bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ending the Epidemic: Assessing Sexual Health Communication, Personal Agency, and HIV Stigma among Black and Latino Youth in the U.S
Authors: Keene Lance , Boyd Donte
Published: June 2021

Sexual health communication warrants greater attention as it may help to reduce the rates of HIV incidence among youth. A growing body of literature suggests that conversations about sexual health among Black and Latino youth may serve as a potential strategy for HIV prevention. The current study investigates whether sexual health communication—in particular, conversations about sexual health and HIV—influences Black and Latino youth’s personal agency regarding their role in achieving an HIV-free generation. For this secondary data analysis, we used the National Survey of Teens and Young Adults on attitudes towards HIV/AIDS (n = 701). Participants included youth between the ages 15 and 24, and the average was 20 years. We used a multiple regression analysis to examine whether sexual health communication contributed to youth knowledge and awareness of (1) the national plan for EHE, and (2) their role in ending the epidemic”. (1) knowledge and awareness of the national plan for EHE, and (2) role in ending the epidemic. The final multiple regression model was statistically significant [R2 = 0.16 F (12, 701) = 001, p < 0.001] for both outcomes. Study results found that sexual health communication was positively related to Black and Latino youth’s awareness of efforts to end the HIV epidemic (EHE) and their belief that they could play a role in achieving EHE. In addition, HIV stigma influenced personal agency and whether youth were aware of efforts to achieve EHE. Our results demonstrated that openly communicating about sexual health and HIV may contribute to a sense of personal agency among Black and Latino youth. In addition, understanding whether sexual health communication contributes to a sense of personal agency among youth may inform HIV prevention efforts to achieve the goals set forth by the national EHE plan for the U.S.
Awareness and Knowledge about Human Papilloma Virus Infection among Students at Secondary Occupational Health School in China
Authors: Wang Xin , Du Taifeng , Shi Xiaoling , Wu Kusheng
Published: June 2021

Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. CC is mainly caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), which can be prevented by vaccination. We conducted a cross-sectional study in secondary occupational health school (SOHS) through a questionnaire aimed to assess the awareness and knowledge regarding HPV infection of students. A total of 2248 students participated in the survey, 45.3% of them had heard about CC, while only 21.9% of them had heard about HPV; and 74.2% had no idea of the causal link between HPV infection and CC. Most participants displayed poor awareness and knowledge about HPV infection. The results suggested that age, grade, major, academic performance, etc. were correlated with higher awareness of CC, HPV and HPV infection (p < 0.05). In multivariable logistic analysis, third-grade students had the most increased awareness of CC (OR = 17.13, 95%CI: [8.11, 36.15]), HPV (OR = 6.59, 95%CI: [4.16, 10.43]) and HPV vaccine (OR = 2.78, 95%CI: [1.78, 4.32]) when compared to first-grade. Awareness and knowledge regarding HPV infection were insufficient among students in SOHS. As the future healthcare providers, these results highlight the need to supplement targeted education to improve their awareness and knowledge of HPV and vaccination.
Evolution of Postpartum Weight and Body Composition after Excessive Gestational Weight Gain: The Role of Lifestyle Behaviors—Data from the INTER-ACT Control Group
Authors: Bijlholt Margriet , Ameye Lieveke , van Uytsel Hanne , Devlieger Roland , Bogaerts Annick
Published: June 2021

Women with excessive gestational weight gain are at increased risk of postpartum weight retention and potentially also unfavorable body composition. Insight into the lifestyle behaviors that play a role in the evolution of postpartum weight and body composition among these women could aid identification of those at highest risk of long-term adverse outcomes. This secondary analysis of the INTER-ACT randomized controlled trial investigates control group data only (n = 524). The evolution of weight retention, percentage loss of gestational weight gain, fat percentage, waist circumference, and associated lifestyle behaviors between 6 weeks and 12 months postpartum were assessed using mixed model analyses. At six weeks postpartum, every sedentary hour was associated with 0.1% higher fat percentage (P = 0.01), and a higher emotional eating score was associated with 0.2% higher fat percentage (P < 0.001) and 0.3 cm higher waist circumference (P < 0.001). Increase in emotional eating score between 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum was associated with a 0.4 kg (P = 0.003) increase in postpartum weight retention from six months onwards. Among women with overweight, an increase in the uncontrolled eating score between 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum was associated with a 0.3 kg higher postpartum weight retention (P = 0.04), and 0.3% higher fat percentage (P = 0.006) from six months onwards. In conclusion, sedentary and eating behaviors play important roles in postpartum weight and body composition of women with excessive gestational weight gain and should therefore be incorporated as focal points in lifestyle interventions for this population.
Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Mental Health, Psychological Distress and Psychotropic Medication Consumption in Spain: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
Authors: Maestre-Miquel Clara , López-de-Andrés Ana , Ji Zichen , de Miguel-Diez Javier , Brocate Arturo , Sanz-Rojo Sara , López-Farre Antonio , Carabantes-Alarcon David , Jiménez-García Rodrigo , Zamorano-León José J.
Published: June 2021

Background: To assess gender differences in the prevalence of self-reported mental disorders, psychological distress and psychotropic drug consumption, and to identify sociodemographic and health-related variables associated with these conditions in the male and female population (aged ≥ 18 years). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried on 22,141 subjects aged 18 and over, using data from the Spanish National Health Interview Survey 2017. Results: We found an overall prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress and psychotropic drug consumption of 13.8%, 18.3% and 13.9%, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, women showed significantly increased probabilities of 1.74-fold for mental disorders, 1.26-fold for psychological distress and 1.26-fold for psychotropic drug consumption compared to men. Variables such as gender, age, nationality, marital status, educational level, self-rated health, the presence of different chronic disorders, alcohol consumption and smoking habit were independently associated with mental disorders, psychological distress and psychotropic drug consumption. Several variables showed a differential effect on mental health status and psychotropic drug consumption according to gender. Conclusions: Women suffer from mental disorders, experience psychological distress and consume psychotropic drugs significantly more than men in Spain. Possible explanations for these results may be related to differences in emotional processing, willingness to report diseases and even intrinsic biological traits. Screening for mental health status and psychotropic drug consumption should be considered, particularly in Spanish women, younger adults and individuals who are not married, are obese, have poor self-rated health, suffer from chronic diseases or have a smoking habit.
Sero-Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in High-Risk Populations in Vietnam
Authors: Hasan Tasnim , Pham Thach Ngoc , Nguyen Thu Anh , Le Hien Thi Thu , Van Le Duyet , Dang Thuy Thi , Van Trang Dinh , Pham Yen Ngoc , Nguyen Ha Viet , Tran Giang Linh , Nguyen Van Thi Cam , Nguyen Thanh Trung , Truong Viet Quang , Dao Than Huu , Le Chung Thanh , Truong Nam Tan , Vo Hoang Trung , Le Phuc Thanh , Nguyen Thao Thanh , Van Luu Vinh , Nguyen Vinh Dai , Toelle Brett G. , Marks Guy B. , Fox Greg J.
Published: June 2021

As a response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Vietnam enforced strict quarantine, contact tracing and physical distancing policies resulting in one of the lowest numbers of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) globally. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity among high-risk populations in Vietnam. A prevalence survey was undertaken within four communities in Vietnam, where at least two COVID-19 cases had been confirmed. Participants were classified according to the location of exposure: household contacts, close contacts, community members, and healthcare workers (HCWs) responsible for treating COVID-19 cases. Participants completed a baseline questionnaire and SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were quantified using a commercial assay. A total of 3049 community members and 149 health care workers consented to the study. Among 13 individuals who were seropositive (0.4%), five household contacts (5/27, 18.5%), one close contact (1/53, 1.9%), and seven community members (7/2954, 0.2%) had detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. All HCWs were negative for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Participants were tested a median of 15.1 (interquartile range from 14.9 to 15.2) weeks after exposure. Our study found a low prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in high-risk communities and healthcare workers in communities in Vietnam with known COVID-19 cases.
Typology of Family Support in Home Care for Iranian Older People: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Shamsikhani Soheila , Ahmadi Fazlollah , Kazemnejad Anoshirvan , Vaismoradi Mojtaba
Published: June 2021

The world population is rapidly aging. In older people, age-related biological decline in most body systems causes functional decline, an increase in dependence, and an increased need for support, especially by their family members. The aim of this study was to explore the main aspects of family support for older parents in home care. This qualitative study was conducted using a deductive qualitative content analysis approach. Participants were 21 older parents living in their own homes, as well as four family members of some participants. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and then were analyzed using the primary matrix developed based on the existing literature. The main aspects of family support for older parents were grouped into five predetermined categories and one new category: “instrumental support”, “financial support”, “psycho-emotional support”, “healthcare-related support”, “informational-technological support”, and “social preference support “. Family support for older people in home care is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. Family members can identify the needs of their older parents and provide them with appropriate support in collaboration with healthcare professionals to enhance their quality of life, autonomy, and satisfaction with life.
Associations between Indoor Environmental Quality and Infectious Diseases Knowledge, Beliefs and Practices of Hotel Workers in Wuhan, China
Authors: Wang Wenjing , Liu Yixin , Zhang Ling , Ran Li , Xiong Siyuan , Tan Xiaodong
Published: June 2021

Knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding infectious diseases are key elements that ensure practitioners’ health and safety. It is important to carry out such a survey in hotels. This study aims to determine the levels of knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding infectious diseases among practitioners and their associations with the environmental quality of hotels in Wuhan, China. We surveyed infectious disease knowledge, beliefs, and practices of practitioners in 18 hotels and detected these hotels’ environment, including physical factors of temperature, humidity, noise, and the indoor air quality of benzene, toluene, xylene, formaldehyde, CO, CO2, the total count of fungi, aerobic plate count, PM10, and PM2.5. 128 practitioners were included, and 28.9% were male. The questionnaire included knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding infectious diseases. Our study found moderate levels of knowledge and beliefs, and good health practices. People’s beliefs toward COVID-19 were correlated significantly with their knowledge (p < 0.05). Beliefs and health practices were correlated significantly with environmental quality (p < 0.05). However, the environmental quality was correlated negatively with the classification of hotels. Conclusively, despite the good health practices of practitioners, the knowledge and beliefs toward infectious diseases need to strengthen. Hotels should emphasize health education in practitioners and the improvement of environmental hygiene. Integrating all three components into a comprehensive environmental promotion program is warranted.
Effect of Exogenous Auxin Treatment on Cell Wall Polymers of Strawberry Fruit
Authors: Castro Ricardo I. , González-Feliu Ana , Muñoz-Vera Marcelo , Valenzuela-Riffo Felipe , Parra-Palma Carolina , Morales-Quintana Luis
Published: June 2021

The role of auxin in the fruit-ripening process during the early developmental stages of commercial strawberry fruits (Fragaria x ananassa) has been previously described, with auxin production occurring in achenes and moving to the receptacle. Additionally, fruit softening is a consequence of the depolymerization and solubilization of cell wall components produced by the action of a group of proteins and enzymes. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of exogenous auxin treatment on the physiological properties of the cell wall-associated polysaccharide contents of strawberry fruits. We combined thermogravimetric (TG) analysis with analyses of the mRNA abundance, enzymatic activity, and physiological characteristics related to the cell wall. The samples did not show a change in fruit firmness at 48 h post-treatment; by contrast, we showed changes in the cell wall stability based on TG and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis curves. Less degradation of the cell wall polymers was observed after auxin treatment at 48 h post-treatment. The results of our study indicate that auxin treatment delays the cell wall disassembly process in strawberries.
The Hormetic Effect of Metformin: “Less Is More”?
Authors: Panfoli Isabella , Puddu Alessandra , Bertola Nadia , Ravera Silvia , Maggi Davide
Published: June 2021

Metformin (MTF) is the first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The euglycemic effect of MTF is due to the inhibition of hepatic glucose production. Literature reports that the principal molecular mechanism of MTF is the activation of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) due to the decrement of ATP intracellular content consequent to the inhibition of Complex I, although this effect is obtained only at millimolar concentrations. Conversely, micromolar MTF seems to activate the mitochondrial electron transport chain, increasing ATP production and limiting oxidative stress. This evidence sustains the idea that MTF exerts a hormetic effect based on its concentration in the target tissue. Therefore, in this review we describe the effects of MTF on T2DM on the principal target organs, such as liver, gut, adipose tissue, endothelium, heart, and skeletal muscle. In particular, data indicate that all organs, except the gut, accumulate MTF in the micromolar range when administered in therapeutic doses, unmasking molecular mechanisms that do not depend on Complex I inhibition.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma from Molecular Pathology to Novel Therapies
Authors: Stachyra Karolina , Dudzisz-Śledź Monika , Bylina Elżbieta , Szumera-Ciećkiewicz Anna , Spałek Mateusz J. , Bartnik Ewa , Rutkowski Piotr , Czarnecka Anna M.
Published: June 2021

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an uncommon and highly aggressive skin cancer. It develops mostly within chronically sun-exposed areas of the skin. MCPyV is detected in 60–80% of MCC cases as integrated within the genome and is considered a major risk factor for MCC. Viral negative MCCs have a high mutation burden with a UV damage signature. Aberrations occur in RB1, TP53, and NOTCH genes as well as in the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. MCC is highly immunogenic, but MCC cells are known to evade the host’s immune response. Despite the characteristic immunohistological profile of MCC, the diagnosis is challenging, and it should be confirmed by an experienced pathologist. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is considered the most reliable staging tool to identify subclinical nodal disease. Subclinical node metastases are present in about 30–50% of patients with primary MCC. The basis of MCC treatment is surgical excision. MCC is highly radiosensitive. It becomes chemoresistant within a few months. MCC is prone to recurrence. The outcomes in patients with metastatic disease are poor, with a historical 5-year survival of 13.5%. The median progression-free survival is 3–5 months, and the median overall survival is ten months. Currently, immunotherapy has become a standard of care first-line therapy for advanced MCC.
Transcriptional Profiling Identifies Upregulation of Neuroprotective Pathways in Retinitis Pigmentosa
Authors: Bielmeier Christina B. , Roth Saskia , Schmitt Sabrina I. , Boneva Stefaniya K. , Schlecht Anja , Vallon Mario , Tamm Ernst R. , Ergün Süleyman , Neueder Andreas , Braunger Barbara M.
Published: June 2021

Hereditary retinal degenerations like retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are among the leading causes of blindness in younger patients. To enable in vivo investigation of cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for photoreceptor cell death and to allow testing of therapeutic strategies that could prevent retinal degeneration, animal models have been created. In this study, we deeply characterized the transcriptional profile of mice carrying the transgene rhodopsin V20G/P23H/P27L (VPP), which is a model for autosomal dominant RP. We examined the degree of photoreceptor degeneration and studied the impact of the VPP transgene-induced retinal degeneration on the transcriptome level of the retina using next generation RNA sequencing (RNASeq) analyses followed by weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). We furthermore identified cellular subpopulations responsible for some of the observed dysregulations using in situ hybridizations, immunofluorescence staining, and 3D reconstruction. Using RNASeq analysis, we identified 9256 dysregulated genes and six significantly associated gene modules in the subsequently performed WGCNA. Gene ontology enrichment showed, among others, dysregulation of genes involved in TGF-β regulated extracellular matrix organization, the (ocular) immune system/response, and cellular homeostasis. Moreover, heatmaps confirmed clustering of significantly dysregulated genes coding for components of the TGF-β, G-protein activated, and VEGF signaling pathway. 3D reconstructions of immunostained/in situ hybridized sections revealed retinal neurons and Müller cells as the major cellular population expressing representative components of these signaling pathways. The predominant effect of VPP-induced photoreceptor degeneration pointed towards induction of neuroinflammation and the upregulation of neuroprotective pathways like TGF-β, G-protein activated, and VEGF signaling. Thus, modulation of these processes and signaling pathways might represent new therapeutic options to delay the degeneration of photoreceptors in diseases like RP.
Examining Low-Income Single-Mother Families’ Experiences with Family Benefit Packages during and after the Great Recession in the United States
Authors: Chang Yu-Ling , Wu Chi-Fang
Published: June 2021

The recent economic recession triggered by the global pandemic has renewed scholarly interest in the role of social welfare systems in supporting economically vulnerable families when they experience employment instability. This article unpacks the patterns of the cash and in-kind components of the monthly family benefit packages that US low-income single mothers accessed during and after the Great Recession. We used the 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation and an innovative analytic procedure involving family benefit package plots, group-based trajectory modeling, and logistic regression modeling. We found that low-income single mothers more often used in-kind basic-needs packages and less often used packages that bundle a cash benefit or a childcare subsidy, regardless of their dynamic employment status. Our findings challenge the effectiveness of the US work-based welfare system in ensuring the economic security of economically vulnerable families and contribute to the policy discussions on unconditional basic income and President Biden’s American Families Plan.
Crystal Structure, Spectroscopic Characterization, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity of New Mg(II) and Mn(II)/Na(I) Complexes of Isoferulic Acid
Authors: Kalinowska Monika , Gołębiewska Ewelina , Mazur Liliana , Lewandowska Hanna , Pruszyński Marek , Świderski Grzegorz , Wyrwas Marta , Pawluczuk Natalia , Lewandowski Włodzimierz
Published: June 2021

The Mg(II) and heterometallic Mn(II)/Na(I) complexes of isoferulic acid (3-hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid, IFA) were synthesized and characterized by infrared spectroscopy FT-IR, FT-Raman, electronic absorption spectroscopy UV/VIS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The reaction of MgCl2 with isoferulic acid in the aqueous solutions of NaOH resulted in synthesis of the complex salt of the general formula of [Mg(H2O)6]⋅(C10H9O4)2⋅6H2O. The crystal structure of this compound consists of discrete octahedral [Mg(H2O)6]2+ cations, isoferulic acid anions and solvent water molecules. The hydrated metal cations are arranged among the organic layers. The multiple hydrogen-bonding interactions established between the coordinated and lattice water molecules and the functional groups of the ligand stabilize the 3D architecture of the crystal. The use of MnCl2 instead of MgCl2 led to the formation of the Mn(II)/Na(I) complex of the general formula [Mn3Na2(C10H7O4)8(H2O)8]. The compound is a 3D coordination polymer composed of centrosymmetric pentanuclear subunits. The antioxidant activity of these compounds was evaluated by assays based on different antioxidant mechanisms of action, i.e., with •OH, DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals as well as CUPRAC (cupric ions reducing power) and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. The pro-oxidant property of compounds was measured as the rate of oxidation of Trolox. The Mg(II) and Mn(II)/Na(I) complexes with isoferulic acid showed higher antioxidant activity than ligand alone in DPPH (IFA, IC50 = 365.27 μM, Mg(II) IFA IC50 = 153.50 μM, Mn(II)/Na(I) IFA IC50 = 149.00 μM) and CUPRAC assays (IFA 40.92 μM of Trolox, Mg(II) IFA 87.93 μM and Mn(II)/Na(I) IFA 105.85 μM of Trolox; for compounds’ concentration 10 μM). Mg(II) IFA is a better scavenger of •OH than IFA and Mn(II)/Na(I) IFA complex. There was no distinct difference in ABTS•+ and lipid peroxidation assays between isoferulic acid and its Mg(II) complex, while Mn(II)/Na(I) complex showed lower activity than these compounds. The tested complexes displayed only slight antiproliferative activity tested in HaCaT human immortalized keratinocyte cell line within the solubility range. The Mn(II)/Na(I) IFA (16 μM in medium) caused an 87% (±5%) decrease in cell viability, the Mg salt caused a comparable, i.e., 87% (±4%) viability decrease in a concentration of 45 μM, while IFA caused this level of cell activity attenuation (87% ± 5%) at the concentration of 1582 μM (significant at α = 0.05).
Synthesis and Characterization of Ti–Nb Alloy Films Obtained by Magnetron Sputtering and Low-Energy High-Current Electron Beam Treatment
Authors: Morini Federico , Bestetti Massimiliano , Franz Silvia , Vicenzo Antonello , Markov Alexey , Yakovlev Evgeniy
Published: June 2021

The aim of the present work is to investigate the synthesis of Ti–Nb alloy films obtained by the physical vapor deposition (PVD) magnetron sputtering of Nb films on Ti substrates, followed by low-energy high-current electron beam (LEHCEB) alloying treatment. Ti–Nb alloys were synthetized under two different regimes, one by varying the deposited amount of Nb (from 25 to 150 nm) and treating samples with low applied voltages and a number of pulses (three pulses at either 20 or 25 kV), the second by setting the amount of Nb (100 nm) and alloying it at a higher applied voltage with a different number of pulses (from 10 to 50 at 25 and 30 kV). The synthetized Ti–Nb alloys were characterized by XRD and GDOES for phase identification and chemical composition; SEM and optical microscopy were employed for morphology evaluation; compositional investigation was done by EDS analysis and mechanical properties were evaluated by microindentation tests. LEHCEB treatment led to the formation of metastable phases (α′, α″ and β) which, together with the grain refinement effect, was responsible for improved mechanical properties.
Controllability of Impulsive ψ-Caputo Fractional Evolution Equations with Nonlocal Conditions
Authors: Lin Longfei , Liu Yansheng , Zhao Daliang
Published: June 2021

This paper is mainly concerned with the exact controllability for a class of impulsive ψ-Caputo fractional evolution equations with nonlocal conditions. First, by generalized Laplace transforms, a mild solution for considered problems is introduced. Next, by the Mönch fixed point theorem, the exact controllability result for the considered systems is obtained under some suitable assumptions. Finally, an example is given to support the validity of the main results.
Engineering Active Micro and Nanomotors
Authors: Liu Mingwei , Zhao Kun
Published: June 2021

Micro- and nanomotors (MNMs) are micro/nanoparticles that can perform autonomous motion in complex fluids driven by different power sources. They have been attracting increasing attention due to their great potential in a variety of applications ranging from environmental science to biomedical engineering. Over the past decades, this field has evolved rapidly, with many significant innovations contributed by global researchers. In this review, we first briefly overview the methods used to propel motors and then present the main strategies used to design proper MNMs. Next, we highlight recent fascinating applications of MNMs in two examplary fields, water remediation and biomedical microrobots, and conclude this review with a brief discussion of challenges in the field.
Leishmania-Induced Dendritic Cell Migration and Its Potential Contribution to Parasite Dissemination
Authors: Rebouças Amanda , Silva Thaílla S. , Medina Lilian S. , Paredes Bruno D. , Aragão Luciana S. , Souza Bruno S. F. , Borges Valéria M. , Schriefer Albert , Veras Patricia S. T. , Brodskyn Claudia I. , de Menezes Juliana P. B.
Published: June 2021

Leishmania, an intracellular parasite species, causes lesions on the skin and in the mucosa and internal organs. The dissemination of infected host cells containing Leishmania is crucial to parasite survival and the establishment of infection. Migratory phenomena and the mechanisms underlying the dissemination of Leishmania-infected human dendritic cells (hDCs) remain poorly understood. The present study aimed to investigate differences among factors involved in hDC migration by comparing infection with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) induced by Leishmaniainfantum with diverse clinical forms of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) induced by Leishmaniabraziliensis or Leishmania amazonensis. Following the infection of hDCs by isolates obtained from patients with different clinical forms of Leishmania, the formation of adhesion complexes, actin polymerization, and CCR7 expression were evaluated. We observed increased hDC migration following infection with isolates of L. infantum (VL), as well as disseminated (DL) and diffuse (DCL) forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by L. braziliensis and L. amazonensis, respectively. Increased expression of proteins involved in adhesion complex formation and actin polymerization, as well as higher CCR7 expression, were seen in hDCs infected with L. infantum, DL and DCL isolates. Together, our results suggest that hDCs play an important role in the dissemination of Leishmania parasites in the vertebrate host.
Lutzomyia longipalpis Antimicrobial Peptides: Differential Expression during Development and Potential Involvement in Vector Interaction with Microbiota and Leishmania
Authors: Telleria Erich Loza , Tinoco-Nunes Bruno , Leštinová Tereza , de Avellar Lívia Monteiro , Tempone Antonio Jorge , Pitaluga André Nóbrega , Volf Petr , Traub-Csekö Yara Maria
Published: June 2021

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced to control bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and other infectious agents. Sand fly larvae develop and feed on a microbe-rich substrate, and the hematophagous females are exposed to additional pathogens. We focused on understanding the role of the AMPs attacin (Att), cecropin (Cec), and four defensins (Def1, Def2, Def3, and Def4) in Lutzomyia longipalpis, the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. Larvae and adults were collected under different feeding regimens, in addition to females artificially infected by Leishmania infantum. AMPs’ gene expression was assessed by qPCR, and gene function of Att and Def2 was investigated by gene silencing. The gene knockdown effect on bacteria and parasite abundance was evaluated by qPCR, and parasite development was verified by light microscopy. We demonstrate that L. longipalpis larvae and adults trigger AMPs expression during feeding, which corresponds to an abundant presence of bacteria. Att and Def2 expression were significantly increased in Leishmania-infected females, while Att suppression favored bacteria growth. In conclusion, L. longipalpis AMPs’ expression is tuned in response to bacteria and parasites but does not seem to interfere with the Leishmania cycle.
Comparison of Alum and Sulfuric Acid to Retain and Increase the Ammonium Content of Digestate Solids during Thermal Drying
Authors: Liu Jingna , Jensen Lars Stoumann , Müller-Stöver Dorette Sophie
Published: June 2021

Aluminum sulphate (alum, Al2(SO4)3·nH2O) has successfully been used to reduce ammonia loss from poultry litter, cattle feedlots and manure composting, but has not yet been utilized in the thermal drying process of digestate solids. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of alum addition on ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) content and phosphorus (P) solubility in dried digestate solids in comparison to the addition of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Manure-based (MDS) and sewage sludge-based (SDS) digestate solids were chosen to conduct a drying experiment at four pH levels (original pH, 8.0, 7.5 and 6.5) and using two acidifying agents (alum, concentrated H2SO4). Alum addition increased the final NH4+-N content significantly from 1.4 mg g−1 in the non-acidified control up to 18 mg g−1 and 10.8 mg g−1 in dried MDS and SDS, respectively, which were higher levels than obtained with the addition of concentrated H2SO4. Moreover, alum considerably lowered the water extractable phosphorus (WEP) in raw and dried SDS by 37–83% and 48–72%, respectively, compared with the non-treated control. In contrast, concentrated H2SO4 notably increased WEP in raw and dried MDS by 18–103% and 29–225%, respectively. The comparison between the two acidifying agents indicated that alum had the potential to be an efficient and easy-handling alternative to concentrated sulfuric acid, resulting in higher NH4+-N content and lower P solubility.
Temporal Relation between Double Fortification of Wheat Flour with Iron and Folic Acid, and Markers and Prevalence of Anemia in Children
Authors: Biemi Flinle Danielle , Ganji Vijay
Published: June 2021

Fortification of wheat flour with iron and folic acid became mandatory in Ivory Coast in 2007. The purpose of this study was to determine the time trend relation between mandatory double fortification of wheat flour with iron and folic acid and markers and prevalence of anemia by comparing the data between pre- and post-fortification periods in Ivory Coast children. Data were derived from the pediatric unit of the University Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Medical records of 467 children from 5 to 14 years old were analyzed from the years 2004 through 2010. Periods from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2006 and 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2010 were considered as pre- and post-fortification periods, respectively. Data on hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and anemia between pre- and post-fortification periods were compared. There were no significant differences in hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, and prevalence of anemia between pre- and post-fortification periods. However, MCV in post-fortification period was significantly higher compared to pre-fortification period in all subjects (77.6 fL vs. 76.8 fL; p = 0.02) and in young girls (79.1 fL vs. 75.2 fL; p = 0.01). Lack of significant differences in anemia and in markers of anemia between pre- and post-fortification periods need further investigation in children of Ivory Coast.
Dietary Supplementation for Para-Athletes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Shaw Keely A. , Zello Gordon A. , Bandy Brian , Ko Jongbum , Bertrand Leandy , Chilibeck Philip D.
Published: June 2021

The use of dietary supplements is high among athletes and non-athletes alike, as well as able-bodied individuals and those with impairments. However, evidence is lacking in the use of dietary supplements for sport performance in a para-athlete population (e.g., those training for the Paralympics or similar competition). Our objective was to examine the literature regarding evidence for various sport supplements in a para-athlete population. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, SPORTDiscus, MedLine, and Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Source. Fifteen studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in our review. Seven varieties of supplements were investigated in the studies reviewed, including caffeine, creatine, buffering agents, fish oil, leucine, and vitamin D. The evidence for each of these supplements remains inconclusive, with varying results between studies. Limitations of research in this area include the heterogeneity of the subjects within the population regarding functionality and impairment. Very few studies included individuals with impairments other than spinal cord injury. Overall, more research is needed to strengthen the evidence for or against supplement use in para-athletes. Future research is also recommended on performance in para-athlete populations with classifiable impairments other than spinal cord injuries.
Innovation at the Edge of Nutrition Education Research
Authors: Ball Lauren , Kirkegaard Amy
Published: June 2021

The fundamental role of diet in maximizing human health and utility is now universally recognized [...]
The Long-Term Dietitian and Psychological Support of Obese Patients Who Have Reduced Their Weight Allows Them to Maintain the Effects
Authors: Iłowiecka Katarzyna , Glibowski Paweł , Skrzypek Michał , Styk Wojciech
Published: June 2021

The role of post-therapeutic support after weight loss in obesity treatment is not fully understood. Therefore, weight maintenance after a successful weight loss intervention is not very common, especially in obese individuals. This randomized controlled study was conducted to explore the efficacy of following dietary and psychological support in a group of 36 obese individuals. Participants (22 women, 14 men aged 35.58 ± 9.85 years, BMI 35.04 ± 3.80 kg/m2) who completed a 12-month weight loss phase (balanced energy-restricted diet) were randomly allocated to receive 18-month support (SG) or no additional care (CG). The support phase included some elements of Ten Top Tips (TTT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), motivational interviewing (MI) in combination with nutritional education and assessment of the level of physical activity. The primary outcome was the maintenance of anthropometric parameters at an 18-month follow-up. The secondary outcomes included evaluation of biochemical parameters and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes connected with obesity. A comparison of SG vs. CG after a 30-month period of the study revealed significant differences in weight changes (−3.83 ± 6.09 vs. 2.48 ± 6.24 kg), Body Mass Index (−1.27 ± 2.02 vs. 0.72 ± 2.12 kg/m2), visceral adipose tissue (−0.58 ± 0.63 vs. 0.45 ± 0.74 L), and waist circumference (−4.83 ± 4.05 vs. 1.83 ± 5.97 cm). Analysis of SNPs (rs9939609 FTO, rs987237 TFAP2B, and rs894160 PLIN1) provided further insight into the potential modulating effect of certain genotypes on weight loss and maintenance and extended the knowledge of the potential benefits of personalized medicine. Post-therapeutical support in current clinical practice may increase the chances of long-term weight loss maintenance in obesity treatment even in patients with a genetic predisposition to excessive weight.
Effects of Dietary Fatty Acid Composition on Lipid Metabolism and Body Fat Accumulation in Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Yeh Jhih-Han , Tung Yu-Tang , Yeh Yu-Sheng , Chien Yi-Wen
Published: June 2021

Background: Obesity is a state of excess energy storage resulting in body fat accumulation, and postmenopausal obesity is a rising issue. In this study using ovariectomized (OVX) rats, we mimicked low estrogen levels in a postmenopausal state in order to investigate the effects of different amounts and types of dietary fatty acids on body fat accumulation and body lipid metabolism. Methods: At 9 weeks of age, rats (n = 40) were given an ovariectomy, eight of which were sham-operated to serve as a control group (S). We then divided OVX rats into four different intervention groups: diet with 5% soybean oil (C), and diet with 5% (L), 15% (M), and 20% (H) (w/w) experimental oil, containing 60% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and with a polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid (P/S) ratio of 5. Results: After OVX, compared to the S group, the C group showed significantly higher body weight, and insulin and leptin levels. Compared to the C group, the H group had lower hepatic triglyceride level and FAS enzyme activity, and higher hepatic ACO and CPT-1 gene expressions and enzyme activities. Conclusions: An OVX leads to severe weight gain and lipid metabolism abnormalities, while according to previous studies, high fat diet may worsen the situation. However, during our experiment, we discovered that the experimental oil mixture with 60% MUFAs and P/S = 5 may ameliorate these imbalances.
LPS Primes Brain Responsiveness to High Mobility Group Box-1 Protein
Authors: Peek Verena , Harden Lois M. , Damm Jelena , Aslani Ferial , Leisengang Stephan , Roth Joachim , Gerstberger Rüdiger , Meurer Marita , von Köckritz-Blickwede Maren , Schulz Sabine , Spengler Bernhard , Rummel Christoph
Published: June 2021

High mobility group box (HMGB)1 action contributes to late phases of sepsis, but the effects of increased endogenous plasma HMGB1 levels on brain cells during inflammation are unclear. Here, we aimed to further investigate the role of HMGB1 in the brain during septic-like lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in rats (LPS, 10 mg/kg, i.p.). HMGB-1 mRNA expression and release were measured in the periphery/brain by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and ELISA. In vitro experiments with disulfide-HMGB1 in primary neuro-glial cell cultures of the area postrema (AP), a circumventricular organ with a leaky blood–brain barrier and direct access to circulating mediators like HMGB1 and LPS, were performed to determine the direct influence of HMGB1 on this pivotal brain structure for immune-to-brain communication. Indeed, HMGB1 plasma levels stayed elevated after LPS injection. Immunohistochemistry of brains and AP cultures confirmed LPS-stimulated cytoplasmatic translocation of HMGB1 indicative of local HMGB1 release. Moreover, disulfide-HMGB1 stimulation induced nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and a significant release of interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor α, into AP culture supernatants. However, only a few AP cells directly responded to HMGB1 with increased intracellular calcium concentration. Interestingly, priming with LPS induced a seven-fold higher percentage of responsive cells to HMGB1. We conclude that, as a humoral and local mediator, HMGB1 enhances brain inflammatory responses, after LPS priming, linked to sustained sepsis symptoms.
Continuous Melt Granulation for Taste-Masking of Ibuprofen
Authors: Forster Seth P. , Lebo David B.
Published: June 2021

Taste-masking of drugs, particularly to produce formulations for pediatric patients, can be challenging and require complex manufacturing approaches. The objective of this study was to produce taste-masked ibuprofen granules using a novel process, twin-screw melt granulation (TSMG). TSMG is an emerging, high-productivity, continuous process. Granules of ibuprofen embedded in a lipid matrix were produced across a range of process conditions, resulting in a range of output granule particle sizes. The ibuprofen appeared to be miscible with the lipid binder though it recrystallized after processing. The ibuprofen melt granules were tested in simulated saliva using a novel, small-volume dissolution technique with continuous acquisition of the ibuprofen concentration. The ibuprofen release from the granules was slower than the neat API and physical blend, beyond the expected residence time of the granules in the mouth. The ibuprofen release was inversely related to the granule size. A Noyes–Whitney dissolution model was used and the resulting dissolution rate constants correlated well with the granule size.
Flow Characteristics and Energy Loss within the Static Impeller of Multiphase Pump
Authors: Jiang Zhu , Li Haiying , Shi Guangtai , Liu Xiaobing
Published: June 2021

The internal flow is very complex in the multiphase pump, especially in the static impeller, where the flow is more disorganized than that in the impeller wheel, and it will cause greater hydraulic losses. In order to investigate deeply the flow rules within the static impeller, all kinds of the flow losses are analyzed quantificationally in the multiphase pump. Based on the standard SST k-ω turbulence model, selected the helical axial flow multiphase pump as the research object, used the three-dimensional modeling software for the three-dimensional modeling of the flow through parts of the multiphase pump, such as impeller wheel, the static impeller, the suction chamber, and the extrusion chamber. The ANSYS software is used to simulate the three-dimensional flow in static impeller, and the ICEM software was used to divide the mesh of suction chamber, press outlet chamber, moving impeller and static impeller respectively. The results show that the flow within the impeller wheel is more uniform than the static impeller, and larger axial vortexes appear in the static impeller. Compared with the impeller wheel, the effect of the flow rate on the flow within the first static impeller is greater. The friction loss is the largest among all kinds of losses in the static impeller, followed by the turbulence dissipation loss. What’s more, the shock loss and the contraction loss are the smallest, they are all less than 20%, and the main loss within the static impeller are the turbulent dissipation loss and friction loss. The proportion of energy losses in the first and second static impeller is almost the same, which is around 50%, respectively. The results can be used as a reference for the improvement of the hydraulic performance of the multiphase pump.
Process Intensification in Bio-Ethanol Production–Recent Developments in Membrane Separation
Authors: Kumakiri Izumi , Yokota Morihisa , Tanaka Ryotaro , Shimada Yu , Kiatkittipong Worapon , Lim Jun Wei , Murata Masayuki , Yamada Mamoru
Published: June 2021

Ethanol is considered as a renewable transport fuels and demand is expected to grow. In this work, trends related to bio-ethanol production are described using Thailand as an example. Developments on high-temperature fermentation and membrane technologies are also explained. This study focuses on the application of membranes in ethanol recovery after fermentation. A preliminary simulation was performed to compare different process configurations to concentrate 10 wt% ethanol to 99.5 wt% using membranes. In addition to the significant energy reduction achieved by replacing azeotropic distillation with membrane dehydration, employing ethanol-selective membranes can further reduce energy demand. Silicalite membrane is a type of membrane showing one of the highest ethanol-selective permeation performances reported today. A silicalite membrane was applied to separate a bio-ethanol solution produced via high-temperature fermentation followed by a single distillation. The influence of contaminants in the bio-ethanol on the membrane properties and required further developments are also discussed.
Mining Proteome Research Reports: A Bird’s Eye View
Authors: Sahu Jagajjit
Published: June 2021

The complexity of data has burgeoned to such an extent that scientists of every realm are encountering the incessant challenge of data management. Modern-day analytical approaches with the help of free source tools and programming languages have facilitated access to the context of the various domains as well as specific works reported. Here, with this article, an attempt has been made to provide a systematic analysis of all the available reports at PubMed on Proteome using text mining. The work is comprised of scientometrics as well as information extraction to provide the publication trends as well as frequent keywords, bioconcepts and most importantly gene–gene co-occurrence network. Out of 33,028 PMIDs collected initially, the segregation of 24,350 articles under 28 Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) was analyzed and plotted. Keyword link network and density visualizations were provided for the top 1000 frequent Mesh keywords. PubTator was used, and 322,026 bioconcepts were able to extracted under 10 classes (such as Gene, Disease, CellLine, etc.). Co-occurrence networks were constructed for PMID-bioconcept as well as bioconcept–bioconcept associations. Further, for creation of subnetwork with respect to gene–gene co-occurrence, a total of 11,100 unique genes participated with mTOR and AKT showing the highest (64) number of connections. The gene p53 was the most popular one in the network in accordance with both the degree and weighted degree centrality, which were 425 and 1414, respectively. The present piece of study is an amalgam of bibliometrics and scientific data mining methods looking deeper into the whole scale analysis of available literature on proteome.