bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from mollusks in Brazil and the United States
Authors: Miotto Marília , Ossai Sylvia A. , Meredith Joan E. , Barretta Clarissa , Kist Airton , Prudencio Elane S. , R. W. Vieira Cleide , Parveen Salina
Published: October 2018

The aim of this study was to determine the serogroups, antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Escherichia coli isolates from samples of bivalve mollusks collected along Santa Catarina coast, Brazil, and from the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA. One hundred forty‐one E. coli isolates were characterized for serogroups with 181 specific O antisera and antimicrobial susceptibility using the disk diffusion method. The genetic diversity was assessed using pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The results showed that among the isolates, 19.9% were classified as multi‐drug resistant (MDR) and resistance was most frequently observed to cephalothin, nitrofurantoin, and ampicillin. The predominant serogroups were O6, O8, and O38. Some serogroups were recognized as pathogenic E. coli. PFGE dendrograms indicated extensive genetic diversity among the isolates. Although characteristics of the E. coli isolates were highly variable, it is important to note that E. coli belonging to pathogenic serogroups and MDR isolates are present in mollusks of both study areas. This is the first report on the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of E. coli from mollusks from Santa Catarina and the Chesapeake Bay that should encourage studies focusing on comparison of isolates across countries.
A new strategy for seamless gene editing and marker recycling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using lethal effect of Cwp1
Authors: Hu Yuxiao , Jia Yanrong , Zhao Xiangdong , Yang Zihao , Hao Zhimin , Dong Jingao , Zeng Fanli
Published: October 2018

Technologies development for seamless gene editing and marker recycling has allowed frequent genomic engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for desired laboratory strains and cell factory. Alternative new approaches are still required for complicated scenarios. In this study, we report that inducible overexpression of cell wall protein 1 (Cwp1) by galactose addition confers yeast cells a robust growth inhibition. Direct repeats flanking the Gal‐CWP1:selectable marker cassette allow for its homology recombination excision and counter selection upon galactose addition, therefore enable seamless gene editing and marker recycling. We used this strategy and efficiently generated scarless Ade8 deletion mutants. Our results highlight the utility of lethal effect of Cwp1 overexpression a new counter selection strategy and a simple and efficient method for seamless gene editing and marker recycling in S. cerevisiae and potentially other fungi.
Oculo‐visual abnormalities in Parkinson's disease: Possible value as biomarkers
Authors: Guo Li , Normando Eduardo M. , Shah Parth Arvind , De Groef Lies , Cordeiro M. Francesca
Published: October 2018

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders and the second leading cause of dementia worldwide. With an aging population, the prevalence of the disease has dramatically increased. Clinical management has advanced through recent developments in dopaminergic imaging and genetic risk profiling. However, early and accurate diagnosis of the disorder remains a challenge, largely because of the lack of noninvasive and inexpensive reliable diagnostic tests. Besides the well‐studied cerebral neurodegeneration that underlies the cardinal symptoms of PD (ie, bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability), ocular changes have also been described in PD, including visual dysfunction, pupil abnormality, lens opacity, and retinal neuronal loss and dysfunction. These ocular pathological processes are related to α‐synuclein deposition, and dopamine deficiency in the retina—mirroring the defining pathological features of PD in the brain. Together, these observations support the notion that the eye can serve as a window to the brain, providing clinicians with noninvasive methods to visualize disease. This review focuses on recent advances in the characterization of ocular changes in PD and their promising use as biomarkers in the eye, which can be potentially used for aiding in early diagnosis, tracking disease progression, and valuating novel therapeutic strategies. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A dual‐mode waveguide filter based on stereometamaterial CSRR resonator
Authors: Bod Mohammad , Hatefi Ardakani Hossein
Published: October 2018

This paper represents a new dual‐mode waveguide filter based on a stereometamaterial resonator. A novel resonator is proposed in the paper consisting of two stacked complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) where one of them is twisted in its plane. This resonator provides a transmission zero, which can be easily adjusted in both of the upper and lower stopbands of the filter. By cascading the four of the proposed resonator, an eight order symmetric filter with four transmission zeros are designed. The filter parameters are optimized using the genetic algorithm (GA). This filter is fabricated and the experimental results are in a good agreement with the simulation data. Besides the flexibility in the design, the most important characteristic of the proposed structure is its compactness compared to similar structures.
Whole‐heart spiral simultaneous multi‐slice first‐pass myocardial perfusion imaging
Authors: Yang Yang , Meyer Craig H. , Epstein Frederick H. , Kramer Christopher M. , Salerno Michael
Published: October 2018

Purpose

To develop and evaluate a simultaneous multislice (SMS) spiral perfusion pulse sequence with whole‐heart coverage.

Methods

An orthogonal set of phase cycling angles following a Hadamard pattern was incorporated into a golden‐angle (GA) variable density spiral perfusion sequence to perform SMS imaging at different multiband (MB) factors. Images were reconstructed using an SMS extension of L1‐SPIRiT that we have termed SMS‐L1‐SPIRiT. The proposed sequence was evaluated in 40 subjects (10 each for MB factors of 1, 2, 3, and 4). Images were blindly graded by 2 cardiologists on a 5‐point scale (5, excellent). To quantitatively evaluate the reconstruction performance against images acquired without SMS, the MB =1 data were used to retrospectively simulate data acquired at MB factors of 2 to 4.

Results

Analysis of the SMS point‐spread function for the desired slice showed that the proposed sampling strategy significantly canceled the main‐lobe energy of the other slices and has low side‐lobe energy resulting in an incoherent temporal aliasing pattern when rotated by the GA. Retrospective experiments demonstrated the SMS‐L1‐SPIRiT method removed aliasing from the interfering slices and showed excellent agreement with the ground‐truth MB =1 images. Clinical evaluation demonstrated high‐quality perfusion images with average image‐quality scores of 4.3 ± 0.5 (MB =2), 4.2 ± 0.5 (MB =3), and 4.4 ± 0.4 (MB =4) with no significant quality difference in image quality between MB factors (P = 0.38).

Conclusion

SMS spiral perfusion at MB factors 2, 3, and 4 produces high‐quality perfusion images with whole‐heart coverage in a clinical setting with high sampling efficiency.
Pelvic floor muscle training is better than hypopressive exercises in pelvic organ prolapse treatment: An assessor‐blinded randomized controlled trial
Authors: Resende Ana Paula M. , Bernardes Bruno T , Stüpp Liliana , Oliveira Emerson , Castro Rodrigo A. , Girão Manoel J.B.C. , Sartori Marair G.F.
Published: October 2018

Aims

To verify if hypopressive exercises (HEs) can improve pelvic organ prolapse (POP) symptoms equally or better than pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT).

Methods

Randomized controlled trial. Symptomatic women with untreated stage II POP according to the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System (POP‐Q) having the ability to contract their pelvic floor muscles were invited. The outcome measures were POP symptoms as measured by specific questions and Prolapse Quality of Life (P‐QoL); POP severity as measured by POP‐Q; and PFM function. Intervention consisted by 12 weeks of PFMT or an HE home exercise program with bimonthly sessions with a physiotherapist. The protocol consisted of three initial sessions to learn how to perform the exercises correctly, followed by 3 months of exercise with monthly progression. Volunteers filled out exercise diaries to record their compliance.

Results

PFMT presented better results in terms of the following symptoms: a bulge/lump from or in the vagina, heaviness or dragging on the lower abdomen, and stress incontinence. PFMT also presented better results regarding the Prolapse impact and role, social and personal limitations of P‐QoL. Regarding the total number of symptoms at the end, the PFMT group presented a mean of 1.7 (±1.2), and the HE group presented a mean of 2.8 (±1,1); the effect size was 1.01 in favor of the PFMT group (95%CI = 1.002‐1.021).

Conclusion

Both groups exhibited improvements in POP symptoms, quality of life, prolapse severity, and PFM function. PFMT was superior to HE for all outcomes.
Neurophysiologic study in idiopathic overactive bladder
Authors: Ali Rowaida H. , Gadallah Naglaa A. , El Zohiery Abeer K. , Elwy Mohamed , Serag Ihab
Published: October 2018

Aim

Idiopathic overactive bladder (OAB) is a prevalent, mystifying disorder with a questionable neurogenic background. We aimed to investigate the possible subtle neuropathic affection underlying its pathogenesis.

Methods

A cross‐sectional cut off study was carried out on a series of 38 females with idiopathic OAB and 22 healthy matched female volunteers. The following was performed: symptom score questionnaire, determination of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML), sacral reflexes’ latencies, pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials, and needle electromyography of the external anal and urethral sphincters.

Results

A highly significant prolongation of PNTMLs and sacral reflexes latencies among the patients group was detected (P ≥ 0.001). Pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials showed non‐ significance among the two studied groups (P ≥ 0.05). External anal sphincter neuropathic affection was detected in 27 patients (71%) and external urethral sphincter neuropathic affection was detected in 30 patients (78.9%). The clitoral anal reflex showed the highest sensitivity and specificity among the neurophysiologic tests used in assessing the neuropathic affection (86.7 and 83%, respectively), followed by PNTML (83.3 and 80%, respectively).

Conclusion

Pudendal neuropathy is the dominating possible attributing factor in the pathogenesis underlying idiopathic OAB. An integrated clinical, urodynamic, and electro‐physiological assessment is recommended for evaluation of any overactive bladder patients.
Uroflow measurement combined with electromyography testing of the pelvic floor in healthy children
Authors: Samijn Bieke , Van Laecke Erik , Vande Walle Johan , Pascal Aurelie , Deschepper Ellen , Renson Catherine , Van den Broeck Christine
Published: October 2018

Aims

To investigate if the standard protocol for uroflowmetry, recommended by the International Children's Continence Society, remains accurate when integrating EMG measurement by means of superficial electrodes.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted including healthy children. Group A performed two direct repetitions of uroflowmetry in combination with electromyography (uroflow/EMG). Group B performed a preceding measurement of isolated uroflowmetry, followed by two randomized measurements of uroflowmetry with and without EMG. Interpretation of uroflow curve was assessor blinded by a pediatric urologist and secondly performed using the flow index methodology. Statistical analysis compared different voids within each group and between group A and B.

Results

Eighty‐three children were included and 206 uroflow measurements were obtained. In both groups statistical findings confirmed the hypothesis that it is preferable to perform an additional measurement before the use of uroflow/EMG. Although both groups showed improvement between voids, the group with initial uroflow measurement followed by uroflow/EMG measurement showed more improvement in concern of curve pattern. An initially better first void in group A, but no statistical difference between the second void in group A and uroflow/EMG testing in group B further demonstrates a higher improvement in group B. This suggests the use of a precedent uroflowmetry without EMG is preferable to immediate testing with EMG.

Conclusions

It should be mandatory to perform one measurement in advance to ensure the reliability of the results. It is suggested to initiate the procedure with a single uroflowmetry measurement followed by one measurement of uroflow with EMG testing.
Similarity of functional connectivity patterns in patients with multiple sclerosis who void spontaneously versus patients with voiding dysfunction
Authors: Khavari Rose , Elias Saba N. , Boone Timothy , Karmonik Christof
Published: October 2018

Aim

To investigate if Multiple Sclerosis (MS) lesion characteristics affect functional brain connectivity (FC) during bladder voiding.

Methods

Twenty‐seven ambulatory female patients with MS completed our functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)/urodynamic testing (UDS) platform. Individual fMRI activation maps were generated at initiation of voiding. FC patterns of these regions were calculated and compared. Similarity of the FC pattern from one patient relative to all others was expressed by a parameter FC_sim. A statistical analysis was performed to reveal the relationship of the existence of an enhancing brain lesion, the size of the largest lesion and the ability to void spontaneously to this FC similarity measure.

Results

FC_sim values were significantly lower for patients with an enhancing MS lesion (11.7 ± 3.1 vs 5.3 ± 2.1 P < 0.001). Lesion size smaller than 20 mm inversely correlated significantly with FC_sim (R = −0.43, P = 0.05). Patients with the ability to void spontaneously had a higher FC_sim value (12.0 ± 2.8 vs 9.3 ± 4.4 s, P = 0.08). Patients that exhibited a decrease of compliance also showed a significantly lower FC_sim value (11.3 ± 3.5 vs 4.7 ± 0.7, P < 1e‐5).

Conclusion

FC connectivity analysis derived from an fMRI task‐based study including repetitive voiding cycles is able to quantify the heterogeneity of connectivity patterns in the brain of MS patients. FC similarity decreased with maximum lesion size or the presence of enhancing lesions affecting the ability to void spontaneously.
Four‐year follow‐up on 68 patients with a new post‐operatively adjustable long‐term implant for post‐prostatectomy stress incontinence: ProACT™
Authors: Nash Steven , Aboseif Sherif , Gilling Peter , Gretzer Mathew , Samowitz Harvey , Rose Marc , Slutsky Joel , Siegel Steven , Tu Le Mai
Published: October 2018

Aims

This paper presents 4‐year follow‐up results for patients enrolled in a pivotal study conducted to support an FDA premarket approval application (PMAA). The study evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ProACT Adjustable Continence Therapy for the treatment of post‐prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Methods

The clinical study involved 11 clinical sites and enrolled 160 subjects, all male. A total of 124 subjects met study criteria and 123 were implanted with ProACT. Baseline and outcomes for 68 patients who completed 4‐year follow‐up visits are reported. Endpoints included 24‐h pad weight, Incontinence Quality of Life Questionnaire (I‐QOL), UCLA Prostate Cancer Index‐Urinary Function (PCI‐UF), residual volume, and incidence and severity of device or procedure‐related adverse events.

Results

Statistically significant improvements during follow‐up were observed in 24‐h pad weight, for which the mean pre‐implant urine loss was 293 g, which was reduced at 4 years to 73 g (P < 0.001). Reductions in pad weight were observed across all levels of pre‐implant SUI severity. Significant improvements were also seen in quality of life as measured by the I‐QOL (P < 0.001) as well as measures of urinary function and pad use. One procedure‐related SAE (retention) was reported among the 68 subjects; the SAE was resolved without clinical meaningful sequalae.

Conclusions

These results confirm the long‐term safety and efficacy of this newly FDA‐approved therapy, showing significant improvements in both objective and subjective measures of SUI in mild, moderate, and severely incontinent male patients. The implant procedure is minimally invasive, and complications are generally mild and easily resolvable.
Efficacy of transcutaneous stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve compared to percutaneous stimulation in idiopathic overactive bladder syndrome: Randomized control trial
Authors: Ramírez‐García Inés , Blanco‐Ratto Laia , Kauffmann Stèphanie , Carralero‐Martínez Andrea , Sánchez Emília
Published: October 2018

Aim

To evaluate the non‐inferiority of the transcutaneous electrical stimulation technique, as compared with the percutaneous therapy (PTNS), regarding the efficacy in symptoms and QoL improvement in patients with overactive bladder (iOAB).

Methods

Patients with overactive detrusor (DO) and persisting symptoms after first‐line or second‐line treatment were randomized to receive either transcutaneous therapy or PTNS 1 day a week (30 min at 20 Hz and 200 cycles/s) for 12 weeks. Data from a 3‐day voiding diary and a self‐reported QoL‐questionnaire were collected pre‐treatment and at week 12. Non‐inferiority was analyzed by estimating the mean change (95% confidence interval) of daytime micturition frequency. Statistical significance level was set at P < 0.05.

Results

Sixty‐eight patients were included (67.6% women), mean age 59.6 years (SD 16.1). According to ITT analysis, daytime frequency decreased in both groups without statistically significant differences between them at the end of the treatment (adjusted difference 0.8; 95%CI; −0.1; 1.7); nor were differences in symptoms improvement for the variables collected through the 3‐day voiding diary. Both techniques lessened urgency incontinence episodes by more than 50% and greatly improved the QoL. There were no relevant side effects and overall adherence to the treatment was 89.7%.

Conclusions

This is the first RCT that evaluates the efficacy of the transcutaneous technique compared to the PTNS, and demonstrates non‐inferiority in decreasing daytime frequency. Reduction in urgency incontinence episodes and improvement of QoL were also observed. These results and ease of application of transcutaneous neuromodulation may lead to a greater prescribing of this technique.
The ENTRAMI technique: Endoscopic transgluteal minimal invasive technique for implantation of a pudendal electrode under full visual control: A cadaver study
Authors: Jottard Katleen , Bonnet Pierre , Bruyninx Luc , Ploteau Stéphane , De Wachter Stefan
Published: October 2018

Aim

The aim of this article is to describe a minimal invasive trans gluteal endoscopic approach to implant a pudendal electrode for neuromodulation under full visual control.

Methods

Eight trans gluteal approaches were performed on four cadavers. The sacral transforaminal percutaneous technique was performed to implant the electrode. The electrode was then picked up and placed under visual control next to the pudendal nerve.

Results

The first trocar was placed in the upper lateral quadrant of the gluteal region. The 0° optical system was used to help with the pneumodissection to identify the sciatic nerve. At that point a second 3 mm trocar was placed to insert a dissecting grasping forceps. In some cases, a second 3 mm trocar was placed. A step by step dissection, based on anatomical findings, was necessary to be able to locate the pudendal nerve. The electrode, which was placed percutaneously and transforaminal through S3 or S4, was picked up and placed under full visual control next to the pudendal nerve, slightly entering the Alcock's canal. The electrode was placed in an ideal manner, meaning that all 4‐contact points of the electrode are in parallel and in contact with the targeted nerve. The electrode was fixed in that ideal position at the level of the sacrospinous ligament. After placement of that electrode, an X‐ray of the pelvic area was done.

Conclusions

The ENTRAMI technique allows optimal pudendal electrode placement under full visual control and should now be tested in a clinical setting.
Obstetric fistula: The role of physiotherapy: A report from the Physiotherapy Committee of the International Continence Society
Authors: Brook Gill ,   The ICS Physiotherapy Committee
Published: October 2018

Aims

To discuss the role of physiotherapy in the management of women who have suffered an obstetric fistula, referring to research findings when appropriate and available, and the experiences of clinical specialists in the field.

Methods

The experiences of physiotherapists who have worked in countries where obstetric fistula is prevalent, and the limited literature available, were considered in producing this consensus document on behalf of the ICS Physiotherapy Committee.

Results

The role of physiotherapy both pre‐ and post‐fistula repair was identified, and is multi‐faceted. Women may have general rehabilitation needs based on the obstructed labor itself and subsequent care. All affected women may benefit from pelvic floor muscle assessment, education and exercises to optimize the outcome of their surgery; further pelvic floor physiotherapy may be indicated for those who experience persistent genitourinary dysfunction following closure of the fistula.

Conclusions

Further robust research is required to confirm the effectiveness of physiotherapy in the management of women who have suffered an obstetric fistula and the optimum development of such services. Based on the available literature and the experience of physiotherapists in the field, there was consensus within the ICS Physiotherapy Committee that patient outcomes can be improved if physiotherapy is provided as part of the multidisciplinary team. Physiotherapy should not be overlooked when fistula services are being developed.
The Fat Mass‐ and Obesity‐Associated (FTO) Gene to Obesity: Lessons from Mouse Models
Authors: Chang Jeong Yoon , Park Joo Hyun , Park Sung Eun , Shon Jinyoung , Park Yoon Jung
Published: October 2018

Objective

Genetic variants at the fat mass‐ and obesity‐associated (FTO) locus are strongly associated with obesity‐related traits by regulating neighboring genes. Nevertheless, it is possible that FTO protein is directly involved in mechanisms regulating body composition and adiposity. Here, the in vivo biological functions of FTO in the risk for obesity were studied by reviewing murine models.

Methods

The effects of the locus‐specific manipulations of the murine Fto gene on metabolic‐related phenotypes in genetically modified mouse models were reviewed and summarized into the following three categories: growth and body composition, eating behaviors, and metabolic homeostasis.

Results

The mouse models showed different phenotypes depending on target tissues and methods for gene manipulation. Mice harboring deletions or point mutations at the Fto locus had high metabolic rates, while FTO‐overexpressing mice showed dyslipidemia. Both deletion and overexpression of the Fto gene led to abnormal eating behaviors. Intriguingly, several phenotypes were differently expressed depending on developmental timing of the genetic manipulations. For instance, a germ line deletion decreased total body fat mass, while the deletion in adult mice increased it.

Conclusions

The results highlight that FTO is critical not only for body composition but also normal development, and its function might differ depending on the stage of development.
Accelerating the Photocatalytic Degradation of Green Dye Pollutants by Using a New Coating Technique for Carbon Nanotubes with Nanolayered Structures and Nanocomposites
Authors: Saber Osama , Aljaafari Abdullah , Osama Mostafa , Alabdulgader Hasan
Published: October 2018

The present study has two aims, first to accelerate the degradation of pollutants by coating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with nanoplatelets or nanocomposites of aluminum zinc oxides and second to fabricate an advanced photocatalyst. Accordingly, Zn‐Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were grown in the presence of functionalized CNTs during urea hydrolysis. The presence of CNTs led to the formation of LDH nanoplatelets, and TEM images showed that the CNTs were coated with nanoplatelets. The nanoplatelets were thermally treated to form nanocomposite‐coated CNTs. Raman spectra demonstrated the successful coating of CNTs with LDHs and nanocomposite. The coated CNTs were very effective in the photocatalytic degradation of industrial pollutants. A kinetics study demonstrated that the rate of photocatalytic degradation of green dye in the presence of CNTs coated with aluminum zinc oxide nanocomposite was five times faster than with the aluminum zinc oxide nanocomposite.
Effects of 3‐Bromo‐4,5‐dihydroisoxazole Derivatives on Nrf2 Activation and Heme Oxygenase‐1 Expression
Authors: Pinto Andrea , El Ali Zeina , Moniot Sébastien , Tamborini Lucia , Steegborn Clemens , Foresti Roberta , De Micheli Carlo
Published: October 2018

Natural and synthetic electrophilic compounds have been shown to activate the antioxidant protective Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2)/heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) axis in cells and tissues. Here, we tested the ability of different isoxazoline‐based electrophiles to up‐regulate Nrf2/HO‐1. The potency of activation is dependent on the leaving group at the 3‐position of the isoxazoline nucleus, and an additional ring on the molecule limits the Nrf2/HO‐1 activating properties. Among the synthetized compounds, we identified 3‐bromo‐5‐phenyl‐4,5‐dihydroisoxazole 1 as the derivative with best activating properties in THP‐1 human monocytic cells. We have confirmed that the target of our compounds is the Cys151 of the BTB domain of Keap1 by using mass spectrometry analyses and X‐ray crystallography. Our findings demonstrate that these compounds affect the Nrf2/HO‐1 axis and highlight a positive activity that can be of relevance from a therapeutic perspective in inflammation and infection.
Effect of Hybridization of Carboxyl‐Terminated Acrylonitrile Butadiene Liquid Rubber and Alumina Nanoparticles on the Fracture Toughness of Epoxy Nanocomposites
Authors: Hosseini Motahareh , Esfandeh Masoud , Razavi‐Nouri Mohammad , Rezadoust Amir Masoud
Published: October 2018

The aim of this work was to study the effect of carboxyl‐terminated acrylonitrile butadiene (CTBN) liquid rubber and alumina nanoparticles (Al2O3) on the fracture toughness of an epoxy resin. Hybrid nanocomposite samples were prepared by the inclusion of the optimum concentration of CTBN (15 phr) and 0–10 phr Al2O3 into the epoxy matrix. Samples were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and fracture toughness test. Fractal dimension values were also estimated from the edge of the fracture surfaces for the hybrid samples. The maximum value of critical stress intensity factor,
K
IC, was found for the non‐hybrid sample containing 15 phr CTBN and the
G
IC values showed an increasing trend as it was expected from the increase in
K
IC values and decrease in Young's modulus. The maximum
K
IC for the hybrid samples was obtained for the one containing 7 phr Al2O3 and an almost similar trend was observed for
G
IC, accompanied with the significant changes in the fracture surface morphology. These were consistent with the fractal dimension results, where the sample containing 7 phr Al2O3 exhibited the maximum roughness. Therefore, the hybrid system of epoxy/CTBN (15 phr)/Al2O3 (7 phr) was found to be the optimum formulation. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2700–2711, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Optimizing Wear Behavior of Epoxy Composites Using Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Satish Kumar D. , Rajmohan M.
Published: October 2018

Growing industrial demand in present competitive scenario has raised the need for new materials with high strength to weight ratio to replace the conventional materials. This work discusses the multi‐objective optimization of wear performance of plain epoxy, epoxy/E‐glass fiber and epoxy/E‐glass fiber/carbon particles composites prepared by simple hand lay‐up process with clamp loading. Wear test carried in pin on disc setup, with design of experiments based on response surface methodology with speed, load and sliding distance as numerical factors at three levels and sample as categorical. Optimization carried, aiming towards reduction of performance measures like Weight loss (WL) and Coefficient of friction (μ) followed by development of an artificial neural model for predicting the wear performances. The experimental and the artificial neural network (ANN) predicted values are found very close and thus the ANN model developed can predict the WL and coefficient of friction both within and across the design space. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2812–2818, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Dynamic Mechanical Behavior, Solvent Resistance and Thermal Degradation of Nitrile Rubber Composites With Carbon Black‐Halloysite Nanotube Hybrid Fillers
Authors: Krishnamurthy Senthilvel , Balakrishnan Prabu
Published: October 2018

In this work, nitrile rubber (NBR) conventional composites containing 70 phr carbon black (CB) is taken for study. New NBR hybrid composites containing 60 phr of CB and varied halloysite nanotube (HNT) loading of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 phr were developed. Experimental investigations were carried out to study the synergistic effect of CB and HNT on the dynamical mechanical properties, solvent resistance, thermal stability and degradation kinetics of NBR hybrid composites. Morphological analysis using X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed the presence of intercalated structures and formation of local CB‐HNT filler network in the NBR matrix. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of hybrid composites were raised with the addition of HNT which indicates strong interfacial adhesion between NBR–CB–HNT. Dynamic mechanical analysis and solvent uptake studies revealed that replacement of 10 phr CB by 6 phr HNT in hybrid composites improved the storage modulus by 44% at 30°C and solvent resistance by 29%, respectively. Most importantly, the incorporation of HNT could effectively improve the thermal stability of the NBR hybrid composites according to thermogravimetric analysis and oxidation induction time studies. The activation energy of the thermal decomposition of the hybrid composites increased with the addition of HNT. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E1612–E1621, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
The Effect of CO2 Laser‐Induced Microhole Formations on Adhesive Bonding Strength of CFRP/CFRP Joints
Authors: Bora Mustafa Özgür , Akman Erhan , Çoban Onur , Genc Oztoprak Belgin , Demir Arif
Published: October 2018

There are many different techniques to improve the adhesion between carbon fiber‐reinforced plastics (CFRP) which are used in aircraft primary structures. One of the most common techniques is the specific surface structuring of the joining parts in order to obtain mechanical interlocking. In this study, laser‐induced surface structuring effect on adhesion strength of CFRP/CFRP joints was investigated by single lap shear tests. Microholes were created by CO2 laser with different configurations in x and y axis for the best mechanical interlocking effect on adhesive bonding. The effects of microhole numbers (309, 625, and 914) and microhole formations (triangle, inverted triangle, frame, and box) on the adhesive bonding strength of the CFRP/CFRP joints were determined by using single lap shear tests according to ASTM D5868‐01 standard with 60 kN DARTEC universal test machine. Single lap shear tests showed that microhole structuring has a significant effect on mechanical interlocking for adhesive bonding of CFRP/CFRP joints. Results showed that the shear strength of CFRP/CFRP joints improved at 309 microholes and frame type microhole formations. After mechanical tests, damage mechanisms were observed by using the optical microscope. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2891–2900, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of cryogenic aging on nanophased fiber metal laminates and glass/epoxy composites
Authors: Najafi Moslem , Ansari Reza , Darvizeh Abolfazl
Published: October 2018

In this study, the idea of using fiber metal laminate (FML) for cryogenic applications has been proposed. Considering the cryogenic durability of 5,000 series of aluminum alloys, a novel FML based on the aluminum alloy 5083‐H111 was successfully developed. The changes in the mechanical properties of the mentioned FMLs, as well as traditional plain weave E‐glass/epoxy (GE) composites after exposure to cryogenic aging in LN2 at a temperature of −196°C for 336 h was evaluated. In addition, an effort was made on improvement of the cryogenic durability of both laminate types by adding montmorillonite nanoclay particles into the polymeric matrix. The principal findings were the maximum flexural load, flexural stiffness, and impact strength of GE composites were negatively affected by cryogenic aging and decreased by 26.82, 5.13, and 14.06%, respectively, while these values for the aged FMLs were only 18.65, 4.54, and 9.56%, respectively. It was also found that the nanoclay could effectively improve the mechanical properties of both laminate types in pristine and aged conditions. This study can provide a preliminary guideline for the initial design of the cryogenic tanks based on FMLs. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2523–2533, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of targeted minimal sequence variations on the structure and biological activities of the human cathelicidin LL‐37
Authors: Pacor Sabrina , Guida Filomena , Xhindoli Daniela , Benincasa Monica , Gennaro Renato , Tossi Alessandro
Published: October 2018

LL‐37 is an innate immune peptide derived from the human cathelicidin, which exerts pleiotropic roles in host defense and healing. These activities in part depend on its capacity to adopt an amphipathic helical structure in physiological solutions and then oligomerizing. Orthologues from other primates, such as rhesus RL‐37, remain monomeric and disordered under the same conditions. Intramolecular salt‐bridges, arising from appropriately spaced anionic and cationic residues in its sequence, may play a relevant role in determining the particular structure adopted by LL‐37. To probe this, we have effected minimal, targeted residue variations such as replacement of a single residue (K15→G), or inversion of one or both sets of two residues (E10 K11→ K10 E11 or E16 K18→ K16 E18). This could alter the pattern of intramolecular salt bridging without affecting other functionally relevant parameters such as overall hydrophobicity, helix amphipathicity or charge. The structural and functional effects were analyzed using CD spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance, antimicrobial activity assays, and bacterial membrane permeabilization to fluorescent probes of increasing sizes, using flow cytometry. Analogs were functionally different from both LL‐37 and RL‐37, so it was not possible to switch from the function of one to that of the other simply by altering the salt‐bridging pattern in this manner. This indicates that the particular structure/function characteristics of LL‐37 likely depend quite subtly, and in a precise and complex manner, on a complex pattern of intramolecular interactions.
Development of back side technology for light trapping and photon recycling in GaAs solar cells
Authors: Micha Daniel Neves , Höhn Oliver , Oliva Eduard , Klinger Vera , Bett Andreas W. , Dimroth Frank
Published: October 2018

In this work, we propose and realize three different design strategies to implement an optical cavity in GaAs thin film solar cells in order to confine its internal luminescence and hence to exploit photon recycling. The strategies are based on the definition of a highly reflective and very conductive back side, whereas front side light extraction is limited by total internal reflection. We show characterization results on the internal reflectivity of the back reflector and on the contact resistance at the rear side, important quantities for a good functioning of the final solar cell. First, a back side using only metal was optimized with a pure Ag layer leading to an internal reflectivity of 95.2% and a contact resistance of 1.0 × 10−4 Ω for a 1 cm2 device. With a metal‐dielectric stack at the back side and electrical contacts made by metals via point‐contacts, a second approach led to averaged internal reflectivity of 98.0% and contact resistance of 1.8 × 10−4 Ω for a 1 cm2 device. A third strategy in which a transparent conductive oxide in combination with a metal layer was used did not show the expected results in optical and electrical properties. We fabricated and characterized solar cells with the most promising back sides. When comparing with an ordinary reference GaAs solar cell, external radiative efficiency increased by factors of 150% and 90% for the thin film solar cells with pure Ag and with the metal‐dielectric stack at the back side, allowing enhancements of 19 and 13 mV in VOC, respectively.
Direct arylation polymerization toward efficient synthesis of benzo[1,2‐c:4,5‐c'] dithiophene‐4,8‐dione based donor‐acceptor alternating copolymers for organic optoelectronic applications
Authors: Bohra Hassan , Chen Hui , Peng Yanfen , Efrem Amsalu , He Feng , Wang Mingfeng
Published: October 2018

Wide‐bandgap π‐conjugated donor‐acceptor (D‐A) alternating copolymers consisting of benzo[1,2‐c:4,5‐c']dithiophene‐4,8‐dione (BDTD) as the electron‐accepting building block have demonstrated outstanding performances in organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell devices. But the synthesis of these polymers has been largely limited to conventional polymerization techniques, particularly Stille‐coupling based polycondensations, which often involve tedious preactivation of C‐H bonds using highly flammable reagents such as butyl lithium and highly toxic reagents such as trialkyl tin chlorides. Herein, we report a “greener” synthetic route of direct arylation polymerization to a series of wide bandgap D‐A copolymers with a common acceptor building block of BDTD. The structure–property relationship in these polymers is characterized. We also present the device performances of these polymers in both thin‐film field‐effect transistors and organic BHJ solar cells involving the BDTD‐based polymers as the electron donors and fullerene derivatives as the electron acceptors. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2554–2564
Investigation of JWL Equation of State for Detonation Products at Low Pressure With Radio Interferometry
Authors: Poeuf Sandra , Genetier Marc , Lefrançois Alexandre , Osmont Antoine , Baudin Gerard , Chinnayya Ashwin
Published: October 2018

A thermochemical code, SIAME, dedicated to the study of high explosives, is currently being validated. From this code, both the parameters of the JWL equation of state of a given composition are calibrated from the calculated adiabatic curve and tabulated equations of state are constructed. SIAME code uses BKW equations with a specific calibration presented in this study. Calculated adiabatic curves are compared with the one obtained with the American code CHEETAH with the BKWC, BKWS and EXP6 calibrations for two different high explosive formulations: a melt‐cast one (RDX/TNT 60/40 % wt.) and a pressed one (HMX/Viton 96/4 % wt.). The validity of the constant entropy curves obtained with the JWL EOS and the tabulated EOS is investigated from the Chapman‐Jouguet state to several dozens of megapascals to cover all the high explosive effects. Experimental results obtained for the two high explosives with the cylinder test and the impedance matching test are presented in this study and offer a set of validation points.
Monooxygenation of aromatic compounds by flavin‐dependent monooxygenases
Authors: Chenprakhon Pirom , Wongnate Thanyaporn , Chaiyen Pimchai
Published: October 2018

Many flavoenzymes catalyze hydroxylation of aromatic compounds especially phenolic compounds have been isolated and characterized. These enzymes can be classified as either single‐component or two‐component flavin‐dependent hydroxylases (monooxygenases). The hydroxylation reactions catalyzed by the enzymes in this group are useful for modifying the biological properties of phenolic compounds. This review aims to provide an in‐depth discussion of the current mechanistic understanding of representative flavin‐dependent monooxygenases including 3‐hydroxy‐benzoate 4‐hydroxylase (PHBH, a single‐component hydroxylase), 3‐hydroxyphenylacetate 4‐hydroxylase (HPAH, a two‐component hydroxylase), and other monooxygenases which catalyze reactions in addition to hydroxylation, including 2‐methyl‐3‐hydroxypyridine‐5‐carboxylate oxygenase (MHPCO, a single‐component enzyme that catalyzes aromatic‐ring cleavage), and HadA monooxygenase (a two‐component enzyme that catalyzes additional group elimination reaction). These enzymes have different unique structural features which dictate their reactivity toward various substrates and influence their ability to stabilize flavin intermediates such as C4a‐hydroperoxyflavin. Understanding the key catalytic residues and the active site environments important for governing enzyme reactivity will undoubtedly facilitate future work in enzyme engineering or enzyme redesign for the development of biocatalytic methods for the synthesis of valuable compounds.
Impedance and Photosensitivity Spectra of Nanocomposite Structures Based on Layered Semiconductor InSe and Ionic Salt RbNO3
Authors: Bakhtinov Anatoliy P. , Vodopyanov Volodymyr M. , Ivanov Volodymyr I. , Tkachuk Ivan G. , Netyaga Viktor V. , Savitskii Petro I. , Kovalyuk Zakhar D.
Published: October 2018

Photoelectric properties of vertical ionotronic nanostructures based on layered semiconductor InSe and ionic salt RbNO3 are investigated. It is shown that the nanostructures consisting of 2D InSe layers, ultrathin layers of In2O3 oxide, and ionic salt ring‐shaped nanostructures, which are located in the (0001) planes of InSe crystal and periodically along its crystallographic C axis, have a high photosensitivity.
A wavelet‐based analysis of convective organization in ICON large‐eddy simulations
Authors: Brune Sebastian , Kapp Florian , Friederichs Petra
Published: October 2018

Wavelet spectra of rain rates are used to characterize convective organization in high‐resolution simulations (horizontal grid spacing 156 m) with the large‐eddy model ICON‐LEM over Germany. Scattered convection takes place on scales between 1.2 and 4.8 km, while organized structures like supercells or mesoscale convective systems act on scales above 4.8 km. Organization of convection within squall lines is visible in the spectra as spectral energy is increased in certain directions. We further investigate the dynamical properties that relate to convective organization, and highlight the role of parameters such as CAPE and wind shear.

Preferred spatial scale, average convective rain rate and anisotropy as inferred from the wavelet spectra are important characteristics to quantify convective organization. They are used to introduce a wavelet‐based organization index (WOI). Compared with other indices for convective organization, WOI does not require the definition of objects. Using the WOI we are able to distinguish organized from non‐organized convection.
Manipulation of Magnetization by Spin–Orbit Torque
Authors: Li Yucai , Edmonds Kevin William , Liu Xionghua , Zheng Houzhi , Wang Kaiyou
Published: October 2018

The control of magnetization by electric current is a rapidly developing area motivated by a strong synergy between breakthrough basic research discoveries and industrial applications in the fields of magnetic recording, magnetic field sensors, spintronics, and nonvolatile memories. In recent years, the discovery of spin–orbit torque has opened a spectrum of opportunities to manipulate the magnetization efficiently. This article presents a review of the historical background and recent literature focusing on spin–orbit torques (SOTs), highlighting the most exciting new scientific results and suggesting promising future research directions. It starts with an introduction and overview of the underlying physics of spin–orbit coupling effects in bulk and at interfaces, and then describes the use of SOTs to control ferromagnets and antiferromagnets. Finally, the prospects for the future development of spintronic devices based on SOTs are summarized.
Te Mana o te Wai: An indigenous perspective on rivers and river management
Authors: Te Aho Linda
Published: October 2018

Rivers, lakes, streams, and springs have been described as the bloodways of Papatūānuku, earth mother. On this view of the world, water is life. We are witnesses to the importance of water for all communities when the health and well‐being of our waterways are at risk. In New Zealand, governance and management systems have not been able to cope with legacy issues nor are they coping with the complex problems of diffuse pollution from intensive farming, climate change, pest species, and population growth. In seeking ways to improve freshwater management, there are increasing calls to include tikanga (indigenous laws and values) into decision‐making frameworks. Indigenous concepts such as kaitiakitanga (the responsibility to take care of natural resources) and Te Mana o te Wai (restoring and protecting the integrity of water) have gained traction. This article will explain these concepts through a distinctively indigenous lens and highlight some of the challenges of integrating tikanga into dominant western frameworks.
The relationship between physical work hazards and employee withdrawal: The moderating role of safety compliance
Authors: Horan Kristin A. , Singh R. Sonia , Moeller Mary T. , Matthews Russell A. , Barratt Clare L. , Jex Steve M. , O'Brien William H.
Published: October 2018

We examined the relationship between physical work hazards and employee withdrawal among a sample of health care employees wherein safety compliance was hypothesized to moderate the relationship between physical work hazards and withdrawal. Health care workers (N = 162) completed an online questionnaire assessing physical work hazards, withdrawal, and indicators of workplace safety. Safety compliance moderated the relationship between patient aggression and withdrawal. Interaction plots revealed that for all significant moderations, the relationship between physical work hazards and withdrawal was weaker for those who reported high levels of compliance. Results shed initial light on the benefits of fostering safety compliance in health care contexts, which can contain exposure to physical work hazards.