bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teeth as indicators of age with special reference to Red deer (Cervus elaphus) of known age from Rhum
Authors: Lowe V. P. W.
Published: August 2009

An experiment in land management and Red deer population control was begun by the Nature Conservancy on the Isle of Rhum, a National Nature Reserve off the west coast of Scotland, in 1957. To assess the results fully it has become necessary to determine the most suitable ageing method which can be applied to the material, which has accumulated since from the annual deer culls and natural deaths.

Using mandibles only from individuals, whose age was certainly known by marking at birth, and which, in most cases were shot by mistake during subsequent annual culling operations, four different techniques were critically tested. These comprised correlating various combinations of jaw and tooth measurements with age, examining the nature and quantity of secondary dentine deposited within the crown of the first incisor, interpreting the number of layers in the pad of cementum beneath the crown of the first molar, and assessing the stages reached in tooth replacement, eruption and wear. Of these various methods, ageing by tooth replacement, eruption and wear proved the most reliable.
Amnio‐allantoic constriction bands in lizard embryos and their effects on tail regeneration
Authors: Bryant Susan V. , Bellairs A. d'A.
Published: August 2009

The formation of constriction bands after amputation of the tail has been studied in embryos of the Common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) after the eggs have been removed from the mother and placed in culture. The constrictions are formed from the amnion and the inner wall of the allantois; they usually develop within two days after operation. They compress the tail stump and cause necrosis and detachment of its distal portion, simulating the effect of the experimental injury. Similar constriction of the tail followed by auto‐amputation occurs if the embryonic membranes are incised but the tail is left intact. In neither case does the tail regenerate after such auto‐amputation. Small outgrowths resembling regenerates were formed, however, in certain cases where the tail was amputated under circumstances in which constrictions could not develop. Although amputation of the tail in very late embryos was followed by the appearance of constrictions, these failed to compress the tissues sufficiently to cause subsequent auto‐amputation; regeneration of the stump normally took place. The constrictions described are comparable with the amniotic bands alleged to cause congenital amputation of the extremities in man.
Studies on the neursecretory system of the female mole cricket Gryllotalpa africana (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)
Authors: Dogra G. S.
Published: August 2009

The neurosecretory system of the mole cricket Gryllotalpa africana Beauvois, using PF and PAVB techniques, has been described in detail. Two types of cells, A‐ and B‐cells, have been observed. While the A‐cells are present in the pars intercerebralis medialis the B‐cells are distributed in the pars intercerebralis medialis and lateralis. On the basis of differences in size and appearance A‐cells have been subdivided into two, A1‐ and A2‐subtypes. Six stages for the accumulation of NSM in the A1‐cells have described. The variations in the shape of A1‐cells and reduction in their sizes have been correlated with the physiological state of the cells.

The formation of the median neurosecretory pathways by the convergence of the proximal portion of the axons of A1‐cells, their crossing over and their emergence from the ventral side of the protocerebrum as the NCC I have been demonstrated convincingly. The NCC 11, reported for the first time in the mole cricket, joins the NCC I shortly behind the protocerebrum. Each common NCC joins the corpus cardiacum of its side apically and its nerve fibres penetrate the gland in a fan‐like fashion. The state and appearance of the NSM aggregates under transport, from the centre of elaboration to its storage centre, are described. The NSM is stored in the entire corpus cardiacum larger amounts being concentrated along the aorta wall and in the posterior half of the gland. The possibility of elaboration of NSM in the cells of the corpora cardiaca has been considered. A commissure, ventral to the aorta and posterior to the hypocerebral ganglion, joins the corpora cardiaca, through which passage of NSM occurs.

In mature females, in contrast to the immature ones, the number of A‐cells containing the SM is greater, the amount of NSM in the cells is larger and the number of their activity cycles is greater. From these features, and from the presence of larger amounts of NSM in the corpora cardiaca it is inferred that the neurosecretory system of mature female is more active than those of the immature females.
Ultrastructure of the epidermis of the lizard (Lacerta vivipara) at the resting stage of the sloughing cycle
Authors: Bryant Susan V. , Breathnach A. S. , Bellairs A. d'A.
Published: August 2009

The ultrastructure of the epidermis of the lizard (Lacerta vivipara) one day after sloughing is described. The non‐keratinized layers of the epidermis are essentially similar in structure to those of amphibians and mammals. The cells of the basal layer are not however separated from each other by the large spaces described in the amphibian (Farquhar & Palade, 1965). The middle layers of the epidermis at this stage of the sloughing cycle produce neither the characteristic mucous granules found in amphibians nor the keratohyalin granules of mammals. A small number of granules corresponding in size and location to the “Odland bodies” of both mammalian and amphibian epidermis are, however, present. The intermediate layer cells also contain a number of bodies similar in appearance to those described by Farquhar & Palade as lysosomes in amphibian skin. These structures are both osmium iodide and acid phosphatase positive. Unlike the condition in amphibians and mammals, the cytoplasm of cells in the layer immediately beneath the keratinized strata is honeycombed with small vesicles, and contains large irregular vacuoles of uncertain content. Certain nonkeratinizing elements within the epidermis are tentatively interpreted as nerve terminations. Two morphologically distinct keratinized strata can be distinguished, the inner stratum consisting of flattened cells similar to those of the stratum corneum of mammalian epidermis; individual cell outlines cannot be distinguished in the outer stratum, which has a structure similar to that of avian feather keratin. A shallow surface zone of the outer keratinized stratum has been identified as the Oberhautchen. This consists of longitudinally disposed leaflets or laminae which are responsible for the sculptured pattern of the epidermal surface. The observations reported here provide a basis for analysis of changes occurring at other stages of the sloughing cycle.
Anatomy of the arteries of the head in the domestic fowl
Authors: Richards S. A.
Published: August 2009

The anatomy of the cephalic arterial system in the fowl was studied in 24 specimens by means of latex‐injected preparations and by dissection. Branches of the external carotid artery supply the extracranial regions. The vertebral arteries unite with the occipitals and have no major communications with the encephalic system. Blood can reach the brain directly from the internal carotid artery and indirectly by way of the extensive cerebral‐extracranial anastomoses; especially prominent are those to the palatine and sphenomaxillary arteries from the maxillary and facial branches of the external carotid artery. A large external ophthalmic artery supplies the temporal rete and eye musculature, and an internal ophthalmic artery links the rete and the cerebral vessels. The circle of Willis is incomplete both anteriorly and posteriorly; the anterior cerebral arteries do not unite and the basilar artery is generally asymmetrical in origin. The basilar artery tapers caudally and is continued as the ventral spinal artery.
“Necking” behaviour in the giraffe
Authors: Coe Malcolm J.
Published: August 2009

Previous references to “necking” behaviour, and the main features of the study area are briefly outlined.

“Necking” behaviour in giraffe takes place only in all male herds. When the animals are in a head to head posture the intensity is either high or low, but when animals take up a head to tail posture the actions are always of high intensity and appear to have greater sexual significance.

The significance of “necking” is discussed, and it is suggested that these ritualized actions form an important sexuo‐social bonding mechanism whereby a hierarchy is created amongst the males, and movement between strictly bachelor and mixed herds helps to maintain contact between the sexes in this polygamous mammal.
The rediscovery of Lessertiella saxetorum in Britain|(Araneae: Linyphiidae)
Authors: Cooke J. A. L. , Merrett P.
Published: August 2009

The species first described by Hull in 1916 as Diplocentria saxetorum is redescribed from fresh material. Its systematic position is clarified, and additional information is provided on its ecology and distribution.
Quantitative sampling of the pseudoscorpion Chthonius ischnocheles from beech litter
Authors: Gabbut Peter D.
Published: August 2009

Samples of beech litter were taken from a site in Lambridge Wood, near Henley‐on‐Thames, Oxon. during the period May 1963 to November 1964. Peaks and trends in the densities of each of the stages of C. ischnocheles clarify the earlier work of Gabbutt & Vachon (1963) especially for the postwinter period. Most of the protonymphs appear during July to September and the majority overwinter as deutonymphs. Growth recommences the following spring, peak densities of tritonymphs are achieved in May to June and maturity is attained July to August. Mortality in the prewinter period is at least 85% and about 50% occurs during the protonymphal stage. The adults in August belong to at least two different generations. about 40% have recently matured, the remainder have bred at least once before. Mention is made of the densities achieved by both N. muscorum and R. lubricus in relation to the very high overall densities recorded on the site.
Serological studies on the taxonomy of planorbid snails
Authors: Wright C. A. , Klein J.
Published: August 2009

Techniques in the application of serological studies to the family Planorbidae are described. Some results obtained using hyperimmune rabbit sera are given and reasons are outlined for the final decision to use egg albumen antigens for future taxonomic work.
Obsevations on the biology of Ricinulei (Arachnida) with descriptions of two new species of Cryptocellus
Authors: Cooke J. A. L.
Published: August 2009

Two new species of Ricinulei belonging to the genus Cryptocellus are described from British Guiana. The habitat is described and figured and a method of keeping Rcinulei in captivity reported. Observations on feeding and mating are described and possible evolutionary implications of the mating behaviour are discussed
The diet of the dog‐whelk, Nucella lapillus (Gastropoda Prosobranchia)
Authors: Largen M. J.
Published: August 2009

The information at present available suggests that, when adult, Nucella lapillus may prey upon a considerable number of different species, but that the diet of recently hatched dog‐whelks is rather more restricted. The food preferences of young Nucella have been investigated and it has been concluded that, while the diet of young and adult animals may differ to some extent, it is probably equally varied at all ages, and that cannibalism may be a frequent occurrence amongst all age groups.

It has been determined that the size of the prey influences the selective predation of Mytilus by Nucella. Dog‐whelks show a marked preference for mussels in the 1 to 3 cm size range which may possibly be identified chemotactically.
The distribution and variation of Daphnia lumholtzi (Crustacea: Cladocera) in relation to fish predation in Lake Albert, East Africa
Authors: Green J.
Published: August 2009

In Lake Albert Daphnia lumholtzi is found in two forms. One has a pointed anterior prolongation, or helmet, on the head. The other has a shorter rounded head, and was originally described as a separate species, D. monacha. The latter form dominates the zooplankton in the middle of the lake where planktivorous fish are rare or absent. The helmeted form becomes commoner near the margins of the lake and reaches its greatest abundance in Ndaiga Lagoon, where planktivorousfish are common. The possession of a helmet is associated with a reduction in the size of the carapace compared to the round headed form. The carapace with its contained eggs is the most conspicuous part of a cladoceran, so that the helmeted forms are at an advantage in the presence of planktivorous fish which locate their prey by sight. The mid‐lake monacha forms are larger than specimens of the same form in Ndaiga Lagoon, where it is shown that Alestes baremose feeds selectively on the larger specimens of the monacha form.

The helmeted form produces more, but smaller eggs than the monacha form. The total brood volume (= mean egg volume x mean number eggs per female) is greatest in the midlake monacha forms. The selective advantages of variations in egg size and the possession of a helmet are discussed. It is concluded that the data from Lake Albert support the hypothesis of Brooks (1965) concerning the adaptive significance of helmet development in Daphnia.
A note on the food of the Norway lemning
Authors: Stoddart D. Michael
Published: August 2009

Norway lemming droppings remaining from the high 1963 population in Jämtland (mid‐Sweden) were examined microscopically for an evaluation of food species present. The findings from this were compared with the occurrence of these species growing on the mountains. It is tentatively concluded that lemmings are exercising a degree of selectivity in their choice of food species, but the reasons for this choice still remain obscure.
The relationship of the mantle and shell of the Polyplacophora in comparison with that of other Mollusca
Authors: Beedham G. E. , Trueman E. R.
Published: August 2009

The structure and growth of the polyplacophoran shell, characteristically consisting of eight plates surrounded by a girdle, is examined in the light of current views on the relationships of mantle and shell in the Bivalvia. The periostracum and outer and inner calcareous layers of the shell of the latter group are homologous with the cuticle, tegmentum and articulamentum respectively of the shell of the Polyplacophora. The margin of the mantle consists of a large marginal fold, which secretes the cuticular girdle, and a small accessory fold bearing mucous cells. These are functionally comparable with all three folds of the mantle margin found in other molluscs, although anatomically the marginal fold of the chitons probably represents only the inner surface of the outer fold of the mantle margin.

The cuticle not only forms the girdle, which bears calcified spines or spicules, but also extends between the shell plates. The principal part of the cuticle consists largely of mucopolysaccharide material but there is also a thin discrete inner region which is similar chemically to the periostracum of other molluscs. The cuticle, possibly without spines, probably covered the entire dorsal surface of a primitive placophoran and beneath this, plates developed. As these grew the cuticle became worn away except marginally and between the plates. It is suggested that a covering of mucus over the visceropallium may have been the forerunner of the molluscan shell and the possibleevolutionary relationships of the shell throughout the Mollusca are discussed.
A re‐interpretation of the effect of temperature on the metabolism of certain marine invertebrates
Authors: Nwewll R. C. , Northcroft H. R.
Published: August 2009

Measurements by nieans of an oxygen electrode of the rate of oxygen consumption of a wide variety of common intertidal invertebrates show that at least two rates of uptake can be distinguished in the intact animal. First, there is a rapid rate of oxygen uptake corresponding with activity and second there is a slower rate which corresponds with periods of quiescence and which alternates with the fast rate. Intermediate rates correspond with intermediate rates of overt activity. The maximal and minimal rates of oxygen uptake are affected differently by temperature change. The fast rate corresponding to activity (“active metabolism”) increases with temperature in approximate agreement with Arrhenius's law. The slow rate corresponding to quiescence (“maintenance metabolism”) does not vary with temperature over much of the range 7 to 22.5d̀C. It is concluded that, contrary to common belief, the intertidal invertebrates studied have a “basal metabolic rate” with a Q10 of approximately one over much of the normal environmental temperature range and in this respect are well suited to life in a habitat where rapid fluctuations in temperature occur.
The rediscovery of Lessertiella saxetorum in Britain (Araneae: Linyphiidae)
Authors: Cooke J. A. L. , Merrett P.
Published: August 2009

The species first described by Hull in 1916 as Diplocentria saxetorum is redescribed from fresh material. Its systematic position is clarified, and additional information is provided onits ecology and distribution.
The systematics of the genus Lates (Teleosti: Centropomidae) in Lake Albert, East Africa
Authors: Holden M. J.
Published: August 2009

The systematics of thc genus Lares Cuvier, 1828 in Lake Albert were examined. It is concluded that the inshore form, originally described as Lates albertianus Worthington, 1929 and subsequently as L. niloticus albertianus should be considered as a synonym of L. niloticus (Linné, 1762) but that the offshore form, Lates macrophthalmus Worthington, 1929,warrants full systematic status. It had been relegated to subspecific status, L. niloticus macrophthalmus.

The lectotype for L. macrophthalmus is selected and redescribed. A method by which the species could have evolved, based on suspected differences in partial pressures of oxygen at whichthe blood haemoglobins of the two species become saturated, and on desiccation of the lake in the Pleistocene period, is described.

The diagnostic value of allometry in distinguishing between the two species on a morphologicalbasis is discussed, as is the distribution of the two species in Lake Albert.

The possible significance of interspecific differences in the shape of the caudal peduncle andcaudal fin is considered.
Associations of Rotifera in the zooplankton of the lake sources of the White Nile
Authors: Green J.
Published: August 2009

Plankton samples for rotifers were collected by means of vertical hauls with phytoplankton nets at eight stations on Lake Albert during the course of a year. Similar hauls were taken from Lakes Kyoga, Victoria, George and Edward in October and November. The rotifers found in the samples are listed and some estimates of their abundance and seasonal occurrence in Lake Albert are given. The most important planktonic rotifers are Keratella tropica and several species of Brachionus. Other species may also become locally or temporarily abundant; Lecane bulla becomes numerous in samples taken near vegetation after disturbance by rough weather, or where blue‐green algae are abundant.

The associations of rotifers at the stations on Lake Albert and in the other lakes have been compared by means of the Sorensen Index and the index of diversity. The highest diversity is found in situations with a high rate of flow, as at the mouth of the Victoria Nile, where the extra species are non‐planktonic forms swept into suspension by the current. This high diversity is associated with low numbers of individuals per unit volume. In Lake Albert rotifers are most consistently present and abundant at the mouth of the River Semliki, where the rate of flow is moderated by a large reed swamp. The middle of Lake Albert is poor in rotifers, and this may be related to the sparseness of planktivorous fish coupled with competitive elimination of the rotifers by larger crustacean zooplankters.

The associations of rotifers in Lakes Kyoga and George are similar, and resemble one another more than they resemble the associations in their neighbouring deeper lakes. The association in Lake Kyoga also resembles the associations found in water of a similar depth at the northern end of Lake Albert.
Studies on the skull of the Indian sisorid catfish, Erethistes pussilus
Authors: Gauba R. K.
Published: August 2009

The skull of Erethistes pussilus is described in detail. The general disposition of the bones corresponds to the siluroid pattern. Among the siluroid fishes, E. pussilus approaches the advanced forms in certain features such as obliteration of myodomic space, edentulous palate, absence of entopterygoids and supratemporals, intimate sutural articulation of posttemporals and complex vertebra with the cranium, diminished cranial cavity and loss of sutural articulation among the palatopterygoquadrate elements. In certain characters like the hyomandibula exclusively supported from the sphenotic, solitary hypohyal on each hyoid cornu, absence of interhyals, reduced orbits, edentulous vomer, small gape of mouth, toothless ectopterygoid and in the small number of branchiostegals, E. pussilus stands specialized alone among the catfishes. A diagnosis of the salient cranial characters of the fish is given and its relationship discussed.
Sisor rabdophorus—A study in adaptation and natural relationship: II. The interrelationship of the gas bladder, Weberian apparatus, and membranous labyrinth
Authors: Mahajan C. L.
Published: August 2009

A detailed description of the gas bladder, the Weberian apparatus and the membranous labyrinthin Sisor rabdophorus is given. It has been shown that these structures show a number of specializations which can be correlated with the bottom‐living habits of the fish. Evidence has been brought forth to show that the Weberian mechanism continues to serve as an aid to hearing.

It has been concluded that Günther's inclusion of Sisor in the group Hypostomatina along with certain loricariid and callichthyid genera is not a natural one and that Regan's (1911) and Berg's (1940) family Sisoridae is more indicative of natural relationships. That Sisor diverged early from the main stem of sisorid evolution, is further supported by this study.
Aerial and aquatic oxygen consumption of Monodonta turbinata (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
Authors: Micallef H. , Bannister W. H.
Published: August 2009

The midlittoral trochid, Monodonta turbinata (Born) has a higher rate of oxygen consumption in air than in water at temperatures between 15 and 25°C. The temperature coefficient of its oxygen consumption is higher for the temperature interval 15 to 25°C than it is for the interval 5 to 15°C. The aerial oxygen consumption is increased by forced emersion or immersion for 24 hours. Immersion has the greater effect. It would appear that the trochid shows respiratory adaptation to zonation and environmental temperature.
Feeding appendages of the Euphausiacea (Crustacea)
Authors: Mauchline J.
Published: August 2009

The Euphausiacea comprises about 85 species and the structure of the feeding appendages of 68 of these species is discussed here. A considerable uniformity is apparent in the appendages throughout the order but generic, and even in some cases, specific differences are evident. It is concluded from the study of the morphology of the appendages and the analyses of stomach contents that the majority of species in the genera Bentheuphwsia, Thysanopoda, Meganyctiphanes, Nyctiphanes, Pseudeuphausia, Euphausia, Tessara‐brachion and Thysanoessa are omnivorous; that is, they can feed by filtering material from the water and act as predators of small zooplankton, especially copepods. Species in the genera Nematoscelis, Nematobrachion and Stylocheiron can feed on bottom deposits and also by predation of zooplankton but the amount of filter‐feeding which they do may be limited because their mouthparts are not so well adapted for filtering as those of the previous group of genera.

It is suggested, from the study of the appendages and several other features of the animals, that the genera Thysanopoda, Meganyctiphanes, and Euphausia are closely related to one another and that a similar relationship exists between the genera Nematoscelis, Nematobrachion and Stylocherion. The genera Nyctiphanes and Pseudeuphausia are probably more closely related to the Thysanopoda group of genera and the genera Tessarabrachion and Thysanoessa to the Nematoscelis group of genera.
Epibranchial organs in lower teleostean fishes*
Authors: Nelson Gareth J.
Published: August 2009

Epibranchial organs, consisting of a paired pharyngeal diverticulum, occur in some osteo‐glossiform, cypriniform, gonorynchiform and clupeiform fishes. They appear to have been independently developed during the evolution of the fishes of each of these four lineages, and constitute one of a series of gut specializations associated with microphagus habits. On the basis of adult gill‐arch structure, the organs always seem to be formed in the same way, by the secondary upgrowth, posterior to the fifth epibranchial, of the ventral part of the fifth gill slit.
A cinefluorographic study of mandibular movement during feeding in the rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Hiiemäe Karen M. , Ardran G. M.
Published: August 2009

The anatomy of the masticatory apparatus, and particularly of the mandibular joints, has led to the view that mandibular movement in the Rodentia is predominantly propalinal, or forwards and backwards in direction. As part of an investigation into the mechanism of function of the mandibular joints in these animals, the feeding behaviour of “August” strain and “Wistar” rats was examined by cinephotography and cinefluorography. The rats were trained to feed on barium sulphate impregnated biscuit and animal cake and to drink radio‐opaque liquids. Cinefluorographic recordings of ingestion, mastication, deglutition and of drinking were taken in both the lateral and dorso‐ventral projections.

Analysis of the recordings has shown a fundamental separation of ingestive and masticatory activity in the rat, which can be attributed to the morphology of the jaws and particularly to the disparity in the lengths of the mandibular and maxillary diastemas. To bring the incisor teeth into occlusion for ingestion, the mandible is brought forward through the rest position and the condyle into articulation with the anterior part of the fossa. In mastication the condyle is moved backwards to bring the molar teeth into occlusion and the condyle into articulation with the posterior articular facet on the fossa. Once the mandible has been moved into the appropriate position for either ingestion or mastication and deglutition, the movements involved in the separation or chewing of the food are cyclical with combined horizontal and transverse movements as well as the fundamental vertical movement acting to open and close the mouth. The basic movement of ingestion carries the mandibular incisors upwards and forwards across the lingual surfaces of the maxillary incisors, so separating the bite. The grinding stroke of mastication is a horizontal movement carrying the mandibular molars anteriorly across the maxillary.
The activity of Monodonta lineata in relation to temperature as studied by means of an aktograph
Authors: Micallef Henry
Published: August 2009

An aktograph for studying the activity of small aquatic animals is described. The aktograph was used to investigate the activity of Monodonta lineata in relation to temperature. A direct relationship between activity and temperature was found to exist.
Anatomy of the veins of the head in the domestic fowl
Authors: Richards S. A.
Published: August 2009

The anatomy of the cephalic venous system in the fowl was studied in 19 specimens by means of latex‐injected preparations and by dissection. The brain sinuses converge dorsally upon the large cervical sinus and vertebral veins. Dorso‐ventral communication is provided by the occipital veins posteriorly, while the ophthalmic system unites both dorsal and ventral sinuses and the temporal rete with the extracranial veins anteriorly. The jugular veins are formed from the superficial branches of the facial veins and serve mainly as outlets for extracranial blood. They are united at the base of the head by a prominent transverse anastomosis which slopes caudally towards the larger, right jugular. As in mammals, the carotid veins envelop the internal carotid arteries and anteriorly form a bulbous sinus cavernosus around the inter‐carotid anastomosis.
Studies on the helminth parasites of the Long‐tailed field mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus sylvaticus from Wales
Authors: Lewis J. W.
Published: August 2009

The incidence and degree of infestation of the Long‐tailed field mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus with helminth parasites have been studied from a rough grassland and woodland area, Aberystwyth and from Skomer Island in Wales. With few exceptions, adult mice were more heavily infested than juveniles.

In Aberystwyth, where the composition of the helminth fauna was found to be more varied than that from the island of Skomer, three species of helminths, one digenean and two nematodes, showed evidence of seasonal variation in the degree of infestation of mice. The factors affecting this fluctuation in parasite numbers throughout the year are discussed.

It is suggested the distribution of helminths in the mouse population may be represented by a negative binomial, indicating that the infective eggs, larvae or intermediate hosts of the respective helminths were aggregated in their distribution in the selected areas of study.
Studies on the helminth parasites of voles and shrews from Wales
Authors: Lewis J. W.
Published: August 2009

The incidence and degree of infestation of the Bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus, the Skomer vole, C. skomerensis, the Common shrew, Sorex araneus and the Pygmy shrew, S. minutus have been studied from a rough grassland and woodland area, Aberystwyth and from Skomer Island in Wales. In addition, small numbers of the Short‐tailed vole, Microtus agrestis and the Water shrew, Neomys fodiens were examined for helminth parasites, when they became available. Seven new host records and six new British records are listed. The number of species of helminths in shrews, which consisted largely of digeneans and cestodes, was greater than that in voles. This is undoubtedly linked with differences in the feeding habits of the two hosts.

In Aberystwyth, where the composition of the helminth fauna was found to be more varied than that from Skomer Island, one species of nematode showed evidence of seasonal variation in the degree of infestation of Clethrionomys glareolus and four species, one digenean, two cestodes and one acantocephalan in Sorex araneus. The factors affecting this seasonal fluctuation in parasite numbers are discussed.
Some stages in the early development of the post‐incisor dentition of Trichosurus vulpecula (Phalangeroidea: Marsupialia)
Authors: Berkovitz B. K. B.
Published: August 2009

The present paper reports observations from serial sections of five pouch‐young specimens on the early stages of tooth ontogeny in the post‐incisor dentition of Trichosurus vulpecula. The order of cusp development and calcification for the molariform teeth is recorded and closely resembles that of placentals. Some features concerning the development of the replacing premolar are noted and compared with the conditions observed in Setonix brachyurus, another marsupial. A number of non‐functional cheek teeth are reported.
Suckling behaviour in the Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) and the Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris)
Authors: Fogden S. C. L.
Published: August 2009

The suckling behaviour of Grey seals and Northern elephant seals was investigated. Evidence suggested that in both species it is usual for females and young to select consistently the same suckling partner though certain conditions bring about changes in this behaviour. Instances of inconsistency in both species are described and the conditions that bring this about are discussed.
Some observations on the development and cyclic changes of the oöcytes in a brooding starfish, Leptasterias hexactis
Authors: Chia Fu‐Shiang
Published: August 2009

There are two ovaries in each arm and each ovary bears a single oviduct which opens orally at the interradial angle. The ovarian wall consists of three layers: mesothelium, muscular‐connective tissue layer and germinal epithelium. The haemal space between the germinal epithelium and muscular‐connective tissue layer is filled with a PAS positive fluid. It is suggested that this space may provide storage and transportation of nutrient to the germ cells.

The oögonium, situated along the germinal epithelium, is distinguished from the surrounding follicle cells by its clear cytoplasm and large nucleus with a single nucleolus. It measures 10 to 15 μ in diameter.

The development of primary oöcytes is divided into premeiotic, growth and germinal vesicle migration stages. The distribution of mitochondria seems to indicate the existence of a definite polarity in the young oöcytes; but this soon disappears at the beginning of vitellogenesis. Morphological evidence seems to suggest that some of the yolk granules may be synthesized first in follicle cells and then transferred into the oöcyte. Histochemical tests indicate that the yolk platelet is a carbohydrate‐protein‐lipid complex.

The first meiotic division occurs six hours after sperm penetration and the second meiotic division follows two hours later.

Monthly measurement of the oöcyte throughout a year indicates a well‐defined annual spawning cycle; however, the growth of an oöcyte from an oögonium to a mature oöcyte requires about two years.
Aspects of the respiratory physiology of Tubifex tubifex in relation to its ecology
Authors: Palmer Maureen F.
Published: August 2009

An ecological survey of the London Basin of the Thames was undertaken in an attempt to define the limits of distribution of tubificids and to correlate their distribution with the oxygen concentration and the salinity.

The oxygen consumption of Tubifex tubifex has been measured at various oxygen concentrations to define precisely the critical level.

Measurements of oxygen consumption at various salinities have also been carried out, since salinity varies considerably over those parts of the estuary where tubificids are found. Salinity tolerance experiments were carried out in an attempt to determine the reason for the downstream limit of London Bridge.
A review of Lebanese mammals. Carnivora, Pinnipedia, Hyracoidea and Artiodactyla*
Authors: Lewis Robert E. , Lewis Joanne H. , Atallah Sana I.
Published: August 2009

Mammals belonging to the orders Carnivora, Pinnipedia and Hyracoidea collected in the Republic of Lebanon during the past seven years in conjunction with an ectoparasite survey are reported. Keys to the species of Canidae and Mustelidae are presented. Thirteen species of verified occurrence within the political boundaries of Lebanon are discussed and five additional species, including members of the order Artiodactyla, of recent or possible occurrence are mentioned. Tables of external and cranial measurements are included.
Observations on Phago loricatus, an ectoparasitic fish from the Niger Delta region of West Africa
Authors: Jr. John E. Burchard,
Published: August 2009

Phago loricatus Güuth. (order Cypriniformes, family Ichthyboridae) is a small, elongate, superficially pike‐like fish distributed rather widely in West African streams. Field observations, made while diving, show that it is parasitic, feeding on pieces bitten from the fins of other fishes. This confirms an earlier finding (Matthes, 1961) of bits of fins in the stomachs of several species of Ichthyboridae. The behaviour of P. loricatus in stalking and attacking its victims is described on the basis of numerous field observations. Impressions of its success and its effects on its victims, under different habitat conditions, are also considered. The jaws and teeth of Phago are figured and briefly described.
Stabilizing selection in the dog‐whelk (Nucella lapillus)
Authors: Berry R. J. , Crothers J. H.
Published: August 2009

The amount of stabilizing selection undergone by a population of animals at different times of its life can be estimated by comparing the variances of different age samples. This paper describes an investigation into the intensities of selection experienced by populations of the common dog‐whelk, Nucella lapillus (L.) exposed on different shores to different degrees of wave action. It was found that the variance of more exposed populations was reduced during life by up to 90%. There was a positive correlation between the intensity of stabilizing selection and the amount of wave action experienced by the whelks. Most of this selection took place during the first year or two of the life of the animals.
A taxonometric investigation of the Alluroididae (Oligochaeta)
Authors: Jamieson B. G. M.
Published: August 2009

By computation of coefficients of similarity and construction of dendrograms by the highest single linkage, average linkage and complete linkage methods, the interrelationships of five members of the Alluroididae have been assessed together with their affinities with Syngenodrilus lamuensis Smith & Green (1919) and Drawida grandis (Bourne), 1894 (Monili‐gastridae). The latter two species were included in the study because Syngenodrilus was placed in the Moniligastridae by its authors and was made the basis of an elaborate hypothesis of moniligastrid evolution by Stephenson (1930) while Gates (1945) argued cogently for its inclusion in the Alluroididae. To assist in “calibrating” phenon levels in terms of taxonomic ranks, species from other families were included in the taxonometric comparisons, namely Pygmaeodrilus affinis and Eukerria saltensis (Ocnerodrilidae), Digaster armifera (Megascolecidae) and an unnamed species of the Tubificidae.

The three linkage methods reveal the same interrelationships within the five alluroidids and justify the following taxonomic changes*. Alluroides tanganyikae s. Brinkhurst (1964), from Mt Elgon, is removed from A. tanganyikae Beddard (1906) and made the nominal subspecies of a new species, A. brinkhursti; new material, from Ethiopia, is placed in this species as the new subspecies A. brinkhursti abyssinicus; Alluroides americanus Brinkhurst (1964), from Argentina, is made the type of a new monotypic genus Brinkhurstia; a new species from the Transvaal is placed in a new monotypic genus, as Standeria transvaalensis; Alluroides, Brinkhurstia and Standeria are placed in the subfamily Alluroidinae, while the Syngenodrilinae, which show in all dendrograms a very low phenetic affinity with the Moniligastridae, are transferred to the Alluroididae. Descriptions drawn from the author's examination of type material are given for all the new taxa together with an emended description of A. pordagei Beddard (1894), the type species of the genus, and a synopsis of descriptions of Syngenodrilus lamuensis. A key to species of the Alluroidinae is given in conjunction with a discussion of the comparative morphology of all species of the subfamily.

The highest linkage dendrogram, and less certainly, the average and complete linkage dendrograms suggest that the Ocnerodrilidae and Megascolecidae s. Gates (1959) are only distinct at the subfamily level and the author reiterates earlier doubts (Lee, 1959; Jamieson, 1963) that the Octochaetidae and Acanthodrilidae, which are distinguished from each other by their nephridia (Gates, 1959), are valid groups or that they should be excluded from the Megascolecidae s. lat.
Aberrant egg‐laying in the cuttlefish: a note
Authors: Messenger J. B.
Published: August 2009

An unusual specimen of a female cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis L.) is described that was found with a large mass of black egg‐case material hanging from the funnel and mantle‐cavity. The animal was sexually mature but there were no eggs in the egg‐casing. The possibility is discussed that a failure of timing in the egg‐laying process had occurred. Associated with the egg‐case material was an actinian (Aiptasia sp.).
Spirorbinae (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) of the Galapagos Islands*
Authors: Bailey Julie H. , Harris M. P.
Published: August 2009

Twelve species, six of which are new, are recorded from shores andshallow water. The most generally abundant are Spirorbis tricornigerus Rioja, S. bushi Rioja (both dextral with tube incubation), S. regalis sp. n., S. tuberculatus sp. n. (both sinistral with opercular incubation) and S. placophora sp. n. (sinistral, with tube incubation). Other sinistral species include S. claparedei Caullery & Mesnil, S. berkeleyana Rioja, S. bidentatus sp. n., and S. translucens sp. n. Dextral species include S. marioni Caullery & Mesnil, S. pagenstecheri Quatrefages and S. unicornis sp. n. The new species mentioned above have been described by the author named first.

The Spirorbis fauna seems to be quite like that of Mexico and S. America, from which repeated introductions have probably occurred, perhaps on stones buoyed by seaweeds and drifting on the Peruvian and El Nino currents. Its considerable diversity is not attributed to speciation within the archipelago.
Moult in birds of the Australian dry country relative to rainfall and breeding
Authors: Keast Allen
Published: August 2009

The annual moult of some 20 species of birds inhabiting the dry western section of New South Wales is studied, emphasis being on time of commencement, duration, finishing time, and the interrelationship of breeding and moulting. Primary feather replacement is taken as the main criterion.

The moult begins in most species in November and is completed in February or March. The duration ranges from about three to five months, being four to four and a half months in most species. This is materially longer than the six to eight weeks commonly taken by small passerines in the Northern Hemisphere. A longer, and more protracted moult is considered to be of adaptive value in a dry and somewhat unpredictable environment, reducing the physiological stress on the bird.

Migratory species have later, and somewhat shorter moults, than resident ones. Those of three aerial‐feeding muscicapids are relatively short. Small birds commonly have shorter, and larger birds more protracted, moults.

The moult is much more regular in its occurrence than breeding, which can only occur in those springs when seasonal conditions are reasonably good. Thus the “postnuptial” moult takes place whether breeding has occurred or not. This suggests a measure of direct photoperiodic control. On the other hand there are instances of the moult starting up to two or three weeks earlier than usual when (a) there is an early termination to successful spring breeding and, (b) severe drought conditions render spring breeding impossible. The onset of the moult may apparently be delayed by up to a couple of weeks when (a) spring breeding is protracted or (b) it is delayed. This indicates a measure of antagonism between the “moulting” and reproductive hormones in some species.

Good rain in mid‐summer will induce out‐of‐season breeding in many species, notwithstanding that they may be in full moult at the time. This particularly applies in years when spring breeding was impossible. No data is available as to whether or not this causes a slowing‐down, or interruption, to the moult although, it will be noted, Carter (1923) suggests this to be the case. In some species “mid‐moult” breeding did not mean any delay in the completion of the moult but, in others, it apparently did so. The ability to moult and breed simultaneously is obviously an important adaptation, permitting the birds to make maximum use of a time of food abundance.

Attention is drawn to adaptational parallels in the moult of certain dry country birds of Australia, Africa, and South America.
The distribution and incidence of larval trematodes in the freshwater fauna of the Wentloog level, South Wales
Authors: Pike Alan W.
Published: August 2009

The Wentloog level, in South Wales, is a low‐lying coastal plain dissected by a network of drainage channels. The latter contain a rich aquatic invertebrate fauna which harbour a wide range of larval digenetic trematodes. Few of the host species examined were not infected with larval trematodes. Miracidia together with their associated sporocysts, rediae and cercariae were more host specific than metacercariae but many of the miracidia which developed in pulmonate molluscs could do so in more than one genus. Metacercarial host specificity is less rigid, and usually species are only restricted to members of one phylum although several were found which could develop in two or more phyla. Most larval stages showed some host preference when they occurred in several host species and this was attributed to ecological or physiological factors or to mechanical barriers. Seasonal variation of infection rate occurs in all larval stages: infection with developing cercariae showed peaks during June and August, but metacercarial infection rates varied according to the host. In molluscs there may be two peaks of infection with metacercariae (as in the cercarial stages), but for many arthropods infections show a gradual increase through the year. The factors mainly responsible for these seasonal changes are considered to be the life‐cycle of the intermediate hosts and the environmental temperature, the latter acting on the rate of development of the trematodes. Rainfall, and patterns of egg production of adult trematodes in the definitive hosts are also important.
Photoperiodic and physiological adaptations regulating avian breeding cycles and their ecological significance
Authors: Lofts B. , Murton R. K.
Published: August 2009

We wish to dedicate this paper to the memory of Professor A. J. Marshall whose untimely death occurred while it was in press. Professor Marshall was formerly the head of the Department of Zoology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London, and subsequently held the Foundation Chair of Zoology and Comparative Physiology, Monash University, Australia. Probably the most valuable of his many contributions to the field of avian physiology was his ability to relate laboratory experimentation to the natural environment. Much of the thought contained in the present paper has been stimulated by his approach and pioneer studies.
The sea anemone Calliactis tricolor and its association with the Hermit crab Dardanus venosus
Authors: Cutress Charles E. , Ross Donald M.
Published: August 2009

The association of certain sea anemones and hermit crabs is established in different ways according to the species involved. The present study shows that the behaviour patterns of the two partners in associations between Calliactis tricolor (Lesueur) and Dardanus venosus (H. M. Edwards) in the Caribbean are similar to those seen in the Mediterranean C. parasitica and D. arrosor.

Although about half the crabs display an active behaviour pattern in laboratory trials, the anemone frequently settles on shells unaided and most C. tricolor respond to molluscan shells by clinging with their tentacles until the pedal disc can be attached. As a rule it is necessary for the anemone to relax and to cling to the shell if the crab is to be successful in transferring the anemone to its shell.

The behaviour patterns of D. venosus include a distinctive tapping of the edge of the base of C. tricolor after which the anemone is pulled or lifted off and transferred to the shell. An experimenter can also cause the anemone to relax and to detach itself by tapping the edge of the base with plastic rods after the manner of the crab.

The mechanisms by which the tentacles of Calliactis cling to, and by which the base settles upon, shells still remain to be elucidated. The participation of nematocysts in these processes could not be demonstrated in this study.

C. tricolor is found on some other pagurid and non‐pagurid crabs in various localities. These associations need to be investigated fully in order that the behaviour patterns of C. tricolor may be correctly interpreted and compared with those of other species of Calliactis.