bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Future Therapy of the Insulin-dependent Diabetic Patient—The Implantable Insulin Delivery System
Authors: Schade David S , Eaton R Philip , Carlson Gary A , Bair Raymond E , Gaona John I , Love Jerry T , Urenda Ruben S , Spencer William J
Published: December 2014

An implantable insulin delivery system has several advantages not shared by currently available, portable external delivery devices. First, since the implantable system does not come in contact with the external environment, insulin delivery routes other than the subcutaneous tissue may be utilized without the danger of infection. These alternative routes may provide more rapid insulin absorption, enhanced hepatic insulinization, and improved diabetic control for “C”-peptide-negative brittle diabetic patients. Second, the implantable system is protected from external trauma, permitting a wider range of daily activities and sporting events. Third, the implantable system is easily concealed by clothing, thereby increasing patient acceptance of it. However, an implantable system also has disadvantages. First, surgery will be required to implant or explant the pump module and reservoir, and second, the implanted system must be highly reliable and include failsafe mechanisms to insure the safety of the recipient. These advantages and disadvantages have resulted in delineation of general specifications for an inv plantable insulin delivery system. Desirable features of an implantable insulin delivery system include (1) reliability and failsafe operation, (2) being implantable and explantable under local anesthesia, (3) long battery life, (4) multiple insulin delivery rates, (5) small size and weight, (6) biocompatible materials, (7) remote programmability based upon recipient blood glucose monitoring, and (8) ability to deliver concentrated insulin with infrequent reservoir refilling. Using available technology, each of these specifications has been incorporated into the functioning of our current implant system, which is being tested in diabetic dogs. Future experiments in man will undoubtedly alter and add to the current specifications.
Plant Fiber Content of Selected Breakfast Cereals
Authors: Anderson James W , Story Linda , Sieling Beverly , Lin Chen Wen-Ju
Published: December 2014

The protein, carbohydrate, fat, plant fiber, and kilocalorie values of 35 breakfast cereals and wheat bran are presented. The total plant fiber as well as the soluble plant fiber content of these cereals is included.
Receptor Binding Studies and Clinical Effects of Human Insulin (recombinant DNA): Studies in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type I Diabetes, Type II Diabetes, Insulin Resistance (Type A and Type B), Insulin Antibodies, Insulin Allergy, and “Brittle” Diabetes
Authors: Schlüter Klaus J , Kerp Lothar
Published: December 2014

Thirty-eight insulin-dependent diabetic subjects were treated for periods ranging from 1 to 14 mo with human insulin (recombinant DNA) in order to investigate the clinical effects of human insulin in comparison with pork insulin. Human insulin was well tolerated and no side effects were detected. The following differences between human and pork insulin were observed: reduced blood glucose oscillations associated with a reduction in hypoglycemic symptoms in patients with “brittle” diabetes and type I diabetes, decreased concentrations of antibodies against pork insulin related to a reduction of insulin requirement of §15%, increased specific receptor binding in patients with type I diabetes and insulin resistance: type A, possibility for treating patients with pork insulin allergy, and an increased biologic activity in a patient with polyclonal antireceptor antibodies. No difference was detected between pork and human insulin treatment in patients with type II diabetes and in a patient with insulin resistance: type B with monoclonal antireceptor antibodies. Human insulin was used safely and successfully in the treatment of diabetic patients.
Efficiency of Human Insulin (recombinant DNA) in the Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Severe Nonketoacidotic Hyperglycemia
Authors: Bachmann Werner , Walter Helmut , Lotz Norbert , Mehnert Hellmut
Published: December 2014

Human insulin (recombinant DNA) was compared with pork insulin in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and severe nonketoacidotic hyperglycemia using a continuous, intravenous, low-dose regimen. Seven patients (age range 48 ± 26 yr, mean ± SD) with diabetic ketoacidosis and three (52, 65, and 70 yr) with nonketoacidotic hyperglycemia were studied. In the ketoacidotic group the initial values of blood glucose, pH, and base excess were 808 ± 353 mg/dl, 7.06 ± 0.1 , and −22.8 ± 5.9 mmol/L, respectively. The mean initial values of blood glucose and osmolality of the three patients with nonketoacidotic hyperglycemia were 731 ± 127 mg/dl and 355 ± 49 mosmol/kg, respectively. Within 24 h insulin therapy led to continuous improvement in blood glucose to 187 ± 90 (ketoacidotic patients) and 172 ± 28 mg/dl (nonketoacidotic group) and normalization of pH, base excess, and osmolality. The mean insulin requirement was 84 ± 45 U/24 h in ketoacidotic and 86 ± 18 U/24 h in nonketoacidotic patients, respectively. The comparison groups receiving pork insulin did not differ significantly in either clinical or initial and subsequent biochemical data or in insulin requirement.
Crossover Study with Human Insulin (recombinant DNA) in Type I Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Landgraf R , Kammerer S , Bock T , Smolka B , Ladik T , Enzmann F , Landgraf-Leurs M M C
Published: December 2014

The activity of three combinations of regular and NPH human insulin (recombinant DNA) has been compared to that of an intermediate-acting pork insulin in a crossover study in type I diabetic subjects. After a prephase, the patients injected each insulin subcutaneously for 1 wk in different order. During the 5-wk period, daily glucose profiles were self-monitored, except at the end of each week, when blood was sampled for the determination of glucose, HbA1, glycosylated albumin, C-peptide, glucagon, and routine laboratory parameters. Fasting as well as mean daily glucose and mean amplitude of glucose excursions were similar during the treatment with pork and the various human insulin preparations. There was also no significant difference in C-peptide, glucagon, HbA1 or the routine laboratory parameters with each insulin tested. Glycosylated albumin, however, was significantly lower during the test period with intermediate-acting pork insulin and human insulin (25:75 regular:NPH), when compared with the prephase. We conclude that in type I diabetic subjects human insulin in special galenic preparations shows very similar metabolic activity to pork insulin.
Comparison of the Activity Profiles of Two Fixed Combinations of Regular/NPH Human Insulin (recombinant DNA) of Different Compositions with a Fixed Regular/NPH Porcine Insulin Combination (PPI) in Insulin-dependent Diabetic Individuals
Authors: Sailer D , Ludwig Th , Kolb S
Published: December 2014

In a randomized double-blind crossover study, 10 insulin-dependent diabetic individuals were treated with a commercial brand of neutral, highly purified porcine insulin (PPI) with 30% regular and 70% NPH fractions (Mixtard, Nordisk, Denmark), and with human insulins (recombinant DNA) with 20% regular and 80% NPH fractions, and with 30% regular and 70% NPH fractions. Each of the preparations was given for 4 consecutive days. The human insulin combination with the 20% regular and 80% NPH components showed a similar activity profile as the PPI 30/70 combination. In contrast, the human insulin combination with the 30% regular and 70% NPH fractions produced substantially lower blood sugar concentrations with the associated risk of hypoglycemia.
Pharmacodynamics of Human Insulin (recombinant DNA)—Regular, NPH, and Mixtures—Obtained by the Gerritzen Method in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Weinges Kurt , Ehrhardt Manfred , Nell Gerfried , Enzmann Franz
Published: December 2014

The study was concerned with the comparison of the action profile of regular and NPH preparations of human insulin (recombinant DNA) and of PPI (pork purified insulin). In addition, the action profiles of some mixtures (10:90, 15:85, 20:80, 25:75, 30:70) of regular and NPH human insulin were evaluated. The comparisons were based on the Gerritzen test. There was no statistically significant difference in the time-course of the blood glucose levels after administration of NPH human insulin and NPH PPI. A tendency was noted, however, that NPH human insulin has a faster onset of action and that the serum glucose minimum for NPH human insulin lasts longer. The serum glucose curves after the application of regular and NPH human insulin initially lie closer together than after the respective PPI preparations. In the later phase, regular human insulin interferes less with the NPH curves. This means that combinations of regular and NPH human insulin may have a clinically useful action profile. No skin reaction or other adverse reaction was detected after application of human insulin and no antibodies against human insulin and Escherichia coli protein were found.
Different Counterregulatory Responses to Human Insulin (recombinant DNA) and Purified Pork Insulin
Authors: Schlüter Klaus J , Petersen Karl-Georg , Sontheimer Joachim , Enzmann Franz , Kerp Lothar
Published: December 2014

The biologic effect of human insulin (recombinant DNA) and purified pork insulin (PPI) was compared during insulin-induced hypoglycemia at two intravenous dosages 0.075 and 0.1 U/kg body wt in 12 healthy volunteers. Serum insulin concentrations and plasma glucose curves were identical. PPI induced a significantly (P < 0.05) higher output of epinephrine, growth hormone, and cortisol at both doses. Less inhibition (P < 0.05) of endogenous insulin secretion was observed for human insulin at 0.1 U/kg body wt. An elevated incidence of sweating during hypoglycemia was related to epinephrine secretion. The results indicate that homologous insulin produces in vivo effects which are different from those produced by heterologous insulin.
Less Pronounced Changes in Serum Potassium and Epinephrine During Hypoglycemia Induced by Human Insulin (recombinant DNA)
Authors: Petersen Karl-G , Schlüter Klaus J , Kerp Lothar
Published: December 2014

Human insulin (recombinant DNA) and purified porcine insulin were compared in healthy men. Intravenous insulin tolerance tests showed identical effects on plasma glucose when a bolus of 0.1 U/kg was injected. Following human insulin, hypokalemia and epinephrine secretion were significantly less pronounced. The differences in serum potassium concentrations are caused by a lower epinephrine response to hypoglycemia induced by human insulin in comparison to purified porcine insulin.
Chemically Sensitive Field Effect Transistor as a Potential Implantable Glucose Sensor
Authors: Janata J
Published: December 2014

An overview of the present status of development and application of chemically sensitive field effect transistors (CHEMFETs) is presented. Sensors potentially suitable for glucose measurement are discussed.
The Development of Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus Among Relatives
Authors: Orchard Trevor J , Rosenbloom Arlan L
Published: December 2014

Relatives of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) carry an increased risk of developing IDDM. A number of studies that focus on the development of IDDM in such relatives, and the metabolic, immunologic, and viral factors involved are reviewed. These studies indicate that the destructive process in the β-cells goes on for varying and often extended periods before the development of clinical disease. Thus, the events surrounding the time of clinical diagnosis may be of importance only as triggering mechanisms. Future studies may, therefore, be better directed toward long-term surveillance of the metabolic, viral, and immunologic status of first-degree relatives of IDDM subjects and the associations of these factors with genetic influences such as HLA-DR types or subtypes.
Epidemiologic and Public Health Aspects of Insulin-treated Diabetes in Denmark
Authors: Green Anders
Published: December 2014

The epidemiology, mortality, and use of hospital services of insulin-treated diabetes mellitus have been studied in Fyn County, Denmark (450,000 inhabitants). The overall prevalence rate was 3.6 and 3.3 per 1000 for men and women, respectively, and overall annual incidence rates have been estimated to be 15 and 11 per 100,000, respectively. Based on a mortality analysis, it is estimated that the overall mortality rate in this patient population is 4–5% per year. During follow-up, hospital admission rates were estimated to be 0.47 and 0.53 per patient person-yr for men and women, respectively; corresponding values for estimated number of hospital bed days used by the patients were 7.2 and 9.6 per person-yr. Only 26% of the patients (74% in the age class 0–9 yr) attended a diabetes outpatient clinic at the prevalence date (1 July 1973); the remaining patients were supervised by their general practitioner. Based on these figures, an epidemiologic model for insulin-treated diabetes has been formulated, and it is concluded that this disease represents a major public health problem.
The Community Ecology of Diabetes Patient Classification and Practice Characteristics
Authors: Rothenberg Richard B , Olsen Carolyn L , Schnure Joel J , Gerber Todd M , Cohen Jerrilyn , Curtis Gerald B , Jesserer James , Roach Janet , Wirth Christine
Published: December 2014

We examined the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of diabetic subjects ascertained from five different sources (hospital, private practice, specialist practice, nursing home, and prevalence survey) in a medium-sized upstate New York community. Patients were categorized using the National Diabetes Data Group classification (based on weight and insulin requirement) and using an alternative clinical classification scheme based on age at onset and insulin use. Both classifications demonstrate marked differences in the distribution of diabetic subjects. Those seen in general medical practice reflect the prevalent population and tend to have fewer complications and less insulin requirement. Those seen in specialist practice or in hospital have higher complication frequencies. Thus, the source of patients may determine the epidemiologic picture of the disease, as well as the practitioners' perceptions. Use of the clinical classification scheme helps to identify a subgroup of diabetic subjects—those with onset past the age of 25 yr who use insulin—at greatest risk of complications. Further investigation of highrisk groups is warranted, particularly for the implementation and evaluation of diabetes control programs.
A single dose vaccination with an elastase-dependent H1N1 live attenuated swine influenza virus protects pigs from challenge with 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus
Authors: Mašić Aleksandar , Woldeab Niziti , Embury-Hyatt Carissa , Zhou Yan , Babiuk Shawn
Published: December 2014

The 2009 outbreak of H1N1 influenza A viruses in humans underscored the importance of pigs in influenza A virus evolution and the emergence of novel viruses with pandemic potential. In addition, influenza A virus infections continued to cause production losses in the agricultural industry resulting in a significant drop of profit. The primary method to control influenza A virus infections in pigs is through vaccination. Previously we demonstrated that two doses of an elastase-dependent live attenuated swine influenza virus administered by either the intratracheal or intranasal route can provide a high degree of protection in pigs against challenge with both homologous and different heterologous swine influenza viruses. Here we report the protection efficacy of a single dose elastase-dependent live attenuated swine influenza virus administered by the intranasal route against challenge with homologous subtypic H1N1 2009 pandemic swine-like influenza virus. Protection was observed in the absence of neutralizing antibodies specific for H1N1 2009 in sera.
A Transformer Class E Amplifier
Authors: Mikolajewski Miroslaw
Published: December 2014

In a high-efficiency Class E ZVS resonant amplifier a matching and isolation transformer can replace some or even all inductive components of the amplifier thus simplifying the circuit and reducing its cost. In the paper a theoretical analysis, a design example and its experimental verification for a transformer Class E amplifier are presented. In the experimental amplifier with a transformer as the only inductive component in the circuit high efficiency ηMAX = 0.95 was achieved for supply voltage VI = 36 V, maximum output power POMAX = 100 W and the switching frequency f = 300 kHz. Measured parameters and waveforms showed a good agreement with theoretical predictions. Moreover, the relative bandwidth of the switching frequency was only 19% to obtain output power control from 4.8 W to POMAX with efficiency not less than 0.9 in the regulation range.
Genetic Algorithm Embedded into a Quality-Oriented Workflow of Methods for the Development of a Linear Drive used in Intralogistic Systems
Authors: Wörner Linus , Kulig Stefan , Willing Marén , Winzer Petra
Published: December 2014

This paper presents the results of the DFG-project (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) Q-ELF (“Qualitätsorientierter Methodenworkflow für die Produktneuentwicklung eines Linearantriebs in der Fördertechnik”) carried out in cooperation of the TU Dortmund University (support code KU 1307/12-1) with the BUW Wuppertal (support code WI 1234-11/1). The project continues the former project SFB 696 (Sonderforschungsbereich) regarding the Demand Compliant Design (DeCoDe) and the corresponding system model that strengthens the knowledge management to create high-quality mechatronical systems. In contrast to the SFB, which comprised the reverse engineering of a belt conveyor, Q-ELF applied a workflow of methods for quality oriented development on a new product. The DeCoDe ensures a methodical development that connects different engineering domains. This connection is important because the most problems and malfunctions arise at the interface of different domains due to their different notations for example. This approach also enables a methodical comparison of different competing concepts to pick the best suited one. A genetic algorithm is presented to further decrease the design-space. The project was carried out to develop linear drives for intralogistic systems.
Comparison and Analysis of Magnetic-Geared Permanent Magnet Electrical Machine at No-Load
Authors: Liu Xiping , Chen Dong , Yi Liang , Zhang Chao , Wang Min
Published: December 2014

Magnetic-geared permanent magnet (MGPM) electrical machine is a new type of machine by incorporating magnetic gear into PM electrical machine, and it may be in operation with low-speed, high-torque and direct-driven. In this paper, three types of MGPM machines are present, and a quantitative comparison among them is performed by finite element analysis (FEA). The magnetic field distribution, stable torque and back EMF are obtained at no-load. The results show that three types of MGPM machine are suitable for different application fields respectively according to their own advantages, such as high torque and back EMF, which form an important foundation for MGPM electrical machine research.
Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Charophyte Gyrogonites from the Lameta Formation of Jabalpur, Central India: Palaeobiogeographic and Palaeoecological Implications
Authors: Khosla Ashu
Published: December 2014

A charophyte gyrogonite assemblage consisting of Platychara cf. sahnii, Nemegtichara grambastii and Microchara sp. is reported herein from two localities (Bara Simla Hill and Chui Hill sections) of the Lameta Formation at Jabalpur. he Lameta Formation locally underlying the Deccan traps has been shown to be pedogenically modified alluvial plain deposits containing one of the most extensive dinosaur nesting sites in the world. They are associated with dinosaur bones and freshwater ostracod assemblages that suggest a Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) age. This is the first detailed systematic account of charophyte gyrogonites from the Lameta Formation. This charophyte assemblage is compatible with the biostratigraphic attribution provided by the ostracods. From a biogeographic viewpoint, it exhibits considerable similarity to other infratrappean assemblages of the Nand, Dongargaon, and Dhamni-Pavna sections (Maharashtra), and some intertrappean assemblages of Kora in Gujarat, Rangapur in Andhra Pradesh and Gurmatkal in South India. Globally, the genus Microchara is well distributed throughout Eurasia, whereas the genus Platychara occurs richly in the Upper Cretaceous deposits of Europe, Asia, America and Africa. However, at the specific level, Platychara cf. sahnii shows close affinities with charophytes from the Maastrichtian of Iran whilst Nemegtichara grambastii shows distinct affinities with two species of Early Palaeogene deposits of China and Mongolia. The presence of charophyte gyrogonites in the Lameta sediments is attributed to local lacustrine and palustrine conditions within a flood plain environment.
Anisotropy Modelling of the Fissure-Karstic Aquifer of the Opole-Zawadzkie Major Groundwater Basin (South-West Poland)
Authors: Wcisło Marek , Olichwer Tomasz , Staśko Stanisław
Published: December 2014

The problem of the anisotropy and heterogeneity of karstic aquifers has been previously described. The Opole–Zawadzkie Major Groundwater Body (south-west Poland) was chosen for this investigation. The parameters for anisotropy were analysed on the basis of well yield and observation of macro-fractures (field scale) compared with micro-fractures. Sta-tistical tools were used to assess the directions and values of anisotropy. The estimated parameters were tested on two different models realized in Visual Modflow code. The anisotropy of hydraulic conductivity was recognized as an es-sential factor for groundwater flow direction and water table depletion prognosis as well as for water budget modification. The second model (M2), representing anisotropy flow conditions, gave an 11% lower value of safe yield in com-parison with the first model (M1-isotropic). Additionally, anisotropy conditions caused water table lowering and limitation of aquifer recharge. The results of these studies indicate the need for more attention to be paid to the anisotropy problem in the area, where fracture-karstic aquifers are the main source of groundwater supply.
Tauberian Theorems for the Product of Borel and Holder Summability Methods
Authors: Çanak Ibrahim
Published: December 2014

In this paper we prove some Tauberian theorems for the product of Borei and Holder summability methods which improve the classical Tauberian theorems for the Borei summability method.
Generating Vectors for the Lattice Structures of Tubular and Conical Viral Capsids
Authors: Sadre-Marandi Farrah , Liu Jiangguo , Tavener Simon , Chen Chaoping
Published: December 2014

Retrovirus capsid is a fullerene-like lattice consisting of capsid protein hexamers and pentamers. Mathematical models for the lattice structure help understand the underlying biological mechanisms in the formation of viral capsids. It is known that viral capsids could be categorized into three major types: icosahedron, tube, and cone. While the model for icosahedral capsids is established and well-received, models for tubular and conical capsids need further investigation. This paper proposes new models for the tubular and conical capsids based on an extension of the Capser-Klug quasi-equivalence theory. In particular, two and three generating vectors are used to characterize respectively the lattice structures of tubular and conical capsids. Comparison with published HIV-1 data demonstrates a good agreement of our modeling results with experimental data.
The Structure of a Group of Adult Disabled Patients Treated Dentally Under General Anesthesia
Authors: Hendzel Barbara
Published: December 2014

Introduction. Adult disabled people, including mentally handicapped ones, constitute a very serious medical problem in both general and specialist medical care, including dentistry. Dental treatment under general anesthesia is the most recommended for this group of patients.

Aim. The aim of this study was to analyze the structure of a group of adult disabled patients treated dentally under general anesthesia.

Material and methods. The study was conducted among 147 disabled people, 61 females and 86 males aged 18-56 (the average age − 26.69) from the Lubelskie Voivodeship, qualified for dental treatment under general anesthesia. The survey was basedon interviews with the family members or social workers. The questionnaire included the information concerning general diseases, age, gender, place of residence and the kind of care (family or social welfare institutions). Special attention was paid to the previous dental treatment performed in outpatient clinics or under general anesthesia.

Results. The study involved a group of 147 people, including 58.50% males and 41.50% females. The average age of the patients was 26.69 ± 6.41 years (ranged from18 to 56). The patients from a big city accounted for 40.14%, 23.13% of the subjects came from a small town, and 36.73% of the people came from the village. The largest group of patients included people with mental disabilities − 54.43%. Most people (87.76%) lived with their family, while 12.24% were the residents of social welfare institutions. The analysis of the data reveals that for 89.80% of patients, it was their first dental treatment under general anesthesia, and for 10.20%, a subsequent one. Studies have shown that early treatment in outpatient clinics wasperformed in only 27.21% of treated people, while 72.79% have never been treated in a dental surgery.

Conclusions. Mentally handicapped people were the largest group of patients treated dentally under general anesthesia. Patients living in the urban areas and under the care of families were more often treated dentally under general anesthesia. Because of the lack of cooperation between disabled patients and the dentist, the complete dental treatment under general anesthesia is the most effective therapy. Adult disabled patients require special dental care.
Evaluation of the Quality of Life of Children in Terms of Health as an Interdisciplinary Problem
Authors: Surmach Marina J. , Piecewicz-Szczęsna Halina
Published: December 2014

The aim of the paper was to present the basic methodological approaches to studying the quality of life of patients with regard to interdisciplinary character of the concept, its interrelation with standard of living, specificity in children and teenagers. Studying the quality of life of children and teenagers has specific character. According to modern recommendations, it is the basis of complex estimation of state of health of the child. Two basic methodological approaches are used: the first consists in selection and analysis of factors, significant for health of teenagers from adult people point of view; the second provides research of factors, significant from the point of view of teenagers. Techniques unite two types of criteria: 1. the objective: physical activity, social functioning; 2. the subjective: factors of emotional status, self-estimation of state of health, satisfaction by factors related with health, – that is perception by teenagers how their requirements for health are satisfied and how much possibilities necessary for it are given.
Modern Factors of Health and Their Peculiarities for Teenagers
Authors: Surmach Marina J. , Tishchenko Ewgenij , Piecewicz-Szczęsna Halina
Published: December 2014

The work aimed at specifying modern features of civilizational factors influence on the health, revealing peculiarities of young age, establishing reflexion of modern factors of health in methodological approaches to health studying. Changes in understanding health are reflected in its studying methodology. The analysis of sociological research data shows, that the social stress became the main reason of medical-demographic situation deterioration in days of reforms. The mechanism of its influence was the loss of effective labor motivation, social envy, and deterioration of spiritual condition of a society. Material well-being decrease was not a determinative factor. The problem of inequalities in health gets the increasing urgency. It is connected with physical and social living environment; availability of qualitative medical aid; specific features of behavior of people. At a medical aid guarantee, and at teenage age, factors of social living environment, which influence behavior in health sphere by means of stigmatization are especially significant.
The Biomedical Role of Zinc in the Functioning of the Human Organism
Authors: Białek Michalina , Zyska Aleksandra
Published: December 2014

Zinc is one of the most important microelements that can be found in the human organism. It is a component or an activator of various enzymes and takes part in more than 300 enzymatic reactions. It is present in all types of human tissue. About 90% of the general amount of zinc can be found in bones and muscles, 11% in liver and skin. Zn2+ ions are stable ions in biological environment and they do not participate in redox reactions that occur inside an organism. Assimilability of this element by living organisms is varied. It depends largely on the sort of food and interactions occurring between zinc and other elements. Zinc is an essential element for normal development and maintenance of human health.

The data presented in this article result from an overview of studies presented in literature published in the last five years concerning zinc transport mechanisms, the role of zinc in functioning of the human body, and also pathophysiological states caused by too low or excessive concentration of zinc in an organism.
Protocol for Performing Nephrological Activity in the Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Polenakovic Momir , Bogdanovska Stevka , Cakalaroski Koco , Dzikova Sonja , Masin Gjorgji , Masin-Spasovska Jelka , Oncevski Angel , Gerasimovska Vesna , Spasovski Goce , Grozdanovski Risto , Stojceva-Taneva Olivera , Grcevska Ladislava , Sikole Aleksandar , Dejanov Petar , Tozija Liljana , Zafirovska Katica , Ivanovski Ninoslav , Lozance Ljubica , Pusevski Vladimir
Published: December 2014

The fast development of nephrology in the world, especially in the second half of the 20th century demanded protocol (guidelines) for nephrological activity for all levels of medical care, of doctors and specialists. The International Society of Nephrology, the European Renal Association and other national associations created their own protocol (guidelines) for nephrological activity. The Macedonian Society of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation and Artificial Organs (MSNDTAO) proclaimed the First Protocol for Performing Nephrological Activity in the Republic of Macedonia at the First Congress of the MSNDTAO, held in Ohrid 1993, and it was published in the Macedonian Medical Review, 1994; Supplement 14: 397–406 [1]. The update of the Protocol for Performing Nephrological Activity in the Republic of Macedonia was proclaimed at the Fourth Congress of MSNDTAO, held in Ohrid 2012 and it presented in this text.
Analysis of the Results of Implantation of Total Hip Endoprothesis in Severe Dysplastic Coxarthrosis
Authors: Kamnar Viktor , Poposka Anastasika , Atanasov Nenad , Bogojevska Milena
Published: December 2014

Background: The aim of this study is to affirm the importance of operative treatment of severe dysplastic coxarthrosis through analysis of the results of implantation of total cementless endo-prothesis in patients with DDH Crowe types III and IV.

Patients and methods: This retrospective study involved 28 patients (30 hips) with dysplastic coxart-hrosis, in whom an implantation of cementless total hip endoprothesis was performed at the University Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery in Skopje. In 26 of the patients the involvement was unilateral and in two patients it was bilateral. The inclusion criterion was radiographically proved severe hip dysplasia Crowe types III and IV. Twenty-one of the patients were female and 7 male, and age distribution was in an interval from 30 to 65 years. The ingrowth of the implant was evaluated using the clinical method, native radiographs and radioisotopic examination with Tc99m. The follow-up period lasted 5 years, and the results were evaluated using the Harris hip score system.

Results: 19 of the patients presented an excellent result of the operative treatment, there were 8 good results with persistent local pain 6 months postoperatively, in one case a surgical revision and reimplantation of the acetabular cup was performed, while one patient underwent a surgical revision and reimplantation of the femoral stem and in another patient there was nonunion at the place of the subtrochanteric osteotomy. Full weight-bearing without the use of crutches was achieved 3 months postoperatively, and no serious early postoperative complications were registered in our patients.

Discussion and conclusions: In the majority of cases in whom a total hip replacement with cemen-tless endoprothesis is performed because of dysplastic coxarthrosis, a sufficient primary fixation both of the acetabular and the femoral component is achieved, unless one-third of the acetabular cup is left uncovered with bone stock. The problems of decreased muscle strength and limping are usually solved by means of physical therapy in a time period of 45 months.
White Spot Lesions: Prevention and Management During the Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Zabokova-Bilbilova Efka , Popovska Lidija , Kapusevska Biljana , Stefanovska Emilija
Published: December 2014

The formation of white spot lesions, or enamel demineralization, around fixed orthodontic attachments is a common complication during and following fixed orthodontic treatment, which marks the result of a successfully completed case. This article is a contemporary review of the risk factors and preventive methods of these orthodontics scars. Preventive programmes must be emphasized to all orthodontic patients. The responsibility of an orthodontist is to minimize the risk of the patient having decalcification as a consequence of orthodontic treatment by educating and motivating the patients for excellent oral hygiene practice. Prophylaxis with topical fluoride application should be implemented: high-fluoride toothpastes, fluoride mouthwashes, gels and varnishes during and after the orthodontic treatment, especially for patients at high risk of caries.
Efficacy of intensity-modulated radiotherapy with concurrent carboplatin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Songthong Anussara , Chakkabat Chakkapong , Kannarunimit Danita , Lertbutsayanukul Chawalit
Published: December 2014

Background. The aim of the prospective phase II study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicities of concurrent carboplatin with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Patients and methods. Between October 2005 and November 2011, 73 stage II‒IVB NPC patients received IMRT 70 Gy concurrently with three cycles of carboplatin (AUC 5) every three weeks, followed by three cycles of adjuvant carboplatin (AUC 5) and 5-FU (1,000 mg/m2/day for four days) every four weeks. All patients were evaluated for tumour response using response evaluation criteria in solid tumour (RECIST) criteria, survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier methods, and toxicities according to common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) version 4.0.

Results. At three months after chemoradiation, 82.2% and 17.8% of patients achieved complete and partial response, respectively. With a median follow-up of 48.1 months (1.3‒97.8 months), 9.6% and 17.8% had local recurrence and distant metastasis, respectively. The median survival was not reached. A three-year overall survival was 83.6% and a progression-free survival was 65.3%. Regarding treatment compliance, 97.2%, 68.5% and 69.8% completed radiation treatment, concurrent carboplatin and adjuvant chemotherapy, respectively. Grade 3‒4 acute toxicities were oral mucositis (16.4%), dysphagia (16.4%), xerostomia (15.1%) and haematotoxicity (6.8%).

Conclusions. Carboplatin concurrently with IMRT provided excellent tumour response, manageable toxicities and good compliance. This should be considered as an alternative treatment for NPC patients.
The replaced of substructure of railway viaduct in metropolitan areas
Authors: Yoshida Naoto , Suzuki Kenichi , Suzuki Shunichi
Published: December 2014

In Japan, railway and highway network are important transportation infrastructures supporting metropolitan areas.

This project was construction work conducted by the East Japan Railway Company to build highway structure under the Sobu Line viaduct. In this construction project, we replaced the substructure of railway viaduct with new foundations, new steel reinforced concrete portal piers, and new partially-prestressed concrete through-bridges.

This paper, mainly deals with the replacement of the bases of the existing railway viaduct beam slab sections using the partially-prestressed concrete through-bridges.
Basarab Cable Stayed Bridge in Bucharest
Authors: Manterola Javier , Martínez Antonio , Fuente Sivia
Published: December 2014

Basarab cable stayed bridge is part of Basarab Flyover Bypass in Bucharest, and consists of a road, a tramway and a multimodal station. The length of the main span is 168 m supported by one pylon. The main span holds a covered tramway station. The fact that the bridge crosses over the tracks from Basarab Railway Station was critical in the construction of the deck.

The most demanding action for the bridge is the seismic load requiring the use of an innovative combination of seismic isolation devices: viscoelastic damping devices located both at the main tower and at the main abutment and hysteretic devices on the ramp abutments.
Optimized automatic selection of turning cutting tools conditions based on data from manufacturer Sandvik Coromant
Authors: Jaider Oussama , Elmesbahi Abdelilah , Rechia Ahmed
Published: December 2014

Selection of a proper cutting tool plays a significant role in achieving consistent quality and in controlling the overall cost of manufacturing. The present paper describes an approach to build of a computer interface support for automatic and optimized selection of cutting tools conditions for automated machinability assessment of manufacturing features for turning. Data-tools were collected from recent Machining Handbook of world's leading manufacturer of tools Sandvik Coromant. This application works conjointly with a feature automatic recognition system for rotational part. Examples are given to show how this approaches, systematically, lead to an optimum cutting-tool for a specific machined part.
Temburong Bridge, Brunei - Design of two cable stayed bridges
Authors: Hooton Martin , Salim Hj Mazlan Abd , Carlucci Alberto , Yip Sammy , Moneypenny Kelvin , Kite Steve
Published: December 2014

The Temburong Bridge Project is a 30km long dual two-lane highway crossing over the Brunei Bay. It will connect the relatively isolated Brunei district of Temburong to the other three Brunei districts. The main objective of the project is to stimulate economic growth in the Temburong region by connecting it to the country’s airport and ports. The alignment crosses two navigation channels resulting in the need for two cable stayed bridges – the Brunei Channel Bridge (145m main span) and the Eastern Channel Bridge (260m main span).

The design of these cable stayed bridges is one of the first applications of the Eurocode to a fully concrete cable stayed bridge. Both cable stayed bridges draw on strong Islamic architectural influences from the region to form a tower shape that is unique and instantly recognisable.
Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge: Construction of Tower Foundation
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshito , Koga Akinobu , Dizman Umut , Ikoma Naoki
Published: December 2014

The Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge will carry the new Gebze-Orhangazi-Izmir motorway across the Sea of Marmara at the Bay of Izmit in northern Turkey. The bridge construction has started in January 2013 and will be completed in early 2016. The construction of large scale suspension bridge over the sea to be completed in such a short period requires a sufficient knowledge and experience of construction of large scale marine work and large scale suspension bridge. This paper deals with the construction of the tower foundation leading up to sinking of caissons of the Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge.
Design and Construction of Circular and Vertical Prestressed Concrete Digester
Authors: Duro José Manuel , Torralba Eduardo , Del Cuvillo Álvaro
Published: December 2014

This paper discusses the design and construction processes of the 15 000 m3 post-tensioned concrete digesters of the Atotonilco Water Treatment Plant in Mexico. It introduces the project with a brief description of the Plant, which is the biggest in the world, and focuses on the structural challenges faced by the engineers during the design and construction phases, and what was done to resolve these issues regarding the tanks.

The design and construction of circular prestressed concrete structures for liquid storage using tendons requires specialized engineering knowledge and experience. This challenging design was solved by a double post-tensioned system placed into the wall, both circumferential and vertical, which assures the structural integrity of the tank under the design loads, compatible with the desired fast methods of construction for the 30 digesters of the Plant.
Making social scientists, or not? Glimpses of the unmentionable in doctoral education
Authors: Mills David , Paulson Julia
Published: December 2014

Recent research on doctoral education in the U.K. has revealed the increasing number and diversity of academic relationships that shape the lives of research students, and students' own role in activating, mobilising and maintaining these relationships. Higher education policy reforms promoting doctoral 'skills training', interdisciplinary communities, thematic centres and supervisory teams, all create new networks for students to negotiate. Often beneficial and supportive, this article explores the 'unmentionable' consequences of relationships that gradually go awry.

This study began as a project exploring the everyday experiences of doctoral students and early career researchers in the Social Sciences within the U.K. As the research unfolded, we began to encounter accounts of neglect, exploitation and denigration. While such stories have long been part of postgraduate life, their seeming persistence in the face of robust quality assurance and supervisory codes needs further exploration. We offer three portraits of difficult doctoral journeys to explore these 'unmentionable' experiences and explore whether they are linked to growing institutional and career pressures on academics to prioritise research 'productivity'.
Somatic Mosaicism in the Human Genome
Authors: Freed Donald , Stevens Eric , Pevsner Jonathan
Published: December 2014

Somatic mosaicism refers to the occurrence of two genetically distinct populations of cells within an individual, derived from a postzygotic mutation. In contrast to inherited mutations, somatic mosaic mutations may affect only a portion of the body and are not transmitted to progeny. These mutations affect varying genomic sizes ranging from single nucleotides to entire chromosomes and have been implicated in disease, most prominently cancer. The phenotypic consequences of somatic mosaicism are dependent upon many factors including the developmental time at which the mutation occurs, the areas of the body that are affected, and the pathophysiological effect(s) of the mutation. The advent of second-generation sequencing technologies has augmented existing array-based and cytogenetic approaches for the identification of somatic mutations. We outline the strengths and weaknesses of these techniques and highlight recent insights into the role of somatic mosaicism in causing cancer, neurodegenerative, monogenic, and complex disease.
Photochemistry of Benzotriazoles: Generation of 1,3-Diradicals and Intermolecular Cycloaddition as a New Route toward Indoles and Dihydropyrrolo[3,4-b]Indoles
Authors: Al-Jalal Nader , Ibrahim Maher , Al-Awadi Nouria , Elnagdi Mohamed , Ibrahim Yehia
Published: December 2014

Irradiation of benzotriazoles 1a–e at λ = 254 nm in acetonitrile solution generated the corresponding 1,3-diradicals which underwent intermolecular cycloaddition with maleimides to afford the corresponding dihydropyrrolo[3,4-b]indoles and with acetylene derivatives to afford indoles as the major products. This offers an interesting and simple access to such ring systems of potential synthetic and biological interest. The structures of the photoproducts were established spectroscopically and by single crystal X-ray crystallography.
Piezoelectric Bimorphs’ Characteristics as In-Socket Sensors for Transfemoral Amputees
Authors: El-Sayed Amr , Hamzaid Nur , Abu Osman Noor
Published: December 2014

Alternative sensory systems for the development of prosthetic knees are being increasingly highlighted nowadays, due to the rapid advancements in the field of lower limb prosthetics. This study presents the use of piezoelectric bimorphs as in-socket sensors for transfemoral amputees. An Instron machine was used in the calibration procedure and the corresponding output data were further analyzed to determine the static and dynamic characteristics of the piezoelectric bimorph. The piezoelectric bimorph showed appropriate static operating range, repeatability, hysteresis, and frequency response for application in lower prosthesis, with a force range of 0–100 N. To further validate this finding, an experiment was conducted with a single transfemoral amputee subject to measure the stump/socket pressure using the piezoelectric bimorph embedded inside the socket. The results showed that a maximum interface pressure of about 27 kPa occurred at the anterior proximal site compared to the anterior distal and posterior sites, consistent with values published in other studies. This paper highlighted the capacity of piezoelectric bimorphs to perform as in-socket sensors for transfemoral amputees. However, further experiments are recommended to be conducted with different amputees with different socket types.
La mondialisation dans une perspective géohistorique. (Globalization in geohistorical perspective)
Authors: Grataloup Christian
Published: December 2014

Nous pensons souvent que la mondialisation est récente. C'est plutôt le recul de ce processus au XXème siècle qui nous donne cette impression. Il faut, au moins, remonter aux grands voyages du XVème siècle, pour voir que le Monde aurait pu être chinois. Mais ce sont finalement les Européens qui ont été attirés avec le plus de persévérance par les régions tropicales. A partir de ces quelques perspectives, l'article essaye de montrer que pour penser le Monde, il faut un effort de géohistoire.
Les firmes agroalimentaires ou le récit mondialisant (Food-industry firms or the globalizing discourse)
Authors: Fumey Gilles
Published: December 2014

Comment les firmes agroalimentaires organisent-elles leur communication pour être présentes dans le concert valorisant de la mondialisation ? Car « être mondial » apparaît comme une consécration pour une entreprise. Chaque firme organise un rapport au monde qui met en avant les valeurs positives dont elle s 'estime porteuse : nomadisme, santé et bien-être. Ce qui les rend encore plus « mondiales », notamment lorsqu 'elles s 'inscrivent dans la vulgate actuelle du développement durable.
Croissance démographique et wilderness : le « New West » des États-Unis. (Urban growth in wilderness : America's "new West")
Authors: Boquet Yves
Published: December 2014

L 'Ouest américain connaît une forte progression de sa population, en particulier à proximité des espaces de wilderness. Un nouveau rapport à l'environnement se met en place avec les arrivants récents. Le débat est vif quant aux relations entre espaces de nature et croissance économique. L 'État fédéral en est un arbitre tiraillé entre des acteurs aux intérêts divergents.