bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of degradation mechanism in GaN-based blue and ultraviolet laser diodes
Authors: Huang Yujie , Yang Jing , Liu Zongshun , Liang Feng , Zhao Degang
Published: September 2023

We have studied the aging-induced degradation effect and the related mechanism of blue and ultraviolet (UV) laser diodes (LDs). First of all, the F parameter value, leakage current, and yellow luminescence intensity of LDs all increase after 24 h of the aging process, indicating that one of the reasons for the degradation of UV LDs may be the increase of the non-radiative recombination center in the material. Second, irreversible damage may be found on the front cavity surface of the UV and blue LDs. Due to the large UV photon energy, water molecules in the environment atmosphere are ionized to form OH− ions, which combine with dust in air to form SiO2 sediments and then attach to the front cavity surface. In addition, a large photon energy may cause damage to the anti-reflection film on the front cavity surface and lead to a too-high local temperature near the cavity surface, resulting in molten Ga droplets. Both sediment and the precipitation of molten GaN on the cavity surface will directly affect the function of the front cavity surface and the output power of the LD. In order to improve the reliability of the GaN-based UV LDs, it is necessary to reduce the density of material defects, select more stable coating materials on cavity facets, and improve the sealing property of the device package.
Non-linear dynamics of the double tearing mode
Authors: Nardon E. , Bandaru V. , Hoelzl M. , Artola F. J. , Maget P. ,   JOREK Team,   JET Contributors
Published: September 2023

3D non-linear magnetohydrodynamics simulations of a double tearing mode with the JOREK code are presented in the context of trying to better understand the benign termination of runaway electron beams observed in some experiments. It is shown that the non-linear behavior qualitatively depends on the resistivity η via its effect on how fast secondary, non-linearly destabilized, tearing modes grow relative to the primary mode. Within a certain range of η, a violent and global relaxation is observed, consistent with the “Kadomtsev-predicted” reconnection region extending from almost the very center up to the edge of the plasma.
Electron heat flux and propagating fronts in plasma thermal quench via ambipolar transport
Authors: Zhang Yanzeng , Li Jun , Tang Xian-Zhu
Published: September 2023

The thermal collapse of a nearly collisionless plasma interacting with a cooling spot, in which the electron parallel heat flux plays an essential role, is both theoretically and numerically investigated. We show that such thermal collapse, which is known as thermal quench in tokamaks, comes about in the form of propagating fronts, originating from the cooling spot, along magnetic field lines. The slow fronts, propagating with local ion sound speed, limit the aggressive cooling of plasma, which is accompanied by a plasma cooling flow toward the cooling spot. The extraordinary physics underlying such a cooling flow is that the fundamental constraint of ambipolar transport along the field line limits the spatial gradient of electron thermal conduction flux to the much weaker convective scaling, as opposed to the free-streaming scaling, so that a large electron temperature and, hence, pressure gradient can be sustained. The last ion front for a radiative cooling spot is a shock front where cold but flowing ions meet hot ions.
How network structure affects the dynamics of a network of stochastic spiking neurons
Authors: Chen Lei , Yu Chaojun , Zhai Jian
Published: September 2023

Up to now, it still remains an open question about the relation between the structure of brain networks and their functions. The effects of structure on the dynamics of neural networks are usually investigated via extensive numerical simulations, while analytical analysis is always very difficult and thus rare. In this work, we explored the effects of a random regular graph on the dynamics of a neural network of stochastic spiking neurons, which has a bistable region when fully connected. We showed by numerical simulations that as the number of each neuron’s neighbors decreases, the bistable region shrinks and eventually seems to disappear, and a critical-like transition appears. In the meantime, we made analytical analysis that explains numerical results. We hope this would give some insights into how structure affects the dynamics of neural networks from a theoretical perspective, rather than merely by numerical simulations.
A compact radio-frequency ion source for high brightness and low energy spread negative oxygen ion beam production
Authors: Zhou Y. , Zhai Y. J. , Jin Q. Y. , Liu Y. G. , Li L. B. , Zhang P. , Zhang S. , Zhao H. W. , Sun L. T.
Published: September 2023

A high brightness and low energy spread (∆E) ion source is essential to the production of a high-quality primary ion beam applied in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). A compact 13.56 MHz radio-frequency (RF) ion source with an external planar spiral antenna has been developed as a candidate ion source for the production of negative oxygen ion beams for SIMS application. This ion source is designed with a three-and-a-half-turn water-cooled planar antenna for RF power coupling, a multi-cusp magnetic field for effective plasma confinement, and a three-electrode extraction system. The experimental results show that more than 50 µA negative oxygen ion beams have been extracted, which consist of 56% O−, 25% O2−, and 19% O3−. The ion energy distribution of the negative oxygen ion beam exhibits a Gaussian distribution with a minimum ∆E of 6.3 eV. The brightness of the O− beam is estimated to be 82.4 A m−2 Sr−1 V−1. The simulation, design, and experimental study results of this RF ion source will be presented in this paper.
Deepening the theoretical understanding of vector inversion generators
Authors: Wens T. , Laurent P. , Fagnard J.-F. , Greffe C. , Vanderbemden P.
Published: September 2023

Vector inversion generators or spiral generators are compact, high voltage pulse generators consisting of a pair of conducting foils wound in a spiral and a switch. We developed an improved analytical model predicting the time evolution of the output voltage of such spiral generators. Our model (i) takes into account that the current in the switch results from the current on active and passive waveguides and (ii) takes into account the losses of the conductor in equations describing the propagation of voltage and current pulses in both waveguides. The model is compared to experimental results involving different input switches and at different temperatures to investigate the influence of resistive losses on the output voltage. The model is further developed to obtain the time evolution of the current in the switch. Our model is then used to predict the amplitude of the first two peaks of the oscillatory response of spiral generators as a function of a set of dimensionless parameters.
Propagation of short-wavelength electromagnetic surface waves along the transition layer between two plasma-like half-spaces in the Voigt geometry
Authors: Girka Igor O. , Thumm Manfred
Published: September 2023

The dispersion properties of surface type electromagnetic waves are studied. The waves are considered to propagate along a slab transition layer located between two infinite homogeneous plasma regions of different particle densities. The wavelength is assumed to be short as compared with the layer width. The waves propagate across a static magnetic field, which is parallel to the layer interface. The influence of the smoothness of the gradient of the plasma particle density within the layer on the surface wave propagation/disappearance is discussed. The conclusions derived in the present paper are of interest in the fields of plasma electronics, nano-technologies, plasma-antenna systems, plasma production, and magnetic confinement fusion.
Effects of fluid rheology on dynamics of a capsule through a microchannel constriction
Authors: Ma Jingtao , Huang Qiuxiang , Zhu Yi , Xu Yuan-Qing , Tian Fang-Bao
Published: September 2023

This paper numerically investigates the impact of fluid rheology on the behaviors of a spherical capsule through a microchannel constriction. Different flow scenarios are considered: a Newtonian capsule in a viscoelastic matrix, a Newtonian capsule in a Newtonian matrix, and a viscoelastic capsule in a Newtonian matrix. The results demonstrate that the capsule's lengths undergo oscillations during the passage through the constriction, with three stages of evolution. When approaching the constriction, the capsule respectively experiences increase and decrease in its length and height. While within or exiting the constriction, the length of the capsule continuously decreases, and the height generally increases. As the capsule moves away from the constriction, the capsule relaxes to different profiles in different flows. Detailed analysis on the effects of the fluid viscoelasticity on the capsule's lengths in different stages is provided. In addition, the behaviors of a red blood cell passing through a microchannel constriction are also examined. This study sheds light on the complex behaviors of a spherical capsule and red blood cell in microchannel constriction, emphasizing the significant influence of fluid rheology on their deformation and shape changes.
Proximity effects in graphene-supported single-atom catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Lin Weijie , Yin Wen-Jin , Wen Bo
Published: September 2023

The interaction between adjacent active sites is crucial to balance the efficiency and utilization of functional atoms in single-atom catalysts. Herein, the catalytic activity of hydrogen evolution reaction at different site (nitrogen coordinated transition metal centers embedded in graphene) distances was comprehensively investigated by density functional theory calculations. The results show that a proximity effect of reactivity and site spacing can be identified in the Co-series single-atom catalysts. Although the proximity effect is more linearly responded with the site spacing along x direction, an optimal distance of ∼0.8 and ∼2.8 nm are found for Co and Rh, Ir atoms, respectively. An in-depth analysis of the electronic property reveals that the proximity effect is caused by the distinct net charge of the active site, which is affected by the dz2 position relative to EF. Subsequently, an excess electron nodal channel in x direction was found to serve as a communication pathway between the active sites. Through the finding in this work, an optimal Fe-N2C2 structure was deliberately designed and has shown prominent proximity effect as Co-series do. The results reported in this work provide a simple and effective tuning method for the reactivity of a single-atom catalyst.
Characteristics of cavity dynamics, forces, and trajectories on vertical water entries with two spheres side-by-side
Authors: Lyu Xujian , Wang Xu , Qi Chao , Sun Ruisheng
Published: September 2023

In the present work, a three-dimensional numerical model with six-degrees-of-freedom is adopted to carry out the investigation of twin water entries with two spheres side-by-side. The shear-stress transport k–ω model is used to detail the turbulence structure, and the air–water interface is tracked through the volume of fluid method. The motion of consecutive water entry with spheres is simulated using an independent overset grid technology. Numerical results reveal the variation of different kinds of lateral forces experienced by the trailing sphere following water entry, while simultaneously clarifying the governing law regarding the effects of time interval, lateral distance, and entry velocity on the trajectory behaviors. The repulsive and attractive forces are found upon the trailing sphere (sphere II) entering water, inducing different deviation directions, which are affected by the time interval and lateral distance. In addition, increasing water-entry velocity results in an increase in both attractive and repulsive force acted on sphere II; notwithstanding, the effect of repulsive force on trajectory characteristics is more noticeable.
Development of a large-bore plasma window with an indirectly heated hollow cathode
Authors: Yamasaki K. , Sumino M. , Sunada Y. , Yanagi O. , Okuda K. , Kono J. , Saito A. , Mori D. , Tomita K. , Pan Y. , Tamura N. , Suzuki C. , Okuno H. , Guo F. , Namba S.
Published: September 2023

For plasma window (PW) applications, we developed the cascade arc discharge device with an indirectly heated hollow cathode. The 8-mm channel diameter hollow cathode made of a lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) was heated by the C/C composite heater surrounding the cathode to increase the thermionic electron emission. The PW developed successfully separated 2.4 kPa and 16 Pa, and the pressure separation capability was sustained for over 1 h. H-β Stark broadening measurement and the Thomson scattering measurement showed that the electron density and temperature inside the channel reached 1019–1020m−3 and 2.0 eV, respectively. The power balance analysis on the electron thermal energy revealed that the neutral density and temperature inside the channel were as high as 1023m−3 and 4000 K, respectively. The relation between the pressure separation capability and the neutral temperature showed that the flow inside the channel of the PW had the molecular flow feature. The SEM-EDX analysis on the LaB6 cathode showed that boron diffused to the molybdenum (Mo) shaft during plasma operation, which supported the LaB6 cathode. Mo shaft became brittle after more than 50 h of operation, exhibiting the necessity of buffer material between the LaB6 cathode and Mo shaft for long-duration operation.
Oxygen vacancy-mediated enhancement of ferroelectric domain wall memory performance at elevated temperatures
Authors: Chen Dongfang , Liu Shaoqing , Jiang Xu , Jiang Jun
Published: September 2023

The demand for reliable memory devices capable of operating in harsh environments, such as space and vehicles, necessitates the development of high-temperature-resistant technologies. In this study, we propose a novel ferroelectric domain wall (DW) memory utilizing BiFeO3 thin films, which exhibit exceptional retention and fatigue properties at 135 °C. Achieving this performance was made possible through precise control of the oxygen vacancy density in the epitaxial thin films induced by a post-annealing procedure conducted under an appropriate oxygen pressure of 10 Pa. Initially, prototype nano-memory devices lacking post-annealing treatment demonstrated resistive switching behavior at room temperature, with a current rectification ratio of 100:1, achieved by manipulating the uncompensated DW induced by polarization switching. With the additional annealing procedure in lower oxygen pressure, the wall current magnitude of the devices increased significantly, indicating the critical role of the oxygen vacancies in modulating the DW conductivity. Moreover, the nanodevices exhibited improved polarization retention due to oxygen vacancy-mediated charge injection that can be further enhanced at the elevated temperature. The electrons trapped deeply at the artificial DW were found to stabilize the switched polarization at the expense of reduced DW conductivity, emphasizing the importance of precise control over oxygen vacancy density for achieving a balance between high DW conductivity and excellent polarization retention.
High-energy neutrinos originate in our own galaxy
Authors: Lopatka Alex
Published: September 2023

High-energy cosmic rays, long suspected of interacting with matter in the dense galactic plane, are almost certainly the source of the Milky Way’s neutrinos.
The dynamics and changes of the world’s monsoons
Authors: Biasutti Michela , Ting Mingfang , Hill Spencer A.
Published: September 2023

The seasonal rainy phase observed in many places across Earth is shaping the climate and is being changed by global climate trends.
Comparing zero and referential choice in eight languages with a focus on Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Vollmer Maria
Published: September 2023

Mandarin has a low rate of overtly expressed arguments in all syntactic functions without agreement marking on the verb. It has been claimed that Mandarin exhibits higher rates of zero arguments than other languages. Most previous work has compared Mandarin with English, while comparison with other languages remains a desideratum. This study compares Mandarin with seven languages (Cypriot Greek, English, Northern Kurdish, Sanzhi, Teop, Tondano, Vera’a) taken from Multi-CAST (Haig & Schnell 2019). Results suggest that while Mandarin exhibits more zero arguments than pronouns, this is not unique, with e.g. Cypriot Greek having a higher rate of zero arguments. In addition, a relatively stable rate of lexical expressions can be found across languages, relativising Mandarin’s unique position with regard to referential choice even further.
Myosin expression and contractile function are altered by replating stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes
Authors: Osten Felix , Weber Natalie , Wendland Meike , Holler Tim , Piep Birgit , Kröhn Simon , Teske Jana , Bodenschatz Alea K. , Devadas Santoshi Biswanath , Menge Kaja S. , Chatterjee Shambhabi , Schwanke Kristin , Kosanke Maike , Montag Judith , Thum Thomas , Zweigerdt Robert , Kraft Theresia , Iorga Bogdan , Meissner Joachim D.
Published: September 2023

Myosin heavy chain (MyHC) is the main determinant of contractile function. Human ventricular cardiomyocytes (CMs) predominantly express the β-isoform. We previously demonstrated that ∼80% of human embryonic stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) express exclusively β-MyHC after long-term culture on laminin-coated glass coverslips. Here, we investigated the impact of enzymatically detaching hESC-CMs after long-term culture and subsequently replating them for characterization of cellular function. We observed that force-related kinetic parameters, as measured in a micromechanical setup, resembled α- rather than β-MyHC-expressing myofibrils, as well as changes in calcium transients. Single-cell immunofluorescence analysis revealed that replating hESC-CMs led to rapid upregulation of α-MyHC, as indicated by increases in exclusively α-MyHC- and in mixed α/β-MyHC-expressing hESC-CMs. A comparable increase in heterogeneity of MyHC isoform expression was also found among individual human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)–derived CMs after replating. Changes in MyHC isoform expression and cardiomyocyte function induced by replating were reversible in the course of the second week after replating. Gene enrichment analysis based on RNA-sequencing data revealed changes in the expression profile of mechanosensation/-transduction-related genes and pathways, especially integrin-associated signaling. Accordingly, the integrin downstream mediator focal adhesion kinase (FAK) promoted β-MyHC expression on a stiff matrix, further validating gene enrichment analysis. To conclude, detachment and replating induced substantial changes in gene expression, MyHC isoform composition, and function of long-term cultivated human stem cell–derived CMs, thus inducing alterations in mechanosensation/-transduction, that need to be considered, particularly for downstream in vitro assays.
Failure of scattering for the NLSE with a point interaction in dimension two and three
Authors: Cacciapuoti Claudio , Finco Domenico , Noja Diego
Published: September 2023

In this paper we consider the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation with power nonlinearity and a point interaction (a ‘δ-potential’ in the physical literature) in dimension two and three. We will show that for low power nonlinearities there is failure of scattering to the free dynamics or to standing waves. In the recent paper, Murphy and Nakanishi (2021 Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst.
41 1507–17) consider the NLS equation with potentials and measures, singular enough to include the δ-potential in dimension one and they show analogous properties. We extend the result to higher dimensions and this needs a different treatment of the linear part of the interaction, due the qualitatively different and stronger character of the singularity involved.
Anosov endomorphisms on the two-torus: regularity of foliations and rigidity
Authors: Cantarino Marisa , Varão Régis
Published: September 2023

We provide sufficient conditions for smooth conjugacy between two Anosov endomorphisms on the two-torus. From that, we also explore how the regularity of the stable and unstable foliations implies smooth conjugacy inside a class of endomorphisms including, for instance, the ones with constant Jacobian. As a consequence, we have in this class a characterisation of smooth conjugacy between special Anosov endomorphisms (defined as those having only one unstable direction for each point) and their linearisations.
Investigation of a minority carrier trap in a NiO/β-Ga2O3
p–n heterojunction via deep-level transient spectroscopy
Authors: Qu Haolan , Chen Jiaxiang , Zhang Yu , Sui Jin , Zhang Ruohan , Zhou Junmin , Lu Xing , Zou Xinbo
Published: September 2023

The properties of a minority carrier (hole) trap in β-Ga2O3 have been explicitly investigated using a NiO/β-Ga2O3
p–n heterojunction. Via deep-level transient spectroscopy, the activation energy for emission (E
emi) and the hole capture cross section (σp
) were derived to be 0.10 eV and 2.48 × 10−15 cm2, respectively. Temperature-enhanced capture and emission kinetics were revealed by the decrease in the capture time constant (τc
) and emission time constant (τe
). Moreover, it was determined that the emission process of the minority carrier trap is independent of the electric field. Taking carrier recombination into account, a corrected trap concentration (N
Ta) of 2.73 × 1015 cm−3 was extracted, together with an electron capture cross section (σn
) of 1.42 × 10−18 cm2. This study provides a foundation for the comprehension of trap properties in β-Ga2O3, which is crucial for overcoming self-trapped hole effects when obtaining p-type β-Ga2O3 materials and performance enhancement of β-Ga2O3-based power devices.
How turbulent transport broadens the heat flux width: local SOL production or edge turbulence spreading?
Authors: Wu T. , Diamond P.H. , Nie L. , Xu M. , Yu Y. , Hong R.J. , Chen Y.H. , Xu J.Q. , Long T. , Zhang Y. , Yan Q.H. , Ke R. , Cheng J. , Li W. , Huang Z.H. , Yan L.W. , Chu X. , Wang Z.H. , Hidalgo C.
Published: September 2023

This paper uses data from limited HL-2A Ohmic-plasma to answer the question of how turbulent transport broadens the heat flux width. A key issue in this study is the determination of the origin of scrape-off layer (SOL) turbulence. We develop the concept of the energy production ratio

R
a

, which compares the flux of turbulence energy across the last closed flux surface (LCFS) to the net, integrated energy production in the SOL. The flux of turbulence energy (i.e. spreading) is measured directly, using Langmuir probes. Experimental data is used to evaluate

R
a

. Results show that usually

R
a

>
1

, indicating that SOL turbulence is energized primarily by edge turbulence spreading. The exceptions—cases where

R
a

<
1

—are those with relatively stronger

E

×

B

shear near the LCFS. The latter inhibits both turbulence spreading and local SOL production, but has greater effects on spreading. High blob fraction in the turbulence correlates with large values of

R
a

. The implications for heat flux width physics are discussed.
Investigation of nonlinear optical response and all-optical switching/modulation in pyrromethene 567 based on spatial self-phase modulation
Authors: Thomas Titu , K V Jayaprasad , K R Vijesh , Nampoori V P N , Vaishakh Manu
Published: September 2023

Investigation on the response of pyrromethene 567 samples under the influence of a high-intensity 532 nm laser is carried out. When an intense light beam is absorbed by a medium, the phase of the beam undergoes a modulation, which in turn produces an interference pattern. Herein, we report the thermo-optic coefficient

d

n

d

T

and nonlinear refractive index n
2 for low concentration of pyrromethene 567. All-optical switching/modulation using single and multiple wavelengths based on spatial self-phase modulation has been achieved. The work reveals the potential application of pyrromethene 567 in photonic devices including optical modulators, optical switches, and similar devices.
Gluten-sensitive enteropathy in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: Sacedón Rosa , de Arriba M Carmen , Martínez-Santamaría Lucía , Maseda Rocío , Herráiz-Gil Sara , Jiménez Eva , Rosales Isabel , Quintana Lucía , Illera Nuria , García Marta , Butta Nora , Fernández-Bello Ihosvany , Lwin Su M , Fernández-Arquero Miguel , León Carlos , McGrath John A , Vicente M Ángeles , del Río Marcela , de Lucas Raúl , Sánchez-Ramón Silvia , Escámez María José
Published: September 2023

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a blistering genodermatosis due to biallelic loss-of-function variants in the type VII collagen (C7) gene (COL7A1). We report the impact of inflammation/autoimmunity on the gut (and other organs) in the nine children with RDEB recruited to an early-phase clinical trial of systemic cell therapy (NCT04153630). This pilot study provides evidence that autoimmunity may play an important role in sustaining chronic inflammation and the coexistence of coeliac disease, which, in turn, could exacerbate anaemia/malnutrition and progression in RDEB. Testing this hypothesis in a larger cohort including children and adults with RDEB and other epidermolysis bullosa (EB) subtypes is warranted so that targeted interventions may improve outcomes.
Lessons learned from the EACTS-MSTCVS quality fellowship: a call to action for continuous improvement of cardiothoracic surgery outcomes in Europe
Authors: Topcu Ahmet Can , Magouliotis Dimitrios E , Milojevic Milan , Bond Chris J , Clark Melissa J , Theurer Patricia F , Pagani Francis D , Pruitt Andrew L , Prager Richard L
Published: September 2023

The Michigan Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons (MSTCVS), a pioneer in initiating and nurturing quality improvement strategies in statewide cardiothoracic surgery, has been running the Quality Collaborative (MSTCVS-QC) program since 2001. This initiative has significantly grown over the years, facilitating at least 4 in-person meetings annually. It actively engages cardiac and general thoracic surgeons, data managers and researchers from all 32 non-federally funded cardiothoracic surgery sites across Michigan. Broadening its influence on joint learning and clinical outcomes, the MSTCVS-QC formed a strategic partnership with Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, the state's largest private insurer, to further promote its initiatives. The MSTCVS-QC, operating from a dedicated QC centre employs an STS-associated database with additional aspects for data collection and analysis. The QC centre also organizes audits, facilitates collaborative meetings, disseminates surgical outcomes and champions the development and implementation of quality improvement initiatives related to cardiothoracic surgery in Michigan. Recognizing the MSTCVS-QC's successful efforts in advancing quality improvement, the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (EACTS) introduced a fellowship program in 2018, facilitated through the EACTS Francis Fontan Fund (FFF). This program allows early-career academic physicians to spend 4–6 months with the MSTCVS-QC team in Ann Arbor. This article chronicles the evolution and functionality of the MSTCVS-QC, enriched by the experiences of the inaugural 4 EACTS/FFF fellows. Our objective is to emphasize the critical importance of fostering a culture of quality improvement and patient safety in the field of cardiothoracic surgery with open discussion of audited, high-quality data points. This principle, while implemented locally, has implications and value extending far beyond Europe, resonating globally.
General practitioners’ perceptions of dealing with patients with pressured speech: a qualitative study
Authors: Lallier Stéphanie , Hourantier Christelle , Gilles de la Londe Julie , Billon Grégoire , Cadwallader Jean-Sébastien , Piot Marie-Aude
Published: September 2023

Background

Empathetic listening can be particularly challenging with patients presenting pressured speech, while time pressure and costs limit practitioners’ availability. We aimed to explore general practitioners’ (GPs’) experiences when encountering a patient with pressured speech without pathological syndrome.

Methods

Using a thematic analysis method, 19 semi-structured interviews were conducted with GPs purposively sampled in Ile-de-France region.

Results

Three themes emerged. First, misgivings were aroused when meeting a patient with pressured speech, including frustration, displeasure, and a struggle to maintain focus. Second, huge efforts were needed to adhere to the appropriate clinical reasoning and care for these patients who need more time and energy. The very definition of this condition varies from one clinician to another, and for some, psychiatric conditions were systematically associated. Third, implementation of specific strategies was required to adjust to these patients: trying to create distance with the patient, to organize a framework in which the patient with pressured speech can express him or herself, and even strategies to increase GPs’ availability.

Conclusion

The time and energy required to provide adequate care for patients presenting with pressured speech make it quite challenging, and this builds up pressure in the waiting room. But when medical demands take this form, there is a risk that clinicians will reject the patient or refer early to mental health services, leading to growing feelings of abandonment, the neglect of organic issues, and medical nomadism. Initial and continuing medical training focussing on advanced communication skills and multifocal approaches can foster long-term follow-up.
The collapse and re-establishment of stability regulate the gradual transition of bacterial communities from macrophytes- to phytoplankton-dominated types in a large eutrophic lake
Authors: Hu Yang , Cai Jian , Gong Ying , Liu Changqing , Jiang Xingyu , Tang Xiangming , Shao Keqiang , Gao Guang
Published: September 2023

Eutrophic lakes often exhibit two alternative types: macrophytes-dominated (MD) and phytoplankton-dominated (PD). However, the nature of bacterial community types that whether the transition from the MD to the PD types occurs in a gradual or abrupt manner remains hotly debated. Further, the theoretical recognition that stability regulates the transition of bacterial community types remains qualitative. To address these issues, we divided the transition of bacterial communities along a trophic gradient into 12 successional stages, ranging from the MD to the PD types. Results showed that 12 states were clustered into three distinct regimes: MD type, intermediate transitional type and PD type. Bacterial communities were not different between consecutive stages, suggesting that the transition of alternative types occurs in a continuous gradient. At the same time, the stability of bacterial communities was significantly lower in the intermediate type than in the MD or PD types, highlighting that the collapse and re-establishment of community stability regulate the transition. Further, our results showed that the high complexity of taxon interactions and strong stochastic processes disrupt the stability. Ultimately, this study enables deeper insights into understanding the alternative types of microbial communities in the view of community stability.
Unravelling the gut-lung axis: insights into microbiome interactions and Traditional Indian Medicine's perspective on optimal health
Authors: Haldar Swati , Jadhav Snehal R , Gulati Vandana , Beale David J , Balkrishna Acharya , Varshney Anurag , Palombo Enzo A , Karpe Avinash V , Shah Rohan M
Published: September 2023

The microbiome of the human gut is a complex assemblage of microorganisms that are in a symbiotic relationship with one another and profoundly influence every aspect of human health. According to converging evidence, the human gut is a nodal point for the physiological performance matrixes of the vital organs on several axes (i.e. gut-brain, gut-lung, etc). As a result of COVID-19, the importance of gut-lung dysbiosis (balance or imbalance) has been realised. In view of this, it is of utmost importance to develop a comprehensive understanding of the microbiome, as well as its dysbiosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the gut-lung axial microbiome and its importance in maintaining optimal health. Human populations have successfully adapted to geophysical conditions through traditional dietary practices from around the world. In this context, a section has been devoted to the traditional Indian system of medicine and its theories and practices regarding the maintenance of optimally customized gut health.
Crustal and upper mantle structure beneath SE China from joint analysis of receiver functions and Rayleigh-wave dispersion
Authors: Fan Jie , Bao Xuewei , Zhang Bingfeng
Published: September 2023

Various geodynamic models, such as a mantle plume, lithospheric delamination and the subduction of palaeo-Pacific Plate, have been proposed to account for the Mesozoic magmatic activity and related mineralization in SE China. However, previous seismic velocity models are insufficient in resolution to constrain the accompanying crust–mantle interactions, which limits our understanding of the deep geodynamic processes responsible for the Mesozoic magmatism in SE China. In this study, we construct a new 3-D shear wave velocity model of the crust and upper mantle beneath SE China using joint inversion of receiver functions and Rayleigh-wave dispersion. We also determine the crustal thicknesses and Vp/Vs ratios by H–k stacking of receiver functions. Compared to the western Cathaysia Block, the coastal volcanic-intrusive belt (CVIB) southeast of the Zhenghe-Dapu Fault shows relatively high-velocity anomalies in the lower crust and high Vp/Vs ratios, indicating significant underplating of mafic material beneath the CVIB. Furthermore, it is noticeable that the asthenospheric low-velocity anomalies are stronger beneath the CVIB than beneath the interior of SE China, suggesting a southeastward increase in the intensity of asthenospheric upwelling and partial melting, which was likely responsible for the strong volcanism and the inferred mafic underplating beneath the CVIB. Our observations provide new evidence and more details for the northwestward subduction and subsequent rollback of the palaeo-Pacific Plate causing the Late Mesozoic magmatism in SE China.
RNA-sequencing analysis reveals novel genes involved in the different peel color formation in eggplant
Authors: Li Jing , Jiang Senlin , Yang Guobin , Xu Yanwei , Li Lujun , Yang Fengjuan
Published: September 2023

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a highly nutritious vegetable. Here, the molecular mechanism of color formation in eggplants was determined using six eggplant cultivars with different peel colors and two SmMYB113-overexpressing transgenic eggplants with a purple peel and pulp. Significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by RNA-sequencing analysis using the following criteria: log2(sample1/sample2) ≥ 0.75 and q-value ≤ 0.05. Two analytical strategies were used to identify genes related to the different peel color according to the peel color, flavonoids content, delphinidins/flavonoids ratio, and the content of anthocyanins. Finally, 27 novel genes were identified to be related to the color difference among eggplant peels and 32 novel genes were identified to be related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulated by SmMYB113. Venn analysis revealed that SmCytb5, SmGST, SmMATE, SmASAT3, and SmF3′5’M were shared among both sets of novel genes. Transient expression assay in tobacco suggested that these five genes were not sufficient for inducing anthocyanin biosynthesis alone, but they play important roles in anthocyanin accumulation in eggplant peels. Yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and dual-luciferase assays indicated that the expression of the five genes could be directly activated by SmMYB113 protein. Finally, a regulatory model for the mechanism of color formation in eggplant was proposed. Overall, the results of this study provide useful information that enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the different color formation in eggplant.
Modelling and in situ observation of broadband acoustic scattering from the Silver cyprinid (Rastrineobola argentea) in Lake Victoria, East Africa
Authors: Yang Yang , Gastauer Sven , Proud Roland , Mangeni-Sande Richard , Everson Inigo , Kayanda Robert J , Brierley Andrew S
Published: September 2023

Lake Victoria is the second-largest freshwater lake in the world, and fish from the lake are a vital food resource for millions of people living around it. The silver cyprinid (Rastrineobola argentea), a small schooling pelagic species known in Tanzania as “dagaa” contributes ca. 55% to the total annual catch (ca. 0.51 million tonnes (MT) in 2014). The acoustic target strength (TS, dB re 1 m2) of dagaa, a key factor for biomass estimation, is however not well described, and is a major source of uncertainty in biomass estimation. In this study, we developed a Kirchhoff-ray mode (KRM) model to predict the TS of dagaa at standard fisheries survey frequencies. The model was based on the morphology of the body and the dual-chambered swimbladder, as obtained from X-ray images of fish ranging in total length (TL) between 2.8 and 5.4 cm. The results suggested that the swimbladder (which comprises 2.6 to 8.2% of body volume) accounts for ca. 65 to 90% of the total backscattering at 120 kHz. The predicted TS was highly dependent on tilt angle, varying by 14.0 dB at 120 kHz across the tilt range 65–115˚ (where 0˚ is head up and 180˚ is tail up), and TS variability with tilt generally increased with increasing frequency. The tilt angle of acoustically tracked individual fish indicated a distribution of tilt angles with a mean and s.d. of 93.5 and 15.1°. Our model suggested a new tilt-averaged TS–TL relationship for dagaa [$T{S}_{120\ kHz} = 19.49\log ( {TL} ) - 70.3$], which leads to a TS 1.5 dB higher than the value in the relationship presently used to estimate stock biomass. The new relationship will lead to a substantial reduction (by ca. 30%) in estimated biomass. The discrepancies between the mean relative frequency response of the in situ measurements of backscatter from dagaa and the KRM model predictions were in the range of -2.9–3.1 dB at frequencies from 45 to 250 kHz. The KRM modelling and in situ broadband measurements of dagaa will be beneficial for acoustic identification and behavioural studies of dagaa, and will enable improved biomass assessment, thereby underpinning sustainable long-term management.
Interplay of Ebola Virus With Immune Cells Leading to Their Death by Diverse Mechanisms
Authors: Iampietro Mathieu , Amurri Lucia , Reynard Olivier , Bukreyev Alexander
Published: September 2023

Inflammation and cytopenia are commonly observed during Ebola virus (EBOV) infection; however, mechanisms responsible for EBOV-induced cell death remain obscure. While apoptosis and necrosis are already identified as mechanisms of cell death induced by the virus, our study demonstrates that THP-1 monocytes and SupT1 T cells exposed to EBOV undergo pyroptosis and necroptosis, respectively, through a direct contact with EBOV, and also mediate pyroptosis or necroptosis of uninfected bystander cells via indirect effects associated with secreted soluble factors. These results emphasize novel aspects of interactions between EBOV and immune cell populations and provide a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of EBOV disease.
Identification of fabclavine derivatives, Fcl-7 and Fcl-8, from Xenorhabdus budapestensis as major antifungal natural products against Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: Yuan Baoming , Li Beibei , Shen Hongfei , Duan Jiaqi , Jia Fenglian , Maimaiti Yushanjiang , Li Yaning , Li Guangyue
Published: September 2023

Aims

Black scurf disease, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is a severe soil-borne and tuber-borne disease, which occurs and spreads in potato growing areas worldwide and poses a serious threat to potato production. New biofungicide is highly desirable for addressing the issue, and natural products (NPs) from Xenorhabdus spp. provide prolific resources for biofungicide development. In this study, we aim to identify antifungal NPs from Xenorhabdus spp. for the management of this disease.

Methods and results

Out of the 22 Xenorhabdus strains investigated, Xenorhabdus budapestensis 8 (XBD8) was determined to be the most promising candidate with the measured IC50 value of its cell-free supernatant against R. solani as low as 0.19 ml l−1. The major antifungal compound in XBD8 started to be synthesized in the middle logarithmic phase and reached a stable level at stationary phase. Core gene deletion coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis determined the major antifungal NPs as fabclavine derivatives, Fcl-7 and 8, which showed broad-spectrum bioactivity against important pathogenic fungi. Impressively, the identified fabclavine derivatives effectively controlled black scurf disease in both greenhouse and field experiments, significantly improving tuber quality and increasing with marketable tuber yield from 29 300 to 35 494 kg ha−1, comparable with chemical fungicide fludioxonil.

Conclusions

The fabclavine derivatives Fcl-7 and 8 were determined as the major antifungal NPs in XBD8, which demonstrated a bright prospect for the management of black scurf disease.
Preventing Adverse Outcomes for Bereaved Youth: Indirect Effects From a Randomized Trial of the Family Bereavement Program on Fear of Abandonment, Grief, and Mental Health
Authors: O’Hara Karey L , Wolchik Sharlene A , Rhodes C Aubrey , Uhlman Rana N , Sandler Irwin N , Tein Jenn-Yun
Published: September 2023

Objectives

We investigated whether the self-system belief of fear of abandonment mediated the effects of intervention-induced change in 2 protective factors—positive parenting and adaptive coping—and one risk factor—stressful events—on youth mental health problems and maladaptive grief. This study extends prior research on fear of abandonment in youth who experience parental death by examining pathways through which a program reduced fear of abandonment and, in turn, affected subsequent pathways to child mental health problems in the context of a randomized experiment.

Methods

This is a secondary data analysis study. We used data from the 4-wave longitudinal 2-arm parallel randomized controlled trial of the Family Bereavement Program conducted between 1996 and 1999 in a large city in the Southwestern United States. The sample consisted of 244 offspring between 8 and 16 at the pretest. They were assessed again at posttest, 11-month follow-up, and 6-year follow-up. Offspring, caregivers, and teachers provided data.

Results

Mediation analyses indicated that intervention-induced reductions in stressful events were prospectively associated with a lower fear of abandonment. For girls, fear of abandonment was related to self-reported maladaptive grief and teacher-reported internalizing problems 6 years later.

Conclusions

This study extends prior research on the relation between intervention-induced changes in risk and protective factors and improvements in outcomes of bereaved youth. The findings support the reduction of stressful events as a key proximal target of prevention programs for bereaved children.
High prevalence of central nervous system cryptococcosis using a fingerprick whole-blood lateral flow assay in individuals with neurological symptoms and advanced HIV disease in a Brazilian emergency department
Authors: Oliveira Fernanda Gurgel , Nakagawa Jeanne Aiko de Souza , de Oliveira Jefersson Matheus Maia , Júnior Rodovaldo Moraes Lucas , Marcusso Rosa , Vidal José E
Published: September 2023

Timely diagnosis is key in managing central nervous system (CNS) cryptococcosis in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). There are few data on implementing fingerprick whole-blood cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) lateral flow assay (LFA) as the first test for diagnosing CNS cryptococcosis. We evaluated the prevalence of CNS cryptococcosis and cryptococcal antigenemia using fingerprick whole-blood in a referral emergency department (ED) in São Paulo, Brazil. This was a prospective cohort study of consecutive adult PLWHA with advanced HIV disease and neurological symptoms. Fingerprick whole-blood CrAg LFA was performed at bedside. Seventy-four individuals were enrolled (median age = 40 years; males = 62%). Prevalence of CNS cryptococcosis was 17.6% (13/74); 95% confidence interval (CI), 9.4–30.0%, and prevalence of positive fingerprick whole-blood CrAg LFA was 25.7% (19/74); 95% CI, 15.5–40.1%. Among the six (8.1%) patients with positive fingerprick whole-blood CrAg LFA and negative CSF CrAg LFA, four (5.4%) had isolated asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia, one (1.3%) had symptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia, and one (1.3%) had cryptococcemia. Prevalence of CNS cryptococcosis and cryptococcal antigenemia using fingerprick whole-blood CrAg LFA was high. Point-of-care testing was important for diagnosing CNS cryptococcosis in an ED from a middle-income country.
Studying X-ray spectra from large-scale jets of FR II radio galaxies: application of shear particle acceleration
Authors: He Jia-Chun , Sun Xiao-Na , Wang Jie-Shuang , Rieger Frank M , Liu Ruo-Yu , Liang En-Wei
Published: September 2023

Shear particle acceleration is a promising candidate for the origin of extended high-energy emission in extra-galactic jets. In this paper, we explore the applicability of a shear model to 24 X-ray knots in the large-scale jets of FR II radio galaxies and study the jet properties by modelling the multiwavelength spectral energy distributions (SEDs) in a leptonic framework including synchrotron and inverse Compton–CMB processes. In order to improve spectral modelling, we analyse Fermi-LAT data for five sources and reanalyse archival data of Chandra on 15 knots, exploring the radio to X-ray connection. We show that the X-ray SEDs of these knots can be satisfactorily modelled by synchrotron radiation from a second, shear-accelerated electron population reaching multi-TeV energies. The inferred flow speeds are compatible with large-scale jets being mildly relativistic. We explore two different shear flow profiles (i.e. linearly decreasing and power law) and find that the required spine speeds differ only slightly, supporting the notion that for higher flow speeds the variations in particle spectral indices are less dependent on the presumed velocity profile. The derived magnetic field strengths are in the range of a few to 10 µG and the required power in non-thermal particles is typically well below the Eddington constraint. Finally, the inferred parameters are used to constrain the potential of FR II jets as possible ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray accelerators.