bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A neuron doctrine in the philosophy of neuroscience
Authors: Gold Ian , Stoljar Daniel
Published: July 2002

Many neuroscientists and philosophers endorse a view about the
explanatory reach of neuroscience (which we will call the neuron
doctrine) to the effect that the framework for understanding the
mind will be developed by neuroscience; or, as we will put it, that a
successful theory of the mind will be solely neuroscientific. It is a
consequence of this view that the sciences of the mind that cannot be
expressed by means of neuroscientific concepts alone count as indirect
sciences that will be discarded as neuroscience matures. This
consequence is what makes the doctrine substantive, indeed, radical.
We ask, first, what the neuron doctrine means and, second, whether it
is true. In answer to the first question, we distinguish two versions
of the doctrine. One version, the trivial neuron doctrine,
turns out to be uncontroversial but unsubstantive because it fails to
have the consequence that the nonneuroscientific sciences of the mind
will eventually be discarded. A second version, the radical neuron doctrine, does have this consequence, but, unlike
the first doctrine, is highly controversial. We argue that the neuron
doctrine appears to be both substantive and uncontroversial only as a
result of a conflation of these two versions. We then consider whether
the radical doctrine is true. We present and evaluate three arguments
for it, based either on general scientific and philosophical
considerations or on the details of neuroscience itself, arguing that
all three fail. We conclude that the evidence fails to support the
radical neuron doctrine.
Time and the implicit-explicit continuum
Authors: Boucher Jill
Published: July 2002

Dienes & Perner's target article contains numerous but
unsystematic references to the implicit or explicit knowledge of the
temporal context of a known state of affairs such as may constitute the
content of a propositional attitude. In this commentary, the forms of
cognition that, according to D&P, require only implicit knowledge of
time are contrasted with those for which explicit temporal knowledge is
needed. It is suggested that the explicit representation of time may
have been important in human evolution and that certain developmental
disorders including autism may be (partly) caused by defective ability
to represent time.
Phonological and semantic activation in reading two-kanji compound words
Authors: MORITA AIKO , MATSUDA FUMIKO
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine whether phonological information was activated
automatically in processing two-kanji compound words. In Experiment 1, 27 participants judged
whether pairs of the words were homophones, while another 27 participants judged whether pairs
were synonyms. Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was 140 ms, 230 ms, or 320 ms. In
Experiment 2, 36 participants were asked to make one of the two judgments, as in Experiment 1.
SOA was determined individually. The following results were found. Reaction times showed
semantic interference. Phonological interference was observed only under the shortest SOA in
Experiment 2. Error rates showed phonological and semantic interferences even when SOA was
the longest. These findings support the universal phonological principle.
Non-abelian cohomology of abelian Anosov actions
Authors: KATOK ANATOLE , NIŢICĂ VIOREL , TÖRÖK ANDREI
Published: July 2002

We develop a new technique for calculating the first cohomology of certain classes of actions of higher-rank abelian groups (${\mathbb Z}^k$ and ${\mathbb R}^k$, $k\ge 2$) with values in a linear Lie group. In this paper we consider the discrete-time case. Our results apply to cocycles of different regularity, from Hölder to smooth and real-analytic. The main conclusion is that the corresponding cohomology trivializes, i.e. that any cocycle from a given class is cohomologous to a constant cocycle. The principal novel feature of our method is its geometric character; no global information about the action based on harmonic analysis is used. The method can be developed to apply to cocycles with values in certain infinite dimensional groups and to rigidity problems.
Dynamics of self-similar tilings
Authors: SOLOMYAK BORIS
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates dynamical systems arising from the
action by
translations on the orbit closures of self-similar and
self-affine tilings
of ${\Bbb R}^d$. The main focus is on spectral properties of such
systems
which are shown to be uniquely ergodic. We establish
criteria for
weak mixing and pure discrete spectrum for wide classes of
such systems.
They are applied to a number of examples which include
tilings with
polygonal and fractal tile boundaries; systems with pure
discrete,
continuous and mixed spectrum.
Gossip in sheltered housing: its cultural importance and social implications
Authors: PERCIVAL JOHN
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this paper is to present a descriptive account and analysis of
ethnographic research which focuses on gossip as an important social
interaction between older people in sheltered housing. Analysis reveals that
gossip plays a prominent role in the daily life of older people in the schemes
studied, reinforcing social norms and values that assume great significance in
a close-knit, predominantly female environment. Conclusions are drawn that
while gossip may serve a useful social purpose in sheltered housing, it may also
have important and paradoxical consequences for the individual. In
particular, gossip is understood to be a form of interaction that encourages the
individual to strike a balance between their personal and social needs in this
communal setting.
Nonagenarians: a qualitative exploration of individual differences in wellbeing
Authors: HILLERÅS PERNILLA K. , POLLITT PENELOPE , MEDWAY JO , ERICSSON KJERSTIN
Published: July 2002

This paper focuses on the subjective experience of extreme old age for 12
people scoring high and low respectively, on wellbeing measures. The purpose
was to illustrate and expand upon the quantitatively derived findings from a
previous study of nonagenarians living in Stockholm, using a qualitative
approach inspired by grounded theory. The results suggest that outlook on
life, social and emotional ties, engagement with the outside world and physical
capability are important contributors to subjectively experienced wellbeing in
this age group.
Inhabitants of a Lost Kingdom: A Model

of the Subjective Experiences of Dementia
Authors: BENDER M. P. , CHESTON R.
Published: July 2002

Current concepts of dementia often act to exclude the internal
world of the

dementia sufferer from consideration as a valid object of study. This paper

presents a three stage model of the subjective world of dementia sufferers,

drawing on ideas from both clinical and social psychology. The first stage

involves the feelings engendered by the process of dementia and includes
at

least four discrete states: anxiety; depression; grief; and despair/terror.
The

second stage of the model concerns the behaviour provoked in response to
the

process of decline. Finally, we consider the social nature of emotional

behaviour, with emotional actions falling along a continuum. The ability
of an

individual with dementia to engage in emotional behaviour depends upon
the

extent of their cognitive impairment and the social context in which they
are

located. This model has implications for the delivery of services, including

psychotherapy, to people with dementia.
Reminiscence as autobiographical memory: a catalyst for reminiscence

theory development
Authors: BLUCK SUSAN , LEVINE LINDA J.
Published: July 2002

Research on the psychological outcomes of reminiscence techniques
has led to
equivocal findings. The goal of this paper is to advance current theory
guiding
research on reminiscence by examining the implications of viewing reminiscence

as a type of autobiographical memory. Butler's classic paper on
reminiscence as ‘life review’ (1963) is examined, and revisions
to this approach
are proposed based on research and theory concerning autobiographical
memory. Specifically, the process of reminiscence is delineated through
a
discussion of the partially reconstructive nature of autobiographical memory

and the relation of memory to the self. These developments are then used
to
predict the types of psychological outcomes that can be expected to result
from
reminiscence, and the types of reminiscence techniques that can be expected

to lead to the distinct outcomes of self-acceptance and self-change. Linking
the
literatures on reminiscence techniques and autobiographical memory also

provides a catalyst for future theoretical and empirical work.
Older couples and long-term care: the
financial implications of one spouse
entering private or voluntary residential
or nursing home care
Authors: HANCOCK RUTH , WRIGHT FAY
Published: July 2002

A minority of older people who move into long-term institutional care are
married and have spouses who continue living in the community. The
financial complexities and consequences for a couple in this situation deserve
to be more widely recognised. Data from the Family Expenditure Survey on
the incomes of older married couples are used to examine the financial
implications for couples of one spouse entering residential or nursing home
care, taking into account local authority procedures for assessing residents'
contributions to charges and Income Support rules as they apply to both
spouses. We look in particular at the consequences of alternative ways couples
might share their incomes, and alternative treatments of such sharing by local
authorities and the Department of Social Security. We demonstrate that wives
remaining at home are more likely to have low incomes and have recourse to
means-tested state benefits if their husbands enter residential care than
husbands who remain at home when their wives enter care. Local authorities
are likely to be able to require larger contributions to their care costs from
husbands than wives. On average, wives whose husbands enter residential care
are best off financially when their combined income and savings are shared
equally, but this leaves husbands with the least money to contribute to their
care costs. If it is the wife who enters care the situation is reversed.
The nursing home as a discursive anchor for the ageing body
Authors: GUBRIUM JABER F. , HOLSTEIN JAMES A.
Published: July 2002

The nursing home has become a paramount site for the care and custody of
old people, but it also affects how we think and talk about the ageing body.
In this article, narrative and ethnographic material drawn from a variety of
care-related settings is used to illustrate how and where the nursing home
serves as a discursive anchor for embodiment. Circumstantial, local cultural,
and organisational mediations are considered, featuring institutionalisation to
be as much a descriptive phenomenon, as it is a residential relocation.
Independence, privacy and risk: two
contrasting approaches to residential care
for older people
Authors: BLAND ROSEMARY
Published: July 2002

One of the main reasons older people give for their reluctance to consider
residential care as a way of meeting their support needs is the fear of losing
their independence. Research has confirmed that such anxiety is well-founded.
This paper explores how far two different approaches to residential care
enable older people who become residents to maintain their autonomy and
independence. It traces the historical development of residential care and of
hotels, using a case study of a private residential home run by former hoteliers
to compare its approach to ‘the residential task’ with that adopted in local
authority homes. Attention is focused on the translation of the core values of
independence, privacy, dignity, choice and rights into a daily reality for
residents. It is suggested that there are both structural and individual factors
which account for the differences observed.

The paper draws tentative conclusions as to why a ‘service’ rather than a
‘social care’ approach may be more successful in enabling older people to
preserve their autonomy and privacy after moving into a care home.
Locating identity: performativity, foreign policy and state action
Authors: LAFFEY MARK
Published: July 2002

This article examines the politics and explanatory plausibility of performative accounts of state action through a critical analysis of the themes of continuity and change in the work of David Campbell. As political interventions, performative models reproduce a number of taken-for-granted conceptual distinctions. As explanations, performative models are undermined by an account of the social that privileges representation. Drawing on materialist feminist critiques of performativity, I argue for the necessity of locating accounts of subject formation and state action in the multiple logics that constitute the social.
A world of their making: an evaluation of the constructivist critique in International Relations
Authors: PALAN RONEN
Published: July 2002

IR constructivism maintain that a proper understanding of the way subjects interact with the world and with each other alerts us to the fallacy of conventional IR theory. And yet, for a theory that is so obviously dependent upon a rigorous working of the relationship between social theory and its IR variant, it is curious that, with one or two exceptions, IR constructivists often advance incompatible theories. I argue that the confused manner by which, in particular, ‘soft’ constructivism relates to social theory is not accidental but a necessary component of a theory that asserts, but never proves, the primacy of norms and laws over material considerations, in domestic and international politics.
C. A. W. Manning and the study of International Relations
Authors: SUGANAMI HIDEMI
Published: July 2002

C. A. W. Manning, Professor of International Relations at the LSE (1930–1962), was a key contributor to the formation of the discipline in Britain. He wrote on Jurisprudence, which was his main strength; on the League of Nations, of which he was a keen supporter; on South Africa, concerning which he gained notoriety as the defender of Apartheid; on International Relations as an independent academic discipline, which, to him, was due to the sui generis character of international society as a formally anarchical but substantively orderly social environment. He was a Rationalist in Martin Wight's sense, and early constructivist, who saw that the society of states as a social construct was subject to interpretation, reinterpretation, and reshaping.
‘Represent’: race, space and place in rap music
Authors: Forman Murray
Published: July 2002

Say somethin' positive, well positive ain't where I live

I live around the corner from West Hell

Two blocks from South Shit and once in a jail cell

The sun never shined on my side of the street, see?

(Naughty By Nature, ‘Ghetto Bastard (Everything's Gonna Be Alright)’, 1991, Isba/Tommy Boy Records)

If you're from Compton you know it's the 'hood where it's good

(Compton's Most Wanted, ‘Raised in Compton’, 1991, Epic/Sony)

Introduction

Hip hop's capacity to circumvent the constraints and limiting social conditions of young Afro-American and Latino youths has been examined and celebrated by cultural critics and scholars in various contexts since its inception in the mid-1970s. For instance, the 8 February 1999 issue of US magazine Time featured a cover photo of ex-Fugees and five-time Grammy award winner Lauryn Hill with the accompanying headline ‘Hip-Hop Nation: After 20 Years – how it's changed America’. Over the years, however, there has been little attention granted to the implications of hip hop's spatial logics. Time's coverage is relatively standard in perceiving the hip hop nation as a historical construct rather than a geo-cultural amalgamation of personages and practices that are spatially dispersed.
Optimum parameters for laser launching objects into low Earth orbit
Authors: PHIPPS CLAUDE R. , REILLY JAMES P. , CAMPBELL JONATHAN W.
Published: July 2002

We derive optimum values of parameters for laser-driven
flights into low Earth orbit (LEO) using an Earth-based
laser, as well as sensitivity to variations from the optima.
These parameters are the ablation plasma exhaust velocity
vE and specific ablation energy
Q*, plus related quantities such as momentum
coupling coefficient Cm and the
pulsed or continuous laser intensity that must be delivered
to the ablator to produce these values. Different optima are
found depending upon whether it is desired to maximize mass
m delivered to LEO, maximize the ratio m/M
of orbit to ground mass, or minimize cost in energy per gram
delivered. Although it is not within the scope of this report
to provide an engineered flyer design, a notional, cone-shaped
flyer is described to provide a substrate for the discussion and
flight simulations. The flyer design emphasizes conceptually
and physically separate functions of light collection at a distance
from the laser source, light concentration on the ablator, and
autonomous steering. Approximately ideal flight paths to LEO are
illustrated beginning from an elevated platform. We believe LEO
launch costs can be reduced 100-fold in this way. Sounding rocket
cases, where the only goal is to momentarily reach a certain
altitude starting from near sea level, are also discussed.
Nonlinear optical constraints on laser propagation through
the atmosphere to the flyer are briefly considered.
Design of spherical parallel mechanisms for application to laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Li Temei , Payandeh Shahram
Published: July 2002

This paper addresses an optimal study of workspace for spherical parallel mechanism for laparoscopic surgery. The spherical parallel manipulator has been selected because of its characteristics. Two designs have been studied for maximizing their workspaces; a haptic device, as part of training system, and a laparoscope holding mechanism. The laparoscope holding mechanism has to satisfy additional constraints by minimizing the occupied space above the patient. The objective is to solve design problem to offer the maximal workspace for such mechanisms. The design of a haptic interface and the laparoscope holding mechanism based on the optimal parameters are presented. This paper presents a Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach for selecting optimal design parameters for maximizing workspace of spherical parallel mechanism.
Sonar Based Systematic Exploration Method for an Autonomous Mobile Robot
Operating in an Unknown Environment
Authors: Lim Jong Hwan , Choo Dong Woo
Published: July 2002

A new systematic exploration method is addressed that permits a mobile robot to effectively acquire the information on an unknown environment without wasting time. The
algorithm is composed of following three modules: the first is the decomposition of a workspace into several sub-nodes by employing the concept of Quadtree. These nodes are chosen as sub-goals to be reached successively. The second is that controls the
robot to follow the boundaries of objects in the environment in order to reach each sub-goal avoiding the situation of the robot entering a local minima. Here we utilize the
imaginary distance forces exerted by objects. The third is the node conditions for estimating the map quality for each node, which enables the robot to remove sufficiently informed nodes from the Quadtree. Two conditions are defined for the estimation of the map quality; entropy and maximum level of Quadtree. The proposed approaches were successfully implemented to our mobile robot equipped with sonar sensors for constructing a sonar map of an unknown
environment in a real world.
An investigation into instrumental pupils' attitudes to varied, structured practice: two methods of approach
Authors: da Costa Doris
Published: July 2002

This research project was initiated to study how instrumental pupils might respond to different practice methods assigned to them, and to explore pupils' perceptions of their own achievements at the end of the five-week study. Pupils were asked to choose one of two methods of practising: they could either do straightforward repetitions of short phrases in their music, or they could choose a set number of different repetitions from a menu of options listed on three graded pro forma cards. A description of the method is included as well as the data from pupils' returned questionnaires. Results of the study suggest that pupils not only preferred variety and choice of practice techniques, but also found that their learning process was faster and more effective. Recommendations are made, as there are implications here for instrumental teachers, class music teachers and their pupils.
Mainstream English
Authors: Fairman Tony
Published: July 2002

A response to the prescriptivist/descriptivist skirmishes between Bryan Garner on the one side and Tom McArthur and Richard Bailey on the other.

Whenever describers and prescribers of the English language meet, they don't exchange views in balanced and civil discussion. They fight.
Collective preferences, obligations, and rational choice
Authors: Gilbert Margaret
Published: July 2002

Can teams and other collectivities have preferences of their own, preferences that are not in some way reducible to the personal preferences of their members? In short, are collective preferences possible? In everyday life people speak easily of what we prefer, where what is at issue seems to be a collective preference. This is suggested by the acceptability of such remarks as ‘My ideal walk would be . . . along rougher and less well-marked paths than we prefer as a family’. One can imagine, indeed, that each member of a given family prefers something other than what the family prefers. What, then, do the collective preferences of everyday understanding amount to?
TESTS OF COMMON STOCHASTIC TRENDS
Authors: Nyblom Jukka , Harvey Andrew
Published: July 2002

This paper is concerned with tests in multivariate
time series models made up of random walk (with drift)
and stationary components. When the stationary component
is white noise, a Lagrange multiplier test of the hypothesis
that the covariance matrix of the disturbances driving
the multivariate random walk is null is shown to be locally
best invariant, something that does not automatically follow
in the multivariate case. The asymptotic distribution of
the test statistic is derived for the general model. The
test is then extended to deal with a serially correlated
stationary component. The main contribution of the paper
is to propose a test of the validity of a specified value
for the rank of the covariance matrix of the disturbances
driving the multivariate random walk. This rank is equal
to the number of common trends, or levels, in the series.
The test is very simple insofar as it does not require
any models to be estimated, even if serial correlation
is present. Its use with real data is illustrated in the
context of a stochastic volatility model, and the relationship
with tests in the cointegration literature is discussed.
BAYESIAN SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS ANALYSIS USING REDUCED RANK
STRUCTURES
Authors: Kleibergen Frank , van Dijk Herman K.
Published: July 2002

Diffuse priors lead to pathological posterior behavior
when used in Bayesian analyses of simultaneous equation
models (SEM's). This results from the local nonidentification
of certain parameters in SEM's. When this a priori
known feature is not captured appropriately, it results
in an a posteriori favoring of certain specific parameter
values that is not the consequence of strong data information
but of local nonidentification. We show that a proper consistent
Bayesian analysis of a SEM explicitly has to consider the
reduced form of the SEM as a standard linear model on which
nonlinear (reduced rank) restrictions are imposed, which
result from a singular value decomposition. The priors/posteriors
of the parameters of the SEM are therefore proportional
to the priors/posteriors of the parameters of the linear
model under the condition that the restrictions hold. This
leads to a framework for constructing priors and posteriors
for the parameters of SEM's. The framework is used
to construct priors and posteriors for one, two, and three
structural equation SEM's. These examples together
with a theorem, showing that the reduced forms of SEM's
accord with sets of reduced rank restrictions on standard
linear models, show how Bayesian analyses of generally
specified SEM's can be conducted.
CAUCHY ESTIMATORS FOR AUTOREGRESSIVE PROCESSES WITH APPLICATIONS
TO UNIT ROOT TESTS AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS
Authors: So Beong Soo , Shin Dong Wan
Published: July 2002

For autoregressive processes, we propose new estimators
whose pivotal statistics have the standard normal limiting
distribution for all ranges of the autoregressive parameters.
The proposed estimators are approximately median unbiased.
For seasonal time series, the new estimators give us unit
root tests that have limiting normal distribution regardless
of period of the seasonality. Using the estimators, confidence
intervals of the autoregressive parameters are constructed.
A Monte-Carlo simulation for first-order autoregressions
shows that the proposed tests for unit roots are locally
more powerful than the tests based on the ordinary least
squares estimators. It also shows that the proposed confidence
intervals have shorter average lengths than those of Andrews
(1993, Econometrica 61, 139–165) based on
the ordinary least squares estimators when the autoregressive
coefficient is close to one.
Effects of nutrient availability and other elevational changes on bromeliad populations and their invertebrate communities in a humid tropical forest in Puerto Rico
Authors: Richardson Barbara A. , Richardson M. J. , Scatena F. N. , Mcdowell W. H.
Published: July 2002

Nutrient inputs into tank bromeliads were studied in relation to growth and productivity, and the abundance, diversity and biomass of their animal inhabitants, in three forest types along an elevational gradient. Concentrations of phosphorus, potassium and calcium in canopy-derived debris, and nitrogen and phosphorus in phytotelm water, declined with increasing elevation. Dwarf forest bromeliads contained the smallest amounts of debris/plant and lowest concentrations of nutrients in plant tissue. Their leaf turnover rate and productivity were highest and, because of high plant density, they comprised 12.8% of forest net primary productivity (0.47 t ha−1 y−1), and contained 3.3 t ha−1 of water. Annual nutrient budgets indicated that these microcosms were nutrient-abundant and accumulated < 5% of most nutrients passing through them. Exceptions were K and P in the dwarf forest, where accumulation was c. 25% of inputs. Animal and bromeliad biomass/plant peaked in the intermediate elevation forest, and were positively correlated with the debris content/bromeliad across all forest types. Animal species richness showed a significant mid-elevational peak, whereas abundance was independent of species richness and debris quantities, and declined with elevation as forest net primary productivity declined. The unimodal pattern of species richness was not correlated with nutrient concentrations, and relationships among faunal abundance, species richness, nutrient inputs and environment are too complex to warrant simple generalizations about nutrient resources and diversity, even in apparently simple microhabitats.
A scheme for unifying optimization and constraint satisfaction methods
Authors: HOOKER JOHN , OTTOSSON GREGER , THORSTEINSSON ERLENDER S. , KIM HAK-JIN
Published: July 2002

Optimization and constraint satisfaction methods are complementary to a large extent, and there has been much recent interest in combining them. Yet no generally accepted principle or scheme for their merger has evolved. We propose a scheme based on two fundamental dualities: the duality of search and inference, and the duality of strengthening and relaxation. Optimization as well as constraint satisfaction methods can be seen as exploiting these dualities in their respective ways. Our proposal is that rather than employ either type of method exclusively, one can focus on how these dualities can be exploited in a given problem class. The resulting algorithm is likely to contain elements from both optimization and constraint satisfaction, and perhaps new methods that belong to neither.
A tutorial on default reasoning
Authors: ANTONIOU GRIGORIS
Published: July 2002

Default reasoning is concerned with making inferences in cases where the information at hand is incomplete. In such cases it is necessary to make plausible assumptions, which in default reasoning are based on default rules. This paper gives an introduction to the field. It discusses in depth one particular approach, default logic, including properties, semantics and computational models. It also gives an overview of other ideas and approaches.
NEW COMPARISONS IN BIRNBAUM IMPORTANCE FOR THE
CONSECUTIVE-k-OUT-OF-n SYSTEM
Authors: Chang Gerard J. , Cui Lirong , Hwang Frank K.
Published: July 2002

We study the Birnbaum importance of the
consecutive-k-out-of-n
line and clear up confusion in some claimed but unproved
results. We introduce some new techniques which not only
prove these claimed results but also generalize them much
further. Finally, we extend our results to the
2-out-of-m-out-of-n line.
HEAVY TRAFFIC APPROXIMATIONS FOR A SYSTEM OF INFINITE SERVERS
WITH LOAD BALANCING
Authors: Fleming Philip J. , Simon Burton
Published: July 2002

We consider an exponential queueing system with
multiple stations, each of which has an infinite number
of servers and a dedicated arrival stream of jobs. In addition,
there is an arrival stream of jobs that choose a station
based on the state of the system. In this paper we describe
two heavy traffic approximations for the stationary joint
probability mass function of the number of busy servers
at each station. One of the approximations involves state-space
collapse and is accurate for large traffic loads. The state-space
in the second approximation does not collapse. It provides
an accurate estimate of the stationary behavior of the
system over a wide range of traffic loads.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Wesche Marjorie , Paribakht T. Sima
Published: July 2002

In the 12 years since Studies in Second Language Acquisition published its first
thematic collection on L2 lexical issues, “The use and acquisition of the second language
lexicon,” edited by S. Gass (1987), the centrality of lexical development in second
language acquisition has received ever increasing recognition from researchers (see, for example,
volumes by Arnaud & Béjoint, 1992; Coady & Huckin, 1997; Haastrup, 1991;
Haastrup & Viberg, 1998; Harley, 1995, 1996; Hatch & Brown, 1995; Huckin, Haynes,
& Coady, 1993; Meara, 1992; Nation, 1990; Schmitt & McCarthy, 1997; Schreuder
& Weltens, 1993; Tréville, 1993; Tréville & Duquette, 1996). The
1987 collection was a leading foray into new territory, following a period of relative neglect of
the lexicon in SLA. The issues taken up by its authors were quite diverse, ranging from the
organization and components of the L2 lexicon, to aspects of acquisition such as cross-linguistic
influence, restructuring, and rate, to L2 lexical-use issues such as retrieval and access. Since that
time, a large body of L2 research and theory has developed around these and other topics, and it
has become possible to deal comprehensively with single core issues in L2 lexical acquisition
from multiple perspectives. The current collection is one such attempt, offering a set of related
papers on the topic of incidental L2 vocabulary acquisition. Unlike the 1987 collection, which
argued for recognition of the importance of the lexicon in a field dominantly concerned with the
acquisition of syntax, the authors of the present collection assume the central importance of
lexical acquisition.
Vocabulary growth in late talkers:
lexical development from 2;0 to 3;0
Authors: RESCORLA LESLIE , MIRAK JENNIFER , SINGH LEHER
Published: July 2002

Vocabulary growth from 2;0 to 3;0 was studied in 28 late talkers using
expressive vocabulary inventories reported bimonthly on the Language
Development Survey (LDS). Group milestones were 18 words at 2;0,
89 words at 2;6, and 195 words at 3;0. A sub-group of 11 children
(Group 1) showed a rapid vocabulary spurt between 2;2 and 2;8,
reached the 150–180 word mark by 2;6, and attained the LDS ceiling of
about 300 words by 2;10. In contrast, the 17 children in Group 2 still
had a mean vocabulary of fewer than 30 words at 2;6, had less of a
vocabulary spurt when they did start acquiring words, and attained the
150–180 vocabulary mark at 3;0. All 3;0 language outcome measures
were significantly predicted by LDS vocabulary size from 2;2 to 2;4.
Temporal reference in Chinese mother–child
conversation: morphosyntactic, semantic and
discourse-pragmatic resources
Authors: HUANG CHIUNG-CHIH
Published: July 2002

This paper explores two Mandarin-speaking children's (3;2 and 3;3)
ability to refer to the past in mother–child conversation. The approach
encompasses morphosyntactic, semantic and discourse-pragmatic perspectives.
The results show that the children tend to refer to immediate
past spontaneously, but rely heavily on elicitation when referring to
earlier past. It is suggested that maternal scaffolding functions as a
discourse support for children to participate in conversation involving
earlier past. When establishing past reference with overt temporal
markers, the children resort mainly to aspect markers. In addition, they
also rely on semantic and discourse-pragmatic resources for temporal
inferencing, such as inherent semantic aspect, shared background
knowledge and situational context.
Children's interpretations of homonyms:

a developmental study
Authors: MAZZOCCO MICHÈLE M. M.
Published: July 2002

The effect of homonymity on children's use of semantic context
to

derive word meaning was examined in two studies. Participants were

presented with stories that included three types of key words: nonsense

words, familiar words used accurately, and homonymous words. Thirty-two

preschoolers aged 3;7 to 5;4, 32 second graders aged 7;1 to 8;8, and

16 college students in Study 1 indicated the keys words' meaning by

selecting one of six possible illustrations per key word. In Study 2, 16

toddlers aged 2;9 to 3;3, 32 preschoolers aged 4;0 to 4;11, 32 second

graders aged 7;0 to 8;11, and 32 fifth graders aged 10;1 to 11;8

indicated key word meanings either by enacting each story with paper

dolls or by selecting one of six possible illustrations. Word type and
age,

but not response mode, affected children's interpretations. Children

from all four age groups made fewer contextually based interpretations

of homonymous words than of nonsense words. Fifth graders and adults

made more contextually based (rather than literal) interpretations of

homonymous words than did younger children. The results suggest that

homonymity is a powerful inhibitor of children's tendency to derive
a

meaning for a new word from context.
Overregularization in English plural and past tense
inflectional morphology: a response to Marcus (1995)
Authors: MARCHMAN VIRGINIA A. , PLUNKETT KIM , GOODMAN JUDITH
Published: July 2002

In a recent note, Marcus (1995) suggests that the rate
of overregularization of English irregular plural nouns is
not substantively different
from that of English irregular past tense verbs. This
finding is claimed
to be in conflict with the predictions of connectionist
models (Plunkett & Marchman, 1991, 1993) which are said
to depend solely on the
dominance of regular over irregular forms in determining
overregulation errors. However, these conclusions may be
premature given that Marcus
averaged overregulation rates across irregular nominal
forms that varied
in token frequency and across samples representing a broad
range of children's ages. A connectionist view would
predict an interplay between
type frequency and other item level factors, e.g. token
frequency, as well
as differences in the developmental trajectories of the
acquisition of nouns and verbs. In this response, we briefly
review longitudinal parental report data (N=26) which
indicate that children are significantly more likely to
produce noun overregularizations than verb
overregularizations across a prescribed age period (1;5 to 2;6).
At the same time, these data also show that children are
familiar with proportionately more irregular nouns than
irregular verbs. These findings
are consistent with the predictions of Plunkett &
Marchman (1991, 1993) in that the larger regular class
affects the frequency of noun errors
but also that familiarity with individual irregular nouns
tends to reduce
the likelihood of overregularizations. In contrast to the
conclusion of
Marcus (1995), the connectionist approach to English inflectional
morphology provides a plausible explanation of the phenomenon of
overregularization in both the English plural and past
tense systems.
First homology group of mapping class groups of nonorientable surfaces
Authors: KORKMAZ MUSTAFA
Published: July 2002

Recall that the first homology group H1(G)

of a group G is the derived quotient
G/[G, G]. The first homology groups

of the mapping class groups of closed orientable
surfaces are well known. Let F be a closed orientable surface
of genus
g. Recall that the extended mapping class group
[Mscr ]*F of the surface F is the group
of the
isotopy classes of self-homeomorphisms of F. The
mapping class group [Mscr ]F of F
is
the subgroup of [Mscr ]*F consisting of the
isotopy classes of orientation-preserving self-homeomorphisms of F.

It is well known that [Mscr ]F is trivial if
F is a sphere. Hence the
first homology group of the mapping class group of a sphere is trivial.
If the genus
of F is at least three, then H1([Mscr ]F)

is again trivial. This result is due to Powell [P].

The group H1([Mscr ]F) is Z10

if the genus of F is two, proved by Mumford [Mu],
and
Z12 if F is a torus. When a problem about

orientable surfaces is solved, it is natural
to ask the corresponding problem for nonorientable surfaces. This is our
motivation
for the present paper.
Ideal Lagrangian immersions in complex space forms
Authors: CHEN BANG-YEN
Published: July 2002

Roughly speaking, an ideal immersion of a Riemannian manifold into a space
form is an isometric immersion which produces the least possible amount of tension
from the ambient space at each point of the submanifold. In this paper we study
Lagrangian immersions in complex space forms which are ideal. We prove that all
Lagrangian ideal immersions in a complex space form are minimal. We also determine
ideal Lagrangian submanifolds in complex space forms.
Technology, Implementation and Policy Issues for the Modernisation
of
GPS and its Role in a GNSS
Authors: McDonald Keith D.
Published: July 2002

This and the following six papers were selected from the many papers

presented at the 9th World Congress
of the International Association of Institutes of Navigation (IAIN)
held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 17–21 November 1997.

During the past several years, a number of important investigations,
policy initiatives and
national commitments relating to the future of GPS,
GLONASS and their augmentations have
occurred. Substantive and on-going studies of the character and configuration
of a Global
Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) have also been evaluated
worldwide, especially by the
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). These efforts have been
principally directed
toward the definition of near- and far-term GNSS
implementations that meet the needs and
concerns of the international community. This paper briefly reviews some
of the investigations
and addresses, in particular, the concerns and requirements that may affect
the future
capabilities and the dual (civil/military) character of
GPS. The main issues relating to the
modernisation of GPS and its subsequent transition
to a component of a GNSS with a viable
international character are presented. These include a discussion of new
signal structure
options, certain changes in operating frequencies, increased signal power
levels, other system
alternatives and their potential impact on system performance. International
issues are briefly
addressed, including future performance capabilities, assurance of service,
economic
participation and benefit, reasonable cost, standards and international
participation.
Northern European Satellite Test Bed
Authors: Schuster-Bruce Alan , Lawson James , Quinlan Michael , McGregor Andrew
Published: July 2002

Satellite Based Augmentation Systems are being developed in Europe (EGNOS), the USA
(WAAS), and in Japan (MSAS). As part of their support to EGNOS, NATS and Racal have
developed and deployed a prototype SBAS system called the Northern European Satellite
Test Bed (NEST Bed). NEST Bed uses GPS L1/L2 reference stations at: Aberdeen,
Rotterdam, Ankara, Cadiz, Keflavik, and Bronnoysund. Data is sent to the Master Control
Centre at NATS Gatwick Services Management Centre for processing. The resulting 250 bits-per-second message is sent to Goonhilly for up-linking by BT to the Navigation Payload of
either the Inmarsat AOR-E or F5 spare satellite. NEST Bed was deployed and commissioned
during summer 1998, and flight tests were successfully demonstrated at the September 1998
Farnborough Air Show where approaches were flown to Boscombe Down on the DERA
BAC1-11 aircraft. In October 1998, a NATS/FAA flight trial was held in Iceland involving
NEST Bed and the FAA NSTB. NEST Bed is also being used for SARPS validation.
Microhabitat characteristics of feeding sites used by diving duck Aythya wintering on the grossly polluted Manchester Ship Canal, UK
Authors: MARSDEN S.J. , BELLAMY G.S.
Published: July 2002

Nationally important wintering populations of up to 2700 Pochard Aythya ferina and 2000 Tufted Duck A. fuligula feed around Salford Docks in the upper reaches of the Manchester Ship Canal. The system is grossly organically polluted and devoid of aquatic macrophytes, but holds high densities of oligochaetes and other pollution-tolerant invertebrates. The species fed together and differences in feeding distributions were more apparent between day and night than they were between species or winter period. We related the spatial patterns of feeding by ducks to water depth, channel width, total organic benthic carbon levels, and invertebrate densities. Separate analyses were performed for each species, during nighttime and daytime, and for different periods of the winter. In only half these analyses could feeding patterns be explained by differences in the microhabitat variables. However, feeding by both species was concentrated in the wider portions of the docks, in areas with high densities of oligochaetes, but particularly in areas of high total benthic organic carbon. These were areas where large amounts of sewage matter are deposited in the benthos. There are plans to improve water quality in the docks by modernizing sewage treatment systems upstream and by oxygenating the water within the docks. These may generally improve the biology of the system , but they may have a serious impact on the numbers of diving ducks by reducing the densities of their invertebrate prey.
Soybean cultivation as a threat to the environment in Brazil
Authors: Fearnside Philip M.
Published: July 2002

Soybeans represent a recent and powerful threat to tropical biodiversity in Brazil. Developing effective strategies to contain and minimize the environmental impact of soybean cultivation requires understanding of both the forces that drive the soybean advance and the many ways that soybeans and their associated infrastructure catalyse destructive processes. The present paper presents an up-to-date review of the advance of soybeans in Brazil, its environmental and social costs and implications for development policy. Soybeans are driven by global market forces, making them different from many of the land-use changes that have dominated the scene in Brazil so far, particularly in Amazonia. Soybeans are much more damaging than other crops because they justify massive transportation infrastructure projects that unleash a chain of events leading to destruction of natural habitats over wide areas in addition to what is directly cultivated for soybeans. The capacity of global markets to absorb additional production represents the most likely limit to the spread of soybeans, although Brazil may someday come to see the need for discouraging rather than subsidizing this crop because many of its effects are unfavourable to national interests, including severe concentration of land tenure and income, expulsion of population to Amazonian frontier, and gold-mining, as well as urban areas, and the opportunity cost of substantial drains on government resources. The multiple impacts of soybean expansion on biodiversity and other development considerations have several implications for policy: (1) protected areas need to be created in advance of soybean frontiers, (2) elimination of the many subsidies that speed soybean expansion beyond what would occur otherwise from market forces is to be encouraged, (3) studies to assess the costs of social and environmental impacts associated with soybean expansion are urgently required, and (4) the environmental-impact regulatory system requires strengthening, including mechanisms for commitments not to implant specific infrastructure projects that are judged to have excessive impacts.
Plant succession and its optimization on tar-polluted coasts in the Arabian Gulf region
Authors: HEGAZY AHMAD K.
Published: July 2002

Coastal ecosystems in the Arabian Gulf region are under increasing pressures from hostilities and other developmental activities; the region has a long history of crude-oil pollution. Because of the high ambient temperature, oil deposited along the coastline or inland evaporates, leaving a semi-solid tar. In Qatar, to clean up the polluted sites, the deposited tar is stripped off and dumped in the coastal marshes as confluent dome-shaped piles. Flowering plant colonization of tar-piles is described here as a chrono-sequence, ranging in age from 2 to 14 years. The successional patterns in vegetation, seed bank, species diversity and plant growth were predicted from tar-pile disturbances with different ages and tar content. The success of natural plant colonization and the establishment of plant communities on the tar-pile disturbances depend upon: (1) age of the tar-pile disturbances, (2) tar content of the piles and soil physico-chemical properties, (3) soil moisture content, (4) structure of plant communities in the surrounding landscape, (5) size of the disposal sites and the method of dumping, and (6) prevailing environmental conditions. A management and restoration framework is proposed to optimize the natural recolonization of tar-piles. To retain these ecosystems in a self-sustaining state, some native plant species might be used including: Aeloropus lagopoides, Aizoon canariense, Anabasis setifera, Fagonia indica, Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum, Reichardia tingitana, Salsola imbricata, Suaeda aegyptiaca, Senecio glaucus, Sporobolus arabicus, Zygophyllum quatarense, and Zygophyllum simplex. To clarify the biological and chemical aspects of the problem, further research on the chemistry of tar-polluted soil and its vegetation in relation to the food web is needed.