bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of forced convective heat transfer to air, liquids, and liquid mixtures in a long narrow channel
Authors: Rathnasamy R , Arakeri J. H. , Srinivasan K
Published: November 2005

This article presents data on forced convective heat transfer for fluids in a 11-m long rectangular (0.75 mm wide × 1.5 mm deep) serpentine-type mini-channel. The test section was fabricated by electro-discharge machining of a 2-mm thick stainless steel plate. The flow media experimented were air, ethanol, methanol, and their mixtures. Both laminar and turbulent flow regimes were covered in the case of liquids, but only turbulent regime was covered with air. The heat transfer coefficient is evaluated based on the heat carried away by the coolant and an average wall to mean fluid temperature difference. The Nusselt number is correlated through empirical correlations involving Reynolds number and Prandtl number, the hydraulic diameter being the length parameter.
Enhanced Reductive Elimination of Dialkylgold(III) Complexes in Water
Authors: Komine Nobuyuki , Ichikawa Kaoru , Mori Anna , Hirano Masafumi , Komiya Sanshiro
Published: November 2005

Neutral and cationic dimethyl- or diethylgold(III) complexes having a water-soluble phosphine ligand, AuR2XL and [AuR2L2]X (R = Me or Et; X = Br or I; L = TPPTS, TPPMS, THMP, or DHMPE), are prepared. Reductive elimination involving C–C bond formation at Au(III) in water is faster than those in organic solvents.
Laser-Induced Fluoresence of Trapped Gas-Phase Molecular Ions Generated by Internal-Source Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization in a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer
Authors: Frankevich Vladimir , Guan Xianwen , Dashtiev Maxim , Zenobi Renato
Published: November 2005

The combination of laser-induced fluorescence with mass spectrometry opens up new possibilities both for detection purposes and for structural studies of trapped biomolecular ions in the gas phase. However, this approach is experimentally very challenging and only a handful of studies have been reported so far. In this contribution, a novel scheme for laser-induced fluorescence measurements of ions trapped inside a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer will be introduced. It is based on an open FT-ICR cell design, continuous wave axial excitation of the fluorescence, orthogonal photon collection by fiber optics and single photon counting detection. Rhodamine 6G ions generated by an internal matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization source were used to develop and test the set-up. Due to photobleaching processes, the excitation laser power and the observation time window have to be carefully optimized. An ion tomography method was used to align the excitation laser. Potential applications for studying the gas-phase structure of fluorescent biomolecular ions and for investigating fluorescence resonance energy transfer of donor-acceptor pairs will be presented.
Structural Characterization of Complex Bacterial Glycolipids by Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kondakov Anna , Lindner Buko
Published: November 2005

Bacterial glycolipids are complex amphiphilic molecules which are, on the one hand, of utmost importance for the organization and function of bacterial membranes and which, on the other hand, play a major role in the activation of cells of the innate and adaptive immune system of the host. Already small alterations to their chemical structure may influence the biological activity tremendously. Due to their intrinsic biological heterogeneity [number and type of fatty acids, saccharide structures and substitution with for example, phosphate ( P), 2-aminoethyl-(pyro)phosphate groups ( P-Etn) or 4-amino-4-deoxyarabinose (Ara4N)], separation of the different components are a prerequisite for unequivocal chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance structural analyses. In this contribution, the structural information which can be obtained from heterogenous samples of glycolipids by Fourier transform (FT) ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometric methods is described. By means of recently analysed complex biological samples, the possibilities of high-resolution electrospray ionization FT-MS are demonstrated. Capillary skimmer dissociation, as well as tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis utilizing collision-induced dissociation and infrared multiphoton dissociation, are compared and their advantages in providing structural information of diagnostic importance are discussed.
Identification and Structural Characterisation of Carboxy-Terminal Polypeptides and Antibody Epitopes of Alzheimer's Amyloid Precursor Protein Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Tian Xiaodan , Cecal Roxana , McLaurin JoAnne , Manea Marilena , Stefanescu Raluca , Grau Sandra , Harnasch Mona , Amir Sarah , Ehrmann Michael , St George-Hyslop Peter , Kohlmann Markus , Przybylskia Michael
Published: November 2005

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause for human age-related dementia, characterised by formation of diffuse plaques in the brain that are directly involved in AD pathogenesis. The major component of AD plaques is ß-amyloid, a 40 to 42 amino acid polypeptide derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by proteolytic degradation involving the specific proteases, ß-and γ-secretase acting at the N- and C-terminal cleavage site, respectively. In this study, we have prepared polypeptides comprising the carboxy-terminal and transmembrane sequences of APP, by bacterial expression and chemical synthesis, as substrates for studying the C-terminal processing of APP and its interaction with the γ-secretase complex. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) was used as a major tool for structure analysis. Immunisation of transgenic mouse models of AD with Aß42 has been recently shown to be effective to inhibit and disaggregate Aß-fibrils, and to reduce AD-related neuropathology and memory impairments. However, the mechanism underlying these therapeutic effects as yet has been unclear. Using proteolytic epitope excision from immune complexes in combination with FT-ICR-MS, we identified the epitope recognised by the therapeutically active antibody as the N-terminal Aß(4–10) sequence; this soluble, nontoxic epitope opens new lead structures for AD vaccine development. A monoclonal antibody (Jonas; JmAb) directed against the cytosolic APP domain was used in studies of APP biochemistry and metabolism. Here, we report the identification of the epitope recognised by the JmAb, using the combination of epitope excision and peptide mapping by FT-ICR-MS. The epitope was determined to be located at the C-terminal APP(740–747) sequence; it was confirmed by ELISA binding assays and authentic synthetic peptides and will be an efficient tool in the development of new specific vaccines. These results demonstrate high-resolution FT-ICR-MS as a powerful method for characterising biochemical pathways and molecular recognition structures of APP.
Characterisation of Cytochrome c Unfolding by Nano-Electrospray Ionization Time-of-Flight and Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Youhnovski Nikolay , Matečko Irena , Šamalikova Maria , Grandori Rita
Published: November 2005

Protein charge-state distributions (CSDs) in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) represent a sensitive tool to probe different conformational states. We describe here the effect of trifluoroethanol (TFE) on cytochrome c equilibrium unfolding at different pH by nano-ESI-MS. While even low concentrations of TFE destabilize the protein native structure at low pH, a TFE content of 2.5%–5% is found to favor cyt c folding at pH ∼7. Furthermore, we perform a comparison of CSDs obtained by time-of-flight (ToF) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass analyzers. To this purpose, we analyze spectra of cyt c in the presence of different kinds of denaturants. In particular, experiments with 1-propanol also suggest that by using FT-ICR-MS, as previously observed on an ESI-ToF instrument, CSDs do not appear to be controlled by the solvent surface tension as predicted by the Rayleigh-charge model. Moreover, there is general good agreement in conformational effects revealed by the different instruments under several buffer conditions. Nevertheless, the ToF instrument appears to discriminate better between unfolded and partially unfolded forms.
Examples of Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry Developments: From Ion Physics to Remote Access Biochemical Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Römpp A. , Taban I.M. , Mihalca R. , Duursma M.C. , Mize T.H. , McDonnell L.A. , Heeren R.M.A.
Published: November 2005

The application of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) for high-resolution biomolecular analysis has increased greatly after 30 years of innovation since its conception in 1974. FT-ICR-MS can now be used routinely for the analysis of complex organic mixtures such as biological or petrochemical samples. Many of these new possibilities have been the results of many different instrumental developments. This paper provides a mini review of selected instrumental developments that now allow these measurements. The development of soft ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization was crucial for the analysis of biological macromolecules. Improved ion transport optics led to an increase in sensitivity. New ICR cell designs complement the capabilities of FT-ICR-MS by allowing a more thorough study of the mechanism and kinetics of ion reactions in the gas-phase. A selected example of electron capture dissociation (ECD) employs these developments to investigate the role of peptide conformation in ECD. Improved electronics and software allow faster and more flexible experiments. All these improvements led to an increase in speed and sensitivity that are necessary to couple FT-MS to fast separation techniques such as nano-high performance liquid chromatography. The modern FT-ICR-MS instruments can be incorporated in virtual organizations allowing remote access to unique infrastructure. This concept of remote experimentation opens new possibilities for scientific collaborations between expert scientists at different locations and allows the efficient use of this expensive instrumentation
Electron Capture Dissociation of O-Glycosylated Peptides: Radical Site-Induced Fragmentation of Glycosidic Bonds
Authors: Mormann Michael , Paulsen Hans , Peter-Katalinić Jasna
Published: November 2005

Glycosylation of proteins represents one of the most important post-translational modifications. The structural characterisation of glycoproteins—especially with respect to the determination of the glycosylation site—by direct mass spectrometric methods still remains an elusive goal. We have applied the low energy dissociation method electron capture dissociation (ECD) in a 9.4 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer to the stuctural elucidation of mucin-derived peptides glycosylated with glycans of different core types. Capture of an electron by multiply protonated precursor ions [M + nH]n+ resulted in the formation of reduced odd electron radical cations [M + nH](n–1)+•. Subsequent cleavage of the N–Cα bonds of the peptide chain, mostly without loss of the labile sugar moiety, represents a major fragmentation pathway allowing unambiguous assignment of the glycosylation site. In addition to peptide backbone cleavages, loss of acetyl radicals from the N-acetyl group of the HexNAc glycans is observed. Radical site-induced elimination processes of the glycan moieties initiated by hydrogen transfer, from the glycan to the peptide backbone and vice versa give rise to signals in the ECD spectra. The different sugar core types exhibit different fragmentation patterns driven by the stability of the resulting fragments allowing the discrimination of isomeric glycans.
Understanding of the Structure, Bonding, Formation and Decomposition of Metalloid Aluminum Clusters—A Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Study of Solid AlCp*
Authors: Koch K. , Burgert R. , Stösser G. , Schnöckel H.
Published: November 2005

The investigation of the tetrahedral Al4Cp*4 cluster with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry using laser desorption/ionization as the ionization method results in a couple of aluminum cluster compounds Al xCp*+ y ( x> y) with up to eight aluminum atoms. MS n experiments are performed in order to understand the formation and reactivity of the different species. Quantum chemical calculations of the structure and energy for all compounds identified complete this study.
Atomic Clusters and Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry: A Fruitful Combination
Authors: Schweikhard Lutz , Blaum Klaus , Herlert Alexander , Marxa Gerrit
Published: November 2005

Clusters consisting of a few atoms build the bridge between individual atoms and the condensed phase of matter and they are, thus, of great general interest. Over the last two decades, considerable progress has been made in the study of their properties and ion storage techniques, in particular the use of ion cyclotron resonance (Penning) traps, are important tools for advanced investigations. Vice versa, cluster ions can serve as probes for the evaluation of ion-trap properties. Furthermore, they are ideally suited for the calibration of mass spectrometers and for consistency checks in high-accuracy mass determinations. Examples from the research areas mentioned, i.e. the investigation of cluster properties and the application of cluster ions for Penning-trap studies and mass calibration, are reported.
Mapping Protein Interfaces by Chemical Cross-Linking and Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry: Application to a Calmodulin/Adenylyl Cyclase 8 Peptide Complex
Authors: Schmidt Andreas , Kalkhof Stefan , Ihling Christian , Cooper Dermot M.F. , Sinza Andrea
Published: November 2005

Chemical cross-linking—an established technique in protein chemistry—has re-emerged, in combination with mass spectrometric analysis of the reaction products, as a valuable tool to identify interacting amino acid sequences in protein complexes. In the present study, we are mapping the interface of the calcium-dependent complex between calmodulin (CaM) and a peptide derived from the C-terminal region of adenylyl cyclase 8 (AC 8). Cross-linking reactions are performed using the two amine-reactive, isotope-labeled ( d0 and d4) cross-linkers BS3 ( bis[sulfosuccinimidyl]suberate) and BS2G ( bis[sulfosuccinimidyl]glutarate) as well as the “zero-length” cross-linker (EDC, ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride). After separation of the cross-linking reaction mixtures by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis (sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel) and in-gel digestion of the cross-linked complexes, the resulting peptide mixtures are analyzed by nano-high-performance liquid chromatography/nano-electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The identified intermolecular cross-linking products will give further insight into calmodulin/adenylyl cyclase 8 interaction.
Application of Sustained off-Resonance Irradiation Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation Tandem Mass Spectrometry to the Analysis of Biomolecules
Authors: Hübner Göran , Crone Catharina , Lindner Buko
Published: November 2005

A modified pulse sequence for infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) experiments on a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) mass spectrometer in conjunction with sidekick trapping is presented. For IRMPD tandem mass spectrometry experiments gated trapping is normally applied. It ensures that the ions remain on-axis and, thus, cross the laser beam which is aligned on-axis in commercially available instruments. Sidekick trapping is used to capture more ions in the ICR cell in order to increase the signal intensity. However, it may lead to off-axis ion motion, which reduces or even excludes interaction with the laser beam. In this contribution, sustained off-resonance irradiation (SORI) was applied to overcome this disadvantage of sidekick trapping. SORI is normally used in conjunction with collision-induced dissociation experiments to increase the kinetic energy of the ions. Here, SORI is used to influence the cyclotron motion during the laser irradiation time, which leads to a temporary intersection of the ion trajectory with the laser beam. With this easy-to-handle experimental set-up, IRMPD of ions captured with sidekick trapping again leads to the generation of fragment ions, as is demonstrated with several biologically relevant samples like peptides, lipids and glycolipids.
Structural Characterisation of Tyrosine-Nitrated Peptides by Ultraviolet and Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Petre Brínduşa-Alina , Youhnovski Nikolay , Lukkari Juho , Weber Reinhold , Przybylski Michael
Published: November 2005

Nitration of tyrosine residues in proteins may occur in cells upon oxidative stress and inflammation processes mediated through generation of reactive nitroxyl from peroxynitrite. Tyrosine nitration from oxidative pathways may generate cytotoxic species that cause protein dysfunction and pathogenesis. A number of protein nitrations in vivo have been reported and some specific Tyrosine nitration sites have been recently identified using mass spectrometric methods. High-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MALDI) FT-ICR-MS) is shown here to be a highly efficient method in the determination of protein nitrations. Following the identification of nitration of the catalytic site Tyr–430 residue of bovine prostacyclin synthase, we synthesised several model peptides containing both unmodified tyrosine and 3-nitro-tyrosine residues, using solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The structures of the nitrotyrosine peptides were characterised both by ESI- and by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI)-FT-ICR-MS, using a standard ultraviolet (UV) nitrogen nitrogen laser and a 2.97 μm Nd-YAG infrared laser. Using UV-MALDI-MS, 3-nitrotyrosyl-peptides were found to undergo extensive photochemical fragmentation at the nitrophenyl group, which may hamper or prevent the unequivocal identification of Tyr-nitrations in cellular proteins. In contrast, infrared-MALDI-FT-ICR-MS did not produce fragmentation of molecular ions of Tyr-nitrated peptides.
Epitope Extraction Technique Using a Proteolytic Magnetic Reactor Combined with Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry as a Tool for the Screening of Potential Vaccine Lead Peptides
Authors: Bílková Z. , Stefanescu R. , Cecal R. , Korecká L. , Ouzká Š. , Ježová J. , Viovy J.-L. , Przybylski M.
Published: November 2005

Epitope extraction technique is based on the specific digestion of a target protein followed by immunoaffinity isolation of a specific recognition peptide. This technique, in combination with mass spectrometry, has been efficiently used for epitope identification. The major goal of this work was to utilize newly developed enzyme and immunoaffinity magnetic reactors for the epitope extraction procedure and confirm the efficiency of this improved system for epitope screening of proteins. Alginic acid-coated magnetite microparticles with immobilized TPCK-trypsin provided high working efficiency with low non-specific adsorption, digestion time in minutes and low frequency of missed cleavages. The sensitivity and specificity of tryptic fragmentation of the ß-amyloid-peptide Aβ (1–40) as a model polypeptide was confirmed by Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry analysis. The Sepharose reactor or immunoaffinity magnetic reactors, both with anti-amyloid-β monoclonal antibodies, were used for specific isolation and identification of target peptides. In this way, the epitope extraction technique combined with mass spectrometric analysis is shown to be an excellent base for molecular screening of potential vaccine lead proteins.
Accessibility of 18S rRNA in human 40S subunits and 80S ribosomes at physiological magnesium ion concentrations—implications for the study of ribosome dynamics
Authors: SHENVI CHRISTINA L. , DONG KEN C. , FRIEDMAN ERIC M. , HANSON JEFFREY A. , CATE JAMIE H.D.
Published: November 2005

Protein biosynthesis requires numerous conformational rearrangements within the ribosome. The structural core of the ribosome is composed of RNA and is therefore dependent on counterions such as magnesium ions for function. Many steps of translation can be compromised or inhibited if the concentration of Mg2+is too low or too high. Conditions previously used to probe the conformation of the mammalian ribosome in vitro used high Mg2+concentrations that we find completely inhibit translation in vitro. We have therefore probed the conformation of the small ribosomal subunit in low concentrations of Mg2+that support translation in vitro and compared it with the conformation of the 40S subunit at high Mg2+concentrations. In low Mg2+concentrations, we find significantly more changes in chemical probe accessibility in the 40S subunit due to subunit association or binding of the hepatitis C internal ribosomal entry site (HCV IRES) than had been observed before. These results suggest that the ribosome is more dynamic in its functional state than previously appreciated.
The joint impact of perceived influence and supervisor supportiveness on employee innovative behaviour
Authors: Janssen Onne
Published: November 2005

A questionnaire survey among 170 employees of a Dutch company showed that supervisor supportiveness moderated the relationship between employees' perceived influence in the workplace and their levels of innovative behaviour. As hypothesized, the results suggest that when supervisors are perceived as being supportive of employee innovation, employees feel encouraged to use their influence to carry out innovative activities at work, whereas supervisors perceived as not being supportive inhibit them from doing so.
A detection theory approach to the evaluation of assessors in assessment centres
Authors: Stillman Jennifer A. , Jackson Duncan J. R.
Published: November 2005

The ratings given to job applicants in an assessment centre (AC) will be influenced both by an assessor's sensitivity to the evidence of suitability provided by the applicants, and by whether the assessor has a liberal or a conservative rating tendency. In this study we explore the usefulness of signal detection methodology for evaluating and comparing both aspects of performance. A group of eight managerial assessors in a real‐world AC rated 195 applicants for retail sales positions. The sensitivity and response bias of assessors was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, and their performance was evaluated by means of critical operating characteristic (COC) analyses. RscorePlus software (Harvey, 2002) was used for these purposes. We conclude that, in this and similar organizational contexts, such analyses are potentially useful for estimating and comparing the performances of assessors, thereby highlighting the need for, and subsequently evaluating the effectiveness of, any remedial intervention.
Linking values and organizational commitment: A correlational and experimental investigation in two organizations
Authors: Abbott Geoffrey N. , White Fiona A. , Charles Margaret A.
Published: November 2005

The aim of the two studies was to confirm and clarify the relationships between values and components of organizational commitment (OC) in two organizations. Study 1 extended the work of Finegan (2000) by investigating antecedents of OC in terms of personal and perceived organizational values while controlling for the effects of tenure. Study 2 involved a field experiment to investigate the consequents of OC in terms of turnover intention, how such intention varies as a function of the values of the alternative employer, and how it is related to the different components of OC. The results of Study 1 provide support for the argument that perceived organizational values are drivers of values‐based OC, but that unlike the related components of affective and normative OC, continuance OC may not be values‐based. Study 2's results indicated that turnover intention was higher in a company supporting vision values, and that affective OC acted as a buffer against interest in alternative employment. Together these findings imply that companies adopting prosocial values, such as vision, self‐direction, and humanity may enhance affective and normative OC, and thus performance.
Work and family domain stressors and support: Within‐ and cross‐domain influences on work–family conflict
Authors: Luk Dora M. , Shaffer Margaret A.
Published: November 2005

The purpose of this study is to examine the within‐ and cross‐domain influences of work and family domain stressors and support on two forms of work–family conflict (i.e. WIF: work interference with family, and FIW: family interference with work). To test our hypotheses, we collected multi‐source data from 248 Hong Kong employees and their spouses. Among the proposed work domain antecedents of WIF, time commitment and work role expectation were significant. Among the proposed family domain antecedents of FIW, parental demands were significant. Direct cross‐domain effects included family role expectation and parental demand on WIF and work role expectation and family‐friendly policies on FIW. Tests of the moderating effects of work and family support resulted in support for both within‐domain and cross‐domain interactions. Implications for researchers and human resource managers are discussed.
Testing a measure of instigated workplace incivility
Authors: Blau Gary , Andersson Lynne
Published: November 2005

Using a sample of 211 working adults, an instigated workplace incivility measure, distinct from an experienced workplace incivility and general interpersonal deviance measures, was developed. Correlates of instigated workplace incivility were then tested using 162 medical technologists over a 4‐year time frame. Results indicated that Time 1 measures of distributive justice and job satisfaction were negatively related to instigated workplace incivility, while a Time 1 measure of work exhaustion was positively related to such incivility. Furthermore, these three antecedents contributed significantly to explaining instigated workplace incivility, beyond Time 2 measures of these three variables. Future research issues, as well as study limitations, are discussed.
Does work–family conflict mediate the relationship between work–family culture and self‐reported distress? Evidence from five Finnish organizations
Authors: Mauno Saija , Kinnunen Ulla , Pyykkö Mervi
Published: November 2005

This study examined whether perceived work–family conflict would function as a mediator in the link between work–family culture perceptions and self‐reported distress. Data were obtained from employees (N=1,297) of five Finnish organizations representing both the public (local social and health care, school, and labour departments) and the private sectors (paper mill, IT company). The results showed that perceived work–family conflict functioned as a partial mediator between employees' perceptions of work–family culture and self‐reported distress in two organizations (i.e. in the social and health care department and paper mill), whereas the relationship turned out to be direct in the other three organizations (i.e. the education, labour departments and IT company). Thus, a supportive work–family culture was related directly and indirectly, through reduced work–family conflict, to the well‐being of employees.
Development and validation of a work‐specific measure of cognitive failure: Implications for occupational safety
Authors: Wallace J. Craig. , Chen Gilad
Published: November 2005

Two studies were conducted to develop and validate a work‐specific measure of cognitive failure, the Workplace cognitive failure scale (WCFS). In initial item development, content validity was gained via sorting. In Study 1, data were obtained from an employee sample that supported the factorial, construct, and criterion‐related validity of the WCFS. In particular, results supported the expected relationships of workplace cognitive failure with facets of personality, role overload, components of self‐regulation, and self‐reported measures of safety outcomes. Study 2 examined the WCFS in two additional employee samples, and provided further criterion‐related validity using objective measures of injury and supervisor ratings of safety behaviour. Overall, results supported the validity and utility of the new measure in assessing organizational safety behaviour and outcomes, more so than the general cognitive failure scale.
Examining the relationship between employer knowledge dimensions and organizational attractiveness: An application in a military context
Authors: Lievens Filip , Van Hoye Greet , Schreurs Bert
Published: November 2005

This study uses Cable and Turban's (2001) employer knowledge framework as a conceptual model to formulate hypotheses about a broad range of possible factors affecting the attractiveness of an organization (i.e. armed forces) among potential applicants (576 high‐school seniors). Results show that gender, familiarity with military organizations, perceptions of job and organizational attributes (task diversity and social/team activities), and trait inferences (excitement, prestige, and cheerfulness) explained potential applicants' attraction to military organizations. Relative importance analyses showed that trait inferences contributed most to the variance, followed by job and organizational attributes, and employer familiarity. Finally, we found some evidence of interactions between the three dimensions. Specifically, trait inferences and job and organizational attributes had more pronounced effects when familiarity was high. From a theoretical perspective, these results generally support the framework of employer knowledge. At a practical level, implications for image audit and image management are discussed.
Economic drug discovery and rational medicinal chemistry for tropical diseases
Authors: Chibale Kelly
Published: November 2005

In order to fulfill research objectives around target-based drug discovery in the field of anti-infective agents that are prevalent mainly in poor Third World countries, selection of biological and chemical targets is guided by economic drug discovery and rational medicinal chemistry. Selection of biological targets of therapeutic relevance in multiple disease-causing organisms, as well as the use of natural products and existing drugs as chemical scaffolds for the discovery and design of novel therapeutics should be viable strategies underpinning drug discovery research in poor Third World countries. In this regard, biological targets of interest to our program include disulfide reductases and cysteine proteases (CPs), while chemical scaffolds include existing antimalarial agents and natural products.
Nonspecific sensor arrays ("electronic tongue") for chemical analysis of liquids (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Vlasov Yu. , Legin A. , Rudnitskaya A. , Di Natale C. , D'Amico A.
Published: November 2005

The history of the development of potentiometric sensors over the past century demonstrates progress in constructing single, discrete (i.e., separate, to distinguish from sensor arrays) ion sensors, which have been made as selective as possible. Only a few types reveal high selectivity. However, easy measurement procedure, with low cost and availability, give rise to the search for new ways for their successful application. The present document describes a new concept for application of potentiometric multisensor systems, viz., sensor arrays for solution analysis, and the performance of this new analytical tool - the "electronic tongue". The electronic tongue is a multisensor system, which consists of a number of low-selective sensors and uses advanced mathematical procedures for signal processing based on the pattern recognition (PARC) and/or multivariate analysis [artificial neural networks (ANNs), principal component analysis (PCA), etc.]. Definitions of the multisensor systems and their parameters are suggested. Results from the application of the electronic tongue, both for quantitative and qualitative analysis of different mineral water and wine samples, are presented and discussed.
SELDI-TOF-MS proteomics of breast cancer
Authors: Clarke Charlotte H. , Buckley Julie A. , Fung Eric T.
Published: November 2005

The detection, diagnosis, and management of breast cancer rely on an integrated approach using clinical history, physical examination, imaging, and histopathology. The discovery and validation of novel biomarkers will aid the physician in more effectively achieving this integration. This review discusses efforts in surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI)-based proteomics to address various clinical questions surrounding breast cancer, including diagnosis, monitoring, and stratification for treatment. Emphasis is placed on examining how study design and execution influence the discovery and validation process, which is critical to the proper development of potential clinical tests.
Glycogen phosphorylase BB in acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Peetz Dirk , Post Felix , Schinzel Helmut , Schweigert Rosemarie , Schollmayer Caroline , Steinbach Katrin , Dati Francesco , Noll Franz , Lackner Karl J.
Published: November 2005

The diagnosis of myocardial damage is preferably based on measurement of the cardiac-specific troponins. However, there is an emerging need for early, specific cardiac markers. One potential candidate is the glycogen phosphorylase BB isoenzyme (GPBB). We investigated the use of a new, commercially available GPBB ELISA assay in 61 patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome (37 acute myocardial infarction, 24 unstable angina pectoris) in comparison to established cardiac markers such as troponin T, creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CKMB) mass, and myoglobin. Blood samples were obtained on arrival, as well as 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 and 24h later. GPBB plasma concentrations were elevated in 90.9% of patients 1h after onset of chest pain and increased to 100% at 4–5h. Within the first 6h, GPBB showed the highest sensitivity (95.5–100%) and high specificity (94–96%) compared to myoglobin (85–95% sensitivity) and CKMB mass (71.4–91.3% sensitivity). As expected, troponin T showed high specificity (100%) and sensitivity >95% later in the time course (≥3h). In un-stable angina pectoris patients, a very high rate of elevated GPBB was observed (93.9% at 3h) compared to myoglobin (66.7%). Cardiac troponin T and CKMB were only elevated in 33.8% and 55.0% of these patients, respectively. In conclusion, GPBB is a promising marker for the early diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes and could probably act as a marker of ischemia. However, further studies on specificity and development of a fast, automated assay are necessary before GPBB can be recommended as a routine diagnostic tool.
Glycemic control in diabetes in three Danish counties
Authors: Jørgensen Lone G. M. , Petersen Per Hyltoft , Heickendorff Lene , Møller Holger Jon , Hendel Jørn , Christensen Cramer , Schmitz Anita , Reinholdt Birgitte , Lund Erik D. , Christensen Niels J. , Hansen Erik Kjærsgaard , Hastrup Jens , Skjødt Hanne , Eriksen Ebbe Wendel , Brandslund Ivan
Published: November 2005

Background: Hemoglobin A1c (HbA

Methods: We studied 2454 patients from a population of 807,000 inhabitants for whom routine monitoring of diabetes using HbA

Results: The age-standardized incidence of monitored patients was <0.5% in all regions. Patients with diabetic first HbA

Conclusion: Patients with diabetic first HbA
The effect of thyroid antibody positivity on reference intervals for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) in an aged population
Authors: Eskelinen Seija , Suominen Pauli , Vahlberg Tero , Löppönen Minna , Isoaho Raimo , Kivelä Sirkka-Liisa , Irjala Kerttu
Published: November 2005

Our aims were: 1) to analyze the effect of the methodology used to derive clinically feasible cut-off values for thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb), which exhibit highly skewed distributions; and 2) to describe the influence of thyroid antibodies on thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT
Sensitive immunoassays for the autoantibodies reacting against citrullinated carboxy-terminal telopeptides of type I and type II collagens in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Koivula Marja-Kaisa , Ramberg Jarmo , Åman Sari , Karjalainen Anna , Hakala Markku , Risteli Juha
Published: November 2005

We developed sensitive assay methods for autoantibodies recognizing the citrullinated synthetic peptides derived from type I and type II collagens in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These peptides were tested with the chemiluminescence method (Nichols Advantage
Carolina in the Carolines: A Survey of Patterns and Meanings of Smoking on a Micronesian Island
Authors: Marshall Mac
Published: November 2005

Tobacco use‐‐‐especially smoking industrially manufactured cigarettes‐‐‐kills nearly 5 million people annually and is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. Tobacco is a widely used global commodity embedded in cultural meanings, and its consumption involves a set of learned, patterned social behaviors. Seemingly, then, tobacco offers a most appealing anthropological research topic, yet its study has been relatively ignored by medical anthropologists when compared to research on alcoholic beverages and illegal drugs. To help fill this gap, this article sketches the historical background of tobacco in Micronesia, presents the results of a cross‐sectional smoking survey from Namoluk Atoll, and describes contemporary smoking patterns and locally understood symbolic associations of tobacco. Intersections among history, gender, local meanings, the health transition, and the transnational marketing of tobacco are addressed, and cigarette smoking is seen as part of a new syndemic of chronic diseases in Micronesia.
Divination and Healing: Potent Vision
Authors: McClain Carol Shepherd
Published: November 2005

Divination and Healing: Potent Vision. Michael Winkelman and Philip M. Peek, eds. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2004. viii + 295 pp.
Guides to sustainable built-environment development
Authors: Bartlett H. V. , Guthrie P. M.
Published: November 2005

This paper presents the findings of a comparative analysis of documents addressing sustainable development in relation to the built environment. The analysis has identified commonality in interpretations of sustainability for the built environment and enabled the collation of a set of principles or guidelines that represent current thinking on how the objectives of sustainable development could be interpreted for the built environment.
Summertime urban heat island hysteresis lag complexity
Authors: Golden J. S. , Guthrie P. M. , Kaloush K. E. , Britter R. E.
Published: November 2005

At a time when the world is rapidly urbanising, civil and environmental engineers, urban planners and policy makers around the globe are faced with the complex issues of how to design and construct urban regions to be sustainable. During this time of unprecedented growth, environmental engineers and scientists are faced with the additional complexities of global and regional climate change. This review paper focuses on the nexus of rapid urbanisation and summertime local climate change that can be addressed at the regional level—the built environment. First, it assesses the volumetric and physical characteristics that comprise the urban fabric of a region. Second, the paper presents a review of research efforts to date to quantify how surface material applications and microclimate are subject to the laws of thermodynamics, which can be altered in terms of engineered alternatives. This includes a review of surface mitigation research as presented in the context of sustainability.
Achieving sustainability in vibro stone column techniques
Authors: Serridge C. J.
Published: November 2005

As part of achieving environmental sustainability in ground treatment, there is an increasing desire to use recycled materials for vibro stone column techniques. Materials used in stone column construction are required to be free-draining, hard, inert and comply with acceptable criteria in terms of material type, grading, hardness and chemical stability. Spent railway track ballast and crushed concrete probably have the greatest potential for this application in the UK. New European standards for aggregates allow the use of environmentally sustainable materials in a wider range of applications than under the British Standards they replace. However, where such materials are considered for use, as an alternative to natural primary aggregates, it is important that these materials are fit for purpose. Technical requirements for vibro stone column aggregate are discussed. Of particular importance is the fines (clay/silt) content of the aggregate, as this can have a significant effect on the angle of internal friction of the stone column material (and drainage characteristics). This in turn influences both the carrying capacity of the stone column and the settlement characteristics of the stone column-soil composite. Some applications of recycled aggregate in the context of vibro stone columns are presented, including a case history for spent railway ballast and crushed concrete. Also presented is an innovative technique for avoiding pollutant linkages via stone columns using ‘vibro concrete plug’ technology.
Organised recycling in Gaborone, Botswana
Authors: Bolaane B. , Ali M.
Published: November 2005

Solid waste reduction through recycling is widely viewed as a viable strategy. This has been promoted in many countries by government policies and legislation with more drive towards organised recycling. Organised recycling refers to the programmes where municipalities require waste generators to set aside certain materials so that they do not enter the mixed waste stream but can be collected and delivered for recycling. In developing countries, its promotion is often not preceded by an objective assessment of practical conditions on the ground in terms of potential constraints and opportunities. This paper discusses the existing state of recycling in Gaborone and highlights the potential constraints and opportunities of such an approach. A field investigation was carried out to examine possible constraints and opportunities to recycling. The investigation involved characterisation of household and commercial waste, a survey of secondary materials markets, key informant interviews and physical observations. It was found that some of the constraints to organised recycling are lack of specific incentives to promote recycling, limited municipal implementation capacity and lack of reform of the municipal waste management departments. Fragmentation of the recycling industry, sourcing materials free of charge and municipal officials'attitudes that favour the status quo are also possible constraints. However, there are also some opportunities for the enhancement of recycling, such as policy and legislative support and high recovery for some selected materials by the private sector that operates relatively unaided. The paper concludes that on the basis of the identified constraints and opportunities, adopting organised recycling may not be a viable option. The emphasis of a recycling strategy for Gaborone and other cities with similar characteristics should be on supporting private sector initiatives through appropriate incentives.
Impact of climate change on UK flooding and future predictions
Authors: Dale M.
Published: November 2005

Climate change modelling has improved significantly in recent years and the impact of climate change on flooding in the UK and internationally has become an area of increased importance. Flooding in the UK occurs for a range of reasons; this paper examines some of the predicted changes related to rainfall processes. The different types of rainfall in the UK can be categorised into groups such as frontal, orographic and convective, and combinations of these. Notable flooding events in the UK in recent years have been caused by different types of rainfall; Boscastle in 2004 and the widespread autumn 2000 floods being examples of quite different rainfall processes. Predicting how different types of flood-producing rainfall will change in the future climate presents researchers with major challenges, including that of spatial scale and uncertainty in the predictions. This paper highlights some of these challenges and looks at areas where future research could be focused.
Two-dimensional model for lateral intake flows
Authors: Kolahdoozan M. , Taher-Shamsi A. , Sadeghi-Bagheney M. , Mohamadian A.
Published: November 2005

This paper gives details of the refinement and application of a two-dimensional horizontal model for rivers. An explicit finite-difference algorithm was used for solving the governing differential equations, which includes the conservation of mass and momentum to predict hydrodynamic parameters. The model includes different turbulence closure models—that is, constant eddy viscosity, Prandtl simple mixing length and Smagorinsky methods. An experimental programme was designed and carried out in a laboratory flume to measure the length of eddy produced at the entrance of the intake. Model predictions have been compared with experimental results for a lateral intake. The effect of different hydrodynamic parameters on the results obtained from several turbulence models has also been investigated. Turbulence model parameters have been calibrated according to experimental measurements. Finally, results have been classified for application of different turbulence models in lateral intakes.
Management of shared watercourses in southern Africa
Authors: Tumbare M. J.
Published: November 2005

The management of shared watercourses in an integrated and sustainable manner has been a developmental process which has evolved through national, river basin and regional efforts in southern Africa. The countries constituting the Southern African Development Community (SADC) have realised and recognised that the most efficient way of utilising shared watercourses and practising the principles of integrated water resources management is a basin-wide approach. This requires international cooperation, appropriate protocols and agreements to be put in place, as well as appropriate management institutions. This paper follows the developmental process in the management of shared watercourses in the SADC region, highlighting the strategies adopted, how appropriate they are, and the achievements so far attained. The opinions and conclusions drawn in the paper are those of the author.