bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repetition in Literary Arabic: Foregrounding, Backgrounding, and Translation Strategies
Authors: Jawad Hisham A.
Published: July 2012

The paper investigates lexical repetition in Arabic original literary texts and English translations. The empirical base material consists of a three-part autobiography (al-Ayyām, by Tāhā Hussein) and its translation (The Days). The method involves a mapping of the target text (TT) onto the source text (ST) so as to see how instances of lexical repetition are rendered into the translations and what are the strategies and norms involved in determining certain translation choices. Three types of lexical repetition are studied: lexical-item repetition, lexical-doublet repetition and phrase repetition. Lexical repetition serves two major functions, namely textual and rhetorical. The textual function concerns the potential of repetition for organising the text and rendering it cohesive, while the rhetorical foregrounds a mental image or invokes emotions in emotive language. It is observed that the translation of the autobiography’s second part is characterised mainly by the absence of lexical repetition, contrary to the translations of the first and third parts. Thus, the target text misrepresents the original author as passing through three stages of textual, stylistic development. As to the translation strategies, the findings suggest that the translators vary the ST by using different patterns of reference. Rhetorical repetition is backgrounded by at least one translator who replaces it with pervasive variation. It is argued that the ambivalence of their approaches leads to a misrepresentation of the original text (and perhaps the author) as rather uneven.The strategies for translating lexical repetition highlight the translators’ individual attitudes towards the ST’s norms and their adherence to the linguistic and cultural norms prevalent in the TL environment. On the whole, there is a variation in the degree of bias towards the norms of either SL or TL. In terms of Toury’s norms model, it may be safe to claim that the general trend of translational norms seems to lean more towards the acceptability pole than the adequacy pole, i.e., a TL-oriented strategy is opted for.
Une revue interprétée des élasticités entre le PIB et le prix du pétrole*
Authors: Lescaroux François
Published: July 2012

Dans le contexte du renchérissement du pétrole brut observé depuis six ans, l’objectif de ce texte est d’expliquer la variabilité des élasticités estimées entre le prix du pétrole et le PIB. Nous commencerons par présenter les principaux résultats des analyses réalisées depuis 30 ans en expliquant brièvement les mécanismes théoriques et en reportant de la façon la plus exhaustive possible les élasticités estimées. Nous interpréterons ensuite ces études et leurs conclusions en distinguant d’abord les effets macroéconomiques à court terme et à long terme. Nous verrons ensuite les effets d’un déséquilibre à la hausse du prix du pétrole et ceux d’une hausse de son niveau d’équilibre. Cette analyse permettra de classifier les élasticités publiées selon le type de relation – PIB-prix du pétrole – qu’elles sont censées décrire. Nous commenterons également, pour chaque groupe, la largeur de l’intervalle couvert par les élasticités et nuancerons les conclusions de certaines études.
Réflexions iconoscopiques sur la pensée économique au Québec français
Authors: Paquet Gilles
Published: July 2012

Ce texte présente l’évolution de la tribu des économistes québécois de langue française depuis 75 ans comme une histoire faite de trois grandes discontinuités : (1) le passage de l’économie politique à la coexistence pacifique entre trois curies (HEC, Laval et Montréal) dans l’après Seconde Guerre mondiale; (2) la consolidation des trois curies en deux phratries en coexistence hostile (SCSE et ASDEQ) dans les années soixante-dix et (3) l’éclatement des phratries en clans définis par lesissuesdans les années récentes. On montre que la réunification de la tribu est possible, mais que les progrès risquent d’être lents.
Robust H ∞  filtering for a class of uncertain stochastic hybrid neutral systems with time‐varying delay
Authors: Lian Jie , Feng Zhi , Shi Peng
Published: July 2012

This paper is devoted to the problem of robust H ∞  filtering for a class of uncertain switched neutral systems subject to stochastic disturbance and time‐varying delay. Attention is focused on the design of a full‐order switched filter such that the filtering error system is robust mean‐square exponentially stable with a prescribed weighted H ∞  performance. On the basis of the average dwell time approach and the piecewise Lyapunov function technique, sufficient conditions for the solvability of this problem are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Then, by solving the corresponding linear matrix inequalities, the desired full‐order switched filter is derived for all admissible uncertainties, time‐varying delay, and stochastic disturbances. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical features, early treatment responses, and outcomes of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia in china with or without specific fusion transcripts: A single institutional study of 1,004 patients
Authors: Gao Chao , Zhao Xiao‐Xi , Li Wei‐Jing , Cui Lei , Zhao Wei , Liu Shu‐Guang , Yue Zhi‐Xia , Jiao Ying , Wu Min‐Yuan , Li Zhi‐Gang
Published: July 2012

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with distinct fusion transcripts has unique clinical features. In this study, the incidence, clinical characteristics, early treatment response, and outcomes of 1,004 Chinese pediatric ALLs were analyzed. Patients with TEL‐AML1 and E2A‐PBX1 fusion genes or other B cell precursor ALLs (BCP‐ALL) had favorable clinical features, were sensitive to prednisone, had low minimal residual disease (MRD), and an excellent prognosis, with a 5‐year event‐free survival (EFS) of 84–92%. T‐ALL was associated with a high WBC, increased age, more central nervous system involvement, a poor prednisone response, and high MRD, with a 5‐year EFS of 68.4 ± 5.2%. Patients with BCR‐ABL and MLL rearrangements usually had adverse clinical presentations and treatment responses, and a dismal prognosis, with 5‐year EFS of 27.3 and 57.4%, respectively. We also showed that BCR‐ABL and MLL rearrangements, the prednisone response, and MRD were independent prognostic factors. Interestingly, the BCH‐2003 protocol resulted in a better outcome for E2A‐PBX1+ patients than the CCLG‐2008 protocol. Intermediate and late relapses were more common in TEL‐AML1+ patients and other BCP‐ALLs compared with other subgroups (P = 0.018). Therefore, this study suggests that a fusion gene‐specific chemotherapy regimen and/or targeted therapy should be developed to improve further the cure rate of pediatric ALL. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The transition to a bio‐economy: emerging from the oil age
Authors: Kircher Manfred
Published: July 2012

In the second of a two‐part feature, Manfred Kircher, Chairman of the Advisory Board of Cluster
Industrielle Biotechnologie e.VCLIB2021, provides a perspective on how the bio‐economy might unfold to replace fossil‐fuel‐based products on a global scale and considers how the increasing demand for biofeedstock could be met. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Acidic metabolite profiling analysis of catecholamine and serotonin as O‐ethoxycarbonyl/tert‐butyldimethylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Nguyen Duc‐Toan , Cho In‐Seon , Kim Jeong‐Whun , Kim Kyoung‐Rae , Lee Gwang , Paik Man‐Jeong
Published: July 2012

A novel derivatization method was developed for the simultaneous determination of six acidic metabolites of catecholamine and serotonin by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The metabolites were converted to O‐ethoxycarbonyl/tert‐butyldimethylsilyl (EOC/TBDMS) derivatives for the direct GC‐MS analysis in selected ion monitoring mode. Their mass spectral pattern as EOC/TBDMS derivatives showed characteristic fragment ions of [M – 15]+ and [M – 57]+, which permitted rapid and accurate structural confirmation of acidic metabolites. The present method was linear (r ≥ 0.998), reproducible (percentage relative standard deviation = 1.0–10.0) and accurate (% relative error = −9.7–9.8) with detection limits of 0.001–4.7 ng/mL. When applied to human urine samples, the method allowed simultaneous determination of six acidic metabolites of catecholamine and serotonin. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Situ Radio‐Frequency Heating for Soil Remediation at a Former Service Station: Case Study and General Aspects
Authors: Huon G. , Simpson T. , Holzer F. , Maini G. , Will F. , Kopinke F.‐D. , Roland U.
Published: July 2012

In situ radio‐frequency heating (ISRFH) was successfully applied during remediation of a former petrol station. Using a three‐electrode array in combination with extraction wells for soil vapor extraction (SVE), pollution consisting mainly of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and mineral oil hydrocarbons (in total about 1100 kg) was eliminated from a chalk soil in the unsaturated zone. Specially designed rod electrodes allowed selective heating of a volume of approximately 480 m3, at a defined depth, to a mean temperature of about 50 °C. The heating drastically increased the extraction rates. After switching off ISRFH, SVE remained highly efficient for some weeks due to the heat‐retaining properties of the soil. Comparison of an optimized regime of ISRFH/SVE with conventional “cold” SVE showed a reduction of remediation time by about 80 % while keeping the total energy consumption almost constant.
Discrete Element Study of Aerogel Particle Dynamics in a Spouted Bed Apparatus
Authors: Antonyuk S. , Heinrich S. , Smirnova I.
Published: July 2012

A novel process for fluidization and coating of light spherical aerogel particles in a spouted bed apparatus was numerically studied using discrete particle model. This model describes the interactions between the particles, particles and apparatus walls, as well as between the particles and gas which take place on the microlevel and can be used in the multiscale modeling approach to study the entire production process. The experimentally obtained mechanical properties of aerogel particles, like stiffness, modulus of elasticity, coefficients of friction and restitution were used as material parameters in the performed simulations. The influence of the increasing density and decreasing restitution coefficient of the particles due to the growth of the coating layer on the fluidized bed dynamics regarding the impact forces, collision rates, velocity distributions and rotation of particles was analyzed.
Titanium‐Catalyzed Vinylic and Allylic CF Bond Activation—Scope, Limitations and Mechanistic Insight
Authors: Kuehnel Moritz F. , Holstein Philipp , Kliche Meike , Krüger Juliane , Matthies Stefan , Nitsch Dominik , Schutt Joseph , Sparenberg Michael , Lentz Dieter
Published: July 2012

The hydrodefluorination (HDF) of fluoroalkenes in the presence of a variety of titanium catalysts was studied with respect to scope, selectivity, and mechanism. Optimization revealed that the catalyst requires low steric bulk and high electron density; secondary silanes serve as the preferred hydride source. A broad range of substrates yield partially fluorinated alkenes, such as previously unknown (Z)‐1,2‐(difluorovinyl)ferrocene. Mechanistic studies indicate a titanium(III) hydride as the active species, which forms a titanium(III) fluoride by H/F exchange with the substrate. The HDF step can follow both an insertion/elimination and a σ‐bond metathesis mechanism; the E/Z selectivity is controlled by the substrate. The catalysts’ ineffieciency towards fluoroallenes was rationalized by studying their reactivity towards Group 6 hydride complexes.
Vanadium pentoxide nanobelts: One pot synthesis and its lithium storage behavior
Authors: Nagaraju Ganganagappa , Chithaiahb Pallellappa , Ashokac Siddaramanna , Mahadevaiah Narayanappa
Published: July 2012

In this paper, we report a synthesis, characterization and electrochemical properties of V2O5 nanobelts. V2O5 nanobelts have been prepared via hydrothermal treatment of commercial V2O5 in acidic (HCl/H2SO4) medium at relatively low temperature (160 °C). The hydrothermally derived products have been characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS), UV‐Vis spectroscopy, Scanning/Transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM). XRD pattern of V2O5 nanobelts show an orthorhombic phase. From the FTIR spectrum, the peak observed at 1018 cm−1 is characteristic of the stretching vibration mode of the terminal vanadyl, V = O. The UV‐Vis absorption spectrum of V2O5 nanobelts show maximum absorbance at 430 nm, which was blue‐shifted compared to that of bulk V2O5. TEM micrographs reveal that the products consist of nanobelts of 40‐200 nm in thickness and several tens of micrometers in length. The electrochemical analysis shows an initial discharge capacity of 360 mAh g−1 and its almost stabilized capacity is reached to 250 mAh g−1 after 55 cycles. A probable reaction mechanism for the formation of orthorhombic V2O5 nanobelts is proposed.
Synthesis and tribological properties of Mo‐doped WSe2 Nanolamellars
Authors: Li Wenjing , Hu Lifei , Wang Minzhi , Tang Hua , Li Changsheng , Liang Jiaqing , Jin Yue , Li Dongsheng
Published: July 2012

The Mo‐doped WSe2 nanolamellars have been successfully prepared via solid‐state thermal (750 °C) reaction between micro‐sized W, Mo with Se powders under inert atmosphere in a closed reactor and characterized by X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that the morphologies of the as‐prepared products changed from microplates to nanolamellars to aggregations composed of nanoparticles with the doping of Mo powders. And the sizes of crystallites evidently reduced while the contents of dopant increased within a certain limit (1 wt.%–7 wt.%). The tribological properties of the as‐prepared products as additives in HVI750 base oil were investigated by UMT‐2 multispecimen tribotester. The friction coefficient of the base oil containing Mo‐doped WSe2 nanolamellars was lower and more stable than that of WSe2 nanolamellars. A combination of rolling friction, sliding friction, and stable tribofilm on the rubbing surface could further explain the good friction and wear properties of Mo‐WSe2 nanoparticles as additives than that of WSe2.
Rab11 regulates planar polarity and migratory behavior of multiciliated cells in Xenopus embryonic epidermis
Authors: Kim Kyeongmi , Lake Blue B. , Haremaki Tomomi , Weinstein Daniel C. , Sokol Sergei Y.
Published: July 2012

Background: Xenopus embryonic skin is composed of the superficial layer with defined apicobasal polarity and the inner layer lacking the apical domain. Multiciliated cells (MCCs) originate in the inner layer of the epidermal ectoderm and subsequently migrate to the surface. How MCCs acquire the apicobasal polarity and intercalate into the superficial layer during neurulation is largely unknown. As Rab11‐dependent vesicle trafficking has been implicated in ciliary membrane assembly and in apical domain formation in epithelial cells, we assessed the involvement of Rab11 in MCC development. Results: Here we report that Rab11 is specifically enriched and becomes apically polarized in skin MCCs. Interference with Rab11 function by overexpression of a dominant negative mutant or injection of a specific morpholino oligonucleotide inhibited MCC intercalation into the superficial layer. Dominant negative Rab11‐expressing MCC precursors revealed intrinsic apicobasal polarity, characterized by the apical domain, which is not normally observed in inner layer cells. Despite the presence of the apical domain, the cells with inhibited Rab11 function were randomly oriented relative to the plane of the tissue, thereby demonstrating a defect in planar polarity. Conclusions: These results establish a requirement for Rab11 in MCC development and support a two‐step model, in which the initial polarization of MCC precursors is critical for their integration into the superficial cell layer. Developmental Dynamics 241:1385–1395, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social influence: A discussion and integration of recent models into a general group situation theory
Authors: Witte Erich H.
Published: July 2012

Three models of social influence are presented and their principles discussed in depth: social impact theory, the social influence model and group situation theory. A detailed model of social impact is developed and combined with the group situation theory. The integration of these concepts is utilized to reanalyse several classical studies in social facilitation, social inhibition, crowding, social loafing, and helping in an emergency. Finally, in order to emphasize their differences, the three models are used to explain the Asch studies. The combination of a detailed version of social impact theory with group situation theory results in a middle range theory of group behaviour.
Pessimism and behavioural signs of depression in East versus West Berlin
Authors: Oettingen Gabriele , Seligman Martin E. P.
Published: July 2012

Quantified behavioural signs of depression in relation to pessimism across cultures. First, by observing workmen in 1985 East and West Berlin bars, we found more behaviour consistent with depression in East Berliners than in West Berliners. We then measured pessimism in both cultures by assessing explanatory style in newspaper reports of the 1984 Winter Olympic Games. Despite having more Olympic victories to report, East Berlin newspaper accounts were more pessimistic than West Berlin reports. We suggest that, with proper controls, convergent measurements of explanatory style and behavioural signs consistent with depression allow to quantify pessimism and depression across culture and time.
What is smiling is beautiful and good
Authors: Reis Harry T. , Wilson Ilona Mcdougal , Monestere Carla , Bernstein Stuart , Clark Kelly , Seidl Edward , Franco Michelle , Gioioso Ezia , Freeman Lori , Radoane Kimberly
Published: July 2012

Although folk wisdom suggests that a smile may enhance physical attractiveness, most studies in the area have failed to consider or control this factor. The present study was intended to examine the impact of smiling on judgements of physical attractiveness and other characteristics stereotypically ascribed to attractive persons. Consistent with predictions, it was found that smiling increased rated attractiveness when compared to a non‐smiling neutral expression. The necessity for controlling this factor in studies of attractiveness is therefore indicated. It was also demonstrated that smiling subjects were attributed greater degrees of sincerity, sociability, and competence, but lesser levels of independence and masculinity. Mediation analysis revealed that the effects of smiling on trait attribution were not due to increases in perceived attractiveness, suggesting that the impact of smiling on ratings of beauty and goodness occurs through independent processes. Potential explanations and implications of these processes were discussed.
Perceptions of relative group size and group homogeneity: We are the majority and they are all the same
Authors: Simon Bernd , Mummendey Amélie
Published: July 2012

On the basis of prior research on the false consensus effect and on the perception of group homogeneity in minority‐majority contexts, it was hypothesized that (1) with no information regarding group size available, group members would see their own group in the majority position and perceive more outgroup than ingroup homogeneity and (2) this outgroup homogeneity effect would not occur, when there is no doubt about the numerical equality of ingroup and outgroup. Both hypotheses were confirmed in a laboratory study (n = 88).
What determines a ‘perspective’? Contrast effects as a function of the dimension tapped by preceding questions
Authors: Schwarz Norbert , Münkel Thomas , Hippler Hans‐J.
Published: July 2012

Subjects estimated how many Germans drink vodka or beer, or estimated the caloric content of these drinks. The former judgment, but not the latter, produced contrast effects on subsequent ratings of how ‘typically German’ various drinks are. Thus, highly accessible extreme stimuli did only affect ratings if the first judgment pertained to the same underlying dimension.
The protestant work ethic as a cultural phenomenon
Authors: Giorgi Liana , Marsh Catherine
Published: July 2012

A central contention of much of the literature about the nature of work values and the meaning of work is that there is (or at least has been) a consensual work ethic operating in modern industrial societies. This premise has surprisingly, rarely been put to the test. In this paper, evidence for a modern work ethic is obtained from the European Values Survey. The link between this work ethic and religion is then explored. While one conclusion of the analysis is that it is still an identifiably Protestant ethic, contextual analysis demonstrates that the effect of a country's religious culture is more potent than the religious beliefs of the individual.
The effects of ingroup and outgroup homogeneity on ingroup favouritism, stereotyping and overestimation of relative ingroup size
Authors: Simon Bernd , Mlicki Pawel , Johnston Lucy , Caetano Antonio , Warowicki Miroslaw , Van Knippenberg Ad , Deridder Richard
Published: July 2012

An experiment (n = 61) investigated the effects of ingroup and outgroup homogeneity on ingroup favouritism, stereotyping and the overestimation of relative ingroup size. As predicted, outgroup homogeneity was conducive to ingroup favouritism. Ingroup homogeneity, however, failed to influence ingroup favouritism. Also unexpectedly, asymmetry in group homogeneity — irrespective of whether the ingroup or the outgroup was the more homogeneous group — led to pronounced stereotyping of both groups and to the overestimation of relative ingroup size.
Extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis by supercritical carbon dioxide fluid with ethanol modifier
Authors: Pan Jian‐Liang , Wang Hui‐Min , Chen Chun‐Yen , Chang Jo‐Shu
Published: July 2012

Conventional solvent extraction methods cannot attain high‐quality antioxidant extracts from microalgae and also require solvent recovery and posttreatment. In this study, we utilized environmental friendly supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SFE‐CO2) techniques to obtain pigment (i.e. astaxanthin) from Haematococcus pluvialis. The effects of key operating parameters on the extraction efficiency of astaxanthin were investigated, giving an optimal condition of H. pluvialis weight, 6.5 g; CO2‐flow rate, 6.0 NL/min; extraction time, 20 min; extraction pressure, 4500 psi; volume of ethanol modifier added, 9.23 mL/g; extraction temperature, 50°C; modifier composition, 99.5%. Under these optimum conditions, the astaxanthin yield was 73.9% (10.92 mg/g dry H. pluvialis powder) after eight cycle of extraction cycles. The saponification index (CS/C0, representing the ratio of astaxanthin concentration after and before the saponification procedures) of the extract could be increased from 1 to 12.78 by saponification with 3.5 M NaOH.
Evaluation of criteria for bioreactor comparison and operation standardization for mammalian cell culture
Authors: Platas Barradas Oscar , Jandt Uwe , Minh Phan Linh Da , Villanueva Mario E. , Schaletzky Martin , Rath Alexander , Freund Susann , Reichl Udo , Skerhutt Eva , Scholz Sebastian , Noll Thomas , Sandig Volker , Pörtner Ralf , Zeng An‐Ping
Published: July 2012

Development of bioprocesses with mammalian cell culture deals with different bioreactor types and scales. The bioreactors might be intended for generation of cell inoculum and production, research, process development, validation, or transfer purposes. During these activities, not only the difficulty of up and downscaling might lead to failure of consistency in cell growth, but also the use of different bioreactor geometries and operation conditions. In such cases, criteria for bioreactor design and process transfer should be carefully evaluated in order to select appropriate cultivation parameters.

In this work, power input, mixing time, impeller tip speed, and Reynolds number have been compared systematically for the cultivation of the human cell line AGE1.HN within three partner laboratories using five different bioreactor systems. Proper operation ranges for the bioreactors were identified using the maximal cell‐specific growth rate (μmax) as indicator. Common optimum values for process transfer criteria were found in these geometrically different bioreactors, in which deviations of μmax between cultivation systems can be importantly reduced. The data obtained in this work are used for process standardization and comparability of results obtained in different bioreactor systems, i.e. to guarantee lab‐to‐lab consistency for systems biology approaches using mammalian cells.
Rainfall–runoff modeling using least squares support vector machines
Authors: Okkan Umut , Serbes Zafer Ali
Published: July 2012

Over the past decade, artificial neural networks (ANN) have been widely used in the runoff modeling studies. In spite of a number of advantages, ANN models have some drawbacks, including the possibility of getting trapped in local minima, over training, subjectivity in the determining of model parameters, initialization of the weights in each simulation randomly, and the components of its complex structure. In the past decade, a new alternative kernel‐based technique called a support vector machine (SVM) has been found to be popular in modeling studies because of its advantages over ANN. Least squares version of support vector machines (LS‐SVM) provides a computational advantage over standard support vector machines by converting quadratic optimization problem into a system of linear equations. The LS‐SVM method is preferred in this study. The main purposes of this study are to examine the applicability and capability of LS‐SVM for the prediction of runoff values of Tahtali and Gordes watersheds, which are the major surface water resources for the city of Izmir in Turkey, and to compare its performance with ANN and other traditional techniques such as autoregressive moving average and multiple linear regression models. For these purposes, meteorological data (rainfall and temperature) and lagged data of runoff were used in modeling applications. Some favorite statistical performance evaluation measures were used to assess models. The results in study indicate that the LS‐SVM and ANN methods are successful tools to model the monthly runoff series of two study regions and can give better prediction performances than conventional statistical models. Although these two methods are powerful artificial intelligence techniques, LS‐SVM makes the running time considerably faster with the same or higher accuracy. In terms of accuracy, the LS‐SVM models, which involve different normalization types, resulted in increased accuracy to that of the ANN models. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AC machine dynamics described by space vectors using state‐space notation
Authors: Staudt V.
Published: July 2012

Asynchronous machines represent by now the majority of applications in the sector of variable speed drives. The demands on the performance of their control have risen as they by now replace DC machines with sophisticated control. Therefore it is necessary to describe the dynamic behaviour of an AC machine correctly and at the same time as simply and graphically as possible, because efficient control schemes can be designed best based on a complete understanding of the AC machine dynamics. Such a simple and graphical description can be achieved by combining the space‐vector theory introduced by Kovacs and Racz with the state‐space notation. Additionally it is advantageous to introduce a rotating reference frame which can be selected according to the problem at hand. Combining space vectors and state‐space notation leads to single complex eigenvalues instead of the usual pair of an eigenvalue and its conjugate. Changing the velocity of the reference frame naturally changes the eigenfrequencies, as can be seen from the eigenvalues in their analytic form calculated and discussed in this paper. It is shown that the effects caused by introducing a rotating reference frame in general have not necessarily to do with induced voltages and Faraday's law.
Genetic, simulated annealing and tabu search algorithms: Three heuristic methods for optimal reconfiguration and compensation of distribution networks
Authors: Augugliaro A. , Dusonchet L. , Sanseverino E. Riva
Published: July 2012

In this paper three heuristic methods for radial distribution networks reconfiguration and capacitor control are presented. A Simulated Annealing algorithm (SA), a Genetic Algorithm (GA) and a Tabu Search algorithm (TS) with some adaptations have been applied and compared. Basic GA, SA and TS procedures, with particular reference to the combinatorial optimization problems, are presented and adaptations are described in detail. Three demonstration software have been developed to implement the three algorithms and the performances of the three methods are then compared in terms of computation time and statistical quality of obtained solutions. Test results demonstrate that the TS algorithm type outperform the other heuristics.
Power system fault detection and classification using probabilistic approach
Authors: Rebizant W. , Szafran J.
Published: July 2012

Final decision of any digital power system protection is made in several steps including: fault recognition, estimation of criterion values and decision making concerning the state of protected plant. Whatever methods (deterministic or probabilistic) are used by digital signal processing, the protection system must identify fault instant and type at first, which starts all further required procedures. Since fault appearance and parameters are of probabilistic nature, some of the decision tasks may be solved on this basis. In the paper an extension of sequential decision method (first proposed by Sakaguchi) for fault detection and classification is presented. The algorithm is based on probabilistic characteristics of criterion values and hypothesis testing. Proposed method is optimized in sense of speed and accuracy together with measurement algorithm. Some indications for proper choice of criterion values based on probabilistic concept are also given. Intensive electromagnetic/alternative transients program (EMTP/ATP) simulations have been made to obtain required data and to test the developed algorithm. Results of its implementation on a 400‐kV transmission line EMTP model are presented in comparison with an artificial‐neural‐network‐(ANN‐)based fault detection and classification method.
Voltage drop and power losses fast evaluation through equivalent models of feeders for optimal operation of automated distribution networks
Authors: Augugliaro A. , Dusonchet L. , Sanseverino E. Riva
Published: July 2012

In the paper, a generalised distribution‐feeder equivalent model is developed and presented. The model has been specifically developed aiming at applications in the field of optimal operation of automated distribution networks. It allows to easily and rapidly perform calculations for optimal reconfiguration and/or compensation. These kind of difficult combinatorial problems have indeed been extensively solved in literature by means of heuristic strategies and non‐deterministic algorithms. These methodologies are intrinsically iterative, requiring many evaluations of the objective function, which is often computationally time‐consuming. The studied elementary system is a distribution feeder with lumped loads and capacitor banks. The proposed model is bi‐directional, because this condition is required when simulating reconfiguration. The paper first shows the derivation of the equivalent models parameters when considering a single branch element, then, a calculation methodology for radial networks is presented. In this case, the reduction strategy requires a preliminary visit of all the nodes from the terminal ones up to the root of the tree‐network and in turn considering the summed up loads below, as terminal loads. The proposed networks reduction can be applied for fast implementation of power losses and voltage drops calculations when using advanced dynamic data structure for the networks representation. The proposed methodology has then been implemented by means of these information tools and tested on different distribution systems. so as to evaluate the errors due to the feeders and networks reduction.
Methyl 3‐substituted‐isoxazole‐5‐ carboxylates syntheses on solid supports via wang resin‐bound 2,3‐dibromopropionate
Authors: Sheng Shou‐Ri , He Ai‐Ying , Wei Mei‐Hong , Zhu Ai‐Li , Cai Ming‐Zhong
Published: July 2012

A novel Wang resin‐bound 2,3‐dibromopropionate reagent has been developed and used as a potential dipolarophile for the facile preparation of methyl 3‐substituted‐isoxazole‐5‐carboxylates through triethylamine, promoting a sequence of reactions involving the in situ generation of 2‐bromoacrylate resin and nitrile oxide, regioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition, and loss of hydrogen bromide in one pot, and then cleavage from the resin with sodium methoxide. The advantages of this method include simple operation and mild conditions with good yield and high purity of the products. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:444–448, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21035
Effects of managed burning in comparison with vegetation cutting on dissolved organic carbon concentrations in peat soils
Authors: Worrall Fred , Rowson James , Dixon Simon
Published: July 2012

Given the continuing concern about rising concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in stream water leaving peat‐covered catchments, this study has considered the impact of managed burning or cutting of Calluna vulgaris, a dominant vegetation cover in many UK peatlands. Pristine mature Calluna stands were compared with those that had been subject to cutting and or managed burning up to 5 years after intervention. The study measured the DOC concentration of both soil and surface runoff water over a period of 12 months in comparison with water table depth, conductivity, and pH. The results show the following:

The depth to the water table decreases upon both burnt and cut sites relative to controls in line with a change in evapotranspiration due to loss of vegetation.

The DOC concentration of surface runoff water was not significantly different (P < 0.05) between any of the treatments and the control.

The DOC concentration in soil water significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with both burning and cutting, but these differences could be explained by differences in water table and changes in flowpath through the soil profile.

The study suggests that declines in soil water DOC concentration are brought about as different levels in the peat profile become the dominant source of water due to changes in the depth to water table. Changes in the depth to water table were brought about by changes in evapotranspiration that result from the loss of vegetation. The changes in water table mean that this mechanism may explain other observations of DOC concentration change with management. Cutting and burning may represent a management intervention that could be effective at reversing the current trends in DOC transfers from peat‐covered catchments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological processes of a closed catchment‐lake system in a semi‐arid Mediterranean environment
Authors: Niedda Marcello , Pirastru Mario
Published: July 2012

Data collected in 4 years of field observations were used in conjunction with continuous simulation models to study, at the small‐basin scale, the water balance of a closed catchment‐lake system in a semi‐arid Mediterranean environment. The open water evaporation was computed with the Penman equation, using the data set collected in the middle of the lake. The surface runoff was partly measured at the main tributary and partly simulated using a distributed, catchment, hydrological model, calibrated with the observed discharge. The simplified structure of the developed modelling mainly concerns soil moisture dynamics and bedrock hydraulics, whereas the flow components are physically based. The calibration produced high efficiency coefficients and showed that surface runoff is greatly affected by soil water percolation into fractured bedrock. The bedrock reduces the storm‐flow peaks and the interflow and has important multi‐year effects on the annual runoff coefficients. The net subsurface outflow from the lake was calculated as the residual of the lake water balance. It was almost constant in the dry seasons and increased in the wet seasons, because of the moistening of the unsaturated soil. During the years of observation, rainfall 30% higher than average caused abundant runoff and a continuous rise in the lake water levels. The analysis allows to predict that, in years with lower than the average rainfall, runoff will be drastically reduced and will not be able to compensate for negative balance between precipitation and lake evaporation. Such highly unsteady situations, with great fluctuations in lake levels, are typical of closed catchment‐lake systems in the semi‐arid Mediterranean environment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climate change impact on river flows and catchment hydrology: a comparison of two spatially distributed models
Authors: Vansteenkiste Thomas , Tavakoli Mohsen , Ntegeka Victor , Willems Patrick , De Smedt Florimond , Batelaan Okke
Published: July 2012

Hydrological models have been widely used to assess changes in stream discharges by climate change; however, concern might arise on the accurateness of the model predictions under the changed conditions particularly during low flow periods. In this study, two spatially distributed hydrological models MIKE SHE and WetSpa, each representing a different model complexity in terms of process description, data needs, parameter space, degree of calibration, were compared in their estimation of the climate change impact on the flow regimes in a medium‐sized catchment in Belgium. The fully integrated, physically based MIKE SHE model, comprising a three‐dimensional groundwater flow and river model, was applied to better understand the groundwater flow and groundwater–river interactions under changed climate conditions. Both models were able to capture the flow dynamics very well with high efficiencies and simulated the flow extremes very accurately. The groundwater heads in MIKE SHE and their seasonal variation had a high model performance. The two models simulated similar changes to future flows because of climatic changes. Peak flows were expected to increase or decrease depending, taking the large uncertainty in future climate trends into account. The model structural uncertainties on these high flow predictions were rather limited. Low flows were expected to reduce because of drier conditions by future climate change, indicating elevated low flow risks for Belgium. However, the projected low flow changes differed significantly over the models and even exceeded the uncertainty by the expected climate trends. Smaller impact was predicted by considering the groundwater physics and river interaction in the MIKE SHE model. These changes to the surface water regimes were verified by the changes in groundwater heads. Future groundwater conditions also point towards drier conditions with a small decrease in heads for future summer and autumn periods. Projected variations in winter heads depend on the climate scenario. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of store‐release covers to minimize deep drainage in the mining and waste‐disposal industries: results from a modelling analyses based on ecophysiological principles
Authors: Eamus Derek , Yunusa Isa , Taylor Daniel , Whitley Rhys
Published: July 2012

Sustainable long‐term storage of municipal waste and waste rock from mining activities in waste dumps (either above or below the land surface) requires minimization of percolation of rainwater into and then through stored waste material. There has been increasing attention given to the use of store‐release covers (transpirational covers) to achieve this. However, the design of such covers remains problematic because of the unique combinations of weather, vegetation composition, soils and their interactions that determine the efficacy of each design that could be available for the construction of the covers. The aim of the work described here was to use ecophysiological knowledge of soil‐plant‐atmosphere (SPA) interactions through the application of a detailed mechanistic model of the SPA continuum. We examined the relative influence of soil depth, soil texture, leaf area index and rainfall as determinants of rates of evapotranspiration and water budget for several different theoretical cover designs. We show that minimizing deep drainage requires a cover that has the following attributes: (i) a water storage capacity that is large enough to store the volume of water that is received as rainfall in above‐average wet months/seasons; (ii) a root distribution that explores the entire depth of the cover; (iii) a leaf area index that is present all year sufficient to evapotranspire monthly rainfall; and (iv) takes into account the intra‐annual and inter‐annual variability in rainfall and other climatic variables that drive ET. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Persistent activation of pancreatic stellate cells creates a microenvironment favorable for the malignant behavior of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Tang Dong , Wang Daorong , Yuan Zhongxu , Xue Xiaofeng , Zhang Ye , An Yong , Chen Jianmin , Tu Min , Lu Zipeng , Wei Jishu , Jiang Kuirong , Miao Yi
Published: July 2012

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with poor prognosis due to extremely high malignancy, low rate of eligibility for surgical resection and chemoradiation resistance. Increasing evidence indicate that the interaction between activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and PDAC cells plays an important role in the development of PDAC. By producing high levels of cytokines, chemotactic factors, growth factors and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM), PSCs create desmoplasia and a hypoxic microenvironment that promote the initiation, development, evasion of immune surveillance, invasion, metastasis and resistance to chemoradiation of PDAC. Therefore, targeting the interaction between PSCs and PDAC cells may represent a novel therapeutic approach to advanced PDAC, especially therapies that target PSCs of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment.
Inhibitory effects of antagonists of growth hormone‐releasing hormone on growth and invasiveness of PC3 human prostate cancer
Authors: Muñoz‐Moreno Laura , Arenas M. Isabel , Schally Andrew V. , Fernández‐Martínez Ana B. , Zarka Elías , González‐Santander Marta , Carmena María J. , Vacas Eva , Prieto Juan C. , Bajo Ana M.
Published: July 2012

New approaches are needed to the therapy of advanced prostate cancer. This study determined the effect of growth hormone‐releasing hormone (GHRH) antagonists, JMR‐132 and JV‐1‐38 on growth of PC3 tumors as well as on angiogenesis and metastasis through the evaluation of various factors that contribute largely to the progression of prostate cancer. Human PC3 androgen‐independent prostate cancer cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice. The treatment with JMR‐132 (10 μg/day) or JV‐1‐38 (20 μg/day) lasted 41 days. We also evaluated the effects of JMR‐132 and JV‐1‐38 on proliferation, cell adhesion and migration in PC‐3 cells in vitro. Several techniques (Western blot, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, ELISA and zymography) were used to evaluate the expression levels of GHRH receptors and its splice variants, GHRH, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)‐1α, metalloproteinases (MMPs) −2 and −9, β‐catenin and E‐cadherin. GHRH antagonists suppressed the proliferation of PC‐3 cells in vitro and significantly inhibited growth of PC3 tumors. After treatment with these analogues, we found an increase in expression of GHRH receptor accompanied by a decrease of GHRH levels, a reduction in both VEGF and HIF‐1α expression and in active forms of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9, a significant increase in levels of membrane‐associated β‐catenin and a significant decline in E‐cadherin. These results support that the blockade of GHRH receptors can modulate elements involved in angiogenesis and metastasis. Consequently, GHRH antagonists could be considered as suitable candidates for therapeutic trials in the management of androgen‐independent prostate cancer.
Racial Microaggressions and the Filipino American Experience: Recommendations for Counseling and Development
Authors: Nadal Kevin L. , Vigilia Escobar Kara Mia , Prado Gail T. , David E. J. R. , Haynes Kristal
Published: July 2012

Racial microaggressions are subtle forms of verbal and behavioral discrimination toward people of color. The current qualitative study explores the experiences of Filipino American participants (N= 12), who described 13 categories of microaggressions, including being treated as an alien in one's own land or as a 2nd‐class citizen, being presumed to have inferior status or intellect, being assumed to uphold Filipino stereotypes, or being mistaken for another identity. Recommendations for counseling and development are discussed.

Las microagresiones raciales son formas sutiles de discriminación verbal y conductiva hacia las personas de color. El estudio actual cualitativo explora las experiencias de participantes Filipinoamericanos (N= 12), quienes describieron 13 categorías de microagresiones, incluido el ser tratados como extranjeros o como ciudadanos de segunda clase en su propio país, pertenecer presuntamente a una clase social inferior o tener un nivel intelectual inferior, ser presuntamente representantes de estereotipos Filipinos, o ser confundidos con individuos de otra identidad. Se discuten recomendaciones para la consejería y el desarrollo.
Gender Differences in Contextual Predictors of Urban, Early Adolescents' Subjective Well‐Being
Authors: Vera Elizabeth M. , Moallem B. Isabel , Vacek Kimberly R. , Blackmon Sha'kema , Coyle Laura D. , Gomez Kenia L. , Lamp Kristen , Langrehr Kimberly J. , Luginbuhl Paula , Mull Megan K. , Telander Kyle J. , Steele J. Corey
Published: July 2012

Gender differences in predicting subjective well‐being (SWB) were examined in 168 urban adolescents. School satisfaction predicted life satisfaction for boys; for girls, family satisfaction predicted life satisfaction and neighborhood satisfaction predicted negative affect. Self‐esteem predicted positive affect for both genders, but friends satisfaction and ethnic identity failed to predict SWB.

Se examinaron las diferencias de género al predecir el bienestar subjetivo (SWB, por sus siglas en inglés) de 168 adolescentes urbanos. La satisfacción escolar predijo la satisfacción vital en los chicos; en las chicas, la satisfacción familiar predijo la satisfacción vital, y la satisfacción en el vecindario predijo los sentimientos negativos. La autoestima predijo sentimientos positivos en ambos géneros, pero la satisfacción con los amigos y la identidad étnica no fueron predictores del SWB.