bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coumestrol Content of Alfalfa as Affected by Selection for Resistance to Foliar Diseases1
Authors: Loper G. M. , Hanson C. H. , Graham J. H.
Published: July 2010

Studies were conducted on changes in coumestrol content of alfalfa which occurred in each of two germ‐plasm pools as a result of recurrent selection practiced previously for resistance to two foliar diseases, common leafspot (Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.) Sacc.) and rust (Uromyces striatus Schroet. var. medicaginis (Pass.) Arth.). For each disease, plants of each selection cycle were established from remnant seed and inoculated under uniform, controlled conditions. Selection for increased resistance to common leafspot resulted in fewer leafspots and lower coumestrol content in plants of both pools. Coumestrol content was positively associated with lesion size and number. In the rust phase of the study, coumestrol content was also positively associated with lesion size and number except in the most susceptible class. Urediospores were high in coumestrol, a factor which suggested that the massive spore fall which occurred in very susceptible plants resulted in a loss of coumestrol in very susceptible individuals. Selection in alfalfa for resistance to common leafspot and rust can be expected to reduce the increase in coumestrol content which results from growing the crop under conditions favorable for development of these diseases.
High Temperature Seed Dormancy in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)1
Authors: George Donald W.
Published: July 2010

Seed samples of 12 wheat varieties grown in 1960 and 1961 were tested for post‐harvest dormancy under several temperature regimens at harvest time and at intervals for 80 days after harvest. Seed harvested in 1960 was tested both years. Speed and completeness of germination was expressed as a Promptness Index (PI).

PI was not significantly below that of the control in any variety at 10 C germination temperature. At 20 C, all 12 varieties were dormant at harvest and this dormancy persisted from 20 to 60 days, depending upon variety.

At 30 C, all 12 varieties displayed a deep, persistent dormancy from which only ‘Burt’ nearly recovered after 80 days. Testing of l‐year‐old seed revealed that, of the 12 varieties, only ‘Federation,’ ‘Columbia,’ and Butt had lost all 30 C sensitivity 1 year after harvest.

A diurnal regimen of 5 C for 8 hours and 30 C for 16 hours displayed a small but persistent reduction in PI which was still present in several varieties 75 days after harvest.

In nondormant seed, PI appears directly related to germination temperature; in dormant samples, the relationship is inverse.
Effects of DMPA (Zytron) on Colonial Bentgrass, Kentucky Bluegrass, and Red Fescue Root Growth1
Authors: Gibeault V. A. , Skogley C. R.
Published: July 2010

Greenhouse and laboratory tests were designed to study root and foliar response of colonial bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and red rescue to various application rates of granular DMPA. Bentgrass, a pest in the Kentucky bluegrass‐red rescue lawn, has exhibited injury from DMPA. The object of this study was to observe the selectivity and nature of the injury.

In the greenhouse test it was found that most rates of granular DMPA reduced the turf quality of colonial bentgrass and red rescue. All rates reduced root weights of the three grasses.

When grown on treated soil, adventitious roots of bentgrass which formed on the stolen nodes were unable to penetrate the soil surface. In comparison to the check, they were thicker and had root hairs and lateral roots closer to the root tips. Tips from several treatments had root hairs growing on the extremity of the root. Since root hairs and lateral roots are located in mature zones of the root, it was concluded that a reduction of meristematic activity occurred when bentgrass roots were grown in contact with DMPA.

The inability of adventitious roots to penetrate the soil surface would account for the reduced root weight and also the reduced turfgrass quality of treated bentgrass plants.
Growth of Red Clover Pollen. II. Elongation In Vitro1
Authors: Kendall W. A.
Published: July 2010

Pollen of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) frequently germinated up to 90% and formed pollen tubes with the modal length of 2.5 mm and the longest in the range from 5.0 to 10.0 mm while submerged in media which contained H3BO3. yeast extract, and Ca(NO3)2.4H2O at 50, 200, and 2,000 ppm, respectively, and sucrose at 35% w/v. The optimum sucrose concentrations for germination and elongation were 40 and 20%, respectively. The maximum germination and elongation occurred in the temperature range between 24 and 30 C. Germination and elongation were inhibited by agar (1%), KCN (10 ppm), and 6N‐benzyladenine (20 ppm).
Comparative Studies of Saponin of Several Alfalfa Varieties Using Chemical and Biochemical Assays1
Authors: Pedersen M. W. , Zimmer D. E. , McAllister D. R. , Anderson J. O. , Wilding M. D. , Taylor G. A. , McGuire C. F.
Published: July 2010

Saponin content of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was affected by variety, stage of growth, and percentage of leaves. Leaves were higher in saponin content than stems and immature growth was higher in saponin content than more mature growth. The ‘Du Puits’ variety was higher in saponin content than ‘Lahontan’ and this difference became greater as the growing season progressed. The varietal difference was reflected in the growth rate of chicks fed alfalfa meal differing in saponin content and in the growth rate of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr. growing on water extracts of the varieties. Both qualitative and quantitative differences in alfalfa saponin are suggested by the Trichoderma bioassay. Saponins extracted from the varieties inhibited the germination of lettuce seed to different degrees. This was attributed to qualitative differences in the saponins from the different varieties. Improvement of the feeding value of alfalfa by breeding for low saponin content is an attractive possibility.
Varietal Resistance of Sorghum to the Sorghum‐Shoot‐Fly (Atherigona varia var. soccata)1
Authors: Blum A.
Published: July 2010

Five sorghum lines from Indian germ plasm and two susceptible varieties (Tx7078 and RS‐610 hybrid) were evaluated for resistance to the sorghum‐shoot‐fly (Ath. erlgona varia). The lines were tested under both natural and artificial infestation.

Three selections possessed a satisfactory rate of resistance, controlled by three mechanisms: a) nonprelerence for oviposition, b) avoiding larva penetration through the leaf sheaths, and c) resistance of tillers formed after the growing apex destruction.
Interaction of Combining Ability Effects with Environments in Diallel Crosses of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)1
Authors: Lee Joshua A. , Miller P. A. , Rawlings J. O.
Published: July 2010

Ten strains of Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., reperesenting a broad array of germ plasm, were crossedin all possible combinations, and the parents and F1 progenies were reared in replicated experiments at two locations in North Carolina for 2 years. Heterosis for lint yield, measured as departure from the average mid‐parent value, was about 26% for the pooled experiments. Estimates of heterosis for boll size, lint percentage, and some fiber properties were small but significant. When summed over all environments, the estimate of general combining ability for lint yield was not significant. However, the interaction of general combining ability by locations for lint yield was significant. Significant estimates of general combining ability were obtained for boll size, lint percentage, and all fiber properties. None of the interactions of general combining ability by environments were significant for these characters. The estimate of specific combining ability for fiber yield, though fairly large, was not significant. Estimates of specific combining ability for lint percentage, boll size, and all fiber properties were not greater than zero. These results were interpreted to mean that no difficulties should be encountred in selecting for changes in fiber properties. Any gains realized should remain stable over the environments sampled. On the other hand, advances in fiber yield could be achieved only at individual locations and, even then, interactions with years and locations would reduce the effectiveness of selection. Some high‐yielding combinations with desirable lint properties were detected.
Cytogenetic Studies on the Genus Linum I. Hybrids Among Taxa With 15 as the Haploid Chromosome Number1
Authors: Gill K. S. , Yermanos D. M.
Published: July 2010

Nine Linum taxa and 13 hybrids among them were studied. Meiosis in all parental taxa was regular. Hybrid seed set ranged from 31 to 85%. In hybrids, meiosis was characterized by the presence of high frequency of univalents and by the formation of multiple associations of chromosomes at metaphase I, leading to the following conclusion: L. usitatissimum differs from L. angustifolium, L. africanum and L. decumbens by one translocation; L. angustifolium differs from L. africanum, L. corymbiferum and L. decumbens by two translocations. Except for these translocations, the taxa studied have homologous chromosomes. It is postulated that speciation within this group of taxa has proceeded through chromosomal reorganization.
A Chemical and Structural Analysis of the Caryopsis of an Autotetraploid Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Freeman J. E. , Yahl K. R. , Watson S. A.
Published: July 2010

Caryopses of an experimental autotetraploid corn (Zea mays L.) were compared with caryopses of a commercial diploid single cross hybrid. The autotetraploid caryopses were about 25% larger than those of the diploid. The tetraploid had a high level of carotenoid pigments and a somewhat larger apparent average size of starch molecules. Otherwise, the two grains were remarkably similar. Protein, fat, and starch contents and relative proportions of germ, endosperm, and combined pericarp and tip cap fractions of the two grains were essentially identical. Wet milling properties of the tetraploid corn were normal. Solubility patterns of both unmodified endosperm protein and gluten protein were similar with the two grains. An estimated 60 to 75% of the salt soluble protein, 40% of the alkali soluble protein and 60 to 90% of the initially insoluble protein from sequential extraction of the endosperm was solubilized by steeping in dilute SO2. On the other hand, essentially none of the zein was solubilized by steeping.

Granule size, gelatinization temperature, swelling power and solubles, Brabender viscosity, Scott viscosity, fat content, and iodine affinity of the two starches were quite similar.
Influence of Fertilization on Some Organic Acids in Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L1
Authors: Burns J. C. , Noller C. H. , Rhykerd C. L. , Rumsey T. S.
Published: July 2010

An established stand of Ranger alfalfa was fertilized with six fertilizer combinations: N, NP, NK, PK, NPK, and NPK with trace elements. Forage samples taken daily at 8:30 a.m. and 2:30 p.m. for 8 consecutive days were measured quantitatively for citric, alpha‐ketoglutaric, succinic, malic, oxalic and malonic acids by gas‐liquid chromatography. Fertilizer significantly altered the amounts of citric, malic, oxalic, malonic acids and the total acids measured. Morning levels of citric and malonic acids were significantly higher (P<.01 and P<.05, respectively) than afternoon levels, while alphaketoglutaric, succinic, and malic acids decreased from morning to afternoon (P<.01). Significant trends (P<.01) curred in levels of alpha‐ketoglutaric, malic, oxalic and malonic acids with advance in maturity.
Growth of Birdsfoot Trefoil and Alfalfa. II Morphological Development and Dry Matter Distribution1
Authors: Nelson C. J. , Smith Dale
Published: July 2010

Dry weight increases of ‘Empire’ birdsfoot trefoil plants were primarily from the production of topgrowth. In contrast, roots and crowns of alfalfa also increased in weight during the season.

Trefoil developed a higher number of axillary branches on the shoots than did alfalfa during spring and summer. Branching of trefoil shoots continued after the plants began to flower and gave it an incessant habit of growth. Both species had few branches during autumn.

The spring growth of both species originated from the crown. Subsequent regrowth (buds and shoots) of alfalfa arose at nodes on the stem bases as the tops approached maturity. Regrowth of trefoil began after cutting, was slower than alfalfa, and came largely from axillary buds at nodes on the upper ends of the cut shoots. Few buds on the crowns of trefoil developed into shoots during summer. Shoots of both species acted as winter annuals. Buds on the bases of the cut spring shoots enlarged during autumn, overwintered, and produced the initial growth of the next spring.
Evaluation of Methods for Protein and Oil Determination in Soybean Seed1
Authors: Fehr W. R. , Collins F. I. , Weber C. R.
Published: July 2010

Seed density, specific gravity, nuclear magnetic resonance, Kjeldahl, and solvent extraction methods were evaluated for their effectiveness in estimating protein and oil content of soybean seed (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). The Kjeldahl method was superior for direct measurement of protein. Nuclear magnetic resonance was superior to solvent extraction as a rapid, accurate method of oil analysis. Seed density and specific gravity were comparable for estimating protein and oil content under most conditions.
Root Temperature and Carbohydrate Status of Young Cotton Plants1
Authors: Guinn Gene , Hunter Richard E.
Published: July 2010

Tests were conducted to determine the effects of root temperature on carbohydrate status of leaves, epicotyls, hypocotyls, and roots of young cotton plants when the tops remained warm. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose were separated by paper chromatography and estimated colorimetrically. Reducing sugars, total sugars, and starch were also estimated by standard colorimetric tests.

Low root temperatures caused rapid increases in sugar contents of all plant parts. Hypocotyls contained the most sucrose, whereas epicotyls contained the most glucose, fructose, and total sugars. Roots contained the lowest concentrations of glucose and fructose.

Low root temperatures also increased the starch contents of leaves, epicotyls, and hypocotyls, except that a root temperature of 10 C caused wilting and a very low starch content of leaves. Roots contained very little starch.

Since starch as well as sugars accumulated at low root temperatures, the accumulations of sugars were not likely caused by starch breakdown, except in wilted leaves on plants whose roots were chilled at 10 C. On the basis of other reports, the effects of temperature on respiration rate and rate of conversion of sugars to other compounds appear to be more probable causes of the observed carbohydrate accumulations.
Recurrent Selection in Sorghum1
Authors: Doggett H. , Eberhart S. A.
Published: July 2010

Genetic male sterility is an important tool that permits the recurrent selection methods developed and used so successfully for maize to be applied to other crops. A breeding system utilizing recurrent selection has been initiated at Serere for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) using Coes male sterility (ms3). A detailed description ofthis breeding system is given including the compositing of the two breeding populations, the recurrent selection method used, and the subsequent development of hybrid varieties using the cytoplasmic male‐sterility and restorers.
Carbohydrates in Grasses. IV. Influence of Temperature on the Sugar and Fructosan Composition of Timothy Plant Parts at Anthesis1
Authors: Smith Dale
Published: July 2010

Grams of dry matter and percentages of total nonstructural carbohydrates were higher in all parts of plants grown under cool than under warm temperatures. Temperature influenced the levels of fructosans accumulated, but had little effect on the levels of total sugars and starch. Under cool temperatures where fructosan percentages were highest, long‐chain fructosans were found in the stem base, stem plus leaf sheath, and root fractions, but only short‐chain fructosans occurred in the heads and leaf blades. Water‐soluble carbohydrate (total sugars plus fructosans) percentages as high as 30% were obtained in some leaf blade samples of plants grown under cool temperatures.
Heterotic Response for Vegetative and Mature Plant Characters in Grain Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench1
Authors: Kirby J. S. , Atkins R. E.
Published: July 2010

Comparative expressions of heterosis for 13 vegetative and mature plant characters were examined from 24 F1 hybrid populations of grain sorghum. Significant average heterosis was expressed by the hybrids for grain yield, mature plant height, stalk diameter and for measures of height and leaf number taken at a vegetative growth stage. Hybrids also exhibited longer and wider leaves giving more area per leaf, earlier blooming, more seeds per head, increased numbers of heads per plant and larger seed, but significance was not shown for the hybrid advantage in comparison with the parental means.

Significant variation among hybrids for percentage heterosis was expressed for all characters except stalk diameter, seeds per head and heads per plant. Greatest heterotic response was observed for grain yield where hybrids averaged 122% of the mid‐parent values, with a range of 106 to 147% among individual hybrids.

Variance analyses indicated that general combining ability effects were more often significant than were specific combining ability effects. However, significance for the s.c.a, component was shown for 6 of the 13 characters, and the mean square for parents vs. hybrids was significant for 5 of the characters, indicating that non‐additive gene effects were important in the expression of these traits.

Inter‐character correlations among hybrids indicated that seeds per head was the character most highly associated with grain yield. Correlations between the mid‐parent mean and hybrid performance were significant for each character, but the coefficients for many of the characters were not large enough to indicate that mid‐parent values would be highly effective indicators of hybrid performance.
Inheritance of Glume Size and Awn Length in Sorghum1
Authors: Jowett D.
Published: July 2010

Genetic studies on the inheritance of awn length and glume size in sorghum indicate that (a) both characters are inherited in a quantitative fashion, (b) short awns and small glumes are strongly (but incompletely) dominant, (c) awnless is apparently due to an accumulation of short‐awn alleles, (d) epistasis is important in the inheritance of glume size but not of awn length, and (e) linkage may be important in the inheritance of awn length.

Analysis into Mather's D and H components of variance was unsatisfactory owing to the high correlation of D and H. Analysis into Hayman's components of the mean was more satisfactory, but cannot be regarded as quantitatively accurate.
Contribution of Leaves at Different Canopy Levels to Seed Production of Upright and Lodged Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)1
Authors: Johnston T. J. , Pendleton J. W.
Published: July 2010

In a 2‐year study at Urbana, Illinois, upright soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) yielded 10% more than naturally lodged plants. Defoliation treatments applied to the upper, middle and lower third of individual soybean plants growing in natural ecosystems reduced their seed yields by 17, 22 and 4% respectively as compared to nondefoliated plants. Removal of leaves from a particular area of the plant generally decreased seed yields within that area but also affected the yields of other areas of the plant.
Growth Response of Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) to Different Light and Temperature Environments. I. Leaf Development and Senescence1
Authors: Taylor T. H. , Cooper J. P. , Treharne K. J.
Published: July 2010

Orchardgrass, represented by ‘Boone,’ ‘Aberystwyth S‐143,’ and a Portuguese ecotype, was observed through the tenth‐leaf stage in a growth chamber experiment. Plants were started from seed and grown in boxes of soil. Temperatures of 29/21 C (85 F day/72 F night) or 21/13 C (70/55 F) had similar effects on leaf appearance on the main shoot. Leaves appeared more rapidly in the 16,140 than the 10,760‐lux light environment. Boone produced leaves at a faster rate than did S‐143 or Portuguese. Leaf area was influenced by light, temperature, and variety, and interactions of lights ✕ temperatures and varieties ✕ temperatures were observed. Increased leaf area represented mainly increases in length rather than in width of leaf blades. Leaves senesced more rapidly in the 16,140‐ than 10,760‐lux light, 27 and 31 days, respectively. Leaf senescence was not affected by temperature or variety. Boone reached the tenth‐leaf stage sooner, had greater leaf area and was higher yielding than S‐143 or Portuguese. Plants grown in the 21/13 C environment produced more aerial dry matter and had a larger leaf surface than did plants under the 29/31 C regime.
Resistance of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Emend. Lam.) Cereal Leaf Beetle (Oulema melanopus L.)1
Authors: Hahn Sang Ki
Published: July 2010

The cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus L., was first identified in North America at Galien, Michigan, in 1962. Shortly after identification, the search for host resistance of barley Hordeum vulgare L. emend. Lam., was initiated. On the basis of the field and laboratory screening results, eight parental lines were selected to make a diallel cross set in order to investigate the genetic basis of resistance. The progenies from six parents were used in the laboratory, and the progenies from the eight parents were tested in the field. In addition, the back‐cross Larker 2✕ CI 6671 was made.

The F1 progenies from the 6‐parent diallel were tested for resistance in the laboratory. The F2 progenies from the 8‐parent diallel and from the backcross were tested in the field.

The resistance to cereal leaf beetle in barley appears to be recessive. The mechanism seems to be due to both nonpreference of the barley plant by feeding larvae and differential egg laying.

The most resistant combination from the 8‐parental diallel cross was CI 6671 ✕ CI 6469. Transgressive inheritance was found in the cross of these two lines which indicates the possibility of obtaining higher resistance.
Inheritance of Certain Proteins in Soybean Seed1
Authors: Larsen A. L. , Caldwell B. E.
Published: July 2010

Seed proteins from most of the currently grown soybean [Glycine max, (L.) Merrill] varieties were examined by disc‐electrophoresis. Two components, designated as A and B were found to be variety specific. Each variety contained one or the other, but not both. This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of these proteins. When a variety with the A seed protein was crossed with a variety with the B seed protein, the seed from the cross contained both proteins, but at lower concentrations for each than when occurring alone. Selfed F1 plants produced F2 seeds of A, AB and B types in a ratio of 1:2:1 respectively. Selfed F2 plants from A and B seeds produced F3 seeds containing their respective parental proteins. However, selfed F2 plants from seed containing the AB protein produced F3 seeds which segregated in a 1:2:1 ratio. The data indicate that the proteins are controlled by a pair of co‐dominant genes at a single locus.
Association and Inheritance of “Black Chaff” and Stem Rust Reactions in Conley Wheat Crosses1
Authors: Sheen Shuh‐Ji , Ebeltoft David C. , Smith Glenn S.
Published: July 2010

Reactions to “black chaff,” a physiologic disease, and to race 15B of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.f.sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.) were controlled by single partially dominant major genes in several crosses with Conley hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. en. Thell.). Resistance to stem rust was associated with susceptibility to “black chaff” with apparent linkage values ranging from 21 to 24%. Monosomic study ratios suggested that the controlling genes were located on chromosome 3B.

Major genes for 15B stem rust resistance in ‘Conley’ and CT 231 were different and additive in their effects, giving progenies both transgressively resistant and transgressively susceptible. Controlled temperatures during incubation were used to distinguish the dihybrid genotypes.
Inbreeding Medicago sativa L. by Sib‐mating. II. Agronomic Traits1
Authors: Aycock M. K. , Wilsie C. P.
Published: July 2010

In two alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) populations, (a) random population of noninbred ‘Vernal’ and (b) a composite S1 population derived from Vernal, the effects of breeding by self‐fertilization and sib‐mating were compared for certain agronomic traits. In general, as the degree of inbreeding increased, there was a reduction in spring vigor, forage yield, seed production, plant height aud width, and an increase in days to flower after first harvest. Also there was a trend toward more upright growth habit. Because the rate of inbreeding was less with sib‐mating than with selfing, the sib‐mated progenies were superior in performance to the selfed progenies.

Inbreeding coefficients were computed for the several levels of inbreeding attained, and in general, the reduction observed in forage yield, spring vigor, and seed production was much greater than that expected in an autotetraploid species. The reduction in summer plant height and midsummer flowering was not as great. The use of sib‐mating in a breeding program and reasons for the rapid reduction in performance was discussed.
Non‐Translocation of Temperature‐Induced Self‐Compatibility Substances(s) in Alsike Clover, Trifolium hybridum L.1
Authors: Townsend C. E. , Danielson R. E.
Published: July 2010

Air temperature had a marked effect but soil temperature had no effect on the self‐compatibility response of tetraploid alsike clover, Trifolium hybridum L., clone 3‐7B. Flowering stems of propagules of tetraploid clone 3‐7B and diploid clones 6‐5 and 7‐1 were arranged to form two groups per propagule. One group was subjected to an air temperature of 32 C and the other to an air temperature of 23 C. Thus the flowering stems of each propagule were exposed to two air temperatures simultaneously. Percentage of florets setting seed for such propagules was dependent upon the air temperature at which the flowering stems were held. At 23 C the propagules were self‐incompatible, but at 32 C the compatibility reaction changed to one of considerable self‐compatibility. We concluded that the substance (s) responsible for the change in the compatibility reaction was not translocated from one flowering stem to another on the propagule.
A Trisomic Hop, Humulus Lupulus L.1
Authors: Haunold Alfred
Published: July 2010

A male hop seedling with lanceolate leaves, found in the progeny of an open‐pollinated cross of Humulus Zupulus L., was identified as a primary trisomic on the basis of root‐tip smears and meiotic studies.
Genetic Variance and Selective Value of Ear Number in Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Laible Charles A. , Dirks V. A.
Published: July 2010

Means, genetic variances and genetic covariances for ear number and yield were evaluated in the P1 P2 F1 F2 F3 B1 B2 B11 B22 and B21 generations to determine the inheritance of ear number and its relationship to yield in segregating populations of corn (Zea mays L.). Ear number means and genetic variance component analyses generally approached expected values for an additive model with partial to complete dominance for multiple ears. Likewise, yield means followed an additive pattern with some evidence for dominance effects suggested by the variance components. The use of a selection index composed of ear nmnber and yield was superior to selection based upon yield alone.
Twinning and Chromosome Anomalies in Kanota Oats1
Authors: Nishiyama I. , Tabata M. , Forsberg R. A. , Shands H. L.
Published: July 2010

The frequency and chromosomec onstitution of twins in three Avena species (2n=42) were determined. A much higher frequency of twin seedlings was obtained from A. byzantina C. Koch var. ‘Kanota’ than from four other varieties of A. sativa L. and A. nuda L. Eighty‐four percent of 44 Kanota twins observed in 1966‐67 consisted of sister seedlings of different size. Seventeen of the 31 surviving smaller sisters and one of the larger ones had anomalous chromosome numbers, namely 63 (triploid) or Jess than 42. Of 86 pairs of Kanota twins in which both memberssu rvived, 36, 35, and 13 pairs were diplodiploid, diplo‐triploid, and diplo‐aneuploidty pes, respectively. One diplo‐haploid twin and one diplo‐diplo.triploid triplet were obtained.

Variable numberos f trivalents, bivalents, and univalents were observed at metaphase I in 63‐chromosome plants (triploids). In each cell the number of bivalents and trivalents summedto 21, 22, or 23, which suggests that one or two bivalents were formed by autosyndesis. Twenty‐four percent of the extra 21 chromosomes in triploids failed to pair at metaphase I. These T1 plants had an average fertility of only 3.5%. Most of their T2 and T3 progenies still had more than 42 chromosomes but were markedly higher in fertility.

Hypothesesf or the induction of polyembryonic kernels, especially the anomalous twin sister, are presented.
Origin, History, and Use of Norin 10 Wheat
Authors: Reitz L. P. , Salmon S. C.
Published: July 2010

The ancestry of ‘Norin 10’ wheat is based on ‘Daruma,’ a native Japanese short‐straw variety, crossed with one soft and one hard wheat variety from the United States. The use of Norin 10 to breed high yielding, fertilizer responsive varieties and the resultant international benefits are outlined.
Feasibility of Hybrid Rice1
Authors: Craigmiles J. P. , Stansel J. W. , Flinchum W. T.
Published: July 2010

Two rice varieties, representing a low tillering type and a profuse tillering type, were direct‐seeded and transplanted at seven plant densities to determine the effect of planting method and plant population on yield. Three year's results show that transplanted rice was more productive than direct‐seeded rice at all population densities with yields leveling off at 100 plants/m2 plant density. At all population densities the profuse tillering type was nmre productive than the low tillering type. With the developmem: of a cytoplasmic male‐sterile, the high cost of seed could be minimized by using low population rates without yield reductions. The greatest potential for F1 hybrids appears to be in the transplanted rice areas of the world.

Segregating ratios from two sources of sterility could be explained by a single pair of recessive genes controlling sterility with one or more modifiers influencing the action. After a cytoplasmic male‐sterile has been developed it appears cross‐pollination will be the limiting factor in F1 hybrid seed production.
Heritability of Seedling Disease Characteristics in Flax1
Authors: Omran Abbas O. , Frederiksen R. A. , Atkins I. M.
Published: July 2010

Resistance to seedling disease in the field (two locations) and resistance to two specific isolates of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn were studied using unselected progenies of F2 plants in the F3 and F4 generations of the flax cross ‘DeOro’ × ‘Dillman.’ There was a high level of dominance deviations towards resistance before and after germination. From 28.1 to 59.8% of the plants were susceptible before emergence and about 20% more after emergence. Heritability estimates in the broad sense ranged from .53 to .88 for preemergence resistance, and from .20 to .87 for postemergence resistance. In the narrow sense, heritability estimates ranged from .10 to .54 for preemergence resistance, and from .07 to .49 for postemergence resistance. Regression of F4 on F3 gave heritability estimates of .01 in the field, but .51 and .54 for the laboratory isolates for preemergence resistance. For postemergence resistance the regression was .05 in the field, while it was .08 and .27 in the laboratory. Genetic gains by selection were expected (and actually observed) in the laboratory tests, but no gain was expected or observed from the field tests. Genetic correlations existed between field and laboratory reactions, suggesting that it is possible to effectively select in the controlled environment of the laboratory for field improvement. Yellow‐seeded families were much more susceptible than brown‐seeded ones. Genetic gain for resistance to the less virulent isolate was greater than was gain for resistance to the more virulent one.
Polyembryony in Pearl Millet, Pennisetum typhoides1
Authors: Powell Jerrel B. , Burton Glenn W.
Published: July 2010

Polyembryonic caryopses that give rise to twin and triplet seedlings have been found in several inbred lines of pearl millet. Near‐equal and unequal twins, fused and non‐fused coleoptile types, and identical and non‐identical triplets were encountered. Some evidence for the inheritance of polyembryony was accumulated. Inbreds differed markedly in frequency of polyembryonic caryopses, but thermal‐neutron radiation, ethyl methane sulfonate, and diethyl sulfate treatment of the seed were not conclusively shown to increase the frequency of twin and triplet seedlings. Triploid and tetraploid types were recovered from the diploid pearl millet.
Relation in Grasses of High Photosynthetic Capacity and Tolerance to Atrazine1
Authors: Moss Dale N.
Published: July 2010

Zea mays L., Saccharum officinarum L., the sorghums, and several other grass species have maximum rates of photosynthesis near 60 mg CO2 dm‐2 hr‐1 and are tolerant of the herbicide, 2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylaminos‐s‐triazine (atrazine). In contrast, the small grains and numerous other grasses have maximum rates of photosynthesis of about 20 mg CO2 dm‐2 hr‐1 and are susceptible to atrazine. The correlation between these traits suggested that atrazine tolerance might be a useful selection criterion to detect efficient photosynthesis. Using this hypothesis, Digitaria and Setaria species which are tolerant of atrazine, were found to have efficient photosynthesis.
Heterotic Effects of Dwarf Genes on Forage Production in Sudangrass (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense Hitch.) Lines and Hybrids1
Authors: Craigmiles J. P.
Published: July 2010

Results of a three‐year study show no difference in forage production of F1 hybrid sudangrasses produced from A lines differing only in recessive factors for dwarfness. Two nearly isogenic lines, with factors regulating heights of 1.2 m and 3.6 m, produced forage yields of 6103 and 6390 kg of dry matter per ha, respectively. The 1.2 m lines contained 65% leaves; the 3.6 m lines, 56% leaves. The F1 hybrids averaged 24% more total forage than that of the parental mean.
A Dynamic Population of Weedy Rye1
Authors: Suneson C. A. , Rachie K. O. , Khush G. S.
Published: July 2010

Natural establishment and spread of a diverse and heterotic weedy rye population in California's northern mountain counties is reported. The dramatic take‐over by this interspecific derived population can be ascribed to a favorable climate and soil, and an unusual opportunity for continued introgression with diverse cultivars of rye.

We encourage further study of this example of genetic introgression under conditions of natural selection. Information may be applicable to rye breeding, new species (Triticale) production, and population genetics. Its potential as a weed must also be considered.
Influence of Night Temperature on Growth and Development of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). III. Fiber Elongation1
Authors: Gipson J. R. , Joham H. E.
Published: July 2010

Four different night temperature regimes were maintained on two varieties of field‐grown cotton Gossypium hirsutum L., during the 1964 and 1965 seasons. Elongation of fiber was found to be closely associated with both temperature and variety. As night temperature was lowered, fiber elongation rates decreased and fiber elongation periods increased for both varieties. Rate of elongation was not uniform over the entire elongation period, but was dependent upon fiber age and night temperature. Temperature coefficients of elongation decreased with increased fiber age and night temperature. Thus, the initial stages of fiber elongation were highly temperature dependent, while the latter stages tended to become temperature independent.
Growth and Yield of Soybean Lines in Relation to Phosphorus Toxicity and Phosphorus, Potassium, and Calcium Requirements1
Authors: de Mooy C. J. , Pesek John
Published: July 2010

High rates of P in pot experiments with three nutrient variables, P, K, and Ca, at 5 levels in a twice‐replicated 2(2n)+2n+1 composite design resulted in combination of growth responses and P‐toxicity effects, threshold leaf contents for which are given. Significant growth and differential responses among soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] lines culminated in large yield responses with maxima at 450 to 500 kg P/ha. Differential growth effects developing in favor of a certain line may change between the 7‐leafed stage and the end of flowering in favor of another line. Treatments leading to maximum growth at the 7‐leafed stage contained too much P to proceed to maximmn growth and yield at later stages.

Further screening of soybean lines should be directed at maximum nodulation or growth responses and minimum P‐toxicity hazard.
Impediments to Hybridization of Phalaris arundinacea and P. tuberosa1
Authors: Devine Thomas E. , Starling James L.
Published: July 2010

The nature of reproductive barriers between Phalaris arundinacea L. and P. tuberosa var. ‘stenoptera’ (Hack.) Hitch, were investigated. Histological studies of the embryo sac of P. arundinacea following interspecific pollination revealed that endosperm development proceeded normally until the third day, while embryo development appeared normal until the sixth day. Embryo abortion was attributed to a failure of the endosperm to differentiate normally. In the reciprocal cross, P. arundinacea pollen tubes penetrated the stigma; however, failure of the P. arundinacea gametophyte to effect fertilization was the major barrier to hybridization. Procedures for prolonging the flowering period of P. arundinacea and for testing for interspecific fertilization are described.
Electrophoretic Analyses of Anther Proteins from Male‐Fertile and Male‐Sterile Sudangrass, Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense (Piper)1
Authors: Alam Sultanul , Sandal P. C.
Published: July 2010

Proteins in anthers at the pre‐pollen stage from two male‐fertile and one male‐sterile line of sudangrass, Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense (Piper) were compared by disc gel electrophoresis. Stained gels revealed: (1) eight bands in male‐fertile in contrast to seven bands in male‐sterile anthers for peroxidase, (2) seven bands in male‐fertile in contrast to two bands in male‐sterile anthers for cytochrome oxidase, (3) approximately 20 bands in male‐fertile in contrast to nine in male‐sterile anthers for total proteins, and (4) eight bands in fertile and five bands in male‐sterile anthers for basic protein. The consistently fewer number of biochemical components detected in male‐sterile anthers indicated that heritable abnormal metabolic activity was associated with pollen abortion and subsequent male‐sterility in sudangrass.
Epistasis in the Inheritance of Quantitative Characters in Jute1
Authors: Eunus A. M. , Salam M. A.
Published: July 2010

Inheritance of plant height and earliness was studied in two crosses, ‘0‐753’ ✕ ‘Desimasua’ and 0‐753 ✕ ‘0‐6E,’ of jute (Corchorus olltorius L.) using P1, P2, F1, F2, B1. and B2 progenies. Herltability was found to be 57% and 59% for earliness and 49% and 8% for plant height, respectively, in 0‐753 ✕ 0‐6E and 0‐753 ✕ Desimasua. Over dominance and partial dominance were detected for plant height in 0‐753 ✕ Desimasua and 0‐753 ✕ 0‐6E, respectively, whereas partial dominance was observed for earliness in both crosses. Expected genetic advance in F3 means over F2 means under selection suggested that transgressive segregation was expected for both the characters in segregating progenies. Detection and estimation of epistasis indicated that in the cross 0‐753 ✕ Desimasua, epistasis was due to additive ✕ dominance effects for the two characters, whereas in 0‐753 ✕ 0‐6E, epistasis was due to all three types of non‐allelic interaction for plant height.
Inheritance and Possible Use of Pale Yellow Character in Tobacco1
Authors: Chaplin James F.
Published: July 2010

The chlorophyll deficient T.I. 1372 tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is characterized by a slightly lighter green color in the seedlings than that of normal green varieties. With the approach of maturity, all the leaves on the T.I. 1372 plants turn yellow at about the same time. This character is designated as pale‐yellow and is controlled by the dominant gene (Py). The possible use of the pale‐yellow character in reducing the number of harvests in flue‐cured tobacco was investigated. The tobacco was harvested by the conventional regime (six harvests) and in one and two harvests. Yield was lower in the one and two harvests than in the conventiinal regime and the value per 45.4 kg was the same for all harvest regimes. Total alkaloids and alpha amino nitrogen were reduced and reducing sugars increased as the number of harvests decreased. However, suggestions were made to overcome the differences in yield and chemical analysis so that all of the tobacco could be harvested in one or two operations. The pale‐yellow character may possibly have a use in fluecured tobacco for single or two harvest operations, which could eliminate the necessity for human judgment in harvesting each ripened leaf. This could greatly facilitate the use of mechanized equipment for harvesting.
Genetic Variability After 65 Generations of Selection in Illinois High Oil, Low Oil, High Protein, and Low Protein Strains of Zea mays L.1
Authors: Dudley J. W. , Lambert R. J.
Published: July 2010

Significant genetic variability, as measured by variation among half‐sib family means, was found for both oil and protein content after 65 generations of selection in Illinois high oil (IHO), low oil (ILO) high protein (IHP) and low protein (ILP) strains of maize (Zea mays L.). Correlated responses between oil and protein over the 65 generations of selection have been small. Predicted gains per generation based on selection of the upper 20% of half‐sib families from a test of one replicate grown at one location in one year were slightly higher than those observed as an average of 65 generations for IHP and ILP and lower for IHO and ILO.
Floral Response, Winter Survival, and Leaf Mark Frequency of Advanced Generation Seed Increases of ‘Dollard’ Red Clover, Trifolium pratense L.1
Authors: Bula R. J. , May R. G. , Garrison C. S. , Rincker C. M. , Dean J. G.
Published: July 2010

Varietal changes of Dollard red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed lots were of much smaller magnitude from the second to the third generations of increase than from the first (breeder) to second generations of increase. Changes in varietal populations during seed increases at Shatter and Tehachapi. Calif, were more pronounced than during similar increases at Prosser, Wash. Shifts toward more flowering type and fewer winter‐hardy plant populations were noted for some seed lots produced at Shatter and Tehachapi. However, under certain management treatments, the varietal populations from seed produced at these two locations were similar to the plant populations of the first generation seed. Seed produced at Prosser resulted in plant populations similar to those of the first generation seed. Changes induced at Prosser were toward more nonflowering and more winter‐hardy type plants compared to the first generation seed.

A high correlation was noted between plant type and winter survival. No relationship was found between plant type or winter survival and leaf mark.
Micro‐Kjeldahl Analysis of Cotyledon Sections from Individual Seeds as a Screening Technique in Breeding Soybeans for Protein1
Authors: Singh Laxman , Hadley H. H. , Stevenson F. J.
Published: July 2010

Micro‐Kjeldahl analysis of small (10 mg) sections from the cotyledons of individual seeds of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was found suitable for estimating the protein content of whole seeds. A high correlation was obtained between the protein content of the segment analyzed and total protein in the cotyledon (.97). In four varieties ('Clark,' 'Harosoy,' 'Sioux,' and 'T245') protein content of the various seed parts followed the order: cotyledon ⩾ root‐shoot axis >> seed coats. A slight gradient in protein content was observed in the cotyledon with the highest percentage occurring in the region adjacent to the root‐shoot axis. After a micro‐Kjeldahl analysis of a small segment of the cotyledon the remainder of the seed can be planted. Thus an accurate and “nondestructive” method of analyzing individual seeds is available to the plant breeder. Its usefulness, however, will depend upon the heritability of differences in protein content among individual seeds from heterozygous plants.
Heritability of Pod Dehiscence and Its Association with Some Agronomic Characters in Soybeans1
Authors: Caviness C. E.
Published: July 2010

Individual plant measurements of parental, F1, and F2 populations and F3 progenies of four soybean crosses involving three varieties of the domestic species, (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and a plant introduction of the wild species, (G. ussuriensis Regel and Maack), were used to determine heritability and associations of pod dehiscence (shattering) and some important agronomic characters in soybeans. Broad sense heritability estimates for pod dehiscence, date of flowering, date of maturity, and days from flowering to maturity generally were high (above 90%) and varied only slightly in the different crosses. Estimates for seed size varied from 40% in the cross between the largest and smallest seed parents to 69% in the cross between parents with the smallest seeds. There also was a tendency for the characters pod dehiscence, date of flowering, date of maturity, days from flowering to maturity, and seed size of individual Fe plants to persist in the F3 generations as indicated by highly significant regression coefficients.

Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients indicated that associations between pod dehiscence, and date of flowering, date of maturity, days from flowering to maturity, seed size, and oil and protein content presented no serious limitation to breeding for these characters, especially in crosses where both parents were classified as G. max. There was evidence of an association between pod dehiscence and date of maturity in two populations derived from crosses of the wild and domestic species and between pod dehiscence and seed size in one interspecific cross and in one cross involving only the domestic species.
Selection for Improving Creeping‐Rooted Characteristics in Alfalfa1
Authors: Busbice Thad H. , Hanson C. H.
Published: July 2010

A phenotypic recurrent selection program for creeping‐rooted character in alfalfa was described. A random mating population, designated NCCrl, was obtained from selected segregates of crosses between Canadian creepers and adapted noncreepers. Normally, primordial domes are initiated on lateral roots the first growing season, but two growing seasons are required for expression of creeping‐rooted character. Four cycles of selection, using primordial domes as a criterion for creeping, failed to increase the frequency or amount of creeping. However, a fifth cycle of selection based upon actual creeping after 2 years in the field doubled the frequency and extent of creeping.

All cycles of NCCrl were inferior to ‘Cherokee’ (adapted noncreepinig cultivar) in spring vigor, yield, and recovery after cutting. However, after five cycles of selection many creeping plants had upright growth, leaf shape, and vigor similar to that of Cherokee. In the last cycle of selection, creeping and vigor were positively correlated, indicating that these characters can be genetically combined.
Cytology of Autotetraploids of Linum Usit Atissimum L. and Linum Angustifolium Huds. and their Amphidiploid Hybrids1
Authors: Yermanos D. M. , Gill K. S.
Published: July 2010

Quadrivalent frequencies at metaphase I in amphidiploids of Linum usitatissimum L. X Linum angustifolium Huds. were comparable to those of autotetraploids of the two parental taxa. Conclusions from this study support previous evidence that the genomes of the two taxa are closely homologous.