bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Anxieties of Globalization:
Authors: Lakoff Andrew
Published: May 2004

This paper describes the role of market research firms in shaping the actions of key players in the pharmaceutical arena. It focuses on strategies for marketing novel antidepressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs) to doctors in Buenos Aires during the Argentine financial crisis of 2001, posing the question of whether increased antidepressant sales were due to the social situation or to promotional practices. This case demonstrates how ‘pharmaceutical relations’ – interactions between doctors and pharmaceutical companies – are structured by a gift economy whose effects are monitored through the sales numbers produced by database firms. It suggests that the use of these numbers takes on special importance given the distinctiveness of both the Argentine context and the antidepressant market. More generally, the case points to the interpretive flexibility of psychotropic medication. In the Argentine setting, doctors’ prescription of SSRIs was dependent neither on a diagnosis of depression nor on a biological understanding of mental disorder. These drugs found a different means of entering the professionally mediated marketplace: doctors understood and used SSRIs as a treatment not for a lack of serotonin in the brain, but for the suffering caused by the social situation – the sense of insecurity and vulnerability that the economic and political crisis had wrought.
A Line in the Sea
Authors: Perera Suvendrini
Published: May 2004

In the week before the attacks in the US 'changed the worldforever', a Norwegian container ship, the MV Tampa, rescued almost four hundred asylum seekers from asinking boat off the Indonesian archipelago. The captain sailed towards Australia, but was refused permission to land by a government declaring that this nation would 'not be held hostage by our own decency'. In the face of UN and international disapproval, the Tampa was boarded by armed troops and forcibly moved out of Australian waters. During the following week, capitalising on widespread general hostility towards Afghanistan and Islam in the wake of the September 11 attacks, the Australian parliament rushed through legislation implementing unprecedented measures to keep out asylum seekers.

The Australian government's actions chillingly foreshadowed a wider western reaction. In May 2002, Britain's prime minister Blair proposed a series of initiatives strikingly similar to those adopted by Australia, including the use of the Royal Navy to intercept and turn back asylum seekers and the internment of refugees off-shore on large ships leased by the government.

The story of the Tampa, then, is part of an unfolding global story.
Euthanasia: Another Face of Murder
Authors: Bamgbose Oluyemisi
Published: May 2004

Debate over euthanasia is not a recent phenomenon. Over the years, public opinion, decisions of courts, and legal and medical approaches to the issue of euthanasia has been conflicting. The connection between murder and euthanasia has been attempted in a few debates. Although it is widely accepted that murder is a crime, a clearly defined stand has not been taken on euthanasia. This article considers euthanasia from the medical, legal, and global perspectives and discusses the crime of murder in relation to euthanasia, taking into consideration the issue of consent in the law of crime. This article concludes that in the midst of this debate on euthanasia and murder, the important thing is that different countries need to find their own solution to the issue of euthanasia rather than trying to import solutions fromother countries.
Comparing Sex Offender Risk Assessment Measures on a UK Sample
Authors: Craig Leam A. , Browne Kevin D. , Stringer lan
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study on 139 sex offenders was to consider the application of six measures of risk: Static-99, SACJ-Min (Structured Anchored Clinical Judgment Scale-Minimum), RRASOR (Rapid Risk Assessment for Sexual Offence Recidivism), Risk Matrix 2000-Sexual/Violent, and SVR-20 (Sexual Violence Risk-20) and to compare risk assessments conducted by a Regional Secure Unit (RSU) and the Probation Service. Levels of risk for the RSU sample ranged from1% to 42% low risk to1% to 66% high risk compared with the Probation sample of 8% to 43% low risk to 4% to 70% high risk. Offenders with adult victims obtained significantly higher scores using the RM2000/S and SACJ-Min than did those with child victims who obtained significantly higher scores on the RRASOR. Sex offenders referred to a RSU scored significantly higher on RRASOR and RM2000/S than did sex offenders supervised by the Probation Service. Forensic practitioners may be better served if risk measures assess specific subcategories of sexual offenders.
The Risk Assessment Program and the Court of Penal Execution in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Folino Jorge O. , Marengo Claudio M. , Marchiano Susana E. , Ascazibar Mariel
Published: May 2004

This study describes the working of a newsystem that supervises the execution of the punishment phase in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina; namely, the Court of Penal Execution, as well as the risk assessment program. It also reports the results of the violent recidivism baseline risk assessment carried out in candidates for conditional release. The cohort studied was recruited during 18 months in the Judicial Department of La Plata, taking into consideration psychopathological and criminological variables. The Psychopathy Checklist– Revised (PCL-R), the Historical, Clinical, and Risk Management–20 (HCR-20), and the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG), among others, were used as measures. During the study period, 65 candidates for conditional release were part of the baseline assessment, and they constitute the population of this study. The measures’mean scores were PCL-R, 20.57; HCR-20, 18.58; VRAG, 12.17.
Parental Efficacy, Self-Control, and Delinquency: a Test of a General Theory of Crime on a Nationally Representative Sample of Youth
Authors: Perrone Dina , Sullivan Christopher J. , Pratt Travis C. , Margaryan Satenik
Published: May 2004

Criminologists have recently begun examining Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) proposition that parenting is the primary influence on children’s levels of self-control. The few existing studies on the subject, however, have typically been based on small, nonrandom samples. The current study examines the relationships between parental efficacy, self-control, and delinquent behavior using data from a nationally representative sample of adolescents (the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health). The results indicate that although parental efficacy is an important precursor to self-control, contrary to Gottfredson and Hirschi’s proposition, self-control does not completely mediate the relationship between parental efficacy and delinquency. The implications for future research and theoretical development are discussed.
The Generalized Instructional Set of the Criminal Attribution Inventory (CRAI): Socially Desirable Responding and Faking
Authors: Kroner Daryl G. , Mills Jeremy F. , Yessine Annie K. , Hemmati Toni
Published: May 2004

Accurate assessment of criminal attributions can assist in explaining crime and identifying offender treatment targets. The current study examines the relationship between a new method of assessing the cognition of criminal attributes, the Criminal Attribution Inventory (CRAI) and a measure of socially desirable responding. 300 participants including incarcerated offenders, released offenders, sex offenders, and university students participated in the current study. Results indicate minimal relationships between socially desirable responding and the CRAI. In a fake-good testing situation, the faking index had appropriate sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive power in identifying fake-good responses. The CRAI’s instructional set of general observation as opposed to self-representation appears to limit socially desirable responding and also allows the CRAI to be administered to nonoffender populations.
Mass Murder, Suicide, and Moral Development: Can We Separate the Adults from the Juveniles?
Authors: Palermo George B. , Ross Lee E.
Published: May 2004

Mass murder—the sudden, explosive killing of a group of people—when committed by adults often is followed by the offender committing suicide. Recently in the United States, frequent cases of mass murder are reported as committed by adolescents. However, among juvenile mass murderers, there are no reported suicides (or attempts) by the offenders. This article provides a typology of mass murderers and offers a dynamic interpretation of the development of conscience and moral decisional capacity in adult and juvenile offenders. Preventive measures are explored along with methodological techniques that may distinguish between adult and juvenile mass murderers in their propensity to commit suicide after the events.
Frequencies of Child Abuse in Japan: Hidden but Prevalent Crime
Authors: Kitamura Toshinori , Kijima Nobuhiko , Iwata Noboru , Senda Yukiko , Takahashi Koji , Hayashi Ikue
Published: May 2004

A total of 98 women newly employed by a company in Tokyo were interviewed and asked to recall the frequency of abuse they experiences as children. If the abuse is defined as an act occurring at least several times a month, the rates of the fathers’emotional neglect, threat, shaming the children, slapping, punching with a fist, kicking, hitting with an object, and burning were 5%, 3%, 1%, 4%, 3%, 0%, 0%, and 0%, respectively, whereas the corresponding rates of the mothers’ acts were 9%, 5%, 2%, 0%, 1%, 0%, 1%, and 0%, respectively. None of the children who had been abused at least several times a month reported having sought other people’s help. This study suggests that child abuse in Japan is no less prevalent than in the Western countries and that most abuse cases are unidentified and therefore go unrelieved by intervention.
The Freedom from Violence Program: An Untraditional Approach to Violence Management
Authors: Soferr Shimon
Published: May 2004

This article depicts the Freedom From Violence Program, its development and implementation. Although it is based on experience rather than on research, the assumptions that preceded the design and implementation of the program were empirically verified through the author’s personal experience gained from conducting it during 3 years of working with violent offenders in prison facilities of two countries. Among the many inmates who participated in the program was found a great desire to learn. Thus, although it may not be easy to prevent or eliminate violence, it may be possible and advisable to teach violent people to change their behaviors by responding to issues rather than reacting to personalities during conflicts. This might contribute to the reduction of violence at least as well as the development of new technologies of incarceration.
Delinquency and Its Prevention in China
Authors: Xiang Guo
Published: May 2004

Since the late 1970s, crime and delinquency in China have been increasing. The author gives a brief description of the actual situation of juvenile delinquency in China. He points out that although in recent years the increased rate of juvenile delinquency was lower than that of adult crime, public concern has been raised about crimes such as robbery, gang crime, and juvenile drug use. Based on a survey of 2,000 randomly sampled delinquents, the author presents some primary interpretations of the social factors of delinquency in China. A brief description of the preventive measures used against juvenile crime in China is presented.
Tradition, Change and Land Rights
Authors: Freire Germ·n
Published: May 2004

This article explores the issues of land use and territoriality in Amazonian societies undergoing culture change. During the last decades, discussions on indigenous peoples’ land rights in Amazonia have focused on the relations between traditional societies and their environments, emphasizing aspects of environmental conservation and neglecting the value of their responses to social change and market production. This article argues that these responses are essential for advancing viable land tenure and development policies in indigenous territories. In particular, this article documents the strategies developed by the Piaroa, a people of the Middle Orinoco, in transition.
Learning War/Learning Race
Authors: Kromidas Maria
Published: May 2004

The tragedy of September 11th produced immense controversy and re-ignited simmering culture wars in the media over the presentation of these events in American schools, or what students should know. The ethnographic research conducted with fourth-grade students in a public school in Brooklyn, New York, side-stepped this debate in order to contribute to it. Specifically, the goal was to capture what children do in fact know through an investigation of their modes of speaking and writing about these events. What figured most prominently in the students’ talk and writing was their racialization of a far-away and ill-defined enemy. By showing how this racialization was also evident in the students’ interactions and friendship, and contextualizing these patterns in the racial (dis)order of the United States, I suggest that the events of September 11th and the war on terrorism have produced a culture of fear that will have lasting, if as yet unintelligible, effects on the racial dynamics of the United States.
Making Difference in the Aftermath of the September 11th 2001 Terrorist Attacks
Authors: Tucker Jed
Published: May 2004

When terror struck the Twin Towers on the morning of September 11th 2001, administrators at neighborhood schools had to act quickly. This ethnographic study compares the experiences of two schools – one, New York City’s premier specialized public high school, the other, Manhattan’s only community college – located adjacent to one another, just four blocks north of the former World Trade Center complex. Each school’s immediate and longerterm decisions for minimizing harm reflect distinctions in the student populations and their institutional standings. While the schools were closed after September 11th’s horrific events, various distinct forms of risk assessment were implemented regarding structural damage, air quality, psychological trauma and other potential vulnerabilities resulting from the event. By comparing the experiences of each institution – what decisions were made, by whom, and what their results were; how the event was experienced by the student bodies and administrators; and how local and national government and media represented each school’s experience – I analyze how class and race are constituted and operationalized (lived) in New York City today.
The Work of 9/11
Authors: Brash Julian
Published: May 2004

9/11 has been used in New York City politics to both explain the current fiscal crisis and justify certain economic development policies. Such use of 9/11 obscures the long-term historical roots of the current fiscal crisis, which in fact lie in the contradictions of the set of economic development policies implemented in the years since the city’s last major fiscal crisis in the mid-1970s.
Coresidence of Adult Children with Parents from 1960 to 1990: is the Propensity to Live at Home Really Increasing?
Authors: Messineo Melinda J. , Wojtkiewicz Roger A.
Published: May 2004

This article uses the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) to examine how shifts in marital status have influenced the likelihood of parental/adult-child coresidence from 1960 to 1990. Results indicate that the propensity to live with parents would have decreased between 1960 and 1990 if there had not been a change in the marital status of these young adults. While it is true that more people aged nineteen to thirty were living with their parents in 1990 compared to 1960, this was because more were formerly married or never married, and these groups are much more likely to live with their parents than married individuals. The results indicate that among the formerly married and never married, the propensity to live with parents actually declined.
The Education of Destitute Homeless Children in Nineteenth-Century Ontario
Authors: Neff Charlotte
Published: May 2004

From the earliest years in Upper Canada, destitute homeless children, including orphans, were often placed in private homes under pauper apprenticeship indentures that required that the children receive an education. Beginning in the 1830s, such children were sometimes housed in temporary institutions awaiting private placements, and by midcentury these institutions also began to provide schooling. However, children’s homes providing long-term care developed in part because this education proved inadequate, and schooling, normally in-house, was an immediate priority on the opening of such homes. This focus on education appears to have been shared by the children in the homes and their parents, thus supporting a view of the development of state-funded, compulsory education as driven to a significant extent by popular demand. Once education became compulsory in 1871, these orphan home schools were gradually integrated as fully funded and professionally staffed components of the public school system.
The Culture of Fatherhood in the Fifties: a Closer Look
Authors: LaRossa Ralph
Published: May 2004

Based on a comparative analysis of popular magazine articles, premier childrearing manuals, and prime-time television shows, this article strives to heighten our understanding of the culture of fatherhood in the fifties (1945-1960) while chronicling the textual configurations that were emerging at the time. A close reading of the materials suggests that the culture of fatherhood in the fifties was neither a simple continuation of previous patterns nor a more progressive version of what had come before, but rather a more traditional strain of patriarchal fatherhood. Also, the culture of fatherhood in the late fifties appears to have been more traditional/patriarchal than the culture of fatherhood in the early fifties. The changes, however, were not clear-cut. Different media industries manufactured a culture of fatherhood that was more textured than smooth. The patriarchal patterns in the fabric were no doubt evident, but so were the distinct threads.
Kinship as a Mechanism in the Social Structuring of Rural Catalonia (Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries)
Authors: i Alòs Llorenç Ferrer
Published: May 2004

In Catalonia, a system based around a single heir was widely used. The families appointed the eldest son as primogenitor, and it was he who received the patrimony in exchange for finding positions in society for his brothers and sisters and for taking care of his parents. The women were the ones who left their own household to enter a new one and who became an important element in maintaining social relationships between the houses. The way in which the system was organized meant that the primogenitor married the daughter from a family that occupied a higher social order, the younger sisters entered houses that occupied a lower social position, and the younger brothers sought refuge in celibacy in an attempt to avoid an even greater fall down the social ladder. These links in the social chain—upward to a higher social order and downward to a lower social order—established by the same household allow the hypothesis to be forwarded that families of differing social status were connected with other families that occupied both a higher and a lower social status than their own through marriage, which would seem to indicate that kinship was an important mechanism of social structuring with considerable consequences for Catalan society.
The Difficulty of Transforming Terror into Dialogue
Authors: Biran Hanna
Published: May 2004

This article focuses on the relationship between Israeli society and Palestinian society from a psychoanalytical point of view, while emphasizing the processes taking place in the social domain. Bion’s alpha-type and beta-type elements are considered in parallel to the lack of dialogue between both societies and relating qualities of leadership to the Oedipus legend.
Relational Goods in Society, Mind and Brain: Between Neurons and Happiness
Authors: Brunori Luisa
Published: May 2004

This article examines the term ‘relational goods’ as defined by the American economist Carole J. Uhlaner, and how this term may be used to express a link between economy and psychology. The conflict between quality and quantity is discussed, and how this conflict relates to psychological disciplines, especially in terms of cost effectiveness in psychological treatments, and with reference to works of the great philosophers as well as those in our own discipline.
The Foundation Matrix - A Useful Fiction
Authors: Scholz Regine
Published: May 2004

In this article, the author focuses on Foulkes’s concept of the foundation matrix, re-examining its heuristic value in a theory of unconscious processes, trying to outline what could be the ‘contents’ of the foundation matrix as well as to formulate the related media of communication. Emphasis is laid on the significance of bodily communication, including gestures and rituals as conceptualized by the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu as ‘habitus’.
The Re-Libidinalization of the Internal World of a Refugee Family
Authors: Volkan Vamik D.
Published: May 2004

This article describes the effects that forced migration has on refugees’ identities and explores their difficulty in mourning. To illustrate the aftermath of forced migration, I will describe the internal world of a refugee family driven from their homes after massive ethnic violence. It took nine years from the time of their dislocation for them to be able to ‘re-libidinalize’ their self-representations. The re-libidinalization process allowed them to resolve their sense of helplessness and humiliation. After working through these feelings, they could tame the derivatives of their aggression, bring the mourning process to a practical end, and improve their abilities to test reality and adapt to their new environment. I will focus on their utilization of linking objects as one expression of their difficulty in mourning.
Hierarchy and/or Reflectivity: the Role of Groups in the Function of Psychiatric Wards
Authors: Terenyi Zoltán , Kis Gabriella , Eszik Jáanos
Published: May 2004

Psychiatric wards in Hungary and elsewhere in Europe, even with modern concepts, possess features of totalitarian systems: controlling, maintaining a strong hierarchy in the structure, an authoritarian leadership style, regulated autonomy and reduced to one-way communication. Group therapy aims at free communication, empathic leading, cooperation and functional agreements, reflectivity. In this paper we analyze components of this apparent dichotomy in the context of contemporary psychiatric wards. A theoretical definition is given for the possible degrees of hierarchical rigidity on psychiatric wards based on decision-making procedures, the acquisition and distribution of resources and analysis of boundaries and functional features.
Group Therapy with Mothers and Babies in Postpartum Crises: Preliminary Evaluation of a Pilot Project
Authors: Pedrina Fernanda
Published: May 2004

Postpartum psychic crises are common and have an extremely adverse effect on the lives of those mothers concerned. Furthermore in cases of postpartum depression the mothers’ dysfunction has a long-term effect on both the child’s development and family interaction. Offering a psychoanalytically oriented group therapy for mothers and babies is an attempt to facilitate early recognition and treatment of mothers who are emotionally troubled. The inclusion of babies in the group setting is not yet well documented in relevant literature: this study is especially concerned with the question of whether the baby’s presence has a similarly positive effect on the therapeutic process as in the more familiar parent (mother)-infant-therapy. This paper will present an initial evaluation of the group process.
Les Origines Philosophiques et Scientifiques de la Théorie Représentationnelle de la Mesure (1930-50)
Authors: Martin Olivier
Published: May 2004

There has been much controversy regarding the possibility of measuring human facts. In particular, the recourse to quantification and measurement in psychological research into human sensory capacities has been greatly criticized. In the 1940s, the American psychophysicist Stanley S. Stevens proposed a new conception of measurement that extended the field of measurable phenomena and justified the use of measurement in human and social sciences. His measurement theory is based on physicist Percy Bridgman's ideas of representation, on an operationalist epistemology, and also on a philosophy of numbers marked by logicism. This theory, which affirms that to measure is to assign numbers to objects in order to represent their empirical properties, makes it possible for Stevens to propose four levels of measurement, according to the nature of the empirical properties of the objects measured. The article describes in detail the philosophical and scientific origins of this representational theory of measurement.
Note Technique: Invariance et Modèles de Mesure dans les Sciences Sociales, Introduction à l'œuvre de Georg Rasch
Authors: Leplège Alain
Published: May 2004

This technical note deals with a class of probabilistic measurement models identified by the Danish mathematician Georg Rasch (1901-80). Models of this class have been used to construct and test questionnaires in the various social sciences. This is a remarkable class of models because the defining conception of measurement is similar to that of the natural sciences. In particular, the criterion of invariance with respect to a frame of reference is central. These models are capable of advancing our conceptions of both the social sciences and the natural sciences.
Compromise and Deliberation: a Rhetorical View of South Africa’s Democratic Transformation
Authors: Salazar Philippe-Joseph
Published: May 2004

The South African ‘‘compromise’’ remains unique in the history of post-colonialism (if it belongs at all to that category, which is open to debate). Ten years after Mandela’s election to the presidency, and his calm refusal of personal self-perpetuation, in contrast to most presidencies in most western-style democracies, South Africa remains somewhat of an aporia. However, the South African anchoring in compromise as constitutive of democracy unveils a concept and a practice of reconciliation which are akin to ‘‘compromise’’ yet stand out as uniquely ‘‘rhetorical’’, especially in the tension between a judicial vision of public deliberation and public deliberation itself. This article focuses on land restitution as a site for deliberative coming-together.
More than Modus Vivendi, less than Overlapping Consensus: towards a Political Theory of Social Compromise
Authors: Arnsperger Christian , Picavet Emmanuel B.
Published: May 2004

Political theory often relies on a definite vision of the lack of consensus,which does not necessarily exclude the possibility of some modus vivendi. It turns out however that a mere modus vivendi is widely felt to be insufficient to warrant political stability and a well-ordered society. Starting from distributive-justice issues and problems of ethical conflict in democratic society, it is argued that the middle ground between a mere modus vivendi and full-blown consensus has room for a useful concept of compromise which accounts for basic aspects of the dynamics of political arrangements.
Compromise and Public Debate in Processes of Constitutional Reform: the Canadian Case
Authors: Leydet Dominique
Published: May 2004

In this article, I concentrate on one central issue that has arisen since the 1987 Meech Lake Accord and the 1992 Charlottetown Accord failed to secure sufficient popular support to allow their ratification. Many theorists have argued that there exists an unavoidable disjunction between the kind of compromise agreement that can come out of complex intergovernmental negotiations and the type of outcome that a majority of citizens might be made to support. Any agreement produced by formal talks can be presumed to have involved significant logrolling and be made of various, mutually dependent, sets of compromises. Such a composite agreement, it is argued, has but little chance to stand the test of public debate and attract sufficient popular support to ensure ratification. In the present article, I want to revisit the story of the failed Charlottetown Accord to show the ways that the risks of disjunction can be alleviated. More specifically, I attempt to show that referendums, if properly integrated in the process, can have positive effects both on the negotiations themselves and on the ability of the parties concerned to rise to the challenge of public justification.
Préférences et Pertinences: Analyse Praxéologique des Figures du Compromis en Contexte Parlementaire. a Propos D’un Débat Égyptien
Authors: Ferrié Jean-Noël , Dupret Baudouin
Published: May 2004

Taking as its departure point an Egyptian parliamentary debate, this article shows, first of all, that rational-choice theory cannot describe the making of a compromise; and, second, that the re-appraisal of preferences does not imply a change of opinion after the debate. It argues instead that the praxeological approach is more suitable for describing this dynamic.
The Morality in/of Compromise: Some Theoretical Reflections
Authors: Nachi Mohamed
Published: May 2004

This article aims to highlight the position occupied by compromise in the field of ethics. The argument is set out in two stages. First, the author attempts to clarify the contours of compromise by treating it as both a procedure or process of conflict resolution and a goal or “solution” to be achieved. In the second stage, he examines the distinction that could be made between “morality in compromise” and “morality of compromise”, so as to measure its import and show how compromise not only contains elements specific to morality as a system but can also be a form of morality in itself.
Shifting Knowledge Regimes: the Metamorphoses of Norwegian Reformism
Authors: Slagstad Rune
Published: May 2004

This article traces the metamorphoses of Norwegian reformism during the last two centuries. In the Norwegian system, the shifting political regimes have to a remarkable extent been accompanied by shifting knowledge discourses. Regardless of whether its ideological dress was liberalism or socialism, a central feature of Norwegian reformism has been its basis in different versions of social science: it has been a scientific reformism. The legal knowledge regime of the civil servants’ state was towards the end of the 19th century replaced by a democratic-pedagogical knowledge regime. When the Labour Party gained control of the political centre in 1945, it did so in coalition with the new economists. Following the demise of the Labour Party state in the 1980s, some features of a new knowledge regime have become visible.
Culture Wars in the Workplace?
Authors: Wallace Michael , Leicht Kevin T.
Published: May 2004

This article revisits Hunter’s (1991) culture wars thesis and applies it to an institutional arena that has received comparatively little attention in the culture wars debate—the contemporary American workplace. The authors ask to what extent cultural divisions originating in four broad cultural domains (i.e., social equality, social freedom, multiculturalism, and gender equity) permeate the workplace and impact workers’views of the property rights of jobs. That is, do cultural values originating in the larger society affect workers’evaluations of managerial prerogative to make unilateral decisions in the best interests of the firm without regard to workers’ claims to their jobs? Or, conversely, do such cultural values shape workers’sense of job entitlement that jobs should be protected in times of changing technology, declining demand for a firm’s product, or other organizational and market imperatives? The authors use data from the Indiana Quality of Employment Survey to examine several hypotheses surrounding this debate. The results suggest that the relationship between cultural values and specific, work-based ideologies are more complicated than Hunter’s original formulation might suggest; that is, there are complex and nonobvious relationships between these four domains of American cultural life and workers’ views concerning job entitlement. These relationships are not significantly mediated by organizational and occupational characteristics normally associated with workplace attitudes. The results speak to broader debates about the role of structure and culture in the sociology of work and the complexity of the ideological landscape of American working life.
The Effects of Occupational Characteristics on the Experience and Expression of Anger in the Workplace
Authors: Sloan Melissa M.
Published: May 2004

This article examines the relationships among extensive interaction with others on the job, occupational status, and the experience and expression of anger in the workplace using data from the 1996 General Social Survey and occupational characteristic measures from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. The findings indicate that individuals who spend much of their time interacting with others at work report experiencing workplace anger more frequently than other workers. The expression of anger was found to be associated with interacting with people at work, occupational status, and relative status. Individuals who deal with people at work are likely to discuss their experienced anger with someone other than the anger target, whereas individuals working in highly esteemed occupations are more likely than lower status workers to confront the target of their anger directly.
Occupational Sex Segregation and Family Formation in the Former East and West Germany
Authors: Trappe Heike , Rosenfeld Rachel A.
Published: May 2004

This article examines patterns of occupational sex segregation for women and men born in the 1950s and early 1960s in the former East and West Germany prior to unification. Given the nature of family policies, we had expected to find an increase in the gender-typicality of occupations as individuals married and had children especially in the West. Yet, despite high levels of occupational sex segregation and clear evidence of the “holding power” of gender-typical occupations for both countries, we found almost no support for the neoclassical notion that family formation influences the gender type of an occupation. This is consistent with previous U.S.-based research.
Bad Jobs in Britain
Authors: McGovern Patrick , Smeaton Deborah , Hill Stephen
Published: May 2004

The rapid growth in nonstandard forms of employment toward the end of the 20th century has fuelled claims about the spread of “bad jobs” within Anglo-American capitalism. Research from the United States indicates that such jobs have more bad characteristics than do permanent jobs after controlling for workers’ personal characteristics, family status, and occupation. We apply a version of the bad characteristics approach to British data and find that despite some institutional differences with the United States, (notably, in employer welfare provision), the British case also supports the hypothesis that nonstandard employment (part-time, temporary, and fixed term) increases workers’ exposure to bad job characteristics.
Is the Glass Ceiling a Unique Form of Inequality?
Authors: Maume David J.
Published: May 2004

A recent paper by Cotter, Hermsen, Ovadia, and Vanneman explicates four criteria for distinguishing the glass ceiling as a unique form of inequality. First, a glass ceiling exists when artificial barriers impede the advancement of women and minorities, and second, these barriers are more severe at higher occupational levels. Third, the glass ceiling must be investigated with longitudinal data, and fourth, a glass ceiling is manifested in increasing inequality over the life course. This paper extended these criteria by conducting a longitudinal analysis of managerial attainment (satisfying the second and third criteria). The presence of artificial barriers was assessed by estimating the salience of race and gender to the process of managerial attainment. Additional estimations showed that the gap in managerial attainment between White men and other groups grew over the life course. Thus, findings from this study do satisfy the Cotter et al. criteria regarding the existence and uniqueness of the glass ceiling. The paper concludes with a call for additional research.
Effects of Processing Parameters on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Glass Mat Reinforced Nylon 6 Composites
Authors: Akkaoui Wassim , Bayram Goknur
Published: May 2004

Nylon 6 (PA6)/Glass Mat (GM) composites and pure PA6 were prepared by compression molding technique and the effects of molding temperature, pressure application time and GM content on the final properties of the materials were investigated. At each temperature and pressure application time, the composite with one layer GM had higher tensile strength, tensile modulus but lower% elongation at break than neat PA6. Processing parameters did not significantly influence the tensile behavior of the pure PA6 and PA6/GM composites. The effect of GM content showed that tensile strength and modulus increased but the% elongation at break decreased with increasing GM content. Thermal properties of the neat PA6 and the composites providing sufficient melting point temperature and crystallinity were found to be unaffected with different process temperature, pressure application time and GM content.
Farm-to-School
Authors: Vallianatos Mark , Gottlieb Robert , Haase Margaret Ann
Published: May 2004

Farm-to-school is a new, innovative strategy with multiple planning-related objectives. The article evaluates the significance of farm-to-school in relation to improving the health and nutrition of school-age children, particularly low-income youth; strengthening the capacity of local farmers, particularly those engaged in sustainable practices; adding to the toolkit of strategies designed to contain and ultimately reduce sprawl-inducing developments by helping preserve farmland; and helping establish a community food systems approach no longer entirely dependent on the global food system that has come to dominate food growing, processing, distribution, and consumption patterns around the world.
Food Justice Movements
Authors: Wekerle Gerda R.
Published: May 2004

This article examines the emergence of food justice movements through the lens of social movement theories, which emphasize the politics of place as a resource and strategies of networked movements operating across scales. It examines the creation of a political space for food justice from three perspectives: first, food security from below—the projects and initiatives that serve as alternative practices and precedents for policy change; second, the ways in which agencies of the local state develop policy and change planning; and third, the emergence of food networks at local and regional scales. Food justice movements provide grounded case studies of resistance to globalization through delinking strategies, citizen planning in relation to Toronto’s official plan, and new forms of democratic practice.
Potential Contributions of Planning to Community Food Systems
Authors: Clancy Kate
Published: May 2004

Food system advocates have made attempts for over a decade to overcome the resistance of planners to the inclusion of food issues in their portfolios. Two recent surveys illuminate the reasons for this neglect: they range from turf problems, to a lack of perception that any problem exists, to a lack of funds. Given these barriers, the author suggests that food system advocates engage planners on specific, well-targeted issues at the local or regional level and join forces with other organizations that have common concerns, such as “sustainable communities,” to approach planners for their collaboration and assistance.
Building a Common Table
Authors: Campbell Marcia Caton
Published: May 2004

Tensions and conflicts are rampant in the U.S. food system, occurring at epistemological, political and institutional, socioeconomic, spatial, community, and organizational levels. Some tensions are based on differences in scale, fundamental values, power, or conflicting stakeholder frames, while others are a function of stakeholders with compatible interests failing to develop a common language and agenda. This article investigates the nature of these and other emerging food systems conflicts by exploring the major stakeholder groups and their values, interests, and positions. Applying environmental and public policy dispute resolution theory and techniques, the article explores opportunities for planners to bridge food systems tensions. The article recommends specific actions that planning practitioners and planning academics can take to foster food systems discourse and to build a more economically and environmentally sound and socially just food system.
Mobility Strategies and Food Shopping for Low-Income Families
Authors: Clifton Kelly J.
Published: May 2004

This article focuses on the relationship between the mobility constraints that low-income families face in their acquisition of food and the coping strategies they develop for this routine task. The motivations and rationale behind travel and provisioning choices of the working poor and the resources available to them are examined by means of a series of semistructured interviews conducted with members of twenty-six low-income house-holds residing in the Austin, Texas, area. The ways that these households cope with their mobility and economic disadvantage are complex, logical, and varied; depend on their resources and circumstances; and must be flexible to deal with day-to-day occurrences. Evidence from this study shows that the flexibility afforded by the automobile widens the spatial and temporal aspects of mobility, allowing for a more extensive search for goods and services. The automobile is an important mode for nonwork travel, even among those households that do not own one. However, the transit and walking remain critical in providing the mobility needed to access food-shopping destinations for these families.
Examining Ethnic Identity among Mexican-Origin Adolescents Living in the United States
Authors: Umaña-Taylor Adriana J. , Fine Mark A.
Published: May 2004

This study used structural equation modeling to test a model of ethnic identity development among 513 Mexican-origin adolescents living in the United States. The model examined the influence of ecological factors, familial ethnic socialization, and autonomy on adolescents’ ethnic identity achievement. Findings indicated that lower percentages ofMexican-origin individuals attending adolescents’schools and fewer members of adolescents’ immediate family born in the United States were each associated with greater familial ethnic socialization; furthermore, familial ethnic socialization was positively related to ethnic identity achievement. These findings suggest that ecological factors indirectly influence ethnic identity achievement through their influence on familial ethnic socialization.
Psychosocial Correlates and Outcomes of Physical Activity Among Latinos: A Review
Authors: Marquez David X. , McAuley Edward , Overman Natalie
Published: May 2004

Despite the many physical and psychological benefits of physical activity, it is well documented that the general population does not engage in sufficient leisure time physical activity to accrue such benefits. In the Latino population the situation is even more dire. This review focuses on studies of the relationship between physical activity and psychosocial correlates and outcomes in Latino men and women. It was demonstrated that the majority of studies with Latino participants examined constructs similar to those studied in the general population, namely, self-efficacy, social support, and perceived barriers. The existing literature is discussed in terms of (a) the lack of information on the psychological/psychosocial constructs of physical activity for Latinos, (b) the lack of intervention research, (c) reporting results of studies as “minority correlates,” (d) the importance of Latino subcultures and the heterogeneity of Latinos, and (e) the measurement of physical activity.
Positioning Early Research on Writing in Norway
Authors: Ongstad Sigmund
Published: May 2004

The article consists of two parts: One introduces the concept of positioning as a framework for inspecting and relating major tendencies regarding research on writing; the other gives a historic outline of how research on writing in Norway first emerged. The triadic semiotics of Bühler, Bakhtin, Habermas, and Halliday are combined, and then related to the concept of positioning, which is used as a framework for the historical part. A triadic understanding of communication and didactics is outlined for the purpose of studying positioning of research on writing. Reviews of didactics, research, and stil are presented before overall developmental patterns of general tendencies in the early research writing are described. Central parts of the framework and the historical part are finally compared to an overview offered by Nystrand, Green, and Wiemelt.
Convention from Below
Authors: Evensen Lars Sigfred
Published: May 2004

How should the relationship between immediate interaction and verbal convention be understood? The present article argues that dialogism transcends the distinction between interactionist and constructionist social theories of written communication, as presented by Nystrand and colleagues. The theoretical argument is illustrated by a study of one writer who is struggling to learn argumentative writing. In analyzing this writer’s development, the focus is on grounding, specifically, the interplay between foregrounded and backgrounded parts of discourse. The results illustrate that appropriation of conventional resources for grounding is more creative and dyadically contextualized than constructionist theories may invite us to think. Simultaneously, appropriation draws on conventional communicative resources in ways that are hard to explain within interactionist theories. A dialogical model is presented to show that the Bakhtinian “double dialogue” of discourse meets in the “diatope”—that multidimensional (ecological) point of co-constitution where interaction and construction merge into one unified perspective.
Double Histories in Multivocal Classrooms
Authors: Smidt Jon
Published: May 2004

This article enters an ongoing discussion about the usefulness of different theories and different research designs in the analysis of classroom writing. Starting with questions about how students interpret the norms of writing and their own selves in school writing, it demonstrates the relevance of an ecological theory of writing, methodologically connected to in-depth case studies—double histories—of the dialogical relationship of student and teacher positionings over time. The related concepts of discourse roles and positionings are discussed in the context of the theories of Bakhtin and Mead. The writing double histories of two students and their teacher over 2 years in a Norwegian upper secondary school are presented. Analysis shows informants positioning themselves dialogically in relation to their ideas about self and the other, the social meaning of their written utterances in various school genres, and their changing interpretations of the social rules of school writing.