bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Speak for Yourself, Listen to Others
Authors: Yamada Haru
Published: November 2023

I have a Japanese friend, Chie, who constantly completes other people’s sentences. You might know someone like this too, but in Japanese, people do this all the time-but usually not out loud. Being able to guess at what others are goingto say is central to the Japanese expectation of unspoken interdependence: Like a person who is only a bun, or part of a larger group, a sentence in Japanese is only part of the larger interaction, and consequently often gets completed across communicators rather than by a single individual on her own.
Scoring Points
Authors: Yamada Haru
Published: November 2023

Once when I was playing in a middle school intramural tennis match against an American school in Japan, my opponent’s coach told her not to play my game because playing against me was “like playing against acid.” At the time, I had no idea what that meant except that it made my opponent, who was ranked higher than me, make more and more unforced errors. In the end, she was so annoyed she could hardly play at all.
You Are What You Speak
Authors: Yamada Haru
Published: November 2023

Some time ago I was at lunch with a Japanese friend, Keiko, when she began telling her Chinese American friend, Annie, and me a story about her roommate during college days in New England: “Theresa was building this image of herself as being really cosmopolitan,” said Keiko. “But one day, her mother comes up to visit us, and says to me, ‘Keiko, could you do me a favor, and say something for me in Chinese? The story is all too familiar, and I burst out laughing, adding my own story: “That reminds me of the time I went to the supermarket and a lady asked me if I knew where the water chestnuts were!” Keiko and I howl together in laughter some more but Annie was clearly offended.
Introduction
Authors: Klein Malcolm W
Published: November 2023

Hans Mattick was wrong. Not in six months, or in thirty years, have I learned all there is to know about gangs. But what I have learned, I now want to share. This book is about the American street gang. Despite its very considerable variety-over time, across locations, and even in its internal substructures-I see the American street gang as rather different. That it is not totally different is also clear: Although I’ll describe counterparts in such contrasting places as Russia, Papua New Guinea, and Berlin, the common varieties of street gang still are essentially an American product. We need to understand this gang for intellectual purposes, to seek to control its excesses and prevent its continuing regeneration, and also to understand our society better. Gangs are no accident; our society inadvertently produces them, and they will not decline as a social problem until we confront our relationship to them. And to confront our relationship to street gangs is to come face-to-face with some well-entrenched self-interests that also are important to understanding ourselves. Gangs have a societal context, and to paraphrase Pogo, the context is us.
Basic Issues
Authors: Klein Malcolm W
Published: November 2023

This second chapter lays out the four major concerns that weave their way throughout this book, They are, in order, (1) how street gangs might best be defined or described, (2) how widespread gangs have become in this country, (3) how the drug issue, especially the emergence of “crack” cocaine, relates to the current gang situation, and (4) the place of gang cohesiveness as a central, organizing concept for understanding the uniqueness of gangs and their control, The recent collection of gang articles edited by Ronald Huff includes three chapters that focus on the problem of gang definitions, One calls for a new consensus; one shows how different definitions can lead to different conclusions about the seriousness of the gang violence problem; and one suggests that perhaps we should not seek consensus, for fear of overlooking important conceptual differences inherent in different approaches, Nothing could mirror our present state of uncertainty better than these three contrasting items, It was in this context that I read one of the most dramatic and frightening depictions of criminal group behavior in memory, journalist Bill Buford’s Among the Thugs. Buford’s description of British soccer crowds-the “hoodlums,” “the fucking thugs” as they call themselves­ is situated in a conceptual array of crowds and mobs.
Historical Background
Authors: Klein Malcolm W
Published: November 2023

Because many of the earlier data on gangs were accumulated in direct conjunction with street gang intervention programs in the 1950s and 1960s, they were tested in a crucible far more demanding than today’s ethnographic approach to gang research. Understanding gangs as they were then is critical to understanding them as they are now. This chapter discusses earlier periods, and Chapter 4 describes the present. I’ll spend some time in Chapter 3 on In the early 1960s, two white rookie Los Angeles police officers cruising the West Adams gang area spotted a large group of black youths moving south from the vicinity of a movie theater toward a commercial area. It was dusk, and there was no school activity to account for such a group, so the officers confronted the group, put them up against a wall in standard search procedures, and called for backup and transportation. The suspects were arrested and booked for “gang activity,” a legal if amorphous charge later taken out of the penal code as unconstitutional.
The Contemporary Street Gang Situation
Authors: Klein Malcolm W
Published: November 2023

What’s wrong with this dramatic testimony, and so many other recent statements from law enforcement officials across the country, is that it reflects the limited view of those primarily experienced in drug markets, not street gang realities. It projects a conspiracy-oriented mentality that goes well beyond the capacity of most street gangs. It ignores the vast number of street gangs and gang members across the nation who are only tangentially involved in drug sales, being more occupied-as they have been for fifty or more years-in the more mundane problems of daily living, minor crimes, and the prospect of serious violence.
Gang Suppression
Authors: Klein Malcolm W
Published: November 2023

Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) announced that the Los Angeles model of gang control had been selected as the prototype for gang programs nationally. Given what I knew of this “LA model” and the shape of the increasingly terrible gang homicide pattern in Los Angeles, I sought to dissuade the OJJDP from its plan. My counterargument was three pronged. First, was it going to fund a set of programs nationwide based on a “model” associated with the largest and most rapid increase in street gang violence ever experienced? Second, had it read and considered the implications of research that seriously called into question the gang-crack sales connection that was used locally to justify the model? Third, had it seen any results in Los Angeles in terms of planning, program development, or actual coordination? Or alternatively, had the OJJDP (1) bought the LAPD’s claims about suppression effects without seeking evidence, (2) ignored the presence of research about the gang-crack connection, and ( 3) overlooked the increasing levels of gang violence? The result of our discussion was that the OJJDP’s plan for gangs was put on hold as it was determined that the “LA model” was not a model at all but a collection of relatively uncoordinated suppression activities by different agencies, with unknown results.
Is the American Street Gang Unique?
Authors: Klein Malcolm W
Published: November 2023

Representative Joseph Kennedy, the former president’s nephew, visited Berlin in late 1992 following a series of vicious skinhead attacks on ethnic minorities in Germany. Echoing his uncle’s famous “Ich bin ein Berliner” speech, the younger Kennedy presented his own warning to the German government that had been so slow to respond to these skinhead attacks: “Ich bin ein auslander (foreigner).” Appearing soon after on CNN’s Larry King show, Kennedy took a phone call from a listener who asked whether Kennedy didn’t think we ought to be working on the control of our own gangs here in the United States first? The inquiry raised again the question of whether ganging in one form or another is a relatively universal phenomenon or whether the American gang is special to our country. Can we learn from the experiences of other nations? Can they learn from us? On some topics, after all, we Americans have been better at telling other nations how to get their house in order than we are at handling our own social problems, How might we answer the question of whether or not American street gangs are unique? There are structures called gangs in many, many countries, ranging from the two vicious brothers.
Culture, Innovative Borrowing, and Technology Management
Authors: Campbell John Creighton
Published: November 2023

A recent page-one story in the Wall Street Journal was headed, “Shifting Gears: Some Manufacturers Drop Efforts to Adopt Japanese Techniques.” American companies “realize that some of these systems, however useful in lifting productivity in Japan, haven’t achieved much in their own plants,” the article goes on to say. “The Americans were hampered by cultural differences, and, they acknowledge, by misapplication of what they saw in Japanese plants” (Naj, 1993, p. 1).
Managing Technology Systemically: Common Themes
Authors: Liker Jeffrey K , Ettlie John E , Ward Allen C
Published: November 2023

Our original intent for this book was to compile the work of a diverse collection of researchers studying technology management in Japan-a very general topic indeed. This group of professionals comes from different disciplinary backgrounds (engineering, operations management, organizational theory, business strategy, business history, sociology, anthropology, and political science), has different research interests, and has varying levels of exposure to Japan. In some cases, their studies are aimed at confirming or disconfirming conventional wisdom about Japan, but each is a highly focused effort, rigorous in the framework of the parent discipline. In assembling the book, we based some natural groupings of chapters on the stage of the technology life cycle of the phenomenon studied. However, we expected to struggle with the problem of identifying cross-cutting themes in these disparate chapters.
If Everybody Was a King, Who Built the Pyramids? Afrocentrism and Black American History
Authors: Walker Clarence E
Published: November 2023

Afrocentrism is a mythology that is racist, reactionary, and essentially therapeutic. It suggests that nothing important has happened in black history since the time of the pharaohs and thus trivializes the history of black Americans. Afrocentrism places an emphasis on Egypt that is, to put it bluntly, absurd. Further more, Afrocentrism caricatures Africa by homogenizing the diverse experiences of Africans across both time and place. Finally, Afrocentrism does not, as one of its leading proponents asserts, constitute “a new historiography founded on African aspirations, visions and concepts.”

When you strip Afrocentricity of its claims to being a form of historical revisionism that restructures “language to tell thetruth,” it falls short of being a constructive approach to history. For history to be credible, it must be grounded in data, and itshould relate the local and particular to the macro or general. Good history should give its actors agency, show the contingency of events, and examine the deployment of power. It should also seek to understand its subjects on their own terms. Afrocentrism fulfils none of these criteria and therefore should be read as another “selective rendering of history,” in the tradition of nationalist movements since the nineteenth century.
A Sense of the Moment
Authors: Ainsworth-Vaughn Nancy
Published: November 2023

Writing about gendered interaction, Tannen has said, is like “stepping into a mael-strom” (1994:3). There are good reasons for the emotion generated by discussing gendered behavior: Everyone has experience with the topic. What happens between men and women matters a lot. Power is involved, and power is always a hot topic. There are many advocates for women, focused on the injustices women endure, who wish to keep those injustices at the center of the debate. Scholars from several disciplines are working on the topic, and their assumptions and vocabularies differ —which leads to considerable misunderstanding and distrust.
A Genre of Questions?
Authors: Ainsworth-Vaughn Nancy
Published: November 2023

The number of questions doctors and patients ask is a central issue in research on medical discourse because questioning both gains information and claims power over emerging talk. Well-known studies of medical discourse find patients producing few questions. The usual conclusion is that medical encounters are an “interview” genre—one in which one person asks questions while the other passively answers. My research suggests that this conclusion needs to be modified. When the idea that patients are passive—they do not question—is overgeneralized and becomes a stereotype, it may become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Physicians may expect patients to neither want nor be capable of involvement. The physician may then act to fill the vacuum, and the prophecy is fulfilled.
Is That a Rhetorical Question?
Authors: Ainsworth-Vaughn Nancy
Published: November 2023

Long-term physician patient relationships have their own kind of intimacy, created both by talk about intimate matters and by repeated interaction over the passage of time. Of the 101 encounters I studied, 99 were between physicians and patients who had, or were just embarking on, long-term relationships.1 Even when the encounter was an initial one, the participants could project their relationship indefinitely far into the future. Ambiguity (uncertain meanings) and polysemy (multiple meanings) play important roles in long-term relationships between intimates, mitigating potentially face-threatening acts. In the medical encounters this book describes, the physician and the patient performed an intricate dance of discourse moves with multiple possible meanings. Both doctor and patient proposed to exercise control over information, the emerging discourse, and future actions, and each deferred to the other by mitigating attempts to claim power.
Sexuality in the Confessional
Authors: Haliczer Stephen
Published: November 2023

In Sexuality in the Confessional: A Sacrament Profaned, Stephen Haliczer places the current debate on sex, celibacy, and the Catholic Church in a historical context by drawing upon a wealth of actual case studies and trial evidence to document how, from 1530 to 1819, sexual transgression attended the heightened significance of the Sacrament of Penance. Attempting to reassert its moral and social control over the faithful, the Counter-Reformation Church underscored the importance of communion and confession. Priests were asked to be both exemplars of celibacy and “doctors of souls,” and the Spanish Inquisition was there to punish transgressors. Haliczer relates the stories of these priests as well as their penitents, using the evidence left by Inquisition trials to vividly depict sexual misconduct, during and after confession, and the punishments wayward priests were forced to undergo. In the process, he sheds new light on the Church of the period, the repressed lives of priests, and the lives of their congregations; coming to a conclusion as startling as it is timely. Based on an exhaustive investigation of Inquisition cases involving soliciting confessors as well as numerous confessors’ manuals and other works, Sexuality in the Confessional makes a significant contribution to the history of sexuality, women’s history, and the sociology of religion.
Friendly Disentangling: Triple-Loop Dialog I
Authors: Nielsen Richard P
Published: November 2023

We must be still and still moving, into another intensity, For a further union, a deeper communion -T. S. Eliot The present chapter examines how friendly, disentangling dialog can address problems of problematical organization traditions. The friendly, disentangling dialog method of John Woolman is considered, followed by examples. The method is then linked to and interpreted within both behavioral science and philosophy theory. Finally, the strengths and limitations of the method are considered.
European-Amerindian Contact in the Fur Trade
Authors: Bakker Peter
Published: November 2023

The influence of the fur trade on Canada has been enormous. Since the Europeans arrived in North America, they exchanged tools, utensils, clothing, and other items with the natives for precious furs. The fur trade brought a significant number of European men, of different ethnic backgrounds, in contact with a variety of Amerindian nations. Among the consequences were the birth of a significant population of “mixed bloods” (unfortunately there is no other term to express this), of which the Métis, of French ancestry, are the most important, and the emergence of a new, mixed language, Michif. The Métis are all aware that their ancestors are, on one side, Amerindians and, on the other, French-speaking fur traders. At least from the early 1800s onward, they have considered themselves a separate nation, different from other people, including the Indians and the French.
Ethnogenesis and Language Genesis
Authors: Bakker Peter
Published: November 2023

Mchif is a peculiar language, and the Métis are a rather uncommon type of ethnic group. In this chapter I present a model for the genesis of mixed languages and the social circumstances under which they originate.

We have seen that the Métis form a new and mixed ethnic group who speak a mixed language. I have suggested that there is some relation between these two facts. In this chapter I review this suggestion from different angles and try to formulate a model of language mixing. What kind of people speak mixed languages? Do all new and mixed ethnic groups have a mixed language? What do the new languages of these groups look like? In this way I hope to provide a model that combines social and linguistic factors.
The Intertwining of French and Cree
Authors: Bakker Peter
Published: November 2023

On the basis of comparable cases, discussed in Chapter Seven, I claim that under certain sociolinguistic circumstances, which are also valid for Michif, a mixed language will emerge. The model of language intertwining predicts that Michif should

have the Cree grammatical system and the French lexicon, but in fact it has Cree verbs and French nouns. I argue in this chapter that the more or less polysynthetic nature of Cree morphology is responsible for the unusual distribution of Cree and French elements in Michif. Cree morphology is the key to the peculiar mixture of Cree and French, and hence to the problem of the genesis of Michif. To prove my case, I first present some background information.
Breakthrough Learning
Authors: Culbert Samuel A
Published: November 2023

For the last five years we’ve been keeping track of Category IV activities and, in particular, the conditions under which people achieve breakthrough results. We’ve observed people at work and analyzed their conversations. We’ve interviewed people who we heard had broken through self-limiting orientations that, for years, they had resisted changing. And we’ve conducted research in which we’ve asked people to anonymously fill out questionnaires in which we ask them to describe a “breakthrough lesson” and the circumstances that were present when it occurred in search of “milestone” conditions. Describing these milestone conditions required for break­ through learning and specifying how you can mobilize them are the topics of this and the next three chapters.
Chester I. Barnard and the Intelligence of Learning
Authors: Levitt Barbara , March James G
Published: November 2023

This volume honors a book by Chester I. Barnard (1938), The Functions of the Executive, which has had an enduring influence. The book contains seeds of several of the more important developments in organization theory over the past fifty years. It is poetic and evocative rather than precise and definitive, and in honoring Barnard we also honor those inspired by him. Through the imagination of people like Herbert A. Simon and Oliver Williamson, for example, Barnard’s master work has become an enriched and somewhat stylized script.
Finding Words, Finding Meanings: Collaborative Learning and Distributed Cognition
Authors: Schlegel Jennifer
Published: November 2023

From playground mediations to classroom recitations, children participate in di verse communicative and sense-making activities: they negotiate rules, they participate in institutionally organized performances, and they engage in problem solving. The latter is an integral part of constructing shared meaning in or out of school, but it is especially central to the activity of classrooms, where it functions as a tool for the acquisition of academic knowledge. Children’s work in approaching classroom problems shows that, far from being static receptors of information, they are active co-participants in the creation of meaning.
Presidential Wives and the Press
Authors: Caroli Betty Boyd
Published: November 2023

By the second half of the twentieth century, most Americans accepted the fact that they were on a first-name basis with the wives of their presidents. The faces of Rosalynn Carter and Nancy Reagan peered out from the nation’s newsstands, and stories about Jackie Kennedy and Lady Bird Johnson continued to dot women’s magazines long after they had moved away from the capital. Men and women too young to have comprehended much political news during the Great Society and the Vietnam War retained a very clear picture of the First Lady from Texas, although their image of Hubert Humphrey-longtime senator, Lyndon Johnson’s vice-president, and later a contender for president himself-was fuzzy. Walter Mondale, for all the publicity he received as a presidential candidate in 1984, slipped quickly into obscurity in comparison with the woman from Georgia whom everyone called Rosa lynn. What schoolchild has not seen at least one film on Eleanor Roosevelt, but who recognizes the name of John Nance Garner as the vice president for eight of the years that Eleanor was First Lady?
The Mass Media: Scapegoats and Sycophants
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

Even if wartime press controls have not been authorized by the Constitution and have not been used well in American history, are they necessary at times? Arguments have been made that journalists are a menace to military operations and the safety of soldiers. Some legal scholars have maintained that some government imposed restraints are reasonable and should be allowed because they make sense. Although journalists might be an additional hazard and burden for the armed forces, their presence is only one of many challenges and their coverage serves vital functions. The Marines did a relatively good job of working with the press in the Gulf War because they adopted the attitude that coping with the media is necessary. “We didn’t view the news media as a group of people we were supposed to schmooze,” said Chief Warrant Officer Eric Carlson. “We regarded them as an environmental feature of the battlefield, kind of like the rain. If it rains, you operate wet.” The military can use its skills in logistics to accommodate reporters in a combat zone, and reporters should be able to take the risk of being harmed in battle, as they have done in all the nation’s wars, if they choose to do so.
Access to, and Utilization of, Health Services for HIV-Infected Women
Authors: Solomon Liza , Cohn Sylvia
Published: November 2023

Access to health-care services and patient participation in ongoing care are important elements in reducing HIV-related morbidity and mortality. In addition, attempts to engage women in discussions concerning the health consequences of their reproductive decisions are predicated on the existence of a relationship between a woman and a health-care provider. In the absence of contact between women and the health-care system, women will make decisions concerning their health care, as well as decisions concerning childbearing, without the benefit of consultation with medical experts. This chapter explores factors which affect the availability and quality of health-care services for HIV-infected women, as well as barriers to service use. An appreciation of these factors is necessary to under stand the obstacles which must be overcome before the specific goal of counseling a woman regarding pregnancy can be contemplated. This chapter stresses access to health services for HIV-infected women; as we discuss the use of health services, however, we must be mindful that barriers to care, which function generally to keep women outside the health-care system, will contribute to our inability to communicate with them regarding reproductive decision-making.
Reproductive Choice and Reality: an Assessment of Tort Liability for Health-Care Providers and Women with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Rothenberg Karen H
Published: November 2023

When HIV began infecting women1 of childbearing age in increasing numbers, it prompted public scrutiny of the reproductive choices of HIV-infected women. This public scrutiny remains largely focused on limiting childbearing among HIV-infected women as a means of reducing the incidence of pediatric AIDS, rather than on the impact of HIV/AIDS on the health and well-being of infected women.The public debate seeks to establish whether, and to what extent, an HIV-infected woman has a moral or legal duty to make socially “responsible” reproductive choices, a focus which concentrates on women as “posing a risk rather than being at risk,” reduces women to vectors of transmission, and suggests that HIV-infected women may have a responsibility to not bear children.

Since the epidemic currently affects poor African-American and Hispanic women disproportionately, the debate regarding responsible reproductive choices for HIV-infected women is, ironically, focused on a group of women already beset by a well-documented lack of access to health care—particularly for reproductive health services—and whose reproductive choices are already correspondingly circumscribed.
The State Action Paradox
Authors: Seidman Louis Michael , Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

In Joshua De Shaney’s first year of life, his parents divorced, and a court granted custody of the infant to his father, Randy De Shaney. For the next four years, the child lived through a nightmare of pain and violence. Randy De Shaney beat his son repeatedly and with increasing savagery. Eventually, the toddler fell into a life-threatening coma, and emergency brain surgery revealed injuries, inflicted over an extended period, that left Joshua permanently and severely retarded.
The Structural Constitution
Authors: Seidman Louis Michael , Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

The great hope for constitutional law is that it might provide a common language that would allow us to discuss and resolve our differences over contested political issues. Advocates of constitutionalism believe that we might transcend our seemingly hopeless disagreements about specific questions-affirmative action and equality, pornography and campaign financing, the death penalty-by agreeing on a common set of premises and commitments on a higher level of generality.
Conclusion: The Case for Skeptical Commitment
Authors: Seidman Louis Michael , Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

Constitutional rhetoric is the language of American politics. Or at least it used to be. Could it be that our ancient obsession with constitutional argument is finally coming to an end? Consider, for example, President Clinton’s first two nominations to the Supreme Court. Superficially, it might appear that the president’s extended public agonizing over these appointments reflects the continuing importance of constitutional law. We believe it suggests just the opposite.
Introduction
Authors: McNeilly Mark
Published: November 2023

Some time around 400 B.C., during a period in China known as the Age of the Warring States, there arose a general from the state of Ch’i known as Sun Tzu. His ability to win victories for his warlord gained him fame and power.

To hand down the wisdom he had gained from his years of battles, Sun Tzu wrote a book, The Art of War, that became the classic work on strategy in China. His book, which details a complete philosophy on how to decisively defeat one’s opponent, has given guidance to military theorists and generals throughout the ages, both in the East and the West. The Art of War not only contains Sun Tzu’s insights but also provides additional elucidation by military commentators who came after him, such as Li Ch’tian, Tu Mu, and others. In The Art of War, military readers found an holistic approach to strategy that was powerful yet succinctly communicated—it is truly a masterpiece on strategy.
Careers Change as Organizations Learn
Authors: Robinson David F , Miner Anne S
Published: November 2023

Many formalized organizations have moved toward more fluid departmental boundaries and individual jobs (Weick and Berlinger, 1989; Nonaka, 1990). Scholars have drawn attention to the recent increase in joint ventures, outsourcing, research consortia, and other complex organizational forms in the United States (Contractor and Lorange, 1988; Aldrich and Sasaki, 1994), and to the extended presence of contingent workers (Pfeffer and Baron, 1988; Barnett and Miner, 1992). Taken together, these trends imply a blurring of the traditional boundaries, both within and among organizations-taken for granted in much of the prior career research.
Psychological Success and the Boundary less Career
Authors: Mirvis Philip H , Hall Douglas T
Published: November 2023

Definitions of work, non work activities, and careers are changing in America, Japan, and parts of Europe. A decade-and-a-half of corporate downsizing and broad-based deindustrialization has seen employers reduce staffs, shut down facilities, and make more use of consultants and the contingent workforce. As a result, notions of cradle-to-grave job security have been shattered, along with the psychological contract binding people to companies (DeMeuse and Tornow, 1990; Rousseau and Wade Benzoni, 1995). Leisure time is decreasing in the United States (Schor, 1991), and recent surveys find over half of the nation’s workers pining for more time with family and friends (Galinsky and Friedman, 1993). It seems working people are struggling to manage the boundaries between work and other parts of their lives, while trying to preserve some semblance of a career in the face of an uncertain future.
Sound Waves
Authors: Geisler C Daniel
Published: November 2023

We live at the bottom of an ocean-an ocean of air molecules. Free to move independently, each molecule is in constant motion, colliding incessantly with its neighbors. Because the bouncing air molecules move randomly in every possible direction, they collide with any objects that happen to be around. It is the collective effect of all of these tiny molecular collisions on an object that produces “air pressure,” as each collision produces a force (just as the collision of billiard balls does so). At sea level this air pressure is equivalent to that of a column of mercury 30 inches high.
External Ear
Authors: Geisler C Daniel
Published: November 2023

The basic role of the external ear is to collect impinging sound waves and channel them toward the inner ear’s sensory cells. If that were the whole story, why do we have two ears when one would suffice? An obvious answer is that two ears provide us with the means for capturing two samples of incoming sounds, allowing comparison between them. In fact, the differences between the sound waves arriving at the two ears do provide verte­ brates with a great deal of information about the location of sound sources. This information is so complete and so accurate that the best auditory localizers, barn owls and some species of bats, can home in on prey with accuracies on the order of 1°. In this chapter we consider not only the mechanisms by which the external ear captures sound, but the resulting cues to the locations of sound sources that result.
Sound-Induced Vibrations In The Inner Ear
Authors: Geisler C Daniel
Published: November 2023

According to present knowledge, the sound-sensing cells in vertebrate inner ears respond only indirectly to sound. They are stimulated by sound-induced mechanical vibrations of their surrounding structures, rather than by the sound pressures that exist within the inner ears per se. That being so, our next step must be to consider the processes whereby fluid-borne sound waves within the inner ear produce such structural vibrations. In the mammalian ear this transformation is complicated. Three of the next five chapters are devoted to examining its mechanisms, one step at a time. We start by considering the sound-induced mechanical motions of the membrane-like structures that support the sensory cells.
Prologue History Rewritten
Authors: Widmer Edward L
Published: November 2023

This modest editorial statement appeared in the first issue of the Democratic Re­ view, the most ambitious magazine of antebellum America. And like most re­ nunciations of the past, the rhetorical blast issued by John O’Sullivan fit snugly in a long continuum. Remembering the Declaration of Independence, and anticipating Manifest Destiny (which he would name in 1845), the young editor was intensely aware of history as he denied the influence of previous generations.
Representation without Taxation:Art for the People
Authors: Widmer Edward L
Published: November 2023

In 1834 the sculptor Hiram Powers was commissioned to create a bust of Andrew Jackson, but paused before rendering the president’s toothless mouth. Never much for self-pity, Jackson admonished the nervous artist and ordered the portrait executed with military precision and unblinking realism. “Make me as I am, Mr. Powers,” he commanded, “and be true to nature always.” These words might serve as the slogan for an era that witnessed the rise of a legitimate artistic infrastructure in the United States, and a corresponding preference for American reality, as ex­ pressed in landscape and genre art, over the faux-European gentility of elegant portraiture.
Constitutional Justice
Authors: Teitel Ruti G
Published: November 2023

This chapter turns to the nature and role of constitutionalism in periods of 1 political change. The central dilemma is how to reconcile the concept of constitutionalism with revolution: Revolutionary periods and their aftermath are times of political flux and, as such, present tensions with constitutionalism, which is ordinarily considered to bind an enduring political order. Consider the prevailing conception of the relation of constitutional to political change and, in particular, the modern claim for constitutionalism as foundational to democracy. This model, it is argued here, best describes an eighteenth-century view of the relation of the constitutional to the political; hence it cannot capture the constitutional developments associated with political change during the last half century and, as such, needs to be supplemented.1
Morality and Communities: Collective Action
Authors: Hartman Edwin
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 offered some reasons to believe that thinking about ethics, business ethics or otherwise, requires us to think about communities. Some of these reasons have been available since Aristotle, who claims that man is a political animal-a creature whose nature is to live in a polis, a city-state-and that to be a truly good man one must be a citizen of a great polis. On somewhat different grounds Rawls holds that the structure of the community is the primary subject of justice. The moral life requires the support of the right sort of community; that is not a truth that all moralists have embraced, but it is a truth all the same. The moral life in business thus requires the support of the right sort of organization, which is the subject of this chapter. What makes this subject interesting is that both defining the right sort of organization and creating it are difficult. A large part of the difficulty is that organizations characteristically raise collective action problems that challenge managers’ organizational skills as well as their good intentions. The problems of particular interest to business ethicists concern the contractual relationships and other agreements that create obligations among people in organizations. We have been invited to believe that one meets one’s obligations by adhering to the contracts into which one has freely entered. It is not so simple: for one thing, not all contracts are good; some of them do not address the problems of collective action, and some are bad for other reasons.
Generalizing Ideas with Impact: The Case of Samsung Electronics
Authors: Yeung Arthur K , Ulrich David O , Nason Stephen W , Glinow Mary Ann Von
Published: November 2023

The difference between knowing what to do and doing it is like the difference between reading about being a musician and becoming one. All the reading, study of theory, and talking to musicians about what they do cannot replace the practice and effort required to play an instrument well. Knowing how to play and actually playing are separate pieces of the playing process.

The difference between generating and generalizing ideas with impact is also vast. Both are important. As we discussed in the previous chapter, generation focuses on finding ideas through a mix of the four learning styles; generalization, however, emphasizes implementing those ideas. Experimenting companies generate many new ideas, for instance, but the second building block of organizational learning capability requires acting on and learning from the experiments. Those that primarily generate ideas through competency acquisition must turn those competencies into action and results. And for benchmarkers like Samsung Electronics, while successful idea generation happens through benchmarking external practices, it is generalization that takes those outside practices inside the company.
Learning Matters, Warts and All: Diary of a True Learning Organization
Authors: Yeung Arthur K , Ulrich David O , Nason Stephen W , Glinow Mary Ann Von
Published: November 2023

Wouldn’t it be nice to visit the inner sanctum of a true learning organization? After all, reading someone else’s personal diary can be tempting, even if it brings on pangs of guilt. We want to know the “dirt”; heaven forbid if we get caught reading it, but that doesn’t stop us if we have the chance. By analogy, most business leaders would like to read a diary of what worked and what didn’t in other companies. It’s reassuring to know that your organization is not the only one to experience difficulties in creating and retaining learning capability, to make whopping mistakes, or even to come to grips with what it means to be a learning organization.

Despite the rare success of a well-known CEO like Jack Welch, or a much ballyhooed learning giant like Motorola, few (if any) companies have “pure” learning organizations that do everything we have suggested in this book. In fact, most corporate learning diaries would show that while some activities encourage learning, others do not. That may be why corporate diaries, like personal ones, are often kept private. What company wants to reveal the warts and weaknesses behind its public persona?
Facets of Romance Past Participle Agreement
Authors: Kayne Richard S
Published: November 2023

It is usual to say that in (2) and (3), the past participle agrees with the clitic or Wh-phrase, much as the auxiliary ‘a’ in (1)-(3) is said to agree with the subject NP ‘Paul’. We shall argue, however, that this parallelism is only partially valid and that there is a significant distinction to be drawn between the two types of agreement, namely that although the finite auxiliary does agree directly with its subject, the past participle in (2) and (3) does not agree directly in the same sense with either clitic or Wh-phrase. Rather, the past participle agreement in (2) and (3) must be mediated by an empty category that intervenes between the clitic or Wh-phrase and the past participle.
Null Subjects and Clitic Climbing
Authors: Kayne Richard S
Published: November 2023

This proposal was taken up by Rizzi (1982a, 172), who suggested that the re structuring rule underlying (1b) might be excluded from applying in French if it were sensitive to some notion of adjacency and if, following Chomsky (1981a), there were a syntactic rule lowering INFL to the verb in null subject languages like Italian, but not in French. We have expressed doubts elsewhere as to the syntactic relevance of adjacency, Chomsky (1986a, 74) has moved away from his INFL-lowering analysis, and we now also doubt the correctness of a restructuring approach to (1b). The present article will consequently explore the possibility of expressing a relation between clitic climbing and null subjects within an approach to the former that makes no use of a restructuring rule (though our analysis of that relation will agree with Rizzi’s in attributing a crucial role to INFL).
Person Morphemes and Reflexives in Italian, French, and Related Languages
Authors: Kayne Richard S
Published: November 2023

Helke (1973), Pica (1987), Iatridou (1988), Safir (1996), and others have emphasized the importance of the internal structure of reflexives of the English himself type and the Italian se stesso type. In this essay, I would like to extend that line of thought to the apparently monomorphemic nonclitic reflexives found in French and Italian (and many other European languages). More specifically, I will argue that French soi and Italian se are themselves bimorphemic and that each subcomponent makes a distinct syntactic contribution.
Comparison
Authors: Heine Bernd
Published: November 2023

The domain of comparison in general, and the term “comparative construction” in particular, refer to a number of different conceptual and linguistic forms. The main kinds of comparative notions that are commonly distinguished are listed in table 6-1. One may wonder whether (a) is an instance of a comparative construction at all, since it never receives any formal marking in the languages of the world (Ultan 1972:121). Like (f) and (g), (a) does not specify the standard of comparison. Types (b), (c), and (d), on the other hand, have a formal expression of comparison. Type is somewhat complicated. It is formally implicit, yet it implies more than two compared items; one major characteristic of superlatives is precisely that they entail comparisons between at least three different comparees or items compared (cf. Andersen 1983:100).
“Doin for Somebody”:Orders and Imperatives
Authors: Puckett Anita
Published: November 2023

“Orders,” however, are not the only requesting discourse used in constructing “doin-for” communicative practices. All forms in the requesting discourse repertoire can enter into the ongoing daily “doin for” patterns as well. Spoken primarily among close “belongin’’ network members, these “doin for’’ discourse practices provide the linguistic-economic means for extending “claims’’ relations across gender categories and for creating or maintaining laborial, distributive, or consumptive activities among the full range of Ash Creek residents. Maintenance of these relations allows residents the linguistic privilege of using “orders’’ and reproduces a critical domain of the Ash Creek linguistic-economic system.
Basic Principles of Drug Design I-Drug Molecules: Structure and Properties
Authors: Weaver Thomas Nogrady Donald F
Published: November 2023

Most drugs are molecules, but most molecules are not drugs. Every year, millions of new molecules are prepared, but only a very small fraction of these are ever considered as possible drug candidates. A chemical compound must possess certain characteristics if it is to cross the hurdle from being an organic molecule to becoming a drug molecule. Medicinal chemistry is the applied science that is focused on the design (or discovery) of new chemical entities (NCEs) and their optimization and development as useful drug molecules for the treatment of disease processes. In achieving this mandate, the medicinal chemist must design and synthesize new molecules, ascertain how they interact with biological macromolecules (such as proteins or nucleic acids), elucidate the relationship between their structure and biological activities, determine their absorption and distribution throughout the body, and evaluate their metabolic transformations. Not surprisingly, medicinal chemistry is multidisciplinary, drawing on theoretical chemistry, organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, and biochemistry. Despite these complexities, medicinal chemistry has a clear “bottom line”— the design and discovery of drug molecules.
Messenger Targets for Drug Action I Neurotransmitters and their receptors
Authors: Weaver Thomas Nogrady Donald F
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with endogenous messenger molecules (neurotransmitters) within the human central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS, PNS), their targets, and the drugs that affect them. Since most of these messengers act on nerve cells (neurons), it is appropriate to review the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system and to discuss briefly the neuronal networks that can be manipulated therapeutically. Since the nervous system also influences homeostasis throughout the entire body, neurotransmitters are ideal messengers to target when designing drugs within a rational biochemical conceptual framework.
How American Is the American Corporation?
Authors: Vernon Raymond
Published: November 2023

Robert Reich’s 1990 article-provocatively entitled “Who Is Us?”-has helped to revive a question almost as old as the corporation itself: To whom does the corporation owe its fealty? The question is particularly provocative in the United States in the final decade of the twentieth century because almost every major corporation headquartered in the country presides over a network of related enterprises that reaches over many countries. How are we to take into account the existence of these international networks as we address the question “Who Is Us?”
The Basic Vertebrate Plan
Authors: Swanson Larry W
Published: November 2023

Every now and then science generates an idea that is widely viewed as profane or seditious—a view of the relationship between humans and the rest of the universe that subverts time-honored cultural traditions and yet in the long run is supported by the facts. The first great intellectual revolution along these lines, which has finally been won, was started in 1543 by the Polish astronomer and physician, Nicolaus Copernicus. In his book, De Revolutionibus, which was published the year that he died, a fundamental conclusion was that humans do not occupy a place at the center of the universe, as Aristotle and the Bible stated or at least seemed to indicate, respectively. Instead, we merely reside on a planet that circles around the sun. The latest revolution, which began in 1859 and is still being debated in the public’s mind, was sparked by Charles Darwin’s book on The Origin of Species. As we know, the immortal English naturalist had the courage to argue with dignity and force that humans are not the products of special creation but, instead, are the products of “chance” evolution from “lower” animals over an unimaginably long period of time.