bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental safety management of the territory by means of regional hydro monitoring system
Authors: Molev M.D. , Zanina I.A. , Stuzhenko N.I. , Paskarelov S.I.
Published: March 2024

The article outlines the results of developing a sound environmental safety management system by means of using the hydrosphere monitoring in these territories. Scientifically substantiated approaches contain methodology of a control system that allows effective decisions to reduce technogenic pollution of the regional habitat. A set of methods consist of integrated system analysis and synthesis to be used as the main analytical tools in a territorial control structure, which allows taking into account the fundamental properties and processes of changing natural and technical systems. Arguments are also given to determine the high efficiency of hydrosphere control with the joint synchronous operation of the control and control blocks. The regional system, built according to the proposed scheme, allows you quick developing and implementing organizational and technical measures to normalize the chemical and biological composition of drainage waters. The implementation of the proposed theoretical and experimental solutions will ensure a significant increase of environmental safety level of humans’ life.
Study of Inulin Content and Extractions Methods in Several Types of Tubers: Review Paper
Authors: Mangguali Mentari , M Meta , Syarifuddin Adiansyah
Published: March 2024

Inulin is a source of fiber that can be used as a functional food. Foods that contain inulin can help overcome health problems such as obesity, colon cancer risk, lower blood sugar levels and reduce insulin resistance. The purpose of this paper is to summarize some research results on inulin content in tubers and their extraction methods. The inulin content in dahlia, gembili, uwi, potato, sweet potato, jicama, onion and garlic tubers are 74%; 15%; 12%; 7%; 13%; 41% and 33%, respectively. Extraction methods used include ethanol:water precipitation, microwave-assisted extraction, hot water extraction and ultrasound. In the future, inulin is expected to contribute to the treatment of digestive-related diseases.
Potential of Solid Gel Formulation of Kaffir Lime Peel Extract Against Postharvest Pest Sitophilus Zeamais on Stored Rice
Authors: Altazani Multi , Azzahra Gaizka , Soabir Chusnul Fadhilah , Salsabila Putri Cahyani , Hatimah Husnul , Kafle Lekhnath , Mario M. Bayu
Published: March 2024

Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a primary pest on maize, rice, wheat, sorghum, and other cereal grains. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using kaffir lime peel extract in solid gel formulation as a plant-based insecticide. This study used five treatments, untreated (control), 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%. The results of this study are the treatments tested had effects on adult mortality and repellency. The 2% concentration showed the highest adult mortality and repellency. The major volatile organic compounds contained in kaffir lime peel were α-fernesene, α-sinensal, D-citronellol, and citronellal.
Estimation of Paddy leaves Chlorophyll Content Using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
Authors: Holik Abdul , Istanti Ari , Bahaduri Indraloka Aldy , Karina Indira
Published: March 2024

In contemporary agriculture, the demand for cutting-edge machine-learning techniques to elevate crop assessment and management is paramount. This study introduces an innovative approach employing a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with Inception_v3 as its base model to estimate chlorophyll levels in paddy leaves. The primary aim is to craft a robust, precise model capable of non-destructively predicting chlorophyll content, promising substantial improvements in the efficiency of evaluating paddy crop health and nutritional status. The dataset comprises 566 images of paddy leaves, spanning 122 unique chlorophyll content levels. A meticulous data partitioning strategy allocates 244 images for model training, with 122 and 180 images for validation and testing, respectively. Model performance metrics include a test loss of 1.19 and a test accuracy of 0.81. Leveraging the Inception_v3 architecture empowers the CNN model to extract intricate, distinguishing features from paddy leaf images. This capability enables the model to discern subtle variations in chlorophyll content across different classes, underpinning its promising predictive prowess. Future research directions may explore potential model enhancements and dataset expansion, marking significant progress toward revolutionizing crop health assessment in modern agriculture.
Water Conservation Through Local Wisdom As A Manifestation Of Social Justice And Ecological Justice
Authors: Hermanto Candra Priskardus , Hamim Miftahul , Maulana Khabir Gedong
Published: March 2024

In all its manifestations, the ecological crisis include water crisis, threatens our world's ecosystem. The primary cause of the crisis is human attitudes and behaviours that objectify nature. In specific cases, the water resource crisis is as a consequence of tourism expansion that ignores the environment. Revitalizing local wisdom is one method for restoring nature's stability especially on water sustainability. There are numerous rites in our local community's that support efforts to conserve water sources. This article discusses the traditional practises of the Batu people of East Java for conserving water sources called Metri Banyu as an alternative to seeks the ecological and social justice. Through this rites the community of Pesanggrahan Village in Batu City honours water as the fundamental element of human existence. The revitalization of indigenous knowledge is critically important for Batu City's massive tourism expansion and other location which face similar situation. In addition to preventing natural damage and the depletion of water resources, it is a viable alternative for the development of tourism founded on culture. This research applies a qualitative approach. Interviews and observation were used for data collection. The findings of this study demonstrate that reviving local knowledge in contemporary society influences the creation of a balanced and harmonious relationship between humans and nature, one another, and their creators.
Analysis of the Profile of Canal User Communities in the Bangah River Canal Blocking Project Area in Sebangau National Park, Central Kalimantan Province
Authors: Perkasa Petrisly , Gumiri Sulmin , Wahyudi Wahyudi , Permana Indrawan , Jaya Adi , Sutrisno Herwin , Masliani Masliani
Published: March 2024

The Bangah River is in Sebangau National Park's Bangah Resort, which covers an area of 48,790 ha and is about 35 km southwest of Garung town or about 2 hours by ces boat. Most of the Bangah River area is populated by people of the Dayak and Banjar ethnic groups who do not live there. This study used the probability sampling method to take samples from communities that use canals. This is a sampling method that takes a chance into account. In this study, the probability sampling method is simple random sampling, which means that each unit in the community has an equal chance of being chosen. This research is meant to determine how the community that uses the canal is made up in terms of age, education level, income level, public knowledge about the benefits of canal blocking, and how the community sees the effects of canal blocking. It is also meant to determine how the community thinks canal blocking should be done (for example, by changing the canal's shape or where canal blocking should be placed) and what the community wants.
Agroindustry Development Strategy for Palm Sugar in Bone Regency
Authors: Mulyani  , Nur Faidah Rahman Andi , Langkong Jumriah
Published: March 2024

Bone Regency is one of the potential palm sugar producing areas because it has many sources of raw materials. However, palm sugar is still produced traditionally, resulting in low product quality. This study aims to understand the overview of palm sugar industry and analyze the appropriate development strategy to be applied to the palm sugar industry in Bone Regency. The research method applied is descriptive quantitative. The data analysis method uses descriptive analysis, SWOT and AHP. The results of alternative strategies using SWOT are SO strategy: increased promotion for marketing expansion online and offline. WO strategy: improvement of palm sugar production infrastructure to meet export product standards. ST strategy: improving product quality through training/technical guidance on the application of quality management. WT strategy: increased commitment and cooperation between palm stakeholders in strengthening palm sugar agroindustry, namely the quality of export-ready palm sugar products. The priority strategy based on the AHP results, especially the main determinant factor is human resources, with the responsible actor being the government. The final goal of the palm sugar agroindustry development strategy is the improvement of palm sugar production facilities and infrastructure to meet export product standards.
An interface formulation for the poisson equation in the presence of a semiconducting single-layer material
Authors: Jourdana Clément , Pietra Paola
Published: March 2024

In this paper, we consider a semiconducting device with an active zone made of a single-layer material. The associated Poisson equation for the electrostatic potential (to be solved in order to perform self-consistent computations) is characterized by a surface particle density and an out-of-plane dielectric permittivity in the region surrounding the single-layer. To avoid mesh refinements in such a region, we propose an interface problem based on the natural domain decomposition suggested by the physical device. Two different interface continuity conditions are discussed. Then, we write the corresponding variational formulations adapting the so called three-fields formulation for domain decomposition and we approximate them using a proper finite element method. Finally, numerical experiments are performed to illustrate some specific features of this interface approach.
Funktionelle Anatomie der Interozeption
Authors: Luthin Dirk , Neuhuber Winfried
Published: March 2024

Interozeptive Afferenzen vermitteln dem Gehirn den Zustand des „inneren Milieus“,
das geeignete Reaktionen einleitet, um die Homöostase zu sichern bzw. ihre
Störung allostatisch zu korrigieren. In diesem Artikel wird u. a. die
Möglichkeit diskutiert, dass Interozeptoren auch die zwischen den Brust- und
Bauchorganen wirkenden Adhäsionskräfte detektieren und deren zentralnervöse
Integration wesentlich zum Bewusstsein unseres „materiellen Selbst“ beiträgt.
Osteopathische viszerale Techniken greifen in dieses Kräftespiel ein und
beeinflussen so die Interozeption des Patienten.
Editorial
Authors: Luthin Dirk
Published: March 2024

Liebe Leserinnen, liebe Leser,

„Folgen Sie der Wissenschaft!“ Diese oder ähnlich lautende Appelle hören wir
wiederholt in den verschiedenen Medien. Doch was ist eigentlich Wissenschaft und wie
können wir Wissenschaft von Pseudowissenschaft unterscheiden? Gemäß dem
Wissenschaftstheoretiker Larry Laudan verfügen wir derzeit über kein
allgemeingültiges Kriterium, um Wissenschaft exakt zu definieren. Vielfach wird in
diesem Zusammenhang auf die Ideen Karl Poppers zurückgegriffen, Wissenschaft müsse
überprüfbar und falsifizierbar sein, sonst handle es sich nicht um Wissenschaft. Lee
McIntyre schreibt in seinem Buch The scientific attitude, dass eine
„wissenschaftliche Haltung“ ein zentrales Erkennungsmerkmal von Wissenschaftlichkeit
sei; eine Haltung, die Zweifel und Ungewissheit zulasse und bereit sei, eine
wissenschaftliche These oder Theorie aufzugeben, wenn sie widerlegt werden kann. Das
Gegenteil dieser „wissenschaftlichen Haltung“ stellt hierbei die Dogmatik dar, d. h.
starr und wider besseren Wissens an seiner Lehrmeinung oder Theorie festzuhalten:
ein Festhalten an einer Ideologie. In mehreren Veröffentlichungen der letzten Jahre
ist der Osteopathie dieses dogmatische Festhalten an überkommenen Theorien und
Lehrmeinungen und das Nichteinbeziehen der aktuellen Forschungserkenntnisse explizit
vorgeworfen worden. Vielleicht kann diese Kritik die osteopathische Gemeinschaft zur
Selbstreflexion anregen, die gängigen osteopathischen Ideen und Herangehensweisen
auf den Prüfstand zu stellen und mit dem aktuellen Stand der Wissenschaft
abzugleichen.
Früherkennung des sporadischen Pankreasadenokarzinoms
Authors: Scherübl Hans
Published: March 2024

Das Pankreasadenokarzinom (PK) nimmt stetig an Häufigkeit zu und stellt bereits die dritthäufigste tumorbedingte Todesursache in Deutschland dar. Voraussichtlich rückt es bis 2030 auf den 2. Platz und bis 2050 gar auf den 1. Platz der krebsbedingten Todesfälle vor. Das Pankreaskarzinom wird generell spät diagnostiziert und die 5-Jahre-Überlebensrate liegt bei nur 10%. Wird das PK aber im Tumorstadium IA diagnostiziert und therapiert, so beträgt das 5-Jahresüberleben rund 80%. Früherkennungsinitiativen verfolgen deshalb das Ziel, Hochrisikopersonen zu identifizieren und das sporadische Pankreaskarzinom frühzeitig festzustellen. Personen über 50 mit neu diagnostiziertem Diabetes stehen dabei im Mittelpunkt des Interesses. Aktuelle Entwicklungen und Früherkennungsstrategien werden angesprochen.
A Rare Neurological Presentation of Noonan Syndrome and Its Management—A Case Report
Authors: Mahajan Shalvi , Narayanan Vidhya , Narayan Vinitha , Depuru Aparna
Published: March 2024

Although Noonan syndrome is a relatively common congenital disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance, its association with cerebrovascular anomalies is rare. We report a case of a 20-year-old with Noonan syndrome with cerebrovascular aneurysm, who underwent successful endovascular coiling. Only four cases of cerebrovascular aneurysms in Noonan syndrome have been reported in the literature so far. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the fifth reported case and the first one that has been treated successfully with endovascular coiling. We hereby discuss the management of this case, which had several comorbidities like congenital heart disease and craniovertebral junction anomaly.
Safety and Efficacy of Recombinant Fusion Protein Linking Coagulation Factor IX with Albumin (rIX-FP) in Previously Untreated Patients with Hemophilia B
Authors: Lemons Richard , Wang Michael , Curtin Julie , Lepatan Lynda Mae , Male Christoph , Peyvandi Flora , von Depka Prondzinski Mario , Wang Rongrong , McKeand William , Seifert Wilfried , Oldenburg Johannes
Published: March 2024

Introduction Recombinant fusion protein linking coagulation factor IX (FIX) with albumin (rIX-FP) has been shown to be an effective, well-tolerated treatment for patients with severe hemophilia B who had previously received factor replacement therapy. This study investigated the safety and efficacy of rIX-FP in previously untreated patients (PUPs).

Methods Patients with moderately severe/severe hemophilia B (≤2% FIX) previously untreated with FIX replacement products received rIX-FP (25–75 IU/kg) prophylaxis weekly or on-demand treatment over ≥50 exposure days (EDs). Primary outcomes were the number of patients who developed FIX inhibitors and mean incremental recovery (IR) following a 50 IU/kg dose of rIX-FP. Secondary outcomes included incidence of adverse events (AEs) and annualized bleeding rates (ABRs).

Results In total, 12 PUPs with a median age of 0 years (range, 0–11 years) were treated with rIX-FP for a median of 50 EDs (6/12 prophylaxis; 6/12 on-demand then prophylaxis). Overall, 11/12 patients did not develop FIX inhibitors; one 11-year-old patient developed an inhibitor against FIX after 8 EDs and was ultimately withdrawn. Mean (standard deviation) IR was 1.2 (0.4, n = 8) (IU/dL)/(IU/kg). Of the 137 treatment-emergent AEs recorded, five were attributed to rIX-FP. On the prophylaxis regimen, median ABR was 1.0 (range, 0–3.9, n = 12). No thromboembolic events or deaths occurred during the study.

Conclusion This study provides data to support the safety and efficacy of rIX-FP in PUPs requiring on-demand or prophylactic treatment for moderately severe/severe hemophilia B, consistent with results in previously treated patients. Overall, 1/12 patients developed an inhibitor against FIX.
Echocardiology benefits from an AI makeover
Authors: Shapiro Maura
Published: March 2024

Machine learning facilitates easier data collection, faster image processing and interpretation, and could aid in diagnostics and prognostication.
Deep learning from latent spatiotemporal information of the heart: Identifying advanced bioimaging markers from echocardiograms
Authors: Chang Amanda , Wu Xiaodong , Liu Kan
Published: March 2024

A key strength of echocardiography lies in its integration of comprehensive spatiotemporal cardiac imaging data in real-time, to aid frontline or bedside patient risk stratification and management. Nonetheless, its acquisition, processing, and interpretation are known to all be subject to heterogeneity from its reliance on manual and subjective human tracings, which challenges workflow and protocol standardization and final interpretation accuracy. In the era of advanced computational power, utilization of machine learning algorithms for big data analytics in echocardiography promises reduction in cost, cognitive errors, and intra- and inter-observer variability. Novel spatiotemporal deep learning (DL) models allow the integration of temporal arm information based on unlabeled pixel echocardiographic data for convolution of an adaptive semantic spatiotemporal calibration to construct personalized 4D heart meshes, assess global and regional cardiac function, detect early valve pathology, and differentiate uncommon cardiovascular disorders. Meanwhile, data visualization on spatiotemporal DL prediction models helps extract latent temporal imaging features to develop advanced imaging biomarkers in early disease stages and advance our understanding of pathophysiology to support the development of personalized prevention or treatment strategies. Since portable echocardiograms have been increasingly used as point-of-care imaging tools to aid rural care delivery, the application of these new spatiotemporal DL techniques show the potentials in streamlining echocardiographic acquisition, processing, and data analysis to improve workflow standardization and efficiencies, and provide risk stratification and decision supporting tools in real-time, to prompt the building of new imaging diagnostic networks to enhance rural healthcare engagement.
Autonomous convergence of STM control parameters using Bayesian optimization
Authors: Narasimha Ganesh , Hus Saban , Biswas Arpan , Vasudevan Rama , Ziatdinov Maxim
Published: March 2024

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is a widely used tool for atomic imaging of novel materials and their surface energetics. However, the optimization of the imaging conditions is a tedious process due to the extremely sensitive tip–surface interaction, thus limiting the throughput efficiency. In this paper, we deploy a machine learning (ML)-based framework to achieve optimal atomically resolved imaging conditions in real time. The experimental workflow leverages the Bayesian optimization (BO) method to rapidly improve the image quality, defined by the peak intensity in the Fourier space. The outcome of the BO prediction is incorporated into the microscope controls, i.e., the current setpoint and the tip bias, to dynamically improve the STM scan conditions. We present strategies to either selectively explore or exploit across the parameter space. As a result, suitable policies are developed for autonomous convergence of the control parameters. The ML-based framework serves as a general workflow methodology across a wide range of materials.
Nanoscale visualization of fast carrier dynamics in organic thin-film transistors by time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy
Authors: Yamagishi Yuji , Kobayashi Kei , Kimura Tomoharu , Noda Kei , Yamada Hirofumi
Published: March 2024

Fast carrier dynamics in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) was investigated by time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy (tr-EFM). We found that the carrier diffusion in the OTFTs proceeded in two stages: fast diffusion and slow diffusion. By applying the instantaneous frequency method to EFM, the temporal evolution of the spatial distribution of fast carriers in the channel region of the OTFTs, which took place on the timescale of several hundreds of nanoseconds, was evaluated. The inhomogeneous distribution of the local decay time constant showed that the carrier diffusion of the OTFTs was limited by the grain boundaries between each crystalline region. The quantitative capability of the method was verified by comparing the values of the carrier mobility estimated by the tr-EFM measurement and a numerical simulation. The mobility estimated from the experiment and the simulation showed good agreement, showing the possibility of the tr-EFM to evaluate the time evolution of dynamic phenomena in semiconductor devices.
Pressure demagnetization: Electromagnetism meets thermodynamics
Authors: Xiao S. F. , Zhao H. , Wei Y. X. , Tan J. Z. , Liu Q. H.
Published: March 2024

By pressure demagnetization, take iron as an example, we mean either that, given an external magnetic field under a certain temperature, the magnetization becomes weaker as the pressure increases, which can be referred to as pressure demagnetization during magnetization, or that when external field is dropped to zero, the iron has residual magnetization or remanence, and the residual magnetization becomes weaker as the pressure increases as well, which can be referred to as pressure demagnetization in remanence. In order to account for the pressure demagnetization, we demonstrate that, though magnetic work has two equivalent forms in electromagnetism, only one form is proper in thermodynamics in general.
The glass transition and enthalpy recovery of polystyrene nanorods using Flash differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Pallaka Madhusudhan R. , Simon Sindee L.
Published: March 2024

The glass transition (Tg) behavior and enthalpy recovery of polystyrene nanorods within an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template (supported nanorods) and after removal from AAO (unsupported nanorods) is studied using Flash differential scanning calorimetry. Tg is found to be depressed relative to the bulk by 20 ± 2 K for 20 nm-diameter unsupported polystyrene (PS) nanorods at the slowest cooling rate and by 9 ± 1 K for 55 nm-diameter rods. On the other hand, bulk-like behavior is observed in the case of unsupported 350 nm-diameter nanorods and for all supported rods in AAO. The size-dependent Tg behavior of the PS unsupported nanorods compares well with results for ultrathin films when scaled using the volume/surface ratio. Enthalpy recovery was also studied for the 20 and 350 nm unsupported nanorods with evolution toward equilibrium found to be linear with logarithmic time. The rate of enthalpy recovery for the 350 nm rods was similar to that for the bulk, whereas the rate of recovery was enhanced for the 20 nm rods for down-jump sizes larger than 17 K. A relaxation map summarizes the behavior of the nanorods relative to the bulk and relative to that for the 20 nm-thick ultrathin film. Interestingly, the fragility of the 20 nm-diameter nanorod and the 20 nm ultrathin film are identical within the error of measurements, and when plotted vs departure from Tg (i.e., T − Tg), the relaxation maps of the two samples are identical in spite of the fact that the Tg is depressed 8 K more in the nanorod sample.
The variational quantum eigensolver self-consistent field method within a polarizable embedded framework
Authors: Kjellgren Erik Rosendahl , Reinholdt Peter , Fitzpatrick Aaron , Talarico Walter N. , Jensen Phillip W. K. , Sauer Stephan P. A. , Coriani Sonia , Knecht Stefan , Kongsted Jacob
Published: March 2024

We formulate and implement the Variational Quantum Eigensolver Self Consistent Field (VQE-SCF) algorithm in combination with polarizable embedding (PE), thereby extending PE to the regime of quantum computing. We test the resulting algorithm, PE-VQE-SCF, on quantum simulators and demonstrate that the computational stress on the quantum device is only slightly increased in terms of gate counts compared to regular VQE-SCF. On the other hand, no increase in shot noise was observed. We illustrate how PE-VQE-SCF may lead to the modeling of real chemical systems using a simulation of the reaction barrier of the Diels–Alder reaction between furan and ethene as an example.
An annular pulse forming line based on coaxial transmission lines
Authors: Qiu Xudong , Su Jiancang , Li Rui , Cheng Jie , Zeng Bo , Yu Binxiong , Li Yongdong
Published: March 2024

The miniaturization, lightweight, and solidification of pulse forming lines (PFLs) are of prime significance during the evolution of pulsed power technology. In this paper, an all-solid-state annular pulse forming line (APFL) based on film-insulated coaxial transmission lines is developed to generate fast-rise time quasi-square pulses. First, a coiled coaxial transmission line (CCTL) comprised of multilayer polypropylene films with outstanding insulating properties is constructed. It can withstand direct current voltages up to 200 kV, with a cross section diameter of 7.4 mm. In addition, in order to turn the pulse transmission direction from circumferential to axial, a compact insulated terminal with a 90° bend structure is designed for CCTL. Although single terminal inductance can slow down the rising edge of the output pulse, their parallel connection in an APFL can weaken such an effect. The APFL, with a characteristic impedance of 2.95 Ω and a transmission time of 13 ns, is composed of three CCTLs with six terminals, which can run over 100 thousand times under the pulse voltage of 75 kV. Finally, 15 series APFL modules are employed to assemble a multi-stage PFL for the Tesla-type pulse generator. When charged to a voltage of 1 MV, the mixed PFL consisting of a coaxial line and the multi-stage PFL outputs quasi-square pulses with a voltage amplitude, rise time, and width of 510 kV, 4 ns, and 41.5 ns, respectively, and the fluctuation of the flat top is about 6%.
Resonant electron capture by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules: Effects of aza-substitution
Authors: Khatymov Rustem V. , Muftakhov Mars V. , Tuktarov Renat F. , Shchukin Pavel V. , Khatymova Lyaysan Z. , Pancras Eugene , Terentyev Andrey G. , Petrov Nikolay I.
Published: March 2024

Resonant electron capture by aza and diaza derivatives of phenanthrene (7,8-benzoquinoline and 1,10-phenanthroline) and anthracene (acridine and phenazine) at incident free electron energies (Ee) in the range of 0–15 eV was studied. All compounds except 7,8-benzoquinoline form long-lived molecular ions (M−) at thermal electron energies (Ee ∼ 0 eV). Acridine and phenazine also form such ions at epithermal electron energies up to Ee = 1.5–2.5 eV. The lifetimes (τa) of M− with respect to electron autodetachment are proportional to the extent of aza-substitution and increase on going from molecules with bent geometry of the fused rings (azaphenanthrenes) to linear isomers (azaanthracenes). These regularities are due to an increase in the adiabatic electron affinities (EAa) of the molecules. The EAa values of the molecules under study were comprehensively assessed based on a comparative analysis of the measured τa values using the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theory, the electronic structure analysis using the molecular orbital approach, as well as the density functional calculations of the total energy differences between the molecules and anions. The only fragmentation channel of M− ions from the compounds studied is abstraction of hydrogen atoms. When studying [M–H]− ions, electron autodetachment processes were observed, the τa values were measured, and the appearance energies were determined. A comparative analysis of the gas-phase acidity of the molecules and the EAa values of the [M–H]· radicals revealed their proportionality to the EAa values of the parent molecules.
Optimizing interface properties of HfO2/Si0.73Ge0.27 gate stacks through sulfur passivation and post-deposition annealing
Authors: Chen Zhengyang , Lan Zhangsheng , Lin Yiran , Nishimura Tomonori , Lee Choonghyun , Zhao Yi
Published: March 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of low interface trap density (Dit) in HfO2/Si0.73Ge0.27 metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors achieved through sulfur passivation and post-deposition annealing (PDA). Our investigation revealed that devices subjected to sulfur passivation and PDA exhibit noteworthy reductions in Dit and hysteresis. Specifically, a low Dit value of 1.2 × 1011 eV−1 cm−2 has been achieved at Ei–0.1 eV for the SiGe MOS device. The observed enhancement in interface properties can be attributed to two key factors: the reduction of the GeOx concentration in the interfacial layer (IL) by sulfur passivation on the SiGe surface and the IL densification with stoichiometric oxygen during PDA.
Evaporation of bacteria-laden surrogate respiratory fluid droplets: On a hydrophilic substrate vs contact-free environment confers differential bacterial infectivity
Authors: Agharkar Amey Nitin , Hajra Dipasree , Roy Durbar , Jaiswal Vivek , Kabi Prasenjit , Chakravortty Dipshikha , Basu Saptarshi
Published: March 2024

The transmission of viruses/bacteria causes infection predominantly via aerosols. The transmission mechanism of respiratory diseases is complex, which includes direct or indirect contact, large droplet, and airborne routes apart from close contact transmission. With this premise, two modes of droplet evaporation are investigated to understand its significance in airborne disease transmission; a droplet in a contact-free environment, which evaporates and forms droplet nuclei, and a droplet on a hydrophilic substrate (fomite). The study examines mass transport, the deposition pattern of bacteria in the precipitates, and their survival and virulence. The osmotic pressure increases with the salt concentration, inactivating the bacteria embedded in the precipitates with accelerated evaporation. Furthermore, the bacteria's degree of survival and enhanced pathogenicity are compared for both evaporation modes. The striking differences in pathogenicity are attributed to the evaporation rate, oxygen availability, and reactive oxygen species generation.
The optimization method based on the coupling of genetic algorithm and ant colony algorithm for the exhaust outlet space arrangement
Authors: Gao Minglun , Zhao Shixiang , Ouyang Xueke , Song Jun , Pan Yafen , Wang Zhongyu , Zeng Xiangguo
Published: March 2024

The exhaust outlet space arrangement is a crucial part to avoid casualties and economic losses in the event of contaminant gas leakage. To handle this problem, this work proposed a novel optimization method based on the coupling of the genetic algorithm (GA) and ant colony algorithm optimization (ACO), and the fitness function used in the optimization method is constructed as an implicit form. In this proposed optimization method, the ACO is used to obtain the implicit fitness function value, while the GA is selected to conduct the space arrangement optimization based on the iteration results transferred from ACO. With the help of this novel methodology, the influence of obstacles in space could be well considered into the space arrangement optimization, which leads to a reliable optimization result of the exhaust outlet configuration. Moreover, to validate the accuracy and efficiency of this coupling method, the optimization results are taken into the computational fluid dynamics numerical model to give a comparison with the conventional configuration. The comparison results indicate that the exhaust outlet arrangement following the optimization results shows a lower gas concentration value during the diffusion process. In addition, based on this optimal exhaust outlet space arrangement, the models with various leakage rates are also investigated and discussed in the numerical work. It is believed that the proposed method could provide an effective measure for the space arrangement optimization and the design of gas leakage protection.
Primary breakup model development for trajectory prediction of liquid jets in subsonic crossflow
Authors: Xie Mingyun , Wang Wei , Yu Bin , He Miaosheng , Wu Shengqi , Huang Xiaobin , Liu Hong
Published: March 2024

A comprehensive theoretical model for the primary breakup of liquid jets in subsonic crossflow was developed. The model theoretically analyzed the jet deformation process, mass stripping process, and the influence of several critical forces and consequently provided highly accurate predictions of the jet trajectory. Deformation of the liquid jet cross section was considered as a two-stage process based on the physical characteristics, including the spring-mass analogy deformation and the mass stripping induced deformation. The mass stripping process was modeled as an exponential function of time based on experimental findings for liquid jets and droplets. Balance of critical forces acting on the jet were analyzed, both along the gas and jet flow directions, which included aerodynamic drag, viscous force, surface tension, and gravitation. The model provided precise prediction to the jet trajectory against experimental data without any initial jet velocity assumption across a wide range of gaseous Weber numbers and gas to liquid momentum ratios. In addition, quantitative effects of viscous force, surface tension force, and aerodynamic drag on jet trajectory were fully investigated based on the new model, which provided more insight into jet breakup characteristics and the effects of fuel properties on jet trajectory and deformation. Furthermore, the three-dimensional structure of the jet was reconstructed through the present model, which matched well against numerical results. Importantly, the current mathematical primary breakup model could be integrated with Lagrangian methods, obtaining more detailed vortex structures and accurate droplet dispersion with reduced computational time.
Excitons, optical spectra, and electronic properties of semiconducting Hf-based MXenes
Authors: Kumar Nilesh , Kolos Miroslav , Bhattacharya Sitangshu , Karlický František
Published: March 2024

Semiconducting MXenes are an intriguing two-dimensional (2D) material class with promising electronic and optoelectronic properties. Here, we focused on recently prepared Hf-based MXenes, namely, Hf3C2O2 and Hf2CO2. Using the first-principles calculation and excited state corrections, we proved their dynamical stability, reconciled their semiconducting behavior, and obtained fundamental gaps by using the many-body GW method (indirect 1.1 and 2.2 eV; direct 1.4 and 3.5 eV). Using the Bethe–Salpeter equation, we subsequently provided optical gaps (0.9 and 2.7 eV, respectively), exciton binding energies, absorption spectra, and other properties of excitons in both Hf-based MXenes. The indirect character of both 2D materials further allowed for a significant decrease of excitation energies by considering indirect excitons with exciton momentum along the Γ-M path in the Brillouin zone. The first bright excitons are strongly delocalized in real space while contributed by only a limited number of electron–hole pairs around the M point in the k-space from the valence and conduction band. A diverse range of excitonic states in Hf3C2O2 MXene lead to a 4% and 13% absorptance for the first and second peaks in the infrared region of absorption spectra, respectively. In contrast, a prominent 28% absorptance peak in the visible region appears in Hf2CO2 MXene. Results from radiative lifetime calculations indicate the promising potential of these materials in optoelectric devices requiring sustained and efficient exciton behavior.
Computational study on ferroelectric control over spin polarization in the bipolar magnetic semiconductor
Authors: Kang Lili , Deng Yongxing , Zheng Xiaohong , Jiang Peng , Feng Zhenzhen , Wang Weiyang , Zhao Gaofeng
Published: March 2024

Multiferroic van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures offer an exciting route toward the nanoelectronics and spintronics device technology. How to realize the mutual regulation between ferroelectric and magnetic materials has attracted extensive research. In this work, based on the density functional theory, we simulate a vdW multiferroic heterostructure based on the bipolar magnetic semiconductor material graphone and ferroelectric monolayer In2Te3 and further investigate its electronic properties. We find that direct contact between In2Te3 and graphone induces a transition in graphone from a ferromagnetic state to a non-magnetic state. Fortunately, the magnetic properties of graphone are preserved by using graphene as an intercalation layer, and the graphone monolayer changes from its original semiconductor to a half-metal in the graphone/graphene/In2Te3 vdW heterostructure for P↓ state. Furthermore, by adjusting the layer spacing of the heterostructure, the spin polarization states of graphone at the Fermi level (EF) are regulated between spin-up (S↑) and spin-down (S↓) with the reversal of ferroelectric polarization states. Our results not only provide a promising way to realize the half-metallicity in 2D magnetic materials but also computationally predict the ferroelectric control of the spin polarization state, which has great application potential in the next-generation nonvolatile electrically controlled spintronic devices.
Planar wall plumes bounded by vertical and inclined surfaces
Authors: Zúñiga Santiago L. , Balachandar S. , Yang Y. , Zhang Y. , Smith K. , Loppi N. , Cantero M. I. , Kerkemeier S.
Published: March 2024

Planar wall plumes are gravity-driven flows where a fluid of lower (or higher) density than the ambient rises (or lowers) along a vertical or inclined wall. This study investigates planar wall plumes at five different wall slopes, ranging from a vertical wall (θ=90°) to a shallow inclination of θ=3°, using highly resolved direct numerical simulations. The three-dimensional turbulent structure of these supercritical flows is investigated in detail along with the streamwise evolution of the depth-averaged quantities. Simulations were performed in very large domains in order to focus attention on the behavior of the plumes in the near self-similar state, far downstream of the inlet. In the self-similar state, key quantities such as the entrainment rate, the basal drag coefficient, the Richardson number (or equivalently the Froude number), and the shape factors reach constant values, which dependent only on the slope. The present simulations, along with earlier results for subcritical currents at shallower slopes, provide a complete description of this dependency.
High-order thread-safe lattice Boltzmann model for high performance computing turbulent flow simulations
Authors: Montessori Andrea , La Rocca Michele , Amati Giorgio , Lauricella Marco , Tiribocchi Adriano , Succi Sauro
Published: March 2024

We present a highly optimized thread-safe lattice Boltzmann model in which the non-equilibrium part of the distribution function is locally reconstructed via recursivity of Hermite polynomials. Such a procedure allows the explicit incorporation of non-equilibrium moments of the distribution up to the order supported by the lattice. Thus, the proposed approach increases accuracy and stability at low viscosities without compromising performance and amenability to parallelization with respect to standard lattice Boltzmann models. The high-order thread-safe lattice Boltzmann is tested on two types of turbulent flows, namely, the turbulent channel flow at Reτ=180 and the axisymmetric turbulent jet at Re = 7000; it delivers results in excellent agreement with reference data [direct numerical simulations (DNS), theory, and experiments] and (a) achieves peak performance [∼5×1012 floating point operations (FLOP) per second and an arithmetic intensity of ∼7 FLOP/byte on a single graphic processing unit] by significantly reducing the memory footprint, (b) retains the algorithmic simplicity of standard lattice Boltzmann computing, and (c) allows to perform stable simulations at vanishingly low viscosities. Our findings open attractive prospects for high-performance simulations of realistic turbulent flows on GPU-based architectures. Such expectations are confirmed by excellent agreement among lattice Boltzmann, experimental, and DNS reference data.
Effects of electrodes on antiferroelectricity and fatigue endurance of Hf0.2Zr0.8O2 thin films
Authors: Li Dawei , Liu Hongbo , Chen Luqiu , Shen Yu , Feng Guangdi , Hao Shenglan , Yang Zhenzhong , Zhu Qiuxiang , Qu Ke , Tian Bobo , Chu Junhao , Duan Chungang
Published: March 2024

The influence of electrodes on antiferroelectricity and fatigue endurance of 15 nm thick Hf0.2Zr0.8O2 thin films has been studied by a metal–antiferroelectric–metal capacitor structure using TiN and W as electrodes. The W|Hf0.2Zr0.8O2|W capacitor shows significantly enhanced antiferroelectricity and better endurance compared to the capacitor using TiN as the electrode. Assisted by grazing incidence x-ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy, the different electrical properties are discussed based on the contents of different phases and the diffusion of oxygen from the thin film into electrodes.
Investigating cerium redox changes between aluminosilicate glass and melt: A multispectroscopic approach
Authors: Donatini Adrien , Georges Peggy , Fevre Tiphaine , Cormier Laurent , Neuville Daniel R.
Published: March 2024

Redox control of glasses is paramount both to their fusion process and to obtaining the desired properties of high technological glasses. However, the link between melting parameters, such as temperature, furnace atmosphere, or quenching rate, and the redox state of the final products is poorly understood. In this work, in situ x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) data at Ce L3-edge data were acquired at high temperatures on cerium-containing sodium aluminosilicate glasses, allowing the determination of thermodynamic constants necessary to predict the cerium redox state over a wide temperature range (900–1500 °C). The results obtained were compared to the Raman spectra of samples quenched at different temperatures. Our findings demonstrate that the quench performed was fast enough to block the cerium oxidation state, meaning the redox measured at room temperature is representative of a high temperature state. This was further verified by room temperature Raman spectroscopy, where a relationship was found between the spectra and melting conditions. Wet chemical analysis, XANES at Ce L3-edge, Raman spectroscopy, and optical absorption spectroscopy were successfully used to determine the redox state of cerium in aluminosilicates.
Forage brassicas can enhance the feed base and mitigate feed gaps across diverse environments
Authors: Watt Lucinda J. , Bell Lindsay W.
Published: March 2024

Context Spring-sown forage brassicas are commonly used to fill feed gaps in high-rainfall temperate livestock systems, but they have wider potential as an autumn-sown forage in drier environments within Australia’s crop–livestock zone. Aims We modelled the production potential of autumn-sown forage brassicas grown in diverse environments and tested their ability to alter the frequency and magnitude of feed gaps. Methods Long-term production potential was simulated in APSIM for four forage brassica genotypes, compared with forage wheat and dual-purpose canola across 22 diverse agro-climatic locations. For seven regions, the change in frequency and magnitude of forage deficits from adding forage brassicas to representative forage–livestock systems was predicted. Key results Across locations, median yields of forage brassicas ranged from 7 to 19 t DM/ha, and their annual metabolisable-energy yield was higher than that of forage wheat at most sites and nearly always exceeded dual-purpose canola. Forage brassicas performed better than forage wheat in later-sowing events (late April to early May) and maintained growth and quality later into spring. At five of the seven regions, adding 15% of farm forage area to forage brassicas reduced the frequency and magnitude of feed deficits by 35–50% and 20–40%, respectively. However, they were less beneficial where winter–spring feed gaps are uncommon. Conclusions We demonstrated that autumn-sown forage brassicas can be reliable and productive contributors to the feed base in drier environments and are a suitable alternative to forage cereals. Implications Forage brassicas can help reduce feed gaps and improve livestock production in a range of production systems spanning Australia’s crop–livestock zone.
RCHY1 and OPTN are required for melanophagy, selective autophagy of melanosomes
Authors: Lee Ki Won , Ryu Ki-jun , Kim Minju , Lim Seyeon , Kim Jisu , Kim Jeong Yoon , Hwangbo Cheol , Yoo Jiyun , Cho Yong-Yeon , Kim Kwang Dong
Published: March 2024

Melanosomes are specific organelles dedicated to melanin synthesis and accumulation in melanocytes. Autophagy is suggestively involved in melanosome degradation, although the potential underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In selective autophagy, autophagy receptors and E3-ligases are the key factors conferring cargo selectivity. In B16F10 cells, β-mangostin efficiently induced melanosome degradation without affecting other organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum. Among various autophagy receptors, optineurin (OPTN) contributes TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-dependently to melanosome degradation and its knockdown inhibited β-mangostin-mediated melanosome degradation. OPTN translocation to melanosomes was dependent on its ubiquitin-binding domain. Moreover, OPTN-mediated TBK1 activation and subsequent TBK1-mediated S187 OPTN phosphorylation were essential for melanosome degradation. β-mangostin increased K63-linked melanosome ubiquitination. Finally, the E3-ligase RCHY1 knockdown inhibited the melanosome ubiquitination required for OPTN- and TBK1-phosphorylation as well as melanosome degradation. This study suggests that melanophagy, melanosome-selective autophagy, contributes to melanosome degradation, and OPTN and RCHY1 are an essential autophagy receptor and a E3-ligase, respectively, conferring cargo selectivity in melanophagy.
Causal functional maps of brain rhythms in working memory
Authors: Wischnewski Miles , Berger Taylor A. , Opitz Alexander , Alekseichuk Ivan
Published: March 2024

Human working memory is a key cognitive process that engages multiple functional anatomical nodes across the brain. Despite a plethora of correlative neuroimaging evidence regarding the working memory architecture, our understanding of critical hubs causally controlling overall performance is incomplete. Causal interpretation requires cognitive testing following safe, temporal, and controllable neuromodulation of specific functional anatomical nodes. Such experiments became available in healthy humans with the advance of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Here, we synthesize findings of 28 placebo-controlled studies (in total, 1,057 participants) that applied frequency-specific noninvasive stimulation of neural oscillations and examined working memory performance in neurotypical adults. We use a computational meta-modeling method to simulate each intervention in realistic virtual brains and test reported behavioral outcomes against the stimulation-induced electric fields in different brain nodes. Our results show that stimulating anterior frontal and medial temporal theta oscillations and occipitoparietal gamma rhythms leads to significant dose-dependent improvement in working memory task performance. Conversely, prefrontal gamma modulation is detrimental to performance. Moreover, we found distinct spatial expression of theta subbands, where working memory changes followed orbitofrontal high-theta modulation and medial temporal low-theta modulation. Finally, all these results are driven by changes in working memory accuracy rather than processing time measures. These findings provide a fresh view of the working memory mechanisms, complementary to neuroimaging research, and propose hypothesis-driven targets for the clinical treatment of working memory deficits.