bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A periodic isoperimetric problem related to the unique games conjecture
Authors: Heilman Steven
Published: July 2019

We prove the endpoint case of a conjecture of Khot and Moshkovitz related to the unique games conjecture, less a small error. Let n ≥ 2. Suppose a subset Ω of n‐dimensional Euclidean space satisfies −Ω = Ωc and Ω + v = Ωc (up to measure zero sets) for every standard basis vector . For any and for any q ≥ 1, let and let . For any x ∈ ∂Ω, let N(x) denote the exterior normal vector at x such that ‖N(x)‖2 = 1. Let . Our main result shows that B has the smallest Gaussian surface area among all such subsets Ω, less a small error: In particular, Standard arguments extend these results to a corresponding weak inequality for noise stability. Removing the factor 6 × 10−9 would prove the endpoint case of the Khot‐Moshkovitz conjecture. Lastly, we prove a Euclidean analogue of the Khot and Moshkovitz conjecture. The full conjecture of Khot and Moshkovitz provides strong evidence for the truth of the unique games conjecture, a central conjecture in theoretical computer science that is closely related to the P versus NP problem. So, our results also provide evidence for the truth of the unique games conjecture. Nevertheless, this paper does not prove any case of the unique games conjecture.
Carbon‐Electrode Based Perovskite Solar Cells: Effect of Bulk Engineering and Interface Engineering on the Power Conversion Properties
Authors: Zhou Conghua , Lin Siyuan
Published: July 2019

Carbon electrodes have been adopted widely in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Due to its suitable work function (though not high enough), the carbon electrode itself could extract photogenerated holes and has helped to achieve a power conversion efficiency of ≈16% in the absence of hole‐transporting material. Meanwhile, due to the inert chemical nature and the micrometer‐sized film thickness (≈10 μm), carbon electrodes can prolong the stability of PSCs. These merits are appealing for the commercialization of PSCs. However, the efficiency of carbon‐electrode PSCs is relatively low. A gap of ≈30% remains when comparing with PSCs using evaporated metal films as the electrode. Herein, the progresses in the efficiency of the four kinds of carbon‐electrode based PSCs (mesoscopic, embedment, planar, and quasi‐planar) are reviewed and compared to metal‐electrode based PSCs. Then, the role of bulk engineering and interface engineering in the progress of efficiency is discussed. Finally, outlooks are described in accordance with the discussions.
Recent Advances in Lead Halide Perovskites for Radiation Detectors
Authors: Gao Lei , Yan Qingfeng
Published: July 2019

Research interest in lead halide perovskites has shown a spurt of growth in the last few years due to their high absorption coefficient, large carrier mobility, and long diffusion length. Besides their wide applications in solar cells, LEDs, lasers, and photodetectors, lead halide perovskites are demonstrated as excellent candidate materials for radiation detectors with comparable performance to commercial Si and CdZnTe (CZT) detectors. Herein, the essential results on perovskite semiconductor‐based radiation conductors are summarized. Furthermore, a brief outlook for the further development of lead halide perovskites‐based radiation detectors is proposed.
Misidentification error associated with classifications of white‐tailed deer images
Authors: Newbolt Chad H. , Ditchkoff Stephen S.
Published: July 2019

Camera traps are widely used to monitor wildlife, with important management decisions often relying on interpretation of these data. Animal misidentifications are known to be an important source of error in wildlife surveys that require the identification of unique individuals from camera‐trap data; however, the practice of broadly classifying animal images according to sex or age has received less critical attention despite the significant potential for misidentification error under certain circumstances. From 19 January to 1 April 2017, we solicited a group of 726 participants, consisting of both wildlife professionals and nonprofessionals from across the United States, to take an online survey that tested their ability to classify images of known white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) according to sex and age. Our goal was to determine the relative influence of tested observer (i.e., experience and familiarity with classifying deer images) and image‐based factors (i.e., distance of deer from camera, day vs. night image) on accuracy of deer classifications. Our results indicated that respondents that were wildlife biologists and those with greater levels of experience viewing deer images were more accurate than others when classifying posthunting season images of deer as adult male, adult female, or fawn. However, the sex–age group of the deer was the most influential predictor of classification reliability, with branched‐antlered adult males being classified more accurately by all respondent groups than were adult females and fawns. Our findings emphasized that animal misidentifications may be an important source of survey error not only when identifying unique individuals, but also under any circumstance where comparative groups lack definitive traits. We suggest that those using camera traps to evaluate wildlife populations should select survey periods that maximize differences among classification groups, when possible, and develop species‐specific image training for observers to improve the reliability of results. Further, population demographics should be considered when evaluating the overall reliability of survey results for species where classification accuracy varies among sex–age groups. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
A feeble window on leptophilic dark matter
Authors: Junius Sam , Lopez-Honorez Laura , Mariotti Alberto
Published: July 2019

Abstract

In this paper we study a leptophilic dark matter scenario involving feeble dark matter coupling to the Standard Model (SM) and compressed dark matter-mediator mass spectrum. We consider a simplified model where the SM is extended with one Majorana fermion, the dark matter, and one charged scalar, the mediator, coupling to the SM leptons through a Yukawa interaction. We first discuss the dependence of the dark matter relic abundance on the Yukawa coupling going continuously from freeze-in to freeze-out with an intermediate stage of conversion driven freeze-out. Focusing on the latter, we then exploit the macroscopic decay length of the charged scalar to study the resulting long-lived-particle signatures at collider and to explore the experimental reach on the viable portion of the parameter space.
BMS characters and modular invariance
Authors: Bagchi Arjun , Saha Amartya , Zodinmawia
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We construct the characters for the highest weight representations of the 3d Bondi-Metzner-Sachs (BMS3) algebra. We reproduce our character formula by looking at singular limits from 2d CFT characters and find that our answers are identical to the characters obtained for the very different induced representations. We offer an algebraic explanation to this arising from an automorphism in the parent 2d CFT. We then use the characters to construct the partition function and show how to use BMS modular transformations to obtain a density of primary states. The entropy thus obtained accounts for the principal part of the entropy obtained from the BMS-Cardy formula. This suggests that BMS primaries capture most of the entropy of Flat Space Cosmologies, which are the flatspace analogues of BTZ black holes in AdS3.
Adherence to a food group-based dietary guideline and incidence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes
Authors: den Braver Nicolette R. , Rutters Femke , van der Spek Andrea L. J. Kortlever , Ibi Dorina , Looman Moniek , Geelen Anouk , Elders Petra , van der Heijden Amber A. , Brug Johannes , Lakerveld Jeroen , Soedamah-Muthu Sabita S. , Beulens Joline W. J.
Published: July 2019

Purpose

In this study, we investigated the association between adherence to the Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015 (DHD15-index) and incidence of prediabetes (preT2D) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in a representative sample for the general Dutch population.

Methods

Two prospective cohort studies, The Hoorn and The New Hoorn Study, were used for data analyses. In total, data from 2951 participants without diabetes at baseline (mean age 56.5 ± 7.5 years; 49.6% male) were harmonized. Baseline dietary intake was assessed with validated Food Frequency Questionnaires and adherence to the DHD15-index was calculated (range 0–130). PreT2D and T2D were classified according to the WHO criteria 2011. Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios between participant scores on the DHD15-index and preT2D and T2D, adjusted for follow-up duration, energy intake, socio-demographic, and lifestyle factors. Change in fasting plasma glucose levels (mmol/L) over follow-up was analysed using linear regression analyses, additionally adjusted for baseline value.

Results

During a mean follow-up of 6.3 ± 0.7 years, 837 participants developed preT2D and 321 participants developed T2D. The highest adherence to the DHD15-index was significantly associated with lower T2D incidence [model 3, PRT3vsT1: 0.70 (0.53; 0.92), ptrend = 0.01]. The highest adherence to the DHD15-index pointed towards a lower incidence of preT2D [PRT3vsT1: 0.87 (0.74; 1.03), ptrend = 0.11]. Higher adherence to the DHD15-index was not associated with change in fasting plasma glucose levels [β10point: − 0.012 (− 0.034; 0.009)mmol/L].

Conclusion

The present study showed that the highest compared to the lowest adherence to the DHD15-index was associated with a lower T2D incidence, and pointed towards a lower incidence of preT2D. These results support the benefits of adhering to the guidelines in T2D prevention.
Predicting disease progression in high-grade glioma with neuropsychological parameters: the value of personalized longitudinal assessment
Authors: Butterbrod Elke , Bruijn Jimme , Braaksma Meriam M. , Rutten Geert-Jan M. , Tijssen Cees C. , Hanse Monique C. J. , Sitskoorn Margriet M. , Gehring Karin
Published: July 2019

Purpose

Progressive disease in patients with high-grade glioma may be reflected in cognitive decline. However, the cognitive functions most sensitive to progression may differ between patients. We investigated whether decline on a personalized selection of tests predicted progressive disease according to RANO criteria in high-grade glioma patients.

Methods

Starting one day before surgery, patients underwent neuropsychological assessment every three months during standard treatment and clinical follow-up. We first made a personalized selection of three tests that showed the highest Reliable Change Index (RCI) values, i.e., most positive change, at the first post-surgical assessment for each patient. In subsequent follow up, a decline of RCI ≤ − 1 on at least two of the three tests in the selection was considered cognitive decline. We performed a discrete Cox proportional hazards model including a time-dependent coefficient cognitive decline (vs. stability) and covariate age to predict progressive disease.

Results

Twenty five patients were included. Cognitive decline on the personalized test selection preceded or had occurred by the time progression was established in 9/15 patients with RANO confirmed progressive disease (60%). Decline was absent in 8/10 patients (80%) with stable disease during participation. The independent hazard ratio for progression in case of cognitive decline was 5.05 (p < 0.01) compared to stable performance.

Conclusions

Using only three patient-specific neuropsychological tests, we found a fivefold increased chance of disease progression in case of cognitive decline as compared to stable performance. Brief, patient-tailored cognitive assessment may be a noninvasive addition to disease monitoring without overburdening patients and clinical care.
Exploiting data in smart factories: real-time state estimation and model improvement in metal forming mass production
Authors: Havinga Jos , Mandal Pranab K. , van den Boogaard Ton
Published: July 2019

Modern production systems have numerous sensors that produce large amounts of data. This data can be exploited in many ways, from providing insight into the manufacturing process to facilitating automated decision making. These opportunities are still underexploited in the metal forming industry, due to the complexity of these processes. In this work, a probabilistic framework is proposed for simultaneous model improvement and state estimation in metal forming mass production. Recursive Bayesian estimation is used to simultaneously track the evolution of process state and to estimate the deviation between the physics-based model and the real process. A sheet bending mass production process is used to test the proposed framework. A metamodel of the process is built using proper orthogonal decomposition and radial basis function interpolation. The model is extended with a deviation model in order to account for the difference between model and real process. Particle filtering is used to track the state evolution and to estimate the deviation model parameters simultaneously. The approach is tested and analysed using a large number of simulations, based on pseudo-data obtained from a numerical sheet bending model.
How to Make Sure My Cryptokitties Are Here Forever? The Complementary Roles of Blockchain and the Law to Bring Trust
Authors: DUCUING Charlotte
Published: July 2019

Under the phrase “code is law” and based on its “trustless trust”, blockchain has emerged as a disrupting technology considered by some as an alternative to the law. Based on a study of real-life blockchain-based decentralised applications (Dapps), this article takes blockchain developers at their word and adopts the point of view of users: can blockchain live up to its promise and enable them to transact with each other without the need for the trust granted by the law? The article particularly highlights that users need to be able to ascertain that a self-advertised Dapp indeed qualifies as one. Blockchain technology may make it possible to do away with trust in third parties, but this is not enough. Users also need to trust that an alleged Dapp genuinely is one, and blockchain alone cannot provide this. Beyond Dapps, it is argued that blockchain needs the complementary role of the law to deliver its promises and especially to authenticate blockchain “virtues”. The EU certification mark is identified as a promising form of co-regulation for that purpose.
Estimation of daily selenium intake by 3- to 5-year-old Japanese children based on selenium excretion in 24-h urine samples
Authors: Nakamura Yoshitaka , Fukushima Michiko , Hoshi Seiko , Chatt Amares , Sakata Takashi
Published: July 2019

To evaluate the daily Se intake of 3- to 5-year-old Japanese children, we used seventy-two urine samples collected from fifty-three children (twenty-seven male and twenty-six female) from two cities in Miyagi prefecture, Japan. For measuring low Se concentrations with high precision, accuracy and rapidity in the 24-h urine samples, we developed an instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) method, that is without any chemical separation, using the short-lived77mSe (t1/2= 17·4 s) nuclide. The estimated Se intake of the fifty-three children was 51·5 (sd30·2) µg/d (geometric mean: 42·7 µg/d). Ten subjects (three male and seven female), successfully provided 24-h urine samples over two or three consecutive days; their Se intake was 37·4 (sd5·9) µg/d. Based on the logarithmically transformed data of these ten subjects, the ratio of intra-/inter-individual variances of usual Se intake was 16·7 (28·0/1·7) and geometric mean was 27·7 µg/d. The 5th to 95th percentile of usual Se intake of these ten subjects was 17·5 to 40·4 µg/d, which ranged between the recommended dietary allowance and tolerable upper intake level of Se by the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2015).
The Difference Denominations Made: Identifying the Black Church(es) and Black Religious Choices of the Early Republic
Authors: Bulthuis Kyle T.
Published: July 2019

Scholars of African-American religious history have recently debated the significance of the black church in American history. Those that have, pro and con, have often considered the black church as a singular entity, despite the fact that African Americans affiliated with a number of different religious traditions under the umbrella of the black church. This article posits that it is useful to consider denominational and theological developments within different African-American churches. Doing so acknowledges plural creations and developments of black churches, rather than a singular black church, which better accounts for the historical experience of black religion. In this piece, I analyze four different denominational and theological traditions that blacks followed in the early Republic: the Anglican–Episcopalian, the Calvinist (Congregational–Presbyterian), the Methodist, and the Baptist. Each offered a unique ecclesiastical structure and set of theological assumptions within which black clergy and laity operated. Each required different levels of interaction with white coreligionists, and, although some tended to offer more direct opportunities for reform and resistance, all groups suffered differing constraints that limited such action. I argue that the two bodies connected to formalist traditions, the Episcopalian and Calvinist, were initially better developed despite their smaller size, and thus disproportionately shaped black community and reform efforts in the antebellum United States.
“The world food crisis is not a fad”: TheMore-with-LessCookbook and Protestant Environmental Spirituality
Authors: Rose Kevin Stewart
Published: July 2019

This article examines the spirituality reflected in the 1976 cookbookMore-with-Less. Written by a former Mennonite missionary hoping to provide religious households with a practical way to respond to world hunger, the cookbook's message of a simple diet that could transform users' influence on the world is an early example of the religious environmentalism that has grown increasingly popular among middle-class American Protestants in the last several decades. By examining its historical context, narrating its genesis, and critically assessing the spirituality it recommended, this article argues that the cookbook provides a useful window into Protestant environmental spirituality, its version of which allowed practitioners to maintain traditional institutional relationships and conceptions of the divine while cultivating the individuated religiosity increasingly sought after in modern culture. Emerging in the institutional overlap of traditional religious organizations and the putatively secular formations of mass media, globalization, and consumer culture, the cookbook leveraged the incipient emphasis on lifestyle choices within consumer culture to craft an individuated response to a vision of the world in permanent crisis.More-with-Lessand the Protestant environmental spirituality it represents shed light on current scholarly debates about the form religion takes within modern contexts of secularity, especially when religious practitioners seek adaptations that can maintain traditional theological and organizational commitments.
Confessions of a Serial Polygamist: The Reality of Radiocarbon Reproducibility in Archaeological Samples
Authors: Bayliss Alex , Marshall Peter
Published: July 2019

Since 1993 Historic England (and its predecessor English Heritage) has commissioned 9074 radiocarbon (14C) measurements on archaeological samples. Over 80% of these have been interpreted within formal Bayesian statistical models. The multiple strands of reinforcing evidence incorporated in these models provide precise chronologies that make stringent demands on the accuracy of the 14C results included in the analysis. Inter-laboratory replication is consequently a routine part of model construction and validation. We report an analysis of replicate measurements on 1089 archaeological samples. It is clear that laboratory reproducibility accounts for only part of the observed variation. The type of material dated is also critical to the reproducibility of measurements, with some sample types proving particularly problematic.
BISHOP TUNSTALL’S ALTERATIONS TO DURHAM CASTLE, 1536–48
Authors: Pears Richard
Published: July 2019

Since its foundation in 1072 Durham Castle has served as a fortress, palace of the prince bishops of Durham and, from 1837, as a college of the University of Durham. Durham Castle was the bishops’ home and a symbol of their secular authority, whilst its proximity to the bishops’ ecclesiastical centre, Durham Cathedral, established spiritual and ceremonial roles for the castle. This paper will examine the major alterations made to Durham Castle by Bishop Cuthbert Tunstall (bishop from 1530–59), including a new first-floor gallery, stair turret and chapel. A hitherto un-noted gunloop in the stair tower suggests that the turbulent political and religious events of his bishopric, particularly the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536, caused Tunstall to provide some defensive capability within what has previously been considered a purely domestic building programme. Analysis of the documented progress of building also dates the visit to Durham of the antiquarian John Leland to 1543, not 1538 as stated in the Victoria County History.
Emergence phenology and temperature effect on the post-diapause egg development in the bush cricket Barbitistes vicetinus (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)
Authors: Cavaletto G. , Faccoli M. , Marini L. , Mazzon L.
Published: July 2019

The tettigoniid Barbitistes vicetinus Galvagni & Fontana was described in 1993 as an endemic and rare bush-cricket of north-east Italy. Since 2008, this species has become a pest, causing repeated outbreaks with severe defoliations in broadleaf forests and neighbouring crops. Few data are currently available on ecology and life-cycle of this species, in particular about how temperature regulates egg-diapause and hatching phenology. The present work reports a field study regarding hatching phenology of B. vicetinus, surveyed with 84 emergence traps over four consecutive years (2013–2016). Moreover, the effect of temperature on the hatching was tested in the laboratory, exposing eggs to different temperatures. Field observations showed that hatching occurred between the end of March and beginning of April. In warmer years, hatching started early in the spring and lasted longer, while in colder years, hatching started later and was concentrated in a few days. Moreover, a significant effect of both elevation and exposure on the hatching start was observed. Results obtained from laboratory suggested the ability of the species to develop in the post-final diapause in a wide range of thermal conditions. After the diapause (terminated by a prolonged common exposure to low temperature) B. vicetinus was able to hatch from 6 to 23°C although, due to prolonged post-diapause development, hatching took place progressively later at colder temperatures. To manage B. vicetinus outbreaks, forecasting the seasonal phenology of egg hatching and its duration is important for an effective pest control.
Effects of the infection with Trypanosoma cruzi on the feeding and excretion/defecation patterns of Triatoma infestans
Authors: Pereyra N. , Lobbia P.A. , Mougabure-Cueto G.
Published: July 2019

Transmission of Trypanosma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) occurs when feces/urine of infected triatomines come into contact with mucous membranes or damaged skin, and this occurs mainly when insects defecate while feeding on the host. Thus, the vector competence of the triatomines is associated with their feeding and excretion/defecation behavior. This work studied for the first time the effect of T. cruzi infection on feeding and excretion/defecation patterns of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Uninfected and infected fifth-instar nymphs were fed ad libitum and their feeding behavior and defecations were registered during and after feeding. The feeding pattern did not show differences between the experimental groups. However, the infected nymphs began to defecate earlier, defecated in greater quantity and there was a greater proportion of defecating individuals compared to uninfected nymphs. These results show that T. cruzi affected the excretion/defecation pattern of T. infestans in a way that would increase the probability of contact between infective feces and the mammalian host.
Green Innovation from the Global South: Renewable Energy Patents in Chile, 1877–1910
Authors: Escobar Andrae Bernardita , Arellano Escudero Nelson
Published: July 2019

This research note uses the case of nineteenth-century Chile to argue that the phenomenon of early green entrepreneurship was not confined to the United States and Europe. It focuses on Chile-based inventors who pursued intellectual-property protection in solar, tidal, wave motion, water flow, and wind power. The backgrounds and careers of these inventors are examined. The case contests the popular assumption that knowledge always originated in the developed North and flowed southward. Instead, at least in the case of renewable energy, knowledge emerged endogenously in Chile and sometimes even flowed northward. This research note argues that the circulation of knowledge was strongly linked to the mobility of individuals rather than to the mobility of patents between North and South.
Six Centuries of Real Wages in France from Louis IX to Napoleon III: 1250–1860
Authors: Ridolfi Leonardo
Published: July 2019

Evidence of an early modern “Little divergence” in real wages between northwestern Europe and the rest of the continent is mostly based on the comparative study of a sample of leading European cities. Focusing on France and England this study reassesses the debate from a country-level perspective. The findings challenge the notion of an early modern divergence pointing to the coexistence of both divergence and convergence phases until the eighteenth century. Results also suggest that the real wages of a significant share of the French male labor force were broadly on par with the levels prevailing in England before c.1750.
Nation-state or nation-family? Nationalism in marginalised African societies
Authors: Bhandari Abhit , Mueller Lisa
Published: July 2019

Scholars have long puzzled over strong nationalism in weak African states. Existing theories suggest that (a) incumbent leaders use nationalistic appeals to distract people from state weakness; or (b) citizens use nationalistic claims to exclude rival groups from accessing patronage and public goods. But what explains robust nationalism in places where politicians seldom visit and where the state under-provides resources, as is true across much of Africa? We propose a theory of familial nationalism, arguing that people profess attachment to a nation-family instead of to a nation-state under conditions where the family, and not the state, is the main lifeline. We substantiate it using surveys from the border between Niger and Burkina Faso, where an international court ruling allowed people to choose their citizenship, thus providing a test for nationalism in marginalised communities. We supplement the border data with surveys and focus groups from the capitals of both countries.
The Gilley ‘debate’
Authors: Young Tom
Published: July 2019

I suggest that the recent furore over Gilley's article on colonialism raises at least three distinct issues both within academia and the wider space of public debate. The first concerns the category of ‘offence’, who can be offended and by what. The second concerns the nature of colonialism, its contemporary understanding and why that remains politically controversial. The third concerns possible continuities between certain aspects of colonial rule and current forms of Western intervention in Africa. In each case I make some very tentative suggestions as to why one journal article attracted so much attention and antagonism.
Can policy-packaging increase public support for costly policies? Insights from a choice experiment on policies against vehicle emissions
Authors: Wicki Michael , Huber Robert Alexander , Bernauer Thomas
Published: July 2019

Public support is usually a precondition for the adoption and successful implementation of costly policies. We argue that such support is easier to achieve with policy-packages that incorporate primary and ancillary measures. We specifically distinguish command-and-control and market-based measures as primary measures and argue that the former will usually garner more public support than the latter given the low-visibility tendency of costs associated with command-and-control measures. Nevertheless, if included in a policy-package, ancillary measures are likely to increase public support by reducing negative effects of primary measures. Based on a choice experiment with a representative sample of 2,034 Swiss citizens, we assessed these arguments with respect to political efforts to reduce vehicle emissions. The empirical analysis supported the argument that policy-packaging affects public support positively, particularly generating more support when ancillary measures are added. Lastly, we ultimately observe that command-and-control measures obtain more public support than market-based instruments.
Sea cucumber management strategies: challenges and opportunities in a developing country context
Authors: Baker-Médard Merrill , Ohl Kristina Natalia
Published: July 2019

Sea cucumbers play a critical role in maintaining healthy marine ecosystems. Sea cucumbers are also a key source of income for millions of small-scale fishers worldwide. The lucrative nature of this industry has led to severe reductions in sea cucumber populations in numerous regions globally. A large proportion of sea cucumber fisheries are located in developing countries, which present unique challenges to management, including addressing highly decentralized methods of extraction and processing, limited economic and technological resources for governance and, in many cases, a high dependency on sea cucumbers as a primary source of income for small-scale coastal fishers. In this review, we review the benefits and challenges of seven categories of sea cucumber management strategies used globally in developing countries, including gear restrictions, size and weight limits, effort and catch controls, temporal closures, area closures, value chain licensing and territorial use rights in fisheries. We conclude that sea cucumber management in developing countries could benefit from focusing regulatory solutions on narrowed parts of the value chain, coupling production-based management strategies with processing and export regulations and providing avenues for local fishers to inform policy at the local, regional and national levels.
Parental well-being, couple relationship quality, and children's behavioral problems in the first 2 years of life
Authors: Hughes Claire , Devine Rory T. , Mesman Judi , Blair Clancy ,   the NewFAMS Team
Published: July 2019

Adverse effects of early exposure to parental mood disturbance on child adjustment have been documented for both mothers and fathers, but are rarely examined in tandem. Other under-researched questions include effects of changes over time in parental well-being, similarities and contrasts between effects of parental mood disturbance on children's internalizing versus externalizing problems, and potential mediating effects of couple relationship quality. The current study involved 438 couples who reported symptoms of depression and anxiety at each of four time points (i.e., last trimester of pregnancy and 4, 14, and 24 months postbirth). Mothers and fathers also rated their couple relationship quality and their child's socioemotional adjustment at 14 months, as well as internalizing and externalizing problems at 24 months. Latent growth models indicated direct effects of (a) maternal prenatal well-being on externalizing problems at 24 months, and (b) paternal prenatal well-being on socioemotional problems at 14 months. Internalizing symptoms at 24 months showed only indirect associations with parental well-being, with couple relationship quality playing a mediating role. Our findings highlight the importance of prenatal exposure to parental mood disturbance and demonstrate that, even in a low-risk sample, poor couple relationship quality explains the intergenerational stability of internalizing problems.
Efficacy and safety of ketamine in the management of anxiety and anxiety spectrum disorders: a review of the literature
Authors: Banov Michael D. , Young Jonathan R. , Dunn Tyler , Szabo Steven T.
Published: July 2019

Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric conditions. Despite many proven pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments available, high rates of partial response and low rates of long-term remission remain. Ketamine has been receiving increasing attention as an interventional treatment modality in psychiatry, especially among refractory conditions, including major depressive disorder. There is limited yet growing evidence to support the use of ketamine in anxiety disorders. In this review of the literature, we present case reports, case series, and controlled trials demonstrating proof-of-concept for its potential role in the treatment of anxiety and anxiety spectrum disorders. Its unique mechanism of action, rapid onset, and high rate of response have driven its use in clinical practice. Ketamine is generally well tolerated by patients and has a limited side effect profile; however, the effects of long-term use are unknown. While there is a growing body of research and increasing clinical experience to suggest ketamine may have clinical applications in the treatment of refractory anxiety disorders, further research to determine long-term safety and tolerability is indicated.
Possible influence of variations in the geomagnetic field on migration paths of snow buntings
Authors: Hall Chris M. , Johnsen Magnar G.
Published: July 2019

A hypothesis is proposed wherein changes in the Earth's magnetic field affect the migratory paths of snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis), and in particular from wintering grounds in the Russian/Ukrainian steppes to breeding grounds on Svalbard and with a typical stopover in Finnmark in northern Norway. If one were to assume ignorance of the secular movement of the magnetic north pole approximately 1500 km northwards between 1908 and 2020, the magnetoreceptor contribution to snow buntings' navigation would result in winter-to-summer migratory paths progressively further to the East. In turn, this could be a contributing factor to declining populations in Finnmark and favouring a more frequent flightpath over the Kola Peninsula. On the other hand, short-term perturbations in the magnetic field (i.e. induced by solar activity) and therefore existing for a relatively small proportion of the flight time (if at all) for the individual migrations legs seem unlikely to influence the stopover locations significantly. Even so, these space-weather induced variations cannot be disregarded, particularly for success in reaching Svalbard.
Beurteilung der Schuldfähigkeit bei Glücksspielsucht: Craving als Kriterium einer Einschränkung der Steuerungsfähigkeit
Authors: Meyer Gerhard
Published: July 2019

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Beschaffungskriminalität ist unter Glücksspielsüchtigen aufgrund des teuren Suchtmittels weit verbreitet. Nach der höchstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung ist maßgebend für eine Beurteilung der Schuldfähigkeit, ob die Suchterkrankung zu schwersten Persönlichkeitsveränderungen geführt oder der Täter unter starken Entzugserscheinungen gelitten hat. Methodik: Die Voraussetzungen werden anhand von drei Fallanalysen aus der eigenen, aktuellen Gutachtenpraxis auf ihre Bedeutsamkeit überprüft. Ergebnisse: Vor dem Hintergrund sehr unterschiedlicher ursächlicher Bedingungen (Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung, spezifische Persönlichkeitsanteile und Medikation mit Dopaminagonisten) wurde jeweils anhand der DSM-5-Kriterien die Diagnose einer „Störung durch Glücksspielen“ gestellt. Das durch Straftaten erlangte Geld verwendeten die Begutachteten unmittelbar und fast ausschließlich zur Finanzierung der weiteren Spielteilnahme. Neben einer nachweisbaren schleichenden Verarmung der Persönlichkeit (Depravation) im ersten Fall, die zur Anwendung des § 21 StGB durch das Gericht führte, ist den Explorationen in zwei Fällen eine Entzugssymptomatik und in allen Fällen ein starkes Verlangen nach dem Glücksspiel (Craving) als Ausdruck einer Beeinträchtigung der Verhaltenskontrolle zu entnehmen. Der entzugs- und craving-bedingte Handlungsdruck infolge der medikamentösen Induktion süchtigen Spielverhaltens begründete im Urteil zum dritten Fall eine Einschränkung der Steuerungsfähigkeit. Diskussion: Nach der Darstellung aktueller Forschungsbefunde zum Craving wird argumentiert, dass das starke Verlangen neben schweren Persönlichkeitsveränderungen und psychischen Entzugssymptomen als weiteres zentrales Merkmal bei der schuldangemessenen Beurteilung der Beschaffungsdelikte von Glücksspielsüchtigen berücksichtigt werden sollte.
Sound Velocity Predictive Model Based on Physical Properties
Authors: Hou Z. Y. , Wang J. Q. , Chen Z. , Yan W. , Tian Y. H.
Published: July 2019

The correlation between sediment sound velocity (V) and physical properties has been studied for 60 years using empirical equations, and it has been found difficult to predict V accurately. Random Forest (RF) is a scientific discipline and a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. Here we present the implementation of RF algorithm in V prediction and sediment classification. The databases were from previously collected data in the northern South China Sea. The goal of this study is to establish a predictive model based on RF using multiple physical properties (mean grain size, porosity, wet bulk density, and water content). Compared to empirical equations, the average error of RF velocity is only 0.95%, ranging from 0.03 to 2.73%, indicating that the RF algorithm has improved the accuracy of V prediction. We also used mean decrease impurity importance to evaluate the importance of a variable and found that the most important feature in the predictive model is mean grain size. We also used the RF as a potentially useful tool for sediment classification. The classification model has up to 75% accuracy in the dataset. Multiple features, such as physical properties, sedimentary environment, and sediment source, affect the geoacoustic properties of sediments. The next goal is to use multiple features to improve the model and further improve the accuracy of sound velocity prediction and sediment classification.
Modeling DEM Errors in Coastal Flood Inundation and Damages: A Spatial Nonstationary Approach
Authors: Karamouz M. , Fereshtehpour M.
Published: July 2019

Digital elevation model (DEM) as an essential input to flood risk analyzers is subject to a certain level of uncertainty, which increases as the resolution becomes coarser. To quantify this uncertainty, a probabilistic framework incorporating 2‐D hydrodynamic flood mapping by LISFLOOD‐FP along with a sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) model is presented in this paper. Based on ordinary kriging (OK) interpolation techniques, spatial uncertainty is modeled through SGS by generating several equiprobable realizations. Furthermore, regression kriging (RK) is used in the SGS algorithm utilizing its ability to explore additional information such as terrain characteristics to estimate the elevation error. A new technique called nonstationary sequential Gaussian simulation is also proposed by introducing the spatial nonstationarity of DEM error into SGS framework based on two approaches of uniform and nonuniform moving window. Different DEM resolutions resampled from a 1‐m light detection and ranging‐derived DEM are used in the hydrodynamic model to derive the accuracy‐efficiency trade‐offs and select the most suitable spatial resolution for probabilistic analysis. A detailed comparison among OK, RK, nonstationary OK, and nonstationary RK models is made considering probabilistic floodplain characteristics. The subsequent risk curves are then derived under floods of different return periods. The methodology is implemented in the coastal areas of Lower Manhattan and Brooklyn in New York City. Results show that the proposed methodology could reduce the uncertainty in risk estimation imposed by the stationarity assumption. The methodology could help decision‐makers to more accurately utilize the existing tools and data for flood risk analysis and preparedness.
Labrador Sea Water Formation Rate and Its Impact on the Local Meridional Overturning Circulation
Authors: Feucher Charlène , Garcia‐Quintana Yarisbel , Yashayaev Igor , Hu Xianmin , Myers Paul G.
Published: July 2019

This paper investigates the link between the Labrador Sea Water (LSW) formation rate and the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation within the Labrador Sea. LSW is formed in the Labrador Sea through deep wintertime ocean convection and is then carried out of the basin by, among other currents, the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) that flows southward along the east coast of Canada. We used an eddy‐permitting simulation (at 1/12°, horizontal resolution) with an Arctic and Northern Hemisphere Atlantic configuration of the Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO) model that covers the period from 2002 to 2017. In this study, the formation rate of LSW is estimated using an instantaneous kinematic subduction approach by analyzing the vertical transport of a water mass through the base of the mixed layer. We computed the local Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) index and the transport of LSW within the DWBC at the Atlantic Repeat hydrographic section 7 West (AR7W). Results show that an increase in the formation rate of LSW entails an increase in the LSW transport in the DWBC within 1 year. This is followed by an enhancement of the overturning in the Labrador Sea.
Nuclear Winter Responses to Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Version 4 and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE
Authors: Coupe Joshua , Bardeen Charles G. , Robock Alan , Toon Owen B.
Published: July 2019

Current nuclear arsenals used in a war between the United States and Russia could inject 150 Tg of soot from fires ignited by nuclear explosions into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. We simulate the climate response using the Community Earth System Model‐Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 4 (WACCM4), run at 2° horizontal resolution with 66 layers from the surface to 140 km, with full stratospheric chemistry and with aerosols from the Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres allowing for particle growth. We compare the results to an older simulation conducted in 2007 with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE run at 4° × 5° horizontal resolution with 23 levels up to 80 km and constant specified aerosol properties and ozone. These are the only two comprehensive climate model simulations of this scenario. Despite having different features and capabilities, both models produce similar results. Nuclear winter, with below freezing temperatures over much of the Northern Hemisphere during summer, occurs because of a reduction of surface solar radiation due to smoke lofted into the stratosphere. WACCM4's more sophisticated aerosol representation removes smoke more quickly, but the magnitude of the climate response is not reduced. In fact, the higher‐resolution WACCM4 simulates larger temperature and precipitation reductions than ModelE in the first few years following a 150‐Tg soot injection. A strengthening of the northern polar vortex occurs during winter in both simulations in the first year, contributing to above normal, but still below freezing, temperatures in the Arctic and northern Eurasia.
Cloud Edge Properties Measured by the ARM Shortwave Spectrometer Over Ocean and Land
Authors: Yang Weidong , Marshak Alexander , Wen Guoyong
Published: July 2019

We use the spectrally invariant method to study the variability of cloud optical thickness (τ) and droplet effective radius (reff) in transition zones between the cloudy and clear‐sky columns observed by Shortwave Array Spectroradiometer‐Zenith at the Southern Great Plains Central Facility site (SGP C1) and during the Marine ARM GPCI Investigation of Clouds (MAGIC) field campaign. The spectrally invariant method approximates the spectra in the transition zone as a linear combination of definitely clear and definitely cloudy spectra. The slope and intercept of the linear relations characterize τ and reff in the transition region, respectively. The radiative transfer model simulations show that that (i) the slope of the visible band is positively correlated with τ, while (ii) the intercept of the near‐infrared band has a high negative correlation with reff. We have analyzed 22 cloud edge cases from the SGP and MAGIC and found that from cloud to clear in the transitions, (a) the slopes of the visible band decrease, indicating the decrease of τ toward cloud edges, and (b) the intercepts of the near‐infrared band show a much more significant increase at the SGP than from the MAGIC. The results from observed cases suggest that while τ decreases for all cases, the decrease in reff is much more significant for cloud over land at the SGP site compared to the ocean counterpart during the MAGIC campaign.
Global Reconstruction of Naturalized River Flows at 2.94 Million Reaches
Authors: Lin Peirong , Pan Ming , Beck Hylke E. , Yang Yuan , Yamazaki Dai , Frasson Renato , David Cédric H. , Durand Michael , Pavelsky Tamlin M. , Allen George H. , Gleason Colin J. , Wood Eric F.
Published: July 2019

Spatiotemporally continuous global river discharge estimates across the full spectrum of stream orders are vital to a range of hydrologic applications, yet they remain poorly constrained. Here we present a carefully designed modeling effort (Variable Infiltration Capacity land surface model and Routing Application for Parallel computatIon of Discharge river routing model) to estimate global river discharge at very high resolutions. The precipitation forcing is from a recently published 0.1° global product that optimally merged gauge‐, reanalysis‐, and satellite‐based data. To constrain runoff simulations, we use a set of machine learning‐derived, global runoff characteristics maps (i.e., runoff at various exceedance probability percentiles) for grid‐by‐grid model calibration and bias correction. To support spaceborne discharge studies, the river flowlines are defined at their true geometry and location as much as possible—approximately 2.94 million vector flowlines (median length 6.8 km) and unit catchments are derived from a high‐accuracy global digital elevation model at 3‐arcsec resolution (~90 m), which serves as the underlying hydrography for river routing. Our 35‐year daily and monthly model simulations are evaluated against over 14,000 gauges globally. Among them, 35% (64%) have a percentage bias within ±20% (±50%), and 29% (62%) have a monthly Kling‐Gupta Efficiency ≥0.6 (0.2), showing data robustness at the scale the model is assessed. This reconstructed discharge record can be used as a priori information for the Surface Water and Ocean Topography satellite mission's discharge product, thus named “Global Reach‐level A priori Discharge Estimates for Surface Water and Ocean Topography”. It can also be used in other hydrologic applications requiring spatially explicit estimates of global river flows.