bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Salami-Tactics: when is it time for a major cut after multiple minor amputations?
Authors: Berli Martin C. , Rancic Zoran , Schöni Madlaina , Götschi Tobias , Schenk Pascal , Kabelitz Method , Böni Thomas , Waibel Felix W. A.
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Repetitive minor amputations carry the concomitant risks of multiple surgical procedures, major amputations have physical and economical major drawbacks. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there is a distinct number of minor amputations predicting a major amputation in the same leg and to determine risk factors for major amputation in multiple minor amputations.

Materials and methods

A retrospective chart review including 429 patients with 534 index minor amputations between 07/1984 and 06/2019 was conducted. Patient demographics and clinical data including number and level of re-amputations were extracted from medical records and statistically analyzed.

Results

290 legs (54.3%) had one or multiple re-amputations after index minor amputation. 89 (16.7%) legs needed major amputation during follow up. Major amputation was performed at a mean of 32.5 (range 0 –
275.2) months after index minor amputation. No particular re-amputation demonstrated statistically significant elevated odds ratio (a.) to be a major amputation compared to the preceding amputation and (b.) to
lead to a major amputation at any point during follow up. Stepwise multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed minor re-amputation within 90 days (HR 3.8, 95% CI 2.0-7.3, p <0.001) as the only risk factor for
major amputation if at least one re-amputation had to be performed.

Conclusions

There is no distinct number of prior minor amputations in one leg that would justify a major amputation on its own. If a re-amputation has to be done, the timepoint needs to be considered as re-amputations within 90 days carry a fourfold risk for major amputation.

Level of evidence

Retrospective comparative study (Level III).
Aptitude and attitude: predictors of performance during and after basic laparoscopic skills training
Authors: Beattie Kirsty L. , Hill Andrew , Horswill Mark S. , Grove Philip M. , Stevenson Andrew R. L.
Published: August 2021

Background

Manual dexterity and visual-spatial ability are considered key to the development of superior laparoscopic skills. Nevertheless, these abilities do not reliably explain all the variance found in the technical performance of surgical trainees. Consequently, we must look beyond these abilities to improve our understanding of laparoscopic skills and to better identify/develop surgical potential earlier on.

Purpose

To assess the individual and collective impact of physical, cognitive, visual, and psychological variables on performance during and after basic simulation-based laparoscopic skills training.

Method

Thirty-four medical students (laparoscopic novices) completed a proficiency-based laparoscopic skills training program (using either a 2D or 3D viewing mode). This was followed by one testing session, a follow-up testing session with new (yet similar) tasks, and a series of physical, cognitive, visual, and psychological measures.

Results

The statistical models that best predicted variance in training performance metrics included four variables: viewingmode (2D vs 3D), psychologicalflexibility, perceivedtaskdemands, and manualdexterity (bimanual). In subsequent testing, a model that included viewingmode and manualdexterity (assembly) best predicted performance on the pre-practiced tasks. However, for a highly novel, spatially complex laparoscopic task, performance was best predicted by a model that comprised viewingmode, visual-spatialability, and perceivedtaskdemands. At follow-up, manualdexterity (assembly) alone was the best predictor of performance on new (yet similar) tasks.

Conclusion

By focussing exclusively on physical/cognitive abilities, we may overlook other important predictors of surgical performance (e.g. psychological variables). The present findings suggest that laparoscopic performance may be more accurately explained through the combined effects of physical, cognitive, visual, and psychological variables. Further, the results suggest that the predictors may change with both task demands and the development of the trainee. This study highlights the key role of psychological skills in overcoming initial training challenges, with far-reaching implications for practice.
Water Insecurity is Associated with Lack of Viral Suppression and Greater Odds of AIDS-Defining Illnesses Among Adults with HIV in Western Kenya
Authors: Nagata Jason M. , Miller Joshua D. , Cohen Craig R. , Frongillo Edward A. , Weke Elly , Burger Rachel , Wekesa Pauline , Sheira Lila A. , Mocello A. Rain , Otieno Phelgona , Butler Lisa M. , Bukusi Elizabeth A. , Weiser Sheri D. , Young Sera L.
Published: August 2021

Reliable access to safe and acceptable water in sufficient quantities (i.e., water security) is important for medication adherence and limiting pathogen exposure, yet prior studies have only considered the role of food security as a social determinant of HIV-related health. Therefore, the objective of this analysis was to assess the relationships between household water insecurity and HIV-related outcomes among adults living with HIV in western Kenya (N = 716). We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data fromShamba Maisha(NCT02815579), a cluster randomized controlled trial of a multisectoral agricultural and asset loan intervention. Baseline data were collected from June 2016 to December 2017. We assessed associations between water insecurity and HIV-related outcomes, adjusting for clinical and behavioral confounders, including food insecurity. Each five-unit higher household water insecurity score (range: 0–51) was associated with 1.21 higher odds of having a viral load ≥ 1000 copies/mL (95% CI 1.07, 1.36) and 1.26 higher odds of AIDS-defining illness (95% CI 1.11, 1.42). Household water insecurity was not associated with CD4 cell count (B: 0.27; 95% CI −3.59, 13.05). HIV treatment and support programs should consider assessing and addressing water insecurity in addition to food insecurity to optimize HIV outcomes.
Metainferential Reasoning on Strong Kleene Models
Authors: Fjellstad Andreas
Published: August 2021

Barrio et al. (Journal of Philosophical Logic, 49(1), 93–120, 2020) and Pailos (Review of Symbolic Logic, 2020(2), 249–268, 2020) develop an approach to define various metainferential hierarchies on strong Kleene models by transferring the idea of distinct standards for premises and conclusions from inferences to metainferences. In particular, they focus on a hierarchy named the $\mathbb {S}\mathbb {T}$
S
T
-hierarchy where the inferential logic at the bottom of the hierarchy is the non-transitive logic ST but where each subsequent metainferential logic ‘says’ about the former logic that it is transitive. While Barrio et al. (2020) suggests that this hierarchy is such that each subsequent level ‘in some intuitive sense, more classical than’ the previous level, Pailos (2020) proposes an extension of the hierarchy through which a ‘fully classical’ metainferential logic can be defined. Both Barrio et al. (2020) and Pailos (2020) explore the hierarchy in terms of semantic definitions and every proof proceeds by a rather cumbersome reasoning about those semantic definitions. The aim of this paper is to present and illustrate the virtues of a proof-theoretic tool for reasoning about the $\mathbb {S}\mathbb {T}$
S
T
-hierarchy and the other metainferential hierarchies definable on strong Kleene models. Using the tool, this paper argues that each level in the $\mathbb {S}\mathbb {T}$
S
T
-hierarchy is non-classical to an equal extent and that the ‘fully classical’ metainferential logic is actually just the original non-transitive logic ST ‘in disguise’. The paper concludes with some remarks about how the various results about the $\mathbb {S}\mathbb {T}$
S
T
-hierarchy could be seen as a guide to help us imagine what a non-transitive metalogic for ST would tell us about ST. In particular, it teaches us that ST is from the perspective of ST as metatheory not only non-transitive but also transitive.
Asymmetry cannot solve the circularity/regress problem of property structuralism
Authors: Busse Ralf
Published: August 2021

Strong dispositional monism (SDM), the position that all fundamental physical properties consist in dispositional relations to other properties, is naturally construed as property structuralism. J. Lowe’s circularity/regress objection (CRO) constitutes a serious challenge to SDM that questions the possibility of a purely relational determination of all property essences. The supervenience thesis of A. Bird’s graph-theoretic asymmetry reply to CRO can be rigorously proved. Yet the reply fails metaphysically, because it reveals neither a metaphysical determination of identities on a purely relational basis nor a determination specifically of identities in the sense of essences. Asymmetry is thus not by itself sufficient for a solution to CRO. But it cannot even help to answer CRO when a model for the determination of essences is taken as a basis. Nor is asymmetry necessary for a reply, as property structures may well be symmetric. A metaphysics of dispositional properties as grounded in a purely relational structure faces serious obstacles, and the properties would not be fundamental. Since essence and grounding are notions of metaphysical priority, there can be no essentially dispositional metaphysically fundamental properties, and the prospects of a “coherentist” metaphysics of basic properties are dim. A modal retreat that refrains from a post-modal conception of essence and simply claims that fundamental properties play dispositional roles by metaphysical necessity is unsatisfactory.
Comparison of metal burden in different muscle tissues of Great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo)
Authors: Lehel József , Grúz Adrienn , Bartha András , Pintér Imre , Lénárt Zoltán , Major László , Menyhárt László , Szabó Rita , Budai Péter
Published: August 2021

Concentrations of 12 metals (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn) were examined in the pectoral and thigh muscle of great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo). The samples were collected from Central Tisza-Jászság Nature Conservation Area in Hungary. The tissue samples were analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The aim of the study was to examine the impacts of heavy metal pollution on the water birds, determine the concentrations of the abovementioned metals in the different muscle tissues of these wetland birds, and provide the basic materials for monitoring the environmental pollution. Among the investigated elements/metals, the detected concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Mo and Ni were below the detection limit. Higher concentration of Cu, Hg, Mn and Pb was measured in the pectoral muscle compared to the thigh muscle, but only in the case of Cu and Mn were found significant differences between the tissues. In the case of the Zn concentration, the higher value was detected in the thigh muscle. There were no statistical differences between males and females in either metal concentrations.
Has sustainability science turned left?
Authors: Bodin Örjan
Published: August 2021

As the urgent need for societies to steer towards sustainability is becoming increasingly apparent, sustainability science as a research community is facing difficult challenges successfully navigating the intensifying and often harsh political debates. An important line of conflict is (still) between the political left and right, although other conflicts are gaining increasing attention. As private corporations are stepping up their conservation agendas and non-governmental organizations are increasingly embracing market mechanisms to achieve healthier ecosystems, the scholarly community of sustainability science appears to be turning more to the political left. To navigate these entangled scientific and political landscapes, accomplishing constructive debates emphasizing the value of nurturing a broad spectra of viewpoints should be given higher priority in all forums where issues of sustainability are discussed.
Assessment in ‘survival mode’: student and faculty perceptions of online assessment practices in HE during Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Meccawy Zilal , Meccawy Maram , Alsobhi Aisha
Published: August 2021

This paper presents a cross-sectional study that demonstrates how King Abdulaziz University has responded to the lockdown imposed by the Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of students and faculty towards assessment that had to take place online due to physical or social distancing rules and lockdowns. A descriptive mixed-method study was conducted with two different self-administered questionnaires that were developed for students and faculty, respectively. A total of 547 responses were received from undergraduate students and 213 from faculty. The main finding suggests the need for a multilevel approach to the problems of cheating and plagiarism, including raising student awareness and ethics, training teachers to detect cheating methods, and institutions activating their code of practice and applying severe sanctions on those who engage in such practices.
Infodemic in Germany and Brazil
Authors: Leschzyk Dinah K.
Published: August 2021

Even though the topic of infodemic – a blending of the words information and pandemic – emerged just in 2020 it addresses a question that has been crucial ever since in communication: How to establish – or undermine – credibility? This article deals with rhetorical techniques applied by Brazilian President Jair Messias Bolsonaro (2019–) and high-ranking politicians of the German party AfD (Alternative für Deutschland) during the COVID-19-pandemic. The analysis is based on tweets published through their official accounts during the first year of the pandemic (@jairbolsonaro, @AfD). Meanwhile Bolsonaro, who was in charge during the crisis, attacks the media claiming they would spread panic and false information, AfD, an opposition party, concentrates its criticism on the federal and state governments. The key concept credibility‹ as discussed by Ortwin Renn (2019) and basic claims that appear in Aristotle’s »Rhetoric«, dating from the 4th century BC, build the theoretical basis of this study. Methodologically, the analysis is based on the Discourse-Historical Approach (Reisigl/Wodak 2001), focusing on discursive strategies of negative other representation, and a framework for studies on the language of legitimation and delegitimation developed by Theo van Leeuwen (1996).
Balancing Technology, Pedagogy and the New Normal: Post-pandemic Challenges for Higher Education
Authors: Rapanta Chrysi , Botturi Luca , Goodyear Peter , Guàrdia Lourdes , Koole Marguerite
Published: August 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic has presented an opportunity for rethinking assumptions about education in general and higher education in particular. In the light of the general crisis the pandemic caused, especially when it comes to the so-called emergency remote teaching (ERT), educators from all grades and contexts experienced the necessity of rethinking their roles, the ways of supporting the students’ learning tasks and the image of students as self-organising learners, active citizens and autonomous social agents. In our first Postdigital Science and Education paper, we sought to distil and share some expert advice for campus-based university teachers to adapt to online teaching and learning. In this sequel paper, we ask ourselves: Now that campus-based university teachers have experienced the unplanned and forced version of Online Learning and Teaching (OLT), how can this experience help bridge the gap between online and in-person teaching in the following years? The four experts, also co-authors of this paper, interviewed aligning towards an emphasis on pedagogisation rather than digitalisation of higher education, with strategic decision-making being in the heart of post-pandemic practices. Our literature review of papers published in the last year and analysis of the expert answers reveal that the ‘forced’ experience of teaching with digital technologies as part of ERT can gradually give place to a harmonious integration of physical and digital tools and methods for the sake of more active, flexible and meaningful learning.
Effects of urban atmospheric particulate matter on higher plants using Lycopersicon esculentum as model species
Authors: Hubai Katalin , Kováts Nora , Teke Gábor
Published: August 2021

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is one of the major environmental concerns in Europe. A wide range of studies has proved the ecotoxic potential of atmospheric particles. PM exerts chemical stress on vegetation by its potentially toxic constituents; however, relatively few studies are available on assessing phytotoxic effects under laboratory conditions. In our study, aqueous extract of particulate matter was prepared and used for treatment. Experiment was following the procedure defined by the No. 227 OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals: Terrestrial Plant Test. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were used; elucidated toxicity was assessed based on morphological and biochemical endpoints such as biomass, chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b, carotenoids, and protein content. Biomass reduction and protein content showed a clear dose–effect relationship; the biomass decreased in comparison with the control (100%) in all test groups (TG) at a steady rate (TG1: 87.73%; TG2: 71.77%; TG3: 67.01%; TG4: 63.63%). The tendency in protein concentrations compared to the control was TG1: 113.61%; TG2: 148.21% TG3: 160.52%; TG4: 157.31%. However, pigments showed a ‘Janus-faced’ effect: nutrient content of the sample caused slight increase at lower doses; actual toxicity became apparent only at higher doses (chlorophyll-a concentration decrease was 84.47% in TG4, chlorophyll-b was 77.17%, and finally, carotene showed 83.60% decrease in TG4).
Relativistic Modelling for Accurate Time Transfer via Optical Inter-Satellite Links
Authors: Dassié Manuele , Giorgi Gabriele
Published: August 2021

The DLR Institute for Communication and Navigation is currently working on a new GNSS architecture that enables accurate autonomous inter-satellite synchronization at picosecond-level. Synchronization is achieved via time transfer techniques enabled by optical inter-satellite links (OISLs), paving the way for a system in which space (orbits) and time (synchronization) can be effectively separated, leading to a high level of synchronization throughout the constellation, which in turn greatly improves accurate orbit determination. This is possible provided that relativistic effects are adequately taken into account. This work focuses on a two-way time transfer scheme based on the exchange of time stamps via optical signals, which allows the synchronization of a GNSS satellite system with respect to a defined coordinate time with picosecond-level accuracy. We analyse the impact of relativistic effects in clock offset estimation between optically linked clocks: results show that to achieve synchronization at this level of accuracy it is necessary to account for terrestrial geopotential harmonics up to the third order while the gravitational influence of additional celestial bodies can be neglected. Relativistic delays in the propagation of electromagnetic waves through spacetime are also evaluated. It is shown that for a two-way synchronization method, the Euclidean expression for the propagation of light is sufficient to achieve picosecond synchronization, provided m-level orbit determination of both satellites is available, and the hardware delays are well calibrated to the targeted accuracy. Also, we show how to practically achieve autonomous synchronization via a sequence of pair-wise synchronizations across all satellites of the constellation.
Human development, greenhouse gas emissions and sub-national mitigation burdens: a Brazilian perspective
Authors: Ambrósio Geanderson , Da Cunha Dênis Antônio , Pires Marcel Viana , Costa Luis , Faria Raiza Moniz , Gurgel Angelo Costa
Published: August 2021

International frameworks for greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation usually disregard country-specific inequalities for the allocation of mitigation burdens. This may hinder low developed regions in a country from achieving development in a socioeconomic perspective, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of eradicating poverty (SDG1) and hunger (SDG2). We use observed data (1991–2010) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) emissions and a sub-national human development index (MicroHDI, range [0, 1]) for Brazilian microregions to design a framework where regional mitigation burdens are proportional to the MicroHDI, without compromising national mitigation pledges. According to our results, the less developed Brazilian regions have not been basing their development in emission-intensive activities; instead, the most developed regions have. Between 2011 and 2050, Brazilian cumulative emissions from the sectors most correlated with MicroHDI are expected to be 325 Gt CO2eq, of which only 50 Gt are associated with regions of MicroHDI < 0.8. Assuming a national GHG mitigation target of 56.5% in 2050 over 2010 (consistent with limiting global warming to 2 ºC), Brazil would emit 190 Gt CO2eq instead of 325 Gt and the 135 Gt reduction is only accounted for by regions after reaching MicroHDI ≥ 0.8. Allocating environmental restrictions to the high-developed regions leaves ground for the least developed ones to pursue development with fewer restrictions. Our heterogeneous framework represents a fairer allocation of mitigation burdens which could be implemented under the concepts of green economy. This work could be an international reference for addressing both environmental and socioeconomic development in developing countries at sub-national level as emphasized by the SDGs.
Storytelling training to promote stakeholder engagement in research dissemination
Authors: Han Hae-Ra , Byiringiro Samuel , Lacanieta Cyd , Weston Christine , Terkowitz Mia , Reese Melanie , Rosen Michael , Dennison Himmelfarb Cheryl , Sheikhattari Payam , Medeiros Michelle , Fakunle David
Published: August 2021

Storytelling is increasingly recognized as a culturally relevant, human-centered strategy and has been linked to improvements in health knowledge, behavior, and outcomes. The Community Engagement Program of the Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research designed and implemented a storytelling training program as a potentially versatile approach to promote stakeholder engagement. Data collected from multiple sources, including participant ratings, responses to open-ended questions, and field notes, consistently pointed to high-level satisfaction and acceptability of the program. As a next step, the storytelling training process and its impact need to be further investigated.
The use of anonymized and aggregated telecom mobility data by a public health agency during the COVID-19 pandemic: Learnings from both the operator and agency perspective
Authors: Ågren Kristofer , Bjelkmar Pär , Allison Elin
Published: August 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic and associated measures implemented have rapidly changed how people move about and behave in society. Utilizing data on people’s mobility could provide unique and valuable insights to governments and institutions to better manage the crisis. These entities, however, have not traditionally had access to, nor the experience of applying, continuous anonymized and aggregated data on people mobility. This article aims to show how the Public Health Agency in Sweden successfully collaborated with a Nordic Telecoms operator to make use of such data during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, it investigates how the collaboration started, approaches used to go from data to insight, outcomes and impact, and lessons learned on both sides. Telia, the largest telecom operator in the Nordics, had an existing product commercially available that provided anonymized and aggregated insights about people’s movement. Several challenges existed within Telia as it was the first time worldwide a collaboration with a Public Health Agency would take place and social benefits had to be weighed against commercial and reputational risks. The hypothesis at the beginning of the pandemic was that the solution could be adapted to fit the needs of policymakers and the internal challenges could be overcome, while providing a meaningful contribution to the fight against the virus. The results show that it is possible to both form a mutually beneficial collaboration between a telecom operator and a public institution, and to make use of mobility data in evidence-based policymaking without compromising applicable personal data protection laws.
Using mobile phone data for epidemic response in low resource settings—A case study of COVID-19 in Malawi
Authors: Green Dylan , Moszczynski Michael , Asbah Samer , Morgan Cassie , Klyn Brandon , Foutry Guillaume , Ndira Simon , Selman Noah , Monawe Maganizo , Likaka Andrew , Sibande Rachel , Smith Tyler
Published: August 2021

The COVID-19 global pandemic has had considerable health impact, including sub-Saharan Africa. In Malawi, a resource-limited setting in Africa, gaining access to data to inform the COVID-19 response is challenging. Information on adherence to physical distancing guidelines and reducing contacts are nonexistent, but critical to understanding and communicating risk, as well as allocating scarce resources. We present a case study which leverages aggregated call detail records into a daily data pipeline which summarize population density and mobility in an easy-to-use dashboard for public health officials and emergency operations. From March to April 2021, we have aggregated 6-billion calls and text messages and continue to process 12 million more daily. These data are summarized into reports which describe, quantify, and locate mass gatherings and travel between subdistricts. These reports are accessible via web dashboards for policymakers within the Ministry of Health and Emergency Operations Center to inform COVID-19 response efforts and resource allocation.
All finite sets are Ramsey in the maximum norm
Authors: Kupavskii Andrey , Sagdeev Arsenii
Published: August 2021

For two metric spaces

$\mathbb X$

and

$\mathcal Y$

the chromatic number

$\chi ({{\mathbb X}};{{\mathcal{Y}}})$

of

$\mathbb X$

with forbidden

$\mathcal Y$

is the smallest k such that there is a colouring of the points of

$\mathbb X$

with k colors that contains no monochromatic copy of

$\mathcal Y$

. In this article, we show that for each finite metric space

$\mathcal {M}$

that contains at least two points the value

$\chi \left ({{\mathbb R}}^n_\infty; \mathcal M \right )$

grows exponentially with n. We also provide explicit lower and upper bounds for some special

$\mathcal M$

.
Exploring novice Indian school counsellors’ experiences collaborating with teachers and administrators
Authors: Sadana Aashna , Kumar Aneesh
Published: August 2021

Previous studies have shown that collaboration between school counsellors and other stakeholders such as teachers and administrators leads to improved outcomes for students and a better school climate. The current qualitative study explored the experiences and perceptions of novice school counsellors in India regarding collaboration with teachers and administrators. The sample included 11 novice school counsellors working in five different cities who were recruited using purposive sampling. The thematic analysis of the data collected via semistructured interviews revealed six main themes: ‘Counsellors’ perceptions about collaboration’, ‘Collaboration with teachers’, ‘Collaboration with administrators’, ‘Challenges faced during collaboration’, ‘Strategies helpful in collaboration’ and ‘Impact of training’. Implications discussed include the need for school counsellors to advocate for their role, the need for training programs to prepare stakeholders for collaboration, and the need for policies to integrate the role of a school counsellor into schools.
High-cadence optical transient searches using drift scan imaging III: Development of an inexpensive drive control system and characterisation and correction of drive system periodic errors
Authors: Tingay Steven
Published: August 2021

In order to further develop and implement novel drift scan imaging experiments to undertake wide-field, high time resolution surveys for millisecond optical transients, an appropriate telescope drive system is required. This paper describes the development of a simple and inexpensive hardware and software system to monitor, characterise, and correct the primary category of telescope drive errors and periodic errors due to imperfections in the drive and gear chain. A model for the periodic errors is generated from direct measurements of the telescope drive shaft rotation, verified by comparison to astronomical measurements of the periodic errors. The predictive model is generated and applied in real time in the form of corrections to the drive rate. A demonstration of the system shows that inherent periodic errors of peak-to-peak amplitude

${\sim}{100}''$

are reduced to below the seeing limit of

${\sim}3''$

. This demonstration allowed an estimate of the uncertainties on the transient sensitivity timescales of the prototype survey of Tingay

$\&$

Joubert (2021), with the nominal timescale sensitivity of 21 ms revised to be in the range of

$20\!-\!22$

ms, which does not significantly affect the results of the experiment. The correction system will be adopted into the final version of high-cadence imaging experiment, which is currently under construction. The correction system is inexpensive (

$<\!{\$}$

A100) and composed of readily available hardware and is readily adaptable to other applications. Design details and codes are therefore made publicly available.
Lorentz and Gale–Ryser theorems on general measure spaces
Authors: Boza Santiago , Křepela Martin , Soria Javier
Published: August 2021

Based on the Gale–Ryser theorem [2, 6], for the existence of suitable $(0,1)$-matrices for different partitions of a natural number, we revisit the classical result of Lorentz [4] regarding the characterization of a plane measurable set, in terms of its cross-sections, and extend it to general measure spaces.
Associations between free sugar intake and markers of health in the UK population: an analysis of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme
Authors: Young Julie , Scott Sophie , Clark Lindsey , Lodge John K.
Published: August 2021

Recommendations for free sugar intake in the UK should be no more than 5 % of total energy due to increased health risks associated with overconsumption. It was therefore of interest to examine free sugar intakes and associations with health parameters in the UK population. The UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme (2008–2017) was used for this study. Dietary intake, anthropometrical measurements and clinical biomarker data collated from 5121 adult respondents aged 19–64 years were statistically analysed. Compared with the average total carbohydrate intake (48 % of energy), free sugars comprised 12·5 %, with sucrose 9 % and fructose 3·5 %. Intakes of these sugars, apart from fructose, were significantly different over collection year (P < 0·001) and significantly higher in males (P < 0·001). Comparing those consuming above or below the UK recommendations for free sugars (5 % energy), significant differences were found for BMI (P < 0·001), TAG (P < 0·001), HDL (P = 0·006) and homocysteine concentrations (P = 0·028), and significant sex differences were observed (e.g. lower blood pressure in females). Regression analysis demonstrated that free sugar intake could predict plasma TAG, HDL and homocysteine concentrations (P < 0·0001), consistent with the link between these parameters and CVD. We also found selected unhealthy food choices (using the UK Eatwell Guide) to be significantly higher in those that consumed above the recommendations (P < 0·0001) and were predictors of free sugar intakes (P < 0·0001). We have shown that adult free sugar intakes in the UK population are associated with certain negative health parameters that support the necessary reduction in free sugar intakes for the UK population.
Analogical Reasoning as an Inference Scheme
Authors: Walliser Bernard , Zwirn Denis , Zwirn Hervé
Published: August 2021

Despite its importance in various fields, analogical reasoning has not yet received a unified formal representation. Our contribution proposes a general scheme of inference that is compatible with different types of logic (deductive, probabilistic, non-monotonic). Firstly, analogical assessment precisely defines the similarity of two objects according to their properties, in a relative rather than absolute way. Secondly, analogical inference transfers a new property from one object to a similar one, thanks to an over-hypothesis linking two sets of properties. The belief strength in the conclusion is then directly related to the belief strength in this meta-hypothesis.
Long-term mating positively predicts both reproductive fitness and parental investment
Authors: Međedović Janko
Published: August 2021

Empirical data on the relations between mating and reproductive success are rare for humans, especially for industrial and post-industrial populations. Existing data show that mating (and especially long-term mating) can be beneficial for fitness, especially that of males. This finding is in line with the hypothesis of sexual selection operating in human populations. The present research expands on previous studies by: 1) analysing additional fitness indicators, including having children with different partners; 2) including parental investment in the analysis as another important marker of sexual selection; 3) analysing several mediators between mating, reproductive fitness and parental investment, i.e. age of first and last reproduction and desired number of children. The data were obtained in 2019 from a sample of parents living in Serbia (N=497). The findings showed that long-term mating (duration of longest partner relationship) was positively related to parental investment and number of offspring and grand-offspring. Furthermore, the link between long-term mating and reproductive success was completely mediated by the age of first reproduction and desired number of children. Short-term mating (number of sexual partners) was marginally positively related to the number of children participants had with different partners and negatively related to parental investment. No sex differences in the link between mating, fitness and parental investment were detected. In general, the signatures of sexual selection were weak in the present data, but those that were detected were in line with sexual selection theory. The present findings provide a deeper insight into the adaptive function of mating and also the mechanism of how mating is beneficial for fitness.
At Death's Door: A Scene of Damnatio ad Bestias on a Key Handle from Leicester
Authors: Pearce John , Speed Gavin , Cooper Nicholas J.
Published: August 2021

A decorated copper-alloy key handle was recovered during excavation of a town house in Roman Leicester (Ratae Corieltavorum). The decoration comprises two groups of figures modelled in high relief: a bearded, unarmed man fighting with a lion, arranged above four naked male youths embracing one another in a protective manner. This decoration cannot be paralleled among other similarly elaborate Roman key handles and is best interpreted as a scene of damnatio ad bestias, although it does not directly replicate other known scenes of this punishment and spectacle. Other readings of the image are possible, depending on the context and perspective of the viewer as they handled the object.
Music achievements of being an English chorister
Authors: Dong Lan , Kokotsaki Dimitra
Published: August 2021

This study aims to highlight the uniqueness of the English choristers’ education, what special musical skills it passes on to youngsters and how these may help them in later life. It investigates the perceptions of 30 ex-choristers who attended a broad selection of English choir schools between 1940 and 2010 using semi-structured interviews. The findings showed that music training of choristers forms a solid foundation to enhance the development of an all-round musicianship. In particular, it gives them significant sight-reading skills due to the huge volume of rehearsals and public performances. Although in most cases their instrumental skills are not sufficient for them to become professional soloists in their instrument, many ex-choristers found it relatively easy to achieve a music scholarship or pursue a music career if they wanted. Many of them retained a passion for music which was not necessarily limited to choral singing. The findings are considered in relation to the possible reasons for this, and the implications for education.
The performance of Cobas HPV test for cervical cancer screening in Chinese female migrant workers
Authors: He Yaojuan , Chen Wenting , Guo Zhiliang , Yi Danni , Cai Chunfang , Shi Ying , Long Yanfen , Shi Kun
Published: August 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Cobas human papillomavirus (HPV) test in cervical cancer screening. A total of 3442 women aged ⩾20 years used Cobas HPV and hybrid capture 2 (HC2) tests were included in this study. Women with any positive result were examined by liquid-based cytology (LBC) test. Then subjects with abnormal LBC or positive Cobas HPV16/18 were further checked by colposcopy to observe the visible lesions to perform the pathological examination. Of these 3442 women, 328 cases were Cobas HPV positive, and the positive rate was 9.53% (95% confidence interval (CI) 8.50–10.53). The positive rate of HPV16, HPV18, and other 12 types of high-risk HPV were 1.54% (95% CI 1.12–1.95), 0.55% (95% CI 0.30–0.80), and 7.44% (95% CI 6.56–8.32), respectively. The coincidence rate of Cobas HPV test and HC2 test was 90% (95% CI 89.00–91.00; Kappa = 0.526) in the primary screening. Age had a non-linear relationship with Cobas HPV positive rate (χ2 = 4.240, P = 0.040) and HPV16/18 typing positive rate (χ2 = 6.610, P = 0.010). Compared with the LBC test, the Cobas HPV test had higher sensitivity when detecting patients with high cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+ and CIN3+).
The centrality of temperament to the research domain criteria (RDoC): The earliest building blocks of psychopathology
Authors: Ostlund Brendan , Myruski Sarah , Buss Kristin , Pérez-Edgar Koraly E.
Published: August 2021

The research domain criteria (RDoC) is an innovative approach designed to explore dimensions of human behavior. The aim of this approach is to move beyond the limits of psychiatric categories in the hope of aligning the identification of psychological health and dysfunction with clinical neuroscience. Despite its contributions to adult psychopathology research, RDoC undervalues ontogenetic development, which circumscribes our understanding of the etiologies, trajectories, and maintaining mechanisms of psychopathology risk. In this paper, we argue that integrating temperament research into the RDoC framework will advance our understanding of the mechanistic origins of psychopathology beginning in infancy. In illustrating this approach, we propose the incorporation of core principles of temperament theories into a new “life span considerations” subsection as one option for infusing development into the RDoC matrix. In doing so, researchers and clinicians may ultimately have the tools necessary to support emotional development and reduce a young child's likelihood of psychological dysfunction beginning in the first years of life.
An integrative evolutionary framework for psychopathology
Authors: Del Giudice Marco , Haltigan John D.
Published: August 2021

The field of psychopathology is in a transformative phase, and is witnessing a renewed surge of interest in theoretical models of mental disorders. While many interesting proposals are competing for attention in the literature, they tend to focus narrowly on the proximate level of analysis and lack a broader understanding of biological function. In this paper, we present an integrative framework for mental disorders built on concepts from life history theory, and describe a taxonomy of mental disorders based on its principles, thefast–slow–defensemodel (FSD). The FSD integrates psychopathology with normative individual differences in personality and behavior, and allows researchers to draw principled distinctions between broad clusters of disorders, as well as identify functional subtypes within current diagnostic categories. Simulation work demonstrates that the model can explain the large-scale structure of comorbidity, including the apparent emergence of a general “p factor” of psychopathology. A life history approach also provides novel integrative insights into the role of environmental risk/protective factors and the developmental trajectories of various disorders.
Parental post-traumatic stress, overprotective parenting, and emotional and behavioural problems for children with critical congenital heart disease
Authors: McWhorter Linda G. , Christofferson Jennifer , Neely Trent , Hildenbrand Aimee K. , Alderfer Melissa A. , Randall Amy , Kazak Anne E. , Sood Erica
Published: August 2021

Objective:

To examine relationships amongst parental post-traumatic stress symptoms, parental post-traumatic growth, overprotective parenting, and child emotional/behavioural problems in families of children with critical CHD.

Method:

Sixty parents (15 fathers) of children aged 1–6 completed online questionnaires assessing parental post-traumatic stress symptoms and post-traumatic growth, overprotective parenting, and child emotional/behavioural problems. Bivariate correlations and mediational analyses were conducted to evaluate overprotective parenting as a mediator of the association between parental post-traumatic stress symptoms and child emotional/behavioural problems.

Results:

Parents reported significant post-traumatic stress symptoms, with over 18% meeting criteria for post–traumatic stress disorder and 70% meeting criteria in one or more clusters. Parental post-traumatic growth was positively correlated with intrusion (r = .32, p = .01) but it was not associated with other post-traumatic stress symptom clusters. Parental post-traumatic stress symptoms were positively associated with overprotective parenting (r = .37, p = .008) and total child emotional/behavioural problems (r = .29, p = .037). Overprotective parenting was positively associated with total child emotional/behavioural problems (r = .45, p = .001) and fully mediated the relationship between parental post-traumatic stress symptoms and child emotional/behavioural problems.

Conclusion:

Overprotective parenting mediates the relationship between parental post-traumatic stress symptoms and child emotional and behavioural problems in families of children with CHD. Both parental post-traumatic stress symptoms and overprotective parenting may be modifiable risk factors for poor child outcomes. This study highlights the need for interventions to prevent or reduce parental post-traumatic stress symptoms and to promote effective parenting following a diagnosis of CHD.
Accelerated idioventricular rhythm in a healthy newborn: frightening but non-threatening
Authors: Lemos Mariana , Mata Miguel Fogaça da , Mendes Inês Carmo
Published: August 2021

Accelerated idioventricular rhythm is a rare but benign form of ventricular tachycardia which might be challenging to differentiate from other more worrisome forms. We present the case of a healthy newborn diagnosed with an accelerated idioventricular rhythm which is spontaneously terminated without the need for medical therapy.
Incidence and predictors of epilepsy in children with congenital heart disease
Authors: Castillo-Pinto Carlos , Carpenter Jessica L. , Donofrio Mary T. , Zhang Anqing , Wernovsky Gil , Sinha Pranava , Harrar Dana
Published: August 2021

Objective:

Children with CHD may be at increased risk for epilepsy. While the incidence of perioperative seizures after surgical repair of CHD has been well-described, the incidence of epilepsy is less well-defined. We aim to determine the incidence and predictors of epilepsy in patients with CHD.

Methods:

Retrospective cohort study of patients with CHD who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass at <2 years of age between January, 2012 and December, 2013 and had at least 2 years of follow-up. Clinical variables were extracted from a cardiac surgery database and hospital records. Seizures were defined as acute if they occurred within 7 days after an inciting event. Epilepsy was defined based on the International League Against Epilepsy criteria.

Results:

Two-hundred and twenty-one patients were identified, 157 of whom were included in our analysis. Five patients (3.2%) developed epilepsy. Acute seizures occurred in 12 (7.7%) patients, only one of whom developed epilepsy. Predictors of epilepsy included an earlier gestational age, a lower birth weight, a greater number of cardiac surgeries, a need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or a left ventricular assist device, arterial ischaemic stroke, and a longer hospital length of stay.

Conclusions:

Epilepsy in children with CHD is rare. The mechanism of epileptogenesis in these patients may be the result of a complex interaction of patient-specific factors, some of which may be present even before surgery. Larger long-term follow-up studies are needed to identify risk factors associated with epilepsy in these patients.
Liver nodules after the Fontan operation: role of the computerised tomography scan
Authors: Sethasathien Saviga , Silvilairat Suchaya , Sittiwangkul Rekwan , Makonkawkeyoon Krit , Pongprot Yupada , Woragidpoonpol Surin
Published: August 2021

Currently, there is an increasing prevalence of liver nodules in patients following the Fontan operation. The appropriate non-invasive modalities have been applied to assess a diagnosis of Fontan-associated liver disease. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and associated factors for the presence of liver nodules using CT scan. A cross-sectional study of 34 patients older than 15 years of age was recruited. Ultrasound upper abdomen, ultrasound liver elastography, and CT scan of the upper abdomen were performed after the Fontan operation. The median age of patients was 20 years (range 14–36 years). The median age at the Fontan operation was 7 years (range 5–17 years) and the duration after the Fontan operation was 12 years (range 4–22 years). The prevalence of liver nodules was 62% as detected by CT scans. Hepatic vein pressure in patients with liver nodules was significantly higher than in those without liver nodules. Hepatic vein pressure above 13 mmHg was a factor associated with liver nodules. There was little agreement between the ultrasound of the upper abdomen and CT scan of the upper abdomen in the evaluation of liver nodules. Hepatic pressure was the only associated factor for the occurrence of liver nodules in patients following the Fontan operation. The prevalence of liver nodules was very high after the Fontan operation. The upper abdomen CT scan should be performed for the surveillance of liver nodules in every Fontan patient over the age of 15 years.