bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
dead and alive, sleeping and waking metaphors
Authors: Müller Cornelia
Published: February 2024

This chapter reconsiders the spectrum of metaphor as it has been conceived by historical metaphor theories in rhetoric, literature, phraseology, lexicology, and historical linguistics, and more recently by applied linguistic and cognitive theories of metaphor. It offers a reflection on metaphors as dead and alive, sleeping and waking, and invites the reader to consider the creativity of metaphor in the mundane forms of language usage. The chapter sets out by disentangling the spectrum of metaphor, then a shift from metaphor to metaphoricity is suggested (including tools for documenting degrees of metaphoricity), and finally, the temporal dynamics of metaphor in a situated multimodal face-to-face context is illustrated with an interview with former US president Barack Obama. The chapter concludes on some of the theoretical and methodological consequences for studying metaphor in verbal and multimodal discourses.
Metaphors for Diversity and Discrimination in and by Organizations
Authors: Bendl Regine , Schmidt Angelika
Published: February 2024

Since the introduction of the most prominent metaphor on gender diversity, namely the glass ceiling, by Marilyn Loden at a Women’s Exposition in New York in 1978, many metaphors have been suggested to reflect not only women’s progress and experience in management but also diversity in organizations. Forty-five years later, the barriers to inclusion and advancement are not just ceilings above women, persons of color, the disabled or LGBTQIA (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersexual, and asexual) persons; the barriers are all around them. This chapter maps the character of existing metaphors, discusses the insights they present into discrimination and inclusion, as well as considering their limitations. The authors explore sets of metaphors with regard to their generic insights into diversity and discrimination, and offer initial suggestions for possible new metaphors for diversity and discrimination.
Self-Monitoring Personality Trait in Organizations
Authors: Dural Uzay , Kudret Selin
Published: February 2024

Self-monitoring is a personality trait that reflects the extent to which an individual is receptive to interpersonal and social cues, observes own behaviors in relation to others in social situations, and regulates self-presentation accordingly. This chapter aims to contribute to organizational studies by offering novel and measurable propositions to guide new research that will contribute to our understanding of self-monitoring effects in two key areas—remote work and leadership diversity—which gained traction with the Covid-19 pandemic. The chapter also offers readers a whistle stop review of what we know and what we need to know on self-monitoring effects beyond these two key areas. The chapter proposes that self-monitoring can be studied both as a personality trait and an acquirable skill set, which explain differential work experiences and outcomes in organizational contexts.
Individual Differences in Social Comparison in Organizations
Authors: Buunk Abraham P.
Published: February 2024

Social comparison refers to relating one’s own characteristics to those of other similar individuals, and may be especially manifest in work situations, as individuals are usually surrounded by other employees. This chapter reviews the literature on individual differences in social comparison in organizations. First, it discusses individual differences in the tendency to compare upward (with others better off) and downward (with others worse-off), and how such comparisons may evoke positive and negative feelings. Second, it describes how such effects depend on whether individuals identify or contrast themselves with others, and how this is influenced by leadership style and the social climate in an organization. Next the chapter deals at length with individual differences in social comparison orientation (SCO).
Digital Data and Personality
Authors: Hinds Joanne
Published: February 2024

In recent years, advances in big data analytics have created vast opportunities to analyze and understand aspects of people’s personalities and how their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are embedded in their digital interactions. As such, organizations are becoming increasingly sophisticated in the types of data they collect and use to infer information about individuals’ personalities and to personalize their activities (e.g., microtargeted advertisements, selection and recruitment). This chapter provides an overview of how digital data can be used to predict personality and the contexts in which organizations currently use them. It then discusses the key opportunities for using digital personality assessments in organizations, as well as the associated challenges relating to ethics and privacy when tracking individuals’ digital interactions. It concludes by providing some recommendations for addressing these issues in this rapidly advancing field.
What Do Celebrity CEOs Look Like?
Authors: Ekanayake Udari , Heyden Mariano
Published: February 2024

The media often overattributes positive organizational outcomes to the CEO, sometimes attributing them a “rock-star-like” status. However, not all well-performing CEOs are awarded celebrity status. Why, then, are some CEOs are awarded celebrity status while others do not? In this study, we draw on CEO celebrity and evolutionary psychology literature to hone in on the underexamined role of CEOs observable physical attributes. In doing so, we examine the influence of several observable physical attributes, notably facial dominance, gender, and race on CEO celebrity status. We conducted an empirical investigation from a sample of 209 S&P 100 and FTSE 100 firms from 2017 to 2019 using Poisson regression analysis. The results suggest that CEOs with less dominant facial features, female CEOs, and CEOs of minority racial backgrounds may be favored by media in attributing celebrity status.
Neurodiversity at Work
Authors: Lerner Daniel A. , Conrad Carlina , Karabayeva Asya
Published: February 2024

Neurodiversity refers to natural variations in human brain and cognitive functioning. It offers an essential lens through which individual differences at the workplace can be understood. The number of neurodiverse employees is on the rise, as organizations shift toward greater openness to diversity in general. Focusing on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) as an illustrative example of neurodiversity, this chapter reviews it within the organizational context/literature and offers suggestions for future research from a theoretical and methodological perspective. Additionally, this chapter suggests the practical significance of building knowledge on neurodiversity in the workplace, and the importance of framing neurodiversity as a strength rather than a liability.
A Reconsideration of Open Innovation After 20 Years
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: February 2024

Open Innovation (OI) has evolved since its introduction 20 years ago. The meaning of the concept, the evidence supporting its relevance and validity, and the scope of its application have all grown during that time. This chapter examines the development of Open Innovation, its roots, its scope, its empirical validation, and shows its utility in understanding innovation processes. However, there are important differences that have resulted in the past 20 years. Limitations to the concept’s effectiveness in theory and failure cases in practice are emerging, and are discussed in this chapter. Institutional structures supporting Open Innovation have also appeared, helping to carry new research forward.
The Good, The Bad, The Open
Authors: Stefan Ioana
Published: February 2024

Open innovation (OI) has enabled and accelerated innovation in times of crisis and in addressing sustainable goals, yet such endeavors have also sparked ethical concerns, related to issues such as data privacy and transparency or individual free choice. This chapter sets out to investigate ethical issues in OI by systematically reviewing the relevant literature in the field. The 59 selected articles are divided across three major themes, highlighting both positive (“the Good”) and negative (“the Bad”) aspects of OI in relation to ethical considerations. The chapter concludes with a synthesis of the literature review as well as future research recommendations.
Driving Open Innovation Through Open Platforms
Authors: Parker Geoffrey , Petropoulos Georgios , Van Alstyne Marshall W. , West Joel
Published: February 2024

Open platforms provide an important avenue for firms to engage with external developers using open innovation strategies to create and commercialize their new innovations. Firms have successfully enabled external innovation by “inverting the firm” through permissionless innovation, often through APIs. By providing predictable rules, third parties can and will create their own innovations that increase the value of the overall platform. However, a key dilemma is how much openness will bring the best results for the platform and its owner. Openness can also create competition, dissipate value, and risk platform forking. This chapter summarizes two decades of research documenting the decisions made in opening platforms, discussing how it aligns with broader themes in open innovation and how firms can avoid being too open or too closed in their platform design.
Dimensions of Openness
Authors: Perkmann Markus
Published: February 2024

Universities are destined to engage in open innovation because they generally do not commercialize products themselves. Yet, they have strategic discretion over how to perform innovation and shape outcomes. This chapter considers two dimensions of strategic choice for universities: (1) the degree of control universities exert over how innovations are developed; and (2) how widely they intend their inventions or expertise to spread. Choices with respect to these two dimensions inform how licensing deals and research partnerships are structured. The chapter discusses the tradeoffs and strategic implications of each choice with respect to licensing to spinoffs and established entities, exclusive vs. non-exclusive licensing, and closed vs. open research partnerships.
Open Innovation in Science
Authors: Poetz Marion , Beck Susanne , Grimpe Christoph , Sauermann Henry
Published: February 2024

Openness and collaboration can foster breakthroughs in science and science-based innovation. As such, they can help address declining scientific productivity and tackle grand challenges of the present day. While the Open Science movement has helped make scientific knowledge widely available, the concept of Open Innovation in Science (OIS) more broadly encompasses inter- and transdisciplinary knowledge flows and collaborations along the entire process of generating and translating scientific research. Grounded in the logic of Open Innovation, the OIS research framework carefully considers the specifics of the science context. It integrates several different streams of research that aim to understand the antecedents, processes, effects, and boundary conditions of applying open and collaborative practices in science. Among others, such practices include involving crowds and citizens as well as open models of university-industry co-creation in different stages of scientific research.
Opening Innovation to Address Grand Challenges
Authors: Cavalli Gabriel , McGahan Anita M.
Published: February 2024

The open innovation movement has evolved greatly since its inception. Originally it was the study of the outsourcing by large corporations of research and development activities, but now the movement considers the implications of principles of openness for such issues as licensing, collaboration, competition, supply-chain dynamics, platform-based business models, and other topics engaged in the study of innovation. This chapter argues that widening the lens of open innovation even further is urgently needed to advance solutions to the world’s most pressing grand challenges, including climate change, inequities, immigration, and other problems reflected in the United Nations program of Sustainable Development Goals.
Open R&D in Large Corporations
Authors: Roschek Bill , Jones Erica
Published: February 2024

Open innovation (OI) is a method that can help address the challenges in R&D that organizations face. This chapter offers insight into the evolution of strategically applied OI principles at Nestlé Purina R&D. Leaders in innovation roles have a duty to connect to and find the potential in the people they lead, the processes they adopt, and opportunities they bring forth. This creates a cycle of resilience, leading to openness and increased trust. Silos in organizations impose some limitations on the ability to connect and trust colleagues in other departments. Organizations must therefore create structures, programs, and practices to help drive these behavioral changes and manage existing and new knowledge flows that are necessary to execute on longer-term innovation objectives. The principles of OI, applied internally, can overcome these organizational hurdles.
Cloud Metadata and Interoperability
Authors: Singh Param , Spohrer Jim
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the challenges of cloud platform interoperability and makes a case for cloud platform metadata as a next frontier opportunity for open innovation and open source software (OSS) tooling. Cloud platforms that are dominant, as well as their potential disruptors, have an open innovation opportunity with respect to improved interoperability and metadata tooling, and this chapter explains why. This opportunity is huge and therefore the current dominant players may be disrupted by up-and-coming players that are leaner and nimbler. At the heart of every modern cloud application and cloud platforms are data models. These data models define the metadata (data about data) and the structure of the underlying database. The data modeling tools market is highly fragmented, making it difficult to compare models across apps and cloud platforms, so data modelers and architects are often reduced to using spreadsheets for this task, and thereby lose the richness of data modeling. This chapter looks at data models, tooling, and open data standards as a means of fostering data interoperability within and between cloud platforms.
A Practitioner’s View
Authors: Menendez Alvarez Marisol
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses the challenges for organizations in their implementation process of open innovation based on the experience of the author within the sector. A framework will be introduced that will help to analyze, understand, and question the mechanisms behind the innovation implementation within an organization. This framework is constantly evolving and being improved upon in the hope that it will become a strong and useful tool for open innovation practitioners and organization strategists to own and improve their practice by asking the right questions about (1) the strategy, (2) the processes, procedures, organization, and KPIs, and (3) the collaboration partners.
The Graft and Craft of Individual-Level Open Innovation
Authors: Salter Ammon , Ter Wal Anne L. J. , Criscuolo Paola
Published: February 2024

This chapter seeks to map the emerging literature on the different types of roles involved in the graft and craft of open innovation, and presents a description of these roles, including the systems, knowledge, and networks required to perform open innovation practices. The focus of the chapter is not the organization and its decisions in open innovation but the individuals who compose the open innovation network, such as technology scouts, gatekeepers, assimilators, champions, shepherds, and ambassadors. The chapter then suggests future extensions to the understanding of the microfoundations of open innovation and outlines a set of future research questions and managerial challenges.
Digital Contours of the Black Church in North America and Community Online
Authors: Gault Erika
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses some of the recurring conversations in digital Black religious communities. They center on critique of the Black Church/Black Church practices and practitioners of digital tools (usually with a specific concern), quantitative and qualitative research informed by critical race studies, and Black technology/Afro-futurism studies. It then seeks to gather these sometimes divergent concerns into a central stream of thought to understand the digital contours of the Black Church (and Black religion more broadly) and its communities online more aptly. The author argues that Digital Black Religion studies are uniquely situated for a discussion of communities online. Communities built for reasons of exclusion represent a particular ethos and are often guided by an ethic of care (for those excluded) and critique (of the Black Church). In particular, online communities perform the act of community with this ethic in mind. The study of Digital Black religion is informed by this same ethic. Even further, Digital Black Religion studies is described as one of the various online communities taken up in the chapter. A case is made for greater engagement with African American religious studies within digital religion studies, and the chapter closes with a few notes on and insights into some of the major gaps in the current study of Black communities online and future trajectories for Digital Black Religion studies.
Perspectives on Membership in the Space Club in West Asia
Authors: Paikowsky Deganit
Published: February 2024

In contemporary world politics, the strategic importance of space as a technological, commercial, and physical domain is growing rapidly. The number of countries involved in space has also dramatically expanded over the past two decades. This chapter examines the driving forces for advancing strategies and securitizing space in West Asia, a region rarely examined in the context of space, through the theoretical lens of membership in the space club. Since the early days of the space age, membership in the space club was considered a measure of power and high standing. Over the years, global politics and technological advancement introduced significant changes in global space activity. As a result, the social construction of the space club changed, leading to its expansion. In the context of this change, the chapter provides an overview of overall space activity in West Asia. It compares the perspectives regarding membership in the space club of Israel, an established spacefaring nation, with that of the UAE, an emerging spacefaring nation.
The Discourse of Space Securitization
Authors: Blount P.J.
Published: February 2024

Securitization theory holds that security threats are constructed through narratives that seek to move issues into the realm of security. This chapter argues that securitization can be used to understand how narratives surrounding the space domain have led to increasing conceptualization of space activities as securitized. Through an analysis of narratives deployed out of the United States military and diplomatic establishment, it is suggested that our understanding of space as a security issue is being heightened. Further this chapter shows how such narratives can move from the domestic context of the state and become part of the discourse within international forums. Finally, this chapter reflects on whether space this trend might result in space being treated as exceptional degrading the normative structures that currently frame space activities.
From Colonization to Increasing Social Complexity
Authors: Weisler Marshall I. , Summerhayes Glenn R.
Published: February 2024

The many facets of prehistoric interaction are explored, from providing essential resources for small founding groups to maintaining social, economic, and political alliances to establishing and furthering prestige and status to island and coastal communities. The authors debunk the “myth of isolation” and provide some parameters for defining, describing, and analyzing interaction networks. They argue that the changing economic and social configurations of prehistoric interaction networks can be best addressed through multi-disciplinary pursuits involving a range of specialists, especially outside of archaeology. The pallet of technical possibilities is almost endless for defining island and coastal interaction networks, and interpreting the spatial and temporal characteristics of interaction spheres will take an equally sophisticated theoretical perspective for teasing out the importance of this “social glue.”
The Archaeology of East Polynesia
Authors: Kirch Patrick V. , Molle Guillaume
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the archaeology of East Polynesia (with the exception of Aotearoa, which is treated in a separate chapter). Whereas the island cultures of West Polynesia were settled ca. 800-900 BC, the East Polynesian islands were not discovered and settled until much later, between AD 950-1250. This final stage of Polynesian expansion included contact with South America, and introduction of the sweet potato to East Polynesia. Today, every major island in East Polynesia has seen at least some archaeological investigation and some islands have had extensive research. Major themes of current research include: continued voyaging, interaction, and exchanges between islands following initial settlement; the impact of human activities on island biota and landscapes, resulting in the development of socioecosystems; the intensification of agricultural and other means of production; and, the rise of complex socio-political systems, as evidenced in particular through household archaeology and the study of monumentality. A holistic, multidisciplinary approach that combines archaeology with natural sciences, linguistics, cultural anthropology, and oral traditions has proven critical to refining our understanding of long-term dynamics and cultural changes in East Polynesia.
Workers’ Self-Management in Yugoslavia
Authors: Uvalić Milica
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses the self-management system in the Socialist Federal Republic (SFR) of Yugoslavia, one of the main features that before 1989 distinguished Yugoslavia from other socialist countries in Eastern Europe. It recalls how self-management was introduced, its principal features and development over several decades, and why the outcomes diverged from their initial blueprints. Given that the Yugoslav model inspired a growing literature on self-management, the chapter also gives an overview of the theoretical and empirical literature on the labor-managed firm and recalls various forms of employee participation practiced in Western economies. After Yugoslavia’s disintegration in 1991, its successor states abandoned self-management, because the transition to a market economy implied a radical departure from the previous economic system, and in most cases have not replaced it with other forms of employee involvement in enterprise policies. This runs counter to the practice in the economies of the European Union and the United States, where forms of workers’ participation have been practiced for decades and continue to attract the attention of scholars and policymakers.
The Kurdish Medrese in Ottoman and Republican Times
Authors: van Bruinessen Martin
Published: February 2024

In Ottoman times, Kurdish medreses existed alongside the official Ottoman medreses; they were distinguished by the precedence of the Shafi‘i rather than the Hanafi school of law and the use of Kurdish as the language of instruction. After the medreses were formally closed by the Republican government in 1924, some Kurdish medreses continued operating inconspicuously. In the course of the past century, the numbers of these medreses and their students have declined and expanded in response to the political climate. In addition to religious subjects, traditional Kurdish literature was also cultivated in these vernacular schools. Medrese-trained meles (mullahs) have been influential in Kurdish rural society as organic intellectuals. In the past two decades, both the secular Kurdish movement and its Islamist competitors as well as the Justice and Development Party government have made overtures to the meles and the medrese environment to win the hearts and minds of the Kurdish population.
Technology and Economic Statecraft
Authors: Fuller Douglas B.
Published: February 2024

The basic model of weaponization of interdependence (WI) has a hub (high network centrality point), latent or realized control of the hub by the weaponizer, and the institutions to enact the weaponization of the hub. This theoretical framework works well with information networks, such as the internet or SWIFT, but less well for the world of physical goods on several grounds. First, in the world of physical goods, the chokepoint is best conceived as a point at which the weaponizer has leverage over an input without which this task cannot continue. Second, the WI literature posits that network robustness relies on self-reinforcing mechanisms and relative imperviousness to strategies to undermine them, but the theory thus far is underdeveloped. Global value chain (GVC) analysis helps address these points. On self-reinforcing mechanisms, chokepoints relying on platform network effects or nodes with relational GVC characteristics will be self-reinforcing. Furthermore, platforms are hard to displace/replace so will be quite impervious to efforts to undermine them. Similarly, relational nodes make would-be rivals without such relational access very unlikely to displace them. However, using GVC linkage characteristics to predict network robustness, while an improvement over network topography, only works well in certain industry cases.
Geoeconomics and International Investment
Authors: Enderwick Peter
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines international investment from a geoeconomic perspective, focusing on trends in FDI and the rise of geoeconomic policy in a rapidly changing global business environment. It first reviews the recent history of geoeconomic power and how it has been exercised as well as its uses in the evolving multipolar world. It discusses key emerging issues regarding international investment in an era of geoeconomic competition, highlights issues of state capitalism and FDI, host country policies toward FDI, techno-nationalism and FDI, the role of regional powers, global fracture, sanctions and FDI, and the evolving forms of international investment characteristic of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. The erosion of the liberal rules-based global economy is bringing major changes toward international investment. These include changes to specific investment rules, new coalitions with like-minded states, trade, supply-chain and investment diversification, and commitment to economic rules. The primary challenge for leading nations will be maintaining balance between the desire for openness to the world economy and security in protecting national economic interests. This challenge will necessitate more contextually based assessments of security and geoeconomic concerns as global dynamics accelerate in an era of contested hegemony.
Making Visible
Authors: Nelson Diane M.
Published: February 2024

This chapter expounds on the correlation between mathematics and transitional justice. The central techniques of transitional justice call on survivors and their allies to make visible something that most testimony-takers, judges, adjudicators, and auditors did not themselves experience. Numbers and mathematics are ways of seeing and of creating, so thinking with numbers reminds people of transitional justice’s debts to others and limitations by less heroic infrastructures of future-making. Moreover, transitional justice techniques of truth and justice rely on deep Western understandings of transparency and the promise of balance. The chapter explains the importance of bookkeeping in the emerging formation of the colonial capital.
Nepal
Authors: Malagodi Mara
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the origins and framework of Nepal’s constitutional system in one of the few Asian jurisdictions that was never colonized. It analyzes two main trends that have dominated Nepal’s constitutional developments since the country’s initial experiment with constitutional democracy and its opening up to the world in the early 1950s. First, the historical difficulties in constitutionalizing executive power, which have resulted in a deep form of constitutional instability consisting of repeated bouts of authoritarian rule, frequent changes in government, patterns of executive dominance, and a systematic marginalization of the legislature. However, Nepal’s Supreme Court has recently established itself as a key constitutional player in a number of political controversies with regard to executive–legislative relations. Second, the increasing politicization of identity in the context of Nepal’s profound socio-cultural diversity has played a central role in the country’s constitutional politics since 1990, both at the level of constitution-making and constitutional adjudication.
Repositioning Foreign Policy Analysis in International Relations
Authors: Kaarbo Juliet , Thies Cameron G.
Published: February 2024

This introductory chapter for the forthcoming Oxford Handbook of Foreign Policy Analysis argues for a repositioning of the subfield of Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) to a central analytic location within the study of International Relations (IR). We take a critical perspective on the history of FPA’s relationship with the rest of the discipline and trace the origins and causes of the disconnect that has sometime existed between FPA scholars and the wider IR community. We argue that this disconnect is in need of repair, particularly given developments within IR, such as the ‘end of theories’ debate, problem-driven research, the domestic, ideational, and agency turns in IR, and methodological pluralism. We also argue that in order to play leader, bridge builder, and innovator roles, FPA research must also develop in new directions. We identify the broad trends in FPA research since the end of the Cold War. With this overview of the state of the art of FPA research, the chapter outlines how FPA can challenge some of its own weaknesses and gaps, and contribute to broad disciplinary questions. FPA research in new policy domains, on a wider variety of types of actors, and oriented to significant policy problems can, we argue, redefine FPA, and shape the study and understanding of international politics more broadly.
Leader Psychology and Foreign Policy
Authors: Dyson Stephen Benedict
Published: February 2024

Many have argued that International Relations (IR) theory is in crisis, with its exponents seemingly having lost faith in the utility of big theory paradigm wars, potentially opening up opportunities for leader psychology scholars to build bridges with the mainstream of the discipline. This chapter suggests three routes leader psychology studies might take in response: (1) a neopositivist approach that seems most likely to lead to fruitful exchange with the IR mainstream; (2) an analyticist approach that maximizes the advantages of a focus on leaders at potential cost to easy collaboration with the mainstream; and (3) a policy approach that focuses upon real-world actors in international politics rather than dialogue with other academics. The chapter explores how each approach might be implemented and attempts a preliminary account of the costs and benefits involved.
Foreign Policy of International Organizations
Authors: Kille Kent J.
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores potentially valuable linkages between scholarship on Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) by drawing upon areas where this already occurs, making logical connections where the work overlaps, and considering extensions into new dimensions. The chapter is structured around four core areas. First, FPA emphasis on opening the ‘black box’ for analysis has seen analogous in-roads in research on IGOs. This discussion is related to the idea of ‘actorness’, which is reflected in related studies of IGOs. Second, an important dimension of FPA is the study of political leadership, which has important insights for assessing the decision-making of IGO leaders. Third, a broader consideration of IGOs as foreign policy actors is provided. Finally, the chapter examines the foreign policy of states in relation to international organizations. The chapter concludes by drawing implications from this discussion to look ahead for suggested avenues of FPA-IGO scholarship.
Foreign Policy and Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Berkemeier Molly , Whitlark Rachel Elizabeth
Published: February 2024

Though fifteen years have passed since the creation of the journal Foreign Policy Analysis, Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) and International Relations (IR) scholarship have remained largely separate from one another. This is the case despite similar developments in both traditions, including a widening of the theoretical aperture to include substate actors and the micro-foundations of broader international political theorizing. We demonstrate this divide, as well as the productive contributions of both communities within the nuclear scholarship, by reviewing trends in the literature and the empirical contributions in four key arenas: arms control, extended deterrence and assurance, the role of advisors, and the role of leaders in nuclear decision-making. Examining scholarship on the Iranian nuclear pursuit, we also show how lessons from both IR and FPA can inform contemporary policy debates.
Birth of a Collection
Authors: Hopes David
Published: February 2024

In April 1814, five gentlemen resolved to raise subscriptions for the building of a ‘Monument to the Memory of Burns in His Native County’. This was to be a cenotaph erected in the neoclassical style high on the banks of the River Doon, within sight of the cottage where Burns ‘first drew breath’ half a century before. However, what started out as an empty temple dedicated to the poet’s memory (and reputation) had, by the end of the century, metamorphosed into Scotland’s earliest literary museum and the world’s most significant museum collection about Burns, including the largest artefact of all, his birthplace. How did this happen? This paper charts the course of the movement to commemorate Burns in stone and how this developed into the collection and display of literary artefacts and, eventually, the acquisition of Burns Cottage and the construction of a purpose-built museum nearby. It examines the context and motives behind the collecting activity of Burns Monument Trust through three broad phases of development: conservatism, revisionism, and expansionism.
Afterburn(s)
Authors: Hammond Brean
Published: February 2024

Burns is one of an elite group of poets who generated their own myths. That myth is made up of units that we might term ‘mythemes’: Burns the ‘heaven-taught ploughman’ who becomes Scotland’s national bard; the loose-living, hard-drinking libertine; the radical, egalitarian revolutionary; the great lover. The first section of this essay explores aspects of Burns’s politics by examining the construction of him as Scotland’s national bard and the version of him as an egalitarian revolutionary poet created by the introduction to a controversial edition of his poems, The Canongate Burns (2001). In the context of his seemingly contradictory Jacobitism and Jacobinism, the essay examines Burns’s spokesmanship for independence, asking the question whether this might have been inspired by his admiration for Alexander Pope as much as by life experience. The second section turns to that part of the myth dealing with his sexual relations with women and fictional versions of the ‘Burns the libertine’ mytheme. Examining some novelizations of Burns’s life written in the aftermath of Catherine Carswell’s Lawrentian Burns created in her sensational biography of 1930, the essay discusses how novelists operating from differing ideological positions regarding gender finesse the questions raised by Burns’s sexual biography. Overall, this exploration yields the disconcerting finding that the boundary between scholarship and biography on one hand and fiction on the other is more porous than might be supposed. In the case of Burns, impeccable scholarship proves difficult to discriminate from lore and forgery.
‘No new note?’
Authors: Blair Kirstie
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the response of Victorian working-class writers and readers to Burns, investigating how they appropriated and rewrote some of his most famous poems. Focusing on Scotland and the North of England, it assesses little-known poems in the Scots, Lancashire, and Yorkshire dialects and in English, and it considers the ways in which they rework Burns’s well-known language and form for differing ends. The poets who produced works clearly influenced by Burns were not necessarily seeking to be original and could be self-conscious about their results, but many found unique ways to restate and even enhance Burns’s themes. The essay uses a fan-studies framework to suggest that working-class poets should be seen as part of the Robert Burns fandom, deliberately imitating Burns for the benefit of a readership familiar with his works.
Robert Burns and Ireland
Authors: Orr Jennifer
Published: February 2024

This chapter builds on numerous studies of Robert Burns’s relationship with his neighboring island. Taken together, they have provided necessary complication, rather than resolution, of the questions that Burns poses in British, Irish, and Celtic cultural history. Based on discoveries arising from the revival of scholarly editing interest in Robert Burns, the chapter offers a detailed account of Burns’s contemporary relationship with Ireland on a literary, rather than merely political, level, examining the poet’s cooperation in cultural innovation and exchange with Irish contemporaries. In so doing, the legacy of ‘archipelagic identity’ and its inherent hierarchies are examined critically, emerging from the essentialist construction of Ireland in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries where Burns served as a nationalist cultural proxy. Through the radical legacy of Seamus Heaney’s later poetry, the chapter also examines Burns’s symbolic meaning in modern Ireland at a time when Irish unification is a real possibility. What is clear is that Burns meant, and still means, many things to his Irish audiences; a byword for fraternity, a focus for community identity, which is capable even of transcending the sectarian culture wars that have so often shaped Irish cultural discourse.
Minority Religions and Immigration in Ireland
Authors: Kmec Vladimir
Published: February 2024

This chapter presents an overview of minority religions on the island of Ireland which include religious communities of immigrants and ethnic minority groups. Although religious minorities have been part of Ireland’s religious landscape for centuries, large-scale immigration since the mid 1990s has contributed considerably to an increase and diversification of minority religions. The first part of the chapter provides an overview of common patterns of immigrant and minority religious communities, including the demographic, sociological, and religious characteristics. The second part maps minority and immigrant groups’ religious communities, including: (a) Catholic immigrant congregations; (b) Orthodox churches; (c) Protestant, Pentecostal, and evangelical immigrant communities; (d) Muslim communities; and (e) Jewish, Hindu, and Sikh communities.
Irish Catholic Culture Before and After Vatican II
Authors: Fuller Louise
Published: February 2024

The Catholic Church by virtue of political and socio-historical circumstances held a dominant position in southern Irish society from the time of independence. Its precepts were upheld by legislation and in the constitution. The prevailing Catholic culture was devotional and compliant. Church leaders’ dogmatic approach was accepted by politicians and the wider community, leading to complacency on the church’s part. However political, social, and economic factors, which developed from the late 1950s, brought considerable change and from the 1960s onwards the status quo unravelled steadily. The influence of Vatican II (1962–65) was crucial and the fall-out from Humanae Vitae, arguably more so. Increased access to education, travel, and communications media led to questioning of previous taken-for-granted assumptions. The Northern Ireland ‘Troubles’, the emphasis on freedom and civil rights—political, religious, and gender-related—all cross-fertilized, leading to a decline in religious practice and increasingly a rejection of Catholic precepts of sexual morality.
Social Structure and Autocracy
Authors: Lankina Tomila V.
Published: February 2024

The global tide of authoritarianism has provided fresh impetus to understanding the social bases of support for autocratic political regimes. This chapter surveys the classic and more recent literature on the social structural underpinnings of authoritarianism. Burgeoning literature in political science has provided insights into the contemporary incentives, motivations, and resources of citizens and various social groups to challenge or support autocrats. This chapter underlines the role of human capital as a variable that shapes resistance to dictatorship, particularly in the knowledge economies of the present. Autocrats exploit the vulnerability of poorly educated citizens to bolster their power. Highly educated citizens are not only better able to scrutinize autocratic media “spin,” but have the human capital to join high-status and geographically mobile occupations—in technology, academia, or entrepreneurship—and thus represent islands of relative autonomy from authoritarian regimes.
Personalist Dictatorship
Authors: Frantz Erica
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines the rise of personalist rule in authoritarian regimes, where power is concentrated in the hands of the leadership. It begins by discussing what personalism is and surveying the main ways personalism has been conceptualized and captured in the literature. It then offers some general patterns about where and when we see personalism in authoritarian contexts, discussing the factors that facilitate its emergence. Next, it covers how personalist dictatorship influences internal regime dynamics and the consequences of this for political outcomes. It then provides evidence that personalist dictatorships have grown more prominent since the end of the Cold War and explores potential reasons why. It closes by pointing out the political ramifications of this development for global peace and security and suggesting fruitful avenues for future research.
Religions and Religiosity in Italy
Authors: de Cazanove Olivier , Dupraz Emmanuel
Published: February 2024

There were many Italic religions in pre-Roman Italy, but little information about them survives. Literary sources are minimal, and they reflect the view of the Romans, so the most reliable sources of information are epigraphy and archeology. Rather than attempting a systematic presentation, this chapter focuses on two sources: the longest Italic inscription relating to religion, the Umbrian Iguvine Tables, is described in the first section, followed by the Oscan cult sites. In short, the long-dominant idea of the extinction of Italic religions at the end of the republic proves to be invalid; their continued practice, however attenuated, is indicated by archaeological evidence.
The Ligurians and Other Alpine Peoples
Authors: Giannattasio Bianca Maria
Published: February 2024

From the thirteenth century, the Ligurians could be defined as a separate cultural entity, different and distinct from those of the central Po Valley and the peninsula. Livy described them as fierce people, living in a mountainous and rugged land bordered by four other tribes. The data indicate the formation of a clear and well-defined territory from the late Bronze Age: during this period, we see an ethnic group acquiring a new self-awareness, as indicated by social stratification. This paved the way for more organized structures, especially as a result of increased contact with the Etruscans and Greeks. This chapter explains what is known about the Ligurians in pre-Roman Italy during the first millennium BCE.
The Veneti
Authors: Capuis Loredana
Published: February 2024

The ancient Venetic culture is one of the best defined in pre-Roman Italy; it occupied a vast territory in the first millennium between the Po and the Alps, and between Lake Garda and the Adriatic. The known settlements are numerous, often located along rivers. Their necropoleis have yielded the greatest archaeological records; thousands of tombs have been revealed, with ossuaries of various kinds, as well as other vessels and numerous personal belongings. Of great value are the bronze vessels engraved and embossed in the style of situla art. Places of worship are also numerous, with thousands of ex votos, among which the statuettes and bronze plates with human figures are particularly revealing.
Italy in a Global Context, 270–49 BCE
Authors: Santangelo Federico
Published: February 2024

In 270 BCE, the conflict that pitted Rome in southern Italy against Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus, was finally resolved; in 49 BCE, the civil war between Caesar and Pompey began that would soon lead to the demise of the republic. In opposite ways, these wars reflect Italy’s connection to Mediterranean—or even global—developments. During this period, Roman hegemony grew dramatically, and Italy played a central role in the economic and cultural integration of the Mediterranean. This chapter explores the factors that enabled the construction of Roman hegemony, which must be understood in the light of the close relationship between developments in Italy and broader historical patterns across the Mediterranean.
The Sabellian Languages
Authors: Poccetti Paolo
Published: February 2024

The Sabellian languages of central and southern Italy constitute a homogeneous group within the Italic branch of the Indo-European family tree, justifying the unitary name, but they are articulated in several distinct varieties and differentiated by the use of various alphabets. Evidence is provided by epigraphy—approximately one thousand inscriptions, chronologically ranging from the sixth to the first century BCE—and by indirect evidence from Greek and Latin sources. The lexicon is largely incomplete; the onomastic evidence (essentially anthroponyms, theonyms, and toponyms) is considerably more extensive. This chapter traces the history of the Sabellian languages from the sixth century to their final absorption into Latin.
Exchange Networks with the West
Authors: De Angelis Franco
Published: February 2024

Starting from the sixth century BCE, the migrations of Phoenicians and Greeks from the eastern Mediterranean disrupted the pre-eminence of Sardinia and Etruria in pre-Roman Italy’s exchange networks. Early exchanges between Sardinians, Etruscans, and these newcomers were robust, stimulating economic growth and development on all sides. Increasing competition for natural and human resources led to the formation of larger states and alliances between sovereign states. These alliances could include trade treaties, such as those between Carthage and Rome. In general, spheres of influence were delineated and enforced, sometimes with outright trade blockades. Furthermore, the nature of exchange substantially changed. This new paradigm remained intact until Rome conquered the Italian peninsula and its neighboring islands in the third century. This chapter describes the foundation upon which much of Rome’s later economic success was built.