bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Full-Scale Measurements and System Identification on Sutong Cable-Stayed Bridge during Typhoon Fung-Wong
Authors: Wang Hao , Tao Tianyou , Guo Tong , Li Jian , Li Aiqun
Published: June 2014

The structural health monitoring system (SHMS) provides an effective tool to conduct full-scale measurements on existing bridges for essential research on bridge wind engineering. In July 2008, Typhoon Fung-Wong lashed China and hit Sutong cable-stayed bridge (SCB) in China. During typhoon period, full-scale measurements were conducted to record the wind data and the structural vibration responses were collected by the SHMS installed on SCB. Based on the statistical method and the spectral analysis technique, the measured data are analyzed to obtain the typical parameters and characteristics. Furthermore, this paper analyzed the measured structural vibration responses and indicated the vibration characteristics of the stay cable and the deck, the relationship between structural vibrations and wind speed, the comparison of upstream and downstream cable vibrations, the effectiveness of cable dampers, and so forth. Considering the significance of damping ratio in vibration mitigation, the modal damping ratios of the SCB are identified based on the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) combined with the random decrement technique (RDT). The analysis results can be used to validate the current dynamic characteristic analysis methods, buffeting calculation methods, and wind tunnel test results of the long-span cable-stayed bridges.
Recent BRCAPRO Upgrades Significantly Improve Calibration
Authors: Mazzola Emanuele , Chipman Jonathan , Cheng Su-Chun , Parmigiani Giovanni
Published: June 2014

The recent release of version 2.0-8 of the BayesMendel package contains an updated BRCAPRO risk prediction model, which includes revised modeling of contralateral breast cancer (CBC) penetrance, provisions for pedigrees of mixed ethnicity and an adjustment for mastectomies among family members. We estimated penetrance functions for CBC by a combination of parametric survival modeling of literature data and deconvolution of SEER9 data. We then validated the resulting updated model of CBC in BRCAPRO by comparing it with the previous release (BayesMendel 2.0-7), using pedigrees from the Cancer Genetics Network (CGN) Model Validation Study. Version 2.0-8 of BRCAPRO discriminates BRCA1/BRCA2 carriers from noncarriers with similar accuracy compared with the previous version (increase in AUC, 0.0043), is slightly more precise in terms of the root-mean-square error (decrease in RMSE, 0.0108), and it significantly improves calibration (ratio of observed to expected events of 0.9765 in version 2.0-8, compared with 0.8910 in version 2.0-7). We recommend that the new version be used in clinical counseling, particularly in settings where families with CBC are common. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(8); 1689–95. ©2014 AACR.
Pathogen-Sensing and Regulatory T Cells: Integrated Regulators of Immune Responses
Authors: Paul William E. , Grossman Zvi
Published: June 2014

We present the concept that pathogen-sensing and regulatory T cells (Treg) mutually regulate immune responses to conventional and tumor antigens through countervailing effects on dendritic cells (DC). Normally, conventional CD4 T cells recognizing their cognate antigen presented by a DC will respond only if the DC also receives a signal through its pathogen-sensing/danger/adjuvant recognition systems (the pathogen-sensing triad). However, in the absence of Tregs capable of interacting with the same DC, DCs are competent to present antigens, both foreign and self, even without the stimulation provided by the pathogen-sensing triad. Tregs recognizing an antigen presented by the DC that is also presenting antigen to a conventional CD4 T cell will prevent the activation of the CD4 T-cell responses, but a signal delivered by a member of the pathogen-sensing triad will overcome the inhibitory action of Tregs, thus allowing CD4 T-cell responses to go forward. These considerations take on special meaning for responses to “weak antigens” such as many of the antigens displayed by spontaneous human tumors. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(6); 503–9. ©2014 AACR.
The Association of Osteocalcin and Adiponectin with Glucose Metabolism in Nondiabetic Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Caglar Gamze S. , Ozdemir Elif D. , Kiseli Mine , Demirtas Selda , Cengiz Sevim D.
Published: June 2014

Background/Aim: This study was designed to determine if osteocalcin is associated with insulin resistance, metabolic risk factors and adiponectin levels in nondiabetic postmenopausal women. Methods: A total of 87 menopausal nondiabetic subjects were enrolled into the study. Levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin and serum lipids were determined. To estimate insulin sensitivity, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were used. Serum total osteocalcin and adiponectin levels were measured and the features of metabolic syndrome were identified. Results: The mean age of the patients was 54.7 years. Among the participants, 28.7% were obese (body mass index, BMI, ≥30). Insulin resistance was detected by HOMA-IR in 42.5% and by the QUICKI index in 63.2% of the cases. Metabolic syndrome was present in 29.8% of the patients. Neither the baseline characteristics nor the metabolic risk factors were correlated with osteocalcin or adiponectin levels (p > 0.05). When the patients were analyzed regarding BMI, osteocalcin levels were significantly lower in overweight women. Serum adiponectin levels were significantly lower in women with metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: No correlation between total osteocalcin and FPG, fasting insulin and insulin resistance parameters was found in nondiabetic postmenopausal women. Serum levels of adiponectin were associated with metabolic syndrome.
Can Extracorporeal Magnetic Innervation Be a Treatment Modality for Primary Dysmenorrhea
Authors: Aydoğmus Serpil , Keskin H. Levent , Aydoğmus Huseyin , Celen Emine , Ackay Gulin Yegin , Sivaslioğlu A. Akin , Avşar A. Filiz
Published: June 2014

Background/Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of extracorporeal magnetic innervation (ExMI) as a treatment for primary dysmenorrhea compared with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and combined oral contraceptives (COCs). Methods: The cases were randomized into three groups (NSAID = 51, ExMI = 53, COC = 54). ExMI was applied for a total of 10 sessions. Women in the NSAID group used an oral NSAID at the start of each menstruation. Women in the COC group were given combined pills. Of the treatment options, ExMI was applied for only a single period, whereas NSAID and COC use continued for 12 months. Results: At the first menstruation, visual analog scale (VAS) scores improved significantly in all groups (p < 0.001). NSAIDs and COCs continued to show efficacy over the entire study period (p < 0.05). However, in the ExMI group, VAS values increased from the first menstruation until 12 months. The VAS score at the 12th month was significantly higher in the ExMI group than in the other groups (p < 0.05), but markedly lower than the pretreatment value (49.9 ± 8.3 vs. 71.1 ± 10.1, p < 0.001). Conclusions: ExMI therapy might be a promising novel noninvasive option for primary dysmenorrhea. Efficacy began to decline after 3 months, but continued for 12 months.
Diurnal Variation in Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Dhaun Neeraj , Moorhouse Rebecca , MacIntyre Iain M. , Melville Vanessa , Oosthuyzen Wilna , Kimmitt Robert A. , Brown Kayleigh E. , Kennedy Ewan D. , Goddard Jane , Webb David J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract—

Hypertension and arterial stiffness are important independent cardiovascular risk factors in chronic kidney disease (CKD) to which endothelin-1 (ET-1) contributes. Loss of nocturnal blood pressure (BP) dipping is associated with CKD progression, but there are no data on 24-hour arterial stiffness variation. We examined the 24-hour variation of BP, arterial stiffness, and the ET system in healthy volunteers and patients with CKD and the effects on these of ET receptor type A receptor antagonism (sitaxentan). There were nocturnal dips in systolic BP and diastolic BP and pulse wave velocity, our measure of arterial stiffness, in 15 controls (systolic BP, −3.2±4.8%,
P
<0.05; diastolic BP, −6.4±6.2%,
P
=0.001; pulse wave velocity, −5.8±5.2%,
P
<0.01) but not in 15 patients with CKD. In CKD, plasma ET-1 increased by 1.2±1.4 pg/mL from midday to midnight compared with healthy volunteers (
P
<0.05). Urinary ET-1 did not change. In a randomized, double-blind, 3-way crossover study in 27 patients with CKD, 6-week treatment with placebo and nifedipine did not affect nocturnal dips in systolic BP or diastolic BP between baseline and week 6, whereas dipping was increased after 6-week sitaxentan treatment (baseline versus week 6, systolic BP: −7.0±6.2 versus −11.0±7.8 mm Hg,
P
<0.05; diastolic BP: −6.0±3.6 versus −8.3±5.1 mm Hg,
P
<0.05). There was no nocturnal dip in pulse pressure at baseline in the 3 phases of the study, whereas sitaxentan was linked to the development of a nocturnal dip in pulse pressure. In CKD, activation of the ET system seems to contribute not only to raised BP but also the loss of BP dipping. The clinical significance of these findings should be explored in future clinical trials.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifiers: NCT01770847 and NCT00810732.
Appropriating the Improper: The Problem of Influence in Latin American Art
Authors: Macchiavello Carla
Published: June 2014

This paper centers on the problem of influence in Latin American art analyzing some of the changes its conceptualization underwent during the 1970s and 1980s. Taking the case of Chilean conceptual practices during Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship known as “escena de avanzada,” particularly the art actions of the collective CADA, and the isolationist discourses woven around it, this article attempts to reconnect what has been regarded as original political art forms to larger networks of relations where the question of what is proper to Latin American art was disputed.
Béla Balázs: The Face of Cinema
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: June 2014

Herbert Bauer, known to the world as Béla Balázs (1894–1949), led the sort of life about which contemporary intellectuals might fantasize. He knew everyone and he did everything. Born in Hungary, he included György Lukács, Karl Mannheim, Arnold Hauser, Béla Bartók, and Zoltán Kodály in his circle, among others. He knew the filmmakers Alexander Korda and Michael Curtiz before their names were Anglicized. He studied with Georg Simmel and met Max Weber. As time went on, he came, so it seems, to know virtually every major European intellectual—Stefan Zweig, Robert Musil, Walter Benjamin, Sergei Eisenstein, Erwin Piscator, and on and on. He lived in the midst of a universe of conversation that dazzles us as we look back enviously upon it.
Remembering Allan Sekula (1951–2013)
Authors: Buchloh Benjamin H. D.
Published: June 2014

Having just recently returned from a rare visit to Los Angeles, and wondering about the city's loss of Michael Asher and Allan Sekula in the past year and a half, I was suddenly struck by the idea that these artists must have made gargantuan efforts in that environment on a daily—if not hourly—basis to sustain their conviction in the viability of their practices. After all, the near-total erasure of any remnant of conventional structures of subjectivity and the dissolution of even the last residual spatial forms of the public sphere could hardly reach a more decisive state.
Introduction: A Return to Classical Film Theory?
Authors: Turvey Malcolm
Published: June 2014

When cinema studies was institutionalized in the Anglo-American academy starting in the late 1960s, film scholars for the most part turned away from preexisting traditions of film theorizing in favor of new theories then becoming fashionable in the humanities, principally semiotics and psychoanalysis. Earlier, so-called “classical” film theories—by which I mean, very broadly, film theories produced before the advent of psychoanalytic-semiotic film theorizing in the late ′60s—were either ignored or rejected as naive and outmoded. Due to the influence of the Left on the first generation of film academics, some were even dismissed as “idealist” or in other ways politically compromised. There were, of course, some exceptions. The work of pre-WWII left-wing thinkers and filmmakers such as Benjamin, Kracauer, the Russian Formalists, Bakhtin, Vertov, and Eisenstein continued to be translated and debated, and, due principally to the efforts of Dudley Andrew, André Bazin's film theory remained central to the discipline, if only, for many, as something to be overcome rather than built upon. Translations of texts by Jean Epstein appeared in October and elsewhere in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and Richard Abel's two-volume anthology, French Film Theory and Criticism 1907–1939 (1988), generated interest in French film theory before Bazin. But on the whole, classical film theory was rejected as a foundation for contemporary film theorizing, even by film theorists like Noël Carroll with no allegiance to semiotics and psychoanalysis.
A Primordial Anxiety
Authors: Lau Alwyn Wing Wang
Published: June 2014

Ethnicity is a turbulent factor in Malaysian politics and society. Through decades of inter-ethnic tension fostered by ideological engineering, itself building on a history of ethnic manipulation and polarisation in colonial times, racialised tension has remained at best dormant and at worst prone to erupt in riots reminiscent of the May 1969 riots. This study examines the discourse of ethnicity from Malaysia’s colonial roots up to the mid-20th century and beyond, seeking to highlight how trauma and struggle were integral to the very formation of ethnic consciousness. This work will also explore how, despite numerous writers questioning the naive “essentialising” of ethnicity, they no less mistakenly perceive ethnicity in terms which reduce it to a de-centred hybridised performance. The works of writers like Colin Abraham, Sumit Mandal and Maznah Mohamad will be surveyed to elucidate the traumatic element inherent to ethnicity itself. A Lacanian psychoanalytical framework will be used to argue, with a special focus on the Malays, that ethnic solidarity should rather be grounded in a constructive primordial frustration, i.e., it is a traumatic anti-essence which will ignite solidarity and a mutual longing for democracy among the various ethnic groups. Ontological trauma—not a universal essence, not cultural particulars, not deconstructed performatives and certainly not political ideology—could be the force that compels Malaysia’s volatile ethnic groups to co-exist and work together in nation-building.
Characterisation and functional importance of β-1,4-endoglucanases from the potato rot nematode, Ditylenchus destructor
Authors: Peng Huan , Peng Deliang , Long Haibo , He Wenting , Qiao Feng , Wang Gaofeng , Huang Wenkun
Published: June 2014

Plant-parasitic nematodes have developed a series of enzymes to degrade the rigid plant cell wall; β-1,4-endoglucanase is a very important component. Ditylenchus destructor is a migratory endoparasite for which few molecular data have been published. Two novel β-1,4-endoglucanases (Dd-eng-1a and Dd-eng-2) were cloned and characterised from D. destructor. The DD-ENG-1A putative protein consists of a signal peptide, a catalytic domain and a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). By contrast, the CBM domain is absent from DD-ENG-2. The exon/intron structure and phylogenetic tree indicate that both cellulase genes could have evolved from common ancestral genes. Southern blotting confirmed that the β-1,4-endoglucanases were of nematode origin and a member of a small multi-gene family. In situ hybridisation localised the expression of Dd-eng-1a and Dd-eng-2 to the subventral pharyngeal glands. RT-PCR showed that both genes were expressed in the adult female and second-stage juvenile. The stylet secretions of D. destructor showed clear cellulase activity in carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) plate assay, and similar results were observed in total homogenates and DD-ENG-1A and DD-ENG-2 recombinant proteins. These results demonstrated that D. destructor can produce and secrete functional cellulases. Silencing the putative β-1,4-endoglucanases by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) resulted in an average decrease in infection of 50%. Successful RNAi in vitro was demonstrated in this study, which confirmed that Dd-eng-1a and Dd-eng-2 play important roles in nematode parasitism.
The effect of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, on the quality and vigour of rice seed
Authors: Patil Jagadeesh , Gaur Hari S.
Published: June 2014

The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, is a serious pest of rice known to reduce grain yield. The effects of a series of infestation levels of M. graminicola on the nutritional and seed quality parameters of the grain have been studied under pot and field conditions using two cultivars of rice, a basmati, cv. Pusa Sugandh-5 and a non-basmati, cv. Pusa-44. The 1000 grain weight was significantly reduced by as much as 44.5% in cv. Pusa Sugandh-5 and 50.7% in cv. Pusa-44 seed when the parent plants were grown in soil with very high levels of M. graminicola infestation. The protein and amylose contents of the grains were significantly reduced in both the rice cultivars. The seed germination percentages of both the rice cultivars were also reduced as the nematode inoculation rates increased from 1-8 second-stage juveniles (J2) cm−3 in a pot experiment. Similar trends were also observed in field conditions. There was a significant decrease in the seedling vigour indices of both the rice cultivars. These results showed that the rice grains produced on plants infected with the nematode M. graminicola were lighter in weight and had poorer nutrient qualities, such as amylose and protein content. Further, if these grains were used as seed, the germination percentage was lower and, even more importantly, seed vigour was poor compared to the seed obtained from plants grown in M. graminicola-free soil.
Phenomenological Psychology: Husserl’s Static and Genetic Methods
Authors: Sousa Daniel
Published: June 2014

Abstract

A new framework for phenomenological psychology is proposed based on Husserl’s static and genetic methods. Static phenomenology holds a eidetic psychology centred on the processes of noetic-noematic constitution and elaborates typologies and general notions about human beings in connection with the world. Genetic analysis is research into facticity, it focus on the personal history of a subject, which is constantly in the process of becoming. When the temporal dimension of consciousness is considered, the phenomenological method becomes ‘static’, as it excludes the factitious dimension of self, its personal and individual history, sedimented in layers of meaning, which are in part pre-reflective, non-thematic and anonymous to the self, but which nevertheless continue to influence the experience of itself with the other and with the world. This paper aims to present some of the fundamental principals of genetic phenomenology and it’s application to existential-phenomenological psychotherapy. There are three main aspects underlying genetic-phenomenological analysis as it is being proposed: inner time-consciousness theory, the experiential self and the theory of passive geneses.
The Identity and Function of Ugaritic Shaʿtiqatu: A Divinely Made Apotropaic Figure
Authors: Lewis Theodore J.
Published: June 2014

This study explores the identity and function of the mostly unnoticed figure of Shaʿtiqatu, a creature who plays a pivotal role in the story of the Ugaritic King Kirta. The exploration of this under appreciated figure is situated in the context of Ugaritic apotropea and within the better documented Mesopotamian cultural backdrop. A counterpart article provides the philological and epigraphic analysis to the Shaʿtiqatu Narrative found in ktu 1.16.5.10–1.16.6.14.1
The Semantics of Purity in the Ancient Near East: Lexical Meaning as a Projection of Embodied Experience
Authors: Feder Yitzhaq
Published: June 2014

This article analyzes the primary terms for purity in Biblical Hebrew, Ugaritic, Sumerian, Akkadian and Hittite. Building on insights from cognitive linguistics and embodiment theory, this study develops the premise that semantic structure—even of seemingly abstract concepts—is grounded in real-world bodily experience. An examination of purity terms reveals that all of them can be related to a concrete sense pertaining to radiance (brilliance, brightness, shininess). The article then traces the semantic development of purity terms in distinct experiential contexts and shows how semantic analysis can elucidate the inner logic of fundamental religious concepts.
The Tree of Life in Ancient Egypt and the Book of Proverbs
Authors: Osborne William R.
Published: June 2014

Since the mid-twentieth century, scholars have highlighted the similarities between the book of Proverbs and wisdom texts from ancient Egypt, the most recognized being “The Instruction of Amenemope” (ca. 1100 bce). Consequently, some have asserted that this relationship points toward a likely Egyptian provenance and origin of biblical concepts like the Tree of Life in Proverbs 3:17–18; 11:30; 13:12; 15:4. Recognizing the undisputable contact with ancient Egypt, the present work argues through the method of comparative study that the Tree of Life in the book of Proverbs should not be interpreted with an ideological antecedent of a divine tree goddess in the New Kingdom period of ancient Egypt.
Insects found in birds’ nests from Argentina: Coryphistera alaudina Burmeister, 1860 (Aves: Furnariidae), their inquiline birds and mammals, new hosts for Psammolestes coreodes Bergroth, 1911 and Triatoma platensis Neiva, 1913 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae)
Authors: TURIENZO PAOLA , DI IORIO OSVALDO
Published: June 2014

The insect fauna in nests of Coryphistera alaudina Burmeister, 1860 (Aves: Furnariidae) were studied in the provinces of Santiago del Estero, Chaco, Córdoba, and La Pampa in Argentina. A total of 7364 insect specimens comprising 77 taxa in a total of 29 families and 7 orders was found in their nests: 40 identified to species, 23 identified to genus, and 14 identified to family. Coryphistera alaudina and some of their vertebrate inquilines are new host records for the triatomine bugs Psammolestes coreodes Bergroth, 1911 and/or Triatoma platensis Neiva, 1913 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). The insects in the nests of C. alaudina are separated by functional guilds, and their permanence time inside the nests are presented in a new manner and discussed.
Hyalella cenotensis, a new species of Hyalellidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico
Authors: MARRÓN-BECERRA AURORA , HERMOSO-SALAZAR MARGARITA , SOLÍS-WEISS VIVIANNE
Published: June 2014

In this study the first blind species of Hyalella for Mexico is described; it is the second in the genus to be recorded there. The new species is closer to the eyeless species: H. anophthalma Ruffo, 1957, H. muerta Baldinger, Shepard & Threloff, 2000, H. caeca Pereira, 1989, H. spelaea Bueno & Cardoso, 2011 in Cardoso et al. 2011, H. imbya Rodrigues & Bueno, 2012 in Rodrigues et al. 2012, but with no curved seta at the inner ramus of uropod 1, antennae 1 shorter than antennae 2, no apical setae on the telson and a characteristic dorsoposterior carina and three pappose setae on the inner plate of maxilla 1. The morphological intraspecific variations that can be found in this genus are discussed.
The enigmatic genus Stenichnoteras Scott from the Seychelles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)
Authors: JAŁOSZYŃSKI PAWEŁ
Published: June 2014

The genus Stenichnoteras, known from the Seychelles and represented by a single known species, St. montanum, is redescribed and redefined. The morphological structures of St. montanum are described and illustrated in detail. Similarities and possible affinities with other genera of Cyrtoscydmini are discussed, and it is concluded that Stenichnoteras may be closely related to Euconnus, despite an apparent difference in the shape of prothorax and some mesoventral structures.
Assimilation of Remotely Sensed Soil Moisture and Snow Depth Retrievals for Drought Estimation
Authors: Kumar Sujay V. , Peters-Lidard Christa D. , Mocko David , Reichle Rolf , Liu Yuqiong , Arsenault Kristi R. , Xia Youlong , Ek Michael , Riggs George , Livneh Ben , Cosh Michael
Published: June 2014

The accurate knowledge of soil moisture and snow conditions is important for the skillful characterization of agricultural and hydrologic droughts, which are defined as deficits of soil moisture and streamflow, respectively. This article examines the influence of remotely sensed soil moisture and snow depth retrievals toward improving estimates of drought through data assimilation. Soil moisture and snow depth retrievals from a variety of sensors (primarily passive microwave based) are assimilated separately into the Noah land surface model for the period of 1979–2011 over the continental United States, in the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) configuration. Overall, the assimilation of soil moisture and snow datasets was found to provide marginal improvements over the open-loop configuration. Though the improvements in soil moisture fields through soil moisture data assimilation were barely at the statistically significant levels, these small improvements were found to translate into subsequent small improvements in simulated streamflow. The assimilation of snow depth datasets were found to generally improve the snow fields, but these improvements did not always translate to corresponding improvements in streamflow, including some notable degradations observed in the western United States. A quantitative examination of the percentage drought area from root-zone soil moisture and streamflow percentiles was conducted against the U.S. Drought Monitor data. The results suggest that soil moisture assimilation provides improvements at short time scales, both in the magnitude and representation of the spatial patterns of drought estimates, whereas the impact of snow data assimilation was marginal and often disadvantageous.
Dynamic and Double-Diffusive Instabilities in a Weak Pycnocline. Part II: Direct Numerical Simulations and Flux Laws
Authors: Flanagan Jason D. , Radko Timour , Shaw William J. , Stanton Timothy P.
Published: June 2014

This study examines the interaction of diffusive convection and shear through a series of 2D and 3D direct numerical simulations (DNS). The model employed is based on the Boussinesq equations of motion with oscillating shear represented by a forcing term in the momentum equation. This study calculates thermal diffusivities for a wide range of Froude numbers and density ratios and compares the results with those from the analysis of observational data gathered during a 2005 expedition to the eastern Weddell Sea. The patterns of layering and the strong dependence of thermal diffusivity on the density ratio described here are in agreement with observations. Additionally, the authors evaluate salinity fluxes that are inaccessible from field data and formulate a parameterization of buoyancy transport. The relative significance of double diffusion and shear is quantified through comparison of density fluxes, efficiency factor, and dissipation ratio for the regimes with/without diffusive convection. This study assesses the accuracy of the thermal production dissipation and turbulent kinetic energy balances, commonly used in microstructure-based observational studies, and quantifies the length of the averaging period required for reliable statistics and the spatial variability of heat flux.
Quantitative Differences between Lightning and Nonlightning Convective Rainfall Events as Observed with Polarimetric Radar and MSG Satellite Data
Authors: Matthee Retha , Mecikalski John R. , Carey Lawrence D. , Bitzer Phillip M.
Published: June 2014

To increase understanding of the relationships between lightning and nonlightning convective storms, lightning observations from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) campaign were analyzed with Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) geostationary satellite and S-band NASA Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar (NPOL) data. The study’s goal was to analyze the time evolution of infrared satellite fields and ground-based polarimetric radar during NAMMA to quantify relationships between satellite and radar observations for lightning and nonlightning convective clouds over equatorial Africa. Using NPOL data, very low-frequency arrival time difference lightning data, and MSG Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager observations, the physical attributes of growing cumulus clouds, including ice mass production, updraft strength, cloud depth, and cloud-top glaciation were examined. It was found that, on average, the lightning storms had stronger updrafts (seen in the satellite and radar fields), which lead to the formation of deeper clouds (seen in the satellite and radar fields) and subsequently much more ice in the mixed-phase region (as confirmed in radar observations), as well as much more nonprecipitating ice in the top 1 km of the cloud (as quantified in both satellite and radar fields) than the nonlightning storms. Computed radar-derived ice masses in cumulus clouds verifies the traditional MSG indicators of cloud-top glaciation, while NPOL verifies internal structures (i.e., large amounts of graupel) where satellite and radar show strong updrafts.
A Preliminary Examination of African American and Caucasian Hospitality Management Student Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Diversity Issues
Authors: Rivera David , Lonis-Shumate Steven R.
Published: June 2014

Diversity or multiculturalism is a concept that includes words such as acceptance and respect. A movement toward diversity should include the examination of differences in a safe, cultivating, and constructive environment. One such environment is classrooms located on college and university campuses across the United States. The purpose of this study was to examine a cross-section of hospitality management students based on their ethnicity. A self-selected convenience sample of students were used with data being collected using a paper-and-pencil survey measuring attitudes and perceptions toward various diversity concepts. It was found that differences existed between the two ethnic groups around specific concepts of workplace equity.
Features of Posttraumatic Growth Among Victims of the Northern Irish “Troubles”
Authors: Simms Jane
Published: June 2014

In order to examine for features of posttraumatic growth, this preliminary and exploratory study adopted a case study method with three individuals who had endured a traumatic event, as a consequence of the political violence in Northern Ireland. Most of the extant research carried on this topic has focused on the pathogenic effects that result from the conflict. Little is known about whether growth following political adversity in Northern Ireland has occurred or even likely, given the ongoing political violence, which serves as a constant reminder of what has happened before and what may still occur, regardless of the peace process. Employing Tedeschi and Calhoun’s model of growth, findings reveal that certain features of growth are evident in the domains of a greater appreciation of life and changed relationships, which has lead to new possibilities. Two of the three participants reported change in the domain of personal strength and all reported ongoing psychological distress, which served to temper the degree of growth experienced. Differences in the growth domain relating to religion and spirituality set the three cases apart. Findings may serve as a springboard for future research in this neglected area within trauma research in the Northern Irish context.
My Journey With Kierkegaard
Authors: Schneider Kirk J.
Published: June 2014

This article is adapted from an invited address sponsored by European Humanities University, Vilnius, Lithuania, on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of Soren Kierkegaard’s birth. In this article, I show how Kierkegaard’s philosophy—in particular that depicted in Fear and Trembling and the Sickness Unto Death—runs through each of my major books on existential psychology and practice, from The Paradoxical Self to my latest work The Polarized Mind. I conclude that Kierkegaard, like William James succeeding him, is one of those rare philosophers who is likely to have as much impact on philosophy and psychology’s future as he had on their past.
The role of the native language in the use of the English nongeneric definite article by L2 learners: A cross-linguistic comparison
Authors: Chrabaszcz Anna , Jiang Nan
Published: June 2014

The study uses an elicited imitation (EI) task to examine the effect of the native language on the use of the English nongeneric definite article by highly proficient first-language (L1) Spanish and Russian speakers and to test the hierarchy of article difficulty first proposed by Liu and Gleason (2002). Our findings suggest that there is a clear influence of L1 on participants’ reproduction of the second-language (L2) definite article in nongeneric contexts, but that various contexts present different levels of difficulty for the two L1 groups. The participants whose L1 is Spanish – a language with an article system – perform at a native-like level of accuracy in the grammatical condition of the test, whereas the participants whose L1 is Russian – a language without articles – demonstrate a tendency to omit definite articles in the same contexts. In the ungrammatical condition, Spanish speakers differ from the native speaker control group in their suppliance of the definite article in conventional and cultural contexts, while Russian participants supply the definite article significantly less than both the Spanish participants and the control group along all article categories. The study offers novel insights into what constitutes article difficulty for L2 learners from different L1s.
Morphosyntactic processing in advanced second language (L2) learners: An event-related potential investigation of the effects of L1–L2 similarity and structural distance
Authors: Alemán Bañón José , Fiorentino Robert , Gabriele Alison
Published: June 2014

Different theoretical accounts of second language (L2) acquisition differ with respect to whether or not advanced learners are predicted to show native-like processing for features not instantiated in the native language (L1). We examined how native speakers of English, a language with number but not gender agreement, process number and gender agreement in Spanish. We compare agreement within a determiner phrase ( órgano muy complejo ‘[DP organ-MASC-SG very complex-MASC-SG]’) and across a verb phrase ( cuadro es auténtico ‘painting-MASC-SG [VP is authentic-MASC-SG]’) in order to investigate whether native-like processing is limited to local domains (e.g. within the phrase), in line with Clahsen and Felser (2006). We also examine whether morphological differences in how the L1 and L2 realize a shared feature impact processing by comparing number agreement between nouns and adjectives, where only Spanish instantiates agreement, and between demonstratives and nouns, where English also instantiates agreement. Similar to Spanish natives, advanced learners showed a P600 for both number and gender violations overall, in line with the Full Transfer / Full Access Hypothesis (Schwartz and Sprouse, 1996), which predicts that learners can show native-like processing for novel features. Results also show that learners can establish syntactic dependencies outside of local domains, as suggested by the presence of a P600 for both within and across-phrase violations. Moreover, similar to native speakers, learners were impacted by the structural distance (number of intervening phrases) between the agreeing elements, as suggested by the more positive waveforms for within-phrase than across-phrase agreement overall. These results are consistent with the proposal that learners are sensitive to hierarchical structure.
Ultimate attainment of anaphora resolution in L2 Chinese
Authors: Zhao Lucy Xia
Published: June 2014

The current study tests the Interface Hypothesis through forward and backward anaphora in complex sentences with temporal subordinate clauses in highly proficient English-speaking learners’ second-language (L2) Chinese. Forward anaphora is involved when the overt pronoun ta ‘he/she’ or a null element appears in the subject position of the main clause, whereas backward anaphora is involved when it is in the subject position of the temporal clause, because the main clause always follows the temporal clause in Chinese. Specifically, the article tests the syntactic and discourse constraints in the interpretation and representation of ta and the null element in complex sentences. Ta is constrained by the syntactic cyclic-c-command condition. Thus it is possible for ta to refer to the other sentential subject in forward anaphora, but not in backward anaphora in Chinese. Unlike English, Chinese allows a null element in subject positions of finite subordinate and main clauses. It is proposed in the article that the null element in these positions is a Øtopic, a syntax–discourse interface category. Results from an acceptability judgement task and a picture judgment task indicate that Øtopic at the external interface has been acquired, whereas the cyclic-c-command condition within narrow syntax is fossilized in L2 Chinese.
Incidence of Nutrition Deterioration in Nonseriously Ill Hospitalized Children Younger Than 5 Years
Authors: Pacheco‐Acosta Johanna C. , Gomez‐Correa Ana C. , Florez Ivan D. , Cortés Johana E. , Velez Daniel , Gomez Julian , Munera Mauricio , Arboleda Sandra
Published: June 2014

Background: The concept of deterioration of nutrition status in inpatient children, also called nutrition deterioration (ND), has gained widespread importance and is described as significant weight loss during hospitalization periods. Our main purpose was to determine the incidence of ND in nonseriously ill children younger than age 5 years admitted as inpatients and explore the presence of associated factors. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study analyzed a prospective cohort of hospitalized children. We considered a significant weight loss of >2% or >0.25 SD in body mass index with respect to the admission weight. The correspondence between the 2 methods was assessed. The frequency of some clinical variables and its association with the outcome was explored. Results: The incidence of ND was 28.5% with at least 1 of the 2 methods of detection and was 20% with both definitions. The correlation between both methods was high (κ = 0.79). In children with ND, results were statistically significant in those with 5 or more stools a day, those hospitalized 5 or more days, and patients with lower respiratory tract disease. Conclusions: The incidence of ND was higher than that reported in the literature in children with nonserious disease. Diarrhea, lower respiratory tract disease, and hospital length of stay seem to be associated with these results. More studies are required to establish associations with those factors for an early detection of children at risk and for early interventions.
In a Few Generations: Debating Race, Colonial Development, and Independence in the US Colonial Field
Authors: Murphy Erin L.
Published: June 2014

After the Spanish-American War of 1898, anti-imperialists and imperialists hotly debated whether to keep the Philippines as a colony. The ‘generation’ schema, which communicated racialized views of Filipinos/as and their ability to self-govern once they had been educated by white Americans, developed in these debates. For both imperialists and anti-imperialists, the ‘generation’ schema was rooted in racialized neo-Lamarckian notions of how the environment (i.e. US tutelage and training) could change the character of a non-white group. Therefore, this article analyzes debates between anti-imperialists, imperialists, and Filipinos/as as they each deployed ‘generations’ in the field of the colonial state. Using archival sources authored by imperialists, anti-imperialists, and Filipinos I find imperialists argued that future generations of Filipinas/os held more hope for independence in order to dismiss Filipina/o and anti-imperialist demands for immediate independence, while anti-imperialists and Filipinos/as used the schema to garner policies that incrementally led to independence in 1946.
Increases in Blood Glucose in Older Adults
Authors: Lee Chioun , Rodríguez Germán , Glei Dana A. , Weinstein Maxine , Goldman Noreen
Published: June 2014

Objective: The death or illness of a spouse negatively affects a partner’s health, but little is known about the effect on blood glucose (glycemic) levels. This study investigates the extent to which a spouse’s declining health or death is associated with changes in the glycemic levels of older adults. Method: Data come from a nationally representative longitudinal sample of 597 Taiwanese (aged 54 to 90). We use changes in spousal health and death of a spouse to predict changes in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels over a 6-year period. Results: A decline in spousal health is associated with increased HbA1c levels for women, but not for men. The death of a healthy spouse is associated with increased HbA1c levels for both genders. Discussion: Stressful life transitions may compromise the glycemic levels of older adults. Taking on a caregiving role may erode some of the benefits of marriage and interfere with women’s maintenance of their own health.
Adenomatoid Tumor of the Small Intestine
Authors: Lao I Weng , Wang Jian
Published: June 2014

The case represents the first literature report of an adenomatoid tumor that arises primarily in the small intestine of a 44-year-old woman, who presented with intermittent upper abdominal pain accompanied by nausea and vomiting. The resected tumor was grossly unencapsulated and had a gray-tan color on its cut surface. Microscopically, it consisted of variably sized tubules and glandular spaces which involved the whole layers of the intestine. The mesothelial nature of the lesion was subsequently verified by the immunopositivity for pancytokeratin (AE1/AE3), HBME-1, calretinin, D2-40, and WT1 with cells lining the tubules and glandular spaces. Albeit very rare, adenomatoid tumor should be included in the differential diagnosis of tubular or glandular tumors occurring in the small intestine.
Metachronous Myxofibrosarcoma and Osteosarcoma
Authors: Caffrey Rachael , Robinson Andrew J. , Shukla Satyen , McCarty Heather , Brown Alastair , Houghton Oisín P.
Published: June 2014

The occurrence of multiple primary sarcomas in one individual is very uncommon and the development of osteosarcoma as a second tumor following a soft tissue sarcoma is extremely rare. We report a case of a 62-year-old man who developed 2 histologically distinct sarcomas: a soft tissue myxofibrosarcoma and vertebral osteosarcoma. This unusual case highlights the critical role of careful histopathological evaluation in distinguishing synchronous or metachronous neoplasia from metastatic tumor. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of metachronous soft tissue myxofibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma.
Semiotic coevolution by organic and sociocultural selection
Authors: Kohler Alaric
Published: June 2014

In this article, the main points of Cousins's article The Semiotic Coevolution of Mind and Culture are briefly presented to sum up his fruitful and rich contribution. It is the opportunity to make a few comments on a semiotic approach to human evolution and natural selection, with a particular emphasis on the social dimension. The role played by the niche construction in the semiotic coevolution proposed by Cousins invites me to suggest a closer look at education as a critical social behavior at stakes in phylogenetic development. The key role of the social and cultural in the selection pressures created by the construction of a particular niche is leading us to question the old notion of Nature in the biological concept of “natural selection,” and to suggest a sociocultural and organic selection process.
Peptic ulcer disease
Authors: Hussain Nazia , Narra Nailah
Published: June 2014

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) collectively refers to the ulceration of the mucosa of the stomach or duodenum. An ulcer is a breach in the epithelium that penetrates the muscularis mucosae. National hospital data show that 10% of patients having endoscopy have a peptic ulcer; 25% of patients have a serious complication such as bowel obstruction, haemorrhage, perforation or gastric outlet obstruction. There is also an increased risk of gastric malignancy. This article looks at the presentation, causes and management of PUD in general practice.
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia: a specific subgroup of mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: van der Velden Vincent H. J. , Hoogeveen Patricia G. , de Ridder Dick , Schindler-van der Struijk Magdalena , van Zelm Menno C. , Sanders Mathijs , Karsch Dennis , Beverloo H. Berna , Lam King , Orfao Alberto , Lugtenburg Pieternella J. , Böttcher Sebastian , van Dongen Jacques J. M. , Langerak Anton W. , Kappers-Klunne Mies , van Lom Kirsten
Published: June 2014

Key Points

On the basis of its immunophenotype and gene expression profile, B-PLL may be considered a specific subgroup of MCL. B-PLL is part of a spectrum ranging from CLL-like B-PLL, to leukemic MCL-like B-PLL, to nodal MCL-like B-PLL.
Estrogen promotes stemness and invasiveness of ER-positive breast cancer cells through Gli1 activation
Authors: Sun Ying , Wang Yunshan , Fan Cong , Gao Peng , Wang Xiuwen , Wei Guangwei , Wei Junmin
Published: June 2014

Background

Although long-term estrogen (E2) exposure is associated with increased breast cancer (BC) risk, and E2 appears to sustain growth of BC cells that express functional estrogen receptors (ERs), its role in promoting BC stem cells (CSCs) remains unclear. Considering that Gli1, part of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) developmental pathway, has been shown to mediate CSCs, we investigated whether E2 and Gli1 could promote CSCs and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ER+ BC cell lines.

Methods

We knocked down Gli1 in several BC cells using a doxycycline-controlled vector, and compared Gli1-knockdown cells and Gli1
+ cells in behavior and expression of ER, Gli1, ALDH1 (BC-CSC marker), Shh, Ptch1 (Shh receptor) and SOX2, Nanog and Bmi-1 (CSC-associated transcriptions factors), using PCR; tissue microarrays, western blot; chromatin immunoprecipitation q-PCR, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy; fluorescence-activated cell sorting; annexin–flow cytometry (for apoptosis); mammosphere culture; and colony formation, immunohistochemistry, Matrigel and wound-scratch assays.

Results

Both mRNA and protein expressions of ER correlated with those of Gli1 and ALDH1. E2 induced Gli1 expression only in ER+ BC cells. E2 promoted CSC renewal, invasiveness and EMT in ER+/Gli1+ cells but not in Gli1-knockdown cells.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that estrogen acts via Gli1 to promote CSC development and EMT in ER+ BC cells. These findings also imply that Gli1 mediates cancer stem cells, and thus could be a target of a novel treatment for ER+ breast cancer.