bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulating organic aerosol in Delhi with WRF-Chem using the VBS approach: Exploring model uncertainty with a Gaussian Process emulator
Authors: Reyes-Villegas Ernesto , Lowe Doug , Johnson Jill , Carslaw Kenneth S. , Darbyshire Eoghan , Flynn Michael , Allan James D. , Coe Hugh , Chen Ying , Wild Oliver , Archer-Nicholls Scott , Archibald Alex , Singh Siddhartha , Shrivastava Manish , Zaveri Rahul A. , Singh Vikas , Beig Gufran , Sokhi Ranjeet , McFiggans Gordon
Published: July 2022

Abstract. The nature and origin of organic aerosol in the atmosphere remain unclear. The gas-particle partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) that constitute primary organic aerosols (POA) and the multigenerational chemical aging of SVOCs are particularly poorly understood. The volatility basis set (VBS) approach, implemented in air quality models such as WRF-Chem, can be a useful tool to describe POA production and aging. However, the main disadvantage is its complexity, making the evaluation of model uncertainty and the optimal model parameterisation expensive to probe using only WRF-Chem simulations. Gaussian process emulators, trained on simulations from relatively few WRF-Chem simulations, are capable of reproducing model results and estimating the sources of model uncertainty within a defined range of model parameters. In this study, a WRF-Chem VBS parameterisation is proposed; we then generate a perturbed parameter ensemble of 111 model runs, perturbing ten parameters of the WRF-Chem model relating to organic aerosol emissions and the VBS oxidation reactions. This allowed us to cover the model’s uncertainty space and compare output from each run to aerosol mass spectrometer observations of organic aerosol concentrations and O:C ratios measured in New Delhi, India. The simulations spanned the organic aerosol concentrations measured with the AMS. However, they also highlighted potential structural errors in the model that may be related to unsuitable diurnal cycles in the emissions and/or failure to adequately represent the dynamics of the planetary boundary layer. While the structural errors prevented us from clearly identifying an optimised VBS approach in WRF-Chem, we were able to apply the emulator in two periods: the full period (1st–29th May) and the period 14:00–16:00 hrs local time, 1st–29th May. The combination of emulator analysis and model evaluation metrics allowed us to identify plausible parameter combinations for the analysed periods. We demonstrate that the methodology presented in this study can be used to determine the model uncertainty and identify the appropriate parameter combination for the VBS approach, and hence provide valuable information to improve our understanding on SOA production.
Interannual variability in the Australian carbon cycle over 2015–2019, based on assimilation of Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite data
Authors: Villalobos Yohanna , Rayner Peter J. , Silver Jeremy D. , Thomas Steven , Haverd Vanessa , Knauer Jürgen , Loh Zoë M. , Deutscher Nicholas M. , Griffith David W. T. , Pollard David F.
Published: July 2022

Abstract. In this study, we employ a regional inverse modelling approach to estimate monthly carbon fluxes over the Australian continent for 2015–2019 using the assimilation of the total column-averaged mole fractions of carbon dioxide from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2, version 9) satellite. Subsequently, we study the carbon cycle variations and relate their fluctuations to anomalies in vegetation productivity and climate drivers. Our 5-year regional carbon flux inversion suggests that Australia was a carbon sink averaging −0.46 ± 0.08 PgC yr−1 (excluding fossil fuel emissions), largely influenced by a strong carbon uptake (−1.04 PgC yr−1) recorded in 2016. Australia's semi-arid ecosystems, such as sparsely vegetated regions (in central Australia) and savanna (in northern Australia), were the main contributors to the carbon uptake in 2016. These regions showed relatively high vegetation productivity, high rainfall, and low temperature in 2016. In contrast to the large carbon sink found in 2016, the large carbon outgassing recorded in 2019 coincides with an unprecedented rainfall deficit and higher-than-average temperatures across Australia. Comparison of the posterior column-averaged CO2 concentration with Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) stations and in situ measurements offers limited insight into the fluxes assimilated with OCO-2. However, the lack of these monitoring stations across Australia, mainly over ecosystems such as savanna and areas with sparse vegetation, impedes us from providing strong conclusions. To a certain extent, we found that the flux anomalies across Australia are consistent with the ensemble means of the OCO-2 Model Intercomparison Project (OCO-2 MIP) and FLUXCOM (2015–2018), which estimate an anomalous carbon sink for Australia in 2016 of −1.09 and −0.42 PgC yr−1 respectively. More accurate estimates of OCO-2 retrievals, with the addition of ocean glint data into our system, and a better understanding of the error in the atmospheric transport modelling will yield further insights into the difference in the magnitude of our carbon flux estimates.
Long-term trend of ozone pollution in China during 2014–2020: distinct seasonal and spatial characteristics and ozone sensitivity
Authors: Wang Wenjie , Parrish David D. , Wang Siwen , Bao Fengxia , Ni Ruijing , Li Xin , Yang Suding , Wang Hongli , Cheng Yafang , Su Hang
Published: July 2022

Abstract. In the past decade, ozone (O3) pollution has become a severe
environmental problem in China's major cities. Here, based on available
observational records, we investigated the long-term trend of O3
pollution in China during 2014–2020. The O3 concentrations were slightly
higher in urban areas than in non-urban areas. During these 7 years, the
highest O3 concentrations primarily occurred during summer in northern China,
and during autumn or spring in southern China. Although O3 precursors,
including nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO), continuously
decreased, O3 concentrations generally increased throughout the 7
years with a slower increasing rate after 2017. The long-term trend of O3
concentrations differed across seasons, especially from 2019 to 2020, when
O3 concentrations decreased in summer and increased in winter. To analyse
the causes of this observed trend, a photochemical box model was used to
investigate the change in the O3 sensitivity regime in two representative
cities – Beijing and Shanghai. Our model simulations suggest that the
summertime O3 sensitivity regime in urban areas of China has changed from
a VOC-limited regime to a transition regime during 2014–2020. By 2020, the
urban photochemistry was in a transition regime in summer but in a
VOC-limited regime in winter. This study helps to understand the distinct
trends of O3 in China and provides insights into efficient future O3
control strategies in different regions and seasons.
Do Arctic mixed-phase clouds sometimes dissipate due to insufficient aerosol? Evidence from comparisons between observations and idealized simulations
Authors: Sterzinger Lucas J. , Sedlar Joseph , Guy Heather , Neely III Ryan R. , Igel Adele L.
Published: July 2022

Abstract. Mixed-phase clouds are ubiquitous in the Arctic. These clouds can persist for days and dissipate in a matter of hours. It is sometimes unknown what
causes this sudden dissipation, but aerosol–cloud interactions may be involved. Arctic aerosol concentrations can be low enough to affect cloud
formation and structure, and it has been hypothesized that, in some instances, concentrations can drop below some critical value needed to maintain a cloud. We use observations from a Department of Energy ARM site on the northern slope of Alaska at Oliktok Point (OLI), the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS) field campaign in the high Arctic Ocean, and the Integrated Characterisation of Energy, Clouds, Atmospheric state, and Precipitation at Summit – Aerosol Cloud Experiment (ICECAPS-ACE) project at the NSF (National Science Foundation) Summit Station in Greenland (SMT) to identify one case per site where Arctic boundary layer clouds dissipated coincidentally with a decrease in surface aerosol concentrations. These cases are used to initialize idealized large eddy simulations (LESs) in which aerosol concentrations are held constant until, at a specified time, all aerosols are removed instantaneously – effectively creating an extreme case of aerosol-limited dissipation which represents the fastest a cloud could possibly dissipate via this process. These LESs are compared against the observed data to determine whether cases could, potentially, be dissipating due to insufficient aerosol. The OLI case's observed liquid water path (LWP) dissipated faster than its simulation, indicating that other processes are likely the primary drivers of the dissipation. The ASCOS and SMT observed LWP dissipated at similar rates to their respective simulations, suggesting that aerosol-limited dissipation may be occurring in these instances. We also find that the microphysical response to this extreme aerosol forcing depends greatly on the specific case being simulated. Cases with
drizzling liquid layers are simulated to dissipate by accelerating precipitation when aerosol is removed while the case with a non-drizzling liquid layer dissipates quickly, possibly glaciating via the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen (WBF) process. The non-drizzling case is also more sensitive to ice-nucleating particle (INP) concentrations than the drizzling cases. Overall, the simulations suggest that aerosol-limited cloud dissipation in the Arctic is plausible and that
there are at least two microphysical pathways by which aerosol-limited dissipation can occur.
Contactless optical hygrometry in LACIS-T
Authors: Nowak Jakub L. , Grosz Robert , Frey Wiebke , Niedermeier Dennis , Mijas Jędrzej , Malinowski Szymon P. , Ort Linda , Schmalfuß Silvio , Stratmann Frank , Voigtländer Jens , Stacewicz Tadeusz
Published: July 2022

Abstract. The Fast Infrared Hygrometer (FIRH), employing open-path tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy at the wavelengths near the 1364.6896 nm line, was adapted to perform contactless humidity measurements at the Turbulent Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator (LACIS-T), a unique turbulent moist-air wind tunnel. The configuration of the setup allows for scanning from outside the walls of the wind tunnel and at various positions without the need for repeated optics adjustments. We identified three factors which significantly influence the measurement – self-broadening of the absorption line, interference in the glass windows and parasitic absorption in the ambient air outside the wind tunnel – and developed correction methods which satisfactorily account for these effects.
The comparison between FIRH and a reference hygrometer (dew-point mirror MBW 973) indicated a good agreement within the expected errors across the wide range of water vapour concentration 1.0–6.1×1017 cm−3 (equivalent to dew-point temperature of −5.4 to +21 ∘C at the temperature of 23 ∘C). High temporal resolution (∼2 kHz) allowed for studying turbulent fluctuations in the course of intensive mixing of two air streams which had the same mean velocity but differed in temperature and humidity, also including the settings for which the mixture can be supersaturated. The obtained results contribute to improved understanding and interpretation of cloud formation studies conducted in LACIS-T by complementing the previous characterizations of turbulent velocity and temperature fields inside the wind tunnel.
Surface circulation in the Gulf of Thailand from remotely sensed observations: seasonal and interannual timescales
Authors: Anutaliya Arachaporn
Published: July 2022

Abstract. The Gulf of Thailand (GoT), a shallow basin located in the western equatorial Pacific, undergoes highly-variable wind influences on both seasonal and interannual timescales. On seasonal timescale, the Asian monsoon prevails, dominating the circulation pattern. The most dominant complex empirical orthogonal function of the Gulf of Thailand (GoT) current explains 28 % of the total variance with the phase relationship following the monsoon seasons. High current variability is observed over the upper GoT (uGoT), along the western boundary which is highly correlated with that at the southeastern entrance, and in the GoT interior. Satellite altimetry suggests that approximately 50 % of the surface current variability is geostrophic set up by wind stress curl, particularly at basin-scale. Also, the study hints at the importance, to sea surface height near the coastline, of coastal trapped Kelvin waves forced by wind stress curl. Wind-driven current accounts for a significant fraction of the ageostrophic flow along the western boundary and the GoT interior; however, its effect is unclear over the uGoT. At interannual timescale, the GoT circulation is directly impacted by both El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Interestingly, the climate modes affect the circulation over each region of the GoT differently. The IOD highly correlates with interannual variability of current along the GoT western boundary and the southern boundary of the observing domain (8° N), while the ENSO correlates with that in the interior. Over the uGoT, both climate modes explain similar percentage of the interannual current variability.
Machine learning prediction of the mass and the velocity of controlled single-block rockfalls from the seismic waves they generate
Authors: Hibert Clément , Noël François , Toe David , Talib Miloud , Desrues Mathilde , Wyser Emmanuel , Brenguier Ombeline , Bourrier Franck , Toussaint Renaud , Malet Jean-Philippe , Jaboyedoff Michel
Published: July 2022

Abstract. Understanding the dynamics of slope instabilities is critical to mitigate the associated hazards but their direct observation is often difficult due to their remote locations and their spontaneous nature. Seismology allows to get unique information on these events, including on their dynamics. However, the link between the properties of these events (mass and kinematics) and the seismic signals generated are still poorly understood. we conducted a controlled rockfall experiment in the Riou-Bourdoux torrent (South French Alps) to try to better decipher those links. We deployed a dense seismic network and inferred the dynamics of the block from the reconstruction of the 3D trajectory from terrestrial and airborne high-resolution stereo-photogrammetry. We propose a new approach based on machine learning to predict the mass and the velocity of each block. Our results show that we can predict those quantities with average errors of approximately 10 % for the velocity and 25 % for the mass. These accuracies are as good as or better than those obtained by other approaches, but our approach has the advantage of not requiring to localize the source and an a priori knowledge of the environment, nor of making a strong assumption on the seismic wave attenuation model. Finally, the machine learning approach allows us to explore more widely the correlations between the features of the seismic signal generated by the rockfalls and their physical properties, and might eventually lead to better constrain the physical models in the future.
Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth during the Holocene (past 11 500 years) from a bipolar ice-core array
Authors: Sigl Michael , Toohey Matthew , McConnell Joseph R. , Cole-Dai Jihong , Severi Mirko
Published: July 2022

Abstract. The injection of sulfur into the stratosphere by volcanic eruptions is the
dominant driver of natural climate variability on
interannual to multidecadal timescales. Based on a set of continuous sulfate
and sulfur records from a suite of ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica,
the HolVol v.1.0 database includes estimates of the magnitudes and
approximate source latitudes of major volcanic stratospheric sulfur
injection (VSSI) events for the Holocene (from 9500 BCE or 11 500 years BP to
1900 CE), constituting an extension of the previous record by 7000 years.
The database incorporates new-generation ice-core aerosol records with a
sub-annual temporal resolution and a demonstrated sub-decadal dating accuracy
and precision. By tightly aligning and stacking the ice-core records on the
WD2014 chronology from Antarctica, we resolve long-standing inconsistencies
in the dating of ancient volcanic eruptions that arise from biased (i.e.,
dated too old) ice-core chronologies over the Holocene for Greenland. We
reconstruct a total of 850 volcanic eruptions with injections in excess of 1 teragram of sulfur (Tg S); of these eruptions, 329 (39 %) are located in the low latitudes with bipolar
sulfate deposition, 426 (50 %) are located in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics (NHET) and 88 (10 %) are located in the Southern Hemisphere extratropics (SHET). The spatial distribution of the reconstructed eruption locations
is in agreement with prior reconstructions for the past 2500 years. In
total, these eruptions injected 7410 Tg S into the
stratosphere: 70 % from tropical eruptions and 25 % from NH
extratropical eruptions. A long-term latitudinally and monthly resolved
stratospheric aerosol optical depth (SAOD) time series is reconstructed from
the HolVol VSSI estimates, representing the first Holocene-scale
reconstruction constrained by Greenland and Antarctica ice cores. These new
long-term reconstructions of past VSSI and SAOD variability confirm evidence
from regional volcanic eruption chronologies (e.g., from Iceland) in showing
that the Early Holocene (9500–7000 BCE) experienced a higher number of
volcanic eruptions (+16 %) and cumulative VSSI (+86 %) compared with
the past 2500 years. This increase coincides with the rapid retreat of ice
sheets during deglaciation, providing context for potential future increases
in volcanic activity in regions under projected glacier melting in the 21st
century. The reconstructed VSSI and SAOD data are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.928646 (Sigl et al., 2021).
Reconstructing 6-hourly PM2.5 datasets from 1960 to 2020 in China
Authors: Zhong Junting , Zhang Xiaoye , Gui Ke , Liao Jie , Fei Ye , Jiang Lipeng , Guo Lifeng , Liu Liangke , Che Huizheng , Wang Yaqiang , Wang Deying , Zhou Zijiang
Published: July 2022

Abstract. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has altered the radiation balance on Earth
and raised environmental and health risks for decades but has only been
monitored widely since 2013 in China. Historical long-term PM2.5
records with high temporal resolution are essential but lacking for both
research and environmental management. Here, we reconstruct a site-based
PM2.5 dataset at 6 h intervals from 1960 to 2020 that combines
long-term visibility, conventional meteorological observations, emissions,
and elevation. The PM2.5 concentration at each site is
estimated based on an advanced machine learning model, LightGBM, that takes
advantage of spatial features from 20 surrounding meteorological stations.
Our model's performance is comparable to or even better than those of
previous studies in by-year cross validation (CV) (R2=0.7) and
spatial CV (R2=0.76) and is more advantageous in long-term records
and high temporal resolution. This model also reconstructs a 0.25∘ × 0.25∘, 6-hourly, gridded PM2.5 dataset by
incorporating spatial features. The results show PM2.5 pollution
worsens gradually or maintains before 2010 from an interdecadal scale but
mitigates in the following decade. Although the turning points vary in
different regions, PM2.5 mass concentrations in key regions decreased
significantly after 2013 due to clean air actions. In particular, the annual
average value of PM2.5 in 2020 is nearly the lowest since 1960. These
two PM2.5 datasets (publicly available at
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6372847, Zhong et al., 2022) provide spatiotemporal variations at
high resolution, which lay the foundation for research studies associated
with air pollution, climate change, and atmospheric chemical reanalysis.
The role of cyclones and potential vorticity cutoffs for the occurrence of unusually long wet spells in Europe
Authors: Röthlisberger Matthias , Scherrer Barbara , de Vries Andries Jan , Portmann Raphael
Published: July 2022

Abstract. The synoptic dynamics leading to the longest wet spells in Europe are so far poorly investigated despite these events' potentially large societal impacts. Here we examine the role of cyclones and potential
vorticity (PV) cutoffs for unusually long wet spells in Europe, defined as
the 20 longest uninterrupted periods with at least 5 mm daily accumulated
precipitation at each ERA-Interim grid point in Europe (this set of spells
is hereafter referred to as S20). The S20 occur predominantly in summer over the eastern continent, in winter over the North
Atlantic, in winter or fall over the Atlantic coast, and in fall over the
Mediterranean and European inland seas. Four case studies reveal distinct
archetypal synoptic storylines for long wet spells: (a) a 7 d wet
spell near Moscow, Russia, is associated with a single slow-moving
cutoff–cyclone couple; (b) a 15 d wet spell in Norway features a total of
nine rapidly passing extratropical cyclones and illustrates serial cyclone
clustering as a second storyline; (c) a 12 d wet spell in Tuscany, Italy,
is associated with a single but very large cutoff complex, which is
replenished multiple times by a sequence of recurrent anticyclonic wave
breaking events over the North Atlantic and western Europe; and (d) a 17 d
wet spell in the Balkans features intermittent periods of diurnal convection in an environment of weak synoptic forcing and recurrent passages of cutoffs
and thus also highlights the role of diurnal convection for long wet spells
over land. A systematic analysis of cyclone and cutoff occurrences during
the S20 across Europe reveals considerable spatial variability
in their respective role for the S20. For instance, cyclones
are present anywhere between 10 % and 90 % and cutoffs between 20 % and 70 % of the S20 time steps, depending on the geographical region. However, overall both cyclones and cutoffs appear in a larger number and at a higher rate during the S20 compared
to climatology. Furthermore, in the Mediterranean, cutoffs and cyclones
are significantly more persistent during the S20 compared to
climatology. Our study thus documents for the first time the palette of
synoptic storylines accompanying unusually long wet spells across Europe,
which is a prerequisite for developing an understanding of how these events
might change in a warming climate and for evaluating the ability of climate
models to realistically simulate the synoptic processes relevant to these
events.
Pattern of Knowing Pada Teori Keperawatan Florence Nightingale
Authors: Akbar M. Agung
Published: July 2022

n/a
Akupuntur Dalam Mengurangi Nyeri Dan Menurunkan Tekanan Darah Pasien Hipertensi
Authors: Suryanda  , Rustati Nelly
Published: July 2022

Jumlah penyandang hipertensi terus meningkat setiap tahunnya, diperkirakan pada tahun 2025 akan ada 1,5 Miliar orang  yang terkena hipertensi, akupuntur sebagai salah satu terapi alternative perlu dilihat sejauhmana hubungannya dalam menurunkan tekanan darah dan mengurangi persepsi nyeri. Penelitian dilaksanakan  diwilayah kerja UPTD Puskesmas sukaraya tahun 2021. Dari data 86 orang yang menjalankan terapi akupuntur didapatkan sebanyak 45 sampel, sesuai kriteria hipertensi dan mengalami nyeri.  Hasil penelitian setelah dilakukan akuputur, sebanyak 26 (57,8%) pasien menyatakan nyeri berkurang dan 19 (42,2%) orang berkata belum berkurang atau bertambah nyeri. Pasien yang mengalami penurunan tekanan darah setelah dilakukan akupuntur sebesar 31 orang (68,9%) dan yang tidak mengalami penurunan tekanan darah sebanyak 14 orang (31,1%). Hasil analisis hubungan akupuntur dalam menurunkan tekanan darah dan mengurangi nyeri dengan Chi-square, didapatkan angka 0,091 maka disimpulkan tidak ada hubungan bermakna. Penggunaan akupuntur dalam menurunkan tekanan darah dan mengurangi nyeri relative berguna tetapi perlu penanganan dan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk lebih meningkatkan efektifitas akupuntur.
Prospects of using luminescent methods to control the process of electoreagent cleaning
Authors: Patsovsky A. P. , Lutsko T. P. , Baryshev A. N.
Published: July 2022

To ensure the environmental safety of industrial solutions, it is necessary to purify wastewater from heavy metal ions, suspended particles and high-molecular decomposition products of the bio-mass during chemical and microbiological processes, while observing all the necessary conditions for local purification and recovery of industrial technical liquids. The purpose of the development of such a system is to control the process of wastewater treatment at all stages of its electrical reagent treatment. The objects of control were wastewater and natural waters in the process of purification by the electoreagent method, and ozonolysis was chosen as one of the most promising methods in this direction.
Frequency of blood electrolyte disorders occurrence in small breed dogs in St.Petersburg
Authors: Karpenko L. Yu. , Kozitcyna A. I. , Bakht A. A. , Polistovskaya P. A.
Published: July 2022

Mineral metabolism in general and particularly electrolyte balance are integrated in all metabolic processes. The study of blood parameters deviations and ways of their correction in different animal species is an important and urgent task [1, 2]. Understanding the frequency of electrolyte disorders in dogs of small breeds, as the most common breeds of dogs of a large metropolis of St. Petersburg, will allow small pets veterinary specialists to prescribe additional studies competently and rationally, which in turn will improve the process of making the correct diagnosis and further treatment [5]. The purpose of the presented study was to identify the most common electrolyte disorders in dogs of small breeds (Yorkshire Terrier, Russian Toy Terriers and Pomeranian Spitz) in St. Petersburg with subsequent statistical processing of the results obtained. The object of the study was blood serum, in which the level of potassium, sodium, total calcium, ionized calcium, chlorides and phosphorus was determined according to generally accepted methods. The frequency of occurrence of electrolyte abnormalities in the group of old dogs (older than 12 years) was the highest (80%), electrolyte abnormalities were least common in adult dogs (from 1 to 6 years) (55%). In the group of aging dogs (from 7 to 11 years old), electrolyte disturbances occurred with a frequency of 72.73%. In 37.1% of all cases, two or more electrolyte level deviations were observed in all age groups. The most common violations of chloride levels were 40.32% (hypochloremia was observed in 1.61% of cases, hyperchloremia in 38.71% of cases). Violations of serum sodium levels were the least frequent – 3.23% (hyponatremia was not observed, hypernatremia was observed in 3.23% of cases). It should be noted that in order to more accurately determine the diagnostic significance and the possibility of determining forecasts, it is necessary to increase the number of animal samples with an assessment of indicators in dynamics.
Venous vascularization of the rectum in Yorkshire piglets
Authors: Shchipakin M. V. , Zelenevsky N. V. , Khvatov V. A.
Published: July 2022

To date, many studies have been conducted on vascular vascularization of the colon in mammals, but few of them concerned the features of the course and branching of vessels, in particular intramural veins with possible surgical interventions on omnivores. In connection with the above about the relevance of rectal research, we set a goal to study venous vascularization of the rectum, and use Yorkshire piglets as a model. Cadaverous material for the study was delivered to the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine from the Idavang Agro pig breeding complex in Nurma village, Tosnensky district of the Leningrad Region. The study was conducted according to the third stage of development – the second dairy (22-45 days of the postnatal period), according to the periodization of the life of pigs. To achieve this task, a complex of traditional anatomical research methods was used: fine anatomical dissection, vasorentgenographic, photographing and morphometry. When examining the rectum of Yorkshire piglets, it was found that the main venous highway of this organ is the cranial rectal vein, as well as the presence of a wide network of anastomoses of the pelvic cavity organs should be taken into account when it is possible to spread the pathological process hematogenically from one organ to another. It was also found that the dorsal surface of the rectum is the most blood-supplied, as opposed to the ventral one. The obtained data are necessary for veterinary surgeons to determine the most rational methods of surgical interventions in operations related to pelvic organs.
Lobal structure of the liver of the black samble pushkin breed
Authors: Shchipakin M. V. , Vasiliev D. Vl. , Glushonok S. S.
Published: July 2022

ed in fur farming in the Russian Federation. In the literature, there are often materials on the anatomy of representatives of the mustelid family, such as the American mink, American polecat, American marten and others. Along with this, in modern morphology there is practically no information about the anatomy of sables, and in particular about the black Pushkin breed. The purpose of this study is to study the structural features of the liver in the Pushkin black sable breed, as well as to determine its morphometric characteristics in the studied animals. During the study, the corpses of the black sable Pushkin breed were used. In total, fifteen corpses of sables of the black Pushkin breed aged two to three years were examined. To study the structural features of the liver, traditional anatomical techniques were used. According to the results of the study, it was found that the sable of the black Pushkin breed has six lobes, since the average lobe has no independent significance in the anatomy of the liver; the most developed lobes of the liver are the right medial lobe and the left lateral, and the least developed square and caudate lobes.
Ultrasound diagnostics in studing the pathogenesis of bilateral nephrolithiasis
Authors: Samoilova D. S. , Shafiyev A. P.
Published: July 2022

This paper presents several clinical cases of pathology of the urinary system - nephrolithiasis, special attention is paid to ultrasound diagnostics in the study of the pathogenesis of this disease. It has been established that with the help of ultrasound diagnostics it becomes possible to track the dynamics of pathological changes occurring in the organ, which makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of therapy.
Diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease in dogs
Authors: Mukiy Yu. V. , Bogomaz D. I. , Pavlova O. A.
Published: July 2022

A test system has been developed for the diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease in dogs, including primers, probes, and a stub oligonucleotide for another allele. A solution of a control plasmid with a wild-type gene fragment, with a fragment of the mutant allele of the gene, or a mixture of both, imitating a heterozygote, was used as a template. The system is based on the TaqMan method. This test system allows for early diagnosis of animals with mutant alleles in order to monitor the state of health during ontogenesis, as well as exclude these dogs from breeding before their puberty.
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI PIHAK KONTRAKTOR DALAM KONTRAK KERJA KONSTRUKSI AKIBAT KEADAAN KAHAR (STUDI KASUS: PT. BIMAPATRIA PRADANARAYA)
Authors: Gonjani Raherfian Landu
Published: July 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perlindungan hukum bagi pihak kontraktor dalam kontrak kerja akibat keadaan kahar di PT. Bimapatria Pradanaraya. Metode penelitian bersifat empiris dan deskriptif, dengan jenis sumber data menggunakan data primer dan sekunder. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara, observasi dan studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa perlindungan hukum akibat keadaan kahar tercantum dalam Syarat-Syarat Umum Kontrak dokumen kontrak. Hal tersebut sesuai dengan Pasal 47 UU Nomor 2 Tahun 2017 tentang Jasa Konstruksi serta Pasal 1244 dan 1245 KUHPerdata. Apabila dalam kontrak kerja tidak terdapat klausul tersebut maka dalam penyelesaian masalah menggunakan aturan mengenai overmatch dalam perjanjian tukar menukar barang. Hambatan yang sering muncul antara lain : pengadaan dokumen kontrak yang lama; ketidaktahuan terhadap klausul keadaan kahar dalam kontrak kerja; informasi dari pengguna jasa kurang dapat diterima dengan baik oleh penyedia jasa; hubungan baik kedua pihak sehingga permasalahan diambil jalan tengahnya; serta tidak ada asuransi pekerjaan.
Introduksi Teknologi Kemasan Vakum serta Pendampingan Analisis Gizi di UMKM Barokah Palembang
Authors: Rinto Rinto , Baehaki Ace , Yunindyawati Yunindyawati , Lestari Shanti , Ridhowati Sherly , Widiastuti Indah , Pitayati Puspa Ayu
Published: July 2022

Permasalahan utama yang dihadapi Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) Barokah Palembang adalah pengemasan produk olahan yang masih konvensional dan tidak ada informasi nilai gizi produk. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah melakukan introduksi teknologi pengemasan vakum sekaligus memberikan informasi komposisi gizi produk pada kemasan. Tahapan kegiatan yang dilakukan yaitu meliputi pertama sosialisasi dan pelatihan pengemasan vakum, kedua pendampingan analisis gizi produk olahan, dan ketiga monitoring aplikasi teknologi dan penyusunan laporan kegiatan. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah kegiatan penyuluhan diikuti oleh 34 orang yang merupakan anggota UMKM Barokah serta melibatkan juga UMKM lainnya di Palembang. Analisis komposisi gizi produk ikan asap menunjukan bahwa ikan asap mengandung air sebanyak 7,84%, protein 17,24%, lemak 45,59%, dan abu 10,90%. Pada akhir kegiatan penyuluhan dilakukan penyerahan satu unit alat vakum kepada pengelola UMKM Barokah.
Awareness of risks and complications of obesity in school going children
Authors: Taib Daud Jabbar , Younas Ayesha , Afaq Zain , Bahadur Sher , Afridi Imtiaz , Ahmad Rauf , Saud Usama
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Childhood obesity is increasing in Pakistan, and it mostly occurs when there is more energy-rich food intake and not enough physical activity. Not realizing the dangers, parents often encourage the children to eat as much as possible and whatever is preferred by the child.

Objective: To assess the level of awareness of school-going children of Peshawar about the risks and complications of childhood obesity.

Materials & Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in two private schools of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, from April - July 2017, where data were collected through consecutive sampling of all available children of classes 7 to 10. Questionnaires contained open and closed-ended questions. Data were entered in SPSS 22 and Microsoft Excel, and analyzed for descriptive statistics.

Results: Majority of children (83%) were aware of the meaning of obesity and 72% knew that obesity is an illness, and it can cause problems in their bodies. Most children (65%) thought obesity caused high cholesterol levels in the body, and 56% children thought that obesity could be controlled by exercise.

Conclusion: Majority of the school children were aware of obesity and its risks and complications.
Diagnostic accuracy of MRI in mesorectal fascial involvement
Authors: Saeed Sidra , Muhammad Ambareen , Akhtar Naheed , Adil Zeenat , Majid Abdul
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Evaluation of mesorectal fascial involvement in rectal cancer is of prime importance in decision making regarding treatment options.

Objective: To determine diagnostic accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in detection of mesorectal fascia involvement in rectal carcinoma patients using histopathology as gold standard.

Materials & Methods: A comparative study was performed in the Radiology department of Kuwait Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, from January 1, 2021, till December 31, 2021, on 155 patients of rectal carcinoma who had their MRI done for rectal cancer on 0.3T MR Machine. Surgical findings like mesorectal fascial involvement by the tumor, presence/absence of pelvic lymph nodes within 5mm of mesorectal fascia, and staging of the tumor were included as variables. Specimens were sent in formalin to a histopathologist, and findings were considered for comparison. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.

Results: Out of 155 patients, 82 patients showed mesorectal fascial involvement whereas 73 patients were Circumferential Resection Margin (CRM) negative. Out of these 7 patients were falsely labeled as CRM positive on MRI, whereas 9 patients were falsely labeled as CRM negative on MRI. Positive predictive value was 91%, with negative predictive value of 88%. Diagnostic accuracy was 89.6%. Sensitivity was 89% whereas specificity was 90.4%.

Conclusion: MRI has high sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy for detection of mesorectal fascial involvement in case of rectal carcinoma taking 5mm as cut off value.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LUNG-RADS 4A AND 4B CATEGORY NODULES DETECTED DURING
LUNG CANCER SCREENING USING LOW-DOSE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Panina A. , Zholdybay Zh. , Turkinbaev E. , Seisenbaev T. , Tusupova A. , Mukhamedzhan A.
Published: July 2022

Relevance: With the introduction of low-dose lung cancer screening, it became necessary to study the radiological characteristics of detected
nodules in order to determine the optimal tactics for managing patients, reduce mortality by detecting early stages, and also to reduce the number
of false-positive results.
The study aimed to investigate the radiological semiotics of lung lesions detected by low-dose lung cancer screening and classified as categories 4A and 4B according to the Lung-RADS 1.1 and establish the relationship between their characteristics and possible malignancy.
Methods: We studied the results of 167 LDCT images of the chest. All LDCT examinations were performed on CT scanners with a low dose
protocol that did not exceed 1 mSv.
Results: Of the 167 identified lesions in the lungs, 89 (53.3%) were pathologically verified: 6 (7.1%) cases from the Lung-RADS 4A category
and 83 (100%) from the Lung-RADS 4B category. According to pathomorphological examination, 74 (83.1%) out of 89 participants had malignant
tumors. In the studied categories, the association between the development of lung cancer and gender Odds Ratio was statistically significant –
2.320 (95% CI 1.230-4.376). Most lung cancer cases had solid nodules (83.8%) with tuberous contours (43.2%), a density of 20-35 HU, and the
reaction of the adjacent pleura (58.1%).
Conclusion: The study of pathognomonic radiological characteristics of lung lesions will improve the early diagnosis of lung cancer and
reduce the number of false-positive results.
AN ANALYSIS OF AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO CAROTID BODY TUMOR SURGICAL
TREATMENT AT THE NATIONAL RESEARCH ONCOLOGY CENTER
(NUR-SULTAN, KAZAKHSTAN)
Authors: Tulemissov A.
Published: July 2022

Relevance: Carotid body tumors (CBT) account for 0.01% of all head and neck tumors. 5-15% of CBTs are malignant. The expansive growth
of this tumor and its tight attachment to the carotid arteries pose a risk of damage to the main blood vessels and cranial nerves during surgery
that can lead to life-threatening bleeding. Today, preoperative embolization of CBT feeding vessels (PECBT) is used to minimize blood loss during
CBT radical excision.
The study aimed to evaluate the results of preoperative preparation of patients with CBT by PECBT; justification of a CBT incidence multicenter study to determine CBT's current status in Kazakhstan.
Methods: An anamnesis was collected from all patients, and instrumental diagnostic studies (ultrasound, CTA) were performed. We used the
Shamblin (1971) classification of CBT modified by Luna-Ortiz et al. (2006). PECBT was performed to prepare patients for open surgery. CBT
excision tactics were selected depending on the classification of the CBT according to Shamblin.
Results: Out of 9 patients with CBT, seven patients complained mainly of a neck tumor; the others mentioned pain and dysphagia. Four patients had a left-side CBT, and the others had a right-side. One tumor was Shamblin type I, five were Shamblin type II, and three were Shamblin type
III. Eight patients underwent PECBT, and one was operated on without PECBT. In 8 cases, CBT was surgically incised; one patient did not show
up for the second stage of treatment. Arterial reconstruction was required in two cases. An average size tumor was 27.4 cm3. The CBT excision was
controlled without significant bleeding thanks to the presence of an embolic agent. Blood loss averaged 750 ml; reinfusion – 243.3 ml.
Conclusion: The CBT incidence in Kazakhstan has not been studied yet, so a multicenter study is required. Early ultrasound and CT diagnostics support providing patients with up-to-date, efficient surgical treatment. PECBT provides favorable conditions for the tumor resection without
hemodynamically significant blood loss
THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE INCIDENCE OF RECTAL CANCER IN KAZAKHSTAN: RESULTS OF COMPONENT ANALYSIS
Authors: TELMANOVA Zh. , AXARIN A. , ORALBEK A. , OROZBAEV S. , KULAYEV K. , SHAPAMBAYEV N. , KUANDYKOV Y. , BILALOVA Z. , IGISSINOVA G. , RUSTEMOVA K. , KUDAIBERGENOVA I. , IGISSINOV N.
Published: July 2022

Relevance: Every year, 732,210 new cases of RC are registered globally, with an incidence of 7.6 per 100,000. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the screening, case detection, and referral of patients with an asymptomatic cancer diagnosis.
The aim was to assess the trends in rectal cancer incidence in the entire population of Kazakhstan before and during the COVID
pandemics.
Methods: The data obtained from the Ministry of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan concerning RC (Form no. 7) was retrospectively studied by descriptive and analytical epidemiology methods. The component method was used to analyze RC incidence dynamics
based on the number of cases from 2010 to 2020.
Results: From 2010 to 2020, the risk of getting RC went down. An increase in incidence in 2010-2020 (+24.8%) was lower than in
the preCOVID period of 2010-2019 (+37.2%). We found a sharp decrease in RC incidence from 2019 to 2020. The overall decrease was
0.89‰⁰⁰ due to changes in the age structure of the population (∑ΔA=+0.13‰⁰⁰), the risk of getting RC (∑ΔR=−1.02‰⁰⁰), and the combined
impact of age structure and the risk of getting RC (∑ΔAR=−0.002‰⁰⁰). According to the component analysis, 1,662 patients with RC were
expected in 2020; instead, only 1,471 cases were registered. Such a decline in cases was mainly due to a reduced risk of getting RC.
Conclusions: The analysis of RC incidence trends in Kazakhstan shows a negative impact of COVID-19 on cancer care indicators and
effectiveness. All oncological examinations were strengthened with the resumption of work after COVID restrictions. However, the number
of screening visits remains lower than in previous years. Untimely diagnosis can increase the number of cases of late-stage CRC and an
overall loss of years of life due to the lack of proper treatment. However, these forecasts can be mitigated by proper follow-up.
DETERMINATION OF THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF CURCUMIN AND CARNOSIC ACID
ON THE PROLIFERATION OF PROSTATE CANCER CELLS
Authors: Ossikbayeva S.
Published: July 2022

Relevance: Cancer is one of the main causes of death globally. The results of the conducted studies on the energy metabolism of cancer cells
can contribute to identifying molecular targets in the treatment of cancer. It is known that polyphenols widely distributed in plants have an anti-cancer effect based on their well-known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and antiangiogenic potential.
Primary prostate cancer treatment methods include surgical resection and chemo- or radiation therapy. In the last decade, polyphenols have
attracted attention for use in complex chemotherapy of prostate cancer. The search for natural compounds increasing the body’s resistance to tumor
development and reducing the possibility of tumor recurrence after radiation or chemotherapy and the study of their mechanisms of action are
relevant directions of further in vivo research. There is a growing interest in studying effective treatment approaches combining drugs with various
mechanisms of action.
The study aimed to identify the synergistic effect of curcumin and carnosic acid on the proliferation of prostate cancer cells.
Methods: The proliferative activity of cells in culture on tablets, under the influence of polyphenols in various concentrations were evaluated
by Alamar blue using a BioTek Synergy plate reader (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA).
Conclusion: A detailed evaluation of the data on inhibition of PC3, Du145 cell growth revealed a clear synergistic interaction between curcumin and carnosic acid, which was especially strong at a concentration of curcumin 7 ul in combination with carnosic acid 5 ul
Полицейские и репрессивные функции преторианских когорт
Authors: Юров Владислав Викторович
Published: July 2022

Преторианская гвардия как институт охраны императора и членов его семьи, как опора императорского режима была сформирована первым правителем Римской империи – Октавианом Августом. Обеспечение безопасности принцепсов и их родственников было главной задачей преторианцев. Однако круг обязанностей преторианских когорт, безусловно, не ограничивался императорским эскортом: преторианцы подавляли восстания и беспорядки, а также принимали участие в поддержании общественного порядка на мероприятиях и надзирали за осужденными; пытали, принуждали к самоубийству, казнили неугодных для правителей людей. Иными словами, гвардейцы осуществляли различные полицейские и репрессивные функции, рассмотрение которых и является главной целью работы. Хронологические рамки: правление династии Юлиев – Клавдиев. При написании статьи мы опирались на труды Тацита, Светония, Диона Кассия, а также на произведения некоторых других античных историков, повествовавших о событиях 27 г. до н. э. – 68 г. н. э. Также мы рассмотрели многие современные публикации по данной теме. Таким образом, в работе продемонстрировано исполнение преторианцами их полицейских, а также репрессивных функций.2
Východiská pre aplikáciu vojnovej hry na úseku plánovania obrany štátu
Authors:   Ministerstvo obrany SR, Odbor krízového riadenia, Machynová Mária
Published: July 2022

War game is a decision-making technique, the results of which can affect the strategic level of state defense management. The Directive of the Government of the Slovak Republic on Planning of the State Defense specifies that the war game may be applied in the planning of the use of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic for the purposes of state defense. However, this Directive, or any other document, does not specify how it is to be applied. This paper therefore deals with the definition, history and purpose of war games. In addition, it contains the typology of war games, its elements, participants, processes and phases (steps) of the war game. The aim is to provide basic information that can be used in the processing of own procedures (within the Slovak Republic) for the application of this decisionmaking method in the field of planning of national defense.
Nasadenie mechanizovaných jednotiek v Predsunutej prítomnosti v Lotyšsku
Authors:   Katedra bezpečnosti a obrany Akadémia ozbrojených síl generála Milana Rastislava Štefánika, Bartoš Michal
Published: July 2022

The article deals with the elaboration of theoretical material, which describesThe article deals with the elaboration of theoretical material, which describesthe course of the deployment of the task force SLOVCON in Latvia with a focuson the first rotation. It deals with the strengths and weaknesses of this unit.The main part deals with deploying the task force SLOVCON in the eFP Latvia.The main goal is to point out the identified shortcomings representinglimiting factors that affect the capabilities of the Slovak contingent inperforming operational tasks.