bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frontispiece: Ferrofluids: Synthetic Strategies, Stabilization, Physicochemical Features, Characterization, and Applications
Authors: Joseph Aswathy , Mathew Suresh
Published: October 2014

Ferrofluids (FFs) or magnetic nanofluids are incredible smart materials consisting of ultrafine magnetic nanoparticles suspended in a liquid carrier medium, which exhibit both fluidity and magnetic controllability. Studies involving the dynamics and physicochemical properties of these magnetic nanofluids are an interdisciplinary area of research attracting researchers from different fields of science and technology. Herein, a comprehensive Review on the different aspects of FF research is presented. First, the synthesis and stabilization of various types of FFs are discussed followed by their physicochemical features such as polydispersity, magnetic behavior, dipolar interactions, formation of chainlike aggregates, and long‐range ordering. The Review also details the rheological and thermal properties, dynamic instabilities, phase behavior, and particle assemblies in FFs to form complex multipolar geometries, photonic nanostructures, labyrinth structures, thin films, and droplets. Many important characterization techniques for probing FF properties are also briefly discussed, and the numerous innovative applications and future prospects of FFs are outlined.
Immature lymphoid cells are a consistent feature of chylothorax in neonates and infants: Cytologic features and flow cytometry aid in its distinction from lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
Authors: Cetin Neslihan , Pandey Soumya , Lorsbach Robert B.
Published: October 2014

Chylothorax is rare in young children and occurs secondary to an array of etiologies. In this report, we describe the cytologic and immunophenoypic features of chylothorax in three neonates and infants. In each case, lymphocytes were the predominant cell type and had atypical cytologic features that closely resembled those of malignant lymphoblasts, including larger size, irregular nuclear contours, immature chromatin, presence of nucleoli, and high nuclear‐to‐cytoplasmic ratios. Flow cytometry (FC) was performed in two cases and revealed a predominant T‐cell population with normal expression of T‐lineage antigens and no expression of CD34, CD10, or CD1a or coexpression of CD4 and CD8. In summary, chylothorax in neonates and infants are comprised of cytologically immature lymphoid cells. In such cases, FC is useful for distinction between chylothorax and a lymphoblastic malignancy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:335–338. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Significance of Charcot Leyden crystals in liver cytology—A case report
Authors: Thakral Divya , Agarwal Pallavi , Saran Ravindra Kumar , Saluja Sundeep
Published: October 2014

Charcot Leyden crystals are colorless, hexagonal, bipyramidal crystals formed from aggregation of material from disintegrating eosinophils. Eosinophilic infiltrate along with the presence of Charcot Leyden crystals is an indirect evidence of parasitic infestation. Here, we report a case where fine‐needle aspiration cytology smears prepared from hepatic space occupying lesion showed numerous Charcot Leyden crystals along with eosinophilic infiltrate, indicating parasitic infection. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:392–394. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Visceral adiposity index and insulin secretion and action in first‐degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Yang Yumei , Feng Yan , Ma Xuesong , Chen Kaiting , Wu Nannan , Wang Dongmei , Li Pengjie , Wang Minnan , Li Qiang , Zhang Jinchao
Published: October 2014

Background

To explore the predictive performance of the newly established visceral adiposity index for diabetes and prediabetes, as well as the relationships between the visceral adiposity index and the parameters of insulin secretion and action.

Methods

Eight hundred twenty‐four first‐degree relatives of individuals with type 2 diabetes who had no known history of abnormal glucose regulation were selected. Diabetes and prediabetes were diagnosed using the standard oral glucose tolerance test.

Results

The visceral adiposity index values were greater for the subjects with prediabetes and diabetes than for those with normal glucose regulation. Among the subjects with normal glucose regulation, the visceral adiposity index was higher for those whose levels were above the median value of the incremental area under the curve for glucose than for the subjects whose levels fell below the median value. The visceral adiposity index was negatively correlated with the homeostasis model assessment of the β‐cell function index (Homa‐β) and with the insulinogenic index (ΔI30/ΔG30). The visceral adiposity index was found to be a valuable predictor of diabetes, but it was not superior to triglyceride levels, waist circumference, or lipid accumulation production.

Conclusions

The first degree relatives of people with type 2 DM who have prediabetes or diabetes have progressively higher visceral adiposity index in association with progressive hyperglycemia, and it was found to correlate with the Homa‐β and the ΔI30/ΔG30. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells ensure B lymphopoiesis by inhibiting the granulopoietic activity of effector T cells in mouse bone marrow
Authors: Kim Sunghoon , Park Kyungsoo , Choi Jinwook , Jang Eunkyeong , Paik Doo‐Jin , Seong Rho H. , Youn Jeehee
Published: October 2014

Foxp3+ Treg cells are crucial for maintaining T‐cell homeostasis, but their role in B‐cell homeostasis remains unclear. Here, we found that Foxp3 mutant scurfy mice had fewer B‐lineage cells and progenitors, including common lymphoid progenitors and lymphoid‐primed multipotent progenitors, but higher myeloid‐lineage cell numbers in BM compared with WT littermates. Homeostasis within the HSC compartment was also compromised with apparent expansion of long‐ and short‐term HSCs. This abnormality was due to the lack of Treg cells, but not to the Treg‐cell extrinsic functions of Foxp3 or cell‐autonomous defects. Among cytokines enriched in the BM of scurfy mice, IFN‐γ affected only B lymphopoiesis, but GM‐CSF, TNF, and IL‐6 collectively promoted granulopoiesis at the expense of B lymphopoiesis. Neutralization of these three cytokines reversed the hematopoietic defects on early B‐cell progenitors in scurfy mice. Treg cells ensured B lymphopoiesis by reducing the production of these cytokines by effector T cells, but not by directly affecting B lymphopoiesis. These results suggest that Treg cells occupy an important niche in the BM to protect B‐lineage progenitor cells from excessive exposure to a lymphopoiesis‐regulating milieu.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Linear Dinitrosyl‐Triiron Complex
Authors: Victor Eric , Minier Mikael A. , Lippard Stephen J.
Published: October 2014

Nitric oxide is released during the immune response by the host during bacterial infection. To counteract this response, bacteria have evolved nitric oxide reductases to convert NO to N2O. Some of these nitric oxide reductases contain a flavodiiron active site that has bridging carboxylates and hydroxides. Only a handful of synthetic complexes currently exist as models for the protein reactivity. Here, we report the reaction of [Fe2(μ‐OH)(μ‐Ph4DBA)(TMEDA)2(OTf)] (4) with NO(g) and Ph3CSNO to prepare the dinitrosyl‐triiron complex [Fe3(μ‐OH)2(μ‐Ph4DBA)2(TMEDA)2(NO)2](OTf) (5). The reaction was monitored by UV/Vis and ReactIR spectroscopy, and compound 5 was characterized by X‐ray crystallography, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, Evan's method, and FTIR spectroscopy. The IR spectrum of compound 5 compares favorably to experimental spectroscopic data obtained for the proposed mononitrosylated intermediate of the protein.
Tuning CuII Coordination Polymers Derived from a Bis(pyrazolecarboxylate) Ligand by Solvothermal C–H Bond Activation: Synthesis, Structures, Catalysis, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Ganguly Sumi , Sanyal Ria , Mondal Raju
Published: October 2014

A new bis(pyrazolecarboxylate) ligand, 1,3‐phenylenebis(1H‐pyrazole‐5‐carboxylic acid) (H2PBPC) has been synthesized to study the structure and intriguing properties of the resultant coordination polymers synthesized under solvothermal conditions. The reaction of H2PBPC with Cu(ClO4)2 in the presence of NaOH at two different temperatures (80 and 120 °C) resulted in two coordination polymers, namely, [{Cu2Na(H2OPBPC)}]∞ (1) and [{Cu4Na2(H2OPBPC)2}]∞ (2), which display 2D corrugated sheet and 3D staircase architectures, respectively; in these structures, the aromatic C–H bond flanked by the pyrazolecarboxylate moieties was oxidized to form a C–O bond. When 2,2′‐bipyridine (2,2′‐bpy) was used instead of NaOH, [{Cu2(2,2′‐bpy)2(H2PBPC)}(H2O)]∞ (3) formed, and such C–H bond activation was not observed. Interestingly, one of the coordination polymers, namely, 1, displayed catecholase and phosphatase activity. Variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility data in the range 2–300 K showed that there is antiferromagnetic coupling between the metal centers of 1 and 2 that is mediated through the phenoxo and pyrazole bridges, whereas 3 revealed dominant ferromagnetic interactions between the bis(pyrazolato)‐bridged CuII centers owing to its very unusual Cu–N–N–Cu torsion angles of 75.28 and 69.52°.
Color Tuning and Noteworthy Photoluminescence Quantum Yields in Crystalline Mono‐/Dinuclear ZnII Complexes
Authors: Argeri Mario , Borbone Fabio , Caruso Ugo , Causà Mauro , Fusco Sandra , Panunzi Barbara , Roviello Antonio , Shikler Rafi , Tuzi Angela
Published: October 2014

A series of ZnII complexes with an O,N,O tridentate core is reported. Four species of the general formula ZnLiPy2 were obtained from pyridine, where Li is a substituted 4‐[(aroylhydrazono)methyl]‐3‐hydroxyphenyl 4‐(octyloxy)benzoate group. Crystal structures were solved by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Nematogenic phase behavior was detected only for the ligands. Photoluminescence spectra were recorded both in solution and in the solid state, and the complexes showed noteworthy photoluminescence in the solid state with wavelengths tunable by varying the aroyl group. Medium to very high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) were recorded on the crystalline complexes obtained in their mononuclear coordination environments. In the case of a 4‐nitrobenzoyl substituent on the ligand, a dinuclear complex with formula Zn2L42Py2 showed an unprecedented and exceptionally high PLQY value for a crystalline zinc complex. Molecular and periodic calculations were performed by using Density Functional Theory (DFT).
Cross‐metathesis of fatty acid methyl esters with acrolein: An entry to a variety of bifunctional compounds
Authors: Bonin Hélène , Keraani Adel , Dubois Jean‐Luc , Brandhorst Markus , Fischmeister Cédric , Bruneau Christian
Published: October 2014

The cross‐metathesis of renewable fatty acid methyl esters with acrolein was investigated. The bifunctional formyl‐esters obtained are interesting compounds for further transformations into bifunctional polymer precursors. Several experimental parameters and ruthenium catalysts have been evaluated. Best results were obtained with thermally pre‐treated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The reactions performed with high efficiency with low catalyst loadings allowing TONs as high at 1000. An acetal protected acrolein was also used, enabling improvement of the reaction performances. A tandem cross‐metathesis/hydrogenation reaction without isolation of the formyl intermediate delivered the expected alcohol ester in good yield.

Practical applications: The cross‐metathesis of FAMEs with acrolein provides access to a broad range of bifunctional compounds of interest for the manufacture of polymers, considering the multiple post‐transformations of the formyl group available

The ruthenium‐catalyzed cross‐metathesis of fatty acid methyl esters with acrolein is presented. The bifunctional formyl‐esters are valuable precursors for subsequent transformations such as the tandem cross‐metathesis/hydrogenation reaction delivering a hydroxyl‐ester in one step.
Phenazines and Their N‐Oxides as Products of Cyclization of N‐Aryl‐2‐nitrosoanilines – Disproof of the Reported Homolytic Cross‐Coupling Process Leading to Benzo[c]cinnoline Oxides
Authors: Wróbel Zbigniew , Stachowska Karolina , Kwast Andrzej
Published: October 2014

The base‐promoted homolytic cross‐coupling reaction of nitroarenes and anilines involving single electron transfer and leading to benzo[c]cinnoline oxides reported by Sythana et al. (S. K. Sythana, S. Unni, Y. M. Kshirsagar, P. R. Bhagat, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2014, 311) was shown to be incorrect. In fact, nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen with anilide anions takes place, which leads to the formation of intermediate N‐aryl‐2‐nitrosoanilines followed by base‐promoted cyclization to phenazines and/or their N‐oxide derivatives. Three of the phenazine N‐oxides, which were erroneously described as benzo[c]cinnoline oxides by Sythana et al., were obtained independently in the cyclization of N‐aryl‐2‐nitrosoanilines possessing a leaving group at the ortho position in the N‐aryl ring. A competitive substitution of hydrogen and a leaving group lead to the formation of 1‐substituted phenazines and phenazine N‐oxides, respectively, depending on the reaction conditions and the leaving group.
Convenient Synthesis of the Antibiotic Linezolid via an Oxazolidine‐2,4‐dione Intermediate Derived from the Chiral Building Block Isoserine
Authors: Greco Arianna , De Marco Rossella , Tani Sara , Giacomini Daria , Galletti Paola , Tolomelli Alessandra , Juaristi Eusebio , Gentilucci Luca
Published: October 2014

We describe a new synthesis of the 5‐(aminomethyl)oxazolidin‐3‐one core of linezolid in enantiomerically pure form. The expedient cyclization of the α‐hydroxy amide derived from isoserine and 3‐fluoro‐4‐morpholinoaniline to give the corresponding (aminomethyl)oxazolidine‐2,4‐dione, followed by its mild selective reduction at the C(4)‐position, gave linezolid in almost quantitative overall yield.
Efficient Cross‐Coupling of Dioxazaborocanes with α‐Phosphate Enamides
Authors: Gigant Nicolas , Honraedt Aurélien , Gras Emmanuel , Gillaizeau Isabelle
Published: October 2014

A range of readily available α‐phosphate enamides were subjected to (hetero)aromatic dioxazaborocanes (DABO boronates), providing the desired α‐functionalized enamides in high yields via palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions. Notably, the reaction proceeds in the presence of a slight excess of boron derivatives and tolerates cyclic, nonaromatic and/or electron‐rich enamides.
Synthesis of All Eight Stereoisomeric 6‐Deoxy‐L‐hexopyranosyl Donors – Trends in Using Stereoselective Reductions or Mitsunobu Epimerizations
Authors: Frihed Tobias Gylling , Pedersen Christian Marcus , Bols Mikael
Published: October 2014

The synthesis of all eight rare but biologically important 6‐deoxy‐L‐hexoses as their thioglycoside glycosyl donors starting from the commercially availableL‐rhamnose orL‐fucose is reported. The synthesis of all eight 6‐deoxy‐L‐hexoses was accomplished using a variety of epimerization methods, which revealed some general trends. The stereoselective reduction of 4‐oxopyranosides could be predicted by the Cram chelation model, while Mitsunobu conditions led to elimination in some substrates.
Triphosgene‐Mediated Couplings in the Solid Phase: Total Synthesis of Brachystemin A
Authors: Fang Lijing , Wu Chunlei , Yu Zaidan , Shang Peng , Cheng Yongxian , Peng Yuefeng , Su Wu
Published: October 2014

A reproducible, highly efficient, and racemization‐free protocol for the triphosgene‐mediated solid‐phase coupling of proteinogenic amino acids was developed. The efficiency of the reaction was demonstrated by the first total synthesis of the bioactive natural octacyclopeptide brachystemin A. This protocol will broaden the application of triphosgene in the synthesis of a wide range of peptides, including aromatic amino acids, N‐alkylated amino acids, as well as proteinogenic amino acids.
New Design forDetection Cell Applied in Magnetic Particle‐Based Electrochemiluminescence Assays
Authors: Xu Yuanhong , Han Yanchao , Gu Wenling , Xia Yong , Liu Yaqing , Wang Erkang
Published: October 2014

A new configuration of detection cell has been designed for convenient magnetic particles (MPs)‐based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assays preformed on the instruments in which the photomultiplier tube is under the working electrode (WE) side. The design provides easy physical cleaning of WE and avoids impurity precipitates depositing on the electrode surface. Subsequently, effects of different MPs without and with graphene (named CMNs and GHPMNs, respectively) on ECL efficiency were compared for the first time. CMNs would decrease the ECL due to the low conductivity of Fe3O4 itself. Because of the intrinsic high conductivity of graphene, GHPMNs could lead to 6–7‐fold increase in ECL intensity.
Simultaneous Anodic and Cathodic Voltammetric Detection of Patulin and Ochratoxin A on Well‐Defined Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Nasir Muhammad Zafir Mohamad , Pumera Martin
Published: October 2014

Detection of mycotoxins is paramount importance for food quality control. Here we compare well‐defined surfaces for electrochemical detection of patulin and ochratoxin A on edge plane pyrolytic graphite and glassy carbon electrodes. Patulin shows well‐defined peak at ∼−1.5 V, deeply in cathodic region; ochratoxin A is in contrary oxidizable at potential ∼+0.9 V. We investigate here the possibility to simultaneously detect two important mycotoxins with distinctive cathodic and anodic signals. We show that edge‐plane pyrolytic graphite provides more sensitive response over glassy carbon electrode. It is clear that high density of the edges on graphite is highly beneficial to the voltammetric response of these mycotoxins. The developed technique should have profound impact on research towards portable sensors of mycotoxins.
Electrokinetic chromatographic characterization of novel catanionic surfactants vesicle as pseudostationary phase
Authors: Lu Jie , Ni Xinjiong , Cao Yuhua , Ma Xinyu , Cao Guangqun
Published: October 2014

A novel catanionic surfactants vesicle system composed of octyltriethylammonium bromide/ sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (C8NE3Br/SDBS) has been developed as pseudostationary phase (PSP) in EKC. The C8NE3Br/SDBS system possesses a large vesicle phase region and none of agglomeration phenomena appeared while mixing cationic and anionic surfactants at any molar ratio. Electrophoretic and chromatographic parameters including elution window, hydrophobic selectivity, polar group selectivity, and shape selectivity were characterized using the vesicle at molar ratio of C8NE3Br to SDBS of 3:7 as PSP. Compared with SDS micelles, the vesicle PSP possessed a wider elution window and a better selectivity. The retention behavior and selectivity differences between the novel vesicle and SDS micelles were evaluated through linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) analysis. Though the cohesiveness and the hydrogen bond acidity have greatest influences on the solutes retention and selectivity in both the vesicle and SDS micelle, the vesicle PSP demonstrated a higher hydrophobicity and a lower hydrogen bonding donating capability owing to compact bilayer structure of vesicle. Additionally, the vesicle system had a stronger hydrogen bond accepting capability than SDS micelle. Consequently, according to LSER analysis, the bigger coefficients for v, b, and a revealed the vesicle PSP had a better separation selectivity than conventional SDS micelle.
Evaluation of a proposed damage index for a set of earthquakes
Authors: Rodriguez Mario E.
Published: October 2014

A damage index computed for a set of ground motions recorded in 11 earthquakes, including the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, the 2010 Chile earthquake, the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, and the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake, is proposed in this paper. The proposed damage index uses some basic parameters of the response of an SDOF system including the maximum hysteretic energy per unit mass that a structure can dissipate under strong ground motions. Control of lateral displacements, especially roof drift ratio of buildings, was found to be important in minimizing seismic damage. The values and distribution of the computed damage index are consistent with global building damage observations for the selected earthquakes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ – Zr0.84Y0.16O2–δ Materials as Oxygen Electrodes for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells
Authors: Li J. , Zhong C. , Meng X. , Wu H. , Nie H. , Zhan Z. , Wang S.
Published: October 2014

The high‐temperature solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) is one of the most promising devices for hydrogen mass production. To make SOEC suitable from an economical point of view, each component of the SOEC has to be optimized. At this level, the optimization of the oxygen electrode is of particular interest since it contributes to a large extent to the cell polarization resistance. The present paper is focused on an alternative oxygen electrode of Zr0.84Y0.16O2–δ‐Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6–δ (YSZ‐SFM). YSZ‐SFM composite oxygen electrodes were fabricated by impregnating the YSZ matrix with SFM, and the ion‐impregnated YSZ‐SFM composite oxygen electrodes showed excellent performance. For a voltage of 1.2 V, the electrolysis current was 223 mA cm−2, 327 mA cm−2 and 310 mA cm−2 at 750 °C for the YSZ‐SFM10, YSZ‐SFM20, and YSZ‐SFM30 oxygen electrode, respectively. A hydrogen production rate as high as 11.46 NL h−1 has been achieved for the SOEC with the YSZ‐SFM20 electrode at 750 °C. The results demonstrate that YSZ‐SFM fabricated by impregnating the YSZ matrix with SFM is a promising composite electrode for the SOEC.
The Operation of HT‐PEM Fuel Cells Coupled to Lithium Ion Batteries in a Fleet of Light Passenger Vehicles
Authors: Hall W. J.
Published: October 2014

High temperature polymer electrolyte membrane (HT‐PEM) fuel cells offer some advantages over their low temperature equivalent, but there have been relatively few reports into their use in vehicles. This paper describes the power train design and operation of a fleet of Microcab H2EV vehicles. The power train consisted of a HT‐PEM fuel cell coupled via a DC/DC convertor to a lithium iron phosphate traction battery, which was then connected to two Lynch motors. The integration and operation of all the major power train components is described. Also described here is the vehicle control unit that uses digital and analog communications to provide overall management of the vehicle. Details are given of all the safety systems designed into the vehicle. Some data describing the performance of the H2EV power‐train during typical drive cycles is presented, which shows that the system was functional. It is concluded that HT‐PEM fuel cell light vehicles are viable, but the heating and cooling time of the fuel cell needs to be significantly reduced.
Electrochemical Performance of Nd1.95NiO4+δ Cathode supported Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Laguna‐Bercero M. A. , Luebbe H. , Silva J. , Van herle J.
Published: October 2014

Nd1.95NiO4+δ (NNO) cathode supported microtubular cells were fabricated and characterized. This material presents superior oxygen transport properties in comparison with other commonly used cathode materials. The supporting tubes were fabricated by cold isostatic pressing (CIP) using NNO powders and corn starch as pore former. The electrolyte (GDC, gadolinia doped ceria based) was deposited by wet powder spraying (WPS) on top of pre‐sintered tubes and then co‐sintered. Finally, a NiO/GDC suspension was dip‐coated and sintered as the anode. Optimization of the cell fabrication process is shown. Power densities at 750 °C of ∼40 mWcm−2 at 0.5V were achieved. These results are the first electrochemical measurements reported using NNO cathode‐supported microtubular cells. Further developments of the fabrication process are needed for this type of cells in order to compete with the standard microtubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC).
Impact of human papillomavirus and smoking on survival outcomes after transoral robotic surgery
Authors: Stucken Chaz L. , de Almeida John R. , Sikora Andrew G. , Tong Charles C. L. , Genden Eric M.
Published: October 2014

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate oncologic outcomes of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with transoral robotic surgery (TORS) based on human papillomavirus (HPV) and smoking risk factors.

Methods

Fifty‐five patients with HNSCC treated with TORS, neck dissection, +/‐ adjuvant chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy were retrospectively analyzed based on HPV and smoking status.

Results

Smokers and nonsmokers had locoregional control rates of 96.3% and 94.4% (p = .66) and progression‐free survival rates 83% and 94.1% (p = .09), respectively. HPV‐negative and HPV‐positive patients had locoregional control rates of 87.1% and 100% (p = .03) and progression‐free survival rates of 74.2% and 95.2% (p = .01), respectively. Locoregional control rates for HPV‐negative smokers, HPV‐negative nonsmokers, HPV‐positive smokers, and HPV‐positive nonsmokers were 90.9%, 80.0%, 100%, and 100% (p = .18), whereas progression‐free survival rates were 72.2%, 80.0%, 92.3%, and 100% (p = .04), respectively.

Conclusion

HPV status may be more important than smoking status in determining the risk of disease recurrence and death in patients treated with TORS. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 380–386, 2016
Establishment and characterization of a human papillomavirus type 16–positive tonsillar carcinoma xenograft in BALB/c nude mice
Authors: Letsolo Boitelo T. , Faust Helena , Ekblad Lars , Wennerberg Johan , Forslund Ola
Published: October 2014

Background

Among head and neck cancers, human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is associated with tonsillar carcinomas. Despite this, no HPV16‐positive tonsillar cancer cell line has been established in nude mice.

Methods

Fresh tonsillar carcinoma biopsies were obtained from 23 patients and implanted subcutaneously into nude mice (BALB/c, nu/nu).

Results

After 7 months, one xenograft was established. The primary tumor harbored 2.7 copies (95% confidence interval = 2.4–2.9) of HPV16/cell and displayed 99.9% (7904/7906) nucleotide identity to HPV16 (EU118173.1). The xenograft showed increased methylation in two E2‐binding sites of the HPV16 genome. Both episomal and integrated HPV16 were detected in the original tumor and in 14 xenografts from the second passage. From this passage, a viral load of 6.4 copies/cell (range = 4.6–9.6) and 3.7 (range = 1.0–5.5) E7‐mRNA transcripts/HPV16‐genome were detected.

Conclusion

This xenograft represents the first established HPV16‐positive tonsillar tumor in nude mice and could provide an experimental system of HPV16‐positive tonsillar cancers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 417–425, 2016
The continuum of hepatitis C testing and care
Authors: Viner Kendra , Kuncio Danica , Newbern E. Claire , Johnson Caroline C.
Published: October 2014

A hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected person will ideally have access to quality health care and move through the HCV continuum of care (CoC) from HCV antibody (Ab) screening, HCV‐RNA confirmation, engagement and retention in medical care, and treatment. Unfortunately, studies show that many patients do not progress through this continuum. Because these studies may not be generalizable, we assessed the HCV CoC in Philadelphia from January 2010 to December 2013 at the population level. The expected HCV seroprevalence in Philadelphia during 2010‐2013 was calculated by applying National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey prevalences to age‐specific census data approximations and published estimates of homeless and incarcerated populations. HCV laboratory results reported to the Philadelphia Department of Public Health and enhanced surveillance data were used to determine where individuals fell on the continuum. HCV CoC was defined as follows: stage 1: HCV Ab screening; stage 2: HCV Ab and RNA testing; stage 3: RNA confirmation and continuing care; and stage 4: RNA confirmation, care, and HCV treatment. Of approximately 1,584,848 Philadelphia residents, 47,207 (2.9%) were estimated to have HCV. Positive HCV results were received for 13,596 individuals, of whom 6,383 (47%) had a positive HCV‐RNA test. Of these, 1,745 (27%) were in care and 956 (15%) had or were currently receiving treatment. Conclusion: This continuum provides a real‐life snapshot of how this disease is being managed in a major U.S. urban center. Many patients are lost at each stage, highlighting the need to raise awareness among health care professionals and at‐risk populations about appropriate hepatitis testing, referral, support, and care. (Hepatology 2015;61:783–789)
Variations in serum sphingolipid levels associate with liver fibrosis progression and poor treatment outcome in hepatitis C virus but not hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Grammatikos Georgios , Ferreiros Nerea , Bon Dimitra , Schwalm Stephanie , Dietz Julia , Berkowski Caterina , Fitting Daniel , Herrmann Eva , Zeuzem Stefan , Sarrazin Christoph , Pfeilschifter Josef
Published: October 2014

Ablation of very‐long‐chain ceramides (Cers) with consecutive elevations in sphinganine levels has been shown to cause a severe hepatopathy in a knockout mouse model. We have recently shown that serum sphingolipids (SLs) are deregulated in patients with chronic liver disease. However, their role as possible biomarkers in liver fibrosis remains to date unexplored. We assessed, using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, serum concentrations of various SL metabolites in 406 patients with chronic viral hepatitis, 203 infected with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus (HCV) and 203 with hepatitis B virus (HBV), respectively. We observed significant variations of serum SLs, with sphingosine and sphinganine being, both in univariate (P < 0.05) as well as in multivariate analysis, significantly associated to severity of liver fibrosis in HCV‐infected patients (odds ratio [OR]: 1.111; confidence interval [CI]: 1.028‐1.202; P = 0.007 and OR, 0.634; CI, 0.435‐0.925; P = 0.018, respectively). Serum SLs correlated significantly with serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels as well as with insulin resistance, defined by the homeostatic model assessment index, in HCV patients. Sustained viral response rates in HCV patients were independently predicted by serum C24Cer (OR, 0.998; CI, 0.997‐0.999; P = 0.001), its unsaturated derivative C24:1Cer (OR, 1.001; CI, 1.000‐1.002; P = 0.059), and C18:1Cer (OR, 0.973; CI, 0.947‐0.999; P = 0.048), together with ferritin (OR, 1.006; CI, 1.003‐1.010; P < 0.001), alkaline phosphatase (OR, 1.020; CI, 1.001‐1.039; P = 0.032), and interleukin‐28B genotype (OR, 9.483; CI, 3.139‐28.643; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our study demonstrates a tight interaction between variations in serum SL levels and progression of liver fibrosis as well as responsiveness to antiviral therapy. Particularly, sphingosine, sphinganine, and C24Cer appear as promising novel biomarkers in chronic HCV infection and should be further evaluated within the noninvasive prediction of liver fibrosis. (Hepatology 2015;61:812–822)
Charcoal Hemoperfusion for Theophylline Overdose: Case Report and Proposal for Predicting Treatment Time
Authors: Burgess Ellen , Sargious Peter
Published: October 2014

Charcoal hemoperfusion is effective in the treatment of theophylline overdose. Estimation of the time required for charcoal hemoperfusion has been based on personal experience and judgment. We used pharmacokinetic data from a patient and from case reports to generate a formula for predicting treatment time. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using model‐independent analysis of concentration‐time curves from two treatments of charcoal hemoperfusion. These values were compared with published data and incorporated into a formula that was derived from the elimination rate constant to estimate treatment time of charcoal hemoperfusion:

Time (min) = (ln conci ‐ ln concd)/0.0057

where the concentration of theophylline is in μmol/L. The formula may be valid in patients in whom the serum theophylline concentration is less than or equal to 516 μmol/L or 92 mg/L. It may be used as a guide to estimate the length of charcoal hemoperfusion in the treatment of theophylline toxicity. Its validation requires implementation and evaluation in future cases.
The Emerging Role of Valproate in Bipolar Disorder and Other Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Guay David R.P.
Published: October 2014

Although valproate, a simple branched‐chain fatty acid, is generally considered to be an antiepileptic agent, a large literature dating back to 1966 describes its use in primary psychiatric disorders. The significant role that γ‐aminobutyric acid plays in mood provided the rationale to examine valproate in this regard. Numerous uncontrolled as well as placebo‐ and lithium‐controlled studies verified the drug's efficacy in the short‐term management of bipolar and schizoaffective disorders. The response appears to be independent of response to traditional therapies such as lithium, neuroleptics, and carbamazepine, and may be maintained for extended periods of time. Valproate should be considered not only in patients with mood disorders who are intolerant of or nonresponsive to traditional therapies, but also in those with rapid cycling, electroencephalographic abnormalities, head trauma antedating the onset of psychiatric illness, or any other factor suggesting an organic component. Preliminary uncontrolled studies suggest that the drug may also eventually play a role in the management of panic disorder and behavioral dyscontrol (agitation, aggression, temper outbursts). Its adverse event profile is well known from years of experience in the management of epilepsy and does not appear to be altered in the presence of psychiatric disorders. Similarly, the drug‐drug interaction potential of valproate is reasonably well known, although further research into interactions with psychotropic agents is warranted.
Effect of High‐Dose Sodium Bicarbonate on the Vasopressor Effects of Epinephrine During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Bleske Barry E. , Warren Eric W. , Rice Ted L. , Gilligan Lori J. , Tait Alan R.
Published: October 2014

We attempted to determine the effect of extreme alkalemia induced by high‐dose sodium bicarbonate on the vasopressor effects of epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Subjects in this randomized, blinded study performed in a controlled laboratory environment were 12 mongrel dogs that had had a previous episode of CPR. Each dog underwent 3 minutes of ventricular fibrillation (VF) followed by 7 minutes of closed‐chest CPR. Animals were assigned to receive either sodium bicarbonate 3 mEq/kg and epinephrine 0.1 mg/kg, or normal saline 3 ml/kg and epinephrine 0.1 mg/kg. The sodium bicarbonate or normal saline was infused over 2 minutes beginning at 4 minutes of VF (1 min of CPR) followed by bolus epinephrine. Arterial pH in the sodium bicarbonate group was significantly higher at each sampling point (7.7 ± 0.1 vs 7.29 ± 0.06 at 1 min after drug, p<0.001). However, there were no statistically or clinically significant differences in coronary perfusion pressure between the groups at any time: 29 ± 13 versus 32 ± 21 mm Hg 1 minute, and 22 ± 12 versus 26 ± 19 mm Hg 4 minutes after epinephrine for sodium bicarbonate and normal saline, respectively (p>0.7). Increased arterial pH (alkalemia) induced by high‐dose sodium bicarbonate administration did not improve the vasopressor effects of epinephrine during CPR in this canine model. These results suggest the limited value of administering sodium bicarbonate during CPR to improve the responsiveness to epinephrine.
Severe Withdrawal Syndrome Possibly Associated With Cessation of a Midazolam and Fentanyl Infusion
Authors: Ducharme Murray P. , Munzenberger Paul
Published: October 2014

A 40‐month‐old child was sedated with a fentanyl and midazolam infusion for 7 days. After the drugs were discontinued he became unresponsive and globally aphasic, and had marked thrombocytosis. He was hospitalized for 4 weeks, during which time his motor and cognitive status slowly improved, and had almost returned to baseline at time of discharge. Severe neurologic abnormalities have been reported with midazolam and fentanyl, administered separately or together, and seem to be a consequence of a withdrawal syndrome. Of interest, this patient had a reactive thrombocytosis at the time of onset of the withdrawal syndrome, and his decreased platelet count coincided with the return to normal cognitive and motor status. Based on this experience and other reports, we believe midazolam‐fentanyl combination should be administered with caution.
Evaluation of Plasmapheresis on the Removal of Tobramycin
Authors: Kale‐Pradhan Pramodini B. , Dehoorne‐Smith Michelle L. , Jaworski Douglas A. , Hare Barbara L. , Provenzano Robert , Higgins Martha J.
Published: October 2014

A 26‐year‐old man with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura resulting in respiratory and renal failure was treated with plasmapheresis (PP). Coexisting pulmonary infiltrates were empirically treated as pneumonia with various antibiotics, including vancomycin and tobramycin. The half‐life of tobramycin was 6.93 hours. During PP the half‐life of tobramycin decreased to 4.47 hours as determined by three random levels. The fraction eliminated due to PP was 35.5% and the fraction cleared by PP was 10.9%. We conclude that PP contributed significantly to the total clearance of tobramycin. The need for supplemental doses must be evaluated in each patient based on post‐PP serum concentrations.
d‐α‐tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate‐containing vehicles provide no detectable chemoprotection from oxidative damage
Authors: Baumgart Bethany R. , Van Vleet Terry R. , Simic Damir , Salcedo Theodora W. , Lentz Kimberley , Donegan Michael , Davies Marc H. , Bunch Roderick T. , Sanderson Thomas P. , Lange Robert W.
Published: October 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate potential protective effects of vehicles containing d‐α‐tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), which may impact nonclinical safety assessments of oxidative processes. This was achieved by evaluating plasma, liver and adrenal gland concentrations of d‐α‐tocopheryl succinate (TS) and d‐α‐tocopherol as well as oxidative status of plasma following oral dosing of TPGS‐containing vehicles, intraperitoneal (IP) dosing of TS or ex vivo treatment of blood with H2O2. Male and female rats were dosed orally with formulations containing 5% or 40% TPGS (70 or 550 mg kg–1 day–1 TS, respectively) for 1 week. A control group was dosed orally with polyethylene glycol‐400 (PEG‐400; no vitamin E) and positive control animals received a single 100 mg kg–1 day–1 IP injection of TS. Whole blood from untreated animals was treated ex vivo with 5 or 50 mm H2O2, with or without TS (0.5, 5, 50 or 500 μm) or ascorbate (1 mm), for 1 h. Oral TPGS treatments did not affect d‐α‐tocopherol concentrations in plasma or adrenal glands and caused only transient increases in liver. Concentrations of TS in plasma, liver and adrenal glands were undetectable in control animals, but increased in all other groups. Oral administration of TPGS did not reduce plasma lipid peroxidation in vivo. Substantially greater TS concentrations used ex vivo (100× greater than in vivo) were also unable to reduce lipid peroxidation in H2O2‐treated whole blood. These results provide evidence that administration of oral TPGS vehicles is unlikely to impact nonclinical safety assessments of pharmaceuticals. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of temperature‐induced hERG channel blockade variation by drugs
Authors: Kauthale Rahul R. , Dadarkar Shruta S. , Husain Raghib , Karande Vikas V. , Gatne Madhumanjiri M.
Published: October 2014

Drug‐induced QT prolongation has been reported in humans and animals. This potentially lethal effect can be induced by drugs interacting with a cardiac potassium channel, namely hERG (human ether‐a go‐go‐related gene) leading to arrhythmia ortorsade de pointes(TdP). Hence,in vitroevaluation of therapeutics for their effects on the rapid delayed rectifier current (IKr) mediated by the K+ion channel encoded by hERG is a valuable tool for identifying potential arrhythmic side effects during drug safety testing. Our objective was to evaluate the temperature‐induced hERG channel blockade variation by human and veterinary drugs using the IonFlux 16 system. A panel of eight drugs was tested for IKrinhibition at both ambient (23 °C) and physiological (37 °C) temperatures at various concentrations using IonFlux 16, an automated patch clamp system. Our results established that both amiodarone (IC50 = 0.56 μM at 23 °C and 0.30 μM at 37 °C) and β‐estradiol (IC50 = 24.72 μM at 23 °C and 8.17 μM at 37 °C) showed a dose‐dependent IKrblockade with a higher blockade at 37 °C. Whereas, blockade of IKrby both ivermectin (IC50 = 12.52 μM at 23 °C and 24.41 μM at 37 °C) and frusemide (IC50 = 12.58 μM at 23 °C and 25.55 μM at 37 °C) showed a dose‐dependent IKrblockade with a lower blockade at 37 °C. Gentamicin, enrofloxacin, xylazine and albendazole did not block IKrat both the assessed temperatures. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the effect of temperature variation should be taken into consideration during the evaluation of test drugs for their hERG channel blockade potential. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organ‐specific distribution of gold nanoparticles by their surface functionalization
Authors: Lee Jong Kwon , Kim Tae Sung , Bae Ji Young , Jung A. Young , Lee Sang Min , Seok Ji Hyun , Roh Hang Sik , Song Chi Won , Choi Mi Jin , Jeong Jinyoung , Chung Bong Hyun , Lee Yun‐Geon , Jeong Jayoung , Cho Wan‐Seob
Published: October 2014

The behavior and fate of intravenously (i.v.) injected nanoparticles (NPs) can be controlled by several physicochemical factors including size, shape and surface charge. To evaluate the role of surface charge on distribution of NPs, we used neutral‐charged 15‐nm‐sized polyethylene glycol‐coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPPEG) as a core NP and carboxyl or amine groups were conjugated to AuNPPEG to generate negative (AuNPCOOH) or positive AuNP (AuNPNH2), respectively. Each type of AuNP was i.v. injected into mice (1 mg kg–1) and the concentration of Au was measured in different organs at 30 min, 4, 24 h, 7, 14 days, 1, 3 and 6 months post‐injection. The organ distribution also showed the higher deposition rate depending on their functional groups: AuNPPEG for mesenteric lymph node, kidney, brain and testis; AuNPCOOH for liver; AuNPNH2 for spleen, lung and heart. The blood circulation time and the major excretion route were different depending on their functional groups. In conclusion, functional groups conjugated on the surface of AuNPs produce differences in blood kinetics, organ distribution and elimination pattern which can be important information for directing NPs to specific organs or improving the kinetic properties. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term exposures to di‐n‐butyl phthalate inhibit body growth and impair gonad development in juvenile Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis)
Authors: Bhatia Harpreet , Kumar Anupama , Chapman John C. , McLaughlin Mike J.
Published: October 2014

The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether long‐term exposures to environmentally relevant concentrations of di‐n‐butyl phthalate (DnBP) disrupt the reproduction‐based endpoints in juvenile Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis). Fish were exposed to 5, 15 or 50 µg l−1 DnBP for 30, 60 and 90 days each, and the effects on survival, body growth, whole‐body concentrations of sex steroid hormones and gonadal development were investigated. The lowest observed effective concentration to affect the condition factor after 90 days was 5 µg l−1. Complete feminization of the gonad was noted in fish exposed to 5 µg l−1 for 90 days and to 15 and 50 µg l−1 of DnBP for 30 or 60 days. After 90 days of exposure to DnBP, the ovaries were regressed and immature as opposed to the control fish which were in early‐vitellogenic stage. Testes, present only in fish exposed to 5 µg l−1 of DnBP for 30 or 60 days, were immature in comparison to the control fish that contained testes in the mid‐spermatogenic phase. The E2/11‐KT ratio was significantly higher only after exposures to 5 µg l−1 DnBP for 90 days and 50 µg l−1 DnBP for 30 days. Our data suggest that exposures to 5 µg l−1 DnBP for 30 days did not have profound effects on body growth and gonadal differentiation of fish. However, 30 days of exposure to 15 µg l−1 could interfere with the gonad development and to 50 µg l−1 could compromise the hormonal profile of juvenile fish. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extracellular matrix‐immobilized nanotopographical substrates for enhanced myogenic differentiation
Authors: Lee Eunjee A. , Jung Giyoung , Im Sung Gap , Hwang Nathaniel S.
Published: October 2014

Extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as fibronectin (FN) and laminin (LMN) play prominent roles in controlling cellular behaviors. Many attempts have been made to explore cellular behaviors on combinatorial ECM arrays in high‐throughput systems. However these studies were limited to physical adsorption of ECM, which does not guarantee a lasting effect of ECM in vitro. Here, we demonstrate ECM immobilization on polyurethane acrylate (PUA) substrate fabricated in 24 well‐plate platforms to effectively differentiate C2C12. Our study demonstrate that co‐immobilization of FN and LMN was found to enhance myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells compared to single immobilization of either FN or LMN alone. Furthermore, utilizing nano‐imprint lithography technique, 300 nm and 5 µm line‐patterned substrates were fabricated on 24‐well plates. FN and LMN co‐immobilized substrates with line‐patterns additionally provided the directionality for mimicking musculoskeletal structure and enhanced the myogenic differentiation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 1258–1266, 2015.
Removal of algae from biological cultures: a challenge for electrocoagulation?
Authors: Souza Fernanda L , Cotillas Salvador , Saéz Cristina , Cañizares Pablo , Lanza Marcos RV , Seco Aurora , Rodrigo Manuel A
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

In the search for novel technologies for the treatment of urban wastewater, combined anaerobic–algae membrane bioreactors have become a very interesting choice. Recovery of algae produced in these reactors has become the key point to obtain a good economic efficiency with this technology. In this work, electrocoagulation is studied as an alternative for the coarse removal of algae from a biological culture.

RESULTS

Results demonstrate that the electrochemical technology is a suitable technology for this purpose allowing the removal of more than 90% of the algae without modifying significantly the pH and with an operating cost below 0.04 € m−3. The same general trends are observed for applied current charge and current density supplied when aluminum or iron are used as electrodes although aluminum was much more efficient.

CONCLUSIONS

The dose of coagulant reagents required is very low, indicating that coagulant generated in the process is very efficiently used. The best results in terms of algae and turbidity removals are obtained operating at low current densities with aluminum electrodes. According to pH and z‐potential values, insoluble metal hydroxide and anion M(OH)4− seems to be the primary coagulation species involved in the electrocoagulation process. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry