political and material resources, and credit failure to succeed to systemic inequity are more likely to participate in political activities. The results of ordinary least squares models suggest that group consciousness increases Latino political participation; however, the components of group consciousness that increase political participation vary for each Latino subgroup. These findings raise serious questions about what can motivate specific Latino subgroups to participate in a wide range of political activities.
Cold War Belligerence and U.S. Public Opinion toward Defense Spending
Authors: Witko Christopher
Published: June 2003

The relationship between political events and aggregate opinion change is complicated, and the influence of actual events, as opposed to domestic political elites' responses to those events, has seldom been analyzed. This article attempts to untangle these relationships with data examining events and statements of the political leaders (belligerence) of both the United States and the Soviet Union during the cold war. Considering the salience of the Soviet Union for domestic politics, there is reason to suspect that the public should have responded directly to Soviet actions and statements, while also reacting to U.S. belligerence. The analysis indicates that the public reacted only to changes in U.S., not Soviet, belligerence. The implications of this finding for public preferences on foreign and defense policy, and for opinion more generally, are discussed.
Independently Validating Ideology Measures
Authors: Bishin Benjamin G.
Published: June 2003

Measures of political ideology are central to a broad range of political science scholarship. However, despite extensive evaluation of the relative characteristics of vote-based ideology measures, little scholarship examines their validity independent of legislator behavior. Ideological validity is overlooked because all existing measures are action based. To address this gap, this article applies an instrumental-variables technique called FILTER to assess the validity of two important measures of legislator ideology: NOMINATE and interest-group ratings. The technique is also applied to investigate whether the measured action-based ideology suffers from agenda bias. The results show that the measures produce valid estimates of legislator ideology. Moreover, FILTER offers an important alternative to existing action-based measures of ideology that might be inappropriate for use in some settings, such as when the dependent variable being studied is also action based.
The Supreme Court, the Solicitor General, and the Separation of Powers
Authors: Johnson Timothy R.
Published: June 2003

Supreme Court justices attempt to rule as closely as possible to their policy preferences, but their decisions are not unconstrained. Rather, justices pay attention to the preferences of other actors—including those external to the Court. Whereas most scholars focus on the relationship between the Court and Congress, this article focuses on the relationship between the Court and the executive. Specifically, it argues that justices seek information about how the administration wants them to act because, like Congress, it can sanction the Court for making decisions that diverge from administration policies. Certainly this information can be gathered in a number of ways, but this article argues that when not readily available, justices can obtain it by inviting the solicitor general to appear before the Court as amicus curiae. The findings provide the first systematic evidence that justices actively seek information about the preferences of other actors during their decision-making process.
Stages of Memory in the Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans
Authors: Steidl Stephan , Rose Jacqueline K. , Rankin Catharine H.
Published: June 2003

Studies on the cellular basis of learning and memory have revealed several distinct phases of memory that can be distinguished by their time course. In addition to the traditional short-term and long-term memory distinction, several other phases of memory have been identified: forms of intermediate-term memory, at least two seperable forms of long-term memory, and possibly several forms of short-term memory. This article presents the contributions made by research on phases of memory for habituation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Through behavioral, neural circuit and genetic analyses of habituation, research using this simple organism has provided insights into different memory phases. Studying experience-dependent plasticity of this behavior has not only provided corroborating evidence for the existence of short-, intermediate-, and long-term forms of memory, as have been demonstrated in both Aplysia and Drosophila, but also has revealed the possible existence of multiple forms of short-term memory.
Psychological and Neural Perspectives on the Role of Motion in Face Recognition
Authors: Roark Dana A. , Barrett Susan E. , Spence Melanie J. , Abdi Hervé , O'Toole Alice J.
Published: June 2003

In the real world, faces are in constant motion. Recently, researchers have begun to consider how facial motion affects memory for faces. The authors offer a theoretical framework that synthesizes psychological findings on memory for moving faces. Three hypotheses about the possible roles of facial motion in memory are evaluated. In general, although facial motion is helpful for recognizing familiar/famous faces, its benefits are less certain with unfamiliar faces. Importantly, the implicit social signals provided by a moving face (e.g., gaze changes, expression, and facial speech) may mediate the effects of facial motion on recognition. Insights from the developmental literature, which highlight the significance of attention in the processing of social information from faces, are also discussed. Finally, a neural systems framework that considers both the processing of socially relevant motion information and static feature-based information is presented. This neural systems model provides a useful framework for understanding the divergent psychological findings.
How Does the Cerebral Cortex Work? Development, Learning, Attention, and 3-D Vision by Laminar Circuits of Visual Cortex
Authors: Grossberg Stephen
Published: June 2003

A key goal of behavioral and cognitive neuroscience is to link brain mechanisms to behavioral functions. The present article describes recent progress toward explaining how the visual cortex sees. Visual cortex, like many parts of perceptual and cognitive neocortex, is organized into six main layers of cells, as well as characteristic sublamina. Here it is proposed how these layered circuits help to realize processes of development, learning, perceptual grouping, attention, and 3-D vision through a combination of bottom-up, horizontal, and top-down interactions. A main theme is that the mechanisms which enable development and learning to occur in a stable way imply properties of adult behavior. These results thus begin to unify three fields: infant cortical development, adult cortical neurophysiology and anatomy, and adult visual perception. The identified cortical mechanisms promise to generalize to explain how other perceptual and cognitive processes work.
Circadian Timing in Cancer Treatment: The Biological Foundation for an Integrative Approach
Authors: Lis Christopher G. , Grutsch James F. , Wood Patricia , You Mark , Rich Ivan , Hrushesky William J M
Published: June 2003

Despite the many innovations that have occurred in cancer treatment, the age-specific mortality for most adult tumors has remained stable during the past 30 years. There have been clinically significant improvements in the outcomes of young and middle-aged patients, yet the vast majority of cancer patients are more than 50 years of age, among whom we observe few improvements in clinical outcomes. Clearly, many of today's cytotoxic agents have been shown to be effective in-vitro and in animal model systems; however, few have proved efficacious in dramatically improving survival outcomes in adult cancer. There is now increasing evidence to suggest that the administration of cytotoxic agents, at the appropriate circadian phase, can significantly increase the therapeutic index of current cancer therapies.
Clinical Evaluation of “Immunoaugmentative Therapy (IAT)”: An Unconventional Cancer Treatment
Authors: Pfeifer Bernd L. , Jonas Wayne B.
Published: June 2003

Immunoaugmentative therapy (IAT) is an unconventional therapy used by thousands of cancer patients that has not been systematically evaluated for safety and efficacy. The authors evaluated the toxicity and effects of this therapy in a series of consecutively treated cancer patients. Methods. A sample of 46 consecutive patients treated at the Immune Therapy Clinic in Playas, Mexico, from April to December 1989 were evaluated for adverse reactions, tumor response, quality of life and immune status over 12 weeks of IAT treatment. Patients' blood was tested for HIV and hepatitis B antibody before and after treatment. Histological confirmation of cancer and staging was obtained in all patients, and the results of follow-up radiological examinations were judged in a blinded fashion by independent diagnostic radiologists. Results. There were no signs of toxicity (SWOG criteria) and no HIV or hepatitis B conversion attributable to IAT. None of the 46 patients showed tumor regression. Forty patients (87%) had disease progression, and 25 (55%) died within 6 months from disease progression. Thirty-five patients (76%) noticed a decline in their quality of life during IAT. Thirty-eight patients (83%) opted to continue with the IAT treatment, despite its lack of effectiveness. Conclusions. No indication of toxicity or effectiveness was found in an uncontrolled, consecutively selected series of 46 cancer patients undergoing IAT treatment. In addition, the therapy did not appear to contribute to improved quality of life in most patients. This study does not justify its continued use.
Phytoestrogens in Botanical Dietary Supplements: Implications for Cancer
Authors: Piersen Colleen E.
Published: June 2003

Phytoestrogens are plant constituents that possess either estrogenic or antiestrogenic activity. Although their activities are weak as compared with human endogenous estrogens, the consumption of phytoestrogens may have clinically significant consequences. A number of botanicals, or the compounds contained therein, have been identified as putative estrogenic agents, but consensus in the biomedical community has been hampered by conflicting data from various in vitro and in vivo models of estrogenic activity. Phytoestrogens may serve as chemopreventive agents while at the same time being capable of promoting growth in estrogen receptor positive cancer cell lines. Furthermore, they may exert their estrogenic influence through receptor-dependent and/or receptor-independent mechanisms. These findings have led to speculation that phytoestrogen intake might be ill advised for patients at an increased risk for hormone-dependent cancers, cancer patients, or cancer survivors. This article will attempt to sort out discrepancies between various experimental models and establish whether certain herbs possess estrogenic activity. The review will focus on 5 popular botanical dietary supplements: Trifolium pratense (red clover), Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh), Humulus lupulus (hops), Angelica sinensis (dong quai), and Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice). It will address their mechanisms of action, clinical evidence bases, and implications for use in cancer.
Detoxifying Cancer Causing Agents to Prevent Cancer
Authors: Hanausek Margaret , Walaszek Zbigniew , Slaga Thomas J.
Published: June 2003

Different vitamins and other micronutrients in vegetables, fruits, and other natural plant products may prevent cancer development (carcinogenesis) by interfering with detrimental actions of mutagens, carcinogens, and tumor promoters. The goal of current studies in cancer prevention is to determine the mechanisms of synergistic action of the natural source compounds known to inhibit one or more stages of carcinogenesis, that is, initiation and promotion/progression. Many natural cancer preventive agents are effective inhibitors of tumor initiation, promotion, and/or progression. The mechanism of action is related to their abilities to prevent critical carcinogen metabolism and to increase detoxification of carcinogens and tumor promoters. The authors review here the potential role of the detoxification system and, in particular, the roles of d-glucaric acid and the enzyme β-glucuronidase in early detection and prevention of cancer. There is now growing evidence for the possible control of different stages of the cancer induction by inhibiting β-glucuronidase with d-glucaric acid derivatives, especially with its salts (d-glucarates). d-Glucaric acid has been found in many vegetables and fruits. Therefore, the consumption of fruits and vegetables naturally rich in d-glucaric acid or self-medication with d-glucaric acid derivatives such as calcium d-glucarate offers a promising cancer prevention approach.
Vitamin C in Alternative Cancer Treatment: Historical Background
Authors: Block Keith I. , Mead Mark N.
Published: June 2003

Ascorbic acid is the single-nutrient supplement most commonly used by cancer patients, although in most cases this takes place without the physician's knowledge or supervision. A comprehensive review of the literature is presented on the impact of ascorbic acid on cancer survival. Findings from 6 uncontrolled studies suggest that ascorbic acid may increase survival, whereas 2 controlled trials have yielded null results. The relative strengths and limitations of these studies are discussed. A turning point occurred with the release of the 2 controlled (null) studies, which influenced many physicians to turn away from nutrition in the care of cancer patients. Controversy about these trials still persists, however, in the alternative cancer community.
When the Bottom Falls Out of the Bucket
Authors: Cranton Patricia , Roy Merv
Published: June 2003

Transformative learning theory has been fragmented in a variety of ways. There has been debate between those who view it as a cognitive, rational process and those who prefer an imaginative, extrarational interpretation. Some scholars emphasize the affective component of the journey; some see social action as preceding individual change. Perspectives such as those from depth psychology and humanism have much to contribute to transformative learning theory. What we attempt to do in this article is to bring together some of the various perspectives on transformative learning and integrate them through the concepts of individuation and authenticity. We hope that this initiative will lead other theorists and writers to continue to contemplate how we can build a holistic perspective of transformative learning theory.
The Ethnographic, the Reflective, and the Uncanny
Authors: Karpiak Irene E.
Published: June 2003

Adult learners who write their life story embark on a process of personal self-reflection and meaning making. Some of their narratives center and remain on the detailing of life events. Other writing goes further, associating feelings and emotions that lead to additional exploration and reflection. Other writing goes still further, uncovering experiences and emotional states, previously unspoken, perhaps even incomprehensible. Each has its benefit for the writer and for the reader, but it appears that when writers move into the reflective mode, and even further into exploring the “uncanny” aspects of their life, the major benefits of autobiographical writing surface as a profound, even transformative, learning experience. In this article, the author examines selected autobiographies written by adult learners in adult and higher education studies and considers the significance of each of these “tellings” in promoting student growth and development.
From Andragogy to Collaborative Critical Pedagogy
Authors: Schapiro Steven A.
Published: June 2003

This article describes the evolving learning model of the Fielding Graduate Institute's innovative Ph.D. Program in Human and Organization Development. Based on the principles of andragogy, this program developed various forms of distance learning combining brief academic residencies with individualized learning plans carried out in the student's home setting and within the context of one-to-one faculty-student mentoring relationships. During the past several years, the program has been moving to a more collaborative and critical model of education. This article describes the original adult learning principles on which the program was founded and those it has added; its enduring differences, in ends and means, from traditional forms of graduate study; the limitations of andragogy and self-directed learning; and the primary components of an emerging model that builds on the principles of andragogy, but it adds elements of critical and collaborative pedagogy that can make possible social and personal empowerment and transformation.
Sonographic Evaluation of Complications of Liver Transplantation
Authors: Young Laura , Arya Satyendra , Harolds Jay A. , Cassidy Francis P. , Nour Bakr , Parker Micah
Published: June 2003

This article reviews several of the major complications that occur after liver transplantation and describes radiologic modalities used to diagnose and evaluate them. To illustrate the discussion, case presentations of five patients who under-went liver transplantation at the Nazih Zuhdi Transplantation Institute at Integris Baptist Medical Center in Oklahoma City are given. Many of the major complications of liver transplantation can be characterized as vascular or biliary in origin. Hepatic artery thrombosis is the most dreaded complication in the immediate postoperative period because it often necessitates retransplantation. Hepatic artery stenosis can alter graft function as well. Less common arterial complications include pseudoaneurysm formation, hepatic artery rupture and arteriovenous fistula formation. Venous complications include inferior vena cava and portal vein thrombosis and stenosis. Gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasound play a primary role in detection of vascular complications. Angiography or venography may be used for definitive diagnosis. Biliary complications, such as biliary leakage or stricture, occur with some frequency after transplantation and are best evaluated with sonography, cholangiography, and nuclear medicine studies. A late complication of liver transplantation is posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder, which may be detected and evaluated by ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Graft rejection is better detected by nonradiologic means.
Sonographic Methods of Evaluating Cervical Length: A Literature Review
Authors: Madsen Amelia Margaret Anne
Published: June 2003

Labor that begins between 20 and 37 weeks gestation is appropriately termed preterm labor. Some of the precipitating factors of preterm labor are changes in cervical status including dilatation and effacement. Until recently, a digital pelvic examination was considered the gold standard for evaluating cervical changes. Current research promotes the use of sonography for the prediction of preterm labor. It is essential for sonographers to become familiar with the various methods of cervical imaging including transabdominal, translabial, and transvaginal approaches. Each technique has its costs and benefits; however, a review of the current literature will show that the transvaginal method of cervical measurement is the most reliable.
The Role of Sonographic Evaluation of the Pregnant Cervix in Predicting Preterm Delivery
Authors: Camp Vida
Published: June 2003

Over the past three decades, the incidence of premature delivery of infants in the United States has not improved despite great medical advancements in knowledge and technology. Some patients proceed unstoppable toward preterm delivery. Other patients threaten preterm with early cervical change, which, when detected, leads to successful intervention. Sometimes, patients who prompted medication and activity restriction carry to term. Gazing back at 41 weeks gestation, these patients may wonder what the fuss was all about. Other times, a patient may demonstrate no apparent cervical change until suddenly, without appreciable warning, her cervix rapidly dilates despite medical interventions and attempts to delay the inevitable delivery. The scenario too often ends with the precipitous delivery of a preterm neonate. This article is a literature review that assesses the role of sonographic evaluation of the pregnant cervix.
Sonography of the Tethered Cord A Case Study
Authors: Huynh Thuy , Wilson Michelle
Published: June 2003

There are many clinical indications for neonatal spinal imaging. The advantages of real-time imaging and improved spatial resolution have broadened the field of ultrasound's applicability to include the neonatal spinal cord. The authors present a case study of a tethered cord in which sonography was the initial imaging exam of choice, and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the diagnosis. The authors also review the sonographic characteristics and discuss the pathogenesis of a tethered spinal cord.
A Rare Case of VACTERL and Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral Spectrum Complicated by Oligohydramnios
Authors: Bates Char , Gaudette Lori , Myles Ivy
Published: June 2003

This case study describes the combination of VACTERL association and oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAV) in a fetus. VACTERL was suspected at gestational week 24; OAV was confirmed upon delivery. Definitive prenatal diagnosis was limited by persistent oligohydramnios, despite serial sonology during the course of the pregnancy. Literature searches failed to reveal any comparable case demonstrating an association between VACTERL and Goldenhar.
Renal Cell Carcinoma Extending from the Inferior Vena Cava into the Right Atrium
Authors: Kane Kathy B. , Cummings Donna M. , Willis Norma L. , Kurkjian Karen
Published: June 2003

Renal cell carcinoma with tumor-thrombus extension into the inferior vena cava (IVC) and right atrium is a rare occurrence and is usually seen as an echodense mass within the IVC and right atrium. Echocardiography can help delineate the tumor-thrombus size and evaluate for invasion into the wall of the IVC. This case study describes a patient with advanced renal cell carcinoma. A tumor extending from the IVC into the right atrium is confirmed by sonography.
Hepatic Endometriosis: A Sonographic Demonstration
Authors: Steele Julie A. , Jorge Anita , Catania Marilyn , Foster Susan
Published: June 2003

Hepatic endometriosis is very rare, with approximately seven cases reported in the literature. This report concerns the clinical diagnosis of hepatic endometriosis in an elderly woman. The patient's history was examined over a 20-year period providing a probable pathological diagnosis. The clinico-pathological features are discussed, and endometrial tissue dissemination is addressed. The research for this report uncovered the possibility of a connection between certain selective estrogen receptor modulator drugs and hepatic endometriosis.
Gender Abnormality: A Prenatal Ultrasound Diagnosis
Authors: Switalski Pam , Cozzo Michelle , Hartfield Carolyn
Published: June 2003

Ambiguous genitalia is a rare finding. A prenatal diagnosis of this anomaly can be beneficial to the management of the patient. The patient can be offered genetic counseling and additional testing. Also, the patient can deliver in a facility that is experienced in treating this anomaly. Testing immediately after birth facilitates an early gender determination. The authors present this case of a true hermaphrodite, meaning both female genitalia and testicular tissues are present.
Azoospermia Associated with Testicular and Pulmonary Microlithiasis
Authors: Qublan Hussein S. , Athamneh Imad , Al-Kaisi Nabih S.
Published: June 2003

Microlithiasis is a rare entity. The pattern of microliths was characterized as diffuse or focal with symmetrical or asymmetrical distribution of the echogenic foci. Testicular microlithiasis was reported to be associated with a number of clinical and pathological conditions such as intratubular germ cell neoplasia, cryptorchidism, torsion, epididymitis, infertility, and alveolar pulmonary microlithiasis. The diagnosis of this condition is confirmed either by the sonographic appearance of diffuse nonshadowing echogenic foci or the intratubular histological findings of the microliths. We describe a case of testicular and pulmonary microlithiasis associated with male infertility.
The Turiy Massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia: mineral chemistry of an ultramafic-alkaline-carbonatite intrusion
Authors: Dunworth E. A. , Bell K.
Published: June 2003

The Turiy Massif, on the southern coast of the Kola Peninsula, consists of five intrusive complexes containing a variety of carbonatites, phoscorites, melilitolites, ijolites and pyroxenites. Petrographic and mineralogical studies of the different rocks show that the samples are texturally heterogeneous. Minerals including apatite, garnet, magnetite, melilite, mica and pyroxene, show systematic variations in composition relating to the rock type in which they occur. Compositional similarities and/or distinct trends are seen in the mineral compositions within the each of the pyroxenite-melilitolite, and melteigite-ijolite rock series, indicating linked petrogenetic histories within each of the two series. The carbonatites from the northern complex may be related to nearby melilitolites, but the central complex carbonatites and phosocorites do not bear any mineralogical (or isotopic) similarities to any of the silicate rocks within the massif.
A two-stage process of native palladium formation at low temperatures: evidence from a palladian gold nugget (Gongo Soco iron ore mine, Minas Gerais, Brazil)
Authors: Raphael Cabral A. , Lehmann B.
Published: June 2003

Native palladium is rare and occurs in oxidizing environments (hematite stability field) and consistently has very low contents of other metals. On the other hand, gold may contain significant amounts of alloyed palladium. A nugget of palladian gold, obtained from a specularite-rich auriferous vein (‘jacutinga’) of the Gongo Soco iron ore mine, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, allows the definition of a paragenetic sequence of native palladium formation. The cm-sized nugget is brecciated and consists of fragments of palladian gold [Au0.79Pd0.09Cu0.07Ag0.04Hg0.01] with inclusions of isomertieite [Pd11Sb2As2], cemented by kaolinite-hematite-palladian gold infill. The isomertieite inclusions are preferentially fractured and display various degrees of alteration to a Pd-O phase. Native palladium occurs as a crystallized component within the Pd-O phase, with microstructural and chemical features suggesting a desiccation process. It is proposed that native palladium forms by (1) oxidation of a pre-existent palladium mineral to a Pd-O phase, and (2) subsequent crystallization of native palladium from the Pd-O phase, by oxygen loss and dehydration. This process operates in a low-temperature hydrothermal or weathering environment and leads to strong fractionation of palladium and gold.
Ca-W metasomatism in high-grade matapelites: an example from scheelite mineralization in Kerala Khondalite Belt, southern India
Authors: Shabeer K. P. , Okudaira T. , Satish-Kumar M. , Binu-Lal S. S. , Hayasaka Y.
Published: June 2003

Scheelite mineralization in the granulite-facies supracrustal sequences of the Kerala Khondalite Belt, southern India is reported. The supracrustal sequences where the mineralization is found comprise granulite-grade metasediments which underwent metamorphism at ∼550 Ma. The mineralization is assumed to have formed by late-stage metasomatism that overprinted the regional metamorphism of the country rock (garnet-biotite gneiss) and occurs along a quartz vein that intrudes the regional foliation. The paragenetic data from the vein demonstrate unambiguously a separate cycle of hydrothermal activity, resulting in metasomatism and mineralization. Scheelite is found in both the altered host rock along the foliation plane and in the quartz vein. Fluid inclusions preserved in the vein suggest that the mineralizing fluids were saline-aqueous in composition, while those in the country rocks were predominantly CO2-rich. The mineral chemistry and bulk-rock chemical composition of the mineralized domain reveal the unusual enrichment of Ca in the mineralised zone with the depletion of K. We propose that fluid discharging from a crystallizing deep-seated magma, mixing with deep circulating Ca-bearing palaeo-groundwater gave rise to the deposition of scheelite. The scheelite mineralization and the quartz vein emplacement occurred after the Pan-African regional metamorphism.
Low-temperature hydrothermal alteration of natural metamict zircons from the Eastern Desert, Egypt
Authors: Geisler T. , Rashwan A. A. , Rahn M. K. W. , Poller U. , Zwingmann H. , Pidgeon R. T. , Schleicher H. , Tomaschek F.
Published: June 2003

The chemical and structural alteration of metamict zircon crystals from a 619 ±17 (2σ) Ma old, posttectonic granite in the southern part of the Eastern Desert, Egypt was studied. The crystals show simple oscillatory growth zones with metamictization–induced fractures, which provided pathways for fluid infiltration. Electron and ion microprobe analyses reveal that metamict, i.e. U and Th–rich, areas are heavily enriched in Ca, Al, Fe, Mn, LREE, and a water species, and have lost Zr and Si as well as radiogenic Pb. These chemical changes are the result of an intensive reaction with a low–temperature (120—200°C) aqueous solution. The chemical reactions probably occurred within the amorphous regions of the metamict network. During the zircon–fluid interactions the metamict structure was partially recovered, as demonstrated by micro-Raman and -infrared measurements. A threshold degree of metamictization, as defined empirically by an α–decay dose, Dc, was necessary for zircons to undergo hydrothermal alteration. It is proposed that Dc marks the first percolation point, where the amorphous domains start to form percolating clusters in the metamict network and where bulk chemical diffusion is believed to increase dramatically. The time of the hydrothermal alteration is determined by a lower intercept age of a U-Pb SHRIMP discordia of 17.9 (2σ) Ma, which is in good agreement with an apatite fission track age of 22.2 (2σ) Ma. The hydrothermal alteration event occurred contemporaneously with the main rifting phase of the Red Sea and widespread low- temperature mineralizations along the Red Sea coast.
Hydroxylian pseudorutile in an adamellite from the Nkambe area, Cameroon
Authors: Tetsopgang S. , Koyanagi J. , Enami M. , Kihara K.
Published: June 2003

Hydroxylian pseudorutile in an adamellite from Cameroon has been identified using EPMA, FT-IR and single-crystal XRD analysis. TiO2 and Fe2O3 contents range between 60.6 and 67.9 wt.% and 22.2 and 36.5 wt.%, respectively, and totals vary from 90.1 to 98.1 wt.%. The SiO2 (0.03 —1.40 wt.%), Al2O3 (0.02—0.68 wt.%) and CaO (0.03—0.44 wt.%) contents increase systematically and MnO (0.04—0.69 wt.%) decreases slightly with decreasing Fe3+/Ti values. The MgO content is <0.06 wt.%. H2O contents (1.3—7.5 wt.%) are greater in parts of crystals with lower Fe3+/Ti, suggesting solid solution between the end-members Fe3+2Ti3O9 and Fe3+Ti3O6(OH)3. The lattice parameters are a = 2.85 Å and c = 4.57 Å with hexagonal symmetry and point group 6/mmm.
Chromian tourmaline and associated Cr-bearing minerals from the Nevado-Fildbride Complex (Betic Cordilleras, SE Spain)
Authors: Torres-Ruiz J. , Pesquera A. , López Sánchez-Vizcaíno V.
Published: June 2003

Chromian tourmaline, in association with other Cr-bearing minerals (amphibole, mica, epidote, chlorite, titanite, rutile and chromian spinel), occurs in fine calc-schist levels within metacarbonate rocks from the Nevado-Filabride Complex, SE Spain. Electron microprobe analyses of tourmaline and coexisting minerals document both chemical differences dependent on the host-rock type and an irregular distribution of Cr at grain scale. Tourmaline is Na-rich dravite, with average Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratios of 0.83 and 0.63 a.p.f.u. and Cr contents of 0.32 and 0.18 a.p.f.u., in dolomitic and ankeritic marbles, respectively. Tourmaline contains small but significant concentrations of Zn (av. 0.01 a.p.f.u.) and in ankeritic marble it also contains Ni (av. 0.04 a.p.f.u.). Zn-rich chromian spinel appears as small relict inclusions in silicates, with average Cr, Fe, Al and Zn contents of 1.201, 1.241, 0.411 and 0.107 a.p.f.u., respectively. Amphibole, epidote, mica and chlorite show average Cr contents of 0.088, 0.138, 0.115 and 0.267 a.p.f.u., respectively, in dolomitic marbles, and 0.103, 0.078, 0.065 and 0.185 a.p.f.u., respectively, in ankeritic marbles. Cr-silicates formed through metamorphic reactions involving detrital Cr-rich spinel, in addition to clay minerals and carbonates. The B necessary to form tourmaline was probably derived from the leaching of underlying evaporitic rocks.
Thermal expansion of nepheline-kalsilite crystalline solutions
Authors: Hovis G. L. , Crelling J. , Wattles D. , Dreibelbis B. , Dennison A. , Keohane M. , Brennan S.
Published: June 2003

Eleven nepheline-kalsilite crystalline solutions with various proportions of K:Na have been studied from room temperature to 1050/11500C by X-ray powder diffraction. Nepheline expansion is relatively high and little affected by composition, whereas kalsilite expansion is lower but affected to a significant degree by K:Na ratio. The generally higher rate of expansion in nepheline is apparently related to the collapse of the tetrahedral framework around the smaller of its two alkali sites. Occupancy of these sites by the relatively small Na ion fürther extends the potential for thermal vibration before the structure is stretched to the critical degree required for phase transformation. Once the structure changes to that of kalsilite, with its single alkali site, an increase in content of the larger K ion limits the degree to which kalsilite can expand. Crucial to the overall expansion behaviour of these minerals are the specific tetrahedral configurations of nepheline vs. kalsilite, the number and geometry of their alkali sites, the occupancies of those sites, and the flexibility inherent in each structure that allows for adjustment with increasing temperature.
The influence of next nearest neighbours on cation radii in spinels: the example of the Co3O4-CoCr2O4 solid solution
Authors: O’Neill H. St. C.
Published: June 2003

Lattice parameters and crystal structures of the synthetic spinels Co3O4, CoCr2O4, and solid solutions in the binary join Co3O4-CoCr2O4, have been determined by powder X-ray diffraction structural refinements. In all these spinels the cation distribution is completely normal at room temperature, and the tetrahedrally coordinated cation site is occupied only by Co2+. The ionic radius of Co2+(tet) increases from 0.556(3) in Co3O4 to 0.599(4) in CoCr2O4. In the spinel structure, the interatomic distance between the tetrahedral cations and oxygen are geometrically independent of those between the octahedral cations and oxygen; thus the variation in effective ionic radii is ascribed to next-nearest neighbour effects, induced by covalent tendencies in the low-spin Co3+-O bond. The results demonstrate that the assumption of constant ionic radii even within an isomorphic group such as the oxide spinels needs to be made with caution.
Hydrogen bonding in ikaite, CaCO3.6H2O
Authors: Swainson I. P. , Hammond R. P.
Published: June 2003

Ikaite is a metastable hexahydrate of calcium carbonate, forming in aqueous conditions near freezing conditions. Neutron powder diffraction data of synthetic deuterated ikaite, collected at seven temperatures from 4 to 270 K, were refined. The linear thermal expansion coefficients are quite anisotropic, being smaller in the direction of the C—O bond. A review of the hydrogen-bonding scheme around the (CaCO03) ion pair is given and an additional weak potential hydrogen bond is suggested. Temperature-dependent growth of the atomic displacement factors of the carbonate O1 atom agrees with the previous suggestion of a possible low-frequency, hindered librational mode of the carbonate group.
Preparation of TEM samples by focused ion beam (FIB) techniques: applications to the study of clays and phyllosilicates in meteorites
Authors: Lee M. R. , Bland P. A. , Graham G.
Published: June 2003

Transmission electron microscope samples were prepared of ALH 78045 and ALH 88045, two clay-and phyllosilicate-bearing Antarctic meteorites, using argon ion milling and focused ion beam (FIB) techniques. ALH 78045 contains clay- and phyllosilicate-filled veins that have formed by terrestrial weathering of olivine, orthopyroxene and metal. Very narrow (∼10 nm) intragranular clay-filled veins could be observed in the TEM samples prepared by argon ion milling, whereas differential thinning and lack of precision in the location of the electron-transparent areas hindered the study of wider (5 — 15 μm) phyllosilicate-filled intergranular veins. Using the FIB instrument, electron-transparent slices were cut from specific parts of the wider veins and lifted out for TEM study. Results show that these veins are occluded by cronstedtite, a mixed-valence Fe-rich phyllosilicate. This discovery shows that silicates can be both dissolved and precipitated during terrestrial weathering within the Antarctic ice. ALH 88045 is one of a small number of known CM1 carbonaceous chondrites. This meteorite is largely composed of flattened ellipsoidal aggregates of serpentine-group phyllosilicates. To determine the mineralogy and texture of phyllosilicates within specific aggregates, TEM samples were prepared by trenching into the cut edge of a sample using the FIB instrument. Results show that Mg-rich aggregates are composed of lath-shaped serpentine crystals with a ∼0.73 nm basal spacing, which is typical of the products of low temperature aqueous alteration within asteroidal parent bodies. Results of this work demonstrate that the FIB has enormous potential in a number of areas of Earth and planetary science.