bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Essential Helix Interactions in the Anion Transporter Domain of Prestin Revealed by Evolutionary Trace Analysis
Authors: Rajagopalan Lavanya , Patel Nimish , Madabushi Srinivasan , Goddard Julie Anne , Anjan Venkat , Lin Feng , Shope Cindy , Farrell Brenda , Lichtarge Olivier , Davidson Amy L. , Brownell William E. , Pereira Fred A.
Published: December 2006

Prestin, a member of the SLC26A family of anion transporters, is a polytopic membrane protein found in outer hair cells (OHCs) of the mammalian cochlea. Prestin is an essential component of the membrane-based motor that enhances electromotility of OHCs and contributes to frequency sensitivity and selectivity in mammalian hearing. Mammalian cells expressing prestin display a nonlinear capacitance (NLC), widely accepted as the electrical signature of electromotility. The associated charge movement requires intracellular anions reflecting the membership of prestin in the SLC26A family. We used the computational approach of evolutionary trace analysis to identify candidate functional (trace) residues in prestin for mutational studies. We created a panel of mutations at each trace residue and determined membrane expression and nonlinear capacitance associated with each mutant. We observe that several residue substitutions near the conserved sulfate transporter domain of prestin either greatly reduce or eliminate NLC, and the effect is dependent on the size of the substituted residue. These data suggest that packing of helices and interactions between residues surrounding the “sulfate transporter motif” is essential for normal prestin activity.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Mediates Oligodendrocyte Death and Delayed Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma
Authors: Nakazawa Toru , Nakazawa Chifuyu , Matsubara Akihisa , Noda Kousuke , Hisatomi Toshio , She Haicheng , Michaud Norman , Hafezi-Moghadam Ali , Miller Joan W. , Benowitz Larry I.
Published: December 2006

Glaucoma is a widespread ocular disease characterized by a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Previous studies suggest that the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) may contribute to the disease process, although its rolein vivoand its mechanism of action are unclear. To investigate pathophysiological mechanisms in glaucoma, we induced ocular hypertension (OH) in mice by angle closure via laser irradiation. This treatment resulted in a rapid upregulation of TNF-α, followed sequentially by microglial activation, loss of optic nerve oligodendrocytes, and delayed loss of RGCs. Intravitreal TNF-α injections in normal mice mimicked these effects. Conversely, an anti-TNF-α-neutralizing antibody or deleting the genes encoding TNF-α or its receptor, TNFR2, blocked the deleterious effects of OH. Deleting the CD11b/CD18 gene prevented microglial activation and also blocked the pathophysiological effects of OH. Thus TNF-α provides an essential, although indirect, link between OH and RGC lossin vivo. Blocking TNF-α signaling or inflammation, therefore, may be helpful in treating glaucoma.
Disrupting Reconsolidation of Conditioned Withdrawal Memories in the Basolateral Amygdala Reduces Suppression of Heroin Seeking in Rats
Authors: Hellemans Kim G. C. , Everitt Barry J. , Lee Jonathan L. C.
Published: December 2006

Recent data from our laboratory have demonstrated that appetitive drug memories undergo protein synthesis-dependent reconsolidation in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), an area important in the formation of emotional memories. We here investigated the importance of the BLA in the reconsolidation of opiate conditioned withdrawal memories. Rats with bilateral cannulas implanted in the BLA were trained to respond for heroin (0.12 mg/kg, i.v.) under a seeking–taking schedule, which required responding on a seeking lever to gain the opportunity to self-administer heroin by a single response on a taking lever. After induction of opiate dependence with subcutaneously implanted, heroin-filled osmotic minipumps (3 mg · kg−1· d−1heroin), rats received five consecutive pairings of a conditioned stimulus (CS) (tone, light, and odor compound) paired with naloxone (0.10 mg/kg, s.c.)-precipitated withdrawal. We replicated our previous findings that heroin seeking is suppressed in the presence of the withdrawal-associated CS. However, infusion of Zif268 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide into the BLA before reactivation of the CS–withdrawal association abolished this conditioned suppression in a reactivation-dependent manner. We also report that reconsolidation of CS–withdrawal memories upregulates Zif268 protein in the basolateral but not central nucleus of the amygdala and that Zif268 knockdown occurs selectively in the BLA. These results demonstrate that drug withdrawal memories undergo protein synthesis-dependent reconsolidation in the BLA and suggest a common mechanism for the reconsolidation of both appetitive and aversive drug memories.
Regulation of Behavioral and Synaptic Plasticity by Serotonin Release within Local Modulatory Fields in the CNS ofAplysia
Authors: Marinesco Stéphane , Wickremasinghe Nimalee , Carew Thomas J.
Published: December 2006

InAplysia, serotonergic neurons are widely activated during sensitization training, but the effects of exogenous serotonin (5-HT) on reflex circuits vary, inducing short- or long-term synaptic facilitation or synaptic inhibition, depending on the site of application. During learning, it is possible that specific spatial patterns of 5-HT release evoked by training may produce different phases of sensitization or behavioral inhibition. To test this hypothesis, we examined the modulation of the tail-induced siphon withdrawal reflex by repeated noxious stimuli applied to one of three sites: the (1) ipsilateral or (2) contralateral sides of the tail or (3) the head. Ipsilateral tail shock produced long-term sensitization, whereas contralateral tail shock induced only short-term sensitization, and head shock produced inhibition. In parallel cellular experiments, tail-nerve shock evoked large 5-HT release localized around the ipsilateral tail sensory neurons (SNs) and motor neurons (MNs) but only modest 5-HT release in the contralateral pleural-pedal ganglia and in the abdominal ganglion, in which the siphon MNs are located. Head-nerve shock, in contrast, produced only modest 5-HT release in the pleural, pedal, and abdominal ganglia. Thus, each training protocol evoked a specific pattern of 5-HT release within the CNS. In addition, we found that 5-HT released in the pleural ganglia was correlated with facilitation of SN–MN synapses; however, in the abdominal ganglion, it was associated with inhibition of the synapses between identified interneurons (L29s) and siphon MNs (LFSs). Because 5-HT differentially modulates synaptic efficacy at different synaptic sites, our data can explain how specific spatial patterns of 5-HT release in local modulatory fields can contribute to the induction of short- or long-term sensitization or to behavioral inhibition.
Plasticity Compartments in Basal Dendrites of Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons
Authors: Gordon Urit , Polsky Alon , Schiller Jackie
Published: December 2006

Synaptic plasticity rules widely determine how cortical networks develop and store information. Using confocal imaging and dual site focal synaptic stimulation, we show that basal dendrites, which receive the majority of synapses innervating neocortical pyramidal neurons, contain two compartments with respect to plasticity rules. Synapses innervating the proximal basal tree are easily modified when paired with the global activity of the neuron. In contrast, synapses innervating the distal basal tree fail to change in response to global suprathreshold activity or local dendritic spikes. These synapses can undergo long-term potentiation under unusual conditions when local NMDA spikes, which evoke large calcium transients, are paired with a “gating molecule,” BDNF. Moreover, these synapses use a new temporal plasticity rule, which is an order of magnitude longer than spike timing dependent plasticity and prefers reversed presynaptic/postsynaptic activation order. The newly described plasticity compartmentalization of basal dendrites expands the networks plasticity rules and may support different learning and developmental functions.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Potentiates Central Vagal Afferent Signaling by Modulating Ryanodine Channels
Authors: Rogers Richard C. , Van Meter Montina J. , Hermann Gerlinda E.
Published: December 2006

Disease processes such as infection, leukemia, and autoimmune disorders are often associated with nausea, emesis, and anorexia. A common denominator of these rather disparate states is the production of the early, proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) in significant quantities. Recent studies have shown that TNF may act as a neuromodulator in the hindbrain to produce malaise by potentiating visceral afferent signaling at the central processes of the vagus nerve. However, the mechanism by which TNF produces this signal amplification is not known. Our time-lapse calcium imaging studies of individual central vagal afferent varicosities in the caudal brainstem slice preparation show that, although TNF has minimal direct effects to elevate terminal intracellular calcium levels, TNF does potentiate the terminal afferent responses to other stimuli through a ryanodine-based, calcium-induced calcium release mechanism. Such a scheme may explain how TNF sensitizes visceral as well as somatosensory primary afferents.
Long-Term Potentiation in the Juvenile Superior Colliculus Requires Simultaneous Activation of NMDA Receptors and L-type Ca2+Channels and Reflects Addition of Newly Functional Synapses
Authors: Zhao Jian-Ping , Phillips Marnie A. , Constantine-Paton Martha
Published: December 2006

The visual layers of the rodent superficial superior colliculus (sSC) have been the focus of many development studies of the molecular bases of retinotopic map formation, the role of early retinal waves in this process, and the development of glutamate synapses. Previous studies have documented long-term potentiation (LTP), believed to be critical to developmental synapse refinement, in the rodent sSC. However, the means of induction and the preparations used have varied widely, and thus cellular changes underlying this LTP remain ambiguous. Whole-cell and perforated patch clamping were used in this study to elucidate the cellular mechanism of electrically evoked LTP in the juvenile rat sSC. This LTP required relatively low-frequency stimulation (20 Hz) and simultaneous activation of NMDA receptors and L-type Ca2+channels. Experiments focused on narrow-field vertical neurons, a documented excitatory cell type in the stratum griseum superficiale using bipolar stimulation in the stratum opticum. Strontium (Sr2+) replacement of calcium (Ca2+) was applied to study evoked quantal events before and after LTP induction at the same synapses. Paired-pulse ratio and coefficient of variance analyses examined presynaptic release. Increases in quantal frequency were invariably found in the absence of increases in quantal amplitude and probability of release. These data suggest that electrically stimulated LTP, in the juvenile sSC after eye opening, selectively involves the addition or stabilization of AMPA receptors at the large number of silent synapses known to appear in the sSC after eye opening.
Mutant huntingtin Impairs the Post-Golgi Trafficking of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor But Not Its Val66Met Polymorphism
Authors: del Toro Daniel , Canals Josep M. , Ginés Silvia , Kojima Masami , Egea Gustavo , Alberch Jordi
Published: December 2006

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) polymorphism is associated with the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's disease. In view of these data and the involvement of huntingtin in intracellular trafficking, we examined the intracellular transport and release of Val66Val BDNF (Val-BDNF) and Val66Met BDNF (Met-BDNF) in transfected striatal knock-in cells expressing wild-type or mutant full-length huntingtin. Colocalization studies with specific markers for endoplasmic reticulum showed no differences between the Val-BDNF and Met-BDNF and were not modified by mutant huntingtin. However, post-Golgi trafficking was altered by mutant huntingtin dependent on the BDNF form. Thus, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and inverse FRAP analysis showed retention of Met-BDNF in the Golgi apparatus with respect to Val-BDNF in wild-type cells. Strikingly, mutant huntingtin diminished post-Golgi trafficking of Val-BDNF, whereas Met-BDNF was not modified. Accordingly, a reduction in the number of transport vesicles was only observed in mutant huntingtin cells transfected with Val-BDNF but not Met-BDNF. Moreover, mutant huntingtin severely affected the KCl-evoked release of Val-BDNF, although it had little effect on Met-BDNF regulated release. The constitutive release of Val-BDNF or Met-BDNF in mutant cells was only slightly reduced. Interestingly, mutant huntingtin only perturbed post-Golgi trafficking of proteins that follow the regulated secretory pathway (epidermal growth factor receptor or atrial natriuretic factor), whereas it did not change those that follow the constitutive pathway (p75NTR).

We conclude that mutant huntingtin differently affects intracellular transport and release of Val-BDNF and Met-BDNF. In addition, our findings reveal a new role for huntingtin in the regulation of the post-Golgi trafficking of the regulated secretory pathway.
Multiple Circuits Relaying Primate Parallel Visual Pathways to the Middle Temporal Area
Authors: Nassi Jonathan J. , Callaway Edward M.
Published: December 2006

Parallel pathways in the primate visual system parse the sensory signal into magnocellular (M), parvocellular (P), and koniocellular (K) streams. These pathways remain anatomically separate and distinct from their origination in different retinal ganglion cell types, through distinct layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus, and into primary visual cortex (V1), with the M pathway terminating primarily in layer 4Cα, the P pathway in layer 4Cβ, and the K pathway in the cytochrome oxidase blobs of layer 2/3. Recent studies indicate that outputs from V1 are less compartmental than previously thought, making it difficult to assess the contributions of M and P pathways to areas beyond V1 in the dorsal and ventral streams. Here we use rabies virus as a retrograde transsynaptic tracer to study the contributions of M and P pathways to areas middle temporal (MT), V3, and V2 of macaque monkey. We find that, although disynaptic inputs through layer 4C of V1 to dorsal stream area MT are dominated by the M pathway, within an additional three synapses MT receives a substantial P input. This P input is unlikely to reach MT via V3, which we show also receives disynaptic inputs dominated by the M pathway. We find that disynaptic inputs to V2, however, can be more balanced and may carry convergent M and P input to MT. Our observations provide evidence for multiple pathways from V1 to MT, with varying degrees of M and P convergence. Each pathway likely provides functionally specialized information to MT and dorsal stream visual processing.
Lmx1bIs Required for Maintenance of Central Serotonergic Neurons and Mice Lacking Central Serotonergic System Exhibit Normal Locomotor Activity
Authors: Zhao Zhong-Qiu , Scott Michael , Chiechio Santina , Wang Jin-Shan , Renner Kenneth J. , Gereau Robert W. , Johnson Randy L. , Deneris Evan S. , Chen Zhou-Feng
Published: December 2006

Central serotonergic neurons have been implicated in numerous animal behaviors and psychiatric disorders, but the molecular mechanisms underlying their development are not well understood. Here we generatedLmx1b(LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 β) conditional knock-out mice (Lmx1bf/f/p) in whichLmx1bwas only deleted inPet1(pheochromocytoma 12 ETS factor-1)-expressing 5-HT neurons. InLmx1bf/f/pmice, the initial generation of central 5-HT neurons appeared normal. However, the expression of both 5-HT-specific and non-5-HT-specific markers was lost in these neurons at later stages of development. The loss of gene expression is concomitant with downregulation ofLmx1bexpression, with the exception of serotonin transporterSertand tryptophan hydroxylaseTPH2, whose expression appears to be most sensitive toLmx1b.Interestingly, the expression ofPet1is tightly coupled with expression ofLmx1bduring later stages of embryonic development, indicating thatLmx1bmaintainsPet1expression. InLmx1bf/f/pmice, almost all central 5-HT neurons failed to survive. Surprisingly,Lmx1bf/f/pmice survived to adulthood and exhibited normal locomotor activity. These data reveal a critical role ofLmx1bin maintaining the differentiated status of 5-HT neurons.Lmx1bf/f/pmice with normal locomotor function should provide a unique animal model for examining the roles of central 5-HT in a variety of animal behaviors.
Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling in Response to Brain Injury: An Innate Bridge to Neuroinflammation
Authors: Babcock Alicia A. , Wirenfeldt Martin , Holm Thomas , Nielsen Helle H. , Dissing-Olesen Lasse , Toft-Hansen Henrik , Millward Jason M. , Landmann Regine , Rivest Serge , Finsen Bente , Owens Trevor
Published: December 2006

Reactive gliosis is a prominent feature of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disease in the CNS, yet the stimuli that drive this response are not known. There is growing appreciation that signaling through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which is key to generating innate responses to infection, may have pathogen-independent roles. We show that TLR2 was selectively upregulated by microglia in the denervated zones of the hippocampus in response to stereotactic transection of axons in the entorhinal cortex. In mice lacking TLR2, there were transient, selective reductions in lesion-induced expression of cytokines and chemokines. Recruitment of T cells, but not macrophages, was delayed in TLR2-deficient mice, as well as in mice lacking TNFR1 (tumor necrosis factor receptor 1). TLR2 deficiency also affected microglial proliferative expansion, whereas all of these events were unaffected in TLR4-mutant mice. Consistent with the fact that responses in knock-out mice had all returned to wild-type levels by 8 d, there was no evidence for effects on neuronal plasticity at 20 d. These results identify a role for TLR2 signaling in the early glial response to brain injury, acting as an innate bridge to neuroinflammation.
The literary arts in Hume's science of the fancy
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: December 2006

Philosophers have long disagreed about whether poetry, drama, and other literary arts are important to philosophy; and among those who believe that they are important, explanations of that importance have differed greatly. This paper aims to explain and illustrate some of the reasons why Hume found literature to be an important topic for philosophy and philosophers. Philosophy, he holds, can help to explain general and specific literary phenomena, to ground the science of criticism, and to suggest and justify ";principles of art,"; while at the same time literature can provide valuable ";experiments"; for philosophical theorizing and provide it with a model for the science of morals and (in some ways) for philosophy itself. Moreover, the literary arts can not only help one to write better philosophy, in Hume's view; they can also help one to write philosophy better.
Sociabilidade e moralidade: Hume leitor de Mandeville
Authors: Limongi Maria Isabel
Published: December 2006

Hume foi leitor de Mandeville e, dessa leitura, retirou a tarefa de mostrar que a sociabilidade é um berço legítimo e o único possível da moralidade. Pretende-se mostrar como essa tarefa se impôs a Hume a partir de sua leitura de Mandeville e o modo como ele a levou a cabo.
Hume e Peirce acerca do ceticismo cartesiano
Authors: Albieri Sara
Published: December 2006

Hume e Peirce criticam o ceticismo cartesiano baseados em concepções análogas de dúvida e crença enquanto constitutivas do processo de conhecimento. Este artigo visa apresentar a teoria do conhecimento desses autores, baseada na crença, enquanto alternativa ao fundacionismo racionalista de Descartes.
Reflexões sobre a vaidade dos homens: Hume e Matias Aires
Authors: Pinto Paulo Roberto Margutti
Published: December 2006

Faz-se uma comparação entre as abordagens de Hume e de Matias Aires no que concerne à vaidade e seus efeitos sobre a vida humana. O propósito é divulgar as idéias do filósofo brasileiro Matias Aires e revelar o que poderia ser uma falha importante na explicação filosófica humiana da experiência religiosa.
Assimetria causal: um estudo
Authors: Aguiar Túlio
Published: December 2006

Neste artigo, examinamos o aspecto assimétrico da relação causal, confrontando-o com o ponto de vista humiano e neo-humiano. Seguindo Hausman e Ehring, favorecemos uma abordagem situacional para a assimetria causal. Nós exploramos a análise do famoso exemplo do mastro (Flagpole), esclarecendo as conexões entre causação e explicação. Nosso diagnóstico geral é que a tradição neo-humiana supõe, equivocadamente, que as relações nômicas, com exceção de pequenos detalhes, exaurem as relações causais.
O desafio da tartaruga humeana
Authors: Pimentel Elson L. A.
Published: December 2006

Descrevo neste artigo os argumentos que Blackburn colocou na disputa entre Aquiles e a tartaruga a respeito das razões que motivam as ações humanas. Por subscreverem posições nitidamente humeanas, as idéias da tartaruga não se enquadram perfeitamente em nenhuma das correntes polarizadoras das opiniões contemporâneas a respeito do tema, mesmo sendo próximas às dos neo-humeanos. Com isso, o chamado ";desafio humeano";, que joga para o proponente de razoes categóricas o ônus de provar sua existência, fica agravado pelo retorno à posição original de Hume de que não há razões, sejam elas hipotéticas ou categóricas, que movem os homens, apenas as paixões.
O político do medo e o medo da política
Authors: Eisenberg José
Published: December 2006

Este artigo examina o papel do medo na legitimação da autoridade política. Seu argumento é que o medo é um sentimento moral importante na constituição de um soberano legítimo, e para tanto mobiliza exemplos da teoria política e das práticas políticas do século XVI para ilustrá-lo.
Tranculturação e novas utopias
Authors: Groppo Luis Antonio
Published: December 2006

A partir de uma análise de diversos pensadores sociais progressistas situados no mundo periférico, o artigo relaciona o fenômeno da transculturação - concebido como o "outro lado" da galáxia processual chamada de globalização - com a produção, real e possível, de novas utopias. Utopias produzidas a partir do confronto, contraste e interpenetração entre formas de racionalidade "ocidental" e formas sócio-culturais do mundo periférico, os quais geram novos modos de racionalidade baseados na transculturação. Conclui-se que os novos pensamentos progressistas vindos do Sul, do "Terceiro Mundo", onde mais longe foram os processos de transculturação, são os que têm, potencialmente, mais poder criativo diante do caráter complexo e abrangente da modernização na Era do Globalismo.
O sindicalismo, a política internacional e a CUT
Authors: Costa Hermes Augusto
Published: December 2006

O artigo confere uma atenção especial à relação entre sindicalismo e política internacional, um tema escassamente analisado pelos estudiosos do movimento sindical. Na primeira parte, assinalam-se algumas das contrariedades à construção de uma política sindical internacional, tanto a conduzida por organizações sindicais internacionais quanto por organizações sindicais nacionais. Na segunda parte, toma-se a Central Única dos Trabalhadores como objeto de estudo preferencial, identificando-se e caracterizando-se as principais etapas da sua política de relações internacionais.
Visita a Kelsen
Authors: Hart H. L. A.
Published: December 2006

Um dos mais eminentes filósofos do direito do século XX relata seu encontro com outro expoente da área, e tece notas críticas sobre a obra do colega. As notas abrangem três problemas: as "regras de direito em sentido descritivo", a definição de delito e a relação entre moral e direito positivo.
Raça ou classe? Sobre a desigualdade brasileira
Authors: Souza Jessé
Published: December 2006

O tema da desigualdade no Brasil só pode ser compreendido à luz da especificidade de nosso processo de modernização. Isso significa dizer que a determinação do peso específico da variável racial exige um quadro de referência teórico amplo, inclusivo e totalizador. A construção, ainda que tentativa, desse referencial teórico exige resgatar o debate brasileiro acerca dessa questão em meados do século passado. Defende-se aqui que o problema da classe social tem sido injustamente relegado no contexto do debate acerca da singularidade de nossa desigualdade.
Constituição, competição e políticas públicas
Authors: Couto Cláudio Gonçalves
Published: December 2006

Decisões de governo e normas constitucionais têm estatuto e significado distintos. Enquanto as primeiras dizem respeito à conjuntura política, ao jogo democrático corriqueiro, as segundas são a base do próprio funcionamento da democracia, ficando, a princípio, fora do campo de temas que são objeto da deliberação democrática cotidiana. O objetivo do artigo é verificar de que forma aqueles autores que lidaram com a questão das teorias constitucional e democrática - do ponto de vista da ciência política - discutiram esta dicotomia.
A corrupção e os controles internos do estado
Authors: Araújo Marcelo , Sanchez Oscar Adolfo
Published: December 2006

O artigo pretende reavaliar a importância dos Controles Internos da Administração Pública a partir de uma interpretação dada pela Teoria de Agência. O texto argumenta que os Controles Internos, definidos como os controles exercidos por uma organização sobre si própria, podem tornar-se os principais controles sobre a burocracia. O artigo conclui argumentando que os Controles Internos deveriam ser encarados como sendo parte integrante de um sistema de controles político-democráticos.
Representação política, identidade e minorias
Authors: Young Iris Marion
Published: December 2006

O texto examina os dilemas de inclusão enfrentados pela democracia e desenvolve um modelo analítico para se pensar na representação de minorias em termos compatíveis com exigências universalistas inerentes à cidadania e à democracia modernas.
O que torna a representação democrática?
Authors: Urbinati Nadia
Published: December 2006

A autora, seguindo passos já dados por Bernard Manin e outros, mas introduzindo suas próprias inquietações, faz uma reflexão sobre a natureza da representação democrática, mostrando sua originalidade como forma de governo representativo. Seu esforço teórico, nesse sentido, é apontar as diferenças desse modelo em relação à "democracia eleitoral", por um lado, e à "democracia direta", por outro.
Estrutura ou sentimento: a relação com o animal na Amazônia
Authors: Descola Philippe
Published: December 2006

Uma certa tradição antropológica tende a interpretar a simbólica da caça como uma maneira de exprimir a ambivalência, até mesmo a má consciência, que todos os humanos sentiriam ao matarem animais. Se essa interpretação parece legítima no quadro das sociedades modernas, marcadas desde o século XIX por uma evolução profunda das sensibilidades nesse domínio, ela não parece sê-lo para as sociedades pré-modernas, sobre as quais se pode duvidar que partilhem a mesma moral que os cidadãos euro-americanos do fim do século XX. O exemplo do tratamento da caça na Amazônia indígena mostra que a relação com o animal ali é menos determinada por uma gama de sentimentos universais que por esquemas de comportamento enraizados nos sistemas cosmológicos, ontológicos e sociológicos característicos dessa área cultural.
Uma etnologia dos "índios misturados"? Situação colonial, territorialização e fluxos culturais
Authors: Oliveira João Pacheco de
Published: December 2006

Até recentemente os estudos sobre os povos e culturas indígenas do Nordeste brasileiro não constituíram um objeto mais sistemático de investigações, parecendo apenas propiciar uma etnologia secundária e menor. Na visão do autor, isso decorreu da dificuldade de aplicação àquelas culturas dos pressupostos da antropologia americanista, a qual opera com modelos societários que enfatizam a descontinuidade cultural, bem como a objetividade e a exterioridade do observado em face do pesquisador e de sua sociedade. Dialogando com diferentes perspectivas teóricas, o autor delineia ou reelabora algumas noções como, respectivamente, as de "territorialização", "situação colonial", "diáspora" e "viagem da volta" que lhe permitem realizar uma análise compreensiva do processo histórico que veio a transformar tais populações nos grupos étnicos atuais. Sugere, ao final, que os estudos que vêm sendo realizados no Brasil e em diferentes partes do mundo sobre "índios misturados" (isto é, relações interétnicas em áreas de colonização muito antiga) podem contribuir para a construção de uma antropologia mais articulada com a história.
Novas formas econômicas: um relato das terras altas da Papua-Nova Guiné
Authors: Strathern Marilyn
Published: December 2006

Se a inflação em uma economia de mercado implica reajustes na proporção entre bens e dinheiro, a inflação em uma economia do dom deve implicar reajustes na proporção na qual são produzidas as relações. Este artigo trata das mudanças ocorridas nas terras altas da Nova Guiné, nos últimos trinta anos, e de como poder-se-ia interpretar o modo pelo qual certas relações estão se desenvolvendo. Estas relações são aquelas entre clãs, parentes e sexos. Ainda que o artigo abarque três horizontes temporais nesse período, ele é escrito deliberadamente da perspectiva de como o presente (a década de 90) apresenta-se a partir do passado (a década de 60).
A interpretação do nazismo, na visão de Norbert Elias
Authors: Fausto Boris
Published: December 2006

Este trabalho analisa um dos temas centrais do último livro de Norbert Elias: a significação do nazismo. Refere-se às razões da perplexidade das correntes liberal e marxista para dar conta do fenômeno, pelo menos em um primeiro momento. A partir dessa constatação, expõe o ponto de vista de Elias, que se aparta de uma história-progresso, no rumo de um processo civilizatório cada vez mais aperfeiçoado. Procura-se demonstrar como a interpretação de Elias está fundada na análise de longa duração da história alemã, dando relevância à constituição do habitus como um conceito explicativo original que não se confunde com o de caráter nacional. O ensaio discute também o peso secundário, embora não irrelevante, que Elias atribui à conjuntura dos anos 20 e princípios dos anos 30 na implantação do nazismo. Indaga-se, por último, se, na opinião de Elias, o nazismo foi um fenômeno datado e específico e, em função da resposta, quais as possibilidades de sua reemergência no quadro atual.
O crédito entre as classes populares francesas: o exemplo de uma loja em Lens
Authors: Avanza Martina , Laferté Gilles , Penissat Etienne
Published: December 2006

Como pôde ter funcionado, até os dias de hoje, em plena economia desenvolvida, um crédito sem instituição bancária? Graças aos arquivos de uma pequena loja de venda de têxteis e vestuário dirigida aos operários da bacia mineradora do norte da França - dos anos 30 até os dias atuais - pudemos conduzir uma sociologia da clientela e, ao mesmo tempo, dos modos de transação em torno do crédito direto do comerciante à sua clientela. Este crédito face a face entre a comerciante judia e os operários católicos poloneses escapa ao controle político. Tido, desde a Liberação, como usurário e economicamente irracional pelas autoridades públicas, este tipo de crédito ao consumo prospera, no entanto, até os anos 70, nos pontos cegos das tecnologias jurídicas e financeiras da época. Fundamenta-se na confiança mútua de longa duração e no controle no seio dos grupos de relações interpessoais (família, vizinhança, amigos...) tecidos ao sabor de múltiplas interações entre pessoas cujas experiências migratórias se assemelham. A partilha da mesma língua, o conhecimento das práticas de consumo dos católicos - consumo ostentatório popular dos poloneses - fundam a dependência dos clientes em relação aos comerciantes que, por sua vez, tornam acessíveis produtos marcadores de distinções.
De duplos e estereoscópios: paralelismo e personificação nos cantos xamanísticos ameríndios
Authors: Cesarino Pedro de Niemeyer
Published: December 2006

Este artigo apresenta um estudo de exemplares das artes verbais xamanísticas, em sua maioria provenientes da América do Sul, a partir de suas estruturações paralelísticas, isto é, dos efeitos de repetição e justaposição de imagens e versos. Pretende-se não apenas realizar uma revisão bibliográfica do assunto, mas também relacionar o fenômeno da repetição verbal em cantos e narrativas a certas considerações atuais da etnologia americanista, tais como as dinâmicas de personificação, agência sociocósmica e predação. O artigo pretende ainda oferecer pistas e contribuições para o estudo das estéticas transformacionais ameríndias a partir de uma análise comparativa sobre traços específicos da oralidade em performance ritual.
O teatro em Aparecida: a santa e o lobisomem
Authors: Dawsey John C.
Published: December 2006

A seguir, pretende-se discutir a experiência de devotos em Aparecida a partir de um dos textos originários da antropologia da performance, "Points of Contact Between Anthropological and Theatrical Thought" ("Pontos de Contato entre o Pensamento Antropológico e Teatral"), de Richard Schechner. O "desvio" metodológico que se manifesta no texto de Schechner - um diretor de teatro que fez sua aprendizagem antropológica com Victor Turner - é propício para uma discussão do processo ritual que se realiza em Aparecida, onde imagens de liminaridade irrompem na própria imagem da santa. O trajeto percorrido pelos devotos do Jardim das Flores ("buraco dos capetas") requer, porém, ainda outro deslocamento, um duplo movimento capaz não apenas de olhar o cotidiano a partir de Aparecida, mas também de olhar Aparecida às margens das margens, a partir do parque de diversões. Eis uma questão: aquilo que a liturgia e o processo ritual separam em Aparecida, para fins de compor a imagem impassível da santa no espaço do sagrado, reúne-se nas imagens carregadas de tensões no Jardim das Flores. Seria o parque de diversões um dispositivo através do qual a cultura popular propicia um retorno do suprimido? Estados somáticos e formas de inervação corporal associados à experiência do pasmo, que fazem parte da história incorporada de mulheres e homens do "buraco dos capetas", irrompem no espetáculo da mulher-lobisomem, entre outros do parque de diversões. Às margens das margens, com efeitos de pasmo, ali se produz um duplo estranhamento: em relação ao cotidiano e ao extraordinário também.
A identidade à flor da pele: etnografia da prática da tatuagem na contemporaneidade
Authors: Pérez Andrea Lissett
Published: December 2006

No presente artigo, realiza-se uma descrição etnográfica da prática da tatuagem na contemporaneidade, a partir de uma perspectiva que prioriza as noções da prática, das interações e das experiências vividas durante o processo de ser tatuado. A reflexão tenta reconstruir uma visão total da prática da tatuagem que abrange o mundo subjetivo e as dinâmicas sociais como partes constitutivas desse ato. Entre as idéias conclusivas estão, de um lado, o surgimento de uma nova normalidade estética e vivencial no seio da sociedade ocidental e, de outro, a configuração de uma nova subjetividade, a dos "tatuados", como um processo interativo, inovador, emotivo e reflexivo, em que o corpo se converte em uma forma de expressão e construção do sujeito.
Antropologia e direitos humanos: alteridade e ética no movimento de expansão dos direitos universais
Authors: Segato Rita Laura
Published: December 2006

Depois de examinar diversos aspectos e alternativas de saída da tensão entre o relativismo da antropologia e o universalismo dos direitos humanos, a autora propõe que o movimento de expansão destes origina-se no "desejo ético" de uma "ética da insatisfação" que, no deslocamento antropológico para a perspectiva do outro, pode se nutrir. Chega, por essa via, à fundamentação teórica de uma antropologia engajada e de um momento disciplinar já não definido meramente como o estudo dos outros ou do espelhamento reflexivo do mundo do antropólogo neles, mas de uma prática disciplinar renovada por uma "disponibilidade" para os outros e exposta deliberadamente à sua interpelação e à sua demanda.
Patrimônio, negociação e conflito
Authors: Velho Gilberto
Published: December 2006

O artigo examina a problemática do patrimônio cultural, focalizando o processo de negociação da realidade. Chama a atenção para os aspectos de divergência e conflito a partir de valores e interesses diferenciados dos atores envolvidos. Alguns exemplos são citados, como o tombamento do terreiro de candomblé, Casa Branca, em Salvador, Bahia, e o caso paradigmático de Copacabana. Procura-se mostrar que as políticas públicas de patrimônio não podem ser dissociadas da heterogeneidade e complexidade da vida social.
Authentic Literacy Activities for Developing Comprehension and Writing
Authors: Duke Nell K. , Purcell‐Gates Victoria , Hall Leigh A. , Tower Cathy
Published: December 2006

Authentic literacy activities in the classroom replicate and reflect literacy activities that occur in people's lives outside of school and instructional contexts. A growing body of research supports use of such activities in teaching and learning.

The authors elaborate on the definition of authentic literacy, describe supporting research and theory, and give examples of authentic literacy activities documented in a research study. They identify strategies teachers can use to implement these activities for reading and writing, focusing particularly on science instruction.
Telling Stories and Talking Facts: First Graders' Engagements in a Nonfiction Book Club
Authors: Heller Mary F.
Published: December 2006

Four 6‐year‐old girls participated in a nonfiction book club during reading/language arts classes. Ten of the sessions featured illustrated nonfiction. The girls' oral and written response to the texts involved telling stories (personal and fictional) and talking facts (literal telling/retelling), with the latter being predominate. The girls were engaged and animated in their responses, suggesting that nonfiction can be used successfully with young children—and, notably, with girls, who are often thought to prefer fiction and storybooks.
Mind Magnets
Authors: Fortenberry Callie L. , Fowler Teri W.
Published: December 2006

Mind magnets are maps to guide instruction and facilitate the comprehension processes. They extend individual comprehension strategy instruction, which does not typically show students how to link application of appropriate strategies to whole texts.

The mind magnet framework allows teachers to plan powerful interactions between the reader and the text to maximize comprehension. A mind magnet is not a strategy but rather a technique used to activate the metacognitive processes of knowing how and when to apply a strategy to enhance comprehension. Mind magnets employ before‐, during‐, and after‐reading activities designed to attract the reader's thoughts to elements of text critical for meaning construction.
Revisiting the Role of Miscue Analysis in Effective Teaching
Authors: McKenna Michael C. , Picard Michelle Cournoyer
Published: December 2006

Miscue analysis has been used by teachers and reading specialists for more than 30 years. Its purpose is to reveal strengths and weaknesses in how children process text and thereby inform instruction for individual learners. But is it still a useful approach?

The authors assert that miscue analysis can indeed be a useful tool, though not for all the reasons its advocates have asserted over the years. Instead, educators should use miscue analysis more narrowly to monitor children's use of particular strategies during reading, particularly as they move from context dependency to automatic decoding.
High‐Poverty Schools That Beat the Odds
Authors: Cunningham Patricia M.
Published: December 2006

Poverty is a strong predictor of lack of academic success in reading, and schools serving high‐poverty populations are more likely to show weak performance in high‐stakes tests. But some schools manage to beat these odds, with students outperforming peers from more advantaged neighborhoods. Why?

The author showcases six high‐poverty schools where large numbers of children pass state tests. Teachers indicated that the most important factors influencing their schools' success are the amount of instruction provided, time devoted to real reading and writing, perseverance and persistence, and high levels of student engagement.
Importance of complex traits
Authors: Lee Joseph H.
Published: December 2006

Genetic studies of complex traits have yielded limited success. Yet it is important to study these complex traits since they represent major public health burden. Here I discuss the reasons for the difficulties and provide some successes as examples. Although no single approach is optimal for all traits, family‐based linkage methods followed by association methods have been most successful in identifying susceptibility genes for complex traits. With use of quantitative traits, these studies are designed to identify susceptibility genes that confer smaller effects. Large population‐based epidemiologic studies, on the other hand, are better suited for characterization of genes. In sum, it is important to choose an optimal study design for the hypothesis of interest and apply multiple integrated approaches.
Functional annotation of the mouse genome: the challenge of phenotyping
Authors: Brown Steve D. M.
Published: December 2006

Deciphering the function of all the genes in the human genome represents a major challenge in functional genomics for the twentyfirst century. The mouse is a key model organism in this endeavour. Programs are underway to generate mutations for every gene in the mouse genome. Determining the phenotype of each of these mouse mutants will be critical to the functional annotation of the mammalian genome and is dependent upon developments in the standardization and sophistication of phenotyping platforms as well as improvements in phenotype data tools.
Terminal osseous dysplasia with pigmentary defects: Clinical description of a new family
Authors: Baroncini Anna , Castelluccio Pia , Morleo Manuela , Soli Fiorenza , Franco Brunella
Published: December 2006

Terminal osseous dysplasia with pigmentary defects is an extremely rare condition characterized by the triad of pigmentary anomalies of the skin, skeletal abnormalities of the limbs and recurring digital fibromatosis of childhood, with considerable interfamilial and intrafamilial variability of expression. It has recently been added to the small group of X‐linked dominant disorder with prenatal male lethality on the basis of a four‐generation pedigree in which only females were affected, male progeny was decreased and the number of spontaneous abortions was increased. In this clinical report, we describe a 2‐year‐old girl with full expression of the syndrome including skin defects, skeletal anomalies and recurrent fibromatosis of fingers and toes and her mother who presents with only multiple hypertrophic oral frenula. As previously demonstrated, our patients also show an extremely skewed X‐inactivation on blood cells, strongly suggesting that there is selective disadvantage for cells carrying the mutated gene on their active X chromosome. Terminal osseous dysplasia with pigmentary defects could represent an additional example of extreme intrafamilial variability as already described for other X‐linked dominant disorders. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuropathic features in fragile X premutation carriers
Authors: Berry‐Kravis Elizabeth , Goetz Christopher G. , Leehey Maureen A. , Hagerman Randi J. , Zhang Lin , Li Lexin , Nguyen Danh , Hall Deborah A. , Tartaglia Nicole , Cogswell Jennifer , Tassone Flora , Hagerman Paul J.
Published: December 2006

Fragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a progressive neurological condition occurring in fragile X premutation carriers, predominantly males, and resulting in CNS dysfunction including tremor, ataxia, Parkinsonism, and cognitive decline. Neuropathic signs have also been described. The objective of this study was to compare neuropathic signs in fragile X premutation carriers versus controls and determine the relationship of these signs to CGG repeat length and tremor/ataxia. A neuropathy scale was utilized to compare distal tendon reflexes and vibration sense in subjects from a large cohort of carriers and controls undergoing neurological exam and structured videotaping sessions for movement disorder rating. The male carrier group displayed more impairment on total neuropathy, vibration and reflex scores than the corresponding control group, while female carriers were not significantly different from controls. In males, after correction for age effects, there was a correlation between CGG repeat length and both total neuropathy and reflex impairments. Age‐adjusted partial correlation analyses showed an association between neuropathy scores and severity of ataxia but not tremor in carrier males and females. These data suggest that neuropathic signs are associated with the fragile X premutation, presumably occurring through the same mechanism proposed for CNS disease, namely, toxicity from expanded‐CGG‐repeat FMR1 mRNA. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unusually severe expression of craniofacial features in Aarskog‐Scott syndrome due to a novel truncating mutation of the FGD1 gene
Authors: Orrico A. , Galli L. , Obregon M.G. , de Castro Perez M.F. , Falciani M. , Sorrentino V.
Published: December 2006

Aarskog‐Scott syndrome (AAS) is a rare, clinically and genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by facial dysmorphic features, short stature, brachydactyly, and genital anomalies. The X‐linked form is caused by mutations of the FGD1 gene. Although clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria are well established, diagnosis is not simple, as the spectrum of phenotypical features may be extremely variable. Here, we report on the clinical and genetic characterization of a family in which molecular analyses revealed the inheritance of a novel truncating mutation of the FDG1 gene (c.945insC) in two affected brothers, with one of them displaying unusually severe craniofacial abnormalities. This previously unreported combination of anomalies might be due to the occurrence of two distinct disorders (AAS and hemifacial microsomia) or may represent an extension of the AAS phenotypic spectrum. Our findings highlight the phenotypic heterogeneity of AAS, supporting the opinion that the FGD1 mutations result in a broad spectrum of severity and, in some cases, may express a clinical appearance very different than typically described. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.