bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risks and outcomes associated with disorganized/controlling patterns of attachment at age three years in the National Institute of Child Health & Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development
Authors: O'connor Erin , Bureau Jean‐Francois , Mccartney Kathleen , Lyons‐Ruth Karlen
Published: June 2011

Disorganized/controlling attachment in preschool has been found to be associated with maternal and child maladjustment, making it of keen interest in the study of psychopathology. Additional work is needed, however, to better understand disorganized/controlling attachment occurring as early as age 3 years. The primary aims of this study were to evaluate risk factors and outcomes associated with disorganized/controlling behavior at age 3 years and to evaluate the risk factors and outcomes differentiating the four subtypes of disorganized/controlling attachment. Analyses were conducted with the first two phases of the National Institute of Child Health & Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, a prospective study of 1,364 children from birth. At 36 months of age, across the attachment‐relevant domains of maternal well‐being, mother–child interactions, and child social adaptation, the disorganized/controlling group evidenced the most maladaptive patterns in comparison to both secure and insecure‐organized groups. At 54 months of age, the disorganized/controlling group displayed the highest levels of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, as rated by mothers and teachers, and the lowest quality relationships with teachers. Significant differences found among the disorganized/controlling subtypes indicated that the behaviorally disorganized and controlling‐punitive subtypes had more maladaptive patterns across variables than did the controlling‐caregiving and controlling‐mixed subtypes.
An unmet medical need: Advances in endoscopic imaging of colorectal neoplasia
Authors: Stallmach Andreas , Schmidt Carsten , Watson Alastair , Kiesslich Ralf
Published: June 2011

Gastrointestinal cancer is a major public health problem worldwide. Detection of early neoplastic lesions in gastrointestinal tract is essential for cure, because prognosis and survival are related to the size and stage of malignant lesions. Endoscopic screening and treatment of polyps could prevent approximately 80% of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, white‐light endoscopy is an imperfect technology since miss rates of up to 25% have been reported and polyps without malignant potential were treated without benefit but with additional costs and risks to the patient. There are several known “human” predictors of an inadequate colonoscopy. These include patient characteristics such as poor bowel preparation, female gender, or inpatient status. Skills of the endoscopists are also an important issue. Therefore, a variety of advanced technologies has been attempted to overcome these issues. These new endoscopic imaging techniques allow a more precise classification of mucosal alterations with selection of patients for invasive therapy or surveillance. Further, molecular and functional imaging techniques could identify novel targets for therapies and new prospects to access response to therapies. However, at the “end of the day” a better endoscopic approach for CRC screening and surveillance depends on a good bowel preparation, a trained endoscopist spending sufficient time on a detailed examination together with an advanced endoscope. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Biselyngbyaside, isolated from marine cyanobacteria, inhibits osteoclastogenesis and induces apoptosis in mature osteoclasts
Authors: Yonezawa Takayuki , Mase Naomi , Sasaki Hiroaki , Teruya Toshiaki , Hasegawa Shin‐ichi , Cha Byung‐Yoon , Yagasaki Kazumi , Suenaga Kiyotake , Nagai Kazuo , Woo Je‐Tae
Published: June 2011

The mass and function of bones depend on the maintenance of a complicated balance between osteoclast‐mediated bone resorption and osteoblast‐mediated bone formation. An inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation and/or function is expected to be useful for treatment of bone lytic diseases such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and tumor metastasis into bone. Biselyngbyaside is a recently isolated macrolide compound from marine cyanobacteria Lyngbya sp. that shows wide‐spectrum cytotoxicity toward human tumor cell lines. In this study, we investigated the effects of biselyngbyaside on osteoclast differentiation and function. Biselyngbyaside inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclastogenesis in mouse monocytic RAW264 cells and primary bone marrow‐derived macrophages at a low concentration. Similarly, biselyngbyaside suppressed osteoblastic cell‐mediated osteoclast differentiation in cocultures. In the RANKL‐induced signaling pathway, biselyngbyaside inhibited the expression of c‐Fos and NFATc1, which are important transcription factors in osteoclast differentiation. In mature osteoclasts, biselyngbyaside decreased resorption‐pit formation. Biselyngbyaside also induced apoptosis accompanied by the induction of caspase‐3 activation and nuclear condensation, and these effects were negated by the pancaspase inhibitor z‐VAD‐FMK. Taken together, the present findings indicate that biselyngbyaside suppresses bone resorption via inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and induction of apoptosis. Thus, biselyngbyaside may be useful for the prevention of bone lytic diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 440–448, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Essential role of maternal UCHL1 and UCHL3 in fertilization and preimplantation embryo development
Authors: Mtango Namdori R. , Sutovsky Miriam , Susor Andrej , Zhong Zhisheng , Latham Keith E. , Sutovsky Peter
Published: June 2011

Post‐translational protein modification by ubiquitination, a signal for lysosomal or proteasomal proteolysis, can be regulated and reversed by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). This study examined the roles of UCHL1 and UCHL3, two members of ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase (UCH) family of DUBs, in murine fertilization and preimplantation development. Before fertilization, these proteins were associated with the oocyte cortex (UCHL1) and meiotic spindle (UCHL3). Intracytoplasmic injection of the general UCH‐family inhibitor ubiquitin‐aldehyde (UBAL) or antibodies against UCHL3 into mature metaphase II oocytes blocked fertilization by reducing sperm penetration of the zona pellucida and incorporation into the ooplasm, suggesting a role for cortical UCHL1 in sperm incorporation. Both UBAL and antibodies against UCHL1 injected at the onset of oocyte maturation (germinal vesicle stage) reduced the fertilizing ability of oocytes. The subfertileUchl1gad−/−mutant mice showed an intriguing pattern of switched UCH localization, with UCHL3 replacing UCHL1 in the oocyte cortex. While fertilization defects were not observed, the embryos from homozygousUchl1gad−/−mutant females failed to undergo morula compaction and did not form blastocysts in vivo, indicating a maternal effect related to UCHL1 deficiency. We conclude that the activity of oocyte UCHs contributes to fertilization and embryogenesis by regulating the physiology of the oocyte and blastomere cortex. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 1592–1603, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Potential effect of resistin on the ET‐1‐increased reactions of blood pressure in rats and Ca2+ signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Chuang Tung‐Yueh , Au Lo‐Chun , Wang Li‐Chun , Ho Low‐Tone , Yang De‐Ming , Juan Chi‐Chang
Published: June 2011

Resistin and endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) are upregulated in people with type II diabetes mellitus, central obesity, and hypertension. ET‐1 signaling is involved in Ca2+‐contraction coupling and related to blood pressure regulation. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of resistin on ET‐1‐increased blood pressure and Ca2+ signaling. The blood pressure and cytosolic Ca2+ of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of Sprague–Dawley rats were detected. The data demonstrated that resistin accelerated and prolonged ET‐1‐induced increases in blood pressure and had significant effects on ET‐1‐increased Ca2+ reactions. Resistin‐enhanced ET‐1‐increased Ca2+ reactions were reversed by blockers of store‐operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (ERK). The endogenous expression of Orai and stromal interaction molecular (STIM) were characterized in the VSMCs. Furthermore, resistin‐enhanced ET‐1 Ca2+ reactions and the resistin‐dependent activation of SOCE were abolished under STIM1‐siRNA treatment, indicating that STIM1 plays an important role in resistin‐enhanced ET‐1 Ca2+ reactions in VSMCs. Resistin appears to exert effects on ET‐1‐induced Ca2+ increases by enhancing the activity of ERK‐dependent SOCE (STIM1‐partcipated), and may accelerate and prolong ET‐1‐increased blood pressure via the same pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 1610–1618, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Absence of MCP‐1 leads to elevated bone mass via impaired actin ring formation
Authors: Sul Ok‐Joo , Ke Ke , Kim Woon‐Ki , Kim Song‐Hee , Lee Sang‐Chul , Kim Hyun‐Ju , Kim Shin‐Yoon , Suh Jae‐Hee , Choi Hye‐Seon
Published: June 2011

Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) is associated with various inflammatory diseases involving bone loss, and is expressed along with its receptor by bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMM), which are osteoclast (OC) precursors. To investigate the role of MCP‐1 in bone remodeling, we compared MCP‐1‐knockout (KO) mice with wild‐type (WT) mice. The absence of MCP‐1 increased bone mass and lowered serum collagen type I fragments (CTX‐1) and TRACP 5b, but had no significant effect on the N‐terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, suggesting that OCs are primarily responsible for the bone phenotype observed in the absence of MCP‐1. MCP‐1 deficiency resulted in reduced numbers and activity of OCs in vitro. It also led to a reduced level of c‐Fms and receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB receptor and impaired actin ring formation. Activation of ERK, Akt, Rac1, and Rho upon M‐CSF stimulation was also reduced and our evidence suggests that the aberrant actin ring formation was partly due to reduced activation of these molecules. Our findings point to a role of osteoclast MCP‐1 in regulating bone remodeling. The higher bone mass in the femurs of MCP‐1‐KO mice could be, at least in part, due to decreased osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption resulting from aberrant M‐CSF signaling in OCs. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 1619–1627, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The RhoA‐Rok‐myosin II pathway is involved in extracellular matrix‐mediated regulation of prolactin signaling in mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Du Jyun‐Yi , Chen Meng‐Chi , Hsu Tsai‐Ching , Wang Jen‐Hsing , Brackenbury Lisa , Lin Ting‐Hui , Wu Yi‐Ying , Yang Zhihong , Streuli Charles H. , Lee Yi‐Ju
Published: June 2011

In mammary epithelial cells (MECs), prolactin‐induced signaling and gene expression requires integrin‐mediated cell adhesion to basement membrane (BM). In the absence of proper cell–BM interactions, for example, culturing cells on collagen‐coated plastic dishes, signal propagation is substantially impaired. Here we demonstrate that the RhoA‐Rok‐myosin II pathway accounts for the ineffectiveness of prolactin signaling in MECs cultured on collagen I. Under these culture conditions, the RhoA pathway is activated, leading to downregulation of prolactin receptor expression and reduced prolactin signaling. Enforced activation of RhoA in MECs cultured on BM suppresses prolactin receptor levels, and prevents prolactin‐induced Stat5 tyrosine phosphorylation and β‐casein expression. Overexpression of dominant negative RhoA in MECs cultured on collagen I, or inhibiting Rok activity, increases prolactin receptor expression, and enhances prolactin signaling. In addition, inhibition of myosin II ATPase activity by blebbistatin also exerts a beneficial effect on prolactin receptor expression and prolactin signaling, suggesting that tension exerted by the collagen substratum, in collaboration with the RhoA‐Rok‐myosin II pathway, contributes to the failure of prolactin signaling. Furthermore, MECs cultured on laminin‐coated plastic have similar morphology and response to prolactin as those cultured on collagen I. They display high levels of RhoA activity and are inefficient in prolactin signaling, stressing the importance of matrix stiffness in signal transduction. Our results reveal that RhoA has a central role in determining the fate decisions of MECs in response to cell–matrix interactions. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 1553–1560, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bounded transversals in multipartite graphs
Authors: Berke Robert , Haxell Penny , Szabó Tibor
Published: June 2011

Transversals in r‐partite graphs with various properties are known to have many applications in graph theory and theoretical computer science. We investigate f‐bounded transversal s (or f‐BT), that is, transversals whose connected components have order at most f. In some sense we search for the sparsest f‐BT‐free graphs. We obtain estimates on the smallest maximum degree that 3‐partite and 4‐partite graphs without 2‐BT can have and provide a greatly simplified proof of the best known general lower bound on the smallest maximum degree in f‐BT‐free graphs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory.
Treatment of inpatient hyperglycemia beginning in the emergency department: A randomized trial using insulins aspart and detemir compared with usual care
Authors: Bernard Jennifer B. , Munoz Christina , Harper Jaime , Muriello Michael , Rico Edward , Baldwin David
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE:

We examined the impact of an aspart insulin protocol for treatment of hyperglycemia in the emergency department (ED) coupled with rapid initiation of a detemir‐aspart insulin protocol for patients admitted to the hospital.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:

ED patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a blood glucose (BG) ≥ 200 mg/dL were randomized to intervention (INT) or usual care (UC). INT patients (n = 87) received aspart every 2 hours when BG > 200 mg/dL, and if admitted, began daily detemir in the ED. UC patients (n = 89) were treated per hospital physicians.

RESULTS:

The initial ED BG was 304 ± 76 mg/dL. The final ED BG differed: 217 ± 71 mg/dL for INT patients versus 257 ± 89 mg/dL for UC patients (P < .01). No INT patients and 3 UC patients had a BG < 50 mg/dL (P = .5). ED length of stay (LOS) was similar: 5.4 ± 1.8 hours for INT patients versus 4.9 ± 1.9 hours for UC patients (P = .06). Sixty‐nine percent from each group were admitted. Admission BG was 184 ± 74 mg/dL for INT patients versus 224 ± 93 mg/dL for UC patients (P < .01). Patient‐day weighted mean glucose was 163 ± 39 mg/dL for INT patients versus 202 ± 39 mg/dL for UC patients (P < .01). One INT patient and 6 UC patients had a BG < 50 mg/dL (P = .11). Hospital LOS was similar: 2.7 ± 2.0 versus 3.1 ± 1.9 days, respectively (P = .58).

CONCLUSIONS:

An aspart insulin protocol safely lowers BG levels in the ED without prolonging LOS. During hospitalization, a detemir‐aspart protocol achieves significantly better glycemic control compared with guideline‐driven use of NPH‐aspart or glargine/detemir‐aspart (usual care) without increasing hypoglycemia. Standardization of insulin protocols in the ED and hospital settings leads to improvement in overall glycemic control with greater safety and efficacy than usual care. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Frequently asked questions by hospitalists managing pain in adults with sickle cell disease
Authors: Smith Wally R. , Jordan Lanetta B. , Hassell Kathryn L.
Published: June 2011

Pain is the predominant medical presentation to hospitalists for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Dramatic treatment gains of SCD in childhood have resulted in more adults now requiring hospitalization than children. This has created new challenges to improve the quality of hospital care for SCD. The evidence base for pain management in SCD is lacking. We therefore offer some evidence and our informed opinion to answer frequently asked questions (FAQs) about pain management by hospitalists caring for adults with SCD. The most common questions center around defining a crisis; selecting and managing opioids; distinguishing between opioid tolerance, physical dependence, and addiction or misuse; determining appropriateness of discharge; and avoiding lengthy or recurrent hospitalizations. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Work motivation and organizational citizenship behaviors
Authors: Barbuto John E. , Story Joana S.P.
Published: June 2011

This study tested the relationship between employees' sources of work motivation and their display of organizational citizenship behaviors. Two hundred thirty‐nine employees from 38 locations of four companies in the agricultural industry completed the Motivation Sources Inventory and were rated by their leaders in organizational citizenship behaviors. Results showed significant positive relationships between individuals' self‐concept internal motivations and organizational citizenship behaviors. Results also showed significant negative relationships between instrumental and self‐concept external motivations and organizational citizenship behaviors. A hierarchical regression with each of the significant covariates accounted for 12% of the total variance in organizational citizenship behavior. These results indicate that employees' sources of motivation offer some explanation of their organizational citizenship behaviors. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Epilogue
Authors: Browde Beth
Published: June 2011

In the corporate world, leadership development programs are standard fare. Such programs often include well‐defined competencies and performance metrics, as well as regularly scheduled feedback and mentoring sessions, especially for those employees designated “high potential” performers.

Not so in the public sphere. There are no defined career paths or standardized training curricula for heads of
state. There are, however, requisite competencies for effective public sector leadership. As Gardner (1990) observed, “Leadership is not a mysterious activity. It is possible to describe the tasks that leaders perform....[But] we have barely scratched the surface in our efforts toward leadership development” (p. xix).

The learning curve is steep for a newly elected leader, and fraught with potential landmines. Speaking with
the candor of someone no longer seeking public office, former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair said recently, “When I came to office, prime minister was the only job I'd ever held; I'd never been a government minister before....The business of running a government is like anything else: You get better the longer you do it. And there are lessons out there that, had they come to me in an identifiable form, would have been useful to know” (talk given on December 16, 2010b).

Both Gardner and Blair are emphatic that leadership is not something one is born with but something learned
over time. And as Blair (2010a) put it, “Government is a race between expectations and capability.”

In the essays that follow, several leadership coaches discuss the unique challenges and effective approaches
they are using to help government leaders build the competencies that will enable them to govern effectively—and win that race between their constituents's expectations and their own capabilities.
Photofragmentation of the K‐shell excited perfluorocyclobutane: anisotropies in the fragments and breakdown pathways
Authors: Okada K. , Suemitsu A. , Terashima T. , Iwasaki Y. , Tamenori Y. , Suzuki I. H. , Nagaoka S. , Tabayashi K.
Published: June 2011

Total ion yield spectrum of perfluorocyclobutane (c‐C4F8) has been measured in the C and F K‐shell excitation regions. The peak assignments are presented based on angle‐resolved photofragment ion mass spectrometry. The peaks at 291.34 and 688.5 eV are found to come from the transitions from the C 1s and the F 1s to the lowest unoccupied b2σCF* orbital, respectively. A photoelectron–photoion–photoion coincidence spectrum is acquired at 700.1 eV for clarifying the breakdown pathways of c‐C4F82+. Two series of the pathways are identified; fission of F atom(s) followed by charge separation and elimination of CF2 or CF3 followed by charge separation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analyses of human papillomavirus genotypes and viral loads in anogenital warts
Authors: Ball Siolian L.R. , Winder David M. , Vaughan Katie , Hanna Nashat , Levy Jonathan , Sterling Jane C. , Stanley Margaret A. , Goon Peter K.C.
Published: June 2011

Condylomata acuminata (genital warts) are the most common sexually transmitted viral diseases. These lesions are caused by infection with mucosal human papillomaviruses (HPVs). However, there is limited information on HPV strain distribution involved in the molecular pathogenesis of these lesions. To address this, the strain prevalence and the frequency of multiple HPV infections were determined in wart tissue obtained from 31 patients attending a wart clinic. These lesions were bisected and subjected to parallel DNA and mRNA extractions. HPV‐type prevalence and incidence of multiple infections were determined by the Roche Linear Array assay. qPCR compared HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 viral loads and RT‐qPCR measured HPV 6 and 11 E6 genomic expression levels. Seventy‐one percent of these samples were infected with multiple HPVs. Only one sample was negative for HPV 6 or 11 DNA. Forty‐eight percent of samples were positive for a high risk (oncogenic) HPV. The results show that multiple infections in tissue are frequent and the subsequent analysis of HPV 6 and 11 E6 DNA viral loads suggested that other HPVs could be causing lesions. Further analysis of HPV 6/11 E6 mRNA levels showed that there was no discernable relationship between HPV 6 E6 DNA viral load and relative HPV 6 or 11 E6 mRNA levels thereby questioning the relevance of viral load to lesion causality. J. Med. Virol. 83:1345–1350, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human papillomavirus infection among women with cytological abnormalities in Switzerland investigated by an automated linear array genotyping test
Authors: Dobec Marinko , Bannwart Fridolin , Kilgus Sandra , Kaeppeli Franz , Cassinotti Pascal
Published: June 2011

Limited data are available describing human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution among females with cytological abnormalities in Switzerland. Cervical cell specimens obtained from 5,318 women were screened routinely by liquid‐based Pap smear. All specimens with cellular abnormalities were analyzed subsequently for HPV DNA by the Linear Array HPV genotyping test. Cellular abnormalities were found in 202 (3.8%) specimens, of which 150 (74.3%) were positive for high‐risk (HR) HPV. HR‐HPV was detected in 20 (60.6%; 95% CI, 43.7–75.4%) of 33 specimens with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance compared to 98 (72.1%; 95% CI, 64–78.9%) of 136 low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and 32 (97%; 95% CI, 83.4–99.9%) of 33 high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. The cumulative prevalence of HR‐HPV other than HPV 16 and 18 was significantly higher than HPV 16 and/or 18 lesions with atypical squamous cells and low‐grade lesions and was comparable in high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. The most common HR‐HPV genotypes were HPV 16 (15.2%), HPV 31 (12.1%), HPV 58 (12.1%), HPV 51 (9.1%), and HPV 59 (9.1%) in women with atypical squamous cells, HPV 16 (25%), HPV 51 (16.9%), HPV 52 (11.8%), HPV 31 (9.6%), and HPV 56 (8.1%) in women with low‐grade lesions (LSIL) and HPV 16 (57.6%), HPV 18 (18.2%), HPV 31 (15.2%), HPV 52 (12.1%), and HPV 58 (6.1%) in women with high‐grade lesions (HSIL). J. Med. Virol. 83:1370–1376, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative analysis of disease severity between genotypes IA and IIIA of hepatitis A virus
Authors: Yoon Young Kyung , Yeon Jong Eun , Kim Ji Hoon , Sim Hee Sun , Kim Jeong Yeon , Park Dae Won , Sohn Jang Wook , Chun Byung Chul , Kim Min Ja
Published: June 2011

Although hepatitis A is a major health problem worldwide, it has not yet been clarified whether or not viral factors affect the clinical characteristics. This study aimed to investigate if a genotype of hepatitis A virus (HAV) affects disease severity among adolescent and adult populations. Clinical data and specimens were collected from patients ≥16‐years‐of‐age with acute hepatitis A at two university hospitals in Korea during the two study periods: 1998 and 1999 (n = 45), and 2009 (n = 66). Nucleotide sequencing of the complete VP1 region of the HAV isolates was performed for phylogenetic analysis and genotyping. Clinical parameters related to disease severity were compared by HAV genotype to determine its clinical relevance. Of the 87 patients, 47 were male and the mean age was 29.8 ± 8.1 years. The genotype IIIA (93.0%, 53/57) was predominant in the year 2009, whereas IA (93.3%, 28/30) was the major genotype in 1998 and 1999. When comparing disease severity between the two HAV genotypes, the patients with genotype IIIA were older and had higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, prolonged prothrombin times and lower serum albumin levels. In a multivariate logistic regression model, higher ALT levels ≥ 1,000 IU/L (odds ratio [OR] 11.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.5–54.0) and longer hospitalization (OR 22.49, 95%CI 4.6–132.5) were associated independently with genotype IIIA. In conclusion, this study indicates that HAV genotype might be one of the viral factors responsible for the disease severity of hepatitis A. J. Med. Virol. 83:1308–1314, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blocking p75NTR receptors alters polyinnervationz of neuromuscular synapses during development
Authors: Garcia Neus , Tomàs Marta , Santafe Manel M. , Lanuza Maria A. , Besalduch Nuria , Tomàs Josep
Published: June 2011

High‐resolution immunohistochemistry shows that the receptor protein p75NTR is present in the nerve terminal, muscle cell, and glial Schwann cell at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of postnatal rats (P4–P6) during the synapse elimination period. Blocking the receptor with the antibody anti‐p75‐192‐IgG (1–5 μg/ml, 1 hr) results in reduced endplate potentials (EPPs) in mono‐ and polyinnervated synapses ex vivo, but the mean number of functional inputs per NMJ does not change for as long as 3 hr. Incubation with exogenous brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for 1 hr (50 nM) resulted in a significant increase in the size of the EPPs in all nerve terminals, and preincubation with anti‐p75‐192‐IgG prevented this potentiation. Long exposure (24 hr) in vivo of the NMJs to the antibody anti‐p75‐192‐IgG (1–2 μg/ml) results in a delay of postnatal synapse elimination and even some regrowth of previously withdrawn axons, but also in some acceleration of the morphologic maturation of the postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) clusters. The results indicate that p75NTR is involved in both ACh release and axonal retraction during postnatal axonal competition and synapse elimination. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of fracture repair by mesenchymal cells derived from human embryonic stem cells or bone marrow
Authors: Undale Anita , Fraser Daniel , Hefferan Theresa , Kopher Ross A. , Herrick James , Evans Glenda L. , Li Xiaodong , Kakar Sanjeev , Hayes Meredith , Atkinson Elizabeth , Yaszemski Michael J. , Kaufman Dan S. , Westendorf Jennifer J. , Khosla Sundeep
Published: June 2011

Development of novel therapeutic approaches to repair fracture non‐unions remains a critical clinical necessity. We evaluated the capacity of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)‐derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) to induce healing in a fracture non‐union model in rats. In addition, we placed these findings in the context of parallel studies using human bone marrow MSCs (hBM‐MSCs) or a no cell control group (n = 10–12 per group). Preliminary studies demonstrated that both for hESC‐derived MSCs and hBM‐MSCs, optimal induction of fracture healing required in vitro osteogenic differentiation of these cells. Based on biomechanical testing of fractured femurs, maximum torque, and stiffness were significantly greater in the hBM‐MSC as compared to the control group that received no cells; values for these parameters in the hESC‐derived MSC group were intermediate between the hBM‐MSC and control groups, and not significantly different from the control group. However, some evidence of fracture healing was evident by X‐ray in the hESC‐derived MSC group. Our results thus indicate that while hESC‐derived MSCs may have potential to induce fracture healing in non‐unions, hBM‐MSCs function more efficiently in this process. Additional studies are needed to further modify hESCs to achieve optimal fracture healing by these cells. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:1804–1811, 2011
Moisture‐induced caking of beverage powders
Authors: Chávez Montes Edgar , Ardila Santamaría Nadia , Gumy Jean‐Claude , Marchal Philippe
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND: Beverage powders can exhibit caking during storage due to high temperature and moisture conditions, leading to consumer dissatisfaction. Caking problems can be aggravated by the presence of sensitive ingredients. The caking behaviour of cocoa beverage powders, with varying amounts of a carbohydrate sensitive ingredient, as affected by climate conditions was studied in this work. Sorption isotherms of beverage powders were determined at water activities (aw) ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 in a moisture sorption analyser by gravimetry and fitted to the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) or the Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB) equation. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) at several aw were analysed by differential scanning calorimetry and fitted to the Gordon–Taylor equation. Deduced Tg = f(aw) functions helped to identify stability or caking zones. Specific experimental methods, based on the analysis of mechanical properties of powder cakes formed under compression, were used to quantify the degree of caking. Pantry tests complemented this study to put in evidence the visual perception of powder caking with increasing aw.

RESULTS: The glass transition approach was useful to predict the risks of caking but was limited to products where Tg can be measured. On the other hand, quantification of the caking degree by analysis of mechanical properties allowed estimation of the extent of degradation for each product.

CONCLUSION: This work demonstrated that increasing amounts of a carbohydrate sensitive ingredient in cocoa beverages negatively affected their storage stability. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Intraoperative mapping with isosulfan blue of lymphatic leakage during inguinal lymph node dissection (ILND) for skin cancer for the prevention of postoperative lymphocele
Authors: Nakamura Yasuhiro , Fujisawa Yasuhiro , Maruyama Hiroshi , Furuta Junichi , Kawachi Yasuhiro , Otsuka Fujio
Published: June 2011

Background

Inguinal lymphocele is a well‐known complication of inguinal lymph node dissection. Isosulfan blue has been used to identify and treat lymphoceles arising from lymphatics injured during surgery of the groin. However, the preventive use at the time of lymph node dissection has not been reported.

Objectives

We evaluated the potential role of intraoperative injection of isosulfan blue during inguinal lymph node dissection for the prevention of postoperative lymphocele.

Methods

We performed 43 conventional inguinal lymph node dissections (group A) and 7 inguinal lymph node dissections using isosulfan blue injection around the dissected inguinal region (group B) to identify lymphatic leakage intraoperatively.

Results

Lymphoceles were observed in 13 of 43 dissections (30.23%) in group A and in 0 of 7 dissections (0%) in group B. The number of detected injured lymphatics ranged from 0 to 6 (mean 3.3) in group B. The mean postoperative lymphatic drainage output was less in group B than in group A. The mean number of days of suction catheter insertion was 4.43 days in group B, and 7.98 days in group A.

Conclusions

The technique during inguinal lymph node dissection presented herein is useful for the prevention of postoperative lymphocele. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:657–660. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heat shock protein‐60 expression was significantly correlated with the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Xu Xin , Wang Wei , Shao Wenlong , Yin Weiqiang , Chen Hanzhang , Qiu Yuan , Mo Mingcong , Zhao Jin , Deng Qiuhua , He Jianxing
Published: June 2011

Background

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) in the clinical pathology of lung adenocarcinoma, and to explore whether the expression of HSP60 can act as an independent predictor for tumor relapse and prognosis after radical resection of lung adenocarcinoma.

Methods

Paraffin sections of lung adenocarcinoma tumor tissues were collected from 103 patients. Using immunohistochemistry, the expression levels of HSP60 in lung adenocarcinoma were detected. The correlations between HSP60 expression and clinicopathological parameters as well as prognosis were statistically analyzed.

Results

Of the 103 specimens, 70 cases (68.0%) showed a strongly positive expression of HSP60, five cases (4.8%) showed a negative expression, and 28 cases (27.2%) showed a weakly positive expression. The level of HSP60 expression was significantly correlated with TNM stage of the tumor (P = 0.015), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status(P = 0.027). Multivariate statistical analysis showed that patient age, pathological T stage, N stage, and HSP60 expression were independent prognostic influence on disease‐free survival (P = 0.008, 0.011, 0.010, and <0.001, respectively).

Conclusions

HSP60 may be a good biomarker to be applied in clinic to predict the prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:598–603. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fast and selective extraction of chloramphenicol from soil by matrix solid‐phase dispersion using molecularly imprinted polymer as dispersant
Authors: Wang Ting , Tong Jia , Sun Mingli , Chen Ligang
Published: June 2011

The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized and used as dispersant of matrix solid‐phase dispersion (MSPD) for the extraction of chloramphenicol (CAP) in soil samples. The satisfactory recovery of CAP was obtained by the optimized extraction conditions: 1:2 as the ratio of sample to MIPs; 5 min as the dispersion time; 30% aqueous methanol as washing solvent and methanol as elution solvent. The CAP extracted from soil was determined by LC‐MS/MS. The slight ion suppression phenomenon was observed for the CAP when the sample was cleaned up by MSPD with MIP as dispersant, when compared with C18 as MSPD dispersant, which caused significant ion suppression. LOD of CAP is 4.1 ng/g. RSDs of intra‐ and inter‐day tests ranging from 3.1 to 6.2% and from 3.9 to 8.3% are obtained. At all three fortified levels (20, 100 and 500 ng/g), recoveries of CAP are in the range of 86.9–92.6%. The effect of ageing time of spiked soil sample on the CAP recovery was examined. The CAP recovery decreased from 91.0 to 36.9% when the ageing time changed from 1 day to 4 wk.
Capillary columns for reversed‐phase CEC prepared via surface functionalization of polymer monolith with aromatic selectors
Authors: Guerrouache Mohamed , Millot Marie Claude , Carbonnier Benjamin
Published: June 2011

Macroporous crosslinked organic polymers based on N‐acryloxysuccinimide (NAS) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) were prepared in the confines of 75 μm id fused‐silica capillaries by photoinitiated free radical copolymerization in the presence of 2‐2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator and toluene as porogen. Monoliths with good mechanical strength, large porosity as well as surface reactive sites (succinimide leaving groups) could be obtained. Nucleophilic aromatic derivatives, namely benzylamine, phenylbutylamine and naphthylamine were grafted on the monolith surface to introduce π‐conjugated ligands to develop particular selectivity. Successful achievement of the post‐copolymerization functionalization was ascertained on the basis of in situ chemical characterization by means of Raman spectroscopy. Electrochromatographic properties of π‐functionalized poly(NAS‐co‐EDMA) regarding alkylbenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, anilines and phenols were evaluated in terms of retention, selectivity and resolution. The as‐designed monolithic columns exhibited π–π interaction in addition to hydrophobic interaction due to the aromatic and non‐polar nature of the surface‐grafted aromatic selectors. One of the major results of this study is that monolithic columns with mixed selectivity providing high potentiality for the separation of solutes with varied chemical structure variation can be obtained by the surface grafting of the appropriate selector. Herein, an example is given for the phenylbutylamine functionalized poly(NAS‐co‐EDMA) where the butyl and phenyl fragments afford enhanced hydrophobic and π‐selectivity, respectively.
Novel extraction approach for liquid samples: Stir cake sorptive extraction using monolith
Authors: Huang Xiaojia , Chen Linli , Lin Fuhua , Yuan Dongxing
Published: June 2011

In this study, a new extraction approach for liquid samples – stir cake sorptive extraction using monoliths as extractive medium was developed. The preparation procedure of stir cake is very simple. First, monolithic cake is synthesized according to the in situ polymerization of monolith; then, the cake is inserted in an original unit (holder), which is constructed from a syringe cartridge and allows the magnetic stirring of the cake during the extraction process. The effects of dimension of monolithic cake and unit design on the extraction performance were optimized in detail. To demonstrate the usability of this new extraction approach, poly(vinylimidazole‐divinylbenzene) was prepared and acted as the extractive cake. The analysis of steroid hormones in milk samples by the combination of stir cake with high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection, was selected as a paradigm for the practical evaluation of stir cake sorptive extraction. Under the optimized extraction conditions, low detection limits (S/N=3) and quantification limits (S/N=10) of the proposed method for the target analytes were achieved within the range between 0.33–0.69 and 1.08–2.28 μg/L, respectively. The method also showed good linearity, repeatability, high feasibility and acceptable recoveries. Because the monolithic cake does not contact with the vessel wall during stirring, there is no friction loss of extractive medium and the stir cake can be used for more than 1000 h.
Cropland edge, forest succession, and landscape affect shrubland bird nest predation
Authors: Shake Corey S. , Moorman Christopher E. , Burchell Michael R.
Published: June 2011

The effects of habitat edges on nest survival of shrubland birds, many of which have experienced significant declines in the eastern United States, have not been thoroughly studied. In 2007 and 2008, we collected data on nests of 5 shrubland passerine species in 12 early successional forest patches in North Carolina, USA. We used model selection methods to assess the effect of distance to cropland and mature forest edge on nest predation rates and additionally accounted for temporal trends, nest stage, vegetation structure, and landscape context. For nests of all species combined, nest predation decreased with increasing distance to cropland edge, by nearly 50% at 250 m from the cropland edge. Nest predation of all species combined also was higher in patches with taller saplings and less understory vegetation, especially in the second year of our study when trees were 4–6 m tall. Predation of field sparrow (Spizella pusilla) nests was lower in landscapes with higher agricultural landcover. Nest predation risk for shrubland birds appears to be greater near agricultural edges than mature forest edges, and natural forest succession may drive patterns of local extirpation of shrubland birds in early successional forest patches. Thus, we suggest that habitat patches managed for shrubland bird populations should be considerably large or wide (>250 m) when adjacent to crop fields and maintained in structurally diverse early seral stages. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Quick methods for evaluating survival of age‐characterizable long‐lived territorial birds
Authors: Hernández‐Matías Antonio , Real Joan , Pradel Roger
Published: June 2011

Survival is a key life‐history trait in animals. However, most methods of survival estimation require substantial human and economic investment in the long term, particularly in species occurring in low densities, the case of most endangered species. An alternative to traditional recapture (CR) methods is estimation of adult survival based indirectly on either age ratios (AGR) or turnover rates (TOR) in territorial species. These 2 methods are applicable to bird species in which recruited individuals enter into the breeding population whilst still exhibiting the external traits that distinguish those animals from experienced adults. The main advantages of these methods are that survival can be easily estimated for all monitored individuals after just 1 or 2 breeding seasons and that disturbance to the species is minimized. The main constraints of indirect methods are that the assumptions are more restrictive than in CR methods, and survival estimates, although comparable between sites and years, may be biased. We used data from a long‐term monitoring survey of 2 populations of the endangered Bonelli's eagle (Aquila fasciata), one in Catalonia (NE Spain) and the other in Provence and Languedoc‐Roussillon (SE France). We evaluated survival estimates using the AGR and TOR methods and compared them with CR methods and provide suitable corrections for refining survival estimates based on indirect methods. In Catalonia (2002–2008), survival was estimated at 0.84 by CR methods (SE = 0.047; n = 25 radio tagged eagles), at 0.86 by the corrected AGR method (SE = 0.011; n = 558 bird * year), and at 0.86 by the corrected TOR method (SE = 0.022; n = 547 bird * year). In France (1999–2008), survival was estimated at 0.88 by CR methods (SE = 0.040; n = 45 darvic banded eagles), at 0.87 by the corrected AGR method (SE = 0.015; n = 443 bird * year), and at 0.87 by the corrected TOR method (SE = 0.015; n = 438 bird * year). All analyses suggest that females survive better than males and that individuals from the French population survive better than individuals from the Catalan population. We conclude that indirect methods, which should not be regarded as a substitute of CR methods, will allow wildlife managers and researchers to estimate accurately adult survival in a territorial species over a short period of time and to monitor survival across populations over large geographic ranges and over time. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
A data‐driven demographic model to explore the decline of the Bathurst caribou herd
Authors: Boulanger John , Gunn Anne , Adamczewski Jan , Croft Bruno
Published: June 2011

The Bathurst herd of barren‐ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) in the Canadian central arctic declined from an estimated 203,800 to 16,400 breeding females from 1986 to 2009, with the most rapid decline from 2006 to 2009. A key research and management question was whether the decline was mainly due to decreases in productivity alone or also due to reduced adult female survival. Investigating causes of the decline was hampered by a lack of direct estimates of caribou demographic parameters. We developed a demographic model that could be objectively fitted to field data to explore the mechanisms for the Bathurst decline, with a focus on the recent accelerated decline from 2006 to 2009. Our modeling indicated that the decline was driven by increasing negative trends in adult female and calf survival rates and possibly reduced fecundity The effect of a constant hunter harvest on the declining herd was one potential cause for the recent accelerated decline in adult survival. The demographic model detected negative trends in adult female survival that were not detected using standalone analyses of collar‐based survival data. The model allowed rigorous interpretation of trends in productivity by controlling for the simultaneous influence of trends in adult, calf, and yearling survival and adult fecundity on field‐based calf–cow ratios. Stochastic simulations suggested that large increases in adult survival and productivity would be needed for the herd to recover. Our methods enable objective modeling of caribou demography that can assist in caribou management based upon all sources of available data. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Modeling nest survival of cavity‐nesting birds in relation to postfire salvage logging
Authors: Saab Victoria A. , Russell Robin E. , Rotella Jay , Dudley Jonathan G.
Published: June 2011

Salvage logging practices in recently burned forests often have direct effects on species associated with dead trees, particularly cavity‐nesting birds. As such, evaluation of postfire management practices on nest survival rates of cavity nesters is necessary for determining conservation strategies. We monitored 1,797 nests of 6 cavity‐nesting bird species: Lewis's woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis), hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus), black‐backed woodpecker (P. arcticus), northern flicker (Colaptes auratus), western bluebird (Sialia mexicana), and mountain bluebird (S. currucoides) from 1994 to 2004 in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), mixed‐severity burned forests (partially logged and unlogged) of Idaho, USA. Based on a priori hypotheses, we modeled daily survival rate (DSR) of nests as a function of abiotic (temperature, precipitation), temporal (time since fire, calendar year) and biotic factors (distance to unburned forest, nest height, and tree harvest [partial‐salvage logging vs. unlogged]). Multiple abiotic and biotic factors, other than direct effects of salvage logging, affected daily survival rates of breeding cavity‐nesting birds. Hairy woodpecker was the only species in which partial‐salvage logging had a measurable, negative impact on DSR. Managers implementing carefully planned salvage logging prescriptions that include both unlogged reserves and partially logged areas can expect to maintain habitat for successfully breeding cavity‐nesting birds of the interior northwestern United States. Our results also suggest that nest survival for some species of cavity‐nesting birds could be improved if unlogged reserves are located centrally in postfire forests, distant from unburned habitats that potentially serve as sources of nest predators. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Responses of heather moorland and Mediterranean mouflon foraging to prescribed‐burning and cutting
Authors: Cazau Marjorie , Garel Mathieu , Maillard Daniel
Published: June 2011

We assessed the effects of prescribed burning and cutting on mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon × Ovis sp.) spring habitat using an experimental design (17.28 ha) of 2 burned, 2 cut, and 2 untreated plots within a homogeneous stand dominated by heather (Erica cinerea and Calluna vulgaris). Overall, we found a shift in treated plots from ligneous species to herbaceous species with high digestive and energetic values for mouflon. We also found a consistently higher number of mouflon feeding on these treated habitats compared to untreated plots. Such effects were still apparent 4 years after habitat modifications. Our approaches could be used by managers to improve and maintain the range of mouflon populations experiencing habitat loss (e.g., woody plant encroachment) and for which the condition of an animal has often a high economical value through trophy hunting. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.