bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen production from natural gas and biomethane with carbon capture and storage – A techno-environmental analysis
Authors: Antonini Cristina , Treyer Karin , Streb Anne , van der Spek Mijndert , Bauer Christian , Mazzotti Marco
Published: March 2020

We quantify the technical and environmental performance of clean hydrogen production (with CCS) by linking detailed process simulation with LCA.
Anti-freezing flexible aqueous Zn–MnO2 batteries working at −35 °C enabled by a borax-crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol/glycerol gel electrolyte
Authors: Chen Minfeng , Zhou Weijun , Wang Anran , Huang Aixiang , Chen Jizhang , Xu Junling , Wong Ching-Ping
Published: March 2020

An anti-freezing gel electrolyte with an ultralow freezing point below −60 °C is developed for assembling high-performance flexible aqueous Zn–MnO2 batteries.
Fabrication of hierarchical Co3O4@CdIn2S4 p–n heterojunction photocatalysts for improved CO2 reduction with visible light
Authors: Huang Lijuan , Li Bifang , Su Bo , Xiong Zhuang , Zhang Chunjie , Hou Yidong , Ding Zhengxin , Wang Sibo
Published: March 2020

Hierarchical Co3O4@CdIn2S4 p–n heterojunction photocatalysts have been constructed by an in situ surface growth method for CO2 reduction with visible light.
Single red emission from upconverting ZnGa2O4:Yb,Er nanoparticles co-doped by Cr3+
Authors: Srivastava Bhupendra B. , Gupta Santosh K. , Mao Yuanbing
Published: March 2020

ZnGa2O4:Yb3+,Er3+,Cr3+ nanoparticles synthesized by a hydrothermal method and further annealing emit bright singular red light under 980 nm excitation and near-infrared light under 254 nm excitation.
Object counting method based on dual attention network
Authors: Zhang Shihui , Li He , Kong Weihang
Published: March 2020

The challenging problem that the authors solved in this study is to precisely estimate the number of objects in an image. Combining the spatial attention mechanism and pyramid structure, a novel atrous pyramid attention module is introduced to extract precise dense multi‐scale features for object counting. Also, a global attention feature module is designed to enhance the ability of the network to learn feature representation based on channel attention mechanism. Combining the proposed atrous pyramid attention module and global attention feature module, a novel object counting method based on a dual attention network is established in this study. The experiments on public vehicle counting dataset including TRANCOS and crowd counting dataset including Mall and Shanghitech_A datasets demonstrate the proposed method achieves competitive performance, and the ablation study verifies the structure rationality of the designed modules.
Collaborative similarity metric learning for face recognition in the wild
Authors: Gundogdu Batuhan , Bianco Michael J.
Published: March 2020

Utilising different representations of face images is known to be helpful in face recognition. Inthis study,theauthorspropose two fusion techniques that make use of multiple face image features bycollaboratively training a similarity metric learner, based on Siamese neuralnetworks. This training procedure takes two (or possibly more) features of twoface images and outputs a similarity score that depicts whether the faces belongto the same person or not.Theauthorsinvestigate two approaches of collaborative similarity metric learning (CoSiM),both of which are based on training Siamese neural networks jointly, as a meansof early fusion. The experiments are employed on hand‐crafted features such asscale‐invariant feature transform (SIFT) and variants of the local binarypattern (LBP), on the YouTube Faces and the Labeled Faces in the Wild data sets.The authors provide theoretical and empirical comparisons of the proposed modelsagainst the related methods in the literature. It is shown that the proposedtechnique improves on the verification accuracy, compared to singlefeature‐based baselines. By only utilising simple features like SIFT and LBP,the proposed techniques are shown to yield comparable results to the state ofthe art techniques, which depend on deep convolutional architectures or higherlevel features.
General generative model‐based image compression method using an optimisation encoder
Authors: Wu Mengtian , He Zaixing , Zhao Xinyue , Zhang Shuyou
Published: March 2020

Image compression is an intensively studied subject in computer vision. The deep generative model, especially generative adversarial networks (GANs), is a popular new direction for this subject. In this study, the authors propose a new compression method based on a generative model and focus on its application by GANs. The decoder in the proposed method is modified from the GAN generator model, which can produce visually real‐like synthetic images. It is one of the two models in GANs, which is trained through a two‐players' contest game. The encoder is an optimisation algorithm called backpropagation‐to‐the‐input, which derives from an image inpainting algorithm based on generative models. In the proposed method, the authors turn the encoding process into an optimisation task to search for optimal encoded representations. Compared with traditional methods, the proposed method can compress images from certain domains into extremely small and shape‐fixed encoded space but still retain better visual representations. It is easy and convenient to apply without any retraining or additional modification to the generative models.
Target tracker with masked discriminative correlation filter
Authors: Liu Hang , Li Bodong
Published: March 2020

The discriminative correlation filter (DCF) method is widely used in target tracking due to its real‐time performance. However, the computational efficiency of DCF results in boundary effect, which reduces the tracking accuracy in fast motion scene. Besides, background noise is always required to be carefully handled for they will cause trouble in scenes such as background clutter, occlusion, deformation etc. To address the two issues, this study proposes masked discriminative correlation filter, which uses mask to process DCF filter as well as target samples so as to suppress boundary effect and background noise. Experimental results on benchmark datasets show that the proposed tracker performs better than a series of benchmark trackers, and is superior to them in almost various scenes.
Visual object tracking via iterative ant particle filtering
Authors: Wang Fasheng , Wang Yanbo , He Jianjun , Sun Fuming , Li Xucheng , Zhang Junxing
Published: March 2020

Visual object tracking remains a challenging task in computer vision although important progress has been made in the past decades. Particle filter (PF) is now a standard framework for solving non‐linear/non‐Gaussian problems, especially in visual object tracking. This study proposes an ant colony optimisation (ACO)‐based iterative PF for object tracking. In the proposed method, the basic idea of ACO is used to simulate the behaviour of a particle moving toward the posterior distribution. Such idea is incorporated into the particle filtering framework in order to overcome the well‐known particle impoverishment problem. An iterative unscented Kalman filter is used to design a proposal distribution for particle generation in order to generate better predicted sample states. For the likelihood model, the authors adopt the locality sensitive histogram to model the appearance of the target object, which can better handle the illumination variation during tracking. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed tracker shows better performance than the other tracking methods.
Development of an intelligent CAD system for mass detection in mammographic images
Authors: Andreadis Theofilos , Emmanouilidis Christodoulos , Goumas Stefanos , Koulouriotis Dimitrios
Published: March 2020

Mammography is a very useful tool to diagnose breast cancer in early stages when it is easier to treat. There are two types of evidence that radiologists look for in a mammogram, calcifications and the existence of masses. In this study, an intelligent computer‐aided diagnosis system is proposed for the detection of masses in mammographic images regardless of their nature. The proposed method uses a combination of extended maxima transformations, having different threshold values, in order to find suitable internal and external markers for a marker‐based watershed segmentation. After segmentation, a two‐stage classifier is used to distinguish the masses better from the healthy breast tissue. A feature vector based mainly on contrast and texture features is calculated and two alternative approaches, a Bayesian classifier and a support vector machine (SVM) with Gaussian kernel function, are implemented for further reduction of the false positive areas. The system was evaluated using the data from two online databases. Specifically, 73 mammographic images from the new curated breast imaging subset of digital database for screening mammography (CBIS‐DDSM) database and all the mammographic images that contain masses from the mini‐mammographic image analysis society (MIAS) database were used. The overall sensitivity, in both datasets, was near 80% when the Bayesian classifier was used and above 85% when the SVM was applied.
Measuring photography aesthetics with deep CNNs
Authors: Viswanatha Reddy Gajjala , Mukherjee Snehasis , Thakur Mainak
Published: March 2020

In spite of the recent advancements of deep learning based techniques, automatic photo aesthetic assessment still remains a challenging computer vision task. Existing approaches used to focus on providing a single aesthetic score or category (“good” or “bad”) of photograph, rather than quantifying “goodness” or “badness”. The existing algorithms often ignore the importance of different attributes contributing to the artistic quality of the photograph. To obtain the human‐interpretability of aesthetic score of photo, we advocate learning the aesthetic attributes alongwith the prediction of the general aesthetic score. We propose a multi‐task deep CNN, that collectively learns aesthetic attributes alongwith a general aesthetic score for the photograph. To understand the mathematical representation of the attributes in the proposed model, a visualization technique is proposed using back propagation of gradients. These visualization of attributes correspond to the location of objects in the images in order to find out which part of an image “triggers” the classification outcome, thus providing the insights about the model's understanding of these attributes. This paper proposes an aesthetic feature vector based on the relative foreground position of the object in the image. The proposed aesthetic features outperform the state‐of‐art methods especially for Rule of Thirds attribute.
Medical image fusion using the PCNN based on IQPSO in NSST domain
Authors: Gai Di , Shen Xuanjing , Chen Haipeng , Xie Zeyu , Su Pengxiang
Published: March 2020

In this study, an improved quantum‐behaved particle swarm optimisation based pulse‐coupled neural network (IQPSO‐PCNN) is proposed in the non‐subsampled shearlet transform (NSST) domain for medical image fusion. First, NSST tool is used to decompose the source image into low‐frequency and high‐frequency subbands. Then, for low‐frequency subbands, the fusion rules of two different functions are presented, which simultaneously addresses two key issues of energy preservation and detail extraction. For high‐frequency subbands, unlike conventional PCNN‐based methods, parameters are manually set based on experience, and the decomposed high‐frequency subbands share a set of parameters. The IQPSO‐PCNN model can obtain the optimal parameters for each high‐frequency subband adaptively according to its own information. Finally, the fused low‐frequency subband and high‐frequency subbands are inversely transformed by NSST to acquire the final fused image. The proposed algorithm uses >90 pairs of images with four different modalities. In addition, fusion experiments are performed on different sequences of the three modes. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is superior to existing state‐of‐art methods in subjective visual performance and objective evaluation.
Study on intelligent algorithm of guide partition for emergency evacuation of a subway station
Authors: Wang Jie , Guo Jun , Wu Xi‐Meng , Guo Xiao‐Hong
Published: March 2020

In order to improve the efficiency of emergency evacuation of subway passengers, the concept of ‘guide partition’ is put forward, and an intelligent algorithm of guide partition for emergency evacuation of subway stations is proposed according to the theory of allocation problem in operational research. First an evacuation partition optimization algorithm based on the shortest path principle and based on exit capacity for non‐standard allocation problem is proposed, according to the solution of service facility allocation and site selection problem in operational research. Secondly, the passengers evacuation area is divided to partitioned evacuation zones. Combined with the advantages of cellular automata model, the evacuation simulation software of Building Exodus is used for simulation and comparison of the advantages of the proposed intelligent algorithm. Finally, the evacuation partition intelligent algorithm considering the exit capacity is applied to the Military Museum Station of Beijing subway to obtain the numbers and distribution of guiders on each floor. The results show that the proposed algorithm can help the subway station staff to better determine the number, location and influence range of each guider, and effectively improve the utilization rate of evacuation exits, reduce evacuation time and improve evacuation efficiency..
Quantum key distribution integration with optical dense wavelength division multiplexing: a review
Authors: Bahrami Arash , Lord Andrew , Spiller Timothy
Published: March 2020

Quantum key distribution (QKD) can ensure information security between two remote parties. To commercialise QKD technology successfully, it should be integrated with dense wavelength division multiplexing optical transport. However, various challenges limit the QKD's performance in terms of the quantum key rate, quantum bit error rates, and maximum achievable distance. In this study, the authors discuss some of the major practical limiting factors for QKD performance such as spontaneous Raman scattering, four‐wave mixing, and amplified spontaneous emission.
Modified switch type fault current limiter for low‐voltage ride‐through enhancement and reactive power support of DFIG‐WT under grid faults
Authors: Asghar Rafiq , Rehman Faisal , Ullah Zahid , Aman Ali , Iqbal Kashif , Ali Nawaz Agha
Published: March 2020

The sudden voltage drop may upsurge the current level and trigger the self‐protective system to disconnect the wind turbines that are detrimental for grid constancy. A novel structure of a modified switch type fault current limiter (M‐STFCL) is proposed that protects the doubly‐fed induction generator wind turbine (DFIG‐WT) during the symmetrical and asymmetrical grid faults. The M‐STFCL is cost‐effective and requires little maintenance during operation. The proposed system maintains the rotor current and DC‐link voltage below the maximum acceptable limits, thus, fortify the back‐back converters. The M‐STFCL is tested with both the sliding‐mode control (SMC) and proportional–integral (PI) controller and their results are compared. From the simulation results, it is obvious that SMC has edged over the PI controller and demonstrated superior control over the critical parameters. The performance of M‐STFCL is also compared with the conventional switch type fault current limiter and the analytical results clearly validate the significance of the proposed system.
Inflection point in the power spectrum of stellar brightness variations
Authors: Amazo-Gómez E. M. , Shapiro A. I. , Solanki S. K. , Krivova N. A. , Kopp G. , Reinhold T. , Oshagh M. , Reiners A.
Published: March 2020

Context. Young and active stars generally have regular, almost sinusoidal, patterns of variability attributed to their rotation, while the majority of older and less active stars, including the Sun, have more complex and non-regular light curves, which do not have clear rotational-modulation signals. Consequently, the rotation periods have been successfully determined only for a small fraction of the Sun-like stars (mainly the active ones) observed by transit-based planet-hunting missions, such as CoRoT, Kepler, and TESS. This suggests that only a small fraction of such systems have been properly identified as solar-like analogues.

Aims. We aim to apply a new method of determining rotation periods of low-activity stars, such as the Sun. The method is based on calculating the gradient of the power spectrum (GPS) of stellar brightness variations and identifying a tell-tale inflection point in the spectrum. The rotation frequency is then proportional to the frequency of that inflection point. In this paper, we compare this GPS method to already-available photometric records of the Sun.

Methods. We applied GPS, auto-correlation functions, Lomb-Scargle periodograms, and wavelet analyses to the total solar irradiance (TSI) time series obtained from the Total Irradiance Monitor on the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment and the Variability of solar IRradiance and Gravity Oscillations experiment on the SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory missions. We analysed the performance of all methods at various levels of solar activity.

Results. We show that the GPS method returns accurate values of solar rotation independently of the level of solar activity. In particular, it performs well during periods of high solar activity, when TSI variability displays an irregular pattern, and other methods fail. Furthermore, we show that the GPS and light curve skewness can give constraints on facular and spot contributions to brightness variability.

Conclusions. Our results suggest that the GPS method can successfully determine the rotational periods of stars with both regular and non-regular light curves.
Comparison of the shape and temporal evolution of even and odd solar cycles
Authors: Takalo Jouni , Mursula Kalevi
Published: March 2020

Aims. We study the difference in the shape of solar cycles for even and odd cycles using the Wolf sunspot numbers and group sunspot numbers of solar cycles 1−23. We furthermore analyse the data of sunspot area sizes for even and odd cycles SC12−SC23 and sunspot group data for even and odd cycles SC8−SC23 to compare the temporal evolution of even and odd cycles.

Methods. We applied the principal component analysis (PCA) to sunspot cycle data and studied the first two components, which describe the average cycle shape and cycle asymmetry. We used a distribution analysis to analyse the temporal evolution of the even and odd cycles and determined the skewness and kurtosis for even and odd cycles of sunspot group data.

Results. The PCA confirms the existence of the Gnevyshev gap (GG) for solar cycles at about 40% from the start of the cycle. The temporal evolution of sunspot area data for even cycles shows that the GG exists at least at the 95% confidence level for all sizes of sunspots. On the other hand, the GG is shorter and statistically insignificant for the odd cycles of aerial sunspot data. Furthermore, the analysis of sunspot area sizes for even and odd cycles of SC12−SC23 shows that the greatest difference is at 4.2−4.6 years, where even cycles have a far smaller total area than odd cycles. The average area of the individual sunspots of even cycles is also smaller in this interval. The statistical analysis of the temporal evolution shows that northern sunspot groups maximise earlier than southern groups for even cycles, but are concurrent for odd cycles. Furthermore, the temporal distributions of odd cycles are slightly more leptokurtic than distributions of even cycles. The skewnesses are 0.37 and 0.49 and the kurtoses 2.79 and 2.94 for even and odd cycles, respectively. The correlation coefficient between skewness and kurtosis for even cycles is 0.69, and for odd cycles, it is 0.90.

Conclusions. The separate PCAs for even and odd sunspot cycles show that odd cycles are more inhomogeneous than even cycles, especially in GSN data. Even cycles, however, have two anomalous cycles: SC4 and SC6. The variation in the shape of the early sunspot cycles suggests that there are too few and/or inaccurate measurements before SC8. According to the analysis of the sunspot area size data, the GG is more distinct in even than odd cycles. This may be partly due to sunspot groups maximizing earlier in the northern than in the southern hemisphere for even cycles. We also present another Waldmeier-type rule, that is, we find a correlation between skewness and kurtosis of the sunspot group cycles.
Lipschitz continuity of the eigenfunctions on optimal sets for functionals with variable coefficients
Authors: Trey Baptiste
Published: March 2020

This paper is dedicated to the spectral optimization problemmin{λ1(Ω)+⋯+λk(Ω)+Λ|Ω| : Ω⊂Dquasi-open}

whereD⊂ ℝdis a bounded open set and 0 <λ1(Ω) ≤⋯ ≤λk(Ω) are the firstkeigenvalues onΩof an operator in divergence form with Dirichlet boundary condition and Hölder continuous coefficients. We prove that the firstkeigenfunctions on an optimal set for this problem are locally Lipschtiz continuous inDand, as a consequence, that the optimal sets are open sets. We also prove the Lipschitz continuity of vector-valued functions that are almost-minimizers of a two-phase functional with variable coefficients.
Helical magnetic self-organization of plasmas in toroidal pinches with transport barriers formation
Authors: Veranda Marco , Bonfiglio Daniele , Cappello Susanna , Chacòn Luis , Escande Dominique Frank , di Giannatale Giovanni
Published: March 2020

Nonlinear MHD modeling of toroidal pinch configurations for hot plasma magnetic confinement describes several features of the helical self-organization process, which is observed in both reversed-field pinches and tokamaks. It can also give a hint on why transport barriers are formed, by far one of the more interesting observations in experiments. The work tackles these two topics, helical self-organization and transport barriers formation - adding further information and examples to the results already presented in [Veranda, et al, Nucl.Fus. 60 016007 (2020)]. Regarding the topic of helical self-organization, a synthesis of the results obtained by a 3D nonlinear viscoresistive magnetohydrodynamics model will be presented. Modelling predicts a technique to “channel” reversed-field pinches into a chosen macroscopic helical shape and also predicts that the features of such helical self-organization, studied in the RFX-mod experiment in Padova, depend on two parameters only: plasma dissipation coefficients and edge radial magnetic field. They can be exploited to calm the natural tendency of reversed-field pinches to a “sawtoothing” dynamics, i.e. by decreasing visco-resistive dissipation and using helical edge fields not resonating with the plasma safety factor. Regarding the MHD description of the process of formation of transport barriers by magnetic chaos healing, we will describe the computation of Lagrangian structures, hidden in the weakly stochastic behaviour of magnetic field lines, acting as barriers to the transport. The radial position of such structures is observed to correspond to higher gradients of magnetic field lines connection length to the edge: this provides a further indication of their possible role in the formation of electron temperature barriers.
Development of a Setup for Material Identification Based on Laser-Driven Neutron Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Zimmer Marc , Scheuren Stefan , Kleinschmidt Annika , Tebartz Alexandra , Ebert Tina , Ding Johannes , Hartnagel Daniel , Roth Markus
Published: March 2020

With the phasing out of many research reactors over the upcoming years, a shortcoming of small and medium sized neutron sources is to be expected. Laser-driven neutron sources have the potential to fill this void, with enormous progress being made in laser technology over the past years. Upcoming petawatt lasers with high repetition rates up to 10 Hz promise a tremendous increase in neutron flux. In this paper, a setup is developed and optimized to conduct neutron resonance spectroscopy at a laser-driven neutron source. This setup is then evaluated at an experimental campaign at the PHELIX laser system. Laser intensities up to 1021 W/cm² with a ns pre-pulse contrast of 10-7 were used for ion acceleration, resulting in (1.8±0.7)×108 N/sr per pulse corresponding to (2.3±1.0)×109 N in a 4 π equivalent. These pulses were moderated, collimated and investigated via the time of flight method in order to characterize the thermal neutron spectrum as well as the signal to noise ratio.
Short-Pulse Laser-Driven Moderated Neutron Source
Authors: Vogel Sven C. , Fernandez Juan C. , Gautier D. Cort , Mitura Nikodem , Roth Markus , Schoenberg Kurt F.
Published: March 2020

Neutron production with laser-driven neutron sources was demonstrated. We outline the basics of laser-driven neutron sources, highlight some fundamental advantages, and quantitatively compare the neutron production at the TRIDENT laser sources with the well-established LANSCE pulsed neutron spallation source. Ongoing efforts by our team to continue development of these sources, in particular the LANSCE-ina-box instrument, are described. The promise of ultra-intense lasers as drivers for brilliant, compact, and highly efficient particle accelerators portends driving next-generation neutron sources, potentially replacing in some cases much larger conventional accelerators.
Development of the radio frequency quadrupole proton linac for ESS-Bilbao
Authors: Muñoz Juan Luis , Bustinduy Ibon , Rueda Igor , de Cos David
Published: March 2020

The Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) linear accelerator for ESS-Bilbao is described. This device will complete ESS-Bilbao injection chain after the ion source and the LEBT. The design was finished in 2015 and machining of the accelerator cavity started in 2016. The RFQ is a 4-vane structure, aimed to accelerate protons from 45 keV to 3:0MeV and operating at 352:2MHz in pulsed mode with a duty cycle up to 10%. Total length is about 3:1m divided in 4 segments. Each segment is itself assembled from four components, named vanes, by using polymeric vacuum gaskets with no brazing among them. Notable aspects of the design are the constant mean aperture R0, vane radius ρ and thus ρ/R0 ratio and also uniform inter vane voltage. Novel procedures for the design of the modulation and integrated beam dynamics and electromagnetic design have been developed for this task. In this paper, the complete design procedure and its results are presented, including beam dynamics, RF cavity design, field flatness and frequency tuning, cooling and thermo-mechanical design.
A 50 kW Liquid-Lithium Target for BNCT and Material-Science Applications
Authors: Paul Michael , Silverman Ido , Halfon Shlomi , Sukoriansky Semion , Mikhailovich Boris , Palchan Tala , Kapusta Arkady , Shoihet Arthur , Kijel Daniel , Arenshtam Alexander , Barami Eli
Published: March 2020

A compact Liquid Lithium Target (LiLiT) has been operating at SARAF for several years with beam power of several kW (1.9-2.5 MeV, up to 2 mA). When bombarding the lithium with low energy protons neutrons are generated. The neutron source, mainly used for nuclear astrophysics research, was decommissioned in 2016 towards an upgraded model - with possible applications to Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) and material-science studies. The improved version has been designed to sustain 50 kW proton beam power (2.5 MeV, ~20 mA) to provide sufficient neutron flux required for clinical BNCT application. The new model has a 50 mm wide lithium jet to enable dissipation of the higher beam power and an improved heat exchanger to remove the power to a secondary cooling loop. A new Annular Linear INduction electro-magnetic pump (ALIN) has been designed and built to provide the required lithium flow rate. Other mechanical improvements facilitate the maintenance of the system and the robustness of operation. Radiological risks due to the 7Be produced in the reaction are reduced by using an integrated lead shielding of the lithium reservoir. An integrated neutron moderator is being designed to adjust the neutron energy to the spectrum best suited to BNCT. A low power (6 kW) model of the new design with a narrower nozzle (18 mm wide) and a rotating-magnet electro-magnetic pump is operating at SARAF to support the ongoing astrophysics and nuclear research program [1], [2]. To fulfill clinical BNCT, the upgraded LiLiT model will require an accelerator of appropriate energy and intensity. The design features of the new system are presented in this paper.
High-power TR-24 cyclotron-based p-n convertor cooled by submerged orifice jet
Authors: Pavel Bém , Radomír Běhal , Miloslav Gӧtz , Petr Plíhal , Dušan Poklop , Milan Štefánik , Jan Štursa , Václav Zach
Published: March 2020

The TR-24 cyclotron (Advanced Cyclotron Systems Inc., Canada) of the Nuclear Physics Institute in Řež provides protons with variable energies from 18 MeV up to 24 MeV and beam current of 0.3 mA. For such parameters, the p +Be source reaction on thick Be target can produce a white-spectrum neutron field (En ≤ 22 MeV) with the intensity of 5×10 12 n/s/sr in forward direction. Present paper outlines the development of Be-target cooling system, devoted to remove the heat load of 7 kW (density up to 4 kW/cm2) from the target. Due to novel “orifice-form“ of jet cooling (resulting in the shortest source-to- sample distance of 20 mm) with extremely high cooling efficiency, the TR-24 p-n convertor can achieve neutron-flux up to 2×1012n/cm2/s nearby the target output.
Design and Construction of an Imaging beamline at the Nagoya University Neutron Source
Authors: Hirota Katsuya , Awano Shogo , Fujiie Takuhiro , Fukumura Seiso , Hishida Mayu , Ichikawa Go , Imajo Sohei , Itoh Ikuya , Iwashita Yoshihisa , Kitaguchi Masaaki , Kiyanagi Yoshiaki , Kuriyama Yasutoshi , Morikawa Koki , Niinomi Yu-dai , Shimizu Hirohiko M. , Tsuchida Kazuki , Tsuchikwa Yusuke , Tsurita Yukio , Uritani Akira , Watanabe Kenichi , Yamagata Yutaka , Yamamoto Nana , Yamazaki Atsushi , Yoshihashi Sachiko , Yoshioka Tamaki
Published: March 2020

The Nagoya University Accelerator driven Neutron Source (NUANS) is constructed at the main campus of the Nagoya University. The electrostatic accelerator is used with the maximum proton energy and intensity of 2.8MeV, 15mA(42kW) respectively. Two neutron beamlines are designed at NUANS. The BL1 is dedicated to BNCT development. The BL2 is designed for research and development for neutron devices and neutron imaging. The neutrons used for the BL2 are generated by using the (p, n) reaction from a thin beryllium target. We constructed a compact target station for the BL2 and measured the neutron transmission image.
High-count-rate 3He position-sensitive detector system: NEUNET-HCR
Authors: Sato Setsuo , Seya Tomohiro , Oshita Hidetoshi , Kato Hideto , Hikida Noriyuki , Ishizawa Kazuya , Yamaguchi Akinori , Matsuura Mitsugu
Published: March 2020

Highly reliable 3He gas detectors are most often used in neutron scattering experiments but have disadvantages such as low count rates and low position resolutions. In this study, a 3He gas detector system called NEUNET-HCR was developed, whose count rate is approximately 10 times that of the current NEUNET system, which was developed for a high position resolution with a low count rate. NEUNET-HCR achieved a maximum count rate of 535 kcps per detector, with a loss of approximately 30%. As the NEUNET-HCR system was developed based on the NEUNET system, various improvements were required to achieve the high count rate. Further, a high count rate was achieved in the NEUNET-HCR system without significantly degrading the position resolution.
Characterization of Neutron Beam Applications
Authors: Shimizu Hirohiko M. , Hirota Katsuya
Published: March 2020

Analytic framework to quantitatively evaluate the performance of existing neutron scattering instruments would be valuable to find out new possibilities and potentials of slow neutron beams. A conceptual sketch of ongoing effort in Japan is described.
Objectif Lune : le retour
Authors: Le Gros Gaïc
Published: March 2020

D’ici à 2030 les hommes seront de retour sur la Lune. Cette fois-ci, ce ne sera pas une fin en soi, mais une étape essentielle à l’envoi d’hommes sur Mars. Mais avant d’en arriver là, de nombreuses interrogations subsistent en matière de radioprotection et d’énergie afin de protéger la vie des futurs astronautes sur la planète rouge.
Portuguese eyewitness accounts of the great space weather event of 1582
Authors: Sánchez Carrasco Víctor Manuel , Vaquero José Manuel
Published: March 2020

Newly discovered descriptions about the great aurora observed in March 1582 are presented in this work. These records were made by Portuguese observers from Lisbon. Both records described the aurora like a great fire in the northern part of the sky. It was observed during three consecutive nights, according to one of the sources. Thus, we present a discussion of these auroral records in order to complement other works that studied the aurora sighted in March 1582.
Concerns of Pregnant Women in “Prenatal
Screening/Diagnosis” Practice and Termination of
Pregnancy
Authors: Kasnakoglu Berna Tari , Cakar Mehmet , Okem Zeynep Guldem , Tanacan Atakan , Fadiloglu Erdem , Orgul Gokcen , Beksac Mehmet Sinan
Published: March 2020

Objective To investigate the reasons for decision-making and concerns of
patients in the field of prenatal screening, invasive prenatal diagnostic
testing (IPDT), and termination of pregnancy (TOP).

Study Design This questionnaire-based study consisted of 107 pregnant
women who were referred for prenatal screening to the Hacettepe University
Hospital. The questionnaire given to patients was prepared from scratch since
there is no standard set of questions measuring patients’ feelings and
concerns regarding prenatal screening/diagnosis, IPDT, and TOP.

Results Our questionnaire results showed that it is possible to classify
decision-making factors into 6 groups: psychological, social, fear,
religious/faith, support, and trust. The majority of patients were
undecided (48.6%) about IPDT if prenatal screening test results were
risky. Only 23.4% of patients were willing to accept IPDT. On the other
hand, 55.1% of patients were not willing to undergo TOP if the fetal
karyotyping results were abnormal. Religious factors seem to be important in
refusing IPDT and TOP.

Conclusion Physicians should re-evaluate their practice in the field of
prenatal screening and diagnosis in light of the high refusal rates of IPDT and
TOP. Understanding factors influencing womenʼs decision-making processes
provides insight for service providers to help women at high risk of having
foetal anomalies to make better-informed choices.
Nomogram to predict lymph node metastasis in patients with early gastric cancer: a useful clinical tool to reduce gastrectomy after endoscopic resection
Authors: Kim Su Mi , Min Byung-Hoon , Ahn Joong Hyun , Jung Sin-Ho , An Ji Yeong , Choi Min Gew , Sohn Tae Sung , Bae Jae Moon , Kim Sung , Lee Hyuk , Lee Jun Haeng , Kim Young Woo , Ryu Keun Won , Kim Jae J. , Lee Jun Ho
Published: March 2020

Background The indications for endoscopic dissection have been expanded to improve the quality of life of patients with early gastric cancer (EGC). This study aimed to develop a nomogram to predict the status of lymph node metastasis with the aim of avoiding unnecessary gastrectomies.

Methods We reviewed the clinicopathological data of 10 579 patients who underwent curative resection for EGC. The nomogram was developed by multivariate analysis and was evaluated by external validation. Overall, disease-free and recurrence-free survival were compared between the gastrectomy group of 6641 patients and the endoscopic dissection group of 999 patients to show the efficacy of the nomogram.

Results Multivariate analyses revealed that age, tumor size, lymphatic invasion, depth of invasion, and histologic differentiation were all significant prognostic factors for lymph node metastasis. The nomogram had good discriminatory performance, with a concordance index of 0.846. This was supported by the external validation point of 0.813. For patients with low risk of lymph node metastasis on the nomogram (≤ 3 % of the provisional value in this study), the endoscopic dissection and gastrectomy groups had comparable rates of overall (P = 0.32), disease-free (P = 0.47), and recurrence-free (P = 0.09) survival.

Conclusions We developed and validated a nomogram that predicts the risk of lymph node metastasis in EGC based on a large database. This precision nomogram is useful to avoid unnecessary gastrectomy after endoscopic dissection, which may ultimately improve the quality of life of patients with EGC.
The Use of Intraosseous Screw for Upper Molar Distalization: A Case Report
Authors: Polat-Özsoy Ömür
Published: March 2020

The use of implants has made a major change in orthodontic treatment mechanics. They have replaced conventional unaesthetic and compliance dependent extraoral appliances with well accepted intraoral mechanics. Implants can be used in molar and canine distalization, intrusion and in extraoral force applications. In the present case report, treatment of a case using an intermaxillary fixation screw (IMF) will be presented. The treatment results will be evaluated using pretreatment, post distalization and post treatment cephalometric radiographs and dental casts. (Eur J Dent 2008;2:115-121)
Temporal Changes in Fibrinolysis following Injury
Authors: Moore Hunter B. , Moore Ernest E.
Published: March 2020

Trauma patients present to the emergency department with a spectrum of fibrinolytic activity. This wide variance in fibrinolysis activity is a complex multifactorial process impacted by the degree of hemorrhagic shock and the amount of tissue injury the individual sustains. The fibrinolytic activity of the trauma patient at presentation to the hospital has prognostic and therapeutic implications. Those patients with high fibrinolytic activity (hyperfibrinolysis) are at risk of mortality from hemorrhage, whereas those patients with low fibrinolytic activity (shutdown or hypofibrinolysis) are at an increased risk of delayed mortality from traumatic brain injury or organ failure. These phenotypes of fibrinolysis acutely following injury change with resuscitation, and the majority of trauma patients will transition to a fibrinolytic resistant state several hours after injury. The mechanism for this near-global transition to this acquired fibrinolysis appears to be related to the generation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the liver. Those patients who do not recover from this fibrinolytic state 24 hours after injury have a poor prognosis. The purpose of this article is to review the different states of fibrinolytic activity following injury and how they change over time following resuscitation and in the intensive care unit.
Changes in Coagulation following Brain Injury
Authors: Maegele Marc , Aversa John , Marsee Mathew K. , McCauley Ross , Chitta Swetha Hanuma , Vyakaranam Sudhir , Walsh Mark
Published: March 2020

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide public health concern due to increasing mortality, affecting around 10 million patients per year. A wide variety of clinical presentations are a function of the magnitude of injury and the anatomical perturbation of the brain parenchyma, supporting structures, and cerebral vasculature, with subsequent alteration of the blood–brain barrier. These disturbances correspond with the evolution of intracerebral hemorrhage and clinical outcomes. The associated hemostatic alterations associated with TBI are caused by the disruption of the delicate balance between bleeding and thrombosis formation, which can exacerbate initial injury. TBI-associated coagulopathy is a function of a cross-talk between coagulation and inflammation, with varying influences on the immunomodulation and regulation of coagulation that occur on platelets and the endothelium of injured TBI patients. In addition to the severity of initial injury, the following factors modulate the hemocoagulative response to TBI: time from the onset of injury to treatment, age, gender, catecholamine secretion, platelet dysfunction, endotheliopathy, premorbid anticoagulation, fibrinolysis, tissue factor, and activated protein C contribution. All these entities are intertwined and influence the pathologic evolution of TBI. These factors have implications for therapeutic options such as the choice of blood components for transfusion and hemostatic agents such as tranexamic acid. Monitoring hemostatic changes of TBI patients requires an understanding of these interactions between immunology and coagulation, which can be discerned by point-of-care viscoelastic testing with specific limitations. This review considers the implications of these interrelated influences on the evaluation of coagulopathy in TBI.
Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy in Children
Authors: Lucisano Amelia C. , Leeper Christine M. , Gaines Barbara A.
Published: March 2020

Trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) is well documented in injured children. However, many important features of pediatric hemostasis are still in development in early childhood and may impact TIC. Certain pediatric subgroups are at a higher risk. Traumatic brain injury, which occurs with a higher rate in children, and physical child abuse are known risk factors for TIC that deserve special consideration. Resuscitation of a pediatric trauma patient follows many of the same goals as in the injured adult trauma, although some key aspects of pediatric resuscitation require ongoing investigation. Venous thromboembolism occurs with higher rates in certain high-risk groups of pediatric trauma patients, although overall it is considerably less frequent in children as compared with adults.
Effect of array submergence on flow and coherent structures through and around a circular array of rigid vertical cylinders
Authors: Chang Wen-Yi , Constantinescu George , Tsai Whey-Fone
Published: March 2020

Flow past a submerged array of rigid cylinders is more complex compared to the limiting case of an emerged array because part of the flow approaching the array is advected over it and the mean-flow three-dimensionality is increased inside and around the array. For sufficiently high submergence, the flow moving over the top of the array generates a vertical separated shear layer (SSL) and modifies the structure of the wake flow. The case of a circular array of diameter D containing solid cylinders of diameter d (=0.03D) and height hp placed in a flat-bed open channel of depth h = 0.56D is investigated. Detached eddy simulations that resolve the flow past the individual cylinders are conducted at a Reynolds number ReD = 37 500 for two solid volume fractions (SVF) of the array region (SVF = Nd2/D2 = 0.09 and SVF = 0.23 corresponding to aD = 3.9 and 9.6, where N is the number of cylinders in the array and aD is the nondimensional frontal area per unit volume for the array) and several values of the relative height of the cylinders (hp/h = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1). Results are also compared with the limiting case of a solid cylinder (SVF = 1). The strong weakening of the antisymmetric vortex-shedding mode observed for submerged cases with hp/h ≤ 0.75 is related to the flow component advected over the array and the formation of a U-shaped vortex behind the array, which impedes the interactions of the two lateral (horizontal) SSLs forming on the sides of the array. For sufficiently high SVFs and high array submergence, the U-shaped vortex penetrates inside the array, which means that fluid and particles from the near wake can enter the array region. The decrease in hp/h reduces the coherence of the horseshoe vortex forming in front of the array, the length of the steady wake region, and the Strouhal number associated with the antisymmetric shedding mode. Simulation results show that billow vortices have a much reduced capacity to entrain and carry sediments in the wake of the array even for relatively low array submergences (e.g., for hp/h = 0.75) compared to hp/h = 1. The decrease in the mean streamwise drag coefficient for the cylinders in the array, C¯d, with the decrease in hp/h, is nearly linear for hp/h > 0.25. The rate of decay of C¯d with the decrease in hp/h increases with the SVF. Using the simulation results, the paper also discusses how changes in the flow structure triggered by increased array submergence affect nutrient and sediment transport inside and around vegetated patches in natural erodible channels.
Understanding transport of an elastic, spherical particle through a confining channel
Authors: Li Shuaijun , Yu Honghui , Li Tai-De , Chen Zi , Deng Wen , Anbari Alimohammad , Fan Jing
Published: March 2020

The transport of soft particles through narrow channels or pores is ubiquitous in biological systems and industrial processes. On many occasions, the particles deform and temporarily block the channel, inducing a built-up pressure. This pressure buildup often has a profound effect on the behavior of the respective system; yet, it is difficult to be characterized. In this work, we establish a quantitative correlation between the built-up pressure and the material and geometry properties through experiments and mechanics analysis. We fabricate microgels with a controlled diameter and elastic modulus by microfluidics. We then force them to individually pass through a constrictive or straight confining channel and monitor the pressure variation across the channel. To interpret the pressure measurement, we develop an analytical model based on the Neo-Hookean material law to quantify the dependence of the maximum built-up pressure on the radius ratio of the elastic sphere to the channel, the elastic modulus of the sphere, and two constant parameters in the friction constitutive law between the sphere and the channel wall. This model not only agrees very well with the experimental measurement conducted at large microgel deformation but also recovers the classical theory of contact at small deformation. Featuring a balance between accuracy and simplicity, our result could shed light on understanding various biological and engineering processes involving the passage of elastic particles through narrow channels or pores.
Investigating the electronic structure of confined multiexcitons with nonlinear spectroscopies
Authors: Palato S. , Seiler H. , Baker H. , Sonnichsen C. , Brosseau P. , Kambhampati P.
Published: March 2020

Strong confinement in semiconductor quantum dots enables them to host multiple electron–hole pairs or excitons. The excitons in these materials are forced to interact, resulting in quantum-confined multiexcitons (MXs). The MXs are integral to the physics of the electronic properties of these materials and impact their key properties for applications such as gain and light emission. Despite their importance, the electronic structure of MX has yet to be fully characterized. MXs have a complex electronic structure arising from quantum many-body effects, which is challenging for both experiments and theory. Here, we report on the investigation of the electronic structure of MX in colloidal CdSe QDs using time-resolved photoluminescence, state-resolved pump–probe, and two-dimensional spectroscopies. The use of varying excitation energy and intensities enables the observation of many signals from biexcitons and triexcitons. The experiments enable the study of MX structures and dynamics on time scales spanning 6 orders of magnitude and directly reveal dynamics in the biexciton manifold. These results outline the limits of the simple concept of binding energy. The methods of investigations should be applicable to reveal complex many-body physics in other nanomaterials and low-dimensional materials of interest.