bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Physical Exercise in Wilderness Therapy for Troubled Adolescent Women
Authors: Caulkins Michael C. , White Dave D. , Russell Keith C.
Published: April 2013

This study explores the impacts of backpacking as a therapeutic process for troubled adolescent women participating in wilderness therapy. A qualitative case study approach was used to investigate the experience of six adolescent women and three female wilderness instructors at an established wilderness therapy program. Data were collected through participant observation, client psychological profiles, and semi-structured interviews. Research explored the emotional, cognitive, and physical impacts attributed to the backpacking component of the therapeutic process and the relationships between these impacts. Results revealed eight central impacts of backpacking, each of which fell into categories differentiated by dimensions of temporality, intensity, and clarity. A conceptual model captures the flow of the backpacking process and offers insight into this specific therapeutic element of wilderness therapy.
Gender-Specific Effects of Muting on Outdoor Ropes Challenge Participation
Authors: Irish Philip A.
Published: April 2013

Muting (verbal silencing) is a teaching practice commonly employed by facilitators in outdoor challenge course education programs as a method for modifying communications among participants. However, it is unknown to what extent this teaching intervention differentially impacts male's and female's overall engagement with challenge initiatives. The current research uses matched, mixed-gender groups presented with one of two experimental conditions of verbal muting: either all females or all males muted. Results indicate that muting participants dependent upon their gender differentially impacts initial and sustained challenge initiative engagement. On certain tasks, females are consistently much more significantly impacted, initially and during the duration of this teaching intervention. Suggestions for future empirical research with other facilitator practices commonly applied during outdoor challenge courses are offered.
Adventure Camp Programs, Self-Concept, and Their Effects on Behavioral Problem Adolescents
Authors: Larson Bruce A.
Published: April 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an adventure camp program on the self-concept of adolescents with behavioral problems. Subjects in the study included 61 randomly selected male and female adolescents ranging in age from 9 to 17 years with behavioral problems. The treatment group of 31 adolescents was randomly selected from a population (N = 85) of behavioral problem adolescents who voluntarily attended an adventure camp. The control group of 30 adolescents was randomly selected from a population (N = 80) that underwent treatment for behavioral problems. Analysis of variance was utilized to determine if significant differences existed between the treatment and control groups. The paired t test was utilized to determine within group differences between pretest and posttest scores on both groups. Alpha for both tests was set at the .05 level. Analysis demonstrated a significant difference between the experimental and control 9- to 11-year-old age group's self-concept.
Service-Learning and Interior Design: A Case Study
Authors: Sterling Mary
Published: April 2013

The case study approach was used to analyze experiential learning through its three components: knowledge, action, and reflection. Two interior design courses were integrated through a university service-learning project. The restoration/adaptive reuse of a 95-year-old library building was to serve as a prototype for future off-campus discipline-based service-learning activities. In two experiential learning courses, interior design students provided their consulting services throughout the last seven weeks of the semester and reflected upon their experiences using course content as the basis of analysis. Experiential learning can take students out of their academic shelter to help them begin to develop a sense of place. Challenges noted in making discipline-based service-learning education standard practice included: balancing knowledge, action, and reflection, time management issues, fortitude to risk not knowing and testing ideas, disorganization, diverse team performances, favoring emotion over logic, and lack of experience in observation, reflection, and verbal communication.
Implementing and Sustaining Service-Learning at the Institutional Level
Authors: Young Cheri A. , Shinnar Rachel S. , Ackerman Robert L. , Carruthers Cynthia P. , Young Deborah A.
Published: April 2013

In this study, we offer insights regarding the tactics used by institutions to implement and sustain service-learning at various levels of commitment as identified by Holland (1997). An analysis of data collected from 12 directors of service-learning centers provides a description of common practices associated with implementing and sustaining service-learning initiatives at the institutional level, focusing on organizational tactics associated with funding, administration, faculty recruitment and support, and student involvement and assessment.
Service-Learning in Early Adolescence
Authors: Richards Maryse H. , Sanderson Rebecca Cornelli , Celio Christine I. , Grant Jane E. , Choi Inhe , George Christine C. , Deane Kyle
Published: April 2013

Over the past few decades, service-learning has surged in popularity. Although most programs are implemented in high school and college classrooms, service-learning has the potential for great impact in middle school. The present article evaluates a pilot service-learning program for fifth- and seventh-grade ( N = 86) children in a large, urban, midwestern city. For this project, a service-learning curriculum was developed, implemented, and assessed. Findings indicate that, relative to students in the control group, students participating in the service-learning curriculum demonstrated significantly higher scores on the measure of Leadership. Several Grade × Intervention interactions suggested stronger effects for fifth-grade students. A measure of Acceptance of Diversity did not show any significant differences. Implications and recommendations for developing future programs are discussed.
The Potential of Humor as a Trigger for Emotional Engagement in Outdoor Education
Authors: Hoad Colin , Deed Craig , Lugg Alison
Published: April 2013

This article examines the relevance of humor to student engagement in outdoor education. A sociocultural framework is applied to this examination, based on a view of learning as constructed, cognitive, embodied, and affective. A set of affordances of outdoor education as a contextually situated learning activity is identified along with related abilities of adolescent students to interact with these characteristics. The argument, advanced through an examination of the literature, is that outdoor education provides teaching and learning affordances that are different from traditional school-based education, and the ability of students to engage with these affordances is influenced by a range of affective factors. Furthermore, humor acts as an influential variable in learning environments, thus providing a trigger for increasing students’ emotional engagement with the immediate task or topic. The primary proposition is that a capacity to knowingly perceive and productively engage with humorous moments can provide a pedagogical trigger for the emotional engagement of participants. In particular, we outline how humor is likely to influence student–student, student–teacher, and individual–context learning-related interactions.
Across the River … (and into the Black): Toward Self Sufficiency through Craftsmanship and Folk Wisdom
Authors: Lee Lance
Published: April 2013

An exploration of the potential of Apprenticing for developing personal integrity and independence in the modern world.
Experiencing History
Authors: Crew Adolf , Brown James , Lackie Joyce
Published: April 2013

An innovative graduate course in education devoted to the development of techniques utilizing direct experience in the history curriculum.
Grantsmanship: Federal Funding
Authors: Werber Bruce
Published: April 2013

A description of federal funding sources and the art and science of federal proposal writing.
The Establishment Critics: A Summary of the Major Reports on Secondary Education in the 70's
Authors: Zajchowski Richard A.
Published: April 2013

The critics of education in the 70's are a new breed advocating changes with far-reaching implications for experiential education. This article examines five major reports.
Beyond Foxfire
Authors: Wigginton Eliot
Published: April 2013

A penetrating look at why Foxfire has been so successful, how it is quietly revolutionizing the educational world, and its direction for the future.
Minimizing Legal Liability Risks
Authors: van der Smissen Betty
Published: April 2013

The author provides a sound beginning point for better understanding the legal liabilities involved in risk sports and adventure programs and urges the establishment of professional safety guidelines.
William James, Philosophical Father of Experience-Based Education: “The Knower is an Actor”
Authors: Donaldson George W. , Vinson Richard
Published: April 2013

A book published at the turn of the century provides a significant base for current thinking in experiential education.
Designing Experiential Curricula
Authors: Williamson Jed
Published: April 2013

Public schools can involve students, parents, community and school board in the design of experience-based learning. The author describes one such program, The Mt. Cardigan Environmental Unit.
Educational Communities: The Future of Experiential Education
Authors: Leonard Anne
Published: April 2013

The following was originally delivered as a paper at the Seventh Annual Conference on Experiential Education in October 1979. The author envisions a changed dynamic in the educational environment of the future.
How Experiential is Your Experience-Based Program?
Authors: Gibbons Maurice , Hopkins David
Published: April 2013

To avoid a vague and destructive definition of experiential education, it may be desirable to construct a “scale of experientiality”.
Experiential Components in Academic Courses
Authors: Jernstedt G. Christian
Published: April 2013

Although there has been a tendency to separate academic and experiential learning, the two can be successfully integrated.
A Turn down the Harbor
Authors: Beidler Peter G.
Published: April 2013

To my astonishment, I was informed on leaving college that I had studied navigation! Why, if I had taken one turn down the harbor I should have known more about it.

Thoreau, “Walden”
A Critical Look: The Philosophical Foundations of Experiential Education
Authors: Crosby April
Published: April 2013

To say that we know by experience presupposes an answer to centuries of philosophical debate on the theories of reality and knowledge. Here, an historical overview of these problems is presented.
On Defining Experiential Education
Authors: Joplin Laura
Published: April 2013

It is helpful to move from a vague notion of experiential education to a more structured one. Here, a five stage model with nine defining characteristics is presented to further clarify what is meant by experiential education
The Long Conversation: Tracing the Roots of the Past
Authors: Adams Albert , Reynolds Sherrod
Published: April 2013

Experiential education has a rich and long past that is often not recognized. By explaining this past, it is hoped that current practitioners can avoid some of the pitfalls of their predecessors.
Dewey's Philosophical Method and its Influence on His Philosophy of Education
Authors: Hunt Jasper
Published: April 2013

Although Dewey's educational practices are well known by educators, it must not be forgotten that Dewey was also a technical philosopher. This paper attempts to bridge the gap between Dewey the technical philosopher and Dewey the educator.
Theory Misapplied: Teaching by Objectives and Cognitive Learning
Authors: Spector Stanley J.
Published: April 2013

By taking a basically sound educational theory and applying it uncritically, educators run the risk of alienating their students. This can be seen in an unfortunate application of Bloom's educational taxonomy, which can result in student alienation.
From Theory to Practice for College Student Interns: A Stage Theory Approach
Authors: Garvey Dan , Vorsteg Anna Catherine
Published: April 2013

The interns slowly shuffled into the staff meeting. Each looked slightly more tired and frazzled than the one before. It was time to debrief the program we had just completed. As we heard the last bus driving away full of happy students singing and talking, we settled into what had become nearly assigned seats in our staff room. The staff had found this program to be particularly difficult to run. The logistics were sloppy, meals were barely acceptable, the participants themselves seemed to require more supervision and direction than usual. Informal discussion was more focused on the upcoming day off than on the next group which would be arriving in less than twenty-four hours.
Hands-Off Leadership and Multicultural Programs
Authors: Sarbeck Craig
Published: April 2013

A small circle of young women sat in the warm mid-winter sun deep in the Central Kalahari of Botswana. Russian, American and Batswana, they were part of a multicultural program which had assembled a few days earlier. The facilitator was encouraging a discussion of issues of importance to women. The American women, always quick to speak, suggested discussing abortion, a highly charged topic that, to them, clearly symbolized women's issues around the world. However, to the Russians, abortion was not an issue. It was simply an accepted form of birth control. One young woman had already had two. To the Batswana, abortion was not an issue. It was inconceivable that anyone would ever abort a child. So it was left to the Americans to explain why it is a sharply divisive issue in their country, and to try to engender a conversation about something that was at best a curiosity to the other women.

The two of us had been sitting for hours, waiting in the car on a dark roadside north of Gaborone, Botswana, watching the constellations wheel slowly over the silent land. We were looking for a bus from Harare, Zimbabwe that was supposed to arrive sometime around 6 p.m. It had been coming three times a week for years, but nobody seemed to know where it was going to stop on any given day, so we had decided to try intercepting it. Not only that, the Russians we were expecting may not have even made it to Harare as far as we knew. Finally, well past midnight, a bus roared by and we took chase. At the first stop, somewhere in Gaborone, we ran to the door of the bus and found five smiling Russians stepping off. “How was it?” I asked Elena Sadovnikova, their irrepressible leader. “Well, we forgot about visas for Botswana and they refused us at the border. But African bureaucracy is no match for a Russian. Once again, bureaucracy struggled against Elena and lost!”
The Intrinsic Value of Minimum Impact
Authors: Simpson Steven
Published: April 2013

It is dusk in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. It has rained all day, and you are cold and wet. All you want to do is eat and sit around a fire with a cup of coffee. Firewood in the immediate area, however, is scarce and damp. The trees around the campsite have a human browse line of dead limbs ripped off live trees at a height of about nine feet. The easy thing to do would be to push the browse line three or four trees deeper into the forest. To be honest, no one would be able to tell the difference. Instead you grab a flashlight and hike back into the wet, mosquito-thick forest to search for dry wood on downed trees. Even your canoe partners think you are carrying minimum impact to extremes, but it does not really matter what they think. Your peace with the forest is wholly personal.
Perspectives: Adding Organization Development to the EBTD Toolbox
Authors: Kolb David C.
Published: April 2013

The phone rings. You answer in your best phone voice: “ACME Experienced-Based Training and Development, how may I help you?”

The caller excitedly begins. “A friend of mine did your ropes course experience with her company and really enjoyed it. We need a team building program. What do you have to offer?”
Focusing on the “Solution” Rather than the “Problem”: Empowering Client Change in Adventure Experiences
Authors: Gass Michael , Gillis H.L. “Lee”
Published: April 2013

Father Sanchez: This way of consciously relating, in which everyone attempts to bring out the best in others rather than to have power over them, is a posture the entire human race will eventually adopt. Think of how everyone's energy level… will increase at that point! (Redfield, 1993, p. 219).
Using the Wilderness to Facilitate Adjustment to College: An Updated Description of Wilderness Orientation Programs
Authors: Davis-Berman Jennifer , Berman Dene
Published: April 2013

This study represents an updated attempt to examine and describe wilderness orientation programs currently affiliated with colleges and universities in the United States. Using a variety of data collection methods, 38 programs are described. The information includes program size, length, cost, types of leaders, training, and sponsorship of the program. Respondents also discussed program philosophy, goals, their reasons for using the wilderness, and critical and emerging issues. This data was compared to previous research and similarities and differences were noted. Recommendations for wilderness orientation programs were offered.
Forming Knowledge: Constructivist Learning and Experiential Education
Authors: DeLay Randolph
Published: April 2013

The teens talked about why they did not make the top of the peak. It looked like it was going to storm, said one. That's the reason, others agreed. No way, said Ryan. “We knew weather might blow in and still we got up late.” After further discussion the rest of the group agreed and suggested other contributing factors. The discussion then turned to taking responsibility and not blaming outside things. Janene said that was like when she blames her mother for when she gets grounded.
Enhancing Racial Understanding: A Class Visit to a Black University
Authors: Kranz Peter L. , Lund Nick L. , Johnson Barry O.
Published: April 2013

After 20 years, students recalled a race relations class as one of their most meaningful and profound educational experiences. The course, taught in the “deep South” during the early 1970s by a licensed psychologist, included experiential components: a required seven-day, live-in home visit and a visit to a predominantly black college or university. These experiential aspects provided important opportunities for students to explore racial attitudes and beliefs that had been discussed in class, in “real world” contexts. Twenty years later, black and white students were interviewed about their recall of the significance of the course, the live-in home visit, and the visit to a black institution. Observations are included which may be of benefit to others who consider designing a similar educational experience.
An Investigation into Instructor Effectiveness
Authors: Phipps Maurice L. , Claxton David B.
Published: April 2013

Instructor effectiveness was investigated at Nantahala Outdoor Center (NOC). The importance of effectiveness in instruction has recently been stressed to enable safe progression in skill acquisition in adventure activities as well as to prevent miseducative experiences. Instructor effectiveness was measured using a questionnaire that was developed using constructs from experiential and physical education theories. The results showed high levels of instruction at NOC. The instrument did discriminate between more and less effective instructors as perceived by students even though overall scores were high—some instructors were scoring consistently higher than others. The differences were true for all the different sub sections of the questionnaire which included structure, communication, perception, motivation, arousal levels, feedback, group processing, action/practice, and leadership. On average the female instructors scored higher on the questionnaire than the male instructors not only with total scores on the questionnaire, but on all sub-sections except the action/practice sub-section.

A corresponding check sheet was developed as a result of the research to match the questionnaire for use by instructors as a way for them to remember to include the various aspects of instruction and to use with the questionnaire as a perception check.

Although there were differences in instructor effectiveness between the different types of clinics taught at NOC (kayak, canoe, etc.), the results were not statistically significant.

Information in the form of comments from individuals and researchers that attended the clinics provided information in detail on an array of topics. Themes that emerged from this qualitative information are summarized to provide information that could assist possible future developments in instructor training for NOC or other centers teaching adventure activities.
Risk Management: An International Perspective
Authors: Garvey Daniel
Published: April 2013

If an organization had a catastrophic incident in a foreign country where one or several participants were seriously hurt or had died, would the organization know what to do?

What should have been done to reduce the chance of such an incident? What should be done at the moment of the incident? What steps must be taken after the immediate crisis is over?

This article focuses on the unique risks and safety challenges of conducting adventure programming in foreign countries. It attempts to examine a few of the policies and practices that might be considered as programs operate internationally.
Tikkun Olam: A Model for Healing the World
Authors: Berman Dene S. , Davis-Berman Jennifer
Published: April 2013

This article is based on a keynote address presented by Dene Berman to the Heartland Region Meeting of the Association for Experiential Education held March 1998 in Kalamazoo, MI.
Implementing and Sustaining School-Located Influenza Vaccination Programs
Authors: Wilson Dulmini , Sanchez Kathleen M. , Blackwell Susan H. , Weinstein Eva , El Amin A. Nelson
Published: April 2013

Local health departments have typically led school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) programs, assuming resource-intensive roles in design, coordination, and vaccination. This level of involvement is often not financially sustainable over time. Five diverse school districts in Los Angeles County designed, implemented, refined, and institutionalized their own SLIV programs over 3 years by identifying and maximizing their existing resources. School district nurses and other staff served as project leaders, designing their own vaccination administration process, parental consent, and clinic promotional models. Two districts expanded their existing school immunization clinics and three developed their vaccination capacity with community partnerships. Each district tailored its program in creative resource-minimum ways, sometimes abandoning or adopting new methods/technologies based on the effectiveness in previous seasons. The shared experiences and strategies between district nurses and the local health department described in this article illustrate a district’s ability to develop a tailor-made SLIV program, often in less than ideal conditions.
Adaptation and Feasibility of a Communication Intervention for Mexican Immigrant Mothers and Children in a School Setting
Authors: McNaughton Diane B. , Cowell Julia Muennich , Fogg Louis
Published: April 2013

Children of Mexican immigrants are exposed to multiple ecological risks that heighten their likelihood of experiencing depressive symptoms. In previous studies, affirming parent–child communication has been found to be protective against depressive symptoms in Hispanic youth. Interventions focused on enhancing communication between parents and youth have the possibility of strengthening protective factors for children. The aims of this study were to (1) adapt an evidence-based parent–child communication intervention (Mission Possible) for cultural relevance for low-income, low-literacy Mexican immigrant mothers and their children and (2) assess feasibility of delivering the adapted intervention in a school setting. Adaptation took place in a series of focus groups of mother–child dyads. The revised intervention was delivered to 27 mother–child dyads in two elementary schools. Feasibility was supported by high participant satisfaction, 80% attendance rate, and 75% retention rate. This preliminary work suggests strategies for school nurses to partner with immigrant families and outlines a potential intervention that expands the school nursing role.
Face Color and Sexual Attractiveness
Authors: Sorokowski Piotr , Sorokowska Agnieszka , Kras Dominika
Published: April 2013

Skin color is one of the first features that we notice in another person and, therefore, it plays a significant role in the mate selection process as well as in the assessments of attractiveness of others. However, almost all modern research showing a preference for lighter skin tone (particularly in women) was conducted within populations of relatively light skin color. The current study was conducted among the Yali people, who are dark-skinned and native to the isolated highlands of West Papua. We found that for both males ( n = 53) and females ( n = 53) preferred skin tone was either average or slightly lighter than the average. At the same time, we found that the male preference for lighter skin tone in females was correlated with contact with other cultures. We discuss our results in the context of social and biological theories explaining skin tone preferences.
Can Extractive Industries Promote Sustainable Development? A Net Benefits Framework and a Case Study of the Marlin Mine in Guatemala
Authors: Zarsky Lyuba , Stanley Leonardo
Published: April 2013

This article develops a framework to evaluate net benefits from mining and utilizes it to assess the Marlin mine in Guatemala. The framework integrates “weak” and “strong” sustainability principles. Under weak sustainability, a net gain in human welfare can substitute for the loss of nonrenewable resources. Under strong sustainability, nature’s life-support systems are not substitutable. We define “net benefits” as the joint generation of net gains to human welfare, defined as local acceptance and high economic benefits, and low risks to the resilience of environmental life-support systems, especially water, evidenced by best practice management standards. We find little evidence that the Marlin mine meets either weak or strong sustainability criteria: there is strong local resistance to the mine and economic benefits are low, while environmental risk is high, especially in terms of potential long-term contamination of life-supporting ground and surface water.
Lanthanum Carbonate Delays Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification Compared With Calcium-Based Phosphate Binders in Patients on Hemodialysis
Authors: Ohtake Takayasu , Kobayashi Shuzo , Oka Machiko , Furuya Rei , Iwagami Masao , Tsutsumi Daimu , Mochida Yasuhiro , Maesato Kyoko , Ishioka Kunihiro , Moriya Hidekazu , Hidaka Sumi
Published: April 2013

Background and Objectives:

Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is associated with future cardiovascular events and/or death of patients on hemodialysis (HD). We investigated whether progression of CAC in patients on HD could be delayed by switching from a calcium (Ca)-based phosphate (Pi) binder to lanthanum carbonate.

Design, Setting, Participants, and Measurements:

The CAC scores were evaluated at study enrollment and after 6 months in 52 patients on HD using calcium carbonate (CC) as a Pi binder. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups assigned to receive either CC or lanthanum carbonate (LC), and the CAC scores were evaluated after a 6-month treatment period. Progression of CAC was assessed, as were serum levels of Ca, Pi, and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH).

Results:

Forty-two patients completed the study (23 receiving CC and 19 receiving LC). In the 6 months prior to randomization, all patients were treated with CC. During this 6-month period, the CAC scores increased significantly in all 42 patients. Once randomized, there was significantly less progression in the group treated with LC than with CC. Changes in CAC scores from 6 to 12 months were significantly smaller in the LC group than the CC group (−288.9 ± 1176.4 vs 107.1 ± 559.6, P = .036), and percentage changes were also significantly different (−6.4% vs 41.2%, P = .024). Serum Ca, Pi, and iPTH levels were similar in both groups during the study period.

Conclusions:

This pilot study suggested that LC delayed progression of CAC in patients on HD compared with CC.
Monitoring of Unfractionated Heparin Using Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
Authors: Kim Je Sang , Lee Hyun Jong , Sung Ji Dong , Kim Hee-Jin , Lee Soo-Youn , Kim June Soo
Published: April 2013

Background:

We frequently encounter high levels of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) during heparin anticoagulation. The purpose of this study is, first, to investigate the rate of achieving and maintaining therapeutic aPTT in patients treated with heparin anticoagulation and second, to assess the adequacy the current nomogram.

Methods:

We included 197 patients who underwent anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin (UFH) according to the standard nomogram between September 2008 and May 2010. The primary endpoints were the rate of achieving a therapeutic range (TR) at the first sample, 24 hours, or 48 hours. We also compared heparin nomograms according to age (<70 years vs ≥70years).

Results:

Of the 197 patients, 131 had heparin loading. In the heparin loading group, there were 19.1% (n=25), 69.5% (n=91), and 90.1% (n=18) achieving TR at the first aPTT, 24 hours, and 48 hours, respectively. The therapeutic aPTT proportion was 39.2%, and the rate of peak level above 90 seconds was 93.1%. Peak levels of aPTT were higher in the older age group than in the younger age group (202.3 ± 124.2 versus 152.0 ± 78.9, p=0.007).

Conclusion:

Our results indicate a high rate of achieving therapeutic aPTT at 24hous and 48hours, but a low success rate for maintenance within the TR. Most patients had supratherapeutic aPTT of more than 90 seconds. Therefore, the TR of aPTT that matches heparin levels of 0.3 to 0.7 IU/mL measured by antifactor Xa assay should be determined. If not, we should consider adopting a new heparin dosing nomogram.
Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide
Authors: Heimbach James T. , Egawa Hiroshi , Marone Palma Ann , Bauter Mark R. , Kennepohl Elke
Published: April 2013

Forty male and 40 female Crl:SD® CD® IGS rats were fed diets containing 0, 40 000, 80 000, or 120 000 ppm tamarind seed polysaccharide (equivalent to 3450.8, 6738.9, or 10 597.1 mg/kg bw/day and 3602.1, 7190.1, or 10 690.7 mg/kg bw/day for males and females, respectively) for 28 days. Animals were observed for adverse clinical signs, body weight, feed consumption, hematology and clinical chemistry parameters, urinalysis values were recorded, and at the end of the study the rats underwent a full necropsy. Functional Observational Battery (FOB) and Motor Activity (MA) tests were performed on all animals. There were no mortalities, no clinical or ophthalmologic signs, body weight, body weight gain, food consumption and food efficiency, FOB or MA findings associated with the administration of tamarind seed polysaccharide. Initial statistically significant decreases in body weight gain and food consumption resolved after the first week and were considered the result of reduced palatability. There were no adverse changes in hematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry or urinalysis parameters in male or female rats considered the result of test substance administration. At necropsy, there were no macroscopic, histopathological findings, estrus cycle, or organ weight changes deemed related to administration of the test substance. Under the conditions of this study and based on the toxicological endpoints evaluated, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for tamarind seed polysaccharide in the diet was the highest concentration tested of 120 000 ppm (equivalent to 10 597 mg/kg bw/day and 10 691 mg/kg bw/day for male and female rats, respectively).
Ocular Toxicity Assessment From Systemically Administered Xenobiotics
Authors: Brock William J. , Somps Christopher J. , Torti Vince , Render James A. , Jamison Jeffrey , Rivera Maria I.
Published: April 2013

The eye is a unique sensory structure, which must be evaluated for toxicity to determine the safety of drugs, industrial chemicals, and consumer products. Changes in the structure and/or function of ocular tissues following systemic administration of a potential new drug in preclinical animal models can result in significant delays in the development of a new therapeutic and in some cases lead to termination of the development. The ability to detect and characterize ocular toxicity in preclinical models and to predict risk in patients is critically dependent on the preclinical testing strategy, the availability and use of state-of-the-art ocular safety assessment tools, and the knowledge of drug mechanism of action and the current regulatory environment. This review describes the design and execution of toxicity studies with the incorporation of current methods for in vivo assessment of ocular toxicity, including methods for detecting early changes in the eye. In addition, anatomical differences among laboratory animals, preparation of globes for examination, and iatrogenic and spontaneous ocular findings are described that can affect interpretation of toxicological findings. Finally, the correlation between nonclinical outcomes and clinical evaluations is discussed in terms of expected therapeutic uses, indications, and regulatory consequences of ocular effects.
Effects of Solutol (Kolliphor) and Cremophor in Polyethylene Glycol 400 Vehicle Formulations in Sprague-Dawley Rats and Beagle Dogs
Authors: Stokes Alan H. , Kemp Daniel C. , Faiola Brenda , Jordan Holly L. , Merrill Christine L. , Hailey James R. , Brown Randy E. , Bailey David W.
Published: April 2013

When conventional vehicles (eg, methylcellulose and water) impart inadequate physical, chemical, and/or biological properties for proper toxicological assessment of test article formulations, nonconventional vehicles may be considered. Often toxicity data for nonconventional vehicle formulations are limited. Studies were conducted to collect toxicity data from a rodent and a non-rodent species given 2 nonconventional vehicles, Solutol HS15/polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 and Cremophor RH40/PEG 400, with differing formulations and dose volumes (10 mL/kg for rats; 2 or 5 mL/kg for dogs). In rats, both vehicles caused increase in kidney weights (males only) and decrease in thymic weights (males only) without concurrent microscopic findings; altered urine electrolytes, minimally decreased serum electrolytes (males only), and increased serum total cholesterol (females only) were also present. The Cremophor formulation was also associated with increased serum urea (males only) and urine phosphorus: creatinine. For rats given the Solutol formulation, both genders had decreased urine glucose parameters and males had increased urine volume. In dogs, loose/watery feces and emesis were present given either vehicle, and mucus-cell hyperplasia of the ileum was present given the Solutol formulation. Increased red blood cell mass and decreased urine volume in dogs given 30% Solutol/70% PEG 400 (5 mL/kg/d) were likely due to subclinical dehydration and hemoconcentration. For the Cremophor formulations, dose volume-dependent increased incidence of minimal subepithelial gastric hemorrhage was noted in dogs, and dogs given 5 mL/kg/d showed increased serum urea nitrogen. Overall, regardless of the formulation or dose volume, neither vehicle produced overt toxicity in either species, but the Solutol formulation produced fewer effects in rats. Generally, lower dose volumes minimized the severity and/or incidence of findings.
Sequential simulation of thermal stresses in disc brakes for repeated braking
Authors: Rashid Asim , Strömberg Niclas
Published: April 2013

In this paper, an efficient sequential approach for simulating thermal stresses in brake discs for repeated braking is presented. First, a frictional heat analysis is performed by using an Eulerian formulation of the disc. Then, by using the temperature history from the first step of the sequence, a plasticity analysis with temperature dependent material data is performed in order to determine the corresponding thermal stresses. Three-dimensional geometries of a disc and a pad to a heavy truck are considered in the numerical simulations. The contact forces are computed at each time step taking the thermal deformations of the disc and pad into account. In such manner, the frictional heat power distribution will also be updated in each time step, which in turn will influence the development of heat bands. The plasticity model is taken to be the von Mises yield criterion with linear kinematic hardening, where both the hardening and the yield limit are temperature dependent. The results show that during hard braking, high compressive stresses are generated on the disc surface in the circumferential direction which cause yielding. But when the disc cools down, these compressive stresses transform to tensile residual stresses. For repeated hard braking when this kind of stress history is repeated, we also show that stress cycles with high amplitudes are developed which might generate low cycle fatigue cracks after a few braking cycles.
Influence of surface texture on tribological performance of AlCrN nanocomposite coated titanium alloy surfaces
Authors: Muthuvel Prem A , Rajagopal Ramesh
Published: April 2013

The modification of surface layer of machine elements used for engineering applications requires modern tools and techniques for improving its functional aspect and enhanced life. In this study, modification of surface layer was done by combining laser texturing and filling the textured surface by hard wear-resistant coating. This study aimed at investigating the friction and wear behavior of nano aluminum chromium nitride (AlCrN) composite coating over modified titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) surfaces under dry sliding contact condition. The surface of as-received titanium alloy substrate was lapped and laser surface texturing was performed on the lapped surface. Magnetron-sputtered physical vapor deposition technique was preferred for coating. Scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray and microhardness tests were performed to characterize the coating. Further, to evaluate the bonding strength of coating against modified surfaces, scratch tests were performed by a scratch tester. Using pin-on-disc tribometer, the coated samples were subjected to tribological investigation for dry sliding contact conditions. The effect of normal load on friction and wear characteristics were examined and discussed. The performance of these coatings on textured and lapped surfaces was compared. Critical parameters such as variation in coefficient of friction and specific wear rate were reported. The influence of textured surface on coating performance was discussed.
Mechanochemistry as a key to understand the mechanisms of boundary lubrication, mechanolysis and gas evolution during friction
Authors: Hiratsuka Ken'ichi , Kajdas Czesław
Published: April 2013

Mechanical energy alters chemical reactions. Although the mechanisms of mechanochemical reactions are not understood well, they have been utilized for alloying, polishing, lubrication and so on. On the other hand, tribochemical reactions which involve the interactions between frictional materials and the environment accelerate the decomposition of solid and surrounding molecules. It results in the emission of small particles and gases, bringing problems to environment and health. Mechanochemical and tribochemical reactions are often studied in different fields and in different societies. Even if similar reactions from each field are named differently, the same physics and chemistry operate in both reactions. Therefore, this study aimed at better understanding of some tribochemical reactions from the mechanochemical point of view. The main mechanism is proposed to be the emission of electrons, which is enhanced by the energy input onto the surface and surrounding molecules due to the breakage of chemical bonds and chemisorption of environmental molecules.
Cuts, Claims and Cautionary Tales - An Overview of Circumcision
Authors: Zoltie Nigel
Published: April 2013

Allegations of poorly performed circumcisions may arise as negligence claims, civil claims or a professional (General Medical Council [GMC]) matter. This article explains the various types of circumcision, including those done for religious purposes, and attempts to provide an understanding of the issues relating to claims. The writer is a medicolegal expert (Accident & Emergency Consultant) who trained in surgery and for over 25 years has performed neonatal circumcision for religious purposes (usually in the home), child circumcision and adult circumcision. He has provided reports for both claimant and defendants, in negligence claims, civil claims and GMC proceedings.
Ultrasound-Guided Regional Anaesthesia: A Safer Option than General Anaesthesia?
Authors: Goddard Nicholas , Batistich Stuart , Smith Zoë , Turner Jim , Tomlinson Peter
Published: April 2013

There is increasing evidence to support the safety and reliability of ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia (regional nerve ‘blocks’ using local anaesthetic drugs) in the setting of elective orthopaedic surgery. In response to a patient safety incident that occurred while under general anaesthesia (GA), we set out to offer awake regional nerve blocks to high-risk patients as a safe alternative to GA. Between September 2010 and July 2011, 43 patients scheduled for elective upper limb surgery on ‘high-risk lists’ were given a regional anaesthetic for their operation. Patients were followed up by telephone interview 24 hours post-surgery to monitor complications and to gain patient feedback. We also assessed regional anaesthesia in terms of efficiency and patient satisfaction. Overall 42/43 patients were successfully blocked (1/43 converted to GA). ‘Blocked’ patients were able to bypass the ‘post anaesthesia care unit’, and could proceed straight to the ward after their operation in the majority of cases. Nobody was dissatisfied with their anaesthetic, and 40/41 would chose regional anaesthesia again over GA. Ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia is a reliable alternative to GA and is associated with high patient acceptability. In the setting of a UK NHS district general hospital, availability of ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia may help to improve patient safety, patient choice and postoperative efficiency. The findings of the service evaluation support our ongoing use of this technique.
Never Events: The Cultural and Systems Issues that cannot be Addressed by Individual Action Plans
Authors: Burnett Susan , Norris Beverley , Flin Rhona
Published: April 2013

Despite the term ‘never events’ these events continue to happen in the NHS. This paper considers the findings from a review of the causes of nine surgical ‘never events'; looking at the learning from the investigations to provide ‘a window on the system’ and considering the multiple issues that need to be addressed to reduce future risk. The paper discusses why many of the causes described in investigation reports cannot be adequately addressed by the action plans that target each individual cause — things are never that simple — instead the causes should be seen as a reflection of the current state of safety within an organization, showing the underlying cultural and systems issues that need to be addressed at a wider level than that of the incident itself.
Increasing social engagement in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder using collaborative technologies in the school environment
Authors: Bauminger-Zviely Nirit , Eden Sigal , Zancanaro Massimo , Weiss Patrice L , Gal Eynat
Published: April 2013

This study examined the effectiveness of a school-based, collaborative technology intervention combined with cognitive behavioral therapy to teach the concepts of social collaboration and social conversation to children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (n = 22) as well as to enhance their actual social engagement behaviors (collaboration and social conversation) with peers. Two computer programs were included in the intervention: “Join-In” to teach collaboration and “No-Problem” to teach conversation. Assessment in the socio-cognitive area included concept perception measures, problem solving, Theory of Mind, and a dyadic drawing collaborative task to examine change in children’s social engagement. Results demonstrated improvement in the socio-cognitive area with children providing more active social solutions to social problems and revealing more appropriate understanding of collaboration and social conversation after intervention, with some improvement in Theory of Mind. Improvement in actual social engagement was more scattered.
Contesting language ideologies in the linguistic landscape of an Irish tourist town
Authors: Moriarty Máiréad
Published: April 2013

This article explores the linguistic landscape (LL) of a tourist town named Dingle located in the Southwest of Ireland. Building on recent theorizing in LL studies, where a discourse-analytical approach to LL data is promoted, the study uncovers a number of contesting language ideologies that circulate in the LL of Dingle. The contest involves two key actors, namely the State and the local community, who promote a number of discourse frames that show contesting language ideologies. On the one hand the State promotes an Andersonesque (Anderson, 1983) modernist ideology of ‘one Nation one language’, where Dingle is a key space where such an ideology can be safeguarded. While, on the other hand, local people promote a postmodernist ideology of multilingualism, in which the value of the Irish language is part of a wider bi/multilingual repertoire. This suggests that the LL can be viewed as a dynamic space that is significant in indexing and performing language ideologies that are continually being contested and renegotiated.
Putting stigma in context: Do perceptions of group stigma interact with personally experienced discrimination to predict mental health?
Authors: McGarrity Larissa A. , Huebner David M. , McKinnon Ryan K.
Published: April 2013

Research has linked experiences of personal discrimination with negative mental health consequences, but less is known about the role of group stigma (perceived stigma against one’s group as a whole). The theoretical literature has offered mixed predictions. The present study examined the independent and interactive effects of group stigma and personal discrimination on depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in a sample of gay and bisexual men ( N = 986). Experiences of personal discrimination predicted depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation regardless of group stigma. However, group stigma was associated with depressive symptoms contextually—only when level of perceived personal discrimination was low. Personal discrimination may be a relatively more powerful force in the lives of stigmatized group members that overwhelms the influence of group stigma in harming mental health.