bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
English as a heritage language: The effects of input patterns and contact with Hebrew
Authors: Gordon Sidney , Meir Natalia
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

This study examines the extent to which language skills of adult speakers of heritage language (HL) English in a Hebrew-speaking society are affected by individual HL input patterns and cross-linguistic influence.

Methodology:

Adult HL-English speakers who grew up in families with one ( N = 22) or two ( N = 25) English-speaking parents were compared to a baseline group of native English speakers who emigrated to Israel as adults ( N = 20).

Data:

Proficiencies in morphosyntactic and lexical domains were measured based on formal test performance and error types and frequencies in narratives. Detailed histories of speakers’ linguistic input were documented.

Findings:

Results showed near-ceiling performance across the three groups in the morphosyntactic domain, while significant differences were observed between the baseline and HL groups in the lexical domain. No differences were found between HL-English speakers who grew up in families with one or two English-speaking parents. Individual HL input patterns explained a larger proportion of the variance in the lexical abilities, compared to morphosyntactic ones. Evidence of cross-linguistic influence from Hebrew was not detected in the morphosyntactic domain, but only in the lexicon, in the form of minor lexical production errors and calques.

Originality:

The HL examined here was English which, unlike other HLs, is heard and used in a variety of contexts outside the home. In most previous studies on HLs, English was the dominant societal language.

Implications:

The results suggest that morphosyntactic divergences, unlike lexical divergences, are not necessarily found in all HLs—morphosyntactic structures acquired in childhood, reinforced periodically in the societal environment, may be well-maintained because of the language’s ubiquity and relatively sparse morphology.
Does L2 influence on use of L1 animacy constraints depend on alignment of syntactic and semantic features?: Evidence from Japanese–English bilinguals
Authors: Lebkuecher Amy , Malt Barbara C.
Published: March 2023

Aims and Objectives:

English allows inanimate objects to be sentence subjects (e.g., “The knife cut the bread”) but Korean and Japanese restrict subjects of causal sentences on the basis of animacy. In previous work, we found that Korean speakers relaxed their native grammatical animacy constraint when immersed in English (e.g., found knives to be acceptable sentence subjects in Korean). We suggested this L2 influence occurred because the Korean animacy constraint does not map cleanly onto the semantic representation of animacy—some inanimate objects (e.g., “fire”) can be subjects of causal sentences. In the current study, we further test this idea by examining the case of Japanese–English bilinguals. We predict that because the Japanese animacy constraint aligns well with the semantic representation of animacy, it will be less susceptible to L2 influence.

Methodology:

We first independently assessed the semantic representation of animacy by comparing animacy ratings from native speakers of Korean, Japanese, and English for 60 objects. We then asked Japanese–English bilinguals and Japanese monolinguals to provide grammaticality judgments for sentences that varied in subject animacy.

Data and Analysis:

We analyzed participants’ animacy ratings and grammaticality judgments using mixed-effects models.

Findings:

Animacy ratings supported a closer correspondence between semantic representation of animacy and the grammatical animacy constraint for Japanese grammar than for Korean grammar. In contrast to previous results for Korean speakers, Japanese–English bilinguals’ grammaticality judgments did not significantly differ from those of Japanese monolinguals.

Originality:

The current study is unique in that it suggests the vulnerability of structures at the syntax–semantics interface to L2 influence varies across different language groups based on the alignment between syntactic and semantic features.

Implications:

The current findings support the possibility that representations at the syntax–semantics interface may only be vulnerable to influence when syntax is incongruent with semantic features.
Language-dependent emotions in heritage and second language bilinguals: When physiological reactions deviate from feelings
Authors: Thoma Dieter
Published: March 2023

Aims and objectives:

Whether bilinguals show language-dependent emotions often depends on the emotion measure used. Here, we examine if differences between automatic pupil reactions and self-reported feelings in response to an emotional narrative presented in a first, second, or heritage language (HL) indicate different stages of emotion processing.

Methodology:

German HL speakers of Russian and Turkish ( n = 72) and German second language (L2) speakers of English and French ( n = 89) listened to a video-based emotional narrative in German or their other language and rated how they felt about it (arousal and valence). We contrasted pupil diameter during the video with a language-specific baseline. Age of acquisition, language use frequency in emotional contexts, and language proficiency were used to verify that HL speakers were balanced simultaneous and L2 speakers unbalanced sequential bilinguals.

Data and analysis:

Linear mixed-effects models were fitted to the pupillometry data and ordinal logistic models to the self-report data.

Findings and conclusions:

HL speakers showed similar automatic reactions in both languages but rated the German narrative less emotional. L2 speakers showed weaker automatic reactions in L2 yet rated the narrative similar in both languages. This reversed pattern confirmed that automatic and conscious emotion measures tap into different stages of bilingual emotion processing. Furthermore, language-dependent emotions in self-reports seem to be linked to sociocultural frames that go beyond the scope of context and processing-based explanations.

Originality:

The study is among the first to systematically examine discrepancies between automatic and conscious measures of bilingual language-dependent emotions with different types of bilinguals and within one experimental paradigm.

Significance:

The findings imply that theories of bilingual emotions need further development to explain consistently and explicitly why language-dependent emotional reactions vary with bilingualism and emotion measures. Methodologically, the findings advocate for multi-measure approaches to enhance the validity of future research.
Apps, mobilities, and migration in the Covid-19 pandemic: Covid technology and the control of migrant workers in Singapore
Authors: Goggin Gerard , Zhuang Kuansong Victor
Published: March 2023

In this article we discuss the entanglement of apps, mobilities, and migration – and the way that apps work as migrant infrastructure in a Covid context. We develop our analysis through a case study of Singapore's response to the pandemic during 2020–22, centred on the control of migrant workers through the use of Covid apps. We argue that Covid apps enact ‘managed inequality’ in blatant as well as subtle ways for migrants and the societies in which they live and belong.
Numerical investigation on meshing temperature of multicomponent nylon gears by incorporating viscoelasticity
Authors: Li Kaixing , Li Yanbin , Gong Saifan , Tong Jing , Liu Yonggang , Xu Wujiao
Published: March 2023

This study concerns a numerical analysis of the meshing temperature for a multicomponent nylon gear by incorporating typical viscoelastic responses of polymers. Firstly, the generalized Maxwell model parameters were calibrated by the dynamic mechanical analysis to capture the viscoelasticity of polyamide 66. Next, the finite element model predicting the meshing temperature was established, including the heat generation analysis model, which calculates the generation of the frictional and hysteretic heat, and the heat propagation analysis model, which simulates the heat transmission. Different material models were used for polyamide 66 to investigate the influences of temperature dependence, strain rate dependence, and hysteretic effect. The effect of the iteration sequence on the meshing temperature calculation was also analyzed, i.e., how the heat generation should be updated as the loading cycles increase. A reasonable iteration scheme was determined by balancing the computational precision and consumption. It is noteworthy that the evolution of the ambient temperature around the gear and the worm within the housing was also considered. Finally, the accuracy of such meshing temperature analysis was validated on a self-developed gear test rig, in terms of the peak temperature evolution on the gear side surface. The experimental results and the simulation with the ambient temperature correction match well and the maximum error is 5 °C.
Prediction of Fatigue Damage Development in Undirectional Long fibre Composites
Authors: Plumtree A. , Shen G.
Published: March 2023

Cyclic damage development in polymer matrix composites reinforced with long fibres may be modelled by a two stage process. The first stage involves transverse and shear cracking of the matrix which is particularly significant in cross-ply laminates. Its development may be described using a two-parameter Weibull model. The damage rate continuously decreases until saturation is reached. This stage also occurs in unidirectional glass’ polyester rods pultruded under industrial conditions. The second stage exhibits an increasing rate of damage development resulting from longitudinal splitting, delamination, fibre pull-out and fracture. This may be described by applying continuum damage mechanics. The summation of the two expressions results in a comprehensive description of the fatigue damage evolution process. Using this approach it is possible to predict complete damage accumulation in undirectional long fibre composites.
Design Optimisation of FRP Universal Connectors
Authors: Mosallam Ayman S. , Bedewi Nabih E. , Goldstein Evan
Published: March 2023

There has been an increased demand for developing special connecting elements for pultruded fibre reinforced plastics (PFRP) structures. The first prototype of a moulded fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) universal connector (UC) was presented to the industry in previous work. The merit of this connector was proven through a full-scale testing program for PFRP beam-to-column connections. In order to develop a series of FRP connections with high structural performance and the lowest possible associated cost, design optimisation techniques must be utilised. For this reason, a design optimisation study on a FRP universal connector was conducted. In evaluating the structural performance of each UC design, finite element analysis was employed. The main objective of the study is to develop an optimum design for the UC by maximising its load carrying capacity and minimising the stress concentration at the critical locations. In order to minimize the number of design variables required for producing the optimum UC, the Taguchi statistical method for quality control was incorporated in this study. In this method, statistically planned experiments are used to identify the settings of the UC design parameters that reduce performance variation. Among the different parameters selected in the study are the UC geometry, composite lay-up, and thickness of the various elements comprising the connector. The results of the analysis indicated that the UC wall thickness, the addition of diagonal webs, and the orientation of the fibres in the webs improve the stiffness significantly. Other design recommandations and conclusions are also presented.
Carbon Fibres from Partially Oriented Polyethylene Precursors
Authors: Zhang Dong
Published: March 2023

Earlier work has shown that carbon fibres can be produced from highly oriented polyethylene precursors (1). Polyethylene fibres are attractive as carbon fiber precursors due to their high carbon content and ease of manufacture. In this research, an effort is made to produce carbon fiber from a partially oriented polyethylene fiber. Stabilisation of the fibres was carried out using sulphonation by crosslinking. Being a diffusion controlled process, stabilisation of partially oriented polyethylene precursors can be achieved in less time than that of highly oriented polyethylene fibres. The progress of reactions and the extent of stabilisation was studied by thermal analyses (Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimetric Analysis) and other techniques. The structure and properties of the carbon fibres produced from partially oriented polyethylene precursors were investigated.
Detection of Undercure in Carbon-Fibre/Epoxy Composites by Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis
Authors: Akay M. , Cracknell J.G. , Farnham H.A.
Published: March 2023

Desirable properties in thermosetting polymer matrix composites can only be realised after a sufficient degree of matrix curing. It is, thus, important that the state of cure should be clearly identified. Carbon-fibre/epoxy laminates of varying degrees of matrix cure were prepared, and evaluated using static mechanical tests, impact tests and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Interlaminar shear and compression tests, although widely used in quality control, were not sufficiently sensitive to distinguish between the cured and significantly undercured laminates. Furthermore, considerable scatter was experienced in the interlaminar shear strength measurements. In contrast, the data obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis were reproducible and indicated more accurately the condition of the materials. Instrumented impact testing also produced relevant information.
The Use of Capillary Rheometry in Predicting Polymer Processing Performance
Authors: von Kemenczky Oliver , Van Buskirk Paul
Published: March 2023

The Theological characterisation of novel polymers is increasingly recognised as vitally important for the prediction and characterisation of processing performance. This paper discusses the use of laboratory scale capillary rheometry and shows that apparent viscosity data at appropriate shear rates correlates well with the behaviour of polymer melts.
The Protection of Aluminium Alloys in Harsh, Corrosive Environments by Oxidized Polyphenylene Sulphide Coatings
Authors: Sugama T. , Carciello N.
Published: March 2023

A moderate rate of oxidation of the sulphide groups in polyphenylenesulphide (PPS) played a key role in ensuring that PPS coatings adequately protect aluminium (Al) alloys from corrosion in wet, harsh environments. There are three major reasons for a good protective performance: 1) the superior hydrothermal stability of PPS itself, 2) the limited amount of sulphonic acid formed by the oxidation of sulphide, and 3) the formation of a discontinuous, intermediate layer of Al2(SO4)3 as the interfacial reaction product between A12O3 at the top surface of Al, and oxidized PPS. Widespread oxidation of PPS led to an increase in the rate of the interfacial interaction, forming sulphonic acid-enriched A12(SO4)3 intermediate layers, thereby improving the bond strength at Al-to-PPS adhesive joints. However, an overabundance of these reaction products resulted in an inadequate coating that failed to protect the Al during a long-term exposure in a harsh, corrosive environment because of the susceptibility of these salt products to dissolution in water.
Cellulose Thiocarbonate-Potassium Bromate Redox System-Initiated Graft Copolymerisation of Acrylic Esters on to Cotton Fabric
Authors: Waly A. , Hebeish A. , Zahran M.K. , El-Zairy M.R. , Rashad M.
Published: March 2023

Graft copolymerisation of 2,3-epoxypropyl methacrylate (EPMA) on to cotton-cellulose, in the fabric form, was carried out using a cellulose thiocarbonate-KBrO3 redox initiation system. Effects of the concentrations of KBrO3 (initiator) and monomer, the pH of polymerization medium, grafting time and temperature were studied. The results revealed that the graft yield increased with increasing EPMA concentration within the range studied (from 10% to 160%). The optimal grafting conditions for other factors consisted of: [KBrO3], 10 g/1; pH of polymerization medium, 2.5; grafting temperature, 40°C and grafting time, 40 min. with optimum material to liquor ratio 1:30. On the basis of its efficiency as an oil repellent compound 1,1-dihydroperfluoroheptyl methacrylate (PFHMA) was combined with EPMA, in various ratios to promote grafting onto the cotton fabric under the aforementioned optimal conditions. The oil-repellency of the EPMA/PFHMA grafted fabric was then examined. The oil repellency property was found to rely essentially on the percent PFHMA in the total graft obtained. Also reported is a tentative mechanism which copes with the results obtained.
Pollutant Transfer into Food from Sandwich Packaging with Layers of Different Thicknesses Made of Recycled and Virgin Polymers
Authors: Laoubi S. , Vergnaud J.M.
Published: March 2023

The process of pollutant transfer into food from sandwich packaging of different thicknesses has been studied. The thicknesses of the virgin layers or functional barriers were different, the one in contact with the food being much thicker than the other in contact with the surrounding. A numerical model based on finite differences was built, by considering the following facts: the transient diffusion through the three layers of the packaging with the same and constant diffusivity, the convection at the packaging-food interface with a coefficient of mass transfer, the volumes of food and packaging. Dimensionless numbers were used in order to obtain general results of use in various typical cases. The kinetics of the pollutant transfer into the food, the profiles of concentration of pollutant developed through the packaging, and the concentration-time histories of the pollutant on the surface of the packaging, were calculated for different values of the parameters.
High Speed Stamp Forming of Thermoplastic Composite Sheets
Authors: Breuer U. , Neitzel M.
Published: March 2023

Nowadays great efforts are undertaken in order to improve the performance/cost balance of fabric reinforced polymeric composites via high-speed manufacturing and shaping processes. In this paper a low-cycle non-isothermal stamp forming process is described with all related processing parameters. Best results were achieved by using a well consolidated sheet, heated by an infrared technique and pressed in a matched die tool.
Preparation and Characterisation of Poly (Acrylic Acid) Starch Polyblends
Authors: Hebeish A. , Zahran M.K. , El-Rafie M.H. , El-Tahlawy Kh.E
Published: March 2023

The preparation of a poly(acrylic acid) starch graft copolymer polyblend was achieved by polymerisation of acrylic acid monomer using hydrolysed starch thiocarbonate-potassium bromate as a redox initiation system. The influence of polymerisation time and temperature, concentration of potassium bromate, acrylic acid, and thiocarbonation components (CS2 and NaOH) as well as partial pre-neutralisation of acrylic acid on total conversion, graft yield, homopolymer and grafting efficiency were extensively studied. The viscosity of the poly(acrylic acid) starch graft copolymer polyblend, produced under a variety of reaction conditions, was also studied. The results indicated that the polymerisability of acrylic acid molecules, expressed as % total conversion (i.e. counting both grafting and homopolymerisation), is enhanced greatly by increasing the concentrations of the thiocarbonation components (i.e. concentrations of CS2 and NaOH, from 0.5% to 4%, based on weight of starch), KBrO3 (from 0.25% to 1.5%, on weight of starch), and acrylic acid (from 30% to 50%, on weight of starch). However, the polymerisability of acrylic acid decreases substantially as the extent of pre-neutralisation of acrylic acid increases from 25% to 75%. The apparent viscosity of poly(acrylic acid) starch graft copolymer polyblend paste, on the other hand, increases with increasing polymerisation temperature and extent of pre-neutralisation, and decreases with increasing concentrations of acrylic acid and potassium bromate. Tentative mechanisms, signifying various chemical events that probably occur throughout the whole course of the thiocarbonation and polymerisation reactions along with the hydrolysed starch, are reported.
Control of Polymer Layer Thickness in Coating of Monodispersed Colloidal Silica
Authors: Yoshinaga K. , Iwasaki M. , Teramoto M. , Karakawa H.
Published: March 2023

Two methods for the polymer coating of monodispersed colloidal silica and for the control of layer thickness by radical polymerization were examined. Consecutive radical polymerization of styrene on the prepolymer-coated silica by periodic addition of 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) in ethanolic solution induced the aggregation of the composite particles. The radical polymerization in the surface hydrophobic layer, formed by the reaction of surface silanol with a silane coupling agent on the colloidal silica, gave monodispersed composite particles having surface polymer layers, the thickness of which was dependent on the molecular size and polarity of the silane modifier. It is suggested that the polymer coating layer is controllable in the range of about two times to five times the modifier size.
Effect of Matrix Toughening on the Mechanical Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Composite
Authors: Kang Tae Jin , Hwang Seong Deok
Published: March 2023

Changes in morphology and mechanical properties of glass fibre reinforced composites fabricated using a polyvinylbutyral (PVB) modified phenolic resol resin were studied. The PVB modified phenolic resin systems possessed discrete spheres of PVB evenly dispersed in a phenolic resin matrix at low thermoplastic content. However, at higher concentrations, phase inversion resulted, and the morphology consisted of discrete spheres of phenolic resin embedded in a PVB matrix. The mechanical properties of neat resin films showed maximum values with PVB content of 66.7 phr. But the tensile and flexural properties of the glass fibre composite showed the highest values with PVB 25-42.9 phr, lower PVB levels than those of neat resin films. The tensile and flexural moduli were significantly improved and showed maxima at about 25-42.9 phr, unlike the neat resin films which showed a continuous decrease. The reason is that the interfacial bond between fibre and matrix plays an important role and has been altered by the addition of the PVB to the glass fibre reinforced composite. The composite with increased PVB content showed increased toughness and a smaller damaged area after a drop-weight impact test.
Influence of Particles on the Mechanical Properties of CFRP Composites
Authors: Srivastava V.K.
Published: March 2023

Cross-plied carbon fibre reinforced epoxy resin composites (CFRP) filled with graphite, silicon carbide and polyethylene particles in the range from 0.5 to 7% by volume of resin were prepared and their mechanical behaviour investigated by tensile, compression, flexure and Izod Impact tests. The results showed that the Izod Impact energy of the un-notched CFRP improved by the addition of all these kinds of particles and that the disc compression strength also increased by the addition of graphite and silicon carbide. However, polyethylene reduced the disc compression strength owing to the larger particle size compared to other fillers. The tensile and flexural strengths decreased as a result of the addition of all these types of particles.
Graft Copolymerisation of Water Soluble Vinyl Monomers onto Polyamide Film
Authors: Misra B.N. , Kaur Inderjeet , Gupta Anupam , John Valsamma , Singha A.S.
Published: March 2023

Graft copolymerisation of water soluble monomers such as acrylic acid and acrylamide onto polyamide film by mutual irradiation in aqueous medium in air has been studied. Percentage grafting has been determined as a function of (1) total dose, (2) monomer concentration, and (3) amount of water. Maximum percentage grafting under optimum conditions was found to be higher for acrylamide than acrylic acid. The effect of alcohols of different chain length on percentage grafting has also been studied. All the alcohols enhanced percentage grafting of acrylic acid and decreased percentage grafting of acrylamide. The graft copolymers were characterised by I.R. spectroscopic methods and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A mechanism is suggested to explain the experimental results.
The Effects of Light Therapy on Sleep, Agitation and Depression in People With Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Fong Kenneth NK , Ge Xiangyang , Ting KH , Wei Minchen , Cheung Hilda
Published: March 2023

Objective

To evaluate the effects of light therapy on the alleviation of sleep disturbances, agitation and depression in people with dementia.

Methods

A search was performed in PubMed, Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, for studies published between 2000 and 2021.

Results

A total of 4315 articles were screened. Sixteen articles were eligible for this review and 11 randomized controlled studies were included in the meta-analysis. Light therapy had a significant effect on reducing the number of awakenings in sleep ( n = 4; 95% CI = −.56, −.05; I2 = 0%; SMD = −.31) but was not significant in reducing the wake after sleep onset ( n = 3; 95% CI = −.14, .59; I2 = 0%; SMD = .23), agitation ( n = 4; 95% CI = −1.02, .45; I2 = 87%; SMD = −.28) and depression ( n = 6; 95% CI = −.80, .40, I2 = 85%; SMD = −.20).

Conclusion

Light therapy appeared to be more effective in terms of alleviating sleep disturbances, rather than reducing agitation and depression, but its long-term effects remain unclear.
Evaluating Statin Knowledge-Perceptions and Receptivity Following a Comprehensive Lifestyle Modification Program
Authors: Pupulin Alaina , Ball Jillian , Bajaj Ravi , Alter David A.
Published: March 2023

Background

Though clinical guidelines for cholesterol-lowering therapies advocate for both a trial of lifestyle modification and the initiation of statin medication when appropriate, the extent to which lifestyle modification may alter a patient’s knowledge-perceptions and receptivity towards statins remains unclear.

Methods

Following completion of a 6-month comprehensive lifestyle modification program, perceived changes in knowledge and receptivity towards statins were examined across prespecified subgroups of age, sex, and statin eligibility using a mixed-methods questionnaire. Quantitative and qualitative analyses incorporated binomial tests, McNemar’s test, and thematic analyses.

Results

Among 192 patients who completed the program and exit questionnaire between December 15, 2020 and July 2, 2021, 88.4% of patients indicated a perceived improvement in cholesterol and/or statin knowledge (P < . 0001). 48.2% of patients acknowledged that their receptivity towards taking statins increased (P = . 61). Changes in receptivity were attributed to several identified program themes including improvements in health knowledge and awareness, motivation and empowerment. Patients who noted improvements in their mental health also reported significantly increased receptivity towards statins (P < . 001).

Conclusions

Patients’ perceived knowledge and receptivity towards statins may improve following participation in a comprehensive therapeutic lifestyle modification program. Future research must evaluate the impact of these programs on statin uptake, compliance and outcomes.
An outside perspective for those within: The presentation of European states in Arab professional online news consumed by Arabic-speaking audiences in Europe
Authors: Haeuptli Andrea
Published: March 2023

Arab migration to Europe has triggered vast public debate on immigration and European identity. But how do Arabic-speaking groups perceive their European resident countries? This study departs from the crucial role of media arenas in orienting perceptions. Adopting the approach of agenda-setting theory, it analyses news coverage on France and Germany, performing a multilevel text analysis of 3109 news articles in Arabic and relating them to usage data. The analysis of issues showed that France is presented as an active stakeholder in foreign politics, whereas Germany is more strongly depicted in the realm of domestic politics.
A systematic review on the available treatment modalities for Bacillus Calmette–Guérin-unresponsive carcinoma in situ and tumors in patients who are ineligible for or decline radical cystectomy
Authors: Syed Saad , Rahman Mansoor , Israr Aisha , Anwar Masroor , Khatroth Sumalatha , Safi Danish , Kamran Amir
Published: March 2023

Introduction:

Globally, urothelial bladder carcinoma is a disease which carries a poor prognosis. There are various treatment modalities for urothelial bladder carcinoma with intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin immunotherapy being the most efficacious intravesical therapy and the treatment of choice for patients with carcinoma in situ. A number of chemotherapeutic drugs are also available for the management of Ta/T1 tumors such as mitomycin C and epirubicin. However, relapse and progression is quite common. The optimal management of patients with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin-unresponsive disease remains to be a challenge. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review on the treatment modalities available for the management of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin-unresponsive carcinoma in situ and urothelial bladder carcinoma in patients who are ineligible or decline radical cystectomy.

Methods:

Two authors independently searched three databases on the treatment modalities available for the management of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin-unresponsive carcinoma in situ and Bacillus Calmette–Guérin-unresponsive urothelial bladder carcinoma.

Results:

The systematic search resulted in 15 studies. We recommend the use of intravesical CG0070 adenovirus or hyperthermic intravesical chemotherapy mitomycin C in patients with carcinoma in situ only disease. In patients with carcinoma in situ ± Ta/T1 disease, we recommend the use of intravesical radiofrequency-induced chemohyperthermia or electromotive drug administration of mitomycin C. In patients who have Ta/T1 disease, we recommend the use of either hyperthermic intravesical chemotherapy epirubicin or electromotive drug administration mitomycin C followed by chemohyperthermia mitomycin C. If any of these second line therapies fail, an alternative regimen would be a combination of gemcitabine, cabazitaxel, and cisplatin.

Conclusion:

This recommendation is subject to the available resources and clinical expertise available in different hospitals. More studies using study designs such as randomized controlled trials comparing multiple drugs with larger sample sizes and regular follow-up intervals should be performed to accurately assess the different medications and aid in designing guidelines to guide the management of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin-unresponsive non-muscle invasive intravesical bladder cancer.
Myocardial stunning secondary to erroneous administration of intravenous epinephrine
Authors: Pathangey Girish , Moudgal Rohitha , Lee Christopher , Henkin Stanislav
Published: March 2023

Epinephrine is a commonly used medication for emergent conditions, such as anaphylaxis, respiratory distress, and shock. However, its versatility can also lead to iatrogenic errors in dosages, concentrations, and routes of administration. In this case, a 47-year-old female experiencing anaphylaxis received an intravenous dose of 0.3 mg (1:1000) epinephrine formulated for intramuscular injection, resulting in cardiac arrest and acute heart failure due to myocardial stunning, as diagnosed by echocardiography. Management included invasive ventilation and hemodynamic support until cardiac function recovered. This case highlights the potential dangers of epinephrine overdose, and to our knowledge, is the first reported case of iatrogenic epinephrine-induced Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in a rural area. In addition, we review the literature on iatrogenic epinephrine toxicity-associated cardiomyopathy and the epidemiology of epinephrine errors. Safety measures must be considered for improving communication in emergencies, increasing awareness via training, and changing epinephrine’s antiquated packaging design.
Military Experience and Individual Entrepreneurship—Imprinting Theory Perspective: Empirical Evidence From China
Authors: Wang Haojun , Wang Ying , Lyu Bei , Yang Yanchao , Huang Honghong
Published: March 2023

Military experience, as a special early experience exerts a very profound impact on individual decision making. This paper investigates the impact of military experience on male labor force entrepreneurial choices and its underlying mechanisms, using the 2014 to 2016 China Labor-force Dynamics Survey data. It is found that military experience significantly reduces the probability of individual entrepreneurship. The analysis of the influence mechanism shows that military experience inhibits survival entrepreneurship mainly by increasing employment opportunities in state-owned units, increasing the probability of becoming a member of the Communist Party of China(CPC), and accumulating human capital. This paper also finds that the inhibitory effect of military experience on individual entrepreneurship varies across household registration groups and is more significant for laborers with non-agricultural household. This paper not only reveals the impact of the military experience on individual entrepreneurship choices, but also provides empirical evidence for the development of innovation and entrepreneurship policies in emerging economies.
Variations in household water affordability and water insecurity: An intersectional perspective from 18 low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Shah Sameer H , Harris Leila M , Menghwani Vikas , Stoler Justin , Brewis Alexandra , Miller Joshua D , Workman Cassandra L , Adams Ellis Adjei , Pearson Amber L , Hagaman Ashley , Wutich Amber , Young Sera L
Published: March 2023

Compounding systems of marginalization differentiate and shape water-related risks. Yet, quantitative water security scholarship rarely assesses such risks through intersectionality, a paradigm that conceptualizes and examines racial, gendered, class, and other oppressions as interdependent. Using an intersectionality approach, we analyze the relationships between household head gender and self-reported socio-economic status, and water affordability (proportion of monthly income spent on water) and water insecurity (a composite measure of 11 self-reported experiences) for over 4000 households across 18 low- and middle-income countries in Central and South America, Africa, and Asia. Interaction terms and composite categorical variables were included in regression models, adjusting for putative confounders. Among households with a high socio-economic status, the proportion of monthly income spent on water differed by household head gender. In contrast, greater household water insecurity was associated with lower socio-economic status and did not meaningfully vary by the gender of the household head. We contextualize and interpret these experiences through larger systems of power and privilege. Overall, our results provide evidence of broad intersectional patterns from diverse sites, while indicating that their nature and magnitude depend on local contexts. Through a critical reflection on the study’s value and limitations, including the operationalization of social contexts across different sites, we propose methodological approaches to advance multi-sited and quantitative intersectional research on water affordability and water insecurity. These approaches include developing scale-appropriate models, analyzing complementarities and differences between site-specific and multi-sited data, collecting data on gendered power relations, and measuring the impacts of household water insecurity.
Arthroscopically Assisted Anterior Bone Block for Shoulder Instability
Authors: Barnes Ryan H. , Swinehart S. Dane , Rauck Ryan C. , Cvetanovich Gregory L.
Published: March 2023

Background:

Shoulder instability is a common complaint, with treatment depending on the severity of the bony defect. Advancements in arthroscopic techniques have allowed for a less invasive surgery with decreased postoperative pain, improved graft placement, and better visualization.

Indications:

Large bony defects of the glenoid require bone block augmentation to reduce recurrent instability. In this presentation, arthroscopically assisted anterior bone block was performed with a distal tibial allograft to address recurrent anterior shoulder instability with a large glenoid defect.

Technique Description:

The patient is placed in a lateral decubitus position. Standard arthroscopic portals are made. The bone block is fashioned from a distal tibial allograft. Using a guide, drill holes are placed in the bone block. The guide is inserted from the posterior portal and placed parallel to the joint surface. Using drill sleeves, superior and inferior screw holes are drilled and a metal cannula is left in place to allow for shuttling of suture. Two anchors are placed on the glenoid to allow for capsule labral junction to be brought up to the graft once the graft is in place. The bone block is delivered through a dilated anterior portal and reduced. The sutures are tensioned. A button is placed on each set of looped sutures, a Nice knot is placed into each, and a tensioning device is tensioned. Once compression is achieved, knots are tied to perform final fixation over the buttons. A suture passing device is used to grab inferior capsule and labrum to the priorly placed anchor on the inferior glenoid and tied.

Results:

Arthroscopically assisted anterior bone block for shoulder instability has been demonstrated to have similar clinical and radiographic outcomes when compared with open treatment. However, arthroscopically assisted Latarjet has been shown to have decreased soft tissue disruption and possible improvements in graft placement.

Discussion/Conclusion:

Arthroscopically assisted anterior bone block is a technically demanding surgery but has been shown to have similar outcomes when compared with open treatment. In this video, we demonstrate an arthroscopically assisted anterior bone block for recurrent anterior shoulder instability.

Patient Consent Disclosure Statement:

The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.
Monocyte migration profiles define disease severity in acute COVID-19 and unique features of long COVID
Authors: Scott Nicholas A. , Pearmain Laurence , Knight Sean B. , Brand Oliver , Morgan David J. , Jagger Christopher , Harbach Sarah , Khan Saba , Shuwa Halima A. , Franklin Miriam , Kästele Verena , Williams Thomas , Prise Ian , McClure Flora A. , Hackney Pamela , Smith Lara , Menon Madhvi , Konkel Joanne E. , Lawless Criag , Wilson James , Mathioudakis Alexander G. , Stanel Stefan C. , Ustianowski Andrew , Lindergard Gabriella , Brij Seema , Diar Bakerly Nawar , Dark Paul , Brightling Christopher , Rivera-Ortega Pilar , Lord Graham M. , Horsley Alex ,   CIRCO, Piper Hanley Karen , Felton Timothy , Simpson Angela , Grainger John R. , Hussell Tracy , Mann Elizabeth R.
Published: March 2023

Background

COVID-19 is associated with a dysregulated immune response but it is unclear how immune dysfunction contributes to the chronic morbidity persisting in many COVID-19 patients during convalescence (long COVID).

Methods

We assessed phenotypical and functional changes of monocytes in COVID-19 patients during hospitalisation and up to 9 months of convalescence following COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus or influenza A. Patients with progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease were included as a positive control for severe, ongoing lung injury.

Results

Monocyte alterations in acute COVID-19 patients included aberrant expression of leukocyte migration molecules, continuing into convalescence (n=142) and corresponding with specific symptoms of long COVID. Long COVID patients with unresolved lung injury, indicated by sustained shortness of breath and abnormal chest radiology, were defined by high monocyte expression of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6) (p<0.0001) and adhesion molecule P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (p<0.01), alongside preferential migration of monocytes towards the CXCR6 ligand C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) (p<0.05), which is abundantly expressed in the lung. Monocyte CXCR6 and lung CXCL16 were heightened in patients with progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease (p<0.001), confirming a role for the CXCR6–CXCL16 axis in ongoing lung injury. Conversely, monocytes from long COVID patients with ongoing fatigue exhibited a sustained reduction of the prostaglandin-generating enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 (p<0.01) and CXCR2 expression (p<0.05). These monocyte changes were not present in respiratory syncytial virus or influenza A convalescence.

Conclusions

Our data define unique monocyte signatures that define subgroups of long COVID patients, indicating a key role for monocyte migration in COVID-19 pathophysiology. Targeting these pathways may provide novel therapeutic opportunities in COVID-19 patients with persistent morbidity.
Exercise intolerance in post-coronavirus disease 2019 survivors after hospitalisation
Authors: Lafetá Mariana L. , Souza Vitor C. , Menezes Thaís C.F. , Verrastro Carlos G.Y. , Mancuso Frederico J. , Albuquerque André Luis P. , Tanni Suzana E. , Izbicki Meyer , Carlstron Júlio P. , Nery Luiz Eduardo , Oliveira Rudolf K.F. , Sperandio Priscila A. , Ferreira Eloara V.M.
Published: March 2023

Rationale

Post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors frequently have dyspnoea that can lead to exercise intolerance and lower quality of life. Despite recent advances, the pathophysiological mechanisms of exercise intolerance in the post-COVID-19 patients remain incompletely characterised. The objectives of the present study were to clarify the mechanisms of exercise intolerance in post-COVID-19 survivors after hospitalisation.

Methods

This prospective study evaluated consecutive patients previously hospitalised due to moderate-to-severe/critical COVID-19. Within mean±sd90±10 days of onset of acute COVID-19 symptoms, patients underwent a comprehensive cardiopulmonary assessment, including cardiopulmonary exercise testing with earlobe arterialised capillary blood gas analysis.

Measurements and main results

87 patients were evaluated; mean±sdpeak oxygen consumption was 19.5±5.0 mL·kg−1·min−1, and the tertiles were ≤17.0, 17.1–22.2 and ≥22.3 mL·kg−1·min−1. Hospitalisation severity was similar among the three groups; however, at the follow-up visit, patients with peak oxygen consumption ≤17.0 mL·kg−1·min−1reported a greater sensation of dyspnoea, along with indices of impaired pulmonary function, and abnormal ventilatory, gas-exchange and metabolic responses during exercise compared to patients with peak oxygen consumption >17 mL·kg−1·min−1. By multivariate logistic regression analysis (receiver operating characteristic curve analysis) adjusted for age, sex and prior pulmonary embolism, a peak dead space fraction of tidal volume ≥29 and a resting forced vital capacity ≤80% predicted were independent predictors of reduced peak oxygen consumption.

Conclusions

Exercise intolerance in the post-COVID-19 survivors was related to a high dead space fraction of tidal volume at peak exercise and a decreased resting forced vital capacity, suggesting that both pulmonary microcirculation injury and ventilatory impairment could influence aerobic capacity in this patient population.
Single-cell transcriptome reveals Staphylococcus aureus modulating fibroblast differentiation in the bone-implant interface
Authors: Yu Jinlong , Wang Boyong , Zhang Feiyang , Ren Zun , Jiang Feng , Hamushan Musha , Li Mingzhang , Guo Geyong , Shen Hao
Published: March 2023

Background

This study aimed to delineate the cell heterogeneity in the bone-implant interface and investigate the fibroblast responses to implant-associated S. aureus infection.

Methods

Single-cell RNA sequencing of human periprosthetic tissues from patients with periprosthetic joint infection (PJI, n = 3) and patients with aseptic loosening (AL, n = 2) was performed. Cell type identities and gene expression profiles were analyzed to depict the single-cell landscape in the periprosthetic environment. In addition, 11 publicly available human scRNA-seq datasets were downloaded from GSE datasets and integrated with the in-house sequencing data to identify disease-specific fibroblast subtypes. Furthermore, fibroblast pseudotime trajectory analysis and Single-cell regulatory network inference and clustering (SCENIC) analysis were combined to identify transcription regulators responsible for fibroblast differentiation. Immunofluorescence was performed on the sequenced samples to validate the protein expression of the differentially expressed transcription regulators.

Results

Eight major cell types were identified in the human bone-implant interface by analyzing 36,466 cells. Meta-analysis of fibroblasts scRNA-seq data found fibroblasts in the bone-implant interface express a high level of CTHRC1. We also found fibroblasts could differentiate into pro-inflammatory and matrix-producing phenotypes, each primarily presented in the PJI and AL groups, respectively. Furthermore, NPAS2 and TFEC which are activated in PJI samples were suggested to induce pro-inflammatory polarization in fibroblasts, whereas HMX1, SOX5, SOX9, ZIC1, ETS2, and FOXO1 are matrix-producing regulators. Meanwhile, we conducted a CMap analysis and identified forskolin as a potential regulator for fibroblast differentiation toward matrix-producing phenotypes.

Conclusions

In this study, we discovered the existence of CTHRC1+ fibroblast in the bone-implant interface. Moreover, we revealed a bipolar mode of fibroblast differentiation and put forward the hypothesis that infection could modulate fibroblast toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype through NPAS2 and TFEC.