bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Newly developed strategies for improving sensitivity to radiation by targeting signal pathways in cancer therapy
Authors: Ding Miao , Zhang Erlong , He Rong , Wang Xingyong
Published: August 2013

Inherent and acquired resistance of cancer cells is increasingly recognized as a significant impediment to effective radiation cancer treatment. As important intracellular factors, aberrant tumor transmembrane signal transduction pathways, which include the prosurvival cascades (PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK and JAK/STAT) and the proapoptosis pathways (Wnt, p53 and TNF‐α/NF‐κB), have been proved to be crucial determinants of the probability of cell sensitivity to radiation in malignant lesions. There is increasing evidence that targeting the abnormal pathways that can regulate the activity of the DNA damage response and further influence the response of tumor cells to radiation may be suitable for improving radiation sensitization. Preclinical and clinical evidence suggest that agents targeting aberrant tumor signals can effectively improve the therapeutic effect of ionizing radiation. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the intricate interplay between tumor responses to radiation with the aberrant signal pathways, and the potential druggable targets within the pathways to sensitize tumors without significant collateral damage to normal tissues. The application of novel targeting compounds to manipulate the aberrant signal of tumor cells in clinical treatments is also addressed.
Synthesis, Analytical Analysis, and Medicinal Aspect of Novel Benzimidazoles and their Metal Complexes
Authors: Agrawal Sangeeta , Bhatnagar Rishi Raj , Tiwari Anjani , Srivastava Rakesh , sharma Upasana
Published: August 2013

Benzimidazole and their metal analogs that can act as multimodal agent and have non‐peptidic CCK‐B receptor antagonist were synthesized and characterized on the basis of spectroscopic techniques such as FT‐IR, NMR, FAB‐MS and also evaluated for biologic efficacy. The ligands showed binding to most of the organs, known to express CCK receptors in biodistribution studies. Cholecystokinin (CCK1 and CCK2) receptor binding affinities of these analogs (IC50) are 0.802 ± 0.007 for compound C and 0.326 ± 0.012 for compound D in rat pancreatic acini. These studies have provided a new template for further development of novel agents for various related diseases.
Regular dental checkup and snack–soda drink consumption of preschool children are associated with early childhood caries in Korean caregiver/preschool children dyads
Authors: Han Dong‐Hun , Kim Dong‐Hyun , Kim Min‐Ji , Kim Jin‐Bom , Jung‐Choi Kyunghee , Bae Kwang‐Hak
Published: August 2013

Objectives

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a common oral disease among young Korean children. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of ECC with preschool children's oral health behavior and caregivers' oral health in Ulsan, Korea.

Methods

In 2006, cross‐sectional survey of 1214 children under 6 years old and their care givers were surveyed. Two dentists examined according to the WHO criteria. Outcome variable was ECC, and explanatory variables were preschool children's oral health behavior and caregivers' oral health. The chi‐square test and multiple log‐binomial regression models were performed.

Results

The prevalence of simple ECC was 47.5% and that of severe ECC was 34.8%. In bivariate analysis, ECC prevalence was increased according to children's age, caregiver's age, and type of housing. In multiple log‐binomial regression models, preschool children's irregular oral checkup [prevalence ratio (PR): 1.7 for simple ECC and 1.8 for severe ECC] and frequent snack and soda drinking (PR: 1.2 for simple ECC, and 1.6 for severe ECC) were significant factors.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that the prevalence of ECC was high among Korean children. Early intervention programs for preschool children's oral health behavior should be developed based on the risk factors identified in this study.
Telomeres and endocrine dysfunction of the adrenal and GH/IGF‐1 axes
Authors: Aulinas Anna , Ramírez María José , Barahona María José , Mato Eugènia , Bell Olga , Surrallés Jordi , Webb Susan M.
Published: August 2013

Telomeres, located at the end of linear chromosomes, are essential to maintain genomic stability. Telomere biology has recently emerged as an important player in the fields of ageing and disease. To maintain telomere length (TL) and reduce its degradation after mitosis, the telomerase enzyme complex is produced. Genetic, epigenetic, hormonal and environmental factors can regulate telomerase function. These include stress hormones such as cortisol and growth factors. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis has been evaluated in psychiatric diseases where hypercortisolism and oxidative stress are often present. Some researches have linked TL shortening to increases in stress‐related cortisol, but others have not. The effects of cortisol on the telomere system are complex and may depend on the intensity and duration of exposure. On the other hand, low levels of IGF‐1 are associated with inflammation and ageing‐related diseases (ischaemic heart disease, congestive heart failure). Both IGF‐1 and TL diminish with age and are positively and strongly correlated with each other. It is not clear whether this positive correlation reflects a single association or a cause–effect relationship. Further research will ideally investigate longitudinal changes in telomeres and both these hormonal axes. To our knowledge, TL dysfunction has not been described in either endogenous hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome) or acromegaly where excessive amounts of GH and consequently IGF‐1 are produced. This review focuses on the possible relationships between telomere dysfunction and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and GH‐IGF‐1 system.
Circulating level of TRAIL concentration is positively associated with endothelial function and increased by diabetic therapy in the newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Xiang Guangda , Zhang Junxia , Ling Yue , Zhao Linshuang
Published: August 2013

Objective

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) is associated with atherosclerosis. This study was to investigate the changes of circulating TRAIL and its association with flow‐mediated endothelium‐dependent arterial dilation (FMD) before and after diabetic treatment in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

The study subjects included 55 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 52 healthy subjects. Circulating TRAIL concentration was measured by an ELISA, and high‐resolution ultrasound was used to measure FMD of brachial artery.

Results

The circulating TRAIL in patients before treatment was 64·46 pg/ml, which was significantly lower than that in control (80·70 pg/ml, P < 0·001). After 6 months of diabetic treatment, TRAIL level increased markedly (75·11 pg/ml), which was still lower than that in control (P < 0·001). FMD was reduced compared with controls at baseline and increased after diabetic therapy (P < 0·001). In multivariate analysis, circulating TRAIL was significantly associated with FMD, fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2‐h blood glucose (2‐h BG), haemoglobinA1c (HbA1c) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) at baseline (P < 0·01). The absolute change in TRAIL was correlated with the changes in FMD, FBG, 2‐h BG, HbA1c and CRP (P < 0·01) before and after diabetic treatment.

Conclusion

Circulating TRAIL level decreased in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and increased after 6 months of diabetic treatment significantly. The circulating TRAIL level is positively associated with endothelial function. Our data showed that circulating TRAIL level may be a protective maker of endothelial function in type 2 diabetes.
Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and sleep quality in carriers of the fragile X premutation
Authors: Summers S.M. , Cogswell J. , Goodrich J.E. , Mu Y. , Nguyen D.V. , Brass S.D. , Hagerman R.J.
Published: August 2013

This study examined the relationship between the fragile X premutation and restless legs syndrome (RLS). Demographic, medical history and survey responses related to sleep were collected from 213 participants (127 carriers and 86 age matched controls). Subjects were asked about the presence of the four formal diagnostic criteria for RLS. Individuals with the premutation were 1.9 times as likely to meet criteria for RLS (95% CI 1.1–3.2, p = 0.025) as controls. Premutation carriers with RLS also experienced significantly worse symptoms than matched controls with adjusted mean scores of 15.1 ± 8.8 vs 7.9 ± 4.4, respectively on the International Restless Legs Scale (IRLS). As markers for domains of sleep disturbance, all subjects completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISA) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Premutation carriers demonstrated significantly more pathology on these tests except for the ESS where there was a trend towards increased daytime sleepiness in carriers. RLS joins a host of other conditions that should be carefully screened for in those carrying the fragile X premutation and sleep should be a focus for clinicians providing care to them.
A Photoelastic Stress Analysis of Screw‐ and Cement‐Retained Implant Prostheses with Marginal Gaps
Authors: Lee Jae‐In , Lee Yoon , Kim Nan‐Young , Kim Yu‐Lee , Cho Hye‐Won
Published: August 2013

Background

The precise fit of an implant prosthesis is considered to be a prerequisite for the success and maintenance of osseointegration. It is unknown how much static stress can be tolerated at the implant‐bone interface with ill‐fitting prostheses for the two different types of retention (cement vs screw).

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stress pattern and magnitude in the supporting tissues around ITI (Straumann AG, Waldenburg, Switzerland) implants with screw‐ or cement‐retained prostheses with marginal gaps by photoelastic analysis.

Materials and Methods

A photoelastic model of a human mandible, partially edentulous distal to the canine, was made of PL‐2 resin. Three ITI implants (4.1 × 10 mm, Straumann AG, Waldenburg, Switzerland) were placed in the posterior edentulous region, and screw‐ or cement‐retained three‐unit fixed partial dentures (FPDs) were fabricated. Ill‐fitting prostheses were made by placing a 100‐μm gap between the abutments and the superstructures on the second premolar or the first molar. A static vertical force of 134 N was applied at three loading points on each prosthesis. Photoelastic stress analysis was carried out to measure the fringe order around the implant‐supporting structures.

Results

Even in the unloaded condition, low‐level stresses were generated around the implants after screw tightening or cementing the three‐unit FPDs with marginal gaps. Loading on the terminal implants developed high concentrated stresses around the loaded implant, regardless of the types of restorations or the presence of gaps. However, when the middle implant was loaded, moderate stresses were distributed to the anterior and posterior implants.

Conclusions

Screw‐retained FPDs with gaps exhibited a wider range of stresses on the interproximal region of adjacent implants than cement‐retained FPDs. However, severe misfit in the prosthesis caused the nonaxial stress transfer to the adjacent implants in the cement‐retained FPDs with gaps.
Immediate Implant Placement into Fresh Extraction Socket in the Mandibular Molar Sites: A Preliminary Study of a Modified Insertion Technique
Authors: Hamouda Nelly I. , Mourad Samah I. , El‐Kenawy Mohamed H. , Maria Ola M.
Published: August 2013

Background

Immediate implant insertion in mandibular molar extraction sockets raises a series of challenges for clinicians.

Purpose

This preliminary study demonstrates the use of a modified insertion technique of implant placement at the time of mandibular molar extraction.

Materials and Methods

Immediate implants were placed at the time of molar extraction in 20 patients; a sulcular buccal incision with releasing periosteal incisions were made around the mandibular molar to be replaced, and implant insertion into the interseptal/interradicular bone was performed. The remnants of roots were atraumatically extracted, and the bony defects around the implant were grafted with synthetic resorbable bone substitute β‐ Tricalcium phosphate, and the flap was sutured. Three months later, implants were restored with single crown fixed prostheses. Patients were followed up at 6, 12, and 18 months after insertion using periapical standardized radiographs to monitor the changes in the marginal bone level.

Results

Our modified insertion techniques showed an implant survival rate of 95%; one implant failed 4 weeks after insertion. No significant marginal bone loss around the implant was recorded at all times of follow‐up. Satisfactory soft issue parameters were achieved.

Conclusions

The combination of immediate implant placement with engagement of the interseptal/interradicular bone, atraumatic extraction of remnant roots, and concomitant regenerative therapy showed preliminary favorable outcomes. However, wider application of this technique for longer following up periods is required for further conclusive recommendations.
Birth of an Abstraction: A Dynamical Systems Account of the Discovery of an Elsewhere Principle in a Category Learning Task
Authors: Tabor Whitney , Cho Pyeong W. , Dankowicz Harry
Published: August 2013

Human participants and recurrent (“connectionist”) neural networks were both trained on a categorization system abstractly similar to natural language systems involving irregular (“strong”) classes and a default class. Both the humans and the networks exhibited staged learning and a generalization pattern reminiscent of the Elsewhere Condition (Kiparsky, 1973). Previous connectionist accounts of related phenomena have often been vague about the nature of the networks’ encoding systems. We analyzed our network using dynamical systems theory, revealing topological and geometric properties that can be directly compared with the mechanisms of non‐connectionist, rule‐based accounts. The results reveal that the networks “contain” structures related to mechanisms posited by rule‐based models, partly vindicating the insights of these models. On the other hand, they support the one mechanism (OM), as opposed to the more than one mechanism (MOM), view of symbolic abstraction by showing how the appearance of MOM behavior can arise emergently from one underlying set of principles. The key new contribution of this study is to show that dynamical systems theory can allow us to explicitly characterize the relationship between the two perspectives in implemented models.
Gait analysis is a viable tool for the assessment of transverse plane motion in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Õunpuu Sylvia
Published: August 2013

This commentary is on the original article by Wren et al. on pages 919–925 of this issue.
Developing a Framework and Agenda for Students' Voices in the School System acrossEurope: from diametric to concentric relational spaces for early school leaving prevention
Authors: Downes Paul
Published: August 2013

There are significantlacunaein the otherwise highly progressive documents on early school leaving prevention from theEuropeanCommission andCouncil in 2011, as part of theEU2020 headline target of 10% early school leavers across theEU. These documents offer no explicit account or analysis of the voices of children and young people, nor vision of systemic accountability of schools to students’ needs. This article argues that key problems of early school leaving can be interpreted as system level blockages in communication, including blockage in communication of children's voices. It seeks to develop a conceptual framework for understanding relational systems by reinterpreting a particular dimension of the structuralist anthropology ofLévi‐Strauss’ cross‐cultural examination of systems of relation, namely, the interplay between diametric oppositional and concentric relational spaces. The theoretical framework proposed in this article will also seek to translate structural features of system change into structural indicators for system scrutiny and accountability. Identification of key structural indicators is to facilitate change beyond blocked, diametric school space and towards concentric relational spaces in the school system — based on diverse accounts of students’ voices and needs in specificEuropean contexts, as part of a potential strategy atEuropean level to prevent early school leaving. Emerging issues highlighted as an agenda for reform include authoritarian teaching, alternatives to suspension, splits in communication, emotional supports, teacher conflict resolution skills and substantive structures and processes for active student voices in school.
Early School Leavers and Social Disadvantage in Spain: from books to bricks and vice‐versa
Authors: Vallejo Claudia , Dooly Melinda
Published: August 2013

It can be argued that in Spain there is a relationship between the high rates of early school leaving (ESL) and inactive or unemployed young people, as is evidenced by the current situation in which over half the working population aged 25 or younger is unemployed, many having completed compulsory education only. ESL and its social and economic consequences must be considered within the parameters and expectations of the Spanish labour market and how these expectations are/were linked to demands (or not) for continued education. This article considers the monumental social, political and economic changes that have occurred in Spain during a short span of time (including the real estate crash of 2008 and subsequent economic crisis), and how these issues intersect with measures that directly concern the educational system. It also considers a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors related to the Spanish educational system, and the impact these have on rates of ESL. The article ends with a discussion of policies and practices that may reduce ESL rates and help transform the Spanish general perception of early school leavers from a ‘lost generation’ to a generation of young people with potential for helping Spain move out of its current economic crisis.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor interacts with astrocytes and neurons to control respiration
Authors: Caravagna Céline , Soliz Jorge , Seaborn Tommy
Published: August 2013

Respiratory rhythm is generated and modulated in the brainstem. Neuronal involvement in respiratory control and rhythmogenesis is now clearly established. However, glial cells have also been shown to modulate the activity of brainstem respiratory groups. Although the potential involvement of other glial cell type(s) cannot be excluded, astrocytes are clearly involved in this modulation. In parallel, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) also modulates respiratory rhythm. The currently available data on the respective roles of astrocytes and BDNF in respiratory control and rhythmogenesis lead us to hypothesize that there is BDNF‐mediated control of the communication between neurons and astrocytes in the maintenance of a proper neuronal network capable of generating a stable respiratory rhythm. According to this hypothesis, progression of Rett syndrome, an autism spectrum disease with disordered breathing, can be stabilized in mouse models by re‐expressing the normal gene pattern in astrocytes or microglia, as well as by stimulating the BDNF signaling pathway. These results illustrate how the signaling mechanisms by which glia exerts its effects in brainstem respiratory groups is of great interest for pathologies associated with neurological respiratory disorders.
Using landscape history to predict biodiversity patterns in fragmented landscapes
Authors: Ewers Robert M. , Didham Raphael K. , Pearse William D. , Lefebvre Véronique , Rosa Isabel M. D. , Carreiras João M. B. , Lucas Richard M. , Reuman Daniel C.
Published: August 2013

Landscape ecology plays a vital role in understanding the impacts of land‐use change on biodiversity, but it is not a predictive discipline, lacking theoretical models that quantitatively predict biodiversity patterns from first principles. Here, we draw heavily on ideas from phylogenetics to fill this gap, basing our approach on the insight that habitat fragments have a shared history. We develop a landscape ‘terrageny’, which represents the historical spatial separation of habitat fragments in the same way that a phylogeny represents evolutionary divergence among species. Combining a random sampling model with a terrageny generates numerical predictions about the expected proportion of species shared between any two fragments, the locations of locally endemic species, and the number of species that have been driven locally extinct. The model predicts that community similarity declines with terragenetic distance, and that local endemics are more likely to be found in terragenetically distinctive fragments than in large fragments. We derive equations to quantify the variance around predictions, and show that ignoring the spatial structure of fragmented landscapes leads to over‐estimates of local extinction rates at the landscape scale. We argue that ignoring the shared history of habitat fragments limits our ability to understand biodiversity changes in human‐modified landscapes.
Searching for the Audience of the Weeping Lizard's Distress Call
Authors: Hoare Misque , Labra Antonieta
Published: August 2013

The evolution and functions of avian and mammalian antipredator calls are well understood, which contrasts with a lack of progress in reptiles. Here, we present the first investigation of the functions of a distress call in a lizard. We studied Liolaemus chiliensis, which emits a short and complex high‐pitched scream when it is subdued. We determined the behavioral responses of two potential targets to these calls, conspecifics, and a snake predator. Additionally, we tested whether the chemical environment (presence of chemical scents from conspecifics) modulates the lizards' responses to calls. Both the conspecifics and the predator responded to the distress calls, which triggered a longer period of immobility in the lizards and a reduction in exploratory behavior in the snake, as compared to a white noise. In addition, the lizards in the arena with scents of conspecifics responded to distress calls and noise with more movements and escape attempts. These results suggest that distress calls may enhance the survival of L. chiliensis individuals.
Epidermal growth factor receptor and the sebaceous gland
Authors: Zouboulis Christos C.
Published: August 2013

Side effects of EGFR inhibition do not include primary sebaceous gland changes. Dahlhoff et al. evaluated EGFR actions on the sebaceous glands in mutant mice with constitutively activated EGFR expression. Enlarged, hyperproliferative sebaceous glands and increased sebum levels were detected, and c‐myc levels were increased. These data indicate that EGFR‐induced sebocyte mechanisms are probably species‐specific. The detected SCD deregulation is compatible with previous reports, whereas SCD is a marker of sebaceous differentiation, and its expression is essential for lipogenesis. As SCD expression is upregulated by TLR2 activation, there is a link between SCD overexpression and sebaceous differentiation/lipogenesis with inflammation.
Dose‐dependent inhibitory effects of proton pump inhibitors on human osteoclastic and osteoblastic cell activity
Authors: Costa‐Rodrigues João , Reis Sara , Teixeira Sónia , Lopes Sandra , Fernandes Maria H.
Published: August 2013

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), a class of molecules that are used to decrease gastric acid production, might have adverse effects on bone metabolism. The aim of this study was to characterize the concentration‐dependent and time‐dependent effects of three PPIs (omeprazole, esomeprazole, and lansoprazole) on human osteoclast precursor cells isolated from peripheral blood, and on human mesenchymal stem cells (osteoblast precursors). Cell cultures were characterized for total protein content, apoptosis, and several osteoclastic/osteoblastic features, and also for the involvement of some intracellular signaling pathways. PPIs caused a dose‐dependent decrease in cellular density, which correlated with an increase in the apoptosis rate, effects that became statistically significant at concentrations ≥ 10−5 m. They also inhibited phenotype‐related gene expression and functional parameters. For both cell types, cellular function, i.e. osteoclastic resorption and the formation of mineralized deposits by osteoblastic cells, was more affected than proliferation‐related parameters. The three PPIs showed similar qualitative and quantitative effects, but displayed some differences in the underlying intracellular signaling pathways. These results suggest that PPIs might have a direct deleterious effect on bone cells, with the possibility of decreased bone turnover.
Modelling dispersal and connectivity of broadcast spawning corals at the global scale
Authors: Wood S. , Paris C. B. , Ridgwell A. , Hendy E. J.
Published: August 2013

Aim

We develop the first global model of connectivity for a generic broadcast spawning coral, and compare the results to connectivity estimates from genetic studies, general biogeographic patterns and theories. We also derive various ‘connectivity indices’ describing relative isolation and source potential between locations.

Location

Modelled oceans 47° S–47° N.

Methods

Dispersal of model coral ‘larvae’ was simulated over 8 years using an individual‐based biophysical dispersal model driven by 1/12°‐resolution surface ocean current data and incorporating individual trait variability (e.g. a phased pre‐competency period). Source and arrival locations of modelled larvae on suitable reef habitat gave standardized dispersal paths and relative levels of connectivity.

Results

In the model c. 50% of connections occurred within 50–100 km, with rarer dispersal between regions linking entire oceans in a ‘stepping stone’ fashion. The central Pacific was an almost complete barrier to dispersal, only rarely breached westward from the Galapagos to Marquesas Islands. Areas showing strong isolation also included Hawaii, Easter Island, the Red Sea and the eastern Atlantic. The Indo‐West Pacific and Great Barrier Reef showed the highest levels of connectivity, with secondary peaks in the western Indian Ocean, corresponding to areas of enriched coral diversity. The central Indo‐Pacific diversity hotspot was overall a greater source than sink for dispersal.

Conclusions

This study provides a global view of connectivity that complements genetic and biogeographic work as well as providing a number of novel findings relevant to biogeographic theories (e.g. the central Indo‐Pacific as a dispersal source; Johnston Atoll as the sole ‘stepping‐stone’ into Hawaii). Discrepancies with proposed connectivity patterns (e.g. one‐way, westward, connectivity across the central Pacific) present hypotheses for future research. The model represents an effective tool for exploring the factors controlling connectivity on this scale and the effects of climate change on future connectivity, and will also aid predictions of future reef distributions.
Effect of Temperature on Oxidation Behavior of 3‐Dimensional C/SiC Composites Coated by Different Structural SiC and a‐BCx Coatings in Static Wet Oxygen Atmosphere
Authors: Liu Yongsheng , Men Jing , Zhang Litong , Cheng Laifei , Yang Wenbin , Zhang Weihua
Published: August 2013

The effect of temperature on oxidation behavior of 3‐dimensional C/SiC composites coated with SiC and a‐BCx coatings was investigated. Below 1000°C, C/SiC composites with SiC coating (sample SSS) showed low residual strength, while the composites with a‐BCx coating (sample BBB) and the composites with a‐BCx/a‐BCx/SiC coatings (sample BBS) showed high residual strength. Above 1000°C, samples SSS and BBS showed high residual strength, while sample BBB showed the opposite results. Sample BBS presented better oxidation resistance during 700–1200°C. The oxidation temperature made an effect on self‐sealing mode of sample BBS.
Alternative Predictors for Dealing with the Diversity–Validity Dilemma in Personnel Selection: The constructed response multimedia test
Authors: De Soete Britt , Lievens Filip , Oostrom Janneke , Westerveld Lena
Published: August 2013

In the context of the diversity–validity dilemma in personnel selection, the present field study compared ethnic subgroup differences on an innovative constructed response multimedia test to other commonly used selection instruments. Applicants (N = 245, 27% ethnic minorities) for entry‐level police jobs completed a constructed response multimedia test, cognitive ability test, language proficiency test, personality inventory, structured interview, and role play. Results demonstrated minor ethnic subgroup differences on constructed response multimedia test scores as compared to other instruments. Constructed response multimedia test scores were related to the selection decision, and no evidence for predictive bias was found. Subgroup differences were also examined on the dimensional level, with cognitively loaded dimension scores displaying larger differences.
Influence of body mass index on oncological outcomes in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma treated with radical nephroureterectomy
Authors: Liu Jian‐Ye , Li Yong‐Hong , Liu Zhou‐Wei , Zhang Zhi‐Ling , Ye Yun‐Lin , Yao Kai , Jiang Li‐Juan , Han Hui , Qin Zi‐Ke , Zhou Fang‐Jian
Published: August 2013

Objective

To investigate the association between body mass index and oncological outcomes in Chinese patients who had undergone radical nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma.

Methods

Between August 1998 and October 2009, 236 consecutive Chinese patients underwent radical nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma at Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center (Guangzhou, China). Body mass index data were available for 230 (97.5%) of these patients. All 230 patients were classified into three groups according to the body mass index criteria for Asians, issued by the Asia Cohort Consortium: underweight, body mass index <18.5 kg/m2 (n = 21, 9.1%); normal weight, body mass index ≥18.5 and <25 kg/m2 (n = 151, 65.7%); and obesity, body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, (n = 58, 25.2%). Spearman's rank correlation, Kaplan–Meier plots and Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to analyze the data.

Results

Being underweight was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.017) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (P = 0.003). Univariate analysis showed recurrence‐free survival and cancer‐specific survival were significantly worse in underweight patients than in patients with normal weight or obese patients. After adjustments for other clinicopathological variables, multivariate analysis confirmed that recurrence‐free survival and cancer‐specific survival were significantly worse in underweight patients than in patients with normal weight or obese patients (recurrence‐free survival P = 0.014, cancer‐specific survival P = 0.015).

Conclusions

Preoperative underweight is an independent predictor of unfavorable recurrence‐free survival and cancer‐specific survival in Chinese patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma treated by radical nephroureterectomy, whereas obesity is associated with superior recurrence‐free survival and cancer‐specific survival. Further studies, including a multi‐institutional, prospective, Asian cohort study, are required to confirm these findings.
Dorsal onlay (Barbagli technique) versus dorsal inlay (Asopa technique) buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty for anterior urethral stricture: A prospective randomized study
Authors: Aldaqadossi Hussein , El Gamal Samir , El‐Nadey Mohamed , El Gamal Osama , Radwan Mohamed , Gaber Mohamed
Published: August 2013

Objective

To compare both the dorsal onlay technique of Barbagli and the dorsal inlay technique of Asopa for the management of long anterior urethral stricture.

Methods

From January 2010 to May 2012, a total of 47 patients with long anterior urethral strictures were randomized into two groups. The first group included 25 patients who were managed by dorsal onlay buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty. The second group included 22 patients who were managed by dorsal inlay buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty. Different clinical parameters, postoperative complications and success rates were compared between both groups.

Results

The overall success rate in the dorsal onlay group was 88%, whereas in the dorsal inlay group the success rate was 86.4% during the follow‐up period. The mean operative time was significantly longer in the dorsal onlay urethroplasty group (205 ± 19.63 min) than in the dorsal inlay urethroplasty group (128 ± 4.9 min, P‐value <0.0001). The average blood loss was significantly higher in the dorsal onlay urethroplasty group (228 ± 5.32 mL) than in the dorsal inlay urethroplasty group (105 ± 12.05 mL, P‐value <0.0001).

Conclusions

The dorsal onlay technique of Barbagli and the dorsal inlay technique of Asopa buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty provide similar success rates. The Asopa technique is easy to carry out, provides shorter operative time and less blood loss, and it is associated with fewer complications for anterior urethral stricture repair.
Modeling the association between sexual maturation, transmissible risk, and peer relationships during childhood and adolescence on development of substance use disorder in young adulthood
Authors: Horner Michelle S. , Tarter Ralph , Kirisci Levent , Clark Duncan B.
Published: August 2013

Background

This prospective study investigated pubertal timing and transmissible risk in relation to affiliation with deviant peers on the development of substance use disorder (SUD).

Method

Participants were boys (N = 500) ascertained through proband fathers with (N = 250), and without (N = 250) DSM‐III‐R lifetime diagnosis of SUD who were prospectively tracked from age 10–12 to 22. Transmissible liability index (TLI), Tanner stage, peer delinquency, and substance use were measured at ages 10–12 and 16. SUD diagnosis during early adulthood was determined.

Results

Structural equation modeling revealed two pathways in which transmissible risk and sexual maturation influenced development of SUD. In the first pathway, transmissible risk was correlated with and prospectively predicted affiliation with deviant peers and substance use presaging SUD. In the second pathway, advanced sexual maturation positively predicted affiliation with deviant peers and substance use, which in turn predicted SUD. However, transmissible risk was not associated with pubertal development.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that advanced sexual maturation and transmissible risk constitute unrelated facets of SUD liability; however, both factors bias development toward SUD via affiliation with deviant peers.

Scientific Significance

Youth with advanced sexual maturation and/or transmissible risk for SUD are at higher risk for developing SUD. Additional research is needed to determine if addressing these risk factors will contribute to advancements in SUD prevention. (Am J Addict 2013;22:474–480)
Will pre‐adaptation buffer the impacts of climate change on novel species interactions?
Authors: Herstoff Emily , Urban Mark C.
Published: August 2013

Species are expected to alter their ranges as climates change. Climate‐induced range expansions of predators could threaten evolutionarily naïve prey populations, leading to high mortality at the invasion front. If prey can apply existing defenses against local predators to novel predation threats induced by climate change, mortality threats will be less than expected. Here, we examine if spotted salamander larvae Ambystoma maculatum from populations that coexist with native red‐spotted newts Notophthalmus viridescens survive better when exposed to a novel predator, the marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum. We show that regional mean winter temperatures warmed 2.0°C over 116 yr in the region, and that A. opacum survival increases in ponds with higher winter temperatures. Hence as winters continue to warm, this apex predator will likely colonize ponds north of their current range limit. Next, we performed common garden experiments to determine if local adaptations to native N. viridescens and exposure to A. opacum or N. viridescens kairomones (predator chemical cues) altered A. maculatum survival in predation trials. We did not find evidence for local adaptation to N. viridescens. However, A. maculatum from high‐N. viridescens ponds that were reared with A. opacum kairomones suffered significantly higher mortality from the native predator N. viridescens. This outcome suggests an unanticipated interaction between local adaptation and plastic responses to novel kairomones from a potentially range‐expanding predator. Current projections of biodiversity losses from climate change generally ignore the potential for eco‐evolutionary interactions between native and range‐expanding species and thus could be inaccurate.
Expanded Vermiculite/Paraffin Composite as a Solar Thermal Energy Storage Material
Authors: Li Chuanchang , Yang Huaming
Published: August 2013

A solar thermal energy storage material was prepared from expanded vermiculite (EVM) and paraffin by vacuum impregnation. Samples were characterized by thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TG‐DSC), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), petrographic analysis, and thermal conductivity measurements. The results indicated that EVM existed as a phlogopite structure in the EVM/paraffin composite. The composite latent heat was 137.6 J/g at the freezing temperature of 52.5°C and 135.5 J/g at the melting temperature of 48.0°C, when the paraffin content was 67%. The phlogopite structure of EVM benefited paraffin heat transfer because the composite exhibited a thermal conductivity of 0.545 W·(m·K)−1 higher than that of paraffin. Morphology and structural changes of EVM during composite preparation were investigated. The composite exhibited excellent thermal stability and has potential application in solar thermal energy storage and solar heating.
Magnetic Properties of Al‐doped B4C and SiC Ceramics
Authors: Zhang Caihong , Lian Jiabiao , Ng Dickon H. L.
Published: August 2013

Al‐doped B4C and Al‐doped SiC ceramic compounds were synthesized by high‐temperature solid‐state sintering. Ferromagnetic (FM) ordering was observed in the doped semiconducting ceramics. The changes in the FM ordering with doping level were different in the two doped systems although they were prepared by similar experimental condition. Our results indicated that some of the C in B4C were replaced by the Al atoms, and these displaced C atoms existed in the form of graphite. The synthesized SiC samples, undoped or Al doped, were found to be a mixture consisting of the magnetic and nonmagnetic SiC polytypes. The mechanisms in the generation of the FM ordering due to the dopants in the two ceramics followed different routes.
Sex differences in growth rates of early life stage Japanese eels Anguilla japonica under experimental conditions
Authors: Yoshikawa M.
Published: August 2013

To assess the relationship between growth rate of body mass and sex in the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica in the early life stage; the growth rates of males and females were compared under experimental conditions. The mean growth rate of females was significantly slower than that of males. To assess the relative priority of growth rate and sex, growth was delayed by restricted feeding, resulting in a significantly higher proportion of females in the delayed than in the normal growth group. These findings indicate that the mean growth rate of A. japonica is slower in females than in males in the early life stage around sex determination and differentiation under experimental rearing conditions. Moreover, growth rate probably has priority over sex determination, with slow growth rate increasing the probability of being female.
Breastfeeding Rates and the Relationship Between Breastfeeding and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome in Women Maintained on Buprenorphine During Pregnancy
Authors: O'Connor Alane B. , Collett Abigail , Alto William A. , O'Brien Liam M.
Published: August 2013

Introduction

Although a growing body of evidence suggests that buprenorphine is a safe alternative to methadone in the treatment of opioid‐dependent pregnant women, little is known about breastfeeding in this population. The first objective of this study was to describe breastfeeding rates among opioid‐dependent pregnant women maintained on buprenorphine in an integrated medical and behavioral health program. The second objective was to determine whether breastfeeding is related to the duration, severity, and frequency of pharmacologic treatment for neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS).

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted for all infants born to opioid‐dependent pregnant women treated in the integrated buprenorphine program between December 2007 and August 2012.

Results

Eighty‐five maternal‐infant pairs were identified. Sixty‐five women (76%) chose to breastfeed their infants after birth; of the women who initiated breastfeeding in the hospital, 66% were still breastfeeding 6 to 8 weeks postpartum. Although the data suggest that infants who were breastfed had less severe NAS (mean peak NAS, 8.83 vs 9.65 on a modified Finnegan Scoring System) and were less likely to require pharmacologic treatment (23.1% vs 30.0%) than infants who were not breastfed, these results were not statistically significant.

Discussion

More than three‐quarters of the opioid‐dependent pregnant women in this case series chose to breastfeed after birth. Although a direct comparison of care models is not possible, the integrated model of care potentially reduced some of the barriers to breastfeeding as the women accessed all their care in a single, infant‐friendly setting. Further work is needed to definitively determine whether breastfeeding mitigates NAS.
Fire Sales in a Model of Complexity
Authors: CABALLERO RICARDO J. , SIMSEK ALP
Published: August 2013

We present a model of financial crises that stem from endogenous complexity. We conceptualize complexity as banks' uncertainty about the financial network of cross exposures. As conditions deteriorate, cross exposures generate the possibility of a domino effect of bankruptcies. As this happens, banks face an increasingly complex environment since they need to understand a greater fraction of the financial network to assess their own financial health. Complexity dramatically amplifies banks' perceived counterparty risk, and makes relatively healthy banks reluctant to buy risky assets. The model also features a novel complexity externality.
Sources of Entropy in Representative Agent Models
Authors: BACKUS DAVID , CHERNOV MIKHAIL , ZIN STANLEY
Published: August 2013

We propose two data‐based performance measures for asset pricing models and apply them to models with recursive utility and habits. Excess returns on risky securities are reflected in the pricing kernel's dispersion and riskless bond yields are reflected in its dynamics. We measure dispersion with entropy and dynamics with horizon dependence, the difference between entropy over several periods and one. We compare their magnitudes to estimates derived from asset returns. This exercise reveals tension between a model's ability to generate one‐period entropy, which should be large, and horizon dependence, which should be small.
The Recovery Theorem
Authors: ROSS STEVE
Published: August 2013

We can only estimate the distribution of stock returns, but from option prices we observe the distribution of state prices. State prices are the product of risk aversion—the pricing kernel—and the natural probability distribution. The Recovery Theorem enables us to separate these to determine the market's forecast of returns and risk aversion from state prices alone. Among other things, this allows us to recover the pricing kernel, market risk premium, and probability of a catastrophe and to construct model‐free tests of the efficient market hypothesis.
Where do We Go From Here? New Perspectives on the Black Box in Strategic Human Resource Management Research
Authors: Jiang Kaifeng , Takeuchi Riki , Lepak David P.
Published: August 2013

The main objective of the present research is to briefly review the strategic human resource management (HRM) literature from multilevel theoretical perspectives to summarize what we know about mediating mechanisms in the HR–performance relationship. By doing so, we highlight future research needs to advance theoretical understanding of the ‘black box’ in strategic HRM research. Furthermore, by offering additional theoretical perspectives that can be used to understand the mediating mechanisms at different levels, we suggest future research directions that capture the complexities associated with strategic HRM through a multilevel theoretical lens. Implications of the model are discussed.
Methodological Wishes for the Next Decade and How to Make Wishes Come True
Authors: Aguinis Herman , Edwards Jeffrey R.
Published: August 2013

We discuss seven methodological improvements that would stimulate important advancements in management research. We refer to these improvements as ‘wishes’ that we hope will materialize within the next decade. To promote the implementation of these improvements, we offer concrete and actionable recommendations that researchers can apply when designing and conducting empirical research and that journal editors and reviewers can consider when evaluating manuscripts for publication. These improvements address: (1) accelerating theoretical progress; (2) improving the construct validity of measures; (3) strengthening causal inferences; (4) incorporating multilevel design, measurement, and analysis; (5) balancing trade‐offs between internal and external validity, (6) understanding the nature and impact of outliers; and (7) offering a realistic and useful description of a study's limitations.
Shared and Unshared Barriers to Cancer Symptom Management Among Urban and Rural American Indians
Authors: Itty Tracy Line , Hodge Felicia Schanche , Martinez Fernando
Published: August 2013

Purpose

Before the end of the 20th century, American Indians (AIs) primarily resided in nonmetropolitan areas. Shifting demographic trends have led to a majority of AIs now living in urban areas, leading to new health care barriers for AIs. AIs experience the poorest survival from all cancers combined compared to all other racial groups. Identifying and classifying barriers to cancer care may facilitate supportive interventions and programs to improve access and treatment.

Methods

A 5‐year cancer symptom management project targeted AIs in the Southwest. The first phase of the randomized clinical trial consisted of 13 focus groups (N = 126) of cancer patients/survivors and their caregivers. Discussions explored existing and perceived barriers and facilitators to cancer symptom management and cancer treatment.

Findings

Significant barriers to cancer‐related care were found among urban AIs, as compared to their rural counterparts. Barriers were classified within 4 subgroups: (1) structural, (2) physical, (3) supportive, or (4) cultural. Urban AIs reported barriers that are both structural and physical (inadequate access to care and public transportation) and supportive (lack of support, resources and technology, and less access to traditional healing). Rural participants reported communication and culture barriers (language differences, illness beliefs, and low levels of cancer care knowledge), as well as unique structural, physical, and supportive barriers.

Conclusion

It is important to identify and understand culturally and geographically influenced barriers to cancer treatment and symptom management. We provide recommendations for strategies to reduce health disparities for AIs that are appropriate to their region of residence and barrier type.