bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Medication Review Completion Rates and Disparities After Medicare Star Rating Measure
Authors: Hung Anna , Wilson Lauren , Smith Valerie A. , Pavon Juliessa M. , Sloan Caroline E. , Hastings Susan N. , Farley Joel , Maciejewski Matthew L.
Published: May 2024

Importance

Comprehensive medication reviews (CMRs) are offered to qualifying US Medicare beneficiaries annually to optimize medication regimens and therapeutic outcomes. In 2016, Medicare adopted CMR completion as a Star Rating quality measure to encourage the use of CMRs.

Objective

To examine trends in CMR completion rates before and after 2016 and whether racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in CMR completion changed.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This observational study using interrupted time-series analysis examined 2013 to 2020 annual cohorts of community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 years and older eligible for a CMR as determined by Part D plans and by objective minimum eligibility criteria. Data analysis was conducted from September 2022 to February 2024.

Exposure

Adoption of CMR completion as a Star Rating quality measure in 2016.

Main Outcome and Measures

CMR completion modeled via generalized estimating equations.

Results

The study included a total of 561 950 eligible beneficiaries, with 253 561 in the 2013 to 2015 cohort (median [IQR] age, 75.8 [70.7-82.1] years; 90 778 male [35.8%]; 6795 Asian [2.7%]; 24 425 Black [9.6%]; 7674 Hispanic [3.0%]; 208 621 White [82.3%]) and 308 389 in the 2016 to 2020 cohort (median [IQR] age, 75.1 [70.4-80.9] years; 126 730 male [41.1%]; 8922 Asian [2.9%]; 27 915 Black [9.1%]; 7635 Hispanic [2.5%]; 252 781 White [82.0%]). The unadjusted CMR completion rate increased from 10.2% (7379 of 72 225 individuals) in 2013 to 15.6% (14 185 of 90 847 individuals) in 2015 and increased further to 35.8% (18 376 of 51 386 individuals) in 2020, in part because the population deemed by Part D plans to be MTM-eligible decreased by nearly half after 2015 (90 487 individuals in 2015 to 51 386 individuals in 2020). Among a simulated cohort based on Medicare minimum eligibility thresholds, the unadjusted CMR completion rate increased but to a lesser extent, from 4.4% in 2013 to 12.6% in 2020. Compared with White beneficiaries, Asian and Hispanic beneficiaries experienced greater increases in likelihood of CMR completion after 2016 but remained less likely to complete a CMR. Dual-Medicaid enrollees also experienced greater increases in likelihood of CMR completion as compared with those without either designation, but still remained less likely to complete CMR.

Conclusion and Relevance

This study found that adoption of CMR completion as a Star Rating quality measure was associated with higher CMR completion rates. The increase in CMR completion rates was achieved partly because Part D plans used stricter eligibility criteria to define eligible patients. Reductions in disparities for eligible Asian, Hispanic, and dual-Medicaid enrollees were seen, but not eliminated. These findings suggest that quality measures can inform plan behavior and could be used to help address disparities.
Too Much Dentistry
Authors: Nadanovsky Paulo , Pires dos Santos Ana Paula , Nunan David
Published: May 2024

This Viewpoint explores whether all dental procedures are clinically necessary given their expense and the disparate access to treatment among some socioeconomic and racial and ethnic groups.
Cytisinicline for Vaping Cessation in Adults Using Nicotine E-Cigarettes
Authors: Rigotti Nancy A. , Benowitz Neal L. , Prochaska Judith J. , Cain Daniel F. , Ball Julie , Clarke Anthony , Blumenstein Brent A. , Jacobs Cindy
Published: May 2024

Importance

The prevalence of e-cigarette use among US adults, especially young adults, is rising. Many would like to quit vaping nicotine but are unable to do so. Cytisinicline, a plant-based alkaloid, targets nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, reduces nicotine dependence, and helps adults to stop smoking cigarettes. Cytisinicline may also help e-cigarette users to quit vaping.

Objective

To determine the efficacy and safety of cytisinicline vs placebo to produce abstinence from e-cigarette use in adults seeking to quit vaping nicotine.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial compared 12 weeks of treatment with cytisinicline vs placebo, with follow-up to 16 weeks. It was conducted from July 2022 to February 2023 across 5 US clinical trial sites. A total of 160 adults who vaped nicotine daily, sought to quit, and did not currently smoke cigarettes were enrolled, and 131 (81.9%) completed the trial.

Intervention

Participants were randomized (2:1) to cytisinicline, 3 mg, taken 3 times daily (n = 107) or placebo (n = 53) for 12 weeks. All participants received weekly behavioral support.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Biochemically verified continuous e-cigarette abstinence during the last 4 weeks of treatment (weeks 9-12; primary outcome) and through 4 weeks posttreatment (weeks 9-16; secondary outcome). Missing outcomes were counted as nonabstinence.

Results

Of 160 randomized participants (mean [SD] age, 33.6 [11.1] years; 83 [51.9%] female), 115 (71.9%) formerly smoked (≥100 lifetime cigarettes). Continuous e-cigarette abstinence in cytisinicline and placebo groups occurred in 34 of 107 participants (31.8%) vs 8 of 53 participants (15.1%) (odds ratio, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.06-7.10; P = .04) at end of treatment (weeks 9-12) and in 25 of 107 participants (23.4%) vs 7 of 53 participants (13.2%) during weeks 9 to 16 (odds ratio, 2.00; 95% CI, 0.82-5.32; P = .15). There was no evidence, based on nonsignificant interactions, that cytisinicline efficacy differed in subgroups defined by demographic characteristics, vaping pattern, e-cigarette dependence, or smoking history. Cytisinicline was well tolerated, with 4 participants (3.8%) discontinuing cytisinicline due to an adverse event.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this randomized clinical trial, cytisinicline for 12 weeks, with behavioral support, demonstrated efficacy for cessation of e-cigarette use at end of treatment and was well tolerated by adults, offering a potential pharmacotherapy option for treating nicotine e-cigarette use in adults who seek to quit vaping. These results need confirmation in a larger trial with longer follow-up.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05431387
POLR3A‐related disorders: From spastic ataxia to generalised dystonia and long‐term efficacy of deep brain stimulation
Authors: Yau Wai Yan , Ashton Catherine , Mulroy Eoin , Foltynie Thomas , Limousin Patricia , Vandrovcova Jana , Verma Kunal P. , Stell Rick , Davis Mark , Lamont Phillipa
Published: May 2024

While biallelic POLR3A loss‐of‐function variants are traditionally linked to hypomyelinating leukodystrophy, patients with a specific splice variant c.1909+22G>A manifest as adolescent‐onset spastic ataxia without overt leukodystrophy. In this study, we reported eight new cases, POLR3A‐related disorder with c.1909+22 variant. One of these patients showed expanded phenotypic spectrum of generalised dystonia and her sister remained asymptomatic except for hypodontia. Two patients with dystonic arm tremor responded to deep brain stimulation. In our systemic literature review, we found that POLR3A‐related disorder with c.1909+22 variant has attenuated disease severity but frequency of dystonia and upper limb tremor did not differ among genotypes.
Synchronous Regulation of Hydrophobic Molecular Architecture and Interface Engineering for Robust WORM‐Type Memristor
Authors: Zhang Wenjing , Li Yixiang , Zhang Cheng , Yuan Junwei , Wang Youyou , Cheng Xinli , Qian Wenhu , Sun Shixin , Li Yang
Published: May 2024

In the context of human active response to exponentially increasing data volumes, memristors have emerged as a focal point in systematic problem‐solving approaches. Particularly, organic memristors, characterized by excellent scalability, flexibility, and 3D stacking capabilities, have shown its tremendous potential in innovative electronic applications. However, the modulation of molecular assembly and interface interaction at the electrode surface poses a challenging task, despite their crucial role in determining the memristive performance. Herein, a collaborative method involving hydrophobic molecular design and interface engineering is proposed to generate high‐quality nanofilms with optimal photoelectric and electrochemical properties. By subjecting the bottom electrode to O2 plasma treatment and chemical modification using a hydrophobic ionic liquid poly(diallyldimethylammonium) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PTFSI), the hydrophobic compound DN demonstrates exceptional affinity and stronger intermolecular interactions with the electrode surface. Consequently, the two‐terminal device array comprising Al/DN@PTFSI/ITO exhibits robust non‐volatile write‐once‐read‐many times (WORM) memory behavior, resulting in a tripling production yield from 30% to 92% along with a lower threshold voltage of 1.5 V, higher ON/OFF current ratio of 103 and excellent stability. This study presents a versatile approach to optimize the film assembly and material/electrode interface, thereby accelerating the development of organic memristors toward future applications.
A Quick Joule‐Heating Coupled with Solid‐Phase Synthesis for Carbon‐Supported Pd–Se Nanoparticles Toward High‐Efficiency Electrocatalysis
Authors: Hu Zhenya , Huang Li , Ma Mengyuan , Xu Lin , Liu Hui , Xu Wenqing , Yang Jun
Published: May 2024

With respect to the potential of palladium (Pd)‐based nanomaterials in catalyzing typical electrochemical reactions, herein, a strategy that couples the quick Joule‐heating with a solid phase synthesis for producing carbon‐supported Pd–Se nanoparticles with welcome features is reported, e.g., fine sizes, clean surfaces, and controlled crystal phases toward electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) in an alkaline medium. Principally, the introduction of Se into Pd alters its electronic properties and weakens the adsorption of key reaction intermediates on the Pd–Se nanoparticles during the ORR and EOR process, thus endowing them with better electrocatalysis for the same electrochemical reactions. Impressively, the carbon‐supported Pd–Se nanoparticles exhibit phase‐dependent electrocatalysis toward ORR and EOR. In particular, the cubic Pd17Se15 nanoparticles supported on carbon substrate show mass activity of 0.206 A mgPd−1 and specific activity of 0.546 mA cm−2 at 0.9 V for ORR in 0.1 m KOH electrolyte, while the orthorhombic PdSe2 nanoparticles show a mass activity of 3.79 A mgPd−1 for EOR, higher than that of their cubic counterpart and commercial Pd/C catalyst. The universality of this synthetic strategy in manufacturing carbon‐supported noble metal chalcogenide nanoparticles and highlighting its potential in designing highly efficient electrocatalysts are emphasized.
Electron Spectroscopy and Microscopy: A Window into the Surface Electronic Properties of Polycrystalline Metal Halide Perovskites
Authors: Wong E Laine , Folpini Giulia , Zhou Yang , Albaqami Minirah Dukhi , Petrozza Annamaria
Published: May 2024

In the past years, an increasing number of experimental techniques have emerged to address the need to unveil the chemical, structural, and electronic properties of perovskite thin films with high vertical and lateral spatial resolutions. One of these is angle‐resolved photoemission electron spectroscopy which can provide direct access to the electronic band structure of perovskites, with the aim of overcoming elusive and controversial information due to the complex data interpretation of purely optical spectroscopic techniques. This perspective looks at the information that can be gleaned from the direct measurement of the electronic band structure of single crystal perovskites and the challenges that remain to be overcame to extend this technique to heterogeneous polycrystalline metal halide perovskites.
High‐Performance Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anode Based on Metal‐Organic Framework Glass
Authors: Ding Junwei , Du Tao , Jensen Lars R. , Sørensen Søren S. , Wang Deyong , Wang Shiwen , Zhang Linsen , Yue Yuanzheng , Smedskjaer Morten M.
Published: May 2024

The performance of lithium metal batteries is severely hampered by uncontrollable dendrite growth and volume change within the anode. This work addresses these obstacles by introducing a novel strategy: applying an isotropic and internal grain‐boundary‐free layer, specifically, a metal‐organic framework (MOF) glass layer with nano‐porosity onto the electrochemically plated lithium metal anode. Both ab initio and classical molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the MOF glass layer makes the lithium transport smooth and uniform via its internal monolithic and interfacial advantages. This MOF glass layer with the fast and more uniform lithium diffusion in the monolithic interior and its interface enables dendrite‐free lithium plating and stripping through surface confinement effect and interfacial effect. When employed in symmetric batteries, the achieved Li metal anode can operate over 300 h at 1 mA cm−2. The full batteries matched with LiFePO4 exhibit high capacity (148 mAh g−1), excellent rate performance (61 mAh g−1 at 5 C), and outstanding cycling stability (with capacity retention of ≈90% after 1000 cycles). The full batteries matched with high‐voltage LiCoO2 also show superior performances. Therefore, the strategy of utilizing a MOF glass layer enables the development of high‐performance lithium metal anodes.
Performance Improvement of Formamidinium‐Based Perovskite Photodetector by Solution‐Processed C8‐BTBT Modification
Authors: Huang Fobao , Ding Yiluo , Liu Chunxiao , Hu Gongwei , Makarov Sergey , Zhang Dongwei , Wang Yucheng , Huang Wei
Published: May 2024

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite has attracted extensive research due to its excellent optoelectronic properties and is a competitive candidate material for a new generation of photodetectors. However, lateral structure photodetectors based only on perovskite active materials still present moderate performance and poor stability. Herein, lateral structure formamidinium‐based perovskite FA0.9Cs0.1PbI3 photodetectors are reported which are modified by a solution‐processed organic semiconductor 2,7‐dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (C8‐BTBT) layer for improved photosensitive performance and ambient/flexibility stability. High‐mobility organic semiconductor C8‐BTBT serves as an efficient hole transport layer that fills the grain boundaries and gaps of the FA0.9Cs0.1PbI3 film, enabling rapid extraction and transport of the photo‐generated carriers from the perovskite to the electrodes, resulting in enhanced photosensitive performance of the photodetector. Compared with the original device, the C8‐BTBT‐modified photodetector exhibits dramatically improved performance with a best responsivity of 1278 mA W−1, specific detectivity of 1.58 × 1012 Jones, external quantum efficiency of 298%, and fall time of 14.09 ms, which is 10.84 times less than 152.76 ms of the pure perovskite device. Moreover, the C8‐BTBT film acts as a protective layer for the FA0.9Cs0.1PbI3 film because of its good air stability and effective coverage, which significantly improves the ambient stability of the perovskite photodetector compared with the original device, increasing photocurrent retention from 2.5% to 61.5% or 81.5% at different humidity after 6 days. Furthermore, the C8‐BTBT‐modified perovskite photodetector exhibits outstanding flexibility performance, with only a 5% reduction in photocurrent under bending and almost no change after 200 bending cycles, while those of the pristine perovskite device have degraded to ≈80% and ≈75% under the same conditions, respectively. This study provides a facile and effective solution‐processed‐based strategy for constructing high‐performance and stable perovskite photodetectors.
Decarbonylative and Dehydrogenative Cascade Annulation of N‐(o‐Cyanobiaryl)acrylamides with Aldehydes
Authors: Zhang Cui , Jiang Bo , Shen Yun‐Tao , Jiang Wei , Ran Yu‐Song , Fan Tai‐Gang , Li Ya‐Min
Published: May 2024

Decarbonylative and dehydrogenative cascade annulation of aldehydes with N‐(o‐cyanobiaryl)acrylamides was developed for the synthesis of a broad spectrum of alkyl‐ and carbonyl‐substituted pyrido[4,3,2‐gh]phenanthridines. Secondary and tertiary aldehydes can undergo the decarbonylative cascade under DTBP/malonic acid conditions, while aryl, primary, and secondary aldehydes can undergo dehydrogenative reaction under TBHP system. Such transformations were triggered by alkyl and acyl radicals, and the annulations were accomplished through intramolecular additions of carbon‐centered radical to nitrile group and iminyl radical to aromatic ring.
Exploring metabolic alterations in PYCR2 deficiency: Unveiling pathways and clinical presentations of hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 10
Authors: Gürbüz Berrak Bilginer , Gülbakan Basri , Özgül Rıza Köksal , Yalnızoğlu Dilek , Yılmaz Didem Yücel , Göçmen Rahşan , Koşukcu Can , Kandemir Nurgün , Acar Neşe Vardar , Salih Bekir , Dursun Ali
Published: May 2024

Proline‐5‐carboxylate reductase 2, encoded by PYCR2 gene, is an enzyme that catalyzes the last step of proline synthesis from pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate synthetase to proline. PYCR2 gene defect causes hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 10. Up until now, to our knowledge around 38 patients with PYCR2 defect have been reported. Herein, we describe clinical, neuroradiological, biochemical findings, and metabolomic profiling of three new genetically related cases of PYCR2 defects from a large family. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amino acid levels were measured and untargeted metabolomic profiling of plasma and CSF were conducted and evaluated together with the clinical findings in the patients. While plasma and CSF proline levels were found to be totally normal, untargeted metabolomic profiling revealed mild increases of glutamate, alpha‐ketoglutarate, and l‐glutamate semialdehyde and marked increases of inosine and xanthine. Our findings and all the previous reports suggest that proline auxotrophy is not the central disease mechanism. Untargeted metabolomics point to mild changes in proline pathway and also in purine/pyrimidine pathway.
Primary amenorrhea in myotonic dystrophy type 1: Initial presentation versus incidental finding on whole genome sequencing
Authors: Damon Jenna , Chase Colby , Higashimoto Tomoyasu
Published: May 2024

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 is an autosomal dominant condition due to a CTG repeat expansion in the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) gene. This multisystem disorder affects multiple organ systems. Hypogonadism in males affected by myotonic dystrophy is commonly reported; however, the effect on female hypogonadism remains controversial. A 19‐year‐old female was referred to our genetics clinic due to primary amenorrhea without any family history of similar symptoms. Initial genetics evaluation identified a variant of uncertain significance in IGSF10, c.2210T>C (p.Phe737Ser). Follow‐up genetic evaluation via whole genome sequencing identified at least 100 CTG repeats in the DMPK gene, thus resulting in the diagnosis of myotonic dystrophy type 1. The patient remains otherwise asymptomatic from myotonic dystrophy. This is the first report that demonstrates primary amenorrhea as a possible presenting feature of myotonic dystrophy type 1, thus providing evidence supporting female hypogonadism in myotonic dystrophy type 1.
Generating real‐world evidence in Alzheimer's disease: Considerations for establishing a core dataset
Authors: Galvin James E. , Cummings Jeffrey L. , Benea Mihaela Levitchi , de Moor Carl , Allegri Ricardo F. , Atri Alireza , Chertkow Howard , Paquet Claire , Porter Verna R. , Ritchie Craig W. , Sikkes Sietske A. M. , Smith Michael R. , Grassi Christina Marsica , Rubino Ivana
Published: May 2024

Ongoing assessment of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in postapproval studies is important for mapping disease progression and evaluating real‐world treatment effectiveness and safety. However, interpreting outcomes in the real world is challenging owing to variation in data collected across centers and specialties and greater heterogeneity of patients compared with trial participants. Here, we share considerations for observational postapproval studies designed to collect harmonized longitudinal data from individuals with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia stage of disease who receive therapies targeting the underlying pathological processes of AD in routine practice. This paper considers key study design parameters, including proposed aims and objectives, study populations, approaches to data collection, and measures of cognition, functional abilities, neuropsychiatric status, quality of life, health economics, safety, and drug utilization. Postapproval studies that capture these considerations will be important to provide standardized data on AD treatment effectiveness and safety in real‐world settings.
Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) and hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) extract additives in carboxymethyl chitosan scaffolds for osteochondral tissue engineering applications
Authors: Baysan Gizem , Yilmaz Pinar Akokay , Husemoglu Resit Bugra , Albayrak Aylin Ziylan , Sisman Ali Riza , Havitcioglu Hasan
Published: May 2024

Advancements in new treatment methods are becoming increasingly necessary due to a longer life expectancy, particularly in the field of osteochondral tissue engineering. In the present study, osteochondral tissue scaffolds with/without the addition of hawthorn or elderberry extracts were fabricated. Poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) cross‐linked carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel scaffold matrix was used as a control group. The addition of the plant extracts resulted in open porous structures with pore sizes around 100–450 μm and elastic modulus between 0.5 and 0.7 MPa, biomimicking the osteochondral tissue. Scaffolds containing either plant extract showed a high swelling tendency (1500–1750%) and a delayed release of the extracts after a week. Furthermore, the weight loss of the scaffolds after an enzymatic degradation for 56 days was ~30%. In addition, in vitro biocompatibility analyses were performed using bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells confirming non‐cytotoxicity for all the scaffold types. Biochemical assessment of alkaline phosphatase activity and glycosaminoglycan content yielded results consistent with osteochondral scaffold requirements. Finally, immunohistochemical analyses indicated that the plant extract addition, especially elderberry, increased collagen type I and type II formation. As a result, the addition of both hawthorn and elderberry extracts is a promising approach to osteochondral tissue regeneration.
Ionic Liquids as Cathode Additives for High Voltage Lithium Batteries
Authors: Palluzzi Matteo , Tsurumaki Akiko , Mozhzhukhina Nataliia , Rizell Josef , Matic Aleksandar , D'Angelo Paola , Navarra Maria Assunta
Published: May 2024

Two oxalatoborate ionic liquids (ILs), which are commonly utilized as electrolyte additives that form a protective layer on the cathode surface, are investigated for the first time as electrode additives. Cathodes based on LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) containing 3 wt % ILs, i. e., “IL‐enriched cathodes”, exhibit capacity values above 120 mAh/g with high Coulombic efficiencies throughout cycling over 200 times. A cathode without ILs also exhibits a capacity of 119 mAh/g but its Coulombic efficiency becomes low and unstable after 109 cycles. In addition, when 0.3 M ILs are added to conventional carbonate‐based electrolytes, the battery cycle life improves but there is a reduction in the capacity probably due to low ionic conductivity of the electrolyte mixtures. Post‐mortem analyses of electrodes retrieved from cycled cells highlight less electrolyte decomposition and less cathode corrosion, enabled by using the IL as the additive in LNMO, which are confirmed by a particle shape with smooth surface identical to the fresh cathode. The study demonstrates that oxalatoborate ILs can be used as the electrode additive, and this provides a new concept for cathode formulations for high performance batteries with a small amount of ILs.
An ingenious technique based on the usage of fluorone‐based dye; pyrosin B in prucalopride assay in different matrices through an “on–off” dye native fluorescence probe
Authors: Abu‐hassan Ahmed A. , Mahdi Wael A. , Alshehri Sultan , El Hamd Mohamed A.
Published: May 2024

Prucalopride (PCD), is a modern medication approved by the United States in 2018 to alleviate constipation caused by motility issues. PCD demonstrates a strong affinity and selectivity toward the 5‐HT4 receptor. The study here introduces a feasible, direct, non‐extractive, and affordable pathway for PCD analytical tracking. The fluorimetric study is based on the on–off effect on the emission amplitude of fluorone‐based dye (pyrosin B). In a one‐pot experiment, the complex between PCD and pyrosin B is formed instantly in an acidic medium. Correlation between decreased pyrosin B emission and PCD concentrations provides a linear calibration plot from 50 to 900 ng/mL. PCD–dye complex system affecting variables were meticulously tuned. The values of the estimated limit of quantitation and limit of detection for the current methodology were 47.5 and 15.7 ng/mL, respectively. Conformity of the strategy validity was achieved by a comprehensive study of the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use criteria. The method was convincingly applied for PCD assay in tablets and content uniformity investigation. Furthermore, PCD tracking in the spiked biological fluid was applied. Finally, the method uses distilled water as dispersing medium which rise accommodation with the green chemistry principle.
Analysis of chemoresistance characteristics and prognostic relevance of postoperative gemcitabine adjuvant chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Ren Jiaqiang , Wu Shuai , Su Tong , Ding Jiachun , Chen Fan , Li Jie , Wang Zheng , Han Liang , Wu Zheng
Published: May 2024

Aim

To investigate the relationship between chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer patients receiving postoperative gemcitabine adjuvant therapy and specific clinical/pathological characteristics, as well as its impact on patient prognosis.

Methods

From June 2018 to June 2021, clinical and pathological data of 148 pancreatic cancer patients were collected, and 101 patients were followed up for tumor recurrence/metastasis and survival status. The correlation between chemoresistance and specific clinical/pathological characteristics or patient prognosis was retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Of the 148 patients, 78 were in the chemoresistance group and 70 in the non‐chemoresistance group. Univariate analysis showed that the development of chemoresistance may be related to patient age, combined diabetes, preoperative CA19‐9 level, tumor size, AJCC stage, vascular invasion, and positive lymph node ratio. Furthermore, subsequent multivariate analysis incorporating these variables indicated that tumor size may be a key factor influencing chemoresistance (p < 0.001, OR = 1.584). Log‐rank test showed patients in the chemoresistance group had worse overall survival (OS) (HR = 2.102, p = 0.018) and progression free survival (PFS) (HR = 3.208, p = 0.002) than patients in the non‐chemoresistance group; and patients with smaller size tumors (diameter ≤3 cm) had significantly better OS (HR = 2.923, p < 0.001) and PFS (HR = 2.930, p = 0.003) than those with larger size tumors (diameter >3 cm).

Conclusions

Patients with pancreatic cancer receiving postoperative gemcitabine adjuvant therapy are more likely to develop chemoresistance when their tumor sizes are larger (diameter >3 cm). Development of chemoresistance exacerbates the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer, and larger tumor size is also a risk factor for poor prognosis in these patients.
Recent Advances in Bioactive Carbon Nanotubes Based on Polymer Composites for Biosensor Applications
Authors: Mousavi Seyyed Mojtaba , Nezhad Fatemeh Fallahi , Ghahramani Yasamin , Binazadeh Mojtaba , Javidi Zahra , Azhdari Rouhollah , Gholami Ahmad , Omidifar Navid , Rahman Mohammed M. , Chiang Wei‐Hung
Published: May 2024

Recent breakthroughs in the field of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have opened up unprecedented opportunities for the development of specialized bioactive CNT‐polymers for a variety of biosensor applications. The incorporation of bioactive materials, including DNA, aptamers and antibodies, into CNTs to produce composites of bioactive CNTs has attracted considerable attention. In addition, polymers are essential for the development of biosensors as they provide biocompatible conditions and are the ideal matrix for the immobilization of proteins. The numerous applications of bioactive compounds combined with the excellent chemical and physical properties of CNTs have led to the development of bioactive CNT‐polymer composites. This article provides a comprehensive overview of CNT‐polymer composites and new approaches to encapsulate bioactive compounds and polymers in CNTs. Finally, biosensor applications of bioactive CNT‐polymer for the detection of glucose, H2O2 and cholesterol were investigated. The surface of CNT‐polymer facilitates the immobilization of bioactive molecules such as DNA, enzymes or antibodies, which in turn enables the construction of state‐of‐the‐art, future‐oriented biosensors.
Exploring the Anti‐Inflammatory Potential of Australian Native Plants Based on their Ethnopharmacological Knowledge
Authors: Mathew Shintu , Zhou Xian , Münch Gerald , Raju Ritesh
Published: May 2024

Inflammation represents the inherent protective reaction of the human body to various harmful agents and noxious stimuli. Standard anti‐inflammatory therapy including nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are associated with several side effects. In the past decades, people rely on medicinal plants for the treatment of inflammation. The traditional utilization of medicinal plants is regarded as a safe, cost‐effective, and broadly accepted approach. In this study, anti‐inflammatory activity of plants traditionally utilized by the D'harawal people in Australia has been assessed in vitro. Eighty Australian native plants were screened based on the Dharawal Pharmacopeia for their inhibitory effect on the nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and interferon (IFN)‐γ stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages for their anti‐inflammatory activity. From the eighty ethanolic extracts screened, seventeen displayed potent NO inhibition with an IC50 recorded below 15 μg/mL. The aim of this review was to utilise the ethnopharmacological knowledge and to correlate the anti‐inflammatory activity of the seventeen plants with either their known or unknown phytochemicals reported in the literature. In doing so, we have created a snapshot of Australian native plant candidates that warrant further chemical investigation associated with their anti‐inflammatory activity.
Lindane and Cetrimide lotion poisoning in an adult patient: A case report on an uncommon ingestion
Authors: Rai Pragya , Shrestha Shrijan , Rijal Suman , Singh Rakesh
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

Lindane induces severe side effects, including fatality, while Cetrimide causes esophageal damage. With no antidotes available, our patient ingested both, requiring prompt gastric lavage and comprehensive treatment.
Polycystic liver disease: An uncommon genetic condition
Authors: Limaiem Faten , Hajri Mohamed
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

Timely recognition, accurate diagnosis, and proper management are vital for preventing complications and improving outcomes in polycystic liver disease.

Polycystic liver disease is an uncommon genetic condition characterized by the presence of over 20 liver cysts. It is symptomatic in only 5% of cases. Surgical intervention remains the primary treatment approach for managing symptoms in affected patients. Herein, we report a case of PLD revealed by severe abdominal pain.
Incidental diagnosis of silent extrahepatic portosystemic shunt
Authors: Akel Rhea , Aoun Rany
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

Extrahepatic portosystemic shunts are a very rare disease. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are needed to prevent serious complications. In asymptomatic patients, conservative treatment is an option.
Stem cell secretome restore the adipo‐osteo differentiation imbalance in diabetic dental pulp‐derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Sanap Avinash , Joshi Kalpana , Kheur Supriya , Bhonde Ramesh
Published: May 2024

Background

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) individuals exhibit increased adipogenesis and decreased osteogenesis. We investigated the potential of adipose tissue‐derived MSCs (ADMSCs) secretome obtained from healthy individuals in restoring the tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) mediated imbalance in the adipo/osteogenic differentiation in the dental pulp‐derived MSCs obtained from T2DM individuals (dDPMSCs).

Methods

dDPMSCs were differentiated into adipocytes and osteocytes using a standard cocktail in the presence of (a) induction cocktail, (b) induction cocktail + TNF‐α, and (c) induction cocktail+ TNF‐α + ADMSCs‐secretome (50%) for 15 and 21 days resp. Differentiated adipocytes and osteocytes were stained by oil red O and alizarin red and analyzed by using ImageJ software. Molecular expression of the key genes involved was analyzed by using reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).

Results

Treatment of TNF‐α augmented the adipogenesis (9571 ± 765 vs. 19,815 ± 1585 pixel, p < 0.01) and decreased the osteogenesis (15,603 ± 1248 vs. 11,894 ± 951 pixel, p < 0.05) of dDPMSCs as evidenced by the oil red O and alizarin red staining respectively. Interestingly, dDPMSCs differentiated along with TNF‐α and 50% ADMSCs secretome exhibited enhanced osteogenesis (11,894 ± 951 vs. 41,808 ± 3344 pixel, p < 0.01) and decreased adipogenesis (19,815 ± 1585 vs. 4480 ± 358 pixel, p < 0.01). Additionally, dDPMSCs differentiated along with ADMSCs secretome exhibited decreased expression of PPARg (p < 0.01), C/EBPa (p < 0.05), and FAS (p < 0.01) whereas mRNA expression of Runx2 (p < 0.05), Osterix (p < 0.01), and OCN (p < 0.05) was upregulated as revealed by the RT‐PCR analysis.

Conclusion

ADMSCs secretome from healthy individuals restore the TNF‐α influenced differentiation fate of dDPMSCs and therefore can be explored for T2DM clinical management in the future.
Enhancing Control Over Nitric Oxide Photorelease via a Molecular Keypad Lock
Authors: Elbeheiry Hani M. , Schulz Martin
Published: May 2024

Based on Boolean logic, molecular keypad locks secure molecular information, typically with an optical output. Here we investigate a rare example of a molecular keypad lock with a chemical output. To this end, the light‐activated release of biologically important nitric oxide from a ruthenium complex is studied, using proton concentration and photon flux as inputs. In a pH‐dependent equilibrium, a nitritoruthenium(II) complex is turned into a nitrosylruthenium(II) complex, which releases nitric oxide under irradiation with visible light. The precise prediction of the output nitric oxide concentration as function of the pH and photon flux is achieved with an artificial intelligence approach, namely the adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system. In this manner an exceptionally high level of control over the output concentration is obtained. Moreover, the provided concept to lock a chemical output as well as the output prediction may be applied to other (photo)release schemes.
Polyaniline/Tungsten Trioxide Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Anode for Aqueous Proton Batteries
Authors: Tong Yuhao , Wei Yuan , Song AJing , Ma Yuanyuan , Yang Jianping
Published: May 2024

Aqueous proton batteries have received increasing attention due to their outstanding rate performance, stability and high capacity. However, the selection of anode materials in strongly acidic electrolytes poses a challenge in achieving high‐performance aqueous proton batteries. This study optimized the proton reaction kinetics of layered metal oxide WO3 by introducing interlayer structural water and coating polyaniline (PANI) on its surface to prepare organic‐inorganic hybrid material (WO3 ⋅ 2H2O@PANI). We constructed an aqueous proton battery with WO3 ⋅ 2H2O@PANI anode and MnO2@GF cathode. After 1500 cycles at a current density of 10 A g−1, the capacity retention rate can still reach 80.2 %. These results can inspire the development of new aqueous proton batteries.
Using Gold‐Nanoparticles‐Based Nanozyme to Accelerate the Self‐Assembly of Silk Fibroin
Authors: Wang Xiaopei , Chen Wanneng , Zhao Jiachen , Huang Yanyan , Zhang Zhisen , Lin Youhui
Published: May 2024

The design and development of nanomaterials with intrinsic enzyme‐like activities (nanozymes) have attracted huge interest during the past several decades. Herein, by incorporating the concept of nanozyme‐involved biomimetic catalysis into the molecular assembly, we introduce an exciting example of utilizing the gold nanozyme system to expedite the sol‐gel transition of silk fibroin. In this system, silica‐encapsulated gold nanoparticles (MSN‐AuNPs) possess an intrinsic glucose oxidase‐like activity, and the activity of AuNPs has been studied by using first‐principles calculations. The catalytic oxidization of glucose into gluconic acid by MSN‐AuNPs leads to a significant decrease in the pH value of silk fibroin solution, rapidly accelerating the self‐assembly of silk fibroin solution into physical hydrogel. Since nanozymes can be further remotely controlled via different stimuli, this simple, rational control and accelerated method is a significant breakthrough, will lead to a large pool of opportunities for further exploration of nanozymes in the field of molecular assembly.
Direct Work Function Measurement Using in‐situ Ambient Pressure X‐ray Photoemission Spectroscopy and Its Application on Copper Oxidation Process
Authors: Zhang Hui , Li Xiaobao , Han Yong , Liu Zhi
Published: May 2024

The work function (WF) measurement plays a critical role in engineering energy materials and energy devices. However, the ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) environments of photoemission method limit the practical application for absolute work function measurements of materials, especially under complex working conditions. To understand the energy level of materials under complex chemical environments, the in‐situ measurements of work function is necessary in complex metal/semiconductor system for various application. In this paper, we describe the utilization of ambient pressure X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (APXPS) with utilization of low photon energy X‐ray for absolute WF measurements at BL02B of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. We herein present the WF measurement during oxygen adsorption on Pt(111) and oxidation of Cu(111) in ambient oxygen environment as demonstration of the APXPS capability for WF measurement. After oxygen chemisorption on Pt and formation of Cu2O, the WF will increase. This is due to charge transfer from metal to chemisorbed oxygen atoms. After the formation of bulk Cu2O and CuO, the WF value almost remain at ~5.5 eV. We believe the direct measurement of absolute work function via APXPS could help bridge the gap between the physical properties and the surface chemical species for metal/semiconductor materials.
Main Group Pentafulvenes: Challenges and Opportunities in Heavy Main Group Isolobal Substitution of Pentafulvene
Authors: Bhowmick Toma , Orthaber Andreas
Published: May 2024

Heterofulvenes based on isolobal substitution of carbon fragments by (heavier) main group motifs provide a rich source of structurally interesting building blocks with electronic situations that can vastly differ from all‐carbon congeners. Group 13, heavier 14 & 16 fulvenes are rare and pose significant stability challenges, while group 15 derivatives, particularly phosphorus and arsenic, have led to many derivatives with intriguing opto‐electronic properties.
Interaction between internal solitary waves and the seafloor in the deep sea
Authors: Tian Zhuangcai , Huang Jinjian , Xiang Jiaming , Zhang Shaotong , Wu Jinran , Liu Xiaolei , Luo Tingting , Yue Jianhua
Published: May 2024

Internal solitary wave (ISW), as a typical marine dynamic process in the deep sea, widely exists in oceans and marginal seas worldwide. The interaction between ISW and the seafloor mainly occurs in the bottom boundary layer. For the seabed boundary layer of the deep sea, ISW is the most important dynamic process. This study analyzed the current status, hotspots, and frontiers of research on the interaction between ISW and the seafloor by CiteSpace. Focusing on the action of ISW on the seabed, such as transformation and reaction, a large amount of research work and results were systematically analyzed and summarized. On this basis, this study analyzed the wave–wave interaction and interaction between ISW and the bedform or slope of the seabed, which provided a new perspective for an in‐depth understanding of the interaction between ISW and the seafloor. Finally, the latest research results of the bottom boundary layer and marine engineering stability by ISW were introduced, and the unresolved problems in the current research work were summarized. This study provides a valuable reference for further research on the hazards of ISW to marine engineering geology.
Graphite counter electrode modified Tropaeolin‐O photo‐sensitized photogalvanic cells for solar power and storage
Authors: Koli Pooran , Kumar Rajendra , Dayma Yashodhara , Dheerata  , Jonwal Meenakshi
Published: May 2024

An optimization, photo‐stability, and hysteresis property of the Graphite counter electrode‐modified Tropaeolin‐O (TPO) photo‐sensitized photogalvanic (PG) cells has been investigated. A complex H‐shaped cell design, a costly and delicate saturated calomel electrode (counter electrode), and a heavy sensitizer molecule (dye having high molecular weight, low diffusivity, and low photo‐stability) have been exploited for fabricating most of the PG cells so far. All these factors are not suitable for the fabrication of durable and cheap PG cells. Therefore, in the present study, the highly conductive/catalytically active robust graphite electrode with TPO dye photosensitizer (having a low molecular weight, higher diffusivity, and higher photo‐stability) has been exploited with diffusion‐friendly low cost and a simple transparent cylindrical glass tube. The cheap and robust graphite counter electrode has been exploited for optimization and long‐term study of the TPO photo‐sensitized PG cells. The observed electrical output is potential 676 mV, current 2000 µA, and power 340.0 μW. The power, current, and efficiency, have been found quite independent of the illumination window size. The potential and current have been observed to be quite stable over a long time during illumination, and the same has been supported by the hysteresis study.
Intraspecific transitioning of ecological strategies in Pinus massoniana trees across restoration stages
Authors: Lu Sihang , Wang Jiazheng , Liu Ao , Lei Feiya , Liu Rong , Li Shouzhong
Published: May 2024

Intraspecific variation in plant functional traits and ecological strategies is typically overlooked in most studies despite its pivotal role at the local scales and along short environmental gradients. While CSR theory has been used to classify ecological strategies (competitive C; stress‐tolerant, S; ruderal, R) in different plant species, its ability to explain intraspecific variation in ecological strategies remains uncertain. Here, we sought to investigate intraspecific variation in ecological strategies for Pinus massoniana, a pioneer conifer tree for ecological restoration in Changting County, southeast China. By measuring key leaf traits and canopy height of 252 individuals at different ontogenetic stages from three plots spanning distinctive stages along early ecological restoration and calculating their C, S, and R scores, we constructed an intraspecific CSR system. All individual strategies shifted across three restoration stages, with adults from higher S component to higher C component while juveniles from higher S component to higher R component. Our results suggest that while strategies of all P. massoniana individuals start with tolerance to environmental stress, as restoration proceeds, adult transition towards completion for light, whereas juveniles shift to an acquisitive resource use. The study reveals an intraspecific pattern of strategy variation during forest restoration, contributing to our understanding of how plants adapt to diverse environments.
Effect of extraction methods on functional properties of plant proteins: A review
Authors: Chandran Akshay S. , Kashyap Piyush , Thakur Mamta
Published: May 2024

Food proteins should not only provide nutrition but should also have specific functional properties that facilitate processing and enhance product performance. These functional properties refer to the physicochemical characteristics that govern the behavior of proteins in food. In this context, this article delves into the impact of extraction techniques on functional properties of protein, like solubility, emulsifying, foaming, and oil and water holding capacity. Novel extraction methods can boost extraction yield and enhance technological, functional, and nutritional properties of protein. Protein solubility was found to be significantly impacted by the application of novel extraction methods. Studies also concluded that enhancing the solubility of commercial protein isolates may lead to better functional properties. However, excessive use of extraction techniques can result in protein aggregation, which can negatively impact the foaming properties. Exposing hydrophobic groups and enhancing flexibility are the effects of novel treatment on different proteins resulting in an improvement in their functional properties. Similarly alkaline and micellized extraction also enhance the proteins properties. These findings will result in a further enrichment of the research on the functional properties of protein and provide information to help in the development of protein enriched food products.
Inulin alleviates acute alcoholism in mice by enhancing ethanol metabolism and regulating the intestinal flora
Authors: Bai Zhouya , Lan Honglin , Luo Denglin , Li Xingguo , Zhang Yunhui , Geng Mengyuan , Chang Shaohe
Published: May 2024

Inulin, a recognized prebiotic with diverse biological activities, has not yet been reported for its potential in treating alcoholism. Therefore, this study investigated the antialcoholic effects of short, long, and phosphorylated long‐chain inulin and the possible mechanisms. An acute alcoholic intoxication mice model was established, with the water extract of Hovenia dulcis Thunb serving as a positive control. The different inulins were used for intervention, and the drunkenness of the mice was observed by an animal behavior experiment. The serum liver function indexes (TP, ALB, GLB, ALT, and ALP), as well as the activity of ethanol metabolizing enzymes (ADH and ALDH) in the liver were measured, and the changes in intestinal flora were analyzed. The results showed that short‐chain inulin could alleviate acute alcoholism by activating ethanol metabolizing enzyme activity and improving intestinal flora, and it had a potential protective effect on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice.