bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Logic of Imagination
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark
Published: August 2019

Imagination seems to have a logic, albeit one which is hyperintensional and sensitive to context. This chapter offers a semantics of imagination, with operators expressing ‘imaginative acts’ of mental simulation. A number of conditions that could be imposed on the semantics are then discussed, in order to validate certain inferences. One important issue is how acts of imagination interact with disjunction: one can imagine some disjunction as obtaining without being imaginatively specific about which disjunction obtains. This chapter subsequently turns to non-monotonicity: how B may follow from imagining that A, but not from imagining that A ∧ C. Finally, the Principle of Imaginative Equivalents is discussed.
Hyperintensionality
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark
Published: August 2019

This chapter asks whether hyperintensionality is a genuine phenomenon, or rather, a feature to be explained away. It then focuses on the epistemic case, considering arguments from Stalnaker and Lewis which attempt to explain away hyperintensionality. The argument for a genuinely hyperintensional notion of content is subsequently considered. Having made the case for genuine hyperintensionality, the chapter turns to the granularity issue: how fine-grained are impossible worlds? This is one of the most difficult issues any theory of hyperintensionality faces. The focus then returns to the compositionality objection and it is argued that some accounts of impossible worlds deliver a fully compositional theory of meaning.
Epistemic and Doxastic Contents
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark
Published: August 2019

The case for making belief states the primary focus of our analysis and for including impossible worlds in that analysis is outlined in this chapter. This allows the reader to deny various closure principles, although this won’t help defeat worries about external-world scepticism. The issue that concerns the authors most is the problem of bounded rationality: belief states seem to be closed under ‘easy’ trivial consequence, but not under full logical consequence, and yet the former implies the latter. The solution presented here is that some trivial closure principle must fail on a given belief state, yet it is indeterminate just where this occurs. Formal models of belief states along these lines are given and it is shown that they respect the indeterminacy-of-closure intuition. Finally, the chapter discusses how we might square this approach with the fact that some people seem to believe contradictions.
Fiction and Fictional Objects
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark , Badura Christopher
Published: August 2019

This chapter begins with the problem of what counts as true in a given fiction, beyond what’s explicitly given in that fiction. It then considers the problem of inconsistent fictions, which are naturally handled using impossible worlds. An account of truth in fiction is presented, which develops one of Lewis’s analyses into an approach which can handle inconsistent fictions with ease. The chapter then turns to the second main topic: how we should think about fictional entities. Realism and fictionalism about fictional characters are contrasted. A third option is then considered, which takes the Meinongian line that fictional characters are non-existent objects. Several versions of this idea and their various issues are discussed.
Articulate Masks
Authors: Waddell Nathan
Published: August 2019

This chapter addresses the question of how modernist writers represented in literature the idea and phenomenologies of Beethoven masks and portrait busts. Many writers in the period referred to Beethovenian portrait busts and masks because they brought with them a ready-made set of allusive undertones. They knew that such objects are freighted with symbolic meanings and that mentioning them at key moments in a novel or poem allowed them to draw on an established history of social and cultural associations. Many of the writers who used the Beethovenian iconography in this way did so to help them comment satirically on the nature of bourgeois culture. Others did so to evaluate the nature of the Beethovenian iconography itself. Two works in particular appear to do both: the revised edition of Wyndham Lewis’s novel Tarr (1928) and Stephen Spender’s poem ‘Beethoven’s Death Mask’ (1930).
Conclusion
Authors: Waddell Nathan
Published: August 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the main thrust of this book: how Beethovenian legend—there being no better example than the influential account of Beethoven as the archetypally suffering, Romantic composer, one whose ‘true’ origins in Beethoven’s day-to-day life seem always already hidden by the tales which have accumulated around him and his work—is a kind of encryption. This chapter accounts for the significance of that legendariness as it made its way through modernist literature in the early twentieth century, while also opening up the discussion, in conclusion, to look at the link between Beethovenian cultures and politics, and musico-literary analysis. It suggests that the importance of the book is that its argument gives us a means with which to demonstrate the existence of a hitherto-unacknowledged Beethovenian trajectory within modernist writing, and in so doing to describe its musico-literary operations in a markedly new way.
Physical geography
Authors: Corlett Richard T.
Published: August 2019

This chapter covers the physical geography of Tropical East Asia from a biological perspective. The first section, on weather and climate, focuses on temperature, rainfall, and their seasonality, and also considers the impacts of interannual variation in rainfall. The next section deals with fire and its relationship with climate. The following section on soils concentrates on the soil classifications used within the region. The major vegetation types of the region are then described in detail, including the major natural and anthropogenic types, from tropical rainforests to paddy fields to urban areas.
Biogeography
Authors: Corlett Richard T.
Published: August 2019

This chapter deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals within the region. Tropical East Asia is defined as the eastern half of the Oriental Region and the other biogeographical regions are briefly described. The transitions between Tropical East Asia and the adjacent Australian and Palearctic Regions are described and discussed, as well as the less clearly defined transition with the rest of India. Patterns of diversity within Tropical East Asia are considered and four major subregions (Wallacea, the Philippines, Sundaland, and Indochina) are recognized. The remainder of the chapter deals with the biogeography of the numerous islands in the region, including the islands on the Sunda Shelf, Hainan and Taiwan, the Ryukyu and Ogasawara Islands of Japan, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India, the Mentawai Islands and others off the west coast of Sumatra, Krakatau, the Philippines, Sulawesi, and the islands of Wallacea.
The ecology of plants: from seed to seed
Authors: Corlett Richard T.
Published: August 2019

This chapter deals with the ecology of Tropical East Asia from a plant perspective. The life cycle of forest trees is covered in detail, including their vegetative and reproductive phenology, pollination, seed dispersal, seed predation, and the seedling, sapling, and adult stages. Other life forms, including lianas, ground herbs, epiphytes, hemi-epiphytes, and parasites are considered in less detail. Recent advances in plant community ecology are discussed, including the mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of species diversity in tropical forests (niche differentiation, growth–survival trade-offs, conspecific negative density-dependent mortality, neutral theory), and the influence of functional traits and phylogeny on community assembly. Forest succession is discussed in a regional context.
Energy and nutrients
Authors: Corlett Richard T.
Published: August 2019

This chapter deals with the ecology of Tropical East Asia from the perspective of water, energy, and matter flows through ecosystems, particularly forests. Data from the network of eddy flux covariance towers is revealing general patterns in gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem production, and exchange. There is also new information on the patterns of net primary production and biomass within the region. In contrast, our understanding of the role of soil nutrients in tropical forest ecology still relies mostly on work done in the Neotropics, with just enough data from Asia to suggest that the major patterns may be pantropical. Nitrogen and phosphorus have received most attention regionally, followed by calcium, potassium, and magnesium, and there has been very little study of the role of micronutrients and potentially toxic concentrations of aluminium, manganese, and hydrogen ions. Animal nutrition has also been neglected.
Threats to terrestrial biodiversity
Authors: Corlett Richard T.
Published: August 2019

More than a billion people inhabit Tropical East Asia today and negative impacts on ecosystems and wild species are pervasive. Historically, the ultimate driver has been human population growth, but while this is now slowing, there is no prospect of an early reduction in human impacts. Poverty, corruption, weak governance, and globalization are additional underlying drivers. The major proximal threats and their consequences—deforestation, habitat fragmentation, mining, urbanization and infrastructure development, logging and the collection of non-timber forest products, hunting and the wildlife trade, fires, invasive species, emerging infectious diseases, air pollution and nutrient enrichment, and anthropogenic climate change—are described in turn in this chapter. Finally, the problems of assessing and predicting extinctions are discussed.
The Stokes Family in Ireland and Cambridge
Authors: Sandford Michael C. W.
Published: August 2019

George Gabriel Stokes was a great-grandson of the well-known Dublin engineer, Gabriel Stokes, who became Deputy Surveyor General for Ireland. This chapter details the Irish Stokes family and identifies George Gabriel’s maternal ancestral lines. Then using the account by his daughter, Isabella, writing as Mrs Lawrence Humphry in her 1907 Notes and Reflections, we explore the family life and character of Stokes, concentrating on the correspondence leading to his marriage to Mary Robinson in 1857 and then their home life in Cambridge. An appendix contains biographical notes on a selection of the relatives of Stokes who were eminent, particularly in academic and medical fields, as church ministers or colonial administrators.
‘Stokes of Pembroke S.W. & a very good one’
Authors: Barrow-Green June
Published: August 2019

George Gabriel Stokes won the coveted title of Senior Wrangler in 1841, a year in which the examination papers for the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos were notoriously difficult. It was a notable achievement but it was a prize hard won after several years of preparation, and not only years spent at Cambridge. When Stokes arrived at Pembroke College, he had spent the previous two years at Bristol College, a school which prided itself on its success in preparing students for Oxford and Cambridge. This chapter follows Stokes’s path to the senior wranglership, tracing his mathematical journey from its early beginnings in Ireland to its close at the end of his final year of undergraduate study.
Stokes’s Optics 1
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this chapter and the following one is to explore and explain the rich diversity of Stokes’s contributions to physical optics in Cambridge and world contexts. He triggered debates and inspired friends through his semi-private speculations on the nature and motion of the ether in stellar aberration, double refraction, and optical rotation. He discussed deep-seated analogies between hydrodynamics and optics. He consolidated the fundamental laws of wave optics through mathematically sophisticated theories of interference, including Newton’s rings; diffraction, for which he provided a dynamical theory; and polarization. His theoretical achievements were backed up by carefully designed and extremely precise experiments.
Stokes’s Optics 2
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: August 2019

This chapter continues the previous one in studying Stokes’s contributions to physical optics. He opened up a new research field and destroyed an old Newtonian dogma of the immutability of simple colours through his discovery of fluorescence, which also eased the exploration of the ultraviolet spectrum. It could be used to determine the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of various substances, the ultraviolet component of the solar spectrum and the relative abundance of ultraviolet light in various sources including flames and the electric arc. Stokes performed an enormous amount of experimental work on this topic. He also speculated on an analogy between Fraunhofer lines, which are dark lines in the solar spectrum, and absorption lines in vapours. He studied a range of ‘optical wonders’, and he also prepared the new generation of physicists to optical research through his inspiring lectures and through his many contributions to optical instrumentation.
Stokes’s Fundamental Contributions to Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Lynch Peter
Published: August 2019

George Gabriel Stokes made fundamental mathematical contributions to fluid dynamics that had profound practical consequences. The basic equations formulated by him play a central role in numerical weather prediction, in the simulation of blood flow in the body and in countless other important applications. In this chapter the primary focus is on the two most important areas of Stokes’s work on fluid dynamics, the derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations and the theory of finite amplitude oscillatory water waves.
Stokes’s Mathematical Work
Authors: Paris Richard B.
Published: August 2019

This chapter gives an account of the seven purely mathematical papers written by Stokes. The first is an account of his famous memoir on Fourier series in which he discussed modes of convergence and introduced the idea of uniform convergence. A second paper dealing with moving loads over railway bridges represents Stokes’s only foray into industrial applied mathematics. The remaining five papers are concerned with asymptotic analysis in which he considered an approximation for the zeros of an integral measuring the intensity of light in the neighbourhood of a caustic applied to the familiar rainbow. This eventually led him to resolving a paradox in asymptotics that is now known as the Stokes phenomenon. A final paper gives an estimate of the asymptotic behaviour of the generalized hypergeometric function for large positive argument.
Stokes and Engineering
Authors: Whitaker Andrew
Published: August 2019

Railway safety in the nineteenth century relied heavily on the use of Commissions to analyse the causes of individual accidents and to decide on methods to avoid repetitions. Stokes played an important role in these. Following the collapse of the Dee bridge in 1847 he carried out the first mathematical study of the deflection and liability to break of a rail due to a moving railway engine. Following the Tay bridge disaster of 1879 he provided expert advice on the possible effects of the wind on railway bridges, and as an important member of the Commission on wind speeds he played a major role in the creation of a series of guidelines that have helped to keep railway bridges safer ever since.
The Oulipo and Modern Thought
Authors: Duncan Dennis
Published: August 2019

The impact of the Oulipo (Ouvroir de Littérature Potentielle), one of the most important groups of experimental writers of the late twentieth century, is still being felt in contemporary literature, criticism and theory, both in Europe and the US. Founded in 1960 and still active today, this Parisian literary workshop has featured among its members such notable writers as Italo Calvino, Georges Perec, and Raymond Queneau, all sharing in its light-hearted, slightly boozy bonhomie, the convivial antithesis of the fractious, volatile coteries of the early twentieth-century avant-garde. For the last fifty years the Oulipo has undertaken the same simple goal: to investigate the potential of ‘constraints’ in the production of literature—that is, formal procedures such as anagrams, acrostics, lipograms (texts which exclude a certain letter), and other strange and complex devices. Yet, far from being mere parlour games, these methods have been frequently used as part of a passionate—though sometimes satirical—involvement with the major intellectual currents of the mid-twentieth century. Structuralism, psychoanalysis, Surrealism, analytic philosophy: all come under discussion in the group’s meetings, and all find their way in the group’s exercises in ways that, while often ironic, are also highly informed. Using meeting minutes, correspondence, and other material from the Oulipo archive at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, The Oulipo and Modern Thought shows how the group have used constrained writing as means of puckish engagement with the debates of their peers, and how, as the broader intellectual landscape altered, so too would the group’s conception of what constrained writing can achieve.
Perec and Mathews
Authors: Duncan Dennis
Published: August 2019

This chapter looks at a pair of related short stories, one by Perec, one by Mathews. Both concern South Seas ethnographers who stumble upon languages with highly limited vocabularies. These stories draw on the analytic philosopher W. V. O. Quine’s example of the gavagai language, by which he illustrates the indeterminacy of translation, and Perec and Mathews use their stories to similar ends. Perec’s story, from his novel Life A User’s Manual, encodes allusions to Wittgenstein’s ‘slab’ language from Philosophical Investigations, as well as to Borges’s famous Chinese encyclopaedia, in order to reflect on how the categories by which we understand the world, and which are so important to translation, are culturally specific. Mathews’s story meanwhile ends with a riposte to Quine: pure translation may not be possible, but we do as well as we can do.
Uneasy Dialogue
Authors: Garavini Giuliano
Published: August 2019

Chapter 6 describes the failure of international negotiations between petrostates, key oil consumers, and developing countries during the Conference for International Economic Cooperation (also known as the North–South dialogue) held in Paris from 1975 to 1977. The chapter concludes with the “second oil shock” of 1979–80 that coincided with the revolution in Iran and the beginning of war between Iraq and Iran, and ends describing the failure of OPEC’s Long Term Strategy sealed at the OPEC Conference in Bali in December 1980.
Epilogue
Authors: Garavini Giuliano
Published: August 2019

The Epilogue describes the parallel crisis of the petrostates and of OPEC, focusing on two episodes that clearly demonstrated this crisis at the end of the 1980s. The first was the attack against Saddam Hussein’s Iraq by an international coalition led by the United States that resulted in foreign control over Iraqi oil exports. The second, episode was the effort of PDVSA, the national oil company of Venezuela, to engage in a policy of “production maximization” and to force its own government, a founding member of OPEC, out of the organization. The autonomy of OPEC as an actor in the global petroleum market was weakened both from without in the case of Iraq, and from within as in the case of the campaign by PDVSA. The result was that OPEC could not act anymore as a “geological force” and global oil consumption once again increased significantly with dire consequences for the environment.
Introduction
Authors: Garavini Giuliano
Published: August 2019

The Introduction deals with the place of sovereign landlords, in particular landlords that ruled over some of the most productive oil regions in the world, in the history of the twentieth century. Petrostates are often disliked because of their “rentier state” status. They have the aura of a “pariah state” compared to the other “productive” members of the international community. Land rent has been progressively marginalized as a topic of mainstream political economy thinking, and has generally negative connotations for Liberal and Marxist intellectuals and economists alike. The general dislike for rent as “undeserved wealth” lies very deep in widely engrained religious and cultural views all over the world. Variations of the biblical admonition that “if anyone is not willing to work, neither should he eat” exist so many different cultures. This book holds no such prejudice against land rent and sovereign landlords. It simply observes that land rent exists because the Earth is finite and because much of the ecosphere has been split up in the twentieth century among sovereign landlords called nation states. Each of these nation states has peculiar geographical and cultural characteristics and has to deal with them. The existence of petrostates such as Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, and Iran, nation states with such an important regional and global role, while at the same time crucially dependent on international land rent (a rent that comes from exports), cannot be easily dismissed as the outcome of a quirk of international political economy that has generated extravagant regimes.
The Place of the Literary in European Diplomacy
Authors: Craigwood Joanna
Published: August 2019

Chapter 1 uses myth and myth-ritual theory to make sense of previously unstudied myths about the shared origins of diplomacy and literature in English, French, Spanish, and Italian diplomatic handbooks. Such diplomatic theorists as Alberico Gentili, Juan Antonio de Vera y Figueroa, Gasparo Bragaccia, and James Howell adapted classical myths and biblical stories to link the establishment of diplomatic institutions with the emergence of the literary arts. Set against a mythical time of pre-civilized anarchy, their origin accounts imply that without the rhetorical and poetic abilities believed necessary both to create literature and to negotiate successfully, international relations would break down, and anarchy prevail once more. These myths expose beliefs about the foundational relationship between diplomacy and literature prevalent within the European political elites that produced and consumed them. This chapter argues that, as powerful, community-wide narratives, the handbooks’ fictional histories naturalized the use of literary products and the display of literary skills—such as oratory, theatricality, wit, and poetic sensibility—within the diplomatic rituals of early modern Europe.
Distinguished Visitors
Authors: Hampton Timothy
Published: August 2019

Chapter 2 begins with the Turkish ambassador’s visit to the ambitious but foolish bourgeois Monsieur Jourdain in Molière’s 1670 play Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme, triggering both its denouement and a generic shift from comedic drama to musical ballet. The readings of Shakespeare’s Henry VIII and Calderón’s Constant Prince that follow explore the intersection between the plot motif in which a domestic location or closed space is intruded upon by a diplomatic figure, and the generic multiplicity of early modern drama. It argues that such spatial and generic transitions mediate the tension between domestic, national, and international spaces posed by an increasingly international political culture. Dramatic texts register the intrusiveness of the diplomatic outsider through moments of generic multiplicity, where pastoral interrupts historical tragedy or where Moorish romance intersects with the literature of martyrdom. Drama continually asks us to reflect on the constitution of space, and of who is ‘inside’ or ‘outside’ of a particular community. When established spatial and generic boundaries are transgressed those politics are especially legible: at the centre of European dramatic literature is a confrontational politics worked out at the level of form. Finally the chapter examines the modern novel, in which early modern tensions between international and national political spaces are reworked as a contrast between some larger political world and the discrete private space of the home. For Proust, the nostalgia-laden figure of the diplomat brings into that private space from his early modern past the very possibility of literature.
Translation and Cultural Convergence in Late Sixteenth-century Scotland and Huguenot France
Authors: Auger Peter
Published: August 2019

Examining poetical exchanges between James VI of Scotland and the Huguenot courtier Guillaume de Saluste Du Bartas in the 1580s, Chapter 7 demonstrates how poetry contributed to diplomatic initiatives, and how diplomatic concerns fostered expressiveness in the composition and presentation of poems. Early modern poetry, especially poetry in translation, could contribute to building better international cultural relations. Ambassadors and elite political figures were sometimes involved in such poems as writers, translators, readers, dedicatees, or recipients. When they were, these poems could contain subtle gestures consistent with the cultural diplomatic aims to express shared identity and strengthen political ties. The poetic exchanges between James and Du Bartas in the 1580s contained many signals of the common literary and political culture in Scotland and Protestant France, signals that are found in the subject matter, prosody, diction, structure, and other poetic features of the verses that they exchanged. This chapter examines the poetic techniques that James and Du Bartas used for expressing cultural convergence between Scotland and France when translating and composing original verse for each other, and then shows how the print publication of their poems enabled a broader international community to participate in this cultural moment.
Books as Diplomatic Agents
Authors: Raymond Joad
Published: August 2019

Chapter 8 looks at the reception of Milton in Sweden, and the appearance of Sweden in Milton’s writings, as a case study of the interaction between writing and diplomacy. Writing could be implicated in diplomatic activity in various ways: Milton was, after all, a professional translator of the documents of statecraft; and literary texts could inadvertently be caught up in national politics, shaping political language. Milton’s Defensio pro populo Anglicano (1650) was written in the context of intensive Anglo-Dutch negotiations. However, after its publication the Anglo-Swedish axis became more important, and Milton’s polemic played its own part in international diplomacy. Defensio and Defensio secunda (1654) performed a complex task beyond the lubrication of panegyrics or the appropriation of the text of one country in another. Defensio took its own life and become an effective participant within the diplomatic conversation. It reached beyond the court, influencing, and providing language and a reference point for, political communications in foreign provinces. Bulstrode Whitelocke’s extraordinary embassy to Sweden suggests a thoroughly blurred line between the sphere of transnational political debate and practical diplomacy, and his various accounts, together with Mercurius Politicus and Milton’s Latin prose, suggest a more entangled relationship between writing and diplomacy. Swedish responses to Milton, and the English diplomatic and polemical reaction to these responses, provided a material and literary feedback loop between a writer and his international readers and thereby shed a distinctive light on the interplay between books in motion, the embassy of texts, and the rhetoric of diplomacy.
Diplomatic Knowledge on Display
Authors: Kiséry András
Published: August 2019

Accounts of the early modern public sphere are characteristically focused on its critical, political functions—imagining it as a sphere of agonistic performativity, of rational-critical debate, or of public opinion being shaped in an effort to generate political pressure, for example. Politics in all these contexts is understood as an engagement with matters of common concern: what is public and what is political are not only inseparable but also close to being synonymous notions. But parallel with the rise of the early modern public sphere(s) and of the political universe implied by it, politics, political activity also began to emerge as a career path: statecraft, an avenue of political mobility through employment and office, which presupposed a body of knowledge, a competence acquired through training, rather than a mere entitlement by birth. This chapter explores the consequences of this development for diplomacy. From the late sixteenth century onwards, information about foreign polities—including both diplomatic writing and political news from abroad—was entering public circulation in manuscript as well as in print. Plays performed on the public stage were also clearly interested in foreign political developments. Such diplomatic knowledge in public circulation is best understood as a form of cultural capital, whose value is partly constituted by its association with activities and competences that were of considerable social prestige, and partly by the restrictions on its circulation.
Continuismo in Comparison
Authors: Baturo Alexander
Published: August 2019

The subject of this chapter is continuismo—the practice of avoidance, extension, and outright removal of presidential term limits across the world. Drawing from original data on presidents who practiced continuismo from 1945 until 2017, the chapter builds a ten-point comprehensive typology and survey of practices that enable presidents to remain in office beyond their constitutionally allotted time, ranging from temporary extensions to presidency for life. This typology also includes cases wherein presidents do not violate term limits as such and depart formally from office while remaining influential behind the scenes and ruling through so-called “placeholders”. The chapter also discusses the consequences of continuismo and finds that “extenders,” on average, achieve their goals and serve longer than otherwise. Arguably, continuismo does not pay, since the majority of “extenders” suffer from a negative exit from office later on.
Presidential Term Limits in Togo
Authors: Heilbrunn John R.
Published: August 2019

Togo is a small authoritarian state. It has been an authoritarian state since independence. However, at various times in its history, constitutional articles have imposed term limits on the country’s executives. The insertion of term limits into several of its post-independence constitutions has failed to constrain its executive leadership. Only one president held power until just before the limit of two terms; he changed the constitution. The crucial impediment to Togo’s constitutional term limits has been the state’s capture by a single clan. State capture has contributed to stunted political institutions evident in a disorganized opposition and a centralized clan-based system. The chapter concludes that it is unlikely that the ruling clan can accept term limits and for the immediate future, Togo remains a ruthless dictatorship.
Should I Stay or Should I Go? Term Limits, Elections, and Political Change in Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia
Authors: Cheeseman Nic
Published: August 2019

Under what conditions are term limits challenged and upheld? This chapter draws on a comparative analysis of Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia to address this question. I argue that three of the factors that are most commonly cited in the wider literature—the presence of natural resources, the quality of democracy, and the position of the international community—cannot explain the fate of term limits. Instead, I investigate alternative structural and contingent factors, and identify two issues that played an important role in Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia but have often been overlooked, namely the extent of organized opposition and the ability of the president to enforce unity within the ruling party. Significantly, while these factors are shaped by the quality of democracy, they are not reducible to it. I also consider the consequences of term limits, demonstrating that they have the potential to facilitate transfers of power and foster new political norms when enforced.
The Politics of Presidential Term Limits in Argentina
Authors: Llanos Mariana
Published: August 2019

This chapter studies presidential term limits in Argentina. It connects the term limit question to the context of regime instability that prevailed between 1930 and 1983 on the one hand, and to the expansive way in which democratically elected presidents have interpreted their constitutional powers on the other. The presidential term limit rule enshrined in the constitutional text of 1853—six-year terms with possible reelection after an interim period—remained unchanged for almost a century, until President Juan Perón’s constitutional reform of 1949 approved indefinite presidential reelection, which allowed Perón to become reelected immediately. However, the regime instability prevailing after 1930 de facto shortened the term of (elected and unelected) presidents until re-democratization in 1983. Regime stability was then recovered, though presidential instability persisted. The constitutional term limit rule—two consecutive (four-year) presidential terms, then an interim period—adopted by consensus in the constitutional reform of 1994, remains stable.
The Politics of Presidential Term Limits in Central America
Authors: Muñoz-Portillo Juan , Treminio Ilka
Published: August 2019

This chapter studies presidential term limits—understood as limits on presidential re-elections and term lengths—in four Central American electoral democracies: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Its contribution is threefold. First, it explains the evolution of these institutions as part of the political development process of these polities after independence from Spain. Second, the chapter conducts two emblematic case studies of the politics of recent term limits reforms in Latin America via constitutional reviews: Costa Rica (1999–2003) and Honduras (2009 and 2015). Finally, it examines the consequences of term limits for democracy and policymaking. In this regard, it argues that term lengths affect policymaking in Costa Rica and Honduras, and that the political institutions in these countries combined with the popularity of ex-presidents make presidential re-elections possible. In contrast, in El Salvador and Guatemala the influence of term limits is offset by formal and informal constraints.
Illuminating the Saint
Authors: Edwards Jennifer C.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 3 establishes the relationship between Radegund’s foundations after her death. The abbesses engaged in the local community especially with their dependent canons at the church of Sainte-Radegonde. The nuns of Sainte-Croix cultivated friendships with Frankish monarchs and created an illuminated manuscript of Radegund’s vitae that presented the saint and her community as powerful, relevant, and well-connected. These illuminations emphasized that the foundress had willingly embraced claustration, a choice that positively reflected upon the monastic life and power of the nuns living in her community. They stressed Radegund’s ability to work miracles, and located that miraculous power with Sainte-Croix. This presentation of Radegund’s identity trumpeted the glory of Sainte-Croix and the power of a female monastic. Visible on the abbey church’s altar to the canons of Sainte-Radegonde and visiting patrons, the illuminations presented a powerful image of female authority at a time when the position of Sainte-Croix’s abbesses was threatened.
Disputing Privileges
Authors: Edwards Jennifer C.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 4 examines disputes between the abbess of Sainte-Croix, canons of Sainte-Radegonde, and the bishop of Poitiers over jurisdiction and privileges between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries. Poitiers’ spatial, administrative, and mental orientation had shifted to give greater power to the Count and bishop, enhance Sainte-Radegonde’s canons’ status, and place new pressures on the nuns. When the canons resisted the abbess’s claims, she appealed to the papacy to defend their privileges. The pope supported Sainte-Croix’s abbesses’ authority, despite the supposed misogyny of the eleventh- and twelfth-century reform, and encouraged the bishop to intervene on the abbesses’ behalf. Poitiers’ bishop was also a rival to the abbess, however, complicating his response. Chapter 4 demonstrates that the gendering of authority in the high Middle Ages was complicated for both men and women, and that Sainte-Croix’s abbesses constantly sought ways to muster support from allies who were eager to demonstrate power.
Introduction
Authors: Edwards Jennifer C.
Published: August 2019

The Introduction sketches Superior Women’s argument that the abbesses of Sainte-Croix relied upon two complementary strategies in claiming and exercising their authority throughout the medieval period: relying first for support from a network of allies made up of male officials, and second on cultural artifacts related to the abbey’s founder Saint Radegund to engage new patrons and supporters. The chapter situates this argument in the existing scholarship on medieval women and gender and of medieval monasticism and hagiography, particularly examining existing narratives about monastic women and authority. The status of Sainte-Croix’s abbesses remained consistent across the millennium of this study, largely as a result of their consistent use of these two strategies.
Capital Flow Surges and Consequences
Authors: Ghosh Atish R. , Qureshi Mahvash S.
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines whether the source or the type of inflow of the capital inflow to emerging economies makes any difference to the consequences of the capital flow. Our results, based on a sample of 53 emerging markets over 1980–2013, show that when it comes to the source of the inflow, the macroeconomic and financial-stability consequences of flows driven by residents (asset flows) and nonresidents (liability flows) are broadly similar in economic terms. Formal statistical tests, however, suggest that liability flows are more prone to causing economic overheating and domestic credit expansion than asset flows. On the types of inflows, we find that compared to direct investment, portfolio debt and other investment flows are associated with larger macroeconomic imbalances and financial vulnerabilities. We conclude that policy should try to mitigate the untoward consequences of inflows, and shift their composition from risky to safer forms of liabilities.
Spillover Effects of Japan’s Quantitative and Qualitative Easing on East Asian Economies
Authors: Fukuda Shin-Ichi
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores the spillover effects of Japan’s quantitative and qualitative easing (QQE) on East Asian economies. Under the new monetary policy regime, the Japanese yen depreciated substantially, raising concerns that it would have a regional beggar-thy-neighbour effect. It is thus important to see what effects the QQE had on neighbouring economies. Our empirical investigation of East Asian stock markets finds that they first reacted to the yen’s depreciation negatively, yet came to respond positively as the QQE progressed, implying that the QQE had a much smaller beggar-thy-neighbour effect than was originally feared. We show that the QQE benefited East Asian economies because the positive spillover effect of Japan’s stock market recovery dominated the beggar-thy-neighbour effect in the region.
Spillovers of the United States’ Unconventional Monetary Policy to Emerging Asia
Authors: Xu Ying , La Hai Anh
Published: August 2019

This chapter assesses the spillover effects of the United States’ unconventional monetary policy on the Asian credit market. With a focus on cross-border bank lending, it employs firm-level loan data with regard to the syndicated loan market and measures the international bank lending channel through changes in United States dollar-denominated loans extended to Asian borrowers. It finds that the growth of dollar credit in Asia increased substantially in response to quantitative easing in the US financial market. The results of this study confirm the existence of the bank lending channel in Asia and emphasize the role of credit flows in transmitting financial conditions. The chapter also provides new evidence of cross-border liquidity spillover in the syndicated loan market. It finds that the overall spillover effect was large but differed significantly in Asia by types of borrowing firms, financing purposes, and loan terms at different stages of the quantitative easing programmes.
Measuring Systemic Risk Contribution of International Mutual Funds
Authors: Aizenman Joshua , Jinjarak Yothin , Zheng Huanhuan
Published: August 2019

The global financial crisis of 2007–09 has increased the attention of policymakers and academics on the scale and operation of interconnected financial systems, especially on what has become known as ‘too big to fail’ in the global financial system, including both bank and nonbanks. In this chapter, we study the systemic risk of the mutual fund sector in the global financial system. More specifically, this chapter provides new evidence of systemic risk contribution in the international mutual fund sector from 2000 to 2011. The empirical analysis tracks the systemic risk of 10,570 mutual funds investing internationally. The main findings suggest that the systemic risk contributions of international mutual funds are more than proportional given the fund’s size. Policy implications are discussed in terms of practicality of regulation, macroprudential approach, and risk-taking behaviour of fund managers.
Domestic and Cross-border Impact of US Monetary Policy at the Zero Lower Bound
Authors: Chen Qianying , Filardo Andrew , He Dong , Zhu Feng
Published: August 2019

This is a chapter of the domestic impact as well as cross-border spillovers of US monetary policy at the zero lower bound (ZLB) to advanced and emerging economies. We estimate the empirical relevance of the various channels of international policy transmission with a global vector error correction macroeconometric model. To address the challenge of measuring the stance of monetary policy at the ZLB, we proxy it with a shadow federal funds rate, which captures the impact of central bank balance sheet policies. We find evidence that US monetary policy was effective in stimulating the US economy. For many of the other economies, the spillovers from the quantitative easing had sizeable and persistent impacts on output growth, inflation, and equity returns. The responses in the emerging economies were rather diverse. In terms of exchange rates, a number of emerging economy currencies faced strong appreciation pressures (e.g. Malaysian ringgit and Korean won).
Spillover Effects of Unconventional Monetary Policy on Asia and the Pacific
Authors: Punzi Maria Teresa , Chantapacdepong Pornpinun
Published: August 2019

The chapter assesses the evolution of spillover effects of unconventional monetary policies (UMPs) and their macroeconomic impact on Asia and the Pacific region. It develops a Panel Vector Auto Regression model for a period covering data from first quarter 2000 until first quarter 2015. It finds that Asia and the Pacific region has responded to the advanced economies’ actions with accommodative monetary policy. Such lower interest rates were coupled with currency appreciation, asset price inflation, and strong movements in capital flows. If prior to the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), the ‘global saving glut’ hypothesis (i.e. Asian savings flight to the US) was one of the major effects resulting in booming US house prices, it is clear that a reversal effect has dominated the economy after the GFC: funds flight to Asia and the Pacific region putting pressure on asset prices, leading to financial vulnerability.
Spillovers of United States and People’s Republic of China Shocks on Small Open Economies
Authors: Harahap Berry A. , Bary Pakasa , Panjaitan Linda N. , Satyanugroho Redianto
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines the impact of certain external shocks originating from the United States (US) and People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Indonesia as a small open economy. The spillover effects of tapering off, an interest rate hike, exchange rate devaluation, and real gross domestic product (GDP) are analysed. Two versions of the global vector autoregression model are employed, which covers 33 countries and considers both financial and trade relations among countries. The results suggest that the main risk for Indonesia’s real GDP is a shock to the PRC’s real GDP, while a US interest rate hike is the greatest risk to Indonesia’s exchange rate depreciation in the short term, especially compared to the US tapering off. Moreover, the dominant transmission channel of US monetary tightening is through finance, dampening economic growth in small open economies.
The Impact of US Monetary Policy and Other External Shocks on the Hong Kong Economy
Authors: Chen Hongyi , Tsang Andrew
Published: August 2019

This chapter uses the factor-augmented vector autoregression framework to study the impact on the Hong Kong economy of the diverging monetary policies by the Fed, the European Central Bank (ECB), and the Bank of Japan (BoJ), as well as the slowdown of the Mainland economy. The empirical results show that shocks in US monetary policy rate mainly affect interest rate-sensitive sectors in Hong Kong and that monetary easing from the ECB and the BoJ somewhat offsets the impact of tightening of the Fed. Real variables such as real GDP growth and the unemployment rate are more sensitive to the economic slowdown in Mainland China. However, Hong Kong’s financial stability, particularly with regard to loan quality, banks’ capital and liquidity, is well maintained by macroprudential policies, suggesting that Hong Kong’s financial system is resilient to external shocks.
Ultra-Low Interest Rates and Growth in Emerging East Asia from a Hayekian Perspective
Authors: Schnabl Gunther
Published: August 2019

The chapter explores business cycles and growth dynamics in emerging East Asia within an ultra-low interest rate environment from the perspective of the monetary overinvestment theories of Mises and Hayek. It argues that, given a low interest rate environment in the large industrialized countries, the likelihood of overinvestment and therefore a crisis in emerging East Asia has increased independently from the exchange rate regime. Overinvestment can take the form of unsustainable booms on stock and real estate markets (as in Southeast Asia prior to the Asian crisis) or the misallocation of funds due to subsidized state-directed capital allocation (as is currently occurring in the People’s Republic of China). If further credit expansion counteracts a crisis triggered by a preceding overinvestment boom, it paralyses growth in the long term, as Japan experienced.
Landscape Genetics
Authors: With Kimberly A.
Published: August 2019

Landscape genetics explores how the microevolutionary processes of gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection interact with environmental heterogeneity to shape population genetic structure. This chapter begins with a review of the various types of genetic data used in population and landscape genetics and discusses how these data are used to estimate genetic variation (heterozygosity) and gene flow among populations. From there, the chapter considers how population genetic structure can be assayed, which then segues into an analysis of the landscape correlates of population genetic structure, the identification of movement corridors and barriers to gene flow, and the relative effects of current versus historical landscape factors on population genetic structure. The chapter concludes with an overview of evolutionary landscape genetics, by considering the adaptive potential of populations in response to future landscape and climatic changes.