bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fibrinogen adsorption to biomaterials
Authors: Horbett Thomas A.
Published: June 2018

Fibrinogen (Fg) adsorption is an important mechanism underlying cell adhesion to biomaterials and was the major focus of the author's research career. This article summarizes our work on Fg adsorption, with citations of related work as appropriate. The molecular properties of Fg that promote adsorption and cell adhesion will be described. In addition, the adsorption behavior of Fg from buffer, binary solutions with other proteins, and blood plasma will be discussed, including the Vroman effect. Studies of platelet adhesion to surfaces preadsorbed with blood plasmas selectively deficient in Fg, vitronectin (Vn), fibronectin (Fn), or von Willebrand's factor (vWf) will be reviewed. These studies clearly showed a major role for Fg in platelet adhesion under static conditions and both Fg and vWf for adhesion from flowing suspensions, but no significant role for Vn or Fn. However, it was also shown that platelet adhesion was poorly correlated with the total amount of adsorbed Fg, but very well correlated with the binding of antibodies specific to the cell binding domains of Fg. A brief overview of nonfouling surfaces for prevention of Fg adsorption will be given. A more extensive discussion of structural changes in Fg after its adsorption is included, including changes detected with both physicochemical and biological methods. A short discussion of the state of the art of structural determination of adsorbed proteins with computational methods is also given. A final section identifies Fg adsorption as the single most important event determining the biocompatibility of implants in soft tissue and in blood. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 2777–2788, 2018.
Supersize My Chances: Promotional Lotteries Impact Product Size Choices
Authors: Taylor Nükhet , Noseworthy Theodore J. , Pancer Ethan
Published: June 2018

Promotional lotteries offer consumers a chance to win one of many prizes along with their purchase. Critically, as is often the case, these campaigns not only include an assortment of prizes but also an assortment of offerings that one can buy to enter the lottery—such as a small or an extra‐large coffee. While companies regularly advertise that the objective odds of winning do not vary by the size of their product offerings, recent anecdotal evidence suggest that consumers behave as if it does. The net result is that consumers seem to be supersizing during promotional lotteries, and thus purchasing larger sized items. Eight studies (four core and four supplementary in Supporting information) and a single‐paper meta‐analysis confirm that the supersizing phenomenon is indeed real and provides evidence that this behavior is the manifestation of consumers elevating their sense of control. Specifically, supersizing serves to gain psychological control over the pursuit of a desirable, but seemingly unobtainable, outcome.
Factors that encourage generalization from extinction to test reduce resurgence of an extinguished operant response
Authors: Trask Sydney , Keim Christopher L. , Bouton Mark E.
Published: June 2018

Two experiments investigated methods that reduce the resurgence of an extinguished behavior (R1) that occurs when reinforcement for an alternative behavior (R2) is discontinued. In Experiment 1, R1 was first trained and then extinguished while R2 was reinforced during a 5‐ or 25‐session treatment phase. For half the rats, sessions in which R2 was reinforced alternated with sessions in which R2 was extinguished. Controls received the same number of treatment sessions, but R2 was never extinguished. When reinforcement for R2 was discontinued, R1 resurged in the controls. However, the alternating groups showed reduced resurgence, and the magnitude of the resurgences observed during their R2 extinction sessions decreased systematically over Phase 2. In Experiment 2, R1 was first reinforced with one outcome (O1). The rats then had two types of double‐alternating treatment sessions. In one type, R1 was extinguished and R2 produced O2. In the other, R1 was unavailable and R2 produced O3. R1 resurgence was weakened when O2, but not O3, was delivered freely during testing. Together, the results suggest that methods that encourage generalization between R1 extinction and resurgence testing weaken the resurgence effect. They are not consistent with an account of resurgence proposed by Shahan and Craig (2017).
Detection of volatile organic compounds in the headspace above mold fungi by GC‐soft X‐radiation–based APCI‐MS
Authors: Erler A. , Riebe D. , Beitz T. , Löhmannsröben H.‐G. , Grothusheitkamp D. , Kunz T. , Methner F.‐J.
Published: June 2018

Mold fungi on malting barley grains cause major economic loss in malting and brewery facilities. Possible proxies for their detection are volatile and semivolatile metabolites. Among those substances, characteristic marker compounds have to be identified for a confident detection of mold fungi in varying surroundings. The analytical determination is usually performed through passive sampling with solid phase microextraction, gas chromatographic separation, and detection by electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI‐MS), which often does not allow a confident determination due to the absence of molecular ions. An alternative is GC‐APCI‐MS, generally, allowing the determination of protonated molecular ions. Commercial atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) sources are based on corona discharges, which are often unspecific due to the occurrence of several side reactions and produce complex product ion spectra. To overcome this issue, an APCI source based on soft X‐radiation is used here. This source facilitates a more specific ionization by proton transfer reactions only. In the first part, the APCI source is characterized with representative volatile fungus metabolites. Depending on the proton affinity of the metabolites, the limits of detection are up to 2 orders of magnitude below those of EI‐MS. In the second part, the volatile metabolites of the mold fungus species Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Penicillium are investigated. In total, 86 compounds were found with GC‐EI/APCI‐MS. The metabolites identified belong to the substance classes of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, substituted aromatic compounds, terpenes, and sesquiterpenes. In addition to substances unspecific for the individual fungus species, characteristic patterns of metabolites, allowing their confident discrimination, were found for each of the 4 fungus species. Sixty‐seven of the 86 metabolites are detected by X‐ray–based APCI‐MS alone. The discrimination of the fungus species based on these metabolites alone was possible. Therefore, APCI‐MS in combination with collision induced dissociation alone could be used as a supervision method for the detection of mold fungi.
Preparation of Biocomposite Microfibers Ready for Processing into Biologically Active Textile Fabrics for Bioremediation
Authors: Kaiser Patrick , Reich Steffen , Greiner Andreas , Freitag Ruth
Published: June 2018

Biocomposites, i.e., materials consisting of metabolically active microorganisms embedded in a synthetic extracellular matrix, may find applications as highly specific catalysts in bioproduction and bioremediation. 3D constructs based on fibrous biocomposites, so‐called “artificial biofilms,” are of particular interest in this context. The inability to produce biocomposite fibers of sufficient mechanical strength for processing into bioactive fabrics has so far hindered progress in the area. Herein a method is proposed for the direct wet spinning of microfibers suitable for weaving and knitting. Metabolically active bacteria (either Shewanella oneidensis or Nitrobacter winogradskyi (N. winogradskyi)) are embedded in these fibers, using poly(vinyl alcohol) as matrix. The produced microfibers have a partially crystalline structure and are stable in water without further treatment, such as coating. In a first application, their potential for nitrite removal (N. winogradskyi) is demonstrated, a typical challenge in potable water treatment.
Effect of Hook and Bait Size on Catch Efficiency in the Persian Gulf Recreational Fisheries
Authors: Herrmann Bent , Eighani Morteza , Paighambari Seyed Yousef , Feekings Jordan
Published: June 2018

The effect of hook and bait sizes on the catch efficiency and size composition of Spangled Emperor Lethrinus nebulosus, Orange spotted Grouper Epinephelus coioides, and Narrowbarred Mackerel Scomberomorus commerson was investigated in the recreational and semi subsistence handline fishery in the Persian Gulf. Based on expectations that increasing hook and bait sizes would decrease the catch efficiency of the smaller individuals while maintaining the catch efficiency of larger fish, we investigated the effect of increasing hook and bait sizes. For all three species, the results indicated slightly lower catch efficiency for the smaller fish when larger hooks were used. Furthermore, the results demonstrated a significant increase in catch efficiency for the larger sizes of Spangled Emperor and Orange spotted Grouper when fished with larger hooks, an effect that increased with fish size for both species. Additionally, the overall catch efficiency did not vary significantly when increasing hook and bait sizes for the three species investigated. This study shows that fishing with larger hooks and larger bait would change the exploitation pattern of these species toward higher proportions of larger fish in the catches. Moreover, based on the size distribution of the species on the fishing grounds during the study period, the use of larger hooks and bait would lead to significant increases in the total number of Spangled Emperor caught (41% increase; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 17–69%) and the total number of Orange spotted Grouper caught (151% increase; 95% CI = 132–336%), respectively. The results indicated a similar effect for Narrowbarred Mackerel; however, the effect was far less profound than for the two other species and was not significant for any size classes.
Responses of Hatchery- and Natural-Origin Adult Spring Chinook Salmon to a Trap-and-Haul Reintroduction Program
Authors: Kock Tobias J. , Perry Russell W. , Pope Adam C. , Serl John D. , Kohn Mike , Liedtke Theresa L.
Published: June 2018

The construction of impassable dams severely affected many Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. populations, resulting in reintroduction efforts that are now focused on returning anadromous fish to areas located upstream of these dams. A primary strategy for moving adult salmon and steelhead O. mykiss around a dam or multiple dams involves trapping fish downstream and transporting them to upstream areas (“trap and haul”) for spawning. We conducted a 4-year radiotelemetry study to evaluate behavior and movement patterns of hatchery- and natural-origin adult spring Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha after a trap-and-haul program was implemented around three dams on the Cowlitz River, Washington. A multistate model was used to describe how factors such as origin, sex, release site location, and discharge affected transition rates to riverine areas where spawning habitat was located. Natural-origin Chinook Salmon moved upstream from a reservoir release site and entered one of two rivers more quickly and in greater proportions than hatchery-origin fish. Results from the multistate model indicated that transition rates from the reservoir to the Cowlitz River were 2.2 times higher for natural-origin Chinook Salmon than for hatchery-origin fish. About one-half (49.6%) of the reservoir-released hatchery-origin Chinook Salmon moved upstream into the Cowlitz River or the Cispus River during the spawning period. The release of hatchery-origin Chinook Salmon directly into these rivers increased the percentage of fish with river fates during the spawning period to 72.3–75.4%. Results from the multistate model showed that factors such as release site location, origin, day of year, and discharge were important predictors of transition intensities between specific locations in the study area. These findings illustrate the need to evaluate how salmon and steelhead respond to trap-and-haul methods, allowing for better management of reintroduction efforts in the future.
Mathematical and numerical analysis in thermo‐gradient‐dependent theory of plasticity
Authors: Aouadi Moncef , Bettaieb Mohamed Ben , Abed‐Meraim Farid
Published: June 2018

In this paper, we develop new governing equations for thermo‐gradient‐dependent theory of plasticity. They include the coupled effects of thermal elastic‐plastic theory, including balance and constitutive equations. To demonstrate the salient feature of the gradient‐dependent model of plasticity, particular attention is addressed to isotropic hardening with second sound effects to eliminate the paradox of infinite speed of thermal signals. The resulting system of partial differential equations formally describes the coupled thermomechanical behavior of the gradient‐dependent elasto‐plastic system. Then, we develop an appropriate state‐space form and, by using the semigroup theory, we prove the well‐posedness and the exponential stability of the thermo‐gradient‐dependent elasto‐plastic one‐dimensional problem. Finally, we perform numerical simulations to validate the proposed model and to show its capability.
Introduction
Authors: Schweingruber Fritz H. , Börner Annett
Published: June 2018

Terrestrial life forms made their move on land about 400 million years ago. Plants crossed the barrier between life in water to life in the atmosphere. With the invention of stable stems, plants overcame hydrological and mechanical problems. The construction of plant stems is the focus of this book. It demonstrates that nature created a framework in which plant stems evolved—annual herbs as well as century-old, 100 m-tall trees, from tropical to arctic environments.
Wood decay
Authors: Schweingruber Fritz H. , Börner Annett
Published: June 2018

The „system Earth“ is based on a closed carbon cycle. In one half organisms store the carbon in organic substances.
Fossilization, permineralization, coalification, carbonization and wet wood conservation
Authors: Schweingruber Fritz H. , Börner Annett
Published: June 2018

Terrestrial life forms made their move on land about 400 million years ago. Plants crossed the barrier between life in water to life in the atmosphere. With the invention of stable stems, plants overcame hydrological and mechanical problems. The construction of plant stems is the focus of this book. It demonstrates that nature created a framework in which plant stems evolved—annual herbs as well as century-old, 100 m-tall trees, from tropical to arctic environments.
Technically altered wood products
Authors: Schweingruber Fritz H. , Börner Annett
Published: June 2018

This chapter gives an extremely brief overview over a few frequently used products made from technically altered wood— plywood, particleboards, granulated cork stoppers, hardboards, pencils and paper.
Morphology of the plant body – Tried and tested for 400 million years
Authors: Schweingruber Fritz H. , Börner Annett
Published: June 2018

Life forms and growth forms are principally synonymous terms. The image on the following page shows that the currently existing plant forms are based on a principle that was invented 400 million years ago.
Cellular composition of the plant body
Authors: Schweingruber Fritz H. , Börner Annett
Published: June 2018

Single cells can only be observed through microscopes. The cell is anatomically and physiologically complex. It principally consists of protoplasts, which contain various organelles, the vacuole and the cell wall. The following section introduces elements that are visible under normal and polarized light without special microscopic equipment.
Primary, secondary and tertiary meristems
Authors: Schweingruber Fritz H. , Börner Annett
Published: June 2018

Meristems initiate longitudinal growth on tips of shoots and roots of plant bodies. Meristematic tissues consist of living cells, which produce new cells.
Evolution of stems
Authors: Schweingruber Fritz H. , Börner Annett
Published: June 2018

Writing a comprehensive story about stem evaluation is difficult because evidence of only few early plants has been preserved over millions of years. Samples exist of plants which were fossilized under anaerobic conditions, enclosed in resin (amber) or carbonized. The majority of plants from sites with aerobic soil conditions are not preserved.
Production of single cell protein from agro-waste using Rhodococcus opacus
Authors: Mahan Kristina M , Le Rosemary K , Wells Tyrone , Anderson Seth , Yuan Joshua S , Stoklosa Ryan J , Bhalla Aditya , Hodge David B , Ragauskas Arthur J
Published: June 2018

Livestock and fish farming are rapidly growing industries facing the simultaneous pressure of increasing production demands and limited protein required to produce feed. Bacteria that can convert low-value non-food waste streams into singe cell protein (SCP) present an intriguing route for rapid protein production. The oleaginous bacterium Rhodococcus opacus serves as a model organism for understanding microbial lipid production. SCP production has not been explored using an organism from this genus. In the present research, R. opacus strains DSM 1069 and PD630 were fed three agro-waste streams: (1) orange pulp, juice, and peel; (2) lemon pulp, juice, and peel; and (3) corn stover effluent, to determine if these low-cost substrates would be suitable for producing a value-added product, SCP for aquafarming or livestock feed. Both strains used agro-waste carbon sources as a growth substrate to produce protein-rich cell biomass suggesting that that R. opacus can be used to produce SCP using agro-wastes as low-cost substrates.
Beneficial effects of a daytime nap on verbal memory in adolescents☆
Authors: Lau Esther Yuet Ying , McAteer Susan , Leung Cecilia Nga Wing , Tucker Matthew A. , Li Cheng
Published: June 2018

This study aimed to examine the sleep‐dependent memory consolidation of verbal declarative memory in Chinese adolescents in a naturalistic experimental setting. Thirty‐nine healthy boarding school students (ages 15–18, 70% female) were randomized to either a one‐hour afternoon nap or wake group between the baseline and the retest sessions of three verbal declarative memory tasks: a Prose Stories Recall task, a Word Pair Associates task, and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Results showed that the nap group performed better than the no‐nap group on both the Prose Stories Recall task and the Word Pair Associates task, but not on list learning. Our findings suggest that napping is beneficial to verbal declarative memory in adolescents, providing ecologically‐valid empirical support for the sleep‐dependent memory consolidation hypothesis using a napping paradigm in participants' naturalistic habitat. Our results demonstrate the potential importance of napping as a practical mnemonic intervention/compensatory strategy for student populations.
Predicting suicidal behaviour after first episode of non-affective psychosis: The role of neurocognitive functioning
Authors: Canal-Rivero M. , López-Moríñigo J.D. , Setién-Suero E. , Ruiz-Veguilla M. , Ayuso-Mateos J.L. , Ayesa-Arriola R. , Crespo-Facorro B.
Published: June 2018

Background:

Suicide has been recognised as one of the major causes of premature death in psychosis. However, predicting suicidal behaviour (SB) is still challenging in the clinical setting and the association of neurocognition with SB in psychosis remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of neurocognitive performance as predictor of SB. Also, we sought to explore differences in the evolution of clinical and neurocognitive functioning between participants with/without history of suicide attempts (SA) over follow-up period.

Methods:

The sample of the study is composed by 517 patients. Sociodemographic, clinical, functional and neurocognitive measures were evaluated at baseline as well as 1-year and 3 years after first episode of psychosis. Bivariate and multivariate analyses explored the influence of these variables as putative baseline predictors of SB. Repeated measures analyses of variance tested differences in clinical and neurocognitive outcomes at 1- and 3-year follow-up.

Results:

Global cognitive functioning (GCF) (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.25–2.67) and severe depressive symptoms (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.07–1.28) predicted SB. Longitudinal analyses revealed that patients with SB at follow-up presented with higher levels of remission in terms of positive psychotic symptoms and depression. In addition, those with a history of SB had worse GCF and visual memory than those without such antecedents.

Conclusions:

GCF was found to be the most robust predictor of SB along with severe depressive symptomatology. Hence, poorer cognitive performance in FEP appears to emerge as a risk factor for suicidal behaviour from early stages of the illness and a comprehensive neurocognitive assessment may contribute to risk assessment.
Baumol's cost disease and the withering of the state
Authors: Semat Joshua , Lowery David , Linn Suzanne , Berry William D.
Published: June 2018

Most theories of government growth place nearly exclusive attention on real changes in public sector activity. Yet, much nominal post–WWII government spending growth was not in the form of the public sector doing more relative to the general economy (real growth), but in the form of government activities becoming relatively more expensive (cost growth). Baumol's (1967) “cost disease” model is our best guide to understanding cost growth, but over time, Baumol has offered conflicting hypotheses about how cost growth bears on real growth. Using 1947–2012 U.S. data, we test these hypotheses, along with a more novel expectation, by modifying Berry and Lowery's (1987b) econometric models of real growth in public purchases and transfers to consider the influence of government cost growth on real public domestic spending.
Axial flow in a two-dimensional microchannel induced by a travelling temperature wave imposed at the bottom wall
Authors: Zhang Chenguang , Wong Harris , Nandakumar Krishnaswamy
Published: June 2018

Fluid flow in microchannels has wide industrial and scientific applications. Hence, it is important to explore different driving mechanisms. In this paper, we study the net transport or fluid pumping in a two-dimensional channel induced by a travelling temperature wave applied at the bottom wall. The Navier–Stokes equations with the Boussinesq approximation and the convection–diffusion heat equation are made dimensionless by the height of the channel and a velocity scale obtained by a dominant balance between buoyancy and viscous resistance in the momentum equation. The system of equations is transformed to an axial coordinate that moves with the travelling temperature wave, and we seek steady solutions in this moving frame. Four dimensionless numbers emerge from the governing equations and boundary conditions: the Reynolds number $Re$, a Reynolds number $Rc$ based on the wave speed, the Prandtl number $Pr$ and the dimensionless wavenumber $K$. The system of equations is solved by a finite-volume method and by a perturbation method in the limit $Re\rightarrow 0$. Surprisingly, the leading and first-order perturbation solutions agree well with the computed axial flow for $Re\leqslant 10^{3}$. Thus, the analytic perturbation solutions are used to study systematically the effects of $Re$, $Rc$, $Pr$ and $K$ on the dimensionless induced axial flow $Q$. We find that $Q$ varies linearly with $Re$, and $Q/Re$ versus any of the three remaining dimensionless groups always exhibits a maximum. The global maximum of $Q/Re$ in the parameter space is subsequently determined for the first time. This induced axial flow is driven solely by the Reynolds stress.
Fluid–structure coupling mechanism and its aerodynamic effect on membrane aerofoils
Authors: Serrano-Galiano Sonia , Sandham Neil D. , Sandberg Richard D.
Published: June 2018

Fluid–structure interactions of elastic membrane aerofoils are investigated at Reynolds number $Re=10\,000$ and low angle of attack. The dynamics of the fluid and membrane coupled system are solved using direct numerical simulation (DNS), where the geometry and boundary conditions were applied using a boundary data immersion method. Although membrane aerofoils improve the aerodynamic performance close to stall conditions compared to rigid aerofoils, it has previously been found that membrane aerofoils show lower aerodynamic efficiency at low angles of attack. This study focuses on the coupling mechanism at an angle of attack of 8 degrees, which is below the stall angle. The dynamic behaviour of the coupled system was characterised via spectral analysis in the wavenumber and frequency domain, which allowed the propagating wave nature of the membrane vibrations and their effect on the surrounding pressure field to be clarified. The membrane vibrations are found to introduce upstream-propagating pressure waves that appear to be responsible for a loss in aerodynamic efficiency compared to a rigid aerofoil. Comparison of two- and three-dimensional results reveals that the three-dimensional flow development causes a decrease in the amplitude of the system fluctuations, but the same coupling mechanism is present.
Viscous superlayer in a reacting compressible turbulent mixing layer
Authors: Jahanbakhshi Reza , Madnia Cyrus K.
Published: June 2018

Direct numerical simulations of temporally evolving reacting compressible mixing layers have been performed to study the viscous superlayer (VSL) at the outer edge of the interface layer. Budgets of the transport equation of enstrophy conditioned on the normal distance from the turbulent/non-turbulent interface are used to examine the features of the VSL. A new method is introduced to detect and to quantify the thickness of the VSL in reacting compressible flows. It involves finding the correlation coefficient of the viscous diffusion term with the viscous dissipation term. It is shown that, while compressibility seems to have little effect on the thickness of the VSL, as the level of heat release increases, the thickness of this layer decreases. Furthermore, it is observed that a thinner VSL propagates slower, resulting in a decrease of the rate of entrainment into the mixing layer.
Subcritical transition to turbulence in a sudden circular pipe expansion
Authors: Lebon Benoît , Peixinho Jorge , Ishizaka Shun , Tasaka Yuji
Published: June 2018

The results of experiments on the flow through a circular sudden expansion pipe at moderate Reynolds numbers are presented. At five diameters upstream of the expansion, laminar flow was disturbed by a (constant) cross-flow jet, a suction or a (periodic in–out) synthetic jet from a hole in the wall. When the disturbance exceeded a critical value of the control parameter depending on the Reynolds number, localised turbulent patches formed downstream of the expansion at fixed axial positions. For the cross-flow jet, the onset of turbulent patches is related to the velocity ratio of the mean jet velocity to the mean pipe velocity. At low velocity ratio, turbulent patches formed intermittently. For the suction disturbance, the flow experienced a strong asymmetry of the recirculation region and required a larger velocity ratio before the turbulent patch formed. For the synthetic jet, the amplification of wavy disturbances into turbulent patches and their axial positions are controlled by the driving frequency. Overall, these results suggest the existence of different mechanisms for the development of localised turbulent patches.
DETECTING KOSZULNESS AND RELATED HOMOLOGICAL PROPERTIES FROM THE ALGEBRA STRUCTURE OF KOSZUL HOMOLOGY
Authors: CROLL AMANDA , DELLACA ROGER , GUPTA ANJAN , HOFFMEIER JUSTIN , MUKUNDAN VIVEK , ŞEGA LIANA M. , SOSA GABRIEL , THOMPSON PEDER , TRACY DENISE RANGEL
Published: June 2018

Let $k$ be a field and $R$ a standard graded $k$-algebra. We denote by $\operatorname{H}^{R}$ the homology algebra of the Koszul complex on a minimal set of generators of the irrelevant ideal of $R$. We discuss the relationship between the multiplicative structure of $\operatorname{H}^{R}$ and the property that $R$ is a Koszul algebra. More generally, we work in the setting of local rings and we show that certain conditions on the multiplicative structure of Koszul homology imply strong homological properties, such as existence of certain Golod homomorphisms, leading to explicit computations of Poincaré series. As an application, we show that the Poincaré series of all finitely generated modules over a stretched Cohen–Macaulay local ring are rational, sharing a common denominator.
A FAREWELL TO KING COAL: GEOPOLITICS, ENERGY SECURITY, AND THE TRANSITION TO OIL, 1898–1917
Authors: EDIGER VOLKAN Ş. , BOWLUS JOHN V.
Published: June 2018

Interest in energy transitions has accelerated in recent years due to rising concerns about global warming and resource scarcity, but the drivers of these phenomena are not well understood. To date, scholars have primarily focused on commercial and technological factors, highlighting that oil was ‘better’ than coal – more powerful, cheaper, cleaner, and more practical to use – and that the internal combustion engine made it more advantageous to use in transportation. Yet oil was also a strategic commodity that powerful states sought to acquire for military reasons. This article contends that geopolitics, military decision-making, and energy security hastened the transition from oil to coal prior to the First World War. It argues that Britain, Germany, and the United States sought to transition their naval fleets from coal to oil to gain a military advantage at sea, which created, for the first time, the problem of oil-supply security. Through government-led initiatives to address oil-supply security, vast new supplies of oil came online and prices fell, the ideal environment for oil to eclipse coal as the dominant source in the global energy system.
Comparative efficacies of topical antiseptic eardrops against biofilms from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and quinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Youn C K , Jun Y , Jo E-R , Jang S-J , Song H , Cho S I
Published: June 2018

Objective

The present study aimed to compare the anti-biofilm activities of four commonly available antiseptic eardrops against biofilms from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and quinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro.

Methods

The anti-biofilm activities of 50 per cent Burow's solution, vinegar with water (1:1), 2 per cent acetic acid solution, and 4 per cent boric acid solution were evaluated using biofilm assays. Additionally, the anti-biofilm activities of the four antiseptic solutions against tympanostomy tube biofilms were compared using a scanning electron microscope.

Results

The inhibition of biofilm formation from methicillin-resistant S aureus and quinolone-resistant P aeruginosa occurred after treatment with 4 per cent boric acid solution, 2 per cent acetic acid solution, and vinegar with water (1:1). However, 50 per cent Burow's solution did not exhibit effective anti-biofilm activity.

Conclusion

The results indicate that 4 per cent boric acid solution and vinegar with water (1:1) are potent inhibitors of biofilms from methicillin-resistant S aureus and quinolone-resistant P aeruginosa, and provide safe pH levels for avoiding ototoxicity.
How phenotype guides management of the neuroendocrine carcinomas of the larynx
Authors: López F , Hunt J L , Nixon I J , Rinaldo A , Williams M D , Cardesa A , Ferlito A
Published: June 2018

Objective

This review aimed to critically analyse data pertaining to the clinical presentation and treatment of neuroendocrine carcinomas of the larynx.

Method

A PubMed search was performed using the term ‘neuroendocrine carcinoma’. English-language articles on neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx were reviewed in detail.

Results and conclusion

While many historical classifications have been proposed, in contemporary practice these tumours are sub-classified into four subtypes: carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. These tumours exhibit a wide range of biological behaviour, ranging from the extremely aggressive nature of small and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, which usually have a fatal prognosis, to the less aggressive course of carcinoid tumours. In small and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, a combination of irradiation and chemotherapy is indicated, while carcinoid and atypical carcinoid tumour management entails conservation surgery.
Fragmented Public Authority and State Un/making in the ‘New’ Republic of Nepal
Authors: NIGHTINGALE ANDREA J. , BHATTARAI ANIL , OJHA HEMANT R. , SIGDEL TULASI SHARAN , RANKIN KATHARINE N.
Published: June 2018

Questions of state formation and public authority have been at the top of the development and political agenda in Nepal since 2006. The post-2006 so-called ‘political transition’ has been characterized by rising ethnic tensions, violence, strikes, and a bewildering kaleidoscope of leaders gaining political leverage, only to be marginalized again. In 2015, the Constitution was finally adopted following the earthquakes and amid violent protests from groups who felt their needs were marginalized in the final version. In this article we are concerned to probe how struggles over different technologies of government help throw into relief the various terrains within which public authority is claimed and contested, and, as a result, help to expose the limits of the state. Using the forestry sector as an ethnographic lens, we argue that there is both a profound failure by the state to provide services and stable governanceas well asan ability to reproduce itself and to function in some contexts. It is therefore important to understand public authority during this period as both stable and unstable—and at times, instability is what helps to perpetuate particular imaginaries of the Nepali state.
‘From Our Side Rules Are Followed’: Authorizing bureaucracy in Nepal's ‘permanent transition’
Authors: BYRNE SARAH
Published: June 2018

This article explores how local civil servants produce the conditions of possibility for bureaucratic authority in Nepal's contested political environment of war and post-war ‘transition’. Specifically, it examines the everyday practices of local civil servants as they attempt to influence the distribution of such public resources as agricultural inputs and local government budgets. The article asks: how do local civil servants produce the authority necessary to get things done in the face of changing local government structuresandrival authority claims frombothwartime Maoist People's Governments and resurgent patronage politics in the post-war period? In a context characterized as ‘ordinary extraordinary’, the article suggests that local civil servants employ a form of practice that has been termed ‘tactical government’ and proposes three distinct forms of this practice. However, the article also argues that tactical practice tells only part of the story and that it can be insightful to enrich our understanding of tactical government with an analysis of more general life projects. Bureaucratic practices are also motivated by factors such as the significance of the contested resource and paternal ideas of ‘the common good’. Such a suggestion is in line with recent work on everyday lives in situations of protracted violent conflict and insecurity, and on the role of culture in producing civil servants/services. Looking at these two forms of practice together, in particular their interconnections, gives us a fuller account of how authority is produced. Furthermore, it allows more nuanced and detailed perspectives into the complex process of state-making.
Farming, slaving and enslavement: histories of endosymbioses during kinetoplastid evolution
Authors: Harmer Jane , Yurchenko Vyacheslav , Nenarokova Anna , Lukeš Julius , Ginger Michael L.
Published: June 2018

Parasitic trypanosomatids diverged from free-living kinetoplastid ancestors several hundred million years ago. These parasites are relatively well known, due in part to several unusual cell biological and molecular traits and in part to the significance of a few – pathogenicLeishmaniaandTrypanosomaspecies – as aetiological agents of serious neglected tropical diseases. However, the majority of trypanosomatid biodiversity is represented by osmotrophic monoxenous parasites of insects. In two lineages, novymonads and strigomonads, osmotrophic lifestyles are supported by cytoplasmic endosymbionts, providing hosts with macromolecular precursors and vitamins. Here we discuss the two independent origins of endosymbiosis within trypanosomatids and subsequently different evolutionary trajectories that see entrainmentvstolerance of symbiont cell divisions cycles within those of the host. With the potential to inform on the transition to obligate parasitism in the trypanosomatids, interest in the biology and ecology of free-living, phagotrophic kinetoplastids is beginning to enjoy a renaissance. Thus, we take the opportunity to additionally consider the wider relevance of endosymbiosis during kinetoplastid evolution, including the indulged lifestyle and reductive evolution of basal kinetoplastidPerkinsela.
Prolonged grief disorder: clinical utility of ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines
Authors: Mauro Christine , Reynolds Charles F. , Maercker Andreas , Skritskaya Natalia , Simon Naomi , Zisook Sidney , Lebowitz Barry , Cozza Stephen J. , Shear M. Katherine
Published: June 2018

Background

The World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Disease (ICD-11) is expected to include a new diagnosis for prolonged grief disorder (ICD-11PGD). This study examines the validity and clinical utility of the ICD-11PGD guideline by testing its performance in a well-characterized clinical sample and contrasting it with a very different criteria set with the same name (PGDPLOS).

Methods

We examined data from 261 treatment-seeking participants in the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)-sponsored multicenter clinical trial to determine the rates of diagnosis using the ICD-11PGD guideline and compared these with diagnosis using PGDPLOS criteria.

Results

The ICD-11PGD guideline identified 95.8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 93.3–98.2%] of a treatment-responsive cohort of patients with distressing and impairing grief. PGDPLOS criteria identified only 59.0% (95% CI 53.0–65.0%) and were more likely to omit those who lost someone other than a spouse, were currently married, bereaved by violent means, or not diagnosed with co-occurring depression. Those not diagnosed by PGDPLOS criteria showed the same rate of treatment response as those who were diagnosed.

Conclusions

The ICD-11PGD diagnostic guideline showed good performance characteristics in this sample, while PGDPLOS criteria did not. Limitations of the research sample used to derive PGDPLOS criteria may partly explain their poor performance in a more diverse clinical sample. Clinicians and researchers need to be aware of the important difference between these two identically named diagnostic methods.
Age and sex differences in hearing loss association with depressive symptoms: analyses of NHANES 2011–2012
Authors: Scinicariello Franco , Przybyla Jennifer , Carroll Yulia , Eichwald John , Decker John , Breysse Patrick N.
Published: June 2018

Background

Depression is a common and significant health problem. Hearing loss is the third most common chronic physical condition in the USA and might be a factor in depression. To determine whether hearing loss is associated with depressive symptoms in US adults ages 20–69 years.

Methods

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data (2011–2012) were used to assess the potential relationship between hearing loss and depression, in adults (20–69 years) who answered the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression screening module, with pure tone audiometry measurements, and complete information on the co-variates data (n = 3316). The degree of speech-frequency hearing loss (SFHL) and high-frequency hearing loss (HFHL) were defined as slight/mild hearing loss ⩾26–40 dB; moderate/worse hearing loss ⩾41 dB by pure tone audiometry examination.

Results

Moderate/worse HFHL was statistically significantly associated with depressive symptoms (OR 1.54, 95% CL 1.04–2.27) when the analyses were conducted among all participants. Further stratification by gender and age groups found that moderate/worse HFHL (OR 3.85, 95% CL 1.39–10.65) and moderate/worse SFHL (OR 5.75, 95% CL 1.46–22.71) were associated with depressive symptoms in women ages 52–69 years.

Conclusions

Moderate/worse speech frequency and HFHL are associated with depression in women ages 52–69 years, independent of other risk factors. Hearing screenings are likely to reduce delays in diagnosis and provide early opportunities for noise prevention counseling and access to hearing aids. Health professionals should be aware of depressive signs and symptoms in patients with hearing loss.
On the uniqueness of cellular injectives
Authors: ROSICKÝ J.
Published: June 2018

A. Avilés and C. Brech proved an intriguing result about the existence and uniqueness of certain injective Boolean algebras or Banach spaces. Their result refines the standard existence and uniqueness of saturated models. They express a wish to obtain a unified approach in the context of category theory. We provide this in the framework of weak factorisation systems. Our basic tool is the fat small object argument.
Occupied Iraq: Imperial Convergences?
Authors: RITTICH KERRY
Published: June 2018

The occupation of Iraq in 2003 involved a wide-ranging set of interventions in the domestic legal, political and economic structures of the state, interventions that provoked a debate about whether the law of occupation should recognize a category of ‘transformative’ occupation.

While the occupation itself has often been decried as an imperial venture, its administration involved a diffusion of power among international institutions as well as ratification by the Security Council through Resolution 1483. This article pursues the intuition that the transformation of norms and practices elsewhere in the international order underwrote the idea that it was the law of occupation that was problematic, at the same time facilitating the transmutation and preservation of practices that might be identified as imperial. Two developments are key: The first is the pervasive normalization of intervention in the domestic policy and legal orders of states; the second is the dissemination of norms about domestic regulation within the international order, those that touch on economic governance in particular. The orders of the occupying were infused in both form and substance with ideas of ‘normal governance’ traceable to myriad projects, policies and practices of other international institutions: development agencies, financial institutions, trade organizations. Iraq then might be a revealing case with which to consider the character and locations of contemporary imperialism, as well as the role of international law and international institutions in its unfolding.
The German Adaptation of the Therapist Beliefs about Exposure Scale: a Validation Study among Licensed Cognitive Behavioural Therapists in Germany
Authors: Schumacher Sarah , Schopka Nadine M. , Heinrich Manuel , Knaevelsrud Christine
Published: June 2018

Background: Exposure is an effective intervention in the treatment of pathological anxiety, but it is insufficiently disseminated. Therapists’ negative attitudes towards exposure might be of relevance when considering factors contributing to the non-application of this intervention.Aims: In order to be able to measure concerns in German-speaking therapist populations, the study aimed at validating a German version of theTherapist Beliefs about Exposure Scale.Method: The scale was translated into the German language and validated in a sample of 330 German licensed cognitive behavioural therapists.Results: In the present sample, the mean total score was significantly lower than in the original study including US-American therapists. Confirmatory factor analysis did not confirm the proposed one-factor model, while the exploratory factor analysis indicated that more than one factor is necessary to explain the structure of negative attitudes towards exposure. The internal consistency was high. Higher scores (more negative beliefs) were significantly correlated with older age, holding a master's degree (vsPhD), not being specialized in the treatment of anxiety disorders and with less experience with performance of exposure gained during clinical training. Negative beliefs about exposure were further associated with the self-reported average number of sessions spent on exposure in current treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and panic disorder, and with negative attitudes towards application of exposure sessions presented in case vignettes.Conclusions: The German adaptation provides the opportunity of measuring concerns regarding application of exposure in German-speaking therapist populations. However, the presented data reveal suggestions for further scale development.
A triple-wideband bandpass filter with controllable bandwidths based on stub-loaded resonators
Authors: Gong Li , Xiong Yang , Zhang Fan , Wang LiTian , Sun Yan , Zhao XinJie , He Ming , Ji Lu , Zhang Xu , Zhang Bo
Published: June 2018

In this paper, a triple-wideband bandpass filter (BPF) with controllable bandwidths based on two multi-mode stub-loaded resonators (MMSLRs) and a triple-mode resonator is presented. The MMSLR is loaded with two identical folded open-ended stubs and a T-shaped stub. Each passband of the tri-band BPF is formed by four resonant modes, which provide sufficient bandwidths to meet various application requirement. By adjusting the lengths of open-ended stubs, three passband bandwidths can be controlled individually. The center frequencies of the triple-wideband BPF are allocated at 2.7, 3.67, and 5.44 GHz, with the 3 dB fractional bandwidths (FBWs) of 20.1, 14.7, and 26.3%. Among the three passbands, the highest one covers the 5 G WiFi band (5.15–5.85 GHz). The measured results of the proposed filter exhibit excellent agreement with simulated results.
Nutzen der Neuropsychologie und der neuropsychologischen Diagnostik für die Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie
Authors: Gauggel Siegfried , Mainz Verena
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung. Neurokognitive Störungen spielen bei vielen psychischen Störungen eine wichtige Rolle. Sie sind nicht nur Begleitphänomene, sondern bei einer ganzen Reihe von Erkrankungen auch elementare Merkmale der neuropathophysiologischen Veränderungen. Die neuropsychologische Diagnostik dient zur Feststellung und Quantifizierung neurokognitiver Störungen und deren Auswirkungen auf die Selbständigkeit und die Partizipation. Die diagnostischen Methoden der Neuropsychologie können aber auch bei der Entwicklung ätiologischer Modelle psychischer Erkrankungen einen substantiellen Beitrag leisten. Im nachfolgenden Artikel werden die historische Entwicklung der Neuropsychologie, das methodische Vorgehen (Läsions-Symptom-Kartierung), die Bedeutung kognitionspsychologischer Modelle in der Neuropsychologie und einige wichtige Entwicklungen in der modernen Neuropsychologie beschrieben. Zum Schluss wird auf den Nutzen der neuropsychologischen Diagnostik in der Psychiatrie und für die Psychotherapie eingegangen.