bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influencing Factors of Sexual Attitude in Nursing Students
Authors:   Form of Public Safety and Culture, Cho In Hee , Kwon Young Eun
Published: December 2023

This study is a descriptive research study to identify gender role stereotypes, gender expression, positive gender perception and self-esteem, and to identify factors that affect nursing students' sexual attitudes for nursing students. This study intends to use it as a basic educational material for developing a program that can improve the sexual competencies of nursing students as a prospective nurse who can contribute to sexual culture and sexual safety in the future and for the development of major subjects.
The subjects were randomly selected the nursing departments of two universities. The minimum number of samples calculated using the G-Power 3.1.3 program. The questionnaire consists subject reads and checks directly, and it took about 15 minutes to fill out. The data collection period was from April 1 to April 30, 2022, and among the 290 recovered copies, 272 copies were used for data analysis, excluding 8 copies with insufficient responses.
As a result of the study, sexual assertiveness scored an average of 60.69 points and their self-esteem averaged 35.54 points, which was above average. Nursing students showed an open attitude toward sex with an average of 117.01 points. Sexual attitudes were related to gender stereotypes (r=-.357, p=<.001), and positive gender perception (r=-.299, p=<.001) and there was a significant correlation. The factors affecting the sexual attitudes of nursing students were gender stereotypes, religious presence, sexual experience, and sexual expression. Of these, gender stereotypes (β=-.384, p<.001) had the greatest influence on the sexual attitudes of nursing students, and the second was sexual experience (β=-.306, p<.001). The degree to which these factors explained the nursing students' sexual attitude can vary according to changes in social and cultural environment. It is necessary to investigate the sexual attitude of nursing students as prospective nurses who can contribute to sexual culture and sexual safety in the future. that would make sense It is necessary to develop and apply an iterative educational program that can improve the performance-related competency of college students and further enhance the sexual assertiveness training by instilling the right sense of sexuality.
THE ROLE OF SOCIAL AND PERSONAL COMPETENCIES
IN THE FORMATION OF STUDENTS' READINESS FOR PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY
Authors: VASHKEVICH K.
Published: December 2023

In the article, the author analyzes the need for the development of specialized socio-personal competencies among

students along with the main functions of physical culture and sports in the process of mastering optional academic

disciplines. The main advantages in using the directions of sports and wellness technologies for the formation of

professionally significant skills are determined. In the course of the study, the author examines and identifies the most

accessible ways of forming specialized competencies.
The Role of Colonialism in the Transformation of the Indigenous Naming System of the Amuthambi of Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya, 1920-1963
Authors: Njagi Serah Njoki , Muraya Martha W. , Ireri Humphery K.
Published: December 2023

Naming is a universal phenomenon and as old as human history. In traditional Africa, naming was complex and authentic. The cultural values, traditions, beliefs and norms were highly linked with the African naming. However, colonial policies, practices and activities such as taxation, cash crop farming, wage labour, modern health care, Christianity and Western education impacted heavily the traditional naming system of the Amuthambi. The current research focused on establishing the role of colonialism in the transformation of the indigenous naming system of the Amuthambi from 1920 to 1963. The research was conducted among the Amuthambi of Mitheru and Muthambi wards in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. The study employed the structural functionalism theory and the acculturation theory. A descriptive research design based on a qualitative approach was used to describe the phenomena. A purposive sampling procedure and snowballing technique were employed to identify the respondents. The concept of data saturation was applied and the information was mainly gathered using primary sources including; oral sources and archival. Secondary sources including books, journals, dissertations, articles, thesis and electronics were also used to corroborate the primary data. An interview guide was used to aid in collecting the oral data. Data was analyzed thematically and later presented in narrative form. The findings of the study established that the introduction of taxation, forced labour, cash crop farming, wage economy, western education, modern healthcare and Christianity weakened the traditional naming principles, patterns and procedures and a new naming system emerged. At the end of the colonial period the society became more individualistic, and matters about the birth and naming of the child became more of a private affair contrary to the traditional setup. Consequently, a new version of the naming system that characterizes the hybridity of both traditional and modern naming systems became evident among the Amuthambi. The study documents the historical influence of colonialism on African cultural practices by investigating the influence of colonialism on the transformation of the indigenous naming system of the Amuthambi.
COVID-19事件下，社會支持、創傷後壓力症狀、創傷後成長與心理健康的關係
Authors: 游雅婷 游雅婷 , Ya-Ting Yu 劉志如 , 王沂釗 王沂釗
Published: December 2023

本研究旨在瞭解 COVID-19 事件下，不同背景變項、創傷後成長、不同社會支持程度與創傷後壓力症、與心理健康的關係及影響。採網路問卷調查法，以居住於臺灣且年滿 20 歲者為研究樣本，進行網路調查，有效樣本 413 名。研究工具包含「創傷後心理症狀指標量表-短版」、「中文版創傷後成長量表」、「心理健康 BMI 幸福心指標量表」、「社會支持簡式量表」。重要研究結果如下：（1）COVID-19 事件之創傷影響，可能因調查時間點疫情嚴重程度差異而有不同；（2）女性、年輕人或過去有創傷經驗者受 COVID-19 影響的心理反應較顯著；（3）創傷後成長與感知創傷壓力程度有正向關係，然而當創傷後壓力症高於某個程度後其間的關係即不存在；（4）疫情下可預測心理健康的因子為社會支持與創傷後成長。最後，根據研究結論提出促進心理健康之相關輔導與諮商建議。

 

This study aims to understand the relationships and influences among different background variables, post-traumatic growth, varying levels of social support, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The subjects of the study were those who lived in Taiwan and were over 20 years old. Online questionnaire survey was administered as a research method, with a total number of 413 effective samples. The research instruments used include " Interpersonal Support Evaluation List – 16 item", " Post-traumatic Stress Reaction Index-Short Form ", "Post-traumatic growth inventory- Chinese Version", and "Mental Health BMI Index ". The results of the study are as follows:(1) Taiwanese people experience less traumatic impact from COVID-19. (2) Women, young people or those with traumatic experience in the past have more significant psychological reactions affected by COVID-19. (3) Post-traumatic Growth is positively related to perceived post-traumatic stress. However, the relationship between the two did not exist when PTSD was above a certain level. (4) Social support and Post-traumatic Growth are the predictors of mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Based on these findings, recommendations for counseling and guidance to enhance mental well-being are proposed.

 
臨床心理師心理治療中知後同意專業倫理之行為、省思與改變行動之探究
Authors: 張馥媛 張馥媛 , 林倩如 林倩如 , Chien-Ju Lin 林美芳 , Mei-Fang Lin 張勻銘
Published: December 2023

本研究旨在探究臨床心理師心理治療中，知後同意之倫理行為脈絡、對現況的省思，以及可採取之改變行動與建議。本研究之研究方法為邀請七位臨床心理師進行焦點團體訪談及個別深度訪談，蒐集質性資料，並以紮根理論研究法進行資料分析。研究結果發現，在臨床實務上，參與者未實踐知後同意倫理行為原因包括：機構因素、屬已知訊息、依情況告知、僅一般性說明、治療者抗拒、提供訊息困難及不熟悉倫理規範差異等；參與者的倫理省思則涵蓋：對當事人權益的關注不足、執業場域的影響、對治療的影響、治療者的自我保護、治療者本身因素等；在可採取的改變行動與建議方面則有：強化資訊呈現與口頭說明、重視分享專業訊息、治療者個人的提升及提高專業倫理標準等。本文最後依據研究結果進行相關議題討論，進而提出對臨床實務、倫理守則修訂、倫理教育規劃，以及未來研究之建議。

 

The purpose of the study is to explore the ethical context of informed consent in psychotherapy practiced by clinical psychologists, reflecting on the current situation, and offering suggestions and potential courses of action for improvements. Seven experienced clinical psychologists were invited to participate in both focus group interview and one-on-one intensive interview. Grounded theory was used to analyze the collected data. The results of the study revealed that the reasons for the participants not to practice informed consent include: institutional factors, assumption that the information was already known to the clients, not necessary to tell everything (telling by condition), only general information given, therapist’s resistance, difficult to provide information, and unfamiliar with the differences of ethics code; Participants’ ethical reflections include: insufficient attention to the clients’ rights and interests, the influence of the practice field, the impact on treatment, self-protection by therapists, and the therapist’s own factors; Recommended actions and changes include: enhancing the presentation of information and verbal explanations, emphasizing the sharing of professional information, personal development of therapists, adopting higher ethical standards. According to the results and findings, related issues are discussed, and the study offers suggestions for clinical practices, amendments to the ethics code, planning for ethics education, and future research.

 
以紀凱淵「地方三部曲」分析臺灣當代錄像藝術的抒情缺位
Authors: 洪鈞元 洪鈞元
Published: December 2023

嚴格來說，藝術家紀凱淵的創作特質，無法用太過單一的類型進行理解。從早期的行為記錄、限地製作，到後來更為多樣性的進行複合媒材、錄像裝置創作等。換言之，紀凱淵的創作精神，主要仍然圍繞於其欲探索的美學議題，再根據創作需求進行媒介轉化。有趣的是，近年貫穿於「地方三部曲」系列作品的創作方法，多聚焦在非敘事性的錄像表現手法。尤其在「似即若離」（2022）個展中，可以發現紀凱淵延續〈72海浬〉（2020）作品的抒情語境，透過輕薄及隱晦的蒙太奇影像，卻是滿溢著情感的心境，來進行一種忽遠又忽近的場面調度。臺灣當代錄像藝術作品，近年來有不少內容利用增補式的想像歷史，部署錄像作品中的調研檔案，並且透過畫外音的語意實踐，進行一種探究式的描述與外顯。相較之下，紀凱淵「地方三部曲」系列中的錄像風格，看似與今日多數作品格格不入，但事實上，透過臺灣錄像藝術作品的史觀回顧，我們可以發現這類型抒情語境的創作手法，在2000年至2010年間，曾經有過為數不少的比例。據此觀之，本文的問題意識，即是冀望透過紀凱淵「地方三部曲」的錄像作品分析，與臺灣曾經在某段時期的創作潮流，進行比較論述，藉此探究近年臺灣錄像藝術作品中抒情缺位的現象。

 

Strictly speaking, the characteristics of artist CHI Kai-Yuan’s creations cannot be understood by using a single genre, in terms of the early days of behavior recording and limited-site production, as well as the more diverse mixed media and video installations later on. In other words, the spirit of CHI Kai-Yuan’s creation still revolves around the aesthetic issues he wants to explore, and then transforms by the media according to the needs of creation. Interestingly, in recent years, the creative method that has been used in the ""Place Trilogy"" series is mostly focused on the non-narrative video technique. In particular, in the solo exhibition ""Traversing and Passing"" (2022), it can be found that CHI Kai-Yuan continues the lyrical context of the work ""72 nautical miles"", and through light and obscure montage images, but with an overflowing emotional state of mind, a distant and near scene is modulated. In recent years, many contemporary video art works in Taiwan have used supplementary imaginative history to deploy the research files in video works, and through the semantic practice of off-screen voices, inquisitive description and externalization are conducted. In contrast, the video style in CHI Kai-Yuan’s ""Place Trilogy"" series may seem out of step with most works today, but in fact, through a historical review of Taiwanese video artworks, we can find that this type of lyrical contextual creative technique was used in a significant proportion of works between 2000 and 2010. From this perspective, the focus of this paper is to analyse the creation of video works through CHI Kai-Yuan’s ""Seemingly Separates"" solo exhibition and compare it with the creative trends in Taiwan during a certain period of time, in order to explore the phenomenon of lyrical absence in recent Taiwanese video art works.

 
奧德修斯自述滄海歷險中的乘風奇緣
Authors: 蔡仁傑 蔡仁傑
Published: December 2023

每每提及奧德修斯，他於大海的際遇遠近馳名，而在意象上緊密連接了這位古希臘英雄與船隻及櫓槳，使其成為了一位海上英豪。再者，由於盲人先知特瑞西阿斯在冥界囑咐奧德修斯必須在回到家鄉以薩卡後，身負船槳行至內陸深處，直至該槳被誤認為是揚榖用的鏟子，更使得他的形象合攏於大海波瀾。然而，較之於海，在奧德修斯為贏得費阿克斯人款待而自述的滄海歷險中，風所扮演的角色更加值得關注。首先當然是因為風必然成為他在海上遊蹤時至每個落腳處前的轉折訊號。即便是風未被提及，而是比如說，透過精湛的航行技術抵達波利非莫斯居住的島嶼，隱含的仍是一帆風順的概念。另外，風不僅指涉場景的轉換，在英雄的身上，更時常表示來自神的援助或懲戒；波賽頓召喚暴風摧毀他前往費阿克斯的筏子即是顯例。甚者，風也可能是存在於前景的元素，例如奧德修斯從風王埃俄洛斯手中獲贈一袋狂風，而使得風極具象徵性。因此，無論於背景或前景，風與英雄的命運緊密交織，本論文於此脈絡旨在爬梳奧德修斯滄海歷險中所經歷的風的類型，而發現，風在英雄的冒險事件中有其一貫的意義，且連結至他返鄉後的事件：即屠城英雄在面對神靈時應當確保其有不僭越的識別力。

 

Odysseus’ well-known wanderings at sea have created controlling associations of the hero with oars and ships—items that do not belong to the land. Such a dichotomy becomes especially reinforced by Tiresias’ oracle imparted to him in the underworld, where the prophet instructs the hero, when he returns to Ithaca, to take an oar inland until it is misrecognized as a winnowing shovel. However, the role of wind in the apologoi told by Odysseus to engage the Phaeacians to win their hospitality cannot be downplayed. Firstly, wind serves essentially as the transition signal between the events in the apologoi. Even in the case of the hero’s meeting with Polyphemus, his smooth sailing to the island of Cyclopes still requires implicitly the work of favorable winds. Secondly, wind might also signal more than change of scenes since it can now and then betoken divine assistance or reprisal. Among others, how Poseidon vents his wrath at Odysseus through stormy winds exemplifies such a function of wind. Thirdly, wind can become the events in the foreground. For instance, Odysseus receives a curious gift from Aeolus—a bag containing winds that turn out to be pernicious. Therefore, with winds interwoven with the hero’s fate both in the background and in the foreground, this paper would like to study the typology of wind in the apologoi of Odysseus. In the final analysis, one finds that wind thematically correlates the events in the apologoi and beyond, alerting the hero to make informed judgements in connection with deities.

 
傳染病患者運輸隔離裝置部署應用之研析
Authors: 劉明威 劉明威
Published: December 2023

世界衛生組織自2009年來，共計宣告7次「國際關注公共衛生緊急事件」。尤其近5年間即肇生5起事件，顯示全球流行傳染病正逐漸增加，對國際衛生安全造成無可避免的傷害與衝擊。

孫子兵法有云：「無恃其不來，恃吾有以待之」。政府相關部門平時即依傳染病防治法等法規執行監測、整備與緊急應變，俟疫情來襲時能降低衝擊並保持順利運作。然因應本次重創全球之嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎（Coronavirus Disease 2019, COVID-19）疫情，為保全醫療體系應變量能，必須及時調節與疏轉患者，或接運國外民眾返國接受治療，此時運輸隔離裝置即扮演重要角色。

本研究藉由蒐集國內、外文獻資料，綜整美國、新加坡、日本、中國及我國研製相關運輸隔離裝置，並分析歸納各國於疫情期間，如何透過有效部署應用運輸隔離裝置，即時載運確診病患接受治療，並確保運送途中，包括緊急救護人員、旅運人員之健康與安全。

 
戰時國軍糧秣補給品單一化可行性之研究
Authors: 林忠賢 林忠賢 , 呂宗翰 呂宗翰
Published: December 2023

「俄烏戰爭」迄今已交鋒年餘，俄軍試圖斷絕烏軍之外援與補給線，以縮短作戰時間取得勝利。儘管如此，烏軍仍能通過鐵、公路和有限的空運確保物資補給。甚至有報導指出，英國情報員表示俄軍無法有效補給前線部隊；美國情報員更透露，俄軍因缺乏禦寒衣物而凍傷，甚至食用過期口糧。由此可知，糧秣補給是否充足對部隊戰力與作戰持續力影響甚鉅。

在補給線受到威脅的情況下，糧秣補給品的可靠性成為重要考量因素。國軍現行糧秣補給品計有「大米」、「食用油」、「副食罐頭」、「野戰口糧」及「加熱式餐盒」等五類，惟戰時往往囿於特殊地形或戰況緊湊，無法按計畫供補或執行野戰炊爨，故本研究聚焦「野戰口糧」及「加熱式餐盒」等兩類野戰食品，期能朝向單一化、輕量、攜食便捷之方向發展，以適應未來機動、分散與小規模兵力的作戰方式。

本研究蒐羅相關文獻與我國同屬海島型國家的日本和新加坡糧秣補給品項執行現況，並運用文獻分析法及個案研究，探討戰時國軍糧秣補給品單一化可行性之關聯性構面。經歸納分析後，提出「調研官兵口味實需、增加多樣食用選擇」等五項策進建議，期能提供相關單位決策之參據。

 
財政學
Authors: 徐仁輝 徐仁輝 , 楊葉承 楊葉承 , 洪綾君 洪綾君 , 蔡馨芳 蔡馨芳
Published: December 2023

本書除介紹最新的財政理論外，亦注重有關實務制度面的討論，如將OECD國家政策制度以及最新財政數據，與我國的作深入比較分析。對於各項重要財政議題，如預算支出的成長、財政赤字與債務的累積、稅制改革、社會安全體系與醫療照護、財政收支劃分等，皆予以深入探討。可謂是一本結合理論與實務，融合國際與本土特色的優質教科書。本書章節的安排，沿襲國際慣用的財政學架構，首先分析財政收支與政府角色功能；其次探討市場失靈、公共選擇與成本效益分析；再其次討論社會救助與社會保險，以及租稅理論與制度，接續介紹預算與公債；最後則是府際財政問題。一般財政學所該探討的議題與理論皆已涵蓋，本書非常適合作為大學財政學教科書，亦是有志公職考試或對政府財政收支有興趣人士的最佳讀本。
Categorização de ações em vídeos de futebol utilizando uma arquitetura CNN-RNN
Authors: Macedo Matheus de Sousa , Adamatti Diana Francisca
Published: December 2023

A extração de informações semânticas de vídeos de futebol tem diversas aplicações, como publicidade contextual, resumo de partidas e extração de destaques. As aplicações de análise de vídeos de futebol podem ser categorizadas em Detecção de Ações, Rastreamento de jogadores e/ou bola e Análise de jogo. Utiliza-se como base de dados uma versão modificadado Dataset SoccerNet-v2, afim de reduzir o Poder Computacional mínimo exigido. A tarefa de Detecção de Ações torna-se difícil por conta da sobreposição de ações e também por causa das condições de captura de vídeo que tem diversos ângulos, anúncios e cortes de câmera. Para superar esses desafios, a Rede Neural Convolucional (CNN) e a Rede Neural Recorrente (RNN) são utilizadas em conjunto para classificar diferentes comprimentos de vídeos de ações do futebol.Utiliza-se uma CNN, InceptionV3, pré-treinada para a extração de características espaciais. Posteriormente, uma RNN, Unidades Recorrentes Fechadas (GRU), para o reconhecimento de sequências, que trata a dependência temporal e resolve o problema do desaparecimento de gradiente. Por fim, a camada Softmax atribui probabilidades decimais a cada classe. Chega-se a uma configuração de rede, com quatro ações classificáveis, e uma acurácia de 94%.
Effects of Dried Leaves Extract of Spearmint (Mentha Spicata Labiateae) on Histology of Ovaries of Adult Female Wistar Albino Rats
Authors: Ali Uzma , Salman Amber , Gulnaz Humaira , Riaz Momna , Hanif Faiza , Rafaqat Shibrah
Published: December 2023

Spearmin is a herb which has aromatic and medicinal properties. It is also used as flavoring agent in toothpaste, chewing gums, confectionaries and pharmaceutical preparation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of dried leaves extract of spearmint on gross and histological parameters of ovaries of adult female Wistar albino rats. Materials and Method: 60 female adult Wistar albino rats were taken in this study. After acclimatization rats divided into group A (Control), group B (Low dose experimental) and group C (High dose experimental) containing 20 rats each. Group A received distilled water whereas group B and C received dried leaves extract of spearmint in doses of 0.3 & 0.6 g / kg / day respectively, through gastric intubation for 30 days. Blood sampling and body weight of all the three groups were taken at the start & end of experiment. Ovaries of rats were dissected, observed for gross parameters and then prepared for histological examination. Result: All quantitative parameters had skewed distribution. The body weight of both experimental groups was decreased significantly (p – value < 0.001). Paired ovarian weight was increased significantly (p – value < 0.001). The ovaries of both experimental groups showed atrophied antral, Graffian follicles and corpora lutea significantly (p – value < 0.001). The decreased levels of serum progesterone were also observed. Conclusion: Use of spearmint in adult female rats showed significant harmful effects on morphology and histology of ovaries, hence it is recommended that further research work should be carried out to evaluate its other toxic effects on different organs of body Keywords: Spearmin, Graffian follicles, Ovary, Leaf extract
Frequency of Resistance to Third Generation Cephalosporin in Neonates with Septicemia at a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Ram Nanga , Akhtar Ali , Hyder Nayab , Ali Fayaz , Ahmed Shabina Ariff , Soofi Sajid Bashir
Published: December 2023

Background and Objective: Sepsis in newborns is a serious medical issue everywhere [1]. With an incidence of 1 to 10 per 1000 live births worldwide, newborns are more susceptible to developing bacterial sepsis [2]. With a sepsis-related mortality rate of up to 50% for untreated neonates, the problem of sepsis is significantly more prevalent in poor nations than in industrialised ones. Neonatal sepsis is a clinical illness that affects infants younger than 28 days of age and is characterised by a variety of generalised, non-specific systemic symptoms [3]. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the frequency of resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporin in neonates with septicemia at a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the NICU of the Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi and nursery departments of the four affiliated secondary care Hospitals from December 2020 to December 2021. We included 477 neonates with sepsis aged 0 to 28 days of life using the non-probability consecutive sampling method. Data were analysed in SPSS version 23.0. All categorical variables were presented as frequencies with percentages, and continuous variables (were presented as mean ±SE. Poststratification applies in gchi-squaretest taken p-value less than equal to 0.05 taken as significant. Results: A total of 377 patients were enrolled. Majority of the patients were preterm neonates, and 70% of the bacterial isolates were resistant to cefotaxime or ceftazidime. 36(9.5%) neonates had bradycardia, 301(79.8%) of neonates had tachycardia, 294 (78%) of neonates had tachypnea, 153 (40.6%) of neonatal sepsis suffered from hypothermia, and 121 (32.1%) of neonatal sepsis patients had a depressed TLC count. Conclusions: We conclude that frequent use of cephalosporin antibiotics has evolved into a high resistance burden. We need local guidelines for the empiric use of antibiotics to cut down the use of cephalosporin, infection control policies to break the chain of infection transmission. Keywords: Neonatal Sepsis, Early-Onset Sepsis, Blood Culture. Cephalosporin Resistance,
Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Medical Students towards Plagiarism: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Dars Iqra Aamir , Fatima Syeda Hira , Shahazeb Muhammad , Shaikh Abdul Moiz , Rajar Allah Bachayo , Baladi Zameer Hussain , . Fareesa
Published: December 2023

Introduction: This study aims to determine how many medical students at MMC know about plagiarism, how they feel about it, and what they do about it. The study would find out how much they know about plagiarism, how they feel about it, how much they value academic integrity and originality, how smart they are, and what they think about academic honesty and intellectual property rights. Also, the study would look into what makes medical students feel good or bad about cheating. It could mean looking into educational interventions and policies that can raise knowledge of plagiarism and discourage it in the classroom. Methods: The Muhammad Medical College (MMC), located in Mirpurkhas, Sindh, Pakistan, conducted a cross-sectional study on MBBS students from the first to Final year. The self-administered, closed-ended questionnaire evaluated medical students' awareness, respect, and attitude toward plagiarism—a 3-option survey with closed questions. Two hundred medical students, ranging from (A) agree to (N) neutral to (DA) disagree. One hundred seventy medical students provided pros and disadvantages. Data were gathered, processed, and analyzed using Excel and SPSS 22. Results: First-question data demonstrates that most male and female students understand plagiarism's morality. Most students will understand citation and plagiarism if the second question is representative. Apathy helps students learn. The fourth question shows that most medical students—male and female—understand plagiarism's ethical implications. The subsequent questions show that medical students of different academic levels disagree on whether research newbies should be forgiven for plagiarism. Most students are agnostic or share this view. Based on these results, medical students doubt annual anti-plagiarism training. Some pupils need help to create an opinion. Most medical students, especially senior students, want tighter plagiarism laws. Practical Implication: Some learners need clarification on their stance or need extra knowledge and help before formulating an opinion. According to the research, most medical students, especially those in their last year, support discussing plagiarism at all academic levels. It shows a mature perspective of the students. Conclusion: This study illuminates medical students' views on plagiarism at undergraduate and graduate levels. Percentages show students' agreement, disagreement, and ambiguity. Data reveal that students of different academic years agree. These changes show that students question the efficacy of mandatory anti-plagiarism training at the start of each academic year Keywords: Plagiarism, Academic integrity, Intellectual property, Citation, Originality, Copyright infringement, Ethics, Attribution, Academic dishonesty, and Source acknowledgment.
Antibacterial Activity of Extracts of Pinus Wallachiana, Pinus Roxburgii and Cedrus Deodara Resins Against Some Common Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Kashif Muhammad , Khan, Muhammad Azam , Hussain Mumtaz , Ali Sajad , Ullah Asad , Ullah Fahim , Hussain Sajjad , Ahmad Nawazish , Mian Aitemad Hussain , Khan Ijaz Ali
Published: December 2023

The current research was conducted in the department of chemistry at Microbiology lab, Govt Collage Madyan, District Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The aim of the current study was to determine the anti−bacterial activity of different resins extracts of Pinus roxburgii, wallachiana and Cedrus deodara against Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli by Disc diffusion method. The highest zone of inhibition was shown by methanolic extract of Cedrus deodara against S. aureus (19.6 mm) S. typhi (17 mm), E. coli (19.25 mm), and P. aeruginosa (15 mm) followed by ethanolic extract of the same plants against S. aureus (18.8 mm), S. typhi (19.33 mm), E. coli (18.1 mm), and P. aeruginosa (18.33 mm) followed by Acetone extracts of Cedrus deodara showed the maximum zone of inhibition against S. aureus (17 mm), E. coli (16.5 mm), S. typhi (16.33 mm), and P. aeruginosa (14.33 mm) followed by carbon tetrachloride extracts of Cedrus deodara against S. aureus (16.9 mm), S. typhi (16.5 mm), E. coli (12 mm), and P. aeruginosa (13.76 mm). The current study concluded that the methanolic extract of Cedrus deodara exhibit maximum anti-biogram against the test strains. Keywords: Antibacterial Activity; Pinus wallachiana, Pinus roxburgii; Cedrus deodara; common pathogenic Bacteria
Frequency of Hypocalcemia in Breast Fed Infants Presenting with Afebrile Fits
Authors: Shaheen Rabbia , Muhammad Bakht , Nargis Tahira , Jehanzeb Sadia , . Khalida , . Shahidullah
Published: December 2023

Objective: The goal of this study is to assess the prevalence of hypocalcaemia in breast-fed babies who present with afebrile fits. Methods: After the ethical approval from the institutional review board, this cross-sectional study was carried out at Paediatric Department, Hayatabad Medical Complex Hospital, Peshawar, from August, 2019 to January, 2020. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were strictly followed in order to avoid confounding variables and bias in study. Information regarding age, gender, weight, types of fits and calcium level of child and mother were recorded in a pre-designed Performa. Collected data were then entered into the computer for further analysis using SPSS (version 20). Results: Results showed that out of total subjects 59.7% were male and 40.3% were females. Mean age was 3.81±1.55 months while 60% were in the age group of 4-6. Mean weight and length was 2.20 ±1.24 kg and cm respectively. Weight for age (WFA) of 64.5% had less than 5th percentile. Mean serum calcium of infant and mothers are 6.98±1.83 and 8.02±1.26 respectively. 62.7% of cases were hypocalcemia while 37.3% had normal calcium level. 33.1% of subjects had generalized tonic clonic fits and 15.8% had focal fits. A significant (p<0.05) association was found among prevalence of hypocalcemia in male gender and in the age group of 46 months respectively. Hypocalcemia was non-significantly (p>0.05) associated with types of fits (generalized tonic clonic, tonic, clonic and focal). Conclusion: The results of the current investigation indicated that both nursing babies and their mothers had a significant incidence of hypocalcemia. Breastfeeding moms are encouraged to soak up some rays themselves, and should also make sure their babies do the same. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation in nursing moms and their infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypocalcemia is quite common in pregnant women, and its causes need to be investigated more. Keywords: hypocalcemia, breastfeeding, seizures
Oral Candidal Carriage and its Correlation with Salivary Oxidative Stress in Smokeless Tobacco Users
Authors: Kamal Zeeshan , Shahzad Muhammad , Khan Tahir Ali , Niaz Falak , Hayat Kajal
Published: December 2023

Background: Smokeless tobacco use, particularly the consumption of Naswar, is prevalent in Pakistan and has been associated with various chronic diseases, including oral cancer. Naswar is known to contain toxic heavy metals, carcinogenic substances, and microbial contaminants. This study aims to assess the oral Candida carriage and biofilm formation in Candida albicans isolates from Naswar users and its association with salivary oxidative stress. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 150 participants, divided into Naswar users (n=75) and Non-users (n=75). Socio-demographic data, oral health, hygiene practices, and Naswar usage patterns were collected through a standardized questionnaire. Salivary samples were collected, and Candida strains were identified using culture techniques. Salivary oxidative stress was assessed using a DPPH solution-based free radical system. Results: The mean age of participants was 30 ± 7.3 years for Naswar users and 30.2 ± 7.1 years for non-users. No significant differences were observed in oral health and hygiene practices between the two groups. Among Naswar users, the most common type of product used was green moist Naswar (77.3%). Oral Candida carriage was significantly higher in Naswar users, particularly those with fungal infections of C. albicans, C. krusei, or both. These participants also exhibited elevated levels of salivary oxidative stress. Practical Implication: Public health interventions and oral health education programs should be implemented to raise awareness about the risks associated with Naswar and promote good oral hygiene practices among users. Conclusion: This study reveals significant differences in oral Candida carriage and salivary oxidative stress between Naswar users and non-users, indicating potential implications for the oral health of Naswar users. These findings underscore the need for larger prospective studies to validate the detrimental effects of Naswar use. Public health interventions targeting smokeless tobacco users should prioritize oral health promotion and emphasize the risks associated with Naswar consumption. Keywords: Candida species, smokeless tobacco, oral health, oxidative stress
Common Local and Systemic Side Effects of Sinovac Covid-19 Vaccine Among Children and Adult Participants
Authors: Ata Imrana , Rafique Aummara , Ameer Hira , Fayyaz Amna , Sidddiqui Ariba , Anwar Adnan
Published: December 2023

Objective: Vaccination is one of the primary measures for halting the COVID-19 outbreak. Although there are several vaccines in use around the globe, little is known about the Sinovac vaccine's efficacy and side effects. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the reported side effects of the Sinovac vaccine in children and adult participants. Methodology: This was a multi-centered, cross-sectional study that was performed, using a non-probability sampling method. The study’s duration was about eight months, from March 1, 2022, to October 31, 2022 after taking approval. The study included 450 participants, including 225 children and 225 adults, who had either received the first or second dose of the Sinovac vaccination. Age, weight, height, and duration of diabetes and hypertension were documented as means and standard deviations. Frequencies and percentages were documented for demographic features. A chi-square test was used to determine the association between local and systemic side effects among children and adult participants. Results: The study findings showed that out of 450 participants, One hundred forty (62.2%) male participants and 85(37.8%) female participants were under the age of 18, and 163(72.4%) male participants and 62(27.6%) female participants were above the age of 18 years, with a significant difference observed among them (p=0.021). Following the first dose of the Sinovac vaccine, fever was the most frequently reported side effect in 123(54.7%) children and 81(36.0%) adult participants, with a substantial association noticed among them (p<0.001). Similarly, following the 2nd dose of the Sinovac vaccine, fever was the commonly reported side effect in 94(41.8%) children and 61(27.1%) adult participants, with a substantial association noticed among them (p=0.001). Conclusion: This study concluded that the most frequently reported side effect was fever in both children and adult participants following receiving the first and second doses of Sinovac vaccines. Moreover, pain and swelling at the injection site were the only local side effects observed. Additionally, the observed side effects were more pronounced after the first dose as compared to the second dose. Keywords: Sinovac vaccine, fever, pain, swelling injection site.
Relation between Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease in Children
Authors: Bashir Tabassum , Rafaqat Zoha , Lodhi Naveed , Yahya Urooj
Published: December 2023

Objective: This retrospective study aimed to investigate the association between Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease in pediatric patients, examining the prevalence, clinical presentation, and laboratory findings in a cohort of children with both conditions. Methods: Medical records of 155 pediatric patients diagnosed with T1D at Nawaz Sharif Medical College in Gujrat were reviewed. Patients diagnosed with celiac disease either through serological tests or duodenal biopsies were included. Data on demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, and family history were collected and analyzed. Subgroup analysis was conducted to investigate associations between variables. Results: Among the 155 pediatric patients with T1D, 25 (16.1%) were found to have coexisting celiac disease. The clinical presentation included gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhea, along with failure to thrive. Serological tests for anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies were positive in all confirmed cases, and duodenal biopsies revealed characteristic histopathological changes. No significant correlations were observed between age at T1D diagnosis, family history of T1D or celiac disease, and the co-occurrence of both conditions. Practical Implication: This study will be helpful in finding the association of diabetes and celiac diseases in pediatric patients. Conclusion: This retrospective study highlights the significant association between T1D and celiac disease in pediatric patients, emphasizing the importance of early screening and detection for celiac disease in children with T1D. Healthcare professionals should remain vigilant in assessing gastrointestinal symptoms and growth patterns to optimize early diagnosis and appropriate management. Keywords: Pediatric, Patients, Diseases, TID
Frequency of Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Children a Multi-Center Study
Authors: Khan Muhammad Younas , Lala Gule , . Kiramatullah , Rehman Sijad-Ur- , Afridi Javad
Published: December 2023

Background: Anaemia, marked by abnormally low levels of haemoglobin and often caused by an absence of iron, remains a severe public health problem in Pakistan. Studies have yet to be done on the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in children, making it essential to research the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region to understand better how widespread this ailment is amongst the region's pediatric populations. Objective: Determine the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in anaemic newborns between 6 and 66 months. Materials and Methods: This multi-center study was conducted between February 2022 and February 2023 at the Hayatabad Medical Complex pediatric department in Peshawar. The 180 enrolled children's basic demographic information, including age, gender, and weight, were collected. Operational guidelines for automated analysis of iron deficiency anaemia collected venous whole blood samples.
Interdisciplinary Dentofacial Therapy: Maximizing Diagnosis and Treatment in Oral Health
Authors: Adnan Kashif , Fayyaz Muhammad Ahsan , . Permanand , Kumar Naresh , Irfan Shahrukh , . Avinash
Published: December 2023

Aims: This study aims to investigate the current practices of Interdisciplinary Dentofacial Therapy (IDT) in the detection and management of prevalent oral illnesses. In order to ascertain the significance of Interdisciplinary Dentofacial Therapy (IDT) in optimizing preventative oral health, a comprehensive analysis is required. Method: For this purpose, the study's approaches were centered on investigating the current practices of interdisciplinary dentofacial therapy (IDT) in relation to oral health. The researchers aimed to explore the potential benefits of integrating various dental specialties and their collaboration in treating complex oral health issues. They also examined the impact of IDT on patient outcomes, such as improved treatment outcomes, enhanced patient satisfaction, and reduced treatment time. This cross-sectional survey was conducted during the period of March 2023 across the world. The purpose of the survey was to gather data on various socio-economic factors and their impact on global trends. Participants were selected randomly from diverse demographics to ensure a representative sample. The research focused on a global sample of orthodontists, oral surgeons, and ear-nose and throat (ENT) specialists.
Preoperative Embolization for Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma: A Meta-Analysis of Blood Loss Reduction
Authors: Mir Aisha , Ahmed Sarfraz , Ashraf Amir Hussain , Akram Muhammad Nauman , Abbas Najaf , Nishat Mufassar
Published: December 2023

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is a benign hypervascular tumor. Although histologically benign, they behave in a locally invasive manner having a propensity to thin and erode bone and displace adjacent structures. Accurate staging, preoperative embolization, and newer surgical approaches like endoscopic excision for limited stage disease and maxillary swing approach for advanced stage disease are associated with better surgical outcome. Objective: To determine the preoperative mean blood loss during resection in patients undergoing preoperative embolization of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional survey Setting: Post graduate Medical Institute/ Ameer ud Din Medical college/Department of diagnostic and interventional neuroradiology, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. Duration of study with dates: Study was carried out over a period of six months from 16-08- 2020to 15-02-2021. Subjects and methods: A total of 30 patients were included in this study. Peroperative blood loss was measured during resection of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma after embolization (as per operational definitions). Results: Mean age of the patients was 14.40±5.69 years. Out of 30 patients, 28 (93.3%) were males while only 2 patients (6.7%) were females. Size of tumour < 5 cm was found in 16 patients (53.3%) while >5 cm was seen in 14 patients (46.7%). Mean size of tumor was observed 5.50±2.28 and mean amount of per-operative bleeding was 596.67±204.23ml. Stratification with regard to age, gender, FNA size (cm) was also carried out. Conclusion: In conclusion, pre-operative embolization reduces significantly the preoperative blood loss, minimizes the need of blood transfusion, and makes resection easier. Keywords: Pre-surgical Embolization, Juvenile Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, Blood loss
Correlation between Infantile Vitamin D Insufficiency and the Incidence of Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: . Quratulain , Bhanbhro Bakhtiar Ahmed , Khuhro Asif Ali , Saleem Sonia , Memon Bismah , Lail Amanullah
Published: December 2023

Background: The deficiency of Vitamin D is a common nutritional problem that is often overlooked. However, increasing evidence shows that vitamin D has a vital role in building immunity and protecting against respiratory tract infections. The researchers found that people with lower serum vitamin D levels had a higher chance of experiencing severe respiratory tract infections. It is suggested that a deficiency of vitamin D may be a risk factor for severe respiratory tract infections. Objectives: This study investigated the correlation between vitamin D concentration and the severity of acute respiratory tract infections in infants. Study design: An analytical cross-sectional study Place and Duration This study was conducted in unit 1 Civil Hospital Karachi from April 2022 to April 2023. Methodology: The study examines the link between serum vitamin D concentration and severe acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) in children aged one month to one year. The study included two groups: a case group of children with severe ALRTI and a control group of children without the infection. The primary outcome measure involved assessing the serum concentration of vitamin D in the two study groups. Results: The median age of the case group was 5 months, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 4.75 months. The median age of the control group was 4 months, with an IQR of 4 months. The baseline demographic and anthropometric characteristics exhibited no significant differences between the two groups. Nevertheless, it was observed that the median vitamin D levels in the case group were significantly lower compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of our study indicate that vitamin D deficiency represents a significant risk factor for childhood pneumonia, particularly in the context of severe Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (ALRTI). We found that a significant number of infants with ALRTI had a severe deficiency in vitamin D. Notably, the deficiency was seen more in infants who were exclusively breastfed. These findings suggest that increasing vitamin D quantity in diets can help to reduce the chance of severe ALRTI. Keywords: Respiratory Tract Infections, Infants, Vitamin D
What level of respect does opposition to same-sex marriage deserve in a democratic society?
Authors: Norrie Kenneth McK
Published: December 2023

The opening of marriage to same-sex couples shifted the legal debate from whether that should be done to the extent to which individuals and organisations can lawfully refuse to engage with same-sex marriage or can continue to argue against such marriages. This raises the question of the level of respect that needs to be shown to anti-LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) views in a democratic society, a question that ought to have been, but was not, the central issue in Lee v Ashers Baking Company Ltd. By focusing on the right not to express a view that the defendants in that case did not hold, the United Kingdom(UK) Supreme Court avoided examining the views that they did, in fact, hold. The defendants’ belief that LGBT people are sinful, manifested in their opposition to same-sex marriage, is in essence a belief in heterosexual superiority, which is a form of homophobia and therefore inconsistent with the values underlying the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), especially that of dignity. This article explores the level of respect such beliefs and their expression can expect to receive in the UK. It concludes that it should be no higher than ‘toleration’. It will identify as the central flaw in the Supreme Court’s approach that it afforded a higher level of respect than toleration, that it allowed the belief in heterosexual superiority to exempt the defendants from a legal obligation that would have to be met by those whose views on homosexuality were more in line with the values of the ECHR.
Liability in nuisance: Fearn v Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery [2023] UKSC 4
Authors: McManus Francis
Published: December 2023

The author discusses the recent Supreme Court case of Fearn v Tate Modern Galleries. In Fearn, the court was required to determine whether the defendants’ allowing visitors to the viewing gallery, which was situated at the top of the Tate Modern, to stare into domestic flats, which were situated close to the Tate, constituted a nuisance in law. The claimants flats’ were of an unusual design, in that the external walls which faced the Tate, were constructed entirely of glass, thereby allowing visitors to the Tate to stare into the interior of the flats. By a bare majority, the court held that such a use of the defendants’ premises ranked as a nuisance. Whereas the majority of the court upheld the traditional view, that for a claimant to succeed in a nuisance action, the use of the defendant’s land required to be unreasonable, in order to determine whether that use was unreasonable, one was required to ascertain whether the defendant’s use of land had caused substantial interference with the ordinary use of the claimant’s land. However, in turn, the claimant could not complain if the use which was interfered with was not an ordinary use of that land. The court held that the use of the viewing gallery had caused a substantial interference with the ordinary use and enjoyment of the claimants’ property.

The majority of the Supreme Court concluded that both lower courts had erred by laying store by the fact that the use of the viewing gallery was of public benefit. However, public interest was a factor which required to be addressed only when the court was ascertaining whether to grant an injunction or an award of damages.

The author argues that the dissenting judgement of the court is to be preferred over that of the majority, most importantly for the following reasons. It may be difficult first, to determine whether the defendant’s use of land deviates from the norm, and therefore does not rank as a ‘common and ordinary’ use of land, and secondly it may prove difficult to weigh such user of land against that of the claimant. The author argues that the test of reasonableness as a test for liability in nuisance, as hitherto employed by the courts, is more conducive to clarity. The traditional test also allows the law to develop both coherently and incrementally, by considering the changing norms of society.
MacDermott Lecture 2023: Confounding the rule of law: conflating immigration, nationality, and asylum in the UK
Authors: Prabhat Devyani
Published: December 2023

In this MacDermott Annual Lecture, Professor Devyani Prabhat looks at current developments in immigration, nationality and asylum law and evaluates these in terms of the core ingredients of the rule of law. Specifically, the focus is on two aspects of the rule of law as elaborated on by Lord Bingham in his classic exposition on the rule of law (2011.) First, Bingham asserts that ‘Questions of legal right and liability should ordinarily be resolved by application of the law and not the exercise of discretion’ is a fundamental requirement of the rule of law; and, second, Bingham states that ‘the rule of law requires compliance by the state with its obligations in international law as in national law’. The examples Professor Prabhat analyses in the lecture are that of the East African Asians who could not enter the United Kingdom (UK) with their British passports in the 1960s and 1970s; the Windrush generation and the hostile environment of immigration control; immigration control of European Union nationals in the UK after Brexit; developments in cancellation of British Citizenship; and new legislation and proposals on asylum in the UK. Do these changes in the scope and application of the law comply with the rule of law in general and with the two specific principles on ‘law not discretion’ and ‘international law compliance’ in particular? While answering this question, Professor Prabhat explains how the different legal categories in immigration, nationality and asylum are distinct but are often conflated or confused with each other. Executive discretion should be narrow for nationality and asylum matters to conform with international law, whereas it can be wider for immigration so long as principles of fairness and non-discrimination are adhered to in each instance.