bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endogenous Dopamine Suppresses Initiation of Swimming in Prefeeding Zebrafish Larvae
Authors: Thirumalai Vatsala , Cline Hollis T.
Published: June 2008

Dopamine is a key neuromodulator of locomotory circuits, yet the role that dopamine plays during development of these circuits is less well understood. Here, we describe a suppressive effect of dopamine on swim circuits in larval zebrafish. Zebrafish larvae exhibit marked changes in swimming behavior between 3 days postfertilization (dpf) and 5dpf. We found that swim episodes were fewer and of longer durations at 3 than at 5dpf. At 3dpf, application of dopamine as well as bupropion, a dopamine reuptake blocker, abolished spontaneous fictive swim episodes. Blocking D2 receptors increased frequency of occurrence of episodes and activation of adenylyl cyclase, a downstream target inhibited by D2-receptor signaling, blocked the inhibitory effect of dopamine. Dopamine had no effect on motor neuron firing properties, input impedance, resting membrane potential, or the amplitude of spike afterhyperpolarization. Application of dopamine either to the isolated spinal cord or locally within the cord does not decrease episode frequency, whereas dopamine application to the brain silences episodes, suggesting a supraspinal locus of dopaminergic action. Treating larvae with 10 μM MPTP reduced catecholaminergic innervation in the brain and increased episode frequency. These data indicate that dopamine inhibits the initiation of fictive swimming episodes at 3dpf. We found that at 5dpf, exogenously applied dopamine inhibits swim episodes, yet the dopamine reuptake blocker or the D2-receptor antagonist have no effect on episode frequency. These results led us to propose that endogenous dopamine release transiently suppresses swim circuits in developing zebrafish.
Characterization of dietary protein-dependent amino acid metabolism by linking free amino acids with transcriptional profiles through analysis of correlation
Authors: Noguchi Yasushi , Shikata Nahoko , Furuhata Yasufumi , Kimura Takeshi , Takahashi Michio
Published: June 2008

This study aims to characterize diet-dependent amino acid metabolism by linking profiles of amino acids concentrations (“aminograms”) with transcript datasets through the analysis of correlation. We used a dietary model of protein restriction-to-excess, where rats were fed diets with different levels of casein (5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, and 70%) for 2 wk. Twenty-five different amino acids in the plasma, liver, kidney, small intestine, and muscle and 71 gene transcripts in these compartments were measured together with general physiological variables. Under low-protein diet (LPD) conditions, the plasma aminogram for EAA was similar to that of the liver and the small intestine, respectively. Under the high-protein diet (HPD), however, the plasma aminogram for EAA became like that of muscle, while that of NEAA was similar with that of both liver and muscle. To assess the impact of gene expressions in each tissue on the plasma aminograms, correlations were obtained between aminograms and transcripts in each tissue under a diet with different protein levels. Based on the correlations obtained, amino acids and transcripts were systematically connected and then a metabolite-to-gene network was constructed for either LPD or HPD condition. The networks obtained and some other metabolically meaningful relationships such as ureagenesis and serine metabolism clearly illustrated activation of either body protein breakdown with LPD or amino acid catabolism with HPD.
Contemporary approaches for modifying the mouse genome
Authors: Adams David J. , van der Weyden Louise
Published: June 2008

The mouse is a premiere experimental organism that has contributed significantly to our understanding of vertebrate biology. Manipulation of the mouse genome via embryonic stem (ES) cell technology makes it possible to engineer an almost limitless repertoire of mutations to model human disease and assess gene function. In this review we outline recent advances in mouse experimental genetics and provide a “how-to” guide for those people wishing to access this technology. We also discuss new technologies, such as transposon-mediated mutagenesis, and resources of targeting vectors and ES cells, which are likely to dramatically accelerate the pace with which we can assess gene function in vivo, and the progress of forward and reverse genetic screens in mice.
Further Studies on Neotropical Epyrini(Hymenoptera, Bethylidae)
Authors: Evans Howard E.
Published: June 2008

This paper is a supplement to two recent papers published in the
Bulletin of the Musem of Comparative Zoology Although these
papers were several years in the making, as so often happens they had
scarcely appeared when a considerable amount of new material came
into my hands. The present paper is concerned with range extensions,
notes on variation, and new species in the genera Rhabdepyris, Bakeriella,
Calyozina, and Epyris. The abbreviations employed are the
same as those used in my two previous papers, but for the sake of
ready reference the abbreviations are listed again at the conclusion
of this paper.
A New Species of The Spider Genus Xysticus(Araneae: Thomisidae) From Arizona
Authors: Redner J. H. , Dondale C. D.
Published: June 2008

The North American crab spiders are now comparatively well
known taxonomically. This is particularly true of the species in the
large genus Xysticus, which has been twice revised continentally by
Gertsch (1939, 1953) and treated in more regional works by Buckle
and Redner (1964), Schick (1965), and Turnbull, et al. (1965).
It seems probable that any additional new forms that will be discovered
will be from remote parts of the continent or in sibling relationship
with known species. Several species have, however, been
described only from one sex.

The purpose of this paper is to describe a distinctive new species
of Xysticus from the mountainous parts of Arizona. Its structure
clearly places it in the locuples group of the apophysate division of
the genus, and its range suggests it to be an inland endemic of the
southwestern United States.
A Technique for Observing the Behaviour of Small Animals Under Field Conditions
Authors: Robinson Michael H. , Smythe Nicholas D. E.
Published: June 2008

Small animals are difficult to observe under field conditions,
and arthropods of less than 10 mm body length are particularly
difficult subjects. When such animals are making complex movemerits
with small parts of their body (mouth parts, reproductive
organs) some device is needed to augment direct vision. One solution
to the problem is to use the zoom optics of a movie camera
equipped with close‐up devices (Robinson & Robinson, 1972).
Recently, however, one of us (M.H.R.) studied the behaviour of
Drosophila‐sized flies that associate with orb‐web spiders and
spend long periods standing on the spider’s body. To find out what
the flies were doing there it was essential to see them in close‐up and
be able to watch them, for long periods, under field conditions.
Watching them through the macrosystem of a movie camera gave
insufficient magnification. We solved the problem by adapting a
stereo‐binocular microscope for horizontal viewing. We feel that
this adaptation has a wide variety of potential applications in field
ethology. It may be a re‐invention but is worth describing here.
A New Species of Platythyrea (Hymenoptera; Formicidae) From Costa Rica
Authors: Kugler Charies
Published: June 2008

A new species of Platythyrea was found in the Field Museum
insect collections too late to be included in Brown’s (1975) revision
of the genus. Eleven workers were collected by Dr. John Wagner
and Dr. John Kethley from beflesates at the La Selva Field Station
of the Organization for Tropical Studies in Costa Rica. A formal
description is offered herewith. Measurements are as defined in
Brown (1975:3).
A New Genus and Species of Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera) From New Mexico
Authors: Johnson Victor
Published: June 2008

A single male specimen of an undescribed genus of Coniopterygidae
was collected in a blacklight trap in Las Cruces. New
Mexico. The specimen keys out to the genus Helicoconis Enderlein
of the subfamily Aleuropteryginae in Meinander′s (1972) key, but
genitalic studies show the need for a new generic designation. Because
the genitalia of this new genus differ from all known genera
of Coniopterygidae, it is difficult to make comparisons, but for
descriptive purposes, the genitalia are compared to those of Helicoconis.
The structures referred to here as ectoprocts are probably
equivalent to the ectoprocts of Helicoconis but may represent
other structures.
A New Argentine Genus of Theriini (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Porter Charles C.
Published: June 2008

Recent fieldwork in subtropical humid forests of Salta and
Corrientes Provinces of north Argentina has revealed a new genus
of the anomalonine ichneumonid tribe Theriini (as defined by
Townes, 1971, p. 155) and therein most closely related to the
Palaearctic and Indo‐Papuan genus Heteropelma Wesmael.
Observations on the Webs and Life History of Homalometa nigritarsis (Araneae: Tetragnathidae): A Spider That Lays Its Eggs in Rows
Authors: Edwards Robert L. , Edwards Annabel D.
Published: June 2008

The small (2.5‐3.0 mm), colorful metine spider, Homalometa nigritarsis Simon 1897, Family Tetragnathidae, has previously been reported from northern Mexico, Panama and the southern islands of the Lesser Antilles (Levi 1986). In the rain forest of northeastern Puerto Rico it is most frequently found with webbing on the larger outer concave surfaces of pendulous leaves. H. nigritarsis typically makes a circular, relatively flat retreat within which the female deposits two parallel rows of naked eggs. The rows are produced at intervals; as one row hatches another replaces it shortly thereafter. Evidence of up to four generations of rows has been observed. Above the retreat, and closely aligned with it, the spider builds a nearly invisible, delicate orb web, typically from edge to edge of the leaf (Fig. 1a and b). While retaining the traditional orb‐web, H. nigritarsis has adopted a unique habitat and set of life history features.
Colony Founding Behavior of Some Desert Ants: Geographic Variation in Metrosis
Authors: Rissing Steven W. , Johnson Robert A. , Martin John W.
Published: June 2008

The ants Pogonomyrmex catifornicus and Pheidole tucsonica display cooperative colony foundation with co‐foundresses forming associations without respect to relatedness. Geographic variation in method of colony foundation [cooperative (pleometrosis) versus non‐cooperative (haplometrosis)] occurs in P. californicus, Acromyrmex versicolor, Myrmecocystus mimicus and Messor pergandei. Such variation in colony founding behavior strongly suggests
that comparative studies of the adaptive value of cooperative colony founding will be extremely rewarding.
Sexual Dimorphism in Eye Morphology in a Butterfly (Asterocampa leilia; Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)
Authors: Ziemba Kristine S. , Rutowski Ronald L.
Published: June 2008

In the Empress Leilia butterfly, Asterocampa leilia, as in many insects, males have larger eyes than females. We explore the morphological causes and consequences of this dimorphism in eye size by comparing the corneal surface area, facet numbers, and patterns of variation in facet dimensions in males and females. We report that, with body size (measured by forewing length) controlled, male eyes are consistently larger than female eyes, and that, although males and females do not differ significantly in the number of facets per eye, males have significantly larger facets. Also, males have disproportionately larger facets both frontally and dorsally. As a result of these sexual differences in eye structure, males are expected to have a larger and more acute visual field than females which could be advantageous in the context of this species′ mate searching tactic.
Parachartergus fraternus (Gribodo) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) Uses Venom When Taking Caterpillar Prey
Authors: Olson Eric J.
Published: June 2008

A forager of the eusocial wasp Parachartergus fraternus used its venom to subdue an unidentified small caterpillar, and another P. fraternus forager repeatedly stung a large saturniid caterpillar. In both instances, the wasp stung the larva and then waited nearby until the prey was fully paralyzed before biting it into manageable packets of meat. A review of the literature on social wasp foraging yielded no similar observations of a social wasp using venom when killing prey. Elements of the foraging behavior of P. fraternus are also seen in the foraging behavior of the Eumeninae, the solitary wasp taxon most closely related to eusocial wasps.
Ants from Northwestern China (Hymenoptera, Fomficidae)
Authors: Collingwood Cedric , Heatwole Harold
Published: June 2008

An ecological survey of the ant fauna of the southern part of the Junggar Basin and adjacent mountains, Xinjiang, China, revealed 46 species of which 27 (59%) were new records for China. Most of the species are widespread and no endemics were found. A largely boreal fauna occupies the spruce forest zone at high elevations of the Tienshan Mountains, giving way, lower down, in elm forest, to a mixed, but primarily mesic temperate fauna. Loess desert and degraded steppe at mid‐elevations and in the foothills are overgrazed and have only a few species that elsewhere occur in temperate mesic and/or steppic habitats. The sandy deserts and poplar woodlands of the arid Junggar Basin have a fauna characteristic of deserts and steppes. The salt desert fauna has a strange mixture of a number of elements.
Flow Instabilities in Boiling Two-Phase Natural Circulation Systems: A Review
Authors: Nayak A. K. , Vijayan P. K.
Published: June 2008

Several decades have been spent on the study of flow instabilities in boiling two-phase natural circulation systems. It is felt to have a review and summarize the state-of-the-art research carried out in this area, which would be quite useful to the design and safety of current and future light water reactors with natural circulation core cooling. With that purpose, a review of flow instabilities in boiling natural circulation systems has been carried out. An attempt has been made to classify the instabilities occurring in natural circulation systems similar to that in forced convection boiling systems. The mechanism of instabilities occurring in two-phase natural circulation systems have been explained based on these classifications. The characteristics of different instabilities as well as the effects of different operating and geometric parameters on them have been reviewed.
The Novel Microwave Stop-Band Filter
Authors: Chernobrovkin R. E. , Ivanchenko I. V. , Korolev A. M. , Popenko N. A. , Sirenko K. Yu.
Published: June 2008

The stop-band filter with the new band-rejection element is proposed. The element is a coaxial waveguide with the slot in the centre conductor. In the frame of this research, the numerical and experimental investigations of the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the filter are carried out. It is noted that according to the slot parameters the two typical resonances (half-wave and quarter-wave) can be excited. The rejection band of the single element is defined by the width, depth, and dielectric filling of the slot. Fifth-order Chebyshev filter utilizing the aforementioned element is also synthesized, manufactured, and tested. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement. The experimental filter prototype exhibits the rejection band 0.86 GHz at the level −40 dB.
Vorhersage des Therapieansprechens beim Mammakarzinom
Authors: Strunz K. , Deissler H. , Kreienberg R. , Sauer G.
Published: June 2008

Die Untersuchung von Mammakarzinomen auf molekularer Ebene anhand der Expression bestimmter Genmuster lässt die Unterscheidung von 4 Gruppen zu: die Subtypen Luminal A und B, den HER2-Subtyp und den basalen Subtyp. Diese 4 Gruppen unterscheiden sich in ihrer Prognose sowie in ihrem Ansprechen auf spezifische Therapiemodalitäten. Auch die Entwicklung von Genexpressionsprofilen wie dem 21-Gen-Rückfallscore (Oncotype DX®) oder dem 70-Gen-Profil (Mammaprint®) kann einen Beitrag dazu leisten, adjuvante Therapien zielgerichteter einzusetzen. Die Chemotherapie ist ein integraler Bestandteil in der Systemtherapie des frühen Mammakarzinoms. Nachdem jedoch der Grossteil der Mammakarzinome östrogenrezeptorpositiv ist und potenziell geringer auf eine Chemotherapie anspricht, ist die Identifizierung derer, die von einer solchen Therapie profitieren, von besonderer Bedeutung. Die Analyse von Genexpressionsmustern kann dazu beitragen, das traditionelle histopathologische Staging zu ergänzen.
Late-Onset Autoimmunity: The Paradigm of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis – A Mini-Review
Authors: Siegel Samuel M. , Selmi Carlo , Dottorini Lorenzo , Antelmi Magda , Zuin Massimo , Lanfredini Mario , Gershwin M. Eric
Published: June 2008

The incidence of autoimmune diseases appears to be increasing in virtually every population. This is well illustrated by primary biliary cirrhosis, a disease characterized by an immune response to small bile ducts and an incidence increasing with age. The etiology of primary biliary cirrhosis remains enigmatic, although there is clearly an interplay of genetics and environment with a possible role for immunosenescence. The increasing usage of serologic tests for the hallmark of primary biliary cirrhosis, the antimitochondrial antibody, has dramatically changed the spectrum of disease presentation and natural history. In the past, data were predominantly based on the greater prevalence of advanced cases, whereas now most patients are detected earlier through the use of multi-phasic chemistry panels. In this review, we will place the epidemiology of primary biliary cirrhosis in the context of its clinical features and treatment as well as emphasize the future directions to further understand the immunobiology of this disease.
Dimensions of Post-Stroke Fatigue: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Christensen Doris , Johnsen Soeren Paaske , Watt Torquil , Harder Ingegerd , Kirkevold Marit , Andersen Grethe
Published: June 2008

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the course of poststroke fatigue in a cohort of first-time stroke patients compared to the general population, and to identify clinically relevant features of post-stroke fatigue. Methods: We performed a follow-up study of 165 patients with first-time stroke admitted to acute stroke units at the Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. A reference group of 1,069 persons was sampled from the general population. Fatigue was assessed using the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) covering five scales of fatigue (General Fatigue, Physical Fatigue, Reduced Activity, Reduced Motivation, and Mental Fatigue). Results: Compared to the general population, stroke patients reported higher levels of Physical Fatigue. Minor or no differences were found for the other fatigue scales. Pathological fatigue, defined as a score ≧12 on the General Fatigue scale, was reported by 59% (95% CI: 51–66%), 44% (95% CI: 36–51%), 38% (95% CI: 31–46%), and 40% (95% CI: 32–48%) of stroke patients 10 days, 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years following hospitalization for stroke, respectively. Post-stroke fatigue levels decreased after three months and remained stable throughout the remainder of follow-up. Poor functional outcome was consistently associated with increased levels of fatigue. Conclusions: Post-stroke fatigue is a common condition primarily characterized by increased levels of Physical Fatigue. The pathological mechanisms underlying post-stroke fatigue and its clinical implications require further study.
Outcome Analysis in Clinical Trial Design for Acute Stroke: Physicians’ Attitudes and Choices
Authors: Savitz Sean I. , Benatar Michael , Saver Jeffrey L. , Fisher Marc
Published: June 2008

Background: Thrombolysis remains the only proven therapy to benefit acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. Recent studies have introduced more sensitive outcome measures such as the shift analysis to detect a treatment effect in AIS trials and are also including imaging as a surrogate of injury. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, internet-based survey of academic neurologists regarding their attitudes, choices and understanding of various outcome measures in clinical trial design for AIS. The survey population consisted of neurologists who specialize in the care of stroke patients and are on faculty at university-affiliated hospitals in the USA. Results: 152 of 300 neurologists completed the survey. There were 79% men and 21% women. Among commonly used outcome scales in acute stroke, the most frequent ones selected for use as trial primary endpoints were the global statistic (59%), modified Rankin scale (mRS) (52%), and NIHSS (30%). When given choices about which outcome on the mRS would justify a therapeutic intervention, 54% chose a shift analysis of change in the distribution of outcomes and 39% chose a dichotomized outcome (mRS ≤2). A majority of respondents favored health transition states of 4–3, 3–2 and 2–1 on the mRS as clinically worthwhile. Only 2% of the respondents thought that a single transition point on the mRS was clinically meaningful. However, 20% of the respondents did not understand the shift analysis. In addition, nearly two thirds of the respondents believed that the presence of a mismatch on brain imaging is relevant to the success of neuroprotective agents. Conclusion: The majority of respondents accepted an analysis of the entire distribution of the mRS scores as an appropriate endpoint analytic technique in AIS trials and did not require the traditional dichotomized outcome to demonstrate a treatment effect; however, a better understanding of the shift strategy is needed. Our data also support the importance of incorporating mismatch imaging into future neuroprotection trials.
Immediate Pars Plana Vitrectomy Improves Outcome in Retained Intravitreal Lens Fragments after Phacoemulsification
Authors: Chen Ching-Long , Wang Teng-Yi , Cheng Jen-Hao , Tai Ming-Cheng , Lu Da-Wen , Chen Jiann-Torng
Published: June 2008

Purpose: To investigate the clinical features, visual acuity outcomes and the most appropriate intervention time in patients with retained lens fragments managed by pars plana vitrectomy. Methods: This was a retrospective review of the records of 78 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy for retained lens fragments at the Tri-Service General Hospital from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2006. Results: The mean age of the patients was 70 years (range, 24–92 years). There were 40 men (51%) and 38 women (49%). The mean follow-up period after surgery was 13.8 months. Forty-five patients (58%) had vitrectomy within 1 day of phacoemulsification (group A), 22 (28%) within 1 week (group B) and 11 (14%) after more than 1 week (group C). No patients in group A developed complications, and 76% achieved a final visual acuity of 6/12 or better. In group B, all patients had elevated intraocular pressure, and 45% achieved a final visual acuity of 6/12 or better. In group C, all patients presented with corneal edema, moderate or severe uveitis, and elevated intraocular pressure. Of these patients, 27% had cystoid macular edema, 36% developed retinal detachment, and 27% had a final visual acuity of 6/12 or better. Conclusion: Pars plana vitrectomy performed immediately after cataract surgery for retained lens fragments is a viable option and may achieve a better visual outcome, with reduced risk of secondary glaucoma, retinal detachment or cystoid macular edema.
Stem Cells and Renal Regeneration
Authors: Roufosse C. , Cook H.T.
Published: June 2008

The role of embryonal or adult stem cells, in particular bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells, in regenerating the kidney after injury has been the subject of intensive investigation. BM-derived stem cells have been shown to give rise to small numbers of most renal cell types, including tubular cells, mesangial cells, podocytes, vascular cells and interstitial cells. However, the role this infrequent display of BM cell plasticity plays in organ regeneration is less certain. Injections of BM-derived cells do improve renal function in many animal models of renal disease. Current opinion attributes this renoprotective effect mainly to paracrine factors supporting regeneration by local renal cells and to immunomodulatory effects, rather than to transdifferentiation of BM cells into renal cells. Several groups have identified native renal stem cell populations, although their role in renal regeneration has not yet been well defined.
Blood Pressure Control and Symptomatic Intradialytic Hypotension in Diabetic Haemodialysis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Davenport Andrew , Cox Claire , Thuraisingham Raj
Published: June 2008

Background:Cardiovascular disease remains the most common cause of mortality in end-stage kidney failure patients with diabetes. To improve blood pressure control, and reduce cardiovascular risk, in 2002 the UK Renal Association Standards’ Committee introduced pre- and post-dialysis target blood pressures of <140/90 and <130/80 mm Hg, respectively. Methods: We audited blood pressure control and symptomatic intradialytic hypotension during 1 week in the eleven renal centres in the Greater London Urban Area in 2,193 patients, capturing 6,579 haemodialysis sessions. Results: Although 73.9% of the 658 diabetic patients were prescribed antihypertensive medications, compared to 57.8% of the 1,535 non-diabetic patients (p < 0.001), both the mean pre- and post-dialysis blood pressures were greater in the diabetic patients: before dialysis 152 ± 23/77 ± 13 versus 144 ± 23/79 ± 13 mm Hg and after dialysis 138 ± 24/71 ± 12 versus 132 ± 26/73 ± 13 mm Hg, and fewer diabetic patients achieved the pre- and post-dialysis blood pressure targets: 28.6 versus 40.8% and 37.9 versus 46.3%, respectively (p < 0.01). In addition, more diabetic patients suffered symptomatic intradialytic hypotension, 20.3 versus 14.9% (p < 0.01), associated with greater interdialytic weight gains. Conclusion: Diabetic haemodialysis patients had higher blood pressures, both before and after dialysis, associated with greater interdialytic weight gains and more frequent symptomatic intradialytic hypotension.
Assessment of Coronary Stenosis by a 16-Slice MDCT Scanner in Asymptomatic Diabetic Patients Starting Dialysis Therapy
Authors: Iio Kenichiro , Nagasawa Yasuyuki , Kimura Tomonori , Yamasaki Keita , Takeda Yoshihiro , Hamano Takayuki , Iwatani Hirotsugu , Sumitsuji Satoru , Nagai Yoshiyuki , Ito Takahito , Imai Enyu , Hayashi Terumasa
Published: June 2008

Background: The accuracy for the detection of coronary stenosis by multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) has been getting more recognition. However, the usefulness of MDCT in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been confirmed. Methods: Weanalyzed 19 consecutive patients with asymptomatic diabetic CKD who underwent both MDCT and coronary angiography (CAG) at the initiation of dialysis. The definition of stenosis in this study was lesions with ≧50% stenosis by CAG. Results: CAG revealed stenosis in 35 of 76 branches in 19 patients. Vessel diameter could not be evaluated by MDCT in 11 (14%) major vessels because of motion artifacts, pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, and severe calcification. Almost all of such lesions were located in the right coronary (4/11; 36%) or left circumflex (5/11; 45%) artery. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of MDCT for a diagnosis of stenosis in the 65 evaluable major vessels were 86, 81, 78, and 88%, respectively. The severity of vessel calcification was increased in a stepwise manner with increments in the proportion of major vessels with ≧50% stenosis (p = 0.004 for trend). Conclusion: MDCT seemed to be an effective non-invasive method of screening patients with diabetic CKD for CAD.
Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Behavioral Couples Therapy in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparative Evaluation in Community-Based Addiction Treatment Centers
Authors: Vedel Ellen , Emmelkamp Paul M.G. , Schippers Gerard M.
Published: June 2008

Background: Alcohol abuse serves as a chronic stressor between partners and has a deleterious effect on relationship functioning. Behavioral Couples Therapy (BCT) for alcohol dependence, studied as an adjunct to individual outpatient counseling, has shown to be effective in decreasing alcohol consumption and enhancing marital functioning, but no study has directly tested the comparative effectiveness of stand-alone BCT versus an individually focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in a clinical community sample. Methods: The present study is a randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of stand-alone BCT (n = 30) compared to individual CBT (n = 34) in the treatment of alcohol use disorders in community treatment centers in Dutch male and female alcoholics and their partners. Results: Results show both BCT and CBT to be effective in changing drinking behavior after treatment. BCT was not found to be superior to CBT. Marital satisfaction of the spouse increased significantly in the BCT condition but not in the CBT condition, the differences being significant at the post-test. Patients’ self-efficacy to withstand alcohol-related high-risk situations increased significantly in both treatment conditions, but more so in CBT than in BCT after treatment. Treatment involvement of the spouse did not increase retention. Conclusion: Regular practitioners in community treatment centers can effectively deliver both treatments. Stand-alone BCT is as effective as CBT in terms of reduced drinking and to some extent more effective in terms of enhancing relationship satisfaction. However, BCT is a more costly intervention, given that treatment sessions lasted almost twice as long as individual CBT sessions.
Psychosocial and Cognitive Rehabilitation of Patients with Solvent-Induced Chronic Toxic Encephalopathy: A Randomised Controlled Study
Authors: van Hout Moniek S.E. , Wekking Ellie M. , Berg Ina J. , Deelman Betto G.
Published: June 2008

Background: There is little experience with the (neuro) psychological treatment of patients with solvent-induced chronic toxic encephalopathy (CSE). In this randomised controlled trial (RCT), a treatment programme was evaluated based on previous outcome studies of patients with chronic fatigue, whiplash and traumatic brain damage. Methods: The treatment consisted of 8 group sessions based on cognitive behavioural principles focusing on inadequate illness behaviours, and 8 sessions of cognitive strategy training to compensate memory problems. The research design was an RCT with follow-up, comparing the cumulative effect of the 2 interventions allocated in random order with a waiting-list control group. Outcome measures were treatment satisfaction, self-ratings of psychosocial and cognitive changes, psychosocial and memory questionnaires and neuropsychological tests. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed with baseline scores, treatment versus control condition, effort status, and litigation or financial compensation status as predictors. Results: Ninety-five patients started treatment, 84 patients had complete data. Treatment satisfaction was high. After the treatment, only the treatment group had improved on objective memory tests and on complaints related to CSE, but not on other questionnaires. Treatment effects diminished at follow-up. Insufficient effort and litigation were negatively associated with treatment outcome. Conclusions: The positive treatment effects on the cognitive tests were only temporary. It might be important to study the effect of booster sessions to update practiced cognitive strategies. Effort was an important predictor of success, more important than involvement in a litigation procedure. This finding should have implications for the selection of patients.
Calculation of Prevalence Estimates through Differential Equations: Application to Stroke-Related Disability
Authors: Mar Javier , Sainz-Ezkerra María , Moler-Cuiral Jose Antonio
Published: June 2008

Background: Neurological diseases now make up 6.3% of the global burden of disease mainly because they cause disability. To assess disability, prevalence estimates are needed. The objective of this study is to apply a method based on differential equations to calculate the prevalence of stroke-related disability. Methods: On the basis of a flow diagram, a set of differential equations for each age group was constructed. The linear system was solved analytically and numerically. The parameters of the system were obtained from the literature. The model was validated and calibrated by comparison with previous results. Results: The stroke prevalence rate per 100,000 men was 828, and the rate for stroke-related disability was 331. The rates steadily rose with age, but the group between the ages of 65 and 74 years had the highest total number of individuals. Discussion: Differential equations are useful to represent the natural history of neurological diseases and to make possible the calculation of the prevalence for the various states of disability. In our experience, when compared with the results obtained by Markov models, the benefit of the continuous use of time outweighs the mathematical requirements of our model.
Overproduction of a Metallo-β-Lactamase by a Strong Promoter Causes High-Level Imipenem Resistance in a Clinical Isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Takeda Shinobu , Nakai Toru , Ikeda Fumiaki , Hatano Kazuo
Published: June 2008

Background: Metallo-β-lactamase is one of the feared resistance mechanisms inPseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: β-Lactamase activity was determined using crude enzymes. Cloned plasmids were transformed in P. aeruginosa KG2505, PAO1 derivative without an AmpC β-lactamase and a MexAB-OprM efflux pump. Results:P. aeruginosa No. 20232 was highly resistant to imipenem (minimum inhibitory concentration >512 µg/ml). It possessed IMP-10 and the activity was 1.89 ± 0.42 µmol/min/mg of protein, which was 5–8 times higher than other tested isolates. The blaIMP-10 promoter was strong (–35 region, TTGACA; –10 region, TAAACT); on the other hand, blaIMP of other isolates had a hybrid promoter. Transformants with plasmid encoding blaIMP-10 with a strong promoter had higher enzymatic activity and were less susceptible to imipenem than those encoding blaIMP-10 with a hybrid promoter. Conclusions: The high metallo-β-lactamase activity caused by a strong promoter was a major determinant for high-level imipenem resistance of P. aeruginosa No. 20232.
Postantibiotic and Post-Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor Effect of Carbapenems Combined with EDTA against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Producing VIM-Metallo Beta-Lactamases
Authors: Bedenić B. , Vraneš J. , Sviben M. , Beader N. , Kalenić S.
Published: June 2008

Background and Aim: Postantibiotic effect (PAE) is a delay of bacterial growth after short exposure to antibiotics. The phenomenon of continuing suppression of bacterial growth after removal of β-lactamase inhibitors is termed post-β-lactamase inhibitor effect (PLIE). Recently, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains producing metallo-β-lactamases were described in many countries of the world. The aim of the study was to investigate the PLIE of carbapenems in combinations with EDTA against VIM-MBL-positive strains of P. aeruginosa. Methods: The experiments were performed on two Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, one producing VIM-1 and the other producing VIM-2 metallo-β-lactamase. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of imipenem and meropenem alone and combined with EDTA, time-kill curves, PAE and PLIE were performed as described previously. Results: The duration of PAE with meropenem combined with EDTA at 8 × MIC was longer against both VIM-1 and VIM-2 producer than that of imipenem with EDTA on VIM-1- and VIM-2-positive strains. The duration of PLIE was similar on both strains of P. aeruginosa regardless of the sort of carbapenem. At lower concentrations, meropenem with EDTA induced slightly longer PAE and PLIE than imipenem with EDTA. Conclusions: This study has shown that EDTA combined with carbapenems produced a significant PLIE on VIM-MBL-positive P. aeruginosa strains. The results do not have any clinical relevance so far since metal chelators such as EDTA are not used as therapeutic agents due to their toxicity.
Reversal of Multidrug Resistance by Synthetic and Natural Compounds in Drug-Resistant MCF-7 Cell Lines
Authors: Kars Meltem Demirel , İşeri Ozlem Darcansoy , Gunduz Ufuk , Molnar Jozsef
Published: June 2008

Background: Ineffectiveness of anticancer drugs is frequently observed in cancer chemotherapy. The resistance of tumor cells to various cytotoxic drugs is defined as multidrug resistance (MDR). The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential reversal effect of some synthetic and natural chemicals on drug-resistant MCF-7 cell lines. The effects of potential MDR modulators combined with some anticancer drugs were also studied. Methods: Flow cytometry, MTT cytotoxicity assays and checkerboard combination assays were performed to study the reversal of drug resistance and to investigate the antiproliferative effects of the combination of anticancer drugs and the potential modulators. The results indicated that verapamil, capsanthin, zeaxanthin and promethazine inhibited P-gp effectively, but chrysin was not effective at reversing the resistance in MCF-7 sublines. Four selective anticancer drugs (paclitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin and vincristine) and 4 effective MDR modulators (verapamil, capsanthin, zeaxanthin and promethazine) were applied to the sublines in combination. Results and Conclusion: Fractional inhibitory indices show that verapamil and zeaxanthin seem to be the most effective MDR reversal agents that may be used together with paclitaxel, docetaxel, vincristine and doxorubicin in drug-resistant mammary carcinoma sublines. In conclusion, this report represents the importance to find out active and efficient drug resistance modulators for improving the efficacy of chemotherapy.
Activities of Artemether-Lumefantrine and Amodiaquine-Sulfalene-Pyrimethamine against Sexual-Stage Parasites in Falciparum Malaria in Children
Authors: Sowunmi Akintunde , Balogun Tunde , Gbotosho Grace O. , Happi Christian T. , Adedeji Ahmed A. , Bolaji Olayinka M. , Fehintola Fatai A. , Folarin Onikepe A.
Published: June 2008

The activities of artemether-lumefantrine and amodiaquine-sulfalene-pyrimethamine against sexual-stage parasites were evaluated in 42 of 181 Nigerian children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria who had gametocytaemia before, during or after treatment with the two combination therapies. The children were randomized to the standard dose regimens. Clinical recovery from illness occurred in all children who carried gametocytes. Gametocytaemia was detected in 20 patients (11%) before treatment and in another 22 patients (12.2%) after treatment. Game- tocyte carriage rates were similar in both combination treatment groups, but the area under the curve of gametocytaemia plotted against time was 8-fold higher in the amodiaquine-sulfalene-pyrimethamine-treated than in the artemether-lumefantrine-treated children. The pretreatment gametocyte sex ratio was female biased in both treatment groups. During follow-up, there was a short-lived but significant increase in the gametocyte sex ratio in children treated with amodiaquine-sulfalene-pyrimethamine but not in those treated with artemether-lumefantrine. These results indicate that both combination therapies had moderate effects on gametocyte carriage, but artemether-lumefantrine may be more potent at reducing transmissibility in P. falciparum malaria by exerting greater effects on post-treatment gametocyte density and gametocyte sex ratio.
Comparative Analysis of Cell Injury after Exposure to Antitumor Platinum Derivatives in Kidney Tubular Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kitada Noriaki , Takara Kohji , Itoh Chihiro , Minegaki Tetsuya , Tsujimoto Masayuki , Sakaeda Toshiyuki , Yokoyama Teruyoshi
Published: June 2008

Background: Platinum derivatives differ in effectiveness and safety. The purpose of this study is to compare differences in the mechanism of nephrotoxicity among these derivatives. Methods: LLC-PK1 cells were used as a model of tubular epithelial cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by WST-1 assay, and cellular accumulation of platinum was examined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. As indexes of necrosis and apoptosis, lactate dehydrogenase release, DNA fragmentation and caspase 3 activation were examined. Results: In terms of cytotoxicity, the derivatives ranked in the order of oxaliplatin > cisplatin > nedaplatin > carboplatin, being comparable with that for the level of platinum accumulated in LLC-PK1 cells. Lactate dehydrogenase release and DNA fragmentation were observed following treatment with all the derivatives, but were lowest for carboplatin. In terms of activating caspase 3, the order was cisplatin > nedaplatin > oxaliplatin > carboplatin. Conclusion: Cytotoxicity by the derivatives was dependent on cellular accumulation of platinum and suggested to be mediated by apoptosis and necrosis; however, contributions differed among the derivatives.
Voriconazole-Induced Neuropathy
Authors: Aksoy Firdevs , Akdogan Elif , Aydin Kemalettin , Yilmaz Mustafa , Altunayoglu Vildan , Sozen Ebru Emel , Omay Serdar Bedii , Koksal Iftihar
Published: June 2008

Background: Fungal infections are common and life threatening among immunosupressive patients. Rare side effects may occur related to the use of voriconazole, which is the drug of choice in invasive aspergillosis. Patients and Methods: Neuropathy was determined through clinical and electromyographic findings during the course of voriconazole therapy in 2 patients developing invasive aspergillosis. Results: Since examinations revealed no neuropathy capable of ascription to any other cause and improvement followed the cessation of the drug, this suggested that neuropathy may be linked to voriconazole use. Conclusion: Neuropathy may be seen as a side effect during voriconazole treatment. Voriconazole-induced side effects should be borne in mind and patients carefully monitored during its use.
A Pilot Study of Oxaliplatin, Fluorouracil and Folinic Acid (FOLFOX-6) as First-Line Chemotherapy in Advanced or Recurrent Gastric Cancer
Authors: Luo Hui-Yan , Xu Rui-Hua , Zhang Li , Li Yu-Hong , Shi Yan-Xia , Lin Tong-Yu , Han Bing , Wang Feng , Qiu Miao-Zhen , He You-Jian , Guan Zhong-Zhen
Published: June 2008

Background: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of an oxaliplatin, fluorouracil (5-FU), and folinic acid (FOLFOX-6) combination therapy in patients with advanced or recurrent gastric cancer. Methods: Patients with previously untreated advanced or recurrent gastric cancer received oxaliplatin 100 mg/m2 and leucovorin 400 mg/m2 (2-hour intravenous infusion) followed by a 5-FU bolus of 400 mg/m2 (10-min infusion) and then 5-FU 2,600–3,000 mg/m2 (46-hour continuous infusion). The chemotherapy was repeated every 14 days. Results: Fifty-one patients were enrolled in this study. Of these, 46 were assessable for efficacy, and all patients were assessable for toxicity. Three of 51 patients achieved a complete response, and 18 had partial responses, giving an overall response rate of 41.2%. Stable disease was observed in 11 (21.6%) patients and progressive disease in 14 (27.5%). The median time to progression was 5.4 months, and the median overall survival was 12.1 months. NCI-CTC grade 3/4 hematological toxicities were neutropenia and anemia in 9.8 and 7.8% of the patients, respectively. Grade 3 peripheral neuropathy was recorded in 3 (5.9%) patients. Other NCI-CTC grade 3 or 4 toxicities included diarrhea in 3 patients (5.9%) and vomiting in 5 (9.8%). There were no treatment-related deaths. Conclusions: This oxaliplatin/5-FU/folinic acid regimen shows good efficacy and an acceptable toxicity profile in advanced or recurrent gastric cancer patients; further clinical trials are warranted.
A Phase I Study of Bexarotene and Rosiglitazone in Patients with Refractory Cancers
Authors: Read William L. , Baggstrom Maria Q. , Fracasso Paula M. , Govindan Ramaswamy
Published: June 2008

Background: Preclinical studies have shown that binding of PPAR-γ (polysome-proliferator activated receptor gamma) and retinoid-X receptor (RXR) to their ligands can slow growth and promote differentiation of malignant cells. Rosiglitazone, a PPAR-γ ligand, is approved for treatment of insulin-resistant diabetes, and bexarotene, a RXR ligand, is approved for treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. After binding to its ligand, the PPAR-γ receptor heterodimerizes with the RXR resulting in synergistic effects in preclinical models. We conducted a phase I study of bexarotene and rosiglitazone to define the MTD of rosiglitazone in this combination regimen. Methods: Patients with resistant solid tumors received bexarotene 300 mg/m2/day. The starting dose of rosiglitazone was 4 mg/day and was escalated in five cohorts by 2-mg increments up to 12 mg/day. Both drugs were continued until disease progression or toxicity was observed. Patients received atorvastatin 10 mg/day to control bexarotene-related hypertriglyceridemia. Results: Twenty-three patients were enrolled, with a median of 4 prior regimens (range 0–8). The study was closed after completing the 12 mg/day cohort without encountering dose-limiting toxicity. The most common grade 3 or 4 toxicities were hypertriglyceridemia (17%), dyspnea (9%), nausea (9%), and dehydration (9%). No objective responses were observed. Conclusions: The combination of bexarotene (300 mg/m2/day) and rosiglitazone (12 mg/day) is safe and feasible but did not result in objective responses in heavily pretreated patients with solid tumors. This combination is suitable for evaluation in other conditions such as hematologic malignancies and inflammatory diseases.
Long-Term Cognitive Outcome of Delirium in Elderly Hip Surgery Patients
Authors: Kat Martin G. , Vreeswijk Ralph , de Jonghe Jos F.M. , van der Ploeg Tjeerd , van Gool Willem A. , Eikelenboom Piet , Kalisvaart Kees J.
Published: June 2008

Objective: To study the outcome of delirium in elderly hip surgery patients. Design: Prospective matched controlled cohort study. Hip surgery patients (n = 112) aged 70 years and older, who participated in a controlled clinical trial of haloperidol prophylaxis for delirium, were followed for an average of 30 months after discharge. Patients with a diagnosis of dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were identified using psychiatric interviews. Proportions of patients with dementia/MCI were compared across patients who had postoperative delirium and selected control patients matched for preoperatively assessed risk factors who had not developed delirium during index hospitalization. Other outcomes were mortality rate and rate of institutionalization. Results: During the follow-up period, 54.9% of delirium patients had died compared to 34.1% of the controls (relative risk = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.0–2.6). Dementia or MCI was diagnosed in 77.8% of the surviving patients with postoperative delirium and in 40.9% of control patients (relative risk = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.1–3.3). Half of the patients with delirium were institutionalized at follow-up compared to 28.6% of the controls (relative risk = 1.8, 95% CI = 0.9–3.4). Conclusion: The risk of dementia or MCI at follow-up is almost doubled in elderly hip surgery patients with postoperative delirium compared with at-risk patients without delirium. Delirium may indicate underlying dementia.