bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VI.—On a Preglacial or Early Glacial Raised Beach in County Cork
Authors: Muff H. B. , Wright W. B.
Published: May 2009

The existence of a raised beach formed, and probably elevated, before the deposition of the Boulder-clay has already been demonstrated in South Wales and Yorkshire. During the progress of the Drift Survey of the country surrounding Queenstown Harbour, a beach of similar age was observed along the shores of the harbour, and was subsequently traced at intervals along the adjoining coast of Waterford and Cork from Dungarvon to Clonakilty, a distance from east to west of about sixty miles.
III.—On the Circulation of Salt in its Relations to Geology
Authors: Ackroyd William
Published: May 2009

A Sea-Breeze is salt-laden in varying degree. On a fine dry day it may contain as much as 22 milligrams of salt per cubic metre of air (Armand Gautier, Bull. Soc. Chim., 1899 [iii], 21, 391–392). This invisible salt is washed out of the atmosphere by rains, and finds its way back to the sea.
IV.—The Periodicity of Earthquakes
Authors: Oldham R. D.
Published: May 2009

Many are the attempts that have been made to discern some law in the occurrence of earthquakes, and to trace the influence of the sun, the moon, or even of the planets as a cause, if partial, of their origin. Many patient investigators have discovered, or thought they have discovered, periods of fluctuating seismic activity, varying in length from semi-diurnal to annual or even longer, but so conflicting have been their conclusions that little weight can be, or has been, attached to the results of their calculations; and one of the most industrious of all these investigators, the Commandante de Montessus de Ballore, has declared his conviction that no periodicity can be detected, and that the causes of earthquakes are purely terrestrial and in no way affected by any celestial body. Yet, in spite of this, the attempts and the calculations go on, and one of the most recent of these is a discussion by Herr M. Becke of some three hundred earthquakes recorded in the region round Karlsbad between 24th October and 25th November, 1897.
II.—On some Crustacea collected by Miss Caroline Birley and Miss L. Copland from the Upper Cretaceous of Faxe, Denmark
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

It is, I regret to say, some long time since my friend Miss Caroline Birley placed in my hands the series of Crustacea which she had, with the assistance of Miss L. Copland, collected from the Upper Cretaceous of Faxe, Denmark.
VI.—Geological Notes on the Neighbourhood of Ladysmith, Natal. No. 1: On some Igneous Rocks
Authors: Exton H.
Published: May 2009

Writing from the Station Hospital at Ladysmith, Dr. Henry Exton, F.G.S., has communicated his observations on the geology of the country near Ladysmith, in the northern part of Natal, in letters to Professor T. Rupert Jones. A very noticeable geological feature is the prevalence of an igneous rock (intrusive andesitic diabase) on all the hills from Umbulwana, four miles east by south from Ladysmith, to the famed Spion Kop, sixteen miles west from here.
III.—On the Making of a Quartz Schist
Authors: Parkinson John
Published: May 2009

In a paper published some eight years ago, Prof. T. G. Bonney discriminated between the dominant characteristics of quartz schists from the Alps and quartzites modified by pressure. The distinctions as therein pointed out may be thus summed up.
IV.—A Vindication of Bacon, Huxley, Darwin, and Lyell
Authors: Hunt Arthur R.
Published: May 2009

The recent attempt I have made to show that the absolutely unanimous adverse criticism of Dean Buckland has arisen from a misapprehension of the facts of the case, has led me to enquire further whether the same cause may not account for far more important results in other similar cases, e.g., the attacks of Huxley on Bacon; of Lord Kelvin on Huxley; and of Lord Kelvin and Professor Sollas on Lyell: attacks which cannot fail to lead the unlearned to believe, not that the critics are right, but that all are wrong together, and unworthy of attention.
I.—On a Collection of Trilobites from the Coddon Hill Beds, Lower Culm-measures, near Barnstaple, North Devon, and one from Glamorganshire
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Having some time since been favoured by Mr. and Mrs. Coomáraswámy (Miss Ethel M. Partridge) and Mr. Joseph G. Hamling, F.G.S., of Barnstaple, with the loan of their collections of Culm Trilobites from Coombe Wood, etc., near Barnstaple, I feel it incumbent to add a few notes to those already published by me in the Appendix to Messrs. Hinde & Howard Fox's paper (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1895, vol. li, pp. 646–649, pl. xxviii, figs. 1–8).
II.—Eophrynus and Allied Carboniferous Arachnida. 2. Classification of Eophrynus and its Allies
Authors: Pocock R. I.
Published: May 2009

Several Arachnida allied to Eophrynus prestvicii have been discovered in beds of Carboniferous age. Of these the only species known to me as belonging unquestionably to the genus Eophrynus that has been properly described and figured is the form from Silesia named Eophrynus (in error written Euphrynus) salmi by Stur. The type is 27 mm. in total length, the prosoma being 8 long and the opisthosoma 19 long and 14 wide. The last-named region is thus considerably narrower in relation to its length than it is in E. prestvicii. Apart from this, it is noticeable that the admedian dorsal tubercles, except on the second and third terga, are much smaller than the laterals.
VI.—A (Preliminary) List of the Minerals occurring in Ireland
Authors: Seymour Henry J.
Published: May 2009

The literature dealing with Irish mineralogy is rather extensive, much more so than might be at first thought, but it is of such a scattered nature that to obtain at present anything like a complete account of the minerals which occur in this country, or in any particular portion of it, would involve much time and labour in hunting up the publications containing the various records. The need of some authentic work of reference on the subject, revised to date, was often felt by the writer, who some years ago set to work to collect together all the data available, both from published records and by means of a personal examination of such public and private collections of minerals in this country as he could gain access to.
X.—On the Sequence of the Inferior Oolite Deposits at Bredon Hill, Worcestershire
Authors: Richardson L.
Published: May 2009

The correct sequence of the Inferior Oolite deposits at this locality has always been a matter of uncertainty. This is due partly to the disturbed state of the oolite, partly to the scarcity of fossils. On Bredon Hill only the four lowest subdivisions of the Inferior Oolite series are preserved. In the Cotteswold Hills around Cheltenham they are, in descending order, the Lower Freestone, Pea - grit, Lower Limestone, and sandy beds characterized by a very distinctive ammonite, Tmetoceras scissum — the last being the sandy ferruginous limestones of Witchell. Professor Hull did not recognize the Pea-grit at Bredon, but stated that its most northern extension was at Notting Hill. In 1863, however, Dr. Holl rectified this error, and remarked that its non-existence here was only true as regards its pisolitic structure. Above Elmley Lodge that author noticed masses of limestone crowded with fragments of the spines and plates of Echinoderms, as well as numerous specimens of Bryozoa, and Terebratula plicata. Below the brow of the eastern extremity of the hill, above Ashton-under-Hill, Dr. Holl obtained Rhynchonella cynocephala in blocks of hard limestone, but was unable to find the bed in sitû or to offer any suggestion as to its probable stratigraphical position.
I.—Devonian Fossils from Devonshire
Authors: Whidborne G. F.
Published: May 2009

The specimens described below were collected by my friend Mr. J. G. Hamling, F.G.S., and kindly placed by him in my hands for description. Being casts and often much obscured by injury and distortion, their identification must be in a degree problematical, but for the most part they seem to agree with German species of the Upper Coblenzien age.
IV.—Geological Notes on the Neighbourhood of Ladysmith, Natal. No. 2: On some Travelled Blocks in the Ecca Shales
Authors: Exton H.
Published: May 2009

On both sides of the Klip River running through this district a shale predominates, varying in colour from greyish-brown to purple, having a conchoidal fracture, and the features of Ecca Shale, as described by Dr. Molengraaf (Trans. Geol. Soc. South Africa, vol. iv, pt. 5, pp. 107–112).
V.—Notes on the Olifant Klip from Natal, the Transvaal, and Lydenburg
Authors: Chapman Frederick
Published: May 2009

I.—Specimen from one of the blocks lying on the Ecca Shale on the declivity near the Klip River at the Station Hospital, Ladysmith. This is a bluish-grey rock of close texture, with a flaky and sometimes conchoidal fracture. The broken surface does not reveal the rock's internal structure; but on the weathered surface, which appears as a brown crust, the siliceous strings and bands passing through the rock stand out in high relief. The surface effervesces freely when touched with acid.
VII.—On the Circulation of Salt in its Relations to Geology
Authors: Ackroyd William
Published: May 2009

A wrong impression is given by the question: “Why will Mr. Ackroyd not have the 19 rivers?” (Geol. Mag., November, 1901, p. 505). The data collected by Sir John Murray are admirable additions to our natural knowledge, and they are used in my last article (Geol. Mag., October, 1901, p. 448), but I contend that they are not available for use in the expression—

and I cannot accept either the minor or major limits of time arrived at in this way. Perhaps a few more lines are necessary to further amplify my reasons.
IV.—Notes on the Arenig Rocks near Aberdaron, Carnarvonshire
Authors: Matley Charles A.
Published: May 2009

The geology of the Lleyn peninsula has from time to time attracted the attention of geologists, and several workers have added much to our knowledge of this district; but their researches have been mainly confined to (1) the strip of ancient rocks (usually assigned to the pre-Cambrian) in the west between Porth Dinlleyn and Bardsey Island, and (2) the igneous rocks lying in the Ordovician ground which occupies the eastern and larger portion of the peninsula. Thus the Ordovician sedimentary rocks have largely escaped attention, a result probably also due to their monotony, to the rarity of fossiliferous localities, and to the great extent to which the beds are concealed beneath accumulations of drift.
VI.—Note on the genus Tmaegoceras, Hyatt
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

In a recent number of the “Neues Jahrbuch” (1901, Bd. ii, Heft 3, pp. 158–170, 6 text illust.) Dr. J. F. Pompeckj, of Munich, has an interesting paper on the genus Tmaegoceras. The genus was established by Hyatt1 in 1889 for the two very rare Ammonites from the Lower Lias of the Alps, Ammonites latesulcatus, F. v. Hauer, and Arietites levis, G. Geyer. To these, in 1899, G. Bonarelli4 added a third species, Tmaegoceras Paronai, from the Lower Lias of the Central Apennines, at the same time assigning to this genus Schafhäult's Ammonites Helli. But as Mojsisovics pointed out in 1893, Schafhäutl's species is a Tropites, whilst Ammonites latesculcatus, F. v. Hauer, Arietites levis, G. Geyer, and Tmaegoceras Paronai, G. Bonarelli, have nothing whatever to do with that genus. Of these three species Dr. Pompeckj regards Ammonites latesulcatus, F. v. Hauer, and Tmaegoceras Paronai, G. Bonarelli, as generically identical, and with them he unites also Quenstedt's Ammonites dorsosulcatus and his own new species (T. crassiceps), which he describes from the Lower Lias (zone of Arietites Bucklandi) in the neighbourhood of Tübingen (Württemberg). He considers Arietites levis, G. Geyer, to be a true Arietite, probably related to Arietites ophioides (d'Orb.), Wähner, or Arietites Cordieri, Canavari.
III.—Notes on the Geology of Perim Island
Authors: Raisin Catherine A.
Published: May 2009

Iam indebted to Mr. J. A. Rupert Jones (Lieut. R.N.R.), now at Aden, for a series of rock specimens collected and sent from Perim Island, accompanied by notes and diagrams. From all these I have drawn up a short preliminary account, since they illustrate some points of interest, and no complete description of the geology of the island, as far as I know, has been published.
VII.—Monzoni and Upper Fassa
Authors: Gordon M. M. Ogilvie
Published: May 2009

The following pages present some results obtained by me from the geological survey of the Fassa district in the Dolomites comprising the Bufaure and Monzoni mountain groups, where the porphyritic and monzonitic rocks are widely exposed. In selecting this district I had two objects in view—(1) to study in detail the tectonic relations between the igneous and stratified rocks; (2) to test the results which I had previously obtained from my survey of Sella Massive, etc.
I.—Trogontherium from a Pleistocene Deposit in the Thames Valley
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

The history of this gigantic rodent began to be written in 1809, when M. Gothelf Fischer described a skull from a sandy deposit on the borders of the Sea of Azof, to which he gave the name of Trogontherium. Since then, at varying intervals, to the present time, new chapters have been added to this history by both Continental and British workers, describing specimens of a more or less fragmentary character which have from time to time been discovered. The English specimens have been chiefly obtained from the ‘Cromer Forest Bed,’ that rich and remarkable series of beds occupying a position in time between the Crags and the Glacial deposits of East Anglia. The ‘Forest Bed’ specimens were first made known by Sir Charles Lyell in 1840, but were more fully described by Sir R. Owen in 1846 and referred to Fischer's Trogontherium Cuvieri. It will not be necessary at this time to refer specifically to each of the additions to our knowledge of this animal or to detail the varying opinions as to affinities and nomenclature, as these particulars will be found in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom. Although most of the British specimens of Trogontherium Cuvieri have been found in the ‘Cromer Forest Bed’ a few examples have been met with in the Norwich and Weybourn Crags. The smaller species, which has been called T. minus, was obtained from the nodule bed below the Red Crag of Felixstowe, and an incisor tooth from the Norwich Crag was referred to the same species.
VIII.—A Geologist of the last Century. Dr. Ferdinand von Roemer, the Father of the Geology of Texas: his Life and Work
Authors: Simonds Frederic W.
Published: May 2009

Ferdinand roemer, who has justly been called the “Father of the Geology of Texas,” was born at Hildesheim, Hanover, on January 5th, 1818. His early education was obtained at the Gymnasium Andreanum of that town, where, under the influence of his teacher, Dr. Muhlert, he developed a great fondness for science, especially in the line of natural history. His love of geology, however, was strongly developed by excursions with his eldest brother, F. A. Roemer, Frederic Hoffmann, and F. A. Quenstedt. Notwithstanding his predilection in this direction, he was induced by his brother, probably with the view of entering a well-established profession, to undertake the study of law. Accordingly, from 1836 to 1839 he was engaged in attending legal instruction at Göttingen, with the exception of the Summer semester of 1838, which was spent at Heidelberg. Still, the attraction of science was well-nigh irresistible. With the keenest pleasure he listened to Hausmann on geognosy, and when at Heidelberg the zoological instruction of Bronn was eagerly sought. His future calling was, however, to be decided in favour of his natural bent. As he was about to present himself for examination in the higher legal course, for political reasons—although he himself was an innocent party—certain difficulties were raised and he withdrew. Thus science gained a brilliant scholar and geology a zealous investigator.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists: Rev. Osmond Fisher, M.A., F.G.S.
Authors: Davison C.
Published: May 2009

The subject of this notice belongs to a family of which several members have occupied high positions as clergymen and scholars. His father, the Ven. John Fisher, the early friend and patron of Constable, was Archdeacon of Berks, Canon of Salisbury, and Vicar of Osmington and Gillingham in Dorset; his grandfather, the Rev. Philip Fisher, D.D., was Master of the Charterhouse; and his great-uncle, the Rev. John Fisher, was preceptor to the Princess Charlotte, and subsequently Bishop, first of Exeter and afterwards of Salisbury.
III.—Some Snowdon Tarns
Authors: Dakyns J. R.
Published: May 2009

I have from my boyhood been intimately acquainted with Snowdon and its neighbourhood, and for some years past I have been investigating the geology of the district in a systematic manner. In doing this I have paid particular attention to the lake basins, and shall in the following pages give an account of some of my investigations as far as they have gone. I say as far as they have gone, because I hope in the future to make by means of a level more accurate measurements than can be made with a pocket aneroid; and I also hope that next Summer the lakes and tarns will be sounded either by myself or by someone else; for at present we know nothing about the depth of Llyn dur Arddu, next to nothing above that of Glaslyn, and very little about Llydaw, though that little is of great importance.
VII.—On Simple Apparatus for Use in the Observation of Flame-Reactions
Authors: Cole Grenville A. J.
Published: May 2009

Geologists, who are again and again forced to deal with the most minute or fragmentary specimens, and who find it impossible to cultivate, during their surveys of the earth, the methods perfected by the mineralogist in his learned leisure, have fully recognized the importance of Prof. Szabó's tabulation of the flame-reactions of the felspars. Since the accuracy of the results obtainable depends largely upon the position of the mineral-particle in the flame, I venture to call attention to a form of support that has proved in practice as convenient and efficient as it is simple.
VIII.—Note on a Species of Scymnus from the Upper Tertiary Formation of New Zealand
Authors: Davis James W.
Published: May 2009

In a Memoir recently published “On the Fossil Fish Remains of the Tertiary and Cretaceo-Tertiary Formations of New Zealand” (Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, vol. iv. ser. II. p. 11, pl. vi. fig. 22) there is described a small tooth as an immature example of Carcharodon angustidens, Ag. The specimen was included amongst a large number of others forwarded for examination by Sir James Hector, Director-General of the Geological Survey of New Zealand; it is a small tooth, exquisitely preserved, and does not exhibit any signs of abrasion by use, which led to its being provisionally considered as the tooth of a young shark, and its form and minutely serrated margin appeared to indicate that its relationship was with Carcharodon.
I.—The Jordan-Arabah Depression and the Dead Sea
Authors: Russell Israel C.
Published: May 2009

The following account of the geology of the Dead Sea basin A. has been compiled from the observations of others, and I am especially indebted in this connection to H. J. Johnson, Geologist of the United States Expedition to the Dead Sea, to Professor Louis Lartet, Geologist of the Due de Luynes' Expedition to the same region, and to Prof. Edward Hull, F.R.S., Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland, who visited Arabia Petraaa and Palestine in 1883–84, under the auspices of the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Besides these observers, who devoted thei attention specially to the geology of the regions traversed during their several expeditions, the writer is under obligations to the Ordnance Survey of Palestine, and to many observant travellers, including Condor, Fraas, Tristram, Wilson, and others, for many interesting details and attractive descriptions concerning the regions to which it is desired to direct the reader's attention.
I.—On a New Species of Æger from the Lower Lias, of Wilmcote, Warwickshire
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

The genus Æger of Münster was established in 1839, to contain some of the most beautiful forms of Prawn-like Crustacea found in the Solenhofen Limestone of Bavaria (see Beiträge, vol. ii. p. 64). Dr. Oppel, in his Palæontologische Mittheilungen (Stuttgart, 1862), p. 109, thus defines the genus:

The inner antennæ (antennules), with their long bifid filaments, start from three strong basal articulations, and attain in most specimens to twice the length of the whole body. The antennal scales are thin and very long. The basal joints of the inner antennæ are finely serrated along their border. They are much elongated, and project further in front of the head than the outer antennæ, as is the case in the existing Shrimps.
VII.—Note on Eurypterus from the Carboniferous
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for November last (Decade III. Vol. IV. p. 481, Pl. XIII.) I gave a brief description of a new species of Eurypterus from the Lower Carboniferous Shales, Eskdale, Scotland, which I named Eurypterus scabrosus.

I referred to other Carboniferous forms, and briefly mentioned one from the Lower productive Coal-measures, Darlington, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., figured as a woodcut only in the American Phil. Soc. Proc. vol. xix. p. 152, 1881.
I.—On Eryon Antiquus, Broderip, sp., from the Lower Lias, Lyme-Regis, Dorset
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

So far back as the year 1820, Schlotheim described in his Petrefactenkunde, vol. i. p. 37, certain Oolitic Crustacea from Solenhofen, which he called Macrourites; but forms belonging to more than one genus were included by him under this name.

We are indebted to M. Desmarest, in 1822, for the earliest description of the genus Eryon from the Lithographic Stone of Solenhofen
V.—An Undescribbd Carboniferous Fossil
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Woodward Hy.
Published: May 2009

In the Museum of Practical Geology, London, is a remarkable specimen, marked , which the late Mr. J. W. Salter referred to, in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc’ vol. xix. 1863, p. 92, as “a huge bivalve Crustacean,” … “with a carapace 7 inches long,” giving it the name “Dithyrocaris pholadomya.” It is in a dark micaceous sandstone, from the “Carboniferous Shales” (or Lower Limestone of the Carboniferous-Limestone series), of Berwick-upnn-Tweed. In the “Catalogue of the Collection of Fossils in the M.P 6.,” 1865, p. 116, it is referred to as “Dithyroearis pholadiformis”; but whether or no this specific name was an alteration made by Mr. Salter himself is doubtful.
III.—Ostracoda from the Weald Clay of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

Some new species having been found in the Isle of Wight during the lately renewed examination of its geology by the Geological Survey, and the known Wealden species of that island not having been hitherto so distinctly indicated as might be, it is thought advisable to give some notes on, and a resume of, this interesting series of fossil species.
VIII.—Notes on the “Monian System” of Professor Blake
Authors: Callaway Ch.
Published: May 2009

As Professor Blake, in his elaborate paper in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for August last, makes frequent reference to my work in Anglesey, I may perhaps be permitted a brief comment. I do not intend to enter upon an elaborate controversy, since I prefer, now that the two views of the district have been published, that those interested in the matter should visit the ground, and judge for themselves. Nevertheless, it is well that the salient points of agreement and difference between the two readings should be placed in a clear light.
I.—Further Notes on Podophthalmous Crustaceans from the Upper Cretaceous Formation of British Columbia, etc.
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Among other specimens received from the Geological Survey of Canada are the fragmentary remains of a Crustacean (enumerated in Dr. Whiteaves' list as No. 10), comprising the abdomen (a), a small part of a carapace (b), and the penultimate joint of one of the chelate fore-limbs (c), occurring in detached fragments (probably parts of a concretionary nodule). They are labelled Red Deer River, Alberta Range 15, Township 23, west of the 4th principal meridian; collected by Mr. T. C. Weston, 1889. Although in so fragmentary a condition these specimens are of much interest, and are characteristic in their details.
IV.—Pleistocene Shells from the Raised Beach Deposits of the Red Sea
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

An interesting collection of shells, numbering more than fifteen hundred specimens, obtained by the officers of the Geological Survey of Egypt from the raised beach deposits of the Red Sea, has recently been examined by the writer at the request of Captain Lyons, R.E., the Director—General of the Survey.
II.—Notes on some Remains of Cryptocleidus from the Kellaways Rock of East Yorkshire
Authors: Sheppard Thomas
Published: May 2009

On visiting Brough a short time ago I noticed a small section had been made on the western slope of Mill Hill, about twenty or thirty feet below the top. The excavation is made in soft white sand, which is very ferruginous in places. Beds of hard sandstone, varying in thickness from one to three inches, traverse it in the upper part of the section. These beds of sandstone are practically horizontal, and contain casts of Belemnites Owenii, Gryphæa bilobata, Trigonia, and other characteristic Kellaways Rock fossils. In not a single instance was a portion of a shell remaining, the whole of the calcite having been dissolved away. There is only a thin covering of soil; and this contains numerous pebbles of doubtful origin, and some pieces of Roman pottery.
III.—Notes on a Collection of Rocks from the Tonga Islands
Authors: Teall J. J. H. , Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

A Small series of rocks collected at several localities in the Tonga Islands by Lieutenant J. A. Waugb, R.N., during the voyage of the “Penguin” in 1895, has been forwarded to the Geological Survey for examination, by Admiral Wharton, R.N., F.R.S., Hydrographer to the Admiralty. As in some particulars these rocks supplement those already described by Mr. A. Harker (GKOL. MAG. 1891, p. 250), from the same group of islands, it seems desirable that a short account of them should be placed on record.
IV.—Note on a Section of the Pleistocens Rubble Drift Near Portslade, Sussex
Authors: Warren S. Hazzledine
Published: May 2009

The interest of this section lies in its bearing on the theoretical considerations relative to the causes that produced the extensive deposits of Bubble Drift in the South of England.
V.— The Dry Lakes of Western Australia
Authors: Woodward Harry Page
Published: May 2009

Upon glancing at the map of Western Australia, the eye is at once attracted by a series of large lakes in the interior: which are further often emphasized by being coloured blue. The natural inference is, that they represent sheets of water, either fresh or salt.
I.—Footprints of Vertebrates in the Coal-Measures of Kansas
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

The Museum of Yale University contains a small collection of footprints of much interest, which were found in 1873, in the Middle Coal-measures, near Osage, in South-eastern Kansas. A careful re-examination of these footprints has been recently made by the writer, and the main results are given in the present paper.

The impressions are well preserved in a calcareous shale, which separates readily into thin slabs, each representing a surface of the beach at the time the footprints were made upon it. A few shells in the shale are sufficient to prove that the formation is marine. Trails of annelids, and perhaps of other invertebrates, are seen on some of the surfaces.
III.—On an Alveolina-Limestone and Nummulitic Limestones from Egypt
Authors: Chapman Frederick
Published: May 2009

The following description of Egyptian foraminiferal limestones is based on a series of specimens transmitted to me by Dr. H. Woodward, F.R.S., on behalf of Captain H. G. Lyons, F.G.S.The series comprises specimens from the Eocene and Mioceneof the eastern side of the Eed Sea Hills, collected by Mr. ThomasBarron, F.G.S.; and specimens from the Eocene of the east sideof the Nile, between Assiut and Qena, and from the Baharia andFarafra Oases, collected by Mr. H. J. L. Beadnell, F.G.S. A greatamount of interest attaches to these rocks, both as regards theirgeneral character and preservation, and also with respect to theirmicrozoic contents.
V.—On a new Trilobite from the Dictyonema-shales of the Malvern Hills
Authors: Groom Theodore T.
Published: May 2009

In the collection made by the late Dr. Grindrod, now in the Geological Museum at Oxford, there is a minute species of trilobite, represented by two specimens, obtained from the Dictyonema-shales of the Malverns. This form was referred by Dr. Callaway to Shumardia (Conophrys) Salopiensis, Call.; but a careful study of the two specimens, aided by the removal of a small fragment of shale which partly concealed the more complete example, has shown the distinctness of the trilobite from Shumardia, and from any other genus known to the writer. Owing to the kindness of Professor Sollas I have been enabled to make a thorough examination of the specimens. The preservation is fairly good, but much of the actual test has been lost, and both fossils are largely in the form of internal casts. In the more complete but somewhat smaller example, which may be taken as the type-specimen, the whole trilobite is preserved (Fig. 3); in the second specimen little more than the thorax and pygidium is seen (Fig. 4).
IV.— Notes on some of the Lakes of Caernarvonshire
Authors: Beend W. A.
Published: May 2009

Since the publication of Mr. Marr's numerous papers on the tarns and lakes of the English Lake District, considerable attention has been paid to the manner of formation of lake-basins in the glaciated regions of Britain; a few notes therefore on some of the lakes of North Wales may not be without interest.
IV.—Sir Henry H. Howorth and the Glaciation of Norway
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: May 2009

Few will deny that whatever comes from the pen of Sir Henry Howorth is always interesting and original, whether the reader agrees with it or otherwise. This is especially the case when he has a theory to build up or to overturn, and in the latter case he not only tries to knock over his antagonist, but he discharges at him volleys of brilliant verbiage with the view to his utter annihilation.
V.—The Age of the Rand Beds
Authors: Gibson W.
Published: May 2009

In several parts of South Africa, thick sedimentary and unfossiliferous deposits are found resting on gneisses or highly altered rocks. They are well developed in the Southern Transvaal around the towns of Johannesburg and Potchefstroom; in the Northern Transvaal in the districts of Lydenburg and De Kaap, and possibly Zoutspansberg; in Matebeleland, Bechuanaland. Griqualand West, Damaraland, and Zululand.
III.—An Inexpensive Apparatus for the Isolation of Minerals By Means of Heavy Liquids.
Authors: Evans J. W.
Published: May 2009

I am aware that in describing a new apparatus for separation by heavy liquids, I am adding another item to a list which is already a very long one. My only excuse is that this particular form has the advantage of being easily and cheaply constructed from ordinary chemical apparatus, and yet has most of the advantages of Thoulet's comparatively expensive form.
II.—Notes on the Geology of Egypt
Authors: Dawson William
Published: May 2009

A Sudden and great change takes place in the geology of the Nile valley in approaching the First Cataract, where we pass from the unaltered and nearly flat Nubian sandstones to rocks highly crystalline, greatly disturbed, and penetrated with multitudes of igneous veins.
III.—Notes on Some Fossil Carnivora and Rodentia
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

Having nearly completed the manuscript of a catalogue of some of the Orders of Fossil Mammalia in the Collection of the British Museum, I have thought it advisable to give a brief preliminary notice of some rather interesting points in connection with the structure and distribution of a few forms of Carnivora and Rodentia; in which orders I have now gone through the entire collection of specimens. I also notice one specimen to which I have assigned a new specific name; and another which does not belong to the collection of the British Museum. Several of the more interesting specimens will be illustrated by woodcuts in the forth-coming catalogue.
IV.—Note on Specimens of Cherty Siliceous Rock from South Australia
Authors: Hinde George Jennings
Published: May 2009

Some specimens of Cherty rock forwarded to England for determination some years since by Mr. H. Y. L. Brown, F.G.S., Government Geologist of South Australia, have lately been submitted to me for examination by my friend Dr. H. Woodward, F.R.S., and their structure, as shown in thin sections, seems to me sufficiently interesting to be recorded. The specimens in question are of a light or yellowish-grey tint, with a waxy lustre, in some portions compact and in others minutely porous, which makes them light to the feel. The rock is hard, scratching glass readily, and there is no reaction with acid.
VI.—Note on a Greywether at Bayswater
Authors: Woodward Horce B.
Published: May 2009

My attention was directed last Christmas to the cellar of the King's Head, in Moscow Road, Bayswater. Some enlargement of the premises was required, and the base of the cellar was to be lowered. About, a couple of feet beneath the old floor, the workmen came upon a block of stone, which resisted all their efforts to dislodge it: and no wonder! The stone proved to be a huge Greywether, of irregular quadrangular form, measuring 9 ft. 6 in. in length and also in breadth, and as much as 2 ft. 8 in. (possibly more) in thickness. A portion of one side appeared to be a joint-plane; otherwise the mass exhibited the ordinary contours of a concretionary block of sandstone. The rock itself was purely siliceous, and presented the familiar saccharoid aspect of a Wiltshire Greywether. Clean sand was found here and there in hollows on the surface of the stone, tending to prove that it had never been disturbed by human agency. It had evidently found a natural resting-place in the basement-portion of the Thames valley-gravel, close upon its junction with the London Clay ; the lowest bed reached in the cellar being “stiff loam.” These facts I was enabled to observe under the guidance of Mr. B. J. Capell (architect and surveyor).
I.—On New Specimens of Dendrepeton Acadianum, with Remarks on other Carboniferous Amphibians
Authors: Dawson J. William
Published: May 2009

The genus Dendrerpeton was established by Owen on the evidence of remains found by Sir C. Lyell and the writer in an erect tree at the South Joggins in Nova Scotia in 1852. Other specimens were afterwards obtained, and the most complete, presented by me to the Cabinet of the Geological Society, was found in 1861, and described in my “Airbreathers of the Coal Period.” These remains rendered it certain that the animal belongs to the order Labyrinthodontia, and it is regarded by Lydekker as the type of a family in that group.
III.—Further Notes on Fireclays, etc.
Authors: Hutchings W. Maynard
Published: May 2009

These notes are in continuation of my former paper “On the Probable Origin of some Slates” (Geological Magazine for June and July, 1890). Since its publication I have endeavoured to obtain a little further knowledge of the constitution of the fireclays of the Coal-measures, which I regard as so well calculated to throw light on the origin of many slates, and especially I desired to get, if possible, a little more evidence as to the supposed regeneration of mica in them, in connexion with the intimately associated question of the rutile-needles.
I.—Further Notes on some Mollusca from South Australia
Authors: Hudleston W. H.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for 1884 some Mesozoic fossils, obtained from near Mount Hamilton and the Peak Station, were noticed by me with figures and descriptions where the specimens were fairly well preserved. Since then additional specimens have been procured from adjoining districts. The general character of the facies is fairly similar to that already noticed in 1884; but on the whole, perhaps, the specimens are scarcely so well preserved. Since then additional specimens have been procured from adjoining districts. The general character of the facies is fairly similar to that already noticed in 1884; but on the whole, perhaps, the specimens are scarcely so well preserved. According to the opinion of those who have had most experience, these fossils may be regarded as of “Cretaceo-Jurassic” age, though I am not aware tliat such undoubted Cretaceous forms as Ancyloceras, etc., have been discovered in the beds whence the fossils forming the subject of these notes have been derived.
II.—The Extension of the Mellard Reade and C. Davison Theory of Secular Straining of the Earth to the Explanation of the Deep Phenomena of volcanic Action
Authors: Johnston-Lavis H. J.
Published: May 2009

For many years my thoughts have been occupied with the phenomena of eruption at or near the surface, and although a detailed study of the Vesuvian volcano and its products gave me the key to the mechanism of eruption and injection of igneous matter near the surface, I was always at a loss to understand, on the older theories, how lava could ever start upwards in fissures
IV.—Note on the Airolo-Schists Controversy
Authors: Irving A.
Published: May 2009

From one cause and another efficient education in modern languages has been exceptional in this country until quite recent years; and so it is no reproach to the geologist for him to have to confess that he “can't read German.” He must therefore get some friend to translate for him, or wait until translations of many important papers and books are published; and in many cases this never happens. So it is thought that towards the present controversy, which has been raised about the schists, etc., of the Val Bedretto and the adjoining districts, the mental attitude of many geological students may be pretty much that of the Bavarian veteran. It is with the hope of throwing a little light on the subject that the present writer has put pen to paper. For it is not too much to say that the subject is one of critical importance.
VI.—Note on the Occurrence of the Tunny (Thynnus Thynnus) in the Cromer “Forest Bed”
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

Mr. R. Storms has recently described (Bull. Soc. Beige Géol. vol. iii. p. 163, 1889) the vertebras of a large Tunny from the Antwerp Crag, which he has named Thynnus Scaldesii, and Mr. A. Smith Woodward, in the April number of the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, records the same species from the Coralline Crag of Suffolk; it is especially interesting, therefore, to be able at this time to notice the occurrence of the common Tunny (T. thynnus) in the Crotner “Forest Bed.”
VII.—Notes on the Probable Origin of Some Slates
Authors: Hutchings W. Maynard
Published: May 2009

Mr. Sorby, in his Address as President of the Eoyal Microscopical Society in 1877, dwelt very forcibly on the interest and value attaching to researches into the original nature of the materials composing sedimentary deposits, and stated that, so far as he was aware, but little had been done in this direction by means of the microscope (Monthly Microscop. Journal, vol. xvii.).
II.—Note on the Gill-rakers of Leedsia problamatica—a Gigentic Fish from the Oxford Clay
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

At the last meeting of the British Association the writer briefly described a remarkable series of bones of a large unknown fish from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough, preserved in the collection of Mr. Alfred N. Leeds, of Eyebury. The name of Leedsichthys problematicus was proposed for the genus and species thus indicated; and the systematic position of the fish remained doubtful, owing to the fragmentary character of its skeleton.
I.—On the Occurrence of the Genus Turrilepas, H. Woodw., and Annelid Jaws in the Upper Silurian (? Wenlock) Rocks of New South Wales
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

The correspondence in the life of the Wenlock rocks of Great Britain and those probably occupying a similar horizon in New South Wales is a very marked one. At present, I wish more particularly to draw attention to the occurrence of the genus Turrilepas and Annelid jaws in the Bowning Beds of New South Wales. This series of rocks has been enthusiastically investigated by Mr. John Mitchell, who, in his capacity of Teacher of the Public School of that place for some years, had an excellent opportunity of working out the fauna of the series in question. His researches are detailed in two papers, “Notes on the Geology of Bowning,” and “The Geological Sequence of the Bowning Beds.” Both the plates of Turrilepas and the small Annelid jaws are found in the Lower Trilobite bed of this series, and are chiefly from the typical locality of Bowning Creek.
II.—Note on the Occurrence of Trigonograptus ensiformis, Hall, sp., and of a Variety of Didymograptus v-fractus, Salter, in the Skiddaw Slates
Authors: Nicholson H. Oliphant
Published: May 2009

I Wish to take the opportunity of recording the occurrence of the above-named Graptolites in the Skiddaw Slates of the Lake District, as they seem of exceptional interest.
VI.—Fossil Types in the Bristol Museum
Authors: Wilson E.
Published: May 2009

Of “those precious specimens called ‘types’ which must be appealed to through all time to determine the species to which a name was originally given,”Bristol Museum contains one hundred and eighty six distinct fossil forms. With the exception of a single Coal-measure plant, these are all the remains of animals, ranging in the zoological scale from the Reptiiia to the Actinozoa, and stratigraphically from the Silurian to the Cretaceous epochs.
I.—British Eocene Aporrhaïdæ
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

Nearly ten years ago it was my privilege to describe the British Cretaceous forms of this Family in the Geological Magazine. The Family was seen to be capable of subdivision into at least five well-marked genera, and to these a sixth very singular and remarkable one from Aix-la-Chapelle, and also represented at Blackdown, may be added. It was then that the Family reached its zenith, and in the still later Cretaceous rocks of Europe, as a flame burns brightest near its end, so some species suddenly assumed relatively gigantic proportions, and as suddenly became extinct. A few survived in America down to that much later period, the close of the so-called Cretaceous series on that continent. Only two types lived on to the present day and only one of these has ever since Cretaceous times been represented in our area.
The Section at Hope's Nose
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

Sir,—In Number IV. of these notes, that on the Crystalline Rocks of Upper Egypt, I have mentioned the apparent absence of limestone from the Laurentian series as seen at Assouan. I should have added, however, that some of the crumbling schists seen in the low land east of the railway cutting resembled very closely the calcareous schists associated with the Grenville bed of Limestone on the Ottawa River, and gave the impression that Crystalline Limestone might not improbably occur in that vicinity.
Additional Note to Sir William Dawson's Paper on the Geology of Egypt
Authors: Dawson J. W.
Published: May 2009

Sir,—In Number IV. of these notes, that on the Crystalline Rocks of Upper Egypt, I have mentioned the apparent absence of limestone from the Laurentian series as seen at Assouan. I should have added, however, that some of the crumbling schists seen in the low land east of the railway cutting resembled very closely the calcareous schists associated with the Grenville bed of Limestone on the Ottawa River, and gave the impression that Crystalline Limestone might not improbably occur in that vicinity.
IV.—On the Subdivisions of the Carboniferous Series in Great Britain, and the True Position of the Beds Mapped as the Yoredale Series
Authors: Hind Wheelton
Published: May 2009

The earlier part of this paper is devoted to a short epitome of the stratigraphical evidence that the Yoredale rocks of Wensleydale are only the equivalents of the upper part of the Carboniferous Limestone, and that the so-called Yoredale Beds of South Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Derbyshire are an entirely different series, which occupy a position above the Carboniferous Limestone. After all, the important point is the palæontological evidence, which, to my mind, is absolutely conclusive.
I.—On Pleuronautilus [Nautilus] nodoso-carinatus, Römer, sp
Authors: Foord Arthur H.
Published: May 2009

Through the kindness of Mr. A. C. Seward, M.A., F.G.S., the British Museum has been put in possession of a fine specimen of this interesting species, collected by him in the Millstone Grit of Caton, Lancashire. The species is there found associated with Nautilus [Pleuronautilus] armatus, J. de C. Sowerby, Solenocheilus [Nautilus] latiseptatus, de Koninck, Actinoceras [Orthoceras] sulcatulum, M‘Coy, etc. These I have identified in a small collection submitted to me by Mr. Seward.
I.—The Gigantic Ceratopsidæ, or Horned Dinosaurs, of North America
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

Two years ago at the Bath Meeting of the British Association, I had the honour to present a paper in which I compared the principal known Dinosaurs of Europe with those of America. In this communication I referred to some peculiar reptilian remains from the Gosau formation of Austria, and compared them with certain Laramie fossils from America, about which I hoped soon to have more definite information. As an indication of the rapidity with which knowledge of ancient life is advancing, it may be interesting to know what has been learned in two years concerning this single group of the remarkable reptiles known as Dinosauria. This group I have termed the Ceratopsidæ, and I shall refer especially to the forms I have recently investigated, and hope to describe more fully later on, under the auspices of the United States Geological Survey.
IV.—Note on the Age and Ancient Glaciers of the Himalayas
Authors: Blanford W. T.
Published: May 2009

I do not think geologists who have studied the Himalayas will be disposed to agree with Mr. Howorth (ante, pp. 97–104, 156–163) that those mountains have come into existence since the time when the Mammoth flourished in Siberia. It is quite possible that the Himalayas are higher now than they were in Pliocene or even in Pleistocene times; but the geological evidence, so far as it is known, is, I think, in favour of the view expressed by Mr. R. D.
V.—Note on the Expansion Theory of Mountain-Evolution
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

The following is the fundamental principle of the theory of terrestrial evolution which has been sometimes called the “expansion theory”:—

Masses of sediment laid down in an area of subsidence are gradually lowered to regions of the earth's crust that are at a higher temperature than that in which they were deposited. The sediment, being heated, expands, is crumpled and folded internally, and, bulging up at the surface, is reduced by denudation to the form of a mountain-chain.