bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Size‐selective harvesting fosters adaptations in mating behaviour and reproductive allocation, affecting sexual selection in fish
Authors: Sbragaglia Valerio , Gliese Catalina , Bierbach David , Honsey Andrew E. , Uusi‐Heikkilä Silva , Arlinghaus Robert
Published: May 2019

The role of sexual selection in the context of harvest‐induced evolution is poorly understood. However, elevated and trait‐selective harvesting of wild populations may change sexually selected traits, which in turn can affect mate choice and reproduction.

We experimentally evaluated the potential for fisheries‐induced evolution of mating behaviour and reproductive allocation in fish.

We used an experimental system of zebrafish (Danio rerio) lines exposed to large, small or random (i.e. control) size‐selective mortality. The large‐harvested line represented a treatment simulating the typical case in fisheries where the largest individuals are preferentially harvested. We used a full factorial design of spawning trials with size‐matched individuals to control for the systematic impact of body size during reproduction, thereby singling out possible changes in mating behaviour and reproductive allocation.

Both small size‐selective mortality and large size‐selective mortality left a legacy on male mating behaviour by elevating intersexual aggression. However, there was no evidence for line‐assortative reproductive allocation. Females of all lines preferentially allocated eggs to the generally less aggressive males of the random‐harvested control line. Females of the large‐harvested line showed enhanced reproductive performance, and males of the large‐harvested line had the highest egg fertilization rate among all males. These findings can be explained as an evolutionary adaptation by which individuals of the large‐harvested line display an enhanced reproductive performance early in life to offset the increased probability of adult mortality due to harvest.

Our results suggest that the large‐harvested line evolved behaviourally mediated reproductive adaptations that could increase the rate of recovery when populations adapted to high fishing pressure come into secondary contact with other populations.
Effect of Capsicum Frutescens Extract, Capsaicin, and Luteolin on Quorum Sensing Regulated Phenotypes
Authors: Rivera Milagros Liseth Castillo , Hassimotto Neuza Mariko Aymoto , Bueris Vanessa , Sircili Marcelo Palma , de Almeida Felipe Alves , Pinto Uelinton Manoel
Published: May 2019

Capsicum peppers have not been investigated as sources of quorum sensing (QS) inhibitors. This study aimed to identify compounds in pimenta‐malagueta (Capsicum frutescens) and red pepper (Capsicum annuum) extracts and to evaluate their effect on violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472 and C. violaceum CV026, as well as biofilm formation (BF) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Serratia marcescens MG1. Among the extracts, pimenta‐malagueta methanolic extract (PMME) was chosen because it contained capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and luteolin in greater amount than the other extracts. In general, PMME partially inhibited bacterial growth at 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL, as well as capsaicin at 100 µg/mL and luteolin at 62.5, 125, and 250 µg/mL. At lower concentrations, PMME and luteolin reduced violacein production in C. violaceum ATCC 12472 without affecting growth, a result that was not observed with capsaicin. We show that violacein inhibition by PMME is likely due to luteolin. In silico docking evaluation showed that luteolin binds to the CviR QS regulator. Crystal violet staining and confocal microscopy revealed that BF was increased by PMME and capsaicin, being remarkably superior for P. aeruginosa PAO1 at 30 °C. Capsaicin is not an effective QS inhibitor, while luteolin should be further investigated for its potential effects in QS regulated phenotypes.

Practical Application

Quorum sensing (QS) is a form of bacterial communication targeted for studies aiming to inhibit bacterial virulence. QS regulates phenotypes that influence microbial activities across many areas, including Food Science. Capsicum frutescens is a type of chili pepper consumed in Brazil, rich in bioactive compounds such as capsaicin (which gives its pungency) and luteolin (a phenolic compound). We show that C. frutescens extract and luteolin inhibit QS in a model bacterium, along with the possible molecular mechanism of inhibition. Capsaicin did not inhibit QS neither biofilm formation. Luteolin should be further investigated for its QS inhibition properties and biotechnological applications.
Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan‐Based Ternary Blend Edible Films with Efficient Antimicrobial Activities for Food Packaging Applications
Authors: Guo Yajing , Chen Xinghang , Yang Fujia , Wang Teng , Ni Minglong , Chen Yuansheng , Yang Fei , Huang Da , Fu Caili , Wang Shaoyun
Published: May 2019

To improve the mechanical and antibacterial properties of chitosan (CS) films, a ternary blend edible film was prepared by incorporating CS, gelatin (GE), and natural cinnamon essential oil (CEo). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction were performed to evaluate the films. The mechanical properties, light transmission, thermal stability, hydrophilicity, and antibacterial activity of the films were also determined. The results confirmed all of the films exhibited excellent UV protection with low transparency at 600 nm. Compared with the CS films, the ternary composite film (CSGEo film, containing CS, GE, and CEo) had a higher elongation at break but a lower tensile strength. SEM images revealed that all films had smooth surfaces, although some obvious differences between CS and CSGEo films were observed by AFM. Additionally, the incorporation of GE and CEo to the films enhanced their thermal stability and contact angle, but decreased their crystallinity and wettability. The antimicrobial activity results showed that CSGEo films had excellent antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, for which the antibacterial rate exceeded 98%. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the CSGEo solution against E. coli and S. aureus were both 52.06 µg/mL, and the minimal bactericidal concentrations were 104.12 and 52.06 µg/mL, respectively. These results suggest that CSGEo films possess good mechanical and antibacterial properties, and therefore, their application in the food packaging industry is promising.

Practical Application

The main raw materials of the edible films developed in this study are aquatic by‐products, so the films are edible and biodegradable. The addition of gelatin and CEo improved the UV barrier and thermal properties but decreased the crystallinity and hydrophilicity of the films, making them suitable for use as packaging materials. CEo‐incorporated films exhibited excellent mechanical properties and antibacterial activity and can, therefore, be used in the food packaging industry.
Assessing the construct validity of clinical tests to identify sacroiliac joint inflammation in patients with non‐radiographic axial spondyloarthritis
Authors: Castro Marcelo P. , Stebbings Simon M. , Milosavljevic Stephan , Pedersen Susanne J. , Bussey Melanie D.
Published: May 2019

Aim

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to identify sacroiliac joint (SIJ) inflammation and provide an earlier diagnosis of nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nrAxSpA). However, MRI is frequently a resource‐limited examination. Our aim was to assess if a set of physical clinical tests can identify SIJ inflammation in patients with nrAxSpA.

Methods

Twenty participants with nrAxSpA underwent two functional tests (active straight leg raise, and stork test on the support side) and four pain provocation tests (Gaenslen's, posterior pelvic pain provocation, Patrick's Faber and palpation of the long dorsal SIJ ligament) for the SIJ, and then proceeded to a contemporaneous reference standard MRI. The Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada scoring system (SPARCC) was used to score MRI. Specificity, sensitivity, and likelihood ratios (LR) were calculated for individual clinical tests, and for the composite of tests.

Results

Pain provocation tests were superior to functional tests, which showed poor accuracy. The Patrick's Faber test was the best performing procedure (sensitivity 71%, specificity 75%, positive LR 2.9, negative LR 0.4). When combining the provocation tests, a positive test in one out of two tests demonstrated the strongest predictive value (sensitivity 86%, specificity 62%, positive LR 2.2, negative LR 0.2).

Conclusions

Sacroiliac joint pain provocation tests correlate modestly with inflammation. The Patrick's Faber test showed the greater LR to identify SIJ inflammation in patients with nrAxSpA. SIJ pain provocation tests may offer a simple and cost‐effective way of identifying patients with nrAxSpA who are most likely to have MRI evidence of inflammation.
Clinical features and new diagnostic criteria for the syndrome of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis
Authors: Takeuchi Yusuke , Shigemura Tomonari , Kobayashi Norimoto , Nagumo Haruo , Furumoto Masahiro , Ogasawara Kyo , Fujii Hitomi , Takizawa Masahiro , Soga Takashi , Matoba Hisanori , Masumoto Junya , Fukushima Keitaro , Migita Kiyoshi , Ojima Toshiyuki , Umeda Yoh , Agematsu Kazunaga
Published: May 2019

Aim

The syndrome of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) is a common inflammatory disease that presents with periodic fever. We aimed to establish more specific diagnostic criteria for PFAPA based on the clinical characteristics of PFAPA patients in our directory.

Method

The clinical, laboratory, genetic, and family history details of 257 Japanese PFAPA patients treated at our and other affiliated hospitals between April 2000 and April 2018 were analyzed along with quantitative measurements of the number of CD64 molecules on neutrophils, and the levels of serum inflammatory cytokines. The sensitivity and specificity of the criteria were calculated for several diseases.

Results

Because recurrent fevers were crucial findings, they were defined as the required criterion. Tonsillitis/pharyngitis with white moss were important accompanying signs. Other symptoms associated with febrile episodes were cervical lymphadenitis with tenderness, aphthous stomatitis, sore throat, vomiting, and headache but not cough. A total of 159 (62%) patients had a family history of recurrent fevers, indicating autosomal dominant inheritance. C‐reactive protein levels were extremely elevated during febrile attacks but normal in attack‐free periods. Serum immunoglobulin D levels were high in 72 of the 199 tested patients. Oral glucocorticoid and cimetidine were extremely effective in all and 51.6% of the patients, respectively. We defined the above as supportive criteria. These criteria were sensitive and specific enough to distinguish PFAPA from other recurrent fever diseases. Raised serum interferon‐γ levels and remarkable CD64 expression on neutrophils during flare‐ups were recognized, indicating they contributed to diagnosis.

Conclusion

Our new criteria are useful for diagnosing PFAPA.
Lasting reduction of nicotine‐seeking behavior by chronic N‐acetylcysteine during experimental cue‐exposure therapy
Authors: Moro Federico , Giannotti Giuseppe , Caffino Lucia , Marzo Claudio Marcello , Di Clemente Angelo , Fumagalli Fabio , Cervo Luigi
Published: May 2019

Nicotine‐associated cues can trigger reinstatement in humans as well as in animal models of drug addiction. To date, no behavioral intervention or pharmacological treatment has been effective in preventing relapse in the long term. A large body of evidence indicates that N‐acetylcysteine (N‐AC) blunts the activation of glutamatergic (GLUergic) neurons in the nucleus accumbens (Nacc) associated with reinstatement. We evaluated the effect of an experimental cue exposure therapy (eCET) alone or in combination with N‐AC to verify whether restoring GLU homeostasis enhances extinction of nicotine‐associated cues. Rats were trained to associate discriminative stimuli with intravenous nicotine or saline self‐administration. Reinforced response was followed by cue signals. After rats met the self‐administration criteria, the lasting anti‐relapse activity of i.p. N‐AC or vehicle was assessed in three different experimental conditions after 14 days of treatment: treatment + eCET; treatment + lever‐presses extinction (LP‐EXT); and treatment + abstinence. N‐AC 100 mg/kg, but not 60 mg/kg, induced anti‐relapse activity that persisted 50 days after treatment only when paired with either LP‐EXT or eCET with the greater activity found in the latter condition. To identify potential mechanisms for behavioral results, separate groups of rats that received either N‐AC or vehicle + eCET were killed at different time points for Nacc Western‐blot analysis. Seven days after treatment, chronic N‐AC restored the expression of proteins crucial for GLU homeostasis, while at 50 days, it increased the expression of type II metabotropic GLU receptors. These results suggest that N‐AC treatment in combination with eCET may offer a novel strategy to prevent relapse in nicotine addiction.
MMP‐9‐positive neutrophils are essential for establishing profibrotic microenvironment in the obstructed kidney of UUO mice
Authors: Wang Haidong , Gao Min , Li Jiangbo , Sun Jian , Wu Ran , Han Deping , Tan Jianmei , Wang Juan , Wang Bin , Zhang Liping , Dong Yanjun
Published: May 2019

Aim

Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP9) plays a profibrotic role in renal fibrosis. Neutrophils produce MMP9 in many pathologic models. However, the effect of neutrophil on the progression of renal fibrosis and the relationship of MMP9 to the infiltration of neutrophils into the kidney remain unknown.

Methods

The surgery of unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) was performed in male C57BL/6 mice. Kidneys were collected for analyses on days 0, 1, 3, 5 or 7 following surgery. The inflammatory cells were analysed by flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein levels of renal fibrosis factor and inflammatory factor were measured by qRT‐PCR, immumofluorescence and western blot analysis.

Results

In a mouse kidney model of UUO, neutrophil infiltration significantly increased and neutrophil accumulation reached the highest level at 5 days after the injury. In the obstructed kidney, depleting neutrophils decreased the expression of inflammatory factors, inhibited the accumulation of macrophages including type 2 macrophages and suppressed renal fibrosis. Almost all neutrophils produced MMP9 at the early stage of kidney obstruction. MMP9 attracted neutrophils and inflammatory cells because inhibiting MMP9 suppressed the infiltration of neutrophils and other inflammatory cells and reduced renal fibrosis, regardless of using MMP9 neutralizing antibody or MMP9 inhibitor or different intervening periods of days (0‐6, 0‐3 or 3‐6 were applied after kidney obstruction).

Conclusion

MMP9 promotes neutrophil infiltration by increasing the inflammatory level, macrophage accumulation and renal fibrosis in the obstructed kidney. Inhibiting MMP9 or depleting neutrophils in the early stage of acute kidney injury can relieve the progression of kidney fibrosis.
Employment in family managed firms: Less but safe? Analysing labour demand of German family managed firms with a treatment model for panel data
Authors: Kölling Arnd
Published: May 2019

This paper analyses the differences in labour demand between family and non‐family managed firms. These firms seem to have better employment performance than non‐family controlled companies. Therefore, this study applies a treatment model for panel data controlling for endogeneities of being a family managed firm or not. The results of the estimations indicate that labour demand is possibly larger because of family members joining the firms as extra employees. Moreover, labour turnover is lower, supporting the assumption that family firms offer some kind of implicit labour contracts. However, in opposite to previous results, it seems that only small family managed firms show different employment behaviour.
N10‐carbonyl‐substituted phenothiazines inhibiting lipid peroxidation and associated nitric oxide consumption powerfully protect brain tissue against oxidative stress
Authors: Keynes Robert G. , Karchevskaya Anastasia , Riddall Dieter , Griffiths Charmaine H. , Bellamy Tomas C. , Chan A. W. Edith , Selwood David L. , Garthwaite John
Published: May 2019

During some investigations into the mechanism of nitric oxide consumption by brain preparations, several potent inhibitors of this process were identified. Subsequent tests revealed the compounds act by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, a trigger for a form of regulated cell death known as ferroptosis. A quantitative structure–activity study together with XED (eXtended Electron Distributions) field analysis allowed a qualitative understanding of the structure–activity relationships. A representative compound N‐(3,5‐dimethyl‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐4‐yl)‐10H‐phenothiazine‐10‐carboxamide (DT‐PTZ‐C) was able to inhibit completely oxidative damage brought about by two different procedures in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, displaying a 30‐ to 100‐fold higher potency than the standard vitamin E analogue, Trolox or edaravone. The compounds are novel, small, drug‐like molecules of potential therapeutic use in neurodegenerative disorders and other conditions associated with oxidative stress.
Phenotypic and functional alterations of regulatory B cell subsets in adult allergic asthma patients
Authors: Wiest Mathew , Upchurch Katherine , Hasan Md Mahmudul , Cardenas Jacob , Lanier Bobby , Millard Mark , Turner Jacob , Oh SangKon , Joo HyeMee
Published: May 2019

Background

IL‐10‐producing regulatory B cells (Bregs) are widely ascribed immune regulatory functions. However, Breg subsets in human asthma have not been fully investigated.

Objective

We studied Breg subsets in adult allergic asthma patients by assessing two major parameters, frequency and IL‐10 expression. We then investigated factors that affect these two parameters in patients.

Methods

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of adult allergic asthma patients (N = 26) and non‐asthmatic controls (N = 28) were used to assess the frequency of five subsets of transitional B cells (TBs), three subsets of CD24highCD27+ B cells and B1 cells. In addition to clinical data, IL‐10 expression by individual Breg subsets was assessed by flow cytometry.

Results

Asthma patients had decreases of CD5+ and CD1d+CD5+, but an increase of CD27+ TBs which was significant in patients with moderate asthma (60 < FEV1 < 80). Regardless of asthma severity, there was no significant alteration in the frequencies of 6 other Breg subsets tested. However, we found that oral corticosteroid (OCS) significantly affected the frequency of Bregs in Breg subset‐specific manners. OCS decreased CD5+ and CD1d+CD5+ TBs, but increased CD27+ TBs and CD10+CD24highCD27+ cells. Furthermore, OCS decreased IL‐10 expression by CD27+ TBs, all 3 CD24highCD27+ B cell subsets (CD5+, CD10+ and CD1d+) and B1 cells. OCS‐mediated inhibition of IL‐10 expression was not observed in the other Breg subsets tested.

Conclusion & Clinical Relevance

Alterations in the frequency of Bregs and their ability to express IL‐10 are Breg subset‐specific. OCS treatment significantly affects the frequency as well as their ability to express IL‐10 in Breg subset‐specific manners.
Detection of myocarditis using T1 and ECV mapping is not improved by early compared to late post‐contrast imaging
Authors: Lundin Magnus , Sörensson Peder , Vishnevskaya Liya , Maret Eva , Kellman Peter , Sigfridsson Andreas , Ugander Martin
Published: May 2019

Background

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) of myocarditis may include early gadolinium enhancement (EGE) and global relative enhancement (GRE) by T1‐weighted images acquired before and early after contrast administration. However, the importance of timing for post‐contrast imaging has not been evaluated using T1 mapping. We aimed to improve the understanding of the contrast mechanisms by evaluating whether early or late post‐contrast T1 mapping was better at detecting myocarditis.

Methods

Controls and patients referred to evaluate myocarditis underwent 1·5T CMR. T1 mapping was performed before, and 3 min (early) and 21 min (late) after intravenous contrast (0·2 mmol kg−1). Extracellular volume fraction (ECV) and the GRE and EGE equivalents by T1 mapping were calculated. Focally affected myocardium in myocarditis was defined as increased native T1 compared to remote myocardium.

Results

The GRE equivalent by T1 mapping was higher in myocarditis (n = 19) compared to controls (n = 19) both early (P<0·001) and late (P<0·001). While remote myocardium in myocarditis had higher enhancement relative to skeletal muscle compared to controls early (P = 0·002) and late (P<0·001), ECV of skeletal muscle was lower compared to controls both early (P = 0·03) and late (P = 0·004), and remote myocardial ECV did not differ from controls early (P = 0·37) or late (P = 0·52). The difference in ECV between affected and remote myocardium was higher late compared to early by 5·3 ± 0·7 versus 4·0 ± 0·6%‐points (P = 0·002).

Conclusion

Quantitative evaluation by T1 mapping shows that early post‐contrast imaging does not improve the detection of myocarditis compared to late post‐contrast imaging. Focal myocardial abnormalities were more conspicuous late post‐contrast.
Ganglioside GM1 promotes contact inhibition of growth by regulating the localization of epidermal growth factor receptor from glycosphingolipid‐enriched microdomain to caveolae
Authors: Zhuo Dinghao , Guan Feng
Published: May 2019

Objectives

Accumulating data show that gangliosides are involved in regulation of cell proliferation. Specific changes in gangliosides expression associated with growth density of cells have been documented in several cell lines. However, the function and the potential mechanism of ganglioside GM1 in contact inhibition of growth are not clear.

Materials and Methods

EdU incorporation assay and western blot were applied to detect the contact inhibition of growth in human mammary epithelial cells. GM1 manipulation of cell proliferation and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation was investigated by immunoprecipitation, OptiPrep density gradient centrifugation and immunofluorescence. The function of GM1 on contact inhibition of growth was further studied by using GM1 stably knockdown and overexpression cells.

Results

MCF‐10A, MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells showed contact inhibition of growth in high‐density condition. Exogenous addition of GM1 to high‐density cells clearly inhibited cell growth and deactivated EGFR signalling. Compared to normal‐density cells, distribution of EGFR in high‐density cells was decreased in glycosphingolipid‐enriched microdomain (GEM), but more concentrated in caveolae, and incubation with GM1 obviously promoted this translocation. Furthermore, the cell growth and EGFR activation were increased in GM1 stably knockdown cells and decreased in GM1 stably overexpression cells when cultured in high density.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrated that GM1 suppressed EGFR signalling and promoted contact inhibition of growth by changing the localization of EGFR from GEM to caveolae.
Addressing the conflict between partner notification and patient confidentiality in serodiscordant relationships: How can Ubuntu help?
Authors: Ewuoso Cornelius
Published: May 2019

This study evaluates the conflict between patient confidentiality and partner notification in sero‐discordant relationships, and argues the thesis that based on a theoretical formulation of Ubuntu, a health provider is obliged to facilitate friendly relationships in which individuals are true subjects and/or objects of communal friendship. In serodiscordant relationships, the health professional can fulfil this obligation by notifying “others” (particularly a partner with whom an HIV positive patient has a “present” and “actual relationship”) of their spouse's HIV seroconversion, since without such relevant information a partner (subject) of an HIV positive patient cannot “appropriately” care for the patient's condition (object). There is a need to move away from the medical traditional emphasis that has for so long put primacy on doctor‐patient confidentiality as is the case with the Health Professions Council of South Africa Guidelines (Booklet 12) which favours patient confidentiality over partner notification. Given empirical evidence to support effectiveness of partner notification amongst sero‐discordant couples, there is thus, a need to focus emphasis on latter. This shift is necessary for achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development of Goal of ending HIV/AIDS epidemic by 2030. I proposed in this study that African ethics, specifically Ubuntu, will do a better job than current ethical frameworks at ensuring that partner notification receives more emphasis in the care of serodiscordant couples. If this framework is integrated into ethical guidelines and codes, it would significantly enhance the care of serodiscordant couples, as well as further boost global effort at ending HIV/AIDS epidemic by 2030.
Does group feeding by toxic prey confer a defensive benefit? Aristolochic acid content, group size and survival of first‐instar pipevine swallowtail (Battus philenor L.) larvae
Authors: Wilmoth Lauren W. , Fordyce James A.
Published: May 2019

1. Aggregative feeding of larvae is widespread in the Lepidoptera, and many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the adaptive significance of this trait. Group feeding occurs disproportionately more in species with aposematic, chemically defended larvae compared with species with cryptic, non‐chemically defended larvae, consistent with the hypothesis that group feeding provides an enhanced aposematic signal to natural enemies. Most species characterised as having chemically defended larvae are cryptic during the first instar, when they are most highly aggregated and most vulnerable to predation.

2. The benefits of group feeding in terms of decreased predation were explored for first‐instar larvae of the pipevine swallowtail, Battus philenor, a species that sequesters aristolochic acids from its Aristolochia host plant and exhibits aposematism in later instars and as adults. We found that groups of larvae with experimentally enhanced aristolochic acid content had significantly lower survivorship due to predation both in the field and in laboratory experiments compared with groups of larvae without enhanced chemical defence.

3. A laboratory experiment found that aristolochic acid does not deter the generalist predator Hippodamia convergens.

4. No evidence was found that was consistent with the hypothesis that group feeding and increased sequestered chemical defence interact to decrease rates of larval mortality in non‐aposematic, first‐instar larvae. Future research on chemical defence, aposematism, and aggregative feeding should continue to appreciate that particular chemical defences and feeding behaviours are not universally effective against all natural enemies.
A non‐pollinating moth inflicts higher seed predation than two co‐pollinators in an obligate pollination mutualism
Authors: Finch Jonathan T. D. , Power Sally A. , Welbergen Justin A. , Cook James M.
Published: May 2019

1. Mutualisms are relationships of mutual exploitation, in which interacting species receive a net benefit from their association. In obligate pollination mutualisms (OPMs), female pollinators move pollen between the flowers of a single plant species and oviposit eggs within the female flowers that they visit.

2. Competition between co‐occurring pollinator species is predicted to increase pollinator virulence, i.e. laying more eggs or consuming more seeds per fruit. Plants involved in OPMs frequently host various non‐pollinating seed parasites and parasitoids that may influence the outcome of the mutualism. Quantifying the prevalence of parasites and parasitoids and competition between pollinators is important for understanding the factors that influence OPM evolutionary stability.

3. This study investigated the pollination mutualism occurring between the leaf flower plant, Breynia oblongifolia, and its co‐pollinating Epicephala moths. A third moth, Herpystis, also occurs in B. oblongifolia fruits as a non‐pollinating seed parasite.

4. Breynia oblongifolia fruits were collected to quantify seed predation and compare seed predation costs between the three moth species. Results showed that the larvae of the two pollinator species consume similar numbers of seeds, and that adults deposit similar numbers of eggs per flower. As such, no evidence of increases in virulent behaviours was detected as a result of competition between co‐pollinators.

5. By contrast, the seed parasite Herpystis consumed more seeds than either pollinator species, and fruit crops with a high proportion of Herpystis had significantly lower net seed production.

6. This work adds to the growing understanding of the ecology and dynamics of plant–pollinator mutualisms.
Genetic basis of unexplained erythrocytosis in Indian patients
Authors: Mallik Nabhajit , Sharma Prashant , Kaur Hira Jasbir , Chhabra Sanjeev , Sreedharanunni Sreejesh , Kumar Narender , Naseem Shano , Sachdeva Man Updesh Singh , Ahluwalia Jasmina , Malhotra Pankaj , Varma Neelam , Varma Subhash , Das Reena
Published: May 2019

Objective

To evaluate the spectrum of genetic defects in Indian patients with unexplained erythrocytosis.

Methods

Fifteen families (18 patients) with unexplained erythrocytosis were enrolled after excluding polycythemia vera and secondary erythrocytosis. Focused Sanger sequencing from genomic DNA was performed for EPOR (exon 8), VHL (exons 2‐3), EGLN1 (exons 2‐5), EPAS1 (exon 12), and all exons of HBB, HBA1, and HBA2 genes.

Results

Eleven of the 18 patients (including two pairs of brothers) had Chuvash polycythemia, that is, homozygosity for VHL:c.598C > T (p.Arg200Trp). Three patients (two of whom were brothers) had HBB mutations associated with increased oxygen‐affinity hemoglobin—one had a heterozygous Hb McKees Rocks HBB:c.438T > A (p.Tyr146*), and two brothers showed heterozygous Hb Rainier HBB:c.437A > G (p.Tyr146Cys). No pathogenic variants were found in the remaining four cases.

Conclusion

A gene‐by‐gene Sanger sequencing approach could determine a genetic basis for erythrocytosis in 11 of the 15 (73%) Indian families, with homozygous VHL:c.598C > T (p.Arg200Trp) being the commonest pathogenic variant. This first study from the Indian subcontinent provides a rationale for analyzing this variant in patients with suspected congenital erythrocytosis from this region.

Rare first occurrences of Hb McKees Rocks and Hb Rainier in Indians are also being reported.
Multi‐trait genomic selection for weevil resistance, growth, and wood quality in Norway spruce
Authors: Lenz Patrick R. N. , Nadeau Simon , Mottet Marie‐Josée , Perron Martin , Isabel Nathalie , Beaulieu Jean , Bousquet Jean
Published: May 2019

Plantation‐grown trees have to cope with an increasing pressure of pest and disease in the context of climate change, and breeding approaches using genomics may offer efficient and flexible tools to face this pressure. In the present study, we targeted genetic improvement of resistance of an introduced conifer species in Canada, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), to the native white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck). We developed single‐ and multi‐trait genomic selection (GS) models and selection indices considering the relationships between weevil resistance, intrinsic wood quality, and growth traits. Weevil resistance, acoustic velocity as a proxy for mechanical wood stiffness, and average wood density showed moderate‐to‐high heritability and low genotype‐by‐environment interactions. Weevil resistance was genetically positively correlated with tree height, height‐to‐diameter at breast height (DBH) ratio, and acoustic velocity. The accuracy of the different GS models tested (GBLUP, threshold GBLUP, Bayesian ridge regression, BayesCπ) was high and did not differ among each other. Multi‐trait models performed similarly as single‐trait models when all trees were phenotyped. However, when weevil attack data were not available for all trees, weevil resistance was more accurately predicted by integrating genetically correlated growth traits into multi‐trait GS models. A GS index that corresponded to the breeders’ priorities achieved near maximum gains for weevil resistance, acoustic velocity, and height growth, but a small decrease for DBH. The results of this study indicate that it is possible to breed for high‐quality, weevil‐resistant Norway spruce reforestation stock with high accuracy achieved from single‐trait or multi‐trait GS.
The effects of six‐week resistance, aerobic and combined exercises on the pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory markers in overweight patients with moderate haemophilia A: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Parhampour Behrouz , Dadgoo Mehdi , Vasaghi‐Gharamaleki Behnoosh , Torkaman Giti , Ravanbod Roya , Mirzaii-Dizgah Iraj , Reza Baghaipour Mohammad , Saneii Seyed Hassan
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Overweight increases the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and serves as a major risk factor for arthropathy and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This condition is becoming increasingly prevalent among patients with haemophilia (PWH). Different forms of exercise training could favourably modify weight‐related complications, cardiovascular risk factors and the inflammation.

Aim

To investigate the effects of resistance, aerobic and combined exercises on the pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory markers in overweight patients with moderate haemophilia A.

Methods

Forty‐eight patients with moderate haemophilia A, aged 35‐55 years, and body mass index (BMI) of 25‐30 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to resistance training (RT, n = 12), aerobic (AT, n = 12), combined training (CT, n = 12) and control (n = 12) groups. The patients participated in 45‐minutes exercise sessions three times a week for 6 weeks. Waist circumference (WC), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), fat mass, fat‐free mass, interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and high sensitive C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) were measured before and after the 6 weeks of training.

Results

There was significant decrease in WC, WHR, BMI and weight in the AT, RT and CT groups as compared to the control group. Total HJHS scores decreased in the AT, RT, CT groups compared to the control groups (P ≤ 0.001). The decrease in hs‐CRP, IL‐6 and TNF‐α in the CT group was significant compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.02). The increase in IL‐10 and adiponectin was not significant in the RT, AT and CT groups compared to the control group.

Conclusion

CT was the most effective training mode for decreasing the pro‐inflammatory cytokines and increasing anti‐inflammatory markers in overweight patients with haemophilia A.
Clinical Pharmacology Review of Plasma‐derived and Recombinant Protein Products: CBER Experience and Perspectives on Model‐Informed Drug Development
Authors: Tegenge Million A. , Mahmood Iftekhar , Forshee Richard
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Clinical pharmacology studies are one of the major types of regulatory data submitted for review of therapeutic proteins regulated by the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER).

Aim

The primary objective of the current study is to provide an overview of the role of clinical pharmacology including pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and exposure‐response analysis at CBER. Furthermore, we aim to provide a baseline estimate for the use of quantitative clinical pharmacology studies prior to implementation of FDA's model‐informed drug development (MIDD) pilot programme.

Methods

We survey original Biologics License Applications (BLAs) for plasma‐derived and related recombinant therapeutic protein products approved by CBER/FDA (2008‐2017).

Results

There were 37 original BLAs that met our inclusion criteria, and 34 of these products (92%) contained human PK data as part of the biological licensing. The products were broadly classified as coagulation factors (54%), IgG and related proteins (24%), and other therapeutic proteins (22%). Coagulation factor VIII and IX products constitute 32% of the BLAs and indicated for treatment of haemophilia A and B, respectively. Twelve products (35%) used model‐based approaches (population PK/PD and exposure‐response). Over the past 5 years (2013 to 2017), there is a trend for increased application of MIDD approaches as compared to the previous cohort years (2008 to 2012).

Conclusion

In conclusion, clinical pharmacology has played a major role in regulatory review of plasma‐derived products, and we expect that the application of quantitative methods will further evolve for these products under the FDA MIDD programme.
Follicular cholangitis mimicking cholangiocarcinoma treated with right hepatectomy: A case report and review of published works
Authors: Chang Li‐sa , Tomimaru Yoshito , Nishida Tsutomu , Tamura Hiromi , Yoshioka Ryo , Noguchi Kozo , Noura Shingo , Imamura Hiroshi , Matsubara Tokuhiro , Adachi Shiro , Dono Keizo
Published: May 2019

Follicular cholangitis is a new, rare disease that causes severe biliary stricture. We herein describe the findings from a resected case of follicular cholangitis, suggesting a distinct disease entity that causes benign biliary stricture. A 60‐year‐old man who was referred to our hospital due to elevated γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase levels and dilatation of the B8 bile duct. Although bile juice cytology and bile duct brushing cytology showed no malignancy, the dilatation was progressive. Therefore, right hepatectomy combined with caudate lobectomy was carried out on suspicion of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. The wall of the resected bile duct was markedly thickened due to severe fibrosis under the mucosal layer. Histology of the mucosal epithelium indicated no malignancy. Infiltration of plasma cells characterized by remarkable formation of lymphoid follicles with germinal centers was observed around the bile ducts. The patient was diagnosed with follicular cholangitis based on histological findings. We thus observed a rare case of follicular cholangitis. This case and review of published reports suggest that, despite its rarity, follicular cholangitis should be considered at the differential diagnosis of biliary stricture. This case report could contribute to a better understanding of how to address this disease.
Increased monocyte activation with age among HIV‐infected long term non‐progressor children: implications for early treatment initiation
Authors: D'Souza RR , Gopalan BP , Rajnala N , Phetsouphanh C , Shet A
Published: May 2019

Objectives

The key to newer therapeutic and eradication approaches often lies in understanding slow disease progression in HIV infection. The paediatric population has been poorly studied in this regard. We aimed to describe a cohort of perinatally infected long‐term nonprogressor (LTNP) children living with HIV in India and to evaluate the immune biomarkers of disease progression.

Methods

LTNPs (ART‐naïve, with a CD4 count ≥ 500 cells/μL at age ≥ 7 years) among the cohort of HIV‐infected children were identified and monitored longitudinally, and their CD4 T‐cell counts and plasma viral loads were measured every 6 months. The plasma monocyte/macrophage activation markers, namely soluble CD14 (sCD14), soluble CD163 (sCD163) and interferon‐inducible protein‐10 (IP‐10) were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in LTNPs and progressors. The Mann–Whitney U‐test was used to compare the two groups and P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Spearman's rank or Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was calculated to determine the associations between variables.

Results

Among 378 children living with HIV‐1 surveyed in our cohort, 40 (10.6%) were LTNPs. Longitudinal analysis of the LTNP data showed that both CD4 count and viral load declined significantly with age (P < 0.0001 for both). Plasma sCD14 levels were significantly (P < 0.005) higher in progressors and sCD163 levels were significantly (P < 0.0001) higher in LTNPs.

Conclusions

The prevalence of LTNPs in our cohort of perinatally infected children living with HIV was 10.6%. We observed a trend for associations between the increasing sCD163 monocyte/macrophage activation marker levels, declining CD4 counts and the gradual loss of nonprogressor status with age in the LTNPs. These findings underscore the need for early antiretroviral therapy in those children with proven slow disease progression.
The microbiome and immune memory formation
Authors: McCoy Kathy D , Burkhard Regula , Geuking Markus B
Published: May 2019

The microbiota plays an important role in regulating both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Many studies have focused on the ability of microbes to shape the immune system by stimulating B‐cell and antibody responses and the differentiation of T helper cell function. However, an important feature of the immune system is its ability to generate memory responses, which provide increased survival for the host. This review will highlight the role of the microbiota in the induction of immune memory with a focus on both adaptive and innate memory as well as vaccine efficacy.
Prevalence of burnout in mental health nurses and related factors: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: López‐López Isabel María , Gómez‐Urquiza José Luis , Cañadas Gustavo Raúl , De la Fuente Emilia Inmaculada , Albendín‐García Luis , Cañadas‐De la Fuente Guillermo Arturo
Published: May 2019

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of burnout in mental health nurses and to identify its predictors. A systematic review was conducted of studies published in the following databases: CINAHL, Dialnet, LILACS, ProQuest, PsycINFO, PubMed, SciELO, and Scopus. The search equation used was “Nurs * AND Burnout AND mental health”. Subsequently, three fixed‐effects meta‐analyses were performed, one for each dimension of burnout, to calculate its prevalence and the corresponding confidence intervals. The data were analysed using StatsDirect meta‐analysis software. Eleven studies were finally included (n = 11). In most cases, the literature informs about moderate levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. The studies inform that variables such as work overload, work‐related stress, professional seniority, male gender, being single, and aggression at work, among other factors, contribute to burnout development. The meta‐analytic prevalence estimations of burnout with a sample of n = 868 mental health nurses are 25% for high emotional exhaustion, 15% for depersonalization, and 22% for low personal accomplishment. From a workforce development and safety perspective, it is important for managers to address the emotional exhaustion and low personal accomplishment aspects of burnout reported in the workplace by mental health nurses.
Workplace stressors, psychological well‐being, resilience, and caring behaviours of mental health nurses: A descriptive correlational study
Authors: Foster Kim , Roche Michael , Giandinoto Jo‐Ann , Furness Trentham
Published: May 2019

There is widespread recognition that workplace stress can have profound negative impacts on nurses’ well‐being and practice. Resilience is a process of positive adaptation to stress and adversity. This study aimed to describe mental health nurses’ most challenging workplace stressors, and their psychological well‐being, workplace resilience, and level of caring behaviours, explore the relationships between these factors, and describe differences in workplace resilience for sociodemographic characteristics. In a descriptive correlational study using convenience sampling, data were collected from N = 498 nurses working in mental health roles or settings in Victoria Australia via an online cross‐sectional survey. Key findings included weak to strong (r = 0.301 to r = 0.750) positive relationships between workplace resilience with psychological well‐being across all stressor categories (consumer/carer; colleague; organizational role; and organizational service). Psychological well‐being was moderately high, but lower for nurses indicating consumer/carer‐related stressors as their most stressful challenge. There were weak to moderate (r = 0.306 to r = 0.549) positive relationships between workplace resilience and psychological well‐being, and no relationship between resilience and caring behaviours. Workplace resilience was lower (P < 0.05) for less experienced nurses compared with those with >5 years’ experience, and lower for younger nurses compared with those aged ≥40 years. To improve their resilience and prevent psychological distress, there is prime opportunity to support nursing students with well‐being and resilience‐building strategies during their undergraduate education, and to support new graduates with similar programmes when they enter the workforce.
Basic and Continuing Education Needs of Nurses Instrument: Development and Validation
Authors: Fares S. , Dumit N.Y. , Dhaini S.R.
Published: May 2019

Aim

To develop and psychometrically test the Basic and Continuing Education Needs of Nurses Instrument.

Background

Nurses need to keep updating their knowledge through engaging in continuing education and professional development activities. Continuing education should be based on needs assessment.

Methods

Items generated were devised from a comprehensive literature review guided by Morrel‐Samuels’ guidelines. Psychometric analysis was then performed on data from 3632 registered nurses across 74 Lebanese hospitals. Two‐factor structures were evaluated: the one‐dimensional structure including all items and a six‐dimensional structure proposed by the authors. Reliability, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used. Associations between the total knowledge score and nurses’ characteristics were assessed using linear regression.

Results and Discussion

The total scale had Cronbach's alpha of 0.93 and the six subscales between 0.74 and 0.82. Exploratory factor analysis on the first randomly drawn sample of the data supported the one‐factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis on the second randomly drawn sample revealed that both structures were acceptable with better fit for the six‐dimensional structure. Linear regression showed significant associations between total score and nurses’ age, income, education and gender. The tool has satisfactory psychometric properties for registered nurses in Lebanon and demonstrated relevance to the Lebanese context of nursing practice.

Conclusion

We developed a locally adaptable and psychometrically sound instrument to assess the perceived learning needs of Lebanese nurses. Evidence of the validity and reliability of the instrument was provided.

Implications for nursing and health policy

At a practice level, the Instrument allows nurse leaders to assess knowledge gaps and respond accordingly to nurses perceived learning needs at the national level thus improving practice and protecting people's health. At a policy level, this study has implications for developing policies, regulations and guidelines in support of nurses’ continuing education needs and their professional development.