bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apollo 12 Lunar Module Impact: Laboratory Simulation and Possible Downrange Ballistic Effects
Authors: Swift H. F. , McGetchin T. R. , Preonas D. D. , Johnson S. W.
Published: October 2006

Plastic pellets were fired into sand targets at a launch angle of 4 degrees and a velocity of 1.68 kilometers per second, the conditions of the Apollo 12 lunar module impact. Shallow elliptical or doublet craters were formed, similar to certain lunar craters. Analysis of the ejecta suggests (i) that lunar module debris skipped and, with some crater ejecta, reimpacted far downrange, but (ii) this ballistic rain does not account for the anomalous seismic signal.
Isopod from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois
Authors: Schram Frederick R.
Published: October 2006

Hesslerella shermani
is described as the oldest representative of the crustacean superorder Peracarida, order Isopoda, suborder Phreatoicidea. This description is based on a single specimen of exceptional preservation from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Illinois. The existence of isopods in the Pennsylvanian raises some questions concerning peracarid and eumalocostracan evolution.
A Theory of Self-Nonself Discrimination
Authors: Bretscher Peter , Cohn Melvin
Published: October 2006

1) Induction of humoral antibody formation involves the obligatory recognition of two determinants on an antigen, one by the receptor antibody of the antigen-sensitive cell and the other by carrier antibody (associative interaction).

2) Paralysis of antibody formation involves the obligatory recognition of only one determinant by the receptor antibody of the antigen-sensitive cell; that is, a nonimmunogenic molecule (a hapten) can paralyze antigen-sensitive cells.

3) There is competition between paralysis and induction at the level of the antigen-sensitive cell.

4) The mechanisms of low- and high-zone paralysis, and maintenance of the unresponsive state, are identical.

5) High-zone paralysis occurs when both the carrier antibody and the receptor antibody are saturated, so that associated interactions cannot take place.

6) The mechanisms of paralysis and induction for the carrier-antigen-sensitive cell are identical to those for the humoral-antigen-sensitive cell.

7) The formation of carrier-antigen-sensitive cells is thymus-dependent, whereas humoral-antigen-sensitive cells are derived from bone marrow. Since carrier antibody is required for induction, all antigens are thymus-dependent.

8) The interaction of antigen with the receptor antibody on an antigen-sensitive cell results in a conformational change in an invariant region of the receptor and consequently paralyzes the cell. As the receptor is probably identical to the induced antibody, all antibody molecules are expected to be able to undergo a conformational change on binding a hapten. The obligatory associated recognition by way of carrier antibody (inductive signal) involves a conformational change in the carrier antibody, leading to a second signal to the antigen-sensitive cell.

9) The foregoing requirements provide an explanation for self-nonself discrimination. Tolerance to self-antigens involves a specific deletion in the activity of both the humoral- and the carrier-antigen-sensitive cells.
Demyelinating Encephalomyelopathy Associated with Lead Poisoning in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Sauer R. M. , Zook B. C. , Garner F. M.
Published: October 2006

Lead poisoning was diagnosed in four primates by the finding of toxic amounts of lead in tissues. Abnormalities in the brain and spinal cord were characterized by vascular lesions and demyelination. These findings suggest a new animal model for the study of demyelination and strengthen the supposition that lead may be a factor in some idiopathic demyelinating diseases.
Serotonin-Containing Neurons in Brain: Depression of Firing by Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Authors: Aghajanian George K. , Graham Allan W. , Sheard Michael H.
Published: October 2006

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors were administered to rats while the activities of single, serotonin-containing neurons of the midbrain raphe nuclei were being monitored with microelectrodes. All the inhibitors tested (pargyline, tranylcypromine, phenelzine, iproniazid) caused depression of raphe unit firing rate. The ability of monoamine oxidase inhibitors to depress raphe units was impaired by prior treatment with
p
-chlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis.
Echinoid Skeleton: Absence of a Collagenous Matrix
Authors: Klein LeRoy , Currey John D.
Published: October 2006

Lack of hydroxyproline and proline in the calcified distal spines and Aristotle's lantern of the echinoderm
Strongylocentrotus
indicated the absence of a collagenous matrix. The fact that the small amount of collagen present in the base of the spines and in the test with sutures was removed by bacterial collagenase indicates that this collagen was not calcified.
Recognition of a Peptide Antigen by Heat Shock--reactive γδ T Lymphocytes
Authors: Born Willi , Hall Lisa , Dallas Angela , Boymel Joel , Shinnick Thomas , Young Douglas , Brennan Patrick , O'Brien Rebecca
Published: October 2006

Small synthetic peptides that correspond to different portions of the 65-kilodalton mycobacterial heat shock protein (Hsp65) were used to identify a putative antigenic epitope for γδ cells. Weaker γδ responses to the equivalent portion of the autologous homolog, mouse Hsp63, were also seen. The stimulatory epitope overlaps with an epitope recognized by arthritogenic αβ T cell clones. The data suggest that γδ cells have a role in autoimmune disorders and imply that these cells recognize ligands by a mechanism similar to that of αβ T lymphocytes, that is, in the form of small processed protein fragments bound to antigen-presenting molecules.
Planetary Albedo Changes Due to Aerosols
Authors: Atwater Marshall A.
Published: October 2006

Absorption and scattering by aerosols and reflection of solar radiation from the surface determine the sign of the change in the planetary albedo caused by the presence of aerosols. This change in planetary albedo results in atmospheric heating or cooling. Small changes in the ratio of absorption to scattering over time can reverse such heating or cooling trends.
Boconó Fault, Venezuelan Andes: Evidence of Postglacial Movement
Authors: Schubert Carlos , Sifontes Ramón S.
Published: October 2006

Postglacial, right-lateral, strike-slip movement along the Boconó fault, measured on detailed topographic maps, averages 66 meters. The rate of movement was approximately 0.66 centimeter per year, as indicated by carbon-14 dating of associated soil. This evidence suggests that postglacial movement between the Caribbean and Americas plates occurred mainly along the Boconó fault and the north coast of Venezuela.
Heritable Fragile Site on Chromosome 16: Probable Localization of Haptoglobin Locus in Man
Authors: Magenis R. Ellen , Hecht Frederick , Lovrien Everett W.
Published: October 2006

We have found recurrent chromosome breaks at a site (the "fragile site") on the long arm of chromosome 16. This site segregates in simple Mendelian dominant fashion in a large family. The distal portion of the chromosome sometimes shows selective endoreduplication. Preliminary linkage results reveal only 3 recombinants in 33 opportunities for recombination between the fragile site and the alpha locus of haptoglobin, an indication that the α-
Hp
gene is located near this region on chromosome 16.
Earth Strain Measurements with a Laser Interferometer
Authors: Berger Jon , Lovberg R. H.
Published: October 2006

The development of the laser as a source of coherent optical radiation has permitted the application of interferometric techniques to the problem of earth strain measurement. By use of this technology, an 800-meter laser strain meter has been developed which operates above the surface of the ground. The instrument has a strain least count of 10
-10
, requires no calibration, and has a flat and linear response from zero frequency to 1 megahertz. The linearity and large dynamic range of the laser strain meter offer unprecedented versatility in the recording of seismic strains associated with earthquakes and nuclear blasts. The extremely wide bandwidth opens new areas of the strain spectrum to investigation.

A key to the understanding of the state of stress of the earth and the association phenomena of tectonic activity and earthquakes is a knowledge of the spatial distribution of the earth strain. Measurements of secular strain and earth tides indicate that, even at these long periods, surface strain measurements are valid representations of earth strain at depth. The LSM thus provides a means of making crustal strain measurements at points selected for maximum geophysical interest and ultimately allows the mapping of strain field distributions.
Humic Substances: Fulvic Acid-Dialkyl Phthalate Complexes and Their Role in Pollution
Authors: Ogner Gunnar , Schnitzer Morris
Published: October 2006

Fulvic acid is a water-soluble humic material with relatively low molecular weight that occurs widely in soils and waters. It can combine with lyophobic organic compounds such as alkanes, fatty acids, and dialkyl phthalates to form stable "complexes" that are soluble in water. Fulvic acid in an aquatic environment may act as a vehicle for the mobilization, transport, and immobilization of organic compounds, some of which may be toxic pollutants.
Human Injury Inflicted by Grizzly Bears
Authors: Herrero Stephen
Published: October 2006

Grizzly bear (
Ursus arctos horribilis
) attacks resulting in human injury and known to have occurred in the national parks of North America were examined. Fifty-seven attacks in which 61 persons were injured took place in three national parks in the United States and accounted for 79 percent of the known injuries. The remaining 16 injuries occurred in four Canadian national parks. The 77 injured persons gives an injury rate of 1 person per 2 million visitors.
Status Inconsistency Theory and Flying Saucer Sightings
Authors: Warren Donald I.
Published: October 2006

The analysis is completed. Through a series of propositions and hypothesized links between the reporting of UFO sightings and a particular kind of social position, the utility of social theory as a basis for explaining phenomena presumed to be in the domain of the physical sciences has been demonstrated. Nothing in the data rejects the possibility that some individuals have, in fact, seen objects propelled from another solar system or that all observations are of ill-understood or misperceived terrestrial phenomena. Empirical science, particularly social science, does not address itself to ultimate truth. What has been attempted here is the employment of a sociological theory to account successfully for observed regularity in patterns of UFO sightings. Another and reasonable, though not necessarily mutually exclusive, procedure for organizing social data might provide an equal degree of explanatory consistency. This analysis merely emphasizes the need to utilize such approaches outside the confines of laboratory groups and the more convenient and established domains of social science. Our analysis has presented just one application of sociological theory to the complex interplay among quasi-scientific phenomena, physical science knowledge, and human behavior in society.
Cochlear Summating Potentials: Composition
Authors: Dallos Peter , Schoeny Z. G. , Cheatham M. A.
Published: October 2006

The potential difference across the cochlear partition and the overall potential level of a given cochlear cross section were measured as functions of stimulus parameters and spatial location. It was confirmed that the potential difference is negative in the vicinity of greatest excitation, and it was discovered that in the same region the overall potential level is positive.
Stratospheric Ozone with Added Water Vapor: Influence of High-Altitude Aircraft
Authors: Harrison Halstead
Published: October 2006

Simple, steady-state models for ozone photochemistry, radiative heat balance, and eddy-diffusive mass transport can be combined to estimate water-induced changes in the stratospheric ozone concentrations and temperatures, the integrated ozone column, the solar power transmitted to the earth's surface, and the surface temperature. These changes have been computed parametrically for mixing fractions of water vapor between 3 × 10
-6
and 6.5 × 10
-6
. With added water from the exhausts of projected fleets of stratospheric aircraft, the ozone column may diminish by 3.8 percent, the transmitted solar power increase by 0.07 percent, and the surface temperature rise by 0.04°K in the Northern Hemisphere. Due to a cancellation of terms, temperatures in the lower stratosphere remain essentially unchanged. These results are sensitive to the form of the water profile and emphasize the potential role of convective transients near 30 kilometers.
Collagen: Mobile Water Content of Frozen Fibers
Authors: Dehl R. E.
Published: October 2006

From the change in the nuclear magnetic resonance splitting of heavy water in oriented wet collagen fibers at low temperatures, it is estimated that about 0.6 gram of heavy water per gram of collagen does not freeze. This estimate has been confirmed by a measurement of the heat evolved on melting "frozen" wet collagen. The water that does not freeze retains liquid-like mobility even at temperatures as low as -50°C.
Predicting Measures of Motor Performance from Multiple Cortical Spike Trains
Authors: Humphrey Donald R. , Schmidt E. M. , Thompson W. D.
Published: October 2006

Recordings have been obtained simultaneously from several, individually selected neurons in the motor cortex of unanesthetized monkey as the animal performed simple arm movements. With the use of comparatively simple quantitative procedures, the activity of small sets of cells was found to be adequate for rather accurate real-time prediction of the time course of various response measurements. In addition, the results suggest that hypotheses concerning the response variables "controlled" by cortical motor systems may well depend upon whether or not the temporal relations between simultaneously active neurons are taken into account.
Microtektites and Tektites: A Chemical Comparison
Authors: Frey Fred A. , Spooner Charles M. , Baedecker Philip A.
Published: October 2006

Elemental abundance (20 trace elements, 3 major elements) comparisons for Ivory Coast microtektites and Australasian microtektites indicate that there are distinct chemical similarities between microtektites and nearby tektites. Several trace element abundances in microtektites are quite different from those observed in Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 samples.
Environmental Mercury: Rapid Determination in Water at Nanogram Levels
Authors: April Robert W. , Hume David N.
Published: October 2006

Mercury compounds and free mercury are determined by emission spectrophotometry in a radiofrequency helium plasma. The method is simple, rapid, directly applicable to environmental water samples, and subject to few interferences. The useful working range is 10 nanograms to 10 micrograms, or 1 part per billion to 1 part per million in 10 milliliters of sample. The limit of detection is about 2 nanograms.
A Growth Inhibitor from Young Expanding Tobacco Leaves
Authors: Cutler Horace G.
Published: October 2006

Extracts of expanding tobacco leaves inhibit the growth of wheat coleoptiles. Infrared, ultraviolet, and mass spectroscopy show that the active component is neither abscisin nor an aromatic structure.
Alkalinity and Formation of Zeolites in Saline Alkaline Lakes
Authors: Mariner Robert H. , Surdam Ronald C.
Published: October 2006

The solubility of rhyolitic glass increases with increasing alkalinity, whereas the ratio of silicon to aluminum decreases with increasing alkalinity. The strong correlation observed between alkalinity and zeolite mineralogy in saline, alkaline lakes is thought to be a function of this relationship between
p
H and the Si/Al ratio. It is suggested that this function is a result of the reaction between silicic glass and alkaline solution whereby (i) a gel forms, whose Si/Al ratio is controlled by the Si/Al ratio of the solution, and (ii) a zeolite forms from the gel, whose Si/Al ratio is, in turn, controlled by the composition of the gel.
Errors in Telegraphed Texts
Authors: Martin A. R.
Published: October 2006

With respect to my summary of the work of Katz and his colleagues, in the issue of 23 October which contained the article on the Nobel prizewinners (p. 423), readers will recognize easily that José del Castillo's name came out misspelled and that Merter Lectures are really the Herter Lectures, but many will not know that a quantum of acetylcholine probably contains something like 10
4
molecules rather than 104.
Communication in the Physical and the Social Sciences
Authors: Garvey William D. , Lin Nan , Nelson Carnot E.
Published: October 2006

Although composed of similar elements and structured similarly, the communications systems associated with the physical sciences and the social sciences differ markedly with respect to the operation and use of these elements. For both groups of disciplines, as information flows through the system it encounters lags and filtering, and much of a scientist's communication behavior is an effort to compensate for these factors. Because the lags and filtering within each system differ in loci and extent, the members of different disciplines adjust to them differently, and the overall information flow patterns in the physical and in the social sciences differ.
Changes of Simple and Complex Spike Activity of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells with Sleep and Waking
Authors: Mano Nori-ichi
Published: October 2006

Action potentials of cerebellar Purkinje cells were observed in intact monkeys during sleep and waking. Purkinje cells exhibit two sorts of action potentials, called simple and complex spikes, and these two sorts of spikes were differently affected by sleep. Simple-spike activity (generated by the parallel fiber inputs to the Purkinje cell) was highest during sleep with rapid eye movements as compared with both waking and sleep with electroencephalographic slow waves. In contrast, complex-spike activity (generated by the climbing fiber inputs to the Purkinje cell) was lowest during sleep with rapid eye movements. The complex action potential of the Purkinje cell consists of an initial large spike followed by one or more smaller secondary spikes, and the number of these secondary spikes was found to be independent of the background discharge frequency of the simple spike. This independence suggests a possible role of presynaptic factors rather than the excitability level of the Purkinje cell itself in determining the number of secondary discharges occurring in the complex spike.
Fluorocitrate Inhibition of Aconitase: Relative Configuration of Inhibitory Isomer by X-ray Crystallography
Authors: Carrell H. L. , Glusker Jenny P. , Villafranca J. J. , Mildvan A. S. , Dummel R. J. , Kun E.
Published: October 2006

The fluorocitrate isomer that is a strong inhibitor and inactivator of aconitase has been shown by x-ray crystallographic studies on the rubidium ammonium salt to have the configurations (1
R
: 2
R
) or (1
S
: 2
S
) 1-fluoro-2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid. A possible mechanism for the action of fluorocitrate is proposed which involves the 1
R
: 2
R
isomer suggested from biochemical data.
Inhibition of HIV-1 Replication by a Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
Authors: Merluzzi Vincent J. , Hargrave Karl D. , Labadia Mark , Grozinger Karl , Skoog Mark , Wu Joseph C. , Shih Cheng-Kon , Eckner Kristine , Hattox Susan , Adams Julian , Rosenthal Alan S. , Faanes Ronald , Eckner Robert J. , Koup Richard A. , Sullivan John L.
Published: October 2006

A series of dipyridodiazepinones have been shown to be potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT). One compound, BI-RG-587, had a
K
i
of 200 nanomolar for inhibition of HIV-1 RT that was noncompetitive with respect to deoxyguanosine triphosphate. BI-RG-587 was specific for HIV-1 RT, having no effect on feline and simian RT or any mammalian DNA polymerases. BI-RG-587 inhibited HIV-1 replication in vitro as demonstrated by in situ hybridization, inhibition of protein p24 production, and the lack of syncytia formation in cultured human T cell lines and freshly isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity studies of BI-RG-587 on human cells showed a high therapeutic index (>8000) in culture.
Dominant Negative Regulation of the Mouse α-Fetoprotein Gene in Adult Liver
Authors: Vacher Jean , Tilghman Shirley M.
Published: October 2006

Transcription of the mouse α-fetoprotein gene is activated in the developing fetal liver and gut and repressed in both tissues shortly after birth. With germline transformation in mice, a cis-acting element was identified upstream of the transcription initiation site of the α-fetoprotein gene that was responsible for repression of the gene in adult liver. This negative element acts as a repressor in a position-dependent manner.
Failure to Elicit Neuronal Macroscopic Mechanosensitive Currents Anticipated by Single-Channel Studies
Authors: Morris Catherine E. , Horn Richard
Published: October 2006

Mechanosensitive channels can be observed in most cell types during single-channel recording and have been implicated in many cellular processes. Potassium-selective single-channel currents, both stretch-activated and stretch-inactivated, can be observed in growth cones and cell bodies of
Lymnaea stagnalis
neurons. Equivalent macroscopic mechanosensitive currents could not, however, be elicited while applying various mechanical stimuli. This discrepancy suggests that single-channel mechanosensitivity is an artifact of patch recording.
Cerebellar Hypoplasia in Neonatal Rats Caused by Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Authors: Monjan Andrew A. , Gilden Donald H. , Cole Gerald A. , Nathanson Neal
Published: October 2006

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, strain E-350, when inoculated intracerebrally in rats 1 to 7 days old, produces an acute destructive infection of the cerebellar cortex resulting in permanent cerebellar hypoplasia and ataxia. Several other arenoviruses may produce a similar lesion in neonatal rodents.
Potassium-Uranium Systematics of Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 Samples: Implications for Lunar Material History
Authors: Fanale Fraser P. , Nash Douglas B.
Published: October 2006

Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 lunar rock suites differ in their potassium-uranium abundance systematics. This difference indicates that relatively little exchange of regolith material has occurred between Mare Tranquillitatis and Oceanus Procellarum. The two suites appear to have been derived from materials of identical potassium and uranium content. It appears unlikely that bulk lunar material has the ratio of potassium to uranium found in chondrites. However, systematic differences in the potassium-uranium ratio between Apollo samples and crustal rocks of the earth do not preclude a common potassium-uranium ratio for bulk earth and lunar material.
Ammonioborite: New Borate Polyion and Its Structure
Authors: Merlino Stefano , Sartori Franco
Published: October 2006

The mineral ammonioborite is monoclinic with unit cell dimensions (in angstroms):
a
= 25.27,
b
= 9.65, and
c
= 11.56; β = 94°17′, and the space group is C 2/
c
. Analysis of the crystal structure revealed the crystallo-chemical formula (NH
4
)
3
B
15
O
20
(OH)
8
⋅4H
2
O, with four such formula units in the unit cell. The basic structural unit is the double ring consisting of one BO
4
tetrahedron and four BO
3
triangles: in ammonioborite three of these units are connected to give trimeric ions [B
15
O
20
(OH)
8
]
3-
.
Ammonia Production in Muscle: The Purine Nucleotide Cycle
Authors: Lowenstein John , Tornheim Keith
Published: October 2006

Experiments are reported which throw new light on the problem of ammonia production by muscle and, probably, by other tissues.
Alteration of Lunar Optical Properties: Age and Composition Effects
Authors: Adams John B. , McCord Thomas B.
Published: October 2006

A model for lunar surface processes is presented which explains the main albedo and color contrasts and the temporal changes in these optical properties. Evidence from Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 samples and telescopic spectral reflectivity measurements indicates that the maria are similar in mineralogy on a regional scale and that the highlands are consistent with an anorthositic-gabbro composition. Bright craters and rays in both regions expose materials that are relatively crystalline compared with their backgrounds, which are richer in dark glass. With age, bright craters and rays in the maria darken in place by meteorite impact-induced vitrification and mixing with the surrounding material. Highland bright craters and rays may, however, darken primarily through regional contamination by iron- and titanium-rich mare material.
Participatory Technology
Authors: Carroll James D.
Published: October 2006

The hunger to participate that exists today in various segments of the American public is in part a response to what some people perceive as an unresponsiveness of institutions and processes to the felt needs of the individual and of society. It is also, in part, an expression of a desire for a redistribution of power in American public life.

Technology is one of the major determinants of the nature of public as well as private life in contemporary society. Participatory technology is an attempt on the part of diverse individuals and groups to influence technological processes through participation in existing or new public processes by which technology is or can be developed, controlled, and implemented. Like other processes of direct citizen participation in governmental decision making, it raises many questions about the adequacy of existing theories and practices of representative government. These questions cannot be answered on an a priori basis. Members of the educational, scientific, technical, and governmental communities should analyze these questions in an effort to develop answers that are appropriate to the particular situations for which they are responsible and with which they are concerned.
Illness-Induced Aversions in Rat and Quail: Relative Salience of Visual and Gustatory Cues
Authors: Wilcoxon Hardy C. , Dragoin William B. , Kral Paul A.
Published: October 2006

Bobwhite quail, like the rat, learn in one trial to avoid flavored water when illness is induced by a drug ½ hour after drinking. In contrast to the rat, quail also learn to avoid water that is merely darkened by vegetable dye. The visual cue is even more salient than the taste cue in quail.
Time Scales for Lithium Depletion and Rotational Braking in Solar-Type Main-Sequence Stars
Authors: van den Heuvel E. P. J. , Conti P. S.
Published: October 2006

The new age determination of 9 × 10
8
years for the Hyades yields an e-folding time for lithium depletion in G dwarfs of 1.1 × 10
9
years and an e-folding time for rotational braking of around 2.2 × 10
9
years. A proposal is made that the change in solar rotation over the past 250 million years be determined by analyzing petrified trees.
Photosensitivity of the Circadian Rhythm and of Visual Receptors in Carotenoid-DepletedDrosophila
Authors: Zimmerman William F. , Goldsmith Timothy H.
Published: October 2006

Drosophila melanogasterwas raised on aseptic diets, with and without β-carotene. The sensitivity of visual receptors in the carotenoid-depleted flies was lowered 3 log units, but the photosensitivity of the circadian rhythm was not affected. This result suggests that the chromophore of the photopigment which mediates light effects on the circadian rhythm is not a carotenoid derivative.
Marihuana in Man: Three Years Later
Authors: Hollister Leo E.
Published: October 2006

The past 3 years of renewed research on the effects of marihuana in man has added little not previously known about the clinical syndromes produced by the drug. The major advance has been a quantification of dose in relation to clinical phenomena, and a beginning of an understanding of the drug's metabolism. The crucial clinical experiments in regard to the social questions about marihuana, such as the possible deleterious effects from chronic use, cannot be answered by laboratory experiments. These must be settled by close observations made on those who experiment on themselves. It should be possible, within a relatively short time, to determine whether marihuana has any medical utility, but the future would appear to be no more promising than the past in this regard. The mechanisms by which marihuana alters mental functions are not likely to be answered in man, nor even answered soon by animal studies. As marihuana may be unique among drugs in that more experimentation has been accomplished in man than in animals, it may be necessary to look to additional animal studies to provide leads for pertinent future studies in man.
Geomagnetic Reversals during the Phanerozoic
Authors: McElhinny Michael W.
Published: October 2006

An analysis of worldwide paleomagnetic measurements suggests a periodicity of 350 × 10
6
years in the polarity of the geomagnetic field. During the Mesozoic it is predominantly normal, whereas during the Upper Paleozoic it is predominantly reversed. Although geomagnetic reversals occur at different rates throughout the Phanerozoic, there appears to be no clear correlation between biological evolutionary rates and reversal frequency.
2-Thiophenecarboxylic Acid: Inhibitor of Bone Resorption in Tissue Culture
Authors: Fang Victor S. , Minkin Cedric , Goldhaber Paul
Published: October 2006

In tissue culture 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid inhibited both spontaneous resorption of bone and that induced by parathyroid hormone. Its action was to inhibit calcium transfer out of bone.
Glycopeptides from the Surface of Control and Virus-Transformed Cells
Authors: Buck Clayton A. , Glick Mary Catherine , Warren Leonard
Published: October 2006

Glycopeptides were removed by trypsin digestion from the surface of control cells and cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus, murine sarcoma virus, or polyoma virus. After digestion with pronase, the glycopeptides were analyzed by gel filtration. The elution profiles suggest that there are differences in the glycopeptides from the surface of control cells and those from transformed cells.
Immunotherapy of Cancer: Regression of Tumors after Intralesional Injection of Living
Mycobacterium bovis
Authors: Zbar Berton , Tanaka Tomiko
Published: October 2006

Injection of living
Mycobacterium bovis
(strain BCG) into established intradermal tumors caused tumor regression and prevented the development of metastases.
Lymphocyte Stimulation: Selective Destruction of Cells during Blastogenic Response to Transplantation Antigens
Authors: Salmon Sydney E. , Krakauer Randall S. , Whitmore Willet F.
Published: October 2006

The blastogenic response of human lymphoid cells toward any individual's transplantation antigens can be deleted by the addition of tritiated thymidine of high specific activity during the incubation of the lymphoid cells in mixed leukocyte culture. After the immunocompetent clones which responded to histocompatibility antigens had been destroyed, the remaining population still retained its capacity to respond to unrelated antigens, including other transplantation antigens.
Culex (Melanoconion) aikenii
: Natural Vector in Panama of Endemic Venezuelan Encephalitis
Authors: Galindo Pedro , Grayson Margaret A.
Published: October 2006

Experiments performed in an endemic area of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in the Panama Canal Zone demonstrated transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus from naturally infected
Culex aikenii
mosquitoes to laboratory hamsters. Results of experiments indicate that
Culex aikenii
is an efficient natural vector and the principal species of mosquito transmitting Venezuelan equine encephalitis in this endemic zone.
Variations in the Rate of Rotation of the Earth
Authors: Challinor R. A.
Published: October 2006

Variations observed in the length of the day can be divided into three types: seasonal, irregular, and long-term. The astronomical data examined here for the years 1956-1969 suggest that the seasonal terms hitherto assumed are slightly in error, that the irregular variations probably share the same source with the seasonal variations, and that the long-term variations may be linked to earthquake activity.
Oxygen Isotope Ratios in Eclogites from Kimberlites
Authors: Garlick G. D. , MacGregor I. D. , Vogel D. E.
Published: October 2006

The oxygen isotope compositions (δ
18
O) of eclogitic xenoliths from the Roberts Victor kimberlite range from 2 to 8 per mil relative to SMOW (standard mean ocean water). This surprising variation appears to be due to fractional crystallization: the eclogites rich in oxygen-18 represent early crystal accumulates; the eclogites poor in oxygen-18 represent residual liquids. Crystal-melt partitioning probably exceeded 3 per mil and is interpreted to be pressure-dependent. Anomalous enrichment of oxygen-18 in cumulate eclogites relative to ultramafic xenoliths suggests that crystal-melt partitioning increased after melt-formation but prior to crystallization.
Brain Histamine: Rapid Apparent Turnover Altered by Restraint and Cold Stress
Authors: Taylor Kenneth M. , Snyder Solomon H.
Published: October 2006

Histamine content of rat brain was lowered quickly by inhibitors of histidine decarboxylase, suggesting that a portion of brain histamine turns over rapidly. Restraint and exposure to cold also reduced brain histamine levels and markedly augmented its formation in the hypothalamus.
Differences in the Interaction of 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate with Certain Mammalian Hemoglobins
Authors: Bunn H. Franklin
Published: October 2006

The hemoglobins of man, horse, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, and rat all have relatively high (nonphysiologic) oxygen affinity when stripped of organic phosphates, and a strong reactivity with 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). Appropriately, their red cells contain high levels of 2,3-DPG. In contrast, the sheep, goat, cow, and cat have low oxygen affinity hemoglobins which interact weakly with 2,3-DPG, and low concentrations of red cell 2,3-DPG. These hemoglobins have structural differences at the NH
2
-terminus of the β chain, a site where 2,3-DPG is thought to bind.
Hycanthone: A Frameshift Mutagen
Authors: Hartman Philip E. , Levine Kathryn , Hartman Zlata , Berger Hillard
Published: October 2006

Rapid spot-test screening of antischistosomal agents reveals that hycanthone is a potent frameshift mutagen while the closely related compound, miracil D, is nonmutagenic in
Salmonella
. Both hycanthone and miracil D are frameshift mutagens for T4 bacteriophage during growth in
Escherichia coli
.
Space Perception in Early Infancy: Perception within a Common Auditory-Visual Space
Authors: Aronson Eric , Rosenbloom Shelley
Published: October 2006

Infants as young as 30 days become visibly distressed upon observing their mothers speak to them while the mother's voice is displaced in space. Their ability to perceive this discrepancy indicates that infant perception occurs within a space that is common to the visual and auditory modes.
Angiotensin-Forming Enzyme in Brain Tissue
Authors: Ganten Detlev , Minnich James L. , Grenger Pierre , Hayduk Karl , Brecht Hans Michael , Barbeau André , Boucher Roger , Genest Jacques
Published: October 2006

A renin-like enzyme is present in brain tissue and is independent of kidney and plasma renin. In the presence of homologous substrate it forms angiotensin. Administration of aldosterone significantly decreases this angiotensin-forming enzyme activity, while administration of progesterone markedly enhances it.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Murchison Meteorite
Authors: Pering Katherine L. , Ponnamperuma Cyril
Published: October 2006

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Murchison meteorite have been identified by the combined techniques of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The distribution of the aromatic compounds suggests that they are the products of a high-temperature synthesis.
Nuclear Localization of Histamine in Neonatal Rat Brain
Authors: Young Anne B. , Pert Candace D. , Brown David G. , Taylor Kenneth M. , Snyder Solomon H.
Published: October 2006

The concentration of histamine in the brains of neonatal rats is considerably higher than that in adults. Subcellular fractionation studies revealed that about 90 percent of the histamine content of neonatal rat brain is confined to the crude nuclear fraction obtained by differential fractionation. Purified nuclei prepared from these fractions retained 90 percent of their histamine content. The nuclear localization of histamine in the brains of neonatal rats suggests a function for histamine in modulating the growth processes of the neonatal brain.
Connections of the Nurse Shark's Telencephalon
Authors: Ebbesson Sven O. E. , Schroeder Dolores M.
Published: October 2006

The extrinsic connections of the telencephalon of the nurse shark are very largely crossed and in this respect differ from those identified in all other vertebrate species so far examined. Studies with Nauta and Fink-Heimer methods have revealed telencephalic projections to the contralateral thalamus and optic tectum as well as to ipsilateral brainstem and rostral spinal cord.
Microearthquakes in the Ahuachapan Geothermal Field, El Salvador, Central America
Authors: Ward Peter L. , Jacob Klaus H.
Published: October 2006

Microearthquakes occur on a steeply dipping plane interpreted here as the fault that allows hot water to circulate to the surface in the geothermal region. These small earthquakes are common in many geothermal areas and may occur because of the physical or chemical effects of fluids and fluid pressure.
[
3
H]Adenosine Triphosphate: Release during Stimulation of Enteric Nerves
Authors: Su Che , Bevan John A. , Burnstock Geoffrey
Published: October 2006

The isolated taenia coli of the guinea pig takes up tritiated adenosine, adenosine monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate, and adenosine triphosphate, in preference to tritiated inosine and adenine. After uptake, [
3
H]adenosine is converted and retained primarily as [
3
H]adenosine triphosphate. Tritium is released from taenia coli treated with [
3
H]adenosine upon activation of the nonadrenergic inhibitory nerves. These results are consistent with the previous evidence that adenosine triphosphate may be the transmitter from the nerves.
Countercurrent Chromatography with Flow-Through Coil Planet Centrifuge
Authors: Ito Yoichiro , Bowman Robert L.
Published: October 2006

We have developed a new method of countercurrent chromatography which employs a vertical helical tube in the centrifugal field. The helical tube is arranged so that it does not rotate as it revolves, thus eliminating the need for rotating seals. When the gyrating tube is filled with either phase and the other phase is introduced into the tube in the proper direction, an equilibrium state results in which the two phases are split into multiple alternating segments within the coil. Each phase oscillates to and fro with the rotation as the moving phase is steadily eluted out through the other end of the tube. Consequently, solutes introduced into the tube are subjected to a rapid partition process, resulting in an efficient chromatographic separation without the complications arising from solid supports. The method is illustrated by the microanalytical separation of dinitrophenyl amino acids and can be used on a preparative scale.
Rapidly Changing Radio Images
Authors: Cavaliere A. , Morrison P. , Sartori L.
Published: October 2006

Differences in total transit time can give rise to images that expand at arbitrarily high speed. Two versions of a model based on this idea can account for the varying microwave structure reported for the quasar 3C 279. Other possible examples are suggested.
Shift in Binocular Disparity Causes Compensatory Change in the Cortical Structure of Kittens
Authors: Shlaer Robert
Published: October 2006

Kittens were raised with prisms in front of their eyes which introduced a vertical disparity. At 4 months of age the disparity necessary to maximally stimulate a sample of binocular cortical cells was determined. The distribution of optimal disparities was abnormal, and shifted in a direction which would tend to compensate for the prism-induced disparity.
Host-Seeking Stimulant for Parasite of Corn Earworm: Isolation, Identification, and Synthesis
Authors: Jones Richard L. , Lewis W. J. , Bowman Malcolm C. , Beroza Morton , Bierl Barbara A.
Published: October 2006

13-Methylhentriacontane has been identified in the feces and larvae of the corn earworm,
Heliothis zea
(Boddie), as the major constituent that triggers the short-range host-seeking response of the parasite
Microplitis croceipes
(Cresson). This chemical, the first found that mediates the complex host-parasite relation, could upgrade present efforts to use parasites for insect control. Bioassay of closely related compounds indicated that the structural requirements for activity are remarkably specific.
Latent Herpes Simplex Virus in Spinal Ganglia of Mice
Authors: Stevens Jack G. , Cook Margery L.
Published: October 2006

Herpes simplex virus establishes a persistent, latent infection in spinal ganglia after mice have recovered from posterior paralysis. Infectious virus is replicated when these ganglia are explanted and maintained as organ cultures in vitro.
Serum Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase: Decrease after Chemical Sympathectomy
Authors: Weinshilboum Richard , Axelrod Julius
Published: October 2006

Dopamine-β-hydroxylase is an enzyme that is localized to catecholamine-containing vesicles in sympathetic nerves and the adrenal medulla, and is also found in the serum. Treatment of rats with 6-hydroxydopamine, a drug which destroys sympathetic nerve terminals, leads to a decrease in serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity. The decrease is not due to an effect on the adrenal medulla or to an increase in circulating inhibitor or inhibitors of enzyme. These data represent evidence that at least a portion of the circulating dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity arises from sympathetic nerve terminals.
Radiation-Induced Swelling of Stainless Steel
Authors: Shewmon P. G.
Published: October 2006

Significant swelling (1 to 10 percent) due to small voids have been found in stainless steel when it is exposed to fast neutron doses less than expected in commercial fast breeder reactors. The main features of this new effect are: (i) the voids are formed by the precipitation of a small fraction of the radiation-produced vacancies; (ii) the voids form primarily in the temperature range 400° to 600°C (750° to 1100°F); and (iii) the volume increases with dose (fluence) at a rate between linear and parabolic. The limited temperature range of void formation can be explained, but the effects of fluence, microstructure, and composition are determined by a competition between several kinetic processes that are not well understood. This swelling does not affect the feasibility or safety of the breeder reactor, but will have a significant impact on the core design and economics of the breeder. Preliminary results indicate that one cannot eliminate the effect, but cold-working, heat treatment, or small changes in composition can reduce the swelling by a factor of 2 or more. Testing is hampered by the fact that several years in EBR-II are required to accumulate the fluence expected in demonstration plants. Heavy-ion accelerators, which allow damage rates corresponding to much higher fluxes than those found in EBR-II, hold great promise for short-term tests that will indicate the relative effect of the important variables.
Radio Stars
Authors: Hjellming R. M. , Wade C. M.
Published: October 2006

Up to the present time six classes of radio stars have been established. The signals are almost always very faint and drastically variable. Hence their discovery has owed as much to serendipity as to the highly sophisticated equipment and techniques that have been used. When the variations are regular, as with the pulsars, this characteristic can be exploited very successfully in the search for new objects as well as in the detailed study of those that are already known. The detection of the most erratically variable radio stars, the flare stars and the x-ray stars, is primarily a matter of luck and patience. In the case of the novas, one at least knows where and roughly when to look for radio emission.

A very sensitive interferometer is clearly the best instrument to use in the initial detection of a radio star. The fact that weak background sources are frequently present makes it essential to prove that the position of a radio source agrees with that of a star to within a few arc seconds. The potential of radio astronomy for the study of radio stars will not be realized until more powerful instruments than those that are available today can be utilized. So far, we have been able to see only the most luminous of the radio stars.
Ordered Self-Assembly of Polypeptide Fragments to form Nativelike Dimeric
trp
Repressor
Authors: Tasayco Maria Luisa , Carey Jannette
Published: October 2006

Subdomain-size proteolytic fragments of
Escherichia coli
trp repressor have been produced that assemble in defined order to regenerate fully native dimers. By characterization of the secondary and tertiary structures of isolated and recombined fragments, the structure of assembly intermediates can be correlated with the kinetic folding pathway of the intact repressor deduced from spectroscopic measurement of folding rates. The nativelike structure of these intermediates provides further evidence that protein folding pathways reflect the stabilities of secondary structural units and assemblies found in the native state. The proteolytic method should be generally useful in adding structural detail to spectroscopically determined folding mechanisms.
Interferon Action: Inhibition of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus RNA Synthesis Induced by Virion-Bound Polymerase
Authors: Marcus Philip I. , Engelhardt Dean L. , Hunt John M. , Sekellick Margaret J.
Published: October 2006

The particle-bound RNA polymerase activity of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) can be demonstrated in vivo. Linear synthesis of viral RNA persists for 5 to 6 hours at 34°C in infected monolayers of chick embryo cells treated with cycloheximide and actinomycin D to block synthesis of protein and cell-specific RNA. At least 55 percent of the RNA made under these conditions is complementary to virion RNA. RNA synthesis mediated by VSV polymerase activity is inhibited in cells first treated with chick-derived interferon or polyriboinosinate ⋅ polyribocytidylate, but not by mouse interferon. The RNA product of VSV polymerase activity is present throughout the cytoplasm, and its synthesis is inhibited by the interferon system, as judged by autoradiographs that show the physical distribution, in cells, of RNA produced by virion polymerase in the absence of translation—a demonstration of the transcription product of the viral genome.
Viral RNA Polymerases: Electron Microscopy of Reovirus Reaction Cores
Authors: Gillies S. , Bullivant S. , Bellamy A. R.
Published: October 2006

The Kleinschmidt technique has been used to observe reovirus cores that have synthesized messenger RNA. Some individual viral cores probably synthesize all ten messenger RNA molecules in vitro. Each messenger RNA molecule appears to be attached to a different site on the core surface, implying that there are probably a number of different enzymic sites in each core.
Mammalian Motor Units: Physiological-Histochemical Correlation in Three Types in Cat Gastrocnemius
Authors: Burke R. E. , Levine D. N. , Zajac F. E. , Tsairis P. , Engel W. K.
Published: October 2006

The correlation among a variety of physiological properties and the histochemical characteristics of muscle fibers belonging to single motor units in a mixed mammalian muscle is directly demonstrated. The population of motor units making up the cat gastrocnemius was classified into three nonoverlapping groups on the basis of a combination of physiological parameters. The muscle fibers belonging to motor units of each physiological type exhibited a distinctive histochemical profile, such that the three basic histochemical "fiber types" exactly matched the three physiologically defined groups. Within each individual motor unit, the muscle fibers were histochemically uniform.