bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Males with Hypogonadism Cost-Effective? An Analysis in Sweden
Authors: Arver Stefan , Luong Ba , Fraschke Anina , Ghatnekar Ola , Stanisic Sanja , Gultyev Dmitry , Müller Elvira
Published: August 2013

Introduction

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been recommended for the treatment of primary and secondary hypogonadism. However, long-term implications of TRT have not been investigated extensively.

Aim

The aim of this analysis was to evaluate health outcomes and costs associated with life-long TRT in patients suffering from Klinefelter syndrome and late-onset hypogonadism (LOH).

Methods

A Markov model was developed to assess cost-effectiveness of testosterone undecanoate (TU) depot injection treatment compared with no treatment. Health outcomes and associated costs were modeled in monthly cycles per patient individually along a lifetime horizon. Modeled health outcomes included development of type 2 diabetes, depression, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications, and fractures. Analysis was performed for the Swedish health-care setting from health-care payer's and societal perspective. One-way sensitivity analyses evaluated the robustness of results.

Main Outcome Measures

The main outcome measures were quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and total cost in TU depot injection treatment and no treatment cohorts. In addition, outcomes were also expressed as incremental cost per QALY gained for TU depot injection therapy compared with no treatment (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio [ICER]).

Results

TU depot injection compared to no-treatment yielded a gain of 1.67 QALYs at an incremental cost of 28,176 EUR (37,192 USD) in the Klinefelter population. The ICER was 16,884 EUR (22,287 USD) per QALY gained. Outcomes in LOH population estimated benefits of TRT at 19,719 EUR (26,029 USD) per QALY gained. Results showed to be considerably robust when tested in sensitivity analyses. Variation of relative risk to develop type 2 diabetes had the highest impact on long-term outcomes in both patient groups.

Conclusion

This analysis suggests that lifelong TU depot injection therapy of patients with hypogonadism is a cost-effective treatment in Sweden. Hence, it can support clinicians in decision making when considering appropriate treatment strategies for patients with testosterone deficiency.
Successful Medical Treatment of Glans Ischemia After Voluntary Buprenorphine Injection
Authors: Brecheteau François , Grison Pierre , Abraham Pierre , Lebdai Souhil , Kemgang Steve , Souday Vincent , Nedelcu Cosmina , Culty Thibaut , Larré Stéphane , Azzouzi Abdel Rahmene , Bigot Pierre
Published: August 2013

Introduction

The diverted use of synthetic opioid buprenorphine by drug addicts can be responsible for serious ischemic and infectious complications, particularly in the case of intravenous injection.

Aim

We present a case of serious glans ischemia after buprenorphine injection directly into the deep dorsal vein of the penis. Analysis using new medical imaging techniques and treatments is detailed below.

Methods

A 26-year-old male drug addict presented with glans pain 4 days after self-injection of buprenorphine into the deep dorsal vein of the penis. The patient was apyretic and presented a urethral discharge. His glans was blue without discoloration on digital pressure. Additionally, his biologic and serologic tests were normal while bacteriology showed the presence of Enterobacter cloacae urethritis.

Results

After 48 hours of intravenous antibiotic treatment without improvement, a specific medical treatment using enoxaparin and ilomedin was initiated, with the assumption that there was an ischemic complication. Laser speckle contrast imaging allowed confirmation of the presence of distal penis ischemia and provided an accurate mapping of the ischemic zone. A 28-day treatment combining antibiotics, subcutaneous heparin at curative dose, antiplatelet drug, ilomedin, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy resulted in clinical improvement of the lesions with no functional complications.

Conclusions

To date, no consensus exists on the proper diagnostic and treatment approach to severe glans ischemia due to buprenorphine injection into the deep dorsal vein of the penis. The results of laser speckle contrast imaging were of real interest during the process of diagnosis. In addition, the combination of ilomedin with hyperbaric oxygen therapy and anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs appeared to be an effective therapy.
Comparison Between On-Demand Dosing of Dapoxetine Alone and Dapoxetine Plus Mirodenafil in Patients with Lifelong Premature Ejaculation: Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study
Authors: Lee Won Ki , Lee Seong Ho , Cho Sung Tae , Lee Yong Sung , Oh Cheol Young , Yoo Changhee , Cho Jin Seon , Lee Sang Kon , Yang Dae Yul
Published: August 2013

Introduction

There is partial evidence to support the use of phophodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE5-I) for the treatment of premature ejaculation (PE).

Aim

We compared on-demand dosing of dapoxetine alone and combined with mirodenafil in subjects with lifelong PE and without erectile dysfunction (ED).

Methods

Our prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial enrolled 118 subjects with lifelong PE without ED. PE was diagnosed using D  iagnostic and S  tatistical M  anual of M  ental D  isorders, fourth edition, text revision. Patients were divided into two groups: dapoxetine 30 mg plus placebo (group A, n = 56) and dapoxetine 30 mg plus mirodenafil 50 mg (group B, n = 62).

Main Outcome Measures

During 12 weeks, intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) and the time from foreplay to beginning intercourse (FTIT) with a stopwatch, and Premature Ejaculation Profile (PEP) were measured. Overall sexual act time (OSAT; sum of FTIT and IELT) was calculated. Any treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were also recorded.

Results

Over 12 weeks, IELT, OSAT, and PEP index score significantly improved in group B compared with group A (increased geometric mean IELT in group A and B = 3.6 and 6.1 minutes, P = 0.026; increased geometric mean OSAT in group A and B = 5.5 and 9.9 minutes, P = 0.012; increased median PEP index score in group A and B = 1.0 and 1.3, P = 0.046). However, there was no significant difference between two groups with respect to improvement of FTIT (P = 0.147). TEAEs did not differ between groups (all P > 0.05), and there was no serious adverse event in any subjects.

Conclusions

Low dose of dapoxetine combined with mirodenafil showed better results in terms of IELT, OSAT, and PEP index score, and similar TEAEs, compared with that of dapoxetine only. Our results support the suggestion that the PDE5-Is have a potential role in the treatment of PE without ED.
Does Male Circumcision Affect Sexual Function, Sensitivity, or Satisfaction?—A Systematic Review
Authors: Morris Brian J. , Krieger John N.
Published: August 2013

Introduction

Circumcision of males is commonly carried out worldwide for reasons of health, medical need, esthetics, tradition, or religion. Whether circumcision impairs or improves male sexual function or pleasure is controversial.

Aims

The study aims to conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature.

Methods

A systematic review of published articles retrieved using keyword searches of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases was performed.

Main Outcome Measures

The main outcome measure is the assessment of findings in publications reporting original data relevant to the search terms and rating of quality of each study based on established criteria.

Results

Searches identified 2,675 publications describing the effects of male circumcision on aspects of male sexual function, sensitivity, sensation, or satisfaction. Of these, 36 met our inclusion criteria of containing original data. Those studies reported a total of 40,473 men, including 19,542 uncircumcised and 20,931 circumcised. Rated by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network grading system, 2 were 1++ (high quality randomized controlled trials) and 34 were case-control or cohort studies (11 high quality: 2++; 10 well-conducted: 2+; 13 low quality: 2−). The 1++, 2++, and 2+ studies uniformly found that circumcision had no overall adverse effect on penile sensitivity, sexual arousal, sexual sensation, erectile function, premature ejaculation, ejaculatory latency, orgasm difficulties, sexual satisfaction, pleasure, or pain during penetration. Support for these conclusions was provided by a meta-analysis. Impairment in one or more parameters was reported in 10 of the 13 studies rated as 2−. These lower-quality studies contained flaws in study design (11), selection of cases and/or controls (5), statistical analysis (4), and/or data interpretation (6); five had multiple problems.

Conclusion

The highest-quality studies suggest that medical male circumcision has no adverse effect on sexual function, sensitivity, sexual sensation, or satisfaction.
Intermittent fasting during Ramadan: does it affect sleep?
Authors: BaHammam Ahmed S. , Almushailhi Khalid , Pandi‐Perumal Seithikurippu R. , Sharif Munir M.
Published: August 2013

Islamic intermittent fasting is distinct from regular voluntary or experimental fasting. We hypothesised that if a regimen of a fixed sleep–wake schedule and a fixed caloric intake is followed during intermittent fasting, the effects of fasting on sleep architecture and daytime sleepiness will be minimal. Therefore, we designed this study to objectively assess the effects of Islamic intermittent fasting on sleep architecture and daytime sleepiness. Eight healthy volunteers reported to the Sleep Disorders Centre on five occasions for polysomnography and multiple sleep latency tests: (1) during adaptation; (2) 3 weeks before Ramadan, after having performed Islamic fasting for 1 week (baseline fasting); (3) 1 week before Ramadan (non‐fasting baseline); (4) 2 weeks into Ramadan (Ramadan); and (5) 2 weeks after Ramadan (non‐fasting; Recovery). Daytime sleepiness was assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the multiple sleep latency test. The participants had a mean age of 26.6 ± 4.9 years, a body mass index of 23.7 ± 3.5 kg m−2 and an Epworth Sleepiness Scale score of 7.3 ± 2.7. There was no change in weight or the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in the four study periods. The rapid eye movement sleep percentage was significantly lower during fasting. There was no difference in sleep latency, non‐rapid eye movement sleep percentage, arousal index and sleep efficiency. The multiple sleep latency test analysis revealed no difference in the sleep latency between the ‘non‐fasting baseline’, ‘baseline fasting’, ‘Ramadan’ and ‘Recovery’ time points. Under conditions of a fixed sleep–wake schedule and a fixed caloric intake, Islamic intermittent fasting results in decreased rapid eye movement sleep with no impact on other sleep stages, the arousal index or daytime sleepiness.
Modified spleen stiffness measurement by transient elastography is associated with presence of large oesophageal varices in patients with compensated hepatitis C virus cirrhosis
Authors: Calvaruso V. , Bronte F. , Conte E. , Simone F. , Craxì A. , Di Marco V.
Published: August 2013

To evaluate the accuracy of liver transient elastography (TE), spleen TE and other noninvasive tests (AAR, APRI score, platelet count, platelet/spleen ratio) in predicting the presence and the size of oesophageal varices in compensated hepatitis C virus (HCV) cirrhosis, we studied 112 consecutive patients with compensated HCV cirrhosis who underwent biochemical tests, gastrointestinal endoscopy, liver TE and spleen TE by Fibroscan® (Echosens, Paris, France) using a modified software version with a range between 1.5 and 150 kPa. Spleen TE was not reliable in 16 patients (14.3%). Among the 96 patients with a valid measurement (69.8% men, mean age: 63.2 ± 9.5 years), 43.7% had no oesophageal varices, 29.2% had grade 1% and 27.1% had grade 2 or grade 3 oesophageal varices. Patients with values of 75 kPa by standard spleen TE had mean values of modified spleen TE of 117 kPa (range: 81.7–149.5). Linear regression revealed a significant correlation between modified spleen TE and oesophageal varix size (r = 0.501; beta: 0.763, SE: 0.144; P < 0.001). On univariate analysis, the variables associated with grade 2/grade 3 oesophageal varices were AAR score, APRI score, platelet/spleen ratio, liver TE and modified spleen TE. On multivariate analysis, only modified spleen TE (OR: 1.026; 95% CI: 1.007–1.046; P = 0.006) and AAR (OR: 14.725; 95% CI: 1.928–112.459; P = 0.010) remained independently associated with grade 2/grade 3 oesophageal varices. Platelet/spleen ratio was the best predictor of oesophageal varices area under the ROC curve (AUROC: 0.763, cut‐off: 800, sensitivity: 74%, specificity: 70%), while modified spleen TE was more accurate in predicting grade 2/grade 3 oesophageal varices (AUROC: 0.82, cut‐off: 54.0 kPa, sensitivity: 80%, specificity: 70%). Portal hypertension increases spleen stiffness, and the measurement of modified spleen TE is an accurate, noninvasive tool for predicting the presence of large oesophageal varices in patients with compensated HCV cirrhosis.
Canine hepacivirus is not associated with chronic liver disease in dogs
Authors: Bexfield N. H. , Watson P. J. , Heaney J. , Heeney J. L. , Tiley L.
Published: August 2013

Canine hepacivirus (CHV) has recently been identified in liver and respiratory tract samples from dogs, and comparative phylogenetic analysis has confirmed it to be the closest genetic relative of hepatitis C virus (HCV) described to date. CHV offers great potential as a model system for HCV, but only if the underlying processes of infection and pathogenesis are similar for both viruses. However, it is not yet clear if CHV is hepatotrophic. Canine chronic hepatitis (CH) is a common and usually idiopathic disease that shares similar histological features to that of HCV infection of humans. To date, no study has attempted to determine whether CHV is involved in the aetiology of liver disease in dogs. We employed two nested PCR assays, using primers targeting regions of the helicase domain of CHV NS3, to identify viral nucleic acids in liver samples from 100 dogs with CH of unknown cause in the UK. We also used a sensitive luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay to screen serum samples from these dogs for the presence of anti‐CHV antibodies. Surprisingly, there was no evidence of exposure to, or a carrier state of, CHV in this large cohort, suggesting that the virus is not associated with CH in UK dogs. Future work, including transmission studies, is required to understand the pathogenesis of CHV in canids before it can be proposed as a surrogate model for HCV‐induced liver disease in man.
Pharmacokinetics and effect of intravenous nalbuphine in weaned Holstein calves after surgical castration
Authors: Coetzee J. F. , Lechtenberg K. F. , Stock M. L. , KuKanich B.
Published: August 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and effect of nalbuphine administered intravenously to calves immediately prior to surgical castration. Ten healthy calves were randomly assigned to two treatments (n = 5): (i) 0.9% sodium chloride (CONT) placebo, (ii) nalbuphine hydrochloride (NAL) (0.4 mg/kg). Blood samples collected over 10 h postcastration were analyzed for nalbuphine and cortisol concentrations. Additionally, heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and step count was compared between groups using a random‐effects mixed model. Changes in behavior and attitude were assessed using a six‐point ordinal scoring system and compared using chi‐square analysis. Plasma NAL concentrations were only detectable for 3 h postadministration (T½ = 0.68 h; Range: 0.53–0.79 h). There was no effect of NAL treatment prior to castration on cortisol concentrations (P = 0.99), heart rate (P = 0.73), respiratory rate (P = 0.59), rectal temperature (P = 0.22), and step count (P = 0.08) but fewer calves showed signs of head shaking, kicking, and tail flicking in the NAL group compared with the CONT group (P = 0.036). Therefore, we conclude that a single intravenous injection of nalbuphine at 0.4 mg/kg reduced some pain‐related behaviors but did not significantly eliminate the physiological signs of distress in calves after surgical castration.
Impact of coffee on liver diseases: a systematic review
Authors: Saab Sammy , Mallam Divya , Cox Gerald A. , Tong Myron J.
Published: August 2013

Coffee is one of the most commonly consumed beverages in the world. Its health benefits including improved overall survival have been demonstrated in a variety of disease states. To examine the association of coffee consumption with liver disease, a systematic review of studies on the effects of coffee on liver associated laboratory tests, viral hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was performed. Coffee consumption was associated with improved serum gamma glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase values in a dose dependent manner in individuals at risk for liver disease. In chronic liver disease patients who consume coffee, a decreased risk of progression to cirrhosis, a lowered mortality rate in cirrhosis patients, and a lowered rate of HCC development were observed. In chronic hepatitis C patients, coffee was associated with improved virologic responses to antiviral therapy. Moreover, coffee consumption was inversely related to the severity of steatohepatitis in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, in patients with chronic liver disease, daily coffee consumption should be encouraged.
Nature and degree of aqueous alteration in CM and CI carbonaceous chondrites
Authors: Takir Driss , Emery Joshua P. , Mcsween Harry Y. , Hibbitts Charles A. , Clark Roger N. , Pearson Neil , Wang Alian
Published: August 2013

We investigated the petrologic, geochemical, and spectral parameters that relate to the type and degree of aqueous alteration in nine CM chondrites and one CI (Ivuna) carbonaceous chondrite. Our underlying hypothesis is that the position and shape of the 3 μm band is diagnostic of phyllosilicate mineralogy. We measured reflectance spectra of the chondrites under dry conditions (elevated temperatures) and vacuum (10−8 to 10−7 torr) to minimize adsorbed water and mimic the space environment, for subsequent comparison with reflectance spectra of asteroids. We have identified three spectral CM groups in addition to Ivuna. “Group 1,” the least altered group as determined from various alteration indices, is characterized by 3 μm band centers at longer wavelengths, and is consistent with cronstedtite (Fe‐serpentine). “Group 3,” the most altered group, is characterized by 3 μm band centers at shorter wavelengths and is consistent with antigorite (serpentine). “Group 2” is an intermediate group between group 1 and 3. Ivuna exhibits a unique spectrum that is distinct from the CM meteorites and is consistent with lizardite and chrysotile (serpentine). The petrologic and geochemical parameters, which were determined using electron microprobe analyses and microscopic observations, are found to be consistent with the three spectral groups. These results indicate that the distinct parent body aqueous alteration environments experienced by these carbonaceous chondrites can be distinguished using reflectance spectroscopy. High‐quality ground‐based telescopic observations of Main Belt asteroids can be expected to reveal not just whether an asteroid is hydrated, but also details of the alteration state.
Systemic use of non‐biologic agents in orofacial diseases: other immunomodulatory agents
Authors: Georgakopoulou EA , Scully C
Published: August 2013

Systemic non‐biologic agents have long been in clinical use in medicine – often with considerable efficacy, albeit with some adverse effects – as with all medications. With the advent of biologic agents, all of which currently are restricted to systemic use, there is a growing need to ensure which agents have the better therapeutic ratio. The non‐biologic agents (NBAs) include a range of agents, most importantly the corticosteroids (steroids). Previous articles by us in this series have discussed systemic use of corticosteroids and purine synthesis inhibitors; the other immunomodulating agents (calcineurin inhibitors, thalidomide, dapsone, colchicine and cyclophosphamide) are reviewed in this final article.
Distal Radius Fractures: An Epidemiological Review
Authors: Koo Kevin O T , Tan David M K , Chong Alphonsus K S
Published: August 2013

Objective

Distal radius fractures are among the most common fractures encountered in clinical practice. Although multiple epidemiological studies have been done in Western populations, there is a lack of data within Asia. Our study aims to fill this knowledge gap.

Methods

This study included all patients aged 16 years and above with distal radius fractures seen between November 2008 and May 2009 by the Department of Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery at the Singapore National University Hospital. A retrospective analysis was done. Information captured included clinical data, hand dominance, AO classification of fractures, mechanism of injury, associated injuries as well as treatment modalities.

Results

Of the 431 fractures, 238 were males, 181 were females. These fractures occur at all ages, peaking at the 50 to 60 years age group. The peak incidence of distal radius fractures in females occurred in the perimenopausal age group, whereas the incidence for males peaked between age of 30 to 50. By AO classification, 53% were type A; 13% were type B and 32% were type C. A fall on the outstretched hand from a standing position is the most common mechanism of injury. As the intensity of the injury mechanism increased, the percentage of type C fractures increased correspondingly. Older patients were more likely to be treated conservatively compared to younger patients. AO severity classification correlated well with the clinician's decision to surgically fix the fracture. No correlation between hand dominancy and fracture site found was found.

Conclusion

We compared our data with that of previous similar studies, and found similarities as well as differences in results. Nevertheless, the epidemiogical data gathered in this study has added to our knowledge of distal radius fractures in an Asian population.
Whole‐spine Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Healthy Chinese Adolescents
Authors: Lao Li‐feng , Chen Zheng‐guang , Qiu Gui‐xing , Shen Jian‐xiong
Published: August 2013

Objective

To establish a preliminary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) database of whole spine of healthy Chinese adolescents.

Methods

MRI examination of whole spine and hindbrain was performed in 41 enrolled students aged 11–17 years (mean age 13.95; 18 males, 23 females) using a 1.5‐T MR Scanner. Measurements of the ratio of anteroposterior (AP) and transverse (TS) diameters of the cord, cerebellar tonsillar level related to the basion‐opsithion (BO) line, location of conus medullaris, total cord length, total vertebral length, cord/vertebral length ratio, thoracic cord area, thoracic vertebral area, thoracic cord/vertebral area ratio were obtained.

Results

Mean values of cervical AP and TS were 6.63 mm and 12.21 mm, respectively. The mean level of cerebellar tonsillar related to BO line was 3.97 mm. Mean level of conus medullaris located in L1 lower 1/3. Total cord length was 399.34 mm, total vertebral length was 529.49 mm, Cord/vertebral length ratio was 0.75 and thoracic cord/vertebral area ratio was 0.17 on average. Vertebral length was correlated with age (r = 0.352, P = 0.024) whereas cord length and their ratio were not (P > 0.05). Compared with female, male had significantly larger cervical AP and TS, longer cervical cord (P < 0.01), higher position of conus medullaris (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

MRI is a useful tool for assessment of the whole spine. The longitudinal and cross‐sectional morphology of spinal cord in healthy Chinese adolescents may benefit further study of spine cord in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis as well as in other spine diseases.
Effect of the Blood HbA1c Level on Surgical Treatment Outcomes of Diabetics with Ankle Fractures
Authors: Liu Jiayong , Ludwig Todd , Ebraheim Nabil A.
Published: August 2013

Objective

To investigate whether blood haemoglobin A 1c (HbA1c) levels was predicative of diabetic patients' responsiveness to surgical treatment of ankle fractures.

Methods

The relationship between blood HbA1c levels and surgical treatment outcomes of 21 diabetic patients undergoing open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) for ankle fractures was analyzed with Pearson correlation testing and t testing. All patients were treated with ORIF using standard surgical techniques. Treatment outcomes were defined using radiological outcome, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS) ankle‐hindfoot scale score, surgical revision rate, and complication rate.

Results

HbA1c levels were found to have a statistically significant correlation with poor radiological outcomes (r = 0.547) and AOFAS ankle‐hindfoot scores (r = −0.592). Additionally, though rates of poor radiological outcome, revision, and complication were high in the diabetic population as a whole, these rates were considerably higher among individuals with elevated HbA1c (≥6.5%) and considerably lower among individuals with lower HbA1c (<6.5%) levels.

Conclusion

Blood HbA1c levels appear to be predictive of risk and complication rates in the surgical treatment outcomes of diabetic patients with ankle fractures.
Deciphering the metabolic pathways influencing heat and cold responses during post‐harvest physiology of peach fruit
Authors: LAUXMANN MARTIN A. , BORSANI JULIA , OSORIO SONIA , LOMBARDO VERÓNICA A. , BUDDE CLAUDIO O. , BUSTAMANTE CLAUDIA A. , MONTI LAURA L. , ANDREO CARLOS S. , FERNIE ALISDAIR R. , DRINCOVICH MARÍA F. , LARA MARÍA V.
Published: August 2013

Peaches are highly perishable and deteriorate quickly at ambient temperature. Cold storage is commonly used to prevent fruit decay; however, it affects fruit quality causing physiological disorders collectively termed ‘chilling injury’ (CI). To prevent or ameliorate CI, heat treatment is often applied prior to cold storage. In the present work, metabolic profiling was performed to determine the metabolic dynamics associated with the induction of acquired CI tolerance in response to heat shock. ‘Dixiland’ peach fruits exposed to 39 °C, cold stored, or after a combined treatment of heat and cold, were compared with fruits ripening at 20 °C. Dramatic changes in the levels of compatible solutes such as galactinol and raffinose were observed, while amino acid precursors of the phenylpropanoid pathway were also modified due to the stress treatments, as was the polyamine putrescine. The observed responses towards temperature stress in peaches are composed of both common and specific response mechanisms to heat and cold, but also of more general adaptive responses that confer strategic advantages in adverse conditions such as biotic stresses. The identification of such key metabolites, which prime the fruit to cope with different stress situations, will likely greatly accelerate the design and the improvement of plant breeding programs.
Rapid hydraulic recovery in Eucalyptus pauciflora after drought: linkages between stem hydraulics and leaf gas exchange
Authors: MARTORELL SEBASTIÀ , DIAZ‐ESPEJO ANTONIO , MEDRANO HIPÓLITO , BALL MARILYN C. , CHOAT BRENDAN
Published: August 2013

In woody plants, photosynthetic capacity is closely linked to rates at which the plant hydraulic system can supply water to the leaf surface. Drought‐induced embolism can cause sharp declines in xylem hydraulic conductivity that coincide with stomatal closure and reduced photosynthesis. Recovery of photosynthetic capacity after drought is dependent on restored xylem function, although few data exist to elucidate this coordination. We examined the dynamics of leaf gas exchange and xylem function in Eucalyptus pauciflora seedlings exposed to a cycle of severe water stress and recovery after re‐watering. Stomatal closure and leaf turgor loss occurred at water potentials that delayed the extensive spread of embolism through the stem xylem. Stem hydraulic conductance recovered to control levels within 6 h after re‐watering despite a severe drought treatment, suggesting an active mechanism embolism repair. However, stomatal conductance did not recover after 10 d of re‐watering, effecting tighter control of transpiration post drought. The dynamics of recovery suggest that a combination of hydraulic and non‐hydraulic factors influenced stomatal behaviour post drought.
On the Limitations of Using Situational Judgment Tests to Measure Interpersonal Skills: The Moderating Influence of Employee Anger
Authors: Slaughter Jerel E. , Christian Michael S. , Podsakoff Nathan P. , Sinar Evan F. , Lievens Filip
Published: August 2013

Many authors have suggested that situational judgment tests (SJTs) are useful tools for assessing applicants because SJT items can be written to assess a number of job‐related knowledges, skills, abilities and other characteristics (KSAOs). However, SJTs may not be appropriate for measuring certain KSAOs for some applicants. We posit that using SJTs to measureinterpersonal skillsmay lead to invalid inferences about applicants with higher levels of angry hostility (AH), and thus, AH should moderate the relation between interpersonally oriented SJTs and job performance. Three studies, using samples of healthcare workers (n= 225), police officers (n= 54), and medical doctors (n= 92), provided support for hypotheses in that that relations between SJT scores and performance criteria were significantly weaker among employees higher in AH compared to those lower in AH. In addition, none of the other facets of neuroticism tested (self‐consciousness, anxiety, depression, immoderation, or vulnerability to stress) consistently moderated SJT validity, providing support for the uniqueness of AH. Implications for practice, and for future research studying the relations between interpersonal skills as measured by SJTs and job performance, are discussed.
Does Family Life Help to be a Better Leader? A Closer Look at Crossover Processes From Leaders to Followers
Authors: Ten Brummelhuis Lieke L. , Haar Jarrod M. , Roche Maree
Published: August 2013

Although research on family‐to‐work processes is accumulating, not many studies have looked at how the leader's family issues spillover to work and what the consequences are for their followers. We investigate whether leaders’ family‐to‐work conflict (FWC) and enrichment (FWE) influence first their own well‐being at work (i.e., job burnout and work engagement) and consequently the well‐being of their followers due to crossover processes. We test whether crossover is due to the transfer of emotions from the leader to followers (affective crossover) or due to diminished or enhanced support from the leader (behavioral crossover). Using a sample of 199 leaders and 456 followers, we found that leader FWC (Time 1) was positively related to leader feelings of burnout 4 weeks later (Time 2), consequently enhancing follower feelings of burnout 5 weeks after Time 1 (Time 3). Similarly, leader FWE had a positive relationship with follower engagement, through leader enhanced engagement. Our findings fully supported the affective crossover mechanism. In addition, leader burnout was negatively related to leader supportive behavior, indirectly increasing burnout among followers. Our results underscore that leaders’ family life matters at work, influencing not only their own well‐being but also how they motivate and support their followers.
Photochemical Behavior and Photolysis of Protonated Forms of Levofloxacin
Authors: Polishchuk Anna , Emelina Tatyna , Karaseva Emilya , Cramariuc Oana , Chukharev Vladimir , Karasev Vladimir
Published: August 2013

The effect of intermolecular proton transfer on the spectral properties of levofloxacin in the ground and excited electronic states was studied. The preferred direction of possible protolytic reactions induced by UV irradiation in this compound was studied. It was found that the proton transfer processes have a considerable effect on the capability of the compound to emit light and occur on the nanosecond timescale. The photochemical reactions of the tree forms of levofloxacin (pH: 4.0, 7.0, 10.0) were studied by laser flash photolysis and product studies. Irradiation at pH 4 yielded a pulse and transient (λmax = 395, 515, 575 nm) assigned to the protonated triplet. Irradiation at pH 7 yielded a transient species (λmax = 525, 610 nm) assigned to the neutral form. Protonation of the anionic singlet excited state was also observed (λmax = 440, 570, 680 nm).
Effects of Laser Irradiation on Pulp Cells Exposed to Bleaching Agents
Authors: Lima Adriano F. , Basso Fernanda G. , Ribeiro Ana P. D. , Bagnato Vanderlei S. , Hebling Josimeri , Marchi Giselle M. , de Souza Costa Carlos A.
Published: August 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) on odontoblast‐like cells exposed to a bleaching agent. Mouse dental papilla cell‐23 cells were seeded in wells of 24‐well plates. Eight groups were established according to the exposure to the bleaching agent and LLLT (0, 4, 10 and 15 J cm−2). Enamel–dentin disks were adapted to artificial pulp chambers, which were individually placed in wells containing Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM). A bleaching agent (35% hydrogen peroxide [BA35%HP]) was applied on enamel (15 min) to obtain the extracts (DMEM + BA35%HP components diffused through enamel/dentin disks). The extracts were applied (1 h) to the cells, and then subjected to LLLT. Cell viability (Methyl tetrazolium assay), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, as well as gene expression of ALP, fibronectin (FN) and type I collagen, were evaluated. The bleaching procedures reduced the cell viability, ALP activity and gene expression of dentin proteins. Laser irradiation did not modulate the cell response; except for FN, as LLLT decreased the gene expression of this protein by the cells exposed to the BA35%HP. It can be concluded that BA35%HP decreased the activities of odontoblasts that were not recovered by the irradiation of the damaged cells with low‐level laser parameters tested.
Physiological aspects of raffinose family oligosaccharides in plants: protection against abiotic stress
Authors: ElSayed A. I. , Rafudeen M. S. , Golldack D.
Published: August 2013

Abiotic stresses resulting from water deficit, high salinity or periods of drought adversely affect plant growth and development and represent major selective forces during plant evolution. The raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are synthesised from sucrose by the subsequent addition of activated galactinol moieties donated by galactinol. RFOs are characterised as compatible solutes involved in stress tolerance defence mechanisms, although evidence also suggests that they act as antioxidants, are part of carbon partitioning strategies and may serve as signals in response to stress. The key enzyme and regulatory point in RFO biosynthesis is galactinol synthase (GolS), and an increase of GolS in expression and activity is often associated with abiotic stress. It has also been shown that different GolS isoforms are expressed in response to different types of abiotic stress, suggesting that the timing and accumulation of RFOs are controlled for each abiotic stress. However, the accumulation of RFOs in response to stress is not universal and other functional roles have been suggested for RFOs, such as being part of a carbon storage mechanism. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with increased galactinol and raffinose concentrations had better ROS scavenging capacity, while many sugars have been shown in vitro to have antioxidant activity, suggesting that RFOs may also act as antioxidants. The RFO pathway also interacts with other carbohydrate pathways, such as that of O‐methyl inositol (OMI), which shows that the functional relevance of RFOs must not be seen in isolation to overall carbon re‐allocation during stress responses.
Accuracy Loss Due to Selection Bias in Cohort Studies with Left Truncation
Authors: Schisterman Enrique F. , Cole Stephen R. , Ye Aijun , Platt Robert W.
Published: August 2013

Background

Selection is a common problem in paediatric and perinatal epidemiology, and truncation can be thought of as missing person time that can result in selection bias. Left truncation, also known as late or staggered entry, may induce selection bias and/or adversely affect precision. There are two kinds of left truncation: fixed left truncation where the start of follow‐up is initiated at a set time, and variable left truncation where follow‐up begins at a stochastically varying time‐point.

Methods

Using data from a time‐to‐pregnancy study, augmented by a simulation study, we demonstrate the effects of fixed and variable truncation on estimates of the hazard ratio.

Results

First, fixed or variable non‐differential left truncation results in a loss of precision. Fixed or variable differential left truncation results in a bias either towards or away from the null as well as a loss of precision. The extent and direction of this bias is a function of the size and direction of the association between exposure and outcome, and occurs in common scenarios and under a wide range of conditions.

Conclusions

As demonstrated in simulation studies, selection bias due to left truncation could have a serious impact on inferences, especially in the case of fixed or variable differential left truncation. When present in epidemiologic studies, proper accounting for left truncation is just as important as proper accounting for right censoring.
Cell adhesion proteins: roles in periodontal physiology and discovery by proteomics
Authors: Wang Yongqiang , Wang Qin , D. Arora Pamma , Rajshankar Dhaarmini , McCulloch Christopher A.
Published: August 2013

Adhesion molecules expressed by periodontal connective tissue cells are involved in cell migration, matrix remodeling and inflammatory responses to infection. Currently, the processes by which the biologic activity of these molecules are appropriately regulated in time and space to preserve tissue homeostasis, and to control inflammatory responses and tissue regeneration, are not defined. As cell adhesions are heterogeneous, dynamic, contain a complex group of interacting molecules and are strongly influenced by the type of substrate to which they adhere, we focus on how cell adhesions in periodontal connective tissues contribute to information generation and processing that regulate periodontal structure and function. We also consider how proteomic methods can be applied to discover novel cell‐adhesion proteins that could potentially contribute to the form and function of periodontal tissues.
Role of integrins in the periodontal ligament: organizers and facilitators
Authors: Barczyk Malgorzata , Bolstad Anne Isine , Gullberg Donald
Published: August 2013

The periodontal ligament is the tissue that connects teeth to bone. The periodontal ligament is a fascinating tissue from a cell biologist's point of view, and because of its special properties and stem‐cell content it has also come into the limelight in emerging fields of regenerative medicine. An increased range of genetically modified mouse models offer new tools for studying molecular mechanisms of tooth development. However, owing to species‐specific organization of the tooth apparatus, the use of genetic animal models to study the role of the periodontal ligament in normal human tooth physiology and tooth pathology is challenging.
Extracellular matrix mineralization in periodontal tissues: Noncollagenous matrix proteins, enzymes, and relationship to hypophosphatasia and X‐linked hypophosphatemia
Authors: McKee Marc D. , Hoac Betty , Addison William N. , Barros Nilana M. T. , Millán José L. , Chaussain Catherine
Published: August 2013

As broadly demonstrated for the formation of a functional skeleton, proper mineralization of periodontal alveolar bone and teeth – where calcium phosphate crystals are deposited and grow within an extracellular matrix – is essential for dental function. Mineralization defects in tooth dentin and cementum of the periodontium invariably lead to a weak (soft or brittle) dentition in which teeth become loose and prone to infection and are lost prematurely. Mineralization of the extremities of periodontal ligament fibers (Sharpey's fibers) where they insert into tooth cementum and alveolar bone is also essential for the function of the tooth‐suspensory apparatus in occlusion and mastication. Molecular determinants of mineralization in these tissues include mineral ion concentrations (phosphate and calcium), pyrophosphate, small integrin‐binding ligand N‐linked glycoproteins and matrix vesicles. Amongst the enzymes important in regulating these mineralization determinants, two are discussed at length here, with clinical examples given, namely tissue‐nonspecific alkaline phosphatase and phosphate‐regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome. Inactivating mutations in these enzymes in humans and in mouse models lead to the soft bones and teeth characteristic of hypophosphatasia and X‐linked hypophosphatemia, respectively, where the levels of local and systemic circulating mineralization determinants are perturbed. In X‐linked hypophosphatemia, in addition to renal phosphate wasting causing low circulating phosphate levels, phosphorylated mineralization‐regulating small integrin‐binding ligand N‐linked glycoproteins, such as matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein and osteopontin, and the phosphorylated peptides proteolytically released from them, such as the acidic serine‐ and aspartate‐rich‐motif peptide, may accumulate locally to impair mineralization in this disease.
Matrix mechanics and regulation of the fibroblast phenotype
Authors: Hinz Boris
Published: August 2013

The oral cavity hosts a variety of different fibroblast populations that are generally responsible for maintaining homeostasis of the soft connective tissue. In addition to regulating the turnover and structural arrangement of collagen and other proteins of the extracellular matrix, fibroblasts perform a number of specialized functions. Certain fibroblast subpopulations in the gingiva, oral mucosa and periodontal ligament serve as progenitor cells with multilineage differentiation and self‐renewal characteristics. In the periodontal ligament, fibroblasts further appear to function as mechanosensing entities that regulate collagen‐secretory and collagen‐remodeling activities according to the level of strain in the ligament. Mechanical challenge also plays an important role during the activation of periodontal fibroblasts in response to injury. Dysregulation of this activation process can lead either to poor healing and chronic wounds or to overly healed wounds with fibrosis. This review will elaborate on the roles of mechanical factors and mechanoperception in fibroblast activation, the molecular features of activated fibroblasts and the regulation mechanisms of fibroblast contraction. Pharmacological interference at each level is currently being pursued to improve the outcome of healing of injured periodontal tissue.
Expression of odontogenic ameloblast‐associated and amelotin proteins in the junctional epithelium
Authors: Nishio Clarice , Wazen Rima , Moffatt Pierre , Nanci Antonio
Published: August 2013

Two novel proteins – odontogenic ameloblast‐associated protein and amelotin – have recently been identified in maturation‐stage ameloblasts and in the junctional epithelium. This article reviews the structure and function of the junctional epithelium, the pattern of expression of odontogenic ameloblast‐associated and amelotin proteins and the potential involvement of these proteins in the formation and regeneration of the junctional epithelium.
Natural resolution of inflammation
Authors: Freire Marcelo O. , Van Dyke Thomas E.
Published: August 2013

Inflammation is a protective response essential for maintaining human health and for fighting disease. As an active innate immune reaction to challenge, inflammation gives rise to clinical cardinal signs: rubor, calor, dolor, tumor and functio laesa. Termination of acute inflammation was previously recognized as a passive process; a natural decay of pro‐inflammatory signals. We now understand that the natural resolution of inflammation involves well‐integrated, active, biochemical programs that return tissues to homeostasis. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the role of endogenous lipid mediators that modulate cellular fate and inflammation. Biosynthesis of eicosanoids and other lipids in exudates coincides with changes in the types of inflammatory cells. Resolution of inflammation is initiated by an active class switch in lipid mediators, such as classic prostaglandins and leukotrienes, to the production of proresolution mediators. Endogenous pro‐resolving lipid mediators, including arachidonic acid‐derived lipoxins, aspirin‐triggered lipoxins, ω3‐eicosapentaenoic acid‐derived resolvins of the E‐series, docosahexaenoic acid‐derived resolvins of the D‐series, protectins and maresins, are biosynthesized during the resolution phase of acute inflammation. Depending on the type of injury and the type of tissue, the initial cells that respond are polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes/macrophages, epithelial cells or endothelial cells. The selective interaction of specific lipid mediators with G protein‐coupled receptors expressed on innate immune cells (e.g. G protein‐coupled receptor 32, lipoxin A4 receptor/formyl peptide receptor2, chemokine‐like receptor 1, leukotriene B4 receptor type 1 and cabannoid receptor 2) induces cessation of leukocyte infiltration; vascular permeability/edema returns to normal with polymorphonuclear neutrophil death (mostly via apoptosis), the nonphlogistic infiltration of monocyte/macrophages and the removal (by macrophages) of apoptotic polymorphonuclear neutrophils, foreign agents (bacteria) and necrotic debris from the site. While an acute inflammatory response that is resolved in a timely manner prevents tissue injury, inadequate resolution and failure to return tissue to homeostasis results in neutrophil‐mediated destruction and chronic inflammation. A better understanding of the complex mechanisms of lipid agonist mediators, cell targets and actions allows us to exploit and develop novel therapeutic strategies to treat human inflammatory diseases, including periodontal diseases.
Information generation and processing systems that regulate periodontal structure and function
Authors: Bartold P. Mark , McCulloch Christopher A.
Published: August 2013

The periodontium is a very dynamic organ that responds rapidly to mechanical and chemical stimuli. It is very complex in that it is composed of two hard tissues (cementum and bone) and two soft connective tissues (periodontal ligament and gingiva). Together these tissues are defined by the molecules expressed by the resident periodontal cells in each compartment and this determines not only the structure and function of the periodontium but also how it responds to infection and inflammation. The biological activity of these molecules is tightly regulated in time and space to preserve tissue homeostasis, influence inflammatory responses and participate in tissue regeneration. In this issue of Periodontology 2000 we explore new experimental approaches and data sets which help to understand the molecules and cells that regulate tissue form and structure in health, disease and regeneration.