bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSXII-17 Fertility prediction model for Nilli-Ravi buffalo bulls through Fourier harmonic analysis of sperm
Authors: Parrish John J , Arshad Javeria , Awan M A , Akhter S
Published: October 2021

A model to predict Nili-ravi buffalo bull fertility was developed based on Fourier harmonic analysis of sperm. Seventeen bulls with 3032 AI records were categorizes based on fertility rate (FR) as low (36.5±0.2, n = 6: SD< ˗1 from mean FR), medium (39.9±0.2, n = 3; SD +1 to -1 from mean FR) and high fertility (41.4±0.1, n = 8; SD > +1 from mean FR). Cryopreserved semen samples from these bulls were investigated for Fourier harmonic analysis of sperm nuclear shape. Hoechst-33342 and YOYO-1 fluorescent stains were used to identify live and dead sperm. Digital images were analyzed to get sperm nuclear perimeter points at different phase angles to generate Fourier functions. Mean harmonic amplitude (HA) 0 was different (P < 0.05) for 1700 live vs. 1294 dead sperm from the 17 bulls, thus live sperm were used for remaining analyses. The mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis values of 100 live sperm nuclei/bull were compared for HA0-5 between high (n = 6) and low (n = 6) fertility groups, considering equal number of bulls in each category. The mean HA2 (0.739±0.01 vs 0.686±0.00) and 4 (0.105±0.001 vs 0.007±0.001) were higher in high vs low fertility group respectively (P < 0.05). Sperm nuclear perimeter among high fertility group sperm was more elongated. There was also an increased skewness of HA0 as fertility increased (P < 0.05). Discriminant analysis defined a fertility model by using mean HA4, skewness HA0 and variance HA2, that resulted in 91.7% bulls into their correct fertility group upon cross-validation (canonical correlation=0.928; P < 0.05). Higher values of mean HA4, skewness HA0 and variance HA2 increase the chance of bulls being placed in the high fertility group. In conclusion, sperm nuclear shape in Nili-ravi buffalo bull is related to in vivo fertility. A fertility model using reported discriminant measures could be used to objectively identify Nili-ravi buffalo bulls of varying fertility.
PSVIII-18 Effect of rumen temperature on the average daily gain of growing-finishing calf-fed Holstein steers in the feedlot
Authors: Carvalho Pedro H , Latack Brooke C , Zinn Richard A
Published: October 2021

Objectives were to evaluate the relationship between ruminal temperature and average daily gain of calf-fed Holstein steers during the extreme summer months characteristic of the Southern California desert region. Thirty-eight calf-fed Holstein steers (395 ±25 kg) were utilized in the 84-d experiment (June 30 – September 20, 2020). Steers were blocked by initial shrunk weight (168 d before the initiation of the experiment) and randomly assigned to 38 pens with 4 other steers (5 steers per pen). Pens were 62 m2 with 25 m2 overhead shade, automatic waterers and 2.4 m fence-line feed bunks. All steers were fed a steam-flaked corn-based growing-finishing diet. A bolus measuring temperature and activity at ten-minute intervals (smaXtec Basic, SmaXtec Animal Care GmbH, Austria) was placed in the rumen of each steer 112 d before the initiation of the experiment (March 10, 2020). Air temperature for the trial averaged 34.90 ± 3.03°C (maximum = 43.8 ± 2.97° C; minimum 24.72 ± 4.00°C). Average temperature-humidity-index (THI) was 80.1 ±5.4. Maximum THI during the 84-d period averaged 89.29 ± 7.85 (steers experience “emergency” THI category for all 84 days of the trial). Maximum (RTmax) and mean (RTm) daily ruminal temperature averaged 40.93 ±0.24 and 40.21 ±0.23°C, respectively. Average daily gain (mean = 1.18 kg/d; maximum = 1.54 kg/d; minimum = 0.88 kg/d) increased (P < 0.01) as RTm decreased (ADG, kg = 19.13 – 0.45 RTm; r2 = 0.28). There was a close association between RTmax and RTm (RTm = 4.57 + 0.87 RTmax; r2 = 0.84). While there are numerous factors that influence ADG of feedlot cattle, differences in ruminal temperature during periods of elevated ambient conditions (ie. temperature, humidity, ration) accounts for an important portion of that variation.
PSVIII-14 Effect of Certillus, a direct-fed microbial, on milk yield, milk components, and feed intake in primi- and multiparous lactating Holstein cows
Authors: Maylem Excel Rio S , Vargiu Martina , Melton Caleb , Thompson Jesse , O’Neill John , Rehberger Tom G , Foote Andrew P , Spicer Leon J
Published: October 2021

To determine the effect of Certillus on milk production, milk components and feed efficiency, primiparous (n = 13) and multiparous (n = 12) Holstein cows were assigned to one of two dietary groups starting from 8 to 120 days of lactation. The controls (n = 13) received regular TMR ration, and treated cows (n =12) received control TMR plus 2 x 109 cfu/head of Certillus (Church & Dwight Co., Inc., Waukesha, WI). Cows were housed in an open-air free-stall barn with 16 Insentec electronic feeders (8 feeders/group) to record daily feed events and intake (DMI). Cows were provided with ad libitum TMR fed twice daily and were milked twice daily. Milk samples were taken weekly during successive a.m./p.m. milkings and analyzed for percentage milk fat, protein, lactose, and milk urea nitrogen (MUN). Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures 2 x 2 factorial ANOVA. Daily milk production (4%FCM) was influenced (P < 0.05) by treatment x parity, week and parity, averaging 11% greater (P < 0.05) in Certillus-fed than control cows. Milk fat percentage increased (P < 0.005) from 4.02 to 4.41 + 0.09% with Certillus feeding. Milk lactose was influenced (P < 0.05) by week and treatment x parity. Milk protein was affected by week (P < 0.001) only. Certillus decreased (P < 0.05) MUN levels such that MUN was 1.0 mg/dL greater (P < 0.001) in Certillus-fed than control cows. Feed intake was reduced by 9% (P < 0.01) and feed efficiency (kg 4%FCM/kg DMI) was improved by 14% (P < 0.05) in Certillus-fed versus control cows. We conclude that Certillus may hold potential as an effective direct-fed microbial to increase feed efficiency and milk production.
PSVIII-17 Effect of high-tannin sorghum grain on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production
Authors: Molho-Ortiz Aarón Alejandro A , Corona Luis , Márquez-Mota Claudia Cecilia , Beauchemin Karen A , Talamantes-Gómez José Moisés , Ramírez-Bribiesca Efrén , Romero-Pérez Atmir
Published: October 2021

The objective was to evaluate the potential of methane (CH4) mitigation of high-tannin sorghum (HTS) varieties (V). The experiment was arranged as a completely randomized block design with a 7 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, including 6 HTS varieties (BRS72, Dekalb; 81G67, Dupont-Pioneer; QL-BR95, Lucava; 6001, ACA; NYX, Unisem; Red Bird, Warner Seeds; 20.1±3.2 g/kg condensed tannins), a low tannin sorghum (LTS, 0.3 g/kg condensed tannins) and two levels of polyethylene-glycol (PEG; 0 and 1 g). Three independent batch culture runs were conducted using a basal diet (0.5 g) containing 72% sorghum, 18% corn stover and 10% soybean meal. Total gas production (TGP), CH4 production, gas production kinetics and dry matter digestibility (DMD) were evaluated. Data were analyzed with R studio 1.4.1106 using a mixed model and the Tukey instruction for mean comparison. Interaction (V × PEG) was not significant (P = 0.16) for DMD. However, DMD decreased (P > 0.05) 6.1 percentage units with HTS varieties compared to LTS. Furthermore, PEG increased (P > 0.05) DMD by 1.78 percentage units. The V × PEG interaction tended to be significant for TGP (P = 0.09; mL/g DM), where sorghum 81G67 + PEG showed the lowest gas production (486 mL/g DM). Kinetics of gas production were also affected. Fermentation rate was higher (P > 0 .05) for the LTS variety (0.0373 %/h) and lower (P > 0.05) for sorghum 81G67 (0.0317 %/h), while maximum volume of gas was 5.9% higher (P > 0.05) when PEG was included. Methane concentration (%) was lowest (P < 0.05) with QL-BR95 sorghum but CH4 production (mL/g DM) was not affected (P = 0.38) by sorghum variety. Methane concentration and production increased (P > 0.05) 8.9 and 4.1% respectively with PEG inclusion. In conclusion, HTS negatively affected digestibility and rumen fermentation while PEG minimized such effects. Sorghum grain varieties with high tannin content had negligible effects on rumen methanogenesis.
PSVIII-20 Heterologous lactobacilli feed additive impact on microflora in Cobb-500 broiler laying hens
Authors: Kurilova Anastasiia A , Karpenko Larisa Y , Balykina Anna B , Bakhta Alesya A , Kochish Ivan I , Nikonov Ilia N , Kozitcyna Anna I
Published: October 2021

Experiment was carried out on introducing eggshells from an experimental group of laying hens of lactobacilli strains with anti-C.jejuni activity. Eggs were incubated for 21 days to obtain broiler chickens containing auto-strains of lactobacilli with anti-C.jejuni activity in the blind processes of the intestine. It should be noted that most of the incubation eggs were observed in the 2nd group, in which the eggs were laid for subsequent administration of probiotic bacteria. Check was carried out for the presence of auto-strains of lactobacilli with anti-C.jejuni activity in the intestines of broiler chickens and the timing of their persistence for 1–35 days. The objective of the study was a comparative analysis of the following DNA samples: DNA from a feed supplement containing strains of lactobacilli with anti-C.jejuni activity; DNA samples from litter of laying hens of the parent herd receiving heterologous lactobacilli as part of the feed; isolated DNA from washes from hatching eggs; DNA samples from the contents of the digestive tract of chicken embryos; DNA samples from the intestines of broiler chickens. DNA samples from groups of birds and their embryos obtained without the use of heterologous lactobacilli were used as controls. The microflora of the contents of blind processes was taken from chickens on the 22nd day and on the 35th day of growing. In total, 343 different bacterial OTUs were identified in this study, belonging to 13 types, 26 classes, 51 orders, 106 families and 172 genera. Assessment of the biodiversity of bacterial ensembles in the samples of the contents of blind processes of chickens revealed fundamental differences already at the level of growing time and type. The study was performed at the FGBOU VO “St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine» with the aid of the Russian Science Foundation Grant (Project No. 18-76-10017).
PSXIII-16 Supplementing organic-complexed or inorganic Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn to beef cows during gestation: physiological and productive responses of cows and their offspring until weaning
Authors: Harvey Kelsey , Cooke Reinaldo F , Colombo Eduardo , Rett Bruna , Sousa Osvaldo , Harvey Lorin , Russell Jason , Pohler Ky G , Brandão Alice
Published: October 2021

Pregnant, non-lactating beef cows (n = 190; 117 ± 2.2 d of gestation; d 0) were assigned to receive: 1) sulfate sources of Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn (INR; n = 95) or 2) an organic complexed source of Cu, Mn, Co, and Zn (AAC; Availa®4, Zinpro; n = 95). From d 0 to calving, cows were maintained in a single pasture and individually offered treatments three times weekly. Cow BW and BCS were recorded on d -30, d 97, upon calving, and at weaning and liver biopsies performed in 30 cows/treatment. Milk production was estimated at 42 ± 0.5 d postpartum via weigh-suckle-weigh (WSW). Liver and longissimus muscle (LM) biopsies were performed in 30 calves/treatment upon calving and 24 h later, at WSW, and at weaning. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.49) for cow BCS, despite AAC cows having greater (P = 0.04) BW on d 97. Liver Co (P < 0.01) concentrations were greater for AAC compared to INR cows, and liver concentrations of Cu were greater (P = 0.02) for INR compared to AAC cows on d 97. Upon calving, INR cows had greater (P ≤ 0.01) liver Cu and Zn concentrations compared to AAC cows. Cows receiving AAC had greater (P = 0.04) hepatic mRNA expression of metallothionein 1A at calving, and their calves had greater (P = 0.04) hepatic mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase at weaning. Milk production did not differ between AAC and INR cows (P = 0.70). No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.29) for mRNA expression of LM genes in calves at birth and weaning. Calf birth and weaning BW were similar (P ≥ 0.19) between treatments. Hence, supplementing AAC or INR to beef cows during the last 5 mo of gestation yielded similar cow-calf productive responses until weaning.
PSXIII-25 Quality and sensory evaluation of Xhosa goat meat subjected to different watering regimen and vitamin C supplementation
Authors: Akinmoladun Oluwakamisi F , Fon Fabian N , Mpendulo Conference , Okoh Omobola
Published: October 2021

Water scarcity, often accompanied by limited water intake (WI) in livestock, may result in pre-slaughter stress, thereby affecting meat quality. The study evaluated water restriction (WR) levels with or without vitamin C (VC) supplementations on Xhosa goats’ performance, quality and sensory attributes of its meat. Goats (n = 42; mean weight= 15.92±2.12 kg) were distributed into seven treatments groups: without WR (W0, control), WR of 70% (W70) and 50% (W50) of ad libitum WI, WR of 70% (W70+) and 50% (W50+) of ad libitum WI plus 3g VC daily, and WR of 70% (W70++) and 50% (W50++) of ad libitum WI plus 3g VC and extra 5gVC given every eight-day.VC was administered per os. Body weight changes were taken weekly. At the end of the trial (75-d), slaughtering was done following standard procedures. pH24 was measured in the Longissimus lumborum (LTL) muscle between the 12th and 13th ribs, 24 h post-slaughter. Four pieces (2 cm thick) were cut from the carcass’s LTL muscle and assigned for thaw loss, moisture, TBARS, sensory attributes (colour, texture, taste-odour, acceptability), fat and fat-free dry matter determinations. The sensory scores were transformed to achieve normality. Data obtained were analyzed using the GLM of SAS (2003). The dry matter intake and body weight decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in response to WR levels and rose in the vitamin C treated groups. Effect of WR levels and VC supplementation were not significant (P > 0.05) on TBARS, pH24, colour, odour and thaw loss. The meat appearance, moisture and fat content decreased (P ≤ 0.05) with WR levels. This study demonstrates that reduced body weight due to suboptimal WI could be lessened with daily VC supplementation. Also, WR levels and with or without VC, did not impact negatively on the meat quality parameters like oxidative stability of lipids, thaw loss and pH24
PSXIII-18 The effect of lead on alkaline phosphatase serum activity in European carp
Authors: Bokhan Polina D , Polistovskaia Polina A , Karpenko Larisa Y , Enukashvili Abram I , Bakhta Alesya A , Kozitcyna Anna I
Published: October 2021

The aim of this research is to assess the toxic influence of heavy metals in fish. This study was intended to analyze alkaline phosphatase (AP) serum activity under the influence of various lead concentrations in European carp. AP is involved in the dephosphorylation processes and is an important indicator of liver and skeleton tissue metabolism. When exposed to heavy metals, a change in the activity of this enzyme can be observed. In this experiment 3 groups of fish (European carp) were formed, 10 fish in each group: control group; 1-experimental group – fish were contained in water with 0.06 mg/l lead acetate concentration (upper threshold level than fishery waters permissible exposure limit according to the laws of the Russian Federation); 2-experimental group – fish were contained in water with 0.6 mg/l lead acetate concentration (10 times higher than fishery waters permissible exposure limit according to the laws of the Russian Federation). Exposure time was 4 hours. The blood samplings were taken from heart by syringe and placed in dry test tubes. After samplings centrifugation in non-hemolysed serum samples AP activity was assessed. The study revealed the decreasing trend of AP serum activity by 1.08% (21.89±0.24 IU/l) in 1-experimental group in compare with control group (22.13±0.78 IU/l). In case where the lead acetate concentration were 10 times higher than fishery waters permissible exposure limit were meaningful decreasing of AP activity (P ≤ 0.05) by 66.23% (17.42±0.63 IU/l) accordingly in 2-experimental group in compare with control group. In conclusion, a statistically significant decrease in the AP activity in fish blood serum was found after acetate concentration 10 times higher than the permissible exposure limit in fishery waters, according to the laws of the Russian Federation. We can suppose that the activity of this enzyme is the reason for the inhibitory effect of lead on liver tissue.
PSXIII-26 Supplementation with a polyphenolic pine bark extract reduces ammonia nitrogen production in a RUSITEC system as determined by principal component analysis
Authors: Vera Nelson , Gutierrez Constanza , Williams Pamela , Fuentealba Cecilia , Allende Rodrigo , Avila-Stagno Jorge
Published: October 2021

The aim of the study was to correlate the effects of supplementation with a polyphenolic pine bark extract (PBE) in diets with different forage to concentrate (F:C) ratio on methane (CH4), ammonia nitrogen (NH3–N) production and ruminal fermentation parameters using the Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC). The experimental diets were F:C 70:30 (HF) or F:C 30:70 (HC) with or without 2% PBE on a DM basis. The four diets were isoproteic (15% CP), with similar OM (HF 94% and HC 96%), but different NDF (HF 40% and HC 25%). The treatments, in duplicate, were assigned in an 8 fermenter RUSITEC apparatus. Incubations were run twice, with 5 days of sampling after 10 days adaptation. The experimental design was a 2x2 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block with repeated measures. Pearson correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) were conducted to elucidate relationships among PBE total polyphenols (TP) and the variables evaluated. The TP was highly correlated with NH3–N (r = –0.98; P < 0.001) and butyrate (r = –0.85; P < 0.001), and had a high correlation with propionate (r = 0.75; P < 0.001) and acetate (r = 0.68; P = 0.001). Correlation with total VFA was moderate (r = –0.59; P = 0.006), and CH4 yield and IVDMD there were not correlated (r ≤ –0.07; P ≥ 0.188). The PCA (KMO = 0.655; BTS < 0.001) shows that 75.2% of the total variation is explained by the first two principal components (PC1 = 46.5% and PC2 = 28.7%). In the score plot, PC1 discriminated between diets with and without PBE, while the PC2 separated based on NDF. The loading plot showed that TP and propionate were clustered, and had inverse directions to NH3–N. In conclusion, the PBE supplementation reduces NH3–N production in a RUSITEC system without decreasing CH4 yield or negatively affecting ruminal fermentation parameters.
PSXIII-22 Heat stress in north central Mexico and time of exposure to it, measured by the Environmental Temperature Index
Authors: Rodriguez-Martinez Rafael , Meza-Herrera César A , Rodriguez-Venegas Rafael , Robles-Trillo Pedro Antonio , Rivas-Madero Jesús Salvador
Published: October 2021

The Temperature Humidity Index (THI) is the most used to identify the risk of heat stress for dairy cattle, which is based on the environmental temperature (ºC) and humidity (%), and of which they are currently considered 68 points as the threshold for high producing dairy cows. In the Comarca Lagunera, located in north central Mexico, 21% of the Mexican dairy production is generated annually, despite its environmental conditions characterized by temperatures up to 41.5 ° C in the summer, low relative humidity and high solar radiation. The objective was to identify the average number of days in which a THI ≥68 is reached per month in each season of the year with 1, 8 and 16 h of exposure in dairy farms of the region, for which, the information recorded every 10 min was analyzed daily in five farms for 6 years (2015–2020), using the DiGiTH ™ application (DiGiTH Technologies, Mexico) and through ANOVA (proc GLM; SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, USA), to identify differences seasonal for this variable. The attached table shows that spring and summer were the seasons in which the highest number of average days per month were recorded, and winter in which the fewest days were recorded. Regarding the hours of exposure, it is observed that spring and summer are very similar in 1 and 8 hours of exposure, while for autumn and winter a clearer decrease is observed according to the hours of exposure for these seasons. These results indicate a very marked seasonal variability and in terms of the hours of exposure, which should be considered in order to adopt the measures to reduce the negative effects for the dairy cattle of the region.
PSIX-2 Carcass traits of nelore bulls: Supplementation with probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079) during adaptation in feedlot
Authors: Bomfim Lorena Emily L M , Nascimento Kaique S , Moreira Couto Victor R , Arnhold Emmanuel , da R Fernandes Márcia Helena M , Moura Silva Luan O , Mari Lucas José , Santos Mateus Castilho , Gauthier Marine , Chevaux Eric , De Resende Fernandes Juliano José
Published: October 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079) supplementation during feedlot adaptation period on performance of Nellore bulls. One-hundred ninety-eight Nellore bulls were used in a completely randomized block design, divided in 22 pens (9 animals/pen). Treatments were: CON – adaptation diet and finishing diet comprised of basal diet (with 28 ppm of monensin); and SCB – same diets as for the previous treatment with monensin plus probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079, ProTernative® 20; Lallemand Animal Nutrition at a dose of 1.0 x 10e10 cfu/animal/d) supplementation. Supplementation was offered for the first 42 days (21 days in the step-up phase and 21 days in the finishing diet with 900 g concentrate/kg DM), then both treatments were fed the same basal diet for another 76d, reaching 118 days in total. Pen was considered the experimental unit and data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with Tukey test at 5% significance level. Final carcass weight was 1.69% greater for animals fed SCB (283.8 vs. 288.7 kg, P = 0.04). Total carcass weight gain (111.0 vs. 114.8 kg) and daily carcass weight gain (0.924 vs. 0.956 kg) tended (P = 0.06) to increase by 3.46% in SCB-fed animals compared to the CON ones. Gain yield (P = 0.39), biological efficiency (P = 0.35) and carcass yield (P = 0.71) did not differ between treatments. Probiotic supplementation with live yeast during the first 42 days in feedlot helped Nellore bulls optimize early on growth performance with an interesting carry-over effect on carcass gain through the total feedlot time.
PSVI-30 Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of beef steers under intensive management with or without an added nutritional packet
Authors: Osorio Andrea M , Nardi Kaue Tonelli , Fávero Igor Gomes , Scaranto Silva Kaliu G , Coello Kymberly D , Raudales Angel A , Ciriaco Francine M , Sarturi Jhones Onorino , Henry Darren D
Published: October 2021

The effects of a nutritional packet on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot beef steers were evaluated. Thirty Angus-crossbred steers (BW = 542 ± 8.4 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design and allocated into pens with SmartFeed (C-Lock; 15 steers/treatment). Steers were consuming a steam-flaked corn-based finishing-diet, ad libitum, for the last 65-d on feed prior to slaughter, in which treatments were: 1) control and 2) a nutritional-packet [0.29% DM basis; live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 8.7 Log CFU/g); Vitamin C (5.4 g/kg); Vitamin B1 (13.33 g/kg); NaCl (80 g/kg); KCl (80 g/kg)]. Individual BW was recorded every 14 d and carcass quality data was collected at slaughter. Steer was considered the experimental unit. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used with the fixed effect of treatment and the random effect of block. Total DMI was unaffected (P = 0.610) by treatment from d 0–65; however, control steers had greater (P = 0.030) DMI from d 54–65. The G:F was unaffected (P = 0.830) by treatment from d 0–35; however, it was greater (P ≤ 0.001) for steers fed the nutritional packet from d 0–50, and 0–65. Treatment did not affect (P = 0.920) ADG from d 0–35, however it increased (P ≤ 0.001) ADG from d 0–50 and tended (P = 0.060) to increase ADG from d 0–65. Carcass adjusted final BW tended (P = 0.060) to increase by 28% for treated cattle, whereas the Longissimus dorsi area tended to decrease (P = 0.090). No differences (P = 0.240) were observed for fat thickness, while yield-grade (P = 0.03) increased for treated cattle. The nutritional packet appears to improve performance in the final days of feeding steers under intensive management, and energy partitioning may be altered to fat deposition.
PSVII-18 Association of post-absorptive glucose and acetate metabolism with feed intake, growth, and efficiency in finishing beef heifers
Authors: Foote Andrew P , Rathert Abigail R , Salisbury Carlee M , McConnell Hunter L , Lalman David
Published: October 2021

Glucose and acetate are important nutrients for muscle and fat accretion in beef cattle. The objective of this experiment was to determine if the demand for acetate and glucose, as well as insulin response to glucose, are associated with dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), residual feed intake (RFI), and gain:feed (G:F). Charolais heifers (n = 16; initial BW = 412 ± 10 kg) were trained to close human contact and fed a finishing diet ad libitum in an Insentec feeding system. Following a 12-hour fast, a jugular catheter was inserted, and an acetate clearance test was performed by infusing acetate (2.18 mmol/kg BW0.75) and collecting blood samples over a 30-minute period. One hour after the conclusion of the acetate test, a glucose clearance test was performed by infusing glucose (7.57 mmol/kg BW0.75) and collecting samples over a two-hour period. Four days after the metabolic tests, heifers began an 84-d DMI and ADG test period. The area under the acetate, glucose, and insulin curves were calculated as were the clearance rate, peaks, nadir, and insulin time to peak. Pearson correlations were calculated for the metabolic parameters and production traits using SAS 9.4. Heifers gained 1.69 ± 0.03 kg/d and consumed 10.4 ± 0.19 kg/d. Acetate and glucose clearance rates were not associated with any production trait (P > 0.40). Insulin time to peak concentration after the glucose challenge was associated (r = 0.69; P = 0.003) with G:F, but peak concentration was not (P = 0.45). Additionally, there was a trend (r = 0.40; P = 0.13) for area under the insulin curve to be associated with G:F. Given the small sample size in this experiment, it is possible that decreased insulin sensitivity early in the finishing period is related to improved feed efficiency in finishing heifers.
PSVII-13 Performance and environmental benefits from biochar supplementation in beef cattle grazing systems
Authors: Conlin Emily , Lardner Herbert , Ellis Jennifer L , Mandell Ira B , Wood Katharine M
Published: October 2021

Worldwide, beef production systems represent a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG), and enteric methane (CH4) emissions are the primary concern. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether biochar (Oregon Biochar Solution, White City, OR) supplementation can reduce CH4 emissions from grazing beef cows. Biochar is a stable form of carbon produced through the pyrolysis of organic matter (typically forestry waste). Sixty-four cows and their calves were blocked by cow body weight and calf age, and randomly allocated to 8 paddocks, each with 8 cow-calf pairs. Using a crossover design, each paddock was assigned to one of two treatments: (1) biochar supplemented at approximately 3% of estimated dry matter intake (DMI) or (2) control (no biochar). Biochar was incorporated into a pellet containing 45% biochar, 42.5% wheat midds, 10% canola oil, and 2.5% dry molasses and fed in a portable trough once daily. Each period consisted of 28 days: 21 days for biochar adaptation and 7 days for data collection. Enteric gas emissions from each paddock were measured using C-Lock GreenFeed trailers (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA) with pasture DMI estimated using paddock entry/exit quadrats during each sampling week. Enteric CH4 emissions expressed as g CH4/d were 249 and 260 ± 50.3 g (P ≥ 0.37) for control and biochar, respectively. Similarly, g CH4/kg DM and g CH4/kg BW were not affected (P ≥ 0.44) by biochar supplementation on pasture. Biochar supplementation did not affect estimated DMI or cow/calf body weights (P ≥ 0.15). Results suggest that biochar was ineffective for reducing methane emissions from grazing beef cows; however, measures of animal performance were not affected by biochar consumption. Further work is required to determine if type or higher inclusions of biochar can reduce CH4 emissions from beef cattle.
PSX-B-10 Effect of undigested neutral detergent fiber concentration and forage inclusion rate on ruminal pH, reticular motility, and total tract permeability for finishing beef heifers
Authors: Pereira Murillo C , Beauchemin Karen A , McAllister Tim A , Yang Wenzhu , Van Donkersgoed Joyce , Gibb Darryl , Wood Katharine M , Penner Gregory B
Published: October 2021

This study evaluated the effects of undigested neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) concentration and forage inclusion (FI) rate on dry matter (DM) intake, ruminal pH, reticular contractions, and gastrointestinal permeability for finishing beef cattle. Five ruminally cannulated Hereford′Simmental heifers (699±69.1 kg) were used in an incomplete 6×6 Latin square (26-d periods) with a 2×3 factorial treatment arrangement. Barley grain-based diets were formulated using barley silage or wheat straw to provide low or high uNDF (7.1 vs. 8.5% DM) with forage proportions of 5, 10, or 15% of dietary DM. Dry matter intake (P ≥ 0.10) and eating time (P ≥ 0.13) were not affected by uNDF, FI, or uNDF′FI. With low uNDF diets, increasing FI numerically (P = 0.02) increased rumination time (min/d); while, with high uNDF diets, rumination time increased with 5 to 10% FI, but not thereafter (P = 0.03). Mean ruminal pH was not affected by uNDF (6.17 vs. 6.19; P = 0.08), but increased with increasing FI (6.04b, 6.23a, and 6.28a; P = 0.02). Duration of ruminal pH < 5.5 was not affected by uNDF but tended (P = 0.07) to be reduced with increasing FI. High uNDF diet tended to increase the frequency of reticular contractions (1.43 vs. 1.51 contractions/min; P = 0.07) but decreased the contraction duration (13.2 vs. 14.1 sec; P = 0.04). Increasing FI increased contraction frequency (1.39b, 1.50a, and 1.53a contractions/min; P = 0.03) and tended to reduce contraction duration as forage increased from 5 to 10 and 15% (14.3, 13.1, and 13.6 sec; P = 0.07). Feeding high uNDF decreased (P = 0.05) permeability of the gastrointestinal tract based on the appearance of Cr-EDTA in urine following an intra-ruminal dose. Increasing FI tended to reduce gastrointestinal tract permeability (P = 0.06). Limited interactions indicate that uNDF and FI act independently suggesting that increasing dietary uNDF, without increasing FI rate, can stimulate frequency of reticulo-ruminal contractions and reduce gastrointestinal permeability for finishing cattle.
PSX-B-8 Effect of supplementing red osier dogwood extract on in vitro gas production, feed digestibility and fermentation characteristics of high-forage diet
Authors: Yang Wenzhu , Gomaa Walaa , Saleem Atef Mohamed , McGeough Emma , Ominski Kim , Chen Lingyun
Published: October 2021

Red osier dogwood (ROD) is native shrub plant in Canada and rich in bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ROD extract supplementation in a high-forage (HF) diet on gas production (GP), dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD) and fermentation characteristics in batch cultures with varying media pH. The study was a completely randomized design with 4 levels of ROD extract (0, 1, 3 and 5% of substrate) × 2 media pH (5.8 and 6.5) factorial arrangement. The study was conducted in three replicate experiments. Substrate contained 60% barley silage and 40% barley concentrate (DM basis). Inoculum was obtained from 2 ruminally fistulated beef heifers offered the HF diet. Substrate (0.5 g DM) ground (1 mm) was incubated for 48 h in a culture bottle. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS with fixed effects of treatments and random effect of experiment. There was no interaction between media pH and level of ROD on GP, DMD and fermentation characteristics. Increased media pH (5.8 vs. 6.5) increased (P < 0.01) GP (averaged 164 vs. 275 ml/g substrate), DMD (50.6 vs. 60.6%), and total VFA production (63 vs. 71 mM). Increasing ROD extract levels did not affect GP but linearly (P = 0.05) decreased DMD from 62.1 to 58.9% at pH 6.5. Although total VFA production was not affected, increasing ROD extract linearly (P < 0.01) increased the proportion of acetate (47.9 to 49.7%) and propionate (20.5 to 22.3%) at pH 5.8; whereas at pH 6.5, acetate to propionate ratio quadratically (P = 0.04) changed to be lower with 3% ROD extract (2.08) than other treatments (2.21). These results indicated that supplementation of HF diet with ROD extract may improve fibre digestion at low media pH, and improve fermentation efficiency at high media pH.
PSX-B-5 Effect of replacement of dry-rolled corn with un-processed rye on growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy utilization, and carcass traits of finishing heifers
Authors: Buckhaus Keith M , Rusche Warren C , Smith Zachary K
Published: October 2021

Continental × British beef heifers were used in a randomized complete block design experiment to evaluate the effects of replacing dry-rolled corn with unprocessed rye on growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy (NE) utilization, and carcass trait responses in finishing heifers. Heifers (n = 56; 433 ± 34.0 kg) were transported 241 km from a regional sale barn to the Ruminant Nutrition Center in Brookings, SD. Heifers were blocked by weight grouping and then allotted to pens (n = 7 heifers/pen and 4 pens/treatment). Treatments included a finishing diet that contained 60% grain (DM basis) as dry-rolled corn (DRC) or unprocessed rye grain (RYE). On d 14, heifers were consuming the final diet and were implanted with 200 mg of trenbolone acetate and 28 mg of estradiol benzoate (Synovex-Plus, Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ). RYE heifers had decreased (P ≤ 0.01) final body weight, average daily gain, and gain efficiency; but tended (P = 0.08) to have a greater dry matter intake compared to DRC. RYE had decreased (P ≤ 0.01) observed dietary NE and decreased (P ≤ 0.01) observed-to-expected dietary NE ratio for maintenance and gain compared to DRC. Dressing percentage, 12th rib fat thickness, ribeye area, and the distribution of USDA yield and quality grades were not altered (P ≥ 0.12) by diet. Hot carcass weight, yield grade, estimated empty body fat (EBF), and body weight at 28% EBF decreased (P ≤ 0.02) and retail yield increased (P= 0.01) in RYE compared to DRC. These data indicate that unprocessed rye is a palatable feed ingredient for inclusion in finishing diets for beef cattle and that rye inclusion only minimally influences carcass quality. The feeding value of unprocessed rye is considerably less (21.4%) than that of dry-rolled corn using current standards and approximately 91% of the NE value of processed rye.
PSX-B-4 Effect of live yeast on the ruminal fermentation characteristics of growing steers in heat-stress conditions
Authors: D’Souza Genevieve M , Norris Aaron B , Batista Luiz Fernando Dias , Gill Jason , Nagaraja T G G , Tedeschi Luis O
Published: October 2021

The objective of this trial was to determine the influence of live yeast supplementation (LY) and temperature exposure (TEMP) on the ruminal fermentation characteristics of steers receiving a grower diet. The effects of LY and TEMP were investigated using a 2 x 2 crossover design that spanned five periods. Eight Angus crossbred steers (365 ± 32 kg) were randomly split into pairs and housed in four outdoor pens outfitted with an individualized feeding system. Animals were limit fed a grower diet (DIET) at 1.2% SBW with no live yeast supplementation (NOY) or a grower diet top-dressed with 10 g live yeast/d for 14 days (1.2 × 1012 CFU/d). On days 13 and 14, animals were subjected to one of two TEMP conditions, thermoneutral (TN; 18.4 ± 1.1°C, 57.6 ± 2.8 % RH) or heat stress (HS; 33.8 ± 0.6°C, 55.7 ± 2.7 % RH), in two side-by-side, single-stall open-circuit, indirect respiration calorimetry chambers. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model. Carryover effects were examined and removed from the model if not significant (P > 0.05). There was no effect of DIET, TEMP, or DIET×TEMP (P > 0.05) on ruminal pH, redox, ciliated protozoa count, acetate, butyrate, total VFA, and ruminal ammonia concentrations. Similarly, the acetate to propionate ratio was not influenced by DIET, TEMP, or DIET × TEMP (P ≥ 0.190). Propionate concentration was the greatest in animals in TN conditions receiving LY (P = 0.008). Compared to HS+NOY, HS+LY (P = 0.003) and TN+LY (P = 0.043) had greater ruminal enumerations of Fusobacterium necrophorum. This suggests LY (P = 0.010) provided a favorable environment for F. necrophorum during heat stress. Live yeast supplementation did not improve overall ruminal fermentation during heat stress. Additional research is required to better understand the dynamic relationship between live yeast and temperature exposure.
PSXIII-1 Effect of varieties and processing methods on physicochemical, nutritional, molecular structural characteristics of feed chickpeas
Authors: Cerna L , Yu P
Published: October 2021

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of varieties and heat processing methods on molecular structural, physicochemical, and nutritional characterization of feed chickpeas; evaluate the effect of heat processing methods, dry heat, wet heat and microwave irradiation processing method on feed chickpeas as an alternative source for protein and energy feed for ruminant livestock. To reveal the molecular structure spectral profile of chickpeas varieties and the molecular structure changes when applied heat processing methods, vibrational molecular spectroscopy was applied. Feed chickpea samples were determined for chemical profile, energy values, carbohydrate fractions. Subsequently, chickpea samples were incubated in the rumen of dairy cows for degradation kinetics analysis of nutrients. The intestinal digestion of feed chickpea samples was determined using three-step in vitro method with pre-incubation at 16h. Later, protein and carbohydrate related molecular spectral features before and after incubation were performed using vibrational ATR-FTIR molecular spectroscopy. The interactive relationship between processing induced molecular spectral profile changes and nutrient metabolism and availability were studied. The available results showed that varieties and heat processing methods significantly impacted molecular structural, physicochemical, and nutritional characterization of feed chickpeas.
PSXIII-9 Effects of lipid and starch isoenergetic supplementation as mitigation techniques on water footprint and health of nursing Holstein calves
Authors: Franco Arturo Macias , da Silva Aghata Elins Moreira , de Moura Felipe Henrique , Van den Broek Karin , Norris Aaron B , Roloson Serena Breanne , Valcheck Morgan , Fonseca Mozart
Published: October 2021

Water footprint (WF) of livestock can be manipulated to improve water use efficiency. The dynamics of water use by Holstein nursing bull calves (HBC) is not very well stablished. The physiological and anatomical status of HBC permits for precise-diet manipulation aiming to decreasing voluntary water intake (WI); however, WI mitigation raises concerns about potential adverse effects on hydration and health. The goals herein involve investigation of the effects of two isoenergetic supplements top-dressed on ad libitum non-medicated milk-replacer (MR) on health, hydration, and WF of HBC. A total of 23 HBC weighing 94.67 ± 12.07 kg, 2 months old, were distributed in a completely randomized design receiving one of three diets for 67 days: control (CON; n = 7) received MR only, the lipid (FAT; n = 8) received MR supplemented with fish oil (3%), and the carbohydrate (CHO; n = 8) received corn starch (7%). All animals were offered mineral mix and water ad libitum, and 120 g daily dried brewer’s spent grains. Data were analyzed with the GLMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 with diets as fixed effect. The WF was significantly decreased for the CHO group (P < 0.01). When WF values were adjusted by cold carcass weight (CCW), the CHO and FAT groups displayed a 100 L decrease in WF values compared to the CON. Though statistically significant differences were observed for Neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, and their ratio (NLR, as well as for total protein and fecal fluidity score (P < 0.05), the observed ranges were within healthy thresholds for HBC. Skin hydration was assessed through use of a skin moisture meter which resulted in the CHO group having significantly higher skin capacitance of 5.30 compared to CON = 3.76, and FAT= 3.99. These results evidence the possibility of increasing water use efficiency with precision diet formulation without adverse health and hydration effects.
PSXIII-13 Feeding carbohydrases to grazing beef cattle under different nutritional strategies on dry season: feeding behavior
Authors: Acosta Anderson , Vasconcellos Guilherme S , Perdigão Alexandre , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Acedo Tiago S , Pedrini Cibele , Gandra Jefferson
Published: October 2021

The aim with this trial was to evaluate two nutritional plans with the addition of dosages of carbohydrases enzyme blend on feeding behavior of grazing Nellore bulls in rainy season. One hundred and two contemporary Nellore steers (BW = 294.10 ± 3.35 kg) were equally distributed in six paddocks (17 steers/paddock) following a completely randomized design in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, being the factors two nutritional plans: mineral-proteic supplementation (Fosbovi® Proteico 35; PS) offered at 0,1% BW or mineral-protein-energetic supplementation (Fosbovi® Proteico-Energético 25; PES) offered at 0.3% BW); and three levels of enzymatic carbohydrases blend (0, 4,75 or 9,50 g/animal/day). The enzymatic blend was mainly composed by beta-glucanase and xylanase enzymes (Ronozyme® VP and Ronozyme® WX); Both enzymes and supplemented were provided by DSM Nutritional Products Brasil S.A. Feeding behavior data were collected daily and individually by an automatic scale/feeder system installed in the paddocks. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Animals fed PES presented greater number of visits to the feed bunks (19.73 vs. 10.12 visits/day; P < 0.0001), to the water fountains (2.95 vs. 2.32 visits/day; P < 0.0001) and greater water intake (22.43 vs. 17.73 L/day; P < 0.0001) in comparison with animals fed PS treatments. Also, animals receiving PES spent more time taking supplement (1.332 vs. 545 seconds/visit; P < 0.0001) and water (203 vs. 153 seconds/visit; P < 0.0001) then PS animals did. No linear and quadratic effects were observed for feeding behavior when including carbohydrases enzymes to PES or PS supplement. PSE nutritional plan positively influence feeding behavior of Nellore bulls in dry season, increasing cattle feed bunk access and water intake in a daily basis.
PSXIII-4 Effects of “País” grape marc on in vitro methane production and ruminal fermentation parameters of a forage diet
Authors: Suescun-Ospina Sandra , Vera Nelson , Astudillo Rita , Avila-Stagno Jorge
Published: October 2021

Grape marc (GM) is a viticulture by-product used as cattle supplement in periods of shortage of conventional feed sources. It contains fats, high concentrations of polyphenols and has been reported to reduce enteric methane (CH4) emissions. In-vitro batch culture was used to study the effects of substitution of mixed hay (MH) for a traditional Chilean variety (Vitis vinifera “País”) of GM on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), rumen fermentation parameters (short chain fatty acids, pH, partitioning factor), gas and CH4 production in a 60% forage diet (dry matter, DM). The study was a randomized complete design with 3 treatments and 3 replicates, incubated for 24 h at 39º C. Treatments were: T1 (Control): 20% MH, 40% corn silage, 40% concentrate; T2 = 10% MH, 10% GM, 40% corn silage, 40% concentrate; T3 = 20% GM, 40% corn silage, 40% concentrate. Means were compared with the Tukey test (P < 0.05), and polynomial contrasts. Substitution of MH with GM significantly reduced ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) by 50% (P < 0.05), although it did not affect IVDMD, gas production or other rumen fermentation parameters (P > 0.05). Total CH4 (mg) linearly decreased (P = 0.013) as concentrations of GM increased. Methane production (mg/g DM incubated) and yield (mg/g DM digested) decreased linearly (P = 0.002 and P = 0.003, respectively) as inclusion of GM increased. Inclusion of GM at 20% reduced CH4 production by 19% and CH4 yield by 16.4%. These results indicate that partial substitution of dietary fiber sources with traditional Chilean País GM in high fiber diets is a viable feeding alternative, and can decrease environmental impact (lower CH4 and ammonia emissions) of ruminant livestock, without negatively affecting rumen fermentation parameters.
PSXIV-4 Meta-analysis of the effects of monensin on growth and bloat of growing beef calves on pasture
Authors: Gadberry Shane , Lalman David , White Frank , Linneen Sara , Beck Paul A
Published: October 2021

This meta-analysis investigated the impacts of monensin on performance of stocker cattle on high-forage diets. The stocker performance analysis resulted from 38 experiments with 73 mean comparisons; bloat analysis was conducted with 12 experiments with 23 mean comparisons. The metaphor package (version 2.4-0) for R (version 4.0.3; www.r-project.org) was used to determine the overall effect size of monensin compared to a negative control. Each study’s n, means, and SEM or P-value was used to calculate the mean difference and estimate of within study variance for responses of interest. Moderators of monensin response considered in the analysis were delivery method, dose, study duration, initial calf BW, diet ME and CP, and forage category. Initial BW and basal ADG averaged 236 ± 45.9 kg and 0.72 ± 0.28 kg/day, respectively. In the ADG analysis the only significant moderator of those considered was length of the study (P < 0.01), as duration of the study increased the ADG response to monensin decreased by 0.0007 kg/day. For the average 112-day length of study, the average monensin response is estimated to be 0.0784 kg/day increase in average daily gain. Sufficient information was presented in only 18 citations representing 40 mean comparisons for determining the effect of monensin on BW at the end of the experiment, estimated by (P < 0.01) monensin response (increased ending BW, kg) = 22.3 – 0.05 (initial calf BW, kg). Thus, for the average initial BW of 235 kg the average monensin response is estimated to be 10.6 kg increase in average ending BW. The incidence (-20%) and severity (-0.7 bloat scores) of bloat was found to be reduced in bloat prone pastures. There is ample evidence that monensin increases performance of growing calves on high forage diets along with reducing the incidence and severity of bloat.