bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of cooperation on information disclosure in mock‐witness interviews
Authors: De La Fuente Vilar Alejandra , Horselenberg Robert , Strömwall Leif A. , Landström Sara , Hope Lorraine , van Koppen Peter J.
Published: February 2020

Purpose

Forensic interviewers often face witnesses who are unwilling to cooperate with the investigation. In this experimental study, we examined the extent to which cooperativeness instructions affect information disclosure in a witness investigative interview.

Methods

One hundred and thirty‐six participants watched a recorded mock‐crime and were interviewed twice as mock‐witnesses. They were randomly assigned to one of four conditions instructing different levels of cooperativeness: Control (no instructions), Cooperation, No Cooperation, and No Cooperation plus Cooperation. The cooperativeness instructions aimed to influence how participants’ perceived the costs and benefits of cooperation. We predicted that Cooperation and No Cooperation instructions would increase and decrease information disclosure and accuracy, respectively.

Results

We found decreased information disclosure and, to a lesser extent, accuracy in the No Cooperation and No Cooperation plus Cooperation conditions. In a second interview, the shift of instructions from No Cooperation to Cooperation led to a limited increase of information disclosure at no cost of accuracy. Cooperativeness instructions partially influenced the communication strategies participants used to disclose or withhold information.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate the detrimental effects of uncooperativeness on information disclosure and, to a lesser extent, the accuracy of witness statements. We discuss the implications of a lack of witness cooperation and the importance of gaining witness cooperation to facilitate information disclosure in investigative interviews.
Conservation and expansion of a necrosis‐inducing small secreted protein family from host‐variable phytopathogens of the Sclerotiniaceae
Authors: Denton‐Giles Matthew , McCarthy Hannah , Sehrish Tina , Dijkwel Yasmin , Mesarich Carl H. , Bradshaw Rosie E. , Cox Murray P. , Dijkwel Paul P.
Published: February 2020

Fungal effector proteins facilitate host‐plant colonization and have generally been characterized as small secreted proteins (SSPs). We classified and functionally tested SSPs from the secretomes of three closely related necrotrophic phytopathogens:Ciborinia camelliae,Botrytis cinerea,andSclerotinia sclerotiorum. Alignment of predicted SSPs identified a large protein family that share greater than 41% amino acid identity and that have key characteristics of previously described microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Strikingly, 73 of the 75 SSP family members were predicted within the secretome of the host‐specialistC. camelliaewith single‐copy homologs identified in the secretomes of the host generalistsS. sclerotiorumandB. cinerea. To explore the potential function of this family of SSPs, 10 of the 73C. camelliaeproteins, together with the single‐copy homologs fromS. sclerotiorum(SsSSP3) andB. cinerea(BcSSP2), were cloned and expressed as recombinant proteins. Infiltration of SsSSP3 and BcSSP2 into host tissue induced rapid necrosis. In contrast, only one of the 10 testedC. camelliaeSSPs was able to induce a limited amount of necrosis. Analysis of chimeric proteins consisting of domains from both a necrosis‐inducing and a non‐necrosis‐inducing SSP demonstrated that the C‐terminus of theS. sclerotiorumSSP is essential for necrosis‐inducing function. Deletion of theBcSSP2homolog fromB. cinereadid not affect growth or pathogenesis. Thus, this research uncovered a family of highly conserved SSPs present in diverse ascomycetes that exhibit contrasting necrosis‐inducing functions.
Curcumin suppresses the proliferation and tumorigenicity of Cal27 by modulating cancer‐associated fibroblasts of TSCC
Authors: Ba Pengfei , Xu Mingcai , Yu Miao , Li Linxia , Duan Xiaoyu , Lv Shuyan , Fu Guo , Yang Jianbo , Yang Pishan , Yang Chengzhe , Sun Qinfeng
Published: February 2020

Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are “activated” fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and play a vital role in all steps of cancer development. Increasing evidence focusing on the function of CAFs suggests that CAFs are candidate therapeutic targets and that drugs targeting the modification of CAFs would suppress tumor progression and be beneficial to tumor treatment and prevention. In the present study, we found that curcumin reversed the phenotype of CAFs to that of peri‐tumor fibroblast (PTF)‐like cells by downregulating the expression of α‐SMA (a special marker for CAFs) and inhibiting the secretion of pro‐carcinogenic cytokines, including transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP2), and stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1). We further demonstrated that the conditioned medium (CM) derived from CAFs promoted the proliferation of Cal27, and this effect was confirmed by the xenograft model. More importantly, we found that curcumin blocked the CAF‐mediated enhancement of Cal27 proliferation in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our data suggest that curcumin reverses cell phenotype from CAF to PTF‐like cells and suppresses the CAF‐mediated proliferation and tumorigenicity of Cal27 by inhibiting TSCC CAFs.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin: From mechanism to targeted anti‐toxin therapeutics
Authors: Krueger Eric , Brown Angela C.
Published: February 2020

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram‐negative bacterium associated with localized aggressive periodontitis, as well as other systemic diseases. This organism produces a number of virulence factors, all of which provide some advantage to the bacterium. Several studies have demonstrated that clinical isolates from diseased patients, particularly those of African descent, frequently belong to specific clones of A. actinomycetemcomitans that produce significantly higher amounts of a protein exotoxin belonging to the repeats‐in‐toxin (RTX) family, leukotoxin (LtxA), whereas isolates from healthy patients harbor minimally leukotoxic strains. This finding suggests that LtxA might play a key role in A. actinomycetemcomitans pathogenicity. Because of this correlation, much work over the past 30 years has been focused on understanding the mechanisms by which LtxA interacts with and kills host cells. In this article, we review those findings, highlight the remaining open questions, and demonstrate how knowledge of these mechanisms, particularly the toxin's interactions with lymphocyte function‐associated antigen‐1 (LFA‐1) and cholesterol, enables the design of targeted anti‐LtxA strategies to prevent/treat disease.
Adverse pregnancy outcomes and risk of later allergic rhinitis—Nationwide Swedish cohort study
Authors: Mitselou Niki , Hallberg Jenny , Stephansson Olof , Almqvist Catarina , Melén Erik , Ludvigsson Jonas F.
Published: February 2020

Background

Perinatal conditions may be associated with future allergic disease; however, data are conflicting and incomplete for childhood allergic rhinitis (AR). The aim of this study was to examine pregnancy outcome (cesarean delivery, preterm birth, low birthweight) and offspring AR as defined by national registers.

Methods

Nationwide longitudinal cohort study using prospectively recorded register data from 1 059 600 singleton livebirths born in Sweden in 2001‐2012. Cox regression adjusted for infant sex and maternal factors (age at delivery, country of birth, parity, smoking, body mass index, and asthma/pulmonary disease) estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for AR during childhood.

Results

During the study period 2001‐2013, 22 386 (2.11%) children were diagnosed with AR. AR was more common in infants born through cesarean delivery (2.34%) than in those born vaginally (2.10%) (HR = 1.12; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.08‐1.16). This was equivalent to one extra case of AR in 383 children followed up in our study. AR was also associated with moderately preterm birth (≥32‐36 weeks of gestation: HR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.04‐1.20), large for gestational age (HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.01‐1.10), and low (<7) 5‐minute Apgar score (HR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.02‐1.30). Similar risk estimates were obtained when we restricted the outcome to ≥2 hospital‐based records of AR. No association was observed between very preterm birth, post‐term birth, low birthweight, or small for gestational age and AR.

Conclusion

Our study indicates an association between pregnancy outcomes and childhood AR, although observed effect sizes were generally modest.
The evaluation of malignancies in Turkish primary immunodeficiency patients; a multicenter study
Authors: Cekic Sukru , Metin Ayse , Aytekin Caner , Edeer Karaca Neslihan , Baris Safa , Karali Yasin , Kiykim Ayca , Karakoc Aydıner Elif , Ozen Ahmet , Aslan Torehan , Sevinir Betul , Aksu Guzide , Kutukculer Necil , Kilic Sara Sebnem
Published: February 2020

Background

There are no data regarding the prevalence of malignancies in patients with primary immunodeficiency (PID) in Turkey. Along with the prevalence of malignancy, we aimed to present the types of malignancy and define the underlying immune deficiency of the patients.

Method

Between the years 1992 and 2018, from five tertiary immunology clinics, fifty‐nine patients with PID who developed malignancy were included. All patients were evaluated for demographics, clinical features, and prognosis.

Results

The prevalence of malignancy in our cohort was detected as 0.9% (59/6392). The male‐to‐female ratio was 1.8 (38/21), and the median age of patients was 14 years (range: 1.5‐51). The median age at diagnosis of malignancy was 10 years (range: 1.5‐51). Ataxia‐telangiectasia was the most frequent PID in patients with malignancy (n = 19, 32.2%), and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma was the most common malignancy (n = 32, 51.6%). The rate of malignancy in DOCK8 deficiency (n = 7/43, 16.3%) was higher than AT (n = 19/193, 9.8%), Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome (n = 2/22, 9.1%), and common variable immunodeficiency (n = 11/205, 5.4%). EBV quantitative PCR was positive in 16 out of 53 patients (30.2%). Three patients had secondary malignancies. Remission was achieved in 26 patients (44.1%). However, 31 patients (52.5%) died. Two patients (3.4%) are still on chemotherapy.

Conclusion

This study is the largest cohort investigating the association of malignancy in patients with PID in Turkey. While lymphoid malignancies were the most common malignancy and observed more frequently in AT patients, the risk for malignancy was higher in patients with DOCK8 deficiency compared to AT.
OsmiR167a‐targeted auxin response factors modulate tiller angle via fine‐tuning auxin distribution in rice
Authors: Li Yan , Li Jiali , Chen Zhihui , Wei Yi , Qi Yanhua , Wu Changyin
Published: February 2020

Rice tiller angle determines plant growth density and further contributes grain production. Although a few genes have been characterized to regulate tiller angle in rice, the molecular mechanism underlying the control of tiller angle via microRNA is poorly understood. Here, we report that rice tiller angle is controlled by OsmiR167a‐targeted auxin response factors OsARF12, OsARF17 and OsARF25. In the overexpression of OsMIR167a plants, the expression of OsARF12, OsARF17 and OsARF25 was severely repressed and displayed larger tiller angle as well as the osarf12/osarf17 and osarf12/ osarf25 plants. In addition, those plants showed compromised abnormal auxin distribution and less sensitive to gravity. We also demonstrate that OsARF12, OsARF17 and OsARF25 function redundantly and might be involved in HSFA2D and LAZY1‐dependent asymmetric auxin distribution pathway to control rice tiller angle. Our results reveal that OsmiR167a represses its targets, OsARF12, OsARF17 and OsARF25, to control rice tiller angle by fine‐tuning auxin asymmetric distribution in shoots.
Mechanisms regulating PIF transcription factor activity at the protein level
Authors: Favero David S.
Published: February 2020

Plant growth and development are precisely regulated by transcription factors (TFs) such as the PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs). PIFs regulate growth in response to various internal and external stimuli, and, accordingly, are regulated by a variety of different factors and mechanisms. Canonically, PIF activity is inhibited by light through the sequential phosphorylation, ubiquitination and degradation of these TFs in a manner dependent on their interaction with active phytochrome photoreceptors. However, work in more recent years has revealed that phytochromes also antagonize PIF activity by inhibiting their ability to bind DNA and, at least in the case of PIF7, by causing it to be retained in the cytoplasm. Recent work has also revealed specific kinases, phosphatases and E3 ubiquitin ligases which alter PIFs at the post‐translational level. In a few cases, these studies have gone as far as identifying potential kinases responsible for phosphorylating PIFs in response to light. Moreover, additional factors have been identified that positively or negatively affect PIF binding to DNA or bind directly to PIF‐DNA complexes and affect the transcriptional activation of target genes by these TFs. This review summarizes the variety of different mechanisms involved in PIF regulation and discusses some of the major unanswered questions in this area of research.
Rickettsiales‐like organisms in bivalves and marine gastropods: a review
Authors: Cruz‐Flores Roberto , Cáceres‐Martínez Jorge
Published: February 2020

Rickettsiales‐like organisms (RLOs) are intracellular bacteria that have been reported to be symbionts of over 60 species of bivalves and marine gastropod molluscs of aquaculture importance around the world. Morphologically, some of these prokaryotes are similar to bacteria from the order Rickettsiales, and in most cases, they form intracytoplasmic inclusions similar to those observed in bacteria of the family Anaplasmataceae. Genetically, only Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis (CXc), a parasite of several abalone species, has been classified as a member of the order Rickettsiales. The other two characterized RLOs are distantly related; one belongs to the same class (α‐proteobacteria), and the other belongs to the γ‐proteobacteria. Hyperparasitism of RLOs by bacteriophages has been reported in several species of mollusc and appears to have a negative effect on RLOs. The intracellular lifestyle of RLOs has been associated with cell alterations including hypertrophy and compression of the cytoplasmic organelles, and in most cases, no host reaction is observed by histology. In some cases, a high infection intensity of RLOs has been related to dysfunction of the affected organs that can result in disease, and in other cases, high burdens of RLOs have been associated with mortality, but most of these cases have yet to be confirmed. To date, only CXc has been confirmed as the aetiological agent of a chronic and potentially lethal disease of several abalone species known as withering syndrome. This disease is listed by the World Organization of Animal Health. With the ever‐increasing interest in preserving fisheries and expanding the aquaculture production of mollusc species, more efforts should be focused on the characterization and study of RLOs to elucidate the type of symbiosis they maintain with their host and determine when they are acting as true pathogens that should be subjected to control in aquaculture. This review provides an overview of the literature on RLOs that infect bivalves and gastropods of aquaculture importance, and we discuss the most important aspects of these unique prokaryotes.
Market structure and disempowering regulatory intermediaries: Insights from U.S. trade surveillance
Authors: Kellerman Miles
Published: February 2020

Public agencies outsource a wide variety of tasks to nonstate actors, or what can be referred to as regulatory intermediaries. In certain circumstances, these agencies may seek to disempower those regulatory intermediaries by reclaiming, duplicating, or transferring the outsourced task. When will these disempowerment attempts be successful? This article presents the Market Structure Hypothesis, which contends that the level of competition between regulatory intermediaries will, all things equal, determine whether disempowerment attempts succeed. To test this hypothesis, this article examines the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's attempts to acquire the independent capacity to conduct nationwide trade surveillance in the 1980s (Market Oversight Surveillance System) and 2010s (Consolidated Audit Trail). Evidence derives from archival materials, a Freedom of Information Act Request, and 60 interviews in Oxford, London, Toronto, New York City, and Washington, DC. The empirical results corroborate the hypothesis' expectations, contributing to our understanding of public‐private partnerships and shedding new empirical light on an understudied topic of securities regulation.
Relationship (in)security is central to the sources and outcomes of sexist attitudes
Authors: Hammond Matthew D. , Cross Emily J. , Overall Nickola C.
Published: February 2020

Ambivalent sexism theory recognizes that sexist attitudes maintain gender inequalities via sociocultural and close relationship processes. This review advances established work on sociocultural processes by showing how people's need for relationship security is also central to the sources and functions of sexism. Men's hostile sexism—overtly derogatory attitudes toward women—involves insecurities about women exploiting men's relational dependence. Accordingly, men's hostile sexism predicts relational aggression when their dependence on partners is risky. Men's benevolent sexism—patronizing and protective attitudes toward women—offers men relationship security by idealizing traditional gender roles in romantic relationships. Benevolent sexism also appeals to women who seek the security of a devoted partner, but requires women to invest in their relationship at the expense of their independence. Our relationship science perspective reveals that romantic (in)security is critical to why people adopt sexist attitudes and why sexist attitudes create differential costs and benefits for women and men.
Characterization of a novel variant allele, HLA‐A*11:155, identified in a Chinese Han individual
Authors: Yang Xiaoke , Zou Hong‐Yan , He Liu‐Mei
Published: February 2020

The novel HLA‐A*11:155 allele differs from the closest allele A*11:01:01:01 in exon 3.
The Working Hydraulics of Valve-Controlled Mobile Machines: Classification and Review
Authors: Padovani Damiano , Rundo Massimo , Altare Gabriele
Published: February 2020

Productivity, reliability, controllability, flexibility, and affordable costs represent key aspects in mobile machines. Additionally, due to the high fuel price and the introduction of stringent emission regulations for diesel engines, the reduction of fuel consumption while persevering the existing performance is the current demand. In order to satisfy and maximize the above requirements, different hydraulic system architectures have been developed during the last decades. Both academia and industry have been investing considerable resources delivering numerous outcomes that require a classification. This review paper closes this gap by analyzing and classifying the working hydraulics of nonhybrid, valve-controlled mobile machines starting from the 1980s to the state of the art. Hydraulic layouts are addressed and categorized by both discussing their fundamentals and evolutions, and by pointing out their pros and cons in a way to provide the readers with a comprehensive overview of the systems currently available on the market and at the research stage.
A Practical Approach for Designing Fault-Tolerant Position Controllers in Hydraulic Actuators: Methodology and Experimental Validation
Authors: Maddahi Ali , Sepehri Nariman , Kinsner Witold
Published: February 2020

Design of fault-tolerant controllers (FTC) for hydraulic actuators is one of the challenges in the area of fluid power systems. In real applications, it is not possible to model or measure some faults accurately. For example, an accurate model for the actuator internal leakage has not been well-established. To prevent the actuator malfunctioning due to the faults (e.g., the internal leakage), there is a need for designing a fault-tolerant control system. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to design an FTC for the hydraulic actuators using experimental data only. In the proposed design procedure, there is no need for either having a prior knowledge about the system and fault models or measuring and detecting the fault during the experiments. The methodology is based on introducing synthetic errors into the hydraulic actuator that is otherwise operating in the healthy mode. Synthetic errors are used to emulate the effect of the fault on the system response. The wavelet transform (WT) is utilized to quantify the effect of the synthetic errors on the error between the desired and actual displacement data. Results of the wavelet analysis are then employed for designing a fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller tolerant to the fault. The proposed approach is exemplified with the design of a controller tolerant to the internal leakage. Several experiments are conducted to verify the efficacy of the FOPID-based FTC. The experimental results prove that the proposed methodology works well for the hydraulic actuation system experiencing the internal leakage.
Influence of Tire Inflation Pressure on Vehicle Dynamics and Compensation Control on FWID Electric Vehicles
Authors: Wu Jianyang , Wang Zhenpo , Zhao Ze
Published: February 2020

This paper presents a comprehensive study revealing the influences of tire pressure variations and their distribution among four tires on vehicle dynamics performance and driver's steering workload for a four wheel independent drive electric vehicle (FWID EV). Then a direct yaw-moment control (DYC) strategy employing an unbiased adaptive model predictive control (MPC) algorithm is proposed to compensate for the influences. An unbiased estimation strategy is developed to update the time-variant prediction model for the adaptive MPC system. An extended magic formula (MF) tire model and a modified Unitire model involving tire inflation pressure are employed to describe the tire longitudinal and lateral forces, respectively. Various tire pressure variations are simulated in CarSim to exhibit the influences of tire inflation pressure, including all four tires at same and different pressures. The unbiased estimation results and compensation effects of the DYC strategy are also verified through simulations. A vehicle dynamics and lateral motion stability index, and driver's steering workload are proposed to quantify the influence of tire pressure variations and distributions. Analyses on the simulation results indicate that: pressure reduction on a front tire and rear tire induces a large steering angle and a large vehicle sideslip angle, respectively; all-tire inflation pressure decrease will increase driver's steering workload. The proposed DYC strategy can achieve satisfactory compensation effects through significantly decreasing the vehicle sideslip angle, steering wheel angle and reducing driver's steering workload by up to 90%.
Low-Temperature Bonding of Cu Through Self-Propagating Reaction Under Various Temperatures and Pressures
Authors: Zhu Wenbo , Wang Xiaoting , Li Mingyu
Published: February 2020

Low temperature soldering has been realized to create a strong metallurgical interconnection between Cu using the self-propagating exothermic reaction by Al–Ni NanoFoil. This technique presents a great potential for electronics integration with a significantly reduced processing temperature (at least 150 °C lower than traditional techniques) and minimal thermal effects to the components. In this study, finite element analysis was performed to predict the temperature profiles across bonding interfaces, which were subsequently correlated with the formation and quality of the bonded structures. It has been revealed that, for nonequilibrium nanosized phases and defects, their formation and distribution were primarily attributed to the solid–liquid interdiffusion and rapid solidification, under the highly transient regime due to a drastic heating/cooling (105–107  °C/s). The preheating and pressure applied to the bonding structure were clearly beneficial to improve the quality of bonding. This was achieved by the thinned solder thickness and the correspondingly improved temperature profiles that enable a sufficient wetting, filling, and interfacial reactions. Through the comparative analysis of the numerical predictions and the experimental results, the solder layers must completely melt across their thickness and have a total heat over 30 K ms on the Cu to ensure robust interconnections with a shear strength of approximately 37 ± 3 MPa and dense continuous bonding interfaces.
Refinement of the Generalized Graetz Problem Correlation With New Benchmark Calculations
Authors: Bennett T. D.
Published: February 2020

A recently proposed generalized correlation for the Graetz problem in heat transfer has two fitted constants that can be related back to two fundamental constants of fully developed transport. A new set of benchmark solutions for convection in annular tubes is used to assess the best linear relationship between fitted and fundamental constants used in this correlation for conditions spanning from circular tubes to parallel plate ducts. This work also improves the Lévêque limit of the general correlation by considering peripheral variation in flow friction. The refined Graetz problem correlation for fully developed flow is able to predict exact thermal entry region solutions to within ±1.2% for all annular tube geometries having either constant temperature (T) or constant heat flux (H1) wall condition.
Ex Vivo and In Vivo Imaging Study of Ultrasound Capsule Endoscopy
Authors: Lee John H. , Traverso Giovanni , Ibarra-Zarate David , Boning Duane S. , Anthony Brian W.
Published: February 2020

Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) has revolutionized the capacity for evaluation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but its evaluation is limited to the mucosal surface. To overcome this, ultrasound capsule endoscopy (UCE) that can evaluate the deeper structures beyond the mucosal surface has been proposed and several studies focusing on technology development have demonstrated promising results. However, investigations of the potential for clinical utility of this technology are lacking. This work had two main goals: perform ex vivo and in vivo imaging studies in a swine model to (1) evaluate if acoustic coupling between a capsule with a specific size and GI tract can be achieved only through peristalsis autonomously without any human control and (2) identify key issues and challenges to help guide further research. The images acquired in these studies were able to visualize the wall of the GI tract as well as the structures within demonstrating that achieving adequate acoustic coupling through peristalsis is possible. Critical challenges were identified including level of visualization and area of coverage; these require further in-depth investigation before potential clinical utility of UCE technology can be concluded.
Determination of βeff for ININ's TRIGA Reactor
Authors: Galicia-Aragón J. , Raya-Arredondo R. , Cruz-Galindo H. S.
Published: February 2020

The value of βeff for Training Research Isotopes of General Atomics (TRIGA) Mark III reactor, belonging to the National Institute of Nuclear Researches (ININ), is reported. The TRIGA Mark III reactor core was simulated with MCNP6 to deduce the effective multiplication factor (keff) for critical state and after a small insertion of positive reactivity (∼0.20 $). To perform more realistic simulations, we had to incorporate in the composition of the low-enrichment uranium (LEU) fuel element the produced poisons in a time period of six years, considering the operation time in days, during which the reactor was operating at maximum power (1 MWth). The calculation of the βeff value was obtained with the keff results, calculated with the code, and the reactor periods measured experimentally. We also obtained directly the βeff value, through the card of MCNP6 to calculate keff (KOPTS) card of the MCNP6 code in order to compare both values.
Xenon Behavior in Molten Salt Reactor Graphite
Authors: Price Terry J. , Chvala Ondrej , Taylor Zack
Published: February 2020

This article discusses the aspects of 135Xe behavior in molten salt reactor (MSR) graphite. Models of MSR graphite are described. The related mass transfer and mass diffusion coefficients are described and means by which they can be calculated are detailed. Xenon reactivity effects are explored. A method is presented to model the internal xenon distribution within the graphite stringers.
Finite Element Analysis Model and Residual Stress Optimization in Rotor Welding Process
Authors: Liu Zhufeng , Xie Yonghui , Dang Hao
Published: February 2020

In this paper, the finite element method (FEM) is conducted for thermal and mechanical analysis of a half 2D axisymmetric welded rotor model. The temperature results after welding are obtained and supported by the experiment results. Furthermore, the thermal strain and residual stress of the weld are analyzed in detail by considering solid-state phase transformation (SSPT). Besides, parametric optimization method is adopted to optimize the region of large stress distribution. By choosing the weld pass number as the optimized parameter, the area decreases by 5.4% when the optimal pass number is 18. The axial and hoop stress distributions are obtained at the inner and outer surfaces near the weld for the better stress distribution.
Bolt Strength in Sectional Body Construction of Valves
Authors: Shitolé Bhaskar
Published: February 2020

ASME B16.34-2017 Section 6.4.2 provides requirements for valves with bolted body joints and threaded body joints. The section states that valves with bodies of sectional construction such that bolted or threaded body joints are subject to piping mechanical loads in addition to the pressure rating for which the valve is designed, shall satisfy the following requirements. For bolted joints, the requirement is a simple formula where the product of pressure rating class designation and ratio of area bounded by the effective outside periphery of a gasket or O-ring or other seal-effective periphery and total effective bolt tensile stress area are less than a certain constant. For bolts of strength less than 137.9 MPa, the value of constant reduces as a multiple of 50.76 times the bolt tensile strength in MPa required or provided in a sectional construction. Section 6.4.3 cautions that the minimum requirements of ASME B16.34 may fall short in scenarios due to valve design, special gaskets, high temperature service, creep characteristics, etc. This paper reviews and studies this ASME B16.34 requirement, which was triggered by failure of a valve with section body construction in the field. Traditionally, valves have been considered as rigid bodies when analyzing a piping system for stresses, support loads, terminal point loads, and deflections. The rigid modeling assumes that the strength of the valve is much higher than an equivalent straight length of pipe. Some computer programs have a provision that permits modeling the valve as a multiple like three- or four-times pipe section modulus. This paper compares the strength of piping and valves based on inherent valve body thickness, body sectional bolting provided, and strength of the equivalent piping flanges. The paper provides conclusions for the user to be aware of so that pre-emptive actions can be taken when using valves with sectional body construction.
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of the Effects of Ligaments on Human Sacroiliac Joint and Pelvis in Two Different Positions
Authors: Yang Jiajing , Zhao Gaiping , Xu Haifei , Wang Fei
Published: February 2020

To present the ligament effects on sacroiliac joint (SIJ) stability and human pelvis biomechanical characteristics in two different positions by using three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) models of pelvis. Based on the computed tomography (CT) data of human pelvis, three-dimensional FE models of human pelvis in sitting and standing positions were established, which include the bone (sacrum, ilium, and coccyx) and six ligaments (sacroiliac, sacrospinous, sacrotuberous, inguinal, superior pubic, and arcuate pubic ligaments). 600 N vertical load was applied at the upper surface of sacrum to analyze the stress and displacement distribution of pelvis and SIJ. The simulation results demonstrated that the maximum stresses of sacrum and ilium on SIJ contact surface were 5.63 MPa and 7.40 MPa in standing position and 7.44 MPa and 7.95 MPa in sitting position. The stresses of ligament dysfunction group were higher than that of health group, which increased by 22.6% and 35.7% in standing position and 25.2% and 43.6% in sitting position in sacrum and ilium. The maximum displacements located on the upper surface of sacrum, which were 0.13 mm and 1.04 mm in standing and sitting positions. Ligaments dysfunction group increased 30.7% and 9.6% than health group in standing and sitting positions. The integral displacement of pelvis was greater in sitting position. The location of stress concentration and displacement distribution of pelvic bone are closely resembled previous research results in two different positions. The simulation results may provide beneficial information and theoretical models for clinical research of pelvic fracture, joint movement, and ligament functional injuries, and so on.
Alterations in the Geometry, Fiber Orientation, and Mechanical Behavior of the Lumbar Intervertebral Disc by Nucleus Swelling
Authors: Zhou Chaochao , Willing Ryan
Published: February 2020

Soft tissues observed in clinical medical images are often prestrained in tension by internal pressure or tissue hydration. For a native disc, nucleus swelling occurs in equilibrium with osmotic pressure induced by the high concentration of proteoglycan in the nucleus. The objective of this computational study was to investigate the effects of nucleus swelling on disc geometry, fiber orientation, and mechanical behavior by comparing those of prestrained and zero-pressure (unswelled) discs. Thermoelastic analysis techniques were repurposed in order to determine the zero-pressure disc geometry which, when pressurized, matches the prestrained disc geometry observed in clinical images. The zero-pressure geometry was then used in simulations to approximately represent a degenerated disc, which loses the ability of nucleus swelling but has not undergone distinct soft tissue remodeling/disruption. Our simulation results demonstrated that the loss of nucleus swelling caused a slight change in the disc geometry and fiber orientation, but a distinct deterioration in the resistance to intervertebral rotations including sagittal bending, lateral bending, and axial torsion. Different from rotational loading, in compression (with a displacement of 0.45 mm applied), a much larger stiffness (3.02 KN/mm) and a greater intradiscal pressure (IDP) (0.61 MPa) were measured in the zero-pressure disc, compared to the prestrained disc (1.41 KN/mm and 0.52 MPa). This computational study could be useful to understand mechanisms of disc degeneration, and guide the future design of disc tissue engineering material and biomimic disc implants.
The Effect of the Joint Capsule and Anterior Oblique Ligament on Dorsal Subluxation of the First Metacarpal During Key Pinch
Authors: Norton Nolan M. , Barnds Brandon , McIff Terence E. , Bruce Toby E. , Fischer Kenneth J.
Published: February 2020

Laxity of the anterior oblique ligament (AOL) and/or the dorsoradial ligament (DRL) are believed to contribute to the progression of osteoarthritis in the trapeziometacarpal joint through increased dorsal subluxation. Stress radiographs during functional tasks, such as key pinch, can be used to evaluate such joint instability. Cadaveric experiments can explore joint contact pressures as well as subluxation under varying conditions, to gain knowledge about joint mechanics. The disturbance of supporting tissues, such as the joint capsule, during experiments may affect the recorded stability of the joint. To evaluate potential effects of opening the joint capsule and severing the AOL, eleven cadaveric specimens were rigged to simulate key pinch. An anteroposterior (AP) radiograph of the hand was recorded for each specimen while intact, after partially opening the joint capsule and after sectioning the AOL. First metacarpal subluxation levels were compared between the intact joint, partially open joint capsule, and sectioned AOL. Neither opening the joint capsule nor cutting the AOL had a statistically significant effect on metacarpal subluxation. The results indicate that partially opening the joint capsule has a negligible effect on joint mechanics and support recent studies that postulate that the AOL plays a less substantial role in preventing subluxation.
Low-frequency lattice phonons in halide perovskites explain high defect tolerance toward electron-hole recombination
Authors: Chu Weibin , Zheng Qijing , Prezhdo Oleg V. , Zhao Jin , Saidi Wissam A.
Published: February 2020

Low-frequency lattice phonons make halide perovskites defect tolerant.
The emergence of small-scale self-affine surface roughness from deformation
Authors: Hinkle Adam R. , Nöhring Wolfram G. , Leute Richard , Junge Till , Pastewka Lars
Published: February 2020

When solids are deformed plastically, they develop surface roughness because plastic flow is not laminar at small scales.
Evolution of brain lateralization: A shared hominid pattern of endocranial asymmetry is much more variable in humans than in great apes
Authors: Neubauer Simon , Gunz Philipp , Scott Nadia A. , Hublin Jean-Jacques , Mitteroecker Philipp
Published: February 2020

Our analysis of endocranial imprints of apes and humans sheds new light on human brain asymmetry.
Programmable droplet manipulation by a magnetic-actuated robot
Authors: Li An , Li Huizeng , Li Zheng , Zhao Zhipeng , Li Kaixuan , Li Mingzhu , Song Yanlin
Published: February 2020

We demonstrate a magnetic-actuated robot with adjustable structure to operate fluids for transport, split, release, and rotation.
Uniform hierarchical MFI nanosheets prepared via anisotropic etching for solution-based sub–100-nm-thick oriented MFI layer fabrication
Authors: Liu Yi , Qiang Weili , Ji Taotao , Zhang Mu , Li Mingrun , Lu Jinming , Liu Yi
Published: February 2020

Uniform high–aspect ratio hierarchical MFI nanosheets were prepared via facile anisotropic etching of coffin-shaped MFI crystals.
Widely tunable mid-infrared light emission in thin-film black phosphorus
Authors: Chen Chen , Lu Xiaobo , Deng Bingchen , Chen Xiaolong , Guo Qiushi , Li Cheng , Ma Chao , Yuan Shaofan , Sung Eric , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Yang Li , Xia Fengnian
Published: February 2020

We report widely tunable mid-IR photoluminescence from 3.7 to 7.7 μm by an external electric field in thin-film black phosphorus.
Thermoelectric properties of a semicrystalline polymer doped beyond the insulator-to-metal transition by electrolyte gating
Authors: Tanaka Hisaaki , Kanahashi Kaito , Takekoshi Naoya , Mada Hiroaki , Ito Hiroshi , Shimoi Yukihiro , Ohta Hiromichi , Takenobu Taishi
Published: February 2020

We have clarified a physical guideline for controlling thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers by continuous doping.
The limits of human predictions of recidivism
Authors: Lin Zhiyuan “Jerry” , Jung Jongbin , Goel Sharad , Skeem Jennifer
Published: February 2020

Statistical algorithms can outperform human predictions of recidivism.
A helical inner scaffold provides a structural basis for centriole cohesion
Authors: Le Guennec Maeva , Klena Nikolai , Gambarotto Davide , Laporte Marine H. , Tassin Anne-Marie , van den Hoek Hugo , Erdmann Philipp S. , Schaffer Miroslava , Kovacik Lubomir , Borgers Susanne , Goldie Kenneth N. , Stahlberg Henning , Bornens Michel , Azimzadeh Juliette , Engel Benjamin D. , Hamel Virginie , Guichard Paul
Published: February 2020

The centriole has a helical inner scaffold that imparts microtubule triplet cohesion and centriole geometry.
Increased islet antigen–specific regulatory and effector CD4
+
T cells in healthy individuals with the type 1 diabetes–protective haplotype
Authors: Wen Xiaomin , Yang Junbao , James Eddie , Chow I-Ting , Reijonen Helena , Kwok William W.
Published: February 2020

The
DR1501-DQ6
haplotype confers protection against type 1 diabetes through islet-specific T
regs
and IL-10–producing T
effs
.
Limits on Kaluza–Klein dark matter annihilation in the Sun from recent IceCube results
Authors: Colom i Bernadich M. , Pérez de los Heros C.
Published: February 2020

We interpret recent IceCube results on searches for dark matter accumulated in the Sun in terms of the lightest Kaluza–Klein excitation (assumed here to be the Kaluza–Klein photon, $$B^1$$B1), obtaining improved limits on the annihilation rate in the Sun, the resulting neutrino flux at the Earth and on the $$B^1$$B1-proton cross-sections, for $$B^1$$B1 masses in the range 30–3000 GeV. These results improve previous results from IceCube in its 22-string configuration by up to an order of magnitude, depending on mass, but also extend the results to $$B^1$$B1 masses as low as 30 GeV.
Prospects for Lorentz invariance violation searches with top pair production at the LHC and future hadron colliders
Authors: Carle Aurélien , Chanon Nicolas , Perriès Stéphane
Published: February 2020

This paper investigates the impact of hypothetical Lorentz invariance violation on the $$t\bar{t}$$tt¯ production at the LHC and future hadron colliders. Possible deviations from Lorentz symmetry remain poorly constrained in the top quark sector. With a dedicated analysis of $$t\bar{t}$$tt¯ events produced at the LHC, bounds in the top sector can be improved by up to three orders of magnitude relative to the only measurement existing so far, performed at Tevatron. The sensitivity will be even further enhanced at the HL-LHC and future colliders.
Quantum entanglement of nontrivial spacetime topology
Authors: Huang Zhiming
Published: February 2020

We analyze the entanglement behaviors for two accelerating atoms interacting with a massless scalar field in the cosmic string spacetime. We calculate different correlation functions for different spacetime topologies. We find that entanglement behaviors are determined by the vacuum fluctuation, two-atom distance, acceleration and nontrivial spacetime topology. It is shown that great two-atom distance and acceleration have negative effect on quantum entanglement. The existence of string has profound impact on the atom-field interaction system and the entanglement behaviors. When deficit angle parameter $$\nu =1$$ν=1 and atoms are far away from the string, the entanglement behaviors are the same with that of Minkowski spacetime. Our analysis about entanglement behaviors in cosmic string spacetime in principle is beneficial to sense the cosmic string spacetime topology structure and property, and discriminate the cosmic string spacetime and Minkowski spacetime. Besides, we also discuss the Unruh thermal effect in the cosmic string spacetime.
Do solar system experiments constrain scalar–tensor gravity?
Authors: Faraoni Valerio , Côté Jeremy , Giusti Andrea
Published: February 2020

It is now established that, contrary to common belief, (electro-)vacuum Brans–Dicke gravity does not reduce to general relativity (GR) for large values of the Brans–Dicke coupling $$\omega $$ω. Since the essence of experimental tests of scalar–tensor gravity consists of providing lower bounds on $$\omega $$ω, in light of the misguided assumption of the equivalence between the limit $$\omega \rightarrow \infty $$ω→∞ and the GR limit of Brans–Dicke gravity, the parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism on which these tests are based could be in jeopardy. We show that, in the linearized approximation used by the PPN formalism, the anomaly in the limit to general relativity disappears. However, it survives to second (and higher) order and in strong gravity. In other words, while the weak gravity regime cannot tell apart GR and $$\omega \rightarrow \infty $$ω→∞ Brans–Dicke gravity, when higher order terms in the PPN analysis of Brans–Dicke gravity are included, the latter never reduces to the one of GR in this limit. This fact is relevant for experiments aiming to test second order light deflection and Shapiro time delay.
Reproductive Strategy of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepede, 1803) in a Natural Environment in the Nkam River, Littoral Cameroon
Authors: Tiogué Claudine Tekounegning , Zebaze Boddis Tsiguia , Zango Paul , Tomedi-Tabi Minette Eyango
Published: February 2020

A study on the reproductive strategy of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus was conducted from October 2015 to August 2016, in the Nkam River in Yabassi, Littoral Region of Cameroon. For this purpose, 154 specimens of C. nigrodigitatus with total mean weight of 829.96 ± 829.58 g and total mean length of 367 ± 156 mm collected from artisanal fishermen were used. Twenty-nine (29) females at stage V of sexual maturity were selected for the evaluation of the fecundity. It appears that the oogenesis in C. nigrodigitatus is of an asynchronous type with multiple laying spread over a long period. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) peaks in June (17.9 ± 7.1 for females and 1.06 ± 0.27 for males). Hepatosomatic index (HSI) was higher in females than in males throughout the year. The mean condition factor K was 1.07 ± 0.09%. The breeding season occurred from April to October during the rainy season. Gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indices were positively correlated with rainfall, contrary to the K factor, which has been strongly and negatively correlated with this physical parameter. The sex ratio of 1M: 1.5F was in favour of females, thus reflecting an “r” type reproductive strategy. Absolute fecundity was estimated at 1374 ± 1022 oocytes for individuals of 107.3 ± 111.9 g mean weight. Mean relative fecundity was 14 ± 3 oocytes/g of body weight. It was recommended that future work focuses on the captivity of this species.
Acemannan Induced Bone Regeneration in Lateral Sinus Augmentation Based on Cone Beam Computed Tomographic and Histopathological Evaluation
Authors: Trinh Hai Anh , Dam Van Viet , Banlunara Wijit , Sangvanich Polkit , Thunyakitpisal Pasutha
Published: February 2020

Acemannan, the major polysaccharide extracted from Aloe vera, is biomaterial that has demonstrated osteoinductive effectsin vitroandin vivo.However, the effect of acemannan sponges on bone formation in open-type sinus augmentation has not evaluated. Here, we report a case study using radiographic and histological analyses to investigate the effect of acemannan on bone formation after lateral sinus lift surgery. The case was a 57-year-old female patient with an atrophic left posterior maxilla who underwent lateral sinus lift using an acemannan sponge using the two-stage procedure. In the first stage, an acemannan sponge was inserted through the bony window and placed between the antral floor and the elevated sinus membrane. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were taken immediately as baseline and 6-month postoperation for evaluation. A bone core specimen was also obtained for histological examination at the time of implant placement. The histological results revealed new bone formation, and the CBCT images demonstrated increased alveolar bone height at 6-month postoperation. Our findings suggest that an acemannan sponge could be a biomaterial for inducing bone formation in sinus lift surgery.