bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving Communication between Physicians and Their Patients through Mindfulness and Compassion-Based Strategies: A Narrative Review
Authors: Amutio-Kareaga Alberto , García-Campayo Javier , Delgado Luis , Hermosilla Daniel , Martínez-Taboada Cristina
Published: March 2017

Communication between physicians and patients is a key pillar of psychosocial support for enhancing the healing process of patients and for increasing their well-being and quality of life. Physicians and other health professionals might benefit from interventions that increase their self-care, awareness, compassion, and other-focused concern, and reduce the chances of distress and burnout. There is substantial evidence for the contribution of different management strategies to achieve these aims. The goal of this article is to review the potential effect of mindfulness and compassion-based strategies for the improvement of physician-patient interactions. The acquisition of the necessary skills by physicians requires continuous education. Future research will be useful for identifying more evidence on the cost-effectiveness of this type of intervention.
The Effects of Prestrain and Subsequent Annealing on Tensile Properties of CP-Ti
Authors: Chang Le , Zhou Chang-Yu , He Xiao-Hua
Published: March 2017

The aim of the present work is to investigate the effects of prestrain and subsequent annealing on tensile properties of commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti). According to tensile test results, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength increase with the increase of prestrain. Elongation and uniform strain decrease linearly with prestrain. In the case of prestrain that is higher than 3.5%, the macro-yield of specimens changes from gradual yielding to discontinuous yielding. It is supposed that considerable numbers of dislocations introduced into the material lead to the appearance of yield plateau. The quantitative analysis of the contribution of dislocation hardening to the strain hardening shows that dislocation-associated mechanisms play an important role in strain hardening. Moreover, a modified Fields-Backofen model is proposed to predict the flow stress of prestrained CP-Ti at different strain rates. Both strain rate sensitivity and strain hardening exponent decrease with prestrain. Fracture surfaces of the specimens show that fracture mechanism of all tested specimens is dimple fracture. The more ductile deformation in prestrained CP-Ti after annealing indicates that its ductility is improved by annealing.
Investigation of the Geometry of Metal Tube Walls after Necking in Uniaxial Tension
Authors: Li Chong , E Daxin , Zhang Jingwen , Yi Ning
Published: March 2017

Abstract: In order to characterize the deformation and true stress–strain relation of metal tubes, the geometry of tube walls after necking in uniaxial tension need to be determined. The paper investigated the necking process of metal tube. A large number of tensile tests and finite element analysis of 1Cr18Ni9Ti tubes with different sizes were conducted. It was found that the geometry of outer tube wall in the necking region can be described using a logistic regression model. The final geometry of the tube is determined by original tube diameter and wall thickness. The offset of tube walls are affected by two competing factors: volume constancy and necking. The offset distances of outer and inner walls are mainly affected by original wall thickness. The length of the necking zone is more influenced by original tube diameter. Tube elongation at fracture increases slightly as tube diameter gets larger, while the wall thickness has almost no impact on the elongation.
Bactericidal Effect of Pterostilbene Alone and in Combination with Gentamicin against Human Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Lee Wee , Basri Dayang , Ghazali Ahmad
Published: March 2017

The antibacterial activity of pterostilbene in combination with gentamicin against six strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of pterostilbene were determined using microdilution technique whereas the synergistic antibacterial activities of pterostilbene in combination with gentamicin were assessed using checkerboard assay and time-kill kinetic study. Results of the present study showed that the combination effects of pterostilbene with gentamicin were synergistic (FIC index < 0.5) against three susceptible bacteria strains: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli O157 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15442. However, the time-kill study showed that the interaction was indifference which did not significantly differ from the gentamicin treatment. Furthermore, time-kill study showed that the growth of the tested bacteria was completely attenuated with 2 to 8 h treatment with 0.5 × MIC of pterostilbene and gentamicin. The identified combinations could be of effective therapeutic value against bacterial infections. These findings have potential implications in delaying the development of bacterial resistance as the antibacterial effect was achieved with the lower concentrations of antibacterial agents.
Briarenols C–E, New Polyoxygenated Briaranes from the Octocoral Briareum excavatum
Authors: Chen Nan-Fu , Su Yin-Di , Hwang Tsong-Long , Liao Zuo-Jian , Tsui Kuan-Hao , Wen Zhi-Hong , Wu Yang-Chang , Sung Ping-Jyun
Published: March 2017

Three new polyoxygenated briarane diterpenoids, briarenols C–E (1–3), were isolated from the octocoral Briareum excavatum. The structures of briaranes 1–3 were elucidated by interpretation of spectroscopic data, and the methylenecyclohexane ring in 1 was found to exist in a twisted boat conformation. Briarenol D (2) displayed an inhibitory effect on the release of elastase by human neutrophils with an IC50 value of 4.65 μM. Briarenol E (3) was found to inhibit the protein expression of pro-inflammatory inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a murine macrophage-like cell line, RAW 264.7, stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
Flavonoids: From Structure to Health Issues
Authors: Santos-Buelga Celestino , Feliciano Arturo San
Published: March 2017

Flavonoids are one of the largest groups of plant secondary metabolites.[...]
The Influence of pH on the Melamine-Dimethylurea-Formaldehyde Co-Condensations: A Quantitative 13C-NMR Study
Authors: Cao Ming , Li Taohong , Liang Jiankun , Du Guanben
Published: March 2017

1,3-dimethylurea (DMU) was used to mimic urea and to model melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) co-condensation reactions. The products of 1,3-dimethylurea-formaldehyde (DMUF), melamine-formaldehyde (MF), and melamine-1,3-dimethylurea-formaldehyde (MDMUF) reactions under alkaline and weak acidic conditions were compared by performing quantitative carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) analysis. The effect of pH on the co-condensation reactions was clarified. With the presence of the methyl groups in DMU, the appearance or absence of the featured signal at 54–55 ppm can be used to identify the co-condensed methylene linkage –N(–CH3) –CH2–NH–. Under alkaline condition, MDMUF reactions produced primarily MF polymers and the featured signal at 54–55 ppm was absent. Even though the co-condensations concurrently occurred, undistinguishable and very minor condensed structures with ether linkage were formed. Differently, under weak acidic condition, the relative content of co-condensed methylene carbons accounts for over 40%, indicating the MDMUF co-condensation reactions were much more competitive than the self-condensations. The formation of reactive carbocation intermediate was proposed to rationalize the results.
Automatic Object-Oriented, Spectral-Spatial Feature Extraction Driven by Tobler’s First Law of Geography for Very High Resolution Aerial Imagery Classification
Authors: Lv Zhiyong , Zhang Penglin , Atli Benediktsson Jón
Published: March 2017

Aerial image classification has become popular and has attracted extensive research efforts in recent decades. The main challenge lies in its very high spatial resolution but relatively insufficient spectral information. To this end, spatial-spectral feature extraction is a popular strategy for classification. However, parameter determination for that feature extraction is usually time-consuming and depends excessively on experience. In this paper, an automatic spatial feature extraction approach based on image raster and segmental vector data cross-analysis is proposed for the classification of very high spatial resolution (VHSR) aerial imagery. First, multi-resolution segmentation is used to generate strongly homogeneous image objects and extract corresponding vectors. Then, to automatically explore the region of a ground target, two rules, which are derived from Tobler’s First Law of Geography (TFL) and a topological relationship of vector data, are integrated to constrain the extension of a region around a central object. Third, the shape and size of the extended region are described. A final classification map is achieved through a supervised classifier using shape, size, and spectral features. Experiments on three real aerial images of VHSR (0.1 to 0.32 m) are done to evaluate effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach. Comparisons to state-of-the-art methods demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in VHSR image classification.
Inertial Motion Capture Costume Design Study
Authors: Szczęsna Agnieszka , Skurowski Przemysław , Lach Ewa , Pruszowski Przemysław , Pęszor Damian , Paszkuta Marcin , Słupik Janusz , Lebek Kamil , Janiak Mateusz , Polański Andrzej , Wojciechowski Konrad
Published: March 2017

The paper describes a scalable, wearable multi-sensor system for motion capture based on inertial measurement units (IMUs). Such a unit is composed of accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer. The final quality of an obtained motion arises from all the individual parts of the described system. The proposed system is a sequence of the following stages: sensor data acquisition, sensor orientation estimation, system calibration, pose estimation and data visualisation. The construction of the system’s architecture with the dataflow programming paradigm makes it easy to add, remove and replace the data processing steps. The modular architecture of the system allows an effortless introduction of a new sensor orientation estimation algorithms. The original contribution of the paper is the design study of the individual components used in the motion capture system. The two key steps of the system design are explored in this paper: the evaluation of sensors and algorithms for the orientation estimation. The three chosen algorithms have been implemented and investigated as part of the experiment. Due to the fact that the selection of the sensor has a significant impact on the final result, the sensor evaluation process is also explained and tested. The experimental results confirmed that the choice of sensor and orientation estimation algorithm affect the quality of the final results.
All-Direction Random Routing for Source-Location Privacy Protecting against Parasitic Sensor Networks
Authors: Wang Na , Zeng Jiwen
Published: March 2017

Wireless sensor networks are deployed to monitor the surrounding physical environments and they also act as the physical environments of parasitic sensor networks, whose purpose is analyzing the contextual privacy and obtaining valuable information from the original wireless sensor networks. Recently, contextual privacy issues associated with wireless communication in open spaces have not been thoroughly addressed and one of the most important challenges is protecting the source locations of the valuable packages. In this paper, we design an all-direction random routing algorithm (ARR) for source-location protecting against parasitic sensor networks. For each package, the routing process of ARR is divided into three stages, i.e., selecting a proper agent node, delivering the package to the agent node from the source node, and sending it to the final destination from the agent node. In ARR, the agent nodes are randomly chosen in all directions by the source nodes using only local decisions, rather than knowing the whole topology of the networks. ARR can control the distributions of the routing paths in a very flexible way and it can guarantee that the routing paths with the same source and destination are totally different from each other. Therefore, it is extremely difficult for the parasitic sensor nodes to trace the packages back to the source nodes. Simulation results illustrate that ARR perfectly confuses the parasitic nodes and obviously outperforms traditional routing-based schemes in protecting source-location privacy, with a marginal increase in the communication overhead and energy consumption. In addition, ARR also requires much less energy than the cloud-based source-location privacy protection schemes.
Simulation of Land Use Changes in a Coastal Reclaimed Area with Dynamic Shorelines
Authors: She Jiangfeng , Guan Zhongqing , Cai Fangfang , Pu Lijie , Tan Junzhong , Chen Tao
Published: March 2017

Reclamation is capable of creating abundant land to alleviate the pressure from land shortages in China. Nevertheless, coastal reclamation can lead to severe environmental degradation and landscape fragmentation. It is quite important to monitor land use and cover change (LUCC) in coastal areas, assess coastal wetland change, and predict land use requirements. The siltation of tidal flats will result in the dynamic growth and continuous expansion of coastal areas. Therefore, the process of land change in coastal areas is different from that under the fixed terrestrial boundary condition. Cellular Automata and Multi-Agent System (CA-MAS) models are commonly used to simulate LUCC, and their advantages have been well proven under the fixed boundary condition. In this paper, we propose CA-MAS combined with a shoreline evolution forecast (CA-MAS-SEF) model to simulate the land change in coastal areas. Meanwhile, the newly increased area, because of the dynamic growth of tidal flats, is considered in the simulation process. The simulation results using the improved method are verified, and compared with observed patterns using spatial overlay. In comparison with simulation results that do not consider the expansion of tidal flats, the Kappa coefficient estimated while considering the dynamic growth of tidal flats is improved from 65.9% to 70.5%, which shows that the method presented here can be applied to simulate the LUCC in growing coastal areas.
Food as Commons or Commodity? Exploring the Links between Normative Valuations and Agency in Food Transition
Authors: Vivero-Pol José
Published: March 2017

The food system, the most important driver of planetary transformation, is broken. Therefore, seeking a sustainable and socially-fair transition pathway out of this crisis becomes an issue of utmost priority. The consideration of food as a commodity, a social construct that played a central role in this crisis, remains the uncontested narrative to lead the different transition pathways, which seems rather contradictory. By exploring the normative values on food, this paper seeks to understand how relevant is the hegemonic narrative of food as commodity and its alternative of food as commons to determine transition trajectories and food policy beliefs. Applying the multi-level perspective framework and developing the ill-studied agency in transition, this research enquired food-related professionals that belong to an online community of practice (N = 95) to check whether the valuation of food is relevant to explain personal stances in transition. Results suggest that the view of food as commodity is positively correlated with a gradually-reforming attitude, whereas food as commons is positively correlated with the counter-hegemonic transformers, regardless of the self-defined position in the transition landscape (regime or niches). At a personal level, there are multiple loci of resistance with counter-hegemonic attitudes in varied institutions of the regime and the innovative niches, many of them holding this discourse of food as commons. Conversely, alter-hegemonic attitudes are not positively correlated with the alternative discourse, and they may inadvertently or purportedly reinforce the neoliberal narrative. Food as commons seems to be a relevant framework that could enrich the multiple transformative constituencies that challenge the industrial food system and therefore facilitate the convergence of movements that reject the commodification of food.
The Transnational and the Transcultural in Medieval German Literature Spatial Identity and Pre-Modern Concepts of Nationhood in the Works of Wolfram von Eschenbach, Gottfried von Straßburg, Rudolf von Ems, and Konrad von Würzburg
Authors: Classen Albrecht
Published: March 2017

This paper will examine the notion of the transnational and transcultural in a selection of premodern German texts, raising the fundamental question what the concept of ‘nation’ might have been in the past and probing how cultural identity was determined in contrast with
other people or social groups. Such an investigation might come just at the right time today when traditional categories of the nation and cultural identity are becoming fluid once again and lose much of their usual conceptual rigidity, although there are many forces across Europe today that
fight energetically against the loss of national identities. Hence, we are required to raise the ancient-old question once again what constitutes our identity within what cultural context (religion, language, political community, history, ethics, morality, aesthetics, etc.). We will not need
to discuss the political concept of ‘nation’ (‘national’) much in the context of the pre-modern world because true politically determined nations in the modern sense emerged only by the sixteenth and seventeenth century, especially in the age of Absolutism. But this
does not release us from the need to investigate carefully what ‘transcultural’ would mean within the larger context of political and linguistic entities clearly separating various countries from each other, and this already in the Middle Ages. After all, this takes us directly
to the critical issue of identity that needs to be situated within a specific historical and cultural framework that is constantly subject to changes, and yet survives because of deep roots in the regional or local setting.
Carbon nanotube-wrapped Fe2O3 anode with improved performance for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Gao Guoliang , Jin Yan , Zeng Qun , Wang Deyu , Shen Cai
Published: March 2017

Metall oxides have been proven to be potential candidates for the anode material of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because they offer high theoretical capacities, and are environmentally friendly and widely available. However, the low electronic conductivity and severe irreversible lithium storage have hindered a practical application. Herein, we employed ethanolamine as precursor to prepare Fe2O3/COOH-MWCNT composites through a simple hydrothermal synthesis. When these composites were used as electrode material in lithium-ion batteries, a reversible capacity of 711.2 mAh·g−1 at a current density of 500 mA·g−1 after 400 cycles was obtained. The result indicated that Fe2O3/COOH-MWCNT composite is a potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
Fast and efficient synthesis of microporous polymer nanomembranes via light-induced click reaction
Authors: An Qi , Hassan Youssef , Yan Xiaotong , Krolla-Sidenstein Peter , Mohammed Tawheed , Lang Mathias , Bräse Stefan , Tsotsalas Manuel
Published: March 2017

Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are materials of low density and high intrinsic porosity. This is due to the use of rigid building blocks consisting only of lightweight elements. These materials are usually stable up to temperatures of 400 °C and are chemically inert, since the networks are highly crosslinked via strong covalent bonds, making them ideal candidates for demanding applications in hostile environments. However, the high stability and chemical inertness pose problems in the processing of the CMP materials and their integration in functional devices. Especially the application of these materials for membrane separation has been limited due to their insoluble nature when synthesized as bulk material. To make full use of the beneficial properties of CMPs for membrane applications, their synthesis and functionalization on surfaces become increasingly important. In this respect, we recently introduced the solid liquid interfacial layer-by-layer (LbL) synthesis of CMP-nanomembranes via Cu catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). However, this process featured very long reaction times and limited scalability. Herein we present the synthesis of surface grown CMP thin films and nanomembranes via light induced thiol–yne click reaction. Using this reaction, we could greatly enhance the CMP nanomembrane synthesis and further broaden the variability of the LbL approach.
Kepler-1649b: An Exo-Venus in the Solar Neighborhood
Authors: Angelo Isabel , Rowe Jason F. , Howell Steve B. , Quintana Elisa V. , Still Martin , Mann Andrew W. , Burningham Ben , Barclay Thomas , Ciardi David R. , Huber Daniel , Kane Stephen R.
Published: March 2017

The Kepler mission has revealed that Earth-sized planets are common, and dozens have been discovered to orbit in or near their host star’s habitable zone. A major focus in astronomy is to determine which of these exoplanets are likely to have Earth-like properties that are amenable to follow-up with both ground- and future space-based surveys, with an ultimate goal of probing their atmospheres to look for signs of life. Venus-like atmospheres will be of particular interest in these surveys. While Earth and Venus evolved to have similar sizes and densities, it remains unclear what factors led to the dramatic divergence of their atmospheres. Studying analogs to both Earth and Venus can thus shed light on the limits of habitability and the potential for life on known exoplanets. Here, we present the discovery and confirmation of Kepler-1649b, an Earth-sized planet orbiting a nearby M5V star that receives incident flux at a level similar to that of Venus. We present our methods for characterizing the star, using a combination of point-spread function photometry, ground-based spectroscopy, and imaging, to confirm the planetary nature of Kepler-1649b. Planets like Kepler-1649b will be prime candidates for atmospheric and habitability studies in the next generation of space missions.
Nearest Neighbor: The Low-mass Milky Way Satellite Tucana III*
Authors: Simon J. D. , Li T. S. , Drlica-Wagner A. , Bechtol K. , Marshall J. L. , James D. J. , Wang M. Y. , Strigari L. , Balbinot E. , Kuehn K. , Walker A. R. , Abbott T. M. C. , Allam S. , Annis J. , Benoit-Lévy A. , Brooks D. , Buckley-Geer E. , Burke D. L. , Rosell A. Carnero , Kind M. Carrasco , Carretero J. , Cunha C. E. , D’Andrea C. B. , Costa L. N. da , DePoy D. L. , Desai S. , Doel P. , Fernandez E. , Flaugher B. , Frieman J. , García-Bellido J. , Gaztanaga E. , Goldstein D. A. , Gruen D. , Gutierrez G. , Kuropatkin N. , Maia M. A. G. , Martini P. , Menanteau F. , Miller C. J. , Miquel R. , Neilsen E. , Nord B. , Ogando R. , Plazas A. A. , Romer A. K. , Rykoff E. S. , Sanchez E. , Santiago B. , Scarpine V. , Schubnell M. , Sevilla-Noarbe I. , Smith R. C. , Sobreira F. , Suchyta E. , Swanson M. E. C. , Tarle G. , Whiteway L. , Yanny B. ,   (The DES Collaboration)
Published: March 2017

We present Magellan/IMACS spectroscopy of the recently discovered Milky Way satellite Tucana III (Tuc III). We identify 26 member stars in Tuc III from which we measure a mean radial velocity of v
hel = −102.3 ± 0.4 (stat.) ± 2.0 (sys.)

, a velocity dispersion of

, and a mean metallicity of

. The upper limit on the velocity dispersion is σ < 1.5

at 95.5% confidence, and the corresponding upper limit on the mass within the half-light radius of Tuc III is 9.0 × 104
M
⊙. We cannot rule out mass-to-light ratios as large as 240 M
⊙/L
⊙ for Tuc III, but much lower mass-to-light ratios that would leave the system baryon-dominated are also allowed. We measure an upper limit on the metallicity spread of the stars in Tuc III of 0.19 dex at 95.5% confidence. Tuc III has a smaller metallicity dispersion and likely a smaller velocity dispersion than any known dwarf galaxy, but a larger size and lower surface brightness than any known globular cluster. Its metallicity is also much lower than those of the clusters with similar luminosity. We therefore tentatively suggest that Tuc III is the tidally stripped remnant of a dark matter-dominated dwarf galaxy, but additional precise velocity and metallicity measurements will be necessary for a definitive classification. If Tuc III is indeed a dwarf galaxy, it is one of the closest external galaxies to the Sun. Because of its proximity, the most luminous stars in Tuc III are quite bright, including one star at V = 15.7 that is the brightest known member star of an ultra-faint satellite.
Star-forming Filament Models
Authors: Myers Philip C.
Published: March 2017

New models of star-forming filamentary clouds are presented in order to quantify their properties and to predict their evolution. These 2D axisymmetric models describe filaments that have no core, one low-mass core, and one cluster-forming core. They are based on Plummer-like cylinders and spheroids that are bounded by a constant-density surface of finite extent. In contrast to 1D Plummer-like models, they have specific values of length and mass, they approximate observed column density maps, and their distributions of column density (N-pdfs) are pole-free. Each model can estimate the star-forming potential of a core-filament system by identifying the zone of gas dense enough to form low-mass stars and by counting the number of enclosed thermal Jeans masses. This analysis suggests that the Musca central filament may be near the start of its star-forming life, with enough dense gas to make its first ∼3 protostars, while the Coronet filament is near the midpoint of its star formation, with enough dense gas to add ∼8 protostars to its ∼20 known stars. In contrast, L43 appears to be near the end of its star-forming life, since it lacks enough dense gas to add any new protostars to the two young stellar objectsalready known.
First Results from the KMOS Lens-Amplified Spectroscopic Survey (KLASS): Kinematics of Lensed Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
Authors: Mason Charlotte A. , Treu Tommaso , Fontana Adriano , Jones Tucker , Morishita Takahiro , Amorin Ricardo , Bradač Maruša , Finney Emily Quinn , Grillo Claudio , Henry Alaina , Hoag Austin , Huang Kuang-Han , Schmidt Kasper B. , Trenti Michele , Vulcani Benedetta
Published: March 2017

We present the first results of the K-band Multi-Object Spectrometer (KMOS) Lens-Amplified Spectroscopic Survey, a new ESO Very Large Telescope large program, doing multi-object integral field spectroscopy of galaxies gravitationally lensed behind seven galaxy clusters selected from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space. Using the power of the cluster magnification, we are able to reveal the kinematic structure of 25 galaxies at

, in four cluster fields, with stellar masses

. This sample includes five sources at

with lower stellar masses than in any previous kinematic integral field unit (IFU) surveys. Our sample displays a diversity in kinematic structure over this mass and redshift range. The majority of our kinematically resolved sample is rotationally supported, but with a lower ratio of rotational velocity to velocity dispersion than in the local universe, indicating the fraction of dynamically hot disks changes with cosmic time. We find that no galaxies with stellar mass

in our sample display regular ordered rotation. Using the enhanced spatial resolution from lensing, we resolve a lower number of dispersion-dominated systems compared to field surveys, competitive with findings from surveys using adaptive optics. We find that the KMOS IFUs recover emission line flux from HST grism-selected objects more faithfully than slit spectrographs. With artificial slits, we estimate that slit spectrographs miss, on average, 60% of the total flux of emission lines, which decreases rapidly if the emission line is spatially offset from the continuum.
Modeling the Plasma Flow in the Inner Heliosheath with a Spatially Varying Compression Ratio
Authors: Nicolaou G. , Livadiotis G.
Published: March 2017

We examine a semi-analytical non-magnetic model of the termination shock location previously developed by Exarhos & Moussas. In their study, the plasma flow beyond the shock is considered incompressible and irrotational, thus the flow potential is analytically derived from the Laplace equation. Here we examine the characteristics of the downstream flow in the heliosheath in order to resolve several inconsistencies existing in the Exarhos & Moussas model. In particular, the model is modified in order to be consistent with the Rankine–Hugoniot jump conditions and the geometry of the termination shock. It is shown that a shock compression ratio varying along the latitude can lead to physically correct results. We describe the new model and present several simplified examples for a nearly spherical, strong termination shock. Under those simplifications, the upstream plasma is nearly adiabatic for large (∼100 AU) heliosheath thickness.
Surge-like Oscillations above Sunspot Light Bridges Driven by Magnetoacoustic Shocks
Authors: Zhang Jingwen , Tian Hui , He Jiansen , Wang Linghua
Published: March 2017

High-resolution observations of the solar chromosphere and transition region often reveal surge-like oscillatory activities above sunspot light bridges (LBs). These oscillations are often interpreted as intermittent plasma jets produced by quasi-periodic magnetic reconnection. We have analyzed the oscillations above an LB in a sunspot using data taken by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph. The chromospheric 2796 Å images show surge-like activities above the entire LB at any time, forming an oscillating wall. Within the wall we often see that the core of the Mg ii k 2796.35 Å line first experiences a large blueshift, and then gradually decreases to zero shift before increasing to a redshift of comparable magnitude. Such a behavior suggests that the oscillations are highly nonlinear and likely related to shocks. In the 1400 Å passband, which samples emission mainly from the Si iv ion, the most prominent feature is a bright oscillatory front ahead of the surges. We find a positive correlation between the acceleration and maximum velocity of the moving front, which is consistent with numerical simulations of upward propagating slow-mode shock waves. The Si iv 1402.77 Å line profile is generally enhanced and broadened in the bright front, which might be caused by turbulence generated through compression or by the shocks. These results, together with the fact that the oscillation period stays almost unchanged over a long duration, lead us to propose that the surge-like oscillations above LBs are caused by shocked p-mode waves leaked from the underlying photosphere.
Museos y engagement. La calidad de los espacios web como soporte del compromiso
Authors: Martínez-Sanz Raquel , Berrocal-Gonzalo Salomé
Published: March 2017

La comunicación de los museos con sus públicos a través de plataformas online, tales como webs, blogs o redes sociales, se reafirma como una estrategia eficiente a la hora de fortalecer la relación con los distintos públicos. Este estudio defiende la asociación entre el valor intangible conocido como engagement y la comunicación corporativa y proporciona algunas de las claves para su correcta gestión en el entorno digital. Asimismo, y a través del análisis de contenido y de la estadística inferencial, se da respuesta a tres preguntas de investigación que demuestran la conexión entre la calidad ofrecida en la página web corporativa de 21 museos de arte contemporáneo y el compromiso logrado. Concretamente, el estudio de regresión lineal y el estadístico de Pearson confirman la correlación entre calidad web, visitas recibidas y popularidad en la Red.
Tracing changes in atmospheric moisture supply to the drying
Southwest China
Authors: Zhang Chi , Tang Qiuhong , Chen Deliang , Li Laifang , Liu Xingcai , Cui Huijuan
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Precipitation over Southwest China (SWC) has significantly decreased during 1979–2013. The summer months from July to September contributed the most to the decrease of precipitation. By tracing moisture sources of summer precipitation over the SWC region, it is found that most moisture originates in the monsoon region. The major moisture contributing area is divided into an extended west region, SWC, and an extended east region. The extended west region is mainly influenced by the South Asian Summer Monsoon (SASM) and the westerlies, while the extended east region is mainly influenced by the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM). The extended west, SWC, and extended east regions contribute 48.2 %, 15.5 %, and 24.5 % of moisture for the SWC precipitation, respectively. Moisture supply from the extended west region decreased at a rate of −23.6 mm decade−1 whereas that from the extended east increased at a rate of 4.2 mm decade−1, resulting in an overall decrease of moisture supply. Further analysis reveals that the decline of summer precipitation is mainly caused by change in the stationary component rather than the transient component of the moisture transport over the SWC region. The dynamic process (i.e. change in circulation) rather than the thermodynamic process (i.e. specific humidity) is dominant in affecting the stationary moisture transport. A prevailing easterly anomaly of moisture transport that weakened moisture supply from the Indian Ocean is to a large extent responsible for the precipitation decrease over the SWC region.
Potential impact of carbonaceous aerosols on the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) during Asian summer monsoon in a global model simulation
Authors: Fadnavis Suvarna , Kalita Gayatry , Kumar K. Ravi , Gasparini Blaz , Li Jui-Lin Frank
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Recent satellite observations show efficient vertical transport of Asian pollutants from the surface to the upper level anticyclone by deep monsoon convection. In this paper, we examine the transport of carbonaceous aerosols including Black Carbon (BC) and Organic Carbon (OC) into the monsoon anticyclone using of ECHAM6-HAM, a global aerosol climate model. Further, we investigate impacts of enhanced (doubled) carbonaceous aerosols emissions on the UTLS from sensitivity simulations. These model simulations show that boundary layer aerosols are transported into the monsoon anticyclone by the strong monsoon convection from the Bay of Bengal, southern slopes of the Himalayas and the South China Sea. Doubling of emissions of BC and OC aerosols, each, over the South East Asia (10° S–50° N; 65° E–155° E) shows that lofted aerosols produce significant warming in the mid/upper troposphere. These aerosols lead to an increase in temperature by 1 K–3 K in the mid/upper troposphere and in radiative heating rates by 0.005 K/day near the tropopause. They alter aerosol radiative forcing at the surface by −1.4 W/m2; at the Top Of the Atmosphere (TOA) by +1.2 W/m2 and in the atmosphere by 2.7 W/m2 over the Asian summer monsoon region (20° N–40° N, 60° E–120° E). Atmospheric warming increases vertical velocities and thereby cloud ice in the upper troposphere. An anomalous warming over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) facilitate the relative strengthening of the monsoon Hadley circulation and elicit enhancement in precipitation over India and north east China.
Modelling spatial and temporal dynamics of gross primary production in the Sahel from earth-observation-based photosynthetic capacity and quantum efficiency
Authors: Tagesson Torbern , Ardö Jonas , Cappelaere Bernard , Kergoat Laurent , Abdi Abdulhakim , Horion Stéphanie , Fensholt Rasmus
Published: March 2017

Abstract. It has been shown that vegetation growth in semi-arid regions is important to the global terrestrial CO2 sink, which indicates the strong need for improved understanding and spatially explicit estimates of CO2 uptake (gross primary production; GPP) in semi-arid ecosystems. This study has three aims: (1) to evaluate the MOD17A2H GPP (collection 6) product against GPP based on eddy covariance (EC) for six sites across the Sahel; (2) to characterize relationships between spatial and temporal variability in EC-based photosynthetic capacity (Fopt) and quantum efficiency (α) and vegetation indices based on earth observation (EO) (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), renormalized difference vegetation index (RDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and shortwave infrared water stress index (SIWSI)); and (3) to study the applicability of EO upscaled Fopt and α for GPP modelling purposes. MOD17A2H GPP (collection 6) drastically underestimated GPP, most likely because maximum light use efficiency is set too low for semi-arid ecosystems in the MODIS algorithm. Intra-annual dynamics in Fopt were closely related to SIWSI being sensitive to equivalent water thickness, whereas α was closely related to RDVI being affected by chlorophyll abundance. Spatial and inter-annual dynamics in Fopt and α were closely coupled to NDVI and RDVI, respectively. Modelled GPP based on Fopt and α upscaled using EO-based indices reproduced in situ GPP well for all except a cropped site that was strongly impacted by anthropogenic land use. Upscaled GPP for the Sahel 2001–2014 was 736 ± 39 g C m−2 yr−1. This study indicates the strong applicability of EO as a tool for spatially explicit estimates of GPP, Fopt and α; incorporating EO-based Fopt and α in dynamic global vegetation models could improve estimates of vegetation production and simulations of ecosystem processes and hydro-biochemical cycles.
Substrate potential of Eemian to Holocene permafrost organic matter for future microbial greenhouse gas production
Authors: Stapel Janina G. , Schwamborn Georg , Schirrmeister Lutz , Horsfield Brian , Mangelsdorf Kai
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Multiple permafrost cores from Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island in NE Siberia comprising deposits from Eemian to modern time are investigated to evaluate the stored potential of the freeze-locked organic matter (OM) to serve as substrate for the production of microbial greenhouse gases from thawing permafrost deposits. Deposits from Late Pleistocene glacial periods (comprising MIS 3 and MIS 4) possess an increased aliphatic character and a higher amount of potential substrates, and therefore higher OM quality in terms of biodegradation compared to interglacial deposits from the Eemian (MIS 5e) as well as from the Holocene (MIS 1). To assess the potential of the individual permafrost deposits to provide substrates for microbially induced greenhouse gas generation, concentrations of free and bound acetate as an excellent substrate for methanogenesis are used. The highest free (in pore water and segregated ice) and bound (bound to the organic matrix) acetate-substrate pools of the permafrost deposits are observed within the interstadial MIS 3 and stadial MIS 4 period deposits. In contrast, deposits from the last interglacial MIS 5e show only poor substrate pools. The Holocene deposits reveal a significant bound-acetate pool, representing at least a future substrate potential upon release during OM degradation. Biomarkers for past microbial communities (branched and isoprenoid GDGTs) show also highest abundance of past microbial communities during the MIS 3 and MIS 4 deposits, which indicates higher OM quality with respect to microbial degradation during time of deposition. On a broader perspective, Arctic warming will increase permafrost thaw and favour substrate availability from freeze-locked older permafrost deposits. Therefore, especially those deposits from MIS 3 and MIS 4 show a high potential for providing substrates relevant for methanogenesis.
Low-resolution Australasian palaeoclimate records of the last 2000 years
Authors: Dixon Bronwyn C. , Tyler Jonathan J. , Lorrey Andrew M. , Goodwin Ian D. , Gergis Joëlle , Drysdale Russell N.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Non-annually resolved palaeoclimate records in the Australasian region were compiled to facilitate investigations of decadal to centennial climate variability over the past 2000 years. A total of 661 lake/wetland, geomorphic, marine, and speleothem records were identified and then assessed against a set of a priori criteria based on temporal resolution, record length, dating methods, and confidence of the proxy-climate relationship over the Common Era. A high quality subset of 22 records across Australasia met the criteria and they are endorsed for subsequent analyses. New chronologies based on progressive Bayesian techniques were constructed for the high quality records to ensure a consistent approach to age modelling and quantification of age uncertainties. Chronological uncertainty was the primary reason why records did not meet the selection criteria. Despite present limitations, existing proxies and reconstruction techniques that successfully capture climate variability in the region show potential to address spatial gaps and expand the range of climate variables covering the last 2000 years from the Australasian region.
Climate signals in a multispecies tree-ring network from central and southern Italy and reconstruction of the late summer temperatures since the early 1700s
Authors: Leonelli Giovanni , Coppola Anna , Salvatore Maria Cristina , Baroni Carlo , Battipaglia Giovanna , Gentilesca Tiziana , Ripullone Francesco , Borghetti Marco , Conte Emanuele , Tognetti Roberto , Marchetti Marco , Lombardi Fabio , Brunetti Michele , Maugeri Maurizio , Pelfini Manuela , Cherubini Paolo , Provenzale Antonello , Maggi Valter
Published: March 2017

Abstract. A first assessment of the main climatic drivers that modulate the tree-ring width (RW) and maximum latewood density (MXD) along the Italian Peninsula and northeastern Sicily was performed using 27 forest sites, which include conifers (RW and MXD) and broadleaves (only RW). Tree-ring data were compared using the correlation analysis of the monthly and seasonal variables of temperature, precipitation and standardized precipitation index (SPI, used to characterize meteorological droughts) against each species-specific site chronology and against the highly sensitive to climate (HSTC) chronologies (based on selected indexed individual series). We find that climate signals in conifer MXD are stronger and more stable over time than those in conifer and broadleaf RW. In particular, conifer MXD variability is directly influenced by the late summer (August, September) temperature and is inversely influenced by the summer precipitation and droughts (SPI at a timescale of 3 months). Conifer RW is influenced by the temperature and drought of the previous summer, whereas broadleaf RW is more influenced by summer precipitation and drought of the current growing season. The reconstruction of the late summer temperatures for the Italian Peninsula for the past 300 yr, based on the HSTC chronology of conifer MXD, shows a stable model performance that underlines periods of climatic worsening around 1699, 1740, 1814, 1909, 1939 CE and well follows the variability of the instrumental record. Considering a 20 yr low-pass filtered series, the reconstructed temperature record consistently deviates
A 4D-Var inversion system based on the icosahedral grid model (NICAM-TM 4D-Var v1.0) – Part 1: Offline forward and adjoint transport models
Authors: Niwa Yosuke , Tomita Hirofumi , Satoh Masaki , Imasu Ryoichi , Sawa Yousuke , Tsuboi Kazuhiro , Matsueda Hidekazu , Machida Toshinobu , Sasakawa Motoki , Belan Boris , Saigusa Nobuko
Published: March 2017

Abstract. A four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) method is a popular algorithm for inverting atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) measurements. In order to meet the computationally intense 4D-Var iterative calculation, offline forward and adjoint transport models are developed based on the Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM). By introducing flexibility into the temporal resolution of the input meteorological data, the forward model developed in this study is not only computationally efficient, it is also found to nearly match the transport performance of the online model. In a transport simulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), the data-thinning error (error resulting from reduction in the time resolution of the meteorological data used to drive the offline transport model) is minimized by employing high temporal resolution data of the vertical diffusion coefficient; with a low 6-hourly temporal resolution, significant concentration biases near the surface are introduced. The new adjoint model can be run in discrete or continuous adjoint mode for the advection process. The discrete adjoint is characterized by perfect adjoint relationship with the forward model that switches off the flux limiter, while the continuous adjoint is characterized by an imperfect but reasonable adjoint relationship with its corresponding forward model. In the latter case, both the forward and adjoint models use the flux limiter to ensure the monotonicity of tracer concentrations and sensitivities. Trajectory analysis for high CO2 concentration events are performed to test adjoint sensitivities. We also demonstrate the potential usefulness of our adjoint model for diagnosing tracer transport. Both the offline forward and adjoint models have computational efficiency about 10 times higher than the online model. A description of our new 4D-Var system that includes an optimization method, along with its application in an atmospheric CO2 inversion and the effects of using either the discrete or continuous adjoint method, is presented in an accompanying paper Niwa et al.(2016).
An alternative way to evaluate chemistry-transport model variability
Authors: Menut Laurent , Mailler Sylvain , Bessagnet Bertrand , Siour Guillaume , Colette Augustin , Couvidat Florian , Meleux Frédérik
Published: March 2017

Abstract. A simple and complementary model evaluation technique for regional chemistry transport is discussed. The methodology is based on the concept that we can learn about model performance by comparing the simulation results with observational data available for time periods other than the period originally targeted. First, the statistical indicators selected in this study (spatial and temporal correlations) are computed for a given time period, using colocated observation and simulation data in time and space. Second, the same indicators are used to calculate scores for several other years while conserving the spatial locations and Julian days of the year. The difference between the results provides useful insights on the model capability to reproduce the observed day-to-day and spatial variability. In order to synthesize the large amount of results, a new indicator is proposed, designed to compare several error statistics between all the years of validation and to quantify whether the period and area being studied were well captured by the model for the correct reasons.