bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Aryl Siloxane Cross‐Coupling to the Synthesis of Allocolchicinoids.
Authors: Seganish W. Michael , DeShong Philip
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New N4‐Hydroxycytidine Derivatives: Synthesis and Antiviral Activity.
Authors: Ivanov Maksim A. , Antonova Elena V. , Maksimov Aleksey V. , Pigusova Lyudmila K. , Belanov Evgenii F. , Aleksandrova Lyudmila A.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Carbocyclic 7‐Deazapurine‐pyrimidine Hybrid Nucleoside
Authors: Sunkara Naresh K. , Mosley Sylvester L. , Seley‐Radtke Katherine L.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Hammerhead Ribozyme Structure Brought in Line.
Authors: Przybilski Rita , Hammann Christian
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Evaluation of an α‐C‐Galactosylceramide Analogue that Induces Th1‐Biased Responses in Human Natural Killer T Cells.
Authors: Lu Xuequan , Song Liping , Metelitsa Leonid S. , Bittman Robert
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Apicin, a New Flavonoid from Artemisia apiacea.
Authors: Lee Sung‐Jin , Kim Hye Min , Lee Sanghyun , Kim Hyun Young , Um Byung‐Hun , Ahn Young‐Hee
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
DNA Topoisomerases I and II Inhibition and Cytotoxicity of Constituents from the Roots of Rubia cordifolia.
Authors: Son Jong Keun , Jung Ji Hyun , Lee Chong Soon , Moon Dong Cheul , Choi Sang Won , Min Byung Sun , Woo Mi Hee
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
β‐Lapachone.
Authors: Cunha‐Filho Marcilio S. S. , Landin Mariana , Martinez‐Pacheco Ramon , Dacunha‐Marinho Bruno
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mild and Regioselective Straightforward Synthesis of Isomelatonin Analogues.
Authors: Zakurdaev Eugene P. , Balenkova Elizabeth S. , Nenajdenko Valentine G.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
First Synthesis of Polyoxin M.
Authors: Shiro Yuuichi , Kato Keisuke , Fujii Mikio , Ida Yoshiteru , Akita Hiroyuki
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Anthracene Derivatives Isolated from Rice Hulls of Oryza sativa and Their Growth Inhibitory Activity of Radish Seed.
Authors: Chung Ill‐Min , Lim Yoong‐Ho , Ali Mohd , Sultana Shahnaz , Ahmad Ateeque
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Mollugin.
Authors: Claessens Sven , Kesteleyn Bart , Nguyen Van Tuyen Nguyen Van Tuyen , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
2006 American Chemical Society Award for Computers in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research.
Authors: Gasteiger Johann
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of New Esters and Oximes with 4‐Aminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane Structure and Evaluation of Their Antitrypanosomal and Antiplasmodial Activities.
Authors: Seebacher W. , Schlapper C. , Brun R. , Kaiser M. , Saf R. , Weis R.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of MoO3 Nanostructures and Their Facile Conversion to MoS2 Fullerenes and Nanotubes.
Authors: Therese Helen A. , Zink Nicole , Kolb Ute , Tremel Wolfgang
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Review of the Chemical Manipulation of Nanomaterials Using Solvents: Gelation Dependent Structures
Authors: Ranjit Koodali T. , Martyanov Igor , Demydov Dmytro , Uma Sitharaman , Rodrigues Shalini , Klabunde Kenneth J.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nuclear Hydrogen Generation and Storage Methods
Authors: Ossowski Marcin
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
XPS at Solid—Aqueous Solution Interface
Authors: Shchukarev A.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
General Corrosion of Copper in Domestic Drinking Water Installations: Scientific Background and Mechanistic Understanding
Authors: Merkel T. H. , Pehkonen S. O.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxide Components for the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Authors: Goodenough J. B.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
F‐Block N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes
Authors: Arnold Polly L. , Liddle Stephen T.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Water‐Splitting Chemistry of Photosystem II
Authors: McEvoy James P. , Brudvig Gary W.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
From a Racemate to a Single Enantiomer: Deracemization by Stereoinversion
Authors: Gruber Christian C. , Lavandera Ivan , Faber Kurt , Kroutil Wolfgang
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Advances in Silver‐Catalyzed Nitrene, Carbene, and Silylene‐Transfer Reactions
Authors: Li Zigang , He Chuan
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Five‐Membered Ring Systems with N and S (Se) Atoms
Authors: Saulnier Mark G. , Velaparthi Upender , Zimmermann Kurt
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
From Industrial Colorants to Single Photon Sources and Biolabels: The Fascination and Function of Rylene Dyes
Authors: Herrmann Andreas , Muellen Klaus
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions over Reusable Zeolites
Authors: Smith Keith , El‐Hiti Gamal A.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Convex—Convex and Concave—Convex Interactions Between C60 and Non‐Planar Aromatic Subphthalocyanine Macrocycle in Both Covalent and Supramolecular Arrays
Authors: Claessens Christian G. , Gonzalez‐Rodriguez David , Iglesias Rodrigo S. , Torres T.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
[60]Fullerene‐Based Electron Acceptors
Authors: Illescas Beatriz M. , Martin Nazario
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fullerene Peroxides
Authors: Gan Liangbing
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclodextrins in Nitrosation Chemistry
Authors: Iglesias‐Martinez Emilia
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Baylis—Hillman Reaction: Use of Novel Chiral Aldehydes as Electrophiles, Chiral Base Catalysts and Auxiliaries
Authors: Krishna Palakodety Radha , Sharma G. V. M.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Current Progress in the Acetate/Methyl Ketone Aldol Reaction
Authors: Kimball David B. , Silks, Louis A. III
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Secondary Amides as Orthodirected Metalation Groups for Arenes — A Useful Construction Way of the Polysubstituted Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Systems
Authors: Epsztajn Jan , Jozwiak Andrzej , Szczesniak Aleksandra K.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid Base Catalysts in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Figueras Francois , Kantam Mannepalli Lakshmi , Choudary Boyapati Manoranjan
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Developments in the Chiral Synthesis of Homoallylic Amines via Organoboranes
Authors: Ramachandran P. Veeraraghavan , Burghardt Thomas E.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Supramolecular Chemistry with Organometallic Half‐Sandwich Complexes
Authors: Severin Kay
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Physical Chemistry of Protein Folding: Experiments and Theories
Authors: Yeh Yu‐Lin , Liang Kuo Kan , Chang C. H. , Shiu YingJen , Su Charlene , Hayashi Michitoshi , Yang G. , Yuan J. M. , Chyan C. L. , Jang Soonmin , et al. et al.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lipidated Ras and Rab Peptides and Proteins — Synthesis, Structure, and Function
Authors: Brunsveld Luc , Kuhlmann Juergen , Alexandrov Kirill , Wittinghofer Alfred , Goody Roger S. , Waldmann Herbert
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Clinicopharmacological Study of Gastrointestinal Drugs from the Viewpoint of Postmarketing Development
Authors: Itoh Hiroki
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microreactors as Tools for Synthetic Chemists — The Chemists′ Round‐Bottomed Flask of the 21st Century?
Authors: Geyer Karolin , Codee Jeroen D. C. , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
High Throughput Experimentation in Oxidation Catalysis: Higher Integration and “Intelligent” Software
Authors: Schueth F. , Baumes L. , Clerc F. , Demuth D. , Farrusseng D. , Llamas‐Galilea J. , Klanner C. , Klein J. , Martinez‐Joaristi A. , Procelewska J. , et al. et al.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Nitrosoamines
Authors: Perera Ana Maria Afonso
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
EPR Spectroscopy of Complex Polymer Systems
Authors: Wasserman A. M. , Motyakin M. V.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highlights on the Development of A2A Adenosine Receptor Agonists and Antagonists
Authors: Cristalli Gloria , Cacciari Barbara , Dal Ben Diego , Lambertucci Catia , Moro Stefano , Spalluto Giampiero , Volpini Rosaria
Published: December 2006

Although significant progress has been made in the past few decades demonstrating that adenosine modulates a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes through the interaction with four subtypes of a family of cell‐surface G‐protein‐coupled receptors, clinical evaluation of some adenosine receptor ligands has been discontinued. Major problems include side effects due to the wide distribution of adenosine receptors, low brain penetration (which is important for the targeting of CNS diseases), short half‐life of compounds, or a lack of effects, in some cases perhaps due to receptor desensitization or to low receptor density in the targeted tissue. Currently, three A2A adenosine receptor agonists have begun phase III studies. Two of them are therapeutically evaluated as pharmacologic stress agents and the third proved to be effective in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury (SCI), while avoiding the adverse effects of steroid agents. On the other hand, the great interest in the field of A2A adenosine receptor antagonists is related to their application in neurodegenerative disorders, in particular, Parkinson’s disease, and some of them are currently in various stages of evaluation. This review presents an update of medicinal chemistry and molecular recognition of A2A adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists, and stresses the strong need for more selective ligands at the A2A human subtype.
Chemoarchitecture of the middle temporal visual area in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus): Laminar distribution of calcium‐binding proteins (calbindin, parvalbumin) and nonphosphorylated neurofilament
Authors: Bourne James A. , Warner Claire E. , Upton Daniel J. , Rosa Marcello G.P.
Published: December 2006

We studied the distributions of interneurons containing the calcium‐binding proteins parvalbumin and calbindin D‐28k, as well as that of pyramidal neurons containing nonphosphorylated neurofilament (NNF), in the middle temporal visual area (MT) of marmoset monkeys. The distributions of these classes of cells in MT are distinct from those found in adjacent areas. Similar to the primary visual area (V1), in MT, calbindin‐immunopositive neurons can be objectively classified into “dark” and “light” subtypes based on optical density of stained cell bodies. Calbindin‐positive dark neurons are particularly concentrated in layers 2 and 3, whereas light neurons have a more widespread distribution. In addition, a subcategory of calbindin‐positive dark neuron, characterized by a “halo” of stained processes surrounding the cell body, is found within and around layer 4 of MT and V1. These cells are rare in most other visual areas. In comparison, parvalbumin‐immunopositive cells in area MT have a relatively homogeneous distribution, although with a trend toward higher spatial density in lower layer 3, and are relatively uniform in terms of density of staining. Finally, MT shows a characteristic trilaminar distribution of NNF‐immunopositive pyramidal cells, with stained cell bodies evident in layers 3, 5, and 6. Although the laminar distribution of cells stained for the three markers overlap to some extent, these subcategories can be readily distinguished in terms of morphology, including cell body size. Chemoarchitectural parallels observed between MT and V1 suggest comparable physiological requirements and neuronal circuitry. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:832–849, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization and comparative analysis of acid‐sensing ion channel (ASIC1, 2, and 3) mRNA expression in mouse colonic sensory neurons within thoracolumbar dorsal root ganglia
Authors: Hughes Patrick A. , Brierley Stuart M. , Young Richard L. , Blackshaw L. Ashley
Published: December 2006

Reducing colonic mechanosensitivity is an important potential strategy for reducing visceral pain. Mice lacking acid‐sensing ion channels (ASIC) 1, 2, and 3 show altered colonic mechanosensory function, implicating ASICs in the mechanotransduction process. Deletion of ASICs affects mechanotransduction in visceral and cutaneous afferents differently, suggesting differential expression. We determined relative expression of ASIC1, 2, and 3 in mouse thoracolumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) by quantitative reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis (QPCR) and specifically in retrogradely traced colonic neurons isolated via laser capture microdissection. Localization of ASIC expression in DRG was determined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and retrograde tracing. QPCR of whole thoracolumbar DRG revealed and abundance of ASIC2 > ASIC1 > ASIC3. Similarly, FISH of all neurons in thoracolumbar DRG demonstrated that ASIC2 was expressed in the most (40 ± 1%) neurons, followed by ASIC3 (24 ± 1%), then ASIC1 (18 ± 1%). Retrograde tracing from the distal colon labeled 4 ± 1% of neurons in T10‐L1 DRG. In contrast to whole DRG, FISH of colonic neurons showed ASIC3 expression in 73 ± 2%, ASIC2 in 47 ± 0.5%, and ASIC1 in 30 ± 2%. QPCR of laser captured colonic neurons revealed that ASIC3 was the most abundant ASIC transcript, followed by ASIC1, then ASIC2. We conclude that ASIC1, 2, and 3 are expressed preferentially in colonic neurons within thoracolumbar DRG. In particular ASIC3, the least abundant in the general population, is the most abundant ASIC transcript in colonic neurons. The prevalence of ASIC3 in neurons innervating the colon supports electrophysiological data showing that it makes a major contribution to colonic mechanotransduction and therefore may be a target for the treatment of visceral pain. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:863–875, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Online workbenches for neural network connections
Authors: Bota Mihail , Swanson Larry W.
Published: December 2006

The nervous system is the most complex object we know of. It is a spatially distributed, functionally differentiated network formed by axonal connections between defined neuron populations and effector cells. Computer science provides exciting new tools for archiving, analyzing, synthesizing, and modeling on the Web vast amounts of frequently conflicting and incomplete qualitative and quantitative data about the organization and molecular mechanisms of neural networks. To optimize conceptual advances in systems neuroscience, it is important for the research and publishing communities to embrace three exercises: using defined nomenclatures; populating databases; and providing feedback to developers about improved design, performance, and functionality of knowledge management systems and associated visualization tools. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:807–814, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex differences in projections from preoptic area aromatase cells to the periaqueductal gray in Japanese quail
Authors: Carere Claudio , Ball Gregory F. , Balthazart Jacques
Published: December 2006

In many vertebrate species the medial preoptic area projects to a premotor nucleus, the periaqueductal central gray (PAG). This connection plays an important role in the control of reproductive behavior. In male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) specifically, the medial preoptic nucleus (POM), where various types of sensory inputs converge, is a critical site for the activational action of testosterone on male sexual behavior. To activate male copulatory behavior, testosterone must be aromatized to estradiol within the POM and aromatase‐immunoreactive cells in the POM are the main source of projections to the PAG. The POM–PAG connection is thus an important functional circuit integrating the sensory with premotor components of sexual behavior. Contrary to what is observed in males, testosterone does not activate male‐typical copulatory behavior in females and we investigated here via retrograde tracing methods whether this behavioral sexual difference is associated with a sex difference in connectivity between POM and PAG. Fluorescent microspheres were injected in the PAG of male and female quail and retrogradely labeled fluorescent cells counted in four fields of the POM in sections that had been immunolabeled for aromatase. Males had more aromatase‐immunoreactive neurons projecting to the PAG than females and this difference was most prominent in the caudolateral part of the nucleus that has been specifically implicated in the control of male copulatory behavior. These data therefore support the hypothesis that sex differences in POM–PAG connectivity are causally linked to the sex difference in the behavioral response to testosterone. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:894–907, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional activation of glutamate ionotropic receptors in the developing mouse retina
Authors: Acosta Monica L. , Chua Jacqueline , Kalloniatis Michael
Published: December 2006

Ionotropic glutamate receptors have been associated with early development of the visual process by regulating cell differentiation, cell motility, and synaptic contacts. We determined the expression of functional ionotropic glutamate receptors during development of the mouse retina by assessing 1‐amino‐4‐guanidobutane (agmatine; AGB) immunolabelling after application of a range of glutamate analogs. Colocalization of AGB with calretinin and islet‐1 allowed the identification of functional receptors in neurochemically defined neurons. Activation with kainate (KA), α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) resulted in AGB entry into neurons consistent with that found previous receptor subunit localization studies in the developing retina. Temporal analysis revealed that application of 50 μM KA activated receptors as early as embryonic day 18 in the ventricular zone and in the ganglion cell layer, whereas 30 μM AMPA activated cells predominantly in the ganglion cell layer. Cholinergic amacrine cells showed functional KA and AMPA receptors upon their insertion into the conventional amacrine cell layer from postnatal day 1 (P1). OFF cone bipolar cells showed functional KA receptors from P6, at a developmental age when they are known to make contact with ganglion cells. NMDA activation led to diffuse AGB labeling at birth among cells in the ganglion cell layer, whereas, at P1, regularly spaced cholinergic amacrine cells in the conventional amacrine cell layer started to be responsive to NMDA. Non‐NMDA receptors were first to show functional activation in the developing retina, and cholinergic amacrine cells displayed functional ionotropic glutamate receptors after reaching their final destination. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:923–941, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo imaging of growth cone and filopodial dynamics: Evidence for contact‐mediated retraction of filopodia leading to the tiling of sibling processes
Authors: Baker Michael W. , Macagno Eduardo R.
Published: December 2006

In the leech embryo, the peripheral comb cell (CC) sends out many nonoverlapping, growth cone‐tipped processes that grow in parallel and serve as a scaffold for the migrating myocytes of the later‐developing oblique muscle layer. To explore how the parallel arrangement is generated we first examined the arrangement of CC cytoskeletal components by expressing a tubulin‐binding protein and actin, both tagged with fluorescent reporters. This revealed that the growth cones were compartmentalized into F‐actin‐rich filopodia and a microtubule‐rich central region. Time‐lapse analysis with a 2‐photon laser scanning microscope revealed that the growth cones of the CC are highly dynamic, undergoing rapid filopodial extension and retraction. Measurements of filopodial lifespan and length revealed that most filopodia at the leading edge of the growth cone achieved significantly longer lifespans and length than lateral filopodia. Furthermore, for the short‐lived lateral filopodia, apparent interaction with a neighboring process was found to be a significant predictor of their nearly immediate (within 2–4 minutes) retraction. When contact was experimentally prevented by ablating individual CCs, the filopodia from the growth cones of adjacent segmental neighbors were found to be significantly lengthened in the direction of the removed homolog. Treatment with low doses of cytochalasin D to disrupt F‐actin assembly led to filopodial retraction and growth cone collapse and resulted in the bifurcation of many CC processes, numerous crossover errors, and the loss of parallelism. These findings indicate the existence of a contact‐mediated repulsive interaction between processes of the CC. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:850–862, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computation of the logarithm of Bessel functions of complex argument and fractional order
Authors: Rothwell E. J.
Published: December 2006

Algorithms for computing the logarithm of Bessel functions of complex argument and fractional order are presented. These algorithms will be useful when direct evaluation of the Bessel function causes computer overflow or underflow. Several numerical results are presented, and an example of electromagnetic scattering by a conducting wedge is given. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A user reputation model for a user‐interactive question answering system
Authors: Chen Wei , Zeng Qingtian , Wenyin Liu , Hao Tianyong
Published: December 2006

In this paper, we propose a user reputation model and apply it to a user‐interactive question answering system. It combines the social network analysis approach and the user rating approach. Social network analysis is applied to analyze the impact of participant users' relations to their reputations. User rating is used to acquire direct judgment of a user's reputation based on other users' experiences with this user. Preliminary experiments show that the computed reputations based on our proposed reputation model can reflect the actual reputations of the simulated roles and therefore can fit in well with our user‐interactive question answering system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MS‐Analyzer: preprocessing and data mining services for proteomics applications on the Grid
Authors: Cannataro Mario , Veltri Pierangelo
Published: December 2006

Mass spectrometry proteomics data contain much information about cell functions and disease conditions. The discovery of such information is enabled by the combined use of novel bioinformatics tools and data mining techniques requiring the integration of huge data sources and the composition of different software tools. The main phases of such emerging applications comprise the loading, management, preprocessing, mining, and visualization of spectra, as well as the analysis of discovered knowledge models. The collection, storage, and analysis of spectra produced in different laboratories can make use of the services of computational Grids, which offer efficient data transfer primitives, effective management of large data stores, and large computing power. In this paper we present MS‐Analyzer, a Grid‐based software platform for the integrated management and analysis of spectra data. MS‐Analyzer provides efficient spectra management through a specialized spectra database, and supports the semantic composition of spectra preprocessing services and data mining services to analyze spectra on the Grid. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed end‐host multicast algorithms for the Knowledge Grid
Authors: Tu Wanqing , Muppala Jogesh K. , Zhuge Hai
Published: December 2006

The Knowledge Grid built on top of the peer‐to‐peer (P2P) network has been studied to implement scalable, available and sematic‐based querying. In order to improve the efficiency and scalability of querying, this paper studies the problem of multicasting queries in the Knowledge Grid. An m‐dimensional irregular mesh is a popular overlay topology of P2P networks. We present a set of novel distributed algorithms on top of an m‐dimensional irregular mesh overlay for the short delay and low network resource consumption end‐host multicast services. Our end‐host multicast fully utilizes the advantages of an m‐dimensional mesh to construct a two‐layer architecture. Compared to previous approaches, the novelty and contribution here are: (1) cluster formation that partitions the group members into clusters in the lower layer where cluster consists of a small number of members; (2) cluster core selection that searches a core with the minimum sum of overlay hops to all other cluster members for each cluster; (3) weighted shortest path tree construction that guarantees the minimum number of shortest paths to be occupied by the multicast traffic; (4) distributed multicast routing that directs the multicast messages to be efficiently distributed along the two‐layer multicast architecture in parallel, without a global control; the routing scheme enables the packets to be transmitted to the remote end hosts within short delays through some common shortest paths; and (5) multicast path maintenance that restores the normal communication once the membership alteration appears. Simulation results show that our end‐host multicast can distributively achieve a shorter delay and lower network resource consumption multicast services as compared with some well‐known end‐host multicast systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geometric H/D Isotope Effects and Cooperativity of the Hydrogen Bonds in Porphycene
Authors: Shibl Mohamed F. , Pietrzak Mariusz , Limbach Hans‐Heinrich , Kühn Oliver
Published: December 2006

We investigate the primary, secondary, and vicinal hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) isotope effects on the geometry of the two intramolecular hydrogen bonds in porphycene. Multidimensional potential energy surfaces describing the anharmonic motion in the vicinity of the trans isomer are calculated for the different symmetric (HH/DD) and asymmetric (HD) isotopomers. From the solution of the nuclear Schrödinger equation the ground‐state wavefunction is obtained, which is further used to determine the quantum corrections to the classical equilibrium geometries of the hydrogen bonds and thus the geometric isotope effects. In particular, it is found that the hydrogen bonds are cooperative, that is, both expand simultaneously even in the case of an asymmetric isotopic substitution. The theoretical predictions compare favorably with NMR chemical‐shift data.
Thermodynamics of the Decomposition Processes of Donor–Acceptor Complexes MX3⋅en⋅MX3 and MX3⋅en
Authors: Trinh Cong , Timoshkin Alexey Y. , Frenking Gernot
Published: December 2006

The structural and thermodynamic properties of the donor–acceptor (DA) complexes of Group 13 metal halides (MX3) with ethylenediamine and their decomposition products have been studied theoretically at the B3LYP/LANL2DZ(d,p) level of theory. Gas‐phase dissociation into various components and HX elimination reactions are considered. Both processes are endothermic but favored by entropy. Complexes of 2:1 composition are predicted to be stable in the gas phase up to 640–1000 K. It is found that complexation with the second acceptor molecule lowers the HX elimination enthalpy; in turn, HX elimination increases DA bonding with a second MX3 molecule. Exceptionally high values of the dissociation enthalpies (310–390 kJ mol−1) and HX elimination reactions (360–420 kJ mol−1) of the amido compounds MX2NHC2H4NH2 and MX2NHC2H4NHMX2 make them important intermediates in the decomposition processes. Dissociation reactions of the complexes are more favorable than HX elimination reactions; however, the subsequent oligomerization and cyclization processes of coordinationally unsaturated amido and imido compounds may facilitate HX elimination. Since HI elimination reactions are predicted to be the least endothermic, and aluminum‐containing compounds have the strongest M–N dissociation enthalpies, it is expected that compounds based on aluminum iodide are promising objects for experimental studies.
Genetic variations of the CDC2L2 gene are associated with type 2 diabetes in a Han Chinese cohort
Authors: Li Yi , Wu Guodong , Zuo Jin , Gao Jinming , Chang Yongsheng , Fang Fu‐de
Published: December 2006

Objective

The purpose of the present study was to study the potential association of CDC2L2 variations with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods

SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) were extensively screened across the CDC2L2 gene by the site‐specific PCR method ARMS (Amplification Refractory Mutation System). The identified novel polymorphisms were further evaluated in a Han Chinese cohort comprising of 467 patients with diabetes and 569 nondiabetic controls. In addition, 76 parent‐offspring trios were also included in this association study.

The case‐control and TDT/sibTDT studies are applied for association analysis in this study.

Results

Seven loci (rs1059831, SNP33, rs7528782, SNP11, SNP36, rs11488590 and SNP30) were shown to be significantly associated with T2D in unrelated individuals (p < 0.05). When individuals were stratified by age, sex and body mass index (BMI), the SNP11 was shown to be strongly associated with female patients with T2D, patients whose age was over 45 years and individuals whose BMI was less than 23 (p = 0.018, 0.011 and 0.0089, respectively). However, it was not replicated in the family‐based TDT/sibTDT analysis (p = 0.085, OR = 0.63 (CI 95% 0.34–1.06)).

Conclusion

Our data suggested that the CDC2L2 gene may contribute to the susceptibility of type 2 diabetes in the northern Han Chinese population, but further studies are needed to replicate these findings. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gangliogenesis in the enteric nervous system: Roles of the polysialylation of the neural cell adhesion molecule and its regulation by bone morphogenetic protein‐4
Authors: Faure Christophe , Chalazonitis Alcmène , Rhéaume Catherine , Bouchard Guylaine , Sampathkumar S.‐Gopalan , Yarema Kevin J. , Gershon Michael D.
Published: December 2006

The neural crest–derived cells that colonize the fetal bowel become patterned into two ganglionated plexuses. The hypothesis that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) promote ganglionation by regulating neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) polysialylation was tested. Transcripts encoding the sialyltransferases, ST8Sia IV (PST) and ST8Sia II (STX), which polysialylate NCAM, were detectable in fetal rat gut by E12 but were downregulated postnatally. PSA‐NCAM‐immunoreactive neuron numbers, but not those of NCAM, were developmentally regulated similarly. Circular smooth muscle was transiently (E16–20) PSA‐NCAM‐immunoreactive when it is traversed by migrating precursors of submucosal neurons. Neurons developing in vitro from crest‐derived cells immunoselected at E12 with antibodies to p75NTR expressed NCAM and PSA‐NCAM. BMP‐4 promoted neuronal NCAM polysialylation and clustering. N‐butanoylmannosamine, which blocks NCAM polysialylation, but not N‐propanoylmannosamine, which does not, interfered with BMP‐4‐induced neuronal clustering. Observations suggest that BMP signaling enhances NCAM polysialylation, which allows precursors to migrate and form ganglionic aggregates during the remodeling of the developing ENS. Developmental Dynamics, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional analysis of light transmittance characteristics in many index ellipsoids connected in series
Authors: Yoshida Taro , Makishima Kazuhiro , Sone Mototaka , Murooka Yoshihiro
Published: December 2006

The three‐dimensional optical technique has been applied to analysis of the experimental results related to magnetic wave scattering phenomena. Recently, we have developed an ideal equation for analyzing the three‐dimensional transmittance character of light scattered due to many index ellipsoids. The index ellipsoids are arranged directly along the light axis in series. In this case, the index ellipsoid size and the gap distance between each index ellipsoid and neighbor one are considered as a calculation condition. By using an analysis equation devised by us, we have sought to determine the condition under which the light can be passed through many transparent mediums with high efficiency. From the numerical calculations, the condition for maximum transmittance of light 100% is obtained when a spherical and elliptic index ellipsoids are alternately arranged with respect to each other. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(3): 12–18, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20311
Optimization of multiobjective system reliability design using FLC controlled GA
Authors: Mukuda Minoru , Tsujimura Yasuhiro , Gen Mitsuo
Published: December 2006

A practical optimal reliability design of a system requiring high system reliability could be formulated as an appropriate mathematical programming model; however, in the real world, we should be concerned with some kinds of decision criteria. In particular, system reliability and construction cost are basically in conflict with each other, so that when taking both of them into consideration, the system reliability design model can be formulated as a bi‐objective mathematical programming model. In this research, we consider a bi‐criteria redundant system reliability design problem which is optimized by selecting and assigning system components among different valuable candidates for constructing a series‐parallel redundant system. Such a problem is formulated as a bi‐criteria nonlinear integer programming (bi‐nIP) model. In the past decade, several researchers have developed many heuristic algorithms including genetic algorithms (GAs) for solving multi‐criteria system reliability optimization problems and obtained acceptable and satisfactory results. Unfortunately, the Pareto solutions obtained by solving a multi‐objective optimization problem using a GA cannot guarantee its quality, and the number of Pareto solutions obtained is sometimes small. In order to overcome such problems, we propose a hybrid genetic algorithm combined with a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) and a local search technique to obtain as many Pareto solutions and as good as possible. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated through comparative numerical experiments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(3): 72–80, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20319
Characteristics of creeping discharge along aerial insulated wire under impulse voltages with various wave front durations
Authors: Nishi Toshiyuki , Hanaoka Ryoichi , Takata Shinzo , Miyamoto Toshio
Published: December 2006

When lightning occurs in the neighborhood of outdoor high‐voltage distribution lines, creeping discharges propagate along the wire surface from the binding wire tip just after insulator flashover. These discharges give rise to various faults on distribution lines, for instance, disconnection and melting of wire, punch‐through breakdown, and so on. We must clarify the creeping discharge characteristics associated with various inductive lightning surges from the viewpoint of safety in high‐voltage distribution systems. In our previous paper, it was reported that the lengths and aspects of the negative creeping discharges were influenced by the wave front durations of impulse voltages applied to the central line with a grounded binding wire. The present study was performed to obtain more information on such creeping discharges.

This paper describes the distinctive characteristics of a creeping discharge along the insulated wire surface when impulse voltages with various wave front durations are applied to the binding wire. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(3): 29–37, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20430
Analysis of correlations among supercontinuum spectra using liquid crystal spatial light modulator
Authors: Matsuike Mitsumasa , Nishizawa Norihiko , Mori Masakazu , Goto Ryosuke , Goto Toshio
Published: December 2006

The generation of supercontinuum spectra from the injection of femtosecond pulses into microstructure or tapered fibers has now been achieved by several groups [1, 2]. In 2001, we generated a supercontinuum around 1.55 µm by injecting a 100‐fs‐duration fiber laser pulse with a 1‐nJ pulse energy into a 5‐m‐long highly nonlinear dispersion‐shifted fiber. The supercontinuum is a remarkable light source for applications in many fields due to its extreme spectral broadness and simple generation scheme. These unique properties should make the supercontinuum an ideal tool for important applications, including WDM telecommunications, optical coherence tomography, and optical‐frequency measurement. However, significant broadband noise on the supercontinuum has been observed, limiting its stability, so that the supercontinuum is too noisy for many applications.

In this study, we experimentally analyze the correlation among supercontinuum spectra that contribute to increasing and decreasing this noise by spectral filtering using spatial light modulator. We observed the formation of correlations among supercontinuum spectra for two fibers which have different properties for chromatic dispersion. We also discuss how nonlinear effects act on the formation of correlations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(3): 55–60, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20435
Wavelet‐based fast discrimination of transformer magnetizing inrush current
Authors: Kitayama Masashi
Published: December 2006

Customers who need electricity of higher quality have recently been installing cogeneration facilities. They can avoid voltage sags and other distribution system‐related disturbances by supplying electricity to important loads from their generation equipment. As another example, the FRIENDS highly reliable distribution system using semiconductor switches or storage devices based on power electronics technology, has been proposed. These examples illustrate that the need for high reliability of power supply in distribution systems is increasing. Fast relaying algorithms are indispensable in order to realize these systems.

The author proposes a new method of discriminating a magnetizing inrush current and a short‐circuit fault current by using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The DWT provides the function of detecting discontinuity of the current waveform. An inrush current occurs when a transformer core becomes saturated. The proposed method detects spikes of the DWT components derived from the discontinuity of the current waveform at both the beginning and end of the inrush current. Wavelet thresholding, a form of wavelet‐based statistical modeling, was used to detect the spikes of DWT components. The proposed method was verified by experimental data obtained from field tests using a single‐phase transformer and the proposed method was demonstrated to be effective. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(3): 19–28, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20461
Ultrafast all‐optical switching using pulse trapping by ultrashort soliton pulse in birefringent optical fiber
Authors: Ukai Yosuke , Nishizawa Norihiko , Goto Toshio
Published: December 2006

Ultrafast all‐optical switching by use of pulse trapping in birefringent optical fiber is demonstrated both experimentally and numerically. The wavelengths of the control soliton pulse and the trapped soliton pulse are shifted to satisfy the condition of group velocity matching. Furthermore, the energy of the trapped pulse is increased through Raman gain of the control pulse. Only a signal pulse in the pulse train with temporal separation of about 1.2 ps is successfully picked off. The repetition frequency corresponds to 0.83 THz. The spectrogram of the optical switching is directly observed using the X‐FROG technique. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(3): 38–44, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20470