bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Birth of Literary Fiction in Ancient Greece
Authors: Finkelberg Margalit
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this study is to find out how and why the `poetics of fiction' arose, its sources, and the materials from which it was created. A series of cultural choices made in archaic and classical Greece produced a clash between the traditional `poetics of truth', which derived poetry from divine inspiration and in the last analysis did not construe the poem as a work of art at all, and the new `poetics of fiction', which derived poetry from art. The eventual succession of the latter, culminating with the Poetics of Aristotle, amounted to an aesthetic revolution because, as a result of it, literary fiction, which since then has become a necessary framework for both the theory and practice of literature in Western tradition, was for the first time separated from non-fiction and given a status of its own.
Roland Barthes
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: November 2023

This book focuses on some of the ways Barthes discusses the nature of his own writing. The first two chapters examine the key but ambiguous term of `dérive' (`drift'), a word which raises questions about how exactly Barthes's writing develops across three decades, about the `scientific' legitimacy of his concepts, and about his own frequently fraught relation to the scientific discourses around him, especially psychoanalysis. Two typical discursive manoeuvres that structure his writing, `naming' and `framing', are then shown to generate particular aesthetic effects which cause complications for some of his theoretical stances. Barthes's fascination for the idea that all writing is a kind of scribble, closer to the visual arts than to speech, is investigated in depth, and his latent animus against speech as such is made manifest. The final chapter suggests that, for Barthes, `the real' can leave its mark on writing only as a disturbing, indeed traumatic trace.
The Logic of Cosmogony
Authors: Burkert Walter
Published: November 2023

It has often been assumed that cosmogonic myth, i.e. tales about the origin of the universe, are the very centre or even the essence of mythology. Take the definition of myth in the recent Encyclopedia of Religion:‘A myth is an expression of the sacred in words; it reports realities and events from the origin of the world that remain valid for the basis and purpose of all there is.’ ‘Origin of the world’, in relation to ‘all there is’: these are the central concepts of cosmogony, which would thus become the general matrix of myth as such. I, for one, would leave the notion ‘sacred’ out of the definition of myth, and would rather take ‘traditional tale’ as a starting point: myths are traditional tales with special relevance, traditional tales with a secondary but important reference. For illustration we may refer to collections such as Hesiod’s Theogony and Catalogues, Apollodorus’ Library, and Ovid’s Metamorphoses. In these corpora, however, cosmogonical myths make up only a very small section of the whole--for example, only 84 lines out of the I 5 books of the Metamorphoses. Other topics are far more common: myths about genealogies, migrations, foundations of cities, the establishment of culture, and the origins of rituals, especially initiation and sacrifice. This is a rough enumeration of the themes of myth with regard to the tales’ reference, the signifi,e; if we try to make distinctions by the signifi,ant, the tale types, we shall find the great favourite to be the quest, taken as the form of narrative by Vladimir Propp and his followers. Its most thrilling variety is the combat tale; in addition, there are tales about sex and progeny, tales of deceit and deception, ‘trickster’ stories; migration tales too may be a separate type.
Euenius the Negligent Nightwatchman (Herodotus 9. 92-6)
Authors: Griffiths Alan
Published: November 2023

No ONE can properly engage with Herodotus without being forced to take a position, whether openly or by implication, on the essential nature of his marvellous text. It is not a question of aligning oneself behind one or other of the two competing theories which attempt to seize control of the battlefield by launching their campaigns from well-entrenched redoubts on the fringe; for neither the arch-conservatives like A. B. Lloyd or W. K. Pritchett, who would dearly love every word to be true, nor the heretical challengers like Detlev Fehling, who see the historian as a creative inventor not only of the genre but of its material too, have shown any sign of making significant territorial inroads. It is the centre ground where the issue must be fought out; not where favourable terrain provides easy victories for either side, but where matters are complex and delicate. This problem is most intractable in those sections of his book where modes of presentation which strike the modem reader as heterogeneous and incompatible seem to sit amicably side by side. One moment we are travelling smoothly down a Rankean ‘wie-eseigentlich-gewesen’ (WEEG) narrative line, the next we are diverted (in more senses than one) into a tale straight from the pages of the Grimm Brothers; but both modes apparently make the same claim on our acceptance. The task must be to make progress towards understanding just how it is possible for what some might be inclined to call muthos and logos to coexist so easily in the text of the Historiai.
Monotheism in the Gnostic Tradition
Authors: Dillon John
Published: November 2023

It may well be that, when one ‘s thoughts turn to the Gnostics, monotheism is not the first topic that comes to mind. Rather, I should say, it is the reckless multiplication of immaterial and quasi-divine entities for which the various Gnostic systems would generally be noted, as well as their strong dualistic tendencies. However, though certainly salient features, these phenomena are not after all incompatible with monotheism, as I shall proceed to argue.
The Cult of Theos Hypsistos between Pagans, Jews, and Christians
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: November 2023

In 1971 George Bean published an oracle inscription from the city of Oenoanda in northern Lycia. Within a few months Louis Robert lectured on the text at the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in Paris and wrote one of his finest articles on these six hexameter verses, ‘Un oracle grave a Oenoanda ‘. Ramsay MacMullen, in a footnote to his Paganism in the Roman Empire, saluted the achievement of both scholars: ‘Professor Robert ‘s discussion and the work of original discovery by G. E. Bean are enough to restore one ‘s faith in scholarship. ‘ Since then the oracle from Oenoanda has occupied an obligatory and worthy place at the center of all discussions of late Roman paganism.
Tacitus Reviewed
Authors: Woodman A J
Published: November 2023

Tacitus, writing early in the second century AD, is acknowledged to be ancient Rome's greatest historian; his Annals, describing the emperors from Tiberius to Nero (AD 14 - 68), is his greatest work. This book gathers together Professor Woodman's writings on Tacitus over the past twenty-five years, focusing almost exclusively on the AnnalsR. He starts from, and argues for, the basic premiss that, as a historian, Tacitus must be seen in ancient rather than in modern terms. The Annals is a literary text of immense subtlety and acknowledged difficulty and complexity; it is also a very familiar text, read and reread by generations of scholars who want to find out about the Roman empire. One of Professor Woodman's principal contentions is that, through familiarity, these readers have misread significant passages of the text, thereby gaining and perpetuating a distorted view of what Tacitus has to say, especially about Tiberius. This distorted view is revealed, and the true meaning disclosed, by minute and detailed literary analysis. The author offers radically new or different interpretations of some of the most famous passages: the murder of Agrippa Postumus, the notorious accession debate of Tiberius, Tacitus' statement of the so-called `highest function of history', Tiberius' obituary, Nero's debauched water-borne party, and the Pisonian conspiracy against Nero in AD 65. There is also discussion of major narrative sections of Books 1 and 4, concentrating on such matters as structure, vivid representation, imitation and allusion, and dramatic and generic manipulation of the narrative. The new interpretations have profound implications for those who wish to use Tacitus' Annals as a source for what happened in the first century AD.
Flesh and Spirit in the Songs of Homer
Authors: Clarke Michael
Published: November 2023

In the epics of Homer people experience emotions, carry out thought, express themselves, suffer death, and survive in a shadowy afterlife. When Homer describes these processes he reveals his sense of human identity; his conception of the self and its relation to the visible body. Despite many generations of study a fully satisfactory account of that conception has never been offered, partly because analyses of word-meanings, world-picture, and literary tradition have proceeded along separate paths. This book offers a newly integrated interpretation of Homeric man. The author starts with the working hypothesis that, in this poetry, the human being is not divided into two parts - inner and outer; body and soul; flesh and spirit - but stands as an indivisible unity. Thought and emotion are precisely the same as the movement of breath, blood, and fluids in the breast; the thinking self and the visible flesh are inextricably united, with no sense of man having either a mind or a body as a constituent part of himself; and at death the journey to the Underworld is fundamentally the same as the descent of the corpse into the soil. The last part of this analysis leads to a reassessment of the Homeric psuche, an entity which leaves the mouth at death and whose name is often misleadingly translated as soul. This study of the psuche leads to a new view of life in the Underworld, with wider implications for the study of the interrelation between myth, poetic narrative, and the meanings of early Greek words.
The ‘Dependency Theme ‘
Authors: Coys-Stones G R
Published: November 2023

As part of his response to Celsus’ attack on the sectarian nature of Christian philosophy, Origen makes the following observation (Against Celsus, 3.13; but see all of 12-13): Anyone who criticizes Christianity on account of its sects might also criticize the teaching of Socrates; for from his instruction many schools have come into being, whose adherents do not hold the same opinions. Furthermore, one might criticize Plato for his doctrines on the ground that Aristotle left his instruction and introduced new ideas.
Caudium as Event and Exemplum
Authors: Chaplin Jane D
Published: November 2023

The narrative takes its impetus from the Roman rejection of the Samnites’ capitulation at the end of Book 8. Full of righteous indignation, the Samnites’ general C. Herennius Pontius convinces them that the gods are on their side and will lead them to victory. Deceiving the Romans into thinking that his forces are concentrated at Luceria, and taking advantage of the Romans’ thoughtless decision to proceed there by the more direct, but less safe, route, Pontius manages to trap two consular armies in an area known as the Caudine Forks.
Medical Latin in the Roman Empire
Authors: Langslow D R
Published: November 2023

Despite the ubiquitous importance of medicine in Roman literature, philosophy, and social history, the language of Latin medical texts has not been properly studied. This book presents the first systematic account of a part of this large, rich field. Concentrating on texts of `high' medicine written in educated, even literary, Latin Professor Langslow offers a detailed linguistic profile of the medical terminology of Celsus and Scribonius Largus (first century AD) and Theodorus Priscianus and Cassius Felix (fifth century AD), with frequent comparisons with their respective near-contemporaries. The linguistic focus is on vocabulary and word-formation and the book thus addresses the large question of the possible and the preferred means of extending the vocabulary in Latin at the beginning and end of the Empire. Some syntactic issues (including word order and nominalization) are also discussed, and sections on the sociolinguistic background and stylistic features consider the question to what extent we may speak of `medical Latin' in the strong sense, as the language of a group, and draw comparisons and contrasts between ancient and modern technical languages.
Law, Custom, and Myth: Aspects of the Social Position of Women in Classical Athens
Authors: Gould John
Published: November 2023

It is some years now since the Oxford anthropologist Edwin Ardener in his article ‘Belief and the Problem of Women’1 drew attention to the striking lack of progress that had been made in understanding traditional societies as they are seen from the point of view of women: ‘the models of a society made by most ethnographers tend to be models derived from the male portion of that society’. The result, as he pointed out, is that, in considering social structure, ‘we are, for practical purposes, in a male world. The study of women is on a level little higher than the study of the ducks and fowl they commonly own.’ He went on to put forward an explanation of the fact, by suggesting that, since the dominant structure of society is articulated and communicated in terms of a male world-position, women constitute a ‘muted group’, made inarticulate by the lack of a language in which to communicate their particular sense of society and its relationship to the totality of experience.
Beyond the Rubicon
Authors: Williams J H C
Published: November 2023

Throughout the middle and late Republican periods (fourth to first centuries BC) the Romans lived in fear and loathing of the Gauls of northern Italy, caused primarily by their collective historical memory of the destruction of the city of Rome by Gauls in 387 BC. By examining the literary evidence relating to the historical, ethnographic, and geographic writings of Greeks and Romans of the period - focusing on invasion and conflict - this book attempts to answer the questions how and why the Gauls became the deadly enemy of the Romans. Dr Williams also examines the problematic notion of the Gauls as 'Celts' which has been so influential in historical and archaeological accounts of northern Italy in the late pre-Roman Iron Age by modern scholars. The book concludes that ancient literary evidence and modern ethnic presumptions about 'Celts' are not a sound basis for reconstructing either the history of the Romans' interaction with the peoples of northern Italy or for interpreting the material evidence.
On the Shoulders of Giants: Intertextuality and Classical Studies
Authors: Fowler Don
Published: November 2023

The tones of David West’s jeremiad will be familiar, at least to British classicists, but as always he articulates what many people undoubtedly feel. ‘Intertextuality’ is a term much used today, both within classics and more widely, but it is indeed not always clear what it brings with it that is novel in comparison with competing terms such as ‘allusion’, and how the reading practices associated with it differ from those traditional within classical studies.
Unmanned Men and Eunuchs of God: Peter Damians Liber Gomorrhianus and the Sexual Politics of Papal Reform
Authors: Scanlon Larry
Published: November 2023

‘Sodomy-that utterly confused category’: for the new field of queer theory, this aside of Michel Foucault is well on its way to becoming a truth universally acknowledged. Like most universal truths, this one is partial-which may explain why it has proved so effective. Foucault proclaims the category of sodomy not simply confused, but utterly confused: with a single interjection he disposes of an entire tradition as mystification and superstition, and dears a wide space for a new historiography. The results of this historiography are already impressive, particularly as regards the early modern period. Alan Bray, Jonathan Goldberg, and a host of younger scholars have begun a wholesale revision of received notions of modern sexuality. Focusing on the term’s manifold ambiguities and broad semantic range, they have demon strated that sodomy could refer to such things as heresy and treason as often as it referred t:o sexual conduct, and that, accordingly, sexuality in early modern culture was inextricably bound up with affairs of state and religious conscience.
Gentle Will is being Roughly Handled: ‘Scylla and Charybdis’
Authors: Gibson Andrew
Published: November 2023

The meaning of the title of the ninth chapter of Ulysses has been interpreted in so many different ways as to seem indeterminable. The principle of the chapter is opposition or fissure, and the fissures spread and are perceptible everywhere. As Len Platt has shown particularly effectively, political and cultural antagonisms are crucial to ‘Scylla’, and the title’s main point of reference is surely the pervasiveness of schism and confrontation in contemporary Irish cultural politics. So, too, the problem of how to steer between contending opponents recurs in Irish writing of the 1890s and 19oos. Joyce evidently had this larger context in mind in composing the chapter. But one paradigmatic instance of major importance to ‘Scylla’ is the Irish literary controversy of the 1890s.
A Look Around: ‘Wandering Rocks’
Authors: Gibson Andrew
Published: November 2023

In ‘Scylla and Charybdis’, Joyce begins a kind of work on English culture and English discourses that will come to dominate Ulysses. In the next chapter, however, he pauses, steps back, and takes ‘a look around’, as Stephen puts it (ro. 826-7). Stephen is calling Parnell to mind. When others encouraged the latter to enter politics, Parnell initially resisted, saying ‘I must look more around for myself first; I must see a little more how things are going’. So, too, Stephen pauses on the threshold of a momentous decision, of departure and commitment to his Irish art, and Ulysses pauses and surveys the scene before embarking on the political and aesthetic project that constitutes its second half.
Mrs Humphry Ward
Authors: Sutherland John
Published: November 2023

Mary Ward (1851-1920) had a furiously active public career, her literary and philanthropic activities transforming her from an eminent Victorian into a pre-eminent Edwardian. The granddaughter of Thomas Arnold, she found herself at the centre of an intellectual and cultural coterie comprising the Arnold, Huxley, and Trevelyan families. Her novel, Robert Elsmere (1888), the first of a series of bestsellers, earned her both unprecedented sums of money and the critical respect of writers such as Henry James. She helped found Somerville College, Oxford, the University's first institution for the higher education of women, and inaugurated a number of play centres for the children of London's working women, despite being a fierce opponent of women's suffrage. As the first female reporter to visit the trenches in 1916, she was instrumental in bringing America into the war. Yet for all her achievements, her private life was overshadowed - often tragically so - by misfortune. Her parents's marriage was seriously affected by her father's religious doubts; she eclipsed her husband, a Times journalist and art critic, while her indolent son frittered away her financial and emotional resources. John Sutherland's fascinating study of the private suffering of this predominantly public person also provides useful insights into the restrictions placed upon women in the late-Victorian-Edwardian era. This title also appears in the Oxford General Books catalogue for Autumn 1990.
Starting Lines in Scottish, Irish, and English Poetry
Authors: Stafford Fiona
Published: November 2023

Why should a poem begin with a line from another poem? Is an eighteenth-century epigraph working in the same way as a post-modern quotation? And how are the dynamics of the new text and the source affected by issues of nationhood, language, history, and cultural tradition? Are literary ideas of originality and imitation, allusion and influence inherently political if the poems emerge from different sides of a border or of a colonial relationship? Taking as a framework the history of relations between Ireland, England, and Scotland since the 1707 Union, the book explores such questions through a series of close readings. Textual encounters singled out for detailed discussion include Burns's use of Shakespeare, Coleridge's reference to 'Sir Patrick Spens', James Clarence Mangan's adaptation of Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ciaran Carson's quotation from John Keats, Seamus Heaney's meditation on Henry Vaughan, and the evolution of 'The Homes of England' from Felicia Hemans to Noel Coward.
The Homes of England
Authors: Stafford Fiona
Published: November 2023

traditions wrecked beyond recognition. From the opening sentence, ‘I was born into a generation that still took light music seriously’, to the concluding images of ‘the cheaper outpourings of Tin Pan Alley … dinned into [the public's] ears interminably by the B.B.C.’, the sense of the larger change beyond the personal detail is only too apparent. The modest assertions of the essay are infused neither with outrage, sentiment, nor nostalgia, however, and strike the reader more with an air of detached observation. Coward presents himself as part of the generation who witnessed the virtual annihilation of English culture during the First World War and were afterwards simply ‘too tired’ to do much about it.
‘Friendships Faultie Guile’
Authors: McCabe Richard A
Published: November 2023

At the crisis of ‘The Legend of Cambel and Telamond, or of Friendship’ Spenser inserts an epic simile that perfectly evokes the repetitive violence of an interminable conflict between equally matched opponents. The story purports to be a continuation of Chaucer’s Squire’s Tale and may therefore claim to be, in Spenserian terms, quintessentially ‘English’, but the choice of imagery has a dislocating effect:
Merlin, Erceldoune, Nixon: A Tradition of Popular Political Prophecy
Authors: Coote Lesley , Thornton Tim
Published: November 2023

The discourse of prophecy was used widely in medieval England, in order to express points of view on a variety of subjects. Prophecies may be theological or eschatological, astrological or ‘magical’, but the subject of political prophecy is public affairs, or ‘politics’ in the traditional sense of the word. The grammatical and syntactic structures used convey the impression of annalistic truth, producing what might be described as ‘future history’.
Bulldozing the Middle Ages: The Case of John Lydgate’
Authors: Simpson James
Published: November 2023

In 1549 the Duke of Somerset, then Lord Protector in the childhood of Edward VI, destroyed buildings in different parts of London in order to produce materials for the construction of his own palace, Somerset House. He chose a site on the Strand, and pulled down both a parish church and the inns of the bishops of Chester and Worcester, making ‘leuell ground’. The destroyed buildings produced insufficient materials, whereupon the Duke attempted to pull down the parish church of St Margaret in Westminster. The demolition gang, however, fled when the parishioners arrived to protect their church, armed with ‘bows and arrows, staves and clubs’.
Paranoid Modernism
Authors: Trotter David
Published: November 2023

The early twentieth century notoriously saw an unprecedented wave of experiment in the arts. So intense was this activity that one can without exaggeration speak of a will to experiment (to 'make it new'). Where did that will to experiment come from? Why did it so insistently take the forms it took? Looking specifically at Modernism in England, David Trotter seeks answers in the careers of three novelists writing in the first decades of the century: Ford Madox Ford, D. H. Lawrence, and Wyndham Lewis. The context he proposes for their work is that of contemporary understandings of the function and value of expertise, and of the dilemmas peculiar to those possessing it. There is a certain madness about the expert's pursuit of expertise, and about his or her disappointment if expertise fails to yield adequate social recognition. The early psychiatric literature identified this madness as paranoia, and the textbooks and case-histories find an uncanny echo in Modernist fiction. In the obstinacy of their will to experiment, Ford, Lawrence, and Lewis wrote about, and lived, paranoia. To understand that obstinacy in its professional and psychiatric contexts is to approach from a new and unexpected angle the preoccupations with gender and with the politics of culture which currently characterize the study of Modernism. The energies it shook loose in their writing are energies which, evading absorption into the 'postmodern', continue to shape Western society and culture to this day.
Introduction
Authors: Dimmick Jeremy , Simpson James , Zeeman Nicolette
Published: November 2023

Iconoclasm is always an acknowledgement of the power of the image. Many of the chapters in this volume explore the consequences of the intense and mutually defining relationship between the love of images and their destruction. They do so, for the most part, in terms of the historical, social, political, devotional, and textual theories and practices of the later medieval and early modern period. During this period the image becomes the focus of extreme and often violent forms of contestation.

The fact that such contestation pre-dates the Reformation is attested by all the chapters in this book.
The Idol of the Text
Authors: Zeeman Nicolette
Published: November 2023

‘Seeing’ is a characteristic mode of the medieval ‘imaginative’—that is, rhetorical, ‘inventive’, or ‘poetical’—text. In the later Middle Ages the metaphor of sight is used to characterize a number of kinds of understanding, but it is particularly used to characterize a number of kinds of understanding, but it is particularly prevalent in the context of the ‘imaginative’ text This text is often discribed as an image, ‘seen’ in the mind.

The term imaginativus, in fact, bridges later medieval theories of sensation, knowledge, and textuality. The ‘imaginative power’ (vis imaginativa) is part of most schemas of the ‘inner senses’, the semi-rational and hypothetical powers that mediate between sensory and intellectual understanding and do preliminary comparative and combinative mental work. These powers receive and use data from all the senses, but the inner ‘images’ they use and produce tend to be described in visual terms.
‘Et que est huius ydoli materia? Tuipse’: Idols and Images in Walter Hilton
Authors: Watson Nicholas
Published: November 2023

One of the opportunities offered by the quantities of English religious prose surviving from the period between 1370 and 1420 is that of seeing how many different ideological positions could be developed out of the core of themes, images, and anxieties common to that charged cultural moment. However violently some of these prose texts assert that there are only two such positions, orthodox and heretical, and however necessary it has been for scholars to use terms like these to build working models of the intellectual configurations and alliances that structured people’s thinking, analysis of any single group of texts complicates this model, and an intensive comparative study of a single issue can undermine it altogether. Even if the range of possibility narrowed after 1400, as certain topics (such as disendowment and eucharistic theology) came to operate as boundary markers for groups determined to identify themselves as the true Church, intellectual individualism remained, to a greater extent than is often appreciated, a hallmark of the vernacular writing of the period.
The Iconoclast’s Desire: Deguileville’s Idolatry in France and England
Authors: Camille Michael
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I wish to return to some of the images that I discussed in The Gothic Idol (1989). They appear in the French and English versions of Le Pelerinage de la vie humaine, written by the fourteenth-century Cistercian Guillaume de Deguileville. This, along with its two sequels, Le Pelerinage de lame and Le Pelerinage jhesuchrist, was among the most popular and influential vernacular works of the Later Middle Ages, extant in many manuscripts and often lavishly illuminated for royal and princely patrons. A modern English translation of the first recension of the Pelerinage de la vie humaine has since appeared, along with editions of the Middle English prose versions.
Joseph Conrad: Entropolitics and the Sense of Terror
Authors: Houen Alex
Published: November 2023

An act of terrorism in the name of government; a work of destruction so expressive it is incomprehensible; an event so strategic that it appears to be insane. It is a matter of a phantom event. This paradoxical state of affairs is precisely what Pry ,Y Councilor Warmth, the Chandelier  d  4mbassade at the London embassy of a ‘great power’, in votes as a means of sorting out the affairs of state ,within England in his meeting with Adolf Vero, agent  provocateur. ‘vat is required at present is not writing, but the b1inging to light of a distinct, a signify cant fact’, in order to exacerbate national ‘unrest’.1 The central terrorist action of The  Secret  Agent (1907), based on the actual self detonation of the Anarchist Martial Bourdon in Greenwich in 1894, is thus prefigured as state ‘propaganda  par  le  fait’- ‘propaganda by deed’, as it is translated in English, though it could equally be rendered ‘propaganda by fact’.’
History of Universities
Authors: Brockliss Laurence
Published: November 2023

Volume XII of History of Universities contains the customary mix of learned articles, book reviews, conference reports, and bibliographical information, which makes this annual publication such an indispensable book for the historian of higher education. Its contributions range widely geographically, chronologically, and in subject matter. Volume XII includes articles on medieval collegiate statutes, Renaissance psychology, philosophy in nineteenth century German universities, and women academics in Britain, and is, as always, a lively combination of original research and invaluable reference material.
The Teaching of Philosophy at German Universities in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Schneider* Ulrich Johannes
Published: November 2023

As early as the middle of the nineteenth century German universities were recognized as a significant, i.e., dangerous, institution for philosophy. In 1851, in his essay Über die Universitatsphilosophie, Arthur Schopenhauer attacked the prevailing approach to philosophy from the lecturing-desk, which he considered harmful in general, that is harmful to philosophical thought. Shortly afterwards Friedrich Nietzsche followed suit and became particularly irritated that civil servants were involved in the realm of the free and independent spirit: ‘consequently, genuine philosophy becomes misunderstood and passed over in silence’.2 Since the nineteenth century, critics of the ‘paid philosophers’ have not been silent, at least where they have found an audience. Outside Germany, this was and still is particularly applicable in France.
From the exemplum virtutis to the Apotheosis: Hercules as an Identification Figure in Portraiture: An Example of the Adoption of Classical Forms of Representation
Authors: Pollerofß Friedrich
Published: November 2023

Between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries, the classical figure most frequently depicted in art is without doubt the demigod Hercules.’ In his role as a paragon of virtue, the hero is primarily employed either in religious or moral allegories, or else in connection with politics. From the fourteenth century onwards he is to be found in a republican context (Florence), although in palaces and castles he serves to indicate the power or virtue of a particular prince. The early modem period furnishes evidence for this ‘figurative system of the masked prince’, as Sabatier has called it, from a variety of countries and artistic genres.
The Demise of Royal Mythologies
Authors: Burke Peter
Published: November 2023

Ifwe wish to analyse the representations of rulers between the thirteenth and the eighteenth centuries, we might be well advised to adopt the term ‘royal myth’. A myth may be defined as a story with a symbolic meaning (such as the triumph of good over evil), in which the characters, whether heroes or villains, are portrayed larger than life. Republics too had their myths (analysed by Thomas Fröschl in the following chapter). All the same, early modern princes were easier to mythologize in the sense that they could be compared-and frequently were compared-with the gods and heroes of the Greeks and Romans, such as Jupiter, Apollo, and Hercules (discussed by Friedrich Pollero β, above, Chapter 2).
The Legacy of Rome
Authors: Jenkyns Richard
Published: November 2023

The very idea of this book is a legacy from Rome, for the Romans were the first people to make their inheritance from another culture central to their own civilization. All Roman art and literature lie under the shadow of Greece. Their classic poets advertise the fact. Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive and brought the arts to rustic Latium, says Horace (Epistles 2. I. I 56 f.). The greatest of the Romans made the crushing weight of the Greek achievement central to his masterwork: at the midpoint of the Aeneid Virgil has the shade of Anchises, from Elysium, announce to the Romans, yet unborn, that they must be forever inferior in some of the noblest of the arts and sciences: ‘Excudent alii spirantia mollius aera ... ‘.
Rhetoric
Authors: Kennedy George A
Published: November 2023

Rhetoric in the widest sense is the study and control of the power of words in human society. The classical Greeks were the first to conceive of rhetoric as an art and to make it a part of the formal education of a citizen, but through most of the history of Western civilization the basic rhetorical texts have been Latin treatises, handbooks, and speeches by, or attributed to, Cicero (106-43 BC), Quintilian (c.AD 40-95), and other Roman writers. Quintilian recognized Cicero as his greatest inspiration, and it is not too much to regard the Western rhetorical tradition as essentially Ciceronian: in its concept of the statesman as orator, in its theoretical categories and terminology, and in its artistic and stylistic values. But from later Antiquity until the Renaissance the authoritative texts were not what we might think of as Cicero’s major writings on rhetoric: the urbane dialogue On the Orator and the elegant treatises called Brutus and Orator.
Three Senses of Belonging on the Khantaika
Authors: Anderson David G
Published: November 2023

THE MOST CONSPICUOUS result of the reforms to Soviet state socialism has been the eruption of claims to self-determination and territorial autonomy, and in the end, the crumbling of the union altogether. The strength of social movements organized around nationality in this former socialist state are paradoxical along several dimensions. First, such groundswells of political activity contradicted with resounding emphasis the reigning models of state and society which portrayed the Soviet Union as a seamless, although atomized, whole. Second, the success of national identity as a political discourse directly contradicted official communist ideology which proclaimed the unity of peoples along class dimensions and not dimensions of nationality. Third, although modernist theories predict nationalism in societies organized by strong states promoting standard literacy through a mass media, they cannot account for the development of multiple national identities within a single modern state let alone within specific local segments of a state. This ethnography of belonging to a nationality, a territory, and a kollektiv) in a relatively isolated Arctic state farm allows us to understand the diverging tendencies within Soviet state-building which continue to contribute to its unravelling.
Objective Human Goods
Authors: Moore Andrew
Published: November 2023

What is well-being? This question is central to two books and many papers James Griffin has published in the last ten years. A key part of his answer is given by the following ‘profile of prudential values’: Accomplishment is the achievement of something that itself has substantial value. Autonomy is choosing one’s own course and making something of one’s life according to one’s own lights. Liberty is the absence of obstacles to action; minimum material provision is ‘limbs and senses that work, the minimum material goods to keep body and soul together, freedom from great pain and anxiety’ (WB 67). Understanding is the responsive grasp of important facts about ourselves and our place in the world. Enjoyment is pleasing, satisfying, or fulfilling experience. Deep personal relations are those (of love and affection between fairly mature persons’ (VJ 53).
Cognitivism in Political Philosophy
Authors: Hurley S L
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a bird’s-eye view of a cognitivist approach to political philosophy, by illustrating its application to three topics: justice, democracy, and punishment. The arguments are merely sketched rather than given in detail, to give an overall picture of the approach. Cognitivism in political philosophy is not a doctrine or thesis, but a category. Cognitivist accounts are cast primarily in terms of truth and knowledge rather than choice or preference. There are quite different ways of falling under this broad characterization, as we’ll see. But some unity can be given to a broadly cognitive approach by two key ideas.
Perception, Knowledge, And The Sceptic In Aristotle
Authors: Vasiliou Iakovos
Published: November 2023

Coradiamond identifies a particular philosophical attitude which she calls the .metaphysical spirit.. A philosopher displays the metaphysical spirit when she sets out philosophical requirements in advance of investigating the topic at hand-requirements which the proper employment of a concept or the proper study of a branch of philosophy must follow. For example, it is in this sense of .metaphysical. that Diamond claims that Wittgenstein’ Tractatus is appropriately described as metaphysical. According to Diamond, what is metaphysical is not the content of the Tractatus (since Wittgenstein insists that the content is nonsense), but rather the belief that a complete logical analysis of our propositions must be possible. It is this requirement of logical analysis, this assumption that a logical analysis of our propositions must be possible, that exhibits .the metaphysical spirit..
Stoic Syllogistic
Authors: Bobzien Susanne
Published: November 2023

Stoic logic is a propositional logic, and Stoic negation and conjunction are truthfunctional. This has, naturally, led to comparisons with the ‘classical’ propositional calculus (as e.g. presented in Principia Mathematical including repeated examinations of Stoic syllogistic on completeness in the modern sense. The Stoic theory of deduction invariably comes out as deficient, inferior, or simply outlandish in such comparisons, which has evoked adjusting additions and modificationsနtacit or explicit—in previous reconstructions of the system. I suggest that this is the wrong approach; that the classical propositional calculus is the wrong paradigm; that Stoic logic has to be considered first of all in its own light; and that, if one looks for comparisons with contemporary logic, one can find some rather more interesting parallels when turning one’s attention to non-truthfunctional propositional logics.
Making Sense of Aristotelian Demonstration
Authors: Mendell Henry
Published: November 2023

At Post. An. 1. 14, 79a17-32, we find Aristotle reiterating a familiar theme. Here he does not make the usual claim that all syllogisms can be reduced to first-figure syllogisms.2 Rather the first figure is said to be the most productive of knowledge (ϵπιστημονικòν  μαλισσα). As evidence for this claim Aristotle proceeds to cite the mathematical sciences, e.g. arithmetic, geometry, and optics, as bearing their demonstrations through the first figure (δια τοντον ϕϵρονσι). One might, Well be shocked by this obviously false claim. So Barnes says: ‘This assertion is false; indeed syllogistic reasoning as a whole is unsurprisingly absent from Greek mathematics. Presumably Aristotle had observed that most mathematical arguments made use of affirmative universal propositions; and he inferred from this that they were, potentially at least, in Barbara.‘3 Barnes’s response is natural. It is better to commit Aristotle to a subtle falsehood, one only recognized, perhaps, in the last century, than to a falsehood recognizable to any Greek student of geometry.
Aristotle’s Definition of Happiness (Ne 1. 7, 1098a16-18)
Authors: Purinton Jeffrey S
Published: November 2023

For a generation now, beginning with the publication in 1965 of W. F. R. Hardie’s article ‘The Final Good in Aristotle’s Ethics’, there has been a great scholarly debate over the definition of ‘happiness’ (ϵυδαιμονíα) offered by Aristotle in book 1 of his Nicomachean Ethics. As formulated by Hardie, the question at issue is this: is happiness, as Aristotle there defines it, an ‘inclusive’ end or a ‘dominant’ one? Hardie answered as follows: although Aristotle ‘seems to be fumbling for the idea of an inclusive end’, and although ‘ what he ought to say’ is that happiness is an inclusive end, his ‘explicit view’ is that happiness is ‘not inclusive but dominant, the object of one prime desire, philosophy’.
Kant and the Problem of Induction: A Reply to Walker
Authors: Bird Graham
Published: November 2023

Ralph Walker and I agree in identifying most of the elements in Kant’s discussion of the Principle of Systematic Unity (PSU), but the pictures we want to construct from those elements turn out to be radically different. We evidently both believe that Kant’s transcendental arguments do not offer a direct refutation of traditional scepticism, but our conceptions of their indirect role are quite different. Ralph Walker’s account of that indirect way involves his distinction between a second-person and a third person way of construing the arguments.
Transcendental Arguments and the Inference to Reality: A Reply to Stern
Authors: Sacks Mark
Published: November 2023

Transcendental arguments standardly attempt to argue from some undeniable facts about experience, or the psychological realm, to conclusions about how the world beyond that merely psychological domain must be. Such arguments attempt-as we might put it-to cross the appearance reality gap: to cover the distance between our beliefs and the world they are about, or between how things seem to us and how they really are.
Content Externalism and Cartesian Scepticism: A Reply to Brueckner
Authors: Mcculloch Gregory
Published: November 2023

Brueckner’s headline question is whether content externalism yields a transcendental argument ‘anti-Cartesian in nature, in that its conclusion would be that there is an external world of mind-independent physical objects located in space’ (this volume: 229; all unattributed references are to this). As transcendental, the argument must use only premisses granted by a Cartesian sceptic-someone who will not concede the existence of the physical world-and everything, including the defence of content externalism, must proceed a priori from the ‘slender premiss ... that one knows that one is the subject of intentional mental states with certain determinate contents’ (229). Now I agree with Brueckner that the prospects here are dim.
Themes in Hume
Authors: Penelhum Terence
Published: November 2023

Terence Penelhum has since the 1950s been a leading contributor to studies of the thought of David Hume; he now presents a selection of the best of his essays on Hume, most of them quite recent, three of them previously unpublished. The central themes of the book are selfhood, the will, and religious belief. Penelhum’s view of Hume will be fascinating for all who work on these themes, whether from an eighteenth-century or a twentieth-century perspective.
Religion in the Enquiry and After
Authors: Penelhum Terence
Published: November 2023

THE Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding contains two sections devoted to religious themes. Neither has a counterpart in the Treatise. The first, Section X, is probably the most famous of all Hume’s writings, and has generated more responses than any others; the second, Section XI, is hardly ever given separate attention, being passed by because it is seen as an early version of certain major arguments in the Dialogues. Antony Flew has, very reasonably, complained of the tendency not to read the Enquiry as a work deserving examination in its own right, commenting particularly on the fact that these two sections in it are not examined together as though they form a connected argument.1 I am sympathetic to both complaints, especially the second. I want first to revisit these two sections, to see how much of a connected argument there is, and then to see how much the Enquiry reveals of Hume’s detailed views on religion.
Virtues And Reasons
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind , Lawrence Gavin , Quinn Warren
Published: November 2023

Twelve leading philosophers here examine a range of current issues in moral theory, in a tribute to Philippa Foot, whose influence on contemporary ethics is apparent throughout.
The Representation of Life
Authors: Thompson Michael
Published: November 2023

Among the many scandalous features of Hegel’s table, or system, of logical categories, we would nowadays want, I think, to accord high rank to this, that he finds a place for the concept life on it. Hegel is of course not blind to the counter-intuitive character of his teaching on this point. In the so-called ‘Greater Logic’, the chapter headed ‘Life’ begins with the formulation of an objection to any specifically logical treatment of the notion. Something in the objection, at least, might still find favour today:
Categorical Requirements: Kant and Hume on the Idea of Duty
Authors: Wiggins David
Published: November 2023

Would it necessarily be a good thing for everything that has to do with ethics to be demystified? Or, ought not some things to be remystified-not least the frequently invoked idea of the ‘point of the whole thing’ (the ‘whole enterprise’, as people say, already gravely misrepresenting it)? But the categorical imperative-or the categorical imperative as that has so often been conceived by some sorts of moral philosophy-this did deserve demystification. Philippa Foot’s memorable assault upon these conceptions is not her most important service to philosophy. (That is surely to have been constantly prepared to point to the quality and quantity of working moral ideas that were being arbitrarily excluded from serious consideration by positions such as prescriptivism and consequentialism.) But it is the contribution I have had here constantly in mind.
Acts and Omissions, Doing and Not Doing
Authors: Williams Bernard
Published: November 2023

In a famous and strongly argued essay, Philippa Foot sought to explain a range of widely held moral beliefs, including some about abortion, partly in terms of a distinction between doing and allowing. Her article was not primarily directed to the analysis or explication of the distinction itself, though she was careful to distinguish it from some other distinctions that resemble it and perhaps overlap with it; she was concerned, rather, with organizing moral beliefs around it. In the enormous literature that has followed her work on these subjects, there is a rough distinction between writers who have been mainly concerned with the ethical application of such distinctions, and others who have been more interested in them as part of an attempt to understand the structure of action and action-ascriptions.