bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Signet Self
Authors: Sobecki Sebastian
Published: December 2019

Chapter 5 identifies the autograph hand of the signet clerk and poet George Ashby across twelve documents, five of which bear his scribal signature. I also demonstrate that the Cambridge manuscript of his Active Policy of a Prince, Cambridge University Library, Mm.IV.42, is a holograph intended for Prince Edward of Westminster. At the same time, this work marks Ashby’s withdrawal from public life, and I date the poem to 1461–2. I also show that Ashby’s A Prisoner’s Reflection was composed between Michaelmas 1463 and 24 March 1464. Ashby’s narrative self dominates the Prisoner’s Reflection, and his defining context is that of the signet clerk, constantly attached to the person of the king or queen. The exile from this situation in 1461 triggers the poetic impulse that leads to his two known works—narratives that signal the uprootedness of his sociocentric self in an attempt to realign himself with his environment.
Redistributive Market Liberalism and its Critics
Authors: Sloman Peter
Published: December 2019

The belief that a civilized society should seek to prevent destitution among its citizens is one of the oldest ideas in politics, yet the idea that this should be achieved through a guaranteed minimum income is relatively new. This chapter takes John Kay’s concept of ‘Redistributive Market Liberalism’ as a starting point for examining how cash transfers became central to British social policy debate in the course of the twentieth century. Drawing on work by Samuel Fleischacker, Martin Ravallion, and Alice O’Connor, it argues that a guaranteed minimum income is a distinctly modern concept, shaped by an Enlightenment conception of distributive justice, an Anglo-American tradition of ‘poverty knowledge’, and the methodological individualism of neoclassical economics. The collapse of manufacturing employment since the 1970s, together with a declining faith in planning and collective provision, has encouraged UK governments to pursue their distributional objectives through the tax and benefit systems.
ZU-UK’s Hotel Medea
Authors: Cole Emma
Published: December 2019

ZU-UK’s overnight Hotel Medea positioned its audience as active participants throughout the three-act production, including, for example, as guests at Jason and Medea’s wedding in Act One, and as the couple’s children in Act Two. Chapter 6 utilizes Jacques Rancière’s notion of the emancipated spectator to consider this production and the degree to which the audience was, in fact, liberated. It suggests that the spectator’s emancipation was more intellectual, rather than physical, and that the use of ancient tragedy was key to this intellectual emancipation. It argues that through the constant shifting of perspective upon Medea the production encouraged the audience to have a discursive interaction with the traditions of receiving Euripides’ tragedy and to reconsider the ways, and reasons why, antiquity is reappropriated in modern society. The chapter reveals that in postdramatic classical receptions levels of formal innovation do not necessarily correlate to levels of textual innovation. Instead, the relationship between form and content, and its effect upon spectatorship, in postdramatic tragedies is seen to be fluid and, consequently, all the riper for analysis.
Jan Fabre’s Mount Olympus: To Glorify the Cult of Tragedy (A 24-Hour Performance)
Authors: Cole Emma
Published: December 2019

Jan Fabre’s 24-hour response to the œuvre of extant tragedy, Mount Olympus, is in many ways an archetype postdramatic tragic reception. Chapter 7 explores the production’s radical take upon both the form and content of ancient tragedy, and how its phenomenological impact encouraged the audience to interrogate the practice of receiving antiquity. It focuses upon how the production combined postdramatic techniques with tragic source texts to interrogated ideas of voyeurism, the institution of the City Dionysia, and the notion of catharsis. It utilizes Jacques Rancière’s work on politics and art, and his notion of the emancipated spectator, as a theoretical framework to consider how the production raised questions surrounding cognitive versus embodied agency and the limits of emancipation. It argues that Rancière’s emancipated spectator is best employed as a hermeneutic tool to unpack the politics of spectatorship rather than to create a totalizing thesis about the ideal conditions for a politically efficacious performance.
Conclusion
Authors: Cole Emma
Published: December 2019

Postdramatic receptions of ancient tragedy represent a growing trend in contemporary theatre. This conclusion draws together the three core styles of postdramatic theatre considered in Postdramatic Tragedies, and considers future directions surrounding the combination of ancient tragedy and postdramatic theatre. The chapter reaffirms the significance of the political to postdramatic classical receptions. It claims that postdramatic tragedies have pushed both the tragic genre and the postdramatic style in new directions, and that an appreciation of them is key to understanding the history of theatre and of tragedy in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century.
History of a Friendship
Authors: Auger Peter
Published: December 2019

James VI’s friendship with Du Bartas between 1584 and 1590 guided how the king wrote poetry and permanently changed how Du Bartas’ works were published and read. The Scottish monarch was in contact with Du Bartas at around the same time, or even before, Elizabethan courtiers like Anthony Bacon and Sir Philip Sidney were. The translation of L’Uranie in Essayes of a Prentise (1584) matched James’ enthusiasm for merging secular and sacred authority. James’ Lepanto and Du Bartas’ French translation of it supported cultural diplomacy between the courts in Edinburgh and Navarre. Du Bartas gave James a manuscript copy of Suites de la Seconde Semaine, perhaps during the poet’s visit to Scotland in 1587, that shows that James became Du Bartas’ first reader in the poet’s final years. His Maiesties Poetical Exercises (1591), printed a year after Du Bartas’ death, broadcast this friendship internationally.
Curating the Protestant Imagination
Authors: Auger Peter
Published: December 2019

Even before a full translation existed, there were diverse English responses to Du Bartas’ insistence that divine verse should peg human creativity to the mind of the Creator. William Scott’s Model of Poesy sets this pessimistic view against more positive, socially engaged arguments closer to Sir Philip Sidney’s Defence of Poesy. Scott and Sidney both translated Du Bartas, as did Robert Barret, whose verse chronicle The Sacred Warr is an early poem that faithfully follows Du Bartas’ ‘paterne’. Despite Edmund Spenser’s reported interest in Du Bartas, his poems (especially The Faerie Queene) suggest that human ignorance requires poets to write about non-fictional truths using allegorical structures. Those who did not read French might have encountered Du Bartas in Elizabethan drama, as a character in Christopher Marlowe’s Massacre at Paris, or in paraphrased extracts in George Peele’s David and Bethsabe and the anonymous Taming of a Shrew.
Little Histories
Authors: Auger Peter
Published: December 2019

The second half of this book examines the diversity of divine poetry written after Du Bartas’ example, beginning in this chapter with historical and descriptive poems that were continuations of Du Bartas’ vision. Such poems were obeisant to a poetics that was effectively authorized by the Stuart monarch, and that treated the self not as an interpretive agent but an object of study. Poets like John Davies of Hereford and Phineas Fletcher invoked the hexameron as a token of continuity with the Semaines, and played with the motif of the microcosm, i.e. the self as a ‘little universe’, that cohered with the grand design of the Semaines. The overt smallness of Sylvester’s translation Little Bartas indicated his preoccupation with the pedagogical and spiritual benefit of divine verse, which is also found in Edward Cooke’s Bartas Junior.
Writing for the Inner Eye
Authors: Auger Peter
Published: December 2019

Abraham Cowley reacted against the tradition of divine poetry that Du Bartas embodied, arguing that scriptural poets needed to have technical expertise and spiritual insight. As later seventeenth-century poets like Thomas Heywood, John Perrot, and Samuel Pordage became aware of the limits of simply describing literal truths from the Bible and natural world, they reverted to allegorical and other figurative narrative structures that could accommodate higher truths to the human imagination and describe psychological experience. John Milton had known Sylvester’s translation since he was a teenager, but Paradise Lost makes purposeful allusions that surpass Devine Weekes, showing how difficult it is to apprehend divine truth, and how interpretation depends on our point of view. Lucy Hutchinson’s meditations on Genesis revise Du Bartas’ poetics to strip away extraneous material that distracts from scriptural truth.
Capillarity, wetting, and surface (interfacial) tension
Authors: Aveyard Bob
Published: December 2019

Capillarity reflects the action of interfacial tension and has been central to understanding intermolecular forces. When a liquid meets a solid surface (with contact angle θ‎) it forms a meniscus which is associated with the rise/depression of liquid in a capillary tube, hence the term capillarity. Interfacial tensions also determine how a liquid wets and adheres to a solid or another liquid. Liquid menisci are curved, and Young, Laplace, and Kelvin have all thrown light upon the properties of curved liquid surfaces. The Young–Laplace equation relates the pressure difference across a curved liquid interface to both the interfacial tension and curvature of the interface. Interfacial tension also gives rise to a dependence of the vapour pressure (and solubility) of a liquid on the curvature of its surface (e.g. drop radius), as expressed in the Kelvin equation. Common methods for measurement of interfacial tensions are described in an Appendix.
Rheology of colloids
Authors: Aveyard Bob
Published: December 2019

Lyophobic colloidal dispersions, aggregated surfactant systems, and polymer solutions, as well as foams and emulsions, can all be deformed by weak external forces; rheology is the study of deformation and flow of materials. Various rheological quantities arising from the response of a material to shear are defined. For liquids the stress, τ‎, applied is related to the rate of deformation, that is, the shear strain rate, γ̇. For Newtonian fluids τ‎ and γ̇ are linearly related and τ‎ / γ̇ is the viscosity, η‎. Other nonlinear relationships correspond to shear thinning and shear thickening fluids and to plastic behaviour in which there is a yield stress. Viscoelastic systems exhibit both viscous and elastic properties; such behaviour is often treated using the simple Maxwell model. Some illustrative experimentally observed rheological behaviour is presented.
Conclusion
Authors: O'Callaghan Casey
Published: December 2019

This chapter recounts the arguments and conclusions reached in preceding chapters concerning the respects in which perception and perceptual consciousness involve the coordinated use of multiple senses. It provides a synopsis of considerations favoring a richly multisensory account of perceptual processes, capacities, awareness, and experience. It retraces the book’s approach to differentiating senses construed as bundles of perceptual capacities unified and distinguished by the manner in which they are exercised, and to distinguishing perception from extraperceptual cognition by means of the explanatory roles the distinction plays in empirical psychology, rational psychology, and phenomenology. It describes the theoretical consequences of multisensory perception, negative and positive, and it explains their significance. The chapter concludes with the implications and future directions for a multisensory philosophy of perception.
Sensory Transduction
Authors: Fain Gordon L.
Published: December 2019

Sensory Transduction provides a thorough and easily accessible introduction to the mechanisms that each of the different kinds of sensory receptor cell uses to convert a sensory stimulus into an electrical response. Beginning with an introduction to methods of experimentation, sensory specializations, ion channels, and G-protein cascades, it provides up-to-date reviews of all of the major senses, including touch, hearing, olfaction, taste, photoreception, and the “extra” senses of thermoreception, electroreception, and magnetoreception. By bringing mechanisms of all of the senses together into a coherent treatment, it facilitates comparison of ion channels, metabotropic effector molecules, second messengers, and other components of signal pathways that are common themes in the physiology of the different sense organs. With its many clear illustrations and easily assimilated exposition, it provides an ideal introduction to current research for the professional in neuroscience, as well as a text for an advanced undergraduate or graduate-level course on sensory physiology.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Deborah J. , Normore Calvin G.
Published: December 2019

In the Introduction, we explain what this book is about and why it is significant. The book concerns the question of whether the many ordinary objects of which Descartes speaks—including tools, automata, animals, plants, the human body, the human being, families, and nation states—have any place in his metaphysical system, or whether they should be eliminated from a properly Cartesian scientific worldview. This study is significant both for challenging the standard reductionist and eliminativist readings of Descartes’ natural philosophy and for offering a different way of thinking about such issues in contemporary debates. The introduction offers the reader a quick tour through the chapters, giving a concise overview of the aims and structure of the entire book.
Larger Than Life
Authors: Brown Deborah J. , Normore Calvin G.
Published: December 2019

If two or more substances, distinct in essence not merely in number, can form a union, it is little wonder that collections of such composites can also form unions. The difference between the union of mind and body and social and political unions, however, is that the latter depend not upon God (directly) but upon the wills of individual humans who create them. The force behind the creation of communities is a passion, love, which Descartes defines as a willing to join oneself in union with others. As a passion, love is dependent upon the body, and as an act of will, upon the divine element within the soul. It is argued in this chapter that such unions rely on organizational and mereological principles similar to those which account for the integrity of organic bodies. It is from here that the idea of a “body politic” emerges, demonstrating the continuity of Descartes’ thinking in natural philosophy, politics, and ethics.
Conclusion
Authors: Brown Deborah J. , Normore Calvin G.
Published: December 2019

This chapter draws together themes from the previous chapters culminating in the raising of certain questions about how best to understand Descartes as a metaphysician, natural philosopher, and as an ethicist. Having shown that we are not disconnected aggregates of minds and bodies but complex subsystems embedded in increasingly complex natural, social and political systems, we find ourselves, on Descartes’ picture, thoroughly embedded in the world. From this perspective, the image of Descartes as an eliminativist, reductionist, and individualistic thinker is utterly untenable. It is thereby hoped that this book will foster new lines of discussion and inquiry into what kind of philosopher he was and how best to interpret him.
The Conflict of Laws
Authors: Briggs Adrian
Published: December 2019

This book provides a survey and analysis of the rules of private international law as they apply in England. Written to take account of the various possible outcomes of the Brexit process, it goes as far as is possible to make sense of the effect this will have on English private international law. The volume covers general principles, jurisdiction, and the effect of foreign judgments; the law applicable to contractual and non-contractual obligations; and the private international law of property, of adults (the increasingly complex law of children is described in bare outline), and of corporations. This new edition of the text organizes the existing material in light of European legislation on private international law, reflecting the way in which an accurate representation of English private international law required it to be seen as European law with a common law periphery, instead of common law with European legislative influences. As at the time of writing—and probably for some time to come—the consequences of Brexit are a mystery, the attempt is made to describe the various possible shapes which the subject will assume in the future.
“Notre Petite Amie”
Authors: Tilburg Patricia
Published: December 2019

In 1900, composer and philanthropist Gustave Charpentier founded the Oeuvre de Mimi Pinson, an association providing the workingwomen of Paris with free theater tickets, and free music and dance classes. What began as an effort to provide occasional free entertainment to female workers became a multifaceted conservatory, charity, and social network. The men (and some women) who organized and administered the OMP did so by relying on the trope of the gay, seducible, and tasteful young garment worker. These assumptions defined not only the work of the OMP and its relationship with its working-class members, but also reinforced the comforting notion of workingwomen’s pliability for journalists, politicians, reformers, and countless casual observers. Even as the OMP proffered a vision of emancipated French womanhood as a national renovator, it also deployed a powerful typology of the Parisian garment worker to temper its radical potential. Defined and confined by a nineteenth-century type, the female garment workers of Paris were exemplary targets for a benevolent effort which, at a moment in which feminist action and labor militancy were consolidating, reimagined women’s emancipation and working-class uplift as a matter entirely managed by bourgeois male authority and desire.
Discourse in a Novel
Authors: Branham R. Bracht
Published: December 2019

Plato points out in the Republic that epic, antiquity’s most influential narrative form, alternates between diēgēsis and mimēsis. The poet either speaks narratively (diēgēsis) or imitates characters’ speech (mimēsis). (Indirect speech is rare in Homer.) The poet-narrator’s speech is kept clearly distinct from the characters’ because they are so linguistically homogeneous. Characters and narrator speak identically, so the individuality we expect in novelistic speech is impossible. Access to characters’ consciousness is limited to poetic diēgēsis of their actions and mimēsis of their words. Plato’s distinction is fundamental, but Lodge argues it is not “adequate to describe novelistic discourse.…[T]he relationship between mimēsis and diēgēsis in the novel is much more subtle and complicated…; we encounter in the novel a third kind of discourse[,] which…Bakhtin calls doubly-voiced or doubly-oriented.”
On the Many Senses of “Self-Determination”
Authors: Ameriks Karl
Published: December 2019

This chapter begins by noting a number of basic meanings that “determination” has for Kant: causal, epistemic, formal, and normative, in the sense of defining a “vocation” for the individual and humanity as a whole. These distinctions are employed in a reinterpretation of the difficult transition in Kant’s argument connecting Sections II and III of the Groundwork. In this context, a new reading is given of Kant’s “Formula of Autonomy,” one of the basic meanings of his categorical imperative. It is argued that it is primarily the autonomy of the faculty of reason and its appreciation of an absolutely necessary norm that is Kant’s main concern. It is also argued that Kant’s notion of autonomy should not be understood in a loose, anarchic way, nor in such a way that free action against morality, that is, evil, is not clearly possible.
Hölderlin’s Kantian Path
Authors: Ameriks Karl
Published: December 2019

Building upon a close reading of the novel, Hyperion, and references to Hölderlin’s fragmentary essays and letters as treated by the most recent German scholarship, this chapter argues that Hölderlin systematically develops an improvement on Fichte’s and Schiller’s understanding of subjectivity and history. The main aim of his novel is a careful weighing of the alternative ethical, religious, and aesthetic approaches offered to the fundamental German Enlightenment issue of determining the basic “vocation” of humanity. In contrast to other philosophers in the German tradition, Hölderlin sees how overly one-sided versions of ethical or religious or aesthetic approaches can be dangerous, and also how Kant’s notion of an ethics of “rational faith” provides for a balanced and enlightened approach to the aesthetic and religious dimensions of life. Above all, Hölderlin can be understood as working out a way to most effectively realize Kant’s notion of the “primacy of practical reason.”
Unemployment, Employment, and Development
Authors: van der Hoeven Rolph
Published: December 2019

How have economic development, employment, and labour markets in Asian countries interacted since the publication of Myrdal’s Asian Drama? Myrdal rejected, correctly, the Western approach to, and definition of, employment, but very much underestimated the effects of the Lewisian development process. Myrdal’s concept of cumulative causation better explains how fast-growing countries with better labour markets have developed, by pursuing a developmental state and applying interventionist policies in agriculture, industry, and macroeconomics, as well as in social policies and in strengthening the participation of women in the labour market. Successful countries are also characterized by initial low-income inequality and targeted redistribution of factors of production. However, growing income inequality together with other development challenges can pose problems in the future.
Reference
Authors: Gómez-Torrente Mario
Published: December 2019

This introductory chapter adopts and develops the consequences of two basic ideas about reference: that the reference of an expression use is the thing that constitutes the expression use’s contribution to the truth condition of the sentence in which it appears; and that the reference of an ordinary expression must typically be some thing that some ordinary speaker has at some point intended to refer to with the expression. It is postulated that communication can often be explained by the existence of shared conventions for fixing reference in this sense, viewed as rules that speakers have gotten used to abide by. The chapter sets forth the book’s projects of stating the conventions that govern reference fixing for several expressions, and of dissolving a number of puzzles that have led some to think that those conventions cannot really manage to fix appropriate referents. A preview of the remaining chapters follows.
Demonstratives and Conflicting Intentions
Authors: Gómez-Torrente Mario
Published: December 2019

This chapter begins with a critique of “overriding intentions” theories of the reference-fixing conventions for demonstratives, designed to account for cases of conflicting referential intentions behind successful uses of demonstratives. These criticisms and the existence of examples of conflicting intentions where the reference of the demonstrative seems indeterminate are argued to suggest that there may be no general necessary and sufficient conditions for some thing to be the reference of a use of a demonstrative. This motivates the proposal that the conventions governing reference fixing for demonstratives form just a set of roughly sufficient conditions for reference and reference failure of uses of demonstratives. Some of these conditions are listed, and it is argued that they yield an extensionally correct account of the examples of determinate reference and reference failure used in the preceding discussion, and that they do not yield any prediction in the examples that involve indeterminacy.
Nouns for Natural Kinds and the Problem of Arbitrariness
Authors: Gómez-Torrente Mario
Published: December 2019

This chapter explains the “Kripke-Putnam orthodoxy” about the reference fixing of ordinary natural kind nouns, and some objections to it, especially “arbitrariness problems”: for example, a Kripke-Putnam baptism for “water” doesn’t discriminate between, say, H2O and P2O (H2O where the isotope of hydrogen involved is protium oxide, as in regular paradigms of water). The chapter presents a picture of reference fixing for natural kind nouns that refines the Kripke-Putnam picture and that appeals to sets of roughly sufficient conditions for reference and reference failure. It is argued that on this picture the referents of ordinary natural kind nouns turn out to be “ordinary kinds,” kinds which are vague along dimensions along which scientific kinds are precise: the reference of “water” is “the ordinary kind water” rather than H2O or other scientifically identified kinds. It is argued that this suffices to dispose of the arbitrariness worry on a broadly Kripkean view.
Words for Sensible Qualities and the Problem of Perceptual Variation
Authors: Gómez-Torrente Mario
Published: December 2019

This chapter proposes a picture of reference fixing for color adjectives and adjectives for other sensible qualities, according to which the relevant reference-fixing conventions allow those adjectives to be used with different intended standards in different contexts. It is argued that this explains the fact (used by secondary-quality theorists and eliminativists in “perceptual variation arguments”) that different equally normal people classify the same object by means of prima facie incompatible color adjectives, and that the explanation is perfectly compatible with the properties referred to by uses of these adjectives being primary qualities or objective properties. It is also argued that the picture satisfies a number of desiderata not satisfied by other objectivist theories in the literature.
A Participatory Conception of Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Lafont Cristina
Published: December 2019

This chapter focuses on the democratic significance of political deliberation. It argues that democracy is not threatened by the inclusion of an epistemic dimension of truth within political debate but rather by the exclusion of the epistemic dimension of justification towards others who must comply with the outcomes of political debates. It is one thing to assume—as deliberative democrats do—that over time political struggles may lead to agreement on the best answers to some political questions. It is quite another to ignore the need for such political struggles to actually take place and succeed—as epistocrats and lottocrats do. The chapter articulates and defends an institutional approach to mutual justification. On this approach democratic legitimacy does not require every citizen to agree on the reasonableness of each law to which they are subject at any given time. What it requires is that institutions be in place such that citizens can contest any laws that they cannot reasonably accept by asking that proper reasons be offered or that they be changed. To the extent that such institutions are available to all citizens, they can see themselves as equal members of a collective political project of self-government.
Citizens in Robes
Authors: Lafont Cristina
Published: December 2019

This chapter articulates a participatory defense of the democratic legitimacy of judicial review. This defense is based on an analysis of the democratic significance of citizens’ right to legal contestation. Against the widespread view of judicial review as an expertocratic shortcut that requires citizens to blindly defer to the political decisions of judges, the analysis shows that the institutions of judicial review empower citizens to make effective use of their right to participate in ongoing political struggles for determining the proper scope of their fundamental rights and freedoms. This is true no matter how idiosyncratic their fellow citizens may think their interests, views, and values are. By securing citizens’ right to legal contestation, judicial review offers citizens a way to avoid having to blindly defer to the decisions of their fellow citizens. This is the case insofar as it offers an institutional venue where they can call their fellow citizens to account by effectively requesting that proper reasons are publicly offered to justify the laws and policies to which they all are subject. It is in virtue of this communicative power that all citizens can participate as political equals in the ongoing process of shaping and forming a considered public opinion that supports the political decisions that they can all own and identify with—just as the democratic ideal of self-government requires.
The Common Heritage of Mankind
Authors: Ranganathan Surabhi
Published: December 2019

In the decolonization era, one of the battles for international law was over the seabed and its mineral resources, with intensive debates about the ownership of these resources and the conditions under which they could be exploited. At its nexus was the principle of common heritage of mankind (CHM). This chapter relates the protracted legal tussle around the CHM principle. It traces how the terms of the battle changed over time and ‘annotates’ the battle by reference to a few key issues—the precise basis for developing states’ interest in seabed resources; the antinomies of the CHM principle; and the Cold War’s effect upon the negotiations. It highlights how economic considerations remained material to the negotiations; the ideological defeat for developing states; and the seabed’s role in the NIEO movement as a whole.
The Battle for the Recognition of Wars of National Liberation
Authors: von Bernstorff Jochen
Published: December 2019

The chapter revisits the third world struggle for a full legal recognition of ‘wars of national liberation’ in the 1960s and 70s. Supported by famous United Nations (UN) resolutions, the growing number of ‘newly independent states’ had managed to confer increasing institutional legitimacy to the still-ongoing struggles for independence by incriminating colonialism and racism, as well as by actively promoting support for third-world self-determination. Armed revolts of independence movements against colonial or racist rule between 1945 and 1975, for example in Indonesia, Vietnam, Algeria, Kenya, Namibia, Angola, Guinea, and Western Sahara, figured as ‘wars of national liberation’ in various UN resolutions. Led from beginning to the victorious end by Georges Abi-Saab, the G77 battle for the full recognition of wars of national liberation framed these wars as ‘defensive’ military actions against continuing foreign ‘aggression’ through colonialism. During the 1960s and early 1970s, this move was strongly opposed by most Western authors, who argued that these conflicts were internal struggles and thus merely ‘civil wars’ or legitimate reactions to ‘terrorist’ activities. The chapter argues that even though the third world could ultimately secure a victory in this legal struggle, it could not prevent that Cold War interventionism of the superpowers and the former metropoles, as well as proxy-wars, nationalism and militarization further destabilized the societies in the ‘newly independent states’. decolonization, international legal transformations, Bandung, hegemony, boundary drawing, Sattelzeit, law of the sea, use of force, humanitarian law, human rights law
Picking Battles
Authors: Giladi Rotem
Published: December 2019

Race is one of the more ubiquitous, yet least explored, shifts in twentieth-century international law. From law that was founded in key areas and concepts on racial distinctions, international law quickly came to denounce various manifestations of race theories and racial discrimination. The establishment of the UN reflected a racialized understanding of the international society assumptions of the League of Nations mandate system. The 1948 Universal Declaration addressed entitlement to human rights without distinction of race, yet the Genocide Convention extended protection to racial (identity of) minority groups. In South Africa, race policies provided both the impetus and multiple occasions for formulating claims about a new, de-racialized international law from 1946 onwards. At these struggles against apartheid, binary political confrontations could take form as competing visions of international law, both old and new. This chapter charts the sites of contestation over apartheid and its effects on international law.
Reading RP Anand in the Post-Colony
Authors: Singh Prabhakar
Published: December 2019

Professor RP Anand analysed the birth of new states and their theoretical and functional inclusion in the post-UN world. The 1947 Indian independence afforded Indian lawyers a choice between Nehruvian internationalism and Judge Pal’s Tokyo dissent. Essentially, Anand preferred state interest over cultural differences as the currency of international law while celebrating the UN Charter, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Convention of the Law of Sea as the achievements of the mankind. Anand saw the rejection of international law as synonymous with power politics. While optimistic, his universalism engendered a Western anti-thesis that an Asian approach to international law, if any, was otiose. Subsequently, post-colonial scholars responded with a synthesis that brought colonialism from periphery to the centre of international legal theory.
Global Warming in an Unequal World
Authors: Agarwal Anil , Narain Sunita
Published: December 2019

This article, a reprint of a seminal 1991 paper, argues that developing countries like India were being burdened unfairly with the responsibility of addressing climate change. The authors discuss how allocating responsibility for climate change involved juggling with numbers. It argues for a fair allocation of natural sinks as an important part of any use of the global commons.
Fibromyalgia Symptom Severity and Psychosocial Outcomes in Fibromyalgia Patients with Hypovitaminosis D: A Prospective Questionnaire Study
Authors: D’Souza Ryan S , Lin Ge , Oh Terry , Vincent Ann , Orhurhu Vwaire , Jiang Li , Mauck William D , Qu Wenchun
Published: December 2019

Objective

To evaluate the association between hypovitaminosis D and outcomes of symptom severity, mood disorders, fatigue, and quality of life in fibromyalgia (FM) patients.

Methods

Five hundred ninety-three FM patients were surveyed from May 2012 to November 2013. Patients with serum vitamin D <25 ng/mL were considered to have hypovitaminosis D. The primary outcome was FM symptom severity (FIQ-R questionnaire). Secondary outcomes included quality of life (SF-36), fatigue (MFI-20), anxiety (GAD-7), and depression (PHQ-9). Independent t tests and chi-square tests were performed for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Regression analysis was performed adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, ethnicity, and season. A post hoc analysis examined for correlation between outcomes and serum vitamin D (ng/mL) as a continuous variable.

Results

One hundred twenty-two patients (20.6%) had hypovitaminosis D. In our adjusted regression analysis, the total FIQ-R score in patients with hypovitaminosis D was higher compared with control patients with adequate serum vitamin D (57.85 ± 18.09 vs 62.79 ± 18.10, P = 0.04). Adjusted regression analysis revealed higher total GAD-7 (P = 0.01) and higher total PHQ-9 scores (P = 0.04) in patients with hypovitaminosis D compared with control patients. There were no differences based on severity of depression or anxiety. No differences in fatigue or quality of life were identified. Unadjusted post hoc analysis revealed that as serum vitamin D increased, there was an association with lower total FIQ-R (β coefficient = –0.11, P = 0.02) and lower SF-36 subscale scores of role-physical (β coefficient = –0.10, P = 0.03). Adjusted post hoc analysis revealed no significant associations.

Conclusions

Hypovitaminosis D may be a risk factor for worse symptom severity, anxiety, and depression in FM patients.
An Open Trial of a Mind–Body Intervention for Young Women with Moderate to Severe Primary Dysmenorrhea
Authors: Payne Laura A , Seidman Laura C , Romero Tamineh , Sim Myung-Shin
Published: December 2019

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a mind–body intervention for moderate to severe primary dysmenorrhea (PD).

Design

Open trial (single arm).

Setting

Academic medical school.

Subjects

A total of 20 young adult women with moderate to severe primary dysmenorrhea were included across four separate intervention groups.

Methods

All participants received five 90-minute sessions of a mind–body intervention and completed self-report measures of menstrual pain, depression, anxiety, somatization, and pain catastrophizing at baseline, post-treatment, and at one-, two-, three-, and 12-month follow-up. Self-report of medication use and use of skills learned during the intervention were also collected at all follow-up points.

Results

Participants reported significantly lower menstrual pain over time compared with baseline. No changes in anxiety, depression, or somatization were observed, although pain catastrophizing improved over time. Changes in menstrual pain were not associated with changes in medication use or reported use of skills.

Conclusions

A mind–body intervention is a promising nondrug intervention for primary dysmenorrhea, and future research should focus on testing the intervention further as part of a randomized clinical trial.
Is Motor Impairment in Autism Spectrum Disorder Distinct From Developmental Coordination Disorder? A Report From the SPARK Study
Authors: Bhat Anjana Narayan
Published: December 2019

Background

Motor impairments are pervasive in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); however, children with ASD rarely receive a dual diagnosis of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). The Simons Foundation SPARK study engaged families affected by ASD through an online study.

Objectives

The DCD parent questionnaire (DCDQ) was used to assess the prevalence of a risk for motor impairment or DCD in children with ASD between 5 and 15 years of age.

Design

This study utilizes parent reports from a large database of children with ASD.

Methods

A total of 16,705 parents of children with ASD completed the DCDQ. We obtained our final SPARK dataset (n = 11,814) after filtering out invalid data, using stronger cut-offs to confirm ASD traits, and excluding children with general neuromotor impairments/intellectual delays. We compared DCDQ total and subscale scores from the SPARK dataset with published norms for each age between 5 and 15 years.

Results

The proportion of children with ASD at risk for a motor impairment was very high at 86.9%. Children with ASD did not outgrow their motor impairments and continued to present with a risk for DCD even into adolescence. Yet, only 31.6% of children were receiving physical therapy services.

Limitations

Our analysis of a large database of parent-reported outcomes using the DCDQ did not involve follow-up clinical assessments.

Conclusions

Using a large sample of children with ASD, this study shows that a risk for motor impairment or DCD was present in most children with ASD and persists into adolescence; however, only a small proportion of children with ASD were receiving physical therapist interventions. A diagnosis of ASD must trigger motor screening, evaluations, and appropriate interventions by physical and occupational therapists to address the functional impairments of children with ASD while also positively impacting their social communication, cognition, and behavior. Using valid motor measures, future research must determine if motor impairment is a fundamental feature of ASD.
EXTENDING AUTOMORPHISMS OF THE GENUS-2 SURFACE OVER THE 3-SPHERE
Authors: Funayoshi Kenta , Koda Yuya
Published: December 2019

An automorphism $f$ of a closed orientable surface $\Sigma $ is said to be extendable over the 3-sphere $S^3$ if $f$ extends to an automorphism of the pair $(S^3, \Sigma )$ with respect to some embedding $\Sigma \hookrightarrow S^3$. We prove that if an automorphism of a genus-2 surface $\Sigma $ is extendable over $S^3$, then $f$ extends to an automorphism of the pair $(S^3, \Sigma )$ with respect to an embedding $\Sigma \hookrightarrow S^3$ such that $\Sigma $ bounds genus-2 handlebodies on both sides. The classification of essential annuli in the exterior of genus-2 handlebodies embedded in $S^3$ due to Ozawa, and the second author plays a key role.
The field-specific citation and usage patterns of book literature in the Book Citation Index
Authors: Chi Pei-Shan
Published: December 2019

The usage data provided by Web of Science Core Collection (WoS) implies the scholarly interest of researchers through full text accesses and record saves on the platform. The WoS usage count has been studied for journal papers alongside citations at different levels of journal, country, and field. To extend the results of the previous studies, this study explores the WoS usage counts for book literature in the Book Citation Index (BKCI) to determine the usefulness of the usage statistics provided by the new data source and their different patterns across fields as well as document types. The correlations between WoS citations and usage counts are from weak to moderate in six selected fields. Edited books have stronger correlations between the two metrics than the other two document type groups. Usage data of aggregated book volumes in the sciences correlate with citations significantly and show higher utilization rates than citations. Their usage counts on the same platform are the supplement of WoS citations in the fields. In contrast, book publications in the social sciences and humanities (SSH) present a different pattern of their usage to reduce its ability to coordinate citations. In addition, the low usage of books in SSH may indicate the limited access of the BKCI-SSH and probably lower effectiveness of its usage data compared to the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI). However, the further investigation of altmetric usage metrics from different sources confirms an overall lower usage for books in the social sciences than in the sciences.
Arbitration clauses in trusts: a human rights issue?
Authors: Briggs Aidan
Published: December 2019

Can settlors require beneficiaries and trustees to submit their trust disputes to arbitration? This article examines three of the key arguments favour of enforcement, and the major difficulties posed by the caselaw emanating from the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. It also puts the English law position in an international context.

Much has been written, both in previous editions of this journal and elsewhere, on the vexed question of whether a clause in a trust instrument which requires any dispute between trustees and beneficiaries to be submitted to arbitration is enforceable. Practitioners and academics remain divided on this central issue, and unfortunately we still await a decision of the English courts to put an end to the debate.
Identification of a Carboxy-Terminal Glutamine-Rich Domain in Agrobacterium tumefaciens Coupling Protein VirD4 Required for Recognition of T-Strand DNA and Not VirE2 as a Substrate for Transfer to Plant Cells
Authors: Das Anath
Published: December 2019

Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfers DNA and proteins to a plant cell inciting crown gall tumor disease on most plants. VirD4 targets the DNA and protein substrates to a type IV secretion (T4S) apparatus for translocation into the plant cell. Several bacteria with VirD4 homologs use T4S for intercellular export of microbial macromolecules to eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts. How the VirD4 proteins recognize the diverse substrates is not well understood. To identify functional domains of A. tumefaciens pTiA6 VirD4, we introduced random 19-codon and targeted 10-codon insertions throughout the coding region. Analysis of 21 mutants showed that only the carboxy-terminal end of VirD4 is tolerant of an insertion. Sequence comparison of VirD4 proteins of Agrobacterium spp. and their close relative, Rhizobium etli, showed that these proteins contain a highly conserved C-terminal end, but the immediate upstream regions share no discernible sequence similarity. The conserved region sequence is rich in the amino acid glutamine (6/13 Q). Using site-specific and deletion mutagenesis, we demonstrated that the conserved Q-rich region is required for VirD4 function and for the specific recognition of VirD2-linked T-strand DNA as a substrate for translocation to plants. The Q-rich region is not required for the transfer of a second A. tumefaciens substrate, VirE2, to plants or a promiscuous Escherichia coli IncQ plasmid to another A. tumefaciens strain. We identified Q-rich sequences at or near the C terminus of several VirD4 homologs, including the E. coli F plasmid TraD. In F TraD, the Q-rich sequence maps to a region required specifically for the conjugative transfer of the F plasmid.
Clinical Aspects of Aging Skin: Considerations for the Wound Care Practitioner
Authors: Levine Jeffrey M.
Published: December 2019

Aging is a complex phenomenon manifested by macromolecular damage, adverse changes to the genome, blunted immunologic function, alterations in body composition, and decreased adaptation to stress. Understanding the changes that skin undergoes with age is essential for wound care practitioners. Accordingly, this article will introduce the reader to theories of aging, the biologic changes associated with aging skin, and clinical considerations for the wound care practitioner, including the concepts of skin failure, Skin Changes At Life’s End, and frailty.

GENERAL PURPOSE

To provide information about changes associated with aging skin and the implications for wound care practitioners.

TARGET AUDIENCE

This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES

After participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to:

1. Describe proposed biologic theories of aging and the biology of aging skin.

2. Discuss the clinical consequences of aging skin and the implications for wound care practitioners.