bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Issues in the School-to-Work Transition of Hard of Hearing Adolescents
Authors: Punch Renee , Hyde Merv , Creed Peter A
Published: May 2005

Career theorists emphasize the importance of the development of career maturity in adolescents if they are to successfully negotiate the school-to-work transition. Transitions of deaf and hard of hearing adolescents may be especially problematic. The authors examine the implications of current labor market trends for young people, in particular those with hearing loss, and review data on employment outcomes for deaf and hard of hearing people. They discuss the environmental and attitudinal barriers that can influence the career outcomes of this population, consider the impact of hearing loss on adolescents' career maturity, and review the studies on this topic in the literature. The article focuses on the experiences of students with significant hearing loss who are educated in regular classes with the support of itinerant teachers, who communicate orally, and who may be defined as hard of hearing. Recommendations for research and practice are provided.
Factors Involved in the Ineffective Dissemination of Sexuality Information to Individuals Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Authors: Job Jennifer
Published: May 2005

he last 40 years of literature pertaining to sexuality and deaf individuals are reviewed. Current research, which establishes that people who are deaf do not have adequate information on sexuality issues, is examined, as well as some of the factors that play a role in the ineffective dissemination of sexuality information to this population. Parents, education (both in a historical and a contemporary light), peers, and the very acquisition of language are examined with regard to their contextualized part in the process of knowledge sharing. Historical paradigms are placed within Griffiths's "mythconceptions" framework (as discussed in Watson, 2002) in an effort to determine possible causative factors relating to deaf people's insufficient knowledge regarding sexuality.
National Profile of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in Special Education from Weighted Survey Results
Authors: Mitchell Ross E
Published: May 2005

Data from the 1999-2000 Annual Survey of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children and Youth (GRI Annual Survey; Gallaudet Research Institute, 2000) are systematically compared with those summarized by the U.S. Department of Education (2001, 2002) in the Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) to estimate the degree to which findings based on the GRI Annual Survey sample are likely to be representative of the population of deaf and hard of hearing children and youth served under IDEA. An appropriate weighting system is then applied to provide more nationally representative estimates of the characteristics of deaf and hard of hearing students served under IDEA and, more important, to provide a better national description of these students and the services they receive than would otherwise be available.
Sign Language Interpreter Training, Testing, and Accreditation: An International Comparison
Authors: Napier Jemina
Published: May 2005

The article explores sign language interpreter training, testing, and accreditation in three major English-speaking countries, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, by providing an overview of the training and assessment of sign language interpreters in each country. The article highlights the reasons these countries can be considered leaders in the profession and compares similarities and differences among them. Key similarities include the provision of university interpreter training, approval for training courses, license "maintenance" systems, and educational interpreting guidelines. Differences are noted in relation to training prerequisites, types and levels of accreditation, administration of the testing system, and accreditation of deaf interpreters. The article concludes with predictions about future developments related to the establishment of the World Association of Sign Language Interpreters and the development of sign language interpreting research as a research discipline.
Muslim Child Disciples, Global Civil Society, and Children's Rights in Senegal: The Discourses of Strategic Structuralism
Authors: Perry Donna L
Published: May 2005

This paper examines Muslim child-disciples (talibés) who
beg on the streets in urban Senegal. It interprets, from the perspective
of Wolof farmers, why parents send their sons to live with marabouts
(Muslim sages). It then contrasts Wolof understandings of talibés
with the discourses produced by children's rights advocates. It argues
that while indigenous rights advocates employ "strategic essentialism"
to promote minority groups' claims, advocates of women's and children's
rights programs minimize discussion of "culture" and offer, instead,
a meta-narrative of large-scale structural forces such as poverty,
structural adjustment, and population growth—a discourse
termed "strategic structuralism." Politically expedient, such rhetoric
nevertheless forces narratives about controversial cultural practices into
a generic form that is as reductionist as strategic essentialism.
Lessons about Humanity and Survival from My Mother and from the Holocaust
Authors: Rylko-Bauer Barbara
Published: May 2005

This essay centers on a story from the Holocaust, situated in the context of history, identity, and political economy, a story with lessons that have continued relevance for our understanding of violence, suffering, survival, and their aftermath. My mother was an aspiring physician in pre-war Poland, whose career was cut short when she was arrested by the Gestapo in 1944. As a Polish Catholic caught in the Holocaust, her story raises issues concerning the blurred boundaries of concepts such as survivor and collective memory, and provides the opportunity to apply "the focusing power of the Holocaust," by underscoring the key, pervasive role that forces such as dehumanization continue to play in the production and reproduction of violence, be it physical, political, symbolic, or structural.
The Affective Work of Stolen Generations Testimony: From the Archives to the Classroom
Authors: Kennedy Rosanne
Published: May 2005

Stolen Generations testimonies offer insights into the history, effects, and legacies of colonization in Australia—a history that is currently being contested in the public domain. In this essay, I analyze the ways in which these testimonies address audiences, and the ways in which listeners respond, taking my classroom as a particular site of reception. Based on an analysis of some of my students' responses, I suggest that Stolen Generations testimonies sometimes provoke non-Indigenous teachers and students to become aware of our own subject-positions as the inheritors of a post/colonial legacy, a consciousness that can potentially contribute to the reconciliation process in Australia.
Automitografias : The Border Paradigm and Chicana/o Autobiography
Authors: Velasco Juan
Published: May 2005

For Chicana/o cultural critics, the border paradigm has defined the boundaries of writing and experience in contemporary Chicana/o autobiography, and has constituted a valuable contribution to American Studies. In fact, the unique voices coming from Chicana/o autobiography are expressed through a network of cultural codes involving liminality and hybridity, the rewriting of borders, and the challenging of boundaries created by mainstream cultures and official truth. Based on this deep relationship of border paradigm, Chicana/o experience, and the writing and representation of that experience, in this article I will discuss the possibility of building an organic and systematic methodology for studying autobiography.
Perilous Royal Biography: Representations of Catherine II Immediately after Her Seizure of the Throne
Authors: Dawson Ruth P.
Published: May 2005

When Tsar Peter III of Russia was deposed by his wife in 1762, a flurry of
biographical texts appeared about both the hapless Peter and the new Tsarina,
Catherine II. From the first newspaper accounts to official manifestos and
unofficial biographical pamphlets, these texts illustrate the interplay among
factors of gender, sexuality, dynasty, and legitimacy.
Wilhelmine Encke-Ritz-Lichtenau: Writing and Reading the Life of a Prussian Royal Mistress
Authors: Maierhofer Waltraud
Published: May 2005

The life of Wilhelmine Encke, better known as Countess Lichtenau or "the
German Pompadour," has been narrated extensively from her own best years
into the twenty-first century. This article traces these life writings, and investigates
how the issue of the legitimacy of female power in the realms of politics
intertwined with discourses on gender roles and historical memory.
Gods of Wealth, Temples of Prosperity: Party-State Participation in the Minority Cultural Revival
Authors: McCarthy Susan
Published: May 2005

This article contrasts Chinese government support for the minority
cultural revival among the Bai and Dai in Yunnan Province, with
a crackdown on religious expression in Beijing. Inconsistencies in
the state's behaviour in these cases might be attributed to arbitrary
decision-making, or to "internal orientalism". It is argued here, however,
that the state's actions reflect its overarching goals of both economic
modernisation and political legitimation. Official promotion of minority
cultural practice fosters the economic development of minority areas
and enables local officials to justify their authority and projects in
identity-based terms.
Retaining Separatist Territories: Comparing China and Canada
Authors: Bert Wayne
Published: May 2005

Attitudes/policies towards separatist territories vary widely. Canada is
tolerant towards the potential secession of Quebec, but China has vowed to
use force to avoid losing Taiwan. Liberal democracies such as Canada are
more receptive to self-determination and separatism. However, democracies
display ambivalent attitudes and democracy alone cannot explain tolerance
towards separatism. Virtual states, however, consistently have lenient
policies towards separatism. Decentralised Canada and the benign
North American security environment also help explain Canada's attitude,
but security concerns directly related to the separatist movements and the
size of the parent countries show little correspondence to the different
attitudes on separatism.
Civil Society as an Analytic Lens for Contemporary China
Authors: Yang David Da-hua
Published: May 2005

This article offers a review and commentary on the applicability
of the civil society model to contemporary China. Critiques of
the civil society paradigm and corporatist interpretations are
examined, then situated within the context of post-totalitarian Communism
by drawing upon literature on Eastern Europe.
Based on recent empirical findings, the author argues that the tension
between state and society should not be interpreted as dichotomous;
nor is the state/society divide the only major political cleavage in
today's China. Increasingly civil society will play a critical role in the
trilateral dynamics between the state, business elite and working classes.
Civil Service Reform in China, 1993-2001: A Case of Implementation Failure
Authors: Chou Bill K. P
Published: May 2005

China's civil service reform programme inaugurated in 1993, was aimed at enhancing the state's ability to respond to new needs emerging amidst a rapidly changing socio-economic environment. This article discusses the contours of the programme and argues that its implementation process generated a dynamic between central policymakers who sought to optimise economic rationality and local leaders who placed more emphasis on coping with conflicts arising from the implementation of the reform. It also argues that many of the reform initiatives were more symbolic than real. Implementation problems were more pronounced in lower-level governments and were attributed to conflictual policy context.
Characteristics of Family/Friend Care Networks of Frail Seniors
Authors: Fast Janet , Keating Norah , Otfinowski Pam , Derksen Linda
Published: May 2005

This paper tests assumptions often made by policy makers and practitioners that networks of family, friends, and neighbours are able to provide sustained care to frail elderly Canadians. Using national survey data, we examined characteristics of the care networks of 1,104 seniors living with a long-term health problem. Care networks were found to vary considerably in size, relationship composition, gender composition, age composition, and proximity, and these network characteristics were found to help explain variations in the types and amounts of care received. As a result, network characteristics that might place seniors at risk of receiving inadequate care (including small size and higher proportions of non-kin, male, and geographically distant members) were identified. These risk factors appear to be poorly reflected in most existing policy.
Who Wants to be involved? Decision-Making Preferences among Residents of Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Funk Laura M.
Published: May 2005

While the benefits of participating in care or medical decision making are widely reported, research on decision-making participation preferences usually reveals some portion of individuals who do not want to be involved. Data collected through structured, in-person interviews with 100 residents of six long-term care (LTC) facilities in Victoria, British Columbia, were used to examine participation preferences with respect to four types of care decisions (bedtimes, medication choice, room transfer, and advance directives), as well as predictors of these preferences. Residents with higher levels of formal education, a greater number of chronic conditions, and greater confidence about the worth of their input tend to prefer more active involvement in decision making. This research also suggests that predictors of preference for independent control over decision making (active involvement) differ from predictors of preference for joint or shared decision making. Implications for the empowerment of LTC facility residents and the meaning of decision-making involvement in these environments are discussed.
Old Age and Loneliness: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Analyses in the Tampere Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Jylhä Marja
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine whether older age is associated with increasing loneliness in people aged 60 and over. Data came from TamELSA, a population-based prospective longitudinal study in Tampere, Finland. The follow-up time was 20 years. Loneliness was measured by a single question – “Do you feel lonely?“ – with the possible answers often, sometimes, or never. Cross-sectional analysis showed that the percentage of subjects feeling lonely increased toward older age groups, but in a multivariate analysis, only household composition and social participation were independently associated with loneliness. Longitudinal analysis showed that loneliness increased with higher age. Over a 10-year period, loneliness increased most in those who, at baseline, were married and living alone with their spouse. In conclusion, only a minority of older people continuously suffer from loneliness. Loneliness does increase with age, not because of age per se, but because of increasing disability and decreasing social integration.
The long arm of childhood: The influence of early-life social conditions on men’s mortality
Authors: Hayward Mark D. , Gorman Bridget K.
Published: May 2005

Increasingly, social scientists are turning to childhood to gain a better understanding of the fundamental social causes of adult mortality. However, evidence of the link between childhood and the mortality of adults is fragmentary, and the intervening mechanisms remain unclear. Drawing on the National Longitudinal Survey of Older Men, our analysis shows that men’s mortality is associated with an array of childhood conditions, including socioeconomic status, family living arrangements, mother’s work status, rural residence, and parents’ nativity. With the exception of parental nativity, socioeconomic-achievement processes in adulthood and lifestyle factors mediated these associations. Education, family income, household wealth, and occupation mediated the influence of socioeconomic status in childhood. Adult lifestyle factors, particularly body mass, mediated the effects of family living arrangements in childhood, mother’s work status, and rural residence. Our findings bring into sharp focus the idea that economic and educational policies that are targeted at children’s well-being are implicitly health policies with effects that reach far into the adult life course.
Segregation of minorities in the metropolis: two decades of change
Authors: Logan John R. , Stults Brian J. , Farley Reynolds
Published: May 2005

Data from Census 2000 show that black-white segregation declined modestly at the national level after 1980, while Hispanic and Asian segregation rose in most metropolitan areas. Changes that may have produced greater changes for blacks proved to have insignificant effects: there was no net shift of the black population toward less-segregated areas, segregation at the metropolitan level did not decline more in areas where the incomes of blacks came closer to the incomes of whites over time, and the emergence of more multiethnic metropolises had no impact. As in the past, declines were centered in the South and West and in areas with smaller black populations. Increases in Hispanic and Asian segregation in individual metropolitan areas were counterbalanced by a net movement of these two groups toward areas of lower segregation. These increases were associated especially with the more rapid growth in the Hispanic and Asian populations. Hispanic segregation increased more in regions where group members had declining incomes relative to the incomes of whites and included a growing share of immigrants.
Insight into ethnic flux: Marriage patterns among jews of mixed ancestry in Israel
Authors: Okun Barbara S.
Published: May 2005

Increases in ethnic and racial intermarriage in immigrant countries have led to growing proportions of persons of mixed ancestry and backgrounds. The marriage patterns of these persons both reflect and affect the salience and meaning of current forms of ethnicity and race in these societies. This article analyzes the marriage behavior of children of ethnically mixed unions in the Jewish population of Israel. Among persons of mixed ancestry, educational attainment plays a large role in whether they marry Ashkenazim or less economically advantaged Mizrahim. Such patterns suggest that intermarriage in Israel does not necessarily reduce ethnic differences in socioeconomic status or the salience of ethnicity among disadvantaged groups.
Hypersegregation in the twenty-first century
Authors: Wilkes Rima , Iceland John
Published: May 2005

We used metropolitan-level data from the 2000 U.S. census to analyze the hypersegregation of four groups from whites: blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans. While blacks were hypersegregated in 29 metropolitan areas and Hispanics were hypersegregated in 2, Asians and Native Americans were not hypersegregated in any. There were declines in the number of metropolitan areas with black hypersegregation, although levels of segregation experienced by blacks remained significantly higher than those of the other groups, even after a number of factors were controlled. Indeed, although socioeconomic differences among the groups explain some of the difference in residential patterns more generally, they have little association with hypersegregation in particular, indicating the overarching salience of race in shaping residential patterns in these highly divided metropolitan areas.
The household registration system and social stratification in China: 1955–1996
Authors: Wu Xiaogang , Treiman Donald J.
Published: May 2005

The Chinese household registration system (hukou), which divides the population into “agricultural” and “nonagricultural” sectors, may be the most important determinant of differential privileges in state socialist China, determining access to good jobs, education for one’s children, housing, health care, and even the right to move to a city. Transforming one’s hukou status from rural to urban is a central aspect of upward social mobility. Using data from a 1996 national probability sample, we show that education and membership in the Chinese Communist Party are the main determinants of such mobility.
Union formation in fragile families
Authors: Carlson Marcia , McLanahan Sara , England Paula
Published: May 2005

In this article, we use data from a new longitudinal survey—the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study—to examine union formation among unmarried parents who have just had a child together. We used multinomial logistic regression to estimate the effects of economic, cultural/interpersonal, and other factors on whether (relative to having no romantic relationship) parents are romantically involved and living apart, cohabiting, or married to each other about one year after the child’s birth. Net of other factors (including baseline relationship status), women’s education and men’s earnings encourage marriage. Cultural and interpersonal factors also have strong effects: women’s trust of men, both parents’ positive attitudes toward marriage, and both parents’ assessment of the supportiveness in their relationship encourage marriage. Supportiveness also encourages cohabitation, while fathers having a problem with alcohol or drugs and reporting higher conflict in the relationship discourage cohabitation. Fathers’ physical violence deters couples’ remaining in romantic nonresident relationships.
Pregnancy-related dropouts and gender inequality in education: A life-table approach and application to Cameroon
Authors: Eloundou-Enyegue Parfait M.
Published: May 2005

In this study, I used a life-table approach to estimate how much hypothetical reductions in pregnancy-related dropouts would help close the gender gap in educational attainment. Using the schooling histories of 6,686 pupils, I partitioned Cameroon’s gender gap in education into “pregnancy-related” and “non-pregnancy-related” components and simulated the impact of reductions in pregnancy-related dropouts on this gap. The results suggest that such reductions would have substantial payoffs in this setting, but payoffs would be the greatest where societies also address gender inequities before puberty and outside the realm of pregnancy. Reductions in pregnancy-related dropouts complement but do not replace efforts to reduce gender discrimination in schooling. Recent data from Demographic and Health Surveys should make it possible to extend this analysis to other countries.
Resolving inconsistencies in trends in old-age disability: Report from a technical working group
Authors: Freedman Vicki A. , Crimmins Eileen , Schoeni Robert F. , Spillman Brenda C. , Aykan Hakan , Kramarow Ellen , Land Kenneth , Lubitz James , Manton Kenneth , Martin Linda G. , Shinberg Diane , Waidmann Timothy
Published: May 2005

In September 2002, a technical working group met to resolve previously published inconsistencies across national surveys in trends in activity limitations among the older population. The 12-person panel prepared estimates from five national data sets and investigated methodological sources of the inconsistencies among the population aged 70 and older from the early 1980s to 2001. Although the evidence was mixed for the 1980s and it is difficult to pinpoint when in the 1990s the decline began, during the mid- and late 1990s, the panel found consistent declines on the order of 1%–2.5% per year for two commonly used measures in the disability literature: difficulty with daily activities and help with daily activities. Mixed evidence was found for a third measure: the use of help or equipment with daily activities. The panel also found agreement across surveys that the proportion of older persons who receive help with bathing has declined at the same time as the proportion who use only equipment (but not personal care) to bathe has increased. In comparing findings across surveys, the panel found that the period, definition of disability, treatment of the institutionalized population, and age standardizing of results were important to consider. The implications of the findings for policy, national survey efforts, and further research are discussed.
HIV status and union dissolution in Sub-saharan Africa: The case of Rakai, Uganda
Authors: Porter Laura , Hao Lingxin , Bishai David , Serwadda David , Wawer Maria J. , Lutalo Thomas , Gray Ronald ,   The Rakai Project Team
Published: May 2005

Little is known about the impact of HIV infection on the disruption of families through separation, divorce, and widowhood. Using life tables and multinomial logistic regression, this research examined the influence of HIV status on the risk of separation or divorce and widowhood among women in Rakai, Uganda. The multivariate results revealed that dissolution is more common among HIV-infected women and that infected women in HIV-discordant couples are especially likely to face separation or divorce than women in other HIV-status couples. These results highlight women’s vulnerability to the social impact of HIV infection and the importance of dyadic studies of the disruption of unions.
Birth month, school graduation, and the timing of births and marriages
Authors: Skirbekk Vegard , Kohler Hans-Peter , Prskawetz Alexia
Published: May 2005

We investigated the timing of fertility and marriage in Sweden using exogenous variation in the age at school graduation that results from differences in birth month. Our analysis found that the difference of 11 months in the age at leaving school between women who were born in two consecutive months, December and January, implies a delay in the age at first birth of 4.9 months. This effect of delayed graduation also persists for the timing of second births and first marriages, but it does not affect completed fertility or the overall probability of marriage before age 45. These results suggest the existence of a relatively rigid sequencing of demographic events in early adulthood, and the age at graduation from school emerges as an important factor in determining the timing—but not the quantum—of family formation. In addition, these effects point to a potentially important influence of social age, defined by an individual’s school cohort, instead of biological age. The relevance of social age is likely due to social interactions and peer-group influences exerted by individuals who are in the same school cohort but are not necessarily of the same age.
Diverging destinies: How children are faring under the second demographic transition
Authors: McLanahan Sara
Published: May 2005

In this article, I argue that the trends associated with the second demographic transition are following two trajectories and leading to greater disparities in children’s resources. Whereas children who were born to the most-educated women are gaining resources, in terms of parents’ time and money, those who were born to the least-educated women are losing resources. The forces behind these changes include feminism, new birth control technologies, changes in labor market opportunities, and welfare-state policies. I contend that Americans should be concerned about the growing disparity in parental resources and that the government can do more to close the gap between rich and poor children.
Altruistic and contractual remittances between male and female migrants and households in rural Thailand
Authors: Vanwey Leah K.
Published: May 2005

Past research has questioned the extent to which remittances are altruistic behaviors versus payments in a contractual relationship between households and migrants. This article explores altruistic and contractual patterns of remittances using a gendered approach. On the basis of results with various levels of significance in regression models, male and female migrants from Nang Rong, Thailand, behave both altruistically and contractually. However, women and migrants from poorer households behave more altruistically, while men and migrants from richer households behave more contractually. These results point to the need for further research and theory development to explain heterogeneities in migrants’ behavior.
The role of public health improvements in health advances: The twentieth-century United States
Authors: Cutler David , Miller Grant
Published: May 2005

Mortality rates in the United States fell more rapidly during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries than in any other period in American history. This decline coincided with an epidemiological transition and the disappearance of a mortality “penalty” associated with living in urban areas. There is little empirical evidence and much unresolved debate about what caused these improvements, however. In this article, we report the causal influence of clean water technologies— filtration and chlorination—on mortality in major cities during the early twentieth century. Plausibly exogenous variation in the timing and location of technology adoption was used to identify these effects, and the validity of this identifying assumption is examined in detail. We found that clean water was responsible for nearly half the total mortality reduction in major cities, three quarters of the infant mortality reduction, and nearly two thirds of the child mortality reduction. Rough calculations suggest that the social rate of return to these technologies was greater than 23 to 1, with a cost per person-year saved by clean water of about $500 in 2003 dollars. Implications for developing countries are briefly considered.
Health consequences of forest fires in Indonesia
Authors: Frankenberg Elizabeth , McKee Douglas , Thomas Duncan
Published: May 2005

We combined data from a population-based longitudinal survey with satellite measures of aerosol levels to assess the impact of smoke from forest fires that blanketed the Indonesian islands of Kalimantan and Sumatra in late 1997 on adult health. To account for unobserved differences between haze and nonhaze areas, we compared changes in the health of individual respondents. Between 1993 and 1997, individuals who were exposed to haze experienced greater increases in difficulty with activities of daily living than did their counterparts in nonhaze areas. The results for respiratory and general health, although more complicated to interpret, suggest that haze had a negative impact on these dimensions of health.
Understanding racial differences in the economic costs of growing up in a single-parent family
Authors: Page Marianne E. , Stevens Ann Huff
Published: May 2005

This article examines whether the economic consequences of growing up in a single-parent family differ for black children and white children. It is important to understand whether the costs differ across racial groups because although much of the rhetoric about poor single-parent families focuses on inner-city blacks, most children who live in such families are white. If the costs of living with only one parent vary across groups, then policies that are aimed at reducing the costs that do not acknowledge this variation will not target resources efficiently. We found that the economic costs of living with a single parent are larger for black children than for white children. Most of the discrepancy can be attributed to differences in remarriage rates, marital stability, welfare participation, and female labor supply.
Who Commissioned The Little Review's "In Our Time?"
Authors: Cohen Milton A
Published: May 2005

xBiographers have always credited Jane Heap with commissioning Hemingway's contribution to The Little Review's "Exiles" issue (Spring 1923). But much evidence points to Ezra Pound, coeditor of the magazine and Hemingway's mentor in modernism at the time. This commission, eliciting the first glimmers of the "Hemingway style" in six experimental prose pieces, fed into Pound's commission of a short book for his "Inquest" series, which produced Hemingway's in our time. Together, the two commissions show how decisively Pound influenced Hemingway's style and identity as an avant-garde writer.
Waldo Peirce and Ernest Hemingway: Mirror Images
Authors: Gallagher William
Published: May 2005

This essay traces Hemingway's lifelong friendship with American artist Waldo Peirce (1884-1970). A veteran of the American Field Service Ambulance Corps who won the Croix de Guerre for conspicuous bravery at the World War I battle of Verdun, Peirce met Hemingway in Paris in 1927. The two men traveled together to the Fiesta of San Ferm�n in Pamplona and Peirce was a visitor to the Hemingway home in Key West, often recording their adventures in oil paintings and beautifully illustrated scrapbooks. While they saw each other infrequently in later years, they met one last time in Tucson, Arizona in 1959 and corresponded thereafter. The article is richly supported by material drawn from Peirce's letters, housed at the Library of Congress.
Tradition and Modernity in Viento de otono
Authors: Andrade Maria Mercedes
Published: May 2005

This article analyzes the novel Viento de oto�o, published by the Colombian writer Juana S�nchez Lafaurie (Marzia de Lusignan, pseud.) in 1941. Andrade discusses how, through the characters of Fedora and Yolanda, the novel presents a critique of traditional values and norms, and a defense of a more modern role for women in society. With the case of Fedora, S�nchez Lafaurie criticizes the stigma attached to single motherhood in the society of her time. In Yolanda, S�nchez Lafaurie presents a defense of the lower-middle class woman who, by working for a living and struggling to become a successful musician, aspires to find a place for herself within a changing society and to secure herself a position as an autonomous individual. Andrade argues that S�nchez Lafaurie's defense of modernity, however, does not imply a complete break with the past. S�nchez Lafaurie seeks to convince her readers that the new female ideal she proposes incorporates many traditional attributes, and consequently, she does not pose a threat to society.
Blindness as Physical and Moral Disorder in the Works of Gonzalo de Berceo
Authors: Kelley Mary Jane
Published: May 2005

In his hagiographic, Marian, and doctrinal works, the thirteenth-century Spanish author Gonzalo de Berceo depicts characters who suffer from various disabilities. Blindness is common among disorders afflicting these fictional individuals, and Berceo's scenes of miraculous restoration of sight conform to the hagiographic convention in which saints figuratively echo examples of Biblical healing. Berceo's works abound with imagery of blindness versus sight and darkness versus light, where light symbolizes the divine, sight enables Christians to connect with God, and blindness or lack of sight in darkness impedes Christian salvation. However, by the thirteenth century, the Christian construct of blindness had absorbed additional sources of meaning derived from certain tenets of Aristotelian natural science, Neoplatonic philosophy, and medical theory. Along with Christian imagery, Berceo's depiction of blindness incorporates the scientific principles of medieval vision theory and cognitive psychology in a synthesis typical of the learned mester de clerec�a's literary school. Berceo knew how light enabled sight and how sight lead to understanding in both the physical realm of cognition and the interior realm of the soul. Thus, Gonzalo de Berceo's literary works, through an intricately spun web of medieval thought, show the intended Christian audience how human physical capacity for sight can lead an individual to salvation. Berceo's works illustrate the thirteenth-century cleric's power to define, through knowledge, the medieval Christian's relationship to God and to facilitate, through teaching, Christianity's collective salvation.
Polyphony in Spanish Sentimental Romance
Authors: Rodriguez Matos Jaime
Published: May 2005

In this essay, I demonstrate how it is possible to speak of actually existing polyphony in Spanish Sentimental Romance. Here polyphony is understood as the coexistence of truly conflicting discourses or voices. The dialogic nature of the sentimental romance is something that has been debated in the criticism by figures such as Cesar Segre, but which has been ruled out as actually existing in the genre. In this article the first task was to isolate moments throughout the different narrative operations in a text in which the relationship between voices in the text becomes problematic. Secondly, it became necessary to consider elements that go beyond the formal aspects of a particular work. By this I mean the kind of consideration involved in determining the underlying ground on which a narrative sets to work. The heterogeneous nature of the foundation on which sentimental romance stands its ground, shatters the stability of the encounter the genre is always in the process of portraying, thereby undercutting not only the image of the lovers holding fast to their harmonious "union," but, more radically, the stability of the entire logic that structures that order. What this points to is a sensibility that is attuned with the process of change. In the end, that change is possible is what is truly at stake in the idea of polyphony.
Promoting Academic Achievement and Identity Development Among Diverse High School Students
Authors: Rodriguez James L , Jones Evangelina Bustamante , Pang Valerie Ooka , Park Cynthia
Published: May 2005

This paper describes how a university outreach program promotes
academic achievement and identity development among culturally diverse
tenth-grade students. The primary goal of the outreach program is to
advance students' engagement and competency in mathematics and science
learning. A secondary goal of the program is to promote the development
of students' academic and cultural identities. This paper describes how
a university outreach program meets both goals of advancing participants'
engagement and competence in mathematics and science while promoting the
development of their academic identity and cultural awareness through the
implementation of culturally responsive teaching practices. Qualitative
data collected through student interviews will be examined to illuminate
the program's effectiveness in promoting identity development and
achievement in math and science. In addition, outcome data from the
program's first four years (1998-2001) are presented to demonstrate its
effectiveness at enhancing participants' academic competencies.
A Critical Race Analysis of Latina/o and African American Advanced Placement Enrollment in Public High Schools
Authors: Solorzano Daniel Gilbert , Ornelas Armida
Published: May 2005

Using critical race theory as a framework, this article examines the
access and availability of Advanced Placement (AP)1
courses and how they impact educational outcomes for Latina/o2
and African American students. To begin thinking critically about
enrollment patterns of AP courses we ask the following questions:
How do school structures, practices, and discourses help maintain
racial and ethnic discrimination in access to AP courses? How do
Latina/o and African American students and parents respond to the
educational structures, practices, and discourses that help maintain
racial and ethnic discrimination in access to AP courses? Finally,
how can school reforms help end racial and ethnic discrimination in
access to AP courses?
In order to answer these questions, we examined a school district
in California that serves a large population of Latina/o and African
American students. Three different patterns emerged around access and
availability of AP courses: Latina/o students are disproportionately
underrepresented in AP enrollment district-wide; schools that serve urban,
low-income Latina/o and African American communities have low student
enrollment in AP courses; and even when Latina/o and African American
students attend high schools with high numbers of students enrolled in
AP courses, they are not equally represented in AP enrollment. We call
this structure and process "Schools Within Schools."
MUXERISTA PEDAGOGY: Raza Womyn Teaching Social Justice Through Student Activism
Authors: Revilla Anita Tijerina
Published: May 2005

Using Chicana/Latina/Queer Feminist Thought and Raza Womyn grounded
theory as theoretical frameworks, this research utilizes the methods
of ethnography, participant observation, and narrative analysis to
explore the contributions of Chicana/Latina student activists to social
justice education. The study focuses on the members of an undergraduate
student organization called Raza Womyn. The research illuminates the
way Chicanas/Latinas struggle against racism, classism, sexism, and
homophobia as activist educators employing a distinct kind of education
called Muxerista pedagogy.
Convivencia to Empowerment: Latino Parent Organizing at La Familia
Authors: Jasis Pablo , Ordonez-Jasis Rosario
Published: May 2005

This article explores the emergence of La Familia Initiative, a Latino parent-organizing project at a public middle school. Motivated by their urgency to improve their children's schooling and enhance their opportunities for a better high school experience in the future, the participants organize to establish a more inclusive partnership with the school. The paper examines the foundation of the project's success, as well as the dynamics of participation taking place as these parents begin to organize independently of the school, with the goal of achieving a more active voice in the education of their children, and thus in the school community. The paper also investigates how families and communities, who have been traditionally under-served by the educational system, can participate effectively in the education of their children when the conditions for their involvement are facilitated, and their culture and particular ways of participating are validated and developed. Parent empowerment projects open symbolic spaces of leadership and participation in school and in society and have the potential to become valuable exercises in grassroots democracy and community self-determination.
Hispanic Academic Advancement Theory: An Ethnographic Study of Urban Students Participating In A High School Advanced Diploma Program
Authors: Jodry Liz , Robles-Pina Rebecca A
Published: May 2005

This emergent theory describes the relationships and factors within the context of home, school, and community that enabled six Hispanic students to participate in an advanced diploma program. The research is in keeping with the mandates from several federal initiatives to develop "asset-based" paradigms for educating Hispanic youth. Grounded theory and ethnographic methodologies were used in collecting the data from the purposive sample. Several sub-factors emerged, that served to describe, explain, and predict the development of the Hispanic Academic Advancement Theory. Those sub-factors will be explained and implications of the findings on the education of Hispanic students will be discussed.
Penetrating Types: Conflating Modernist and Postmodernist Tourism on the Great Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland
Authors: Fife Wayne
Published: May 2005

This article explores the conflation of modernism and postmodernism at two tourist sites involving the representation of a Viking past in Newfoundland, Canada. The archaeologically based site at L'Anse aux Meadows is compared to the purpose-built tourist site of Norstead, and both are analysed in terms of the hybridity that occurs within each location. Rationalist versus aesthetic forms of authenticity are considered in relation to the construction of tourist experiences in the twenty-first century.
Framed: A Personal Narrative/Ethnographic Performance/One-Woman Show
Authors: Kogut Kate Berneking
Published: May 2005

This script explores the intersections of ethnography, autoethnography, theatre, and narrative performance by applying to ethnographic work the theatrical and performance techniques of direct audience address, audience interaction, props, music, and the performance of voice and actions of the self and others. I experiment with this multifaceted process by utilizing both the nonverbal and verbal stimuli of live performance to engage the audience's senses and sense memories. In this way, I explore not only my own self-reflexive work, but also encourage audience members to explore ways in which the performance stimulates reflections of their own life and work.
Dynamics of the U.S. Trade With Developing Countries
Authors: Bahmani-Oskooee Mohsen , Ratha Artatrana
Published: May 2005

Earlier studies that investigated the J-Curve phenomenon employed aggregate trade data. Due to the aggregation bias problem, a few recent studies have shifted their emphasis toward using disaggregated data at bilateral level. However, studies related to the U.S., have investigated the phenomenon between the U.S. and her six largest trading partners. Given that developing countries constitute almost half of the U.S. trade, in this paper we test the short-run and the long-run effects of depreciation of the dollar on the bilateral trade balance between the U.S. and 13 developing countries.
What Motivates Transfer of Resources: Altruism or Principle of Exchange?
Authors: Mitra Arup
Published: May 2005

This paper focuses on the issue of remittances and other non-monetary transfers among individuals. Some of the recent studies gave a new dimension to the understanding of this issue by highlighting the aspect of self-interest and the principle of exchange, which may motivate the act of helping others rather than being guided entirely by altruism. Based on the sample survey in the low-income households of Delhi slums, this study collects evidence to reconfirm this viewpoint. The binomial logit framework used to model decisions of whether or not to remit and/or help others tends to favour the practice of reciprocation in explaining transfers of resources, after controlling for household size, education, duration of migration and contact at the place of origin of the migrants and income (savings). While household size tends to reduce the probability of transfer of monetary resources, other variables seem to raise the possibility of extending both monetary and non-monetary help. Informal networks based on exchange behaviour have important policy implications in the context of urban poverty reduction and slum management, as these informal practices can be used as inputs for designing programmes based on participatory approach, which would be more cost efficient than direct interventions.
Shortcomings to Globalization: Using Internet Technology and Electronic Commerce in Developing Countries
Authors: Kamssu Aurore J , Siekpe Jeffrey S , Ellzy James A
Published: May 2005

Information and communications technology (ICT) has become an indispensable tool in the fight against world poverty. ICT provides developing nations with an unprecedented opportunity to meet vital development goals, such as poverty reduction, basic healthcare, and education, far more effectively than before (UNDP, 2000). Nations that succeed in harnessing the potential of ICT can look forward to greatly expanded economic growth, dramatically improved human welfare, and stronger forms of democratic government. The unequal access to technology between groups due to differences in demography, economic status, and locations, has been suggested to affect worldwide globalization through Internet connectivity. Other speculations in addition to these factors that are crucial to the adoption and use of ICTs include the number of ISPs (Internet Service Providers) and/or OSPs (Online Service Providers) in a given country. The present study investigates the impact of information technology (IT) infrastructure, ISPs, and socio-economic factors on ICT access and use. Statistical analyses show that there is an empirical relationship between these factors and the Internet adoption in different countries; which may help explain the gaps between groups with respect to Internet use.
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