bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnic identity, biological history and dental morphology: evaluating the indigenous status of Maharashtra's Mahars
Authors: Hemphill Brian E. , Lukacs John R. , Walimbe Subhash R.
Published: February 2017

The idea of indigenous people in South Asia is more complex than elsewhere, in part because it involves longstanding and intimate contact between ‘tribal’ and non-tribal peoples (Béteille 1998; Gardner 1985; Lukacs in press). Additional complications arise from the hierarchal and endogamous structure of Hindu social and ritual organization, including the plight of people who occupy the lowest stratum of the hierarchy — ‘untouchables’ (Charsley 1996; Delikge 1992; 1993). Because the system of socioreligious stratification known as caste does not encourage social mobility, new ethnic identity is often sought by groups whose position in the hierarchy is low (Dumont 1980; Klass 1980; Kolinda 1978). Biological anthropologists are interested in the caste system for the opportunities it offers to understand the interaction of cultural behaviour with the biological patterning of human genetic and phenotypic diversity (Majumder 1998; Majumderet al. 1990; Malhotra 1974). Although most Westerners perceive caste as an immutable category, in which membership is ascribed, and hierarchal rank is forever fixed, many accounts of castes changing their occupational and ritual status have been documented (Silverberg 1968). Some castes seek to elevate their ritual or economic position by claiming higher status and adopting an appropriate new caste name, while others lay claim to indigenous origins seeking to benefit from rights and privileges that accompany autochthonous status. Such claims often involve adopting new or different patterns of behaviour commonly associated with the new social, religious, indigenous or occupational position claimed. This process is sufficiently common in India to be labelled ‘Sanskritization’ when a Hindu caste emulates higher castes (Srinivas 1968), ‘Hinduization’ when tribal or non-caste groups emulate Hindu castes, or more generally, ‘elite-emulation’ (Lynch 1969).
Hammat al-Qa and the roots of urbanism in southwest Arabia
Authors: Edens C. , Wilkinson T. J. , Barratt G.
Published: February 2017

Prehistoric (Bronze Age) settlement has been little explored in the Yemen. Here, we report on new research at the small, semi-urban site of Hammat al-Qa in the Dhamar region of Yemen.
Categorizing archaeological finds: the funerary material of Queen Hetepheres I at Giza
Authors: Münch Hans-Hubertus
Published: February 2017

The undisturbed shaft deposit G7000x in front of the Great Pyramid at Giza has been regarded as the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I, even though it did not contain a mummy. The absence of the mummy has posed problems for the finds categorization as a tomb and has given rise to elaborate hypotheses. As shown here, these difficulties can be largely eliminated if the find is understood as a funerary deposit and not a tomb. The new categorization is also significant for the understanding of Old Kingdom funerary practices.
A generic geomorphological approach to archaeological interpretation and prospection in British river valleys: a guide for archaeologists investigating Holocene landscapes
Authors: Howard A. J. , Macklin M. G.
Published: February 2017

Landscape archaeology depends greatly on the nature of the underlying physical landscape, and an understanding of its formation processes and change. We are pleased to publish this contribution on the Holocene river valleys of Britain, which provides important guidance on the integration of archaeological and geomorphological evidence, in building models for assessing potential archaeological preservation and erosion.
Nationalism and preserving Korea's buried past: the Office of Cultural Properties and archaeological heritage management in South Korea
Authors: Pai Hyung Il
Published: February 2017

The origins of Korean archaeological heritage management can be traced to 1916, when Japan's Resident-general Government in Korea (Chōsen Sōtokufu: 1910-1945) promulgated the first comprehensive laws of historical preservation called the ‘Regulations for the Preservation of Korea's Remains and Relics’. They reflected a combination of late Meiji and early Taishō era laws tailored to the Korean peninsula such as Lost and Stolen Antiquities (1909); Temples and Shrines Protection Laws (1911); the Preservation of Stone and Metal Inscriptions (1916); and most significantly, the establishment of an administrative apparatus, the Committee on the Investigation of Korean Antiquities (1916). The Chōsen Sōtokufu Museum laws governing art exhibitions and display were compiled from Imperial Museum laws (Tokyo National Museum 1976) dating from 1890-1907 (Chōsen Sōkufu 1924: 215-30).
The knowable, the doable and the undiscussed: tradition, submission, and the ‘becoming’ of rural landscapes in Denmark's Iron Age
Authors: Thurston Tina L.
Published: February 2017

Farmers in Late Iron Age Denmark lived in centuries-old villages, within territories inhabited for milfennia. Long-held patterns of settlement, movement, economic interaction and socio-political structure characterized the cultural landscapes of these loosely integrated, heterarchical societies. During the transition to a state in the late Viking Age, many new settlements were established and rapid landscape change transformed older communities into highly controlled, newly regulated places.
The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles in Europe and the Near East
Authors: Bakker Jan Albert , Kruk Janusz , Lanting Albert E. , Milisauskas Sarunas
Published: February 2017

The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles dates to the Funnel Beaker (TRB) culture in Europe and the Late Uruk period in the Near East. Results of excavations and14C determinations from Poland, Germany, Iraq, Syria and Turkey suggest that the appearance of wheeled vehicles was contemporary in Europe and the Near East.
Dynamics of Hohokam obsidian circulation in the North American Southwest
Authors: Bayman James M. , Shackley M. Steven
Published: February 2017

Geochemical analyses of obsidian offer unexpected insights on the size and organization of the Hohokam regional system in the North American Southwest. Networks of obsidian circulation enlarged greatly during the Classic period as community centres with monumental architecture acquired non-local obsidian from a vast territory. This pattern confirms that prior models drastically underestimated the geographic scale of the Classic period regional system.
A Neolithic revolution? New evidence of diet in the British Neolithic
Authors: Richards M. P. , Hedges R. E. M.
Published: February 2017

Were marine foods still a significant part of the diet in the Early and Middle Neolithic in Britain? This paper presents new evidence, from δ13C measurements of 78 radiocarbon-dated humans from 27 coastal and inland sites in England and Wales, for an apparent abandonment of the use of marine foods in the British Early and Middle Neolithic.
Stone sarcophagus manufacture in ancient Egypt
Authors: Stocks Denys A.
Published: February 2017

Experimental work on the techniques for making stone sarcophagi demonstrate how a variety of tools, material and drilling methods were employed in ancient Egypt
Eating horses: the evolutionary significance of hippophagy
Authors: Levine Marsha A.
Published: February 2017

The meat and milk of horses are highly valued food products, past and present. Horses were an especially valuable food resource in grassland habitats, which may explain their increased exploitation in the central Eurasian forest steppe during the late Eneolithic. It may also explain the emphasis on horses in final Upper Palaeolithic art.
Stable isotopes and the seasonality of the Oronsay middens
Authors: Richards M. P. , Mellars P. A.
Published: February 2017

Research on six late Mesolithic shell middens on the small Hebridean island of Oronsay address questions of permanent and seasonal occupation. Stable isotope analysis of human bones shows marine resources providing the majority of protein, supporting year-round occupation of Oronsay. One individual, however, demonstrated a mixed diet of marine and terrestrial protein, suggesting seasonal visits and different patterns of site occupation.
Some observations on the radiocarbon and cosmogenic isotope dating of petroglyphs, Foz Côa, Portugal
Authors: Watchman Alan
Published: February 2017

Further remarks on the age of the Foz Côa rock-engravings, Portugal, in the light of studies by absolute-science methods in the March 1997 ANTIQUITY.
Research under dictatorship: the German Archaeological Institute 1929–1945
Authors: Junker Klaus
Published: February 2017

All too often in the past, state politics has exerted a strong influence over the direction of academic archaeology. This was particularly true of the German Archaeological Institute under the Third Reich in the 1930s. Here, Klaus Junker offers an intriguing insight into the events and outcomes of this uncomfortable episode, and how the Institute managed to retain its leading position during and after the Nazi régime.
Stonehenge for the ancestors: the stones pass on the message
Authors: Pearson M. Parker , Ramilisonina
Published: February 2017

ANTIQUITY has had a long tradition of publishing pieces on Stonehenge, represented in our cover design. Here we present an intriguing and thought-provoking paper, which draws an analogy with Madagascar to help explain the meaning of the enigmatic monument.
Migration in the Bell Beaker period of central Europe
Authors: Price T. Douglas , Grupe Gisela , Schröter Peter
Published: February 2017

Recent strontium isotope analysis of Beaker burials from Bavaria raises important new questions about prehistoric migrations in Europe.
Down, but not out: biological evidence for complex economic organization in Lincoln in the late 4th century
Authors: Dobney Keith , Kenward Harry , Ottaway Patrick , Donel Lisa
Published: February 2017

Views of the Late Roman period in England have changed considerably in the past few years, with a tendency towards acceptance of a survival or resurgence of economic and political organization despite earlier decline. Traditional evidence provides some insights into the differential nature of these changes. Here it is argued that ‘environmental’ (in this case biological) evidence can provide unique insights into economic systems, and that bones and insects from late 4th-century AD Lincoln indicate continuity of complex systems into this period.
A Middle Palaeolithic burial of a modern human at Taramsa Hill, Egypt
Authors: Vermeersch P. M. , Paulissen E. , Van Peer P. , Stokes S. , Charlier C. , Stringer C. , Lindsay W.
Published: February 2017

Discussion about a possible African origin of modern humans is hampered by the lack of Late Pleistocene skeletal material from the Nile valley, the likely passage-way from East Africa to Asia and Europe. Here we report the discovery of a burial of an anatomically modern child from southern Egypt. Its clear relation with Middle Palaeolithic chert extraction activities and a series of OSL dates, from correlative aeolian sands, suggests an age between 49,800 and 80,400 years ago, with a mean age of 55,000.
Considerations of the sambaquis of the Brazilian coast
Authors: Gaspar Maria Dulce
Published: February 2017

Sambaqui is the name given to a certain type of archaeological evidence left by fisher/hunter/gatherer groups who inhabited large expanses of the Brazilian coast. The word is of Tupi etymology, tamba meaning shellfish and ki a piling-up (Prous 1991: 204). The Tupi were a horticultural/potter group who lived on the Brazilian coast at the time of the first European arrivals; they coined the term which describes the main characteristic of the sites — the accumulation of great quantities of mollusc shells (FIGURE 1) .
Regional pottery-making groups in southern Brazil
Authors: González Erika Marion Robrahn
Published: February 2017

At the beginning of the Christian era, potterymaking groups started occupying the southern region of Brazil (the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná: FIGURE 1), their origins closely related to former inhabitants, mainly hunters and gatherers. Two major groups are recognized, from the hundreds of identified sites. Vestiges of the first, dispersed in settlements in the southernmost area and in the low savanna landscape, show that settlers of mounds —cerritos— were nomadic, their economy based on hunting, fishing and gathering. In the second, dispersed in the plateau and along adjacent coastal plains, settlers depended on gathering; at least in a few areas and in more recent periods they were sedentary, with the rudiments of more complex social and political patterns. The two settlement systems are in very different environmental, cultural and temporal contexts. Current research takes a normative view of culture, in which pottery has a place of honour and is classified by archaeological ‘traditions’ and ‘phases’. Yet both groups present pottery industries rather matched in time and space, obscuring evidence of internal differentiation or cultural change processes.
Twenty years of Amazonian archaeology in Brazil (1977–1997)
Authors: Neves Eduardo Góes
Published: February 2017

This paper presents a brief overview of Amazonian archaeology in Brazil in the last two decades, a fitting span since 1997 marked the 20th anniversary of the PRONAPABA — Programa Nacional de Pesquisas Arqueológicas nu Bacia Amazônica — created by Clifford Evans, Betty Meggers and Mário Simões with the co-operation of several Brazilian archaeologists.

In contemporary archaeology of the Brazilian Amazon, rapidly increased knowledge about the early pre-ceramic and ceramic occupation has not been matched by an understanding of the socio-political dynamics of native Amazonian societies during the last two millennia, notably immediately before the 15th century AD.
Footnotes to Plato? Palaeolithic archaeology and innocence lost
Authors: Sinclair Anthony
Published: February 2017

Trawling through old, dust-covered folders I found out that I first read ‘Archaeology: the loss of innocence’ as a 2nd-year undergraduate for an essay on whether the New Archaeology was as theoretically sophisticated as it claimed to be. My notes of the time emphasize the beginning and end of the article; suggesting that Clarke’s purpose was just to argue that

1 there had been a sea-change in the nature of archaeology leading to the development of a critically self-conscious entity in the New Archaeology; and

2 to discuss what a general theory of archaeology might look like.
The potential for heavy metal soil analysis on low status archaeological sites at Shapwick, Somerset
Authors: Aston M. A. , Martin M. H. , Jackson A. W.
Published: February 2017

The Shapwick Project has pioneered and tested a variety of new methods in field survey. Here heavy metal soil analysis is tested in the search for aceramic sites.
Notes on the recent discovery of ancient cultivated rice at Jiahu, Henan Province: a new theory concerning the origin of Oryza japonica in China
Authors: Juzhong Zhang , Xiangkun Wang
Published: February 2017

China is one of the places for the origin of the Asian cultivated rice (Oka 1988), but there are different theories for precise locations where ancient cultivated rice first originated, including those proposing South China and Yunnan (Li 1989) or the middle and lower Yangtze River Valley (Yan 1989), or the middle Yangtze and the upper Huai River Valley (Wang 1996) as the site of the oldest rice cultivation in China. The discovery (Zhang et al. 1994) of ancient rice at Jiahu in Henan province not only pushed the history of rice agriculture in the Huai River region back to 9000 BP, but also indicated the existence of an agricultural tradition of rice cultivation in the region from the beginning of the Holocene Anathermal until the end of the Holocene megathermal.
Distance and decay: an uneasy relationship
Authors: Close Angela E.
Published: February 2017

The application of the distance-decay model to lithic material from southwestern Egypt explores the relationship between size and portability.
Lead isotope analyses from Tell Abraq, United Arab Emirates: new data regarding the ‘tin problem’ in Western Asia
Authors: Weeks Lloyd
Published: February 2017

The ‘tin problem’ forms the focus for discussion on the earliest use of tin and bronze in western Asia and the Aegean. New research on lead isotope data from Tell Abraq in the UAE has important implications for the advent of bronze in the region.
V. Gordon Childe and the vocabulary of revolutionary change
Authors: Greene Kevin
Published: February 2017

Because Childe wrote extensively for non-archaeologists and the public his Neolithic and Urban Revolutions have continued to influence historians in general — and historians of technology in particular — into the 1990s. This paper examines their influence, while noting significant changes in Childe's terminology and use of analogy between 1928 and 1957.
The chaos of collapse: disintegration and reintegration of inter-regional systems
Authors: Stone Tammy
Published: February 2017

The collapse of organizational systems often results in dramatic re-organization of the social, political, ritual and economic ties that formerly integrated large areas. Such collapse can also result in isolation, and the breakdown of communication and cooperation between communities, and may lead to regional factionalism. This process is examined in the Zuni region of the American Southwest using changes in architecture and ceramics.
New advances in French prehistory
Authors: Audouze F.
Published: February 2017

The study of technology is long-standing in France, with its roots in the Enlightenment. Since then, French technological studies have exhibited divergent characteristics: a search for universal principles and a deep interest in the material and physical details of technology, the role of the craftsman and his skill. Technology is considered a mediator between Nature and Culture, material and social. The 1950s were marked by a renewal of this debate mainly through the work of two social anthopologists (Leroi-Gourhan and Haudricourt), a historian (Gilles) and a philosopher of technology (Simondon). All looked for general principles in order to explain the evolution of technology and its place in society. Apart from Haudricourt, who emphasized social relations, all stressed the autonomy of the technical realm and its quasi-biological development.
Archaeological and palaeontological research in central Flores, east Indonesia: results of fieldwork 1997–98
Authors: Morwood M. J. , Aziz F. , O'Sullivan P. , Nasruddin  , Hobbs D. R. , Raza A.
Published: February 2017

The tuffaceous sandstones and siltstones of the Ola Bula Formation in central Flores. east Indonesia, contain many fossil sites. Here, excavations at Boa Lesa and Dozu Dhalu and the results of regional site surveys are described. Stone artefacts indicate that hominids had arrived on the island by 840,000 years ago, post-dating a major change in the Lower Pleistocene fauna. Since water crossings were required to reach Flores from mainland Southeast Asia, this evidence has implications for the intellectual, technological and linguistic capabilities of early hominids.
Adriatic sailors and stone knappers: Palagruža in the 3rd millennium BC
Authors: Kaiser Timothy , Forenbaher Stašo
Published: February 2017

Small islands offer archaeologists interesting and manageable subjects for survey and excavation. The recent work on Adriatic islands reported here examines occupation during the 3rd millennium BC, showing how sailors exploited islands for trade, control and raw materials.
Architecture and sound: an acoustic analysis of megalithic monuments in prehistoric Britain
Authors: Watson Aaron , Keating David
Published: February 2017

Prehistoric monuments in Britain are often dominant features in the landscape, and archaeological theory has tended to consider the visual and spatial influences of their architecture upon peoples' movement and perception. The articulation of sound within these structures has not been widely discussed, despite evidence which suggests that many monuments provided settings for gatherings of people. This possibility was explored at two contrasting sites in Scotland, a recumbent stone circle and a passage-grave, revealing that the elemental acoustic properties inherent in each may have literally orchestrated encounters with the stones.
Statistics, damned statistics, and the antiquities trade
Authors: Brodie Neil
Published: February 2017

The antiquities trade is a rather shady business — and few facts are available. Here Neil Brodie of the Illicit Antiquities Research Centre at Cambridge reviews the facts and figures of the British trade in such goods.
Goba of Mua: archaeology working with oral tradition
Authors: David Bruno , McNiven Ian , Manas Louise , Manas John , Savage Saila , Crouch Joe , Neliman Guy , Brady Liam
Published: February 2017

A team of Elders and community officials from the island of Mua in the Torres Straits got together with archaeologists from Australia to study an episode which occurred on the island before the coming of Christianity in 1871. Oral tradition located the burial place of the father of an ancestral islander named Goba, and the investigation of a rock shelter nearby gave a dated sequence of occupation and a fresh sighting of rock paintings, all relating to the period. Each type of evidence gave context to the other, and the project offered a vivid example of how history is fashioned.
Retrospect (But certainly not a necrology!)
Authors: Fagan Brian
Published: February 2017

Thus the sum of things is ever being renewed, and mortals live dependent one upon another…and in a short space the generations of living creatures are changed and like runners hand on the torch of life.
An infant cemetery of the Classic Kerma period (1750–1500 BC, Island of Saï, Sudan)
Authors: Murail P. , Maureille B. , Peresinotto D. , Geus F.
Published: February 2017

Excavation of a Classic Kerma cemetery in Sudan revealed a number of burials segregated by age, throwing into question a presumed disregard for the burial of the young. Burial rites were varied according to the age of the deceased and show a remarkable concern for the ritual burial of infants and the stillborn
Trees for food – a 3000 year record of subarctic plant use
Authors: Östlund Lars , Bergman Ingela , Zackrisson Olle
Published: February 2017

The authors present a unique long record of inner bark use by the Sami people of northern Scandinavia extending back to 2800 BP. Consistent patterns with respect to the direction and size of bark peeling scars shows that common values and standards were early applied. They further conclude that inner bark was important as a regular food and a vitamin C source at these northern latitudes. Bark-peeled trees as biological artefacts in forests also provide important data to understand subsistence strategies and spatial patterns of land use unique to areas with long winter seasons.
An Indian trader in ancient Bali?
Authors: Lansing J.S. , Redd A.J. , Karafet T. M. , Watkins J. , Ardika I.W. , Surata S.P.K. , Schoenfelder J.S. , Campbell M. , Merriwether A.M. , Hammer M.F.
Published: February 2017

DNA analysis of a tooth found with imported pottery in Bali offers a strong possibility of the presence of a trader of Indian extraction in the late first millennium BC.
Ounjougou (Mali): A history of holocene settlement at the southern edge of the Sahara
Authors: Huysecom E. , Ozainne S. , Raeli F. , Ballouche A. , Rasse M. , Stokes S.
Published: February 2017

The area of Ounjougou consists of a series of gullies cut through Upper Pleistocene and Holocene formations on the Dogon Plateau in the Sahel at the south edge of the Sahara Desert. Here the authors have chronicled a stratified sequence of human occupation from the tenth to the second millennium BC, recording natural and anthropogenic strata containing artefacts and micro- and macro- palaeoecological remains, mostly in an excellent state of preservation. They present a first synthesis of the archaeological and environmental sequence for the Holocene period, define five main occupation phases for Ounjougou, and attempt to place them within the context of West African prehistory.
‘Dark Age Economics’ revisited: the English fish bone evidence AD 600-1600
Authors: Barrett James H. , Locker Alison M. , Roberts Callum M.
Published: February 2017

When did the market economy come to Europe? Fish might seem an unlikely commodity to throw light on the matter, but the authors use fish bones from English sites to offer a vivid account of the rise and rise of the market as a factor in European development from the late tenth century.
Saw-toothed sickles and bone anvils: a medieval technique from Spain
Authors: Nadal Montserrat Esteban , Roure Eudald Carbonell
Published: February 2017

Two curiously marked bones from a Medieval deposit in Tarragona are seen to have functioned as anvils, on which iron sickles were anchored while they were being given saw teeth. The interpretation drew on the knowledge of a modern blacksmith working in a village near the town, and the practice turns out to have been widespread in Spain Portugal and Morocco from the tenth to the eighteenth centuries.
Direct detection of maize in pottery residues via compound specific stable carbon isotope analysis
Authors: Reber Eleanora A. , Dudd Stephanie N. , van der Merwe Nikolaas J. , Evershed Richard P.
Published: February 2017

Discovering what was cooked in a pot by identifying lipids trapped in the potsherds has been a highly successful method developed in recent years. Here the authors identify a compound which shows the pots had been used to process maize – probably the most important foodstuff in later prehistoric North America. The uptake of maize is confirmed as coincident with the Mississippian fluorescence.
The Neolithic transition and European population history
Authors: Crombé Philippe , Strydonck Mark Van
Published: February 2017

In volume 295 of Antiquity M. Gkiasta et al. (2003) discussed the results of two sets of analysis carried out on a “new” database of radiocarbon dates: one for the whole of Europe examining the spread of the Neolithic, and one regional approach looking at the relation between Mesolithic and Neolithic dates. Although we are convinced of the potential of both approaches, we do have some major comments on the methodology.

First of all the analyses were conducted on a highly incomplete database. As the authors state on their p. 48, the analysed database currently includes over 2600 samples. Many of them, however, had already been collated in Gob’s Atlas of 14C dates (1990). Although the authors have included new dates, we do not believe that this has been done very systematically. For the Belgian territory, for example, virtually all the dates used in the article were those published by Gob – 16 Mesolithic dates and 30 Neolithic dates. The authors justify this by referring to the bad state of publication and public availability of radiocarbon dates in Europe. This certainly does not hold for the Belgian territory. In the last decade over a hundred new Mesolithic and Neolithic dates have been produced, the majority published in journals available world-wide such as Radiocarbon (Van Strydonck et al. 1995; 2001a), Antiquity (Crombé et al. 2002), Archaeometry (Cauwe et al. 2002) proceedings of the international congresses such as 14C and archaeology (Crombé et al. 1999) and The Mesolithic in Europe (Crombé 1999), and the IRPA- datelists (Van Strydonck et al. 2001b; Van Strydonck et al. 2002). The authors assert that these “shortcomings” to the database probably do not affect their conclusions. This is a rash and provocative statement, which minimises all recent progress in absolute dating of the European Mesolithic and Neolithic. We believe that for the Belgian situation a hundred new dates can make a difference. In recent years, for example, these new dates have allowed a thorough revision of Mesolithic chronology (Crombé 1999; Van Strydonck et al. 2001a) and a refinement of the (early) Neolithic chronology (Jadin & Cahen 2003). This will certainly also be the case for the other study-areas in Europe.
The early development of music. Analysis of the Jiahu bone flutes
Authors: Zhang Juzhong , Xiao Xinghua , Lee Yun Kuen
Published: February 2017

The authors present the musical properties of well-preserved bone flutes recently recovered from Jiahu, an early Neolithic site in central China with a sequence beginning in the seventh millennium BC (Antiquity 77: 31–44). Tonal analyses of five of the flutes indicate a gradual development from four-tone to seven-tone scale. By adding more holes to the pipe, structuring the pitch intervals closer to each other, and by alternating the keynote, the prehistoric musicians could play increasingly expressive and varied music. In addition, the flutes became progressively standardised in pitch, presumably so they could play in harmony. The study shows that the Jiahu flute makers and their musicians became progressively familiar with acoustics and developed a cognitive scheme of music comparable to that of modern times.
The making and meaning of a Mississippian axe-head cache
Authors: Pauketat Timothy R. , Alt Susan M.
Published: February 2017

The recent discovery of a cache of 70 groundstone axe-heads at the Grossmann site, near Cahokia, in the Mississippi valley prompts a new interpretation of the commemorative and ritual value of such deposits. The makers of these axe-heads seem to belong to a community of specialists who had a contributory role in the foundation of the Cahokia polity.
Remarks on Samarra and the archaeology of large cities
Authors: Northedge Alastair
Published: February 2017

Samarra, built and abandoned during the ninth century, can claim to be the largest archaeological site in the world. Here, Alastair Northedge offers a brief account of what is known about it, and begins by placing it in the context of the world’s most famous historic cities.
Detecting plague: palaeodemographic characterisation of a catastrophic death assemblage
Authors: Gowland R.L. , Chamberlain A.T.
Published: February 2017

The archaeological definition of a plague should be possible from skeletal populations, because the age profile of a population afflicted by a catastrophe will be different to that of a community exposed to a more normal mortality. The authors show how this can be done using a Bayesian statistical analysis.
Stable isotopes and faunal bones. Comments on Milner et al. (2004)
Authors: Barberena R. , Borrero L.A.
Published: February 2017

The authors comment on ways of comparing the results of stable isotopes, on the one hand, and faunal remains, on the other, as evidence for diet
Early Holocene shell fish hooks from Lene Hara Cave, East Timor establish complex fishing technology was in use in Island South East Asia five thousand years before Austronesian settlement
Authors: O’Connor Sue , Veth Peter
Published: February 2017

Discovery of a well-stratified fish hook from a cave sequence on East Timor shows a fishing technology developed at least 5000 years before the Austronesian expansion through Island South East Asia and into the Pacific. The fish hook is fashioned from shell and has been radiocarbon dated to 9741 ± 60 b.p.
Woodland clearance in the Mesolithic: the social aspects
Authors: Davies Paul , Robb John G. , Ladbrook Dave
Published: February 2017

Did Mesolithic people regard the woodland as a wilderness or park? Previous models have portrayed the hunter-gatherers of the Mesolithic as in tune with nature and making use of clearings to attract game. Using equally valid analogies, the authors propose a more hostile landscape that was conceived and managed with clearings and paths to help allay its menacing character.
From ‘desert castle’ to medieval town: Qasr
al-Hayr al-Sharqi (Syria)
Authors: Genequand Denis
Published: February 2017

The ‘desert castles’ are intriguing
fortresses of early Islam. Here the author shows
how the fort became a town, using new research
from a key site in Syria.
Wings over Armenia: use of a paramotor for
archaeological aerial survey
Authors: Faustmann Antje , Palmer Rog
Published: February 2017

Aerial survey in a country with restricted
overflying can be frustrating. Armenian and
British archaeologists solved the problem by
acquiring a two-person paramotor and photographing
with a digital camera at 300m. Here are some of
the first aerial pictures of the rich tapestry of
Armenia’s archaeology.
Decolonising the museum: the National
Museum of the American Indian in Washington,
DC
Authors: Smith Claire
Published: February 2017

The National Museum of the American Indian
(NMAI), the Smithsonian Institution’s new facility
on the National Mall in Washington DC, challenges
the very notion of what constitutes a museum.
Probably the most theoretically informed museum in
North America, this is no shrine to the past: it
is a museum that claims both past and present to
shape a decolonised future for Indigenous
populations.
From arrows to bullets: the fortifications of Abdullah Khan Kala (Merv, Turkmenistan)
Authors: Brun Pierre
Published: February 2017

A study of warfare in late medieval Merv, pivotal city on the silk route.
Megaliths galore
Authors: Daniel Glyn
Published: February 2017

The Inventaire des mPgalithes de la France- Rdgion Parisienne is the fourth in the French series which began with Cordier's inventory of Indre-et-Loire (1963) and continued with Gruet's inventory of Maine-et-Loire (1967) and Despride and Leymarios's inventory of Loir-et-Cher (1974). All these have been published as supplements to Gallia Prdhistoireand we are now promised a fifth volume by Jean Clottes on the megaliths of the Lot. The present volume is by far the biggest and most important in the series so far and it deals with the monuments in the present six departments of Paris, Yvelines, Essonne, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis, Val-de- Marne, and Val d'Oise, which used to be the departments of Seine and Seine-et-Oise. The author of this inventory is an English civil servant, now in high international office in Brussels, who formerly was in Paris and there spent his week-ends picnicking in megaliths, and what better employment could there be for our international civil servants? As he says, with characteristic modesty, of his Paris days, 'Au commencement vers 1955 ou 1956, la prtparation de cet inventaire servait uniquement de distraction pour mes moments perdus et n'avait aucune prttention. Ce ne fut que beaucoup plus tard qu'il m'a dt6 suggtr6 de le proposer 2 la pr6sente strie. La distraction transformte en devoir, c'est alors que le travail a commencC pour de bon.
Quanterness, radiocarbon and the Orkney cairns
Authors: Renfrew Colin , Harkness Douglas , Switsur Roy
Published: February 2017

The chambered cairns of Orkney are among the most sophisticated architectural products of prehistoric Europe. Maes Howe, since the chamber was re-entered a century ago (Petrie, 1861) has excited the admiration of all who have visited it. In Stuart Piggott’s words (1954, 244): ‘The assured competence and mastery over the building material shown at Maes Howe mark it out as a monument comparable in prehistoric Britain only to Stonehenge in its individual handling of an architectural problem. In both a contemporary existing conception—that of a chambered tomb or that of a stone circle—has been used to produce a superlative monument that by its originality of execution is lifted out of its class into a unique position.—

Quanterness has proved to be one of the best preserved of the Orcadian monuments, with four of the six side chambers still standing, very much as they were built some five thousand years ago. Much of the importance of the excavation comes from the detailed examination of the deposits within the chamber which have offered an unusual insight into neolithic burial practice, and these are fully discussed in the forthcoming final publication (Renfrewet al.,in press).
RECONSTRUCTING A COLLECTIVE: ZIONISM AND RACE BETWEEN NATIONAL SOCIALISM AND JEWISH RENEWAL
Authors: AVRAHAM DORON
Published: February 2017

Since the Nazi seizure of power in Germany in 1933, German Zionists initiated a public debate about the racial meaning of Judaism. Drawing on scientific racial, sociological, and anthropological definitions that emerged within Zionism since the late nineteenth century, these Zionists tried to counter Nazi accusations against Jews. However, as the Nazi propaganda against Judaism became widespread, aggressive, and dehumanizing, Zionists responded by traversing the academic outlines of racial categories, and popularized a constructive racial image of Jews, thus hoping to rehabilitate their status and consolidate Jewish identity.
Native Sons; Or, How “Bigger” Was Born Again
Authors: RINEHART NICHOLAS T
Published: February 2017

This article reconsiders Richard Wright'sNative Sonby comparing divergences between the published novel and an earlier typeset manuscript. It argues that such revisions render protagonist Bigger Thomas an icon of global class conflict rather than a national figure of racial tension. By revealing the continuities among critical essays that bookend the writing ofNative Son, this essay also reveals how the novel's restructuring further elaborates Wright's globalism – highlighting his desire to produce work that transcended both national and racial categories. Finally, it considersNative Sonas a work of “world literature” and a model for global minoritarian discourse. By examining “translations” of the novel into postcolonial contexts, it argues that the global afterlife ofNative Sonis no departure from the localized vision of the novel, but rather the recapitulation of its explicit globalism. This article thereby challenges critical convention dividing Wright's career cleanly into two phases: his American period and later self-exile. It emphasizes rather that Wright's worldliness should be traced back through his revision ofNative Sonand earlier critical essays – ultimately finding his globalism not a late-stage development, but actually the single theme that unifies hisoeuvre.
A simulation study of random caps on a sphere
Authors: Solomon H. , Sutton C.
Published: February 2017

This paper describes the computer simulation of a coverage problem in geometric probability, that of placing random caps on the surface of a sphere. The simulation results were compared with exact values, where known, and the differences were negligible. This suggested the use of simulation results to assess several approximation formulas in the literature.
The spitzer identity for some bivariate processes in queueing theory: an algebraic approach
Authors: Schmidt Gerd
Published: February 2017

This note deals with a purely algebraic development of the Spitzer identity for a bivariate Markov process, which is important for random walks, dams and queues. This identity, comprising the results of Kingman on the process, has been known for a long time in an analytic form as a solution of a certain integral equation. The algebraic approach leads to explicit results of interesting structure. In particular, the bivariate distribution of (Yn, Zn) can be expressed in terms of the marginal distributions of the stochastically dependent variablesYnandZn.
Products of 2 × 2 stochastic matrices with random entries
Authors: Van Assche Walter
Published: February 2017

The limit of a product of independent 2 × 2 stochastic matrices is given when the entries of the first column are independent and have the same symmetric beta distribution. The rate of convergence is considered by introducing a stopping time for which asymptotics are given.
The Addition and Subtraction of Negative Numbers
Authors: Kaner P. A.
Published: February 2017

The usual method of teaching negative numbers is by means of a “number scale” illustrated by thermometers, bank balances and the like—This method suffers from the disadvantage that the properties discussed are those of measurement and not of number. When the important step of abstraction has to be taken and negative numbers handled in their own right, the break is considerable, and many children fail to master the addition and subtraction of negative numbers in (for example) equations and logarithms with negative characteristics.
A Pipelaying Problem
Authors: Kosko E.
Published: February 2017

In the layout of pipelines it is often required to join two straight runs by a curved section which should have as large a radius of curvature as possible. In the plane case the problem may be formulated and solved as follows.
I. Miss W. M. Griffin
Authors: Griffin W M.
Published: February 2017

If equilibrium is about to be broken by rotation about the center of the disc, i.e. slipping around both pegs, the forces are as shown.
Arithmetic without sets
Authors: Goodstein R. L.
Published: February 2017

During the past 20 years the notion of set has been introduced into school mathematics courses not only at the secondary but also at the primary level. When one considers that neither Newton nor Gauss made any explicit use of the concept, it is rather remarkable that teachers have thought it desirable to teach the concept so early in their school courses. I should like to consider briefly some of the many possible reasons, historical and pedagogic, why “set” has become a school topic. One reason is, of course, the belief which Russell and Whitehead fostered in their Principia mathematica in the first decade of the century, that all mathematical concepts can be reduced to the concept of set. I don’t intend to discuss here the extent to which they failed to justify that belief, although I shall have occasion to mention some of the difficulties which their programme ran into. A second reason is the important part which sets have played in mathematical research this century.
Report of the Public Schools Special Committee
Authors: Palmer G. W.
Published: February 2017

Four meetings of the Committee have been held during the year. A circular has been sent to the Senior Mathematical Master of each of the Public Schools, asking whether he desires that all boys entering his school should be acquainted with the same method for the multiplication and division of decimals, and if so, whether he is in favour of the methods given in the circular. The investigation has been completed, and the result is being sent to the General Committee.
The Orthocentric Simplex in Space of Three and Higher Dimensions.
Authors: Lob H.
Published: February 2017

By a simplex is meant the figure in general flat space of which the triangle and tetrahedron are examples. In space of n dimensions the simplex has (n + 1) vertices and (n + 1) faces, each face consisting of a prime, i.e. a space of (n - 1) dimensions, containing n of the vertices and hence itself a simplex in (n - 1)-dimensional space. There is a general likeness between the triangle and simplexes of higher order, but this is marred by the fact that, in general, a simplex does not possess an orthocentre.
An Investigation into Multiplication. II. Long Multiplication of Money
Authors: Webb H.
Published: February 2017

Here again we are confronted with a variety of methods. For purposes of work in the early stages at least two of these are worthy of consideration. They are the factorial or Ten-ten and the whole-sale methods. This latter is sometimes called the “ Ballard Box Method “ although it was known and used (but not extensively) long before Dr. Ballard's work on this subject.
On an estimate for solutions of nonlinear elliptic variational inequalities
Authors: Nagase Haruo
Published: February 2017

Let Ω be a bounded domain in Rn with the boundary of class C0,1 and E be a compact subset (resp. a compact subset on an (n —dimensional hypersurface of class C0,1) in Ω. We assume that the usual function spaces and are known.
On unramified cyclic extensions of degree l of algebraic number fields of degree l
Authors: Odai Yoshitaka
Published: February 2017

Let I be an odd prime number and let K be an algebraic number field of degree I. Let M denote the genus field of K, i.e., the maximal extension of K which is a composite of an absolute abelian number field with K and is unramified at all the finite primes of K. In [4] Ishida has explicitly constructed M. Therefore it is of some interest to investigate unramified cyclic extensions of K of degree l, which are not contained in M. In the preceding paper [6] we have obtained some results about this problem in the case that K is a pure cubic field. The purpose of this paper is to extend those results.
Randomized control trial to assess the efficacy of metacognitive training compared with a psycho-educational group in people with a recent-onset psychosis
Authors: Ochoa S. , López-Carrilero R. , Barrigón M. L. , Pousa E. , Barajas A. , Lorente-Rovira E. , González-Higueras F. , Grasa E. , Ruiz-Delgado I. , Cid J. , Birulés I. , Esteban-Pinos I. , Casañas R. , Luengo A. , Torres-Hernández P. , Corripio I. , Montes-Gámez M. , Beltran M. , De Apraiz A. , Domínguez-Sánchez L. , Sánchez E. , Llacer B. , Pélaez T. , Bogas J. L. , Moritz S. ,   the Spanish Metacognition Study Group
Published: February 2017

Background

Aims were to assess the efficacy of metacognitive training (MCT) in people with a recent onset of psychosis in terms of symptoms as a primary outcome and metacognitive variables as a secondary outcome.

Method

A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial was performed. A total of 126 patients were randomized to an MCT or a psycho-educational intervention with cognitive-behavioral elements. The sample was composed of people with a recent onset of psychosis, recruited from nine public centers in Spain. The treatment consisted of eight weekly sessions for both groups. Patients were assessed at three time-points: baseline, post-treatment, and at 6 months follow-up. The evaluator was blinded to the condition of the patient. Symptoms were assessed with the PANSS and metacognition was assessed with a battery of questionnaires of cognitive biases and social cognition.

Results

Both MCT and psycho-educational groups had improved symptoms post-treatment and at follow-up, with greater improvements in the MCT group. The MCT group was superior to the psycho-educational group on the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS) total (p= 0.026) and self-certainty (p= 0.035) and dependence self-subscale of irrational beliefs, comparing baseline and post-treatment. Moreover, comparing baseline and follow-up, the MCT group was better than the psycho-educational group in self-reflectiveness on the BCIS (p= 0.047), total BCIS (p= 0.045), and intolerance to frustration (p= 0.014). Jumping to Conclusions (JTC) improved more in the MCT group than the psycho-educational group (p= 0.021). Regarding the comparison within each group, Theory of Mind (ToM), Personalizing Bias, and other subscales of irrational beliefs improved in the MCT group but not the psycho-educational group (p< 0.001–0.032).

Conclusions

MCT could be an effective psychological intervention for people with recent onset of psychosis in order to improve cognitive insight, JTC, and tolerance to frustration. It seems that MCT could be useful to improve symptoms, ToM, and personalizing bias.
Consuming Ethnicity: Loss, Commodities, and Space in Macedonia
Authors: Dimova Rozita
Published: February 2017

In this article, Rozita Dimova examines the rearticulation of class and ethnicity and how class distinctions produced by a free market and neoliberal economy in Macedonia have affected the interaction of Albanians and Macedonians in postsocialist Macedonia. Dimova highlights the ethnic dimensions of changing patterns of consumption by exploring the class mobility of one ethnic group (Albanians) and thus combines class, commodities, and consumption with notions of ethnicity. The process of articulating ethnicity and class is induced by the larger neoliberal context of the post-Cold War world in which the political economy of the "free" market and privatization inform local subjectivities. The domain of consumption, therefore, offers a place from which we can understand the complex interactions of multiple actors in Macedonia and see the various economic, performative, and symbolic significance of consumption in which the social mobility of the nouveaux riches Albanians has contributed to the loss of class privileges experienced by many ethnic Macedonians.