bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitigating secondary salinization in grapes: long-term benefits of biochar and cow dung
Authors: Zhou Hongyin , Yu Zhong , Zhang Shiying , Zong Qinghou , Zhang Yulian , Pang Yuhan , Zhang Naiming , Yue Xianrong , Deng Yishu , Xia Yunsheng
Published: February 2025

Secondary salinization of soil seriously hinders the healthy cultivation of facility grapes. Biochar has been shown to mitigate the negative effects of saline stress on plants. However, the long-term response mechanism between the soil’s key physicochemical properties, ion concentration, and enzyme activity and the physiological resistance of facility grape plants to biochar combined with cow dung application to alleviate the soil secondary salinization stress remains unclear. In this study, a field experiment was set up once in September 2021 with five different treatments, including no amendments. which was used as the blank control (CK), and application of biochar (10 t·ha-1, T1), cow dung (30 t·ha-1, T2), biochar mixed with cow dung (5 t·ha-1+15 t·ha-1, T3), and biochar mixed with cow dung (10 t·ha-1+30 t·ha-1, T4), respectively. The results showed that compared with the CK treatment, application treatments significantly reduced soil total salt(TS) content and the electrical conductivity(EC) value; increased soil water-stable aggregates and nutrient content; stimulated an increase in soil urease (S-UE), sucrose (S-SC) and phosphatase(S-ALP)activities; and changed soil exchangeable calcium and magnesium ion concentrations. Among the treatments, the T4 treatment reduced TS and EC by 73.03% and 61.11%, respectively. Biochar combined with cow dung significantly increased chlorophyll content and reduced malondialdehyde content (MDA), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in grape leaves. The T4 treatment decreased MDA, SOD, POD, and CAT by 54.59%, 40.14%, 44.28%, and 70.17% compared with the CK treatment, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the balance of soil exchangeable calcium and magnesium ions and the stability of soil aggregate structure were the key factors in alleviating soil secondary salinization stress. In conclusion, biochar combined with cow dung application can alleviate the oxidative stress response of grape plants and improve the quality of grapes by improving the structure of soil water-stable aggregates, coordinating the concentration of soil exchangeable calcium and magnesium ions, and stimulating soil enzyme activity.
Inconclusive effects between executive functions and symptoms of psychiatric disorders in random-intercept cross-lagged panel models: a simulated reanalysis and comment on Halse et al. (2022)
Authors: Sorjonen Kimmo , Melin Bo
Published: February 2025

Background

In a recent study of Norwegian children (N = 874), Halse et al. used random-intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM) and concluded that their findings supported the assumption that deficiencies in executive functions and psychopathology are both a cause and a consequence of the other. However, it is known that RI-CLPM can give biased results.

Methods

We reanalyzed data simulated to resemble the data used by Halse et al. with several complementary models, e.g., latent change score models (LCSM).

Results

The analyzed models indicated contradictory simultaneous increasing and decreasing effects between executive deficits and symptoms of psychopathology.

Conclusion

The present contradictory findings suggested that prospective effects between executive deficits and symptoms of psychopathology may have been spurious rather than truly increasing. Consequently, conclusions by Halse et al. appear to have been premature. It is important for researchers to bear in mind that correlations, including cross-lagged effects in RI-CLPM, do not prove causality. Careful interpretation of RI-CLPM results is of utmost importance in, for example, research in clinical and developmental psychology. We recommend researchers to use, as we did here, triangulation to scrutinize findings from analyses of observational data.
The hierarchical framework of wellbeing (HiFWB)
Authors: Disabato David J. , Goodman Fallon R. , Kashdan Todd B.
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Several decades of research on wellbeing has resulted in a variety of conceptual models used to measure wellbeing. The historical motivations behind these conceptual models have emphasized their differences to the point of clouding the wellbeing measurement landscape. A synthesis of the wellbeing literature is needed to move the field forward and guide future research.

Methods

In this review, we synthesize literature on the measurement of wellbeing from the past 50 years and present The Hierarchical Framework of Wellbeing (HiFWB) that organizes multiple prior models.

Results

We propose a general factor of wellbeing (i.e., “h” factor) at the top level of the hierarchy analogous to “g” in the intelligence literature and “p” in the psychopathology literature. Building off prior conceptualizations, we define general well-being as “the experience of personally valued fulfillment within one's life.” We detail the theoretical rationale and empirical evidence behind four hierarchical levels: general (i.e., “h” factor), lenses (e.g., subjective wellbeing), contents (e.g., affects), and characteristics (e.g., positive affect). Example wellbeing constructs are proposed for each level of HiFWB while emphasizing the hierarchical structure is prioritized above any (arbitrary) list of constructs. We discuss various approaches to distinguishing predictors of wellbeing from wellbeing itself (i.e., preventing tautologies) and how they fit into our framework. Considering the bulk of the empirical evidence comes from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic (WEIRD) cultures, constraints on generalizability are important. Throughout, we compare and contrast HiFWB to other hierarchical structures in psychological science (e.g., five factor model of personality).

Conclusion

The HiFWB is a flexible, encompassing, evidence-based framework for wellbeing conceptualization and measurement in WEIRD populations.
Development and feasibility testing of an AI-powered chatbot for early detection of caregiver burden: protocol for a mixed methods feasibility study
Authors: Shankar Ravi , Bundele Anjali , Yap Amanda , Mukhopadhyay Amartya
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Caregivers of patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) face significant challenges that contribute to caregiver burden, negatively impacting their physical, psychological, social, and financial well-being. With the growing prevalence of chronic diseases and an aging population, there is an urgent need for accessible and scalable solutions to detect and address caregiver burden. Artificial Intelligence (AI) chatbots using natural language processing (NLP) have shown promise in providing mental health support and monitoring through natural conversations. This study will contribute to research and clinical practice by: (1) validating a novel approach for early detection of caregiver burden through NLP, (2) analyzing the feasibility of AI-powered chatbots for continuous caregiver monitoring, and (3) informing the development of scalable, accessible tools to identify at-risk caregivers.

Methods and analysis

This protocol for the mixed methods aims to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of BOTANIC (Burden Observation and Timely Aid for Navigating Informal Caregiving), an AI-powered chatbot for early detection of caregiver burden. A single-center validation study will be conducted at Alexandra Hospital, Singapore. Twenty primary caregivers of ESKD patients will be recruited to use BOTANIC for 12 weeks. BOTANIC, developed using Python and open-source libraries, will integrate with Telegram and utilize advanced NLP techniques to analyze caregiver conversations and detect signs of burden. The NLP algorithm will analyze conversations to generate burden scores at baseline and at 12 weeks. Participants will also complete baseline and 12-week assessments using validated questionnaires including the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Primary outcomes include concordance between caregiver burden levels detected by the NLP algorithm and validated assessment scores at both timepoints. Secondary outcomes include user engagement metrics and system satisfaction. Semi-structured interviews will explore participants’ experiences with the chatbot. Quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and appropriate statistical tests such as paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, while qualitative data will undergo thematic analysis.

Ethics and dissemination

The study has been approved by the NHG Domain Specific Review Board. Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at conferences, and used to inform the development of larger-scale trials of AI-powered caregiver support interventions.
Association of communication methods and frequency with BMI among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from A-CHILD study
Authors: Owusu Floret Maame , Nawa Nobutoshi , Nishimura Hisaaki , Khin Yu Par , Satomi Doi , Shakagori Shiori , Isumi Aya , Fujiwara Takeo
Published: February 2025

Objective

Little is known about the differential impact of communication methods and BMI. Hence, this study aims to examine the association of in-person and online communication with BMI among 13–14-year-old students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method

This is a cross-sectional study which used data from the Adachi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty study among Junior High School students in Adachi City, Tokyo in 2022(N = 3,178). A questionnaire was used to assess communication methods and frequency. BMI was categorized into overweight and obesity (≥ + 1SD), normal weight (−1SD to <+1SD) and underweight (<−1SD) based on WHO standard. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between communication methods and BMI.

Results

Reduced in-person communication frequency was associated with 94% higher risk of overweight and obese (RRR = 1.94, 95%CI; 1.38, 2.72) while increased online communication frequency was associated with 46% increased risk (RRR = 1.46, 95%CI; 1.10, 1.95). When online and in-person communications were adjusted simultaneously, only reduced in-person communication frequency was associated with a high risk of overweight and obese (RRR = 1.56, 95%CI; 1.09, 2.25). When stratified by gender, a similar trend was observed among females (RRR = 2.12, 95%CI; 1.20, 3.73), but not in males.

Conclusion

Reduced in-person communication frequency was associated with higher risk of overweight and obesity, especially among females, during COVID-19 in Japan.
Multiplexing and massive parallel sequencing of targeted DNA methylation to predict chronological age
Authors: Zhu Bowen , Li Dean , Han Guojing , Yao Xue , Gu Hongqin , Liu Tao , Liu Linghua , Dai Jie , Liu Isabella Zhaotong , Liang Yanlin , Zheng Jian , Sun Zheming , Lin He , Liu Nan , Yu Haidong , Shi Meifang , Shen Gaofang , Hu Zhaohui , Qu Lefeng
Published: February 2025

Estimation of chronological age is particularly informative in forensic contexts. Assessment of DNA methylation status allows for the prediction of age, though the accuracy may vary across models. In this study, we started with a carefully designed discovery cohort with more elderly subjects than other age categories, to diminish the effect of epigenetic drifting. We applied multiplexing and massive parallel sequencing of targeted DNA methylation, which let us to construct a model comprising 25 CpG sites with substantially improved accuracy (MAE = 2.279, R = 0.920). This model is further validated by an independent cohort (MAE = 2.204, 82.7% success (±5 years)). Remarkably, in a multi-center test using trace blood samples from forensic caseworks, the correct predictions (±5 years) are 91.7%. The nature of our analytical pipeline can easily be scaled up with low cost. Taken together, we propose a new age-prediction model featuring accuracy, sensitivity, high-throughput, and low cost. This model can be readily applied in both classic and newly emergent forensic contexts that require age estimation.
Decolonise oral health care: calling for a rights-based, accountability framework approach
Authors: Foláyan Moréniké Oluwátóyìn , Cachagee Madison , Poirier Brianna , Booth Joelle , Neville Patricia , Naresh Arish , Fleming Eleanor
Published: February 2025

This paper explores how colonisation has shaped oral healthcare and oral health inequities across Indigenous populations globally. It highlights how colonial healthcare models, which prioritise Western medical paradigms, often marginalise Indigenous knowledge and practices. For Indigenous communities, such as Aboriginal Australians, Māori, and those in the Global South, oral health disparities stem from historical and ongoing structural violence, socioeconomic barriers, and limited access to culturally appropriate care. The authors argue for a decolonisation framework in global oral health that shifts power, accountability, and respect toward Indigenous and marginalised communities. A rights-based, accountability-informed decolonisation framework seeks to address historical and ongoing oral health inequities, integrating a view that oral health is a human right and demands that governments and health systems rectify the disparities. It emphasises culturally relevant care and inclusive policymaking, fostering solidarity and systemic change to create equitable and effective oral healthcare for all populations. We propose that deliberate actions need to be taken to centre power redistribution, accountability, and respect in global oral health, moving away from Euro-American-centric frameworks to create an equitable, culturally responsive oral healthcare system. Our calls to action include the need for self-reflection within the field to dismantle entrenched colonial ideologies and prioritise Indigenous leadership and knowledge. Effective allyship should involve collaboration driven by the needs of communities, with institutions accountable for reducing exclusionary practices. By “learning to unlearn” traditional frameworks, the oral health community can build a system that genuinely addresses health disparities and supports justice and equity worldwide.
What are Nano-Based Products and Who Uses Them?
Authors: Latief Lutfiyya , Dahms Heinrich Theodor Jacob , Avenant-Oldewage Annemariè
Published: February 2025

Nanotechnology is a game-changer in many modern industries. Nanotechnology uses super-small particles with special characteristics to make many types of products. Nano-based products are making big waves in the medical, clothing, and electronics industries, to name a few. For example, nanomaterials can help to clean water and fight pollution. In medicine, nanotechnology is super useful for precise treatments, like delivering drugs straight to where they are needed in the body. In electronics, nanotechnology can help to make devices smaller and better. Even clothes are getting an upgrade with nanotechnology, making them “smart” and resistant to stains or germs. Overall, nanotechnology is driving innovation by making materials better, devices faster, and medical treatments more effective. This technology is shaping a future full of tiny yet powerful changes.
A Sample Average Approximation Approach for Aircraft Product Configuration Optimization with Customer Order Uncertainty
Authors: Zhang Xinyuan , Qiu Kejun , Niu Bo , Chen Lu , Xi Juntong
Published: February 2025

Commercial aircraft manufacturers often face order uncertainty in particular situations, such as quantity or demand change, or lack of confirmed customer options. As a countermeasure, aircraft manufacturers can adopt a two-stage strategy to produce batch General-Configuration Aircraft (GCA), so as to maintain continuous aircraft production. Nevertheless, additional work on disassembling and re-assembling must be performed, to convert the GCA into specific configurations specified later by the customer. Thus, an appropriate GCA that leads to a minimal overall manufacturing workload is essential. In this paper, a Sample Average Approximation (SAA) model for GCA optimization is proposed, to obtain a robust GCA whose prediction results can help minimize the total production time. Compared with the empirical method, the proposed SAA approach significantly accelerates the production operation and is adaptive to various scenarios. The robustness of the SAA approach was evaluated, and the results prove that the general configuration obtained by the SAA approach has sustainable variances in the manufacturing workload.
The m6A Methylation Profile Identified That OsHMT9.1 Deregulates Chromium Toxicity in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Through Negative Regulatory Functions
Authors: Hou Yushan , Kong Xuejiao , Li Jingwen , Liu Changsheng , Wang Shuo , Xie Shupeng , Wang Jingguo , Liu Hualong , Lei Lei , Zheng Hongliang , Xin Wei , Zou Detang , Wei Zhonghua , Yang Luomiao
Published: February 2025

Chromium (Cr) is a toxic heavy metal that affects the food chain and poses a severe threat to food safety. Nonetheless, the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) transcriptomic regulation mechanisms of Cr tolerance genes in rice are not well understood. This study found that rice roots exhibit competitive and synergistic interactions with trace elements under Cr stress. Through a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of m6A methylation profiles under Cr stress, differentially methylated genes (DMGs) closely related to the plasma membrane, oxidoreductase activity, and protein phosphorylation were identified. A significant number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with heavy metal transporter domains, metalloproteases, metal ion transporters, and other cation transporters were strongly induced by Cr. Additionally, OsHMT9.1 exhibited extensive hypomethylation and up-regulation in Cr-exposed roots and was confirmed to be a regulatory factor for Cr tolerance. Enhanced plant resistance to Cr in oshmt9.1 was accompanied by increased levels of P, K, S, and Ca and decreased levels of Mn and Cu. These results suggest that knocking out OsHMT9.1 can promote Cr detoxification in rice by modulating the balance between Cr and other trace elements. These findings provide new insights into the molecular regulation and stress response of rice under Cr stress through transcriptome m6A methylation patterns.
Agroclimatic Indicator Analysis Under Climate Change Conditions to Predict the Climatic Suitability for Wheat Production in the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia
Authors: Demissew Wondimeneh Leul , Zeleke Tadesse Terefe , Ture Kassahun , Mengistu Dejene K. , Fufa Meaza Abera
Published: February 2025

Agricultural productivity is significantly influenced by climate-related factors. Understanding the impacts of climate change on agroclimatic conditions is critical for ensuring sustainable agricultural practices. This study investigates how key agroclimatic variables—temperature, moisture conditions, and length of the growing season (LGS)—influence wheat suitability in the Upper Blue Nile Basin (UBNB), Ethiopia. The Global Agroecological Zones (GAEZ) methodology was employed to assess agroclimatic suitability, integrating climate projections from Climate Models Intercomparison Project v6 (CMIP6) under shared socioeconomic pathway (ssp370 and ssp585) scenarios. The CMIP6 data provided downscaled projections for temperature and precipitation, while the GAEZ framework translated these climatic inputs into agroclimatic indicators, enabling spatially explicit analyses of land suitability. Projections indicate significant warming, with mean annual temperatures expected to rise between 1.13 °C and 4.85 °C by the end of the century. Precipitation levels are anticipated to increase overall, although spatial variability may challenge moisture availability in some regions. The LGS is projected to extend, particularly in the southern and southeastern UBNB, enhancing agricultural potential in these areas. However, wheat suitability faces considerable declines; under ssp585, the highly suitable area is expected to drop from 24.21% to 13.31% by the 2080s due to thermal and moisture stress. This study highlights the intricate relationship between agroclimatic variables and agricultural productivity. Integrating GAEZ and CMIP6 projections provides quantified insights into the impacts of climate change on wheat suitability. These findings offer a foundation for developing adaptive strategies to safeguard food security and optimize land use in vulnerable regions.
The Impacts of Ethylicin on Absorption, Transport, and Growth in Tomato Plants
Authors: Zheng Yiwen , Liu Shenyan , Ren Lirui , Zeng Tao , Wen Xiangling , Wang Shaolong , Jin Xi , Hao Zheng , Gao Shimeng , Gao Jie , Cao Aocheng
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the uptake, translocation, and pathogen control efficacy of ethylicin in tomato plants using a combination of indoor root irrigation, spraying, and field root irrigation experiments. The results indicate that ethylicin shows dual-directional translocation in tomato plants. On the third day after foliar spraying, ethylicin was detected in the roots at a concentration of 2.93 mg/kg, indicating downward movement. On the third day after root irrigation, ethylicin was detected in the leaves at a concentration of 3.44 mg/kg, confirming upward movement. In the field experiments, ethylicin was absorbed and transported to the upper leaves within six hours of root irrigation at a concentration of 3.85 mg/kg for a single-agent ethylicin and 5.87 mg/kg for an ethylicin–oligosaccharin compound. These results indicate that oligosaccharins enhance the absorption of ethylicin. Ethylicin residue dissipated by the fifth day. No ethylicin was detected in the untreated controls. Root irrigation during the growing period showed an effective reduction of Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. populations in the soil and control of soil-borne diseases. These findings provide theoretical support for the efficient application of ethylicin in the field.
Exploring the Potential of Agent-Based Models for the Problem of Transhumance Path Exits in Sub-Saharan Africa: Chad’s Routes as a Case Study
Authors: Abdouna Mahamat , Ahmat Daouda , Cloez Bertrand , Cotil Adrien , Jones Hazaël
Published: February 2025

Path exits for transhumant livestock are a major problem in many Sub-Saharan African countries. These problems contribute to many community conflicts. Several solutions are currently being studied, including dialogues between stakeholders. In this paper, we propose a numerical approach to address the problem. Based on a commonly accepted model of agent movement, we propose a path simulator to estimate and quantify the risk of exiting the path. This enables quantitative estimation of the exit rates of transhumant animals as a function of the geometric properties of the routes. This model is tested on real transhumance routes in Chad to evaluate the risks of exits along these routes. These new data allow us to better understand the geometric properties on real routes and to evaluate them in terms of exit risk, giving new information to this complex problem. Although our approach does not deal with the whole complexity of this problem, it opens the door to field experimentation with geolocation sensors.
Unveiling the Nutrient Signatures in Corn (Zea mays L.) Grains: A Pivotal Indicator of Yield Potential
Authors: Ismail Nour , Khiari Lotfi , Daoud Rachid
Published: February 2025

The composition simplex (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) of the leaf is the main score used by different approaches, like the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System and Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis, to study nutrient interactions and balance in plant leaves. However, the application and validation of these concepts to grain composition remains unexplored. Contrary to foliar analysis’s early intervention for nutrient deficiency detection and correction, applying this approach to seeds assesses diverse cultivars’ potential, enabling anticipation of their adaptation to climate conditions and informed selection for future crops. In the present study, a collected database of more than 924 scores, including the grain yield (kg ha−1) and the nutrient composition (mg kg−1) of different corn varieties, is used to develop a novel nutrient-based diagnostic approach to identify reliable markers of nutrient imbalance. A ‘nutrient signature’ model is proposed based on the impact of the environmental conditions on the nutrient indices and composition (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) of the corn grains. The yield threshold used to differentiate between low- and high-yielding subpopulations is established at 12,000 kg ha−1, and the global nutrient imbalance index (GNII) of 2.2 is determined using the chi-square distribution function and validated by the Cate–Nelson partitioning method, which correlated yield data distribution with the GNII. Therefore, the nutrient compositions were classified into highly balanced (GNII ≤ 1.6), balanced (1.6 < GNII ≤ 2.2), and imbalanced (GNII > 2.2). In addition, we found that the Xgboost model’s predictive accuracy for the GNII is significantly affected by soil pH, organic matter, and rainfall. These results pave the way for adapted agricultural practices by providing insights into the nutrient dynamics of corn grains under varying environmental conditions.
Can Increased Density Compensate for Extremely Late-Sown Wheat Yield?
Authors: Tian Wenqiang , Chen Guangzhou , Zhang Qiangbin , Zhang Zhilin , Zhang Jun , Yu Shan , Shi Shubing , Zhang Jinshan
Published: February 2025

To clarify the compensatory effect of increasing density on the yield of extremely late-sown wheat and screen the best combination of the sowing date and density of extremely late-sown wheat in the wheat area of northern Xinjiang, this study set three extremely late-sown dates of October 25 (D1), November 4 (D2), and November 14 (D3) and four densities of 337.5 (M1), 450 (M2), 562.5 (M3), and 675 kg·hm−2 (M4). Additionally, the effects of the sowing date and density combinations on the formation process of the yield element spike number, spike grain number, and 1000-grain weight were analyzed in detail using the local conventional sowing date and density (25 September, 270 kg·hm−2) as the control (CK). The results showed that compared to the CK, increasing the planting density of extremely late-sown wheat compensated for the reduction in the number of harvested spikes due to low emergence rates. The young spikes were stunted due to a reduction in the number of grains per spike, and the grain grouting rate caused a reduction in the defects of the 1000-grain weight in order to increase the number of harvested spikes to improve yield. Under extremely late sowing conditions, D2M2 had the highest post-spring emergence rates, the highest number of harvested spikes, better development of young spikes and grain-filling, and non-significant declines in the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight, which balanced the contribution of the number of harvested spikes, number of grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight to the yield and gave the highest yield. After comprehensive yield factor analysis, sowing 450 kg·hm−2 (1.00 × 106 seeds·hm−2) on 4 November (pre-winter cumulative temperature of 47.5 °C) was determined to be the best combination for planting extremely late-sown wheat in the northern Xinjiang wheat area, and the results of this study can provide important theoretical and technical references for guaranteeing the yield of winter wheat in extremely late-sown winter wheat areas.
Ecosystem Responses of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) in Alpine Desert Environments in Northeastern Qinghai, Tibet Plateau, China
Authors: Wang Qiaoyu , Tian Lihui , Zhang Hongwei , Zhang Dengshan , Wang Haijiao , Wang Lihui
Published: February 2025

Desertification is acknowledged as a significant global ecological challenge. In the current context of advancing ecological governance and sustainable development, it is imperative to explore optimal solutions that reconcile economic and ecological interests. This study examined the economically viable crop Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) by selecting four varieties (Qingyu Nos. 1 to 4) for cultivation in the semi-arid sandy region of the Qinghai Plateau. This research analyzes and discusses the growth and development as well as the ecological adaptability of the various varieties, evaluating their feasibility for ecological restoration in high-altitude, semi-arid, sandy environments. The findings suggest that, under high-altitude and semi-arid conditions, these varieties demonstrate a spectrum of physiological and ecological adaptations, including alterations in organ allocation, limited vegetative growth, and modifications in root distribution. Notably, Qingyu Nos. 1 and 2 are more adept at thriving under cold and dry conditions, whereas Qingyu Nos. 3 and 4 are more suitable for cultivation in warmer and humid environments. This study offers valuable insights into crop cultivation in high-altitude, semi-arid, desert regions and proposes innovative strategies for the advancement of the local sand industry. The ecological restoration approach that employs these crops for sand stabilization enhances the transformation of ecological benefits.
Current Progress in Microbial Biocontrol of Banana Fusarium Wilt: A Systematic Review
Authors: Solórzano Richard , Ramírez Maguiña Héctor Andrés , Johnson Luis , Ureta Sierra Cledy , Cruz Juancarlos
Published: February 2025

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) poses a significant threat to global banana production. This systematic review updates current knowledge on the efficacy of various antagonistic microorganisms in controlling Foc, considering the recent spread of this disease to new regions. The studies were systematically analyzed, focusing on methodologies, results, and conclusions to provide a comprehensive overview of current research and its practical implications. A total of 118 studies were reviewed, covering the use of antagonistic microorganisms such as Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp., Streptomyces spp., and Pseudomonas spp., both in pure cultures and in consortia. Most studies focused on controlling Foc TR4 in Cavendish subgroup bananas and originated from Asia. Microbial consortia demonstrated a higher control percentage with lower variability, particularly in genera such as Pseudomonas. In contrast, pure cultures were more commonly used for Streptomyces. The choice between consortia and pure cultures depends on the genus and the experimental context, as each approach has distinct advantages. Although the reviewed studies were generally of high quality, long-term research is still lacking. Antagonistic microorganisms represent a promising alternative for Foc control, although their efficacy depends on the specific strain and environmental conditions. It has been observed that inoculating these microorganisms onto seedlings before transplantation or in combination with organic matter enhances their effectiveness. Localized testing and formulation optimization are recommended to improve their application as preventive and suppressive tools in soil against infections. The review highlights a vast diversity of microbial agents with high efficacy rates, various modes of action, and additional benefits for plant development beyond Foc biocontrol. Furthermore, some studies achieved 100% control at the plant level under controlled conditions. These findings demonstrate that biological control is a viable alternative for integrated Foc management. Future research should prioritize new approaches that facilitate the widespread adoption of these methodologies, including microbial formulation, field application, and integration with other control methods.
EPAS1 Variations and Hematological Adaptations to High-Altitude Hypoxia in Indigenous Goats in Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Zhu Li , Tang Lin , Zhao Yunong , Li Shanshan , Gou Xiao , Deng Weidong , Kong Xiaoyan
Published: February 2025

The EPAS1 gene plays a central role in hypoxia adaptation in high-altitude animals. Using over 400 blood samples from goats across elevations in Yunnan (500–3500 m), this study examined hematological traits, genetic polymorphisms, and protein structure. Red blood cell (RBC) and hemoglobin (HGB) levels increased significantly with altitude (p < 0.05), reflecting improved oxygen transport. A non-synonymous SNP (g.86650 A > T, p.Gln556Leu) exhibited adaptive selection, with the T allele frequency rising at higher altitudes (p < 0.05). At 2500 m, TT genotype goats showed significantly higher RBC and HGB levels than AA genotypes (p < 0.05). Protein modeling revealed structural instability caused by the polymorphism, highlighting its role in enhancing hypoxia adaptation. These findings provide a foundation for improving high-altitude livestock genetics.
Impact of Reduced Dietary Crude Protein and Propionic Acid Preservation on Intestinal Health and Growth Performance in Post-Weaned Pigs
Authors: Connolly Kathryn Ruth , Sweeney Torres , Ryan Marion T. , Vigors Stafford , O’Doherty John V.
Published: February 2025

This study investigated whether organic acid (OA)-preserved grain could mitigate the negative effects of low crude protein (CP) diets on growth performance, intestinal health, and the coefficient of total tract digestibility (CATTD) of nutrients in weaned piglets. The grain was either conventionally dried or preserved post-harvest with 4 kg of OA per tonne. Ninety-six piglets (28 days old) were assigned to one of four diets in a 2 × 2 factorial design: (1) dried standard CP diet, (2) OA-preserved standard CP diet, (3) dried low CP diet, and (4) OA-preserved low CP diet. Standard and low CP diets contained 20% and 19% CP during the first 15 days, reduced to 19% and 17% CP from days 15–35 post-weaning. Faecal scores (FS) were assessed twice a day while microbial composition, inflammatory markers, colonic volatile fatty acid concentrations, and intestinal morphology were measured on the 8th day post-weaning. Performance metrics were measured over the 35-day experimental period. Low CP diets consistently reduced FS (p < 0.05) and increased colonic molar butyrate proportions (p < 0.01) but increased duodenal IL1B expression compared to standard CP diets (p < 0.05). The OA-preserved grain enhanced beneficial microbial populations (Lactobacillus, Roseburia) while lowering pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1A, IL17) (p < 0.05). While dried grain with low CP diets reduced average daily gain (ADG), colonic short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentrations, and nitrogen digestibility, OA-preserved grain with low CP maintained these parameters and improved final body weight (p < 0.05). Overall, OA-preserved grain mitigated the performance decline associated with low CP diets by enhancing gut health and nutrient digestibility and reducing inflammation, thus presenting a promising alternative nutritional strategy for post-weaned piglets.
Adaptation of Eurasian Magpie (Pica pica) to Urban Environments: Population Dynamics and Habitat Preferences in Zielona Góra (Poland) over 23 Years
Authors: Ciebiera Olaf , Czechowski Paweł , Morelli Federico , Rubacha Sławomir , Jerzak Leszek
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the changes in population size, distribution, and habitat preferences of the Eurasian magpie Pica pica in Zielona Góra over 23 years, emphasising the effects of urbanisation and habitat transformation. A comprehensive survey conducted in 2022 identified 953 magpie pairs, with an average density of 8.8 pairs/km2 across the current administrative boundaries of Zielona Góra (without forests), and 27.7 pairs/km2 in strictly urbanised zones. The highest densities were observed in the old town (36.5 pairs/km2) and residential blocks (34.5 pairs/km2), while peripheral areas, like allotment gardens and industrial zones, showed significantly lower densities. The nests were predominantly located in coniferous trees, especially spruces, marking a shift from the previously favoured poplars. The mean nest height was 11.8 m, varying by habitat type, with the highest nests found in the old town and parks. Environmental factors, such as proximity to trash bins, water sources, and tall trees, were significant predictors of nest density and placement. These findings underscore the magpie’s adaptability to urban environments, influenced by the availability of anthropogenic resources, habitat structure, and surrounding urban features.
A Systematic Review Comparing Conservative and Surgical Approaches in the Management of Patellofemoral Instability
Authors: Pavone Vito , Perricone Emanuele , Pirrone Giorgio Santi , Caldaci Alessia , Iacona Michele , Sapienza Marco , Testa Gianluca
Published: February 2025

Background: Patellofemoral instability is a pathological condition that is characterized by altered joint congruence, which manifests as episodes of subluxation or dislocation of the patella. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on this condition by comparing the results of various studies evaluating the effectiveness of surgical versus conservative treatment approaches for patellar instability, particularly in patients experiencing a first episode of patellar dislocation. Methods: The research was conducted using three different databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and PEDro. Both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies of interventions (NRSIs) with full text availability were included. All articles were in English, and no temporal limits were imposed during the search. Results: In total, 10 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. The standard for statistical significance was p < 0.05. The statistical analysis of re-dislocation rates indicated a statistically significant difference between the conservative and surgical groups (p = 0.023). The statistical analysis also showed that the mean Kujala score was significantly lower in the non-operative group (80.94) than the surgical group (89.83) (p = 0.017). These results indicate that surgical treatment is significantly more effective in reducing re-dislocation rates than conservative treatment and has better Kujala scores than conservative treatment. Conclusions: A reduction in the re-dislocation rate and improved scores on subjective tests related to pain and quality of life were observed with surgical treatment. Nevertheless, a higher level of evidence is needed to more clearly and accurately determine the most effective treatment approach.
Enhancing Embedded Space with Low–Level Features for Speech Emotion Recognition
Authors: Smietanka Lukasz , Maka Tomasz
Published: February 2025

This work proposes an approach that uses a feature space by combining the representation obtained in the unsupervised learning process and manually selected features defining the prosody of the utterances. In the experiments, we used two time-frequency representations (Mel and CQT spectrograms) and EmoDB and RAVDESS databases. As the results show, the proposed system improved the classification accuracy of both representations: 1.29% for CQT and 3.75% for Mel spectrogram compared to the typical CNN architecture for the EmoDB dataset and 3.02% for CQT and 0.63% for Mel spectrogram in the case of RAVDESS. Additionally, the results present a significant increase of around 14% in classification performance in the case of happiness and disgust emotions using Mel spectrograms and around 20% in happiness and disgust emotions for CQT in the case of best models trained on EmoDB. On the other hand, in the case of models that achieved the highest result for the RAVDESS database, the most significant improvement was observed in the classification of a neutral state, around 16%, using the Mel spectrogram. For CQT representation, the most significant improvement occurred for fear and surprise, around 9%. Additionally, the average results for all prepared models showed the positive impact of the method used on the quality of classification of most emotional states. For the EmoDB database, the highest average improvement was observed for happiness—14.6%. For other emotions, it ranged from 1.2% to 8.7%. The only exception was the emotion of sadness, for which the classification quality was average decreased by 1% when using the Mel spectrogram. In turn, for the RAVDESS database, the most significant improvement also occurred for happiness—7.5%, while for other emotions ranged from 0.2% to 7.1%, except disgust and calm, the classification of which deteriorated for the Mel spectrogram and the CQT representation, respectively.
Fault Diagnosis Method of Motor Bearing Under Variable Load Condition Based on Parameter Optimization VMD-NLMS
Authors: Li Youbing , Zhu Zhenning , Zhong Zhixian , Wang Guangbin
Published: February 2025

Given that the fault information of motor bearing is submerged due to strong noise under variable load conditions, a fault diagnosis method of motor bearing based on parameter optimization variational mode decomposition (VMD) and normalized least mean square (NLMS) is proposed. Firstly, VMD’s modal number K and α penalty factor are optimized by symbolic dynamic entropy (SDE). Then, the VMD algorithm with optimized parameters is used to extract the fault signals of bearing inner and outer rings under different load conditions. Then, the appropriate intrinsic mode decomposition (IMF) is selected, according to the weighted kurtosis index to reconstruct the fault feature signals. Finally, the NLMS algorithm reduces noise in the reconstructed signal and highlights the fault characteristics. The fault characteristics are analyzed by envelope demodulation. The RMSE and SNR of the simulated signal are calculated by filtering the improved method. It is found that the RMSE of the filtered signal is reduced 60%, and the signal-to-noise ratio is increased by about 119.87%. Compared to the sparrow search algorithm (SSA)-optimized VMD method, the proposed approach shows significant improvements in fault feature extraction. This study provides an effective solution for motor bearing fault diagnosis in noisy and variable load environments.
Landslide Recognition Based on DeepLabv3+ Framework Fusing ResNet101 and ECA Attention Mechanism
Authors: Chen Xinfang , Wang Shiwei , Dinavahi Venkata , Yang Lijia , Wu Dibai , Shen Meiyi
Published: February 2025

A landslide is one of the most common geological disasters, which is associated with great destructive power and harm. In recent years, semantic segmentation models have been applied to landslide recognition research and have made some achievements. However, the current method still has issues, overlooking small targets like fine cracks, missegmenting boundaries, and struggling to differentiate spectral signatures such as those of different rock types in landslide-prone areas. In this paper, a landslide detection model based on the DeepLabv3+ framework, DeepLabv3+-ResNet101-ECA, is proposed. The backbone feature extraction network of DeepLabv3+ is replaced with ResNet101 to enhance the feature extraction ability of the model for small objects. The ECA attention mechanism is integrated into the model to improve the accuracy of the object segmentation and improve the detection accuracy. Taking the landslide in Bijie City, Guizhou Province, as the research object, compared with the original DeepLabv3+ model, the precision of DeepLabv3+-ResNet101-ECA is increased by 1.17%, the recall rate is increased by 2%, the F1 score is increased by 0.96%, and the MIou is increased by 2.36%. Finally, transfer learning is used to verify the generalization ability of the model. The results show that the improved model has a better detection effect on landslides.
Moderate/High-Intensity Exercise and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation May Reduce Tumstatin and Improve the Lipid Dynamics and Body Mass in Rats
Authors: Yasul Yavuz , Akçınar Faruk , Çınar Vedat , Akbulut Taner , Aydemir İsa , Yalçın Mehmet Hanifi , Avcu Emsal Çağla , Aydın Suna , Aydın Süleyman
Published: February 2025

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a molecule that serves as a coenzyme for mitochondrial enzymes, playing a fundamental role in mitochondrial bioenergetics as an electron and proton carrier in the energy production process. This study aimed to examine the modulatory effects of moderate/high-intensity exercise and CoQ10 supplementation on tumstatin, lipid dynamics, and body mass in rats. This study used 42 male Wistar Albino rats in six groups: a control group (C), a moderate-intensity continuous training group (MICT), a high-intensity continuous training group (HICT), a coenzyme Q10 group (Q10), a moderate-intensity continuous training combined with Q10 group (MICTQ10), and a high-intensity continuous training combined with Q10 group (HICTQ10) to assess the effects of exercise and 5 mg/kg/daily CoQ10 supplementation. Rats underwent treadmill training, and tumstatin levels in plasma, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissues were measured using ELISA and immunostaining techniques. In addition to the plasma, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) levels were analyzed using enzymatic methods, with the LDL-C calculated using the Friedewald equation. The atherogenic index of plasma was determined by the TG/HDL-C ratio. As compared to group C, body mass was significantly affected by both exercise intensity and supplementation (p = 0.01, η2 = 0.37), with the MICTQ10 and HICTQ10 groups demonstrating the greatest reductions by day 50th (p = 0.0003, d = 4.02; p = 0.0001, d = 3.99). Lipid profiles varied significantly between groups. Compared to the C group, the MICTQ10 group exhibited the most substantial decreases in LDL-C (p = 0.03, d = 2.35) and TG levels (p = 0.03, d = 2.25), while the HICTQ10 group showed the most pronounced reduction in TC levels (p = 0.001, d = 6.41). Regarding tumstatin levels, skeletal muscle tumstatin levels were lowest in the HICTQ10 group (p = 0.01, d = 2.11). Moreover, cardiac muscle tumstatin levels were significantly lower in the MICTQ10, MICT, and HICTQ10 groups compared to in the C group (p = 0.004, d = 1.01). These findings suggest that both exercise intensity and CoQ10 supplementation exert notable physiological effects, particularly in modulating body mass, lipid metabolism, and tumstatin levels.
Privacy-Preserving Data Sharing and Computing for Outsourced Policy Iteration with Attempt Records from Multiple Users
Authors: Chen Bangyan , Ye Jun
Published: February 2025

Reinforcement learning is a machine learning framework that relies on a lot of trial-and-error processes to learn the best policy to maximize the cumulative reward through the interaction between the agent and the environment. In the actual use of this process, the computing resources possessed by a single user are limited so that the cooperation of multiple users are needed, but the joint learning of multiple users introduces the problem of privacy leakage. This research proposes a method to safely share the effort of multiple users in an encrypted state and perform the reinforcement learning with outsourcing service to reduce users calculations combined with the homomorphic properties of cryptographic algorithms and multi-key ciphertext fusion mechanism. The proposed scheme has provably security, and the experimental results show that it has an acceptable impact on performance while ensuring privacy protection.