bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpretation in Context: Sampling and Analysis in Paleoethnobotany
Authors: Lennstrom Heidi A. , Hastorf Christine A.
Published: April 2006

During the past 20 years the collection of samples for flotation and subsequent paleoethnobotanical analyses have flourished. At the same time, archaeologists have become increasingly concerned with both the physical and cultural contexts of material remains. With this in mind, we must critically examine the sampling schemes used in the field and laboratory. This article presents a method that can help archaeologists recover the most complete information needed to address both the physical and cultural context of archaeobotanical remains. By comparing flotation samples from features and adjacent locations, we demonstrate the need for systematic, comprehensive sampling and analytical procedures to delineate the chronological, stratigraphical, and cultural relationships between and among materials in adjacent areas.
Problems in Radiocarbon Dating Human Remains from Arid Coastal Areas: An Example from the Cape Region of Baja California
Authors: Molto J. Eldon , Stewart Joe D. , Reimer Paula J.
Published: April 2006

Three AMS radiocarbon dates on bone collagen from Las Palmas culture human skeletons from the cape region of Baja California are analyzed. Carbon derived from both terrestrial and marine sources necessitates correcting the radiocarbon ages for reservoir effects. Complicating this, however, are (a) the uncertain percentage of carbon of marine origin in the samples and (b) the convergence of the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California, which differ markedly in reservoir values. Computer program CALIB 3.0.3c is used to correct and calibrate the conventional radiocarbon dates in a simulation using varied values for marine carbon and reservoir effects for each sample. This produces substantial variance in the results and, therefore, difficulties for chronological interpretation. For example, reasonable input values for dR and percent marine carbon yield dates that overlap the first European contact (A.D. 1533), despite the absence of historic documentation of the Las Palmas mortuary complex. Further research on reservoir effects and paleodiet is needed in order to interpret radiocarbon determinations on cape region human remains. Moreover, our findings have serious implications for the proper application of radiocarbon dating to samples from other regions subject to reservoir effects.
Reevaluation of the Identification of Ancient Maize Pollen from Alabama
Authors: Eubanks Mary
Published: April 2006

Fearn and Liu (1995) reported positive identification of a large Poaceae pollen grain recovered from a lake bed core in Alabama dating to 3500 B.P. as Zea mays. Reinterpretation of old data and new data reported here indicate this identification is questionable. Review of the evidence at hand indicates the most likely identification of the pollen grain in question is Tripsacum, although it could be primitive maize, teosinte, or Zea “indiana,” a hybrid between Tripsacum and teosinte. Until the sample size is expanded and a firm identification can be made, caution is urged in interpretations about the significance of this find for early maize agriculture in eastern North America.
Property Crime and Hard Times in England, 1559-1624
Authors: Lawson Peter
Published: April 2006

Whatever their other disagreements, most students of early modern judicial records agree that by the end of the sixteenth century England's criminal courts were busier than ever before. Studies by Joel Samaha, J.S. Cockburn, Keith Wrightson and J.A. Sharpe all point to an increase in the level of criminal prosecutions, and in particular to an increase in prosecutions for property crime. These changes in turn suggest a change in actual behaviour: apparently more people were stealing more often. Such a conclusion becomes more convincing when one recalls the state of the Elizabethan economy. By at least the 1580's the economic expansion of the sixteenth century was beginning to give way to crisis. England's society and economy suffered the combined effects of war, harvest failure, plague and industrial stagnation. Mortality and food prices rose, wages and employment opportunities shrank, and poverty became more pronounced.
“Dear Teacher”: The Correspondence of William O. Douglas and Thomas Reed Powell
Authors: Urofsky Melvin I.
Published: April 2006

Recalling his years as a student at the Columbia Law School, William O. Douglas (1898–1980) wrote that one of his teachers, Thomas Reed Powell (1880–1955), was “then an iconoclast. He was the offbeat intellectual who could cut the Supreme Court into ribbons in any field of constitutional law.” Although the two men later drifted apart, they remained good friends for more than two decades, and their correspondence is a remarkable window not only into their agile and creative minds, but into the constitutional and academic issues of their times as well.
The Demographic Transparency of Manorial Court Rolls
Authors: Razi Zvi
Published: April 2006

All historical sources reflect reality in a partial and distorted way. The past, therefore, can be understood only when the limitations of particular sources are recognized and the methods employed in making historical observations, as well as the observations themselves, are constantly tested and refined. Drs. Poos and Smith, in an earlier issue of the Law and History Review, have undertaken such a task when they thoroughly examined my use of manorial court rolls' data for demographic analysis of a medieval English parish.
The Oregon Donation Act of 1850 and Nineteenth Century Federal Married Women's Property Law
Authors: Chused Richard H.
Published: April 2006

Almost every state and territory adopted a married women's property act between 1835 and 1850. These acts generally exempted married women's property from attachment by creditors of their husbands, effecting a slight change in the battery of common-law coverture rules that gave husbands management of their wives' real property and ownership of their personal property. Alterations in the roles of women in the family, increases in education of women and growth in the importance of women's public service groups provided an environment sympathetic to initial reforms in married women's property law. In addition, economic panics and depressions affected the family economy, providing an incentive for adoption of rules exempting married women's property from the claims of their husbands' creditors.
Law, Land Transfer, and Lordship on the Estates of St. Albans Abbey in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
Authors: Slota Leon A.
Published: April 2006

During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the manor courts of medieval England were evolving into formal legal bodies with written records and standard procedures. An important reason for this development was that lords needed to protect their prerogatives, which were endangered from above by the king's increasing authority expressed in the royal courts and common law, and from below by peasants who actively sought greater freedom. Lords met these challenges to their authority by altering the law and practice of the manor courts to reinforce the institution of villeinage. This is particularly true of the land law enforced in the manor courts.
Catalan Lawyers, Liberalism, and Codification
Authors: Jacobson Stephen
Published: April 2006

Kenneth Ledford's thoughtful and poignant commentary has highlighted a number of intriguing theoretical issues that will be debated as the study of modern Catalonia continues to make inroads into various disciplines within the Anglo-Saxon academy. Acknowledging Ledford's observations, I limit my response to clarifying three points: (1) the degree to which the Barcelona legal profession was unified; (2) lawyers and liberalism; and (3) the challenge that Catalan exceptionalism poses to Weberian modernization. In order to address these issues, I expand the scope of this response beyond that of the original article.
Norm or Exception? Political Ideologies in Nineteenth-Century Catalonia
Authors: Harty Siobhán
Published: April 2006

Kenneth Ledford has provided an insightful commentary on the two articles on Catalonia. He generously notes their contribution to debates on normativity in the history of civil law codification, for which I thank him. More important, Ledford raises several questions that need to be addressed before we can be convinced that “the Catalan experience can be used to refine and reshape assessments of any general European phenomena regarding civil law codification” (Ledford, 390). I shall use this space to briefly address each of his three questions.
Elite Privilege and Public Interest Lawyering
Authors: Carle Susan D.
Published: April 2006

I was delighted to receive David Wilkins's kind comments about my article. Wilkins provides a cogent and pithy analysis of the relationship between the public interest and elite corporate bars. In so doing, he uses my article as a springboard for proposing a thesis more ambitious and general than mine, involving several propositions concerning what he terms the “odd alliance” and “enduring relationship” between elite corporate and public interest lawyers. Wilkins states that this alliance is related to: (1) the similar class origins of these two kinds of lawyers; (2) public interest lawyers' tendency to target defendants who do not threaten the interests of corporate lawyers' powerful clients; and (3) the class interests of the elite bar in bolstering an image of the legal profession as devoted to the pursuit of justice. On all of these topics, I have many points of agreement with Wilkins. I do, however, perceive some differences, which I will very briefly sketch in the limited space allotted me here.
Reddatur Parentibus: The Vengeance of the Family in Cnut's Homicide Legislation
Authors: Jurasinski Stefan
Published: April 2006

TheAnglo-Saxon Chroniclestates that during his 1018 meeting in Oxford with the leading English ecclesiastical and lay authorities, roughly one year after his accession to the throne in England, Cnut agreed to uphold “the laws of Edgar” during his reign. The ultimate outcome of this and subsequent meetings is the code issued at Winchester in 1020, referred to by editorial convention as I and II Cnut. This code contains, respectively, the religious and secular laws of England promulgated under Cnut. The code is contained in four manuscripts in Old English. The earliest are British Library, Cotton Nero A.i and Cambridge, Corpus Christi College (CCCC) 201, both dated to the mid-eleventh century; the latest, Cambridge, Corpus Christi College (CCCC) 383 and British Library, Harley 55, belong to the early twelfth century. Cnut's code reappears in three twelfth-century Norman Latin tracts intended to acquaint French authorities with English law, theInstituta Cnuti, Consiliatio Cnuti, andQuadripartitus. TheLeges Henrici Primi, prepared by the same author as theQuadripartitus, also draws heavily on Cnut's legislation.
“Motives at Philadelphia”: A Comment on Slonim
Authors: Wood Gordon S.
Published: April 2006

I am grateful to the editor of Law and History Review for the opportunity to respond to Professor Shlomo Slonim's article criticizing my interpretation of the formation of the Constitution. I know Professor Slonim personally from a visit I made over a decade ago to Hebrew University where he was a very gracious host. I know too that he is an earnest and meticulous scholar of the United States Constitution who has spent a great deal of energy refuting Charles Beard. So in this brief response I wish to treat his criticism with respect while at the same time I hope to show where I believe he is wrong or has misunderstood and misinterpreted me.
Growing Up Dependent: Family Preservation in Early Twentieth-Century Chicago
Authors: Tanenhaus David S.
Published: April 2006

On December 23, 1912, a Hungarian father brought his three young daughters (ages three, five, and seven) to the Cook County Juvenile Court to file dependent petitions on their behalf. He alleged that their mother had deserted the family, stolen their savings, and disappeared. As a single father, he could have and probably did argue that it was unreasonable to expect him to work and to raise his young children simultaneously. On Christmas Eve, after a six-man jury found each girl to be a “dependent child,” Judge Merritt Pinckney ordered them committed to the Lisle Industrial School and arranged for their father to pay $15 a month for their support. Thus, the single father had used the juvenile court to arrange for a private institution to raise his now motherless children, who because they were the same gender were at least allowed to grow up together in the same industrial school.
New Directions for the Children of Hurst
Authors: Berry Mary Frances
Published: April 2006

The five articles in this volume make clear the overriding significance of J. Willard Hurst (1910–1997) to the burgeoning field of U.S. legal history. They leave no doubt as to his contributions to interdisciplinary social science research, to collegial and supportive exchanges with budding scholars, and attest to the overall intellectual breadth and sensitivity of Hurst's scholarly persona.

It is indeed true, as these essays conclude, that U.S. legal history in a sense really begins with Hurst. The barren, dry bones and husks on the terrain, before him, made American legal history, an appendage to English legal history, terra incognita for most historians and other scholars. He almost single-handedly made legal experience a necessary part of social and economic history.
The Moralization of Guilt in Late Imperial Russian Trial by Jury: The Early Reform Era
Authors: Bhat Girish N.
Published: April 2006

Ever since the official promulgation of the judicial reform statutes of 1864 in late imperial Russia, a scholarly commonplace has been the reform's contribution to the remarkable emergence of several generations of brilliant Russian trial lawyers and an internationally famous tradition of outstanding judicial oratory during the half-century preceding the Bolshevik revolution. This impressive display of judicial learning and courtroom artistry occurred in the context of Western-style trial by jury, the reform's most daring innovation. Introduced in 1866 after two years of energetic preparation, Russia's system of trial by jury bequeathed to scholars the most powerful emblem of the post-1864 Russian legal order: the courtroom confrontation between the defense attorney (zashchitnik) and the state's prosecutorial agent, the procurator (prokuror). In this judicial clash, the defense counsel has represented the eloquent, keen-witted, Western-educated champion of the individual and even the “defender of public interests.” The procuratorial representative has come to embody the interests of a regime whose relentless and often undisguised statism belied the reform statutes' open proclamation of the principles of legality and the “rule of law.”
Twelve Good Men and True? The Character of Early Fourteenth-Century Juries
Authors: Musson Anthony
Published: April 2006

Over the last decade special attention has been accorded to the development of the trial jury. Historians have examined, within the context of the administration of justice and across a broad chronological span, the shifting character of English juries. Thomas Green himself has contributed much to our understanding of medieval jury behavior by synthesizing his own and existing research to form a useful working hypothesis and by highlighting in particular the practice of jury nullification. Yet there are still areas, particularly in the medieval period, that lack adequate definition and would benefit from the close attention afforded by more specific studies ranging over a limited time frame.
A comparison of time-varying online price and price dispersion between multichannel and dotcom DVD retailers
Authors: Xing Xiaolin , Yang Zhenlin , Tang Fang-Fang
Published: April 2006

We compare price differences and market dynamics between two types of online retailers: online branches of multichannel retailers (OBMCRs) and pure Internet retailers (Dotcoms), based on a set of panel data collected from the DVD market. We find that (i) OBMCRs charge higher prices than Dotcoms, (ii) prices go up with time for both OBMCRs and Dotcoms, and (iii) prices of Dotcoms go up faster than those of OBMCRs.We also find that price dispersions of OBMCRs and Dotcoms are significantly different and the difference decreases with time. Our results show that although the two types of retailers have different price levels and different price dispersions at the beginning, such differences are getting smaller over time, implying that the two types of retailers will have similar pricing behavior in the long run. However, persistent price dispersion among all retailers exists in the market, even over a long period.
Neutral Ti Catalysts for the Intramolecular Hydroamination of Alkenes
Authors: Müller Carsten , Loos Christian , Schulenberg Nikola , Doye Sven
Published: April 2006

Neutral titanium complexes are well known precatalysts for the inter‐ and intramolecular hydroamination of alkynes. In this publication, we show the capability of several neutral titanium complexes to catalyze intramolecular hydroamination reactions of alkenes. The corresponding pyrrolidine and piperidine products are formed in yields up to 97 %. Among the substrates used, only geminally disubstituted amino alkenes are successfully cyclized. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A survey of vocational status 10 years after traumatic head injury
Authors: Kim J. A. , Colantonio Angela
Published: April 2006

Productivity is one of the components of occupational performance in occupational therapy. Thus, work status is an important area to address after head injury. Many studies on long‐term outcomes after head injury document return to work post injury but often do not report the nature of employment after injury. The aim of this study was to examine change in vocational status 10 years after head injury and explore participants' perception of how this injury affected career plans. Eighty‐three out of 100 subjects were traced 10 years post injury from a large trauma centre in Canada. Of these, 59 agreed to participate in a telephone interview where data on employment were collected. Occupations before and after injury were coded using three indices (Hollingshead Index, Blishen Socioeconomic Index for Occupations, and the Pineo Socioeconomic Classification of Occupations). The study shows that, on average, subjects who are employed before and after injury stay at the same level of vocational status or improve slightly. Younger age (p<0.05) and being male (p<0.10) were associated with an increase in status. Six major themes on how injury affected career plans emerged. It is recommended that greater attention be given to coding occupations in research, clinical work and follow‐up studies of head injured subjects. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Changes of Nuclear Matrix Proteins Following the Differentiation of Human Osteosarcoma MG-63 Cells
Authors: Zhao Chun-Hong , Li Qi-Fu , Zhao Yan , Niu Jing-Wen , Li Zhi-Xing , Chen Jin-An
Published: April 2006

Human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells were induced into differentiation by 5 mmol/L hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA). Their nuclear matrix proteins (NMPs) were selectively extracted and subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis. The results of protein patterns were analyzed by Melanie software. The spots of differentially expressed NMPs were excised and subjected to in situ digestion with trypsin. The maps of peptide mass fingerprinting were obtained by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, and were submitted for NCBI database searches by Mascot tool. There were twelve spots changed remarkably during the differentiation induced by HMBA, nine of which were identified. The roles of the regulated proteins during the MG-63 differentiation were analyzed. This study suggests that the induced differentiation of cancer cells is accompanied by the changes of NMPs, and confirms the presence of some specific NMPs related to the cancer cell proliferation and differentiation. The changed NMPs are potential markers for cancer diagnosis or targets for cancer therapy.
Effect of 5-Azacytidine on the Protein Expression of Porcine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Vitro
Authors: Ye Neng-Sheng , Zhang Rong-Li , Zhao Yan-Feng , Feng Xue , Wang Yi-Ming , Luo Guo-An
Published: April 2006

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent stem cells that show a vital potential in the clinical application for cell transplantation. In the present paper, proteomic techniques were used to approach the protein profiles associated with porcine bone marrow MSCs and investigate the regulation of MSC proteins on the effect of 5-azacytidine (5-aza). Over 1,700 protein species were separated from MSCs according to gel analysis. Compared with the expression profiling of control MSCs, there were 11 protein spots up-regulated and 26 down-regulated in the protein pattern of 5-aza-treated cells. A total of 21 proteins were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, among which some interesting proteins, such as alpha B-crystallin, annexin A2, and stathmin 1, had been reported to involve in cell proliferation and differentiation through different signaling pathways. Our data should be useful for the future study of MSC differentiation and apoptosis.
Note on the Faxén relations for a particle in Stokes flow
Authors: Rallison J. M.
Published: April 2006

The Faxén relations for a rigid particle in an arbitrary Stokes flow are generalized to give expressions for the stresslet (and higher stress moments) exerted by the particle on the fluid, and also to viscous drops immersed in a viscous fluid.
The development and structure of turbulent plane jets
Authors: Everitt K. W. , Robins A. G.
Published: April 2006

The structure and development of turbulent plane jets in still air and moving streams are described. The nature of the small-scale turbulence cannot be accurately ascertained because of the difficulties inherent in the measurement of dissipation in highly turbulent flows. Although correlation measurements in a jet in still air indicate a large-scale structure which can best be described as ‘local flapping’, measurements in a jet in a moving stream do not reveal a similar structure. The development of the turbulence structure in a jet in a moving parallel stream is described and the properties of turbulent jets and wakes are shown to be reasonably well predicted by the use of a variable-eddy-viscosity formula together with the formal self-preserving properties of the equations of motion.
On the dispersion relation of random gravity waves. Part 1. Theoretical framework
Authors: Masuda Akira , Kuo Yi-Yu , Mitsuyasu Hisashi
Published: April 2006

A theoretical framework is given, upon which to examine the dispersion relation of random gravity waves. First a weakly nonlinear theory is developed to the third-order for a statistically stationary and homogeneous field of random gravity waves. Both the spectrum of forced waves and the nonlinear dispersion relation are expressed in terms of the spectrum of free waves under the assumption of the Gaussian process for the first-order surface displacement. Next a method is proposed by which to separate each of the spectra of free and forced waves from the measured spectrum. This gives practical and powerful means of investigating the statistical structure of wind waves.
Mean flow generation by topographic Rossby waves
Authors: De Verdiere Alain Colin
Published: April 2006

This paper makes use of the ease of modelling topographic Rossby waves in a laboratory context to investigate the ability of these waves to generate strong zonal mean flows when the geostrophic (f/H) contours are closed. A zonally travelling wave is forced in a narrow latitude band of a ‘polar beta plane’. Stronger signals occur when the motion of the driving is retrograde and at the phase speed of the gravest free modes. An important zonal westward mean flow occurs in the free interior while a compensating eastward jet is found at forced latitudes. The dependence of the mean flow strength upon the wave steepness indicates that genuine rectification processes are indeed taking place when the fluid is stirred by purely oscillating devices.

This general tendency for topographic Rossby waves to transfer energy to zonal components is first analysed theoretically by investigating a side-band instability mechanism within an unforced fluid. Among the products of the interactions between a primary wave of wavenumberkand its side bands of wavenumberk± δk, the zonal flow is prominent. Wave steepnesses of order (|δk|/|k|)½only are required for zonal energy to grow whereas non-zonal components of scale longer or shorter than the primary wave need huge steepnesses [of order (|δk|/|k|−3/2] for amplification. This supplements the earlier notion that ‘nearly zonal’ waves may be generated by weak resonant interaction.

For gentle driving certain classical aspects of Rossby wave propagation can be checked against the experiments. The linear theory provides also a convenient framework to discuss the meridional structure of the wave-induced Reynolds stress. For more energetic driving, a test of the potential vorticity mixing theory can be carried out and sheds further light upon the rectification mechanisms.
On resonant over-reflexion of internal gravity waves from a Helmholtz velocity profile
Authors: Grimshaw R. H. J.
Published: April 2006

A Helmholtz velocity profile with velocity discontinuity 2U is embedded in an infinite continuously stratified Boussinesq fluid with constant Brunt—Väisälä frequency N. Linear theory shows that this system can support resonant over-reflexion, i.e. the existence of neutral modes consisting of outgoing internal gravity waves, whenever the horizontal wavenumber is less than N/2½U. This paper examines the weakly nonlinear theory of these modes. An equation governing the evolution of the amplitude of the interface displacement is derived. The time scale for this evolution is α−2, where α is a measure of the magnitude of the interface displacement, which is excited by an incident wave of magnitude O(α3). It is shown that the mode which is symmetrical with respect to the interface (and has a horizontal phase speed equal to the mean of the basic velocity discontinuity) remains neutral, with a finite amplitude wave on the interface. However, the other modes, which are not symmetrical with respect to the interface, become unstable owing to the self-interaction of the primary mode with its second harmonic. The interface displacement develops a singularity in a finite time.
The dynamic effect of flux ropes on Rayleigh-Bénard convection
Authors: Proctor M. R. E. , Galloway D. J.
Published: April 2006

The interaction between magnetic fields and convection in a fluid heated from below is investigated in an axisymmetric cylindrical geometry. When Rm, the magnetic Reynolds number, is large the field is concentrated into a thin rope on the axis of the cylinder. For weak magnetic fields a larger Rayleigh number is necessary to produce a flux rope than that needed for infinitesimal convection. For larger total fluxes, however, the opposite is true and the system is subcritically unstable to steady motions. The results are contrasted with those found by Busse (1975) for the corresponding two-dimensional roll problem.
High Reynolds number flows in exponential tubes of slow variation
Authors: Daniels P. G. , Eagles P. M.
Published: April 2006

Axisymmetric high Reynolds number flows in tubes of slowly varying radius are shown to be governed to a first approximation and in suitable co-ordinates by a partial differential equation which, in a particular case, allows solutions independent of the streamwise co-ordinate. The solutions of the resulting ordinary differential equation give flows with inflexion points in the velocity profiles and reversed flow in some cases.
Transition to Mach reflexion of shock waves in steady and pseudosteady flow with and without relaxation
Authors: Hornung H. G. , Oertel H. , Sandeman R. J.
Published: April 2006

Experiments were conducted in the free-piston shock tube and shock tunnel with dissociating nitrogen and carbon dioxide, ionizing argon and frozen argon to measure the transition condition in pseudosteady and steady flow. The transition condition in the steady flow, in which the wall was eliminated by symmetry, agrees with the calculated von Neumann condition. In the real gases this calculation assumed thermo-dynamic equilibrium after the reflected shock. In the pseudosteady flow of reflexion from a wedge the measured transition angle lies on the Mach-reflexion side of the calculated detachment condition by an amount which may be explained in terms of the displacement effect of the boundary layer on the wedge surface. A single criterion based on the availability of a length scale at the reflexion point explains the difference between the pseudosteady and steady flow transition condition and predicts a hysteresis effect in the transition angle when the shock angle is varied during steady flow. No significant effects on the transition condition due to finite relaxation length could be detected. However, new experiments in which interesting relaxation effects should be evident are suggested.
The organized nature of flow impingement upon a corner
Authors: Rockwell D. , Knisely C.
Published: April 2006

Oscillations of impinging flows, which date back to the jet-edge phenomenon (Sondhaus 1854), have been observed for a wide variety of impingement configurations. However, alteration of the structure of the shear layer due to insertion of an impingement edge (or surface) and the mechanics of impingement of vortical structures upon an edge have remained largely uninvestigated. In this study, the impingement of a shear layer upon a cavity edge (or corner) is examined in detail. Water is used as a working fluid and laser anemometry and hydrogen bubble flow visualization are used to characterize the flow dynamics. Reynolds numbers (based on momentum thickness at separation) of 106 and 324 are employed. Without the edge, the shear layer produces the same sort of non-stationary (variable) velocity autocorrelations observed by Dimotakis & Brown (1976). When the edge is inserted, the organization of the flow is dramatically enhanced as evidenced by a decrease in variability of autocorrelations and appearance of well-defined peaks in the corresponding spectra. This enhanced organization is not locally confined to the region of the edge but extends along the entire length of the shear layer, thereby reinforcing the concept of disturbance feedback. Comparison of spectra with and without insertion of the edge reveals a remarkable similarity to those of a non-impinging shear layer with and without application of sound at a discrete frequency (Browand 1966; Miksad 1972); with enhanced organization at the fundamental frequency, simultaneous enhancement occurs also at the sub- and higher-harmonics.
Effect of departures from the Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximation on the heat transport of horizontal convecting fluid layers
Authors: Ahlers Guenter
Published: April 2006

Measurements are presented of the Nusselt numbers N and Rayleigh numbers R for shallow layers of 4He gas heated from below. By choosing different temperatures between 2·3 K and 5·1 K and different pressures between 0·07 bar and 1 bar, the extent Q of departures from the Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximation was varied. When R was evaluated at the static temperature at the midplane of the cell, both the critical Rayleigh number Rc and the initial slope N1 of the Nusselt number were found to be independent of Q within experimental scatter. This result agrees with the prediction of Busse (1967). When R was evaluated at the cold end temperature of the cell, both Rc and N1 depended strongly upon Q.
Flow in the exit of open pipes during acoustic resonance
Authors: Disselhorst J. H. M. , Wijngaarden L. Van
Published: April 2006

The flow near the mouth of an open tube is examined, experimentally and theoretically, under conditions in which resonant acoustic waves are excited in the tube at the other end. If the edge of the tube is round, separation does not occur at high Strouhal numbers, which enables us to verify theoretical predictions for dissipation in the boundary layer and for acoustic radiation. Observation with the aid of schlieren pictures shows that in the case of a sharp edge vortices are formed during inflow. The vortices are shed from the pipe during outflow. Based on these observations a mathematical model is developed for the generation and shedding of vorticity. The main result of the analysis is a boundary condition for the pressure in the wave, to be applied near the mouth. The pressure amplitudes in the acoustic wave measured under resonance are compared with theoretical predictions made with the aid of the boundary condition obtained in the paper.
Calculation of the steady flow through a curved tube using a new finite-difference method
Authors: Dennis S. C. R.
Published: April 2006

A numerical method is described which is suitable for solving the equations governing the steady motion of a viscous fluid through a slightly curved tube of circular cross-section but which is also applicable to the solution of any problem governed by the steady two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations in the plane polar co-ordinate system. The governing equations are approximated by a scheme which yields finite-difference equations which are of second-order accuracy with respect to the grid sizes but which have associated matrices which are diagonally dominant. This makes them generally more amenable to solution by iterative techniques than the approximations obtained using standard central differences, while preserving the same order of accuracy.

The main object of the investigation is to obtain numerical results for the problem of steady flow through a curved tube which corroborate previous numerical work on this problem in view of a recent paper (Van Dyke 1978) which tends to cast doubt on the accuracy of previous calculations at moderately high values of the Dean number; this is the appropriate Reynolds-number parameter in this problem. The present calculations tend to verify the accuracy of previous results for Dean numbers up to 5000, beyond which it is difficult to obtain accurate results. Calculated properties of the flow are compared with those obtained in previous numerical work, with the predictions of boundary-layer theory for large Dean numbers and with the predictions of Van Dyke (1978).
Free convection from a heated sphere at large Grashof number
Authors: Potter Janet M. , Riley N.
Published: April 2006

We consider the free-convective flow from a heated sphere, in the Boussinesq approximation, at high Grashof number. The characteristics of the boundary layer close to the surface of the sphere are evaluated numerically, and the eruption of the fluid from the boundary layer into the plume above the sphere is discussed.
The spreading of thin liquid films on a water-air interface
Authors: Foda M. , Cox R. G.
Published: April 2006

The spreading on a water–air interface of a thin liquid film is examined for the situation in which surface tension gradients drive the motion. A similarity solution is obtained numerically for unidirectional spreading when some general restrictions concerning the form of the liquid film constitutive relation is made. This solution gives the size of the film as a function of time and also the velocity and thickness distribution along the spreading film. Experiments are performed which show good agreement with the theory.
Long nonlinear waves in stratified shear flows
Authors: Maslowe S. A. , Redekopp L. G.
Published: April 2006

The propagation of finite-amplitude internal waves in a shear flow is considered for wavelengths that are long compared to the shear-layer thickness. Both singular and regular modes are investigated, and the equation governing the amplitude evolution is derived. The theory is generalized to allow for a radiation condition when the region outside the stratified shear layer is unbounded and weakly stratified. In this case, the evolution equation contains a damping term describing energy loss by radiation which can be used to estimate the persistence of solitary waves or nonlinear wave packets in realistic environments. A continuous three-layer model is studied in detail and closed-form expressions are obtained for the phase speed and the coefficients of the nonlinear and dispersive terms in the amplitude equation as a function of Richardson number.
An experimental study of the effects of wall conductivity, non-uniform magnetic fields and variable area ducts on liquid metal flows at high Hartmann number. Part 2. Ducts with conducting walls
Authors: Holroyd Richard J.
Published: April 2006

Results from experiments with four different ducts are reported when magnitudes of the field strength and mean velocity are such that the Hartmann number and interaction parameter are large. The first is a straight, circular, highly conducting wall duct situated in a non-uniform transverse magnetic field. Results suggest that as a first approximation the flow may be regarded as being fully developed throughout. In fact there is a slight distortion of the flow in the non-uniform field region revealed by hot-film probe measurements of the streamwise velocity which varies in a novel but readily explicable manner. The second duct is similar except that its wall is weakly conducting. A pressure drop across the non-uniform field region suggests that the behaviour of the flow is weakly reminiscent of that in a non-conducting duct. The two other ducts also have weakly conducting walls but contain either one or two 90° bends and are situated in a uniform field. Symmetry of each duct about its mid-point leads to symmetric potential distributions which indicate the existence of two symmetrically arranged recirculating current flows and these lead to pressure drops across the bends. In the duct with two bends, part of it, the offset, lies parallel to the field lines and a surprising prediction relating the pressure drop across the offset toNfinds some support.
Politicizing Harley Granville Barker: Suffragists and Shakespeare
Authors: Carlson Susan
Published: April 2006

The importance of Granville Barker’s association with J. E. Vedrenne in the seminal Court seasons of 1904-1907 is one of the ‘givens’ of twentieth-century theatre history, as are Barker’s later, groundbreaking productions of Shakespeare at the Savoy. Yet these and much of his intervening work were also in many ways collaborative achievements, now in association with his wife, the actress Lillah McCarthy – their later divorce helping to rewrite the history of their partnership. Lillah McCarthy was also a prominent suffragist, and Granville Barker allied himself with many other men and women who were working actively in support of the extended franchise. Susan Carlson argues that many of Granville Barker’s productions should be seen, in part, as artistic extensions of suffrage activism, and in this article she explores the ways in which his support for the suffragists manifested itself on as well as off the stage. Susan Carlson, Associate Provost and Professor of English at Iowa State University, has most recently published essays on suffrage theatre, focusing on its political use of comedy and its connections to productions of Shakespeare.
Subpicosecond conduction through thin SiO2 layers triggered by heavy ions
Authors: Cellere G. , Paccagnella A. , Visconti A. , Bonanomi M.
Published: April 2006

Heavy ions impinging on thin silicon dioxide layers generate a dense plasma of electrons and holes. Under particular conditions, such as in thin oxide layer surrounding isolated conductive lines, this plasma can act as a conductive medium, able to carry current for very short times (10−14s). We studied this phenomenon by using large data set obtained on state-of-the art floating gate memory arrays. Floating gates hit by ions experience a charge loss linearly dependent on ion linear energy transfer and on the electric field across the tunnel oxide. Despite its absolute low value, reaching at most thousands of electrons, charge lost from floating gate exceeds by orders of magnitude that expected from relatively simple models, such as generation and recombination. The model we are proposing is fully consistent with a broad range of theoretical and experimental results, and has excellent fitting capabilities.
Study of the interdiffusion effect on the band structures of Si1−xGex∕Si quantum wells
Authors: Dang Y. X. , Fan W. J. , Lu F. , Wang H. , Zhang D. H. , Yoon S. F.
Published: April 2006

We investigated the influence of thermal interdiffusion on the band structures of Si1−xGex∕Si single quantum wells (SQWs) with a well width of 125Å and Ge concentration x=0.3. Rapid thermal annealing with the temperatures of 750 and 800°C leads to substantial interdiffusion indicated by a significant photoluminescence (PL) blueshift as large as 46meV. The effect is modeled by a Si–Ge atomic interdiffusion at the heterointerface. The band structures and optical transitions of QW after interdiffusion were calculated based on an error function distribution and the 6+2-band k∙p method. The diffusion lengths of the intermixing process are deduced from the PL shift. The thermal dependence of the interdiffusion coefficients follows the Arrhenius law. An activation energy (Ea) for interdiffusion of 2.75eV is obtained. Our investigation indicates that the 6+2-band k∙p formalism is valid for interdiffused Si1−xGex∕Si QWs.
The dependence of low-energy electron attachment to CF3Br on electron and vibrational energy
Authors: Marienfeld S. , Sunagawa T. , Fabrikant I. I. , Braun M. , Ruf M.-W. , Hotop H.
Published: April 2006

In a joint experimental and theoretical effort, we have studied dissociative electron attachment (DEA) to the CF3Br molecule at electron energies below 2eV. Using two variants of the laser photoelectron attachment method with a thermal gas target (TG=300K), we measured the energy dependent yield for Br− formation over the range E=3–1200meV with resolutions of about 3meV (E<200meV) and 35meV. At the onsets for excitation of one and two quanta for the C–Br stretching mode ν3, downward cusps are detected. With reference to the recommended thermal (300K) attachment rate coefficient kA(CF3Br)=1.4×10−8cm3s−1, absolute cross sections have been determined for Br− formation. In addition, we studied Br− and (CF3Br)Br− formations with a seeded supersonic target beam (10% CF3Br in helium carrier gas, with a stagnation pressure of 1–4bars and nozzle temperatures of 300 and 600K) and found prominent structure in the anion yields due to cluster formation. Using the microwave pulse radiolysis swarm technique, allowing for controlled variation of the electron temperature by microwave heating, we studied the dependence of the absolute DEA rate coefficient on the mean electron energy ⟨E⟩ over the range of 0.04–2eV at gas temperatures TG ranging from 173to600K. For comparison with the experimental results, semiempirical resonance R-matrix calculations have been carried out. The input for the theory includes the known energetic and structural parameters of the neutral molecule and its anion; the parameters of the resonant anion curves are chosen with reference to the known thermal rate coefficient for the DEA process. For the gas temperature TG=300K, good overall agreement of the theoretical DEA cross section with the experimental results is observed; moreover, rate coefficients for Br− formation due to Rydberg electron transfer, calculated with both the experimental and the theoretical DEA cross sections, are found to agree with the previously reported absolute experimental values. At TG=300K, satisfactory agreement is also found between the calculated and experimental attachment rate coefficients for mean electron energies ⟨E⟩=0.04–2eV. The strong increase of the measured rate coefficients with rising gas temperature, however, could be only partially recovered by the R-matrix results. The differences may result from the influence of thermal excitations of other vibrational modes not included in the theory.
On metastable regimes in stochastic Lamb system
Authors: Freidlin M. I. , Komech A. I.
Published: April 2006

We consider the long time behavior of the coupled Hamilton system of one-dimensional string and nonlinear oscillator, in contact with a heat bath modeled by the white noise. For any temperature the system converges to a statistical equilibrium described by the Boltzmann equilibrium measure. The convergence is caused by radiation provided by the nonlinear coupling. If the oscillator potential has more than one well and the temperature is small, the relaxation time is large, and the system goes through a sequence of metastable states located near local minima of the potential. When both, the temperature and the radiation rate are small, the metastable states are distributions among the minima of the potential.
Magnetophotoluminescence of Zn0.88Mn0.12Se grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on GaAs substrates
Authors: Lu S. L. , Jiang D. S. , Dai J. M. , Yang C. L. , He H. T. , Ge W. K. , Wang J. N. , Chang K. , Zhang J. Y. , Shen D. Z.
Published: April 2006

Magnetophotoluminescence properties of Zn0.88Mn0.12Se thin films grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on GaAs substrates are investigated in fields up to 10T. The linewidth of the excitonic luminescence peaks decreases with the increasing magnetic field (<1T), but the peak energy is almost unchanged. There is a crossover of the photoluminescence intensities between interband and bound excitonic transitions as the magnetic field is increased to about 1T. These behaviors are interpreted by the strong tuning of the local alloy disorder potential by the applied magnetic field. In addition, the magnetic field-induced suppression of the energy transfers from excitons to Mn2+ ions is also observed.
Optical distortions through phase transition in the Nd3+:SBN laser crystal
Authors: Jacinto C. , Jaque D. , Martín Rodríguez E. , García Solé J.
Published: April 2006

We report on the polarization and temperature dependence of optical distortions of beams passing through a Nd3+-doped Sr0.61Ba0.39Nb2O6 laser crystal. For temperatures close to TC (≈70ºC), a strong enhancement in the optical distortion of a nonabsorbed beam takes place, related to the temperature dependence of the r33 electro-optical coefficient during phase transition. From pump and probe experiments, we have concluded that the traditional 808nm Nd3+ pumping radiation also causes optical distortions, especially for extraordinary polarized radiation.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the conjunctiva
Authors: Arora Ritu , Monga Sumit , Mehta Dinesh K , Raina Usha K , Gogi Anuj , Gupta S Datta
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Fibrous histiocytomas are mesenchymal tumours composed of cells with fibroblastic to histiocytic differentiation. They can occur in any part of the body including the orbital tissues. To date, there are 18 cases of fibrous histiocytoma arising from the corneoscleral limbus reported in the literature. Eleven of these were classified as benign, and the rest were malignant fibrous histiocytomas. Benign fibrous histiocytomas have been reported in the orbit, eyelid, episclera and conjunctiva. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma has been well described in the orbit, but rarely as a primary conjunctival tumour. The rarity of the tumour makes its diagnosis and management a challenge. Herein, the clinicopathological features of a case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma are presented and its management with wide excision and cryotherapy followed by ocular reconstruction with amniotic membrane transplant is discussed.
THE COMPLEX GEODESICS OF THE SYMMETRIZED BIDISC
Authors: AGLER J. , YOUNG N. J.
Published: April 2006

We give formulae for all complex geodesics of the symmetrized bidisc G. There are two classes of geodesics: flat ones, indexed by the unit disc, and geodesics of degree 2, naturally indexed by G itself. The flat geodesics foliate G, and there is a unique geodesic through every pair of points of G. We also obtain a trichotomy result for left inverses of complex geodesics.