bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Process Fault Detection Using Hierarchical Artificial Neural Network Diagnostic Strategy
Authors: Othman Mohamad Rizza , Ali Mohamad Wijayanuddin , Kamsah Mohd Zaki
Published: January 2013

Kertas kerja ini menerangkan mengenai kegunaan jaringan neural tiruan (ANN) untuk mengesan dan membaiki kesilapan dalam loji proses. Dalam penyelidikan ini, ANN menggunakan dua lapisan dalam strategi diagnostik hirarki. Lapisan pertama mengenal pasti nod di mana kesilapan bermula sementara lapisan kedua membahagikan kesilapan yang berlaku pada nod tertentu. Arkitek model ANN adalah berasaskan beberapa lapisan rangkaian suapan hadapan dan menggunakan algoritma luncuran belakang dalam skema latihan. Untuk mendapatkan konfigurasi ANN yang terbaik, analisis topologi dilakukan. Keberkesanan kaedah ini ditunjukkan oleh kajian kes melibatkan turus pemecahan asid lemak. Keputusan menunjukkan sistem ini berjaya mengesan kesilapan tunggal dan fana yang terdapat dalam proses tersebut.

Kata kunci: Pengenalpastian dan diagnostik kesilapan proses, strategi diagnostik hirarki, jaringan neural tiruan, turus pemecahan asid lemak

This paper focuses on the use of artificial neural network (ANN) to detect and diagnose fault in process plant. In this work, the ANN uses two layers of hierarchical diagnostic strategy. The first layer diagnoses the node where the fault originated and the second layer classifies the type of faults or malfunctions occurred on that particular node. The architecture of the ANN model is founded on a multilayer feed forward network and used back propagation algorithm as the training scheme. In order to find the most suitable configuration of ANN, a topology analysis is conducted. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by using a fatty acid fractionation column. Results show that the system is successful in detecting original single and transient fault introduced within the process plant model.

Key words: Process fault detection and diagnosis, hierarchical diagnostic strategy, artificial neural network, fatty acid fractionation column
Ultrasonic Irradiation Of The Removal Of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonates (LAS) From Wastewater
Authors: Abu Hassan Mohd Ariffin , Mantzavinos Dionissios , Metcalfe Ian S.
Published: January 2013

Kesan frekuensi rendah (20 kHz) penyinaran ultrasonik untuk penyingkiran Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonates (LAS) daripada larutan berair telah dikaji. Penyinaran ultrasonik terhadap tiga kepekatan berbeza LAS iaitu 500 μgmol/l, 750 μgmol/l and 1000 μgmol/l telah dijalankan. Kesemua eksperimen telah dijalankan pada suhu 30°C, pada frekuensi 20 kHz, kuasa pada 125 W dan masa eksperimen selama 120 minit tanpa pengawalan terhadap pH. Hasil kajian mendapati OH· radikal mendominasi proses pengdegradasian LAS. Kadar degradasi awal bertambah dengan bertambahnya kepekatan LAS di dalam skop kajian. Penghasilan H2O2 didapati rendah dengan proses penyinaran ultrasonik terhadap LAS pada kepekatan LAS yang tinggi. Keputusan penyinaran ultrasonik terhadap LAS dengan kehadiran Br¯ sebagai pemakan radikal membuktikan bahawa OH· radikal mendominasi pengdegradasian LAS.

Kata kunci: Surfaktan, ultrasonik, sisa air, jumlah karbon organik (TOC)

The effect of low frequency (20 kHz) ultrasonic irradiation on the removal of sodium Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonates (LAS) from aqueous solutions has been investigated. Sonication of three different initial concentrations of LAS, 500 μgmol/l, 750 μgmol/l and 1000 μgmol/l, were performed. All experiments used a temperature of 30°C, frequency of 20 kHz, power of 125 W, a batch time of 120 min and the pH was left uncontrolled. It was found that the main degradation of LAS at micromolar concentrations proceeded via a reaction with OH· radicals. The initial degradation rate increased with an increase in the surfactant concentration over the whole concentration range studied. The sonolysis of LAS showed a strong inhibition of H2O2 production at a higher concentration. Sonication of LAS in the presence of Br¯ suggested that OH· radicals induced degradation pathway was the dominating sonochemical degradation mechanism.

Key words: Surfactants, ultrasonic, wastewater, total organic carbon (TOC)
Immobilization of Phenol Degrader Pseudomonas sp In Repeated Batch Culture Using Bioceramic and Sponge as Support Materials
Authors: Misson Mailin , Razali Firdausi
Published: January 2013

Prestasi dua jenis penyokong yang lengai iaitu bioseramik dan span untuk menyekat gerak bakteria pengurai fenol Pseudomonas sp di dalam turus terpadat telah dikaji dalam kultur kelompok berulang. Sebelum ini, kajian kami menunjukkan bahawa penyekat gerakan telah menggandakan had daya tahan mikrob terhadap kepekatan fenol dari 1000 ppm (dalam kultur ampaian) ke 2000 ppm. Pada isipadu yang sama, bioseramik berupaya memerangkap sel bakteria 1.8 kali lebih banyak daripada span. Oleh itu, ia berupaya mengurai 100% fenol yang berkepekatan 1000 ppm dalam masa 24 jam pada kadar alir suapan 2.5 ml/min, dan mengulangi prestasi yang sama dalam enam kelompok berturut–turut seterusnya. Namun demikian, sel yang terperangkap dalam span hanya berupaya mengurai 90% fenol dalam lima kelompok. Walaupun prestasinya lebih rendah, penggunaan span untuk memerangkap sel dalam skala yang besar memberikan beberapa kebaikan seperti ringan dan senang diperoleh pada harga yang lebih murah.

Kata kunci: Tersekat gerak, fenol, Pseudomonas sp, bioseramik, kultur kelompok berulang

The performance of two types of inert support, namely bioceramic and sponge to immobilize a locally isolated phenol degrader Pseudomonas sp. in a packed column was investigated in repeated batch culture. Prior to this, our study indicated that immobilization had doubled the tolerance limit of the cells towards phenol from 1000 ppm (in the suspended culture), to 2000 ppm. For the same volume, the bioceramic managed to trap bacterial cells 1.8 times greater than the sponge did. As a result, it was able to remove 100% of 1000 ppm 600–ml phenol fed at a rate of 2.5 ml/min within 24 hours, and the phenol removal capacity was sustained in the next six consecutive batches. Cells entrapped in sponge however, managed to remove around 90% phenol in five batches. Despite lower performance, at large scales, the use of sponge for cell entrapment offers some merits such as lightness, and easily available at cheaper cost.

Key words: Immobilization, phenol, Pseudomonas sp, bioceramic, repeated batch
Kesan Strategi Pembelajaran Pengalaman Terhadap Pembangunan Kompetensi: Perspektif Pendidikan Perakaunan
Authors: Yusof Rohaila , Karim Faridah , Othman Norasmah
Published: January 2013

Kelemahan graduan dalam mempamerkan kompetensi yang diharapkan terhadap diri mereka menyebabkan banyak pihak yang menuding jari kepada pihak Institusi Pengajian Tinggi (IPT). Inovasi dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran perlu diberi perhatian sewajarnya agar pembangunan kompetensi pelajar dijadikan sebagai agenda utama. Kajian ini telah menguji keberkesanan strategi pembelajaran pengalaman berasaskan Kitaran Pembelajaran Kolb (strategi KPK) terhadap pembangunan kompetensi dengan menggunakan kaedah eksperimen kuasi. Kajian dijalankan ke atas 145 responden yang terdiri daripada pelajar Kursus Pengantar Perakaunan Kewangan di sebuah IPTA. Responden berada dalam dua kumpulan iaitu 73 dalam kumpulan eksperimen iaitu KPK dan 72 dalam kumpulan kawalan yang mengikuti strategi pembelajaran tradisional. Pengukuran kompetensi dibuat berdasarkan pencapaian pelajar dalam kemahiran kognitif dan tingkah laku. Set ujian serta soal selidik digunakan sebagai instrumen kajian. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan ANOVA Repeated Measures dan ANOVA sehala. Hasil kajian menunjukkan kumpulan KPK memperoleh pencapaian yang lebih tinggi dalam kemahiran kognitif analitikal serta lima daripada enam dimensi kemahiran tingkah laku yang diukur. Kajian ini memberi implikasi terhadap objektif serta kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran kursus perakaunan di IPT.

Kata kunci: Pendidikan perakaunan, model Kolb, kompetensi, pengajaran dan pembelajaran di Institusi Pendidikan Tinggi

The failure of graduates to perform at expected competency level has moved the attention towards higher learning institutions. Innovation in teaching and learning has to be given a due attention so that competency development becomes the main agenda. This quasi–experimental study was conducted to test the effectiveness of a Kolb–based experiential learning strategy towards students’ competency development. A total number of 145 students were involved in this study of which 73 students were in the experimental group (Kolb Learning Cycle–KLC) and the other 72 in the control group using the traditional learning strategy. The competency measured was based on students’ achievement on the cognitive and behavioural skills. The instruments used in the study consisted of a test and a questionnaire. The data was analysed using the inferential test ANOVA Repeated Measures, one–way and two–way ANOVAs. The results showed that the treatment group obtained higher scores in the post test. The study showed that the KLC treatment was beneficial to the students’ competency development. The results of the study has implications on the learning objectives and teaching methods of accounting courses in IPT.

Key words: Accounting education, Kolb’s model of learning, competency, teaching and learning in Higher Learning Institutions
A Metaheuristic Approach to Manufacturing Process Planning in Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Musharavati Farayi , Ismail Napsiah , S. Hamouda Abdel Majid , Ramli Abdul Rahman
Published: January 2013

Proses perancangan pembuatan adalah berkaitan dengan keputusan berdasarkan pemilihan tatarajah yang optimum daripada modul proses untuk pemprosesan bahagian kerja. Untuk pembentukan semula barisan pembuatan bagi pelbagai bahagian kerja, keputusannya dipengaruhi jenis proses yang sedia ada, hubungkait jujukan pemprosesan dan juga aturan pemprosesan bahagian kerja tersebut. Keputusan proses perancangan pembuatan mungkin bercanggah, oleh itu tugasan membuat keputusan perlu mengambil kira cara setemu. Kertas kerja ini membentangkan teknik optima untuk masalah berkaitan proses perancangan pembuatan dalam rangka kerja pembuatan pembentukan semula. Proses MPP dimodelkan sebagai masalah pengoptimuman dan keadah penyelesaian yang diperolehi daripada teknik metahuristik dikenali sebagai simulasi penyepuhlindapan. Fungsi analisis bagi memodel proses perancangan pembuatan adalah berdasarkan pengetahuan mengenai proses dan sistem pembuatan serta kekangan proses. Applikasi bagi pendekatan ini ditunjukkan melalui barisan pembuatan pembentukan semula berbilang tahap siri selari. Keputusan menunjukkan penambahbaik yang signifikasi diperolehi dalam penyelesaian untuk masalah jenis ini dengan menggunakan simulasi penyepuhlindapan. Tambahan pula, teknik metaheuristik berkebolehan untuk mengenal pasti kaedah proses pembuatan yang optima berdasarkan senario pengeluaran yang diberi.

Kata kunci: Metaheuristik, simulasi penyepuhlindapan, proses perancangan pembuatan, sistem pembuatan pembentukan semula, senario pembuatan

Manufacturing process planning (MPP) is concerned with decisions regarding selection of an optimal configuration for processing parts. For multiparts reconfigurable manufacturing lines, such decisions are strongly influenced by the types of processes available, the relationships for sequencing the processes and the order of processing parts. Decisions may conflict, hence the decision making tasks must be carried out in a concurrent manner. This paper outlines an optimization solution technique for the MPP problem in reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMSs). MPP is modelled in an optimization perspective and the solution methodology is provided through a metaheuristic technique known as simulated annealing. Analytical functions for modelling MPP are based on knowledge of processes available to the manufacturing system as well as processing constraints. Application of this approach is illustrated through a multistage parallel–serial reconfigurable manufacturing line. The results show that significant improvements to the solution of this type of problem can be gained through the use of simulated annealing. Moreover, the metaheuristic technique is able to identify an optimal manufacturing process plan for a given production scenario.

Key words: Metaheuristics, simulated annealing, manufacturing process planning, reconfigurable manufacturing systems, production scenarios
Pembangunan Model Pengoptimuman Pengeluaran Minyak Sawit dan Isirong Sawit Menggunakan Pendekatan Genetik Kabur
Authors: Amelia Lily , Abd. Wahab Dzuraidah , Hassan Azmi
Published: January 2013

Pengeluaran minyak sawit dan isirong sawit sering kali menghadapi masalah, antara lain kadar kehilangan minyak sawit dan isirong sawit yang tinggi semasa pemprosesan dan penggunaan sumber-sumber yang tidak optimum. Model pengoptimuman pengeluaran minyak sawit dan isirong sawit perlu direka bentuk untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut sehingga dapat memaksimumkan hasil, meminimumkan kos pengeluaran serta meminimumkan kehilangan minyak sawit dan isirong sawit. Model yang dibangunkan adalah gabungan antara model sistem pakar kabur dengan model pengaturcaraan pelbagai objektif. Pengoptimuman model dilakukan dengan menggunakan kaedah algoritma genetik. Model disimulasikan menggunakan data daripada sebuah kilang minyak sawit di Indonesia dan hasil kajian membuktikan pencapaian pengeluaran yang lebih baik serta kehilangan minyak sawit dan isirong sawit yang lebih kecil berbanding keadaan pengeluaran sedia ada di kilang minyak sawit tersebut.

Kata kunci: Minyak sawit mentah, pengoptimuman pengeluaran, sistem pakar kabur, model pengaturcaraan pelbagai objektif, algoritma genetik

The production of crude palm oil and palm kernel are frequented by problems, among others the high loss of crude palm oil and palm kernel during processing and the consumption of resources that are not optimised. An optimisation model for crude palm oil and palm kernel production has to be developed to solve these problems so as to maximise revenue, minimise production costs as well as to minimise palm oil and palm kernel losses. The developed model is an integration between fuzzy expert system models and multi objective programming model. Model optimisation is performed using the genetic algorithm method. The model was simulated using data from a palm oil mill in Indonesia and results from the study show that the model produces an optimum quantity of production and capable of reducing palm oil and palm kernel losses compared with the existing production conditions in the palm oil mill.

Key words: Crude palm oil, production optimisation, fuzzy expert system, multi objective programming model, genetic algorithm
Linear Matrix Inequalities in Robust Unified Smooth Sliding Mode Controller Design
Authors: See Siew Min , Osman Johari Halim Shah
Published: January 2013

Sebahagian besar masalah yang dihadapi dalam teori kawalan sistem boleh dikurangkan kepada beberapa masalah pengoptimuman cembung atau kuasi–cembung piawai yang melibatkan ketaksamaan matriks lelurus (LMI). Dengan perkembangan terbaru tentang cara titik dalaman, masalah pengoptimuman tersebut dapat diselesaikan secara efisien dengan kaedah berangka. Satu daripada aplikasi LMI boleh dilihat dalam penyelesaian masalah kawalan ragam gelincir. Sistem kawalan ragam gelincir berkemampuan supaya tidak terpengaruh secara keseluruhan oleh ketidakpastian padanan apabila berada dalam ragam gelincir. Akan tetapi, sistem masih menghadapi gangguan yang tidak diingini apabila diusik oleh ketidakpastian tidak terpadan, serta masalah gelugutan. Dalam kertas kerja ini, permukaan gelincir direka bentuk dengan integrasi suatu kriteria H infiniti terjamin kos optimum untuk mengurangkan gangguan tidak terpadan. Permukaan kos terjamin tersebut diterbitkan daripada prosedur pengoptimuman cembung yang diformulasikan sebagai masalah LMI. Satu kawalan licin seragam diaplikasikan untuk menyelesaikan masalah gelugutan. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa pengawal tersebut dapat memperbaiki prestasi dari segi penyingkiran gelugutan secara keseluruhan dan penyisihan gangguan tidak terpadan

Kata kunci: Ketaksamaan matriks lelurus (LMI), kawalan ragam gelincir, gangguan tidak terpadan, bebas gelugutan, kriteria H infiniti terjamin kos optimum

A wide range of problems encountered in system control theory can be reduced to a few standard convex or quasiconvex optimisation problems involving linear matrix inequalities (LMI). With recent developed of interior point methods, the optimisation problems can be solved numerically very efficiently. One of the applications of the LMI may be seen in solving the sliding mode control problems. The sliding mode control system is capable of total invariance to the matched uncertainties while remain in the sliding mode. But the system may still face the undesirable distractions cause by the mismatched uncertainties, and chattering problem. In this paper, the sliding surface is designed with integration of an optimal guaranteed cost H infinity criterion to attenuate the mismatched disturbances. The guaranteed cost surface is derived from a convex optimisation procedure formulated as an LMI problem. A unified smooth control law is applied to solve the chattering problem. The results showed that the controller may improve the performance with total chattering elimination and mismatched disturbances rejection.

Key words: Linear matrix inequalities (LMI), sliding mode control, mismatched uncertainties, chattering free, optimal guaranteed cost H infinity criterion
The Development of Monochromatic Neutron Tomography System at Low Flux Research Reactor
Authors: Ashari Nor Abidin , Mohamad Saleh Junita , Abdullah Mohd Zaid , Mohamad Abdul Aziz , Jamro Rafhayudi
Published: January 2013

Satu sistem tomografi monokromatik neutron telah direka bentuk di reaktor penyelidikan 1MW TRIGA MARK II milik Agensi Nuklear Malaysia (Nuklear Malaysia) yang terletak di Bangi, Selangor. Kamera CCD digunakan dalam proses pengumpulan data dan sistem ini dinilai dengan menggunakan palam pencucuh. Pembinaan semula imej dijalankan berasaskan kaedah filtered back-projection dan lelaran. Keseluruhannya, 25 data projeksi digunakan dalam proses pembinaan semula imej.

Kata kunci: Monokromatik, tomografi neutron, kamera CCD, filtered back–projection, lelaran, pembinaan semula imej

A new monochromatic neutron tomography system was built utilizing the Malaysia Nuclear Agency 1MW TRIGA MARK II research reactor located at Bangi, Selangor. The CCD camera was used in data capturing and the system was evaluated using an experimental phantom made from spark plug. Reconstruction was based on the filtered back-projection and the iterative approach. Altogether 25 projections were used in the reconstruction and results discussed.

Key words: Monochromatic, neutron tomography, CCD camera, filtered back–projection, iterative, image reconstruction
Polyhydroalkanoates (PHAs) Production from Saponified Sunflower Oil in Mixed Cultures under Aerobic Condition
Authors: Md. Din Mohd. Fadil , Ujang Zaini , Van Loosdrecht M. C. M , Ahmad Mohd. Azlan
Published: January 2013

Satu kajian makmal telah dijalankan bagi menentukan keadaan yang optimum bagi penghasilan polihidroksialkanoat (PHA) menggunakan minyak bunga matahari (MB) tersaponifikasi. Sistem ini telah dijalankan semasa keadaan fasa terjujuk berterusan bagi pertumbuhan dan pengumpulan. Tujuan saponifikasi ke atas MB adalah untuk meningkatkan kualiti konstituen PHA (e.g. kopolimer bagi unit hidroksil) seperti hidroksibutirat (HBs), hidroksivalerat (HVs) dan hidroksiheksanoat (HHs). Kandungan utama MB adalah asid lemak rantai panjang (ALRP) di dalam kumpulan asid lemak tak tepu (C14:1 - C18:3) dan penghasil PHA yang terpilih akan dihasilkan semasa pertumbuhan tak seimbang (keadaan feast-famine). Operasi suap-kelompok selama hampir 6 bulan di bawah keadaan aerobik dinamik (dengan pelbagai keadaan operasi) dapat meningkatkan penghasilan PHA sehingga 33% jisim sel kering. Ia juga menunjukkan bahawa lumpur yang melalui keadaan aerobik di dalam kultur campuran mampu mengumpulkan jumlah PHA yang tinggi melalui manipulasi panjang kitaran (kajian masa penahanan hidrolik). Kadar penyimpanan spesifik PHA yang tinggi (qpfeast = 0.5 C-mol/C-mol. h) serta kandungan lumpur PHA tinggi dicapai dengan menggunakan kultur campuran menjadikan MB tersaponifikasi ini kompetitif berbanding dengan yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan minyak sayuran yang lain (minyak jagung, kacang soya dan lain-lain).

Kata kunci: Minyak bunga matahari tersaponifikasikan (MB), polihidroksialkanoat (PHA), rejim feast–famine, kultur campuran

A laboratory study was conducted to assess the optimal conditions for polyhyroxyalkanoates (PHA) production using saponified sunflower oil (SO). The system was operated under continuous sequential phase of growth and accumulation conditions. The main purposed of using saponified SO was to improve the quality of PHA constituents (e.g. copolymer of hydroxyl-unit) such as hydroxybutyrates (HHBs), hydroxyvalerates (HHVs) and hydroxyhexanoates (HHs). Typically, SO mainly contains long-chain-fatty-acid (LCFA) with unsaturated fatty acid (C14:1 - C18:3) and therefore, the selected PHA-producer would be developed during unbalanced growth (feast-famine condition). Operation of the fed-batch for almost 6 months under aerobic dynamic conditions (with various operating conditions) has increased the PHA production up to 33% of dried cell weight. It was also shown that sludge subjected to aerobic condition in mixed cultures could accumulate high amount of PHA by manipulating the cycle length (HRT study). The high specific PHA storage rate (qpfeast = 0.5 C-mol/C-mol. h) as well as the high sludge PHA contents achieved by mixed cultures make this saponified SO competitive with those based on the other vegetable oil (e.g. corn oil, soy oil, etc.)

Key words: Saponified sunflower oil (SO), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), feast–famine regimes, mixed cultures
Prediction of Breakage During Roller Milling of Wheat Kernels, Based on Single Kernel Measurements
Authors: Muhamad Ida Idayu , Fang Chaoying , Campbell Grant M.
Published: January 2013

Pengilangan tepung gandum melibatkan pengisaran bijirin secara berulang-kali (menggunakan roller mill) dan pemisahan (secara pengayakan) bagi perolehan semula hasilan tepung yang berkesan yang secara bandingannya bersih dari pencemaran bran. Satu permulaan bagi membina model perlakuan terhadap campuran bijirin gandum ialah keupayaan bagi menentu-ukur kelainan ciri-ciri yang wujud dalam campuran tersebut. Alatan Perten Single Kernel Characterisation System (SKCS) dapat memberikan taburan kuantitatif bagi jisim, kandungan lembapan, garis pusat dan nilai kekerasan bagi campuran bijirin tersebut, berdasarkan pengukuran 300 kernel dalam masa 5 minit. Cabarannya ialah menghubungkaitkan taburan yang telah ditentukur kepada ramalan keupayaan pengilangan. Pada tahap ini, satu bentuk kefungsian pengisaran (breakage function) dalam konteks parameter tentu-ukuran bagi setiap kernel bijirin telah diterbitkan, dan diintegrasi kepada taburan sifat kernel menggunakan persamaan proses pengisaran (breakage equation). Dengan menggunakan model tersebut, satu jangkaan boleh dilakukan ke atas taburan saiz partikel hasil keluaran pengisaran siri pertama atau First Break roller milling bagi kernel bijirin yang berbeza saiz, kekerasan dan kelainannya, berdasarkan hanya pada ciri-ciri taburan yang diberikan oleh SKCS. Model tersebut telah diuji ke atas hasil keluaran pengisaran pada disposisi (roll disposition) pengisaran sharp-to-sharp dan dull-to-dull, dan didapati menunjukkan keseragaman dengan data bebas (independent data).

Kata kunci: Tingkah laku pengisaran, taburan saiz partikel, pemecahan, pengujian satu–kernel, bijirin

Wheat flour milling involves repeated breakage (by roller milling) and separation (by sifting) of flour particles to give efficient recovery of fine flour relatively free from bran contamination. A starting point for modelling the behaviour of mixtures of wheat kernels is to be able to measure the variation in kernel properties within the mixture. The Perten Single Kernel Characterisation System (SKCS) gives the distributions of kernel mass, moisture content, diameter and hardness within a mixture, from 300 kernels within 5 minutes. A challenge remains to relate these measured distributions to predictions of milling performance. To this end, a breakage function in terms of these measured parameters for individual kernels has been constructed, and integrated over the distribution of kernel properties using the breakage equation. These models allow prediction of the output particle size distribution delivered by First Break roller milling of kernels varying in size, hardness and variety, based entirely on SKCS characteristics. Predictions have been developed for both sharp-to-sharp and dull-to-dull roll dispositions, and show encouraging agreement with independent data.

Key words: Milling behaviour, particle size distribution, breakage, single kernel testing, wheat
Selection of Optimum Process, Solvent and Drying Method for Extraction of Antioxidants
Authors: Kumar Praveen , Krishnaiah Duduku , Bono Awang
Published: January 2013

Satu uji kaji telah dijalankan untuk pemilihan proses optimum, pelarut, dan teknik pengeringan bagi pengekstrakan antioksidan daripada buah Morinda citrifolia. Pengekstrakan telah dijalankan dengan soxhlet, ultrasonik dan tekanan tinggi hidrostatik yang diubahsuai pada 100 bar dan 50°C dengan 15 gram serbuk Morinda dalam 200 ml pelarut. Pelarut yang telah digunakan ialah air, etanol, dan etil asetat. Hasil penurasan kemudiannya dikeringkan melalui vakum dan pengering semburan. Aktiviti antioksidan atau peratusan ekstrak perencatan ditentukan dengan radikal Di-Phenyl picryl hydrazyl. Hasil ekstrak juga telah ditentukan dalam kajian ini. Pengoptimuman telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan kaedah gerak balas permukaan. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa, aktiviti antioksidan atau peratusan perencatan DPPH radikel bebas yang paling tinggi dipamerkan daripada ekstrak yang diperolehi dari proses HHPE dengan etil asetat sebagai pelarut yang dikeringkan melalui vakum. Daripada kajian ini juga, hasil ekstrak yang tertinggi diperolehi melalui proses HHPE pada 100 bar dan 50°C, di mana etil asetat digunakan sebagai pelarut dengan teknik pengeringan vakum. Di samping itu, didapati juga bahawa keadaan pengekstrakan dan pelarut secara langsungnya memberi kesan kepada pengekstrakan antioksidan daripada buah Morinda citrifolia jika dibandingkan dengan teknik pengeringan.

Kata kunci: Aktiviti antioksidan, radikel DPPH, pengekstrakan tekanan tinggi, Morinda citrifolia, pengekstrakan ultrasonik, pengekstrakan soxhlet

An experimental study was performed for optimum process, solvent and drying method for the extraction of antioxidants from Morinda citrifolia fruit. Extractions were performed by soxhlet, ultrasonic and modified version of high hydrostatic pressure extraction at 100 bar and 50°C with 15 grams of powdered morinda in 200 ml of solvent. Water, ethanol and ethyl acetate were used as solvents. The filtrate was dried by vacuum and spray dryers. The antioxidant activity or inhibiton percentage of the extracts was determined by Di-Phenyl picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging method. The yield was also determined. Optimization was performed using response surface methodology. It was found that the highest antioxidant activity or inhibition percentage of DPPH free radicals was exhibited by the extract obtained from HHPE process with ethyl acetate as solvent and vacuum dried. It was also found that the highest yield was obtained from HHPE process at 100 bar and 50°C with ethanol as solvent and vacuum dried. It was noted that the nature of the process and the solvent used significantly contributed to the extraction of antioxidants from Morinda citrifolia fruit when compared with the drying methods.

Key words: Antioxidant activity, DPPH radical scavenging method, high hydrostatic pressure extraction, Morinda citrifolia, ultrasonic extraction, soxhlet extraction
Using Cognitive Tools to Enhance Understanding in Differential Equations
Authors: Ismail Zaleha , Kasmin Mohd Khalid
Published: January 2013

Artikel ini melaporkan satu kajian yang bertujuan untuk memahami perkembangan konsep persamaan pembeza dalam suasana pembelajaran yang disokong oleh alat kognitif yang telah dibangunkan dan dinamakan DEgraf. Tahap kefahaman pelajar dianalisis melalui peta konsep yang diperkenalkan oleh Novak. Kerja bertulis beberapa masalah yang dihasilkan pelajar diteliti dan diterjemahkan kepada peta konsep untuk digunakan bagi memahami tahap kefahaman. Kajian menghasilkan struktur kognitif yang terdiri daripada pelbagai konsep dan hubungan antara konsep. Struktur kognitif dapat menggambarkan kualiti kefahaman relational pelajar. Kajian menunjukkan penggunaan alat kognitif dalam suasana pembelajaran yang aktif boleh membantu perkembangan kefahaman relational atau konseptual pelajar.

Kata kunci: Pembelajaran bermakna; peta konsep; kefahaman relational; alat kognitif; persamaan pembeza

This paper reports a research conducted to understand the development of concepts on differential equations in a learning environment supported with a cognitive tool developed known as DEgraf. The students’ levels of understanding were analyzed via concept mapping as introduced by Novak. Their written solutions on various problems were examined and transformed to concept maps which were used as tools to understand their levels of understanding. Results showed the cognitive structures in terms of mathematical relationships and the number of concepts made by the students. These cognitive structures illustrare the students quality of relational understanding. The study showed that active learning environments incorporating the use of a cognitive tool may lead to the development of relational or conceptual understanding.

Key words: Meaningful learning; concept maps; relational understanding; cognitive tools; differential equations
Sikap Guru Sains Terhadap Penggunaan Teknologi Komputer di Makmal Sains
Authors: Shabudin Shahril , Alwi Nor Hayati , Atan Hanafi , Wong Su Luan
Published: January 2013

‘Sekolah Bestari’ dan ‘Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains dan Matematik dalam Bahasa Inggeris’ merupakan dua program pelopor yang diperkenalkan di Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (KPM) untuk meningkatkan proses pengintegrasian teknologi komputer dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Pembekalan perkakasan komputer seperti komputer riba dan projektor LCD ke sekolah–sekolah membuktikan kegigihan KPM dalam menggalakkan penggunaan teknologi komputer dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran terutamanya di kalangan guru–guru Sains dan Matematik negara ini. Sehubungan dengan itu, KPM juga merancang untuk memperkenalkan penggunaan teknologi komputer di makmal sekolah. Kajian ini dilakukan untuk meninjau sikap guru–guru sains di Negeri Sembilan terhadap penggunaan teknologi komputer di makmal sains sekolah. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa guru–guru bersikap positif terhadap penggunaan teknologi komputer di makmal sains sekolah. Hasil kajian turut menunjukkan bahawa pengaruh pengalaman mengguna komputer di rumah pada sikap terhadap teknologi komputer bergantung kepada sama ada guru menerima komputer riba atau tidak.

Kata kunci: Sikap; penggunaan teknologi komputer; makmal sains

The ‘Smart School’ and ‘English in the Teaching of Science & Mathematics’ are examples of programmes introduced by the Malaysian Ministry of Education (MMOE) to enhance the integration of computer technology into the classroom instructional activities. The fact that all schools are now being equipped with laptops and also LCD projectors shows the dedication of the MMOE to encourage teachers in the intergration process, especially among Science and Mathematics teachers. There is also plan by the MOE to integrate the computer technology in the school science computer laboratory. This article reports on the study undertaken to elucidate science teachers’ attitude towards the usage of computer technology in the school science laboratory in Negeri Sembilan. The results of this study indicates that teachers hold a positive attitude towards using computer technology in the school science laboratory. The results also showed that the influence of computer experience at home on computer technology attitudes depend on whether teachers received laptops or not.

Key words: Attitudes; use of computer technology; science laboratory
Indeks dan Profil Kecerdasan Emosi Pelajar Sekolah Menengah
Authors: Rahman Saemah , Mohd. Ishak Noriah , Mahmud Zuria , Amir Ruslin
Published: January 2013

Kajian empirikal ke atas kecerdasan emosi telah menunjukkan bahawa wujudnya perkaitan yang rapat antara kecerdasan emosi dengan tingkah laku pelajar. Pada masa yang sama, laporan mengenai beberapa kejadian yang berkaitan dengan cetusan emosi dalam kalangan pelajar di negara kita menimbulkan persoalan tentang tahap kecerdasan emosi mereka. Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti indeks kecerdasan emosi dalam kalangan pelajar sekolah menengah dan menghuraikan profil kecerdasan emosi mereka. Sampel kajian ini terdiri daripada 513 orang pelajar tingkatan dua dan empat di empat buah sekolah di negeri Selangor dan Negeri Sembilan. Inventori Kecerdasan Emosi Malaysia – Remaja (IKEM–R) ditadbir untuk mengukur kecerdasan emosi responden. Indeks kecerdasan emosi diukur berdasarkan tujuh domain kecerdasan emosi bermula dari 0 – 100 bagi menggambarkan kedudukan kecerdasan emosi mereka. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa indeks kecerdasan emosi pelajar–pelajar yang dikaji ialah 76.02, iaitu berada di bahagian bawah kuartil keempat. Profil kecerdasan emosi bagi keseluruhan sampel mendapati terdapat tiga domain yang memperoleh skor kurang dari 75 peratus, iaitu domain–domain regulasi kendiri, kemahiran sosial dan kesedaran kendiri. Justeru, ketiga–tiga domain ini perlu diberi perhatian untuk meningkatkan kecerdasan emosi mereka secara keseluruhan. Kertas ini juga melaporkan profil kecerdasan emosi mengikut tingkatan, jantina dan lokasi sekolah.

Kata kunci: Kecerdasan emosi; perkembangan emosi; remaja

Empirical research on emotional intelligence has uncovered the relationship between emotional intelligence and students’ behavior. Concomitantly, reports in the media regarding events that are related to emotional outburst among the students raised an issue about students’ level of emotional intelligent. This study aims to identify emotional intelligence quotient among secondary school students. Additionally, this study also aims to describe their emotional intelligence profile. Sample of the study consisted of 513 form two and form four students from four schools in Selangor and Negeri Sembilan. Malaysian Emotional Quotient Inventory for adolescene (MEQI–A) was administered to determine the emotional quotient of the respondent. The EQ index was calculated based on the seven domains and ranging from 0 – 100 to describe individual’s emotional intelligence. Results of the study showed emotional intelligence index of the respondents at 76.02 that is in the lower part of the fourth quartile. The emotional intelligence profile for the whole sampel showed respondents scored less than 75 percent in three domains namely the domain of self–regulation, social skills and self awareness. Thus, these domains should be addressed accordingly in order to increase students’ emotional intelligence as a whole. This paper also reported the profile of emotional intelligence according to form, gender and school location.

Key words: Emotional intelligence; emotional development; adolescence
Perhubungan Antara Stesen Kerja Ergonomik dan Stres: Kajian Terhadap Operator Pengeluaran di Organisasi Multinasional di Malaysia
Authors: Mohamed Makhbul Zafir , Idrus Durrishah , Abdul Rani Mat Rebi
Published: January 2013

Penyelidikan ini bertujuan mengkaji perhubungan di antara faktor stesen kerja ergonomik dan akibat stres. Sampel seramai lima ratus operator pengeluaran telah dipilih daripada sebelas organisasi perkilangan elektronik yang berdaftar dengan Malaysian International Chamber of Commerce and Industry (MICCI) dengan menggunakan kaedah persampelan rawak berstrata berkadaran. Kaedah soal selidik telah digunakan dalam proses pengumpulan data kajian ini. Penemuan utama menunjukkan reka bentuk stesen kerja ergonomik merupakan strategi penting dalam meminimumkan akibat stres dalam organisasi. Analisis korelasi Pearson mengukuhkan kenyataan ini dengan menunjukkan kesemua faktor stesen kerja ergonomik mempunyai kekuatan hubungan yang signifikan dengan akibat stres. Analisis regresi linear berbilang menunjukkan faktor kesihatan, reka bentuk ruang kerja, kerja syif, sistem pengudaraan dan tempoh masa bekerja mempunyai hubungan signifikan dengan akibat stres. Komponen stesen kerja ergonomik pula membuktikan bahawa faktor manusia dan persekitaran mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan akibat stres.

Kata kunci: Ergonomik; stres; operator pengeluaran; stesen kerja; organisasi multinasional

This study aims to examine the relationship between ergonomics workstation factors and the work stress outcomes. Five hundred samples of manufacturing operators were derived from eleven manufacturing electronics organizations which were registered with Malaysian International Chamber of Commerce and Industry (MICCI) by using proportionate stratified random sampling. Questionnaires were used for the data collection process. The major finding shows that ergonomically designed workstation is an important strategy in minimizing the work stress outcomes in organizations. These findings have been supported by the Pearson correlation analysis which shows that all ergonomics workstation factors have high significant correlation with the work stress outcomes. The multiple regression analysis shows health, work area design, work shift, humidity system and working hours factors have significant relationship with work stress outcomes. Furthermore, ergonomics workstation components proved that the human and environment factors have significant relationship with the work stress outcomes.

Key words: Ergonomics, stress, manufacturing operator, workstation, multinational organizations
Pelaksanaan ISO 9000: Pengajaran dari Kajian Lalu
Authors: Jusoh Ahmad , Mohd Yatim Shafuddin
Published: January 2013

Kertas ini mengulas isu pelaksanaan sistem pengurusan kualiti dalam sesebuah organisasi. Penerangan am berkaitan ISO 9000 diberikan untuk memberikan kefahaman awal. Perbincangan dimulakan dengan analisis tumpuan dalam kajian sebelum ini. Lanjutan daripada itu, perbincangan dan ulasan akhirnya tertumpu kepada isu pelaksanaan ISO 9000, motif pensijilan dan kesan ke atas prestasi organisasi. Perbincangan dan ulasan yang dibuat adalah bersandarkan kepada dapatan kajian–kajian empirikal lalu. Pengajaran yang dapat dicungkil daripada perbincangan dan ulasan tersebut ialah pelaksanaan ISO 9000 mestilah dibuat atas dasar penambahbaikan kualiti bagi menikmati kesan positif yang berganda dalam jangka panjang.

Kata kunci: ISO 9000; prestasi organisasi; pengurusan kualiti menyeluruh; jaminan kualiti; kepuasan pelanggan

This paper comments on the issue of quality management system implementation in an organization. General explanation on ISO 9000 is given to provide basic understanding on the subject. Analysis of the focus of studies in previous research was done to initiate the discussion. The following discussions and comments are focused on the issue of ISO 9000 implementation, certification motives and its impact on the performance of an organization. The discussions and comments are based on previous empirical findings. Finally, the lesson that can be learned from previous empirical research is that in order to gain positive impact in the long run, ISO 9000 should be implemented for quality improvement.

Key words: ISO 9000; organization performance; total quality management; quality assurance; customer satisfaction
Orientasi Kepimpinan Pengetua Sekolah Menengah di Johor: Satu Analisis
Authors: Mohd. Tahir Lokman , Sidin Robiah
Published: January 2013

Pengetua perlu mengamalkan kepemimpinan yang berkualiti kerana proses kepemimpinan adalah penentu kepada kecemerlangan sekolah. Tujuan umum kajian ini dilakukan adalah untuk menentukan kepemimpinan utama pengetua sekolah menengah di negeri Johor. Objektif khusus kajian adalah untuk menerangkan kepemimpinan utama bersandarkan Model Kepemimpinan Bolman dan Deal (1991) terdiri dari empat gaya kepemimpinan, iaitu kepemimpinan sumber manusia, simbolik, politik dan struktural. Di samping itu, kajian juga cuba menjelaskan sama ada kepemimpinan pengetua mempunyai kesan terhadap komitmen guru terhadap sekolah. Kajian dilaksanakan di 35 buah sekolah menengah di negeri Johor merangkumi Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan (bandar dan luar bandar), Sekolah Menengah Teknik, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama, Sekolah Berasrama Penuh dan Sekolah Sukan. Sejumlah 1,705 orang guru dan 34 orang pengetua dipilih melalui persampelan berstrata. Data kajian dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan Regresi Berganda. Kajian mendapati kepemimpinan sumber manusia dinilai sebagai gaya kepemimpinan yang paling kerap diamalkan di samping kepemimpinan struktural. Sebaliknya, kepemimpinan politik merupakan gaya kepemimpinan yang paling jarang digunakan. Kajian juga mendapati kepemimpinan pengetua turut memberi kesan kepada komitmen guru terhadap sekolah.

Kata kunci: Pengetua sekolah; kepemimpinan utama; gaya kepemimpinan; model kepemimpinan Bolman dan Deal (1991)

Principals have to perform effective leadership because leadership plays a vital role in school’s excellence. The general aim of this study is to ascertain the leadership styles practised by the principals; specifically, to develop understanding of the various leadership styles based on the Bolman and Deal Four Frames Leadership Model. This model presents four leadership styles: the human resource, structural, political and symbolic. In addition, this study also seeks to understand if principals’ leadership styles have any impact on teachers’ commitment to the schools. Thirty five secondary schools in Johore that were categorized as technical, religious, boarding, urban and rural-located schools and sports school participate in the study. A total of 1,705 teachers and 34 principals were selected through stratified sampling method as respondents for this study. Research data were analysed using descriptive statistic and multiple regressions. The study proves that the human resource style is the most commonly practised by the principals, in contrast to the political style which is the least preferred. This study also shows that principals’ leadership style does have an impact on teachers’ commitment towards the schools.

Key words: School principals; main leadership style; leadership style; Bolman & Deal (1991) leadership model; teachers’ commitment
Kesediaan Pelajar Tingkatan Empat Mempelajari Mata Pelajaran Pengajian Kejuruteraan Awam
Authors: Hamdan Abdul Rahim , Musa Nor Hidayah
Published: January 2013

Kajian ini dijalankan bagi menentukan kesediaan pelajar dari aspek minat, kemahiran bahasa Inggeris dan pengetahuan sedia ada dalam mempelajari mata pelajaran Pengajian Kejuruteraan Awam di Sekolah Menengah Teknik Seri Iskandar. Kajian deskriptif berbentuk tinjauan ini melibatkan sampel kajian yang terdiri daripada 78 orang pelajar tingkatan empat sesi 2007 yang mengambil Jurusan Kejuruteraan Awam. Instrumen kajian yang digunakan dalam kajian ini ialah soal selidik. Nilai kebolehpercayaan instrumen kajian ini adalah α = 0.906. Data–data mentah dianalisis menggunakan Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences 13.0 (SPSS) untuk mendapatkan frekuensi, peratus dan min. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa kesediaan pelajar dari aspek minat, kemahiran bahasa Inggeris dan pengetahuan sedia ada dalam mempelajari mata pelajaran Pengajian Kejuruteran Awam di Sekolah Menengah Teknik Seri Iskandar berada pada tahap yang sederhana. Hasil ujian–t pula menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbezaan minat dan kemahiran bahasa Inggeris antara pelajar lelaki dan perempuan dalam mempelajari mata pelajaran Pengajian Kejuruteraan Awam. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat perbezaan pengetahuan sedia ada antara pelajar lelaki dan perempuan dalam mempelajari mata pelajaran Pengajian Kejuruteraan Awam. Dapatan kajian ini boleh dijadikan asas kepada pihak sekolah, Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri (JPN) dan Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (KPM) untuk membantu pelajar dalam mengikuti mata pelajaran ini serta dalam mata pelajaran teknikal yang lain.

Kata kunci: Kesediaan; minat; kemahiran; pengetahuan sedia ada

This research was carried out to study the student’s readiness in the aspect of interest, English Language skills and the prior knowledge towards learning in Civil Engineering Studies at Menengah Teknik Seri Iskandar. This descriptive reseoafrch involved 78 responden of form four students in the session of 2007 who enrolled in the Civil Engineering Course. Questionnaire was used as an instrument in this research with the reliability at α = 0.906. Raw data was analyzed by using Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences 13.0 (SPSS) in order to get the frequency, percentage and mean of the data. The result shows that the student’s readiness towards learning in Civil Engineering Studies at Sekolah Menengah Teknik Seri Iskandar were at a medium level in the aspect of interest, English Language skills and their prior knowledge. Result of t–test shows that, there are no different between genders in the aspect of interest and English Language skills towards the learning in Civil Engineering Studies. On the other hand, there is a different between genders in the aspect of prior knowledge towards the learning of Civil Engineering Studies. It is hoped that the findings can be used as a guide for schools, State of Education Department (JPN) and Ministry of Education Malaysia (KPM) in order to help students that enrolled to this subject and as well as other technical subjects.

Key words: Readiness; interest; skills; prior knowledge
Impak Psikologi Guru Hasil Kepimpinan Pengetua
Authors: Mohd. Tahir Lokman , Yassin M. Al–Muzammil
Published: January 2013

Para sarjana pendidikan terutama di bidang kepemimpinan pendidikan berpendapat bahawa kepemimpinan pentadbir atau pengetua adalah pemacu utama dalam memberi motivasi serta rasa komited guru untuk mempertingkatkan produktiviti. Berkait isu tersebut, kajian ini dilaksanakan bermatlamat untuk meneliti tahap psikologi guru (kepercayaan dan komitmen) terhadap kepemimpinan sekolah hasil respons 200 orang guru sekolah menengah di daerah Batu Pahat. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa tahap kepercayaan guru terhadap pengetua adalah pada tahap sederhana walaupun tahap komitmen guru dicatatkan pada tahap yang tinggi. Dapatan ini membuktikan bahawa pengetua dianggap sebagai individu yang berkelayakan untuk mentadbir sekolah. Melalui kajian ini juga mampu dibuktikan bahawa kepemimpinan pengetua adalah pengaruh utama pembentukan tahap komitmen terhadap sekolah dan kepercayaan guru kepada sekolah.

Kata kunci: Kepercayaan; komitmen; guru; pengetua; orientasi kepemimpinan

Educational scholars especially in the area of educational leadership believe that school administrators and principals are the most important individuals in motivating and producing highly committed teachers in schools. In relation to this issue, this research was conducted to determine the psychological impacts (trust and commitment) of teachers as a result of principals’ leadership orientations. Respondents for this study were 200 teachers in two secondary schools in Batu Pahat, Johore. Findings showed that the level of trust among teachers towards the principals were at the average level while teachers’ commitment towards schools were ranked as high. This findings revealed evidences that school principals were the most trusted individuals in leading schools according to teachers’ perceptions. The results also proved that principals leadership orientations were potrayed as the significant preditor towards teachers’ commitment and levels of trust in school.

Key words: Trust; commitment; teachers; principals; leadership orientations