bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinantes internos e externos da estrutura de capital das empresas brasileiras
Authors: Saiani Mendes Georgia , Santos David Ferreira Lopes , Eustáquio Casagrande Elton
Published: April 2021

Este artigo teve por objetivo analisar os determinantes do endividamento das empresas no Brasil. Propõem-se um tratamento diferenciado nessa pesquisa ao avaliar variáveis internas e externas às firmas. As variáveis endógenas refletem os fundamentos financeiros da empresa e as variáveis exógenas expressam a dinâmica setorial competitiva em que a empresa está inserida. A hipótese do artigo é que ambas as dimensões exercem influência no  endividamento. A base de dados foi construída combinando dados financeiros anuais de empresas de capital aberto e fechado entre os anos de 1998 a 2014. A média de empresas em cada ano foi de 1.211 firmas. A partir destas empresas criou-se um painel balanceado com 89 empresas ativas ao longo dos 16 anos estudados e com informações para todas as variáveis.  Os resultados demonstram que todas as variáveis relacionadas aos fundamentos das empresas são significativas para explicar o endividamento das empresas. No entanto, somente uma variável relativa à dinâmica setorial foi significativa para explicar a estrutura de capital. Os resultados evidenciam que não há um único padrão teórico (Pecking Order ou Trade-off) para direcionar a estratégia de endividamento.
Archeological Traces of Sixth Century Earthquakes in İstanbul Küçükçekmece Lake Basin (Bathonea) Excavations
Authors: Barış Şerif , Aydıngün Şengül , Kaya Hakan , Gazioğlu Cem
Published: April 2021

Located 20 km west of the Bosporus, the Bathonea ancient port settlement on the Avcılar / Firuzköy Peninsula northwest of Küçükçekmece Lagoon Lake has been the subject of archeological excavations with a multidisciplinary team since 2010. Excavations determined two separate structures with intense and destructive damage and studies were performed about whether or not this damage was caused by destructive earthquakes in the region. A church structure with an apse had most pronounced intense damage and skeletons belonging to two hugging individuals were identified under the stones of a collapsed dome. Additionally, coins dated to 550 and other archeological materials reveal the destructive earthquake occurred after 550 in the period of the Emperor Justinian (527-565). If it had occurred during the reign of a different emperor, the coins would have been out of circulation. Strong destructive traces were identified in other structures spread over a large area in the excavation site, apart from the apse structure. In the north of the peninsula nearly 600 m from the church structure, visible offsets and collapsed walls were revealed in the walls of a great water cistern. Deformation offsets and fractures observed in this cistern and in tunnels bringing water to the cistern provide evidence of earthquakes in the 6th century. After the structure became unusable, bricks and stones used for construction of other structures in the 7-8th centuries provide important data to date the earthquake. Excavations supporting geophysical studies continue. The results from the excavation confirm some historical earthquakes occurring in Istanbul and mentioned by ancient and medieval writers with archeological evidence for the first time.
Isolation of the protective brucella antigen from the virulent strain and comparison of its properties with the antigen isolated from the vaccine strain
Authors: Grigoriev I.I. , Vinokurov N.V. , Fedorov V.I.
Published: April 2021

Currently, extensive work is being carried out related to the isola-tion of various antigens from brucella and increasing their protective activity. Such work has been carried out for quite a long time, but so far no anti-brucellosis vac-cine obtained by this method has been offered in practice. In this regard, the search for new approaches to the isolation of brucellosis antigen and the creation of a vac-cine preparation based on the conjugation of the antigen with a high-molecular car-rier-an immunostimulator is quite relevant. In our studies, we worked out the pro-cess of isolating a protective antigen from virulent strains (B. abortus 544, B. abor-tus 54, B. melitensis 16M). When using the liquid method of brucella cultivation in a liquid medium in the presence of the above components, it was possible to in-crease the antigen yield from virulent strains by 30%. It was found that during the cultivation process, no more than 1% of the cells in the R-form appeared in the B. abortus 54 strain, while in others this indicator ranged from 3 to 15%. Thus, the strain B. abortus 54 was chosen as an antigen producer, as it had more stable cul-tural properties. The method of obtaining a protective antigen from virulent brucel-la strains has been optimized. It was found that the strain B. abortus 54 has stable cultural properties and stable production of protective antigen, which allows it to be used as an antigen producer. The physicochemical properties of the obtained anti-gen were determined. In its properties, the antigen from the virulent strain differs from the antigen isolated from the vaccine strain that was previously used. The iso-lated antigen has more pronounced protective properties, its yield per unit of bakmass is much higher, which allows it to be used to obtain a specific part of the conjugated antigen-polymer vaccine.
The use of the drug "Dextranal" to stimulate cellular immunity and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases calves
Authors: Penkova I.N. , Balybina N.Y. , Koptev V.Y. , Shkill N.A. , Leonova M.A. , Onishenko I.S.
Published: April 2021

The article provides data on the preventive efficacy of the drug "Dextranal" in gastrointestinal diseases of calves and pigs, as well as the effect of the drug on the resistance of newborn animals. Calves and piglets of the experimental groups were injected with the drug from the first day of life, 5 injections at different intervals, depending on the group. During the experiment, the animals were clinically examined daily. When symptoms of gastrointestinal or respiratory tract lesions appeared, clinical signs and duration were recorded. All sick calves, regardless of the group, were prescribed the use of the antibiotic "Dorin-R" in a dosage according to the instructions for use. The shortest duration of the disease was noted in the calves of the first experimental group that received Dextranal at a dose of 0.06 mg / kg (3.0 ml) with an interval of 3 days. This prophylaxis scheme reduces the duration of the disease in animals by 15% compared to the control group. The analysis of the results of the opsonophagocytic reaction (OFR) indicates an increase in the parameters of the phagocytic index, phagocytic number and phagocytic activity of the blood of animals of the experimental groups, which indicates the direct effect of the drug on cellular immunity. The maximum increase in live weight is observed in calves of the first experimental group, exceeding the same indicator of control by 7.4%. When using the drug "Dextranal" to piglets at a dose of 0.02 mg / kg with an interval of 4 days, there is a decrease in animal mortality by 4%. Also, when using the drug according to this scheme, the piglets of the experimental group on the 14th and 42nd days have a maximum increase in live weight in comparison with the same indicator in the control group.
Carcinoma de células escamosas gástrico primário: relato de quatro casos em um centro ocidental
Authors:   Instituto do Aparelho Digestivo - Goiânia - GO - Brasil, Milhomem Leonardo Medeiros , Cardoso Daniela Medeiros Milhomem , Mota Orlando Milhomem , Santana Filho Jales Benevides , Graciano Izabella Rezende Oliveira , Silva Alline Karolyne Candida da ,   Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Goiânia - GO - Brasil,   Associação de Combate ao Câncer em Goiás - Goiânia - GO - Brasil
Published: April 2021

Estima-se que quase um milhão de novos casos de câncer gástrico ocorreram em 2018 (1.033.701 casos, 5,7% do total), tornando-se a quinta neoplasia maligna mais comum no mundo e a segunda principal causa de morte por câncer em ambos os sexos no mundo (782.685 mortes, 8,2% do total). O câncer gástrico representa um grupo de tumores biologicamente heterogêneo. A maior parte deles são adenocarcinomas. O câncer gástrico de diferenciação escamosa é raro, enquanto o carcinoma escamoso gástrico puro é extremamente raro. As características clínicas, etiologia, patogênese e prognóstico são controversos. Relatamos quatro casos de carcinoma escamoso gástrico tratados em um único centro terciário.
TEDARİK ZİNCİRİ ENTEGRASYONU, OPERASYONEL ÇEVİKLİK VE KİTLESEL KİŞİSELLEŞTİRME YETENEĞİ: İMALAT SEKTÖRÜNDE AMPİRİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: YILDIZ ÇANKAYA Sibel , CAN Yeşim
Published: April 2021

Amaç - Bu çalışmada tedarik zinciri entegrasyonunun, operasyonel çeviklik ve kitlesel kişiselleştirme yeteneği üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Yöntem - Araştırmada Türkiye'de faaliyet gösteren imalat işletmeleri arasından kolayda örnekleme metodu ile seçilmiş 83 işletme üzerinde anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma amacına ulaşmak ve bu doğrultuda geliştirilen hipotezleri test etmek için kısmi en küçük kareler yapısal eşitlik modeli (PLS-YEM) tercih edilmiştir. Bulgular – 83 işletme üzerinde yapılan analizlerle tedarik zinciri entegrasyonunun üç boyutundan sadece iç entegrasyonun operasyonel çeviklik ile pozitif ilişkili olduğu ayrıca müşteri ve tedarikçi entegrasyonunun kitlesel kişiselleştirme yeteneği ile pozitif ilişkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç – Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, tedarik zinciri entegrasyonunun bazı boyutlarının operasyonel çevikliğin ve kitlesel kişiselleştirme yeteneğinin gelişmesini olumlu bir şekilde etkileyeceği söylenebilir.
The evolution and status of Political Ecology within Geography
Authors: Dzimbiri Mastano
Published: April 2021

Data used in this paper was based solely from the literature
Existence of solutions for a coupled system of Caputo-Hadamard type fractional di¤erential equations with Hadamard fractional integral conditions
Authors: MOHAMED Houas
Published: April 2021

In this work, we study existence and uniqueness of solutions for a coupled system of nonlinear fractional di¤erential equations involving two Caputo-Hadamard-type fractional derivatives. By applying the Banach's fixed point theorem and Shaefer's fixed point theorem, the existence of solutions is obtained.The results obtained in this work are well illustrated with the aid of examples.
Differential expression of adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing in cancers of the breast.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: April 2021

Breast cancer affects women at relatively high frequency (1). We mined published microarray datasets (2, 3) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the systems level genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with breast cancer. We report here significant differential expression of the gene encoding adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing, ADIPOQ, when comparing primary tumors of the breast to the tissue of origin, the normal breast. ADIPOQ mRNA was present at significantly lower quantities in tumors of the breast as compared to normal breast tissue. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of ADIPOQ in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with overall survival in patients with basal and luminal A subtype cancers in a contrary manner, demonstrating a complex relationship between primary tumor expression of a differentially expressed gene and patient survival outcomes influenced by molecular subtype. ADIPOQ may be of relevance to initiation, maintenance or progression of cancers of the female breast.
ECONOMIC GROWTH NOT QUALIFIED AND NEED FOR GOVERNMENT POLICY IN EXPANSION OF JOB OPPORTUNITIES IN BAUBAU CITY
Authors: Abidin Zainul
Published: April 2021

This simple study aims to describe the conception of economic growth is not qualifiedand consequently in Baubau city as well as looking for policy solutions what should be done toovercome them. This paper uses a classical and neo classical political economy approachthat is also part of the administrative sciences, especially administrative sciences thatconcentrate on development problems. As for this research is literature research, where the method of study documentation is the only method used. Data analysis techniques are more descriptive in which the results of research are qualitatively described so as to obtain a picture of the problem of economic growth is not qualified and simultaneouslywant to show the required government policies either breakthrough or instensification ofexisting policies to reduce unemployment, poverty and reduce the trend informalisasi ekonomi.Periode time Data used from 2005 to 2010.
Making Sense of Uncertainty in the Science Classroom: A Bayesian Approach
Authors: Rosenberg Joshua , Kubsch Marcus , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan , Dogucu Mine
Published: April 2021

Uncertainty is ubiquitous in science, but scientific knowledge is often represented to the public and in educational contexts as certain and immutable. This contrast can foster distrust when scientific knowledge develops in ways that can be perceived as reversals, as we have observed during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on research in statistics, child development, and several studies in science education, we argue that a Bayesian approach can support science learners to make sense of uncertainty. In this paper, we review prior research on uncertainty and Bayesian approaches to scientific reasoning and provide a brief primer on Bayes' Theorem. We then describe three ways to make Bayesian reasoning practical in K-12 science education contexts: using principles informed by Bayes' Theorem that relate to the nature of knowing and knowledge, interacting with a web-based application (or widget—Confidence Updater) that makes the calculations needed to apply Bayes' Theorem more practical, and adopting strategies for supporting even young learners to engage in Bayesian reasoning. We conclude with directions for future research and sum up how viewing science and scientific knowledge from a Bayesian perspective can build trust in science.
Resume Hukum Tata Negara_155
Authors: sari Ayu indah
Published: April 2021

Hukum formal Adalah sumber hukum dengan bentuk tertentu yang merupakan dasarkekuatan mengikatnya peraturan-peraturan agar ditaati oleh masyarakat maupunoleh penengak hukum.Sumber ini sesuai dengan aturan formal yang telahdiberlakukan dan disepakati, misalnya dalam UU, yuridiksi, perjanjian antarbangsa, dan kebiasaan yang menjadi aturan yang telah diberikan.-Sumber hukum formal meliputi beberapa hal,yaitu:1.Hukum perundang-undangan ketatanegaraan2.Hukum adat ketatanegaraan3.Hukum kebiasaan (konvesi) ketatanegaraan4.Yurisprudensi ketatanegaraan5.Perjanjiaan ketatanegaraan6.Doktrin ketatanegaraan
BELAJAR DAN PEMBELAJAR BESERTA TEORITIS PRAKTIS
Authors: Maisharah
Published: April 2021

Belajar merupakan akan suatu proses dan bukan suatu tentang hasil. Oleh karenanyatentang belajar maka akan berlangsung secara lebih aktif dan integratif dengan sama halnyamemakai akan berbagai bentuk-bentuk perilaku untuk mencapai akan suatu tujuan(Soemanto, 1990:99). Seseorang dikatakan dapat belajar atau tidaknya hal itu sangatdigantungkan akan hal keperluan dan semangatnya.Mengenai keperluan dan semangat akanseseorang akan menjadi hal yang sangat diinginkan seseorang dalam hal-hal belajar. Danteruntuk semangat sendiri hak itu akan timbul jika seseorang mempunyai kemempuanminat yang sangat besar sekali. Williams & Anandam ( 1973) mengatakan tentangpembelajaran akan merupakan hal sebagai bentuk dari perubahan akan tingkah laku yangakan mengalami kekekalan yang disebabkan oleh dihasil akan daripada pengalaman masalalu atau latihan yang memang dilakukan. Pelaksanaan tentang belajar mengajar yangdilaksanakan dalam hal ini diarahkan akan pencapaian tentang tujuan tertentu yangmemang diatur sebelum pelaksanaan pengajaran dilakukan. Guru memang secara sadarmerancang akan kegiatan pengajarannya.Hal itu mengingat akan tidak semua prilaku dapatdigolongkan sebagai aktivitas belajar, dikatakan (Sugiharto) akan hal ciri-ciri tentangtingkah laku belajar yang telah disebutkan.
CO2 capture by pumping surface acidity to the deep ocean
Authors: Tyka Michael , Platt John , Van Arsdale Christopher
Published: April 2021

The majority of IPCC scenarios call for active CO2 removal (CDR) to remain below 2oC of warm- ing. On geological timescales, ocean uptake regulates atmospheric CO2 concentration, with two homeostats driving CO2 uptake: dissolution of deep ocean calcite deposits and terrestrial weathering of silicate rocks, acting on 1ka to 100ka timescales, respectively. Many current ocean-based CDR proposals effectively act to accelerate the latter. Here we present a method which relies purely on the redistribution and dilution of acidity from a thin layer of the surface ocean to a thicker layer of deep ocean, with the aim of reducing surface acidification and accelerating the former carbonate homeostasis. This downward transport could be seen analogous to the action of the natural biological carbon pump. The method offers advantages over other ocean CDR methods and direct air capture approaches (DAC): the conveyance of mass is minimized (acidity is pumped in situ to depth), and expensive mining, grinding and distribution of alkaline material is eliminated. No dilute substance needs to be concentrated, avoiding the Sherwood’s Rule costs typically encountered in DAC. Finally, no terrestrial material is added to the ocean, avoiding significant alteration of seawater ion concentrations or issues with heavy metal toxicity encountered in mineral-based alkalinity schemes. The artificial transport of acidity accelerates the natural deep ocean compensation by calcium carbonate. It has been estimated that the total compensation capacity of the ocean is on the order of 1500GtC. We show through simulation that pumping of ocean acidity could remove up to 150GtC from the atmosphere by 2100 with- out excessive increase of local ocean pH. For an acidity release below 2000m, the relaxation half-life of CO2 return to the atmosphere was found to be ∼2500 years (∼1000yr without account- ing for carbonate dissolution), with ∼85% retained for at least 300 years. The uptake efficiency and residence time were found to vary with the location of acidity pumping, and optimal areas were determined. Requiring only local resources (ocean water and energy), this method could be uniquely suited to utilize otherwise-unusable open ocean energy sources at scale. We examine technological pathways that could be used to implement it and present a brief techno-economic estimate of 130-250$/tCO2 at current prices and as low as 93$/tCO2 under modest learning-curve assumptions.
Phoneme Identification in Bilingual Children in Singapore – A preregistered investigation using the CROWN Game
Authors: Ke Han , Pan Lei , O'Brien Beth Ann , Styles Suzy J
Published: April 2021

Phoneme identification is critically involved in alphabetic reading, and weak skills in phoneme perception are known to correspond to the development of reading skills in children around the age of reading instruction. However, current models of phoneme perception have been established in monolingual populations, and these relationships may not hold for bilingual children. We developed a phoneme identification task, the CROWN Game, as part of a comprehensive assessment package for identifying potential reading difficulties. In the task, children perform a phoneme identification task, using familiar words with onset consonants spanning a voice-onset time continuum from /b/ to /p/ (-60ms to 90ms). 138 English-Chinese bilinguals in Singapore kindergartens were tested on phoneme perception for English words ‘beach’ and ‘peach’. We fitted individual responses to a psychometric function and measured individual VOT threshold and the slope of the transition between categories. The task showed a wide spread of scores and good split-half reliability, suggesting the CROWN game is suitable for identifying stable individual differences between children. In a preregistered subgroup analysis, we examined whether a child’s language background (input ratios and age of acquisition) influenced phoneme perception. GLMMs showed no influence of language exposure on phoneme perception in this task. This suggests the CROWN Game, as part of a broader assessment package, is valid for use with bilingual children with different rates of exposure to their languages in evaluating phoneme perception skills relevant to reading development.
A Network Perspective on Successful Aging and Resilience in Later Life: A Protocol Paper
Authors: Brinkhof Lotte , Ridderinkhof K. Richard , de wit sanne , Krugers Harm , Murre Jaap M. J.
Published: April 2021

Aging inevitably gives rise to many late-life challenges and transitions that impose threats for one’s physical and mental health, which can greatly impact our well-being and quality of life. Hence, the key to successful aging may not be the absence of these challenges and transitions, but the ability to demonstrate resilience to them. We recently started a large-scale study (N > 10.000) among older adults (55 years or older) in the Netherlands, with the aim to understand resilience as an emergent property that arises through the interplay between various (risk and protective) factors from different domains. Participants are asked to complete online questionnaires and tests that cover a multitude of relevant factors from multiple domains (e.g., physical, psychological, cognitive, social, environmental). Relationships between those factors will be analysed through network analysis, in which conditional dependencies between factors are depicted in a network of nodes. In this way, critical resilience (protective) and risk factors can be identified. This study offers a unique possibility to obtain insights into the factors that characterize and contribute to resilience in old age and thereby assist in generating hypotheses for follow up work. The contribution of this study in the growing field of resilience research, as well as the limitations, are discussed accordingly.
Taking Risks to Feel Excitement: Detailed Personality Profile and Genetic Associations
Authors: Ausmees Liisi , Talts Maie , Allik Jüri , Vainik Uku , Sikka Timo Tõnis , Nikopensius Tiit , Esko Tõnu , Realo Anu
Published: April 2021

This study mapped the personality and genetics of risky excitement-seekers focusing on skydiving behavior. We compared 298 skydivers to 298 demographically matched controls across the NEO Personality Inventory-3 domains, facets and 240 items. The most significant item-level effects were aggregated into a poly-item score of skydiving-associated personality markers (SPM; Study 1), where higher scores describe individuals who enjoy risky situations but have no self-control issues. The SPM score was associated with greater physical activity, higher rate of traumatic injuries and better mental health in a sample of 3,558 adults (Study 2). From genetic perspective, we associated skydiving behavior with 19 candidate variants that have previously been linked to excitement-seeking (Study 1). Polymorphisms in the SERT gene were the strongest predictors of skydiving, but the FDR-adjusted p-values were non-significant. In Study 2, we predicted SPM and E5: Excitement-seeking from risk-taking polygenic scores (PGS), using publicly available summary data from genome-wide association studies. While E5: Excitement-seeking was most strongly predicted by general risk tolerance and risky behaviors’ PGSs, SPM was most strongly associated with the adventurousness PGS. Phenotypic and PGS associations suggest that skydiving is a specific — perhaps more functional — form of excitement-seeking, which may nevertheless lead to physical injuries.
What is the functional role of delay-related alpha oscillations during working memory?
Authors: Wolff Michael J. , Akyurek Elkan G. , Stokes Mark G.
Published: April 2021

“Activity-silent” working memory (WM) has been proposed as an energy-efficient short-term storage mechanism that does not require persistent spiking. Previously we developed a novel experimental approach to test its key predictions and showed that an external perturbation results in a subtle but reliable readout of the information in WM, even for unattended memories that otherwise do not exhibit persistent neural activity during maintenance. More recently, there has been intense interest in what differentiates attended and unattended items in WM, with diverse suggestions ranging from storage in different brain areas, reversed neural codes or that both are stored in low-frequency oscillatory activity. Here we specifically consider this latter suggestions, as proposed by Barbosa et al. based on their secondary analysis of our freely available EEG data. We are pleased that our previously published data have contributed to new and potentially important findings, but we also note that this oscillatory correlate raises further questions, and does not necessarily disqualify activity-silent models of WM.
Percepatan pendapatan petani sawit melalui peningkatan kinerja pemasaran dan strategi bersaing
Authors: Savitri Enni , Natariasari Riska
Published: April 2021

The oil palm business is one of the businesses that can help the country's economy and help improve people's welfare. The effectiveness of SME business performance is influenced by training, organizing, utilization, and development. The target community is SMEs in Lebuh Lurus village, Inuman Kuantan Singingi sub-district. Increased marketing performance and competitive strategies can be applied to oil palm farmers with training and skill mentoring. This activity is carried out by direct counseling/discussion, discussion, and question and answer. The implementation of this activity is divided into several stages, including preparation, counseling and assistance, evaluation, and discussion. Competitive advantage, competitive intelligence, cross-functional working relationships as solutions to improving marketing performance in oil palm plantation SMEs in the province of Riau. The results of this activity teaches and administers to the oil palm smallholders in implementing competitive strategies and marketing palm oil products. Training for human resource oil palm workers and the creation of agricultural counseling programs.
Exploration of Teachers' Role in Resource Class: A Case from an Integrated School
Authors: Sherpa Dawa , Baraily Khagendra
Published: April 2021

This study aimed at exploring the teacher’s role in resource class especially focusing on how resource teacher contributes to mainstreaming of children with disability. For this purpose, the researcher applied hermeneutics phenomenology as a research design. Five resource teachers from two integrated school from Kathmandu valley were selected as research participants by purposive sampling. The researchers adopted in depth interview and class observation to gather the rigorous information. Data analysis had been carried out along with the categorization of themes of collaboration, observation of   activities of resource teachers and understanding of service delivery model. From the interview protocol the responses were transcribed and basic themes had been organized. Main themes were extracted from the basic themes. Main theme had been discussed with thematic network to draw final conclusion. The findings showed that the roles and responsibility of resource teachers are to support general teacher, to teach basic adaptive skills for children with the disability, creating collaborative environment with the parents and professionals. Therefore, the resource teacher’s roles to identification of need for children with disability, co-operation with parents and general teachers that contributes to transition planning in the individualized education plan. The findings provided implications that produced a plan to assist in the collaboration between the two educational environments.
Influence of Smriti Texts to Women Leadership Development in Cooperatives
Authors: Dhungana Sita
Published: April 2021

The patriarchy under Hindu tradition has been an issue of shaping role of female in present society. Their role in the family and in the society has been taken as supportive on financial mobilization rather in leading position as compared to men. Financial mobilization through cooperatives has been accepted as a key component for economic development of Nepalese community. It may be the appropriate way of increasing income, generating employment opportunities and eradicating poverty. This study has aimed at analysing the relationship of female leadership within the circumstances of Hindu tradition, cooperative movement, and analyzed the effect of intervention factors of financial mobilization. This article has been prepared after the analytical review of Hindu ancient literatures and present policies, social customs and traditions. Information was analyzed and impact of the variables on female leadership was assessed. The result has demonstrated that the Hindu tradition has an average positive influence on financial mobilization, while investment opportunities and intervening variables have a strong positive influence on empowering women leadership in cooperatives. The Smriti texts including Manu Smriti texts were the factors that hindered the Nepalese women to take part the leadership role in their family and the community.
Critical Review and Improvement of Bank Protection Methods in Nepalese Rivers
Authors: Kafle Mukesh Raj
Published: April 2021

This paper reviews performance of bank protection works constructed over the last decades along the major rivers in Nepal. The study reveals main reasons of early spurs failure in five major rivers - Koshi, Narayani, West Rapti, Karnali and Mahakali. The overview finds design deficiency as the main reason of failure of bank protection works. The methodology incorporates a combination of field visits and a review of design reports, master plans. The study finds bank protection works along the major rivers in Nepal consist almost exclusively of spurs often combined with revetments in between, made of gabions filled with boulders. Also, the launching aprons are constructed of gabions. The lifetime of these bank protection works is less than 10 years and often much shorter. Designs are based on standard designs from Indian standards, developed for normal alluvial rivers. The study recommends initiating a bank protection pilot project to identify the cause of failure of the bank protection works and to test remedial measures for the sustainability enhancement of river protection works in future.
Design of Pelton Turbine and Bucket Surface using Non-Uniform Rational Basis Spline and its Analysis with Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Adhikari Neeraj , Pandey Anup , Subedi Anushka , Subedi Nitesh
Published: April 2021

Hydraulic turbines are used to convert the energy in flowing water to rotational mechanical energy. The design of high head Pelton turbine is difficult due to complex flow pattern on different parts. The basic dimensions can be obtained from interpolation techniques and design trends but the main challenge is to model the hydrodynamic surface. The surface must be designed such that it would harvest energy in an efficient manner and the manufacturing of the surface is also economic and simple. For the design of Pelton turbine, the data from Kulekhani-I hydropower is taken. Pelton turbine is designed for the given head (550 m), flow rate (6.05 m3/sec) and speed (600 rpm). For basic dimensions, interpolation techniques and design trends are used. Number of buckets is calculated for maximum efficiency condition and found to be twenty. Nozzle and spear are selected based on hydraulic efficiency. Spear angle and nozzle angle of 70° and 100° respectively are selected. The bucket surface is designed with the help of second order B-Spline. Circular and Second order B-spline surfaces with different depths are analyzed using commercial CFD code. The second order B-Spline with depth 186.22 mm is found to be more effective in terms of force exerted by the jet among the given surfaces. Finally, Bucket surface is generated using non-uniform rational B‑spline (NURBS) modeling after all the basic dimensions are determined. For verification, the design is compared with the design of commercial design software and the turbine in Kulekhani-I hydropower plant.
Seismic Performance of Elevated Reinforced Concrete Water Tanks
Authors: Tripathi Sandesh Sagar , Thapa Kamal Bahadur
Published: April 2021

Most of the codal provisions used worldwide for the design of elevated water tanks incorporates the nonlinear response through reduction factor that considers overstrength, ductility and redundancy. The majority of these codes provide a value which incorporates the demand of their geological condition and construction industry. In Nepal, there is lack of own guidelines and codes for the seismic design of elevated water tanks. In the present work, seismic performance of elevated reinforced concrete (RC) Intze type water tank is evaluated and value of the response reduction factor (R) for the design of such tank is determined. In this research work 34 models of elevated reinforced water tank were analyzed using SAP 2000 to evaluate the seismic performance with varying tank filling condition and staging height for 450 cumec and 225 cumec capacity. Based on the results, it is concluded that single value of response reduction factor cannot be justified for all heights and capacity of elevated RC water tank. So, for economical design purpose, estimation of response reduction factor with exact analysis is preferred.
A Report on GIS Based Analysis of Landslides in Myagdi District
Authors: Thapa Sumit
Published: April 2021

Lanslide have become a routine event during monsoon in Nepal which accompanies a huge social, physical and economical loss. As the number of landslide event is in increasing order each year but their proper study is still limited, this assessment is an example of simple step in landslide study. Also, the developmental activities disturb the topology and hence increase or bring new form of landslide in the region. This report is mainly a preliminary study of existing landslide in Myagdi district which is generally carried out using QGIS software and remote sensing data available from http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov and recent Google satellite image. From the analysis carried out by using the inbuilt features in QGIS, relationship between various terrain, hydrological and anthropogenic parameters with landslide was driven. Based on this approach a simple precautionary measures in development activities, disaster preparedness and mitigation activities can be carried out.
VAR Compensation on Load Side using Thyristor Switched Capacitor and Thyristor Controlled Reactor
Authors: Bimali Bibek , Uprety Sushil , Pandey Ram Prasad
Published: April 2021

Generally, AC loads are the inductive loads which are reactive in nature. These loads, thus, demand and draw reactive power from the supply source. If these loads draw large lagging current from the source, this will cause excessive voltage drop in the line, which can even cause the voltage collapsing in the line itself if the drop in the line is excessively high. VAR compensation means efficient management of reactive power locally to improve the performance of AC power systems. In this paper, Static VAR Compensator, using TSC (Thyristor Switched Capacitor) and TCR (Thyristor Controlled Reactor), is designed and simulated in MATLAB to maintain the power factor of power system nearly to unity at all times. TSC and TCR are basically shunt connected capacitors and inductor respectively whose switching (of capacitors) and firing angle control (of inductor) operations are carried out using thyristors. The purpose of capacitors is to supply lagging VAR as per the demand by the connected loads and the overcompensation due to excess VAR generated by the discrete set of turned on capacitors are absorbed by the adjustable inductive reactance of the inductor in TCR branch through firing angle control mechanism.
A Hesitant Fuzzy Envelope Based Expert System in Human Decision Making
Authors: Srivastava Panjkaj , Mondal Rajkrishna
Published: April 2021

Naturally, individual decision style is qualitative rather than quantitative settings. In nature, the human way of thinking is uncertain and fuzziness that demands the use of the linguistic approach of problems related to the decision. The group decision making process is highly affected by hesitant situations among the members for clarity-based decisions. In order to remove the hesitant situations, the proposed Hesitant Fuzzy Envelope expert system provides the group decision making processes with more realistic output in envelope form rather than CRISP one. In this study, we shall discuss a linguistic based expert system that will help to make more realistic decisions in a hesitant situation by using Hesitant Fuzzy Envelope technique.
Jak ogromne mroczne świerszcze. O watykańskiej „dylogii” (Spiżowa brama i Urząd) Tadeusza Brezy
Authors: Graczyk Ewa
Published: April 2021

Artykuł poświęcony jest dwóm tekstom Tadeusza Brezy (1905–1970) opublikowanym w 1960 roku: reportażowej Spiżowej bramie oraz powieści Urząd. Autorka analizuje tę ostatnią w kontekście reportażu o Watykanie, ukazując, że oba teksty można traktować jako na poły ukrytą opowieść o skrytym homoseksualnym pożądaniu przenikającym Kościół katolicki. Zaszyfrowanym tematem Urzędu okazuje się również problem stosunku pisarza do komunizmu.
Understanding review of economic loss due to government policy respond to the COVID-19 disruption in Indonesia
Authors: Sholahuddin Muhammad , Manullang Sardjana Orba , Sari Dyana
Published: April 2021

The emergence of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic followed by its aftermath has left a disaster for various lives and business activities. The impact of COVID-19 on the economy is a consequence of the national policies of each country in reducing the number of suspected victims of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper aimed to understand the scenario of economic disruption in Indonesia due to a pandemic, which includes various economic sectors, including the weakening of the money cycle, increasing unemployment, supply of goods, changes in consumer behavior, scarcity, economic growth, and policies, stability. In collecting data, this study first mapped the theoretical impact of the national economy from the emergence of a pandemic. Next, we reviewed other evidence relevant to mapping to understand the causes and how economic impacts occur. Finally, we get an understanding of how economic disruption is, the impact of COVID-19 and an explanation of the disruption caused by government policies to combat the spread of COVID-19. These findings are scientifically valid and reliable because they have answered research questions in accordance with the plan of this study.
EXERGOECONOMIC APPROACH TO THE PROBLEMS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION ASSESSMENT IN HOUSING AND COMMUNAL SERVICES OF UKRAINE
Authors: Dolgopolov I. , Tuchin V. , Marchenko D.
Published: April 2021

An attempt to use the base thermodynamics and exergoeconomic aspects of decision tasks of energy efficiency and energy saving with the examples of in heat-, gas- and watersupply in housing and communal services of Ukraine is presented.

The methodology of forming the analytical dependences of account and payment of the got and used heat is presented as a result of this approach. This system of account has the followings advantages: 1) the sum of payment takes into account not only an amount but also quality of energy flows; 2) efficiency of work of all elements of this system is taken into account.

 The operating presently system of tariffs on natural gas does not take into account current composition of gas and exergy of gas. Dependence, which takes into account the real exergy of natural gas which is supplied, is offered in relation to the minimum exergy of natural gas, which is foreseen DSTU.

At forming of cost of water-supply in dependence for determination of sum of payment for water is suggested to enter a constituent, which takes into account the exergy of stream of water, which influences the amount and pressure of the given water.

Realization in practice of the exergyeconomic going near tariffs on energy which is consumed in housing and communal services of Ukraine allows from single power positions objectively to estimate efficiency of functioning of all elements of the systems heat-, gaz- and water-supplys. It allows practically to carry out market approach to forming of tariffs on heat-, gaz- and water-supply and to mobilize producers, suppliers and users of services, in this sphere of housing and communal services of Ukraine on an energy-savings and energy efficiency.

It is necessary to expect that introduction of these principles has social influence because it is a step which unites the citizens of Ukraine in the decision of tasks of establishment of transparent and just price policy of the state in housing and communal services of Ukraine and improvements of situations with ecology in our country.
LAWS OF MOTION IN THE FRAME THEORIES OF GRAVITY
Authors: Samokhvalov S.
Published: April 2021

One of the most striking features of the general relativity (GR) is the fact that the matter that generates gravitational field cannot move arbitrarily, but must obey certain equations that follow from equations of the gravitational field as a condition of their compatibility. This fact was first noted in the fundamental Hilbert's work, in which equations of GR saw the world for the first time as variational Lagrange equations. Hilbert showed that in the case when fulfilling equations of the gravitational field which were born by an electromagnetic field, four linear combinations of equations of the electromagnetic field and their derivatives are zero due to the general covariance of the theory. It is known that this is what stimulated E. Noether to invent her famous theorem.

As for "solid matter", for the compatibility of equations of the gravitational field, it is necessary that particles of dust matter move along geodesics of Riemannian space, which describes the gravitational field. This fact was pointed out in the work of A. Einstein and J. Grommer and according to V. Fock it is one of the main justifications of GR (although even before the creation of GR it was known that the motion along geodesics is a consequence of the condition of covariant conservation of energy-momentum of matter). This remarkable feature of GR all his life inspired Einstein to search on the basis of GR such theory from which it would be possible to derive all fundamental physics, including quantum mechanics.

Interest in this problem (following Einstein, we name it the problem of motion) has resumed in our time in connection with the registration of gravitational waves and analysis of the conditions of their radiation, i.e. the need for its direct application in gravitational-wave astronomy.

In this article we consider the problem to what extent the motion of matter that generates the gravitational field can be arbitrary. Considered problem is analyzed from the point of view symmetry of the theory with respect to the generalized gauge deformed groups without specification of Lagrangians.

In particular it is shown, that the motion of particles along geodesics of Riemannian space is inherent in an extremely wide range of theories of gravity and is a consequence of the gauge translational invariance of these theories under the condition of fulfilling equations of gravitational field. In addition, we found relationships of equations for some fields that follow from the assumption about fulfilling of equations for other fields, for example, relationships of equations of the gravitational field which follow from the assumption about fulfilling of equations of matter fields.
Does the Profit Motive Matter? COVID-19 Prevention and Management in Ontario Long-Term-Care Homes
Authors: Pue Kristen , Westlake Daniel , Jansen Alix
Published: April 2021

We introduce evidence that for-profit long-term-care providers are associated with less successful outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak management. We introduce two sets of theoretical arguments that predict variation in service quality by provider type: those that deal with the institution of contracting (innovative competition vs. erosive competition) and those that address organizational features of for-profit, non-profit, and government actors (profit seeking, cross-subsidization, and future investment). We contextualize these arguments through a discussion of how contracting operates in Ontario long-term care. That discussion leads us to exclude the institutional arguments while retaining the arguments about organizational features as our three hypotheses. Using outbreak data as of February 2021, we find that government-run long-term-care homes surpassed for-profit and non-profit homes in outbreak management, consistent with an earlier finding from Stall et al. (2020) . Non-profit homes outperform for-profit homes but are outperformed by government-run homes. These results are consistent with the expectations derived from two theoretical arguments—profit seeking and cross-subsidization—and inconsistent with a third—capacity for future investment.
Relações entre trabalho e gênero na pandemia do covid-19
Authors: Amâncio dos Santos Dayse , Barbosa da Silva Laurileide
Published: April 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre trabalho e gênero no cenário atual de pandemia causada pelo covid-19. O texto trata especificamente da intensificação do trabalho feminino, remunerado ou não, no período da quarentena causada pelo coronavírus. O estudo é de natureza qualitativa, descritiva e documental, pautado na análise de dados secundários a respeito da divisão sexual do trabalho no período de distanciamento social. Após a análise dos dados foi possível verificar que o trabalho executado por mulheres na área da saúde e no espaço doméstico (remunerado ou não) sofreu significativa intensificação diante do isolamento social determinado por autoridades governamentais para evitar a contaminação pelo coronavírus. Os dados reforçam, ainda, que permanecem as desigualdades de gênero, historicamente presentes na sociedade brasileira. Diante do exposto, ressalta-se a importância do Estado incorporar na sua agenda política medidas para combater não apenas o coronavírus, mas também as desigualdades de gênero no trabalho executado por mulheres.
Rus Siyasi Coğrafyası ve Avrasyacılık Düşüncesi Çerçevesinde “Yaşam Alanı” (Mestorazvıtıe/Месторазвитие) Kavramının Etimolojik ve Semantik Analizi
Authors: DEMİR Tarık
Published: April 2021

Yaşam alanı/hayat sahası kavramının Rusya’nın Avrupa topraklarıyla olan tarihi ve kültürel bağlarının başlangıcını çok eskilere dayandıran ve bu çerçevede Avrasya birliği düşüncesini savunan Avrasyacılık düşüncesi içerisinde merkezi bir rol üstlenmiş olduğu görülmektedir. Bolşevik Devrimi sonrasında aralarında N. S. Trubetskoy, P. N. Savistky ve G. Vernadsky’nin bulunduğu etkin bir Rus göçmen aydın grubu tarafından ortaya konulan Avrasyacılık Hareketi içerisinde zikredilen kavramın temel olarak idealist Slavofil düşünce ve Ortodoksluk inancıyla desteklenmiş olduğu görülmektedir. Kavramın SSCB’nin dağılması sonrası dönemde A. Dugin tarafından Yeni-Avrasyacılık Hareketi çerçevesinde yeniden gündeme getirildiği görülmektedir. Çalışmada Rus siyasi coğrafyasında ve jeopolitiğinde önemli bir yer teşkil eden ve “yaşam alanı/hayat sahası” olarak çevrilebilecek olan “mestorazvitie” kavramı etimolojik ve semantik açılardan incelemeye tabi tutulmuştur. Kavramın batı dillerindeki karşılığı olarak mekânın yaratılması/yeniden üretilmesi ya da genişleyerek yerleşme anlamına gelen topogenesis sözcüğünün kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Kavramın, 19. yüzyıl sonunda Alman siyasi coğrafyacı F. Ratzel tarafından ilk kez kullanılan Lebensraum kavramından birebir benzetme yapılmak suretiyle oluşturulduğu ve dönemin diğer büyük güçlerinin yayılmacı siyasetine ve dış politikalarındaki harekât tarzına da uygun bir şekilde Rus yayılmacılığına meşruiyet sağlamak amacıyla kullanılmış olduğu görülmektedir.