bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intuition and Presence
Authors: McLear Colin
Published: July 2017

This chapter explicates the notion of ‘presence’ (Gegenwart) as it pertains to intuition. Specifically, it examines two central problems for the position that an empirical intuition is an immediate relation to an existing particular in one’s environment. The first stems from Kant’s description of the faculty of imagination, while the second stems from Kant’s discussion of hallucination. This chapter argues that Kant’s writings indicate at least one possible means of reconciling these two problems with a conception of ‘presence’ such that perceptual and hallucinatory states might be understood as different kinds of intuition. This may not be sufficient to secure the relationalist’s claim that intuition is an immediate relation to an existing particular in one’s environment, but it does show that opposition to this claim will require further argument.
Imagination and Inner Intuition
Authors: Stephenson Andrew
Published: July 2017

This chapter addresses the question of whether intuition is object-dependent. Kant’s account of the imagination appears to suggest that intuition is not object-dependent. On a recent proposal, however, the imagination is a faculty of merely inner intuition, the inner objects of which exist and are present in the way demanded by object-dependence views, such as Lucy Allais’s relational account. It is argued that this proposal is problematic on both textual and philosophical grounds. The proposal is inconsistent with what Kant says about how the imagination functions and it is ultimately incompatible with the relational account it is supposed to support. Kant’s account of the imagination remains a serious obstacle for the view that intuition is object-dependent.
Can’t Kant Cognize Himself? Or, a Problem for (Almost) Every Interpretation of the Refutation of Idealism
Authors: Chignell Andrew
Published: July 2017

Kant seems to think of our own mental states or representations as the primary objects of inner sense. But does he think that these states also inhere in something? And, if so, is that something an empirical substance that is also cognized in inner sense? This chapter provides textual and philosophical grounds for thinking that, although Kant may agree with Hume that the self is not ‘given’ in inner sense exactly, he does think of the self as cognized through inner sense. It is also argued that he both does and ought to regard this self as an empirical substance in which our changing representations inhere. In the second part of the chapter it is suggested that, if this is correct, it poses a significant problem for most of the leading interpretations of Kant’s anti-sceptical argument in the Refutation of Idealism.
Setting the Scene
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

In the aftermath of the Council of Konstanz in 1415 the Swiss occupied the Habsburg Aargau and administered it as a common lordship. Joint rule encouraged greater cooperation between the cantons and contributed to the consolidation of the Confederal diet. However, the conquest of the Thurgau in 1460 presented the Swiss with severe legal and political difficulties, causing tensions within the Confederation, with the city of Konstanz, and with Habsburg vassals in the region. These tensions erupted in the Swiss War of 1499, though its origins lay elsewhere. But already a modus vivendi between the Swiss and Habsburg Austria had been achieved in the Perpetual Accord of 1474 and was cemented by the Hereditary Agreement of 1511.
Trouble in the Thurgau
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

Although with the Burgundian Wars the geopolitical balance within the Confederation shifted decisively westwards, the Thurgau remained a constant source of irritation. Various schemes to divide the Thurgau or its revenues between the Swiss and Konstanz were put forward, but these only revealed deep divisions within the Confederation. Then it was mooted that Konstanz itself might join the Confederation, though that proved just as controversial. But the Swiss faced further difficulties from the bishop of Konstanz and the abbot of St Gallen, both of whom had lordships and rights in the Thurgau. Even after the Swiss War, Konstanz’s territorial claims and lordship over subjects continued to be disputed.
A Last Hurrah
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

After the religious wars which convulsed the Confederation were ended by the Second Peace of Kappel in 1531 the Swiss became increasingly absorbed by their own affairs. Yet the restoration of Duke Ulrich to Württemberg under the Peace of Kaaden (1534) created new uncertainty for the Confederation’s outlying associated member to the north, the imperial city of Rottweil. A feud between Catholic Rottweil and a local Protestant dynasty, the Landenbergs (backed by Duke Ulrich), saw a joint Swiss military expedition of Catholic and Protestant cantons come to Rottweil’s aid, though it was recalled. This was the last time the Swiss ventured into what had become foreign territory north of the Rhine.
The Troubled Inheritance of Duke Charles II of Savoy
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

Weakness of Savoy in the face of minorities and premature deaths from 1478 to Charles II’s accession in 1504 bequeathed grave political and financial problems, alongside growing tensions between the Estates of Savoy (capital Chambéry) and the Estate of Piedmont (capital Turin), with the latter far outstripping the former in granting the duke much needed subsidies. Difficulties were compounded by Charles’s own irresolution and procrastination, as well as his appointing favourites as councillors. Charles was further handicapped by the onset of the Italian Wars, with Savoy harried and plundered by foreign armies. Despite an advanced fiscal administration, Savoy was constantly in financial straits, forcing the duke to raise loans on foreign capital markets.
All Unquiet on the Western Front
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

France continued to threaten the Franche-Comté, even after it had passed definitively to Habsburg Austria in 1493 under the Treaty of Senlis. Bern even tried to revive a western campaign in the 1510s; at last in 1522 the county’s neutrality was recognized. But Neuchâtel remained an Achilles heel for the western Swiss. In 1512 four cantons sent an expeditionary force preventatively to occupy Neuchâtel, and were joined by the other cantons in 1514. Neuchâtel operated as a common lordship until restored to its counts in 1529, after continuing disagreement among the Swiss over its future. Bern abetted the restoration in the hope that Neuchâtel could be won for the Reformation. French designs were assuaged by the Perpetual Peace signed with the Confederation in 1516, but the western Swiss cities had become embroiled in fresh disputes over the Württemberg territories around the county of Montbéliard, which were not settled until 1525.
The Struggle for Geneva
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

Savoy’s aggression towards Geneva devolved upon the League of the Spoon, a band of Savoyard noblemen. The bishop hoped to shore up his dwindling authority by joining the Burgrecht with Fribourg and Bern, but was rebuffed. The Genevan council instead stripped him of the vidomnat and in 1529 instituted its own civic court of justice. The bishop fled and in 1533 was finally expelled. Bern’s adoption of the Reformation in 1528 unleashed a revolt in the Bernese Oberland, which dashed any hope of lending practical help to Geneva. Meanwhile, continuing tensions within Geneva led to the flight of many Mammelus and confiscation of their property. Duke Charles sought cancellation of the city’s Burgrecht. Negotiations led to a judgement which declared the Burgrecht unlawful. Savoy now sought to drive a wedge between Protestant Bern and Catholic Fribourg.
The Vagaries of Conquest
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

Bern conquered the Vaud and relieved Geneva in the first two months of 1536, the army then marching on to occupy the western Chablais. But Bern’s ultimate intentions were unclear, and there were divisions of opinion within the army and between it and the Small Council. Soon afterwards the French plundered their way through Savoy and reached Turin in Piedmont. Geneva extended its control of its hinterland, but had to sacrifice some internal autonomy, including the vidomat, to Bern; effectively, Geneva became a Bernese protectorate. Both Bern and France left the Savoy apanage of the duchy of Genevois-Nemours unscathed. The Valais communes meanwhile occupied the eastern Chablais. The fate of the bishopric of Lausanne and the county of Gruyère brought Fribourg into the picture.
The Spoils of War
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

Despite its Catholicism, Fribourg, as a former subject, sought to revenge itself upon Savoy by laying claim to the northern Chablais (with covert backing from the Catholic Valais) and to Gruyère, whose counts were Savoy vassals. Bern was prepared to accede to some of Fribourg’s demands, but denied it Vevey, which would have given Fribourg a port on Lake Geneva. Fribourg was exposed as a fickle defender of Gruyère, where plans already envisaged partition of the county with Bern. Bern expelled the bishop from Lausanne and annexed his territory, though some communes were later ceded to Fribourg and remained Catholic. Deep divisions over territory saw Fribourg vainly claim half the Vaud. The Vaud communes were ransomed, though former Lausanne episcopal communes and the three common lordships were exempted.
The Romandie Reconfigured
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

The restoration of Duke Emmanuel Philibert to Savoy in 1564 led to Bern surrendering lands beyond the Vaud (Gex, western Chablais), while the Valais communes gave up the eastern Chablais. The indebted countess of Neuchâtel allegedly offered to sell her territory to Fribourg in 1543, which would have potentially saved it for Catholicism, but Fribourg was stymied by Bern. The equally indebted Count Michel of Gruyère sought to borrow money in turn from Fribourg and Bern, even offering to sell the county wholesale. In the end Gruyère was partitioned between Fribourg and Bern, as foreshadowed in 1537. The territorial gains had added one-tenth to the size of the Confederation, but Bern remained by far the largest city-state north of the Alps. Geneva tried but failed to be admitted as a canton of the Confederation, but beat off a further attack from Savoy in 1602 (the Escalade).
Introduction
Authors: Whitehead James
Published: July 2017

The introductory chapter discusses the popular image of the ‘Romantic mad poet’ in television, film, theatre, fiction, the history of literary criticism, and the intellectual history of the twentieth century and its countercultures, including anti-psychiatry and psychoanalysis. Existing literary-historical work on related topics is assessed, before the introduction goes on to suggest why some problems or difficulties in writing about this subject might be productive for further cultural history. The introduction also considers at length the legacy of Michel Foucault’s Folie et Déraison (1961), and the continued viability of Foucauldian methods and concepts for examining literary-cultural representations of madness after the half-century of critiques and controversies following that book’s publication. Methodological discussion both draws on and critiques the models of historical sociology used by George Becker and Sander L. Gilman to discuss genius, madness, deviance, and stereotype in the nineteenth century. A note on terminology concludes the introduction.
Political Liberalism and Democratic Contestation
Authors: Bonotti Matteo
Published: July 2017

This chapter shows how political liberalism nourishes political parties, by leaving many controversial issues open to democratic contestation. It especially focuses on religious issues, and argues that neither moderate separation nor moderate establishment, intended as regimes of religious governance that fix specific interpretations of principles of social and economic justice, is compatible with Rawls’s political liberalism. The chapter then introduces an additional ideal model of religious governance called ‘democratic accommodationism’, which differs both from moderate separation and from moderate establishment. The chapter further examines the place of social and economic issues in Rawls’s political liberalism. It shows that political liberalism does not warrant the constitutionalization of either classical liberal rights or social rights, and therefore leaves socio-economic issues open to the democratic contestation of partisan politics.
Political Parties and the Overlapping Consensus
Authors: Bonotti Matteo
Published: July 2017

This chapter rejects the ‘extrinsic’ view of public reason examined in Chapter 4, and argues that political parties can play an important role in helping citizens to relate their comprehensive doctrines to political liberal values and institutions. Once we understand the distinctive normative demands of partisanship, this chapter claims, we can see that there is no inherent tension between them and the demands of the Rawlsian overlapping consensus. This is because partisanship (unlike factionalism) involves a commitment to the common good rather than the sole advancement of merely partial interests, and this implies a commitment to public reasoning. The chapter further examines three distinctive empirical features of parties that particularly enable them to contribute to an overlapping consensus. These are their linkage function, their advancement of broad multi-issue political platforms, and their creative agency.
Partisanship and the Division of Justificatory Labour
Authors: Bonotti Matteo
Published: July 2017

This chapter defends an indirect model of public justification, which relieves ordinary citizens of the burdens of public reason and imposes them only on public officials, and especially on elected partisans. The chapter further defends the view that public officials ought to hold each other accountable with regard to their use of public reasons, without the need for direct scrutiny by ordinary citizens, and that they ought to be responsive to citizens’ non-public reasons, and endeavour to find an internal connection between those and public reasons. This twofold process of horizontal and vertical accountability, the chapter claims, especially applies to elected partisans. The chapter concludes by illustrating how the two most popular electoral systems, first-past-the-post (FPTP) and proportional representation (PR), can be more or less conducive to this bifurcated process of public justification.
Introduction
Authors: Bonotti Matteo
Published: July 2017

Since its publication in 1993, John Rawls’s Political Liberalism (2005a) has been central to contemporary debates in normative political theory. Rawls’s main goal in this book was to explain how citizens endorsing diverse conceptions of the good (ethical, religious, and philosophical) could live together under liberal democratic institutions. For this reason, his theory has strongly influenced contemporary debates concerning political legitimacy, democratic theory, toleration, and multiculturalism. Yet, despite the immense body of literature which has been produced since Rawls’s book was published, very little has been said or written regarding the place of political parties and partisanship (by which I mean participation in politics through political parties) within political liberalism. This is surprising. In spite of the ongoing decline of party membership across the western world, parties still remain central players in the democratic game of liberal democratic polities, and still play an important role in articulating diverse social demands. One would have therefore expected political theorists who, like Rawls, are concerned with issues of pluralism and diversity, to take an interest in the role of parties. Yet Rawls’s references to parties are brief and scattered, and it is not clear from his work (or from the work of those scholars who have examined his theory in detail) what role (if any) parties can play within political liberalism....
The Glue of the Universe
Authors: Braddon-Mitchell David
Published: July 2017

The chapter argues that there are two kinds of pluralism about causation that need to be recognized to prevent people talking past each other. The first is between broadly explanatory accounts—in which the focus is on determining which pasts of the causal nexus are explanatorily relevant—accounts where causation is whatever it is which gives structure to that nexus. The second pluralism is within those accounts of what gives structure to the nexus. The chapter is largely concerned with the second pluralism, and argues that there is a conditional structure to that pluralism, in which there is a range of things which, if found to be actual, could count as causation in this sense, ranked in a lexical order, where whatever is most highly ranked and actually found in the world is what causation is and necessarily so.
Can Structural Equations Explain How Mechanisms Explain?
Authors: Cartwright Nancy
Published: July 2017

In ‘The Causal Structure of Mechanisms’, Peter Menzies develops a structural equations account of mechanism to show how mechanisms explain causal regularities. This chapter distinguishes two senses of mechanism: first, the process by which the cause produces the effect, and second, the underlying structure that affords this process. The chapter argues that representing mechanisms by structural equations is great for showing how the intermediate steps in the process can connect the beginning cause with the end effect. But this is just a ‘surface’ phenomenon. The causal possibilities described in the structural equations depend on an underlying structure that gives rise to them. So this leaves us still with the job of understanding and representing that underlying structure and coming to grips with the question of how it gives rise to those causal possibilities.
Difference-making, Closure, and Exclusion
Authors: Weslake Brad
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses Peter Menzies’ work on mental causation and the causal exclusion argument. The author shares with Menzies the conviction that an interventionist account of causation can cast new light on this complex of issues, but his view diverges from Menzies at several points, including the role of proportionality considerations in the characterization of causation. This chapter seeks to clarify the role that proportionality considerations should play in the interventionist account of causation. The author develops a number of arguments for the claim that proportionality considerations belong not in the theory of causation but rather in the theory of explanatory value. These arguments help to situate the approach to mental causation favoured by Menzies in relation to the interventionist account of causation.
My Brain Made Me Do It
Authors: List Christian , Menzies Peter
Published: July 2017

This chapter offers a critical assessment of the ‘exclusion argument’ against free will, which may be summarized by the slogan: ‘My brain made me do it, therefore I couldn’t have been free.’ While the exclusion argument has received much attention in debates about mental causation (‘could my mental states ever cause my actions?’), it is seldom discussed in relation to free will. However, the argument informally underlies many neuroscientific discussions of free will, especially the claim that advances in neuroscience seriously challenge our belief in free will. The chapter introduces two distinct versions of the argument, discusses several unsuccessful responses to it, and then presents the authors’ preferred response. This involves showing that a key premise—the ‘exclusion principle’—is false under what the authors take to be the most natural account of causation in the context of agency: the difference-making account. The chapter finally revisits the debate about neuroscience and free will.
The Consequence Argument Disarmed
Authors: Menzies Peter
Published: July 2017

This chapter scrutinizes the Consequence Argument for the incompatibility of free will and determinism within an interventionist causal-modelling framework. Traditional discussions of the argument presuppose that causal reasoning concerns the temporal evolution of total states of the universe. By contrast, interventionism focuses on how local, small-scale systems evolve according to causal generalizations that fall short of being laws. It also assigns an important role to interventions: external influences on a system that disrupt the causal generalizations which apply to it. When the Consequence Argument is recast in interventionist terms, the argument can be seen to rely on a false premise. In particular, interventionism supports at most a qualified variant of determinism, which is insufficient for the Consequence Argument to go through. Finally, the chapter compares the present response to the argument with David Lewis’s local miracle compatibilism.
Processes of Literary Growth and Editorial Expansion in Two Medinan Surahs
Authors: Sinai Nicolai
Published: July 2017

Already pre-modern Islamic scholars assumed that many qur’anic surahs contain secondary additions. However, rather than identifying these by recourse to post-qur’anic traditions, it seems preferable to base judgements about the presence of later insertions in a given unit of qur’anic text on features immanent to the surah or passage in question, such as structural, stylistic, terminological, or doctrinal tensions. While redactional arguments of this kind can persuasively be made for many Meccan surahs, matters are more complicated regarding the Medinan proclamations: especially the long surahs Q 2–5 are plausibly viewed as products of literary growth over time, but secondary portions of text here stand out much less conspicuously than in the Qurʾan’s Meccan stratum. The chapter attempts to pioneer the redactional analysis of the Medinan Qurʾan by examining the opening passages of surahs 5 and 9, both of which are found to have undergone several stages of redactional expansion.
‘O Believers, Be Not as Those Who Hurt Moses’
Authors: Witztum Joseph
Published: July 2017

In Q 33:69 the believers are warned not to be like ‘those who hurt Moses’. Classical exegetes and modern scholars have linked this enigmatic reference to various episodes from Moses’ life. After surveying the different interpretations, this chapter argues that the context of surah 33 and a variant reading of verse 69 support those modern scholars who linked the verse to Miriam and Aaron’s criticism of Moses’ marriage in Numbers 12. Finally, the chapter suggests that this interpretation of Q 33:69 fits well with what we know of Muhammad’s family life from the Qurʾan and later Islamic traditions. If this study is in any way indicative, qur’anic scholarship stands to benefit from combining lower criticism, contextual readings, attention to pre-Islamic lore, and a consideration of traditions concerning Muhammad’s life.
Pagan Arabs as God-fearers
Authors: Crone Patricia
Published: July 2017

This chapter is part of a wider exploration of the milieu in which the Meccan component of the Qurʾan made its appearance. The general question is what we can say about that milieu by combining a careful reading of the relevant parts of the Qurʾan with what we know about the religious trends of Late Antiquity in Arabia and elsewhere. More specifically the issue here is what we can learn in this way about the manner in which the ‘polytheists’ of the Qurʾan related to the Jewish and Christian traditions: were they Godfearers in the sense familiar from the study of ancient Judaism?
Party Finance and Perceived Party Responsiveness
Authors: Lobo Marina Costa , Razzuoli Isabella
Published: July 2017

This chapter investigates an important implication of the cartel party thesis: that parties’ shift from society towards the state has eroded voters’ sense of political efficacy. More precisely, it explores whether and to what extent parties’ financial dependence on the state shapes electors’ feelings about the responsiveness of parties. The authors do this by linking PPDB (Political Party Database) information with the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) data. The results of their analysis show that the relationship between level of state funding of parties and citizens’ perceptions of party responsiveness is positive, though not strong. This is contrary to the theoretical expectations suggested by the cartel thesis, in that electors voting for parties more dependent on the state are not more likely to have low feelings of political efficacy.
Afterword
Authors: Katz Richard S.
Published: July 2017

The PPDB shares the strengths and weaknesses of other datasets based primarily on party documents (‘the official story’). Building on and supplementing earlier comparative parties’ datasets, the PPDB project can be expected to facilitate wide ranging research efforts. Some of these will pursue the agenda articulated in this book, while others will address entirely different questions. The finding in this book that national differences are almost always greater than those between different party families points to the importance of identifying the relevant substantive characteristics of nation. Many of the hypotheses tested are derived from the Katz-Mair cartel party thesis, and many of the findings are consistent with the cartel thesis. Others raise the question of limitations inherent in the data, misspecification in the analytic strategy, or deficiencies in the thesis itself. The value of party typologies and ideal types in theory and research is addressed.
A Shared Enterprise
Authors: Hanaway-Oakley Cleo
Published: July 2017

This chapter provides an introduction to the book. First there is a discussion of the meaning of phenomenology and a consideration of whether or not Joyce can be called a ‘phenomenologist’. Joyce and early film-makers are declared ‘phenomenological’ as they share a common enterprise: all are concerned with showing, rather than explaining, the ‘inherence of the self in the world’. Hanaway-Oakley briefly discusses studies closely related to this book, including those by Ulrika Maude and Matthew Feldman, David Trotter, and Andrew Shail. Finally, the structure of the book is explained, with a description of each chapter.
Reciprocal Seeing and Embodied Subjectivity
Authors: Hanaway-Oakley Cleo
Published: July 2017

This chapter considers the previous ways in which literary scholars have used film theory in their interpretations of Ulysses. Joyce scholars have tended to favour the psychoanalytic film theories of Christian Metz and Laura Mulvey, employing them in their analyses of the relationship between Gerty and Bloom in the ‘Nausicaa’ episode of Ulysses. Phenomenology is offered as an alternative approach, as a way of seeing beyond the seemingly rigid binaries of seer/seen, subject/object, absorptive/theatrical, and personal/impersonal. Starting from Merleau-Ponty’s ‘The Film and the New Psychology’ (1945), then moving on to consider the ideas of contemporary film phenomenologists (such as Vivian Sobchack, Spencer Shaw, and Jennifer Barker), the second half of the chapter outlines the insights provided by phenomenology, focusing on the reciprocity of cinematic perception and the embodied nature of film spectatorship.
Modern Thought and the Phenomenology of Film
Authors: Hanaway-Oakley Cleo
Published: July 2017

This chapter situates Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of film in its historical context through analysing its key insights—the reciprocal and embodied nature of film spectatorship—in the light of late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century philosophy and psychology, charting Merleau-Ponty’s indebtedness to thinkers as diverse as Henri Bergson, Max Wertheimer, Hugo Münsterberg, Rudolf Arnheim, Victor Freeburg, Sergei Eisenstein, and Siegfried Kracauer. The historical Bergson is differentiated from the Deleuzian Bergson we ordinarily encounter in film studies, and Merleau-Ponty’s fondness for gestalt models of perception is outlined with reference to the competing ‘persistence of vision’ theory of film viewing. The chapter ends with a consideration of some of the ways in which James Joyce could have encountered early phenomenology, through the work of the aforementioned philosophers and psychologists and the ideas of Gabriel Marcel, Franz Brentano, William James, and Edmund Husserl.
Fin
Authors: Hanaway-Oakley Cleo
Published: July 2017

This concluding chapter briefly turns to Joyce’s final work, Finnegans Wake (1939). Joyce’s cacophonous ‘book of the dark’, with its many references to cinema, forms the centre of a discussion of the emergence of sound film. The importance of touch in both silent and sound film is restated through reference to the film criticism of Bryher, Dorothy Richardson, and Gertrude Stein, and Chaplin’s City Lights (1931), a late silent film focusing on Chaplin’s relationship with a blind flower-seller. The complex interrelationship between sound and image in both film and Finnegans Wake is contemplated through gestalt theory and multi-perspectival ‘figure–ground images’. The chapter concludes by returning to Ulysses, to consider the never-produced Reisman–Zukofsky screenplay and the ways in which the film would, and would not, have affirmed a phenomenological reading of Joyce’s text.
Introduction
Authors: Gert Joshua
Published: July 2017

In the classes I teach—from general introductory courses, to Ethics, to Philosophy of Language—it is remarkable how often the discussion turns to color. The best explanation for this may simply be a combination of my own idiosyncratic interest, obsessive nature, and lack of imagination. But I think there is more to it than that. The external world is our model for reality. Our access to that world proceeds via our senses. Vision is, in many ways, the most attention-grabbing of those senses. And color is plausibly the most salient aspect of visual experience. Color “jumps out” at us in a way that shape and distance do not. It is no surprise to me that there are many more books in philosophy about color than about smell, taste, texture, or sound....
An Unmysterious Color Primitivism
Authors: Gert Joshua
Published: July 2017

This chapter argues for a primitivist view of color: a view according to which colors are primitive properties—not reducible to such things as sets of spectral reflectances, disjunctions of microphysical surface properties, or dispositions to cause experiences. The argument is modeled on Paul Benacerraf’s well-known argument against reductive accounts of the integers. It begins by pointing out that there are many equally good candidates to count as reduction bases for the colors, and no way to choose between them. It then notes that all of these candidates have the drawback of endowing colors with properties that we should not think colors actually have. Finally, it shows that there is an explanation available, in terms of a use theory of the meaning of color terms, that does not reduce them to anything else.
The ‘Vther Quair’ as the Troy Book
Authors: Sweet W.H.E.
Published: July 2017

This chapter proposes that the ‘vther quair’ read by the narrator of Robert Henryson’s Testament of Cresseid is John Lydgate’s Troy Book. Henryson uses this device and the matter of Troy to respond thoughtfully to Lydgate’s poetics. As authors centrally interested in the lessons of good governance of the self and public, Lydgate and Henryson explore the degree to which their characters and their readers can learn lessons about behaviour. Lydgate pessimistically discourages moralization and subverts didactic poetics because he does not believe contemporary readers can learn from the errors of pagan history. Henryson, by contrast, embraces moralization to encourage readers to question and learn from his characters’ actions.
The Aberdeen Articles
Authors: McHugh Anna
Published: July 2017

The Aberdeen Articles are the demands of the rebels who eventually killed James III at Sauchieburn in 1488. The document forms the core of the ensuing parliament’s statement about the cause of the king’s death and how his son came to the throne. This essay examines the nine articles in their original context of July 1488 and how linguistic and structural choices reflect the rebels’ understanding of Scottish kingship and their criticism of James III’s failures. The essay also considers the document’s secondary context, embedded in the parliamentary record as part of a communal narrative and pacification exercise. A study of how parliament recontextualizes the document reflects the institution’s power to make a once-resistant text work for the new hegemony. This sheds light on the role of texts in Crown–parliament relations, particularly in the much-debated area of resistance.
Royal Devotion and Cultic Promotion
Authors: Coll-Smith Melissa
Published: July 2017

This essay explores the relationship of James IV of Scotland to the holy dead who were venerated in his kingdom and beyond. It examines evidence of the King’s contributions to the promotion of saints’ cults and considers the extent to which his dedications are indicative of his private and religious life, but also the ways in which they demonstrate a political initiative through the provision of a public platform for the performance of kingship. In particular, the prominence of Scottish saints in this agenda—both in his devotional practices and more obviously in his commission of the Breviarium aberdonense—shows that James envisaged a kingdom that could be legitimated through the holy reputations of Scotland’s saints.
Reading and Writing History
Authors: Rutledge Thomas
Published: July 2017

This essay attends to the neglected marginal commentary that John Bellenden composed to accompany his translation of the first five books of Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita (From the Founding of the City). It argues that the approaches of the commentary (Latinate, learned, antiquarian) stand in sharp opposition to the vernacular, courtly project that Bellenden’s translation has generally been understood to be. It suggests that the work may owe rather more than has been realized to Bellenden’s engagement with the intellectual culture of the new university in Aberdeen in the later 1530s and offers an important window onto the variety of ways in which classical history was being read during the reign of James V.
William Lauder
Authors: Martin Joanna
Published: July 2017

This essay demonstrates the importance of the little-known poet William Lauder to the literary culture of mid-sixteenth-century Scotland and compares his work to that of his contemporaries, David Lyndsay and Richard Maitland. It argues that Lauder’s mirror for princes, Ane Compendious and breve Tractate, Concernyng þe Office and dewtie of Kyngis, printed in 1556, combines elements of the Older Scots advisory tradition with Protestant reformist thinking. The essay compares this political ‘tractate’ to Lauder’s post-Reformation devotional poetry, which is less confident in secular authority but nevertheless adopts the interest in advice giving and adapts it to the spiritual lives of Lauder’s readers. These poems demand high standards of moral and ethical reform from their readers, and the audience’s wider engagement with scriptural texts. In encouraging reading, self-reform, and self-understanding, the poems in turn urge their audience to strive for social justice and order in the creation of a godly society.
The Uses of Genre and Gender in ‘The Dialogue of the Twa Wyfeis’
Authors: McElroy Tricia A.
Published: July 2017

During the years 1567–73, from the fall of Mary Queen of Scots to the fall of Edinburgh Castle, civil strife plagued Scotland. The rival parties rallied around either the beleaguered Queen or her infant son, crowned James VI after Mary’s confinement and deposition in summer 1567. The Queen’s and King’s Parties—as they were known—waged war with more than arms, however. Indeed, the six-year conflict is notable for its profuse and malicious party propaganda. This chapter provides the first full-scale literary analysis of one such piece of literary propaganda, ‘The Dialogue of the Twa Wyfeis’. Examining possible literary influences, the chapter considers how the ‘Dialogue’ fits into representational patterns in other King’s Party propaganda. It also suggests how anti-feminist satire complements and strengthens the political argument, turning the wyfeis’ shrewdness back onto the women themselves and arguing strongly against Queen Mary’s supporters as viable governors of Scotland.
Introduction
Authors: Martin Joanna , Wingfield Emily
Published: July 2017

This introductory chapter prefaces the subsequent collection of essays, dedicated to Professor Sally Mapstone. After an overview of the critical field and outline of the importance of kingship and Advice to Princes in the Older Scots literary tradition, the main body of the chapter first examines the centrality of advisory discourse in the poetry of Robert Henryson and William Dunbar, before analysing key scenes of royal reading and writing in Barbour’s Bruce, James I’s Kingis Quair, Walter Bower’s Scotichronicon, and John Shirley’s fulle lamentable cronicle of þe deþe and fals murdre of James Steward, last Kinge of Scottes. It explores both the signal relationship between themes of reading, writing, and rule, and the way in which such acts are transformed into self-consciously ethical activities. The second half of the chapter summarizes and draws together the essays that follow.
Data Integrity
Authors: Martin Keith M.
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses cryptographic mechanisms for providing data integrity. We begin by identifying different levels of data integrity that can be provided. We then look in detail at hash functions, explaining the different security properties that they have, as well as presenting several different applications of a hash function. We then look at hash function design and illustrate this by discussing the hash function SHA-3. Next, we discuss message authentication codes (MACs), presenting a basic model and discussing basic properties. We compare two different MAC constructions, CBC-MAC and HMAC. Finally, we consider different ways of using MACs together with encryption. We focus on authenticated encryption modes, and illustrate these by describing Galois Counter mode.
Digital Signature Schemes
Authors: Martin Keith M.
Published: July 2017

In this chapter, we discuss digital signature schemes. We start by considering the general requirements of a digital signature scheme. We show first that a digital signature scheme could be established using symmetric techniques. We then consider the more conventional use of public-key cryptography to create digital signature schemes. We compare two different approaches to building a digital signature scheme and illustrate how to manifest these using RSA. We then discuss practical issues concerning digital signature schemes, including different aspects of their security. We close by providing a detailed comparison between digital signatures and handwritten signatures which serves to both illustrate the strengths and vulnerabilities of digital signature schemes.
Cryptographic Protocols
Authors: Martin Keith M.
Published: July 2017

This chapter is concerned with cryptographic protocols. We begin with an explanation of what components a cryptographic protocol consists of. We then illustrate the complexity of designing a secure cryptographic protocol by considering an artificially simple scenario, for which we propose and analyse seven candidate protocols. For each of these protocols, we comment on whether, or under which conditions, they meet the required specification. We go on to look at the important class of authentication and key establishment protocols. We identify typical goals and examine some important protocols in this class, including the Diffie–Hellman protocol.
Enabling Social Policy
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: July 2017

The SIA to social policy emphasizes skill development and facilitation of employment alongside the traditional focus on provision of income to people not in employment. Policy tools include early education, improved K-12 schooling, affordable and good-quality universities, active labour-market programmes, accessible lifelong learning, mentoring and other individualized assistance to those who need it, paid parental leave, encouragement of flexible work scheduling, and public employment. All affluent nations have been moving in the direction of social investment. Does it work? The evidence over the past generation is supportive of hopes that social investment can boost employment and facilitate its coupling with low relative poverty. It offers less reason for optimism about boosting economic growth or reducing relative poverty.
Social Investment in a Federal Welfare State
Authors: Noël Alain
Published: July 2017

Following the 1995 referendum on sovereignty, Quebec’s main political and social actors agreed on a new social pact that combined efforts to eliminate the deficit with ambitious social investment reforms. In the following years, Quebec governments, headed in turn by the province’s two main political parties, substantially transformed a number of social policies, and succeeded in increasing labour-market participation, limiting the rise of inequality, and reducing poverty. The Quebec experience, which unfolded while the Canadian government gradually moved away from social investment, can be seen as an instructive case on the possibilities of social investment in a highly constrained, federal and liberal welfare state context. It underlines, in particular, the importance of social forces and political actors in bringing about unexpected changes, and points as well to trade-offs between the maintenance of established social programmes and the development of new ones.
Three Challenges for the Social Investment Strategy
Authors: Myles John
Published: July 2017

Three challenges are highlighted in this chapter to the realization of the social investment strategy in our twenty-first-century world. The first such challenge—intertemporal politics—lies in the term ‘investment’, a willingness to forego some measure of current consumption in order to realize often uncertain gains in the future that would not occur otherwise, such as better schooling, employment, and wage outcomes for the next generation. Second, the conditions that enabled our post-war predecessors to invest heavily in future-oriented public goods—a sustained period of economic growth and historically exceptional tolerance for high levels of taxation—no longer obtain. Third, the millennial cohorts who will bear the costs of a new, post-industrial, investment strategy are more economically divided than earlier cohorts and face multiple demands raised by issues such as population aging and global warming, among others.
Education as a Cleavage
Authors: Bovens Mark , Wille Anchrit
Published: July 2017

Cleavage formation in the nineteenth and twentieth century was based on religion and class. To what extent can we observe an emerging social and political cleavage along educational lines across Europe in the twenty-first century? We use a broad notion of cleavage and look at educational patterns of segmentation, stratification, and segregation; differences in political preferences; and to what extent these educational differences are reflected in the political landscape. We construct an index of cleavage formation that aims to measure to what extent the various differences along educational lines are merging. The degree to which the contours of this new divide have been crystallized is stronger in western and northern countries than elsewhere in Europe. This analysis forms the basis of our selection of six West European countries: the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, and the UK.
A history of the use of arts in health
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

This chapter traces the origins of the use of arts in health, from the earliest artefacts found in caves dating back c.40,000 years ago. It explores the use of the arts in healing rituals and early theories of medicine from the Ancient world, and charts how the relationship between art and health shifted during the Middle Ages as the practice of medicine moved from monasteries to universities. It discusses how the Enlightenment led to more rationale scientific accounts about the place of the arts in medicine and how the rise of psychiatry fostered new opportunities for integrating the arts within health care. Finally, it considers how twentieth-century attitudes to medicine have provided the foundations for the field as it exists today. Situating modern-day practice within this historical context can shed new light on how the arts are perceived and valued within health.
The theoretical background to arts in health
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores how definitions of health have shifted over the past 200 years. It charts the rise of the biomedical model, considering its position in relation to other fields of work, including public health, psychosomatic medicine, and behavioural medicine. It examines the theories of psychiatrist George Engel and his proposition of the biopsychosocial model, and the steady increase in theory and research around mental health, positive psychology, and wellbeing. Research into the health benefits of the arts are then explored in relation to these theoretical frameworks to illustrate the wide-ranging biological, physiological, psychological, and social effects of the arts that have been identified.
Working in healthcare
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

Working with the arts in health care can present a range of challenges and areas of sensitivity. This chapter considers some of the most important protocols when working in health. This includes crucial issues around patient safeguarding, such as codes of conduct for working with patients and the public, patient confidentiality, ways of flagging causes for concern, and considerations when undertaking photography or filming. It also looks at important aspects of health and safety, including standard infection control precautions, risk assessments, and occupational health. Finally, the chapter explores how to engage patients, public, and staff in interventions to provide a safe and friendly environment.
Fact file 1: Critical care and emergency medicine
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

Emergency medicine involves the care of patients who require immediate medical attention. The specialty encompasses a broad range of medical disciplines, including anaesthesia, cardiology (a field related to the heart), neurology (a field related to the brain), plastic surgery, orthopaedic surgery (surgery relating to the bones or muscles), and cardiothoracic surgery (surgery relating to the heart, chest, or lungs). There are also a number of subspecialties including extreme environment medicine, disaster medicine and sports medicine. Related to emergency medicine is the specialty of critical care medicine, which is concerned with the care of patients with life-threatening conditions often treated in intensive care settings....
Fact file 5: Neurology
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

Neurology focuses on diagnosing and treating conditions affecting the nervous system, which encompasses the brain and peripheral nervous system (involving the nerves and nerve cell clusters that connect the brain to the limbs and organs) and the muscular system. Some neurological conditions are present from birth, such as cerebral palsy; while some develop during childhood, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy; and others typically affect older people, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Neurology also deals with acquired brain injuries, strokes, and cancers affecting the brain and spine....