bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Mimics of Phenyl Pyridine (ppy) – Substituted, Phosphorescent Cyclometalated Homo and Heteroleptic Iridium(III) Complexes for Organic Light Emitting Diodes – An Overview
Authors: Kajjam Aravind Babu , Vaidyanathan Sivakumar
Published: September 2017

Today organic light emitting diodes are a topic of significant academic and industrial research interest. OLED technology is used in commercially available displays, and efforts have been directed to improve this technology. Design and synthesis of phosphorescent based transition metals are capable of harvesting both singlet and triplet excitons and achieve 100 % internal quantum efficiency is an active area of research. Among all the transition metals, iridium is considered a prime candidate for OLEDs due to its prominent photophysical characteristics. In the present review, we have concentrated on the Iridium based homo and heteroleptic complexes that have dissimilar substitutions on phenylpyridine ligands, different ancillary ligands and the effect of substitution on HOMO/LUMO energies and a brief discussion and correlation on the photophysical, electrochemical and device performances of the different complexes have been reviewed for organic light emitting diodes.
Importance of evaluating GPS telemetry collar performance in monitoring reintroduced populations
Authors: Vance James A. , Jachowski David S. , Boynton Allen C. , Kelly Marcella J.
Published: September 2017

Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking collar technology has been widely employed in wildlife research and is valuable for understanding movement patterns of reintroduced populations, yet the associated fix‐rate bias and positional errors are a serious concern. During 2013, we deployed GPS collars at fixed sites varying by habitat and terrain conditions in the mountains of southwestern Virginia, USA, where elk (Cervus elaphus) were recently reintroduced, to test 2 hypotheses: 1) collar precision would decrease and fix rate bias would increase with increasing terrain and vegetation obstructions; and 2) variability in fixes and associated errors can affect evaluations of habitat use by reintroduced elk populations. Our model predicted a 1.67‐m decrease in root mean square error (RMSE) for every 100‐m increase in elevation, and a 1.14‐m increase in RMSE for every 10° increase in slope. We found that collars under deciduous, mixed, and coniferous cover were predicted to decrease the fix rate by 14.5%, 25.6%, and 47.4%, respectively. We computed an uncertainty index based upon Monte Carlo simulations to show the effects of variability in fixes on habitat assignment of elk locations. Based upon the uncertainty index, we predicted that the relatively small and patchily distributed herbaceous cover type had the most potential for misassignment of use. Failure to account for these sources of error could improperly indicate that elk almost exclusively use open ridge tops and erroneously affect manager's decisions regarding potential human–elk conflict and disease transmission. Our results illustrate a potential danger in interpreting raw point data from a GPS tracking study of reintroduced populations. Errors caused by local habitat conditions in patchy and structurally complex landscapes should be accounted for in future models and management decisions. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Effects of course‐based undergraduate research experiences (CURE) on wildlife students
Authors: Flaherty Elizabeth A. , Walker Sarah M. , Forrester Jennifer H. , Ben‐David Merav
Published: September 2017

A new movement to develop course‐based undergraduate research experiences (CURE) is emerging, although the benefits of such programs have not yet been fully evaluated. We examined effects of a field‐based CURE project on science attitudes, career choice, and perceived knowledge of undergraduate wildlife students (n = 32) at the University of Wyoming in 2012. In this project, junior and senior students gained practical experience, used their own data to learn various modeling approaches, and disseminated results orally and in written form. We used a mixed‐method study with pre‐ and postactivity surveys and focus group interviews to evaluate the change in student perceptions. Our results illustrate that participation in the CURE project resulted in benefits similar to those reported from traditional undergraduate research experience programs. Participants reported increased understanding of the scientific method, clarification of their career choices, and greater confidence in their perceived knowledge of science. These changes were more pronounced among male participants. Concurrently students gained valuable skills that are required by practicing wildlife biologists. Based on these results it appears that adoption of CURE projects in similar natural resources programs could provide a large number of undergraduate students with equivalent opportunities to those currently experienced by a select few through traditional undergraduate research experience programs. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
External Validation of a Tube Thoracostomy Complication Classification System
Authors: Sritharen Yoginee , Hernandez Matthew C. , Haddad Nadeem N. , Kong Victor , Clarke Damian , Zielinski Martin D. , Aho Johnathon M.
Published: September 2017

Background

Tube thoracostomy (TT) is a commonly performed procedure which is associated with significant complication rates. Currently, there is no validated taxonomy to classify and compare TT complications across different populations. This study aims to validate such TT complication taxonomy in a cohort of South African trauma patients.

Methods

Post hoc analysis of a prospectively collected trauma database from Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service (PMTS) in South Africa was performed for the period January 2010 to December 2013. Baseline demographics, mechanism of injury and complications were collected and categorized according to published classification protocols. All patients requiring bedside TT were included in the study. Patients who necessitated operatively placed or image‐guided TT insertion were excluded. Summary and univariate analyses were performed.

Results

A total of 1010 patients underwent TT. The mean age was (±SD) of 26 ± 8 years. Unilateral TTs were inserted in n = 966 (96%) and bilateral in n = 44 (4%). Complications developed in 162 (16%) patients. Penetrating injury was associated with lower complication rate (11%) than blunt injury (26%), p = 0.0001. Higher complication rate was seen in TT placed by interns (17%) compared to TT placed by residents (7%), p = 0.0001. Complications were classified as: insertional (38%), positional (44%), removal (9%), infective/immunologic (9%), and instructional, educational or equipment related (0%).

Conclusions

Despite being developed in the USA, this classification system is robust and was able to comprehensively assign and categorize all the complications of TT in this South African trauma cohort. A universal standardized definition and classification system permits equitable comparisons of complication rates. The use of this classification taxonomy may help develop strategies to improve TT placement techniques and reduce the complications associated with the procedure.

Level of evidence

V.

Study type

Single Institution Retrospective review.
Intermodal, urban, mobil – Charakterisierung intermodaler Wege und Nutzer am Beispiel Berlin
Authors: Jarass Julia , Oostendorp Rebekka
Published: September 2017

Intermodal travel behaviour – the combination of different modes on a single trip – is increasingly taken into consideration in everyday mobility. In particular, urban areas face negative consequences from high car traffic and scarce parking space. Simultaneously, larger cities often have a well-developed public transport system and good accessibility by bike or on foot, which allows the use of other modes than the car. Intermodal travel behaviour enables an individual and flexible mobility. This means that persons rather use and combine different transport modes according to their specific travel needs than committing themselves to one single mode of transport. On the contrary, the use of more than one mode of transport also requires more extensive planning of the trips, the willingness to change, and specific mobility skills and information. Using the example of Berlin, this article discusses intermodal travel behaviour in the context of everyday mobility in European cities. Therefore, we analyse the amount and the specific characteristics of intermodal trips. Then, persons with intermodal travel behaviour are identified and examined in comparison to unimodal reference groups. The results show that only a small amount of trips is currently intermodal. These trips are on average longer than unimodal trips and are routine trips (e.g., trips to work) covered by two or more different modes of transport. Moreover, intermodal users differ from unimodal users: persons who combine two or more transport modes on work trips tend to be younger, female, and have a higher education level. They have diverse mobility resources available in their households, although they have to plan their usage with other household members. Furthermore, intermodal travel behaviour varies depending on the residential location within the city. The findings suggest that specific user groups and their demands must be addressed when expanding and optimizing intermodal mobility options.
Re-Scaling of Metropolitan Governance in Germany
Authors: Zimmermann Karsten
Published: September 2017

Germany lacks a systematic nation-wide approach for the governance of metropolitan regions. We observe a considerable variety of institutional solutions for the governance of metropolitan affairs. In particular since the 1990s many initiatives have blossomed at different scales giving different weight to economic development, infrastructure planning, spatial planning or waste management. Therefore, the German federal state can be seen as a laboratory for metropolitan governance with a few outstanding cases and some less successful ones. However, the current situation calls for more effective metropolitan governance in most of the German metropolitan regions. The article gives an historical overview, describes recent trends and illustrates four cases in more detail. The emergence of multi-scaled arrangements where different forms of governance function on different spatial scales seems to be the most recent pattern in Germany. The outlook remains unclear.
Dortmund, Duisburg und die Rezession von 2008/2009 – Warum zwei Städte derselben Region ökonomisch unterschiedlich resilient sind
Authors: Zimmermann Karsten , Hundt Christian , Jütte Christian , Pofalla Carolin
Published: September 2017

Structural transformation still constitutes one of the major challenges of cities in the Ruhr area. Against this background it is worth asking the question how the Ruhr cities absorbed the recent economic crisis. In this article, we compare the economic resilience of the two cities of Dortmund und Duisburg (Germany). Resilience theory is a promising perspective with regard to the transformation of post-industrial regions. However, measuring resilience is, in terms of methods and indicators, still an evolving task. We use qualitative as well as quantitative approaches to measure the resilience of the two cities. Our study shows that the two cities differ remarkably in the way they coped with the recent crisis. According to our empirical analysis this can be explained by different capacities of resilience that have been built up in the decades before.
The moderating effect of the need to belong and classroom composition on belongingness seeking of minority adolescents
Authors: Kuo Fu Wen , Yang Shu Ching
Published: September 2017

This study aimed to elucidate whether the interaction of classroom composition and the need to belong influences belongingness seeking and, if so, to investigate how upward comparison mediates the effects. The analyses were conducted with a cross‐sectional sample of 383 Taiwanese aboriginal adolescents (39.7% male) recruited from schools with mixed‐sex/ethnicity (n = 113), single‐sex (n = 122), and minority‐only (n = 148) classrooms. After controlling for socioeconomic status, the moderation analyses indicated that participants with a chronic need to belong in classes with diversity (mixed sex/ethnicity) perceived higher social acceptance, while those with a chronic need to belong in homogeneous classes (single‐sex and minority‐only) reported greater feelings of rejection. Upward comparison for differentiation was found to influence the indirect effects of the need to belong on feelings of rejection and depression in single‐sex and minority‐only classes. In particular, the mediating effect of upward comparison was stronger in minority‐only classes.
Further education improves cognitive reserve and triggers improvement in selective cognitive functions in older adults: The Tasmanian Healthy Brain Project
Authors: Thow Megan E. , Summers Mathew J. , Saunders Nichole L. , Summers Jeffery J. , Ritchie Karen , Vickers James C.
Published: September 2017

Introduction

The strong link between early‐life education and subsequent reduced risk of dementia suggests that education in later life could enhance cognitive function and may reduce age‐related cognitive decline and protect against dementia.

Methods

Episodic memory, working memory, executive function, and language processing performances were assessed annually over 4 years in 359 healthy older adults who attended university for a minimum of 12 months (intervention) and were compared against 100 healthy adult controls.

Results

Multiple group latent growth curve modeling revealed a significant improvement in language processing capacity over time in the intervention group. No changes were detected for episodic memory, working memory, or executive function.

Discussion

These results suggest that complex mental stimulation resulting from late‐life further education results in improved crystallized knowledge but no changes to fluid cognitive functions.
Multinational Maids
Authors: Paul Anju Mary
Published: September 2017

Multinational Maids offers an in-depth investigation into the international migrations of Filipino and Indonesian migrant domestic workers. The author taps on her rigorous study of more than 1,200 subjects' migration trajectories to reveal how these migrants work in a series of overseas countries to improve their lives and, in some cases, seek permanent residence in another country. Challenging the portrayal of Asian migrant domestic workers as victims of globalization, Multinational Maids reveals migrants' agency and strategic thinking under conditions of constraint. At the market level, the establishment of guestworker programmes for migrant domestic workers in multiple countries has created a global labour market. A transnational diaspora shapes migrants' evolving destination imaginaries, while manpower recruitment and placement agencies create transnational mobility structures. In addition, differing destination hierarchies and degrees of access to resources lead to the adoption of divergent stepwise trajectories. Written in an accessible manner, Multinational Maids appeals to migration scholars, policymakers, activists and students.
Robustness Tests for Quantitative Research
Authors: Neumayer Eric , Plümper Thomas
Published: September 2017

The uncertainty that researchers face in specifying their estimation model threatens the validity of their inferences. In regression analyses of observational data, the 'true model' remains unknown, and researchers face a choice between plausible alternative specifications. Robustness testing allows researchers to explore the stability of their main estimates to plausible variations in model specifications. This highly accessible book presents the logic of robustness testing, provides an operational definition of robustness that can be applied in all quantitative research, and introduces readers to diverse types of robustness tests. Focusing on each dimension of model uncertainty in separate chapters, the authors provide a systematic overview of existing tests and develop many new ones. Whether it be uncertainty about the population or sample, measurement, the set of explanatory variables and their functional form, causal or temporal heterogeneity, or effect dynamics or spatial dependence, this book provides guidance and offers tests that researchers from across the social sciences can employ in their own research.
An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hindu Theology
Authors: Paramtattvadas Swami
Published: September 2017

Since its inception over two hundred years ago, Swaminarayan Hinduism has flourished into a transnational movement described as one of the fastest growing Hindu groups in the world. Despite being one of the largest and most visible Hindu traditions both in India and the West, surprisingly little is known about what the Swaminarayan fellowship believes. An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hindu Theology provides a comprehensive doctrinal account of the Swaminarayan tradition's belief system, drawing on its rich corpus of theological literature, including the teachings of Swaminarayan himself and classical commentaries on canonical Vedāntic texts. Part I delineates the sources and tools of Swaminarayan Hindu theology, while Part II systematically expounds upon its distinctive five eternal entities - Parabrahman, Akṣarabrahman, māyā, īśvara and jīva - and mukti (spiritual liberation). In presenting these key themes theologically and lucidly, Swami Paramtattvadas makes the Swaminarayan Hindu belief system intelligible to scholars, students and serious readers.
TTIP negotiations, policy convergence, and the transatlantic digital economy
Authors: Le Roux Gaël
Published: September 2017

The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) has the potential to be a landmark treaty on many grounds. According to European and American officials, one of the main features that should differentiate the TTIP from other bilateral free trade agreements is, beyond its unprecedented scale, the ambition of its regulatory dimension. On both sides of the Atlantic there is a strong incentive to mitigate the impacts of “behind-the-border” obstacles that mostly stem from existing divergences between laws and regulations applied in Europe and in the United States. To do this, trade negotiators, together with policymakers and regulators, attempt, when possible and desirable, to facilitate the convergence of the policies that frame the European and the American markets. This paper analyzes how convergence may be reached with regards to the regulation of the digital economy, a relatively new area of interest in the field of trade law and policy studies, that seems to deserve a specific attention considering the growing importance it has taken at the domestic level and in the context of trade negotiations.
Emerging Principles of a Theology of Shalom
Authors: Cunningham Philip A.
Published: September 2017

Now that more than five decades have passed sinceNostra Aetateinitiated a new relationship between Jews and Catholics, it has become possible to identify certain basic principles—predicated on an appreciation of ongoing Jewish covenantal life—that are emerging in Catholic ecclesial statements. Such a “theology of shalom” seeks “right relationship” with the Jewish people and “wholeness” in terms of the church's own self-understanding. The article proposes three fundamental axioms. A theology of shalom (1) sees Jews and Christians as co-covenanting companions; (2) respects and reckons with Jewish self-understanding; and (3) focuses on final fulfillment in the future. It elaborates three subpoints for each principle to elucidate several implications and questions. The article concludes with the suggestion that the maturing Catholic-Jewish relationship may be moving into one of mutuality in which both communities can study and learn from their respective covenantal ways of walking with God.
Exploring the use of zircon geochronology as an indicator of Laurentide Ice Sheet till provenance, Indiana, USA
Authors: Kassab Christine M. , Brickles Samantha L. , Licht Kathy J. , Monaghan G. William
Published: September 2017

A pilot study was designed to evaluate the potential of zircon geochronology as a provenance indicator of till from the Lake Michigan, Saginaw, and Huron-Erie Lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Based on existing ice flow-path models, we hypothesized that till from each lobe would have different zircon age population distributions because the lobes originated from regions of the Canadian Shield with different bedrock ages. After correcting for zircon fertility, the majority of grains in all till samples are 1600–950 Ma, with ~30 % of ages >2500 Ma. This similarity means that till from the three lobes cannot be clearly differentiated based on their zircon populations. The dominant ages found and the homogeneity of distributions in the till indicates a non-Shield source and, instead, reflect an origin from some combination of underlying till and sedimentary bedrock in the Great Lakes region. Even though the datasets are small, the tills have similarities to zircon distributions in Michigan Basin rocks. This implies that a substantial fraction of zircon in till was not transported long distances from the Canadian Shield. Although zircon ages are not distinct between tills, the method provides a novel application to understand Laurentide Ice Sheet glacial erosion and transport.
Age Constraints on Gulf of Mexico Deep Water Ventilation as Determined by14C Measurements
Authors: Chapman Piers , DiMarco Steven F , Key Robert M , Previti Connie , Yvon-Lewis Shari
Published: September 2017

While the exchange of water through Yucatan Strait is reasonably well known, the age of the deep water in both the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico is not. We recently measured the radiocarbon (14C) concentrations in deep water in the Gulf of Mexico from a line of stations along 90°30′W. The mean apparent age of water below 900 m, the depth of the Florida Strait sill, was found to be about 740 yr relative to the 195014C standard. Depending on how the corrections for biological activity in the upper water are applied, this converts to a “true” age of between 231 ± 28 and 293 ± 74 yr. These ages agree with a previous estimate of the age of the deep water in the Gulf of Mexico based on heat flows, put upper limits on the age of the deep water in the Caribbean Sea, and provide constraints on modelers for the return of deep water from the Gulf of Mexico to the Caribbean. This might be important in the event of a future deep water oil or other chemical spill in the region.
CM FIELDS WITHOUT UNIT-PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS
Authors: GREITHER CORNELIUS , ZAÏMI TOUFIK
Published: September 2017

This is an addendum to a recent paper by Zaïmi, Bertin and Aljouiee [‘On number fields without a unit primitive element’, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.93 (2016), 420–432], giving the answer to a question asked in that paper, together with some historical connections.
Molecular hydrogen generated by elemental magnesium supplementation alters rumen fermentation and microbiota in goats
Authors: Wang Min , Wang Rong , Zhang XiuMin , Ungerfeld Emilio M. , Long Donglei , Mao HongXiang , Jiao JinZhen , Beauchemin Karen A. , Tan Zhiliang
Published: September 2017

We tested the hypotheses that supplementation of a diet with elemental Mg increases ruminal dissolved H2(dH2) in rumen fluid, which in turn alters rumen fermentation and microbial community in goats. In a randomised block design, twenty growing goats were allocated to two treatments fed the same basal diet with 1·45 % Mg(OH)2or 0·6 % elemental Mg. After 28 d of adaptation, we collected total faeces to measure total tract digestibility, rumen contents to analyse fermentation end products and microbial groups, and measured methane (CH4) emission using respiration chambers. Ruminal Mg2+concentration was similar in both treatments. Elemental Mg supplementation increased dH2at 2·5 h post morning feeding (+180 %,P<0·001). Elemental Mg supplementation decreased total volatile fatty acid concentration (−8·6 %,P<0·001), the acetate:propionate ratio (−11·8 %,P<0·03) and fungal copy numbers (−63·6 %,P=0·006), and increased propionate molar percentage (+11·6 %,P<0·001), methanogen copy numbers (+47·9 %,P<0·001), dissolved CH4(+35·6 %,P<0·001) and CH4emissions (+11·7 %,P=0·03), compared with Mg(OH)2supplementation. The bacterial community composition in both treatments was overall similar. Ruminal dH2was negatively correlated with acetate molar percentage and fungal copy numbers (P<0·05), and positively correlated with propionate molar percentage and methanogen copy numbers (P<0·05). In summary, elemental Mg supplementation increased ruminal dH2concentration, which inhibited rumen fermentation, enhanced methanogenesis and seemed to shift fermentation pathways from acetate to propionate, and altered microbiota by decreasing fungi and increasing methanogens.
The Singular Relational plus Relativistic Content View
Authors: PEREIRA ROBERTO HORÁCIO DE SÁ
Published: September 2017

My aim is to defend a peculiar epistemic version of the particularity thesis, which results from a sui generis combination of what I call the ‘singular relational view’ and what I call the ‘relativistic content view.’ Particulars are not represented as part of putative singular content. Instead, we are perceptually acquainted with them in the relevant sense that experience puts us in direct perceptual contact with them. And the content of experience is best modelled as a propositional function, that is, the content of a complex predicate that is true or false only relative to some circumstances of evaluation.
Vietnamese Collaborationism in Vichy France
Authors: Keith Charles
Published: September 2017

During the Second World War, a small group of Vietnamese émigrés in Vichy France drew powerful inspiration from the ideological and material possibilities of the Nazi occupation. Their history reveals the colonial dimensions of a process of collaboration too often cast as solely European. It also sheds light on the transnational migrations and intellectual circulations that made European experiences an important part of Asian wartime political choices. Finally, their myriad trajectories after the war are a powerful example of the ideological reconfigurations and reversals of Asian politics during decolonization.
Lines of (In)Convenience: Sovereignty and Border-Making in Postcolonial South Asia, 1947–1965
Authors: Leake Elisabeth , Haines Daniel
Published: September 2017

Border studies in South Asia privilege everyday experiences, and the constructed nature of borders and state sovereignty. This article argues that state elites in India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan during the 1950s and 1960s actively pursued territorial sovereignty through border policy, having inherited ambiguous colonial-era frontiers. By comparing security and development activities along the Durand Line, between Afghanistan and Pakistan, with the better-known case of India and Pakistan's ceasefire line in Kashmir, this article demonstrates that the exercise of sovereignty required a bounded space that only borders could provide and a rejection of competing border zone authorities. The local specificity of each border, however, created the historical conditions in which political elites acted. Combining an archival history methodology with conceptual insights from political geography and critical international relations, this article uses an original integration of two important Asian border spaces into one analysis to highlight tensions between sovereignty's theory and practice.
Seasonal variation in the composition and processing characteristics of herd milk with varying proportions of milk from spring-calving and autumn-calving cows
Authors: Lin Yingchen , O'Mahony James A. , Kelly Alan L. , Guinee Timothy P.
Published: September 2017

The study investigated the seasonal changes in the compositional, physicochemical and processing characteristics of milk from a mixed-herd of spring- and autumn-calving cows during the year 2014–2015. The volume proportion of autumn-calving milk (% of total milk) varied with season, from ~10–20 in Spring (March–May), 5–13 in Summer (June–August), 20–40 in Autumn (September–November) and 50–100 in Winter (December–February). While all characteristics varied somewhat from month to month, variation was inconsistent, showing no significant trend with progression of time (year). Consequently, season did not significantly affect many parameters including concentrations of total protein, casein, whey protein, NPN, total calcium, pH, rennet gelation properties or heat stability characteristics. However, season had a significant effect on the concentrations of total P and serum P, levels of αs1- and β-caseins as proportions of total casein, casein micelle size, zeta potential and ethanol stability. The absence of a significant effect of season for most compositional parameters, rennet gelation and heat-stability characteristics suggest that milk from a mixed-herd of spring- and autumn-calving cows is suitable for the manufacture of cheese and milk powder on a year-round basis, when the volume proportion of autumn milk, as a % of total, is similar to that of the current study.
Increases in wellbeing in the transition to retirement for the unemployed: catching up with formerly employed persons
Authors: PONOMARENKO VALENTINA , LEIST ANJA K. , CHAUVEL LOUIS
Published: September 2017

This paper examines the extent to which wellbeing levels change in the transition to retirement depending on transitioning from being employed, unemployed or economically inactive. Whereas transitioning from employment to unemployment has been found to cause a decrease in subjective wellbeing with more time spent in unemployment, it is not clear how transitioning from unemployment to retirement affects wellbeing levels. We use the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe to monitor the life satisfaction of respondents who retire in between two waves. We portray wellbeing scores before and after retirement and then identify the change in life satisfaction during the retirement transition using a First Difference model. Results indicate that being unemployed before retirement is associated with an increase in life satisfaction, but presents mainly a catching-up effect compared to employed persons transitioning to retirement. These results are still significant if we control for selection into unemployment and country differences. Retirement from labour market inactivity does not lead to significant changes in wellbeing. As the wellbeing of unemployed persons recovers after transitioning to retirement, especially the currently unemployed population should be supported to prevent detrimental consequences of economically unfavourable conditions and lower wellbeing.
First detection and characterization ofSalmonellaspp. in poultry and swine raised in backyard production systems in central Chile
Authors: ALEGRIA-MORAN R. , RIVERA D. , TOLEDO V. , MORENO-SWITT A. I. , HAMILTON-WEST C.
Published: September 2017

Little is known aboutSalmonellaserovars circulating in backyard poultry and swine populations worldwide. Backyard production systems (BPS) that raise swine and/or poultry are distributed across Chile, but are more heavily concentrated in central Chile, where industrialized systems are in close contact with BPS. This study aims to detect and identify circulatingSalmonellaserovars in poultry and swine raised in BPS. BacteriologicalSalmonellaisolation was carried out for 1744 samples collected from 329 BPS in central Chile. Faecal samples were taken from swine, poultry, geese, ducks, turkeys and peacocks, as well as environmental faecal samples. Confirmation ofSalmonellaspp. was performed usinginvA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Identification of serovars was carried out using a molecular serotyping approach, where serogroups were confirmed by a multiplex PCR ofSalmonellaserogroup genes for fiveSalmonellaO antigens (i.e., D, B, C1, C2-C3, and E1), along with two PCR amplifications, followed by sequencing offliCandfljBgenes. A total of 25 samples (1·4% of total samples) from 15 BPS (4·6 % of total sampled BPS) were found positive forSalmonella. Positive samples were found in poultry (chickens and ducks), swine and environmental sources. Molecular prediction of serovars onSalmonellaisolated showed 52·0% ofS.Typhimurium, 16·0% ofS.Infantis, 16·0%S.Enteritidis, 8·0%S.Hadar, 4·0%S.Tennessee and 4·0%S.Kentucky. Poor biosecurity measures were found on sampled BPS, where a high percentage of mixed confinement systems (72·8%); and almost half of the sampled BPS with improper management of infected mortalities (e.g. selling the carcasses of infected animals for consumption). Number of birds other than chickens (P= 0·014; OR = 1·04; IC (95%) = 1·01–1·07), mixed productive objective (P= 0·030; OR = 5·35; IC (95%) = 1·24–27·59) and mixed animal replacement origin (P= 0017; OR = 5·19; IC (95%) = 1·35–20·47) were detected as risk factors for BPS positivity toSalmonellaspp. This is the first evidence of serovars ofSalmonellaspp. circulating in BPS from central Chile. Detected serovars have been linked to human and animal clinical outbreaks worldwide and in Chile, highlighting the importance of BPS on the control and dissemination ofSalmonellaserovars potentially hazardous to public health.
Endocrinological and subjective stress responses in children with depressive, anxiety, or externalizing disorders
Authors: Stadelmann Stephanie , Jaeger Sonia , Matuschek Tina , Bae Yoon Ju , von Klitzing Kai , Klein Annette Maria , Döhnert Mirko
Published: September 2017

In this study, we used a stress test to investigate endocrinological and subjective stress responses of 8- to 14-year-old children with internalizing or externalizing disorders and healthy controls. The sample (N = 170) consisted of clinical and community children. Parents were given a diagnostic interview to diagnose their children's psychiatric condition. We measured saliva cortisol and subjectively experienced arousal in children before and after the Trier Social Stress Test for Children. Children also rated their performance immediately after the stress test, and 1 hr later they rated their positive and negative thoughts about this stressful event. Children with internalizing or externalizing disorders exhibited a blunted cortisol response compared to healthy controls. Depressed children rated their test performance lower and reported more negative thoughts after the test in comparison to healthy controls, anxious children reported more arousal before and after the task, and children with externalizing disorders reported more positive thoughts. In regression analyses, cortisol and subjective stress responses were both predictive of psychiatric disorders. The study extends previous work on the relation between psychiatric disorders and children's stress responses to an experimentally induced stress task by including a broad range of psychiatric disorders and by integrating endocrinological and subjective stress responses.
DO HETEROGENEOUS EXPECTATIONS CONSTITUTE A CHALLENGE FOR POLICY INTERACTION?
Authors: Gasteiger Emanuel
Published: September 2017

Yes, indeed; at least for macroeconomic policy interaction. We examine a Neo-Classical economy and provide the conditions for policy arrangements to successfully stabilize the economy when agents have either rational or adaptive expectations. For a contemporaneous-data monetary policy rule, the monetarist solution is unique and stationary under a passive fiscal/active monetary policy regime if monetary policy appropriately incorporates expectational heterogeneity. In contrast, the active fiscal/passive monetary policy regime's fiscalist solution is prone to explosiveness due to empirically plausible expectational heterogeneity. Nevertheless, this can be a well-defined, rather orthodox equilibrium. For operational monetary policy rules, only the results for the fiscalist solution prevail. Moreover, our results are plausible from an adaptive learning viewpoint.
Der etwas andere Husten
Authors: Tschallener Manuel , Knechtle Beat , Bode-Lesniewska Beata , Braschler Thomas , Frei Eveline , Rothermundt Christian , Messerli Michael
Published: September 2017

Zusammenfassung. Wir stellen den Fall einer 52-jährigen Frau vor, die initial mit Husten und leichten Brustschmerzen in der Hausarztpraxis vorstellig wurde. Bei stetiger Progression der Beschwerden wurde eine CT-Thorax durchgeführt, wobei eine ausgedehnte Lungenembolie festgestellt wurde. Nach Beginn einer oralen Antikoagulation zeigte sich keine Besserung der Beschwerden. Durch weiterführende Diagnostik mit MRI und PET-CT wurde schliesslich der Verdacht auf ein Pulmonalissarkom gestellt. Es erfolgte die operative Entfernung mittels pulmonaler Tumor-Endarteriektomie. In der Histologie zeigte sich ein R1-Resektat eines intimalen Sarkoms, weshalb zusätzlich eine additive Chemotherapie durchgeführt wurde. Trotz multimodaler Therapie und anfänglich erfreulichen klinischen Verlaufskontrollen kam es im weiteren Verlauf zur Krankheitsprogredienz, sodass weitere Metastasektomien pulmonal sowie auch im Grosshirn frontal und temporal folgten. Zudem wurde eine Radiotherapie des Ganzhirns durchgeführt. 31 Monate nach Diagnosestellung lebt die Patientin noch.
Diamonds Really Do Rain on Neptune, Experiments Conclude
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: September 2017

Researchers subjected hydrocarbon samples in a laboratory to Neptune-like pressures. The samples, reminiscent of molecules found in the ice giant’s atmosphere, compressed into nanodiamonds.
A pore-forming protein implements VLR-activated complement cytotoxicity in lamprey
Authors: Wu Fenfang , Feng Bo , Ren Yong , Wu Di , Chen Yue , Huang Shengfeng , Chen Shangwu , Xu Anlong
Published: September 2017

Lamprey is a basal vertebrate with a unique adaptive immune system, which uses variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) for antigen recognition. Our previous study has shown that lamprey possessed a distinctive complement pathway activated by VLR. In this study, we identified a natterin family member–lamprey pore-forming protein (LPFP) with a jacalin-like lectin domain and an aerolysin-like pore-forming domain. LPFP had a high affinity with mannan and could form oligomer in the presence of mannan. LPFP could deposit on the surface of target cells, form pore-like complex resembling a wheel with hub and spokes, and mediate powerful cytotoxicity on target cells. These pore-forming proteins along with VLRs and complement molecules were essential for the specific cytotoxicity against exogenous pathogens and tumor cells. This unique cytotoxicity implemented by LPFP might emerge before or in parallel with the IgG-based classical complement lytic pathway completed by polyC9.
Understanding activity trends in electrochemical water oxidation to form hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Shi Xinjian , Siahrostami Samira , Li Guo-Ling , Zhang Yirui , Chakthranont Pongkarn , Studt Felix , Jaramillo Thomas F. , Zheng Xiaolin , Nørskov Jens K.
Published: September 2017

Electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from water oxidation could provide a very attractive route to locally produce a chemically valuable product from an abundant resource. Herein using density functional theory calculations, we predict trends in activity for water oxidation towards H2O2 evolution on four different metal oxides, i.e., WO3, SnO2, TiO2 and BiVO4. The density functional theory predicted trend for H2O2 evolution is further confirmed by our experimental measurements. Moreover, we identify that BiVO4 has the best H2O2 generation amount of those oxides and can achieve a Faraday efficiency of about 98% for H2O2 production.
A secreted antibacterial neuropeptide shapes the microbiome of Hydra
Authors: Augustin René , Schröder Katja , Murillo Rincón Andrea P. , Fraune Sebastian , Anton-Erxleben Friederike , Herbst Eva-Maria , Wittlieb Jörg , Schwentner Martin , Grötzinger Joachim , Wassenaar Trudy M. , Bosch Thomas C. G.
Published: September 2017

Colonization of body epithelial surfaces with a highly specific microbial community is a fundamental feature of all animals, yet the underlying mechanisms by which these communities are selected and maintained are not well understood. Here, we show that sensory and ganglion neurons in the ectodermal epithelium of the model organism hydra (a member of the animal phylum Cnidaria) secrete neuropeptides with antibacterial activity that may shape the microbiome on the body surface. In particular, a specific neuropeptide, which we call NDA-1, contributes to the reduction of Gram-positive bacteria during early development and thus to a spatial distribution of the main colonizer, the Gram-negative Curvibacter sp., along the body axis. Our findings warrant further research to test whether neuropeptides secreted by nerve cells contribute to the spatial structure of microbial communities in other organisms.
Fermiology and electron dynamics of trilayer nickelate La4Ni3O10
Authors: Li Haoxiang , Zhou Xiaoqing , Nummy Thomas , Zhang Junjie , Pardo Victor , Pickett Warren E. , Mitchell J. F. , Dessau D. S.
Published: September 2017

Layered nickelates have the potential for exotic physics similar to high TC superconducting cuprates as they have similar crystal structures and these transition metals are neighbors in the periodic table. Here we present an angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) study of the trilayer nickelate La4Ni3O10 revealing its electronic structure and correlations, finding strong resemblances to the cuprates as well as a few key differences. We find a large hole Fermi surface that closely resembles the Fermi surface of optimally hole-doped cuprates, including its $$d_{x^2-y^2}$$

d

x

2

-

y

2

orbital character, hole filling level, and strength of electronic correlations. However, in contrast to cuprates, La4Ni3O10 has no pseudogap in the $$d_{x^2-y^2}$$

d

x

2

-

y

2

band, while it has an extra band of principally $$d_{3z^2-r^2}$$

d

3

z

2

-

r

2

orbital character, which presents a low temperature energy gap. These aspects drive the nickelate physics, with the differences from the cuprate electronic structure potentially shedding light on the origin of superconductivity in the cuprates.
Tunable and high-purity room temperature single-photon emission from atomic defects in hexagonal boron nitride
Authors: Grosso Gabriele , Moon Hyowon , Lienhard Benjamin , Ali Sajid , Efetov Dmitri K. , Furchi Marco M. , Jarillo-Herrero Pablo , Ford Michael J. , Aharonovich Igor , Englund Dirk
Published: September 2017

Two-dimensional van der Waals materials have emerged as promising platforms for solid-state quantum information processing devices with unusual potential for heterogeneous assembly. Recently, bright and photostable single photon emitters were reported from atomic defects in layered hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), but controlling inhomogeneous spectral distribution and reducing multi-photon emission presented open challenges. Here, we demonstrate that strain control allows spectral tunability of hBN single photon emitters over 6 meV, and material processing sharply improves the single photon purity. We observe high single photon count rates exceeding 7 × 106 counts per second at saturation, after correcting for uncorrelated photon background. Furthermore, these emitters are stable to material transfer to other substrates. High-purity and photostable single photon emission at room temperature, together with spectral tunability and transferability, opens the door to scalable integration of high-quality quantum emitters in photonic quantum technologies.
Chemically induced large-gap quantum anomalous Hall insulator states in III-Bi honeycombs
Authors: Crisostomo Christian P. , Huang Zhi-Quan , Hsu Chia-Hsiu , Chuang Feng-Chuan , Lin Hsin , Bansil Arun
Published: September 2017

The search for novel materials with new functionalities and applications potential is continuing to intensify. Quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect was recently realized in magnetic topological insulators (TIs) but only at extremely low temperatures. Here, based on our first-principles electronic structure calculations, we predict that chemically functionalized III-Bi honeycombs can support large-gap QAH insulating phases. Specifically, we show that functionalized AlBi and TlBi films harbor QAH insulator phases. GaBi and InBi are identified as semimetals with non-zero Chern number. Remarkably, TlBi exhibits a robust QAH phase with a band gap as large as 466 meV in a buckled honeycomb structure functionalized on one side. Furthermore, the electronic spectrum of a functionalized TlBi nanoribbon with zigzag edge is shown to possess only one chiral edge band crossing the Fermi level within the band gap. Our results suggest that III-Bi honeycombs would provide a new platform for developing potential spintronics applications based on the QAH effect.
Prevalence and predictors of liver disease in HIV-infected children and adolescents
Authors: Pokorska-Śpiewak Maria , Stańska-Perka Aleksandra , Popielska Jolanta , Ołdakowska Agnieszka , Coupland Urszula , Zawadka Konrad , Szczepańska-Putz Małgorzata , Marczyńska Magdalena
Published: September 2017

Liver disease in HIV-infected patients may result from the infection itself, antiretroviral treatment or comorbidities. In this study, we analysed liver disease in 79 HIV-infected children and adolescents aged 14.0 ± 5.1 years. All the patients were receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), with a mean duration of 11.5 ± 4.7 years. Six patients (8%) had detectable HIV viral load, and 8/79 (10%) of the participants were coinfected with hepatitis B or C virus (HCV, 6/8 or HBV, 2/8). Liver disease was defined as an elevation of any of the following parameters: alanine or aspartate aminotransferase (ALT and AST), total bilirubin, and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGTP). For the noninvasive evaluation of liver fibrosis, the AST-to-Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) and Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) were calculated. Liver disease was diagnosed in 20/79 (25%) of the patients, including 13/71 (18%) of participants without coinfection and 7/8 (88%) with coinfection (p < 0.0001). All of the liver markers except bilirubin were significantly higher in the coinfected group. APRI scores indicated significant fibrosis in 5/8 (63%) of patients with coinfection. HBV or HCV coinfection and detectable HIV viral load were independently positively associated with APRI (p = 0.0001, and p = 0.0001) and FIB-4 (p = 0.001, and p = 0.002, respectively). In conclusion, liver disease in HIV-infected children and adolescents results mainly from HBV or HCV coinfection. Effective antiretroviral treatment is protective against hepatic abnormalities.
Time-resolved two-dimensional profiles of electron density and temperature of laser-produced tin plasmas for extreme-ultraviolet lithography light sources
Authors: Tomita Kentaro , Sato Yuta , Tsukiyama Syouichi , Eguchi Toshiaki , Uchino Kiichiro , Kouge Kouichiro , Tomuro Hiroaki , Yanagida Tatsuya , Wada Yasunori , Kunishima Masahito , Soumagne Georg , Kodama Takeshi , Mizoguchi Hakaru , Sunahara Atsushi , Nishihara Katsunobu
Published: September 2017

Time-resolved two-dimensional (2D) profiles of electron density (ne) and electron temperature (Te) of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography light source plasmas were obtained from the ion components of collective Thomson scattering (CTS) spectra. The highest EUV conversion efficiency (CE) of 4% from double pulse lasers irradiating a Sn droplet was obtained by changing their delay time. The 2D-CTS results clarified that for the highest CE condition, a hollow-like density profile was formed, i.e., the high density region existed not on the central axis but in a part with a certain radius. The 2D profile of the in-band EUV emissivity (ηEUV) was theoretically calculated using the CTS results and atomic model (Hullac code), which reproduced a directly measured EUV image reasonably well. The CTS results strongly indicated the necessity of optimizing 2D plasma profiles to improve the CE in the future.