bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Globally Relaxed Selection and Local Adaptation inBoechera stricta
Authors: Liang Yi-Ye , Chen Xue-Yan , Zhou Biao-Feng , Mitchell-Olds Thomas , Wang Baosheng
Published: March 2022

The strength of selection varies among populations and across the genome, but the determinants of efficacy of selection remain unclear. In this study, we used whole-genome sequencing data from 467 Boechera stricta accessions to quantify the strength of selection and characterize the pattern of local adaptation. We found low genetic diversity on 0-fold degenerate sites and conserved non-coding sites, indicating functional constraints on these regions. The estimated distribution of fitness effects and the proportion of fixed substitutions suggest relaxed negative and positive selection in B. stricta. Among the four population groups, the NOR and WES groups have smaller effective population size (Ne), higher proportions of effectively neutral sites, and lower rates of adaptive evolution compared with UTA and COL groups, reflecting the effect of Ne on the efficacy of natural selection. We also found weaker selection on GC-biased sites compared with GC-conservative (unbiased) sites, suggested that GC-biased gene conversion has affected the strength of selection in B. stricta. We found mixed evidence for the role of the recombination rate on the efficacy of selection. The positive and negative selection was stronger in high-recombination regions compared with low-recombination regions in COL but not in other groups. By scanning the genome, we found different subsets of selected genes suggesting differential adaptation among B. stricta groups. These results show that differences in effective population size, nucleotide composition, and recombination rate are important determinants of the efficacy of selection. This study enriches our understanding of the roles of natural selection and local adaptation in shaping genomic variation.
Re-examination of stock–recruitment relationships: a meta-analysis
Authors: Yang Yingxi , Yamakawa Takashi
Published: March 2022

Estimating stock–recruitment (S–R) relationships is a fundamental challenge in fisheries management. However, there is little consensus among fishery scientists on whether a significant quantitative relationship exists between spawning stock biomass (SSB) and recruitment, and whether an optimal model is available to represent this S–R relationship. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis to determine the relationship between SSB and ln-transformed recruitment per spawning stock (RPS) using data from 92 stocks worldwide by applying four conventional S–R models (the Beverton–Holt, Ricker, Deriso–Schnute, and Pella–Tomlinson models). We also examined the residuals from standard model (SM) and measurement error model (MEM) regressions, which consider only the error in the y-variable and that in both the x- and y-variables, respectively, by integrating them after standardization. We showed that 90.2% of the stocks had significant negative correlations (i.e. density effects) between SSB and ln(RPS). The Pella–Tomlinson S–RPS model exhibited the most stable and high performance in both SM and MEM regressions. Our results suggest the Pella–Tomlinson S–RPS model as the most probable candidate to assess the dynamics of several stocks.
The Australian pharmacist workforce: distribution and predictors of practising outside of metropolitan and regional areas in 2019
Authors: Obamiro Kehinde , Barnett Tony , Inyang Imo
Published: March 2022

Objective

This study describes the distribution of the Australian pharmacists’ workforce using a range of indicators and identifies predictors of practising outside of metropolitan and regional areas.

Methods

A cross-sectional description of the 2019 pharmacy workforce. Pharmacists who completed the 2019 workforce survey as reported in the Australian National Health Workforce Dataset (NHWDS). The main outcome measures were the number of pharmacists per 100 000, the proportion working less than 35 h a week, the proportion with primary qualification from overseas (outside of Australia and New Zealand) and the proportion aged 65 years or older. Additionally, predictors of practising outside of metropolitan and regional areas were also identified.

Key findings

Nationally, there were 102 pharmacists/100 000 with one-third working less than 35 h a week. About 10% of pharmacists obtained their primary qualification from overseas and 4% were 65 years old or older. Males were more likely to practise outside of metropolitan and regional areas [OR, 1.40 (1.30–1.50); P < 0.001], while younger people were less likely to practise outside of these locations [OR, 0.71 (0.66–0.76); P < 0.001]. Those who had obtained their primary qualification overseas were also more likely to practise outside of metropolitan and regional areas.

Conclusions

Analysis of the 2019 NHWDS suggests an uneven distribution of the pharmacist workforce. Also, three predictors of practising outside of major cities and regional centres were identified.
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia: is it a clinically relevant phenomenon?
Authors: Svensson Craig K
Published: March 2022

The potential for the development of opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) provokes debate about whether long-term treatment with opioids is advisable and effective. If OIH develops during acute administration, will continuation of opioids actually make the pain worse? Hence, it is not surprising that OIH is part of the rationale used to promote deprescribing opioids in patients with chronic pain. But is there evidence that OIH is a clinically relevant phenomenon? This Commentary examines the evidence for OIH in randomized clinical trials in both the acute and chronic settings. Of critical importance in such an assessment is a trial design capable of differentiating OIH, tolerance, withdrawal-mediated pain sensitivity and worsening of the disease. However, studies published to date that purport to give evidence of OIH via experimentally induced pain all lack the rigour needed to differentiate these phenomena. Patient-reported measures of pain and analgesic consumption in these trials are not consistent with the presence of clinically significant OIH. At present, there is insufficient evidence from well-designed clinical trials that OIH is a clinically relevant phenomenon. Hence, while there are other reasons to avoid long-term use of opioids, the potential for the development of hyperalgesia during chronic opioid treatment is not a sound rationale for deprescribing these drugs in patients with chronic pain.
The Flex Divisor of a K3 Surface
Authors: Alexeev Valery , Engel Philip
Published: March 2022

The flex divisor$R_{\textrm flex}$ of a primitively polarized K3 surface $(X,L)$ is, generically, the set of all points $x\in X$ for which there exists a pencil $V\subset |L|$ whose base locus is $\{x\}$. We show that if $L^2=2d$ then $R_{\textrm flex}\in |n_dL|$ with $$ \begin{align*} &n_d= \frac{(2d)!(2d+1)!}{d!^2(d+1)!^2} =(2d+1)C(d)^2,\end{align*}$$where $C(d)$ is the Catalan number. We also show that there is a well-defined notion of flex divisor over the whole moduli space $F_{2d}$ of polarized K3 surfaces.
Branched SL(r, ℂ)-Opers
Authors: Biswas Indranil , Dumitrescu Sorin , Heller Sebastian
Published: March 2022

Branched projective structures were introduced by Mandelbaum [22, 23], and opers were introduced by Beilinson and Drinfeld [2, 3]. We define the branched analog of ${\textrm SL}(r, {\mathbb C})$-opers and investigate their properties. For the usual ${\textrm SL}(r, {\mathbb C})$-opers, the underlying holomorphic vector bundle is actually determined uniquely up to tensoring with a holomorphic line bundle of order $r$. For the branched ${\textrm SL}(r, {\mathbb C})$-opers, the underlying holomorphic vector bundle depends more intricately on the oper. While the holomorphic connection for a branched ${\textrm SL}(r, {\mathbb C})$-oper is nonsingular, given a branched ${\textrm SL}(r, {\mathbb C})$-oper, we associate to it a certain holomorphic vector bundle equipped with a logarithmic connection. This holomorphic vector bundle in question supporting a logarithmic connection does not depend on the branched oper. We characterize the branched ${\textrm SL}(r, {\mathbb C})$-opers in terms of the logarithmic connections on this fixed holomorphic vector bundle.
Formal re-establishment of Macrocheiridae Dana, 1851 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Majoidea) for the giant spider crabMacrocheira kaempferi(Temminck, 1836) based on a reappraisal of morphological and genetic characters
Authors: Guinot Danièle , Davie Peter J F , Tsang Ling Ming , Ng Peter K L
Published: March 2022

The Japanese spider crab, Macrocheira kaempferi (Temminck, 1836), the largest living arthropod in the world, was originally placed in the family Majidae Samouelle, 1819 as a monotypic subfamily, Macrocheirinae Dana, 1851. While various authors have treated the taxon as belonging to its own superfamily, family, subfamily, or even tribe, the consensus of modern taxonomic system has for the most part considered it to be simply a genus within Inachidae MacLeay, 1838 (superfamily Majoidea Samouelle, 1819). Strangely, however, considering its size and fame, its adult morphology has remained poorly studied. Recent larval and genetic studies have raised questions regarding its suprageneric status, suggesting an independent evolutionary position within Majoidea and the recognition of a separate family. We examined and compared a large suite of adult characters in Macrocheira De Haan, 1839 against other potentially related majoid groups, and found unique characters that support the larval evidence for monophyly of the genus. It is thus necessary to re-establish a monotypic Macrocheiridae for Macrocheira. A molecular phylogeny reconstructed from mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene is presented in further support of this conclusion, showing Macrocheira as sister to Oregoniidae Garth, 1958 and distant from Inachidae. A new diagnosis for the family is provided. Macrocheiridae differs from the morphologically most similar families, Inachidae and Oregoniidae, by characters associated with the carapace, thoracic sternum, male pleon, gonopod, and vulvae.
Concomitant intestinal malrotation and Crohn’s disease: a rare and surgically challenging anomaly
Authors: Silverman Jacob , Salwen Benjamin , Goren Idan , White Ian
Published: March 2022

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by transmural inflammation occurring anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal malrotation is an embryological error resulting in an abnormal gut anatomy. Although these two conditions rarely present concurrently, it is important to identify their presence, which is challenging due to their nonspecific, overlapping symptoms. Here, we present two patients with concomitant CD and intestinal malrotation. Both patients’ conditions required surgical intervention, which was complicated due to their unique anatomy. Clinicians should be aware of the potential pit-falls that may occur due to the anomaly and thus require a full understanding of the anatomy.
A map of Digital Humanities research across bibliographic data sources
Authors: Spinaci Gianmarco , Colavizza Giovanni , Peroni Silvio
Published: March 2022

This study presents the results of an experiment we performed to measure the coverage of Digital Humanities (DH) publications in mainstream open and proprietary bibliographic data sources, by further highlighting the relations among DH and other disciplines. We created a list of DH journals based on manual curation and bibliometric data. We used that list to identify DH publications in the bibliographic data sources under consideration. We used the ERIH-PLUS list of journals to identify Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) publications. We analysed the citation links they included to understand the relationship between DH publications and SSH and non-SSH fields. Crossref emerges as the database containing the highest number of DH publications. Citations from and to DH publications show strong connections between DH and research in Computer Science, Linguistics, Psychology, and Pedagogical & Educational Research. Computer Science is responsible for a large part of incoming and outgoing citations to and from DH research, which suggests a reciprocal interest between the two disciplines. This is the first bibliometric study of DH research involving several bibliographic data sources, including open and proprietary databases. The list of DH journals we created might be only partially representative of broader DH research. In addition, some DH publications could have been cut off from the study since we did not consider books and other publications published in proceedings of DH conferences and workshops. Finally, we used a specific time coverage (2000–2018) that could have prevented the inclusion of additional DH publications.
Frontiers in zeolites: towards establishing a new discipline of condensed matter chemistry—an interview with Ruren Xu
Authors: Yan Wenfu
Published: March 2022

In recent decades, the application of zeolite has been extended to many sustainable processes. Professor Ruren Xu (徐如人) of Jilin University is a leader within Chinese, Asian and worldwide zeolite communities, as well as the founder of the inorganic synthesis discipline in China and the first person in the world to propose the scientific discipline of modern inorganic synthetic chemistry. Professor Xu started his scholarly research on zeolites in the mid-1970s. He focused initially on crystallization and mechanisms of zeolite formation. In the 1980s, he gradually shifted his research to the exploration of microporous materials with novel frameworks and compositions. In 1984, he outlined new directions in the synthesis of zeolites and placed emphasis on the ‘heteroatom concept’, which turned out to be very influential and fruitful for the subsequent development of heteroatom-containing zeolite catalysts. In the following years, he and his group systematically developed new solvothermal routes for zeolite synthesis. In the late 1990s, Xu started to think about the rational synthesis of zeolites, a major challenge for zeolite as well as inorganic synthesis in general. His group developed several effective strategies for the rational design and synthesis of zeolitic materials. He is the chairman of the 15th International Zeolite Conference (15th IZC) held in 2007 for the first time in China. Because of his significant contribution to zeolite science in China, he received the National Zeolite Lifetime Achievement Award of China in 2017.

NSR recently interviewed Professor Xu about the current status and future prospects of zeolites and related porous materials. This interview is dedicated to Professor Xu on his 90th birthday, in recognition of his seminal contribution to zeolite science, modern inorganic synthetic chemistry and the new discipline of condensed matter chemistry, which was first suggested by Professor Xu in 2018.
Sinful pleasures and pious woes? Using fMRI to examine evaluative and hedonic emotion knowledge
Authors: Lee Kent M , Lee SuhJin , Satpute Ajay B
Published: March 2022

Traditionally, lust and pride have been considered pleasurable, yet sinful in the West. Conversely, guilt is often considered aversive, yet valuable. These emotions illustrate how evaluations about specific emotions and beliefs about their hedonic properties may often diverge. Evaluations about specific emotions may shape important aspects of emotional life (e.g. in emotion regulation, emotion experience and acquisition of emotion concepts). Yet these evaluations are often understudied in affective neuroscience. Prior work in emotion regulation, affective experience, evaluation/attitudes and decision-making point to anterior prefrontal areas as candidates for supporting evaluative emotion knowledge. Thus, we examined the brain areas associated with evaluative and hedonic emotion knowledge, with a focus on the anterior prefrontal cortex. Participants (N = 25) made evaluative and hedonic ratings about emotion knowledge during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We found that greater activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), ventromedial PFC (vmPFC) and precuneus was associated with an evaluative (vs hedonic) focus on emotion knowledge. Our results suggest that the mPFC and vmPFC, in particular, may play a role in evaluating discrete emotions.
Exploring Early Admission Processes: Implications for Nursing Workforce Diversity and Health Care Equity
Authors: Ackerman-Barger Kupiri , London Maya , Yi Amanda , Verzola Madeline , Wilson Machelle , Fine Jeffrey , Fancher Tonya L.
Published: March 2022

This pilot study aimed to describe applicants who do not progress during the nursing school admissions process, explore common reasons they do not progress, and identify demographic trends. We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis on applicants who were not admitted to a master’s entry program for nursing over the course of five consecutive admission cycles. The most common reasons for denial were missing prerequisite, late application, a bachelor’s degree grade point average of <3.0, and a science prerequisite grade point average of <2.7. We found associations between some demographic groups and nonprogression through the application process.
The Impact of a Gross Anatomy Curriculum With Donor Family Interaction: Thematic Analysis of Student Letters to Silent Mentors
Authors: Chu Shao-Yin , Tseng Ting-Chun , Ho Yun-Chi , Tseng Guo-Fang
Published: March 2022

Purpose

Tzu Chi University’s anatomy curriculum incorporates interaction with donors’ families and regards body donors as silent teachers and altruistic role models. In this silent mentor program (SMP), students learn about their donor’s life before dissection to better appreciate the selfless donation. This study explores the influence of the program on students’ humanistic literacy based on student letters to silent mentors, which students wrote near the end of the program and laid by the silent mentor during the coffining ceremony.

Method

The study included 125 letters from third-year medical students who took the gross anatomy curriculum in academic years 2015, 2016, and 2017. With student consent, the program collated and published the letters in the open-access SMP yearbook. Using thematic analysis, the authors manually analyzed the letters in their original Mandarin, with the names of students made anonymous to ensure the authors were blind to students’ identity throughout the study.

Results

The analysis identified 3 themes and 11 subthemes. Theme 1, my silent mentor, included 3 subthemes: life characteristics, altruistic attitude, and expectation of offering body. Theme 2, connection to silent mentor and family, included 4 subthemes: intersubjective bonding, emotive first encounter, spiritual communication, and encouragement from silent mentor. Theme 3, reflection and transformation, included 4 subthemes: reflection on life and death, professional self-expectation, inner transformation, and feedback action.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that interactions with donors’ families increased students’ appreciation of the donation and enhanced students’ humanistic literacy. Further, the letters seem to indicate that the SMP inspired students to develop a grateful, respectful, and empathic attitude toward life and their career. Thus, by implementing similar programs, gross anatomy curricula could go beyond the acquisition of structural knowledge to the cultivation of medical students’ humanistic literacy.
Provisional Reduction and External Fixation of Acute Displaced Intra-articular Calcaneus Fractures: Surgical Technique and Clinical Results
Authors: Yan Alan Y. , Shafiq Babar , Canton Stephen P. , Olson Joshua T. , Cole Peter A.
Published: March 2022

The treatment of calcaneus fractures has been a topic of ongoing debate with controversies regarding the best treatment options and algorithms. Sparse literature exists examining the role of external fixation in initial reduction and the maintenance of bony alignment. The authors describe a technique of a medially based 3-pin provisional external fixation for the treatment of a displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures with the review of 26 patients with an average follow-up of 26 months. A fourth pin utilized in the case of tongue-type fractures is introduced as an important adjunct to this treatment paradigm.

Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level IV—therapeutic. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Glenohumeral Joint Injections of Leukocyte-Poor Platelet-Rich Plasma Versus Hyaluronic Acid in the Treatment of Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial
Authors: Kirschner Jonathan S , Cheng Jennifer , Creighton Andrew , Santiago Kristen , Hurwitz Nicole , Dundas Mark , Beatty Nicholas , Kingsbury Dallas , Konin Gabrielle , Abutalib Zafir , Chang Richard
Published: March 2022

Objective:

To compare the efficacy of ultrasound-guided hyaluronic acid (HA) versus leukocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma (LP-PRP) injection in the treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis.

Design:

Double-blind randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

Academic institution.

Patients:

Seventy patients with chronic glenohumeral osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to receive a single injection of HA (n = 36) or LP-PRP (n = 34).

Interventions:

Leukocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma was processed using Harvest/TerumoBCT Clear PRP kits. Ultrasound-guided injections of 6 mL HA or 6 mL LP-PRP into the glenohumeral joint were performed. Patients, the injecting physician, and outcomes assessor were blinded to treatment assignments.

Main outcome measures:

Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, current/average numerical rating scale (NRS) pain scores, satisfaction, and side effects were assessed at the 5 follow-up time points over 12 months.

Results:

Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. There were no significant between-group differences regarding SPADI, ASES, and current/average NRS pain scores at any time point up to 12 months postinjection (P > 0.05). However, significant improvements in SPADI, ASES, and current/average NRS pain scores were observed in both groups starting at 1 or 2 months (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.001, and P < 0.01, respectively). These improvements were observed regardless of osteoarthritis severity. For patients who received LP-PRP, there was no effect of platelet yield on outcomes. Side effect and satisfaction rates were similar between groups.

Conclusions:

There were no differences in pain and functional outcomes after a single injection of LP-PRP versus HA. However, significant improvements in pain and function were observed after both treatments in patients with glenohumeral osteoarthritis.
Association of Ventilator Settings With Mortality in Pediatric Patients Treated With Extracorporeal Life Support for Respiratory Failure
Authors: Blauvelt David G. , Inany Hussam S. , Furlong-Dillard Jamie M. , Bailly David K. , Oishi Peter , Steurer Martina A. , Mahendra Malini
Published: March 2022

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is a treatment for acute respiratory failure that can provide extracorporeal gas exchange, allowing lung rest. However, while most patients remain mechanically ventilated during ECLS, there is a paucity of evidence to guide the choice of ventilator settings. We studied the associations between ventilator settings 24 hours after ECLS initiation and mortality in pediatric patients using a retrospective analysis of data from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry. 3497 patients, 29 days to 18 years of age, treated with ECLS for respiratory failure between 2015 and 2021, were included for analysis. 93.3% of patients on ECLS were ventilated with conventional mechanical ventilation. Common settings included positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 10 cm H2O (45.7%), delta pressure (ΔP) of 10 cm H2O (28.3%), rate of 10–14 breaths per minute (55.9%), and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 0.31–0.4 (30.3%). In a multivariate model, PEEP >10 cm H2O (versus PEEP < 8 cm H2O, odds ratio [OR]: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.20–1.96) and FiO2 ≥0.45 (versus FiO2 < 0.4; 0.45 ≤ FiO2 < 0.6, OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.03–1.67 and FiO2 ≥ 0.6, OR: 2.30; 95% CI: 1.81–2.93) were associated with higher odds of mortality. In a secondary analysis of survivors, PEEP 8–10 cm H2O was associated with shorter ECLS run times (versus PEEP < 8 cm H2O, coefficient: −1.64, 95% CI: −3.17 to −0.11), as was ΔP >16 cm H2O (versus ΔP < 10 cm H2O, coefficient: −2.72, 95% CI: −4.30 to −1.15). Our results identified several categories of ventilator settings as associated with mortality or ECLS run-time. Further studies are necessary to understand whether these results represent a causal relationship.
Performance of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index in the Assessment of Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis—Findings From the REAL Study
Authors: Ramon Haddad Pedro Antonio , Vargas-Santos Ana Beatriz , Silva Freire Coutinho Evandro , Rocha Pereira Leticia , Henrique da Mota Licia Maria , Pires de Albuquerque Cleandro , Brandão de Resende Guimarães Maria Fernanda , Louzada-Júnior Paulo , Rossi Bonfiglioli Karina , de Carvalho Sacilotto Nathália , Radominski Sebastião Cezar , Aliel Vigano Pugliesi Alisson , Lobato da Cunha Sauma Maria de Fátima , Alves Pereira Ivânio , Viegas Brenol Claiton , da Rocha Castelar-Pinheiro Geraldo
Published: March 2022

Background/Objective

Although telemedicine use has been under discussion for decades, this topic has gained unprecedented importance during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index (RADAI) is a user-friendly tool, fully self-administered, to assess rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of RADAI with other disease activity indices, functional status, and inflammatory markers in a large cohort of RA patients.

Methods

We assessed the concurrent validity of RADAI against Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), Disease Activity Score in 28 Joints–C-reactive protein, Disease Activity Score in 28 Joints–erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Simplified Disease Activity Index, and physician assessment of disease activity and the correlation of RADAI with Health Assessment Questionnaire–Disability Index and inflammatory markers at the REAL Study baseline. We also evaluated the correlation of the change in RADAI and the change in CDAI over a 6-month follow-up.

Results

From the 1115 patients included in the REAL Study, 1113 had RADAI scores in the first assessment. At baseline, correlations between RADAI and other disease activity indices were strong, ranging from 0.64 (comparison with physician assessment) to 0.79 (comparison with CDAI). Correlation between the change in RADAI score over the 6 months of follow-up and the change in CDAI score over the same period was moderate/strong for the overall group and within the stratified analyses.

Conclusion

The strong correlation of RADAI with other well-established tools for disease activity measurement reassures its use with RA patients' follow-up, especially in this new era of telemedicine.
Delayed splenic pseudoaneurysm identification with surveillance imaging
Authors: Wallen Taylor E. , Clark Katherine , Baucom Matthew R. , Pabst Rebecca , Lemmink Jennifer , Pritts Timothy A. , Makley Amy T. , Goodman Michael D.
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND

Recent studies have shown that nonoperative management of patients with splenic injury has up to a 90% success rate. However, delayed hemorrhage secondary to splenic artery pseudoaneurysm occurs in 5% to 10% of patients with up to 27% of patients developing a pseudoaneurysm on delayed imaging. The goal of our study was to evaluate the safety and utility of delayed computed tomography (CT) imaging for blunt splenic injury patients.

METHODS

A retrospective evaluation of all traumatic splenic injuries from 2018 to 2020 at a single level 1 trauma center was undertaken. Patients were subdivided into four groups based on the extent of splenic injury: grades I and II, grade III, grade IV, and grade V. Patient injury characteristics along with hospital length of stay, imaging, procedures, and presence/absence of pseudoaneurysm were documented.

RESULTS

A total of 588 trauma patients were initially included for evaluation, with 539 included for final analysis. Two hundred ninety-seven patients sustained grades I and II; 123 patients, grade III; 61 patients, grade IV; and 58 patients, grade V splenic injuries. One hundred twenty-nine patients (24%) underwent either emergent or delayed (>6 hours) splenectomy with an additional six patients having a splenorrhaphy on initial operation. Of the patients who were treated nonoperatively, 98% of grade III, 91% of grade IV, and 100% of grade V splenic injury patients underwent follow-up CT imaging. The mean ± SD time from admission to follow-up abdominal CT scan was 5 ± 4.4 days. Twenty-two pseudoaneurysms were identified including grade III (10 of 84), grade IV (7 of 22), and grade V (2 of 5) patients; of these patients, 33% of grade III and 30% of grade IV required subsequent splenectomy.

CONCLUSION

Routine follow-up CT imaging after high-grade splenic injury identifies splenic artery pseudoaneurysm in a significant proportion of patients. Standardized surveillance imaging for high-grade splenic trauma promotes prospective identification of pseudoaneurysms, allowing for interventions to minimize delayed splenic injury complications.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic/Care Management; level IV.
Lung Transplantation for Pulmonary Fibrosis Associated With Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome. A Single-center Experience
Authors: Benvenuto Luke , Qayum Seema , Kim Hanyoung , Robbins Hilary , Shah Lori , Dimango Angela , Magda Gabriela , Grewal Harpreet , Lemaitre Philippe , Stanifer Bryan P. , Sonett Joshua , D’Ovidio Frank , Arcasoy Selim M.
Published: March 2022

Background.

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, platelet storage defect with resultant bleeding diathesis, and pulmonary fibrosis. The bleeding diathesis associated with HPS had long been considered a contraindication to lung transplantation; consequently, few reports of successful lung transplantation for HPS exist.

Methods.

In the largest case series on lung transplant for HPS, we describe the characteristics of 11 lung transplant candidates with HPS-related pulmonary fibrosis, and the management and outcomes of 7 patients who underwent lung transplantation.

Results.

Of the 7 patients transplanted, 30-d survival was 85.7% (6/7). Six patients had at least 2 y of follow-up available with a 1-y survival of 83.3% and a 2-y survival of 83.3% (5/6). The median age at referral was 48 y (range 29–62 y). Eight patients (72.7%) were of Puerto Rican ancestry with confirmed type 1 HPS mutation. Six out of 7 patients received prophylaxis for bleeding diathesis, with a majority receiving desmopressin; 1 patient was administered aminocaproic acid infusion, and another received 2 units of platelets before surgery. Estimated blood loss and the amount of intraoperative blood product administered was highly variable with or without prophylaxis. Median blood loss was 400 mL (range 125–750) and estimated blood products administered was 700 mL (range 490–4043).

Conclusions.

HPS should not be considered a contraindication for lung transplantation. Although patients with HPS seem to have an increased risk of massive hemorrhage, the risk is unpredictable. Transplant teams should prepare a preoperative plan in consultation with hematology and consider the use of prophylactic platelet transfusion and desmopressin.
Recent trends in stream macroinvertebrates: warm-adapted and pesticide-tolerant taxa increase in richness
Authors: Gebert Friederike , Obrist Martin K. , Siber Rosi , Altermatt Florian , Bollmann Kurt , Schuwirth Nele
Published: March 2022

Recently, a plethora of studies reporting insect declines has been published. Even though the common theme is decreasing insect richness, positive trends have also been documented. Here, we analysed nationwide, systematic monitoring data on aquatic insect richness collected at 438 sites in Switzerland from 2010 to 2019. In addition to taxonomic richness, we grouped taxa in accordance with their ecological preferences and functional traits to gain a better understanding of trends and possible underlying mechanisms. We found that in general, richness of aquatic insects remained stable or increased with time. Warm-adapted taxa, common feeding guilds and pesticide-tolerant taxa showed increasing patterns while cold-adapted, rarer feeding guilds and pesticide-sensitive taxa displayed stable trends. Both climate and land-use-related factors were the most important explanatory variables for the patterns of aquatic insect richness. Although our data cover the last decade only, our results suggest that recent developments in insect richness are context-dependent and affect functional groups differently. However, longer investigations and a good understanding of the baseline are important to reveal if the increase in temperature- and pesticide-tolerant species will lead to a decrease in specialized species and a homogenization of biotic communities in the long term.
Floor and ceiling mirror configurations to study altitude control in honeybees
Authors: Serres Julien R. , Morice Antoine H. P. , Blary Constance , Miot Romain , Montagne Gilles , Ruffier Franck
Published: March 2022

To investigate altitude control in honeybees, an optical configuration was designed to manipulate or cancel the optic flow. It has been widely accepted that honeybees rely on the optic flow generated by the ground to control their altitude. Here, we create an optical configuration enabling a better understanding of the mechanism of altitude control in honeybees. This optical configuration aims to mimic some of the conditions that honeybees experience over a natural water body. An optical manipulation, based on a pair of opposed horizontal mirrors, was designed to remove any visual information coming from the floor and ceiling. Such an optical manipulation allowed us to get closer to the seminal experiment of Heran & Lindauer 1963.Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie47, 39–55. (doi:10.1007/BF00342890). Our results confirmed that a reduction or an absence of ventral optic flow in honeybees leads to a loss in altitude, and eventually a collision with the floor.
Modelling the genetic aetiology of complex disease: human–mouse conservation of noncoding features and disease-associated loci
Authors: Powell George , Long Helen , Zolkiewski Louisa , Dumbell Rebecca , Mallon Ann-Marie , Lindgren Cecilia M. , Simon Michelle M.
Published: March 2022

Understanding the genetic aetiology of loci associated with a disease is crucial for developing preventative measures and effective treatments. Mouse models are used extensively to understand human pathobiology and mechanistic functions of disease-associated loci. However, the utility of mouse models is limited in part by evolutionary divergence in transcription regulation for pathways of interest. Here, we summarize the alignment of genomic (exonic and multi-cell regulatory) annotations alongside Mendelian and complex disease-associated variant sites between humans and mice. Our results highlight the importance of understanding evolutionary divergence in transcription regulation when interpreting functional studies using mice as models for human disease variants.
Viscoelastic analysis of mussel threads reveals energy dissipative mechanisms
Authors: Areyano Marcela , Valois Eric , Sanchez Carvajal Ismael , Rajkovic Ivan , Wonderly William R. , Kossa Attila , McMeeking Robert M. , Waite J. Herbert
Published: March 2022

Mussels use byssal threads to secure themselves to rocks and as shock absorbers during cyclic loading from wave motion. Byssal threads combine high strength and toughness with extensibility of nearly 200%. Researchers attribute tensile properties of byssal threads to their elaborate multi-domain collagenous protein cores. Because the elastic properties have been previously scrutinized, we instead examined byssal thread viscoelastic behaviour, which is essential for withstanding cyclic loading. By targeting protein domains in the collagenous core via chemical treatments, stress relaxation experiments provided insights on domain contributions and were coupled within situsmall-angle X-ray scattering to investigate relaxation-specific molecular reorganizations. Results show that when silk-like domains in the core were disrupted, the stress relaxation of the threads decreased by nearly 50% and lateral molecular spacing also decreased, suggesting that these domains are essential for energy dissipation and assume a compressed molecular rearrangement when disrupted. A generalized Maxwell model was developed to describe the stress relaxation response. The model predicts that maximal damping (energy dissipation) occurs at around 0.1 Hz which closely resembles the wave frequency along the California coast and implies that these materials may be well adapted to the cyclic loading of the ambient conditions.
The mechanics and interactions of electrically sensitive mechanoreceptive hair arrays of arthropods
Authors: Palmer Ryan A. , Chenchiah Isaac V. , Robert Daniel
Published: March 2022

Recent investigations highlight the possibility of electroreception within arthropods through charged mechanosensory hairs. This discovery raises questions about the influence of electrostatic interaction between hairs and surrounding electrical fields within this sensory modality. Here, we investigate these questions by studying electrostatic coupling in arrays of hairs. We establish the notion of sensitivity contours that indicate regions within which point charges deflect hairs beyond a given threshold. We then examine how the contour’s shape and size and the overall hair behaviour change in response to variations in the coupling between hairs. This investigation unveils synergistic behaviours whereby the sensitivity of hairs is enhanced or inhibited by neighbouring hairs. The hair spacing and ratio of a system’s electrical parameters to its mechanical parameters influence this behaviour. Our results indicate that electrostatic interaction between hairs leads to emergent sensory properties for biologically relevant parameter values. The analysis raises new questions around the impact of electrostatic interaction on the current understanding of sensory hair processes, such as acoustic sensing, unveiling new sensory capabilities within electroreception such as amplification of hair sensitivity and location detection of charges in the environment.
Staring death in the face: chimpanzees' attention towards conspecific skulls and the implications of a face module guiding their behaviour
Authors: Gonçalves André , Hattori Yuko , Adachi Ikuma
Published: March 2022

Chimpanzees exhibit a variety of behaviours surrounding their dead, although much less is known about how they respond towards conspecific skeletons. We tested chimpanzees' visual attention to images of conspecific and non-conspecific stimuli (cat/chimp/dog/rat), shown simultaneously in four corners of a screen in distinct orientations (frontal/diagonal/lateral) of either one of three types (faces/skulls/skull-shaped stones). Additionally, we compared their visual attention towards chimpanzee-only stimuli (faces/skulls/skull-shaped stones). Lastly, we tested their attention towards specific regions of chimpanzee skulls. We theorized that chimpanzee skulls retaining face-like features would be perceived similarly to chimpanzee faces and thus be subjected to similar biases. Overall, supporting our hypotheses, the chimpanzees preferred conspecific-related stimuli. The results showed that chimpanzees attended: (i) significantly longer towards conspecific skulls than other species skulls (particularly in forward-facing and to a lesser extent diagonal orientations); (ii) significantly longer towards conspecific faces than other species faces at forward-facing and diagonal orientations; (iii) longer towards chimpanzee faces compared with chimpanzee skulls and skull-shaped stones, and (iv) attended significantly longer to the teeth, similar to findings for elephants. We suggest that chimpanzee skulls retain relevant, face-like features that arguably activate a domain-specific face module in chimpanzees' brains, guiding their attention.
Size controllable synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite and its catalytic performance in the reaction of methanol conversion to aromatics
Authors: Niu Xianjun , Bai Yang , Du Yi-en , Qi Hongxue , Chen Yongqiang
Published: March 2022

ZSM-5 zeolites were hydrothermally synthesized with commercial silica sol, and the crystal size was controlled by adding silicalite-1 seed in the synthetic system. The crystal size of ZSM-5 was affected by the crystallization time of seed, seed content and seed size. ZSM-5 zeolites with controllable particle size in the range of 200–2200 nm could be obtained. The prepared samples with different particle sizes were used for the reaction of methanol conversion to aromatics (MTA). The results suggested that the HZSM-5 catalyst with small crystal size showed much longer catalyst lifetime and higher selectivity for C
5
+
hydrocarbons and aromatics, especially C
9
+
aromatics in the MTA reaction. Moreover, the introduction of zinc (Zn) into the HZSM-5 zeolites can considerably promote the selectivity to aromatics in the products. Zn modified HZSM-5 zeolites with different Zn loading amounts were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method, and the highest aromatics selectivity was obtained when the Zn loading was 1.0%. The improvement of methanol aromatization was ascribed to the synergistic effect of Brønsted acid sites and the newly formed Zn-Lewis acid sites.
How do people conceptualize mindfulness?
Authors: Haddock Geoffrey , Foad Colin M. G. , Thorne Sapphira
Published: March 2022

While the concept of
mindfulness
is ubiquitous, its meaning is ambiguous, with limited knowledge about how it is understood by the general public. Understanding how laypeople perceive mindfulness and mindful people is vital, as it will impact how people interpret and act upon information about mindfulness and mindfulness practices. Study 1 participants evaluated the term
mindfulness
positively, while Study 2 participants perceived a
mindful target
positively and as strongly endorsing self-transcendence values (e.g. equality). Study 3 participants learned about an unknown target who was mindful or not. The mindful target was evaluated more positively than the less-mindful target and seen as endorsing different values. Most effects in Studies 1–3 were stronger among more mindful participants. Study 4 assessed visual representations of mindful and less-mindful faces. Visual representations of a mindful face were judged by naive raters as more likeable, possessing higher self-transcendence values and performing more moral behaviours compared with a less-mindful face. The results suggest that how people interpret mindfulness has important consequences and can be used to guide how mindfulness is implemented in response to global challenges.
A comparative study on the stability of the furfural molecule on the low index Ni, Pd and Pt surfaces
Authors: Khan Alveena Z. , Alitt Jacob , Germaney Rhiannon , Hamada Ikutaro , Wells Peter P. , Dimitratos Nikolaos , Catlow C. Richard A. , Villa Alberto , Chutia Arunabhiram
Published: March 2022

We present a comparative density functional theory investigation of the furfural (Ff) molecule on the low index Ni, Pd and Pt surfaces to understand its geometrical and electronic properties to gain mechanistic insights into the experimentally measured catalytic reactivities of these metal catalysts. We show that the number of metal
d-
states, which hybridize with the nearest C and O
p
-orbitals of the Ff molecule, can be used to explain the stability of the Ff molecule on these surfaces. We find that the hybridization between atoms with higher electronegativity and the metal
d-
states plays a crucial role in determining the stability of these systems. Furthermore, we also find electron transfer from metal to the Ff molecule on the Ni and Pd surfaces, with a reverse process occurring on the Pt surface.
‘Ear stones’ in crocodylians: a cross-species comparative and ontogenetic survey of otolith structures
Authors: Schwab Julia A. , Young Mark T. , Walsh Stig A. , Witmer Lawrence M. , Herrera Yanina , Timmons Zena L. , Butler Ian B. , Brusatte Stephen L.
Published: March 2022

The vestibular system of the inner ear is a crucial sensory organ, involved in the sensation of balance and equilibrium. It consists of three semicircular canals that sense angular rotations of the head and the vestibule that detects linear acceleration and gravity. The vestibule often contains structures, known as the otoliths or ‘ear stones’. Otoliths are present in many vertebrates and are particularly well known from the fossil record of fish, but surprisingly have not been described in detail in most tetrapods, living or extinct. Here, we present for the first time a survey of the otoliths of a broad sample of extant crocodylian species, based on computed tomography scans. We find that otoliths are present in numerous crocodylian species of different growth stages, and they continue to increase in size during ontogeny, with positive allometry compared to skull length. Our results confirm that otoliths are a common component of the crocodylian vestibular system, and suggest they play an important role in sensory detection. Otoliths are likely common, but overlooked, constituents of the inner ear in tetrapods, and a broader study of their size, shape and distribution promises insight into sensory abilities.
Near-exact non-relativistic ionization energies for many-electron atoms
Authors: Jobunga E. O.
Published: March 2022

Electron–electron interactions and correlations form the basis of difficulties encountered in the theoretical solution of problems dealing with multi-electron systems. Accurate treatment of the electron–electron problem is likely to unravel some nice physical properties of matter embedded in the interaction. In an effort to tackle this many-body problem, a symmetry-dependent all-electron potential generalized for an
n
-electron atom is suggested in this study. The symmetry dependence in the proposed potential hinges on an empirically determined angular momentum-dependent partitioning fraction for the electron–electron interaction. With the potential, all atoms are treated in the same way regardless of whether they are open or closed shell using their system specific information. The non-relativistic ground-state ionization potentials for atoms with up to 103 electrons generated using the all-electron potential are in reasonable agreement with the existing experimental and theoretical data. The effects of higher-order non-relativistic interactions as well as the finite nuclear mass of the atoms are also analysed.