bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iniciativas de presupuestos sensibles al género en América Latina. Una ruta hacia la institucionalización
Authors: Coello Cremades Raquel
Published: October 2016

El presente trabajo busca analizar algunos de los elementos que contribuyeron, de manera más significativa, al proceso de institucionalización de los Presupuestos Sensibles al Género en América Latina. El artículo describe brevemente el contexto en el que surgen las iniciativas en la región para posteriormente analizar los elementos mediante los cuales dichas iniciativas promovieron su transformación en prácticas regulares vinculadas al proceso presupuestario. Si bien no es posible hablar de "recetas únicas", estos elementos adaptados a cada realidad y contexto, pueden constituirse en referencias para apoyar el desarrollo de otras experiencias promoviendo la plena incorporación de la igualdad de género como un principio esencial de la gestión de los recursos públicos.
Personal Agency Inspired by Hardship: Bilingual Latinas as Liberatory Educators
Authors: Morales Amanda Rodriguez , Shroyer M. Gail
Published: October 2016

This qualitative multiple case study focused on eleven non-traditional, bilingual, Latinas within a teacher education program. The study explored various factors that influenced participants’ desire to pursue and ability to persist as pre-service teachers. The overarching theme identified among participant discourse was personal agency inspired by hardship. Findings indicated that, as a result of their cultural and experiential understandings, participants enacted culturally responsive teaching with their Latino/a students. Furthermore, participants demonstrated a strong sense of personal agency to improve the educational outcomes of culturally and linguistically diverse students and a desire to advocate specifically on behalf of English learner Latino/a students.
Biracial Identity Development: A Case of Black-Korean Biracial Individuals in Korea
Authors: Kim Hyein Amber
Published: October 2016

This study examines two cases of Black-Korean biracial individuals and 4 Black-Korean biracial public figures who were playing influential roles in South Korea (Yoon Mi-Rae, Hines Ward, Insooni, and Moon Taejong). The purpose of this study was to understand how Black-Korean biracial individuals construct their identities, how they navigate various identity options, and how they understand experiences they have in South Korea that are significant to their identity development. This study raises a number of issues in the Korean context where the ideology of a “pureblood” Korean race still prevails, and biracial Koreans continue to face implications of racism and colorism.
Momentos de Cambio: Cultivating Bilingual Students’ Epistemic Privilege through Memoir and Testimonio
Authors: Handsfield Lara J. , Valente Patricia
Published: October 2016

In this article, we describe how students were invited to write and publicly read their momentos de cambio (moments of change) stories—memoirs in which they recount moments of significant change, both joyful and traumatic, in their lives. Drawing from elements of Latino critical theory, we conceptualize these stories in part as testimonios—opportunities for the students to voice their own truths and experiences in the world. We describe how the concept of momentos de cambio served as a rhetorical resource for claiming epistemic privilege and interpretive authority across the school year.
Una retórica de la lucidez: poesía como arte de la memoria
Authors: Karageorgou Christina
Published: October 2016

Este ensayo explora la temporalidad del discurso poético a partir de lo que ha llegado a nuestros días como mnemotecnia, pero que durante siglos fue llama- do “arte de la memoria” y cifró maneras de relacionarse y apropiarse del pa- sado. La poesía lírica hereda de esta actitud hacia el archivo y la historiografía una dimensión temporal de expansión con base en la simultaneidad. Frente a la narrativa y su profunda influencia sobre la constitución de la memoria y, por tanto, su valoración implícita de lo memorable, la lírica se instala en el instante y hace de él su punto de vista privilegiado. Esto muestra Noni Benegas en su poemario Cartografía ardiente (1995), libro que ha servido como base para la reflexión del ensayo. Benegas establece un lazo entre palabra, instante y es- critura, y desde ahí traza mapas de recolección, ya sea de experiencias, ya sea de obras de arte. Llevando a sus últimas consecuencias las enseñanzas del arte de la memoria, en tanto iluminación del sentido por el desencadenamien- to de significados en una temporalidad tumultuosa y simultánea, Benegas propone captar la experiencia de la vida y el arte como obra de la palabra cuyo sentido se amplifica en el instante.
Ibn Arabi’s Thought on Waḥdat Al-Wujud and its Relevance to Religious Diversity
Authors: Sumbulah Umi
Published: October 2016

This article explains the concept of waḥdah al-wujūd and its relevance to the diversity of religions and beliefs. The idea of the unity of being developed by Ibn ʽArabī is an explanation about the existence of every entity which prevails in the universe. It means that nothing has essential substance except God. Therefore, all things that exist in the universe, including the diversity of religions and the pluralistic paths of faith, are rooted in God. The diversity of God’s laws occurs only due to the diversity of the doctrines revealed to the different prophets and apostles. So, Ibn ʽArabī, who has the typical philosophical thought of Sufism manifested through waḥdah al-wujūd, is considered as the supporter of the idea about the unity of religions emphasizing the inner aspect and the qualities of faith. This idea will tighten the relationship among those who love each other "within" God.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v20i1.793
Allamah Ṭabaṭabai’s View on Nafs Al-Amr: An Ontological Basis for the Correspondence of Proposition
Authors: Sihabudin Sihabudin
Published: October 2016

One of the most prevalent critics of correspondence theory of truth is the scope it contains. The objection is that the proponents of this theory could solely apply their theory of truth to some limited domain−which has something to correspond to− like science, but they would fail for other domain− which has no something to correspond to− like morality. In this study, I aim to defend the theory of correspondence by considering the concept of nafs al-amr advanced by ‘Allāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī as a basis to which every proposition reaches its correspondence. As a realist, ‘Allāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī whose view holds the fundamentality of existence, excludes everything other than existence. Hence, in his epistemology every proposition would correspond to reality if and only if it refers to the existence. He notices that human concepts which will eventually form a proposition unveil some different parts of reality. They occasionally indicate something external, like table, something internal, like logical concepts, even something non-existential, like nothingness. The concept of nafs al-amr as subsistence in general includes the subsistence of every concept and serves as an ontological basis to which a proposition gets its correspondence.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v20i1.795
Spirit of Liberation and Justice in Farid Esack’s Hermeneutics of Qur’an
Authors: Rahmawati Erik Sabti
Published: October 2016

Farid Esack is an Islamic thinker from South Africa who proposes Liberation hermeneutics in comprehending the Qur’an from the perspective of Liberation Theology to realize justice. This article examines Esack’s hermeneutical method in interpreting Qur’an and analyses how he applies the spirit of liberation and justice as principles of Liberation Theology in his interpretation. This study shows that Esack’s hermeneutics differs from others because, as a liberation theologian, he puts liberative-praxis as the main objective of his liberation theology. His method does not only revolve around textual understanding but also push practical implication. He moves forward from praxis (experience) to texts and then goes back to experience. To him, interpretation must be able to encourage changes within society. Therefore, as the second feature of this method, in Esack’s hermeneutics, interpretation is not just scholarly speculative exercise which has no implication. It has a specific aim, namely is to establish a better life for society in which justice is a fundamental prerequisite.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v20i1.822
Stakeholders’ Perception on National Heatwave Plans and Their Local Implementation in Belgium and The Netherlands
Authors: Van Loenhout Joris Adriaan Frank , Rodriguez-Llanes José Manuel , Guha-Sapir Debarati
Published: October 2016

National heatwave plans are aimed at reducing the avoidable human health consequences due to heatwaves, by providing warnings to and improving communication between relevant stakeholders. The aim of this study was to assess the perceptions of key stakeholders within plans in Belgium and the Netherlands on their responsibilities, the partnerships, and the effectiveness of the local implementation in Brussels and Amsterdam. Key informant interviews were held with stakeholders that had an important role in development of the heatwave plan in these countries, or its implementation in Brussels or Amsterdam. Care organisations, including hospitals and elderly care organisations, had a lack of familiarity with the national heatwave plan in both cities, and prioritised heat the lowest. Some groups of individuals, specifically socially isolated individuals, are not sufficiently addressed by the current national heatwave plans and most local plans. Stakeholders reported that responsibilities were not clearly described and that the national plan does not describe tasks on a local level. We recommend to urgently increase awareness on the impact of heat on health among care organisations. More emphasis needs to be given to the variety of heat risk groups. Stakeholders should be involved in the development of updates of the plans.
PENGARUH LAJU ALIR GAS PEMBAWA TERHADAP PEMBUATAN KATALIS HETEROGEN NANOKOMPOSIT ZnO/Fe2O3
Authors: Jumari Arif
Published: October 2016

Abstract: Biodiesel is an alternative fuel. Biodiesel was produced through the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal with the aid of a catalyst. One of them is the ZnO heterogeneous catalyst which have high reaction yield. To increase the yield of the reaction, the size of the catalyst needs to be minimized, but the separation be more difficult. Fe2O3 compounds was added to separation due to its magnetic properties. This study was conducted to obtain nano-composite ZnO/ Fe2O3 heterogeneous catalysts and determine the effect of carrier gas flow rate on the characteristics of the catalyst particle by pyrolisis flame spray method. Precursor solution of Zn(NO3)2 and Fe (NO3)3 was nebulized on Nebulizer OMRON NEU-17 and flows to the burner tube with the different carrier gas flow rate. At the same time, LPG gas burners and combustion air was passed through the inner and outer annular burner. The solid combustion products was inhaled by exchauster and filtered by using a particle filter. The solid particles obtained was analyzed by XRD, SEM, and BET. The results of XRD analysis showed that the smaller the carrier gas flow rate the greater intensity of radiation so that it gained the better crystallinity. The results of SEM and BET analysis showed that the mostly of the particles were nano-sized. So the smaller the carrier gas flow rate, the smaller diameter is formed and the larger the specific surface area.
PENDAMPINGAN PENGOLAHAN PANGAN LOKAL DI DESA KELORAN WONOGIRI
Authors: Yudhistira Bara , Karyanta Nugraha Arif , Triharyanto Eddy
Published: October 2016

Desa Keloran Kecamatan Selogiri merupakan salah satu kecamatan di Kabupaten Wonogiri. Meskipun hasil singkong di  daerah ini  tidak sebanyak daerah lain, namun desa ini memiliki potensi yang menjanjikan sebagai penghasil tanaman ubi  kayu (singkong). Singkong biasanya hanya ditanam di lahan kebun belakang rumah warga. Hasil panen singkong dari kebun lebih sedikit dan biasanya hanya diolah menjadi gaplek untuk dikonsumsi sendiri, jika peralatan memadai para ibu rumah tangga akan mengolah singkong menjadi keripik dan dikemas seadanya kemudian dijual di pasar atau dititipkan ke warung-warung makan.  Metode yang digunakan untuk membantu mengatasi persoalan-persolan   dihadapi mitra adalah melalui pelatihan manajemen usaha, pelatihan produksi makanan, pemberian bantuan dukungan alat produksi dan pendampingan.
Analisis Pemasaran Domba dari Tingkat Peternak Sampai Penjual Sate di Kabupaten Sleman
Authors: Suwarta F.X.
Published: October 2016

This aim of this research was to study marketing chain of sheeps from farmer, trader and satay seller and to study cost of marketing at each of instituted marketing and the revenue of farmer, trader and satay seller in Sleman regency, Yogyakarta. The research was conducted using a survey method. The respondents from sheep farmer, sheep trader and satay seller were 107, 37 and 64, respectively. Data were analyzed descriptively. The cost efficiency of marketing system was analyzed for marketing cost, margin, farmer’s share, market competition and profitability. The result showed that the most efficient of the distribution of the sheep marketing was from sheep, farmer, sheep trader and consumer. Margin analyzed showed that male sheep contributed larger margin than female sheep (19.78: 19.14%). The farmer share for sheep marketing revealed that female sheep contributed 80.85% while male sheep 80.21%. Coefficiency of market competition showed that sheep farmer had higher coefficiency competition than sheep trader both to female and male. Sheep farmer had higher net profit margin (NPM) level but had lower operating ratio level. Satay seller had lower NPM and higher operating ratio level.

 

Key words : sheep, marketing, efficiency of marketing
Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Fitase dari Mikroba yang Terdapat pada Pupuk Kompos, Rumen Sapi, Ragi dan Tanah Sawah
Authors: Sajidan Prof. Dr.rer.nat.
Published: October 2016

 

            This research was aimed to isolate and characterize  phytase from different sources of higger phosphat complex compounds (compost, cattle rumen, and yeast). Bacteria of phytase was isolated on Luria Bertani (LB) medium and it was incubated on 37 oC for 16 hours. Microbe from yeast was isolated on Pottato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. Crude enzyme from supernatant was extracted with centrifuge on 5.000 rpm for 5 minutes. Crude enzyme was characterized for optimum pH, temperature, and influence of matalo ion efector on relative activity of enzyme. B1 isolate from P88 compost had optimum relative activity on pH 5, temperature 50 oC and activator Zn2+ (10-3 and 10-4 M). B2 Isolate from cattle rumen had optimum relative activity on pH 5, temperature 50 oC and activator Zn2+ (10-3 M) and Mg2+ (10-4 M). B3 isolated from soy sauce yeast had optimum relative activity on pH 5, temperature 60 oC, and  activators Mg2+ (10-3 M) and, Fe2+ (10-4 M). B4 isolated from tempeh yeast had optimum relative activity on pH 5, temperature 50 oC and activators Mg2+ (10-3 M) and Ca2+ (10-4 M).

 

Key words: phytase, optimum pH, optimum temperature, metalo ion efector, isolate.

 
Evaluasi Dedak Padi Kukus dan Suplementasi MHA (Methionine Hidroxy Analog) terhadap Kecernaan Nutrien Ransum Domba Lokal Jantan
Authors: Suprayogi Wara Pratitis Sabar , Widyawati Susi , Hidayah R.
Published: October 2016

The research aimed to know the effect of rice bran steaming and MHA supplementation on the increasing of nutrient digestibility of local male sheep. This research used 12 local male sheeps with average of body weight 10.32 ± 1.02 kg. Treatment of rations were for P0 (60 % king grass + 40 % bran), P1 (60 % king grass +40 % steamed bran), P2 (60 % king grass + 40 % steamed bran + 1 g MHA). Design used in research was  Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in one-way pattern using 3 treatments. Each treatment consisted of 4 replications. Parameters observed were dry matter intake, organic matter intake, dry matter nutritive value index and organic matter nutritive value index. The result of treatment P0, P1, and P2 for dry matter intake were 960.024; 909.426; and 926.399 g/head/day respectively, organic matter intake were 825.036; 772.665; and 796.225 g/head/day, organic matter digestibility in percent were 72.424; 73.050; and 73.068, organic matter digestibility in percent were 75.989; 76.306; and 76.239, dry matter nutritive value index were 695.396; 664.392; and 677.654 g/head/day and organic matter nutritive value index were 626.894; 589.985; and 607.649 g/head/day. The variance Analysis showed that the usage of steamed rice bran and adding of MHA given non significantly effect (P>0.5) on dry matter intake, organic matter intake, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, dry matter nutritive value index, and organic matter nutritive value index. It can be concluded that the treatments did not affect variables that were measured.

 

Keyword : local male sheep, steamed bran, MHA, digestibility
Efek Perbedaan Komposisi Konsentrat terhadap Perbaikan Nilai Nutrisi Jerami Padi
Authors: Widyawati Susi Dwi
Published: October 2016

Since rice straw is seasonal and low quality roughage, thus, a supplementation for it is needed. Lamtoro leaf meal (LLM) and soybean meal (SBM), have both soluble and bypass protein, so it enough potential to supply nutrients to optimize of rumen microbes and improve animal performance. Supplementation with LLM or SBM significantly increased dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and crude fiber intake (P<0.05). This fact showed that LLM or SBM supplementation made an improvement of rumen fermentation by microbes. Comparison between LLM and SBM to basal diet clearly showed that basal diet was the lowest (P<0.05) nutrient intake and nutrient digestibility, however, the animal fed basal diet degraded crude fiber was not affected. It has been shown that supplementation with lamtoro leaf meal or soybean meal were palatable, fermentable and reasonably digestible. Therefore, the use of these feedstuffs as  supplement to rice straw are strongly recommended.

 

Key words : concentrate, PO beef cattle, performance, digestibility
Strategi Pengembangan Usaha Peternakan Sapi Perah Rakyat di Kabupaten Boyolali
Authors: Barokah U.
Published: October 2016

The aim of this research was to study development strategy of effort ranch dairy cattle farmer. Basic method used in this research was descriptive. Determination of research area was purposive that was Boyolali Regency with subdistrict Musuk, and than taken one village is Sukorejo. Farmer taken as sample in this research are farmer have adult dairy cattle. The respondents were tahken by simple random sampling resulting 40 dairy cattle farmers. Development strategy of ranch of dairy cattle farmer implementation with improving management by a). improving business scale from farmer by exploiting governmental role, KUD, BRI by exploiting given programs, b) combining the feed so that get standard minimum  cost and obtained quantity  and quality fresh milk, c) doing the pure artificial insemination or embryo transfer from dairy cattle FH.

 

Key words : Development strategy, animal agriculture, dairy cattle
Remaining Saturations of Supercritical CO2 in Mixed-wet Carbonates for Carbon Utilization in Oil Fields: Core to Pore Scales Observations and Field Scale Implications
Authors: Al-Menhali Ali , Krevor Samuel , Carbonates Qatar
Published: October 2016

Capillary trapping has been identified as a key storage process that leads to the immobilisation of CO2 as a non-wetting droplets surrounded by brine in the water-wet porous rocks of saline aquifers limiting the extent of CO2 plume migration and enhancing the storage security. On the other hand, CO2 injection into commercial oil fields have several advantages and account for the majority of the current portfolio of CO2 storage sites and likely to remain the dominate storage options for the initial phase storage projects. Oil fields are well characterized and have the infrastructure that can be repurposed for CO2 injection for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and carbon storage. In contrast, oil reservoirs, most of which in carbonate rocks, are characterised by a mixed-wet state in which the capillary trapping of nonpolar fluids have been observed to be significantly reduced relative to trapping in water-wet rocks typical of saline aquifers unaltered by the presence of hydrocarbons. There are, however, no observations characterising the extent of capillary trapping that will take place with CO2 in mixed-wet rocks. We use X-ray computed tomography (CT) at the core scale and microtomography (μCT), at high voxel resolutions upto 2 ^m, to investigate the pore-scale arrangement of supercritical CO2 droplets and measure the contact angles in situ comparing water-wet and mixed-wet carbonates at temperatures and pressures representative of subsurface oil reservoirs and saline aquifers. The measurements were made while maintaining chemical equilibrium between the fluids (CO2 and brine) and rock phases to prevent reaction with the core sample and replicate conditions far away from the injection site. Initial-residual (IR) CO2 characteristic curves were measured first on the sample at original water-wet state, then were measured again after altering the wetting properties to a mixed-wet system. In particular, CO2 trapping was characterized before and after wetting alteration so that the impact of the wetting state of the rock is directly observed. The measurements were also compared with trapping of N2. Here we show that residual CO2 trapping of supercritical CO2 in a limestone altered to a mixed-wet state with oil is significantly less than trapping in water-wet systems characteristic of saline aquifers. We anticipate this work to highlight a controversial issue for the early deployment of carbon storage - that those sites which are economically most appealing as initial project opportunities are the very locations in which the contribution of capillary trapping to storage security will be minimised. This should serve as a starting point for modelling studies to incorporate the reduced impact of capillary trapping on CO2 injection projects using hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Barite Sag and Its Impact On Annular Pressure Build Up Mitigation In Producing Offshore Wells
Authors: Calçada L. A. , Scheid C. M. , Meleiro L. A. , Ribeiro J. M. , Seufitelli G. V. , Peliano S. V. , Santos H.F.L. , Souza E. A. , Monteiro V. , Martins A. L.
Published: October 2016

Among several possibilities for APB mitigation, the strategy of communicating the annulus with a formation is often considered. In this case, when pressure reaches formation fracture, fluid would be drained from the annulus and thus, the pressure would be released. This article presents a comprehensive methodology to tackle the ability of the drilling fluid to relieve pressure when this mitigation strategy is chosen. The model consists on the following iterative steps: Prediction of the solids sedimentation along the time, comprising the formation of three segregation zones; Prediction of the evolution of the permeability of the decanted layer; Prediction of the pressure evolution inside the annulus, based on PVT expressions experimentally obtained for compressible organic based drilling fluids; and Calculation of the draining process which governs pressure relief. The final package is a casing design tool which enables cost well integrity reliability.
Remote Collaboration Reduces Risk in Casing-Exit Jobs Around the Globe
Authors: Vuyk Adrian
Published: October 2016

Executing a quality casing exit is often viewed as a craft skill that relies on a technician's personal experience and talent. Opinions on the best way to mill a window may vary significantly from person to person. However, by measuring milling parameters and window quality indicators such as mill wear, the drag through a window after milling, and the total time and money required to mill a window, the optimal parameters can be statistically determined and reduced to a metric all understand: money. Opinions are sported or replaced with clear guidance, and gut feel is replaced by statistics. Moreover, taking these optimized parameters and providing the technician with foot by foot parameter guidance saves real money and provides a new level of control.

This paper reviews a new technology and service that significantly reduces real financial risk from casing exits by combining field-proven tools, certified technicians, service-specific real-time data streaming, and remote consultation during the service delivery into one package. By means of several brief case studies, the paper reviews how this new process has resulted in time savings on technically complex jobs in offshore markets.
Effective Applications of Extended Exponential Decline Curve Analysis to both Conventional and Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Zhang HE , Nelson Eric , Olds Dan , Rietz Dean , Lee W. John
Published: October 2016

In the last decade, the hydrocarbon production from shale plays has increased dramatically, which has greatly impacted the petroleum industry. While this increased production has benefited the industry, at the same time these unconventional resources have presented many challenges to oil and gas reserves evaluators. One of these challenges is predicting long-term shale production performance and life, especially in a timely and reliable manner.

When Arps derived the hyperbolic model in 1944, b-factor was assumed as a constant and limited to values less than or equal to 1.0. However, many literature papers and field observations have shown that the b-factor instead changes with time in shale wells and, in many cases, can be well above 1.0, especially during the transient period. As a result, evaluators have modified the original DCA ("modified hyperbolic model") to incorporate a b-factor larger than 1.0 and a minimum exponential decline rate (Dmin) at the late-time life in shale production predictions. This paper further discusses this transient b-factor effect and the benefits of the Extended Exponential Decline Curve Analysis (EEDCA), (Zhanget. al , 2015).

EEDCA does not require an estimate of when to switch to a Boundary-Dominated Flow (BDF) model or when to switch to exponential decline for shale oil and gas. All of the model parameters are interdependent and can be calibrated by fitting from the first production data point. Meanwhile, the Dmin used in the modified hyperbolic model is independent from early-time data. This paper further extends the use of EEDCA by applying it to conventional wells. It shows EEDCA is a useful alternative for the Arps method while it holds certain advantages in forecasting shale production. Thus, EEDCA is an integrated solution for both conventional and unconventional reservoirs.
The Economic Analysis and Application Strategies of EOR Technology in Low-Oil-Price Period—8 Cases Study of a New Polymerflooding Technology
Authors: Wu Xingcai , Qu Debin , Xu Hanbing , Li Junjian , Xiong Chunming , Liang Wuquan , Wang Li , Xiong Ying , Wu Qinghui , Yu Zhentao , Ye Yinzhu , Chen Jingjing , Jiang Yuzhu , Wu Xinmin
Published: October 2016

To fulfill the demand increase for oil, is it better to actively seek and develop high cost resources such as tight, deep-water, and polar-region reservoirs, or to enhance development of mature fields? Especially in low-oil-price period, is it more economical and less risky to take efficiency EOR to recover mature fields? The paper conducted studies on it by analyzing technical and economical effect of applying a new type of polymer flooding technology on 8 reservoirs.

The paper made statistics of the technical and economical effect of applying a new micro-nano particle-type polymer flooding method on 8 reservoirs with different conditions, which were reservoir temperature from 24 to 126 °C, crude oil viscosity from 1.36 to 156 mPa·s, salinity from 4212 to 200,000 mg/L, waterflooding phase water cut from 81.4% to 97.5%, and waterflooding phase recovery degree from 9.55% to 64.4%. And based on the statistics, a numerical simulation model and economic analysis model were built up. The economical competency of the technology was calculated and analyzed under different oil price.

The statistics showed that all the 8 projects of the new polymer flooding obtained good technical and economic effect. Even though using the oil price of 30 USD/bbl to make calculation, the input to output ratio of the 8 projects is between 1:1.0 and 1:9.04. The studies on the numerical simulation model and economic analysis model illustrated that it was economically feasible to use this type of EOR method to develop mature fields when oil price was under 30 USD/bbl. Through conversion, the investment of using this EOR method to develop mature fields for 1 million tons of productivity was 488.7 million USD, while the investment of developing conventional new area and untouched tight shale oil reservoir for the same productivity was 900-1100 million USD and higher than 1500 million USD. Since there was lack of deep water field and polar region field development data, they were not able to be compared.

Using efficient EOR method to develop mature oil fields can rejuvenate numerous conventional oil resources, and it need not spending heavy exploration investment. Under low oil price condition, it is obviously more economical to use EOR technology. The opinion of the paper may provide some reference for oil companies to make investment decision in low oil price period.
Development of a Numerical Tool to Assess the Structural Resistance of Pre-Perforated Liners
Authors: Mantovano Luciano , Grittini Santiago
Published: October 2016

To assess the influence of the pre-machining on the structural resistance of the pipes, a tool based on finite element method was developed by Tenaris. Pipe geometry, pipe mechanical properties and the slot or hole patterns were used as main input for the models. Validation of the model was carried out through extensive internal work performed on FEA and full scale tests of pre-perforated liners. Once the model was validated, several cases on different slot and hole patterns were analyzed. The following loads were considered in the analyses: collapse, tension, compression, torsion and bending for both the pre-holed and the slotted pipe. The influence of the machining on the structural resistance of pre-machined pipes was assessed numerically by comparison between the performance of a pre-machined liner and a non-machined one. The results for the non-machined pipes were taken as a reference and the loss of strength of the machined ones was obtained from the numerical analysis and expressed as a de-rate of the non-machined pipe strength for the different loads (tension, compression, torsion, bending and collapse) and slot/hole patterns considered. Significant de-rates were found in the cases of high slot/hole density with values as high as 82% for collapse loads and 94% for torsion loads. The tool can be used also to optimized slot or hole pattern designs increasing the structural resistance while keeping the desired flow path open area of the liner.

This paper presents an useful tool to optimize and verified the mechanical resistance of pre-machined liners with different patterns designs, considering the demanding loads it could be subjected to during installation and also during its service life. Different slot and hole sizes as well as different distribution patterns can be assessed and optimized according to the application requirements. This tool represents a significant improvement to the use of theoretical formulas available in the literature.
Design Process of Inflow Control Technologies - From Inception to Application
Authors: Abdelfattah Tarik , Fisher Britain , Snitkoff Joshua
Published: October 2016

The number of inflow control technologies, predominantly organized into passive inflow control devices (PICDs) and inflow control valves (ICVs), are rapidly increasing. The inflow control device (ICD) level of autonomy, or ability to automatically choke back unwanted fluid flow, is also considered when classifying the device, creating a sub-category of PICDs known as autonomous inflow control devices (AICDs). These distinctions can often cause confusion, and currently there is no agreement about the metrics for judging the performance of an ICD. This confusion negatively affects the industry's ability to identify application-specific criteria and deliver fit-for-purpose ICDs.

A recent collaboration has demonstrated the potential for designating ICDs to meet a specific application's unique requirements. When the preferred flow characteristics are identified in advance, these preferences guide the design, testing, and qualification process. In this instance, the needs of cyclic steam stimulation were met by a viscosity-insensitive, autonomous device that was tailored to this particular application. The design included different options of an inflow control mechanism and a wide range of flow resistance settings.

As flow control technologies continue to gain industry acceptance as an effective means of balancing reservoir inflow, understanding the categorization and corresponding design process becomes critical. Because there are no current industry standards for ICD design, this paper should serve as guidance for industry personnel to identify flow control requirements and deliver a suitable solution.
New Criteria for Slotted Liner Design for Heavy Oil Thermal Production
Authors: Mahmoudi Mahdi , Fattahpour Vahidoddin , Nouri Alireza , Yao Ting , Baudet Beatrice Anne , Leitch Michael , Fermaniuk Brent
Published: October 2016

This paper presents the results of several large-scale Sand Retention Tests (SRTs), which are used to test and refine the criteria used for slotted liner design. The paper also presents the analysis of test measurements to improve the understanding of the parameters that influence the sand control performance. The parameters include Particle Size Distribution (PSD), flow rate, slot opening size and slot density.

The SRT facility was commissioned to improve the existing testing methods by (1) using multiple-slot rather than single-slot coupons, (2) using more realistic sand pack preparation/saturation procedures than the existing practices, (3) measuring the pressure drop along the sand pack and across the liner coupon to assess the retained permeability and flow convergence, and (4) post-mortem analysis of the sand pack to measure fines/clay content along the sand pack as a direct measure of fines migration. Several tests were performed by varying the slot size, slot density, and PSD of the sand pack, and flow rate. The testing data were used to validate and improve the current industrial design of slotted liners.

Test measurements and observations indicate that the sand pack preparation procedure highly affects the testing results. For typical field porosities and PSDs, we observed finite amount of sand production bellow the existing criteria for sanding during the SRT, for the screens designed based on existing models. Testing data also indicate smaller retained permeability for lower slot density due to converging flow. Moreover, measurements indicate lower retained permeability for narrower slot width, caused by the accumulation of fines and pore plugging in the liner's vicinity. However, larger slot width than a certain size contributes to higher levels of sanding. Three different sanding modes are identified: (1) initial sanding or sand occurrence, (2) flow rate dependent transient and (3) flow rate dependent continuous sanding. It is proposed that the sanding mode should be also included in the design criteria along with the acceptable sanding threshold. Test results indicate the combined effect of the slot size and density on both retained permeability and sand production. These findings lead to a new design approach for maximum retained permeability and acceptable sand retention.

This paper introduces a new set of design criteria for slotted liners based on the results of a novel large-scale testing to evaluate the sand control for thermal heavy oil production applications. Also it provides a better understanding of the sand production and the role of the slot width and slot density on the sand production. The paper also presents an improved understanding of the sanding and permeability evolution close to the liner in relation to several liners and flow parameters. The set-up, testing procedures, and measurement methods that are used in the experiments improve the existing methods in several fronts.
Lightweight Cement Systems Help Prevent Permafrost Melt
Authors: Benge Maggie , Reyes Julio , Xiao Erin
Published: October 2016

As an increasing number of thermal wells are drilled in arctic and subarctic regions, such as the north slope of Alaska and northern Canada, there is an urgent need for lightweight cement systems with thermally insulating properties. Significant temperature changes resulting from activities such as shut-in, steam injection, and production can lead to increased temperatures in the wellbore. As the wellbore temperature rises, there is an increased risk of melting permafrost, which can allow the formation to move and result in costly damage to the well. Lightweight and thermally insulating cement would contribute to the life of a well by maintaining low thermal conductivity while providing structural support for the casing strings. This study compares the thermal and mechanical properties of water-extended, foam, and microsphere cements with densities of 1.32, 1.50, and 1.68 specific gravity (SG) (11, 12.5, and 14 lbm/gal).

To simulate several different conditions in a well, thermal conductivity of the foam system was measured for dried, as-poured, and saturated conditions. While the amount of air or fluid in the foam samples influenced the measured thermal conductivity, both microsphere and foamed systems appeared to be comparable.

Initial findings from mechanical properties testing demonstrated foamed slurries have higher tensile and compressive strengths. Under confining pressure, the foam cement system had a larger failure envelope and would be able to withstand greater downhole pressure increases compared to the microsphere design at the same density.

When designing wells in areas with permafrost, including a cement system with low thermal conductivity would help minimize the risk of melting the permafrost and maximizing the longevity of the well. This paper reviews several possible lightweight solutions and presents the thermal and mechanical properties of various foam and microsphere cement designs.
Revisiting Thermal Well Integrity Through a Closer Look at Casing-Cement-Formation Interaction
Authors: Ichim A. C. , Teodoriu C.
Published: October 2016

Thermal wells (observation, productions or abandoned) are highly susceptible to leaks due to cement degradation resulting from thermo-chemical-mechanical loads. Therefore, successful application of thermal processes requires a close look at well integrity assessment and prediction for long periods of time. During the life of the well, the casing-cement-rock system is experiencing a cumulative damage which can, for instance, explain the sustained casing pressure that appears after years of good well integrity. Our industry is striving to implement the highest well integrity standards during the field development and beyond.

Deficiencies in well construction and well abandonment are the most common causes of defects inside the composite system of rock, cement and casing. These defects can be measured using standard wellbore measurement tools, and some solutions exist to cure them. Long time exposure of the well to several loads may change the well response due to parameter degradation, with typical loading mechanisms being related to chemical and mechanical interactions. A large number of studies have been conducted to investigate chemical and thermal degradation process of Portland cement systems. The degradation process is very complex and is affected by temperature, pressure, chemistry of the products and time. A literature review of various investigations on well degradation processes shows that most of the experiments are time limited, and therefore the well integrity is limited to the frame in which we can extrapolate the results.

This paper will point out the future need for research to improve the prediction of well integrity. The results of the work show that the major unknowns are long-term properties of the downhole environment like casing, cement, and the interaction between casing-cement-formation. Some preliminary laboratory testing also point out the importance of specific cement testing, beyond those recommended by various regulations and recommended practices. As an example, a theoretical demonstration of why fully cemented casing strings may additionally damage the cement sheath during heating and cooling cycles is provided in this paper, pointing out a novel testing procedure.
Spatial and temporal characteristics in streamflow-related hydroclimatic variables over western Canada. Part 2: future projections
Authors: O'Neil H. C. L. , Prowse T. D. , Bonsal B. R. , Dibike Y. B.
Published: October 2016

Much of the freshwater in western Canada originates in the Rocky Mountains as snowpack. Temperature and precipitation patterns throughout the region control the amount of snow accumulated and stored throughout the winter, and the intensity and timing of melt during the spring freshet. Therefore, changes in temperature, precipitation, snow depth, and snowmelt over western Canada are examined through comparison of output from the current and future periods of a series of regional climate models for the time periods 1971–2000 and 2041–2070. Temporal and spatial analyses of these hydroclimatic variables indicate that minimum temperature is likely to increase more than maximum temperature, particularly during the cold season, possibly contributing to earlier spring melt. Precipitation is projected to increase, particularly in the north. In the coldest months of the year snow depth is expected to increase in northern areas and decrease across the rest of study area. Snowmelt results indicate increases in mid-winter melt events and an earlier onset of the spring freshet. This study provides a summary of potential future climate using key hydroclimatic variables across western Canada with regard to the effects these changes may have on streamflow and the spring freshet, and thus water resources, throughout the study area.
Spatial and temporal characteristics in streamflow-related hydroclimatic variables over western Canada. Part 1: 1950–2010
Authors: O'Neil H. C. L. , Prowse T. D. , Bonsal B. R. , Dibike Y. B.
Published: October 2016

A large portion of the freshwater in western Canada originates as snowpack from the northern Rocky Mountains. Temperature and precipitation in the region control the amount of snow accumulated and stored throughout the winter, and the intensity and timing of melt during the spring freshet. Therefore, trends in temperature, precipitation, snow accumulation, and snowmelt over western Canada are examined using the Mann-Kendall non-parametric test and an original geographic information system (GIS)-based approach to trend analysis on a newly produced high-resolution gridded climate dataset for the period 1950–2010. Temporal and spatial analyses of these hydroclimatic variables reveal that daily minimum temperature has increased more than daily maximum temperature, particularly during the cold season, and at higher elevations, contributing to earlier spring melt. Precipitation has decreased throughout the cold season and increased in the warm season, particularly in the northern half of the study area. Snow accumulation has decreased through all months of the year while snowmelt results indicate slight increases in mid-winter melt events and an earlier onset of the spring freshet. This study provides a summary of detected trends in key hydroclimatic variables across western Canada regarding the effects these changes can have on the spring freshet and streamflow throughout the region.
Chromium (VI) removal from aqueous solutions using Eichhornia as an adsorbent
Authors: Rani Neetu , Singh Bhupender , Shimrah Tuisem
Published: October 2016

The study was carried out to check the potential of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, to remove chromium (VI) in batch process. Powder was prepared from dried Eichhornia (particle size 0.3 mm and 1.0 mm). The influence of various parameters on adsorption (pH, dose, contact time, temperature) was studied. The Cr(VI) removal was 60.9% and 79.2% for 1.00 mm and 0.3 mm particles of Eichhornia treated (ET) after 30 min contact time and 52.7% and 53.4% for 1.00 mm and 0.3 mm particles of Eichhornia untreated (EU) after 75 min contact time respectively. The optimum pH for both adsorbents was found to be 2.0 and optimum dose was found to be 0.4 g 100 ml−1 for ET and 0.6 g 100 ml−1 for EU. Maximum adsorption occurred at room temperature (26 ± 1°C) in case of both ET and EU, respectively. The adsorption process followed the first order mechanism as well as the Langmuir isotherm. Finally, it was concluded that the adsorbent prepared from Eichhornia is very effective in removing Cr(VI) and it can be used for industrial wastewater treatment.
Sequestration of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by activated carbon derived from Macadamia nutshells
Authors: Pakade V. E. , Nchoe O. B. , Hlungwane L. , Tavengwa N. T.
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of activated carbons prepared from Macadamia nutshells as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solutions. The activated carbon was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), CHNS analyzer and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). For effective removal of Cr(VI), the optimum parameters found were pH 2, 120 min of contact time and 0.2 g of sorbent. The adsorption data fitted well into the Freundlich model, suggesting a multilayer sorption process. The results demonstrated that Macadamia activated carbon could be used as cost-effective biosorbent for the treatment of aqueous solutions contaminated by Cr(VI) with an adsorption capacity of 22.3 mg g−1. The mode of removal involved adsorption and reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III).