bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffusion and Gas Conversion Analysis of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells at Loads via AC Impedance
Authors: Payne Robert U. , Zhu Ying , Zhu Wenhua H. , Timper Mark S. , Elangovan S. , Tatarchuk Bruce J.
Published: October 2011

Impedance measurements were conducted under practical load conditions in solid oxide fuel cells of differing sizes. For a 2 cm2button cell, impedance spectra data were separately measured for the anode, cathode, and total cell. Improved equivalent circuit models are proposed and applied to simulate each of measured impedance data. Circuit elements related to the chemical and physical processes have been added to the total-cell model to account for an extra relaxation process in the spectra not measured at either electrode. The processes to which elements are attributed have been deduced by varying cell temperature, load current, and hydrogen concentration. Spectra data were also obtained for a planar stack of five 61 cm2cells and the individual cells therein, which were fitted to a simplified equivalent circuit model of the total button cell. Similar to the button cell, the planar cells and stack exhibit a pronounced low-frequency relaxation process, which has been attributed to concentration losses, that is, the combined effects of diffusion and gas conversion. The simplified total-cell model approximates well the dynamic behavior of the SOFC cells and the whole stack.
Non-Syndromic Bilateral Dentigerous Cysts Associated with Permanent Second Premolars
Authors: Shirazian Shiva , Agha-Hosseini Farzaneh
Published: October 2011

The dentigerous cyst is one of the most common developmental odontogenic cysts in the jaw. Occurrence of the bilateral dentigerous cyst is uncommon, and frequently associated with syndromes like basal cell nevus syndrome or cleidocranial dysplasia. There are few reports on the presence of bilateral dentigerous cyst in nonsyndromic patients, and most of these are associated with first and third molars. The reported case in this paper is bilateral dentigerous cysts associated with mandibular permanent second premolars, in the absence of any signs of syndrome. To our knowledge bilateral dentigerous cysts in these locations have not been previously reported.
Liturgy as space for anticipation
Authors: Cilliers Johan
Published: October 2011

This article proposes that the notion of liturgical space, understood in conjunction with the original Greek concept of space, is not only a quantitative, physical locality, but also a primary qualitative possibility for existence, a meaningful womb, a neighbourhood for imagination and a space for anticipation. Three consequences of this proposal are discussed, namely liturgy as waiting on the elusive presence (presence of absence) of God, celebration as (metaphorical) dance of hope, and the need for liturgical refiguring.
Regeneration and resurrection in Matthew – Peasants in campo hearing time signals from scribes
Authors: Van Aarde Andries G.
Published: October 2011

The article aimed to describe the distinctive element in the use of the motif of the resurrection in the Gospel of Matthew in comparison with Mark, Luke and the Sayings Gospel Q. It argued that the distinctive element occurs where parallel texts in Luke 22:24–30, Matthew 19:27–29 and Mark 10:28–31 converge. The distinctive element pertains particularly to the meaning of the Greek expression ‘en tē palingenesia’ in Matthew 19:28. By elaborating on time as a social construct, the article showed how Matthew deals with the conception of time differently than both Mark and Luke. It illustrated that the Gospel of Matthew represents a storyline consisting of a circular movement between ‘genesis’ (Mt 1:1) and ‘palingenesia’ (Mt 19:28), where the word ‘palingenesia’ denotes the meaning ‘regeneration’ rather than ‘resurrection’. Matthew does not narrate an abrupt transition from linear time to clock time. Both co-existed in a world where illiterate peasants and literate scribes scheduled their lives in terms of motifs pertaining to a linear and a punctual conception of time.
Transvenous embolization in spontaneous direct carotid-cavernous fistula in childhood
Authors: Mercado Glenna , Irie Keiko , Negoro Makoto , Moriya Shigeta , Tanaka Teppei , Ohmura Masahiro , Sadato Akiyo , Hayakawa Motuharu , Sano Hirotoshi
Published: October 2011

Carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal arteriovenous communication in the cavernous sinus. Direct CCF results from a tear in the intracavernous carotid artery. Typically, it has a high flow and usually presents with oculo-orbital venous congestive features such as exophthalmos, chemosis, and sometimes oculomotor or abducens cranial nerve palsy. Indirect CCF generally occurs spontaneously with subtle signs. We report a rare case of spontaneous direct CCF in childhood who did not have the usual history of craniofacial trauma or connective tissue disorder but presented with progressive chemosis and exophthalmos of the right eye. This report aims also to describe the safety and success of transvenous embolization with coils of the superior ophthalmic vein and cavernous sinus through the inferior petrosal sinus.
In Vivo Response of Bone Defects Filled with Pmma in an Ovine Model
Authors: Mcmahon Stephen , Hawdon Gabrielle , Baré John , Yu Yan , Bertollo Nicky , Walsh William R.
Published: October 2011

The use of PMMA cement is common in arthroplasty for cemented fixation and defect filling. Concerns remain regarding effects of cement curing temperature on the viability of cancellous bone. In this study we filled surgically-created defects (mean volume 0.585±0.251mL) in the cancellous bone of the distal femur and proximal tibia of 6 sheep with PMMA and measured temperature changes in surrounding bone whilst the cement cured, using 3 thermocouples per defect. Animals were euthanised at 3 (n=3) and 12 (n=3) weeks postoperatively and the bone-cement interface assessed histologically. Despite mean maximum temperatures of 49.3±10.2°C (range: 40.9°C - 82.2°C) thermonecrosis was not a common histological feature at either timepoint. The exposure of bone to high cement temperatures in this study has not led to bone necrosis and/or tissue damage.
Similarities and differences in peripheral blood gene‐expression signatures of individuals with schizophrenia and their first‐degree biological relatives
Authors: Glatt Stephen J. , Stone William S. , Nossova Nadine , Liew Choong‐Chin , Seidman Larry J. , Tsuang Ming T.
Published: October 2011

Several studies have evaluated the potential utility of blood‐based whole‐transcriptome signatures as a source of biomarkers for schizophrenia. This endeavor has been complicated by the fact that individuals with schizophrenia typically differ from appropriate comparison subjects on more than just the presence of the disorder; for example, individuals with schizophrenia typically receive antipsychotic medications, and have been dealing with the sequelae of this chronic illness for years. The inability to control such factors introduces a considerable degree of uncertainty in the results to date. To overcome this, we performed a blood‐based gene‐expression profiling study of schizophrenia patients (n = 9) as well as their unmedicated, nonpsychotic, biological siblings (n = 9) and unaffected comparison subjects (n = 12). The unaffected biological siblings, who may harbor some of the genetic predisposition to schizophrenia, exhibited a host of gene‐expression differences from unaffected comparison subjects, many of which were shared by their schizophrenic siblings, perhaps indicative of underlying risk factors for the disorder. Several genes that were dysregulated in both individuals with schizophrenia and their siblings related to nucleosome and histone structure and function, suggesting a potential epigenetic mechanism underlying the risk state for the disorder. Nonpsychotic siblings also displayed some differences from comparison subjects that were not found in their affected siblings, suggesting that the dysregulation of some genes in peripheral blood may be indicative of underlying protective factors. This study, while exploratory, illustrated the potential utility and increased informativeness of including unaffected first‐degree relatives in research in pursuit of peripheral biomarkers for schizophrenia. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Primary Study of Lymph Node Metastasis‐Related Serum Biomarkers in Breast Cancer
Authors: Wang Liang , Su Dan , Yan Huai‐Jun , Xu Jian‐Hua , Zheng Zhi‐Guo , Hu Yan‐Jun , Pan Xiao‐Dan , Ding Xiao‐Wen , Chen Chun , Chen Bin , Mao Wei‐Min , Meng Xu‐Li
Published: October 2011

The aim of this study was to detect the pretreatment serum protein profiles of breast cancer patients by mass spectrometry (MS) to screen candidate tumor biomarkers, which will supply a simple, accurate, and minimally invasive method to predict the axillary lymph node metastasis of breast cancer. We used magnetic bead‐based weak cation‐exchange chromatography followed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption and ionization time‐of‐flight MS to detect proteins in the sera of 54 cases of axillary node‐negative breast cancer, 47 cases of axillary node‐positive breast cancer, and 101 healthy controls. The protein profiles were analyzed to screen tumor biomarkers and lymph node metastasis‐associated proteins to establish and verify a diagnostic model. Comparison of the protein profiles between the two cancer groups resulted in a total of 111 discriminate m/z peaks that were associated with breast cancer. Furthermore, 40 discriminate m/z peaks were detected between breast cancer patients with and without axillary node metastases. Four protein m/z peaks at 5,643, 4,651, 2,377, and 2,240 were used to construct a diagnosis model, and cross‐validation indicated that breast cancer with and without axillary node metastasis was identified with 87.04% sensitivity (47/54), 87.23% specificity (41/47), and 87.13% accuracy (88/101). These proteins could potentially be used as predictive biomarkers to distinguish between breast cancer patients with or without lymph node metastasis. Anat Rec, , 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ganglion Cell Distribution and Retinal Resolution in the Florida Manatee, Trichechus Manatus Latirostris
Authors: Mass Alla M. , Ketten Darlene R. , Odell Daniel K. , Supin Alexander Ya.
Published: October 2011

The topographic organization of retinal ganglion cells was examined in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) to assess ganglion cell size and distribution and to estimate retinal resolution. The ganglion cell layer of the manatee's retina was comprised primarily of large neurons with broad intercellular spaces. Cell sizes varied from 10 to 60 μm in diameter (mean 24.3 μm). The retinal wholemounts from adult animals measured 446–501 mm2 in area with total ganglion cell counts of 62,000–81,800 (mean 70,200). The cell density changed across the retina, with the maximum in the area below the optic disc and decreasing toward the retinal edges and in the immediate vicinity of the optic disc. The maximum cell density ranged from 235 to 337 cells per millimeter square in the adult retinae. Two wholemounts obtained from juvenile animals were 271 and 282 mm2 in area with total cell numbers of 70,900 and 68,700, respectively (mean 69,800), that is, nearly equivalent to those of adults, but juvenile retinae consequently had maximum cell densities that were higher than those of adults: 478 and 491 cells per millimeter square. Calculations indicate a retinal resolution of ∼19′ (1.6 cycles per degree) in both adult and juvenile retinae. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Gallbladder ofUranoscopus ScaberL. (Teleost Perciform Fish) is Lined by Specialized Cholecystocytes
Authors: Gilloteaux J. , Ott Donald W. , Oldham‐Ott Carla K.
Published: October 2011

The gallbladder ofUranoscopus exhibits a mucosal surface layer of simple columnar epithelium composed of specialized cholecystocytes. The apices show storage and mucous secretions, typical microvilli, and very apical projections extending deep into the luminal contents. Many organelles and heterogeneous vesicles of diverse size fill the cytoplasm, including neutral mucins, mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomal bodies, and lipid‐rich deposits with cholesterol inclusions. The fibromuscular layer shows little blood supply and contains scattered lymph‐like walls with minute cholesterol inclusions. The remaining muscular, subserosal, and serosal or adventitial layers of this species do not show any histologic differences to those of other Vertebrates. It was unexpected to find cholesterol inclusions in the fatty deposits of the cholecystocytes, similar to those noted in human cholesterolosis and in some forms of hypercholesterolemia, in this teleostean. In addition, aggregations of mitochondria and anomalous mitochondrial morphologies were found that resemble oncocytoma‐like changes. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arterial Head Vascularization Cartographies of Normal Metencephalic Dogs Using Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Authors: Jacqmot Olivier D. , Snaps Frederic R. , Maquet Nathalie M. , Heinen Marie Pierre A. , Gabriel Annick E.
Published: October 2011

The aim of our study was to establish head arterial cartographies—useful for the diagnosis of brain diseases leading to cerebral vascular modifications—by means of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Casts of the arterial vascular brain system were used to corroborate the MRA results as they can be easily rotated in nonvirtual three‐dimensions and give an accurate view of the arteries calibre and origin. Two types of 3T MRA images were used: three‐dimensional fast low‐angle shot (3D‐FLASH) acquisition sequenced every 20 s, paired with injection of a paramagnetic contrast medium, and three‐dimensional time‐of‐flight (3D‐TOF) acquisition sequenced every 300 s. 3D‐FLASH acquisition gives very accurate images of the cerebral arteries and veins, but must be used with care in debilitated animals. 3D‐TOF acquisition is less accurate and gives only images of the main cerebral arteries without showing the venous system. It is, however, a viable diagnostic method for monitoring vascular lesions (e.g., cerebral hemorrhages). Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryonic Staging Table for a Direct‐Developing Salamander, Plethodon cinereus (Plethodontidae)
Authors: Kerney Ryan
Published: October 2011

This work presents a refined staging table for the direct‐developing red‐backed salamander Plethodon cinereus, which is based on the incomplete staging system of James Norman Dent (J Morphol 1942; 71:577–601). This common species from eastern North America is a member of the species‐rich lungless salamander family Plethodontidae. The staging table presented here covers several stages omitted by Dent and reveals novel developmental features of P. cinereus embryos. These include putative Leydig cells and open gill clefts, which are found in larvae of metamorphosing species but were previously reported as absent in direct‐developing Plethodon. Other features found in larvae of metamorphosing salamander species, such as the palatopterygoid bone and lateral line neuromasts, were not observed in this material. The occurrence of larval and metamorphic features in these embryos has direct bearing on the patterns of life history evolution within the plethodontidae family. This study emphasizes the degree to which typically larval structures are retained in this direct‐developing species and provides a staging table for further investigations into the development and evolution of plethodontid salamanders. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Proteolytic Enzyme Subtilase in the Digestive Organs of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius
Authors: Ura Kazuhiro , Hasegawa Syuto , Tanaka Eri , Gotoh Takahiro , Ojima Takao , Takagi Yasuaki
Published: October 2011

Subtilase, a major protease in the short‐spined sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius), was isolated and used as antigen for the subsequent production of a specific polyclonal antibody. Immunoreactive cells were observed by immunohistochemical analysis in granules in the anterior and posterior stomach and the anterior intestine. These granules, which were most numerous in the anterior stomach, also stained intensely with methylene blue‐Azure II. However, granules in cells of the esophagus, posterior intestine, and rectum were not stained by this antibody. We conclude that subtilase mainly localizes in the stomach and anterior intestine of the sea urchin. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unique hue data for colour appearance models. Part II: Chromatic adaptation transform
Authors: Xiao Kaida , Fu Chenyang , Mylonas Dimitris , Karatzas Dimosthenis , Wuerger Sophie
Published: October 2011

Unique hue settings of 185 observers under three room‐lighting conditions were used to evaluate the accuracy of full and mixed chromatic adaptation transform models of CIECAM02 in terms of unique hue reproduction. Perceptual hue shifts in CIECAM02 were evaluated for both models with no clear difference using the current Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) recommendation for mixed chromatic adaptation ratio. Using our large dataset of unique hue data as a benchmark, an optimised parameter is proposed for chromatic adaptation under mixed illumination conditions that produces more accurate results in unique hue reproduction. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2013
Evaluation of the performance of a tandem mass spectral library with mass spectral data extracted from literature
Authors: Würtinger Philipp , Oberacher Herbert
Published: October 2011

MSforID represents a database of tandem mass spectral data obtained from (quasi‐)molecular ions produced by atmospheric pressure ionization methods. At the current stage of development the library contains 12 122 spectra of 1208 small (bio‐)organic molecules.

The present work was aimed to evaluate the performance of the MSforID library in terms of accuracy and transferability with a collection of fragment ion mass spectra from various compounds acquired on multiple instruments. A literature survey was conducted to collect the set of sample spectra. A total number of 554 spectra covering 291 compounds were extracted from 109 publications. The majority of spectra originated from publications on applications of LC/MS/MS in drug monitoring, pharmacokinetics, environmental analysis, forensic analysis as well as food analysis. Almost all types of tandem mass spectrometric instruments distributed by the five most important instrument vendors were included in the study.

The overall sensitivity of library search was found to be 96.4%, which clearly proves that the MSforID library can successfully handle data from a huge variety of mass spectrometric instruments to allow accurate compound identification. Only for spectra containing three or more fragment ions, however, the rate of classified matches (= matches with a relative average match probability (ramp) score > 40.0) was 95%. Ambiguous or unclassified results were mainly obtained for searches with single precursor‐to‐fragment ion transitions due to the insufficient specificity of such a low amount of structural information to unequivocally define a single compound. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fuzzy lattice based technique for classification of power quality disturbances
Authors: Kapoor Rajiv , Gupta Rashmi
Published: October 2011

In this paper, a new technique is proposed for classification of power quality disturbances. The proposed technique is based on the concept of local non‐linear relation to extract the feature specific data. To extract any change occurring in the patterns of power quality events, non‐linear Gaussian functions have been used that result in formation of fuzzy lattices. These fuzzy lattices are expressed in the form of Schrödinger equation to find the kinetic energy involved corresponding to any change occurring in the power quality disturbances. Finally, the kinetic energy parameter embedded in two dimension space has been used to distinguish various power quality events. The proposed technique efficiently distinguishes various real time power quality events in a single cycle. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of crush and axotomy of phrenic nerves on oxidative stress in diaphragm muscle of rats
Authors: Sayir Fuat , Kavak PhD Servet , Meral İsmail , Demir Halit , Cengiz Nurettin , Çobanoğlu Ufuk
Published: October 2011

Introduction: In this study we investigated the effect of crush and axotomy of phrenic nerves on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities in rat diaphragm muscle. Methods: The animals in the first group were not crushed or axotomized and served as controls. Phrenic nerves of the rats in the second and third groups were crushed or axotomized in the diaphragm muscle. Results: The malondialdehyde level increased in diaphragm muscles after both crush and axotomy. The antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, carbonic anhydrase, and catalase, decreased in diaphragm muscles after both crush and axotomy. Conclusions: Crushing or axotomizing the phrenic nerves may produce oxidative stress in the diaphragm muscle of the rat by increasing lipid peroxidation and decreasing antioxidant enzyme activities. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Communication Strategies Between Occupational Hearing Conservationists and Spanish-Speaking Workers
Authors: Wakefield Emily , Meinke Deanna K.
Published: October 2011

This survey study investigated current hearing loss prevention practices among 300 certified occupational hearing conservationists (OHCs) with regard to service delivery to Spanish-speaking workers. OHCs responded to a written survey designed to investigate the current service delivery methods and strategies used by OHCs when providing services to Spanish-speaking workers specific to the audiometric testing, hearing protection, and training program components of hearing loss prevention programs (HLPPs). Data analyses outcomes indicated that there is a statistically significant relationship between certified OHCs' perceived proficiency in Spanish (ability to speak, understand, and/or read/write Spanish) and their perceived ability to communicate (effectively exchange information), their competence level (possessing the requisite knowledge and skills), and their confidence (self-perceived ability) when providing HLPP services to workers who primarily speak Spanish. There is a significant difference between the services provided to Spanish-speaking workers by Spanish-speaking and non-Spanish-speaking OHCs. Consequently, Spanish-speaking workers may not be receiving care comparable to their English-speaking coworkers. Implications from this study suggest the need for expanded training of certified OHCs relative to multicultural/linguistic issues and additional language-relevant hearing loss prevention resources to effectively provide HLPP services to this growing minority population.
Health Literacy and Multicultural Populations
Authors: McCrary Mercedes Benitez , Hester Eva Jackson
Published: October 2011

Health literacy is recognized as one of the major factors related to positive health outcomes and involves understanding, accessing, and using health information to make necessary health decisions. However, many members of multicultural populations demonstrate limited health literacy due to language barriers, health-care providers' limited knowledge of cultural variations, health-care communication restrictions, and low literacy levels as related to educational attainment. These problems become more complex for people with speech, language, and hearing problems and result in higher risk for inadequate health literacy. In this article, we review the status of health literacy and health-care communication of multicultural populations and offer suggestions for speech-language pathologists and audiologists to improve health literacy.
ASD and Middle School Challenges: A Case Example
Authors: Diehl Sylvia F.
Published: October 2011

Children on the autism spectrum experience increased challenges, both academically and socially, when they move from elementary school to middle school and beyond. In fact, it is not unusual for a child to make great gains during elementary school to the point where special education services are reduced and the child begins to flourish. However, middle school can change this and bring a child with autism to the forefront of teacher concerns once again. This article presents the story of a sixth grade student with autism and the collaborative approach his education team used to address the challenges he faced upon entering middle school.
Successfully Serving Students With ASD in the Schools: Let the Evidence Be Your Guide
Authors: Zenko Catherine B.
Published: October 2011

The caseload of a speech-language pathologist in the school setting consists of students with an array of abilities. The number of students with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is on the rise according to the most recent statistics: 1/110 children have an ASD (Centers for Disease Control, 2009). The diagnoses that fall under the ASD umbrella include autism, Asperger's syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Given these statistics, school clinicians will see an increase of students with ASD on their caseloads. Ways to effectively address the needs of children who fall under the ASD diagnostic umbrella will be discussed.
Increasing complexity with quantum physics
Authors: Anders Janet , Wiesner Karoline
Published: October 2011

We argue that complex systems science and the rules of quantum physics are intricately related. We discuss a range of quantum phenomena, such as cryptography, computation and quantum phases, and the rules responsible for their complexity. We identify correlations as a central concept connecting quantum information and complex systems science. We present two examples for the power of correlations: using quantum resources to simulate the correlations of a stochastic process and to implement a classically impossible computational task.
A dynamic gravimetric standard for trace water
Authors: Brewer P. J. , Goody B. A. , Woods P. T. , Milton M. J. T.
Published: October 2011

A system for generating traceable reference standards of water vapor at trace levels between 5 and 2000 nmol/mol has been developed. It can provide different amount fractions of trace water vapor by using continuous accurate measurements of mass loss from a permeation device coupled with a dilution system based on an array of critical flow orifices. An estimated relative expanded uncertainty of ±2% has been achieved for most amount fractions generated. The system has been used in an international comparison and demonstrates excellent comparability with National Metrology Institutes maintaining standards of water vapor in this range using other methods.
Unintentional incorporation of hydrogen in wurtzite InN with different surface orientations
Authors: Darakchieva V. , Lorenz K. , Xie M.-Y. , Alves E. , Hsiao C. L. , Chen L. C. , Tu L. W. , Schaff W. J. , Yamaguchi T. , Nanishi Y.
Published: October 2011

We have studied hydrogen impurities and related structural properties in state-of-the-art wurtzite InN films with polar, nonpolar, and semipolar surface orientations. The effects of thermal annealing and chemical treatment on the incorporation and stability of H are also discussed. The near-surface and bulk hydrogen concentrations in the as-grown films increase when changing the surface orientation from (0001) to (0001¯) to (11¯01) and to (112¯0), which may be associated with a decrease in the grain size and change of the growth mode from 2D to 3D. Thermal annealing at 350oC in N2 leads to a reduction of H concentrations and the intrinsic levels of bulk H are found to correlate with the structural quality and defects in the annealed films.
Quantum dynamics study of fulvene double bond photoisomerization: The role of intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution and excitation energy
Authors: Blancafort Lluís , Gatti Fabien , Meyer Hans-Dieter
Published: October 2011

The double bond photoisomerization of fulvene has been studied with quantum dynamics calculations using the multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree method. Fulvene is a test case to develop optical control strategies based on the knowledge of the excited state decay mechanism. The decay takes place on a time scale of several hundred femtoseconds, and the potential energy surface is centered around a conical intersection seam between the ground and excited state. The competition between unreactive decay and photoisomerization depends on the region of the seam accessed during the decay. The dynamics are carried out on a four-dimensional model surface, parametrized from complete active space self-consistent field calculations, that captures the main features of the seam (energy and locus of the seam and associated branching space vectors). Wave packet propagations initiated by single laser pulses of 5–25 fs duration and 1.85–4 eV excitation energy show the principal characteristics of the first 150 fs of the photodynamics. Initially, the excitation energy is transferred to a bond stretching mode that leads the wave packet to the seam, inducing the regeneration of the reactant. The photoisomerization starts after the vibrational energy has flowed from the bond stretching to the torsional mode. In our propagations, intramolecular energy redistribution (IVR) is accelerated for higher excess energies along the bond stretch mode. Thus, the competition between unreactive decay and isomerization depends on the rate of IVR between the bond stretch and torsion coordinates, which in turn depends on the excitation energy. These results set the ground for the development of future optical control strategies.
Infrared diode laser spectroscopy of the Ne–D2O van der Waals complex: Strong Coriolis and angular-radial coupling
Authors: Li Song , Zheng Rui , Zhu Yu , Duan Chuanxi
Published: October 2011

Four internal-rotation/vibration bands of the Ne–D2O complex have been measured in the v2 bend region of D2O using a tunable infrared diode laser spectrometer to probe a slit supersonic expansion. Three ortho bands are excited from the ground state Σ(000) to the Σ and Π(111, υ2 = 1) internal rotor states and the n = 1, Σ(000, υ2 = 1) stretching-internal rotor combination state. Strong perturbations between the excited vibrational states are evident. The observed spectra are analyzed separately with a three-state J-dependent Coriolis plus J-independent angular-radial coupling model [M. J. Weida and D. J. Nesbitt, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 3078 (1997)10.1063/1.473051] and a three-state Coriolis coupling model [R. C. Cohen and R. J. Saykally, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 7891 (1991)10.1063/1.461318]. The former model works more successfully than the latter. Molecular constants for the ground and excited vibrational states of ortho 20Ne–D2O isotopomer as well as the Coriolis and angular-radial coupling constants are determined accurately. The van der Waals stretching frequency is estimated to be νs = 24.85 cm−1 in the ground state and decreases to about 20.8 cm−1 upon vibrational excitation of the D2O bend.
Third-order gas-liquid phase transition and the nature of Andrews critical point
Authors: Ma Tian , Wang Shouhong
Published: October 2011

The main objective of this article is to study the nature of the Andrews critical point in the gas-liquid transition in a physical-vapor transport (PVT) system. A dynamical model, consistent with the van der Waals equation near the Andrews critical point, is derived. With this model, we deduce two physical parameters, which interact exactly at the Andrews critical point, and which dictate the dynamic transition behavior near the Andrews critical point. In particular, it is shown that 1) the gas-liquid co-existence curve can be extended beyond the Andrews critical point, and 2) the transition is first order before the critical point, second-order at the critical point, and third order beyond the Andrews critical point. This clearly explains why it is hard to observe the gas-liquid phase transition beyond the Andrews critical point. Furthermore, the analysis leads naturally the introduction of a general asymmetry principle of fluctuations and the preferred transition mechanism for a thermodynamic system. The theoretical results derived in this article are in agreement with the experimental results obtained in (K. Nishikawa and T. Morita, Fluid behavior at supercritical states studied by small-angle X-ray scattering, Journal of Supercritical Fluid, 13 (1998), pp. 143-148). Also, the derived second-order transition at the critical point is consistent with the result obtained in (M. Fisher, Specific heat of a gas near the critical point, Physical Review, 136:6A (1964), pp. A1599-A1604).
Energy-efficient post-harvest storage and handling.
Authors: East A. R.
Published: October 2011

Reducing energy consumption in the supply of fresh produce provides economic advantages by reducing costs, ensuring access to green-aware markets and customers and alleviating the future impact of carbon trading systems on profitability. While any process change should be fully investigated with a systems-thinking approach, such as a life cycle analysis, this work focuses on the post-harvest section of horticultural supply chains (i.e. from producer gate to retailer door). Most typical post-harvest supply chains feature operations of cooling, handling, storage and transportation. This paper provides a review of: (a) the drivers for energy efficiency, (b) energy consumption practices and means of increasing energy efficiency in contemporary supply chains and (c) current developments and ideas being suggested as possible energy use reduction strategies in future fresh produce supply chains.
Element-specific ferromagnetic resonance in epitaxial Heusler spin valve systems
Authors: Klaer P , Hoffmann F , Woltersdorf G , Jorge E Arbelo , Jourdan M , Back C H , Elmers H J
Published: October 2011

Time-resolved x-ray magnetic circular dichroism was used to investigate epitaxial MgO(100)/Co2Cr0.6Fe0.4Al and MgO(100)/Co2Cr0.6Fe0.4Al/Cr/CoFe films. The precessional motion of the individual sublattice magnetization, excited by continuous microwave excitation in the range 2–10 GHz, was detected by tuning the x-ray photon energy to the L
3 absorption edges of Cr, Fe and Co. The relative phase angle of the sublattice magnetization's response is smaller than the detection limit of 2°. A weakly antiferromagnetically coupled CoFe layer causes an increase in the ferromagnetic resonance linewidth consisting of a constant offset and a component linearly increasing with frequency that we partly attribute to non-local damping due to spin pumping.
Evolutionary development of redundant nuclear localization signals in the mRNA export factor NXF1
Authors: Zhang Zi Chao , Satterly Neal , Fontoura Beatriz M. A. , Chook Yuh Min
Published: October 2011

In human cells, the mRNA export factor NXF1 resides in the nucleoplasm and at nuclear pore complexes. Karyopherin β2 or transportin recognizes a proline–tyrosine nuclear localization signal (PY-NLS) in the N-terminal tail of NXF1 and imports it into the nucleus. Here biochemical and cellular studies to understand the energetic organization of the NXF1 PY-NLS reveal unexpected redundancy in the nuclear import pathways used by NXF1. Human NXF1 can be imported via importin β, karyopherin β2, importin 4, importin 11, and importin α. Two NLS epitopes within the N-terminal tail, an N-terminal basic segment and a C-terminal R-X2-5-P-Y motif, provide the majority of binding energy for all five karyopherins. Mutation of both NLS epitopes abolishes binding to the karyopherins, mislocalized NXF1 to the cytoplasm, and significantly compromised its mRNA export function. The understanding of how different karyopherins recognize human NXF1, the examination of NXF1 sequences from divergent eukaryotes, and the interactions of NXF1 homologues with various karyopherins reveals the evolutionary development of redundant NLSs in NXF1 of higher eukaryotes. Redundancy of nuclear import pathways for NXF1 increases progressively from fungi to nematodes and insects to chordates, potentially paralleling the increasing complexity in mRNA export regulation and the evolution of new nuclear functions for NXF1.
β-Catenin and Smad3 regulate the activity and stability of myocardin-related transcription factor during epithelial–myofibroblast transition
Authors: Charbonney Emmanuel , Speight Pam , Masszi András , Nakano Hiroyasu , Kapus András
Published: October 2011

Injury to the adherens junctions (AJs) synergizes with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ) to activate a myogenic program (α-smooth muscle actin [SMA] expression) in the epithelium during epithelial–myofibroblast transition (EMyT). Although this synergy plays a key role in organ fibrosis, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully defined. Because we recently showed that Smad3 inhibits myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF), the driver of the SMA promoter and many other CC(A/T)-rich GG element (CArG) box–dependent cytoskeletal genes, we asked whether AJ components might affect SMA expression through interfering with Smad3. We demonstrate that E-cadherin down-regulation potentiates, whereas β-catenin knockdown inhibits, SMA expression. Contact injury and TGFβ enhance the binding of β-catenin to Smad3, and this interaction facilitates MRTF signaling by two novel mechanisms. First, it inhibits the Smad3/MRTF association and thereby allows the binding of MRTF to its myogenic partner, serum response factor (SRF). Accordingly, β-catenin down-regulation disrupts the SRF/MRTF complex. Second, β-catenin maintains the stability of MRTF by suppressing the Smad3-mediated recruitment of glycogen synthase kinase-3β to MRTF, an event that otherwise leads to MRTF ubiquitination and degradation and the consequent loss of SRF/MRTF–dependent proteins. Thus β-catenin controls MRTF-dependent transcription and emerges as a critical regulator of an array of cytoskeletal genes, the “CArGome.”
Cx50 requires an intact PDZ-binding motif and ZO-1 for the formation of functional intercellular channels
Authors: Chai Zhifang , Goodenough Daniel A. , Paul David L.
Published: October 2011

The three connexins expressed in the ocular lens each contain PDZ domain–binding motifs directing a physical association with the scaffolding protein ZO-1, but the significance of the interaction is unknown. We found that Cx50 with PDZ-binding motif mutations did not form gap junction plaques or induce cell–cell communication in HeLa cells, whereas the addition of a seven–amino acid PDZ-binding motif restored normal function to Cx50 lacking its entire C-terminal cytoplasmic domain. C-Terminal deletion had a similar although weaker effect on Cx46 but little if any effect on targeting and function of Cx43. Furthermore, small interfering RNA knockdown of ZO-1 completely inhibited the formation of gap junctions by wild-type Cx50 in HeLa cells. Thus both a PDZ-binding motif and ZO-1 are necessary for Cx50 intercellular channel formation in HeLa cells. Knock-in mice expressing Cx50 with a PDZ-binding motif mutation phenocopied Cx50 knockouts. Furthermore, differentiating lens fibers in the knock-in displayed extensive intracellular Cx50, whereas plaques in mature fibers contained only Cx46. Thus normal Cx50 function in vivo also requires an intact PDZ domain–binding motif. This is the first demonstration of a connexin-specific requirement for a connexin-interacting protein in gap junction assembly.
ALBA proteins are stage regulated during trypanosome development in the tsetse fly and participate in differentiation
Authors: Subota Ines , Rotureau Brice , Blisnick Thierry , Ngwabyt Sandra , Durand-Dubief Mickaël , Engstler Markus , Bastin Philippe
Published: October 2011

The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is responsible for sleeping sickness and alternates between mammal and tsetse fly hosts, where it has to adapt to different environments. We investigated the role of two members of the ALBA family, which encodes hypothetical RNA-binding proteins conserved in most eukaryotes. We show that ALBA3/4 proteins colocalize with the DHH1 RNA-binding protein and with a subset of poly(A+) RNA in stress granules upon starvation. Depletion of ALBA3/4 proteins by RNA interference in the cultured procyclic stage produces cell modifications mimicking several morphogenetic aspects of trypanosome differentiation that usually take place in the fly midgut. A combination of immunofluorescence data and videomicroscopy analysis of live trypanosomes expressing endogenously ALBA fused with fluorescent proteins revealed that ALBA3/4 are present throughout the development of the parasite in the tsetse fly, with the striking exception of the transition stages found in the proventriculus region. This involves migration of the nucleus toward the posterior end of the cell, a phenomenon that is perturbed upon forced expression of ALBA3 during the differentiation process, showing for the first time the involvement of an RNA-binding protein in trypanosome development in vivo.
Subunit organization in the Dam1 kinetochore complex and its ring around microtubules
Authors: Ramey Vincent H. , Wong Amanda , Fang Jie , Howes Stuart , Barnes Georjana , Nogales Eva
Published: October 2011

All eukaryotic cells must segregate their chromosomes equally between two daughter cells at each division. This process needs to be robust, as errors in the form of loss or gain of genetic material have catastrophic effects on viability. Chromosomes are captured, aligned, and segregated to daughter cells via interaction with spindle microtubules mediated by the kinetochore. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae one microtubule attaches to each kinetochore, requiring extreme processivity from this single connection. The yeast Dam1 complex, an essential component of the outer kinetochore, forms rings around microtubules and in vitro recapitulates much of the functionality of a kinetochore–microtubule attachment. To understand the mechanism of the Dam1 complex at the kinetochore, we must know how it binds to microtubules, how it assembles into rings, and how assembly is regulated. We used electron microscopy to map several subunits within the structure of the Dam1 complex and identify the organization of Dam1 complexes within the ring. Of importance, new data strongly support a more passive role for the microtubule in Dam1 ring formation. Integrating this information with previously published data, we generated a structural model for the Dam1 complex assembly that advances our understanding of its function and will direct future experiments.
Agricultural Support Policies in Imperfectly Competitive Markets: Why Market Power Matters in Policy Design
Authors: Russo Carlo , Goodhue Rachael E. , Sexton Richard J.
Published: October 2011

Most agricultural policy analysis assumes that markets are perfectly competitive, despite increasing evidence to the contrary. We demonstrate that the interaction of market power and government intervention may lead to outcomes that are counter to key results of policy analysis for perfectly competitive markets. We show that market power may reduce or eliminate entirely the net welfare benefits from removing two traditional support mechanisms, price floors and deficiency payments, and may increase considerably the government's cost of implementing either of them. Accordingly, optimally designed price support measures may improve welfare in the presence of downstream oligopoly and/or oligopsony power.
Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, remodelling, and clinical outcomes among patients with diabetes following myocardial infarction and the influence of direct renin inhibition with aliskiren
Authors: Shah Amil M. , Shin Sung Hee , Takeuchi Madoka , Skali Hicham , Desai Akshay S. , Køber Lars , Maggioni Aldo P. , Rouleau Jean L. , Kelly Roxzana Y. , Hester Allen , Keefe Deborah , McMurray John J. V. , Pfeffer Marc A. , Solomon Scott D.
Published: October 2011

Aims

We assessed the relationship between diabetes and cardiac structure and function following myocardial infarction (MI) and whether diabetes influences the effect of direct renin inhibition on change in left ventricular (LV) size.

Methods and results

The ASPIRE trial enrolled 820 patients 2–8 weeks after MI with ejection fraction ≤45% and randomized them to the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren (n= 423) or placebo (n = 397) added to standard medical therapy. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and after 36 weeks in 672 patients with evaluable paired studies. Compared with non‐diabetic patients, diabetic patients (n = 214) were at higher risk for a composite of cardiovascular (CV) death, heart failure hospitalization, recurrent MI, stroke, or aborted sudden death (14 vs. 7%; adjusted hazard ratio 1.63, 95% confidence interval 1.01–2.64, P= 0.045), despite similar left ventricular ejection fraction (37.9 ± 5.3 vs. 37.6 ± 5.2%, P= 0.48) and end‐systolic volume (ESV) (84 ± 25 vs. 82 ± 28 mL, P= 0.46). Diabetic patients demonstrated greater concentric remodelling (relative wall thickness 0.38 ± 0.07 vs. 0.36 ± 0.07, P= 0.0002) and evidence of higher LV filling pressure (E/E′ 11.1 ± 5.3 vs. 9.1 ± 4.3, P= 0.0011). At 36 weeks, diabetic patients experienced similar per cent reduction in ESV overall (−4.9 ± 17.9 vs. −5.5 ± 16.9, P= 0.67) but tended to experience greater reduction in ESV than non‐diabetic patients when treated with aliskiren (interaction P = 0.08).

Conclusions

Compared with non‐diabetic patients, diabetic patients are at increased risk of CV events post‐MI despite no greater LV enlargement or reduction in systolic function. Diabetic patients demonstrate greater concentric remodelling and evidence of higher LV filling pressure, suggesting diastolic dysfunction as a potential mechanism for the higher risk observed among these patients.
Preferential Loading of Bergmann Glia with Synthetic Acetoxymethyl Calcium Dyes: Figure 1.
Authors: Hoogland Tycho M. , Kuhn Bernd , Wang Samuel S.-H.
Published: October 2011

The cerebellar cortex contains two astrocyte types: the Bergmann glia of the molecular layer and the velate protoplasmic astrocytes of the granule cell layer. In vivo, these cell types generate both subcellular calcium transients and trans-glial calcium waves. This protocol outlines a method for in vivo calcium imaging in cerebellar astrocytes of mice which have undergone a cerebellar craniotomy. Multicell bolus loading (MCBL) is performed using the synthetic calcium indicators Fluo-5F AM and Fluo-4 AM. In the cerebellum, a degree of cell-type specificity can be achieved by varying the depth of injection. This protocol describes a loading procedure following craniotomy which allows preferential labeling of Bergmann glia.
Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Gene Expression during the Innate Immunity Response of Soybean
Authors: Valdés-López Oswaldo , Thibivilliers Sandra , Qiu Jing , Xu Wayne Wenzhong , Nguyen Tran H.N. , Libault Marc , Le Brandon H. , Goldberg Robert B. , Hill Curtis B. , Hartman Glen L. , Diers Brian , Stacey Gary
Published: October 2011

Microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (MTI) is an important component of the plant innate immunity response to invading pathogens. However, most of our knowledge of MTI comes from studies of model systems with relatively little work done with crop plants. In this work, we report on variation in both the microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered oxidative burst and gene expression across four soybean (Glycine max) genotypes. Variation in MTI correlated with the level of pathogen resistance for each genotype. A quantitative trait locus analysis on these traits identified four loci that appeared to regulate gene expression during MTI in soybean. Likewise, we observed that both MTI variation and pathogen resistance were quantitatively inherited. The approach utilized in this study may have utility for identifying key resistance loci useful for developing improved soybean cultivars.