bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photo‐switchable spiropyran immobilized polystyrene beads using catechol chemistry
Authors: Kang Eun Bi , Cho Hyeonhun , Islamy Mazrad Zihnil Adha , In Insik , Park Sung Young
Published: March 2017

Catechol and spiropyran functional groups were conjugated to a polymer backbone, allowing immobilization on polystyrene beads (PS beads). The final product was capable of stably reproducing the optical properties of spiropyran. Through the outstanding surface adhesion properties of the catechol functional group, spiropyran was immobilized on PS beads. Switchable photoluminescence in the spiropyran coated PS bead surfaces was observed depending on irradiation with either UV or visible light. The surfaces of the PS beads were morphologically examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used for characterization of the constituent atoms. Furthermore, UV–Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to confirm conversion between the spiropyran (SP) and merocyanine (MC) forms through UV or visible light irradiation on SP, while fluorescent images for both SP and MC were studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The confocal images of the SP‐PS beads system onto MDAMB‐231 cells under UV and visible light indicate the cellular uptake by emerging color within the cytoplasm. Advancing study, the remaining catechol groups can confers adhesive properties, given by contact angle data of various coated surfaces film. These stimuli‐responsive coatings are compatible as drawing switchable photochromic material on versatile substrate shown in confocal images of propylene film. Overall, this great water solubility and biocompatibility PS beads system also showed potential as cell bio‐imaging light stimuli responsive material, and the benefits of this system can also possibly address coat able advanced material for a wide range of surface light sensor applications. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on Mo doped vanadium oxide film by pulsed RF magnetron sputtering
Authors: Dey Arjun , Nayak Manish Kumar , Pradeepkumar Maurya Sandeep , Porwal Deeksha , Yougandar B. , Carmel Mary Esther A.
Published: March 2017

Molybdenum doped vanadium oxide film on quartz and silicon substrates are grown by pulsed RF magnetron sputtering method. Surface morphology, phase analysis and oxide states are investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques, respectively. Crystalline nature of the film deposited on both quartz and silicon are depicted. The transmittance and reflectance spectra recorded for the entire solar region. Further, optical constants viz. optical band gap and refractive index of the deposited films are estimated. Wavelength dependent low reflectance characteristic is observed for the deposited film on silicon. IR emittance (εIR) and sheet resistance (Rs) of the film are also evaluated. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic experimental study of viscous damper on Chinese traditional style structure with dual‐lintel‐column joint of steel and composite structures
Authors: Xue Jianyang , Dong Jinshuang , Sui Yan , Zhang Xicheng
Published: March 2017

In order to analyze the dynamic mechanical properties of viscous damper on the concrete Chinese traditional style structure with dual‐lintel‐column joints under seismic excitation, we designed 3 specimens for dynamic cyclic loading, including 2 specimens with viscous damper, which called controlled structure and 1 specimen without viscous damper called noncontrolled structure. The failure process and corresponding failure mode were obtained. The failure characteristics, skeleton curves, and mechanical behavior such as the load‐displacement hysteretic loops, degradation of strength and rigidity, ductility and energy dissipation of the joints and the load‐displacement hysteretic loops of viscous damper were analyzed. Results indicate that the hysteretic curve of viscous damper on the concrete Chinese traditional style structure with dual‐lintel‐column joints and viscous damper are plumper, and the structure has good ductility and capacity of energy dissipation. In the study, the concrete Chinese traditional style structure with dual‐lintel‐column joints and viscous damper can work together in conjunction. The load‐bearing capacity of the controlled structure is significantly higher than that of the noncontrolled structure; the performance of ductility and the ability of energy dissipation are superior to those of the noncontrolled structure. All experimental results reflect that the seismic performance of the controlled structure is significantly superior to that of the noncontrolled structure.
Discovery of synthesis and secretion of polyol esters of fatty acids by four basidiomycetous yeast species in the order Sporidiobolales
Authors: Garay Luis A , Sitepu Irnayuli R , Cajka Tomas , Fiehn Oliver , Cathcart Erin , Fry Russell W , Kanti Atit , Joko Nugroho Agustinus , Faulina Sarah Asih , Stephanandra Sira , German J Bruce , Boundy-Mills Kyria L
Published: March 2017

Polyol esters of fatty acids (PEFA) are amphiphilic glycolipids produced by yeast that could play a role as natural, environmentally friendly biosurfactants. We recently reported discovery of a new PEFA-secreting yeast species, Rhodotorula babjevae, a basidiomycetous yeast to display this behavior, in addition to a few other Rhodotorula yeasts reported on the 1960s. Additional yeast species within the taxonomic order Sporidiobolales were screened for secreted glycolipid production. PEFA production equal or above 1 g L−1 were detected in 19 out of 65 strains of yeast screened, belonging to 6 out of 30 yeast species tested. Four of these species were not previously known to secrete glycolipids. These results significantly increase the number of yeast species known to secrete PEFA, holding promise for expanding knowledge of PEFA synthesis and secretion mechanisms, as well as setting the groundwork towards commercialization.
Reconstruction of amino acid biosynthetic pathways increases the productivity of 2-keto-l-gulonic acid in Ketogulonicigenium vulgare-Bacillus endophyticus consortium via genes screening
Authors: Pan Cai-Hui , Wang En-Xu , Jia Nan , Dong Xiu-Tao , Liu Yu , Ding Ming-Zhu , Yuan Ying-Jin
Published: March 2017

Defect in the amino acid biosynthetic pathways of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare, the producing strain for 2-keto-l-gulonic acid (2-KGA), is the key reason for its poor growth and low productivity. In this study, five different strains were firstly reconstructed by expressing absent genes in threonine, proline and histidine biosynthetic pathways for better 2-KGA productivity. When mono-cultured in the shake flasks, the strain SyBE_Kv02080002 expressing hsk from Gluconobacter oxydans in threonine biosynthetic pathway achieved the highest biomass and the titer increased by 25.13%. When co-cultured with Bacillus endophyticus, the fermentation cycle decreased by 28.57% than that of the original consortium in 5-L fermenter. Furthermore, reconstruction of threonine biosynthetic pathway resulted in up-regulation of genes encoding sorbosone dehydrogenase and idonate-dehydrogenase, which increased the 2-KGA productivity in SyBE_Kv02080002. This study shows that reconstruction of absent biosynthetic pathways in bacteria is an effective way to enhance the productivity of target products.
Laparoscopic cytoreductive surgery for metastatic colon cancer – how to improve treatment strategy
Authors: Atroshchenko Andrey , Khatkov Igor , Pozdnyakov Stepan , Danilov Mikhail
Published: March 2017

Background Colon cancer (CC) one of the most common oncological disease in World. Up to 30% patients in Russia have metastatic CC at first visiting to oncologist. The treatment results still controversial. Nowadays, minimally invasive laparoscopic precision technique allowed extending the indication for cytoreductive surgery even in patients with severe comorbidities.

Materials and methods 89 patients with colon cancer (T1-4a) and curable synchronous distant metastases include in study. All patients underwent cytoreductive surgery with primary tumor resection. In study group (44) we performed laparoscopic surgery, in main group (45) – open surgery procedure. The groups were similar by sex, age, tumor localization and histological structure, comorbidities.

Results R0 resection performed 27% patients. The average number of lymph node removal was similar 13 and 12 respectively. Average operation time was significantly longer in study group 210 vs 120 min. In study group blood loss was lower: 300 mL vs 1200 mL. Postoperative patient recovery shorter after laparoscopic surgery (p < 0.05): time to activation 2.2 vs 3.9 days; time to first peristalsis – 1.8 vs 4.5 days; first bowel movement – 3.4 vs 4.8 days; first food taken – 2.9 vs 3.9 days. Shorter time of analgesics intake – 2.3 vs 4.4 days, p < 0.05. Hospital stay shorter: 9.3 vs 13.4 days, p = 0.05. Time to start chemotherapy reduced since 27.5 to 14.7 days, p < 0.05. Postoperative complications lower in study group: 6.8 vs 17.8%, p = 0.05. Kaplan–Meier 2-year overall survival were similar: 69.5% vs 61.6%, p = 0.96.

Conclusion Laparoscopic cytoreductive surgery for metastatic CC is safe, minimized surgical trauma and speed up patient recovery.
Gestural overlap across word boundaries: Evidence from English and Mandarin speakers
Authors: Luo Shan
Published: March 2017

This article examines how three factors determine the surface forms of English stop-stop coarticulation across word boundaries in both native and nonnative speech: place of articulation, frequency, and speech rate. The release percentage and closure duration ratio produced by English (L1) and Mandarin (L2) speakers were measured. The results showed that a place order effect was only partially supported in L1 speech but not shown at all in L2 speech. The results also confirmed a gradient lexical effect, finding a significant correlation between self-rated frequency and overlap. In addition, the results showed that increased speech rate did not induce increased overlap, given that speakers from both groups had either more or less overlap at the fast speech rate than at the slow rate.
Supralaryngeal implementation of length and laryngeal contrasts in Japanese and Korean
Authors: Kochetov Alexei , Kang Yoonjung
Published: March 2017

This article investigates supralaryngeal characteristics of Japanese and Korean length and laryngeal contrasts in stops and affricates. Electropalatography data collected from five Japanese and five Korean speakers revealed similar differences among the consonants in the degree of linguopalatal contact and duration of the closure. Japanese (voiceless) geminate and Korean fortis obstruents were most constricted and had the longest duration (although considerably longer in Japanese). Japanese voiced and Korean lenis obstruents were least constricted and had the shortest duration. Japanese voiceless (singleton) and Korean aspirated obstruents showed intermediate degree of contact and duration. Both stops and affricates showed a positive correlation between degree of contact and duration. The results show that the two very different sets of phonological contrasts are implemented similarly at the supralaryngeal level. These cross-language similarities and cross-category differences are proposed to result from the application of independently-motivated phonetic enhancement rules to distinct phonological representations of laryngeal/length contrasts in the two languages.
History and the Debate Over Intellectual Property
Authors: Peng Mike W. , Ahlstrom David , Carraher Shawn M. , Shi Weilei (Stone)
Published: March 2017

This article responds to recent calls for organizational research to address larger, more globally relevant questions and to pay attention to history, by analyzing the crucial debate over intellectual property rights (IPR) between the United States and China. Despite the recent US position, the United States has not always been a leading IPR advocate. Rather, it was a leading IPR violator during the nineteenth century. An institution-based view of IPR history suggests that both the US refusal to protect foreign IPR in the nineteenth century and the current Chinese lack of enthusiasm to meet US IPR demands represent rational choices. However, as cost-benefit considerations change institutional transitions are possible. We predict that to the same extent the United States voluntarily agreed to strengthen IPR protection when its economy became sufficiently innovation-driven, China will similarly improve its IPR protection.
COMPATIBLE LOCALLY CONVEX TOPOLOGIES ON NORMED SPACES: CARDINALITY ASPECTS
Authors: MARTÍN-PEINADOR ELENA , PLICHKO ANATOLIJ , TARIELADZE VAJA
Published: March 2017

For a normed infinite-dimensional space, we prove that the family of all locally convex topologies which are compatible with the original norm topology has cardinality greater or equal to $\mathfrak{c}$.
ON INTEGRAL ESTIMATES OF NONNEGATIVE POSITIVE DEFINITE FUNCTIONS
Authors: EFIMOV ANDREY , GAÁL MARCELL , RÉVÉSZ SZILÁRD GY.
Published: March 2017

Let $\ell >0$ be arbitrary. We introduce the extremal quantities $$\begin{eqnarray}G(\ell ):=\sup _{f}\int _{-\ell }^{\ell }f\,dx\,\bigg/\int _{-1}^{1}f\,dx,\quad C(\ell ):=\sup _{f}\sup _{a\in \mathbb{R}}\int _{a-\ell }^{a+\ell }f\,dx\,\bigg/\int _{-1}^{1}f\,dx,\end{eqnarray}$$ where the supremum is taken over all not identically zero nonnegative positive definite functions. We investigate how large these extremal quantities can be. This problem was originally posed by Yu. Shteinikov and S. Konyagin (for the case $\ell =2$) and is an extension of the classical problem of Wiener. In this note we obtain exact values for the right limits $\overline{\lim }_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}\rightarrow 0+}G(k+\unicode[STIX]{x1D700})$ and $\overline{\lim }_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}\rightarrow 0+}C(k+\unicode[STIX]{x1D700})$$(k\in \mathbb{N})$ taken over doubly positive functions, and sufficiently close bounds for other values of $\ell$.
A REMARK ON THE STABLE REAL FORMS OF COMPLEX VECTOR BUNDLES OVER MANIFOLDS
Authors: YANG HUIJUN
Published: March 2017

Let$M$be an$n$-dimensional closed oriented smooth manifold with$n\equiv 4\;\text{mod}\;8$, and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$be a complex vector bundle over$M$. We determine the final obstruction for$\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$to admit a stable real form in terms of the characteristic classes of$M$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$. As an application, we obtain the criteria to determine which complex vector bundles over a simply connected four-dimensional manifold admit a stable real form.
VALERIUS FLACCUS’ LANIABOR-ACROSTIC (ARGONAUTICA 4.177-84)
Authors: Adkin Neil
Published: March 2017

‘Of course laniabor is not a name.’ Thus very recently Cristiano Castelletti in a discussion of this notorious acrostic, which he associates with Aratean ἄρρητον (Phaen. 2) and Virgilian MA VE PV (G. 1.429-33). If, however, laniabor is itself ‘not a name’, the aim of the present annotatiuncula is to argue that it is an etymological play on a ‘name’. Laniabor spans the description of Amycus’ cave, which is adorned with the dismembered limbs of his victims: Amycus himself will shortly suffer the same fate at Pollux’ hands. The name ‘Amycus’ was etymologized from ἀμύσσω (‘tear’; LSJ s.v. I), which exactly matches lanio (‘tear’; OLD s.v. 1a). Hence by a cutely etymological jeu onomastique ‘Tearer’ says ‘I'll be torn’.
PREHARVEST SPROUTING ASSESSMENT IN WHEAT GENOTYPES INFLUENCED BY TEMPERATURE AND DEGREE DAYS
Authors: OKUYAMA L. A. , FONSECA JUNIOR N. S. , CARAMORI P. H. , KOHLI M. M.
Published: March 2017

The environmental conditions and test duration in rainfall simulators have been major constraints to find reliable differences in preharvest sprouting (PHS) among wheat cultivars. This study aimed to elucidate the temperature conditions and degree-days (DD) that enable higher discrimination of genotypes in a PHS test. Thirteen genotypes with different degrees of PHS (BR 18, BRS 220, CD 104, CD 105, CD 108, CD 114, CD 116, Frontana, IPR 085, IPR 128, IPR 136, OR1 and Safira) were evaluated in a rainfall simulator, during four years, conducting two trials per year. The tests were carried on 20 spikes per cultivar, kept in a vertical position on Styrofoam plates, spaced 10 cm between rows and 5 cm within the row. The air temperature data were recorded on a thermograph and the DD were calculated from the mean daily air temperature assuming a base temperature of 4 °C. The Falling Number (FN) parameter and germination percentage (GP) data were averaged for each test. The temperatures (minimum, mean and maximum) and the DD were regressed and correlated with FN and GP. Any increase in the minimum and mean air temperature and accumulated DD decreased FN values and increased GP. Higher genotypic discrimination was achieved at an average air temperature of 21.5 °C and 35 DD. These values can be used as reference to set simulated rain testing condition for screening genotype for PHS based on FN or pericarp rupture of grains.
TWO-SIDED ESTIMATES OF THE LEBESGUE CONSTANTS WITH RESPECT TO VILENKIN SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: BLAHOTA I. , PERSSON L. E. , TEPHNADZE G.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, we derive two-sided estimates of the Lebesgue constants for bounded Vilenkin systems, we also present some applications of importance, e.g., we obtain a characterization for the boundedness of a subsequence of partial sums with respect to Vilenkin–Fourier series of H1 martingales in terms of n's variation. The conditions given in this paper are in a sense necessary and sufficient.
End-to-end anastomosis in the management of laryngotracheal defects
Authors: Gozen E D , Yener M , Erdur Z B , Karaman E
Published: March 2017

Objective:

To present clinical experience and surgical outcomes of end-to-end anastomosis in the management of laryngotracheal stenosis and tracheal defects following invasive thyroid malignancy resection.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis was performed of 14 patients with laryngotracheal stenosis and tracheal invasive thyroid malignancy. All patients underwent tracheal or cricotracheal resection and primary end-to-end anastomosis.

Results:

Length of stenosis was 1.7–4 cm. Stenosis was classified as Myer and Cotton grade II in 4 patients, grade III in 6 and grade IV in 2. Surgical procedures included tracheotracheal end-to-end anastomosis (n= 4), cricotracheal anastomosis (n= 2) and thyrotracheal anastomosis (n= 6). Patients with invasive thyroid malignancy underwent segmental resection of the involved segment with tumour-free margins, and tracheal or cricotracheal end-to-end anastomosis. Successful decannulation was achieved in 13 patients (93 per cent). Post-operative complications were: wound infection (n= 1), subcutaneous emphysema (n= 1), temporary unilateral vocal fold palsy (n= 1), granulation tissue development (n= 1), and restenosis (n= 2).

Conclusion:

End-to-end anastomosis can be used safely and successfully in the management of advanced laryngotracheal stenosis and wide laryngotracheal defects. Greater success can be achieved using previously described surgical rules and laryngotracheal release manoeuvres.
A morphological and histological investigation of the regeneration in Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Sabellida, Annelida)
Authors: Prentiss Nancy K. , Tyler Mary S. , Dean David
Published: March 2017

Anterior regeneration of the annelid polychaete, Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) is described from histological and SEM perspectives. This article provides additional evidence that anterior and posterior regeneration of isolated worm pieces does occur in this species, but that regenerative ability is restricted to abdominal pieces obtained from small individuals (less than 5 mm in thorax diameter and 10–20 mm in length). New cartilage tissue forms within the regenerating crown, but thoracic regeneration is limited to three segments. Anterior and posterior regeneration occurred within isolated pieces excised from the abdomen, resulting in the formation of 13 clones, with up to five individuals per clone.
Routine (an)isotropic crystallite size analysis in the double-Voigt approximation done right?
Authors: Ectors D. , Goetz-Neunhoeffer F. , Neubauer J.
Published: March 2017

In this study, the application of (an)isotropic size determination using a recently proposed model for the double-Voigt approach is demonstrated and validated against line profile simulations using the Whole Powder Pattern Modelling approach. The fitting of simulated line profiles demonstrates that the attained crystallite sizes and morphologies are in very reasonable agreement with the simulated values and thus demonstrate that even in routine application scenarios credible size and morphology information can be obtained using the double-Voigt approximation. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive introduction to the problem, address the practical application of the developed model, and discuss the accuracy of the double-Voigt approach and derived size parameters. Mathematical formulations for the visualization of modeled morphologies, supporting the application of the recently developed macros, are additionally provided.
Inhabitant or visitor? Unexpected finding of Aglaophenia (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in Antarctic waters
Authors: Soto Àngel Joan J. , Peña Cantero Álvaro L.
Published: March 2017

Benthic hydrozoans are one of the most speciose and characteristic taxa from the Antarctic region, with a high number of endemic species, but diversity at the genus level is low and some families with world wide distribution are unrepresented. This is the case of the family Aglaopheniidae. A new species to science of the genus Aglaophenia Lamouroux has been found in the eastern end of the Weddell Sea, at depths of 65–116 m, within the material obtained by the German Antarctic expedition ANT XV/3. This finding constitutes a new record for the Weddell Sea fauna, the first evidence of the genus for the Polar Regions, and even the family Aglaopheniidae from Antarctic waters. The material has been accurately examined and described. Literature concerning the species of Aglaophenia from the sub-Antarctic and other close areas has been reviewed and, as a result, a checklist of 20 species, with their corresponding distribution, is given. The material examined does not agree with any of the species and therefore it is described as a new species. Some possible scenarios for the presence of an aglaopheniid in Antarctic waters are discussed (e.g. alien species, relict, global climate change, microhabitat).
Review of diseases (pathogen isolation, direct recovery and antibodies) in albatrosses and large petrels worldwide
Authors: UHART MARCELA M. , GALLO LUCIANA , QUINTANA FLAVIO
Published: March 2017

Albatrosses (Diomedeidae) and large petrels (MacronectesandProcellariaspp.) are among the world’s most rapidly declining birds. Some of the most endangered species, Amsterdam AlbatrossDiomedea amsterdamensis,Indian Yellow-nosed AlbatrossThalassarche carteriand Sooty AlbatrossPhoebetria fusca, are at risk from recurrent avian cholera outbreaks. Yet little is known about the overall impact of disease in this group. We compiled all available information on pathogens described in albatrosses and large petrel species listed under the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP) (n= 31). Available reports (n= 53) comprise nearly 60% of ACAP species (18/31). However, only 38% of them focus on threatened species (20/53), and 43% solely report macroparasite findings (23/53). Black-browed AlbatrossThalassarche melanophrys(Near Threatened) and Southern Giant PetrelMacronectes giganteus(Least Concern) are the two species with higher number of publications (29/53, 55% of all papers). Conversely, seven species on the IUCN Red List have three papers or less each. Most existing research has resulted from disease or mortality investigations and baseline studies (28 and 32%, respectively). Pathogens reported in the subset of ACAP species, included bacteria in seven species (39%), viruses in five (28%), protozoa in four (22%), helminths in nine (50%), ectoparasites in 13 (72%) and fungi in one species (5%). Avian cholera, caused by the bacteriumPasteurella multocida, appears as the most severe threat to ACAP species. Infections by poxvirus are the most common viral finding, yet entail lower population level impact. Few serosurveys report pathogen exposure in these species, but add valuable baseline information. There are numerous obvious gaps in species and geographical coverage and likely under-reporting due to remoteness, accessibility and sporadic monitoring. This insufficient knowledge may be hampering effective protection and management of populations at risk. Attention to species currently affected by avian cholera is of utmost priority.
FOUR NEW SPECIES OF BEGONIA (BEGONIACEAE) FROM THAILAND
Authors: Phutthai T. , Hughes M.
Published: March 2017

Four new species of Begonia are described from Northern, Peninsular and Southwestern Thailand. Three belong to Begonia sect. Diploclinium (B. exposita Phutthai & M.Hughes, B. pengchingii Phutthai & M.Hughes and B. pseudosubperfoliata Phutthai & M.Hughes), and one (B. phutthaii M.Hughes) to Begonia sect. Apterobegonia. All four species are karst limestone endemics. The provisional IUCN status of all the new species is ‘Vulnerable’.
The Politics of theAbendland: Christian Democracy and the Idea of Europe after the Second World War
Authors: FORLENZA ROSARIO
Published: March 2017

This article traces the deep cultural and experiential foundations that animated Christian Democratic Europeanism between the mid-1940s and the birth of the European Economic Community in the late 1950s. It shows how the language of Europeanness, generated in a period of multiple and intense crisis, congealed around symbolisms of Christianity and spirituality. More specifically, it connects the post-Second World War Christian Democratic vision of Europe to the 1920s German-Catholic articulation of theAbendland(the Christian West), understood as a supranational and symbolic space alternative to the Soviet Union and the United States and imbued with anti-materialist, anti-socialist and anti-liberal principles. The argument here is that, in mutated form and in context of the Cold War, this view sustained the political reconstruction of Western Europe after the horrors of the Second World War, the ‘European’ thought and language of Christian Democracy and the commitment to the project of European integration.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Argentina's Beef Exports: The WTO's US–Animals Dispute
Authors: BOWN CHAD P. , HILLMAN JENNIFER A.
Published: March 2017

This paper provides a legal–economic assessment of the WTO Panel Report in US–Animals, one of a growing list of WTO disputes arising due to problematic conditions under which an importing country closes and reopens its market after an infectious disease outbreak in an exporting country. The United States banned imports of beef from Argentina following a 2000 Argentine outbreak of highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a disease not found in the United States since 1929. The United States refused to relax its import ban, and Argentina filed a WTO dispute in 2012, more than six years after its last FMD outbreak. Our analysis starts with Argentina's claim that the gap between its first requests, in 2002, to restore its trading rights and no action by the United States as of 2012 constituted ‘undue delay’. We rely on simple insights from economic research on asymmetric information problems – moral hazard and adverse selection – to describe the difficulties facing the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the WTO's Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement in dealing with problems like FMD. Such an environment creates disincentives for socially efficient behavior that were clearly realized in this episode. The exporting country has an incentive to hide information on outbreaks and report being disease-free too quickly, and the importing country has no incentive to quickly undertake the costly effort of conducting the necessary inspections to restore the exporter's market access. Finally, we address the Panel Report's treatment of alleged discrimination both across different FMD-impacted countries and across FMD-impacted and non-impacted geographic zones within Argentina, and we touch on the Report's shift in approach regarding the obligation of the United States to take into account the special needs of developing countries such as Argentina.
FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law
Authors: SHAFFER GREGORY , WINTERS L. ALAN
Published: March 2017

There is a serious imbalance between the sclerosis of the political system of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the automatic adoption of WTO Appellate Body judicial reports. The question is whether the WTO Appellate Body will recognize bilateral political agreements (such as under Free Trade Agreements, FTAs) that modify WTO obligations between two parties. In addressing this question, the Appellate Body decision inPeru–Additional Duty on Imports of Certain Agricultural Productsis important. The decision addressed the availability of defenses under FTAs in WTO disputes, as well as under public international law generally. After critically assessing the decision, we set forth a series of judicial and political choices for addressing the interaction of WTO and FTA rules going forward. In particular, we contend that clear modifications of WTO commitments under an FTA should be recognized by WTO panels as a defense, but subject to the FTA itself complying with WTO requirements under GATT Article XXIV. The case is important not only for trade specialists, but generally for policymakers and scholars of global governance in a world of fragmented international treaties.
Argentina–Import Measures: How a Porsche is worth Peanuts
Authors: CONCONI PAOLA , SCHEPEL HARM
Published: March 2017

The dispute Argentina-Measures Affecting the Importation of Goods concerns a series of measures imposed by Argentine authorities on economic operators as a condition for obtaining import licenses. These measures were introduced with the goal of advancing the Argentine government's stated policies of re-industrialization, import substitution, and elimination of trade balance deficits. From a legal point of view, the least interesting feature of the dispute was the substantive compatibility of these measures with Article XI:1 GATT as they clearly constituted import restrictions. Identifying and classifying the measures involved, however, proved more challenging: based on vague policy guidelines, devoid of any legal basis, and consisting largely of wholly discretionary ad hoc action by the authorities, clouded in confidential obscurity, the measures escaped familiar categories and distinctions of WTO law. From an economic perspective, although Argentina's measures appear to have had no impact on its overall imports, they imposed large costs on foreign companies, as well as on Argentine importers and consumers.
The aggregation pheromones of thrips (Thysanoptera) and their potential for pest management
Authors: Kirk William D. J.
Published: March 2017

Aggregation pheromones have been identified and tested in the field forFrankliniella occidentalisandThrips palmi. These pheromones are produced by adult males and attract both males and females. They are likely to be widespread across the Thripidae and identification is in progress for several other pest species. Aggregation pheromones are used commercially for monitoring and activation. Field trials have shown they can be cost effective for mass trapping when used as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) programme. Use for other approaches, such as lure and kill and mating disruption have not yet been tested. A better understanding of the role of these pheromones in the mating behaviour of thrips is needed and this may suggest further ways of developing their potential for pest management.
Ich sehe was, was Du nicht siehst
Authors: Eberhardt Doris , Bauermann Elisabeth , Krakhofer Birgit , Landschulze Beatrice , Loibl Carina , Rauch Mirka , Schiewietz Stefan , Wurzer Sabine , Bossle Michael
Published: March 2017

Zusammenfassung. Im Sinne gelingender Identitätsentwicklung stehen Pflegelernende vor der Aufgabe, sich die soziale Praxis der Pflege individuell verändernd anzueignen. Nachfolgend wird geschildert, wie Pflegepädagogik-Studierende der TH Deggendorf ästhetisch forschend der Frage nach pflegerischen, kollektiven Praktiken, Denkmustern und Werthaltungen nachgingen, die in diesem identitätsbildenden Wechselspiel zum Tragen kommen. In der dreimonatigen Arbeitsphase entstand die Inszenierung „Ich sehe was, was Du nicht siehst“, die im Rahmen eines Symposiums der Hochschule präsentiert wurde.
Die Beurteilung der praktischen Prüfung
Authors: Rebmann Marius
Published: March 2017

Zusammenfassung. Der Notenfindungsprozess im Rahmen der praktischen Abschlussprüfung in der Gesundheits-und Krankenpflege stellt Lehrer / innen und Praxisanleiter / innen immer wieder vor Herausforderungen. Die Leistung der Auszubildenden soll entsprechend der gezeigten Tätigkeiten fachgerecht beurteilt werden. Dabei sehen sich die an der Bewertung beteiligten Personen häufig mit der Frage konfrontiert, auf Basis welchen Vorgehens zu einem objektiven Ergebnis gelangt werden kann.
Selbstberichtskalen zur Erfassung motivationsbezogener Kompetenzen (MOBEKO) im Studium
Authors: Schaller Patrick , Spinath Birgit
Published: March 2017

Zusammenfassung. Motivationale Defizite gelten als wichtige Ursache von problematischem Arbeitsverhalten und Minderleistung von Studierenden. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt eine Konzeption von Motivation als Kompetenz, die zwischen motivationalen (MOKO), volitionalen (VOKO) und bewertenden (BEKO) Kompetenzen unterscheidet. Zu deren Diagnose wurden Skalen zur Erfassung motivationsbezogener Kompetenzen (MOBEKO) bei Studierenden entwickelt, welche anhand einer Stichprobe von N = 620 Studierenden validiert wurden. Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalysen lieferten Belege für die theoretisch angenommene Struktur. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die MOBEKO-Skalen mit gleichzeitig erhobenen anderen Konstrukten theoretisch sinnvolle Zusammenhänge aufwiesen und auch zu einem zweiten Messzeitpunkt erhobene, situationsspezifische Kriterien vorhersagten. Insgesamt liefern die Ergebnisse Belege dafür, dass mit den MOBEKO-Skalen eine objektive, reliable und valide Messung von selbst eingeschätzten motivationsbezogenen Kompetenzen möglich ist.
Assessment of the Psychometric Properties of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire – Revised Among Irish Drinkers
Authors: Regan Daniel , McCaffrey John , Walsh Chloe , MacNeela Padraig , Morrison Todd G.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Motives ascribed to drinking represent an important area of investigation in alcohol research. The most commonly used measure is the 20-item Drinking Motives Questionnaire – Revised (DMQ-R: Cooper, 1994 ), which assesses four motives: Enhancement, Social, Coping, and Conformity. Although researchers in Europe have begun to assess the DMQ-R, to date, no published assessment has been undertaken among English-speaking, non-American samples. The current study addressed this omission by conducting exploratory ( N = 437) and confirmatory ( Ns = 437 and 344) factor analyses with Irish participants. A three-factor solution was optimal: Coping (four items), Conformity (five items), and Positive Motives (seven items). The need to conduct culturally specific psychometric testing is discussed as are directions for future research.
Development and Validation of the Interpersonal Affect Improvement	Strategies Questionnaire
Authors: López-Pérez Belén , Morillo Daniel , Wilson Ellie
Published: March 2017

Abstract. This research outlines the development and validation of a new self-report measure to assess the tendency to use different interpersonal affect improvement strategies within the normal adult population (Interpersonal Affect Improvement Strategies Questionnaire, IAISQ). The scale is based on the interpersonal affect classification (IAC; Niven, Totterdell, & Holman, 2009 ) and accurately distinguishes between the two primary means suggested in that model: positive engagement and acceptance. Through four studies we tested the factor structure, reliability, content, criterion, and predictive validity of the scale.
When Work Takes Over
Authors: Wiese Bettina S. , Heidemeier Heike , Burk Christian L. , Freund Alexandra M.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. This study investigates whether two specific strategies of emotional labor (surface and deep acting) shown during client interactions are associated with work-related intrusions on thoughts outside of work. N = 157 bank employees provided reports of emotional labor and of work-related rumination at home on five consecutive workdays. Converging with expectations, we found that on days when surface acting was used, participants reported higher rumination. In contrast, deep acting had no significant association with work-related ruminations at home.
Quantum correlation enhanced super-resolution localization microscopy enabled by a fibre bundle camera
Authors: Israel Yonatan , Tenne Ron , Oron Dan , Silberberg Yaron
Published: March 2017

Despite advances in low-light-level detection, single-photon methods such as photon correlation have rarely been used in the context of imaging. The few demonstrations, for example of subdiffraction-limited imaging utilizing quantum statistics of photons, have remained in the realm of proof-of-principle demonstrations. This is primarily due to a combination of low values of fill factors, quantum efficiencies, frame rates and signal-to-noise characteristic of most available single-photon sensitive imaging detectors. Here we describe an imaging device based on a fibre bundle coupled to single-photon avalanche detectors that combines a large fill factor, a high quantum efficiency, a low noise and scalable architecture. Our device enables localization-based super-resolution microscopy in a non-sparse non-stationary scene, utilizing information on the number of active emitters, as gathered from non-classical photon statistics.
CCR5 promoter activity correlates with HIV disease progression by regulating CCR5 cell surface expression and CD4 T cell apoptosis
Authors: Joshi Anjali , Punke Erin B. , Sedano Melina , Beauchamp Bethany , Patel Rima , Hossenlopp Cassady , Alozie Ogechika K. , Gupta Jayanta , Mukherjee Debabrata , Garg Himanshu
Published: March 2017

CCR5 is the major co-receptor for HIV and polymorphisms in the CCR5 gene as well as promoter region that alter cell surface expression have been associated with disease progression. We determined the relationship between CCR5 promoter polymorphisms and CD4 decline and other immunopathological features like immune activation and CD4+ T cell apoptosis in HIV patients. CCR5 promoter haplotype HHC was significantly associated with higher CD4 counts in patients. The relative promoter activity (RPA) of each haplotype was determinedin vitroand combined promoter activity based on both alleles (CRPA) was assigned to each patients. Interestingly, CCR5 CRPA correlated inversely with CD4 counts and CD4:CD8 ratio specifically in viremic patients. In normal individuals, the CRPA correlated with the number of CCR5+ CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood suggesting an effect on CCR5 expression. In a subset of high viremic patients harboring R5 tropic HIV, there was a strong correlation between CCR5 CRPA and both CD4 counts and CD4 T cell apoptosis. Our study demonstrates that, CCR5 promoter polymorphisms correlate with CD4 T cell loss possibly by regulating CD4 T cell apoptosis in HIV patients. Furthermore, assigning CRPAs to each patient is a new method of translating genotype to phenotype.
Construction of a High-Density Genetic Map and Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum
Authors: Nie Hongtao , Yan Xiwu , Huo Zhongming , Jiang Liwen , Chen Peng , Liu Hui , Ding Jianfeng , Yang Feng
Published: March 2017

Genetic linkage maps are indispensable tools in a wide range of genetic and genomic research. With the advancement of genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) methods, the construction of a high-density linkage maps has become achievable in marine organisms lacking sufficient genomic resources, such as mollusks. In this study, high-density linkage map was constructed for an ecologically and commercially important clam species,Ruditapes philippinarum. For the consensus linkage map, a total of 9658 markers spanning 1926.98 cM were mapped to 18 sex-averaged linkage groups, with an average marker distance of 0.42 cM. Based on the high-density linkage map, ten QTLs for growth-related traits and shell color were detected. The coverage and density of the current map are sufficient for us to effectively detect QTL for segregating traits, and two QTL positions were all coincident with the closest markers. This high-density genetic linkage map reveals basic genomic architecture and will be useful for comparative genomics research, genome assembly and genetic improvement ofR. philippinarumand other bivalve molluscan species.
Ligand co-crystallization of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from infectious disease organisms
Authors: Moen Spencer O. , Edwards Thomas E. , Dranow David M. , Clifton Matthew C. , Sankaran Banumathi , Van Voorhis Wesley C. , Sharma Amit , Manoil Colin , Staker Bart L. , Myler Peter J. , Lorimer Donald D.
Published: March 2017

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acid, an essential precursor step to loading of charged tRNAs onto the ribosome and addition of the amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis. Because of this important biological function, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have been the focus of anti-infective drug development efforts and two aaRS inhibitors have been approved as drugs. Several researchers in the scientific community requested aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to be targeted in the Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID) structure determination pipeline. Here we investigate thirty-one aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from infectious disease organisms by co-crystallization in the presence of their cognate amino acid, ATP, and/or inhibitors. Crystal structures were determined for a CysRS from Borrelia burgdorferi bound to AMP, GluRS from Borrelia burgdorferi and Burkholderia thailandensis bound to glutamic acid, a TrpRS from the eukaryotic pathogen Encephalitozoon cuniculi bound to tryptophan, a HisRS from Burkholderia thailandensis bound to histidine, and a LysRS from Burkholderia thailandensis bound to lysine. Thus, the presence of ligands may promote aaRS crystallization and structure determination. Comparison with homologous structures shows conformational flexibility that appears to be a recurring theme with this enzyme class.
Correction: Corrigendum: The Southampton-York Natural Scenes (SYNS) dataset: Statistics of surface attitude
Authors: Adams Wendy J. , Elder James H. , Graf Erich W. , Leyland Julian , Lugtigheid Arthur J. , Muryy Alexander
Published: March 2017

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 35805; published online: 26 October 2016; updated: 13 March 2017 A glitch in the authors’ reference-management software led to extensive errors in the reference list and in-text citations. These errors have been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Surface Crystallization of a MgO/Y2O3/SiO2/Al2O3/ZrO2 Glass: Growth of an Oriented β-Y2Si2O7 Layer and Epitaxial ZrO2
Authors: Wisniewski Wolfgang , Seidel Sabrina , Patzig Christian , Rüssel Christian
Published: March 2017

The crystallization behavior of a glass with the composition 54.7 SiO2·10.9 Al2O3·15.0 MgO·3.4 ZrO2·16.0 Y2O3 is studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) including electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and (scanning) transmission electron microscopy [(S)TEM] including energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXS). This glass shows the sole surface crystallization of four different yttrium silicates of the composition Y2Si2O7 (YS). The almost simultaneous but independent nucleation of α-, β-, δ-, and ε-YS at the surface is followed by growth into the bulk, where ε-YS quickly dominates a first crystallized layer. An accumulation of Mg at the growth front probably triggers a secondary nucleation of β-YS, which forms a thin compact layer before fragmenting into a highly oriented layer of fine grained crystals occupying the remaining bulk. The residual glass between the YS growth structures allows the crystallization of indialite, yttrium stabilized ZrO2 (Y-ZrO2) and very probably μ-cordierite during cooling. Hence, this glass basically shows the inverted order of crystallization observed in other magnesium yttrium alumosilicate glasses containing less Y2O3. An epitaxial relationship between Y-ZrO2 and ε-YS is proven and multiple twinning relationships occur in the YS phases.
Formulation for Oral Delivery of Lactoferrin Based on Bovine Serum Albumin and Tannic Acid Multilayer Microcapsules
Authors: Kilic Ece , Novoselova Marina V. , Lim Su Hui , Pyataev Nikolay A. , Pinyaev Sergey I. , Kulikov Oleg A. , Sindeeva Olga A. , Mayorova Oksana A. , Murney Regan , Antipina Maria N. , Haigh Brendan , Sukhorukov Gleb B. , Kiryukhin Maxim V.
Published: March 2017

Lactoferrin (Lf) has considerable potential as a functional ingredient in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. However, the bioavailability of Lf is limited as it is susceptible to digestive enzymes in gastrointestinal tract. The shells comprising alternate layers of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and tannic acid (TA) were tested as Lf encapsulation system for oral administration. Lf absorption by freshly prepared porous 3 μm CaCO3 particles followed by Layer-by-Layer assembly of the BSA-TA shells and dissolution of the CaCO3 cores was suggested as the most efficient and harmless Lf loading method. The microcapsules showed high stability in gastric conditions and effectively protected encapsulated proteins from digestion. Protective efficiency was found to be 76 ± 6% and 85 ± 2%, for (BSA-TA)4 and (BSA-TA)8 shells, respectively. The transit of Lf along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of mice was followed in vivo and ex vivo using NIR luminescence. We have demonstrated that microcapsules released Lf in small intestine allowing 6.5 times higher concentration than in control group dosed with the same amount of free Lf. Significant amounts of Lf released from microcapsules were then absorbed into bloodstream and accumulated in liver. Suggested encapsulation system has a great potential for functional foods providing lactoferrin.
EP2 receptor antagonism reduces peripheral and central hyperalgesia in a preclinical mouse model of endometriosis
Authors: Greaves Erin , Horne Andrew W. , Jerina Helen , Mikolajczak Marta , Hilferty Lisa , Mitchell Rory , Fleetwood-Walker Sue M. , Saunders Philippa T. K.
Published: March 2017

Endometriosis is an incurable gynecological disorder characterized by debilitating pain and the establishment of innervated endometriosis lesions outside the uterus. In a preclinical mouse model of endometriosis we demonstrated overexpression of the PGE2-signaling pathway (including COX-2, EP2, EP4) in endometriosis lesions, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal cord, thalamus and forebrain. TRPV1, a PGE2-regulated channel in nociceptive neurons was also increased in the DRG. These findings support the concept that an amplification process occurs along the pain neuroaxis in endometriosis. We then tested TRPV1, EP2, and EP4 receptor antagonists: The EP2 antagonist was the most efficient analgesic, reducing primary hyperalgesia by 80% and secondary hyperalgesia by 40%. In this study we demonstrate reversible peripheral and central hyperalgesia in mice with induced endometriosis.