A Depth-Averaged Material Point Method for the Simulation of Snow Slab Avalanche Release
Authors: Guillet Louis , Trottet Bertil , Blatny Lars , Steffen Denis , Gaume Johan 
Published: March 2022

&lt;p&gt;Snow slab avalanches release due to crack propagation within a weak snow layer buried below a cohesive snow slab. In 1979, McClung [1] described this process assuming an interfacial and quasi-brittle shear failure for the weak layer. This model fails to explain observations of propagation on low angle terrain and remote avalanche triggering. To address this shortcoming, Heierli et al. [2] adapted in 2008 the anticrack concept developed for porous rocks to weak snow layers. In 2018, Gaume et al. [3] showed that mixed mode shear-compression failure and subsequent volumetric collapse (anticrack) of the weak layer were necessary ingredients to accurately model propagation mechanisms, thus reconciling apparently conflicting theories. More recently, large scale simulations based on the Material Point Method (MPM) and field observations revealed a transition from slow anticrack to fast supershear crack propagation [4]. This transition, which occurs after a few meters suggests that a pure shear model should be sufficient to estimate the release sizes of large avalanche release zones.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Motivated by this new understanding, we developed a depth-averaged MPM for the simulation of snow slab avalanches release. Here, the weak layer is treated as an external shear force acting at the base of the slab and is modeled as an elastic quasi-brittle material with residual friction. We first validate the model based on simulations of the so-called Propagation Saw Test (PST) and comparing numerical results to analytical solutions and 3D simulations. Second, we perform large scale simulations and analyse the shape and size of avalanche release zones. Finally we apply the model to a complex real topography. Due to the low computational cost compared to 3D MPM, we expect our work to have important operational applications for the evaluation of avalanche release sizes required as input in hazard mapping model chains. Finally, the model can be easily adapted to simulate both the initiation and dynamics of shallow landslides.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[1] McClung, D.M. Shear fracture precipitated by strain softening as a mechanism of dry slab avalanche release. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth&lt;/em&gt; (1979) &lt;strong&gt;84&lt;/strong&gt; 3519--3526&lt;br&gt;[2] Heierli, J., Gumbsch, P. and Zaiser, M. Anticrack nucleation as triggering mechanism for snow slab avalanches. &lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt; (2008) 321(5886):240-3&lt;br&gt;[3] Gaume, J., Gast, T. and Teran, J. and van Herwijnen, A and Jiang, C. Dynamic anticrack propagation in snow. &lt;em&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/em&gt; (2018) &lt;strong&gt;9 &lt;/strong&gt;3047&lt;br&gt;[4] Trottet, B., Simenhois, R., Bobillier, G., van Herwijnen, A., Jiang, C. and Gaume, J. Transition from sub-Rayleigh anticrack to supershear crack propagation in snow avalanches. (2021). doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-963978/v1&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;