bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beginning Improvisation
Authors: Treat Michael
Published: July 2019

An improvised jazz solo is constructed from rhythmic and harmonic vocabulary. It requires the player to have an internal sense of melody, harmony and form that he or she relies on to create musical ideas in real time. This chapter outlines an approach to teaching beginning improvisors that can develop these concepts. It articulates principles of improvisation that students must learn before progressing to advanced theoretical concepts, which include communication; phrasing; tension and release; and the ability to simultaneously create, perform, and respond to music. Throughout the chapter, exercises, activities, and repertoire are provided that effectively lay the groundwork for learning to improvise in the jazz idiom.
Jazz Vocal
Authors: Gale Catherine
Published: July 2019

Vocal techniques in classical and jazz have much in common; however, even experienced vocalists need to learn the aspects of jazz singing that make it unique. This chapter aims to dispel the myth that jazz singing is completely different from classical singing while pointing out the subtle differences between them. Similarly, aspiring jazz singers need to study all the things that instrumental jazz musicians do and then incorporate words. Topics covered in this chapter include (a) teaching the differences in timbre and vibrato that create the unique jazz vocal sound; (b) centering jazz vocal intonation; (c) avoiding some of the most common pitfalls of jazz diction; and (d) a progressive discussion of types of vocal improvisation, from strategic variation in rhythms and melodies to scat singing. The chapter concludes with a list of important classic jazz standards that have lyrics, including suggestions for teaching those standards according to age and experience.
Jazz Trombone
Authors: Buckholz Christopher
Published: July 2019

Regardless of the genre, there are numerous shared aspects of trombone playing: beautiful, stylistic sound quality; technical solidity; accurate, flexible intonation; and the ability to demonstrate sound musical judgment. Listening and imitation are especially crucial for young trombonists because the trombone is a technically difficult instrument to master, and that cannot be done without good models. The embouchure is relatively easy to form and develop, but the slide takes far more work to play in tune and without glissando. More than any other wind instrument, the trombone requires a player with an excellent ear. This chapter deals with the parts of the big band trombone section and its functions as a unit, followed by a discussion of trombone technical challenges in jazz (particularly with articulation), equipment, and important recordings.
Postbop Jazz in the 1960s
Authors: Waters Keith
Published: July 2019

Innovations in postbop jazz compositions of the 1960s occurred in several dimensions, including harmony, form, and melody. Postbop jazz composers such as Wayne Shorter, Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea, along with others (Booker Little, Joe Henderson, Woody Shaw) broke with earlier tonal jazz traditions. Their compositions marked a departure from the techniques of jazz standards and original compositions that defined small-group repertory through the 1950s: single-key orientation, schematic 32-bar frameworks (in AABA or ABAC forms), and tonal harmonic progressions. The book develops analytical pathways through a number of compositions, including “El Gaucho,” “Penelope,” “Pinocchio,” “Face of the Deep” (Shorter); “King Cobra,” “Dolphin Dance,” “Jessica” (Hancock); “Windows,” “Inner Space,” “Song of the Wind” (Corea); as well as “We Speak” (Little); “Punjab” (Henderson); and “Beyond All Limits” (Shaw). These case studies offer ways to understand the works’ harmonic syntax, melodic and formal designs, and general principles of harmonic substitution. By locating points of contact among these postbop techniques—and by describing their evolution from previous tonal jazz practices—the book illustrates the syntactic changes that emerged during the 1960s.
Passion for Work
Authors: Vallerand Robert J. , Houlfort Nathalie , Bourdeau Sarah
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on the prevalent model of passion, namely the dualistic model of passion. This model defines passion as a strong inclination toward an activity that people love, value, engage in on a regular basis and is part of identity. Further, the dualistic model of passion posits the existence of two distinct types of passion leading to opposite outcomes. One is harmonious passion, resulting from an autonomous internalization and where people feel in control of their passion. The second is obsessive passion which results from a controlled internalization and is associated with the experience of a loss of control with regards to the beloved activity. Although being passionate about work at face value should have important and positive outcomes, the dualistic model of passion posits that this should mainly take place for harmonious passion. Research reviewed in this chapter provides support for this assumption. In addition, research is also reviewed on the determinants of passion. The research methods and measures used in the area are also presented. Finally, implications for future research and some applications are also formulated.
Lay Theories of How Passion for Work Is Achieved
Authors: Chen Patricia , Ellsworth Phoebe C.
Published: July 2019

In this chapter, we introduce a lay theory approach to study how work passion is attained, as a complement to the scientific theory–driven approach. We provide insight into the lay person’s everyday experience of passion for work, and their beliefs about how passion is achieved, to enhance understanding about what gives rise to passionate workers.
Locke on Knowledge and Reality
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: July 2019

This book is essentially a commentary on John Locke’s masterwork, his An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which is the foundational work of classical Empiricism. It aims to be accessible to students who are reading Locke for the first time, to be a useful research tool for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students, and to make a contribution to Locke scholarship. It is designed to be read alongside the Essay, but does not presuppose familiarity with it. It expounds and critically discusses the main theses and arguments of each of the Essay’s four books, on the innatism that Locke opposes, the origin and classification of ideas, language and meaning, and knowledge, respectively. It analyzes Locke’s influential explorations of related topics, including primary and secondary qualities, substance, identity, personal identity, free will, nominal and real essence, and external-world skepticism, among others. It is written in an analytical style that strives for clarity and that offers step-by-step reconstructions of Locke’s arguments. It references and engages with relevant work of other major philosophers and Locke commentators, including, among others, Descartes, Leibniz, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, Thomas Reid, John Yolton, James Gibson, R. M. Chisholm, Michael Ayers, John Perry, John Mackie, Roger Woolhouse, Saul Kripke, Jonathan Bennett, E. J. Lowe, Vere Chappell, Samuel Rickless, Galen Strawson, Gideon Yaffe, and Matthew Stuart.
Freedom and the determination of the will
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: July 2019

This chapter analyzes Locke’s complex account of human motivation, volition, and freedom. It explains Locke’s Hobbesian definition of freedom as the ability to do or to refrain from doing as one wills, and his arguments for holding that the will itself cannot sensibly be called “free.” It argues that although Locke’s refusal to call the will free and his talk of “determining the will” have led readers to see him as a “soft determinist,” he should not be seen as a determinist (whether “hard” or “soft”) because there is no good reason to think he holds volitions to be causally necessitated. It discusses his view that our volitions and the actions they produce stem from our desire for happiness, the obstacle to which is any “uneasiness,” which intelligent beings, provided they temporarily suspend their wills, can see may need to be endured now in order to avoid worse uneasiness later. It argues that although Locke does not directly address the problem of freedom and determinism in its contemporary form, he is best interpreted as a libertarian.
Introduction
Authors: Hilmes Michelle
Published: July 2019

The introduction begins by pointing to the common themes among the chapters in this part. Chapters 5, 6 and 7 explore the functions that the selected case study programs serve for specific broadcasting institutions (PBS, Sky, ITV, HBO, and the BBC) that choose to partner in one form or another with their transatlantic counterparts. These chapters also explore the themes of national identity, heritage and channel branding touched upon in the first part, highlighting their importance to the relationship of transatlantic partners and to specific programs’ placement within their import markets. Chapters 8 and 9 investigate the ways in which two programs, Episodes and Game of Thrones, textually encode some of the problematics of the transatlantic relationship—widespread assumptions about the differences between US/UK production contexts and acting styles. The rest of the introduction provides brief summaries of each chapter.
Mainstream Trends and Masterpiece Traditions
Authors: Redvall Eva N.
Published: July 2019

The chapter explores the successful meeting of “mainstream trends” and “masterpiece traditions” in the commissioning and production of Downton Abbey (2010–2015), and the way in which this “postheritage drama” marks a significant transatlantic encounter between different broadcasting cultures and storytelling traditions. Drawing on recent research on the special relationship between the United Kingdom and the United States in television drama, the analysis first details how this period drama became a collaboration between the commercial UK broadcaster ITV and the American PBS station WGBH and its Masterpiece series. The chapter then investigates how the long-form narrative with soap opera elements was designed to tap into the UK tradition of heritage drama, while drawing on the speed and storytelling style of US television series. The chapter closes with a discussion of Downton Abbey’s production story in relation to the series’ remarkable popularity in the United Kingdom, the United States, and beyond.
Fans, Fezzes, and Freebies
Authors: Geraghty Lincoln
Published: July 2019

Following the reboot of Doctor Who and the popularity of Sherlock, the BBC has become a major exporter of quality television to the world. One sign of the success of UK television in the United States comes at the annual San Diego Comic-Con, where BBC America has made a concerted effort to build a loyal US audience. This chapter analyzes the importance of Comic-Con in the transnational circulation of British television texts within the American industry. Comic-Con provides a space for the promotion of UK television brands where American and British fans can meet, and where international media companies mingle with US conglomerates. There is a transatlantic trade relationship between the United States and United Kingdom; at Comic-Con, the BBC and its flagship series Doctor Who and Sherlock compete with networks such as CBS and HBO. Through the targeted promotion of British branding these series have become successful transnational commodities.
Introduction
Authors: Yates David C.
Published: July 2019

The Introduction situates the thesis within current scholarship and explores its broader implications, particularly with regard to Herodotus, panhellenism, and the influence of Philip and Alexander the Great on the later Persian-War tradition. Yates also provides a brief introduction to memory theory through a review of five key concepts: the definition of collective memory, the relationship between power and memory, the nature of memorial communities, memory as narrative, and the transmission of memory over time. This review is not exhaustive, however, and is intended merely as a primer for concepts that appear throughout the book. The Introduction then turns to a discussion of the methodological challenges of applying memory theory to the ancient world and ends with an outline of the chapters.
Time and Space
Authors: Yates David C.
Published: July 2019

This chapter considers the extent of the differences that emerged between various state memories of the Persian War, focusing here on the basic framing questions of when the war occurred and where. Despite drawing on the same chronicle of events, the Greeks developed various answers. Yates begins by examining four extended narratives that address these questions of periodization and spatialization directly: Herodotus, Thucydides, Plato’s Menexenus, and Diodorus Siculus. He then reviews the speeches in Herodotus and Thucydides and ends with a detailed survey of the evidence from Athens. These various chronological and spatial frames for the Persian War do not fit a clear evolutionary model. Rather, they seem to have been roughly contemporary reactions to the war. Individual commemorations would, therefore, have been dedicated with a local master narrative of the war in mind, but quite likely judged by others against a different set of assumptions.
Research Methods
Authors: He Jia , van de Vijver Fons J. R.
Published: July 2019

The authors present an overview of methodological issues in comparative studies, which have their intellectual roots in experimental psychology. This is followed by an introduction of the key concepts of bias (unintended sources of score differences, such as differential social desirability) and equivalence (implications of bias for the comparability of scores across cultures). Crucial to the chapter, a taxonomy of bias (constructs, methods, and items as sources of bias) and equivalence (construct/configural, metric, and scalar equivalence) is described. The most frequently employed statistical procedures to address bias and equivalence are presented. In the past few decades, the focus in the preparation of instruments for cross-cultural studies has shifted from translations (with an emphasis on linguistic considerations) to adaptations (which set out to integrate linguistic and psychological considerations). Types of adaptations are described. Finally, possible future developments are presented, such as the integration of emic and etic procedures.
Culture, Context, and Development
Authors: Gardiner Harry W.
Published: July 2019

Cross-cultural psychology and human development are currently experiencing an exciting period of growth. Segall, Lonner, and Berry have noted that when all psychology finally takes into account the effects of culture on human behavior (and vice versa), terms like cross-cultural and cultural psychology will become unnecessary. At that point, all psychology will be truly cultural. In this chapter, the author defines cross-cultural human development; theoretical perspectives and models; emerging themes, such as contextual influences; applications to social issues; and future directions. As the author has earlier stated, tremendous challenges and opportunities lie ahead and speculating about the future path of cross-cultural psychology is difficult.
Gender and Culture
Authors: Best Deborah L. , Puzio Angelica R.
Published: July 2019

Culture and gender are closely intertwined with biological factors creating predispositions for sex and gender development. However, sociocultural factors are critical determinants leading to gender differences in roles and behaviors that may be modest but culturally important. Culture has profound effects on gender-related behavior, values, identity, roles, and how these are regarded in various social contexts. Culture governs the socialization of children, the tasks children are taught, the roles adult men and women adopt, and the expectations that govern women’s and men’s attitudes and behaviors. Culture provides the context in which gender roles, identity, and stereotypes unfold as well as parameters regarding sexual behavior. Culture affects variation in gender-related behaviors between individuals within a cultural group as well as variation between cultures. Culture can maximize, minimize, or even eliminate gender differences in social behaviors and cognitions. Indeed, it is impossible to separate gender and culture.
Culture and Moral Development
Authors: Miller Joan G. , Wice Matthew , Goyal Namrata
Published: July 2019

This chapter presents a critical overview of theory and research on culture and morality. The authors address both classic and contemporary models of morality, with consideration given to empirical findings that support the claims of these models as well as to how the claims of the models are supported or challenged by cultural approaches. The authors examine models of justice morality, including the classic cognitive developmental framework of Kohlberg and the contemporary distinct domain perspective of Turiel, work on moralities of caring, and moral ethics frameworks that dominate current work on morality in social psychology. They identify valuable directions for future research, including studies of culture and morality that go beyond taxonomic approaches to moral content and that examine such concerns as intergroup relations and prejudice, power dynamics in school and family relations, and cultural influences on the course, outcomes, and processes of moral socialization.
Interpreting Unfamiliar Languages
Authors: Palmer Lindsay
Published: July 2019

This chapter looks at the labor of interpreting unfamiliar languages. Fixers place great emphasis on their role as translators, but they echo much of the recent scholarship on translation by indicating that the task of translating and interpreting is not a passive process. The very act of standing at the crossroads between two (or more) languages places news fixers in the role of cultural mediator, demanding that they live simultaneously within more than one linguistic expression of culture. Though some news fixers certainly conceptualize translation and interpreting as the process of building a bridge, they also suggest that the act of translation is fraught with moments of disconnection and miscommunication. Sometimes, the fixer might choose to translate a journalist’s question rather differently than the journalist intended, for instance, in order to assuage the anxiety of a source or an authority figure. Sometimes the fixer might leave some of the source’s response out of the translation, or paraphrase instead of translating word for word. Throughout the entire process of interpreting unfamiliar languages, the news fixer makes active decisions about what to say and how to say it. These decisions are typically guided by the fixer’s own understanding of both the source’s cultural identification, and the journalist’s. From news fixers’ perspectives, interpreting is much more than translating words—it is also a process of actively and creatively interpreting “culture,” however complex culture may be.
Conclusion
Authors: Palmer Lindsay
Published: July 2019

The conclusion to this book examines the labor of relinquishing the story. Despite their active role in conceptualizing the story at its beginning and assisting with the construction of the story at every turn, fixers say that they are denied ownership of the final product in any significant sense. Sometimes, the journalist or news organization will invoke the very fact that the fixer is getting paid in order to justify the separation of the fixer from the final product of his or her labor. Some of my interviewees suggest that this especially seems to happen when a fixer takes issue with the journalist’s interpretation of what is “true” or what is most newsworthy. Once the story is finished, news fixers rarely receive substantial credit for their role in reporting the story. Some of my interviewees say that this does not bother them, while others assert that the inability to get a byline hurts their chances for upward mobility in the international reporting industries. Still, very few news fixers appear to feel comfortable with actively contesting this problem. Thus, the conclusion of this book argues that the labor of relinquishing the story is also the moment in which the fixer—sometimes willingly and sometimes unwillingly—acquiesces to his or her own erasure from the practice of international news reporting.
Class, Control, and Classical Music
Authors: Bull Anna
Published: July 2019

Through an ethnographic study of young people playing and singing in classical music ensembles in the south of England, this book analyses why classical music in England is predominantly practiced by white middle-class people. It describes four ‘articulations’ or associations between the middle classes and classical music. Firstly, its repertoire requires formal modes of social organization that can be contrasted with the anti-pretentious, informal, dialogic modes of participation found in many forms of working-class culture. Secondly, its modes of embodiment reproduce classed values such as female respectability. Thirdly, an imaginative dimension of bourgeois selfhood can be read from classical music’s practices. Finally, its aesthetic of detail, precision, and ‘getting it right’ requires a long-term investment that is more possible, and makes more sense, for middle- and upper-class families. Through these arguments, the book reframes existing debates on gender and classical music participation in light of the classed gender identities that the study revealed. Overall, the book suggests that inequalities in cultural production can be understood through examining the practices that are used to create a particular aesthetic. It argues that the ideology of the ‘autonomy’ of classical music from social concerns needs to be examined in historical context as part of the classed legacy of classical music’s past. It describes how the aesthetic of classical music is a mechanism through which the middle classes carry out boundary-drawing around their protected spaces, and within these spaces, young people’s participation in classical music education cultivates a socially valued form of self-hood.
‘Everyone Here Is Going to Have Bright Futures’
Authors: Bull Anna
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the contrasting ideas of musical standards of ability revealed by this study to explore how classical music is used to draw boundaries around social groups. Using close ethnographic description, it shows how musical ability is produced and recognized in and between musicians. This reveals a tension between the accepted idea among classical musicians that somebody’s musical standard varies according to who they play or sing with, and a firm belief in hierarchies of ability, which could reinforce social hierarchies such as gender. The chapter goes on to describe how musical standard was part of the rationale behind an exodus from a state-run music education programme by two of the groups in this study, following a wider trend of middle-class ‘exit’ from public services. Finally, it outlines a typology of three groups that shows how class and gender were highly formative in determining these young people’s pathways.
From Confrontation to Collaboration, 1916 and 1917
Authors: Santangelo Lauren C.
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the second referendum campaign in 1917, as collaboration with public officials replaced confrontation. Less than a month after New York men rejected political equality in 1915, the Empire State Campaign Committee hosted a “Reorganization Convention,” one outcome of which was the birth of the New York State Woman Suffrage Party. For years activists had aggressively claimed a “right to the city.” Now, those in the Woman Suffrage Party used that right to help the city during a devastating polio outbreak and World War I: distributing medical information to tenement dwellers, tracking sanitary code violations, and facilitating the wartime military census. The change in strategy was stunningly effective. New York women finally won the ballot, with Gotham carrying the state amendment.
Heaven, Ghosts and Spirits, and Ritual
Authors: Tillman Hoyt Cleveland
Published: July 2019

This chapter concerns Zhu Xi’s views of Heaven, ghosts, spirits, and rituals. He tended to identify Heaven with pattern-principle, thereby contributing to its gradual transformation into a more secular philosophical concept. But Zhu’s conception of Heaven was more complex and nuanced; although Heaven was not a person, it possessed consciousness that was faithful to pattern-principles. Similarly, many of Zhu’s claims about ghosts and spirits reduce both to different modes or phases of qi in the functioning of all things. Nevertheless, he taught that sincere offerings of food and wine refreshed the vitality of an ancestor’s qi, and thus he offers a philosophical justification for rites to venerate the dead. In addition, he believed that hungry ghosts arose when a person’s qi was strong or enraged by violent death. Zhu followed and further developed Cheng Yi’s idea that ritual is synonymous with pattern-principle. Nevertheless, he refused to reduce ritual to pattern-principle.
9 Months In, 9 Months Out
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

9 Months In, 9 Months Out is a month-to-month real-time account of pregnancy and first-time parenthood that integrates the science of infant and child development with the personal journey involved in becoming a parent. Expertise can explain the science of what’s happening to a fetus or a baby throughout development, but all the science in the world can’t tell you what it feels like to have a baby: the pang of morning sickness, the pain of labor, the excitement of birth, and the joy that comes from seeing your baby’s first smile. This book is about pregnancy and first-time parenthood and what we experience in the 9 months of pregnancy and the 9 months that follow. As a professor of infant and child development, the author had certain expectations about how pregnancy and motherhood would go. Experiencing it was a totally different story. As she learned, the first few months of parenthood are much harder than anyone tells you. As she describes her personal journey through first-time parenthood, the author also takes a researcher’s lens to issues that are top of mind for new parents: breastfeeding, the sleep training controversy, gender development, the science (or lack thereof) behind the link between vaccinations and autism, the debate over screen time, and many more.
Perceived Similarity in Identity Meanings, Identity Verification, and Positive Emotions
Authors: Grindal Matthew , Trettevik Ryan
Published: July 2019

Past research suggests that perceived similarity promotes good feelings and positive relationships between partners (Byrne, 1971). Current research in identity theory offers a theoretical framework for understanding part of this process. According to identity theory, when people experience identity verification, they feel good, which can generate social bonds. In this study, we examine the role of perceived similarity in identity meanings, and how this may be associated with identity verification, and in turn, positive feelings. Using survey data examining the student identity among a sample of college students, we find that students who perceive similarities between their own views of themselves as students and their close friends’ views of themselves as students are more likely to experience positive emotions. This effect is partially mediated by heightened identity verification. The theoretical implications for incorporating the concept of perceived similarity into identity theory are discussed, along with the applications of these findings to at-risk college students who are most vulnerable to dropping out.
Gender Identity Among U.S. Adults
Authors: Kiecolt K. Jill , Hughes Michael , Momplaisir Hans
Published: July 2019

This chapter investigates how gender identity as a social identity fits into people’s lives and how social factors influence it, by drawing on identity theory and social identity theory. Empirical research on this question is surprisingly limited, despite widespread interest in gender identity in the social sciences and humanities. Using data from the 2014 Identity Module in the U.S. General Social Survey, we examine four dimensions of gender identity: importance, salience, pride, and verification. All four dimensions feature prominently in men’s and women’s lives. Gender identity is stronger for parents than for non-parents. In contrast, marriage/cohabitation and employment status are mostly unrelated to gender identity. Gender identity tends to be stronger among women, racial/ethnic minorities, and the less educated. We conclude that gender identity is an omnipresent reality in most people’s lives and that it contributes to maintaining gender as a set of categories that organize social relations.
Racial Identity and Racial Attitudes Among White Americans
Authors: Hunt Matthew O. , Reichelmann Ashley V.
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores how five dimensions of white racial identity are associated with one another and with white Americans’ racial attitudes. Drawing on data from the 2014 General Social Survey Identity Module, we first examine the relationships among five aspects of whites’ racial identities: prominence, salience, private self-regard, public self-regard, and verification. We then examine the implications of these aspects of racial identity for whites’ reported and preferred distance from, stereotypes about, and support for policies designed to benefit black Americans. In so doing, we contribute to the long-standing identity theory project of demonstrating how identities shape other elements of social life, including the construction and maintenance of social inequalities. We also contribute to the growing research literature on “whiteness” and its implications for intergroup relations in the United States.
New England
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses mainly on developments in the law of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which was founded as a Puritan utopia to display to rest of the world how a society should be governed. Although Massachusetts incorporated elements of the common law into its legal system, the dominant source of law was the word of God. But the divine word, which was enforced by the magistrates of the Court of Assistants, sometimes met resistance from local juries. A major issue throughout the 1630s and 1640s was whether the magistrates or local people would have final authority to determine the substance of the law; the issue was resolved in 1649 by providing for appeals in all cases of judge-jury disagreement to the General Court sitting as a unicameral body in which representatives of localities outnumbered the magistrates and thus had final authority. The chapter ends with a brief look at legal developments in Connecticut, New Haven, Plymouth, and Rhode Island.
Ready Acceptance of the Common Law: Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and the South
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: July 2019

William Penn and the Quakers who had earlier settled West Jersey appear to have understood, as had Lord Baltimore a half century earlier in Maryland, that the common law provided the best possible protection of property rights and that protecting the property of Quaker settlers was the best means of protecting their religious freedom. Accordingly, both Pennsylvania and West Jersey adopted the common law at their first settlement. East Jersey Puritans interposed some resistance to the common law, but the colony gradually adopted it as it gained traction in neighboring New York. All colonies south of Virginia received the common law at their founding.
Property, Commercial Law, Labor Law, and Slavery
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: July 2019

This chapter discusses the substantive law of property, commercial law, labor law, and slavery. Its main claim is that the law supported a free-market economy in which wealth holders engaged in transactions they desired, always subject, however, to regulation for the benefit of the community at large and for the protection of its least fortunate members. Even slaves received significant protection from the law, although the fact that they could be sold to pay for their masters’ debts (but perhaps not in New England) led to the breakup of slave families and communities and to horrific suffering.
The Law of Religion
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: July 2019

With the accession of William III to the throne, Parliament in 1689 adopted an Act of Toleration that required every jurisdiction in the empire to allow all Protestants to practice their religious beliefs. Colonies were permitted to retain their denominational establishments, but they could no longer persecute Protestants who practiced other Protestant faiths. The chapter shows that over the course of the eighteenth century established denominations tended to grow weaker, and all colonies evolved in the direction of maintaining a sort of generic Protestant establishment.
Weakening the Bonds of Empire
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: July 2019

Patterns of compromise and respect for colonial and imperial government concerns began to fray in the mid-1730s, thereby weakening the bonds of empire. A major event was the widely published Zenger case in New York, in which a local jury nullified a royal governor’s demands. Conflict between royal and local interests continued in connection with the matter of the pistole fee and the Parson’s Cause in Virginia, with regard to the chartering of a college in New York, and in a series of Pennsylvania cases ignoring acts of Parliament and other English law. A key moment of conflict was the 1761 Writs of Assistance Case in Massachusetts. In conjunction, these cases developed a body of American constitutional theory in sharp contrast to the prevailing norm of parliamentary supremacy.
Severing the Ties of Empire
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines legal developments between the passage of the Declaratory Act and the outbreak of the American Revolution. It also examines various rebellions against colonial governments that took place during the 1760s. In the end it shows how policies of conciliation and compromise that had made the British empire function effectively in the mid-eighteenth century broke down by the mid-1770s.
Intimate Lies and the Law
Authors: Hasday Jill Elaine
Published: July 2019

Suppose you discovered one day that the foundations of your life were shakier than you ever imagined. An intimate relationship that you thought was grounded in trust actually depended on deception. After the initial shock and sadness, you might wonder whether the law will help you secure redress for your injuries. But most deceived intimates get no help from the courts, even when they have endured significant financial, physical, or emotional harm. Why not? Deception within intimate relationships can cause severe—even life-altering—damage. But the law has shielded this persistent and pervasive source of injury, routinely denying deceived intimates access to the remedies that are available for deceit in other contexts. This is the first book that systematically examines deception in sexual, marital, and familial relationships and uncovers the hidden body of law that governs such deceit. It argues that the law has placed too much emphasis on protecting intimate deceivers and too little importance on helping the people they deceive. The law can and should do more to recognize, prevent, and redress the injuries that intimate deception can inflict, giving deceived intimates access to the same remedies they would have if equivalently deceived outside of intimacy, countering incentives to deceive, and thwarting duplicitous intimates from carrying out their plans. Entering an intimate relationship—or being duped into one—should not mean losing the law’s protection from deceit.
Why Do People Deceive Their Intimates?
Authors: Hasday Jill Elaine
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on what motivates intimate deceivers, presenting a taxonomy of common motivations. The book starts by examining deceivers because legal and popular scrutiny of intimate deception too often begins with the people who have been deceived, faulting them for having been fooled. Although there can be substantial variations between individual cases, the motivations behind intimate deception tend to reflect recurring themes. Psychological factors can make some people more likely to deceive their intimates. In addition, there can be tremendous concrete and practical incentives to deceive intimates or to deceive people into intimacy—and the law itself has created or exacerbated some of those incentives. Courts denying remedies sometimes minimize or discount the role that deception played in an intimate relationship. But exploring why people deceive their intimates reveals that deceit can be crucially significant to relationships and can produce enormous benefits for deceivers.
Why Does Intimate Deception Work?
Authors: Hasday Jill Elaine
Published: July 2019

This chapter considers why deceivers often succeed in duping their intimates. Judges frequently blame deceived intimates for having been fooled, but detecting intimate deception can be very difficult. First, almost all of us have much less ability to spot deception than we may like to imagine. Second, powerful social norms discourage the investigation of intimates. Third, it is often difficult or impossible to mount an investigation without the investigation itself jeopardizing or ending the relationship because the investigated person finds out about it. Practical realities often preclude reconnaissance without the subject’s knowledge. Moreover, the law prohibits—for legitimate and important reasons—many forms of research into someone else’s life without the subject’s consent. It is deeply ironic for courts to fault plaintiffs for not swiftly uncovering intimate deception when laws protecting privacy and security make investigating a potentially deceptive intimate without that intimate’s consent much more difficult.
Conclusion
Authors: Hasday Jill Elaine
Published: July 2019

Deceit within intimate relationships is a persistent part of life and a consistent issue for the law. The legal rules, practices, and presumptions governing intimate deception have attracted little attention, remaining overlooked or assumed in the background rather than studied in the light. But this far-reaching body of law shapes both the everyday details and the overarching course of many lives, structuring people’s decisionmaking, struggles, and opportunities. Intimate deception and the law governing it require much more critical scrutiny. The law of intimate deception is too important and needs too much reform to be hidden in plain sight.
Antisatellite Weapons and the Growing Instability of Deterrence
Authors: Bahney Benjamin W. , Pearl Jonathan , Markey Michael
Published: July 2019

During the Cold War, satellite capabilities reinforced nuclear deterrence because the superpowers relied on them to reinforce second-strike stability for nuclear weapons. Antisatellite technology was deployed, but it was also immature. Today, the broader use of space for conventional power projection, together with more mature target discrimination and antisatellite technology, create strong incentives for both the United States and its adversaries to conduct counter-space operations. The United States’ military power projection is utterly dependent on space assets for command, control, communications, intelligence, and targeting, but satellites are increasingly vulnerable to antisatellite capabilities, including not only direct attacks on satellites but also indirect cyber and electronic warfare interference on satellites, links, and ground-based control infrastructure. Several cross-domain options are available for deterrence both by denial (the threat of effective defense) and by punishment (the threat of retaliation). Unfortunately, the lack of shared norms regarding space warfare has uncertain consequences for escalation dynamics.
Alive Still
Authors: Curtis Cathy
Published: July 2019

In 1942, at age twenty, after a vision-impaired and rebellious childhood in Richmond, Virginia, Nell Blaine decamped for New York. Operations had corrected her eyesight, and she was newly aware of modern art, so different from the literal style of her youthful drawings. In Manhattan, she met rising young artists and poets. Her life was hectic, with raucous parties in her loft, lovers of both sexes, and freelance design jobs, including a stint at the Village Voice. Initially drawn to the rigorous formalism of Piet Mondrian, she received critical praise for her jazzy abstractions. During the 1950s, she began to paint interiors and landscapes. By 1959, when the Whitney Museum purchased one of her paintings, her career was firmly established. That year, she contracted a severe form of polio on a trip to Greece; suddenly, she was a paraplegic. Undaunted, she taught herself to paint in oil with her left hand, reserving her right hand for watercolors. In her postpolio work, she achieved a freer style, expressive of the joy she found in flowers and landscapes. Living half the year in Gloucester, Massachusetts, and the other half in New York, she took special delight in painting the views from her windows and from her country garden. Critics found her new style irresistible, and she had a loyal circle of collectors; still, she struggled to earn enough money to pay the aides who made her life possible. At her side for her final twenty-nine years was her lover, painter Carolyn Harris.
Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: July 2019

This volume offers a fresh interpretation of Islamic punishments, namely ḥudūd, qiṣāṣ, and taʿzīr, based on a holistic reading of Qur’anic verses on the subject. To do this, the book provides a detailed review of the existing interpretations that have dominated the field. Also provided is a roundup of opinion of the leading contemporary scholars of Islamic law on many of the outstanding issues. The debate in Malaysia is covered in a separate section in some detail. This is because Malaysia provides a good case study of the problematics of Islamic criminal law in a contemporary Muslim society with effects on a sizeable non-Muslim minority. The discussion also provides a series of shorter reviews on similar issues in fourteen other Muslim countries
The Police’s Fault?
Authors: Nassauer Anne
Published: July 2019

Chapter 3 argues that police strategies and tactics do not cause protest violence directly. The chapter discusses different policing styles in the United States and Germany and shows that police strategies, agents provocateurs, and specific police cultures alone cannot lead to the eruption of violence. It explains how police strategies are often not implemented, and—contrary to common assumptions—if implemented, rigid police strategies alone cannot cause violence. Instead, soft strategies may favor escalation if they coincide with specific situational patterns. Yet situational dynamics, not the strategy, are key for violence to break out. Specific police actions, namely police mismanagement during a protest, can favor violence. Police mismanagement refers to situations in which operational command lacks overview or a course of action or communication among units is severely disrupted or breaks down. Mismanagement can lead to the emergence of violence in combination with other interactions between protesters and police.
Uncertainty
Authors: Nassauer Anne
Published: July 2019

Chapter 6 sheds light on the missing information path, the third path to violence in the protest marches analyzed. As in the other two paths, interpersonal violence between protesters and police breaks out due to interactions, interpretations, and emotional dynamics during the protest. In this third path spatial incursions, escalation signs, and communication problems between protesters and police lead to violence. Chapter 6 shows that their interplay is vital. Using detailed case vignettes, the chapter illustrates how missing information regarding the other side’s goals and intentions in light of escalation signs and spatial incursions during the protest increases us–them boundaries and heightens tensions and fear. A first section of the chapter looks at the role of uncertainty and rumors in escalating situations. A second section discusses missing information as a key dynamic in leading to violence across protest marches.
How to Keep Protests Peaceful
Authors: Nassauer Anne
Published: July 2019

Chapter 8 discusses the practical implications of the findings discussed in Chapters 2 to 7. It highlights that violence can be avoided on the micro-level and presents specific measures to do so. First, it discusses the relevance of a flow of communication between protesters and police, clear territorial boundaries, and preventing rumors from spreading. It outlines boredom as a vital factor against violence. Second, the chapter highlights practical measures, such as focusing on communication, focusing on effective police management, respecting territorial boundaries, increasing awareness of the effect of escalation signs and property damage, as well as focusing on the danger zone of 1½ to 2½ hours after the start of a protest, during which time violence usually occurs. Discussing detailed examples of protests in Germany and the United States from 1960 until 2010, the chapter indicates that much can be done on the micro-level to prevent violent clashes if we know what to look for.
Situational Breakdowns Beyond Protest Violence
Authors: Nassauer Anne
Published: July 2019

Chapter 9 explores whether the books’ findings hold in other contexts by examining other instances of surprising outcomes. First, the chapter discusses the outbreak of violence in uprisings after police shootings of African American citizens in the United States, such as Ferguson, Missouri, in 2014 and Baltimore, Maryland, in 2015. The first section takes a detailed look at the role of background and context factors (such as symbolic and systemic racism) and situational patterns in uprisings turning violent. Then the chapter discusses successful and failed armed store robberies. Here the surprising outcome is not violence but armed criminals failing to get the money from an unarmed store clerk. Findings suggest similar patterns of situational breakdowns in these occurrences as in protests and uprisings. Overall, the chapter discusses the crucial importance of the micro-level of social phenomena: if routines of both collective and individual social events are disrupted, surprising outcomes occur.
Introduction
Authors: Lanius David
Published: July 2019

The US Constitution states that freedom of speech shall not be abridged, but it does not tell us what kind of speech is protected. The German Basic Law states that human dignity shall be inviolable, but it does not tell us what kind of behavior would violate it. There have consistently been complaints that such constitutional provisions say nothing by themselves. Why are they phrased so broadly?...
Introduction
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R. , Vaidyanathan Brandon , Matthews Kirstin R. W. , Lewis Steven W. , Thomson Robert A. , Di Di
Published: July 2019

There has been much scholarly work on the interface between science and religion in the United States and the United Kingdom, but little has been done to compare these to other countries and regions around the world. By studying what scientists think about religion in eight national and regional contexts—the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Turkey, India, Hong Kong, and Taiwan—the researchers provide a more global and nuanced view of science and religion around the world. The chapter previews the methodological scope of the research, findings from each national context, and the main claims of the book.