bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Late onset of the Holocene rainfall maximum in northeastern China inferred from a pollen record from the sediments of Tianchi Crater Lake
Authors: Liu Xiaoyan , Zhan Tao , Zhou Xinying , Wu Haibin , Li Qin , Zhao Chao , Qiao Yansong , Jiang Shiwei , Tu Luyao , Ma Yongfa , Zhang Jun , Jiang Xia , Lou Benjun , Zhang Xiaolin , Zhou Xin
Published: March 2019

The timing of the Holocene summer monsoon maximum (HSMM) in northeastern China has been much debated and more quantitative precipitation records are needed to resolve the issue. In the present study, Holocene precipitation and temperature changes were quantitatively reconstructed from a pollen record from the sediments of Tianchi Crater Lake in northeastern China using a plant functional type-modern analogue technique (PFT-MAT). The reconstructed precipitation record indicates a gradual increase during the early to mid-Holocene and a HSMM at ~5500–3100 cal yr BP, while the temperature record exhibits a divergent pattern with a marked rise in the early Holocene and a decline thereafter. The trend of reconstructed precipitation is consistent with that from other pollen records in northeastern China, confirming the relatively late occurrence of the HSMM in the region. However, differences in the onset of the HSMM within northeastern China are also evident. No single factor appears to be responsible for the late occurrence of the HSMM in northeastern China, pointing to a potentially complex forcing mechanism of regional rainfall in the East Asian monsoon region. We suggest that further studies are needed to understand the spatiotemporal pattern of the HSMM in the region.
Time-like detonation in presence of magnetic field
Authors: Singh Shailendra , Mallick Ritam
Published: March 2019

We study the effect of magnetic field in an implosion process achieved by radiation. A time-varying sinusoidal magnetic field is seen to affect the continuous transition of space-like detonation to time-like detonation at the core of implosion region. The oscillating varying magnetic field has a significant effect in increasing the volume of the time-like detonation of the core of implosion and also modifies the time of the implosion process. This transition can have significant outcome both theoretically and experimentally in the areas of high-energy hadronization of quark–gluon plasma matter and inertial confinement fusion efforts of fuels.
Emission of noble gases and their mixtures with lithium excited by the products of the 6Li(n,α)3H nuclear reaction
Authors: Gordienko Yu. N. , Khasenov M. U. , Batyrbekov E. G. , Samarkhanov K. K. , Ponkratov Yu. V. , Amrenov A. K.
Published: March 2019

Research results of luminescence spectra of noble gases and Ar–Xe, Ar–Kr, and Kr–Xe mixtures under the excitation by products of nuclear reaction in the core of a stationary nuclear reactor with 0.87 × 1014 n/cm2s thermal neutron flux are described in the article. The emission spectra of noble gases are similar to the obtained spectrum under the excitation by the 40Ar+7 ion beam from the DC-60 accelerator. Bands in spectra of the binary mixtures of noble gases are connected with the radiation on heteronuclear ion molecule transitions. The appearance of the lines of alkali metal atoms at the temperature increase of gas chamber is explained by sputtering of the lithium layer via nuclear reaction products as well as ionized and excited particles of the buffer gas.
IDENTIFICATION AND ESTIMATION IN A THIRD-PRICE AUCTION MODEL
Authors: Enache Andreea , Florens Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2019

The first novelty of this paper is that we show global identification of the private values distribution in a sealed-bid third-price auction model using a fully nonparametric methodology. The second novelty of the paper comes from the study of the identification and estimation of the model using a quantile approach. We consider an i.i.d. private values environment with risk-averse bidders. In the first place, we consider the case where the risk-aversion parameter is known. We show that the speed of convergence in process of our nonparametric estimator produces at the root-n parametric rate, and we explain the intuition behind this apparently surprising result. Next, we consider that the risk-aversion parameter is unknown, and we locally identify it using exogenous variation in the number of participants. We extend our procedure to the case where we observe only the bids corresponding to the transaction prices, and we generalize the model so as to account for the presence of exogenous variables. The methodological toolbox used to analyse identification of the third-price auction model can be employed in the study of other games of incomplete information. Our results are interesting, also from a policy perspective, as some authors recommend the use of the third-price auction format for certain Internet auctions. Moreover, we contribute to the econometric literature on auctions using a quantile approach.
An origami of genus 3 with arithmetic Kontsevich–Zorich monodromy
Authors: HUBERT PASCAL , SANTOS CARLOS MATHEUS
Published: March 2019

In this we exploit the arithmeticity criterion of Oh and Benoist–Miquel to exhibit an origami in the principal stratum of the moduli space of translation surfaces of genus three whose Kontsevich–Zorich monodromy is not thin in the sense of Sarnak.
The EU Copyright Directive as Compared to US Copyright Law and its Implication for Libraries
Authors: Marandola Marco
Published: March 2019

This article aims at analyzing the relations and differences between the United States of America Copyright Law and the European Union Directive 2001/29/CE and how they affect the management of protected work in the libraries.
Legal Information on the Web: the Case of Italy
Authors: Peruginelli Ginevra
Published: March 2019

Accessing legal information is a primary requirement for a variety of communities: ordinary citizens, scholars, and professionals. The dissemination of legal information contributes to the rule of law and to the overall ideals of democracy in a number of ways. Many are the benefits of accessing legal information, such as the awareness of the applicable rule of law, the creation of conditions necessary to the equality and fairness of a legal system, while improving the functioning of democratic institutions, the development and improvement of social and economic conditions.
Reaping the Digital Dividend: Is it Time to Take the Great Leap?
Authors: Pengelley Nicholas
Published: March 2019

Five years ago I wrote about some of the key issues and problems that confronted academic law libraries, and speculated about what the future might hold. I discussed trends in legal education and developments in legal research instruction; the changing physical environment of the library, including an idea that was once anathema, the growing move to allow patrons to eat and drink in the library. Time has passed all too quickly and there have been many momentous changes in the world, including the trauma of September 11, 2001, and the protracted war in Iraq.
A King Who Devours His People+: Jiang Zemin and the Falun Gong Crackdown: A Bibliography
Authors: Greenlee Michael J.
Published: March 2019

In July 1999, the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) began an official crackdown against the qigong cultivation group known as Falun Gong. Intended to quickly contain and eliminate what the PRC considers an evil or heretical cult (xiejiao), the suppression has instead created the longest sustained and, since the Tiananmen Square protests of June 1989, most widely known human rights protest conducted in the PRC. The Falun Gong has received worldwide recognition and support while the crackdown continues to provoke harsh criticism against the PRC as new allegations of human rights violations arise.
The Indian Legal System
Authors: Srikrishna B.N.
Published: March 2019

The legal system in India follows the common law model prevalent in the countries which were at one time under British Rule or were part of the British Commonwealth. The jurisprudence followed in India is almost the same as the one prevalent in England, though it has been cross-fertilized by typical Indian values.
Constitutional and Administrative Law in India*
Authors: Chandrachud D. Y.
Published: March 2019

The Indian constitution contains in Part III, a Chapter on fundamental rights. The fundamental rights cover a broad spectrum, including

•

the right to life and personal liberty;

•

the right to equality and equal protection;

•

freedom of conscience;

•

the right to profess, practice and propagate religion;

•

freedom of association and assembly,

•

free movement within the territory of India, and

•

freedom to practice a profession, trade or business.

The fundamental rights are not absolute because the freedoms that are recognized by Article 19 are subject to reasonable restrictions in a variety of contexts.
Postcolonial International Law Discourses on Regional Developments in South and Southeast Asia
Authors: Desierto Diane A.
Published: March 2019

The development of international law in South and Southeast Asia exemplifies myriad ideological strands, historical origins, and significant contributions to contemporary international law doctrines’ formative and codification processes. From the beginnings of South and Southeast Asian participation in the international legal order, international law discourse from these regions has been thematicallypostcolonialand substantivelydevelopment-oriented.Postcolonialism in South and Southeast Asian conceptions of international law is an ongoing dialectical project of revisioning international legal thought and its normative directions — towards identifying, collocating, and applying South and Southeast Asian values and philosophical traditions alongside the Euro-American ideologies that, since the classical Post-Westphalian era, have largely infused the content of positivist international law. Of increasing necessity to the intricacies of the postmodern international legal system and its institutions is how the postcolonial project of South and Southeast Asian international legal discourse focuses on areas of international law that create the most urgent development consequences: trade, investment, and the international economic order; the law of the sea and the environment; international humanitarian law, self-determination, socio-economic and cultural human rights.
Researching Swedish Intellectual Property Law
Authors: Thorpe Suzanne
Published: March 2019

This article is intended to be a guide for researchers who seek information in English about Swedish intellectual property law. It should be stated at the outset that it is not possible to thoroughly research Swedish law by only consulting works published in English. Considerable information exists in English, but it is selective in coverage and often does not reflect recent developments. Despite these limitations, the English language sources discussed in this guide will provide a useful foundation from which to consult experts in the field.
Opening Remarks
Authors: Barratt Amanda
Published: March 2019

The University of Cape Town is delighted to host the 2003 IALL Meeting. We have put together a program, which we hope, you will find moving, interesting and thought-provoking, and we hope that you will enjoy your visit to our beautiful city. Librarians from more than 20 countries on five continents have gathered here for a few days, giving us a wonderfully enriching opportunity to learn from each other and to share our wide diversity of experience. We are especially happy to welcome so many African delegates, and pleased that the African venue has enabled the participation of law librarians who struggle to fund trips further abroad.
Chancellor College Law Library in Malawi
Authors: Chiwaya Matthias
Published: March 2019

The Center, now known as the Mcnight Legal Resource Centre, was established at the University of Malawi and designed to provide information support for the efficient and effective performance of the law faculty and staff, students and researchers and institutions and organizations associated with the University, including related government departments and research centers.
New Rights - New Laws: Legal Information in a Changing World Wide Web
Authors: Louis-Jacques Lyonette
Published: March 2019

When the organizers of the IALL Course on International Law Librarianship asked me to speak on resources on the World Wide Web related to the theme of the Course, “New Rights – New Laws: Legal Information in a Changing World,” I spent some time thinking about the theme. What do we mean by “new rights – new laws?” Do we really mean “changing rights, changing laws?” And what do we mean by a “changing world?” Are we talking about societies in the process of transition or that have undergone transition? Are we really talking about post-Communist Eastern Europe? Post-apartheid South Africa? The U.S. after September 11 – post-attack America? Post-conflict Iraq? The mega-changes in these societies can present threats to human dignity and rights. Times of upheaval, conflict, and political instability endanger basic human rights such as the rights to freedom of opinion, freedom of religion, freedom of movement, and freedom from arbitrary detention.
Séjour at the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law
Authors: Alford Duncan
Published: March 2019

A colleague told me about the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law when I first became a law librarian. I was researching European Union law and collecting French law and she mentioned that the Swiss Institute offered fellowships to researchers interested in comparative law.
Prompt Release of Detained Foreign Vessels and Crews in Matters of Marine Environment Protection
Authors: Lindpere Heiki
Published: March 2019

Article 292 of the United Nations 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea (Convention) reads:

1. Where the authorities of a state party have detained a vessel flying the flag of another state party and it is alleged that the detaining state has not complied with the provisions of this Convention for the prompt release of the vessel or its crew upon posting of a reasonable bond or other financial security, the question of release from detention may be submitted to any court or tribunal agreed upon by the parties or, failing such agreement within 10 days from the time of detention, to a court or tribunal accepted by the detaining state under article 287 or to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, unless the parties otherwise agree.

2. The application for release may be made only by or on behalf of the flag state of the vessel.

3. The court or tribunal shall deal without delay with the application for release and shall deal only with the question of release, without prejudice to the merits of any case before the appropriate domestic forum against the vessel, its owner or its crew. The authorities of the detaining state remain competent to release the vessel or its crew at any time.

4. Upon the posting of the bond or other financial security determined by the court or tribunal, the authorities of the detaining state shall comply promptly with the decision of the court or tribunal concerning the release of the vessel or its crew.
The Acquisition of Primary Legal Materials from the English-speaking Caribbean
Authors: Moss Alan
Published: March 2019

In this presentation I shall be making reference particularly to the islands of the Eastern Caribbean, which are the jurisdictions I visit on a regular basis. I shall exclude Belize, which in the bookselling world we consider to be the province of Central American dealers, and also Guyana, for which no-one, I am afraid, seems to want to take responsibility. It's a difficult place to reach, and there's little to buy when you finally get there.
Teaching Foreign and International Legal Research at Wuhan University (Wuda) Law School*
Authors: Sturgeon Roy L.
Published: March 2019

Since 2000, the Overseas Young Chinese Forum (OYCF) has awarded fellowships to American scholars, professionals, and doctoral students to teach short courses (three to eight weeks) in various fields, including law, at mainland Chinese universities. The award amounts range from $2,000 to $2,250 each and are meant to help pay travel, housing, and food costs. Fourteen awards were announced in mid-September 2008 for the 2008–09 academic year. I was lucky enough to win one: specifically, an OYCF-Gregory C. and Paula K. Chow Fellowship. I was to teach a seven-week, one-credit, upper-level elective course I proposed at Touro in spring 2007 and taught there in spring 2008 and 2009. From mid-May to early June 2009 I would be teaching foreign and international legal research at Wuhan University (Wuda) in central China.
Implementing Legal Information Literacy: A Challenge for the Curriculum
Authors: Beljaars Ben
Published: March 2019

Dutch law faculties usually change their curriculum due to pressure from external factors, such as inspection reports, accreditation procedures or educational innovations dictated by general university policy. Course subjects are changed each semester or academic year to bring them more into line with each other. Sometimes there are substantive reasons for change, such as the imposition of an international perspective. Courses are seldom altered in response to internal curricular pressure, as this leads to tension in personal relationships.
General Outlook on Turkish Librarianship: UNAK-Turkish Platform of Law Librarians
Authors: Çukadar Sami , Kahvecioğlu Kerem
Published: March 2019

This paper aims to give an overview of education of librarians, professional associations, publications and the types of libraries in Turkey. In addition, the activities of the Turkish Platform of Law Librarians and law librarianship in Turkey are presented.
Accessing Legal Information in Turkey
Authors: Bezirci Pervin Dedeler
Published: March 2019

Currently, in the field of law as well as in other fields, societal developments, global interaction, and the increasing importance of technology in acquiring information resources have led to a rapid growth in the number of information sources. Furthermore, this growth has resulted in greater access to various sources. The great majority of the users of law-related information are legal academicians, law students, practicing lawyers, judges, and law consultants.
Management of Ethno-Cultural Diversity in Turkey: Europeanization of Domestic Politics and New Challenges
Authors: Kaya Ayhan
Published: March 2019

Turkey has gone through an enormous process of change in the last decade, especially regarding the political recognition of ethno-cultural and religiously diverse groups. The term “diversity” has become one of the catch words of contemporary political philosophy. Diversity, in its recent forms, whether cultural, political, ethnic, or religious, is a byproduct of globalization. Globalization has made the movements of persons or groups in the ethnoscape easier. It is apparent that the management of diversity has posed a great challenge for nation states as well as for the international and supranational organizations such as the United Nations and the European Union (EU).
Legal Information Seeking in a Time-Constrained Environment: A Conceptual Model for Lawyers
Authors: Chancellor Renate L.
Published: March 2019

The acquisition of legal information is critical to how lawyers conduct their work. The use of information-seeking models as a theoretical lens to analyze user behavior has been exhausted in the scholarly literature. However, very few models illustrate the dynamic relationship between lawyer and information professional. Furthermore, these models do not consider the demands of accessing legal information in a time-constrained environment. This paper explores this phenomenon and proposes a model that aids in understanding how practitioners obtain legal information in a law firm environment.
Supreme Courts as Courts of General Original Jurisdiction
Authors: Kruger Stephen
Published: March 2019

In a common-law jurisdiction, “Supreme Court” is not always the name of a court of final appeal. There are 41 Supreme Courts and Supreme Courts of Judicature with general original jurisdiction. They cover 60 political units. In addition to general original jurisdiction, some of those courts have general appellate jurisdiction. There is a number of political units in which a second appellate consideration is possible.

This article provides information about Supreme Courts and Supreme Courts of Judicature with general original jurisdiction. It includes a list with the names of the political units served by Supreme Courts or by Supreme Courts of Judicature with general original jurisdiction; a statement whether a Supreme Court or a Supreme Court of Judicature of a political unit has both general original jurisdiction and general appellate jurisdiction, or only general original jurisdiction; and further information.

The goal of this article is to inform librarians, lawyers, solicitors, and barristers about the many court systems in the common-law world, in which the court of general original jurisdiction is named “Supreme Court” or “Supreme Court of Judicature.” Those courts are found in diverse political units, including Australian states and territories, Belize, Brunei, Canadian provinces and territories, Gibraltar, and Samoa. The oldest among them is the Supreme Court of New York, founded more than 300 years ago.
Scholarly Chinese Legal Works in the Vernacular: A Selective Topical Treatise Finder (Part I)†
Authors: Ma Evelyn
Published: March 2019

The number of Chinese legal scholarly publications has grown dramatically in the last ten years as the Chinese government legislature churned out an expansive body of law, with an impressive proliferation of print treatises and web-based legal information in the vernacular. This article offers a sampling of legal scholars and their treatises. It is organized by subject area, and is offered as a selective annotated treatise finder. The list focuses on legal publications published within the last two decades subsequent to the amendment of the 1982 Chinese Constitution in 1989. Some of the authors included here wrote extensively on specific legal topics, while others were involved in the deliberation, preparation, and drafting of key legislation. It is hoped that the article provides a roadmap that will be useful to students and others new to research in Chinese law; to help them locate relevant treatises, journal literature, and to jumpstart their research into specific legislation and legal topics.
Rascals, Scoundrels, Villains, and Knaves: The Evolution of the Law of Piracy from Ancient Times to the Present*
Authors: Fantauzzi Rebecca
Published: March 2019

This paper begins by tracking the history of piracy from Greek and Roman times, to the Golden Age of piracy, into modern day. It also looks at the motivations for becoming a pirate and the “piracy cycle.” The paper then moves into a discussion of how piracy has influenced the law, such as its impact on Universal Jurisdiction and international treaties like the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea; however, a stable definition of what constitutes “piracy” has become troublesome, even with the abundance of legal sources related to the subject. The paper then moves into a discussion of three US court cases dealing with the issue of piracy: the first from the Golden Age of piracy, the second in the early part of this century showing how piracy is not always prosecuted in the traditional sense, and finally with the case of the famous pirate the US Navy SEALS captured during the rescue of Captain Richard Phillips of theMaersk Alabama.Finally, the paper concludes the discussion using the modern day situation of Somalia to show how the “piracy cycle” is still capable of explaining what draws people to piracy, how that particular situation has been combated by the international community, and how neighboring countries, like Kenya, are using their own court systems to the advantage of the rest of the world.
Adequacy of national laws for Malaysian ocean governance for the next decade†
Authors: George Mary
Published: March 2019

Current sectoral practices in ocean governance are insufficient to meet the needs of the next decade where the safety and security of navigation in clean and healthy oceans is a priority without compromising the political independence, integrity and security of the nation. The Ocean Law, Policy and Strategic Framework in Malaysia can be said to be a journey of a 1000 miles of which we have currently embarked on a few steps. There are many factors that play an important role in ocean governance such as government commitment, and institutional and human resource capacity. This paper identifies the lacunae in current legal framework and concludes with some pointers for ocean governance purposes to avoid irreversible trends. For the next decade, one way forward to sustainably develop the living resources of the oceans lies in the adoption of an eco-system based approach to oceans management and for the rest of the challenges a cross-sectoral approach may prove effective.
Applied Comparative Law: Researching Foreign Law in an Imperfect World
Authors: Clark David S.
Published: March 2019

I admit that I am an addict, a compulsive user of libraries and especially law libraries. As a comparative lawyer I need to investigate foreign law, which for me is the law of jurisdictions outside the United States. Since I believe the social and cultural context in which law operates is important to its understanding, I must leave the relative comfort of United States libraries and venture abroad to learn about the features of legal systems not adequately described in books. Beyond common law countries, as the IALL 20th Annual Course illustrates, the language of law is something other than English: yet another hill to climb to understand foreign law. For most of you, United States law is foreign law, which is the other side of the same issue. In addition, public international law lawyers could benefit from the comparative approach. This is particularly true for those from the Anglo-American world who rely almost exclusively on English language materials in their research. This narrow perspective undercuts the fundamental premise of universality behind a truly international legal system.
The Influence of Swiss Private International Law on the Italian Codification
Authors: Bonomi Andrea
Published: March 2019

The subject of this contribution is the influence of Swiss Private International Law (PIL) on the Italian codification. This topic could be regarded as rather old-fashioned. One of the terms of the comparison, the Italian statute of private international law, goes back to May 1995 and the other, the Swiss PIL Act, is even older, almost “prehistoric” since it was adopted in 1987 and entered into force on the 1st January 1989, that means in an era which preceded the advent of the Internet and the “Information Society.” Not even the idea of comparing these two pieces of legislation is an entirely new one, since a very accurate comparative analysis of the two codifications has already been done by Mr. Dutoit, professor of PIL and comparative law at the University of Lausanne, in an article of 1997.
The New Swiss Constitution: Foreign and International Influences
Authors: Haller Walter
Published: March 2019

The comparative analysis of diverse constitutional orders enables a more sophisticated evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of different models and solutions. Quite often it also serves practical objectives, providing the impulse for improving our own legal system by carefully adopting institutions and procedures that have proven themselves elsewhere. In the case of the Swiss Constitution, the influence of thoughts and concepts developed during the French Revolution and by the Founding Fathers of the U.S. Constitution is quite obvious. More recently, international influences are most apparent in the field of fundamental rights and freedoms.
Translation and Law — The Multilingual Context of the European Union Institutions
Authors: Toscani Gerd
Published: March 2019

Discussing the European Union (EU) is an excellent way of dealing with the question of the translation of legal texts. Why is this the case? The European Union, with approximately 370 million inhabitants, is unique among the world's international organizations. It is unique because it uses all the official languages of its Member States in its official publications.
Member State Compliance with the Judgments of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Authors: Tan Morse
Published: March 2019

This essay fills a gap by exploring compliance theory in international law to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. After introducing the topic and setting the context, it delves into the question of why nations follow international law. Interacting with prominent theoretical models (including the managerial model, fairness and legitimacy, transnational legal process, self-interest, and a comparative perspective with Europe), it arrives at a critical synthesis in the conclusion.
The Future of Amicus Participation at the WTO: Implications of the Sardines Decision and Suggestions for Further Developments
Authors: Keller Joseph
Published: March 2019

In today's increasingly interdependent global society, international institutions formerly committed to operating as insular systems recognizing only states as legitimate participants have come under pressure to open their processes to public view and participation. The World Trade Organization (WTO) in particular has been widely criticized for its lack of transparency and democratic participation. Nowhere has this criticism been more prevalent than in the arena of dispute settlement. The controversy over the acceptance of amicus briefs at the WTO reflects the tensions among WTO members and non-members concerning greater public access to dispute settlement proceedings. This battle has been fought primarily through the Appellate Body and its important series of decisions on amicus briefs.
International Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict: A Critical Annotated Bibliography for Collection Development
Authors: Cohen Madeline E.
Published: March 2019

This annotated bibliography is compiled as a collection development guide for academic librarians and specialists in international law. The topic of International Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict concerns the treatment of combatants and noncombatants in wartime, while the topic of International Human Rights Law has traditionally been concerned with the treatment of individuals by states in peacetime. During the period from the end of the twentieth century to the present, the boundaries between international humanitarian law and human rights law have become increasingly blurred. Therefore, this article concentrates on core sources inbothbranches of international law in these key areas of overlap: conflicts between states; internal conflicts; insurgencies.
Open Access to Legal Information: Mapping the Digital Legal Information of Mexico, Central America, the Spanish Speaking Caribbean and Haiti†
Authors: Romero Marisol Florén
Published: March 2019

In 2004, the Special Summit of the Americas meeting that took place in Monterrey, Mexico recommended the enactment of a law on the right to access public information in the Americas. The Summits of the Americas is the meeting of the heads of state of the Western Hemisphere. The purpose of these meetings is to discuss the major challenges faced in the region and commit to joint actions at the national and regional level addressing these problems and establishing common policies.
Citing Sources or Mitigating Plagiarism: Teaching Law Students the Proper Use of Authority Attribution in the Digital Age
Authors: Spearman DeCarlous Y.
Published: March 2019

Learning the rules of legal citation is a challenge for new and seasoned legal researchers alike. Good instruction and practice are required to master these rules. Think about the first sport you learned to play. Did you master all the rules the first time you played the game? Do most people even read a rule book when learning to play a new sport? Initially, it is a challenge for any player learning the game to follow all of the rules correctly. Generally, only coaches study the rule book. The rules of the game are very important so coaches and players know what is and is not permitted “on the field.”

Most rules are disseminated orally and learned through practice. Law professors who teach legal research or supervise legal writing are the coaches in the game of legal citation; they must disseminate the rules to their students. The professors have a duty to stimulate a student's mastery of legal citation rules to meet the proficiency required of legal writing in the profession. Law students who do not master the rules of legal citation are more likely to plagiarize.
International Trade Law and Information Policy: A Recent History
Authors: Tung Genevieve
Published: March 2019

In September 2008, the United States Trade Representative (USTR) announced the United States’ intention to join Singapore, New Zealand, Brunei, and Chile in what was then called the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement, a preferential trade agreement. Since then, the agreement has grown in scope and ambition. The negotiations to create what is now known as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) have expanded to include seven other nations. The USTR wants the TPP to be “an ambitious, next-generation, Asia-Pacific trade agreement that reflects U.S. economic priorities and values.” According to the USTR's webpage dedicated to the agreement, the administration is “working in close partnership with Congress and with a wide range of stakeholders, in seeking to conclude a strong agreement that addresses the issues that U.S. businesses and workers are facing in the 21st century.”
Protection of Privacy Rights of Internet Users Against Cross-Border Government Interference
Authors: Kirchner Stefan
Published: March 2019

There is a difference between voluntarily giving somebody an amount of money and having the same amount of money taken away from one, maybe even without one noticing it at first. Even though the economic situation might be the same, it is the loss of control, of sovereignty over one's own affairs, which we find troublesome. Likewise, hardly anyone, when buying something from a complete stranger, would assent to the idea that one is to hand over one's wallet, let the seller take whatever he or she sees fit, and return the wallet, with the buyer only being able to find out much later, how much was taken.
The Impact of International Law on Domestic Judgments: The Influence of the Inter-American Court Of Human Rights in the Rulings of the Argentinean Supreme Court Regarding Crimes Against Humanity
Authors: Allori Agostina
Published: March 2019

Good afternoon. I would like to thank the International Association of Law Libraries, the organizing committee and especially Gloria Orrego Hoyos for the invitation. It is a real pleasure and honor for me to be here.

Today I will talk about the influence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the rulings of Argentina's Supreme Court. I will focus particularly on the importance that the Argentinian Supreme Court gave to the Inter-American Court in the most significant decisions during the process of reopening cases of crimes against humanity.
Legal Education in China: More English Language Materials
Authors: O'Brien Roderick
Published: March 2019

In 2010, theInternational Journal of Legal Informationkindly published a list of English language materials on legal education in China. From the number of downloads and comments regarding that publication, it is clear that this list has been useful to scholars and students alike. In this issue, I have extended the list with more recent materials as well as a few older pieces which have come to my attention. I have not attempted to sort the available items on the basis of quality; sometimes a poorly written article or brief conference paper may yet be useful because it gives useful information about a local situation. All online addresses have been checked: some are still at the same address, some have moved, and (unfortunately) a number of items have been deleted from the 2010 list as they are no longer accessible. Of course, I would not claim to have found every article and every book chapter. No doubt there are more publications even as I write, while others have eluded my amateur search.
Finding the Law in the Pacific Islands: Observations with Special Reference to Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands
Authors: Wolfers Edward P.
Published: March 2019

Law librarians whose work requires them to obtain and stock materials on the Pacific islands face some problems which seem worthy of special comment. These problems are essentially of two kinds—

problems which are inherent in the nature of Pacific islands legal systems; and

problems involved in obtaining relevant information.
Conflict of Laws Solutions in the Hungarian New Private International Law
Authors: Sipkov Ivan , Roman George
Published: March 2019

The primary task of this Section of the IJLL is to alert the readers either to comparative legislative developments in a particular subject area or to highlight a single major piece of legislation which is likely to have an impact or influence on other than a national forum. It will also attempt to survey international acts and documents affecting the relations within the community of nations as well as the legislative programs and policy of the states involved.
Human Rights and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Authors: Clark Roger S.
Published: March 2019

The award of the 1981 Nobel Peace Prize to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has again focused attention on an organ that has received surprisingly little analysis in the scholarly literature. In what follows, after some preliminary remarks about the needs and rights of refugees, I plan to discuss (1) the mandate and functions of the Office, (2) the types of projects in which it is currently engaged (through an examination of the High Commissioner's 1980–81 Report), and then, (3) to make some comments about the significance of the diplomatic protection functions of the Office to conceptions of international law and organization.
The Public International Law of Bulgaria: Development and Status
Authors: Sipkov Ivan
Published: March 2019

The formation of modern Bulgaria was a direct result of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and the Treaty of Berlin of July 13, 1878. These events terminated almost five centuries of Turkish rule over the Bulgarian lands. The Treaty of Berlin established a Bulgarian Principality north of the Balkan range under the nominal suzereignty of the Sultan, and Eastern Rumelia as part of the Ottoman Empire but subject to administrative autonomy. Pursuant to this Treaty a Constitutional Assembly convened at Tirnovo, the medieval capital of Bulgaria, and on April 16, 1879, adopted a basic act known as the Tirnovo Constitution. In 1885, the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia merged into one political unit which declared itself an independent Kingdom on October 5, 1908.
International Organization Documentation
Authors: Schaaf Robert W.
Published: March 2019

International intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) play a significant role in contemporary life, and in the course of their functioning they produce a very large number of publications and documents. In a study published in 1979, Documentation of the United Nations System, the author estimates that of the United Nations organizations alone, counting all language versions, the yearly output is approximately 180,000 pieces, with 7,500 items, or five percent of the total, being publications properly so called. Although we have no real statistics on the use of international documents there is general agreement among specialists in this field that the vast bulk of IGO documentation goes unread. Many reports and studies are intended, of course, for a limited audience such as a single meeting's participants, but also included in the mass of IGO materials are items of potential value to researchers in most disciplines, including law. In the present column I hope, without overlapping other sections of IJLI, to provide news about new international information systems and projects, new publications or documents of the United Nations and its specialized agencies such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Labor Organization (ILO), Unesco, and the World Bank, and information about international bodies outside the UN system. Fortunately, I am in a good position to see new IGO publications because they arrive daily at the Library of Congress from agencies scattered across the continents; I also obtain news from regular contacts in various organizations, particularly from individuals in Washington-based international agencies. Although my plan is to discuss specific organizations and documents, I shall also dwell a bit on the abstract subject of international documentation.
Maritime Law: An Annotated Bibliography of Essential Publications
Authors: Newman Mark J.
Published: March 2019

The terms “admiralty” and “maritime law” are virtually synonymous and are frequently used interchangeably. They refer to that body of law which relates to marine commerce and navigation, to ships and shipping, to seamen, to the transportation of persons and the carriage of property by sea, and to marine affairs in general. Admiralty or maritime law therefore does not comprise a single category of legal theory such as contracts or torts but rather incorporates a variety of traditional legal subjects including contracts and torts, procedure, and jurisdiction as well as several unique areas such as general average. Since maritime law does not focus on a single field of legal theory, it is useful to divide the subject into separate topics. Among these are: (l)Marine Insurance and General Average; (2) Carriage of Goods and Cargo Damage; (3) Charter Parties and Bills of Lading; (4) Personal Injury and Death; (5) Collision and Rules of the Road; (6) Salvage and Towage; and, (7) Maritime Liens and Ship Mortgages. These classifications should not, however, be regarded as rigid since there often is overlap between topics. Additionally, there are general treatises on the subject, case reporters, dictionaries, directories, and journals which include articles exclusively on maritime law.
The Availability of Research Tools in Public International Law, Especially for Documents and Publications of Intergovernmental Organizations
Authors: Schwietzke Joachim
Published: March 2019

Gaining access to materials of public international law is more difficult than to materials relating to the national law of single states. The greatest part of the publications relating to the law of a particular state is published within this state. The duty to deliver a depository copy, which exists in many countries, makes the publications relating to the law of this country available in the national library (arranged alphabetically and by subject). In addition, there is frequently a printed national bibliography, which makes these publications readily available.
Legal Comparativists and Computerized Legal Information Systems. General Problems and the Present German Status of Computerized Legal Information
Authors: Goedan Juergen Christoph
Published: March 2019

Legal information systems were designed neither for the comparativist, nor for the legal scholar, but for the national legal practitioner. Since comparativists, however, are both academics and lawyers, they can hope to participate in computerized legal information systems (c.l.i.s.) even if they are not conceived with their purposes in mind. As a matter of fact, these systems can help the comparativist to a limited extent. In order to find out the limits of usefulness of legal information systems for the comparativist, one needs first to outline the peculiarities of usage of c.l.i.s. for use by lawyers in general, legal academics in general, and legal comparativists and describe the problems to be solved; second, one needs to ask how the German systems meet the requirements so outlined; third, one should add, in the respective context, some proposals for improving the present situation.
Bail, Probation and Parole in Belgian Law
Authors: Glos George E.
Published: March 2019

Bail, probation and parole have one thing in common, namely, they are devices that enable a person proceeded against criminally to obtain personal liberty from detention. It is significant that each of them falls within one of the three basic phases of criminal proceedings. Bail may be obtained in the first phase extending from the beginning of the proceedings until trial or the final decision on appeal. In the second phase dealing with the final decision, a person may be admitted to probation rather than commited to jail. In the third phase covering the incarceration, a convicted person may be released on parole with respect to the final portion of his imprisonment rather than being kept in prison for the whole term imposed. This seemingly favorable treatment of offenders is based on sound reasoning, namely, since a person must be considered innocent until found guilty in court proceedings, an unnecessary detention prior to trial must be avoided. In the second phase, a minor offense may be punished by a probated sentence, i.e., the term of imprisonment will have to be served only if the person does not comply with the conditions of probation. The favor granted to the offender is designed to guide him out of trouble in the future and encourage him to abide by the law. In the third phase, parole is envisaged as a reward for good conduct and as an incentive to behave well after release. Belgian criminal law has been applying all these principles with success.
The British Constitution and the Movement for a Modern Bill of Rights
Authors: Shroff Kersi B.
Published: March 2019

It took the incisive pen of H.G. Wells to provide a simple understanding of the diffuse and arcane British constitution:

Nobody planned the confounded constitution. It came about; … but you see it came about so happily in a way, it so suited the climate and temperament of our people and our island, it was on the whole so cosy, that our people settled down into it. You can't help settling down into it.

The purpose of this paper is to briefly look at some aspects of the constitution that the British “settled down into” and to examine arguments calling for the incorporation of a written declaration of individual rights.
Grupo Andino and its Documents
Authors: Kavass Igor I.
Published: March 2019

The Grupo Andino (also known as the Andean Common Market (or ANCOM), Acuerdo de Cartagena, and the Andean Pact) is an organization for the economic integration of the five South American countries located in the central and northern parts of the massive Andean mountain range. The present members of the organization are Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. Originally, when the Grupo Andino was established by means of a treaty known as the Cartagena Agreement (Acuerdo de Cartagena) in 1969, Chile was one of the founding members, whereas Venezuela abstained from joining the organization until 1973. As Chile began to develop a more flexible foreign trade and investment policy in the middle 1970's than was acceptable to the other Grupo Andino countries, it gradually withdrew from the organization's activities, and finally ceased to be a member in late 1976.