bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Severe sepsis criteria, PELOD-2, and pSOFA as predictors of mortality in critically ill children with sepsis
Authors: Wulandari Anindita , Pudjiastuti Pudjiastuti , Martuti Sri
Published: January 2020

Background Sepsis is one of the main causes of death in infants and children. Currently, it is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction, caused by an inflammatory response of infection. Several organ dysfunction assessment methods are available, but they are not uniformly used.

Objective To compare the accuracy of three mortality predictor tools: severe sepsis criteria, pediatric logistic organ dysfunction (PELOD)-2, and pediatric sequential organ failure assessment (pSOFA), in critically ill children with sepsis.

Methods This prospective cohort study was conducted in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and pediatric high care unit (HCU) of dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Central of Java. All patients who met the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria were included in our study. The exclusion criteria were congenital anomalies of heart or kidney, malignancy, or hematological abnormalities. The data were taken from laboratory and physical examinations by the physicians on duty. The outcome assessed was mortality.

Results Of 30 subjects, the mean age was 22.22 (SD 29.36) months; the most common infection source was the respiratory tract, followed by gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. Most subjects were treated in the PICU and had a mean length of stay of 8.70 (SD 11.91) days. Severe sepsis and PELOD-2 were not significant predictors of death. However, pSOFA score was a statistically significant predictor of mortality, with odds ratio 10.11 (95%CI 1.054 to 97.002; P=0.039).

Conclusion Pediatric SOFA (pSOFA) is a better predictor of mortality compared to PELOD-2 and SIRS-severe sepsis. A pSOFA score ≥ 2 increases the risk of mortality by 10.11-fold.
Heated, humidified high-flow nasal cannula vs. nasal CPAP in infants with moderate respiratory distress
Authors: Perma Iskandar Adhi Teguh , Kaban Risma Kerina , Djer Mulyadi M
Published: January 2020

Background Respiratory distress is the most common cause of morbidity in premature babies in the delivery room. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) is widely used as the preferred modality of treatment, although it may cause nasal trauma. Heated, humidified high-flow nasal (HHHFN) cannula is an alternative oxygen therapy, yet the safety and efficacy has not been widely studied.

Objective To compare the safety and efficacy of HHHFN and nCPAP in premature babies with gestational age > 28 to < 35 weeks and moderate respiratory distress.

Methods We conducted a randomized, non-inferiority, clinical trial using HHHFN vs. nCPAP as a treatment for moderate respiratory distress within 72 hours after they had been used. The efficacy endpoints were treatment failure, length of device use, length of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC), and full enteral feeding time. Safety assessment included pain score, nasal trauma, and systemic complications.

Results No differences were found in terms of incidence of endotracheal intubation within < 72 hours of HHHFN (20%) compared to nCPAP (18%) (P=0.799). However, there was a significant difference in moderate nasal trauma in nCPAP (14%) compared to HHHFN (0%)(P=0.006). There were no significant differences of blood gas analysis results, full enteral feeding time, length of KMC, length of device use, and rate of complications (bronchopulmonary dysplasia/BPD, intraventricular hemorrhage/IVH, patent ductus arteriosus/PDA, necrotizing enterocolitis/NEC and late onset neonatal sepsis/LONS) between the nCPAP and HHHFN groups.

Conclusion The HHHFN is not inferior to nCPAP in terms of the safety and efficacy as primary non-invasive therapy in premature babies of gestational age > 28 to < 35 weeks with moderate respiratory distress . Compared to nCPAP, HHHFN induced lower nasal trauma.
INOVASI PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM MELALUI MODEL CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING DALAM MENINGKATKAN TARAF BERFIKIR PESERTA DIDIK
Authors: Hidayat Tatang , Syahidin Syahidin
Published: January 2020

Tujuan pembahasan ini untuk mendeskripsikan inovasi pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam melalui model Contextual Teaching and Learning dalam meningkatkan taraf berfikir peserta didik. Pembahasan ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode studi literatur. Berdasarkan hasil pembahasan, model Contextual Teaching and Learning merupakan model pembelajaran yang banyak melibatkan peserta didik dengan mengaitkan materi yang dipelajari dengan konteks kehidupan nyata. Model Contextual Teaching and Learning didalamnya mengakomodasikan keterlibatan peserta didik secara fisik maupun mental. Dengan demikian, peserta didik difasilitasi dalam mengembangkan pengetahuannya sendiri yang sudah ada pada struktur aqliyahnya, dan diberi kesempatan untuk memecahkan masalah secara bersama-sama dalam kegiatan ilmiah. Oleh karena itu, model Contextual Teaching and Learning bisa dijadikan model alternatif untuk proses internalisasi nilai-nilai Islam dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam. Implementasinya dengan cara menyampaikan materi yang lebih aktual, realistis, mencerdaskan, mencerahkan, dan membangkitkan pemikiran. Implikasinya, taraf berfikir peserta didik akan meningkat karena diberi keleluasaan dalam mengeksplor pembelajarannya.
PENGEMBANGAN INPUT SANTRI BARU BERBASIS ADAPTASI-KARANTINA (STUDI ANALISIS SANTRI BARU DI PESANTREN YANAABII’UL QUR’AN KUDUS)
Authors: Siregar Maragustam , Nur Aini Laili
Published: January 2020

karantia. Ini menjadi signifikan diteliti sebagai bentuk pengembangan spiritual, pengetahuan, dan keterampilan santri. Penelitian ini bertujuan menjawab (1) bagaimana pengembangan input santrai baru berbasis karantina-adaptasi, (2) bagaimana bentuk-bentuk adaptasi santri baru di karantina, dan (3) bagaimana faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kemampuan santri baru beradaptasi? Penelitian lapangan ini bersifat kualitatif pendekatan pedagogik. Penentuan subyek menggunakan purposive  dan snowball sampling.  Pengumpulan data mengunakan observasi partisipatif, wawancara mendalam, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisisnya menggunakan Miles dan Huberman dengan cara koleksi, reduksi, penyajian, dan verifikasi data. Hasilnya (1) sebagian besar santri baru berbasis karantina menjadi mampu beradaptasi baik dengan indikator tertentu; (2) Bentuk  adaptasinya, adaptive dengan indikator adanya perubahan fisik, perilaku sosial, dan  daya tarik sosial. Sedangkan aspek adjustive dengan indikaktor intensi, nilai, dan empati. (3) Hal-hal yang mempengaruhinya, faktor fisiologis, psikologis, sosio-kultural, dan kematangan individu.
The Curious Memory of Slavery in New Jersey, 1865-1941
Authors: Gigantino II James J.
Published: January 2020

This article examines the historiographic memory of slavery in New Jersey through various local and state historical publications from the end of slavery in the state (1865) to the beginning of World War II.  It argues that in contrast to the prevailing historiographic contention that slavery’s northern past had been hidden until late in the twentieth century, New Jerseyans carried on a vibrant and mostly accurate study of slavery in the state at this time.
YAPISAL SERMAYENİN İŞLETME PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI
Authors: EREN Erol , AKPINAR Selma
Published: January 2020

Günümüzün en önemli rekabet silahı bilgidir. Entellektüel sermaye, bilginin bütün biçimlerini kapsayan, işletmede çalışanlar tarafından bilinen ve işletmeye rekabet üstünlüğü sağlayan bir kavramdır. Entellektüel sermayenin bileşenlerini insan sermayesi, yapısal sermaye ve müşteri sermayesi olmak üzere üç kısımda inceleyebiliriz. Yapısal sermaye işetmenin faaliyetlerini sürdürebilmesi için gerekli olan insan sermayesini destekleyen örgütsel değerlerdir. Bunlar; işletme kültürü, dokümantasyonlar, müşterilere ve pazara ait bilgilerin kaydedildiği veri tabanları, üretim, kalite ve yönetim sistem ve süreçleri, elde edilmiş patent ve telif haklan, bilgisayar ağlan, bilgi sistemleri gibi etkin ve verimli çalışmayı mümkün kılan örgütsel alt yapı değerleridir. Bu çalışmada entelektüel sermayenin önemli bileşenlerinden birisi olan yapısal sermayenin işletme performansı üzerindeki etkilerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada, işletmenin, entelektüel sermaye bileşenleri arasında, sahiplik derecesi bakımından, en üst düzeyde sahip olduğu bileşeni yapısal sermayenin, işletme performansını nasıl etkilediği hususu incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Yapısal sermayenin ve onun alt unsurlarının performans üzerindeki etkilerine yönelik hipotezler test edilmiştir.
ÇALIŞMA AMAÇLARININ TESBİTİ ve ÇALIŞMA AMAÇLARI TESTİNİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ
Authors: TEVRÜZ Suna , TURGUT Tülay
Published: January 2020

Çalışma eylemini anlamak amacıyla başlatılan bu araştırmada, genelde çalışma değerleri olarak ele alınan çalışma amacı incelenmiştir. İlk aşamada, açık uçlu bir soruyla, 239 deneğe çalışmanın nedenleri sorulmuştur. Cevaplan kapsam analizinden geçirdikten sonra elde edilen 79 madde ile çalışma amaçlarım ölçen bir test geliştirilmiştir. Test ölçekleri altı aralıklı olup tamamen katılıyorumdan hiç katılmıyoruma doğru uzanmaktadır. Farklı zaman ve ortamlarda bu test 417 üniversite öğrencisine ve 438 işgörene uygulanmıştır. 855 denekten toplanan veriler üzerinde yapılan faktör analizi 12 faktör vermiştir. Ortaya çıkan çalışma amaçlan ile batı araştırmalan arasındaki en bariz fark, bu araştırmanın çalışmaya dini bir boyut katmş olmasıdır. İkinci dereceden faktör analizi 12 faktörü üç boyutta toplamıştır.
YEREL HALKIN BOŞ ZAMAN YE REKREASYON FAALİYETLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA: NEVŞEHİR ÖRNEĞİ ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: AVCIKURT Cevdet , İLBAN M. Oğuzhan , ÖZCAN Kürşat
Published: January 2020

Sanayi devrimi ile birlikte oluşan ve günümüze dek gelişen boş zaman değerlendirme olgusu her geçen gün önemini artırmakta ve hatta toplumların geleceklerini ciddi olarak etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada, demografik özelliklerin, boş zamanlar değerlendirilirken alternatifler arasındaki tercihlerde ne türlü etkilere sebep olduğunun ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada birincil ve ikincil verilerden yararlanılmıştır. Birincil veri toplama aracı olarak mevcut yazm doğrultusunda hazırlanan anket formlarından kullanılmıştır. Toplam ikiyüz anket formu doldurtulabilmiştir. Çalışmada Nevşehir ilindeki katılımcıların demografik özellikleri bağımsız değişkenleri ile, boş zaman tercihleri değerlendirme konusundaki bağımlı değişkenler istatistiksel teknikler kullanılarak karşılaştınlmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen sonuçlar ve öneriler çalışma sonunda açıklanmıştır
BİLİŞİM SEKTÖRÜNDEKİ GELİŞMELERİN İÇ VE DIŞ KAYNAKLI İSTİHDAM STRATEJİLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ
Authors: TINGÖY Özhan
Published: January 2020

Günümüzde bilişim teknolojileri hızla gelişmektedir. Kurumlar da bu teknolojik ilerlemeler dolayısıyla işçi işveren ilişkilerini yeniden düzenleme yoluna gitmektedir. Yeni teknolojilerin kuruma girmesiyle oluşan bilgi eksikliği ve bunu karşılamadaki masraflar, personelin verimsiz çalışması, çalışma süreleri, yasal ayrıntılar, sosyal güvenlik, hükümet politikaları belli başlı sorunlar oluşturmaktadır. Bu yüzden kurumlar, çeşitli iç ve dış kaynaklı istihdam stratejileri üzerinde çalışmaktadır. Kurumların çoğu bu hızlı gelişim karşısında bilişim hizmeti sağlayan personelin bir bölümünü içeriden sağlarken bir bölümünü de dışarıdan sağlamayı yeğlemektedir. Bu yazıda, bilişim teknolojilerindeki gelişmeler bünyesinde,kurumların iç ve dış kaynaklı işçi-işveren düzenlemelerindeki durumu geleneksel istihdam düzenlemelerinden başlayarak yeni alternatif istihdam yapısı çeşitli boyutlarıyla ele alınıp dış kaynaklı istihdam sınıflandırması sunulmaktadır.
A computational intelligence based approach for optimized operation scheduling of energy plants
Authors: Mast Johannes , Rädle Stefan , Gerlach Joachim , Bringmann Oliver
Published: January 2020

This paper describes a methodology for optimizing the operation schedule of energy plants, which is exemplarily applied for a combined heat and power plant and a heat pump. The methodology is based on the computational intelligence algorithms Ant Colony Optimization and Simulated Annealing and allows a customized description of the optimization objective. This is demonstrated by several optimization objectives that have been considered, such as the price on the electricity market. The methodology replaces a conventional, guided operating mode of the system with an intelligent, prognostic-based operation planning. In this way, the systems can be operated more economically and/or more sustainably.
Phase-space exploration of unit ensembles in energy management
Authors: Bremer Jörg , Lehnhoff Sebastian
Published: January 2020

Currently, a transition of the electrical power system occurs that results in replacing large-scale thermal power plants at transmission grid level by small generation units mainly installed in the distribution grid. A shift from the transmission to the distribution grid level and an increase in ancillary service demand is a direct result of this transition, demanding delegation of liabilities to distributed, small energy resources. Decoder-based methods currently are not able to cope with ensembles of individually acting energy resources. Aggregating flexibilities results in folded distributions with unfavorable properties for machine learning decoders. Nevertheless, a combined training set is needed to integrate e. g., a hotel, a small business, or similar with an ensemble of co-generation, heat pump, solar power, or controllable consumers to a single flexibility model. Thus, we improved the training process and use evolution strategies for sampling ensembles.
Using MAP-Elites to support policy making around Workforce Scheduling and Routing
Authors: Urquhart Neil , Hart Emma , Hutcheson William
Published: January 2020

Algorithms such as MAP-Elites provide a means of allowing users to explore a solution space by returning an archive of high-performing solutions. Such an archive, can allow the user an overview of the solution space which may be useful when formulating policy around the problem itself. The number of solutions that can potentially be returned by MAP-Elites is controlled by a parameter d that discretises the user-defined features into ‘bins’. For a fixed evaluation budget, increasing the number of bins increases user-choice, but at the same time, may lead to a reduction in overall quality of solutions. We undertake a study of the application of Map-Elites to a Workforce Scheduling and Routing problem, using a set of realistic instances based in London.
Macroalgal diversity for sustainable biotechnological development in French tropical overseas territories
Authors: Stiger-Pouvreau Valérie , Zubia Mayalen
Published: January 2020

This review focuses on the diversity of French tropical overseas macroalgae and their biotechnological applications. After listing the specific diversity, i.e. 641 species in French Antilles in the Atlantic Ocean, 560 species in the Indian Ocean, and 1015 species in the South Pacific Ocean, we present the potential of their metabolites and their main uses. Among the great diversity of metabolites, we focus on carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, pigments and secondary metabolites, in particular terpenes and phenolic compounds. The main applications of reef macroalgae are described in human and animal consumptions, phycocolloids extraction, production of active ingredients for health, cosmetics, agriculture, and bioremediation. For each application, we list what has been done, or will be done in French tropical overseas territories and point out the challenges faced when using this chemo-diversity, and problems linked to their exploitation. Finally, we discuss challenges to develop seaweed farming, their uses in carbon sequestration and resilience to global change, their uses for alternative proteins together with the production of bioenergy and biomaterials. As a conclusion, we encourage the research on the chemo-diversity of French reef macroalgae for industrial applications as these organisms represent a reservoir of active ingredients that is still insufficiently explored.
Including multiple languages in secondary education: A translanguaging approach
Authors: Günther-van der Meij Mirjam , Duarte Joana , Nap Laura
Published: January 2020

This article presents recent developments around multilingual secondary education in the officially bilingual province of Friesland, the Netherlands. As in other European contexts, schools in this region face the challenge of a growing language diversity due to migration. Despite this larger variety of languages in society, schooling is still mainly through the national language (Kroon & Spotti, 2011), based on the idea that immersion in each of the target languages triggers the best outcomes, thus leading to language separation pedagogies. Also, in teacher training programmes, pre-service teachers are educated with a pedagogy of language separation. This is in contrast with research that has repeatedly shown the importance of using all language resources of multilingual pupils in optimizing learning (Cenoz & Gorter, 2011; Cummins, 2008).

Against this backdrop, recent developments for multilingual secondary education within the province of Friesland focus on

a. less separation between the three instruction languages (Frisian, Dutch and English);

b. creating bridges between foreign languages in secondary education (German and French);

c. valorising and including migrant languages in mainstream education.

The Holi-Frysk project (holistic approach for Frisian and language education) was set up as an answer to these issues (Authors, forthcoming). In this pilot-project three secondary schools of different types developed, implemented and evaluated multilingual teaching approaches to include all languages present in the school in teaching. Teachers were trained through workshops and school visits and the

activities were video recorded, transcribed and analysed on their translanguaging practices.

The article will first of all present and discuss a few examples of the pedagogical activities and secondly zoom in on its effects at the interactional level by focusing on moments in which different functions of pedagogical translanguaging (García & Wei, 2015) appear. Finally, suggestions are given how these findings could be integrated in the teacher training programmes to prepare our pre-service teachers for today’s multilingual and multicultural classrooms.
Construction of difference and homogeneity: Teacher narratives about diversity in the Luxembourgish school system
Authors: Wagner Jean-Marc , Hu Adelheid
Published: January 2020

The school environment of the 21st century is shaped by rapidly changing social and societal conditions that teachers need to adapt to, increasing linguistic, cultural and ethnic diversity among other things. The development of attitudes to cope with these constant societal transformations is one of the main challenges of teacher professionalization today. In this chapter, we concentrate on the self-positioning and argumentation patterns of two Luxembourgish primary school teachers. We focus on the question how these teachers construct differences and homogeneity, what kind of categories and norms they rely on (e.g. performance, sociocultural background, and language) and in how far mechanisms of in- and exclusion become visible.

With its trilingual tradition and school system (mainly Luxembourgish, French and German), and at the same time a highly diverse society with more than 170 nationalities, Luxembourg represents a particularly interesting case. As the recent PISA studies have repeatedly shown, the Luxembourgish school system (including its traditional trilingualism and strong orientation on language education) produces a high degree of inequality, and represents an important challenge especially for children of migration.

With our study, which is based on in-depth interviews and which adopts an analytical approach combining elements of content and discourse analysis, we found a tendency towards a backward oriented idealized orientation of the past and a high degree of insecurity. We also show which ambivalences the teachers are confronted with and their efforts to deal with these ambivalences.

We hope to contribute to a deeper understanding of how teachers position themselves vis a vis the existing diversity in schools, and which discourse and argumentation patterns they rely on. We see this study as part of research on teacher professionalization that will be useful for reflexive pre- and in-service teacher training.
Needs assessment for gender sensitive reproductive health services for adolescents
Authors: Rahmanian Fatemeh , Nazarpour Soheila , Simbar Masoumeh , Ramezankhani Ali , Zayeri Farid
Published: January 2020

Background

A dimension of reproductive health services that should be gender sensitive is reproductive health services for adolescents.

Objective

This study aims to assess needs for gender sensitive reproductive health care services for adolescents.

Methods

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study on 341 of health care providers for adolescents in health centers and hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in Iran in 2016. The subjects of the study were recruited using a convenience sampling method. The tools for data collection were: (1) a demographic information questionnaire and; (2) a valid and reliable questionnaire to Assess the Needs of Gender-Sensitive Adolescents Reproductive Health Care Services (ANQ-GSARHS) including three sections; process, structure and policy making for the services. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.

Results

Three hundred and forty-one health providers with an average working experience of 8.77 ± 5.39 [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] years participated in the study. The results demonstrated the highest scores for educational needs (92.96% ± 11.49%), supportive policies (92.71% ± 11.70%) and then care needs (92.37% ± 14.34%) of the services.

Conclusions

Providing gender sensitive reproductive health care services for adolescents needs to be reformed as regards processes, structure and policies of the services. However, the gender appropriate educational and care needs as well as supportive policies are the priorities for reform of the services.
The Influence of Osmotic Dehydration Conditions on Drying Kinetics and Total Carotenoid Content of Kiwiberry (Actinidia Arguta)
Authors: Bialik Michał , Wiktor Artur , Witrowa-Rajchert Dorota , Gondek Ewa
Published: January 2020

Kiwiberries (Actinidia arguta var. Geneva) were osmotically dehydrated in sucrose, xylitol and maltitol 60 % water solutions at 30 and 50 °C. After pre-treatment, the samples were dried using convective method at 70 °C until fruits have reached a dimensionless moisture ratio (MR) of 0.02. Osmotic pre-treatment significantly improved drying kinetics during the first stage of the process. All the pre-treated samples reached water activity level (aw) less than 0.6 after 7 h of drying. When maltitol or xylitol was used as an osmotic agent at 30 °C, the time required for drying was reduced by 23 and 32 %, respectively. In turn, dehydration performed at 50 °C had no positive effect on the drying kinetics. The shortest drying time was obtained for the samples dehydrated in xylitol at 30 °C. In the case of these samples target MR was reached after 542 min whereas in the case of untreated samples drying lasted 810 min. The highest retention of carotenoid was observed for the samples osmotically pre-treated in maltitol solution at 30 °C and sucrose solution at 50 °C.
Mechanical properties of circular nano-silica concrete filled stainless steel tube stub columns after being exposed to freezing and thawing
Authors: Lin Qingjie , Chen Yu , Liu Chao
Published: January 2020

Experimental research on circular nano-silica concrete filled stainless steel tube (C-CFSST) stub columns after being exposed to freezing and thawing is carried out in this paper. All of forty specimens were tested in this paper, including nine C-CFSST specimens at normal temperature, 28 short columns of C-CFSST for freeze-thaw treatment and three circular hollow stainless steel stub columns. The failure mode, load-displacement curves, load-strain curves and load-bearing capacity were obtained and analyzed in this paper. The main parameters explored in the test include the number of freeze-thaw cycles (N=0, N=50, N=75, and N=100), wall thickness (T=1.0mm, T=1.2mm, T=1.5mm) andnano-silica concrete strength (fc=20MPa, fc=30MPa, fc=40MPa). The result shows that C-CFSST short columns at normal temperature and subjected to freezing and thawing follow similar failure mode. The effect of freeze-thaw cycles (N) of 50 on bearing capacity of C-CFSST column was maximal, and then the influence of N on the bearing capacity of specimens was small when N reached to 75, finally the effect of N on bearing capacity of C-CFSST column was large when N reached to 100. The bearing capacity of C-CFSST columns increases with increasing wall thickness. In addition, the loss percentage of bearing capacity of specimens (fc=40MPa) for freeze-thaw treatment is maximal, and the loss percentage of bearing capacity of specimens (fc=30MPa) for freeze-thaw treatment is minimal. According to the test results, this paper proposed a formula to calculate the bearing capacity of C-CFSST short columns for freeze-thaw treatment.
Arc erosion behavior of TiB2/Cu composites with single-scale and dual-scale TiB2 particles
Authors: Li Shaolin , Guo Xiuhua , Zhang Shengli , Feng Jiang , Song Kexing , Liang Shuhua
Published: January 2020

Arc erosion behaviors of TiB2/Cu composites with single-scale and dual-scale TiB2 particles fabricated by powder metallurgy were studied. It was revealed that the dual-scale TiB2/Cu composites had fewer structure defects compared with the single-scale TiB2/Cu composites, and TiB2 particles with different size were uniformly distributed in the copper matrix. When the ratio of 2 μm over 50 μm TiB2 particles is 1:2, the density of TiB2/Cu composite is 98.5% and shows best mechanical and thermal properties. The arc duration and energy of TiB2/Cu composites increase with the increase of electric current in contact material testing. Compared with the single-scale TiB2/Cu composites, the arc erosion of dual-scale TiB2/Cu composite with 2 μm+50 μm (1:2) TiB2 was slighter. The anode bulge area and cathode erosion pit of dual-scale TiB2/Cu composite was smaller. The dual-scale TiB2 particles optimize the microstructure and thermal stability of the composite, which is conducive to alleviating arc erosion. The synergistic effect of different sized TiB2 particles in the matrix improved the arc erosion resistance of TiB2/Cu composite during arcing.
On the polysemy of the Polish complete path construction: A corpus-based exploratory study
Authors: Bębeniec Daria , Cudna Małgorzata
Published: January 2020

In this article, we present a corpus-based analysis of two major types of the Polish Complete Path (CP) construction in which a source-PP, headed byod+GEN, is immediately followed by a goal-PP, headed bydo+GEN orpo+ACC, as inodjesieni 1920dojesieni 1921‘fromautumn 1920toautumn 1921’ andodkreskówekporysunki techniczne‘fromcartoonstotechnical drawings’. The aim of the study is to shed some light on the polysemous structure of the CP construction on the basis of its usage patterns. To this end, we used a random sample of over 500 instances of both construction types retrieved from the National Corpus of Polish. The data were annotated for a number formal and semantic features and subsequently explored using hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis. When interpreting the results of several analyses performed on different sets of variables, we gave special attention to three levels of semantic granularity encoded in the data, concluding that, on the whole, all analyses point towards a distinction between the spatial, temporal and abstract meanings of the construction under investigation.
What model for the target rate
Authors: Feunou Bruno , Fontaine Jean-Sébastien , Jin Jianjian
Published: January 2020

The Federal Reserve target rate has a lower bound. Changes to the target rate occur with discrete increments. Using out-of-sample forecasts of the target rate, we evaluate models incorporating these two realistic non-linear features. Incorporating these features mitigates in-sample over-fitting and improves out-of-sample forecast accuracy of the target rate level and volatility. A model with these features performs better relative to the linear models because (i) it produces stronger responses of forecasts to inflation and unemployment and a weaker response to lagged target rate, and because (ii) it yields very different forecast distributions when the target rate is close to the lower bound.
Forebrain Cholinergic Signaling: Wired and Phasic, Not Tonic, and Causing Behavior
Authors: Sarter Martin , Lustig Cindy
Published: January 2020

Conceptualizations of cholinergic signaling as primarily spatially diffuse and slow-acting are based largely on measures of extracellular brain ACh levels that require several minutes to generate a single data point. In addition, most such studies inhibited the highly potent catalytic enzyme for ACh, AChE, to facilitate measurement of ACh. Absent such inhibition, AChE limits the presence of ambient ACh and thus renders it unlikely that ACh influences target regions via slow changes in extracellular ACh concentrations. We describe an alternative view by which forebrain signaling in cortex driving cognition is largely phasic (milliseconds to perhaps seconds), and unlikely to be volume-transmitted. This alternative is supported by new evidence from real-time amperometric recordings of cholinergic signaling indicating a specific function of rapid, phasic, transient cholinergic signaling in attentional contexts. Previous neurochemical evidence may be reinterpreted in terms of integrated phasic cholinergic activity that mediates specific behavioral and cognitive operations; this reinterpretation fits well with recent computational models. Optogenetic studies support a causal relationship between cholinergic transients and behavior. This occurs in part via transient-evoked muscarinic receptor-mediated high-frequency oscillations in cortical regions. Such oscillations outlast cholinergic transients and thus link transient ACh signaling with more sustained postsynaptic activity patterns to support relatively persistent attentional biases. Reconceptualizing cholinergic function as spatially specific, phasic, and modulating specific cognitive operations is theoretically powerful and may lead to pharmacologic treatments more effective than those based on traditional views.

Dual Perspectives Companion Paper:Diverse Spatiotemporal Scales of Cholinergic Signaling in the Neocortex, by Anita A. Disney and Michael J. Higley
YOĞURT MATRİKSİNİN TÜKETİM SIRASINDA IN VIVO AROMA SALINIMI ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ
Authors: EKER Tülin , CABAROĞLU Turgut
Published: January 2020

Aroma, tüketicilerin yoğurt tercihlerini etkileyen ana
etkendir. Gıdayı tüketirken oluşan aroma algısı, ağızda salınan aroma
bileşiklerinin gıda matriksi ve insan tükürüğü arasındaki etkileşimlerine
bağlıdır. Yapılan araştırmalar, aroma algısının ve yoğurttan in vivo
aroma salınımının birçok faktörden etkilendiğini göstermiştir. Yağ bileşeninin,
yoğurdun aromasının tutuklanmasında ve algılanmasında önemli rolü vardır.
Özellikle yağı azaltılmış yoğurtlarda, aromanın kontrollü salınmasını
desteklemek için ilave edilen protein, yağ, aroma tutuklayıcı bileşenlerin,
kıvam verici maddelerin ve tatlandırıcıların in vivo aroma salınımı ve
aroma algısı üzerine farklı etkileri vardır. Bununla birlikte yoğurdun formüle
edilmesi sırasında değişen tekstür de ağızda aroma salınımını etkilemektedir.
Yoğurtta aroma algısı üzerine etki eden faktörleri anlamak, gıda sanayinde
yenilikçi ve kabul gören gıda ürünleri üretmede önemlidir. Bu derlemede
yoğurdun in vivo tüketimi sırasında matriksin etkisini ortaya koyan
çalışmalar incelenmiştir.
KEFİR ÖRNEKLERİNDEN LAKTİK ASİT BAKTERİLERİNİN İZOLASYONU, İDENTİFİKASYONU VE ANTİMİKROBİYAL ETKİLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: ERDOĞMUŞ Sevim Feyza , BOSTANCI Barış
Published: January 2020

Bu çalışmada, Afyonkarahisar İli'nde satışa sunulan markasız, paketsiz kefir örneklerindeki laktik asit bakterilerinin izolasyonu, tanımlanması ve patojen test mikroorganizmaları üzerindeki antimikrobiyel etkinliği değerlendirilmiştir. 5 farklı kefir örneğinden 6 adet laktik asit bakterisi izole edilmiş ve izolatların moleküler tanımlanması için 16S rDNA PZR analizi yapılmıştır. İzolatların 16S rDNA sekans analiz sonuçlarına göre, izole edilen bakteriler; Lactobacillus fermentum, Enterococcus faecium veEnterococcus durans türleri olarak tanımlanmıştır. Laktik asit bakteri izolatlarının patojen test mikroorganizmaları üzerindeki antimikrobiyel aktivitesini belirlemek için agar spot ve agar kuyu difüzyon testi kullanılmıştır. Tüm izolatlar, test edilen patojen mikroorganizmalar üzerinde farklı seviyelerde antimikrobiyel etki göstermiştir. Laktik asit bakteri izolatları, Klebsiella pneumoniea NRRLB 4420, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa ATCC 11778, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 1911 üzerinde diğer test mikroorganizmalarına (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus feacalis, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Bacillus subtilis NRS-744) göre daha yüksek antimikrobiyel etki göstermiştir..
TÜKETİCİLERİN PROBİYOTİK VE PREBİYOTİK GIDALARA YÖNELİK BİLGİ DÜZEYLERİ VE TÜKETİM DURUMLARININ BELİRLENMESİ: İZMİR/BORNOVA ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: YÜCELŞENGÜN İlkin , KIRMIZIGÜL Ayşegül , ÖZAYDIN İbrahim , YARIM Hasan
Published: January 2020

Bu araştırma, İzmir’in Bornova ilçesinde yaşayan
bireylerin probiyotik ve prebiyotik gıdalar hakkındaki bilgi düzeylerini ve tüketim
durumlarını belirlemek amacıyla planlanmıştır. Ankete katılan gönüllü 196 kişi
tesadüfi örneklem yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Ankete katılan kişilerin
%51.5’ini kadın, %48.5’ini erkekler oluşturmuş ve yaş aralığı çoğunlukla
(%31.6) 22-24 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Anket sonuçları tüketicilerin
%49’unun probiyotik ve prebiyotik kavramını bildiğini ortaya koymuştur.
Tüketicilerin %52.3’ünün probiyotik/prebiyotik ürün satın alırken besin
etiketine dikkat ettiği, %41’inin haftada en az bir kere probiyotik tükettiği,
%54.1’inin ise tükettiği bu gıdalardan yarar gördüğü saptanmıştır. Probiyotik
ve prebiyotik gıda tüketenlerin %63.9’unun bu ürünleri sindirim sistemine olan
faydalarından dolayı tükettiği belirlenmiştir. Yürütülen bu çalışmanın sonuçları,
sağlık üzerine birçok olumlu etkisi olan probiyotik ve prebiyotik ürünlerin
önemini vurgulaması ve toplumun bu gıdalarla ilgili olarak doğru bir şekilde
bilgilendirmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur.
The Effect of Financial Literacy and Financial Experience on SME Financial Behavior in Indonesia
Authors: Purwidianti Wida , Tubastuvi Naelati
Published: January 2020

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of financial literacy and financial experience on SMEs financial behavior in Indonesia.The dependent variable is financial behavior while independent variables are financial literacy and financial experience. There are four control variables used, namely company size, business length, age and education level of SME owner. The respondent sample is 42 owners of SMEs in Purwokerto Selatan. This study used multiple regression analysis. The results showed that financial literacy has no effect on financial behavior. Financial experience has a positive effect on financial behavior. While among four control variables, only company size has a significant negative effect on financial behavior. Three control variables have no significant effect on financial behavior. The implication of this study, SME owners have good financial experience will increase financial behavior. Therefore, it is very important to improve the financial experience of SME owners
Cultura popular e identidad nacional
Authors: Molina Rafael Cuevas
Published: January 2020

El presente ensayo plantea consideraciones para una aproximación “des-sacralizadora” a los mitos fundantes de las nacionalidades contemporáneas, identificar los intereses de clase que se encuentran detrás de ellos, las contradicciones que esconden tras la retórica y mostrar los procesos por medio de los cuales se construyeron dichas identidades en determinadas circunstancias históricas.
Pedagogía para la paz en la extensión universitaria: una propuesta lúdica con juegos cooperativos
Authors: Cerdas-Agüero Evelyn
Published: January 2020

Este texto, por medio de un abor­daje cualitativo de análisis teórico y reflexivo, tiene como objetivos pro­mover la educación para la paz como eje pedagógico en la extensión univer­sitaria y generar una reflexión acerca de la trascendencia de incorporar el juego cooperativo en los procesos de extensión en la UNA.

Se concluye que la educación y los procesos grupales se pueden articular en torno al juego coopera­tivo como eje fundamental que permite construir saberes colectivos, promover vivencias, así como el desarrollo de de­terminadas habilidades para el fortale­cimiento de procesos grupales.
Lilia Ramos Valverde: presencia en Repertorio Americano
Authors: Soto-Ramírez Marybel
Published: January 2020

El presente ensayo propone un acercamiento a los textos de Lilia Ra­mos Valverde, publicados en Reper­torio Americano. Se presenta un corpus conformado por diez textos, de esta brillante autora publicados de 1932 a 1950, los cuales, se propone, brin­dan claves sobre el pensamiento de una extraordinaria y prolífi­ca intelectual costarricense.
De Tecún Umán a la Nueva América. Martí y la cultura maya de Guatemala
Authors: Rodríguez Pedro Pablo
Published: January 2020

José Martí (1853-1895), el apóstol de la independencia cubana, fue un admirador de la cultura maya, forjada a través del conocimiento de las evi­dencias arqueológicas, estudios históri­cos y antropológicos de su época, como mediante su contacto con personas y comunidades mayas durante su estan­cia en Guatemala entre 1877 y 1878. Tal conocimiento impulsó su crite­rio de que esa cultura originaria de nuestra América, al igual que las de otros pueblos prehispánicos, era imprescindible para forjar naciones alejadas de todos los rezagos coloniales.
El espectro de William Walker y las discordias en Centroamérica. Constantes en la escritura martiana
Authors: Vázquez-Pérez Marlene
Published: January 2020

En este artículo se valora la impor­tancia que adquieren en la obra de José Martí las referencias a William Walker y a la invasión filibustera en Centroamérica a finales de la década de 1850. Ellas aparecen reiteradamen­te como imágenes poéticas o en ora­ciones de claro contenido político en sus crónicas sobre la Confe­rencia Panamericana. Funcio­nan como mensajes de aler­ta respecto a la peligrosa vecindad con los Estados Unidos, que solo puede ser contrarrestada con la unidad en la región.
THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SPATIAL LOCATION OF LVIV IN THE LAST THIRD OF THE 13TH CENTURY
Authors: Dolynska Maryana
Published: January 2020

The researches during the last 20 years have shown that there were some spatial features of Magdeburg (city) rule in that time. Primarily the structure of the town was similar to other Central or Western European towns: a castle (castrum, burg, grad, dytynets) and an extensive settlement (podil), the latter having no fortifications and being where merchants and craftsmen lived. The initial formation of the city territory based on the principles of the spatial location of the cities of the German law started around the 70-th years of 13 century – the times of rule of duke Lev.No research this period the author has applied the methodology of recreating the historical topography based on the retrospective comparison of the prestatictical sources and applying it to the historical maps of the period. The primary Lviv space of the 13th century was based on the real-estate of the first Lviv «advocatus», Bertold Stecher, and the «laneus» area of Maria Snizhna Church. (Laneus – medieval measure of area, the similar term «mansus»). The 1368th manuscript explained the German family Stecher received land from Duke Lev without being subject to any rent. This real-estate consisted of three parts; the villa (a house in the countryside); allod (the land owned andnot subject to any rent); and the molendinum (mill).After the late 19th-century comment to Latin text insisted that all of these parts of real-estate were Everyone of Lviv`s historians knows were sure these advocates Bertold Stecher`s real-estate (villa Maly Vinyk, allod Podpresk and molendinum Schilzkikut) were nearby contemporary town Vynnyky and far from 13th -14th cc. town of Lviv and far one from another.Using both the method of the retrospective location of real estate and systematic-criterion approach allows to made hard conclusion, that originally, the Maria Snizhna church «laneus» was near the Stecher mill and this «laneus» had divided the Duke`s jurisdiction from the Stecher settlement. Villa Maly Vinyk have changed its name to «Zamarstyniv ». All these real-estate parts constituted the core of the town of the Magdeburg rule. Lviv`s downtown (town within walls) has the typical Middle Age’s spatial urban form, but some specific of it shows it was founded in the 13th century
THE ISSUES OF THE DEFENCE AND SECURITY OF RUTHENIAN CITIES IN THE SEJMS OF THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH IN THE 15TH – FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY
Authors: Hoshko Tetiana
Published: January 2020

The difficult international situation and the constant threat of war forced the king and nobility to pay special attention to the issues of state defence. The problem was often discussed at the Sejm sessions, including the question of the defence and order in the cities. Private and small towns, too, were not deprived of attention. Not only townspeople but also representatives of the nobility, first of all, starosta or vice-starosta were often made responsible for strengthening the defence capability of cities. The Sejms considered the building and strengthening of city walls, measures that would prevent their destruction, and providing cities with all necessary to counter hostile attacks. The Sejm constitutions not only exempted cities from some taxes so that the funds were used to strengthen the city walls but also protected them from the possible lawlessness of the nobility. The Sejms also prescribed the duties of the cities in the event of war and their involvement in the pospolite ruszenie. True, despite the difficult international situation, most of the Sejms’ resolutions were only addressed to individual cities. In practice, the issues of development and strengthening of cities did not rise in the Sejms systematically.
BASE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UKRAINIAN CITY TOPONYMY HISTORICAL RESEARCH (THE KHARKIV CASE)
Authors: Savchenko Leonid , Takhtaulova Mariya
Published: January 2020

The article is divided into basic characteristics of the complex address urbanonymy historical research. This model has been realized in the M. Takhatulova dissertation research.The research is based on two lines: the first mechanisms naming, renaming and fixing toponyms’ have been characterized and the second urbanonym concept symbol for different historical periods have been analyzed. In the course of the work, the stages of formation and transformation of Kharkiv urbanonymic network have been defined: Empire period, Soviet period, Modern period. Based on previous achievements in the research field of urban toponymy, the authors propose their classification of urbanonim according to their source of nomination.Authors demonstrate the model’s universality and it can be used for other similar studies.
Digital Technology Distraction for Acute Pain in Children: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Gates Michelle , Hartling Lisa , Shulhan-Kilroy Jocelyn , MacGregor Tara , Guitard Samantha , Wingert Aireen , Featherstone Robin , Vandermeer Ben , Poonai Naveen , Kircher Janeva , Perry Shirley , Graham Timothy A.D. , Scott Shannon D. , Ali Samina
Published: January 2020

CONTEXT:

Digital distraction is being integrated into pediatric pain care, but its efficacy is currently unknown.

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the effect of digital technology distraction on pain and distress in children experiencing acutely painful conditions or procedures.

DATA SOURCES:

Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Xplore, Ei Compendex, Web of Science, and gray literature sources.

STUDY SELECTION:

Quantitative studies of digital technology distraction for acutely painful conditions or procedures in children.

DATA EXTRACTION:

Performed by 1 reviewer with verification. Outcomes were child pain and distress.

RESULTS:

There were 106 studies (n = 7820) that reported on digital technology distractors (eg, virtual reality and video games) used during common procedures (eg, venipuncture, dental, and burn treatments). No studies reported on painful conditions. For painful procedures, digital distraction resulted in a modest but clinically important reduction in self-reported pain (standardized mean difference [SMD] −0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.66 to −0.29; 46 randomized controlled trials [RCTs]; n = 3200), observer-reported pain (SMD −0.68; 95% CI −0.91 to −0.45; 17 RCTs; n = 1199), behavioral pain (SMD −0.57; 95% CI −0.94 to −0.19; 19 RCTs; n = 1173), self-reported distress (SMD −0.49; 95% CI −0.70 to −0.27; 19 RCTs; n = 1818), observer-reported distress (SMD −0.47; 95% CI −0.77 to −0.17; 10 RCTs; n = 826), and behavioral distress (SMD −0.35; 95% CI −0.59 to −0.12; 17 RCTs; n = 1264) compared with usual care.

LIMITATIONS:

Few studies directly compared different distractors or provided subgroup data to inform applicability.

CONCLUSIONS:

Digital distraction provides modest pain and distress reduction for children undergoing painful procedures; its superiority over nondigital distractors is not established. Context, preferences, and availability should inform the choice of distractor.
A NOTE ON THE DATE AND EDITIONS OF CALDERON'S DE UN CASTIGO, TRES VENGANZAS
Authors: Bigelow Gary E.
Published: January 2020

Esta pieza de Calderón ha sido poco y, a veces, mal estudiada, principalmente por sus editores. Tal vez es imposible determinar una fecha más precisa que la de 1628-33. La de 1628, que sugiere Hilborn, puede no ser correcta. Valbuena Briones, que antes estaba de acuerdo con Hilborn, ha aceptado últimamente la de 1625-26; una fecha que él atribuye erróneamente ha Schmidt, que en realidad se refiere a una pieza de Montalbán. Las variantes introducidas en el texto de las distintas ediciones que han incluido la obra (Parte veinte y acho, la Quinta parte y la Novena parte de Calderón, y otras) son evidentes. Algunos críticos sugieren que el autor se inspiró para ciertos personajes y acciones de la obra en Carlos el Calvo, e en Carlos V, o en ambos. Hartzenbusch fue quien alteró más el texto y cambió ellugar de la acción a una ciudad de Borgofia, tratando, a lo que parece, de relacionarlo con el personaje Carlos Duque de Borgoña; pero, al hacer eso, Hartzenbusch no tuvo en cuenta la posible alusión a Carlos V, implícita en el hecho de colocar la acción (como lo hace Calderón) en una ciudad del Danubio incluyendo al Duque de Borgoña, uno de sus mayores enemigos. GEB