bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cycloadditions of 1H‐1,3‐Benzazaphospholes with o‐Chloranil
Authors: Heinicke Joachim W. , Gupta Nidhi , Mayer Peter , Karaghiosoff Konstantin
Published: June 2020

NH‐Functional 1H‐1,3‐benzazaphospholes 1a–1c and o‐chloranil (tetrachloro‐o‐benzoquinone ‐ TCBQ) undergo rapid [1+4]‐cycloaddition in a 1:2 molar ratio to give 2a–2c as high‐melting zwitterionic σ6λ5‐phosphorus compounds. In the case of 2a the yield is high (rel. to TCBQ) even if the reactants were used in a 1:0.5 molar ratio. For the 2‐tert‐butyl‐substituted compounds 2b and 2c the yields were significantly lower, in part by unidentified byproducts. Addition of excess TCBQ to crude 2c containing unconverted 1c did not increase but strongly decrease the amount of 2c. Crystallization and XRD analysis led to detection of a minor side or consecutive product 3c, formally corresponding to P=C bond cleavage and [1+4] cycloaddition of three equivalents TCBQ, two at the phosphinidene and one at the carbene end. NMR spectroscopic data of 2a–2c including conclusive 13C data for 2a give evidence of the structures of the new compounds.
Numerical study of a pendulum absorber/harvester system with a semi‐active suspension
Authors: Kecik Krzysztof
Published: June 2020

The paper presents numerical analysis of an absorber/harvester system installed on the semi‐active suspension. The pendulum tuned mass absorber has been modified by use of a magnetic levitation harvester. The primary goal is to mitigate the vibration of the primary structure and the secondary goal is to harvest energy out of the vibration absorber simultaneously. This system is strongly nonlinear and the unstable regions are detected. Therefore, to control the dynamic response the semi‐active suspension consisting of the magnetorheological (MR) damper and the shape memory alloy (SMA) spring is proposed. It is shown that with a proper configurations of parameters an effective energy harvesting can be obtained combined with vibration mitigation in the host system.
Non-perturbative structure of semi-inclusive deep-inelastic and Drell-Yan scattering at small transverse momentum
Authors: Scimemi Ignazio , Vladimirov Alexey
Published: June 2020

Abstract

We consider semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) and Drell-Yan events within transverse momentum dependent (TMD) factorization. Based on the simultaneous fit of multiple data points, we extract the unpolarized TMD distributions and the non-perturbative evolution kernel. The high quality of the fit confirms a complete universality of TMD non-perturbative distributions. The extraction is supplemented by phenomenological analyses of various parts of the TMD factorization, such as sensitivity to non-perturbative parameterizations, perturbative orders, collinear distributions, correlations between parameters, and others.
Impact of central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis on the incidence of CNS relapse in patients with high-risk diffuse large B cell/follicular grade 3B lymphoma
Authors: Kuitunen Hanne , Kaprio Elina , Karihtala Peeter , Makkonen Ville , Kauppila Saila , Haapasaari Kirsi-Maria , Kuusisto Milla , Jantunen Esa , Turpeenniemi-Hujanen Taina , Kuittinen Outi
Published: June 2020

Although overall survival in diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL) has improved, central nervous system (CNS) relapse is still a fatal complication of DLBCL. For this reason, CNS prophylaxis is recommended for patients at high risk of CNS disease. However, no consensus exists on definition of high-risk patient and optimal CNS prophylaxis. Systemic high-dose methotrexate in combination with R-CHOP has been suggested as a potential prophylactic method, since methotrexate penetrates the blood-brain barrier and achieves high concentration in the CNS. In this retrospective analysis, we report treatment outcome of 95 high-risk DLBCL/FL grade 3B patients treated with R-CHOP or its derivatives with (N = 57) or without (N = 38) CNS prophylaxis. At a median follow-up time (51 months), CNS relapses were detected in twelve patients (12.6%). Ten out of twelve (83%) of CNS events were confined to CNS system only. Median overall survival after CNS relapse was 9 months. Five-year isolated CNS relapse rates were 5% in the prophylaxis group and 26% in the group without prophylaxis. These findings suggest that high-dose methotrexate-containing prophylaxis decreases the risk of CNS failure.
Fungi isolated from cysts of the beet cyst nematode parasitized its eggs and counterbalanced root damages
Authors: Haj Nuaima Rasha , Ashrafi Samad , Maier Wolfgang , Heuer Holger
Published: June 2020

Finding beneficial fungi antagonistic toward nematodes is important for developing more sustainable agricultural practices. We isolated abundant fungi from cysts of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii and tested their interaction with nematodes and sugar beet. By molecular screening of fungal communities colonizing five field populations of H. schachtii using DGGE and Sanger sequencing, three strains identified as Exophiala sp., Pochonia chlamydosporia and Pyrenochaeta sp. were frequently found in infected cysts and then specifically isolated (in pure culture). The three isolates were able to re-infect the cysts and colonize the eggs of H. schachtii in vitro fulfilling Koch’s postulates. In greenhouse trials, the root weight of sugar beet plants grown in substrates inoculated with nematodes and the fungal isolates was significantly higher compared to plants inoculated with nematodes only. The number of cysts propagated on roots was lower in substrates inoculated with Pyrenochaeta sp. than those in substrates inoculated with the other two fungi. However, cyst numbers did not significantly differ from the control because the propagation rate of the nematode increased with the root weight. The proportion of infected eggs per cyst was higher under the fungal treatments than the control, and it increased with the number of propagated cysts. The results showed that the here-studied strains of Exophiala sp., Pochonia chlamydosporia and Pyrenochaeta sp. were frequently found colonizing the nematode cysts of different populations of H. schachtii and were efficient in parasitizing the eggs of the nematode.
Freshwater insects of different feeding guilds ingest microplastics in two Gulf of Guinea tributaries in Nigeria
Authors: Akindele Emmanuel O. , Ehlers Sonja M. , Koop Jochen H. E.
Published: June 2020

Plastic pollution has enormous impacts on freshwater and marine ecosystem health, and it is one of the topmost environmental concerns of the current geological period (i.e. the Anthropocene). Thus, the goal of our study was to provide baseline information and bridge the information gap on the occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in African freshwater systems, using two tributaries of the Gulf of Guinea (Ogun and Osun Rivers) in Nigeria as a case study and three freshwater insect species of different feeding guilds as bioindicators. A total of 29 individuals of the insect species were chemically digested and subsequently analysed for MP presence under a digital microscope and a micro-Fourier-transform infrared (μFTIR) spectroscope. Collector-gatherers (Chironomus sp. and Siphlonurus sp.) recorded the highest MP load per gram wet weight, while the predatory Lestes viridis recorded the lowest. The highest diversity of polymers was recorded in Chironomus sp. of Ogun River, i.e. styrene ethylene butylene styrene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), chlorinated polyethylene, polypropylene (PP), and polyester, while two polymers each were recorded in Siphlonurus sp. (i.e. polyester and ABS) and L. viridis (i.e. polyester and PP) of Osun River. We conclude that collector-gatherers like Chironomus sp. and Siphlonurus sp. could be best employed as MP bioindicators in freshwater systems. However, their suitability as MP bioindicators should be further investigated in different freshwater ecosystems worldwide.
Sorption of PAHs and PAH derivatives in peat soil is affected by prehydration status: the role of SOM and sorbate properties
Authors: Schneckenburger Tatjana , Thiele-Bruhn Sören
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Sorption of organic compounds to soil largely determines their mobility and bioavailability in ecosystems. It is well known that molecular properties of the organic sorbates affect the sorbed amounts and sorption kinetics. But also changes in the hydration status of soils alter the physicochemical and sorptive properties of soil organic matter (SOM), which is the main sorbent for organic compounds in soils. This study elucidates the effects of varying SOM prehydration status on sorption of PAHs and PAH derivatives in peat soil.

Materials and methods

For sorption experiments, topsoil samples of a peat soil with 51% SOM were adjusted to water contents of 15, 30, and 50% (w/w based on dry soil mass) and conditioned for different water contact times of up to 2 years at one constant water content. Sorption kinetics and isotherms of naphthalene, three naphthalene derivatives, phenanthrene, and pyrene to these samples were investigated in batch experiments. Effects of the sorbates’ properties and SOM hydration on sorption were analyzed.

Results and discussion

Sorption to the peat soil was nonlinear and varied among sorbates and differently prehydrated soil samples. Sorbate polarizability, molecular volume, and weight increased the sorbed amount. Sorption kinetics were two-phased with a fast and a slow sorbing fraction. Hydroxyl groups in sorbates acting as H-donor or acceptor led to an increase of the slow sorbing fraction. Increasing total water contents, amounts of non-freezable water in SOM, increasing pore sizes, and decreasing hydrophobicity of SOM decreased the total sorbed amount and the fast sorbing fraction while increasing the slow sorbing fraction. The latter effects increased with increasing polarity and dipole moment of the sorbate. The SOM matrix rigidity varied with prehydration status; higher SOM matrix rigidity led to non-ideal sorption processes, namely, higher sorption nonlinearity and slower sorption.

Conclusions

The study revealed the effects and interplay of SOM prehydration status and molecular properties of the sorbates on sorption of PAHs and PAH derivatives. As sorbed amounts may decrease and become non-ideal upon aging at the presence of water, estimations of the mobility of organic compounds in the environment need to consider SOM prehydration status in high organic soils.
Remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with organic chemicals using stabilized nanoparticles: Lessons from the past two decades
Authors: Cai Zhengqing , Zhao Xiao , Duan Jun , Zhao Dongye , Dang Zhi , Lin Zhang
Published: June 2020

Due to improved soil deliverability and high reactivity, stabilized nanoparticles have been studied for nearly two decades for in situ remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with organic pollutants. While large amounts of bench- and field-scale experimental data have demonstrated the potential of the innovative technology, extensive research results have also unveiled various merits and constraints associated different soil characteristics, types of nanoparticles and particle stabilization techniques. Overall, this work aims to critically overview the fundamental principles on particle stabilization, and the evolution and some recent developments of stabilized nanoparticles for degradation of organic contaminants in soil and groundwater. The specific objectives are to: 1) overview fundamental mechanisms in nanoparticle stabilization; 2) summarize key applications of stabilized nanoparticles for in situ remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated by legacy and emerging organic chemicals; 3) update the latest knowledge on the transport and fate of stabilized nanoparticles; 4) examine the merits and constraints of stabilized nanoparticles in environmental remediation applications; and 5) identify the knowledge gaps and future research needs pertaining to stabilized nanoparticles for remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater. Per instructions of this invited special issue, this review is focused on contributions from our group (one of the pioneers in the subject field), which, however, is supplemented by important relevant works by others. The knowledge gained is expected to further advance the science and technology in the environmental applications of stabilized nanoparticles.
Determining a sampling regime for PCR detection of respiratory tract viral infection at coronial post-mortem examinations
Authors: Gilsenan-Reed Caitlin , Higgins Geoff , Langlois Neil
Published: June 2020

Death due to respiratory infection is commonly encountered at autopsy. With only one opportunity to obtain samples for identification of a causative agent, it is important to ensure that sampling regimes are optimized to provide the greatest detection, without the expense and redundancy that can arise from over-sampling. This study was performed retrospectively using data from Coronial autopsies over the period 2012–2019 from which swabs from the nasopharyngeal region, trachea and lung parenchyma, in addition to samples of lung tissue, had been submitted for multiplex PCR detection of respiratory pathogens. From 97 cases with all four samples, there were 24 with at least one positive result for viral infection. Some cases had multiple positive results and a total of 27 respiratory tract viruses were identified, of which rhinovirus, influenza A virus and respiratory syncytial virus were the most common. Seventeen of the 27 viral infections (63%) were identified in all four samples. However, in nearly all cases (96%) the nasopharyngeal swab detected the infective agent when the multiplex PCR panel had detected infection in any of the four sample types. A nasopharyngeal swab is considered to be an optimal sample for detection of respiratory tract viral infection. As the samples analyzed were acquired before the appearance of the COVID-19 virus, the applicability of this finding for COVID-19 screening is not established.
The Curing Coma Campaign: Framing Initial Scientific Challenges—Proceedings of the First Curing Coma Campaign Scientific Advisory Council Meeting
Authors: Provencio J. Javier , Hemphill J. Claude , Claassen Jan , Edlow Brian L. , Helbok Raimund , Vespa Paul M. , Diringer Michael N. , Polizzotto Len , Shutter Lori , Suarez Jose I. , Stevens Robert D. , Hanley Daniel F. , Akbari Yama , Bleck Thomas P. , Boly Melanie , Foreman Brandon , Giacino Joseph T. , Hartings Jed A. , Human Theresa , Kondziella Daniel , Ling Geoffrey S. F. , Mayer Stephan A. , McNett Molly , Menon David K. , Meyfroidt Geert , Monti Martin M. , Park Soojin , Pouratian Nader , Puybasset Louis , Rohaut Benjamin , Rosenthal Eric S. , Schiff Nicholas D. , Sharshar Tarek , Wagner Amy , Whyte John , Olson DaiWai M. ,   the Neurocritical Care Society Curing Coma Campaign
Published: June 2020

Coma and disordered consciousness are common manifestations of acute neurological conditions and are among the most pervasive and challenging aspects of treatment in neurocritical care. Gaps exist in patient assessment, outcome prognostication, and treatment directed specifically at improving consciousness and cognitive recovery. In 2019, the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS) launched the Curing Coma Campaign in order to address the “grand challenge” of improving the management of patients with coma and decreased consciousness. One of the first steps was to bring together a Scientific Advisory Council including coma scientists, neurointensivists, neurorehabilitationists, and implementation experts in order to address the current scientific landscape and begin to develop a framework on how to move forward. This manuscript describes the proceedings of the first Curing Coma Campaign Scientific Advisory Council meeting which occurred in conjunction with the NCS Annual Meeting in October 2019 in Vancouver. Specifically, three major pillars were identified which should be considered: endotyping of coma and disorders of consciousness, biomarkers, and proof-of-concept clinical trials. Each is summarized with regard to current approach, benefits to the patient, family, and clinicians, and next steps. Integration of these three pillars will be essential to the success of the Curing Coma Campaign as will expanding the “curing coma community” to ensure broad participation of clinicians, scientists, and patient advocates with the goal of identifying and implementing treatments to fundamentally improve the outcome of patients.
Random noise reduction using SVD in the frequency domain
Authors: Liu Baotong , Liu Qiyuan
Published: June 2020

The frequency spectrum of irregular interference noise has broad bandwidth and poor coherence.
But in the same prospecting area, the dominant frequency and bandwidth of effective signals are nearly the same (especially for post-stack section); that is to say, the frequency spectra of effective signals in seismic traces show a high degree of trace-to-trace correlation. Based on this conclusion, we present a novel denoising technique, which works by SVD filtering in the frequency domain. First, the input seismic data are transformed to the frequency domain via the Fourier transform. Then, the frequency spectra are decomposed into eigenimages by means of SVD. We perform the eigenimage filtering of the frequency spectra by selecting singular values to be used in the reconstruction, suppressing the random noise. Compared with the traditional band-pass filtering, the presented method is capable of attenuating the interference noise components within the range of frequency pass band and protects effective signals in high frequency. Tests on both synthetic and field seismic data show that our method can remove random noise and does no damage to effective signal. By comparison with the median filtering and the curvelet domain filtering, we concluded that the presented denoising method performs better in removing background noise and protecting reflection events.
Enhanced immunogenicity of leukemia-derived exosomes via transfection with lentiviral vectors encoding costimulatory molecules
Authors: Hu Weiwei , Huang Fang , Ning Liuxin , Hao Jun , Wan Jiangbo , Hao Siguo
Published: June 2020

Background: Tumor cell-derived exosomes (TEXs) have been widely used to induce antitumor immune responses in animal models and clinical trials. Similarly, leukemia cell-derived exosomes (LEXs) can induce antileukemia immune responses in animal models. However, the antileukemia immunity induced by LEXs is less effective, which may be due to an inadequate costimulatory capacity.

Methods: In this study, we transduced L1210 leukemia cells with a lentiviral vector encoding two B7 costimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86) and obtained LEXs that highly expressed CD80 and CD86. The antileukemia immune response derived from these LEXs was examined in vitro and in vivo in animal models.

Results: We found that B7 gene-modified LEXs, including LEX-CD80, LEX-CD86, and LEX-8086, could significantly boost the expression of CD80 and CD86 in dendritic cells (DCs) and promote the secretion of functional cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-12. Moreover, these B7 gene-modified LEXs, particularly LEX-CD8086, could effectively induce CD4+T cell proliferation, Th1 cytokine secretion, and an antigen-specific anti-leukemia cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. Additional animal studies indicated that immunization with B7 gene-modified LEXs, in particular LEX-CD8086, could significantly retard tumor growth compared to the control LEXnull group.

Conclusions:This study sheds light on the feasibility of obtaining LEXs that overexpress costimulatory molecules via genetically modified leukemia cells, thereby enhancing their anti-leukemia immunity and providing a potential therapeutic strategy that contributes to leukemia immunotherapy.
Politisierung durch Zwang?
Authors: Holderberg Per , Ballowitz Jan
Published: June 2020

In Reaktion auf sinkende Beteiligungsraten bei Wahlen besteht in der internationalen politikwissenschaftlichen Forschung ein anhaltender Diskurs zu den Wirkungsweisen der Einführung einer Wahlpflicht. Neben der durch eine Wahlpflicht induzierten Steigerung der Wahlbeteiligung und dem Rückgang der sozial-selektiven Beteiligungszusammenhänge werden förderliche Eigenschaften für die politische Bildung und Involvierung der Bürger angenommen („spill-over-Effekt“). Es wird eine Auswertung der Literatur zur Wahlpflicht vorgenommen, welche in Anlehnung an die Hypothesen von Arend Lijphart, zentrale Forschungsbefunde zu den Wirkungseffekten zweiter Ordnung der Wahlpflicht zusammenfasst. Der Diskurs zur Wahlpflicht erscheint sehr stark von theoretischen Abhandlungen geprägt und weist Forschungslücken in der Untersuchung der Wirkungseffekte einer Wahlpflicht auf. In der Abhandlung wird erstmals auf Basis eines großen Datensatzes (N = 2047) mit einem experimentellen Forschungsdesign einer dreiwelligen Online-Befragung untersucht, welche Auswirkungen die Einführung einer gesetzlichen Wahlpflicht in Deutschland auf das Informationsverhalten, das politische Engagement und das politische Interesse hat. Mit Ausnahme des Bereichs der Mediennutzung, zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die Annahmen des spill-over-Effekt nicht bestätigt werden können. Die Einführung einer Wahlpflicht würde folglich zu keiner signifikanten Erhöhung des politischen Interesses, des politischen Wissens, der politischen Informiertheit oder des politischen Engagements führen.
Eight practices for data management to enable team data science
Authors: McDavid Andrew , Corbett Anthony M. , Dutra Jennifer L. , Straw Andrew G. , Topham David J. , Pryhuber Gloria S. , Caserta Mary T. , Gill Steven R. , Scheible Kristin M. , Holden-Wiltse Jeanne
Published: June 2020

Introduction:

In clinical and translational research, data science is often and fortuitously integrated with data collection. This contrasts to the typical position of data scientists in other settings, where they are isolated from data collectors. Because of this, effective use of data science techniques to resolve translational questions requires innovation in the organization and management of these data.

Methods:

We propose an operational framework that respects this important difference in how research teams are organized. To maximize the accuracy and speed of the clinical and translational data science enterprise under this framework, we define a set of eight best practices for data management.

Results:

In our own work at the University of Rochester, we have strived to utilize these practices in a customized version of the open source LabKey platform for integrated data management and collaboration. We have applied this platform to cohorts that longitudinally track multidomain data from over 3000 subjects.

Conclusions:

We argue that this has made analytical datasets more readily available and lowered the bar to interdisciplinary collaboration, enabling a team-based data science that is unique to the clinical and translational setting.
Prioritizing Communication About Radiation Risk Reduction in the United States: Results from a Multi-criteria Decision Analysis
Authors: Ferguson Rennie W. , Barnett Daniel J. , Kennedy Ryan David , Sell Tara Kirk , Wieder Jessica S. , Spannhake Ernst W.
Published: June 2020

Objectives:

The lack of radiation knowledge among the general public continues to be a challenge for building communities prepared for radiological emergencies. This study applied a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to the results of an expert survey to identify priority risk reduction messages and challenges to increasing community radiological emergency preparedness.

Methods:

Professionals with expertise in radiological emergency preparedness, state/local health and emergency management officials, and journalists/journalism academics were surveyed following a purposive sampling methodology. An MCDA was used to weight criteria of importance in a radiological emergency, and the weighted criteria were applied to topics such as sheltering-in-place, decontamination, and use of potassium iodide. Results were reviewed by respondent group and in aggregate.

Results:

Sheltering-in-place and evacuation plans were identified as the most important risk reduction measures to communicate to the public. Possible communication challenges during a radiological emergency included access to accurate information; low levels of public trust; public knowledge about radiation; and communications infrastructure failures.

Conclusions:

Future assessments for community readiness for a radiological emergency should include questions about sheltering-in-place and evacuation plans to inform risk communication.
Rethinking Decolonial and Postcolonial Knowledges beyond Regions to Imagine Transnational Solidarity
Authors: Asher Kiran , Ramamurthy Priti
Published: June 2020

Since the early twentieth century, various strands of “anticolonial” scholarship have been and are concerned with how colonial encounters and practices constitute differences. In recent years, this scholarship maps the uneven implications of “coloniality” for subjects and bodies marked as different, for example, “feminine,” “raced,” “queer,” or trans. Along with feminism, anticolonial scholarship's analytical goals—to link the body with body politics—are closely tied to its political ones: to correct the wrongs of colonial encounters and practices. The current avatars of anticolonial scholarship include postcolonial, decolonial, and settler-colonial variants.
The “New:” A Colonization of Non-Modern Scholars and Knowledges
Authors: Cherniak Shara , Walker Ashli Moore
Published: June 2020

We engage in an affirmative feminist reading of the recent, predominantly Western, philosophical movement called the new materialisms—that is, we problematize the “new” while still valuing its contributions toward justice (Todd 2016; Schaeffer 2018). We put Sara Ahmed in conversation with María Lugones and Zoe Todd in order to recognize that not only have feminist scholars engaged in conversations around the material before publications of the “new” (Ahmed 2008; Lugones 2010; Todd 2016), but we also argue that the “new” creates a coloniality of non-modern knowledges that think and live some of the so-called groundbreaking ideas of the “new.” The new materialisms, then, function systematically to deny and silence the multiple and varied ways in which the concepts it engages have a prolonged and deep scholarship of theorization in both feminisms and non-modern knowledges. The significance of this, we contend, is not merely a question of semantics as (some) authors of the “new” purport—language matters. That is, language materializes the world; it affects. In engendering this philosophy as “new,” it acts, in effect, as a colonization that reinforces harmful and violent discourses of white, neoliberal, colonial capitalism (Lugones 2010) that some feminist theories seek to dismantle.
NEW HINTS OF METALLURGICAL ACTIVITY ON THE ATLANTIC COAST OF FRANCE IN THE MID THIRD MILLENNIUM BC: OVERVIEW AND PERSPECTIVES ON BEAKER METALLURGY IN WESTERN EUROPE
Authors: Gandois Henri , Rousseau Lolita , Gehres Benjamin , Le Carlier Cécile , Querré Guirec , Poissonnier Bertrand , Gilbert Jean-Maurice
Published: June 2020

The site of L’anse de la République, Talmont-Saint-Hilaire, Vendée, France, belonging to the Beaker culture, was discovered by Roger Joussaume in the 1960s. It was subsequently investigated during the late 1980s and more recently in 2014. Several items excavated during these operations are clearly linked to metallurgy. This article assesses the results of new analyses (XRF, petrographic analysis, metallographic microscope observation, SEM and EDS microprobe analysis) undertaken on the different artefacts (copper residue, slags, smelting-crucible sherds), which allow the authors to assert that copper ore was smelted on the site. Radiocarbon dating of organic residue preserved on a ceramic sherd confirms the dating of the site to the earliest phase of the Beaker culture (2500bc). The metallic copper produced here is characterised by two main impurities: arsenic and nickel. This provides an opportunity to review the extremely rare vestiges of Beaker metallurgy in France, which contrast with the numerous metal objects recovered. This article also considers the use of domestic smelting vessels for smelting ore; this technique may have been more widespread than previously thought in the Beaker culture on the Atlantic coast of Europe.
Social Movements and the National Question in Quebec: The Institutional Legacy of a Cleavage
Authors: Dufour Pascale , Bergeron-Gaudin Jean-Vincent , Chicoine Luc
Published: June 2020

By taking a historical perspective on the higher education and the housing sectors in Quebec, we demonstrate how the political cleavage around the national question has had long-term effects on the dynamic of contention in these two sectors. At a general level, the presence of this cleavage has favoured the adoption of institutional arrangements related to funding that have allowed the reproduction of social protest over time. Nevertheless, the institutional arrangements vary from one sector to another: in the case of higher education, Bill 32, adopted in 1983, facilitated the division of the student movement into two branches and, to some extent, its dynamism; in the case of housing, the AccèsLogis program and thecontribution au secteur, implemented in 1997, ensured the selection of claims for social housing and favoured the grouping that leads this issue. In both cases, the national question is at the heart of the process that led to the adoption of these policies.
DISTAL ACTIONS OF AUTOMORPHISMS OF NILPOTENT GROUPS G ON SUBG AND APPLICATIONS TO LATTICES IN LIE GROUPS
Authors: PALIT RAJDIP , SHAH RIDDHI
Published: June 2020

For a locally compact group G, we study the distality of the action of automorphisms T of G on SubG, the compact space of closed subgroups of G endowed with the Chabauty topology. For a certain class of discrete groups G, we show that T acts distally on SubG if and only if Tn is the identity map for some
$n\in\mathbb N$
. As an application, we get that for a T-invariant lattice Γ in a simply connected nilpotent Lie group G, T acts distally on SubG if and only if it acts distally on SubΓ. This also holds for any closed T-invariant co-compact subgroup Γ in G. For a lattice Γ in a simply connected solvable Lie group, we study conditions under which its automorphisms act distally on SubΓ. We construct an example highlighting the difference between the behaviour of automorphisms on a lattice in a solvable Lie group and that in a nilpotent Lie group. We also characterise automorphisms of a lattice Γ in a connected semisimple Lie group which act distally on SubΓ. For torsion-free compactly generated nilpotent (metrisable) groups G, we obtain the following characterisation: T acts distally on SubG if and only if T is contained in a compact subgroup of Aut(G). Using these results, we characterise the class of such groups G which act distally on SubG. We also show that any compactly generated distal group G is Lie projective.
Financial Asset Ownership and Political Partisanship: Liberty Bonds and Republican Electoral Success in the 1920s
Authors: Hilt Eric , Rahn Wendy
Published: June 2020

We analyze the effects of ownership of liberty bonds on election outcomes in the 1920s. We find that counties with higher liberty bond ownership rates turned against the Democratic Party in the presidential elections of 1920 and 1924. This was a reaction to the depreciation of the bonds prior to the 1920 election (when the Democrats held the presidency) and the appreciation of the bonds in the early 1920s (under a Republican president), as the Federal Reserve raised and then subsequently lowered interest rates. Our analysis suggests that the liberty bond campaigns had unintended political consequences.
The Effect of War Risk on Managerial and Investor Behavior: Evidence from the Brussels Stock Exchange in the Pre-1914 Era
Authors: Verdickt Gertjan
Published: June 2020

With two news-based measures on war, I document that managers mitigated war risk through dividend cuts, arguably to establish a war chest. Moreover, I find that companies postponed their initial public offerings and that foreign companies were more likely to delist after the onset of wars. Investors reacted negatively to the increase in war news coverage. There is evidence of mean-reversion after a threat of war and a negative drift following the start of war. Finally, I highlight the importance of proximity to military conflicts. In general, the evidence indicates that both managers and investors became more risk averse as a consequence of war news.
Transportation and Health in the Antebellum United States, 1820–1847
Authors: Zimran Ariell
Published: June 2020

I study the impact of transportation on health in the rural United States, 1820–1847. Measuring health by average stature, I find that greater transportation linkage, as measured by market access, in a cohort’s county-year of birth had an adverse impact on its health. A one-standard-deviation increase in market access reduced average stature by 0.14 inches, and rising market access over the study period can explain 37 percent of the contemporaneous decline in average stature, known as theAntebellum Puzzle. I find evidence that transportation affected health by increasing population density, leading to a worse epidemiological environment.
Histopathology of lesions caused byPseudocorynosoma constrictum(Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) in the ileum of blue-winged teal
Authors: Caballero-Viñas C. , Sánchez-Nava P.
Published: June 2020

Pseudocorynosoma constrictum(Van Cleave, 1918) is a polymorphid acanthocephalan that attaches to the digestive tract of waterfowl to complete its life cycle, causing severe histological damage to its definitive avian hosts. In the present study, we present a histopathological analysis of the lesions thatP. constrictuminduced in the layers of the ileum of the blue-winged tealAnas discors. The results revealed that worms insert the attachment structures into the inner gut muscular layer, which causes substantial swelling, haemorrhaging and necrosis in the tissue near the parasite's proboscis. We also observed that the number of parasites attached to the tissue can obstruct the intestinal lumen; in the most serious case, we observed more than 30 parasites penetrating completely the walls of the bird intestine.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 in post-laryngectomy patients: case series of four patients
Authors: Coleman H , Sutherland J , Calder N
Published: June 2020

Objective

To report our experience of diagnosis, investigation and management in patients who had undergone laryngectomy secondary to previous squamous cell carcinoma, who were subsequently infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

Case reports

Four post-laryngectomy patients with laboratory-proven severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection were admitted to our institution from 1 March to 1 May 2020. All patients displayed symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 and underwent investigations, including swab and serum sampling, and chest X-ray where indicated. All were managed conservatively on dedicated coronavirus disease 2019 wards and were discharged without the requirement of higher level care.

Conclusion

It is hypothesised that laryngectomy may offer a protective effect against severe or critical disease in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. We hope sharing our experience will aid all practitioners in the management of this, often intimidating, cohort of patients.
Survival of the cheapest: how proteome cost minimization drives evolution
Authors: Kepp Kasper P.
Published: June 2020

Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized that positive selection of functional proficiency provides the fitness that ultimately determines the structure of life, a view that has dominated biochemical thinking of enzymes as perfectly optimized for their specific functions. The 20th-century modern synthesis, structural biology, and the central dogma explained the machinery of evolution, and nearly neutral theory explained how selection competes with random fixation dynamics that produce molecular clocks essential e.g. for dating evolutionary histories. However, quantitative proteomics revealed that selection pressures not relating to optimal function play much larger roles than previously thought, acting perhaps most importantly via protein expression levels. This paper first summarizes recent progress in the 21st century toward recovering this universal selection pressure. Then, the paper argues that proteome cost minimization is the dominant, underlying ‘non-function’ selection pressure controlling most of the evolution of already functionally adapted living systems. A theory of proteome cost minimization is described and argued to have consequences for understanding evolutionary trade-offs, aging, cancer, and neurodegenerative protein-misfolding diseases.
Matters of the Heart: Romance, Courtship, and Conjugality in Contemporary Delhi
Authors: Barua Rukmini
Published: June 2020

This article explores narratives of heterosexual romance and conjugality in Wazirpur, a neighbourhood in north west Delhi, dominated by the steel industry and populated by a largely migrant workforce. Focusing primarily on two generations of women, it considers how the relationship between romantic love and marriage is articulated, performed and imagined. The oral accounts presented here suggest a multidirectional pattern of marital mobility, which is grounded in social conventions of conjugality. Familial tensions and social fault lines appear over marital decisions, crystallizing especially when elopements or ‘court marriages’ take place. The romantic relationships and forms of courtship in Wazirpur have to discursively and spatially negotiate the tensions between social approval and individual choice. While increasingly, a considerable degree of significance is accorded to the emotional bond between the couple, parental support and the public performance of respectability remain central to marital formations. The article suggests that the intimate and the emotional are not only located in the interior of the individual but are forged by intersecting and often competing registers of social regulation.
Labor Relations and Slavery in Contemporary Brazil: A New Digital Collection
Authors: Lara Silvia Hunold , Silva Nauber Gavski da
Published: June 2020

There are multiple public agencies in Brazil that operate for the purpose of inspection, investigation, and the levying of penalties for the crime of exploitation of labor in conditions analogous to slavery: These include the civil police, Federal Police, the Ministry of Labor, the Regional Labor Tribunals, the Public Ministry of Labor, the Federal Public Ministry, and the state-level public ministries, with branches that encompass the entire nation and others that focus on specific regions. The activities of each one of these entities is recorded in different types of documents that are processed at various levels and can cover considerable amounts of time, depending on the deadlines and procedures involved. While the volume of this documentation is quite substantial, these records are not especially well known or widely used.
The C5-75 Program: Meeting the Need for Efficient, Pragmatic Frailty Screening and Management in Primary Care
Authors: Lee Linda , Jones Aaron , Costa Andrew , Hillier Loretta M. , Patel Tejal , Milligan James , Pefanis John , Giangregorio Lora , Heckman George A. , Parikh Ruchi
Published: June 2020

Case-Finding for Complex Chronic Conditions in Seniors 75+ (C5-75) is a systematic approach to identify frailty using gait speed and hand-grip strength and to screen for co-morbid conditions. We identified the C5-75 features offering the highest yield for identifying frailty and to streamline the screening program. Analyses included 1,948 C5-75 assessments completed from 2013 to 2018. Age 85 or older, less than regular physical activity, and more than two falls in the previous six months had the strongest associations with frailty. Exempting patients under 85 who reported regular physical activity and less than two falls excluded 39.1 per cent of the cohort while maintaining a sensitivity of 95.2 per cent and a negative predictive value of 99.4 per cent for frailty. These findings provide insight into optimizing screening for frailty, making it more feasible to implement and to identify co-existing conditions that may contribute to or be affected by frailty.
Supersaturation of even linear cycles in linear hypergraphs
Authors: Jiang Tao , Yepremyan Liana
Published: June 2020

A classical result of Erdős and, independently, of Bondy and Simonovits [3] says that the maximum number of edges in an n-vertex graph not containing C2k, the cycle of length 2k, is O(n1+1/k). Simonovits established a corresponding supersaturation result for C2k’s, showing that there exist positive constants C,c depending only on k such that every n-vertex graph G with e(G)⩾ Cn1+1/k contains at least c(e(G)/v(G))2k copies of C2k, this number of copies tightly achieved by the random graph (up to a multiplicative constant).

In this paper we extend Simonovits' result to a supersaturation result of r-uniform linear cycles of even length in r-uniform linear hypergraphs. Our proof is self-contained and includes the r = 2 case. As an auxiliary tool, we develop a reduction lemma from general host graphs to almost-regular host graphs that can be used for other supersaturation problems, and may therefore be of independent interest.
Impaired knee extension muscle strength in adolescents but not in children with Fontan circulation
Authors: Sandberg Camilla , Frisk Emelie , Hansson Lena , Isberg Annika , Rylander Hedlund Eva , Sjöberg Gunnar , Rydberg Annika
Published: June 2020

Introduction:

Impaired isometric muscle strength was previously reported in adults with Fontan circulation. However, it is unclear if this impairment is present in children and adolescents with Fontan circulation. We investigated isometric muscle strength of the lower limb in patients (6–18 years) with Fontan circulation in comparison with healthy controls.

Method:

In this cross-sectional study, 43 patients (6–18 years) with Fontan circulation and 43 age- and sex-matched controls were included. Isometric knee extension and plantar flexion muscle strength were assessed using dynamometry (Newton, N). Lean mass of the legs was assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Analyses were performed on group level (n = 43), and for subgroups that included children aged 6–12 years (n = 18) and adolescents aged 13–18 years (n = 25).

Results:

On group level, the patients with Fontan circulation had impaired isometric knee extension strength in comparison with the controls (p = 0.03). In subgroup analyses, impaired isometric knee extension strength was present in the adolescents (p = 0.009) but not in the children groups. For plantar flexion, there was no difference between patients and controls. There was no difference in lean mass between patients and controls (9.6 ± 4.3 kg vs. 10.8 ± 5.6 kg, p = 0.31). However, the lean mass was highly correlated to isometric knee extension strength (patients r = 0.89, controls r = 0.96, p < 0.001) and isometric plantar flexion strength (patients r = 0.7, controls r = 0.81, p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The finding of impaired isometric knee extension muscle strength in adolescents (13–18 years) with Fontan circulation and no corresponding impairment in the children group (6–12 years) could imply that isometric muscle strength gets more impaired with age.
Introduction: 1968 Thought and its Usual Suspects
Authors: Habjan Jernej
Published: June 2020

Conceived 51 years after the global workers’ and student revolt of May 1968, this Focus will break down the theoretical and literary legacy of May into three intervals of 17 years. In 1985, 17 years after 1968, Luc Ferry and Alain Renaut published a book, La pensée 68, in which they canonized the view that the theoretical underpinning of May ’68 was provided by French structuralist thinkers, notably Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Pierre Bourdieu and Jacques Lacan (see Ferry and Renaut 1985; for the English translation, see Ferry and Renaut 1990). Seventeen years later, in 2002, Kristin Ross’s book May ’68 and its Afterlives effectively replaced this canonical image with the notion that French structuralists were all either completely absent or showed at least great reserve during the events of May and that, moreover, the closest theoretical allies of the protesters and strikers were in fact the main philosophical targets of structuralist anti-humanists, namely Jean-Paul Sartre and Herbert Marcuse with their schools of humanist Marxism (see Ross 2002). Seventeen years after Ross’s seminal book, it may be time to negate both the thesis from 1985 and Ross’s antithesis from 2002, and ask the following simple question: why, despite the massive presence of Sartre and Marcuse, and the equally massive absence of Foucault, Derrida, Bourdieu and Lacan, but also Gilles Deleuze and Louis Althusser, has the memory politics of May ’68 during the past half-century included the canonization of structuralism and post-structuralism at the expense of none other than humanism, be it Marxist or non-Marxist?
An exploratory study to investigate alcohol consumption among breast-feeding mothers
Authors: Baker Sarah , Christian Meaghan
Published: June 2020

Objective:

We examined the likelihood of breast-feeding mothers consuming alcohol according to several socio-demographic factors.

Design:

We carried out secondary data analyses using participant information obtained from a cross-sectional survey designed to capture the dietary habits of UK infants aged 4–18 months.

Setting:

Data concerning breast-feeding mothers’ social and domestic circumstances and alcohol consumption were drawn from the 2011 Diet and Nutrition Survey of Infants and Young Children.

Participants:

Complete data from 2683 breast-feeding mothers were included, and further analyses were carried out on those who continued to drink alcohol (n 227).

Results:

Logistic regression enabled the identification of social factors associated with breast-feeding and continued alcohol consumption among mothers. Several social factors were found to influence the likelihood of breast-feeding mothers drinking alcohol. For example, older mothers, mothers with partners who drank alcohol, those with higher educational attainment and household income and those who consumed alcohol whilst pregnant were more likely to continue to drink alcohol. Mothers’ breast-feeding infants older than 12 months were less likely to drink alcohol than those feeding infants aged 4–6 months.

Conclusions:

Evidence suggests that social circumstances influence the likelihood of alcohol use among mothers who are breast-feeding. Greater understanding of mothers’ decision making with respect to the continuation or discontinuation of alcohol use whilst breast-feeding, according to the social context in which they live, is warranted.