bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison between Different Post Grinding Processes on 4H-SiC Wafers
Authors: Cafra Brunella , Grasso Agata , Piluso Nicolo , Severino Andrea
Published: August 2024

The need of removing the mechanical damage and the stress introduced during the thinning step of device process flow is challenging for manufacturing of high quality SiC-based devices. In this respect we have identified two different back finishing approaches, based on material removal and material rearrangement. The first one includes dry polishing (DP) and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP); the second one includes bulk and laser annealing. Systematical investigation on wafer warpage, sample morphology and die mechanical reliability have been conducted and comparison between the two approaches has been done. The CMP and DP processes can remove the damage produced by back grinding, recovering wafer warpage and resulting in a smoother surface. Bulk thermal annealing has provided better roughness levels and has been successful in stress relief, although the wafer permanence at high temperature is not compliant with the device process flow. Under laser annealing process, the surface features keep almost unchanged as well as warpage level. Despite being not effective in stress relief, from a mechanical point of view, the laser annealing process, does not impact die reliability, representing a suitable back finishing process especially in the optic of its use in backside ohmic contact formation.
Design of Monolithically Integrated Temperature Sensors in 4H-SiC JFETs
Authors: Monaghan Finn , Martinez Antonio , Evans Jon E. , Fisher Craig , Guy Owen James , Jennings Mike
Published: August 2024

In this paper we study and compare two designs of a temperature sensor monolithically integrated to a vertical SiC JFET. One sensor utilizes the standard JFET P+ aluminum gate implantation scheme. The advantage of this sensor is that the integration with a JFET process flow can be achieved with no additional process steps or mask layers. The other sensor uses a combination P-body and a low energy P+ implantation scheme, typically seen in MOSFETs. Both sensors exploit the variation of resistance with temperature of Al doped SiC. Drift-Diffusion simulations of both designs are carried out at fixed temperatures, exhibiting an excellent ~53% relative reduction in sensor resistance from 300 to 450K. However, neither design shows linear behavior with temperature, beginning to saturate at 450K. Electrothermal simulations are also deployed to verify the sensor robustness as the sensor is locate relatively far from the JFET junction. Due to the high thermal conductivity of SiC, the sensor average temperature follows closely the junction temperature. Current crowding (or 2D effects) close to the contact edges is observed in both sensors. We also deploy a simple analytical model to calculate the resistance as a function of the temperature for both sensors. The model agrees with the drift-diffusion calculations, however due to the 2D nature of current flow, a maximum 19.6% relative error is obtained. In general, both sensors deployed similar relative sensitivity, however the P-body sensor resistance changes in a range of 10.6kΩ to 4.95kΩ compared to 700Ω to 330Ω for the P+ sensor.
Evolution of the Substitutional Fraction on Post-Implantation Annealing in Al/4H-SiC Systems
Authors: Boldrini Virginia , Parisini Antonella , Pieruccini Marco
Published: August 2024

The problem of crystal damage recovery and of impurity substitution in implanted semiconductors is considered from a statistical mechanical viewpoint. This is done by resorting to a thermodynamic pseudo-potential originally developed for cooperative structural rearrangements in disordered systems close to their glass transition. The dependence of the substitutional fraction φ on the post-implantation annealing temperature Tann in Al/4H-SiC systems is discussed in the light of these ideas. After completion of the annealing process, an Arrhenius plot of φ(Tann) shows a slope in the order of 1 eV or less, depending on the amount of lattice damage initially produced by the implantation. Slopes ∼4 eV are found after incomplete annealing, indicating that substitution occurs mainly in damaged crystal cells. These concepts are suggested to be used for optimization of the doping procedure by ion implantation.
The Effect of Nitrogen Plasma Treatment Process on Ohmic Contact Formation to N-Type 4H-SiC
Authors: Yeo Abdul Hannan , Voo Qin Gui Roth , Bera Lakshmi Kanta , Singh Navab , Chand Umesh , Chung Surasit , Ranjan Akhil , Ho Garrick , Lim See Kiat , Gong Xiao
Published: August 2024

In this work, a nitrogen plasma treatment process was employed on n-type 4H-SiC. Both the Si- and C-face were studied and treated with N2 plasma. The surface concentration of nitrogen increased from 5×1018 cm-3 to 5×1021 cm-3 in both the Si-face and C-face as analyzed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). This shows that a simple plasma treatment process was able to incorporate very high concentration of nitrogen dopants otherwise done using high temperature implanters. Titanium-based Ohmic contacts were formed at ~800 °C thanks to the presence of high concentration nitrogen dopants. Specific contact resistance of (ρc ~1.5 × 10-6 Ω.cm2 and ~1.9 × 10-6 Ω.cm2) was obtained on Si-face and C-face, respectively.
SiC MOSFET Gate Oxide Quality Improvement Method in Furnace Thermal Oxidation with Lower Pressure Control
Authors: Im Young Bin , Kim In Kyu , Son Seong Pil , Kang Youngkwon , Kim Chung Jung , Lee Junhyoung , Lee Jungho , Lim Jesung , Jeong Changbeom
Published: August 2024

We have investigated carbon behavior resulting from pressure control in furnace thermal oxidation process and evaluated the effect on gate oxide quality resulting from this pressure control. In order to investigate the potential reduction of carbon defects by reducing CO and CO2, an analysis of oxidized SiC wafers was conducted. To evaluate the effect of pressure control related carbon component change during thermal oxidation, QBD characteristic was evaluated in SiC MOS Capacitance. The analysis results revealed on observable decrease in carbon at the SiO2/SiC interface and the SiO2 layer. The QBD results shown that improved at lower pressure better than those obtained in the general pressure.
Analysis of Lattice Damage in 4H-SiC Epiwafers Implanted with High Energy Al Ions at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Chen Ze Yu , Liu Yafei , Cheng Qian Yu , Hu Shanshan , Raghothamachar Balaji , Ghandi Reza , Kennerly Stacey , Carlson Charles , Steski Dannie , Dudley Michael
Published: August 2024

4H-SiC wafers with 12 µm epilayers were blanket implanted to a depth of 12 µm with 5 x 1016 cm-3 Al ions via Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator located at Brookhaven National Laboratory with energy range of 13.8 to 65.7 MeV at room temperature, 300 °C and 600 °C. High resolution X-ray diffraction measurements reveal the implanted layers are characterized by tensile strains. However, the dynamic annealing process reduces the level of tensile strains as the temperature of implantation is increased. Analysis indicates that the implant temperature of 600 °C is not sufficient to minimize lattice damage due to implantation and a higher implantation temperature will be required. This preliminary experiment will guide the optimization of implantation conditions for fabricating superjunction devices.
Lift-Off Process for Patterning of a Sputter-Deposited Thick Metal Stack for High Temperature Applications on 4H-SiC
Authors: Fuchs Alesa , Brueckner Kevin , Ehrensberger Kevin , Rusch Oleg
Published: August 2024

With the rising need for power devices suitable for harsh environment conditions like high temperature applications, contact materials and packaging of the devices have become critical factors in device fabrication [1, 2]. Therefore, a contact metal stack containing silver and titanium nitride which can be used at elevated temperatures under oxygen atmosphere was investigated. For patterning of the approx. 2 µm thick sputter-deposited metal stack on the wafer front side, a lift-off process using a negative photoresist was established. Characterization of the photoresist sidewall shape was performed by cross-sectional views prepared with SEM and top view images taken on a microscope. It was found that for a successful lift-off, a distinct undercut is needed so no metal is deposited at the downside of the undercut, ensuring a metal-free surface for the solvent to reach the photoresist. To obtain this, most influencing factors are exposure dose and development time, which were optimized considering the undercut shape as well as pattern fidelity. Lift-off with acetone proved to be good for the fabricated 4H-SiC MOSFET devices.
Long Term Reliability and Deterioration Mechanisms of High-Temperature Metal Stacks on 4H-SiC
Authors: Brueckner Kevin , Rusch Oleg
Published: August 2024

In order to make SiC devices more accessible for high-temperature applications, reliable ohmic contacts and metallization systems which can also withstand extended operation at high temperatures are needed. In this work, metal layer stacks containing Ag, Ti, TiN, Ni and NiAl, where NiAl refers to a mixture of 97,4 wt% Ni and 2,6 wt% Al, were deposited on Si and SiC samples and consecutively thermally aged at 400 °C for 100 h in air. Mesa structures were found to be challenging for keeping oxygen from diffusing through the metal stack to the substrate. On flat surfaces, diffusion barriers were successfully used to protect the ohmic contact on 4H-SiC samples from oxidizing. Diffusion barriers made of TiN were found to show pore formation after the thermal treatment. The reason for the pores is thought to be gas formation, which is believed to be the result of the TiN layers containing too much nitrogen. The exact chemical composition of TiN layers therefore seems to be of vital importance for high-temperature applications.
Prediction of Contact Resistance of 4H–SiC by Machine Learning Using Optical Microscope Images after Laser Doping
Authors: Iwaizumi Yuki , Yasunami Takuma , Katayama Keita , Kakimoto Yoshiaki , Nakamura Daisuke , Goto Tetsuya , Ikenoue Hiroshi
Published: August 2024

In this study, machine learning (ML) was employed to predict the electrical properties of finished devices, specifically focusing on the state of the contacts at the electrodes. The predictions are based on optical microscope images of the surface conditions, which were captured immediately following the laser doping of nitrogen atoms into 4H-SiC. The laser doping process involved varying the laser fluence from 0.4 to 4.0 J/cm2 and using number of laser irradiation to 5, 10, 20, and 100 shots. The ML prediction was carried out in two steps. In STEP1, we classified the contact status into three types.: 1) Schottky junctions (insufficient doping), 2) Ohmic contact (good contact), and 3) Not ohmic (damage caused by laser irradiation). In STEP2, contact resistance prediction (numerical regression) was performed using the dataset predicted as an ohmic contact. As a result, we found that the three classifications in STEP1 could be predicted with a high accuracy of over 88%. Furthermore, the contact resistance prediction in STEP2 could be made with an accuracy (RMSPE: root mean square percent error) of 27.2%. Visualizing the prediction basis of numerical regression using modulus-reweighted grad-regression activation mapping (MoRAM) revealed that the ML model focused on the inside of the laser-irradiated area in the optical microscope image. The results of the scanning electron microscopy observation of the laser-irradiated area showed that ablation and residuals were generated during laser doping in that area. Consequently, it was concluded that our ML model predicted the contact resistance of the finished device taking into consideration these surface conditions. Even highly-skilled laser doping technicians have difficulty predicting the resistance values arising from the ablation and residue conditions. Based on above results, we conclude that our ML model is capable of predicting the electrical characteristics of a finished device, a task that is often considered challenging for humans.
Demonstrating SiC In Situ Rounded Trench Processing Technologies for Future Power Trench MOSFET Applications
Authors: Jones Ben , Croot Alex , Mitchell Jacob , Bolton Chris , Evans Jon E. , Monaghan Finn , Riddell Kevin , Jennings Mike , Guy Owen James , Ashraf Huma
Published: August 2024

Effective control of device geometry is key to mitigating high localized electric fields in next-generation SiC power devices. Advanced trench processing allows for highly tunable trench-gate architectures in trench MOSFETs. By utilizing a two-step inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etch (ICP-RIE) process, a high degree of trench base corner rounding can be achieved, irrespective of trench opening corner geometry prior to post etch treatments. Sentaurus TCAD device modelling highlights the importance of effective electric field dispersion at the gate oxide using rounded trench corners, while I-V characterization of fabricated trench MOS-capacitor devices demonstrate the influence of trench base corner rounding on gate oxide breakdown.
Addition of Transition Metal Ion CMP Slurry for Forming Ultra-Flat SiC Crystal
Authors: Kim Su Ho , Ryu Ho Sung , Lee Cheol Ho , Kyun Myung Ok , Seo Jung Doo , Ku Kap Ryeol , Lee Jong Won , Choi Bo Hyeok , Kim Eun Ock , Shin Na Ra , Jung Su Yeong , Kim Dong Wook , Lee Ha Lin , Choi Ye Jin , Lee Won Jae
Published: August 2024

The modified SiC slurry for CMP process was proposed in order to obtain high-quality surface of 150 mm SiC wafer and then tried to explain the mechanism of the effect of added transition metal ion to improve polishing characteristics of SiC crystal substrate. SiC substrate with using modified slurry exhibited slightly higher MRR value and lower platen temperature than those with using commercial slurries. The addition of transition metal ion into the slurry enhanced oxidation efficiency of SiC crystal surface and improved MRR and the quality of SiC surface.
Plasmonic Ag Nanoparticles on SiC for Use as SERS Substrate and in Integrated Optical Sensors for Bio-Chemical Applications
Authors: Cantaro Valentina , Sciuto Antonella , Brancato Antonio , Compagnini Giuseppe , D'Arrigo Giuseppe
Published: August 2024

Development of optical chemical sensors for the detection of specific toxic chemicals at ultratrace levels and analysis of complex mixtures is crucial for new green and safe technologies [1, 2]. Metallic structures confined at the nanoscale acquire interesting properties such as strongly localizing E fields on their surfaces through Plasmonic Resonance under stimuli of light at certain wavelengths. This nanostructures are called plasmonic structures [3–5]. This effect is exploited to amplify the optical signal obtained by the molecules of interest, located near plasmonic structures [3, 6]. Purpose of the work is the development of innovative, easy to manufacture and cheap optical active layer consisting of Plasmonic Ag Nanoparticles on a Wide Band Gap semiconductor material such as Silicon Carbide to be used as substrate for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering or for the fabrication of integrated optical sensor for remote chemical and biological applications. In this contest, the phenomenon of Ag thin film thermal dewetting on SiC substrate was implemented to develop a simple nanoparticles synthetic approach. Scanning Electron Microscopy confirmed the formation of Ag nanoparticles by thermal annealing of thin silver film. 4-MBA was used as probe molecule for SERS phenomenon investigation. The formation of a covalent bond between the silver nanostructures, acting as plasmonic "hot spots", and the species of interest enable its detection at very low concentrations, in the range of 10-5 M or less, in both Raman and UV-Vis configurations.
Transient-Enhanced Diffusion of Implanted Aluminum in 4H-SiC
Authors: Mletschnig Kristijan Luka , Michałowski Paweł Piotr , Pichler Peter
Published: August 2024

Semiconductor devices rely on the incorporation of donor and acceptor atoms into the crystal lattice to form locally doped regions. For dopant atoms incorporated into SiC by ion implantation, a high-temperature annealing step is required to achieve electrical activation. This annealing step is accompanied by redistribution of the implanted atoms. The influence of the annealing parameters on dopant redistribution is crucial when aiming for ever smaller device dimensions. In this work, we present a consistent analysis of the diffusion of Al implanted in 4H-SiC after high-temperature annealing at 1650 °C and 1800 °C for different annealing times. We identify the equilibrium diffusion coefficient at long annealing times from Al profiles obtained by SIMS analyses for both annealing temperatures. The temperature dependence is determined using an Arrhenius representation. This allows to quantify the equilibrium diffusion lengths for the actual temperature profiles, including heating and cooling rates. We find that the measured diffusion lengths for short annealing times are larger than expected from equilibrium diffusion and attribute the excess length to transient enhanced diffusion. Comparing the transient diffusion lengths of room-temperature and 500 °C-implanted samples, we conclude that the transient behavior is likely related to residual crystal damage induced during the implantation process.
From Womb to World: Exploring the Immunological Connections between Mother and Child
Authors: Cherayil Bobby J , Jain Nitya
Published: August 2024

Mother and child are immunologically interconnected by mechanisms that we are only beginning to understand. During pregnancy, multiple molecular and cellular factors of maternal origin are transferred across the placenta and influence the development and function of the fetal and newborn immune system. Altered maternal immune states arising from pregnancy-associated infections or immunizations have the potential to program offspring immune function in ways that may have long-term health consequences. In this study, we review current literature on the impact of prenatal infection and vaccination on the developing immune system, highlight knowledge gaps, and look to the horizon to envision maternal interventions that could benefit both the mother and her child.
Future Rotorcraft Technology Qualification and Certification
Authors:   US Army Aviation Engineering, Johnson Melvin
Published: August 2024

As avionics and flight critical systems become increasingly automated, layered, and complex, current avionics qualification methodologies, tools, and techniques are increasingly outdated or not feasible to implement economically. Traditional science and technology development stressed development and demonstration of the technology, with follow-on development of qualification methods and tools. Rapid advances in avionics implementation technology, user need for rapid development, qualification and fielding of increasingly complex critical systems require concurrent development of qualification methodologies, tools, and techniques with the core technology itself. For military Future Vertical Lift, adaptable system architectures are desired that enable leverage of civil certified and commercial off the shelf equipment. New techniques and automation tools are being developed in the aviation industry that must be leveraged to enable straightforward, thorough, and affordable qualification. Concurrently, rotorcraft flight controls and avionics have unique flight and mission critical design and qualification attributes that must be recognized. This paper examines the core of three methodologies for the qualification of complex critical systems, and identifies architectural design/investment strategy trade space and areas of opportunity with potentially high pay off from a qualification efficiency perspective.
Studying Pilot Cognition in Ship-Based Helicopter Landing Maneuvers1
Authors:   Georgia Institute of Technology, Minotra Dev , Feigh Karen
Published: August 2024

Shipboard-landing maneuvers in rotorcraft piloting involve a number of unique challenges. Such maneuvers can be cognitively demanding even for experienced rotorcraft pilots. To minimize risk, these maneuvers are conducted within well-defined boundaries related to weather and visibility. In order to expand this envelope, technological aids are being proposed to augment decision making capabilities and reduce pilot workload without compromising safety. Our paper reports a cognitive task analysis, which involved interviews with four rotorcraft pilots, who were experienced in shipboard-landing maneuvers. Our results reveal points of high cognitive load, where expertise plays a critical role. We have articulated our understanding on why pilots are faced with difficulties during these critical points, which led us towards design recommendations and system requirements for technological aids. We have also identified a number of system limitations and quantities of interest, which may be useful in defining safety thresholds.
Multimodal Cueing and Assessment of Pilot Engagement During Low Level Flight
Authors:   U.S. Army Aviation Development Directorate, Bachelder E. ,   NASA Ames Research Center, Godfroy-Cooper M. ,   Haifa University, Kahana A. ,   Mafat HFE, Rottem-Hovev M. , Miller J.D.
Published: August 2024

Low-level flight missions can be complex, at times requiring any or all of the following: maneuvering and navigating over challenging terrain, scanning for hostile or friendly units, operation in degraded visibility, radio communications, and decision-making in uncertain and dynamics environments. These conditions, and time, will affect mental workload (MWL) and performance. While direct performance measurements are normally available, information on pilot workload must either be obtained through (intrusive) subjective measures directly from the pilot, or inferred using indirect measurements. Performance can affect MWL, and MWL can affect performance - as the pilot generally perceives and responds to task performance through display interfaces, these displays can be used to manage and balance the tradeoff between MWL and performance. This paper presents the work of a collaborative project between US and Israel whose objectives are to develop a multimodal integrated cueing environment for near-earth helicopter operations, and to validate measures for assessing pilot workload for real-time and post-mission applications. A first simulation experiment was conducted that examined 1) visual cueing depicting both predicted terrain slope and aircraft height-above-ground, and 2) spatial (3D) auditory cueing for depicting predicted deviation from desired height-above-ground and impending collision with terrain. Collected Measures included altitude error, control rate and Bedford rating. Initial results indicate that synergistic visual and auditory cueing can enhance performance, therefore could be used to reduce pilot workload while sustaining performance. A second simulation experiment was designed to assess MWL and task engagement under different workload levels encountered during a low-level mission that included the following conditions: unlimited vs. degraded visibility, presence or absence of obstacles and/or targets and terrain difficulty. Two local measures of workload were favored over a global measure: (1) oculomotor behavior, including the Index of Cognitive Activity (ICA) and (2) pilot's momentary behavior (micro-performance). Preliminary results show promise for using some of these measures as real-time indicators of pilot workload and engagement. The results of these two experiments will provide a framework for the development and evaluation of future workload-adaptive multimodal display concepts for helicopter operations during low-level flight.
Conceptual Design and Analysis of Hybrid Composite Power Gearing in a Fielded Drive System Configuration
Authors:   Bell, Morales Gilbert , Anderson Cody , Chavez Andrea
Published: August 2024

Rotorcraft drive systems are continuously assessed for opportunities of improvement, with increased power at reduced weight as a primary motivation. A key area of interest is the use of composite materials in drive system configurations. Composites can be significantly lighter than metallic components currently in use. Rotorcraft transmissions can leverage weight reduction with hybrid composite gearing that incorporates metallic features (for high load elements such as the gear teeth), while using composites for lower stress features. While the weight benefits of hybrid composite gearing are significant, specific challenges require attention before the benefits can be realized in an advanced vertical lift drive system. This research effort, conducted under the Revolutionary Vertical Lift Technology (RVLT) project, identified an advanced drive system configuration, developed conceptual designs with hybrid composite power gearing, identified the technical challenges with hybrid composite power gearing, and provided recommendations for overcoming specific, technical challenges. The integration of composite materials in advanced drive systems proves to be a promising approach with improving performance.
Crazy nodules in a hazy field: miliary tuberculosis presenting with ground glass opacities in a diagnosed case of Henoch–Schönlein purpura
Authors: Sajan Dhilnaz A. , Kaur Komaldeep , Shokat Aamir , Kaur Sodhi Mandeep , Boora Sakshi , Bhatia Chahat , Saini Varinder
Published: August 2024

Tuberculosis is known for its atypical manifestations among the immunosuppressed. In this case report, we describe a rare radiological presentation of tuberculosis in a patient on treatment with steroids for Henoch–Schönlein Purpura (HSP). The patient presented with complaints of fever, dry cough, and breathlessness. Chest imaging revealed diffuse ground glass opacity in bilateral lung fields with innumerable random nodules and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Fundus examination revealed choroid tubercles and was diagnosed as miliary tuberculosis. The patient was started on anti-tubercular therapy and the patient improved symptomatically. This case report necessitates clinicians to keep an eye open for the atypical manifestations of tuberculosis.
The effect of nano-hydroxyapatite and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with and without laser irradiation on the microhardness and surface morphology of demineralized primary enamel: An in vitro experimental study
Authors: Patil Anil Tanaji , Kulkarni Tanaya Rajeev , Sandhyarani B. , Paranna Sujatha , Bhurke Renuka , Annu Ankita
Published: August 2024

Background:

Various topical gels, varnishes, and fluoride gels are being used by dentists for the treatment of White spot lesions (WSLs). The remineralizing effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp), and lasers has been proven earlier. This study was designed to evaluate the remineralizing effect of nHAp and CPP-ACP with and without erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er: YAG) laser irradiation on demineralized primary enamel. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CPP-ACP and nHAp with and without Er:YAG laser irradiation on the microhardness and surface morphology of demineralized primary enamel.

Materials and Methods:

The present study is an experimental in vitro study. Fifty extracted primary incisors were selected for the study. Following cleaning and sectioning, teeth were embedded in acrylic. The tooth models were divided into four groups randomly – Group 1 (CPP-ACP), Group 2 (nHAp), Group 3 (CPP-ACP + laser), and Group 4 (nHAp + laser). The baseline, postdemineralization, and postremineralization Vickers hardness testing was performed. One sample from each group was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages for categorical data, mean and standard deviation for numerical data were depicted. The normality of numerical data was checked using the Shapiro–Wilk test. The level of significance was kept at 5%. Intergroup comparison (>2 groups) was done using one-way analysis of variance followed by pair-wise comparison using the post hoc test.

Results:

There was a statistically significant increase in surface microhardness in each group after remineralization. The highest increase in microhardness value was seen in Group 4 (nHAp + laser) followed by Group 3 (CPP-ACP + laser) and the least in Group 1 (CPP-ACP). Similar observations were made in scanning electron microscopic images. This indicated that nHAp has a comparable, if not better ability for remineralization than CPP-ACP. The remineralizing capacity of both the remineralizing agents was seen to be improved in this study when simultaneous laser application was employed.

Conclusion:

Currently, the evidence supporting the efficacy of nHAp dentifrices and laser in primary teeth is limited. Additional long-term in vivo studies employing standardized protocols and large sample sizes are necessary to draw definitive findings about the effect of remineralizing agents and lasers on primary enamel.
A Comparative immunohistochemical analysis of epithelial–mesenchymal transition biomarkers in odontogenic keratocyst, dentigerous cyst, and radicular cyst
Authors: Kadeh Hamideh , Esmaeilzadeh Ashini Nahid
Published: August 2024

Background:

Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is one of the common odontogenic cysts with aggressive clinical behavior and a high recurrence rate. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process, in which the epithelial cell loses its epithelial characteristics and acquires mesenchymal features. Since the evidence for the involvement of EMT in the development of OKC is still limited, the present study aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of EMT-related proteins (E-cadherin and N-cadherin) in OKC and compare them to radicular cyst (RC) and dentigerous cyst (DC).

Materials and Methods:

In this descriptive analytical study, 75 paraffin blocks, including 25 DCs, 25 OKC, and 25 RCs, were selected. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine the expression and staining intensity of E-cadherin and N-cadherin proteins. The specimens were examined under an optical microscope, and the data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test in SPSS statistical software (version 23) with a significance level of 5%.

Results:

The expression of N-cadherin in OKC was higher than that in other cysts; nonetheless, there was no statistically significant difference (P = 0.331). The staining intensity of N-cadherin was weak in most cases, and this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.252). E-cadherin expression in OKC was significantly lower than that in radicular and DCs (P = 0.003). In addition, the staining intensity of E-cadherin in OKC was weak and moderate (P = 0.003).

Conclusion:

In this study, we observed an increase in the expression of N-cadherin in OKC. In addition, the protein expression levels of E-cadherin in OKC were significantly lower compared to DC and RC. Therefore, it appears that the EMT process likely occurs in OKC and may contribute to its local aggressive behavior.
Lifestyle, Dietary and Demographic Risk Factors of Haemorrhoids: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Catherine Cami , Joseph Remya , Kumar L Manoj
Published: August 2024

Haemorrhoids are very common anorectal disorders that can be prevented to a great extent by understanding their risk factors. This case–control study was intended to identify the risk factors for haemorrhoids amongst patients visiting the surgery department of a tertiary care hospital in Kottayam district. A sample of 60 cases and 120 controls were selected using the convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured checklist by self-reporting, and the data collection period was 4 weeks. The major risk factors associated with haemorrhoids as per the odds ratio were occupation, high income, abdominal girth, family history, smoking, lack of exercise, long travel, less consumption of fibre food, consumption of fast food, chicken, spicy food, constipation, incomplete feeling after defaecation, prolonged sitting in the toilet seat, chronic cough, stress and consumption of pain killers. The logistic regression shows that there is an association between the occurrence of haemorrhoids and risk factors such as straining during defaecation, constipation, smoking, incomplete feeling after defaecation, prolonged sitting in the toilet seat and less consumption of water. To improve the quality of life of people with haemorrhoids, it is important to take a peek at the risk factors listed above, considering that a good study starts with good listening. Any person with haemorrhoids, no matter how severe they are, should be encouraged to change their lifestyle in conjunction with consuming more soluble fibre.
Perception of Iraqi Women about Autism
Authors: Yahyaa Badeaa Thamir , Al-Taha Mahasin Ali , Al-Delaimy Ahmed K.
Published: August 2024

Background:

Autism is increasing in prevalence year by year worldwide. In most cases, women are the primary health-care providers; eventually, they should manage to identify the signs and symptoms of autism and respond accordingly. The ultimate goal is to achieve optimum care for patients with autism. This study aims to ascertain the mothers’ awareness and knowledge of autism.

Methodology:

A descriptive study design using a purposive (nonprobability) sample of 230 women in the age range 17–48 years were included in this study from women visiting Primary Health Care Centers in Ramadi city.

Results:

About one-quarter of women (25.2%) reported to have an autistic child, only 11.3% of them do not know that their children show no contact, interaction, or interest with other children. Social media were the most frequent source of information regarding autism (38.7%). About half of the women under study do not know if autism is a genetic disease.

Conclusions:

The study revealed a high perception of women regarding autism.
Tools for Assessing Childbirth Fear: A Comprehensive Review and Psychometric Evaluation
Authors: Mudgal Shivangi , Shafqat Naseema
Published: August 2024

Childbirth fear is a prevalent concern among pregnant women, and its measurement is crucial for effective clinical intervention. This article presents a comprehensive review of existing tools for assessing childbirth fear, aiming to assist researchers and health-care professionals in selecting appropriate instruments for their work. A systematic search was conducted across multiple electronic databases, resulting in the identification of twenty tools specifically developed for assessing childbirth fear. The characteristics and psychometric properties of each tool were analyzed. Most tools were Likert scale based, with some employing visual analog tools and dichotomous tools. The identified tools were employed in diverse research designs, including experimental studies and observational studies. Among the tools reviewed, the Wijma Delivery Expectancy Questionnaire emerged as a frequently used and well-validated instrument. It demonstrated good psychometric properties, assessing fear of childbirth through women’s expectations and experiences. Other notable tools included the Fear of Birth Scale, Childbirth Experience Questionnaire, and Tokophobia Severity Scale, each addressing specific aspects of childbirth fear. However, some tools lacked thorough testing for validity and reliability, indicating the need for further refinement and evaluation. Researchers can utilize this comprehensive overview to select appropriate tools for their investigations. Clinicians and health-care professionals working with pregnant women can benefit from the identified tools to assess and monitor childbirth fear, aiding in early detection and timely intervention. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the need for well-validated and culturally sensitive tools, facilitating a better understanding of this complex phenomenon and ultimately contributing to improved care for pregnant women.
“OpenWHO” SEARO NCD PEN-HEARTS Courses: Training 10000 Health Care Providers in 100 Countries in 100 Days
Authors: Varghese Cherian , Nongkynrih Baridalyne , Kumar Suresh , Krakauer Eric L , Paleri Anil , Viswanathan Vijay , Khongsit Aereosonova , Chandra Ankit , Gunawardena Nalika , Dancante Ana Mafalda , Allègre Anne-Sophie , Piroux Corentin , Utunen Heini , Mikkelsen Bente
Published: August 2024

Enhancing health-care workforce capacity in primary care settings is critical for delivering quality care to individuals with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Despite significant resources allocated to traditional face-to-face training methods, challenges persist in terms of scale, coverage, training material standards, and availability of trainers across different domains. Self-paced learning through an accessible platform with evaluation is a feasible option to overcome these challenges. Taking advantage of the technology and reach of the OpenWHO platform, the WHO South-East Asia Region developed four SEARO NCD PEN-HEARTS courses. Content was adapted from WHO guidance to low- or middle-income countries context. These courses cover NCD service planning, primary health-care interventions, diabetic foot care, and palliative care. The courses target primary health-care managers tasked with planning, training, implementing, and monitoring NCD health services. This is the first set of OpenWHO courses on NCD services for primary health-care launched on October 26, 2023. Courses were rolled out through WHO country offices in SEAR. WHO staff in HQ and regions were also informed. SEAnetNCD network which includes 10 institutions from eight countries of Southeast Asia, with more than 100 members were appraised of the courses through a web-based meeting. In addition, social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and WhatsApp groups were used extensively. We observed a high level of interest and uptake for the courses. Within 100 days, the four courses had 18,250 enrolments with 12,090 unique users. More than 75% of users were in the 20–39 age group and covered diverse areas of work, ranging from health professionals, students, public health experts, national health ministries, and United Nations staff. Over 7,000 certificates have been awarded through graded assessments with average scores of 75%. Such courses of short duration focusing on specific skills and built with WHO guidance can be a solution to addressing gaps in capacity building.
Risk Factors for Latent Tuberculosis among Health-care Workers in Sri Lanka
Authors: Yasaratna Niludi Ranwanee , Weerasinghe Manuj Chrishantha
Published: August 2024

Introduction:

Management of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) was introduced as a national policy in Sri Lanka in 2022, targeting high-risk groups, including health-care workers (HCWs). This study aimed to identify the potential risk factors for LTBI among HCWs in government hospitals.

Methods:

A case–control study was conducted. Cases and controls were identified by a screening survey conducted among those tested by the tuberculin skin test (TST). The survey was conducted among HCWs of eight government hospitals in Colombo in 2022. LTBI cases were defined as TST positives (≥10 mm) without a history of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and controls were those rated as negative. The cases-to-control ratio was 1:1, with a sample size of 128 cases and 128 controls. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the risk factors.

Results:

The significant risk factors identified included age ≥40 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] – 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28–4.47) having a service duration of ≥6 years (AOR – 2.92, CI: 1.469–5.82), not maintaining distance (AOR – 2.83, CI: 1.43–5.58) and not wearing face masks when dealing with suspected or diagnosed TB patients (AOR – 3.55, CI: 1.80–7.00), and settings with inadequate TB infection control practices (AOR – 3.47, CI: 1.85–6.47).

Conclusion:

Improving infection control measures, training HCWs on TB prevention, providing adequate personal protective equipment, and initiating screening for LTBI among HCWs are recommended.
High rise building steel structure monitoring and energy efficiency optimization based on BIM and strain sensor vibration signal processing
Authors: Sha Xuan , Zhang Xu
Published: August 2024

With the widespread application of high-rise building steel structures in modern cities, the safety and stability of their structures have attracted much attention. Traditional structural monitoring methods have problems such as limited monitoring range and insufficient real-time performance, and structural monitoring methods based on BIM technology and strain sensors have become key technologies to solve these problems. This study explores a monitoring method for high-rise building steel structures based on BIM and strain sensor vibration signal processing, in order to improve monitoring efficiency and accuracy, and ensure the safe operation of building structures. Research the use of BIM technology for three-dimensional modeling of high-rise building steel structures, achieving accurate description of structural parameters and arrangement of monitoring points. By deploying strain sensors at critical locations, real-time vibration signal data of the structure is collected. Finally, signal processing methods are used to analyze and process the collected data, extracting the dynamic characteristics of the structure. Through experimental verification, the monitoring method based on BIM and strain sensors can achieve real-time monitoring and accurate evaluation of high-rise building steel structures.
Rural Livelihoods and Vulnerability Towards Natural Disasters: An Empirical Exploration from Selected Villages of District Gilgit, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Israr , Karim Rehmat , Muhammad Faqeer , Akhter Javed , Abdul Latip Normah , Ullah Kifayat , Nilofar Memoona
Published: August 2024

Present study explores livelihoods of rural households and their vulnerability towards natural hazards in three selected villages of district Gilgit, a far-flung mountainous area in north of Pakistan. Data were collected from 180 households by using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Moreover, Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) and descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The standard value of LVI ranges from 0 to 1, whereby the higher value of LVI shows higher vulnerability. LVI for each village was calculated using the data of seven components i.e. socio demography, livelihood strategies, social networks, food, health and education, water, natural disasters and climate vulnerability. The results suggest that the rural households of district Gilgit are vulnerable to natural disasters and Gilgit is most vulnerable in food and social network and least vulnerable in terms of demographic profile. Lastly, the overall value of LVI for district Gilgit is 0.34
Prevalensi Anemia Pada Remaja Putri di Kecamatan Mungkid, Kabupaten Magelang Tahun 2024
Authors: Prasetyowati Arie
Published: August 2024

Anemia didefinisikan sebagai  kadar hemoglobin rendah di dalam darah. Remaja putri beresiko lebih besar untuk mengalami anemia  karena mengalami siklus menstruasi dan perubahan hormon yang membutuhkan lebih banyak nutrisi untuk mendukung produksi sel darah merah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi anemia pada remaja putri di Kecamatan Mungkid dan karakteristik yang mempengaruhinya. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan potong lintang. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada remaja putri kelas VII dan kelas X di SMP dan SMA se - Kecamatan Mungkid pada bulan Januari-Febuari 2024. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 794 responden, dengan teknik pengambilan sampel secara total sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukan prevalensi anemia defisiensi besi sebesar 58,1%. Dengan rincian, anemia ringan sebesar 31%, anemia sedang 27% dan anemia berat 0.1%.  berdasarkan hasil uji potong lintang didapatkan karakteristik usia dan pola menstruasi tidak memiliki hubungan dengan kejadian anemia dengan p value>0,05. Sedangkan karakteristik status gizi dan pengetahuan memiliki hubungan dengan kejadian anemia pada remaja putri dengan p value< 0.05.  Kesimpulan: prevalensi anemia pada remaja putri di kecamatan mungkid, Kabupaten Magelang tahun 2024 adalah sebesar 58,1%. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara karakteristik usia dan pola menstruasi, namun terdapat hubungan antara karakteritik status gizi dan pengetahuan dengan kejadian anemia pada remaja putri
Swordtail (Xiphophorous helleri) growth promoting activity and antibacterial property of pineapple (Ananas comosus) peel oil
Authors: Loganathan Thanushanthahi , Gayani Yasodara Liyanage , Manage Pathmalal , Idroos Fathima Sumaiya
Published: August 2024

The use of phytogenics that are low-cost and highly available has the potential to address some environmental, social, and economic issues in fish culture. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the dietary application of pineapple (Ananas comosus) peel oil (PPO) on the growth performance of Swordtail (Xiphophorous helleri) and the antibacterial effect against pathogenic bacteria. PPO was incorporated in the diet of Swordtail (initial average weight ± SD of 0.12±0.07g and average length± SD of1.15±0.25 cm) to analyze the effect on growth performance. Two triplicate groups (each tank stocked with 15 fish) were fed with control and experimental diet for 10 weeks. The results showed significantly enhanced growth performance of fish fed with an experimental diet. The average weight gain (282.0±35.0%), relative growth rate (2.82±0.35), specific growth rate (1.92±0.12 %day-1), and condition factor (0.42±0.02%) were all higher, and feed conversion ratio (0.0219 ±0.040) is lower in fish fed the experimental diet. The carbohydrate content (60.05±0.050 %) in the control feed was higher (p≤0.05), whereas moisture (11.35±0.11 %) and ash (13.77±0.03%) contents were higher (p≤0.05) in experimental feed. The disc-diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial activity of the crude PPO against A. hydrophila and Pseudomonas spp. The inhibition zones were 2.37±0.13 51 cm and 2.06±0.08 cm, respectively. Conclusively, the present study recommends using PPO, which has a potential antibacterial effect against bacterial pathogens, as a potential feed additive to improve the growth performance of swordtail.
Consumption Estimates of Food Calories in Port Harcourt Households, South-South Nigeria: LA/AIDS Approach
Authors: Edaba Micheal Ige Ediabai , Aroyehun Adeyinka Richard , Onyenma Grant Chukwuemeka , Edaba Favour Chinomnso
Published: August 2024

This research analyzed the households in Port Harcourt city identified the demand patterns through survey and evaluated the effect of price, income and other factors on demand for food calories. Broadly this paper estimated the demand for calories consumed households by utilizing data sets that include household consumption amounts, food commodity prices and expenditures. The paper employs the Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS) to estimates expenditure elasticities for the aggregate commodities: rice, yam, garri, and fufu, providing an insight into differences in calories consumption levels and patterns across households. Results of the survey shows that one year increase in the education of household head decreases the share of fufu by 0.378 per cent while that of rice and yam increases by 0.067 and 0.711 percentage respectively. Again, male headed households spend more on fufu (0.590) compared to their female headed counterparts, while it is 0.590 and -0.365 percent smaller for garri and yam. The coefficient of the variables for household size equivalence is negatively significant for garri (-0.897) and fufu (-0.976). Results of tests of homogeneity shows that homogeneity condition in the estimated demand system holds only for fufu, yam and rice. In this connection, it is recommended that greater capacity must be built for multi-disciplinary research and development. Such research and development efforts will undoubtedly reveal a host of calorie food-based products and alternative processing technologies that will enhance household consumption of the products.