bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of free gossypol in chemically treated cottonseed meals containing dianilinogossypol
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Hoffpauir Carroll L.
Published: May 2007

A method is proposed for the determination of free gossypol in chemically treated cottonseed meals containing dianilinogossypol. The procedure includes a rapid qualitative test for detecting the presence of dianilinogossypol in cottonseed meals.

Investigation of the properties of dianilinogossypol showed that it was appreciably soluble in water‐free solvents, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, or chloroform, but only slightly soluble in 70% acetone, an efficient solvent for the extraction of free gossypol.

Both 70% acetone extracts of chemically treated meals and pure dianilinogossypol in the same solvent exhibited significant changes in optical density due to slow hydrolysis of dianilinogossypol. Dilution of aqueous acetone extracts with 80% isopropyl alcohol produced changes in optical density even greater than those occurring in undiluted extracts, introducing serious errors in the free gossypol determination.

The addition of a small amount of aniline to the aqueous acetone for extraction stabilized the extract against changes in optical density and yielded constant values for free gossypol over a period of several hours. Use of aqueous acetone without aniline gave values which increased with the time interval between extraction and analysis. Extrapolation of these values to zero time gave results in good agreement with those obtained by the use of aqueous acetone containing aniline.

The intense background color in extracts of chemically treated meals introduces a source of error when photoelectric colorimeters yielding non‐linear calibration curves are used for analysis. A modification in the customary method of calculation eliminates this source of error.
The component glycerides of an Indian sheep body fat
Authors: Hilditch T. P. , Shrivastava R. K.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

The component glycerides of an Indian sheep body fat have been investigated, employing the most recently developed experimental techniques, notably crystallization from solvents at low temperature.

The chief components of the fatty acids were palmitic (27.8), stearic (27.7), and oleic (33.0), accompanied by small proportions or traces of myristic (2.9), arachidic (1.5), tetradecenoic (0.4), hexadecenoic (2.7), octadecadienoic (3.4), and unsaturated C20–22 acids (0.6) (percentages by weight).

The chief constituent glycerides of the fat may be summarized as follows:

Fully saturated glycerides form 28% of the whole fat and consist largely of dipalmitostearins (16%) and palmitodisterins (11%); very small proportions of triplamitin and possibly tristearin may also be present.

The monounsaturated glycerides (28.6%) consist largely of oleopalmito‐stearins; small proportions of oleodipalmitin and perhaps also of hexadeceno‐dipalmitins or‐palmitostearins are also probably present.

Diunsaturated glycerides (40.5%) are the most prominent category of mixed glycerides in the sheep fat, with about 26% of palmitodiunsaturated and 14% of stearodiunsaturated glycerides. Probably nearly two‐thirds of these are respectively palmitodiolein and stearodiolein, but in the remainder one of the minor component unsaturated acids takes the place of one (or in rare instances both) of the oleo‐groups.

Finally, there are present about 3% oftriunsaturated glycerides, which are made up of two (or one) oleic groups in association with one (or two) acyl groups of one or the other of the minor component unsaturated acids.

The Indian sheep body fat appears to differ some‐what from the English sheep body fats examined previously (4) in contaiming (in relation to its total saturated acid content) somewhat more trisaturated glycerides, definitely more of the diunsaturated glyceride group, and considerably less of the monounsaturated glyceride group.
A spectrophotometric method for the determination of color of glyceride oils
Authors: Presnell Alexander K.
Published: May 2007

A spectrophotometric method is described which permits an accurate estimation of the color of oils from transmittance values at three wave lengths. The color may be expressed in terms of tri‐stimulus values or simply as visual transparency and is independent of the arbitrary color systems in wide use at present.
Electron‐impact mass spectrometry for location of epoxide position in long chainvic‐dialkyl and trialkyl epoxides
Authors: Bierl B. A. , Beroza Morton
Published: May 2007

Plots of percent abundance vs m/e for selected series of ions (differing by 14 mass units) obtained by low resolution mass spectrometry allowed the epoxide position to be located in 30 C17−C21vic‐dialkyl and trialkyl epoxides. Major diagnostic fragmentations are as follows. In thevic‐dialkyl epoxides of the study, fragments useful for determining epoxide position result from α‐cleavage, and epoxide position may be recognized by the maxima obtained in a plot of percent abundance vs m/e values in the CnH2n−1O series (113, 127, 141 ….); a similar plot of percent abundances vs m/e values in the CnH2n−2 series (110, 124, 138 ….) also shows maxima for ions corresponding to those obtained by transannular cleavage plus water elimination. In the trialkyl epoxides, fragments most useful for locating epoxide position are those obtained from ions corresponding to α‐cleavage plus H‐transfer; epoxide position may, thus, be recognized by the maxima obtained in a plot of percent abundance vs m/e values in the CnH2nO series (72, 86, 100 ….). Transannular cleavage with H‐transfer produces CnH2n+1O products (m/e 115, 129, 143….), with the fragment containing the methyl substituent being much more abundant.
Aqueous processing of full‐fat sunflower seeds: Yields of oil and protein
Authors: Hagenmaier Fobert D.
Published: May 2007

Undehulled sunflower seeds were comminuted and extracted with water containing 0.2% Na2SO3 at pH 10, which extracted from the fiber 86% of the oil and 85% of the protein. Isolate was prepared by addition of acid, with best yield achieved from pH 5 precipitation.
Applications of pulsed NMR to fatty emulsions
Authors: Trumbetas J. , Fioriti J. A. , Sims R. J.
Published: May 2007

Pulsed NMR was used to measure solid fat content in oil‐in‐water type emulsions. The data obtained were useful in selection of optimum types and levels of emulsifiers for each system. By using a flow‐through cell in the NMR magnet, the rate and extent of phase separation could be measured accurately. This approach provides a new, quantitative method to measure emulsion stability.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XX. The physical and chemical nature of lime soap dispersions
Authors: Weil J. K. , Pierce C. J. , Linfield W. M.
Published: May 2007

Blends of soap and surfactants that possess good lime soap dispersing properties were dispersed in hard water. The turbidity of such dispersions varied depending on the type of dispersant used and also on the soap:dispersant ratio. Differences in coarseness of various dispersions could be measured empirically by filtration through a membrane of intermediate (1.2 µm) porosity. For determinations of the chemical composition of the dispersions a somewhat finer membrane (0.8 µm or less) was chosen, which retained most of the dispersed solids. Filter residues and filtrates were analyzed for sodium, calcium, magnesium and lime soap dispersing agents (LSDA). All of the calcium remained on the filter, whereas sodium was found primarily in the filtrate. Magnesium was held completely on the filter only if sufficient soap was present to tie up all Ca++ and Mg++. Analysis of the organic portion of the residues indicated that the soap:LSDA ratio found was the same as that used in the preparation of the original dispersion. On filtration through a fine membrane (0.05 µm) virtually all dispersed material was retained on the membrane. The filtrate possessed only slight activity in terms of surface tension and detergency, whereas the resuspended solids possessed high surface activity similar to the unfiltered dispersion. This indicates that the dispersed solids are the major source of surface activity.
Fatty acid compositions of human brain lecithin and sphingomyelin in normal individuals, senile cerebral cortical atrophy, alzheimer舗s disease, metachromatic leucodystrophy, Tay‐Sachs and Niemann‐Pick diseases
Authors: Rouser George , Feldman Gerald , Galli Claudio
Published: May 2007

The fatty acid compositions of whole brain lecithin and sphingomyelin were determined. Brain specimens from normal adults, a normal infant, and several disease states were examined. Normal adult brain lecithin has a very simple fatty acid composition (palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids) and infant brain lecithin contains more palmitic acid and less oleic acid than adult brain. The whole brain lecithin fatty acid compositions from metachromatic leucodystrophy, and Tay‐Sachs and Niemann‐Pick diseases are intermediate between that of normal infant and normal adult brain and no characteristic features attributable to specific disease states were detected. The fatty acids of whole brain lecithin from senile cerebral cortical atrophy and Alzheimer舗s disease were similar to normal adult brain except that a greater variety of fatty acids was seen in both pathological states. No characteristic features attributable specifically to either pathological state were detected. The fatty acid composition of normal adult brain sphingomyelin differs from that of the normal infant in that longer chain fatty acids are more abundant in adult brain. The fatty acid compositions of whole brain sphingomyelins from Niemann‐Pick disease and metachromatic leucodystrophy differed from that of normal infant and adult brain in that C24 acids were not detected. No characteristic features attributable to a specific disease were detected. Fatty acid compositions of whole brain sphingomyelins in senile cerebral cortical atrophy and Alzheimer舗s disease were found to be very similar to those of the normal adult.
Fat content and liquid‐to‐solid ratio of chocolate by wide line nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Oref Izhack
Published: May 2007

Wide line nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used for fast and accurate determination of the fat content and liquid‐to‐solid ratio of chocolate. The transition range of solid to liquid was found to be extremely narrow. The temp effect on the NMR signal is discussed and erratum methods are suggested to that effect. A method was developed for the separate determination of butter fat and cocoa fat in addition to the total fat content determination in milk chocolate.
Glyceride distribution in adipose and liver glycerides of animals
Authors: Barford R. A. , Luddy F. E. , Herb S. F. , Magidman P. , Riemenschneider R. W.
Published: May 2007

The glyceride distribution in depot fats from a series of animals was determined by pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, isolation of hydrolytic products by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), and fatty acid analysis by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC).

Distribution of the principal types of glycerides (S3, S2U, SU2 U3) in the internal and external adipose tissue fats from the same pig was nonrandom. The percentages of palmitic acid at the 2‐position in these adipose fats were comparable. However, liver glycerides from this same animal differed strikingly from adipose glycerides, having, for example, only ca. 15% of its palmitic acid in the 2‐position compared with > 80% for adipose fats. The liver glycerides of lamb, rabbit, and dog also differed considerably from adipose glycerides in glyceride distribution and in percentages of individual fatty acids in 2‐position.

The composition of adipose glycerides from Lamb, beef, deer, rabbit, chicken, and dog in terms of the four principal glyceride types approached closely the values calculated for random. When positional isomers were considered, however, only the adipose glycerides of the dog conformed to random distribution.
The application of a capillary extrusion rheometer to the determination of the flow characteristics of lard
Authors: Scherr H. J. , Witnauer L. P.
Published: May 2007

A capillary extrusion rheometer was designed, and techniques were developed to obtain basic information on the flow behavior of lard. Since constant and adjustable shearing rates are a necessary feature for the study of the basic rheological behavior of a material, the rheometer was designed for use in conjunction with a tensile tester having a wide selection of crosshead rates. Techniques were developed for accurately measuring the flow variables and for treating the data. A comparison study on a Newtonian liquid sample proved the validity of the approach. Lard at 23.4C was tested, and its flow parameters (fluid‐consistency index and flow‐behavior index or degree of non‐Newtonian behavior) were obtained.
Chromatography of polar triglycerides on silicic Acid Columns
Authors: Evans C. D. , McConnell D. G. , Hoffmann R. L. , Peters Helen
Published: May 2007

Triglycerides containing polar fatty acids are resolved by silicic acid chromatography into molecular species containing increased amounts of the polar acids. Natural fats like isano, oiticica, castor, or kamala seed oils with both nonpolar fatty acids and polar hydroxy or keto acids have been resolved into component glycerides according to the degree of polarity. Silicic acid chromatography offers a means of obtaining specific glycerides from fats for detailed studies on glyceride composition and structure.
A double label radiotracer approach to detergency studies
Authors: Gordon B. E. , Roddewig J. , Shebs W. T.
Published: May 2007

The comparative detergency of a series of built detergents of commercial interest has been measured via the use of a doubly labeled multicomponent synthetic soil. Four test fabrics: cotton, nylon, Dacron, and Dacron/cotton were soiled with the seven‐component soil, which was in turn almost completely and then individually labeled. The fabrics were washed in a conventional Tergotometer under cold‐water and hot‐water conditions. Analyses of the fabrics before and after washing were made by liquid scintillation counting.

Two sets of experiments were run, the first based on cold‐water detergent formulation (heavy‐duty liquid), the second based on hot‐water detergent formulation (heavy‐duty powder). A number of nonionic surfactants were compared with linear alkyl aryl sulfonate in the first set, and two anionics were compared with two nonionics in the second set.

Expressing results as total detergency, i.e., amount of soil removed from all four fabrics, it was found that, under cold‐water conditions, LAS (average side chain C13) is significantly less effective than the nonionics investigated. The linear primary alcohol (C12‐C15 and C14‐C15) ethoxylates removed slightly more soil than the ethoxylates of a Ziegler alcohol (C14, C16, C18) and random secondary alcohols (C11‐C15).

The same tabulation for the heavy‐duty powder formulations under hot‐water conditions showed LAS to be least effective over‐all, sulfated linear primary alcohol somewhat more effective, and ethoxylated linear, primary alcohol slightly more effective still.

Redeposition of the various soil components onto unsoiled cotton was found to be slight, ranging from 0.2% to 1.7% of the amount in the wash water.
Direct hydroxylation of fats and derivatives with a hydrogen peroxide tungstic acid system
Authors: Luong T. M. , Schriftman H. , Swern Daniel
Published: May 2007

The direct preparation ofthreo‐1,2‐glycols without isolation of intermediates from oleic acid, methyl oleate, and oleyl alcohol by oxidation with a hydrogen peroxide (70%)‐tungstic acid system at pH 0‐1 and 45‐55C without solvent has now been shown to be an efficient, high‐yield reaction. Thethreo‐isomers are formed from intermediate epoxides by in situ hydration with accompanying inversion. Preincorporation of about 2% of the glycol reaction product into oleic acid or methyl oleate speeds up the oxidation reactions markedly and adds to their control and reproducibility. With oleyl alcohol, addition of reaction product is not necessary.

Castor and olive oils are also readily oxidized to almost complete elimination of unsaturation, but the products are only 50‐60% 1,2‐glycols, owing to intra‐ and intermolecular polyether information. Addition of reaction product is unnecessary with castor oil, but with olive oil the reaction rate is greatly accelerated by incorporation of 2% of reaction product. Preconditioning (5 hr) of the hydrogen peroxide with the tungstic acid permits slightly faster oxidation rates. Emulsions are also rapidly oxidized under appropriate conditions, but these systems are more complicated to prepare and work up than oxidation of the substrates directly. Tentative reaction mechanisms are proposed in which an inorganic polyperoxytungstic acid is the effective oxidizing agent and hydroxyl‐containing species are important interfacial or complexing agents between the substrate and oxidant system.
Oxidative deterioration of flesh lipids of pacific cod(Gadus macrocephalus)
Authors: Roubal W. T.
Published: May 2007

Light flesh lipids of Pacific cod, composed chiefly of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline, contain fatty acids rich in unsaturation. In model systems free of pro‐oxidant the ethanolamine derivative exhibited a high rate of oxidation. Phosphatidyl choline, on the other hand, required an added pro‐oxidant.

Cod porphyrins exhibited pro‐oxidant effects not unlike those observed in other biological systems involving catalyzed lipid oxidation.

Neutral lipids exhibited very low rates of oxidation.
Separation of tocopherol homologues by selective deacylation and chromatography
Authors: Foster Charles H. , Cross E. B.
Published: May 2007

Isolation of tocopherol homologues can be accomplished by selective deacylation of tocopheryl esters followed by chromatographic separation of the esters from the free tocopherols.
Derivatization of keto fatty acids: V. Synthesis and characterization of 1,3‐dioxolanes
Authors: Ahmad Suhail , Ahmad F. , Osman S. M.
Published: May 2007

The synthesis of substituted 1,3‐dioxolanes from oxo fatty acid esters using 1,2‐propanediol is described. This reagent, besides forming dioxolanes, also converts the methyl ester to the 2′‐hydroxy propyl ester. Methyl 10‐oxoundecanoate gives 2′‐hydroxy propyl 10‐(2″‐methyl ethylene dioxolane) undecanoate (Ia, 75%) as a major product. Methyl 9‐oxooctadecanoate reacts similarly and yields 2′‐hydroxy propyl 9‐(2″‐methyl ethylene dioxolane) octadecanoate (IIb, 60%), along with the minor products (IIa, IIc). Methyl 2‐oxooctadecanoate, after prolonged refluxing, affords only 2′‐hydroxy propyl 2‐(2″‐methyl ethylene dioxolane) octadecanoate (IIIa) in 70% yield. Structures of each reaction product were established on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, NMR and a study of mass spectrometry.
Reactions of glycerol derivatives with N,N‐diethyl‐1,1,2,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropanamine
Authors: Watanabe S. , Fujita T. , Nasuno I. , Suga K.
Published: May 2007

Fluorination of mono‐ and disubstituted glycerols with N,N‐diethyl‐1,1,2,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropanamine (PPDA) was attempted. Instead of the expected fluoroglycerol derivative from a disubstituted glycerol, the major product was the fluorinated propyl ester. Thus, 2,3‐dibromopropyl 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropionate was isolated in 52% yield from the reaction of 2,3‐dibromo‐1‐propanol with PPDA. With a monosubstituted glycerol, a cyclic adduct was obtained. Thus, 4‐allyloxymethyl‐2‐diethylamino‐2‐(1,2,2,2‐tetrafluoroethyl)‐1,3‐dioxolane was isolated in 68% yield from 3‐allyloxy‐1,2‐propanediol and PPDA. Shielding by the bromine atoms in the former reaction and intramolecular nucleophilic attack by the vicinal hydroxyl group in the latter reaction are possible explanations for the reaction results.
Pressure reaction of maleic esters with vegetable oils
Authors: Miller W. R. , Bell E. W. , Cowan J. C. , Teeter H. M.
Published: May 2007

The reaction of dimethyl maleate and some related dienophiles with vegetable oils under pressure has been studied successfully. When safflower oil reacts with 100% excess maleate, sulfur dioxide catalyst, and hydroquinone inhibitor at 290° for 1hr., 80 to 90% yields of adduct fraction, based on linoleate, are obtained. Under the same conditions almost equally good yields result with either linseed or soybean oils. With safflower oil, dimethyl fumarate gave slightly lower yields. Di‐n‐butyl maleate gave even poorer yields, and much residue was formed.
N‐lauroyl‐ethylenediamine chelates: Preparation and evaluation of surface tension and dispersant properties
Authors: Takeshita Toshio , Maeda Shigeru
Published: May 2007

A chelate surfactant was synthesized having a hydrophobic alkyl group and hydrophilic metal ion bonded to the former in the chelate configuration, and its properties were investigated. N‐lauroyl‐ethylenediamine (LEDA) was used as the hydrophobic chelating agent and salts of some transitional metals (e.g. iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and chromium) were reacted therewith. The reaction of LEDA with ferric sulfate on 1:1 equivalent reaction ratio afforded [Fe(LEDA) (H2O)4]3/2SO4. In other reactions pure chelates were not obtained, but the products showed good surface activity.
Study on deodorant fabric softeners
Authors: Katsumi M. , Sato T.
Published: May 2007

It has been demonstrated that the long chain alkyltrimethyl ammonium salts of phenolic germicides, such as pentachlorophenol and 2,2′‐methylene‐bis‐(3,5,6‐trichlorophenol) showed remarkable substantivity to cellulosic fiber, much more than that of the phenolic germicides alone, without lowering of the bacteriostatic activity and deodorant effectiveness.
An optimized hard surface cleaning test
Authors: Harris Jay C. , Brown E. L.
Published: May 2007

Preliminary investigation of several test procedures resulted in the selection of the Liss‐Hilton reflectance method. A white vinyl tile substrate was selected and the test method optimized at cleaning efficiencies of approximately 30% for water and 80% for selected detergent compositions. Within‐series and between‐series variations, in general, met a required 2% maximum. Between‐laboratories data were slightly more variable. Utilizing the corresponding confidence limit factor, as few as three test panels per detergent may be used to compare detergent cleaning efficiencies.
Long‐chain carboxylic acids containing ether linkage III. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the amine salts of someB‐alkoxypropionic acids
Authors: Abe Y. , Osanai Shuichi
Published: May 2007

Octylamine, dodecylamine, octadecylamine and triethanolamine salts ofβ‐dodecyloxy‐ andβ‐tetradecyloxypropionic acids, without or with one and with two oxyethylene groups between the alkoxy group and the propionic acid group, were prepared and examined as the growth inhibiting agents againstStaphylococcus aureus andPenicillium. Some of them were also tested againstTrichophyton asteroides, T. interdigitale, T. granulosus, Epidermophyton floccosum andMicrosporum canis. The effects of the alkyloxy, oxyethylene and amine groups on antibacterial and antifungal activities were determined. The dodecyl radical was more potent than the tetradecyloxy radical. The enhancing effect of the oxyethylene group was obscure in the amine salts. The most effective amine was dodecylamine and its salt ofβ‐dodecyloxypropionic acid showed almost the same effectiveness as that of its mercury salt againstTrichophyton. As for the soluble amine salts, it was confirmed that their surface activities had nothing to do with their antibacterial and fungicidal powers.
Processing methods to preserve quality and color of cottonseed flakes
Authors: Lawhon J. T.
Published: May 2007

Hull‐free cottonseed flakes were prepared for direct solvent extraction by two passes through a pilot plant size, hot air drier set at 200 F. Moisture content was reduced to 6.5% without evidence of gossypol binding. Improved drainage characteristics resulted in better extraction. Glanded and glandless flakes which had been extracted and partially desolventized at low temperatures were heated indirectly in a batch desolventizer under vacuum to temperatures above the point of steam condensation and solvent stripped with superheated steam. Resulting available lysine and protein solubility values on the meals and flours were desirably high. The desolventization was accomplished without significant color darkening.
Specificity of a lipase fromGeotrichum candidum forcis‐octadecenoic acid
Authors: Jensen R. G. , Sampugna J. , Quinn J. G. , Carpenter Dorothy L. , Marks T. A. , Alford J. A.
Published: May 2007

A lipase fromGeotrichum candidum released mostly oleic acid from glyceryl 1‐elaidate‐2,3‐dioleate and very littletrans fatty acid from margarine. When cod liver, Macadamia nut, peanut and safflower oils were substrates, the oleic acid content of the free acids was always in excess of the amount of the acid in the intact triglycerides. Congo palm oil was digested by bothG. candidum and pancreatic lipases and the fatty acid compositions of the products of hydrolysis compared. The results obtained with the aid ofG. candidum lipase tend to substantiate existence of some of the triglyceride isomers predicted from pancreatic lipase data.
Structure of the intestinal mucosa and lymph glycerides of rats after absorption of fats containing elaidic acid
Authors: Clement J. , Lavoue G. , Clement G.
Published: May 2007

Elaidic acid was given to rats either as free acid or triglyceride (trielaidin or mixed glycerides transesterified with elaidic acid). The intestinal mucosa and lymph triglycerides were isolated and their structure determined by pancreatic lipase. The elaidic acid level was determined by GLC using capillary columns.

Results showed a marked tendency for elaidic acid to be located at the external positions of the triglyceride molecule beginning with the lymph. The results are discussed in relation to the absorption process and triglyceride synthesis.
Relation of triglycerides to phosphoglycerides in fungi
Authors: Cecil R. , Jack M.
Published: May 2007

Lipids of the fungiPhycomyces blakesleeanus, Lipomyces lipoferus, Glomerella cingulata andCoprinus comatus have been analyzed by physical and chemical methods. Triglycerides were the largest fraction of all the lipids in these fungi but significant amounts of phosphoglycerides were also present. The presence of relatively large amounts of triglycerides and phosphoglycerides, and the fatty acid patterns of these glycerides, suggests that formation of the tri‐ and phosphoglycerides involves participation of key intermediates from a common pathway of synthesis. The triglycerides ofGlomerella cingulata have been studied in more detail than those of the other species. It has been found, using preparative thin‐layer chromatography and analytical gas‐liquid chromatography, thatG. cingulata triglycerides comprise one fraction of saturated and monoenoic fatty acids, another fraction of saturated, mono‐, and dienoic acids and two fractions containing varying proportions of saturated, mono‐, di‐, and trienoic fatty acids.
Micelle formation of polyoxyethylene‐polyoxypropylene surfactants
Authors: Schmolka Irving R. , Raymond Arthur J.
Published: May 2007

Contradictory literature references on their micelle formation led to an investigation of block copolymers of ethylene and propylene oxides. By means of differential absorbance measurements of the dye‐surfactant complex, critical micelle concentrations (CMC舗s) for these polyols were determined. CMC values for surfactants with a molecular weight range of 1,100 to over 15,000 varied from 3.0 to 11.1 Ɓmoles per liter, which are much lower than for other nonionics normally encountered. Corroborative data were obtained by the surface tension depression method. An increase in temperature below the cloud point or the addition of sodium chloride resulted in an increase in the CMC, which is not usual for many nonionics.
Synthesis and biodegradability of isomeric sodium p‐(thia‐n‐dodecyl)‐benzenesulfonates
Authors: Lang D. , Trottier C. , Long L. , Hasselstrom T.
Published: May 2007

In an attempt to prepare improved biodegradable detergents, the eleven possible isomers of sodium p‐(thia‐n‐dodecyl)benzenesulfonate have been synthesized. Preliminary biodegradability tests of these compounds show that the biodegradability of sodium p‐1‐thia‐n‐dodecylbenzenesulfonate is greater than that of LAS.
Preparation of some linseed esters of methyla‐d‐glucopyranoside using the methoxycarbonyl blocking group
Authors: Dufek E. J. , DeJarlais W. J.
Published: May 2007

The three possible methoxycarbonyl derivatives of methyl 4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐a‐d‐glucopyranoside have been prepared. The methoxycarbonyl at the C2 position in the 2,3‐di‐O‐methoxycarbonyl derivative is removed selectively in anhydrous ammonia. The ability of the methoxycarbonyl group to block selectively the C2 hydroxyl in methyl glucoside has been utilized to synthesize some mono‐, di‐, and tri‐linseed esters of methyl glucoside. The use of this new blocking group has permitted the first synthesis of some unsaturated esters of methyl glucoside.
Further observations on the dicarbonyl compounds formed via autoxidation of methyl linoleate
Authors: Cobb W. Y. , Day E. A.
Published: May 2007

a‐Dicarbonyls isolated from oxidized methyl linoleate and conclusively identified as DNP‐osazones3 were glyoxal, methyl glyoxal,a‐keto hexanal,a‐keto heptanal, anda‐keto octanal.
The effect of kind of dietary carbohydrate upon the composition of liver fatty acids of the rat
Authors: Casal Jorge J. , Holman Ralph T.
Published: May 2007

Weanling male rats were fed fat‐free diets containing either starch, sucrose, glucose or maltose as principal ingredient. One fourth of each group was fed oral supplements of linoleate. Subgroups of the fat‐free groups were killed at 1, 3 and 6 weeks and the lmoleate supplemented group also at 6 weeks. Liver fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. All groups showed changes in fatty acid composition characteristic of essential fatty acid deficiency, and linoleate reversed these changes. The three sugars induced similar compositions of liver fatty acids, but starch stimulated appearance of higher proportions of several odd‐chain fatty acids. These included 15:0, 15:1, 17:0, 17:1, 17:2, 19:0, 19:1, 19:2, 19:3 and 19:4. These changes could not be accounted for by their content in the dietary starch.
Volatile decomposition products of the oxidative polymers of ethyl linolenate
Authors: Johnson Ogden C. , Chang S. S. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

Oxidative polymers which had been isolated from autoxidized ethyl linolenate were oxidatively decomposed in a closed system at room temperature. The decomposition products were collected in appropriate traps and separated into various fractions on the basis of their volatility and solubility. The aldehydes and ketones thus obtained were converted into 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones, chromatographed on silica gel, and the isolated 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones identified by standard procedures. Methyl ethyl ketone, propionaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and alpha‐pentenal were positively identified, and evidence for the presence of crotonaldehyde and an unknown five‐carbon‐carbonyl compound was obtained.

Acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and alpha‐pentenal have been isolated from the decomposition products of oxidatively decomposed reverted soybean oil by previous workers. If oxidative polymers of linolenate are present in reverted soybean oil, they could serve as precursors of the aldehydes and ketones which have been associated with flavor reversion.
The fractionation of lanolin with urea
Authors: Eisner Abner , Noble Wilfred R. , Scanlan John T.
Published: May 2007

A fractionation of lanolin was effected by contacting lanolin with urea in the presence of methyl alcohol. About 6–8% of the lanolin formed a urea adduct which, upon decomposition, yielded a hard, nontacky wax fraction. In addition to the wax fraction, a fluid fraction and a sticky semi‐solid were also obtained. The latter two fractions were obtained by the solvent extraction of the nonadduct‐forming material from the urea adducts.

The fluid fraction, obtained in 71% yield, is a viscous liquid at room temperature. The fluid properties of the fraction can be improved by acetylation.
The preparation and some properties of chlorinated tung oil
Authors: McKinney R. S. , Magne Frank C. , Heinzelman Dorothy C. , Goldblatt L. A.
Published: May 2007

The chlorination of tung oil was investigated, and certain chlorinated products were screened as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride resin. Chlorine readily added at low temperatures (0 to 20°C.) as well as at higher temperature (75°C.). The chlorination was highly selective for triene conjugation as the disappearance of triene closely paralleled the amount of chlorine added during early staged to chlorination. Considerable conjugated diene is formed as indicated by characteristic ultraviolet absorption in the diene region. In later stages of chlorination considerable substitution occurs as evidenced by the fact that products containing more than 40% of chlorine could readily be obtained. All the products were more or less unstable, evolving hydrogen chloride and darkening at room temperature. The chlorinated tung oils were screened as plasticizers, at the 30% level, for polyvinyl chloride by using butyl epoxystearate as a stabilizer. Products containing small proportions of chlorine (less than about 20%) were not compatible with polyvinyl chloride; products containing moderate amounts (about 30%) were compatible and had some plasticizing effect but decomposed excessively on milling. Those products containing the highest proportion of chlorine (more than 40%) were compatible and did not decompose on milling or molding. These highly chlronated tung oilslowered the milling temperature of polyvinyl chloride copolymer but showed little, if any, ability to product compositions which are flexible at room temperature.
X‐ray diffraction study of some normal alkyl thiolesters of long chain acids
Authors: Lutz D. A. , Witnauer L. P. , Sasin George S. , Sasin Richard
Published: May 2007

X‐ray diffraction‐powder data are reported for 39n‐alkyl thiolesters comprising four different series, namely, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids. All individual compounds can be identified and distinguished by the X‐ray diffraction data. Compounds containing the same total number of carbon atoms in the molecule have the same long and side spacings but differ in the relative intensities of the various orders of the long spacings. The esters crystallize in tilted monomolecular layers. The long spacing is a function of the total carbon content of the molecule and forms two series, one for the odd members and one for the even members. A change in the structure‐type definitely occurs in the odd series on decreasing alkyl chain‐length below 9 carbons.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of hepatic gene transcription
Authors: Clarke Steven D. , Jump Donald B.
Published: May 2007

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the n‐6 and n‐3 families inhibit transcription of a number of hepatic lipogenic and glycolytic genes, e.g. fatty acid synthase. In contrast, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids exert no suppressive action on lipogenic gene expression. The unique PUFA regulation of gene expression extends beyond the liver to include genes such as adipocyte glucose transporter‐4, lymphocyte stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 2, and interleukins. Some of the transcriptional effects of PUFA appear to be mediated by eicosanoids, but PUFA suppression of lipogenic and glycolytic genes is independent of eicosanoid synthesis and appears to involve a nuclear mechanism directly modified by PUFA. With the recent cloning of a fatty acid‐activated nuclear factor termed peroxisome‐proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) has come the suggestion that PPAR may be the PUFA response factor. This review, however, presents several lines of evidence that indicate that the PPAR and n‐6 and n‐3 PUFA regulation of lipogenic and glycolytic gene transcription involve separate and independent mechanisms. Thus PPAR appears not to be the PUFA response factor.
Essential fatty acid uptake and metabolism in the developing rodent brain
Authors: Pawlosky Robert J. , Ward Glenn , Salem Norman
Published: May 2007

Studies were carried out to determine whether the brain takes up and metabolizes essential fatty acids during early postnatal development in rodents. Rats and mice were dosed with deuterium‐labeled linoleic and linolenic acids either by intraperitoneal injection or by gavage. Animals were killed at different times thereafter, and organs were removed. Brains, livers, and blood were analyzed by gas chromatography— negative‐ion‐mass spectrometry for labeled fatty acids. To determine whether fatty acids were present in the brain apart from cerebral blood, a subset of animals was exsanguinated by perfusion with buffered saline, and the brain was then fractionated into subcellular components. Results demonstrated that the brain took up both labeled essential fatty acids within 8 h from the time of dosing. There was on average a greater uptake of linolenic acid into the cerebellum than into the cerebral cortex during the first 8 d of life in rats. The amount of linoleic acid taken into either region was similar, however. Docosahexaenoic acid intermediates, 20∶5n−3 and 22∶5n−3, were also found labeled in the brain. Time‐course labeling experiments indicated that these intermediates may be converted to 22∶6n−3 within the brain. A rise of labeled 22∶6n−3 in the brain at 24 h appeared to be due to uptake of this fatty acid from the blood. The Amount of labeled 22∶6n−3 in the brain continued to increase beyond 24 h, and this did not appear to be correlated with its blood concentration. These results suggest that, during development in the rodent, different regions within the brain may vary in their capacity to synthesize 22∶6n−3, and this may be correlated with regional growth rates.
In vivo13C nuclear magnetic resonance: Applications and current limitations for noninvasive assessment of fatty acid status
Authors: Cunnane Stephen C. , Likhodii Sergei S. , Moine Gerard
Published: May 2007

As a noninvasive method,in vivo13C nuclear magnetic resonance has potentially important applications in understanding the metabolism of long chain fatty acids in organs of living humans. At present, this methodology is most advanced for research on glucose utilization. However, the main13C signals visiblein vivo are from fatty acids in adipose tissue and the olefinic signals can be used to noninvasively estimate adipose tissue content and relative dietary intake of polyunsaturates and monounsaturates. The low natural abundance of13C improves the utility of this isotope for fatty acid tracer studies. Due to excessive signal broadening, uniform13C‐labelling seems to have limited application inin vivo fatty acid studies. Tracer fatty acids with13C enrichment at a specific carbon position, i.e., [3‐13C]γ‐linolenate, appear to be the most useful forin vivo tracer studies. Development of methods permitting resolution of13C enrichment in structural lipids of lean tissues will be an important breakthrough which may make human tracer studies feasible and worthwhile.
Polyunsaturation in cell membranes and lipid bilayers and its effects on membrane proteins
Authors: Slater Simon J. , Kelly Mary Beth , Yeager Mark D. , Larkin J. , Ho Cojen , Stubbs Christopher D.
Published: May 2007

The effect of variation of the degree ofcis‐unsaturation on cell membrane protein functioning was investigated using a model lipid bilayer system and protein kinase C (PKC). This protein is a key element of signal transduction. Furthermore it is representative of a class of extrinsic membrane proteins that show lipid dependent interactions with cell membranes. To test for dependence of activity on the phospholipid unsaturation, experiments were devised using a vesicle assay system consisting of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS) in which the unsaturation was systematically varied. Highly purified PKCα and ε were obtained using the baculovirus‐insect cell expression system. It was shown that increased PC unsaturation elevated the activity of PKCα. By contrast, increasing the unsaturation of PSdecreased the activity of PKCα, and to a lesser extent PKCε. This result immediately rules out any single lipid bilayer physical parameter, such as lipid order, underlying the effect. It is proposed that while PC unsaturation effects are explainable on the basis of a contribution to membrane surface curvature stress, the effects of PS unsaturation may be due to specific protein‐lipid interactions. Overall, the results indicate that altered phospholipid unsaturation in cell membranes that occurs in certain disease states such as chronic alcoholism, or by dietary manipulations, are likely to have profound effects on signal transduction pathways involving PKC and similar proteins.
Marked enrichment of the alkenylacyl subclass of plasma ethanolamine glycerophospholipid with eicosapentaenoic acid in human subjects consuming a fish oil concentrate
Authors: Wilkinson Tim , Aukema Harold M. , Thomas Lisa M. , Holub Bruce J.
Published: May 2007

Alteration in human platelet fatty acid levels with the consumption of fish oils containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) have been well documented, but changes in the fatty acid composition of plasma plasmalogenic phospholipid under similar circumstances have not been delineated. In the present study, subjects consumed the fish oil concentrate (MaxEPA) for 6 wk followed immediately by a 6‐wk recovery period with no fish oil ingestion. Plasma total choline glycerophospholipid (GPC) and ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (GPE) subclasses isolated from blood samples obtained at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 wk of the experimental period were analyzed for fatty acid composition via thin‐layer and gas‐liquid chromatographic techniques. Consumption of fish oil for 3 or 6 wk significantly elevated the content of n‐3 fatty acids while concomitantly decreasing n‐6 fatty acid levels in plasma total GPC and in diacyl and alkenylacyl (plasmalogen) GPE. Alkenylacyl GPE exhibited the greatest alteration of both n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acid levels. Following 6 wk of supplementation with fish oil, EPA rose by 24.6 mol% in alkenylacyl GPE compared to increases of 6.7 and 7.1 mol% in diacyl GPE and total GPC, respectively. The increase in EPA (from 5.0 to 29.6 mol%) in plasma alkenylacyl GPE represents amongst the highest enrichment of EPA in any lipid yet reported in human subjects. DHA also rose by 8.0, 4.8, and 3.1 mol% in alkenylacyl GPE, diacyl GPE, and total GPC, respectively. Alkenylacyl GPE exhibited the greatest mol% decline (by 18.7 mol%) in arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n‐6) following 6 wk of fish oil supplementation. The corresponding decreases of AA in diacyl GPE and total GPC were 8.7 and 1.8 mol%, respectively. Following the 6 wk recovery period, n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acid levels had returned to pre‐supplementation values. The marked enrichment of alkenylacyl GPE in n‐3 fatty acids, especially EPA, may be of significance with respect to a unique role for this plasma phospholipid subclass in attenuating certain lipoprotein‐mediated cardiovascular effects as observed with fish/fish oil consumption.
Natural and accelerated docosahexaenoic acid accumulation in the prenatal rat brain
Authors: Green Pnina , Yavin Ephraim
Published: May 2007

The quantity and distribution of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in major brain phospholipids (PL) was examined in the fetal rat brain before birth, using thin‐layer and capillary column gas chromatography. A rapid increment of DHA content of about 187 μg/g brain/day was observed between 17 to 20 days gestation, as opposed to 39.3±2.9 μg/g brain/day prior to that. Single intraamniotic injections of 5 μL ethyl‐docosahexaenoate (Et‐DHA) 12 μM, 4.25 mg) administered to 17‐day‐old fetuses were used to examine the uptake of DHA into brain PL. Three days following injection, the amount of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increased by 28% compared to ethyl‐oleate (Et‐Ole) injected fetuses. Compared to the n‐6 fatty acid family, the relative amount of DHA increased in the phosphoatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids by 15 (P=0.02), 13 and 14%, respectively. A major increase in the pool size of phosphatidylinositol and PS (110 and 50.3%, respectively), and a decrease in PC (8.2%) were observed 3 d after Et‐DHA as compared to Et‐Ole administration. The data suggest that a single intraamniotic administration of Et‐DHA can modulate membrane PL content and alter PUFA composition.
n‐3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and human cytokine synthesis
Authors: Endres Stefan
Published: May 2007

The cytokines interleukin‐1 and tumor necrosis factor‐α are potent peptide mediators of the immune response. They exert potent cellular effects at nanomolar concentrations with target tissues ranging from the vascular endothelium, to the central nervous system and immunocompetent cells. The synthesis of these two cytokines can be suppressed pharmacologically by steroids and other immunosuppressive agent such as cyclosporin A. In previous studies we have found that such an inhibition of inflammatory cytokine synthesis can also be achieved by increasing the content of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in leukocyte membranes.
Arachidonic acid maldistribution in obesity
Authors: Phinney Stephen D.
Published: May 2007

Arachidonic acid is an important regulator of cellular function via its effects on the physical properties of membranes, in its free form, or as a substrate for eicosanoids. Dietary studies indicate that its production is regulated, but the mechanisms of this regulation and factors influencing arachidonate distribution from the site of production remain to be determined. In particular, whether there is a nonoxidative fate for arachidonate once it has been released from phospholipid has yet to be determined. Variations in the arachidonate content of serum, liver, and muscle lipid fractions have been correlated with alterations in lipogenesis and insulin action, implying a role for arachidonate in fuel partitioning. Evidence for this mechanism acting systemically has been found in genetic models of obesity in rodents and also in humans. This review proposes that variation in the distribution of arachidonate between phospholipid and cholesteryl ester fractions participates in the abnormal fuel partitioning associated with some forms of genetic obesity.
Trans, n‐3, and n‐6 fatty acids in canadian human milk
Authors: Ratnayake W. M. N. , Chen Z. ‐Y.
Published: May 2007

The presence oftrans fatty acids in human milk may be a concern because of their possible adverse nutritional and physiological effects on the recipient infant. The mother's diet is the source of human milktrans fatty acids, and since these fatty acids are prevalent in many common foods of the Canadian diet, thetrans fatty acid content and the fatty acid composition of Canadian human milk were measured by gas‐liquid chromatography coupled with silver nitrate‐thin layer chromatography. In samples obtained from 198 lactating mothers across Canada, the average percentage of totaltrans (sum oft18∶1,t18∶2, andt18∶3) was 7.2% of breast milk fatty acids with a range of 0.1–17.2%. Analysis oft18∶1 isomer distribution indicated that partially hydrogenated vegetable oils are the major source of thesetrans fatty acids in human milk, whereas contribution from dairy products appeared to be relatively minor. Linoleci and α‐linolenic acid levels were inversely related to the totaltrans fatty acids, indicating that the elevation oftrans fatty acids in Canadian human milk is at the expense of n‐3 and n‐6 essential fatty acids. Levels of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids did not correlate with their parent fatty acids, indicating that it might be difficult to elevate the levels of n‐6 and n‐3 C20–22 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk by increasing levels of linoleic and α‐linolenic acids in the mother's diet.