bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY OF SUFACE STRUCTURE AND SPUTTERING PROCESS BY SEQUENCIAL FLUORINE CLUSTER IMPACTS
Authors: Aoki Takaaki , Matsuo Jiro
Published: April 2011

In order to study the surface reaction process under cluster ion impact, molecular dynamics simulations of sequential cluster impacts of fluorine and neon clusters were performed. (F2)300 and Ne600 clusters were accelerated with totally 6keV and irradiated on bare Si(100) target. By iterating impact simulation sequentially, change of surface morphology and composition of desorbed materials were studied. In the case of fluorine cluster impact, the rough surface structure was made compared with neon cluster impact because fluorine atoms adsorb on the target, which work to keep pillar structure on the surface, whereas Ne atoms evaporate immediately leaving spherical mound structure on the surface. From the study of desorption process, it was observed that large number of Si atoms are desorbed in the form of silicon fluorides. The major sputtered material was SiF2, but various types of silicon-fluorides, including the molecules consists of several tens to hundreds silicon and fluorine atoms, were observed. The distribution of clusters in desorbed materials obeyed the classical model of cluster emission from quasi-liquid phase excited with ion bombardment. From these results, the irradiation effects of reactive cluster ions were discussed.
A Novel Pressure Indicator for Continuous Flow PCR Chip Using Micro Molded PDMS Pillar Arrays
Authors: Zhao Yi , Zhang Xin
Published: April 2011

DNA amplification is one of the most routine experiments carried out in biological laboratories. Continuous flow PCR chip releases biologists from their laborious exercises. The use of such chip is, however, hindered by costly expense of the syringe pump, which is used to maintain a constant flow rate. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel pressure indicator which makes up an in-line flow sensor in a continuous flow PCR chip. The pressure of PCR channel is achieved from pattern change in fabricated microstructures, and converted to volume flow rate. A polymeric PCR chip with such pressure indicators is presented. With a much less expense as compared to its conventional peers, this indicator has a wide potential for the use in the laboratories which runs daily activities like sequencing or mutagenesis.
More Efficient Capture of Bacteria on Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Webster Thomas J. , Liu Jin X. , Banks Margaret K.
Published: April 2011

Nanobiotechnology is a growing area of research, primarily due to the potentially numerous applications of new synthetic nanomaterials in engineering/science. Although various definitions have been given to the word “nanomaterials” by many different experts, the commonly accepted one refers nanomaterials as those materials which possess grains, particles, fibers, or other constituent components that have one dimension specifically less than 100 nm. In biological applications, most of the research to date has focused on the interactions between mammalian cells and synthetic nanophase surfaces for the creation of better tissue engineering materials. Although mammalian cells have shown a definite positive response to nanophase materials, the evidence for bacteria interactions with nanophase materials remains for the most part a mystery. For this reason, this study determined the capture of a model bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens) on nanophase compared to conventional grain size alumina. Results provided the first evidence of increased capture of Pseudomonas fluorescens on alumina with nanometer compared to conventional grain sizes. Although not measured at the atomic scale, similar chemistry, crystallinity, crystal phase, and porosity was observed between nanophase and conventional alumina. For this reason, a major material property difference between nanophase and conventional alumina was reduced grain size (and perhaps associated changes in charge density) which led to increased bacteria capture and the design of better environmental filters.
Nanoparticle-Decorated Surfaces for the Study of Cell-Protein-Substrate Interactions
Authors: Ballard Jake D. , Dell'Acqua-Bellavitis Ludovico M. , Bizios Rena , Siegel Richard W.
Published: April 2011

The present study was motivated by the need for accurately-controlled and well-characterized novel biomaterial formulations for the study of cell-protein-material interactions. For this purpose, the current research has focused on the design, fabrication and characterization of model native oxide-coated silicon surfaces decorated with silica nanoparticles of select sizes, and has examined the adhesion of osteoblasts and fibroblasts on these nanoparticle-decorated surfaces. The results demonstrate the capability to deposit nanoparticles of select diameters and substrate surface coverage onto native silicon oxide-coated silicon, the firm attachment of these nanoparticles to the underlying native silicon oxide, and that nanoparticle size and coverage modulate adhesion of osteoblasts and fibroblasts to these substrates. The material formulations tested provide a well-controlled and well-characterized set of model substrates needed to study the effects of nanoscale features on the functions of cells that are critical to the clinical fate of implantable biomaterials.
Fabrication of Novel Porous Chitosan Matrices as Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Jiang Tao , Pilane Cyril M. , Laurencin Cato T.
Published: April 2011

Three dimensional (3-D) scaffolds with appropriate mechanical properties play a significant role in scaffold-based tissue engineering. Chitosan, a natural polymer obtained from chitin, which forms a major component of crustacean exoskeleton, is a potential candidate for bone tissue engineering due to its excellent osteocompatibility and biodegradability. The aim of the present study is to develop 3-D porous chitosan scaffolds with mechanical properties in the range of trabecular bone as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Three dimensional scaffolds were prepared by sintering chitosan microspheres. Chitosan microspheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation of chitosan solution using sodium tripolyphosphate. It has been found that the microsphere size increased significantly with the increase of the concentration of chitosan solution. The microspheres were then sintered together using the synergetic effect of solvent and temperature. The compressive moduli of the 3-D sintered matrices were found to be in the mid range of trabecular bone. The osteocompatibility and osteoconductivity of the 3-D matrices were demonstrated by adhesion and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast like cells on the matrices after 14 days in culture.
Room temperature conversion of X0.3V2O5· nH2O phase into X2V6O16· nH2O phase Influence of the nature of the cation X+
Authors: Durupthy Olivier , Es-salhi Saïd , Steunou Nathalie , Coradin Thibaud , Livage Jacques
Published: April 2011

Various cations (Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Cs+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+) were introduced during the formation of a V2O5. nH2O gel. Cation intercalated Xy V2O5. nH2O (y = 0.3 for X = Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+ or y = 0.15 for Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+) were first obtained at room temperature but some of them evolve upon ageing into a new phase: XV3O8. nH2O for X = Na+, K+, NH4+ and Cs+ or XV6O16. nH2O for X = Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+. All the vanadium oxide phases were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR); the supernatant solutions were analysed by 51V NMR spectroscopy. These vanadium oxide phases exhibit a layered structure with cations and water molecules intercalated within the interlayer space. The formation of the different phases depends mainly on the pH of the supernatant solution and on the nature of the cation.
The Effect of Terminal Ligands on the Dimensionality and Topology of Metal Dicarboxylate Coordination Structures
Authors: Pan Long , Ching Nancy , Huang Xiaoying , Lee Jeongyong , Li Jing , Yuen Tan , Lin C. L. , Zan Jason
Published: April 2011

Solvothermal/hydrothermal reactions of 4, 4′-biphenyldicarboxylic acid (H2bpdc) and cobalt (II) salt with pyridine derivative ligands such as 3-methylpyridine (3-pic), 4-methylpyridine (4-pic), as well as a longer terminal ligand 4-benzylpyridine (4-bzpy) generated four new extended structures: 1D zigzag polymer chain 1 crystallized in C2/c with a formula [Co(bpdc)(3-pic)2]·(3-pic); 1D helical chain compound 2 crystallized in P41 with a formula [Co(bpdc)(4-pic)2], 2D non-interpenetrating network 3 crystallized in P2221 with a formula [Co(bpdc)(4-pic)2]·(4-pic)0.5·H2O, and 2D non-interpenetrating network 4 crystallized in P2/c, formulated as [Co(bpdc)(bzpy)2]. Our studies show that terminal ligands play an important role in affecting the dimensionality and topology of the structures formed. Magnetic susceptibility and isothermal magnetization results revealed an antiferromagnetic ground state for 3 with a transition temperature T = 4.7 K, and paramagnetic behavior at high temperature range for 1 and 2.
The preparation of Ni nano particles by the chemically controlled polyol process
Authors: Yoon Seon-Mi , Choi Jae-Young , Lee Yong Kyun , Lee Eun Sung , Kim Seul Ki
Published: April 2011

The chemically controlled polyol process, with TMAH and water as OH- donors in the nickel hydroxyglycolate intermediate phase, prepares the nickel nano particles. The water additive acts as the OH- donor and enhances the solubility of salt in polyol for efficient production and monodispersive particles. Water and TMAH, selected to decrease the contamination of alkali metal from inorganic base, as OH- donors control the intermediary solid phase as a reservoir for Ni2+ species. The particle is about 80 nm with a faceted shape when the reaction is controlled by a combination of TMAH and water,. The nucleating agent is powerful to decrease the particle size, but in this basic reaction condition, it is not effective enough to get a small size.
Preparation of NiNb2O6 Columbite Ceramics by a Reaction-Sintering Process
Authors: Liou Yi-Cheng , Shiue Chao-Yang
Published: April 2011

Preparation of NiNb2O6 columbite ceramics by a reaction-sintering process has been investigated. The mixture of raw materials was pressed and sintered into ceramics without any calcination stage involved. Columbite NiNb2O6 ceramics were obtained after being sintered at 1250–1450°C for 2 h and 4 h from mixture of Nb2O5 and 50%Ni(NO3)2-50%NiO (NN1). In pellets from mixture of Nb2O5 and NiO (NN2), columbite NiNb2O6 ceramics were obtained after being sintered at 1150–1350°C for 2 h and 4 h. A density of 4.47 g/cm3 was obtained in NN1 for 2 h sintering at 1400°C. For NN2, a higher density 5.62 g/cm3 (99.8% of the theoretical value) was obtained for 2 h sintering at 1300°C. The reaction-sintering process has proven to be a simple and effective method in preparing columbite NiNb2O6 ceramics. A higher density could be obtained at lower sintering temperature by using NiO instead of 50%Ni(NO3)2-50%NiO in the reaction with Nb2O5.
Effect of The Glass Composition on The Spontaneous Emission Probabilities of Tm3+ in TeO2-ZnO Glass
Authors: Özen Gönül , Kabalcı İdris , Collins John M , Chen Xuesheng , Forte Ottavio , Di Bartolo Baldassare
Published: April 2011

This paper reports our findings for the effect of the glass composition on the local environment of the thulium ions in the glass structure and its spontaneous and stimulated emission probabilities in the infrared region at room temperature. Absorption measurements in the UV/VIS/NIR region were used to determine spontaneous emission probabilities for the 4f-4f transitions of the thulium ion. Six bands corresponding to the absorptions of the 1G2, 3F2, 3F3, 3F4, 3H5, 3H4 from the ground level were observed. Integrated absorption cross-section of each band except that of 3H5 level was found to vary with the glass composition. Luminescence spectra of the samples were measured upon 785nm using a diode laser. Two emission bands centered about 1500nm and 1800nm were observed.

The effect of the glass composition on the Judd-Ofelt Parameters and therefore on the spontaneous emission probabilities for the metastable levels of thulium ions will be discussed in detail.
Evolution of ZnO nanowires, nanorods, and nanosheets with an oxygen-assisted carbothermal reduction process
Authors: Park Jae-Hwan , Choi Young-Jin , Park Jae-Gwan
Published: April 2011

A systematic hierarchical evolution of nanowires, nanorods, and nanosheets in ZnO, based on a oxygen-assisted carbothermal reduction process, was presented. Nanowires, nanorods, and nanosheets were synthesized in series with controlling oxygen partial pressure from 10-6 to 10-1. It was impossible to get ZnO nanowires with using Ar gas only and more than 1ppm of oxygen could successfully introduce the ZnO nanowires on the Si substrates at the downstream of the tube. The additional oxygen gas with Ar carrier gas could introduce not only the nanowires but also the combs and sheets. The details of nanocombs and nanosheets also were presented.
Influence of oxygen partial pressure on the quality of nanowires for energetic photon detection applications
Authors: Zhang Y. , Mao S. S.
Published: April 2011

ZnO based semiconductors have emerged as promising materials for energetic photon detection. Aimed to improve photon detection efficiency, we have successfully grown ZnO nanowires based on vapor- liquid-solid approach. In this paper, we examine the influence of oxygen partial pressure on the quality ZnO nanowires. Optical properties of the nanowires grown under different oxygen environment were characterized, and we found that low oxygen partial pressure can result in large concentration of defect states, as reflected by increased visible emission and an elevated threshold for stimulated emission.
Influence of the Particle Morphology on the Micro-and Macromechanics of Nano-Reinforced Materials
Authors: Sarkissov Alexander , Meijer Han , Fischer Hartmut
Published: April 2011

This paper describes mechanical properties of polymer-clay nanocomposites with platelet and fibrous like nanoparticles evaluated on a of nano, meso and micro length scale. Platelet reinforced materials were found to display a mixed morphology consisting of intercalated and exfoliated regions. A better dispersion was obtained for fibrous clay nanocomposites where homogeneous distribution of single particles was achieved. The deformation behavior was investigated by in-situ XRD and SEM experiments during drawing; the macro-mechanical characteristics were extracted from tensile tests. The stiffness was found to increase in both platelet and fibrous clay nanocomposites. The presence of intercalated stacks in the latter resulted in a significant reduction in drawability, the better homogeneity of the fibrous clay systems allowed a reasonably high extensions.
Mechanical grafting and morphology characterization in immiscible polymer blends
Authors: Joshi Jayant , Lehman Richard L. , Nosker Thomas J.
Published: April 2011

Blends of PS/HDPE and PS/PP were investigated for synergism in flexural modulus with varying composition. The evolution of blend morphology was studied and related to the improvement in flexural modulus around the co-continuous composition. DSC studies were conducted to study crystallinity variations in the semi-crystalline component of the blend. We found that co-continuous morphologies help in developing strong mechanical bonds between the components. Crystallization is inhibited in the co-continuous region and is related to the spatial constraints during the solidification process.
Influence of Electrostatic Interactions on Chain Dynamics and Morphological Development in Perfluorosulfonate Ionomer Membranes
Authors: Page Kirt A. , Moore Robert B.
Published: April 2011

Several high temperature methods of processing Nafion® have been developed using various alkylammonium ion forms of the ionomer, and the choice of counterion has been shown to have a significant effect on the thermal and mechanical properties of this material. In particular, it has been shown that neutralization gives rises to two high-temperature mechanical relaxations as observed in dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). While several studies in the literature have attempted to explain the molecular origins of these mechanical relaxations, the assignments were based primarily on limited DMA results and have at times been contradictory. The study presented here is a fundamental investigation into the molecular origins of the thermally induced morphological relaxations and dynamics of alkylammonium forms of Nafion® membranes as studied by variable temperature small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and solid-state 19F NMR spectroscopy. The intensity of the small-angle ionomer peak at ca. q = 2 nm–1 was monitored as a function of temperature for each alkylammonium neutralized sample in unoriented and oriented states. In the case of the oriented samples, the degree of anisotropic scattering from the oriented ionomer morphology was quantified using the Hermann's orientation function and monitored as a function of temperature. Changes in intensity of the ionomer peak and the Hermann's parameter as a function of temperature were shown to correlate well with relaxations observed in DMA. Several variable temperature solid-state 19F NMR techniques (including spin diffusion, side-band analysis and T1ρ experiments) were used to investigate the dynamics of the Nafion® chains. Side band analysis indicated that the side-chain is more mobile than the main chain and that the mobility is greatly affected by the size of the counterion. Changes in side-band intensity as a function of temperature were shown to correlate well with DMA data. Results from T1ρ experiments show strong counterion dependence and suggest coupled main- and side-chain motions. A two-component relaxation process was also observed for the main-chain fluorines. The results of the NMR investigations, along with the SAXS data, have led to the development of a more detailed description of the dynamics of Nafion® and the molecular origins of the mechanical relaxations. With this information, the continuing goal to determine how the strength of the electrostatic interactions in perfluorosulfonate ionomers affects the chain dynamics and developing morphology may be realized for the purpose of controlling the morphology to create more efficient ionomeric membrane materials.
Middle Devonian palynomorphs from southern Moravia: an evidence of rapid change from terrestrial deltaic plain to carbonate platform conditions
Authors: Vavrdová Milada , Dašková Jiřina
Published: April 2011

Middle Devonian palynomorphs from southern Moravia: an evidence of rapid change from terrestrial deltaic plain to carbonate platform conditions

Dispersed fossil miospores and acritarchs have been recovered from the subsurface pelites in the Uhřice-1 borehole, southern Moravia. Spores of ferns, sphenopsids and lycopods with rare marine microplankton (acritarchs and chitinozoans) cysts indicate a predominantly continental environment with a limited marine influence. Dispersed miospores with cysts of unicellular marine microplankton confirm the Middle Devonian, most probably early Givetian (AD lem) age of marine transgression in southern Moravia. Thermal alteration of palynomorphs shows average values, with TAI ranging from 2+ to 3+, corresponding to 60-70 °C.
Stratigraphy and tectonics of a tectonic window in the Magura Nappe (Świątkowa Wielka, Polish Outer Carpathians)
Authors: Oszczypko-Clowes Marta , Oszczypko Nestor
Published: April 2011

Stratigraphy and tectonics of a tectonic window in the Magura Nappe (Świątkowa Wielka, Polish Outer Carpathians)

The Świątkowa Wielka Tectonic Window belongs to the Grybów Nappe of the Fore-Magura Group of units. This tectonic window is located in the marginal part of the Magura Nappe and is composed of Oligocene — Sub-Grybów Beds as well as the Grybów Marl Formation. These beds have been correlated with the Oligocene deposits of other tectonic windows of the Grybów Nappe in Poland. Our research reveals that the Krosno beds' shally facies, which occur at the western termination of the Świątkowa Wielka Tectonic Window, belong to the Dukla succession. On the basis of calcareous nannoplankton analysis, the Grybów Marl Formation as well as the Krosno Beds belong to the NP23-NP24, and NP24 Zones, respectively. The structure of the Świątkowa Wielka Tectonic Window reveals a multistage evolution of the Magura Nappe overthrust onto their foreland.
Effect of Fear-Avoidance Beliefs of Physical Activities on a Model That Predicts Risk-Adjusted Functional Status Outcomes in Patients Treated for a Lumbar Spine Dysfunction
Authors: Hart Dennis L. , Werneke Mark W. , Deutscher Daniel , George Steven Z. , Stratford Paul W.
Published: April 2011

Study Design

Retrospective analysis of a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of 30 858 patients being treated for a lumbar spine dysfunction in outpatient physical therapy.

Objectives

To determine effect of adding a single-item screening variable classifying patients with elevated versus not-elevated scores of fear-avoidance beliefs of physical activities at intake, on a model predicting risk-adjusted functional status (FS) outcomes.

Background

Outcomes must be risk-adjusted before making meaningful interpretations. Elevated fear-avoidance beliefs scores have been predictive of poor outcomes. But the importance of elevated fear-avoidance scores in a multivariable model predicting FS outcomes needs further study.

Methods

Using retrospective analyses, predictive ability (R 2 ) of multivariable linear regression models of discharge FS with and without classification by elevated versus not-elevated fear-avoidance scores were compared, while controlling for intake FS, age, symptom acuity, surgical history, gender, number of comorbidities, and payer. Percent variance controlled and beta coefficients (95% confidence intervals) of each variable in both models were compared. A split-half design was used for model cross-validation. Predictive ratios (predicted FS, divided by actual discharge FS) were assessed.

Results

Adding fear-avoidance beliefs classification to the discharge FS model improved (P<.001) model predictive ability but only slightly (R 2 without, and with, fear-avoidance classification, 0.2997 and 0.3010, respectively). Variables impacted models similarly (95% confidence intervals not different). Fear-avoidance classification added 0.2% data variance control to the existing model. Cross-validation was supported. Predictive ratios were 1.09 and 1.10, without and with fear-avoidance, respectively.

Conclusion

Although screening for elevated fear-avoidance beliefs of physical activities significantly improves the FS outcomes predictive model, the amount of additional meaningful interpretation of FS outcomes was minimal. Exploration of other clinically relevant variables designed to improve outcomes prediction is warranted.

Tlevel of Evidence

Prognosis, level 2c. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(5):336–345, Epub 6 April 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3534
Women With Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Show Restricted Cervical Range of Motion
Authors: de-la-Llave-Rincón Ana Isabel , Fernández-de-las-Peñas César , Laguarta-Val Sofía , Ortega-Santiago Ricardo , Palacios-Ceña Domingo , Martínez-Perez Almudena
Published: April 2011

Study Design

A case control, blinded study.

Objectives

To compare the amount of cervical range of motion in women with minimal, mild/moderate, and severe carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) to that of healthy control participants. We also assessed the relationships between cervical range of motion and clinical variables related to the intensity and temporal profile of pain within each CTS group.

Background

It is plausible that the cervical spine may be involved in individuals with CTS. No study has investigated the relationship between cervical range of motion and symptoms associated with CTS severity.

Methods

Cervical range of motion was assessed in 71 women with CTS (18 with minimal, 18 with mild/moderate, and 35 with severe signs and symptoms) and in 20 similar, healthy women. Those with CTS were aged 35 to 59 years (mean ± SD, 45 ± 8 years) and those in the healthy group were aged 31 to 60 years (45 ± 8 years). An experienced therapist, blinded to the participants' conditions, used a cervical range-of-motion (CROM) device to assess cervical range of motion. Mixed-model analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted to evaluate the differences in cervical range of motion among the 3 groups of patients with CTS and healthy controls. A corrected P value of less than .025 was used as threshold for significance (Bonferroni correction).

Results

The mixed-model ANOVAs revealed that the individuals with CTS exhibited restricted cervical range of motion compared to healthy controls (P<.001), with no significant differences among the groups with minimal, mild/moderate, or severe CTS (P>.356). A significant negative correlation between pain intensity and cervical spine lateral flexion away from the affected side was identified: the greater the mean pain intensity, the lesser the cervical lateral flexion away from the affected side.

Conclusions

Women with minimal, mild/ moderate, or severe CTS exhibited less cervical range of motion compared to women of a similar age, suggesting that restricted cervical range of motion may be a common feature in individuals with CTS, independent of severity subgroups, as defined by electrodiagnosis. Future research should investigate cervical range of motion as a possible consequence or causative factor of CTS and related symptoms. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(5):305–310, Epub 6 April 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3536
Forearm Pain, Diagnosed as Intersection Syndrome, Managed by Taping: A Case Series
Authors: Kaneko Shouta , Takasaki Hiroshi
Published: April 2011

Study Design

Case series.

Background

Intersection syndrome is an overuse injury of the forearm. Taping has been described for the management of soft tissue injuries, yet there has been no report for the management of intersection syndrome using this method. The purpose of this case series was, therefore, to describe the efficacy of taping for the management of intersection syndrome.

Case Description

Five patients with intersection syndrome were managed by taping, in an effort to reduce crepitus induced by thumb movements. Nonstretch sports tape was applied, with an ulnarly directed tension force across the dorsal aspect of the forearm. Taping was performed daily for 3 weeks. Follow-up took place at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks, and at 1 year from the initial consultation.

Outcomes

All patients demonstrated complete elimination of crepitus with the application of tape. Crepitus induced by wrist movements, tenderness over the dorsal forearm, and swelling were no longer present at 3-week follow-up. Disability identified by the disability/symptom subscale of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire decreased at 3-week follow-up, and this reduction was maintained at 4-week and 1-year follow-ups.

Discussion

Taping improved symptoms and function in this small case series. One possible explanation for this improvement may be the alteration of soft tissue alignment.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(7):514–519, Epub 6 April 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3569
Monitoring Response and Resistance to Treatment in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Assouline Sarit , Lipton J.H.
Published: April 2011

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) results from expression of the constitutive tyrosine kinase activity of the Bcr-Abl oncoprotein. Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is highly effective in the treatment of cml. However, some patients treated with imatinib will fail to respond, will respond suboptimally, or will relapse because of primary or acquired resistance or intolerance. Research activities focusing on the mechanisms that underlie imatinib resistance have identified mutations in the BCR-ABL gene, clonal evolution, and amplification of the BCR-ABL gene as common causes. Cytogenetic and molecular techniques are currently used to monitor cml therapy for both response and relapse. With multiple and more potent therapeutic options now available, monitoring techniques can permit treatment to be tailored to the individual patient based on disease characteristics—for example, according to BCR-ABL mutation profile or to patient characteristics such as certain comorbid conditions. This approach should benefit patients by increasing the potential for better long-term outcomes.
La mission de Séamus Ó Duilearga : sauvegarder le folklore de l'Irlande
Authors: Briody Mícheál
Published: April 2011

Résumé Les archives de la Irish Folklore Commission, constituées en Irlande au xx e  siècle, sont l’une des plus grandes collections de traditions orales du monde. Consacré aux forces et aux individus qui les ont créées et façonnées, cet article s’intéresse également aux facteurs qui, parallèlement, limitèrent le développement de la recherche sur la tradition orale irlandaise, mais aussi celui de l’ethnologie.
Ethnicité, religion et religiosité
Authors: Ruane Joseph
Published: April 2011

Résumé Dans les études comparatives sur la religion en Europe de l’Ouest, l’Irlande se détache comme une société où la religion reste importante, alors même que, par ailleurs, son déclin est évident. S’interrogeant sur les raisons de ce double phénomène de continuité et de déclin, l’article s’intéresse à la minorité protestante de la République irlandaise, en particulier aux protestants de la partie occidentale du comté de Cork.
Riverdance et A River of Sound ou les ambiguïtés de la « tradition »
Authors: McCann Anthony
Published: April 2011

Résumé Au milieu des années 1990, en Irlande, la notion de « tradition » fut l’enjeu d’une vive polémique suscitée par deux événements médiatiques. L’un, Riverdance , est un grand spectacle musical dans le style de Broadway, inspiré des « danses traditionnelles irlandaises » ; l’autre, A River of Sound , est une émission de télévision en sept parties, consacrée à la « musique traditionnelle irlandaise ». Or, la « tradition » y est invoquée, de deux manières contradictoires, comme un simple expédient. Elle sert en effet de faire-valoir pour revendiquer un statut supérieur de créateur de rupture et de différence, à la fois transgressif et moderne. Mais elle permet également de justifier des actions en se réclamant d’une continuité et d’une communauté. Car peu importe ce que désigne le terme « tradition » ou « traditionnel », sa fonction est avant tout rhétorique.
Se mettre à table : à propos des anorexies
Authors: Kaltenbeck Franz
Published: April 2011

Résumé Anorexie et boulimie sont des symptômes qui utilisent l’imaginaire du corps pour suppléer à un décrochage entre le réel et le langage : par exemple, le réel d’une perte ou une impossibilité de communiquer avec l’autre. On présente d’abord dans cet article le symptôme de boulimie d’une jeune fille psychotique. Les repas ritualisés de ce sujet surviennent dans le cadre d’un deuil interminable pour un frère perdu, son double. L’anorexie survenant chez une jeune femme hystérique, dont on parle dans la deuxième partie de cet article, s’explique comme un symptôme rapporté à sa difficulté de se faire entendre par son père. Le rien, cet objet que mange l’anorexique, est repéré dans le discours de cette analysante qui s’insurge contre l’autorité de son père tout en souffrant de ne pas être prise au sérieux par lui. L’analyse a réduit sa préoccupation de son poids à sa « légèreté » aux yeux de son père.
Comparison of Various Root Planing Instruments: Hand and Ultrasonic—Standard Smooth and Diamond Coated: An in vivo Study
Authors: Galgali Sushama R , Rajiv NP
Published: April 2011

Aim and objective

This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of various root planing instruments, namely the curette, standard smooth ultrasonic tip and diamond coated ultrasonic tip under conditions of nonsurgical root debridement.

Materials and methods

A total of 20 incisors from 14 patients, with a pocket depth of 5 to 10 mm, indicated for extraction were selected for the study. Teeth selected were randomly assigned to one of the two groups, experimental group A and experimental group B. The proximal surfaces of teeth in experimental group A was instrumented with either Gracey curette or standard smooth ultrasonic tip and in experimental group B with either Gracey curette or diamond coated ultrasonic tip, randomly. Teeth were extracted without injuring the experimental area. The surface area under treatment was photographed at 10X and the percentage of residual calculus was evaluated. Teeth were processed for viewing under scanning electron microscope. Photomicrographs were graded for degree of cleanliness, Remaining Calculus Index (RCI) and Roughness and Loss of Tooth Substance Index (RLTSI) by an independent examiner.

Results

Percentage of residual calculus as evaluated using stereomicroscope did not show any statistical significance within the groups and among all the three instruments. Scanning electron microscopic assessment for the degree of cleanliness showed better cleanliness for curette compared to standard smooth ultrasonic tip. Remaining calculus was significantly higher for standard smooth ultrasonic tip compared to curette. Diamond coated ultrasonic tip showed greater roughness and loss of tooth substance.

Conclusion

Within the limits of this in vivo study, diamond coated ultrasonic tip removed a greater amount of root surface and created a rougher surface compared to the curette and standard smooth ultrasonic tip. The amount of root surface removed with diamond coated ultrasonic inserts suggests that they should be used with caution.
Orthodontic Force Distribution: A Three-dimensional Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Hemanth M , Lodaya Siddharth D
Published: April 2011

This study was designed to investigate the stress pattern and magnitude in periodontal ligament of maxillary central incisor for tipping and bodily tooth movement using finite element method and to determine the optimal orthodontic force required for bodily tooth movements compared to previous clinical, histologic, and laboratory studies. The three-dimensional FEM consisting of 27000 isoparametric elements of maxillary central incisor was constructed based on the average anatomic morphology given by Wheeler. Principal stresses in PDL were determined for tipping and bodily tooth movement. On application of optimal forces for tipping and bodily tooth movement, stress value seen in PDL was less, however the distribution of stress pattern coincided with the previous studies.
Clinical Evaluation of Type I Bovine Collagen in the Treatment of Localized Gingival Recession
Authors: Praveen J , Dwarakanath CD , Prashanth GV , Shankar Sidharth
Published: April 2011

Background

Over the years, coronally advanced flap and the use of guided tissue regeneration have been among the more successful techniques in treating gingival recession. The present study compared the relative efficacies of these two techniques in treating gingival recession.

Methods

Twelve patients presenting with localized identical anterior recessions were taken up in a split mouth design for the study. One site was randomly assigned to be treated with coronally advanced flap supported by membrane while the other was treated with coronally advanced flap alone. Changes in clinical parameters, such as recession width, recession depth, surface area of the recession defect, width of keratinized tissue, gingival status, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were measured at baseline and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively.

Results

In the 10 patients that were followed up, both treatments resulted in a significant gain in root coverage amounting to a mean gain of 66.49% in the membrane group and 65.56% in the CAF group. The differences in root coverage and the clinical attachment level gains between the groups were not significant. However, significant gain in the width of keratinized tissue was seen in the membrane group after treatment.

Conclusion

This study suggests that coronally advanced flap procedure provides a predictable, simple and convenient technique in the treatment of localized class I gingival recession. Combining this technique with the placement of a bioabsorbable membrane does not seem to improve the results. The addition of a membrane, however, increases the width of keratinized tissue.
The Influence of Infectious Diseases on Dentistry
Authors: Reddy Anil , Patil Shankar Gouda , Puttaiah Raghunath
Published: April 2011

Dentistry, predominantly a surgical field with frequent exposure to blood and body fluids, is a high-risk occupation with respect to occupationally acquiring infectious diseases. On the same note, patients are also at risk of being infected, if adequate infection control measures are not strictly followed. Traditionally, based on the routes of disease transmission, we can categorize diseases that are bloodborne, airborne and also through fomites. Within these traditional categories also fall the new and emerging diseases that have had serious public health consequences of morbidity and mortality. As a health care provider, dentists must understand the impact of these diseases, and strictly implement practical disease control measures during provision of dental care and reduce the spread within the clinical arena. Common diseases of public health concern that need to be addressed are bloodborne diseases, such as hepatitis A, E, B, C, D and G, HIV; respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis, influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), AH1N1 influenza and immunizable childhood diseases. Apart from infection control measures, we must implement public health policy measures, such as immunization of current and prospective health care personnel (students in the dental profession) against immunizable diseases, utilize disease screening measures, postexposure disease control measures and utilize standard and additional precautions, the latter as required in certain instances.
Granular pressure in a liquid‐fluidized bed as revealed by diffusing wave spectroscopy
Authors: Zivkovic V. , Biggs M. J. , Glass D.
Published: April 2011

The granular pressure and granular temperature underpin various models of granular flows while they are playing an increasing role in modeling of other phenomena in granular systems such as heat transfer, segregation, erosion, attrition, and aggregation. The development and validation of these theories demand experimental determination of these two quantities. Diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) is now an accepted technique for measurement of granular temperature in dense granular systems. Using granular temperature data obtained from DWS with the kinetic theory of granular flow, we have derived the granular pressure data for a liquid‐fluidized bed. The determined variation of the mean bed granular pressure with mean bed solid volume fraction compares favorably with previously published experimental data and theoretical models of others. Where discrepancies do occur, they may be attributed to differences in particle inertia, suggesting further work on granular pressure models is required. Finally, we report the variation of the granular pressure with height above the distributor for several mean solids volume fractions. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
A multi‐bioreactor system for optimal production of malaria vaccines with Pichia pastoris
Authors: Fricke Jens , Pohlmann Kristof , Tatge Frithjof , Lang Roman , Faber Bart , Luttmann Reiner
Published: April 2011

The successful development of optimal multistage production processes for recombinant products with Pichia pastoris needs to meet three pre‐conditions. These pre‐conditions are (i) strategies for performing fully automated and observable processes, (ii) characterization of the host cell‐specific reaction parameters in order to make an adapted process layout for feeding and aeration strategies, and (iii) knowledge of optimal operation parameter conditions for maximizing the expression productivity of target protein amount and/or quality. In this report, an approach of a fully automated multi‐bioreactor plant is described that meets all these requirements. The expression and secretion of a potential malaria vaccine with Pichia pastoris was chosen as an example to demonstrate the quality of the bioreactor system. Methods for the simultaneous identification of reaction kinetics were developed for strain characterization. Process optimization was carried out by applying a sequential/parallel Design of Experiments. In the view of Process Analytical Technology (PAT)‐applications and in order to develop fully automated and globally observable production processes, methods for quasi on‐line monitoring of recombinant protein secretion titers and the immunological quality of the products are also discussed in detail.
Radical Cyclization of α‐Bromo Aluminum Acetals onto Alkenes and Alkynes (Radic[Al] Process): A Simple Access to γ‐Lactols and 4‐Methylene‐γ‐Lactols
Authors: Boussonnière Anne , Bénéteau Romain , Zimmermann Nicolas , Lebreton Jacques , Dénès Fabrice
Published: April 2011

An efficient preparation of γ‐lactols and methylene‐γ‐lactols is described. Highly acid‐sensitive lactols are prepared in a concise manner by using a radical cyclization of aluminum acetals. The precursors for the radical reactions are readily prepared from allyl or propargyl alcohols and α‐bromo acids. Functionalization of the resulting γ‐lactols and methylene‐γ‐lactols can be achieved following isolation, leading to synthetically useful building blocks, such as 1,4‐diols, 1,4‐dienes, γ‐lactones, and polysubstituted tetrahydrofurans.
Metastatic inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor identified by EUS‐FNA in mediastinal lymph nodes with ancillary FISH studies for ALK rearrangement
Authors: Borak Samuel , Siegal Gene P. , Reddy Vishnu , Jhala Nirag , Jhala Darshana
Published: April 2011

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is an exquisitely rare neoplasm with a low incidence of metastasis. Previously, cytologic diagnosis of this entity, by fine needle aspiration (FNA) or endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA), was challenging, if not impossible. However, advancements in the field of molecular pathology, the applications of which have lagged in cytopathology relative to other disciplines, now makes diagnosis possible. Here we report a case of pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor with mediastinal nodal metastasis in a 74‐year‐old man, definitively diagnosed by EUS‐FNA utilizing morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings, including fluorescent in situ hybridization studies for ALK gene rearrangement. This case report demonstrates the value of ancillary molecular studies to assist in the diagnosis of rare neoplasms, including those at sites of metastasis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conditional deletion of SLP‐76 in mature T cells abrogates peripheral immune responses
Authors: Wu Gregory F. , Corbo Evann , Schmidt Michelle , Smith‐Garvin Jennifer E. , Riese Matthew J. , Jordan Martha S. , Laufer Terri M. , Brown Eric J. , Maltzman Jonathan S.
Published: April 2011

The adaptor protein Src homology 2 domain‐containing leukocyte‐specific protein of 76 kDa (SLP‐76) is central to the organization of intracellular signaling downstream of the T‐cell receptor (TCR). Evaluation of its role in mature, primary T cells has been hampered by developmental defects that occur in the absence of WT SLP‐76 protein in thymocytes. Here, we show that following tamoxifen‐regulated conditional deletion of SLP‐76, mature, antigen‐inexperienced T cells maintain normal TCR surface expression but fail to transduce TCR‐generated signals. Conditionally deficient T cells fail to proliferate in response to antigenic stimulation or a lymphopenic environment. Mice with induced deletion of SLP‐76 are resistant to induction of the CD4+ T‐cell‐mediated autoimmune disease experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Altogether, our findings demonstrate the critical role of SLP‐76‐mediated signaling in initiating T‐cell‐directed immune responses both in vitro and in vivo and highlight the ability to analyze signaling processes in mature T cells in the absence of developmental defects.
Type I IFN protects against antigen‐induced arthritis
Authors: Ying Fei , Chalise Jaya Prakash , Narendra Sudeep Chenna , Magnusson Mattias
Published: April 2011

Autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) involve immune reactions against specific antigens. The type I IFN system is suspected to promote autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus, but may also dampen immune reactions in e.g. inflammatory bowel disease. This prompted us to investigate the role of type I IFN in antigen‐induced arthritis (AIA). The importance of type I IFN in methylated (m) BSA‐induced arthritis was studied by using mice deficient for the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) and by administration of the IFN‐α activator viral double‐stranded (ds) RNA or recombinant IFN‐α at antigen sensitization. In IFNAR knock‐out mice, arthritis severity was significantly higher than in WT mice. Administration of dsRNA at antigen sensitization protected WT but not IFNAR KO mice from arthritis. Also, addition of recombinant IFN‐α during the immunization, but not the induction phase of arthritis, almost abolished arthritis. Protection mediated by IFN‐α was accompanied by delayed and decreased antigen‐specific proliferative responses, including impaired lymph node recall responses after intra‐articular antigenic challenge. In conclusion, we demonstrate that type I IFN can prevent joint inflammation by downregulating antigen‐specific cellular immunity.
Modeling of ferroelectric hysteresis as variational inequality
Authors: Kutter Michael , Sändig Anna‐Margarete
Published: April 2011

Ferroelectric materials are characterized by interaction‐effects of mechanical and electrical fields due to different polarization directions of the unit cells. The relations between polarisation and electric field and mechanical strain and electric field respectively can be described by hysteresis curves. Some models, which describe the ferroelectric material behaviour, e.g. [3], [8], rely on concepts close to elastoplasticity. We use these ideas and derive variational evolution inequalities analogously to elastoplastic models discussed in [1]. Based on these inequalities we formulate equivalent mathematical problems and get some existence results. The formulation of variational evolution inequalities is a good starting point for numerical methods similar to elastoplasticity (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Homogenization in gradient plasticity
Authors: Hanke Hauke
Published: April 2011

This paper yields a two‐scale homogenization result for a rate‐independent elasto‐plastic system. The presented model is a regularization of the classical model of linearized elastoplasticity with hardening, which is extended by a gradient term of the plastic variables. The associated stored elastic energy density has periodically oscillating coefficients, where the period is scaled by ε > 0. The additional gradient term of the plastic variables z is contained in the elastic energy with a prefactor εγ (γ ≥ 0). We derive different limiting models for ε → 0 in dependence of γ. For γ > 1 the limiting model is the two‐scale model derived in [5], where no gradient term was present. For γ = 1 the gradient term of the plastic variable survives on the microscopic cell problem, while for γ ∈ [0, 1) the limit model is defined in terms of a plastic variable without microsco pic fluctuation. The latter model can be simplified to a purely macroscopic elasto‐plasticity model by homogenization of the elastic part (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Rheological models vs. homogenization
Authors: Visintin Augusto
Published: April 2011

We show that the outcome of the theory of homogenization is at variance with a classical engineering technique, that is widely used for constructing rheological models of mechanical materials (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)