bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mediation in a Transitional Conflict: Eritrea
Authors: OTTAWAY MARINA
Published: March 2007

After thirty years of war, the conflict between the Ethiopian government and the Eritrean nationalists was further than ever from a solution. Liberation movements had been organized in other areas of the country, most notably in Tigre, where the Tigrean People's Liberation Front had won major victories. What had started as a bilateral conflict between the government and the Eritrean nationalists thus entered a phase of transition to a multilateral conflict. This made the prospect of a negotiated solution more remote. By definition, many of the conditions necessary for successful negotiations are absent in transitional conflicts, most notably a mutually hurting stalemate and the existence of valid spokesmen.
International Organizations in Chinese Foreign Policy
Authors: KIM SAMUEL S.
Published: March 2007

Despite China's much-heralded entry into the United Nations in late 1971, a comprehensive network of linkages between China and the rest of the world was not established until the 1980s, when Beijing joined practically all important international organizations. Growing participation in international organizations, made possible by the open-door policy, has created new opportunities, payoffs, and penalties. Chinese foreign policy behavior, manifest in the various domains of global politics, follows a real, if unstated, maxi/mini principle, maximizing China's rights and minimizing China's responsibilities. It also seeks to maximize state interests and minimize normative costs by making the world of international organizations safe for the drive for modernization and status. Policy pronouncements and adjustments over time on various global issues and problems show international organizations in general and economic and functional organizations in particular to have shortened the Chinese global learning curve. The prospects of post-Tiananmen Chinese global policy remain uncertain as the old limitations have been greatly increased and the new possibilities greatly reduced.
Literacy Efforts in India
Authors: BORDIA ANIL , KAUL ANITA
Published: March 2007

This article highlights literacy efforts in India over the past few decades. Failure to universalize primary education, grounded as it is in complex socioeconomic issues, has had serious implications for planning universal literacy. Program delivery hitherto rested with the official hierarchy and included limited participation from the general population. Where such participation did occur, the programs failed due to insufficient learning levels or insufficient facilities for continuing education. Through use of new strategies, such as microplanning and minimum levels of learning, India is attempting to universalize access, participation, and achievement at the primary level. Simultaneously, the National Literacy Mission is adopting a systematically planned campaign approach to literacy through mass mobilization and innovative learning techniques that emphasizes predetermined learning levels. The value of literacy can be truly harnessed only if literacy skills are retained and applied and if literacy contributes to social change. India has learned from past trials, is conscious of the gravity of the problem, and is moving ahead with new vision.
The Limits and Consequences of U.S. Foreign Drug Control Efforts
Authors: REUTER PETER
Published: March 2007

Efforts to reduce cocaine production and exports from the Andean region continue to be an important component of U.S. drug control efforts. This article presents a simple economic analysis of the effects of major source-country control programs: eradication, crop substitution, and refinery destruction. When account is taken of the structure of prices in the cocaine industry and the ability of farmers and refiners to make behavioral adaptations, none of these programs has much prospect for affecting the flow of cocaine to the United States. Despite the continued failure of the programs and the analytic arguments against them, they continue to flourish budgetarily; they are protected by the rhetorical claims of the past, the need to appear to have a complete portfolio of programs, and the sheer momentum of drug control expenditures.
The Origins of Affirmative Action: Civil Rights and the Regulatory State
Authors: GRAHAM HUGH DAVIS
Published: March 2007

Affirmative action policy developed during the 1960s and 1970s in two phases that embodied conflicting traditions of government regulation. The first phase, culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, was shaped by the presidency and Congress and emphasized nondiscrimination under a “race-blind Constitution,” The second phase, shaped primarily by federal agencies and courts, witnessed a shift toward minority preferences during the Nixon administration. The development of two new agencies created to enforce the Civil Rights Act, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission under Title VII and the Office of Federal Contract Compliance under Title VI, demonstrates the tensions between the two regulatory traditions and the evolution of federal policy from nondiscrimination to minority preferences under the rubric of affirmative action. The result has strengthened the economic and political base of the civil rights coalition while weakening its moral claims in public opinion.
White-Collar Crime: The British Scene
Authors: LEVI MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

In Great Britain, frauds largely involve checks and credit cards, embezzling, and businesses obtaining money or goods under false pretenses. The relatively rare large-scale frauds typically surface when insolvency occurs. English officials often appear inclined to look the other way when arguable violations of the law take place, perhaps in order not to upset a sensitive political equilibrium that tries to convey the conviction that the marketplace is under control and well regulated. Lengthy, expensive, and inconclusive recent trials of some huge white-collar offenses have raised the question of the efficacy of such prosecutions.
Western Hemisphere Free Trade: Why Should Latin America Be Interested?
Authors: HAKIM PETER
Published: March 2007

What Latin America has gained so far from President Bush's proposal for hemispheric free trade is primarily a psychological boost. Future economic and political gains—and losses—depend on events and decisions that have not yet occurred. The provisions of eventual trade agreements are a crucial area of uncertainty. So are the overall architecture of the new trade system and the success of global talks on the General Agreement on Tarrifs and Trade. Nonetheless, important qualitative conclusions can be reached about the benefits of (1) expected export increases from lowered trade barriers without considering changes in production patterns; (2) the insurance effects, that is, the reduction of future risk by locking in policies; (3) greater investment flows; (4) improved economic coordination; and (5) greater political cooperation. The main benefits to Latin America from free trade, however, will come not from the signing of agreements but from internal changes—economic restructuring and political opening—that each country must make to reach and sustain free trade agreements.
Social Movements, Political Parties, and Democratic Theory
Authors: KITSCHELT HERBERT
Published: March 2007

New left-libertarian social movements invoke an ancient communitarian democratic theory against the contemporary practice of competitive elite democracy. Two explanations for this phenomenon are explored. First, in a cyclical model, challenges to representative democracy are viewed as recurring expressions of dissatisfaction with representative institutions. Second, in a structural differentiation model, the practices of left-libertarian movements trigger a pluralization of political decision modes in advanced capitalist democracies, even if such participatory innovations fall short of the direct democratic ideal expressed by movement activists. Although the cyclical model has some merit, on the whole, the structural differentiation model provides an analytically more powerful explanation of recent social movement activity.
Elementary School Foreign Language Programs in the United States
Authors: BROWN CHRISTINE L.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a perspective on elementary school foreign language programs in the United States. The author presents an overview of the history of elementary programs, a summary of present practices, and a discussion of the educational and political context of early language programs. Recommendations for future action by both language educators and early language advocates are offered, as is a summary of promising activity by professional language organizations. The author concludes that elementary programs will not expand significantly without the establishment of a national language policy and an extensive public-awareness campaign.
Policy Issues in Testing and Evaluation
Authors: SPOLSKY BERNARD
Published: March 2007

To use tests responsibly in implementing a national foreign language policy, it is important to understand the limitations inherent in measuring language proficiency. The underlying paradox is that while traditional examinations and functional guidelines are useful in specifying goals of instruction—and even in controlling the process—but severely limited in their ability to provide accurate individual measurements, the psychometric techniques that produce the most reliable individual scores do so by narrowing their focus to instructionally questionable abilities. The conclusion is that no policy should rely on a single measurement technique.
Middle Eastern Arms Recipients in the Post-Cold War World
Authors: KRAUSE KEITH
Published: March 2007

Arms transfers to the Middle East have been high on the international agenda since the Gulf war and the end of the Cold War. But the precise nature of recent developments, and the underlying motivations and forces that have produced the current pattern of weapons proliferation in the region, are poorly understood. A close examination of the data suggests that arms transfers to the Middle East have actually declined in the 1990s, following similar patterns manifest around the world. In addition, by shifting the focus away from arms transfers, toward overall changes in weapons arsenals and the relationship between weapons and armed forces, one can gain some insight into the underlying motives that drive regional arms acquisitions. These motives can be regional, systemic, or internal, and they interact in such a way as to enormously complicate the process of security building in the Middle East.
Comparative Systems of Wrongful Dismissal: The Canadian Case
Authors: WAGAR TERRY H.
Published: March 2007

While unionized employees in Canada and the United States share similar protections against unjust dismissal, there are noticeable differences between the two countries with respect to nonunion employees. In three Canadian jurisdictions, nonunion employees who are wrongfully dismissed may be able to seek statutory remedies including reinstatement. As well, employees may be able to proceed with a court action based on the common law of wrongful dismissal. This article provides a summary of the avenues available to the nonunion employee with particular attention to wrongful-dismissal law principles. More specifically, major features of the law of wrongful dismissal are discussed, including what constitutes just cause for termination, factors used in the calculation of reasonable notice, and remedies available to an employee in a wrongful-dismissal action. Reference is made to both legal analyses and empirical studies. In addition, some of the limitations of the law are noted.
Legislative Enactment Process: The Model Employment Termination Act
Authors: FISHER STANLEY M.
Published: March 2007

The dramatic expansion during the 1980s of state judicial modifications to the at-will employment doctrine has resulted in bills concerning wrongful discharge being introduced in over thirty legislatures. Bills have been drafted to give employees just-cause protection against dismissal, with others being introduced on narrower issues of wrongful discharge. Legislators have requested guidance toward forging a balanced statute, which the Model Employment Termination Act (META) provides. This article considers (1) the failure of the common law and the public policy exception to protect employees from unjust termination, (2) the reasons why a statutory act is needed, (3) the role of the National Conference of Uniform Law Commissioners in drafting META, (4) the advantages of META over the existing system, and (5) some political and legislative obstacles that must be overcome for its enactment. The article concludes that META enables legislatures to act fairly and reasonably in adopting an act that will protect most American workers from discharge without good cause, without placing employers at a competitive disadvantage.
Politics, Public Policy, and Street Crime
Authors: SCHEINGOLD STUART A.
Published: March 2007

For more than two decades, the United States has been at war with street crime, but we have precious little to show for it. Our obsession with punishment at the expense of, indeed to the exclusion of, prevention is not just futile but criminogenic and divisive. This article explains what is problematic about our indiscriminately punitive response to street crime and explores the political forces driving these self-defeating policies. What emerges is an understanding of the politics of street crime that is rooted less in the fear of crime than in a variety of anxieties that transcend street crime but are affectively related to it. Criminals provide a convenient target for the anger that is widely felt, but is not quite appropriate to express, with respect to unwelcome changes in race relations, employment opportunities, homelessness, and the like. To serve their own distinct but convergent purposes, the media, the public, and the politicians all contribute to the perpetuation of our perverse approach to controlling street crime. While there are countervailing forces at work, they seem unlikely to prevail in the foreseeable future.
Local Politics and Democracy in Turkey: An Appraisal
Authors: KÖker LEVENT
Published: March 2007

Local government and politics in Turkey have been under the tutelary control of the central state. Contrary to the Western republican tradition of autonomous local self-government, local politics in Turkey were created by and for the central state. More recently, however, a municipal movement with a social democratic coloring emerged to put an end to central governmental tutelage. This movement was followed by the rise of a new conservative perspective in the 1980s. A peculiar synthesis of technical reason and traditional nationalism was the main characteristic of Turkish new conservatism, which identified local political problems with technical problems of urban management. This approach has been adopted by the party of political Islam, now controlling major metropolitan areas and most smaller towns in central and eastern Turkey; this party tries to resynthesize technical reason and Islamic traditions. Whether Turkey will walk on the path toward more decentralized and participatory political organization or jump into a new and stronger authoritarianism depends on the respective political capabilities of these three trends.
The Rules of Everyday Life
Authors: COGAN NEIL H.
Published: March 2007

The author argues that the rules prescribing and proscribing our daily conduct have, in the last two centuries, become increasingly federal in origin. He argues that the paradigms that sought to separate national from local concerns were directed at federal power and not at the nature of rules. Moreover, he suggests that the paradigms developed for separating what was a purely local concern from what was a concern fit for federal regulation were too abstract and had no rigor in separating federal lawmaking from intrusions into matters that should be left to the states. He suggests that in addition to consideration of institutional competencies and economic costs, attention be given to ethical theory, especially to recognition of community conceptions of the good and to the autonomy of communities and individuals in choosing the conceptions that govern them.
Framing Responsibility for Political Issues
Authors: IYENGAR SHANTO
Published: March 2007

This article examines the influence of television news on viewers' attributions of responsibility for political issues. Television's systematic reliance on episodic as opposed to thematic depictions of political life elicits individualistic attributions of responsibility for national problems such as poverty and terrorism. These attributions emphasize the actions of private rather than governmental actors. By obscuring the connections between political problems and the actions or inactions of political leaders, television news trivializes political discourse and weakens the accountability of elected officials.
The Televised Deliberative Poll: An Experiment in Democracy
Authors: FISHKIN JAMES S.
Published: March 2007

The concept of the televised deliberative poll is outlined. Its first realization—in Britain by the television network Channel Four in May of 1994—is described. Ordinary polls model what the public is thinking even when it is disengaged or inattentive. The deliberative poll attempts to model what the public would think, if it were truly engaged by the issues. A national random sample is brought to a single place where its deliberations, in small group sessions and with competing experts and politicians, can be broadcast nationally and where it can arrive at considered judgments. The 1994 British experiment was held on the issue of crime. The sample was highly representative, both attitudinally and demographically, and its opinions changed dramatically. Implications for future experiments are discussed, particularly for the National Issues Convention, the January 1996 PBS experiment based on the same concept.
The Changing Political Economy of Israel
Authors: AHARONI YAIR
Published: March 2007

In the first years of Israel's existence, the economic system was highly politicized, and political parties controlled most of the resource allocation. With time, this structure has gradually changed. The changes have not been sweeping or revolutionary but the result of several processes: a gradual transition of ideological beliefs, the impact of the United States as a role model, an increasing globalization of the economy, and the perception of most citizens that the issue of the immediate danger of annihilation has become less pressing. Several events may be seen as watersheds in the transition of the political economy of Israel. This article emphasizes mainly four: (1) the refusal in 1980 of the then minister of finance, Yigal Horowitz, to renew the agreement with the Histadrut on bonds; (2) the New Economic Policy of 1985 and its impact on the economy in general and on agricultural settlements in particular; (3) the capital market reforms; and (4) the sweeping victory of Haim Ramon in the Histadrut elections of May 1994 and the resulting changes in the power of that organization.
Factual Fissures: Claims and Contexts
Authors: HERZFELD MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

Claims of factuality are assertions that rest on effective performance. What constitutes a good performance may vary culturally and according to social context. A comparative perspective, moreover, shows that distinctions between fact and judgment may not be universally clear and may themselves be culturally determined, but that inserting our own claims to factual precision into that perspective strengthens rather than weakens them because it broadens the empirical basis of assessment.
The Rise of the Environmental Justice Paradigm
Authors: TAYLOR DORCETA E.
Published: March 2007

This article uses social movement theory to analyze environmental justice rhetoric. It argues that the environmental justice frame is a master frame that uses discourses about injustice as an effective mobilizing tool. The article identifies an environmental justice paradigm and compares it with the new environmental paradigm. In addition, the article discusses why the environmental justice movement grew so fast and why its adherents find the environmental justice frame so appealing.
Days and Nights on the Internet
Authors: HOWARD PHILIP E. N. , RAINIE LEE , JONES STEVE
Published: March 2007

For a growing cohort of Americans, Internet tools have become a significant conduit of social life and work life. The surveys of the Pew Internet & American Life Project in 2000 show that more than 52 million Americans went online each day, and there are significant differences in use between men and women, young and old, those of different races and ethnic groups, and those of different socioeconomic status. A user typology can be built around two variables: the length of time a person has used the Internet and the frequency with which he or she logs on from home. The authors contend that use of e-mail helps people build their social networks by extending and maintaining friend and family relationships.
3. Scaling Supreme Court Decisions in Relation to Social Background
Authors: Schmidhauser John R. , Gold David
Published: March 2007

A pilot project to scale, if possible, the votes of justices on sectional issues in the pre-Civil War period according to their personal sectional background. Method might be expanded to other traits, classes of issues, time periods, and court systems.
12. Politician and Constituency
Authors: Rosenzweig Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Four major socio-psychological factors governing relations between politicians and their constituencies are suggested as the basis for research.
An Introduction to Logical Models
Authors: Tullock Gordon
Published: March 2007

Models are inventions that, having worked well in economics, may make major contributions to our knowledge of the political world. There is, how ever, no presumption that models are a good in themselves. Like man's other tools, they must be judged on their utility. Their assumptions, reasoning and conclusions are analyzed.
Fragmentary Observations on a Close Election
Authors: Abelson Herbert I. , Cohen Reuben
Published: March 2007

Two Opinion Research Corporation psychologists report some early returns on the social scientific interpretation and analysis of the election. They comment on the nature of computer projections and the achievements of the pre-election polls, and suggest that the TV debates have implications for information-flow hypotheses.
On the University of Malaya
Authors: Silcock T.H.
Published: March 2007

Three University atmospheres are conveyed in excerpts from the Bulletin of the Committee on Science and Freedom (#19, June, 1961, Manchester; Michael Polanyi, Chairman). The American will remark how all of these problems, with only slight change of scenery, are found at home.... The Editor of The Indian Journal of Social Research indicates briefly in the fourth piece the principal tasks of Indian social studies.
Take-off to Revolution
Authors: Finn James D.
Published: March 2007

Dr. Finn is Professor and Director of the Technological Development Project of the NEA at the University of Southern California. Here he puts forward some of the principal theories and findings of the latest research into the growth and meaning of technology in education.
The Scientific World of the City Planners
Authors: Dyckman John W.
Published: March 2007

There are strong trends within city planning in the direction of making it more scientific. The comprehensive viewpoint of city planners can be of real assistance to urban studies in the development of a science of metropolitan organization and behavior, and planning method is essential in the application of urban knowledge.
Recent Stirrings: A Note on the Seminar on Latin American Studies, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, Summer 1963
Authors: Heussler Robert
Published: March 2007

Mr. Heussler, a staff member of the International Training and Research Program of the Ford Foundation, reports on an interdisciplinary seminar which investigated the work accomplished in Latin American Studies, possibilities for future research, and questions of method and methodology of social research in the Latin American context.
A Note on the Organizing Efficiency of Theories
Authors: Casstevens Thomas W.
Published: March 2007

A comment upon "The Organizing Efficiency of Theories: The N/V Ratio as a Crude Rank Order Measure" (The American Behavioral Scien tist, October, 1965), which contends that the criterion for evaluating al ternative theories does not provide a sound basis for such a decision, and comments upon the issues raised by such a consideration. Mr. Casstevens is an Assistant Specialist with the Institute of Governmental Studies, the University of California at Berkeley.
Knowledge to Action
Authors: Perloff Harvey S.
Published: March 2007

Harvey Perloff describes the evolution of a program designed to prepare undergraduates for professional and action-oriented graduate education. This case study may be of interest to those attempting similar programmatic changes in other institutions.
Deprogramming
Authors: Shupe Anson D. , Spielmann Roger , Stigall Sam
Published: March 2007

This paper compares deprogramming with exorcism, thought reform, and resocialization, and offers insight into how members of the anticult movement justify their own involvement in "coercive conversion." It serves as a fitting, if ironic, close to this issue on conversion and commitment in contemporary religion.
The Real Agenda Setters
Authors: RATZAN SCOTT C.
Published: March 2007

I wonder how far Moses would have gone if he'd taken a poll in Egypt? What would Jesus Christ have preached if he'd taken a poll in Israel? Where would the Reformation have gone if Martin Luther had taken a poll? It isn't polls or public opinion of the moment that counts. It is right and wrong leadership—men with fortitude, honesty and a belief in the right—that makes epochs in the history of the world.

Harry Truman
Cautious Optimism
Authors: WICKS ROBERT H. , KERN MONTAGUE
Published: March 2007

A population study of television news directors was conducted in spring 1992 to assess their plans for coverage of the 1992 election. The findings revealed an interest in providing greater election analysis, with strong emphasis on the coverage of political advertising. In addition, the news directors reported that they planned to use the new satellite-based technologies to enhance their coverage efforts. These changes might signal a significant new proactive role for local television news in election coverage.
Judgment and the Cultivation of Appreciation in Policy-Making
Authors: FORESTER JOHN
Published: March 2007

The periodic irrelevance of social science may be far easier to explain than we have thought. For in the face of ambiguous claims, little time, and unsatisfactory data, most practical people, among them public policy analysts and planners, friends and co-workers, have to learn not only about feasible outcomes and stable relationships of cause and effect but about value in our possible worlds, about potential significance, import, consequentiality. Practical people in our lives help us learn what to want, what to care about, and what we should care for, too. Yet as long as social scientists treat value as essentially irrational, an epiphenomenal dependent variable, or merely the expression of preferences, they will ignore, if not fail to understand entirely, the demands and opportunities of practical judgment and deliberative rationality, the heart of practical inquiry in the applied professions.
Marketing and the Poor
Authors: ALWITT LINDA F.
Published: March 2007

It is proposed that marketing exchanges are unbalanced in favor of marketers when one of the parties is a poor consumer, but in addition, marketers are presented with ethical conflicts in such exchanges. An exchange model that includes poor consumers is described. By strengthening ethical foundations of exchange, five implications for making the balance more equitable are discussed. One implication leads to the idea that small buying groups can increase the exchange power of poor consumers, thereby increasing the real and perceived equity as well as the level of commitment of all parties to a marketing exchange.
Product Safety, Information, and Behavior
Authors: STOLTMAN JEFFREY J. , MORGAN FRED W.
Published: March 2007

The primary objective of this article is to promote a reevaluation of the adequacy of information-based solutions to product safety problems. The perspective that is introduced serves to redirect the current conceptual and empirical approach to the issue of consumer safety. Thus far, most of the attention has been placed on the resolution of consumer problems via labels and warnings. However, these are not a complete solution to the problem. Labels are often ignored or unavailable at the time of usage, and the representation of hazard information in memory is often inadequate. To achieve a more complete understanding of product safety, the extent to which consumers actively control their actions must be examined. Solutions to the safety problem still in evidence require far greater attention to the reasons for and the dimensions of product consumption. These issues are discussed, and the significance of this expanded view is addressed both in terms of policy initiatives and basic consumer research.
Exploring Challenges to Nonprofit Status
Authors: LELAND PAMELA J.
Published: March 2007

Individual nonprofit organizations, groups of similar organizations, or the people being served by these organizations have typically been the focus of community-based research efforts. Common research questions might include how to better identify service needs, how to improve the actual delivery of services, how to better access clients, or how to assess effectiveness in various service delivery models. While these individual organizational or client issues have dominated the community-based research methodological literature, the structure of the sector, and the degree to which structural changes might impact the capacity of individual nonprofit, community-based organizations have been neglected. This article explores the results of a research project to determine the extent of challenges to tax exempt status occurring throughout the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Conclusions from the research effort point to not only the complexity of this particular policy issue but also the problems and constraints of community-based research involving the nonprofit sector. Suggestions for the continued improvement of community-based research are offered.
Science and Race
Authors: MARKS JONATHAN
Published: March 2007

The scientific study of human biological variation has consistently produced knowledge that contradicts widespread popular, or folk, wisdom. Although people and the populations they belong to certainly differ from one another, they do not appear to do so in such a manner that permits the identification of a small number of human subspecies or races. Classification of people into races involves cultural, not biological, knowledge; and race is inherited according to cultural rules that stand in opposition to biology. Thus race is not a useful biological concept. To understand whether differences exist between populations in cognitive ability (or any other inherent “gifts”) requires confronting the limits of scientific knowledge.
Discrimination Comes in Many Forms
Authors: PINCUS FRED L.
Published: March 2007

Three different types of discrimination are defined and analyzed. Individual and institutional discrimination refer to actions and/or policies that are intended to have a differential impact on minorities and women. Structural discrimination, on the other hand, refers to policies that are race or gender neutral in intent but that have negative effects on women, minorities, or both. Concrete examples of each type of discrimination are presented and pedagogical techniques for using these concepts are provided.
Editors' Introduction
Authors: FOLEY MICHAEL W. , EDWARDS BOB
Published: March 2007

This article sets the stage for the discussion of social capital, civil society, and contemporary democracy by attempting to clarify terms and set out the most promising avenues for discussion and debate. The authors argue that current usage of key terms in the debate suffers from three faults: First, the notion of “social capital” is generally undertheorized and oversimplified. Second, popular usage and some scholarly accounts tend to suppress the conflictive character of civil society, seeking in society itself and in its inner workings the resolution of conflicts that politics and the political system in other understandings are charged with settling or suppressing. Third, these (mis)understandings conjoin in the suppression of the economic dimension of contemporary social conflict. This introductory article takes up the first two of these points, in an effort to lay out the theoretical and empirical questions that the subsequent articles address.
Contrasts in Presidential Campaign Commericals of 1996
Authors: DEVLIN L. PATRICK
Published: March 2007

This article examines television advertising used during the 1996 presidential campaign. Based on interviews with the advertising creators and coordinators and on repeated viewings by the author and his students, it describes, analyzes, and evaluates the ads. The study reveals that Clinton, using primarily comparative advertising, had a seamless advertising campaign that linked his primary, postprimary/preconvention, and general election ads. His $20 million in additional spending, largely from party sources, gave him an insurmountable and unmatched advantage over Dole. In contrast, the Dole campaign relying on biographical and negative ads changed ad creators during the campaign, resulting in a confused advertising strategy. Perot, excluded from the debates and accepting limited federal funds, was forced to have fewer, more expensive, less watched infomercials and less expensive 15-second ads.
Public Administration, the State, and the Postmodern Condition
Authors: SPICER MICHAEL W.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the vision of the state as a purposive association, which undergirds much of the public administration literature, and explores its suitability in light of the postmodern condition. It is argued that a vision of purposive association is inappropriate and dangerous, given the diversity of political subcultures and language games characteristic of postmodernity, and that a more useful vision of the state here is that of a state as a civil association. The linkages between this latter vision and our constitutional tradition are explored and implications are drawn for the study of public administration.
The Unavoidable Incompleteness of the City
Authors: BEAUREGARD ROBERT A. , HAILA ANNE
Published: March 2007

Drawing on the shrinkage of manufacturing districts, the transformation of waterfronts, the rise of edge cities, and the delocalization and deepening commodification of real property, this article reflects on the “newness” of the contemporary city. It argues for the simultaneous existence of historical continuities and discontinuities and the presence of novel spatial arrangements that originated in enduring trends. The contemporary city is never complete and thus never totally different from its predecessors.
Deconstructing the Affirmative Action Categories
Authors: LA NOUE GEORGE R. , SULLIVAN JOHN C.
Published: March 2007

Affirmative action preferences have traditionally benefited four racial and ethnic group categories: African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. These categories may be overinclusive, masking important socioeconomic differences among nationalities within the categories. The problem of overinclusiveness is now being raised by post-Croson disparity studies and by courts evaluating those studies, particularly in the area of business formation rates. When the differences among nationalities are compared through census data and regression analysis, they show wide variations within the affirmative action categories and for White ethnic groups as well. This suggest that a discrimination hypothesis cannot explain all these variations. The affirmative action categories reflect bureaucratic convenience more than demographic realities.
Revisiting Tocqueville's America
Authors: WHITTINGTON KEITH E.
Published: March 2007

The concept of social capital has revitalized the study of civil society. Alexis de Tocqueville's examination of 19th-century America is a major source of inspiration for much of this work. Tocqueville's analysis has been used to help support the idea that a strong civil society is crucial to democratic success. A reconsideration of Tocqueville's analysis, and, more important, of his American case, however, suggests that an active civil society is not an unalloyed good for democratic politics. A strong society can be not only a support but also a threat to democracy and liberal democratic ideals. One's evaluation of the health of democratic polities must depend on a study of the effects of political institutions and constitutional structures, as well as of civil society.
Foreword
Authors: BULMER MARTIN
Published: March 2007

What do they know of England, who only England know?

—Rudyard Kipling
Making People Responsible
Authors: BELL WENDELL
Published: March 2007

Relying only on explanations based on impersonal social forces and cultural imperatives that are viewed as inevitably leading to particular human behaviors is incomplete social analysis. Any adequate theory of modern society must include people as active, purposeful, and innovative beings whose future-oriented behavior helps create not only their own future but also the social order itself. Social research directed at the investigation of such human agency contributes to our knowledge of futures thinking and accountability. Although people produce consequences for which they ought to be held accountable, they often do so only more or less competently. Their competence can be improved by teaching them the principles of futures thinking. They can become more responsible actors by learning to search more fully for possible futures, to forecast probable futures more accurately, and to make judgments of preferable futures more objectively.
Nonmarket Resource Allocation in Mantal Health Care
Authors: FRANK RICHARD , KAMLET MARK S.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the public sector's role in the provision of mental health care, concentrating on a financial and economic perspective. A brief history of U.S. public policy toward the mentally ill is provided. The political economy of the mental health care system is then discussed. Four key sets of actors are identified: voters, interest groups, legislatures and elected politicians, and bureaus and public providers. Public policy toward the mentally ill in the United States is the result of the interaction of these groups. We discuss each group's objectives and the nature of the constraints each faces in pursuing its objectives. Using this perspective, the empirical literature on resource utilization by public mental hospitals is reviewed. A research agenda is presented for analyzing public sources of mental health care.
The Evolution of Corporate Social Responsiveness
Authors: Nasi Juha , Nasi Salme , Phillips Nelson , Zyglidopoulos Stelios
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors investigate the applicability and usefulness of three alternative perspectives on corporate issues management: issue life cycle theory, legitimacy theory, and stakeholder theory. Each perspective makes certain as- sumptions about the nature of issues management activities and certain general predictions about corporate social responsiveness. The authors test the relative applicability of the three theories through a case study of the issues management activities of four large forestry companies in Finland and Canada. The authors conclude that all three perspectives have value but differ in the level of analysis and time frame to which they apply.
Do Corporate PACs Restrict Competition?
Authors: Dean Thomas J. , Vryza Maria , Fryxell Gerald E.
Published: March 2007

Corporate political action committees (PACs) play a prominent role in the political strategies of U.S. organizations, and the ability of firms to influence political outcomes is highly controversial. To the extent that PACs enable groups of firms to pursue corporate agendas at the expense of the social good, they promote socially suboptimal outcomes. This study examines the impact of corporate PACs on entry restriction in manufacturing industries and finds a negative relationship between corporate PAC spending and the entry of new firms. Results suggest that PACs are used to shape industry structure to the economic benefit of incumbents.
Fairness and Ideology
Authors: Watson George W. , Shepard Jon M. , Stephens Carroll U.
Published: March 2007

Although social contracts theory has been applied to organizations (Donaldson & Dunfee, 1994), rarely has the theory been tested empirically. This article uses the traditions of communitarianism and individualism to instantiate an ideal-type economic social contract. We asked 269 subjects to complete the Ideological Orientation Scale and to make judgments on eight downsizing scenarios. Using social judgment theory, we assess the direct and indirect influences of ideology on judgments of fairness. Our findings suggest that ideology indeed shapes individual’s conceptions of organizational fairness.
New Values, New Conflicts
Authors: Hauserman Nancy
Published: March 2007

Although maintaining that Frederick’s book Values, Nature, and Culture in the American Corporation(1995) provides a new way to think about what often appear to be competing values of business and society generally, this article raises several questions about Frederick’s theory. In particular, the author challenges Frederick’s failure to develop a clear priority system between the value clusters he defines and the utilitarian approach he uses to balance interests. The article is critical of his apparent disagreement with a concept of universal values as well as his related support of cultural relativism.
Referendums on European Integration
Authors: HUG SIMON , SCIARINI PASCAL
Published: March 2007

Referendums have received increasing attention after the recent round of votes on the Maastricht treaty and the widening process of the European Union. Despite this increased interest in these instruments of decision making, scholarship has not provided us with insights into the relationship between the institutional characteristics and voter's decision. The authors provide a theoretical argument on how the voter's choice is affected by the nature of the referendum. Relevant factors are whether the referendum is required, whether the people's decision has a binding character, or which government coalition is presently in power. These institutional features mediate the impact of political factors, above all partisanship, on voting behavior. The authors test their theoretical arguments on the basis of empirical material from 14 referendums on European integration and find consistent support for their theoretical contentions.
Central Banks, Partisan Politics, and Macroeconomic Outcomes
Authors: WAY CHRISTOPHER
Published: March 2007

What are the implications of the trend toward granting central bank independence for partisan theories of the macroeconomy? The conventional view is that parties of the Left and Right strive to achieve distinctive macroeconomic outcomes when in government. However, when faced with an independent central bank, parties of the Left may prove unable to produce their preferred partisan outcomes, whereas Right parties may be privileged in their ability to pursue their goals. Moreover, granting the central bank independence can be expected to have differing effects depending on whether Left or Right parties prevail in government. These issues are explored with a pooled time-series model of inflation and unemployment in 16 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries from 1961 through 1991. The results support the claim that the effects of partisan government and central bank organization are mutually contingent. The pattern of results anticipated by partisan theory only arises where central banks are under political control, whereas when central banks are independent, Left governments are disadvantaged and Right governments privileged in their ability to achieve their partisan goals. On the other hand, the effects of central bank independence also depend on the partisanship of government, casting doubt on the claim that an independent central bank always provides a “free lunch” of lower inflation with no attendant costs in terms of increased unemployment.
Europeanization and Globalization
Authors: VERDIER DANIEL , BREEN RICHARD
Published: March 2007

The authors attempt to sort out three exogenous factors affecting the domestic societies of European Union (EU) member countries: market globalization, the European single market, and European supranational institutions. They offer a research design to separate the respective manifestations of each factor and apply it to four domestic dimensions: labor market, capital market, electoral competition, and center-local government relations. Although they find systematic evidence in the cases of the labor and capital markets supporting the widely shared claim that the EU is an agent of globalization, the results also point to the importance of the voluntarist component in the electoral and subgovernmental domains.
The Implications of Institutional Design for Macroeconomic Performance
Authors: ANDERSON LIAM
Published: March 2007

The choice between a proportional representation (PR) or plurality-based electoral system is commonly assumed to involve a trade-off. The former is assumed to provide fairer representation but at a cost in terms of stability and effectiveness. Recent work by Lijphart and others suggests that not only are PR-based (consensus) systems more democratic than plurality-based (majoritarian) systems but they are also more effective in terms of macroeconomic performance. This article offers a critical reexamination of these claims. The author provides empirical evidence that the superior performance of consensus democracy on two important macroeconomic indicators—inflation and unemployment—is driven largely by corporatism and central bank independence. After controlling for these, the results indicate that the core elements of consensus democracy are associated with higher rates of both inflation and unemployment. Whereas corporatism and independent central banks are claimed as elements of a broader concept of consensus democracy, the author argues that neither can be comfortably accommodated within the consensus framework depicted by Lijphart.
Family Political Socialization in Multiparty Systems
Authors: VENTURA RAPHAEL
Published: March 2007

This article presents a model linking the structure of the party system with the political identification children develop during the political socialization process. According to this model, children acquire from their parents political labels that serve as voting cues. These cues can relate to a specific party (party identification), a group of parties, or a basic ideological position (usually in “left” and “right” terms). In every society, labels having greater heuristic value are more commonly transmitted from parent to offspring. The type of label with the heuristic advantage in each society is determined by the nature of the party system and, specifically, by three of its characteristics: number of parties, composition of the social cleavages, and degree of competitiveness. Some of the model's assumptions are tested with empirical data from Israel, providing a comprehensive account of the intergenerational transmission of partisanship and ideological orientations in Israel.