bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of Obstructive Complications of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract: Esophagus, Stomach, and Biliary Tree
Authors: Giap Andrew Q , Chang Kenneth J
Published: November 2023

Despite extensive advances in diagnostic and treatment strategies, the 5-year survival rate of patients with esophageal, gastric, and biliary cancer remains unchanged. Most patients who present in an advanced stage are not candidates for curative resection. The principal goals of therapeutic intervention are oftentimes palliative therapy for malignant obstruction and maintaining the highest possible level of independence and quality of life. Traditional approaches to palliative therapy have included surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
Management of Obstructive Complications of Lower Gastrointestinal Tract: Colon and Rectum
Authors: Al-Antably Yasser , Lahoti Sandeep
Published: November 2023

The highest risk of obstruction is with tumors located at the splenic flexure or in the descending colon, followed by the sigmoid colon, and the least risk, with tumors in the ascending colon and rectum.2,4,8 Tumors on the right side of the colon are more likely to grow in the form of a fungating mass projecting into the lumen, while tumors in the left colon tend to infiltrate the colonic wall. This pattern might help explain the lower incidence of obstruction in the right colon.9 Other contributing factors for the decreased incidence of right colonic obstruction include its larger diameter, as well as the liquid state of the stools in that side of the colon.
Estrogen Metabolism Genes: HSD17B1 and HSD17B2
Authors: Peltoketo Hellevi , Isomaa Veli , Ghosh Debashis , Vihko Pirkko
Published: November 2023

Oophorectomy in a woman’s early adult years substantially lowers her risk of breast cancer.1–4 This is an example of the abundant epidemiological and endocrine data which indicate that estrogens are involved in sporadic breast cancer and promote growth.5–8 Oophorectomy also reduces the risk of breast cancer among BRCA1 mutation carriers,9 which hints at the general role of estrogens in the proliferation of breast epithelial cells. Due to the striking effect of ovariectomy, it is assumed that the majority of breast cancers originate as estrogen-dependent lesions and later progress gradually to a hormone-independent state. Since 1896,10 estrogen-deprivation treatment has been used for the treatment of breast cancer. On average, one-third of nonselected tumors and the majority of estrogen and progesterone receptorpositive tumors, in advanced disease respond to endocrine therapy based on blocking estrogen receptors and/or deprivation of the estrogenic ligand.
Hormonal Chemoprevention with Tamoxifen and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
Authors: Bentrem David J , Jordan V Craig
Published: November 2023

Prevention of disease is far superior to treating symptomatic illness. Until recently, the prevention of cancer focused on the identification of environmental carcinogens and the reduction of their exposure to the population. Education to avoid cigarette smoking is an example of primary prevention of lung cancer. Secondary prevention consists of screening individuals at increased risk for malignancy with the assumption that early detection and treatment will affect survival. Mammography and self-examination have been successful methods of secondary prevention, identifying early-stage breast cancers. A third mechanism of prevention, chemoprevention, involves intervention within the premalignant process with specific chemical agents to prevent the development of invasive cancer. Chemoprevention is designed to work as an adjunct to, rather than a replacement for, established modalities. In 1896, George Beatson demonstrated that the removal of ovaries from premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer could cause regression of the disease and improve the prognosis; however, by 1900 Stanley Boyd established that only one in three patients would respond and only for 1 year. Despite this disappointment, a link was established between an ovarian factor and the growth of some breast cancers, which was to become the foundation of the modern clinical practice of using antiestrogens to treat breast cancer.3,4 Simultaneously, studies were being conducted in the laboratory to complement clinical efforts. Inbred strains of mice were being established for medical research, and certain strains had a high incidence of mammary tumors. Lathrop and Loeb5 reported that an early ovariectomy could prevent the spontaneous development of tumors, but not until Allen and Doisey identified the estrusstimulating principle were these hormones linked to the development of breast cancer. By 1936, Antoine Lacassagne, again working with high-incidence strains of mice, hypothesized that if breast cancer was caused by a special hereditary sensitivity to estrogen, then developing a therapeutic antagonist to estrogen action in the breast could prevent it.
Other Hormonal Prevention Strategies
Authors: Spicer Darcy V , Pike Malcolm C
Published: November 2023

A potential role for analogues of gonadotropin hormone–releasing hormone (GnRH) to prevent cancers of the breast, ovary, and endometrium was first suggested by Pike et al.1 The rationale for considering GnRH analogues is their ability to suppress ovulation and sex-steroid production. The suppression of ovulation should prevent ovarian cancer, and the suppression of sex steroids should prevent cancers of the breast and endometrium. However, the GnRH analogue–induced hypoestrogenic state will have associated symptoms (hot flashes) and morbidity (urogenital atrophy and osteoporotic fractures). To minimize the deleterious effects of hypoestrogenemia, addition of other agents, including bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS), and lowdose add-back sex steroids, is under consideration for study. In this chapter, the epidemiological basis for considering GnRH analogues to prevent breast cancer and available preclinical and clinical data will be reviewed.
Progression from Hormone-Dependent to Hormone-Independent Breast Cancer
Authors: Schmitt Isabell A , Dolezal Milana , Press Michael F
Published: November 2023

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, and treatment is challenging. The potential role of hormonal therapy in breast cancer treatment was first demonstrated by George Beatson more than 100 years ago, when he showed that two of three premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer responded to ovarian ablation. Subsequently, Huggins and Bergenstal demonstrated that postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer responded to ovariectomy and adrenalectomy. Despite the usefulness of hormonal ablation in some women, only approximately 30% of unselected women with metastatic breast cancer responded to the treatment. Thus, there was a need to distinguish those women whose breast cancers were hormone-dependent from those whose cancers were hormone-independent. Jensen and collaborators demonstrated that patient responsiveness to endocrine manipulative management was correlated with the uptake of estrogen in the breast cancer tissue. The first results showed that uptake of radioactive hormone was higher in breast cancer tissue compared to muscle tissue from four women who responded to hormonal treatment than from six women who did not respond. These findings were soon confirmed and extended by reports from other investigators.5–8
Testicular Cancer: Epidemiology and Molecular Endocrinology
Authors: Swerdlow Anthony J
Published: November 2023

Testicular cancer typically accounts for 1%–2% of cancers occurring in men in white populations and a smaller percentage in most non-white populations. At young adult ages, how-ever, it is the most common cancer in whites in many countries, constituting, e.g., a third of all cancers other than non-melanoma skin cancer in men aged 20–34 in England and Wales. The incidence in young white men has been increasing across the world for many decades, but its etiology remains largely unknown. Various hypotheses of hormonal influences in etiology have been put forward and considerable epidemiological research devoted to giving evidence about these, but none can yet be regarded as clearly confirmed. Complexity is added because the hypothesized relationships have been at three different periods of life (prenatally, childhood up to puberty, and adulthood) and in two different people (the case himself and his mother). This chapter first discusses the hypothesis that prenatal hormone exposures consequent on raised sex hormone concentrations in the mother may affect the risk of testicular cancer in the son, and the evidence relating to this hypothesis, and then discusses possible relations of testicular cancer risk to childhood growth and puberty and to adult hormone levels in men. The research published on genetic polymorphisms that may affect testicular cancer risks via endocrinological or metabolic mechanisms is then reviewed, but as this evidence is as yet very limited, the main emphasis of the chapter is on the potential hormonal relationships that might be the subject of future studies of polymorphisms. The descriptive epidemiology of testicular cancer, which is not reviewed here (see Swerdlow1), suggests differences in etiology between tumors occurring in three different age groups: the small peak of incidence around age 2 years, the large peak in young adults, and cases occurring after about age 60 or 65 (Fig. 22.1). Cases in children and young adults are largely of germ cell histology, whereas those in elderly men are mainly non-germ cell, principally lymphomas. There is little epidemiological information about non-germ cell malignancies or about testicular cancer at older ages, and the epidemiology of the cancer in childhood has been hampered by small numbers. Unless otherwise specified, the material in this chapter relates to testicular cancer in young adults and, by presumption (although not all studies restricted their analyses solely to these), to germ cell malignancies at these ages.
Cutting Out the Kinks: Surgical Treatment
Authors: Whorton James C
Published: November 2023

Edith Eastlake was a sickly child. Throughout her growing-up years in the English coast town of Brighton, she was plagued with coughing, sore throats—and constipation. From the age of 15, painful menstruation was added to her woes, along with headaches and tonsillitis, and her “constipation seemed to increase.” She left school at 18 and spent a year and a half con fined to home, submitting to a variety of both orthodox and homeopathic remedies. Periodically she improved enough to work a few months as a teacher, then as a secretary, but by 1906, now in her late twenties, she seemed to have fallen into a permanent state of “very unwell. Severe headaches and constipation worried me very much.” Though she engaged yet another doctor, and his drugs, Miss Eastlake continued to decline, until in 1908 there was nothing to be done but to move into a rest home.
South Slavic
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway
Published: November 2023

The following SSI literary languages are treated in this book: Serbian/Croatian, Slovenian, Bulgarian, and Macedonian. Although these essentially form a dialect continuum, from Slovenian in the northwest to Bulgarian in the southeast, there is a major linguistic division between Slovenian (Sin) and Serbian/Croatian (SC), on the one hand, and Macedonian (Mac) and Bulgarian (Bg), on the other. One striking aspect of this division is that whereas Sin and SC display the kinds of extensive case phenomena typical of Slavic, Mac and Bg have impoverished case systems, comparable in many ways to that of English. Despite this superficial difference, all the SSI languages exhibit extremely robust and often quite diverse clitic phenomena, and for this reason SSI has been the focus of much traditional and recent work on Slavic clitics. Many of the comparative problems treated in part II of this volume thus depend on patterns and variation found in our examination of SSl clitic systems.
Clitic Doubling
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with clitic doubling in Mac and Bg. It should be of broader significance because, among other things, clitic doubling is not associated with a preposition in SI, as it is in the Romance languages, and because it has become grammaticalized as an obligatory marker of specificity in Mac.

There are two classes of questions concerning clitic doubling in Mac and Bg. The first is when it occurs; that is, what semantic and discourse factors license clitic doubling. This question is of particular concern in these and other Balkan languages in which not all objects and indirect objects are doubled. The second question is how clitic doubling can be analyzed syntactically; that is, how both the clitic and the doubled argument can be assigned a theta-role. These questions can be, and often are, addressed separately because a given set of semantic and discourse lincensors of clitic doubling may be compatible with a number of syntactic analyses and vice versa. Note that there is a large literature on clitic doubling; of primary relevance to us is that on the Balkan languages because clitic doubling in Greek (Anagnostopoulou 1994; Schneider-Zioga 1994; Anagnostopoulou and Giannakidou 1995), Romanian (Dobrovie-Sorin 1990), and Albanian {Kallulli 1995) is similar to clitic doubling in Mac and Bg (Rudin 1996, 1997; Dimitrova-Vulchanova and Hellan 1991, 1996; Alexandrova 1997; Guentcheva 1994).
Penal Populism in Context
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike
Published: November 2023

This book addresses and explores the evolution of criminal justice policies, particularly those pertaining to the sentencing of offenders. Our sentencing policies represent the greatest intrusion into the lives of offenders and are therefore worthy of the closest scrutiny. The policy making process is complex and cannot be reduced to categories of “good” and “bad” programs or policies; nor can policymakers and politicians be assigned to categories such as “populists” and “rationalists.” All policies—and the individuals responsible for them—are subject to pressures relating to the reality of electoral politics. It is these pressures, the ways in which they are managed, and their effects that are the subject of this book.
Public Opinion about Crime and Punishment
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we brieﬂy review the principal findings from the research on public opinion, crime, and criminal justice that has accumulated over the past 30 years (for earlier reviews of this literature, see Cullen, Fisher, and Applegate, 2000; Flanagan and Longmire, 1996; Kury and Ferdinand, 1999; Roberts and Stalans, 1997; Roberts, 1992). Public views are of particular interest to the evolution of penal policy, because the argument is frequently made that the hardening of sentencing policies is a reaction to changes in public demands for harsher sentencing. This is particularly true for mandatory sentencing. As we shall demonstrate, there is a remarkable convergence of findings from the countries included in this survey: most people respond to polls about sentencing trends with the same answer—sentencing is too lenient.
Recent Penal Policy Developments
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores developments in our five jurisdictions over the last two or three decades. These case studies show how public opinion has played different roles in the formation of criminal policy in different countries at different times, although commonalities do emerge. For example, the tendency toward populist punitiveness is common to all countries. Within this picture, however, as will be seen, there are important variations between jurisdictions. Inevitably, our case studies are impressionistic.
The Influence of the Media
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike
Published: November 2023

No exploration of penal populism would be complete without a discussion of media inﬂuences on the public. It is not only information about crime that is transmitted by the media but also suggestions about how to understand, view, and respond to crime; the media play a central role in shaping mainstream views of crime and justice. It will be argued in this chapter that the media treatment of crime contributes in a number of ways to a distorted view of crime and the utility of punishment. For example, the way that crime is portrayed in the news media suggests that crime is more prevalent, more threatening, and also that more punishment is required in response. The entertainment media have also been found to inﬂuence public perceptions of the perceived effectiveness of punishment.
Institutionalizing Law and Order
Authors: Beckett Katherine
Published: November 2023

Between 1980 and 1994, the incarcerated population grew by 300% (from 500,000 to 1.5 million). Federal and state prisons now house over one million prisoners, up from approximately 250,000 in 1970. The growth of the prison population in the U.S. is to a large extent a consequence of the war on drugs: between 1979 and 1994, the percentage of state inmates convicted of nonviolent drug offenses increased from 6% to nearly 30%; among federal inmates that percentage jumped from 21% to 60% (and the jail population is also likely to include non­ violent drug offenders). Keeping this many people behind barsis, of course, quite costly: it is estimated that federal, state, and local governments spent more than $30 billion on corrections in 1994, up from $4 billion in 1975.
Does Restorative Justice Work?
Authors: Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

This Chapter Summarizes The Now Considerable Empirical Evidence About the effectiveness of restorative justice. The literature review is organized around three broad and simple hypotheses: Restorative justice restores and satisfies victims better than existing criminaljustice practices.
Theories That Might Explain Why Restorative Justice Works
Authors: Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

The review of evidence in the last chapter concluded that the first of the new generation of restorative justice programs of the 1990s may have had some effects in reducing reoffending and enhancing restoration in other ways. Some of these programs seemed to be somewhat effective, even though we look back on them in the new century as flawed first-generation efforts. We think we can and are doing better now as we look back on all the mistakes we learned from those earlier programs. Yet to do better in a significant way, the argument of this chapter is that we must commit to sustained research and development of restorative justice that tests theories of the conditions where it is productive and counterproductive.
Transforming the Legal System
Authors: Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

Already the possibilities of restorative justice and responsive regulation have been explored in a remarkable variety of legal fields—criminal offending, school bullying, Indigenous justice, consumer complaints against nursing homes, nuclear regulation, financial regulation, other areas of business regulation, human rights, and the regulation of armed conflict.
Predicting the Magnitude and Direction of Strategic Change
Authors: Sigismund Anne , Huff Huff James Oran , Barr Pamela S
Published: November 2023

As noted in chapter 5, an array of strategic issues helped to reshape the pharmaceutical industry from the 1970s through the mid-1990s. These industry-wide trends reflect changes in the strategic environment that triggered adaptive strategic responses from individual firms within the industry. If all or even most firms within the industry responded similarly to these changes in the strategic environment, then a causal analysis at the industry level would suffice, and firms could be treated as identical actors in the strategic change process. However, as will be seen in the subsequent empirical analysis, individual firms within the pharmaceutical industry respond quite differently to industry-wide changes in their strategic environment; furthermore, these differences in strategic response are predictable.
The Quest for the General Part
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

The criminal law is rooted in a set of distinct offenses, each with its problems of definition and its set of defenses that counteract the implications of incriminating events. Yet the quest of Western legal theory for the last hundred years or so has been the cultivation of a general part of the criminal law. The general part goes beyond the particular offenses and even particular patterns of liability, such as we have articulated in the first five chapters of this book. The general part has as its object the study of issues that cut across all offenses and merit analysis in isolation from their specific applications.
The Theory of Derivative Liability
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

The standard cases of criminal liability are those in which an individual violates a prohibitory norm, with neither justification nor excuse. He may act in concert with others, but his conduct is assessed on its own terms. The crime perpetrated might take a variety of forms. It might be an act of causing harm, such as homicide, or an inchoate offense, such as conspiracy or possession of contraband. It might be an affirmative act or a failure to act, as in the failure to file an income tax form or the failure to answer a question before a congressional hearing. The standard form of perpetration is readily adapted to all of these variations in the form of criminal conduct.
Genetic Hearing Loss Associated with Renal Disorders
Authors: Glindzicz Maria Bitner , Heath, Karen E , Campos-Barros Angel
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we have attempted to place the conditions considered here into groups such as specific nephritides, nephroses, and renal acidoses. Molecular genetic studies are rapidly clarifying the molecular basis of various syndromes, confirming genetic heterogeneity in some while identifying allelic disorders in others. Alport syndrome (nephritis and sensorineural hearing loss) The syndrome of hereditary progressive glomerulonephritis with intermittent or gross hematuria and sensorineural hearing loss was first described by Alport (I) in 1927. Earlier reports of the same family were published by Guthrie (45) and Kendall and Hurst (67). Classic Alport syndrome represents a defect in type IV collagen. What has been called Alport syndrome is now known to represent a genetically heterogeneous group of at least six different disorders (Table 9-1) that exhibit unique ultrastructural and antigenic abnormalities in basement membranes due to defective type IV collagen (7,59,60,62,64,106). The gene frequency is about 1/5000 (30,33). The syndrome is seen in at least I% of those with congenital hearing loss and in 0.6% of those seeking renal replacement (30).
Genetic Hearing Loss Associated with Dental Disorders
Authors: Gorlin Robert J
Published: November 2023

In 1972, Levin and Jorgenson (7) described a syndrome of dental anomalies and sensorineural hearing loss. To date, several unrelated families have been described (1-11,13,15,16); one case is doubtful (12). An early example is that of Denes and Csiba (4). Dental findings. The incisors of both dentitions are spared. The crowns of the canines and posterior teeth are enlarged, bulbous, and malformed with multiple prominent lobules (Fig. 15-lA,B). The deciduous dentition is more severely involved. The relationship between cusps and major grooves is eliminated (Fig. 15-lC); hence the use of the term globodontia (I I). An enamel defect is frequently noted on the facial surface of the canine teeth. Premolar teeth are frequently missing or small in size (1-5,10,11). There is often delayed eruption of the deciduous malformed teeth or even of the permanent posterior teeth (l,2,15).
“Un homme sur deux est une femme”
Authors: Livia Anna
Published: November 2023

In November 1971, women students at Harvard Divinity School protested that the masculine He should not be used in reference to God, nor should masculine pronouns be used to refer to people in general. Each time some one in the lecture room used the masculine pronoun or a masculine generic such as man or mankind when speaking of humanity at large, the women blew paper kazoos to express their disapproval. The matter was reported to the Harvard Crimson (the college in-house magazine). Calvert Watkins, chair of the Harvard linguistics department, responded with a letter cosigned by seventeen colleagues, including the departmental secretary. They assured readers that what was really at issue was not masculist tyranny, but the question of markedness. Since the masculine is the unmarked term of the masculine/feminine dyad, it has both generic and specific use.
“La sphyngesse, la taure, et les agnelles nouvelles-nées”
Authors: Livia Anna
Published: November 2023

In chapters 2 and 3 I looked at novels in French and English in which at least one prominent character is described without the usual gender markers. I now turn to an examination of lexical innovation, literary experiments that create new words to highlight the feminine, rather than decribing characters without recourse to gender. In this chapter, I evaluate the lexical neologisms introduced by Monique Wittig in her fiction. In the next, I move on to a consideration of Wittig’s pronominal experiments, principally her use of the nongendered on as the main pronominal vehicle for her first novel, L’opoponax.

My discussion of Wittig’s novels is divided into two chapters reflecting two different features of her work: lexical innovation and pronominal experimentation. To the literary theorist, such a division may seem at first awkward, and indeed, it would be more orthodox to consider Wittig’s work in a single chapter.
“Pendue pour des inventions illicites”
Authors: Livia Anna
Published: November 2023

This book started with a discussion of pronoun envy, a phrase coined by the Harvard Linguistics Department as a way of disparaging feminist concern about the social implications of a linguistic gender system based on binary thinking in which masculinity and femininity figure as the two terms in a hierarchical opposition. Having closely examined the workings of the linguistic gender system in a wide range of French and English novels and other literary works, I believe it is helpful to look again at the presuppositions with which I set out.
Knowledge, Knowledge Work, and Organizations: An Overview and Interpretation
Authors: Blackler Frank
Published: November 2023

Ever since Galbraith (1967) suggested that a powerful new class of technical-scientific experts was emerging, and Bell (1973) proposed that knowledge is a central feature of postindustrial societies, the significance of experts in contemporary society has attracted much comment (see Reed 1991 for a discussion of contemporary trends). Indeed, in recent years, the importance of expertise for competitive advantage has been emphasized again by economists and business strategists who have suggested that wealth creation is less dependent on the bureaucratic control of resources than it once was, and more dependent on the exercise of specialist knowledge and competencies, or the management of organizational competencies (e.g., Prahaled and Hamel 1990, Hague 1991, Reich 1991, Drucker 1993, Florida and Kenny 1993). This debate has found echoes in discussion about “knowledgeintensive firms,” that is, organizations staffed by a high proportion of highly qualified staff who trade in knowledge itself (Starbuck 1992, 1993, Alvesson 1993a), in the suggestion that organizational competencies can be nurtured by the development of interorganizational links (Kanter 1989, Badaracco 1991, Wikstrom and Normann 1994) and in the proposal that, because of technological changes, team organization is becoming of crucial importance and employees generally should be managed as “knowledge workers” (Zuboff 1988).
The Creation and Sharing of Knowledge
Authors: Boisot Max
Published: November 2023

Most of the challenges posed by the effective management of knowledge resources are not particularly new. They have, in effect, been with us since the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century, if not before. The learned societies of the seventeenth century, the Academia dei Lincei in Rome (founded in 1603), the Royal Society in London (founded in 1660), and the Academie des Sciences in Paris (founded in 1666), were all concerned with the routinization of discovery and were all set up to promote the dissemination of useful knowledge (Shapin and Schaffer 1985). The European scientists of the day were grappling with the same sort of issues that confront knowledge management today: how to generate knowledge that is both valid and hopefully useful, how to share it, and how to keep in touch with each other as well as up to date (Sprat 1662). In the eighteenth century, encyclopedias provided one way of storing and providing access to newly created knowledge. The nascent scientific community provided another. The key to the effective growth and management of scientific knowledge was thus as much social and institutional as it was technological.
Aligning Human Resource Management Practices and Knowledge Strategies: A Theoretical Framework
Authors: Bierly III Paul E , Daly Paula
Published: November 2023

According to a knowledge-based view of organizations, the principal function of a firm is the creation, integration, and application of knowledge (Grant 1996, Spender 1994, Nonaka 1994, Conner and Prahalad 1996). The essence of strategy, the development of sustainable competitive advantages, can then be viewed as the identification, development, and application of key resources, and in most cases the resource that ultimately leads to a sustainable competitive advantage is the firm’s unique knowledge base (Grant 1996, Barney 1991, Peteraf 1993). This knowledge base comprises the firm’s intellectual capital, which can be viewed as the tangible and intangible knowledge, experience, and skills of employees in an organization. The set of strategic choices addressing knowledge creation in an organization comprise the firm’s knowledge strategy, which provides the firm with guidelines for developing intellectual capital and therefore creating competitive advantage (Bierly and Chakrabarti 1996a, Zack 1999). For any firm, the best of all possible worlds would be not having to make strategic choices due to resource constraints. This is seldom the case, and therefore most firms must carefully evaluate their strategic choices in order to allocate resources in a way that maximizes their knowledge base.
Keeping a Butterfly and an Elephant in a House of Cards: The Elements of Exceptional Success
Authors: Starbuck William H
Published: November 2023

My wife and I were eating dinner with Donna and Joe. Joe asked what I had been doing lately. I explained that I had been studying knowledge-intensive firms-ones that earn revenues from specialized expertise. I cited the Rand Corporation and Arthur D. Little as examples, and briefly described their work. Joe, a partner in a prominent Park Avenue law firm, asked if I had studied any law firms. With insufficient tact and excessive confidence, I told him I had not. I understood law firms to make most of their revenues by routinely generating standardized documents such as contracts, stock offerings, or wills. Because legal word-processing systems are widely available, because all lawyers have adequate basic knowledge, and because law firms employ lawyers with diverse skills, clients can readily substitute one law firm for another. My interest lay, I said, in firms that are renowned for their unusual expertise. Joe replied quietly that he thought I was misjudging law firms in general, and more important, that some law firms do have reputations for unusual expertise. I asked him to suggest such a firm for me to study.
Opportunity and Constraint: Chain-to-Component Transfer Learning in Multiunit Chains of U.S. Nursing Homes, 1991-1997
Authors: Mitchell Will , Baum Joel A C , Banaszak-Holl Jane , Berta, Whitney B , Bowman Dilys
Published: November 2023

How and when do multiunit chains affect the capabilities of their component units? Chains are collections of component units that produce similar goods and services, linked together into larger “superorganizations” (Ingram and Baum 1997). This study explores how the level and similarity of capabilities of chains and their components-both existing and newly acquiredaffects transfer learning across component units.1 Transfer learning occurs when one organization causes a change in the capabilities of another, either through sharing experience or by somehow stimulating innovation. Attention to transfer learning processes is critical to understanding organizational performance because it is one of the most important routes through which organizations develop competitive advantage (Capron and Mitchell 1998). Within chains, transfer learning leads to changes in the capabilities of component units and, in turn, to changes in component performance. Past research has shown that ownership relationships, such as chain membership, influence transfer learning greatly. Changes in capabilities are, however, typically inferred from evidence of the effects of learning on performance (e.g., Baum and Ingram 1998, Darr et al. 1995, Ingram and Baum 1997). By contrast, we focus here on changes in the underlying capabilities themselves.
Knowledge across Boundaries: Managing Knowledge in Distributed Organizations
Authors: Ciborra Claudio U , Andreu Rafael
Published: November 2023

The problem of managing knowledge still needs to be set in fruitful terms before effective organizational and technical solutions are envisaged. Not only does one have to distinguish between various forms of knowledge, like tacit or explicit, individual and collective, and how one can move from one type to another, but also what is relevant is the specific interdependence between knowledge and organizational context. Alternative ways to manage knowledge, including different systems to support knowledge management (KM) are required for different organizational contexts. For example, consider the design and implementation of a new organizational arrangement, including the tailored change of configuration of resources and policies fit perfectly the needs of the firm in question. On the other hand, if that firm, to access new knowledge or acquire new capital for growth, is forced by market or technology circumstances to enter an alliance with another firm that has its own KM systems and practices, it may well turn out that its internal KM arrangements and resources are too rigid, “closed,” and incompatible.
Formation of the Primary Palate
Authors: Sperber Geoffrey H
Published: November 2023

The primary palate is the keystone to the upper lip and anterior portion of the definitive palate. Its embryogenesis is fundamental to normal development of the midface, and its maldevelopment has profound clinical and sociological consequences upon breathing, suckling, swallowing, mastication, osculation, speech, and facial physiognomy. Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics have provided significant insights into craniofacial embryology. Orofacial development in the embryo is first demarcated by the appearance of the prechordal plate at the cranial end of the embryonic disk at the 14th day postconception (Sperber, 2001). This plate designates the site of the future mouth or stomodeum. The mesenchyme that provides the facial primordia is peculiarly of ectodermal derivation, arising from neural crest cells at the apices (crests) of the neural folds prior to neural tube formation (Fig. 1.1) (La Bonne and Bronner-Fraser, 1999; Lawson et al., 2001). The neural crest cells peculiarly disrupt the ectodermal-mesodermal boundary and migrate into the subjacent tissue as ectomesenchymal cells. Their migration and proliferation are fundamental in facial development. During their migration, they interact with the extracellular matrix and adjacent epithelia, which partly determines the patterning and nature of the derivative tissues they will form. These derivatives include neural, skeletal, connective, and muscular tissues (Sarkar et al., 2001).
Prevention of Oral Clefts Through the Use of Folic Acid and Multivitamin Supplements: Evidence and Gaps
Authors: Czeizel Andrew E
Published: November 2023

Oral clefts (OCs) are among the most extensively studied congenital abnormalities (CAs) due to their visibility, which frequently causes serious psychological problems, and their common occurrence (1/500-550 births). CAs including OCs represent a distinct category of disorders because of their early (prenatal) onset without a good chance of spontaneous or medically assisted complete recovery. Thus, prevention of OCs is the optimal solution. Several maternal and environmental factors have been studied in relation to OCs, and some have possible associations (Wyszynszki and Beaty, 1996). Among maternal factors, epilepsy and/or use of antiepileptic drugs such as phenytoin appear to be important. Many studies have proposed an association between acute viral infections and OCs; however, viruses, medications, hyperthermia, and other related factors are questionable. Drugs such as corticosteroids, ampicillin, metrodinazole, and folate antagonists are potential teratogens in the etiology of OCs as well. Maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption may also have a role as co-teratogens through gene-environment interaction. Pesticides/herbicides, water contaminants, and occupational exposures have been cited as possible causes of OCs, but they probably explain only a small portion of cases. Currently, nutritional factors such as folate deficiency appear to be the most relevant, according to the concept of gene-environment interaction, in the etiology of OCs.
Educating the Practitioner and the Public
Authors: Jones Marilyn C
Published: November 2023

Although in the aggregate congenital anomalies affect 3% to 4% of all term infants, individual birth defects are usually infrequent enough that the public, most parents at least at the outset, and many professionals have no experience with the specific problem and consequently no skill sets with which to approach affected individuals. Public education plays a significant role in dispelling myths and raising awareness about the issues faced by people with a variety of medical problems. Moreover, increased public awareness can influence attitudes, perceptions, health policy, and research agendas. Advocacy groups, such as AIDS awareness groups and the Breast Cancer Coalition, have demonstrated the impact of aggressive lobbying and public education campaigns. Concomitant with increased awareness of human immunodeficiency virus-related diseases and breast cancer as important health issues has come increased support for affected individuals and increased funding for research and treatment. Patients have been empowered in treatment decisions, public misperceptions have been dispelled, and professionals have broader knowledge of treatment options. This chapter explores past and current educational efforts with respect to cleft lip and palate. Over the past 20 years, a number of investigators have surveyed groups of parents, professionals, students, and the general public to define the magnitude of the gaps in knowledge and create solutions. The only published study of public awareness dates from the mid-1980s. Middleton et al. (1986) surveyed 1200 individuals selected at random in six cities across the United States regarding their knowledge about cleft palate. More than half of the respondents had never heard of the condition. Over 60% did not know anyone with a cleft palate.
Perspectives on Policy: Introduction
Authors: Rabin Robert L , Sugarman Stephen D
Published: November 2023

Tobacco policy has assumed center stage in recent years. A product responsible for more than 400,000 premature deaths annually in the United States alone clearly raises a serious public health concern. Yet in our society there is a strong presumption that freedom of choice to engage in risky activities ought to be protected from paternalistic regulation (at least so long as the activities result in no harm to others). As a consequence, it does not follow inexorably that public health concerns require governmental action. Perhaps the clearest evidence in support of this proposition is the lack of any discernible current support for an absolute prohibition on the sale and consumption of tobacco products. Correspondingly, until very recently, the tobacco industry relied, with unbroken success, on this same personal responsibility theme in the judicial forum as the foundation of its defense to smokers’ compensation lawsuits.

Nevertheless, over the course of almost four decades, since the surgeon general’s famous 1964 report on smoking, a consensus has arisen that governmental intervention to control tobacco use is not only legitimate but essential. Indeed, the tobacco industry itself, in the face of unassailable evidence and public indignation, no longer contests the need to curtail youth access and ensure adult awareness of the dangers of smoking. But there has been and remains intense controversy over precisely what tobacco control policy should include.
Matthews Hill
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M
Published: November 2023

Edgar and Martin Matthew lived in a small house at the top of the ridge. About a quarter of a mile south, Henry and Jane Matthew resided in the Stone House at the intersection of Sudley Road and the Warrenton Turnpike.
Young’s Branch
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M
Published: November 2023

As the Confederate commanders rode toward the action, the remnants of Evans’, Bee’s and Bartow’s units crowded behind James Robinson’s house. About 150 yards away, Confederate Captain John Imboden, with four cannon, frantically poured shot and shell into the Union ranks on Matthews Hill and John Dogan’s farm.2 Nearby, in the yard of the Robinson house, Colonel Wade Hampton’s South Carolina Legion awaited orders. With the left flank crushed, Hampton and the 7th Georgia covered the Confederate retreat.
The Pursuit
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M
Published: November 2023

Having recaptured Ricketts’ battery, the Confederates turned several of the cannon around and began shelling the retreating Union troops. Beauregard rode along Henry Hill shouting, “The day is ours! The day is ours!”1 He then directed the 18th Virginia, Hampton’s Legion, 2d and 8th South Carolina, and Captain Del Kemper’s battery toward the Stone Bridge. About one mile south of the Cub Run bridge, Kemper unlimbered two of his cannon in the road and began bombarding the old country road and the turnpike. A wagon overturned on the Cub Run bridge, and the entire area became a traffic jam. To make matters worse for the Union soldiers, after Kemper had shelled the area, Colonel Richard Radford’s and Lieutenant Colonel Thomas T. Munford’s horsemen charged into them. The Black Horse troop led the attack. With no alternative the Union troops fled for their lives, leaving their possessions behind.
Change of Commanders
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M
Published: November 2023

Two days after the battle Lincoln met with McDowell. Always polite, the president stated to the general, “I have not lost a particle of confidence in you.”1 The general, however, was unaware that the successful Union Major General George B. McClellan had been summoned to the White House. On Friday, July 26, Lincoln and his cabinet appointed McClellan commander of the Division of the Potomac.2 On August 25, 1861, McClellan requested that no more Union regiments be uniformed in gray.3 In addition, Congress organized a special congressional committee in December 1862, to review the failures and events of First Manassas, Ball’s Bluff, Virginia and future battles. These hearings were recorded in the Reports of Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War.
A Place to Stand
Authors: Lindquist Julie
Published: November 2023

Linguists have become increasingly interested in examining how class culture is socially constructed and maintained through spoken language. Julie Lindquist's examination of the linguistic ethnography of a working-class bar in Chicago is an important and original contribution to the field. She examines how regular patrons argue about political issues in order to create a group identity centered around political ideology. She also shows how their political arguments are actually a rhetorical genre, one which creates a delicate balance between group solidarity and individual identity, as well as a tenuous and ambivalent sense of class identity.
A Place in the Middle: Behind Bar at the Smokehouse
Authors: Lindquist Julie
Published: November 2023

Two o’clock on Friday afternoon: I am scheduled to work the bar tonight. My shift begins at 3:30, but there is plenty to do before then. I pick out my work clothes: a short denim skirt, sleeveless blouse, sneakers and socks. Or should I find a long skirt to wear, maybe? I know tonight will be busy, and a longer, fuller skirt will be easier to move around in. I look into my closet once again and see only blue jeans. Perry, the bar owner, has forbidden us to wear jeans at the bar, insisting that if we must wear pants, they should be “dress pants.”But the boss’s dress code is less rigid than his gender code: for jobs tending bar, he hires only “girls.”
A Place to Be: The Smokehouse as Local Institution
Authors: Lindquist Julie
Published: November 2023

People come to the bar at the Smokehouse to drink. But more important, they come to drink among others. The bar is a place where one can arrive and immediately find a place in the structured chaos of serious play, in the comforting rhythms of planned spontaneity. The Smokehouse is a utopian place outside the uncompromising routines of work as well as the everyday center of things where what  is  real reveals itself to those who share investments in its authenticities. It is a place of concentrated leisure, where the coarse textures of sociality are pressed into relief. It is the place of a dense and busy social imaginary.
Across the Table: Walter, Joe, Arlen, Maggie, and Perry
Authors: Lindquist Julie
Published: November 2023

Any consideration of the how and why of arguments at the Smokehouse must, given that an argument is always about something, include a careful consideration of the what. This “content” derives from the form arguments take and the purposes they serve for those who engage in them—and is there- fore impossible to isolate as a cultural text—but if (as I will go on to show) arguments play a role in the public construction of knowledge for the Smoke-housers, then it is useful to clear alternative spaces where one might see how this knowledge is thematically configured. To create a rhetorical situation that might work heuristically to offer another perspective on the ideologies authorized through, and activated in, public discourse, I spoke one-on-one, in “private” interviews, with five Smokehouse regulars and employees: Walter, Perry, Joe, Maggie, and Arlen.
A Place to Tell It: Smokehouse Themes and Topoi
Authors: Lindquist Julie
Published: November 2023

If you hang around the bar with Smokehousers long enough, you begin to notice that what first appeared to be a dense and formless thicket of discourse is really a well-traveled and elaborately mapped rhetorical landscape, that topics emerge and resurface with predictable regularity. You might even conclude that this terrain has an architecture of sorts; that of all possible discursive territories to explore, some are in fact more habitable than others.