bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
α‐Methyldopa For Climacteric Hot Flushes: A Double‐Blind, Randomized, Cross‐Over Study
Authors: Andersen O. , Engebretsen T. , Solberg V. M. , Ørbo A.
Published: December 2009

The effects of single evening doses of α‐methyldopa and placebo have been compared in 40 women with climacteric hot flushes. the study was designed as a double‐blind, randomized and cross‐over investigation. of the 24 patients who completed the study, 15 reported that they preferred the α‐methyldopa treatment (p<0.05). α‐methyl‐dopa seemed to affect both the severity (p<0.05) and the frequency of climacteric hot flushes (p>0.05). It is concluded that α‐methyldopa is efficacious against climacteric hot flushes when given as single evening doses, but further study is required to answer whether this dosage is as effective as a twice daily regimen.
Radiation Therapy of Carcinoma of the Vagina
Authors: Shimm David S. , Ropar Melinda
Published: December 2009

Twenty‐two patients with invasive primary carcinoma of the vagina were treated with radiation therapy for cure between 1970 and 1980 at Massachusetts General Hospital. Eighteen demonstrated squamous cell carcinoma and six demonstrated adenocarcinoma. the 5‐year actuarial survival was 0.38; no difference was noted between the different histologies. For stages I, II, III and IV disease, 5‐year actuarial survivals were 0.71, 0.29, 0.48, and 0.52. a dose – response relationship could be demonstrated for both survival and local control. No serious complications were observed. on the basis of these results, increased reliance on implant techniques to increase the radiation dose to subvaginal tissues, is advocated in stage II disease.
The Effect of Maternal Hypocalcemia on Fetal Heart Rate Baseline Variability
Authors: Hagay Z. J. , Mazor M. , Leiberman J. R. , Piura B.
Published: December 2009

Marked decrease in fetal heart rate variability during labor was observed in a term fetus, borne by a mother with severe hypocalcemia due to idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and nutritional vitamin D deficiency. During the period of decreased baseline variability, fetal scalp pH was normal. a marked increase in fetal heart rate variability was observed within 5 minutes of intravenous administration of 1 gram calcium gluconate to the parturient. It seems that the recognition of the effect of maternal hypocalcemia on baseline fetal heart rate variability is important for accurate interpretation of fetal monitor tracing.
Prenatal Sonographic Appearance of Persistent Cloaca
Authors: Shalev Eliezer , Feldman Ester , Weiner Ehud , Zuckerman Henryk
Published: December 2009

A case of fetal persistent cloaca is presented. the intra‐uterine sonographic appearance at 30 weeks' gestation is described. the clinical and ultrasonic differential diagnosis is discussed.
Hydatidiform Mole in a Triplet Pregnancy Following Gonadotropin Therapy
Authors: Ohmichi M. , Tasaka K. , Suehara N. , Miyake A. , Tanizawa O.
Published: December 2009

A first case is reported of complete hydatidiform mole with two coexistent fetuses in a triple pregnancy following human menopausal gonadotropin human chorionic gonadotropin (hMG‐hCG) therapy. the molar mass and two fetuses were delivered separately at 17 weeks of gestation. the fetuses were female (155 g) and male (160 g) with individual placentae (85 g, 90 g). the hydatidiform mole (650 g) had a normal 46, XX karyotype. the sexes of the two fetuses and the karyotype of the mole are consistent with previous reports that the chromosomes of fetuses and moles are derived from both parents and the father, respectively.
Effects of Cholic Acid Infusion in Fetal Lambs
Authors: Campos G. A. , Guerra F. A. , Israel E. J.
Published: December 2009

The effects of prolonged intravenous infusions of cholic acid into fetal lambs are described in this study. The ewes (n = 10, 11 fetuses) were operated on at 114 days of gestation (term = 150 days) by placing plastic catheters in maternal and fetal vessels and in the amniotic cavity. Gestational ages were confirmed after delivery by radiographic examination of the ossification centers of the fetal legs. Infusions of cholic acid (1.6 μmoles/min−1) started 8 to 10 days after surgery in 5 fetuses (including one twin). The remaining 6 fetuses (also including one twin) were infused with 5% dextrose in water.

Total plasma bile acids at the beginning of the experiment were similar in both groups (23.8±6.6 vs. 24.3±5.7 μM). No significant changes in fetal heart rate, blood pressure, blood gases or pH were detected during the infusion.

Meconium‐stained amniotic fluid was observed during the third day of infusion in all the fetuses infused with cholic acid and in one control fetus. Fetuses infused with cholic acid were delivered alive 19–26 days before term. The concentration of plasma bile acids in the experimental group at delivery was 829±305 μM, i.e. significantly higher than that of the control group (24.4±5.7 μM). Control fetuses (except one twin) were delivered at term.

We concluded that cholic acid, even at the high dose infused, is neither lethal nor severely harmful for the fetus. Meconium passage of the fetuses infused with cholic acid, in our experiment, appeared to be related to the stimulatory effect of cholic acid on fetal colonic motility rather than to fetal hypoxia. The cause of premature labor in the ewes with fetuses infused with cholic acid is not evident from the results of the present experiments.
Cholestasis of Pregnancy: Clinical and Laboratory Studies
Authors: Berg Bertel , Helm Göran , Petersohn Lennart , Tryding Nils
Published: December 2009

A prospective study was made of clinical symptoms, liver function and pregnancy prognosis in women with cholestasis of pregnancy (CP). We used several positive and negative criteria to allow a clinical definition of CP as itching limited to time of pregnancy with or without laboratory evidence of liver dysfunction. the incidence during 1971–74 was 1.5% (100/6798 women) and lower during 1980–82 (52/5 441 = 1.0%). One hundred consecutive pregnant women without itching were used as clinical controls. the incidence of CP showed a distinct seasonal variation, culminating in November. Women with CP had often had itching during previous pregnancies and during use of contraceptive pills and described anamnestically itching in mother and sisters. Laboratory data in CP were compared with reference intervals for healthy pregnant women. Serum enzyme levels were significantly increased for serum alkaline phosphatase, 5‐nucleotidase, aspartate aminotrans‐ferase and alanine aminotransferase in the second and especially in the third trimester. the enzyme distribution was often markedly skewed to the right, i.e. some patients reacted more than others. Most patients with cholestasis only had itching without pronounced abnormalities in laboratory data. This mild form of CP was associated with a good prognosis for both mother and child.
Testosterone, Shbg and Albumin in Patients with Ovarian Carcinoma
Authors: Mählck C.‐G. , Grankvist K. , Bäckström T. , Kjellgren O.
Published: December 2009

Plasma testosterone, unbound testosterone, Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) and albumin were studied in women with “non‐endocrine” ovarian carcinoma prior to and during chemotherapy. Fifty‐one postmenopausal or oophorectomized women with cancer of the ovary were studied. the histologic types were IC, IIC, IIIC, V and FIGO stages I–IV. Tumor volumes were evaluated once a month using bimanual recto‐vaginal palpation under anesthesia.

Blood samples were drawn for testosterone radio‐immunoassay, SHBG and albumin analysis on four occasions at monthly intervals.

Plasma levels were compared with a control group of postmenopausal women, a control group of fertile women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, and finally a control group of postmenopausal women with non‐gynecologic disseminated malignant disease.

Testosterone concentrations were found to be higher in women with carcinoma of the ovary than in postmenopausal controls and showed a relationship to tumor volume. Histologic type and FIGO stage were found to be less closely related to plasma testosterone concentration. No significant change was found in the unbound testosterone fraction. SHBG concentrations were elevated in the Large‐tumor group. Albumin concentrations were decreased in the Large‐tumor group, advanced tumor stage group and in the control group with non‐gynecologic disseminated malignant disease.
Increased 2Nd Trimester Hemoglobin Concentration in Pregnancies Later Complicated by Hypertension and Growth Retardation: Early Evidence of a Reduced Plasma Volume
Authors: Huisman Aad , Aarnoudse Jan G.
Published: December 2009

Second‐trimester hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was measured in 1 535 pregnancies. Mean Hb concentration was significantly increased in women who developed pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH) in the last trimester before the 37th week (p<0.01). A similar trend was also observed in nulliparous women who gave birth to infants with a birthweight below the 10th percentile, especially in smokers. the highest Hb concentrations were found in women with both PIH and intra‐uterine growth retardation (IUGR). These findings are in agreement with previous observations in smaller studies and indicate that a reduced plasma volume may already be present in the second trimester, before PIH and/or IUGR appear.
Smoking and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia: An Association Independent of Sexual and Other Risk Factors?
Authors: Hellberg Dan , Valentin Jack , Nilsson Staffan
Published: December 2009

The connection between smoking and cervical neoplasia has been questioned. the association demonstrated has been suspected to depend on a correlation between smoking and sexual behavior or other risk factors for cervical neoplasia. This case‐control study included 140 women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia diagnosed during pregnancy. For each case, 2 healthy, age‐matched women, who simultaneously attended for a pregnancy check at the same maternity clinic, served as controls. Information was obtained on obstetrical and gynecological history, sexual behavior, contraceptive methods, female and male smoking habits and socioeconomic status, using both an interview and a questionaire. the patients were significantly younger at first intercourse and first pregnancy, had more sexual partners, showed a higher frequency of both female and male smokers and had a different pattern of contraceptive use vis‐á‐vis the controls. Analyses of covariance were used to identify and check for possible confounding before a log‐linear regression analysis was ultimately carried out. Two factors remained closely associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: number of sexual partners, and female smoking. We conclude that smoking seems to be a genuine risk factor for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
The Selectivity of a New Progestin
Authors: Phillips A.
Published: December 2009

Norgestimate is a new progestin developed for use with ethinyl estradiol as a combination oral contraceptive. It binds to rabbit uterine progestational receptors and in the oral form stimulates a progestational endometrial effect in rabbits. Norgestimate also exerts a direct effect on target organs, stimulating the endometrium in rabbits when injected directly into the uterine horn and inhibiting luteinizing hormone release from rat pituitary cells in culture. Like other progestins, norgestimate inhibits ovulation in several species and estrogen‐induced vaginal cornification in ovariectomized rats, but it is not estrogenic. Unlike other progestins, including levonorgestrel and gestodene, norgestimate is relatively free of androgenic activity. Norgestimate's affinity for the androgen receptor is very poor (0.003 × dihydrotestosterone [DHT]), even poorer than that of progesterone (0.005 × DHT). In sharp contrast are the marked affinities of levonorgestrel (0.220 × DHT) and gestodene (0.154 × DHT) for that receptor. The selectivity of norgestimate at receptor level is demonstrated clearly by its highly favorable androgen‐to‐progestin binding ratio.

Norgestimate is similar to progesterone in not significantly stimulating ventral prostate growth in immature rats, whereas levonorgestrel, gestodene, and desogestrel are significantly androgenic in this model.

Further evidence of norgestimate's minimal androgenicity is its lack of affinity for human sex hormone binding globulin in vitro. In conclusion, these preclinical studies, consistent with clinical studies, demonstrate the progestational efficacy and selectivity of norgestimate.
Efficacy and Clinical Profile of a New Oral Contraceptive Containing Norgestimate: U.S. Clinical Trials
Authors: Corson Stephen L.
Published: December 2009

The search for a highly selective progestin that exerts a potent and targeted progestational response with minimal or absent androgenic effect has paralleled investigation into the possible impact of these agents on cardiovascular disease in women.

Such a progestin, norgestimate (NGM), in a dose of 250 μg, has been combined with ethinyl estradiol (EE) 35 μg in a new oral contraceptive (OC), Ortho‐Cyclen or Cilest. Results of two long‐term, multicentric clinical trials demonstrate that this formulation is comparable in efficacy to the norgestrel‐containing OC Lo/Ovral. There were no statistically significant differences in pregnancy rate, and both OCs were well‐tolerated in a large and diverse study population.

In several areas, however, the inherently lower androgenicity of the norgestimate OC produced clinical changes compared with the norgestrel formulation. These changes were primarily evident in the more natural menstrual patterns with the norgestimate OC, its less severe impact on the endometrium, and, most important, its positive impact on lipoprotein metabolism. NGM/EE consistently produced statistically significant increases in high density lipoprotein (HDL) and concomitant improvement in the ratio of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to HDL. By cycle 24, this highly predictive parameter of atherosclerotic risk had decreased 7.7% in the NGM/EE group. Conversely, the norgestrel‐containing formulation resulted in statistically significant decreases in HDL and increases in the LDL/HDL ratio: by cycle 24, these patients showed an 18.5% increase in the LDL/HDL ratio. All between regimen comparisons of mean changes in the LDL/HDL ratio were statistically significant, from baseline through cycles 3, 6, 12 and 24.
Supportive European Data on a New Oral Contraceptive Containing Norgestimate
Authors: Becker Harald
Published: December 2009

Several European studies have been conducted to confirm the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of a new oral contraceptive (OC) combining 250 μg norgestimate with 35 μg ethinyl estradiol (Ortho‐Cyclen or Cilest). In a 12‐month multicenter German study of 147 women, treatment with this formulation resulted in no pregnancies, a low incidence of side effects, and excellent cycle control. The drug had no effect on estrogen‐mediated fibrin formation nor on the activity of coagulation inhibiting or promoting factors. Similarly, the documented low androgenicity of the highly selective progestational agent norgestimate results in a more positive metabolic profile. Glucose, insulin, and hemoglobin A1c concentrations measured before and after glucose loading were not adversely affected by treatment with the norgestimate‐containing OC, and all changes were reversible on its discontinuation. In addition, lipid metabolism was positively influenced by the drug. Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, was reduced while the cardioprotective lipid fraction, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, was increased.

Clinical trials to determine the OC's effects on coagulation, endocrine function, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are reviewed. Also discussed are several studies demonstrating the formulation's unique endometrial effects, which may possibly be related to its low androgenic activity and consequent low incidence of breakthrough bleeding and amenorrhea.
Cycle control with triphasic norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol, a new oral contraceptive agent
Authors: Andolsek Kathryn M.
Published: December 2009

Effective cycle control was demonstrated based on two multicenter, 2‐year studies of the triphasic oral contraceptive (OC) agent containing the new progestin norgestimate. The estrogen in this OC is ethinyl estradiol. These open‐label Phase III studies were conducted in the United States by 33 investigators at 33 sites who treated a total of 1,783 subjects, healthy women 17 to 38 years of age with menstrual cycle characteristics considered to be within the normal range. The norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol preparation was taken for up to 24 cycles. Follow‐up information was collected 3 to 4 months post‐treatment. Bleeding pattern analyses were based on 27,970 valid cycles. Normal cyclic bleeding patterns were experienced by most of the women during the study; only minimal and statistically and clinically insignificant variations in menstrual flow, dysmenorrhea, and premenstrual tension occurred. There was a low incidence of failed withdrawal bleeding in single cycles (<1.0% after cycle 6). There were no cases of amenorrhea, defined as two consecutive cycles of missed withdrawal flow. The incidence of breakthrough bleeding or spotting was highest during the initial treatment cycles and diminished with continued use of the formulation. The mean incidence of breakthrough bleeding was 2.36% in cycles 13 to 24. Apart from somewhat higher initial percentages among women new to oral contraception, the pattern of midcycle bleeding or spotting was similar to that of all women studied. Effective long‐term cycle control was demonstrated in women who used this OC agent.
Investigations on the Mechanical Properties of Conducting Polymer Coating-Substrate Structures and Their Influencing Factors
Authors: Wang Xi-Shu , Tang Hua-Ping , Li Xu-Dong , Hua Xin
Published: December 2009

This review covers recent advances and work on the microstructure features, mechanical properties and cracking processes of conducting polymer film/coatingsubstrate structures under different testing conditions. An attempt is made to characterize and quantify the relationships between mechanical properties and microstructure features. In addition, the film cracking mechanism on the micro scale and some influencing factors that play a significant role in the service of the film-substrate structure are presented. These investigations cover the conducting polymer film/coating nucleation process, microstructure-fracture characterization, translation of brittle-ductile fractures, and cracking processes near the largest inherent macromolecule defects under thermal-mechanical loadings, and were carried out using in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, as a novel method for evaluation of interface strength and critical failure stress.
Polyester Sulphonic Acid Interstitial Nanocomposite Platform for Peroxide Biosensor
Authors: Al-Ahmed Amir , Ndangili Peter M. , Jahed Nazeem , Baker Priscilla G. L. , Iwuoha Emmanuel I.
Published: December 2009

A novel enzyme immobilization platform was prepared on a platinum disk working electrode by polymerizing aniline inside the interstitial pores of polyester sulphonic acid sodium salt (PESA). Scanning electron microscopy study showed the formation of homogeneous sulphonated polyaniline (PANI) nanotubes (~90 nm) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed that the nanotubes were stable up to 230 °C. The PANI:PESA nanocomposite showed a quasi-reversible redox behaviour in phosphate buffer saline. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized on to this modified electrode for hydrogen peroxide detection. The biosensor gave a sensitivity of 1.33 μA (μM)-1 and a detection limit of 0.185 μM for H2O2. Stability experiments showed that the biosensor retained more than 64% of its initial sensitivity over four days of storage at 4 °C.
Isolation and Chemical Characterization of a Toxin Isolated from the Venom of the Sea Snake, Hydrophis torquatus aagardi
Authors: Nagamizu Masaya , Komori Yumiko , Uchiya Kei-ichi , Nikai Toshiaki , Tu Anthony T.
Published: December 2009

Sea snakes (family: Hydrophiidae) are serpents found in the coastal areas of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. There are two subfamilies in Hydrophiidae: Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae. A toxin, aagardi toxin, was isolated from the venom of the Hydrophiinae snake, Hydrophis torquatus aagardi and its chemical properties such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, importance of disulfide bonds, lack of enzymatic activity and amino acid sequence were determined. The amino acid sequence indicated a close relationship to the primary structure of other Hydrophiinae toxins and a significant difference from Laticaudinae toxins, confirming that primary toxin structure is closely related to sea snake phylogenecity.
Functional Analysis of a Putative Dothistromin Toxin MFS Transporter Gene
Authors: Bradshaw Rosie E. , Feng Zhilun , Schwelm Arne , Yang Yongzhi , Zhang Shuguang
Published: December 2009

Dothistromin is a non-host selective toxin produced by the pine needle pathogen Dothistroma septosporum. Dothistromin is not required for pathogenicity, but may have a role in competition and niche protection. To determine how D. septosporum tolerates its own toxin, a putative dothistromin transporter, DotC, was investigated. Studies with mutants lacking a functional dotC gene, overproducing DotC, or with a DotC-GFP fusion gene, did not provide conclusive evidence of a role in dothistromin efflux. The mutants revealed a major effect of DotC on dothistromin biosynthesis but were resistant to exogenous dothistromin. Intracellular localization studies suggest that compartmentalization may be important for dothistromin tolerance.
Risk of simultaneous phenotypic expression of hip and elbow dysplasia in dogs
Authors: Cachon T. , Remy D. , Carozzo C. , Viguier E. , Maitre P. , Arnault F. , Fau D. , Genevois J.P.
Published: December 2009

In order to look for phenotypic correlation between hip (HD) and elbow (ED) dysplasia, we used radiographic scoring obtained from 1,411 dogs of different breeds, which were evaluated for authoritative grading of both conditions. In this population, we found that the risk ratio for an animal to be simultaneously affected by HD and ED is 1.67. For a dog with ED, the risk ratio to be affected by HD increases as the ED grade increases. Similarly, for a dog affected by HD, the risk ratio to be affected by ED increases as the HD grade increases. In a dog affected by HD or ED, the clinician should look for the second condition in the same animal. Due to the low, yet positive correlation, selection against one trait will not affect the other trait sufficiently. Therefore selection has to be conducted at reduction of HD as well as reduction of ED.
Long-term follow-up after arthroscopic tenotomy for partial rupture of the biceps brachii tendon
Authors: Vermote K. A. G. , van Bree H. , Van Ryssen B. , Bergenhuyzen A. L. R.
Published: December 2009

Objective: To report the long-term clinical outcomes and radiographic results in dogs diagnosed with partial bicipital rupture and treated by arthroscopic tenotomy.

Materials and Methods: The medical records of dogs that had undergone arthroscopic tenotomy were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria for this study were: performance of an arthroscopic tenotomy between August 1999 and July 2007, availability of arthroscopic records data for review, and ability to obtain follow-up data for more than one year after arthroscopic tenotomy. In all cases, owners were interviewed during follow-up appointments or via telephone to determine perceived outcome after surgery.

Results: Forty-seven arthroscopic tenotomies were performed on 40 dogs without any major surgical complications. Long-term follow-up examinations, ranging from 12 months to 48 months (mean 26 months) after the tenotomy, were obtained for 24 dogs (25 shoulders).

Clinical outcome was assessed as excellent in 22 shoulders, with each dog showing a full return of limb function. A total of 10 dogs (11 joints) were evaluated radiographically; six joints revealed no progression of pathology, and five joints showed a limited progression of pathology.

Conclusion: Arthroscopic tenotomy in the treatment of bicipital partial rupture yields favourable long-term clinical results and a high degree of owner satisfaction. The feasibility of this technique and the long-term clinical and radiographic outcome from our study indicate that this technique can be considered a reliable and safe treatment for partial bicipital rupture.
Device for Improving Quantification of Reading Acuity and Reading Speed
Authors: Dexl Alois K. , Schlögel Horst , Wolfbauer Michael , Grabner Günther
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To present a new device, the Salzburg Reading Desk (SRD), for the standardized testing of reading acuity and reading speed at a subjectively convenient reading distance (best distance).

Methods:

First, in a systematic experimental setup, testing for validity and reliability was performed at 450 simulated reading distances (90 different test situations, each repeated 5 times) between 16 and 70 cm. The distance read-outs by the SRD software were correlated to the distances measured with a meter ruler. Second, reading distance and reading speed of 27 naturally emmetropic and presbyopic patients were evaluated using the log-scaled Radner Reading Charts implemented in the SRD.

Results:

In the experimental setup, an overall mean difference of the SRD distance read-out—compared to a standard distance measurement with a meter ruler—of 0.08±0.13 cm was observed. In the presbyopic patients, overall mean reading distance was 49.74±4.43 cm. Patients were able to read with their own subjectively convenient reading distance. A constant mean reading speed of sentences with bigger typeface (between 152.4±22.6 words/minute [wpm] and 157.3±15.8 wpm) was found, but reading speed gradually diminished over time when reading sentences with smaller typeface.

Conclusions:

The SRD seems to be a valid and reliable device for testing reading acuity at the best reading distance in an experimental setup as well as in clinical use in presbyopic patients. The SRD may be used whenever a detailed comparison of different methods for correcting presbyopia is required.
Towards a Genetic Map for Anopheles albimanus: Identification of Microsatellite Markers and a Preliminary Linkage Map for Chromosome 2
Authors: Penilla R. Patricia , Ranson Hilary , Padilla Norma , Morgan John C. , Steen Keith , Pignatelli Patricia , Rodríguez Américo D. , Hemingway Janet , Brogdon William G. , Black William C. , Benedict Mark Q.
Published: December 2009

Fifty microsatellite loci were identified in the malaria vector Anopheles albimanus. Markers segregating in F2 progeny of crosses between laboratory strains of An. albimanus were used to construct a preliminary genetic map. More than 300 progeny were genotyped, but the resolution of the map was limited by the lack of polymorphisms in the microsatellite alleles. A robust linkage map for chromosome 2 was established, and additional markers were assigned to the third and X chromosomes by linkage to morphological markers of known physical location. Additional non-informative microsatellite sequences are provided including some showing similarity to those of An. gambiae. This study significantly increases the number of genetic markers available for An. albimanus and provides useful tools for population genetics and genetic mapping studies in this important malaria vector.
Association of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Height of Mexican Children of Low Socioeconomic Level Attending Boarding Schools
Authors: Vilchis Jenny , Duque Ximena , Mera Robertino , Morán Segundo , Torres Javier , González-Cossío Teresita , de la Luz Kageyama-Escobar María , Navarro Fabiola , Mendoza María-Eugenia , Correa Pelayo
Published: December 2009

This study evaluated the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and height in a population of schoolchildren of a low socioeconomic level regarding growth-related micronutrient status. It was a cross-sectional study of 685 children 5–13 years of age. Height and weight were recorded, a 13C urea breath test was performed for detection of H. pylori, and a blood sample was obtained for determination of micronutrient status. Helicobacter pylori infection was found to be associated with the height of children. Children with H. pylori infection are, on average, 1.32 cm lower (95% confidence interval [CI] = −2.22 to −0.42) in height than children without infection. There was an effect modification by age: for every one-year increase in age, height was 0.66 cm less (95% CI = −1.17 to −0.15) in children with H. pylori infection. This finding suggests that H. pylori infection has a negative effect on the growth of children.
Natural Hybrid between Anopheles kleini and Anopheles sinensis
Authors: Joshi Deepak , Choochote Wej , Min Gi-Sik
Published: December 2009

While analyzing wild mosquitoes caught in Paju, South Korea, we identified one egg-laying hybrid female between Anopheles kleini and Anopheles sinensis. Additional evidence was obtained by identifying several F1 progeny and conducting self-crossing between them. Sequencing of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 sequence suggested that the maternal origin of the female should be An. sinensis . Additionally, observation of only two distinct genotypes of F1 progeny (double band, hybrid type, and single-band An. sinensis type) more closely resembled a situation of natural back-crossing between a hybrid female and male An. sinensis. Results of self-crossing between F1 progeny was impaired and yielded abnormally low larval hatchings (3.7%). Overall, the observation of 1 female from 658 caught-wild mosquitoes indicated possible natural hybridization among members of the Hyrcanus group from South Korea.
Baseline Iron Indices as Predictors of Hemoglobin Improvement in Anemic Vietnamese Women Receiving Weekly Iron-Folic Acid Supplementation and Deworming
Authors: Pasricha Sant-Rayn , Casey Gerard J. , Phuc Tran Q. , Mihrshahi Seema , MacGregor Lachlan , Montresor Antonio , Tien Nong , Biggs Beverley-Ann
Published: December 2009

Iron deficiency anemia is highly prevalent among women living in rural Vietnam. However, the utility and cut-offs of indices for diagnosing iron deficiency anemia in the public health context is ill defined. We assessed the ability of iron indices to predict the hemoglobin response (HBR) to weekly iron-folic acid supplementation (WIFS) in anemic rural Vietnamese women. We compared hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and soluble transferrin receptor in a cohort of 221 non-pregnant women of reproductive age before and after 3 months of WIFS and deworming. At baseline, anemia (Hb < 120 g/L) was present in 81/221 (36.7%) of subjects. After 3 months, anemia prevalence fell to 58/221 (26.2%), and the mean hemoglobin change was +3.5 g/L (95% confidence interval, 0.9, 6.6). A hemoglobin response was observed in 50/75 (66.6%) of anemic women. A ferritin cut-off < 30 ng/mL was a more sensitive predictor of response than ferritin < 15 ng/mL.
Incidence of Yellow Fever Vaccine-Associated Neurotropic Disease
Authors: Guimard Thomas , Minjolle Sophie , Polard Elisabeth , Fily Fabien , Zeller Hervé , Michelet Christian , Tattevin Pierre
Published: December 2009

Although the yellow fever 17D strain live-attenuated vaccine has been widely used over the past seven decades with a long history of safe records, recent reports of serious, sometimes fatal, adverse events, raised concerns about its tolerance. We extracted all cases of serious neurologic adverse events that occurred within 30 days of yellow fever vaccination in our institution during 2000–2008. Four cases (meningitis, n = 2 and meningo-encephalitis, n = 2) were identified. The male:female ratio was 3:1, and ages ranged from 21 to 55 years. Cerebrospinal fluid examination showed pleocytosis (10–82 cells/mm3, 64–84% lymphocytes), with slightly elevated protein levels (0.4–0.68 g/L). All symptoms resolved in three patients, but attention disorder and cerebellar syndrome persisted in one patient (at six months follow-up). The incidence of yellow fever vaccine–associated serious neurologic events was estimated to be 9.9/100,000 vaccine doses (95% confidence interval = 2.7–25.4/100,000) in this study, which was 10 times higher than previous estimates that did not include acute meningitis.
Chlorproguanil–Dapsone–Artesunate versus Chlorproguanil–Dapsone: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase III Trial in African Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
Authors: Tiono Alfred B. , Dicko Alassane , Ndububa Dennis A. , Agbenyega Tsiri , Pitmang Simon , Awobusuyi Jacob , Pamba Allan , Duparc Stephan , Goh Li-Ean , Harrell Emma , Carter Nick , Ward Stephen A. , Greenwood Brian , Winstanley Peter A.
Published: December 2009

This multi-center, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, double-dummy study compared the efficacy and safety of chlorproguanil–dapsone–artesunate (CDA) and chlorproguanil–dapsone (CPG–DDS) in the treatment of falciparum malaria in Africa (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria). Six hundred patients (≥ 1 year of age) received CDA 2.0/2.5/4.0 mg/kg, and 292 CPG–DDS 2.0/2.5 mg/kg, once daily for 3 days. Day 28 parasitologic cure rate (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]-corrected, per-protocol population) was 89.1% (416/467) for CDA, non-inferior but also superior to CPG–DDS, 83.0% (176/212) (treatment difference 6.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3, 11.9). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) genotype was available for 844/892 (95%) patients. Occurrences of a composite hemoglobin safety endpoint (hemoglobin drop ≥ 40 g/L or ≥ 40% versus baseline, hemoglobin < 50 g/L, or blood transfusion) were CDA 13/44 (30%), CPG–DDS 7/24 (29%) in G6PD-deficient patients versus CDA 4/448 (< 1%), CPG–DDS 6/221 (3%) in G6PD-normal patients. No deaths occurred. CDA was more efficacious than CPG–DDS. However, the hemolytic potential in G6PD-deficient patients does not support further development of CDA.
Frequency, characteristics and functions of future‐oriented thoughts in daily life
Authors: D'Argembeau Arnaud , Renaud Olivier , Van der Linden Martial
Published: December 2009

Despite the growing interest in future‐oriented cognition in various areas of psychology, there is still little empirical data regarding the occurrence and nature of future‐oriented thoughts in daily life. In this study, participants recorded future‐oriented thoughts occurring in natural settings and rated their characteristics and functions. The results show that future‐oriented thoughts occur frequently in daily life and can take different representational formats (more or less abstract), embrace various thematic contents (e.g. work, relationships) and serve a range of functions (e.g. action planning, decision making). The functions and characteristics of thoughts differed according to their temporal distance, with thoughts referring to the near future being more specific and serving action planning to a greater extent than thoughts concerning the far future. The characteristics of future thoughts were also related to affective content, with positive thoughts being more frequent, more specific, and associated with more visual images than negative thoughts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are people always more risk averse after disasters? Surveys after a heavy snow‐hit and a major earthquake in China in 2008
Authors: Li Jin‐Zhen , Li Shu , Wang Wen‐Zhong , Rao Li‐Lin , Liu Huan
Published: December 2009

China suffered both a heavy snow‐hit and a major earthquake in 2008. To investigate the effects of disasters on risky decision making, opportunity samples were obtained by recruiting residents in both devastated and non‐devastated areas. In a survey (Study 1) conducted shortly after the heavy snow‐hit, we found that people were not always more risk averse after a disaster as previous studies had claimed and that they were inclined to approach an option with ‘low probability associated gain’ and to avoid an option with ‘low probability associated loss’. These findings were replicated in a consecutive survey (Study 2) conducted after the Wenchuan earthquake. It was further found that the popularity of both insurance and lottery, which presumably contributed to overweighing of small probabilities, was detected to have been enhanced with substantial exposure to the earthquake disaster. The implications of these findings for risk education and government policy making were discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Room Temperature Highly Enantioselective Nickel‐Catalyzed Hydrovinylation
Authors: Lassauque Nicolas , Franciò Giancarlo , Leitner Walter
Published: December 2009

At room temperature, nickel catalysts based on the new phosphoramidite (11bR)‐N‐[(S)‐1‐(naphthalen‐1‐yl)ethyl]‐N‐[(S)‐1‐(naphthalen‐2‐yl)ethyl]dinaphtho[2,1‐d:1′,2′‐f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin‐4‐amine provide excellent selectivities for 3‐arylbut‐1‐enes (93–99%) with high enantioselectivities (90–95% ee) and TOFs (up to 8300 h−1) in the hydrovinylation of electron‐rich and electron‐poor vinylarenes. Within a few minutes, useful chiral building blocks and intermediates can be synthesized using this practical catalytic system.
Alkynyl Group as Activating Group: Base‐Catalyzed Diastereoselective Domino Reactions of Electron‐Deficient Enynes
Authors: Li Wenbo , Xiao Yuanjing , Zhang Junliang
Published: December 2009

This paper describes a base‐catalyzed domino reaction of electron‐deficient enynes with malonate‐derived α,β‐unsaturated esters and ketones, which provides a rapid, stereoselective access to multi‐functionalized cyclopentanes and inden‐5(6 H)‐ones in high yields. In this reaction, the alkynyl group of the enyne acts as an activating group rather than a reacting group.
Back to Natural Cinchona Alkaloids: Highly Enantioselective Michael Addition of Malononitrile to Enones
Authors: Russo Alessio , Perfetto Alessandra , Lattanzi Alessandra
Published: December 2009

An efficient and convenient highly enantioselective Michael addition of malononitrile to enones has been developed by using quinine as the organocatalyst. The adducts were isolated in excellent yield and high asymmetric induction (up to 95% ee). An easy route to difficultly accessible ester derivatives has been also disclosed.
Operability‐based determination of feasible control constraints for several high‐dimensional nonsquare industrial processes
Authors: Lima Fernando V. , Georgakis Christos , Smith Julie F. , Schnelle Phillip D. , Vinson David R.
Published: December 2009

High‐dimensional nonsquare systems, with more outputs than inputs, are common in industrial chemical processes. For such systems, it is impossible to control all the outputs at specific set‐points. Interval control is needed for, at least, some of the output variables. An operability‐based methodology, formulated in a Linear Programming framework, systematically determines the feasible set of the steady‐state output constraints of high‐dimensional nonsquare linear Model Predictive Controllers. These controllers are related to several industrial‐scale chemical processes provided by Air Products and Chemicals and DuPont. It is shown that, for the operable cases, the constrained region of operation can be reduced, without causing infeasibilities, by a factor of 103–107 for systems that have an output dimensionality of 6–15. For the inoperable examples, the amount of constraint relaxation necessary to make the control problem feasible at the steady‐state is also calculated. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Word smithing in medical genetics
Authors: Cohen M. Michael
Published: December 2009

Certain terms used in medical genetics and more often in other medical fields are in need of clarification. The terms cited are frequently misunderstood, mispronounced, and/or misspelled. The discussion includes two Latin‐derived terms (genua valga and calvaria), one Greek‐derived term (apoptosis), one gene‐derived term (RUNX), one syndromic eponym (Kartagener syndrome), and three vascular eponyms (Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome, Parkes Weber syndrome, and Kasabach–Merritt phenomenon). © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Silencing Nogo‐A promotes functional recovery in demyelinating disease
Authors: Yang Yuhong , Liu Yue , Wei Ping , Peng Haiyan , Winger Ryan , Hussain Rehana Z. , Ben Li‐Hong , Cravens Petra D. , Gocke Anne R. , Puttaparthi Krishna , Racke Michael K. , McTigue Dana M. , Lovett‐Racke Amy E.
Published: December 2009

Objective

To determine if suppressing Nogo‐A, an axonal inhibitory protein, will promote functional recovery in a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods

A small interfering RNA was developed to specifically suppress Nogo‐A (siRNA‐NogoA). The siRNA‐NogoA silencing effect was evaluated in vitro and in vivo via immunohistochemistry. The siRNA was administered intravenously in 2 models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Axonal repair was measured by upregulation of GAP43. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and 3H‐thymidine incorporation were used to determine immunological changes in myelin‐specific T cells in mice with EAE.

Results

The siRNA‐NogoA suppressed Nogo‐A expression in vitro and in vivo. Systemic administration of siRNA‐NogoA ameliorated EAE and promoted axonal repair, as demonstrated by enhanced GAP43+ axons in the lesions. Myelin‐specific T‐cell proliferation and cytokine production were unchanged in the siRNA‐NogoA–treated mice.

Interpretation

Silencing Nogo‐A in EAE promotes functional recovery. The therapeutic benefit appears to be mediated by axonal growth and repair, and is not attributable to changes in the encephalitogenic capacity of the myelin‐specific T cells. Silencing Nogo‐A may be a therapeutic option for MS patients to prevent permanent functional deficits caused by immune‐mediated axonal damage. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:498–507
Anticoagulants in pediatric cerebral sinovenous thrombosis: A safety and outcome study
Authors: Moharir Mahendranath D. , Shroff Manohar , Stephens Derek , Pontigon Ann‐Marie , Chan Anthony , MacGregor Daune , Mikulis David , Adams Margaret , deVeber Gabrielle
Published: December 2009

Objective

Clinical trials are lacking in pediatric cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT). Neonates and children increasingly receive anticoagulant therapy (ACT) based on adult studies. Safety data for ACT in pediatric CSVT are scant and urgently needed. The objective was to assess the safety and outcome of ACT in pediatric CSVT.

Methods

In a single‐center prospective study, neonates and children with CSVT received ACT (standard/low molecular weight heparin, warfarin) by standardized protocol. A study neuroradiologist (M.S.) assessed all initial and follow‐up neuroimaging for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), thrombus propagation, and recanalization. Clinical outcome was assessed with the Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure.

Results

Among 162 pediatric patients, 85 received ACT at diagnosis, including 29/83 (35%) neonates and 56/79 (71%) children. Major hemorrhage occurred in 6% (6/99) of treated patients, including 14% (3/21 neonates, 2/15 children) with and 2% (0/17 neonates, 1/46 children) without pretreatment ICH. ACT‐associated bleeds were all nonfatal, and clinical outcome was favorable in 50%, similar to the remaining patients (53%). Early follow‐up imaging demonstrated thrombus propagation in 11/57 neonates (10/35 [28%] without and 1/22 [4%] with ACT [p = 0.037]) and 10/63 children (7/19 [37%] without and 3/44 [7%] with ACT [p = 0.006]). Propagation was associated with new venous infarcts in 10% neonates and 40% children and worse clinical outcome in children (p = 0.053). Recanalization occurred earlier and more completely in neonates (p = 0.002). Clinical outcome was unfavorable in 47%.

Interpretation

In pediatric CSVT, ACT appears safe. Nontreatment with ACT is associated with thrombus propagation, observed in ¼ of untreated neonates and over ⅓ of children. Anticoagulants merit strong consideration in pediatric CSVT. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:590–599
Recurrent spreading depolarizations after subarachnoid hemorrhage decreases oxygen availability in human cerebral cortex
Authors: Bosche Bert , Graf Rudolf , Ernestus Ralf‐Ingo , Dohmen Christian , Reithmeier Thomas , Brinker Gerrit , Strong Anthony J. , Dreier Jens P. , Woitzik Johannes
Published: December 2009

Objective

Delayed ischemic neurological deficit (DIND) contributes to poor outcome in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients. Because there is continuing uncertainty as to whether proximal cerebral artery vasospasm is the only cause of DIND, other processes should be considered. A potential candidate is cortical spreading depolarization (CSD)‐induced hypoxia. We hypothesized that recurrent CSDs influence cortical oxygen availability.

Methods

Centers in the Cooperative Study of Brain Injury Depolarizations (COSBID) recruited 9 patients with severe SAH, who underwent open neurosurgery. We used simultaneous, colocalized recordings of electrocorticography and tissue oxygen pressure (ptiO2) in human cerebral cortex. We screened for delayed cortical infarcts by using sequential brain imaging and investigated cerebral vasospasm by angiography or time‐of‐flight magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

In a total recording time of 850 hours, 120 CSDs were found in 8 of 9 patients. Fifty‐five CSDs (∼46%) were found in only 2 of 9 patients, who later developed DIND. Eighty‐nine (∼75%) of all CSDs occurred between the 5th and 7th day after SAH, and 96 (80%) arose within temporal clusters of recurrent CSD. Clusters of CSD occurred simultaneously, with mainly biphasic CSD‐associated ptiO2 responses comprising a primary hypoxic and a secondary hyperoxic phase. The frequency of CSD correlated positively with the duration of the hypoxic phase and negatively with that of the hyperoxic phase. Hypoxic phases significantly increased stepwise within CSD clusters; particularly in DIND patients, biphasic ptiO2 responses changed to monophasic ptiO2 decreases within these clusters. Monophasic hypoxic ptiO2 responses to CSD were found predominantly in DIND patients.

Interpretation

We attribute these clinical ptiO2 findings mainly to changes in local blood flow in the cortical microcirculation but also to augmented metabolism. Besides classical contributors like proximal cerebral vasospasm, CSD clusters may reduce O2 supply and increase O2 consumption, and thereby promote DIND. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:607–617