bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Relations of Landed Property: Gentrification of a Polish Enclave in Brooklyn
Authors: Stabrowski Filip
Published: January 2018

Despite the extensive literature on ethnic enclaves in American cities, the role of landed property in ethnic enclave formation and transformation has received no attention to date. Drawing upon nearly four years of work as a tenant organizer, I address this issue by examining how the social relations of landed property have been integral to the formation, transformation, and deterioration of ethnic ties among Polish migrants in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Specifically, I argue that the social relations of property among Polish migrants—what I call “enclave property”—have enabled the acquisition, maintenance, and improvement of landed property in and through the production of ethnicity. With the gentrification of the neighborhood, however, the social relations of immigrant housing that helped produce the enclave in the 1980s and 1990s have been strained, and rising property values have transformed relations of ethnicity among Polish migrants into mechanisms for property accumulation by dispossession. The upshot has been the “hollowing out” of the enclave, as Polish migrant tenants have been displaced from Greenpoint, leaving behind a co‐ethnic landlord class and their wealthier American tenants.
John Dewey and Henry George: The Socialization of Land as a Prerequisite for a Democratic Public
Authors: England Christopher
Published: January 2018

John Dewey frequently praised Henry George, author of a plan to confiscate land values with a “single tax.” Scholars have failed to account for Dewey's support of George. Some have argued that it should not be taken seriously because it is at odds with their interpretation of Dewey's philosophy. This article demonstrates that Dewey perceived the socialization of land values as an essential step toward creating a true democracy. Furthermore, Dewey's interest in George was not an aberration; it was exemplary of his faith in ideology, theory, and transformative social policy. Despite contentions to the contrary, pragmatists of the early 20th century never emphasized skepticism, moderation, or rote empiricism. In fact, Dewey embraced the philosophy of Henry George as a general theory of history of society. During the Great Depression, Dewey attacked the piecemeal reformism of the New Deal in favor of the comprehensive vision of Henry George.
Clinical guideline and recommendations on pre‐operative exercise training in patients awaiting major non‐cardiac surgery
Authors: Tew G. A. , Ayyash R. , Durrand J. , Danjoux G. R.
Published: January 2018

Despite calls for the routine implementation of pre‐operative exercise programmes to optimise patient fitness before elective major surgery, there is no practical guidance for providing safe and effective exercise in this specific context. The following clinical guideline was developed following a review of the evidence on the effects of pre‐operative exercise interventions. We developed a series of best‐practice and, where possible, evidence‐based statements to advise on patient care with respect to exercise training in the peri‐operative period. These statements cover: patient selection for exercise training in surgical patients; integration of exercise training into multi‐modal prehabilitation programmes; and advice on exercise prescription factors and follow‐up. Although we acknowledge that further research is needed to identify the optimal exercise prescription in different clinical scenarios, we urge peri‐operative teams to make use of these recommendations.
Combined spinal‐epidural vs. spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: meta‐analysis and trial‐sequential analysis
Authors: Klimek M. , Rossaint R. , van de Velde M. , Heesen M.
Published: January 2018

Combined spinal‐epidural and single‐shot spinal anaesthesia are both used for caesarean section. It has been claimed in individual trials that combined spinal‐epidural is associated with higher sensory spread and greater cardiovascular stability. We set out to gather all available evidence. We performed: a systematic literature search to identify randomised controlled trials comparing combined spinal‐epidural with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: conventional meta‐analysis; trial‐sequential analysis; and assessment of trial quality using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Fifteen trials with high heterogeneity, including 1015 patients, were analysed. There was no significant difference between combined spinal‐epidural and spinal anaesthesia for our primary outcomes maximum sensory height and vasopressor use (mg ephedrine equivalents). However, trial‐sequential analysis suggested insufficient data and the GRADE scores showed ‘very low’ quality of evidence for these outcomes. The secondary outcomes hypotension, time for sensory block to recede to the level of T10, and the combined outcome of nausea and vomiting, did not differ significantly between the interventions. The block times were statistically significantly longer for combined spinal‐epidural in individual trials, but only one trial showed a clinically meaningful difference (11 min). Based on this analysis, and taking into consideration all comparisons irrespective of whether drugs had been applied via the epidural route, there is not enough evidence to postulate any advantage compared with the spinal technique. Future analyses and studies need to examine the potential advantages of the combined spinal‐epidural technique by using the epidural route intra‐ and/or postoperatively.
Transnasal humidified rapid‐insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) vs. facemask breathing pre‐oxygenation for rapid sequence induction in adults: a prospective randomised non‐blinded clinical trial
Authors: Lodenius Å. , Piehl J. , Östlund A. , Ullman J. , Jonsson Fagerlund M.
Published: January 2018

Transnasal humidified rapid‐insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) can prolong apnoea time in adults. Therefore, THRIVE used for pre‐oxygenation in rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia could extend safe apnoea time during prolonged laryngoscopy and intubation. In this randomised controlled trial, we compared the lowest peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) during intubation when pre‐oxygenating with either traditional facemask or THRIVE. Eighty adult patients, undergoing rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia for emergency surgery, were randomly allocated to pre‐oxygenation with 100% oxygen with facemask or with THRIVE. Median (IQR [range]) lowest SpO2 until 1 min after intubation was 99% (97–100 [70–100]%) for the facemask group vs. 99% (99–100 [96–100]%) for the THRIVE group (p = 0.097). Five patients (12.5%) desaturated below 93% when pre‐oxygenated with the facemask vs. none in the THRIVE group (p = 0.019). There were no differences in intubation time or apnoea time between the groups. Median intubation time was 51 (34–66 [22–261]) s in the facemask group vs. 48 (38–63 [10–146]) s in the THRIVE group (p = 0.99). Median apnoea time was 109 (86–142 [37–291]) s and 116 (92–146 [63–249]) s when using facemask and THRIVE, respectively (p = 0.49). No signs of regurgitation of gastric content were detected. The data on desaturation indicate potential benefits of oxygenation with THRIVE for rapid sequence induction compared with facemask pre‐oxygenation.
Cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome in early childhood can be successfully treated with interleukin‐1 blockades
Authors: Eskola Vesa , Pohjankoski Heini , Kröger Liisa , Aalto Kristiina , Latva Katariina , Korppi Matti
Published: January 2018

Cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) is caused by a mutation in the NLRP3 gene encoding cryopyrin production. Overproduction of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) leads to symptoms that are associated with elevated inflammatory markers, including periodic fever and a rash. We provide a clinical overview of CAPS in children, including three Finnish case studies.

Conclusion

When CAPS has been diagnosed, an IL‐1 blockade with biological should be introduced to lessen the symptoms and to prevent the progression of organ damage.
Dog bites in a U.S. county: age, body part and breed in paediatric dog bites
Authors: Ramgopal Sriram , Brungo Lauren Bealafeld , Bykowski Michael R. , Pitetti Raymond D. , Hickey Robert W.
Published: January 2018

Aim

To compare characteristics of gender, age, body part and breed in dog bites.

Methods

We reviewed 14 956 dog bites (4195 paediatric) reported to the Allegheny County Health Department, USA, between 2007 and 2015. Using predefined age groups, we performed linear regression to assess for subject age and bite frequency and used binary logistic regression to evaluate for differences in gender and body part. We used chi‐squared test with Bonferroni correction to evaluate for differences in reported breeds with age.

Results

There was a negative correlation (−0.80, r2 = 0.64) between age and bite frequency. Children 0–3 years had a higher odds ratio (OR) of bites to the face [21.12, 95% confidence interval (CI): 17.61–25.33] and a lower OR of bites to the upper (OR: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.12–0.18) and lower (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.14–0.27) extremities. ‘Pit bulls’ accounted for 27.2% of dog bites and were more common in children 13–18 years (p < 0.01). Shih‐Tzu bites were more common in children three years of age and younger (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Dog bites occur with higher frequency at younger ages, and head and neck injuries are more common in younger children. Pit bull bites are more common in adolescents and Shih‐Tzu bites more common in younger children.
Cyclosporine A induces endothelin‐converting enzyme‐1: Studies in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Heyman S. N. , Abassi Z. , Rosenberger C. , Yaseen H. , Skarjinski G. , Shina A. , Mathia S. , Krits N. , Khamaisi M.
Published: January 2018

Aim

Cyclosporine A (CsA) induces renal vasoconstriction and hypoxia and enhances the expression of endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) pro‐hormone (pre‐pro‐ET‐1), plausibly leading to a feed‐forward loop of renal vasoconstriction, hypoxia and enhanced synthesis of the potent vasoconstrictor ET‐1. Endothelin‐converting enzyme (ECE)‐1 cleaves big endothelin to generate endothelin (ET)‐1 and is upregulated by hypoxia via hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF). We hypothesized that in addition to the direct induction of ET‐1 synthesis, CsA might also intensify renal ECE‐1 expression, thus contributing to enhanced ET‐1 synthesis following CsA.

Methods

CsA was administered to Sprague Dawley rats (120 mg/kg/SC) for 4 days, and renal HIF and ECE‐1 expression were assessed with Western blots and immunostaining. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and proximal tubular cell line (HK‐2) were subjected to CsA, and ECE‐1 induction was evaluated using real‐time mRNA PCR and Western blots.

Results

Cyclosporine A intensified renal parenchymal ECE‐1 expression in the rat kidney, particularly in distal nephron segments, along with renal hypoxia (detected by pimonidazole adducts) and HIF expression, in line with our recent observations showing episodic hypoxia in mice subjected to CsA. Furthermore, in cultured normoxic HUVEC and HK‐2 cells, CsA dose‐dependently induced both pre‐pro‐ET‐1 and ECE‐1 mRNA and protein expression, with enhanced ET‐1 generation.

Conclusion

CsA induces ECE‐1 via both hypoxic and non‐hypoxic pathways. ECE‐1 may contribute to increased renal ET‐1 generation following CsA, participating in a feed‐forward loop of renal parenchymal hypoxia and ET synthesis.
Specific labelling of myonuclei by an antibody against pericentriolar material 1 on skeletal muscle tissue sections
Authors: Winje I. M. , Bengtsen M. , Eftestøl E. , Juvkam I. , Bruusgaard J. C. , Gundersen K.
Published: January 2018

Aim

Skeletal muscle is a heterogeneous tissue containing several different cell types, and only about 40%‐50% of the cell nuclei within the tissue belong to myofibres. Existing technology, attempting to distinguish myonuclei from other nuclei at the light microscopy level, has led to controversies in our understanding of the basic cell biology of muscle plasticity. This study aims at demonstrating that an antibody against the protein pericentriolar material 1 (PCM1) can be used to reliably identify myonuclei on histological cross sections from humans, mice and rats.

Methods

Cryosections were labelled with a polyclonal antibody against PCM1. The specificity of the labelling for myonuclei was verified using 3D reconstructions of confocal z‐stacks triple‐labelled for DNA, dystrophin and PCM1, and by co‐localization with nuclear mCherry driven by the muscle‐specific Alpha‐Actin‐1 promoter after viral transduction.

Results

The PCM1 antibody specifically labelled all myonuclei, and myonuclei only, in cryosections of muscles from rats, mice and men. Nuclei in other cell types including satellite cells were not labelled. Both normal muscles and hypertrophic muscles after synergist ablation were investigated.

Conclusion

Pericentriolar material 1 can be used as a specific histological marker for myonuclei in skeletal muscle tissue without relying on counterstaining of other structures or cumbersome and subjective analysis of nuclear positioning.
Editorial: the role of colonic inflammation in the progression of liver disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: Sabino J. , Torres J.
Published: January 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Nordenvall et al and Nordenvall and Bergquist papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14393 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14468.
Letter: irritable bowel syndrome—how a low‐FODMAP diet or yoga might help
Authors: Uno Y.
Published: January 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Schumann et al and Schumann and Cramer papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14400 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14457.
Letter: the effects of colectomy prior to the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis on prognosis may have been overestimated
Authors: Tao P. , Wang S. Y.
Published: January 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Nordenvall et al and Nordenvall and Bergquist papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14393 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14468.
Editorial: irritable bowel syndrome—in addition to having properly‐trained dietitians, is it time to add a yoga teacher to our multidisciplinary team?
Authors: Muir J. G. , Iacovou M.
Published: January 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Schumann et al and Schumann and Cramer papers. To view these articles please visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14400 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14470.
Letter: irritable bowel syndrome—how a low‐FODMAP diet or yoga might help. Authors’ reply
Authors: Schumann D. , Cramer H.
Published: January 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Schumann et al and Uno papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14400 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14433.
Editorial: irritable bowel syndrome—in addition to having properly‐trained dietitians, is it time to add a yoga teacher to our multidisciplinary team? Authors’ reply
Authors: Schumann D. , Cramer H.
Published: January 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Schumann et al and Muir and Iacovou papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14400 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14448.
Tutoring online tutors: Using digital badges to encourage the development of online tutoring skills
Authors: Hrastinski Stefan , Cleveland‐Innes Martha , Stenbom Stefan
Published: January 2018

Online tutors play a critical role in e‐learning and need to have an appropriate set of skills in addition to subject matter expertise. This paper explores how digital badges can be used to encourage the development of online tutoring skills. Based on previous research, we defined three digital badges, which are examples of essential tutoring skills. These skills were self‐assessed during two weeks by online tutors in K‐12 mathematics, who also wrote a self‐reflection based on their experience. The digital badges motivated tutors to reflect on online tutoring practices. The tutors described that they gained a more detailed understanding of the tutoring process when continuously analyzing ongoing conversations. However, it was a challenge for the tutors to balance the private activity, reflection on tutoring skills, and the social activity, communication with the K‐12 students. It is essential to take into account when tutors will have time to reflect, for example, by scheduling time for reflection or enabling opportunities for reflection that is flexible in time. A challenge for further research is to better understand the potential benefits of different types of badges.
Inventing new therapies without reinventing the wheel: the power of drug repurposing
Authors: Papapetropoulos Andreas , Szabo Csaba
Published: January 2018

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Inventing New Therapies Without Reinventing the Wheel: The Power of Drug Repurposing. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.2/issuetoc
Sustained plasma hepcidin suppression and iron elevation by Anticalin‐derived hepcidin antagonist in cynomolgus monkey
Authors: Hohlbaum Andreas M , Gille Hendrik , Trentmann Stefan , Kolodziejczyk Maria , Rattenstetter Barbara , Laarakkers Coby M , Katzmann Galina , Christian Hans Jürgen , Andersen Nicole , Allersdorfer Andrea , Olwill Shane A , Meibohm Bernd , Audoly Laurent P , Swinkels Dorine W , van Swelm Rachel P L
Published: January 2018

Background and Purpose

Anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) has been linked to iron‐restricted erythropoiesis imposed by high circulating levels of hepcidin, a 25 amino acid hepatocyte‐derived peptide that controls systemic iron homeostasis. Here, we report the engineering of the human lipocalin‐derived, small protein‐based anticalin PRS‐080 hepcidin antagonist with high affinity and selectivity.

Experimental Approach

Anticalin‐ and hepcidin‐specific pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic modelling (PD) was used to design and select the suitable drug candidate based on t1/2 extension and duration of hepcidin suppression. The development of a novel free hepcidin assay enabled accurate analysis of bioactive hepcidin suppression and elucidation of the observed plasma iron levels after PRS‐080‐PEG30 administration in vivo.

Key Results

PRS‐080 had a hepcidin‐binding affinity of 0.07 nM and, after coupling to 30 kD PEG (PRS‐080‐PEG30), a t1/2 of 43 h in cynomolgus monkeys. Dose‐dependent iron mobilization and hepcidin suppression were observed after a single i.v. dose of PRS‐080‐PEG30 in cynomolgus monkeys. Importantly, in these animals, suppression of free hepcidin and subsequent plasma iron elevation were sustained during repeated s.c. dosing. After repeated dosing and followed by a treatment‐free interval, all iron parameters returned to pre‐dose values.

Conclusions and Implications

In conclusion, we developed a dose‐dependent and safe approach for the direct suppression of hepcidin, resulting in prolonged iron mobilization to alleviate iron‐restricted erythropoiesis that can address the root cause of ACD. PRS‐080‐PEG30 is currently in early clinical development.
Gamma‐glutamyl transferase activity as a predictive marker for severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and concomitant hypertension
Authors: Bozkus Fulsen , Dikmen Nursel , Demir Lutfu Saltuk
Published: January 2018

Background

Chronic intermittent hypia, inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in resultant obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), which may affect numerous regulatory mechanisms that play a role in the regulation of blood pressure. Gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a novel marker in the prediction of cardiovascular risk.

Objective

The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation of serum levels of GGT with hypertension and the degree of the upper airway obstruction in subjects with OSAS.

Methods

A total of 270 subjects that met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. The subjects were divided into four separate groups according to the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) scores as the control group (AHI < 5), mild OSAS group (AHI 5‐15), moderate OSAS group (AHI 16‐30) and severe OSAS group (AHI >30). A further classification of the OSAS subjects was made in two groups based on the presence of hypertension.

Results

The study included 43 control individuals and 59 subjects with mild, 54 subjects with moderate and 114 subjects with severe OSAS. The serum levels of GGT were found to be significantly correlated with OSAS severity (control group: 18 ± 3.3, mild OSAS: 23.6 ± 7.3, moderate OSAS: 26.4 ± 7.5 and severe OSAS: 39.8 ± 12). Serum levels of GGT were found to be significantly higher in OSAS subjects with concomitant hypertension than in the group without associated hypertension (P < .05). The results showed that the adjusted mean GGT under OSA without hypertension (Madj = 28.76, SE = 0.71) was significantly lower than in cases with OSA with hypertension (Madj = 42.79, SE = 1.19).

Conclusion

The present study indicated a strong correlation between high serum levels of GGT and concomitant hypertension in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea. This biomarker may be helpful in grading the severity of obstructive sleep apnea and correlated with hypertension in this population.
Mastocytosis – pathogenesis, clinical manifestation and treatment
Authors: Wagner Nicola , Staubach Petra
Published: January 2018

The term mastocytosis designates a group of rare disorders characterized by typical skin lesions, frequently associated episodes of anaphylaxis, and clinical symptoms related to the release of various mediators. Dermatologists/allergists are frequently the first to establish the diagnosis. The condition is based on clonal mast cell proliferation, usually in the skin or bone marrow and only rarely in the gastrointestinal tract or other tissues. In general, mastocytosis has a good prognosis in terms of life expectancy. Rare variants – including mast cell leukemia, aggressive mastocytosis, and the exceedingly rare mast cell sarcoma – require cytoreductive therapy. In cases associated with hematological neoplasms, the prognosis depends on the underlying hematologic disorder.
Is Land‐based Resettlement Still Appropriate for Rural People in China? A Longitudinal Study of Displacement at the Three Gorges Dam
Authors: Wilmsen Brooke
Published: January 2018

Now complete, the effects of the Three Gorges Dam on rural livelihoods can be observed. This article presents the first longitudinal analysis of the livelihoods of two groups of rural households that were first surveyed in 2003, just after inundation, and again in 2011. It finds remarkable gains in income and social well‐being along with moderate improvements in food security and income equality. This study explores the livelihood strategies associated with these outcomes, namely land consolidation, agricultural specialization, livelihood diversification and migration. These strategies are discussed in the context of the dramatic changes that have taken place in the Three Gorges Resettlement Area over the last decade and across China more broadly. The article concludes that while non‐farm jobs are increasingly important, land remains an essential resource in the reconstruction of rural livelihoods, allowing rural households to respond to their drastically altered environment more effectively and at a pace of their own choosing.
Scripture in the sermons of Caesarius of Arles
Authors: Bailey Lisa Kaaren
Published: January 2018

Caesarius of Arles devoted considerable attention and effort to the exposition of scripture in his preaching. He regarded lay engagement with and comprehension of the Bible as very important, even urging his congregation to engage with the scriptures directly, armed with the technqiues of exegesis which he would provide for them. Caesarius planned that scripture would thus become the basis of Christian identity for his congregation and went further than any other preacher of this period in giving scripture this role. His efforts involved both a positive, educative role for the preacher, and the negative exclusion of alternative approaches to these central texts.
Caesarius of Arles and the campaign against popular culture in late antiquity
Authors: Grig Lucy
Published: January 2018

This article analyses the preaching of Caesarius of Arles (in particular the Admonitiones) as a sustained attack on contemporary popular culture. It situates this within the question of the ‘democratization of culture’ in late antiquity, an enduring historiographical debate in which Caesarius plays a starring role. The analysis focuses in detail on the bishop's programmatic letter, the so‐called Sermo 1, and unpicks the strategies used to stigmatize key aspects of popular culture as well as considering the reception of his campaign.
Sudden death in sport and riding horses during and immediately after exercise: A case series
Authors: de Solis C. Navas , Althaus F. , Basieux N. , Burger D.
Published: January 2018

Background

Sudden death affects the health of horses, the safety of riders and the public perception of animal welfare during equestrian events.

Objectives

To describe the signalment, clinical history, sudden death episode, rider injuries and causes of sudden death during exercise or closely thereafter in sport and pleasure riding horses.

Study design

Retrospective case series based on an online questionnaire.

Methods

An online questionnaire was distributed to the veterinary and equestrian community. Connections of animals reported in the press to have died suddenly were sent the survey. Responses were analysed to obtain information.

Results

Fifty‐seven cases met inclusion criteria with enough information to be analysed. The most common discipline was eventing (n = 23, 40.4%), and the most common breed involved was Thoroughbred (n = 23, 40.4%). Forty‐one (71.9%) horses collapsed during exercise, and 16 (28.1%) shortly thereafter. Twenty‐four (42.1%) horses died during or near the time of competition and 33 (57.9%) during or near the time of training or a pleasure ride. In 16 (28.1%) horses, the cause of death was known or strongly suspected based on a post‐mortem result, and a cardiovascular origin was reported in 13 of these 16 cases. Riders were injured in 13 (22.8%) cases, and injuries to their extremities were the most frequent.

Main limitations

There is potential for misdiagnosis and recall and selection bias, and in the absence of data on the total number of horses engaged in equestrian sports and riding, prevalence cannot be calculated.

Conclusions

Sudden death occurred in many types of equestrian sports and in riding horses. Death outside competition was more common suggesting that registries based on reports from official veterinarians underestimate the magnitude of this problem. Rider injuries were not uncommon when ridden horses collapsed and died. A definitive diagnosis for the cause of death was not commonly achieved and cardiovascular origin was the most common where a diagnosis was proposed by survey respondents.
Municipal Disclosure Timeliness and the Cost of Debt
Authors: Sherrill D. Eli , Yerkes Rustin T.
Published: January 2018

A longstanding concern for municipal bond investors is the lack of timely financial statement disclosures. Municipalities are held to lower disclosure standards than corporations. Using continuing disclosure dates for audited financial statements, we find bond issuers with slower disclosure have higher secondary market yields and spreads, less frequent secondary market trading, and are less likely to issue new bonds. We observe that future disclosure is largely predictable based on past disclosure and that disclosure often improves prior to new bond issuances. When municipalities do not capitalize on the benefits of timely disclosure, economic consequences are imposed on bondholders and taxpayers.
Short Sale Constraints and Single Stock Futures Introductions
Authors: Gagnon Louis
Published: January 2018

This paper exploits the unique experimental setting created by nearly 1,300 new single stock futures listings on the OneChicago exchange between 2003 and 2009. I investigate the impact of derivatives introductions on the tightness of short sale constraints facing their underlying assets. After controlling explicitly for supply and demand conditions in the stock lending market, this experiment reveals a precipitous decline in active utilization rates and loan fees in the lending market, after the futures introductions. The paper provides strong evidence that supports the view that derivatives represent a viable alternate synthetic short selling venue relaxing short sale constraints facing their underlying assets.
ETF Premiums and Liquidity Segmentation
Authors: Piccotti Louis R.
Published: January 2018

Exchange traded funds (ETFs) provide a means for investors to access assets indirectly that may be accessible at a high cost otherwise. I show that liquidity segmentation can explain the tendency for ETFs to trade at a premium to net asset value (NAV) as well as the life‐cycle pattern in premiums. ETFs with larger NAV tracking error standard deviations (TESDs) tend to trade at higher premiums and the liquidity benefits offered by foreign ETFs and fixed income ETFs are revealed to be the most valuable to investors. Further tests validate that TESD has the desirable properties of a liquidity segmentation measure.
Industry Costs of Equity: Incorporating Prior Information
Authors: McLemore Ping
Published: January 2018

I examine whether incorporating economically motivated prior information yields more accurate forecasts of industry costs of equity. I find that incorporating the long‐run mean of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) parameters and the industry characteristics in the cross section produces more accurate parameter estimates, which subsequently translate into more accurate out‐of‐sample forecasts of industry costs of equity. The outperformance of this method over rolling‐window estimates becomes larger as the forecast horizon extends into the future. These findings provide evidence that the CAPM parameters have a long‐run mean‐reversion property and correlate with the industry characteristics in a systematic way.
Intrahepatic bile duct primary cilia in biliary atresia
Authors: Frassetto Roberta , Parolini Filippo , Marceddu Salvatore , Satta Giulia , Papacciuoli Valeria , Pinna Maria Antonia , Mela Alessandra , Secchi Giannina , Galleri Grazia , Manetti Roberto , Bercich Luisa , Villanacci Vincenzo , Dessanti Antonio , Antonucci Roberto , Tanda Francesco , Alberti Daniele , Schwarz Kathleen B. , Clemente Maria Grazia
Published: January 2018

Aim

The etiopathogenesis of non‐syndromic biliary atresia (BA) is obscure. The primary aim was to investigate intrahepatic bile duct cilia (IHBC) in BA at diagnosis and its correlation with clinical outcome. The secondary aim was to analyze IHBC in routine paraffin‐embedded liver biopsies using conventional scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Methods

Surgical liver biopsies taken at diagnosis from 22 BA infants (age range, 39–116 days) and from eight children with non‐BA chronic cholestasis (age range, 162 days −16.8 years) were evaluated for IHBC by immunofluorescence (IF) and SEM. A minimum 18‐month follow‐up after surgery was available for all patients.

Results

By IF, cilia were present in 6/8 (75%) non‐BA but only in 3/22 (14%) BA cases, and cilia were reduced or absent in 19/22 (86%) BA and 2/8 (25%) non‐BA livers (P < 0.01). In BA, cilia presence was found to be associated with clearance of jaundice at 6‐month follow‐up (P < 0.05). However, high overall survival rates with native liver, >90% at 12 months, and >70% at 24 months post‐surgery, were recorded regardless of cilia presence/absence at diagnosis. Electron microscopy was able to detect bile ducts and cilia in routine liver biopsies, revealing significant abnormalities in 100% BA livers.

Conclusions

The presence of IHBC in BA livers at the diagnosis was associated with resolution of cholestasis, although was not predictive of short‐term survival with native liver. Scanning electron microscopy represents a powerful new tool to study routine liver biopsies in biliary disorders. Cilia dysfunction in BA pathogenesis and/or disease progression warrants further investigation.
Determination of out‐of‐plane electrical resistivity for nonoxide ceramic matrix composites
Authors: Mansour Rabih , Singh Yogesh , Morscher Gregory , Breede Fabian , Koch Dietmar
Published: January 2018

The understanding of the directional dependence of electrical properties in composite materials is essential to develop an accurate electromechanical model for these materials. However, determining the out‐of‐plane electrical resistivity in composite materials is a challenging task due to the architectural complexity of these materials and the different electrical conductivity of the composite constituents. Moreover, the small thickness of most CMC panels imposes physical difficulties on measuring the out‐of‐plane electrical resistivity directly. This work provides an indirect method for determining the out‐of‐plane electrical resistivity for composite materials while introducing the concept of length constant. This method was utilized and successfully verified for three ceramic matrix composite systems with significantly different electrical properties. The proposed method can potentially be employed for other composite systems with conductive phases.
Effect of amino acid,pHand mineral salts on glass transition and flow behaviour of soy protein concentrate
Authors: Ahmad Rafiq , Samuelsen Tor Andreas , Garvik Anne B. , Oterhals Åge
Published: January 2018

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of proline, mineral salts (NaCl and Na2SO4) andpHcombined with moisture content on the glass transition temperature (Tg) and flow‐starting temperature (Tf) of soy protein concentrate (SPC). Initial screening of the variables based on fractional factorial design showed insignificant effect of NaCl onTgandTf. The design was extended to a face‐centred central composite design (CCD) excluding NaCl and data evaluated by use of response surface methodology. The established model forTg(R2 = 0.824) shows significant negative first‐order effects of moisture, proline and Na2SO4, and a positive interaction effect of moisture and Na2SO4. TheTfmodel (R2 = 0.937) shows significant negative first‐order effects of moisture and proline, a positive first‐order and negative square effect ofpH, and a negative interaction effect of moisture and proline. The main effect onTgandTfwas 2.2 and 1.3 times higher, respectively, for moisture compared to proline. The study confirms that proline (or other free amino acids) can replace moisture as protein plasticiser in the extrusion process. Minor effects can also be obtained by reduction inpH.
Secretory products from infective forms of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis induce a rapid allergic airway inflammatory response
Authors: Marsland Benjamin J , Camberis Mali , Le Gros Graham
Published: January 2018

Allergic asthma is responsible for widespread morbidity and mortality and its incidence has increased dramatically in industrialized countries over the past two decades. Here, we describe a new murine model of allergic asthma utilizing a novel allergen with intrinsic enzymatic activity similar to that reported for many environmental allergens. The allergen, NES, is excreted and secreted from the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, and can readily be isolated from in vitro parasite cultures. When NES is administered intranasally to presensitized mice, allergic airway disease develops, including airway hyper‐responsiveness, airway eosinophilia, IgE antibody production and Th2 cytokine production. This disease is characteristic of atopic asthma and can be induced within 11 days, thus providing a platform for the rapid analysis of allergic disease and high throughput testing of immunomodulatory factors.
Memory, Landscape & Mortuary Practice
Authors: Ahola Marja
Published: January 2018

Stone Age people handled their dead in various ways. From the Late Mesolithic period onwards, the deceased were also buried in formal cemeteries, and according to radiocarbon dates, the cemeteries were used for long periods and occasionally reused after a hiatus of several hundred years. The tradition of continuous burials indicates that the cemeteries were not only static containers of the dead but also important places for Stone Age communities, which were often established in potent places and marked by landscape features that might have had a strong association with death. The paper explores the tradition of burials in cemeteries exemplified through Jönsas Stone Age cemetery in southern Finland. Here the natural topography, along with memories of practices conducted at the site in the past, played a significant role in the Stone Age mortuary practices, also resulting in the ritual reuse of the cemetery by the Neolithic Corded Ware Culture.
Hoby – An Exceptional Early Roman Iron Age Site in the Western Baltic Region
Authors: Klingenberg Susanne , Blankenfeldt Ruth , Søsted Kasper Høhling , Nielsen Anders Jon , Jensen Anna-Elisabeth
Published: January 2018

Hoby on the island of Lolland in the western part of the Baltic Sea is strategically located in a coastal landscape offering abundant resources. In 1920, one of the most richly furnished so-called “Lübsow type” graves dating to the first century AD was discovered at Hoby. The settlement associated with the grave was recognised in 1999. Excavations of the settlement between 2001 and 2016 have confirmed the central role of Hoby in the Iron Age society. The research has focused on the Iron Age population and the infrastructure on Lolland. The Iron Age open cultural landscape encompassed numerous settlements, richly furnished burials and fortifications, and has produced unique metal finds. The article presents a summary of investigation results.
Klavs Randsborg and the Ninth Century AD
Authors: Hodges Richard
Published: January 2018

Archaeology over the past fifty years has shown that in the early 9thcentury Western Europe experimented with a coalescing of states affirmed by a common reform ideology and with it increased communication to regions beyond. At different speeds, regions of Western Europe adopted this new strategy known as thecorrectio. Within a generation, thecorrectiogave rise to a new ‘feudal’ economy and significantly a new regionalism. The archaeology of Europe shows that there were winners and losers in these fast-changing regions. The losers, in many cases, controlled the written narratives and ascribed their altered socio-economic condition to the Others of the time, not least because the Others were leading exponents of thepot-correctioeconomic agenda. This paper revisits Klavs Randsborg’s groundbreaking book, TheViking Age of Denmark, in the context of post-war approaches to Europe’s post-classical narrative.
The Evolution of Cubic Dice
Authors: Eerkens Jelmer W. , de Voogt Alex
Published: January 2018

Cubic dice were brought by the Romans to the Low Countries, and are found in small numbers at many archaeological sites dating to the last 2000 years. We report on a systematic analysis of 110 well-dated dice from the Netherlands, showing that shape, pip configuration, and pip style changed significantly for bone and antler dice from the Roman to the recent historical period. Dice predating 650 CE are highly variable in all attributes, those dating between 1100 and 1450 are highly standardized, and those post-dating 1450 CE are standardized for some attributes, such as symmetry and configuration, but variable for others, such as material type. There is also a major shift from “sevens” to “primes” and back to “sevens” pip configuration across these temporal windows, and pip style was simplified over time from a dot-ring-ring pattern to simple dots. We compare these trends to a smaller set of well-dated dice from the United Kingdom and speculate on possible reasons for these changes. The information can be used in future studies in the Netherlands to help date sites and/or isolated finds, and more broadly, can be augmented with similar analyses of dice elsewhere in Eurasia to study ancient interaction networks and the cultural transmission of games involving dice play.
Gender Ideologies in Europe: A Multidimensional Framework
Authors: Grunow Daniela , Begall Katia , Buchler Sandra
Published: January 2018

The authors argue, in line with recent research, that operationalizing gender ideology as a unidimensional construct ranging from traditional to egalitarian is problematic and propose an alternative framework that takes the multidimensionality of gender ideologies into account. Using latent class analysis, they operationalize their gender ideology framework based on data from the 2008 European Values Study, of which eight European countries reflecting the spectrum of current work–family policies were selected. The authors examine the form in which gender ideologies cluster in the various countries. Five ideology profiles were identified: egalitarian, egalitarian essentialism, intensive parenting, moderate traditional, and traditional. The five ideology profiles were found in all countries, but with pronounced variation in size. Ideologies mixing gender essentialist and egalitarian views appear to have replaced traditional ideologies, even in countries offering some institutional support for gendered separate spheres.
What We Talk About When We Talk About Inequality: An Introduction to the Journal of Management Studies Special Issue
Authors: Suddaby Roy , Bruton Garry D. , Walsh James P.
Published: January 2018

This introduction to the Journal of Management Studies Special Issue on Inequality argues that the way we frame conversations about inequality reveals important information about how poverty and inequality have become institutionalized in modern society. We observe a distinct recent shift in the collective conversation about vulnerable populations in western society away from poverty and toward inequality. We question why this shift has occurred and who benefits from it. Drawing from the provocative papers that populate the Special Issue we describe how forms of talk can help create inequality, maintain it and holds the potential to change it. We encourage new research that adopts a holistic reintegration of poverty and inequality by attending to the ‘dirty realism’ of the violence of poverty and the dire consequences of internalized inequality.
Macronutrient and fibre intake of young Spanish children with reference to their in utero growth status: Are they eating a healthy diet?
Authors: Nuruddin Rozina , Urpi‐Sarda Mireia , Rodriguez‐Lopez Merida , Garcia‐Arenas Dolores , Gratacos Eduard , Crispi Fatima , Acosta‐Rojas Ruthy
Published: January 2018

Aim

To compare macronutrient and fibre intake by pre‐school children born with intra‐uterine growth restriction (IUGR) or as appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and to compare their intake with paediatric nutritional recommendations for identification of potential areas of modification during early life.

Methods

A parental 3‐day dietary record was obtained for children of age 1–6 years, born at Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (2002–2007) with IUGR (n = 37) or AGA (n = 53). Mean nutrient intake (adjusted for body mass index), nutrient adequacy ratios (NAR) and percentage of energy intake (EI%) were compared.

Results

Macronutrient and fibre intake of the two groups did not differ significantly. However, IUGR children showed significantly higher than the recommended levels of protein EI% (18 (95% confidence interval (CI) 16–19)), NAR for saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (1.2 (95% CI 1.1–1.5)) and NAR for carbohydrate (1.4 (95% CI 1.2–1.6)) and significantly lower than the recommended levels of NAR for unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) (0.6 (95% CI 0.5–0.8)) and for fibre (0.6 (95% CI 0.5–0.8)). Likewise, children born with AGA showed similar pattern compared to the recommended levels for protein EI% (17 (95% CI 16–18)), NAR for SFAs (1.3 (95% CI 1.2–1.4)), NAR for UFAs (0.6 (95% CI 0.5–0.7)) and NAR for fibre (0.8 (95% CI 0.7–0.9)).

Conclusion

Spanish pre‐school children consume proteins and SFAs in abundance and UFAs and fibre in moderation. Reinforcement of healthy eating is recommended for long‐term health benefits, especially for at‐risk children born with IUGR, whose consumption of carbohydrate is additionally greater than that recommended.
The first record of fossil Vitaceae wood from the Southern Hemisphere, a new combination for Vitaceoxylon ramunculiformis, and reappraisal of the fossil record of the grape family (Vitaceae) from the Cenozoic of Australia
Authors: Rozefelds Andrew C. , Pace Marcelo R.
Published: January 2018

Austrovideira dettmannae gen. & sp. nov. from the early Oligocene Capella Flora in central Queensland is the first fossil Vitaceae wood described from the Southern Hemisphere. A new combination, Stafylioxylon ramunculiformis (Poole & Wilkinson) Pace & Rozefelds for a Northern Hemisphere fossil wood is also proposed. Austrovideira and Stafylioxylon share with Vitaceoxylon secondary xylem with two diameter classes of vessels, wide vessels usually solitary, narrow vessels forming radial chains, very wide and tall rays, scanty paratracheal parenchyma and septate fibres. Austrovideira differs from Vitaceoxylon in having scalariform intervessel pits and homocellular rays composed exclusively of procumbent cells. This combination of features is seen in the Ampelocissus‐Vitis clade, and a clearly stratified phloem with fibre bands alternating with all other axial elements and phloem rays rapidly dilating towards the periderm is restricted to Parthenocissus and Vitis. Stafylioxylon shares with Austrovideira the presence of scalariform intervessel pits but it differs from that genus in both ray composition and bark anatomy, as it lacks a stratified phloem. These fossil wood genera demonstrate that the lianescent habit in the Vitaceae was established by the Eocene in the Northern Hemisphere and by the Oligocene in the Southern Hemisphere. The pollen and seed fossil record shows that the Vitaceae were in Australia by the Eocene and fossil seeds suggest that the family had radiated by this time. The Oligocene Capella flora with two seed taxa and fossil wood (Austrovideira) provides further evidence of an Australian radiation. The fossil evidence, suggests a significant Gondwanic history for the family.
The Monetary‐Equivalent Effect of Voluntary Work on Mental Wellbeing in Europe
Authors: Becchetti Leonardo , Conzo Pierluigi , Di Febbraro Mirko
Published: January 2018

The hypothesis that active community involvement is beneficial for health finds strong support in the medical literature and in most policy guidelines for active ageing in OECD countries. We test it empirically and find that voluntary work has a significant impact on several measures of mental wellbeing. When accounting for fixed effects, panel attrition, endogeneity, and reverse causality, the positive effect of voluntary work remains robust. For the first time in the literature, we calculate the monetary equivalent of mental wellbeing benefits of voluntary work with the compensating variation approach, and estimate them up to a maximum of around 9,500 euros per indicator. Our results imply that policies fostering voluntary work of the elderly would contribute to active ageing and the wellbeing of the elderly and reduce welfare costs for society.