bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creativity
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: February 2019

Creativity results from neural processes that include binding of representations, generation of new concepts and rules, and the application of analogies. The Semantic Pointer Architecture accommodates the full range of multimodal representations needed for creativity in the domains of scientific discovery, technological invention, artistic imagination, and social innovation. New semantic pointers can be generated by convolution-based bindings in ways that produce new and useful images, concepts, rules, and analogies. Procedural creativity is the generation of new methods expressed as rules. The pragmatic focus of creative problem solving and the evaluation of the goal relevance of new products can be carried out by emotions. Competition among semantic pointers explains how the realization that one might have done something creative enters consciousness.
The Self
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: February 2019

The self is a complex of mechanisms at multiple levels that include the molecular and the social. Semantic pointers are crucial to the self with respect to various phenomena, including how one represents oneself to oneself and to others, as well as in how one evaluates oneself. Also explained are operations that the self does to itself in efforts to achieve short-term goals such as self-control and long-term goals such as self-fulfillment. Semantic pointer explanations of images, concepts, and other mental representations are important for understanding how selves accomplish their goals. Representations of the self via semantic pointers can recursively be bound into semantic pointers for beliefs, desires, and intentions. Discussion of the social mechanisms relevant to the self begins to connect neural and mental mechanisms with discussions of social sciences and professions.
Cambridge Legal Studies and Anderson’s Sense of the ‘Modern’
Authors: Thompson Todd M.
Published: February 2019

This chapter charts Norman Anderson’s early education at St. Lawrence College, Ramsgate, and Cambridge University. Its places his approach to law and to Islam in their intellectual and cultural contexts and provides a foundation for analysis and assessment of the project of Islamic legal reform that would grow to become his life’s work. It provides an analysis of Anderson’s views of law and Islam against the backdrop of evolving conceptions of modernity and shifting Christian theological understandings of non-Christian religions. Anderson was particularly influenced by traditions of reflection on comparative law initiated by Henry Maine and appraisals of Islam shaped by conservative Evangelicalism.
A Documentary History of the Book of Mormon
Authors: Morris Larry E.
Published: February 2019

This book includes key documents, along with annotation, related to the origin of the Book of Mormon, from Joseph Smith’s first mention of the gold plates to the book’s publication in 1830. Smith claimed that on the night of September 21–22, 1823, an angel, later identified as Moroni, appeared to him and informed him of an ancient record, inscribed on gold plates, buried in the nearby Hill Cumorah. Smith finally obtained the plates in 1827, and, assisted by Martin Harris, began translating in 1828. After Harris lost the first 116 pages of the manuscript, however, translation essentially ceased until 1829, when Oliver Cowdery arrived on the scene. The Book of Mormon, considered scripture by believers, was finally published in Palmyra, New York, in 1830. Key topics discussed in both introductions and endnotes include the question of whether Smith’s story of the angel actually originated as a treasure-seeking yarn, whether the gold plates actually existed, and whether the testimonies of the three witnesses and eight witnesses count as historical evidence.
“The Same Heavenly Messenger Delivered Them Up To Me”
Authors: Morris Larry E.
Published: February 2019

Joseph Knight and Josiah Stowell visited the Smith family on September 20, 1827. Two days later, Joseph and his wife, Emma Smith, rode in a wagon to the Hill Cumorah, and Joseph obtained the gold plates from the angel Moroni. William and Katharine Smith handled the plates but did not see them. According to Joseph, he also received other artifacts, including the Urim and Thummim, the Liahona, the brass plates, and the sword of Laban. Neighbor Lorenzo Saunders heard the story directly from Joseph Smith. Other neighbors ransacked Smith property searching for the plates. With the assistance of Martin Harris, Joseph and Emma arranged to move to Harmony, Pennsylvania.
“Written by the Hand of Mormon”
Authors: Morris Larry E.
Published: February 2019

In June 1829, Joseph Smith and Martin Harris began contacting printers, including Thurlow Weed, who declined a contract, and Egbert B. Grandin, who eventually agreed to publish the Book of Mormon. Oliver Cowdery prepared a printer’s copy of the manuscript, and printing began in late August or early September. Employees of the print shop, including Pomeroy Tucker, Albert Chandler, and John H. Gilbert, later described the process in detail. During this same period, Cornelius Blatchly published an early newspaper article about the Book of Mormon, Abner Cole began illegally publishing extracts from the Book of Mormon, and a controversial revelation dealing with the Canadian copyright was dictated. In March 1830, the Wayne Sentinel announced the publication of the Book of Mormon.
Target Audiences of Afghan Narratives and Stories
Authors: Johnson Thomas H. , DuPee Matthew , Shaaker Wali
Published: February 2019

This chapter assesses the explicit target audiences of Taliban narratives and associated stories. These targets include – Local populations that are neutral/undecided toward the Taliban cause (Figure 3.20), local supports and sympathizers (Figure 3.2), local opposition (Figure 3.3), neighboring populations (Figure 3.4), and international population (Figure 3.5). The chapter introduces means of delivery for each of the audiences suggested and examines their respective messages’ strengths and weaknesses.
Taliban and Afghan Insurgent Magazines, Circulars, and Newsletters
Authors: Johnson Thomas H. , DuPee Matthew , Shaaker Wali
Published: February 2019

This is the first in a series of chapters that explicitly examines different Taliban narrative and story delivery means. Specifically this chapter discusses Afghan insurgent periodicals and newsletters. Specific periodicals examined include – Al Somood (Resistance), Srak (Beam of Light), Tora Bora Magazine, Shahamat (Courage/Bravery), In Fight, Elham (Inspiration/Revelation), Murchal (Trench), Mesaq-i-Esaar (Covenant of Sacrifice), Ihsas (Feelings), Resalat (Duty), Zamir (Conscience), Hittin, Wahdat, Nawa-I Afghan Jihad (Voice or melody of the Afghan Jihad), Likwal’ Hewad, and Khabroona. Variables such as content, length, languages used, frequency of publication, and origination are discussed for each periodical and newsletter.
The Taliban’s Use of Shabnamah (Night Letters)1
Authors: Johnson Thomas H. , DuPee Matthew , Shaaker Wali
Published: February 2019

Chapter 5 focuses on a traditional Afghan means to communicate at the Afghan village level – Shabnamah or Night Letters. The tropes of this Taliban IO device include: impact of “foreign invaders” on Afghanistan and how they have traditionally been defeated, Kabul’s “puppet regime.” “cosmic conflict nature of Taliban’s battle, “crusaders promoting the destruction of Islam and Afghan life, the power of “martyrdom,” and revenge and honor. Numerous actual Taliban Shabnamah are presented and translated and assessed relative to their explicit stories. Table 5.1 presents the thematic lines of operation for Taliban night letters including: counter-collaboration, counter-education, counter-reconstruction, counter-mobility, and counter-stability. The rest of the chapter analyses a wide variety of night letters and their associated stories.
Conclusions
Authors: Johnson Thomas H. , DuPee Matthew , Shaaker Wali
Published: February 2019

This chapter suggests that the Taliban maintained simple strategic communication objectives that resonated with their major targeted audiences. The main Taliban messages revolved around: removing foreign invaders from Afghanistan; Afghans have traditionally defeated foreign “infidel invaders”; the Taliban are selfless heroes defending Islam and an Afghan’s way of life; every Afghan has an obligation to join the jihad; the Kabul Government is apostate, corrupt and a puppet of the U.S.; likewise, the Afghan security forces are corrupt and ineffective, and; NATO and the U.S. are killing Afghan innocents. In conclusion, the Taliban information artifacts appear to be deeply rooted in the Afghan people. They appeal to emotions, that foe the most part, are not understood by the West. This lack of understanding, in par, has ultimately doomed Western engagement in Afghanistan and contributed to the West losing the battle of the story in Afghanistan and, therefore, the war.
Introduction
Authors: Rush Smith Nicholas
Published: February 2019

The brief introductory chapter lays out the questions for the book, connects vigilantism to broad questions about democratic state formation, and suggests the power of understanding vigilantism in South Africa as a means to understanding politics in emerging democracies generally. It shows how existing explanations are inadequate for understanding vigilantism in varying parts of South Africa. The chapter also sets up the narrative that follows in subsequent chapters, which tracks vigilante violence from the late apartheid era, through the early democratic state’s attempts to monopolize violence, citizens’ resistance to these efforts, and ultimately to the state’s mimicking of vigilantism today.
Vigilantism and the Contradictions of Democratic State Formation
Authors: Rush Smith Nicholas
Published: February 2019

This chapter argues that vigilantism is a response to processes of democratic state formation—particularly the extension of procedural rights—and is enabled by dense civic ties. It also shows how vigilantism is a metaphor for processes of democratic state formation, which unsettles common theoretical assumptions that democratic states are directed toward protecting citizens. By seeing states as inherently protective, the chapter argues that scholars overlook the ways in which that protection may be premised on vigilante-like procedureless police violence against groups of citizens deemed dangerous—in South Africa predominantly young men of color. Rather than protective, these men often experience the state as terrorizing.
Crime and Uncertainty
Authors: Idler Annette
Published: February 2019

Chapter 5 discusses security dynamics in the context of unstable short-term arrangements among violent non-state groups. These arrangements cluster at illicit business hubs, including at strategic nodes where various illicit flows coalesce and at the starting points of international trafficking routes. In such contexts of inter-group mistrust, community members are exposed to selective killings carried out by violent non-state groups to preempt or retaliate cheating or betrayal. This engenders a constant presentiment of danger among community members. General distrust and uncertainty erodes the community’s social fabric. Depending on the specific type of arrangement, community members can adapt their behavior to various degrees to the logics of illicit economies or employ avoidance strategies to minimize exposure to violence. Impunity across the border conceals violence against those who are considered obstacles to the illicit business.
Governance and Consent
Authors: Idler Annette
Published: February 2019

Chapter 6 discusses security dynamics in contexts where violent non-state groups engage in relatively stable long-term arrangements with each other. They coexist or ally on the same territory, or one group dominates and engages in stable interactions at the margins of that territory. It demonstrates how these groups complement each other in assuming governance functions. Depending on the specific arrangement type, community members have reasonable certainty about the prevailing rules and on how to avoid exposure to violence. When locals consent to the groups as governance providers, shadow citizenship and shadow citizen security arise. In such situations, security emerges from a mutually reinforcing relationship between violent non-state groups and the community in which armed actors provide public goods and services, and define the rules of appropriate behavior, while community members socially recognize their illicit authority. If shadow citizenship extends across the borderline, the transnationality of borderlands disguises the armed actors’ illicit authority.
Focal Case Examples
Authors: Kruse Tina P.
Published: February 2019

This section revisits the focal case examples of the previous sections of the book and relates them to the topics covered in Section V: the SOUL Sisters Leadership Collective (SSLC) and the Cookie Cart. It also concludes and gives a generalised overall picture of the impact the two groups have on their respective communities. SSLC embodies “other ways of being with youth” for their partner agencies, which is a form of teaching and impact. As for Cookie Cart, they make an ongoing, intentional effort to be a connected member of their neighborhood.
Self-Uncanny
Authors: Ravetto-Biagioli Kriss
Published: February 2019

Self-Uncanny looks at the interface between humans and digital technologies in the work of Rafael Lozano-Hemmer, focusing on the screen as a site of encounter that is shadowed by surveillance and profiling devices. It begins by examining how interactive screens reposition us as users rather than just spectators. While the contemporary shift from spectator to user seems to offer more agency, it also questions our subjectivity. We are no longer treated as subjects or addressees, but as sources of information that is collected, analyzed, and sorted by algorithms—algorithms that see us as members of categories (age, gender, buying power, political outlook, etc.). We do experience the effects of such categorizations (like being turned down for a mortgage or denied access to healthcare), but we are not capable of experiencing how the categories our data profile has been put in affect our lives.
Uncanny Affect
Authors: Ravetto-Biagioli Kriss
Published: February 2019

“Uncanny Affect” examines ghostly gestures that we cannot consciously experience but only perceive through digital technologies. The work of Bill Viola, one of today’s best-known video artists, focuses on the intersections of new media and the metaphysics of human experiences like death, consciousness, spirituality, and emotion. Many of his recent installations manipulate our sense of time by using a “Phantom camera” that is able to create an extreme slow-motion effect when played back at normal speed. These high-definition installation art works produce the simultaneous disappearance of the readable (intentional movements, iconic gestures, and performative emotions) and the appearance of previously imperceptible micro-movements (facial tics and gestural twitches). They visualize what we cannot experience as embodied perception. This generates uncanny visceral affects. Rather than offering us a new understanding of human interiority (suffering, elation, anger and spirituality), Viola’s work leaves us only with uncertainty as a visceral affect.
Uncanny Feedback
Authors: Ravetto-Biagioli Kriss
Published: February 2019

Combining dance with digital and sound art, the performances of Simon Biggs, Sue Hawksley, and Garth Paine produce uncanny effects at the interface of the movement of the performer’s body with the software and technological apparatus that track, map, and interact with it. In Bodytext, Crosstalk, Blowup and Dark Matter the uncanny is neither presented as a questioning of subjectivity nor does it emerge from the viewer’s experience of the artwork, but is rather created within the artwork itself, from the feedback among its different interacting elements. “Uncanny Feedback” examines how interactivity between humans and digital media generates uncanny events. Interactivity is not simply a play of surface effects but a complex interactive performance that explores the inter-relationships between kinesthetic experiences and memory, muscle memory and intentional movement, and dance as an imagined movement, a form of interaction, gesture and response to voice recognition, sonification and audio programming.
Uncanny Aesthetics
Authors: Ravetto-Biagioli Kriss
Published: February 2019

Uncanny aesthetics examines how the discourse of the uncanny emerged from a reading of E. T. A Hoffmann’s short story “The Sandman,” in the works of Ernst Jentsch and Sigmund Freud, and how these readings have shaped the way we think about the uncanny as both experiential and aesthetic. These interpretations demonstrate, as Samuel Weber puts it, “a certain indecidability” between what we personally experience and what is predetermined. The uncanny has, however, shifted from a fear of confronting unhuman objects to the fear of being exposed to others beyond the devices and programs with which we have intimate relations, and the existential crisis of not measuring up to the technologies that simulate us.
Conscious Subjects, Conscious Unity, and Five Arguments for Anti-Combination
Authors: Roelofs Luke
Published: February 2019

This chapter looks at five arguments that have been advanced to show that minds cannot combine (under the heading of the “combination problem for panpsychism”) and considers the options for addressing them. They are the subject-summing argument, the unity argument, the privacy argument, the boundary argument, and the incompatible contexts argument. All of these arguments, under scrutiny, turn out to rest on assumptions either about the metaphysics of subjects of experience or about the unity of consciousness, so this chapter contains some in-depth examination of these two topics. For both topics, there is room for a range of plausible but conflicting views, and so the chapter outlines a plan to sketch three different theories of mental combination, starting from different assumptions about subjects and unity.
The Problems of Structural Discrepancy
Authors: Roelofs Luke
Published: February 2019

This chapter considers a particular set of combination problems facing panpsychism, based on the apparent structural discrepancy between human consciousness and the microphysical structure of the brain. These problems have been termed the revelation problem, the palette problem, and the mismatch problem, and this chapter seeks to resolve them by developing a series of connected hypotheses about how phenomenal qualities combine and blend based on informational relations among them: the radical confusion hypothesis, the small palette hypothesis, and the informational structure hypothesis. These hypotheses are also shown to be compatible with moderate versions of the revelation thesis, the idea that by undergoing experience we are acquainted with the nature of experience.
The Education of TR
Authors: Thompson John M.
Published: February 2019

Chapter 1 focuses on the origins of TR’s statecraft. It argues that the formative years of his political career played a key role in shaping his foreign policy. Before becoming president, he honed his ability to garner publicity for himself and his agenda. The most important means for this objective was the press, and this chapter traces the salient elements of TR’s relationship with journalists and editors. The first chapter also examines TR’s political worldview and argues that, in spite of an independent streak, he became a staunch and highly partisan member of the Republican Party and resisted the temptation to become a mugwump, like some other reformist Republicans. All of this had a crucial impact on his career, as TR’s foreign policy was linked to his ambitions for his career and party. The first chapter also examines the origins of TR’s thinking about two crucial great power nations, Britain and Germany, which figured prominently in US domestic politics during his career.
A Subject of Such Weight
Authors: Thompson John M.
Published: February 2019

Chapter 2 examines how TR handled the politics of European interventions in Latin America from 1901 to 1903, especially a blockade of Venezuela spearheaded by Britain and Germany. It argues that TR’s reading of public opinion was a central factor in the evolution of his thinking about the Monroe Doctrine, in that he initially overestimated the willingness of Americans to tolerate European interventions in Latin America. The chapter documents how fierce criticism of the Venezuela blockade, most of which was directed at Germany and which caused problems for Roosevelt with the nation’s large German-American community—a constituency whose support he would need in the 1904 election—played a crucial role in the formulation of the Roosevelt Corollary.
The Stern, Unflinching Performance of Duty
Authors: Thompson John M.
Published: February 2019

Chapter 7 analyzes Roosevelt’s career after leaving the White House, with a focus on World War I. It considers his relationship with Woodrow Wilson and argues that, although TR disagreed with Wilson on key policies and regarding Wilson’s leadership style, his attacks on the president were personal and often so extreme that they were counterproductive. The chapter argues that though Roosevelt’s advocacy of two themes, preparedness and Americanism, initially attracted limited support, by 1916 he had begun to play a key role in shaping public discussions about the war. Though Roosevelt’s rhetoric was sometimes incendiary and contributed to discrimination against German-Americans and antiwar figures such as Senator Robert La Follette, by 1918 he emerged as a leading candidate for president in 1920. Only TR’s death, in early 1919, prevented his return to the pinnacle of US politics.
Iran, an Unexpected Sunni Hub between
Authors: Dudoignon Stéphane A.
Published: February 2019

Looking at the Sunni religious networks in Iran, Stéphane Dudoignon shows how Iran is an interface between South Asia and the Gulf monarchies. This process went through the progressive building of a Sunni community of Iran, which is for the first time able to gather Sunnis from various ethno-national backgrounds. A recipient of Sunni influences from South Asia, the Shi‘a Islamic Republic, by coopting some influential Sunni religious leaders, has been able to re-export them to some Gulf monarchies, building for itself an unexpected form of Sunni soft power.
Introduction
Authors: Roy Olivier
Published: February 2019

Tribes may or not join jihad, they may or not adopt some sort of Salafism. But when they do it they both give a new form to tribal traditions and experience an internal social transformation. Turning Salafis allows to claim membership of a supra tribal but virtual community while objecting to the state that tribesmen are holier than the state. Jihad allows to reformulate their opposition to the local state by referring to a global entity above this state: al Qaeda or ISIS. In the meantime jihad gives an opportunity for a younger generation and/or dominated clans to take the leadership. In both cases neither Salafism nor jihad erase tribal loyalties or rivalries: they allow tribes to recast their identity in a global world.
Tribes and Political Islam in the Borderland between Egypt and Libya
Authors: Hüsken Thomas
Published: February 2019

This chapter deals with political, social, economic and cultural patterns that are involved in the development of political Islam and Islamism among the Awlad ‘Ali Bedouin in the borderland of Egypt and Libya. It argues that the rise of political Islam and jihadism among the Awlad ‘Ali is not a result of their form of social organization as a tribal confederation but related to broader developments in the Middle East. Although it is true that there are jihadist networks within tribes in a number of societies in the Middle East, and that some factions of certain tribes have forged political and military alliances with jihadist movements, the same could be said about any other social group, class or milieu in the Arab Middle East. Instead, the rise of Islamism is presented as part of the competitive character of a heterarchichal order in the borderland.
Between the ‘Kanuri’ and Others
Authors: Mbowou Claude
Published: February 2019

One of the common explanations for the expansion of Boko Haram in Lake Chad Basin is to consider that it has been fostered by the links between the jihadist movement and Kanuris. Indeed, the area of this insurgency largely covers the historical settlement area of Kanuris between northeastern Nigeria, the far-north of Cameroon and southeastern of Niger. Many Boko Haram supporters are from Kanuri populations. Yet many victims of this insurgency also belong to this community. Based on observations made in the far-north of Cameroon, this chapter calls into question the primacy of community ties in the diffusion of Boko Haram. It highlights the ability of the jihadist movement to undermine the tribal system upon which the state has always based its local domination. In particular, it shows how Boko Haram, whose social base is in reality trans-communal, has been able to take advantage of inequalities and divisions within tribes to create links stronger than community ties. This has taken place in a context of contestation of state and community elites by the marginalized peoples living in these border areas.
Sirte’s Tribes Under the Islamic State
Authors: Collombier Virginie
Published: February 2019

This chapter focuses on the Libyan coastal city of Sirte, a former stronghold of Mu’ammar Qaddafi and his regime, and analyses the circumstances under which it fell under the control of the Islamic State (IS) between 2015 and 2017. It argues that the tribal character of the local society combined with the influence of the Salafist current within the tribes and their search for a channel to regain political influence and military power after the regime change are not sufficient to explain why IS could develop and take root in Sirte. Rather, it underlines the dramatic impact of the 2011 war on relations of power and authority within the local communities, as well as the incapacity of Libya’s transitional authorities to provide security in the city as key factors that contributed to Sirte becoming a Jihadist platform in Libya and North Africa.
Conclusion
Authors: Collombier Virginie
Published: February 2019

Based on the different case studies gathered in this volume, the conclusion argues that the weakening or collapse of state power, deep socio-economic transformations and civil warfare, as well as the subsequent crisis of tribal leadership and community cohesion have constituted a fertile ground for the development and rooting of jihadist groups in various tribal areas of the Middle East and Africa. The sense of threat that members of local tribes experienced in a changing environment has led to forms of cooperation when tribesmen and jihadists had a common interest in building bridges between the local and the global, beyond and sometimes against the state. Direct threat has also been key to the expansion of global jihadist forces in tribal areas.
Tracing the Process of Borrowing with Fieldwork
Authors: Bunte Jonas B.
Published: February 2019

The theory proposed in this book makes several assumptions about actors’ preferences and the process by which borrowing decisions are made. Qualitative evidence is needed to assess the accuracy of these assumptions. This chapter introduces the rationale for the case selection: identify three countries that are as similar as possible in many dimensions (history, geography, culture, economic and political system, etc.) but represent the variation in the key independent variable as proposed by theory. Ecuador was chosen as a representative of a Corporatist Coalition between Labor and Industry, Colombia stands for a Capital Coalition between Finance and Industry, while Peru represents a Consumer Coalition between Labor and Finance. The chapter also offers details on the qualitative methodology, such as recruitment process and interview method.
Ecuador
Authors: Bunte Jonas B.
Published: February 2019

A Corporatist Coalition characterizes Ecuador, as Labor and Industry are the dominant political actors, while Finance is marginalized. Interviews with representatives of these groups demonstrate that they have a strong preference against loans from multilateral organizations such as the World Bank and the IMF. Instead, both groups expect to gain material benefits with loans from the Chinese government. The qualitative evidence shows that Ecuadorian politicians know of these preferences among Labor and Industry. They are responsive to the demands of the Corporatist Coalition to increase the chances of their electoral success. Furthermore, interviews show that borrowing decisions are not a technocratic exercise, but rather the result of an explicitly political process that allows politicians to influence which creditor is used. As a result, the Ecuadorian government rejected loan offers by multilateral organizations and Western governments, and instead borrowed from China and Brazil.
Measuring Borrowing Portfolios and Group Strength
Authors: Bunte Jonas B.
Published: February 2019

This chapter describes how data for the statistical analysis were obtained. First, the dependent variable captures countries’ borrowing portfolios, that is, the share of loans obtained from a particular type of creditor. The main difficulty lies in obtaining reliable data on loan inflows from emerging creditors, such as China. In contrast to existing approaches focused on loan outflows from China, this book instead collects information on the loan inflows as recorded in the budgets of recipient countries. Second, the key independent variable is the type of societal coalition. The relative political strength of Labor, Industry, and Finance determines which type of coalition is present. However, their relative political influence cannot be observed directly. The chapter describes how proxies were derived by combining information about the groups’ ability to overcome collective action problems with their importance to the domestic economy.
Evaluating Alternative Explanations
Authors: Bunte Jonas B.
Published: February 2019

This chapter evaluates alternative explanations for differences in borrowing portfolios across developing countries. The analysis suggests that borrowing portfolios result from the interaction of supply- and demand-side factors, through their relative importance differs across creditors. Loans from private creditors are more heavily shaped by creditors’ preferences, while recipient preferences strongly affect borrowing from public creditors. The analysis finds no evidence that recognizing Taiwan negatively affects the loan volume obtained from China. Recipient governments do not appear to decide among creditors based on the interest rate of loans offered. Borrowing portfolios do not depend on the use to which the loan is put as differences in borrowing portfolios across coalitions remain irrespective of infrastructure needs, humanitarian emergencies, and debt crises. This suggests that recipients do not use particular creditors for specific projects. Lastly, domestic political considerations appear more important in determining governments’ borrowing decisions than their ideological alignment with creditor governments.
Why Greater Choice Matters for Developing Countries
Authors: Bunte Jonas B.
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews the findings from the qualitative and quantitative analyses and discusses key implications. The results provide insights into the competition between traditional and emerging creditors. It is unlikely that BRIC lenders will change their loan conditions match to those of Western creditors. Similarly, multilateral creditors are unlikely to abandon economic conditions as part of their loan offers just to make their loans more attractive. As a result, the theory predicts that the clientele of lenders will become more polarized across creditors and more homogenous for each individual creditor. At the same time, the findings suggest that the emergence of new creditors has increased the room to maneuver for developing countries. With respect to economic development, this means greater autonomy to choose between a neoliberal approach and a state-led industrialization model akin to that of the East Asian Tigers. With respect to democracy, the findings could imply that Chinese loans might actually promote democracy.
Teacher Evaluation in Music
Authors: Bernard Cara Faith , Abramo Joseph Michael
Published: February 2019

Facing an “age of accountability,” teachers are subject to increasing evaluation and scrutiny from school administrators, politicians, and the public. This book provides music teachers with strategies to help them thrive in teacher evaluation amid this increased scrutiny. Embedded in educational research and theory and explained using real-world teaching situations, this book helps music teachers find balance between advocating for themselves and remaining open to feedback. The introduction provides background on teacher evaluation systems, including commonly found components and requirements. Chapter 1 details a brief history of teacher evaluation policies and laws in the United States. Chapter 2 provides a framework to help music teachers successfully use teacher evaluation to spark professional growth. Chapters 3 through 6 delve into four key areas that music teachers often struggle with in order to prepare them for observations and discussions with evaluators and improve practice: questioning strategies, differentiation, literacy, and assessment. At the end of each of these chapters are sample lesson plans that demonstrate ways to implement these pedagogical strategies in music classrooms. The final chapter discusses how to talk to evaluators. It explores how music teachers might inform evaluators about the unique challenges and strategies in music education while also remaining open to feedback. It discusses how to talk to both music and non-music evaluators, including those who are poor communicators and those who might not provide sound advice on teaching. Finally, the postlude reminds readers of the importance of approaching teacher evaluation as a means for reflection and professional growth.
Teacher Evaluation
Authors: Bernard Cara Faith , Abramo Joseph Michael
Published: February 2019

This chapter provides a background on laws and policies related to teacher evaluation in the United States. This background might help music teachers navigate teacher evaluation systems and avoid misunderstanding evaluators’ motivations and pressures. First, the chapter provides a brief history of federal and state education law and education policy. This history is presented as a series of four phases, each aimed to standardize public education. These phases move from evaluating standards through student performance and standardized tests to teacher performance and quality through instructional practice. Second, there is an investigation of how history and policy have led to tensions, disagreements, and contradictions within teacher evaluation processes and policies. Finally, the chapter describes how these tensions have resulted in the common characteristics of teacher evaluation systems found throughout the country. By understanding this background and history, music teachers may begin to actively and constructively participate in teacher evaluation.
An Imperial Disaster
Authors: Kingsbury Benjamin
Published: February 2019

The storm came on the night of 31 October. It was a full moon, and the tides were at their peak; the great rivers of eastern Bengal were flowing high and fast to the sea. In the early hours the inhabitants of the coast and islands were overtaken by an immense wave from the Bay of Bengal — a wall of water that reached a height of 40 feet in some places. The wave swept away everything in its path, drowning around 215,000 people. At least another 100,000 died in the cholera epidemic and famine that followed. It was the worst calamity of its kind in recorded history. Such events are often described as "natural disasters." This book turns that interpretation on its head, showing that the cyclone of 1876 was not simply a "natural" event, but one shaped by all-too-human patterns of exploitation and inequality — by divisions within Bengali society, and the enormous disparities of political and economic power that characterized British rule on the subcontinent. With Bangladesh facing rising sea levels and stronger, more frequent storms, there is every reason now to revisit this terrible calamity.
The Cyclone
Authors: Kingsbury Benjamin
Published: February 2019

The first part follows news of the disaster as it reached the British district officers. Officials in Bakarganj recommended that the government make a substantial contribution to relief, but their views were discounted by higher-ranking officials outside the district who favored minimal government intervention. In Noakhali and Chittagong, on the other hand, a policy of minimal relief was adopted from the beginning. The second part describes the disaster’s immediate effects. Far from being a social leveler, the impact of the cyclone was distributed along lines of class, occupation, sex, and age.
The Aftermath
Authors: Kingsbury Benjamin
Published: February 2019

The government’s policy on providing loans and land revenue remissions after the cyclone further strengthened the landlords’ position. Sir Richard Temple’s misjudgment about the amount of relief needed resulted in a famine in Chittagong, while Romesh Dutt successfully handled a similar scarcity on the other side of the estuary. The maintenance of law and order in the cyclone-affected districts remained of great concern to the government, though it was reluctant to acknowledge a link between crime and deprivation caused by the cyclone. In the end, no measures were taken to prevent such a calamity from happening again.
The Birth of ‘Hybrid Warfare’
Authors: Fridman Ofer
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores the characteristics of hybrid warfare as it was initially formulated by Frank Hoffman. It begins with an analysis of Hoffman’s works, as well as those of other US military thinkers, before examining the concept of hybrid warfare in the context of US strategic culture and how the concept differs from different theories that preceded Hoffman’s conceptualization. The chapter aims to provide a more complete overview of the original concept, its characteristics in US military discourse and the reasons behind its success.
Reading Evgeny Messner
Authors: Fridman Ofer
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores the works of Evgeny Messner, an Imperial Russian émigré officer whose books were prohibited in the USSR due to his strong anti-Communist views. After the Cold War, however, his works have become increasingly popular, taking a more central place within the Russian school of military thinking. After a short introduction of the author and his career, the chapter explores the concept of “Subversion-War” (Myatezhevoyna), developed by Messner during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Due to his anti-Communist views and alliance with the White Movement, and later with Nazi Germany, Messner remained generally unknown in the Soviet Union. In the post-Soviet period, however, Messner’s works have become available to a broader range of military thinkers, and there has been a growing revival of Messner’s concept of subversion-war to analyze the contemporary geopolitical situation and political, military and economic confrontations.
Towards the End of the Oligarchic Pact?
Authors: Valeri Marc
Published: February 2019

This chapter analyzes the “oligarchic pact” and the relationship between political and business actors in Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, and Oman. Marc Valeri examines how state-business relations in these three case-studies have evolved as ruling families have become more involved in business and the private sector. This, Valeri argues, signifies an important shift away from the initial relationship between ruling and business elites that developed after the influx of large-scale oil revenues in the 1960s. The “unprecedented intrusion of ruling family members in the private sector” over recent years is likely to have implications for the social contract between ruler and ruled and, by extension, for domestic stability as the traditional ‘rentier bargain’ breaks down. Valeri draws out common themes from the study of three very different political economies and the nature and impact of the structural shift in the relationship between ruling and business elites in favor of the former.
India
Authors: Markakis Dionysis
Published: February 2019

This chapter assesses whether and how India is developing into a rising power in the Persian Gulf. Dionysis Markakis approaches India’s reconnection with the region in terms of ‘middle power theory’ and disaggregates the dominant economic, sociocultural, and military drivers of Indian policies in the Persian Gulf. Markakis suggests that India is still attempting to carve out its niche in the international system and that multiple factors lie behind its reticence to engage proactively in regional and world affairs. These include the strong element of multilateral alignment that runs through Indian foreign policy as well as domestic institutional weaknesses within the structure of Indian government itself. For Markakis, a primary challenge for Indian policymakers is how to outline a more proactive, rather than reactive, approach to foreign policy and the conception and exercise of power.
The Transformation of UAE Foreign Policy since 2011
Authors: Almezaini Khalid
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores the transformation of UAE foreign policy since 2011 as the country moved far beyond traditional understandings of small state behavior and combined elements of soft and hard power in a hawkish and interventionist approach to regional insecurity. With the UAE deeply involved in the GCC-led military campaign in Yemen and in the struggle to shape the political transitions in North African states after 2011, Khalid Almezaini uses theoretical and empirical analysis to highlight the threat perceptions and policy drivers that illustrate why officials in the UAE changed course and broke free of the structural constraints that normally govern the actions of small states. Almezaini demonstrates that the shifts in the UAE’s external posture reflected a combination of internal and external pressures as domestic concerns over the perceived threat to stability posed by the Muslim Brotherhood meshed with the rapidly changing regional context after the Arab Spring.
Carl Schmitt and the Politics of Identity
Authors: Mehring Reinhard , Steuer Daniel
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses the life and work of Carl Schmitt, a German legal scholar and professor of law who developed a constitutional theory that declared the liberal and parliamentary state under the rule of law to be outdated, a theory he used to justify rule by presidential decree in the Weimar Republic and then National Socialism. As a legal scholar, Schmitt avoided taking strong positions in terms of theological or philosophical claims, but his friend-enemy distinction provided a counterrevolutionary, apocalyptic, and anti-Semitic language and logic. Schmitt exerted a strong influence as a legal scholar and political commentator. He had a close friendship with Ernst Jünger; he argued for an “authoritarian” transformation of the Weimar Republic; and after 1933, he gave strong support to National Socialism and was influential in forming the Nazi understanding of the law and in the Nazi coordination [Gleichschaltung] of jurisprudence.
Mencius Moldbug and Neoreaction
Authors: Tait Joshua
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses the life and work of Mencius Moldbug (Curtis Yarvin), an American programmer and blogger. His blog, Unqualified Reservations (2007–13) became the basis of the small but instructive “neoreactionary” movement. With its origins in programmer culture and radical libertarianism, Moldbug’s thought is antiprogressive, antiegalitarian, and antidemocratic. He advocates a monarchic government for an otherwise “open” society. Drawing on Austrian school economics, “elitist” theory, and the reactionary tradition, most prominently Thomas Carlyle, Moldbug argues that progressive elites produce a “universalist” culture to reinforce their power. According to Moldbug, the universalist-democratic regime is inefficient, divorced from reality, and doomed to collapse into chaos. Moldbug and neoreaction were harbingers and archetypes of web-based antiegalitarian movements that mobilized irony and epistemological critiques against the Left. They indicate a growing antidemocratic animus on the American Right, especially among radical libertarians, and the importance of digital activism for right-wing activism in the twenty-first century.
Jack Donovan and Male Tribalism
Authors: Lyons Matthew N.
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses the life and work of Jack Donovan, one of the American Right’s most innovative and influential new thinkers. He was an adherent of the Alt Right for years, yet unlike most alt-rightists Donovan has always treated race as secondary to his focus on men. Donovan first became known for advocating “androphilia,” meaning love or sex between manly men, while rejecting gay culture and justifying homophobia as a defense of masculinity. However, his larger ideological contribution is the doctrine of male tribalism, which evokes the classical fascist ideal of male bonding through warfare. Rejecting the Christian Right’s emphasis on the patriarchal family, Donovan calls for reorganizing society based on “the gang,” a small, close-knit band of fighters in which men can most fully realize their innate masculinity.
Facets of Legal Translation Performance
Authors: Scott Juliette R.
Published: February 2019

In Chapter 2, the performance of legal translation is analysed, seen as a negotiation and informed, inter alia, by comparative law, genre theory and functionalism, from four perspectives: language/discourse; legal systems; genre; and textual purpose. These comprise the underpinnings of the author’s multidimensional model of the legal translation practitioner’s textual agency, seen as a set of dynamic and non-linear interactions. Each facet is discussed individually to provide the background for the model which is presented at the end of the chapter. Levels of (c)overtness are also highlighted as a way of assisting clients in expressing their requirements, and emphasis is placed on the relevance and importance of differentiating translation status when work is commissioned.
Constraints on the Outsourced Legal Translation Process
Authors: Scott Juliette R.
Published: February 2019

Chapter 3 tackles the manifold constraints on the outsourced legal translation process, including various types of norms. The author presents a practice-based model dividing these constraints into three categories—those applying upstream, during, and downstream of translation performance. Each category is further enumerated, and the crosscutting issues of logistics and briefing inadequacies are also discussed. To add further depth to the model, a distinction is drawn between constraints on textual agency and those on relational agency. Fitness-for-purpose is explored as a quality assessment benchmark, particularly in relation to insufficiently briefed assignments and translator liability. The model has potential for application both in theoretical and practical environments, to elucidate difficulties, refine interactions, and achieve more effective client-translator and translator-client dialogues.