bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic accuracy of theRivalta test for feline infectious peritonitis
Authors: Fischer Yvonne , Sauter‐Louis Carola , Hartmann Katrin
Published: August 2012

Background

TheRivalta test has been used routinely inEurope to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats with effusions, but its diagnostic accuracy is uncertain.

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values of theRivalta test forFIPand to identify correlations between a positiveRivalta test and variables measured in effusion fluid and peripheral blood.

Methods

In this retrospective study, medical records of cats with effusions were reviewed, and cats with conclusive results for theRivalta test were included. The prevalence ofFIPin this population was determined, and sensitivity, specificity, andPPVandNPVof theRivalta test were calculated. Variables measured in effusion fluid and peripheral blood were compared between cats that had positive or negative Rivalta tests using theMann–WhitneyU‐test and multivariate analysis.

Results

Of 851 cats with effusions, 782 had conclusively positive or negative results for theRivalta test. A definitive final diagnosis was made in 497 of these cats. Prevalence ofFIPin cats with effusion and a conclusiveRivalta test result was 34.6%. TheRivalta test had a sensitivity of 91.3%, specificity of 65.5%,PPVof 58.4%, andNPVof 93.4% for the diagnosis ofFIP. These values increased when cats with lymphoma or bacterial infections were excluded, or when only cats ≤ 2 years were considered. Increased effusion cholesterol concentration and specific gravity as well as decreased serum albumin:globulin ratio and hyperbilirubinemia were positively correlated with positiveRivalta test results.

Conclusions

Sensitivity, specificity, andPPVof theRivalta test for the diagnosis ofFIPwere lower than previously reported except when used in young cats. The components in effusions that lead to a positiveRivalta test remain unknown, but the positivity is not simply related to high total protein concentration.
Thyroid hormone concentrations differ between donkeys and horses
Authors: MENDOZA F. J. , PEREZ‐ECIJA R. A. , TORIBIO R. E. , ESTEPA J. C.
Published: August 2012

Reasons for performing study:Reference intervals for thyroid hormones (TH) concentrations have not been previously established for donkeys, leading to potential misdiagnosis of thyroid disease.

Objectives:To determine the normal values of TH in healthy adult donkeys and compare them to TH values from healthy adult horses.

Methods:Thirty‐eight healthy Andalusian donkeys and 19 healthy Andalusian horses from 2 different farms were used. Donkeys were divided into 3 age groups: <5, 5–10 and >11 years and into 2 gender groups. Serum concentrations of fT3, tT3, rT3, fT4 and tT4 were quantified by radioimmunoassay. All blood samples were collected the same day in the morning. None of the animals had received any treatment for 30 days prior to sampling or had any history of disease. Both farms were in close proximity and under similar management. Differences between groups were determined using a one‐way ANOVA analysis followed by Fisher's LSD test. P<0.05 was considered significant.

Results:Serum TH concentrations were higher in donkeys than in horses (P<0.01). Donkeys <5 years had higher serum rT3, fT4 and tT4 concentrations than donkeys >5 years (P<0.05). Furthermore, older donkeys (>11 years) had lower serum fT3 and tT3 concentrations than younger donkeys’ groups (<5 and 5–10 years, P<0.05). TH concentrations were not different between genders (fT3: P = 0.06; tT3: P = 0.08; rT3: P = 0.15; fT4: P = 0.89; and tT4: P = 0.19).

Conclusions:Thyroid hormone concentrations are different between healthy adult donkeys and horses.

Potential relevance:Establishing species‐specific TH reference ranges is important when evaluating clinicopathologic data in equids in order to avoid the misdiagnosis of thyroid gland dysfunction. Further studies to elucidate the physiological mechanisms leading to these differences are warranted.
Treatment with Cardiotonic Pills® after Ischemia‐Reperfusion Ameliorates Myocardial Fibrosis in Rats
Authors: Wei Xiao‐Hong , Liu Yu‐Ying , Li Quan , Yan Li , Hu Bai‐He , Pan Chun‐Shui , Li Zhi‐Xin , Chang Xin , Fan Jing‐Yu , Zhao Na , Sun Kai , Huang Ping , Wang Chuan‐She , Fan Tai‐Ping , Han Jing‐Yan
Published: August 2012

Objective

The present study was designed to evaluate whether CP was beneficial in alleviating myocardial fibrosis following I/R injury.

Methods

Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to 30 minutes occlusion of the LADCA, followed by reperfusion. CP (0.4 or 0.8 g/kg) was daily administered starting from three hour after reperfusion until day 6. Coronary venular diameter, RBC velocity, albumin leakage, MBF, heart function, myocardial infarction and fibrosis size, myocardium ultrastructure, MPO activity, and MDA level were evaluated. The expression of MCP‐1, RP S19, TGF‐β1, P‐Smad3, Smad4, MMP‐9 and α‐SMA, and the infiltration of leukocytes were examined.

Results

CP post‐treatment ameliorated I/R‐induced myocardial RBC velocity reduction, MBF decrease, cardiac dysfunction, and albumin leakage increase. Moreover, myocardial infarction and fibrosis size, MPO activity, MDA level, the expression of RP S19, TGF‐β1, P‐Smad3, Smad4, MMP‐9 and α‐SMA, the number of CD68‐positive cells increased significantly after I/R, and myocardium collagen deposition was observed on day 6 after reperfusion. All the alterations after I/R were significantly ameliorated by CP.

Conclusions

Post‐treatment with CP ameliorates I/R‐induced myocardial fibrosis, suggesting that CP may be applied as an option for preventing cardiac remodeling after I/R injury.
Damping and Inertia Coefficients for Two Open Ends Squeeze Film Dampers With a Central Groove: Measurements and Predictions
Authors: San Andrés Luis
Published: August 2012

Aircraft engine rotors are particularly sensitive to rotor imbalance and sudden maneuver loads, since they are always supported on rolling element bearings with little damping. Most engines incorporate squeeze film dampers (SFDs) as means to dissipate mechanical energy from rotor vibrations and to ensure system stability. The paper quantifies experimentally the forced performance of a SFD comprising two parallel film lands separated by a deep central groove. Tests are conducted on two open ends SFDs, both with diameter D = 127 mm and nominal radial clearance c = 0.127 mm. One damper has film lands with length L = 12.7 mm (short length), while the other has 25.4 mm land lengths. The central groove has width L and depth 3/4 L. A light viscosity lubricant flows into the central groove via three orifices, 120 deg apart and then through the film lands to finally exit to ambient. In operation, a static loader pulls the bearing to various eccentric positions and electromagnetic shakers excite the test system with periodic loads to generate whirl orbits of specific amplitudes. A frequency domain method identifies the SFD damping and inertia force coefficients. The long damper generates six times more damping and about three times more added mass than the short length damper. The damping coefficients are sensitive to the static eccentricity (up to ∼ 0.5 c), while showing lesser dependency on the amplitude of whirl motion (up to 0.2 c). On the other hand, inertia coefficients increase mildly with static eccentricity and decrease as the amplitude of whirl motion increases. Cross-coupled force coefficients are insignificant for all imposed operating conditions on either damper. Large dynamic pressures recorded in the central groove demonstrate the groove does not isolate the adjacent squeeze film lands, but contributes to the amplification of the film lands’ reaction forces. Predictions from a novel SFD model that includes flow interactions in the central groove and feed orifices agree well with the test force coefficients for both dampers. The test data and predictions advance current knowledge and demonstrate that SFD-forced performance is tied to the lubricant feed arrangement.
Experimental and Numerical Investigations on the Leakage Flow Characteristics of the Labyrinth Brush Seal
Authors: Li Jun , Qiu Bo , Feng Zhenping
Published: August 2012

The leakage rate of the labyrinth brush seal was experimentally measured and numerically investigated in this paper. Four different rotational speeds of 0, 1500, 2400 and 3000 rpm were utilized to investigate the effects on the leakage rate of the labyrinth brush seal. In addition, five different pressure ratios and two initial clearances were also adopted to study the influences of pressure ratio and clearance size on the leakage rate of the labyrinth brush seal. The leakage rates of the experimental labyrinth brush seal at different rotational speeds, pressure ratios, and initial clearances were also predicted using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solutions coupling with a non-Darcian porous medium model. The rotor centrifugal growth and bristle blow-down effects were considered in the present numerical research. The rotor centrifugal growth at different rotational speeds was calculated using the finite element method (FEM). The variation of the sealing clearance size with rotor centrifugal growth and bristle blow-down was analyzed. The numerical leakage rate was in good agreement with the experimental data. The effects of rotational speeds, pressure ratios, and clearance sizes on the leakage flow characteristics of brush seals were also investigated based on the experimental data and numerical results. The detailed leakage flow fields and pressure distributions of the brush seals were also presented.
Prediction Reliability of a Statistical Methodology for Gas Turbine Prognostics
Authors: Venturini Mauro , Puggina Nicola
Published: August 2012

The performance of gas turbines degrades over time and, as a consequence, a decrease in gas turbine performance parameters also occurs, so that they may fall below a given threshold value. Therefore, corrective maintenance actions are required to bring the system back to an acceptable operating condition. In today’s competitive market, the prognosis of the time evolution of system performance is also recommended, in such a manner as to take appropriate action before any serious malfunctioning has occurred and, as a consequence, to improve system reliability and availability. Successful prognostics should be as accurate as possible, because false alarms cause unnecessary maintenance and nonprofitable stops. For these reasons, a prognostic methodology, developed by the authors, is applied in this paper to assess its prediction reliability for several degradation scenarios typical of gas turbine performance deterioration. The methodology makes use of the Monte Carlo statistical method to provide, on the basis of the recordings of past behavior, a prediction of future availability, i.e., the probability that the considered machine or component can be found in the operational state at a given time in the future. The analyses carried out in this paper aim to assess the influence of the degradation scenario on methodology prediction reliability, as a function of a user-defined threshold and minimum value allowed for the parameter under consideration. A technique is also presented and discussed, in order to improve methodology prediction reliability by means a correction factor applied to the time points used for methodology calibration. The results presented in this paper show that, for all the considered degradation scenarios, the prediction error is lower than 4% (in most cases, it is even lower than 2%), if the availability is estimated for the next trend, while it is not higher than 12%, if the availability is estimated five trends ahead. The application of a proper correction factor allows the prediction errors after five trends to be reduced to approximately 5%.
Proximity error correction method for continuous moving stage electron beam writing
Authors: Kasture Sachin , V. V. Nikesh , Mulay Gajendra , Venu Gopal Achanta
Published: August 2012

Fabrication of high density waveguide-like structures using electron-beam lithography is challenging due to concerns such as stitching errors and proximity issues, which lead to irregularities in the fabricated structure. Continuous moving stage writing method is used to avoid the stitching errors for the long waveguide-like structures, but conventional proximity error correction methods cannot be applied in such cases. The authors propose a simple theoretical method to proximity correct such structures and experimentally demonstrate it in the case of high density millimeter long waveguide-like or grating structures. This method is ideal for high aspect ratio writing, which involves structures that have elements that are much longer than the separation between them. Also, in this method, every element can be assigned a single dose and thus does not need fracturing of individual elements. Experimental results agree well with the theoretically obtained corrections.
Targeted Disruption of the BCL9/β-Catenin Complex Inhibits Oncogenic Wnt Signaling
Authors: Takada Kohichi , Zhu Di , Bird Gregory H. , Sukhdeo Kumar , Zhao Jian-Jun , Mani Mala , Lemieux Madeleine , Carrasco Daniel E. , Ryan Jeremy , Horst David , Fulciniti Mariateresa , Munshi Nikhil C. , Xu Wenqing , Kung Andrew L. , Shivdasani Ramesh A. , Walensky Loren D. , Carrasco Daniel Ruben
Published: August 2012

Blocking BCL9/β-catenin interaction with a stapled peptide inhibits Wnt-dependent transcription and suppresses growth and metastasis in colon cancer and multiple myeloma.
Niacin Lipid Efficacy Is Independent of Both the Niacin Receptor GPR109A and Free Fatty Acid Suppression
Authors: Lauring Brett , Taggart Andrew K. P. , Tata James R. , Dunbar Richard , Caro Luzelena , Cheng Kang , Chin Jayne , Colletti Steven L. , Cote Josee , Khalilieh Sauzanne , Liu Jiajun , Luo Wen-Lin , MacLean Alexandra A. , Peterson Laurence B. , Polis Adam B. , Sirah Waheeda , Wu Tsuei-Ju , Liu Xuan , Jin Lan , Wu Kenneth , Boatman P. Douglas , Semple Graeme , Behan Dominic P. , Connolly Daniel T. , Lai Eseng , Wagner John A. , Wright Samuel D. , Cuffie Cynthia , Mitchel Yale B. , Rader Daniel J. , Paolini John F. , Waters M. Gerard , Plump Andrew
Published: August 2012

GPR109A is not the target mediating niacin’s lipid efficacy and the free fatty acid hypothesis does not explain niacin’s mechanism of action.
It Ain’t Over ‘Til the Fat Lady Sings
Authors: Offermanns Stefan
Published: August 2012

The antiatherogenic drug nicotinic acid (niacin) has antidyslipidemic effects independent of free fatty acid suppression mediated by its receptor HCA
2
(GPR109A) (Lauring
et al
., this issue).
‘all in the Same Boat—: A Qualitative Study of Patients’ Attitudes and Experiences in Group Acupuncture Clinics
Authors: Asprey Anthea , Paterson Charlotte , White Adrian
Published: August 2012

Background

Group acupuncture clinics have been introduced in a London hospital and in two general practices in Hertfordshire for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Encouraging preliminary reports have been published of the efficacy of the treatment delivered in this setting but its acceptability to patients has not yet been established. The aim was to investigate the acceptability and perceived advantages and disadvantages of acupuncture delivered in the group setting for the treatment of knee OA.

Methods

Semistructured interviews were conducted with 16 patients in their own homes and with four nurses over the telephone. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, fully anonymised and analysed thematically.

Results

Group acupuncture was delivered with enthusiasm by nurses, was acceptable and popular with patients and recognised to be cost-efficient. Factors affecting acceptability were situational, interpersonal and intrapersonal. Situational factors included adequacy of the physical space used, flexibility of the appointment system and the changing and adaptable nature of the group. Interpersonal factors were mutual support, the exchange of information, the provision of mixed or single-sex sessions and the role of the acupuncture nurse. Intrapersonal factors that increased acceptability were less clear, but nurses expressed the view that the group setting was less suitable for patients with complex conditions or severe pain.

Conclusions

Acceptability is very high and may be maximised by taking a number of factors into account: full information should be provided before treatment begins; flexibility should be maintained in the appointment system and different levels of contact between fellow patients should be fostered; sufficient space and staffing should be provided and single-sex groups used wherever possible.
Do Not Judge According to Appearance: Patients— Preference of a Doctor's Face Does Not Influence Their Assessment of the Patient–doctor Relationship
Authors: Lee Soon-Ho , Chang Dong-Seon , Kang O-Seok , Kim Hwa-Hyun , Kim Hackjin , Lee Hyejung , Park Hi-Joon , Chae Younbyoung
Published: August 2012

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a patient's preference for a doctor's face is associated with better assessments of relational empathy in the patient–doctor relationship after the first clinical consultation.

Methods

A total of 110 patients enrolled in a traditional Korean medical clinic participated in the study. Patients’ preference for doctors’ faces was assessed by a two alternative forced choice (2AFC) task, with 60 different pairs of six different Asian male doctors’ faces. One of the six doctors then carried out the initial clinical consultation for these patients. The patient–doctor relationship was assessed using the Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) measure.

Results

The data of all patients’ simulated preferences for a doctor's face and their assessment values of a doctor's relational empathy was compared, and no significant correlation was found between both values (r=−0.024, p>0.809).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the perceived empathy in the patient–doctor relationship is not influenced by the patient's preference for a certain doctor's face. The first impression of a doctor is often determined by his appearance and look. However, whether or not the patient particularly prefers a doctor's face does not seem to matter in developing a good patient–doctor relationship.
Acupuncture for Treatment of Hospital-Induced Constipation in Children: A Retrospective Case Series Study
Authors: Anders Eric Falk , Findeisen Annette , Nowak Andreas , Rüdiger Mario , Usichenko Taras Ivanovich
Published: August 2012

Objective

Acupuncture is a promising option in the treatment of functional bowel disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptance of acupuncture for the treatment of hospital-induced constipation (HIC) in children.

Methods

Bilateral stimulation of acupuncture point LI11 was applied in 10 children with HIC using fixed indwelling acupuncture needles (0.9 mm long) before considering starting conventional local constipation therapy with laxative suppositories. The clinical records were studied retrospectively for feasibility, acceptance and effectiveness of acupuncture.

Results

Acupuncture was feasible in all children and application of the indwelling needles was tolerated without fear. Side effects were not observed. After a median of 3 days of HIC, all children defaecated within 2 h after LI11 stimulation. No patient required conventional local constipation therapy.

Conclusions

Acupuncture for the treatment of HIC is feasible and acceptable. Its effect should be verified in a randomised controlled trial.
Adrenoleukodystrophy: a forgotten diagnosis in children with primary Addison's disease: Figure 1
Authors: Nascimento Marta , Rodrigues Nádia , Espada Filipa , Fonseca Marcelo
Published: August 2012

The X linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a peroxisomal disease caused by defects of the ABCD1 gene on chromosome Xq28 leading to accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), progressive demyelination and adrenal insufficiency. An 8-year-old boy was referred to our paediatric endocrinology clinic due to fatigue and hyperpigmentation with onset at 2-years old. Blood tests revealed mineralocorticoid insufficiency. Serum adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol concentrations were compatible with adrenal insufficiency. Adrenal antibodies were negative. The elevated plasmatic concentration of VLCFA and the genotype analysis with sequencing of ABCD1 gene established the diagnosis of X-ALD. Brain MRI showed demyelination of white matter in the peritrigonal regions. Steroid replacement was started with good response. He initiated restriction of VLCFA by reducing the intake of fatty foods. The authors highlight the importance of suspecting of X-ALD in the aetiology of primary adrenal insufficiency as the first sign of the disease.
Uterine torsion in second trimester of pregnancy followed by a successful-term pregnancy
Authors: Fatih Farah Farouq , Gowri Vaidyanathan , Rao Kuntal
Published: August 2012

Uterine torsion is defined as rotation of the uterus of more than 45° on its long axis. It is an unusual complication of pregnancy and for most obstetricians it probably represents a ‘once-in-a-lifetime’ diagnosis. Fetal mortality up to 12% and occasional maternal mortality are reported. A 22-year-old second gravida presented at 22+ weeks gestation with severe abdominal pain and shock. Laparotomy was done for suspected abruptio placenta, when torsion of the uterus to 180° was diagnosed. Posterior hysterotomy was performed. She conceived the next year and was delivered at term by caesarean section. Uterine torsion is a rare complication of pregnancy and obstetricians should have this complication in mind when performing a caesarean section for undiagnosed severe abdominal pain in pregnancy. Anatomical landmarks should be defined if possible, prior to uterine incision during a caesarean section, to avoid posterior hysterotomy
Rupture of an unscarred uterus diagnosed in the puerperium: a rare occurrence
Authors: Faria Joana , Henriques Célia , Silva Maria do Carmo , Mira Ricardo
Published: August 2012

We describe a rare case report of unscarred uterus rupture (UR) diagnosed in the puerperium after a vacuum extraction (VE) delivery of a healthy newborn. In this instance, no risk factors were found apart from the use of VE in the setting of prolonged deceleration. The suspicion of the diagnosis was made because of the patient's constant distressing abdominal pain with peritoneal signs as well as a drop in haemoglobin. In the exploratory laparotomy, a 2000 ml haemoperitoneum and a complete transverse tear of the uterine fundus 10 cm long was found in a structurally normal uterus. Peritoneal lavage was effected and the tear was repaired. A very high index of suspicion is needed and the longer the delay in making the diagnosis, and starting treatment, the greater the clinical risk. Since the risk of UR in subsequent pregnancies is very high, caesarean delivery is recommended in any future pregnancy, after fetal pulmonary maturity is confirmed.
Remedying embankment thaw settlement in a warm permafrost region with thermosyphons and crushed rock revetment
Authors: Ma Wei , Wen Zhi , Sheng Yu , Wu Qingbai , Wang Dayan , Feng Wenjie
Published: August 2012

Due to the special engineering geology characteristics of permafrost, construction in permafrost regions tends to result in serious permafrost-related engineering problems. Thaw settlement induced by permafrost degradation is the principal challenge for railway construction on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. It threatens the stability and safety of the railway system, especially in warm and ice-rich permafrost regions. Thaw settlement in section DK1139+780 along the Qinghai-Tibetan railway is a potential risk to the safety of the railway, and a combination of closed thermosyphons and crushed rock revetment was used to remedy permafrost warming and thaw settlement of the embankment. Based on ground temperatures and embankment deformations observed at this site since 2002, the effects of the remedial measures were evaluated. The results show that the remedial measures lowered the ground temperature and raised the permafrost table. The crushed rock slope protection acted as an insulation layer and reduced heat flux into the embankment. The thermosyphons lowered the permafrost temperature and had a good cooling effect on the underlying permafrost. The results show that the remedial measures using two-phase thermosyphons and crushed rock revetment decreased the settlement of the embankment and improved the stability of the railway system.
COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF A POLYMER WITH EXACT SOLUTION
Authors: DE SOUZA FERREIRA LUCAS , DE ALMEIDA CAPARICA ÁLVARO
Published: August 2012

In this work we apply a refined Wang–Landau simulation to a simple polymer model which has an exact solution both in the microcanonical and the canonical formalisms. We investigate the behavior of the microcanonical and canonical averages during the Wang–Landau simulation. The simulations were carried out using conventional Wang–Landau sampling (WLS) and the 1/t scheme. Our results show that updating the density of states only after every N monomer moves leads to a much better precision. During the simulations the canonical averages such as the location of the maximum of the specific heat calculated from independent runs tend asymptotically to values around the correct value obtained from the exact calculations of the density of states and remain unchanged for some final modification factor. Since this f final is found for the model analyzed, one has a criterion to stop the simulations. We compare our results with the exact value and with those of the 1/t scheme.
MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF A DISORDERED BINARY ISING MODEL
Authors: CAMBUÍ D. S. , DE ARRUDA A. S. , GODOY M.
Published: August 2012

A disordered binary Ising model, with only nearest-neighbor spin exchange interactions J > 0 on the square lattice, is studied through Monte Carlo simulations. The system consists of two different particles with spin-1/2 and spin-1, randomly distributed on the lattice. We found the critical temperatures for several values of the concentration x of spin-1/2 particles, and also the corresponding critical exponents.
PROBING THE CENTRAL BLACK HOLE IN M87 WITH GAMMA-RAYS
Authors: RIEGER FRANK M. , AHARONIAN FELIX
Published: August 2012

Recent high-sensitivity observation of the nearby radio galaxy M87 has provided important insights into the central engine that drives the large-scale outflows seen in radio, optical and X-rays. This review summarizes the observational status achieved in the high energy (HE < 100 GeV) and very high energy (VHE > 100 GeV) gamma-ray domains, and discusses the theoretical progress in understanding the physical origin of this emission and its relation to the activity of the central black hole.
An essential role for Tbx15 in the differentiation of brown and “brite” but not white adipocytes
Authors: Gburcik Valentina , Cawthorn William P. , Nedergaard Jan , Timmons James A. , Cannon Barbara
Published: August 2012

The transcription factor Tbx15 is expressed predominantly in brown adipose tissue and in those white adipose depots that are capable of giving rise to brown-in-white (“brite”/“beige”) adipocytes. Therefore, we have investigated a possible role here of Tbx15 in brown and brite adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Adipocyte precursors were isolated from interscapular and axilliary brown adipose tissues, inguinal white (“brite”) adipose tissue, and epididymal white adipose tissue in 129/Sv mouse pups and differentiated in culture. Differentiation was enhanced by chronic treatment with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone plus the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Using short interfering RNAs (siRNA) directed toward Tbx15 in these primary adipocyte cultures, we decreased Tbx15 expression >90%. This resulted in reduced expression levels of adipogenesis markers (PPARγ, aP2). Importantly, Tbx15 knockdown reduced the expression of brown phenotypic marker genes (PRDM16, PGC-1α, Cox8b/Cox4, UCP1) in brown adipocytes and even more markedly in inguinal white adipocytes. In contrast, Tbx15 knockdown had no effect on white adipocytes originating from a depot that is not brite competent in vivo (epididymal). Therefore, Tbx15 may be essential for the development of the adipogenic and thermogenic programs in adipocytes/adipomyocytes capable of developing brown adipocyte features.
Exosomal secretion of death bullets: a new way of apoptotic escape?
Authors: Trokovic Nina , Pöllänen Raimo , Porola Pauliina , Stegaev Vasily , Hetzel Udo , Tivesten Åsa , Engdahl Cecilia , Carlsten Hans , Forsblad-d'Elia Helena , Fagman Johan Bourghardt , Lagerquist Marie , Konttinen Yrjö T.
Published: August 2012

Ovariectomy/estrogen deficiency causes selective apoptosis of the serous epithelial cells of the submandibular glands (SMG) in female mice. Because such apoptosis does not occur in healthy, estrogen-deficient male mice, it was hypothesized that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) protects epithelial SMG cells against apoptosis. The antiapoptotic effect of DHT on human epithelial HSG cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor-α and cycloheximide was studied. Correspondingly, the proapoptotic effect of androgen deficiency was studied in orchiectomized (ORX) androgen-knockout (ARKO) and wild-type (WT) mice. The health state of the SMG cells was studied with Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff (AB-PAS) and amylase staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The eventual protective antiapoptotic effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment was tested in this model. Apoptosis was assessed using immunohistochemisty of cleaved effector caspase-3 and its activator caspase-8 and the TUNEL assay. To test for the bioavailability, intracrine metabolism and sex steroid effects of DHEA, cystein-rich secretory protein-3 (CRISP-3), and leucine-isoleucine-valine transport system 1 (LIV-1) were used as androgen- and estrogen-regulated biomarkers, respectively. DHT protected HSG cells against induced apoptosis. In mice, androgen deficiency resulted in extensive activation of apoptotic caspase-8/3 cascade in serous epithelial cells. However, in salivary glands, active caspases were not translocated to nuclei but secreted to salivary ducts in exosome-like particles, which are associated with weak AB-PAS and amylase staining of the androgen-deprived cells and reduced number of intracellular secretory granules. DHEA treatment suppressed induction of proapoptotic caspases and almost normalized mucins and amylase and ultramophology of the serous epithelial cells in WT ORX but not ARKO ORX mice. According to the CRISP-3 and LIV-1 markers, DHEA probably exerted its effects via intracrine conversion to DHT.
Secondary muscle pathology and metabolic dysregulation in adults with cerebral palsy
Authors: Peterson Mark D. , Gordon Paul M. , Hurvitz Edward A. , Burant Charles F.
Published: August 2012

Cerebral palsy (CP) is caused by an insult to or malformation of the developing brain which affects motor control centers and causes alterations in growth, development, and overall health throughout the life span. In addition to the disruption in development caused by the primary neurological insult, CP is associated with exaggerated sedentary behaviors and a hallmark accelerated progression of muscle pathology compared with typically developing children and adults. Factors such as excess adipose tissue deposition and altered partitioning, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation may increase the severity of muscle pathology throughout adulthood and lead to cardiometabolic disease risk and/or early mortality. We describe a model of exaggerated health risk represented in adults with CP and discuss the mechanisms and secondary consequences associated with chronic sedentary behavior, obesity, aging, and muscle spasticity. Moreover, we highlight novel evidence that implicates aberrant inflammation in CP as a potential mechanism linking both metabolic and cognitive dysregulation in a cyclical pattern.
Built Environment and Its Influences on Walking among Older Women: Use of Standardized Geographic Units to Define Urban Forms
Authors: Siu Vivian W. , Lambert William E. , Fu Rongwei , Hillier Teresa A. , Bosworth Mark , Michael Yvonne L.
Published: August 2012

Consensus is lacking on specific and policy-relevant measures of neighborhood attributes that may affect health outcomes. To address this limitation, we created small standardized geographic units measuring the transit, commercial, and park area access, intersection, and population density for the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area. Cluster analysis was used to identify six unique urban forms: central city, city periphery, suburb, urban fringe with poor commercial access, urban fringe with pool park access, and satellite city. The urban form information was linkable to the detailed physical activity, health, and socio-demographic data of 2,005 older women without the use of administrative boundaries. Evaluation of the relationship between urban forms and walking behavior indicates that older women residing in city center were more likely to walk than those living in city periphery, suburb communities, and urban fringe with poor commercial access; however, these women were not significantly more likely to walk compared to those residing in urban fringe with poor park access or satellite city. Utility of small standardized geographic units and clusters to measure and define built environment support research investigating the impact of built environment and health. The findings may inform environmental/policy interventions that shape communities and promote active living.
Dynamics of a Delay‐Varying Computer Virus Propagation Model
Authors: Ren Jianguo , Xu Yonghong , Zhang Yongchang , Dong Yongquan , Hao Guosheng
Published: August 2012

By considering the varying latency period of computer virus, we propose a novel model for computer virus propagation in network. Under this model, we give the threshold value determining whether or not the virus finally dies out, and study the local stability of the virus‐free and virus equilibrium. It is found that the model may undergo a Hopf bifurcation. Next, we use different methods to prove the global asymptotic stability of the equilibria: the virus‐free equilibrium by using the direct Lyapunov method and virus equilibrium by using a geometric approach. Finally, some numerical examples are given to support our conclusions.
Malignant Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor of the Esophagus
Authors: Fassan Matteo , Cassaro Mauro , Vecchiato Massimo , Clemente Roberto , Pennelli Gianmaria , Merigliano Stefano , Altavilla Giuseppe
Published: August 2012

Malignant perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) is a rare tumor composed of hybrid tumor cells characterized by immunoreactivity for both melanocytic and smooth muscle markers. This paper describes the uncommon esophageal location of an 8 cm PEComa in a 75-year-old Caucasian man who was presented with ingravescent dysphagia. Although PEComas arising within the gastrointestinal tract are exceptional findings, clinicians should not exclude this class of tumors in the diagnostic investigation of a bulky lesion of the esophageal wall.
Delay‐Range‐Dependent Stability Criteria for Takagi‐Sugeno Fuzzy Systems with Fast Time‐Varying Delays
Authors: Liu Pin-Lin
Published: August 2012

The problem of delay‐range‐dependent stability for T‐S fuzzy system with interval time‐varying delay is investigated. The constraint on the derivative of the time‐varying delay is not required, which allows the time delay to be a fast time‐varying function. By developing delay decomposition approach, integral inequalities approach (IIA), and Leibniz‐Newton formula, the information of the delayed plant states can be taken into full consideration, and new delay‐dependent sufficient stability criteria are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) which can be easily solved by various optimization algorithms. Simulation examples show resulting criteria outperform all existing ones in the literature. It is worth pointing out that our criteria are carried out more efficiently for computation and less conservatism of the proposed criteria.
Psychopharmacological Treatment and Psychological Interventions in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Sinagra Emanuele , Romano Claudia , Cottone Mario
Published: August 2012

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) accounts for 25% of gastroenterology output practice, making it one of the most common disorders in this practice. Psychological and social factors may affect the development of this chronic disorder. Furthermore, psychiatric symptoms and psychiatric diseases are highly prevalent in this condition, but the approach to treating these is not always straightforward. As emphasized in the biopsychosocial model of IBS, with regard to the modulatory role of stress-related brain-gut interactions and association of the disease with psychological factors and emotional state, it proves useful to encourage psychopharmacological treatments and psychosocial therapies, both aiming at reducing stress perception. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effectiveness of psychopharmacological treatment and psychological interventions on irritable bowel syndrome.
Riluzole-Triggered GSH Synthesis via Activation of Glutamate Transporters to Antagonize Methylmercury-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Deng Yu , Xu Zhao-Fa , Liu Wei , Xu Bin , Yang Hai-Bo , Wei Yan-Gang
Published: August 2012

Objective. This study was to evaluate the effect of riluzole on methylmercury- (MeHg-) induced oxidative stress, through promotion of glutathione (GSH) synthesis by activating of glutamate transporters (GluTs) in rat cerebral cortex.Methods. Eighty rats were randomly assigned to four groups, control group, riluzole alone group, MeHg alone group, and riluzole + MeHg group. The neurotoxicity of MeHg was observed by measuring mercury (Hg) absorption, pathological changes, and cell apoptosis of cortex. Oxidative stress was evaluated via determining reactive oxygen species (ROS), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDAs), carbonyl, sulfydryl, and GSH in cortex. Glutamate (Glu) transport was studied by measuring Glu, glutamine (Gln), mRNA, and protein of glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1).Result. (1) MeHg induced Hg accumulation, pathological injury, and apoptosis of cortex; (2) MeHg increased ROS, 8-OHdG, MDA, and carbonyl, and inhibited sulfydryl and GSH; (3) MeHg elevated Glu, decreased Gln, and downregulated GLAST and GLT-1 mRNA expression and protein levels; (4) riluzole antagonized MeHg-induced downregulation of GLAST and GLT-1 function and expression, GSH depletion, oxidative stress, pathological injury, and apoptosis obviously.Conclusion. Data indicate that MeHg administration induced oxidative stress in cortex and that riluzole could antagonize this situation through elevation of GSH synthesis by activating of GluTs.
Myoepithelial Cell-Rich Pleormorphic Adenoma of Minor Salivary Gland of Parapharyngeal Space
Authors: Rawat Digvijay Singh , Sonkhya Divij , Sonkhya Nishi , Gupta Shubha
Published: August 2012

Parapharyngeal space tumors are rare and constitute only 0.5–1.0% of head and neck tumors. Minor salivary gland tumor is still rare in parapharyngeal space. We are reporting a case of pleomorphic adenoma of minor salivary gland of parapharyngeal space. A 42-year-old female presented with a history of mass in the oropharynx for 3 years. She presented with “hot potato voice” and dysphagia. CECT and MRI were done, showing large parapharyngeal space tumor. FNAC was suspicious for tumor of nerve cell origin. Tumor was excised using “paramedian mandibulotomy with mandibular swing approach”. Histopathological examination was inconclusive, suggesting possibility of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, solitary fibrous tumor, neurogenic tumor. On immunohistochemistry, tumor was positive for cytokeratin, EMA (dim), S-100, and P 63 and negative for SMA thus proving the case as myoepithelial cell-rich pleomorphic adenoma.
Effects of Temperament and Character Profiles on State and Trait Depression and Anxiety: A Prospective Study of a Japanese Youth Population
Authors: Lu Xi , Chen Zi , Cui Xiaoyi , Uji Masayo , Miyazaki Wataru , Oda Masako , Nagata Toshiaki , Kitamura Toshinori , Katoh Takahiko
Published: August 2012

Objective. To examine the effects of temperament and character profiles on state and trait depression and anxiety in a Japanese youth population.Method. Japanese university students were solicited for participation in a two-wave study, with assessments performed at Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2), separated by a five-month interval. A total of 184 students completed the Japanese version of the temperament and character inventory (TCI) at T1 and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at T1 and T2. We posited two latent variables, trait depression and anxiety, composed of the T1 and T2 HADS depression and anxiety scores, respectively. We also posited that temperament domain traits would predict character domain traits, and that all the personality traits would be linked to trait depression and anxiety and also predict T2 depression and anxiety.Results. Structural regression modeling showed that (1) only high Novelty Seeking predicted T2 Anxiety score, (2) trait depression and anxiety were linked to high harm avoidance and low self-directedness, and (3) trait depression was linked to high self-transcendence whereas trait anxiety was linked to low reward dependence, persistence, and cooperativeness.Conclusion. The characteristic associations between TCI subscales and depression and anxiety were limited to the trait rather than state aspects of depression and anxiety.
Color Dependence on Thickness in Topaz Crystal from Brazil
Authors: Bonventi Jr Waldemar , Isotani Sadao , Albuquerque Antonio Roberto Pereira
Published: August 2012

It is well known that crystals of topaz from the Eastern Brazilian Pegmatite Province may turn blue by the irradiation with60Co gamma rays followed by heat treatment. Also, it is known that the sensation of color changes with the thickness of these crystals. The dependence of the color, given by 1931 CIE chromaticity coordinates, with the thickness of the crystal was analyzed. The absorbance used in the calculation of these coordinates was given by the sum of Gaussian lines. The parameters of these lines were determined through the decomposition of the optical absorption spectra in the ultraviolet and visible regions. The decomposition revealed several lines, whose assignment was made considering studies in spodumene and beryl crystals and highly accurate quantum mechanical calculations. The transmittance becomes very narrow with increasing thickness, and the CIE chromaticity coordinates converge to the borderline of the CIE Chromaticity Diagram at the wavelength of maximum transmittance. Furthermore, the purity of color increases with increasing thickness, and the dominant wavelength reaches the wavelength of maximum transmittance.
Vascular Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Pyrpasopoulou Athina , Chatzimichailidou Sofia , Aslanidis Spyros
Published: August 2012

Vascular disease, either as a direct complication of the disease or developing as an accompanying comorbidity impairs significantly the quality of life of patients with SLE and represents the most frequent cause of death in established lupus. This paper aims to give an overview of the prevalence of the different forms of vasculopathy that can be encountered in a lupus patient, describe their pathogenesis, and address their impact on disease severity and outcome.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Some New Isatin Derivatives
Authors: Kiran G. , Maneshwar T. , Rajeshwar Y. , Sarangapani M.
Published: August 2012

A series of β‐Isatin aldehyde‐N,N′‐thiocarbohydrazone derivatives were synthesized and assayed for their in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The new compounds were characterized based on spectral (FT‐IR, NMR, MS) analyses. All the test compounds possessed a broad spectrum of activity having MIC values rangeing from 12.5 to 400 μg/ml against the tested microorganisms. Among the compounds 3e, 3j and 3n show highest significant antimicrobial activity. The free radical scavenging effects of the test compounds against stable free radical DPPH (α,α‐diphenyl‐β‐picryl hydrazyl) and H2O2 were measured spectrophotometrically. Compounds 3j, 3n, 3l, and 3e, respectively, had the most effective antioxidant activity against DPPH and H2O2 scavenging activity.
MEN1 Gene Replacement Therapy Reduces Proliferation Rates in a Mouse Model of Pituitary Adenomas
Authors: Walls Gerard V. , Lemos Manuel C. , Javid Mahsa , Bazan-Peregrino Miriam , Jeyabalan Jeshmi , Reed Anita A.C. , Harding Brian , Tyler Damian J. , Stuckey Daniel J. , Piret Sian , Christie Paul T. , Ansorge Olaf , Clarke Kieran , Seymour Len , Thakker Rajesh V.
Published: August 2012

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is characterized by the combined occurrence of pituitary, pancreatic, and parathyroid tumors showing loss of heterozygosity in the putative tumor suppressor gene MEN1. This gene encodes the protein menin, the overexpression of which inhibits cell proliferation in vitro. In this study, we conducted a preclinical evaluation of MEN1 gene therapy in pituitary tumors of Men1+/− mice, using a recombinant nonreplicating adenoviral serotype 5 vector that contained the murine Men1 cDNA under control of a cytomegalovirus promoter (Men1.rAd5). Pituitary tumors in 55 Men1+/− female mice received a transauricular intratumoral injection of Men1.rAd5 or control treatments, followed by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) in drinking water for four weeks before magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and immunohistochemical analysis. Immediate procedure-related and 4-week mortalities were similar in all groups, indicating that the adenoviral gene therapy was not associated with a higher mortality. Menin expression was higher in the Men1.rAd5-treated mice when compared with other groups. Daily proliferation rates assessed by BrdUrd incorporation were reduced significantly in Men1.rAd5-injected tumors relative to control-treated tumors. In contrast, apoptotic rates, immune T-cell response, and tumor volumes remained similar in all groups. Our findings establish that MEN1 gene replacement therapy can generate menin expression in pituitary tumors, and significantly reduce tumor cell proliferation. Cancer Res; 72(19); 5060–8. ©2012 AACR.