bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Right to Environmental Protection in India: Many a Slip between the Cup and the Lip?
Authors: Rajamani Lavanya
Published: September 2010

India is one of the first jurisdictions to have embraced an environmental right, and ‘fostered an extensive and innovative jurisprudence’ on it. The Indian Supreme Court has held the principles of precaution, polluter pays and inter‐generational equity as well as the public trust doctrine as integral to the corpus of Indian law. There is, however, many a slip between the cup and the lip, and this article explores some of these slips in detail. It argues that the constitutionally guaranteed environmental right is poorly defined, and therefore offers little guidance in making difficult judgments central to an exercise of this right. After an analysis of relevant case law, it finds that at least some of the principles intended to guide the actualization of the environmental right do little more than create a smokescreen, which renders application and implementation difficult, and obfuscates the hard questions. It also argues that the judicial discretion available to judges in public interest environmental litigation, in combination with the proliferation of imprecise rights, allows the judiciary's preferences for certain rights and certain modes of argumentation to prevail. It concludes however that, notwithstanding these concerns, the Indian Supreme Court deserves credit for having delivered a vast number of environmentally sensitive decisions, and for its willingness to embrace innovative and progressive conceptual tools in the service of environmental protection.
Environment Rights versus Environmental Wrongs: Forum over Substance?
Authors: Soveroski Marie
Published: September 2010

Beginning with the 1972 Stockholm Declaration, there have been a number of international proclamations of a human right to a clean environment, both implicit and explicit. The highpoint of this movement towards an internationally recognized substantive right to a clean environment came with the 1992 Rio Declaration. This movement has continued forward in regional and specialized regimes – for example with respect to water and indigenous rights. There has also been a parallel move towards recognition of what can be considered procedural rights, which require public access to information, participation in decision making, and access to justice in environmental matters. This article argues that further development and use of these procedural rights will not only provide opportunities to protect environmental rights, but can also further the development of a substantive right to a clean environment.
THE SCOTTISH SOCIETY OF ECONOMISTS
Authors: Rankin M. T.
Published: September 2010

The Scottish Society of Economists was founded on the 29th June 1897. It derived largely from the efforts of Professor Shield Nicholson, its first President, to promote an informed public opinion on matters of economic importance as they arose. The initiative in the formation of the Society came from John H. Romanes, LL.B., W.S., its first Secretary, and throughout its life one of its most active and keen supporters. The inaugural address of the President, delivered in November 1897, appeared in the Economic Journal issued the following month.
EARNINGS IN BRITISH REGIONS IN 1948
Authors: Leser C. E. V.
Published: September 2010

Until a few years ago, information on regional variation in earnings within Great Britain was almost entirely lacking, but this important deficiency in British statistics is now on the point of being remedied. Some of the recent Inland Revenue Reports give data on Schedule D and E income classified by region, and although their interpretation requires some care, they provide much valuable information. In addition, the 1948 Census of Production reports, unlike their predecessors, contain regional data on wages and salaries for a large number of trades.
‘THE SCOTTISH ECONOMY’
Authors: Wrigley John
Published: September 2010

Since the beginning of this century much effort has gone into increasing the catalogue of facts about our national life. More recently, the mere amassing of data has been given new meaning by the growth of applied economics. The attempt to interpret facts, the essential of applied economics, has not, however, made the progress that might have been expected. For one thing, the old idea of statistics as the mere assembly of figures still holds out attractions for the unadventurous. Much of the current effort of statisticians, whether in Government service, the universities or in private trade, goes into marshalling facts in publications which vie with Bradshaw in complexity and in painting broad pictures that make only minor contributions to our knowledge of ‘the way things work’. In this respect statisticians have much in common with librarians whose happiness seems to depend on having books on the shelves rather than in use. Again, the attraction of a quick return for a minimum of effort has meant that research has not developed as uniformly as it might have done. In some fields a wealth of information has resulted in comparatively detailed research, but there is still a large area where little work has been done.
TRAINING, JOB SECURITY AND INCENTIVE WAGES
Authors: Katsimi Margarita
Published: September 2010

This paper considers the optimal level of firm‐specific training by taking into account the positive effect of training on the expected duration of workers' current employment. In the framework of an efficiency wage model, a short expected job tenure represents a disamenity that reduces the penalty from shirking. As this disamenity increases, workers have an incentive to continue providing a positive level of effort only if they are compensated by a higher wage. We endogenize the employment separation rate by introducing firm‐specific training. Firm‐specific training creates a rent that is lost if the worker is separated from the firm. As a result, the firm will be more reluctant to fire its trained workforce in a recession. This implies that firm‐specific training can decrease current wages because it represents a commitment to lower future labour turnover.
PUBLIC DEBT MATURITY AND CURRENCY CRISES
Authors: Levine Paul , Mandilaras Alex , Wang Jun
Published: September 2010

The theory underlying the effect of debt structure on the probability of a currency crisis and the slope of the yield curve was developed in Benigno and Missale (2004). In this paper, we provide the empirical evidence to support their model's predictions. In a dynamic panel data framework, we produce generalized method of moments estimates that give substantial support to the hypothesis that the role of short‐term debt depends on how a devaluation affects the reputation of the policymaker and the real value of public debt. In addition to the empirical analysis, we generalize the theoretical framework to allow for the presence of non‐deflatable debt and, for completeness, examine the case where the monetary authority can fully commit itself to an escape clause monetary rule.
STABILITY OF THE UTILITY MAXIMIZATION PROBLEM WITH RANDOM ENDOWMENT IN INCOMPLETE MARKETS
Authors: Kardaras Constantinos , Žitković Gordan
Published: September 2010

We perform a stability analysis for the utility maximization problem in a general semimartingale model where both liquid and illiquid assets (random endowments) are present. Small misspecifications of preferences (as modeled via expected utility), as well as views of the world or the market model (as modeled via subjective probabilities) are considered. Simple sufficient conditions are given for the problem to be well posed, in the sense that the optimal wealth and the marginal utility‐based prices are continuous functionals of preferences and probabilistic views.
Medicare and Medicaid: Conflicting Incentives for Long‐Term Care
Authors: GRABOWSKI DAVID C.
Published: September 2010

The structure of Medicare and Medicaid creates conflicting incentives regarding dually eligible beneficiaries without coordinating their care. Both Medicare and Medicaid have an interest in limiting their costs, and neither has an incentive to take responsibility for the management or quality of care. Examples of misaligned incentives are Medicare's cost‐sharing rules, cost shifting within home health care and nursing homes, and cost shifting across chronic and acute care settings. Several policy initiatives—capitation, pay‐for‐performance, and the shift of the dually eligible population's Medicaid costs to the federal government—may address these conflicting incentives, but all have strengths and weaknesses. With the aging baby boom generation and projected federal and state budget shortfalls, this issue will be a continuing focus of policymakers in the coming decades.
Labor Market Work and Home Care's Unpaid Caregivers: A Systematic Review of Labor Force Participation Rates, Predictors of Labor Market Withdrawal, and Hours of Work
Authors: LILLY MEREDITH B. , LAPORTE AUDREY , COYTE PETER C.
Published: September 2010

As people continue to age and receive complex health care services at home, concern has arisen about the availability of family caregivers and their ability to combine employment with caregiving. This article evaluates the international research on unpaid caregivers and their labor market choices, highlighting three conclusions: first, caregivers in general are equally as likely to be in the labor force as noncaregivers; second, caregivers are more likely to work fewer hours in the labor market than noncaregivers, particularly if their caring commitments are heavy; and finally, only those heavily involved in caregiving are significantly more likely to withdraw from the labor market than noncaregivers. Policy recommendations are targeting greater access to formal care for “intensive” caregivers and developing workplace policies for employed caregivers.
Knowledge Transfer and Exchange: Review and Synthesis of the Literature
Authors: MITTON CRAIG , ADAIR CAROL E. , MCKENZIE EMILY , PATTEN SCOTT B. , PERRY BRENDA WAYE
Published: September 2010

Knowledge transfer and exchange (KTE) is as an interactive process involving the interchange of knowledge between research users and researcher producers. Despite many strategies for KTE, it is not clear which ones should be used in which contexts. This article is a review and synthesis of the KTE literature on health care policy. The review examined and summarized KTE's current evidence base for KTE. It found that about 20 percent of the studies reported on a real‐world application of a KTE strategy, and fewer had been formally evaluated. At this time there is an inadequate evidence base for doing “evidence‐based” KTE for health policy decision making. Either KTE must be reconceptualized, or strategies must be evaluated more rigorously to produce a richer evidence base for future activity.
PAIRWISE DIFFERENCE ESTIMATION WITH NONPARAMETRIC CONTROL VARIABLES*
Authors: Aradillas‐Lopez Andres , Honoré Bo E. , Powell James L.
Published: September 2010

This article extends the pairwise difference estimators for various semilinear limited dependent variable models proposed by Honoré and Powell (Identification and Inference in Econometric Models. Essays in Honor of Thomas Rothenberg Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) to permit the regressor appearing in the nonparametric component to itself depend upon a conditional expectation that is nonparametrically estimated. This permits the estimation approach to be applied to nonlinear models with sample selectivity and/or endogeneity, in which a “control variable” for selectivity or endogeneity is nonparametrically estimated. We develop the relevant asymptotic theory for the proposed estimators and we illustrate the theory to derive the asymptotic distribution of the estimator for the partially linear logit model.
DISCRETE CHOICE MODELS WITH MULTIPLE UNOBSERVED CHOICE CHARACTERISTICS*
Authors: Athey Susan , Imbens Guido W.
Published: September 2010

Since the pioneering work by Daniel McFadden, utility‐maximization‐based multinomial response models have become important tools of empirical researchers. Various generalizations of these models have been developed to allow for unobserved heterogeneity in taste parameters and choice characteristics. Here we investigate how rich a specification of the unobserved components is needed to rationalize arbitrary choice patterns in settings with many individual decision makers, multiple markets, and large choice sets. We find that if one restricts the utility function to be monotone in the unobserved choice characteristics, then up to two unobserved choice characteristics may be needed to rationalize the choices.
IMPROVING REVEALED PREFERENCE BOUNDS ON DEMAND RESPONSES*
Authors: Blundell Richard , Browning Martin , Crawford Ian
Published: September 2010

There are three key dimensions by which revealed preference bounds on consumer demand responses can be improved. The first relates to the improvements that arise from using expansion paths for given relative prices, E‐bounds. The second concerns the addition of new price information. Thirdly, there are improvements due to assuming separability. Our previous research has examined the first two cases. In this article, we show how to impose separability assumptions within a fully nonparametric analysis and distinguish between weak and homothetic separability. We also apply these ideas to the analysis of demand responses using United Kingdom household level data.
ASYMPTOTIC NORMALITY OF A NONPARAMETRIC INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES ESTIMATOR*
Authors: Horowitz Joel L.
Published: September 2010

This article gives conditions under which the nonparametric instrumental variables estimator of Hall and Horowitz (Annals of Statistics 33 (December 2005), 2904–2929) is asymptotically normally distributed. With sufficiently large samples, the asymptotic normality result can be used to form confidence intervals for the unknown function that is estimated by the Hall–Horowitz procedure. The article reports the results of a Monte Carlo investigation of the finite‐sample coverage probabilities of the confidence intervals.
COHERENCY AND COMPLETENESS OF STRUCTURAL MODELS CONTAINING A DUMMY ENDOGENOUS VARIABLE*
Authors: Lewbel Arthur
Published: September 2010

Let y be a vector of endogenous variables and let w be a vector of covariates, parameters, and errors or unobservables that together are assumed to determine y. A structural model y=H(y, w) is complete and coherent if it has a well‐defined reduced form, meaning that for any value of w there exists a unique value for y. Coherence and completeness simplifies identification and is required for many estimators and many model applications. Incoherency or incompleteness can arise in models with multiple decision makers, such as games, or when the decision making of individuals is either incorrectly or incompletely specified. This article provides necessary and sufficient conditions for the coherence and completeness of simultaneous equation systems where one equation is a binomial response. Examples are dummy endogenous regressor models, regime switching regressions, treatment response models, sample selection models, endogenous choice systems, and determining if a pair of binary choices are substitutes or complements.
ESTIMATION WITH CENSORED REGRESSORS: BASIC ISSUES*
Authors: Rigobon Roberto , Stoker Thomas M.
Published: September 2010

We study issues that arise for estimation of a linear model when a regressor is censored. We discuss the efficiency losses from dropping censored observations, and illustrate the losses for bound censoring. We show that the common practice of introducing a dummy variable to “correct for” censoring does not correct bias or improve estimation. We show how censored observations generally have zero semiparametric information, and we discuss implications for estimation. We derive the likelihood function for a parametric model of mixed bound‐independent censoring, and apply that model to the estimation of wealth effects on consumption.
A TEST BETWEEN STOCK‐FLOW MATCHING AND THE RANDOM MATCHING FUNCTION APPROACH*
Authors: Coles Melvyn , Petrongolo Barbara
Published: September 2010

This article tests between the standard “random matching function” approach and “stock‐flow” matching while controlling for temporal aggregation bias. Consistent with previous empirical work, the random matching function fits the matching data reasonably well. But match flows are more highly correlated with vacancy inflows than is consistent with the random matching approach. Instead the data support stock‐flow matching, where unemployed workers match directly with suitable new vacancies as such vacancies come on to the market.
IS ECONOMIC GROWTH GOOD FOR THE POOR? TRACKING LOW INCOMES USING GENERAL MEANS
Authors: Foster James E. , Székely Miguel
Published: September 2010

We propose the use of an alternative methodology to track low incomes based on Atkinson's “equally distributed equivalent income” functions or “general means” and present a new characterization to justify their application. To evaluate the effects of growth on lower incomes, growth rates are compared for two income standards: the ordinary mean and a low‐income‐sensitive general mean. The question is: How closely related are these two variables? After estimating the growth elasticity, we find that it is not significantly different from zero. Thus, it cannot be concluded that poorer incomes grow proportionately to increases in the average income.
THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL EMPLOYMENT AND CHILD CARE ON CHILDREN'S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT*
Authors: Bernal Raquel
Published: September 2010

This article develops and estimates a dynamic model of employment and child care decisions of women after childbirth to evaluate the effects of these choices on children's cognitive ability. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate it. Results indicate that the effects of maternal employment and child care on children's ability are negative and sizable. Having a mother that works full‐time and uses child care during one year is associated with a reduction in ability test scores of approximately 1.8% (0.13 standard deviations). We assess the impact of policies related to parental leave and child care on children's outcomes.
CAREER CONCERNS, MATCHING, AND OPTIMAL DISCLOSURE POLICY*
Authors: Mukherjee Arijit
Published: September 2010

Raiders may suffer from information disadvantage since the current employer is often better informed about his workers' quality. When workers have career concerns and matching influences productivity, the initial employer can strategically disclose information to influence incentives and matching efficiency. Long‐term complete contracts induce full disclosure when raiders are perfectly competitive. The optimal short‐term contract induces full disclosure if raiders are perfectly competitive, and the workers are risk neutral and are not liquidity constrained. These conditions are not only sufficient but also “almost necessary” for full disclosure. Partial disclosure may be optimal if any of these conditions is relaxed.
ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION AND THE LACK OF PORTFOLIO DIVERSIFICATION*
Authors: Carlos Hatchondo Juan
Published: September 2010

There is pervasive evidence that individuals invest primarily in local stocks and thus hold poorly diversified portfolios. The present article develops a theoretical model in which the presence of informational asymmetries introduces home equity bias. The main departure from previous theoretical work is the assumption that local investors outperform nonlocal investors in identifying the correct ranking of local investment opportunities, instead of possessing superior information about the aggregate performance of the local stock market. The second key assumption is based on the evidence that short‐selling is a costly activity.
INFORMATION SHARING IN UNION–FIRM RELATIONSHIPS*
Authors: Creane Anthony , Davidson Carl
Published: September 2010

Large firms often negotiate wage rates with labor unions. When they do, an ex ante agreement to share information should make it more likely that they will reach an agreement and capture the gains from trade. However, if the firm refuses to share information, the union may shade down its wage demand to increase the probability of acceptance. This reduction in the wage can increase the joint surplus of the agents and increase social welfare. As a result, there are some circumstances in which bargaining with incomplete information can be better for the agents and society than bargaining with complete information.
EDUCATIONAL VOUCHERS AND CREAM SKIMMING*
Authors: Epple Dennis , Romano Richard
Published: September 2010

Epple and Romano (1998) show equilibrium provision of education by public and private schools has the latter skim off the wealthiest and most‐able students, and universal vouchers lead to further cream skimming. Here we study voucher design that injects private‐school competition and increases technical efficiencies without cream skimming. Conditioning vouchers on student ability without restriction on participating schools' policies fails to affect significantly cream skimming. However, by adding restrictions like tuition constraints, such vouchers can reap the benefits of school competition without increased stratification. This is accomplished while allowing voluntary participation in the voucher system and without tax increases.
Risk groups for parasuicide – a survey of unselected people who attempt suicide treated in hospital
Authors: Adamsson C. , Wasserman D. , Eklund G.
Published: September 2010

A registration survey of parasuicide patients seeking hospital care in a defined catchment area was conducted over 24 months (1989‐1990). In 1989, 475 individuals registered as residents in the catchment area were given care on 541 occasions, and in 1990, 382 individuals received care on 426 occasions as as a result of parasuicide. The parasuicide rates for the overall population in the catchment area were estimated by means of demographic variables. Parasuicide rates were highest among women 25‐39 years old and among men 30‐39 years old, i.e., in older age groups than previous studies (from the 1970s) have shown. Parasuicide rates are 3 times as high for single men as for married men and twice as high for single women as for married women. Among single men and women, divorcé(e)s show the highest parasuicide rates, especially in the 15‐34 age group. The number of parasuicides among women decreased significantly between 1989 and 1990, which had the effect of evening out the female: male parasuicide ratio (1.28:1). Moreover, for the first time it becomes clear that the Finnish citizens in Sweden, both men and women, show a high risk for parasuicide compared with the Swedish population. These results focus attention on deficient psychic and social wellbeing of Finns in Sweden.
No longer a one‐man job?: On day activities in mental health care in Sweden
Authors: Hansson J.‐H. , Tengvald K.
Published: September 2010

Swedish psychiatry is organizationally in line with the international development of closing down the old large mental hospitals. As in other countries, problems of provision of care for severely mentally ill people can be observed. An organizationally new field focusing on the activities of daily living is developing, however. This was surveyed nationally (spring 1991) and parts of these results are presented and discussed. The field is characterized by profound uncertainty manifested in the fact that psychiatry is no longer doing the work alone. Local social services take on a growing responsibility trying to make claims on how to define the work even if psychiatry is dominant, both in organizational and discursive power. Promising characteristics in joint venture units set up between psychiatry and local social services opens up for discussions on who, in what ways and with what means these new forms of care are going to be pursued.
A study of the history of ideas in social work – a theoretical framework
Authors: Soydan H.
Published: September 2010

The aim of this article is to develop a theoretical frame of reference to study and assess the roots of the history of ideas in social work. The point of departure is social work as a practical and professional activity and scientific discipline. It is argued that a description and analysis of the background of the history of ideas in social work must be anchored in the development of the social sciences. The theoretical framework is generated from two variables that play a central role in the development of ideas in the social sciences. The interplay between theory and practice as well as the nature of social problems are central themes for classical authors. The theoretical framework developed in this study can be used 1) to make a typology of classical authors and of agents of social action to systematize similarities and dissimilarities between these and to study lines in the history of ideas leading to modern thinking in social work; and 2) to justify chosen classical texts as classics of social work. Thus, the framework can be used for the purpose of generating hypotheses in this research work.
Correcting misconceptions about the development of social work in China: a response to Cunfu Jia
Authors: Taylor Imogen , Hutchings Anna
Published: September 2010

In this brief debate article we respond to Cunfu Jia's criticism of our article ‘Defining the Profession?’ (International Journal of Social Work 16: 382–389). We address the issue of ‘evidence’ and the issue of the applicability to China of the global definition of social work. We suggest that although debate articles by their very nature risk generating false dichotomies, they provide an important and welcome opportunity to explore commonality and difference and to develop our knowledge and thinking as a result of an international exchange of views.
Police officers and soldiers of apartheid: losers in the new South Africa
Authors: Bucaille Laetitia
Published: September 2010

Like most South African whites the soldiers and police officers who served under apartheid now admit that non‐racial democracy is a more legitimate system. How then can they account for their participation in the war or in the repression when they try to dissociate themselves from a regime described as unjust and that oppressed blacks? The former soldiers and police officers reject any personal responsibility in their work during apartheid. This distancing strategy, however, makes expressing a collective identity problematic. At the same time, they are not slow to show pride in their work. In order to preserve their self‐esteem they attempt to reconcile contradictory positions, pleading not guilty to the charges of supporting apartheid while claiming personal merit for having participated in the war undertaken by the regime. Their tour de force consists in assuming responsibility for the conflict in which they participated while dissociating themselves from its ideological implications. Their discourse is therefore profoundly ambivalent: it combines conservative or even reactionary analyses with an acceptation of the new system and adherence to the values conveyed by the new democracy, or even an appropriation of the South African miracle itself.
Environmental learning in adolescents from a Mexican community involved in forestry
Authors: Ruiz‐Mallén I. , Barraza L.
Published: September 2010

Education can generate knowledge and foster a change in attitude provided that people feel individually and collectively responsible for the state of the environment. San Juan Nuevo Parangaricutiro is an internationally recognised indigenous community located in western Mexico that manages its forest sustainably through a community‐based forest enterprise. However, recent research has shown that both children and young people from the community show little interest in participating in forest activities or working in forest enterprise and have a poor standard of environmental knowledge. Our research project assessed the environmental learning process of 32 high‐school pupils in three settings: at school at home and in a forest enterprise. The opinions of teachers and adults of teaching subjects which focus on communal forest management were collected using various methods (questionnaires, observation and interviews) and analysed. The results show that school and home alike are important places for learning. However, environmental issues were not much addressed in the schoolroom or in conversations between parents and children. Furthermore, no connection between the activities of the forest enterprise and the school curriculum was found.
The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 2006: Adoption as intervention. Meta‐analytic evidence for massive catch‐up and plasticity in physical, socio‐emotional, and cognitive development
Authors: Van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Juffer Femmie
Published: September 2010

Background: Adopted children have been said to be difficult children, scarred by their past experiences in maltreating families or neglecting orphanages, or by genetic or pre‐ and perinatal problems. Is (domestic or international) adoption an effective intervention in the developmental domains of physical growth, attachment security, cognitive development and school achievement, self‐esteem, and behaviour problems?

Method: Through a series of meta‐analyses on more than 270 studies that include more than 230,000 adopted and non‐adopted children and their parents an adoption catch‐up model was tested.

Results: Although catch‐up with current peers was incomplete in some developmental domains (in particular, physical growth and attachment), adopted children largely outperformed their peers left behind. Adoptions before 12 months of age were associated with more complete catch‐up than later adoptions for height, attachment, and school achievement. International adoptions did not lead to lower rates of catch‐up than domestic adoptions in most developmental domains.

Conclusions: It is concluded that adoption is an effective intervention leading to massive catch‐up. Domestic and international adoptions can be justified on ethical grounds if no other solutions are available. Humans are adapted to adopt, and adoption demonstrates the plasticity of child development.
Using mental health consultation to decrease disruptive behaviors in preschoolers: adapting an empirically‐supported intervention
Authors: Williford Amanda P. , Shelton Terri L.
Published: September 2010

Background:  This study examined the effectiveness of an adaptation of an empirically‐supported intervention delivered using mental health consultation to preschoolers who displayed elevated disruptive behaviors.

Method:  Ninety‐six preschoolers, their teachers, and their primary caregivers participated. Children in the intervention group received individualized mental health consultation focused on providing teachers with behaviorally‐based, empirically‐supported strategies for decreasing disruptive behaviors within the classroom. Caregivers were invited to participate in parent training (35% attendance). Effectiveness was assessed in contrast to an assessment/attention comparison group where typical treatment was available.

Results:  This treatment approach was more effective than the comparison condition in decreasing child disruptive behavior, increasing the use of appropriate teacher strategies, and increasing the use of appropriate parenting practices.

Conclusion:  Adapting empirically‐supported treatments for use in mental health consultation may be a way to bridge the gap between research and clinical practice and increase effectiveness of mental health consultation in treating disruptive disorders in young children.
Health and safety in the dairy industry
Authors: STRANKS J.
Published: September 2010

This paper provides a basic framework as a guide for dairy management in matters relating to safety, health and welfare. Five main areas of activity are identified, together with a number of control strategies which can be applied to hazards in most situations. The selection of a particular control strategy depends upon many factors including the probability of an accident being caused in the situation under consideration, the severity of injury that could be sustained by the individual, cost factors, legal considerations, past experience and known remedies available.
Sensitivity of the Intertest, Oxoid test, Delvotest P and disc assay to antibiotics
Authors: HAVERBECK J. , MULLAN W. M. A. , WALKER A. L.
Published: September 2010

The sensitivity of the Oxoid, Intertest, Delvotest P and disc assay to penicillin G, tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, neomycin, polymyxin B, ampicillin, novobiocin and gentamicin is presented and compared with literature values for the sensitivity of cheese starter cultures to antibiotics. Recommendations are made concerning the suitability of particular methods for detecting inhibitory levels of antibiotics in milk intended for cheese or starter manufacture.
The United Kingdom dairy industry compared with that of other European Community member states*
Authors: Nunn Janet A
Published: September 2010

Beginning with a summary of United Kingdom attitudes to the European Community, this article compares the performance of the UK dairy producers and companies with that of other member states, before considering major differences in the national markets, especially as far as the products and consumer habits are concerned. While keeping social and political influences in its sights, the article focuses unashamedly on 1992 and concludes that the UK is not as well placed as other member states to take advantage of the single market.
Direct ‘low‐NOX’ gas combustion heating of a spray drier during milk powder manufacture
Authors: Kelly P M , Gray J I , Slattery J.
Published: September 2010

Direct gas‐fired heating experiments were carried out during spray drying of milk using a ‘low‐NOx' burner in order to minimize contamination of the drying air by the combustion products in the flue gases from the burner. The burner, model CXA (Urquhart Engineering Co Ltd, England) was of the ‘excess air’ type, and was fuelled by natural gas. There was no significant difference between the mean values of the nitrate content of the skim milk powders produced by direct firing, electrical heating and the factory produced (indirect heating) sample. Only with nitrite content (NO2) was there a significant difference between the direct gas fired (0.811 ppm NO2‐) and the factory (0.460) samples, but the range of values encountered was very small (0.24–1.68). Direct gas‐fired heating using the low NOx burner did not contribute to the levels of N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) detected in the test powders when compared to the levels found in the control samples (trace‐1.3 μg/kg NDMA).
Adsorption at interfaces in dairy systems*
Authors: Dickinson Eric , Mauffret Anne , Rolfe Susan E , Woskett Christine M
Published: September 2010

Factors affecting the composition of fluid interfaces in dairy systems are assessed from a physicochemical viewpoint. Attention is directed towards recent developments in understanding time‐dependent and competitive aspects of the adsorption of milk proteins and small‐molecule surfactants at oil‐water and air‐water interfaces. Experimental results are described for various casein and whey protein systems. The relationship between adsorption behaviour and the ease of formation and stabilization of dairy emulsions and foams is discussed with reference to model systems and commercial dairy products.
The uses of fouling models in the design of food process plant*
Authors: Fryer P J
Published: September 2010

The problems caused by fouling are outlined, and recent work to understand the processes of fouling reviewed. Fouling is a two‐stage process: the reactions governing the first stage are unclear, but the second stage appears to be governed by protein aggregation in the bulk fluid. The use of a computer model for fouling in simulating heat exchanger behaviour is described: it is possible to select an exchanger with an optimal fouling response. The need for accurate fouling and cleaning kinetics is stressed, and the role of a process monitor outlined.
Refinement, reduction and replacement approaches toin vivocardiovascular research
Authors: Emerson Michael
Published: September 2010

In this review, the justification and benefits of refinement, reduction and replacement (3Rs) approaches to cardiovascular research are examined using the field of platelet biology and arterial thrombosis as an example. Arterial thrombosis is a platelet‐driven condition and platelets are regulated by autologous signals, but also by external factors such as the vascular endothelium.In vitroassays using isolated platelets therefore poorly reflectin vivoplatelet function and human disease. As a consequence, animal models, including mouse models, are frequently used. In particular, models of thromboembolic mortality have been successfully employed to determine the role of the vascular endothelium in regulating platelet function and thrombosisin vivo. Such models raise both scientific and ethical concerns and have recently been refined permitting the use of fewer mice at a lower severity level. These refinements have been scientifically beneficial in permitting analysis of the development and progression of thrombotic diseases and in improving our understanding of the role of the vascular endothelium in regulating platelet function and thrombosis. For many, the ultimate goal in 3Rs‐driven science is replacement of animal models with non‐animal alternatives; this is exemplified, in the platelet field, by the development ofin vitroflow systems. The development of 3Rs approaches to cardiovascular research is shown to have led to improved scientific models. Further characterization and use of these models will likely contribute to increased understanding of thrombotic disease processes and facilitate drug development in the cardiovascular field.

LINKED ARTICLESThis review is the second in a series on the topic of refinement, reduction and replacement approaches to research; the first was Holmeset al.,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2009.00176.xand has an accompanying commentary by Robinson,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2009.00280.x
Acupuncture Inhibits GABA Neuron Activity in the Ventral Tegmental Area and Reduces Ethanol Self‐Administration
Authors: Yang Chae Ha , Yoon Seong Shoon , Hansen David M. , Wilcox Jeffrey D. , Blumell Bryan R. , Park Jung Jae , Steffensen Scott C.
Published: September 2010

Background: Withdrawal from chronic ethanol enhances ventral tegmental area (VTA) GABA neuron excitability and reduces mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurotransmission, which is suppressed by acupuncture at Shenmen (HT7) points (Zhao et al., 2006). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of HT7 acupuncture on VTA GABA neuron excitability, ethanol inhibition of VTA GABA neuron firing rate, and ethanol self‐administration. A role for opioid receptors (ORs) in ethanol and acupuncture effects is also explored.

Methods: Using electrophysiological methods in mature rats, we evaluated the effects of HT7 stimulation and opioid antagonists on VTA GABA neuron firing rate. Using behavioral paradigms in rats, we evaluated the effects of HT7 stimulation and opioid antagonists on ethanol self‐administration using a modification of the sucrose‐fading procedure.

Results: HT7 stimulation produced a biphasic modulation of VTA GABA neuron firing rate characterized by transient enhancement followed by inhibition and subsequent recovery in 5 minutes. HT7 inhibition of VTA GABA neuron firing rate was blocked by systemic administration of the nonselective μ‐opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. HT7 stimulation significantly reduced ethanol suppression of VTA GABA neuron firing rate, which was also blocked by naloxone. HT7 acupuncture reduced ethanol self‐administration without affecting sucrose consumption. Systemic administration of the δ‐opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist naltrindole blocked ethanol suppression of VTA GABA neuron firing rate and significantly reduced ethanol self‐administration without affecting sucrose consumption.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that DOR‐mediated opioid modulation of VTA GABA neurons may mediate acupuncture’s role in modulating mesolimbic DA release and suppressing the reinforcing effects of ethanol.
Increase in Alcohol Intake, Reduced Flexibility of Alcohol Drinking, and Evidence of Signs of Alcohol Intoxication in Sardinian Alcohol‐Preferring Rats Exposed to Intermittent Access to 20% Alcohol
Authors: Loi Barbara , Lobina Carla , Maccioni Paola , Fantini Noemi , Carai Mauro A. M. , Gessa Gian Luigi , Colombo Giancarlo
Published: September 2010

Background:  This study assessed in Sardinian alcohol‐preferring (sP) rats a procedure known to promote alcohol drinking and based on the intermittent (once every other day) access to 2 bottles containing alcohol (20%, v/v) and water, respectively (Wise, 1973).

Methods:  To this end, sP rats were exposed – under the 2‐bottle choice regimen – to: (i) 10% (v/v) alcohol with continuous access (CA10%; i.e., the procedure under which sP rats had been selectively bred); (ii) 10% (v/v) alcohol with intermittent access (IA10%); (iii) 20% (v/v) alcohol with continuous access (CA20%); (iv) 20% (v/v) alcohol with intermittent access (IA20%; the “Wise” condition) (Experiment 1). Additional experiments assessed the influence of (i) adulteration with quinine of the alcohol solution (Experiment 2) and (ii) concurrent presentation of a saccharin solution (Experiment 3) on alcohol drinking under the CA10% and IA20% conditions. Finally, it was assessed whether alcohol drinking under the CA10% and IA20% conditions resulted in motor incoordination at the Rota‐Rod task, as a possible sign of alcohol intoxication (Experiment 4).

Results:  Daily alcohol intake markedly escalated in rats exposed to the IA20% condition, averaging 9.0 g/kg (in comparison with the average intake of 6.5 g/kg in the CA10% rat group). CA20% and IA10% rats displayed intermediate values of daily alcohol intake between those of CA10% and IA20% rats. Alcohol intake was virtually abolished by addition of quinine or by concurrent presentation of the saccharin solution in CA10% rats; conversely, alcohol intake in IA20% rats was only partially affected by gustatory aversion or concurrent presentation of an alternative reinforcer. Finally, alcohol intake in IA20%, but not in CA10%, rats resulted in clear motor‐incoordinating effects.

Conclusions:  These data suggest that the “Wise” procedure is effective in inducing marked increases in alcohol intake in sP rats. These increases are associated with a reduced flexibility of alcohol drinking (suggesting the development of “behavioral” dependence) and produce signs of alcohol intoxication that are not detected when sP rats are exposed to the more conventional CA10% condition.
An Observational Study of Early Heterosexual Interaction at Middle School Dances
Authors: Pellegrini Anthony D. , Long Jeffery D.
Published: September 2010

In this longitudinal, observational study of heterosexual interaction at middle school dances we examined the degree to which boys' and girls' groups became more gender integrated over time. The results show groups became more integrated over time with the pattern differing by gender. Boys had a relatively low level of contact with girls over the early months with an accelerated increase in the latter months. Girls had an increase in contact with boys over the early months but then a decrease in contact over the latter months. Further, changes in the dynamic covariate, aggression, were associated with changes in integration, and the static covariate, initial physical attractiveness, was predictive of integration trajectories. Physical attractiveness and aggression did relate to gender integration, but counter to our hypotheses, each strategy did not vary by gender, as predicted by sexual selection theory. Results are discussed in terms of different methods in assessing the roles of aggression and physical attractiveness in gender integration.
Perceived Racial Discrimination and Self‐Esteem in African American Youth: Racial Socialization as a Protective Factor
Authors: Harris‐Britt April , Valrie Cecelia R. , Kurtz‐Costes Beth , Rowley Stephanie J.
Published: September 2010

Racial socialization was examined as a protective factor that might buffer African American youth from the negative effects of perceived racial discrimination. Two types of racial socialization were examined: messages about race pride and preparation for bias. One hundred twenty‐eight eighth‐grade African American students participated in the study. As anticipated, both types of socialization moderated the relationship between discrimination and self‐esteem. The negative relationship between perceived discrimination and self‐esteem was mitigated for youth who reported more messages about race pride and a moderate amount of preparation for bias from their parents. In contrast, low race pride socialization and both high and low preparation for bias were associated with a negative relationship between perceived discrimination and self‐esteem.
Ethnic Identity and Psychosocial Functioning in Navajo Adolescents
Authors: Jones Matthew D. , Galliher Renee V.
Published: September 2010

The current study assessed associations among theoretically driven measures of ethnic identity and psychosocial adjustment among 137 Navajo adolescents. For both sexes, measures of students' sense of affirmation and belonging to their ethnic heritage emerged as a strong predictor of positive psychosocial functioning. Less‐consistent patterns of association emerged between other measures of ethnic identity and psychosocial adjustment. Students with achieved ethnic identity status, characterized by high levels of exploration of their ethnic heritage and high levels of affirmation or commitment to their Navajo culture, reported the most positive functioning on several measures. Interesting interactions with biological sex suggested that ethnic identity may function differently for male and female Navajo adolescents. Implications of results for educators, parents, and policy makers are discussed.
Gender, Pubertal Development, and Peer Sexual Harassment Predict Objectified Body Consciousness in Early Adolescence
Authors: Lindberg Sara M. , Grabe Shelly , Hyde Janet Shibley
Published: September 2010

Objectified body consciousness (OBC)—the tendency to view one's body as an object for others to look at and evaluate—is theorized to emerge during sexual maturation as adolescents, particularly adolescent girls, experience sexual objectification. Although OBC generally is discussed in developmental terms, research so far has examined primarily the experiences of undergraduates and adults. Our goal in this study was to examine early adolescent experiences with OBC and to explicitly test the idea that OBC is linked to experiences of sexual objectification, such as peer sexual harassment, that early adolescents face as their bodies reach maturity. We tested several structural models of OBC and its relation to puberty, peer sexual harassment, and negative body experience. The prevailing model supported OBC theory's premise that pubertal development and peer sexual harassment increase adolescent girls' tendency toward self‐surveillance, which in turn leads to greater body shame. Several pathways in the model were not significant for boys.