bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orofacial Disease: Update for the Dental Clinical Team: 11. Cervical Lymphadenopathy
Authors: Scully Crispian , Porter Stephen
Published: August 2017

By far the most common causes of lumps in the neck are swollen lymph nodes. The most common cause of cervical lymphadenopathy is infection in the area of drainage (virtually anywhere in the head and neck). Most frequent of all is an enlarged jugulodigastric (tonsillar) lymph node, inflamed secondary to a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Enlarged cervical lymph nodes may also be a manifestation of systemic infection (e.g. HIV/AIDS), or related to malignant disease in the drainage area (e.g. carcinoma) or elsewhere (e.g. leukaemia or lymphoma). These and less common causes are discussed in this, the last article in this series.
Caries Removal and the Pulpo-dentinal Complex
Authors: Kidd Edwina
Published: August 2017

“The complete divorcement of dental practice from studies of the pathology of dental caries, that existed in the past, is an anomaly in science that should not continue. It has the apparent tendency to make dentists mechanics only.”
Current Practice in Endodontics: 4. A Review of Techniques for Canal Preparation
Authors: Carrotte Peter V.
Published: August 2017

The prime aim of this series is to improve the quality of endodontic treatment in general dental practice by considering what is currently being taught in dental schools. This article reviews the development of today's endodontic techniques and suggests alternative methods of obtaining a clean and shaped canal, in keeping with the varying requirements of practitioners of differing backgrounds and abilities, while keeping in mind the established aims and objectives of endodontic treatment.
Economic Evaluation and Dentistry
Authors: Buck David
Published: August 2017

This article is a brief guide to economic evaluation and dentistry. It outlines the most common methods such as cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-benefit analysis; discusses how and when they should be used; gives some dental examples; and outlines important issues that need to be borne in mind when interpreting them. It also corrects one or two common misunderstandings about economic evaluation.
Book Review
Authors: Darby Ivan
Published: August 2017

Periodontics: A synopsis. By W. M. M. Jenkins and C. J. Allan Wright. Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, 1999. (184pp, £16.99).
An Overview of the Prevention of Oral Cancer and Diagnostic Markers of Malignant Change: 2. Markers of Value in Tumour Diagnosis
Authors: Macluskey M. , Ogden G.R.
Published: August 2017

Earlier diagnosis of oral cancer should lead to an improvement in prognosis. This, the second part of a two-part overview, is concerned with the various cellular markers available for diagnosis of oral cancer. Traditionally diagnosis has relied upon the histomorphological interpretation of a tissue section following biopsy. The application of advances in various laboratory techniques for the identification of different cellular markers is briefly reviewed. In addition, although it is currently only a research tool, the potential role of oral exfoliative cytology in screening is considered.
Investigation and Treatment of Patients with Teeth Affected by Tooth Substance Loss: A Review
Authors: Watson Morag L. , Trevor Burke F.J.
Published: August 2017

Tooth substance loss, an increasing problem, may result from erosion, abrasion and attrition, often with more than one of these acting together. Investigation requires a detailed history and examination. The aim of treatment may be prevention of further damage in less affected cases. The treatment of severe tooth substance loss may be complex, especially in view of the reduced amounts of tooth substance which may be available and the need to find space because of the compensatory over-eruption of worn teeth.
A Synopsis of the Adult Dental Health Survey: Oral Health in the United Kingdom 1998
Authors: Burke F.J.Trevor
Published: August 2017

This 577-page epic is essentially the current status of adult dental health in the United Kingdom. It contains information from almost every conceivable angle examining, as it does, the condition of the nation's teeth and supporting structures, the social and behavioural characteristics of those assessed along with their attitudes to dental treatment and their dental attendance patterns. Its purpose is to provide information on the state of adults' teeth and oral health in the UK and to measure changes in oral health since the 1988 report.
The Use of Hypnosis in Dentistry: A Review
Authors: Patel B. , Potter C. , Mellor A.C.
Published: August 2017

Hypnosis is a valuable technique in patient management. With appropriate training, general dental practitioners can widen the treatment options they can offer to patients, especially those who are dentally anxious. This article provides a brief theoretical and historical overview, and a review of the literature pertaining to the clinical uses of hypnosis in dentistry.
Book Review
Authors: Forde Martin
Published: August 2017

Oral Diagnosis. The Clinician's Guide. By Warren Birnbaum and Stephen M. Dunne. Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, 2000. (320pp., £17.99p/b). ISBN 0 7236 1040 1.
Oral Cancer: 1. The Genetic Basis of the Disease
Authors: Partridge Maxine
Published: August 2017

This article is in two parts. The first describes recent advances in our understanding of the biology of oral cancer and the potential to utilize this new information to make better predictions about outcome and devise new treatments. The second part describes the clinical presentation and the development of a new generation of ultra-sensitive diagnostics to identify occult tumour and precancer, to investigate why cancer may recur.
CD Review
Authors: Roberts-Harry D.
Published: August 2017

Orthodontic Hyper Knowledge. By C.D. Stephens, Kenji Takada and Yasuhiro Kakiuchi. Email: c.d.stephens@bris.ac.uk
Oral Cancer: 2. Clinical Presentation and Use of New Knowledge about the Biology of Cancer to Establish Why Tumours may Recur
Authors: Partridge Maxine
Published: August 2017

This article describes the clinical presentations of oral cancer, and the development of a new generation of ultra-sensitive diagnostics to identify occult tumour and precancer, despite seemingly adequate treatment.
Current Practice in Endodontics
Authors: Carrotte Peter V.
Published: August 2017

The aim of this series of six articles is to improve the quality of endodontic treatment in general dental practice by considering what is currently being taught in dental schools. This first article considers the rationale behind endodontic treatment, what we are aiming to achieve and why. It looks at the dental and medico-legal issues which dictate the standards of our practice, and sets out the programme for the series.
Temporary Restorations for Veneers are Possible!
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Bonding Porcelain Laminate Veneer Provisional Restorations: An Experimental Study. H. Dumfahrt and G. Göbel. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 1999; 82: 281-5.
It Ain't What You Say …: Legibility and Clarity of Treatment Records
Authors: Smith J. Mark , Farrington Colin A.
Published: August 2017

The content of treatment records is irrelevant if it cannot be understood. This is a report of a clinical audit project that aimed to assess the readability of records, and set standards to be maintained throughout the practice for handwriting and use of abbreviations.
A Chemomechanical Method for Caries Removal
Authors: Morrow L.A. , Hassall D.C. , Watts D.C. , Wilson N.H.F.
Published: August 2017

Over recent years the dental profession has shifted towards practising preventive dentistry and adopting more conservative and tooth-preserving procedures. Such progression is considered to be a response to the decline in the level of dental caries and advances in materials science. This shift in caries management will no doubt continue over the coming decades, based on rational clinical and scientific principles. Chemomechanical caries removal involves the application of a solution that selectively softens the carious dentine, thus facilitating its removal. This limits the removal of sound tooth structure, the cutting of open dentinal tubules, pulpal irritation and pain compared with conventional mechanical methods.
Book Review
Authors: Trevor Burke F. J.
Published: August 2017

Catalogue of Dental Health Resources, 3rd edition. By A. Blinkhorn, F. Blinkhorn, K. Davis and H. Draper. Eden Blanche Press, Waterfront, Rossendal, Lancs BB4 7DE, 2000 (154pp., £5.00). (Available from Professor A. S. Blinkhorn, Turner Dental School, University Dental Hospital of Manchester, Higher Cambridge Street, Manchester M15 6FF.)
Bleaching Discoloured Teeth
Authors: Bartlett D.W.
Published: August 2017

The bleaching of teeth has encountered some legislative problems over the past few years but it is now possible to use both vital and non-vital bleaching techniques in the UK. Hydrogen peroxide has a long history of use and would appear to be safe to use to change the appearance of discoloured teeth. It is conservative of tooth tissue and may delay the need for more invasive veneers and crowns. This article describes some of the methods of bleaching using hydrogen peroxide that are currently available.
Easier Endodontics!
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Two Canal Lubricants in Removing Smear A. Tam and D.C. Yu. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 2000; 21 (11): 967–970.
Surgical Forceps Techniques
Authors: Malden N.
Published: August 2017

This paper considers two new elevator and dental forceps techniques for the atraumatic removal of teeth to avoid a surgical procedure where possible. The techniques described should be applicable in relatively well defined but commonly occurring situations. The two techniques involve the unconventional use of conventional dental extraction forceps, with the aim of facilitating removal of the retained roots of certain teeth: the first for incisors, canines and premolars and the second for lower first molars. The term ‘surgical forceps technique’ is tentatively put forward as a description of these hybrid procedures.
Problems With Complete Upper Denture Wearers?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

The Effectiveness of Palate-less Versus Complete Palatal Coverage Dentures. R. Akeel, M. Assery and S. Al-Dalgan. European Journal of Prosthodontics ABSTRACTS and Restorative Dentistry 2000; 8 (2): 63–66.
Does that Restoration Really Need Replacing?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

An Overview of Reasons for the Placement and Replacement of Restorations. V. Deligeorgi, I.A. Mjör and N.H.F. Wilson. Primary Dental Care 2001; 8: 5–11.
An elusive success!
Authors: Burke F.J.Trevor
Published: August 2017

The all-ceramic crown has undergone enormous development over the past 40 years, with its development being traced from the aluminous porcelain crown in 19651 to the Procera-AllCeram crown, with its dense alumina coping, recently developed by Andersson and Oden2 in conjunction with Nobel Biocare AB, Goteburg and Sandvik Hard Materials AB, Stockholm. Aluminous porcelain crowns were a much-used treatment modality 30 years ago, before improvements in the aesthetics which could be obtained by metal-ceramic restorations made these more popular. However, the development of all-ceramic bridgework has been altogether more elusive and, although recent work has reported short-term success with Empress 2 (Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, Leichtenstein) bridges3, all-ceramic bridges are still far from common.
The Benefits of Toothpaste – Real or Imagined? Review of Its Role in Tooth Whitening
Authors: Pontefract H. , Sheen S. , Moran J.
Published: August 2017

The market for whitening toothpastes in the UK is burgeoning at present, but little has been published about the modes of action or efficacy of such pastes. Much is known about how the individual ingredients work, but toothpaste formulations are complex and there is potential for interaction. Studies have been undertaken to compare the efficacy of various test products, but these have used different types of trial design and consequently direct comparisons are difficult, not least because there are several ways of measuring ‘whiteness’, and there is no consensus of opinion between workers in this field as to the best way to record it.
The Lifelong Learning Scheme
Authors: Collins Janet
Published: August 2017

The Lifelong Learning Scheme, launched by the General Dental Council last April, will act as a catalyst for growth and innovation in the dental profession. The implications for professional growth are profound: with the entire profession participating in a formalized scheme of continuing professional development (CPD), the rate of technical development from conception to working reality will be enhanced.
Book Review
Authors: Steele Jimmy
Published: August 2017

Prosthodontics for the Elderly: Diagnosis and Treatment. By Ejvind Budtz-Jorgensen. Quintessence Books, New Malden, 1999 (266pp., £59). ISBN 0-86715-368-7.
The Contribution of Industry to the Decline in Dental Caries
Authors: Davies Robin M. , Ellwood Roger P , Davies Gill M.
Published: August 2017

The contribution of the oral care industry to the reduction in dental caries extends beyond the provision of safe and clinically proven products containing fluoride. The industry has contributed to the scientific base that underpins the use of fluoride, delineated factors that influence the clinical performance of toothpaste, raised the public's awareness of dental health and provided funding to support both undergraduate and postgraduate students in clinical training and basic research.
A Case Study Demonstrating the Use of Natural Teeth on a Denture
Authors: Swistak Barbara
Published: August 2017

The ability to use natural teeth on a denture can yield the most natural and pleasing results, helping a patient to adapt quickly to wearing dentures. A number of workers have demonstrated their success with this technique. This case study shows another example of how favourable the results can be.
An Update on the Physiology of the Dentine–Pulp Complex
Authors: Orchardson Robert , Cadden Samuel W.
Published: August 2017

The properties of dentine and pulp are closely related and from a functional standpoint these tissues are often referred to as the dentine–pulp complex. In recent years there has been considerable progress in our understanding of the physiology of the dentine–pulp complex. This review describes some of the advances that are relevant to clinical dentistry, including dentine permeability, dentine bonding, dentine sensitivity, the properties of pulpal nerves and blood vessels and the reactions of the dentine–pulp complex to operative dental procedures.
Dens Evaginatus on the Labial Surface of a Central Incisor: A Case Report
Authors: McKaig Sarah J. , Shaw Linda
Published: August 2017

A 7-year-old girl in the mixed dentition phase presented with abnormal morphology of the upper right central incisor. The diagnosis was a dens evaginatus, an anomaly of odontogenesis of unknown aetiology. This article describes the management of this anomaly and discusses the importance of maintaining space in the developing dentition. The aetiology and natural history of dens evaginatus are also considered.
Another Pint?
Authors: Oliver Richard
Published: August 2017

In Vitro Approach to Evaluate Potential Harmful Effects of Beer on Teeth. F.N. Nogueira, D.N. Souza and J. Nicolau. Journal of Dentistry 2000; 28: 271–276.
Periodontal Diseases in Children and Adolescents: 1. Aetiology and Diagnosis
Authors: Clerehugh Valerie , Tugnait Aradhna
Published: August 2017

A number of periodontal diseases, some forms of which can be aggressive, can affect children and adolescents. Plaque is the key aetiological agent but local and systemic factors that can modify the response of the periodontal tissues to plaque may be identified from the history and during examination of the child or adolescent. Periodontal screening should be an integral part of the dental examination of younger individuals. It can be used in conjunction with the history and examination to reach a diagnosis, which then forms the basis for future management.
Book Review
Authors: Milward Mike
Published: August 2017

Periodontics: Current Concepts and Treatment Strategies. By P.N. Galgut, S.A. Dowsett and M.J. Kowolik. Martin Dunitz Ltd, London, 2000 (208pp., £49.95). ISBN 1-85317-981-7.
Others Find Endodontics Difficult Too!
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Periapical Status and Quality of Root Fillings and Coronal Restorations in a Danish Population. L.L. Kirkevang, D. ørstavik, P. Hörsted-Bindslev and A. Wenzel. International Endodontic Journal 2000; 33: 509–515.
A Review of Technology and Safety Aspects of Erbium Lasers in Dentistry
Authors: Clarkson Douglas McGregor
Published: August 2017

This article reviews aspects of the probable mechanisms used by erbium dental lasers for cutting dentine and enamel, describes key issues of the risk of temperature elevation and speed of cutting relative to conventional techniques and looks at issues concerned with the safety of lasers.
Book Review
Authors: Barclay Craig
Published: August 2017

Esthetic Implant Dentistry. Soft and Hard Tissue Management. By P. Palacci and I. Ericsson (eds). Quintessence Publishing Co. Inc, New Malden, 2001. (227pp., £74.00 h/b). ISBN 0-86715-392-X.
Non-metal Post Systems
Authors: Stewardson Dominic A.
Published: August 2017

For many years metals, whether cast or prefabricated, have been exclusively used to construct posts as foundations for indirect restorations. Developments in composite and ceramic materials have resulted in the introduction of metal-free post systems as alternatives. This article provides an overview of the systems currently available, gives guidance on their use, and discusses some of the principles underlying the clinical performance of posts.
Book Review
Authors: Linden G. J.
Published: August 2017

Periodontal and Gingival Health and Diseases – Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults. By E. Bimstein, H.L. Needleman, N. Karimbux and T.E. Van Dyke. Martin Dunitz Ltd, London, 2000 (316 pp., £65 h/b). ISBN 1-85317-781-4.
The Neural Mechanisms of Oral and Facial Pain
Authors: Cadden Samuel W. , Orchardson Robert
Published: August 2017

Pain is a complex and variable phenomenon that can be influenced by many factors. The neural pathways serving pain are not passive conduits, but are part of a dynamic system which can result in different levels of pain resulting from similar injuries under different circumstances. The passage of signals in these pathways may be inhibited or enhanced at almost any level, from the peripheral sensory receptors to the higher centres of the brain. This review will describe recent developments in our understanding of these mechanisms and how this knowledge may be used in controlling pain.
CD-ROM Review
Authors: Stewardson Dominic
Published: August 2017

Pulp Fiction–The Diagnosis and Management of Pulpal and Periapical Conditions (Computer Aided Learning Program). The Dental Channel Ltd., 310 Crystal Palace Road, London, SE22 9JJ, 2001. (Available FOC to dentists practising within the General Dental Services).
Risk Management in Orthodontics – Making Clinical Practice Safer
Authors: Nightingale Claire
Published: August 2017

Facing a civil claim for negligence or prosecution for breach of Health and Safety law is something that any sensible clinician wishes to avoid. This review discusses the main areas of risk in clinical practice and how such risks can be minimized when acting as a clinician and as an employer. Although orthodontic examples are used to highlight particular points, this paper is also relevant to general dental practice.
Materials for Restoration of Primary Teeth: 2. Glass Ionomer Derivatives and Compomers
Authors: Burke F.J.T. , Fleming G.J.P. , Owen F.J. , Watson D.J.
Published: August 2017

A wide variety of materials have been used for the restoration of primary teeth. Resin-modified glass ionomers and the more recently introduced viscous glass ionomers have been developed from conventional glass ionomer materials in an attempt to overcome the suboptimal properties of conventional glass ionomers. These materials would appear to have the necessary physical characteristics for restorations in load-bearing situations in primary teeth, as have the resin-based compomer materials, which now have well documented success rates in a number of studies. The first of these two articles described ‘traditional’ restorative materials, including amalgam and conventional glass ionomer, for the restoration of primary teeth. This paper describes materials derived from traditional glass ionomers in an attempt to overcome the suboptimal properties of conventional glass ionomers and resin-based materials such as compomer.
The Removal of Fractured Post Fragments in General Dental Practice using Ultrasonic Vibration
Authors: Smith Brian J.
Published: August 2017

This paper describes an evidence-based clinical procedure that is suitable for the removal of fractured metal post fragments using ultrasonic vibration in general dental practice, particularly when non-resin-based cements have been used. Fragments of posts cemented with resin-based cements are likely to be extremely difficult to remove. The use of non-resin-based cements is recommended for luting posts, as fragment or total post removal is much easier with these materials.
The Aetiology of Gingival Recession
Authors: Baker Paul , Spedding Charlotte
Published: August 2017

Gingival recession affects a large proportion of the adult population. This paper discusses the aetiology and mechanisms behind the formation of gingival recession, and considers the relevance of gingival recession to both orthodontics and restorative dentistry. It is followed by a second paper on the management of gingival recession.
Preserving the Vital Pulp in Operative Dentistry: 1. A Biological Approach
Authors: Smith Anthony J. , Lumley Philip J
Published: August 2017

This is the first in a series of four papers aimed at understanding human pulpal responses to tissue injury, cavity preparation and restorative events. This article provides an insight into the exquisite regenerative potential of the dentine–pulp complex which underpins the success of restorative dentistry.
Trismus: Aetiology, Differential Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Dhanrajani P.J. , Jonaidel O.
Published: August 2017

Trismus is a problem commonly encountered by the dental practitioner. It has a number of potential causes, and its treatment will depend on the cause. This article discusses the primary causes of this condition and the various treatments available.
The Report of the Information Technology Task Group of the Dentistry Modernization Steering Group
Authors: Stephens C.D.
Published: August 2017

The Dentistry Modernization Steering Group was set up to monitor, evaluate and facilitate progress in the implementation of the Government's strategy for the dental services. Information Technology was an important part of this remit and the report of its IT Task Group is summarized here.
The Dental Team – PCDs. Where are we now?
Authors: Clarke Janet
Published: August 2017

Professionals Complementary to Dentistry (PCDs) have varying roles within the dental team, from chairside assisting to the actual provision of clinical treatment. These tasks are closely proscribed at present, but this may change in the future. The modernization of dentistry, the introduction of registration for PCDs, the introduction of workforce development confederations responsible for funding and commissioning training of dentists and PCDs, and a workforce review looking at the whole dental team will all impact upon the working lives of dentists and their teams. These current changes represent an opportunity to improve the functioning and composition of the dental team, which should not be missed.
Preserving the Vital Pulp in Operative Dentistry: 2. Guidelines for Successful Restoration of Unexposed Dentinal Lesions
Authors: Murray Peter E. , Lumley Philip J. , Smith Anthony J.
Published: August 2017

The exciting treatment possibilities arising from tissue engineering approaches are still some years away from involvement in dentistry. Meanwhile, it is important to optimize conventional treatments, although precise information on pulp responses to cavity preparation and restoration variables are limited. Odontoblast survival, pulp inflammation, and tertiary dentine area are used as measures of pulp injury and repair.
Are Electric Toothbrushes Really Better?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Safety, Efficacy and Acceptability of a New Power Toothbrush: A 3-month Comparative Clinical Investigation. P.R. Warren, M. Cugini, P. Marks and D.W. King. American Journal of Dentistry 2001; 14: 3–7.
Preserving the Vital Pulp in Operative Dentistry: 3. Thickness of Remaining Cavity Dentine as a Key Mediator of Pulpal Injury and Repair Responses
Authors: Murray Peter E. , Lumley Philip J , Smith Anthony J.
Published: August 2017

Confusion surrounds the pivotal role played by the remaining dentine thickness in a cavity in determining pulpal injury and repair response outcomes after restorative treatment. The multifactorial nature of the injury repair response requires that attention is focused on the most important factors, including remaining dentine thickness, to harness the natural regenerative properties of the pulp and to avoid postoperative treatment complications.
Epilepsy and Oral Care
Authors: Fiske Janice , Boyle Carole
Published: August 2017

Epilepsy is a common symptom of an underlying neurological disorder. The seizures can take a variety of forms. Both the condition and its medical management can affect oral health. Prevention of oral disease and carefully planned dental treatment are essential to the well-being of people with epilepsy.
Assessing Restorative Dental Materials: 1. Test Methods and Assessment of Results
Authors: Burke F.J.T. , Shortall A.C.C. , Combe E.C. , Aitchison T.C.
Published: August 2017

Many methodologies are used during the testing of dental materials. Among these are compressive, tensile and flexural strengths, and fracture toughness. However, different tests are relevant to different materials and clinical situations. This paper describes different test methodologies and discusses the substantiation of research claims in publications and advertising.
Preference for Venepuncture Site: Should the Patient be Consulted?
Authors: Golding Michelle A. , Palmer Guy D. , Fleming Garry J.P.
Published: August 2017

A questionnaire-based study was undertaken to ascertain if patient preferences were being met in clinical practice by investigating patients' past experience of venepuncture and patient and operator preference for venepuncture site. Patients and operators expressed a preference for either the dorsum of the hand or the antecubital fossa as sites of venous access. Patients who expressed a preference for the dorsum of the hand were more likely to have received venepuncture in their chosen site, although the likelihood of venepuncture failure is higher in the dorsum of the hand than in the antecubital fossa.
A Single-Appointment, Definitive Post-Crown Restoration: A Case Report
Authors: Daoudi M. Firas
Published: August 2017

The marked advances made in restorative materials have allowed dentists to explore new techniques in restoring teeth. This paper describes a method of restoring extensively damaged endodontically treated teeth that are using the LightPost system and composite resin to build-up the broken crown directly. The treatment was completed in a single visit. Applying this direct technique in selected cases can simplify treatment planning and result in an acceptable restoration with pleasing aesthetics.
Polypharmacy and Dentistry: 1. Introduction and Interactions with Local Anaesthetics and Sedative Drugs
Authors: Meechan J.G.
Published: August 2017

This series of two papers considers the effects of drug interactions in dentistry. In this first paper, the principles of drug interactions will be described. In addition, interactions with drugs used in local anaesthesia and sedation will be discussed. The second paper will concentrate on interactions with analgesics and antimicrobials prescribed in dental practice.
Repair of Metal-Ceramic Restorations using an Abrasive Silica-Impregnating Technique: Two Case Reports
Authors: Burke F.J.T.
Published: August 2017

The loss or fracture of porcelain from a crown or bridge may be viewed by patients as a dental problem in need of urgent repair. Resin-based and silica coating materials are available that demonstrate good bond strengths to metal and porcelain in the laboratory. This paper describes two cases in which a recently introduced silica coating system was used for repairing fractured metal–ceramic restorations. However, no long-term studies on the success of these materials in repairing fractured porcelain are available.
The Timing of Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: DiBiase Andrew
Published: August 2017

The time at which orthodontic treatment should be started remains a matter of conjecture. Anomalies of dental development and functional problems tend to be addressed in the mixed dentition, while definitive treatment tends to be delayed until the late mixed dentition to maximize growth potential and patient compliance. However, some clinicians advocate starting treatment earlier in certain types of malocclusion. In this article, the current concepts of early treatment, both physiological and psychological, will be explored and the relevant indications and contraindications discussed.
Some Patients Really Do have Short Teeth
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Prevalence of Short Root Anomaly in Healthy Young Adults. S. Apajalahti, P. Hölttä, L. Turtola, S. Pirinen. Acta Odontol Scand 2002; 60: 56–59.
Marsupialization of a Large Unilateral Mandibular Dentigerous Cyst in a 6-year-old Boy – A Case Report
Authors: Jones Terry A. , Perry Ronan J. , Wake M. J. C.
Published: August 2017

This paper describes the case of a 6-year-old boy who presented with an asymptomatic large unilateral dentigerous cyst related to an unerupted/6. It was marsupialized under general anaesthetic, and subsequently resolved rapidly. The pathogenesis and aetiology of dentigerous cysts is discussed, together with alternative treatment modalities. This paper illustrates that a conservative surgical approach to the management of a dentigerous cyst in a child can be very successful. By preserving the associated permanent tooth, marsupialization minimizes any disruption to future dental development.
I Don't Snore – I Suffer from Osas!
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management. R.H.B. Goodday, D.D. Precious, A.D. Morrison, C.G. Robertson. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 2001; 67: 652–658.
Is your endodontics failing because the bleach has ‘gone off’?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

The Shelf-life of Sodium Hypochlorite Irrigating Solutions. R.M. Clarkson, A.J. Moule, H.M. Podlich. Australian Dental Journal 2001; 46: 269–276.
Does the GDP need to know about IOTN?
Authors: Waring David , Jones J. Warren
Published: August 2017

‘Two-tier dental systems planned’; ‘Children in need of orthodontic treatment to go without’ … recent scaremonger headlines from consumer reports exaggerate the latest potential effects of this government's plans to target financial resources at those in greatest need. This article aims to provide a background to occlusal indices and provide general dental practitioners (GDPs) with an insight into the use of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), which it is understood may be introduced into the General Dental Service in the future.
Correction of the ptotic chin
Authors: Devlin Hugh , Lloyd Richard E.
Published: August 2017

Where there is extensive stripping of the mentalis muscle from the mandible during vestibuloplasty procedures the chin tissues often become lax and droop, giving an unsightly ptotic defect. If this soft-tissue defect is combined with excessive chin tissue an excisional surgical procedure is required. This article describes a surgical procedure to produce an acceptable chin profile.
Book review
Authors: Watts Trevor L.P.
Published: August 2017

Diagnosis and Risk Prediction of Periodontal Diseases. By P. Axelsson. Quintessence Publishing Co. Inc., Chicago, USA, 2002 (464 pp., £Ill). ISBN 0-86715-363-6
Buy Me Some Sweets, Mum!
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

The Power of Children Over Adults When Obtaining Sweet Snacks. B. P. Roberts, A. S. Blinkhorn and J. T. Duxbury. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2003; 13: 76–84.
Book Review
Authors: Mehay Kishore (Bob)
Published: August 2017

The Business of Dentistry. By Raj Rattan and George Manolescue. Quintessence Publishing Co. Ltd, New Malden, 2002 (145pp., £28.00). ISBN 1-85097-058-0.
The Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment of Anterior Open Bite
Authors: Burford Daniel , Noar Joe H.
Published: August 2017

Anterior open bite has multiple aetiologies, but can be broadly described as being dental or skeletal in origin. Accurate differentiation is essential in determining the appropriate treatment plan: dental open bites may close spontaneously in the growing patient and are generally amenable to orthodontic treatment, whereas skeletal open bites frequently worsen with growth and usually require a combination of orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. The incidence of post-treatment relapse is high, making these malocclusions a challenge to treat successfully.
Antiretroviral Combination Therapy for HIV Infection
Authors: Lewis Debbie A.
Published: August 2017

Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, studies have demonstrated declining morbidity and mortality rates among people with HIV. This is largely because antiretroviral combination therapy can suppress plasma HIV viral load below detectable limits and cause gradual elevation in CD4 cell counts, resulting in improved immune status for responsive patients who are compliant with therapy. These drugs, however, are not without side-effects, both general and oral, and this review draws attention to some of the interactions of the drugs used to treat HIV infection with drugs used in dentistry.
Personal Development Portfolios in General Dental Practice
Authors: Gibson Clive J.
Published: August 2017

Personal Development Portfolios are established tools used throughout education in order to document and record learning and development, and their value has been generally recognized in the wider field of medical practice. It is proposed that they are introduced into general dental practice along with the support of suitably trained facilitators who could mentor practitioners and offer advice on their continual professional development.
An Easy Solution to Endodontic Problems?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Treatment of Combined Endodontic Periodontic Lesions by Intentional Replantation and Application of Hydroxyapatites. L. Yu, B. Xu and B. Wu. Dental Traumatology 2003; 19: 60–63.
A Useful Solution to a Space Problem – A Striking Plate
Authors: Drummond John , Maillou Pauline , Smith Kenneth T. , Yemm Robert
Published: August 2017

The natural dentition can be of fundamental importance to the prognosis of a partial denture when the teeth are within the same arch as the prosthesis. However, when the natural teeth oppose the edentulous area, a number of problems can present. One such problem can be the decrease of space for standard denture components. Solutions to this problem may involve increasing the vertical dimension or reducing the crown height of the opposing natural dentition. Both of these methods have significant disadvantages and this article describes an alternative solution using a ‘striking plate’ constructed in cobalt chromium.
Decisions in Postgraduate Education: Community Dental Practice
Authors: Watson David J. , Rennie Allan J.
Published: August 2017

Since its inception, the Community Dental Service has evolved from a child-centred organization to its much wider remit of current times. This article reviews the present role of the CDS, examines the type of people who make up the workforce and considers what a career in community dental practice can offer to new or recent graduates. Specialization in community or special needs dentistry is not an option at the moment. However, a number of appropriate training opportunities leading to further qualifications are highlighted and are becoming more readily accessible.
An Investigation of the Effect on 27-gauge Needle Tips following a Single Local Anaesthetic Injection
Authors: Rout P.G.J. , Saksena A. , Fisher S.E.
Published: August 2017

One hundred and forty one, 27-gauge local anaesthetic needles were collected, each following a single injection of local anaesthetic using four commonly performed local anaesthetic injection techniques. The needles were examined for needle tip damage under the scanning electron microscope. Ten unused needles were used as controls. Bone was contacted in 75 (59%) instances and, of these, 73 (97.3%) showed needle tip deformity. Of the four techniques used, bone contact was commonest with the inferior alveolar nerve block, occurring in 88% of instances.
Tooth-supported Stud-retained Prostheses: Three Case Reports
Authors: Bureau George P.
Published: August 2017

The use of teeth as overdenture abutments is a common form of treatment. However, most roots are used only for support. Simple stud precision attachments will also aid the retention of the prosthesis. This article presents three different cases where studs have been used to help retain removable prostheses.
Book Review
Authors: Rees Jeremy
Published: August 2017

A Clinical Guide to Periodontology, 2nd edn. By R.M. Palmer and P.D. Floyd. BDJ Books, 2003. ISBN 0-904-588-750.
Where Exactly is the Apex?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

An In Vivo Comparison of Two Frequency-based Electronic Apex Locators. A.R. Welk, J.C. Baumgartner and J.G. Marshall. Journal of Endodontics 2003; 29: 497–501.
Making Porcelain Veneers with the Procera AllCeram System: Case Studies
Authors: Chu Frederick C.S. , Andersson Bernt , Deng Fei L. , Chow Tak W.
Published: August 2017

Different laboratory techniques are available for making porcelain veneers, and each has its own advantages and limitations. This article describes how high-density alumina core constructed with Computer Assisted Design/Computer Assisted Manufacture (CAD/CAM) technology can be successfully used for making porcelain veneers. Different clinical conditions are also presented to illustrate the use of these bi-layer veneers.
What A Good Idea!
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Modified Matrix Adaptation for Sub-Gingival Class II Amalgam Restorations. D.C.N. Chan. Operative Dentistry 2003; 28: 469–472.
30 Years of Preventive Dentistry – and 30 Years into the Future
Authors: Murray John J. , Steele James G.
Published: August 2017

Preventive dentistry has had a major impact on the prevalence of dental caries and, to a lesser extent, periodontal disease since the 1970s. It should continue to have a positive effect on the oral health of the community in the future.

The factors behind improvements seen in oral health are many and varied but include changes in public health policy, technology and commercial decisions made in the industrial sector.

As oral health has improved, and tooth retention increased, the focus of preventive dentistry has widened to include all population groups, increasingly including older adults, and to include a wider range of disorders.

The major issues relevant to preventive dentistry which have occurred over the last 30 years are discussed. The authors will speculate on the impact that the prevention of oral disease might have over the next 30 years.
From I Don't Care to Customer Care. An Evolution in Patient Expectation
Authors: Newsome Philip
Published: August 2017

This paper explores the way that the delivery of dental care has changed over the past three decades. Comparisons are made between dentistry and other business fields to show how the profession has moved in line with shifts in societal attitudes.
Book Review
Authors: Gibson Clive
Published: August 2017

Personal Development Plans for Dentists (the New Approach to Continuing Professional Development). By A. Rughani, C. Franklin and S. Dixon. Radcliffe Medical Press Ltd, Oxford, 2003 (240pp., £29.95). ISBN 1857759176.
Treatment Planning in Class III Malocclusion
Authors: McIntyre Grant T.
Published: August 2017

In Class III malocclusion, the overjet is reduced and may be reversed, with one or more incisor teeth in lingual crossbite. In the early mixed dentition, and in older patients with mild skeletal discrepancies, orthodontic treatment usually involves proclining the maxillary anterior teeth into positive overjet. When the permanent dentition has established, orthodontic therapy is usually aimed at compensating for the underlying mild-moderate Class III skeletal discrepancy by proclining and retroclining the maxillary and mandibular incisors, respectively. In contrast, adolescent and non-growing patients with severe Class III skeletal discrepancies require a combination of orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery to correct the underlying skeletal pattern. Adolescent patients with moderately severe skeletal discrepancies require careful treatment planning because they are often at the limits of orthodontic compensation, and further mandibular growth may prevent a stable Class I occlusion from being maintained with growth. In this situation, treatment should be limited to aligning the maxillary arch, accepting that orthognathic surgery will be required to correct the underlying Class III skeletal discrepancy when skeletal growth has been completed. This article will inform dental professionals about the aetiology, assessment, diagnosis and treatment of patients with Class III malocclusions. Specifically, the types of orthodontic treatment that can be completed at the various stages of dental development and skeletal growth will be discussed.
Dental Research on the Net
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Postcementation Hypersensitivity: Scientific Data Versus Dentists Perceptions. S.F. Rosenstiel and R.G. Rashid. Journal of Prosthodontics 2003; 12: 73—81.
The Restorative Management of Hypodontia with Implants: 2. Planning and Treatment with Implants
Authors: Morgan Claire , Howe Leslie
Published: August 2017

The first paper discussed the clinical features of patients with hypodontia. A range of treatment options were considered with examples given. In this second paper, the implant treatment option for patients is discussed in detail.
Root Canal Retreatment: 1. Case Assessment and Treatment Planning
Authors: Pitt Ford T.R. , Rhodes J.S.
Published: August 2017

Root canal retreatment is often the preferred method of treating a tooth in which root canal treatment has failed. Part one of this two-part article discusses reasons for failure of root canal treatment, case assessment and treatment planning. Part two describes some of the practical techniques that are available to the practitioner and the rationale for root canal retreatment.
Do You Really Have to See the Clasps on My Partial?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Esthetic Designs of Removable Partial Dentures. C.H. Chu and T.W. Chow. General Dentistry 2003; 51: 322–324.
What's New in Dentine Bonding? Self-Etch Adhesives
Authors: Burke F.J. Trevor
Published: August 2017

Bonding to dentine is an integral part of contemporary restorative dentistry, but early systems were not user-friendly. The introduction of new systems which have a reduced number of steps – the self-etch adhesives – could therefore be an advantage to clinicians, provided that they are as effective as previous adhesives. These new self-etch materials appear to form hybrid layers as did the previous generation of materials. However, there is a need for further clinical research on these new materials. Advantages of self-etch systems include, no need to etch and rinse, reduced post-operative sensitivity and low technique sensitivity. Disadvantages include, the inhibition of set of self- or dual-cure resin materials and the need to roughen untreated enamel surfaces prior to bonding.
Book Review
Authors: Scheller Carmen
Published: August 2017

Advanced Dental Nursing. Blackwell Munksgaard Ltd, Oxford, 2004 (336pp., £29.50). ISBN 1-40510923-8.
An Overview of Bleaching Techniques: 1. History, Chemistry, Safety and Legal Aspects
Authors: Sulieman M.
Published: August 2017

The use of a variety of bleaching techniques has attracted much interest from the profession, as they are non-invasive and relatively simple to carry out. Coupled with the uncertain legal situation within the European community, and especially within the UK, this series of articles hopes to give a broad overview of bleaching techniques, their efficacy and relative safety, as well as update the current legal situation.
Mandibular Implant-retained Overdenture with Magnets: A Case Report
Authors: Tan Angeline S. Y. , Walmsley A. Damien
Published: August 2017

Implant-retained overdentures can be a simple treatment option to restore the edentulous mandible. Retention can be achieved via studs, linked bar system or magnets. Success rates using the different retention mechanisms have been reported to be high. However, long-term prospective studies on implant-retained overdentures are limited. This paper reports on a patient who has successfully worn a mandibular implant-retained overdenture with magnets for 12 years.
Book Review
Authors: Stewardson Dominic
Published: August 2017

Pickard's Manual of Operative Dentistry, 8th edn. By E.A.M. Kidd, B.G.N.Smith and T.F. Watson. Oxford Medical Publications, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003 (209pp., £35.00). ISBN 0-19-850928-6.
Treatment Planning in General Dental Practice: Case Presentation and Communicating with the Patient
Authors: Bain Crawford A.
Published: August 2017

Presentation of treatment plan options to patients in general dental practice involves the collation of information and its presentation in a clear and uncluttered environment. Visual aids are of value, as are effective verbal and written communications with the patient. Fees should be discussed openly, as should guarantees for, and limitations of, proposed treatment.
Root Canal Retreatment: 2. Practical Solutions
Authors: Ford T.R. Pitt , Rhodes J.S.
Published: August 2017

Root canal retreatment is often the preferred method of treating a tooth in which root canal treatment has failed. Part two of this two-part article discusses the rationale for root canal retreatment and practical techniques and equipment that are available to practitioners.
Giant Osteomata of the Mandible
Authors: Goodger N.M. , Jones J.
Published: August 2017

Osteomas are benign tumours of bone. They are uncommon in the jaws and usually present because of facial asymmetry or trismus. Osteomas arising from the lingual aspect of the mandibular ramus are rare and asymptomatic, usually discovered on routine radiography. We present two cases, and discuss their aetiology, presentation and management.
The Potentially Fatal Vascular Anomaly and Orthodontic Treatment – A Case Report
Authors: Patel Anjli , Davies S.J. , Sandler P.J.
Published: August 2017

Oral vascular lesions are of clinical importance to the dental profession because they pose serious bleeding risks. A case report is presented here where a patient with a complex palatal vascular malformation was successfully treated with fixed appliances. The problems encountered during treatment are discussed.