bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Violence, resilience and solidarity: The right to education for child migrants in South Africa
Authors: Hlatshwayo Mondli , Vally Salim
Published: May 2014

This article examines the psychology of migrant learners’ resilience, their right to education, and how migrant organizations and South African civil society are supporting and reinforcing the agency of migrant learners and their parents. It is based on a year-long study conducted by researchers at the University of Johannesburg’s Centre for Education Rights and Transformation (CERT), funded by the Foundation for Human Rights. Testimonies, participatory workshops, surveys, interviews, and focus groups with learners, parents, educators, officials, and civil society activists in three South African provinces were studied––Gauteng, Limpopo, and the Western Cape––spanning rural, urban, and township areas. The article is framed by the traumatic experiences of migrant learners before entering South Africa, during their stay, and often when they are deported. Topics covered in the testimonies include children’s rights to, and in education, they also traverse gender issues, the travails of unaccompanied minors, and obstacles preventing migrants’ participation in schooling and society.
Towards respecting children’s rights, obligations and responsibilities: The Zimbabwean case
Authors: Mhaka-Mutepfa Magen , Maree Jacobus Gideon , Chiganga Gilbert
Published: May 2014

This article reports on an attempt to demonstrate the importance of putting theory into practice in a way that will impact on the lives of children who are currently being denied their basic rights. Purposive sampling of schools in urban areas in Harare Province, Zimbabwe, was used with data collected from 147 participants ( M age = 16.9, SD = 1.38) that was subjected to quantitative analysis. Data were gathered on participants’ views on children’s rights and obligations and their understanding and implementation of the Bills of Rights. Children acknowledged that their rights were being implemented although inadequately; adults living in urban areas were perceived to have knowledge of children’s rights and were said to implement them. To resolve the challenges to the implementation of children’s rights and obligations, a multi-sectoral approach is required.
AIDS in South Africa: Therapeutic interventions to strengthen resilience among orphans and vulnerable children
Authors: Heath Melissa Allen , Donald David R. , Theron Linda C. , Lyon Rachel Crook
Published: May 2014

Worldwide, approximately 10% of the 34.2 million individuals infected by human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) are under the age of 18. Additionally, 17.8 million children have experienced one or both parents dying of HIV/AIDS. In comparison to other countries, South Africa has the highest per capita of recorded HIV/AIDS cases. These deaths have altered the social landscape by compromising the security and stability of communities and families. In order to address these challenges, research-based and practitioner-recommended interventions are offered to strengthen South African children's resilience and to facilitate their emotional well-being. In particular, orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) affected by HIV/AIDS must be supported in continuing their education and staying connected with immediate family, extended family, peers, and teachers. Acknowledging the shortage of mental health professionals, school psychologists are encouraged to prepare teachers and caregivers to share responsibility in implementing interventions to support OVC.
Face preference in infancy and its relation to motor activity
Authors: Libertus Klaus , Needham Amy
Published: May 2014

Infants’ preference for faces was investigated in a cross-sectional sample of 75 children, aged 3 to 11 months, and 23 adults. A visual preference paradigm was used where pairs of faces and toys were presented side-by-side while eye gaze was recorded. In addition, motor activity was assessed via parent report and the relation between motor activity and face preference was examined. Face preference scores followed an inverted U-shaped developmental trajectory with no face preference in 3-month-olds, a strong face preference in 5- and 9-month-olds, and a weaker face preference in 11-month-olds. Adults showed no reliable face preference. Motor activity was a significant predictor of face preference in 3-month-old infants, supporting the presence of motor-social connections in early infancy.
Children’s understanding of others’ emotional states
Authors: Gil Sandrine , Aguert Marc , Bigot Ludovic Le , Lacroix Agnès , Laval Virginie
Published: May 2014

The ability to infer the emotional states of others is central to our everyday interactions. These inferences can be drawn from several different sources of information occurring simultaneously in the communication situation. Based on previous studies revealing that children pay more heed to situational context than to emotional prosody when inferring the emotional states of others, we decided to focus on this issue, broadening the investigation to find out whether the natural combination of emotional prosody and faces (that is, paralinguistic cues) can overcome the dominance of situational context (that is, extralinguistic cues), and if so, at what age? In Experiment 1, children aged 3–9 years played a computer game in which they had to judge the emotional state of a character, based on two sources of information (that is, extralinguistic and paralinguistic) that were either congruent or conflicting. In Condition 1, situational context was compared with emotional prosody; in Condition 2, situational context was compared with emotional prosody combined with emotional faces. In a complementary study (Experiment 2) the same 3-year-olds performed recognition tasks with the three cues presented in isolation. Results highlighted the fundamental role of both cues, as a) situational context dominated prosody in all age groups, but b) the combination of emotional facial expression and prosody overcame this dominance, especially among the youngest and oldest children. We discuss our findings in the light of previous research and theories of both language and emotional development.
Troubleshooting OptEase inferior vena cava filter retrieval
Authors: Nakashima Masaya , Kobayashi Hideaki , Kobayashi Masayoshi
Published: May 2014

For treatment of deep vein thrombosis and prevention of pulmonary thromboembolism, a retrievable inferior vena cava filter is commonly utilized as an effective bridge to anticoagulation. However, we have experienced difficulties in retrieving inferior vena cava filters. Endovascular retrieval assisted by disposable biopsy forceps is an appropriate approach because it provides a less-invasive low-cost way to remove a migrated filter. We suggest this troubleshooting technique to deal with filter hook migration into the caval wall.
Postpneumonectomy-like syndrome after lobectomy: An exceptional situation
Authors: Heyndrickx Maxime , Le Rochais Jean-Philippe , Flais Frédéric , Lemennais Yves
Published: May 2014

Postpneumonectomy syndrome is a rare complication occurring after pneumonectomy. It is defined as extrinsic compression of a bronchus associated with a significant shift of the mediastinum. A man aged 45 years with history of C7 tetraparesis, presented with a postpneumonectomy-like syndrome 2 months after a right lower lobectomy. We performed a right pneumonectomy combined with implantation of 2 intrathoracic inflatable mammary implants. The patient remained asymptomatic after 6 months of follow-up. We believe this is the first reported case of a postpneumonectomy-like syndrome occurring after lobectomy.
Effects of movement, tempo, and gender on steady beat performance of kindergarten children
Authors: Rose Paige
Published: May 2014

The purposes of this research were to discover the effects of manual (hand) and pedal (foot) movements, tempo, and gender on steady beat accuracy. Participants ( N = 119) consisted of male ( n = 63) and female ( n = 56) kindergarten students randomly divided into two groups, counterbalanced with regard to school, homeroom, and gender. Participants performed steady beat by either tapping or stepping on MIDI controllers. Given a visual model, students were asked to synchronize to the steady beat of musical examples at slow (80 bpm), medium (100 bpm), and fast (120 bpm) tempi. Participants had lowest overall accuracy scores at the fast tempo and highest accuracy scores at the medium tempo. Lowest scores for both males and females were found with pedal movement at a fast tempo. Females performed best with manual movement at a slow tempo, while males performed best with manual movement at a medium tempo. Overall, participants in the manual group scored higher than participants in the pedal group at all tempi. Results of the two-way mixed analysis of variance revealed no main effect for tempi or gender and no statistically significant interactions. There was a main effect for manual/pedal grouping, with manual participants scoring higher than pedal participants.
Comparing Decisions for Malaria Testing and Presumptive Treatment
Authors: Basu Sanjay , Modrek Sepideh , Bendavid Eran
Published: May 2014

Background. Rapid tests for malaria are being distributed through vendors to individual patients, presenting the dilemma of determining how individuals are incentivized to pursue testing for malaria, versus the traditional approach of presumptively treating fevers with antimalarial drugs. Methods and Findings. We incorporated testing and treatment data from 6 African countries into a dynamic model of malaria transmission and nonmalarial causes of fever to investigate how variations in the epidemiologic risk of malaria and the prices of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and treatments affect testing and treatment choices from the perspective of febrile patients, public health officials, and drug shop owners. In environments falling below a critical threshold infection rate (entomological inoculation rate) of 282 for patients older than 5 years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 275–289) or 300 for 0- to 5-year-olds (95% CI: 203–307), testing was more beneficial than presumptive therapy in terms of health and financial costs to patients. Infection and cost conditions generally aligned the best patient-level strategy with the best public health strategy to minimize an overall population’s morbidity and mortality from both malaria and nonmalarial causes of fever. However, the infection and cost conditions of very high malaria transmission settings did not align patient interests or public health interests with the interests of private drug shop owners. In such settings, a further lowering of testing prices may realign the interests of all 3 parties. Conclusions. A threshold transmission rate exists under which malaria testing confers more health and financial benefits to patients than presumptive treatment. Studying local transmission rates and testing and treatment costs may facilitate an approach to align the interests of individual patients, public health officials, and distributors of tests and therapies.
Mapping a Patient-Reported Functional Outcome Measure to a Utility Measure for Comparative Effectiveness and Economic Evaluations in Older Adults with Low Back Pain
Authors: Rundell Sean D. , Bresnahan Brian W. , Heagerty Patrick J. , Comstock Bryan A. , Friedly Janna L. , Jarvik Jeffrey G. , Sullivan Sean D.
Published: May 2014

Background. Linking patient-reported back pain outcomes with health utility measures is valuable for informing economic evaluations. Methods. We used the Back pain Outcomes using Longitudinal Data (BOLD) registry to assess back pain and quality-of-life measures. The BOLD registry includes participants ≥65 years from 3 health systems. We used multiple baseline outcome measures: Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Euroqol-5D (EQ-5D), and back and leg pain numerical rating scales (NRS). To develop and validate a model, we used a standard split-sample method and a novel multisite validation approach. We applied linear regression to map RMDQ to EQ-5D, adjusting for age, sex, pain numerical rating scores, and nonlinear transformations of outcome measures. We computed R2, root mean squared error, and mean absolute error (MAE) for purposes of model selection. The final model included EQ-5D as the dependent variable with independent variables of age, RMDQ, and back NRS. We used this model to predict EQ-5D scores in validation samples. Results. In total, 5224 participants had both baseline RMDQ and EQ-5D. Mean age was 74 years (65% female). Negative correlations (–0.72) were observed at baseline for RMDQ and EQ-5D. The selected model from all developmental samples had R2 >0.41 and MAE < 0.119. Validation analyses indicated no differences in estimated v. observed mean EQ-5D scores in the split sample. Validation using the multisite validation approach identified prediction error variability, MAE of 0.081 to 0.119, when predicting EQ-5D. Limitations. The statistical relationship may not generalize well to all study populations as we demonstrated in our multisite analysis. Conclusions. An empirical algorithm predicting EQ-5D weights from RMDQ scores provides a currently unavailable link for conducting economic evaluations in low back pain studies.
Prognostic Significance of Histologic Features in Canine Renal Cell Carcinomas
Authors: Edmondson E. F. , Hess A. M. , Powers B. E.
Published: May 2014

The prognostic significance of histologic and clinical features was evaluated in a retrospective study of 70 dogs treated with nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Dogs presenting with hematuria and cachexia had significantly decreased overall and tumor-specific survival. Mitotic index (MI), nuclear size, nuclear pleomorphism, tumor differentiation, invasiveness, Fuhrman nuclear grade, and clear cell morphology were significantly associated with survival times (overall and tumor specific) in univariate analyses. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was constructed using stepwise selection to evaluate potential histologic predictor variables. This multivariate analysis revealed MI, defined as the number of mitotic figures in ten 400× fields, as the sole independent prognostic variable. Median survival for dogs with an MI >30 was 187 days compared with 1184 days for dogs with an MI of <10. Dogs with an intermediate MI of 10 to 30 had a median survival of 452 days. Canine renal carcinomas were categorized into the following subtypes based on histologic features and histochemical and immunohistochemical staining: (1) clear cell, (2) chromophobe, (3) papillary, and (4) multilocular cystic renal cell carcinomas. Clear cell carcinoma was diagnosed in 6 of 70 (9%) canine tumors and was associated with a significantly decreased median survival time. Papillary carcinomas were identified in 15 of 70 tumors (21%), chromophobe in 6 of 70 (9%), and the multilocular cystic variant of canine renal cell carcinoma in 3 of 70 tumors (4%). These findings facilitate uniform categorization of canine renal cell carcinoma and provide veterinary pathologists with criteria to determine prognostic information.
Experimental Aerosolized Guinea Pig–Adapted Zaire Ebolavirus (Variant
Authors: Twenhafel N. A. , Shaia C. I. , Bunton T. E. , Shamblin J. D. , Wollen S. E. , Pitt L. M. , Sizemore D. R. , Ogg M. M. , Johnston S. C.
Published: May 2014

Eight guinea pigs were aerosolized with guinea pig–adapted Zaire ebolavirus (variant: Mayinga) and developed lethal interstitial pneumonia that was distinct from lesions described in guinea pigs challenged subcutaneously, nonhuman primates challenged by the aerosol route, and natural infection in humans. Guinea pigs succumbed with significant pathologic changes primarily restricted to the lungs. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were observed in many alveolar macrophages. Perivasculitis was noted within the lungs. These changes are unlike those of documented subcutaneously challenged guinea pigs and aerosolized filoviral infections in nonhuman primates and human cases. Similar to findings in subcutaneously challenged guinea pigs, there were only mild lesions in the liver and spleen. To our knowledge, this is the first report of aerosol challenge of guinea pigs with guinea pig–adapted Zaire ebolavirus (variant: Mayinga). Before choosing this model for use in aerosolized ebolavirus studies, scientists and pathologists should be aware that aerosolized guinea pig–adapted Zaire ebolavirus (variant: Mayinga) causes lethal pneumonia in guinea pigs.
Ambivalence, equivocation and the politics of experimental knowledge: A transdisciplinary neuroscience encounter
Authors: Fitzgerald Des , Littlefield Melissa M , Knudsen Kasper J , Tonks James , Dietz Martin J
Published: May 2014

This article is about a transdisciplinary project between the social, human and life sciences, and the felt experiences of the researchers involved. ‘Transdisciplinary’ and ‘interdisciplinary’ research-modes have been the subject of much attention lately – especially as they cross boundaries between the social/humanistic and natural sciences. However, there has been less attention, from within science and technology studies, to what it is actually like to participate in such a research-space. This article contributes to that literature through an empirical reflection on the progress of one collaborative and transdisciplinary project: a novel experiment in neuroscientific lie detection, entangling science and technology studies, literary studies, sociology, anthropology, clinical psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Its central argument is twofold: (1) that, in addition to ideal-type tropes of transdisciplinary conciliation or integration, such projects may also be organized around some more subterranean logics of ambivalence, reserve and critique; (2) that an account of the mundane ressentiment of collaboration allows for a more careful attention to the awkward forms of ‘experimental politics’ that may flow through, and indeed propel, collaborative work more broadly. Building on these claims, the article concludes with a suggestion that such subterranean logics may be indissociable from some forms of collaboration, and it proposes an ethic of ‘equivocal speech’ as a way to live with and through these kinds of transdisciplinary experiences.
Homogeneity and heterogeneity as situational properties: Producing – and moving beyond? – race in post-genomic science
Authors: Shim Janet K , Darling Katherine Weatherford , Lappe Martine D , Thomson L Katherine , Lee Sandra Soo-Jin , Hiatt Robert A , Ackerman Sara L
Published: May 2014

In this article, we explore current thinking and practices around the logics of difference in gene–environment interaction research in the post-genomic era. We find that scientists conducting gene–environment interaction research continue to invoke well-worn notions of racial difference and diversity, but use them strategically to try to examine other kinds of etiologically significant differences among populations. Scientists do this by seeing populations not as inherently homogeneous or heterogeneous, but rather by actively working to produce homogeneity along some dimensions and heterogeneity along others in their study populations. Thus we argue that homogeneity and heterogeneity are situational properties – properties that scientists seek to achieve in their study populations, the available data, and other aspects of the research situation they are confronting, and then leverage to advance post-genomic science. Pointing to the situatedness of homogeneity and heterogeneity in gene–environment interaction research underscores the work that these properties do and the contingencies that shape decisions about research procedures. Through a focus on the situational production of homogeneity and heterogeneity more broadly, we find that gene–environment interaction research attempts to shift the logic of difference from solely racial terms as explanatory ends unto themselves, to racial and other dimensions of difference that may be important clues to the causes of complex diseases.
Civil war, spillover and neighbors’ military spending
Authors: Phillips Brian J.
Published: May 2014

This paper brings together studies of civil war consequences and literature on military spending, introducing a novel mechanism for how civil wars adversely affect neighbors—through neighbors’ increased military spending. Military expenditures are important because they often inhibit development. Civil wars affect proximate states’ defense spending because the potential spillover threatens neighbors. Tests on developing countries from 1950 to 2006 suggest that bordering civil wars are associated with military spending levels, independently of arms races or civil war interventions. Analyses use measures of neighboring civil war that take into consideration whether or not the civil war zone reaches the shared border.
Parental, Prenatal, and Neonatal Associations With Ball Skills at Age 8 Using an Exposome Approach
Authors: Golding Jean , Gregory Steven , Iles-Caven Yasmin , Lingam Raghu , Davis John M. , Emmett Pauline , Steer Colin D. , Hibbeln Joseph R.
Published: May 2014

There is little consistency in the literature concerning factors that influence motor coordination in children. A hypothesis-free “exposome” approach was used with 7359 children using longitudinal information covering 3 generations in regard to throwing a ball accurately at age 7 years. The analyses showed an independent robust negative association with mother’s unhappiness in her midchildhood (6-11 years). No such association was present for study fathers. The offspring of parents who described themselves as having poor eyesight had poorer ability. This hypothesis-free approach has identified a strong negative association with an unhappy childhood. Future studies of this cohort will be used to determine whether the mechanism is manifest through differing parenting skills, or a biological mechanism reflecting epigenetic effects.
Nutrition and Anabolic Pharmacotherapies in the Care of Burn Patients
Authors: Abdullahi Abdikarim , Jeschke Marc G.
Published: May 2014

Thermal injury is a devastating injury that results in a number of pathological alterations in almost every system in the body. Hypermetabolism, muscle wasting, depressed immunity, and impaired wound healing are all clinical features of burns. Failure to address each of these specific pathological alterations can lead to increased mortality. Nutrition supplementation has been recommended as a therapeutic tool to help attenuate the hypermetabolism and devastating catabolism evident following burn. Despite the wide consensus on the need of nutrition supplementation in burn patients, controversy exists with regard to the type and amount of nutrition recommended. Nutrition alone is also not enough in these patients to halt and reverse some of the damage done by the catabolic pathways activated following severe burn injury. This has led to the use of anabolic pharmacologic agents in conjunction with nutrition to help improve patient outcome following burn injury. In this review, we examine the relevant literature on nutrition after burn injury and its contribution to the attenuation of the postburn hypermetabolic response, impaired wound healing, and suppressed immunological responses. We also review the commonly used anabolic agents clinically in the care of burn patients. Finally, we provide nutrition and pharmacological recommendations gained from prospective trials, retrospective analyses, and expert opinions based on our practice at the Ross Tilley Burn Center in Toronto, Canada.
Phase IV Prospective Clinical Study to Evaluate the Effect of Taurine on Liver Function in Postsurgical Adult Patients Requiring Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Arrieta Francisco , Balsa José Antonio , de la Puerta Cristina , Botella José Ignacio , Zamarrón Isabel , Elías Elena , del Río José Ignacio Pérez , Alonso Paloma , Candela Ángel , Blanco‐Colio Luis Miguel , Egido Jesús , Navarro Pilar , Vázquez Clotilde
Published: May 2014

Background: Taurine's role in bile acid metabolism and anti‐inflammatory activity could exert a protective effect on hepatobiliary complications associated with parenteral nutrition (PN). In this study, the effects of 2 amino acid solutions, with and without taurine, on liver function administered to nonacutely ill postsurgical patients as part of a short‐term PN regimen were prospectively compared. Methods: Adult patients randomly received (double‐blind) Tauramin 10% or a standard PN solution without taurine as the control (1.5 g amino acid/kg body weight [bw]/d; infusion rate of ≤4 mg glucose/kg bw/d) for a period of 5–30 days. γ‐Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and other indicators of liver function, glucose metabolism, lipid profile, inflammation markers, and treatment safety data were collected. Results: Thirty‐five patients receiving taurine PN and 39 receiving control PN were enrolled (intention‐to‐treat [ITT] population). Most patients (n = 62) discontinued after day 7 of follow‐up (per‐protocol [PP] population: n = 24 and n = 27, respectively). ITT patients with high GGT values after 5 days of PN comprised 68.6% and 64.1%, respectively. The mean change in GGT values with respect to the baseline values was 167 ± 192 and 157 ± 185 IU/L, respectively. Low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels after 7 days of PN were significantly decreased in the taurine PN group of PP patients (–2.83 ± 30.9 vs 23.9 ± 27.0 mg/dL for control PN; P < .05). None of the adverse events reported (taurine PN: n = 6; control PN: n = 7) were treatment related. Conclusion: PN solutions with and without taurine had similar effects on liver function parameters, except for an LDL reduction in PN with taurine, when administered to nonacutely ill postsurgical patients in the short term (5–7 days).
Management of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Zamani Payman , Verdino Ralph J.
Published: May 2014

Atrial fibrillation remains the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia, and its incidence is increasing as the population ages. Common conditions associated with an increased incidence include advanced age, hypertension, heart failure, and valvular heart disease. Patients with atrial fibrillation may complain of palpitations, fatigue, and decreased exercise tolerance or may be completely asymptomatic. Options for treating patients who experience atrial fibrillation include rate-controlling drugs such as digoxin, β-blockers, and calcium channel blockers or a rhythm-controlling strategy with agents such as sodium channel blockers and potassium channel blockers. Atrial fibrillation increases the risk of stroke due to atrial thrombus formation and embolization. Anticoagulation with the vitamin K antagonist, warfarin, remains the most widely prescribed treatment option to decrease stroke risk. Several other antithrombotic agents have recently become available and offer excellent alternatives to warfarin. Catheter ablation can be undertaken as a nonpharmacologic rhythm control option with varying degrees of success depending on duration of atrial fibrillation and follow-up time from the procedure. This review article further describes the management options for patients presenting with atrial fibrillation.
In the Shadow of the Smolensk Catastrophe—The 2010 Presidential Election in Poland
Authors: Cześnik Mikołaj
Published: May 2014

The tragic events of 10 April 2010 became one of the most important topics of public discourse in Poland. They remain its central issue until today. This paper is an attempt to investigate one aspect of the phenomenon: the impact of the disaster and subsequent events on the presidential election of 2010. It is based on the results of research carried out within the Polish National Election Study (PNES) project. At least three reasons make it plausible that the Smolensk catastrophe had a great impact on Polish politics. Firstly, the disaster had legal and constitutional consequences; the sudden death of a head of state always generates a number of specific actions, policy changes, and (most importantly from the perspective of this paper) determines the election calendar. Secondly, the disaster had psychological consequences; it caused a strong psychological shock for participants in the political process, which redefined political competition, public discourse, and the media coverage. Thirdly, narratives about the events preceding the crash and following it quickly became an important element of Polish politics, especially in the media and in the electoral campaign. The main finding of the paper is that the Smolensk catastrophe did not produce a fundamental change in the political preferences and voting patterns of Polish citizens. At both the aggregate and individual level we observe relative stability in voter turnout patterns and voting preferences. The paper also finds that the catastrophe strengthened existing preferences and behavior patterns, and it petrified existing divisions. This paper is a study of voting behavior in extreme situations. It analyses a unique phenomenon—voting during a huge social trauma and right afterwards. Thus, in addition to the idiographic objective of the paper (explanation of voting behavior in the 2010 presidential election in Poland), it also has a nomothetic aspect, because it contributes to the theoretical discussions about voting behavior in traumatic, exceptional situations. It can serve as a reference point for future studies addressing the issue of electoral behavior in unexpected, unusual contexts.
The Influence of the Answer Box Size on Item Nonresponse to Open-Ended Questions in a Web Survey
Authors: Zuell Cornelia , Menold Natalja , Körber Sabine
Published: May 2014

This article investigates item nonresponse in open-ended survey questions because such item nonresponse is much higher than in closed questions. The difference is a result of the higher cognitive burden placed on the respondent. To study item nonresponse, we manipulate different questionnaire design characteristics, such as the size of the answer box and the inclusion of motivation texts, as well as respondent-specific characteristics, in a randomized web experiment using a student sample. The results show that a motivation text increases the frequency of responses to open-ended questions for both small and large answer boxes. However, large answer boxes earn higher item nonresponse than small answer boxes regardless of the usage of a motivation text. In addition, gender and the respondent’s field of study affected the answering of open-ended questions; being a woman or studying social sciences increased the frequency of a response. As the major finding and in contrast to previous findings, our results indicate that particularly large answer boxes should be avoided, because they reduce respondents’ willingness to respond.
A strategic theory of international environmental assistance
Authors: McLean Elena V
Published: May 2014

Over the past three decades multilateral financial aid has become an important institutional arrangement enabling environmental cooperation between developed and developing countries. However, previous research suggests that financial institutions are largely ineffective in achieving environmental goals. I show that financial assistance can be successful in increasing recipients’ contributions to environmental programs, thereby promoting environmental protection. This positive impact of aid, I argue, should be attributed to the effects of donor-recipient interactions that can alter incentives of recipient governments and induce their cooperation rather than to capacity building through inflows of aid. I study environmental assistance by first developing a game-theoretic model of strategic interaction between the donor and aid recipients. To avoid a common methodological problem of misspecification and to unify theory with empirical testing, I then derive a strategic statistical model and conduct empirical tests using a new dataset on projects financed by the Global Environment Facility.
Imprimi potest: Roman Catholic censoring of psychology and psychoanalysis in the early 20th century
Authors: Kugelmann Robert
Published: May 2014

Because he was a Jesuit, Irish-born Edward Boyd Barrett (1883–1966) had to submit his writing to Jesuit censors, who were charged with making sure that nothing in the documents was contrary to Roman Catholic faith and morals. Drawing upon archival records, this article shows the complexities of the censorship process in the early 20th century. Boyd Barrett’s Motive Force and Motivation-Tracks (1911), an experimental study in will-psychology completed under Michotte, was threatened with withdrawal from circulation after an anonymous review (which was not published) accused the book of modernism. In the 1920s, articles on psychoanalysis directed at a wide Catholic readership, received severe criticism by Jesuit censors, and some were not published. The article presents the censors’ objections and Boyd Barrett’s defense. One effect of censorship was to make psychoanalysis, at least in some formulations, acceptable to a Catholic readership.
2013 European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis
Authors: Edwards SK , Bunker CB , Ziller Fabian , van der Meijden Willem I
Published: May 2014

Balanoposthitis can be caused by a disparate range of conditions affecting the penile skin. This guideline concentrates on a selected group of conditions and offers recommendations on the diagnostic tests and treatment regimens needed for the effective management of balanoposthitis.
Observations on Chlamydia trachomatis and other microbes in reactive arthritis
Authors: Taylor-Robinson David , Keat Andrew
Published: May 2014

There are problems in attributing causality in inflammatory arthritis. So far as C. trachomatis and sexually acquired reactive arthritis are concerned, there is much in favour of a causal relationship, although there are important caveats which need to be explored before it is possible to say unreservedly that C. trachomatis plays a causative role in reactive arthritis. For example, micro-organisms have never been cultured from synovial effusions in early disease, and only once has substantial benefit of antimicrobial treatment been reported. The claim that ocular strains of C. trachomatis are of over-riding importance in pathogenesis needs confirmation before it can be accepted. No conclusion can be made about the possibility of other small intracellular bacteria in joints having a role in causing disease. However, if it can be shown that eradication of the micro-organism, which may be difficult to prove, coincides with clinical recovery, it would go some way to recognising causality. In spite of the recognised difficulties, antibiotic studies have an important role in identifying aetiology. They need to focus on very early disease and on eradication of intra-articular bacteria. Treatment of established disease is likely to be less informative. Although a combination of antibiotics might have a future in treating established disease, diagnosing and treating non-gonococcal urethritis as soon as possible should be the aim in order to prevent the development of reactive arthritis.
Autonomic neuropathy resulting in recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in an HIV patient with Hodgkin lymphoma receiving vinblastine and antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Cherif S , Danino S , Yoganathan K
Published: May 2014

Hoarseness of voice due to vocal cord paresis as a result of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy has been well recognised. Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy is commonly caused by compression due to tumour or lymph nodes or by surgical damage. Vinca alkaloids are well known to cause peripheral neuropathy. However, vinca alkaloids causing recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy has been reported rarely in children. We report a case of an adult patient with HIV who developed hoarseness of voice due to vocal cord paralysis during vinblastine treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma. Mediastinal and hilar lymph node enlargement in such patients may distract clinicians from considering alternative causes of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, with potential ensuing severe or even life-threatening stridor.
Predictors of glycaemic control among HIV-positive veterans with diabetes
Authors: Davies Marie L , Johnson Melissa D , Brown Jamie N , Bryan William E , Townsend Mary L
Published: May 2014

Antiretroviral therapy has decreased HIV-related mortality. However, the incidence of diabetes as a co-morbidity is increasing as HIV-positive patients age. The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between markers of HIV-infection and diabetes and to determine the proportion of patients achieving an haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) goal <7% according to specific antiretroviral therapy regimens and adherence. In this retrospective study, HIV-positive veterans with diabetes from 2007 to 2012 were identified. Patients were required to be on the same antiretroviral therapy and diabetes regimen for ≥3 months. In 56 patients, it was identified that for each unit increase in log10 viral load, HbA1c increased 0.67 units ( p = 0.0085). Only 38% of patients prescribed a protease inhibitor–based regimen vs. 56% of patients not on a protease inhibitor–based regimen achieved an HbA1c goal ( p = 0.1864). Additionally, patients on an insulin-based regimen and patients that were less adherent were less likely to be at HbA1c goal ( p = 0.018 and p = 0.0378, respectively). Patients with higher viral loads and patients that were less adherent to antiretroviral therapy were more likely to have a higher HbA1c demonstrating that poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy leads to poor control of both disease states.
Storytelling
Authors: Palacios Janelle F. , Salem Benissa , Hodge Felicia Schanche , Albarrán Cyndi R. , Anaebere Ann , Hayes-Bautista Teodocia Maria
Published: May 2014

Storytelling is a basic cultural phenomenon that has recently been recognized as a valuable method for collecting research data and developing multidisciplinary interventions. The purpose of this article is to present a collection of nursing scholarship wherein the concept of storytelling, underpinned by cultural phenomena, is explored for data collection and intervention. A conceptual analysis of storytelling reveals key variables. Following a brief review of current research focused on storytelling used within health care, three case studies among three vulnerable populations (American Indian teen mothers, American Indian cancer survivors, and African American women at risk for HIV/AIDS) demonstrate the uses of storytelling for data collection and intervention. Implications for transcultural nursing regarding storytelling are discussed.
It Isn’t All About Language
Authors: Campo Shelly , Kohler Connie , Askelson Natoshia M. , Ortiz Cristina , Losch Mary
Published: May 2014

Purpose: Little is known about barriers that Latinas in the United States face in preventing unintended pregnancies beyond those of language and cost. This study examined factors inhibiting contraceptive use among 18- to 30-year-old Latinas in the Midwest. Method: Individual interviews ( N = 31) were conducted in Spanish with Latinas residing across the state. The interview protocol included questions about contraceptives and unintended pregnancies. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, translated, and coded for themes related to barriers. Results: The majority of the barriers were related to communication but not English proficiency. Respondents talked about specific situations and experiences in which communication presented obstacles to using contraceptives. Discussion: While language and cost are important barriers, attention needs to be paid to the other communication issues that women face related to culture, religion, partners, family, and spontaneity. Implications: Health care providers need to address the range of communication barriers that affect Latinas’ contraceptive use.
Intrarace Group Variability in Characteristics of Self-Reported Pain and Sleep Difficulty in Older African Americans With Arthritis
Authors: Baker Tamara A. , Whitfield Keith E.
Published: May 2014

Purpose: Few studies have examined the behavioral and clinical indicators of sleep difficulty among older African Americans diagnosed with arthritis. This study aimed to examine the association of sleep, pain, and comorbid indicators among this population. Method: Using a cross-sectional design, 193 older African Americans (70.4 ± 9.11 years of age) completed a series of questions assessing health, pain, and sleep. Results: Findings showed that young old participants (β = −.28, p < .001) reported more difficulty sleeping and being awakened due to pain (β = −.17, p < .05) than the old old adults. Conclusion: There is significant within-group variability, with young old adults being most affected by sleep difficulties. Implications for Practice: While the relationship between pain and sleep may be intuitive for majority populations, the dynamics of this association may be useful in promoting sleep awareness and providing resources for caregivers and health care professionals to better meet the needs of this population.
Profile of the Patient Who Refuses to Participate in the Expert Patients Program
Authors: Vega Gema , Vega Maria , Alajarín Llanos I. , Portero Begoña , Ruíz Teresa , Ruiz Victoria , Marín Conception , Lázaro Conception , Gómez Mercedes , Conde Fernando
Published: May 2014

The Expert Patients Program (EPP), an educational intervention for chronic diseases aimed at nonprofessionals, has high nonparticipation and dropout rates. We used quantitative and qualitative methods to identify the prevalence of and reasons for nonparticipation in 100 patients with acute myocardial infarction and 69 with stroke. We confirmed a high prevalence of refusal, identifying three groups based on degree of participation: patients who refused to attend (51%), patients who attended and then dropped out (10%), and patients who attended (39%). Patients who refused to participate or dropped out were mainly women and former/current smokers with a better-than-average physical condition. In addition, they were invited to participate in the EPP long after their cardiovascular event. We found that the degree of participation depended upon the patient’s individual and social context and the professional profile of the recruiter. Therefore, tailored strategic interventions should be designed for each type of participation.
A Cycle of Redemption in a Medical Error Disclosure and Apology Program
Authors: Carmack Heather J.
Published: May 2014

Physicians accept that they have an ethical responsibility to disclose and apologize for medical errors; however, when physicians make a medical error, they are often not given the opportunity to disclose and apologize for the mistake. In this article, I explore how one hospital negotiated the aftermath of medical mistakes through a disclosure and apology program. Specifically, I used Burke’s cycle of redemption to position the hospital’s disclosure and apology program as a redemption process and explore how the hospital physicians and administrators worked through the experiences of disclosing and apologizing for medical errors.
Happy Medium, Happy Citizens
Authors: Singh Shane P. , Carlin Ryan E.
Published: May 2014

Institutional and behavioral theories of democracy abound but rarely intersect. Do executive lawmaking power and prowess condition democratic regime support in presidential democracies? We develop theoretical expectations linking the lawmaking powers of the president and mass regime support and test them by analyzing survey data from eighteen Latin American countries over ten years. As hypothesized, results indicate that preference for, and satisfaction with, democracy is highest where presidents have moderate legislative powers and success and lowest where presidents either dominate policymaking or face gridlock. Hence, a “happy medium” of presidential power promotes the attitudinal foundations of democracy.
Hepatic Uterus-Like Mass Misdiagnosed as Hepatic Abscess
Authors: Sopha Sabrina C. , Rosado Flavia G. N. , Smith J. J. , Merchant Nipun B. , Shi Chanjuan
Published: May 2014

Background. Hepatic endometriosis/uterus-like mass is rare and may be overlooked during hepatic cyst workups. We report a case of uterus-like mass, misdiagnosed as hepatic abscess. Case Report: A 47-year-old woman developed abdominal pain and vomiting. Infectious colitis with hepatic abscess was diagnosed, and remained antibiotic-refractory. Fine-needle aspiration and core biopsies showed benign contents. The patient presented to our institution with symptoms and normal blood work. Laparoscopic excision demonstrated a 1.4-cm cyst composed of endometrial glands (estrogen receptor+ and progesterone receptor+) and stroma (CD10+) with smooth muscle actin (SMA+), arranged in an organoid fashion. The patient, status-post hysterectomy, had no history or symptoms of endometriosis. Conclusion. This rare case illustrates the merit of considering uterus-like mass/endometriosis in the differential diagnosis of antibiotic-refractory hepatic cysts. Cyst heterogeneity may confound needle biopsy. We report the first instance of a hepatic uterus-like mass, with a review of related entities, postulated histogenesis, and important clinical associations.
The Career Satisfaction Scale in Context
Authors: Spurk Daniel , Abele Andrea E. , Volmer Judith
Published: May 2014

This study analyzed the influence of the occupational context on the conceptualization of career satisfaction measured by the career satisfaction scale (CSS). In a large sample of N = 729 highly educated professionals, a cross-occupational (i.e., physicians, economists, engineers, and teachers) measurement invariance analysis showed that the CSS was conceptualized according to occupational group membership, that is, 4 of the 5 items of the scale showed measurement noninvariance. More specifically, the relative importance, the response biases, and the reliabilities associated with different career satisfaction content domains measured by the CSS (i.e., achieved success, overall career goals, goals for advancement, goals for income, and goals for development of new skills) varied by occupational context. However, results of a comparison between manifest and latent mean differences between the occupational groups revealed that the observed measurement noninvariance did not affect the estimation of mean differences.
A Two-Wave Longitudinal Study of Career Calling Among Undergraduates
Authors: Bott Elizabeth M. , Duffy Ryan D.
Published: May 2014

This two-wave longitudinal study investigated the reciprocal relations between five possible predictors of career calling (presence of life meaning, search for life meaning, career decision self-efficacy, personal growth initiative, and intrinsic religiousness) among a sample of undergraduate college students over a 6-month period. Using structural equation modeling, two models were tested. The first model included all five predictor variables and was a poor fit for the data; the second model included only search for life meaning and personal growth and displayed improved model fit. Results from the second model indicated that search for life meaning and personal growth at Time 1 significantly predicted calling at Time 2, whereas calling at Time 1 was a nonsignificant predictor of either Time 2 outcomes. These findings suggest the more one is searching for his or her meaning in life and intentionally engaging in self-improvement, the more likely she or he is to later experience a calling.