bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Keynesian Consensus and Its Limits
Authors: Morgan Iwan
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that a postNew Deal Keynesian consensus shaped U.S. economic policy from 1945 to 1965 based on an evolving rather than static concept of Keynesianism that eventually exceeded the limits of political agreement. With enactment of the Employment Act of 1946, postwar economic policy entered a period of bipartisan consensus over the use of what could be called “compensatory Keynesianism” to limit cyclical fluctuations in the economy.This entailed running compensatory budget deficits during periods of recession (1949, 1953–54, 1957–58) and combating inflation through tight budgets during periods of prosperity.As economic growth slowed, however, new debate arose over the use of fiscal policy to maximize expansion. This became tied into the Cold War debate over how the United States could keep ahead of the Soviet Union in the post–Sputnik era; though more limited than the “compensatory” consensus, pro-growth ideas had attained political ascendancy by 1960.
Epilogue
Authors: Manley Elizabeth S.
Published: January 2018

The epilogue concludes with an assessment of the gendered politics of the final three years of Balaguer’s rule within the context of both the increasing attention to global feminism and the democratic transition to President Antonio Guzman in 1978. It looks specifically at the event surrounding the International Women’s Year (1975) and the ways the women in the opposition pushed forth a more active and gender-conscious agenda. Although the shifts were subtle, a clear difference in tactics manifested itself across the political spectrum as women advocated a more aggressive and cross-partisan platform of feminist rights. Through these transformations the grounding of modern Dominican feminism is then visibly linked to its early predecessors of the 1920s pre-Trujillo period while also embedded in the fifty years of engagement with authoritarianism and transnational activism.
Production and Consumption
Authors: Álvarez Myrian , Godino Ivan Briz
Published: January 2018

The production-consumption duality is a key element to deal with technological innovations, the organization of human labor, and social change. The analysis of production-consumption dynamic in lithics implies to explore how the artifacts were made and how they were used as a result of a single spatial-temporal praxis. The study of form-function holds the clues to disentangle the complex nature of production-consumption dynamics. Changes in consumption patterns were identified between hunter-gatherer and fishing societies from Tierra del Fuego along the human occupation of the region. High productivity levels were achieved by these societies since they obtained high consumption values with low production values
Re-envisioning Prehispanic Mesoamerican Economies
Authors: Feinman Gary M. , Nicholas Linda M.
Published: January 2018

Exuberant Spanish accounts of the 16th century Aztec market system have been part of the documentary record for hundreds of years. Yet the significance of markets and marketplace exchanges in the prehispanic Mesoamerican world has consistently been under-theorized until relatively recently. One of the key, but not sole, factors that has forced a shift in our analytical framing is the archaeological evidence that almost all production (craft and agrarian) was situated domestically in prehispanic Mesoamerica, yet many households were producing at least in part for exchange. In consequence, centralized managerial control over production would have been difficult if not impossible to sustain. Although such findings have cast great doubt on long-held visions of Mesoamerican command economies, understanding how power was funded in different prehispanic time/space contexts remains a central issue with a greater analytical focus now shifted to the fiscal foundations of collective action, governance, and power. Despite important shifts in the specific lessons and legacies that we draw from Marx’s historical analysis, intellectual parallels and debts to this materialist frame of thought remain, and these help generate new questions to guide the way forward for studying this region’s past.
Marriages, Norms and Structures
Authors: Rodríguez Alexander Mansutti
Published: January 2018

Mansutti adopts Needham’s scheme of distinguishing three analytical levels; the jural rules; the statistical-behavioural, and the categorical. He includes a computer simulation to gain a time depth in his model of Piaroa kinship and marriage, which demonstrates that the exceptions to the marriage rules are not residual and inexplicable but are necessary to maintain the ideal model anticipated by the formal rules. Although violations of the rules are motivated by personal desires and not a desire to save the formal system, they are in fact necessary to its preservation. Moreover, he employs Bourdieu’s distinction between official and private kinship, and illustrates his approach with apposite case studies. For instance, he describes how personal interests can be transmuted into community interests, and genealogical relationships between two people in small-scale societies can be “read” along different routes with telling results.
Haudenosaunee Settlement Ecology before and after Contact in Northeastern North America
Authors: Jones Eric E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter compares the settlement ecology—factors influencing settlement location choices, settlement size, and settlement relocation—of Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) communities in northeastern North America predating the arrival of Europeans, to early Colonial Period communities. It enhances understanding of Haudenosaunee reactions to the introduction of European societies, politics, economics, ecologies, and ideologies in the region. Results suggest that settlement location choices changed very little after Europeans arrived. Either the landscape changed little from the Haudenosaunee perspective, or Haudenosaunee communities were not significantly influenced by the changes that did occur, although particular landscape features related to agricultural subsistence activities did shift. The chapter investigates these large-scale trends and explores the ecology of Haudenosaunee settlement patterns and processes before and during early colonialism. Results are supplemented with existing data on community life to create a multiscalar view of Haudenosaunee settlement ecology as it relates to the advent of colonialism in northeastern North America.
Violence in Early Maritime Encounters in the Pacific
Authors: Clark Geoffrey
Published: January 2018

Above all, early meetings between islanders and Europeans in the Pacific were maritime encounters that frequently included inter-group violence. A tendency toward violence is noteworthy because many societies in Oceania had pre-existing seaborne connections with other islands involving trade, raiding-warfare, and marriage, with a particular maritime activity implicit in the type of craft and nature of the crew involved. This chaper explores the maritime systems of Pacific Islanders and how these influenced islander responses to Western ships and crew. It uses ethnohitorical data to reconstruct Pacific Islanders’ voyaging spheres, and explain how several Pacific Islander societies in Oceania read the crew composition and voyage purpose of European arrivals from features of their vessels. This indogenous-centered perspective reveals how cross-cultural misunderstandings contributed to an early tier of violent social relations.
Using a Graphic Model to Explore the Range of Cross-Cultural Interaction in Ancient Borderlands
Authors: Green Ulrike Matthies , Costion Kirk E.
Published: January 2018

In order to illuminate the complexities of culture contact in colonial settings it is not enough to simply shift one’s research onto the periphery, instead it is imperative that these peripheral areas are also viewed as interaction zones in their own right. This chapter presents a graphic model for representing a range of cross-cultural interaction designed specifically to address archaeologists’ challenges of conceptualizing several types of cross-cultural interaction in the cultural and geographic borderlands at the frontiers of the influence sphere of expansive states or colonial powers. The model’s design allows for the numerous simultaneous levels of interaction, which reflects the intricate nature of cultural contacts, and which considers indigenous perspectives in tandem with colonial aspirations. The model’s utility is illustrated through research from the early Middle Horizon (ca. A.D. 550–800) in the Moquegua Valley, Peru, a borderland between the Wari and Tiwanaku States.
E Groups
Authors: Aveni Anthony F. , Dowd Anne S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter traces the historical roots of the scholarship regarding the relationship between Group E-type structures and the Maya solar calendar. It begins with a brief survey of the evidence that the Maya kept such a calendar, and then summarizes the bearing of alignment studies of E Groups on how they were involved in developing a seasonal calendar motivated by agricultural necessity. It seems clear that an orientation calendar based on positions of sunrise on the equinoxes and solstices existed in the built environment, at least at Uaxactún, as early as the Terminal Preclassic-Early Classic transition (ca. 278 CE). Though difficult to pin down chronologically, statistical evidence from alignment studies suggests that the seasonal basis of the calendar was altered, possibly as a result of Teotihuacan influence (ca. Tzacol Phase: 350-550 CE) to fit with sunrise on the first of its two annual overhead (zenith) passages, and specifically to the 20-day months leading up to that event. This time of year (about 10 May in the Christian calendar) would have offered an opportunity to conduct rituals in anticipation of the rainy season and subsequent crop planting.
E Groups, Cosmology, and the Origins of Maya Rulership
Authors: Freidel David A.
Published: January 2018

The material symbol-systems of the Preclassic (1000 BCE–250 CE) Maya reflect a focus on the daily and annual cycles of the sun and the relationship between these and the cycles of the agrarian year, particularly as represented in the anthropomorphic Maize God. The Maya sun gods, the Maize God, and the solar avatar of the Creator God Itzamnaaj or the Principal Bird Deity are depicted in architectural decoration, murals and carvings in Preclassic contexts. They are also depicted in later Classic Period (250-950 CE) contexts. I explore these images and ideas to show that the E Group phenomenon was one part of the development of a pan-peninsular religion, worldview and ideology establishing the basis for Preclassic Maya rulership. Finally, I explore the prospect that the site of Cerros has an Eastern Triadic Structure, Structure 29, rather than an E Group. I propose on iconographic grounds that this building is a solar commemorative structure and possibly a bundle house.
The Isthmian Origins of the E Group and Its Adoption in the Maya Lowlands
Authors: Inomata Takeshi
Published: January 2018

Recent investigations at Ceibal (Seibal) and other Preclassic Period (1000 BCE–250 CE) sites indicate that the E Group assemblage was originally developed around 1000-900 BCE as an element of a standardized site plan called the Middle Formative Chiapas pattern (MFC) through interactions among diverse groups inhabiting the Isthmian region, including the southern Gulf Coast, Chiapas, the southern Pacific Coast, and the southwestern end of the Maya lowlands. The Maya in the central and eastern lowlands began to adopt the E Group after 800 BCE and to create their own cultural tradition by applying their construction methods, by developing new symbolism and ritual, and by discarding most other elements of the MFC pattern. After many of the Isthmian centers collapsed at the end of the Middle Preclassic Period (ca. 350 BCE), the lowland Maya became the most avid builders of E Groups in Mesoamerica.
Time to Rule
Authors: Saturno William A. , Beltrán Boris , Rossi Franco D.
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents an archaeology of the Las Pinturas complex at the site of San Bartolo, Guatemala, where recent excavations have revealed three well-known architectural forms overlaid in close context—a ballcourt, an E Group, and a triadic complex. The developmental sequence of these architectural complexes highlights both significant changes and continuities in ceremonial expression during the final four centuries of the Preclassic Period (1000 BCE-250 CE). Layered one atop the other, these assemblages also provide suggestive evidence of evolving symbols of power and forms of legitimacy in use during the early Late Preclassic Period (350 BCE-0 CE) and underscore the connection between these tangible symbols and the codification of institutionalized kingship.
Of Apples and Oranges
Authors: Awe Jaime J. , Hoggarth Julie A. , Aimers James J.
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the function of E Groups, proposed as astronomical observatories by researchers at Uaxactún. Other functional hypotheses suggested include the scheduling of agricultural or trade activities, marking solar cycles and celebratory katun endings, use in geomantic systems by the Maya, use as settings for agricultural ritual, and for ancestor rituals and dynastic interment by the ruling elite. These types of architectural assemblages in the Belize Valley often contain three structures in a linear, north to south, arrangement on the east side of a large public plaza with a pyramidal structure or a range-type building on the western side. The evidence in this region suggests that these architectural assemblages were primarily used for ancestor related rituals and that classifying them as Eastern Triadic Assemblages may be appropriate in order to distinguish them from E Groups like the one at Uaxactún.
An Introduction to the Archaeology of Francophone Communities in the Americas
Authors: Scott Elizabeth M.
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides a historical and geographical background and situates the volume’s contributions in the context of previous archaeological research into the French in the New World. The chapter discusses the ways in which French settlers made their presence felt on the landscape and on Native groups through a wide range of settlement types, economic and social networks, and successive generations of habitation. The chapter reviews both the well-studied French colonial period and the lesser known post-Conquest period, after the Treaty of Versailles and after the ancien régime fell, during which communities of Francophone peoples (ethnic French, Native American, and African) continued to live in the New World.
Archaeological Dimensions of the Acadian Diaspora
Authors: Pendery Steven R.
Published: January 2018

Chapter 2 explores actual and prospective archaeological sites of the Acadians, a culturally distinctive francophone group from the Canadian maritime provinces expelled by the British in 1755 on the eve of the Seven Years War. They were prevented from returning to their Acadian homeland at the war’s conclusion and many relocated to adjacent Canadian provinces. Others were co-opted by the French government to work on colonial labor projects in Saint-Domingue (today’s Haiti) and to settle in outlying parts of French Guiana. Yet others sought to establish New Acadias in Louisiana and along the Saint John River in Maine and New Brunswick. Such settlements typically straddled different ecological zones allowing Acadians to exploit both wild and cultivated food resources. Acadian cultural patterns of behavior, values, and identity persisted but over time blended with those of neighboring groups. Today, the earliest Acadian diaspora sites are threatened by climate change and coastal development.
Identity and Cultural Interaction in French Guiana during the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Rousselle Antoine Loyer , Auger Réginald
Published: January 2018

In colonial times, French Guiana, located on the north coast of South America, was part of the circum-Caribbean region and participated in the triangular trade. Beginning with their arrival in 1665, Jesuit missionaries had control over the religious affairs for the colony and gained a very influential position within the colonial population until their expulsion (1763-1768). They also participated in the plantation system, as a way to finance the establishment of their evangelization work among the Native people of South America. With their most iconic plantation, the Habitation Loyola (ca 1720-1768), the Jesuits were the first producers of sugar, coffee, and cocoa; over a century of their exploitation more than a thousand slaves were scattered over all their possessions. In this chapter we seek to explore the social dynamics and cultural interactions between the Jesuits, the enslaved Africans, and the Native populations within the plantation system. We begin with a brief review of the plantation studies in French Guiana and the Caribbean, then we address the questions of cultural interaction studies and the creolization process. Our analysis is based on specific sets of artifacts retrieved mainly from a trash deposit associated with the kitchen and the Great House.
Sugar Plantations in the French West Indies
Authors: Kelly Kenneth G.
Published: January 2018

The French West Indian colonial possessions of Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Saint Domingue were among the most valuable overseas European colonies due to the production of the tropical commodities of coffee, cocoa, and in particular, sugar. The crops were raised on plantations through the labor of hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans and their descendants between the mid 17th century and the mid 19th century. In spite of the importance of this heritage to the history of the French colonial enterprise, and more importantly, the history of the descendant populations, commemoration of this chapter of history has only recently begun. This commemoration includes public monuments, official recognition, and archaeological research. Historical archaeology contributes a perspective that sheds light on otherwise undocumented or poorly-documented aspects of the slavery era, such as the organization of villages, the housing within them, and the ways in which enslaved people saw to their needs for food.
Views of Venice before Hemingway
Authors: Perosa Sergio
Published: January 2018

Perosa offers a history of artistic representations of Venice by poets and novelists around the world, including Lord Byron, Thomas Mann, and Henry James. In order to engage with Hemingway’s depiction of Italy, Perosa determines that it is necessary to understand how Venice has previously been captured by the greatest writers of the past. Through these writers, Perosa identifies a Venice that is synonymous with love, death, creativity, and mystery, all qualities that Hemingway himself sought to capture in his Italian works.
Artifice and Reality
Authors: Long Adam
Published: January 2018

Although Across the River and into the Trees takes place entirely in Venice and the surrounding region, Long argues that the presence of America is often evoked, emphasizing the difference of new world and old world, Europe and America, and present and past. The protagonist, Colonel Cantwell, has a foil in his chauffeur, the American Jackson, who does not appreciate the subtle values of the Italians. Jackson, to Long, represents the unenlightened mainstream American mindset. On the other hand, Long also points to moments where Cantwell idealizes America, looking toward a wonderful future upon his return with his Italian girlfriend, Renata.
Across the River and into the Trees
Authors: Gradoli Marina
Published: January 2018

Gradoli explores elements of mythology, Italian architecture, poetical allusions, and geography to argue for the subtlety and care in craft of Across the River and into the Trees. Using Walt Whitman, Marcel Proust, and a complex system of charts, Gradoli pursues the hidden and suggested aspects of the novel and how they contribute to its power.
Gothic Futures
Authors: Mccann Emily
Published: January 2018

This chapter reconsiders Edith Sitwell’s only novel, I Live under a Black Sun, as Gothic fiction opening up a political reading of British colonialism and women’s labor. When read as citing and rewriting Gothic tropes, the earnest moralizing in the text becomes more nuanced. The ostensibly tidy allegorizing of the salvific power of Christian brotherly love is complicated by the eruption of disavowed sites of material and emotional labor that underwrites such a narrative. The chapter argues for the need to look at Sitwell as a thinker in her own right who dramatized her own strangeness as a way of critiquing the “normalcy” and mass politics around her. Gothic fiction tropes permitted her to offer a secret history of her historical moment, connecting her strangeness to a history of writers with whom she might feel professional kinship while emphasizing her own unique qualities. While she was not interested in feminist political action, Sitwell was concerned with problems of women’s labor in ways we might trace in other mid-century women’s writing that has been dismissed as apolitical or reactionary.
Scholarly Twilight
Authors: Buss Jared S.
Published: January 2018

Chapter 9 describes Ley’s declining prestige as both a rocket expert and a historian of science. As von Braun took center-stage, Ley retreated from the scene by devoting himself to his most ambitious histories of astronomy and zoology. Whereas Isis contributors had celebrated his earlier histories of science, a new generation of young historians excluded and ostracized Ley as a typical example of a scientist-turned-historian who wrote history backward. Younger historians viewed his style of popular writing as old-fashioned and self-serving. There is a larger story here about the academic institutionalization of the history of science during the 1960s and 1970s that may invite readers to ask, “What was lost?” Those readers might experience some degree of nostalgia for a time when academics and popularizers mixed ranks and shared goals.
A Lord-Retainer Theme
Authors: Maring Heather
Published: January 2018

Chapter 3 discusses an oral-connected idiom whose constitutive motifs employ clusters of concepts rather than specific morphemes or phraseological patterns. By calling the lord-retainer convention a “theme” in the oral-traditional sense, this chapter highlights meaningful features of the theme and the expressive role of metonymic referentiality. The poems discussed use the motifs of the lord-retainer theme to frame the relationship between lords and retainers in different ways. In Battle of Maldon and Beowulf the lord-retainer theme represents the social contract between mortal lords and their retainers, while in Andreas and Genesis A it describes a spiritual contract between Christ and his followers.
Roots and Routes
Authors: Curry Christopher
Published: January 2018

“Roots and Routes” examines the ways in which the world black loyalists left behind profoundly shaped the world they entered as exiles to the Bahamas. As such, it examines the extent to which their war-time experiences in the garrisoned sea-port cities along the Atlantic shaped the social, political, and religious values that they brought to the Bahamas after 1783. It also highlights the unique socio-political conditions in the Bahamas that were encountered by black and white loyalists upon evacuation in 1783. Of central importance is the emergence of the Bahamas as a non-plantation, slave-holding society on the eve of loyalist emigration to the colony. The Bahamas developed on the margins of the British Caribbean imperial design, evident by the fact that the islands remained remote, scarcely settled, under-developed, poorly defended, and unable to produce a dominant export crop. These salient features made the Bahamas an unusual arena in which black loyalist claims to freedom would be contested.
By Avon River, Arranged Marriage, and Shakespeare’s Empire
Authors: Vetter Lara
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines H.D.’s scrutiny of the European custom of arranged monarchial marriage as a strategy to consolidate imperial power, and the tacit parallels she draws between Italian and British empire-building. Half verse, half prose, this hybrid text explores Shakespeare and his Elizabethan and Jacobean contemporaries and ancestors against a perilous landscape of unscrupulous monarchs, constant warfare, and imperial conquest. It is deeply concerned with the unsettling abuses of power by the English monarchy and the origins of the British Empire, positioning Shakespeare as plagiarist and plunderer.
Spytihněv I (CE 875–915), Duke of Bohemia
Authors: Becker Marshall Joseph
Published: January 2018

Becker applies a life history (or osteobiographic) approach in the study of the remains of individuals who have been identified as Prince Spytihn?v, Duke of Bohemia, and his wife. Specifically, Becker seeks to learn how the confluence of diet and royal social status in the 9th century A.D. early Czech state affected these two elite people’s growth process and physical activity. This contextually rich work tests the notion that terminal adult stature and skeletal robusticity may have embodied lives of privilege. The data reveal that while Spytihn?v and his wife were notably more robust than people of the lower social rank, their stature falls within the range of all other males and females from this population. Stature variation may not always hold a one-to-one correlation with social rank, especially considering individual variation and the biocultural vagaries of the early Czech state. The bioarchaeology of such “emergent elites” helps shed light on the early states of late first millennium Europe.
Skeletal Morphology and Social Structure in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Zakrzewski Sonia
Published: January 2018

The study of human skeletal remains from ancient Egypt helps understand effects of emergent and entrenched differences in social differentiation and hierarchy between 5500 and 1785 B.C. This work focuses on diachronic patterns of terminal adult stature and limb proportions in Egyptian samples from the relatively egalitarian Badarian peoples through the highly complex and stratified Middle Kingdom. This diachronic approach suggests a number of complex outcomes, including that adult mean statures increased from Badarian to Late Predynastic times but declined into the Middle Kingdom. Increasing degrees of sexual dimorphism and changing limb proportions also speak to the intertwined effects of social hierarchy, gendered social divisions, and the plasticity of human growth in ancient Egypt.
Mycenaean Hierarchy and Gender Roles
Authors: Schepartz Lynne A. , Stocker Sharon R. , Davis Jack L. , Papathanasiou Anastasia , Miller-Antonio Sari , Murphy Joanne M. A. , Richards Michael , Malapani Evangelia
Published: January 2018

Mycenaean society of the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1675–1050 B.C.) Aegean world is well known as a hierarchical culture from its archaeology, mortuary patterns, and dietary structure. In particular, Mycenaean culture featured complex heterarchies in terms of class, sex, and gender. Skeletal remains from the major site of Pylos reveal some of the biocultural interplays within life and society. This study illustrates the benefits of integrating written records with multiple lines of paleopathological and isotopic data. Shepartz et al. identify mortuary treatments that serve as indicators of social differentiation in terms of at least two clear-cut macro-class distinctions. The analysis shows that the lower social strata possessed significantly poorer quality diets and that poor oral health was especially common among women. Those of high status evidently enjoyed greater access to protein as constructions of gender may have cross-cut vertical status differentiation.
“Bending and Not Breaking”
Authors: Bowers Marty , Bridenstine Stephen
Published: January 2018

Marty Bowers offers a perspective on the THPO as a citizen of the Seminole Tribe of Florida and a member of the Wind Clan. Born in 1971 and raised on the Big Cypress Seminole Indian Reservation, Bowers rode the bus eighty miles round-trip every day to attend public school in Clewiston, Florida. On the weekends, he joined his father’s Creek-speaking family for services at a Baptist Church on the Brighton Reservation. Raised in a bilingual household, Bowers is today more fluent in the Miccosukee language, the dominant language on the Big Cypress Reservation. Throughout his career, Bowers worked for the Seminole Tribe as a ranch hand, librarian, and museum exhibits specialist. From 2007 to 2010, Bowers served as a cultural advisor to the Tribal Historic Preservation Office. In this wide-ranging and insightful interview, he relates his personal journey of cultural discovery and shares his thoughts and feelings about Seminole history and the work of the Tribal Historic Preservation Office.
Tribal Archaeology
Authors: Griffis Eric , Sepanski Jeffrey W. , Chalfant Jack
Published: January 2018

What is it like to complete archaeological research in an on-reservation setting? The answer is that it could be the same as anywhere else in the country as field crews work to excavate the perquisite number of shovel-tests or test units within a geographically specified area of potential effect. At the Seminole Tribe of Florida THPO we have one significant difference between us and “typical” cultural resource management–based research. We remain in situ long after the project is complete. The philosophy of the THPO is that the long-term success of the on-reservation archaeology program revolves around successful communication and engagement with the community in order to preserve and protect important elements of their collective heritage. The THPO is still fairly young as an organization, and the sight of people walking through pastures with shovels and trowels is novel to most, if not all, of the residents of any given reservation. The moments that archaeologists and community interact are therefore critical. This is definitely the case in the following chapter which begins with a particular incident that universally brings people of all cultures together—lunch.
Tarakkvlkv (Land of Palms)
Authors: Mahoney Maureen
Published: January 2018

The recent history of the Brighton reservation is contained in the settlement patterns of the camps established by the various groups moving onto lands of a hostile government. Collective memory is transferred through oral histories, but the patterns that emerge can be viewed through a broad temporal lens to reveal the sociocultural motivations of the broader population. The location of camps near the periphery of the reservation in the early years speaks to the mistrust of the families concerned about the ease of escape should they find themselves in peril from the U.S. government. Two decades later the clustering of camps near schools, roads, and trading stores demonstrates a transition and connectedness to the non-Seminole world. These years were certainly formative in the history of the Tribe. GIS is the tool the THPO uses to draw together oral history and archaeological information in the telling of these important stories.
The Significance of People and Preservation
Authors: Parsons Timothy A.
Published: January 2018

Although they serve different communities with differing cultural belief systems, both the THPO and the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) share very similar preservation-centric goals. Florida is a very long state, and the relationship between the SHPO (in Tallahassee) and the THPO (in Big Cypress) presents a challenge to employees of both offices with little opportunity for interaction. Nevertheless, the similarity in mission and cooperative personnel have resulted in a fruitful relationship between the two institutions. This is not to say that culturally mandated project–based disagreements don’t exist. However, staff at both offices demonstrate the cultural and professional respect necessary to work well with one another. Opportunities to collaborate on projects of mutual interest have strengthened this relationship, and we have found much common ground. A view from outside the THPO is always welcome as we learn from one another.
“What May Look Like Nothing to You, Is Everything to Someone Else”
Authors: Cypress Quenton , Bridenstine Stephen
Published: January 2018

What are the future heritage concerns of the Seminole Tribe of Florida? How will the THPO be relevant to that discussion in the next five, ten, twenty, and more years? Working with Tribal youth is one of the most important aspects of the office and one in which we are most proud of our achievements to date. Two tribal government programs allow the opportunity for Tribal youth to work within the department: the Summer Work Experience Program for high school students and Tribal Work Experience Program for adults. These programs are immersive, allowing students to learn more about the processes of working in a THPO. There is no doubt the students have themselves fundamentally shaped the broader staff and the program itself. In this way the THPO can operate as a cultural learning vehicle allowing Tribal youth to be more than passive learners of their culture. They are tasked to seek out, learn, and protect cultural knowledge through the various projects undertaken by the THPO. The resultant learning experience is meaningful, reflexive, and vibrant, offering opportunities for transmission of cultural knowledge that might have otherwise been lost.
Catawba
Authors: Fitts Mary Elizabeth
Published: January 2018

Chapter 3 documents the emergence, composition, and political interactions of the Catawba Nation through the mid-eighteenth century. Between the Spanish incursions of the 1560s and the establishment of Charles Town in 1670, a group of Catawba Valley Mississippians known as Yssa rose to become the powerful Nation of Esaws that formed the core of the eighteenth-century Catawba Nation. In the late seventeenth century this polity was a destination for European traders as well as American Indian refugees fleeing hostilities associated with the Indian Slave trade and settler territorial expansion. While many of these refugees were from the Catawba River Valley, others—most notably the Charraw—were Piedmont Siouans who fled southward from the North Carolina-Virginia border. The incorporation of refugees had significant implications for Catawba politics and daily life, which are explored in subsequent chapters.
Conclusion
Authors: Fitts Mary Elizabeth
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the implications of the artifact patterns and historic accounts described in previous chapters, particularly with regard to the relationships among Catawba militarism, population aggregation, and food security. A potential link between Catawba dietary stress in the late 1750s and the severity of a small pox epidemic that ravaged the Nation Ford communities at the end of the decade is considered with reference to the concept of structural violence. The challenges faced by members of the Catawba Nation during the first half of the eighteenth century exemplify the double-edged nature of strategies available to American Indian groups seeking to maintain political autonomy in early colonial period contexts.
Smoke on the Water
Authors: O'Donoughue Jason
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces the book and gives an overview of the importance of Florida’s springs, the threats facing them in the 21st century, and the ways that springs have typically figured into archaeological narratives. In particular, it discusses the role of springs in the inception of shell mounding during the Mount Taylor period (7400–4600 cal BP) in the St. Johns River valley of northeast Florida. It has long been argued that the onset of spring flow, itself a result of Holocene sea-level rise, created the necessary ecological conditions for human exploitation of molluscs and the deposition of their shells in mounds and middens. The chapter provides a preliminary critique of this model, discusses the major arguments of the book, and closes with an outline of the remaining chapters.
Boundary-Crossing Words, Beliefs, and Experiences
Authors: Gang Song
Published: January 2018

The rise of China as a leading power in today’s world has attracted increasing scholarly attention to the country’s encounter with the West (primarily referring to Europe and North America in this volume) in the modern era, i.e., from the late sixteenth to the early twentieth centuries. While more recent research began to shift away from the model of a tradition–modernity polarity in explaining late imperial Chinese history, new approaches have been proposed to explore a broader range of subjects tied with the richly documented exchanges between China and the West since the sixteenth century. However, there is still a lack of collaborative effort to examine how Western culture, long shaped by the dominant Christian religion, was conceptualized and imagined by late imperial Chinese people, and vice versa, how Confucian-based Chinese culture was understood and interpreted in modern Europe and North America. Indeed, the multilayered two-way flows of words, beliefs, and experiences in such a significant cross-cultural encounter open up intriguing possibilities for further investigation. This volume, which consists of seven studies, presents cutting-edge research on the formation and transformation of different types of knowledge, perceptions, and representations exchanged between China and the West through the modern period. It aims to shed new light and provide refreshing perspectives for future exploration of related subjects in this field....
The Waters of Kentucky
Authors: Carey Daniel I.
Published: January 2018

This chapter follows water through the hydrologic cycle in Kentucky and shows how water shapes the land and supports the life. It describes and quantifies precipitation, stream flow runoff, groundwater infiltration, and surface water storage in ponds, lakes, and wetlands. Water use and wastewater production and treatment are discussed. Suitability of soils and geology for septic systems are analyzed. Flooding and floodplain management issues are presented. The chapter illustrates our responsibility to maintain this vital resource for all life in the Commonwealth.
The Martin County Coal-Waste Spill and Beyond
Authors: Scott Shaunna L. , McSpirit Stephanie M.
Published: January 2018

In the aftermath of the October 2000 Martin County coal waste spill, which leaked over 300 million gallons of coal waste into two creeks, local residents expressed concerns related to water contamination. This chapter outlines the series of actions taken by government agencies and the local water district, many of which eroded confidence in the safety of public water supplies and decreased trust in government. Based on over ten years of research and engagement on the issues raised by this disaster, we reflect upon the lessons learned by this disaster and subsequent government, media and citizen action in response to it. We conclude that high levels of civic engagement and local newspapers are key factors to promote democracy, justice, and resilience at the community level.
Wetlands of Kentucky
Authors: Richter Stephen C. , Guidugli-Cook Michelle , Brown David R.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses characteristics of wetlands, where they are found, history of loss and degradation, and regulation and conservation of wetlands. Although wetlands have received much less public attention and research than streams in Kentucky, they are equally important habitats because they perform ecosystem functions that are valuable to humans and wildlife alike. Functions include flood attenuation, filtration of pollutants and sediments, water storage and supply, and wildlife habitat, many of which have human values. The chapter closes with wetland protection successes and efforts to address shortcomings through development of wetland assessment techniques and improved wetland preservation and mitigation.
Reconnecting through Stream Restoration
Authors: Agouridis Carmen T.
Published: January 2018

Abstract: Streams play a critical role in the movement of water, sediment and nutrients across our landscape. Streams provide habitat to both aquatic and terrestrial life, and in many instances, streams support societal needs such as transportation and recreation. As such, streams are a vital part of our environment. Unfortunately, anthropogenic activities such as urbanization, agriculture, and resource extraction have degraded many of our streams to the point where they can no longer provide many of these services. Through stream restoration, we are able to restore many of these ecosystem functions while also reconnecting people and communities to streams.
The Watershed Atlas Project
Authors: Lee Brian D. , Wilson Corey L. , Schörgendorfer Angela
Published: January 2018

The Watershed Atlas project visualizes landscape indicator aspects of multiple watersheds throughout Kentucky simultaneously. By viewing the landscape from a watershed perspective, this atlas is offers new insights into the impact of land use and management decisions on waterways. This atlas seeks to reveal the ways that human influence on the natural environment does not observe political boundaries. A watershed-based approach for making land management decisions takes into account that though cities, counties, and states may appear to be distinct entities, they are connected by ecological features and processes. This atlas can be used as a tool to identify which landscape characteristics are potentially relevant as a guide for future prioritization and management decisions, which may influence waterway quality.
Reinventing Water-Landscape Monitoring and Management in the Age of Geoenabled Environmental Sensor Webs and Social Networks
Authors: Zourarakis Demetrio P.
Published: January 2018

Future humans interacting with water in Kentucky will bring to their experience not only the panoply of expectations, assumptions, background knowledge, and past experiences but also ultra-smart gadgetry which will shape the outcome of the event. The technoscapes inhabited by human communities and individuals are over imposed on the natural rhythms which hydrology obeys, providing opportunities for sensorial fusion. An ongoing evolutionary explosion in diversity, mobility and interconnectedness of sensors is manifesting itself as the Internet of Things, all denizens of the “Cloud”, allowing the citizen scientist to easily generate georeferenced sensor information. This augmented, hybrid sensorial ecosystem challenges us to rethink how we tap into big data, mostly unstructured, representing the status of water systems, and how we extract relevant information.
“Riveting the Sinews of Democracy”
Authors: Ervin Keona K.
Published: January 2018

Black women’s failed attempts to abandon domestic employment for jobs in the lucrative local defense industry became a central mobilizing agenda around which organizers of the March on Washington movement waged their wartime black freedom struggle. Women aired personal stories of employment discrimination before committees, filed affidavits against large industrial plants, joined picket lines, shared their grievances through letter writing, gave public addresses at large mass meetings, and formed their own civil rights organizations. The narrative that black working-class women activists astutely and persuasively articulated—namely, that of the beleaguered black woman worker excluded from participation in patriotic service—provided a most effective assault on discrimination, exposing the jagged lines of the wartime American democratic practice. Women’s labor activism proved indispensable to the formation of one of the largest and most active March on Washington movement chapters in the country.
The Iraqi War Plan and the Liberation of the Border Enclaves (7–21 September 1980)
Authors: Malovany Pesach , Baram Amatzia , Woods Kevin M. , Englesberg Ronna
Published: January 2018

The chapter deals with the Iraqi war plan and their war objectives towards Iran. It describes the theatre of war in the different sectors along the border between the two countries. The ground forces deployment and the plan of the ground attack, as well as the plans of the air and naval arms. It deals with the Iraqi decision to declare war on Iran and the resulting preparations toward it, and the phases of the war. It describes the Iraqi Army’s first military operations—liberating the border enclaves (7-21 September 1980).
The War Begins
Authors: Malovany Pesach , Baram Amatzia , Woods Kevin M. , Englesberg Ronna
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with the transition of the Iraqi Army to total war against Iran. It describes the Iraqi preparations and organization of the forces in the different sectors toward the opening of the war. The Iraqi aerial strike on the Iranian air force bases, its planning and preparations and its consequences. It describes the first phase of the Iraqi ground attack in the central and southern sectors, as well as the starting operations in the air and naval theatres of war. The ground attack is described from the perspective of three operational levels: the corps, the division, and some of the brigades. Above all it describes the involvement of the Iraqi high command and Saddam Hussein in the whole process.
The Iranian Effort in the Maysan Sector (November 1982–April 1983)
Authors: Malovany Pesach , Baram Amatzia , Woods Kevin M. , Englesberg Ronna
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with a new Iranian offensive launched in the Maysan sector in the southern sector of the Iraqi-Iranian border, in several attacks during the period of November 1982-April 1983. It describes the battles in this sector and their developments and consequences. It also deals with the joining of the Iraqi navy in the war against the Iranian oil export in the Persian/Arabic Gulf in November 1982. It describes also the military achievements of the Iraqi armed forces, as viewed by them, a year after their withdrawal to the international border.
The Liberation Operations in the Southern Sector
Authors: Malovany Pesach , Baram Amatzia , Woods Kevin M. , Englesberg Ronna
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with the following Iraqi liberation operations, called Tawakalna operations, in the southern sector, one in the Shalamja area, and the other in the Majnun Islands area. It describes the battlefield, the Iranian forces and their deployment, the planning and preparations by the Iraqis for those operations, and the course of the operations themselves. The chapter deals also with an operation carried out by the Iranian opposition forces, the Mujahidin Khalk, to “liberate” the town of Mehran un the central sector. In those victory operations the Iraqi Army restored its honor and demonstrated its new capabilities that had been significantly improved, compared to those of the earlier war years. They also sought to destroy once and for all the Iranian war machine, including the army and the Revolutionary Guards.
The Last War
Authors: Malovany Pesach , Baram Amatzia , Woods Kevin M. , Englesberg Ronna
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with the last war between Iraq and the Coalition forces in 2003—Operation “Iraqi Freedom”, called by the Iraqis the "Decisive War. It describes the battle for Baghdad and the last days of the Iraqi regime (3-9 April). It describes also the fighting in south Iraq and in the northern part of it and the final collapse of the Iraqi Army. It also deals with Saddam’s role in this war and his responsibility for the Iraqi defeat, the causes of Iraq’s defeat and the defects in preparing for the war and conducting it by the Iraqis.