bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testbed for Pressure Sensors
Authors: Claus Ana , Jafarizadeh Borzooye , Huda Chowdhury Azmal , Pala Neziah , Wang Chunlei
Published: November 2021

Currently, several studies and experiments are being done to create a new generation of ultra-low-power wearable sensors. For instance, our group is currently working towards the development of a high-performance flexible pressure sensor. However, with the creation of new sensors, a need for a standard test method is necessary. Therefore, we opted to create a standardized testbed to evaluate the pressure applied to sensors. A pulse wave is generated when the heart pumps blood causing a change in the volume of the blood vessel. In order to eliminate the need of human subjects when testing pressure sensors, we utilized polymeric material, which mimics human flesh. The goal is to simulate human pulse by pumping air into a polymeric pocket which s deformed. The project is realized by stepper motor and controlled with an Arduino board. Furthermore, this device has the ability to simulate pulse wave form with different frequencies. This in turn allows us to simulate conditions such as bradycardia, tachycardia, systolic pressure, and diastolic pressure.
Matrimônio e Dote: alicerces sociais de uma elite de Antigo Regime
Authors: Alves Débora Cristina
Published: November 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as diferentes estratégias matrimoniais e de concessão de dotes empregadas pela elite da região de Guarapiranga (MG), entre 1715 e 1790, com a finalidade de se ascender social, econômica e politicamente. Próximo ao efervescente núcleo minerador da freguesia de Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Guarapiranga, seus habitantes aproveitavam da possibilidade de angariar prestígio e sucesso econômico através da exploração aurífera, além da agricultura e pecuária, sem desatender o estabelecimento de um bom laço matrimonial.
A escravidão nos impressos do Primeiro Reinado: Chapuis, Plancher e a escravidão
Authors: Reis Arthur Ferreira
Published: November 2021

Buscando situar e discutir a questão da escravidão durante o primeiro reinado, analisar-se-á a opinião de dois jornalistas franceses, Pedro Plancher e Chapuis, a partir dos textos publicados em seus jornais, o Spectador Brasileiro e o Verdadeiro Liberal, respectivamente. Mesmo sendo rivais e utilizando argumentos distintos, se perceberá que a defesa do cesse do tráfico negreiro, realizada por ambos, se baseava em informações, argumentos morais, econômicos e religiosos, além de colocar de manifesto questões candentes sobre o futuro dos negros e da agricultura após a medida.
O grupo teatral Gente Nossa e a cruzada social contra os mocambos no Recife (1939)
Authors: Cabral Newton Darwin de Andrade , Lima Lúcio Renato Mota
Published: November 2021

O artigo aborda a relação de intelectuais com o sistema de poder, enfatizando mais uma situação em que se fez a tentativa de solucionar conflitos sociais existentes em determinada conjuntura, recorrendo a estratégias de desmobilização social. A análise tem como cenário o período do Estado Novo, particularizado nas disseminações de sua forma de agir, no caso, focando em Pernambuco, no períododa gestão de Agamenon Magalhães. O ator principal é o Grupo de Teatro Gente Nossa, e a trama envolve a luta contra os mocambos, uma vez que a erradicação daquele tipo de moradia era uma das metas do interventor pernambucano. A análise empreendida ajuda a desvendar a utilização de empreendimentos culturais postos a serviço de um projeto político. O artigo evidencia uma importante vinculação: a que se deu entre o regime então vigente e um dos mais sólidos pilares de sua sustentação – a cultura. E, nesta, a manifestação teatral planejada para ser um eficaz veículo de publicidade objetivando a fomentação de um pensamento hegemônico que, por sua vez, visava a justificar as lutas travadas em favor da edificação de uma sociedade ordenada e obediente a valores pré-estabelecidos. Baseado em pesquisas documental e bibliográfica, o estudo não deixa dúvidas de que a atuação do Grupo de Teatro Gente Nossa foi mais um caso que pressupunha a arte instrumentalizada e posta a serviço da consolidação de um modelo social; portanto, não voltada à produção de embevecimentos e fruições estéticas.
Algumas considerações sobre a imigração nas páginas do jornal Folha do Oeste (1946-1960)
Authors: Santos Rodrigo dos
Published: November 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo discutir a imigração do pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial para o Brasil, no período de 1946 a 1960, através do jornal Folha do Oeste. O referido periódico, produzido no Município de Guarapuava-PR, está disponível no Centro de Documentação e Memória de Guarapuava. Ademais, se utilizará o processo nº. 5994 de 30 de junho de 1950, disponível online no Arquivo de São Paulo.
Os índios Xukuru: entre doces, carnes. Faltando frutas e legumes. Conflitos de terras e fome em Pesqueira na década de 1950
Authors: Silva Edson
Published: November 2021

Os indígenas Xukuru do Ororubá habitam em sua maioria na Serra do Ororubá (Pesqueira e Poção), no Agreste pernambucano, onde apesar das estiagens periódicas e secas prolongadas, existem áreas úmidas montanhosas e de brejos que foram reconhecidas pelos recursos naturais disponíveis como matas, fontes de água e a riqueza produtiva das terras agrícolas, com o plantio de frutas, legumes e a agricultura de subsistência muito importante para a sobrevivência humana naquela região. As terras habitadas pelos indígenas foram invadidas ao longo dos anos por criadores de gado e o antigo Aldeamento de Cimbres situado na Serra do Ororubá teve a decretada a extinção oficial no último quartel do Século XIX atendendo os interesses dos fazendeiros, restando a alguns indígenas pequenos pedaços de terras e a maioria o trabalho nas fazendas. A partir de uma pesquisa documental e das memórias indígenas, discutimos como as formas de ocupação e uso das terras naquela região com a pecuária e a agroindústria no Século XX, provocaram mudanças nas relações socioambientais e seus impactos sobre a população indígena Xukuru na Década de 1950 como a escassez de alimentos, a fome e a pobreza. Ocorrendo a expulsão dos indígenas de terras onde habitavam, a migração para área urbana da cidade de Pesqueira, o trabalho como operários nas fábricas instaladas na cidade. Situação revertida após muitas mobilizações, conflitos e violências enfrentadas pelos indígenas que retomaram suas terras e conquistaram a demarcação oficial da Terra Indígena Xukuru do Ororubá em 2001.
An unusual case of anteroinferior paralabral cyst with axillary nerve compression: A case report
Authors: Ramaswamy Arun G. , Patil Neelanagowda Police , Srinivasan Namrata
Published: November 2021

Paralabral cysts are an uncommon cause of shoulder pain in young adults. Their association with neurological symptoms is seldom reported in the literature. The cysts are believed to develop when there is a labral tear allowing synovial fluid entry into tissues causing one-way valve effect. This case report describes a case of anteroinferior paralabral cyst in a painful shoulder associated with axillary nerve palsy. MRI revealed an anteroinferior labral cyst. Electromyography revealed denervation of deltoid and teres minor muscles. Shoulder arthroscopy was performed with cyst decompression and labral repair. Shoulder function improved gradually and by the end of 1 year, power was back to pre-injury status. Paralabral cysts are a rare entity. When associated with nerve injury, prompt decompression is necessary to prevent irreversible nerve and muscle damage.
Microvascular decompression for a unique case of glossopharyngeal neuralgia with provokable symptomatic bradycardia: 2-Dimensional operative video
Authors: Sardar Tejas Arvind , Vasudeva Viren S. , Woodall M. Neil
Published: November 2021

Background:

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is a rare neurovascular compression syndrome that can lead to paroxysmal craniofacial pain and sometimes cardiovascular symptoms.[1,2] The characteristic pathology involves a vessel (commonly a branch/loop of PICA) compressing the nerve at the root entry/exit zone at the brainstem.[1] Microvascular decompression is a commonly used treatment approach for patients that have failed conservative measures.[2]

Case Description:

A 72-year-old male presented to the ED following four episodes of syncope. The patient had a multi-year history of right-sided burning/stabbing pain involving the submandibular area and posterior throat. His syncope was related to symptomatic bradycardia that would occur during episodes of pain. His pain was exacerbated by speaking and swallowing and could be triggered by placing his finger in the right external auditory meatus. Interestingly, this maneuver would also trigger his bradycardia. The patient had failed previous pharmacotherapy, and a pacemaker had been placed to protect him from periods of hypotension. MRI/MRA of the brain and cervical spine were unremarkable. Due to his profoundly symptomatic status, the patient was offered a right retrosigmoid craniotomy for microvascular decompression of the right glossopharyngeal nerve. The patient had complete resolution of his pain and bradycardia immediately post-operatively. He was discharged on the second postoperative day and his pacemaker was ultimately removed. The patient continues to be pain free and off medication.

Conclusion:

Here we present a video case report of microvascular decompression with favorable outcome for an interesting presentation of glossopharyngeal neuralgia. The patient gave informed consent for surgery and video recording.
La recuperación ambiental de los principales destinos de interés turístico del Caribe colombiano que generó la cuarentena del Covid-19
Authors: Correa Marco Alejandro , Pacheco Paternina Wilberto , Ricaurte-Villota Constanza
Published: November 2021

Para contrarrestar la propagación de la enfermedad pandémica del Covid-19, el gobierno de Colombia decretó un periodo de cuarentena de marzo 24 a julio 1 de 2020, que obligó al cese de las actividades turísticas y al cierre de los principales destinos turísticos del Caribe colombiano: Santa Marta, Cartagena y San Andrés. Durante este periodo se percibió un incremento significativo en la calidad ambiental de estas zonas costeras. Para cuantificar los cambios ambientales en la zona costera, se analizó la variación en la concentración de la clorofila y los sólidos suspendidos totales de la misión satelital Sentinel-3, 30 días antes y después del inicio de la cuarentena. Los resultados mostraron una disminución en la concentración de clorofila (> 20 %) y sólidos suspendidos (> 40 %) frente a Santa Marta y Cartagena, pero ningún cambio significativo en San Andrés. Aunque parte de esta reducción estuvo vinculada a cambios estacionales en forzantes locales, los resultados sugieren que la recuperación ambiental podría ser un efecto remoto del cese de actividades contaminantes en el territorio continental. Así, la cuarentena Covid-19 proporciona un referente para observar efectos de las actividades productivas y turísticas, potencialmente útil para establecer la capacidad de carga y recuperación de ecosistemas costeros.
PENGARUH PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL, DAN KETERBUKAAN EKONOMI TERHADAP INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA DI NEGARA- NEGARA ASEAN
Authors: Azzaki Muhammad Adnan
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTEconomic openness through International Trade has a complex relationship with human development. Mainstream economies generally assume that human development automatically follows on from economic growth. This study uses human development index (HDI) as one of the indicators of development progress in aspects of human quality in the State. There are several reasons the human development index is used as an indicator of a country's development among the fundamental components of longevity, health, knowledge, and living standards. This research uses human development index (HDI) variables as dependent variables while International trade is proxies with Export, Import and economic openness values as independent variables. These variables are data located in ASEAN countries during 2013-2019. This research aims to provide information on the influence of international trade and economic openness to the Human Development Index (HDI) in ASEAN. The analysis technique used is the regression of panel data with fixed effect model. The results showed that simultaneously the Variables of Export, Import, and Economic Openness affect the human development index in ASEAN, and partially the independent variables of Export, Import, and Economic Openness have a significant effect on the Human Development Index. ABSTRAKKeterbukaan ekonomi melalui Perdagangan Internasional memiliki hubungan yang kompleks dengan pembangunan manusia. Ekonomi mainstream umumnya berasumsi bahwa pembangunan manusia secara otomatis mengikuti dari pertumbuhan ekonomi. Penelitian ini menggunakan Indeks pembangunan manusia sebagai indikator pembangunan pada aspek kualitas manusia dalam negara. Ada beberapa alasan indeks pembangunan manusia dijadikan sebagai Indikator dari pembangunan suatu negara diantara komponen mendasar yaitu umur panjang, kesehatan, pengetahuan, dan standar hidup. Penelitian ini menggunakan variabel Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) sebagai variabel dependen sedangkan perdagangan Internasional yang di proksikan dengan nilai Ekspor, Impor dan keterbukaan ekonomi sebagai variabel independen. Variabel tersebut merupakan data yang berada di negara-negara ASEAN selama tahun 2013-2019. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk memberikan informasi mengenai pengaruh perdagangan internasional dan keterbukaan ekonomi terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) di ASEAN. Teknik analisis menggunakan regresi data panel model efek tetap (Fixed Effect Model). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara bersamaan (Simultan) variabel Ekspor, Impor, dan Keterbukaan Ekonomi mempengaruhi indeks pembangunan manusia di ASEAN, dan secara satuan (Parsial) variabel Independen Ekspor, Impor, dan Keterbukaan Ekonomi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia.JEL : F13, F10, F41
Amantadine Variant - Aryl Conjugates that Inhibit Multiple Amantadine Resistant M2 Mutant Influenza A Viruses
Authors: Tzitzoglaki Christina , Hoffmann Anja , Turcu Andreea , Liolios Christos , Schmerer Patrick , Ma Chunlong , Wang Jun , Vázquez Santiago , Schmidtke Michaela , Kolocouris Antonios
Published: November 2021

One challenge facing anti-influenza drug development is the heterogeneity of the circulating influenza A viruses, which comprise several strains with variable susceptibility to antiviral drugs. Viruses bearing the S31N mutant of the M2, such as the pandemic 2009 H1N1 and seasonal H3N2, as well as other mutants (L26F, V27A, A30T, G34E) are resistant to amantadine class of drugs. Here, we synthesized and tested many of the second generation amantadine - aryl conjugates, against the WT M2 and all the M2 amantadine resistant strains, i.e. L26F, V27A, S31N, A30T, G34E generated from WSN/33 (S31N) virus. We identified many compounds that are dual in vitro M2 WT and L26F virus inhibitors. Furthermore, few of them (21, 32, 33), having a rimantadine or diamantadine or 4-(1-adamantyl)aniline instead of amantadine in the conjugate, were in vitro inhibitors against M2 WT, L26F and S31N while one of them inhibited also the A30T virus. The electrophysiology (EP) experiments showed that these compounds blocked significantly M2 WT, L26F or even M2 V27A channels but not the M2 S31N. The observation that adamantane variants and derivatives inhibit multiple M2 mutant virus replication in cell culture, without blocking M2 channel-mediated proton current in EP is not uncommon, underlying a mechanism of antiviral activity that has not been identified.
Design and synthesis of novel orexin 2 receptor agonists based on naphthalene skeleton
Authors: Hino Tsubasa , Saitoh Tsuyoshi , Nagumo Yasuyuki , Yamamoto Naoshi , Kutsumura Noriki , Irukayama-Tomobe Yoko , Ishikawa Yukiko , Tanimura Ryuji , Yanagisawa Masashi , Nagase Hiroshi
Published: November 2021

A novel series of naphthalene derivatives were designed and synthesized based on the strategy focusing on the restriction of the flexible bond rotation of OX2R selective agonist YNT-185 (1) and their agonist activities against orexin receptors were evaluated. The 1,7-naphthalene derivatives showed superior agonist activity than 2,7-naphthalene derivatives, suggesting that the bent form of 1 would be favorable for the agonist activity. The conformational analysis of 1,7-naphthalene derivatives indicated that the twisting of the amide unit out from the naphthalene plane is important for the enhancement of activity. The introduction of a methyl group on the 2-position of 1,7-naphthalene ring effectively increased the activity, which led to the discovery of the potent OX2R agonist 28c (EC50 = 9.21 nM for OX2R, 148 nM for OX1R). The structure-activity relationship results were well supported by a comparison of the docking simulation results of the most potent derivative 28c with an active state of agonist-bound OX2R cryo-EM SPA structure. These results suggested important information for understanding the active conformation and orientation of pharmacophores in the orexin receptor agonists, which is expected as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of narcolepsy.
Incommensurate phase in Λ-cobalt (III) sepulchrate trinitrate governed by highly competitive N–H···O and C–H···O hydrogen bond networks
Authors: Dey Somnath , Schönleber Andreas , van Smaalen Sander , Morgenroth Wolfgang , Larsen Finn Krebs
Published: November 2021

Phase transitions in molecular crystals are often determined by intermolecular interactions. The cage complex of [Co(C12H30N8)]3+·3NO3– is reported to undergo a disorder–order phase transition at Tc1 ≈ 133 K upon cooling. Temperature-dependent neutron and synchrotron diffraction experiments revealed satellite reflections in addition to main reflections in the diffraction patterns below Tc1. The modulation wave vector varies as function of temperature and locks in at Tc3 ≈ 98 K. Here, we demonstrate that the crystal symmetry lowers from hexagonal to monoclinic in the incommensurately modulated phases in Tc1 ˂ T ˂ Tc3. Distinctive levels of competitions: trade-off between longer N–H···O and shorter C–H···O hydrogen bonds; steric constraints to dense C-H···O bonds give rise to pronounced modulation of the basic structure. Severely frustrated crystal packing in the incommensurate phase is precursor to optimal balance of intermolecular interactions in the lock-in phase.
Which bridge to cross, which mountain to climb – Supramolecular Photocatalysis Outpacing Conventional Catalysis
Authors: Zedler Linda , Wintergerst Pascal , Mengele Alexander , Müller Carolin , Li Chunyu , Dietzek-Ivanšić Benjamin , Rau Sven
Published: November 2021

Unequivocal assignment of rate limiting steps in supramolecular photocatalysts is of utmost importance to rationally optimize photocatalytic activity. By spectroscopic and catalytic analysis of a series of three structurally similar [(tbbpy) 2 Ru-BL-Rh(Cp*)Cl] 3+ photocatalysts just differing in the central part (alkynyl, triazole or phenazine) of the bridging ligand (BL) we were able to derive design strategies for improved photocatalytic activity of this class of compounds (tbbpy = 4,4´-tert-butyl- 2,2´-bipyridine, Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl). Most importantly, not the rate of the transfer of the first electron towards the Rh III center but rather the rate at which a two-fold reduced Rh I species is generated can directly be correlated with the observed photocatalytic formation of NADH from NAD + . Interestingly, the complex which exhibited the fastest intramolecular electron transfer kinetics for the first electron is not the one that allowed the fastest photocatalysis. With the photocatalytically most efficient alkynyl linked system, it was even possible to overcome the rate of thermal NADH formation. Moreover, for this photocatalyst loss of the alkynyl functionality under photocatalytic conditions was identified as an important deactivation pathway.
Addition Coupled Electron Transfer (ACET) and Addition Coupled Electron Coupled Proton Transfer (ACPCET)
Authors: Ma Yumiao
Published: November 2021

The new types of elementary reaction in which a nucleophilic addition (A) to quinones is coupled with electron transfer (ET) and even further proton transfer (PT) are suggested herein by density functional theory calculation, which are called Addition Coupled Electron Transfer (ACET) or Addition Coupled Electron Coupled Proton Transfer (ACPCET). With a [2.2]paracyclophane-derived biquinone (1) as the substrate, the nature of nucleophilic addition onto its sp2 carbons exhibits a change from stepwise A-ET-PT to ACET-PT and further to ACPCET, in parallel with the decreased nucleophilicity of the attacking reagent. In addition, we further proposed six possible potential energy surfaces and the coupling modes between A, ET and PT, in which three have been found in this work. Quasi-classical trajectory shows that the ACET and PT event can also be dynamically concerted even for an ACET-PT mechanism.
Anion-π Catalysis Enabled by the Mechanical Bond
Authors: Maynard John , Galmés Bartomeu , Stergiou Athanasios , Symes Mark , Frontera Antonio , Goldup Steve
Published: November 2021

We report a series of rotaxane-based anion-π catalysts in which the mechanical bond between a bipyridine macrocycle and an axle containing an NDI unit is intrinsic to the activity observed, including a [3]rotaxane that catalyses an otherwise disfavoured Michael addition in >60 fold selectivity over a competing decarboxylation pathway that dominates under Brønsted base conditions. The results are rationalized by detailed experimental investigations, electrochemical and computational analysis.
Grammar School Students’ Opinions on the Art Curriculum: An Estonian, Portuguese and Slovenian Comparative Study
Authors: Zupančič Tomaž , Köster Annely , Torres de Eça Teresa
Published: November 2021

The article presents the attitude of grammar school students towards the art curriculum. It first provides an overview of the characteristics of contemporary art education, with an emphasis on the postmodern art curriculum and on linking course content with students’ interests. The study is based on the descriptive and causal non-experimental method,with a sample comprising 387 Slovenian, Estonian and Portuguese students. It was established that the students place the highest value on developing creativity, and are less interested in art history content and learning about the basics of the formal art language. They are attracted to contemporary topics, such as graffiti, multicultural art, the use of new media, and digital technologies. The results of the study provide opportunities for future comparative analyses and starting points for updating art curricula.
Adoption of the Creative Process According to the Immersive Method
Authors: Vuk Sonja , Tacol Tonka , Vogrinc Janez
Published: November 2021

The immersive method is a new concept of visual education that is better suited to the needs of students in contemporary post-industrial society. The features of the immersive method are: 1) it emerges from interaction with visual culture; 2) it encourages understanding of contemporary art (as an integral part of visual culture); and 3) it implements the strategies andprocesses of the dominant tendencies in contemporary art (new media art and relational art) with the goal of adopting the creative process, expressing one’s thoughts and emotions, and communicating with the environment. The immersive method transfers the creative process from art to the process of creation by the students themselves. This occurs with the mediation of an algorithmic scheme that enables students to adopt ways to solve problems, to express thoughts and emotions, to develop ideas and to transfer these ideasto form, medium and material. The immersive method uses transfer in classes, the therapeutic aspect of art and “flow state” (the optimal experience of being immersed in an activity)/aesthetic experience (a total experience that has a beginning, a process and a conclusion)/immersive experience (comprehensive immersion in the present moment). This is a state leading to the sublimative effect of creation (identification with what has been expressed), as well as to self-actualisation. The immersive method teaches one to connect the context, social relations and the artwork as a whole in which  one lives as an individual. The adopted creative process is implemented in a critical manner on one’s surrounding through analysis, aesthetic interventions, and ecologically and socially aware inclusion in the life of a community. The students gain the crucial meta-competence of a creative thinking process.
Fragmented Knowledge and Missing Connections between Knowledge from Different Hierarchical Organisational Levels of Reproduction among Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Šorgo Andrej , Šiling Rebeka
Published: November 2021

Based on the responses of our sample (N = 310) of adolescents and young adults from Slovenia (students of secondary and tertiary schools, university students) to a number of tasks covering reproduction, from the molecular to organismal levels, it can be concluded that their knowledge is seriously flawed. Correlations of knowledge between individual tasks are low, or even negative, showing patchiness and missed connections between different aspects of reproduction. Our study confirms the well-known difficulties in building a consistent body of knowledge on the genetic–inheritance axis while expanding it to the anatomy and physiology of reproduction. It is crucial to stress the quality of elementary school biology, and science (biology) courses in secondary schools because, for most people, this will be the last formal contact with some important topics that could influence their life decisions.
The Effects of the Comprehensive Inductive Educational Approach on the Social Behaviour of Preschool Children in Kindergarten
Authors: Kroflič Robi , Smrtnik Vitulič Helena
Published: November 2021

The aim of the present study was to ascertain the effects of the five-month implementation of the comprehensive inductive educational approach on the social behaviour of kindergarten children. The sample consisted of 52 children in the experimental group and 48 children in the control group, aged from 2.6 to 6.0 years. The kindergarten teachers responsible for thetwo groups completed the Slovenian version of the Social Competence and Behaviour Evaluation questionnaire before and after the implementation of the approach. The children in the experimental group achieved higher scores than those in the control group on five of the eight basic scales of social behaviour, and on two of the three composite scales, as well as onthe general result of social adaptation. It can be concluded that the implementation of the comprehensive educational approach influenced various aspects of the children’s social behaviour.
Raising Expectations for U.S. Youth with Disabilities: Federal Disability Policy Advances Integrated Employment
Authors: Novak Jeanne
Published: November 2021

While conversations around the inclusion of individuals with disabilities often focus on the educational rights and needs of children with disabilities during their school years, there is a growing recognition that the period of transition from secondary school to adult roles is a critical time in the lives of individuals with disabilities. For young people, gaining meaningfulemployment in a typical community job is an important step towards realising full community membership. The present article examines how contemporary U.S. federal disability policy has heightened expectations that youth with disabilities – including those with significant disabilities – can and should be prepared to work in integrated workplaces. The article begins with a consideration of how evolving assumptions about the nature of disability and the employment potential of individuals with significant disabilities have influenced the development of federal disability policy in the U.S. This is followed by an overview of key legislative and policy developments in the areas of civil rights and workforce development that havethe potential to dramatically impact the employment outlook for young people with disabilities. The article concludes with a discussion of challenges in translating the legislative intent of federal disability policy into noticeable improvements in employment outcomes, along with recommendations for aligning legislation, funding priorities and service delivery systems to achieve policy goals.
Mapping Women’s and Gender Studies in the Academic Field in Slovenia
Authors: Antić Gaber Milica
Published: November 2021

The aim of the present paper is to map the development of women’s and gender studies (WGS) in the academic field in Slovenia. Slovenia is the first of the former Yugoslav state republics in which WGS have succeeded in entering the academic field and becoming part of institutionalised university study. In this paper we will ask the following questions: How, when and why did this happen? How was this connected to women’s and feminist movements and politics regarding women’s issues and demands? What were the obstacles in this process? Who were the agents and what were the factors that supported demands for the incorporation of WGS in academia? How has the field evolved in the last few decades? What were the phases of this development? Which fields were the forerunners, which were the late-comers and which are still left aside? What are the thematic scopes taught in WGS courses? In which degrees are thecourses offered and what are their modules? Who teaches them? The mapping in this paper is mainly based on primary sources of university programmes and their curricula at faculties of the University of Ljubljana, as well as on interviews with important agents in the field.
Gender Differences in Children’s Language: A Meta-Analysis of Slovenian Studies
Authors: Marjanovič-Umek Ljubica , Fekonja-Peklaj Urška
Published: November 2021

Child gender has been proved to affect toddlers’/children’s language development in several studies, but its effect was not found to be stable across different ages or various aspects of language ability. The effect of gender on toddler’s, children’s and adolescents’ language ability was examined in the present meta-analysis of ten Slovenian studies (nine cross-sectionalstudies and one longitudinal study). The ten studies were published between 2004 and 2016 and included a total of 3,657 toddlers, children and adolescents, aged from 8 months to 15 years. The language outcome measures refer to different aspects of language ability, including vocabulary, mean length of utterance, sentence complexity, language expression andcomprehension, storytelling ability and metalinguistic awareness. Across the studies, language ability was assessed using different approaches and instruments, most of which were standardised on samples of Slovenianspeaking children. Based on the reported arithmetic means and standard deviations, the effect sizes of gender for each of the included studies werecalculated, as well as the average effect size of gender across the different studies. The findings of the meta-analysis showed that the effect size of gender on  toddlers’/children’s/adolescents’ language largely depended on  their age and the aspect of language measured. The effect sizes increased with children’s increasing age. All significant effects proved to be in favour of girls. The findings were interpreted in relation to the characteristics of language development and social cultural factors that can contribute togender differences in language ability.
Adolescent Boys, Embodied Heteromasculinities and Sexual Violence
Authors: W. Messeschmidt James
Published: November 2021

In this paper the author summarizes several life history case studies of adolescent boys who were identified at school as “wimps” and who eventually engaged in various forms of sexual violence. Such boys rarely are— if at all—discussed in the childhood, education and feminist literatures on sexual violence. The life stories reveal the interrelationship among inschoolbullying, reflexivity, embodied structured action, and the social construction of heteromasculinities in the commission of sexual violence by subordinated boys. The author concludes by considering the implications the research has to the evolving discourses on social scientific conceptualizations of reflexive embodiment and heteromasculinities.
Defining Moments in Policy Development, Direction, and Implementation in Irish Initial Teacher Education Policy
Authors: O’Doherty Teresa
Published: November 2021

This paper explores the impact of significant OECD documents on the development of Irish education policy, specifically teacher education policy, over the last half century. While other commentators have argued that Irish education has been predominantly influenced by policy developments in the UK, US or Europe, this paper identifies the OECD as a significant trigger for domestic policy reform and discusses key reports/publications that have influenced both ideological and structural reforms of Irish education. Long before the growth of evidence-based reform or the emergence of a global education policy field, Irish policy makers invited the newly formed OECD to review Ireland’s provision of education; this review generated base-line data and highlighted both the inequity of Irish education as well as its inadequacy in providing for the future needs of the Irish economy. Thus began a long-term relationshipwith the OECD, which has served to prompt and guide policy revision and reform at critical decision points over five decades. While engagement with the OECD cannot simply explain changes in Irish education, it does, however, provide a valuable perspective on domestic policy making.
Effects of German Language Teacher Professional Development on Pupils’ Learning Outcomes in Intercultural Competence
Authors: Šenjug Golub Ana
Published: November 2021

The development of intercultural competence is increasingly being perceived as a key goal in today’s education. As a result of a strong emphasis on that competence in curricular documents, teachers are faced with demanding tasks. Confirming this, recent research in the field of intercultural competence in Croatian schools indicates the numerous difficultiesteachers face in accomplishing the goal of developing their pupils’ intercultural competence. Teacher professional development can be crucial for a systematic approach to the development of learners’ intercultural competence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether teacher participation in a further professional development programme on the topic of intercultural competence can significantly affect the achievement of goals set in the current curricular documents on foreign language learning related to intercultural competence. The effects of the professionaldevelopment programme were assessed by means of analysing learner outcomes in intercultural competence prior to and after teacher participation in the programme. A quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design was used, and the achievements of 752 primary and lower secondary level pupils attending 4th and 8th grades were evaluated. The results confirmed that foreign language teacher professional development in the field of intercultural competence had positive effects on pupils’ learning outcomes, especially in the cognitive component of intercultural competence. This leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to motivate foreign language teachers to participate in such programmes. The results also indicate the necessity of placing particular emphasis on the problem of stereotypes and prejudices when designing such programmes.
National Policies and Strategies for the Support of the Gifted and Talented in Austria
Authors: Resch Claudia
Published: November 2021

The approach to the support of gifted and talented children and youth has changed considerably in the past twenty years. While, until the 2000s, provision programmes predominantly focused on extracurricular activities for pupils, gifted education now follows a systemic and inclusive approach, including all (educational) institutions – kindergarten, school, college and university – as well as the family, the economy, the working world and the community. Furthermore, there have been considerable efforts to provide for gifted children within the regular classroom by way of differentiation and individualised learning. This new approach to talent support was first outlined in 2011 in the “White Paper Promoting Talent and Excellence”, which the Austrian Research and Support Centre for the Gifted and Talented published in cooperation with the interministerial Giftedness Research and Gifted Education Task Force. The present article outlines the reasons that led to this new strategy, explains its main features and attempts an analysis of its strengths and weaknesses.
On Teaching Problem Solving in School Mathematics
Authors: Pehkonen Erkki , Näveri Liisa , Laine Anu
Published: November 2021

The article begins with a brief overview of the situation throughout the world regarding problem solving. The activities of the ProMath group are then described, as the purpose of this international research group is to improve mathematics teaching in school. One mathematics teaching method that seems to be functioning in school is the use of open problems(i.e., problem fields). Next we discuss the objectives of the Finnish curriculum that are connected with problem solving. Some examples and research results are taken from a Finnish–Chilean research project that monitors the development of problem-solving skills in third grade pupils. Finally, some ideas on “teacher change” are put forward. It is not possible to change teachers, but only to provide hints for possible change routes: the teachers themselves should work out the ideas and their implementation.
Promoting Writing in Mathematics: Prospective Teachers’ Experiences and Perspectives on the Process of Writing When Doing Mathematics as Problem Solving
Authors: Kuzle Ana
Published: November 2021

Despite a great deal of research on the benefits of writing in mathematics, writing plays a minimal role, if any, in secondary and tertiary mathematics education. In order for teachers to use writing in their classrooms, they themselves have to experience writing mathematics within the teacher education programme. The present paper reports on a study aimed at addressing this gap. In a problem-solving seminar, preservice teachers had an opportunity to experience writing in mathematics and report how this affected their problem-solving processes and shaped their attitudes towards incorporating writing in their classrooms. In order to provide a more detailed description of the phenomenon, four participants were chosen based on their beliefs about mathematics. All  of the participants struggled with writing their explanations. Those who used writing as a method to support metacognitive processes while exploring mathematics tended to respond positively to the writing process. The others used writing merely as a method to produce a formal document to be evaluated by the instructor. Consequently, those who viewed writing and doing mathematics as an intertwined process expressed a positive attitude towards using writing in their mathematics classroom. This was, unfortunately, not the case when writing and doing mathematics were seen as two separate processes. Implications for teacher education programmes are presented at the end of the report.
Enjoying Cultural Differences Assists Teachers in Learning about Diversity and Equality. An Evaluation of Antidiscrimination and Diversity Training
Authors: Turnšek Nada
Published: November 2021

The present study is based on a quasi-experimental research design and presents the results of an evaluation of Antidiscrimination and Diversity Training that took place at the Faculty of Education in Ljubljana, rooted in the anti-bias approach to educating diversity and equality issues (Murray & Urban, 2012). The experimental group included 52 in-service early childhood teachers attending the training, which consisted of a total of 120 hours. There was also a control group comprising 130 teachers. The ADT had a decisive impact on all of the measured variables: on an improvement in the participants’ knowledge of discrimination, and on increased support for positive measures and for the preservation of the cultural traditions and language of immigrant children. It was found that self-assessed personality characteristics are predictors of the teachers’  beliefs, especially the enjoying awareness of cultural differences variable, which correlates with all of the dependent variables.
Using Participatory Action Research to Develop a Course Module on Education for Sustainable Development in Pre-Service Chemistry Teacher Education
Authors: Burmeister Mareike , Eilks Ingo
Published: November 2021

This paper describes the development of a course module on sustainability issues and Education for Sustainable Development in German pre-service chemistry teacher education. The module was inspired by empirical research findings about the knowledge base of student teachers. It was created and cyclically refined using Participatory Action Research. Experience gained during its three-year application will be reflected upon here, including feedback collected from student evaluation sheets. In the end, the participants responded extremely positively to the course. The student teachers stated that the module was interesting, relevant and valuable for their later profession as high school chemistry teachers. They also emphasised that they now felt more competent in the area of sustainability and ESD.
A Validation Study of the National Assessment Instruments for Young English Language Learners in Norway and Slovenia
Authors: Pižorn Karmen , Moe Eli
Published: November 2021

This article is a validation study of two national large-scale tests that measure the language proficiency of 11/12 year-old English learners in Norway and Slovenia. Following the example of Alderson and Banerjee (2008), the authors of the article have employed the EALTA guidelines for good practice to validate the tests, and to formulate major recommendationsfor improvement of both assessment instruments, where feasible (Alderson & Banerjee, 2008). The results of the validation study show that both national tests in English seem to fulfil most of the EALTA guidelines for good practice, although a few issues related to the testconstruct and test design procedures need to be re-assessed, and some changes may be required.
Editorial
Authors: Devetak Iztok
Published: November 2021

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Education System Reforms in an Unstable Political Situation: The Case of Serbia in the First Decade of the 21st Century
Authors: Ivić Ivan , Pešikan Ana
Published: November 2021

In the present paper, education reform in the Republic of Serbia since 2000 is presented. The focus is on two major reform waves: 2000–2003 and 2004–2005. We analyse why these broad educational interventions failed. After 2005, there was a lull in the reform process, a period with no major changes (2005–2010). A new phase of improving education policy in Serbia commenced with the adoption of Trends in the Development and Upgrading of the Quality of Education and Upbringing 2010–2020 (2010) and the conception and proposal of the Strategy of Education Development in Serbia to 2020+ (2012). The basic innovations in approachand conception in the new “epoch” is outlined.
Challenges and Responses to the Vulnerability of Families in a Preschool Context
Authors: Turnšek Nada , Poljšak Škraban Olga , Razpotnik Špela , Rapuš Pavel Jana
Published: November 2021

Problems in vulnerable families are multilayered and include the intersection of physical, psychosocial and other forms of distress. The multidimensional nature of the problems of these families is closely linked to the fact that there are many institutions in the field of education, social welfare, health care and others, in which treatment and support are not satisfactory or adapted to their needs. The article presents the partial results of a large-scale qualitative research study, results that refer to the position of vulnerable families in the context of preschool education. The study examined how vulnerability is experienced by parents of preschool children, how the expert workers in the preschools involved in the study responded to the parents’ vulnerability, and how they cooperated with experts from other services outside the preschool. A qualitative research method was used in the study. Data was collected partly through semi-structured interviews with various expert workers employed in two preschools, as well as with the parents of children in the preschools; the interviews were conducted individually and in focus groups. Using thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006), we have identified four representative themes: amongst parents, the two recurring themes can be subsumed under the headings “from door to door” and “adaptation/flexibility”, and amongst experts, under the headings “powerlessness/incompetence/lack of information” and “power/innovation/sensitivity”. The study finds that the ability to effectively contend with vulnerability presumes a reconceptualisation of the attitude of institutional preschool education towards the family, including a change in the professional role of preschool teachers.
The Impact of Active Visualisation of High School Students on the Ability to Memorise Verbal Definitions
Authors: Šmajdek Anamarija , Selan Jurij
Published: November 2021

The era of visual communication influences the cognitive strategies of the individual. Education, too, must adjust to these changes, which raises questions regarding the use of visualisation in teaching. In the present study, we examine the impact of visualisation on the ability of high school students to memorise text. In the theoretical part of the research, we first clarify the concept of visualisation. We define the concept of active visualisation and visualisation as a means of acquiring and conveying knowledge, and we describe the different kinds of visualisation (appearance-based analogies and form-based analogies), specifically defining appearance-based schemata visualisations (where imagery is articulated in a typical culturally trained manner). In the empirical part of the research, we perform an experiment in which we evaluate the effects of visualisation on students’ ability to memorise a difficult written definition. According to the theoretical findings, we establish two hypotheses. In the first, we assume that the majority of the visualisations that students form will be appearance-based schemata visualisations. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that, in visualisation, people spontaneously use analogies based on imagery and schemas that are typical of their society. In the second hypothesis, we assume that active visualisation will contribute to the students’ ability to memorise text in a statistically significant way. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that the combination of verbal and visual experiences enhances cognitive learning. Both hypotheses were confirmed in the research. As our study only dealt with the impact of the most spontaneous type of appearancebased schemata visualisations, we see further possibilities in researching the influence of visualisations that are more complex formally.