bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploration of More Effective Incentives for General Practitioners: Finding From a Cross-sectional Study in Jiangsu Province
Authors: Liu Weinan , Zhan Yiyang , Tang Dalong , Zhang Xi , Zhu Binhai
Published: May 2021

Background With the increasing demand for public health, the Chinese government attaches great importance to the important role of general practitioners in primary health care. The purpose of this study is to find out the factors that affect the incentive effect of general practitioners in Jiangsu province and evaluate the incentive effect reasonably. Methods From April to May 2020, 910 primary-level general practitioners were investigated in 130 primary medical institutions in Jiangsu province.837 effective questionnaires were collected. The questionnaire is divided into two parts: general practitioner characteristics and motivational effect scale. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors influencing the incentive effect of general practitioners. Results The results showed that age, weekly working hours and daily sleeping duration affected job satisfaction. Factors influencing 4 willingness to work hard including: weekly working hours, daily sleeping duration, and physical exercise frequency. Age, weekly working hours and daily sleeping duration were the factors influencing turnover tendency Factors influencing incentive effects including: weekly working hours, average monthly income and years of working as a general practitioner. Conclusions The study found that the turnover intention of general practitioners in primary medical institutions would be significantly reduced, the job satisfaction, willingness to work hard and overall incentive effect would be significantly increased, especially if the working hours per week were reduced, the sleeping hours per day were increased, and the frequency of physical exercise was increased. Helping general practitioners to develop good living habits could be a key incentive for future generations.
Failure Mechanism of Rock Specimens with a Notched Hole Under Compression - A Numerical Study
Authors: Manouchehrian Amin , Kulatilake Pinnaduwa H.S.W. , Wu Rui
Published: May 2021

Discontinuities are natural structures that exist in rocks and can affect the stability of rock structures. In this article, the influence of notch presence on the failure evolution around a hole in compressed rock specimens is investigated numerically. Firstly, the uniaxial compressive test on a rock specimen with a circular hole is modeled and the failure evolution in the specimen is simulated. In a separate model, notches are created at the surface of the hole. Results show that when the notches are created in the model, failure zone around the hole is transferred to a distance away from the surface of the hole. In addition, a parametric study is carried out to investigate the influence of the notch length and the confining pressure on the fracturing behavior of the specimen. Numerical results presented in this article indicate that the presence of notches at the surface of the hole and their dimensions can affect the fracturing mechanism of the specimen. In some cases, the failure at the boundary of the hole is prevented when the notches of certain dimensions are added to the hole. The insights gained from this numerical study may be helpful to control the failure around underground excavations.
Nano-curcumin Capped Au/ZnO Nanocomposite: A Promising Approach to Protect from Staphylococcus Aureus Infection through Inhibits Production of α-Hemolysin
Authors: Jabir Majid , Jabir Majid , Rashid Taha M. , Nayef Uday M. , Kadhim Duha A.
Published: May 2021

Gold with Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (Au@ZnO NPs) were prepared by laser ablation then capped with Curcumin nanoparticles. The ability of Nano-curcumin-Au/ZnO nanocomposite as a promising antibacterial agent was tested against Staphylococcus aureus. Cur-Au@ZnO NPs were characterized by TEM, FTIR spectroscopy, and Uv-spectroum. TEM image of Au@ZnO NPs has grain size almost 27–38 nm and it increased after capped Nano-curcumin to 72–113 nm. Agar well diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Cur-Au@ZnO against S.aureus. The activity of Cur-Au@ZnO NPs was determined via detection of (ROS) using (AO/EtBr) staining assay. The bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and nucleic acid were penetrated by tested nanoparticles, resulting in bacterial strain destruction. The results showed that Cur-Au@ZnO NPs as a novel DNA-mediated antibacterial agent. The Cur-Au@ZnO were observed to destroy the bacterial cells by permeating the bacterial nucleic acid and cytoplasmic membrane, resulting in the loss of cell-wall integrity, nucleic acid damage, and increased cell-wall permeability. Furthermore, in the present study we investigated the activity of Cur-Au@ZnO NPs against bacterial α-Hemolysin toxin. Western blot were used to measure the effect of Cur-Au@ZnO NPs on α-Hemolysin produced by S. aureus. The effectiveness of Cur-Au@ZnO NPs against human alveolar epithelial cell injury by α-Hemolysin was tested using live ⁄ dead staining. Also, we demonstrated the role of Cur-Au@ZnO NPs against S. aureus through histopathology examination in a mouse model. Taken together, Cur-Au@ZnO NPs is a potent inhibitor of α-hemolysin secreted by S. aureus. So, Cur-Au@ZnO NPs mediated inhibition of α-Hemolysin production may offer a new strategy in combating pathogen infections. The Cur-Au@ZnO could serve as a potential antibacterial agent in future for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
Impact of Aluminium on ZnO Thin Films for Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: ANANDH BA , SAKTHIVEL R , GANESH A SHANKAR , SUBRAMANI S , RAJAMANICKAM A T
Published: May 2021

Thin films of pure Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Aluminium (Al) doped ZnO were deposited by two step SILAR technique. Pure and Al (1%, 3%, 5%) doped ZnO thin film’s structural, morphology and optical properties were analyzed. Diffraction peaks of the all the samples were indexed to hexagonal wurtizite structure. The crystallite size, lattice parameters, dislocation density and microstrain were calculated for the prepared thin films. Morphology study using FESEM shows spherical shaped structure of pure ZnO and hexagonal faced rod like structure for Al doped ZnO thin films.T he UV-Vis absorption spectrum for the thin films was also studied. There is decrease in bandgap as the Al doping ratio increases from 1–5%. Photoluminescence (PL) studies confirm that oxygen ion vacancy and interstitial Zn+ ion were present. The maximum zone of inhibition was studied against the bacteria’s the Gram-negative (E.coli) and Gram-positive (S.aureus) by Agar diffusion method. Significant antibacterial result was seen in pure and Al doped ZnO. Al doped ZnO shows more antibacterial activity over pure ZnO. All the samples give considerable antifungal activity which was done against Aspergillusniger. .
Research on Optimization of Routing Protocol for Quantum wireless Ad Hoc Network
Authors: Zhang Ling , Liu Qin
Published: May 2021

This paper addresses the optimization of on-demand routing protocols for quantum wireless Ad Hoc network. This paper proposes an optimal quantum route metric algorithm that integrates quantum route metric and classic route metric to select a better route path for quantum communication. The paper also improves the route discovery protocol by proposing a "reverse synchronization method" which means after the route request is completed, the quantum entanglement channel is established synchronously when the reverse path is established. This method, better than general methods which builds quantum channels after the forward path establishment, reduces the time and the numbers of messages for quantum channel establishment, thus improving the efficiency. Accordingly, this paper elaborates the specific methods, procedures and related upgrading message formats involved in quantum route discovery, quantum channel establishment and quantum information transmission of on-demand routing protocols for quantum wireless Ad Hoc network. The advantage of the "reverse synchronization method" in reducing the time and the numbers of messages for quantum channel establishment is verified through analysis on protocol performance.
The level of financial inclusion in Ukraine: Measuring access, quality, and usage of financial products and services
Authors: Shapoval Yuliia , Shkliar Andrii , Shpanel-Yukhta Oleksii , Gruber Kateryna
Published: May 2021

While financial inclusion is seen as a goal of socio-economic development, there is still no clear understanding of how to measure it. Following this concern, the paper deals with the computation of the financial inclusion index of the Ukrainian economy using an annual dataset spanning from 2008 to 2020 and following the Sarma methodology. The object of the study is a set of indicators of usage, access and quality of financial products and services. The obtained results demonstrate the medium level of financial inclusion. The improvement of financial inclusion is observed in 2012, 2013, 2020 (namely 0.55 – 0.56 in the range of 0 and 1). From 2015 (0.38) till 2018 (0.39), the revealed downward trend affirms that the withdrawal of banks from the market has deteriorated the level of quality and usage of financial products and services. Financial inclusion declined during the cleaning up of the banking system in 2014–2016, just as it did after the global financial crisis in 2009–2010. Despite the development of the payment infrastructure, there is a need to diversify access, increase quality, and quicken the usage of financial products and services due to existing distrust in national financial institutions. Improving financial literacy and consumer protection, and closing regulatory gaps in the non-banking sector are seen as ways to enhance financial inclusion. Thus, financial regulators should establish an upward trend in financial inclusion that will ensure full access to formal financial services and will not adversely affect the stability of financial system.
The design and use of performance measurement innovations and organizational outcomes in Nigerian listed companies
Authors: Owolabi Folashade , Ajibolade Solabomi , Uwuigbe Uwalomwa
Published: May 2021

Performance measurement innovations (PMI) provide frameworks for the improvement of organizational performance. While developed economies have widely accepted PMI, little is known about their design and use in developing economies. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the design and use of PMI and organizational outcomes among listed firms in Nigeria. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was adopted for the analysis using cross-sectional survey data comprising 126 corporate managers in the sampled listed companies. The results showed that all the path coefficients for design of PMI and customer perspective (β = 0.325, p < 0.0001), financial (β = 0.314, p < 0.0001), internal business process (β = 0.346, p < 0.0001), and learning and growth perspectives (β = 0.367, p < 0.0001) were significantly positive. This suggests that designing performance measures to include a diversity of measurement incorporating financial and non-financial measures would positively affect organizational outcomes. Besides, diagnostic use was found to have a negative effect on customer perspective (β = –0.315, p < 0.01), while the interactive use (β = 0.411, p < 0.01) of PMI demonstrated a positive effect on it. This implies that using PMIs in a diagnostic manner brings about a negative image of the customer perspective, but it is divergent for interactive use.
AcknowledgmentThe authors sincerely appreciate Covenant University, Nigeria, for sponsoring this publication.
Role of antispasmodics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Drozdov V. N. , Arefev K. I. , Serebrova S. Yu. , Komissarenko I. A. , Shikh E. V. , Starodubtsev A. K.
Published: May 2021

Introduction. IBS is a functional bowel disorder that has a significant impact on patients and society, especially in terms of quality of life and medical costs.

Pathogenesis. It is believed that the pathogenesis of IBS consists of several mechanisms: the syndrome of intersection of functional disorders (gut-brain), stress, visceral hypersensitivity and changes in motor skills.

Visceral hypersensitivity. Changes in visceral sensitivity in IBS are characterized by central abnormalities in areas of the cerebral cortex. Motility impairment in IBS manifests itself as abnormal myoelectric activity in the colon, resulting in repetitive contractions of the small intestine and colon, which appear to cause pain.

Intestinal microflora. FODMAPs are found in high amounts in some fruits, artificial sweeteners, legumes, and green vegetables and are poorly absorbed by all people. FODMAPs have enzymatic and osmotic effects that may contribute to the onset of symptoms in some patients.

The principles of IBS therapy. Treatment for IBS should be based on the type and severity of symptoms. For the treatment of IBS, drugs of various pharmacological groups are used, depending on the prevailing symptoms. These include opioid receptor agonists, bile acid sequestrants, guanylate cyclase agonists, chlorine channel activators, as well as antibiotics, probiotics, antidepressants, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, and antispasmodics.

Myotropic antispasmodics. Drugs with antispasmodic activity are used to treat functional and organic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract as a basic therapy or «on demand». Mebeverine quickly and effectively relieves spasm, pain and the entire complex of intestinal symptoms, in addition, the drug reduces visceral hypersensitivity due to a local anesthetic effect. The drug has a high safety profile and has a number of advantages over drugs of the same pharmacological group.

Conclusion. Myotropic antispasmodics have been shown to be highly effective in the treatment of IBS. Mebeverine occupies a special place among myotropic antispasmodics. Its combined action provides a pronounced antispasmodic activity along with a high safety profile.
Indicators of antioxidant status and oxidative stress in opisthorchiasis
Authors: Tsukanov V. V. , Gorchilova E. G. , Tonkikh J. L. , Vasyutin A. V. , Rzhavicheva O. S. , Kolenchukova O. A.
Published: May 2021

Introduction. The  course of  opisthorchiasis is accompanied by clinically diverse symptoms and severe complications up to the development of cholangiocarcinoma. The role of oxidative stress in the development of liver fibrosis is not well understood. Aim. To determine the association of clinical manifestations and indicators of oxidative stress in the blood with liver fibrosis in patients with Opisthorchis felineus invasion.

Materials and methods. We examined 103 patients with chronic opisthorchiasis and 51 practically healthy patients. All patients underwent general clinical examinations, esophagogastroduodenoscopy and ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs, elastometry to assess liver fibrosis using the METAVIR system, and the content of malondialdehyde, catalase and superoxide dismutase in blood serum was determined by the immunoassay method.

Results and discussion. Asthenic-vegetative syndrome, pain in the right hypochondrium, articular syndrome, cytolytic and cholestatic syndromes, hepatomegaly and signs of  chronic cholecystitis were more often detected in  patients with invasion of  Opisthorchis felineus and liver fibrosis F3-F4  according to METAVIR. The  content of  malondialdehyde in  the  blood was 296.5 ng/ml in patients with liver fibrosis F3-F4 according to METAVIR and 69.5 ng/ml in patients with liver fibrosis F0-F1 according to METAVIR (p < 0.001). The content of superoxide dismutase and catalase did not differ significantly in the groups of patients with liver fibrosis F0-F1  according to METAVIR and F3-F4  according to METAVIR, which indicated insufficient effectiveness of antioxidant protection.

Conclusion. The revealed changes indicate the presence in patients with opisthorchiasis of a pronounced association between the severity of the clinical course, the development of biochemical cytolysis syndromes and the severity of liver fibrosis and oxidative stress, which may be a promoter of inflammation, cell DNA damage and carcinogenesis.
Case of severe liver damage in COVID-19
Authors: Plotnikova E. Yu. , Baranova E. N. , Karyagina M. S. , Vorosova O. A. , Krasnov K. A.
Published: May 2021

The 2019 outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute coronavirus 2 respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) has been a  global concern since December 2019. Although most patients with COVID-19  have mild clinical manifestations, in about 5% of these patients the disease eventually progresses to severe lung injury or even multiple organ dysfunction. This situation presents various problems for hepatology. In the context of liver damage in patients with COVID-19, several key problems need to be addressed. For example, it is important to determine whether a SARS-CoV-2 can directly enter the liver, especially when it appears that ACE2 is marginally expressed in hepatocytes. In addition, the mechanisms underlying liver dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 are multifactorial and are associated with hyperinflammation, dysregulated immune responses, abnormal coagulation, and drugs. The  article describes the  potential pathogenesis of  liver damage associated with COVID-19. Histopathological evidence suggests a marked disruption of the intrahepatic network of blood vessels secondary to systemic changes caused by a virus that can trigger a coagulation cascade and damage the endothelial layer of blood vessels. There is also a clinical case of polyethylene damage to the liver in a young man who led to death. Against the background of infection COVID-19 he developed massive thrombosis of the liver vessels, followed by the development of necrosis — fibrosis — cirrhosis — acute liver failure, which caused death.
Difficulties of differential diagnosis of portal hypertension: case report
Authors: Penkina T. V. , Berezutskaya O. E. , Dicheva D. T. , Partsvania-Vinogradova E. V. , Larina V. S. , Umyarova R. M. , Borzova D. V. , Ulyankina E. V.
Published: May 2021

In the article we analysed the difficulties of differential diagnosis of portal hypertension, considers a clinical case that illustrates the presented theoretical material. In the presented clinical observation, the patient’s disease was manifested by bleeding from the varicose veins of the esophagus. In most cases, portal hypertension syndrome in practicing clinicians is associated with liver cirrhosis, however, it is necessary to remember about the possibility of developing subhepatic portal hypertension, in particular as a result of the formation of portal vein thrombosis. If there are signs of portal hypertension, it is necessary to specify the level of obstruction to blood flow, that is, the form of portal hypertension (subhepatic, hepatic, suprahepatic). Often, portal vein thrombosis can be formed due to undiagnosed blood diseases that occur without any clinical symptoms. The provided clinical example demonstrates a case of portal hypertension in the outcome of a chronic form of myeloproliferative syndrome. Portal cavernoma is quite rare and it is formed due to multiple small-diameter venous structures that gradually replace the occluded vessel with a system of collaterals proximal and distal to the portal vein thrombosis site. In the formation of the diagnosis the main are radiation research methods, but the conclusions should be considered only in conjunction with the clinical evidence. The clinical case is interesting because a large cavernoma of the portal vein in a patient with subhepatic portal hypertension was regarded as a «solid formation» according to magnetic resonance tomography. According to the literature data, cavernous transformation has an external similarity to the tumor process, which expands the range of differential diagnosis and requires the exclusion of oncological formations.
Chronic acalculous cholecystitis and biliary dysfunction: how does clinical diagnosis affect management?
Authors: Kucheryavyy Yu. A. , Osipenko M. F.
Published: May 2021

Similar abdominal pain of biliary type in functional disorders of biliary tract and chronic acalculous cholecystitis causes objective difficulties to differentiate not only between each other, but also with other diseases of gastrointestinal tract. The  clinical picture is so homogeneous and difficult to distinguish from cholelithiasis that some patients undergo unreasonable surgical interventions for CAC and FDBT. Individual publications pushing for such an aggressive strategy are sporadic and need to be clarified in larger studies. The first choice drugs for treatment of FDBT are spasmolytics; ursodeoxycholic acid drugs are used as adjuvant agents. In CAC, the initial therapy will be similar, but the treatment regimen can be expanded with targeted etiotropic (if the cause of cholecystitis is identified – giardiasis, opisthorchiasis, etc.) or empirical antimicrobial/antiparasitic therapy. The greatest interest today is caused by hymecromone – a drug with proven by both experimental and controlled studies combined choleretic, selective spasmolytic action, mediated effect of reducing bile lithogenicity and possible anti-inflammatory action. Hymecromone effectively relieves biliary pain without causing gallbladder contractions, which determines the possibility of its wide application both in CAC and FDBT, both in monotherapy and in combination with other agents, primarily with UDCA. In this article the issues of optimization of diagnostic and therapeutic strategy of management of patients with biliary pain to avoid unreasonable cholecystectomies in acalculous diseases of the biliary tract are considered.
The duo Clostridium and Lactobacillus linked to hydrogen production from a lignocellulosic substrate
Authors: Pérez-Rangel Marisol , Barboza-Corona José Eleazar , Navarro-Díaz Marcelo , Escalante Ana Elena , Valdez-Vazquez Idania
Published: May 2021

The study aimed to identify interspecies interactions within a native microbial community present in a hydrogen-producing bioreactor fed with two wheat straw cultivars. The relationships between the microbial community members were studied building a canonical correspondence analysis and corroborated through in vitro assays. The results showed that the bioreactor reached a stable hydrogen production of ca. 86 mL/kg·d in which the cultivar change did not affect the average performance. Lactobacillus and Clostridium dominated throughout the whole operation period where butyric acid was the main metabolite. A canonical correspondence analysis correlated positively Lactobacillus with hydrogen productivity and hydrogen-producing bacteria like Clostridium and Ruminococaceae. Agar diffusion testing of isolated strains confirmed that Lactobacillus inhibited the growth of Enterococcus, but not of Clostridium. We suggest that the positive interaction between Lactobacillus and Clostridium is generated by a division of labor for degrading the lignocellulosic substrate in which Lactobacillus produces lactic acid from the sugar fermentation while Clostridium quickly uses this lactic acid to produce hydrogen and butyric acid. The significance of this work lies in the fact that different methodological approaches confirm a positive association in the duo Lactobacillus–Clostridium in a bioreactor with stable hydrogen production from a complex substrate.
O TIPO PALAFITA AMAZÔNICO
Authors: Marçal dos Santos Menezes Tainá , De Almeida Viana Perdigão Ana Klaudia
Published: May 2021

O conflito arquitetônico entre produção formal de habitação e produção informal tem revelado o papel da vivência espacial de comunidades tradicionais como fator decisivo para adaptação habitacional em programas de reassentamento. Objetivou-se investigar relações espaciais que caracterizam o padrão ribeirinho de habitar, denominado tipo palafita amazônico, como apoio à instrumentalização do projeto, visto que o uso de tipos como ponto de partida do projeto amplia possibilidades na concepção arquitetônica ao incluir relações de natureza topológica em complementação aos repertórios formais, tradicionalmente geométricos, no campo da arquitetura. O estudo foi realizado em área de ação governamental de reassentamento habitacional denominada Vila da Barca, na cidade de Belém, Pará, Brasil, abrangendo duas lógicas de ocupação do território: formal, com habitações em sobrados, e informal, com habitações em palafitas. Os resultados alcançados, por uma abordagem multimétodos, evidenciam a identificação dos moradores com princípios do ‘tipo palafita amazônico’ na área da comunidade em palafitas, e nos sobrados após uma série de modificações realizadas por eles ao longo do processo de adaptação ao reassentamento habitacional. As evidências das respostas dos moradores indicam novos caminhos para as decisões de projeto, sendo a caracterização do tipo palafita amazônico uma alternativa para ultrapassar o olhar técnico pautado em representações geométricas como ponto de partida da concepção arquitetônica.
Analysis of China’s Economy in the 21st Century
Authors: Kuznetsov V. I. , Larionova E. I. , Chinaeva T. I.
Published: May 2021

China, being the country with the largest population, inevitably influences the processes taking place in the world economy. In terms of GDP, the Chinese economy has been the first economy in the world over the past several years, being among the most important economic indicators such as GDP, industrial production, and export of goods in leading positions. Under the influence of the pandemic crisis, a deep recession occurred in industrially developed countries, where the reproduction system is based on the “TNC economy”, with the exception of China, which managed to transfer the economy into a state of reproductive expansion, while maintaining the positive dynamics of the country’s economic development on an annualized basis. The aim of the paper was to analyze data that gives an idea of the potential of the Chinese economy. The main indicators characterizing the development and dynamics of the Chinese economy are considered. Materials and methods. In the course of the work, a dynamic, structural analysis of analytical and statistical information was used; methods of analytical, logical, system analysis were used. Results. The paper examines certain macroeconomic indicators that characterize the state and development of the Chinese economy, taking into account the achievements in the context of the global economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The GDP of China was analyzed, calculated in national currency or PPP. Conclusion. The country was faced with a difficult international situation, difficult tasks in search of reform, development and stability within the country and, in particular, with the heavy blows of the COVID-19 epidemic. Steps taken to stabilize employment, financial transactions, foreign trade, foreign investment, domestic investment and market expectations, as well as ensuring fully guaranteed employment, basic living needs, functioning of market actors, food and energy security, stability of production and supply chains, helped to restore the economy making China the only major economy with positive economic growth in the world in 2020.
El Teatro Popular: herramienta comunitaria para el fortalecimiento del humor social en contextos de violencia urbana
Authors: Meneses Eraso Bayron Javier , Moreno De La Cruz Olga Nathalia , Narváez Burbano Jonnathan Harvey
Published: May 2021

The research aimed to analyze the incidence of popular theater in the strengthening of social humor as a coping strategy in urban violence scenarios. The participants were 50 people who live in the Sol de Oriente and Cementerio neighborhoods from the commune number 10 from Pasto, southwestern Colombia. The study was framed within the qualitative paradigm, with a social critical approach and under the orientation of the research - action method. Among the main findings it is found that the participants recognize the social humor as an effective coping strategy, and from that perspective different strategies of solution to the phenomenon of urban violence are generated; the habitants create and strengthen support net resignify collective social facts and face social stressors. As a conclusion, popular theater allows the community to recover effective coping capacity in the urban violence phenomenon, and constitutes itself in a community tool for the dynamization of community resources that allows the re- establishment of the locus of social control and repositioning of local actors with higher levels of collective self-efficacy.
Paradojas en la jurisprudencia frente al consumo de estupefacientes. Análisis a partir de la bioética
Authors: Trujillo Florián Edwin Secergio
Published: May 2021

This article tries to describe how the Colombian jurisprudence guarantees through the guardianship the access to the health of the drug addicts and of the inhabitants of the street when the scourge of the drug addiction is recognized as a disease; But on the other hand, it allows the consumption of narcotics without taking into account the criteria established by other disciplines. For this reason, a documentary analysis is carried out on the effect of the principle of dignity on the consumption of the addict and the inhabitant of the street according to legal, juridical and philosophical tendencies, to conclude that these assessments must be taken into account to establish criteria in bioethics Which should be inserted into drug-related legislation and jurisprudence and regulate the permissive use of narcotic drugs in Colombia, especially psychoactive substances. The article that will generate academic reflection, through the method of documentary analysis of jurisprudence, doctrine, documents, and articles of indexed journals. Being qualitative and descriptive research (Guirao-Goris, Olmedo Salas & Ferrer Ferrandis, 2008).
Determinantes económicos y sociológicos del crimen en Colombia
Authors: Carrillo Pumarejo Rafael Eduardo
Published: May 2021

From the panel data for the Regions of Colombia 1993-2013, the crime rate (homicide and theft) was estimated using the method of ordinary least squares, based on the model developed by Ehrlich (1973). In this way, it was possible to minimize econometric problems, such as the endogeneity of the explanatory variables, and measurement errors due to the omission of real crime rates. The regressions allow us to conclude that the degree of poverty, measured in terms of the NBI, generates a negative effect on the crime rate; population density has positive effects for the crimes of homicide and theft; likewise, the schooling rate positively affects common theft; The police efficiency rate is significant, but not for the Gini coefficient, for homicide crimes and not for theft. The regional fixed effects show the specific characteristics of the regions of Colombia do not explain the differences in crime rates.
Los estilos de enseñanza aprendizaje de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca sede Azogues
Authors: Peñafiel Álvarez Julio Luis , Ochoa Encalada Sergio Constantino , Cárdenas Cordero Nancy
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this research is to sensitize all those involved in the educational event. Consider educational evaluation as part of the training process within teaching learning; this should not be considered as a curricular element of punishment, repression or something similar; According to the new precepts, the evaluation is a fundamental element to strengthen, reinforce and improve the interlearning of the learners, for which we must put this curricular aspect into practice at all times and make it a habit or a habit until turn it into a culture of teachers, parents and students; practicing the authentic evaluation, according to the concept of many students of the subject is to evaluate according to the context, capacity, interest, need and pace of learning, in addition the new regulations of the Country and a current at world level so requires it within the inclusive education. To put this type of evaluation into practice, the teacher must change his mental scheme, not consider it as an instrument that serves to accredit, pass of the year or cycle; but it must think like a resource or didactic means that is going away to use so that the apprentice learn to learn. Evaluation, Learning, Evaluation techniques, Evaluation instruments, Evaluation functions and Evaluation types.
Editorial
Authors: Silvera Sarmiento Astelio , Duque Botero Cesar Alonso
Published: May 2021

The current dynamical social structures imply a huge risk in decision-making, which implies a much more solid level of assertiveness of actions that enable the advancement of knowledge management and the consolidation of a fair and equitable environment.In addition to the emergency of the actual scenario of COVID-19 that put digital tools in the spotlight of the world plus the innovation system of organization management (Restrepo, et al., 2016; Meza, H., et al., 2015; Silvera, et al., 2016), we faced the social inclusion arising as a permanent social necessity in our contemporary society, focusing on this subjectof vulnerability which makes reality of equity and social inclusion a complex transformational phenomenon, more visible while the work on the management of social, cultural and innovative knowledge are able to prepare the right social environment for it
The development of Horizon Europe
Authors: Annette Lucy
Published: May 2021

Horizon Europe is the European Commission's successor to Horizon 2020 and is one of the largest research funding programmes in the world. By raising the science spending levels across the European Union over the next seven years, the initiative hopes to boost the EU's scientific standing
and make it a world leader
North Indian Medieval Fort History Study
Authors: Mita Masahiko
Published: May 2021

The studies of Assistant Professor Masahiko Mita, Graduate School of Humanities, Nagoya University, Japan, have included the early medieval history (6th to 13th centuries) of Rajasthan. Recently, he has been investigating the later medieval period and beyond (after the 14th century).
By interpreting satellite images of forts, Mita has constructed an understanding of the typology of forts and their historical change. He found that 8th to 18th century Rajasthan forts as royal capitals are classified into three major types: large-scale hilltop fort; minor hilltop fort + fortified
palace-city; and flat fortified city. In addition, he discovered that the large-scale hilltop fort was comparatively popular before the 13th century but from the 16th century onward, especially in the 17th century, both the minor hilltop fort + fortified palace-city and flat fortified city
had become standard as major Rajput kingdoms became stable as regional royalty under the Mughal rule. Mita is interested in expanding on his findings to date in order to elucidate how the changes related to the state system, military conditions, urban settlements and socio-economic systems
of those times. He will consider the politico-economic meanings of the changes from the aspect of the relation of kingship and commerce. Mita is also working to explain the structural transformation of royal capital cities by considering the changing Rajput state formation of the same periods.
Ultimately, this work will shed light on historical trends from a different viewpoint and methodology to former studies that used literary sources.
Language Learning Environments
Authors: Benson Phil
Published: May 2021

This book is the first in-depth examination of the application of theories of space to issues of second language learning. The author outlines a new conceptual framework for researching SLA that centres on the idea of 'language learning environments' and demonstrates that where people learn languages is equally as important as how they do so.
Фотогальванические токи и электрическая неоднородность 2-D-структурированного монокристалла сегнетоэлектрика-полупроводника
Authors: Одринский А.П.
Published: May 2021

The experimental conditions that allowed specifying a mechanism of the electric inhomogeneity formation of the TlGaSe2 crystal are described. Evolution of abnormal reaction of a crystal on photoexcitation is investigated and interpretation of the basic processes that ones determining the signal dynamics is offered. It is shown the dominating contribution photogalvanic эдс in development of the anomalies and a formation of electric inhomogeneity of a crystal. The participation of deep level defects as centers of a charge localization in formation of electric inhomogeneity of the ferroelectric - semiconductor layered crystal is considered also.
Синтез, кристаллическая структура и теплофизические свойства замещенных титанатов Bi-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-Pr-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-Ti-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-12-=/SUB=- и Bi-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-Nd-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-Ti-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-12-=/SUB=-
Authors: Денисова Л.Т. , Молокеев М.С. , Галиахметова Н.А. , Денисов В.М. , Васильев Г.В.
Published: May 2021

Титанаты Bi2Pr2Ti3O12 и Bi2Nd2Ti3O12 получены методом твердофазного синтеза последовательным обжигом на воздухе при температурах 1003-1323 K стехиометрических смесей Bi2O3, Nd2O3, Pr6O11 и TiO2. Методом рентгеновской дифракции определена их кристаллическая структура. Высокотемпературная теплоемкость определена с использованием дифференциальной сканирующей калориметрии. На основании экспериментальных данных Cp=f(T) рассчитаны основные термодинамические функции. Ключевые слова: замещенные титанаты висмута, твердофазный синтез, кристаллическая структура, высокотемпературная теплоемкость, термодинамические функции.
Механизм переноса заряда в новом магнитном топологическом изоляторе MnBi-=SUB=-0.5-=/SUB=-Sb-=SUB=-1.5-=/SUB=-Te-=SUB=-4-=/SUB=-
Authors: Абдуллаев Н.А. , Алигулиева Х.В. , Зверев В.Н. , Алиев З.С. , Амирасланов И.Р. , Бабанлы М.Б. , Джахангирли З.А. , Алиева Е.Н. , Ахмедова Х.Н. , Мамедов Т.Г. , Отроков M.M. , Шикин А.М. , Мамедов Н.Т. , Чулков E.В.
Published: May 2021

New layered magnetic topological insulator with the composition MnBi0.5Sb1.5Te4 is obtained. In-layer plane electrical resistivity and electrical resistivity in the direction perpendicular to the layers have been studied over the wide temperature range 1.4-300K. It is found that the temperature dependence of the resistivity ρ(Т) exhibits "metallic" behavior in both directions in a temperature range above 50K. Below 50K ρ is growing with decreasing temperature and shows nontrivial behavior with a peculiarity near the critical temperature Tc=23K. The growth of resistivity in the temperature range 50-23K is caused by spin fluctuations which precede magnetic phase transition at 23K. Below Тc and down to 1.4 K, the behavior of ρ(Т) represents a typical manifestation of the effect of weak localization, as confirmed by the analysis of the obtained data on magnetoresistance.
Phase 1/2 Study of Lumasiran for Treatment of Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1
Authors: Frishberg Yaacov , Deschênes Georges , Groothoff Jaap W. , Hulton Sally-Anne , Magen Daniella , Harambat Jérôme , van’t Hoff William G. , Lorch Ulrike , Milliner Dawn S. , Lieske John C. , Haslett Patrick , Garg Pushkal P. , Vaishnaw Akshay K. , Talamudupula Sandeep , Lu Jiandong , Habtemariam Bahru A. , Erbe David V. , McGregor Tracy L. , Cochat Pierre ,   on behalf of the study collaborators
Published: May 2021

Background and objectives

In the rare disease primary hyperoxaluria type 1, overproduction of oxalate by the liver causes kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis, kidney failure, and systemic oxalosis. Lumasiran, an RNA interference therapeutic, suppresses glycolate oxidase, reducing hepatic oxalate production. The objective of this first-in-human, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of lumasiran in healthy participants and patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This phase 1/2 study was conducted in two parts. In part A, healthy adults randomized 3:1 received a single subcutaneous dose of lumasiran or placebo in ascending dose groups (0.3–6 mg/kg). In part B, patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 randomized 3:1 received up to three doses of lumasiran or placebo in cohorts of 1 or 3 mg/kg monthly or 3 mg/kg quarterly. Patients initially assigned to placebo crossed over to lumasiran on day 85. The primary outcome was incidence of adverse events. Secondary outcomes included pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, including measures of oxalate in patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results

Thirty-two healthy participants and 20 adult and pediatric patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 were enrolled. Lumasiran had an acceptable safety profile, with no serious adverse events or study discontinuations attributed to treatment. In part A, increases in mean plasma glycolate concentration, a measure of target engagement, were observed in healthy participants. In part B, patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 had a mean maximal reduction from baseline of 75% across dosing cohorts in 24-hour urinary oxalate excretion. All patients achieved urinary oxalate levels ≤1.5 times the upper limit of normal.

Conclusions

Lumasiran had an acceptable safety profile and reduced urinary oxalate excretion in all patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 to near-normal levels.

Clinical Trial registry name and registration number:

Study of Lumasiran in Healthy Adults and Patients with Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1, NCT02706886
MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDIES OF ISOLATED COMPOUNDS ANDROGRAPHOLIDE AND BETULIN FROM METHANOLIC LEAVES EXTRACT OF ANDROGRAPHIS ECHIOIDES AS ALPHA-AMYLASE AND ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE ACTIVATORS
Authors: GURUPRIYA S. , CATHRINE L.
Published: May 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study is to isolate and characterize the andrographolide and betulin from methanolic leaves extract of Andrographis echioides and also used to evaluate the alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of isolated compounds using in silico docking studies.

Methods: The isolation was done using column chromatography using gradient mobile phase. Structural elucidation was carried out on the basis of spectral analysis. In this view, andrographolide and betulin were prepared for the docking evaluation. In silico docking studies were carried out using a recent version of Auto Dock 4.2, which has the basic principle of Lamarckian genetic algorithm.

Results: On the basis of the spectral data, the compounds have been established as andrographolide and betulin are being reported from this plant for the first time. The result showed that the andrographolide showed a binding affinity for amylase: (-7.9 kcal/mol) and for glucosidase (-7.2 kcal/mol) while betulin showed (-8.6 kcal/mol) and (-5.2 kcal/mol), respectively.

Conclusion: Therefore, it is suggested that isolated compounds andrographolide and betulin contributed excellent α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity because of its structural parameters. Thus, these isolated compounds can be effectively used as drugs for treating diabetes which is predicted on the basis of docking scores.
A 23 FACTORIAL DESIGN FOR FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF DOXYCYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN SITU GEL FORMING SOLUTION FOR WOUND HEALING APPLICATION
Authors: GUPTA N. VISHAL , SHANMUGANATHAN S. , KANNA SANDEEP , SASTRI K. TRIDEVA
Published: May 2021

Objective: To develop and formulate doxycycline hydrochloride hydrogels employing various polymers for wound healing application.

Methods: A thermo-reversible gel can transmute from a sol-gel in replication to environmental temperature vicissitudes made up of gallic acid (GA) and tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP). An antimicrobial agent (doxycycline hydrochloride) integrated to provide the benefit and efficiently safeguard the wound from infection. A low temperature causes TSP to aggregate intermolecularly with GA to create a gel network. GA–TSP gel heat stability increased with increased concentration of GA. Prepared gel formulations were optimized by 23 factorial designs further evaluated for stability and compatibility, appearance, gelation temperature, gravitational flow simulation, in vitro release, in vivo excision wound model in rats.

Results: A strong viscoelastic gel was formed at body temperature in the GA–TSP mixture containing 0.6% (w/v) GA. The prepared formulation exhibited absolute stability and compatibility. The formulations indicated a range of 23±1.47 to 50±1.40 °C. The viscosity values were in the range 6628 to 19146 cps. The optimized gel formulation (DT8) was prepared to analyze the checkpoints and further evaluated for gelation temperature ( °C), viscosity (cps), gelation time (s), and in vitro release of drugs (percent cumulative release of drugs) up to 12 h reflecting R1=36.5±0.61 °C, R2=12887±11 cps, R3=16.2±1.38 min and R4=94.65±0.59 percent. Formulation DT8 showed significant wound healing property and it is comparable to the control group. Formulation DT9 treated group showed faster epithelialization and greater rates of wound contraction in rats.

Conclusion: The formulations comprising of TSP with antimicrobial agents demonstrated to be efficient in wound healing. Out of all formulations, DT8 showed better wound healing ability, which is evident from in vivo studies.
NOSE-TO-BRAIN DELIVERY, A ROUTE OF CHOICE FOR TARGETING BRAIN TUMORS
Authors: SHEHU IBRAHIM AMINU , ISLAM MOJAHIDUL , SINGH VIJENDER
Published: May 2021

Brain tumours are the most lethal type of cancer, which is difficult to manage due to the inherent suboptimal bioavailability of the chemotherapy agent at tumour sites, consequent of high levels of protection of physiological blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood tumour barrier (BTB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (CSF). Improving the permeability of these barriers would enhance the disease's clinical prognosis and promote patients' quality of life. To this end, scientists have conducted several studies to determine the most suitable route for CNS delivery. Most of which show that the nose-to-brain is proposed to be the most convenient, efficacious and clinically beneficial non-invasive means of delivering chemotherapeutic agents directly to the brain. Therefore, this study compares the therapeutic benefits of intranasal and other conventional brain delivery systems and further evaluates the clinical benefits of using different nanocarriers for brain tumour targeting. However, we surveyed the literature by conducting an in-depth search of the research keywords and their combinations in recognized scientific databases, primarily Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Research Gate. Our findings have shown that the nose-to-brain delivery of chemotherapeutics is a breakthrough in bypassing the effects of BBB, BTB, and CSF barriers, improving the delivery of drugs to the brain for specific tumour targeting with desired clinical prognosis.