bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations—association between intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring changes and neurological outcome
Authors: Niedermeyer Sebastian , Szelenyi Andrea , Schichor Christian , Tonn Joerg-Christian , Siller Sebastian
Published: September 2022

Background

Microsurgical resection of spinal cord cavernous malformations can be assisted by intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM). While the clinical outcome after surgical resection has been discussed in several case series, the association of intraoperative IONM changes and detailed neurological outcome, however, has not been analyzed so far.

Methods

Seventeen patients with spinal cavernomas underwent surgery between 02/2004 and 06/2020. Detailed neurological and clinical outcome as well as IONM data including motor-evoked potential (MEP) and somatosensory-evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring were retrospectively analyzed. Intraoperative IONM changes were compared to outcome at 3-month and 1-year follow-up in order to identify surrogate parameters for an impending neurological deficit.

Results

Compared to the preoperative state, McCormick score at 1-year follow-up remained unchanged in 12 and improved in five patients, none worsened, while detailed neurological examination revealed a new or worsened sensorimotor deficit in 4 patients. The permanent 80% amplitude reduction of MEP and 50% amplitude reduction of SSEP showed the best diagnostic accuracy with a sensitivity of 100% and 67% respectively and a specificity of 73% and 93% respectively. The relative risk for a new neurological deficit at 1-year follow-up, when reversible IONM-deterioration was registered compared to irreversible IONM deterioration, was 0.56 (0.23–1.37) for MEP deterioration and 0.4 (0.18–0.89) for SSEP deterioration.

Conclusions

Reversible IONM changes were associated with a better neurological outcome at follow-up compared to irreversible IONM deterioration during SCCM surgery. Our study favors the permanent 80% amplitude reduction criterion for MEP and 50% amplitude reduction criterion for SSEP for further prospective evaluation of IONM significance and the effectiveness of corrective maneuvers during SCCM surgeries.
Fighting against, and coping with, drought in Brazil: two policy paradigms intertwined
Authors: Cavalcante Louise , Dewulf Art , van Oel Pieter
Published: September 2022

In northeast Brazil, fight-against-drought and cope-with-drought have been identified as two different drought policy paradigms. This article aims to examine the persistence, coexistence, intertwining, and evolution of these drought policy paradigms by studying how they inform national policy responses in human-water systems. The questions guiding our research are what do the paradigms of fight-against-drought and cope-with-drought consist of and how did the competing paradigms develop over time? To address these, the research draws on a systematic analysis of policy documents, multiannual strategic plans from 2000 to 2020 (the most recently published), and interviews with key informants. This study found the paradigms evolved with the persistence of the fight-against-drought paradigm with incremental changes of the cope-with-drought. The coexistence of paradigms started in 2004 and was in 2016 that the persistence, coexistence and intertwining of both were established. We use two theories, Hall’s (1993) policy and Lindblom’s (1959, 1979) incrementalism for analyzing the influences drought policy paradigms in human-water systems. This study provides new insights to understand the role of ideas in policy processes empirically showing how drought policy paradigms gradually evolve influencing policy responses.
Improving procedural skills acquisition of students during medical device training: experiments on e-Learning vs. e-Learning with hands-on
Authors: Grundgeiger Tobias , Ertle Franz , Diethei Daniel , Mengelkamp Christoph , Held Volker
Published: September 2022

In the context of medical device training, e-Learning can address problems like unstandardized content and different learning paces. However, staff and students value hands-on activities during medical device training. In a blended learning approach, we examined whether using a syringe pump while conducting an e-Learning program improves the procedural skills needed to operate the pump compared to using the e-Learning program only. In two experiments, the e-Learning only group learned using only the e-Learning program. The e-Learning + hands-on group was instructed to use a syringe pump during the e-Learning to repeat the presented content (section “Experiment 1”) or to alternate between learning on the e-Learning program and applying the learned content using the pump (section “Experiment 2”). We conducted a skills test, a knowledge test, and assessed confidence in using the pump immediately after learning and two weeks later. Simply repeating the content (section “Experiment 1”) did not improve performance of e-Learning + hands-on compared with e-Learning only. The instructed learning process (section “Experiment 1”) resulted in significantly better skills test performance for e-Learning + hands-on compared to the e-Learning only. Only a structured learning process based on multi-media learning principles and memory research improved procedural skills in relation to operating a medical device.
A multidisciplinary approach disclosing unexplored Aflatoxin B1 roles in severe impairment of vitamin D mechanisms of action
Authors: Persico Marco , Sessa Raffaele , Cesaro Elena , Dini Irene , Costanzo Paola , Ritieni Alberto , Fattorusso Caterina , Grosso Michela
Published: September 2022

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), produced by fungi of the genus Aspergillus, is the most toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin among the classes of aflatoxins. Previous research showed that AFB1 affects vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression. In the present study, integrated computational and experimental studies were carried out to investigate how AFB1 can interfere with Vitamin D signalling. A competitive antagonism of AFB1 toward RXRα and VDR was hypothesized by comparing the docked complex of AFB1/RXRα and AFB1/VDR ligand-binding domain (LBD) with the X-ray structures of RXRα and VDR bound to known ligands. Accordingly, we demonstrated that AFB1 can affect vitamin D-mediated transcriptional activation of VDR by impairing the formation of protein complexes containing both VDR-RXRα and RXRα/RAR and affecting the subcellular localization of VDR and RXRα. As a whole, our data indicate that AFB1 can interfere with different molecular pathways triggered by vitamin D with an antagonistic mechanism of action.
Process Mechanisms in Behavioral Versus Nondirective Guided Self-help for Parents of Children with Externalizing Behavior
Authors: Treier Anne-Katrin , Hautmann Christopher , Dose Christina , Nordmann Lisa , Katzmann Josepha , Pinior Julia , Scholz Kristin Katharina , Döpfner Manfred
Published: September 2022

The study examined potential mediating effects of therapist behaviors in the per-protocol sample (n = 108) of a randomized controlled trial comparing a behavioral and a nondirective guided self-help intervention for parents of children with externalizing disorders (4–11 years). Additionally, from an exploratory perspective, we analyzed a sequential model with parental adherence as second mediator following therapist behavior. Outcomes were child symptom severity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder rated by blinded clinicians, and parent-rated child functional impairment. We found a significant indirect effect on the reduction of ADHD and functional impairment through emotion- and relationship-focused therapist behavior in the nondirective intervention. Additionally, we found limited support for an extended sequential mediation effect through therapist behavior and parental adherence in the models for these outcomes. The study proposes potential mediating mechanisms unique to the nondirective intervention and complements previous findings on mediator processes in favor of the behavioral group. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01350986.
How Live Streaming Changes Shopping Decisions in E-commerce: A Study of Live Streaming Commerce
Authors: Wang Ye , Lu Zhicong , Cao Peng , Chu Jingyi , Wang Haonan , Wattenhofer Roger
Published: September 2022

Live Streaming Commerce (LSC) is proliferating in China and gaining traction worldwide. LSC is an e-commerce service where sellers communicate with consumers through live streaming while consumers can place orders within the same system. Despite the significant involvement of consumers in LSC, it has not been systematically analyzed how consumers make shopping decisions when engaging with LSC. In this paper, we conduct a mixed-methods study, consisting of surveys (N1 = 240) and follow-up interviews (N2 = 16) with LSC consumers. We focus on two features of LSC, i.e., the communication between merchants and consumers through live streaming and the participation of streamers, and aim to understand how these changes influence consumers’ decision-making process in LSC. We find that LSC enables merchants to exchange information with consumers based on their needs and provide additional customer services. Because of the appropriate information about the products they acquire and the enjoyable shopping atmosphere, consumers are willing to purchase products in LSC. As the intermediaries between merchants and consumers, streamers utilize their independent identity from merchants to enhance consumers’ awareness of shopping and persuade their online shopping decisions. Moreover, we consider the opportunities and challenges of current LSC services and provide implications for LSC services and the research community regarding the development of LSC.
Using Tacit Expert Knowledge to Support Shop-floor Operators Through a Knowledge-based Assistance System
Authors: Hoerner Lorenz , Schamberger Markus , Bodendorf Freimut
Published: September 2022

The increasing complexity of industrial production systems is challenging employees on the shop-floor in their daily work. Specific knowledge about manufacturing processes is often not available in explicit form but mainly as tacit knowledge of experienced shop-floor workers. A systematic approach to knowledge externalization and reuse is required to make this operational knowledge available. This paper proposes a method to systematically capture and structure expert knowledge while incorporating knowledge management and social research methods. The proposed method's application and evaluation occur in a continuous manufacturing scenario, externalizing tacit knowledge about coping with manufacturing anomalies. A digital assistance system is designed and prototypically implemented to manage and reuse the externalized knowledge. The early involvement of shop-floor workers in the development phase of the prototype ensures usability and user acceptance of the assistance system. The assistance system is developed as a collaboration supporting artifact in the shop-floor's common information space. To observe the resulting productivity performance improvements in the manufacturing scenario, a KPI-based evaluation of the assistance system is presented. Finally, a discussion about the major contributions of this paper, namely the development of an approach for knowledge externalization and a human-centered design of an assistance system, takes place. To assess the novelty of these approaches, they are contrasted with the state of the art identified in the literature before a final summary of the results is presented.
A Postphenomenological Perspective On the Changing Nature of Work
Authors: Sergeeva Anastasia V.
Published: September 2022

In this essay, I take a postphenomenological perspective on tracing work transformation during the pandemic, arguing that this perspective helps develop novel sensitivities to the nature of work. Postphenomenology brings into high relief the view on work as reliant on sensory performances and embodied relations, complementing already rich accounts of work being reliant on discursive interactions, social order, and spatiality. The focus of postphenomenology on ‘non-neutrality’ and the multistability of technology provides a useful lens for revealing a multiplicity of changes, encompassing both augmentations and reductions of work experiences and evaluating their consequences for the actors involved. Finally, its attention to the transparency of technology amidst the embodied experiences gives a handle on the role of materiality in the performance of work and may be taken up as informing design efforts. A case study vignette of physiotherapy work during lockdown is offered as an illustration of applying some of the postphenomenological ideas.
Philosophical, Experimental and Synthetic Phenomenology: The Study of Perception for Biological, Artificial Agents and Environments
Authors: Calì Carmelo
Published: September 2022

In this paper the relationship between phenomenology of perception and synthetic phenomenology is discussed. Synthetic phenomenology is presented on the basis of the issues in A.I. and Robotics that required to address the question of what enables artificial agents to have phenomenal access to the environment. Phenomenology of perception is construed as a theory with autonomous structure and domain, which can be embedded in a philosophical as well as a scientific theory. Two attempts at specifying the phenomenal content of artificial agents are discussed. Concepts and experimental evidence on the independence of perception and the coordination of motion and appearances are set out to submit that phenomenology of perception makes a contribution to synthetic phenomenology.
The Impact of Moisture and Clay Content on the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Lime Treated Highly Reactive Clays
Authors: Muhmed Asma , Mohamed Mostafa , Khan Amir
Published: September 2022

This study aims to provide a thorough evaluation for the changes in the microstructure and evolution of strength of highly reactive clays that were treated with 7% lime over a period of curing time as a function of the mixing moisture content. Three series of testing were carried out on specimens with 100%, 85% and 75% of bentonite content and prepared with different moisture content of 10, 20, 30 and 40% above the corresponding optimum moisture content. Specimens of 100% bentonite were treated with 7% of lime, compacted to achieve a predetermined dry unit weight and cured at temperatures of 20 °C and 40 °C for up to 28 days whereas the specimens with 85% and 75% of bentonite content were prepared by the addition of sand and were cured at 20 °C for up to 7 days. Unconfined Compressive Strength tests and Scanning Electron Microscopy were conducted to observe the strength and the microstructural changes resulting from increasing mixing moisture content. California Bearing Ratio and Resilient Modulus were correspondingly determined based on correlations with the Unconfined Compressive Strength. The failure pattern was also studied to better understand the ultimate behaviour of lime stabilised clays. The results revealed that the strength of treated bentonite increased with the increase in the moisture content up to 30% above the corresponding optimum moisture content and with increasing the curing time and temperature. Nevertheless, substituting bentonite with sand on the specimen resulted in a significant reduction on the attained strength. Furthermore, the results of California Bearing Ratio and Resilient Modulus showed that values for both parameters are significantly enhanced with lime treatment. The microstructural analysis provided visual evidence to the improved strength in which the pozzolanic reaction was found to be significantly affected by the amount of moisture in the mixture. The results suggested that compacting lime treated expansive clays with moisture content moderately higher than the optimum moisture content would result in a significant enhancement to the attained strength over the period of curing.
Oscillation results via comparison theorems for fourth-order delay three-terms difference equations
Authors: Migda Małgorzata , Schmeidel Ewa , Zdanowicz Małgorzata , Migda Janusz
Published: September 2022

In this paper we establish sufficient conditions for the oscillation of all solutions of equation$$\begin{aligned} \varDelta ^4x(n)+p(n)\varDelta x(n+1)+q(n)x(n-\tau )=0 \end{aligned}$$Δ4x(n)+p(n)Δx(n+1)+q(n)x(n-τ)=0via comparison with some first order delay difference equations whose oscillatory characters are known. The presented criterion is easily verifiable. Examples are also given to illustrate the main result.
Floods and maternal healthcare utilisation in Bangladesh
Authors: Orderud Hilde , Härkönen Juho , Hårsaker Cathrine Tranberg , Bogren Malin
Published: September 2022

Floods are a common natural hazard in Bangladesh, and climate change is expected to further increase flooding frequency, magnitude and extent. Pregnant women in flood contexts could face challenges in utilisation of maternal healthcare. The aim of this paper is to analyse associations between flood exposure and the use of maternal healthcare (antenatal care visits, birth assisted by skilled birth attendants, and giving birth in a health facility) in Bangladesh for pregnancies/births between 2004 and 2018. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey data from four surveys in the time period 2007–2018 and data on floods from the Emergency Events Database and the Geocoded Disasters Dataset are analysed using multilevel linear probability models. In line with previous results, we find clear bivariate associations between exposure to flooding and maternal healthcare use. These associations are largely confounded by socioeconomic and demographic variables. In general, exposure to flooding — whether measured as exposure to any floods or severe floods — does not affect maternal healthcare use, and we suggest that the lower usage of maternal healthcare in areas exposed to flooding rather relates to the characteristics of the flood-prone areas and their populations, which also relate to lower maternal healthcare use. However, we find negative associations in some supplementary analyses, which suggest that even if there is no effect of floods on average, specific floods may have negative effects on maternal healthcare use.
Metasynthesis: issues of empirical and theoretical context
Authors: Sim Julius , Mengshoel Anne Marit
Published: September 2022

Metasynthesis is an approach to synthesizing primary qualitative research, and may take either an aggregative or an interpretive approach. In either case, the resulting synthesis inevitably occurs at a remove from both the empirical and the theoretical contexts of the original research. We argue that seeking to retain these contexts in the synthesis poses specific challenges. Thus, the empirical context of an original study and the individuality of participants’ first-order accounts will be incompletely and selectively represented in a published study, and will be further out of reach at the level of synthesis. Syntheses should therefore be faithful to, but not seek to reproduce, the empirical context of the primary studies. As regards theoretical context, accommodating the concepts and the broader theoretical frameworks of primary studies may require potentially divergent philosophical assumptions to be reconciled with each other and with the theoretical standpoint of the synthesist. Selecting studies where these assumptions are compatible, at the level of both theory and methodology, may lessen this challenge. Some metasyntheses seek to integrate not just concepts but also theories (metatheorizing), but here the challenges of philosophical and theoretical compatibility are more acute, and the means of achieving such integration appear to be underdeveloped.
A knowledge-first approach to episodic memory
Authors: Hoerl Christoph
Published: September 2022

This paper aims to outline, and argue for, an approach toepisodic memorybroadly in the spirit of knowledge-first epistemology. I discuss a group of influential views of epsiodic memory that I characterize as ‘two-factor accounts’, which have both proved popular historically (e.g., in the work of Hume, 1739-40; Locke 1690; and Russell 1921) and have also seen a resurgence in recent work on the philosophy of memory (see, e.g., Dokic 2014; Michaelian, 2016; Owens, 1996). What is common to them is that they try to give an account of the nature of episodic memory in which the concept of knowledge plays no explanatory role. I highlight some parallels between these two-factor accounts and attempts to give a reductive definition of knowledge itself. I then discuss some problems two-factor accounts of episodic memory face in explaining the distinctive sense in which episodic recollection involves remembering personally experienced past events, before sketching an alternative approach to episodic memory, which takes as basic the idea that episodic memory involves the retention of knowledge. I argue that we can give an exhaustive constitutive account of what episodic memory is, and how it differs from other types of mental states, by considering what particular type of knowledge is retained in episodic memory, and what exactly having that knowledge consists in.
Obtaining Electroheating Elements Based on Products of Carbothermal Reduction of Fe2O3 by Waste Activated Sludge (WAS)
Authors: Vlasova Marina , Márquez Aguilar Pedro Antonio , Hernández Morelos Jorge Luis , Parra Parra Abigail , Guardián Tapia Rene , Reséndiz González Marycruz
Published: September 2022

In this work, the prospects of fabrication of heating elements from heat-treated (sintered) mixtures of waste-activated sludge (WAS) and Fe2O3 under oxygen deficiency conditions are considered. During heat treatment of mixtures in the 800–900 °C temperature interval, Fe2O3 reduces to Fe3O4, Fe0.94O, and Fe. A heat treatment at 1000 °C leads mainly to the formation of amorphous iron doped with carbon, silicon, and aluminum. Based on these compacted mixtures, having different electrical resistivity (from ~ 10–4 up to 10–1 Ω·m), it is possible to fabricate heating elements, whose working temperature ranges from ~ 100 °C up to 600 °C.

Graphical Abstract
The Separation Behavior of Impurities in the Purification of High-Purity Magnesium via Vacuum Distillation
Authors: Xiong Neng , Friedrich Semiramis , Mohamed Seifeldin R. , Kirillov Ivan , Ye Xiaozhou , Tian Yang , Friedrich Bernd
Published: September 2022

Magnesium-based materials with exceptional properties are being widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries, as well as in electronic equipment and Mg-based implants. The development of many advanced engineering structures and precision devices prompts the demand for high-purity Mg with better performance and service. However, the current purification methods meet challenges such as the complex equipment, potential dangers due to the powdery condensed products, and the lack of systematic analysis of the impurity behavior. Here, we report the purification of commercial raw materials into 99.9958% (± 0.0034%) pure magnesium products through one-step vacuum distillation. The process adopts a vertical distillation device, which has the advantages of high recovery efficiency, lumpy condensation products, easy cleaning, and reusability. Experimental results confirm that vacuum evaporation is more effective than vacuum sublimation for the purification of magnesium. Then, the behavior of eight impurities is analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The results significantly verify the difficulty sequence of impurity separation from the Mg base, which is Zn > Ca > Pb > Al > Cu > Ni. The similar equilibrium vapor pressure of Zn and Mg and the separation coefficient close to unity are the reasons that cause zinc to be the most difficult one to be separated.

Graphical Abstract
The Prevention of Extremism and the Role of Safety: Essay on a Well-Balanced Relationship Between Social Work and Law Enforcement
Authors: Berner Heiko
Published: September 2022

The prevention of extremism experienced two developments in recent years: the securitisation of the discourse and the diversification of the involved actors. Both trends caused a certain divergence because the different stakeholders often follow different logics, methods and goals and the influence of security in many cases does not match the needs and interests of civil actors offering prevention work. Especially social work has its own ethical and methodological understanding that requires an own conceptual approach. Above all, universal or primary prevention plays an important role. The aim of the paper is not to separate social work offers in the field of extremism prevention from security politics, but rather to develop an understanding of security that better matches social work profession. In order to solve the actual divergence, a novel conceptual approach—based on the term safety—is developed and applied on preventive measures driven by social or youth work in the field of extremism prevention. The paper develops the outlines of such a concept and various proper methods. In the same time, it reminds of concepts like social cohesion or resilience that also play a role in the discourse about extremism prevention. The paper describes the safety concept by distinguishing it from these related terms.
Learning Cognitive Skills by Playing Video Games at Home: Testing the Specific Transfer of General Skills Theory
Authors: Flores-Gallegos Rodrigo , Mayer Richard E.
Published: September 2022

Can people learn cognitive skills by playing video games at home? In the present study, college students took a pretest consisting of four cognitive tasks and 2 weeks later took a posttest consisting of the same four tasks (i.e., n-back and letter-number tasks tapping executive function skills and mental rotation and multiple object tracking tasks tapping perceptual processing skills). During the 2-week period, students engaged in no game activity, or played designed video games (targeting executive function skills) or an action video game (targeting perceptual processing skills) at home for 6 30-min sessions. The two game groups did not show greater gains than the control group on any of the tasks overall, but the designed game group outperformed the control group on the difficult trials of the n-back task and the action game group outperformed the control group on the difficult trials of the mental rotation tasks. Results provide partial evidence for the specific transfer of general skills theory, and show that the training effects of game playing are focused on skills that are exercised in the game.
The Social Impacts of Circular Strategies in the Apparel Value Chain; a Comparative Study Between Three Countries
Authors: Suarez-Visbal Lis J. , Carreón Jesús Rosales , Corona Blanca , Worrell Ernst
Published: September 2022

The apparel value chain is essential for the livelihood of millions of workers around the globe. However, human rights violations and the lack of a sustained income by apparel workers demonstrate the poor working conditions present in this sector. Circular economy (CE) has been used by incumbent businesses and startups as a framework to achieve sustainability, thus contributing to its economic, environmental and social dimensions. However, there is a lack of knowledge on its social impact. Most of the literature assesses CE’s social impacts by focusing only on the number of jobs created. However, the majority of studies agree on the need to analyse further the quality and inclusivity aspects. This paper explores the social impact of the different circular strategies implemented in three countries. It assesses social impacts related to the quality of jobs, workers’ sustainable livelihood and gender equality and inclusion. Results corroborate that CE social ambition is low, and that current circular strategies follow the same feminisation and precariousness of working conditions found in the linear apparel value chain. Thus, policymakers and businesses alike need to strengthen their CE social ambition; coordinate policy and strategies with different countries stakeholders of the apparel value chain to minimise trade-offs; and safeguard a just circular transition. This research contributes to the body of literature on CE by introducing a social impact assessment framework for circularity called SIAF-CE⚥. Additionally, it provides evidence on the current CE social impact implemented by startups and incumbents in regional and global contexts.
Detecting Lagrangian coherent structures from sparse and noisy trajectory data
Authors: Mowlavi Saviz , Serra Mattia , Maiorino Enrico , Mahadevan L.
Published: September 2022

Many complex flows such as those arising from the collective motion of ocean plastics in geophysics or motile cells in biology are characterized by sparse and noisy trajectory datasets. We introduce techniques for identifying Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) of hyperbolic and elliptic nature in such datasets. Hyperbolic LCSs, which represent surfaces with maximal attraction or repulsion over a finite amount of time, are computed through a regularized least-squares approximation of the flow map gradient. Elliptic LCSs, which identify regions of coherent motion such as vortices and jets, are extracted using DBSCAN – a popular data clustering algorithm – combined with a systematic parameter selection strategy. We deploy these methods on various benchmark analytical flows and real-life experimental datasets ranging from oceanography to biology and show that they yield accurate results, despite sparse and noisy data. We also provide a lightweight computational implementation of these techniques as a user-friendly and straightforward Python code.
Two-way coupled turbulent particle-laden boundary layer combustion over a flat plate
Authors: Chen Guo , Wang Haiou , Luo Kun , Fan Jianren
Published: September 2022

In the present study, turbulent particle-laden boundary layer combustion over a flat plate is investigated using direct numerical simulation (DNS). A two-way coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian point particle method is used for the solid phase. The effects of particle Stokes numbers, mass loadings and chemical reactions on the interactions between particles and boundary layer turbulence in the near-wall region are explored. It was found that particle heat transfer is dominant over wall heat transfer in the reacting case with heavy particles and large mass loadings, resulting in a lower fluid temperature. Particle accumulation due to the turbophoresis effect in the near-wall region is observed, which is more prominent in the cases with a large Stokes number. The turbophoresis effect is examined via the magnitude of streamwise vorticity

$\varOmega _x$

. It is shown that

$\varOmega _x$

is attenuated by heavy particles, and the attenuation increases with increasing mass loadings. Therefore, particle wall–accumulation is less prominent in the cases with large mass loadings. Compared with the non-reacting cases, the distribution of particles is more inhomogeneous for the reacting cases, where the particles move faster due to intense reactions with increasing wall-normal distance. Finally, the flow topologies and the Reynolds stress anisotropy are examined to understand turbulence modulation by combustion and particles. It was suggested that light particles augment the vortex-dominant topologies, whereas heavy particles have an opposite effect. The anisotropy mapping of the Reynolds stress shows that the flows become more one-dimensional in the near-wall region for the cases with combustion and/or large mass loadings.
Ethnicity and Social Exclusion
Authors: Bracic Ana
Published: September 2022

Social exclusion is complex, intractable, and devastating. It occurs where individuals or groups cannot fully participate in the typical activities of the societies in which they live, whether they are excluded economically, politically, or live in segregation. In this review, I highlight recent work in the area of social exclusion and ethnicity, focusing on Europe and Eurasia. Scholarship reveals ethnic hierarchies of exclusion in hiring and housing markets, educational approaches that cloak assimilationist practice in the language of inclusion, a plethora of strategies that minorities use to navigate exclusion, and more. While new research brings innovation and insight, it nevertheless remains fragmented along several dimensions. As scholars work to move the field forward, bridging substantive areas of exclusion, studying the complex dynamic of interactions between majorities and minorities, and collaborating across methodological divides would be particularly valuable.
Textual manifestations of Ottoman architectural revival and the search for a national idiom in the late Ottoman period
Authors: Tozoğlu Ahmet Erdem
Published: September 2022

This article applies a critical approach to rethinking the relationship between nationalism and Ottoman architectural historiography by examining the intellectual medium during the late Ottoman period. More precisely, it examines how the history and theory of Ottoman architecture were initially established by Tanzimat (Reform) intelligentsia with the publication of Usûl-i Mimâri-i Osmani (Fundamentals of Ottoman Architecture) (1873). It addresses how the text was later comprehended and criticized by their successors, who utilized it to constitute their own vision of Turkish national architecture. By detailing the rise of the Turkish nationalist movement and the transition from Ottomanism to Turkism as the dominant identity, this article highlights the demand for the materialization of a national architecture as a component of the cultural construction of a national architectural style and the role of new public buildings as the site of nationalizing endeavors at the beginning of the twentieth century. Finally, this article problematizes the extent to which these new constructions can be deemed “national” by investigating the works of a pioneer figure of architecture, Kemaleddin Bey’s writings and the design and construction of his dormitory building, the Fifth Vakıf Han, in Istanbul.
Symbolic Refugee Protection: Explaining Latin America’s Liberal Refugee Laws
Authors: HAMMOUD-GALLEGO OMAR , FREIER LUISA FELINE
Published: September 2022

What drove an entire region in the Global South to significantly expand refugee protection in the early twenty-first century? In this paper, we test and build on political refugee theory via a mixed-methods approach to explain the liberalization of refugee legislation across Latin America. First, we use data from the new APLA Database, which measures legislative liberalization over a 30-year period, and test both general and region-specific immigration and refugee policy determinants through a series of nested Tobit and linear spatial panel-data regressions. Our models do not support some consistent predictors of policy liberalization identified by the literature such as immigrant and refugee stocks, democratization, and the number of emigrants, but they offer statistical evidence for the importance of leftist government ideology and regional integration. We then shed light on the causal mechanisms behind these correlations for two extreme but diverse cases: Argentina and Mexico. Based on process tracing and elite interviews, we suggest that the reason that leftist political ideology rather than institutional democratization and number of emigrants matters for policy liberalization is that Latin American executives embarked on symbolic human and migrant’s rights discourses that ultimately enabled legislative change.
‘STEALING’ VICTORY AT GAUGAMELA: THE MANIPULATION OF TIME IN ARRIAN'S NARRATIVE
Authors: Morrison Gary
Published: September 2022

There are numerous historical reconstructions of the lead-up to the Battle of Gaugamela, albeit often as a short prelude to the battle itself. The focus tends to be historical reality, with the extant sources blended to produce a probable sequence of events. Such narratives have their place, but the process masks the details provided by specific sources. This article analyses Arrian's representation of events to understand his narrative better. Particular attention is paid to his chronological ‘mistake’, specifically the loss of a day which is usually just corrected by commentators. I suggest that this was not an error at all, but a deliberate construct. I show that Arrian manipulates ‘narrative time’ by using the night in order to blur historical time, and how this creates a framework within which Arrian carefully constructs his Alexander–Parmenio exchanges. The construct of the adviser, the use of night imagery, and the select use of terminology (kleptein) are utilized by Arrian in order to maintain his heroic image of Alexander and to conceal any strategies of deception.
Greek Literature
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: September 2022

Lucian figured twice in the previous set of reviews, for better (Peter Thonemann's scintillating Alexander, or the False Prophet) and for worse (a posthumous completion of Diskin Clay's True History marred by a slew of editorial errors). Now Joel Relihan has furnished us with a trilogy of Menippean fantasies: Menippus, or The Consultation of the Corpses; Icaromenippus, or A Man above the Clouds; and The Colloquies of the Corpses (Dialogues of the Dead). Relihan's brief reflective Foreword reminds us that his deep and long-cultivated knowledge of the tradition of Menippean satire extends well beyond the Lucian of the second century. A slightly longer General Introduction explains the specific goals and general principles of Relihan's translation. Then each of the three Lucianic texts is given its own (longer and illuminating) introduction, with footnotes providing a modest commentary. It soon becomes clear that Relihan's ideal interlocutor is not Lucian but Menippus the Cynic. Lucian's subordinate status becomes even clearer when Relihan makes reference to ‘Lucian's evolving (in fact, ever more constricted) understanding of the potential of the person, productions, and purposes of Menippus the Cynic’ (xiv, my emphasis). Relihan's seven-page Afterword is still more disparaging: ‘Lucian drained the blood out of Menippus’ (156). His conclusion is that ‘Menippus in Lucian is good for telling Menippus stories but, after a while, Menippus needs to be put in his place and left there’ (159). On the assumption that the Menippus in question is not the Cynic but Lucian's Menippean puppet, I concur. And as I worked my way through the thirty vignettes of The Colloquies of the Corpses I realized that I was confronted with an entirely unexpected phenomenon: Lucianic tedium.
Greek History
Authors: Vlassopoulos Kostas
Published: September 2022

This review commences with three very important recent works that raise an important question: how is it possible that we should have to wait until 2021 to have works devoted to these fundamental subjects? First, Athens is, for better or worse, at the very centre of what we understand and practise as Greek history; yet there are hardly any books that attempt to give an overview of Athenian political, social, economic, and religious history alongside its material and visual culture. It is probably no longer possible for a single scholar to write such a book; but the fact that, despite the surge of companions and handbooks of all sorts over the last fifteen years, there has been no Companion to Athens until now, raises some very interesting questions. Second, Greek economic history has experienced an explosion of publications over the last fifteen years, which have constructed new approaches, examined new questions, and utilized new forms of evidence in innovative ways. How is it possible that there has been no systematic attention paid to the most fundamental institution of Greek economies, that of the household? Finally, the Hellenistic period is one of the most vibrant fields of Greek history, but why are there almost no volumes devoted to Hellenistic social history, in particular given the substantial number of available sources? I will comment below on the contribution of these three works, but pondering on these questions, and trying to identify other huge black holes in the study of Greek history, has a value of its own.
Roman History
Authors: Corke-Webster James
Published: September 2022

Another bumper edition, again by way of apology for absenteeism in the spring issue (though this time due to paternity rather than plague). We begin with the latest Beard blockbuster. In her Twelve Caesars, based on her 2011 A.W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts, Mary Beard turns her trademark combination of penetrating gaze and jovial tongue to the reception of the famed group of elite first-century ce Roman men who span a key moment in the transformation of ancient politics. Belying their importance for ancient historians and archaeologists, they have been rather neglected by art historians of later periods. With an extraordinarily wide lens, spanning from Alexander the Great to the 2017 modern art of Alison Wilding, Beard corrects that omission, demonstrating their central place in the history of Western art, and exploring not just how those emperors have been represented, repackaged, and reused, but what that says about the identities, worlds, and priorities of those who so mobilized them. The result is a tour de force of art and intellectual history. Not only is the reader presented with gloriously arcane anecdotes on almost every page, but their sum amounts to a sustained inquiry into the role that past power has played, and continues to play, in our history, politics, art, and culture.
Altered biventricular function in neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy: a case–control echocardiographic study
Authors: Altit Gabriel , Bonifacio Sonia Lomeli , Guimaraes Carolina V. , Sivakumar Ganesh , Yan Beth , Chock Valerie , Van Meurs Krisa , Bhombal Shazia
Published: September 2022

Background:

In newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, more profound altered right and left ventricular function has been associated with mortality or brain injury. Mechanisms underlying cardiac dysfunction in this population are thought to be related to the persistence of increased pulmonary vascular resistance and myocardial ischaemia. We sought to compare cardiac function in newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy to controls using echocardiography.

Methods:

We did a retrospective case–control study with moderate or severe hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy between 2008 and 2017. Conventional and speckle-tracking echocardiography measures were extracted to quantify right and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. Fifty-five newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy were compared to 28 controls.

Results:

Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy newborns had higher estimated systolic pulmonary pressure (62.5 ± 15.0 versus 43.8 ± 17.3 mmHg, p < 0.0001) and higher systolic pulmonary artery pressure/systolic blood pressure ratio [101 ± 16 (iso-systemic) versus 71 ± 27 (2/3 systemic range) %, p < 0.0001]. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion was decreased (7.5 ± 2.2 versus 9.0 ± 1.4 mm, p = 0.002), E/e’ increased (7.9 ± 3.3 versus 5.8 ± 2.0, p = 0.01), and right ventricle-myocardial performance index increased (68.1 ± 21.5 versus 47.8 ± 9.5, p = 0.0001) in hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Conventional markers of left ventricle systolic function were similar, but e’ velocity (0.059 ± 0.019 versus 0.070 ± 0.01, p = 0.03) and left ventricle-myocardial performance index were statistically different (77.9 ± 26.2 versus 57.9 ± 11.2, p = 0.001). The hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy group had significantly altered right and left ventricular deformation parameters by speckle-tracking echocardiography. Those with decreased right ventricle-peak longitudinal strain were more likely to have depressed left ventricle-peak longitudinal strain.

Conclusion:

Newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy have signs of increased pulmonary pressures and altered biventricular systolic and diastolic function.
Citizens’ Actions against Non-liberal-democratic Parties
Authors: Olsen Tore Vincents
Published: September 2022

Political parties are important for the functioning and consolidation of democracy – citizens should defend their rights against parties with agendas that conflict with the principles of liberal democracy – the types of actions that are permissible for citizens depends on the conditions of political legitimacy and the closeness to power of non-liberal-democratic parties – theories of both (un-)civil disobedience and violent self-defence are relevant here
Relationship Between Convective Storm Properties and Lightning Over the Western Ghats
Authors: Utsav Bhowmik , Deshpande Sachin M. , Das Subrata K. , Pawar Sunil D. , Pandithurai G.
Published: September 2022

X‐band radar observations are integrated with lightning location network observations to investigate the relationship between convective storm properties and lightning over the Western Ghats during a monsoon season (June–September 2014). Convective storms (cells) were identified using an objective‐tracking method and instantaneous lightning strikes within the radar domain were then linked with observed storms. This spatio‐temporal sampling of individual convective cells and lightning has facilitated process‐based study of electrified convection over the Ghats for the first time. Storm and lightning occurrences are typically high during monsoon onset and withdrawal months of June and September, respectively. A spatial correspondence between deep‐intense storms, lightning, and intense convective cores indicated presence of large hydrometeors in the mixed‐phase region of storm supported by strong updrafts and is essential for lightning. The large‐scale instability that peaked during afternoon hours was a key factor in the formation of deep‐intense storms and lightning. Results show that majority of lightning‐producing storms are located on the leeward side as opposed to the windward side. These storms have deeper top‐heights, larger areas and vertically integrated liquid, and an enhanced hail probability than those devoid of lightning. Warm season convection in the study area is accompanied by the preponderance of negative Cloud to Ground (−CG) flashes over positive Cloud to Ground (+CG) lightning. Storms with +CG features exhibited much higher (>2 times) vertical airmass flux in the mid‐troposphere (6–9 km) than storms without +CG features. Furthermore, for majority of +CG storms, intracloud flash occurrences increased significantly above the freezing level.
Local Energetics Mechanism for the Short‐Term Shift Between Kuroshio Extension Bimodality
Authors: Zhang Hui , Wang Qiang , Mu Mu , Liu Xia
Published: September 2022

This study investigates the short‐term transition process between the Kuroshio Extension (KE) stable and unstable states (bimodality) based on eddy energetics analysis. The local dynamic mechanisms modulating the KE transitions are revealed by exploring the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) variability. During the stable‐to‐unstable transitions (low‐to‐high EKE level; SU), baroclinic instability is the major source of EKE growth. As the negative sea surface height anomaly (SSHa) signal propagates westward near the KE domain, the KE jet downstream (150°E–155°E) slows down at first but its upstream (140°E–145°E) remains fast. The great upstream vertical shear is conducive to the strong regional baroclinic instability. The difference in velocity between the KE upstream and downstream leads to the positive velocity anomaly and the strengthening of vertical velocity shears in the midstream (145°E–150°E). Hence, the baroclinic instability in the KE upstream and midstream facilitates the growth of EKE, thereby inducing the KE path to transform from a stable into an unstable state. During the unstable‐to‐stable transitions (high‐to‐low EKE level; US), the combination of advection and eddy wind work plays a key role in reducing EKE. With the positive SSHa signal arriving at the south of the KE axis, the KE jet speeds up. In this situation, more EKE is advected, especially from the KE midstream, into the downstream where wind dissipation takes effect. When most eddies are consumed, the KE path becomes more stable.