bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A robust time synchronization algorithm for GNSS/IMU integrated navigation in urban environments
Authors: Li Jiayi , Sun Rui , Wang Yuanyuan , Ochieng Washington Yotto
Published: January 2025

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are often integrated with inertial measurement units (IMU) for navigation in urban environments. The ability of these integrated systems to achieve precise positioning and navigation is highly dependent on accurate time synchronization. While the current time synchronization algorithms are capable of achieving millisecond-level synchronization in open environments, their performance deteriorates significantly in complex urban environments due to the impact on GNSS measurements of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) signals and multipath effects. Here we propose a loosely coupled GNSS/IMU integration time synchronization error modeling and compensation algorithm to tackle this problem in the context of urban vehicle navigation. In the algorithm, the time synchronization error is augmented as a state variable in the Robust Extended Kalman Filter (REKF), with the robustness factor threshold being dynamically adjusted based on the time synchronization error. Furthermore, we have designed a system time synchronization detection scheme based on two detection factors, with the aim of achieving high-precision GNSS/IMU time synchronization in complex urban environments. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm synchronizes data time to the millisecond level in urban positioning environments. This represents an improvement of more than 90% in time synchronization precision compared to the traditional EKF-based time synchronization algorithm, and an improvement of more than 60% compared to the REKF-based time synchronization algorithm. Furthermore, compared to the EKF-based GNSS/IMU fusion algorithm, the proposed algorithm enhances the accuracy of the determination of both position and velocity in the horizontal and 3D directions by more than 50% and heading accuracy by 85%.
Spontaneous heat current and ultra-high thermal rectification in asymmetric graphene: a molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Yousefi Farrokh , Farzadian Omid , Shafiee Mehdi
Published: January 2025

Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations reveal the existence of a spontaneous heat current (SHC) in the absence of a temperature gradient and demonstrate ultra-high thermal rectification in asymmetric trapezoid-shaped graphene. These unique properties have potential applications in power generation and thermal circuits, functioning as thermal diodes. Our findings also show the presence of negative and zero thermal conductivity in this system. The negative thermal conductivity could enable the design of a conductive heat machine that pumps heat from the cold side to the hot side without additional energy consumption, functioning as a "full-free refrigerator." Meanwhile, zero thermal conductivity paves the way for the development of high-efficiency thermoelectric devices. Simulations were performed in two scenarios: with hydrogenated edges and without them. To ensure the reliability of the results, Reactive Empirical Bond Order and Tersoff potentials were employed. Finally, we examined how the SHC and the temperature difference at which the heat current is zero depend on the sample length, system width, and system temperature.
Combined feature of enhanced stability and multi-level switching observed in TiN/Ta2O5/Ag-NPs/ITO/PET structure
Authors: Hu Su , Jiang Kang'an , He Yunyang , Bao Peng , Su Nan , Zhao Xinhui , Wang Hui
Published: January 2025

Both stability and multi-level switching are crucial performance aspects for resistive random-access memory (RRAM), each playing a significant role in improving overall device performance. In this study, we successfully integrate these two features into a single RRAM configuration by embedding Ag-nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) into the TiN/Ta2O5/ITO structure. The device exhibits substantially lower switching voltages, a larger switching ratio, and multi-level switching phenomena compared to many other nanoparticle-embedded devices. We attribute it to the embedded Ag-NPs effectively switching the mechanism of conductive filaments and the controlled distribution of Ag-NPs facilitates the occurrence of multi-level switching. Additionally, the fabricated structure demonstrated an impressive optical transmittance of nearly 85%. Undoubtedly, this combined feature of RRAM not only enhances stability but also enables multi-level switching, thereby demonstrating an approach to fabricating versatile and practical electronic devices aimed at boosting storage capacity and speed.
Generative adversarial networks with fully connected layers to denoise PPG signals
Authors: Avila Castro Itzel Alexia , Oliveira Helder , Goncalves Correia Ricardo , Hayes-Gill Barrie R , Morgan Stephen P , Korposh Serhiy , Gomez David , Pereira Tânia
Published: January 2025

Objective.The detection of arterial pulsating signals at the skin periphery with Photoplethysmography (PPG) are easily distorted by motion artifacts. This work explores the alternatives to the aid of PPG reconstruction with movement sensors (accelerometer and/or gyroscope) which to date have demonstrated the best pulsating signal reconstruction. Approach. A generative adversarial network with fully connected layers (FC-GAN) is proposed for the reconstruction of distorted PPG signals. Artificial corruption was performed to the clean selected signals from the BIDMC Heart Rate dataset, processed from the larger MIMIC II waveform database to create the training, validation and testing sets. Main results. The heart rate of this dataset was further extracted to evaluate the performance of the modelobtaining a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.31 BPM comparing the HR of the target and reconstructed PPG signals with HR between 70 and 115 BPM. Significance. The model architecture is effective at reconstructing noisy PPG signals regardless the length and amplitude of the corruption introduced. The performance over a range of heart rates (70-115 BPM), indicates a promising approach for real-time PPG signal reconstruction without the aid of acceleration or angular velocity inputs.
Interatomic Coulombic decay in lithium-doped large helium nanodroplets induced by photoelectron impact excitation
Authors: Ben Ltaief Ltaief , Sishodia Keshav , Asmussen Jakob Dall , Abid Abdul Rahman , Krishnan Sivarama , Pedersen Henrik B , Sisourat Nicolas , Mudrich Marcel
Published: January 2025

Irradiation of condensed matter with ionizing radiation generally causes direct photoionization as well as secondary processes that often dominate the ionization dynamics. Here, large helium (He) nanodroplets with radius ≳ 40 nm doped with lithium (Li) atoms are irradiated with extreme ultraviolet (XUV) photons of energy hν ≥ 44.4 eV and indirect ionization of the Li dopants is observed in addition to direct photoionization of the He droplets. Specifically, Li ions are efficiently produced by an interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) process involving metastable He* atoms and He2* excimers which are populated by elastic and inelastic scattering of photoelectrons in the nanodroplets as well as by electron-ion recombination. This type of indirect ICD, observed in large He nanodroplets in nearly the entire XUV range, turns out to be more efficient than Li dopant ionization by ICD following direct resonant photoexcitation at hν = 21.6 eV and by charge-transfer ionization. Indirect ICD processes induced by scattering of photoelectrons likely play an important role in other condensed phase systems exposed to ionizing radiation as well, including biological matter.
Enhanced photocatalytic properties of Ge-doped Ga2O3 nanostructures synthesized via hydrothermal method
Authors: Kim Sunjae , Ryou Heejoong , Kim Hyoung Woo , Hwang Wan Sik
Published: January 2025

Ge-doped (1.4 at. %) β-Ga2O3 nanostructures are successfully synthesized using the hydrothermal method followed by annealing at 1000°C in an O₂ atmosphere. The crystal structures and morphologies of both intrinsic and Ge-doped β-Ga2O3 nanostructures are analyzed using high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Photoluminescence (PL) measurements are also performed to investigate defect-related energy levels within the bandgap. The photocatalytic activity is evaluated through the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in an aqueous solution. Ge-based precipitates form when the Ge concentration exceeds 1.4 atomic percent in the β-Ga2O3 nanostructures. As with other dopants such as Sn, Al, and Cr, this controlled incorporation of Ge significantly enhances the photocatalytic properties and potentially improves the electronic and optical properties of Ga2O3-based devices.
Realization of a 2H–Si microneedle with an ultrafast growth rate of 6.7 × 104 Å·s-1
Authors: Mun Suhyun , Kim Kyoung Hwa , Park Seonwoo , Jeon Injun , Jeon Hunsoo , Lee Jae Hak , Yang Min , Shin Myeong-Cheol , Oh Jong-Min , Shin Weon Ho , Kim Minkyung , Koo Sang-Mo , Lee Won Jae , Cho Chae Ryong , Kang Ye Hwan , Ahn Hyung Soo
Published: January 2025

Nanomaterials have facilitated the development of innovative technologies in various industries. However, most research has been limited to nanoscale phenomena, and the effects of nanoscale phenomena on microscale crystal growth remain obscure. In this study, we demonstrated a straight 2H-Si microneedle with a longitudinal growth rate of 6.7 × 104 Å·s-1, which could not be explained by conventional crystal growth mechanisms, through AlN nanowires. The AlN nanowires were grown using the hydride vapor-phase epitaxy method, which induced the formation of Al membranes when NH3 supply was ceased. At this time, an elliptical Al membrane was created within 0.166 s, in accordance with the principle of Plateau–Rayleigh instability. The average spacing of the Al membrane was 4 μm, and approximately 10,000 elliptical Al membranes absorbed SiCl almost simultaneously to form a 40-mm 2H-Si microneedle within 100 min of growth time. Therefore, we realized straight 2H–Si microneedles with a growth rate of 6.7 × 104 Å·s-1. Differing from the conventional growth mechanism, this new growth method sheds light on the mechanism by which nanoscale phenomena contribute to the growth of microscale crystals.
First-Principles Study on the Physical Properties of Al-based Wide Bandgap Perovskites Cs3AlIxBr6-x for Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Ahmed Hussain , Mukhtar Surayya , Agathopoulos Simeon
Published: January 2025

This study aims at exploring the potential of inorganic wide-bandgap mixed-halide aluminum-containing perovskites of Cs3AlIxBr6-x in solar harvesting, by investigating their structural, electronic, and optical properties with density functional theory (DFT) using the APW+lo method. The structural properties were calculated with the PBE-GGA potential. Volume optimization and negative formation energies confirm the structural and thermal stability of the compounds. The electronic and optical properties were calculated using TB-mBJ potential. The TB-mBJ corrected bandgaps revealed that these materials belong to the wide bandgap (WBG) perovskites family, displaying bandgaps in the range of 3-5 eV. The electronic properties confirmed their direct bandgap nature with I-p and Br-p states mainly contribute to the formation of VB, and the Al-s, Al-p, and Cs-d states to CB. Absorption coefficients range from 10-140 x 104 per cm in the UV region thus making these WBG perovskites suitable for applications in this region. Optical properties show the absorption of light beyond 3 eV and validate the calculated electronic bandgaps. Absorption coefficients, optical conductivity, and dielectric function (real and imaginary) were calculated and revealed a peak shift from higher to lower energies with increasing I concentration. The above results suggest that these materials can be highly considered for use in photovoltaics (PVs), optoelectronic devices (LEDs, PDs), to power small batteries in IoT, in agrivoltaics, and in fabrication of semi-transparent solar cells.
Thermal effects on the resistive superconducting transition in step-edge YBCO squid arrays
Authors: de Andrade Marcio C , Maialle Marcelo Z. , Ferrante Nicholas B , Sundqvist Kyle M , Torikachvili Milton
Published: January 2025

The effect of thermal fluctuations in Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) SQUID filters (SQIFs), containing arrays of 258, 2304, and 4080 SQUIDs, were investigated using the electrical resistivity and applied magnetic ﬁeld up to 9 tesla. Our study reveals that the SQIFs experience a two-step superconductor transition. The transition at lower temperature is only present in the SQIF samples, not in the control sample without the SQFIs, and it is investigated here in terms of two primary dissipation mechanisms. The first dominates near the transition temperature and has the characteristics of thermally activated phase slippage (TAPS). At lower temperatures, the dominant characteristics are those of thermally-activated magnetic flux flow (TAFF). The mechanisms producing such behaviors contribute significantly to dissipation effects, resulting in an additional DC voltage that overlays the Josephson current, regardless of the quantity of SQUIDs in the SQIFs. These dissipation effects can have significant implications for technologies utilizing high-temperature superconductor SQIFs unless the operating temperature is lowered significantly below the superconducting transition temperature.
Distinguishing Majorana bound states from Andreev bound states through differential conductance and current noise spectrum
Authors: Zhao Huajin , Wang Junrong , Mao Hong , Jin Jinshuang
Published: January 2025

We investigate the quantum transport through a quantum dot coupled with a superconducting(SC) nanowire. By elaborating the differential conductance and current noise spectrum, we focus on the distinct characteristicsof the topological Majorana bound states (MBSs) and  trivial Andereev bound states (ABSs) hosted in SC wire.For MBSs with a topological quality factor $q=1$,we observe the degenerate featuresmanifested as the zero-bias peak (ZBP) in differential conductance and the Rabi dips degeneracy (RDD) in noise spectrum.In contrast, for ABSs with $q<1$,the splitting of these degenerate features depends on the linewidth, arising from realistic measurement conditions. Furthermore, we identify the critical quality factors $q_{\rm c}$ and $q_{\s}$ associated with the emergences of ZBP and RDD, respectively.The value of $q_{\rm c}$ is temperature-dependent, and we establish a suitable temperature window to ensure the visibility of single ZBP in the experiments. Whereas, $q_{\rm c}$ depends on the coupling strength rather temperature.Typical values for these quality factors areapproximately $q_{\rm c}\approx 0.93$ and $q_{\s}\approx 0.99$.Our results suggest that the degenerate Rabi spectrum signal  could serve as a hallmark for the presence of MBSs,  which goes beyond the scope of differentialconductance.
NV center creation in diamond by local CW laser irradiation of shallow implantednitrogen
Authors: Enke Alexius , Raatz Nicole , Meijer J , Wunderlich Ralf
Published: January 2025

A novel creation procedure for the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond is investigated. After shallow nitrogen implantation, a continuous-wave laser is used to induce NV formation, while simultaneously exciting fluorescence to enable live observation. Our investigations imply that a different mechanism than heat induced vacancy diffusion causes the formation of NV centers with this method and we suggest possible alternative pathways which could be responsible, based on the observed properties. Furthermore, we test the procedure for its capabilities for the controlled creation of single centers and show that the emergence of individual centers can be tracked, while achieving sub-micrometer spatial precision.
Indium Doping Effects on the Structural, Morphological and Electrical Properties of WO3 Powder Pellets
Authors: Khusayfan Najla M. , Khanfar Hazem K , Alharbi Seham R
Published: January 2025

Tungsten oxide powders were doped with indium at weight percentages ranging from 5 to 15 wt.% and pressed into pellet form under a pressure of 200 bars. The doping process was carried out using the solid-state reaction technique. The doped samples were sintered at 750 °C for 12 hours. Both undoped and indium-doped powder pellets exhibited a triclinic structure, with hexagonal InxWO3 emerging as a minor phase that increased with higher indium content. Indium doping increased microstrain, the percentage of stacking faults, and defect concentration while decreasing the crystallite sizes in the WO3 powder pellets. Morphological analysis of the samples revealed irregular grain shapes and sizes within the pellets. Notably, indium doping significantly reduced the porosity of WO3 from 7.42% to 3.83% as the indium content increased to 15 wt.%. Electrically, the n-type resistivity increased with higher doping levels, indicating deeper donor levels. Specifically, the donor states in the powder pellets increased from 0.21 eV to 0.27 eV as the indium content rose from 5 wt.% to 10 wt.%, and further reached 0.29 eV at 15 wt.% indium. Moreover, AC signal analysis of the powder pellets demonstrated their potential as microwave resonators suitable for antenna applications. Indium doping effectively engineered the maximum cutoff frequency, with values reaching 80 GHz in WO3 pellets doped with 15 wt.% indium. These powder pellets, with thicknesses not exceeding 700 μm and electrode areas of 3.14×10⁻² cm², show great promise for 5G/6G technology applications as concurrent quad-band antennas.
Exploring the impact of substituents on the photophysical properties of boron dipyrromethene dyes for enhanced photovoltaic performance
Authors: Cui Peng , Ling Zichao
Published: January 2025

Boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes are known for their strong fluorescence and excellent photostability, making them vital for various photoelectric applications. This study explores how different substituents affect the photophysical properties of BODIPY dyes to improve their performance in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). We examine six distinct BODIPY dye structures with unique electron-withdrawing (NO₂, CHO, Br) and electron-donating (OCH₃, NPh₂) substituents, along with a hydrogen-substituted variant, and report key photovoltaic parameters, including open-circuit voltage (Vₒc), short-circuit current density (Jₛc), fill factor (FF), and energy conversion efficiency (Ω). Using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT), we analyze the dyes' light-harvesting efficiency, electron injection efficiency, and overall energy conversion efficiency. Our results indicate that electron-donating groups, especially NPh₂ and OCH₃, significantly enhance Voc, Jsc, FF, and Ω, leading to improved energy conversion efficiencies. In contrast, while electron-withdrawing substituents increase chemical stability, they typically result in lower photovoltaic performance. This research underscores the importance of strategic substituent selection in optimizing BODIPY dyes for enhanced photoelectric performance, offering valuable insights for designing efficient photovoltaic materials.
A new thermoelectric ECG model: Influence of bundle branch block and variations in body temperature
Authors: Ines Pascaline DONGMO VOUGMO , Djoumessi R T , Pelap Francois B , FOGUE Médard
Published: January 2025

The present work proposes a novel 2D thermoelectric model to investigate the behavior of specific pathological situation, such as bundle branch block. This model incorporates the heart, lungs, torso, and blood cavities. The dynamics of this system are governed by the Fitzhugh-Nagumo equations that simulate the electrical activity of cardiac myocytes coupled with temperature equations. Then, the parameters of the bundle branch block are considered to analyze their impact on the electrocardiogram. As results, we establish that the presence of bundle branch block significantly affects electrocardiogram morphology, leading to changes in wave amplitude and interval durations. Moreover, our results reveal that variations in body temperature deteriorate this pathological state, leading to further distortions of the electrocardiogram. These results clearly show that our thermoelectric model provides valuable insights into the behavior of bundle branch block under temperature variations. This knowledge could contribute to the development of new treatment and management strategies using thermal control to improve outcomes for patients with similar symptoms.
Determining oscillator strengths of cesium from magic wavelengths of the D1 line
Authors: LIU Yang , FAN Shaofeng , LIU Wenyuan , LI Yijun , Bai Jiandong
Published: January 2025

A magic-wavelength optical dipole trap (ODT) can eliminate the differential light shift of transition between atomic states, so that the transition frequency between the two states is the same as that in free space, which is of great significance for exploring atomic structure. Here we calculate the dynamic polarizabilities of the 6S1/2 ground state and the 6P1/2 excited state of the cesium atom which are connected by the D1 line, by using the relativistic coupled cluster method, and obtain magic wavelengths of ODT laser for trapping the two states simultaneously. By using these magic wavelengths, we calculate oscillator strengths of the 6P1/2 → 7D3/2 transition for linearly and circularly polarized lights. Furthermore, we analyze the influence of magic wavelengths on oscillator strengths.
Microstructure, microhardness and wear properties Investigation in Friction Stir Processing of Stir Cast Mg/B4C metal matrix composite
Authors: Singh Amandeep , Singh Palwinder , Singh Amardeep , Ram Baljinder , Bala Niraj
Published: January 2025

Friction Stir Processing (FSP) has emerged as an excellent processing approach to tailor the microstructural and other properties of cast alloys and composite materials. In the current investigation, a stir-cast magnesium metal matrix composite (MMMC) reinforced with 12 wt% B4C particles was processed using single-pass FSP. FSP was carried out with a simple cylindrical tool pin using different tool rotational speeds of 800, 1000, 1200 rpm and transverse speed of 60 mm/min. Severe deformation occurred during FSP which helped to refine the distribution of the B4C particles and grain refinement of as-cast composites. Microstructural examination showed an appreciable grain refinement from 98 to 5μm because of dynamic recrystallization during FSP. The maximum microhardness of the friction stir processed (FSPed) composites increased from 73 Hv to 105.4 Hv. Pin-on-disk wear tests were conducted under dry sliding conditions in the load range of 1 kg to 5 kg at a 1 m/s sliding velocity. The wear results indicated an enhancement of wear properties of FSPed composites in comparison to as-cast magnesium metal matrix composites. The improved hardness and wear resistance results were pertaining to the remarkable refinement in grain size coupled with refined B4C particulates and uniform distribution. The best results for hardness and wear resistance of the FSPed composite were obtained for a sample processed at a tool rotation speed of 1000 rpm. SEM/EDS of the worn samples was carried out. The wear mechanism was found as slight abrasion and oxidation. After single pass FSP, the surface of Mg/12wt% B4C cast composite showed remarkable changes in worn surface morphology.
Quantitative Assessment of Delivered Dose in Carbon Ion Spatially Fractionated Radiotherapy (C-SFRT) and Biological Response to C-SFRT
Authors: Tsubouchi Toshiro , Umemura Misato , Minami Kazumasa , Hamatani Noriaki , Saruwatari Naoto , Takashina Masaaki , Yagi Masashi , Furutani Keith M , Shimizu Shinichi , Kanai Tatsuaki
Published: January 2025

ObjectiveApplying carbon ion beams, which have high linear energy transfer and low scatter within the human body, to Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy (SFRT) could benefit the treatment of deep-seated or radioresistant tumors. This study aims to simulate the dose distributions of spatially fractionated beams (SFB) to accurately determine the delivered dose and model the cell survival rate following SFB irradiation.ApproachDose distributions of carbon ion beams are calculated using the Triple Gaussian Model. The sensitive volume of the detector used in measurements was also considered. If the measurements and simulations show good agreement, the dose distribution and absolute dose delivered by SFB can be accurately estimated. Three types of dose distributions were delivered to human salivary gland cells (HSGc-C5): uniform dose distribution (UDD), and one-dimensional (1D) grid-like dose distributions (GDD) with 6 mm and 8 mm spacing. These provided high (Peak-to-Valley Dose Ratio, PVDR=4.0) and low (PVDR=1.64) dose differences between peak and valley doses, respectively. Linear-Quadratic (LQ) model parameters for HSGc-C5 were derived from the UDD and cell survival fractions (SF) were simulated for 1D GDD using these values.Main resultsGood agreement was observed between measurements and simulations when accounting for detector volume. However, the TPS results overestimated dose in steep gradient region, likely due to the 2.0 mm calculation grid size. LQ parameters for HSGc-C5 were α = 0.34 and β = 0.057. The 1D GDD with 6 mm spacing showed good agreement between simulations and experiments, but the 8.0 mm spacing resulted in lower experimental cell survival.SignificanceWe successfully simulated grid-like dose distributions and conducted SF simulations. The results suggest potential cell-killing effects due to high-dose differences in SFB.
Automated Classification of Cardiac Arrhythmia using Short-Duration ECG Signals and Machine Learning
Authors: Biswakarma Amar Bahadur , Rahul Jagdeep , KURMENDRA KURMENDRA
Published: January 2025

Accurate detection of cardiac arrhythmias is crucial for preventing premature deaths. The current study employs a dual-stage Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and a median filter to eliminate noise from ECG signals. Subsequently, ECG signals are segmented, and QRS regions are extracted for further preprocessing. The study considers five cardiac arrhythmias: normal beats, Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC), Premature Atrial Contractions (PAC), Right Bundle Branch Block (R-BBB), and Left Bundle Branch Block (L-BBB) for classification. Nine distinct temporal features are extracted from the segmented QRS complex. These features are then applied to six different classifiers for arrhythmia classification. The classifiers' performance is evaluated using the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database (MIT-BIH AD). Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Ensemble Tree classifiers demonstrate superior performance in classifying the five different classes. Particularly, the Support Vector Machine classifier achieves high sensitivity (97.44%), specificity (99.36%), positive predictive value (97.44%), and accuracy (98.97%) with a Gaussian kernel. This comprehensive approach, integrating preprocessing, and feature extraction, holds promise for improving automatic cardiac arrhythmia classification in clinical trials.
Unbinding of Alpha Chain of Hemoglobin in Sickle and Normal Structures
Authors: Powrel Jhulan , Koirala Rajendra Prasad , Adhikari Narayan P.
Published: January 2025

Sickle cell disease, a genetic disorder, is caused by a mutation of glutamic acid into valine in the β chain of hemoglobin at the sixth residue, resulting in structural change of the entire hemoglobin molecule into a sickle shape. We investigated the atomic level interaction between the α chain (chain A) and the remaining three chains to identify the structural modification in sickle hemoglobin using the molecular dynamics simulations. H-bond, solvent accessible surface area (SASA), hydrophobic interactions, salt bridges of sickle and normal hemoglobin have been estimated. The estimated parameters from sickle hemoglobin are compared to normal hemoglobin structure. Steered molecular dynamics (SMD) is utilized to estimate the force required in breaking hydrogen bonds in given chains. The SMD simulations at different pulling velocities show that the decoupling forces depend on values of pulling force. This relation is linear, 6780 pN to 12345 pN with pulling velocities of 0.00020 nm/ps to 0.00040 nm/ps in sickle hemoglobin. Much higher force of 8738 pN to 16557 pN in normal is required in normal hemoglobin with same spring constants values from k = 500 to 1100 kcal mol-1 nm-2 and same pulling velocities.
Unravelling the mechanism of transient coastal upwelling in the southeastern Arabian Sea triggered by Cyclone Michaung
Authors: Dev Rahul , KR Muraleedharan , Gireeshkumar T R , Shivaprasad S , Baliarsingh Sanjiba Kumar , Jayaprakash Anjana , Balakrishnan Nair T M
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the impact of Cyclone Michaung on coastal dynamics and biological changes in the southeastern Arabian Sea (SEAS). Utilizing data from a moored autonomous buoy, the water quality nowcasting system (WQNS), and multi-satellite datasets, the research documents significant changes in sea surface temperature (SST), salinity, and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were driven by cyclone-induced upwelling and downwelling processes in the SEAS. The findings revealed that the passage of Cyclone Michaung led to a transient coastal upwelling event along the southwest coast of India (SWCI), marked by a notable decrease in SST and DO and an increase in salinity and chlorophyll-a concentrations, indicating enhanced biological production. The wind stress strengthening and changing wind pattern, almost parallel to the coast, initiated this process through wind-induced Ekman pumping, which uplifted the biological activity in the region.
Ab-initio trained machine learning potential for MAX compound Ti2AlC: Construction, validation, and study of non linear elasticity
Authors: Ghosh Aishwaryo , Moitra Amitava , Saha-Dasgupta Tanusri
Published: January 2025

One of the intriguing features exhibited by the layered MAX phase compounds, is the non linear elastic behaviour. Since the experimental observation of this curious behaviour, the underlying micro-mechanism has been discussed to interpret experimental observations. However, the theoretical investigation remained a challenge due to the associated length and time scales of the phenomena. In the present work, we adopt a data driven approach to develop a machine learned interatomic potential for the MAX compound Ti$_2$AlC following the Moment Tensor Potential protocol. The constructed potential is validated in lattice constant, formation energy, elastic constant, and stacking fault energies. Finally, applying machine learned potential in classical molecular dynamics provides a faithfulrepresentation of the experimentally observed non linear elasticity for Ti$_2$AlC. The generated atomic configurations confirm the proposal of formation of ripplocations which allow atomic layers to glide relative to each other without breaking the in-plane bonds. We find common defects, like Al vacancy, strongly influence the hysteresis properties of the stress-strain curve, paving the route to defect-engineered non linear elasticity.
Evaluation of safe exposure time for two-photon microscopy imaging of acrylic-painted mock-ups
Authors: Mattana Sara , Dal Fovo Alice , Baria Enrico , Fontana Raffaella , Cicchi Riccardo
Published: January 2025

Nonlinear optical microscopies are widely used in the biological and biomedical fields, as they are non-invasive techniques that permit the safe structural and morphological characterisation of cells and tissues. They are increasingly being used in the Cultural Heritage field because of their ability to overcome some limits of the well-established optical techniques. However, since nonlinear optical microscopies use pulsed laser sources with high peak power, their application in Cultural Heritage raises concerns due to artworks' unique, priceless, and delicate nature. In this paper, we present a new method for evaluating the photo-induced damage when using a near-infrared femtosecond pulsed laser to perform two-photon excited fluorescence imaging of acrylic-painted mock-ups. In particular, we explore herein several irradiation conditions, varying the exposure time and excitation power, in order to provide useful experimental indications for safely imaging acrylic paints with two-photon microscopy.
Predicting nonequilibrium Green's function dynamics and photoemission spectra via nonlinear integral operator learning
Authors: Zhu Yuanran , Yin Jia , Reeves Cian , Yang Chao , Vlcek Vojtech
Published: January 2025

Understanding the dynamics of nonequilibrium quantum many-body systems is an important research topic in a wide range of fields across condensed matter physics, quantum optics, and high-energy physics. However, numerical studies of large-scale nonequilibrium phenomena in realistic materials face serious challenges due to intrinsic high-dimensionality of quantum many-body problems and the absence of time-invariance. The nonequilibrium properties of many-body systems can be described by the dynamics of the correlator, or the Green's function of the system, whose time evolution is given by a high-dimensional system of integro-differential equations, known as the Kadanoff-Baym equations (KBEs). The time-convolution term in KBEs, which needs to be recalculated at each time step, makes it difficult to perform long-time numerical simulation. In this paper, we develop an operator-learning framework based on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to address this challenge.We utilize RNNs to learn the nonlinear mapping between Green's functions and convolution integrals in KBEs.By using the learned operators as a surrogate model in the KBE solver, we obtain a general machine-learning scheme for predicting the dynamics of nonequilibrium Green's functions. Besides significant savings per each time step, the new methodology reduces the temporal computational complexity from $O(N_t^3)$ to $O(N_t)$ where $N_t$ is the number of steps taken in a simulation, therebymaking it possible to study large many-body problems which are currently infeasible with conventional KBE solvers. Through various numerical examples, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the operator-learning based approach in providing accurate predictions of physical observables such as the reduced density matrix and time-resolved photoemission spectra. Moreover, our framework exhibits clear numerical convergence and can be easily parallelized, thereby facilitating many possible further developments and applications.
Neuromorphic compliant control facilitates human-prosthetic performance for hand grasp functions
Authors: Xie Anran , Zhang Zhuozhi , Zhang Jie , Chen Weidong , Patton James L , Lan Ning
Published: January 2025

Current bionic hands lack the ability of fine force manipulation for grasping fragile objects due to missing human neuromuscular compliance in control. This incompatibility between prosthetic devices and the sensorimotor system has resulted in a high abandonment rate of hand prostheses. To tackle this challenge, we employed a neuromorphic modeling approach, biorealistic control, to regain human-like grasping ability. The biorealistic control restored muscle force regulation and stiffness adaptation using neuromorphic modeling of the neuromuscular reflex units, which was capable of real-time computing of model outputs. We evaluated the dexterity of the biorealistic control with a set of delicate grasp tasks that simulated varying challenging scenarios of grasping fragile objects in daily activities of life, including the Box and Block Task, the Glass Box Task, and the Potato Chip Task. The performance of the biorealistic control was compared with that of proportional control.Results indicated that the biorealistic control with the compliance of the neuromuscular reflex units significantly outperformed the proportional control with more efficient grip forces, higher success rates, fewer break and drop rates. Post-task survey questionnaires revealed that the biorealistic control reduced subjective burdens of task difficulty and improved subjective confidence in control performance significantly. The outcome of the evaluation confirmed that the biorealistic control could achieve superior abilities in fine, accurate, and efficient grasp control for prosthetic users.
Predicting the reduction in heatstroke and heart disease-related mortality under urban modification scenarios using machine learning
Authors: Ohashi Yukitaka , Nakajima Ko , Takane Yuya , Kikegaw Yukihiro , Ihara Tomohiko , Oka Kazutaka
Published: January 2025

This study proposes a novel approach combining machine learning (ML) techniques with meteorological model simulations to evaluate the heat-related mortality reduction potential of a climate change adaptation measure, namely, the installation of energy-saving or temperature-decreasing modifications in an urban area (e.g., greening, high-albedo paints, and photovoltaics). These methods have been used separately to assess the future urban health. The Weather Research and Forecasting–Canopy-Building Energy Model (WRF–CMBEM) was used to simulate spatiotemporal urban meteorological conditions, and ML was applied to predict daily heat-related deaths in the 23 wards of Tokyo during the extremely hot summer of 2018. The urban energy-saving and heat island mitigation scenarios evaluated in this study were ground surface greening, no anthropogenic heat from buildings to the atmosphere, rooftop photovoltaics, and cool roofs. ML accurately predicted heatstroke- and ischemic heart disease (IHD)-related daily deaths using important meteorological factors. After meteorological changes from the control case to four urban modification scenarios were predicted using the WRF–CMBEM, potential reductions in heat stress-related deaths were estimated using previously successful ML-trained models. The results showed that in July–August 2018, the ground surface greening case effectively decreased the outdoor surface air temperature by 0.28 °C (50-percentile), 0.37 °C (90-percentile), and 0.56 °C (Max) in all grids resolved at 1 km. Temperature changes reduced heatstroke deaths by 43% and IHD deaths by 18% during the peak period of deaths in summer 2018. Cool roofs resulted in temperature decreases of 0.23 °C (50-percentile), 0.31 °C (90-percentile), and 0.36 °C (Max) and 14% and 13% reductions in heatstroke and IHD deaths, respectively. The results suggest that the implementation of urban modifications can effectively reduce heat-related deaths, especially during heatwaves and extremely hot summers.
Exploring the role of clouds in offshore wind potential off the US West Coast in a changing climate
Authors: Bukovsky Melissa S , Haupt Sue Ellen , McGinnis Seth , Juliano Timothy W , Mitra Arka , Krishnamurthy Raghu , Ghate Virendra
Published: January 2025

To meet US goals of deploying additional wind energy as part of the decarbonization strategy, wind plants are being planned for the deep water offshore the western US. The wind flow in that region is complex due to the proximity to the coast, cold water upwelling, and persistent stratiform clouds that interact with radiation in ways that have the potential to destabilize the atmosphere. That flow has the potential to change with a changing climate. To address these issues, we assess the flow and the clouds in that region using downscaled climate model data, under both historic climate (1975–2005) and projected future (2025–2055) conditions. We note that the climate simulations agree fairly well with the cloud patterns observed by satellite data in the nearshore and offshore regions. We then assess the projected changes in clouds, wind speed, and other important variables, noting that our simulations project that the predominant north/northwesterly low-level jet is expected to strengthen and clouds are likely to be commensurately enhanced, although projected changes are within about 10% of current conditions. Our examination of the dynamics associated with the changes in the climate simulations provides confidence in the dynamical consistency of these projected changes.
Phenomenological concepts in superconductivity
Authors: Genenko Yuri , Rauh Hermann
Published: January 2025

This chapter gives an outline of the theoretical key ingredients underlying the present text. It starts with introducing of the macroscopic quantum wavefunction and the generalized London theory and derives the quantization of the magnetic flux thereof. The single and multiple interacting Abrikosov vortices follow as the solutions of the generalized London equation. Based on the Lorentz force exerted upon vortices the concept of pinning of vortices and the respective critical current are introduced. This paves the way for the formulation of Bean’s model of the critical state. The latter is then used for the evaluation of the magnetization loops of a type-II superconductor slab for the cases of an applied magnetic field and an imposed transport current. The magnetic flux flow and the related energy dissipation are discussed. Finally, the idea of magnetic field conditioning using magnetic environments is disclosed and illustrated by simple examples of magnetic shielding.
Critical characteristics of bulk superconductors in nonideal paramagnetic environments
Authors: Genenko Yuri , Rauh Hermann
Published: January 2025

The question studied in this Chapter is whether the redistributions of the current established in previous Chapters for magnetically shielded thin superconductors can occur in bulk superconductors of more sophisticated geometries too. It is shown that magnetic environments have a significant impact on the penetration of magnetic flux into bulk superconducting constituents and, particularly, on the critical conditions of the first magnetic flux entry in superconductors. Particularly, the Bean-Livingston barrier at the paramagnet/superconductor interface is investigated.
Epilogue
Authors: Genenko Yuri , Rauh Hermann
Published: January 2025

This concluding Chapter summarizes the purpose and the contents of the book, discusses the limitations on the models used and the physical results obtained, and outlines perspectives of further studies in the covered special field.
Husserlian Complexifications
Authors: Zahavi Dan
Published: January 2025

Taking its point of departure in Husserl’s multidimensional account of self and his distinction between a pure ego and a personal ego, this chapter argues that the thin experiential notion of self must be supplemented with a thicker normative notion of self if we are to understand how something like group identification and we-membership is to be possible. To merely focus on the first-personal subjectivity is insufficient, since only a self defined in terms of features that are shareable, such as roles, narratives, commitments, and values, will be able to identify with others who partake in similar roles and share similar norms and values. This chapter ends by considering whether Garfield is right in claiming that only the realization that none of us are selves can pave the way for a proper appreciation of communal life.
Group Identification
Authors: Zahavi Dan
Published: January 2025

This chapter distinguishes groups where membership can be externally assigned from groups where membership requires an experiential anchoring and then moves on to discuss some of the core ideas in social identity theory, in particular the idea that individuals are changed psychologically in group settings and that it is therefore necessary to explore the group if we are to fully understand the psychology of the individual. This chapter highlights the role that processes of categorization and depersonalization play for group belongingness and group formation and defends the plurality requirement: Even if members of a we must be bound together in some fashion, even if the togetherness distinctive of a we requires some kind of integration, we should not be looking for an undifferentiated fusional unity.
The Question of Primacy
Authors: Zahavi Dan
Published: January 2025

This chapter discusses whether the first-person singular perspective is prior to, equiprimordial with, or dependent upon the first-person plural perspective and defends the first option. As is made clear, such a defence in no way disputes factual co-occurrence, the idea that we are together with others from the very start. The chapter ends by pointing out that even if a we requires some pre-existing form of selfhood, the existence of genuine we-phenomena will also put pressure on certain traditional conceptions of consciousness. In particular, and this is a question that will be pursued further in Part II, if it is acknowledged that we can come to share intentions, emotions, and even identities with others, will this not challenge classical ontological individualism?
Empathy
Authors: Zahavi Dan
Published: January 2025

A we necessarily involves more than one member, but how are individuals to relate to and understand each other if they are to constitute a we together? Are all forms of social cognition equally conducive to the emergence of a we-perspective or are some forms more important than others? Drawing on the work of Husserl, Stein, and Scheler, this chapter presents a phenomenological account of empathy and argues that empathy, understood not as imaginative perspective taking or as affective sharing but as a distinct experiential acquaintance with others, is crucial if we are to make sense of the idea that we can share experiences with others.
Explaining Distinctively Human Cognition
Authors: Schulz Armin W
Published: January 2025

This chapter sketches the major existing treatments of the nature and evolution of distinctively human cognition: modular, nativist views, cultural learning–based views, and symbol processing–based views. (Some further, more specific accounts are discussed in later chapters.) It lays out the benefits of these different views, but also shows why they, on their own, fall short of providing a compelling account of the nature and evolution of distinctively human cognition. The chapter ends by providing a list of open questions that we still need answers to. In this way, the chapter helps us understand why a new treatment of the evolution of distinctively human cognition is needed.
Conclusion
Authors: Schulz Armin W
Published: January 2025

The final chapter of the book pulls together all the strings developed in the previous chapters and summarizes the overall picture that results. Human cognition, while not necessarily differing in kind from what is found among non-human animals, is still unique and distinctive in many ways. A compelling account of the evolution and development of distinctively human cognition is based on an interactionist feedback loop that links cumulative cultural learning, cognitive and social technology, and innate representational expectations. Understanding this point is not just inherently interesting, but also has implications for matters of contemporary importance.
Coherence, Monochromaticity, and High Order Emission
Authors: Doucas George
Published: January 2025

This chapter derives the expected radiated energy when a bunch containing (N) electrons passes over a grating with many periods. It is shown that the result depends on the distribution of these N electrons inside the bunch and in particular, on the longitudinal (time) profile of the bunch. The concept of coherence is introduced to describe the situation when the bunch is short compared to the wavelength of the radiation, and the consequent dramatic increase in radiated energy. There is a detailed analysis of when the emitted radiation can be considered to be monochromatic, depending on the separation between grating and detector. Also included in this chapter is a discussion of the possible advantages of working with higher emission orders. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of the inverse Smith–Purcell effect whereby energy is transferred from an electromagnetic wave to a particle beam.