bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of optically pumped magnetometer magnetoencephalography: validation in large samples and multiple tasks
Authors: Wang Xiongfei , Teng Pengfei , Meng Qiujian , Jiang Yuying , Wu Jiangfen , Li Tianfu , Wang Mengyang , Guan Yuguang , Zhou Jian , Sheng Jingwei , Gao Jia-Hong , Luan Guoming
Published: November 2024

Objective. Current commercial magnetoencephalography (MEG) systems detect neuro-magnetic signals using superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), which require liquid helium as cryogen and have many limitations during operation. In contrast, optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) technology provides a promising alternative to conventional SQUID-MEG. OPMs can operate at room temperature, offering benefits such as flexible deployment and lower costs. However, the validation of OPM-MEG has primarily been conducted on small sample sizes and specific regions of interest in the brain, lacking comprehensive validation for larger sample sizes and assessment of whole-brain. Approach. We recruited 100 participants, including healthy and neurological disorders individuals. Whole-brain OPM-MEG and SQUID-MEG data were recorded sequentially during auditory (n = 50) and visual (n = 50) stimulation experiments. By comparing the task-evoked responses of the two systems, we aimed to validate the performance of the next-generation OPM-MEG. Main results. The results showed that OPM-MEG enhanced the amplitude of task-related responses and exhibited similar magnetic field patterns and neural oscillatory activity as SQUID-MEG. There was no difference in the task-related latencies measured by the two systems. The signal-to-noise ratio was lower for the OPM-MEG in the auditory experiment, but did not differ in the visual experiment, suggesting that the results may be task-dependent. Significance. These results demonstrate that OPM-MEG, as an alternative to traditional SQUID-MEG, shows superior response amplitude and comparable performance in capturing brain dynamics. This study provides evidence for the effectiveness of OPM-MEG as a next-generation neuroimaging technique.
Identification of autism spectrum disorder using electroencephalography and machine learning: a review
Authors: Ranaut Anamika , Khandnor Padmavati , Chand Trilok
Published: November 2024

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by communication barriers, societal disengagement, and monotonous actions. Traditional diagnostic methods for ASD rely on clinical observations and behavioural assessments, which are time-consuming. In recent years, researchers have focused mainly on the early diagnosis of ASD due to the unavailability of recognised causes and the lack of permanent curative solutions. Electroencephalography (EEG) research in ASD offers insight into the neural dynamics of affected individuals. This comprehensive review examines the unique integration of EEG, machine learning, and statistical analysis for ASD identification, highlighting the promise of an interdisciplinary approach for enhancing diagnostic precision. The comparative analysis of publicly available EEG datasets for ASD, along with local data acquisition methods and their technicalities, is presented in this paper. This study also compares preprocessing techniques, and feature extraction methods, followed by classification models and statistical analysis which are discussed in detail. In addition, it briefly touches upon comparisons with other modalities to contextualize the extensiveness of ASD research. Moreover, by outlining research gaps and future directions, this work aims to catalyse further exploration in the field, with the main goal of facilitating more efficient and effective early identification methods that may be helpful to the lives of ASD individuals.
Erosion enhancement by impurity entrainment in the highly collisional plasmas of Magnum-PSI
Authors: Cornelissen Mark J.H. , Vernimmen Jordy W.M. , Verstappen Jesse D.E. , Zoethout Erwin , Classen Ivo G.J. , Beckers Job , Morgan Thomas W.
Published: November 2024

Extrinsic impurity seeding is planned for ITER to avoid high heat fluxes to the tungsten divertor targets. Nevertheless, excessive sputtering by impurities would lead to a reduction in fusion power output and divertor lifetime. Unlike today’s fusion devices, the entrainment of impurities is expected to play an increasing role in ITER’s highly collisional near-surface plasma. Impurity entrainment refers to the acceleration of impurities with the plasma flow by collisional drag, leading to elevated impact energies. To investigate impurity entrainment under ITER-like divertor plasma conditions (

n

e

>
2
×

10

20

m−3,

T

e

<

5 eV), argon-seeded hydrogen plasmas were formed in the linear plasma generator Magnum-PSI. Doppler shifts in spatially-resolved emission profiles of argon (Ar II - 480.6 nm) and hydrogen (H

β

- 486.1 nm) reveal the entrainment of seeded argon towards the upstream hydrogen velocity (∼9 cm from the surface), corresponding to ∼0.39 of the common-system sound speed. In addition, the sputtering yield of tungsten by argon bombardment for the argon-seeded hydrogen plasma was compared to a pure argon plasma by monitoring tungsten (W I - 400.9 nm) emission. These sputtering experiments reveal further entrainment of the argon impurities to ∼0.65 of the common-system sound speed at the sheath edge, leading to a large increase in their impact energy. Extrapolation of the Magnum-PSI results to ITER, using existing SOLPS-ITER simulations to determine the divertor plasma conditions, indicates more than an order of magnitude increase in gross erosion of the divertor targets due to impurity entrainment. However, the net erosion rate could still be kept under control if high re-deposition rates are achieved, which is treated in the companion paper (Cornelissen M.J.H. et al 2025 Nucl. Fusion
65 026008). The combination of a low sputtering threshold energy and high impact energy of impurities constrains the fine balance between radiative cooling with impurity seeding and avoiding extensive divertor erosion.
Investigating the variation of iron-titanium content in lunar farside regolith along the route of the Yutu-2 rover with lunar penetrating radar.
Authors: Cao Huaqing , Li Jing , Zhang Chang
Published: November 2024

The Chang’e-4 lander successfully landed in the Von Kármán crater on the farside of the Moon in 2019, collecting a large amount of scientific data to analyze the surface material and subsurface structures of the Von Kármán crater. In this study, we processed the high-frequency radar data from the first 25 lunar days collected by the Lunar Penetrating Radar along the route of the Yutu-2 rover. Using the peak frequency shift method, we calculated the loss tangent of the shallow regolith layer ranged from 3×10−3 to 5.5×10−3. The estimated TiO2 and FeO content in the regolith is 11.2 wt% - 14.7 wt%, revealing a heterogeneous distribution of iron and titanium content along the CE-4 landing site.
Study on wavefield characteristics of irregular cavity boundaries based on GPR
Authors: Ling Jianyu , Qian Rongyi
Published: November 2024

Cavities pose a serious threat to road safety. Accurately determining the boundary of cavity is crucial for evaluating the risk level, but current research in this area is relatively weak. Therefore, we conducted a study on the reflection characteristics of irregular cavity boundaries based on GPR. Starting from numerical simulations, we designed two irregular cavity models and analyzed their boundary reflection characteristics. We found that diffraction often forms at the boundaries of cavities, since it represents the change of the underground medium along the survey line. Moreover, after performing Kirchhoff migration, the range of anomalies in the profile is smaller than the size of cavities, and the shape of the lateral and bottom boundaries is different from the real. Subsequently, we analyzed the field data validated through drilling. We found that compared with forward data, diffraction is relatively unremarkable in field data but they are always exist, and we can determine the boundaries of the cavity based on them. In addition, to obtain the real shape and size of the cavity, it is necessary to calculate the velocity of electromagnetic waves in the cavity, due to we need to use this velocity to correct the position and shape of the events. This study is of great significance for the localization of cavity boundaries and risk assessment.
Research on the application of 3D GPR in the detection of road collapse diseases in loess region of Ningxia
Authors: Yan Zhaotao , Zeng Zhaofa , An Baizhou , Lu Jiayu , Sun Boyang
Published: November 2024

In recent years, the loess region of Ningxia is faced with severe challenges of road collapse diseases. Such diseases have the characteristics of strong suddenness, high frequency and difficult prediction. Coupled with complex causes, traditional detection methods are often difficult to achieve effective, rapid detection and accurate response, posing a major threat to the local social economy and public safety. This paper focuses on the application of three-dimensional radar technology in road collapse diseases detection in the loess region of Ningxia, aiming to explore an efficient, non-destructive and rapid diseases detection and verification method, so as to achieve timely and accurate detection and verification of collapse diseases. In this study, the Guyuan area with complex geological conditions was selected as a demonstration, and advanced 3D ground penetrating radar equipment was used to conduct fine scanning of the structures under the roads in the selected area. Through comparative analysis of radar images and actual geological structures, the 3D radar could accurately identify and locate potential underground voidage, cavitation and porosity and other hidden hazards. It provides the possibility for the early detection and prevention of collapse diseases. The research results of this paper verify the applicability and reliability of 3D ground penetrating radar in road collapse diseases in loess area of Ningxia, providing a reference example for road safety detection under similar geological conditions, and also providing strong support for road safety management and emergency response.
3D GPR Detection and Case Analysis of Collapse Hazards for an International Airport Runway
Authors: Hu Q F , Zhang Z H , Wang F , Liu H , Su Z
Published: November 2024

The safety of airport runways is crucial for ensuring the operation of airports and the safety of aircraft flights during taking off and landing. All current methods for assessing airport runways primarily focus on surface routine inspections or surveys, lacking both the capability and available technologies for comprehensive detection of runway and its underground conditions. In this paper, considering a specific airport runway in China that experienced collapse hazards due to cavities, three-dimensional ground-penetrating radar (3D GPR) is explored for detecting potential hazards on the runway and its surroundings. By analyzing the detection data, the formation and distribution of collapses were examined clearly based on B-scan and C-Scan, and then assessed obviously the safety conditions of the airport runway. The research work and its findings provide a new valuable insight of NDT method for guiding comprehensive inspections and maintenance of large airport runways.
Deviation Aware Mask for Localizing Ground Penetrating Radar Data Alignment
Authors: Zhang Pengyu , Chen Yuwei , Shen Liang , Bi Beizhen , Jin Tian , Huang Xiaotao
Published: November 2024

This paper proposes a data align pipeline for LGPR (Localization Ground Penetrating Radar). LGPR achieves robot localization by matching prior underground data map, therefore high-precision maps are essential. Utilizing GPR in a time acquisition mode for robot localization enables the technology to generate maps with resolutions far superior to those produced by camera or lidar mapping methods. However, it also introduces several challenges. On one hand, the process of map generation heavily relies on velocity control of the moving platform, and non-uniform motion in the localization scenario can result in feature deformation of GPR images. On the other hand, in the absence of relative a priori position conditions, there exists a certain degree of spatial dimension offset between the multiple data acquisitions from array GPR systems, rendering existing time-series deformation correction schemes ineffective. To address these challenges, by designing a deviation-aware distance, we aim to enhance existing time-series regularization approaches without relying on additional sensor position information, thus achieving synchronized alignment of multiple rounds of ground-penetrating radar data for the generation of high-quality underground map data used to evaluate LGPR performance. In this work, we compare existing synchronization strategies of LGPR with those of other sensors and alignment schemes, and validate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.
Image Enhancement Algorithm for Ground Penetrating Radar Based on Nonlinear Technology
Authors: Xian Wu Guo , Liu Ying
Published: November 2024

Ground penetrating radar images typically have characteristics such as weak target return signals, high background noise, and strong direct wave return signals. In order to obtain images with acceptable quality, a non-linear technology based image enhancement method was proposed. The method used LIP model and CDF-HSD function as the core to test multiple ground penetrating radar images and compared them with three common image enhancement algorithms. Finally, six image quality evaluation methods were used to evaluate the output images, verifying that this method can improve the contrast of target return signals while suppressing background noise in ground penetrating radar image processing.
Calculation of the reflected wave from an inclined conducting cylinder for the array-type singlehole borehole radar
Authors: Ebihara S , Tsukuda R , Yamanaka S
Published: November 2024

This paper uses MoM/Green’s function method to model the reflected wave from an inclined conducting cylinder efficiently for the array-type singlehole borehole radar. Using the exact analytical solution of the point electric source field around the conducting cylinder requires efficient modeling of the source in a borehole. We proposed replacing the source with the vertical electric dipole and magnetic one in a homogeneous medium. Numerical calculations with the proposed method gave the time domain signals of the reflections from the inclined conducting cylinder. In this simulation, the used antennas were the dipole and loop antennas. We ran the field experiment in the soil to measure the inclined conducting cylinder, similar to the one used in the numerical simulation. Observing this experimental data, we confirmed that the difference between the dipole and loop antenna signals was identical to the numerical simulation.
Application of ground penetrating radar in potential hazards detection of levee
Authors: Huang W K , Li S P , Tan C , Lu P Y
Published: November 2024

Ground-penetrating radar, utilizing electromagnetic wave technology, stands as a crucial geophysical exploration method for analyzing hydraulic engineering defects. In the context of identifying potential hazards in a levee within Yunfu, Guangdong province, GPR technology is deployed. This study delves into the radar’s ability to discern characteristics such as inadequate soil compactness, voids, as well as interference from metal pipes and wires. By scrutinizing these radar signatures, the primary causes underlying the development of cracks and uneven settlement across multiple sections of the levee are identified. The insights garnered from this analysis serve as valuable reference points for leveraging ground-penetrating radar technology in the detection of potential hazards within hydraulic engineering contexts.
Improved Synchrosqueezing S-Transform and Its Application in Reinforcement Protection Layer Identification
Authors: Xiong Hongqiang , Li Jing , Zhang Tengfei , Hu Rong , Liu Tieyu
Published: November 2024

Synchrosqueezing is a strategy to enhance the resolution of time-frequency analysis. However, its application in the S-transform leads to complexities due to the variable phase spectrum of the S-transform, resulting in a decrease in resolution and an increase in complexity. This work proposes an Synchrosqueezing Generalized S-Transform (SS-GPST) by introducing phase-shifting and a generalized parameter to simplify the mathematical definition and enhance resolution. Synthetic data trials demonstrate the superiority of SS-GPST over existing synchrosqueezing methods, offering enhanced resolution and minimized inverse transformation errors. In practical ground-penetrating radar applications, we have applied SS-GPST to identify the reinforcement protection layer in tunnel linings. The results show that SS-GPST offers a novel method for thin-layer extraction in ground-penetrating radar applications.
Estimation of soil water content based on full waveform inversion technique of GPR data with a Grey Wolf Optimizer
Authors: Zhang M. H. , Bano M. , Feng X. , Khuut T. , Lu Q.
Published: November 2024

This paper proposes a novel inversion scheme for estimating soil water content (SWC) based on full waveform inversion technique ground penetrating radar (GPR) using the Grey Wolf algorithm Optimizer. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed inversion scheme, a numerical experiment was carried out. Then, the proposed inversion scheme was applied on to the data with and without noise. The results show a good match between the observed and calculated GPR data. And the SWC can still be perfectly inverted even if there is noise in the data. These demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the proposed inversion scheme.
Application of Geo-Radar in the Detection of Various Adverse Geology in Tunnel Over-advance Geological Forecasting
Authors: Zhao Wenlong , Tang Yuhao , Zhao Siwei
Published: November 2024

Tunnel excavation process will encounter a variety of adverse geological problems, different adverse geologic bodies on the safety of tunneling projects will have more or less impact. This paper summarizes and analyzes several kinds of common adverse geological bodies based on previous engineering examples, and compares and analyzes the prediction results of geo-radar with the actual excavation characteristics in the preliminary over-advanced geological prediction, which shows that different adverse geological bodies such as fracture zones (faults), water-bearing bodies, cavities, joints and fissures development zones, etc., will have an impact on the frequency and amplitude (energy) of radar waves, which will confirm the frequency and amplitude changes of radar waves in the face of the palm. By analyzing the frequency and amplitude changes of radar waves, we can confirm the change of surrounding rocks in front of the palm face. The application of geo-radar in over-advanced geological forecasting and detection of adverse geology has solved the problems encountered in the process of tunnel construction and excavation, and has provided reliable technical support for safe tunnel construction.
Experimental verification for optimal design of the filter-based spectrometer
Authors: Zhou Yugang , Wu Sixin , Li Qiang , Yang Qiang , Wen Jiaxing , Yang Yue , Mo Wenbo , Wang Lushan , miao Ling , Li Jiazhou
Published: November 2024

Filter-based spectrometers are widely used in the
diagnostics of laser-plasma-generated X/gamma-ray pulses. The highly
ill-conditioned characteristic of the filter-based spectrometer
response matrix is a primary factor limiting their measurement
accuracy. In this paper, the genetic algorithm is used to optimize
the configuration of the filter-based spectrometer to alleviate the
ill-conditioned response. The effectiveness of optimization was
investigated under different conditions such as different
measurement errors, different spectrum shapes and different
unfolding algorithms by numerical experiment. Furthermore, the
optimized and non-optimized filter stack spectrometer were
implemented and irradiated by X-ray tubes. These results show that
the optimization can effectively reduce the divergence of the
unfolded spectrum for continuous spectrum X-ray detection and
improve peak unfolding accuracy for monochromatic X-ray detection.
A new method for calibrating sample-to-detector distance in small-angle X-ray scattering
Authors: Ji Xiaolan , Chen Rongchao , Liu Jiahao , Li Xia , Wu Haijuan , Wang Yuanyang , Dong Lili , Chen Jiangang , Li Dongfeng , Li Zhihong
Published: November 2024

This study presents a new method for calibrating the
sample-to-detector distance in Small-Angle X-ray Scattering
(SAXS). Traditional methods, relying on diffraction peaks from
standard samples, often suffer from poor stability and require curve
fitting, resulting in limited accuracy and reproducibility. To
address these issues, this study use Standard Reference Material
(SRM) 3600 glassy carbon, developed by NIST, which provides stable
and well-defined absolute scattering intensity without
diffraction. By comparing the entire scattering curve with its
theoretical counterpart, this method enhances the statistical
accuracy, reproducibility, and overall stability of the calibration
process.
Driving factors for the peculiar bond length dependence and tetragonal distortion of (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 and other chalcopyrites
Authors: Falk Hans H , Eckner Stefanie , Ritter Konrad , Levcenko Sergiu , Pfeiffelmann Timo , Larsen Jes , Shafarman William N , Schnohr Claudia S
Published: November 2024

The chalcopyrite alloy (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 is a highly efficient thin film solar cell absorber, reaching record efficiencies above 23%. Recently, a peculiar behavior in the bond length dependence of (Ag,Cu)GaSe2 was experimentally proven. The common cation bond length, namely Ga–Se, decreases with increasing Ag/(Ag + Cu) ratio even though the crystal lattice expands. This is opposite to the behavior observed for Cu(In,Ga)Se2, where all bond lengths increase with increasing lattice size. To better understand this peculiar bond length behavior, element-specific bond lengths of (Ag,Cu)InSe2 and Ag(In,Ga)Se2 alloys are determined using extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. They show that the peculiar bond length dependence occurs only for (Ag,Cu) alloys, independent of the species of common cation (In or Ga). The bond lengths are used to determine the anion displacements and to estimate their contribution to the bandgap bowing. Again, both behaviors differ significantly depending on the type of alloyed cation. A valence force field approach, relaxing bond lengths and bond angles, is used to describe the structural distortion energy for a comprehensive set of I–III–VI2 and II–IV–V2 chalcopyrites. The model reveals bond angle distortions as main driving factor for the tetragonal distortion and reproduces the literature values with less than 10% deviation. In contrast, the peculiar bond length dependence is not reproduced, demonstrating that it originates from electronic effects beyond the scope of this structural model. Thus, a fundamental understanding of bond length behavior and tetragonal distortion is achieved for chalcopyrite materials, benefiting their technological applications such as high efficiency thin film photovoltaics.
The effect of assist gas type on nitinol microsecond laser cut edges: a study on the use of oxygen, argon, nitrogen, helium, and compressed air
Authors: Otto Cory R , Doroudi Alireza , Vaseghi Majid , Davami Keivan
Published: November 2024

Historically, the published literature for laser cutting atomically balanced nickel-titanium alloy (Nitinol) tubular devices assumes slow cut rates with an inert argon assist gas. Herein, a novel application of an exothermic reactive oxygen assist gas was employed during Nitinol laser micromachining, which enabled a 38.1 mm s−1 cut rate, a 4.5-times improvement from traditional argon cutting. Furthermore, this led to the realization of improved cut quality: 2-times less dross, a 2-times lower surface roughness, and a minimal heat-affected zone. Of the tested assist gases (oxygen, argon, nitrogen, helium, and compressed air), oxygen was found to provide the best cut quality, achieving dross-free cuts. Additionally, oxygen was shown to produce a relatively low arithmetic mean average surface roughness of 0.48 μm, when compared to argon at 0.85 μm. A decrease in surface roughness was found to be associated with an increase in cut rate. These findings suggest that assist gas melt flow dynamics has a higher contributing factor than laser pulse energy parameters. In-situ thermographic monitoring of the melt flow during processing demonstrated a clear difference in the melt flow pattern between a reactive oxygen assist gas and inert argon assist gas. Furthermore, with the culmination of nanoindentation analysis and microstructural characterization, it was concluded that long-pulse laser micromachining can produce cuts with negligible microstructural alterations to the bulk material. This study quantitatively demonstrates the benefits observed during laser cutting Nitinol with a reactive oxygen assist gas when compared to previous studies that employ an inert argon assist gas.
Evaluation of galvanic corrosion in mild steel, 309S and 409M alloy combinations for marine environment applications
Authors: Guruprasanna Praveen , Podder Arijit Saha , Sood Jagmohan
Published: November 2024

The objective of this study is to simulate galvanic corrosion in 409M, 309S -& MS couples in light of field applications and to compare with the corrosion rates of the individual grades. Metals undergo corrosion when exposed to outdoor environments. But the rate of corrosion gets accelerated when the metals are connected to form a galvanic couple and are exposed to marine environments. One such galvanic system being used in aggressive environments like marine applications can be combinations of Mild steel (MS)- 409M (Ferritic Stainless Steel) & 309S (Austenitic Stainless Steel). The electrochemical tests which include measurement of voltage/current w.r.t time, potentiodynamic polarization studies and electrochemical impedance measurements using 5% NaCl solution were designed in order to assess how these alloys behave (i) individually and (ii) in galvanically-coupled states. Visual observations, determination of corrosion rates, microstructural inspections and Scanning Electro Microscopy (SEM) analysis were carried out as a part of corrosion evaluation method. The results indicated that the galvanic coupling of dissimilar metals significantly accelerates the corrosion rate of the less noble metal, particularly in the MS-309S couple where the difference in their corrosion potentials between the two alloys is as high as 450 mV. The corrosion rate of MS coupled with 309S increased to 0.277 mm yr−1, which is approximately 6.9 times more compared to the MS-MS couple. The comparison was done with respect to MS-MS system. The test data shall be used to compare the relative corrosion resistances of (i) MS - MS (ii) MS - 409M (iii) 409M—409M (iv) 309S−409M (v) 309S–MS and (vi) 309S—309S. This is required to understand the relative corrosion resistances of alloys during field application and to arrive at a suitable solution for maximizing its service life.
Negative Natural Theology
Authors: Insole Christopher J
Published: November 2024

How can we live in harmony with the universe, and not just in it? What is it to feel at home in the world? Some thinkers who feel the force of these questions reach for the concept of God. Others do not. This book asks what might be at stake in the choice of whether or not to speak about God: not just in terms of abstract reasoning or arguments about God, but in relation to deeper undercurrents of motivation and yearning. The book is interested in sites in contemporary thinking, where the concept of the divine beckons, or looms, but also, perhaps, repels, or hides. It asks ‘what is at stake’ in the decision (if it is that) to talk about God and the divine. Also relevant are unconscious drives and factors. Concepts can convince, or fail to convince, but, also, they can attract and repel. The book draws on analytical and continental post-Kantian sources, treating individual thinkers, as well as cultural movements such as modern paganism, new atheism, and humanism. ‘Natural theology’ involves speaking about God without reference to revelation, tradition, or sources of authority, using the resources of ‘reason alone’. ‘Negative theology’ is concerned with the way in which a type of abstract reasoning and rational argument run out, without this necessarily being an ending: other types of speech and communication may become possible and essential. Speaking into this space, the book draws on philosophy, theology, anthropology, literature, and psychology.
The Existence of the Word God
Authors: Insole Christopher J
Published: November 2024

This chapter reflects on what contribution the word God, or the divine, makes to natural language; whether or not one believes in God. After dismissing a construal of ‘God’ as either a proper name, or a title, the chapter considers Janet Martin Soskice’s influential suggestion that ‘God’ might function like a ‘natural kind’ term (such as ‘water’, ‘gold’, or ‘tiger’). I discuss problems both with Soskice’s approach, and with its deeper underpinnings in Saul Kripke’s work on rigid designation. The chapter draws upon a more recent understanding of natural kind terms. Such a conception helps us to find something common across different uses of the word ‘God’, which includes traditional monotheism, but can also take in Spinozism, Stoicism, modern paganism, and pantheism. We may also render visible generative grey areas, and some interesting varieties of philosophical attraction towards, and reticence about, speaking about the divine.
Survival and relapse patterns in patients of cranial vs extra-cranial oligometastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery/stereotactic body radiation therapy and systemic therapy
Authors: Anand Anil Kumar , Kakkar Neha , Immanuel Vivek , Pannu Jyoti , Chaudhoory Amal Roy , Malhotra Heigrujam , Kumar Tarun
Published: November 2024

Objectives

To evaluate the outcome of patients with cranial (C) and extra-cranial (EC) oligometastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)/stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and standard of care systemic therapy.

Methods

During the period 2018-2022, patients who received SBRT or SRS for oligometastases (≤5 lesions) in addition to systemic therapy were evaluated. PET-CT was done to categorize them as C or EC oligometastases. Local control, distant progression, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicity of the treatment were recorded.

Results

43 patients received SBRT/SRS to 88 oligometastatic lesions. Eighteen patients had C metastases, 23 had EC metastases and 2 patients had both. 40/43 patients had received systemic therapy. At a median follow-up of 13 months, median PFS was 14 months and 1 and 2 years OS was 83.2% and 67.4%. Local control with SRS was 92.8% and with SBRT was 86.3%. Distant failure in C vs EC oligometastases was seen in 12/14 vs 7/20 patients (P = 0.03). Median PFS was 30 months for EC and 6 months for C oligometastases (P = 0.003). 1 and 2 years OS was 89.6% and 82.7% for EC and 77.6% and 48.5% for C oligometastases (P = 0.21). One patient had grade 3 and 3 patients had grade 1 toxicity.

Conclusions

SRS and SBRT yielded high rates of local control with low toxicity. Compared to EC, patients with C oligometastases had higher distant relapses, poorer PFS, and a trend towards worse survival. More studies with separate enrolment of patients with C and EC oligometastases are needed.

Advances in knowledge

Outcome of patients with C oligometastases is poorer than EC metastases and hence the studies should be separately done in these 2 groups to assess the benefit of SRS/SBRT.
EEG hyperexcitability and hyperconnectivity linked to GABAergic inhibitory interneuron loss following traumatic brain injury
Authors: May Hazel G , Tsikonofilos Konstantinos , Donat Cornelius K , Sastre Magdalena , Kozlov Andriy S , Sharp David J , Bruyns-Haylett Michael
Published: November 2024

Traumatic brain injury represents a significant global health burden and has the highest prevalence among neurological disorders. Even mild traumatic brain injury can induce subtle, long-lasting changes that increase the risk of future neurodegeneration. Importantly, this can be challenging to detect through conventional neurological assessment. This underscores the need for more sensitive diagnostic tools, such as electroencephalography, to uncover opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Progress in the field has been hindered by a lack of studies linking mechanistic insights at the microscopic level from animal models to the macroscale phenotypes observed in clinical imaging. Our study addresses this gap by investigating a rat model of mild blast traumatic brain injury using both immunohistochemical staining of inhibitory interneurons and translationally relevant electroencephalography recordings. Although we observed no pronounced effects immediately post-injury, chronic time points revealed broadband hyperexcitability and increased connectivity, accompanied by decreased density of inhibitory interneurons. This pattern suggests a disruption in the balance between excitation and inhibition, providing a crucial link between cellular mechanisms and clinical hallmarks of injury. Our findings have significant implications for the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of traumatic brain injury. The emergence of electroencephalography abnormalities at chronic time points, despite the absence of immediate effects, highlights the importance of long-term monitoring in traumatic brain injury patients. The observed decrease in inhibitory interneuron density offers a potential cellular mechanism underlying the electroencephalography changes and may represent a target for therapeutic intervention. This study demonstrates the value of combining cellular-level analysis with macroscale neurophysiological recordings in animal models to elucidate the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Future research should focus on translating these findings to human studies and exploring potential therapeutic strategies targeting the excitation-inhibition imbalance in traumatic brain injury.
Single-cell analysis reveals expanded CD8+ GZMKhigh T cells in CSF and shared peripheral clones in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Kim Hyo Jae , Ban Jae-Jun , Kang Junho , Im Hye-Ryeong , Ko Sun Hi , Sung Jung-Joon , Park Sung-Hye , Park Jong-Eun , Choi Seok-Jin
Published: November 2024

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Despite the crucial role of aberrant immune responses in ALS pathogenesis, studies investigating immunological profiles in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with ALS have reported inconsistent findings. Herein, we explored the intrathecal adaptive immune response and features of circulating T cells between CSF and blood of patients with ALS using single-cell RNA and T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing. This study comprised a total of 11 patients with apparently sporadic ALS and three controls with non-inflammatory diseases. We collected CSF from all participants, and for three patients with ALS, we additionally obtained paired samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Utilizing droplet-based single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing, we analysed immunological profiles, gene expression characteristics and clonality. Furthermore, we examined T-cell characteristics in both PBMC and CSF samples, evaluating the shared T-cell clones across these compartments. In the CSF, patients with ALS exhibited a lower proportion of CD4+ T cells (45.2 versus 61.2%, P = 0.005) and a higher proportion of CD8+  GZMKhi effector memory T cells (TEMs) than controls (21.7 versus 16.8%, P = 0.060). Higher clonality was observed in CD8+ TEMs in patients with ALS compared with controls. In addition, CSF macrophages of patients with ALS exhibited a significant increase in chemokines recruiting CD8+ TEMs. Immunohistochemical analysis showed slightly higher proportions of T cells in the perivascular and parenchymal spaces in patients with ALS than in controls, and CD8+ TEMs co-localized with neurons or astrocytes in the motor cortices of patients with ALS. Clonally expanded CD8+  GZMKhi TEMs primarily comprised shared T-cell clones between CSF and PBMCs. Moreover, the shared CD8+ TEMs of PBMCs exhibited gene expression profiles similar to CSF T cells. Patients with ALS showed an increase in proportion and clonality of CD8+  GZMKhi TEMs and activated features of macrophages in CSF. The shared T-cell clone between CSF and blood was mainly composed of expanded CD8+  GZMKhi TEMs. In conclusion, single-cell immune profiling provided novel insights into the pathogenesis of ALS, characterized by activated macrophages and clonally expanded CD8+ T cells potentially communicating with the central nervous system and peripheral circulation.
Real World Virologic Outcomes in Patients With Elevated Body Mass Index Receiving Long Acting Cabotegravir/Rilpivirine
Authors: Maguire Christina , Rueve Kaitlyn , Farmer Eric , Huesgen Emily , Karaj Antoneta , Binkley Amanda , Mounzer Karam , Brizzi Marisa , Chary Pallavi , Sung Peter , Graziani Amy , Hiserodt Emily , Baron Jillian , Koenig Helen , Short William R
Published: November 2024

Background

The first long-acting injectable antiretroviral, cabotegravir/rilpivirine (LA-CAB/RPV), was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in January 2021 for persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) suppressed on their current regimen. Body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 has been identified as a risk factor for virologic failure; however, data are limited due to small sample sizes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of BMI on the efficacy of LA-CAB/RPV in a real-world setting.

Methods

A retrospective, multicenter cohort study was conducted from 22 January 2021 to 15 February 2023 in individuals who received LA-CAB/RPV every 4 (Q4w) or 8 weeks (Q8w). Individuals included were virologically suppressed on their current regimen, received at least 1 dose of LA-CAB/RPV, and had a follow-up viral load post initiation.

Results

A total of 374 individuals across 5 centers were included, with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 in 148 (39.5%) individuals. Most individuals received a Q8w (68%) regimen, and the incidence of viral load ≥50 copies/mL was similar between those with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (12%) as compared to those with BMI <30 kg/m2 (9%) (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI]: .69–2.46, P = .4). Confirmed virologic failure occurred in 0.8% of individuals overall, with 2 of the 3 cases occurring in those with BMI ≥30 kg/m2.

Conclusions

The data from this real-world cohort demonstrates no difference in virologic outcomes for individuals with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 as compared to those with BMI <30 kg/m2 suggesting that higher BMI alone should not preclude use of LA-CAB/RPV in eligible individuals.
Microbiological Trends, in-hospital Outcomes, and Mortality in Infective Endocarditis: A Swiss Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Buergler Helene , Gregoriano Claudia , Laager Rahel , Mueller Beat , Schuetz Philipp , Conen Anna , Kutz Alexander
Published: November 2024

Background

The epidemiology of infective endocarditis (IE) is evolving, driven by an aging population and increased use of endovascular devices, and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This study aims to evaluate changes in microbiological trends and clinical outcomes in patients with IE over the past decade in Switzerland.

Methods

This nationwide cohort study analyzed in-hospital claims data from patients hospitalized with IE in Switzerland between 2012 and 2021. We assessed incidence rates per 100 000 hospitalizations, categorizing them by common pathogens. The outcomes included in-hospital and 6-month mortality, admission to the intensive care unit, and length of hospital stay.

Results

Among 15 255 hospitalizations with IE, the annual number of cases increased from 1361 in 2012 to 1636 in 2021. The most frequently diagnosed pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (increasing from 19.8% to 30.0%, Ptrend < .01) and Streptococcus species (from 17.6% to 24.4%, Ptrend < .01). Infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus was associated with the highest in-hospital (19.9%) and 6-month mortality (30.3%), and intensive care unit admission rates (44.2%), with no relevant changes over time. The longest length of hospital stay was observed in hospitalizations with IE caused by Enterococcus species (mean 23.9 days) and S. aureus (23.8 days).

Conclusions

This nationwide cohort study showed an increase in IE hospitalizations from 2012 to 2021, primarily from S. aureus and Streptococcus species. Predominantly, S. aureus was associated with adverse outcomes that remained consistently high over time compared to other or unidentified pathogens.
Predictors of Persistent Fever Among Patients With Suspected Infective Endocarditis: Think Outside the box
Authors: Stavropoulou Elisavet , Monney Pierre , Tzimas Georgios , Ianculescu Nicoleta , Tozzi Piergiorgio , Kirsch Matthias , Guery Benoit , Papadimitriou-Olivgeris Matthaios
Published: November 2024

Background

Fever is common in infective endocarditis (IE), yet little is known about fever duration in such patients. We aim to identify predictors of persistent fever in patients with suspected IE.

Methods

This study was conducted at the Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland, from January 2014 to June 2023. All patients with suspected IE being febrile upon presentation were included. Fever (>38°C) was considered persistent if it continued for at least 96 hours from antimicrobial treatment initiation. A case was classified as IE by the Endocarditis Team.

Results

Among 1399 episodes with suspected IE, persistent fever was observed in 260 (19%) episodes. IE was diagnosed in 536 (41%) episodes, of which 82 (15%) had persistent fever. Among episodes with suspected IE, persistent bacteremia/candidemia for 96 hours (P < .001), spondylodiscitis (P = .039), intrabdominal infection (P = .001) were associated with persistent fever. Conversely, bacteremia by streptococci (P = .049), or enterococci (P = .001), source control performed withing 96 hours (P = .015) and appropriate antimicrobial treatment within 48 hours (P = .018) were associated with early defervescence. No association between persistent fever and infective endocarditis was found (P = .207). Among 536 IE episodes, persistent bacteremia/candidemia for 96 hours (P < .001), and native bone and joint infection (P = .020) were associated with persistent fever. Conversely, bacteremia by streptococci or enterococci (P = .001; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] .11–.58) were associated with early defervescence.

Conclusions

In episodes with suspected IE, persistent fever was associated with spondylodiscitis, inappropriate antimicrobial treatment and absence of source control interventions. Among IE patients, persistent fever was associated with native bone and joint infections.
Frailty and sarcopenia metabolomic signatures in kidney transplant candidates: the FRAILMar study
Authors: Madrid-Gambin Francisco , Pérez-Sáez María José , Gómez-Gómez Alex , Haro Noemí , Redondo-Pachón Dolores , Dávalos-Yerovi Vanessa , Marco Ester , Crespo Marta , Pozo Oscar J , Pascual Julio ,   for the FRAILMar Study Group, Pérez-Sáez María José , Chamoun Betty , Redondo Dolores , Barbosa Francesc , Cao Higini , Collado Silvia , Buxeda Anna , Burballa Carla , Crespo Marta , Pascual Julio , Faura Anna , Vera María , Bach Anna , Pedreira Guillermo , Junyent Ernestina , Folgueiras Montserrat , Castillo Yolanda , Martínez Aida , Fernández Marisol , Barbero Eva , Fernández Noelia , Calvo Alicia , Carazo Jesús , Frances Albert , Cecchini Lluis , Marco Ester , Muñoz Elena , Delcros-Forestier Lou , de Valderrama Delky Meza , Morgado Andrea , Nogués Xavier , Rodríguez-Mañas Leocadio , Vázquez Olga , Muns María Dolores , Gárriz Miguel , Gómez María Polo , Hurtado Sara , López Maite , Ribera Laura , Guino Margarita , Roca Ramón , Calls Jordi , Rovira Alicia , Mora Josep , Ibrik Omar , Liria Florentina , López Thaïs , Almirall Jaume , Moya Carmen , Moreno Fátima , de Arellano Manel Ramírez , Rubio Sandra , Cidraque Ignacio , Pájaro Carlota , Garra Núria , Galcerán Josep , Fenollar Marina , Outón Sara , Jara Josep , García Rosa , Manresa Mònica
Published: November 2024

Background

Sarcopenia and frailty are often overlooked in assessing kidney transplant (KT) candidates with chronic kidney disease (CKD), potentially leading to poor post-transplant outcomes. This study aimed to identify metabolites associated with frailty and sarcopenia in KT candidates from the FRAILMar study.

Methods

Between June 2016 and June 2020, we evaluated frailty and sarcopenia in 173 KT candidates using the Physical Frailty Phenotype and EGWSOP-2 criteria, respectively. Seventy-five metabolic markers from targeted pathways, previously linked to CKD, sarcopenia or frailty, were measured in serum samples. These markers were analyzed using adjusted and weighted generalized linear models. Metabolomic data were integrated with multi-modal data, such as comorbidities, using a factor-based integration algorithm to identify metabolic phenotypes.

Results

Increased metabolites related to energy metabolism and essential amino acids were associated with frailty, mainly Krebs cycle intermediates. Sarcopenic KT candidates showed lower levels of aromatic amino acids, and lower protein/muscle metabolism, energy metabolism and neurotransmission compared with non-sarcopenic patients. Unsupervised multi-modal integration revealed a high-risk metabolic phenotype characterized by the presence of sarcopenia, diabetes mellitus and low body mass index, with alterations in branched-chain amino acids and high activity of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme.

Conclusions

Frailty and sarcopenia are common among KT candidates, and their metabolic status reveals notable disruptions in energy and amino acid metabolism. These findings highlight the value of a detailed metabolic assessment to more accurately evaluate patient health status prior to transplantation.
Quadricuspid pulmonary valve with pulmonary hypertension: a case report
Authors: Li Wenting , Zhang Yang , Cui Xiaopei , Ji Qiushang
Published: November 2024

Background

The quadricuspid pulmonary valve (QPV) is a relatively rare heart congenital anomaly. It is usually asymptomatic and incidentally detected.

Case summary

A 52-year-old woman presented with paroxysmal palpitations and chest tightness after exertion. After a series of examinations, we finally diagnosed her with QPV and pulmonary hypertension. The symptoms have improved significantly with medications, and subsequently, the patient was discharged.

Discussion

This case demonstrated the crucial role of multimodality imaging in evaluating the non-invasive depiction of pulmonary valve disease.