bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ernährung bei Brustkrebs im frühen Stadium
Authors: Reudelsterz Christine
Published: March 2021

Während der akuten Erkrankung sind starke Gewichtsabnahme und Mangelernährung bei Frauen mit Brustkrebs eher selten. Es besteht jedoch ein Risiko für eine Gewichtszunahme unter Chemotherapie, v. a. bei jüngeren Patientinnen, die vorzeitig in die Menopause versetzt wurden. Auch nach Abschluss der Therapie nehmen mehr als 50 % der überlebenden Frauen an Gewicht zu. Lebensstilmodifikation, Ernährungsumstellung und Bewegung können die Prognose verbessern.
Die ketogene Ernährung
Authors: Reuß-Borst Monika , Kämmerer Ulrike
Published: March 2021

Es gibt bislang nur wenige Studien, die den Einfluss einer streng kohlenhydratreduzierten, sehr fettreichen, sog. „ketogenen“ Kost auf den Verlauf einer Krebserkrankung untersuchten. Da eine solche Kostform längerfristig Schwierigkeiten bei der Compliance zu Hause bereitet, ist ein supportiver Therapieansatz evtl. sinnvoller, weil er in Anlehnung an Fastenkuren mit den oxidativen Krebstherapien kombiniert werden kann.
Endoscopic spectrum and practical classification of small bowel gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) detected during double-balloon enteroscopy
Authors: Martinez-Alcalá Alvaro , Fry Lucía C. , Kröner Thomas , Peter Shajan , Contreras Carlo , Mönkemüller Klaus
Published: March 2021

Background and study aims Information about the endoscopic characterization of small bowel gastrointestinal tumors (GISTs) is limited. The aim of this case study was to describe the endoscopic spectrum of small bowel GISTs and to present a practical classification.

Patients and methods Observational, retrospective, consecutive case series of patients with small bowel GIST.

Results A total of 10 small bowel GISTs were found in patients (6 male, 4 female, mean age 52 years, range 28 to 68).). All patients presented with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (overt, n = 8, occult, n = 2). Most GISTs were present in the proximal or middle small bowel (n = 7). The endoscopic tumor characteristics could be categorized as follows: submucosal round (n = 4), submucosal sessile (n = 2), and invasive/penetrating) (n = 4). The mucosa overlying the tumor was normal (n = 4), grooved (n = 3) or frankly ulcerated (n = 3). Tumor size ranged from 8 mm to 50 mm. Biopsy was negative in all patients with normal mucosa but showed tumor in all patients with ulcerations. Regardless of biopsy results, all patients were sent for surgery. Nine resections were carried out. One patient refused surgery. There were no complications of endoscopy in this cohort.

Conclusion Our series shows that GISTs have a wider spectrum of endoscopic characteristics than previously described. The round type with normal overlying mucosa was equally prevalent as the grooved or ulcerated variant. Endoscopists should be aware of this wide spectrum of presentation of small bowel GIST.
Algorithmen vs. Experten in der Neuroreha
Authors: Elsner Bernhard , Mehrholz Jan
Published: March 2021

Können sich Algorithmen mit Expertinnen und Experten in der Neuroreha messen? Wie steht es um ihren Reifegrad? Sind sie den Klinikern nur in spezialisierten Teilaufgaben oder bereits bei relevanten Aufgaben überlegen? Oder ist es vielmehr so, dass sie den Fachkräften nutzen, die sie gut einzusetzen wissen?
Telerehabilitation als Chance für eine bessere Versorgung während und nach der Pandemie
Authors: Langemak Shari
Published: March 2021

Die Telerehabilitation kann ähnlich wirksam sein wie die konventionelle Rehabilitation. Daher nimmt sie während der Covid-Pandemie einen besonders wichtigen Stellenwert an. Wie kann sie im Alltag umgesetzt werden?
Hemosuccus Pancreaticus and Obstructive Jaundice: Two Rare Complications of Chronic Pancreatitis Treated by Arterial Embolization
Authors: Abu Jhaisha Samira , Brozat Jonathan Frederik , Hohlstein Philipp , Wirtz Theresa H , Hose Josephine , Bündgens Lukas , Keil Sebastian , Trautwein Christian , Koch Alexander
Published: March 2021

The formation of a peripancreatic pseudoaneurysm is a rare and serious complication of chronic pancreatitis. In this report, we present the case of a 56-year-old male with a history of alcohol-related chronic pancreatitis resulting in both hemosuccus pancreaticus and obstructive jaundice due to a pseudoaneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery that was treated successfully by angiographic coiling.
Punktion tief liegender Hämodialyseshuntvenen
Authors: Spindler Beate
Published: March 2021

Die Nutzung einer tief liegenden Dialyseshuntvene zählt zu den schwierigen Punktionen. Diese werden i. d. R. von den besten Punkteuren eines Zentrums übernommen. Deren Erfahrungswissen und manuelles Geschick sind die Grundlage ihrer Entscheidungen. Welche Kanülenlänge nutzt man bei welcher Venentiefe? Welchen Einfluss hat der Punktionswinkel auf die zu wählende Kanülenlänge? Wie weit muss die Kanüle vorgeschoben werden, um sicher im Shunt zu liegen? Empfehlungen aus Leitlinien zum Gefäßzugang für die Hämodialyse, fundierte Kenntnisse über das Kanülendesign und der Satz des Pythagoras helfen bei der Entscheidung. Die Nutzung eines für die Pflege jederzeit verfügbaren Ultraschallgerätes und die ultraschallgesteuerte Punktion können den Pool der Punkteure wesentlich erweitern.
1500 Euro Preisgeld
Authors: Schäfer Christian
Published: March 2021

Die Thieme Gruppe schreibt im Jahr 2021 wieder den Förderpreis Nephrologische Pflege aus und stiftet das Preisgeld von 1500 Euro.
Veranstaltungsankündigung
Authors: Bundschu Marion
Published: March 2021

Der Schulungsort ist das Hotel Seligweiler (Seligweiler 1, 89081 Ulm-Seligweiler). Informationen zu den Veranstaltungen finden Sie auf
www.wbs-ulm.de

.
Ursachen der chronischen Nierenschädigung in Patienten mit Lebererkrankungen – Pathophysiologie und Therapiemöglichkeiten
Authors: Scurt Florian Gunnar , Bose Katrin , Canbay Ali , Mertens Peter R , Chatzikyrkou Christos
Published: March 2021

Eine akute oder chronische Nierenschädigung bei gleichzeitig bestehender Lebererkrankung stellt ein häufiges Problem dar und geht im weiteren klinischen Verlauf mit zahlreichen Komplikationen sowie einer gesteigerten Dialysepflichtigkeit und Mortalität einher.

Die Prävalenz einer chronischen Niereninsuffizienz (CNI) bei Patienten mit Lebererkrankungen ist hoch, nicht zuletzt wegen parallel bestehender Komorbiditäten (z. B. metabolisches Syndrom, chronische Entzündungsprozesse, Hyperkoagulabilität, Hyperfibrinolyse, Diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidämie usw.). Doch nicht jede chronische Verschlechterung der Nierenretentionsparameter lässt sich auf ein hepatorenales Syndrom zurückführen. Neben diesem sind die häufigsten Ursachen der CNI bei bestehenden Lebererkrankungen die diabetische Nephropathie, die alkoholassoziierte IgA-Nephropathie, die mit Hepatitis C assoziierte membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis und die mit Hepatitis B assoziierte membranöse Glomerulonephritis.

Koexistente Erkrankungen, ähnlich bzw. parallel ablaufende pathophysiologische Mechanismen und überlappende Erscheinungsbilder stellen hinsichtlich der Ursachenfindung und entsprechenden Behandlung der CNI im Rahmen einer existenten Lebererkrankung eine Herausforderung an den Kliniker dar. Diese Übersichtsarbeit skizziert sowohl häufige als auch seltene Entitäten, die zu einer chronischen Nierenschädigung in diesem speziellen Patientenkollektiv führen, und zeigt einen Überblick zu therapeutischen Möglichkeiten.
Chain-End Effect for Intermediate Water Formation of Poly(2-Methoxyethyl Acrylate)
Authors: Nishimura S. , Ueda T. , Murakami D. , Tanaka M.
Published: March 2021

Intermediate water (IW), which is formed not only by biocompatible polymers such as poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) (PMEA), but also by biomacromolecules, plays a key role in determining the biocompatibility of synthetic polymers. In this study, we compare the well-defined linear and cyclic PMEA using differential scanning calorimetry and atomic force microscopy. This study aims to clarify the role of the chain-end effect in IW formation to establish design guidelines for biomaterials.
Regenerative Surgery with Dental Implant Rehabilitation in a Haemophiliac Patient
Authors: Bacci Christian , Cerrato Alessia , Zanette Gastone , Pasca Samantha , Zanon Ezio
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to describe the first case of regenerative surgery in haemophiliac implant. Patients with haemophilia often present dental problems. A multidisciplinary approach is suggested in case of dental surgeries to reduce the high bleeding risk. A 41-year-old male patient with mild haemophilia A (FVIII 8.4%), presenting previous epistaxis, noncomplicated tooth extractions and traumatic haemartroses, all treated with single infusions of coagulation factor concentrates, was referred to the dental clinic of the Padua University Hospital based on the recommendation of his attending dentist. At first dental visit the patient reported intense pain in the right lower second molar, with impaired chewing function. After an endodontic unsuccessful treatment the element was judged as no longer recoverable. In agreement with the patient the dental element was then extracted, after a combined administration of recombinant factor VIII 3000 IU (35 IU/kg), and tranexamic acid 1,000 mg. The extraction was performed under local anaesthesia, paraperiosteal and truncular, moderate sedation, elevation of an envelope flap. After extraction, a preservation of the alveolus was carried out with bovine matrix bone graft covered with a resorbable membrane. Three months after the surgery a flapless implant was placed after a single infusion of factor VIII 2000 IU, tranexamic acid 1,000 mg, and a local para-periostal anaesthesia, without any complication. Oral surgeon and haematologist expert in coagulation diseases must therefore collaborate together to define a shared protocol for managing surgery in those patients.
Emerging Role of Immune Therapy in HCC
Authors: Stein Stacey M.
Published: March 2021

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a prevalent cancer diagnosis with an expected increase in incidence in the next decade. Treatment options for advanced disease have expanded significantly in the last decade since sorafenib was first approved in 2007. There have been approvals for multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) with modest improvements in survival. Single-agent PD-1 inhibition has shown responses in ∼15% of patients, with a tail of the curve that is very beneficial to a small subset of patients. Most recently, studies of combination therapy with immune therapy drugs are showing more durable responses in a larger number of patients with unprecedented response rates over 30%. Different strategies have been pursued, including PD-1 and PD-L1 combinations with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition, TKIs, and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. This article provides a review of studies both completed and ongoing with immune therapy in advanced HCC.
Weight Stigma across the Preconception, Pregnancy, and Postpartum Periods: A Narrative Review and Conceptual Model
Authors: Hill Briony , Incollingo Rodriguez Angela C.
Published: March 2021

Weight stigma is a pervasive issue promoting significant adverse health and psychosocial consequences. Preconception, pregnant, and postpartum women are particularly vulnerable to weight stigma, which can directly impact their health and that of the next generation. Of note, weight stigma affects women living with obesity who are already at risk for developing gestational diabetes and experiencing associated stigmas. This narrative review aimed to examine the literature on weight stigma across the preconception, pregnancy, and postpartum periods, specifically to (1) synthesize the evidence using a socioecological lens; (2) develop a conceptual model of weight stigma tailored to women across this life phase; and (3) provide recommendations for future research. To date, weight stigma research across the preconception, pregnancy, and postpartum periods has focused predominately on pregnancy and antenatal care. The drivers and facilitators of this stigma are pervasive, occurring across various contexts and settings. Manifestations of weight stigma include decreased reproductive healthcare quality, mental health symptoms, poorer health behaviors, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Future research should further investigate the experiences of women preconception and postpartum, and health/social impacts beyond healthcare. The model herein will guide such research to ultimately identify opportunities for stigma reduction and improve multigenerational health and well-being outcomes.
Sexual Orientation Demographic Data in a Clinical Cohort of Transgender Patients
Authors: Dubin Samuel , Cook Tiffany E. , Radix Asa , Greene Richard E.
Published: March 2021

Background There are specific issues regarding sexual orientation (SO) collection and analysis among transgender and nonbinary patients. A limitation to meaningful SO and gender identity (GI) data collection is their consideration as a fixed trait or demographic data point.

Methods A de-identified patient database from a single electronic health record (EHR) that allows for searching any discrete data point in the EHR was used to query demographic data (sex assigned at birth and current GI) for transgender individuals from January 2011 to March 2020 at a large urban tertiary care academic health center.

Results A cohort of transgender individuals were identified by using EHR data from a two-step demographic question. Almost half of male identified (46.70%, n = 85) and female identified (47.51%, n = 86) individuals had “heterosexual/straight” input for SO. Overall, male and female identified (i.e., binary) GI aggregate categories had similar SO responses. Assigned male at birth (AMAB) nonbinary individuals (n = 6) had “homosexual/gay” SO data input. Assigned female at birth (AFAB) nonbinary individuals (n = 56) had almost half “something else” SO data input (41.67%, n = 15). Individuals with “choose not to disclose” for GI (n = 249) almost all had “choose not to disclose” SO data (96.27%, n = 232).

Conclusion Current SO categories do not fully capture transgender individuals' identities and experiences, and limit the clinical and epidemiological utility of collecting this data in the current form. Anatomical assumptions based on SO should be seen as a potential shortcoming in over-reliance on SO as an indicator of screening needs and risk factors.
Exploring cybersecurity-related emotions and finding that they are challenging to measure
Authors: Renaud Karen , Zimmermann Verena , Schürmann Tim , Böhm Carlos
Published: March 2021

This paper reports on a three-part investigation into people’s perceptions of cybersecurity, based on their lived experiences. We sought thereby to reveal issues located within the Johari grid’s “Blind Spot” quadrant. We utilized research methodologies from both the Arts and Science in order firstly to identify blind spot issues, and secondly to explore their dimensions. Our investigation confirmed a number of aspects that we were indeed aware of, when it came to people’s lived cybersecurity experiences. We also identified one particular blind spot issue: widespread, but not universal, negativity towards cybersecurity. We then carried out an investigation using a recognized methodology from psychology, as a first attempt to assess the nature of this negativity and to get a sense of its roots. What our initial experiment revealed was that scoping cybersecurity-related emotions is nontrivial and will require the formulation of new measurement tools. We conclude by reporting on the challenges, to inform researchers who plan to extend the research reported in this paper.
Single-use plastic packaging in the Canadian food industry: consumer behavior and perceptions
Authors: Walker Tony R. , McGuinty Eamonn , Charlebois Sylvain , Music Janet
Published: March 2021

Single-use plastic food packaging is a major contributor to the global solid waste problem. Although the food industry is developing strategies to reduce single-use plastic packaging, it needs to better understand consumer awareness and attitudes about the issue. As consumer awareness about single-use plastic waste outpaces private sector practices, this study considered personal motivation factors, government policies, and innovative solutions related to single-use plastic food packaging. This Canada-wide study surveyed 1014 consumers and their willingness to pay premiums for sustainable food packaging alternatives and motivations to reduce single-use plastic waste. Overwhelmingly, most (93.7%) respondents were personally motivated to reduce consumption of single-use plastic food packaging. Canadians were highly motivated to reduce single-use plastic food packaging, but less willing to pay for sustainable alternatives. While environmental concerns were more critical than food safety, Canadians acknowledged that sustainable packaging alternatives were more desirable than outright plastic bag bans, despite not willing to pay for them. Using approaches that consider multiple driving factors on consumer behavior and opinions towards use of single-use plastic food packaging, limitations, recommendations and future research are proposed.
On the global existence and asymptotic behavior of the solution of a nonlinear wave equation with past history
Authors: Al-Mahdi Adel M. , Al-Gharabli Mohammad M. , Kafini Mohammad , Al-Omari Shadi
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we consider a wave equation with past history and a nonlinear source term. We minimize the conditions imposed on the relaxation function g by assuming that g satisfies g′(t) ≤ −ξ(t)G(g(t)), where the two functions ξ and G satisfy some conditions. Using this minimal condition on the relaxation function g, we establish the local and global existence results and general decay rate results. This assumption recovers the exponential and polynomial rates when G(s) = sp and p covers the full admissible range 1,2. Moreover, we delete some assumptions on the boundedness of initial data used in many earlier papers in the literature. In fact, our results generalize, extend, and improve many earlier results in the literature.
Characteristics of microwave ECR ion thruster powered with plate antenna in cross-magnetic field: Standing wave, skin effect, and mode transition
Authors: Fu S. H. , Ding Z. F.
Published: March 2021

In a 2.45 GHz electron cyclotron resonance xenon ion source powered with circular plate-antenna, a rapid evolution of radial plasma-profile with discharge power in a region below 35 W and the abrupt jump of ion beam current accompanied by sudden radial-expansion of discharge glow were observed. Based on analyses about quantified glow images captured from the end-view of the discharge chamber and the ion beam current against the discharge power, the fast evolution of the radial plasma-profile is attributed to the counteraction of standing wave and the skin effect, the coincidence of enhanced microwave absorption in the electron plasma resonance layer, and the transverse magnetic confinement of electrons. The jump of ion beam current and the sudden radial-expansion of discharge glow are confirmed to be originated from the extraordinary-wave discharge at the electron cyclotron resonance layer beyond the plate antenna when the skin effect is dominant.
Adiabatic theory of SET and RESET transitions
Authors: Karpov V. G.
Published: March 2021

We develop a phenomenological theory of pulse induced phase transformations behind the SET (from high to low resistive state) and RESET (backward) processes in nonvolatile memory. We show that both can evolve in the adiabatic regime with energy deposition time much shorter than that of thermalization. They are, however, different by the operating modes: voltage source driven for SET and current source driven for RESET. The characteristic temperatures and transition rates are expressed through material and process parameters.
Gap-protected transfer of topological defect states in photonic lattices
Authors: Yuan Jiale , Xu Chenran , Cai Han , Wang Da-Wei
Published: March 2021

Topologically protected states are important in realizing robust excitation transfer between distant sites in photonic lattices. Here, we propose an efficient gap-protected transfer of photons in a scalable one-dimensional waveguide array by transporting the topological defect state of a Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model. The separation between neighboring waveguides is designed according to the Jaynes–Cummings model. As a result, the zero-energy eigenstate is topologically protected from the extended states by a constant energy gap, which leads to a fast and robust excitation transfer. We also show that the transport can be further sped up by the quasi-periodic oscillation induced by the non-adiabatic effect. This scheme has potential applications in scalable quantum information processing.
Bell–Plesset effects on Rayleigh–Taylor instability at cylindrically divergent interfaces between viscous fluids
Authors: Wang Ziwei , Xue Kun , Han Panpan
Published: March 2021

We report the first experiments on divergent Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) at well-controlled single-mode cylindrical interfaces between air and viscous liquid. At early stages, only the amplitude of the dominant single mode grows with time while the higher harmonics starts to grow in the late stage. The transition point from the linear stage to the nonlinear stage is defined as the moment when the higher harmonics starts to grow and the linear stage before the Poiseuille flow fully developed is concerned in this paper. We find that the growth rate is lower than that in convergent or planar geometry due to geometric divergence. Both divergent Bell–Plesset (BP) effects and viscosity effect inhibit the growth rate of RTI. The attenuation strength of viscosity effect is reduced by divergent BP effects compared with the planar case. It is observed that the value ka ∼ (0.188–0.314), at the transition point, is much lower than that in planar geometry (ka ∼ 1), where a is the amplitude of the dominant single mode and k is the initial wavenumber. To take viscosity into account, a new approximate model based on the Bell theory is proposed, which well predicts the perturbation growth in a divergent geometry in the linear stage before the Poiseuille flow fully developed.
Numerical analysis of charged droplets size distribution in the electrostatic coating process: Effect of different operational conditions
Authors: Pendar Mohammad-Reza , Páscoa José Carlos
Published: March 2021

This paper presents a numerical performance evaluation of the electrostatic rotary bell sprayer (ERBS) with a particular focus on droplet charge, electric field, and ambient conditions through the implementation of a high-voltage control-ring field pattern effect into the fully turbulent airflow and by including the atomized droplets discrete phase. The simulation shows that the inclusion of droplet charging and electric field coupling, with different parametric values, significantly impacts the atomized droplet distribution over the spray plume and the deposition rate. This analysis was conducted using a three-dimensional (3D) Eulerian–Lagrangian model to describe the two-phase spraying flow by extending the base OpenFOAM package. The procedure includes an unsteady compressible Navier–Stokes solver combined with a large Eddy simulation approach to model turbulence effects on the air flowfield. This is coupled to the spray dynamics by including droplet trajectory tracking, wall film dynamics, and electric field charge. The approach is further extended to include the evaporation phenomenon and the transport of its products. Compared to a conventional ERBS, herein, we provide an in-depth analysis of the fluid dynamic characteristics around the ERBS with a control-ring field pattern for vorticity, velocity, and electrical fields. The results indicate that the control-ring operation improves the performance and transfer efficiency of the ERBS, and it also helps to harmonize the direction of the charged paint droplets. For the first time, finding a balance between the effect of the inside bell cup surface and control-ring voltage and charged droplet has been conducted.
Temperature dependence of spin—orbit torque-driven magnetization switching in in situ grown Bi2Te3/MnTe heterostructures
Authors: Liu Xiaoyang , Wu Di , Liao Liyang , Chen Peng , Zhang Yong , Xue Fenghua , Yao Qi , Song Cheng , Wang Kang L. , Kou Xufeng
Published: March 2021

We report the temperature dependence of the spin–orbit torque (SOT) in the in situ grown Bi2Te3/MnTe heterostructures by molecular beam epitaxy. By appropriately designing the film stack, robust ferromagnetic order with high Curie temperature and strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is established in the MnTe layer. Meanwhile, the sharp hetero-interface warrants highly efficient spin current injection from the conductive topological insulator (TI) channel. Accordingly, SOT-driven magnetization switching is observed up to 90 K with the critical current density within the 106 A⋅cm−2 range. More importantly, the temperature-dependent harmonic measurement data can be divided into two categories, namely, the spin Hall effect of the TI bulk states gives rise to a relatively small spin Hall angle in the high-temperature region, whereas the spin-momentum locking nature of the interfacial Dirac fermions leads to the enhancement of the SOT strength once the topological surface states become the dominant conduction channel at deep cryogenic temperatures. Our results offer direct evidence of the underlying mechanism that determines the SOT efficiency and may set up a suitable platform to realize TI-based spin–orbit applications toward room temperature.
Strong magnon–magnon coupling in synthetic antiferromagnets
Authors: Dai Changting , Ma Fusheng
Published: March 2021

A synthetic antiferromagnet, composed of two ferromagnetic layers separated by a non-magnetic layer, possesses two uniform precession resonance modes: in-phase acoustic mode and out-of-phase optic mode. In this work, we theoretically and numerically demonstrated the strong coupling between acoustic and optic magnon modes. The strong coupling is attributed to the symmetry breaking of the system, which can be realized by tilting the bias field or constructing an asymmetrical synthetic antiferromagnet. It is found that the coupling strength can be highly adjusted by tuning the tilting angle of bias field, the magnitude of antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange coupling, and the thicknesses of ferromagnetic layers. Furthermore, the coupling between acoustic and optic magnon modes can even reach the ultrastrong coupling regime. Our findings show high promise for investigating the quantum phenomenon with a magnonic platform.
Suppression of transverse instability induced transparency in laser-driven radiation pressure acceleration of ions
Authors: Paradkar B. S.
Published: March 2021

The transverse instability induced transparency can be detrimental in the laser-driven radiation pressure acceleration (RPA) of ions. It is the primary source of increase in the energy spread of the accelerated ion beam. In this paper, through two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, we demonstrate the suppression of transparency and significant improvement in the energy spread of the accelerated proton beam. This is achieved by a modified target design where a relativistically under-dense thick (micrometer size) target is placed behind a thin (nano-meter size) accelerating foil undergoing radiation pressure acceleration (RPA). The return current provided by electrons inside the thick target plays a crucial role in transparency suppression by enhancing the density and reducing the transverse modulations in the target. Physical mechanism of instability suppression is discussed in detail.
Falling clouds of particles with finite inertia in viscous flows
Authors: Chen Pinzhuo , Chen Sheng , Yang Mengmeng , Li Shuiqing
Published: March 2021

When sedimenting in a viscous fluid under gravity, a cloud of particles undergoes a complex shape evolution due to the hydrodynamic interactions. In this work, Lagrange particle dynamic simulation, which combines the Oseen solution for flow around a particle and a Gauss–Seidel iterative procedure, is adopted to investigate the effects of the particle inertia and the hydrodynamic interactions on the cloud's sedimentation behavior. It is found that, with a small Stokes number (St), the cloud evolves into a torus and then breaks up into secondary clouds. In contrast, the cloud with a finite Stokes number becomes compact in the horizontal direction and is elongated along the vertical direction. The critical St value that separates the breakup mode and the vertical elongation mode is around 0.2. The cloud response time (t̂r) and the maximum settling velocity (V̂max) are measured at different Stokes numbers, particle Reynolds numbers, and particle volume fractions. A linear relationship, t̂r=aSt, is found between t̂r and the Stokes number and the correlation between V̂max and St can be well described by an exponential function V̂max=b1exp−b2St+b3. At last, the chaotic dynamics of the sedimentation system are discussed. A small difference between the initial configurations diverges exponentially. The sedimentation system containing particles with larger inertia has a lower divergence rate.
Principles, technologies, and applications of plasmonic biosensors
Authors: Soler Maria , Lechuga Laura M.
Published: March 2021

Plasmonic materials and phenomena have been widely studied and applied in multiple fields for a long time. One of the most promising applications is in the engineering of biosensor devices, offering label-free and real-time analysis of biomolecular interactions with excellent performances. In this tutorial, we provide a pedagogical review of the working principles of plasmonic biosensors, main fabrication methods, instrumentation, and general guidelines for their development. Special focus is placed on the biosensor performance characterization and assessment, as well as on the sensor surface biofunctionalization. In the end, we discuss the common procedure to develop and validate biosensors for relevant biomedical and environmental purposes and future perspectives in terms of boosting capabilities and sensor integration in point-of-care platforms.
High resolution >40 keV x-ray radiography using an edge-on micro-flag backlighter at NIF-ARC
Authors: Hill M. P. , Williams G. J. , Zylstra A. B. , Stan C. V. , Lockard T. E. , Gumbrell E. T. , Rudd R. E. , Powell P. D. , Swift D. C. , McNaney J. M. , Le Galloudec K. K. , Remington B. A. , Park H. -S.
Published: March 2021

Radiography of low-contrast features in high-density materials evolving on a nanosecond timescale requires a bright photon source in the tens of keV range with high temporal and spatial resolution. One application for sources in this category is the study of dynamic material strength in samples compressed to Mbar pressures at the National Ignition Facility, high-resolution measurements of plastic deformation under conditions relevant to meteor impacts, geophysics, armor development, and inertial confinement fusion. We present radiographic data and the modulation transfer function (MTF) analysis of a multi-component test object probed at ∼100 keV effective backlighter energy using a 5 μm-thin dysprosium foil driven by the NIF Advanced Radiographic Capability (ARC) short-pulse laser (∼2 kJ, 10 ps). The thin edge of the foil acts as a bright line-projection source of hard x rays, which images the test object at 13.2× magnification into a filtered and shielded image plate detector stack. The system demonstrates a superior contrast of shallow (5 μm amplitude) sinusoidal ripples on gold samples up to 90 μm thick as well as enhanced spatial and temporal resolution using only a small fraction of the laser energy compared to an existing long-pulse-driven backlighter used routinely at the NIF for dynamic strength experiments.
The Chemistry of Cannabis and Cannabinoids
Authors: Duggan Peter J.
Published: March 2021

The science of cannabis and cannabinoids encompasses a wide variety of scientific disciplines and can appear daunting to newcomers to the field. The encroachment of folklore and ‘cannabis culture’ into scientific discussions can cloud the situation further. This Primer Review is designed to give a succinct overview of the chemistry of cannabis and cannabinoids. It is hoped that it will provide a useful resource for chemistry undergraduates, postgraduates and their instructors, and experienced chemists who require a comprehensive and up to date summary of the field. The Review begins with a brief overview of the history and botany of cannabis, then goes on to detail important aspects of the chemistry of phytocannabinoids, endocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinomimetics. Other natural constituents of the cannabis plant are then described including terpenes and terpenoids, polyphenolics, alkaloids, waxes and triglycerides, and important toxic contaminants. A discussion of key aspects of the pharmacology associated with cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system then follows, with a focus on the cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2. The medicinal chemistry of cannabis and cannabinoids is covered, highlighting the range of diseases targeted with cannabis and phytocannabinoids, as well as key aspects of phytocannabinoid metabolism, distribution, and delivery. The modulation of endocannabinoid levels through the inhibition of key endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is then discussed. The Review concludes with an assessment of the much touted ‘entourage effect’. References to primary literature and more specialised reviews are provided throughout.
Exploring the Case: Micro-businesses in the Mountains of Northern Albania
Authors: Ward-Perkins David
Published: March 2021

Introduction

The story of Vermosh and Lepushë is simply told, but it illustrates the complex dynamic behind the development of tourism in remote mountain destinations around the world.

This ‘Exploring the case’ doesn’t propose specific activities for research or study. Instead, it identifies a number of background issues that can cast a light on the way mountain tourism operates in Northern Albania. Out of these issues or themes can come further study and debate.
Materials, photophysics and device engineering of perovskite light-emitting diodes
Authors: Chen Ziming , Li Zhenchao , Hopper Thomas R , Bakulin Artem A , Yip Hin-Lap
Published: March 2021

Here we provide a comprehensive review of a newly developed lighting technology based on metal halide perovskites (i.e. perovskite light-emitting diodes) encompassing the research endeavours into materials, photophysics and device engineering. At the outset we survey the basic perovskite structures and their various dimensions (namely three-, two- and zero-dimensional perovskites), and demonstrate how the compositional engineering of these structures affects the perovskite light-emitting properties. Next, we turn to the physics underpinning photo- and electroluminescence in these materials through their connection to the fundamental excited states, energy/charge transport processes and radiative and non-radiative decay mechanisms. In the remainder of the review, we focus on the engineering of perovskite light-emitting diodes, including the history of their development as well as an extensive analysis of contemporary strategies for boosting device performance. Key concepts include balancing the electron/hole injection, suppression of parasitic carrier losses, improvement of the photoluminescence quantum yield and enhancement of the light extraction. Overall, this review reflects the current paradigm for perovskite lighting, and is intended to serve as a foundation to materials and device scientists newly working in this field.
Operating principles of circular toggle polygons
Authors: Hati Souvadra , Duddu Atchuta Srinivas , Jolly Mohit Kumar
Published: March 2021

Decoding the dynamics of cellular decision-making and cell differentiation is a central question in cell and developmental biology. A common network motif involved in many cell-fate decisions is a mutually inhibitory feedback loop between two self-activating ‘master regulators’ A and B, also called as toggle switch. Typically, it can allow for three stable states—(high A, low B), (low A, high B) and (medium A, medium B). A toggle triad—three mutually repressing regulators A, B and C, i.e. three toggle switches arranged circularly (between A and B, between B and C, and between A and C)—can allow for six stable states: three ‘single positive’ and three ‘double positive’ ones. However, the operating principles of larger toggle polygons, i.e. toggle switches arranged circularly to form a polygon, remain unclear. Here, we simulate using both discrete and continuous methods the dynamics of different sized toggle polygons. We observed a pattern in their steady state frequency depending on whether the polygon was an even or odd numbered one. The even-numbered toggle polygons result in two dominant states with consecutive components of the network expressing alternating high and low levels. The odd-numbered toggle polygons, on the other hand, enable more number of states, usually twice the number of components with the states that follow ‘circular permutation’ patterns in their composition. Incorporating self-activations preserved these trends while increasing the frequency of multistability in the corresponding network. Our results offer insights into design principles of circular arrangement of regulatory units involved in cell-fate decision making, and can offer design strategies for synthesizing genetic circuits.
Intermediate symmetric construction of transformation between anyon and Gentile statistics
Authors: Shen Yao , Zhang Fu-Lin
Published: March 2021

Gentile statistics describes fractional statistical systems in the occupation number representation. Anyon statistics researches those systems in the winding number representation. Both of them are intermediate statistics between Bose–Einstein and Fermi–Dirac statistics. The second quantization of Gentile statistics shows a lot of advantages. According to the symmetry requirement of the wave function and the property of braiding, we give the general construction of transformation between anyon and Gentile statistics. In other words, we introduce the second quantization form of anyons in an easier way. This construction is a correspondence between two fractional statistics and gives a new description of anyon. Basic relations of second quantization operators, the coherent state and Berry phase are also discussed.
Feasibility of cerium-doped LSO particles as a scintillator for x-ray induced optogenetics
Authors: Bartley Aundrea F , Fischer Máté , Bagley Micah E , Barnes Justin A , Burdette Mary K , Cannon Kelli E , Bolding Mark S , Foulger Stephen H , McMahon Lori L , Weick Jason P , Dobrunz Lynn E
Published: March 2021

Objective. Non-invasive light delivery into the brain is needed for in vivo optogenetics to avoid physical damage. An innovative strategy could employ x-ray activation of radioluminescent particles (RLPs) to emit localized light. However, modulation of neuronal or synaptic function by x-ray induced radioluminescence from RLPs has not yet been demonstrated. Approach. Molecular and electrophysiological approaches were used to determine if x-ray dependent radioluminescence emitted from RLPs can activate light sensitive proteins. RLPs composed of cerium doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO:Ce), an inorganic scintillator that emits blue light, were used as they are biocompatible with neuronal function and synaptic transmission. Main results. We show that 30 min of x-ray exposure at a rate of 0.042 Gy s−1 caused no change in the strength of basal glutamatergic transmission during extracellular field recordings in mouse hippocampal slices. Additionally, long-term potentiation, a robust measure of synaptic integrity, was induced after x-ray exposure and expressed at a magnitude not different from control conditions (absence of x-rays). We found that x-ray stimulation of RLPs elevated cAMP levels in HEK293T cells expressing OptoXR, a chimeric opsin receptor that combines the extracellular light-sensitive domain of rhodopsin with an intracellular second messenger signaling cascade. This demonstrates that x-ray radioluminescence from LSO:Ce particles can activate OptoXR. Next, we tested whether x-ray activation of the RLPs can enhance synaptic activity in whole-cell recordings from hippocampal neurons expressing channelrhodopsin-2, both in cell culture and acute hippocampal slices. Importantly, x-ray radioluminescence caused an increase in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in both systems, indicating activation of channelrhodopsin-2 and excitation of neurons. Significance. Together, our results show that x-ray activation of LSO:Ce particles can heighten cellular and synaptic function. The combination of LSO:Ce inorganic scintillators and x-rays is therefore a viable method for optogenetics as an alternative to more invasive light delivery methods.
The Reinforced Optical Fiber Sensing with bilayer AuNPs/SiC for pressure measurement: Characterization and Optimization
Authors: Younus Marwan Hafeedh , Ali Ghazwan Ghazi. , Salih Hesham Anwar
Published: March 2021

A cladding modified multimode optical fiber sensor reinforced with bilayers Au:SiC is designed and fabricated for pressure sensing in this presented. The Au thin film was used to enhanced the sensitivity of the sensor while the SiC thin film has been investigated as the reinforced layer at the sensing part to measure the wide range of applied pressure. The data acquisition interrogated using an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR). The results showed that the performance of the optical fiber sensor coated with bilayers Au:SiC coating is significantly improved in the measurement of applied pressure at the sensing part. Additionally, the sensor coated with bilayer Au:SiC exhibits linear variation in the return losses measured from OTDR trace with the wide range of applied pressure compare to the sensor coated with Au thin film. Where the maximum value in the sensitivity is equal to 35% dB/um of the sensor coated with bilayers SiC:Au compared to the sensitivity of the sensor coated with Au which equal to 30% dB/um. The high performance showed in results demonstrating that the fabricated optical fiber sensor has the excellent potential application as a sensor to measure a wide range of applied pressure without deform the sensing part.
Study design of laser detector for sensing zinc concentration in human serum
Authors: Hani R. , Mahdi B.R. , Mohammed A.Z.
Published: March 2021

Zinc is one of the minerals that directly affects the defense system of the human body, and here lies its importance from the healthy side. Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) was used as sensor for Zinc concentration in both male and female human serum, two design of PCF used 127.5µm and 60µm radius of cladding to show the effect of reducing PCF dimension on the sensitivity, 60µm PCF radius of cladding has the highest sensitivity for all change in zinc concentration in 116.6 +/-55.2 µg/100mL male and 105.2 +/-66.9 µg/100mL The design results demonstrated that the zinc component values in the male serum are higher than the females and the sensitivity of the change is that the zinc element concentration in females is greater than that in males where sensitivity to females has been obtained 0.007*100 mL*nm/µg while for male 0.009*100 mL*nm/µg the zinc concentration in male serum show positive increase in age pass through while in female the zinc concentration in serum show negative increase with the age grower and pregnant effect on zinc concentration so this sensor will help to find out all concentration rates important for testing all values lower and higher than normal value.
Study the Characteristics Optical and Structure properties of ZnO-Nanoparticles fabricated by Laser Ablation in Liquid
Authors: Jaber Ghufran. S. , Khashan Khawla S , Abbas Maha Jamal
Published: March 2021

Pulsed laser ablation in double distilled water has been used to fabricate zinc oxide (ZnO) suspension. Nd:Yag laser, was employed to get ZnO colloidal by immersed the zinc target in high purity water (DDW) with various laser energy at room temperature. The optical properties, the morphology and particle size of the synthesized ZnO colloidal were measured by using UV–visible absorption and scanning electron microscope. The result showed the spherical shape and homogenous structure of the ZnONPs colloidal. The extrapolation curve of the band gab set forth the redshift can be related to the quantum confinement effect or quantum size. The band gap curve clarifies the change in band gab as a function of particle size which in turn agrees with the effective mass model (EMM).
Studying the parameters effect of the sputtering yield for polypropylene bombarding by ions of atmospheric background gases
Authors: Salman Hussein A. , Jawada Enas A. , Jassim Mustafa K.
Published: March 2021

Using the transport of ions in matter program which is the TRIM program that based on a Monte Carlo simulation method to calculate the sputtering yield for polypropylene, that was bombed with (N2, O2, and Ar) ions of gas in ions energy range (0.1-300) Kev and for different angles. It can be seen from the results of this study the sputtering yield depends on the incident angle, ions energy, and atomic number of incident ions, surface binding energy of the elements that make up the polypropylene (pp) and the atomic number of the elements that make up the polypropylene. It is noted that the sputtering yield increases with increasing Incident ions angle (θ), and this increase is slight when the angle of incident ions angle is less than 600, and the sputtering yield increases clearly and quickly when the incident ions angle is from 600 to 800, and then decreases significantly when the angle is greater than 800. In addition, the sputtering yield increases significantly with the increase in the detonation ion energy until it reaches the highest value and then decreases with increasing energy, due to the amount of energy transferred from the detonating ion to the polymer atoms. We note the sputtering yield increase with increasing atomic number of ions (N2, O2, and Ar) that bombardment the polypropylene.
The use of new pyridine derivatives as effective photostabilizers for poly (vinyl chloride)
Authors: Hameed Sarah Abdulhamza , Ibraheem Hiba H. , Yousif Emad
Published: March 2021

This work included synthesis of several new pyridine derivatives by cyclization of compound (3) with appropriate aromatic aldehydes (4-Chloro-3-formylcoumarin, 4-bromobenzaldehyde, 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde and 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde) in presence of malononitrile and ammonium acetate to obtain pyridine derivatives (5a-e). The new synthesized compounds have been characterized using Melting point, TLC, FT-IR spectroscopy and 1H-NMR. Five new pyridine derivatives have used like inhibitors untill Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) photodegradation. The pyridine derivatives have added into PVC onto a concentration from 0.5% through weight. The PVC thinlayers (40µ m thickness) have irradiated onto room temperature through ultraviolet (UV) light into up into 300 h. The changes within PVC thinlayers after irradiation have monitored through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, weight lack, while atomic strength microscopy. These alterations have quite remarkable within the empty PVC thinlayers liken into the ones gained when Active substances have uitilized. The pyridine derivatives have prevent the PVC photodegradation during immediate absorption from UV light, interfere through PVC chains, while touching like radical tie up while proton transfer action into stabilize the polymeric compounds.