bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ancient Christianity in Cyberspace: A Digital Media Lab for Students
Authors: Royalty Robert M.
Published: March 2003

“Ancient Christianity, Ancient Cities – and Cyberspace?” was a teaching experiment combining the study of theology, religion, history, and new computer technologies. The course included both a regular class meeting and a concurrent digital media lab. All student assignments were digital. Students came in with a wide variety of technical knowledge and backgrounds in classical and religious studies. In addition to learning about the history and theology of early Christianity, students became critical learners of technology within the ideal of a liberal arts education.
Generative Neo‐Cyberculture in the Modern Seminary
Authors: Byer Glen C.J. , Clark John , Mahfood Sebastian , Welch Lawrence J.
Published: March 2003

Four faculty discuss how their institution's launching of a program to implement instructional technology across the campus influenced their teaching and broadened their understanding of student learning. Examples of their first attempts at online projects for classes in homiletics and ecclesiology are described.
Making Thinking Real Enough to Make It Better: Using Posters to Develop Skills for Constructing Disciplinary Arguments
Authors: O’Connell Killen Patricia
Published: March 2003

How does one teach critical thinking, the procedures of an academic discipline, and the composition of plausible interpretations and arguments to students who are more facile with visual than with written modes of expression? How does one make real to students the construction of meaning in that unfamiliar epistemological space between brute fact and mere opinion? The “argument poster,” a pedagogical strategy that helps students translate their skills for critical thinking from a visual frame to a written frame, results in better quality historical essays and research papers.
Ambiguation, Disjuncture, Commitment: A Social Analysis of Caribbean Cultural Creativity
Authors: Wardle Huon
Published: March 2003

Sociological reassessments of the Caribbean during the last decade provide the basis for this analysis of cultural creativity in Kingston, Jamaica. The intersection of different social networks and formations – for example, lateral transmigrant patterns and vertical state institutions – creates the groundwork for a simultaneous co–working of three characteristic modes of Creole cultural expression – commitment, ambiguation, disjuncture. These modes are not necessarily dialectically integrated because the social formations to which they are allied typically have not been effectively synthesized in teleological or functional terms. I focus especially on a street rhetoric of ambiguation and displacement which I see as falling within the interplay/intermixture mode lying between disjuncture and commitment.
Anthropological and accounting knowledge in Islamic banking and finance: rethinking critical accounts
Authors: Maurer Bill
Published: March 2003

Accounting for accounting demands renewed attention to the knowledge practices of the accounting profession and anthropological analysis. Using data and theory from Islamic accountancy in Indonesia and the global network of Islamic financial engineers, this article challenges work on accounting’s rhetorical functions by attending to the inherent reflexivity of accounting practice and the practice of accounting for accounting. Such a move is necessary because critical accounting scholarship mirrors, and has been taken up by, Islamic accountancy debates around the form of accounting knowledge. The article explores the work that accounting literature shoulders in carving up putatively stable domains of the technical and rhetorical, and makes a case for a reappreciation of the techniques for creating anthropological knowledge in the light of new cultures of accounting.
The State Political Geography is In
Authors: Van Der Wusten Herman
Published: March 2003

Political geography is just a century old. It was initiated by Ratzel, who published his ‘Politische Geographie’ at about the same time that in the Hague the first Peace Congress was held. This was close to the location of the IGU 1996 congress where this paper was first presented. The continuing differences in approaching the subject of international relations and of polities at large are highlighted by these two events. Political geography is concerned with the territorial basis of the political order, the actual systems of territorial control and their economic and cultural conditions and consequences. The paper elaborates on these three problem areas and presents a research agenda derived from them.
Spatial Implications of India’s New Economic Policy
Authors: Kant Surya
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the spatial implications of India's new economic policy operating through two instrumentalities of stabilisation and structural adjustment. Stabilisation is aimed at correcting the balance of payments situation and reducing the deficit in the Union government budget, which has had an adverse effect on social development, employment generation, and poverty alleviation in hill, tribal, drought prone and other backward areas. Devaluation of the rupee benefitted the major foreign remittance receiving states like Kerala, Gujarat, Punjab and Tamil Nadu. Structural adjustment, through rationalisation of trade, industrial, agricultural, human resource development, and power policies had spatial implications of varying nature. Trade policy enhanced investment attraction of big urban industrial centres; industrial policy attracted foreign direct investment in mineral‐rich backward states; and export orientation in agriculture was to a greater advantage of rice and cotton producing states. Reduction in subsidies for fertilisers had more serious implications for the agriculturally backward states. Higher tariffs in the power sector were to the disadvantage of Punjab, Haryana, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Urban–rural and inter‐state disparities in social development widened, with relatively lower allocations to education and health. On balance, though new economic policy offers new opportunities it does have a spatially differential impact.
Determinants of the subnational distribution of immigration
Authors: Van Der Gaag Nicole , Van Wissen Leo
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the issue of the subnational distribution of immigrants. In particular the following question is discussed: what factors, in general, account for the regional attractiveness to immigrants to settle in a particular region, and, more specifically, what are the most important factors influencing the spatial pattern of immigration in a selected number of European countries? In addition, the spatial pattern of destinations of immigration, as well as of foreign populations is discussed. Within this framework, attention is focused on the relationship between stocks of foreigners and immigration flows. The study was motivated by the need to improve assumptions on the regional distribution of immigration to be implemented in subnational population projections. The overall conclusion is that assumptions on the spatial distribution of immigration flows could be improved by using the spatial distribution of stocks of foreign population as predictor.
The Geography of the New Ethnicity: Ethnic Residential Segregation in Metropolitan Sydney 1996
Authors: Forrest James , Johnston Ron
Published: March 2003

The increased volume of international migration is producing a substantial number of multicultural cities with residents drawn from a large number of different birthplaces. Models developed a few decades ago of the intra‐urban social geography of where these migrants live suggested that they were initially concentrated in particular parts of the metropolitan area, reflecting their limited ability to compete in their host societies’ labour and housing markets; later economic integration led to spatial spread and assimilation. This paper evaluates whether that is the case in the context of the ‘new ethnicity’ stimulated by the increased volume of international migration, using Sydney as its case study; almost one‐third of its population of over 3 million was born outside Australia. Analyses of the 94 largest birthplace groups identified by the 1996 Census show that recency of arrival, facility with the English language, educational qualifications and low incomes were all associated with a group’s residential segregation within Sydney – with the major residuals reflecting cultural differences between the groups.
The Restructuring of Retail Capital and the Street
Authors: Hankins Katherine
Published: March 2003

In recent years retail geography has featured theoretically rich debates about the restructuring of retail capital and the ways in which this restructuring has changed the dynamics of retailing. New spatial forms of retailing have emerged: the redeveloped retail street in the American urban landscape is one such form. National and multinational chain stores are invading small, main street spaces, which has economic and cultural implications for retailers and consumers. Old Town Pasadena in Pasadena, California, is examined as a case study to trace investment and disinvestment in the retail space of Colorado Boulevard throughout the twentieth century. In addition to archival documents, assessed land and improvement values are examined to reveal the changing dynamics of retail spatiality over a 100‐year period.
The Geography of Deregulation in the European Aviation Market
Authors: Burghouwt Guillaume , Hakfoort Jacco
Published: March 2003

The deregulation of US aviation since 1978 has resulted in the reconfiguration of airlines’ route networks, and in the concentration of traffic on a small number of central airports or ‘hubs’. This paper investigates whether a similar trend can be observed in the European aviation network after deregulation. Data is used for all airports in the European Union receiving scheduled services for the period 1990–98, and both intra‐European and intercontinental services are considered.

The findings on the airport level suggest that intercontinental traffic is increasingly concentrated on Europe’s primary hubs, and that intra‐European traffic is increasingly concentrated on smaller airports in the European aviation network. On the route level, the results support the claim that the structure of the European aviation network has moved in the direction of a hub‐and‐spoke network over the sample period with the secondary hubs playing a more important role in the hub‐spoke traffic.
Bounded spaces in the mobile world: Deconstructing ‘regional identity’
Authors: Paasi Anssi
Published: March 2003

Regional identity has become an important category in the ‘Europe of regions’, and one that is often taken as self‐evident in the relations between a group of people and a bounded region. The movement of people, capital and information across spatial boundaries that takes place in the contemporary world challenges the supposed harmonious link between regions and people on all spatial scales. This paper analyses the meanings of region and identity, and the links between them. Regions are understood as historically contingent structures whose institutionalisation is based on their territorial, symbolic and institutional shaping. Regional identity is understood as an abstraction that can be used to analyse the links between social actors and the institutionalisation process. This paper suggests that an analytical distinction between the identity of a region and the regional identity of its inhabitants, i.e. regional consciousness, is useful for problematising these links. The conceptual arguments will be illustrated with analyses of identity discourses related to Finnish regions and of the mobility of the Finns between regions.
On the Use of Weighted Linear Combination Method in GIS: Common and Best Practice Approaches
Authors: Malczewski Jacek
Published: March 2003

The weighted linear combination (WLC) technique is a decision rule for deriving composite maps using GIS. It is one of the most often used decision models in GIS. The method, however, is frequently applied without full understanding of the assumptions underling this approach. In many case studies, the WLC model has been applied incorrectly and with dubious results because analysts (decision makers) have ignored or been unaware of the assumptions. This paper provides a critical overview of the current practice with respect to GIS/WLC and suggests the best practice approach.
GIS‐based Indicators of Montana Grasshopper Communities
Authors: Skinner Kerri M. , Kemp William P. , Wilson John P.
Published: March 2003

We evaluated two digital data sources that might be helpful in characterizing grasshopper habitat using plant and grasshopper species composition data collected at 128 sites in three areas of Montana. A GIS was used to associate each sampling site with Omernik’s ecoregions and the Montana State Soil Geographic Database (MTSTATSGO). Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and statistical analyses were used to test for correlations among grasshopper species, available water capacity, and soil permeability across sampling areas and ecoregions. Four grasshopper species were correlated with soil permeability and six were correlated with available water capacity. MTSTATSGO plant cover percentages did not correlate with cover measured in the field, indicating inadequate resolution for the scale of this study. Ecoregions were useful in distinguishing grasshopper community gradients across Montana, from mountains to plains. These georeferenced data should be considered as input for grasshopper forecasting and decision‐making models. Our results show how GIS can be used to evaluate relationships between digital data sets and ecological data gathered in the field.
Knowledge Based Soil Attribute Mapping In GIS: The Expector Method
Authors: Corner Robert J. , Hickey Robert J. , Cook Simon E.
Published: March 2003

EXPECTOR is a method of combining data and ‘expert’ knowledge within a Geographic Information System to provide information on the occurrence of spatially distributed attributes. It was developed to predict soil property values from spatially variable input data. Although initially developed to provide soil surveyors with a quantitative soil mapping method, it also has applications in land evaluation, land capability assessment, geological mapping and in precision agriculture. It operates on the basis that the state of a particular property, which may be difficult to measure directly, can be inferred from other (more measurable) entities and a knowledge of their inter–relationships. The method has been implemented as a stand–alone ‘Knowledge Editing’ module for the PC that can be linked to raster GIS packages. This paper describes the basis of the method and illustrates its use with an example describing the production of a surface clay content map for a small catchment in south–western Western Australia.
On the Status of Grammaticalisation and the Diachronic Dimension in Explanation
Authors: Fischer Olga
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to consider how grammaticalisation, which is generally considered to be a diachronic process, can be fitted into a theory of language change that is based on the idea that change is brought about by the speaker, and hence is essentially a synchronic matter. First the question of the relation between explanation, the theory of grammar and the theory of change will be discussed, on the basis of which a number of guidelines will be suggested which should direct empirical research in the area of language change. In the second part of the paper, one particular case of grammaticalisation will be investigated, namely the development of have to in English from a possessive, full verb to a modal semi‐auxiliary. It will be shown that this case contains both diachronic and synchronic aspects, which need to be kept apart. In keeping them apart, this particular case of grammaticalisation can be seen to accord with the principles of language change argued for in the first part.
The inscription of Cabeço das Fráguas revisited. Lusitanian and Alteuropäisch populations in the West of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Prósper Blanca María
Published: March 2003

The Lusitanian language is one of the least known Indo‐European languages. This is partly due to the scarcity of indigenous documents. The most important of them is the inscription of Cabeço das Fráguas (Portugal), which is interesting not only because it contributes most to the dialectal classification of Lusitanian among the Indo‐European languages, but also because it contains Alteuropäisch material. This paper aims to clarify some hitherto obscure facts about the lexicon and morphology of the inscription, and to confirm that Lusitanian is not an offshoot of the Celtic family.
Singers on the trail of ‘authentic’ Early Modern English: the puzzling case of /æ:/ and /ε:/
Authors: Wray Alison
Published: March 2003

Data was collected from the BBC Singers during rehearsals and recording sessions leading to a broadcast and CD of a musical setting of an Early Modern English (EModE) text. Three patterns emerged in the singers' pronunciation of the EModE phonemes /æ:/ and /ε:/. One, [æ] and [ε] respectively, reflected the targets but was not sustainable. The second, [ε] and [ε], destroyed the phonemic contrast. The third, [a] and [æ] or [ε] maintained the contrast using patterns similar to those in modern English. Reasons for this are sought in the nature of singing and the ‘non‐native speaker’ status of modern users of EModE. Tentative parallels are drawn with recent claims about the fundamental stability of /æ:/ and /ε:/ as a phoneme pair.
The Perfect in spoken and written English
Authors: Miller Jim
Published: March 2003

The Perfect in standard written English has been well‐described, usually in terms of the four interpretations Result, Experiential, Recent Past and Persistent Situation. The Result interpretation is difficult to apply to examples from real texts, and the notion of consequence as a key property of the Perfect is problematic for clauses containing yet and ever and for interrogative and negative clauses. The other interpretations are regularly signalled by the simple past in informal spoken English. In particular the resultative construction that is the historical source of the Perfect has survived and there is a range of resultative structures built around resultative‐passive participles.
Trade Policy During the Transition: Lessons from the 1990s
Authors: Hare Paul
Published: March 2003

This paper draws out some key lessons from the trade policy experience of transition economies during the 1990s. It does so by examining what trade policy was actually pursued, covering liberalisation of trade in goods and services, liberalisation of the capital account and the approach towards FDI, and exchange rate policy. At the same time, limitations on trade imposed by trade partners (e.g. EU trade barriers covering so called “sensitive products”) are reviewed. Based on the policies pursued, the effects on the direction, composition and scale of trade by the transition economies are then summarised. The paper concludes by discussing the form of an “ideal’ trade policy under transition conditions, and elicits lessons from the 1990s experience of trade policy in the region.
Managing an Economy Under EMU: The Case of Ireland
Authors: Fitz Gerald John
Published: March 2003

Ireland's experience of limited monetary independence within the EMS indicated that such independence was bought at the price of significant risk premia on interest rates. This experience informed its decision to join EMU, and membership has resulted in the expected credibility gain. Since the start of EMU inflation in consumer prices in Ireland has risen well above the EU average. However, this need not be a matter of concern within a monetary union. Instead, what should concern the Irish administration is a high rate of inflation in wage rates and domestic asset prices chiefly housing. While monetary policy is no longer available as an instrument of domestic policy, fiscal policy can still be used to effectively target these problems. The lessons of the first three years of membership is that the focus of fiscal policy within Ireland needs to change, and that the EU institutions also need to focus more clearly on the needs of the Euro area rather than on those of individual regional economies.
World Environmental Organisation: A Latin American Perspective
Authors: Schatan Claudia
Published: March 2003

This paper offers insight into environmental problems that Latin American countries are currently facing. It also looks at how their domestic and global spheres are intertwined, and subsequently outlines pending roblems that would need international support from a World Environmental Organistion (WEO). One of the hardest and most important tasks of such an Organisation would be to render the Northern and the Southern environmental agendas compatible. While opinions concur on what the principle environmental problems in Latin America are – eforestation and natural resources degradation – the perception of these problems is quite different between North and South. For the former, the most important impact of the situation is the reduction of CO2 capacity and the biodiversity loss, while the main concern in Latin America is the poverty stricken economy behind the deforestation process and the vulnerability of the population that results from such phenomenon. Advancing simultaneously on both these tracks seems essential for a genuine improvement in environmental performance in the region.
The Fallacy of Composition: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Mayer Jörg
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews the literature on the fallacy of composition with an emphasis on labour‐intensive manufactures. It briefly addresses the protectionist and the partial‐equilibrium versions of the argument before focusing on general‐equilibrium considerations and the debate on the manufactures terms of trade of developing countries. The review indicates a potential fallacy of composition problem in labour‐intensive manufactures, where competition among different groups of developing countries for export market shares may constitute a new form of the fallacy of composition. The likelihood of a country that exports labour‐intensive manufactures to become subject to the fallacy of composition rises with the increasing integration of several strongly populated low‐income countries into world markets, while it declines with continuous structural change and favourable aggregate demand conditions particularly in developed and the advanced developing countries.
Trade and Standards: A Look at Central America
Authors: Hufbauer Gary , Kotschwar Barbara , Wilson John
Published: March 2003

The relationship between standards, economic development, and trade is at the forefront of policy debate. Standards can accelerate economic efficiency and trade and also act as discriminatory barriers. This paper examines standards in the context of development in Central America. Key aspects of disputes over standards at the World Trade Organization are discussed, along with the reasons why standards matter to development and trade prospects for Central America. The paper recommends ways to leverage shared infrastructure in standards and assist these countries to implement their WTO obligations.
Deculturizing Englishes: the Botswana Context
Authors: Merkestein Aria
Published: March 2003

In this paper I argue that those instruments normally applied to the analysis of discourse, and which originate in the Western tradition of analysing language, must be used with extreme caution when one analyses and describes New Varieties (of English). To substantiate this claim I will take as an example recent work on the emergence of Batswana English. In this research a traditional methodology was employed in order to give a part‐description of language change. In the paper the choice of data, analytical tools and method of description are examined. Furthermore the research findings are discussed in the light of a deculturisation of Western‐based analysis, since at the conclusion of the research the tools were assessed as not being wholly appropriate if the analysis was to be interpreted in a functional manner, that is, from the perspective of the owners of the new variety.
The struggle over naming: a case study of ‘queer’ in Toronto, 1990–1994
Authors: Jacobs Greg
Published: March 2003

Choice of appropriate terms of self‐reference by oppressed groups is often the site of ideological struggle. In the 1990s, lesbians and gays in Toronto are debating the appropriateness of the term ‘queer.’ I document this controversy through a study of opinion pieces, articles, and letters‐to‐the‐editor that appeared in XTRA! (Toronto’s main lesbian and gay newspaper) from 1990–94. Second, I report on an experiment of how the use of ‘queer’ in the mainstream media may affect readers’ attitudes towards gay men and lesbians. Finally, I compare the results with other researchers’ findings on how linguistic meanings are defined as they travel through the dominant culture’s speech community.
Italian Clippings
Authors: Ross Nigel J.
Published: March 2003

Many languages nowadays use vast numbers of words borrowed from English, generally to the dismay of purists. Such borrowings are frequently modified in the new language, pronunciation and spelling being common aspects affected. A rather special way that Italian (and other Romance languages) modifies borrowed English terms is to ‘clip’ them, in other words to use only the first part (usually of a two‐word expression). ‘Un water’ is therefore ‘a water‐closet’, and ‘una top’ is ‘a top model’. This paper not only provides many examples – principally, but not only, from Italian – but also looks at the linguistic reasons for such clipped forms. Since this process has been going on for centuries, some interesting insights into English vocabulary of the past emerge, though there are also many recently clipped terms to be noted. Lastly, a look at one or two clipped Italian terms lent to English proves that the same thing can even happen in reverse.
Age‐grading in the Anglophone Creole of Tobago
Authors: YousseF Valerie
Published: March 2003

This study investigates the range of Creole and Standard English tense‐aspect markers used by men and women at two age levels in the island of Tobago in the southern Caribbean. People aged 70 and over, and people aged 16–21 were compared on critical social variables and interviews were designed to tap their full range of communicative competence. The educated young people evidenced low usage of Standard English relative to the older group. In addition, all the young people showed evidence of focusing on new mesolectal norms for public use. In contrast, older more educated speakers favoured the acrolect as their public variety while the least educated manual workers disfavoured mesolectal marking. The study is not taken to suggest a directionality of language change for the whole society because differences suggest themselves to be age and circumstance specific. It indicates, however, that we may have overestimated the extent to which norms are shared in any given Caribbean sociolinguistic complex and may have overestimated the trend to standardization in present day societies.
The use of ever in Singaporean English
Authors: Ho Mian Lian , Wong Irene F. H.
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the use of ever in affirmative responses to Yes/No type questions as well as in declarative sentences in discourse in colloquial Singaporean English (SgE). Besides providing exemplifications of ever in the oral mode, it also gives instances of a similar declarative use of ever in the written mode as found in students' writing.  The paper goes on to examine parallels in the SgE use of ever with its equivalents in the local languages. While parallels can be seen in Mandarin, Hokkien, Cantonese and Malay, the authors contend that Hokkien and Malay have stronger entrenching influences. In addition, they also show that the SgE use of ever reflects similarities found in structures with ever/never in standard English. They posit that it is this interplay of both substrate and superstrate syntax and semantics which has given rise to the unique use of ever in SgE.
English and multilingualism in the South African engineering workplace
Authors: Hill Pat , Zyl Susan van
Published: March 2003

The engineering profession in South Africa is an interesting language environment to investigate because it operates from a knowledge base and a global business network dominated by English but in conjunction with a workforce which is most often multilingual. Against this background a survey of the language practices of 58 engineering personnel working on the Witwatersrand was conducted. These personnel included students with site‐work experience, Engineers‐in‐Training and experienced professionals. The information was gathered using focus groups, interviews, questionnaire and observation. It was found that a high standard of English is indeed crucial for professionals in a field with a policy of “English only” at management and inter‐departmental level and in written communication. However, Afrikaans and indigenous African languages were both perceived by more than 40 per cent of those surveyed to be important languages in the workplace to “get the work done” and it was found that black engineers function more efficiently if they use Afrikaans and other African languages on site. The research concludes that multilingual accommodation using English and other languages is a positive force for co‐operation in engineering and that multilingualism is a significant professional resource.
Towards a norm in South African Englishes
Authors: Walt Johann L. van der , Rooy Bertus van
Published: March 2003

In this article, we investigate the perception and application of the norm in South African English with specific reference to Black South African English. In terms of the model of three phases for the development of an indigenised norm proposed by Gill (1999), we hypothesise that South African English is in the liberation and expansion phase. Our notion of language standards and the context of the acquisition of Black South African English are presented as contextualisation of the problem. Thereafter, we attempt to test our hypothesis empirically. Three sets of data are presented and analysed. Firstly, the attitudes towards and perception of the norm by black teachers of English indicate that there are conflicting opinions about what the norm is, but there is general agreement that English must adjust itself to the new South African context. Secondly, the application of the norm is examined in a correction exercise, where the teachers display a high level of acceptance of standard English forms, but considerable disagreement about the acceptability of non‐standard forms. Thirdly, the data on the reception of the norm by the learners testify to confusion about the acceptability of various non‐standard forms. On the basis of these three sets of data, we conclude that Black South African English is indeed an emerging norm for South African Englishes, but one that has not yet been established securely.
Hallidayan linguistics in China
Authors: Huang Guowen
Published: March 2003

Hallidayan linguistics has gained an important and influential position among linguistic approaches to the study of the English and Chinese languages in The People’s Republic of China. This paper surveys the developmental stages and the current research environment for Systemic Functional Linguistics in contemporary China, and presents a considered and detailed explanation of the popularity of Hallidayan linguistics amongst contemporary Chinese scholars.
English literary studies and China’s modernity
Authors: Zhou Xiaoyi , Tong Q. S.
Published: March 2003

The reception of English literature in China is intertwined with China’s project of modernization in the twentieth century. This paper looks at English literature as a cultural formation as well as an academic discipline in China at three different historical periods: from the late nineteenth to the mid–twentieth centuries, from the early 1950s to the mid–1970s, and from the end of the Cultural Revolution to the present time. In outlining the history of English literary studies, our purpose is to show that the relocation of English literature in China, either through translation or critical studies, is never just an intellectual or academic operation that is independent of or free from political and ideological engagement, and to show that the development of English literary studies in China must be considered in close relation to the formation and growth of China’s modern consciousness. Some of the issues the essay attempts to discuss include: English literature and China’s modernity, ideology and literary studies, value and critical positioning.
The Poet’s language: Foregrounding in Edwin Thumboo’s gods can die;
Authors: Webster Jonathan J.
Published: March 2003

The poetry of Edwin Thumboo has contributed much to the shaping and definition of Singapore’s English Language poetic canon. In this paper, I explore Thumboo’s esthetic use of consistent foregrounding in the poem gods can die from three perspectives: propositional, textual and interpersonal. Foregrounding refers to the usage of certain linguistic devices for the purpose of attracting attention. In poetry, meaning and esthetic effect are unified through the poet’s deliberate and systematic foregrounding of linguistic devices. Juxtaposed against the backgrounds of the standard language and an often rich and diverse poetic canon, the poet asserts his individuality through the systematic foregrounding of relations between the functional semantic components that together comprise the poem as semiotic object. The approach adopted here is functional‐semantic in orientation and based on earlier work carried out by the Prague School and more recently by Michael’A. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan. While it may be argued that the totality of the poet’s message is unlikely to be ever fully captured by even the most careful and detailed linguistic analysis, nevertheless this should not prevent one from attempting to explore the linguistic intricacy of the poet’s handiwork. For from such analysis, we gain an even better appreciation of the texture and meaning of the poem.
Freedom, Unfreedom and Skinner's Hobbes
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: March 2003

In an array of writings stretching over the better part of two decades, Quentin Skinner has repeatedly challenged the modern conception of negative liberty developed by Isaiah Berlin and many other theorists. He has sought to draw attention to some once vibrant but now largely peripheral traditions of thought—especially the civic‐republican or neo‐Roman tradition—in order to highlight what he sees as the limitedness and inadequacies of the currently dominant ways of thinking about freedom. The present essay will endeavor to defend one important aspect of the modern understanding of negative liberty against Skinner's strictures, and will challenge Skinner's reading of Thomas Hobbes.
Social Preferences and Price Cap Regulation
Authors: Iozzi Alberto , Poritz Jonathan A. , Valentini Edilio
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes the allocative properties of price cap regulation under very general hypotheses on the nature of society’s preferences. We propose a generalized price cap that ensures the convergence to optimal (second best) prices in the long‐run equilibrium for virtually any form of the welfare function. Hence, the result of the convergence to Ramsey prices of Laspeyres‐type price cap regulation is a particular instance of our more general result. We also provide an explicit and relatively easy to calculate and implement generalized price cap formula for distributionally weighted utilitarian welfare functions, as suggested by Feldstein (1972a).
A “Tragedy of the Clubs”: Excess Entry in Exclusive Coalitions
Authors: Manzini Paola , Mariotti Marco
Published: March 2003

We model club formation as a noncooperative game of coalition formation and surplus division. We show how social norms and individual rationality sustain a particular type of collective inefficiency, namely, excessive entry in the joint production and exploitation of an excludable good. We term this phenomenon the “tragedy of the clubs.” The tragedy of the clubs is a pervasive equilibrium phenomenon.
Conjectural Variations and Voluntary Public Good Provision in a Repeated Game Setting
Authors: Itaya Jun–ichi , Okamura Makoto
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to show how conjectural variations can be derived as a reduced form in an infinitely repeated game of private provision of public goods. We obtain explicit closed forms of conjectural variations associated with maximal sustainable equilibria in which the sum of the utilities of all of a community's members is maximized for both quadratic and Cobb–Douglas preferences, provided that the resulting sequence of contributions can be sustained as a Nash (or subgame perfect) equilibrium in the underlying repeated game. We also show that positive conjectural variations will emerge as long as people place positive weight on the future, and that those conjectures are positively related to the discount factor.
Endogenous Firm Objectives
Authors: Yalçin Erkan , Renström Thomas I.
Published: March 2003

We analyze the behavior of a monopolistic firm in general equilibrium when the firm's decisions are taken through shareholder voting. We show that, depending on the underlying distribution, rational voting may imply overproduction as well as underproduction, relative to the efficient level. Any initial distribution of shares is an equilibrium, if individuals do not recognize their influence on voting when trading shares. However, when they do, and there are no short–selling constraints, the only equilibrium is the efficient one. With short–selling constraints typically underproduction occurs. It is not market power itself causing underproduction, but the inability to perfectly trade the rights to market power.
Tactical Redistribution Between Regions When Parties and Voters Care About Ideology
Authors: Johansson Eva
Published: March 2003

In this paper, redistributive transfers between regions are examined in a political economy model where both parties and voters are led by selfish as well as ideological motives, the latter taking the form of egalitarian objectives. Parties announce election platforms about how to distribute funds between regions and different income types, and voters react to these platforms when casting their vote. It is found that regional transfers are completely tactical; it is the political power of a region that decides if it will be a receiver or a contributor. Ideological goals are reached by redistributive transfers between different income types.
On the Likelihood and Welfare Effects of “Stop–and–go” Policies
Authors: Baleiras Rui Nuno , Santos Vasco
Published: March 2003

Baleiras and Santos (2000) show that “stop–and–go” policies may be inherent in the institutional set–up rather than result from the wrong timing of expansionary vs. contractionary policies or any form of players’ irrationality. We use this set–up, involving ultrarational players and perfect foresight, to show that stop–and–go policies are more likely (in a statistical sense) than the opposite type of phenomenon. Moreover, it is shown that having the voters’ and the business community's preferences concerning the cycle converge to the socially optimal cycle pattern may entail a welfare loss.
Income Tax and Endogenous Business Cycles
Authors: Utaka Atsuo
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the dynamic implication of balanced–budget rules. We introduce public goods to an overlapping generations model with production and assume that public goods in each period are financed by the labor income taxes. We show that in our model, if the cost of providing public goods is financed by lump–sum taxes, endogenous fluctuations would never occur. But in cases where the government adopts proportional taxes, periodic and chaotic equilibria can exist.
Towards a Better System for Immigration Control
Authors: Myers Gordon M. , Papageorgiou Yorgos Y.
Published: March 2003

We study different methods of immigration control using a simple model of a congested world. Our main comparison involves quotas, the predominant instrument of immigration control, and a proposed system of immigration tolls and emigration subsidies. We show that the equilibrium of the proposed system is Pareto superior to the quota system. This is consistent with the tolls and subsidies creating a market for international migrants. When countries are price‐takers the market becomes perfect and the exploitation of gains from trade complete. From a normative perspective, an open‐ borders policy is preferred to both control methods but will meet political opposition because it hurts the residents of the rich country.
A Threshold‐Satisfying Competitive Location Model
Authors: Drezner Tammy , Drezner Zvi , Shiode Shogo
Published: March 2003

In this paper we consider a location model based on the threshold concept. We find the best location such that the probability of revenue falling short of the threshold is minimized. This objective is appropriate when a firm will not survive if its revenue falls below a known threshold. A new store is to be located. Demand is not deterministic but rather has a statistical distribution. We seek the location at which the probability that the revenue (expressed as market share attracted by the new store) is below a given threshold is minimized. The model is formulated and solved, and computational results are given.
Geographic and Network Neighbors: Spillover Effects of Telecommunications Infrastructure
Authors: Yilmaz Serdar , Haynes Kingley E. , Dinc Mustafa
Published: March 2003

This paper tests for spatial spillover effects of state‐level telecommunications infrastructure investment on state output, using panel data for 48 U.S. states from 1970 through 1997. As information and communication technologies support more industrial locational freedom, states may use telecommunications infrastructure investment as a competitive tool for attracting factors of production. In a production‐function framework, this effect would manifest itself as a negative output spillover effect from telecommunications infrastructure investment. Findings indicate that a state benefits from its own telecommunications infrastructure, but telecommunications investment by other states has a negative impact on its output growth path, and proximity amplifies this negative spillover effect.
Making a Case for the Common Good in a Global Economy: The United Nations Human Development Reports[1990–2001]
Authors: O’Connor June
Published: March 2003

Whereas the chief development question of the past has been “how much is a nation producing?” the human development perspective that characterizes the United Nations Human Development Reports shifts the question to “how are its people faring?” This shift reflects the fundamental moral orientation of the human development perspective which makes a case for the common good in a global economy. Relating the themes and claims of the human development reports to Brian Stiltner’s recent study on religion and the common good, the author shows a variety of ways in which the common good as a moral norm is embedded in the human development perspective, without the context of religion. She explicates the presence and utility of this norm in these United Nations reports written by economists, development specialists, and policy advisors who seek to present and assess the humanizing and dehumanizing features of globalization.
From is to ought: Natural Law in Buddhadasa Bhikkhu and Phra Prayudh Payutto
Authors: King Sallie B.
Published: March 2003

The contemporary Thai Theravada Buddhist monks Buddhadasa Bhikkhu and Phra Prayyudh Payutto espouse a version of natural law thinking in which the norms of good behavior derive from the nature of the world, specifically its features of conditionality, causality, karma and interdependence. An ethic which stresses non‐egoic harmony is the result. This paper (1) develops the notion of natural law in their thinking and (2) critically evaluates these ideas as a foundation for ethical thought, specifically asking whether such ideas recognize something of value in the individual per se and in individual freedom and, in an interdependent world, how one can challenge injustice or a brutal government.
‘The Holiest Campus’, its Decline and Transformation: The University of New England, 1946–79
Authors: Beer D. R.
Published: March 2003

In the mid‐1960s and possibly earlier the University of New England (UNE), located at Armidale in rural New South Wales, was reputed to be ‘the holiest campus’ in Australia. The article finds a considerable body of evidence to give credibility to this view. It argues that UNE was relatively religious because it drew more of its students from the most devout social groups in Australia than other universities and because those students were then proselytized by religious societies that operated effectively and with strong clerical support in a small, cohesive institution. The ethos of UNE was broadly Christian, perhaps more so than that of metropolitan universities.

After 1965 there was a substantial decline in religious practice, belief and influence at UNE, as apparently at other Australian universities and in Australia as a whole. In the case of UNE, secularization was more than a decline in civil or social religion, more than a process of decline through differentiation: in the first half of the 1960s over half of the student body was highly religious but by the late 1970s the proportion had fallen to one‐fifth to one‐quarter. Associated with this decline was a transformation of religious activity marked by the reassertion of Christian denominationalism and the emergence of a non‐Christian spiritual sensibility.
“A Troubled Godless Place”: Catholic Practice and Local Politics in the Communes of the Central Vaucluse, 1830–1905
Authors: Mitchell Maura
Published: March 2003

In the ﬁnal quarter of the nineteenth century, men and women in the French communes of the central Vaucluse began to defer or neglect vital Catholic rites of passage. Against a backdrop of turbulent regional politics and economic upheaval, formal adherence to church doctrine declined sharply, never again to regain its previous levels. This article assesses the religious gestures of individuals and communities through the analysis of their sacramental participation, the only recorded response of Catholics to the church’s presence in their lives. The implementation of the lay republic in the community by means of both local and national secularizing policy from 1878 to 1905 was the primary precipitant of general, dramatic decreases in formal Catholic practice. It was only upon the ofﬁcial secularization of communal society and politics that signiﬁcant numbers of central Vauclusiens began to relinquish their attachment to Catholic rites of passage surrounding birth, marriage, and death.
In These Days of Female Evangelists and Hallelujah Lasses: Women Preachers and the Redefinition of Gender Roles in the Churches in Late Nineteenth‐Century Australia
Authors: Swain Shurlee
Published: March 2003

The presence of two women amongst the seventeen international revivalists who visited Australia in the period 1863 and 1912 has been seen as unremarkable by religious historians, or read as evidence that the Christian churches were outside, or perhaps even in advance of, the nineteenth‐century struggle for women’s rights. However, only representations of their performance remain, representations which, this article argues, attempted to normalize both their presence and their message. A more critical reading of contemporary reports would suggest that the way in which female evangelists were reported should be seen as intrinsic to the attempt by church leaders to contain and control women’s expanding role. The success of their endeavours rendered female evangelists largely invisible but the lengths to which they went to discount the challenge the female evangelists mounted to conventional constructions of gender, provide evidence of its power.