bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Property Prediction Models for Flexible Polyurethane Foams—A Comparison between Conventional Slabstock, High Resilience Slabstock and High Resilience Molded Foams
Authors: Schiffauer R.
Published: July 2017

Flexible polyurethane foams of all types are a unique group of plastics materials, characterized by the fact that a multitude of different sets of properties can be obtained by varying the levels of a relatively small number of base components in the formulations. This has always made flexible polyurethane foams a highly suitable candidate for correlating these variations in the formulations with the resulting properties in a mathematical way, aimed at predicting these properties as accurately as possible, fine-tuning existing grades and designing new foam grades. Several such models have been reported before, and significant improvements have been achieved in the accuracy of the models and the predictions.

This paper extends the models for conventional flexible slabstock beyond the previously reported key properties, namely density, hardness and fatigue, to other properties like elongation, tear strength, tensile strength, set properties and foam exothermic temperature. Some further influencing variables are also included, such as, for example, low TDI indexes and low index stabilizers which lead to rather complex correlations including several interaction terms. A comparison between laboratory foam data and large scale data is also included.

The second part of this paper discusses the influences of the specific variables for high resilience slabstock foam on a similar set of properties. Apart from the variables common to both HR and conventional foam, namely water level, TDI index and polymer solids, particular emphasis is put on the effect of diethanolamine, as well on highlighting the inherent differences in hardness between the two types of foam.

In the final section of this paper, a mathematical model for high resilience molded foams is presented, using similar predicting variables as for high resilience slabstock foam plus the unique variable of "overpacking," in a standardized molding tool.

This paper discusses the use of these models to either calculate properties from formulations or, alternatively, calculate formulations for given sets of properties, as well as mathematical and computer techniques to perform these calculations.
Zero ODP HFC Blowing Agents for Appliance Foam
Authors: Doerge Herman P.
Published: July 2017

Although HCFC-141b has been selected as the best replacement for the blowing agent CFC-11 used in refrigerator or freezer foams in North America, it is only an interim solution in the ongoing efforts to replace CFCs. Under investigation are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) which have zero ozone depletion potential (ODP). Papers have been presented at SPI conferences in 1991 and 1993 on one of these compounds, 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane or HFC-356mffm [1,2].

HFC-356mffm, like HCFC-141b, is a liquid with a low boiling point that offers low thermal conductivity in rigid polyurethane foams. It can be processed in existing processing equipment. It is nonflammable and does not form explosive mixtures with air. In addition, it offers good compatibility with appliance plastic food liners.

Other potential zero ODP candidates are the isomers of HFC-245. The most promising of these is HFC-245fa. HFC-245fa is a liquid which boils at 150°C (59°F). It is highly miscible with many different polyols. It is reported to be nonflammable and produces foams with low thermal conductivity. Preliminary reports indicate it has shown good compatibility with plastic refrigerator liners, promising toxicity evaluation results, and feasibility of manufacture.

The purpose of this paper is to present new information on foam formulations made with HFC-356mffm and one of the isomers of HFC-245. Our studies have shown that HFC-356mffm and HFC-245fa produce low thermal conductivity foams from masterbatches that do not separate upon aging. Information as to the processing of these systems in machinery will be presented. Results of these studies will be compared to a commercial HCFC-141b appliance foam system.
Effects of Melamine Particle Size on Flexible Polyurethane Foam Properties
Authors: Kageoka Masakazu , Tairaka Yoshihiko , Kodama Katsuhisa
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the relationships between the size of the melamine particles dispersed and the foam properties such as hardness, tensile strength, resiliency, and flammability in the formulation of the flame retarded polyurethane high resilient molded foam. Fine melamine particles, ca. 5 Im in average, were compared with the generally-used large ones, ca. 60 ym in average, for their effects on the properties of the resultant foam. Conventionally-used ACTCOL MF-34M, a polyether-polyol dispersing large melamine particles, and specially-developed ACTOOL MF-34N, a polyether-polyol dispersing fine melamine particles, were employed in this study.

The foam with the fine particles showed higher hardness, better tensile properties, and less flammability than that with the larger ones. The resiliency of the foam, however, was slightly low in the fine particle system compares to that in the large particle system.

By optical microscopy, we found that the fine particles dispersed everywhere in the foam skeleton and that the large particles were located only in the strut joints because the particles are larger than the strut thickness. With an increase in melamine content, the cellular structure was unchanged in the fine particle system, but in the large particle system the struts became thin and the melamine-embedded joints became thick.

The deforming ways of the cellular skeletons were also monitored by optical microscopy during the compression and the stretching of the foams. When the foam was compressed, every part of the skeleton deformed in the fine particle system, and the struts mainly deformed in the large particle system. When the foam was stretched, the struts oriented to the longitudinal direction in the fine particle system, and the melamine-embedded rigid joints inhibited the orientation of the struts in the large particle system.

The differences in mechanical properties of the foams obtained were thought to depend on the ways the melamine particles disperse in the cell skeleton. As for the difference in the flammability, the location and the surface area of the particles would be the important factors.

The results in this paper indicate that a flame retarded foam with better physical properties can be manufactured by a polyol including melamine particles smaller than the strut thickness of the resultant foam.
Durability of Flexible Molded Polyurethane Foams
Authors: Utsumi H. , Isobe M. , Hiraide T. , Obata M. , Ohkubo K. , Sakai S.
Published: July 2017

In recent years, we have developed highly resilient (HR) flexible molded foams with superb durability, resilience and vibration characteristics, and we have reported that these improvements were based on control of cross link degree of polymer, morphology and mobility of hard and soft segments. This paper describes factors that dominantly influence the durability and the mechanism of fatigue by investigation of cross linking by covalent and hydrogen-bonds and the morphology of hard/soft segments. In this study, we use molded foams with different durabilities. These are TDI-based high performance/conventional HR, MDI-based high-performance/conventional HR, and hot molded foams.

On the whole, a small apparent viscosity coefficient, which is calculated from vibration characteristics of the foam, and a higher cross link degree of foam polymer make static and dynamic durability of flexible molded foam better. Mobility of the soft segment, estimated by solid state NMR, also dominates dynamic durability. Accordingly, hydrogen-bonds of the hard segment contribute against creep as a cross link point in static/dynamic durability test, and tight hydrogen-bonds of hot molded foam are durable against rupture or rebonding by water molecules in the wet compression set oven.

The drop in cross link degree of foam polymer was not observed during vibration durability test. Accordingly, the mechanism of fatigue could be the change of state in hydrogen-bonds or tangling of polymer-chains, or relatively macro rupture.
Attitudinal Meanings Conveyed by Intonation Contours
Authors: Uldall Elizabeth
Published: July 2017

This paper describes experiments in which Osgood's semantic differential was used to measure the attitude of listeners to a variety of intonation patterns. 16 pitch contours were applied by synthesis to recordings of four sentences and listeners were asked to rate the patterns with respect to 10 scales of the type BORED/ INTERESTED, POLITE/RUDE. From the results it was possible to draw some conclusions about the relative effectiveness of the chosen scales and about some general features of the intonation patterns which had particular weight with respect to three factors: Pleasant/Unpleasant, Interest/Lack of Interest and Authoritative/ Submissive.
Speech Discrimination in Black and White Children
Authors: Stevens James H. , Ruder Kenneth F. , Tew Roy
Published: July 2017

The effect of dialect on speech discrimination scores of black and white adolescents was investigated. Ten black and ten white tenth grade students were selected as subjects. Six public school teachers, three black and three white, read the Kindergarten PB Word Lists which served as the stimuli for the speech discrimination tests. These words were played back to each student at three different listening levels. The students were requested to write the words they heard. Results showed that both black and white students did significantly better in their performances on speech discrimination tests when white teachers served as speakers. There was no significant difference between the performance of black and white students when white teachers were speakers. However, when black teachers served as speakers, black students performed significantly better than white students on the discrimination tests at the two lowest intensity levels.
Some Measures of Lexical Diversity in Aphasic and Normal Language Performance
Authors: Wachal Robert S. , Spreen Otfried
Published: July 2017

Thirty-eight measures of lexical diversity are obtained (with the aid of a computer) from the free speech of 20 aphasic and 20 normal control subjects. After statistical analyses of significance and redundancy, 18 variables are retained for a later empirical derivation of types of aphasia. Eight of the variables are sufficiently significant to discriminate the aphasic group from the normal group.
The On-Line Resolution of Pronominal Anaphora
Authors: Shillcock Richard
Published: July 2017

Only a small number of studies addressed to the question of anaphoric reference have used on-line techniques to investigate the activation of the referent. An experiment is presented that employs cross-modal priming to look at the resolution of anaphoric reference. Subjects were given a visual lexical decision test simultaneous with an auditorily presented sentence. The results revealed selective semantic activation of the referent of the pronoun on the basis of the lexical properties of the pronoun; this activation occurred directly on recognition of the pronoun. This finding is discussed in relation to existing models of pronoun assignment.
Determining Polyester Fiber and Microfiber Structure by Iodine Sorption
Authors: Diéval F. , Mathieu D. , Durand B.
Published: July 2017

The characterization of polyester fiber structure is classically founded on several physicochemical techniques. One of the most common is iodine sorption, and we have modified this technique by increasing its capacity of analyze. With our modification, it is possible to distinguish various fibers without ambiguity. We use this new technique to characterize three polyester fibers: a microfiber, a 14 μm circular fiber, and a trilobal fiber. Virgin fibers of each type are divided into batches; each batch is subjected to heat setting in a vapor medium at a specific temperature and then tested. This procedure allows follow-up of the transformation of the fiber structure. Such an evolution provides information on the interactions of macromolecular chains. The different tests show that the polymer of the microfiber has a very particular organization, which mixes great accessibility with a significant rate of crystallinity. The sorption curves of iodine indicate that the trilobal fibers have an overall structure that is less differentiated than the other fibers.
Configuration of PET Fiber Arrangement in Roller Drafting Air-Laid Webs
Authors: Lin Fu-Jiun , Tsai I-Shou
Published: July 2017

Roller drafting air-laid web formation is a new method that can be used to produce metal fiber webs, conventional textile fiber webs, and blended fiber webs. The configuration of inner-fiber arrangements in the web is researched in this study. A roller drafting air-laid web is processed by opening sliver into individual fibers with conventional 3/3 drafting rollers. The fibers are then collected lay by lay to form a web on a stainless mesh conveyer belt with suction air. The process uses drafting roller opening as a way to replace the opening saw rollers of a conventional dry web machine. Therefore, researching the configuration of fiber arrangement in the web and its effect on the strength and elongation of the nonwoven fabric are necessary. In this study, we prepare a series of pet webs with basis weights of 40, 80, and 100 g/m2, respectively. After the webs are needle punched, we examine the strength and elongation of the nonwoven fabrics in the machine direction (MD) and cross direction (CD), respectively. We compare the results with other conventional dry forming webs. Our results show that the strength of the nonwoven fabrics is similar in both MD and CD, and their elongation has the same trend. The strength ratio of the nonwovens in the MD/CD ranges from 1:1.2 to 1:1.4 and the elongation ratio from 1.2:1 to 1.3:1. Contrary to other dry forming webs, the strength of nonwoven fabrics in the MD is lower than that in the CD. The mechanical properties of this new web formation process are quite similar to existing air-laid webs, since the strength of nonwoven fabrics in the MD is nearly equal to that of the CD. This new web formation possesses the advantages of fiber disorder arrangement and even mechanical properties in both MD and CD.
Rapid and Efficient Wet Fixation by the Use of Steam
Authors: Hollies Norman R. S. , Chafitz Steven R. , Farquhar Karen A.
Published: July 2017

The impregnation of cotton fabrics with a solution consisting of strong acid and a combination of N-methylol resins having polymer-forming and cross-linking properties distinguishes the wet-fixation system from conventional durable-press processes, and this finish results in an improved balance of smoothness and strength properties during wear and laundering. Swelling of the fibers in a steam atmosphere, following padding in the resin solution can serve to speed up the impregnation process. In addition, with controls to minimize resin migration back to the fiber surface, steaming can substantially improve the efficiency of the use of resin for producing these smooth drying properties. The degree of penetration of resin is influenced by a number of process variables, such as predrying before steaming, steaming time, fabric tension and rapidity of neutralization. The optimum in fabric performance is achieved with both sufficient resin of both types in the fiber system and even distribution of resin within the individual fibers, Steaming acts to improve both these factors over that achieved in conventional hot wet fixation and so reduces the time required for wet fixation by a factor of 20–30. There is a corresponding increase in efficiency of resin use so that resin solids in the bath can be reduced two- to three-fold. These findings appear to have general application to a variety of cotton finishing processes involving fiber impregnation with reactive resins.
Improvements in the Ratio of Wash-Wear Performance/Mechanical Strength by Microstretching and Core-Crosslinking
Authors: Lauchenauer Alfred E. , Bauer Heinrich H. , Matzner Peter F. , Toma Gerold W. , Zürcher Johanna B.
Published: July 2017

The effects of two different methods—microstretching and core-crosslinking—capable of reducing strength losses in cotton fabrics caused by cross-linking reactions are described Microstretching, a method in which fabrics are subjected to incremental stretching, reduces tensile and tear strength losses in filling direction, but does not alter abrasion resistance The effect of such stretching treatments on sonic velocity, x-ray diffraction, and accessibility to water vapor has been also investigated. In the core cross-linking method, cross links are obtained predominantly in the core of individual fibers. Very substantial improvements in abrasion resistance are obtained, with lesser improvements in tensile and tear strengths. The effects of core-crosslinking on the accessibility of cotton to water vapor, speed of sound and evenness of abrasion have been investigated. Cotton fabrics subjected to repeated laundering and to laboratory abrasion tests show that after laundering and some laboratory tests the appearance of core-crosslinked fibers lies between that of uncross-linked and conventionally cross-linked fibers. The wear mechanisms leading to fiber failure are not the same for different abrasion techniques Data are given on wear trials and on the joint application of microstretching and core-crosslinking on the same fabric and on results of preliminary core-cross-linking trials on polynosic fibers, cotton/polynosic blends, and linen.
Investigation of New Sulfato Compounds as Cross-Linking Agents for Cotton
Authors: Roper Louise F. , Sumrell Gene , Welch Clark M.
Published: July 2017

Letters to the Editor are brief communications intended to provide prompt publication of significant research results and to permit an exchange of views on papers previously published in the Journal. Letters are subject to review, but the authors assume full responsibility for information or opinion expressed.
Life Stories of Moderation Management Mutual Help Group Members
Authors: Klaw Elena , Humphreys Keith
Published: July 2017

This study analyzed life story themes of 30 Moderation Management (MM) members. MM is the only mutual-help organization in the U.S. that supports problem drinkers who wish to moderate their alcohol consumption. Qualitative interview data indicated that MM involvement was often precipitated by a conscious rejection of the 12-step philosophy espoused in Alcoholics Anonymous and in many professional treatment programs. In particular, MM members did not believe that their problem drinking was a disease manageable only through abstinence or that they needed to surrender control to a spiritual “higher power” for recovery. In contrast, the MM world view, which emphasizes self-control and choice, seemed to better match the experience, values and preferred self-narratives of this high-functioning sample of white, middle-class, well-educated Americans.
Consequences of an Increase in Availability Due to an Eroded National Alcohol Policy: A Study of Changes in Consumption Patterns and Experienced Alcohol-Related Harm among 17- to 18-Year-Olds in Southern Sweden, 2003–2005
Authors: Stafström Martin
Published: July 2017

The national Swedish policy on alcohol has been eroded since the country joined the European Union (EU) in 1996, leading to a steep increase in the private import of alcohol. We investigate the impact on drinking patterns of the greater availability of alcohol among adolescents. Two cross-sectional data sets, collected in 2003 (n = 2,760) and 2005 (n = 2,031) in schools in southern Sweden, were used in the analyses. The proportion of students reporting that they often or always consumed imported alcohol increased 31% between 2003 and 2005. Comparing the data between the two samples revealed a significant decrease in binge drinking between the two surveys. The increased availability of alcohol among 17- to 18-year-olds in southern Sweden has led to a polarization of drinking patterns. Based on the results it may be suggested that alcohol consumption in the studied population may be independent of availability.
D2-m-Carborane-Siloxanes. VI. Oxidative Stabilization of Vulcanizates with Ferric Oxide
Authors: Peters E. N. , Stewart D. D. , Bohan J. J. , McNeil D. W.
Published: July 2017

Ferric oxide produced from iron pentacarbonyl was evaluated as an oxidative stabilizer in D2-m-carborane-siloxane and polydimethylsiloxane vulcanizates. The results indicate a significant improvement in efficiency compared to powdered ferric oxide. Thus a carborane-siloxane vulcanizate retained elastomeric properties after 1000 hours in air at 315°C.

The practical upper use temperature for carborane-siloxane vulcanizates were evaluated by heat aging samples at 340° and 370°C.
Median Horizontal Split Tip
Authors: Kamer Frank M. , Cohen Alfred
Published: July 2017

One of the most difficult problems encountered in rhinoplasty is lack of nasal tip projection. An innovative technique is described that utilizes the removal of a median horizontal strip of lower lateral cartilage to enhance projection, while maintaining a natural highlight and tip support without the use of grafts. The indications are limited to noses that have a widened dome requiring removal of a central strip, and tip rotation. Alternate techniques are discussed; cases and results are discussed.
Immunohistopathologic Analysis of Olfactory Degeneration Caused by Ischemia
Authors: Nakashima Tadashi , Kimmelman Charles P. , Snow James B.
Published: July 2017

The development of olfactory dysfunction caused by ischemia was studied in Mongolian gerbils. Mongolian gerbils frequently have an anomaly of the cerebral circulation and are susceptible to brain ischemia or infarction following ligation of a single common carotid artery. Ischemia was induced by unilateral common carotid artery ligation or temporary occlusion of both common carotid arteries, and the olfactory pathway was examined. In the olfactory pathway of the forebrain, ischemic changes were observed in the lateral olfactory tract, olfactory tubercle, olfactory ventricle, and anterior olfactory nucleus. The olfactory bulb was resistant to ischemia. Partial or complete degeneration of the ipsilateral olfactory neuroepithelium was observed in some gerbils that survived more than 14 days after the onset of ischemia. Immunohistopathologic analysis of the neuroepithelium for the olfactory marker protein revealed that functional damage of the olfactory neurons occurred in some gerbils within the first few days after the ischemic event.
Anatomic Organization of the Cat Facial Nerve
Authors: Radpour Shokri , Gacek Richard R.
Published: July 2017

The location of efferent neurons supplying muscles innervated by the facial nerve was studied in the brain stem of the cat; horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as a tracer of retrograde protein transport. One to 15 μl of HRP was injected into various muscles. Orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris muscles were represented in the lateral division of the facial nucleus. The Platysma, posterior belly of digastric, auricularis superior, and frontalis muscles were represented in the medial division of the facial nucleus. No labeled neuron was found in the trigeminal nerve nucleus or any other brain stem nuclei. The grouping of the motor neurons into relatively discrete areas of the nucleus and the fact that the facial nerve innervates various muscles through separate branches suggest that these motor neurons travel together in discrete groups within the facial nerve trunk. However, orientation of the facial nerve fibers was demonstrated by use of the Marchi method and an osmium stain after complete and partial transection of the nerve at the internal auditory meatus; this showed that the motor axons to the peripheral branches are diffusely located throughout the temporal course of the facial nerve.
Components of the Alternative Pathway of Complement in Otitis Media with Effusion
Authors: Parker Michael J. , Leopold Donald A. , Stitzel Ann E. , Welch Thomas R. , Weiner Leonard B. , Spitzer Roger E.
Published: July 2017

An evaluation of the alternative pathway of complement was undertaken in patients with otitis media with effusion (OME). Middle ear fluid (MEF) and serum specimens were obtained from 34 patients at the time of elective myringotomy for OME. Bacterial, viral, and mycoplasma cultures were made for all specimens of the fluids. Immunochemical determinations by radial immunodiffusion were performed for C3, C5, factor B, properdin, factor H, factor I, and albumin. Each patient's recent clinical course and past history were reviewed. The results of all viral and mycoplasma cultures were negative. Three of 55 bacterial cultures were positive for type B Haemophilus Influenzae. All components of the alternative pathway measured were found to be present in varying amounts in MEF. When the levels of the complement components were compared to the clinical factors studied, there were no observable differences. These data suggest that components of the alternative pathway Of complement are present in OME and are not useful in predicting the clinical course or outcome of this disorder.
Transient Sensorineural Hearing Loss after Overuse of Portable Headphone Cassette Radios
Authors: Lee Phillip C. , Senders Craig W. , Gantz Bruce J. , Otto Steven R.
Published: July 2017

Noise‐induced sensorineural hearing loss has been associated with Industry for many years. One conservative estimate suggests that 10 million Americans may have industry‐related, noise‐induced hearing loss. Acoustic trauma from any source, whether associated with work or recreations, is detrimental to hearing. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set industrial standards for noise levels, with current standards limiting noise exposure to 95 dBA for 2 hours daily. To date, however, there are no recreational standards. Many portable headphone cassette radios produce peak outputs of more than 100 dBA. Temporary threshold shifts could result from listening levels near the maximum output. Permanent sensorineural loss may result with repeated exposure. A pilot study was conducted in which 16 volunteers listened to headphone sets for 3 hours at their usual maximum level. Six volunteers showed transient shifts of 10 dB, and one volunteer showed a transient shift of approximately 30 dB. These shifts returned to normal within 24 hours. As expected, transient shifts frequently occur with recreational use. Therefore, recreational warnings and standards should be established.
Effects of Radiation Therapy on T‐Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Gray William C. , Chretien Paul B. , Suter Charles M. , Revie Daniel R. , Tomazic Vesna T. , Blanchard Cyrus L. , Aygun Cengiz , Amornmarn Rumpa , Ordonez Jose V.
Published: July 2017

Cellular immunity was assessed in 85 patients with head and neck cancer with monoclonal antibodies to lymphocyte surface antigens that identify total T cells, helper cells, and suppressor cells. The control group consisted of 22 healthy volunteers. Nine patients who had surgical procedures for benign diseases were also studied. Compared with the controls, the patients with cancer who received radiation therapy had a significant decrease in total lymphocytes, T cells, helper cells, suppressor cells, and decreased helper/suppressor cell ratio. Significant decreases in lymphocyte subpopulations were not detected in patients tested before treatment or in patients treated with surgery alone. The immune deficits observed were prolonged in duration, with some present in the patients studied up to 11 years after radiation therapy. This long‐lasting immune depression may have relevance to tumor recurrences and second primaries in patients with head and neck cancer treated by radiation therapy and to attempts at increasing cure rates with adjuvant agents that improve Immune reactivity.
ABR Screening of High‐Risk Infants: Effects of Ambient Noise in the Neonatal Nursery
Authors: Richmond Kenneth H. , Konkle Dan F. , Potsic William P.
Published: July 2017

This investigation examined ABR waveforms obtained at five signal intensities (20, 30, 40, 60, and 80 dB nHL) for adults and at three signal intensities (20, 40, and 80 dB nHL) for infants. ABR recordings were obtained in a quiet condition and repeated for three different intensity levels (40, 50, and 60 dBA) of background noise characteristic of a neonatal intensive care unit. The subjects were ten adults and ten infants whose ABRs were judged normal when measured at 20 dB nHL in the quiet condition. Results indicated that high levels of ambient noise (up to 60 dBA) did not influence either absolute wave V or interwave latencies measured for stimulus intensities of 60 and 80 dB nHL. ABR waveforms obtained at stimulus intensities often used for screening (i.e., 20, 30 or 40 dB nHL), however, were substantially altered for some subjects as a function of increasing levels of ambient noise. This observation was most apparent for the infant population and has important implications for the design of infant ABR screening programs.
Maxillary, Mandibular, and Hyoid Advancement: An Alternative to Tracheostomy in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Riley Robert W. , Powell Nelson B. , Guilleminault Christian , Nino‐Murcia German
Published: July 2017

Nine patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS)—for whom several therapeutic approaches, including palatopharyngoplasty, had failed—were treated with a combined maxillary, mandibular, and hyoid advancement. Objective evaluation—performed before and 4 to 18 months after surgery, using nocturnal polysomography—indicated that the OSAS had improved or had disappeared. This surgical approach is beneficial for specific cases of OSAS, which can be identified by mandatory presurgical tests.
Intensification and Habituation of Experimental Motion Sickness in Squirrel Monkeys by Repeated Horizontal Rotation
Authors: Wilpizeski Chester R. , Lowry Louis D. , Miller Robert
Published: July 2017

The aim of this research was to quantify the development of habituation or intensification of experimental motion sickness induced in Bolivian squirrel monkeys by repeated exposures to horizontal rotation. Incidence, frequency, and latency of vomiting responses were recorded from monkeys rotated daily in a transparent testing chamber at 30 rpm for periods of 1 or 2 hours. Data showed that more than half of the subjects revealed habituation in terms of increased latencies for vomiting. Some showed a tendency to vomit increasingly earlier with multiple daily exposures to rotation. The development of habituation and intensification was evident as early as the second day of rotation. The number of emetic episodes per day decreased as a consequence of repeated rotation, but intensification of vomiting frequency did not occur beyond the fifth day.
Verrucous Carcinoma of the Larynx
Authors: Lee Robin J.
Published: July 2017

The clinical findings, histopathology, and management of verrucous carcinoma of the larynx are discussed. Four cases are presented that demonstrate the efficacy of endoscopic removal of the tumor as a treatment modality. Complete endoscopic removal at the time of initial direct laryngoscopy with careful followup is recommended in cases of suspected verrucous carcinoma.
Sleep Apnea in Epistaxis Patients Treated with Nasal Packs
Authors: Wetmore Stephen J. , Scrima Lawrence , Hiller F. Charles
Published: July 2017

The presence of anterior and posterior nasal packs in patients with epistaxis is known to be associated with cardiorespiratory problems and sometimes death, although the mechanism has not been well understood. To determine the incidence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with epistaxis treated with both anterior and posterior nasal packs, we obtained polysomnograms on twelve patients while the packs were in place. Ten of these patients demonstrated obstructive sleep apnea. The apnea index (apneas/hour sleep) ranged from 1 to 83, with a mean of 29; the hypopnea index (hypopneas/hour sleep) ranged from 9 to 33, with a mean of 20; and the lowest oxygen saturation (SaO2) ranged from 17% to 91%, with a mean of 77%. Ten patients returned for another polysomnogram after removal of the packs. These baseline studies showed improvement in the apnea index and in the lowest SaO2 in all patients, although four patients still demonstrated at least mild obstructive sleep apnea. This study demonstrates that nasal packs used for the treatment of epistaxis may induce obstructive sleep apnea or markedly exacerbate underlying obstructive sleep apnea and, therefore, contribute to the sudden deaths that have been reported in epistaxis patients.
The Surgical Repair of Congenital Microtia and Atresia
Authors: Aguilar Eugenio A. , Jahrsdoerfer Robert A.
Published: July 2017

Auricular reconstruction for congenital microtia is a complex multi‐staged procedure. The repair of congenital atresia of the ear is one of the most difficult operations an otologic surgeon may attempt. in order to accomplish both procedures without endangering the integrity of either, there must be proper planning and close cooperation between the otologist and the facial plastic surgeon. In this article, we present our philosophy concerning the management and timing of these operations. The steps of each operation, and the impact of each on the other, are reviewed. Only through careful planning and coordination of these operations will patients realize the full benefit of their surgery. (OTOLARYNGOL HEAD NECK SURG 1988;98:600.)
Digital Technology and the Mythologies of Globalization
Authors: Staley David J.
Published: July 2017

The apparently universal presence of digital technology is an insufficient condition for a global civilization. An examination of the distribution of the physical hardware of cyberspace reveals deep continuities with earlier patterns of international commerce and information flow, which contradict the supposedly revolutionary nature of the global information network. These patterns have reflected and continue to reflect hierarchical power relations—not global harmony—between the technological haves and have-nots.
Complete Solution to Richardson's Arms Race Equations
Authors: Wagner David L. , Perkins Ronald T. , Taagepera Rein
Published: July 2017

Richardson's arms race equations, dx/dt=ky - ax + g, and dy/dt=Ix - by + h, and their more complex variants have been mainly used empirically for data fitting the simplifications a = b and k = I. Furthermore, only the additive form, d(x+y)/dt=(k-a) (x+y)+(g+h), is usually tested while the complementary expression in (x-y) is ignored. This paper gives the complete solution of the above equations, in an easily testable form. Richardson's 1907–1914 data are found to agree with the arms race model but they also could be explained by a simpler self-stimulation model.
A Study of Conflict in Northern Ireland: An Application of Metagame Theory
Authors: Alexander Joyce M.
Published: July 2017

This paper summarizes a study of the conflict in Northern Ireland using the particular analytic technique of metagame theory known as the analysis of options.

Four major alternative political structures were identified and the relative stability of each was analyzed. The alternatives were: (1) a United Ireland, (2) Dominion status or legislative independence for Northern Ireland, (3) Colonial status with a legislative Assembly subordinate to the British Government, and token representation at Westminster, (4) an integrated Parliament of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Alternatives (2) and (3) were evaluated with and without a Council of Ireland or other link with the Republic of Ireland.

The results suggest the most stable structure would be Dominion status for Northern Ireland with constitutional guarantees for participation by minorities in the processes of government.
Strategies for Success among OPOs: A Study of Three Organ Procurement Organizations
Authors: Shafer Teresa J , Kappel Dean F , Heinrichs Dennis F
Published: July 2017

Productivity among organ procurement organizations varies widely in the US, and the pressure to determine critical success factors increases as the organ pool shrinks and managed care expands. This study compared three successful organ procurement organizations, identified commonalities among them in cost of doing business, and examined direct and indirect expenses, staffing, specialized requestor programs, and professional and public education programs. The three organ procurement organizations were chosen because of their performance in terms of donors per million population, complexity, and size. The following key indicators were compared and analyzed: annual operating budget, size and composition of staff, funds and resources invested in professional education versus public education, tissue recovery operations, results of minority initiatives, and employee compensation programs.
Functional Advantages of Laparoscopic Live-Donor Nephrectomy Compared with Conventional Open-Donor Nephrectomy
Authors: Hiller Janet , Sroka Myrna , Holochek Mary Jo , Morrison Ann , Kavoussi Louis R , Ratner Lloyd E
Published: July 2017

Live-donor kidney transplants accounted for only 27% of all kidney transplants performed in the United States in 1995. Prolonged hospitalization, pain, extended convalescence, and related socioeconomic concerns associated with traditional open-donor nephrectomy surgery may discourage potential donors, contributing to a low percentage of live kidney donors. To remove such disincentives, the laparoscopic live-donor nephrectomy procedure was introduced. In this study, the postdischarge course of 10 laparoscopic nephrectomy donors was compared with that of 27 open nephrectomy donors over the same time period. Laparoscopic nephrectomy donors experienced significantly shorter hospitalizations, less pain, felt able to return to work and normal routines sooner, and needed significantly less assistance during the recuperation period than did open nephrectomy donors. The laparoscopic nephrectomy procedure may decrease many of the concerns of potential donors, thus making live kidney donation more attractive and increasing the kidney supply.
One Center's Experience with Lowering Medical Supply Costs in the Operating Room
Authors: Koltko Kristina
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to assess the possibility of lowering costs to organ procurement organizations by purchasing a custom medical supply pack for use in the operating room. Six hospitals in the organ procurement organization's service area were selected for a cost comparison report on selected medical supply items: 37 items were selected for review. A retrospective review of the itemized hospital bills from recent organ recovery cases at each hospital was completed. A medical supply company was contacted for price quotes on selected items for the supply pack. The price quote from the medical supply company totaled $220.30. The average cost of the items selected from the six hospitals was $822.65. The average cost savings per organ recovery case was calculated at $602.35. Based on an estimated 80 organ donors per year, organ procurement organizations could save as much as $48,188 annually.
The Discipline of Hospital Development: A Conceptual Framework Incorporating Marketing, Managerial, Consumer Behavior, and Adult Learning Theories
Authors: Shirley Sandra , Stampfl Ronald
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this explanatory and prescriptive article is to identify interdisciplinary theories used by hospital development to direct its practice. The article explores, explains, and applies theories and principles from behavioral, social, and managerial disciplines. Learning, motivational, organizational, marketing, and attitudinal theories are incorporated and transformed into the fundamental components of a conceptual framework that provides an overview of the practice of hospital development. How this discipline incorporates these theories to design, explain, and prescribe the focus of its own practice is demonstrated. This interdisciplinary approach results in a framework for practice that is adaptable to changing social, cultural, economic, political, and technological environments
Dealing with the Fear of Mutilation in the Donation Discussion
Authors: Verble Margaret , Worth Judy
Published: July 2017

Fear of mutilation is a significant barrier to organ and tissue donation. It constitutes an example of Mystical Thinking and may be seen as an exemplar of animal learning or, more specifically, as a representation of the “blood phobia.” As such the fear is not amenable to conventional public education efforts. Cognitive and behavioral techniques used in treating other types of phobias should be studied as a way to remove this barrier to donation.
Synthesis, Characterization and Clay-Reinforcement of Epoxy Cured with Benzoxazine
Authors: Agag Tarek , Takeichi Tsutomu
Published: July 2017

Epoxy resin (EP) was cured with in situ polymerized monofunctional benzoxazine monomer, Pa, in the absence and presence of organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT). DSC showed that the onset and maximum of the exotherm due to copolymerization of EP and Pa, at 223 'C and at 262 'C, respectively, without OMMT, decreased as large as 60 'C in the presence of OMMT The XRD patterns and transparency of the films suggested nanoscale dispersion of the clay layers into the EP/Pa copolymer. Dynamic mechanical analyses indicated that the Tgs of the hybrid materials were higher than that of the pristine resin and the Tg shifted to higher temperature when the OMMT surfaces contain reactive functionalities. Isothermal and dynamic TGA showed that the dispersion of the clay nanolayers into the EP/Pa network gave better thermal properties.
Chain Dimensions and Rheology of Poly(arylene ethers)
Authors: Hinkley J. A. , Crook R. A. , Davis J. R. J.
Published: July 2017

Dilute solution and melt viscosities of two poly(arylene ether ketones) were compared. One polymer contained all para linkages in the backbone and the other contained one meta linkage per repeat unit. Molecular dimensions were shown to agree with calculated values and entanglement spacings could be predicted using the semi-empirical formula of Graessley and Edwards. Frictional properties in the two melts differed considerably when compared in ‘corresponding states' at Tg+100°C.
Development of a Low Toxicity PMR-type Polyimide for Advanced Composite Applications
Authors: Hoyle N. D. , Stewart N. J. , Wilson D. , Baschant M. , Merz H. , Sikorski S. , Greenwood J. , Small G. D.
Published: July 2017

The thermosetting polyimide, PMR-15, is the leading contender for use in polymer matrix composites intended for high temperature applications. Although the properties of PMR-15 are generally good, its widespread use in aircraft and aeroengines has been hampered by a number of drawbacks. Among these are microcracking due to thermal cycling, irreproducibility of processing and the toxicity of the methylene diamine comonomer. The aim of the work reported here was to develop a PMR-type polyimide with properties equivalent to conventional PMR-15 but with none of the drawbacks. A key target of the work was to reduce the hazards associated with the use of methylene dianiline (MDA). Consequently, much of the work involved screening formulations in which MDA was replaced by a diamine of reduced toxicity. One formulation, coded B1, has been identified of which initial results look extremely promising. This formulation uses a partially fluorinated, four-ring diamine of low toxicity. This material was synthesized in-house and subsequently scaled-up in a semi-commercial process. Prepreg was manufactured on commercial equipment. Cure cycles were developed using mechanical spectrometry (RDS). Laminates were made by autoclave molding, and mechanical properties before and after high temperature ageing were determined. Preliminary results show that the B1 formulation compares favorably with conventional PMR-15.
Tapping the Potential of Expatriates & Professionals
Authors: Rao M K D
Published: July 2017

The Transfer of knowledge Through Expatriate Nationals (TOKEN), as a tool for infusion of need-based knowledge and expertise from abroad, has benefited developing countries the world over. The article presents the significant featues of the TOKEN-a UNDP-Government of India Umbrella Project. The factors that contributed to the success of the project are pinepointed. One wonders, why the TOKEN-India programme, and its subsequent UNDP Government of India Umbrella Project, were wound up in June 2001, after 20 years. Revival of the project with design for subsequent see4ms to emerge as the top recommendendation of dozens of formal and informal round table meetings and workshops held especially during the twilight years of the project. That was also the message conveyed by the Expatriate Nationals. The questionnaire survey vindicated the conclusion.
Burkina-Mali War: Is Nigeria Still a Regional Power
Authors: Johnson Segun
Published: July 2017

Suddenly Burkina Faso and Mali were at war.‘Burkina was the aggressor***! No, it was Mali.!‘ And the attack and counter-attack continued. For the man on the street, Nigeria moved in barely four days after the war had started and that is good enough. For a student of West African states' foreign policy, that was a late more for Nigeria, more so when the hopes of Nigerians moves were dropped. For whatever the cause, Nigeria was expected to get the grasp of any crisis erupting in West Africa regardless of the countries involved—Francophones or Anglophones. Why? Authorities in the seventies had seen Nigeria in the subregion of West Africa as its “regional power.” John Ostheimer, in 1973, wrote that‘…Nigeria is now obviously the “giant of Africa” in a new sense. Nigeria… (is) the dominant power in the West Africa Region.’1 Colin Legum in the same year-wrote:

Nigeria is Africa's most important country—in size of population and in resources—as well as in trained people. Properly developed and with a properly functioning political system-it could provide decisive leadership for the entire continent strong enough to consolidate a powerful organization embracing Anglophone and Francophone African States; militarily and economically strong enough to play a leading role in challenging the minority while regimes in Portuguese and Southern Africa and to provide more muscle for the OAU; and influential enough to strengthen the whole of Africa's relationships within the international community.2

In the same vein, and American paper in 1977 summed it up thus: ‘As the biggest, richest and most influential black African State, ‘Nigeria has an evident capacity to reduce the prospect of great power involvement in an African quarrel and and an evident self interest in doing so.3

But Nigeria did not react immediately to the Burkina-Mali crisis when it came into the open. Could it be that the impetus had gone or the ability had been reduced by internal problems? Attempts will be made to answer these important questions. For now, it is desirable to look at the remote and immediate causes of the border clash between the two warring states.