bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid polyamide membrane compatibility testing of potential anti-biofouling agents for reverse osmosis membrane systems
Authors: Da-Silva-Correa Luiz Henrique , Smith Hayley A. , Douglas Georgia , Thorburn Danyka S. G. , Godoy Rafaela , Henriquez Orielle-Floriane K. N. , Gamm Nicole E. , Buckley Heather Louisa
Published: October 2024

The detrimental impacts of biofouling on reverse osmosis (RO) membrane (ROM) installations is one of the main technical barriers faced by RO technology to provide potable water. To unveil safer alternatives for biofouling prevention in ROM installations, this work assesses the ROM compatibility of three potential low-hazard anti-biofouling agents (lauroyl arginate ethyl (LAE), phenoxyethanol (PE), and sodium benzoate (SB)) via a proposed rapid membrane degradation test. This study offers a cost-effective screening tool to select biocides for extensive compatibility studies. Attenuated total reflectance – Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy assessed ROM surface damage due to biocide exposure. LAE did not show significant morphological or chemical membrane damage at any experimental conditions (exposure time: 1, 8, and 24 h; pH: 4, 7, 9; concentration: 100 mg/L, 50 g/L, 100 g/L, and 150 g/L). However, results indicated that exposure to PE and SB led to membrane degradation. The proposed rapid membrane degradation test showed to be an excellent tool for improving current membrane compatibility testing practices. It identified two ROM-damaging biocides, SB and PE, streamlining large-scale testing efforts. Additionally, it identified a promising biocide, LAE, with the potential to address biofouling in RO systems, prompting further long-term compatibility studies.
The role of genetic factors in likelihood of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors:   Crimea Federal University named after S.I. Georgievsky, 5/7 Lenina blvd, Simferopol, 295000, Russian Federation, Ageeva Е.S. , Shramko Iu.I. ,   Crimea Federal University named after S.I. Georgievsky, 5/7 Lenina blvd, Simferopol, 295000, Russian Federation, Kubyshkin А.V. ,   Crimea Federal University named after S.I. Georgievsky, 5/7 Lenina blvd, Simferopol, 295000, Russian Federation, Fomochkina I.I. ,   Crimea Federal University named after S.I. Georgievsky, 5/7 Lenina blvd, Simferopol, 295000, Russian Federation, Zhukova А.А. ,   Crimea Federal University named after S.I. Georgievsky, 5/7 Lenina blvd, Simferopol, 295000, Russian Federation, Tarimov C.О. ,   Crimea Federal University named after S.I. Georgievsky, 5/7 Lenina blvd, Simferopol, 295000, Russian Federation, Nastoyashchii S.G. ,   Crimea Federal University named after S.I. Georgievsky, 5/7 Lenina blvd, Simferopol, 295000, Russian Federation, Zaurova М.B. ,   Crimea Federal University named after S.I. Georgievsky, 5/7 Lenina blvd, Simferopol, 295000, Russian Federation
Published: October 2024

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is the ninth leading cause of worldwide mortality. To predict likelihood of the disease and its unfavorable clinical course with developing complications, it is necessary to consider genetic and molecular factors of DM2 pathogenesis. Therefore, the aim of this review was to analyze the role that belongs to genetic factors in molecular mechanisms of DM2 development and to establish the most significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in DM2 pathogenesis. The authors have analyzed literature sources found in such databases as CYBERLENINKA, E-library, and National Center for Biotechnology Information over the last 10 years as well as the integrated database GeneCards. By now, Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have identified about 100 genes and more than 700 polymorphisms that influence DM2 risks and its likelihood. Classifications of candidate genes with their effects and expression being limited by external and internal transcription factors are rather tentative. Literature analysis has established certain ambiguousness of the role that belongs to genetic markers in DM2 pathogenesis. It is advisable to add new genetic markers of the PPARγ, TLR4, IRS and IL-6 genes to the existing test-systems. This will increase the likelihood of detecting hereditary predisposition to diabetes mellitus according to the key molecular-genetic mechanisms of its development and ensure implementation of relevant measures aimed at preventing the disease and early identification of genetic risk groups.
Precision Targeting of BET Proteins - Navigating Disease Pathways, Inhibitor Insights, and Shaping Therapeutic Frontiers: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Amrutkar Rakesh D. , Amesar Mehul V. , Chavan Lokesh B. , Baviskar Nilesh S. , Bhamare Vaibhav G.
Published: October 2024

The family of proteins known as Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal (BET) proteins has
become a key participant in the control of gene expression, having a significant impact on numerous
physiological and pathological mechanisms. This review offers a thorough investigation of the
BET protein family, clarifying its various roles in essential cellular processes and its connection to
a variety of illnesses, from inflammatory disorders to cancer. The article explores the structural
and functional features of BET proteins, emphasizing their special bromodomain modules that control
chromatin dynamics by identifying acetylated histones. BET proteins' complex roles in the development
of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and cancer diseases are carefully investigated,
providing insight into possible treatment avenues. In addition, the review carefully examines the
history and relevance of BET inhibitors, demonstrating their capacity to modify gene expression
profiles and specifically target BET proteins. The encouraging outcomes of preclinical and clinical
research highlight BET inhibitors' therapeutic potential across a range of disease contexts.

The article summarizes the state of BET inhibitors today and makes predictions about the challenges
and future directions of the field. This article provides insights into the changing field of
BET protein-targeted interventions by discussing the potential of personalized medicine and combination
therapies involving BET inhibitors. This thorough analysis combines many aspects of
BET proteins, such as their physiological roles and their roles in pathophysiological conditions.
As such, it is an invaluable tool for scientists and medical professionals who are trying to figure
out how to treat patients by using this fascinating protein family.
Targeting Bcl-2 with Indole Scaffolds: Emerging Drug Design Strategies for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Zarrin Pouria , Ates-Alagoz Zeynep
Published: October 2024

The B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein family plays a crucial role as a regulator in the
process of apoptosis. There is a substantial body of evidence indicating that the upregulation of antiapoptotic
Bcl-2 proteins is prevalent in several cancer cell lines and original tumour tissue samples.
This phenomenon plays a crucial role in enabling tumour cells to avoid apoptosis, hence facilitating
the development of resistant cells against chemotherapy. Therefore, the success rate of chemotherapy
for cancer can be enhanced by the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. Furthermore,
the indole structural design is commonly found in a variety of natural substances and biologically
active compounds, particularly those that possess anti-cancer properties. Due to its distinctive physicochemical
and biological characteristics, it has been highly regarded as a fundamental framework
in the development and production of anti-cancer drugs. As a result, a considerable range of indole
derivatives, encompassing both naturally occurring and developed compounds, have been identified
as potential candidates for the treatment of cancer. Several of these derivatives have advanced to
clinical trials, while others are already being used in clinical settings. This emphasizes the significant
role of indole in the field of research and development of anti-cancer therapeutics. This study
provides an overview of apoptosis and the structural characteristics of Bcl-2 family proteins, and
mainly examines the present stage and recent developments in Bcl-2 inhibitors with an indole scaffold
embedded in their structure.
New Insight into the Role of Vitamin D in the Stroke Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Stratified Data by 25(OH)D Levels
Authors: Fusaro Maria , De Caterina Raffaele , Tripepi Giovanni
Published: October 2024

Mendelian Randomization (MR) studies have emerged as a powerful tool for investigating
causal relationships between modifiable risk factors and clinical outcomes, using genetic variants as
instrumental variables. In the context of vitamin D research, MR is a promising approach to elucidate
the effects of vitamin D on various health outcomes, including adverse cardiovascular events. However,
the validity of MR analyses relies heavily on the strength of the genetic associations found.
“Weak instrument bias”, arising from instruments with low explanatory power for the exposure of
interest, can lead to biased estimates and compromise causal inference. We have, herein, briefly reviewed
the challenges posed by weak instrument bias in a large MR study on vitamin D [25(OH)D]
and stroke, exploring implications for the study's validity and reliability of findings. We have then
added an original meta-analysis stratified by 25(OH)D levels. By using aggregated data from a recent
MR study, an original meta-analysis stratified by population mean levels of 25(OH)D has indicated
that interventions based on vitamin D supplementations in population mean levels ranging from 50 to
70 nmol/L are likely to translate into a 13% reduction of stroke risk (pooled odds ratio=0.873, 95%
CI: 0.764-0.997, p-value=0.04). MR studies are a valuable approach for discerning causal relationships
between exposures, such as vitamin D, and health outcomes. However, the effectiveness of MR
analyses depends on the robustness of the genetic instruments employed. By recognizing and addressing
weak instrument bias in MR studies of vitamin D, researchers can enhance the credibility
and utility of causal inference in understanding the health effects of this essential nutrient. A metaanalysis
stratified by population mean levels of 25(OH)D has revealed the potential benefits of targeted
interventions with vitamin D supplementations for stroke.
Exploring the Role of Secondary Metabolites from Plants and Microbes as Modulators of Macrophage Differentiation
Authors: Sharma Prakhar , Piyushbhai Modi Kiran , Venkatachalam Kaliyamurthi , Binesh Ambika
Published: October 2024

Recent research has uncovered that secondary metabolites-biologically active compounds
produced by plants, microbes, and other organisms-play a significant role in regulating the
differentiation and function of macrophages. Macrophages, key components of the innate immune
system, are crucial for a wide range of physiological processes, including immune response modulation,
tissue homeostasis, and host defense against pathogens. This research delves into the mechanisms
by which secondary metabolites influence macrophage differentiation signaling pathways,
with a focus on how specific compounds affect macrophage polarization and functional phenotypes.
Understanding these effects can open new avenues for developing therapeutic strategies
that target macrophage-mediated immune responses. Secondary metabolites, such as nitrogen (N)
and sulfur (S) containing compounds, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds from plants and microbes,
can modulate macrophage differentiation by influencing cytokine production and activity.
The activation of signaling pathways in macrophages involves multiple receptors and transcription
factors, including IFN-γ receptor activation leading to STAT1 activation, TLR4 triggering IRF5,
NFκB, and AP1, IL-4 receptor activation leading to STAT6 and IRF4 activation, PPARγ activation
via the fatty acid receptor, TLR4 increasing CREB and C/EBP levels. The complex interplay
between transcription factors and cytokines is crucial for maintaining the balance between
the M1 and M2 states of macrophages. Despite these insights, further research is needed to unravel
the specific molecular mechanisms involved and to identify promising secondary metabolites
that could be translated into clinical applications.
Determinants of Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anemia among Pregnant Women in Gambia: A Multivariate Analysis using DHS Data
Authors: Akindutire Opeyemi Roselyn , Ramroop Shaun , Habyarimana Faustin
Published: October 2024

Background

Anemia is a prevalent public health concern in The Gambia and other developing nations. While previous studies relied on binary logistic regression, the Multinomial Survey Logistic Regression Model was developed to address complexities in survey design, including sampling weights, stratification, and clustering. Multiple Imputation with Chained Equations (MICE) was employed to address missing data in variables such as anemia level, contraceptive use, and malaria drug intake during pregnancy.

Aim/Objective

This study aims to determine the prevalence and factors of anemia among pregnant women across eight local government areas in The Gambia. The research focuses on Kanifing, Kuntaur, Mansakonko, Kerewan, Janjanbureh, Basse, Brikama, and Banjul. Given the limited research on anemia among pregnant women in The Gambia, there is a need for further investigation into this topic.

Methods

MICE were utilized to address missing data due to their validity in handling uncertainty. This method generates multiple reasonable datasets for imputation and analyzes them accurately. A survey logistic regression model was employed to assess data fitness, considering the complex sample design. Anemia levels were measured among 11,865 pregnant women aged 15 to 49 using a systematic questionnaire. The multinomial survey logistic regression model was utilized to account for sampling weights, stratification, and clustering, relaxing the premise of observation independence violated by conventional logistic regression.

Results

The study involved 11,865 expectant mothers, revealing mild, moderate, and severe cases of anemia with a prevalence of 44.6%. Factors associated with anemia included place of residence, local government area, contraceptive use, age, literacy level, and current pregnancy status.

Conclusion

Socio-economic, demographic, and environmental factors significantly impact anemia levels among reproductive women in The Gambia. Addressing factors such as place of residence, local government areas, contraceptive use, literacy level, and current pregnancy status is crucial in mitigating anemia risk. Government initiatives, such as improving access to sanitation facilities and offering free check-ups, could effectively address this public health concern.
Enhancing Clinical Data Quality to Improve Patient Care in Rural Health Facilities
Authors: Mrara Busisiwe , Oladimeji Olanrewaju
Published: October 2024

WHO recognizes that high-quality research is not just a scientific pursuit but a crucial factor in achieving global health, health equity, and economic development. It is not just about the numbers but about the lives we can save and improve. In this context, four research priority areas have been identified: prioritizing health needs, building research capacity, ensuring good research practice, and ensuring good evidence is translated into practice. Local health research tailored to local needs remains an important global health goal, with the potential to revolutionize patient care in rural health facilities.
Researchers and policymakers in low- and middle-income countries have expressed serious concerns about the limited access to high-quality data, a fundamental requirement for reliable and valid research. The assessment of data quality is typically categorized into five key areas: availability, usability, dependability, relevance, and presentation quality. This concept is further clarified by demonstrating how a robust healthcare data environment can enhance patient management through research efforts. The term ‘health data environment' encompasses the entire process of gathering, storing, managing, analysing, and utilizing health-related data to improve patient care and healthcare policies through informed decision-making. In this context, we present the challenges that undermine the quality of research data and propose solutions. Specifically, we identify the lack of adequate human resources, reliance on paper-based records systems, and the high costs of internet connectivity as the primary barriers to collecting and sharing high-quality data for research in low-resource settings. To tackle these challenges, we advocate for governments and funding institutions to invest in data management and communication systems, recruit and train data management staff to support clinicians, and reduce connectivity costs. Furthermore, we propose the deployment of a decentralized system as a cost-effective and less labor-intensive solution that only requires data entry staff at health facilities in resource-limited settings.
This article explores current data collection, storage, and interpretation challenges and proposes innovative improvement solutions. It emphasizes the transformative potential of digitization, standardization, and staff training to enhance data quality. It further addresses the impact of quality data on evidence-based practice, ultimately leading to improved health outcomes. Focusing on rural healthcare facilities sheds light on the unique barriers these settings face, proposing tailored strategies that can bridge the gap between urban and rural health service delivery. These insights offer valuable guidance for policymakers, healthcare administrators, and practitioners striving to improve patient care in rural areas through data-driven strategies.
Understanding Bacterial Roles in Cancer Chemo-resistance: A Signaling Pathway Mapping Study
Authors: Chaudhary Raushan Kumar , Pinto Allen , Mascarenhas Vineeth , Saliyan Ashwath Kampa , Avvaru Deepthi , Babu Anjana , Mateti Uday Venkat
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

Chemoresistance is one of the leading causes of chemotherapy
failure among cancer patients. Out of several hypotheses proposed for chemoresistance,
bacteria-mediated chemoresistance to cancer drugs has not been well established. Thus,
the aim of this review is to map the pathways by which bacteria exhibit chemoresistance
in specific cancers.

Material and Methods:

Relevant articles on bacteria-mediated chemoresistance in cancer
were retrieved by conducting a systematic search across PubMed, Scopus and Web of
Science databases. The search was limited to English original articles published until 15th
December 2023.

Results:

A total of nine articles were included to map the pathways involved in chemoresistance.
Numerous pathways have been connected to various forms of cancer, such as
autophagy pathway in colorectal and esophageal cancers by Fusobacterium nucleatum
causing oxaliplatin and 5-FU resistance; DNA damage response pathway also by Fusobacterium
nucleatum promoting CDDP resistance in esophageal cancer; Porphyromonas
gingivalis led to oral and esophageal cancer resistance to paclitaxel via JAK/STAT pathway.
NF-κB pathway involved in gastric cancer in the presence of Helicobacter pylori
towards cisplatin, and also 5-FU resistance via the apoptotic pathway. Cellular metabolism
modulation by Lactobacillus iners was also implicated in cervical cancer chemoresistance.

Conclusion:

We conclude that bacteria can mediate chemoresistance not merely to antibiotics
but also to anticancer drugs. Thus, a detailed understanding of the pathways associated
with chemoresistance mediated via bacteria might help in targeting these pathways
or antibiotics to prevent bacterial growth could help overcome resistance.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Traditional and Advanced Approaches of Image Restoration Techniques
Authors: Ramesh Chiluka , Rao D. Venkata
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

Tremendous developments in multimedia technology have promoted a
massive amount of research in image and video processing. As imaging technologies are rapidly
increasing, it is becoming essential to use images in almost every application in our day-today
life.

Materials and Methods:

This paper presents a comparative analysis of various image restoration
approaches, ranging from fundamental methods to advanced techniques. These approaches
aim to improve the quality of images that have been degraded during acquisition or transmission.
A brief overview of the image restoration approaches is mentioned in the paper, which are
as follows:
Wiener Filter: The Wiener filter is a classical approach used for image restoration. It is a linear
filter that minimizes the mean square error between the original image and the restored image.
Inverse Filter: The inverse filter is another traditional restoration technique. It attempts to invert
the degradation process to recover the original image. However, inverse filtering is highly sensitive
to noise and tends to amplify noise artifacts. Linear and Nonlinear Filtering: These methods
involve applying linear or nonlinear filters to the degraded image to enhance its quality.
Linear filters, such as Gaussian filters, can effectively reduce noise but may blur the image.
Nonlinear filters, such as median filters, can preserve edges while reducing noise. Compressive
Sensing (CS) Restoration Approaches: Compressive sensing is a signal processing technique
that exploits the sparsity of signals or images to reconstruct them from fewer measurements.
CS-based restoration methods aim to recover high-quality images from compressed or incomplete
measurements. Neural Networks Approaches: With the advancements in deep learning,
neural networks have been widely used for image restoration tasks. Convolutional neural networks
(CNNs) and generative adversarial networks (GANs) have shown promising results in
restoring degraded images by learning from large datasets.

Results:

The paper likely provides a detailed analysis and comparison of these approaches,
highlighting their strengths, weaknesses, and performance in different scenarios

Conclusion:

This paper aims to improve the quality of restored images. Several image restoration
approaches have been compared, and they have exhibited enhanced performance compared
to several existing image restoration approaches.
Spectrophotometric Analysis of Edible Salt for Iodate Quantities
Authors: Ayesha Syeda
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

The Spectrophotometric method was used to identify iodate by
utilizing a class of antidepressants known as imipramine hydrochloride (IPH), desipramine
hydrochloride (DPH), clomipramine hydrochloride (CPH), and trimipramine hydrochloride
(TPM).

Method:

Iodate in nano amounts can be measured using this method in an acidic medium
with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride hydrate (MBTH) acting as
an electrophilic coupling reagent. The MBTH-IPH/DPH/CPH/TPM method had a blue
with a maximum absorbance at 630 nm. Beer, 's law was followed, and the blue color that
was produced remained stable for up to 24 hours at room temperature (27°C).

Result:

The boundaries depending on the situation for the assessment of the strategy like
molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity gave various qualities with various reagents.
The method was tested with interference from common 11 cations and 8 anions, and the
results obtained were within a reasonable range.

Conclusion:

The procedure was used for the determination of iodate in iodized edible
salts because iodate is one of the common ions in iodized salt. It was found that the method
is reliable and can be used effectively for the determination.
Characterization of a Polyphenol Oxidase and Lipase Produced by Microbes Derived from Palm Oil Sludge
Authors: Aka Benedict , Lokesh Dhanashree , Choyam Shilja , Rajagopal Kammara
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

The waste-to-wealth concept was applied in this study. Our main objective
was to identify and evaluate several microorganisms responsible for the production of important
industrial enzymes using sludge from palm oil processing. We were able to isolate several bacteria
that are tyrosinase producers: Bacillus cereus, Acinobacter seifertii, Klebsiella variicola and
Pseudomonas stutzeri. Laccase producers Trametes polyzona, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus
and Staphylococcus condimenti, as well as lipase producers.

Methods:

In addition, we focused specifically on B. cereus because we knew that it produces tyrosinase.
Lipase is another target enzyme, and S. condimenti was found to be a hyperproducer. Production
conditions included a 24-hour incubation period at 40°C and a pH of 6.0, while typical
substrates such as starch and coconut oil were used.

Results:

Preliminary protein purification studies identified a 43 kDa lipase that is active at pH 7.0
and 40°C. Salts such as NaCl, various detergents such as Triton X-100 and Tween-80 as well as
many metal ions enhanced the activity and made the enzyme unique in its biological function.

Conclusion:

Even with EDTA (2.5 mM), which does not completely block its function, only 40%
inhibition was observed. Only a few organic solvents such as butanol, acetone and DMF are involved
in inhibiting its activity.
Innovative Techniques for Pharmaceutical Waste Management: Enhancing Drug Recovery and Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Malviya Rishabha , Singh Deependra Pratap
Published: October 2024

The pharmaceutical sector is a major component of current healthcare, manufacturing and
distributing drugs, biological substances, and medical equipment. Despite its advantages, the sector
creates enormous waste, including materials for packaging, production by-products, expired or unused
drugs, and other residues, creating health and environmental issues. Appropriate pharmaceutical
waste handling and medication recovery strategies are vital for limiting these problems. This article
aims to investigate and evaluate multiple techniques for recovering pharmaceuticals from pharmaceutical
waste, highlighting the significance of sustainable waste management in the pharmaceutical
sector. The paper emphasizes the need to use modern methods such as liquid-liquid extraction, membrane
crystallization, solid-liquid extraction, and adsorption to recover drugs from pharmaceutical
waste. Liquid-liquid extraction exhibits excellent adaptability and efficiency for varied Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients (APIs), whereas membrane crystallization provides low-energy solutions for
thermally sensitive compounds. Solid-liquid extraction is useful for recovering APIs from solid dosage
forms, while adsorption approaches exploit substances like activated carbon for organic component
recovery. Each process has particular benefits and disadvantages, with the selection of methodology
based on waste properties and recovery objectives. It emphasizes the promise of these technologies
for high extraction yields, purity, and environmental sustainability, supporting effective pharmaceutical
waste management procedures. Additionally, difficulties such as cost-effectiveness,
scalability, and regulatory compliance are addressed, pointing to opportunities for future research
and development to improve the efficacy of drug recovery procedures. In conclusion, using advanced
techniques to recover pharmaceuticals from pharmaceutical waste offers a viable way to implement
sustainable waste recovery procedures and lessen the pharmaceutical industry's negative environmental
effects.
Elements of Organization
Authors: Rai Vikas
Published: October 2024

The lives of species are trapped within ‘cooperation and conflict’. They
compete with each other to win the ‘survival of the fittest’. In cognitive
neurosciences, action and perception are the most crucial. Perception guides action by
selecting targets and correcting errors. This entire process is stored in the memory. It is
an essential part of learning and creates the basis for new knowledge by association.
Neural circuits that control metabolism and food intake are housed within the
hypothalamus. It is small in size but plays a crucial role. Temperature, sleep, eating,
and social interactions are its responsibility. Emotion and learning are related e.g.,
positive emotion (simply feeling good) motivates students to perform better. Emotion,
as the present state of knowledge stands, is taken care of by the amygdala. Should we
consider it the ‘heart of the brain’?
The purpose of this chapter is not to cover all systems or subsystems but to discuss
only a select few. This decision has been taken to reduce the complexity of the brain’s
neurovascular structure. Capillaries in the neurovascular structure hold back certain
molecules, RNA viruses, and other disease-causing agents (ions, molecules, etc). The
blood-brain barrier, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier are three
key elements of the organizational structure of the brain.
Neurons, Glial Cells and Imaging
Authors: Rai Vikas
Published: October 2024

Scientists at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory have investigated
how embryonic stem cells become mature nerve cells. They assessed the complex
interplay of molecules during the differentiation process. Consequently, new insights
into the role of a protein called SOX2 in neurons emerged. This protein is expressed by
a gene, SOX2, located on chromosome 3 in humans. This gene is a sex-determining Yrelated HMG box2 and serves as a marker for neural stem and progenitor cells [1].
Progenitor stem cells become neurons and glial cells. The ratio of glia to neurons in the
human brain is 10:1. This suggests that glial cells play significant roles in cognitive
functions. Glial cells of CNS are divided into microglia and macroglia. The microglia
are macrophage-like cells, which function as a phagocyte. Macroglia consist of
astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes act as CNS equivalent to
myelinating Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Neuroimaging is a branch of medical imaging that focuses on the brain. Among all
imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) and MEGs
(Magnetoencephalographs) are favorites of medical doctors. MRI has two variants:
functional MRI and structural MRI. In this chapter, both of them are discussed.
Detection and monitoring of the progression of neurodegenerative diseases are
performed with MEG by analyzing neural complexity and the Grassberger-Procaccia
correlation dimension. Lempel-Ziv complexity is a better option. Positron emission
tomography (PET) is a useful procedure to measure the metabolic activity of the cells
of body tissues. PET helps monitor biochemical changes in the body.
Electroencephalography is used to characterize states of consciousness of the brain.
EEG is not discussed in the present chapter since the aim of the chapter is not to
present all neuroimaging techniques but to cover a select few depending on the author’s
own background and experience.
Brain and Beauty: Neuroscience of Romanticism
Authors: Rai Vikas
Published: October 2024

The meaning of the word “romantic”, according to Oxford Dictionary, is
having a quality that motivates emotions. It makes you think about love. One would
find the meaning of love either in the poetry of Ravindra Nath Tagore or in the poems
of Rumi. W. B. Eats defined beauty as a thing of eternal joy, which keeps on
increasing. It has no upper bound. The branch of neurosciences that connects us to the
study of literature, paintings, and movies is cognitive neuroscience. Cognition is the
process by which knowledge and understanding are developed in the mind, i.e., how
does the brain enable the mind? Now, what is mind? Mind is reflected in occurrences
such as sensations, perceptions, emotions, memories, desires, and many more. The aim
of this chapter is to elucidate the link between neuroscience and romanticism.
Language plays a central role in cognition. The effects of language on visual perception
were explored by Lupyan et al. [1]. Our ability to recognize perceptual stimuli is
dependent on the physical features of the stimuli and our prior experiences. Language
influences visual processing both offline and online. These effects are the result of a
predictive processing approach to perception. The history of English (both British and
American) literature is discussed. Poets from South Asia and the Middle East are also
covered. The chapter impresses upon the reader that poets such as Rumi, Khalid
Gibran, Mirza Ghalib and others guide us to the path of eternality. The reader will find
a few stanzas from their poems in this chapter.Theories of action and perception are discussed in Chapter 1 under the heading
‘Reward’. Sensations, emotions, desires and empathy are the subject matter of this
chapter. This chapter will attempt to establish a link between the occurrences and the
quality, which is known as empathy. A piece of literature devoid of this quality does
not qualify to be literature. Some recent developments in neurosciences are reviewed.
Free-energy formulation of inference and learning schemas based on generative models
of the world is given. The free-energy principle provides a useful framework to
investigate neural computation and probabilistic world models.
The Brain: A Systems Neuroscience Perspective
Authors: Rai Vikas
Published: October 2024

The Brain: A Systems Neuroscience Perspective is a comprehensive textbook designed for undergraduate students in neuroscience. It offers a detailed exploration of brain dynamics, spatial navigation, and the neuroscience of Alzheimer's disease, with an emphasis on understanding complex concepts through simplified mathematical models. The objective is to provide a solid foundation for readers in systems neuroscience.

Key Topics

Fundamental Brain Dynamics: Covers the basics of brain organization, neural systems, and the role of differential equations in neuroscience (Chapters 1-3).
Spatial Navigation: Discusses the neural mechanisms underlying spatial navigation and the geometry of neural maps (Chapter 4).
Alzheimer&rsquo;s Disease: Presents a simplified mathematical theory of Alzheimer&rsquo;s dementia, exploring its onset, progression, and potential interventions (Chapter 5).

Key Features

Accessible Approach: Minimizes mathematical complexity to make the subject approachable for readers with a basic understanding of differential equations.
Standalone Resource: Provides all essential knowledge on brain function, making it a valuable tool for both coursework and self-study. Includes references for advanced readers.
Intergenerational service-learning through virtual exchange across a foreign language program
Authors: Fuchs Carolin
Published: October 2024

This paper reports on the implementation of intergenerational service-learning (SL) through virtual exchange (VE) across a German as a foreign language program at a private research institution on the East Coast in the U.S. The S-L integration started during the pandemic in intermediate courses as an outreach effort to Germanspeaking older adults in Germany and in the U.S. and has become a cornerstone of the German Program. Participants include intermediate and advanced German learners, two non-profit volunteer organizations in Germany that focus on improving the living conditions of older adults in society, one local U.S. community partner, and German heritage speakers in the U.S. Since Spring 2021, students have engaged with older adults in different formats (tandem, whole-group, a mix of both) via technology tools (landlines, Zoom, WhatsApp, Facetime). The Program is rooted in three experiential pedagogical approaches and frameworks, namely VE, S-L, and Intercultural Citizenship Education, which are driven by principles of reciprocity and reflection. The overall programmatic objective is to contribute to Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Belonging (DEIB) goals (community engagement, partnership formation) set forth in the institution’s strategic plan. Course learning outcomes include fostering intergenerational, intercultural, and language learning and raising students’ awareness towards challenges older adults may face. On the level of language program development, the Program provides opportunities for instructor-instructor collaborations, instructor-student collaborations, and communityengaged research.
Impact of total quality management practices on competitive advantage in Jordan's private higher education institutions
Authors:   Accounting Department, Faculty of Business, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan, Obeidat Mohammed Ibrahim Sultan , Almomani Mohammad Abdullalh ,   Accounting Department, Faculty of Business, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan, Almomani Tareq Mohammad ,   Custom Sciences Department, Faculty of Business, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan, Darkel Nadeen Mohammed Adnan M. Y. ,   Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Business, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan
Published: October 2024

This study aims to determine whether both soft and hard total quality management (TQM) practices influence the creation of competitive advantage in private higher education institutions in Jordan. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire from a sample of 108 academics working in these institutions, using convenience sampling. Descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviation, were used to describe the sample. The study employed multiple linear regression analysis, which revealed that both soft and hard TQM practices have a significant positive impact on creating a competitive advantage. The study recommends further research on the role of soft and hard TQM practices, particularly in the business environments of developing countries in the Middle East, with a focus on the manufacturing industries.
Expanding a Health Technology Solution to Address Therapist Challenges in Implementing Homework With Adult Clients: Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Bunnell Brian E , Schuler Kaitlyn R , Ivanova Julia , Flynn Lea , Barrera Janelle F , Niazi Jasmine , Turner Dylan , Welch Brandon M
Published: October 2024

Background

Homework is implemented with variable effectiveness in real-world therapy settings, indicating a need for innovative solutions to homework challenges. We developed Adhere.ly, a user-friendly, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant web-based platform to help therapists implement homework with youth clients and their caregivers. The initial version had limited functionality, was designed for youth clients and their caregivers, and required expanding available features and exercises to suit adult clients.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to better understand barriers and potential solutions to homework implementation experienced by therapists seeing adult clients and obtain their input on new features and exercises that would enable Adhere.ly to better meet their needs when working with this population.

Methods

This study used an exploratory, sequential mixed methods design that included 13 semistructured focus groups with mental health therapists and clinic leaders and a survey administered to 100 therapists. Analyses were performed using the NVivo qualitative analysis software and SPSS.

Results

The findings revealed common barriers, such as clients and therapists being busy, forgetting to complete homework, managing multiple platforms and homework materials, and clients lacking motivation. Adhere.ly was perceived as a potential solution, particularly its user-friendly interface and SMS text-message based reminders. Therapists suggested integrating Adhere.ly with telemedicine and electronic health record platforms and adding more exercises to support manualized therapy protocols and therapy guides.

Conclusions

This study highlights the importance of technology-based solutions in addressing barriers to homework implementation in mental health treatment with adult clients. Adhere.ly shows promise in addressing these challenges and has the potential to improve therapy efficiency and homework completion rates. The input from therapists informed the development of Adhere.ly, guiding the expansion of features and exercises to better meet the needs of therapists working with adult clients.
Learning Styles of Medical Students, Surgical Residents, Medical Staff, and General Surgery Teachers When Learning Surgery: Protocol for a Scoping Review
Authors: Gouvea Silva Gabriela , Costa Carlos Dario da Silva , Gonçalves Bruno Cardoso , Vianney Cidrão Nunes Luiz , dos Santos Emerson Roberto , Lopes Sonia Maria Maciel , Lima Alba Regina de Abreu , Brienze Vânia Maria Sabadoto , Bizotto Thaís Santana Gastardelo , André Júlio César
Published: October 2024

Background

Learning styles are biological and developmental configurations of personal characteristics that make the same teaching method effective for some and ineffective for others. Studies support a relationship between learning style and career choices in medicine, resulting in learning style patterns being observed in different residency programs, including in general surgery, from medical school to the last stages of training. The methodologies, populations, and contexts of the few studies pertinent to the matter are very different from one another, and a scoping review on this theme will enhance and organize what is already known.

Objective

The goal of this study is to identify and map out data from studies on the learning styles of medical students, surgical residents, medical staff, and surgical teachers.

Methods

The review will consider studies on the learning styles of medical students in a clinical cycle or internship, surgical residents with no restriction on year of residency, medical staff in general surgery, or general surgery’s medical faculty. Primary studies published in English, with no specific time frame, will be considered. The search will be carried out in four databases, and reference lists will be searched for additional studies. Duplicates will be removed, and two independent reviewers will screen the titles, abstracts, and full texts of the selected studies. Data collection will be performed using a tool developed by the researchers. A results summary will be presented with figures, narratives, and tables. A quantitative and qualitative analysis will be carried out and further results will be shared.

Results

The search was funded on September 25, 2023. Data collection was performed in the two following months. Of the 213 articles found, 135 were excluded due to duplication. The remaining 78 articles will have their titles and abstracts analyzed by three of the researchers independently to select those that meet the eligibility criteria. This data is expected to be published in the first semester of 2025.

Conclusions

Conducting a scoping review is the best way to map what is known about a subject. Understanding how students, residents, staff, and even teachers prefer to learn surgery is key to staying up to date and knowing how to best educate those pursuing a surgical career.

Trial Registration

Open Science Framework 75ku4; https://osf.io/75ku4

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/57229
Older Adults’ Perspectives and Experiences With Digital Health in Singapore: Qualitative Study
Authors: Leong Qiao Ying , Lee V Vien , Ng Wei Ying , Vijayakumar Smrithi , Lau Ni Yin , Mauritzon Ingela , Blasiak Agata , Ho Dean
Published: October 2024

Background

Technology use among older adults is increasingly common. Even though there is potential in leveraging technology to help them manage their health, only a small fraction of them use it for health-related purposes.

Objective

This study seeks to understand the perspectives of and experiences with digital health (DH) among older adults in Singapore.

Methods

A total of 16 participants (age range 60-80 years; n=11, 69% female) were interviewed for approximately an hour (range 27-64 minutes) about their health, DH use, and DH experiences. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analyzed.

Results

Five main themes emerged from the interview: support in developing DH literacy, credibility, cost and benefit considerations, intrinsic drive to be healthy, and telehealth. Older adults need support in familiarizing themselves with DH. When considering DH options, older adults often relied on credible sources and preferred DH to be free. Monetary incentives were brought up as motivators. The intrinsic drive to live longer and healthily was expressed to be a huge encouragement to use DH to help obtain health-related knowledge and achieve healthy living goals. The idea of telehealth was also appealing among older adults but was seen to be more suited for individuals who have issues accessing a physical clinic.

Conclusions

Our findings offer insights into the various aspects that matter to older adults in the adoption of DH, which in turn can help reshape their health-seeking behavior and lifestyle. As such, policy makers and DH implementors are encouraged to take these into consideration and align their strategies accordingly.
Recurrent Massive Hydrothorax in a Patient with Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Zemlyanukhina K. S. , Tikhonov I. N. , Zharkova M. S. , Kiseleva O. Yu. , Rzayev R. Т. , Ivashkin V. T.
Published: October 2024

Aim: to demonstrate the need for a detailed differential diagnosis and selection of therapy in a patient with decompensated liver cirrhosis of combined etiology (HCV infection and primary sclerosing cholangitis).

   Key points. The patient came to the clinic with complaints of shortness of breath with minimal physical activity, abdominal enlargement, swelling of the legs, yellowness of the skin, and severe weakness. The complaints arose two months after suffering from left-sided focal pneumonia. Laboratory tests revealed signs of systemic inflammation, liver failure, and acute kidney injury. According to the results of instrumental studies, massive hydrothorax was noted in the right pleural cavity. The patient underwent a series of thoracentesis, and a total of about four liters of non-inflammatory pleural fluid was evacuated. Differential diagnosis was based on the presence of dyspnea and respiratory failure. The patient received effective antiviral therapy with drugs using an interferon-free regimen. Subsequently, conservative therapy was carried out, against the background of which the symptoms regressed and the patient’s condition improved.

   Conclusions. Hepatopleural syndrome is a serious complication in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis, although it does not always appear secondary to massive ascites. To resolve hepatic hydrothorax, it is necessary to carry out diuretic therapy, replacement transfusion therapy with albumin preparations, and if there is a large amount of fluid in the pleural cavities, therapeutic and diagnostic thoracentesis is recommended.
Laser Application for Diseases of the Anorectal Region
Authors: Frolov S. A. , Kuzminov A. M. , Vyshegorodtsev D. V. , Korolik V. Yu. , Alibekova T. A. , Mukhin I. A.
Published: October 2024

Aim: to summarize the literature data of use of laser technologies in the treatment of anorectal diseases.

   Key points. Lazer intervention technologies in the treatment of anorectal diseases such as haemorrhoids, anal fistula, anal fissure and pilonidal disease makes it possible to significantly reduce the intensity of pain syndrome, shorten the time of wound healing and also reduce the duration of the period of disability of the patient without worsening the quality of life. The main advantages of minimally invasive techniques are the absence of extensive wounds, minimal complications and reduction of the disease recurrence rate, minimally invasive methods are almost as effective as traditional ones. Besides, the use of laser allows to perform minimally invasive interventions under local anaesthesia in a day hospital.

   Conclusion. It is necessary to further study and improve the use of laser technologies in the treatment of anorectal diseases, and to actively introduce techniques into practice to improve the results of treatment of patients with these nosologies.