bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of endoscopic surveillance in the detection of local recurrence after radical rectal cancer surgery is limited? A retrospective study
Authors: Jankowski Michal , Wysocki Wojciech M. , Las-Jankowska Manuela , Tkaczyński Karol , Wiśniewski Dorian , Bała Dariusz , Zegarski Wojciech
Published: October 2021

Background

Rectal cancer, one of most common neoplasms, is characterized by an overall survival rate exceeding 60%. Nonetheless, local recurrence (LR) following surgery for rectal cancer remains a formidable clinical problem. The aim of this study was to assess the value of postoperative endoscopic surveillance (PES) for the early detection of LR in rectal cancer after radical anterior resection with sigmoid-rectal anastomosis.

Methods

We performed an anterior resection in 228 patients with stages I‑III rectal cancer who had undergone surgery from 2001 to 2008 in the Oncology Center in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Of these patients, 169 had perioperative radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy. All patients underwent PES with abdominal and pelvic imaging (abdominal ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance) and clinical examination. Sensitivities, specificities, positive likelihood ratios, negative likelihood ratios, and receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated to compare the value of colonoscopy versus imaging techniques for the diagnosis of LR.

Results

During the 5-year follow-up, recurrences occurred in 49 (21%) patients; of these, 15 (6%) had LR, which was most often located outside the intestinal lumen (n = 10, 4%). Anastomotic LR occurred in 5 (2%) patients. The mean time to anastomotic LR was 30 months after initial surgery, similar to that of other locations (29 months). Both imaging and endoscopy were shown to be efficient techniques for the diagnosis of LR in anastomotic sites. In the study group, endoscopy did not provide any additional benefit in patients who were receiving radiation therapy.

Conclusions

The benefit of PES for the detection of LR after curative treatment of rectal cancer is limited and not superior to imaging techniques. It remains a useful method, however, for the histopathological confirmation of suspected or confirmed recurrence.
Documentation and dissemination of scientific evidence by the Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program: experiences and lessons learnt, 2015–2020
Authors: Bulage Lilian , Ario Alex Riolexus , Kabwama Steven N. , Kwesiga Benon , Kadobera Daniel , Kihembo Christine , Antara Simon , Wanyenze Rhoda K.
Published: October 2021

Background

During participation in Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETP) residents/fellows generate scientific evidence from the various public health projects they are engaged in. However, this evidence is not sufficiently disseminated to influence policy and practice. We describe the processes through which evidence is disseminated, and share achievements and lessons learnt during the first 5 years of the Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP).

Methods

The PHFP is a 2-year, full-time, non-degree fellowship, and the first post-masters FETP in Africa for mid-career public health professionals. Fellows gain competencies in seven main domains, which are demonstrated by deliverables while learning through service delivery, 80% of the time within Ministry of Health and related agencies. Generated public health evidence is disseminated immediately through sharing of daily situation reports with the National Task Force for Epidemic Preparedness and Response, as well as regional and district levels. Information is also disseminated on an intermediate to long-term basis through newspaper articles, epidemiological bulletins, abstracts and conference presentations, and publications in scientific journals.

Results

During 2015–2020, PHFP enrolled 80 fellows in seven cohorts, including five of whom who had graduated. Overall, 355 field projects had been implemented. Additionally, PHFP made 287 conference presentations including 108 international and 178 national conferences. Altogether, the Uganda PHFP has received 7 awards, 4 of these for excellent scientific presentations during conferences. By end of 2020, PHFP had written 147 manuscripts at different stages of peer review, including 53 publications; and published 153 epidemiological bulletins. Dissemination performance was limited by delays due to challenges like non-adherence to product clearance guidelines, limited persons to conduct product review, and limited expertise on certain scientific areas, authorship related issues, and competing priorities among fellows, staff, and alumni.

Conclusions

The PHFP has disseminated public health evidences through various means to a wider range of audiences within Uganda and globally. Manuscript publication and monitoring of actions taken as a result of evidence dissemination is still limited. We recommend putting in place mechanisms to facilitate publication of all scientific evidence and deliberate efforts to ensure and monitor scientific evidence utilization.
MicroRNA-204-5p reduction in rat hippocampus contributes to stress-induced pathology via targeting RGS12 signaling pathway
Authors: Lan Tian , Li Ye , Fan Cuiqin , Wang Liyan , Wang Wenjing , Chen Shihong , Yu Shu Yan
Published: October 2021

Background

Neuroinflammation occupies a pivotal position in the pathogenesis of most nervous system diseases, including depression. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation associated with neuronal injury in depression remain largely uncharacterized. Therefore, identifying potential molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets would serve to better understand the progression of this condition.

Methods

Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) was used to induce depression-like behaviors in rats. RNA-sequencing was used to detect the differentially expressed microRNAs. Stereotactic injection of AAV virus to overexpress or knockdown the miR-204-5p. The oxidative markers and inflammatory related proteins were verified by immunoblotting or immunofluorescence assay. The oxidative stress enzyme and products were verified using enzyme-linked assay kit. Electron microscopy analysis was used to observe the synapse and ultrastructural pathology. Finally, electrophysiological recording was used to analyze the synaptic transmission.

Results

Here, we found that the expression of miR-204-5p within the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) region of rats was significantly down-regulated after chronic unpredicted stress (CUS), accompanied with the oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage within DG region of these rats. In contrast, overexpression of miR-204-5p within the DG region of CUS rats alleviated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation by directly targeting the regulator of G protein signaling 12 (RGS12), effects which were accompanied with amelioration of depressive-like behaviors in these CUS rats. In addition, down-regulation of miR-204-5p induced neuronal deterioration in DG regions and depressive-like behaviors in rats.

Conclusion

Taken together, these results suggest that miR-204-5p plays a key role in regulating oxidative stress damage in CUS-induced pathological processes of depression. Such findings provide evidence of the involvement of miR-204-5p in mechanisms underlying oxidative stress associated with depressive phenotype.

Graphical Abstract
Integrated analysis of the chemical-material basis and molecular mechanisms for the classic herbal formula of Lily Bulb and Rehmannia Decoction in alleviating depression
Authors: Zhang Hongxiu , Xue Xiaoyan , Pan Jin , Song Xiaobin , Chang Xing , Mao Qiancheng , Lu Yanting , Zhao Haijun , Wang Yuan , Chi Xiansu , Wang Shijun , Ma Ke
Published: October 2021

Background

Lily Bulb and Rehmannia Decoction (LBRD), is a traditional Chinese formula that has been shown to be safe and effective against depression; however, its material basis and pharmacological mechanisms remain unknown.

Methods

Here, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to identify the chemical spectrum and qualitatively identify the major active ingredients in the LBRD standard decoction, respectively. Subsequently, we assessed the behavior, neuronal function and morphology, neurotransmitter levels, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)-axis associated hormones, inflammatory cytokine levels, and miRNA/mRNA expression alterations in an in vitro/vivo depression model treated by the LBRD standard decoction. Finally, miRNA/mRNA regulatory networks were created through bioinformatics analysis, followed by functional experiments to verify its role in LBRD standard decoction treatment.

Results

A total of 32 prototype compounds were identified in the LBRD standard decoction, and the average quality of verbascoside in the fresh lily bulb decoction, fresh raw Rehmannia juice, and the LBRD standard decoction were 0.001264%, 0.002767%, and 0.009046% (w/w), respectively. Administration of the LBRD standard decoction ameliorated chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression-like phenotypes and protected PC12 cells against chronic corticosterone (CORT)-induced injury. The levels of neurotransmitter, cytokine, stress hormones and neuronal morphology were disrupted in the depression model, while LBRD standard decoction could work on these alterations. After LBRD standard decoction administration, four differentially expressed miRNAs, rno-miR-144-3p, rno-miR-495, rno-miR-34c-5p, and rno-miR-24-3p, and six differentially expressed mRNAs, Calml4, Ntrk2, VGAT, Gad1, Nr1d1, and Bdnf overlapped in the in vivo/vitro depression model. Among them, miR-144-3p directly mediated GABA synthesis and release by targeting Gad1 and VGAT, and miR-495 negatively regulated BDNF expression. The LBRD standard decoction can reverse the above miRNA/mRNA network-mediated GABA and BDNF expression in the in vivo/vitro depression model.

Conclusion

Collectively, the multi-components of the LBRD standard decoction altered a series of miRNAs in depression through mediating GABAergic synapse, circadian rhythm, and neurotrophic signaling pathway etc., thereby abolishing inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmitter deficits, recovering the pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine levels and regulating the HPA-axis hormone secretion to achieve balance of the physiological function of the whole body.
Principles and biological concepts of heredity before Mendel
Authors: Poczai Péter , Santiago-Blay Jorge A.
Published: October 2021

The knowledge of the history of a subject stimulates understanding. As we study how other people have made scientific breakthroughs, we develop the breadth of imagination that would inspire us to make new discoveries of our own. This perspective certainly applies to the teaching of genetics as hallmarked by the pea experiments of Mendel. Common questions students have in reading Mendel’s paper for the first time is how it compares to other botanical, agricultural, and biological texts from the early and mid-nineteenth centuries; and, more precisely, how Mendel’s approach to, and terminology for debating, topics of heredity compare to those of his contemporaries? Unfortunately, textbooks are often unavailing in answering such questions. It is very common to find an introduction about heredity in genetic textbooks covering Mendel without mentions of preceding breeding experiments carried out in hisalma mater. This does not help students to understand how Mendel came to ask the questions he did, why he did, or why he planned his pea studies the way he did. Furthermore, the standard textbook “sketch” of genetics does not allow students to consider how discoveries could have been framed and inspired so differently in various parts of the world within a single historical time. In our review we provide an extended overview bridging this gap by showing how different streams of ideas lead to the eventual foundation of particulate inheritance as a scientific discipline. We close our narrative with investigations on the origins of animal and plant breeding in Central Europe prior to Mendel in Kőszeg and Brno, where vigorous debates touched on basic issues of heredity from the early eighteenth-century eventually reaching a pinnacle coining the basic questions: What is inherited and how is it passed on from one generation to another?
Salvage hypofractionated accelerated versus standard radiotherapy for the treatment of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (SHARE): the protocol of a prospective, randomized, open-label, superiority, multi-institutional trial
Authors: Park Geumju , Kim Yeon Joo , Ahn Hanjong , Park Won , Lee Ji sung , Kim Young Seok
Published: October 2021

Background

While several phase III trials have investigated the role of hypofractionated radiotherapy in the definitive treatment of localized prostate cancer, prospective data reporting the outcomes of hypofractionated radiotherapy in the postoperative treatment setting are sparse. Therefore, this study is designed to assess the efficacy and treatment-related toxicity of hypofractionated salvage radiotherapy for the treatment of biochemical recurrence in men who underwent radical prostatectomy. The primary objective of this trial is to investigate whether hypofractionated radiotherapy improves biochemical control compared with conventionally fractionated radiotherapy. In addition, treatment-related toxicity, quality of life, and survival will be evaluated as secondary endpoints.

Methods

In this prospective, randomized, multi-institutional trial (the SHARE study), patients with intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer will be randomized to receive either hypofractionated radiotherapy (65 Gy in 2.5-Gy fractions) or conventionally fractionated radiotherapy (66 Gy in 2-Gy fractions). Prostate bed irradiation or elective pelvic nodal irradiation including the prostate bed will be performed using intensity-modulated radiotherapy and daily image guidance. Treatment efficacy will be assessed using the serum tumor marker prostate-specific antigen, and toxicity will be evaluated through both physician- and patient-reported outcomes. Quality of life will also be investigated.

Discussion

This study is designed to demonstrate whether hypofractionated radiotherapy is beneficial in terms of biochemical control and toxicity compared with standard salvage radiotherapy. If hypofractionated radiotherapy is shown to be superior to conventionally fractionated radiotherapy, it will mean that improved biochemical control can be achieved, accompanied by greater patient convenience and more efficient use of medical resources.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03920033. Registered on 18 April 2019
Evaluating the potential of respiratory-sinus-arrhythmia biofeedback for reducing physiological stress in adolescents with autism: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Thoen Anoushka , Steyaert Jean , Alaerts Kaat , Van Damme Tine
Published: October 2021

Background

Prior evidence points towards lower cardiac vagal modulation in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as compared to control groups. A cross-sectional phase in this study will gather more evidence concerning this topic. A longitudinal phase will explore the efficacy of a biofeedback intervention based on respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in adolescents with ASD. Finally, a feasibility study will focus on a non-supervised RSA biofeedback intervention in this population.

Methods

The cross-sectional phase includes the comparison of adolescents with ASD (n=38) and age- and gender-matched typically developing peers. A standardized assessment will be used which contains physiological, cortisol, and behavioral measurements. The longitudinal phase contains a randomized, single-blinded, and sham-controlled design to determine the efficacy of supervised RSA biofeedback in adolescents with ASD (n=128). A follow-up phase of 5 weeks is included to evaluate the presence of retention effects. During the latter, a feasibility study will focus on a non-supervised intervention (n=64). Assessments as described previously are scheduled after the intervention and the follow-up phase.

Discussion

First, more conclusive evidence will be provided for the presence of lower cardiac vagal modulation in adolescents with ASD as well as the association between these lower values and physiological and behavioral indices. Second, the supervised intervention in adolescents with ASD is hypothesized to upregulate this cardiac vagal modulation and positively change behavioral and physiological parameters. Third, evidence regarding the feasibility and acceptability of a non-supervised intervention may open novel avenues for home-based interventions in this population.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.govNCT04628715. Registered on 13 November 2020.
Radiomic features of breast parenchyma: assessing differences between FOR PROCESSING and FOR PRESENTATION digital mammography
Authors: Sansone Mario , Grassi Roberta , Belfiore Maria Paola , Gatta Gianluca , Grassi Francesca , Pinto Fabio , La Casella Giorgia Viola , Fusco Roberta , Cappabianca Salvatore , Granata Vincenza , Grassi Roberto
Published: October 2021

Objective

To assess the similarity and differences of radiomics features on full field digital mammography (FFDM) in FOR PROCESSING and FOR PRESENTATION data.

Methods

165 consecutive women who underwent FFDM were included. Breasts have been segmented into “dense” and “non-dense” area using the software LIBRA. Segmentation of both FOR PROCESSING and FOR PRESENTATION images have been evaluated by Bland–Altman, Dice index and Cohen’s kappa analysis. 74 textural features were computed: 18 features of First Order (FO), 24 features of Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), 16 features of Gray Level Run Length Matrix (GLRLM) and 16 features of Gray Level Size Zone Matrix (GLSZM). Paired Wilcoxon test, Spearman’s rank correlation, intraclass correlation and canonical correlation have been used. Bilateral symmetry and percent density (PD) were also evaluated.

Results

Segmentation from FOR PROCESSING and FOR PRESENTATION gave very different results. Bilateral symmetry was higher when evaluated on features computed using FOR PROCESSING images. All features showed a positive Spearman’s correlation coefficient and many FOR-PROCESSING features were moderately or strongly correlated to their corresponding FOR-PRESENTATION counterpart. As regards the correlation analysis between PD and textural features from FOR-PRESENTATION a moderate correlation was obtained only for Gray Level Non Uniformity from GLRLM both on “dense” and “non dense” area; as regards correlation between PD and features from FOR-PROCESSING a moderate correlation was observed only for Maximal Correlation Coefficient from GLCM both on “dense” and “non dense” area.

Conclusions

Texture features from FOR PROCESSING mammograms seem to be most suitable for assessing breast density.
Hepatic progenitor cells promote the repair of schistosomiasis liver injury by inhibiting IL-33 secretion in mice
Authors: Zhang Beibei , Wu Xiaoying , Li Jing , Ning An , Zhang Bo , Liu Jiahua , Song Langui , Yan Chao , Sun Xi , Zheng Kuiyang , Wu Zhongdao
Published: October 2021

Background

Hepatic schistosomiasis, a chronic liver injury induced by long-term Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) infection, is characterized by egg granulomas and fibrotic pathology. Hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), which are nearly absent or quiescent in normal liver, play vital roles in chronic and severe liver injury. But their role in the progression of liver injury during infection remains unknown.

Methods

In this study, the hepatic egg granulomas, fibrosis and proliferation of HPCs were analyzed in the mice model of S. japonicum infection at different infectious stages. For validating the role of HPCs in hepatic injury, tumor necrosis factor-like-weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and TWEAK blocking antibody were used to manipulate the proliferation of HPCs in wild-type and IL-33−/− mice infected with S. japonicum.

Results

We found that the proliferation of HPCs was accompanied by inflammatory granulomas and fibrosis formation. HPCs expansion promoted liver regeneration and inhibited inflammatory egg granulomas, as well as the deposition of fibrotic collagen. Interestingly, the expression of IL-33 was negatively associated with HPCs’ expansion. There were no obvious differences of liver injury caused by infection between wild-type and IL-33−/− mice with HPCs’ expansion. However, liver injury was more attenuated in IL-33−/− mice than wild-type mice when the proliferation of HPCs was inhibited by anti-TWEAK.

Conclusions

Our data uncovered a protective role of HPCs in hepatic schistosomiasis in an IL-33-dependent manner, which might provide a promising progenitor cell therapy for hepatic schistosomiasis.
Numerical solvability of generalized Bagley–Torvik fractional models under Caputo–Fabrizio derivative
Authors: Hasan Shatha , Djeddi Nadir , Al-Smadi Mohammed , Al-Omari Shrideh , Momani Shaher , Fulga Andreea
Published: October 2021

This paper deals with the generalized Bagley–Torvik equation based on the concept of the Caputo–Fabrizio fractional derivative using a modified reproducing kernel Hilbert space treatment. The generalized Bagley–Torvik equation is studied along with initial and boundary conditions to investigate numerical solution in the Caputo–Fabrizio sense. Regarding the generalized Bagley–Torvik equation with initial conditions, in order to have a better approach and lower cost, we reformulate the issue as a system of fractional differential equations while preserving the second type of these equations. Reproducing kernel functions are established to construct an orthogonal system used to formulate the analytical and approximate solutions of both equations in the appropriate Hilbert spaces. The feasibility of the proposed method and the effect of the novel derivative with the nonsingular kernel were verified by listing and treating several numerical examples with the required accuracy and speed. From a numerical point of view, the results obtained indicate the accuracy, efficiency, and reliability of the proposed method in solving various real life problems.
Nosocomial cluster of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter cloacae in an intensive care unit dedicated COVID-19
Authors: Miltgen Guillaume , Garrigos Thomas , Cholley Pascal , Deleume Marine , Allou Nicolas , Allyn Jérôme , Wilkinson David A. , Lugagne Nathalie , Belmonte Olivier , Bertrand Xavier , Hocquet Didier , Mavingui Patrick
Published: October 2021

Concomitant prevention of SARS-CoV-2 and extensively drug-resistant bacteria transmission is a difficult challenge in intensive care units dedicated to COVID-19 patients. We report a nosocomial cluster of four patients carrying NDM-1 plasmid-encoded carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter cloacae. Two main factors may have contributed to cross-transmission: misuse of gloves and absence of change of personal protective equipment, in the context of COVID-19-associated shortage. This work highlights the importance of maintaining infection control measures to prevent CPE cross-transmission despite the difficult context and that this type of outbreak can potentially involve several species of Enterobacterales.
Empirical review on the use dynamics and economics of teff in Ethiopia
Authors: Tadele Esubalew , Hibistu Tewabe
Published: October 2021

Background

Teff is a warm-season cereal crop and the tiniest grain on the planet. It is one of the underutilized crops that can contribute to food security and crop diversification. It is nutritious and well adapted to the growing conditions in Ethiopia, but little has been invested to expand its potential to the domestic or international markets.

Method

Comprehensive empirical review was carried out emphasizing the spatial, temporal production dynamics of teff in Ethiopia and its economic value. Different inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied and filtered pertinent to this study in country-wide verdicts.

Results

Ethiopia is not only the biggest teff-producing nation but also the only nation to have adopted teff as a staple crop. Teff contains a high nutritive value and has unique dietary benefits due to its being gluten-free and is typically preferred by health-conscious consumers. However, teff producing and value addition practice is insufficient and generally depends on conventional practices, and its marketplace is restricted local and the government imposes an export ban on it to limit the upward pressure on domestic grain prices and address local food security. Instead, other countries, such as USA, are increasingly participating in the teff market and teff has a great contribution for foreign earning through Injera. Because of its appealing nutritional and functional features, the crop’s popularity is fast growing over the world. Several health advantages have been associated with the grain, these conditions necessitate extensive investigation on the grain’s nutritional and functional qualities.

Conclusion

This study examines the use dynamics and economics of teff in Ethiopia. Teff has received restricted consideration from the global market and mainstream researches perhaps due to its orphan crop’ status. To take comparative advantage of the growing domestic and international demand of teff, intensive investment by the domestic teff industry needs to improve methods of teff producing, opening up and expanding its international market to ensuring its super global food and part of the solution to worldwide food and nutrition security gains. Ethiopia should improve to take the lead in the growing teff market and support others to engage in teff food system part.
Four magnetic resonance imaging surveillance-detected breast cancer cases in cancer-free BRCA1/2 mutation carriers
Authors: Takaoka Megumi , Ohsumi Shozo , Miyoshi Yuichiro , Takahashi Mina , Takashima Seiki , Aogi Kenjiro , Shimizu Teruhiko , Teramoto Norihiro , Yamamoto Yasuko , Okamura Miki
Published: October 2021

Background

Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome is a susceptibility syndrome for cancers, such as breast and ovarian cancer, and BRCA1/2 are its causative genes. Annual breast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers aged over 25 years as a secondary prevention of breast cancer. However, breast MRI surveillance is rarely performed in Japan, and only four cases of breast cancer diagnosis triggered by MRI surveillance have been reported.

Case presentation

At our hospital, MRI triggered the diagnosis of breast cancer in four cancer-free BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. In one of our four cases, although MRI showed only a 3-mm focus, we could diagnose breast cancer by shortening the surveillance interval considering the patient’s high-risk for developing breast cancer.

Conclusions

Image-guided biopsy, including MRI-guided biopsy, depending on the size of the lesion, and shorter surveillance intervals are useful when there are potentially malignant findings on breast MRI surveillance for cancer-free patients with HBOC.
The association between problematic Internet use, eating disorder behaviors, and well-being among Palestinian university students
Authors: Mahmid Fayez , Bdier Dana , Chou Priscilla
Published: October 2021

Objectives

The current study aimed to test the correlation between problematic Internet use, eating disorder behaviors, and well-being among Palestinian university students.

Methods

To examine the relationship between the study variables, a correlational study was conducted. The geographical representation of the study sample showed that 48.1% of participants were from urban populations, 48.1% were from rural villages, and 3.8% were from internally displaced people’s camps.

Results

Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to test the relationship between problematic Internet use, eating disorder behaviors, and well-being. Results showed that problematic Internet use was negatively correlated to well-being (r =− .32, p < .01), and positively correlated to eating disorder behaviors(r = .39,p <.01). The regression analysis found that problematic Internet use contributes statistically and significantly towards explaining variance in eating disorder behaviors (B = .46, SE= .08,β= .32). Moreover, well-being contributed in a way that was statistically significant towards explaining variance in eating disorders behaviors (B =− .39, SE= .09,β= − .25).

Conclusion

The results of our study support previous studies that indicated that problematic Internet use was significantly and positively correlated with eating disorder behaviors, while it was significantly and negatively correlated to well-being among Palestinian university students. Further studies testing this relationship will be crucial in developing interventions to both reduce problematic Internet use and eating disorder behaviors and increase well-being among university students.
Gender difference in the effect of cultural distance on academic performance among cross-border students in China
Authors: Hu Jieyi , Cheung Chau Kiu
Published: October 2021

Cross-border students’ academic performance draws people’s attention, whereas perceived cultural distance might influence their performance with gender difference. Based on role theory, men and women present different roles in society, and women are good at perceptual, cognitive aspects, making them more sensitive to cultural distance. Finding shows that the negative moderation role of gender existed in the relationship between cultural distance and academic performance. Particularly, female students showed lower cultural adaptation after cross-border migration, which then influenced their academic performance in universities. This study provides implication for policymakers and universities to pay more attention with additional resources to support female students’ cultural adaption.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the use of succinylcholine to facilitate tracheal intubation in neonates
Authors: Gupta Bhavna , Mishra Priyanka
Published: October 2021

Use of succinylcholine in neonates is surrounded by many controversies. The need to review this topic stems from the fact that though there is an abundance of information, but there are divergent views regarding its use in neonates. We have analyzed the incidence of intubation attempts, bradycardia, and hemodynamic changes in clinical settings.

The authors conducted a meta-analysis and systematic literature search to ascertain the risks and benefits of using succinylcholine in neonatal intubation by conducting a review in the online databases of PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Embase, Elsevier, and Google scholar. The combination of keywords used for the search included “Succinylcholine,” “succinylcholine” AND “neonates,” “neonates” AND “difficult airway,” “neuromuscular blockers” AND “neonates,” and “non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers” AND “neonates”. The severe adverse reactions associated with use of succinylcholine include bradycardia, asystole, hyperkalemia, and apnea. The number of attempts required for intubation was significantly lower in the patients receiving succinylcholine as compared to those who did not receive succinylcholine. Evidence suggests that conscious awake intubation leads to adverse physiological responses in neonates. The main recommended indications for using succinylcholine include emergency intubation in laryngospasm, full stomach, difficult airway, absent intravenous access, and controlled endotracheal intubation in the neonatal intensive care unit. Hence, the use of succinylcholine can be rationally accepted after considerations of the pre-operative clinical status of the neonate and risk-benefit ratio with more research further to build up strong evidence for the most appropriate agents for use in neonatal patients.
Critical review of the Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: ethnobotany, pharmacological efficacy, and commercialization significance in Africa
Authors: Afewerky Henok Kessete , Ayodeji Ayeni Emmanuel , Tiamiyu Bashir Bolaji , Orege Joshua Iseoluwa , Okeke Emmanuel Sunday , Oyejobi Aanuoluwapo Opeyemi , Bate Petuel Ndip Ndip , Adeyemi Sherif Babatunde
Published: October 2021

Background

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (W. somnifera) is a herb commonly known by its English name as Winter Cherry. Africa is indigenous to many medicinal plants and natural products. However, there is inadequate documentation of medicinal plants, including W. somnifera, in Africa. There is, therefore, a need for a comprehensive compilation of research outcomes of this reviewed plant as used in traditional medicine in different regions of Africa.

Methodology

Scientific articles and publications were scooped and sourced from high-impact factor journals and filtered with relevant keywords on W. somnifera. Scientific databases, including GBIF, PubMed, NCBI, Google Scholar, Research Gate, Science Direct, SciFinder, and Web of Science, were accessed to identify the most influential articles and recent breakthroughs published on the contexts of ethnography, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and commercialization of W. somnifera.

Results

This critical review covers the W. somnifera ethnography, phytochemistry, and ethnomedicinal usage to demonstrate the use of the plant in Africa and elsewhere to prevent or alleviate several pathophysiological conditions, including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, reproductive impotence, as well as other chronic diseases.

Conclusion

W. somnifera is reportedly safe for administration in ethnomedicine as several research outcomes confirmed its safety status. The significance of commercializing this plant in Africa for drug development is herein thoroughly covered to provide the much-needed highlights towards its cultivations economic benefit to Africa.
Adenosine: a partially discovered medicinal agent
Authors: Batra Rohit , Jain Vinay , Sharma Pankaj
Published: October 2021

Background

A plethora of chemicals exists in human body which can alter physiology in one way or other. Scientists have always been astounded by such abilities of chemicals but as the technology advances, even the chemical which was once expected to be well known changes its status to not really well known. Adenosine is one of the chemicals which is in consonance with the aforementioned statements, although previous articles have covered vast information on role of adenosine in cardiovascular physiology, bacterial pathophysiology and inflammatory diseases. In this review we have discussed adenosine and its congeners as potential promising agents in the treatment of Huntington’s disease, post-traumatic stress disorder, erectile dysfunction, viral infections (SARS-CoV) and anxiety.

Main text

Adenosine is a unique metabolite of ATP; which serves in signalling as well. It is made up of adenine (a nitrogenous base) and ribo-furanose (pentose) sugar linked by β-N9-glycosidic bond. Adenosine on two successive phosphorylation forms ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) which is involved in several active processes of cell. It is also one of the building blocks (nucleotides) involved in DNA (Deoxy-ribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) synthesis. It is also a component of an enzyme called S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) and cyano-cobalamin (vitamin B-12). Adenosine acts by binding to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR: A1, A2A, A2B and A3) carries out various responses some of which are anti-platelet function, hyperaemic response, bone remodelling, involvement in penile erection and suppression of inflammation. On the other hand, certain microorganisms belonging to genus Candida, Staphylococcus and Bacillus utilize adenosine in order to escape host immune response (phagocytic clearance). These microbes evade host immune response by synthesizing and releasing adenosine (with the help of an enzyme: adenosine synthase-A), at the site of infection.

Conclusion

With the recent advancement in attribution of adenosine in physiology and pathological states, adenosine and its congeners are being looked forward to bringing a revolution in treatment of inflammation, viral infections, psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
Decoupled elastic least-squares reverse time migration and its application in tunnel geologic forward prospecting
Authors: Liu Bin , Wang Jiansen , Ren Yuxiao , Guo Xu , Chen Lei , Liu Lanbo
Published: October 2021

Accurate seismic imaging can ensure safe and efficient tunnel construction under complex geologic conditions. As a high-precision migration method, reverse time migration (RTM) has been introduced into tunnel seismic forward prospecting. However, the resolution of traditional RTM imaging results may not meet the requirements in a complex tunnel environment, which affects the interpretation of tunnel seismic forward-prospecting results. We have developed a least-squares RTM method based on the decoupled elastic wave equation in tunnels. The Born forward-modeling operator and its exact adjoint migration imaging operator are derived to ensure a stable convergence of the conjugate-gradient method. Moreover, a pseudo-Hessian-based preconditioning operator is adopted to accelerate the convergence. Numerical examples are provided to verify the efficiency of our scheme. A field test in a traffic tunnel construction site is performed to show the good application effect of the decoupled elastic least-squares RTM in practical situations.
Solitons in curved spacetime
Authors: Mandal Susobhan
Published: October 2021

Derrick's theorem is an important result that decides the existence of soliton configurations in field theories in different dimensions. It is proved using the extremization of finite energy of configurations under the scaling transformation. According to this theorem, the

dimension is the critical dimension for the existence of solitons in scalar field theories without the gauge fields. In the present article, Derrick's theorem is extended in a generic curved spacetime in a covariant manner. Moreover, the existence of solitons in conformally flat spacetimes and spherically symmetric spacetimes is also shown using the approach presented in this article. Further, the approach shown in the present article in order to derive the soliton configurations is not restricted to a particular form of the field potential or curved spacetime.
Induced spontaneous symmetry breaking chain
Authors: Boos Eduard
Published: October 2021

The article discusses a scenario based on the idea of induced spontaneous symmetry breaking. In this type of scenario, spontaneous symmetry breaking is assumed at some higher energy level, which leads to a chain of several subsequent induced symmetry violations at lower levels caused by small mixtures between the levels. We present a simple model in which the idea is realized by small mixing between the levels using scalar portals. In this approach, the large difference between energy scales, for example the Planck scale and the electroweak scale, occurs due to the product of several small factors proportional to the mixing coefficients. Dark matter fields can be formed in this scenario from matter fields on one or possibly several intermediate levels between the highest one and lowest one.
Comparison of the Conventional Downward and Modified Upward Laryngeal Handshake Techniques to Identify the Cricothyroid Membrane: A Randomized, Comparative Study
Authors: Chang Jee-Eun , Kim Hyerim , Won Dongwook , Lee Jung-Man , Kim Tae Kyong , Min Seong-Won , Hwang Jin-Young
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND:

Accurate identification of the cricothyroid membrane is crucial for successful cricothyroidotomy. The aim of this study was to compare the conventional downward and modified upward laryngeal handshake techniques in terms of accuracy to identify the cricothyroid membrane in nonobese female patients.

METHODS:

In 198 anesthetized female patients, the cricothyroid membrane was identified by either the conventional downward laryngeal handshake technique (n = 99) or the modified upward laryngeal handshake technique (n = 99). According to the conventional downward laryngeal handshake technique, the cricothyroid membrane was identified by palpating the neck downward from the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, thyroid laminae, and cricoid cartilage. According to the modified upward laryngeal handshake technique, the cricothyroid membrane was located by moving up from the sternal notch. The primary outcome was the accuracy of identifying the cricothyroid membrane. Secondary outcomes included the accuracy of midline identification and time taken to locate what participants believed to be the cricothyroid membrane. The primary and secondary outcomes according to the technique were analyzed using generalized estimating equations.

RESULTS:

The cricothyroid membrane could be identified more accurately by the modified upward laryngeal handshake technique than by the conventional downward technique (84% vs 56%, respectively; odds ratio [OR], 4.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.13−8.93; P < .001). Identification of the midline was also more accurate by the modified laryngeal handshake than by the conventional technique (96% vs 83%, respectively; OR, 4.98; 95% CI, 1.65−15.01; P = .004). The time taken to identify the cricothyroid membrane was not different between the conventional and modified techniques (20.2 [16.2−26.6] seconds vs 19.0 [14.5−26.4] seconds, respectively; P = .83).

CONCLUSIONS:

The modified upward laryngeal handshake technique that involved tracing the trachea and laryngeal structures upward from the sternal notch was more accurate in identifying the cricothyroid membrane than the conventional downward technique in anesthetized female patients.
A Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Pivot: Development of the American Board of Anesthesiology’s Virtual APPLIED Examination
Authors: Keegan Mark T. , McLoughlin Thomas M. , Patterson Andrew J. , Fiadjoe John E. , Pisacano Margaret M. , Warner David O. , Sun Huaping , Harman Ann E.
Published: October 2021

In 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic interrupted the administration of the APPLIED Examination, the final part of the American Board of Anesthesiology (ABA) staged examination system for initial certification. In response, the ABA developed, piloted, and implemented an Internet-based “virtual” form of the examination to allow administration of both components of the APPLIED Exam (Standardized Oral Examination and Objective Structured Clinical Examination) when it was impractical and unsafe for candidates and examiners to travel and have in-person interactions. This article describes the development of the ABA virtual APPLIED Examination, including its rationale, examination format, technology infrastructure, candidate communication, and examiner training. Although the logistics are formidable, we report a methodology for successfully introducing a large-scale, high-stakes, 2-element, remote examination that replicates previously validated assessments.
Facial Petechiae Following Laparoscopic Surgery: A Case Report of Rumpel-Leede Phenomenon
Authors: Feeley Tara B. M. , Connolly Leanne R.
Published: October 2021

Petechial development as a result of venous compression has variously been described as acute dermal capillary rupture, mask phenomenon, and Rumpel-Leede Phenomenon. We describe the case of a patient who developed a facial petechial rash following a laparoscopic abdominal hysterectomy in steep Trendelenburg position. We review the physiological effects of laparoscopic surgical techniques and Trendelenburg positioning. These physiological effects lead to cephalad venous compression and are analogous to the venous compression caused by a tourniquet. The circumstances preceding its development and the characteristics of the facial rash lead us to conclude that the patient we present developed facial Rumple-Leede Phenomenon.
Successful Implementation of a Robust Medical Student Curriculum in Anesthesiology
Authors: Grap Shannon M. , Vaida Sonia J. , Mets Berend , Eckert Jill M.
Published: October 2021

Increasing medical student enrollment creates challenges for clinical course directors to accommodate students and to provide consistency in clinical experiences. We discuss curricular modifications addressing these challenges specific to anesthesiology electives through the creation of 2-week anesthesiology electives to provide scheduling flexibility in the clinical years. We also incorporated curricular enhancements as a consistent didactic framework congruent with the clinical experience. Since initiating these electives in 2017, annual student enrollment increased >33%. More fourth-year students have enrolled in these courses. The annual number of students matching anesthesiology has maintained ≥8% graduating class. Our highest has been 15% in 2020.
Development and catch efficiency of an attracting device to collect and monitor the invasive fireworm Hermodice carunculata in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: SIMONINI ROBERTO , RIGHI SARA , ZANETTI FEDERICA , FAI SERGIO , PREVEDELLI DANIELA
Published: October 2021

The fireworm Hermodice carunculata (Annelida) is emerging as a native invader and a neonative species in the Central Mediterranean basins. Its ongoing areal expansion has probably been triggered and pursued by the climate alterations which are affecting the Mediterranean environments and biota. However, increased H. carunculata abundance and distribution may be miscalculated and underestimated due to the lack of effective tools for collection and monitoring. Indeed, fireworms spend most of the daytime in crevices and holes, making it impossible to obtain reliable data in underwater surveys.In this study, traps were developed to provide suitable shelter and food to fireworms, and their effectiveness and specificity were assessed by testing different immersion times, environmental conditions and types of bait. Pierced plastic baskets adapted for fireworm capture proved to be extremely easy to set up, reproducible, cheap, and highly specific. The devices were used in 11 sites located along the Ionian Apulian coast (Italy). They resulted suitable and effective: more than 90% of the traps baited with raw fish succeeded in capturing H. carunculata specimens, with an average of 8-9 fireworms captured per trap. The traps were deployed in a depth range of 1.5-9 m with immersion times of up to 4 h, and even large sized fireworms (> 32 cm in length) were caught. These attracting devices could be successful in different forthcoming challenges, allowing the collection of a great number of fireworms to investigate their impact on rocky bottom communities, distribution and potential for bioprospecting. Besides, the cheapness and ease of use of the traps also make them suitable for Citizen Science studies and sampling campaigns aiming at characterizing the expanding populations. Future applications will be critical to improve deployment success and test user friendliness.
Digital twins for well-being: an overview
Authors: Ferdousi Rahatara , Laamarti Fedwa , Hossain M. Anwar , Yang Chunsheng , El Saddik Abdulmotaleb
Published: October 2021

Digital twin (DT) has gained success in various industries, and it is now getting attention in the healthcare industry in the form of well-being digital twin (WDT). In this paper, we present an overview of WDT to understand its potential scope, architecture and impact. We then discuss the definition  and the benefits of WDT. After that, we present the evolution of DT frameworks. Subsequently we discuss the challenges, the different types, the drawbacks, and potential application areas of WDT. Finally we present the requirements for a WDT framework extracted from the literature.