bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automatically Building Diagrams for Olympiad Geometry Problems
Authors: Krueger Ryan , Han Jesse Michael , Selsam Daniel
Published: July 2021

We present a method for automatically building diagrams for olympiad-level geometry problems and implement our approach in a new open-source software tool, the Geometry Model Builder (GMB). Central to our method is a new domain-specific language, the Geometry Model-Building Language (GMBL), for specifying geometry problems along with additional metadata useful for building diagrams. A GMBL program specifies (1) how to parameterize geometric objects (or sets of geometric objects) and initialize these parameterized quantities, (2) which quantities to compute directly from other quantities, and (3) additional constraints to accumulate into a (differentiable) loss function. A GMBL program induces a (usually) tractable numerical optimization problem whose solutions correspond to diagrams of the original problem statement, and that we can solve reliably using gradient descent. Of the 39 geometry problems since 2000 appearing in the International Mathematical Olympiad, 36 can be expressed in our logic and our system can produce diagrams for 94% of them on average. To the best of our knowledge, our method is the first in automated geometry diagram construction to generate models for such complex problems.
The Lean 4 Theorem Prover and Programming Language
Authors: Moura Leonardo de , Ullrich Sebastian
Published: July 2021

Lean 4 is a reimplementation of the Lean interactive theorem prover (ITP) in Lean itself. It addresses many shortcomings of the previous versions and contains many new features. Lean 4 is fully extensible: users can modify and extend the parser, elaborator, tactics, decision procedures, pretty printer, and code generator. The new system has a hygienic macro system custom-built for ITPs. It contains a new typeclass resolution procedure based on tabled resolution, addressing significant performance problems reported by the growing user base. Lean 4 is also an efficient functional programming language based on a novel programming paradigm calledfunctional but in-place. Efficient code generation is crucial for Lean users because many write custom proof automation procedures in Lean itself.
Characteristics and Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer after Liver or Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Kim Minsung , Kim Chan Wook , Hwang Shin , Kim Young Hoon , Lee Jong Lyul , Yoon Yong Sik , Park In Ja , Lim Seok‐Byung , Yu Chang Sik , Kim Jin Cheon , Han Duck Jong , Lee Sung‐Gyu
Published: July 2021

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics and prognosis of de novo CRC patients who underwent liver or kidney transplantation.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 66 de novo CRC patients selected from 8,734 liver transplant (LT) or kidney transplant (KT) recipients. We analyzed characteristics and survival outcomes of de novo CRC patients and sporadic CRC patients who underwent radical surgery with stage I‐III in Asan Medical Center between 2005 and 2016. Survival outcomes were analyzed via the 1:4 matching method.

Results

The standard incidence ratio (SIR) of de novo CRC in KT recipients is 1.67 in men and 2.54 in women. That in LT recipients is 3.10 in men and 2.25 in women. Compared with sporadic CRC patients, de novo CRC patients had more colon cancer than rectal cancer (p=0.041). In 9 patients (13.6%), CRC was diagnosed within one year after transplantation, 21 patients (31.8%) were diagnosed between 1–5 years, and the remaining 36 patients (54.6%) were diagnosed thereafter. There were no significant differences in recurrence‐free survival and overall survival between the two groups (p=0.211 and p=0.324, respectively).

Conclusions

The risk of developing de novo CRC in transplant recipients was higher than in the general population. The survival outcome of de novo CRC was no different compared with the sporadic CRC. Therefore, regular surveillance is essential for timely diagnosis and treatment for transplantation patients. A large prospective study for an intense CRC surveillance program in transplantation patients is needed.
Responsiveness of afferent renal nerve units in renovascular hypertension in rats
Authors: Rodionova Kristina , Hilgers Karl F. , Rafii-Tabrizi Salman , Doellner Johannes , Cordasic Nada , Linz Peter , Karl Anna-Lena , Ott Christian , Schmieder Roland E. , Schiffer Mario , Amann Kerstin , Veelken Roland , Ditting Tilmann
Published: July 2021

Previous data suggest that renal afferent nerve activity is increased in hypertension exerting sympathoexcitatory effects. Hence, we wanted to test the hypothesis that in renovascular hypertension, the activity of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons with afferent projections from the kidneys is augmented depending on the degree of intrarenal inflammation. For comparison, a nonhypertensive model of mesangioproliferative nephritis was investigated. Renovascular hypertension (2-kidney, 1-clip [2K1C]) was induced by unilateral clipping of the left renal artery and mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (anti-Thy1.1) by IV injection of a 1.75-mg/kg BW OX-7 antibody. Neuronal labeling (dicarbocyanine dye [DiI]) in all rats allowed identification of renal afferent dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. A current clamp was used to characterize neurons as tonic (sustained action potential [AP] firing) or phasic (1–4 AP) upon stimulation by current injection. All kidneys were investigated using standard morphological techniques. DRG neurons exhibited less often tonic response if in vivo axonal input from clipped kidneys was received (30.4% vs. 61.2% control, p < 0.05). However, if the nerves to the left clipped kidneys were cut 7 days prior to investigation, the number of tonic renal neurons completely recovered to well above control levels. Interestingly, electrophysiological properties of neurons that had in vivo axons from the right non-clipped kidneys were not distinguishable from controls. Renal DRG neurons from nephritic rats also showed less often tonic activity upon current injection (43.4% vs. 64.8% control, p < 0.05). Putative sympathoexcitatory and impaired sympathoinhibitory renal afferent nerve fibers probably contribute to increased sympathetic activity in 2K1C hypertension.
Diagnostic instruments for the assessment of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Mürner-Lavanchy Ines , Kaess Michael , Koenig Julian
Published: July 2021

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) involves non-episodic irritability and frequent severe temper outbursts in children. Since the inclusion of the diagnosis in the DSM-5, there is no established gold-standard in the assessment of DMDD. In this systematic review of the literature, we provide a synopsis of existing diagnostic instruments for DMDD. Bibliographic databases were searched for any studies assessing DMDD. The systematic search of the literature yielded K = 1167 hits, of which n = 110 studies were included. The most frequently used measure was the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia DMDD module (25%). Other studies derived diagnostic criteria from interviews not specifically designed to measure DMDD (47%), chart review (7%), clinical diagnosis without any specific instrument (6%) or did not provide information about the assessment (9%). Three structured interviews designed to diagnose DMDD were used in six studies (6%). Interrater reliability was reported in 36% of studies (ranging from κ = 0.6–1) while other psychometric properties were rarely reported. This systematic review points to a variety of existing diagnostic measures for DMDD with good reliability. Consistent reporting of psychometric properties of recently developed DMDD interviews, as well as their further refinement, may help to ascertain the validity of the diagnosis.
Effect of Net Charge on DNA-Binding, Protein-Binding and Anticancer Properties of Copper(I) Phosphine-Diimine Complexes
Authors: Alsaedi Sammar , Babgi Bandar A. , Abdellatif Magda H. , Emwas Abdul-Hamid , Jaremko Mariusz , Humphrey Mark G. , Hussien Mostafa A.
Published: July 2021

The syntheses of [Cu(PPh3)2(L)]NO3 and [Cu(PPh3)2(L-SO3Na)]NO3 were achieved through the reaction of Cu(PPh3)2NO3 and equimolar amount of the ligands (L = 5,6-diphenyl-3-[2-pyridyl]-1,2,4-triazine; LSO3Na = 5,6-diphenyl-3-[2-pyridyl]-1,2,4-triazine-4,4′-disulfonic acid disodium salt). The complexes were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The compounds exhibit similar absorption and emission spectra, suggesting a similar electronic structure. Ct-DNA binding studies show the strong influence of the net charge as Cu-L (positively charged) is able to bind to ct-DNA while Cu-LSO3Na (negatively charged) is not. The net charge of the complexes affects the thermodynamic and kinetic binding parameters toward human serum albumin. HSA-binding of the complexes was further investigated by molecular docking, revealing different binding sites on the HSA protein as a function of the net charge. The different anticancer activities of the complexes towards ovcar-3 and hope-62 cancer cell lines are suggestive of a role for the overall charge of the complexes. Interaction with the DNA is not the major mechanism for this class of complexes. The overall net charge of the pharmacophore (anticancer agent) should be a key consideration in the design of anticancer metal complexes.
Interaction rituals, emotions, and early childhood science: digital microscopes and collective joy in a multilingual classroom
Authors: Wilmes Sara E. D.
Published: July 2021

In her original article, “Identity, Agency and the Internal Conversations of Science and Math Teachers Implementing instructional reforms in High-Need Urban Schools”, Stacy Olitsky (2021) takes us on an exploration of the identity development and agencies exerted by two teachers working to implement science instructional reforms in high-need urban schools. Olitsky (2021) utilizes Interaction Ritual Theory as a lens to examine a seldom viewed and even intimate aspect of teacher’s worlds, namely teachers’ self-talk. In this forum article I embrace the invitation extended by Olitsky, through an exploration of the interaction rituals that took place among students and a teacher working with digital microscopes in an early childhood classroom. I draw upon the theoretical lens of communitas to illuminate the power of collective joy that formed. Specifically, I will share two vignettes from a multilingual early childhood classroom to illustrate how teacher-guided and student-guided spaces afforded interactions that lead to the development of collective joy. I show how collective work with the microscopes allowed for joy and surprise to occur within a classroom of plurilingual students who are participating in their first schooled experiences of science. I conclude with a discussion of the power of student-driven instructional spaces as places for students working to learn science, and the language of instruction, to collectively experience joy as they explore.
Accessibility-Based Equity of Public Facilities: a Case Study in Xiamen, China
Authors: Li Yongling , Lin Yanliu , Geertman Stan , Hooimeijer Pieter , Xu WangTu
Published: July 2021

China's rapid economic development has led to inequality in terms of property, education, and health. Equal access to basic public facilities has become a key concern of inclusive development policies. However, previous studies have paid little attention to the effects of different travel modes on the accessibility of basic public facilities. The present research fills this gap. Taking Xiamen city as a case study, it explores the degrees of horizontal and vertical equity by examining the accessibility of various basic public facilities, paying attention to different travel modes and travel times. The results for Xiamen city show that disadvantaged groups experience a greater level of inequity. By taking these aspects into account, one is better equipped to identify areas in the city where access to basic public facilities is in need of substantial improvement.
Maximum order complexity of the sum of digits function in Zeckendorf base and polynomial subsequences
Authors: Jamet Damien , Popoli Pierre , Stoll Thomas
Published: July 2021

Automatic sequences are not suitable sequences for cryptographic applications since both their subword complexity and their expansion complexity are small, and their correlation measure of order 2 is large. These sequences are highly predictable despite having a large maximum order complexity. However, recent results show that polynomial subsequences of automatic sequences, such as the Thue–Morse sequence, are better candidates for pseudorandom sequences. A natural generalization of automatic sequences are morphic sequences, given by a fixed point of a prolongeable morphism that is not necessarily uniform. In this paper we prove a lower bound for the maximum order complexity of the sum of digits function in Zeckendorf base which is an example of a morphic sequence. We also prove that the polynomial subsequences of this sequence keep large maximum order complexity, such as the Thue–Morse sequence.
Effects of intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity on well-being through meaning in life and its gender difference among adolescents in Hong Kong: A mediation study
Authors: Li Angela Yuen Chun , Liu Jacky Ka Kei
Published: July 2021

The present study examines and explores the indirect effects of intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity on well-being, namely self-esteem and life satisfaction, through presence of and search for meaning in life, and its gender difference among adolescents. 301 girls and 395 boys from Hong Kong participated in this cross-sectional survey study. Independent t-test, correlation and four mediation model analyses with a bootstrap of 5000 samples were conducted. Girls score higher in extrinsic religiosity (personal) and search for meaning in life; lower in self-esteem compared with boys. Presence of meaning in life was found to positively mediate the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic personal religiosity on self-esteem and life satisfaction for boys but is not significant for girls. However, intrinsic religiosity promotes higher search for meaning in life, which in turn lowers self-esteem only for girls. The indirect effect of extrinsic social religiosity on well-being was not significant for both genders. Finding suggests that boys benefit more from religiosity on well-being.
2020 ESC Guidelines on acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation
Authors: Arslan F. , Damman P. , Zwart B. , Appelman Y. , Voskuil M. , de Vos A. , van Royen N. , Jukema J. W. , Waalewijn R. , Hermanides R. S. , Woudstra P. , ten Cate T. , Lemkes J. S. , Vink M. A. , Balder W. , van der Wielen M. L. J. , Vlaar P. J. , van der Heijden D. J. , Assa S. , van ’t Hof A. W. , ten Berg J. M.
Published: July 2021

Recently, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) has updated its guidelines for the management of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) without ST-segment elevation. The current consensus document of the Dutch ACS working group and the Working Group of Interventional Cardiology of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology aims to put the 2020 ESC Guidelines into the Dutch perspective and to provide practical recommendations for Dutch cardiologists, focusing on antiplatelet therapy, risk assessment and criteria for invasive strategy.
The Buddha’s Pre-awakening Practices and Their Mindful Transformation
Authors: Anālayo Bhikkhu
Published: July 2021

In his quest for awakening, according to the traditional account the Buddha tried and discarded various ancient Indian practices as being not in themselves conducive to awakening. Nevertheless, closer inspection shows that key elements of these practices became part of the Buddhist path, a transformation that involves mindfulness in one way or another. In this way, fasting transforms into mindful eating, breath control into mindfulness of breathing, and a reformulation of an aspiration for annihilation of the self, apparently held by ancient Indian cultivators of the meditative sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, comes to be conjoined to the cultivation of mindfulness of the body. These transformations shed light on the importance and adaptability of mindfulness in early Buddhist soteriology.
Polyanalytic boundary value problems for planar domains with harmonic Green function
Authors: Begehr Heinrich , Shupeyeva Bibinur
Published: July 2021

There are three basic boundary value problems for the inhomogeneous polyanalytic equation in planar domains, the well-posed iterated Schwarz problem, and further two over-determined iterated problems of Dirichlet and Neumann type. These problems are investigated in planar domains having a harmonic Green function. For the Schwarz problem, treated earlier [Ü. Aksoy, H. Begehr, A.O. Çelebi, AV Bitsadze’s observation on bianalytic functions and the Schwarz problem. Complex Var Elliptic Equ 64(8): 1257–1274 (2019)], just a modification is mentioned. While the Dirichlet problem is completely discussed for arbitrary order, the Neumann problem is just handled for order up to three. But a generalization to arbitrary order is likely.
Factors associated with professional identity formation within psychiatry residency training: A longitudinal study
Authors: Chew Qian Hui , Steinert Yvonne , Sim Kang
Published: July 2021

Introduction Conceptual frameworks for professional identity (PI) formation highlight the importance of developmental stages and socialization as the learner progresses from legitimate peripheral to full participation. Based on extant literature and clinical impressions, the authors aimed to explore factors associated with PI formation in psychiatry residents over time, and hypothesized that time in training, seniority status, and duration of exposure to psychiatry prior to residency would be associated with PI formation.

Methods Eighty out of 96 psychiatry residents (response rate, 83.3%) from the National Psychiatry Residency Program in Singapore participated and rated their PI development using the Professional Self Identity Questionnaire (PSIQ) across four timepoints from January 2016–December 2019. The residents were classified as junior (first 3 years) or senior residents (years 4–5). Linear mixed model analyses were conducted, with time in training, seniority status (junior versus senior residents), duration of psychiatry postings prior to residency, and their interaction as associated factors with PI over time.

Results Time in training, seniority, and duration of psychiatry postings before residency (all p < 0.01) were significantly associated with higher PSIQ scores at baseline. Over time, although all residents had increases in PSIQ scores, this rate of change did not differ significantly between junior and senior residents.

Discussion Exposure to psychiatry postings before residency, time in learning, and seniority are factors which influence PI development in residents.
Neuropsychology of posteromedial parietal cortex and conversion factors from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer’s disease: systematic search and state-of-the-art review
Authors: Ilardi Ciro Rosario , Chieffi Sergio , Iachini Tina , Iavarone Alessandro
Published: July 2021

In the present review, we discuss the rationale and the clinical implications of assessing visuospatial working memory (VSWM), awareness of memory deficits, and visuomotor control in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). These three domains are related to neural activity in the posteromedial parietal cortex (PMC) whose hypoactivation seems to be a significant predictor of conversion from MCI to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as indicated by recent neuroimaging evidence. A systematic literature search was performed up to May 2021. Forty-eight studies were included: 42 studies provided analytical cross-sectional data and 6 studies longitudinal data on conversion rates. Overall, these studies showed that patients with MCI performed worse than healthy controls in tasks assessing VSWM, awareness of memory deficits, and visuomotor control; in some cases, MCI patients’ performance was comparable to that of patients with overt dementia. Deficits in VSWM and metamemory appear to be significant predictors of conversion. No study explored the relationship between visuomotor control and conversion. Nevertheless, it has been speculated that the assessment of visuomotor abilities in subjects at high AD risk might be useful to discriminate patients who are likely to convert from those who are not. Being able to indirectly estimate PMC functioning through quick and easy neuropsychological tasks in outpatient settings may improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy, and therefore, the quality of the MCI patient’s management.
Intracranial Extracerebral Ectopic Brain Tissue (Glioneuronal Heterotopia): Rare Case Report
Authors: Kapoor Aakriti , Kapoor Tushar , Singla Nishant , Kapoor Apurva , Kapoor Aakaar , Kapoor Ravi
Published: July 2021

Intracranial extracerebral ectopic brain tissue, also called glioneuronal heterotopia, is a rare developmental disorder. These lesions are predominately seen at the base of the brain in the supratentorial region and are frequently associated with craniofacial anomalies. We report prenatal ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of isolated extracerebellar ectopic brain tissue in the posterior fossa of a 22 weeks fetus.
Improved cosine and cotangent function-based similarity measures for q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets and TOPSIS method
Authors: Khan Muhammad Jabir , Kumam Poom , Alreshidi Nasser Aedh , Kumam Wiyada
Published: July 2021

Despite the importance of cosine and cotangent function- based similarity measures, the literature has not provided a satisfactory formulation for the case of q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (qROFS). This paper criticizes the existing attempts in terms of respect of the basic axioms of a similarity measure and strict inclusion relation. In addition, the maximum operator-based similarity measures are criticized. Then, new improved, axiomatically supported cosine and cotangent function-based similarity measures for qROFSs are proposed. Additional properties of the new similarity measures are discussed to guarantee their good performance. Two algorithmic procedures of TOPSIS method that based on fixed and relative ideal solutions are discussed. The numerical examples are provided to support the findings
Asymmetric yardstick competition: traditional procurement versus public-private partnerships
Authors: Di Liddo Giuseppe , Vinella Annalisa
Published: July 2021

We consider local jurisdictions where rent-seeking administrators undertake identical infrastructure projects, choosing between two contractual arrangements: traditional procurement (TP) and public-private partnership (PPP). A yardstick competition mechanism is triggered through retrospective voters’ electoral decisions. A regime with TP in one jurisdiction and PPP in the other is likely to arise when projects are mildly lucrative and/or jurisdictions have moderate fiscal capacity. In this equilibrium, incumbents provide different levels of public services, face different re-election probabilities, and obtain different rents. By differentiating the project governance, incumbents specialize in rent extraction over time, thus hindering yardstick competition although jurisdictions are otherwise identical.
Estimation of Mercury Losses and Gold Production by Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM)
Authors: Yoshimura Akihiro , Suemasu Koyo , Veiga Marcello M.
Published: July 2021

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) utilizes mercury (Hg) for the extraction of gold (Au) and is responsible for the largest anthropogenic source of emissions and releases of Hg to the environment. Previous estimates of Hg use in ASGM have varied widely. In this effort, Hg losses in ASGM were derived from the difference between estimates of total Au production and the production reported by conventional gold mining. On the basis of this result, the average ratio of Hg lost to Au produced in ASGM was estimated to be 1.96 in Africa, 4.63 in Latin America, and 1.23 in Asia. The difference among regions can be attributed to the amalgamation procedure used by the miners, in which whole-ore amalgamation is predominant in Latin America and Asia. The obtained estimated ratio of Hglost:Auproduced suggested the possibility to detect either Au or Hg smuggling from one country to another. On the other hand, the importance of considering cyanidation in ASGM was also suggested.

Graphical Abstract
Behavioral types of the dark side: identifying heterogeneous conflict strategies
Authors: Bolle Friedel , Tan Jonathan H. W.
Published: July 2021

Cooperation motives are traditionally elicited in experimental games where players have misaligned interests that yield noncooperation in equilibrium. Research finds a typology of behavioral types such as free riders and conditional cooperators. However, intrinsic motives in conflict settings such as appeasement, punishment, and greed are elusive in such games where noncooperation is the equilibrium prediction. To identify types in the dark side of human interaction, we apply hierarchical cluster analysis to data from the Vendetta Game, which has a payoff structure similar to public goods games but a dynamic move structure that yields cooperation in equilibrium. It allows us to observe diverse non-equilibrium conflict strategies, and to understand how feuds perpetuate. We relate our method and typology to other social dilemmas.
Friendship paradox in growth networks: analytical and empirical analysis
Authors: Sidorov Sergei P. , Mironov Sergei V. , Grigoriev Alexey A.
Published: July 2021

Many empirical studies have shown that in social, citation, collaboration, and other types of networks in real world, the degree of almost every node is less than the average degree of its neighbors. This imbalance is well known in sociology as the friendship paradox and states that your friends are more popular than you on average. If we introduce a value equal to the ratio of the average degree of the neighbors for a certain node to the degree of this node (which is called the ‘friendship index’, FI), then the FI value of more than 1 for most nodes indicates the presence of the friendship paradox in the network. In this paper, we study the behavior of the FI over time for networks generated by growth network models. We will focus our analysis on two models based on the use of the preferential attachment mechanism: the Barabási–Albert model and the triadic closure model. Using the mean-field approach, we obtain differential equations describing the dynamics of changes in the FI over time, and accordingly, after obtaining their solutions, we find the expected values of this index over iterations. The results show that the values of FI are decreasing over time for all nodes in both models. However, for networks constructed in accordance with the triadic closure model, this decrease occurs at a much slower rate than for the Barabási–Albert graphs. In addition, we analyze several real-world networks and show that their FI distributions follow a power law. We show that both the Barabási–Albert and the triadic closure networks exhibit the same behavior. However, for networks based on the triadic closure model, the distributions of FI are more heavy-tailed and, in this sense, are closer to the distributions for real networks.
Reinventing social entrepreneurship leadership in the COVID-19 era: engaging with the new normal
Authors: Oberoi Roopinder , Halsall Jamie P. , Snowden Michael
Published: July 2021

In countries across the world, the COVID-19 global health crisis is one of the biggest challenges humanity has faced in recent times. There have been economic, social, political and cultural challenges in all parts of society. Drastic measures have had to be put in place, with many countries injecting extra investment into the health sector and generating support for people who cannot work due to the lockdown rules that have been implemented. The coronavirus pandemic has forced institutions to rethink how the government state functions. Various institutions, from charities and non-government organizations, to the public/private sectors, are the driving forces in tackling this pandemic. Social entrepreneurship is seen as a shining light to public policymakers in these new times, as social entrepreneurship is considered a greater innovator for solutions. The focus of this paper is to critically explore the importance of social entrepreneurial leadership in this new COVID-19 era. In this paper, the authors argue for a rethinking of the connections between social entrepreneurship and leadership and management.
Preventing and Neutralizing the Escalation of Workplace Bullying: the Role of Conflict Management Climate
Authors: Hamre Kristina Vaktskjold , Fauske Margrethe Ringen , Reknes Iselin , Nielsen Morten Birkeland , Gjerstad Johannes , Einarsen Ståle Valvatne
Published: July 2021

Workplace bullying is, by definition, a gradually escalating process, theorized to occur from psychosocial stressors when there is a lack of management intervention in escalating conflicts, and a lack of fair and robust conflict management procedures in the organization. Based on national probability survey data gathered in 2015–2016 from the official Norwegian employee-register, we investigated how a strong perceived climate for conflict management may buffer the escalation of workplace bullying over time. A total of 1197 respondents participated in the study at two measuring points. The average age at baseline was 45.20 years (SD = 9.98), and the sample consisted of 52.1% women and 47.9% men. Structural equation modelling in Mplus 7.4 was used to test the construct validity and the study’s hypothesis. As expected, the analyses showed that a strong conflict management climate buffered the escalation of workplace bullying. Exposure to bullying behaviour at T1 largely explained (47%) new and increased instances of bullying behaviour at T2, but only for those employees working in what they perceived as a weak conflict management climate. We conclude that a strong conflict management climate neutralizes the escalation and development of workplace bullying.
Advances in the agent-based modeling of economic and social behavior
Authors: Steinbacher Mitja , Raddant Matthias , Karimi Fariba , Camacho Cuena Eva , Alfarano Simone , Iori Giulia , Lux Thomas
Published: July 2021

In this review we discuss advances in the agent-based modeling of economic and social systems. We show the state of the art of the heuristic design of agents and how behavioral economics and laboratory experiments have improved the modeling of agent behavior. We further discuss how economic networks and social systems can be modeled and we discuss novel methodology and data sources. Lastly, we present an overview of estimation techniques to calibrate and validate agent-based models and show avenues for future research.
All-fiberized and narrow-linewidth 5 kW power-level fiber amplifier based on a bidirectional pumping configuration
Authors: Ma Pengfei , Xiao Hu , Liu Wei , Zhang Hanwei , Wang Xiaolin , Leng Jinyong , Zhou Pu
Published: July 2021

In this paper, an all-fiberized and narrow-linewidth 5 kW power-level fiber amplifier is presented. The laser is achieved based on the master oscillator power amplification configuration, in which the phase-modulated single-frequency laser is applied as the seed laser and a bidirectional pumping configuration is applied in the power amplifier. The stimulated Brillouin scattering, stimulated Raman scattering, and transverse mode instability effects are all effectively suppressed in the experiment. Consequently, the output power is scaled up to 4.92 kW with a slope efficiency of as high as approximately 80%. The 3-dB spectral width is about 0.59 nm, and the beam quality is measured to be M2∼1.22 at maximum output power. Furthermore, we have also conducted a detailed spectral analysis on the spectral width of the signal laser, which reveals that the spectral wing broadening phenomenon could lead to the obvious decrease of the spectral purity at certain output power. Overall, this work could provide a reference for obtaining and optimizing high-power narrow-linewidth fiber lasers.
Shale-hosted biota from the Dismal Lakes Group in Arctic Canada supports an early Mesoproterozoic diversification of eukaryotes
Authors: Loron Corentin C. , Halverson Galen P. , Rainbird Robert H. , Skulski Tom , Turner Elizabeth C. , Javaux Emmanuelle J.
Published: July 2021

The Mesoproterozoic is an important era for the development of eukaryotic organisms in oceans. The earliest unambiguous eukaryotic microfossils are reported in late Paleoproterozoic shales from China and Australia. During the Mesoproterozoic, eukaryotes diversified in taxonomy, metabolism, and ecology, with the advent of eukaryotic photosynthesis, osmotrophy, multicellularity, and predation. Despite these biological innovations, their fossil record is scarce before the late Mesoproterozoic. Here, we document an assemblage of organic-walled microfossils from the 1590–1270 Ma Dismal Lakes Group in Canada. The assemblage comprises 25 taxa, including 11 morphospecies identified as eukaryotes, a relatively high diversity for this period. We also report one new species,Dictyosphaera smauginew species, and one unnamed taxon. The diversity of eukaryotic forms in this succession is comparable to slightly older assemblages from China and is higher than worldwide contemporaneous assemblages and supports the hypothesis of an earlier diversification of eukaryotes in the Mesoproterozoic.
Reflections on Race and Ethnicity in North Africa Towards a Conceptual Critique of the Arab–Berber Divide
Authors: Meziane Mohamad Amer
Published: July 2021

This essay argues that the usages of the divide between Berbers and Arabs by the Algerian government and Berber activists alike should be analyzed in light of the transformation of theImazigheninto a cultural minority by the nation-state. The nation-state's definition of the majority as Arab, as well as the very concept of a minority, has shaped both the status and the grammar of the Arab-Berber divide in ways that are irreducible to how this binary functioned under French colonialism. In order to understand the distinct modes by which these categories function in Algeria today, one needs to analyze how the language of the nation-state determines their grammar, namely how they are deployed within this political context. Hence, by focusing primarily on French colonial representations of race such as the Kabyle Myth and by asserting simplified colonial continuities, the literature fails to make sense of the political centrality of the nation-state in the construction of the Amazigh question.
Investigation of convergent and divergent genetic influences underlying schizophrenia and alcohol use disorder
Authors: Johnson Emma C. , Kapoor Manav , Hatoum Alexander S. , Zhou Hang , Polimanti Renato , Wendt Frank R. , Walters Raymond K. , Lai Dongbing , Kember Rachel L. , Hartz Sarah , Meyers Jacquelyn L. , Peterson Roseann E. , Ripke Stephan , Bigdeli Tim B. , Fanous Ayman H. , Pato Carlos N. , Pato Michele T. , Goate Alison M. , Kranzler Henry R. , O'Donovan Michael C. , Walters James T.R. , Gelernter Joel , Edenberg Howard J. , Agrawal Arpana
Published: July 2021

Background

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) frequently co-occur, and large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified significant genetic correlations between these disorders.

Methods

We used the largest published GWAS for AUD (total cases = 77 822) and SCZ (total cases = 46 827) to identify genetic variants that influence both disorders (with either the same or opposite direction of effect) and those that are disorder specific.

Results

We identified 55 independent genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms with the same direction of effect on AUD and SCZ, 8 with robust effects in opposite directions, and 98 with disorder-specific effects. We also found evidence for 12 genes whose pleiotropic associations with AUD and SCZ are consistent with mediation via gene expression in the prefrontal cortex. The genetic covariance between AUD and SCZ was concentrated in genomic regions functional in brain tissues (p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Our findings provide further evidence that SCZ shares meaningful genetic overlap with AUD.
Scandinavian Approaches to Begging as a Policy Problem and the Double Insider/Outsider Status of Marginalized Intra-EU Migrants
Authors: BOREVI KARIN
Published: July 2021

The present article investigates how begging performed by citizens of new EU-member states in Eastern Europe was debated in parliaments in Denmark, Sweden and Norway during the period 2007–2017. The empirical analysis shows significant cross-country divergences: In Denmark, efforts targeted controlling migration, either directly or indirectly, via various deterrence strategies. In Sweden, the emphasis was rather on alleviating social needs while migrants reside in the country and trying to decrease their incentives to migrate in the first place by ameliorating conditions in sending countries. In Norway, one predominant framing revolved around the issue of human trafficking of beggars. Despite substantial differences, the analyses show a gradual shift in a similar direction in all three countries. While a social frame was initially more commonly understood as the appropriate way to approach begging, over time a criminal frame has gained ground in all three countries. The article argues that this development must be understood in light of marginalized intra-EU migrants’ legal status as both insiders and outsiders in the Scandinavian welfare states. Due to these individuals’ “in-between status”, neither conventional social policy nor immigration control measures are perceived as available, making policymakers more prone to turn to criminal policy tools.
Genetic diversity and GWAS of agronomic traits using an ICARDA lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) Reference Plus collection
Authors: Rajendran Karthika , Coyne Clarice J. , Zheng Ping , Saha Gopesh , Main Dorrie , Amin Nurul , Ma Yu , Kisha Ted , Bett Kirstin E. , McGee Rebecca J. , Kumar Shiv
Published: July 2021

Genotyping of lentil plant genetic resources holds the promise to increase the identification and utilization of useful genetic diversity for crop improvement. The International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) lentil reference set plus collection of 176 accessions was genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and 22,555 SNPs were identified. The population structure was investigated using Bayesian analysis (STRUCTURE, k = 3) and principal component analysis. The two methods are in concordance. Genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) using the filtered SNP set and ICARDA historical phenotypic data discovered putative markers for several agronomic traits including days to first flower, seeds per pod, seed weight and days to maturity. The genetic and genomic resources developed and utilized in this study are available to the research community interested in exploring the ICARDA reference set plus collection using GWAS.
Ungewöhnliche Ursache einer Rhabdomyolyse
Authors: Dandörfer Artur , Studhalter Michael
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung. Präsentiert wird der Fall eines 52-jährigen Patienten mit einer akzidentellen Süssholzintoxikation in Form von Süssholztee. Der Konsum von Süssholztee ist vor allem im arabischen Raum zu Zeiten von Ramadan sehr populär und wird dort häufig zur Durstunterdrückung konsumiert. Dabei entwickelte sich das klinische Bild eines schweren Pseudohyperaldosteronismus. Das klassische klinische Bild aus hypertensiver Entgleisung, Hypokaliämie und Rhabdomyolyse machte den Patienten dabei intensivpflichtig. Typischerweise halten die Symptome bis zu sieben Tage nach Absetzen der Süssholzeinnahme an und bilden sich im Verlauf komplett zurück. Therapeutisch kann lediglich supportiv behandelt werden.
COVID-19 in der Intensivstation: medizinische, pflegerische und physiotherapeutische Herausforderungen
Authors: Jakob Stephan M. , Michel Karin , Kindler Angela
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung. Die Behandlung von Personen mit COVID-19 stellt Intensivstationen vor grosse Herausforderungen: Die hohe Anzahl von Erkrankten in kurzer Zeit erfordert das Bereitstellen von zusätzlichen personellen und materiellen Ressourcen in einem sehr grossen Umfang. Die Behandlung der Betroffenen, viele mit Multiorganversagen, ist schwierig und aufwändig, insbesondere die Beatmung, da der Gasaustausch und die Compliance massiv eingeschränkt sein können und viele Patientinnen und Patienten regelmässig in Bauchlage gebracht werden müssen. Diese Arbeit stellt die vielfältigen Probleme der ersten Corona-Welle dar. Dazu gehört auch das Leiden der Angehörigen, die die Kranken nicht besuchen konnten.
Illuminating Active Subglacial Lake Processes With ICESat‐2 Laser Altimetry
Authors: Siegfried M. R. , Fricker H. A.
Published: July 2021

Antarctica's basal water system contains more than 130 active lakes, and its evolution remains a major uncertainty in future ice sheet dynamics. Most of our current understanding has come from using satellite radar and laser altimetry acquired since 2003. NASA's ICESat‐2 laser altimetry mission, launched in September 2018, provides a new, small‐footprint altimetry data set with which to investigate Antarctic active subglacial lake processes. Here, we demonstrate the ability to continue monitoring active subglacial lakes at timescales shorter than the ICESat‐2's repeat cycle and generate self‐consistent time series of subglacial lake surface‐height anomalies from combined ICESat, CryoSat‐2, and ICESat‐2 altimetry. Focusing on three regions with the known significant lake activity, we show that ICESat‐2 laser altimetry can not only extend the record of subglacial lake activity but also provides better understanding of hydrological processes by capturing denser and more precise spatial detail.
Understanding the Mechanisms of Summer Extreme Precipitation Events in Xinjiang of Arid Northwest China
Authors: Ning Guicai , Luo Ming , Zhang Qiang , Wang Shigong , Liu Zhen , Yang Yuanjian , Wu Sijia , Zeng Zhaoliang
Published: July 2021

As one of the aridest regions in the mid‐latitudes, arid Northwest China (ANC) has scarce water resources year‐round, its annual total precipitation is mainly contributed by summer extreme precipitation events, which may also cause disastrous flash floods. However, the physical mechanism and climatic features of extreme precipitation events in ANC are not fully understood and warrant in‐depth investigations. Taking Xinjiang as an example, this study investigates the underlying mechanisms and long‐term trend of extreme precipitation events in ANC during 1961–2019 using observational and reanalysis data sets. Results suggest that summer extreme precipitation events in ANC are characterized by a zonal wave pattern with the deepening of the western Siberian trough, central Asian high, and Mongolian high. Under the effects of the zonal wave pattern, the westerly and the easterly airflows anomalously intensify and converge in ANC, transporting a large amount of water vapor from the Arctic Ocean, the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, the Arabian Sea, and eastern China to ANC. Meanwhile, a deep anomalous cyclone center induced by the deep wave pattern appears over ANC, thus providing favorable conditions for the occurrence of extreme precipitation events in ANC. Over the long‐term period, total summer precipitation and the frequency of extreme precipitation events in ANC show significant increasing trends, indicating that summer climate in ANC is becoming more humid, and extreme precipitation events are becoming more frequent. These findings provide scientific insights for understanding the formation mechanism of summer extreme precipitation events and mitigating the corresponding disasters in arid regions.
Turner and Willis Receive 2020 James R. Holton Award
Authors:   AGU
Published: July 2021

Alexander Turner and Megan D. Willis received the 2020 James R. Holton Award at AGU’s virtual Fall Meeting 2020. The award recognizes “outstanding scientific research and accomplishments from honorees within three years of receiving their Ph.D.”
Chile’s Glacier Protection Law Needs Grounding in Sound Science
Authors: Fern�ndez Alfonso , MacDonell Shelley , Somos-Valenzuela Marcelo , Gonz�lez-Reyes �lvaro
Published: July 2021

In the works for more than a decade, proposed legislation to protect glacial and permafrost environments in Chile suffers from uncertainties and omissions that could sow conflict instead of solutions.
Effects of Ozone Isotopologue Formation on the Clumped‐Isotope Composition of Atmospheric O2
Authors: Yeung Laurence Y. , Murray Lee T. , Banerjee Asmita , Tie Xin , Yan Yuzhen , Atlas Elliot L. , Schauffler Sue M. , Boering Kristie A.
Published: July 2021

Tropospheric 18O18O is an emerging proxy for past tropospheric ozone and free‐tropospheric temperatures. The basis of these applications is the idea that isotope‐exchange reactions in the atmosphere drive 18O18O abundances toward isotopic equilibrium. However, previous work used an offline box‐model framework to explain the 18O18O budget, approximating the interplay of atmospheric chemistry and transport. This approach, while convenient, has poorly characterized uncertainties. To investigate these uncertainties, and to broaden the applicability of the 18O18O proxy, we developed a scheme to simulate atmospheric 18O18O abundances (quantified as ∆36 values) online within the GEOS‐Chem chemical transport model. These results are compared to both new and previously published atmospheric observations from the surface to 33 km. Simulations using a simplified O2 isotopic equilibration scheme within GEOS‐Chem show quantitative agreement with measurements only in the middle stratosphere; modeled ∆36 values are too high elsewhere. Investigations using a comprehensive model of the O‐O2‐O3 isotopic photochemical system and proof‐of‐principle experiments suggest that the simple equilibration scheme omits an important pressure dependence to ∆36 values: the anomalously efficient titration of 18O18O to form ozone. Incorporating these effects into the online ∆36 calculation scheme in GEOS‐Chem yields quantitative agreement for all available observations. While this previously unidentified bias affects the atmospheric budget of 18O18O in O2, the modeled change in the mean tropospheric ∆36 value since 1850 CE is only slightly altered; it is still quantitatively consistent with the ice‐core ∆36 record, implying that the tropospheric ozone burden increased less than 40% over the twentieth century.