bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased Expression of Dopamine Receptors in Synovial Fibroblasts From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Inhibitory Effects of Dopamine on Interleukin‐8 and Interleukin‐6
Authors: Capellino Silvia , Cosentino Marco , Luini Alessandra , Bombelli Raffaella , Lowin Torsten , Cutolo Maurizio , Marino Franca , Straub Rainer H.
Published: June 2014

Objective

Observations in both animal models of arthritis and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) suggest a role for dopamine and its receptors in RA. Because synovial fibroblasts (SFs) contribute to inflammation and joint destruction in RA, the aim of this study was to investigate dopaminergic pathways in SFs obtained from patients with RA and, for comparison, in SFs from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) undergoing knee joint replacement surgery.

Methods

The expression of all dopamine receptors (D1–D5) and dopamine transporter was assessed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining. The levels of dopamine receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNA were measured by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The intracellular content of dopamine, its precursor, and its main metabolites was assayed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The influence of dopamine on proinflammatory interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and IL‐8, matrix metalloproteinase 3, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP‐1) and TIMP‐2 was studied in SFs.

Results

SFs possess an intrinsic dopaminergic system, including dopamine receptors, dopamine transporter, and tyrosine hydroxylase, and contain dopamine, its precursor, and its main metabolites. SFs from patients with RA, in comparison with those from patients with OA, showed increased expression of dopamine receptors D1 and D5, and exogenous dopamine strongly inhibited the production of IL‐8 in patients with RA.

Conclusion

SFs from patients with RA and patients with OA show a dopaminergic phenotype. The expression of D1‐like dopamine receptors was higher in RASFs, and this increased expression may lead to antiinflammatory effects, as demonstrated by the expression of IL‐8. Studies in animal models and patients with RA are needed to assess the therapeutic potential of endogenous, local production of dopamine in synoviocytes.
A study of research collaboration in the pre‐web and post‐web stages: A coauthorship analysis of the information systems discipline
Authors: Huang Mu‐Hsuan , Wu Ling‐Ling , Wu Yi‐Chen
Published: June 2014

To explore the possible facilitative role of the Internet in the process of research collaboration, this study endeavored to systematically compare the phenomenon of co‐authorship and the impacts of co‐authorship between pre‐web and post‐web stages in the field of information systems. Three hypotheses were proposed in this study. First, research collaboration increases in the post‐web stage relative to the pre‐web stage. Second, research collaboration is positively related to research impact, operationally defined as the number of citations. Lastly, the positive relationship between research collaboration and research impact is stronger in the post‐web stage than that in the pre‐web stage. Articles published in the field of information systems in both time periods were collected to test the hypotheses. The empirical results strongly support H1 and H2, showing that co‐authorship increases in the post‐web stage, and positively correlates with citations received by information systems articles. The positive effects of interdisciplinary collaborations and collaborations among multiple authors are enhanced in the post‐web stage, but such enhancement is not found for international collaboration. H3 is partially supported.
Meta-analysis of endoscopic therapy for low-grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus
Authors: Almond L M , Hodson J , Barr H
Published: June 2014

Background

The optimal management of patients with Barrett's-associated low-grade dysplasia (LGD) is unclear. The objective of this study was to identify systematically all reports of endoscopic treatment of LGD, and to assess outcomes in terms of disease progression, eradication of dysplasia and intestinal metaplasia, and complication rates.

Methods

A systematic review of articles reporting endoscopic treatment of LGD was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched to identify the relevant literature. Rates of complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia (CE-IM) and dysplasia (CE-D) were reported. The pooled incidence of progression to cancer was calculated following endoscopic therapy.

Results

Thirty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting outcomes of endoscopic therapy for 521 patients with LGD. The pooled incidence of progression to cancer was 3·90 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1·27 to 9·10) per 1000 patient-years. CE-IM and CE-D were achieved in 67·8 (95 per cent c.i. 50·2 to 81·5) and 88·9 (83·9 to 92·5) per cent of patients respectively. The commonest adverse event was stricture formation.

Conclusion

Reports of endoscopic therapy were heterogeneous and follow-up periods were short. There is a high likelihood of historical overdiagnosis of LGD. Endoscopic therapy, particularly radiofrequency ablation, appears safe and effective at eradicating LGD, but does not eliminate the risk of progression to cancer.
Cancer stem cells and cisplatin‐resistant cells isolated from non‐small‐lung cancer cell lines constitute related cell populations
Authors: Lopez‐Ayllon Blanca D. , Moncho‐Amor Veronica , Abarrategi Ander , de Cáceres Inmaculada Ibañez , Castro‐Carpeño Javier , Belda‐Iniesta Cristobal , Perona Rosario , Sastre Leandro
Published: June 2014

Lung cancer is the top cause of cancer‐related deceases. One of the reasons is the development of resistance to the chemotherapy treatment. In particular, cancer stem cells (CSCs), can escape treatment and regenerate the bulk of the tumor. In this article, we describe a comparison between cancer cells resistant to cisplatin and CSCs, both derived from the non‐small‐cell lung cancer cell lines H460 and A549. Cisplatin‐resistant cells were obtained after a single treatment with the drug. CSCs were isolated by culture in defined media, under nonadherent conditions. The isolated CSCs were clonogenic, could be differentiated into adherent cells and were less sensitive to cisplatin than the original cells. Cisplatin resistant and CSCs were able to generate primary tumors and to metastasize when injected into immunodeficient Nu/Nu mice, although they formed smaller tumors with a larger latency than untreated cells. Notably, under appropriated proportions, CSCs synergized with differentiated cells to form larger tumors. CSCs also showed increased capacity to induce angiogenesis in Nu/Nu mice. Conversely, H460 cisplatin‐resistant cells showed increased tendency to develop bone metastasis. Gene expression analysis showed that several genes involved in tumor development and metastasis (EGR1, COX2, MALAT1, AKAP12, ADM) were similarly induced in CSC and cisplatin‐resistant H460 cells, in agreement with a close similarity between these two cell populations. Cells with the characteristic growth properties of CSCs were also isolated from surgical samples of 18 out of 44 lung cancer patients. A significant correlation (P = 0.028) was found between the absence of CSCs and cisplatin sensitivity.
Gas Purification from SO2 in Thermal Power Plants
Authors: Doichinova Maria , Popova‐Krumova Petya , Boyadjiev Christo , Boyadjiev Boyan
Published: June 2014

Solid fuel combustion in thermal power plants, which use sulfur‐rich fuels, poses the problem of SO2 removal from waste gases. In addition, purification of huge amounts of gas with low SO2 concentration is necessary. A maximum absorption rate could decrease the size of required big apparatuses. Gas purification from low‐concentrated SO2 in physical and chemical absorption is analyzed theoretically. A convection‐diffusion type of models is applied for creating average concentration models and for quantitative description of the absorption processes. Theoretical analysis of methods and devices for waste gas purification from SO2 by CaCO3 suspension indicates that the process is practically physical absorption.
Tribenzotriquinacene Receptors for C60 Fullerene Rotors: Towards C3 Symmetrical Chiral Stators for Unidirectionally Operating Nanoratchets
Authors: Bredenkötter Björn , Grzywa Maciej , Alaghemandi Mohammad , Schmid Rochus , Herrebout Wouter , Bultinck Patrick , Volkmer Dirk
Published: June 2014

The synthesis of a stereochemically pure concave tribenzotriquinacene receptor (7) for C60 fullerene, possessing C3 point group symmetry, by threefold condensation of C2‐symmetric 1,2‐diketone synthons (5) and a hexaaminotribenzotriquinacene core (6) is described. The chiral diketone was synthesized in a five‐step reaction sequence starting from C2h‐symmetric 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylanthracene. The highly diastereo‐discriminating Diels–Alder reaction of 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylanthracene with fumaric acid di(−)menthyl ester, catalyzed by aluminium chloride, is the relevant stereochemistry introducing step. The structure of the fullerene receptor was verified by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. VCD and ECD spectra were recorded, which were corroborated by ab initio DFT calculations, establishing the chiral nature of 7 with about 99.7 % ee, based on the ee (99.9 %) of the chiral synthon (1). The absolute configuration of 7 could thus be established as all‐S [(2S,7S,16S,21S,30S,35S)‐(7)]. Spectroscopic titration experiments reveal that the host forms 1:1 complexes with either pure fullerene (C60) or fullerene derivatives, such as rotor 1′‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐3′‐(4‐N,N‐dimethylaminophenyl)‐pyrazolino[4′,5′:1,2][60]fullerene (R). The complex stability constants of the complexes dissolved in CHCl3/CS2 (1:1 vol. %) are K([C60⊂7])=319(±156) M−1 and K([R⊂7])=110(±50) M−1. With molecular dynamics simulations using a first‐principles parameterized force field the asymmetry of the rotational potential for [R⊂7] was shown, demonstrating the potential suitability of receptor 7 to act as a stator in a unidirectionally operating nanoratchet.
An Easy Route to Red Emitting Homoleptic IrIII Complex for Highly Efficient Solution‐Processed Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Giridhar Thota , Han Tae‐Hee , Cho Woosum , Saravanan Chinnusamy , Lee Tae‐Woo , Jin Sung‐Ho
Published: June 2014

A thiophene‐phenylquinoline‐based homoleptic IrIII complex, [Ir(Th‐PQ)3], has been synthesised by a simple route and utilised as a dopant in solution‐processed phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (PhOLEDs). It shows the current efficiency of approximately 26 cd A−1 and the external quantum efficiency of about 21 %, which are the highest values reported to date for PhOLEDs prepared by solution‐process.
Pd‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of 4‐Aza‐1,6‐enynes to 3‐Aza‐bicyclo[4.1.0]hept‐2‐enes
Authors: Oh Hye Mi , Park Ji Eun , Kim Jisu , Kim Ju Hyun , Kang Youn K. , Chung Young Keun
Published: June 2014

A method for the synthesis of bicyclo[4.1.0]heptenes from 1,6‐enynes through Pd‐catalyzed cycloisomerization has been developed. N‐ and O‐tethered 1,6‐enynes were successfully transformed to their corresponding 3‐aza‐ and 3‐oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptenes in reasonable‐to‐high yields using the catalysts [PdCl2(CH3CN)2]/P(OPh)3 or [Pd(maleimidate)2(PPh3)2] in toluene. The computational calculations using density functional theory indicate that [PdCl2{P(OPh)3}] in the oxidation state PdII acts as the active catalyst species for the formation of 3‐azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptenes through 6‐endo‐dig cyclization.
Exploiting Molecular Self‐Assembly: From Urea‐Based Organocatalysts to Multifunctional Supramolecular Gels
Authors: Schön Eva‐Maria , Marqués‐López Eugenia , Herrera Raquel P. , Alemán Carlos , Díaz David Díaz
Published: June 2014

We describe the self‐assembly properties of chiral N,N′‐disubstituted urea‐based organocatalyst 1 that leads to the formation of hierarchical supramolecular gels in organic solvents at low concentrations. The major driving forces for the gelation are hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions according to FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, as well as quantum‐mechanical studies. The gelation scope could be interpreted based on Kamlet–Taft solvatochromic parameters. TEM, SEM, and AFM imaging revealed that a variety of morphologies including helical, laths, porous, and lamellar nanostructures could be obtained by varying the solvent. Experimental gelation tests and computational structural analysis of various structurally related compounds proved the existence of a unique set of molecular interactions and an optimal hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance in 1 that drive the formation of stable gels. Responses to thermal, mechanical, optical, and chemical stimuli, as well as multifunctionality were demonstrated in some model gel materials. Specifically, 1 could be used for the phase‐selective gelation of organic solvent/water mixtures. The gel prepared in glycerol was found to be thixotropic and provided a sensitive colorimetric method for the detection of AgI ions at millimolar concentrations in aqueous solution. Moreover, the gel matrix obtained in toluene served as a nanoreactor for the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of 1H‐indole with trans‐β‐nitrostyrene.
Mechanistic Insight into the Electronic Influences Imposed by Substituent Variation in Polyazine‐Bridged Ruthenium(II)/Rhodium(III) Supramolecules
Authors: White Travis A. , Mallalieu Hannah E. , Wang Jing , Brewer Karen J.
Published: June 2014

Unusual and unprecedented multipathway electrochemical mechanisms for a new class of supramolecular Ru/Rh bimetallic photocatalysts have been uncovered. The near isoenergetic Rh(dσ*) and bridging ligand(π*) molecular orbitals and a rate of halide loss that occurs on the cyclic voltammetry timescale provide a series of closely related complexes which display four different electrochemical mechanisms. A single complex displays two concurrent electrochemical pathways in marked contrast to all previously studied cis‐[Rh(NN)2X2] motifs.
Simulation of Coalescence, Breakup, and Mass Transfer in Polydisperse Multiphase Flows
Authors: Renze Peter , Buffo Antonio , Marchisio Daniele L. , Vanni Marco
Published: June 2014

A two‐fluid model implemented in OpenFOAM is extended to account for the polydispersity of the disperse phase by coupling CFD with population balance models. The method is applied to predict the fluid dynamics and mass transfer in bubble columns. Here, the conditional quadrature method of moments is implemented in the open‐source code OpenFOAM for describing bubble coalescence, breakage, and mass transfer in two reference cases of rectangular bubble columns. The overall approach is accurate, efficient and robust, and therefore, suitable for the simulation of multiphase flows with industrial relevance.
Inversion of Oblique Ionograms Based on Hybrid Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Huan SONG , Yao‐Gai HU , Zheng‐YU ZHAO , Chun‐Hua JIANG
Published: June 2014

The oblique sounding is a powerful tool for acquiring ionospheric information, and we can get the structural parameters related to ionosphere by inversing the oblique ionogram. Genetic algorithm (GA) is a widely used inversion method which can reduce the non‐uniqueness of the inversion problems without depending on the initial estimation, but the accuracy and reliability of GA's inversion results may be decreased due to “premature convergence” and inferior local search ability. So an improved hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) based on simulated annealing algorithm (SA) is proposed and firstly applied to inversion of oblique ionogram. HGA combines the advantages of GA and SA together and makes full use of them, so it has a strong global search ability and local search ability. To verify the reliability and stability of HGA's inversion results, we firstly use GA, SA, and HGA to inversion of the synthetic oblique ionogram and compare the inversion results of the three algorithms, find that HGA's results are nearest to the real values and its needed iterations are also much smaller than others. The inversion results include the critical frequency, the height of maximum electron density and half‐thickness. Then, comparing the influences on inversion results by changing the population size and the total iterations, we find that the HGA effectively reduces the influences. Lastly, we use the three algorithms to invert the real ionograms and compare the inversion results with the vertical data in the midpoint of transmitting and receiving site. The results show that the stability and the searching optimal solution ability of HGA are obviously better than the GA and SA, and its inversion results are reliable, so HGA has strong referential significance and practical value for the inversion of real ionograms.
Wedge‐Thrust Folding in the Micangshan Constrains from Low‐Temperature Thermochronology Model and Its Significance
Authors: Bin DENG , Shigeru SUEOKA , Shu‐Gen LIU , Zhi‐Wu LI , Jing‐Xi LI
Published: June 2014

Basin‐mountain system comprises multistage‐evolving structures whose behavior is either controlled by internal factors, e.g., tectonic frameworks, or external ones, e.g., intensity of erosion and sedimentation, resulting in a coupling between structures and surface processes. Documenting the coupling has thus the potential to yield critical insights on the dynamics of the whole basin‐mountain system. The Micangshan located at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is an intracontinental mountain belt, which was shaped during multiple phases of intense mountain building and associated denudation throughout the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. However, the coupling between surface processes recorded by low‐temperature thermochronometer and mountain‐building has been controversial. Based on seismic profile, apatite fission track (AFT) data, a simplified one‐dimensional, tilted topography model resulted by wedge‐thrust folding across the Micangshan was developed. In the model, the paleo‐topography and paleo‐geothermal gradient immediately before initiation of the wedge‐thrust folding deformation can be estimated by using present sample elevations, the cooling ages and the closure‐temperature of each sample. By the coefficient of determination and suitable geological features (e.g., geothermal gradient), we can decipher the coupling/uncoupling relationship between the tectonic construction and the landscape evolution (e.g., a specific slope in topography). Our model shows that the inherited structure as a wedge‐thrust folding, played a predominant role during the Late‐Cretaceous uplift and exhumation in the Micangshan. It suggests a steady state, slow uplift and exhumation with rate of 0.03∼0.05 mm/a during Late Cretaceous time across much of the Micangshan, with a southern (or basin‐ward) ∼4° tilted topography.
Modelling of Thermal Effects of Igneous Intrusions on the Temperature Field and Organic Maturity in the Changchang Sag, Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea
Authors: Xiao‐Yin TANG , Gong‐Cheng ZHANG , Jian‐She LIANG , Shu‐Chun YANG , Song RAO , Sheng‐Biao HU
Published: June 2014

The latest seismic interpretation suggests the presence of several igneous intrusions in the Changchang sag, Qiongdongnan basin, South China Sea. A 2D geothermal modeling based on the finite element method (FEM) is performed to analyze the thermal effects of three intrusions of different scales distributed in the same seismic line. A quantitative evaluation is made on the organic maturity change for the Yacheng Formation caused by intrusions in artificial wells 2 km and 5 km away from each igneous body in combination with the acquired paleo‐geothermal field and the Easy%Ro model. The results indicate that the temperatures of igneous bodies dropped down rapidly during the first 1 Ma after the intrusion and lowered to the nearly same values as that of the wall rock after 10 Ma. The biggest intrusion caused a theoretical vitrinite reflectance (Ro) 1.6% higher than normal for the Yacheng Formation at the place 2 km away and only 0.4% higher for that 5 km distant.
A Method to Calculate the Ionospheric LBH Dayglow Emissions for Large Field of View
Authors: Yong‐Chao ZHANG , Fei HE , Xiao‐Xin ZHANG , Bo CHEN
Published: June 2014

LBH dayglow emissions in the ionosphere, produced by the photoelectrons impact on the nitrogen molecules, are the most prominent molecular signals in the far ultraviolet range. Imaging the LBH dayglow emissions from the space can be a powerful method to monitor the state of the upper atmosphere. According to direct excitation theory and spherical geometry, the spectral characteristics of the LBH emission are analyzed and a revised method (RAURIC) to calculate the column emission rate of the LBH dayglow emissions for large field of view is given. Two main limitations of AURIC, that are the definition of the observation azimuth angle and the treating of the solar zenith angle as a constant along a line of sight, are improved in RAURIC. The column emission rates of the LBH bands in the range of 140∼180 nm are calculated with the method. Comparisons with results from AURIC show great agreement in nadir, while RAURIC should be used in other lines of light, especially for large field of view. This work provides a solid basis for simulating the image of ionospheric LBH dayglow emissions and the data inversion technique.
On continuous distribution functions, minimax and best invariant estimators, and integrated balanced loss functions
Authors: Jafari Jozani Mohammad , Leblanc Alexandre , Marchand Éric
Published: June 2014

We consider the problem of estimating a continuous distribution function F, as well as meaningful functions under a large class of loss functions. We obtain best invariant estimators and establish their minimaxity for Hölder continuous ’s and strict bowl‐shaped losses with a bounded derivative. We also introduce and motivate the use of integrated balanced loss functions which combine the criteria of an integrated distance between a decision d and , with the proximity of d from a target estimator . Moreover, we show how the risk analysis of procedures under such an integrated balanced loss relates to a dual risk analysis under an “unbalanced” loss, and we derive best invariant estimators, minimax estimators, risk comparisons, dominance and inadmissibility results. Finally, we expand on various illustrations and applications relative to maxima‐nomination sampling, median‐nomination sampling, and a case study related to bilirubin levels in the blood of babies suffering from jaundice. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 42: 470–486; 2014 © 2014 Statistical Society of Canada
Mind the gap: Efficacy versus effectiveness and pivotal prostate cancer clinical trial demographics
Authors: Galsky Matthew D. , Oh William K.
Published: June 2014

Large randomized prostate cancer clinical trials over the past 20 years have under‐represented racial minorities. It will be critical in the future to ensure that the patients enrolled in trials are representative of the general population, so that clinicians can provide optimal therapy for patients.
Enhancing performance and energy consumption of runtime schedulers for dense linear algebra
Authors: Alonso Pedro , Dolz Manuel F. , Igual Francisco D. , Mayo Rafael , Quintana‐Ortí Enrique S.
Published: June 2014

The road towards Exascale Computing requires a holistic effort to address three different challenges simultaneously: high performance, energy efficiency, and programmability. The use of runtime task schedulers to orchestrate parallel executions with minimal developer intervention has been introduced in recent years to tackle the programmability issue while maintaining, or even improving, performance. In this paper, we enhance the SuperMatrix runtime task scheduler integrated in the libflame library in two different directions that address high performance and energy efficiency. First, we extend the runtime by accommodating hybrid parallel executions and managing task priorities for dense linear algebra operations, with remarkable performance improvements. Second, we introduce techniques to reduce energy consumption during idle times inherent to parallel executions, attaining important energy savings. In addition, we propose a power consumption model that can be leveraged by runtime task schedulers to make decisions based not only on performance but also on energy considerations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A practical lottery using oblivious transfer
Authors: Liu Yi‐Ning , Cheng Chi , Jiang Tao , Chang Chin‐Chen
Published: June 2014

In this letter, a practice‐oriented lottery protocol that allows a player to select t from the pre‐defined n elements is proposed using the method of oblivious transfer and Lagrange interpolation polynomial. Each player can verify if its contribution is really involved in generating the final result without other's collaboration. Next, neither the delaying function nor the trusted third party is necessary in the proposed protocol, which guarantees the protocol more robust and efficient. Furthermore, the proposed protocol is more practical without the assumption that n should be small. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic and environmental influences on thin‐ideal internalization across puberty and preadolescent, adolescent, and young adult development
Authors: Suisman Jessica L. , Thompson J. Kevin , Keel Pamela K. , Burt S. Alexandra , Neale Michael , Boker Steven , Sisk Cheryl , Klump Kelly L.
Published: June 2014

Objective

Mean‐levels of thin‐ideal internalization increase during adolescence and pubertal development, but it is unknown whether these phenotypic changes correspond to developmental changes in etiological (i.e., genetic and environmental) risk. Given the limited knowledge on risk for thin‐ideal internalization, research is needed to guide the identification of specific types of risk factors during critical developmental periods. The present twin study examined genetic and environmental influences on thin‐ideal internalization across adolescent and pubertal development.

Method

Participants were 1,064 female twins (ages 8–25 years) from the Michigan State University Twin Registry. Thin‐ideal internalization and pubertal development were assessed using self‐report questionnaires. Twin moderation models were used to examine if age and/or pubertal development moderate genetic and environmental influences on thin‐ideal internalization.

Results

Phenotypic analyses indicated significant increases in thin‐ideal internalization across age and pubertal development. Twin models suggested no significant differences in etiologic effects across development. Nonshared environmental influences were most important in the etiology of thin‐ideal internalization, with genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental accounting for approximately 8%, 15%, and 72%, respectively, of the total variance.

Discussion

Despite mean‐level increases in thin‐ideal internalization across development, the relative influence of genetic versus environmental risk did not differ significantly across age or pubertal groups. The majority of variance in thin‐ideal internalization was accounted for by environmental factors, suggesting that mean‐level increases in thin‐ideal internalization may reflect increases in the magnitude/strength of environmental risk across this period. Replication is needed, particularly with longitudinal designs that assess thin‐ideal internalization across key developmental phases. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:773–783)
Parental mental illness and eating disorders in offspring
Authors: Bould Helen , Koupil Ilona , Dalman Christina , DeStavola Bianca , Lewis Glyn , Magnusson Cecilia
Published: June 2014

Objective

To investigate which parental mental illnesses are associated with eating disorders in their offspring.

Method

We used data from a record‐linkage cohort study of 158,679 children aged 12–24 years at the end of follow‐up, resident in Stockholm County from 2001 to 2007, to investigate whether different parental mental illnesses are risk factors for eating disorders in their offspring. The outcome measure was diagnosis of any eating disorder, either from an ICD or DSM‐IV code, or inferred from an appointment at a specialist eating disorder clinic.

Results

Mental illness in parents is a risk factor for eating disorders in female offspring (Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR) 1.57 (95% CI 1.42, 1.92), p < 0.0001). Risk of eating disorders is increased if there is a parental diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder (AHR 2.28 (95% CI 1.39, 3.72), p = 0.004), personality disorder (AHR 1.57 (95% CI 1.01, 2.44), p = 0.043) or anxiety/depression (AHR 1.57 (95% CI 1.32, 1.86), p < 0.0001). There is a lack of statistical evidence for an association with parental schizophrenia (AHR 1.41 (95% CI 0.96, 2.07), p = 0.08), and somatoform disorder (AHR 1.25 (95% CI 0.74, 2.13), p = 0.40). There is no support for a relationship between parental substance misuse and eating disorders in children (AHR 1.08 (95% CI 0.82, 1.43), p = 0.57).

Discussion

Parental mental illness, specifically parental anxiety, depression, bipolar affective disorder, and personality disorders, are risk factors for eating disorders in their offspring. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:383–391)
What does airborne LiDAR really measure in upland ecosystems?
Authors: Luscombe David J. , Anderson Karen , Gatis Naomi , Wetherelt Andrew , Grand‐Clement Emilie , Brazier Richard E.
Published: June 2014

Airborne laser scanning systems (Light Detection And Ranging, LiDAR) are very well suited to the study of landscape and vegetation structure over large extents. Spatially distributed measurements describing the three‐dimensional character of landscape surfaces and vegetation architecture can be used to understand eco‐geomorphic and ecohydrological processes, and this is particularly pertinent in peatlands given the increasing recognition that these landscapes provide a variety of ecosystem services (water provision, flood mitigation and carbon sequestration). In using LiDAR data for monitoring peatlands, it is important to understand how well peatland surface structures (with fine length scales) can be described. Our approach integrates two laser scanning technologies, namely terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and airborne LiDAR surveys, to assess how effective airborne LiDAR is at measuring these fine‐scale microtopographic ecohydrological structures. By combining airborne and TLS, we demonstrate an improved spatial understanding of the signal measured by the airborne LiDAR. Critically, results demonstrate that LiDAR digital surface models are subject to specific errors related to short‐sward ecosystem structure, causing the vegetation canopy height and surface‐drainage network depth to be underestimated. TLS is shown to be effective at describing these structures over small extents, allowing the information content and accuracy of airborne LiDAR to be understood and quantified more appropriately. These findings have important implications for the appropriate degree of confidence ecohydrologists can apply to such data when using them as a surrogate for field measurements. They also illustrate the need to couple LiDAR data with ground validation data in order to improve assessment of ecohydrological function in such landscapes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
More complexity does not always mean more accuracy: the case of IBMWP and METI in NW Spain
Authors: Couto‐Mendoza M. T. , Vieira‐Lanero R. , Cobo F.
Published: June 2014

Since the Water Framework Directive (WFD) implementation, new biological indices based on macroinvertebrates have been developed, mainly focusing on multimetric approaches. This work checks the relationship among several biotic indices [Iberian Biological Monitoring Working Party (IBMWP), Indice Biotico Esteso, Indice Biologique Global Normalisé] and one multimetric index (METI) proposed for NW Spain rivers, and their behaviour using different physicochemical parameters throughout the different typologies defined for NW Spain rivers according to the WFD. It is also tested whether the reference sites and conditions established are representative enough of each typology comparing the IBMWP and METI in reference and non‐reference sampling sites. As a whole, the METI showed the lowest correlations with the rest of the indices, whereas the IBMWP showed the highest and all indices displayed negative correlations with those variables, which caused pollution in all typologies. Furthermore, it has been found sites with an index value higher than that of the reference sites and therefore in a better status than the selected reference sites, revealing several shortcomings in the selection of the reference sites in NW Spain and proving that a good selection of the reference sites is extremely important to produce successful results. Finally, the IBMWP has proved to be a useful tool to assess freshwater ecosystems in NW Spain showing how a simple index can be satisfactorily used to monitor ‘Ecological status’. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structures and Magnetic Properties of Manganese(II) Compounds Based on Chains with Simultaneous Carboxylate and Pseudohalide Bridges
Authors: Zhuang Guang‐Mei , Li Xiu‐Bing , Wen Yan‐Qing , Tian Chun‐Yan , Gao En‐Qing
Published: June 2014

Various zwitterionic carboxylate ligands form MnII coordination polymers with carboxylate and pseudo‐halide bridges mixed in different ways. With mono‐zwitterions, [Mn(N3)2(L1)(H2O)]n and [Mn(N3)2(L2)]n contains 1D chains with (μ‐1,1‐N3)(μ‐1,3‐OCO) and (μ‐1,1‐N3)2(μ‐1,3‐OCO) bridges, respectively. With di‐zwitterions, [Mn(N3)(L3)]n(ClO4)n forms a 2D network based on chains with (μ‐1,1‐N3)(μ‐1,3‐OCO)2 bridges, whereas [Mn2(X)4(L4)]n·2nH2O (X = N3 or NCO) are interpenetrating 3D networks based on chains with (μ‐1,1‐X)2(μ‐1,3‐OCO) bridges. With a tri‐zwitterion, [Mn7(N3)14(OH)2(L5)(H2O)6]n·4nH2O is a 2D network based on a novel chain in which μ‐1,1‐N3‐ and μ‐1,3‐OCO‐bridged trinuclear motifs and μ3‐OH‐ and μ‐1,1‐N3‐bridged tetranuclear motifs are linked by μ‐1,3‐N3 and μ3‐1,1,3‐N3. All compounds exhibit antiferromagnetic interactions, the magnitude of which depends upon the nature and mixing mode of the bridges, and follow the trend (μ‐N3)(μ‐OCO) < (μ‐N3)(μ‐OCO)2 < (μ‐N3)2(μ‐OCO) < (μ‐NCO)2(μ‐OCO).
Alternative Synthetic Methods for PEPPSI‐Type Palladium Complexes
Authors: Green Kerry‐Ann , Maragh Paul T. , Abdur‐Rashid Kamaluddin , Lough Alan J. , Dasgupta Tara P.
Published: June 2014

Alternative procedures are reported for the preparation of PEPPSI‐type palladium complexes (PEPPSI = pyridine‐enhanced precatalyst preparation stabilization and initiation) in good to excellent yields. One method involves the reaction of [(NHC)Pd(acac)Cl] complexes (NHC = N‐heterocyclic carbene, acac = acetylacetonate) with hydrohalides (HX; X = Cl, Br, I) of pyridine or 2,6‐lutidine. Two other one‐pot syntheses involve Pd(acac)2, the azolium salt and pyridine hydrohalide (or 2,6‐lutidine hydrohalide). The complexes were obtained as moisture‐ and air‐stable solids and were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, CHN analysis, and IR spectroscopy. The various synthetic procedures and the yields of the desired products are discussed. The X‐ray structure of [1‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐3‐(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazolin‐2‐ylidene]Pd(acac)Cl (4c) is also reported.
Oxidation kinetics and melting profiles of the structured lipids used in infant cookies
Authors: Wirkowska‐Wojdyła Magdalena , Bryś Joanna , Górska Agata , Ostrowska‐Ligęza Ewa
Published: June 2014

In this study, fats extracted from cookies for infant and structured lipids of milkfat (MF), rapeseed oil (RSO), and concentrate of fish (ROPUFA) oil used to bake these cookies were oxidized. The experiments were done at five different heating rates with the use of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The onset oxidation temperature (Ton, °C) was determined as the intersection of the extrapolated baseline and the tangent line (leading edge) of the recorded exotherm. The kinetic parameters of the oxidation process (activation energy, pre‐exponential factor, and reaction rate constants) were calculated using the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall method and the Arrhenius equation. The activation energy for analyzed lipids ranged from 91.97 to 199.71 kJ/mol and the pre‐exponential factors ranged from 1.82 × 1011 to 4.11 × 1022 min−1. Fat extracted from cookies was characterized by a better oxidative parameters than fat used to bake them. In the experiment, the melting characteristic of structured lipids in comparison to the starting mixture was also done. The melting curves were recorded by DSC. The results indicate that structured lipids are complex mixtures of various TAGs with wide‐ranging melting points.

Practical applications: The kinetic parameters obtained in this paper are thermodynamically and kinetically consistent and can help to predict oxidative stability of interesterified fats‐based products. The use of DSC method seems to be suitable for predicting the shelf life of the cookies intended for infants and children. It also saves a lot of time, which is very precious in quality control.

Lipase‐catalyzed interesterification of milk fat, rapeseed oil, and concentrate of fish oil at weight ratio 4:5:1 was performed for producing structured lipids intended as fat to bake cookies for infant and young children. The melting characteristics of TAGs fractions for starting mixture and structured lipids was done using DSC. The mixture of MF, RSO, and ROPUFA before interesterification exhibited a four peaks. Interesterification produced noteworthy changes in the melting profile, whereas blending alone resulted in a dilution effect. All exhibited a wide melting range, with four distinct peaks. The kinetic parameters of the oxidation process (activation energy, pre‐exponential factor, and reaction rate constants) were calculated using the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall method and the Arrhenius equation. Fat extracted from cookies was characterized by a better oxidative parameters than fat used to bake them.
Kinetic Data on the Synergetic Role of Amines and Water in the Reduction of Phosphine‐Ligated Palladium(II) to Palladium(0)
Authors: Amatore Christian , El Kaïm Laurent , Grimaud Laurence , Jutand Anny , Meignié Alice , Romanov Georgy
Published: June 2014

Tertiary amines such as EtN(iPr)2 do not reduce [PdCl2(PPh3)2] into a Pd0 complex. The latter is formed only after the addition of water (generation of HO–), as was reported by Grushin and Alper for NEt3. The mechanism of the PdII/Pd0 reduction performed in the presence of an excess amount of PPh3 is established quantitatively by means of electrochemical techniques that provide kinetic data (determination of the equilibrium and rate constants) for the disappearance of [PdCl2(PPh3)2] and the formation of [Pd0(PPh3)3]. [PdCl(OH)(PPh3)2] is formed, which allows reductive elimination between OH and the ligated PPh3 (zero‐order reaction for PPh3), and this leads to a Pd0 complex. The reducing agent is ligated PPh3, which ultimately yields (O)PPh3. The rate of the overall reduction process is controlled by the amount of water that imposes the concentration of HO–.
The CIE 1976 Color‐Difference Formulae
Authors: Robertson Alan R.
Published: June 2014

The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) has recommended the use of two approximately uniform color spaces and associated color‐difference formulae chosen from among several of similar merit to promote uniformity of practice. In this paper, the various features of the two formulae are discussed and compared. It is shown that the two are approximately equal in their degree of agreement with visual judgements of color difference. Choice of which formula to use in a particular situation will often depend not so much on scientific merit as on other factors such as familiarity and conformance to common practice in a particular industry or group.
Evaluation of Different Color‐Difference Formulae by Means of an Experiment on Color Scaling—Preliminary Report
Authors: Lozano Roberto D.
Published: June 2014

Ten color‐difference formulae were evaluated by means of a psychophysical experiment on perception scales of color attributes. Mattiello and Guirao1,2 have worked on scaling of surface colors. The present work uses the data obtained by them to check the behavior of different color‐difference formulae.

The color differences between samples used in these experiments are large in comparison with the just‐perceptible or threshold criterion which has been considered as the most important from the industrial point of view. Nevertheless, the preliminary information collected shows that results obtained by other authors for small color differences are confirmed for the present type of color differences.

The present work has two parts: the first deals with lightness variations of color samples, with hue and saturation approximately constant. The second part analyzes result for samples in which saturation was varied, maintaining the other two variables almost constant.

For the first part, the Reilly Cube Root formula has the highest correlation coefficient, followed by the CIE L*a*b*, ANLAB, and FMC‐2 formulae, in decreasing order.

For the second part, the Judd—Hunter (NBS) formula has the highest correlation coefficient, followed by the Hunter—Scofield, Reilly Cube Root, and CIE L*a*b* formulae.

For these results, and taking into account the limitations of color‐difference size mentioned, the recommendations proposed by the CIE TC‐1.3 Committee seem to be the best presently available.

It is also possible to deduce, in view of the evidence shown for small color differences in different field trials of various formula and the present work, that the observers' behavior when seeing small or large differences in color of opaque materials seems to be similar or equivalent.
Proceedings of the Inter‐Society Color Council Technical Conference “Instrumental Colorant Formulation 1976” Williamsburg, Virginia. II
Authors: Orchard Stanley E.
Published: June 2014

Two‐constant Kubelka—Munk (KM) theory with experimentally fitted values accounts quite well for the total reflectance of opaque mixtures of paints, but systematic errors indicate the need for better theory. No simple satisfactory alternative exists, however. Errors from the Saunderson correction for surface reflections are comparable to errors from KM theory, and opinions differ on the best values for the diffuse internal reflection coefficient. Since the surface corrections can be applied separately from diffuser theory, an extra variable is available. Even for isotropic scattering, theory shows that the internal surface reflectance ranges from 0.57 when the diffuser reflectance is high to 0.65 when it is low, while the corresponding Saunderson coefficient ranges from 0.52 to 0.65. For anisotropic scattering, the coefficient is virtually independent of the phase function for single scatter when the reflectance is high, but critically dependent when it is low. Values of around 0.4 are predicted for the absorption band, unless the particles are very small.
Advantages of a Semiautomatic Color‐Control Computer Program
Authors: Davidson Hugh R.
Published: June 2014

Completely automatic color‐control computations often lead to less than the best possible solutions to common color problems. Better solutions can often be achieved by allowing the colorist to suggest alternative solutions which the program can then evaluate. These semiautomatic solutions can be made with little additional effort on the part of the operator if the computer programs are properly designed.
Effects of electromagnetic field exposure on gene transcription
Authors: Phillips Jerry L.
Published: June 2014

Exposure of whole animals, isolated tissues, and cells to electromagnetic fields of various characteristics has resulted in a substantial literature detailing a wide range of effects at the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. In recent years, considerable effort has been devoted to defining a mechanism by which electromagnetic fields can couple to biological systems and generate this plethora of effects. As a consequence, there has been a growing interest in electromagnetic field—induced alterations in gene expression. Key studies are discussed which indicate that exposure of several cell types to electromagnetic fields that differ in waveform, amplitude, and frequency induced general changes in gene transcription. Moreover, exposure of T‐lymphoblastoid cells to a 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field altered the transcription of genes encoding c‐fos, c‐jun, c‐myc, and protein kinase C. Future studies in this area should focus on independent replication of key studies and identification of which events in the signal transduction pathways leading to gene transcription are altered by electromagnetic field exposure.
Beneficial effects of electromagnetic fields
Authors: Bassett C. Andrew L.
Published: June 2014

Selective control of cell function by applying specifically configured, weak, time‐varying magnetic fields has added a new, exciting dimension to biology and medicine. Field parameters for therapeutic, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMFs) were designed to induce voltages similar to those produced, normally, during dynamic mechanical deformation of connective tissues. As a result, a wide variety of challenging musculoskeletal disorders have been treated successfully over the past two decades. More than a quarter million patients with chronically ununited fractures have benefitted, worldwide, from this surgically non‐invasive method, without risk, discomfort, or the high costs of operative repair. Many of the athermal bioresponses, at the cellular and subcellular levels, have been identified and found appropriate to correct or modify the pathologic processes for which PEMFs have been used. Not only is efficacy supported by these basic studies but by a number of double‐blind trials. As understanding of mechanisms expands, specific requirements for field energetics are being defined and the range of treatable ills broadened. These include nerve regeneration, wound healing, graft behavior, diabetes, and myocardial and cerebral ischemia (heart attack and stroke), among other conditions. Preliminary data even suggest possible benefits in controlling malignancy.
Environmental magnetic fields: Influences on early embryogenesis
Authors: Cameron Ivan L. , Hardman W. Elaine , Winters Wendell D. , Zimmerman Selma , Zimmerman Arthur M.
Published: June 2014

A 10‐mG, 50 to 60‐Hz magnetic field is in the intensity and frequency range that people worldwide are often exposed to in homes and in the workplace. Studies about the effects of 50‐ to 100‐Hz electromagnetic fields on various species of animal embryos (fish, chick, fly, sea urchin, rat, and mouse) indicate that early stages of embryonic development are responsive to fluctuating magnetic fields. Chick, sea urchin, and mouse embryos are responsive to magnetic field intensities of 10–100 mG. Results from studies on sea urchin embryos indicate that exposure to conditions of rotating 60‐Hz magnetic fields, e.g., similar to those in our environment, interferes with cell proliferation at the morula stage in a manner dependent on field intensity. The cleavage stages, prior to the 64‐cell stage, were not delayed by this rotating 60‐Hz magnetic field suggesting that the ionic surges, DNA replication, and translational events essential for early cleavage stages were not significantly altered. Studies of histone synthesis in early sea urchin embryos indicated that the rotating 60‐Hz magnetic field decreased zygotic expression of “early” histone genes at the morula stage and suggests that this decrease in early histone production was limiting to cell proliferation. Whether these comparative observations from animal development studies will be paralleled by results from studies of human embryogenesis, as suggested by some epidemiology studies, has yet to be established.