bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vector-valued metrics, fixed points and coupled fixed points for nonlinear operators
Authors: Petruşel Adrian , Petruşel Gabriela , Urs Cristina
Published: August 2013

In this paper, we will present fixed point theorems for singlevalued and multivalued operators in spaces endowed with vector-valued metrics, as well as a Gnana Bhaskar-Lakshmikantham-type theorem for the coupled fixed point problem, associated to a pair of singlevalued operators (satisfying a generalized mixed monotone property) in ordered metric spaces. The approach is based on Perov-type fixed point theorems in spaces endowed with vector-valued metrics. The Ulam-Hyers stability and the limit shadowing property of the fixed point problems are also discussed.

MSC:47H10, 54H25.
Clonal amplification and maternal-infant transmission of nevirapine-resistant HIV-1 variants in breast milk following single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis
Authors: Permar Sallie R , Salazar Maria G , Gao Feng , Cai Fangping , Learn Gerald H , Kalilani Linda , Hahn Beatrice H , Shaw George M , Salazar-Gonzalez Jesus F
Published: August 2013

Background

Intrapartum administration of single-dose nevirapine (sdNVP) reduces perinatal HIV-1 transmission in resource-limiting settings by half. Yet this strategy has limited effect on subsequent breast milk transmission, making the case for new treatment approaches to extend maternal/infant antiretroviral prophylaxis through the period of lactation. Maternal and transmitted infant HIV-1 variants frequently develop NVP resistance mutations following sdNVP, complicating subsequent treatment/prophylaxis regimens. However, it is not clear whether NVP-resistant viruses are transmitted via breastfeeding or arise de novo in the infant.

Findings

We performed a detailed HIV genetic analysis using single genome sequencing to identify the origin of drug-resistant variants in an sdNVP-treated postnatally-transmitting mother-infant pair. Phylogenetic analysis of HIV sequences from the child revealed low-diversity variants indicating infection by a subtype C single transmitted/founder virus that shared full-length sequence identity with a clonally-amplified maternal breast milk virus variant harboring the K103N NVP resistance mutation.

Conclusion

In this mother/child pair, clonal amplification of maternal NVP-resistant HIV variants present in systemic and mammary gland compartments following intrapartum sdNVP represents one source of transmitted NVP-resistant variants that is responsible for the acquisition of drug resistant virus by the breastfeeding infant. This finding emphasizes the need for combination antiretroviral prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission.
Liver steatosis in Chinese HIV-infected patients with hypertriglyceridemia: characteristics and independent risk factors
Authors: Xiao Jiang , Han Ning , Yang Di , Zhao Hongxin
Published: August 2013

Background

Since Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) medications were made available in 2002, multiple serious side effects have been observed. However, no study has yet systematically evaluated the prevalence of liver steatosis, a very serious but treatable side effect.

Objectives

This study examined the prevalence of and independent risk factors for liver steatosis in Chinese HIV-infected, HAART-experienced patients who had been diagnosed with hypertriglyceridemia.

Methods

In this cross-sectional observational study, the prevalence of liver steatosis was determined by ultrasound imaging that detected diffusion in hepatic echogenicity. The risk factors associated with steatosis were evaluated with a proportional odds logistic regression model.

Results

Among 163 HIV-infected patients with hypertriglyceridemia and past HAART experience, 75(46%) patients were determined to have liver steatosis. In multivariable logistic regression model, the risk factors associated with liver steatosis were: higher triglyceride level (OR = 1.086,P = 0.026), metabolic syndromes (OR = 2.092,P = 0.024) and exposure to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTIs) ((OR = 2.11,P = 0.001) and Stavudine (OR = 3.75,P = 0.01)). Exposure to Nevirapine (OR = 0 .41,P = 0.003) was a favorable factor for lipid metabolismin vivoand was a protective factors for liver steatosis.

Conclusions

Chinese HIV-infected patients with hypertriglyceridemia appear to be prone to liver steatosis, especially those on NRTIs. Routine screening should be considered on their lipid panels.
Ensiling of wheat straw decreases the required temperature in hydrothermal pretreatment
Authors: Ambye-Jensen Morten , Thomsen Sune Tjalfe , Kádár Zsófia , Meyer Anne S
Published: August 2013

Background

Ensiling is a well-known method for preserving green biomasses through anaerobic production of organic acids by lactic acid bacteria. In this study, wheat straw is subjected to ensiling in combination with hydrothermal treatment as a combined pretreatment method, taking advantage of the produced organic acids.

Results

Ensiling for 4 weeks was accomplished in a vacuum bag system after addition of an inoculum of Lactobacillus buchneri and 7% w/w xylose to wheat straw biomass at 35% final dry matter. Both glucan and xylan were preserved, and the DM loss after ensiling was less than 0.5%. When comparing hydrothermally treated wheat straw (170, 180 and 190°C) with hydrothermally treated ensiled wheat straw (same temperatures), several positive effects of ensiling were revealed. Glucan was up-concentrated in the solid fraction and the solubilisation of hemicellulose was significantly increased.

Subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the solid fractions showed that ensiling significantly improved the effect of pretreatment, especially at the lower temperatures of 170 and 180°C.

The overall glucose yields after pretreatments of ensiled wheat straw were higher than for non-ensiled wheat straw hydrothermally treated at 190°C, namely 74-81% of the theoretical maximum glucose in the raw material, which was ~1.8 times better than the corresponding yields for the non-ensiled straw pretreated at 170 or 180°C. The highest overall conversion of combined glucose and xylose was achieved for ensiled wheat straw hydrothermally treated at 180°C, with overall glucose yield of 78% and overall conversion yield of xylose of 87%.

Conclusions

Ensiling of wheat straw is shown to be an effective pre-step to hydrothermal treatment, and can give rise to a welcomed decrease of process temperature in hydrothermal treatments, thereby potentially having a positive effect on large scale pretreatment costs.
Intraflagellar transport complex structure and cargo interactions
Authors: Bhogaraju Sagar , Engel Benjamin D , Lorentzen Esben
Published: August 2013

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is required for the assembly and maintenance of cilia, as well as the proper function of ciliary motility and signaling. IFT is powered by molecular motors that move along the axonemal microtubules, carrying large complexes of IFT proteins that travel together as so-called trains. IFT complexes likely function as adaptors that mediate interactions between anterograde/retrograde motors and ciliary cargoes, facilitating cargo transport between the base and tip of the cilium. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of IFT complex structure and architecture, and discuss how interactions with cargoes and motors may be achieved.
Atoh7 promotes the differentiation of retinal stem cells derived from Müller cells into retinal ganglion cells by inhibiting Notch signaling
Authors: Song Wei-tao , Zhang Xue-yong , Xia Xiao-bo
Published: August 2013

Introduction

Retinal Müller cells exhibit the characteristics of retinal progenitor cells, and differentiate into ganglion cells under certain conditions. However, the number of ganglion cells differentiated from retinal Müller cells falls far short of therapeutic needs. This study aimed to develop a novel protocol to promote the differentiation of retinal Müller cells into ganglion cells and explore the underlying signaling mechanisms.

Methods

Müller cells were isolated and purified from rat retina and induced to dedifferentiate into retinal stem cells. Next the stem cells were transfected with lentivirus PGC-FU-GFP or lentivirus PGC-FU-Atoh7-GFP. In addition, the stem cells were transfected with Brn-3b siRNA or Isl-1 siRNA or treated with Notch inhibitor gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI).

Results

The proportion of ganglion cells differentiated from Atoh7-tranfected stem cells was significantly higher than that of controls. Knockdown of Brn-3b or Isl-1 inhibited, while GSI promoted, the differentiation into retinal ganglion cells. Atoh7 promoted the expression of Brn-3b and Isl-1 but inhibited the expression of Notch1.

Conclusions

Atoh7 promotes the differentiation of Müller cells-derived retinal stem cells into retinal ganglion cells by inhibiting Notch signaling, thus opening up a new avenue for gene therapy and optic nerve regeneration in glaucoma.
Dynein light chain interaction with the peroxisomal import docking complex modulates peroxisome biogenesis in yeast
Authors: Chang Jinlan , Tower Robert J. , Lancaster David L. , Rachubinski Richard A.
Published: August 2013

Dynein is a large macromolecular motor complex that moves cargo along microtubules. A motor-independent role for the light chain of dynein, Dyn2p, in peroxisome biology in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was suggested from its interaction with Pex14p, a component of the peroxisomal matrix protein import docking complex. Here we show that cells of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica deleted for the gene encoding the homologue of Dyn2p are impaired in peroxisome function and biogenesis. These cells exhibit compromised growth on medium containing oleic acid as the carbon source, the metabolism of which requires functional peroxisomes. Their peroxisomes display abnormal morphology, atypical matrix protein localization, and an absence of proteolytic processing of the matrix enzyme thiolase, which normally occurs upon its import into the peroxisome. We also show physical and genetic interactions between Dyn2p and members of the docking complex, particularly Pex17p. Together, our results demonstrate a role for Dyn2p in the assembly of functional peroxisomes and provide evidence that Dyn2p acts in cooperation with the peroxisomal matrix protein import docking complex to effect optimal matrix protein import.
Features of Ras activation by a mislocalized oncogenic tyrosine kinase: FLT3 ITD signals via K-Ras at the plasma membrane of Acute Myeloid Leukemia cells
Authors: Köthe Susanne , Müller Jörg P. , Böhmer Sylvia-Annette , Tschongov Todor , Fricke Melanie , Koch Sina , Thiede Christian , Requardt Robert P. , Rubio Ignacio , Böhmer Frank D.
Published: August 2013

FLT3 ITD (FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 with internal tandem duplication) is an important oncoprotein in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Owing to its constitutive kinase activity FLT3 ITD accumulates partially at endomembranes, a feature shared with other disease-associated, mutated receptor tyrosine kinases. Since Ras proteins also transit through endomembranes we have investigated the possible existence of an intracellular FLT3 ITD/Ras signaling pathway by comparing Ras signaling of FLT3 ITD with that of wild-type FLT3. Ligand stimulation activated both K- and N-Ras in cells expressing wild-type FLT3. Life-cell Ras-GTP imaging revealed ligand-induced Ras activation at the plasma membrane (PM). FLT3 ITD dependent constitutive activation of K-Ras and N-Ras was also observed primarily at the PM, supporting the view that the PM-resident pool of FLT3 ITD engaged the Ras/Erk pathway in AML cells. Accordingly, specific interference with FLT3 ITD/Ras signaling at the PM using PM-restricted dominant negative K-RasS17N potently inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis, corroborating that Ras signalling is crucial for FLT3 ITD dependent cell transformation and confirming that FLT3 ITD addresses PM-bound Ras despite its pronounced mislocalization to endomembranes.
Invadolysin, a conserved lipid droplet-associated metalloprotease, is required for mitochondrial function in Drosophila
Authors: Di Cara Francesca , Duca Edward , Dunbar Donald R. , Cagney Gerard , Heck Margarete M. S.
Published: August 2013

Mitochondria are the main font of ATP, the principal energy source of the cell, and ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), important signaling molecules. Mitochondrial morphogenesis and function depend on a hierarchical network of mechanisms in which proteases appear to be center stage. The invadolysin gene encodes an essential, conserved metalloprotease of the M8 family that is necessary for mitosis and cell migration during Drosophila development. We additionally demonstrated that invadolysin is found associated with lipid droplets in cells. Herein we present data demonstrating that invadolysin interacts physically with three mitochondrial ATP synthase subunits. Our studies have focused on the genetic phenotypes of invadolysin and bellwether, the Drosophila homologue of ATP synthase α, mutants. The invadolysin mutation presents defects in mitochondrial physiology similar to what is observed in bellwether mutants. The invadolysin and bellwether mutants have parallel phenotypes that affect lipid storage and mitochondrial electron transport chain activity, which result in a reduction in ATP and an accumulation of ROS. As a consequence, invadolysin larvae show lower energetic status and higher oxidative stress. Our data demonstrate an essential role for invadolysin in mitochondrial function that is crucial for normal development and survival.
Targeting of the Arf-GEF GBF1 to lipid droplets and Golgi membranes
Authors: Bouvet Samuel , Golinelli-Cohen Marie-Pierre , Contremoulins Vincent , Jackson Catherine L.
Published: August 2013

Lipid droplet metabolism and secretory pathway trafficking both require activation of the Arf1 small G protein. The spatio-temporal regulation of Arf1 activation is mediated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) of the GBF and BIG families, but the mechanisms of their localization to multiple sites within cells are poorly understood. Here we show that GBF1 has a lipid-binding domain (HDS1) immediately downstream of the catalytic Sec7 domain, which mediates association with both lipid droplets and Golgi membranes in cells, and with bilayer liposomes and artificial droplets in vitro. An amphipathic helix within HDS1 is necessary and sufficient for lipid binding, both in vitro and in cells. The HDS1 domain of GBF1 is stably associated with lipid droplets in cells, and the catalytic Sec7 domain inhibits this potent lipid droplet binding capacity. Additional sequences upstream of the Sec7 domain-HDS1 tandem are required for localization to Golgi membranes. This mechanism provides insight into crosstalk between lipid droplet function and secretory trafficking.
First Record of Lepidoptera in Southern Brazilian Salt Marshes
Authors: Gantes Marcel Lucas , Carrasco Daiane Silveira , D'Incao Fernando
Published: August 2013

Salt marshes are highly productive environments and economic importance, however, little attention is given to insects in this ecosystem, and its entomofauna unknown in Brazil. Thus, it is the first record for lepidopteran Southern Brazilian coastal marshes (32°01’S; 052°06’W).

Primeiro Registro de Lepidoptera em Marisma no Sul do Brasil

Resumo. Marismas são ambientes de grande produtividade e importância econômica, no entanto, pouca atenção é dada aos insetos neste ecossistema, sendo sua entomofauna desconhecida no Brasil. Assim, faz-se o primeiro registro de lepidópteros para as marismas do sul do Brasil (32°01’S; 052°06’W).
Diversidade e Atividade de Voo de Himenópteros Parasitóides em Pomar de Macieira em Vacaria, RS
Authors: Klesener Daniela Fernanda , Santos Régis Sivori Silva dos , Menezes Jr. Ayres de Oliveira
Published: August 2013

O O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a diversidade de himenópteros parasitóides e o período de atividade de voo em macieira. Os insetos foram amostrados com armadilha Malaise, semanalmente, por um período de 24h, sendo retirados do frasco coletor nos seguintes horários: 1, 7, 13 e 19 h. Foram coletados 1.249 himenópteros parasitóides distribuídos em 25 famílias com maior abundância de Ichneumonidae (318), Bethylidae (199), Figitidae (Eucoilinae) (183), Braconidae (90) e Scelionidae (86). Com exceção de Ichneumonidae (Ophioninae) a maioria dos parasitóides mostrou atividade de voo diurna.

Diversity and Flight Activity of Parasitoids Hymenoptera in Apple Orchard in Vacaria, RS

Abstract. The objective of this work was to evaluate the diversity of parasitoids Hymenoptera and the period of flight activity in apple trees. Insects were sampled with Malaise traps weekly for a period of 24 hours, being removed from the trap in the following times 1, 7, 13 and 19 hours. A total of 1,249 individual parasitoids from 25 families were collected. The most abundant families was Ichneumonidae (318), Bethylidae (199), Figitidae (Eucoilinae) (183), Braconidae (90) and Scelionidae (86). With the exception of Ichneumonidae (Ophioninae), parasitoids were most commonly colleted during daylight.
Influência do Fotoperíodo no Parasitismo de Trichogramma galloi Zucchi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) em Ovos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: Santana Danilo Renato Santiago , Bellon Patricia Paula , Melo Elmo Ponte de , Oliveira Harley Nonato de
Published: August 2013

As espécies de Trichogramma constituem um importante grupo de parasitóides que atacam, principalmente, ovos de lepidópteros. A qualidade e o desempenho desse inimigo natural podem ser influenciados por alguns fatores, como hospedeiro alternativo utilizado nas criações massais, temperatura e diferenças de fotoperíodo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o número de ovos parasitados, % de fêmeas que parasitaram, % emergência, razão sexual e número de indivíduos de Trichogramma galloi Zucchi em os ovos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius), na presença e ausência de luminosidade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos (claro e escuro) com 60 repetições, cada uma dessas foi constituída por 40 ovos de D. saccharalis que foram colocados em tubo de vidro com uma fêmea de T. galloi com 24 horas de idade, previamente alimentadas com mel. O experimento foi conduzido à 25º C ± 2º C e 70 ± 10% umidade relativa. Em cada um dos tratamentos, o parasitoide foi removido após 12 horas. O maior número de ovos parasitados (12,9) e % de fêmeas que parasitaram (83,3%) foi observado no período com luz. Em relação à emergência, razão sexual e número de indivíduos por ovo, não houve diferença estatística. Os resultados demonstraram que a presença de luminosidade é essencial para esse agente de controle biológico.

Influence of Photoperiod on Parasitism of Trichogramma galloi Zucchi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Eggs of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Abstract. Trichogramma species are an important group of parasitoids that attack especially lepidopteran eggs. The quality and performance of this natural enemy may be influenced by factors such as alternative host used in the massal rearing, and differences in the temperature and photoperiod. Based on this, this study aimed to evaluate the number of parasitized eggs, % of females that parasitized, % emergence, sex ratio and number of individuals of Trichogramma galloi Zucchi per egg of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) in the presence and absence of light. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (light and dark) and 60 replications, being each experimental unit composed by 40 eggs of D. saccharalis which were placed in a glass tube with one female of T. galloi with age of 24 hours, previously fed with honey. The experiment was carried out at 25 ± 2 °C and 70 ± 10% relative humidity. In each one of the treatments, the parasitoid was removed from the tube after 12 hours. The highest number of parasitized eggs (12.9) and % of females that parasitized (83.3%) was observed during the period with light. For the emergence, sex ratio and number of individuals per egg, there was no statistical difference. The results showed that the presence of light is essential for this biological control agent.
Inventário Rápido de Vespas Sociais em Três Ambientes com Diferentes Vegetações
Authors: Silva Newton José de Jesus , Morais Tatiana Aparecida , Santos-Prezoto Helba Helena , Prezoto Fabio
Published: August 2013

Apesar de essenciais, trabalhos que objetivem conhecer a riqueza de vespas em meios naturais e agrícolas são incipientes, refletindo em escassez de tempo, recursos e logística adequada para a sua elaboração. Assim, nosso estudo buscou conhecer as espécies de vespas sociais em área com fragmento florestal, plantio de eucaliptos e pomar, além de testar a hipótese de que inventários rápidos, utilizando-se a busca ativa e armadilhas atrativas são estratégias viáveis para amostrar espécies com maior abundância. Foram coletadas 365 vespas sociais, distribuídas em quatro gêneros e 10 espécies, de modo que o pomar registrou maior riqueza específica (s=8), diversidade (H’=0,5131) e abundância (n=218). Tanto Agelaia vicina (Saussure), quanto Polybia ignobilis (Haliday) e Polistes versicolor (Oliver) foram relatadas nas três áreas. O gênero Agelaia contabilizou mais de 70% dos indivíduos coletados, resultados equivalentes aos de trabalhos conduzidos em fitofisionomias similares, validando a hipótese apresentada. Os inventários constituem-se, ferramentas eficazes na amostragem de espécies de vespas sociais abundantes, refletindo na diminuição de custos e logística em trabalhos de levantamento, contribuindo com ampliação do número de estudos sobre conservação e monitoramento ambiental, além dos relacionados a programas de manejo integrado de pragas.

A Fast Inventory of Social Wasps in Three Environments with Different Vegetation

Abstract. Although essential, researches that seek to discover the richness of wasps in natural and agricultural environments are incipient, reflecting in shortage of time, resources and adequate logistics for its formulation. Therefore, our study sought to know the species of social wasps in areas with forest fragments, eucalyptus plantations and orchard, in addition to test the hypothesis that fast inventories involving active search and attractive traps are viable strategies for sampling species with greater abundance. We collected 365 social wasps, distributed amongst four genera and 10 species, and the orchard reported the greatest specific richness (s=8), diversity (H'=0.5131) and abundance (n=218). Agelaia vicina (Saussure), Polybia ignobilis (Haliday) and Polistes versicolor (Oliver) were found in the three areas. The genus Agelaia accounted over 70% of the collected individuals, results equivalent to those carried out in similar works regarding phytophysiognomy, thus validating the presented hypothesis. The inventories are effective tools on sampling abundant social wasps species, reflecting on the decrease of costs and logistics in diversity studies, contributing with an increase of the number of conservation and environmental monitoring research, in addition to the ones related to integrated pest management programs.
First Record of Scirtidae (Coleoptera) Associated With Decaying Carcasses in the Neotropical Region
Authors: Farias Rodrigo Cesar Azevedo Pereira , Dal-Bó Daniel , Santos Wellington Emanuel dos , Creão-Duarte Antonio José , Thyssen Patricia Jacqueline
Published: August 2013

During a two-year study on the insect fauna associated with pig carcasses in an Atlantic forest remnant in João Pessoa, state of Paraíba, Brazil, 127 adult Scirtes sp. were collected. This is the first record of specimens of the family Scirtidae associated with carcasses in the Neotropical region.

Primeiro Registro de Scirtidae (Coleoptera) Associado a Carcaças em Decomposição na Região Neotropical

Resumo. Durante um estudo de dois anos da entomofauna associada a carcaças de suínos em um remanescente de Mata Atlântica em João Pessoa, PB, Brasil, foram coletados 127 indivíduos de Scirtes sp. Este é o primeiro registro de exemplares da família Scirtidae associados a carcaças na região Neotropical.
Responsibility Beliefs, Memory Confidence, Intolerance of Uncertainty and the Urge to Check in Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Examination of Cognitive Theory
Authors: Farrell Lara J. , Waters Allison M. , Boschen Mark J. , Milliner Ella L.
Published: August 2013

Objective: This study aimed to extend current research into cognitive models of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in a pediatric sample by examining the impact of perceived responsibility on memory confidence, intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and checking urge using an experimental design to manipulate perceived responsibility. It was hypothesised that the high responsibility condition would result in higher ratings of responsibility, lower memory confidence and higher IU, which would also result in higher ratings on urge to check. Moreover, it was hypothesised that adolescents would report significantly higher ratings of responsibility than children. Finally, it was hypothesised that the effect of perceived inflated responsibility on the urge to check in a high responsibility condition would be mediated by IU.

Method: Twenty-seven children and adolescents diagnosed with OCD completed an experimental cognitive appraisal task (CAT) in which they heard two standardised vignettes presented in counterbalanced order; one in which participants were responsible and one in which they were not responsible for preventing harm to a friend's pet cat. Memory confidence, IU and checking urge were assessed after each scenario using Likert scales.

Results: The manipulation of perceived responsibility was successful with children and adolescents rating increased responsibility in the high compared with the low responsibility scenario. There were no differences across high and low responsibility conditions, however, in ratings of memory confidence, IU or the urge to check. There were no significant age-related differences; however, there was a trend for adolescents to report higher ratings across all variables. Finally, the relationship between perceived inflated responsibility and the urge to check was not mediated by IU.

Conclusions: Responsibility is not related to ratings of memory confidence, IU or the urge to check in a pediatric sample, suggesting that biases of responsibility may not be central to the formulation of childhood OCD. Results are discussed in terms of implications for cognitive formulations and cognitive approaches to treatment in pediatric OCD.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Comparison of Sol–Gel TiO2 Immobilized Photocatalysts
Authors: Duca Clara , E. Imoberdorf Gustavo , Mohseni Madjid
Published: August 2013

This study was focused on the synthesis of titania-based photocatalytic coatings with high photocatalytic activity, attrition resistance, and stability. Five different photocatalytic coatings were synthesized using the sol–gel technique. Three coatings were prepared using aqueous sols of TiO2 nanoparticles with different amounts of titanium tetraisopropoxide and different quantities and types of acids. The other two photocatalysts were composite sol–gel coatings which were prepared by incorporating commercial Degussa P25 into the TiO2 synthesized through sol–gel technique. The physical and optical properties of the immobilized photocatalysts were characterized with UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and light scattering. The photocatalytic activity of each coating was determined using a lab-scale differential photoreactor by measuring the degradation rate of a model micropollutant, the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The conversions of 2,4-D obtained with the TiO2 coatings without Degussa P25 were in the order of 7–23%, whereas the two composite coatings provided conversions in the range of 66–69%. In addition, one of the composite coatings showed a more homogeneous morphology and less cracking, and for this reason, it was more durable and showed lower attrition.
Evaluation of the Freezing and Thawing Cryoconcentration Process on Bioactive Compounds Present in Banana Juice from Three Different Cultivars
Authors: Escalante-Minakata Pilar , Ibarra-Junquera Vrani , Chávez-Rodríguez Arturo M. , de Jesús Ornelas-Paz José , Emparan-Legaspi María José , Pérez-Martínez Jaime David , VillaVelázquez-Mendoza Carlos Ignacio
Published: August 2013

In this research, we produced concentrates of banana juices from three different cultivars of bananas (Enano gigante and two hybrids FHIA-17 and FHIA-23) by the freezing and thawing method. To track the cryoconcentration process, different parameters were monitored in the melted fractions, such as variation of the content of soluble solids, concentration of polyphenols (Folin–Ciocalteu), reducing sugar (DNS assay), minerals (K, Mg, Ca, P, Na, Mn, Cu and B) by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and the main volatile compounds by headspace-GC–MS. It was found that the solution obtained during thawing showed higher concentrations than the original solution. The concentrations of polyphenols were duplicated in FHIA-17 cultivar (758.53 mg/100 ml), and the concentrates obtained in this study proved to be good sources of K and Mg 5,054.6 mg/l and 485.4 mg/l with around 70% and 40% of the recommended daily intake (RDI), respectively. In addition, the concentrates contained a very low level of Na around 1% of the RDI. Furthermore, the cryoconcentration process of the bioactive compounds presented a sigmoid behavior, and the inflexion point in the function was proposed as stop point of the process. Finally, the main volatile compounds reported as responsible for the banana aroma were identified, and its cryoconcentration proved. These results suggest that consumption of banana juice concentrates obtained by the freezing and thawing method can provide bioactive compounds needed for health.
Corticospinal Excitability Following Short-Term Motor Imagery Training of a Strength Task
Authors: Leung Michael C.M. , Spittle Michael , Kidgell Dawson J.
Published: August 2013

Motor imagery and actual movement engage similar neural structures, however, whether they produce similar training-related corticospinal adaptations has yet to be established. The aim of this study was to compare changes in strength and corticospinal excitability following short-term motor imagery strength training and short-term strength training. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied over the contralateral motor cortex (M1) to elicit motor-evoked potentials in the dominant biceps brachii muscle prior to and following 3-week strength training using actual bicep curls or motor imagery of bicep curls. The strength training (n = 6) and motor imagery (n = 6) groups underwent three supervised training sessions per week for 3 weeks. Participants completed four sets of six to eight repetitions (actual or imagined) at a training load of 80% of their one-repetition maximum. The control group (n = 6) were required to maintain their current level of physical activity. Both training groups exhibited large performance gains in strength (p < 0.001; strength training 39% improvement, imagery 16% improvement), which were significantly different between groups (p = 0.027). TMS revealed that the performance improvements observed in both imagery and strength training were accompanied by increases in corticospinal excitability (p < 0.001), however, these differences were not significantly different between groups (p = 0.920). Our findings suggest that both strength training and motor imagery training utilised similar neural substrates within the primary M1, however, strength training resulted in greater gains in strength than motor imagery strength training. This difference in strength increases may be attributed to adaptations during strength training that are not confined to the primary M1. These findings have theoretical implications for functional equivalent views of motor imagery as well as important therapeutic implications.
Acute Effects of Motor Imagery on Performance and Neuromuscular Control in Maximal Drop Jumps
Authors: Bergmann Julian , Kumpulainen Susanne , Avela Janne , Gruber Markus
Published: August 2013

Motor imagery (MI) used as mental preparation is known to be effective in enhancing athletic performance. However, data about the efficacy of mental preparation on performance and neuromuscular control of subsequent reactive movements are lacking. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of MI on performance in drop jumps and on leg muscle activities. Fifteen participants performed maximal drop jumps from 26 cm height with and without kinesthetic MI in a randomized order. Ankle and knee angles, EMG of soleus, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, vastus medialis, biceps femoris and ground reaction forces were measured. Directly after MI participants showed a 3% (p
<0.05) higher performance index (PI = air time/ contact time) compared to control jumps. With regard to neuromuscular control participants showed higher preactivities (PRE = 100 ms before touchdown until touchdown) in soleus (11%, p<0.01) and in gastrocnemius (5%, p<0.05) muscles with MI compared to control jumps without MI. During the short latency response (30–60 ms after touchdown), muscle activities were enhanced in SOL and GAS (9%, p<0.01 and 8%, p<0.05, respectively). No differences were found for tibialis anterior, vastus medialis and biceps femoris. These findings indicate an enhanced neural drive directly after MI resulting in higher activation levels of triceps surae muscles before and shortly after touchdown. However, the effectiveness of using MI as mental preparation to enhance performance in drop jumps seems to be limited.
Caribbean Civil Society: Development Role and Policy Implications
Authors: Bowen Glenn A.
Published: August 2013

Civil society organizations (CSOs) in Caribbean countries have performed social service delivery and program implementation roles for many years. Using survey, interview, and document review techniques, this cross-national study explored the potential role of nonprofit, nongovernmental, and community-based organizations in regional integration and development. The study has found that Caribbean CSOs perform functions primarily in four areas – social services, community building, local economic development, and sustainable development – while aspiring to carry out more substantial development functions. Their role in development could encompass development planning, public-policy formulation, economic development promotion, and program/project implementation and evaluation. In this article, issues affecting the effectiveness of CSOs are identified and a remedial approach is recommended. The policy implications of a development role for the region’s CSOs are discussed.
Metallic nanoparticles made in flow and their catalytic applications in organic synthesis
Authors: Shahbazali Elnaz , Hessel Volker , Noël Timothy , Wang Qi
Published: August 2013

This paper reviews recent developments on the synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles in micro and millifluidic devices and their catalytic application in organic flow synthesis. A variety of synthesis methods using microfluidics is presented for gold, silver, palladium, platinum, and copper nanoparticles, including the formation in single-phase flows and multiphase flows. In the field of organic chemistry, metal nanoparticles can be used as catalysts. This can lead to remarkably improved reaction performance in terms of minimizing the reaction time and higher yields. In this context, various applications of those metal nanoparticles as catalysts in microfluidic devices are highlighted at selected examples. As a new direction and operational window, nanocatalysts may be synthesized in situ in flow and directly utilized in an organic synthesis. This allows making use of highly active, yet instable catalyst species, which may only have a very short life of a few seconds – a type of flashed nanocatalyst organic synthesis.
Dendritic Generation of mGluR-Mediated Slow Afterdepolarization in Layer 5 Neurons of Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Kalmbach Brian E. , Chitwood Raymond A. , Dembrow Nikolai C. , Johnston Daniel
Published: August 2013

Many prefrontal cortex (PFC)-dependent tasks require individual neurons to fire persistently in response to brief stimuli. Persistent activity is proposed to involve changes in intrinsic properties, resulting in an increased sensitivity to inputs. The dendrite is particularly relevant to this hypothesis because it receives the majority of synaptic inputs and is enriched for conductances implicated in persistent firing. We provide evidence that dendritic conductances contribute to persistent activity-related changes in intrinsic properties. The effects of Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation on persistent activity-related properties were tested in two classes of rat L5 neurons with distinct membrane properties: those projecting to the pons (CPn) and those projecting across the commissure to the contralateral cortex (COM). mGluR activation produced long-term changes in the subthreshold properties of CPn, but not COM neurons. These changes were indicative of a decrease in hyperpolarization-activated cation nonselective current (Ih) at the soma and dendrite. mGluR activation also transiently increased the amplitude of the postburst slow afterdepolarization potential (sADP) at the soma of both neuron types. Interestingly, the sADP occurred along the extent of the apical dendrite in CPn and COM neurons. Simultaneous somatic/dendritic recordings revealed that the dendritic sADP does not result solely from passive propagation of the somatic sADP. Focal mGluR activation in L5, near the soma or at the border of L1/L2, near the tuft, generates a local sADP. This dendritic depolarization may act synergistically with synaptic input to regulate mnemonic activity in PFC.
ERK2-Mediated Phosphorylation of Par3 Regulates Neuronal Polarization
Authors: Funahashi Yasuhiro , Namba Takashi , Fujisue Shin , Itoh Norimichi , Nakamuta Shinichi , Kato Katsuhiro , Shimada Akiko , Xu Chundi , Shan Wei , Nishioka Tomoki , Kaibuchi Kozo
Published: August 2013

Axon formation is one of the most important events in neuronal polarization and is regulated by signaling molecules involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement and protein transport. We previously found that Partition-defective 3 (Par3) is associated with KIF3A (kinesin-2) and is transported into the nascent axon in a KIF3A-dependent fashion. Par3 interacts with the Rac-specific guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) Tiam1/2, which activate Rac1, and participates in axon formation in cultured hippocampal neurons. However, the regulatory mechanism of the Par3-KIF3A interaction is poorly understood, and the role of Par3 in neuronal polarizationin vivoremains elusive. Here, we found that extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) directly interacts with Par3, that ERK2 phosphorylates Par3 at Ser-1116, and that the phosphorylated Par3 accumulates at the axonal tips in a manner dependent upon ERK2 activity. The phosphorylation of Par3 by ERK2 inhibited the interaction of Par3 with KIF3A but not with the other Par3 partners, including Par6 and aPKC. The phosphomimic mutant of Par3 (Par3-S1116D) showed less binding activity with the KIF3s and slower transport in the axons. The knockdown of Par3 by RNA interference impaired neuronal polarization, which was rescued with RNAi-resistant Par3, but not with the phosphomimic Par3 mutant, in cultured rat hippocampal neurons and mouse cortical projection neuronsin vivo. These results suggest that ERK2 phosphorylates Par3 and inhibits its binding with KIF3A, thereby controlling Par3 transport and neuronal polarity.
Vom Treiben. Dérive als Methode
Authors: Diaconu M&# ;d&# ;lina
Published: August 2013

Der Begriff dérive steht für eine zweifache Bewegung: die physische Fortbewegung und das metaphorische Drifting eines Menschen, dessen Lebensweg von der Bahn abgekommen ist. In beiden Fällen bezieht sich das Abdriften auf einen Prozess, in dem sich Passivität in die Handlung einschleicht. Der Aufsatz untersucht die Verschränkung von Aktivität und Passivität anhand von Variationen des Herumtreibens in Städten mit den Schriften Walter Benjamins, Siegfried Kracauers, der Situationisten und Robert E. Parks sowie auch in den frühen Filmen Chaplins. Dabei erweist sich die methodische Praxis von dérive als ein paradoxes Projekt, als gezielte Verirrung, als Handlung des Nichtstuns und berechnete Spontaneität.
Metabolic endotoxemia: a molecular link between obesity and cardiovascular risk
Authors: Neves Ana Luísa , Coelho João , Couto Luciana , Leite-Moreira Adelino , Roncon-Albuquerque Roberto
Published: August 2013

Obesity is associated with significantly increased cardiovascular (CV) risk and mortality. Several molecular mechanisms underlying this association have been implied, among which the intestinal barrier has gained a growing interest. In experimental models of obesity, significant alterations in the intestinal barrier lead to increased intestinal permeability, favoring translocation of microbiome-derived lipopolysaccharide to the bloodstream. This has been shown to result in a two- to threefold increase in its serum concentrations, a threshold named ‘metabolic endotoxemia’ (ME). ME may trigger toll-like receptor 4-mediated inflammatory activation, eliciting a chronic low-grade proinflammatory and pro-oxidative stress status, which may result in high CV risk and target-organ damage. In this review, we discuss the potential molecular implications of ME on several CV risk factors, such as obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress, as well as its potential impact on the development of CV target-organ disease.
Blunted HPA axis response in lactating, vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rats
Authors: Fodor Anna , Pintér Ottó , Domokos Ágnes , Langnaese Kristina , Barna István , Engelmann Mario , Zelena Dóra
Published: August 2013

Adaptation to stress is a basic phenomenon in mammalian life that is mandatorily associated with the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. An increased resting activity of the HPA axis can be measured during pregnancy and lactation, suggesting that these reproductive states lead to chronic load in females. In this study, we examined the consequences of the congenital lack of vasopressin on the activity of the HPA axis during lactation using vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rats. Virgin and lactating, homozygous vasopressin-deficient rats were compared with control, heterozygous rats. In control dams compared with virgins, physiological changes similar to those observed in a chronic stress state (thymus involution, adrenal gland hyperplasia, elevation of proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels in the adenohypophysis, and resting plasma corticosterone levels) were observed. In vasopressin-deficient dams, adrenal gland hyperplasia and resting corticosterone level elevations were not observed. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (Crh) mRNA levels in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus were elevated in only the control dams, while oxytocin (OT) mRNA levels were higher in vasopressin-deficient virgins and lactation induced a further increase in both the genotypes. Suckling-induced ACTH and corticosterone level elevations were blunted in vasopressin-deficient dams. Anaphylactoid reaction (i.v. egg white) and insulin-induced hypoglycemia stimulated the HPA axis, which were blunted in lactating rats compared with the virgins and in vasopressin-deficient rats compared with the controls without interaction of the two factors. Vasopressin seems to contribute to the physiological changes observed during lactation mimicking a chronic stress state, but its role in acute HPA axis regulation during lactation seems to be similar to that observed in virgins. If vasopressin is congenitally absent, OT, but not the CRH, compensates for the missing vasopressin; however, the functional restitution remains incomplete.
Patients with neuromyelitis optica have a more severe disease than patients with relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis, including higher risk of dying of a demyelinating disease
Authors: Bichuetti Denis Bernardi , Oliveira Enedina Maria Lobato de , Souza Nilton Amorin de , Tintoré Mar , Gabbai Alberto Alain
Published: August 2013

Although neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is known to be a more severe disease than relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), few studies comparing both conditions in a single center have been done.Methods:Comparison of our previously published cohort of 41 NMO patients with 177 RRMS patients followed in the same center, from 1994 to 2007.Results:Mean age of onset was 32.6 for NMO and 30.2 for RRMS (p=0.2062) with mean disease duration of 7.4 years for NMO and 10.3 years for RRMS. Patients with NMO had a higher annualized relapse rate (1.0 versus 0.8, p=0.0013) and progression index (0.9 versus 0.6, p≪0.0001), with more patients reaching expanded disability status scale (EDSS) 6.0 (39 versus 17%, p=0.0036). The odds ratio for reaching EDSS 6.0 and being deceased due to NMO in comparison to RRMS were, respectively, 3.14 and 12.15.Conclusion:Patients with NMO have a more severe disease than patients with RRMS, including higher risk of dying of a demyelinating disease.
Tonic spasms are a common clinical manifestation in patients with neuromyelitis optica
Authors: Abaroa Luz , Rodríguez-Quiroga Sergio A. , Melamud Luciana , Arakaki Tomoko , Garretto Nelida S. , Villa Andres M.
Published: August 2013

Tonic spasms have been most commonly associated with multiple sclerosis. To date, few reports of series of patients with neuromyelitis optica and tonic spasms have been published.Methods:We analyzed the characteristics and frequency of tonic spasms in 19 subjects with neuromyelitis optica. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire for tonic spasms, by both retrospectively reviewing medical records and performing clinical assessment.Results:All patients except one developed this symptom. The main triggering factors were sudden movements and emotional factors. Spasms were commonly associated to sensory disturbances and worsened during the acute phases of the disease. Carbamazepine was most commonly used to treat the symptom and patients showed good response to the drug.Conclusions:Tonic spasms are a common clinical manifestation in patients with neuromyelitis optica.
Trigger factors mainly from the environmental type are reported by adolescents with migraine
Authors: Fraga Marcela Dalla Bernardina , Pinho Ricardo Silva , Andreoni Solange , Vitalle Maria Sylvia de Souza , Fisberg Mauro , Peres Mario Fernando Prieto , Vilanova Luiz Celso Pereira , Masruha Marcelo Rodrigues
Published: August 2013

Migraine can be triggered by many factors such as stress, sleep, fasting and environmental causes. There are few studies that evaluated migraine trigger factors in the adolescent population.Methods:A total of 100 participants from 10 to 19 years were subjected to a detailed headache questionnaire, with demographic and clinical data, and a headache diary including trigger factors during a two-month period was asked.Results:Fifty of the participants exhibited chronic migraine and the other 50 participants demonstrated episodic migraine. The most common group of trigger factors reported was the environmental one, mainly sun/clarity, followed by hot weather and the smell of perfume.Conclusions:Ninety-one percent of children and adolescents with migraine reported a trigger factor precipitating the migraine attack.