bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crosstalk between auxin and gibberellin during stalk elongation in flowering Chinese cabbage
Authors: Kou Erfeng , Huang Xinmin , Zhu Yunna , Su Wei , Liu Houcheng , Sun Guangwen , Chen Riyuan , Hao Yanwei , Song Shiwei
Published: February 2021

Plant growth and development are tightly regulated by phytohormones. However, little is known about the interaction between auxin and gibberellin acid (GA) during flower stalk elongation and how it is directly related to organ formation. Therefore, the effects of indole acetic acid (IAA) and GA3 treatments and their interaction on flower stalk elongation in flowering Chinese cabbage were investigated. The growth of flowering Chinese cabbage is regulated by IAA and GA3, and the opposite results were observed after treatments with uniconazole (GA synthesis inhibitor) and N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) (auxin transport inhibitor). Anatomical analysis of the pith region in stalks revealed that IAA promoted expansion via signal transduction and transport pathways. GA3 regulated the elongation of flower stalks by controlling GA synthesis and partially controlling the IAA signaling pathway. GA3 also had a stronger effect on stalk elongation than IAA. The results of qRT-PCR and histological analysis revealed that GA3 and IAA induced the expansion of cell walls by activating the expression of genes encoding cell wall structural proteins such as Expansin (EXP). These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of stalk formation regulated by the combination of IAA and GA3.
Comparative analysis of the alveolar microbiome in COPD, ECOPD, Sarcoidosis, and ILD patients to identify respiratory illnesses specific microbial signatures
Authors: Gupta Shashank , Shariff Malini , Chaturvedi Gaura , Sharma Agrima , Goel Nitin , Yadav Monika , Mortensen Martin S. , Sørensen Søren J. , Mukerji Mitali , Chauhan Nar Singh
Published: February 2021

Studying respiratory illness-specific microbial signatures and their interaction with other micro-residents could provide a better understanding of lung microbial ecology. Each respiratory illness has a specific disease etiology, however, so far no study has revealed disease—specific microbial markers. The present study was designed to determine disease-specific microbial features and their interactions with other residents in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (stable and exacerbated), sarcoidosis, and interstitial lung diseases. Broncho-alveolar lavage samples (n = 43) were analyzed by SSU rRNA gene sequencing to study the alveolar microbiome in these diseases. A predominance of Proteobacteria followed by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria was observed in all the disease subsets. Shannon diversity was significantly higher in stable COPD when compared to exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ECOPD) (p = 0.0061), and ILD patient samples (p = 0.037). The lung microbiome of the patients with stable COPD was more diverse in comparison to ECOPD and ILD patients (p < 0.001). Lefse analysis identified 40 disease—differentiating microbial features (LDA score (log10) > 4). Species network analysis indicated a significant correlation (p < 0.05) of diseases specific microbial signature with other lung microbiome members. The current study strengthens the proposed hypothesis that each respiratory illness has unique microbial signatures. These microbial signatures could be used as diagnostic markers to differentiate among various respiratory illnesses.
Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution on the noble metal-free MoS2/carbon nanotube heterostructure: a theoretical study
Authors: Keivanimehr Farhad , Habibzadeh Sajjad , Baghban Alireza , Esmaeili Amin , Mohaddespour Ahmad , Mashhadzadeh Amin Hamed , Ganjali Mohammad Reza , Saeb Mohammad Reza , Fierro Vanessa , Celzard Alain
Published: February 2021

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is considered as a promising noble-metal-free electrocatalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER). However, to effectively employ such material in the HER process, the corresponding electrocatalytic activity should be comparable or even higher than that of Pt-based materials. Thus, efforts in structural design of MoS2 electrocatalyst should be taken to enhance the respective physico-chemical properties, particularly, the electronic properties. Indeed, no report has yet appeared about the possibility of an HER electrocatalytic association between the MoS2 and carbon nanotubes (CNT). Hence, this paper investigates the synergistic electrocatalytic activity of MoS2/ CNT heterostructure for HER by Density Functional Theory simulations. The characteristics of the heterostructure, including density of states, binding energies, charge transfer, bandgap structure and minimum-energy path for the HER process were discussed. It was found that regardless of its configuration, CNT is bound to MoS2 with an atomic interlayer gap of 3.37 Å and binding energy of 0.467 eV per carbon atom, suggesting a weak interaction between CNT and MoS2. In addition, the energy barrier of HER process was calculated lower in MoS2/CNT, 0.024 eV, than in the MoS2 monolayer, 0.067 eV. Thus, the study elaborately predicts that the proposed heterostructure improves the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity of MoS2.
Electronic structure of vertically coupled quantum dot-ring heterostructures under applied electromagnetic probes. A finite-element approach
Authors: Mora-Ramos M. E. , Vinasco J. A. , Laroze D. , Radu A. , Restrepo R. L. , Heyn Christian , Tulupenko V. , Hieu Nguyen N. , Phuc Huynh V. , Ojeda J. H. , Morales A. L. , Duque C. A.
Published: February 2021

We theoretically investigate the electron and hole states in a semiconductor quantum dot-quantum ring coupled structure, inspired by the recent experimental report by Elborg and collaborators (2017). The finite element method constitutes the numerical technique used to solve the three-dimensional effective mass equation within the parabolic band approximation, including the effects of externally applied electric and magnetic fields. Initially, the features of conduction electron states in the proposed system appear discussed in detail, under different geometrical configurations and values of the intensity of the aforementioned electromagnetic probes. In the second part, the properties of an electron-hole pair confined within the very kind of structure reported in the reference above are investigated via a model that tries to reproduce as close as possible the developed profile. In accordance, we report on the energies of confined electron and hole, affected by the influence of an external electric field, revealing the possibility of field-induced separate spatial localization, which may result in an indirect exciton configuration. In relation with this fact, we present a preliminary analysis of such phenomenon via the calculation of the Coulomb integral.
A single-centre, retrospective study of the incidence of invasive fungal infections during 85 years of autopsy service in Brazil
Authors: Dantas Kátia Cristina , Mauad Thais , de André Carmen D. Saldiva , Bierrenbach Ana Luiza , Saldiva Paulo Hilário Nascimento
Published: February 2021

Autopsy continues to play an essential role in monitoring opportunistic fungal infections. However, few studies have analysed the historical trends of fungal infections in autopsies. Here, we analyse available data on fungal infections obtained from autopsy reports during 85 years of autopsies performed by the largest autopsy service in Brazil. All invasive fungal infections presented in autopsy reports between 1930 and 2015 were included. Of the 158,404 autopsy reports analysed, 1096 involved invasive fungal infections. In general, paracoccidioidomycosis (24%) was the most frequent infection, followed by candidiasis (18%), pneumocystosis (11.7%), cryptococcosis (11%), aspergillosis (11%) and histoplasmosis (3.8%). Paracoccidioidomycosis decreased after the 1950s, whereas opportunistic fungal infections increased steadily after the 1980s during the peak of the AIDS pandemic. The lung was the most frequently affected organ (73%). Disseminated infection was present in 64.5% of cases. In 26% of the 513 cases for which clinical charts were available for review, the diagnosis of opportunistic fungal infections was performed only at autopsy. Our unique 85-year history of autopsies showed a transition from endemic to opportunistic fungal infections in São Paulo, Brazil, reflecting increased urbanization, the appearance of novel diseases, such as AIDS in the 1980s, and advances in medical care over time.
MYD88 signals induce tumour-initiating cell generation through the NF-κB-HIF-1α activation cascade
Authors: Tanimura Atsuko , Nakazato Akane , Tanaka Nobuyuki
Published: February 2021

Tumour-promoting inflammation is a hallmark of cancer, and chronic inflammatory disease increases the risk of cancer. In this context, MYD88, a downstream signalling molecule of Toll-like receptors that initiates inflammatory signalling cascades, has a critical role in tumour development in mice and its gene mutation was found in human cancers. In inflammation-induced colon cancer, tumour suppressor p53 mutations have also been detected with high frequency as early events. However, the molecular mechanism of MYD88-induced cancer development is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that MYD88 induced the protein accumulation of the transcription factor HIF-1α through NF-κB in p53-deficient cells. HIF-1α accumulation was not caused by enhanced protein stability but by NF-κB-mediated transcriptional activation, the enhanced translation of HIF-1α and JNK activation. In contrast, MYD88-induced mRNA expressions of HIF-1α and HIF-1-target genes were attenuated in the presence of p53. Furthermore, constitutively active forms of MYD88 induced tumour-initiating cell (TIC) generation in p53-deficient cells, as determined by tumour xenografts in nude mice. TIC generating activity was diminished by the suppression of NF-κB or HIF-1α. These results indicate that MYD88 signals induce the generation of TICs through the NF-κB-HIF-1α activation cascade in p53-deficient cells and suggest this molecular mechanism underlies inflammation-induced cancer development.
Evaluation on maturity and stability of organic fertilisers in semi-arid Ethiopian Rift Valley
Authors: Mukai Shiro , Oyanagi Wataru
Published: February 2021

Case studies that have comprehensively examined local organic fertilisers (OFs) for their maturity and stability are rare in sub-Saharan Africa. Farmers in the semi-arid Ethiopian Rift Valley use indigenous compost (kosi) and household wastes for OFs. With the entry of fast compost that was introduced by the administration, maturity and stability of these OFs were assessed. Their maturity was assessed by: monitoring pile temperature and volume, pH, organic matter and total nitrogen contents, and carbon to nitrogen ratio; determination of NO3– to NH4+ ratio; and respirometric measurement of CO2 evolution. Their stability was assessed by weed seed germination tests and phytotoxicity bioassays. Weed seeds that were originally contained in the feedstock of the kosi and fast compost samples became inactive during the composting process. The CO2 evolution tests and phytotoxicity bioassays indicated a probable presence of some phytotoxic compounds in the kosi. Mature kosi and immature kosi in a kosi pile should be mixed before the field application. Some samples (15%) of the household wastes contained weed seeds. The combination of several assessment methods used in this study and determination methods for nitrogen components using RQ-flex is considered to be effective for on-site quality assessment of OFs in sub-Saharan Africa.
Poor CD4/CD8 ratio recovery in HBcAb-positive HIV patients with worse immune status is associated with significantly higher CD8 cell numbers
Authors: Malagnino Vincenzo , Cerva Carlotta , Teti Elisabetta , Campogiani Laura , Compagno Mirko , Foroghi Biland Luca , Saderi Laura , Armenia Daniele , Salpini Romina , Svicher Valentina , Sotgiu Giovanni , Iannetta Marco , Andreoni Massimo , Sarmati Loredana
Published: February 2021

Low CD4+ cell count in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection during combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been described; however, notably few studies have investigated coinfected patients positive for antibodies to the HBV c antigen (HBcAb). An observational retrospective study enrolling 190 patients was conducted by grouping patients with respect to HBV status and recording CD4+ T cell counts and percentages (CD4%), CD8+ T cell counts and percentages (CD8%), and the CD4+ to CD8+ T cell ratio (CD4/CD8) at the time of HIV diagnosis, at the start of treatment and at months 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, and 24 after beginning cART. One hundred and twenty patients (63.2%) were negative for previous HBV infection, while 70 (36.8%) were HBcAb-positive. A significant increase in the CD4/CD8 ratio was recorded in HIV monoinfected subjects compared to HBV coinfected patients from months 4 to 12 from the beginning of cART (p value = 0.02 at month 4, p value = 0.005 at month 5, p value = 0.006 at month 6, and p value = 0.008 at month 12). A significant increase in the absolute count of CD8+ T lymphocytes was described from months 2 to 24 from the start of cART in the subgroup of HBV coinfected patients with an AIDS event at the onset of HIV infection. The presence of HBcAb was observed to be associated with reduced CD4/CD8 ratio growth and a significantly higher proportion of subjects with CD4/CD8 < 0.45 in the HIV/HBV coinfected group. A significant increase in the CD8 T cell count was shown up to 24 months after the initiation of effective cART in the subgroup of patients with the worst immune status.
Identification of novel cell glycolysis related gene signature predicting survival in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Jiang Feng , Wu Chuyan , Wang Ming , Wei Ke , Wang Jimei
Published: February 2021

One of the most frequently identified tumors and a contributing cause of death in women is breast cancer (BC). Many biomarkers associated with survival and prognosis were identified in previous studies through database mining. Nevertheless, the predictive capabilities of single-gene biomarkers are not accurate enough. Genetic signatures can be an enhanced prediction method. This research analyzed data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for the detection of a new genetic signature to predict BC prognosis. Profiling of mRNA expression was carried out in samples of patients with TCGA BC (n = 1222). Gene set enrichment research has been undertaken to classify gene sets that vary greatly between BC tissues and normal tissues. Cox models for additive hazards regression were used to classify genes that were strongly linked to overall survival. A subsequent Cox regression multivariate analysis was used to construct a predictive risk parameter model. Kaplan–Meier survival predictions and log-rank validation have been used to verify the value of risk prediction parameters. Seven genes (PGK1, CACNA1H, IL13RA1, SDC1, AK3, NUP43, SDC3) correlated with glycolysis were shown to be strongly linked to overall survival. Depending on the 7-gene-signature, 1222 BC patients were classified into subgroups of high/low-risk. Certain variables have not impaired the prognostic potential of the seven-gene signature. A seven-gene signature correlated with cellular glycolysis was developed to predict the survival of BC patients. The results include insight into cellular glycolysis mechanisms and the detection of patients with poor BC prognosis.
The Aurora kinase/β-catenin axis contributes to dexamethasone resistance in leukemia
Authors: Shah Kinjal , Ahmed Mehreen , Kazi Julhash U.
Published: February 2021

Glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone and prednisolone, are widely used in cancer treatment. Different hematological malignancies respond differently to this treatment which, as could be expected, correlates with treatment outcome. In this study, we have used a glucocorticoid-induced gene signature to develop a deep learning model that can predict dexamethasone sensitivity. By combining gene expression data from cell lines and patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, we observed that the model is useful for the classification of patients. Predicted samples have been used to detect deregulated pathways that lead to dexamethasone resistance. Gene set enrichment analysis, peptide substrate-based kinase profiling assay, and western blot analysis identified Aurora kinase, S6K, p38, and β-catenin as key signaling proteins involved in dexamethasone resistance. Deep learning-enabled drug synergy prediction followed by in vitro drug synergy analysis identified kinase inhibitors against Aurora kinase, JAK, S6K, and mTOR that displayed synergy with dexamethasone. Combining pathway enrichment, kinase regulation, and kinase inhibition data, we propose that Aurora kinase or its several direct or indirect downstream kinase effectors such as mTOR, S6K, p38, and JAK may be involved in β-catenin stabilization through phosphorylation-dependent inactivation of GSK-3β. Collectively, our data suggest that activation of the Aurora kinase/β-catenin axis during dexamethasone treatment may contribute to cell survival signaling which is possibly maintained in patients who are resistant to dexamethasone.
Molecular insights on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) coil-to-globule transition induced by pressure
Authors: Tavagnacco Letizia , Chiessi Ester , Zaccarelli Emanuela
Published: February 2021

By using extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of an atactic linear polymer chain, we unveil the role of pressure in the coil-to-globule transition of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM).
The chemistry of phosphines in constrained, well-defined microenvironments
Authors: Orton Georgia R. F. , Pilgrim Ben S. , Champness Neil R.
Published: February 2021

The confinement of phosphines within micro- or nano-environments influences not only their behaviour but also that of their metal complexes. The influence of environment on this reactivity is reviewed and future challenges identified.
Effect of konjac glucomannan on metabolites in the stomach, small intestine and large intestine of constipated mice and prediction of the KEGG pathway
Authors: Zhang Qi , Zhong Dian , Ren Yuan-Yuan , Meng Zi-kuan , Pegg Ronald B. , Zhong Geng
Published: February 2021

The occurrence of constipation involves the whole gastrointestinal tract.
A post-synthetically modified metal–organic framework for copper catalyzed denitrative C–N coupling of nitroarenes under heterogeneous conditions
Authors: Maity Tanmoy , Ghosh Pameli , Das Soma , Saha Debraj , Koner Subratanath
Published: February 2021

Post-synthesis modification of DMOF, afforded a desired material for strategic infusion of catalytically active centers in a porous matrix. The catalyst is capable for denitrative C–N coupling reactions of nitroarenes under heterogeneous conditions.
Iron-based nanoparticles for MR imaging-guided ferroptosis in combination with photodynamic therapy to enhance cancer treatment
Authors: Chen Qifang , Ma Xianbin , Xie Li , Chen Wenjie , Xu Zhigang , Song Erqun , Zhu Xiaokang , Song Yang
Published: February 2021

MR imaging-guided a synergistic ferroptosis-photodynamic therapy strategy can enhance antitumor effects by accumulating intracellular ROS through the utilization of iron-based nanoparticles.
A heat and force locating sensor with nanoscale precision: a knitted graphene sheet
Authors: Wei Ning , Li Zhen , Li Zhi-Hui , Zhang Chao , Wang Chunlei , Zhao Junhua , Cai Kun
Published: February 2021

Fast and accurately locating the heating or force bearing points is essential to the maintenance and diagnosis of nano/micro-electromechanical systems.
Enantioselective synthesis of tetrahydroisoquinolines via catalytic intramolecular asymmetric reductive amination
Authors: Liu Ruixia , Han Jingkuo , Li Bin , Liu Xian , Wei Zhao , Wang Jiaxin , Wang Qiaofeng , Jiang Ru , Nie Huifang , Zhang Shengyong
Published: February 2021

A highly efficient intramolecular asymmetric reductive amination transformation catalyzed by an iridium complex of tBu-ax-Josiphos has been realized, providing an efficient access to various THIQ alkaloids.
An ingenious method for the determination of the relative and absolute configurations of compounds containing aryl-glycerol fragments by 1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Xu , Lu Kai-Zhou , Yan Hai-Wei , Feng Zi-Ming , Yang Ya-Nan , Jiang Jian-Shuang , Zhang Pei-Cheng
Published: February 2021

A concise method was established to determine the relative and absolute configurations of aryl-glycerols that depend on the chemical shift differences (Δδ) of the diastereotopic methylene protons (H-3) by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Refractive index and formaldehyde sensing with silver nanocubes
Authors: Hegde Hemant Ramakant , Chidangil Santhosh , Sinha Rajeev K.
Published: February 2021

A detailed description of refractive index and formaldehyde sensing with Ag nanocubes.
Design and synthesis of a ratiometric photoacoustic imaging probe activated by selenol for visual monitoring of pathological progression of autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Zhang Chaobang , Qiu Zhidong , Zhang Liangliang , Pang Qiufang , Yang Zhengmin , Qin Jiang-Ke , Liang Hong , Zhao Shulin
Published: February 2021

A ratiometric photoacoustic imaging probe activated by selenol was developed for visual monitoring of pathological progression of autoimmune hepatitis.
Recent progress of redox-responsive polymeric nanomaterials for controlled release
Authors: Hsu Peng-Hao , Almutairi Adah
Published: February 2021

This perspective focuses on the development of redox-responsive polymeric nanomaterials for controlled payload release within the last four years.
A hybrid polyvinyl alcohol/molybdenum disulfide nanosheet hydrogel with light-triggered rapid self-healing capability
Authors: Yang Wen Jing , Wang Xiaodong , Zhang Rui , Wang Yuxin , Qiu Qiu , Yuwen Lihui , Wang Lianhui
Published: February 2021

By employing the excellent photothermal conversion properties of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets, a hybrid hydrogel was prepared with light-triggered rapid self-healing capability.
Sequential SPECT and NIR-II imaging of tumor and sentinel lymph node metastasis for diagnosis and image-guided surgery
Authors: Zhang Xiaolu , Zhao Meng , Wen Ling , Wu Manran , Yang Yi , Zhang Yujuan , Wu Yan , Zhong Jian , Shi Haibin , Zeng Jianfeng , Wang Guanglin , Gao Mingyuan
Published: February 2021

Efficacious cancer treatment largely relies on accurate imaging diagnosis and imaging-guided surgery, which can be achieved by combining different mode imaging probes on one single nanoplatform.
Reversible room-temperature phosphorescence in response to light stimulation based on a photochromic copolymer
Authors: Ding Bingbing , Gao Hao , Wang Chao , Ma Xiang
Published: February 2021

Through conjugating benzothiadiazole with a viologen structure and copolymerizing in an acrylamide polymer system, efficient RTP was achieved together with photochromic properties both responsive to photo stimulation.
Switchable synthesis of glycosyl selenides or diselenides with direct use of selenium as the selenating agent
Authors: Iadonisi Alfonso , Traboni Serena , Capasso Domenica , Bedini Emiliano , Cuomo Sabrina , Di Gaetano Sonia , Vessella Giulia
Published: February 2021

Chemoselective synthesis of either diglycosyl selenides or diselenides. Elementary selenium as the selenating agent.
Visible-light photoredox-catalyzed aryl radical in situ SO2-capture reactions
Authors: Zheng Min , Gao Ke , Zhang Yanhu , Lu Hongjian
Published: February 2021

An aryl radical in situ SO2-capture reaction is developed for the synthesis of various β-keto, allyl and alkynyl arylsulfone derivatives.
Nickel-catalyzed asymmetric reductive arylation of α-chlorosulfones with aryl halides
Authors: Sun Deli , Ma Guobin , Zhao Xinluo , Lei Chuanhu , Gong Hegui
Published: February 2021

In this work Ni-Catalyzed reductive cross-coupling between (hetero)aryl halides and racemic α-chlorosulfones to prepare enantioenriched α,α-disubstituted sulfones was demonstrated, allowing facile structural derivatization of drug precursors.
Water and methanol ice in L 1544
Authors: Goto M. , Vasyunin A. I. , Giuliano B. M. , Jiménez-Serra I. , Caselli P. , Román-Zúñiga C. G. , Alves J.
Published: February 2021

Context. Methanol and complex organic molecules have been found in cold starless cores, where a standard warm-up scenario would not work because of the absence of heat sources. A recent chemical model attributed the presence of methanol and large organics to the efficient chemical desorption and a class of neutral-neutral reactions that proceed fast at low temperatures in the gas phase.

Aims. The model calls for a high abundance of methanol ice at the edge of the CO freeze-out zone in cold cloud cores.

Methods. We performed medium-resolution spectroscopy toward three field stars behind the starless core L 1544 at 3 μm to constrain the methanol ice abundance and compare it with the model predictions.

Results. One of the field stars shows a methanol ice abundance of 11% with respect to water ice. This is higher than the typical methanol abundance previously found in cold cloud cores (4%), but is 4.5 times lower than predicted. The reason for the disagreement between the observations and the model calculations is not yet understood.
Understanding the atmospheric properties and chemical composition of the ultra-hot Jupiter HAT-P-7b
Authors: Helling Ch. , Worters M. , Samra D. , Molaverdikhani K. , Iro N.
Published: February 2021

Context. Ultra-hot Jupiters are the hottest exoplanets that have been discovered so far. They present a unique possibility to explore hot and cold chemistry on one object. The tidally locked ultra-hot Jupiter HAT-P-7b has a day-to-night temperature difference of ≃2500 K, confining cloud formation to the nightside and efficient ionisation to the dayside. Both have distinct observational signatures.

Aims. We analyse plasma and magnetic processes in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter HAT-P-7b to investigate the formation of an ionosphere and the possibility of magnetically coupling the atmospheric gas as the base for an extended exosphere. We show which ions and atoms may be used as spectral tracers, and if and where conditions for lightning may occur within the clouds of HAT-P-7b.

Methods. We used 3D modelling results as input for a kinetic cloud formation code and evaluated characteristic plasma and magnetic coupling parameters. A local thermodynamical equilibrium radiative transfer was solved for the ionised gas phase. This study is confined to thermal ionisation only.

Results. The ionisation throughout HAT-P-7b’s atmosphere varies drastically between day- and nightside. The dayside has high levels of thermal ionisation and long-range electromagnetic interactions dominate over kinetic electron–neutral interactions, suggesting a day–night difference in magnetic coupling. K+, Na+, Li+, Ca+, and Al+ are more abundant than their atomic counterparts on the dayside. The minimum magnetic flux density for electrons for magnetic coupling is B < 0.5 G for all regions of HAT-P-7b’s atmosphere.

Conclusions. HAT-P-7b’s dayside has an asymmetric ionosphere that extends deep into the atmosphere, the nightside has no thermally driven ionosphere. A corresponding asymmetry is imprinted in the ion and neutral composition at the terminators. The ionosphere on HAT-P-7b may be directly traced by the Ca+ H&K lines if the local temperature is ≥5000 K. The whole atmosphere may couple to a global, large-scale magnetic field, and lightning may occur on the nightside.
CO+ as a probe of the origin of CO in diffuse interstellar clouds
Authors: Gerin M. , Liszt H.
Published: February 2021

Context. The chemistry of the diffuse interstellar medium is driven by the combined influences of cosmic rays, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and turbulence. Previously detected at the outer edges of photodissociation regions and formed from the reaction of C+ and OH, CO+ is the main chemical precursor of HCO+ and CO in a thermal, cosmic-ray, and UV-driven chemistry.

Aims. Our aim was to test whether the thermal cosmic-ray and UV-driven chemistry is producing CO in diffuse interstellar molecular gas through the intermediate formation of CO+.

Methods. We searched for CO+ absorption with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array toward two quasars with known Galactic foreground absorption from diffuse interstellar gas, J1717-3342 and J1744-3116, targeting the two strongest hyperfine components of the J = 2−1 transition near 236 GHz.

Results. We could not detect CO+ but obtained sensitive upper limits toward both targets. The derived upper limits on the CO+ column densities represent about 4% of the HCO+ column densities. The corresponding upper limit on the CO+ abundance relative to H2 is <1.2 × 10−10.

Conclusions. The non-detection of CO+ confirms that HCO+ is mainly produced in the reaction between oxygen and carbon hydrides, CH2+ or CH3+, induced by suprathermal processes, while CO+ and HOC+ result from reactions of C+ with OH and H2O. The densities required to form CO molecules at low extinction are consistent with this scheme.
The β
Pictoris b Hill sphere transit campaign
Authors: Kenworthy M. A. , Mellon S. N. , Bailey J. I. , Stuik R. , Dorval P. , Talens G. J. J. , Crawford S. R. , Mamajek E. E. , Laginja I. , Ireland M. , Lomberg B. , Kuhn R. B. , Snellen I. , Zwintz K. , Kuschnig R. , Kennedy G. M. , Abe L. , Agabi A. , Mekarnia D. , Guillot T. , Schmider F. , Stee P. , de Pra Y. , Buttu M. , Crouzet N. , Kalas P. , Wang J. J. , Stevenson K. , de Mooij E. , Lagrange A.-M. , Lacour S. , Lecavelier des Etangs A. , Nowak M. , Strøm P. A. , Hui Z. , Wang L.
Published: February 2021

Aims. Photometric monitoring of β Pic in 1981 showed anomalous fluctuations of up to 4% over several days, consistent with foreground material transiting the stellar disk. The subsequent discovery of the gas giant planet β Pic b and the predicted transit of its Hill sphere to within a 0.1 au projected separation of the planet provided an opportunity to search for the transit of a circumplanetary disk (CPD) in this 21 ± 4 Myr-old planetary system. We aim to detect, or put an upper limit on, the density and nature of the material in the circumplanetary environment of the planet via the continuous photometric monitoring of the Hill sphere transit that occurred in 2017 and 2018.

Methods. Continuous broadband photometric monitoring of β Pic requires ground-based observatories at multiple longitudes to provide redundancy and to provide triggers for rapid spectroscopic follow-up. These include the dedicated β Pic monitoring bRing observatories in Sutherland and Siding Springs, the ASTEP400 telescope at Concordia, and the space observatories BRITE and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). We search the combined light curves for evidence of short-period transient events caused by rings as well as for longer-term photometric variability due to diffuse circumplanetary material.

Results. We find no photometric event that matches with the event seen in November 1981, and there is no systematic photometric dimming of the star as a function of the Hill sphere radius.

Conclusions. We conclude that the 1981 event was not caused by the transit of a CPD around β Pic b. The upper limit on the long-term variability of β Pic places an upper limit of 1.8 × 1022 g of dust within the Hill sphere (comparable to the ~100 km radius asteroid 16 Psyche). Circumplanetary material is either condensed into a disk that does not transit β Pic, condensed into a disk with moons that has an obliquity that does not intersect with the path of β Pic behind the Hill sphere, or is below our detection threshold. This is the first time that a dedicated international campaign has mapped the Hill sphere transit of an extrasolar gas giant planet at 10 au.
A super-Earth on a close-in orbit around the M1V star GJ 740
Authors: Toledo-Padrón B. , Suárez Mascareño A. , González Hernández J. I. , Rebolo R. , Pinamonti M. , Perger M. , Scandariato G. , Damasso M. , Sozzetti A. , Maldonado J. , Desidera S. , Ribas I. , Micela G. , Affer L. , González-Alvarez E. , Leto G. , Pagano I. , Zanmar Sánchez R. , Giacobbe P. , Herrero E. , Morales J. C. , Amado P. J. , Caballero J. A. , Quirrenbach A. , Reiners A. , Zechmeister M.
Published: February 2021

Context.M-dwarfs have proven to be ideal targets for planetary radial velocity (RV) searches due to their higher planet-star mass contrast, which favors the detection of low-mass planets. The abundance of super-Earth and Earth-like planets detected around this type of star motivates further such research on hosts without reported planetary companions.

Aims.The HADES and CARMENES programs are aimed at carrying out extensive searches of exoplanetary systems around M-type stars in the northern hemisphere, allowing us to address, in a statistical sense, the properties of the planets orbiting these objects. In this work, we perform a spectroscopic and photometric study of one of the program stars (GJ 740), which exhibits a short-period RV signal that is compatible with a planetary companion.

Methods.We carried out a spectroscopic analysis based on 129 HARPS-N spectra taken over a time span of 6 yr combined with 57 HARPS spectra taken over 4 yr, as well as 32 CARMENES spectra taken during more than 1 yr, resulting in a dataset with a time coverage of 10 yr. We also relied on 459 measurements from the public ASAS survey with a time-coverage of 8 yr, along with 5 yr of photometric magnitudes from the EXORAP project taken in theV,B,R, andIfilters to carry out a photometric study. Both analyses were made using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations and Gaussian process regression to model the activity of the star.

Results.We present the discovery of a short-period super-Earth with an orbital period of 2.37756−0.00011+0.00013d and a minimum mass of 2.96−0.48+0.50M⊕. We offer an update to the previously reported characterization of the magnetic cycle and rotation period of the star, obtaining values ofProt= 35.563 ± 0.071 d andPcycle= 2800 ± 150 d. Furthermore, the RV time series exhibits a possibly periodic long-term signal, which might be related to a Saturn-mass planet of ~100M⊕.
Ensuring Environmental Security Strategies in Social and Economic Development on the Platform of Responsible Consumption System
Authors: Shokhnekh Anna V. , Telyatnikova Victoria S. , Mushketova Natalia S. , Panova Natalya S.
Published: February 2021

The optimal formation and selection strategies for ensuring environmental safety is a key topical aspect of the first half of the XXI century. In conditions of limited economic resources and a disturbed ecological balance, is especially important to take into account inter-sectoral externalities that determine the choice of optimal mechanisms, both stimulating and restraining positive and negative external effects from institutional approach standpoint. The article provides an overview of the existing and substantiation of the author’s directions for the strategy of ensuring environmental safety in regional socio-economic systems, taking into account inter-sectoral externalities. The article analyzes the possibility of forming a platform for the system of responsible education in ensuring the ecological balance for present and future generations, aimed at using optimal strategies that allow to gently, without creating tension, regulate the responsible consumption of all types of resources. It is assumed that on the platform of responsible education system, the formation of a personality is carried out, based on: 1) awareness of equal access right of every person to a favorable environment; 2) understanding and accepting responsible resource use; 3) the obligation to adopt the institution of “soft environmental tax mechanisms”; 4) a responsible approach to cross-sectoral positive and negative externalities.
Methodology for calculating diesel SCR systems
Authors: Blinov Artem , Malastowski Nikolay , Myagkov Leonid
Published: February 2021

Selective catalytic reduction systems are widely applied as a NOX emission control technology in modern onand off highway diesel engines. Considering the stringent limits of emission standards, they should ensure high rates of conversion efficiency. To achieve that at the design stage numerical modelling is used to optimize physical and chemical processes. New mathematical models and methods that can provide the reduction of calculation time and related costs keeping the acceptable level of prediction accuracy are desired. In this study a methodology for calculating SCR systems based on the use both of CFD models and simplified catalyst models are presented. The capabilities of the suggested numerical approach were demonstrated during the simulations of a SCR system where the influence of UWS injection angle on NOX reduction efficiency was investigated.
Structural Health Monitoring and Damage Detection through Machine Learning approaches
Authors: Singh Priyanka , Ahmad Umaid Faraz , Yadav Siddharth
Published: February 2021

Data-driven approaches are gaining popularity in structural health monitoring (SHM) due to recent technological advances in sensors, high-speed Internet and cloud computing. Since Machine learning (ML), particularly in SHM, was introduced in civil engineering, this modern and promising method has drawn significant research attention. SHM’s main goal is to develop different data processing methodologies and generate results related to the different levels of damage recognition process. SHM implements a technique for damage detection and classification, including data from a system collected under different structural states using a piezoelectric sensor network using guided waves, hierarchical non-linear primary component analysis and machine learning. The primary objective of this paper is to analyse the current SHM literature using evolving ML-based methods and to provide readers with an overview of various SHM applications. The technique and implementation of vibration-based, vision-based surveillance, along with some recent SHM developments are discussed.
Akute Nierenschädigung: Epidemiologie, Pathophysiologie, Reparaturmechanismen
Authors: Kindgen-Milles Detlef , Dimski Thomas , Brandenburger Timo
Published: February 2021

Eine akute Nierenschädigung tritt bei 25% aller Krankenhaus- und bei 50% der Intensivpatienten auf. Im Stadium 3 der akuten Nierenschädigung sterben auch bei optimaler Therapie etwa 40 – 50% der betroffenen Patienten. Die Langzeitprognose hängt ganz wesentlich von der Erholung der Nierenfunktion ab. Eine frühe Diagnostik und die konsequente Durchführung von Interventionen zur Prophylaxe und zur schnellen Wiederherstellung der Nierenfunktion sind essenziell 1.
Das Konstrukt Gesundheitskompetenz in Ausbildung und Studium der Physiotherapie in Deutschland – Ergebnisse einer Dokumentenanalyse
Authors: Wirner Corinna , Pott Claudia , Kirschneck Michaela , Coenen Michaela
Published: February 2021

Hintergrund Physiotherapeutinnen und -therapeuten stellen eine Schlüsselrolle in der Förderung der Gesundheitskompetenz von Patientinnen und Patienten dar. Der Wunsch von Physiotherapeutinnen und -therapeuten nach Informationen zum Thema Gesundheitskompetenz ist groß. Die Ausbildung wird u. a. als wichtiger Informationsweg für dieses Thema eingeschätzt.

Ziel Explorative Studie zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung: Welche Rolle spielt das Thema Gesundheitskompetenz und Förderung der Gesundheitskompetenz von Patientinnen und Patienten in der beruflichen Ausbildung bzw. im Studium der Physiotherapie in Deutschland?

Methode Dokumentenanalyse von relevanten Unterlagen zu Ausbildung und Studium (z. B. Ausbildungslehrpläne, Modulbeschreibungen) in der Physiotherapie. Im Rahmen vorbereitender Arbeiten wurde mittels Workshops mit Expertinnen die Grundlage des in den Analysen verwendeten Kodierleitfadens erarbeitet. Qualitative Auswertung der Daten anhand der strukturierenden Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring.

Ergebnisse In 27 analysierten relevanten Unterlagen zu Ausbildung und Studium wurde der Begriff Gesundheitskompetenz nur in einem Dokument explizit erwähnt. Allerdings werden zukünftigen Physiotherapeutinnen und -therapeuten in der Ausbildung und im Studium wichtige Fähigkeiten und Fertigkeiten, z. B. Kommunikationskompetenz, vermittelt, die für die Förderung der Gesundheitskompetenz der Patientenschaft grundlegend sind.

Schlussfolgerung Das Thema Gesundheitskompetenz ist in der Ausbildung und im Studium der Physiotherapie nicht explizit verankert. Durch die Aufnahme in die Curricula kann das explizite Wissen der Physiotherapeutinnen und -therapeuten vertieft werden und durch ihre Sensibilisierung für das Thema ihre Schlüsselrolle in der Förderung der Gesundheitskompetenz von Patientinnen und Patienten weiter ausgebaut werden.
The outcomes of emergency hospital admissions with non-malignant upper gastrointestinal bleeding in England between 2003 and 2015
Authors: Rees James , Evison Felicity , Mytton Jemma , Patel Prashant , Trudgill Nigel
Published: February 2021

Background Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a common medical emergency with significant mortality. Despite developments in endoscopic and clinical management, only minor improvements in outcomes have been reported.

Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with non-malignant UGIB emergency admissions in England between 2003 and 2015, using Hospital Episode Statistics. Multilevel logistic regression analysis examined the associations with mortality.

Results 242 796 patients with an UGIB admission were identified (58.8 % men; median age 70 [interquartile range (IQR) 53 – 81]). Between 2003 and 2015, falls occurred in both 30-day mortality (7.5 % to 7.0 %; P < 0.001) and age-standardized mortality (odds ratio (OR) 0.74, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.69 – 0.80; P < 0.001), including from variceal bleeding (OR 0.63, 95 %CI 0.45 – 0.87; P < 0.005). Increasing co-morbidity (Charlson score > 5, OR 2.94, 95 %CI 2.85 – 3.04; P < 0.001), older age (> 83 years, OR 6.50, 95 %CI 6.09 – 6.94; P < 0.001), variceal bleeding (OR 2.03, 95 %CI 1.89 – 2.18; P < 0.001), and a weekend admission (Sunday, OR 1.18, 95 %CI 1.12 – 1.23; P < 0.001) were associated with 30-day mortality. Of deaths at 30 days, 8.9 % were from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and the cardiovascular age-standardized mortality rate following UGIB was high (IHD deaths within 1 year, 1188.4 [95 %CI 1036.8 – 1353.8] per 100 000 men in 2003).

Conclusions Between 2003 and 2015, 30-day mortality among emergency admissions with non-malignant UGIB fell by 0.5 % to 7.0 %. Mortality was higher among UGIB admissions at the weekend, with important implications for service provision. Patients with UGIB had a much greater risk of subsequently dying from cardiovascular disease and addressing this risk is a key management step in UGIB.
Vertical Force-velocity Profiling and Relationship to Sprinting in
Elite Female Soccer Players
Authors: Manson Sarah A. , Low Cody , Legg Hayley , Patterson Stephen D. , Meylan César
Published: February 2021

Explosive actions are integral to soccer performance and highly influenced by
the ability to generate maximal power. The purpose of this study was to
investigate the relationship between force-velocity profile, jump
performance, acceleration and maximal sprint speed in elite female soccer
players. Thirty-nine international female soccer players (24.3±4.7
years) performed 40-m sprints, maximal countermovement jumps and five loaded
squat jumps at increasing loads to determine individual force-velocity
profiles. Theoretical maximal velocity, theoretical maximal force, maximal
power output, one repetition maximal back squat and one repetition maximal
back squat relative to body mass were determined using the force-velocity
profile. Counter movement jump, squat jump and maximal power output
demonstrated moderate to large correlation with acceleration and maximal
sprint speed (r=− 0.32 to −0.44 and
−0.32 to −0.67 respectively, p<0.05). Theoretical
maximal velocity and force, one repetition maximal and relative back squat
demonstrated a trivial to small relationship to acceleration and maximal
sprint speed (p>0.05). Vertical force-velocity profiling and maximal
strength can provide valuable insight into the neuromuscular qualities of an
athlete to individualize training, but the ability to produce force, maximal
power, and further transference into sprint performance, must be central to
program design.
Photocatalytic Generation of π-Allyltitanium Complexes from Butadiene via a Radical Strategy
Authors: Li Fusheng , Lin Shuangjie , Shi Lei , Li Xiyu
Published: February 2021

The direct conversion of industrial feedstock chemicals into highly valuable fine chemical intermediates is of great appeal to the synthetic community as well as industrial applications. This study reports a conceptually new radical strategy for the photocatalytic generation of π-allyltitanium complexes from butadiene. This novel and environmentally benign strategy enables the direct three-component allylation of carbonyls with 1,3-butadiene and α-bromocarboxylates, providing rapid access to valuable homoallylic alcohols with exceptional regio- and diastereoselectivity control.
Effects of Hydrosalpinx on Endometrial Implantation Failures: Evaluating Salpingectomy in Women Undergoing in vitro fertilization
Authors: Palagiano Antonio , Cozzolino Mauro , Ubaldi Filippo Maria , Palagiano Chiara , Coccia Maria Elisabetta
Published: February 2021

Hydrosalpinx is a disease characterized by the obstruction of the salpinx, with progressive accumulation in the shape of a fluid-filled sac at the distal part of the tuba uterina, and closed to the ovary. Women with hydrosalpinges have lower implantation and pregnancy rates due to a combination of mechanical and chemical factors thought to disrupt the endometrial environment. Evidence suggests that the presence of hydrosalpinx reduces the rate of pregnancy with assisted reproductive technology. The main aim of the present is review to make an overview of the possible effects of hydrosalpinx on in vitro fertilization (IVF). We conducted a literature search on the PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Google Scholar data bases regarding hydrosalpinx and IVF outcomes. Hydrosalpinx probably has a direct toxic effect on sperm motility and on the embryos. In addition, the increasing liquid inside the salpinges could alter the mechanisms of endometrial receptivity. The window of endometrial receptivity is essential in the implantation of blastocysts, and it triggers multiple reactions arising from the endometrium as well as the blastocysts. Hydrosalpinx could influence the expression of homeobox A10 (HOXA10) gene, which plays an essential role in directing embryonic development and implantation. Salpingectomy restores the endometrial expression of HOXA10; therefore, it may be one mechanism by which tubal removal could result in improved implantation rates in IVF. In addition, salpingectomy does not affect the ovarian response, nor reduces the antral follicle count. Further studies are needed to establish the therapeutic value of fluid aspiration under ultrasonographic guidance, during or after oocyte retrieval, in terms of pregnancy rate and ongoing pregnancy.