bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatially resolving variations in giant magnetoresistance, undetectable with four-point probe measurements, using infrared microspectroscopy
Authors: Kelley C. S. , Thompson S. M. , Illman M. D. , LeFrançois S. , Dumas P.
Published: October 2012

Magnetorefractive infrared (IR) microspectroscopy is demonstrated to resolve spatial variations in giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and, by modelling, provide an insight into the origin of the variations. Spatial variations are shown to be masked in conventional four-point probe electrical or IR spectral measurements. IR microspectroscopy was performed at the SMIS beamline at the SOLEIL synchrotron, modified to enable measurements in magnetic fields. A GMR gradient was induced in a CoFe/Cu multilayer sample by annealing in a temperature gradient. Modelling revealed that variations in GMR at 900 Oe could be attributed to local variations in interlayer coupling locally changing the switching field.
Metastable state in a shape-anisotropic single-domain nanomagnet subjected to spin-transfer-torque
Authors: Roy Kuntal , Bandyopadhyay Supriyo , Atulasimha Jayasimha
Published: October 2012

We predict the existence of a metastable magnetization state in a single-domain nanomagnet with uniaxial shape anisotropy. It emerges when a spin-polarized current, which delivers a spin-transfer-torque possessing a field-like component, is injected into the nanomagnet. At a metastable state, the internal torque due to nanomagnet's shape anisotropy cancels the externally applied spin-transfer-torque and hence the net torque acting on the magnetization becomes zero. Therefore, it prevents spin-transfer-torque from switching the magnetization from one stable state along the easy axis to the other, even in the presence of room-temperature thermal fluctuations.
Time dependent behaviors of ion-ion plasmas exposed to various voltage waveforms in the kilohertz to megahertz frequency range
Authors: Oudini N. , Garrigues L. , Meige A. , Raimbault J.-L. , Chabert P. , Aanesland A.
Published: October 2012

An ion-ion plasma, situated between two parallel electrodes, is studied with the use of a time dependent one-dimensional particle-in-cell Monte-Carlo collisions model. This plasma consists of only positively and negatively singly charged ions with the same order of mass and temperature (the electron density is zero). The right electrode is grounded, and the left electrode is biased with a voltage waveform varying from sinusoidal to square with the frequency in the kHz to MHz range. The sheath evolution and the particle flux towards the electrodes, as a function of both space and time, are investigated for the various waveforms and frequencies. The sheath evolution has a strong influence on the time averaged ion energy distribution function (IEDF). The IEDF is broad with a low energy tail for low frequency sinusoidal biases (25 kHz) while peaked at low energy for higher frequencies (2 MHz). For square waveforms, the IEDF is mono-energetic with some broadening when the rise time is faster than the typical time to establish the steady state sheath formation (<0.3 μs).
A study on phase transformation of monocrystalline silicon due to ultra-precision polishing by molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Zhang Lin , Zhao Hongwei , Ma Zhichao , Huang Hu , Shi Chengli , Zhang Wenshuang
Published: October 2012

A three-dimensional molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is conducted to investigate the material removal mechanism of monocrystalline silicon by mechanical polishing at atomistic scale with diamond abrasives. By monitoring relative positions of atoms in the monocrystalline silicon specimen, the microstructure transformation of monocrystalline silicon is clearly identified and analyzed. The phase transformation is accomplished under extreme conditions with high temperature and huge hydrostatic pressure, and as a result the silicon microstructure transforms from the four-coordinated diamond cubic structure (Si-I) to the six-coordinated body-centered tetragonal structure (β-silicon). The values of local pressure and temperature are consistent with previous experimental results. In addition, the force between the diamond abrasive and specimen indicates the occurrence of phase transformation in the specimen. The potential energy of each atom is also calculated, which provides us an effective approach to analyze the energy variation of atoms in the mechanism of material deformation and the formation of machined surface after ultra-precision polishing.
Growth, recovery, and yield of dual-purpose canola (Brassica napus) in the medium-rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia
Authors: McCormick Jeffrey I. , Virgona Jim M. , Kirkegaard John A.
Published: October 2012

The effect of grazing of vegetative canola (Brassica napus) with sheep on crop growth and yield was investigated in two field experiments (Expts 1 and 2) in 2008 at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia. The experiments included a range of cultivars, sowing rates, and grazing periods to investigate the influence of these factors on grazing biomass, crop recovery, and grain yield. Three spring canola cultivars (representing triazine-tolerant, conventional, and hybrid types) were used in both experiments and were sown at three sowing rates and grazed by sheep for 7 days in midwinter in Expt 1, while two different grazing periods were compared in Expt 2. Supplementary irrigation was applied to Expt 1 to approximate average growing season conditions, while Expt 2 received no irrigation. Increased sowing rate produced greater early shoot biomass for grazing, but the-triazine tolerant cultivar produced less biomass than the conventional or hybrid cultivars in both experiments. Grazing reduced dry matter and leaf area by >50%, delayed flowering by 4 days on average, and reduced biomass at flowering by 22–52%. However, there was no impact of cultivar or sowing rate on the recovery of biomass and leaf area after grazing. Grazing had no effect on final grain yield under supplementary irrigation in Expt 1, but reduced grain yield under the drier regrowth conditions in Expt 2. The results demonstrate that grazing canola is feasible under average seasonal conditions in a medium-rainfall environment (400–600 mm) without yield penalty, provided the timing and intensity of grazing are matched to available biomass and anticipated seasonal water supply to support grain production. More broadly, we suggest that grain yield reductions from grazing could be avoided if suitable conditions for regrowth (residual dry matter, length of regrowth period, and adequate moisture) can generate biomass levels in excess of a target value of ~5000 kg ha–1 at flowering. This target value represents a biomass level where >90% of photosynthetically active radiation was intercepted in our study, and in other studies represents a biomass level above which there is little further increase in potential yield. Such a target provides a basis for more objective grazing management but awaits further confirmation with experimentation and modelling.
Pyramiding adult-plant powdery mildew resistance QTLs in bread wheat
Authors: Bai B. , He Z. H. , Asad M. A. , Lan C. X. , Zhang Y. , Xia X. C. , Yan J. , Chen X. M. , Wang C. S.
Published: October 2012

Pyramiding of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) can be an effective approach for developing durable resistance to powdery mildew in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The Chinese wheat cultivars Bainong 64 and Lumai 21, with outstanding agronomic traits, possess four and three QTLs, respectively, for adult-plant resistance (APR) to powdery mildew. To achieve optimal durable resistance, 21 F6 lines combining two–five powdery mildew APR QTLs were developed from the cross Bainong 64/Lumai 21 using a modified pedigree selection. These lines were planted in a randomised complete block design with two replicates in Beijing during the 2009–10 and 2010–11 cropping seasons, and were evaluated for powdery mildew response using the highly virulent Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici isolate E20. Based on the phenotypic data of both maximum disease severity (MDS) and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), analysis of variance indicated that there were highly significant effects of QTL combinations on reducing powdery mildew MDS and AUDPC. Six pyramided QTL combinations possessing QPm.caas-1A and QPm.caas-4DL in common along with one or more of the others expressed better APR to powdery mildew than the more resistant parent, Bainong 64. Thus, pyramiding these two QTLs with one or more of QPm.caas-2BS, QPm.caas-2BL, and QPm.caas-2DL from Lumai 21 could be a desirable strategy to breed cultivars with high levels of durable resistance to powdery mildew. Experienced breeders with a good knowledge of minor genes can achieve APR by phenotypic selection, and selection by molecular markers will still require uniform field testing for powdery mildew and disease phenotype to validate the resistance. These results provided very useful information for pyramiding APR QTLs in wheat breeding programs.
Amelioration of root disease of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) by mineral nutrients
Authors: O'Rourke Tiernan A. , Ryan Megan H. , Scanlon Tim T. , Sivasithamparam Krishnapillai , Barbetti Martin J.
Published: October 2012

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) is a key pasture legume across southern Australia and elsewhere. Decline in subterranean clover pastures was first recognised in Australia during the 1960s and manifests as an increase in weeds and a decrease in desirable legume species. While both root disease and poor nutrition contribute to subterranean clover pasture decline, the relationships between root disease and nutrition have not been determined. The objective of this study was to define these relationships. Field experiments were undertaken to determine the nutritional and pathogen status of soils and subterranean clover from three Western Australian field sites. Subsequently, controlled environment experiments were undertaken to determine the relative severities of tap and lateral root disease and growth of plants when soil cores taken from these three field sites were amended with a complete nutrient solution or a range of individual macro- or micronutrient treatments. Application of a ‘Hoaglands’ complete nutrient solution decreased the severity of tap root disease by an average of 45% and lateral root disease by 32%. Amendment with K alone reduced the severity of tap root disease an average of 32%; while the application of N alone reduced the severity of tap root disease by 33% and lateral root disease by 27%. Application of Hoaglands, K, N or Zn increased shoot and root dry weight, while Mo only increased shoot dry weight. This is the first report to show that mineral nutrients can substantially ameliorate root disease in subterranean clover. The results demonstrate that while root disease limits plant growth, improvement in the nutritional status of nutrient-impoverished soils can significantly reduce root disease. There is significant potential to incorporate nutrient amendments into an integrated and more sustainable approach to better manage root disease and to increase productivity of pasture legumes where soils are inherently nutrient deficient in one or more nutrients.
Routine use of clinical management guidelines in Australian general practice
Authors: Harris Mark F. , Lloyd Jane , Krastev Yordanka , Fanaian Mahnaz , Davies Gawaine Powell , Zwar Nick , Liaw Siaw-Teng
Published: October 2012

Significant gaps remain between recommendations of evidence-based guidelines and primary health care practice in Australia. This paper aims to evaluate factors associated with the use of guidelines reported by Australian GPs. Secondary analysis was performed on a survey of primary care practitioners which was conducted by the Commonwealth Fund in 2009: 1016 general practitioners responded in Australia (response rate 52%). Two-thirds of Australian GPs reported that they routinely used evidence-based treatment guidelines for the management of four conditions: diabetes, depression, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypertension – a higher proportion than in most other countries. Having non-medical staff educating patients about self-management, and a system of GP reminders to provide patients with test results or guideline-based intervention or screening tests, were associated with a higher probability of guidelines use. Older GP age was associated with lower probability of guideline usage. The negative association with age of the doctor may reflect a tendency to rely on experience rather than evidence-based guidelines. The association with greater use of reminders and self-management is consistent with the chronic illness model.
Effect of cytokines and ovarian steroids on equine endometrial function: an in vitro study
Authors: Galvão A. , Valente L. , Skarzynski D. J. , Szóstek A. , Piotrowska-Tomala K. , Rebordão M. R. , Mateus L. , Ferreira-Dias G.
Published: October 2012

Regulation of immune–endocrine interactions in the equine endometrium is not fully understood. The aims of the present study were to: (1) investigate the presence of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF), interferon gamma (IFNG), Fas ligand (FASLG) and their receptors in the mare endometrium throughout the oestrous cycle; and (2) assess endometrial secretory function (prostaglandins), angiogenic activity and cell viability in response to TNF, oestradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and oxytocin (OXT). Transcription of TNF and FASLG mRNA increased during the early and late luteal phase (LP), whereas IFNG mRNA increased in late LP. Transcription of the mRNA of both TNF receptors was highest in the mid-LP. All cytokines and receptors were expressed in surface and glandular epithelium, as well as in the stroma. Expression of TNF and its receptor TNFRSF1A increased during the follicular phase (FP) and mid-LP. IFNG was expressed in the mid-LP, whereas its receptor IFNR1 was expressed in the in mid- and late LP. The highest expression of FASLG and FAS occurred during the late LP. OXT increased the secretion of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGF2α in the FP and mid-LP. In the mid-LP, E2 and P4+E2 stimulated PGF2α secretion, whereas TNF and P4 increased cell viability. All treatments, with the exception of P4, increased nitric oxide and angiogenic activity in both phases. The coordinated action of cytokines and ovarian hormones may regulate secretory, angiogenic and proliferative functions in the equine endometrium.
Atmospheric interactions with wildland fire behaviour - I. Basic surface interactions, vertical profiles and synoptic structures
Authors: Potter Brian E.
Published: October 2012

This paper is the first of two reviewing scientific literature from 100 years of research addressing interactions between the atmosphere and fire behaviour. These papers consider research on the interactions between the fuels burning at any instant and the atmosphere, and the interactions between the atmosphere and those fuels that will eventually burn in a given fire. This first paper reviews the progression from the surface atmospheric properties of temperature, humidity and wind to horizontal and vertical synoptic structures and ends with vertical atmospheric profiles. (The companion paper addresses plume dynamics and vortices.) The review reveals several unanswered questions, as well as findings from previous studies that appear forgotten in current research and concludes with suggestions for areas of future research.
Marked difference in saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin affinity for the human nociceptive voltage-gated sodium channel (Na
v
1.7)
Authors: Walker James R. , Novick Paul A. , Parsons William H. , McGregor Malcolm , Zablocki Jeff , Pande Vijay S. , Du Bois J.
Published: October 2012

Human nociceptive voltage-gated sodium channel (Na
v
1.7), a target of significant interest for the development of antinociceptive agents, is blocked by low nanomolar concentrations of (−)-tetrodotoxin(TTX) but not (+)-saxitoxin (STX) and (+)-gonyautoxin-III (GTX-III). These findings question the long-accepted view that the 1.7 isoform is both tetrodotoxin– and saxitoxin-sensitive and identify the outer pore region of the channel as a possible target for the design of Na
v
1.7-selective inhibitors. Single- and double-point amino acid mutagenesis studies along with whole-cell electrophysiology recordings establish two domain III residues (T1398 and I1399), which occur as methionine and aspartate in other Na
v
isoforms, as critical determinants of STX and gonyautoxin-III binding affinity. An advanced homology model of the Na
v
pore region is used to provide a structural rationalization for these surprising results.
Distinct mode of methylated lysine-4 of histone H3 recognition by tandem tudor-like domains of Spindlin1
Authors: Yang Na , Wang Weixiang , Wang Yan , Wang Mingzhu , Zhao Qiang , Rao Zihe , Zhu Bing , Xu Rui-Ming
Published: October 2012

Recognition of methylated histone tail lysine residues by tudor domains plays important roles in epigenetic control of gene expression and DNA damage response. Previous studies revealed the binding of methyllysine in a cage of aromatic residues, but the molecular mechanism by which the sequence specificity for surrounding histone tail residues is achieved remains poorly understood. In the crystal structure of a trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) peptide bound to the tudor-like domains of Spindlin1 presented here, an atypical mode of methyllysine recognition by an aromatic pocket of Spindlin1 is observed. Furthermore, the histone sequence is recognized in a distinct manner involving the amino terminus and a pair of arginine residues of histone H3, and disruption of the binding impaired stimulation of pre-RNA expression by Spindlin1. Our analysis demonstrates considerable diversities of methyllysine recognition and sequence-specific binding of histone tails by tudor domains, and the revelation furthers the understanding of tudor domain proteins in deciphering epigenetic marks on histone tails.
The T-cell receptor is not hardwired to engage MHC ligands
Authors: Holland Stephen J. , Bartok Istvan , Attaf Meriem , Genolet Raphael , Luescher Immanuel F. , Kotsiou Eleni , Richard Ashkenaz , Wang Edward , White Matthew , Coe David J. , Chai Jian-Guo , Ferreira Cristina , Dyson Julian
Published: October 2012

The bias of αβ T cells for MHC ligands has been proposed to be intrinsic to the T-cell receptor (TCR). Equally, the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors contribute to ligand restriction by colocalizing Lck with the TCR when MHC ligands are engaged. To determine the importance of intrinsic ligand bias, the germ-line TCR complementarity determining regions were extensively diversified in vivo. We show that engagement with MHC ligands during thymocyte selection and peripheral T-cell activation imposes remarkably little constraint over TCR structure. Such versatility is more consistent with an opportunist, rather than a predetermined, mode of interface formation. This hypothesis was experimentally confirmed by expressing a hybrid TCR containing TCR-γ chain germ-line complementarity determining regions, which engaged efficiently with MHC ligands.
The great human expansion
Authors: Henn Brenna M. , Cavalli-Sforza L. L. , Feldman Marcus W.
Published: October 2012

Genetic and paleoanthropological evidence is in accord that today’s human population is the result of a great demic (demographic and geographic) expansion that began approximately 45,000 to 60,000 y ago in Africa and rapidly resulted in human occupation of almost all of the Earth’s habitable regions. Genomic data from contemporary humans suggest that this expansion was accompanied by a continuous loss of genetic diversity, a result of what is called the “serial founder effect.” In addition to genomic data, the serial founder effect model is now supported by the genetics of human parasites, morphology, and linguistics. This particular population history gave rise to the two defining features of genetic variation in humans: genomes from the substructured populations of Africa retain an exceptional number of unique variants, and there is a dramatic reduction in genetic diversity within populations living outside of Africa. These two patterns are relevant for medical genetic studies mapping genotypes to phenotypes and for inferring the power of natural selection in human history. It should be appreciated that the initial expansion and subsequent serial founder effect were determined by demographic and sociocultural factors associated with hunter-gatherer populations. How do we reconcile this major demic expansion with the population stability that followed for thousands years until the inventions of agriculture? We review advances in understanding the genetic diversity within Africa and the great human expansion out of Africa and offer hypotheses that can help to establish a more synthetic view of modern human evolution.
Identifying Cisco Refuge Lakes in Minnesota under Future Climate Scenarios
Authors: Fang Xing , Jiang Liping , Jacobson Peter C. , Stefan Heinz G. , Alam Shoeb R. , Pereira Donald L.
Published: October 2012

The cisco Coregonus artedi is the most common coldwater stenothermal fish in Minnesota lakes. To project its chances of survival under future warmer climate conditions, an oxythermal habitat variable, i.e., the water temperature at 3 mg/L of dissolved oxygen in stratified lakes (TDO3) was calculated from simulated daily temperature and DO profiles in 30 lake types under past (1962–2008) climate conditions and two future climate scenarios. The mean daily TDO3 values over a 31‐d fixed benchmark period were calculated for each of the simulated years and then averaged over the simulation period for each lake type. The multiyear average TDO3 was used to identify cisco refuge lakes in Minnesota. Six hundred twenty known cisco lakes in Minnesota were divided into three groups, tier 1 refuge lakes having the most suitable habitat for ciscoes, tier 2 refuge lakes having suitable habitat for ciscoes, and tier 3 or nonrefuge lakes supporting ciscoes only at a reduced probability of occurrence. The multiyear average TDO3s for tier 1, 2, and 3 lakes were ≤11°C, 11–17°C, and >17°C, respectively. Projected increases in the multiyear average TDO3 under the two future climate scenarios averaged 2.6°C to 2.9°C. About one‐third of the 620 lakes that are known to have cisco populations were projected to maintain viable cisco habitat under the two future climate scenarios. These lakes have a Secchi depth greater than 2.3 m (mesotrophic and oligotrophic lakes) and are seasonally stratified.
Big Five personality traits, job satisfaction and subjective wellbeing in China
Authors: Zhai Qingguo , Willis Mike , O'Shea Bob , Zhai Yubo , Yang Yuwen
Published: October 2012

This paper examines the effect of the Big Five personality traits on job satisfaction and subjective wellbeing (SWB). The paper also examines the mediating role of job satisfaction on the Big Five–SWB relationship. Data were collected from a sample of 818 urban employees from five Chinese cities: Harbin, Changchun, Shenyang, Dalian, and Fushun. All the study variables were measured with well‐established multi‐item scales that have been validated both in English‐speaking populations and in China. The study found only extraversion to have an effect on job satisfaction, suggesting that there could be cultural difference in the relationships between the Big Five and job satisfaction in China and in the West. The study found that three factors in the Big Five—extraversion, conscientiousness, and neuroticism—have an effect on SWB. This finding is similar to findings in the West, suggesting convergence in the relationship between the Big Five and SWB in different cultural contexts. The research found that only the relationship between extraversion and SWB is partially mediated by job satisfaction, implying that the effect of the Big Five on SWB is mainly direct, rather than indirect via job satisfaction. The study also found that extraversion was the strongest predictor of both job satisfaction and SWB. This finding implies that extraversion could be more important than other factors in the Big Five in predicting job satisfaction and SWB in a “high collectivism” and “high power distance” country such as China. The research findings are discussed in the Chinese cultural context. The study also offers suggestions on the directions for future research.
National Trends in Psychostimulant-Related Deaths: 1999–2009
Authors: Calcaterra Susan , Binswanger Ingrid A.
Published: October 2012

Background: Increased methamphetamine use occurred during the last decade and little is known about factors associated with death. This study assesses trends in psychostimulant deaths in the United States. Methods: Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Wonder Database, the authors searched deaths among 15- to 64-year-olds from 1999 to 2009 for decedents who died with “psychostimulants with abuse potential, excluding cocaine.” The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code T43.6 was used to identify methamphetamine-related deaths. Trends in death rates and the most common underlying causes of death were determined. For recent trends, age-adjusted death rates/100,000 person-years (p-y) and (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) among those who died with psychostimulants were calculated. Results: The rate of psychostimulant-related deaths increased 3-fold from 1999 (0.37/100,000 p-y; 95% CI: 0.354–0.39) to 2005 (1.05/100,000 p-y; 95% CI: 1.01–1.10). Deaths steadily declined from 2006 to 2008, but rose again in 2009 to 0.97/100,000 p-y (95% CI: 0.92–1.01). Across all age groups, men had a 2 to 3 times higher rate of death than women. American Indians/Alaska Natives were twice as likely to die a psychostimulant-related death as compared with non-Hispanic whites. The northwestern/western region of the US had the highest rates of psychostimulant-related deaths, whereas the northeastern region had the lowest death rates. “Accidental poisonings” (ICD-10: X40–49) was the most frequently listed cause of death among those who died with psychostimulants. Conclusions: Psychostimulant-related deaths increased from 1999 to 2006, declined from 2006 to 2008, but rebounded in 2009. Interventions targeting those at highest risk of death must be implemented and studied to prevent increasing deaths.
Radiative properties and radiative transfer in high pressure thermal air plasmas
Authors: Peyrou B , Chemartin L , Lalande Ph , Chéron B G , Rivière Ph , Perrin M-Y , Soufiani A
Published: October 2012

The aim of this paper is to investigate radiative properties of thermal air plasmas in wide ranges of pressure and temperature, and to analyse the accuracy of some spectral and geometrical approximations in high-pressure radiative transfer applications. Comprehensive calculations of absorption spectra, including molecular, atomic and ionic line and continuum radiation, are presented and the dependence of these spectra on the pressure level is analysed. The high resolution spectra, in association with a rigorous ray-tracing method, are then used to study the accuracy of the P1 and the simplified SP3 geometrical approximations in 1D axisymmetric geometries. Cylindrical plasma columns at uniform pressure and with a non-uniform pressure distribution are considered. The P1 approximation provides acceptable results but the SP3 approximation is found to be more accurate. Concerning the spectral approximations, the use of band averaged Rosseland mean absorption coefficients yields volumetric radiative powers in fairly good agreement with line-by-line calculations.
Late-time asymptotic solution of nonlinear advection-diffusion equations with equal exponents
Authors: Fayard François , Ramakrishnan T.
Published: October 2012

We derive the late-time asymptotic solution of a nonlinear advection-diffusion equation,
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="u Subscript t Baseline equals left-bracket alpha slash left-parenthesis q minus 1 right-parenthesis right-bracket left-parenthesis u Superscript q Baseline right-parenthesis Subscript x Baseline plus left-parenthesis 1 slash q right-parenthesis left-parenthesis u Superscript q Baseline right-parenthesis Subscript x x">

u
t

=
[
α

/

(
q
−
1
)
]
(

u
q

)
x

+
(
1

/

q
)
(

u
q

)

x
x

u_t = [\alpha /(q-1)](u^q)_x + (1/q) (u^q)_{xx}

, where

α
≠
0

\alpha \ne 0

and

q
>
2

q > 2

. The equation is a more general form of the purely quadratic nonlinearity for advection and diffusion considered previously. For initial conditions with compact support, the solution has left and right moving boundaries, the distance between which is the width of the “plume”. We show the width to grow as

t

1

/

q

t^{1/q}

, with a constant correction term. The outer solution is dominated by the nonlinear advective term, the leading-order solution of which is shown to satisfy the partial differential equation and the right boundary condition exactly, but with a

t
t

-dependent shifted argument. To satisfy the left boundary of vanishing plume thickness, a boundary layer is introduced, for which the inner solution may be obtained up to second order, again by using a shifted coordinate with respect to the wetting front. A leading-order composite solution for

u
u

, uniformly correct to

O
(
1

/

t

1

/

q

)

O(1/t^{1/q})

, is obtained. The first and second-order terms are correct to

O
(
(
1

/

t

2

/

q

)
ln
⁡
t
)

O((1/t^{2/q})\ln t)

and

O
(
1

/

t

2

/

q

)

O(1/t^{2/q})

respectively. The composite second-order correction involves an arbitrary constant, implying its dependence on an unknown initial condition. Numerical results that agree with the analytical solutions are given along with an expression for the unknown constant computed with an impulse initial data.
Cornelia Sorabji
Authors: Gooptu Suparna
Published: October 2012

This book presents the biography of Cornelia Sorabji (1866–1954), the first woman to study law at Oxford. A Parsee and daughter of a converted Christian, Cornelia was among the early Indian women to practice at the Calcutta High Court. Appointed to a senior office under the British Indian government, she championed the cause of opening up the legal profession to women much before they were formally allowed to plead before the courts of law. Her story as a pioneer remains largely untold till date. Characterized by conservatism, individualism, and feelings against Indian nationalism, Cornelia was one of the early woman legal professionals in India who played a pivotal role in protecting the interests of the purdahnashins.
The Roving Practitioner of Law: 1893–1904
Authors: Gooptu Suparna
Published: October 2012

Cornelia Sorabji was aware of the difficulties that she would have to face in pursuing a career in the legal profession when she returned to India. She spent her time in trying to secure a foothold in India's legal world, first as a roving practitioner of law, and subsequently as a lawyer for zenana women in colonial bureaucracy. Her early experiences are described. It is stated that there was a need for legal protection for women in colonial India. Despite the objections to and criticisms of Cornelia's project, the Secretary of State intervened in the matter and consulted the Government of India. Ultimately, in 1904, the British government sanctioned Cornelia's project of providing legal assistance to the purdahnashins in Bengal, which, was partitioned in 1905 into two provinces — Bengal and Eastern Bengal and Assam.
Conclusion
Authors: Hasan Mushirul
Published: October 2012

The British Orientalist H. A. R. Gibb (1895–1971) once commented on the atomism, discreteness, and intensity of the Arab imagination, as well as its aversion to rationalism. However, his conception of the ‘Arab imagination’ is problematic since the reformist and traditionalist strands are so mingled that any period in history must be considered and judged in its entirety. This is best illustrated by how many Muslim intellectuals in nineteenth-century India (Nazir Ahmad, Mohammad Zakaullah and Sayyid Ahmad Khan, among others) expressed their deep-seated convictions. These intellectuals did not attempt to establish the Mughal glory of the past to evoke amongst Muslims a parochial consciousness. Instead, they argued that true Islam teaches family virtues, true equality, and the application of reason. This concluding chapter examines issues that have implications for those who wish to know what advocates of pluralism in nineteenth-century India were saying, and why their appeal diminished in the 1920s and 1930s.
Unravelling of the State in Manipur
Authors: Hassan M. Sajjad
Published: October 2012

This chapter looks at how agencies of the state in Manipur perform in terms of their basic functions. In Manipur, the state's failure to dominate the rule system and provide secure property rights has undermined its centrality in the lives of its citizens. Community-specific ‘tribal’ organizations have obtained de facto authority in society, undermining state leaders' social control. Quality of revenue governance, including poor performance of tax collection machinery and a poor tax structure, are some of the reasons contributing to poor revenue extraction in Manipur. Rising unemployment sets up the issue of conflicts over opportunities, resources, and power that fuelled the breakdown in Manipur. A variety of factors have led to the reduced ability of state agencies to monopolize security in Manipur and provide protection to its citizens. Paralysis of state agencies, their weaknesses, and poor authority have undermined the state's role in resolving intercommunity conflicts.
Seeing the Old Monuments
Authors: Edib Halidé
Published: October 2012

In this chapter, the author comments on the old monuments of Delhi, whose domestic architecture she considered a happy discovery. Many low circular, immaculate buildings with colourful gardens are situated in Delhi. The monument in Delhi which impressed the author the most was Tughlak's tomb with its daring, bold, and original design. She also got a glimpse of the Taj Mahal in Agra, the Viceroy's palace, and the Parliament. These are the architectural remains of British rule. The only breath-taking sight is the Mogul gardens seen from the windows of the Viceroy's palace. The author mentions that India would never be the same as it was before British rule, just as it had never been the same since Muslim rule.
‘Raghuwar Tumko Meri Laj’
Authors: Edib Halidé
Published: October 2012

In this chapter, the author recalls her first encounter with Mahatma Gandhi, who she thinks represented the Hindu of Hindus, the essence of the oldest India. On her way to Gandhi's house she met Professor Malkhani, the prominent Hindu worker and writer and Joint General Secretary to the Association for the Abolition of Untouchability. When she reached her destination, she met Gandhi's secretary, Mahadev Desai. The pandit sang ‘Raghuwar Tumko meri laj...’ while he played with his sitar. Everyone in the house dissolved in the music. The prayer meetings were attended by people of mixed faith.
Concerning Mahatma Gandhi's Activities
Authors: Edib Halidé
Published: October 2012

Mahatma Gandhi was involved in many activities, foremost of which was to build Indian society from the ground up. He wanted to see untouchability in India abolished and sought the regeneration of villages as well as communal unity. Most Hindus believed that caste, and, above all, untouchability, was essential to Hinduism. Gandhi's pronouncement about caste was not definite, but he was clear and emphatic in condemning untouchability. He was certain that there were sanctions in the Gita for the abolition of untouchability.
Jamia, Men and Ideas
Authors: Edib Halidé
Published: October 2012

The Jamia Millia Islamia (National Muslim University) in New Delhi had two purposes. The first was to train the Muslim youth with definite ideas of their rights and duties as Indian citizens. The second was to co-ordinate Islamic thought and behaviour with Hindus. The university wanted to create a harmonious Indian nationhood without Muslims losing their Islamic identity. The Jamia marked the second turning point in Islam, the first being the Aligarh College. The institution, headed by Dr Zakir Husein, also aimed to introduce extension courses for vocational training. The Jamia bases its education on religion and combines freedom with discipline. Jamia's educators also have strong ties to Mahatma Gandhi.
Economic Growth in India
Authors: Balakrishnan Pulapre
Published: October 2012

The book is a comprehensive study of growth in post-Independence India. The theory is both subtle and eclectic, drawing on several strands of the relevant literature, and presented in an original narrative. It uses empirical methods to advantage and in the process of examining the several sensibly-defined historical periods, the book tests whether the conventional wisdom on these stands up to close scrutiny. If it does not, it explains why, and also why the carefully presented narrative is a more convincing explanation. The main body of the book is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 provides a critical exposition of some prominent theoretical representations of growth and a historical perspective on its drivers. The remaining three chapters provide a fresh analysis of three periods, respectively, 1950–64, 1965–91, and 1991 onwards.
A Moribund Economy Quickened, 1950–64
Authors: Balakrishnan Pulapre
Published: October 2012

This chapter examines the economic growth in India for the period 1950–64. It concludes that the public policy pursued in the Nehru era contributed to economic recovery after half a century of stagnation under British Raj. This period of unprecedented growth is explained by drawing a parallel between the Nehru-Mahalanobis Strategy and the Big Push of development economics. In the evaluation of the Nehru-Mahalanobis Strategy, it is argued that critics may have overstated the closure to imports as a source of weakness and understated the long-term debilitating consequences of the failure to have built human capital, in the first instance via the rapid spreading of primary education. This is what distinguishes the Indian economic strategy over the long term from that pursued in East Asia.
Reference-independent comparative metagenomics using cross-assembly: crAss
Authors: Dutilh Bas E. , Schmieder Robert , Nulton Jim , Felts Ben , Salamon Peter , Edwards Robert A. , Mokili John L.
Published: October 2012

Motivation: Metagenomes are often characterized by high levels of unknown sequences. Reads derived from known microorganisms can easily be identified and analyzed using fast homology search algorithms and a suitable reference database, but the unknown sequences are often ignored in further analyses, biasing conclusions. Nevertheless, it is possible to use more data in a comparative metagenomic analysis by creating a cross-assembly of all reads, i.e. a single assembly of reads from different samples. Comparative metagenomics studies the interrelationships between metagenomes from different samples. Using an assembly algorithm is a fast and intuitive way to link (partially) homologous reads without requiring a database of reference sequences.

Results: Here, we introduce crAss, a novel bioinformatic tool that enables fast simple analysis of cross-assembly files, yielding distances between all metagenomic sample pairs and an insightful image displaying the similarities.

Availability and implementation: crAss is available as a web server at http://edwards.sdsu.edu/crass/, and the Perl source code can be downloaded to run as a stand-alone command line tool.

Contact:  dutilh@cmbi.ru.nl

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Tinnitus Patients: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Song Jae-Jin , Vanneste Sven , Van de Heyning Paul , De Ridder Dirk
Published: October 2012

Although transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has already been used to manage tinnitus patients, paucity of reports and variations in protocols preclude a comprehensive understanding. Hence, we conducted a meta-analysis based on systemic review to assess effectiveness of tDCS in tinnitus management and to compare stimulation parameters. PubMed was searched for tDCS studies in tinnitus. For randomized controlled trials (RCTs), a meta-analysis was performed. A total of 17 studies were identified and 6 of them were included in the systemic review and 2 RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Overall 39.5% responded to active tDCS with a mean tinnitus intensity reduction of 13.5%. Additionally, left temporal area (LTA) and bifrontal tDCS indicated comparable results. Active tDCS was found to be more effective than sham tDCS for tinnitus intensity reduction (Hedges'g=.77, 95% confidence interval 0.23–1.31). The efficacy of tDCS in tinnitus could not be fully confirmed by the current study because of the limited number of studies, but all studies included in the current systemic review and meta-analysis demonstrated significant tinnitus intensity improvement. Therefore, tDCS may be a promising tool for tinnitus management. Future RCTs in a large series regarding the efficacy as well as the comparison between LTA- and bifrontal tDCS are recommended.
Methyl (3aRS,3cRS,6cSR,7RS,8RS,8aSR)-2,5-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-7,9-bis(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3,4,6-tetraoxododecahydro-1H-dipyrrolo[3,4-a:3′,4′-f]pyrrolizine-3b-carboxylate dimethylformamide disolvate: a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded framework
Authors: Quiroga Jairo , Gálvez Jaime , Cobo Justo , Glidewell Christopher
Published: October 2012

The racemic title dipyrrolopyrrolizine compound crystallizes from dimethylformamide as a disolvate, C55H39Cl2N7O6·2C3H7NO. None of the four fused heterocyclic rings is planar; one adopts an envelope conformation, two others adopt half-chair conformations and the fourth adopts a conformation intermediate between an envelope and a half-chair. The arrangement of the ring fusions is such as to preclude the possibility of internal mirror symmetry. The three independent molecular components are weakly linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds, and the dipyrrolopyrrolizine molecules are linked by a combination of four C—H...O and one C—H...π(arene) hydrogen bond to form a three-dimensional framework, from which the dimethylformamide solvent molecules are pendent. However, aromatic π–π stacking interactions are absent in the structure.
Real estate graduates’ employability skills
Authors: Poon Joanna
Published: October 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report further on research funded by the Centre for Education in the Built Environment (CEBE) into real estate programmes of study in UK universities (Poon and Hoxley). The aim of this paper is to identify human resource managers’ view on the employability skills of real estate graduates. It also compares the views on the employability skills of real estate graduates between human resource managers, a large sample of real estate employers and real estate course directors.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents the research findings of eight interviews with human resource managers who work in different types of surveying firms. The approach for collecting their view of the employability skills required by real estate graduates was through gathering their opinions on three charts. These charts compare what employers feel graduates require and what they feel graduates demonstrate in 31 knowledge areas, 20 skills and 21 attributes, alongside a list of additional competencies made by graduates and employers which was developed as part of an earlier study.

Findings

The human resource managers identified the key employability skills for real estate graduates as soft skills, in particular report writing skills, communication skills, presentation skills, client care and professional standards. The human resource managers of real estate consultancy firms also voiced their concern regarding graduates’ lack of commercial awareness, which echoed the same view from real estate employers and real estate course directors mentioned in the previous research (Poon, Hoxley and Fuchs). Therefore, it is necessary for universities to embed these soft skills, such as commercial awareness in the curriculum in order to enhance the employability of graduates.

Originality/value

This paper makes an original contribution to existing literature on the identification and discussion of employability skills for real estate graduates. It describes pioneering research focusing on the human resource managers’ perspective of the real estate graduate employability skills.
Surviving a cluster collapse: risk aversion as a core value
Authors: Schiele Holger , Hospers Gert‐Jan , van der Zee Debbie
Published: October 2012

Purpose

This paper analyses firms, which survived in a collapsed regional cluster. The target is to analyze whether the principles for enduring success identified researching success factors of very old firms also apply in such an environment.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conduct a series of contrasting case studies, embedded in cluster theory and enduring success research.

Findings

Firms survived with very different strategies and levels of outsourcing. However, surviving firms were congruently very conservative in their finances and in innovation behavior. Risk aversion and an early detachment from the declining cluster were found as success patterns for survival.

Research limitations/implications

Owing to the disappearance of most other firms in the cluster, it was not possible to evaluate their unsuccessful strategies, which means that they cannot be excluded for sure if failed firms applied similar tactics than the surviving firms. This study is focused on one cluster in one industry. Future research could feel encouraged to test the enduring success principles on large scale, multi‐industry surveys.

Practical implications

The conclusions from this research stress the merits of a conservative approach to corporate management, which contrasts with a more risk‐taking attitude managers may feel tempted to take in order to satisfy some (financial) stakeholders.

Social implications

The “conservatism hypothesis” discussed in this research complements the discussion on corporate ethics.

Originality/value

This paper adds to existing enduring success literature by applying it to the extremely challenging environment of a declining industry. It contributes to cluster theory, in particular to cluster life cycle research.