bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Just Get Off the Internet
Authors: Sobieraj Sarah
Published: September 2020

Digital attacks against women are rarely taken seriously. The US legal system and the major social media platforms (where the majority of the abuse transpires) each fail women as their attacker and attack-focused accountability systems are incapable of addressing the cumulative experience of identity-based attacks online. Meanwhile, victim blaming, the privileging of physical over nonphysical harm and the imposition of a false dichotomy between digital and “real” life all minimize women’s experiences with digital hate. Interviews with women who have been attacked online show that this trivialization is so pervasive that even victims internalize it: minimizing their own experiences, even as they vociferously reject others’ attempts to do so. Struggling with this internalized trivialization and aware that few legal or platform-based recourse options exist, women rarely report their abuse. When they do, it is seldom gratifying. In the end, targets are left with the perception that they enter digital publics at their own risk.
The Securitarian Personality
Authors: Hibbing John R.
Published: September 2020

This book identifies the core motivations of Donald Trump’s strongest supporters. Previous research suggests that Trump’s followers are authoritarians or even fascists—individuals who are comfortable only when a powerful person is controlling their lives and providing direction and certainty in the process. This book advances and empirically supports the thesis that what Trump’s base craves is not authority but rather a specific form of security. The disposition of Trump’s strongest supporters leads them to strive for security in the face of threats from members of out-groups, and they define out-groups broadly to include welfare cheats, unpatriotic athletes, norm violators, non-English speakers, people who subscribe to a non-majority religion, people not of the majority racial group, people who do not follow prevalent national customs, and certainly people from other countries. Fervent Trump supporters’ primary purpose in life is to protect themselves, their families, and their larger cultural group from these outsider threats. A similar motivation is present in subpopulations around the world as can be seen in the Brexit vote in the United Kingdom as well as the success of nativist candidates around the globe. By detailing these desires, this book makes it possible to understand a political movement that many people find baffling and frustrating, which in turn could make it easier for Trump’s base and those who stridently oppose Trump to communicate with each other.
Devendra Fadnavis
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

Devendra Fadnavis, of the Bharatiya Janata Party, became the second-youngest chief minister of Maharashtra in 2014 at the age of 44. Belying expectations, he lasted a full five-year term in office governing the state renowned for its factional politics. His administrative skills were widely appreciated. He began his political career with the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP), the student wing of the BJP, and gradually worked his way up the political ladder. Fadnavis has a long association with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), where his father served as a pracharak. He attributes his poise and temperament to his upbringing in the RSS.
Introduction to Part 2
Authors: Patibandla Murali
Published: September 2020

The chapter demonstrates the internal reforms undertaken in the mid-1980 and major internal and external reforms the early-1990 and their effect on product and factor markets and institutional conditions. It also shows inter-relationship between international trade and investment behaviour. The reforms allowed TNCs in most industries. It was argued the reforms in general resulted in positive outcomes because India possessed critical industrial and skill endowments and capitalist conditions. The reforms resulted in augmentation of economic growth rate between 6 and 7 per cent which increased market size. This, in turn, gave incentives TNCs to bring in their assets and compete in domestic market. Apart from product markets, the reforms improved competitive conditions in input markets such as labour in sectors like software and services and automobiles and electronics. Furthermore, supply chain conditions improved significantly with entry of Japanese and South Korean multinationals.
The Model
Authors: Patibandla Murali
Published: September 2020

The chapter extends the theoretical model of Chapter 3 by introducing time dimension into strategic interactions between firms in terms of the Pre-reforms and the Post-reforms eras. New entrants into industries are mostly Transnational corporations with advantages in intangible assets in technology and brand names. Incumbent firms were taken to Indian firms with relative disadvantage in technology but advantages in institutional knowledge of Indian markets. This triggers intense competition between the Indian firms and Transnational corporations. Incumbents replaced outdated technologies with imports and mastered codified and tacit elements of technologies. Transnationals made efforts at acquiring knowledge of India’s institutions and adopting their technologies to local firms. We traced this with discussion of technological and organizational behaviour in the Post-reform era.
Origins
Authors: Wilmarth Jr. Arthur E.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 1 describes the rise of universal banks in the U.S. during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Large commercial banks in New York and Chicago entered the securities business in the late nineteenth century by forming alliances with leading investment banks. In 1902, the federal regulator of national banks (the Comptroller of the Currency) told national banks that they could not underwrite or trade in securities except for government bonds. Large national banks evaded that prohibition by establishing securities affiliates. Securities affiliates of national banks survived challenges from the Justice Department, Congress, and the Comptroller of the Currency between 1911 and 1920. Universal banks and their securities affiliates prospered during the 1920s with the enthusiastic support of the Harding and Coolidge administrations. The survival and growth of universal banks during the early twentieth century demonstrated their ability to overcome political and regulatory obstacles.
Conclusion
Authors: Wilmarth Jr. Arthur E.
Published: September 2020

A new Glass-Steagall Act would break up universal banks and end the conflicts of interest that prevent universal banks from acting as objective lenders and impartial investment advisers. It would produce a more stable and resilient financial system by reestablishing structural buffers to prevent contagion between the banking system and other financial sectors. It would improve market discipline by preventing banks from transferring their safety net subsidies to affiliates engaged in capital markets activities. It would shrink the shadow banking system by prohibiting nonbanks from issuing short-term financial claims that function as deposit substitutes. It would remove the dangerous influence that large financial conglomerates exercise over our political and regulatory systems. It would end the current situation in which our financial system and our economy are held hostage to the survival of universal banks and large shadow banks. It would restore our banking system and financial markets to their proper roles as servants—not masters—of nonfinancial business firms and consumers.
Little Boys on Their Own
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

The chapter traces the musical educations of Domenico Cimarosa, a contemporary of Mozart, in the 1760s and of Henri Busser, a contemporary of Claude Debussy, in the 1880s. Though born into quite different worlds, their experiences as fatherless boys taken in by conservatories were very similar. For both of them, instruction was largely nonverbal. They did not learn from reading about music. They learned by constantly imitating and creating music. That is, in modern terms, they learned predominantly “by ear,” although they also learned to read and write music.
Masters Take Up the Challenge
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

The early conservatories were trade schools. Over a period of about ten years they needed to transform orphans, then thought of as social outcasts, into skilled craftsmen who could earn a productive income and become self-supporting. So they developed practical methods to give boys the skills needed to become professional church organists, court composers, opera singers, orchestral musicians, or choir directors. The chapter surveys the historically most important music masters in Italy and the types of innovative lessons that they developed.
Child Labor
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

The early conservatories were boarding schools. As children acquired useful musical skills, they were rented out to perform in the city. At what point does practical education turn into child labour and exploitation? From the perspective of earlier centuries, most children were expected to work. Farm children worked in the fields, the children of craftsmen and merchants worked in their shops. Families often needed the free labour of their children to make ends meet, and through work the children developed knowledge of the family business. The balance between learning and working shifted in a bad way with the industrial revolution. One can see similar forms of exploitation in the marketing of child musical prodigies. The chapter discusses the lives of three prodigies, one of whom was Mozart.
Partimenti and the Power of Improvisation
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

Like a lead sheet in popular music, a partimento gives a performer a single line of music to aid in the performance of a multivoice composition. Lead sheets provide a simplified melody and symbols for chords. Partimenti provide a bass and sometimes figured-bass numbers to indicate specific intervals. In both cases the reconstruction works well if the performer has a good knowledge of the style of music involved and a memory for the kinds of musical patterns needed. In Naples, children played the written partimento with their left hands at a small harpsichord. With their right hands they improvised the types of melodies, chords, and counterpoints implied by the bass. Beginners may have improvised mostly simple chords. Intermediate-level students improvised melodies and counterpoints. And advanced students developed highly contrapuntal realizations that included partimento fugues.
Predicting Creativity within a Tradition
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O.
Published: September 2020

Creativity, in the context of traditional arts, is more about finding inventive combinations of well-known elements than about coming up with something entirely new. Within conservatories, the masters used annual contests to reward or weed out students who were good or bad at combining various learned schemas in artistic ways. The chapter examines some harmony assignments completed by Claude Debussy. While he was one of the most original composers in music history, he was also very good at combining traditional schemas in response to a given melody or bass. Two of his assignments for the class of Émile Durand are among his earliest known musical expressions.
Sidelining the States
Authors: Cox Adam B. , Rodríguez Cristina M.
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers how federalism has played an important role in immigration enforcement and challenged presidents of both parties, thus helping to structure national debates over the place of immigrants in American society. The cooperation of state and local officials turns out to be critical to the project of locating and deporting immigration violators. Today, local officials work as formal and informal partners to the federal government, serve as sources of information and bureaucratic expertise, and provide personnel essential to federal enforcement efforts. The integration of federal and state officials into a single immigration enforcement bureaucracy has expanded and complicated the President’s power over immigration law. Particularly when immigration federalism has taken a partisan turn, powerful incentives have arisen for the President to co-opt, crush, or otherwise control local initiatives in order to push immigration policy in the administration’s preferred direction. Both the Obama and Trump eras provide vivid examples of this centralizing tendency. Presidential efforts to consolidate power in these circumstances has never been complete, however. Because the Executive Branch cannot escape its bureaucratic reliance on local institutions, the delegation of meaningful power to nonfederal officials remains part of the system whether presidential administrations like it or not.
Designing One Nation
Authors: Schreiter Katrin
Published: September 2020

The histories of East and West Germany traditionally emphasize the Cold War rivalries between the communist and capitalist nations. Yet, even as the countries diverged in their political directions, they had to create new ways of working together economically. This book examines the material culture of increasing economic contacts in divided Germany from the 1940s until the 1990s. Trade events, such as fairs and product shows, became one of the few venues for sustained links and knowledge between the two countries after the building of the Berlin Wall. The book uses industrial design, epitomized by the furniture industry, to show how a network of politicians, entrepreneurs, and cultural brokers attempted to nationally re-inscribe their production cultures, define a postwar German identity, and regain economic stability and political influence in postwar Europe. What started as a competition for ideological superiority between East and West Germany quickly turned into a shared, politically legitimizing quest for an untainted post-fascist modernity. This work follows products from the drawing board into the homes of ordinary Germans to offer insights into how converging visions of German industrial modernity created shared expectations about economic progress and living standards. The book reveals how intra-German and European trade policies drove the creation of products and generated a certain convergence of East and West German taste by the 1980s.
Producing Modern German Homes
Authors: Schreiter Katrin
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the idea of nation branding. The term nation branding describes a branding effort at the national level that substantially follows the logics that develop the specific properties of a product brand. Such branding evolved in the postwar period in Germany from simply harnessing firm reputation to employing symbolic values, such as cultural or historical factors. On both sides, coherent communication was crucial for the success of branding. To reinvigorate the “Made in Germany” brand, a network of designers and producers created a narrative of political signifcance around their products. Similar to a product brand, the products of national domestic culture were intended to offer both German populations a sense of identity as well as promote their cultural achievements abroad.
From Competition to Cooperation
Authors: Schreiter Katrin
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at the influence of Cold War diplomacy on German design. Within the bipolarity of the Cold War, the political significance of aesthetics in everyday objects was well established. Taking the focus of the superpowers to interrogate the specifically German cultural politics behind the aestheticization of separate identities—proletarian in the East and cosmopolitan in the West—highlights German interests in the global Cold War. It is in the operationalization of industrial design for diplomatic purposes, in which economic culture and foreign policy directly connect. In order to show how material culture emerged as a recognizable language in the intra-German relationship and what functions it served, this chapter integrates the material with the diplomatic ambitions of the two German states. In this way, East and West German cultural-political strategies that sought to negotiate a German-German modus vivendi through the medium of domestic culture can be connected to the complex history of Cold War German diplomacy within the framework of international industrial design exhibitions, international design organizations, and direct German-German cultural exchanges. At the center stands the question of how both Germanys turned a competitive situation, the aestheticization of their respective political orders, into a diplomatic tool for rapprochement.
Prologue
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

0 Praise to the Creator Ohrmazd! Majestic, glorious, omniscient, wise, mighty, the greatest in good thoughts, words, and deeds in thinking, speech, and action, and to all the spiritual and material deities.

1 With good fortune and with a happy omen I would wish to write—secondly...
On the Nature of the Birth of All Species
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 15 presents a theory of conception in human beings and in various animal species that seems to be based on different Greek and Hellenistic ideas. Strikingly, the chapter considers menstruation to be a biological process that is a necessary part of the reproductive cycle, and not, as is the case in Zoroastrian ritual law, a sign of impurity. The accompanying chapter 15A concerns the gender of various creations.
On the Nature of Fire
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 18 deals with fire, one of the most important elements of the Zoroastrian religion. It opens with a list of the five kinds of fire and their natures, and then describes the sacred fires of Sasanian Iran: Farrōbag, Gušnasp, and Burzēnmihr. The chapter devotes special attention to the victorious Wahrām fires, the highest degree of consecrated fire, located in fire temples established by different legendary kings.
On the Nature of Vermin
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 22 is devoted to xrafstar, the evil animals created by Ahriman in dualistic opposition to Ohrmazd’s animal creation. Like the discussion of Ohrmazd’s animal creation in chapter 13, this chapter, too, classifies Ahrimanic vermin. Reptiles—in particular serpents—insects, and mythological animals are divided into aquatic, terrestrial, and flying categories. Wolves, a separate category of evil animals, are discussed in chapter 23.
On the Great Deeds of the Spiritual Deities
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

The longest chapter in the Bundahišn, chapter 26 comprises a detailed catalogue of Zoroastrian deities (yazdān) and their roles and functions. The chapter describes how each deity has distinct powers and attributes, including in the protection of the world and in the war against the forces of Ahriman. The chapter draws from and comments on the hymns to various divine beings found in the Avestan yašts.
On the Glorious Kayanid Palaces, Which They Call Wonders and Marvels
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 32 presents a list of the marvelous palaces built by Iranian heroes and their enemies, several of which are also mentioned elsewhere in Middle Persian literature and in the Avesta.
On Resurrection and the Final Body
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 34 describes the resurrection of the dead (ristāxēz) in their final physical form, known as the Final Body (tan ī pāsēn), and the Restoration of the earth to its original state of peace and symmetry (frašgird). The eschatological events include a final universal purgation in a river of molten metal and a final battle between good and evil during which the molten river pours into Hell to destroy it. The chapter describes Ahriman’s return to his primordial darkness and gloom.
On the Family and Lineage of the Kayanids
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapters 35 and 35A provide genealogies of the epic and the religious heroes of the Iranian tradition, as well as the priestly families of the mowbeds. The second part of the chapter deals with the genealogy of the prophet Zoroaster. It describes the prophet’s ancestry, as well as the names of his historical sons and daughters.
Afterword
Authors: Stroumsa Guy G.
Published: September 2020

The Bundahišn was redacted after the end of the Sasanian Empire, at a time when Zoroastrians were adapting to their new, fragile situation as a tolerated minority under Islamic rule. Like most other Pahlavi literary texts, however, much of its contents reflects older conceptions, and it often presents theological and mythological traditions from the ancient past. A major question confronting scholars of ancient Iranian literature concerns the dating of these traditions, all the more so as this literature had been preserved orally for centuries before being committed to writing. It is often extremely difficult, or altogether impossible, to disentangle older layers from later accretions. Just like religious beliefs and practices, indeed like language itself, myths never remain static but constantly evolve, driven by an inner logic of development and under the impact of foreign traditions with which they are in contact....
Peace Love Yoga
Authors: Jain Andrea R.
Published: September 2020

Peace Love Yoga analyzes growing spiritual industries and their coherence with neoliberal capitalism. “Personal growth,” “self-care,” and “transformation” are just some of the generative tropes in the narrative of these industries. The book illuminates the power dynamics underlying what the author calls neoliberal spirituality, illustrating how spiritual commodities are rooted in concerns about deviancy, not only in the form of low productivity but also forms of social deviancy. The book, however, does not just offer one more voice bemoaning the commodification of spirituality as a numbing device through which consumers ignore the problems of neoliberal capitalism or as the corruption or loss of “authentic” religious forms. Instead, it asks what we should make of subversive spiritual discourses that call on adherents to think beyond the individual and even out into the environment, claims to counter the problems of unbridled capitalism with charitable giving or “conscious capitalism,” challenges to the imperialism behind the appropriation and commodification of products from yoga to mindfulness, calls for women’s empowerment, and efforts to greenwash commodities, making them more environmentally “friendly” or “sustainable.” Rather than a mode through which consumers ignore, escape, or are numbed to the problems of neoliberal capitalism, many spiritual industries, corporations, entrepreneurs, and consumers, the book suggests, do actually acknowledge those problems and, in fact, subvert them; but they subvert them through mere gestures. From provocative taglines printed across T-shirts or packaging to calls for “conscious capitalism,” commodification serves as a strategy through which subversion itself is contained.
The Way of Cane
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

The philosophical, musical, personal and scientific basis for the author’s particular approach to reed-making. The importance of the communication of being human as expressed through the arts in general and music in particular. Knowing, not knowing and intimacy as aspects of good reed-work. The method of building reeds which are both beautiful to hear and comfortable to play is introduced. The concept of the distribution of the cane affects the tone quality and ease of playing is introduced. Reeds are seen as interconnected to our concept of sound musicianship and our grounding in the physical world.
Musical Influences and Reed Making
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

Knowing our musical goals and needs sculpts how we make, design, and build our reeds. The study of all of the arts helps us to understand our music more thoroughly.
Cane Hardness Testing
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

A study on how to use hardness testing gauges and what they can teach us.
On Inhumanity
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

The Rwandan genocide, the Holocaust, the lynching of African Americans, the colonial slave trade: these are horrific episodes of mass violence spawned from racism and hatred. We like to think that we could never see such evils again—that we would stand up and fight. But something deep in the human psyche—deeper than prejudice itself—leads people to persecute the other: dehumanization, or the human propensity to think of others as less than human. This book looks at the mechanisms of the mind that encourage us to see someone as less than human. There is something peculiar and horrifying in human psychology that makes us vulnerable to thinking of whole groups of people as subhuman creatures. When governments or other groups stand to gain by exploiting this innate propensity, and know just how to manipulate words and images to trigger it, there is no limit to the violence and hatred that can result.
Introduction
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter discusses the author's personal background and motivations for studying dehumanization. These anecdotes set the stage for a brief look into the complexity of dehumanization and its many horrendous results throughout history through today. The chapter argues that dehumanization takes place on two fronts. One part is resisting the dehumanizing impulse in ourselves. To do that, we must acknowledge that we are capable of dehumanizing others, and we must have knowledge of what it is about the human mind that disposes us to regard our fellow human beings as less than human. But the psychological dimension is only half the story, as this chapter shows. The other half is social and political.
Self-Engineering
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter illustrates how, as hypersocial animals, we have strong inhibitions against harming our own kind, but we are also able to recognize that doing harm to others can benefit those who are capable of overcoming their reluctance to performing acts of violence. Here, culture does more than allow us to engineer material artifacts. It also allows us to engineer ourselves. Our knack for culture gives Homo sapiens vastly greater behavioral flexibility than is available to any other species, because it creates conditions that allow us to push back against some of the biological imperatives of human nature itself. Through culture, we can get ourselves to behave in ways that would otherwise be unavailable to us. Among these are ways that we have found to overcome our visceral aversion to performing acts of calculated, instrumental violence against our own kind. The chapter argues that it is thus our feats of self-engineering that have made certain kinds of violence—by far, the most destructive kinds of violence—possible.
Ideology
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that dehumanizing beliefs are ideological beliefs. So, to understand how dehumanization works, and to resist it effectively, the chapter stresses the need for a clear conception of ideology. One popular conception of ideology is that ideologies are beliefs that have the function of fostering oppression. The chapter agrees with and adopts this notion of ideology, because it homes in on something important that we do not have the term for. But to truly understand what ideology is, this chapter pushes the analysis further and looks closely at the two core elements of the definition: the concepts of oppression and function.
Genocide
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the exterminationist form of dehumanization—the form of dehumanization that often leads to genocide. One of its most striking features is how repetitive its themes are. With small, local variations, each example seems to be cut from more or less the same cloth. Almost always, the dehumanized group is regarded as an inferior race, and described as resembling predatory or unclean animals. No matter how tiny and vulnerable the persecuted population is, their dehumanizers perceive them as posing an existential threat from which they urgently need to defend themselves. Often, the dehumanizers regard those whom they dehumanize as part of a powerful, shadowy conspiracy that controls world governments and the mass media. And sex is an ever-present element. The dehumanized group is seen as hypersexual and therefore bestial. They are rapists and pedophiles, and they reproduce so rapidly that they will soon replace the dominant group as the majority.
Nothing Hidden in the Entire Universe
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2020

In considering the roots, basis, and aftermath of the Verse Comments, which was composed as a lyrical interpretation of the 60-fascicle edition of Dōgen’s Treasury of the True Dharma Eye, several facts are well known about when and why it was written. However, many aspects of the historical context remain unclear in regard to the reasons for the textual production, so that there is no choice but to make some conjectures based on compelling literary and chronological evidence. Speculation about the formation and dissemination (or lack thereof) of Giun’s work in relation to the significance of the 60-fascicle edition should be argued by assessing traditional records along with contemporary research that has uncovered important archival materials for Treasury manuscripts previously unavailable to scholars. This chapter explains the evidence while summarizing recent theories about the possible rationale for how and why the Verse Comments was constructed.
Giun’s Verse Comments and Capping Phrases
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides a complete translation of Giun’s verse comments on the Treasury of the True Dharma Eye along with the original kanbun (Sino-Japanese) text composed in the fourteenth century, including the four-line verses and capping phrases written by Giun and those by Honkō from the eighteenth century. In addition, the preface by Giun is included. A complete list of the fascicles with the translation, romanization, and original characters is also presented. The chapter additionally features the author’s own interpretative remarks concerning Giun’s medieval commentary by highlighting the meaning and significance of each of the 60 fascicles and discussing the symbolism and ramification of key examples of Giun’s and Honkō’s poetic imagery. Reading through these materials highlights various literary motifs and religious themes that characterize the verse comments.
Intimate Labor
Authors: Hardwick Julie
Published: September 2020

The pragmatic local management of out-of-wedlock pregnancy also relied on the paid work of landladies, midwives, and wet-nurses who made the smooth and even respectable handing of single parenthood possible. Some landladies specialized in short-term rentals to young expectant mothers for whom they provided pre- and post-natal care and arranged midwives and wet-nurses. Young men who did not or could not marry could save their reputations by meeting their paternal responsibilities—renting such a room, being present at the baby’s baptism, and taking custody of the newborn in arrangements that closely replicated what a paternity suit award would usually involve. Midwives also served as medico-legal experts who were gatekeepers to paternity suits as they had to confirm the alleged pregnancy for the courts.
Losing in the Courts
Authors: Skillen James R.
Published: September 2020

The Hage family and the Dann sisters grazed livestock on federal lands in Nevada through the last three sagebrush rebellions. Their stories illustrate the frustrations that many ranchers had with evolving federal land law and management over the last fifty years, as they went from being the dominant users of federal rangeland to one of multiple, competing users. Unlike the Bundy family, the Hages and the Danns battled the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service largely in court, fighting to defend what they believed were either private property rights or Native American treaty rights. After four decades of political and legal conflict, neither family is able to graze livestock on federal lands. When militia force means victory and courts mean defeat, the federal land has become a dangerous place.
“Spitting Mad”
Authors: Skillen James R.
Published: September 2020

The War for the West started during the George H. W. Bush administration and exploded into a more narrowly partisan conflict when President Clinton took office. Tensions were driven by the rise of a new management paradigm, ecosystem management, which led to new emphases on riparian health in range management. They were also driven by ongoing disagreements over county road rights-of-way and economic development of federal resources. Skirmishes in the War for the West varied considerably. Individual ranchers battled the federal government to maintain their accustomed grazing practices; Catron County, New Mexico, launched the County Supremacy Movement by demanding that the federal government protect its established “customs and culture”; Nye County, Nevada, returned to battles from the Sagebrush Rebellion; and several counties in southeastern Utah reignited debates over their authority to manage ambiguous road claims in the wilderness. The net result was a rise in threats against federal employees during the 1990s.
Glenn Beck’s Common Sense
Authors: Skillen James R.
Published: September 2020

The Patriot Rebellion during the Obama administration demonstrated just how well conservative western frustrations with federal land management were woven into a national conservative challenge to federal authority, and it illustrated how well-integrated the militias were in conservative politics. Indeed, the line between mainstream and extreme political protest were blurred considerably compared to the Sagebrush Rebellion. The Patriot Rebellion was led by the largely Christian Tea Party movement, which used the language and symbols of the American Revolution to condemn the Obama administration and the federal government generally as unconstitutional tyrants. And it was carried further by the armed Patriot Movement, in which people claimed they were prepared to kill for the Constitution.
Popular Constitutionalism Applied
Authors: Skillen James R.
Published: September 2020

The Patriot Rebellion that swept across the West, driven by a mature infrastructure of conservative interests, counties, states, and individuals challenged the federal government directly over access to federal lands and economic development. States, led by Utah, claimed the power of eminent domain over federal lands and demanded that the federal government relinquished most of its land to them. Counties once again demanded control over federal land use planning, this time by arguing that the federal government needed to coordinate with county officials to ensure that federal land use plans met county needs.
Introduction
Authors: Ingram Haroro , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

The Islamic State (also known as ISIS, ISIL, and Daesh) swept into the global consciousness in 2014 with its daring seizure of territory in Iraq and Syria, before seeming to fade just as quickly back into the deserts from which it allegedly came. From its outset, it has been a source of widespread confusion—General Michael Nagata, the US Special Forces commander tasked with countering the group in late 2014, admitted in a moment of candour that he and his command did not understand ‘this movement’....
Introduction
Authors: LeFanu Sarah
Published: September 2020

The introduction provides a contextualizing synopsis of the involvement of the three protagonists, Kipling, Kingsley and Conan Doyle, in the Anglo-Boer War, and flags up the experiences that they would share – fatal in the case of Kingsley – of the typhoid that would account for over half of British fatalities. It places the war within the historical context of Queen Victoria’s long reign and the growth of the British Empire. It suggests that the motives of all three protagonists were mixed: that while they were all public figures in Britain, their personal histories nonetheless made them see themselves as social outsiders. It introduces the idea that all three had personal reasons for leaving England, as well as being drawn towards the war in South Africa by more abstract notions of duty, patriotism or imperialism.
Rudyard Kipling 1897–1899
Authors: LeFanu Sarah
Published: September 2020

This chapter opens with the involvement of Cecil Rhodes in the failed Jameson Raid of 1895; on Kipling’s second visit to South Africa in 1898 he saw a great deal of Rhodes, travelling with him to the diamond mines at Kimberley, and on to the newly-acquired territory of Rhodesia, a journey that inspired two at least of the Just So stories. He became an ever-keener imperialist, and wrote, ‘The White Man’s Burden’. Mary Kingsley particularly disliked it. In this chapter Sir Edward Burne-Jones dies and six months later the Kiplings travel to New York, where Rudyard and Josephine, his beloved daughter, fall ill with pneumonia; Josephine dies. When war is declared in October 1899, Kipling leaps at the distraction from his profound grief, and rushes out a poem – ‘The Absent-Minded Beggar’ – to raise money for the servicemen being sent to South Africa and their dependents.
Defining Excellence, Quality, and Style
Authors: Uy Michael Sy
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyzes several definitions and understandings of expertise, as well as its relational and social aspects. It investigates the role of artists and arts managers as “contributory experts.” Grantmaking institutions invited consultants and panelists to help them make cultural policy. One Rockefeller vice president referred to his music advisory committee as his “wise men” who guided the foundation in “the most creative and promising direction.” These experts, in turn, determined and defined artistic excellence and quality, deciding the fate of hundreds of millions of dollars in music. They chose which kinds of music and which composers and performers received foundation and government money. Experts evaluated criteria they believed to be objective, such as budgets and project feasibility, while also expressing their own subjective tastes and preferences. Peer and expert review provided a system of legitimization and authority while concentrating power in a remarkably small and overlapping network of artists.
The Incoherence of the Philosophers1
Authors: Jones David Martin
Published: September 2020

Failure to confront the ideological challenge that Islamism presented at home and abroad exposed the incoherence at the core of new liberalism’s inclusive, but diversity aware, secular agenda. After the millennium confusion over the theory and practice of external war and countering terrorism at home posed an intractable dilemma for the progressive mind. Who or what was the enemy? How should just war to advance liberal internationalism be conducted after 9/11? And did jihadism represent an existential threat or a mere blip on the teleological highway to history’s end? The answers these questions received unravelled the illusions about identity, social justice and multicultural harmony that held the progressive vision together. The refusal of the official mind to refute illiberal belief systems that proposed a different and apocalyptic end to history appeared increasingly misguided. Misunderstanding the threat facilitated criticism that viewed violence against the west as emancipatory resistance and new laws to curb terrorism exposing the west’s fear of the non-western other. Seeking to empathize with and appease jihadism, global ethics engaged in a practice of moral equivalence that distorted an already ambiguous political vocabulary concerning rights, liberty, justice and equality which governed western political conduct.
The Study of Sectarian Relations
Authors: Haddad Fanar
Published: September 2020

This chapter aims to demystify sectarian identity by critically examining some of the key debates and false binaries that dominate discussions of ‘sectarianism’. These include several impractical dichotomies: religion and politics; unity and division; primordialism and instrumentalism; top-down and bottom-up drivers; the role of foreign powers versus local agency. The chapter demonstrates the impossibility of these binaries and their incompatibility with the inherently multidimensional nature of sectarian dynamics. Firstly, the role of religious beliefs and doctrinal differences in sectarian dynamics will be examined. It will be argued that, like inter-group relations generally, sectarian relations are animated by a broad nexus of factors that cannot be reduced to doctrinal difference. The chapter then interrogates the dichotomization of sectarian conflict and sectarian coexistence – a binary that obscures the more common reality of sectarian irrelevance. This highlights the importance of context and of having a sufficiently broad historical scope when considering sectarian dynamics. Acontextual and ahistoric accounts routinely exaggerate the relevance/irrelevance of sectarian identity. Finally, the chapter turns to the dichotomization of top-down and bottom-up drivers and the role of foreign powers versus local agency. It will be argued that circularity not dichotomization is the better way of understanding such binaries.
Sunni–Shi’a Relations
Authors: Haddad Fanar
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the overlooked role of demographics in sectarian identity formation and sectarian relations in the modern Arab world up to 2003. It will be argued that the demographic imbalance has created minoritarian and majoritarian outlooks. These can sometimes operate in contradictory ways between the various dimensions of sectarian identity – a national minority that is nevertheless part of a transnational majority for example. Demographics have helped shape power relations between sect-centric actors particularly at the transnational and doctrinal dimensions where mainstream conceptions of global Islam tend to be Sunni-inflected. The chapter will demonstrate the profound implications this has had for how sectarian identities are imagined and instrumentalized. In doing so, this chapter will concentrate on the extremes of sectarian polemics and sectarian ecumenism (as opposed to the more common norm of mundane coexistence and sectarian irrelevance). Finally, the role of demographics in state–sect relations and the role that the nation-state has played in minoritization, majoritization and securitization of sectarian identities will be examined. Specifically, it will look at the normativity of Sunni Islam; the often-counterproductive side-effects of state-sanctioned sect-blindness; the securitization of sectarian plurality and of sectarian outgroups; and the intersection of Arab-Iranian rivalry with state-sect relations.
2003 and the ‘Sectarian Wave’
Authors: Haddad Fanar
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the transformative impact of 2003 on sectarian identity and sectarian relations in the Middle East. The invasion of Iraq triggered what has been called a ‘sectarian wave’ that saw sectarian categories attaining unprecedented political relevance. This chapter sheds light on the processes unleashed by 2003 and the way they altered sectarian relations. Key drivers in the regional transformation of sectarian dynamics include the manner in which 2003 disturbed power relations between sect-centric actors; state collapse, firstly in Iraq and later on in several other countries after 2011; and the sense of regional crisis that followed the ‘Arab Spring’. 2003 was a transformative historical disruption that allowed for the contestation of the relations of power between sect-centric actors and that inflamed the salience of sectarian identity – processes that were accelerated by the simultaneous spread of social media. What emerged was a narrative of regionalized sectarian conflict and competing sectarian victimhoods in which the line between the national and transnational dimensions became increasingly blurred. Using the multidimensional framework introduced in chapters 3-4, this chapter explains the dynamics of these processes and how to contextualize them in the broader history of sectarian identity formation and sectarian relations.
An American Surprise
Authors: Zimring Franklin E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows that after a long period of stability, US prison population increased more than fivefold in the 35 years after 1972. A statistical analysis also suggests that even though each state makes independent penal policy, the growth of prison population is best viewed as a single national process.
Introduction
Authors: Perkins Harrison
Published: September 2020

This introduction briefly outlines the major themes that run throughout this book and provides an opening rationale for the methodological focus upon manuscript sources. The purpose of this section is to explain in a compact way how this book argues that James Ussher formulated the doctrine of the covenant of works and used it to integrate various aspects of his theology. The methodological section highlights the importance of manuscript sources and archival work for the historical discipline in the modern age.
Legislative Department
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter assesses Article V of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns the legislative department. Section 1 states that “the Legislative authority of the State shall be vested in a Legislature, consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives.” However, “the people reserve to themselves the power to propose laws and amendments to the Constitution and to enact or reject the same at the polls independent of the Legislature, and also reserve power at their own option to approve or reject at the polls any act of the Legislature.” Section 2 provides for the designation and definition of reserved powers. Initiative means the power of the people to propose bills, and to enact or reject them at the polls. Referendum is the right of the people to have bills passed by the legislature submitted to the voters for their approval. Meanwhile, in May 1964, the Oklahoma constitution was amended to conform to the U.S. Supreme Court rulings. The amendment passed and Sections 9 through 16 were replaced with Sections 9A through 11E. The chapter then details the provisions for the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Homestead and Exemptions
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at Article XII of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns homestead and exemptions. Section 1 was amended in 1997 to clarify homestead rights when a property is used for both residential and commercial purposes and to set forth the percentage of use that must be for residential purposes in order to qualify for the exemption. Because of the Native American population in Oklahoma, the constitution contains a specific provision protecting Native Americans’ homestead rights. Section 2 operates as a paternalistic public policy to protect the family home. The home can only be sold for debts directly connected to the construction, improvement, or taxes regarding the homestead; a forced sale of a homestead for payment of ordinary debts, judgment liens, and other obligations is not available to a creditor in Oklahoma. Lastly, the primary objective of Section 3 is to undo parts of an old Oklahoma law regarding exemptions.