bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Hydraulic Gradient and Pattern of Conduit Systems on Tracing Tests: Bench‐Scale Modeling
Authors: Mohammadi Zargham , Gharaat Mohammad Javad , Field Malcolm
Published: March 2018

Tracer breakthrough curves provide valuable information about the traced media, especially in inherently heterogeneous karst aquifers. In order to study the effect of variations in hydraulic gradient and conduit systems on breakthrough curves, a bench scale karst model was constructed. The bench scale karst model contains both matrix and a conduit. Eight tracing tests were conducted under a wide range of hydraulic gradients from 1 to greater than 5 for branchwork and network‐conduit systems. Sampling points at varying distances from the injection point were utilized. Results demonstrate that mean tracer velocities, tracer mass recovery and linear rising slope of the breakthrough curves were directly controlled by hydraulic gradient. As hydraulic gradient increased, both one half the time for peak concentration and one fifth the time for peak concentration decreased. The results demonstrate the variations in one half the time for peak concentration and one fifth the time for peak concentration of the descending limb for different sampling points under differing hydraulic gradients are mainly controlled by the interactions of advection with dispersion. The results are discussed from three perspectives: different conduit systems, different hydraulic‐gradient conditions, and different sampling points. The research confirmed the undeniable role of hydrogeological setting (i.e., hydraulic gradient and conduit system) on the shape of the breakthrough curve. The extracted parameters (mobile‐fluid velocity, tracer‐mass recovery, linear rising limb, one half the time for peak concentration, and one fifth the time for peak concentration) allow for differentiating hydrogeological settings and enhance interpretations the tracing tests in karst aquifers.
A Practical Modeling Framework for Non‐Fickian Transport and Multi‐Species Sequential First‐Order Reaction
Authors: Burnell Daniel K. , Xu Jie , Hansen Scott K. , Sims Lawrence S. , Faust Charles R.
Published: March 2018

Many studies indicate that small‐scale heterogeneity and/or mobile–immobile mass exchange produce transient non‐Fickian plume behavior that is not well captured by the use of the standard, deterministic advection‐dispersion equation (ADE). An extended ADE modeling framework is presented here that is based on continuous time random walk theory. It can be used to characterize non‐Fickian transport coupled with simultaneous sequential first‐order reactions (e.g., biodegradation or radioactive decay) for multiple degrading contaminants such as chlorinated solvents, royal demolition explosive, pesticides, and radionuclides. To demonstrate this modeling framework, new transient analytical solutions are derived and are inverted in Laplace space. Closed‐form, steady‐state, multi‐species analytical solutions are also derived for non‐Fickian transport in highly heterogeneous aquifers with linear sorption–desorption and matrix diffusion for use in spreadsheets. The solutions are general enough to allow different degradation rates for the mobile and immobile zones. The transient solutions for multi‐species transport are applied to examine the effects of source remediation on the natural attenuation of downgradient plumes of both parent and degradation products in highly heterogeneous aquifers. Results for representative settings show that the use of the standard, deterministic ADE can over‐estimate cleanup rates and under‐predict the cleanup timeframe in comparison to the extended ADE analytical model. The modeling framework and calculations introduced here are also applied for a 30 year groundwater cleanup program at a site in Palm Bay, Florida. The simulated plume concentrations using the extended ADE exhibited agreement with observed long concentration tails of trichloroethene, cis 1,2 DCE, and VC that remained above cleanup goals.
First‐year results of an expanded humanitarian aid programme for haemophilia in resource‐constrained countries
Authors: Pierce G. F. , Haffar A. , Ampartzidis G. , Peyvandi F. , Diop S. , El‐Ekiaby M. , van den Berg H. M.
Published: March 2018

Introduction

The gaps in haemophilia treatment around the world are enormous; approximately 60% of an estimated 475 000 individuals are not identified. Of the 187 000 diagnosed, 30% (57 000) access clotting factor replacement therapy. Since 1996, humanitarian aid distributed by the World Federation of Hemophilia (WFH) has played a minor, yet vital role providing life‐saving clotting factor to countries in emergency situations. Donated amounts have been small and sporadic, often salvaging short‐dated products, providing little opportunity to leverage donations with governments. In 2015, a prospective donation programme of 100 million I.U. per year of extended half‐life factor VIII and IX over 10 years was established, necessitating the development of new logistics and training programmes by WFH.

Aim

To measure the impact of a greatly expanded haemophilia humanitarian aid program.

Materials and methods

In 2016, the first full year of the expanded programme, WFH, distributed products to 58 countries with factor VIII usage <1 I.U. per capita, a level incompatible with long‐term survival and far below the 4 I.U. FVIII per capita minimum established in Europe.

Results

The scope of the programme and utilization data for 2016 indicate primarily use for acute bleeding, orthopaedic and emergency surgeries. Compared to 2014, 2016 data showed substantial increases in patients served (5.9‐fold, from 2119 to 14 579), surgeries performed (37‐fold) and bleeds treated (6.9‐fold). Patients on prophylaxis rose from 0 to 852, including 458 children under 10 years old.

Discussion

The expanded humanitarian aid programme impacts an estimated 10% of individuals with haemophilia previously unable to access treatment.

Conclusion

This programme represents an unprecedented public‐private partnership to deliver medicines to individuals with no access. Further, the programme offers the prospective opportunity to engage governments to take more responsiblity for increasing training, medical management, and product supply in 58 resource constrained countries.
The Use and Method of Action of Intravenous Lidocaine and Its Metabolite in Headache Disorders
Authors: Berk Thomas , Silberstein Stephen D.
Published: March 2018

Background

Lidocaine, an amide anesthetic, has been used in the treatment of a wide variety of pain disorders for over 75 years. In addition to pain control, lidocaine is an anti‐arrhythmic agent and has anti‐inflammatory properties. Lidocaine's unique properties, including nonlinear pharmacokinetics, have limited its modern‐day use.

Objective

The purpose of this review is to offer a better understanding of the properties of this unique treatment, which we hope will allow more practitioners to offer this to their patients.

Methods

An analysis of the history, pharmacokinetics, and relevant uses of lidocaine in headache medicine based on a synthesis of the medical literature and clinical experience.

Results

Lidocaine is an amide anesthetic that inhibits voltage gated sodium channels, and lidocaine metabolism occurs exclusively in the liver. One lidocaine metabolite has its own unique properties and may be an active form of the drug.

Conclusion

Open label and retrospective studies have investigated the use of lidocaine in many headache disorders, primarily via injection or infusion. Further research into the active metabolite of lidocaine may allow for its use as a novel nonopiate treatment of chronic pain.
State Immigration Policies: The Role of State Compacts and Interest Groups on Immigration Legislation
Authors: Hofmann Erin Trouth , Jacobs Paul , Petrzelka Peggy
Published: March 2018

US states are active in enacting immigration policies, which vary widely and have substantial impact on the lives of immigrants. Our understanding of what produces these divergent state laws remains limited. Qualitative research demonstrates the importance of a 2010 immigration compact, supported by a powerful religious organization, in shaping immigration policies in Utah, and the Utah Compact was held up as a model for other states. But is the experience of Utah applicable across other states? We test the effects of compacts and interest groups on immigration policy adoption across all 50 states between 2005 and 2013. Our findings suggest that compacts are actually associated with more restrictive immigration policy. Although states with compacts are more likely to pass inclusive immigration laws, these are counterbalanced by higher numbers of exclusive laws. Both religious and non‐religious interests groups are associated with policy, but they do not explain the effects of compacts.
Gender, Rootedness, Normative Beliefs and Emigration Intentions of Slovak University Students
Authors: Orosová Oľga , Benka Jozef , Hricová Lucia , Kulanová Marta
Published: March 2018

The aim of this article is to explore normative beliefs (descriptive, injunctive, personal, subjective), rootedness (desire for change, home/family satisfaction) and their interactions in relation to emigration intentions among university students. Binary logistic regression was used to analyse the data obtained from 375 Slovak university students (75.5% females, mean age 22.9, SD=3.0). The analysis showed that personal normative beliefs and desire for change were significantly positively associated with emigration intentions. A subjective normative belief about friends, a descriptive normative belief about family, a descriptive normative belief about students, and home/family satisfaction contributed to the probability of having emigration intentions only among females. The interaction analysis showed that a lower level of a personal normative belief among females and males, a descriptive normative belief about family among females and a subjective normative belief about friends among females increased the probability of not having emigration intentions, especially among those with a lower level of desire for change. These findings could help to understand the possibilities for preventing ‘brain drain’, especially regarding its psychological aspects.
Implications for C3S kinetics from combined C3S/CA hydration
Authors: Nehring Jörg , Naber Christoph , Neubauer Jürgen , Goetz‐Neunhoeffer Friedlinde
Published: March 2018

This study was performed to understand the influence of a critical amount of CA on the kinetics of C3S hydration. For this purpose, monoclinic C3S was blended with 15 wt.% CA and investigated by heat flow calorimetry and in situ XRD at 23°C at a water to cement ratio of 0.5. The binary mixture shows 3 distinct heat flow maxima where the underlying C3S dissolution is proceeding stepwise. The C3S dissolution rates during the 3 steps are varying strongly, depending on the hydrate phase precipitated during the respective reaction step. Comparison of these dissolution rates with a pure C3S reference sample allows the conclusion that the dissolution rate of pure C3S after the heat flow maximum might be governed by either the remaining available reactive surface of C3S or a diffusion‐controlled process, which would both be influenced by the respective hydrate phase precipitating on the C3S surface.
Conducting phenomenological research: Rationalizing the methods and rigour of the phenomenology of practice
Authors: Errasti‐Ibarrondo Begoña , Jordán José Antonio , Díez‐Del‐Corral Mercedes P. , Arantzamendi María
Published: March 2018

Aims

To offer a complete outlook in a readable easy way of van Manen's hermeneutic‐phenomenological method to nurses interested in undertaking phenomenological research.

Background

Phenomenology, as research methodology, involves a certain degree of complexity. It is difficult to identify a single article or author which sets out the didactic guidelines that specifically guide research of this kind. In this context, the theoretical‐practical view of Max van Manen's Phenomenology of Practice may be seen as a rigorous guide and directive on which researchers may find support to undertake phenomenological research.

Design

Discussion paper.

Data sources

This discussion paper is based on our own experiences and supported by literature and theory. Our central sources of data have been the books and writings of Max van Manen and his website “Phenomenologyonline”.

Implications for nursing

The principal methods of the hermeneutic‐phenomenological method are addressed and explained providing an enriching overview of phenomenology of practice. A proposal is made for the way the suggestions made by van Manen might be organized for use with the methods involved in Phenomenology of Practice: Social sciences, philosophical and philological methods. Thereby, nurse researchers interested in conducting phenomenological research may find a global outlook and support to understand and conduct this type of inquiry which draws on the art.

Conclusion

The approach in this article may help nurse scholars and researchers reach an overall, encompassing perspective of the main methods and activities involved in doing phenomenological research. Nurses interested in doing phenomenology of practice are expected to commit with reflection and writing.
Partial incubation during egg laying reduces eggshell microbial loads in a temperate‐breeding passerine
Authors: Bollinger Patricia B. , Bollinger Eric K. , Daniel Steven L. , Gonser Rusty A. , Tuttle Elaina M.
Published: March 2018

Incubation prior to clutch completion may be adaptive if it maintains egg viability by inhibiting eggshell microbial growth, thus reducing the likelihood that the embryo becomes infected. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of partial incubation during egg laying on eggshell microbial loads in eastern bluebirds Sialia sialis breeding at a temperate‐zone site. We sampled eggshell microbes prior to and following four days of exposure to either partial incubation during the laying period or ambient environmental conditions without incubation (experimental eggs). Microbial colony counts declined significantly for eggs left in the nest during the laying period but did not vary significantly for eggs exposed to ambient conditions. Initial microbial loads were more similar to those previously reported from tropical than temperate environments, and microbes from potentially pathogenic groups were detected on 88% of first‐laid eggs on the day of laying. Egg viability was maintained when eggs were held indoors for four days without incubation but declined sharply thereafter. Our results suggest that partial incubation during egg laying may enhance egg viability in eastern bluebirds by reducing eggshell microbial loads; these effects appear stronger than those usually reported from the temperate zone.
Differences in activated clotting time and initial heparin dosage during atrial fibrillation ablation for patients with edoxaban compared with warfarin
Authors: Yamaji Hirosuke , Murakami Takashi , Hina Kazuyoshi , Higashiya Shunichi , Kawamura Hiroshi , Murakami Masaaki , Kamikawa Shigeshi , Hirohata Satoshi , Kusachi Shozo
Published: March 2018

Background

Different target activated clotting times (ACTs) during atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation have been proposed. Moreover, relationships between initial bolus dose of heparin at the start of AF ablation in patients receiving edoxaban anticoagulation therapy and ACT are unclear.

Methods

Patients who received anticoagulation with uninterrupted warfarin (control; n = 120) or interrupted edoxaban (n = 120) on the morning of day of ablation were studied. An initial dose of 100 U/kg heparin was administered as a reliable control for warfarin. Initial heparin doses of 120, 130, 140, or 150 U/kg were randomly administered to the edoxaban group.

Results

Edoxaban group showed shorter baseline ACT before the procedure (130 ± 16 seconds) than the warfarin group (152 ± 26 seconds, P < 0.0001). In the warfarin group, 100 U/kg heparin showed 361 ± 48 seconds 15‐minute ACT. In the edoxaban group, an increase in initial dose induced prolongation of 15‐minute ACT (i.e., 15‐minute ACTs of 293 ± 56, 306 ± 39, 311 ± 45, and 319 ± 45 seconds for 120, 130, 140, and 150 U/kg initial doses, respectively). The total heparin required during the procedure was higher in the edoxaban group than in the warfarin group (109 ± 37 vs. 77 ± 21 U/kg/h, P < 0.0001). The 120–150 U/kg dose of heparin in edoxaban group did not cause thromboembolic or major bleeding complications.

Conclusion

Edoxaban interrupted on the day of ablation showed a shorter baseline ACT than uninterrupted warfarin. Edoxaban required a higher initial heparin dose to achieve a similar 15‐minute ACT to warfarin. These results are useful for determining the initial heparin dose required to achieve variable target ACTs.
A novel ablation approach in atrial fibrillation patients undergoing fibrotic‐based substrate modification: Targeting the Bachmann's bundle?
Authors: Moser Fabian , Rieger Andreas , Pönisch Christian , Kottkamp Hans
Published: March 2018

Introduction

Box isolation of fibrotic areas (BIFA) is a promising ablation approach for atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. However, complete isolation of fibrotic anteroseptal left atrial area, where Bachmann's bundle is blending into the left atrial myocardium, is very specific and complex.

Methods and results

In 34 AF patients with anteroseptal fibrosis, circumferential BIFA was performed in addition to pulmonary vein isolation. In 8 of 34 patients, complete isolation of the fibrotic area was achieved with BIFA alone. In 26 of 34 patients, a decrease in voltage amplitude with or without conduction delay was observed after box ablation but no complete isolation. Activation mapping and characteristic unipolar potentials revealed earliest activation inside the box from one (73%), two (15%), or three (12%) remaining inputs, in the region of Bachmann's bundle insertion. Focal ablation inside the box (mean radiofrequency impulses: 1.7 ± 0.4, mean radiofrequency time: 70 ± 19 seconds) led to complete isolation of the fibrotic area in 25 of 26 patients. Overall, 97% of anteroseptal boxes were completely isolated with additional focal ablation in the study group compared to 21% in the control group with BIFA alone (33/34 vs. 7/34, P < 0.001). Time of left atrial activation decreased significantly by 25% after complete box isolation (P < 0.001). After a single procedure, 12‐month arrhythmia‐free survival was 82% with additional focal ablation compared to 71% in the control group (P = 0.2).

Conclusion

Targeted and focal ablation in the region of Bachmann's bundle is a novel and feasible technique to achieve complete isolation of the left atrial anteroseptal fibrotic area.
Vav1 is necessary for PU.1 mediated upmodulation of miR‐29b in acute myeloid leukaemia‐derived cells
Authors: Vezzali Federica , Grassilli Silvia , Lambertini Elisabetta , Brugnoli Federica , Patergnani Simone , Nika Ervin , Piva Roberta , Pinton Paolo , Capitani Silvano , Bertagnolo Valeria
Published: March 2018

It has been recently demonstrated that high pre‐treatment levels of miR‐29b positively correlated with the response of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) to hypomethylating agents. Upmodulation of miR‐29b by restoring its transcriptional machinery appears indeed a tool to improve therapeutic response in AML. In cells from acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), miR‐29b is regulated by PU.1, in turn upmodulated by agonists currently used to treat APL. We explored here the ability of PU.1 to also regulate miR‐29b in non‐APL cells, in order to identify agonists that, upmodulating PU.1 may be beneficial in hypomethylating agents‐based therapies. We found that PU.1 may regulate miR‐29b in the non‐APL Kasumi‐1 cells, showing the t(8;21) chromosomal rearrangement, which is prevalent in AML and correlated with a relatively low survival. We demonstrated that the PU.1‐mediated contribution of the 2 miR‐29b precursors is cell‐related and almost completely dependent on adequate levels of Vav1. Nuclear PU.1/Vav1 association accompanies the transcription of miR‐29b but, at variance with the APL‐derived NB4 cells, in which the protein is required for the association of PU.1 with both miRNA promoters, Vav1 is part of molecular complexes to the PU.1 consensus site in Kasumi‐1. Our results add new information on the transcriptional machinery that regulates miR‐29b expression in AML‐derived cells and may help in identifying drugs useful in upmodulation of this miRNA in pre‐treatment of patients with non‐APL leukaemia who can take advantage from hypomethylating agent‐based therapies.
Sociodemographic risk, parenting, and inhibitory control in early childhood: the role of respiratory sinus arrhythmia
Authors: Holochwost Steven J. , Volpe Vanessa V. , Gueron‐Sela Noa , Propper Cathi B. , Mills‐Koonce W. Roger
Published: March 2018

Background

Deficits of inhibitory control in early childhood are linked to externalizing behaviors and attention problems. While environmental factors and physiological processes are associated with its etiology, few studies have examined how these factors jointly predict inhibitory control. This study examined whether respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) functioned as a mediator or moderator of both cumulative sociodemographic risk and parenting behaviors on inhibitory control during early childhood.

Methods

The sample included 206 children and their biological mothers. At 24, 30, and 36 months of child age dyads participated in a series of laboratory visits in which sociodemographic, parenting, and baseline RSA (RSAB) data were collected. Inhibitory control was assessed at 36 months using a gift‐wrap delay task.

Results

A series of structural equation models yielded no evidence that RSAB mediated the relations of risk or parenting and inhibitory control. RSAB moderated the effects of risk, such that high‐risk children with low RSAB performed more poorly on tasks of inhibitory control, while high‐risk children with high RSAB did not.

Conclusions

These results suggest that higher levels of RSAB may mitigate the influence of environmental risk on the development of inhibitory control early childhood.
Delay in glucose peak time during the oral glucose tolerance test as an indicator of insulin resistance and insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes patients
Authors: Wang Xinlei , Zhao Xiaoqin , Zhou Ranran , Gu Yunjuan , Zhu Xiaohui , Tang Zhuqi , Yuan Xinlu , Chen Wei , Zhang Rongping , Qian Chen , Cui Shiwei
Published: March 2018

Aims/Introduction

Previous studies have shown that glucose peak time during the oral glucose tolerance test varies in type 2 diabetes patients; however, characteristics of this heterogeneity remain unclear. This research aimed to investigate the characteristics of delayed glucose peak time in type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

A total of 178 participants who underwent the oral glucose tolerance test were divided into five groups according to glucose peak time.

Results

A total of 25 participants with normal glucose tolerance had a glucose peak at 30 min. Among participants with type 2 diabetes, 28 had a glucose peak at 60 min, 48 at 90 min, 45 at 120 min and 32 at 150 min. With the glucose peak time delayed, glycated hemoglobin, area under the glucose curve and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance increased gradually (P = 0.038, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, respectively), and oral glucose insulin sensitivity, homeostatic model assessment of β‐cell function, insulinogenic index, modified β‐cell function index and disposition indices decreased (P < 0.0001 for all). On multinominal logistic regression, insulinogenic index (odds ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.57–0.93, P = 0.01), modified β‐cell function index (odds ratio 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.47–0.94, P = 0.023) and oral glucose insulin sensitivity (odds ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.87–0.96, P < 0.0001) were independently correlated with delayed glucose peak time.

Conclusions

Delay in glucose peak time indicated an increase in blood glucose and a decrease in insulin sensitivity and secretion. Furthermore, insulinogenic index, modified β‐cell function index and oral glucose insulin sensitivity contributed to delayed glucose peak time.
Determining the optimal approach to identifying individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The DOC study
Authors: Ronaldson Sarah J. , Dyson Lisa , Clark Laura , Hewitt Catherine E. , Torgerson David J. , Cooper Brendan G. , Kearney Matt , Laughey William , Raghunath Raghu , Steele Lisa , Rhodes Rebecca , Adamson Joy ,   on behalf of the DOC study team
Published: March 2018

Rationale, aims, and objectives

Early identification of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) results in patients receiving appropriate management for their condition at an earlier stage in their disease. The determining the optimal approach to identifying individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (DOC) study was a case‐finding study to enhance early identification of COPD in primary care, which evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of a series of simple lung function tests and symptom‐based case‐finding questionnaires.

Methods

Current smokers aged 35 or more were invited to undertake a series of case‐finding tools, which comprised lung function tests (specifically, spirometry, microspirometry, peak flow meter, and WheezoMeter) and several case‐finding questionnaires. The effectiveness of these tests, individually or in combination, to identify small airways obstruction was evaluated against the gold standard of spirometry, with the quality of spirometry tests assessed by independent overreaders. The study was conducted with general practices in the Yorkshire and Humberside area, in the UK.

Results

Six hundred eighty‐one individuals met the inclusion criteria, with 444 participants completing their study appointments. A total of 216 (49%) with good‐quality spirometry readings were included in the analysis. The most effective case‐finding tools were found to be the peak flow meter alone, the peak flow meter plus WheezoMeter, and microspirometry alone. In addition to the main analysis, where the severity of airflow obstruction was based on fixed ratios and percent of predicted values, sensitivity analyses were conducted by using lower limit of normal values.

Conclusions

This research informs the choice of test for COPD identification; case‐finding by use of the peak flow meter or microspirometer could be used routinely in primary care for suspected COPD patients. Only those testing positive to these tests would move on to full spirometry, thereby reducing unnecessary spirometric testing.
The 3 faces of clinical reasoning: Epistemological explorations of disparate error reduction strategies
Authors: Monteiro Sandra , Norman Geoff , Sherbino Jonathan
Published: March 2018

There is general consensus that clinical reasoning involves 2 stages: a rapid stage where 1 or more diagnostic hypotheses are advanced and a slower stage where these hypotheses are tested or confirmed. The rapid hypothesis generation stage is considered inaccessible for analysis or observation. Consequently, recent research on clinical reasoning has focused specifically on improving the accuracy of the slower, hypothesis confirmation stage. Three perspectives have developed in this line of research, and each proposes different error reduction strategies for clinical reasoning. This paper considers these 3 perspectives and examines the underlying assumptions. Additionally, this paper reviews the evidence, or lack of, behind each class of error reduction strategies. The first perspective takes an epidemiological stance, appealing to the benefits of incorporating population data and evidence‐based medicine in every day clinical reasoning. The second builds on the heuristic and bias research programme, appealing to a special class of dual process reasoning models that theorizes a rapid error prone cognitive process for problem solving with a slower more logical cognitive process capable of correcting those errors. Finally, the third perspective borrows from an exemplar model of categorization that explicitly relates clinical knowledge and experience to diagnostic accuracy.
Comparison of damage to live v. euthanized Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts from passage through an Archimedean screw turbine
Authors: Brackley R. , Lucas M. C. , Thomas R. , Adams C. E. , Bean C. W.
Published: March 2018

This study assessed the usefulness of passing euthanized Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts through an Archimedean screw turbine to test for external damage, as compared with live, actively swimming smolts. Scale loss was the only observed effect. Severe scale loss was 5·9 times more prevalent in euthanized turbine‐passed fish (45%) than the live fish (7·6%). Additionally, distinctive patterns of scale loss, consistent with grinding between the turbine helices and housing trough, were observed in 35% of euthanized turbine‐passed smolts. This distinctive pattern of scale loss was not seen in live turbine‐passed smolts, nor in control groups (live and euthanized smolts released downstream of the turbine), which suggests that the altered behaviour of dead fish in turbine flows generates biased injury outcomes.
An evaluation of a double‐tailed deformity in a coral‐reef surgeonfish Acanthurus nigrofuscus (Acanthuridae) using micro‐computed tomography
Authors: Goatley C. H. R. , Wroe S. , Tebbett S. B. , Bellwood D. R.
Published: March 2018

X‐ray micro‐computed tomography scans were used to examine the caudal‐fin structure of an unusual double‐tailed deformity in an adult brown surgeonfish Acanthurus nigrofuscus from the Great Barrier Reef. In both this case and in a similar double‐tailed deformity in a juvenile Tomini surgeonfish Ctenochaetus tominiensis from the Philippines, the caudal fin was duplicated along the dorsoventral axis. Detailed examination of the A. nigrofuscus specimen revealed that the deformity was associated with duplication and reflection of the hypural plates and the posterior vertebrae, yet the fish survived to adulthood, indicating that the effects of duplication on survival may be limited.
Reply to: Association between Neighborhood Cohesion and Self‐Neglect: Exploring Mental Health in Asian Americans
Authors: Hei Ailian , Dong XinQi
Published: March 2018

This letter comments on the letter by Lee et al.
Evolution of intangible asset accounting: Evidence from Australia
Authors: Dinh Tami , Kang Helen , Morris Richard D. , Schultze Wolfgang
Published: March 2018

This study investigates how the adoption of IFRS in Australia has changed the accounting for goodwill and identifiable intangible assets (IIA). Based on unique hand‐collected data for 802 Australian firm‐years during 2000–2010, we find that expenses related to IIA are higher under IFRS, which is consistent with the view that IFRS accounting policies for IIA are stricter than those under Australian domestic accounting standards pre‐2005 (AGAAP). Our results show two effects that accompany higher IIA expenses under IFRS, which reduce a negative impact on earnings: (i) lower goodwill expenses, and (ii) a shift in recognition of IIA from those with finite useful life to IIA with indefinite useful life. Finally, our market value analyses suggest that the market does not treat mechanical goodwill amortization as a genuine expense, but does treat as genuine expenses discretionary impairment charges, and more lenient IIA amortization under AGAAP. Our results are in line with prior Australian studies claiming that imposing stricter accounting rules for intangible assets under IFRS tends to diminish the quality of investors' information set.
A descriptive analysis of self‐injury in community settings: exploring behaviour–behaviour contingencies
Authors: Courtemanche A. B. , Lloyd B. P. , Tapp J. T.
Published: March 2018

Background

Self‐injurious behaviour (SIB) is a treatment‐resistant aberrant behaviour that significantly impacts the lives of people with intellectual disabilities (ID). Direct observations of SIB under naturally occurring conditions can inform the unique structural properties of these behaviours, and the contexts in which they occur. While previous applications of sequential analyses have identified strong temporal associations between instances of SIB, they have relied on methods that do not adequately control for chance sequencing and may mask within‐participant variability by pooling data across contexts and response topographies. We applied a new sequential analysis method to quantify SIB–SIB contingencies within and across topographies for individuals with ID in community settings. We also explored the extent to which the direction and strength of SIB–SIB contingencies varied by context.

Method

Seven individuals with chronic SIB were video‐recorded during their daily routines. A continuous, timed‐event data collection system was used to measure frequencies of five topographies of SIB and duration of staff interactions. We used an event lag with pauses sequential analysis method to estimate SIB–SIB contingencies within and across topographies and during times with and without staff interaction.

Results

Positive SIB–SIB contingencies were identified for all participants, with contingency strengths varying among participants and topographies. The strength and direction of the SIB–SIB contingencies also varied by the presence and absence of staff interaction.

Conclusions

Our results suggest the direction and strength of SIB–SIB contingencies may be fluid based on the presence or absence of certain environmental context variables. Evaluating SIB–SIB contingencies under different environmental conditions may help identify contexts in which SIB is likely to persist.
Effect of age on electrical nerve conduction in the somatosensory pathway and its correlation with somatometry and plasma concentrations of musculoskeletal enzymes in male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) held in captivity
Authors: Hernández‐Godínez Braulio , Poblano Adrián , Bonilla‐Jaime Herlinda , Artega‐Silva Marcela , Sánchez‐Torres Stephanie , Mondragón‐Lozano Rodrigo , Ibáñez‐Contreras Alejandra
Published: March 2018

Background

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) make it possible to obtain functional data on the activity of somatosensory pathway.

Objective

To evaluate the ontogeny of electrical nerve conduction in male rhesus monkeys using SEPs in correlation with the development of the musculoskeletal system based on somatometry and musculoskeletal enzymes.

Methods

Somatosensory evoked potentials of the medial and tibial nerves were performed, and somatometric measurements were obtained: total length, arm and forearm length, and thigh and calf length. Analysis of the musculoskeletal enzymes, lactic dehydrogenase, and creatininase was conducted using blood samples in 20 rhesus monkeys divided into 5 groups.

Results

Statistical analysis manifested a delay in the appearance of latencies as age increased. Also evident was a strong, direct relation between the lengths and the value of the latencies of the SEP, together with an inverse relation between the musculoskeletal enzymes.

Conclusions

These findings contribute to standardizing this animal model in the neurophysiological sciences.
Evaluation of the McMahon Competence Assessment Instrument for Use with Midwifery Students During a Simulated Shoulder Dystocia
Authors: McMahon Erin , Jevitt Cecilia , Aronson Barbara
Published: March 2018

Introduction

Intrapartum emergencies occur infrequently but require a prompt and competent response from the midwife to prevent morbidity and mortality of the woman, fetus, and newborn. Simulation provides the opportunity for student midwives to develop competence in a safe environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the inter‐rater reliability of the McMahon Competence Assessment Instrument (MCAI) for use with student midwives during a simulated shoulder dystocia scenario.

Methods

A pilot study using a nonprobability convenience sample was used to evaluate the MCAI. Content validity indices were calculated for the individual items and the overall instrument using data from a panel of expert reviewers. Fourteen student midwives consented to be video recorded while participating in a simulated shoulder dystocia scenario. Three faculty raters used the MCAI to evaluate the student performance. These quantitative data were used to determine the inter‐rater reliability of the MCAI.

Results

The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the inter‐rater reliability of MCAI scores between 2 or more raters. The ICC was 0.86 (95% confidence interval, 0.60‐0.96). Fleiss's kappa was calculated to determine the inter‐rater reliability for individual items. Twenty‐three of the 42 items corresponded to excellent strength of agreement.

Discussion

This study demonstrates a method to determine the inter‐rater reliability of a competence assessment instrument to be used with student midwives. Data produced by this study were used to revise and improve the instrument. Additional research will further document the inter‐rater reliability and can be used to determine changes in student competence. Valid and reliable methods of assessment will encourage the use of simulation to efficiently develop the competence of student midwives.
N‐hexane exposure: a cause of small fiber neuropathy
Authors: Guimarães‐Costa Raquel , Schoindre Yoland , Metlaine Arnaud , Lefaucheur Jean‐Pascal , Camdessanché Jean‐Philippe , Maisonobe Thierry , Léger Jean‐Marc
Published: March 2018

A 59‐year‐old woman presented with progressive paresthesias of all of her limbs for 4 years, associated with neuropathic pain, tingling in the tongue and allodynia, consistent with small fiber neuropathy (SFN). Several systemic symptoms and signs were found on clinical examination and laboratory work‐up. Neurological investigations including neurophysiologic test and skin biopsy supported the diagnosis of SFN. Chronic exposure to N‐hexane was then disclosed and suspected to be the cause of the disease. Following the discontinuation of chronic N‐hexane exposure, the patient had a progressive improvement of all signs and symptoms, reinforcing the correlation between exposure to N‐hexane, and development of SFN. Exposure to N‐hexane may be considered as a novel reversible cause of SFN, which underlines the need to look for toxic etiologies in the diagnosis of SFN.
Fracture Resistance of CAD/CAM‐Fabricated Lithium Disilicate MOD Inlays and Onlays with Various Cavity Preparation Designs
Authors: Yoon Hyung‐In , Sohn Paul J. , Jin Sharon , Elani Hawazin , Lee Sang J.
Published: March 2018

Purpose

To examine the fracture resistance of premolars restored with CAD/CAM lithium disilicate mesio‐occlusal‐distal (MOD) inlays and onlays of different cavity designs.

Materials and Methods

Two widths of occlusal isthmus (75%, 100% of intercuspal distance) and three designs of cuspal coverage (none, palatal, complete) were used for the preparation of MOD inlays and onlays in the extracted maxillary premolars. Sixty lithium disilicate restorations were milled and bonded into the cavities. After 24 hours of water storage, the specimens were loaded until fracture, and the fracture loads (N) were measured. Any evidence of cracks and fractures on the tested specimens were examined to classify failure patterns.

Results

Mean fracture load values for the tested groups were as follows: 664.4 ± 214.7 N (group A), 659.3 ± 391.2 N (B), 681.9 ± 258.1 N (C), 938.1 ± 862.0 N (D), 841.7 ± 375.4 N (E), and 994.2 ± 486.3 N (F). The width of occlusal isthmus did not significantly affect the fracture loads among all the groups. Within groups with identical isthmus width, the fracture loads showed no significant difference depending on the designs of cuspal coverage. The majority of specimens showed either type III or IV fracture mode.

Conclusions

Within limitations of this study, the bonded restorations of premolars with CAD/CAM‐generated lithium disilicate were reliable, regardless of cavity preparation design.
Religious Pathways from Adolescence to Adulthood
Authors: Lee Bo Hyeong Jane , Pearce Lisa D. , Schorpp Kristen M.
Published: March 2018

Prior research suggests the significance of religion for development and well‐being in adolescence and beyond. Further, new developments and applications of statistical methods have led to ways of better accounting for the multidimensional nature of religiosity (e.g., latent class analysis), as well as the dynamic aspects of religiosity (e.g., latent growth curve models). Yet, rarely, if ever, are both features of religiosity incorporated and examined together. Therefore, we propose and conduct a latent class analysis using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to identify seven distinct pathways of religiosity that involve independently changing levels of religious affiliation, religious service attendance, personal importance of religion, and prayer from adolescence to adulthood. We also show how individuals’ religious pathways are related to gender, race, parents’ education, their own education, and family formation experiences in the transition to adulthood. Our findings inform the study of how multiple dimensions of religiosity take shape across adolescence and the transition to adulthood, and suggest a new way for measuring the dynamics of religiosity in studies of the impact of religion across the life course.
The Gift Economy of Direct Transnational Civic Action: How Reciprocity and Inequality Are Managed in Religious “Partnerships”
Authors: Adler Gary J. , Offutt Stephen
Published: March 2018

How does religion help facilitate civic action in transnational contexts characterized by material inequality and spatial separation? Short‐term mission (STM) travel, a popular activity among U.S. religious groups, exemplifies a recently emerged form of transnational civic action characterized by face‐to‐face, decentralized, pragmatic activity. Our research analyzes how participants in STM‐based relationships manage inequality while pursuing an ideal of partnership across distance. We match data from a mixed methods study of Arizona congregations that produce STM travel with interview data from foreign religious organizations that host STM travelers in El Salvador. We engage gift exchange theory (GET) to show how a discursive repertoire combines with organized gift exchange practices to manage inequality and produce partnership in STM‐based relationships. Our data provide evidence of a unique cultural process, thespiritualization of reception, which emerges during gift reciprocation. This process converts unequal material gifts from foreign hosts into spiritual understanding among STM travelers, stabilizing status indebtedness that could threaten a partnership. This research increases knowledge of STM travel, shows how gift exchange structures can facilitate transnational religious partnerships, and suggests ways to use GET to understand transnational civic action in general.
Expression profiles of host immune response‐related genes against HEV genotype 3 and genotype 1 infections in rhesus macaques
Authors: Choi Y. H. , Zhang X. , Tran C. , Skinner B.
Published: March 2018

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype (gt) 3 infection is food‐borne causing sporadic infections in older individuals and gt1 infection is waterborne, often causing epidemics affecting primarily young adults. Although HEV infection causes self‐limited disease, gt3 induces chronic infection in immunocompromised individuals. Hepatic host gene expression against gt3 infection remains unknown. Host gene expression profiles for HEV gt1 (n = 3) and gt3 (n = 7) infections were analysed in the livers of experimentally infected rhesus macaques. HEV RNA was detected from 2 to 24 days after inoculation (DAI) in stool and serum, elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was detected from 7 to 31 DAI, and anti‐HEV antibody became detectable between 12 and 42 DAI. All 10 animals cleared the infection between 34 and 68 DAI. We found that 24%, 48% and 41% of hepatic immune response genes against gt3 infection were upregulated during the early, peak and decline phases of HEV RNA replication. For gt1 infection, 25% of hepatic immune response‐related genes were downregulated during early viremia, but 6%, 34% and 37% of genes were upregulated at the early, peak and during decline of HEV RNA replication, respectively. Our study demonstrated distinct differences in the expression profiles of host immune response‐related genes of HEV gt3 and gt1 infections in experimentally infected rhesus macaques.
Contextual Richness and Word Learning: Context Enhances Comprehension but Retrieval Enhances Retention
Authors: van den Broek Gesa S. E. , Takashima Atsuko , Segers Eliane , Verhoeven Ludo
Published: March 2018

Learning new vocabulary from context typically requires multiple encounters during which word meaning can be retrieved from memory or inferred from context. We compared the effect of memory retrieval and context inferences on short‐ and long‐term retention in three experiments. Participants studied novel words and then practiced the words either in an uninformative context that required the retrieval of word meaning from memory (“I need thefunguo”) or in an informative context from which word meaning could be inferred (“I want to unlock the door: I need thefunguo”). The informative context facilitated word comprehension during practice. However, later recall of word form and meaning and word recognition in a new context were better after successful retrieval practice and retrieval practice with feedback than after context‐inference practice. These findings suggest benefits of retrieval during contextualized vocabulary learning whereby the uninformative context enhanced word retention by triggering memory retrieval.

Open Practices

This article has been awarded Open Materials and Open Data badges. Stimuli and datasets are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework athttps://osf.io/eujyn. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science:https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Cooperation and coexpression: How coexpression networks shift in response to multiple mutualists
Authors: Palakurty Sathvik X. , Stinchcombe John R. , Afkhami Michelle E.
Published: March 2018

A mechanistic understanding of community ecology requires tackling the nonadditive effects of multispecies interactions, a challenge that necessitates integration of ecological and molecular complexity—namely moving beyond pairwise ecological interaction studies and the “gene at a time” approach to mechanism. Here, we investigate the consequences of multispecies mutualisms for the structure and function of genomewide differential coexpression networks for the first time, using the tractable and ecologically important interaction between legume Medicago truncatula, rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. First, we found that genes whose expression is affected nonadditively by multiple mutualists are more highly connected in gene networks than expected by chance and had 94% greater network centrality than genes showing additive effects, suggesting that nonadditive genes may be key players in the widespread transcriptomic responses to multispecies symbioses. Second, multispecies mutualisms substantially changed coexpression network structure of 18 modules of host plant genes and 22 modules of the fungal symbionts’ genes, indicating that third‐party mutualists can cause significant rewiring of plant and fungal molecular networks. Third, we found that 60% of the coexpressed gene sets that explained variation in plant performance had coexpression structures that were altered by interactive effects of rhizobia and fungi. Finally, an “across‐symbiosis” approach identified sets of plant and mycorrhizal genes whose coexpression structure was unique to the multiple mutualist context and suggested coupled responses across the plant–mycorrhizal interaction to rhizobial mutualists. Taken together, these results show multispecies mutualisms have substantial effects on the molecular interactions in host plants, microbes and across symbiotic boundaries.