bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Banks and Banking
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter studies Article XIV of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns banks and banking. Section 1 expresses the state’s public policy of protecting people who deposit money in state banks. It provides for the creation of a banking department to be under the control of a bank commissioner with rights, duties, powers, and privileges defined by statute. Section 2 states that “the Legislature shall have authority to classify loans and lenders, license and regulate lenders, define interest and fix maximum rates of interest.” Meanwhile, Section 3 provides that “the taking, receiving, reserving, or charging a rate of interest greater than is allowed by the preceding section, when knowingly done, shall be deemed a forfeiture of the entire interest which the note, bill, or other evidence of debt carries with it, or which has been agreed to be paid thereon.” The common law remedy to recover for an excessive, illegal interest rate was “assumpsit” or an action for money had and received.
Oath of Office
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter highlights Article XV of the Oklahoma constitution, which sets out the oath of office taken by public officials before assuming their duties. Failure to take this oath can result in a forfeiture of the office a person holds. Section 2 provides for the administration and filing of oath. It states that “any person refusing to take said oath, or affirmation, shall forfeit his office, and any person who shall have been convicted of having sworn or affirmed falsely, or having violated said oath, or affirmation, shall be guilty of perjury, and shall be disqualified from holding any office of trust or profit within the State.” Simply filing this oath in the wrong office—for example, by filing it in the court clerk’s office instead of the office of the county clerk—will not disqualify an official from performing the duties of their office.
Dangerous Art
Authors: Harold James
Published: September 2020

This book takes up the problem of judging works of art using moral standards. When we say that a work is racist, or morally dangerous, what do we mean? The book is divided into two parts. The first part takes up the moral question on its own. What could it mean to say that a work of art (rather than, say, a human being) is immoral? The second part steps back and asks about how moral evaluation fits into the larger task of evaluating artworks. If an artwork is immoral, what does that tell us about how to value the artwork? The overall approach of the book is moderately skeptical. The book argues that many of the reasons given for thinking that works of art are immoral do not stand up to careful scrutiny. It further tries to show that even when works of art are rightly condemned from a moral point of view, the relationship between that moral flaw and their value as artworks is complex. The book defends a moderate version of autonomism between morality and aesthetics. But the real purpose of the book is to highlight the complexities and difficulties in evaluating artworks morally—many philosophers of art have simply assumed that artworks can be evaluated morally and proceeded as though such assessments were unproblematic.
Introduction
Authors: Levin Dov H.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 1 describes the long historical record of partisan electoral interventions, an attempt by a foreign power to intentionally intervene in an election in another country to help or hinder one of the candidates or parties using various costly covert and overt methods, going back to early modern Europe. This description is followed by an introduction of the two key questions, a discussion of their importance, and a summary of the main arguments regarding the causes of such interventions and their effects on election results. The chapter concludes with a description of the scant research on this topic and the limitations of that research and provides a brief outline of the book.
Throwing Their Hat into the Ring
Authors: Levin Dov H.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 3 includes the first set of three detailed case studies of the decision-making process that led the U.S. government to decide to intervene in three foreign elections and the choice of the exact methods of intervention utilized: the American electoral interventions in the 1953 West German elections for Konrad Adenauer and the CDU, in the 1958 Guatemalan elections for Jose Luis Cruz Salazar and the MDN, and in the 1946 Argentinean elections for Jose Pascual Tamborini and the Democratic Union. In addition to providing strong support for the theoretical framework, these three electoral intervention cases also supply some real-life examples of the various methods used for this purpose by interveners: covert funding of the assisted side, dissemination of “scandalous” information on the “undesired” side, pre-election public threats and promises, provision of various benefits to the target, and so forth.
Surveying the Landscape
Authors: Levin Dov H.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 5 provides an overview of the universe of American and Soviet/Russian interventions from 1946 to 2000 based upon the new dataset of such interventions utilized in this manuscript (PEIG). This chapter describes in detail the main methods used by the great powers for this purpose. It also answers some general questions of interest such as, for example, the regional and temporal patterns of electoral interventions throughout this period, the frequencies of the use of each of the main intervention methods, and the top targets of such U.S. and Russian interventions. It concludes with a discussion of additional evidence already visible from an early look at PEIG for the arguments made here and for other perspectives.
Israel and the Lower Gulf
Authors: Jones Clive , Guzansky Yoel
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the ties Israel has established with the monarchies of the lower Gulf: Oman, Bahrain, the UAE and Qatar. It highlights the shared concern over Iran, but equally, how Israel has used its ‘soft power’ to help leverage influence.
Arms Sales and the Nuclear Question
Authors: Jones Clive , Guzansky Yoel
Published: September 2020

The limits of the TSR are explored. While Israel has often withheld opposition of hi-tech US arms sales to the Gulf monarchies it would, in the past, have lobbied Congress to oppose, the chapter emphasizes Israel’s need to retain its qualitative military edge as well as a wider concern over the nuclear programs being developed by the Emirates and potentially Saudi Arabia.
Energy and Infrastructure
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the changes in Qatar’s energy sector that began prior to the blockade, when the key decision to lift a moratorium on new gas exploration in the North Field was taken, and accelerated in December 2018 with the Qatari withdrawal from OPEC and its decision to prioritize the further expansion of its natural gas reserves. The chapter places energy within the context of the blockade, and analyzes why Qatari policymakers ringfenced the Dolphin pipeline to the UAE and Oman from the rupture in political and economic relations, a move that reinforced the post-blockade effort to portray Qatar as a reliable, rule-of-law partner and responsible member of the international community. The chapter ends with a section that explores how Qatari ‘energy diplomacy’ has evolved since 2017 as Qatar Petroleum entered into a plethora of joint ventures with international partners in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
Potentia
Authors: Leonie Field Sandra
Published: September 2020

This book offers a detailed study of the political philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and Benedict de Spinoza, focussing on their concept of power as potentia, concrete power, rather than power as potestas, authorized power. The focus on power as potentia generates a new conception of popular power. Radical democrats—whether drawing on Hobbes’s ‘sleeping sovereign’ or on Spinoza’s ‘multitude’—understand popular power as something that transcends ordinary institutional politics, as, for instance, popular plebiscites or mass movements. However, the book argues that these understandings reflect a residual scholasticism that Hobbes and Spinoza ultimately repudiate. Instead, on the book’s revisionist conception, a political phenomenon should be said to express popular power when it is both popular (it eliminates oligarchy and encompasses the whole polity) and also powerful (it robustly determines political and social outcomes). Two possible institutional forms that this popular power might take are distinguished: Hobbesian repressive egalitarianism and Spinozist civic strengthening. But despite divergent institutional proposals, the book argues that both Hobbes and Spinoza share the conviction that there is nothing spontaneously egalitarian or good about human collective existence. From this point of view, the book accuses radical democrats of pernicious romanticism; the slow, meticulous work of organizational design and maintenance is the true centre of popular power.
Nature’s Indifference
Authors: Field Sandra Leonie
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that in Spinoza’s philosophy, popular movements do not necessarily testify to an underlying popular power driving political life; nor is efficacious political power necessarily popular. First, it argues that a collectivity’s own proper power, its power sui juris, is not some underlying disposition waiting to be expressed, but rather is manifested in the actual effects it durably produces. Correspondingly, it is a mistake to take social movements challenging oligarchy as exemplars of the power of the people, unless and until they durably consolidate an egalitarian social order. Second, it argues that within Spinoza’s metaphysics, nonideal regimes may well endure, either due to the support of an external power, or from their own power, but where that power is internally structured in an oligarchic or repressive manner. In sum, Spinoza accepts Chapter 6’s first two Hobbesian problems, and acknowledges the all-too-common divergence between ethics and efficacy in politics.
The Rise of a New Sexual Order
Authors: Smith Nicola J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter turns to the empirical analysis of sex work in Britain as a case that is especially significant for understanding capitalism’s sexual history. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the author considers how England’s political economic order was structured around distinctions between married and unmarried sex rather than those between economy and sexuality. Yet the marriage/whoredom dualism also provided the conditions of possibility for a new dichotomy between economy and sexuality to emerge in early modern England, for it enabled the sexual division of labor to be reconstructed in service of capitalist development. The chapter interrogates how this dichotomy was not only sexualized, gendered, and classed but also racialized due to the critical role that colonialism and imperialism played in capitalism’s rise and expansion.
Buying Love in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Smith Nicola J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyzes how the sex/work split became normalized in the twentieth century, and how this helped to render invisible the intimate connections between sexuality and economy. This involved something of a paradox for, on the one hand, large-scale consumer shifts meant that sexual and intimate life was increasingly governed by free-market rationalities whereas, on the other hand, ongoing moral panics meant that sex work was becoming ever more marked out against normality. The chapter argues that these apparently contradictory forces worked together to maintain the illusion that the sexual division of labor did little more than reflect women’s “natural” desires rather than operating as an instrument through which capitalism could extract their unpaid sexual labor.
Tristram Shandy, Essayist
Authors: Black Scott
Published: September 2020

The genre of Laurence Sterne’s Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy is a long-standing critical crux. Indeed, the work wears its complex generic mixtures on its sleeve even as it references the great borrowers from whom Sterne learned to borrow: Rabelais, Montaigne, Cervantes, Burton. This chapter focuses on Sterne’s use of Montaigne’s Essays as a model for a generic procedure that informs Sterne’s writing in its organization (or disorganization), its self-conscious gathering of texts, its free commentary, and its interactivity with both its contexts of citation and its readers. Tristram Shandy is a watershed text in which the full range of the essay tradition is revisited, adapted, used, and abused to form a conversational, bookish, self-conscious, and digressive work that is as much essay as novel.
Carlyle, Emerson, and the Voiced Essay
Authors: Wright Tom F.
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents the writings of Carlyle and Emerson as key examples of the nineteenth-century ‘voiced essay’. It explores how, in Britain and America during the period, a new vogue for public lectures meant that essayists were increasingly becoming orators. Rather than being simply an aesthetic or formal quality, however, the chapter also shows how, in the case of Emerson and Carlyle, the ‘voiced essay’ also allowed writers to engage with ideas of orality and speech on the level of theme: reimagining their readerships as circles of listeners, and using tropes of ventriloquism and vocal orchestration in the service of distinct political visions. Thinking about nineteenth-century essays as multi-levelled charismatic vocal and social performances provides a new way of thinking about the genre and its audience at a moment of productive tension between competing forms of social authority.
The Hejaz Railway
Authors: Saunders Nicholas J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the Hejaz Railway. The Hejaz Railway is a unique archaeological and anthropological object, created for different reasons by various financial means from across the Muslim world—from faith-based donations and taxation, to the selling of archaeological heritage, and from the manufacture of stamps and honours to the acquisition of sheepskins. These resources were transmuted, in a sense recycled into rail tracks, embankments, bridges, station buildings, and rolling stock—all underwritten by imperial-military, regional, and geo-political realities cloaked in religious intent. Even the route was hybrid, a palimpsest belonging, variously, to prehistoric, Nabatean, Roman, and Byzantine trade pathways; Ottoman Hajj roads; and railway modernity. At the beginning of the twentieth century, as the railroad moved through this millennia-old landscape, it became a catalyst for conflict, embedded in a war which changed the region and the world.
‘Belly of the Beast’
Authors: Saunders Nicholas J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the complex site of Batn al-Ghoul Station, in all probability spanning the prehistoric to modern periods due to its strategic location half-way between the high plateau and low-lying sandy wadis. This position was liminal for pre-modern societies, which have been shown in the discussion of the myths and superstitions it attracted for Muslim pilgrims on the Hajj, who regarded it as the Belly of the Beast. Its choice for the railway descent around 1900 was pragmatic, offering the only feasible place where tracks could be laid, albeit in a wide curving arc and with huge preparatory efforts in re-shaping the local geography. Batn al-Ghoul’s three campsites belong to the construction era, though some re-use during the Arab Revolt is probable, and Bedouin re-use throughout the twentieth century is certain. The archaeological evidence indicates that Bedouin favour the more substantial tent-rings for their brief re-occupations. Despite its vulnerable location during the construction era and the Arab Revolt, the only clearly defensive feature was the Batn al-Ghoul Loop Trench. Despite this, the loop trench is an example in miniature of Turkish efforts to protect the Hejaz Railway from guerrilla attack.
Concealment, Raiding, and Ambush
Authors: Saunders Nicholas J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at the Tooth Hill campsites, which were a grail of modern conflict archaeology, as they preserved the faintest traces of military activity in a vast and hostile desert, and others probably lay undiscovered in-between Tel Shahm and Mudawwara. They are the rare imprint of the origins of modern mobile guerrilla warfare which shaped so many military actions across the twentieth century, and into the present. However, guerrilla warfare against the Hejaz Railway achieved arguably its most spectacular success not against a station but in what would later be regarded as a classic ambush. The Hallat Ammar ambush was about metal—trains, track, mines, and munitions—and so metal-detector survey was invaluable. No identifiable trace of the looting of the train was found, though the large quantity of railway debris had doubtless been sifted, robbed, and moved around in the intervening years. Indeed, despite its isolation, the archaeology of the ambush site could not be the pristine remains of the Arab Revolt, but rather, as elsewhere, a layering of the intervening century’s activities, disturbing, overlaying, and obscuring some of the events of the attack.
Color Medius or the Colour of Suspicion
Authors: Huerta Cabrera Yazmín Victoria
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the declamatory concept of color, which refers to the ‘angle’ which runs throughout a speech. It demonstrates that declaimers often use the color of suspicion to question their opponents’ integrity without openly accusing them, and outlines the specific contexts and techniques attached to this color. This line of argument emphasizes that this color is especially useful in ‘sensitive’ situations concerning rape and adultery and is most easily constructed via strategic word choices. The chapter illustrates these elements by breaking down Albucius Silo’s use of the phrase filius sciens—the knowing (and conniving) son—in Controverisiae 1.4. However, not all instances of declamatory suspicion are easily identifiable as such, since declaimers also planted suspicion through more subtle means (e.g. Cestius Pius in Controverisiae 1.5.1). The complexity and finesse required to construct the color of suspicion successfully highlights the difficulty of declamation, an activity requiring patience, tact, and eloquence.
Fishery Ecosystem Dynamics
Authors: Fogarty Michael J. , Collie Jeremy S.
Published: September 2020

This book provides an integrated framework for the quantitative analysis of exploited aquatic ecosystems, tracing the critical linkages between fundamental ecological processes and their implications for sustainable resource management. Examples are drawn from freshwater and marine ecosystems throughout the world. Fishery ecosystems have historically been subject to a broad array of human interventions, ranging from large-scale removal of biomass to deliberate attempts at ecosystem engineering involving species introductions, habitat alteration, and selective reorganization of ecosystem structure. Traditional approaches to fisheries analysis and management focus on extraction of resources viewed in isolation from the broader ecosystem setting. Further, these approaches typically are predicated on assumptions of “well-behaved” dynamical properties characterized by stable equilibrium properties. This book explores a broader range of possibilities concerning human impacts on aquatic ecosystems. It places software tools in the hands of students and professionals in an electronic supplement. Modeling and statistical programs in R and other platforms are provided to assist in the transition from concept to practical application.
Interspecific Interactions II: Competition and Mutualism
Authors: Fogarty Michael J. , Collie Jeremy S.
Published: September 2020

Competition and mutualism are important forms of biotic interaction in aquatic communities. Quantification of the population and community-level effects of these interactions has historically been less common in fisheries analyses than predation. In part, this reflects the difficulties in conducting controlled experiments for larger-bodied organisms in aquatic environments. Documenting competition entails not only identifying patterns of shared resource use but evidence that these resources are limiting. Inferences concerning competitive interactions in non-experimental settings may be possible if histories of population change for putative competitors are available and quantifiable interventions involving the addition of a species (through deliberate or inadvertent introductions) or a differential reduction in abundance of the species through harvesting is undertaken. Care must be taken to account for other changes in the environment in these uncontrolled quasi-experiments. Mutualistic interactions are widely recognized in aquatic ecosystems but far less commonly quantified than competition.
Toward Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management
Authors: Fogarty Michael J. , Collie Jeremy S.
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter builds on preceding chapters to offer thoughts on the challenges and opportunities in moving toward Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management (EBFM). The approach throughout the book has centered on describing fundamental building blocks that can be assembled in different ways to construct models to address specific management questions and issues. There is no one-size-fits-all approach or model that will be applicable under all circumstances. Rather, models must be tailored to meet specified objectives and matched with the data resources available in different regions. Certain fundamental attributes of EBFM frame the problem. EBFM is place-based, recognizes the centrality of interactions among the elements of the fishery ecosystem, and considers humans as an integral part of it. Recurrent themes, related to spatial management, maintaining ecosystem structure and function (balance), defining ecosystem reference points, and confronting the tradeoffs that are direct consequences of the deeply interconnected nature of fishery ecosystems, are addressed.
Nazi Camps and their Neighbouring Communities
Authors: Whatmore-Thomson Helen J.
Published: September 2020

Across Europe the Nazis established their concentration camps close to local communities. These communities were not perpetrators like the Nazis or victims like the internees. Yet they did not simply stand by aloof, untouched by the presence of such institutions. During the war local populations interacted with their nearby camps, willingly and unwillingly facilitating operations for the perpetrators as well as aiding inmates. Afterwards, the camps were often reused as internment camps, then as prisons, military compounds, or housing encampments. Over time, many were transformed into sites of memory to mark Nazi persecution. The fates of camps were often determined by governments and groups of survivors, but the steps taken to achieve those ends occurred on local territory and had direct implications for localized communities. Locals, therefore, continued to interact with camp legacies. Adopting a micro-historical comparative approach, this book examines how local populations evolved to live with ‘their’ Nazi camps. Using three case studies of major camps in Western Europe—Natzweiler-Struthof, Neuengamme, and Vught—it evaluates the different sorts of locality–camp relationships that developed in France, Germany, and the Netherlands during wartime, and how these played out in post-war scenarios of reuse and memorialization. It traces the contested developments of these camp sites in the changing political climates of the post-war years, and explores the interrelationships between local and national memory. These local communities were commonly scarred by their proximity to atrocity, but the nature of their involvements in the aftermath of the camps has varied significantly.
Last Words and Dying Speeches
Authors: Fox Adam
Published: September 2020

Chapter 7 focuses in detail on the gallows speeches printed in Scotland between the late sixteenth and the late eighteenth centuries. It provides the first detailed examination of this form of cheap print in a Scottish context. The dying words spoken by convicted felons on the scaffold before their execution were as popular as the spectacle of capital punishment itself. Printed sheets containing these farewell orations sold on the streets and were a staple form of popular literature. Their contents reveal much about the nature of public execution in Scotland, the attitudes of the authorities towards sin and crime, and the behaviour of sufferers on the point of death.
Almanacs and Prognostications
Authors: Fox Adam
Published: September 2020

Chapter 9 surveys the development of almanacs and prognostications in Scotland during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It demonstrates the huge numbers in which they were printed, the low price at which they sold, and the ways in which they were distributed nationwide by chapmen and hawkers. It examines their most prominent printers, explores the identity of their authors, and discusses the nature of their content. It highlights the status of Aberdeen as an early and renowned centre of almanac production and illustrates the ways in which these very cheap and ubiquitous publications changed over time.
Conclusion
Authors: Fox Adam
Published: September 2020

The conclusion draws together the themes of this study. It emphasises just how much ephemeral print was produced in early modern Scotland. At the same time, it reiterates how little of such material has survived and suggests that this accounts for the fact that its contemporary significance has been insufficiently appreciated. The book demonstrates that various forms of cheap print were much more widely produced and circulated in early modern Scotland than was once thought. It illustrates something of the extent, range, and distribution of these slightest kinds of text and suggests that this evidence invites a re-evaluation of Scottish popular literature and popular culture in the period.
1652
Authors: Parrott David
Published: September 2020

This book offers a re-evaluation of the last year of the Fronde—the political upheaval between 1648 and 1652—in the making of seventeenth-century France. In late December 1651 cardinal Mazarin defied the order for his perpetual banishment, and re-entered France at the head of an army. The political and military crisis that followed convulsed the nation, and revived the ebbing fortunes of a revolt led by the cousin of the young Louis XIV, the prince de Condé. The book follows in detail the unfolding political and military events of this year, showing how military success and failure swung between the two sides through the campaign, driving both cardinal and prince into a progressive intensification of the conflict, while simultaneously fuelling a quest for compromise and settlement which nonetheless eluded all the negotiators’ efforts. The consequences were devastating for France, as civil war smashed into a fragile ecosystem that was already reeling under the impact of the global cooling of the ‘Little Ice Age’. 1652 raises questions about established interpretations of French state-building, the rule of cardinal Mazarin and his predecessor, Richelieu, and their contribution to creating the ‘absolutism’ of Louis XIV.
Condé’s Miscalculation and Mazarin’s Gamble
Authors: Parrott David
Published: September 2020

The chapter begins by looking at the various ways, beyond applying pressure to the queen mother, by which Mazarin had sought to secure his return from exile, and their equal lack of success. This account is interwoven with an account of Condé’s political alienation after his return from imprisonment; his failure to develop stable political relationships either with Anne of Austria or the king’s uncle, Gaston d’Orléans; and the series of self-inflicted blows that he managed to inflict on his own power and standing. Frustrated by his declining influence and afraid of re-arrest, Condé refused to appear at the ceremony of the king’s majority and left Paris to establish a base of military resistance in Guienne, focused on the already rebellious city of Bordeaux. The initial months of Condé’s revolt saw his troops defeated and driven southwards by royalist forces. Despite Mazarin’s absence, the government showed that it had the capacity to crush Condé’s revolt. Yet for the cardinal, Condé’s rebellion was the great opportunity to justify ending his exile, returning at the head of mercenaries that would bring support to a supposedly beleaguered crown. Mazarin’s return to France in January 1652 had precisely the opposite effect, reviving the flagging rebellion and bringing together a wave of opposition from those hitherto neutral or sympathetic to the crown. In the rapidly shifting political and military context of early 1652 Condé slipped away from his army in Guienne, joined up with the forces of Gaston d’Orléans and Spanish troops aiding his rebellion, and inflicted a surprise defeat on royalist forces at Bléneau (6/7 April 1652).
The classification of the Japonic languages
Authors: Boer Elisabeth de
Published: September 2020

The chapter starts with an overview of the history of dialect classification in Japan. A puzzling aspect of the distribution pattern of the Japanese dialects is the fact that many features, which cannot all be explained as retentions or simplifications, recur in geographically distant areas. These similarities have been commonly but unsatisfyingly regarded as the result of parallel independent developments. Phonological (including tonal), morphological, and lexical features are selected to illustrate the splits that result in the different branches of Japonic. Based on shared innovations, the new classification at the end of the chapter proposes a Izumo-Tōhoku branch, as well as a Kyūshū-Ryūkyū branch.
Nanai and the Southern Tungusic languages
Authors: Oskolskaya Sofia
Published: September 2020

The chapter deals with an overview of the Southern Tungusic languages: Hezhe, Udihe, Oroch, Nanai, Ulcha, and Orok. The sociolinguistic and dialectal situation is described, as well as the history of the languages under discussion in respect of genealogy and contacts. The most specific features of this language group are observed alongside the features shared with the other Transeurasian languages. An outline of the Nanai language is given as an example of one of the Southern Tungusic languages, with a special focus on the historical development of some Nanai peculiarities (derivation of negative forms, substitution of finite forms by nonfinite forms and others). Some Nanai features are discussed in comparison with other closely related languages.
Turkish and the Southwestern Turkic (Oghuz) languages
Authors: Kornfilt Jaklin
Published: September 2020

The Southwestern (Oghuz) branch of Turkic consists of languages that are largely mutually intelligible, and are similar with respect to their structural properties. Because Turkish is the most prominent member of this branch with respect to number of speakers, and because it is the best-studied language in this group, this chapter describes modern standard Turkish as the representative of that branch and limits itself to describing Turkish. The morphology of Oghuz languages is agglutinative and suffixing; their phonology has vowel harmony for the features of backness and rounding; their basic word order is SOV, but most are quite free in their word order and are wh-in-situ languages; their relative clauses exhibit gaps corresponding to the clause-external head, and most embedded clauses are nominalized. Fully verbal embedded clauses are found, too. The lexicon, while largely Turkic, also has borrowings from Arabic, Persian, French, English, and Modern Greek and Italian.
Uyghur and Uzbek, the Southeastern Turkic languages
Authors: Yakup Abdurishid
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides a general overview of the two Turkic languages spoken in Central Asia, Modern Uyghur and Uzbek in the southeastern group of Turkic, paying special attention to their relation and peculiarities. The languages share particular linguistic features such as palatalization of an original intervocalic -d- to -y-, the preservation of the suffix-initial uvular consonant in -GAn, long consonants in in some numerals, and the use of verbal nouns in -(X)š. Among the differences we find Uyghur umlauting, Uzbek labialized back vowel å, the Uzbek derivative suffix -li, the Uzbek use of auxiliary verbs to code actionality, etc. This chapter also briefly addresses the writing systems of the two languages, and contact with neighboring languages as well as their regional varieties.
Sakha and Dolgan, the North Siberian Turkic languages
Authors: Pakendorf Brigitte , Stapert Eugénie
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides a brief structural overview of the North Siberian Turkic languages Sakha (also known as Yakut) and Dolgan. Both languages are spoken in the northeast of the Russian Federation: Sakha in the Republic Sakha (Yakutia) and Dolgan on the Taimyr Peninsula. These languages clearly fit the Turkic linguistic profile with vowel harmony, agglutinative morphology, SOV word order, and preposed relative clauses, but owing to contact-induced changes there are considerable differences from other Turkic languages as well. Notable differences are the loss of the Turkic genitive and locative cases and the development of a partitive and a comparative case, as well as a distinction between an immediate and a remote imperative. Like other so-called Altaic languages, Sakha and Dolgan make widespread use of nonfinite verb forms in subordination.
The nominal group, possessive agreement, and nominal sentences in the Transeurasian languages
Authors: Nevskaya Irina , Amal Lina
Published: September 2020

This chapter deals with some of the most salient syntactic features of nominal groups and nominal sentences in Transeurasian languages; e.g. agreement in person and number between the heads and the modifiers expressed by adjectives, numerals, and demonstrative pronouns within nominal groups; formal and semantic properties of the “possessive noun + noun” adnominal possession construction; the morphology and syntax of reflexive possessive constructions. Special attention is paid to the inalienable/alienable possession split, observed in the existence of specialized possessive morphology, or of the double nominative and double accusative constructions of “external possession” in individual Transeurasian subbranches or languages. The chapter also describes the main types of Transeurasian nominal sentences, correlation of their formal and semantic types, and agreement between their subjects and predicates.
Basic vocabulary in the Transeurasian languages
Authors: Robbeets Martine
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses one of the major objections raised against the genealogical relationship of the Transeurasian languages, notably the paucity of basic vocabulary in both quantity and quality. In contrast to the frequently uttered concern that the Transeurasian languages do not have enough basic vocabulary in common, it shows that there are 93 etymologies for 64 different concepts on the Leipzig-Jakarta basic vocabulary 100 list. From the viewpoint of quality of evidence, the etymologies display regular sound correspondences and empirically supportable semantic latitude. Providing evidence for the exclusion of borrowing and coincidence as an alternative account of the similarities, this chapter shows that inheritance is the most sensible explanation of the observed correlations between the Transeurasian languages.
Introduction
Authors: Vergados Athanassios
Published: September 2020

This introduction places the study within recent approaches in scholarship on Hesiod, discusses relevant theoretical points on etymology, and gives an outline of the chapters that follow. It distances itself from both autobiographical readings of Hesiod’s poetry and from interpretations that treat Hesiod as the voice of tradition, rather than an individual, and thus deny the possibility of an individual poet’s plan or purpose in the Theogony and the Works and Days. Furthermore, the introduction highlights some important issues concerning ancient and modern etymology and argues that while the interest in the meaning of names is germane to early Greek poetry, Hesiod turns the etymology of names into a didactic instrument by which one can represent and interpret the divine reality or the realities of the human condition.
Classical Decadence or Christian Aesthetics?
Authors: Cribiore Raffaella
Published: September 2020

Christian rhetoric veered off pagan classical rhetoric, but this phenomenon in my opinion started earlier and not only in Christian milieus. The new eloquence was the result of a trend to acquire education with a minimum amount of effort that was visible already in the writings of pagan rhetors such as Libanius. John Chrysostom and Augustine had a profound knowledge of rhetoric, yet they became aware that the observance of the principles of eloquence had become less rigorous and accepted that. There were profound changes in the transmission of knowledge and technical literature flourished. To properly understand the condition of rhetoric we cannot divorce it from the state of other disciplines and from the cultural changes that had taken place.
‘A Christian cannot employ magic’
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina
Published: September 2020

The words in the title (‘A Christian cannot employ magic’), taken from Jerome’s Life of Hilarion, represent the self-image that Christian writers constructed. I discuss the use of rhetoric in constructing Christian identity in which ‘magic’ had no part to play. Here I understand the concept ‘magic’ as a discursive category that is dependent on the perceiver—an ancient perceiver as well as a modern perceiver. The image of magicless Christianity was enhanced in many kinds of contexts—apologetic treatises, tractates, sermons, and especially in hagiography. I show that, in situations of rivalry between ritual experts (holy men, ‘magicians’), it was imperative for Christians to refute accusations of magic and redirect them against opponents. In these situations, Christian writers were at pains to create a distinction between proper Christian holy men and those others (pagans, Jews, heretics) who were represented as practising either injurious magic or just harmless tricks.
Das Buch der Bilder and Das Stunden-Buch
Authors: Louth Charlie
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the Stunden-Buch and the Buch der Bilder (1st and 2nd editions), Worpswede. It continues Chapter 2, but with reference to the more mature work. The composition and publication history of Rilke’s writing up to 1906 makes the chapter division awkward here, but this one focusses on the most accomplished of the poems written before the Neue Gedichte, while remembering that the earliest of the Neue Gedichte (e.g. ‘Der Panther’, 1902, ‘Orpheus. Eurydike. Hermes’, 1904) overlap with the later additions to the Buch der Bilder. Rilke’s re-presentation of the Buch der Bilder tells us a lot about how his writing and self-image had changed in the interim. The complexity of this development, its non-linear quality, forms another focus, as does consideration of Rilke’s reasons for earmarking some of the poems written in this period for the Neue Gedichte while other similar poems were allowed to appear in the Buch der Bilder.
Chronology of Translations
Authors: Louth Charlie
Published: September 2020

This chronology is based on the information in SW VII, supplemented by that in Chronik. Although a chronological ordering has been attempted, dates are often too uncertain for it to be more than approximate. The main intention is to lay out simply the continuity and distribution of Rilke’s activity as a translator. Publications in Rilke’s lifetime (or just after) are given in square brackets. The asterisked poems are sonnets....
Consuming Fictions Part I
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter
Published: September 2020

Given that we imagine in response to fictions, the key question is whether these imaginings can be understood in more basic folk psychological terms. This chapter argues that we can determine what is true in a fiction without use of sui generis imaginative states. Related arguments from Derek Matravers (2014) and Kathleen Stock (2017) are discussed in some depth. Uses of genre conventions and symbolism by an author to generate fictional truths do not imply any special role for imagination. Moreover, Stock’s “extreme intentionalist” view of what constitutes truth in fiction can be configured to omit any appeal to imagination. The questions of what generates truth in a fiction, of how we come to know those truths, and of what makes something a fiction can all be answered without appeal to an irreducible mental state of imagining.
Consuming Fictions Part II
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter
Published: September 2020

This chapter and the next consider whether our emotional and cognitive “immersion” within fiction suggests a role for sui generis imaginative states. Currie’s (2010) argument that “i-desires” should be posited to explain our responses to fiction—and tragedy, in particular—is critically discussed. It is argued that beliefs and desires featuring ‘in the fiction’ operators—and not sui generis imaginings—are the crucial states involved in generating fiction-directed affect. A defense of the Operator Claim is mounted, according to which ‘in the fiction’ operators would also be required within fiction-directed sui generis imaginings, were there such. When we appreciate that even fiction-directed sui generis imaginings would need to incorporate ‘in the fiction’ operators, the main appeal of the thesis that sui generis imaginings are at work in fiction-appreciation is undercut.
Humanizing War
Authors: Tadros Victor
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces issues in the ethics of war by considering the Vietnam War. It describes the main aim of the book as to totalize the humanitarian impulse in the moral assessment of war. By that it means to understand the morality of war by understanding the significance of each human life in war, and to regulate our actions in accordance with this significance. It widens the focus to the relationship between state responsibility for war. and individual responsibility for wrongdoing. It then outlines the main themes of the book.
Personal and Interpersonal Sources of Doing and Allowing
Authors: Tadros Victor
Published: September 2020

This chapter is concerned with the distinction between doing harm and allowing harm. It considers two different kinds of rationale for that distinction. The first is concerned with the constraints on the use of a person’s personal resources. The other has to do with the significance of involving others in our plans. These two different rationales explain why certain acts either count as allowings or are permitted in just the same way as allowings. They also explain why doing and allowing is significant both in cases where the agent’s interests are at stake and cases where they are not.
The Role of the Satirist and the Problem of Moral Conviction
Authors: Hale Meredith McNeill
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses two related subjects, the reception of De Hooghe’s satires and the role of the satirist. The focus of this discussion is the so-called Pamphlet War of 1690, the primary vehicle for much of the criticism of De Hooghe’s satires. In twelve scathing pamphlets published against Romeyn de Hooghe in the first several months of 1690, witnesses alleged his blasphemy, atheism, and sexual perversion, and embroiled him in a fevered exchange of pamphlets with representatives of Amsterdam. While such rhetoric employed against the printmaker in pamphlet literature vividly described his manifold immorality, Hollands hollende koe (Holland’s running cow), an anti-Williamite satire produced by the printmaker’s enemies in his distinctive etching style, provided material ‘evidence’ of his lack of integrity. With this print, De Hooghe was accused of working for both sides of the political divide—producing Orangist satires for William III and anti-Williamite satires for the Amsterdam regents. The potency of Hollands hollende koe depends fundamentally upon the assumption of integrity between satirist and satire, the notion that he or she believes in the positions and ideologies espoused in his or her satires. It will be argued that the conflation of satirist and satire and the attendant expectation of moral conviction on the part of the satirist are not only associated with the genre of political satire, they are engendered by it and feature prominently throughout its history.
Access to healthcare in the remote and resource-poor region of the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Tobias Rodrigo , Schweickardt Julio Cesar , Harris Matthew
Published: September 2020

Access to healthcare is a particular challenge in extreme, remote contexts, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In Brazil, the primary care and social care policies of the early 1990s have led to remarkable improvements in healthcare access in urban, peri-urban, and rural contexts. This chapter examines the strategies that the Brazilian government has developed to address access in its most extreme context—the Amazon region. The chapter explores how these policies have had to be adapted to account for the extreme environments of the vast, impenetrable rainforest region of the Amazon and the particular needs of indigenous populations and fluvial communities.
Programme budgeting and marginal analysis, and developing a business case for a new service
Authors: Winrow Eira , Edwards Rhiannon Tudor
Published: September 2020

Health economics is the study of scarcity and choice. It focuses on the evaluation of the cost effectiveness of health and social care programmes, and the efficiency and equity implications of whole system change. Programme budgeting and marginal analysis (PBMA) is one framework for incorporating evidence of cost effectiveness alongside other relevant goals of service commissioners. A business case is designed to support proposals for a new service development or a capital project. The UK Treasury has set out guidance on the construction of a business case using a five-case model. This guidance was used in the business case for redesign of the Possilpark Health Centre in a deprived area of Glasgow. This business case emphasized that redesign could potentially improve the connection between health, social care, and other community services to meet the complex needs of patients in deprived areas of Glasgow.
Population screening
Authors: Streetly Allison , Houssami Nehmat
Published: September 2020

This chapter outlines the concept and definition of population screening. It identifies key challenges and considerations in converting the simple concept of early identification of disease into population screening programmes. Ethical considerations are important in evaluating the potential benefits and harms of screening programmes. These inform the criteria used to determine whether it is appropriate to introduce screening. Screening tests must usually be sensitive to maintain public confidence in a screening programme, but specific tests are also required because false positives may often outnumber true positives in a population screening context. Assessment of screening programme effectiveness usually requires randomized controlled trials that minimize the potential effects of lead time and length bias. The chapter concludes by discussing policy decisions involving starting, stopping, and changing programmes, as well as how screening programme performance can be measured.