bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Review of the Discrepancies in Life Cycle Assessments of Green Concrete
Authors: Hafez Hisham , Kurda Rawaz , Cheung Wai Ming , Nagaratnam Brabha
Published: November 2019

It is challenging to measure the environmental impact of concrete with the absence of a consensus on a standardized methodology for life cycle assessment (LCA). Consequently, the values communicated in the literature for “green” concrete alternatives vary widely between 84 and 612 kg eq CO2/m3. This does not provide enough evidence regarding the acclaimed environmental benefits compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete knowing that the average for the latter was concluded in this study to be around 370 kg eq CO2/m3. Thus, the purpose of this study was to survey the literature on concrete LCAs in an attempt to identify the potential sources of discrepancies and propose a potential solution. This was done through examining 146 papers systematically and attributing the sources of error to the four stages of an LCA: scope definition, inventory data, impact assessment and results interpretations. The main findings showed that there are 13 main sources of discrepancies in a concrete LCA that contribute to the incompatibility between the results. These sources varied between (i) user-based choices such as depending on a cradle-to-gate scope, selecting a basic volume-based functional unit and ignoring the impact allocation and (ii) intrinsic uncertainty in some of the elements, such as the means of transportation, the expected service life and fluctuations in market prices. The former affects the reliability of a study, and hence, a concrete LCA methodology should not allow for any of the uncertainties. On the other hand, the latter affects the degree of uncertainty of the final outcome, and hence, we recommended conducting scenario analyses and communicating the aggregated uncertainty through the selected indicators.
Special Features on Intelligent Imaging and Analysis
Authors: Hwang Dosik , Kim DaeEun
Published: November 2019

Intelligent imaging and analysis have been studied in various research fields, including medical imaging, biomedical applications, computer vision, visual inspection and robot systems [...]
Adsorption and Desorption Mechanisms of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) by Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Modified with Chelating Agents
Authors: Zhang Shuang , Kano Naoki , Mishima Kenji , Okawa Hirokazu
Published: November 2019

In order to obtain the adsorption mechanism and adsorption structures of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) ions adsorbed onto layered double hydroxides (LDH), the adsorption performance of LDH and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) intercalated LDH for REEs was investigated by batch experiments and regeneration studies. In addition to adsorption capacity, the partition coefficient (PC) was also evaluated to assess their true performance metrics. The adsorption capacity of LDH increases from 24.9 μg·g−1 to 145 μg·g−1 for Eu, and from 20.8 μg·g−1 to 124 μg·g−1 for La by intercalating EDTA in this work; and PC increases from 45.5 μg·g−1·uM−1 to 834 μg·g−1·uM−1 for Eu, and from 33.6 μg·g−1·μM−1 to 405 μg·g−1·μM−1 for La. Comparison of the data indicates that the adsorption affinity of EDTA-intercalated LDH is better than that of precursor LDH no matter whether the concept of adsorption capacity or that of the PC was used. The prepared adsorbent was characterized by XRD, SEM-EDS and FT-IR techniques. Moreover, quantum chemistry calculations were also performed using the GAUSSIAN09 program package. In this calculation, the molecular locally stable state structures were optimized by density functional theory (DFT). Both the quantum chemistry calculations and the experimental data showed that REEs ions adsorbed by EDTA-intercalated LDH are more stable than those adsorbed by precursor LDH. Furthermore, the calculation results of adsorption and desorption rates show that adsorption rates are larger for Eu(III) than for La(III), which agrees with the experimental result that Eu(III) has a higher adsorption ability under the same conditions. The LDHs synthesized in this work have a high affinity for removing REEs ions.
Gold Nanofilm-Coated Porous Silicon as Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate
Authors: Khalil Ibrahim , Chou Chia-Man , Tsai Kun-Lin , Hsu Steven , Yehye Wageeh A. , Hsiao Vincent K. S.
Published: November 2019

Metallic film-coated porous silicon (PSi) has been reported as a lucrative surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. The solution-based fabrication process is facile and easy; however, it requires additional reducing agent and extra chemical treatment, as well as hinders the suitability as a reproducible SERS substrate due to irregular hot spot generation via irregular deposition of metallic nanocrystallites. To address this issue, we report a unique one-step electronic beam (e-beam) physical vapor deposition (PVD) method to fabricate a consistent layer of gold (Au) nanofilm on PSi. Moreover, to achieve the best output as a SERS substrate, PSi prepared by electrochemical etching was used as template to generate an Au layer of irregular surface, offering the surface roughness feature of the PSi–Au thin film. Furthermore, to investigate the etching role and Au film thickness, Au-nanocrystallites of varying thickness (5, 7, and 10 nm) showing discrete surface morphology were characterized and evaluated for SERS effect using Rhodamine 6G (R6G). The SERS signal of R6G adsorbed on PSi–Au thin film showed a marked enhancement, around three-fold enhancement factor (EF), than the Si–Au thin film. The optimal SERS output was obtained for PSi–Au substrate of 7 nm Au film thickness. This study thus indicates that the SERS enhancement relies on the Au film thickness and the roughness feature of the PSi–Au substrate.
Fast Computational Ghost Imaging with Laser Array Modulation
Authors: Nitta Kouichi , Yano Yuki , Kitada Chihiro , Matoba Osamu
Published: November 2019

Computational ghost imaging (CGI) is one of several attractive techniques for optical measurement because it can determine two-dimensional structures of target objects without using an image sensor. However, conventional CGI is not suitable for practical use in terms of measurement time. In this paper, we report on reducing the optical measurement time in CGI and propose a new CGI implementation. The proposed method utilizes the wide bandwidth of laser diodes. We can obtain a set of speckle patterns required in computational ghost imaging in a significantly shorter time by changing emission patterns. Consequently, this method is suitable for high-speed measurements. The concept of the method is described and verified by numerical analysis. Further, optical setup for the experimental verification is assembled. As verified with experiments and signal processing, the proposed method can provide reconstructed images of targets.
Predicting of the Unit Grouting Quantity in Karst Curtain Grouting by the Water Permeability of Rock Strata
Authors: Niu Jian-Dong , Wang Bin , Chen Guan-Jun , Chen Kang
Published: November 2019

The prediction of the unit grouting quantity is one of the key points in the design and construction of karst curtain grouting. Because of the concealment and complexity of the karst curtain grouting project, there is no reliable solution to this problem. In this paper, based on the calculation method of water permeability in water-pressure test in grouting engineering, Poiseuille flow equation in fluid mechanics, and cubic law, the relationship between the unit grouting quantity and the water permeability of rock strata in karst curtain grouting is studied. It is found that there is a nonlinear positive correlation between the unit grouting quantity and the water permeability of rock strata in karst curtain grouting, which is in the form of power function. At the same time, the comprehensive coefficient of karst curtain grouting ( K ) is introduced to describe the quantitative relationship between the unit grouting quantity and the water permeability of rock strata. K is comprehensively characterized by three controlling factors, namely, the characteristics of slurry fluid, the characteristics of grouted rock strata, and the technical factors of grouting in karst curtain grouting. Based on this theoretical relationship, a method for predicting the unit grouting quantity in karst curtain grouting by the water permeability of rock strata is proposed in this paper. Finally, based on the typical example of karst curtain grouting project, through the field grouting test and nonlinear function fitting, the comprehensive coefficient of karst curtain grouting ( K ) is 24.37 in the area of strong karst development, and it is 16.51 in the area of weak karst development. The proposed method is applied to the prediction of the unit grouting quantity in the main project of karst curtain grouting, and the results verify the rationality and applicability of the method. This study has a certain reference value and guiding role in the design, construction, and theoretical research of karst curtain grouting.
Effects of a Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet with Different Gas Sources and Modes of Treatment on the Fate of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Kang Tae-Yun , Kwon Jae-Sung , Kumar Naresh , Choi Eun , Kim Kwang-Mahn
Published: November 2019

Despite numerous attempts to use human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in the field of tissue engineering, the control of their differentiation remains challenging. Here, we investigated possible applications of a non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet (NTAPPJ) to control the differentiation of hMSCs. An air- or nitrogen-based NTAPPJ was applied to hMSCs in culture media, either directly or by media treatment in which the cells were plated after the medium was exposed to the NTAPPJ. The durations of exposure were 1, 2, and 4 min, and the control was not exposed to the NTAPPJ. The initial attachment of the cells was assessed by a water-soluble tetrazolium assay, and the gene expression in the cells was assessed through reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that the gene expression in the hMSCs was generally increased by the NTAPPJ exposure, but the enhancement was dependent on the conditions of the exposure, such as the source of the gas and the treatment method used. These results were attributed to the chemicals in the extracellular environment and the reactive oxygen species generated by the plasma. Hence, it was concluded that by applying the best conditions for the NTAPPJ exposure of hMSCs, the control of hMSC differentiation was possible, and therefore, exposure to an NTAPPJ is a promising method for tissue engineering.
Fatigue Reliability Analysis of Rib-To-Deck Joints Using Test Data and In-Situ Measurements
Authors: Zheng Kaifeng , Feng Xiaoyang , Heng Junlin , Zhu Jin , Zhang Yu
Published: November 2019

In this paper, the fatigue performance of rib-to-deck joints in orthotropic steel decks (OSDs) using thickened edge U-ribs (TEUs) and the OSD using conventional U-ribs (CUs) are investigated based on the fatigue test result and in-situ monitoring data. Firstly, comparative fatigue tests were carried out with full-scale rib-to-deck specimens. Probability–stress–life (P–S–N) curves were derived through the test data measured from a total of 18 specimens, including 7 CU specimens and 11 TEU specimens. According to the results, the TEU can lead to a notable enhancement in the fatigue strength of rib-to-deck joints, i.e., 21.4% in terms of nominal stress and 21.1% in terms of hot spot stress. After that, a typical OSD steel bridge was selected as the prototype to investigate the fatigue performance of rib-to-decks in the OSD using TEUs under actual applications. In the analysis, the uncertainty in both fatigue strength, and vehicle loads were considered. A multi-scale finite element model of the prototype bridge was established, and numerical analysis conducted to derive the vehicle-induced stress spectra of the rib-to-deck joints in critical positions. In the derivation, a stochastic traffic model was employed, through which the in-situ measurement was incorporated. Finally, fatigue reliability analysis was carried out for the prototype bridge based on the above works. The result showed that a notably higher fatigue reliability can be expected in the rib-to-deck joint in OSDs using TEUs when compared with the joints in OSDs using CUs, which in turn can lead to notable improvement in fatigue life. For instance, under the target reliability of 2.3, the fatigue life of the two critical rib-to-deck joints were, respectively, increased by 153% and 155% when using TEUs.
Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG), An Active Constituent of Green Tea: Implications in the Prevention of Liver Injury Induced by Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in Rats
Authors: A. Almatroodi Saleh , A. Alsahli Mohammed , Alharbi Hanan Marzoq , Khan Amjad Ali , Husain Rahmani Arshad
Published: November 2019

Liver diseases are one of the most detrimental conditions that may cause inflammation, leading to tissue damage and perturbations in functions. Several drugs are conventionally available for the treatment of such diseases, but the emergence of resistance and drug-induced liver injury remains pervasive. Hence, alternative therapeutic strategies have to be looked upon. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a naturally occurring polyphenol in green tea that has been known for its disease-curing properties. In this study, we aimed to evaluate its anti-oxidative potential and protective role against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver injury. Four different groups of rats were used for this study. The first group received normal saline and served as the control group. The second group received DEN (50 mg/kg body wt) alone and third group received DEN plus EGCG (40 mg/kg body wt) only. The fourth group were treated with EGCG only. The liver protective effect of EGCG against DEN toxicity through monitoring the alterations in aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, serum level of pro-inflammatory mediators and anti-oxidant enzymes, histopathological alterations, measurement of cellular apoptosis, and cell cycle analysis was examined. The rats that were given DEN only had a highly significantly elevated levels of liver enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, highly decreased anti-oxidative enzymes, and histological changes. In addition, a significant elevation in the percentage of apoptotic nuclei and cell cycle arrest in the sub- G1 phase was detected. EGCG acts as a hepatoprotectant on DENs by reducing the serum levels of liver functional enzymes, increasing total anti-oxidative capacity, reducing pathological changes and apoptosis, as well as causing the movement of cells from the sub G1 to S or G2/M phase of the cell cycle. In conclusion, EGCG displayed a powerful hepatoprotective additive as it considerably mitigates the liver toxicity and apoptosis induced by DEN.
Linear Method for Diagnosis of Inter-Turn Short Circuits in 3-Phase Induction Motors
Authors: Goh Yeong-Jin , Kim On
Published: November 2019

When a turn-to-turn short fault occurs in an induction motor, it will be accompanied by vibration and heating, which will have adverse effects on the entire power system. Thus, turn-to-turn short fault diagnosis of the stator is required, and major accidents can be prevented if an inter-turn short circuit (ITSC), which is the early stage of a turn-to-turn short, can be detected. This study reinterprets Park’s vector approach using Direct-Quadrature(D-Q) transformation for the linear separation of ITSCs and proposes an ITSC diagnosis method by defining the magnetic flux linkage pulsation and current change in the event of a turn-to-turn short. It is difficult to diagnose because the turn-to-turn short current change in an ITSC is considerably different from the induction motor loss. Hence, it was found through analysis that when the current change is considered through an analysis of the relationship between inductance and the winding number, the ITSC current becomes slightly smaller than the steady-state current. This was verified using the D-Q synchronous reference frame over time. We proposed a linear separation of the ITSC diagnosis from the steady state by considering the minimum values of the pulsating current as feature points.
A Flutter-Based Electromagnetic Wind Energy Harvester: Theory and Experiments
Authors: Lu Zhuang , Wen Quan , He Xianming , Wen Zhiyu
Published: November 2019

Wind energy harvesting is a promising way to offer power supply to low-power electronic devices. Miniature wind-induced vibration energy harvesters, which are currently being focused on by researchers in the field, offer the advantages of small volume and simple structure. In this article, an analytical model was proposed for the kinetic analysis of a flutter-based electromagnetic wind energy harvester. As a result, the critical wind speeds of energy harvesters with different magnet positions were predicted. To experimentally verify the analytical predictions and investigate the output performance of the proposed energy harvester, a small wind tunnel was built. The critical wind speeds measured by the experiment were found to be consistent with the predictions. Therefore, the proposed model can be used to predict the critical wind speed of a wind belt type energy harvester. The experimental results also show that placing the magnets near the middle of the membrane can result in lower critical wind speed and higher output performance. The optimized wind energy harvester was found to generate maximum average power of 705 μW at a wind speed of 10 m/s, offering application prospects for the power supply of low-power electronic devices. This work can serve as a reference for the structural design and theoretical analysis of a flutter-based wind energy harvester.
Inversion of Thermal Conductivity in Two-Dimensional Unsteady-State Heat Transfer System Based on Finite Difference Method and Artificial Bee Colony
Authors: Yang Liangliang , Sun Bojun , Sun Xiaogang
Published: November 2019

Based on the finite difference method and the artificial bee colony algorithm, the thermal conductivity in the two-dimensional unsteady-state heat transfer system is deduced. An improved artificial bee colony algorithm (IABCA), that artificial bee colony algorithm (ABCA) coupled with calculated deviation feedback, is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of insufficient local exploitation capacity and slow convergence rate in the late stage of the artificial bee colony algorithm (ABCA). For the forward problems, the finite difference method (FDM) is used to calculate the required temperature value of a discrete point; for the inverse problems, the IABCA is applied to minimize the objective function. In the inversion problem, the effects of colony size, number of measuring points, and the existence of measurement errors on the results are studied, and the inversion convergence rate of IABCA and ABCA is compared. The results demonstrate that the methods adopted in this paper had good effectiveness and accuracy even if colony sizes differ and measurement errors exist; and that IABCA has a more efficient convergence rate than ABCA.
Red Blood Cell Aging as a Homeostatic Response to Exercise-Induced Stress
Authors: Freitas Leal Joames K. , Lazari Dan , Bongers Coen C.W.G. , Hopman Maria T.E. , Brock Roland , Bosman Giel J.C.G.M.
Published: November 2019

Our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of red blood cell aging is mostly derived from in vitro studies. The Four Days Marches of Nijmegen in the Netherlands, the world’s largest yearly walking event, constitutes a unique possibility to study the effect of mechanical and biochemical stressors occurring during moderate-intensity exercise on red blood cell aging in vivo. Therefore, longitudinal measurements were performed of biophysical, immunological, and functional red blood cell characteristics that are known to change during aging. Our data show that moderate-intensity exercise induces the generation of a functionally improved red blood cell population with a higher deformability and a decreased tendency to aggregate. This is likely to be associated with an early removal of the oldest red blood cells from the circulation, as deduced from the (dis)appearance of removal signals. Thus, the physiological red blood cell aging process maintains homeostasis in times of moderate-intensity exercise-induced stress, probably by accelerated aging and subsequent removal of the oldest, most vulnerable red blood cells.
Pavement Distress Detection with Deep Learning Using the Orthoframes Acquired by a Mobile Mapping System
Authors: Riid Andri , Lõuk Roland , Pihlak Rene , Tepljakov Aleksei , Vassiljeva Kristina
Published: November 2019

The subject matter of this research article is automatic detection of pavement distress on highway roads using computer vision algorithms. Specifically, deep learning convolutional neural network models are employed towards the implementation of the detector. Source data for training the detector come in the form of orthoframes acquired by a mobile mapping system. Compared to our previous work, the orthoframes are generally of better quality, but more importantly, in this work, we introduce a manual preprocessing step: sets of orthoframes are carefully selected for training and manually digitized to ensure adequate performance of the detector. Pretrained convolutional neural networks are then fine-tuned for the problem of pavement distress detection. Corresponding experimental results are provided and analyzed and indicate a successful implementation of the detector.
Detection of Emotion Using Multi-Block Deep Learning in a Self-Management Interview App
Authors: Shin Dong Hoon , Chung Kyungyong , Park Roy C.
Published: November 2019

Recently, domestic universities have constructed and operated online mock interview systems for students’ preparation for employment. Students can have a mock interview anywhere and at any time through the online mock interview system, and can improve any problems during the interviews via images stored in real time. For such practice, it is necessary to analyze the emotional state of the student based on the situation, and to provide coaching through accurate analysis of the interview. In this paper, we propose detection of user emotions using multi-block deep learning in a self-management interview application. Unlike the basic structure for learning about whole-face images, the multi-block deep learning method helps the user learn after sampling the core facial areas (eyes, nose, mouth, etc.), which are important factors for emotion analysis from face detection. Through the multi-block process, sampling is carried out using multiple AdaBoost learning. For optimal block image screening and verification, similarity measurement is also performed during this process. A performance evaluation of the proposed model compares the proposed system with AlexNet, which has mainly been used for facial recognition in the past. As comparison items, the recognition rate and extraction time of the specific area are compared. The extraction time of the specific area decreased by 2.61%, and the recognition rate increased by 3.75%, indicating that the proposed facial recognition method is excellent. It is expected to provide good-quality, customized interview education for job seekers by establishing a systematic interview system using the proposed deep learning method.
Silane Modification of Crumb Rubber on the Rheological Properties of Rubberized Asphalt
Authors: Zhang Yunbao , Liu Zhaohui , Peng Juan
Published: November 2019

Because there is a lack of studies on rubberized asphalt based on silane coupling agent modification, KH-550 modified crumb rubber and rubberized asphalts incorporating normal rubber and modified rubber were prepared, respectively. The rheological properties of asphalt samples were evaluated by a dynamic shearing rheometer and a bending beam rheometer; then, mechanisms of KH-550 on rubber surface and functional group changes were analyzed by a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area measurement and a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results imply that: (i) rubber surface area rises and chemical reactions accrue between rubber and asphalt; (ii) modified rubber achieves a more stable state within asphalt, which helps to enhance the mechanical properties of asphalt; (iii) modified rubber helps asphalt to dissipate stress so as to resist the formation of cracks and deformation under low temperature conditions.
Optimization of Physical Activity Recognition for Real-Time Wearable Systems: Effect of Window Length, Sampling Frequency and Number of Features
Authors: Allik Ardo , Pilt Kristjan , Karai Deniss , Fridolin Ivo , Leier Mairo , Jervan Gert
Published: November 2019

The aim of this study was to develop an optimized physical activity classifier for real-time wearable systems with the focus on reducing the requirements on device power consumption and memory buffer. Classification parameters evaluated in this study were the sampling frequency of the acceleration signal, window length of the classification fragment, and the number of classification features, found with different feature selection methods. For parameter evaluation, a decision tree classifier was created based on the acceleration signals recorded during tests, where 25 healthy test subjects performed various physical activities. Overall average F1-score achieved in this study was about 0.90. Similar F1-scores were achieved with the evaluated window lengths of 5 s (0.92 ± 0.02) and 3 s (0.91 ± 0.02), while classification performance with 1 s were lower (0.87 ± 0.02). Tested sampling frequencies of 50 Hz, 25 Hz, and 13 Hz had similar results with most classified activity types, with an exception of outdoor cycling, where differences were significant. Using forward sequential feature selection enabled the decreasing of the number of features from initial 110 features to about 12 features without lowering the classification performance. The results of this study have been used for developing more efficient real-time physical activity classifiers.
Towards Deep Integration of Electronics and Photonics
Authors: Pshenichnyuk Ivan A. , Kosolobov Sergey S. , Drachev Vladimir P.
Published: November 2019

A combination of computational power provided by modern MOSFET-based devices with light assisted wideband communication at the nanoscale can bring electronic technologies to the next level. Obvious obstacles include a size mismatch between electronic and photonic components as well as a weak light–matter interaction typical for existing devices. Polariton modes can be used to overcome these difficulties at the fundamental level. Here, we review applications of such modes, related to the design and fabrication of electro–optical circuits. The emphasis is made on surface plasmon-polaritons which have already demonstrated their value in many fields of technology. Other possible quasiparticles as well as their hybridization with plasmons are discussed. A quasiparticle-based paradigm in electronics, developed at the microscopic level, can be used in future molecular electronics and quantum computing.
Evaluation of Limiting Sensitivity of the One-Color Laser Fragmentation/Laser-Induced Fluorescence Method in Detection of Nitrobenzene and Nitrotoluene Vapors in the Atmosphere
Authors: Bobrovnikov Sergei , Gorlov Evgeny , Zharkov Viktor
Published: November 2019

The paper presents the results of a numerical evaluation of limiting sensitivity of the method for detecting vapors of nitrocompounds in the atmosphere based on one-color laser fragmentation (LF)/laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) of NO fragments via A2Σ+ (v′ = 0) ← X2Π (v″ = 2) transition. The calculations were performed using the developed kinetic model of the one-color LF/LIF process under consideration. The calculations take into account the influence of ambient nitrogen dioxide as a limiter of the sensitivity of the method when operating in a real atmosphere. It is shown that if the nitrogen dioxide concentration in the atmosphere does not exceed a value of 10 ppb, the maximum detectable vapor concentrations of nitrobenzene and o-nitrotoluene are several ppb. It is also shown that the method of single-frequency one-color excitation usually used for the detection of nitrocompounds does not allow achieving the maximum efficiency of the LF/LIF process.
Evaluating Forecast Skills of Moisture from Convective-Permitting WRF-ARW Model during 2017 North American Monsoon Season
Authors: Risanto Christoforus Bayu , Castro Christopher L. , Moker James M. , Arellano Avelino F. , Adams David K. , Fierro Lourdes M. , Minjarez Sosa Carlos M.
Published: November 2019

This paper examines the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting model forecast to simulate moisture and precipitation during the North American Monsoon GPS Hydrometeorological Network field campaign that took place in 2017. A convective-permitting model configuration performs daily weather forecast simulations for northwestern Mexico and southwestern United States. Model precipitable water vapor (PWV) exhibits wet biases greater than 0.5 mm at the initial forecast hour, and its diurnal cycle is out of phase with time, compared to observations. As a result, the model initiates and terminates precipitation earlier than the satellite and rain gauge measurements, underestimates the westward propagation of the convective systems, and exhibits relatively low forecast skills on the days where strong synoptic-scale forcing features are absent. Sensitivity analysis shows that model PWV in the domain is sensitive to changes in initial PWV at coastal sites, whereas the model precipitation and moisture flux convergence (QCONV) are sensitive to changes in initial PWV at the mountainous sites. Improving the initial physical states, such as PWV, potentially increases the forecast skills.
Statistical Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Distribution of Ozone Induced by Cut-Off Lows in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere over Northeast Asia
Authors: Chen Dan , Zhou Tian-Jiao , Ma Li-Yun , Shi Chun-Hua , Guo Dong , Chen Li
Published: November 2019

This paper presents the results of a statistical study of the spatiotemporal distribution of ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) regions induced by cut-off lows (COLs) over Northeast Asia. The analysis was based on high-resolution ERA-Interim ozone data and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) satellite data for the period from 2005–2015. A total of 186 COL events were detected. The observed ozone distribution revealed an ozone-rich region in the upper troposphere (300 hPa) located around the center of the COLs at the time when COLs reached their maximum intensity. This region corresponds to a region of high potential vorticity (PV). In the middle troposphere (500 hPa), enhanced levels of the ozone were distributed in two regions. The maximum concentration was located to the east of the COLs, and a secondary maximum region was in the center of the COLs. Further analysis revealed that this spatial distribution of ozone in the upper troposphere was affected mainly by decreased tropopause. The ozone was subject to a ‘rotary’ transport process in the middle troposphere, influenced mainly by the anticlockwise circulation of the COLs and the surrounding horizontal wind distribution. The temporal variations in ozone anomalies also revealed the ozone distribution patterns and transport processes. The variation in ozone anomalies implied that the magnitude of the ozone increase was closely related to the evolution of COLs lifecycle. The temporal and spatial distributions of the ozone revealed by the statistical analysis of the AIRS satellite data were overall consistent with those of the ERA-Interim data.
Smashed and Twisted Wreath Products of Metagroups
Authors: Ludkowski Sergey V.
Published: November 2019

In this article, nonassociative metagroups are studied. Different types of smashed products and smashed twisted wreath products are scrutinized. Extensions of central metagroups are studied.
Experimental Study of Heat Generation Rate during Discharge of LiFePO4 Pouch Cells of Different Nominal Capacities and Thickness
Authors: Arora Shashank , Kapoor Ajay
Published: November 2019

High manufacturing cost and thermal stability of Li-ion battery cells are currently the two main deterrents to prolific demand for electric vehicles. A plausible solution to this issue is a modular/scalable battery thermal management system (TMS). A modular TMS can ensure thermal reliability for battery cells of different capacities and size without needing major structural revision besides facilitating mass-production. However, understanding the relationship of heat generation rates with cell capacity and thickness is essential for developing a scalable TMS. The present paper discusses results derived from an experimental investigation undertaken with this purpose. Heat generation rates for LiFePO4 pouch cells of different nominal capacities are measured at discharge rates of 0.33C, 1C and 3C in ambient temperatures ranging between −10 and 50 °C using a custom-designed calorimeter. It is observed that heat generation rates of the LiFePO4 pouch cells become independent of their nominal capacity and thickness if the ambient temperature is regulated at 35 °C. In ambient temperatures lower than 35 °C though, the thin battery cells are found to be generating heat at rates greater than those of thick battery cells and vice-versa at temperatures over 35 °C for all discharge rates.
Is Sotolon Relevant to the Aroma of Madeira Wine Blends?
Authors: Gaspar João M. , Freitas Ana I. , Zhao Qianzhu , Leça João M. , Pereira Vanda , Marques José C.
Published: November 2019

Madeira wine (MW) oxidative aging results in the formation of several key aromas. Little is still known about their odor relevance to the aroma of the most commercialized MWs. This report presents an in-depth study of the odor impact of sotolon in MW blends. First, its odor perception was estimated in MWs according to ASTM E679, testing different 3-year-old (3-yo) commercial blends. The odor relevance of sotolon in the aroma of 3-, 5-, and 10-yo commercial blends (89 MWs) was then appraised by calculating its Odor Activity Value (OAV), after determining its content by RP-HPLC-MS/MS. The sotolon odor perception in MW was as low as 23 µg/L, although it was found that little differences in the wine matrix influenced its perception. OAVs varied between 0.1 and 22, increasing with the blend age. Considering that 16% of the OAVs are higher than 10 (mostly ≥ 10-yo), sotolon was found to be a key contributor to the overall aroma MW blends.
Use of Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF)-Based Autologous Membranes for Tooth Extraction in Patients under Bisphosphonate Therapy: A Case Report
Authors: Pispero Alberto , Bancora Ivan , Khalil Antonious , Scarnò Dario , Varoni Elena M.
Published: November 2019

Tooth extraction in patients treated with bisphosphonates (BPs) for osteoporosis or cancer exposes the patient to the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw. An autologous membrane using platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is an innovative technique to promote wound healing, which allows obtaining a hermetic closure of the post-extractive surgical site without the need of mucoperiosteal flaps or periosteal releasing incisions. Here, we report the case of a 70-year-old woman, in therapy with alendronate for 12 years, requiring the upper right premolar extraction because of a crown fracture. After the tooth extraction performed under antiseptic and antibiotic coverage, the PRF autologous membrane was placed on the surgical wound to close completely the post-extraction site. Follow-up visits were carried out after one, two, four weeks and two months from the intervention. The complete re-epithelization of the wound was observed without signs of infection. The use of PRF for the closure of post-extraction sockets in patients taking BPs appears to be a promising alternative to the more invasive surgical procedures. Future clinical trials will be pivotal in elucidating the effectiveness of PRF to prevent BP-related osteonecrosis after tooth extraction.
Investigating Performance in a Strenuous Physical Task from the Perspective of Self-Control
Authors: Giboin Louis-Solal , Gruber Markus , Schüler Julia , Wolff Wanja
Published: November 2019

It has been proposed that one reason physical effort is perceived as costly is because of the self-control demands that are necessary to persist in a physically demanding task. The application of control has been conceptualized as a value-based decision, that hinges on an optimization of the costs of control and available reward. Here, we drew on labor supply theory to investigate the effects of an Income Compensated Wage Decrease (ICWD) on persistence in a strenuous physical task. Research has shown that an ICWD reduced the amount of self-control participants are willing to apply, and we expected this to translate to a performance decrement in a strenuous physical task. Contrary to our expectations, participants in the ICWD group outperformed the control group in terms of persistence, without incurring higher levels of muscle fatigue or ratings of perceived exertion. Improved performance was accompanied by increases in task efficiency and a lesser increase in oxygenation of the prefrontal cortex, an area of relevance for the application of self-control. These results suggest that the relationship between the regulation of physical effort and self-control is less straightforward than initially assumed: less top-down self-control might allow for more efficient execution of motor tasks, thereby allowing for improved performance. Moreover, these findings indicate that psychological manipulations can affect physical performance, not by modulating how much one is willing to deplete limited physical resources, but by altering how tasks are executed.
Antitumor Response and Immunomodulatory Effects of Sub-Microsecond Irreversible Electroporation and Its Combination with Calcium Electroporation
Authors: Novickij Vitalij , Čėsna Robertas , Perminaitė Emilija , Zinkevičienė Auksė , Characiejus Dainius , Novickij Jurij , Šatkauskas Saulius , Ruzgys Paulius , Girkontaitė Irutė
Published: November 2019

In this work, we have investigated the feasibility of sub-microsecond range irreversible electroporation (IRE) with and without calcium electroporation in vivo. As a model, BALB/C mice were used and bioluminescent SP2/0 myeloma tumor models were developed. Tumors were treated with two separate pulsed electric field (PEF) pulsing protocols PEF1: 12 kV/cm × 200 ns × 500 (0.006 J/pulse) and PEF2: 12 kV/cm × 500 ns × 500 (0.015 J/pulse), which were delivered with and without Ca2+ (168 mM) using parallel plate electrodes at a repetition frequency of 100 Hz. Both PEF1 and PEF2 treatments reduced tumor growth and prolonged the life span of the mice, however, the PEF2 protocol was more efficient. The delay in tumor renewal was the biggest when a combination of IRE with calcium electroporation was used, however, we did not obtain significant differences in the final mouse survival compared to PEF2 alone. Anti-tumor immune responses were also investigated after treatment with PEF2 and PEF2+Ca. In both cases the treated mice had enlarged spleens and increased spleen T cell numbers, lower percentages of suppressor cell subsets (conventional CD4+CD25+ Treg, CD4+CD25−DX5+ Tr1, CD8+DX5+, CD4+CD28−, CD8+CD28−), changed proportions of Tcm and Tef/Tem T cells in the spleen and increased amount of tumor cell specific antibodies in the sera. The treatment based on IRE was effective against primary tumors, destroyed the tumor microenvironment and induced an anti-tumor immune response, however, it was not sufficient for complete control of tumor metastasis.
PTEN in Colorectal Cancer: Shedding Light on Its Role as Predictor and Target
Authors: Salvatore Lisa , Calegari Maria Alessandra , Loupakis Fotios , Fassan Matteo , Di Stefano Brunella , Bensi Maria , Bria Emilio , Tortora Giampaolo
Published: November 2019

Molecular assessment of colorectal cancer (CRC) is receiving growing attention, beyond RAS and BRAF, because of its influence on prognosis and prediction in cancer treatment. PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue), a tumor suppressor, regulating cell division and apoptosis, has been explored, and significant evidence suggests a role in cetuximab and panitumumab resistance linked to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signal transduction pathway. Factors influencing PTEN activity should be analyzed to develop strategies to maximize the tumor suppressor role and to improve tumor response to cancer treatment. Therefore, an in-depth knowledge of the PI3K-Akt pathway—one of the major cancer survival pathways—and the role of PTEN—a major brake of this pathway—is essential in the era of precision medicine. The purpose of this literature review is to summarize the role of PTEN as a predictive factor and possible therapeutic target in CRC, focusing on ongoing studies and the possible implications in clinical practice.
Collagen Induces a More Proliferative, Migratory and Chemoresistant Phenotype in Head and Neck Cancer via DDR1
Authors: Lai Sook Ling , Tan May Leng , Hollows Robert J. , Robinson Max , Ibrahim Maha , Margielewska Sandra , Parkinson E. Kenneth , Ramanathan Anand , Zain Rosnah Binti , Mehanna Hisham , Spruce Rachel J. , Wei Wenbin , Chung Ivy , Murray Paul G. , Yap Lee Fah , Paterson Ian C.
Published: November 2019

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and includes squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx and oral cavity. Patient prognosis has remained poor for decades and molecular targeted therapies are not in routine use. Here we showed that the overall expression of collagen subunit genes was higher in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) than normal fibroblasts. Focusing on collagen8A1 and collagen11A1, we showed that collagen is produced by both CAFs and tumour cells, indicating that HNSCCs are collagen-rich environments. We then focused on discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a collagen-activated receptor tyrosine kinase, and showed that it is over-expressed in HNSCC tissues. Further, we demonstrated that collagen promoted the proliferation and migration of HNSCC cells and attenuated the apoptotic response to cisplatin. Knockdown of DDR1 in HNSCC cells demonstrated that these tumour-promoting effects of collagen are mediated by DDR1. Our data suggest that specific inhibitors of DDR1 might provide novel therapeutic opportunities to treat HNSCC.
Anti-Metastatic Benefits Produced by Hyperthermia and a CCL3 Derivative
Authors: Ma Liqiu , Kambe Ryosuke , Tsuchiya Tomoko , Kanegasaki Shiro , Takahashi Akihisa
Published: November 2019

Significant numbers of malignant tumor cells that have spread to surrounding tissues and other distant organs are often too small to be picked up in a diagnostic test, and prevention of even such small metastases should improve patient outcomes. Using a mouse model, we show in this article that intravenous administration of a human CCL3 variant carrying a single amino acid substitution after mild local hyperthermia not only induces tumor growth inhibition at the treated site but also inhibits metastasis. Colon26 adenocarcinoma cells (1 × 105 cells/mouse) were grafted subcutaneously into the right hind leg of syngeneic BALB/c mice and after nine days, when tumor size reached ~11 mm in diameter, the local tumor mass was exposed to high-frequency waves, by which intratumoral temperature was maintained at 42 °C for 30 min. Mice received the CCL3 variant named eMIP (2 μg/mouse/day) intravenously for five consecutive days starting one day after heat treatment. We found that tumor growth in eMIP recipients after hyperthermia was inhibited markedly but no effect was seen in animals treated with either hyperthermia or eMIP alone. Furthermore, the number of lung metastases evaluated at 18 days after hyperthermia treatment was dramatically reduced in animals receiving the combination therapy compared with all other controls. These results encourage future clinical application of this combination therapy.
Paravertebral Muscle Training in Patients with Unstable Spinal Metastases Receiving Palliative Radiotherapy: An Exploratory Randomized Feasibility Trial
Authors: Sprave Tanja , Rosenberger Friederike , Verma Vivek , Förster Robert , Bruckner Thomas , Schlampp Ingmar , Bostel Tilman , Welzel Thomas , Akbaba Sati , Rackwitz Tilman , Nicolay Nils Henrik , Grosu Anca-Ligia , Wiskemann Joachim , Debus Jürgen , Rief Harald
Published: November 2019

Background: Isometric paravertebral muscle training (IPMT) may improve mobility, pain, and quality of life (QOL) in cancer patients with spinal metastases. However, this regimen remains unproven in patients with unstable spinal metastases (USM), a population at high risk for clinical exacerbation with such interventions. Thus, we conducted this exploratory, non-blinded, randomized controlled trial (NCT02847754) to evaluate the safety/feasibility of IPMT and secondarily assess pain, bone density, pathologic fracture rate, and QOL. Methods: All patients had histologically/radiologically confirmed USM (per Taneichi score) and underwent non-operative management with 5–10 fractions of palliative radiotherapy (RT). Randomization (1:1) groups were IPMT (intervention, INT) or muscle relaxation (control, CON); both lasted 15 min/day and started concurrently with radiotherapy. The primary endpoint was feasibility (completion of training programs three months post-RT). Secondary endpoints were pain response (Visual Analog Scale) and opioid consumption, bone density and pathologic fracture rate, and QOL (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, EORTC questionnaires). Results: Sixty patients were randomized and 56 received protocol therapy. Mean survival in both groups was 4.4 months. There were no adverse events with either training regimen. Altogether, ≥80% of the planned sessions were completed by 55% (n = 16/29) in CON and 67% (n = 18/27) in INT. Regarding the post-radiotherapy home-based training, ≥80% of planned sessions were completed by 64% (n = 9/14) of the INT cohort. There were no differences in pain scores, opioid consumption, or bone density between arms (p > 0.05 for all). No difference was observed between groups regarding new pathological fractures (INT: n = 1 vs. CON: n = 3) after three months (p = 0.419). There were no QOL differences between arms (all parameters p > 0.05). Conclusions: IPMT is potentially feasible for high-risk USM patients. Future trials adequately powered for relevant endpoints are thus recommended.
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Autophagy-Mediated Treatment Resistance in Cancer
Authors: Ho Cally J. , Gorski Sharon M.
Published: November 2019

Despite advances in diagnostic tools and therapeutic options, treatment resistance remains a challenge for many cancer patients. Recent studies have found evidence that autophagy, a cellular pathway that delivers cytoplasmic components to lysosomes for degradation and recycling, contributes to treatment resistance in different cancer types. A role for autophagy in resistance to chemotherapies and targeted therapies has been described based largely on associations with various signaling pathways, including MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling. However, our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of autophagy in facilitating treatment resistance remains limited. Here we provide a comprehensive summary of the evidence linking autophagy to major signaling pathways in the context of treatment resistance and tumor progression, and then highlight recently emerged molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy and the p62/KEAP1/NRF2 and FOXO3A/PUMA axes in chemoresistance.