bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF CULTIVAR AND NUTRIENT SOLUTION CALCIUM CONCENTRATION ON CALCIUM UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION IN COLLARDS
Authors: Johnson Jon R.
Published: February 2019

`Vates' is more susceptible to tipburn than `Blue Max' or `Heavi Crop' when grown under high temperature conditions. Nutrient solution culture studies were conducted to determine the influence of cultivar and Ca level in the nutrient solution on Ca uptake and distribution in the plant and to determine the physiological basis for differences in cultivar susceptibility to tipburn. Ca levels in the nutrient solution were 1 and 4,5 mM. Studies were conducted in the greenhouse at 32C during the day and 21C at night. Collard plants were 3 weeks old when the study was initiated. Cultivar and Ca level had no influence on Ca uptake during the first two weeks of the study. Ca uptake by `Blue Max' was greater than by `Vates' or `Heavi Crop' during the 3rd, 4th and 5th weeks of the study. Ca uptake for `Blue Max' was 73 ppm/week whereas for `Vates' and `Heavi Crop' it was 55 and 46 ppm/week, respectively during the 5th week of the study. Increasing the Ca level increased the Ca content of young leaves more for `Blue Max' than for `Vates' or `Heavi Crop'. Ca content of the petiole and stem was higher for `Blue Max' than for `Vates' or `Heavi Crop'. The influence of cultivar and nutrient solution Ca level on uptake and distribution of other nutrients will be discussed.
N-FORM EFFECTS ON NUTRITION OF SUMMER SQUASH
Authors: Chance Willie O. , Mills Harry A.
Published: February 2019

Mature zucchini squash plants (Cucurbita pepo L.) were grown under four NO3:NH4 ratios (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) to determine effects on macronutrient nutrition. Plants were grown in solution culture under greenhouse conditions. Treatments were applied at first bloom. Highest uptake of Ca and Mg occurred in the 1:0 NO3:NH4 treatment while higher K uptake was found in the 3:1 NO3:NH4 treatment. Total nitrogen uptake was greatest in the 1:1 and 3:1 NO3:NH4 treatments. A 3:1 NO3:NH4 ratio applied at first bloom gave best overall uptake of N, K, Ca, and Mg.
EXPRESSION OF PCH313 DURING FRUIT SOFTENING AND TISSUE WOUNDING
Authors: Callahan Ann M. , Morgens Peter H. , Cohen Reuben A. , Nichols Ken E. , Scorza Ralph
Published: February 2019

We are interested in identifying and isolating genes which affect the rate of softening in peach fruit. It may be possible through the engineering of these genes to delay or extend the softening. This could ultimately allow for the harvest and transport of more mature, higher quality fruit. The clone, pch313, was isolated from a ripe peach fruit cDNA library. RNA homologous to this clone is detected at a low abundance in fruit until softening when a >100 fold increase in abundance of the RNA occurs. Pch313 RNA is also detected 30 min after wounding leaf or fruit tissue and peaks in accumulation within 2-8 hours. Wound ethylene was measured from the same tissue and its rate of evolution paralleled the accumulation of the RNA. The cDNA was sequenced and found to have 78% sequence identity with pTom13, a tomato gene that is expressed during fruit ripening and wounding (Holdsworth et al., NAR 15:731-739, 1987). To determine the universality of pch313 related gene expression, RNA accumulation was measured in other fruits during softening, and in leaf tissue upon wounding.
EFFECT OF MULCH COLOR ON TOMATO YIELDS AND ON INSECT VECTORS.
Authors: Csizinszky A. A. , Schuster D. J. , Kring J. B.
Published: February 2019

Field studies were conducted for three seasons, Fall 1988, and Spring and Fall of 1989 on the effect of six mulch colors: blue, orange, red, aluminum, white or black (fall or spring), and yellow on fruit yields and on insect vectors of `Sunny' tomato, In Fall 1988, in a single harvest, fruit size was greater and total marketable yields were higher with blue than with aluminum and yellow mulches. In Spring 1989 early yields of large (> 70 mm) and marketable fruit were higher with aluminum and red than with yellow and blue mulches. In Fall 1989 early yield of large fruit was higher with white than with yellow mulch. Early marketable yields were highest with white and aluminum mulches. Total yields of large fruits were highest with orange and blue mulches but marketable yields were similar with all six mulch colors. The fewest number of aphids, thrips and whiteflies were trapped on aluminum mulch. Blue mulch attracted the largest number of aphids and thrips. Red mulch attracted whiteflies. The three insects are important vectors of several virus diseases.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF APHIDS ON BROCCOLI IN THE MEXICAN BAJIO VALLEY.
Authors: Hernández-Barajas Alfonso , Vera-Medina José Luis , Alvarado-Rodriguez Dr. Benito
Published: February 2019

During a two-year-period, a study was made in the field in order to know the ocurrence of aphids in the broccoli crop. It was possible to know that the total aphid population is higher in winter plantings where more than 240 aphids/plant were found Spring and fall plantings, in comparison, less than 20 aphids/plant were encountered. The species more common were the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.), the most prevalent species in the crop, getting more than 80% of the population, and the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) with a little bit more than 17% of the total. The natural parasitism in all plantings was around 17%. By species, parasitism in B. brassicae was higher in springs (70% of the total) and fall plantings where the parasitic wasp Diaretiella rapa e (MacIntosh) was probably more active. The sane pattern was obtained for M. persicae, in which the parasitism was again higher in spring and fall plantings (20% of the total) and very low during the winter. Regarding leaf preference, a very defined pattern was found in the M. persicae than for B. brassicae.
ALLELOPATHIC CONTROL OF AMARANTHUS SPP. BY ALLIUM SPP.
Authors: Macharia Charles , Peffley Ellen B.
Published: February 2019

The genus Amaranthus contains many species which are common weeds found on the Texas high plains. In a field experiment plant height and numbers of plants of Amaranthus varied when grown with different Allium genotypes: Allium fistulosum var. `Heshiko' and an interspecific F1 hybrid 81215 (Heshiko × A. cepa cv. `New Mexico Yellow Grano'). The genotypes that showed no allelopathic effect were A. cepa cv `New Mexico Yellow Grano', A. fistulosum var. `Ishikura', and their F1 hybrid 8273. On the basis of these observations experiments have been done to quantify the degree of suppression. A randomized complete block design was used under greenhouse conditions in order to measure growth characters of Amaranthus.
TOWARDS A NON-DESTRUCTIVE SEED TEST
Authors: Moore F. D. , Roos E. E.
Published: February 2019

An index “internal slope” derived from the cumulative frequency distribution of individual seed leachate conductivities is related to seed quality; the larger the index value the less variation among individual seeds in a sample (100 seeds) and the higher the seed quality. We have recently developed data acquisition/instrurment control/data smoothing/data analysis software which accesses frequency and cumulative frequency distributions of individual seed conductivities and the derived index on an almost continuous basis from the start of the first soaking.

At present, lack of convergence with regard to curve fitting may occur necessitating multiple sampling times. A “window in time” approach is described whereby index estimates during a two-hour interval within the index stability phase are averaged. Evidence of the method's ability to assess seed vigor will be presented.
INSTANTANEOUS AND INTEGRATED LIGHT MEASUREMENTS WITHIN AN APPLE CANOPY
Authors: Campbell Richard J. , Marini Richard P.
Published: February 2019

Integrative measurements of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were made at 30 `Delicious' canopy positions throughout the season to characterize the canopy light environment. Instantaneous measurements (IM) of PAR were made at the same positions with a quantum sensor on clear and overcast days and correlated with integrated seasonal PAR. Hourly (1100, 1200, 1300, and 1400 hrs) IM made on clear days were influenced b sunflecks and had variable relationships with integrated values (R2 = 0.52-0.90). This was improved by using the average of the four IM measured during the day (R2 = 0.92). Hourly IM on overcast days were consistent and highly correlated to integrated values (R2 = 0.97). IM from overcast days were reliable predictors of seasonal PAR and could be used to characterize the canopy light environment.
NORTHERN PECAN CULTURE IN NEBRASKA
Authors: Gustafson W.A. (Bill) , Morrissey Todd M.
Published: February 2019

The Northern Pecan Research Program was established in 1979 and designed to determine the potential of growing the northern pecan as both an ornamental shade tree and as a possible crop in Nebraska. In 1983, 2 year old seedlings planted in 1981 were grafted to 54 superior pecan clones/cultivars (total of 324 trees) in a two-acre orchard in Lincoln, NE. Most of these clones were selected from native trees growing in and along the Mississippi River Valley in Northeast Iowa/Northwest Illinois, and the Missouri River Valley in Northwest Missouri/Northeast Kansas. These pecans were specifically selected for having the potential to survive winter temps to -35° F and produce crops in a 130-180 day growing season. There is now a need to research the production of pecans in a commercial orchard situation. The past 9 years of research has demonstrated that pecans will survive and produce an edible crop with excellent quality and food value.
INJURY TO 27 CITRUS CULTIVARS ON 22 ROOTSTOCKS AT ONE-YEAR-OLD EXPERIENCING MINIMUM TEMPERATURE OF -4.4C
Authors: Rouse Robert E. , Tucker David P. H. , Holcomb Edgar D.
Published: February 2019

Evaluation ratings of cold injury following a freeze on December 24 & 25, 1989, showed differences among scion cultivars and rootstock. `Star Ruby' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and `Fallglo' citrus hybrid, a cross of Bower mandarin citrus hybrid × Temple tangor (C. temple Hort. ex Y. Tanaka) were the most severely damaged scion cultivars. `Rohde Red' valencia orange selection 472-11-43. [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. was the least damaged scion cultivar. Scions budded to Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshni Hort. ex Tan.) and FL 80-18 citrumelo [C. paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstock were damaged more than on other rootstock. Scions budded to smooth flat seville (C. aurantium?) and P. trifoliata × Ridge pineapple sweet orange selection 1573-26 [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck] had the least injury. Analysis comparing replications showed the greatest damage to be in the north side of the planting.
LEAF DEVELOPMENT AND ANTHURIUM FLOWER GROWTH
Authors: Dai Jingwei , Paull Robert E.
Published: February 2019

The Anthurium andraeanum `Kaumana' flower growth and development before and after emergence was studied. The process before emergence was long and slow. A tiny flower bud, about 0.3 cm long was formed 80 days before its emergence. The whole period before emergence was divided into three phases: cell division phase, slow growth phase and elongation phase. The characteristic of each phase was studied.

The leaf which bears the flower bud at its petiole base is called subtending leaf. Its growth had a significant influence on the flower bud growth at its petiole base. Detaching the young subtending leaf blade resulted in an earlier flower emergence.
MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING: TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE RQ “BREAKPOINT”
Authors: Beaudry Randolph , Cameron Arthur
Published: February 2019

The steady-state oxygen concentration at which blueberry fruit began to exhibit anaerobic carbon dioxide production. (i.e., the RQ breakpoint) was determined for fruit held at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 C using a modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) system. As fruit temperature decreased, the RQ breakpoint occurred at lower oxygen concentrations. The decrease in the RQ breakpoint oxygen is thought to be due to a decreasing oxygen demand of the cooler fruit.

The decrease in oxygen demand and concomitant decrease in oxygen flux would have resulted in a decrease in the difference in the oxygen concentrate on between the inside and outside of the fruit and thus decreased the minimum amount of oxygen tolerated. The implications on MAP strategies will be discussed.
EFFECTS OF MOIST HEAT TREATMENTS ON THE POSTHARVEST BEHAVIOR OF `CHANDLER STRAWBERRY
Authors: Yoshikawa F. T. , Mitchell F. G. , Mayer G.
Published: February 2019

Three successive experiments were included in this trial. The first experiment was a derailed screening program to test the effects of various temperatures and durations on the fruit quality of strawberry fruit. Fruit were exposed to temperatures of 37, 40, 43, and 46°C for durations of 20, 40, 60, 80, end 100 minutes at each temperature level. The temperatures and durations which were detrimental to fruit quality were eliminated; then experiments 2 & 3 were conducted using the remaining temperature and duration levels to study their effects on fruit quality, respiration, and ethylene production.

Strawberries heated to 46° C were too severely damaged for other test comparisons. Those exposed to temperature treatments of 43 °C for 30 or 60 mins were consistently less firm, had more heat damage, developed less decay, and had lower CO2 and ethylene production than fruit from lower temperature treatments or control fruit. Differences were sometimes significant.

While the heat damage scores from fruit exposed to the 43°C treatments indicated some serious injury, the fruit were stiff judged to be marketable. There were no significant differences in soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity, SSC/acid ratio, or juice pH among any of the treatments.
PACKINGHOUSE EFFECTS ON WATER LOSS, SPOILAGE, JUICE, AND PEEL QUALITY OF TEXAS GRAPEFRUIT
Authors: Fucik John E. , Davila Daniel
Published: February 2019

Advertisers endow Texas grapefruit with perennial, uniform excellence, yet prices reflect quality variation in the packed product. This study attempts to determine which packinghouse operations, if any, contribute to this variation. Sixty marked `Ruby Red' grapefruit were run through each of 5 Rio Grande Valley packingsheds. Sample runs were made in Dec., Jan., Feb., and Mar. for two seasons. Within-sample variation was reduced by picking outside canopy fruit from the same 20 trees. After packingshed treatment, weekly water loss was determined over 30 days storage at 22 C. and 70% R.H. Then fruit juice and peel were evaluated. Water losses varying from 6-8% appeared related more to initial differences between sheds than to rate of loss in storage. Water loss was greatest for March-and lowest for January-harvested fruit with Dec. and Feb. intermediate. Packingsheds had no effect on fruit spoilage. While some differences between juice (e.g., %) and peel (e.g., strength) characteristics were associated with water loss, season and harvest date caused the greatest variation.
EARLY TRANSPLANT GROWTH IN RELATION TO FRUIT YIELD IN TOMATO
Authors: Leskovar Daniel I. , Cantliffe Daniel J. , Stoffella Peter J.
Published: February 2019

Tomato, cv. `Sunny' containerized transplants produced either with overhead (SP1) or sub (flotation) (SP2) irrigation were established in the field in fall, winter, and spring. Leaf area (LA), root volume (RV), and dry weights of shoots (SDW) and roots (RDW) were measured weekly before and after transplanting. In fall 1987, SP1 with 44 cm2 LA, 275 mg SDW, 68 mg RDW, and 0.9 ml RV at transplanting (T0) had 33% more fruit yield than SP2 transplants with 20 cm2 LA, 236 mg SDW, 62 mg RDW, and 0.6 ml RV at T0. In spring and winter 1988, SDW, RDW, and RV increased uniformly in both SP1 and SP2 plants, and yields did not differ significantly. In spring 1989, at T0, SP1 had 182 mg SDW and 7.8 shoot/root ratio (S:R) and SP2 had 92 mg SDW and 4.6 S:R, thereafter SDW and S:R ratios were not different and yields were unaffected. In fall 1989, SP1 total fruit yeild (52.3 t.ha-1) did not differ significantly from that of SP2 (47.4 t.ha-l) plants. Sub irrigated transplants may have similar fruit yields than overhead irrigated transplants provided plants are kept with minimum stress before establishment.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF INCREASED CO2 AND TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH PARAMETERS, GAS EXCHANGE RATE AND SEED YIELD OF RICE.
Authors: Seron J. S. , Knight S. L. , Spomer L. A. , Chen G. S.
Published: February 2019

Proponents of global climate models predict a doubling of world CO2 concentration from 350 to 600 ppm by the year 2030, concurrent with a 2-5°C temperature increase. Consequences of this “greenhouse effect” on Oryza sativa L. were determined using four rice lines selected for their widespread use in cultivation and research. A 2×2 factorial design was used with CO2 at 350 and 600 ppm and day/night temperature regimes of 31/27°C and 37/33°C. Combined effects of CO2/temperature were determined during 5 harvests from seeding to reproductive maturity. Elevated CO2 enhanced dry weight and photosynthetic capacity over both temperature regimes relative to plants grown at ambient CO2. The 37/33°C day/night temperature regime increased sterility in rice by decreasing pollen shed.
THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ON TOMATO FRUIT GROWTH AND METABOLISM
Authors: Guan Han Ping , Janes Harry W.
Published: February 2019

Light/dark effects on growth and sugar accumulation in tomato fruit were studied on intact plants (in vivo) and in tissue culture (in vitro). Similar patterns of growth and sugar accumulation were found in vivo and in vitro. Fruit growth in different sugar sources (glucose, fructose or sucrose) showed that sucrose was the primary carbon source translocated into tomato fruit. Darkening the fruit decreased growth about 40% in vivo and in vitro: Light-grown fruit took up 30% more sucrose from the same source and accumulated almost twice as much starch as that in dark-grown fruit. The difference in CO2 exchange rate between light and dark indicated that light effects on fruit growth were due to mechanisms other than photosynthesis. Supporting this conclusion was the fact that light intensities ranging from 40 to 160 μmol/m2/s had no influence on growth and light did not increase growth when fruits were grown on glucose or fructose. A possible expansion of an additional sink for carbon by fight stimulation of starch synthesis during early development will be discussed.
WEEKLY COLD HARDINESS LEVELS OF SEVEN DECIDUOUS HARDWOODS OVER THREE WINTER SEASONS
Authors: Lindstrom Orville M.
Published: February 2019

The cold hardiness of seven deciduous hardwoods, red maple (Acer rubrum L.), white oak, (Quercus alba L.), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), sweetgum (Liguidambar stryaciflua L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), river birch (Betula nigra L.) and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) were evaluated weekly during the fall, winter and spring for three consecutive years. All trees evaluated were established (20-40 years old) and locatd on the Georgia Station Griffin, GA. Each species developed a maximum cold hardiness of at least -30 C by mid-January or early February each season. Response to temperature fluctuations varied with species. Red maple, for example, lost less cold hardiness due to warm mid-winter temperatures than the other species tested, while white oak tended to respond more quickly to the temperature fluctuations. Data will be presented comparing the response of cold hardiness to mid-winter temperature fluctuations for each species for the three year period.
COMPARATIVE DROUGHT RESISTANCE AMONG SIX BIRCH (BETULA) SPECIES
Authors: Ranney Thomas G. , Bir R.E. , Skroch W.A.
Published: February 2019

In order to evaluate and compare adaptability to dry sites, plant water relations and leaf gas exchange were compared in response to water stress among six birch species: monarch birch (Betula maximowicziana), river birch (B. nigra), paper birch (B. papyrifera), European birch (B. pendula), `Whitespire' Japanese birch (B. platyphylla var. japonica `Whitespire'), and gray birch (B. pendula). After 28 days without irrigation, Japanese birch maintained significantly higher stomatal conductance (gs) and net photosynthesis (Pn) than did any of the other species, despite having one of the lowest mid-day water potentials. Evaluation of tissue water relations, using pressure-volume methodology, showed no evidence of osmotic adjustment for any of these species in response to water stress. However, there was substantial variation among species in the water potential at the turgor loss point; varying from a high of -1.34 MPa for river birch to a low of -1.78 MPa for Japanese birch. Rates of Pn and gs under mild stress (mean predawn leaf water potential of -0.61 MPa) were negatively correlated with leaf osmotic potential at full turgor and the leaf water potential at the turgor loss point.
EFFECTS OF SPECTRAL FILTERS ON GROWTH OF DENDRANTHEMA GRANDIFLORA (TZELEV.)
Authors: McMahon M.J. , Kelly J.W.
Published: February 2019

`Spears' (nonpinched and pinched) and `Yellow Mandalay' (pinched) chrysanthemums were grown in growth chambers equipped with clear, double-walled polycarbonate panels filled with liquids that served as spectral filters. A blue dye raised FR/R by filtering out a portion of red light. A solution of CuSO4 lowered FR/R by absorbing a greater portion of far-red than red light. A red dye absorbed much of the blue/green portion of the light spectrum but did not change far-red to red (FR/R) light ratio. Two controls (H2O and air) were used. FR/R values were 1.01 for blue dye, 0.34 for CuSO4, and 0.86 for air, H2O, and red dye. FR and R were measured at 725-730 and 655-660nm, respectively.

All plants grown under CuSO4 filters had reduced height, reduced internode length, and increased chlorophyll content compared to controls. Red dye filtered pinched plants had decreased chlorophyll compared to controls.

Pinched plants grown under CuSO4 filters and long days developed fewer nodes than controls due to the formation of abnormal capitula. The controls and other treatments developed more nodes before producing similar capitula. Stem diameter and leaf area of controls did not differ from blue dye, red dye, or CuSO4 filter treatments.
DIKEGULAC-SODIUM SPRAYS ALLEVIATE CORRELATIVE INHIBITION IN ASPARAGUS CULTIVARS
Authors: Mahotiere Sauveur , Johnson Clarence , Howard Philamenia
Published: February 2019

On Sept. 23, 1988, 12-month-old greenhouse-grown `Mary Washington', `Emerald', `UC 157 F1' and `UC 157 F2' asparagus seedlings were sprayed with dikegulac solutions ranging from 0 to 750 mg·l-1 with 150 mg·l-1 increments. The potted plants were then transferred to a lathhouse to simulate the weather conditions in the field. No significant shoot emergence occurred prior to killing frosts and low temperatures in December. The rise of the temperature in Jan. and Feb. 1989, promoted shoot emergence in all cultivars; but `Mary Washington' did not respond to the treatments. At 600 mg·l-1, the chemical increased shoot emergence in `Emerald', `UC 157 F1' and `UC 157 F2' by a respective cumulative average of 310, 161 and 305% over the control on 2 Feb. After intervening killing frosts and low temp, at the resumption of growth in late February 1989, `UC 157 F,' and `Mary Washington' were first to respond to the residual effects of the chemical, giving at 750 mg·l-1 a respective cumulative increase of 65 and 77% over the control. Dikegulac did not affect the height and dry weight of `Mary Washington' ferns. But it reduced the height of `Emerald' without affecting its dry weight.
CHANGE IN SYNTHESIS OF NON-ETHYLENE VOLATILES FOLLOWING APPLE FRUIT STORAGE IN ATMOSPHERES INDUCING ANAEROBIC METABOLISM.
Authors: Mattheis J.P. , Buchanan D.A.
Published: February 2019

Apple fruit storage lie is prolonged by low-oxygen cold storage, however, ethanol accumulates when oxygen concentration is reduced below the Pasteur point, Upon return to aerobic conditions, dissipation of ethanol occurs due to physical (evaporation) and biochemical processes. Oxidation of ethanol by apple fruit occurs at a slow rate, but ethanol also serves es a substrate for fruit volatile synthesis. This study was conducted to determine changes in concentrations of ethanol and other non-ethylene apple fruit volatiles following periods of anaerobiosis. `Delicious' apples were obtained from a commercial warehouse and stored at 0.05% O2, 0.2% CO2 and 1 C. One day following return to ambient oxygen conditions, several volatiles were identified from anaerobic fruit that were nor produced by the control fruit. All were eaters that contained an ethyl group as the alcohol-derived portion, These included ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate and ethyl octanoate. Several esters produced by the controls were not detectable from anaerobic fruit including butyl butyrate, butyl 2-methyl butyrate, propyl hexanoate and 3-methyl butyl hexanoate. After 7 days ripening at 20 C, the amount of ethanol and the additional ethylesters was reduced in anaerobic fruit. Synthesis of esters produced by control fruit but nor by anaerobic fruit during the initial volatile sampling had resumed after 7 days.
EFFECT OF SALT SHOCK ON PHOTOMIXOTROPHIC SUSPENSION CULTURES OF SOYBEAN
Authors: Rogers Suzanne M.D. , Dias Kalyani
Published: February 2019

When plants are subjected to stress conditions, they are believed to be developing defensive mechanisms. Those mechanisms could be studied by analysing and comparing the proteins from stressed and nonstressed plant materials. Photomixotrophically grown soybean suspension cultures were shocked with 150 mM, 200 mM, and 250 mM salt concentrations for 1 hr. and 3 hrs. The cells were then given 2, or 4 hr. recovery period. After treatment, proteins were quantified, using Bradford Assay, and then separated on SDS PAGE gels. In Coomasie stained gells, there were different banding patterns in shock treated samples, compared to the control. But there were no differences identified between different shocking times or recovery period treatments. The results from Silver staining and growth studies will be presented.
PERFORMANCE OF AN INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE~ OLERICULTURE SYSTEM AS INFLUENCED BY COMPONENT RATIO
Authors: McMurtry Mark , Sanders Douglas
Published: February 2019

Fish and vegetable production were linked in a recirculating water system. Hybrid tilapia were grown in tanks and fed a commercial feed. Tomato or cucumber were grown in sand biofilters associated with each tank. Four tank to biofilter volume ratios, ranging from 1:0.67 to 1:2.25, were studied by varying the biofilter size. Plant populations were directly proportional to biofilter volume and surface irrigated 8 times daily with aquacultural `waste' water, Biofilter drainage returned to the fish tanks by gravity. Each system received identical nutrient inputs and plants received equal water. Biological filtration, aeration, and mineral assimilation by plants maintained water quality under rapid fish growth rates. Dissolved oxygen levels, make-up water, fish biomass increase and growth rates increased with biofilter volume. Total fruit yield increased but yield per plant decreased with increasing biofilter volume. Caloric content of the increase in fish biomass per liter of total water decreased white that of tomato increased with increasing biofilter volume. Calories in the combined yields per liter of water used did not differ by treatment. Total protein production per liter of water used decreased with increasing biofilter volume. Both caloric value and protein production in the combined outputs increased with biofilter volume irrespective of water consumption. Annualized economic value from the combined fish and `Laura' tomato production per composite unit area ranged from $98 to $124 m-2 with decreasing tank to biofilter ratio.
GROWTH OF NONPAREIL ALMOND TREES AFTER 20 C STORAGE UNDER VARYING CO2 AND C2H4 CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Reil Wilbur , Mitchell Gordon , Mayer Gene
Published: February 2019

Nursery grown and budded one year old .8 cm `Nonpareil' almond trees were placed bareroot in sealed containers at 2°C and subjected to concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 5% CO2, 0, 0.5, 1, 2 μl·l-1 C2 H2, or combinations of both gases. All trials were conducted under 100% R. H. and constant air flow. Trees were removed after 10 or 20 weeks and then grown in 19 1. containers for approximately 12 weeks before grading.

Growth was the same for all concentrations of CO2 after 10 weeks but caused a 20 and 32% decrease in shoot growth at 3 and 5% concentrations after 20 weeks. C2H4 caused 34, 34 and 89% decrease after 10 weeks and 78, 83 and 100% decrease of shoot growth after 20 weeks. Root growth was also seriously decreased.

C2H4 caused no growth decrease after 10 weeks when 3 or 5% CO2 was present. After 20 weeks CO2 only partially offset the detrimental effect of C2H4.
ISOZYME VARIATION IN PACIFIC ISLAND CULTIVARS OF BREADFRUIT
Authors: Ragone Diane
Published: February 2019

150 accessions of breadfruit [Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg and A. mariannensis Trècul] and interspecific hybrids from 18 Pacific island groups were analyzed for isozyme variation. Six enzyme systems (ACO, ADH, IDH, MDH, ME, PGM) produced well-resolved bands Each accession was scored for presence or absence of bands for each enzyme system. Breadfruit is clonally propagated and numerous diploid and triploid cultivars are grown in the Pacific islands. Diploid cultivars of A. altilis from Melanesia and western Polynesia showed the highest variation. Few diploid cultivars were found in eastern Polynesia. Seedless, triploid cultivars showed identical banding patterns for all enzyme systems. The narrow genetic variation in triploid cultivars indicates that they are the result of repeated vegetative propagation of a naturally occurring triploid. In contrast, these cultivars exhibit great morphological variation due to somatic mutation, maintained through human selection. A. mariannensis and hybrid cultivars showed greater variation and were identifiable by unique banding patterns for ADH and MDH.
A GENETIC MAP OF CITRUS BASED ON ISOZYMES AND RFLPS.
Authors: Jarrell David C. , Roose Mikeal L.
Published: February 2019

We report a preliminary genetic map of citrus based on segregation of 8 isozyme and at least 33 RFLP loci. The segregating population consisted of 60 plants from a cross of two citrus rootstock, `Sacaton' citrumelo × `Troyer' citrange. This cross represents an intergeneric F2 since `Sacaton' is Citrus paradisi (grapefruit) × Poncirus trifoliata (trifoliate orange) and `Troyer' is C. sinensis (sweet orange) × P. trifoliata. RFLPs were identified using anonymous probes from both cDNA and genomic DNA libraries of citrus. About 20% of the loci deviated significantly from Mendelian segregation. Two-point linkage analysis identified 8 linkage groups in which pairs of loci were within 30 centimorgans. This suggests that we have markers on most of the 9 chromosomes of Citrus. A map based on multipoint linkage estimates will be reported. Evidence for structural rearrangements between Citrus and Poncirus and extension of the map to additional marker and disease resistance loci will be discussed.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND LINKAGE MAPPING OF THE CITRUS GENOME USING ISOZYME AND RFLP MARKERS
Authors: Liou Pan-chi , Gmitter Fred G. , Moore Gloria A.
Published: February 2019

Citrus genetic studies and cultivar improvement have been difficult with conventional techniques. Alternative approaches are needed to enhance efficiency of such studies. Our objectives were to characterize the Citrus genome and to initiate development of a linkage map using RFLP and isozyme analysis. Methods of Citrus DNA extraction were developed to allow the isolation of chromosomal DNA of acceptable quality for recombinant' DNA manipulations. A PstI Citrus genomic library was constructed to create DNA clones for the RFLP survey. A rapid, reliable procedure was developed to facilitate screening of the library for useful clones. The methods used and strategy followed minimized contamination with organelle DNA, increased the frequency of single copy clones, and allowed rapid screening of the newly–constructed library. Linkage relationships of 49. markers, including 36 RFLP and 6 isozyme loci, were analyzed and a map comprised of 8 linkage groups was constructed. Insertions or deletions were responsible for at least 30% of the RFLPs identified. A hypothesis of transposon activity in Citrus was proposed based on our observations.
DEVELOPMENTAL AND REGULATORY MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN PECAN SOMATIC EMBRYO MATURATION
Authors: Wetzstein Hazel Y. , Kim Choong-Suk
Published: February 2019

Although somatic embryogenesis in vitro has been carried out successfully in a number of plants, a limiting factor in many somatic embryogenic systems is that plantlet regeneration is not obtainable or restricted to low frequencies. We have developed a repetitive, high frequency somatic embryogenic system in pecan (Carya illinoensis) and have identified effective treatments for improved somatic embryo conversion. A 6 to 10 week cold treatment followed by a 5 day desiccation, promoted enhanced root germination and extension, and epicotyl elongation. Light and transmission electron microscopic evaluations of somatic embryo cotyledon development will be presented and related to conversion enhancing treatments and their possible roles in embryo maturation.
HYPERMEDIA INFORMATION SYSTEM TO DIAGNOSE PROBLEMS OF MACADAMIA NUT
Authors: Kobayashi Kent D. , Bittenbender H.C. , Hirae Howard H.
Published: February 2019

Growers and extension personnel need an easy to use method to help diagnose common problems of macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia). The Apple Macintosh®) computer and the software HyperCard® provides one such system. We developed a hypermedia stack (file) that gives users the two options of helping diagnose a problem or providing additional information on a problem and its solution. Twenty-three of the most common problems of macadamia nut in Hawaii are coveted including insects, diseases, nutritional deficiencies, harvest, postharvest handling, herbicide injury, poor flowering, and premature nut drop.

With the first option, the program asks the user on what part of the tree does the problem exist--leaves, flowers, nuts, branches, trunk, roots, or the entire tree. It then displays pictures of symptoms of problems specific to that part of the tree, and the user indicates whether these symptoms are present. The program gives the user additional information on the problem, its cause, conditions conducive to the problem, and possible solutions to resolve the problem. With the second option, i.e., if the user already knows the name of the problem, the additional information and solution are shown immediately. This program provides growers and extension personnel with a simple, quick, computerized tool to diagnose problems and access information and solutions.
PROTOTYPE COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR LANDSCAPE SITE MANAGEMENT CONTROLLED BY PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Siekkinen GiGi , Carpenter Philip L.
Published: February 2019

Use of the computer and specialized software can provide flexibility needed to develop management schedules for landscape sites that differ in geographic location, size, and maintenance level. The major problem faced in developing this software is accommodating different climates and year-to-year variations in weather, which influence the optimum timing of many management activities. Using phenological observations of common plants to time maintenance activities rather than relying entirely upon calendar dates was investigated as a solution t this problem. A program that used a combination of phonological observations and calendar dates to schedule maintenance activities was developed. A system of maintenance activity modules and landscape plant categories was used to produce a program flexible enough to be useful for a variety of landscape sites. This modular approach also permits future expansion of the program to include additional maintenance activities.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES WITHIN THE GENUS ROSA (ROSACEAE).
Authors: Hubbard Mark , Kelly John , Rajapakse Sriyani , Ballard Robert , Abbott Albert
Published: February 2019

We have initiated a phylogenetic study using restriction fragment length polymorphisms to examine nuclear DNA variation in a number of Rosa species. Random genomic clones were isolated from the cultivar `Confection'. To generate these clones, genomic DNA was digested with the restriction enzymes Hind III and Eco RI and the resulting fragments cloned into a pUC8 plasmid and transformed into the E. coli bacterial strain JM83. Individual clones from the DNA library were screened for polymorphism by Southern hybridization methods. Those clones displaying polymorphisms were used in combination with one, two, or three restriction enzymes to identify different size restriction fragments. Each fragment was treated as a unit character and was used to generate a phylogenetic tree using the computer program “Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony” (PAUP version 3.0). Results of the studies on the amount of genetic diversity and phylogenetic affinities of Rosa species among the different sections of the subgenus Rosa will be presented.
PRETRANSPLANT NO3:NH4 RATIO AND SUPPLEMENTAL CALCIUM INFLUENCE WATERMELON SEEDLING GROWTH, MINERAL COMPOSITION, AND YIELD
Authors: Lamb Michael J. , Clough George H. , Hemphill Delbert D.
Published: February 2019

The effects of supplemental Ca and varying NO3:N H4 ratios on transplant growth and NH4-N utilization were studied using watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris L. `Crimson Sweet') seeded in plastic multicell trays. The growing media consisted of a commercial peat mix amended with CaCO3 (10% w/v). Fertigation with five NO3:N H4 ratios and five levels of supplemental Ca (4, 8, 12, 16 mmol.) was applied daily in factorial combinations. The highest NO3:N H4 ratio produced greatest shoot dry weight, shoot N, and shoot NO3-N and K concentrations. Increasing NH4 and Ca decreased media pH and increased EC. After 21 days, supplemental Ca decreased shoot N and dry weight, but after 28 days had no effect. Additional Ca increased shoot Ca but decreased Mg and K. Supplemental Ca and N ratio interacted to affect leaf area. Pretransplant N ratio and supplemental Ca effects on seedling field performance, flowering, and yield were evaluated.
EFFECT OF SURFACTANTS ON UPTAKE OF GIBBERELLIN A3 BY SOUR CHERRY LEAVES
Authors: Knoche Moritz , Bukovac Martin J.
Published: February 2019

Gibberellin A3 (GA) applied to virus-infected sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L., `Montmorency') trees inhibits flower initiation and promotes spur formation. However, response to a given dose may vary. Differential foliar absorption has been suggested as a major source of this variation. Therefore, we studied if surfactants would reduce variation in GA absorption. Uptake through the abaxial surface exceeded that through the adaxial surface by about one order of magnitude (adaxial surface 1.1 vs 7.8% in 1988, 0.7 vs 16.6% in 1989). GA uptake was markedly affected by surfactants. Over a 24-hr uptake period, Activator 90 and Ortho X-77 were most effective (abaxial surface 38.3 and 37.4% in 1989), whereas Regulaid did not affect GA uptake. L-77 significantly depressed absorption (abaxial surface 9.1% in 1989). In addition to the level of uptake, surfactants also changed GA absorption kinetics. Penetration increased linearly over a 96-hr time period when Regulaid was included. However, with Ortho X-77, uptake was rapid initially but levelled off within 96 hr. These findings will be discussed in relation to biological response data obtained in the field experiments.
ETHEPHON REDUCES PEACH FLOWER BUD REHARDENING
Authors: Durner Edward F. , Gianfagna Thomas J.
Published: February 2019

Peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv Jerseydawn and Jerseyglo) flower bud hardiness was studied using exotherm analysis following application of ethephon ((2-chloroethyl) phosphoric acid, 0.7mM) in October. Rehardening varied with temperature (7 or 21C), cultivar, ethephon treatment, and sampling date. Buds were more susceptible to injury in March compared to January or February. Buds rehardened more rapidly at 21C than at 7C. `Jerseyglo' rehardened more rapidly than `Jerseydawn'. Untreated buds were less hardy and also rehardened more rapidly than treated buds. Ethephon enhanced flower bud hardiness by (1) decreasing the mean low temperature exotherm of pistils, (2) increasing the number of buds which supercooled after rehardening, and (3) it decreased the rate of rehardening.
THE EFFECT OF CHLORPYRIFOS ON FRUIT DEVELOPMENT IN GRAPEFRUIT, CITRUS PARADISI MACFAYDEN.
Authors: Beck N.G. , Arpaia M.L. , Reints J.S. , Lord E.M.
Published: February 2019

Deformations consisting of longitudinal ridges in the rind of Citrus fruits have recently been found in Southern California Citrus groves. Here, we report the correlation between ridge formation and applications of chlorpyrifos (Lorsban, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI) during the feather-growth stage of bud break. All chlorpyrifos formulations resulted in significant ridging. Addition of agricultural oil and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) to chlorpyrifos resulted in the greatest ridging damage and widened the window of susceptibility by 2 weeks in 1988. In 1989, no significant difference was seen between treatments of chlorpyrifos, although all were significantly greater than the control. The susceptible stages of bud growth are described, as are the non-susceptible stages which precede and follow it. Floral buds in which carpels are initiating are susceptible to fruit ridging upon application with chlorpyrifos. These ridges are the result of an increase in cell size of the flavedo tissue which may be the result of a polyploid chimera.
SOIL MOISTURE TENSION-BASED IRRIGATION OF CONTAINER-GROWN PLANTS UNDER COMMERCIAL CONDITIONS.
Authors: Lieth J.H. , Kiehl P.A. , Tjosvold S.A. , Vogel G.B. , Burger D.W.
Published: February 2019

An irrigation system was developed to water container-grown ornamental plants so that soil moisture tensions could be continuously monitored and controlled. Operation of such a system has been shown to significantly reduce the amount of water which must be applied to produce high-quality potted chrysanthemums. This presentation will focus on modification of drip irrigation systems in commercial production environments to irrigate based on soil moisture tension. High-quality plants were produced in commercial trials with such systems. In all cases significant economic savings due to reduced fertilizer and water application were observed. Furthermore, the amounts of irrigation water run-off were significantly lower than in systems where irrigation was controlled manually or with timers.
LEAF ANATOMY OF SOME GRAPE CULTIVARS IN RESPONSE TO SALINITY
Authors: Shaheen M.A.
Published: February 2019

The present investigation was carried out to determine the effect of salinity on three grapevine leaf anatomy. The experiment was conducted in box culture with two mixed salts (NaCl and CaCl2) at five concentrations (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4500 ppm) and three cultivars, namely, `Thompson seedless', `Flame seedless' and `Robby seedless'. Increasing salinity significantly reduced the total axes of the epidermis, assimilating, vascular and ground tissues of the leaf. It also changed the ratio of the upper to the lower epiderm tissue. The differences among the three cultivars were not significant. The area of the palisade tissue was larger than the area of the spongy tissue in case of the control or 1000 ppm salinity treatments, while higher concentration of salinity resulted reverse in a situation. The xylem area was larger than that of the phloem at all concentrations under study. The area of parenchyma tissue was consistantly larger than that of mechanical tissue.
RESPONSES OF PAPAYA TO SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE OF INSECTICIDAL O2 ATMOSPHERE
Authors: Yahia E.M. , Rivers M. , Hernández O.
Published: February 2019

Papaya fruits were exposed to a continuous flow of an atmosphere containing less than 0.5% O2 (the balance is N2) for 0 to 5 days at 20°C. Fruits were evaluated every day after exposure to low O2 atmosphere, and simultaneously after 3 days in air at 20°C. During every evaluation period part of the fruits were promptly frozen for the analysis of the activity of the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and pyruvic acid. The rest of the fruits were evaluated for flesh firmness, external and internal appearance, incidence of decay, and presence of off–flavors. Fruits had major decay problems and presented some off–flavors after 3 days in low O2 and 3 days in air at 20°C. The intolerance of the fruit to low O2 is, correlated with an increase, after 3 days, in the activity of ADH and PDC but not with the activity of LDH. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that insecticidal O2 atmosphere can be used as a quarantine insect control treatment in papaya for up to 3 days without the risk of significant fruit injury.
PLANTS AND THE COMMUNITY: PLANTS AND GARDENING INFLUENCE PEOPLE SOCIALLY AND ECONOMICALLY
Authors: Lohr Virginia I.
Published: February 2019

Evidence is growing that people exposed to environmental and mental stress benefit from having plants in their communities and from working with those plants in gardening and related activities. The benefits to the community range from improved social interactions to reduced littering. Feelings of self-confidence and self-worth are improved. Economic conditions can be improved: vegetable production reduces the need for individuals to spend money on food, and community improvement initiated by flower gardening increases property values. Some of these benefits are well-documented, while others are primarily supported by a long history of anecdotal evidence. More research is needed to fully document the importance of community gardening efforts and to justify expansions in these programs.
HIGH TEMPERATURE RESPONSE IN BEAN-PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS.
Authors: Li Paul H.
Published: February 2019

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a heat-sensitive plant species in which excessive abscission of reproductive organs occurs during hot weather. This results in yield reductions, and, in extreme heat stress, plants produce few or no pods. We evaluated 74 bean genotypes in terms of leaf heat tolerance (HT) and leaf heat acclimation potential (HAP), as expressed by heat killing time (HKT), the time in minutes needed to cause a 50% electrolyte leakage from leaf tissue heated at 50°C Leaf HT is defined as the leaf HKT of plants without prior conditioning at 37°C day/night temperature and leaf HAP as the change in leaf HT following exposure of the plant to 37°C day/night for 24-h. Among 74 bean genotypes examined leaf HT ranged from 5 to 30 min HKT, whereas leaf HAP ranged from 35 to 130 min HKT. Positive significant correlations were observed between leaf HAP and post-stress performance in photosynthetic activities, plant dry weight, pod set, pod weight and yield among bean genotypes. Correlations, however, were not significant between leaf HT and post-stress performance.

A relationship between heat resistance, consisting of the combination of HT and HAP, and heat injury is proposed. Interpretation of the differential amounts of heat injury among genotypes having different HAP, is discussed. We view leaf HT and leaf HAP as two distinguishable phenomena. We suggest that in breeding programs HAP may be the more important of the two, and should he evaluated as a selection criterion for improving crop performance in high temperature environments.