bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consensus and Disagreement in Atmospheric River Detection: ARTMIP Global Catalogues
Authors: Lora J. M. , Shields C. A. , Rutz J. J.
Published: October 2020

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) constitute an important mechanism for water vapor transport, but research on their characteristics and impacts has relied on a diverse assortment of detection methodologies, complicating comparisons. The AR Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP) provides a platform for comparing such methodologies, but analysis of ARTMIP catalogues has heretofore focused primarily on specific regions. Here we investigate ARs as detected by an ensemble of algorithms with global coverage. We find that the frequency of occurrence of the majority‐consensus ARs produces a robust distribution, featuring five hot spots over the extratropical oceans, against which we compare individual algorithm results. We further explore the underlying similarities and differences via two case studies of AR evolution. The dominant source of disagreement between detection methodologies globally consists of detections (or lack thereof) of weak features, and the algorithms otherwise tend to agree remarkably well on the footprints of ARs.
Rapid Landau Heating of Martian Topside Ionospheric Electrons by Large‐Amplitude Magnetosonic Waves
Authors: Su Zhenpeng , Liu Nigang , Gao Zhonglei , Wang Bin , Zheng Huinan , Wang Yuming , Wang Shui
Published: October 2020

Atmospheric escape is a fundamental process in the long‐term habitability evolution of terrestrial planets. Recent observations on Mars have found the concurrence of the severe ionospheric erosion and the large‐amplitude, quasi‐perpendicular magnetosonic waves. However, whether and then how these magnetosonic waves had contributed to the ionospheric erosion remains unclear. Here we propose a new candidate mechanism, electron Landau heating by magnetosonic waves, for the Martian ionospheric erosion. In contrast to the cyclotron resonance with oxygen atomic and molecular ions above the escape energies, the magnetosonic waves Landau‐resonate with the thermal electrons at energy channels of the order of 0.01–0.1 eV. Through the Landau resonance over tens of minutes, the large‐amplitude (12 nT) magnetosonic waves can heat the topside ionospheric electrons to ∼2 times the normal temperature. The topside ionospheric electron heating could result in the enhancement of the ambipolar electric potential and eventually facilitate the escape of ionospheric plasma.
Parametric Dependence of the Formation of Electron Butterfly Pitch Angle Distribution Driven by Magnetosonic Waves
Authors: Zhou Ruoxian , Fu Song , Ni Binbin , Hua Man , Yi Juan , Gu Xudong , Hu Zejun , Cao Xing , Xiang Zheng , Wang Qi , Ma Xin , Wang Jingzhi , He Ying
Published: October 2020

Using the full relativistic test particle (TP) simulation code, we investigate the parametric dependence of electron scattering and phase space density evolution driven by magnetosonic (MS) waves at L = 4.5 both inside and outside the plasmapause. The scattering effects caused by Landau resonance, bounce resonance, and the transit‐time effect are all involved in the study. The net scattering effects are evaluated in the form of diffusion coefficients with different combinations of MS wave parameters, such as frequency bandwidth and wave normal angle, and ambient plasma density. The results demonstrate that (1) Landau resonance and the transit‐time effect dominate the electron scattering inside and outside the plasmapause, respectively, while both are modulated by bounce resonant scattering; (2) bounce resonant scattering becomes more important with narrowband MS waves; (3) electron scattering induced by MS waves is highly sensitive to wave normal angle. The temporal phase space density (PSD) evolution obtained from 2‐D kinetic Fokker‐Planck simulations shows that MS waves with larger wave normal angles are more likely to generate electron butterfly pitch angle distributions (PADs) for hundreds of keV electrons outside the plasmapause. Our study suggests that the electron butterfly distribution has important implications for revealing the combined scattering of MS wave‐particle interactions, and the combination of the multiple scattering mechanisms should be carefully incorporated in future global modeling of radiation belt dynamics.
Statistical Study of Ion Upflow and Downflow Observed by PFISR
Authors: Ren Jiaen , Zou Shasha , Lu Jiayue , Giertych Naomi , Chen Yang , Varney Roger H. , Reimer Ashton S.
Published: October 2020

Ion upflow in the F region and topside ionosphere can greatly influence the ion density and fluxes at higher altitudes and thus has significant impact on ion outflow. We investigated the statistical characteristics of ion upflow and downflow using a 3‐year (2011–2013) data set from the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR). Ion upflow is twice more likely to occur on the nightside than on the dayside in PFISR observations, while downflow events occur more often in the afternoon sector. Upflow and downflow on the dayside tend to occur at altitudes ~500 km, higher than those on the nightside. Both upflow and downflow occur more frequently as ion convection speed increases. Upflow observed from 16 to 6 magnetic local time through midnight is associated with temperature and density enhancements. Occurrence rates of upflow on the nightside and downflow on the dayside increase with geomagnetic activity level. On the nightside, occurrence rate of ion upflow increases with enhanced solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) drivers as well as southwestward local magnetic perturbations. The lack of correlation of upflow on the dayside with the solar wind and IMF parameters is because PFISR is usually equatorward of the dayside auroral zone. Occurrence rate of downflow does not show strong dependence on the solar wind and IMF conditions. However, it occurs much more frequently on the dayside when the IMF By > 10 nT and the IMF Bz < −10 nT, which we suggest is associated with the decaying of the dayside storm‐enhanced density (SED) and the SED plume.
Superthermal Electron Deposition on the Mars Nightside During ICMEs
Authors: Xu Shaosui , Curry Shannon M. , Mitchell David L. , Luhmann Janet G. , Lillis Robert J. , Dong Chuanfei
Published: October 2020

Superthermal electron precipitation is one of the main sources supporting the Mars nightside ionosphere. It is expected that solar wind electron fluxes are to increase significantly during interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) and therefore an enhanced nightside ionospheric density. This study is to quantify the variation of the precipitating and deposited electron fluxes during five extreme ICMEs encountered by Mars Global Surveyor (MGS). We find that energy fluxes correlate better with the upstream dynamic pressure proxy than number fluxes and electron fluxes increase more at high energies, which means that electrons tend to have a lower peak production altitude during storm times. The precipitating and net/deposited fluxes are increased up to an order of magnitude from low to high dynamic pressures. The estimated total electron content (TEC) is a few times of 1014 m−2 for quiet times and on the order of 1015 m−2 for storm times, with an enhancement up to an order of magnitude locally near strong crustal fields. Crustal magnetic fields have an effect on the deposited fluxes with more prominent magnetic reflection over strong magnetic fields during quiet periods, which is significantly reduced during storm times. Lastly, we estimate a global energy input from downward fluxes of 1.1 × 108 and 5.5 × 108 W and the globally deposited energy from net fluxes of 2.0 × 107 and 1.6 × 108 W for quiet and storm time periods, a factor of 5 and 8 enhancement globally, respectively, but up to an order of magnitude locally near strong crustal fields.
The Effects of Solar Wind Structure on Nanodust Dynamics in the Inner Heliosphere
Authors: Poppe A. R. , Lee C. O.
Published: October 2020

Several interplanetary spacecraft have inferred the presence of nanometer‐sized dust grains in the inner heliosphere accelerated to near‐solar wind velocities based on observations by radio wave antennas. These “nanodust” grains exhibit unique behavior in interplanetary space as they are strongly affected by both the solar gravitational force and the electromagnetic Lorentz force from the convecting interplanetary magnetic field. Here, we study the dynamics of nanodust grains in the inner heliosphere via a combination of background electromagnetic fields from the coupled Wang‐Sheeley‐Arge/Enlil heliospheric model and a nanodust grain charging and dynamics model. The model results predict strong time variability in the nanodust velocity and flux distributions at 1 au within a single Carrington rotation (CR) driven by a combination of nanodust grain size, heliospheric current sheet tilt, and varying heliospheric plasma parameters. In contrast, the general character of nanodust dynamics does not drastically change from one CR to the next. Despite including observationally driven heliospheric plasma conditions, the modeled nanodust impact rates do not agree with in situ observations by the STEREO A and B WAVES instruments, especially with regard to CR‐to‐CR variability. We interpret this data‐model disagreement as evidence that additional time variability must be present in the production rate of nanodust grains in the inner heliosphere. We discuss possibilities for this time variability, including non‐steady‐state collisional cascades, variability in nanodust trapping regions, and the impulsive disruption of inner solar system comets and/or asteroids.
A Model of Failure and Localization of Basalt at Temperature and Pressure Conditions Spanning the Brittle‐Ductile Transition
Authors: Parisio Francesco , Lehmann Christoph , Nagel Thomas
Published: October 2020

Natural phenomena such as seismicity, volcanism, and fluid circulation in volcanic areas are influenced by the mechanical response of intact basalt. When subjected to a wide range of environmental loading conditions, basalt exhibits inelastic deformation characteristics ranging from brittle to ductile behavior. In this manuscript, we present a new constitutive model of basalt that spans the brittle‐ductile transition by covering a wide range of mean effective stress, temperature, and strain rate. The model has been implemented into the automatic constitutive model code generator MFront, which we have coupled with the finite element solver OpenGeoSys. The software employed for the computations is open source, accessible and offers a versatile solution to model thermomechanical failure of rocks. Within this framework, we have performed numerical simulations that highlight the localization of strains and stresses under triaxial compression. Predictions of the constitutive response, of the depth of the brittle‐ductile transition, and of the localization patterns are in agreement with laboratory and in situ observations. The results have important geophysical implications as they provide a constitutive basis that explains the mechanisms through which basalt can deform in a brittle fashion at temperatures above 600°C.
Multispectral sensing of biological liquids with hollow-core microstructured optical fibres
Authors: Ermatov Timur , Noskov Roman E. , Machnev Andrey A. , Gnusov Ivan , Аtkin Vsevolod , Lazareva Ekaterina N. , German Sergei V. , Kosolobov Sergey S. , Zatsepin Timofei S. , Sergeeva Olga V. , Skibina Julia S. , Ginzburg Pavel , Tuchin Valery V. , Lagoudakis Pavlos G. , Gorin Dmitry A.
Published: October 2020

The state of the art in optical biosensing is focused on reaching high sensitivity at a single wavelength by using any type of optical resonance. This common strategy, however, disregards the promising possibility of simultaneous measurements of a bioanalyte’s refractive index over a broadband spectral domain. Here, we address this issue by introducing the approach of in-fibre multispectral optical sensing (IMOS). The operating principle relies on detecting changes in the transmission of a hollow-core microstructured optical fibre when a bioanalyte is streamed through it via liquid cells. IMOS offers a unique opportunity to measure the refractive index at 42 wavelengths, with a sensitivity up to ~3000 nm per refractive index unit (RIU) and a figure of merit reaching 99 RIU−1 in the visible and near-infra-red spectral ranges. We apply this technique to determine the concentration and refractive index dispersion for bovine serum albumin and show that the accuracy meets clinical needs.
Targeting IL-3Rα on tumor-derived endothelial cells blunts metastatic spread of triple-negative breast cancer via extracellular vesicle reprogramming
Authors: Lopatina Tatiana , Grange Cristina , Cavallari Claudia , Navarro-Tableros Victor , Lombardo Giusy , Rosso Arturo , Cedrino Massimo , Pomatto Margherita Alba Carlotta , Koni Malvina , Veneziano Francesca , Castellano Isabella , Camussi Giovanni , Brizzi Maria Felice
Published: October 2020

The lack of approved targeted therapies highlights the need for new treatments for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. Interleukin-3 (IL-3) acts as an autocrine factor for tumor–endothelial cells (TEC), and exerts pro-angiogenic paracrine action via extracellular vesicles (EVs). IL-3Rα blockade on TEC changes TEC-EV (anti-IL-3R-EV) microRNA (miR) content and promotes the regression of established vessels. As TEC is the doorway for “drug” entry into tumors, we aimed to assess whether IL-3R blockade on TEC impacts tumor progression via its unique EV cargo. First, the expression of IL-3Rα was evaluated in 27 human TNBC samples. It was noticed that, besides TEC and inflammatory cells, tumor cells from 55.5% of the human TNBC samples expressed IL-3Rα. Using human TNBC cell lines for in vitro studies, we found that, unlike native TEC-EVs (nEVs), anti-IL-3R-EVs increase apoptosis and reduced cell viability and migration. In vivo, anti-IL-3R-EV treatment induced vessel regression in established tumors formed of MDA-MB-231 cells, decreased Vimentin, β-catenin, and TWIST1 expression, almost abolished liver and lung metastases from primary tumors, and reduced lung metastasis generated via the intravenous injection of MDA-MB-231 cells. nEVs depleted of miR-24-3p (antago-miR-24-3p-EVs) were effective as anti-IL-3R-EVs in downregulating TWIST1 and reducing metastatic lesions in vivo. Consistent with network analyses of miR-24-3p gene targeting, anti-IL-3R-EVs and antago-miR-24-3p-EVs upregulate SPRY2 in MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, SPRY2 silencing prevented anti-IL-3R-EV and antago-miR-24-3p-EV-mediated apoptotic cues.

Overall, these data provide the first evidence that IL-3Rα is highly expressed in TNBC cells, TEC, and inflammatory cells, and that IL-3Rα blockade on TEC impacts tumor progression.
The role of death domain proteins in host response upon SARS-CoV-2 infection: modulation of programmed cell death and translational applications
Authors: Ivanisenko Nikita V. , Seyrek Kamil , Kolchanov Nikolay A. , Ivanisenko Vladimir A. , Lavrik Inna N.
Published: October 2020

The current pandemic of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) poses a significant global public health threat. While urgent regulatory measures in control of the rapid spread of this virus are essential, scientists around the world have quickly engaged in this battle by studying the molecular mechanisms and searching for effective therapeutic strategies against this deadly disease. At present, the exact mechanisms of programmed cell death upon SARS-CoV-2 infection remain to be elucidated, though there is increasing evidence suggesting that cell death pathways play a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. There are several types of programmed cell death, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. These distinct programs are largely controlled by the proteins of the death domain (DD) superfamily, which play an important role in viral pathogenesis and host antiviral response. Many viruses have acquired the capability to subvert the program of cell death and evade the host immune response, mainly by virally encoded gene products that control cell signaling networks. In this mini-review, we will focus on SARS-CoV-2, and discuss the implication of restraining the DD-mediated signaling network to potentially suppress viral replication and reduce tissue damage.
Al-compatible boron-based electrolytes for rechargeable magnesium batteries
Authors: Ha Jung Hoon , Lee Boeun , Lee Minseok , Yim Taeeun , Oh Si Hyoung
Published: October 2020

Galvanic couple-assisted catalytic dissolution of Mg metal in dimethoxyethane containing tris(2H-hexafluoroisopropyl)borate leads to an efficient Al-compatible electrolyte for Mg batteries.
Quantum simulation of electronic structure with a transcorrelated Hamiltonian: improved accuracy with a smaller footprint on the quantum computer
Authors: Motta Mario , Gujarati Tanvi P. , Rice Julia E. , Kumar Ashutosh , Masteran Conner , Latone Joseph A. , Lee Eunseok , Valeev Edward F. , Takeshita Tyler Y.
Published: October 2020

Molecular quantum computing simulations are currently limited by the use of minimal Gaussian bases, a problem we overcome using a canonical transcorrelated Hamiltonian to accelerate basis convergence, with unitary coupled cluster as an example.
Few-layered tungsten selenide as a co-catalyst for visible-light-driven photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide for bacterial inactivation
Authors: Wang Wanjun , Gu Wenquan , Li Guiying , Xie Haojing , Wong Po Keung , An Taicheng
Published: October 2020

Few-layered tungsten selenide (WSe2) was used as a new co-catalyst to significantly promote photocatalytic H2O2 production, which can be coupled with Fenton reactions for pathogenic bacterial inactivation.
A highly sensitive and selective fluorescent turn-on chemosensor bearing a 7-diethylaminocoumarin moiety for the detection of cyanide in organic and aqueous solutions
Authors: Aydıner Burcu , Şahin Ömer , Çakmaz Deniz , Kaplan Gökhan , Kaya Kerem , Özdemir Ümmühan Özmen , Seferoğlu Nurgül , Seferoğlu Zeynel
Published: October 2020

Novel 7-diethylaminocoumarin based dyes showed high sensitivity and selectivity to cyanide anions in both organic and aqueous solutions, which was observed by a drastic increment in the emission intensity.
Synthesis of macrocyclic poly(α-hydroxyl acids) via DABCO-mediated ROP of O-carboxylanhydrides derived from l-phenylalanine even in the presence of an alcohol
Authors: Liang Jinpeng , Yin Ting , Han Song , Yang Jing
Published: October 2020

On exploration of a catalytic system including simple 1,4-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), triethylboron (TEB) and benzylalcohol (BnOH), a new pathway to achieve cyclic PAHAs was developed via ROP of OCAs.
AIPE-active Pt(ii) complexes with a tunable triplet excited state: design, mechanochromism and application in anti-counterfeiting
Authors: Zhu Senqiang , Hu Jinyang , Zhai Shengliang , Wang Yutian , Xu Zengchuang , Liu Rui , Zhu Hongjun
Published: October 2020

A series of AIPE-active Pt(ii) complexes exhibit tunable triplet excited state properties, mechanochromic behavior and potential application in anti-counterfeiting.
Highly efficient synergistic CO2 conversion with epoxide using copper polyhedron-based MOFs with Lewis acid and base sites
Authors: Gu Jiaming , Sun Xiaodong , Liu Xinyao , Yuan Yang , Shan Hongyan , Liu Yunling
Published: October 2020

The catalytic performances and effect of LASs and LBSs of four isomorphous Cu-PMOFs in CO2 cycloaddition reaction were systematically studied. JLU-Liu21 exhibited significant catalytic efficiency, remarkable recyclability and catalytic stability.
Selective CO2 or CH4 adsorption of two anionic bcu-MOFs with two different counterions: experimental and simulation studies
Authors: Wang Qian , Meng Liuli , Cheng Hongtao , Zhang Zonghui , Xue Dongxu , Bai Junfeng
Published: October 2020

Two new bcu-MOFs with counterions tuned from Li(H2O)4+ to DMA+ have been successfully synthesized and their selective CO2 or CH4 adsorption over N2 gas has been systematically investigated in-depth by both experimental and simulation studies.
More is better: aggregation induced luminescence and exceptional chirality and circularly polarized luminescence of chiral gold clusters
Authors: Wang Xiao-Yan , Zhang Jing , Yin Jun , Liu Sheng Hua , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: October 2020

The AIE effect of Au clusters could induce both luminescence and chirality, and further facilitated their enhancements, which resulted in desirable CPL.
Alkenes as hydrogen trappers to control the regio-selective ruthenium(ii) catalyzed ortho C–H silylation of amides and anilides
Authors: Lin Qiao , Lin Zirui , Pan Mingxing , Zheng Qiaojin , Li Hui , Chen Xiuwen , Darcel Christophe , Dixneuf Pierre H. , Li Bin
Published: October 2020

A convenient and practical pathway to versatile silylated amides and anilides is described via efficient and selective ruthenium(ii) catalyzed ortho C–H silylation with different alkenes as the hydrogen acceptors.
Experimental study on the microreactor-assisted synthesis of phosphinic chlorides with varying steric hindrance
Authors: Jasiak Aleksandra , Owsianik Krzysztof , Gostyński Bartłomiej , Mielniczak Grażyna , Stevens Christian V. , Drabowicz Józef
Published: October 2020

An efficient and catalyst-free method for the preparation of optically active and racemic mono-substituted t-butyl phosphinic chlorides tBuRP(O)Cl under flow conditions was reported.
Mechanisms of the cyclic (de)lithiation of RuO2
Authors: Xu Lin , Thompson Carl V.
Published: October 2020

The (de)lithiation mechanisms and the origin of voltage hysteresis of multiply-cycled RuO2thin films with excellent cyclability/capacity are determined.
Recent progress in electrode and electrolyte materials for flexible sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Mishra Kuldeep , Yadav Nitish , Hashmi S. A.
Published: October 2020

Illustration of a flexible Na-ion battery system with associated components.
Self-supported PPy-encapsulated CoS2 nanosheets anchored on the TiO2−x nanorod array support by Ti–S bonds for ultra-long life hybrid Mg2+/Li+ batteries
Authors: Liu Chao , Zhao Guangyu , Zhang Li , Lyu Pengbo , Yu Xianbo , Huang Huihuang , Maurin Guillaume , Sun Kening , Zhang Naiqing
Published: October 2020

PPy-encapsulated CoS2 nanosheets anchored on the TiO2−x nanorod array support by Ti–S bonds for ultra-long life hybrid Mg2+/Li+ batteries.
Metal-free carbazole scaffold dyes as potential nonlinear optical phores: molecular engineering
Authors: Ketavath Ravi , Naik Khevath Praveen Kumar , Ghugal Sachin G. , Katturi Naga Krishnakanth , Swetha T. , Soma Venugopal Rao , Murali Banavoth
Published: October 2020

In the light of diverse applications of third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores in interdisciplinary fields, there is high demand for the quest of cost-effective and facile processing of smart materials.
Broadband metasurface design for terahertz quantum‐cascade VECSEL
Authors: Curwen C.A. , Reno J.L. , Williams B.S.
Published: October 2020

A broadband active metasurface is designed around quantum‐cascade (QC) gain material for use in a broadband tunable QC vertical external‐cavity surface‐emitting laser (VECSEL). The metasurface is based on a unit cell containing two resonant waveguide elements that couple with the periodicity of the metasurface to produce a multi‐resonant reflection spectrum. Simulated reflectance spectra exhibit full‐width half‐maximum bandwidths up to 50% of the centre frequency. The tested QC‐VECSEL demonstrates up to 15 mW of peak pulse power at 77 K and supports multimode lasing from 2.85 to 3.9 THz (>30% fractional bandwidth around 3.37 THz). The frequency coverage is limited by how short the cavity can be made, rather than the metasurface bandwidth. Consistent multimoding results from non‐uniform distribution of spectral energy across the surface.
Ophthalmology Practice during Peak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Global Community Perspective
Authors: Zahour John , Karadaghy Amin , Rodrigues Eduardo B. , Cruz Oscar A.
Published: October 2020

Objective The rise of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has spread to more than 188 countries and has affected more than 13 million people. In response to this crisis, recommendations by the World Health Organization have changed the practice of current medicine, but there is little research as to how high-volume ambulatory specialties such as ophthalmology are adapting. The purpose of this study is to determine how ophthalmology practices are reacting and changing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods Approval was obtained from Saint Louis University School of Medicine Institutional Review Board. An anonymous survey was made on Google Forms and distributed to ophthalmologists throughout the world. Questions were divided into five sections: demographics, general questions, inpatient care/consults, practice management, and personal impact. The survey was opened on March 31, 2020, and closed on April 12, 2020. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel.

Results A total of 494 responders from 42 countries completed the survey. Respondents were predominantly practicing ophthalmologists (85%), with the next highest demographic being ophthalmology trainees (8%). Fear of spreading COVID-19 to patients or loved ones was the highest source of anxiety among practitioners across all practice settings and continental location (p = 0.003). The second source of anxiety varied, with private practitioners identifying financial difficulty compared with employed clinicians listing self-contamination. Anxiety levels were the same throughout all practice settings, ages, and subspecialties (p = 0.2527). Ophthalmologists listed ophthalmological Web sites/societies, discussion with colleagues, and social media as primary sources of guidance with no difference based on practice setting (p = 0.143). Finally, all continents increased their application of telemedicine as a patient care modality, with North America expanding significantly more than other continents.

Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed ophthalmology practice and has added a high level of stress to ophthalmologists globally. These results demonstrate that clinicians are largely alike across age group, country, and specialty, but key differences in source of anxiety and in application of telemedicine highlight diversity in culture and reaction to the pandemic.
Comparison of 12-Month Outcomes of Kahook Dual Blade Excisional Goniotomy Performed by Attending versus Resident Surgeons
Authors: Pratte Eli L. , Landreneau James R. , Hirabayashi Matthew T. , An Jella A.
Published: October 2020

Objective Kahook Dual Blade goniotomy (KDB) has proven effective in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) and reducing the medication burden in patients with glaucoma. This study compares outcomes up to 12 months postoperatively after KDB combined with phacoemulsification (phaco-KDB) between an ophthalmology attending and residents.

Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 160 eyes of 113 patients who received a phaco-KDB performed by either an ophthalmology attending or a resident under direct guidance of the attending. Data for each patient was collected preoperatively and at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively. The primary outcome measure was surgical success, defined as 20% IOP reduction or at least 1 medication reduction at 12 months. The secondary outcome measures included mean IOP and medication reduction at each postoperative time point, adverse events, operating time, and survival time, defined as time to failure to meet the criteria for surgical success or requiring a secondary IOP-lowering procedure.

Results Preoperative mean IOP was comparable between the two groups (p = 0.585), while baseline medications were higher in the attending group (p = 0.040). Rate of successful outcomes was similar in both groups at 12 months (73.3% attending vs. 87.5% residents, p = 0.708). Mean IOP reduction (1.7 vs. 4.3%, p = 0.278) and medication reduction (0.7 vs. 0.6, p = 0.537) also did not differ at 12 months. Presence of adverse events was similar between the groups (21.6 vs. 27.3%, p = 0.938). The survival time was significantly longer in the attending group (356.3 ± 20.2 days vs. 247.1 ± 26.8 days, p = 0.003). Resident cases took ∼10 minutes longer compared with attending cases (p < 0.001).

Conclusion IOP lowering outcomes and rate of adverse events of KDB were similar whether the primary surgeon was an attending or a resident surgeon. The survival time was significantly longer in the attending group, but overall success rate was 77.5% for both groups. This suggests phaco-KDB is an effective procedure that can be safely performed by a trainee under direct supervision of an experienced surgeon.
Responding to Patient-Initiated Verbal Sexual Harassment: Outcomes of a Pilot Training for Ophthalmologists
Authors: Hock Lauren E. , Scruggs Brittni A. , Barlow Patrick B. , Oetting Thomas A. , Abràmoff Michael D. , Shriver Erin M.
Published: October 2020

Background Sexual harassment of physicians by patients is highly prevalent and rarely reported. Little is known on how to prepare physicians to handle verbal sexual harassment that detracts from their ability to provide care but does not meet the threshold for reporting.

Purpose To assess the impact of a sexual harassment workshop and toolkit for ophthalmologists and ophthalmology trainees on responding to patient-initiated verbal sexual harassment.

Methods A survey study of ophthalmology faculty, fellows, and residents who participated in workshops on responding to patient-initiated verbal sexual harassment was performed at an academic center. A toolkit of strategies for response was distributed. Volunteer participants completed a retrospective pretest–posttest evaluation at the conclusion of the workshop and follow-up survey 3 weeks after the workshops on whether they experienced harassment and intervened. The pretest–posttest surveys assessed the workshop's effect on ophthalmologists' perceptions of and preparedness to respond to sexual harassment in the moment using a 5-point Likert scale, including bystander intervention. Participants described their responses observing and/or experiencing patient-initiated sexual harassment in the 3 weeks following the workshop and whether they had intervened toward the harassment.

Results Ophthalmologists (n = 31) felt significantly more prepared to respond to patient-initiated sexual harassment directed toward themselves or a trainee in the moment after participating in the workshop (4.5 ± 1.63) than before (3.0 ± 1.3) with a mean change of 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 0.98–2.2, p < 0.001). After the workshop, 86.3% of participants felt mostly or completely prepared to respond to comments about their age, gender, marital status, appearance, attractiveness, a specific body part, and sexual or inappropriate jokes. Most participants (83.9%) said that they had not previously received training on techniques for responding to patient-initiated sexual harassment. Two-thirds (66.7%) of participants who experienced (n = 8) or observed (n = 13) harassment (n = 15) following the workshop intervened. All participants who intervened toward patient-initiated harassment behavior after the workshop (n = 10) found the Sexual Harassment Toolkit helpful in addressing harassment in the moment.

Conclusion Participation in a brief skills-based workshop significantly improved ophthalmologists' preparedness to respond to verbal sexual harassment by patients.
Current Models for Inpatient and Emergency Room Ophthalmology Consultation in U.S. Residency Programs
Authors: Kim Donna H. , Choi Dongseok , Hwang Thomas S.
Published: October 2020

Objective This article examines models of patient care and supervision for hospital-based ophthalmology consultation in teaching institutions.

Design This is a cross-sectional survey.

Methods An anonymous survey was distributed to residency program directors at 119 Accreditation Council for Graduated Medical Education accredited U.S. ophthalmology programs in the spring of 2018. Survey questions covered consult volume, rotational schedules of staffing providers, methods of supervision (direct vs. indirect), and utilization of consult-dedicated didactics and resident competency assessments.

Results Of the 119 program directors, 48 (41%) completed the survey. Programs most frequently reported receiving 4 to 6 consults per day from the emergency department (27, 55.1%) and 4 to 6 consults per day from inpatient services (26, 53.1%). Forty-seven percent of programs reported that postgraduate year one (PGY-1) or PGY-2 residents on a dedicated consult rotation initially evaluate patients. Supervising faculty backgrounds included neuro-ophthalmology, cornea, comprehensive, or a designated chief of service. Staffing responsibility is typically shared by multiple faculty on a daily or weekly rotation. Direct supervision was provided for fewer of emergency room consults (1–30%) than for inpatient consults (71–99%). The majority of programs reported no dedicated didactics for consultation activities (27, 55.1%) or formal assessment for proficiency (33, 67.4%) prior to the initiation of call-related activities without direct supervision. Billing submission for consults was inconsistent and many consults may go financially uncompensated (18, 36.7%).

Conclusion The majority of hospital-based ophthalmic consultation at academic centers is provided by a rotating pool of physicians supervising a lower level resident. Few programs validate increased levels of graduated independence using specific assessments.
Blood Biomarkers and 6- to 7-Year Childhood Outcomes Following Neonatal Encephalopathy
Authors: Pappas Athina , Shankaran Seetha , McDonald Scott A. , Carlo Waldemar A. , Laptook Abbot R. , Tyson Jon E. , Das Abhik , Skogstrand Kristin , Hougaard David M. , Higgins Rosemary D.
Published: October 2020

Objective This study aimed to profile the cytokine/chemokine response from day 0 to 7 in infants (≥36 weeks of gestational age) with neonatal encephalopathy (NE) and to explore the association with long-term outcomes.

Study Design This was a secondary study of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Neonatal Research Network randomized controlled trial of whole body hypothermia for NE. Eligible infants with moderate–severe NE were randomized to cooling or normothermia. Blood spots were collected on days 0 to 1, 2 to 4, and 6 to 7. Twenty-four cytokines/chemokines were measured using a multiplex platform. Surviving infants underwent neurodevelopmental assessment at 6 to 7 years. Primary outcome was death or moderate–severe impairment defined by any of the following: intelligence quotient <70, moderate–severe cerebral palsy (CP), blindness, hearing impairment, or epilepsy.

Results Cytokine blood spots were collected from 109 participants. In total 99 of 109 (91%) were assessed at 6 to 7 years; 54 of 99 (55%) developed death/impairment. Neonates who died or were impaired had lower early regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and higher day 7 monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 levels than neonates who survived without impairment. Though TNF-α levels had no association with death/impairment, higher day 0 to 1 levels were observed among neonates who died/developed CP. On multiple regression analysis adjusted for center, treatment group, sex, race, and level of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, higher RANTES was inversely associated with death/impairment (odds ratio (OR): 0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.13–0.74), while day seven MCP-1 level was directly associated with death/impairment (OR: 3.70, 95% CI: 1.42–9.61). Targeted cytokine/chemokine levels demonstrated little variation with hypothermia treatment.

Conclusion RANTES and MCP-1 levels in the first week of life may provide potential targets for future therapies among neonates with encephalopathy.

Key Points
Addressing Disparities in Prenatal Care via Telehealth During COVID-19: Prenatal Satisfaction Survey in East Harlem
Authors: Futterman Itamar , Rosenfeld Emily , Toaff Miriam , Boucher Taryn , Golden-Espinal Samantha , Evans Kamilah , Clare Camille A.
Published: October 2020

Objective In the setting of an inner city, safety net hospital, patient satisfaction with prenatal care conducted via telehealth was compared with in-person visits at the height of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Study Design Through this cross-sectional study, patients were identified who received at least one televisit and one in-person visit during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Short Assessment of Patient Satisfaction (SAPS) survey was used to measure patient satisfaction. Surveys pertaining to in-person and televisits were conducted at the end of a telephone encounter, and overall satisfaction scores were documented. Patients were excluded if they received in-person or virtual care only and not both. The SAPS score correlated with the degree of patient satisfaction.

Results A total of 140 patients were identified who received both virtual and in-person prenatal care from March 1, 2020 to May 1, 2020. One hundred and four patients (74%) agreed to be surveyed: 77 (74%) self-identified as Hispanic and 56 (54%) stated that their primary language was Spanish. The overall median satisfaction score for televisits and in-person visits was 20 (interquartile range [IQR]: 20, 25) and 24 (IQR: 22, 26) (p = 0.008, Z score = 2.651). In patients who self-identified as Hispanic or identified their primary language as Spanish, there was no statistically significant difference in their satisfaction scores.

Conclusion While there were lower scores in patient satisfaction for televisits in every category, there were no clinically significant differences since all medians were in the “satisfied” range. By lowering patient exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), especially for those at risk for reduced access to care and higher COVID-19 cases by zip code, telehealth allowed for appropriate continuation of satisfactory prenatal care with no impact on patient perceived satisfaction of care.

Key Points
A new feature for detecting defects in ultrasonic high-speed rail inspection
Authors: Markov A A
Published: October 2020

In high-speed testing of railway rails using ultrasonic transducers, there are significant deviations of the carrier frequency of echo signals from the frequency of filling the probing pulses. They are caused by the Doppler Effect. Since inclined ultrasonic transducers have a certain width of the directional diagram, the Doppler frequency of the echo signal from any reflector in the rail has a deviation that reaches 14-30% of the average value of the Doppler shift. Analysis of this frequency modulation of received signals allows detecting possible defects in rails with high noise immunity.
Ultrasonic testing of thin-walled titanium weld joint with adhesion detector
Authors: Iskhuzhin R R , Borisov V N , Atavin V G , Uzkikh A A , Khafizova K K
Published: October 2020

The paper has summarized ultrasonic testing methodology for 0.6-mm thin-walled titanium weld joints. Aspects of adhesion detection (weld joint areas with incomplete fusion, which are good at conducting ultrasonic waves but bad at providing mechanical resistance) are considered. It is proposed that an angular cavity can be used as an indicator of incomplete fusion in the weld joint. Various modes of Lamb waves and their propagation in the material were analyzed and the optimum testing parameters were selected. Wavelet-analysis and precision digital filters with a small increment allowed great informative value of the wave signal to be achieved. The results of ultrasonic scanning were compared to the data obtained in metallographic study.
Defects in carbon plastics detected by acoustic microscopy
Authors: Petronyuk Y S , Levin V M , Ryzhova T B , Morokov E S
Published: October 2020

The paper shows the experience of using scanning pulsed acoustic microscopy (SIAM) to solve practical problems of quality control of polymer composite materials (PCM), to identify flaws and in-service damage, and to study changes in their internal microstructure under external influences. Acoustic images of structural defects and damages typical for carbon fiber reinforced composites are presented.
Application of the acoustic emission method in problems of vehicle diagnostics
Authors: Builo S I , Builo B I , Kolesnikov V I , Vereskun V D , Popov O N
Published: October 2020

The report is devoted to the results of acoustic emission (AE) diagnostics of vehicles obtained by the Rostov school of AE over the past 45 years. Over the years, we have carried out a series of studies both on the AE itself and on its practical application for the diagnosis of mission-critical products, including objects of aviation and rocket and space transport. The fundamentally new interdisciplinary approach proposed by us, which consists in using the kinetic concept of strength, the Poisson model of the defect formation process, and the experimentally discovered physical and mechanical features of the AE phenomenon (including the statistical parameters of the random AE process that are stable due to a number of limit theorems) is described. Practical application of the obtained results is shown on the examples of AE diagnostics of the strength of structural elements of the Russian heavy transport helicopter and the Russian Shuttle Buran.
Testing pressure vessels operating in the HF acid environment by acoustic emission method
Authors: Gomera V P , Grigorieva A V
Published: October 2020

The article presents some results of using the acoustic emission method (AE) in testing of pressure vessels which use hydrofluoric (HF) acid as a catalyst to produce different oil products. The results of consecutive AE testing of vessels carried out with an interval of several years are discussed. The possibility of detecting some operational defects at different stages of their growth is considered.

In particular, the possibility of early diagnosis of blistering and de-lamination of the vessel wall is shown. Elements of the AE testing data analysis are proposed, which make it possible separate signals from the evolution of two different types of metal damage (de-lamination and general corrosion) using the integral characteristics of the signals.
Fuzzy logic algorithms for classification and parameterization of eddy-current signals
Authors: Shchukis E , Lunin V , Stolyarov A , Kulikova E , Kryukov A
Published: October 2020

Safety of nuclear power plants operation depends on steam generator safe operation. Russian nuclear power plants with water-water energetic reactors WWER-440 and WWER-1000 use horizontal type steam generators which are cylindrical objects of 3 m diameter and 12 - 15 m length. Steam goes through steam generator tube sheets in the bottom from hot end and passes its energy through heat-exchanger tube system and become colder on the other tube sheet. Reactors WWER-440 have more than 5,000 tubes in one steam generator and reactors WWER-1000 have already 11,000 tubes in one steam generator. Each block of WWER-440 reactor has 6 steam generators, and each block of WWER-1000 reactor has 4 steam generators. A thin-walled steam generator tube can be a threat of nuclear fallout in case of high pressure in primary coolant loop. To be an effective barrier these tubes should be free from corrosion, thinning and cracks.
Electromagnetic acoustic transducers for non-destructive testing of main pipelines
Authors: Mikhaylov A V , Gobov Yu L , Smorodinskii Ya G , Korzunin G S
Published: October 2020

The article presents the design options for high-performance electromagnetic-acoustic transducers for monitoring pipelines by the waveguide ultrasonic method. Methods for creating large polarizing fields, which make it possible to increase the efficiency of excitation and reception of Lamb and Rayleigh waves in ferromagnets are proposed. The results obtained in this paper can be used in the development of devices for non-destructive testing of trunk pipelines.
Flaw detector magnetizer with wheels as magnetic poles
Authors: Antipov A G , Markov A A
Published: October 2020

The efficiency of a flaw detector magnetizing system using wheels as magnetic poles was studied. To obtain information on the emerging magnetic field distributions, three-dimensional computer simulation and research on an experimental model were carried out. The rail was used as a test object. It is shown that with the same magnetomotive force of the electromagnet, the wheel magnetizing system provides a higher magnetization of the test object compared to the traditionally used U-shaped magnetizing system.
Analysis of the influence of controlled and interfering parameters during magnetic testing of coating thickness
Authors: Syasko V A , Vasilev A Y , Ivkin A E
Published: October 2020

The magnetic method for measuring the thickness of non-ferromagnetic and, in the general case, electrically conductive coatings on magnetic bases is characterized by a large number of interfering parameters, while the traditionally used principles of magnetic field formation, informative parameters and methods of obtaining measurement information have not undergone significant changes in recent years. However, new software products for modeling primary measuring transducers and modern electronic components allow a new look at the traditional principles of constructing thickness gages and algorithms for their operation when choosing the appropriate optimization criteria, which is the subject of this work.
Technical condition examination of heat exchanger tubes with an acoustic pulse reflectometry method
Authors: Inshakov D V , Kuznetsov K A
Published: October 2020

Diagnostics of the technical condition of heat exchanger tube bundles is considered in the paper. The main problem is associated with the large total length of tubes in bundles and a limited time for examination. For examination of the internal clearance of pipes the method of acoustic pulse reflectometry, known in a science and technology, was used. This method was implemented in PAKT-04 device for express-inspection of heat exchangers. It is proposed for characterizing the wear of the tubes to introduce a generalized quantitative parameter called “defectiveness degree”. The parameter is determined by change of acoustic signal propagating in the tube. The value of defectiveness degree indicates the applicability the tube for operation in the heat exchanger. The results of measuring the parameter on different heat exchangers are discussed.
Measuring error of geometric parameters of welded joint using gauges
Authors: Kanter B M , Shubochkin A E , Zusman G V , Vopilkin A Kh , Badalyan V G
Published: October 2020

The article gives a detailed description of technical capabilities of the well-known universal gauges of foreign design, such as WG-1 and BRIDGE CAM, used in visual and measuring testing to determine geometric parameters of the welded joint and the detected surface discontinuities.

It is shown that the mentioned gauges so do not meet the requirements of the Russian normative documents to the permissible measurement error. The term “measurement error” used by the sellers of these universal gauges is in fact only the part of instrumental error of these testing instruments.

The article gives an example of the required calculation to determine the expanded uncertainty for universal gauges calibration.
Theoretical and practical justification of high-precision of defects in multilayer polymer honeycomb structures by the honeycomb filler height reduction method
Authors: Rusakov D , Chernushin V , Shelkovoy A
Published: October 2020

A method of non-adhesion defect simulation in multilayer honeycomb structures from polymer composite materials is discussed. This simulation method is particularly relevant for honeycomb structures with large cells. An experimental model for the comparison of two simulation methods, a new one and a flat-bottom hole simulation method, was fabricated.