bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Altruistic Lying in an Alibi Corroboration Context: The Effects of Liking, Compliance, and Relationship between Suspects and Witnesses
Authors: Marion Stéphanie B. , Burke Tara M.
Published: December 2016

Police investigators, judges, and jurors are often very skeptical of alibi witness testimony. To investigate when and why individuals lie for one another, we conducted two studies in which witnesses' support of a false alibi was observed. We varied the level of social pressure exerted on witnesses and the level of affinity between suspect–witness pairs. During a study session purportedly intended to investigate dyadic problem‐solving ability, a mock theft was staged. When questioned, participants were provided the opportunity to either corroborate or refute a confederate's false alibi that the latter was with them when the theft occurred. Participants were more likely to lie for the confederate when the latter explicitly asked participants to conceal his/her whereabouts during the time of the theft (Study 1). How much participants liked the suspect did not impact lying; however, participants lied for a confederate more often when the latter was a friend rather than a stranger (Study 2). Results show that alibi witnesses often lie and that investigators and jurors may not accurately estimate the likelihood that such witnesses will lie for one another. Witnesses who lied also reported doing so more often because they believed that the suspect was innocent rather than guilty. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Step‐Edge Assisted Direct Linear Alkane Coupling
Authors: Zhang Junjie , Chang Chun‐ran , Yang Biao , Cao Nan , Peng Chencheng , Zhang Haiming , Tang Dan‐Tam D. , Glorius Frank , Erker Gerhard , Fuchs Harald , Li Qing , Chi Lifeng
Published: December 2016

Direct coupling of alkanes via C−H activation of terminal methyl groups has acquired tremendous interests both scientifically and technically. Herein we present the results of linear alkane‐coupling at the step edges of Cu surfaces at modulated temperatures. Combining the observations of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with density functional theory plus dispersion (DFT‐D) calculations, we elucidate the mechanism of the reaction and demonstrate that the low activation barrier relies on heterogeneous catalysis at the upper step edges, where low‐coordinated surface atoms are present. We further reveal the generality of the reaction, so that it can be applied on the step edges of different facets of surfaces.
C2CU: a CUDA C program generator for bulk execution of a sequential algorithm
Authors: Takafuji Daisuke , Nakano Koji , Ito Yasuaki , Bordim Jacir
Published: December 2016

Several important tasks, including matrix computation, signal processing, sorting, dynamic programming, encryption, and decryption, can be performed by oblivious sequential algorithms. A sequential algorithm is oblivious if an address accessed at each time does not depend on the input data. A bulk execution of a sequential algorithm is to execute it for many independent inputs in turn or in parallel. A number of works have been devoted to design and implement parallel algorithms for a single input. However, none of these works evaluated the bulk execution performance of these algorithms. The first contribution of this paper is to present a time‐optimal implementation for bulk execution of an oblivious sequential algorithm. Our second contribution is to develop a tool, named C2CU, which automatically generates a CUDA C program for a bulk execution of an oblivious sequential algorithm. The C2CU has been used to generate CUDA C programs for the bulk execution of the bitonic sorting, Floyd‐Warshall, and Montgomery modulo multiplication algorithms. Compared to a sequential implementation on a single CPU, the generated CUDA C programs for the above algorithms run, respectively, 199, 54, and 78 times faster.
DaC scan: a novel scan operator for exploiting SSD internal parallelism
Authors: Alencar Namom , Brayner Angelo , Filho Jose Aguiar , Lopes Hamilton
Published: December 2016

Solid‐state drives (SSDs) have become an attractive alternative for storing large databases. Solid‐state drives do not present mechanical parts in their assembly. Consequently, SSDs have different characteristics and capabilities than magnetic disks Hard Disk Drives (HDDs). One of the most important features of SSDs is the fact that they implement different levels of internal parallelism for executing read/write operations. In database query processing, the table scan operator is responsible for reading an entire table. Generally, a scan operator is utilized whenever there is no index defined on the table to be accessed. This paper introduces a novel scan operator, denoted DaC Scan, for reading database tables stored in SSDs. The key goal of the proposed operator is to explore IO parallelism. Thus, the idea is to make DaC Scan able to read different regions of a single table simultaneously. For validation of DaC Scan efficiency, experiments with a prototype have been conducted over the TPC‐H benchmark database, scale factors 10 and 20. The results show that DaC Scan is efficient, presenting significant gains w.r.t. classical scan operators.
A taxonomy and survey on scheduling algorithms for scientific workflows in IaaS cloud computing environments
Authors: Rodriguez Maria Alejandra , Buyya Rajkumar
Published: December 2016

Large‐scale scientific problems are often modeled as workflows. The ever‐growing data and compute requirements of these applications has led to extensive research on how to efficiently schedule and deploy them in distributed environments. The emergence of the latest distributed systems paradigm, cloud computing, brings with it tremendous opportunities to run scientific workflows at low costs without the need of owning any infrastructure. It provides a virtually infinite pool of resources that can be acquired, configured, and used as needed and are charged on a pay‐per‐use basis. However, along with these benefits come numerous challenges that need to be addressed to generate efficient schedules. This work identifies these challenges and studies existing algorithms from the perspective of the scheduling models they adopt as well as the resource and application model they consider. A detailed taxonomy that focuses on features particular to clouds is presented, and the surveyed algorithms are classified according to it. In this way, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of existing literature and aid researchers by providing an insight into future directions and open issues.
Performance analysis and optimization of the parallel one‐sided block Jacobi SVD algorithm with dynamic ordering and variable blocking
Authors: Kudo Shuhei , Yamamoto Yusaku , Bečka Martin , Vajtersic Marian
Published: December 2016

The one‐sided block Jacobi (OSBJ) method is known to be an efficient method for computing the singular value decomposition on a parallel computer. In this paper, we focus on the most recent variant of the OSBJ method, the one with parallel dynamic ordering and variable blocking, and present both theoretical and experimental analyses of the algorithm. In the first part of the paper, we provide a detailed theoretical analysis of its convergence properties. In the second part, based on preliminary performance measurement on the Fujitsu FX10 and SGI Altix ICE parallel computers, we identify two performance bottlenecks of the algorithm and propose new implementations to resolve the problem. Experimental results show that they are effective and can achieve up to 1.8 and 1.4 times speedup of the total execution time on the FX10 and the Altix ICE, respectively. Comparison with the ScaLAPACK SVD routine PDGESVD shows that our OSBJ solver is efficient when solving small to medium sized problems (n < 10000) using modest number ( < 100) of computing nodes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeted analysis of 116 drugs in hair by UHPLC‐MS/MS and its application to forensic cases
Authors: Wang Xin , Johansen Sys Stybe , Nielsen Marie Katrine Klose , Linnet Kristian
Published: December 2016

A multi‐target method that can detect a broad range of drugs in human hair, such as hypnotics, anxiolytics, analgesics, benzodiazepines, antihistamines, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants, was developed based on ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS/MS). The drugs were extracted from 10 mg of washed hair by incubation for 18 h in a 25:25:50 (v/v/v) mixture of methanol/acetonitrile/2 mM ammonium formate (8% acetonitrile, pH 5.3). For 51% of the basic drugs, the lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) were in the range of 0.05–0.5 pg/mg, and the majority (98%) were ≤ 5 pg/mg. Linearity ranged from LLOQs to 100–500 pg/mg for all the basic drugs. For acid and neutral drugs, the LLOQs ranged from 0.4 to 500 pg/mg, and linearity ranged from LLOQs to 80–40 000 pg/mg. According to published reports on concentrations attained in single dose control studies, the present method is sensitive enough to detect single‐dose drug exposure for many of the drugs. The accuracy was within 75–125% for the majority of drugs. Good precision was observed (relative standard deviations [RSD%] < 25%) for most of the compounds, including the prepared quality control (QC) hair samples. The method was applied to forensic cases and concentrations of rarely reported drugs in hair in 25 post‐mortem forensic cases were presented. Hair concentrations of amisulpride, gabapentin, mianserin, mepyramine, orphenadrine, and xylometazoline have not been previously reported. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metalloid Ge9R3– Clusters with Various Silyl Substituents: From Shielded to Open Cluster Cores
Authors: Kysliak Oleksandr , Kunz Tanja , Schnepf Andreas
Published: December 2016

The synthesis and characterization of the metalloid germanium clusters {Ge9[Si(SiMe3)2(SiPh3)]2}2– (1), {Ge9[Si(SiMe3)3][Si(SiMe3)2(SiPh3)]2}– (2), {Ge9[Si(SiMe3)2(SiiPr3)]3}– (3), and [Ge9(SiHtBu2)3]– (4), which were obtained by the reaction of the Zintl anion Ge94– with different silyl halides, are presented. Compound 4 is the sterically least protected soluble Ge9R3– cluster known to date, and thus has interesting structural features and may open the way to new coordination modes of metalloid Ge9R3– clusters.
In‐capillary approach to eliminate SDS interferences in antibody analysis by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry
Authors: Sánchez‐Hernández Laura , Montealegre Cristina , Kiessig Steffen , Moritz Bernd , Neusüß Christian
Published: December 2016

Capillary electrophoresis is an important technique for the characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), especially in the pharmaceutical context. However, identification is difficult as upscaling and hyphenation of used methods directly to mass spectrometry is often not possible due to separation medium components that are incompatible with MS detection. Here a CE‐MS method for the analysis of mAbs is presented analyzing SDS‐complexed samples. To obtain narrow and intensive peaks of SDS‐treated antibodies, an in‐capillary strategy was developed based on the co‐injection of positively charged surfactants and methanol as organic solvent. For samples containing 0.2% (v/v) of SDS, recovered MS peak intensities up to 97 and 95% were achieved using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide or benzalkonium chloride, respectively. Successful removal of SDS was shown in neutral coated capillaries but also in a capillary with a positively charged coating applying reversed polarity. The usefulness of this in‐capillary strategy was demonstrated also for other proteins and for antibodies dissolved in up to 10% v/v SDS solution, and in other SDS‐containing matrices, including the sieving matrix used in a standard CE‐SDS method and gel‐buffers applied in SDS‐PAGE methods. The developed CE‐MS approaches enable fast and reproducible characterization of SDS‐complexed antibodies.
Survival predictors of Burkitt's lymphoma in children, adults and elderly in the United States during 2000–2013
Authors: Mukhtar Fahad , Boffetta Paolo , Risch Harvey A. , Park Jong Y. , Bubu Omonigho M , Womack Lindsay , Tran Thuan V. , Zgibor Janice C. , Luu Hung N.
Published: December 2016

Burkitt's Lymphoma (BL) has three peaks of occurrence, in children, adults and elderly, at 10, 40 and 70 years respectively. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted to assess predictors of survival in the three age groups. We hypothesized that survival predictors may differ by age group. We, therefore, sought to determine survival predictors for BL in these three groups: children (<15 years of age), adults (40–70 years of age) and elderly (>70 years of age). Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database covering the years 2000‐2013, we identified 797 children, 1,994 adults and 757 elderly patients newly diagnosed with BL. We used adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models to determine prognostic factors for survival for each age group. Five‐year relative survival in BL for children, adults and elderly were 90.4, 47.8 and 28.9%, respectively. Having at least Stage II disease and multiple primaries were associated with higher mortality in the elderly group. In adults, multiple primaries, Stage III or IV disease, African American race and bone marrow primary were associated with increased mortality whereas Stage IV disease and multiple primaries were associated with worse outcome in children. These findings demonstrate commonalities and differences in predictors of survival that may have implications for management of BL patients.
Joint associations of smoking and television viewing time on cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality
Authors: Grace Megan S. , Lynch Brigid M. , Dillon Francis , Barr Elizabeth L.M. , Owen Neville , Dunstan David W.
Published: December 2016

Excessive sitting time and smoking are pro‐inflammatory lifestyle factors that are associated with both cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. However, their joint associations have not been investigated. We examined the associations of television (TV) viewing time with cancer and CVD mortality, according to smoking status, among 7,498 non‐smokers (34% ex‐smokers) and 1,409 current‐smokers in the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study. During 117,506 person‐years (median 13.6 years) of follow‐up, there were 346 cancer and 209 CVD‐related deaths. Including an interaction between TV time and smoking status in the model significantly improved the goodness of fit for cancer (p = 0.01) but not CVD mortality (p = 0.053). In the multivariate‐adjusted model, every additional hr/d of TV time was associated with increased risk of cancer‐related (HR 1.23; 95% CI 1.08–1.40), but not CVD‐related mortality (HR 1.16; 95% CI 0.97–1.38) in current‐smokers. Elevated multivariate‐adjusted cancer mortality HRs were observed for current‐smokers watching 2 to <4 hr/d (HR 1.45; 95% CI 0.78–2.71) and ≥4 hr/d (HR 2.26; 95% CI 1.10–4.64), compared to those watching <2 hr/d. Current‐smokers watching 2 to <4 hr/d (HR 1.07; 95% CI 0.45–2.53) and ≥4 hr/d (HR 1.92; 95% CI 0.76–4.84) did not have a significantly higher risk of CVD mortality, compared to <2 hr/d. No associations were observed for non‐smokers. These findings show an association of TV, a common sedentary behavior, with cancer mortality in current‐smokers. The association with CVD mortality was less clear. Further exploration in larger data sets is warranted. Limiting TV viewing time may be of benefit in reducing cancer mortality risk in current‐smokers.
Identification and prediction of health‐related quality of life trajectories after a prostate cancer diagnosis
Authors: Farris Megan S. , Kopciuk Karen A. , Courneya Kerry S. , McGregor S. Elizabeth , Wang Qinggang , Friedenreich Christine M.
Published: December 2016

The aim of our study was to identify physical and mental health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) trajectories after a prostate cancer diagnosis and systematically characterize trajectories by behaviours and prognostic factors. Prostate cancer survivors (n = 817) diagnosed between 1997 and 2000 were recruited between 2000 and 2002 into a prospective repeated measurements study. Behavioural/prognostic data were collected through in‐person interviews and questionnaires. HRQoL was collected at three post‐diagnosis time‐points, approximately 2 years apart using the Short Form (SF)−36 validated questionnaire. To identify physical and mental HRQoL trajectories, group‐based trajectory modelling was undertaken. Differences between groups were evaluated by assessing influential dropouts (mortality/poor health), behavioural/prognostic factors at diagnosis or during the follow‐up. Three trajectories of physical HRQoL were identified including: average‐maintaining HRQoL (32.2%), low‐declining HRQoL (40.5%) and very low‐maintaining HRQoL (27.3%). In addition, three trajectories for mental HRQoL were identified: average‐increasing HRQoL (66.5%), above average‐declining HRQoL (19.7%) and low‐increasing HRQoL (13.8%). In both physical and mental HRQoL, dropout from mortality/poor health differed between trajectories, thus confirming HRQoL and mortality were related. Furthermore, increased Charlson comorbidity index score was consistently associated with physical and mental HRQoL group membership relative to average maintaining groups, while behaviours such as time‐varying physical activity was associated with physical HRQoL trajectories but not mental HRQoL trajectories. It was possible to define three trajectories of physical and mental HRQoL after prostate cancer. These data provide insights regarding means for identifying subgroups of prostate cancer survivors with lower or declining HRQoL after diagnosis whom could be targeted for interventions aimed at improving HRQoL.
The Evolution and Impact of Total Synthesis on Chemistry, Biology and Medicine
Authors: Nicolaou Kyriacos C. , Rigol Stephan
Published: December 2016

The advent of organic synthesis in the nineteenth century sparked a revolution in chemistry that led from a serendipitous discovery to the art and science that it is today. Its creative nature turned into enabling technologies that set in motion entire new industries such as the dye and pharmaceutical enterprises and helped elucidate and confirm structures of countless natural products. It also served as the locomotive for discovery and invention of new reactions, synthetic strategies and technologies, and delivered myriad valuable compounds, more or less complex, for research and applications in our everyday lives. Today it is a partner of biology in the quest of understanding living nature and applying the gathered intelligence to discover and develop newer and more effective drugs.
Civil Commitment for Drug Dependency
Authors: Shatwell K. O.
Published: December 2016

In recent proposals for new legislation in New South Wales for dealing with drug‐dependent persons, opinion has been sharply divided over the issues for and against civil commitment for drug abuse per se. This paper examines the situation as seen from a legal point of view.
Decentralization: The American Experience and its Relevance for Australia
Authors: Lonsdale R. E.
Published: December 2016

An explanation is sought for the general lack of any significant amount of decentralization in Australia. Major, ongoing trends in the decentralizing of manufacturing industries in the United States are examined, and an attempt is made to identify specific forces attracting industry to country locations and those deterring it. Detailed comparison of the American and Australian situations reveals marked differences in the presence of conditions that either promote or discourage decentralization. It is concluded that, on present indications, the outlook for decentralization in Australia remains unfavourable.
A Comparison of South‐East Asian and Australian First‐Year Students' Views on University
Authors: Hynes Geraldine , Rich P. , Katz F. M.
Published: December 2016

A questionnaire study was carried out with Asian and Australian university entrants in order to ascertain their differential attitudes as to the purposes of an ideal university, and their expectations as to the milieu of an actual university. The implications of the significant culturally based differences between the two groups are discussed in terms of relative value systems, culture‐shock effects, and the ramifications for both academic policy and inter‐racial relations.
Research and Consultation: The Need for Improved Models
Authors: Hamilton‐Smith Elery
Published: December 2016

It is suggested that improved models are necessary for conceptualization of the relationship between research and social planning. Some different kinds of models are briefly outlined. The ritual components of social research are discussed and an example is described to illustrate the principles raised.
The Model School as A Community Centre
Authors: Genn J. M.
Published: December 2016

The question is raised whether in fact there is any ‘community’, in the generally accepted sense of the term, in our society today. If there is some doubt about the existence of community, but community is something generally deemed desirable, it seems a profitable procedure to study ways in which community may be generated or strengthened, particularly by the school. The role of the school as a centre for the generation of genuine community is considered. The idea of community among communities is then raised, and the paper concludes with discussion of the purposes underlying the community school concept.
GNP: The Modern Golden Calf
Authors: Vandermark Elzo
Published: December 2016

Gross National Product (GNP) is generally considered to be a measure of living standards. It is maintained in this paper that such a profound misunderstanding of a technical economic concept, which in fact measures productivity and not welfare, is leading to an uncritical pursuit of rising industrial output. It is now recognized that the ‘second‐order consequences’ of industrial output may lead to global environmental pollution, of which thermal pollution may be the most ominous. It is concluded, that, for the sake of posterity, we need a rapid transition from a ‘cowboy economy’ to a ‘spaceman economy’.
Barriers to Professional Roles in Urban Community Development
Authors: O'Collins Maeve
Published: December 2016

Problems in role performance for professionals engaged in research, planning, and delivery of services to low‐income urban communities in the United States form the background for a discussion of class, cultural and professional perspectives and the effect of acceptance of ‘culture of poverty’ formulations. Implications for Australian health, education and social welfare programmes are considered, and it is suggested that a redefinition of professional roles may be needed to increase the effectiveness of future voluntary and governmental services aimed at lessening poverty and inequality in Australian society.
The Psychogeriatric Problem
Authors: Ehrlich Fred
Published: December 2016

The nature and the origin of the psychogeriatric problem are described as a consequence of interactions of psychological, organic and social forces. The changing social role of the aged, accompanied by downward social mobility, is a feature seen as significant. The resulting difficulties experienced by an increasing proportion of the population are seen as being mainly in the form of dependence which is treated by rejection. No solutions are proposed in this paper.
Casework and Social Interaction Theory: Exchange and Interpersonal Negotiation
Authors: Pemberton Alec G. , Schacht Paul J. , Locke Ralph G.
Published: December 2016

Social casework is analysed as an interpersonal relationship: dyadic, two‐person social interaction. This approach is seen as necessary to supplement the clinical biases within the social work profession. In particular, an exchange theoretical analysis focused attention on the problematical nature of the formation, establishment and maintenance of the social work relationship. In addition, casework was examined as a basically negotiated interpersonal situation, and this perspective drew attention to the consequences of differential interpersonal power and the processes by which the social worker imposes his definition of the situation on the transaction.
Warehouses or Welfare?: Legislative Dispositions for Alcoholics
Authors: Carney Terry
Published: December 2016

Skid row alcoholic offenders and the various legislative responses to this social problem are examined. Recent United States case law is discussed in the context of sociological explanations of societal intervention against this group. The validity of the medical model of alcoholism as a basis for planning social policy in respect of alcoholic offenders is questioned. Traditional justifications for civil commitment programmes are rejected as an infringement of civil liberty and human dignity. The effectiveness of criminal sanction on a cost benefit basis is analysed. Finally,. alternative policies are discussed and recommendations are made as to possible long‐term solutions.
Social Welfare and Environmental Uncertainty
Authors: Lush Faye L.
Published: December 2016

This paper discusses the organizational role of social welfare in attempting to reduce or control uncertainty in the environment of individuals and in the wider community. It is suggested that differing degrees of environmental turbulence require different responses from social welfare organizations and social policy‐makers.
A Note on Attempted Suicide
Authors: Diespecker D. D. , Taylor L. J.
Published: December 2016

A study was made of 84 patients who attempted suicide in the Illawarra region of New South Wales. Most of the cases suffered from drug overdoses. The majority were young women. Of 64 women, 48 were married and only four were single. The occupations of both men and women were generally of low social status. Half of the patients' occupations were described as ‘domestic duties’ or ‘domestic’. The proportion of attempted suicides (by religion) was approximately the same as would be expected on the basis of the percentage of persons in each religious denomination as represented by the 1966 census, with the exception of three religions.
Some Comments on the Task of Evaluating the New Secondary School Social Science Programme in Queensland
Authors: Genn J. M.
Published: December 2016

First, some background information is provided about the progress that has been made in the preparation of new social science programmes for use in Australian secondary schools. Then some essentially simple but nevertheless somewhat uncommon ideas are advanced concerning emphases and strategies which seem important for evaluators of any educational programmes to consider, and which seem to be particularly important for evaluators of such complex and possibly provocative programmes as those in the social sciences, for secondary school students.
Adult Education for Increased Agricultural Productivity in Post‐War Nigeria
Authors: Odokara E. O.
Published: December 2016

Historically a poor, unindustrialized country, Nigeria since the civil war faces many problems of reconstruction and development, including the necessity of attaining a more stable economy, a high contribution of agriculture to the Gross Domestic Product, and the encouragement of literacy and more innovative approaches among the farmers. It is hoped that a work‐oriented functional literacy programme, based upon scientific farming and farm management principles, will effect attitude changes and thus enhance the likelihood of innovation, skill and the contribution of increased agricultural productivity to the national economy.
Unmarried Mothers in Australia: A Review
Authors: Schlesinger Benjamin
Published: December 2016

An increase in both illegitimate births and in the number of single women retaining their offspring has become evident in all Commonwealth industrialized English‐speaking countries. It is shown that women who bear ex‐nuptial children are getting younger, and that about 40 per cent are keeping their children. All States show a gradual increase in ex‐nuptial births, with those in Western Australia and Queensland rising to over 10 per cent of annual live births for the areas. Further research is needed on single women in Australia who keep their children.
Social Scientists and Other People
Authors: Hunt F. J.
Published: December 2016

In the context of considering problems associated with curriculum development in social science education, an attempt is made to identify roles of the social sciences and social scientists in society. Issues and debates in several of the social sciences are reviewed and positions underlying these issues are postulated. In particular, a moral component is posited, and implications for research and other activities such as social science education are indicated.
The Present Housing Policies in South Australia: Some Social and Economic Consequences
Authors: Pugh Cedric
Published: December 2016

A description and review of the present housing policies in South Australia are given. Critical comment is made on the scope of the present policies, the adequacy of provision of housing and its distribution among the various social and income groups. The discussion covers the activities of the South Australian Housing Trust, the functioning of the private sector market, the role of the Commonwealth Government, and some of the town planning policies in South Australia. It is argued that the present objectives of housing policy should be reviewed urgently as many of them are inadequate in relation to some rapidly changing social and economic circumstances.
Family Courts: Their Formation and Jurisdiction
Authors: Turner J. Neville
Published: December 2016

The transfer of jurisdiction over family matters to new tribunals to be known as 'Family Courts' is widely acknowledged to be desirable. But their precise constitution and the scope of their jurisdiction must be agreed upon before the establishment of Family Courts can be made politically acceptable. A case for the establishment of Family Courts is argued, and tentative proposals are made as to the constitution and status of Family Courts, their personnel and the matters over which they should have jurisdiction.
The Atypical Family: Mode or Necessity?
Authors: Sarantakos Sotirios
Published: December 2016

The study of de facto families has been neglected, despite the fact that they occur all round the world under various names and among individuals of all social strata. This paper analyses these atypical families in terms of their appearing to be stable social systems with consciously selected partners. Thirteen motives of individual and social provenance are found to be involved in their establishment. Although the older families are preponderantly a result of societal stress, modern atypical families in most cases are a mode expression.
Selection and Preparation of Applicants for Emigration to Australia
Authors: Cox David R.
Published: December 2016

Selection is a vital part of any immigration programme. However, it must be carried out in the context of the prospective migrant's motivation and attitudes to authority, and the reality situation of a particular country. The procedures adopted by the Australian Department of Immigration in Greece and Yugoslavia are discussed from the perspective of counselling, the provision of information, selection and preventive services. Difficulties faced by the selection officers are examined, but in the author's view considerable improvement is both possible and necessary.
Father‐Absence and the Development of Sex Role
Authors: Houston Stewart
Published: December 2016

The lack of data‐based research on the effects of father absence provided the major focus of the study. Comparisons are made between sex‐role development in father‐absent boys, male singletons and males in the four sibling‐status positions in two‐child families. On three measures of sex‐role development, differences between the groups are shown. The father‐absent groups are shown to rank poorly in comparison with their peers. Although no firm explanations are adduced for this developmental disadvantage, the possibilities of compensatory masculinity and critical periods in sex‐role establishment are raised. The need for provision of adequate male sex role models for boys during the psychosexually formative years and some implications for future research are discussed.
Planning and Integration of Welfare Services: An Australian Government Viewpoint
Authors: Hoyden Bill
Published: December 2016

A rationale is given for the Australian Government's goals in the area of intensive social welfare development. The aims and functions of the Social Welfare Commission and the Australian Assistance Plan are described, as well as the place, in the integrated programme, of the Regional Councils for Social Development. It is anticipated that the Australian community will actively participate in the evolvement of these public programmes.
Lawyers and the Welfare State
Authors: Sackville Ronald
Published: December 2016

For the most part, the Australian legal profession has failed to meet the challenge of extending the benefits of the law and legal processes to the poor. Lawyers have been assiduous in acting on behalf of wealthier beneficiaries of the welfare state, but they have not applied their skills to improve the position of those who lack substantial resources. An assessment of the role that the profession is equipped to fulfil on behalf of the poor reveals that there is much that could be done to penetrate the welfare process, if lawyers were prepared to direct their energies to that area.
A Note on Vasectomy
Authors: Diespecker D. D. , Simcock Barbara W.
Published: December 2016

Between June and December, 1972, more than 200 men had undergone vasectomy operations at the Caminer House clinic of the Family Planning Association of Australia in Sydney. One hundred vasectomy record cards were randomly selected and analysed. The mean ages of patients and their wives were 37.43 years and 33.96 years (ages ranged from 22.58 to 60.50 for men and from 22.17 to 49.66 for their wives). Patients had been married for an average of 12 years and the average number of children per couple was 3. A status ranking of occupations of the patients and their wives revealed that most subjects were from the lower socio‐economic group, that is, the professions were poorly represented in the sample.
Professional Social Science: Responsible as Well as Respectable?
Authors: Bottomley W. J.
Published: December 2016

Acceptable professional behaviour for social scientists has strayed from traditional ideals. Among other reasons, the predominantly middle‐class world view of most social science professionals has contributed to a narrow perspective on social matters which often leaves prevailing societal assumptions unchallenged. The emerging vision of a socially responsible role for social scientists calls into question many currently accepted aspects of professionalism, and the paper argues for a change of emphasis within social science to accommodate this new vision within the fold of professional respectability.
Hidden Realities Within Schooling
Authors: D'Urso S.
Published: December 2016

The democratization of schools is becoming the most embracing question in Australian education. Contrary to popular belief, lay and professional, incidental learning within schools is more potent than the intended cognitive outcomes of learning, that is, the principal function of schooling is latent rather than manifest. The social relations of schooling within a bureaucratic system, together with the general prevalence of a subject‐divided curriculum, teacher‐focused classrooms, and competitively oriented grading, condition the young as future jobholders and as citizens of a mass‐technocratic society. Schools need to be transformed into autonomous lifelong learning centres to foster the correlative, democratic values of individuality and community.
What is the Future of Futurology?
Authors: Black Alan W.
Published: December 2016

After seeking explanations for the recent growth of futurology, this paper outlines some of the major issues which need to be resolved in answering the question ‘Can the sociologist predict the future?’ Then various pitfalls confronting the futurologist are examined. Directions are suggested for further developments in this field.
Ethnic Groups in Urban Education
Authors: Isaacs Eva
Published: December 2016

The concept of urban education is seen as education conducted under certain conditions and in a particular environment—for example, in inner city areas where immigrant groups have settled. Greek children in State schools in the inner city of Sydney serve as an example. It is suggested that for the local Australian pupils, and for those for whom English is a second language, school entry marks the beginning of their alienation process. Home and school value systems are at variance. The needs of the local Australian group and those of the immigrants are totally separate and disparate. Implications for an effective balance of home and school demands are discussed.
The Dehumanization of Man: Dimensions and Processes
Authors: Cock Peter H.
Published: December 2016

This paper is concerned with the dimensions and processes of dehumanization within the context of our contemporary social order. It considers briefly the nature of post‐industrial society and its dehumanizing consequences, discussing the various dimensions of dehumanization articulated by various writers. The core argument is that dehumanization is created by external social structural conditions and only later becomes internally self‐generating within the individual, which can lead to a self‐perpetuating dehumanization syndrome.
The Child Under Five in Canberra
Authors: Howells Simone
Published: December 2016

An outline is given of the changing attitude of the Australian community towards its responsibility for the care of young children vis á vis the rights of the parents.

Canberra's various provisions for the day care of the under‐fives is reviewed and the distinction is made between education facilities for the children and ‘child care’ for the benefit of the parents. Because there is no literature in the field of family day care—‘child minding’—a small survey was conducted. Data are presented covering the ages of the children, the composition of the minders' families, charges made, and the minders' and working mothers' attitudes towards the arrangements. In conclusion, some indication is given as to desirable standards for both day care and group care, and suggestions are made about areas for which community responsibility should be taken in the future.
School Students at Work
Authors: Douse Mike
Published: December 2016

Over half of three hundred fifth‐formers surveyed had taken holiday jobs and over a third worked part‐time during the school term. The average remuneration for those who worked was $1.75 for boys and $1.20 for girls and the average time in employment per week was almost twenty hours in the holidays and about seven and a half during term. While the respondents reported that they worked for money and to gain acceptance in the adult world, a majority of them stated that they favoured compulsory work experience, advocating that all students should spend time on farms or in factories as part of their education.
Abortion in New Zealand: A Review
Authors: Trlin A. D.
Published: December 2016

During the last two years the subject of abortion has become a prominent social issue in New Zealand. The ‘facts’ are brought into focus by systematic reviews of (a) surveys of public and professional opinion on abortion law reform, and (b) evidence on the incidence of abortion, reasons given for therapeutic abortions, and characteristics of patients. It was found that the majority of New Zealanders clearly support some liberalization of existing laws, but not to the extent of advocating abortion on demand. The review of survey results also indicates the need for ‘clarification programmes’ to acquaint New Zealanders with the precise provisions and accepted or acceptable interpretations of existing laws. A plea is made for further information and research in order to facilitate informed and effective decision making by government. A postscript on recent events is appended.
The Importance of Being Worthy
Authors: Tomlinson John
Published: December 2016

Australians consider we have a modern comprehensive welfare service, one in which charity, worthiness, and do‐gooderism are anachronisms found only in isolated welfare agencies run by obscure sects. This is not so. They remain a central feature of welfare practice at both governmental and private levels. Our modern agencies prefer not to tell people they are unworthy but social workers can everywhere be heard saying ‘I'm sorry, but you are not eligible—you have not met our requirements.’

In this paper a series of propositions is put which if implemented would go a long way towards diminishing worthiness as a major factor in our social welfare system. Rather than support the introduction of these propositions by stressing their benefits, there is a concentration on description and analysis of aspects of existing practice which the propositions if implemented would negate.
The Size of the Homeless Men Population of Sydney
Authors: Darcy L. , Jones D. L.
Published: December 2016

An attempt is made to determine the size of the population which uses the facilities for homeless men in Sydney. The distribution in age groupings of homeless men in Sydney is shown to be quite different from that of the general male population of New South Wales, and the extreme mobility of members of this population is again noted.
From the Receiving End
Authors: Huppert Nora
Published: December 2016

This is a study of the effectiveness of marriage counselling as reported by the clients during telephone interviews. Results compare favourably with earlier studies and overseas research.
The South Australian Prohibition of Discrimination Act and Racism
Authors: Prideaux David
Published: December 2016

The effectiveness of the South Australian Prohibition of Discrimination Act is examined with respect to its effect on individual and institutional racism. It is concluded that the act only deals with individual racism and not the less overt aspects of institutional racism; for example the latter still exists in poor standards of health, housing, and education. For a significant improvement in race relations in Australia there needs to be a wider guarantee against discrimination to cover both individual and institutional racism. It is suggested that the Australian government's Bill of Rights and Racial Discrimination Bill be examined in this light.
Consumer Participation in Community Health Services: Lessons from Overseas
Authors: Gross Paul F.
Published: December 2016

Community and consumer participation in community health services (CHS) is first examined from the viewpoint of roles that such groups can play in reforming national health services. A number of options for Australian consumer participation are examined from the experience of other nations. The theoretical literature on participation is briefly examined for paradigms. Finally, the future of consumer participation in CHS is related to the fragmented social and industrial planning mosaic in Australia.
Danger to Freedom from the Helping Professions: Psychiatry, Psychology and Social Work
Authors: Older Jules
Published: December 2016

Psychiatry, psychology and social work should serve as enhancers of freedom, but in certain circumstances they constitute a danger to the freedom of individuals and groups in society. Psychiatrists in the Soviet Union have served as punishers of dissent, and others, in various parts of the world, have been involved in abuses of psychosurgery. Psychologists have participated in dubious uses of aversion therapy and have applied their scientific knowledge to designing and implementing advanced torture techniques. Those psychiatrists and psychologists who sell their skills to the highest bidder, without regard for humankind, are termed PSYCHOCRATS. Social work does not constitute a direct danger to freedom but has generally failed to act as an enhancer of freedom for the poor and powerless.
The Significance of Poverty Definition to Australians
Authors: Halladay Allan
Published: December 2016

The absolute, arbitrary, single‐dimensional definition of poverty used by The Australian Government's Commission of Inquiry Into Poverty in its Interim Report of March, 1974, is inconsistent with a commitment to bring about a change in the structure of Australian society and to correct the excessive degree of economic inequality. Because of the significance of the conceptualization of poverty to the well‐being of the majority of Australians, the commission is urged to perceive the problem of poverty as a problem of inequality and to apply a relative poverty line to the income data in their first main report.
Australian Assistance Plan: Candle in the Wind
Authors: DeMaria William
Published: December 2016

The Australian Assistance Plan, having the ingredients of an important new social movement, will be actively opposed by the more economically settled sections of the community. This opposition will be successful if the plan is not immediately fortified with an increased power base.
Prevention Programmes in Community Mental Health: A Review
Authors: White Ronald G. , Mitchell Kenneth R.
Published: December 2016

Allocation of resources to community mental health care in Australia has escalated rapidly in recent years. The major conceptual advance has been the balancing of traditional therapeutic or remedial intervention with the goal of preventing psychological distress. The authors argue that the implementation of preventive programmes has fallen short of expectation. Two reasons are advanced: the differing status accorded the two activities, and the lack of goal definition in prevention programme development. Recommendations are made for the successful implementation of prevention programmes in community mental health care.
Housing and Health in an Aboriginal Community in Bourke, New South Wales
Authors: Kamien M.
Published: December 2016

Many aborigines in rural and in urban centres live in housing conditions which prevent them from leading a normal family life. This paper describes how a deficiency in number, type, quality and administration of housing in the rural town of Bourke, New South Wales, contributed to the poor morale of the aborigines as well as being a physical, psychological and social health hazard.
Effects of Community, Family, and Home Variables on Job Satisfaction
Authors: Peretti Peter O.
Published: December 2016

Research in industry has suggested that motivation and job satisfaction are influenced by various aspects of work activity and work environment. Family background and community characteristics have been thought to have some relevance. In the present research an attempt was made to find out: (1) the significance of relevant community variables, (2) the importance of family and home variables, and (3) their intra as well as interaction effects on job satisfaction in industry. Community, family and home variables were found to correlate highly with job satisfaction, particularly those latter factors dealing with the employees' personal life.
Australia's Changing Population Structure
Authors: Spencer Geraldine
Published: December 2016

The approach of equilibrium has been greeted with forebodings of labour shortages and of inability to populate growth centres or develop resources; further large scale immigration has been recommended and it is claimed that Australia can accommodate many times its present population. These forebodings are challenged. The population structure will become more normal and the workforce will continue to grow, its skills depending upon training and rewards. Growth centres are an alternative to further expansion of capital cities and imply fewer at risk of poverty and less risk to the environment.