bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurotrophic Strategies for Treating Alzheimer's Disease: Lessons from Basic Neurobiology and Animal Modelsa
Authors: KOLIATSOS VASSILIS E. , PRICE DONALD L. , CLATTERBUCK RICHARD E. , MARKOWSKA ALICJA L. , OLTON DAVID S. , WILCOX BARBARA J.
Published: December 2006

Because neurotrophic factors can prevent natural and experimental cases of neural cell death and induce and maintain differentiation, they are especially attractive agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present report argues for the specific role of particular families of trophic factors, such as neurotrophins (e.g., nerve growth factor [NGF]) and neurokines (e.g, ciliary neurotrophic factor [CNTF]), for the promotion of the survival and phenotype of subsets of central nervous system (CNS) neurons vulnerable in AD, such as basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and cortical projection neurons. Although there is ample evidence for the therapeutic role of NGF in experimental or natural injury of cholinergic neurons, not enough progress has been made on trophic models involving cortical neurons. Further understanding of the mechanisms of cell death in AD and elucidation of the transduction cascades of trophic factors will undoubtedly refine our current concepts of a neurotrophic treatment for AD.
Status of the Standard Model
Authors: LANGACKER PAUL
Published: December 2006

The implications of recent precision Z‐pole, W mass, and weak neutral current data for testing the standard electroweak model, constraining that t quark and Higgs masses, αs (MZ), and grand unification are discussed. A fit to all data yields sin2θw(MZ)= 0.2325 ± 0.0024 (on‐shell), where the uncertainties are mainly from mt. In the standard model one predicts mt+17+15−23–17 GeV, where the central value assumes MH± 50 GeV (‐) or 1 TeV (+). In the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model (MSSM) one predicts mt= 138+20−25± 5 GeV, where the difference is due the light Higgs scalar expected in the MSSM. There is no significant constraint on MH until mt is known independently. Including perturbative estimates of the O(ααsm2t) corrections, these values increase by ∼ 5 GeV.
A Surprising Similarity Between a Closed n‐cell and βRn
Authors: BELLAMY DAVID P. , DIAMOND BEVERLY
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT. A compactification kRn of Rn is geometric if (a) the closure in kRn of every closed topological copy of Rn‐1 separates kRn, and (b) any two points in kRn can be separated by the closure of such a topological hyperplane. The first condition trivially holds if kRn is a perfect compactification. Preliminary relationships between these two properties are discussed. The closed n‐ball Bn with Sn‐1 as remainder and kRn are geometric compactifications, as is any perfect metrizable compactification of R2 with nondegenerate remainder. The property of being geometric seems to be rare among compactifications of Rn, and it is surprising that it is shared by two as different as Bn and kRn
Liftings for Noncomplete Probability Spacesa
Authors: BURKE MAXIM R.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT. The current state of knowledge concerning liftings for noncomplete probability spaces is discussed. This is a somewhat expanded version of the author's talk given at the 1991 Summer Conference on General Topology and Applications in Honor of Mary Ellen Rudin and Her Work.
How Indecomposable Continua Arise in Dynamical Systemsa
Authors: KENNEDY JUDY
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT. A brief history of the study of indecomposable continua is given, as well as a discussion of the different ways these continua are known to occur at present in dynamical systems. Relevant work of several researchers in the area is discussed.
ΨX in the Categorical Perspective and the Proximal Adjunction Space
Authors: SRIVASTAVA PRAMILA , SINGH SANGITA
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Among different approaches to the Smirnov compactification ΨX of a separated proximity space X, two have been described. These are constructions of ΨX (i) via p‐embedding in a cube and (ii) based on proximal zero sets and proximal ultrafilters. Both of the approaches use extensively the proximal Urysohn lemma and the proximal Tietze extension theorem, direct proofs of which have been given independent of the Smirnov compactification and the theory of uniform spaces.

A theory of proximal adjunction spaces has been developed and ΨX is realised as an adjunction space with applications involving pushouts and pullbacks in the category Prox.

The paper concludes with a presentation of the category ProxG of proximal transformation groups, or PG spaces, as objects and p‐continuous equivariant maps as morphisms. It is indicated that the Smirnov compactification provides a functor Ψ from the category ProxG to its full subcategory CptG with compact Hausdorff G‐spaces as objects. The orbit functor π induced by the orbit map is seen to commute with Ψ.
Some Topology‐based Image Processing Algorithms
Authors: KOVALEVSKY VLADIMIR , KOPPERMAN RALPH
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Some results on certain finite and locally finite spaces which may be used in image processing are reviewed, and algorithms related to these results are given and discussed.
F‐transcendental Ostrowski Nets
Authors: COHEN JO‐ANN , MATHEWS DAVID , SHELL NIEL
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: The first two authors introduced the notion of F‐transcendental and F‐algebraic Ostrowski nets. This generalizes Kaplansky's classification of Ostrowski nets (i.e., pseudo‐convergent sequences) as transcendental or algebraic. Properties of pseudo‐limits of Ostrowski nets related to this generalization and topologies on the rational function field F(x) defined by Ostrowski nets are further investigated here.
s̀‐Fragmented Banach Spaces and Function Spaces
Authors: NAMIOKA I.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: This is an exposition of results jointly obtained with J. E. Jayne, C. A. Rogers and R. Pol. We begin by discussing the notion of fragmentability and proceed to that of s̀‐fragmentability. Then we consider the question of which Banach spaces are s̀‐fragmented in the weak or weak* topology and which function spaces are s̀‐fragmented in the pointwise topology. Not only are these questions related to known properties of Banach spaces and compact spaces, but they also pose some interesting problems to be investigated further.
Vector Norms and Duality Properties in Normed Vector Spacesa
Authors: RĂDULESCU VICENTIU D.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: We give a generalization of the celebrated theorem of Davies concerning the duality of regularly ordered Banach spaces, for the case of real normed spaces endowed with vector norms. A notion of orthogonality is defined and related properties are shown.
Residue Class Topologies
Authors: SHELL NIEL
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: A construction by the author of topologies on the rational field is generalized by considering the ring of rational integers as a special case of a discretely topologized subring of a field topologized by an absolute value.
THE CANADA‐FRANCE REDSHIFT SURVEY
Authors: LE FÈVRE O. , LILLY S. J. , CRAMPTON D. , HAMMER F. , TRESSE L.
Published: December 2006

The Canada‐France Redshift Survey (CFRS), conducted with the CFHT MOS spec‐trograph, has provided secure redshifts for ∼600 galaxies with 0≤z≤1.3 of which more than 350 are at z≥0.5. This unique data set allows to investigate the evolution of the luminosity function of galaxies over timescales ∼50% the present age of the universe. We find that the luminosity function of red galaxies does not change much over the redshift range of the CFRS, while the luminosity function of blue galaxies is strongly evolving, consistent with a ∼1 magnitude brightening at z∼0.75 (but equivalently described by an increase in comoving density). Morphological information with HST will help to establish whether the evolution we observe is due to simple brightening of individual objects with look‐back time.
Management of Post‐Polio Respiratory Sequelae
Authors: BACH JOHN R.
Published: December 2006

Post‐poliomyelitis respiratory impairment is extremely common and entails considerable risk of morbidity and mortality. Respiratory muscle weakness is the primary etiological factor but post‐poliomyelitis individuals (PPIs) also have a high incidence of scoliosis, obesity, sleep disordered breathing, and bulbar muscle dysfunction, all of which can add to the risk. One hundred forty‐five PPIs were managed by noninvasive alternatives to intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) via an indwelling tracheostomy. When properly managed in this manner, acute respiratory failure requiring hospitalization, tracheal intubation, and bron‐choscopies were avoided. Timely introduction of mouthpiece IPPV, nasal IPPV, manually and mechanically assisted coughing, and noninvasive blood gas monitoring in the home were the principal techniques used for optimizing quality of life and for avoiding complications.
Age‐related Changes in Cortical Blood Flow Activation during Perception and Memory
Authors: GRADY C. L.
Published: December 2006

Although many cognitive functions are affected by age, some are relatively maintained. There also are numerous age‐related changes in brain structure, but not much is known about how these changes impact upon the alterations seen in cognition. In order to understand the basis for the reductions and sparings of cognitive function in the aged, experiments were carried out to compare regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and performance in young and old subjects on visual perceptual and memory tasks. In the first experiment, which examined the perception of faces and spatial locations, old subjects were as accurate as young subjects, and both groups had rCBF activation in fusiform gyrus during face matching and in superior parietal cortex during location matching. However, old subjects had less activation of prestriate cortex and more activation of frontal and lateral temporal cortex than did young subjects. The second experiment tested recognition memory for faces, a task on which old subjects were impaired. Young subjects had rCBF activation in left prefrontal and inferior temporal cortex and in right hippocampus during encoding of the faces, and in right prefrontal and parietal cortex during recognition. Old subjects showed no significant activation of the areas involved in encoding, but did have increased rCBF in right prefrontal cortex during recognition. These results suggest that the aging brain can demonstrate alterations of the functional systems involved in some cognitive processes, such as perception, that may serve as a compensatory mechanism to maintain performance. Failure to show such compensation, coupled with dysfunction of the areas primarily involved in processing may lead to more marked deficits in performance.
Regulation of APP Processing by Intra‐ and Intercellular Signalsa
Authors: BUXBAUM J.D. , GREENGARD P.
Published: December 2006

APP processing appears to be under complex regulation. This regulation is apparently important under both normal and pathological conditions. Of direct clinical interest is the observation that Aβ formation can be regulated by various means. This raises the possibility that altered APP processing may cause an increase in Aβ formation in AD, and suggests that it may be possible to regulate the production of Aβ as a therapeutic approach in AD. As an example of the utility of the latter approach, consider a patient carrying the Swedish APP mutation. If it is true that the cause of AD in such a patient is due to increased Aβ production, then decreasing Aβ production should delay the onset of the disease. Even in individuals where increased Aβ formation is not the cause of AD but there is some other causes, such as the presence of an allele of apolipoprotein E which causes Aβ accumulation and hence synaptic loss, decreasing Aβ formation may be beneficial. It is of course a very long way from in vitro experiments to therapy. The current emphasis on studying APP processing in vivo represents the next step towards this goal.
Molecular Membrane Interactions of a Phospholipid Metabolite. Implications for Alzheimer's Disease Pathophysiologya
Authors: MASON R. P. , TRUMBORE M. W. , PETTEGREW J. W.
Published: December 2006

Alzheimers's disease is characterized by changes in phospholipid metabolism leading to a perturbation in the levels of phosphomonoesters, including L‐Phosphoserine (L‐PS). These early changes in lipid metabolism may result in a defect in membrane bilayer structure, leading to increased rates of β‐amyloid formation. To investigate the effect of L‐PS on membrane lipid bilayers, small angle x‐ray diffraction and high resolution differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) approaches were used with liposomes composed of lecithin and cholesterol. A one‐dimensional electron density profile of a control dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC)/cholesterol lipid bilayer with a unit cell dimension of 52 Å at 370C was generated from the x‐ray diffraction data. Following incubation with 2.0 mM L‐PS, a broad decrease in electron density ±4‐12Å from the lipid bilayer center was observed concomitant with an increase in the width of the phospholipid headgroup electron density and a 3Å reduction in lipid bilayer width. The interactions of L‐PS with DMPC lipid bilayers were concentrationdependent, highly affected by cholesterol content and reproduced in egg phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol liposomes. DSC analysis showed that millimolar (1.0‐5.0 mM) L‐PS levels decreased the phase transition cooperative unit size of DMPC liposomes in a highly concentration‐dependent manner which was significantly greater in preparations containing 10 mol% cholesterol. These data provide direct evidence that phosphomonoester levels modulate the biophysical properties of the membrane lipid bilayer which may, in turn, lead to altered structure/function relationships in AD.
Therapeutic Effects of CDP‐Choline in Alzheimer's Disease‐Cognition, Brain Mapping, Cerebrovascular Hemodynamics, and Immune Factorsa
Authors: CACABELOS R. , CAAMAÑO J. , GÓMEZ M. J. , FERNÁNDEZ‐NOVOA L. , FRANCO‐MASIDE A. , ALVAREZ X. A.
Published: December 2006

CDP‐choline was given to patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) at a daily dose of 1000 mg/day p.o. for one month. This compound slightly improved mental performance, tended to reduce theta activity in fronto‐temporal regions, increasing alpha power in occipital areas, and enhanced cerebrovascular perfusion by increasing blood flow velocity and reducing pulsatility and resistance indexes. In addition, CDP‐choline diminished histamine and interleukin‐l levels in blood and serum, respectively, and increased plasma TNF.
Preliminary Evaluation of Besipirdine for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Diseasea
Authors: HUFF F. J.
Published: December 2006

Besipirdine hydrochloride (HP 749) is an indole‐substituted analog of 4‐aminopyridine. Besipirdine enhances both cholinergic and adrenergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system, and may have greater efficacy than purely cholinergic agents in treating dementia due to Alzheimer's disease.1 The present study examined the efficacy and tolerability of two doses of besipirdine (5 and 20 mg BID) in 275 patients with Alzheimer's disease during 3 months of treatment and during 3 months after withdrawl of treatment.

Besipirdine was generally well tolerated. The level of performance on a cognitive test was sustained during 3 months of treatment with besipirdine, whereas the performance of patients treated with placebo deteriorated over the same time period. The results suggest a dose‐response relationship, with greater efficacy after 3 months of treatment and longer persistence after treatment withdrawal for besipirdine 20 mg BID than for 5 mg BID. A clinical global rating did not detect a besipirdine treatment effect. The full efficacy after 3 months of treatment did not persist after withdrawal of treatment, suggesting that the benefit is primarily symptomatic. Treatment with higher doses and for longer periods may enhance efficacy on both cognitive and clinical global assessments.
A Note on Holsztyński's Theorem
Authors: ARAUJO J. , FONT J. J. , HERNÁNDEZ S.
Published: December 2006

In this note we provide an elementary proof of the following generalization of Holsztyński's theorem [2]: If there exists a linear isometry T of a completely regular subspace A of C0 (X) into C0 (Y), then there is a subset Y0 of Y and a continuous map h of Y0 onto X and a continuous map a:Y0→K, |a| = 1, such that (Tf)(y) =a(y)f(h(y)) for all y∈Y and all f∈A. As a consequence, we extend to C0(X)‐spaces an old result by Myers [3].
The Glicksberg Theorem on Weakly Compact Sets for Nuclear Groups
Authors: BANASZCZYK W. , MARTÍN‐PEINADOR E.
Published: December 2006

By the weak topology on an Abelian topological group we mean the topology induced by the family of all continuous characters. A well‐known theorem of I. Glicksberg says that weakly compact subsets of locally compact Abelian (LCA) groups are compact. D. Remus and F.J. Trigos‐Arrieta [1993. Proceedings Amer. Math. Soc. 117] observed that Glicksberg's theorem remains valid for closed subgroups of any product of LCA groups. Here we show that, in fact, it remains valid for all nuclear groups, a class of Abelian topological groups introduced by the first author in the monograph, “Additive subgroups of topological vector spaces” [1991. Lecture Notes in Math. 1466].
Finite‐to‐One Mappings on Infinite‐dimensional Compacta
Authors: POL ROMAN
Published: December 2006

Weakly infinite‐dimensional compacta can be classified by means of essential maps onto “transfinite cubes” (Smirnov's compacta). We investigate the behavior of this classification under finite‐to‐one mappings. In particular, we show that this topic is closely related to an open problem about the invariance of strong infinite‐dimensionality under light mappings on compacta. We provide also an analogue for the transfinite dimension ind of Hurewicz's the‐orem on dimension‐rising mappings.
On Being Haunted by the Future
Authors: Wood David
Published: December 2006

Derrida insists that we understand the 'to-come' not as a real future 'down the road', but rather as a universal structure of immanence. But such a structure is no substitute for the hard work of taking responsibility for what are often entirely predictable and preventable disasters (9/11, the Iraq war, Katrina, global warming). Otherwise "the future can only be anticipated in the form of an absolute danger". Derrida devotes much attention to proposing, imagining, hoping for a 'future' in which im-possible possibilities are being realized. It is important to steer clear of the utopian black hole, the thought (or shape of desire) that the future would need to bring a future perfection or completion. The future may well exhibit a universal structure of immanence. But what is equally disturbing is not our inability to expect the unexpected, but the failure of our institutions to prevent the all-too-predictable.
“Un Pueblo Laborioso”: Mudejar Work in the Cantigas
Authors: Liu Benjamin
Published: December 2006

This essay analyzes the idea of “work” as a site of convergence between two meanings of the term mudejar: the sociohistorical, in which the Mudejar is a tax-paying minority Muslim under Christian rule, and the aestheticist, in which mudejar describes a style of architectural and artisanal craftsmanship. Both senses—minority labor as taxable production and as cultural product—are studied in the poetic and social contexts of medieval Spanish poetry, with specific attention to thirteenth-century Galician-Portuguese poetry. The essay concludes by identifying a shift, described in terms articulated by Pierre Bourdieu, in the economic relations between Christians and Muslims, from that primarily viewed as an interpersonal social relation to a material relation expressed as goods and capital.
Writing Without Borders: Textual Hybridity in the Works of the Mancebo de Arévalo
Authors: Narváez Córdova María Teresa
Published: December 2006

Using the Aljamiado work of the Morisco known as El Mancebo de Arévalo, this study demonstrates the multiculturalism of sixteenth-century Spain. Because of the intrinsic graphic and discursive hybridity of the Aljamiado phenomenon, in which Romance—Castilian in this case—is written using Arabic characters, the reader of the Mancebo's work is confronted with blurred cultural frontiers. The task of establishing his sources is also challenging, given that he draws on texts as diverse as the Qur'an, St. Paul, Thomas à Kempis, and La Celestina; and he includes quotations in Castilian as well as Arabic, Hebrew, and Latin. This author offers a compelling example of the cultural complexity of a Spain that is still heir to the coexistence of the “three cultures.”
The contribution of working memory to children's mathematical word problem solving
Authors: Andersson Ulf
Published: December 2006

The study explored the contribution of working memory to mathematical word problem solving in children. A total of 69 children in grades 2, 3 and 4 were given measures of mathematical problem solving, reading, arithmetical calculation, fluid IQ and working memory. Multiple regression analyses showed that three measures associated with the central executive and one measure associated with the phonological loop contributed unique variance to mathematical problem solving when the influence of reading, age and IQ were controlled for in the analysis. In addition, the animal dual‐task, verbal fluency and digit span task continued to contribute unique variance when the effects of arithmetical calculation in addition to reading, fluid IQ, and age were controlled for. These findings demonstrate that the phonological loop and a number of central executive functions (shifting, co‐ordination of concurrent processing and storage of information, accessing information from long‐term memory) contribute to mathematical problem solving in children. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MECHANISM OF ANTIGEN RELEASE FROM CANINE KIDNEY HOMOTRANSPLANTS*
Authors: Najarian John S. , May James , Cochrum Kent C. , Baronberg Neiel , Way Lawrence W.
Published: December 2006

Antigen release from canine renal homotransplants was demonstrated in the renal vein of the transplanted kidney. The antigen was carried from the transplanted kidney to the host as a soluble or particulate substance within the host plasma. The host leukocytes were not implicated in the transport system. Antigen could not be detected in the peripheral vein blood. Antigen could be demonstrated in the plasma leaving the transplanted kidney within 10 minutes after vascular anastomosis was completed. The release of antigen terminated 2 to 3 days after transplantation.

The presence of donor antigen from renal homotransplantation may be related to the degree of kidney damage. C orticosteroid administration had no effect on the antigenicity of the transplanted kidneys.
RESPIRATORY TRACT INJURY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND RESPONSE TO THERAPY AMONG BURNED PATIENTS*
Authors: Harrison Howard N.
Published: December 2006

In an attempt to gain new insights into the relative importance, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology of pulmonary complications following thermal injury a review and interpretation of the various studies in this area is presented.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF EARLY TREATMENT ON THE PROGNOSIS OF SEVERE BURNS
Authors: Birke Gunnar , Liljedahl Sten‐Otto
Published: December 2006

Summary

A comparison between group A, containing 426 patients treated with dextran and blood in the proportion 4:1, and group B, comprising 308 patients treated with plasma and blood in the proportion 4:1, extra protein, and adequate electrolytes, revealed significant improvement of the therapeutic results in group B and also significantly better results than those in Bull and Fisher's series.

The therapeutic improvement was achieved mainly by a reduction of the mortality rate from sepsis and also, to a lesser degree, of deaths from circulatory disorders.

Very extensive burns and extensive burns with pulmonary damage are not influenced by our treatment.

Our therapy with albumin, gammaglobulin, and plasma seems to be the most important factor that influences the prognosis. The isolation of severely burned patients may also have influenced the prognosis of sepsis in treatment group B.

The initial treatment is also of crucial importance regarding the subsequent course and prognosis.

Plasma substitute can be safely used only in cases of small burns.
STUDIES IN BURNS: III. THE EFFECTS OF OUABAIN ON ESCHAR WATER LOSS AND OBSERVATIONS ON THE ETIOLOGY OF ESCHAR WATER TRANSMISSIVITY*
Authors: III Carl Jelenko , Wheeler Morgan Lee
Published: December 2006

Summary

Thermal burn eschars were measured for water transmissivity in vivo and in vitro by means of a modified gas chromotograph at various times, post‐burn.

Following an initial “acute” phase, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between the ability of eschars to transmit water in vivo or in vitro.

Eschars removed in the immediate post‐burn period that were incubated in Ringer's solution, in water, or in Ringer's solution containing Ouabain (50γ/cc) transmitted water at a rate equivalent to in situ, in vivo eschars at the same time, post‐burn.

Replaced, autografted eschars functioned, in terms of water transmissions, as they had in situ originally.

There was no statistical difference in water‐transmission rate between eschars measured in vitro on dry glass plates or on wet gauze.

It was observed that suprainfection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa did not alter the transmission rate of eschars, nor the ability of eschars to mature (i.e. become maximally water‐retentive.)

It is indicated that the sodium content of the sub‐eschar layer does not contribute to water retention or loss by the eschar.

It is suggested that eschar is a protein‐water semi‐solid membrane that transmits water in direct proportion to its own state of hydration. The various observations in support of this thesis are presented and discussed. Based upon the thesis that eschar water retentivity is a nonphysiologic function of the bound‐water content of eschar protein, it is suggested that an approach to improving the ability of eschars to retain water to the body may be through the use of certain salts having hydrogen‐bonding properties.
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO CRYSTALLOID RESUSCITATION OF SEVERE BURNS
Authors: Baxter Charles R. , Shires Tom
Published: December 2006

Summary

The use of balanced salt solutions in the resuscitation of burn shock has been evaluated in experimental animals and clinical burns utilizing the maintenance of functional ECF volume and circulatory response as the criteria of effectiveness. In both animal and clinical burns restoration of the functional ECF required greater quantities administered at a faster rate than was anticipated.

In the first 24–30 hr post‐burn, circulatory hemodynamics appear to be closely correlated with functional ECF volume maintenance. After this time, changes in the circulatory status seem to be unrelated to fluid administration.
CONTROL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL BURN WOUND SEPSIS BY TOPICAL APPLICATION OF SULFAMYLON COMPOUNDS
Authors: Lindberg Robert B. , Moncrief J. A. , Mason A. D.
Published: December 2006

Discussion and Summary

The successful control of burn wound sepsis by use of Sulfamylon burn cream has greatly altered the management of the burn wound and its prognosis. The character of the healing wound has altered, with persistence of eschar now seen, due to suppression of microbial debriding action. This problem has been resolved by discontinuing therapy and applying dressings if necessary to hasten eschar separation. The use of a water soluble base, which is 62% water, has resulted in a decrease in evaporative water loss, with a consequent reduction in the metabolic load on the patient. This is evident in the reduction of weight loss in the post‐burn period. The control of local sepsis appears to add to this gain, since it too represents a decrease in metabolic demand. The survival of epithelial islands in deep dermal burns which had previously been converted to full‐thickness injury by infection has resulted in healing of such injuries without resort to skin grafting. The hydrotherapy procedures permit a daily gentle debridement of matured eschar, and a consequent reduction in the frequency of surgical debridement has occurred. The reduction in the need for general anaesthetic has simplified wound management and minimized weight loss due to cancelled meals.

The drug is simple to compound and to apply. Areas housing many burn patients are now odorless, in striking contrast to the environment previously existing.

The elimination of burn wound sepsis has, however, increased the magnitude of other clinical problems in burn management. The most prominent of these are the pulmonary complications, specifically a diffuse pneumonia. This is not a hematogenous Pseudomonas pneumonia, which was formerly a common complication of burn wound sepsis, but a bronchopneumonia, often associated with patches of atalectasis.

The mortality statistics show a consistent reduction of 50% in death rate; most of the change has occurred in burns of less than 50% of body surface. There has been no improvement in death rate of burns of over 60%, although the cause of death has changed from one of wound infection to pneumonia. Burn wound sepsis has been relegated to a minor role in burn mortality by the use of topical Sulfamylon therapy.
SEPTICEMIA IN BURNED PATIENTS*
Authors: Balch Henry H.
Published: December 2006

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether severely burned patients were more susceptible to invasive infection because of an associated impairment of the natural antibacterial defense systems.

1. Leucocyte plasma and plasma bactericidal effect against Staphylococcus aureus (phagetype 80/81) is significantly increased in severely burned patients.

2. The cellular reaction to peripheral injury is depressed for several days in severely burned patients.

3. Several factors determine the balance between bacterial invasion and host resistance and these are continually shifting. With Staphylococcus aureus (phagetype 80/81), tissue and blood stream invasion is more likely when the initial high post‐trauma bactericidal effect has returned to normal levels.

4. The primary cause of bacteremia in burned patients is the presence of a high bacteria cell ratio in the wound, especially if the microorganisms are pathogenic. However, continual bacteremia by pathogenic bacteria can cause septicemia in burned and nonburned patients.

Septicemia is a common complication of severely burned patients. Our studies of host resistance in eight such patients have shown that the blood bactericidal effect against pathogenic bacteria was better than normal in the early post‐burn days while the cellular response to peripheral injury was depressed. Nevertheless, migrating polymorphonuclear cells retained an excellent capacity for phagocytosis. Several factors determine the balance between bacterial invasion and host resistance and these are continually shifting. The primary cause of bacteremia in burned patients probably is the presence of a high bacteria‐cell ratio in the wound, especially if the microorganisms are pathogenic. Such continual bacteremia by pathogenic bacteria can cause septicemia in burned (and non‐burned) patients.
SOME NEUROLOGICAL SPECIES DIFFERENCES ‐ A POSTERIORI*
Authors: Mehler William R.
Published: December 2006

“Human imagination is the source of the greatest triumphs of science, technology, art, and philosophy. We must be careful not to cripple its exercise by arbitrary restrictions. It gives us our preeminence over the brutes.” C. J. Herrick 1956 The Evolution of Human Nature
VIOLATION OF THE NONCROSSING RULE: THE HUBBARD HAMILTONIAN FOR BENZENE*
Authors: Heilmann Ole J. , Lieb Elliott H.
Published: December 2006

The Hubbard Hamiltonian, while not one of the most successful models for π electrons in benzene, has been extensively investigated in the literature. As part of our general study of that model, we have computed all the energy levels for all values of the repulsion parameter—a task that has not been undertaken before. After extracting all the symmetry of the model we found, to our great surprise, many instances of permanent degeneracy of levels with different symmetry and also crossing of levels of the same symmetry. We can also demonstrate that there is no hidden symmetry to account for these effects. Since these results run counter to one of the oldest folk theorems in quantum chemistry, our otherwise uninspiring graphs may be of general interest.
SOLUTION OF THE LOW‐ALTITUDE SATELLITE EQUATIONS
Authors: Myint‐U Tyn
Published: December 2006

The system of nonlinear differential equations of motion of satellites under the influence of oblateness and drag are transformed into an appropriate system of equations containing two small parameters. The solution determined by the perturbation method of poincaré is obtained in power series in two small parameters exhibiting the coupling effect of oblateness and drag on the motion. The first‐order Z perturbation is compared and shown to agree with the known result. The higher‐order perturbations are presented in integral forms that can be readily evaluated. This method, by far the simplest, offers a technique of determining trajectories with accuracy suitable for practical applications.
MECHANISMS OF PLATELET FUNCTION AS REVEALED BY THE RETENTION OF PLATELETS IN GLASS BEAD COLUMNS*
Authors: Zucker Marjorie B. , Rifkin Paul L. , Friedberg Neal M. , Coller Barry S.
Published: December 2006

In von Willebrand's disease, the onlyin vitroabnormality of platelet function is reduced retention of platelets in glass bead columns. Although this finding suggests that the test reflects an important function in normal hemostasis, its mechanism is poorly understood. The method developed by Bowie and colleagues7has been used to elucidate some of the variables affecting the test. Heparinized blood is passed rapidly through the column and the percentage of platelets retained in the fourth and fifth ml is calculated. In normal subjects, more than 90% is usually retained. Disturbing the blood markedly decreases retention. Retention spontaneously returns to normal in about 45 minutes after disturbance or within ten minutes after addition of apyrase. Addition of 0.1 μM ADP decreases retention with a maximum effect at ten minutes. The lowered retention caused by disturbing blood appears to result from ADP probably sequestered in the platelet membrane. Slow centrifugation and remixing of blood also reduces retention which is restored by apyrase. Platelets in platelet‐rich plasma are not retained in the column even after incubation with apyrase or apyrase plus adenosine deaminase, or after adding ADP. Adding red cell ghosts to platelet‐rich plasma improves retention, although not as effectively as erythrocytes. Since ghosts contain virtually no ADP, it is suggested that they act by altering hemodynamics, either causing platelets to enter the marginal zone of plasma so that they contact the beads and tubing, or increasing the turnover of plasma in this zone to permit greater interaction of plasma components with the foreign surfaces.
PLATELET‐FUNCTION STUDIES IN THE BERNARD‐SOULIER SYNDROME*
Authors: Bithell Thomas C. , Parekh Sunil J. , Strong Robert R.
Published: December 2006

Studies of platelet function in four kindreds affected with the Bernard‐Soulier Syndrome are summarized. Platelet aggregation induced by ADP and by dilute collagen suspensions was normal, but the increase in optical density and platelet “volume” that normally proceeds aggregation was lacking. Platelet aggregation by bovine fibrinogen was totally deficient, and the rate of aggregation by both ADP and collagen was abnormally rapid. The serum prothrombin time was abnormal, but other tests of platelet factor 3 activity were normal, as were estimates of platelet adhesiveness. The lack of initial platelet “swelling” and deficient bovine fibrinogen‐induced platelet aggregation are heretofore unrecognized features of this disorder that may provide information as to the nature of the underlying abnormality.
THE ROLE OF CONVECTION AND DIFFUSION ON PLATELET ADHESION AND AGGREGATION
Authors: Leonard Edward F. , Grabowski Eric F. , Turitto Vincent T.
Published: December 2006

The reactions among clotting components, among platelets, and between these groups are complex biochemical phenomena that importantly affect thrombogenesis, but thrombogenesis is also affected by the physical phenomena of convection and diffusion, which, in turn, are importantly mediated by conditions of flow. The principles that govern convection and diffusion processes are generally well understood, but the significance of these processes in thrombogenesis is in only the early stages of demonstration.

In this paper there have been considered the special effect of erythrocytes upon the diffusion of platelets in flowing blood; the measurement of the diffusion of platelets that had been rendered unreactive by a dispersion technique; measurement and rationalization of platelet adhesion to artificial surfaces; and a quantitative assessment of the role of platelet diffusion, activating substance diffusion, and platelet arrival on the growth of platelet aggregates.

Further work is needed to explain the full role of convection and diffusion in platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, including a more detailed description of the platelet arrival process and the acquisition of more data concerning the time sequence of aggregate formation on surfaces of known geometry over which known flows are passing.
INTRINSIC PLATELET DEFECTS IN HEREDITARY THROMBOCYTOPENIA*
Authors: Murphy Scott
Published: December 2006

Nine families with hereditary thrombocytopenia have been described. They have been discussed and classified according to mode of inheritance, the presence or absence of clinical features of the Wiskott‐Aldrich Syndrome, platelet size, and platelet lifespan studies. These features and an assay for serum Antiplatelet Factor help to distinguish hereditary disease from acquired thrombocytopenias such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. This distinction is important, since response to therapy, particularly splenectomy, is clearly different for hereditary and acquired disease.
THE VEGETATIVE STATE AND ITS PROGNOSIS FOLLOWING NONTRAUMATIC COMA*
Authors: Levy D. E. , Knill‐Jones R. P. , Plum F.
Published: December 2006

Summary

The vegetàtive state is a condition of wakefulness without awareness. Clinical features of 36 patients in coma who did not improve beyond the vegetative state in one month were evaluated as part of an international collaborative prospective study of 310 patients with nontraumatic coma. The vegetative group included 22 subjects with diffuse hypoxia‐ischemia, seven with focal brain infarction, two with brain hemorrhages, one each with subarachnoid hemorrhage, infection, and cerebral herniation caused by tumor, and two in whom the precise cause of coma was unknown. The vegetative group had signs of good brain‐stem function but little function of cerebral cortex. Many patients awakened quickly after the onset of coma: five opened their eyes within one day, 13 within three days, and 16 within one week. Roving conjugate eye movements were prominent. Nineteen of the 36 vegetative patients died within one month; 32 died by the end of one year. Only two patients ever regained any evidence of psychological self‐awareness (both improving within three months), but both remained completely dependent for daily care. Patients in coma may develop the vegetative state within a few days, but if they are still vegetative after a month, the chance of regaining independence is negligibly small.
CLINICAL PROBLEMS OF BRAIN DEATH AND COMA IN INTENSIVE CARE UNITS
Authors: Suter Cary , Brush John
Published: December 2006

Summary

Present knowledge and technology allow us to make an unequivocal determination of brain death, at least in adults. These same medical resources can also be life‐saving and should be applied rapidly and efficiently to all patients admitted in coma. At the present time the means are available to make precise diagnoses concerning the cause and possible outcome of coma in most cases. The development of the CT scan and the aggressive use of electroencephalography are most important in these capacities.

It is the responsibility of the physician to aid in the development and planning of up‐to‐date ICUs with their associated laboratories and equipment and in providing rewarding salaries and positions for the hosts of nurses. technologists, and others necessary to operate these on a twenty‐four‐hour basis.

Although the problems of coma and of brain death can be dealt with by the physician given these resources, the problem of the person severely brain‐damaged and in a so‐called vegetative state remains. This is a problem for the society, the law, and religion.
COLLECTING AUTOGRAṔHS: n‐NODE GRAPHS THAT HAVE n‐INTEGER SIGNATURES1
Authors: Bloom Gary S. , Hell Pavol , Taylor Herbert
Published: December 2006

Summary

A new compact representation for many graphs is defined in a “numbered graph” context. Each integer of an n‐element multiset (the signature of the graph) is assigned to a node of an n‐node graph. An edge between a pair of nodes exists if and only if the absolute difference of their two node numbers is an element of the signature. A graph defined by such a signature is called an autograph.

In this progress report families of autographs, including trees, are presented, and nonautographs are discussed. “Proper” signatures comprised only of positive integers are examined to determine which autographs may be drawn from them. Progress toward the objective of determining a characterization of proper autographs is discussed.
ON HOMOGENEOUSLY TRACEABLE NONHAMILTONIAN GRAPHS
Authors: Chartrand Gary , Gould Ronald J. , Kapoor S. F.
Published: December 2006

Summary

A graph G is homogeneously traceable if for every vertex v of G there exists a hamiltonian path with initial vertex v. It is shown that there exists a homogeneously traceable nonhamiltonian graph of order p, for all positive integers p except for 3 ≤p≤ 8. Further, if G is a homogeneously traceable nonhamiltonian graph of order p, then {5p/4} is a sharp lower bound on the size of G and the maximum degree of G is at most p– 4 for p≥ 9.
MULTIPLE COVERS OF HYPERGRAPHS
Authors: Dörfler W.
Published: December 2006

The concept of covering graphs is well known in graph theory and has been used at various places (cf. [2, 9]). Double covers of graphs have been studied for their own sake in several papers [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10]. Double covers of hypergraphs have been defined first by Dörfler [4] and considered in some detail by this author [5]. In this paper, n‐fold covers and multiple group covers of hypergraphs are defined and characterized, independent of a covering projection. For several binary and unary operations on hypergraphs, it is shown that their application to an n‐fold cover (a group cover) yields an n‐fold cover. As a general reference for the theory of hypergraphs, we mention Berge [1] although we use a more algebraic definition of a hypergraph.
CALCIUM EXPLOSIONS AS TRIGGERS OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Jaffe Lionel F.
Published: December 2006

Summary

A few years ago, Gilkey et al. showed that the development of medaka fish eggs begins with a free calcium explosion within the cytoplasm. This paper summarizes those findings; provides an interim report on the effects of injecting calcium and hydrogen ion buffers into medaka eggs; reviews recent evidence of similar calcium increases in other activating eggs, as well as sperm and oocytes (Table 1); and attempts to put these explosions in a broader context (Figures 1 and 4).
APPROXIMATE QUANTUM MECHANICAL METHODS FOR LARGE MOLECULES
Authors: Zerner Michael C.
Published: December 2006

Summary

I discussed two approximate quantum mechanical methods that are particularly useful in examining the electronic structure of large molecular systems. The first method mentioned was the Zero Differential Overlap theory, which has been developed and used quite successfully in describing electronic spectroscopy and the properties of excited states. Most recently, this theory has been extended to include elements of the first transition series. I discussed some details of the system that suggest that all one‐centered integrals must be included for accurate predictions. Results for ferrocene and for a model oxyheme complex demonstrate that the balance between charge transfer, d‐d, and ligand‐ligand excitations, so difficult to obtain in ab initio work, is easily reached by this theory.

The second method I discussed was the localized bond configuration interaction method, which is especially useful when the total energy is the principal property of interest, as, for example, in conformation studies. This method has now been implemented to high order in perturbation theory, but it still executes as an N3 procedure, where N is the number of bonds.
Ca2+/CALMODULIN‐DEPENDENT PHOSPHOLAMBAN KINASE FROM CARDIAC SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM IS DISTINCT FROM PHOSPHORYLASE KINASE AND FORMS A REGULATORY COMPLEX WITH PHOSPHOLAMBAN AND THE Ca2+‐ATPase*
Authors: Peuch Christian J. Le , Peuch Danielle A.‐M. Le , Demaille Jacques G.
Published: December 2006

Summary
A General Theory of Aversion Learninga
Authors: GARCIA JOHN , LASITER PHILLIP S. , BERMUDEZ‐RATTONI FEDERICO , DEEMS DANIEL A.
Published: December 2006

Infinitely various are the modifications of light and sound, whence they are each capable of supplying an endless variety of signs, and, accordingly, have been each employed to form languages; the one by the arbitrary appointment of mankind, the other by that of God himself. A connection established by the Author of Nature, in the ordinary course of things, may surely be called natural; as that made by men will be called artificial. GEORGE BERKELEY, 1733
Food‐conditioned Eating Preferences and Aversions with Interoceptive Elements: Conditioned Appetites and Satieties
Authors: BOOTH D. A.
Published: December 2006

The adaptive importance of acquired feeding habits has long been acknowledged in research on obesity1 and animal foraging2 for example. Yet so few experiments have measured learning under physiologically and ecologically normal conditions that there is insufficient information for effective applications in the clinic and everyday life,3 the foods4 or Pharmaceuticals5 industries, or animal husbandry.6

Nevertheless, it has been established that normal feeding in the laboratory rat is associatively conditioned by nutritional consequences.7–11 Occasionally, aversions are conditioned. However, what is usually learned is facilitation of feeding (Table 1), which accounts for much of the incentive to forage and the palatability of foods and drinks.13
Modification of the Nucleolar Structure of the Rat Oocyte Observed Just before Maturation
Authors: MERVEILLE C. , BAECKELAND E. , RENARD A. M.
Published: December 2006

During the last several years, the study of the nucleolus and, more specifically, its structure has been the object of much research.1 The observation of the state of the nucleolus, its composition, and its spatial organization allows us to appreciate the synthesis and metabolism of ribonucleic acids (rRNA).

Vacuoles have been observed in the nucleolus in some cells, such as those of cotton fibers2 the embryonic root cells of Zea Mays,3 tobacco cells,4 and so on. This is also the case in oocytes, for instance, in Xenopus5 and in the teleost fish, Xiphophorus helleri.6 The rat oocytes from antral follicle often have germinal vesicles possessing spherical inclusions. With mature rats, Tsafiri and Kraicer7 have noticed these formations in 91% of the nucleoli. We have also found them in nearly all oocytes from adult rats, but not in those from prepubertal untreated rats.8 Bomsel‐Helmreich et al.9 have published illustrations showing that these cavities can be clearly distinguished at the interior of very large nucleoli belonging to human oocytes in mature ovarian follicles.

To our knowledge, the origin, development and significance of these nucleolar vesicles have not yet been established with certainty.