bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geochemistry, thermal evolution, and cryovolcanism on Ceres with a muddy ice mantle
Authors: Neveu Marc , Desch Steven J.
Published: November 2015

We present a model of the internal evolution of Ceres consistent with pre‐Dawn observations and preliminary data returned by Dawn. We assume that Ceres accreted ice and both micron‐ and millimeter‐sized rock particles and that micron‐sized fines stayed suspended in liquid during differentiation. We conclude that aqueously altered grains were emplaced on Ceres's surface during the first tens of megayears of its evolution. Our geochemical simulations suggest that Ceres's unusual surface mineralogy is consistent with aqueous alteration of CM material, possibly by NH3‐bearing fluid. Thermal evolution simulations including insulating fines yield present‐day liquid at depth if Ceres has a small core or no core at all; otherwise, they yield temperatures at the core‐mantle boundary of 240–250 K, just warm enough for chloride brines to persist and be freezing today. We hypothesize that ongoing freezing may overpressurize liquid or briny reservoirs, driving cryovolcanic outflow whose surface expression may have been observed by Dawn at Ceres's “bright spots.” These outflows may contribute to the water vapor being produced at Ceres.
Ancient and recent clay formation on Mars as revealed from a global survey of hydrous minerals in crater central peaks
Authors: Sun Vivian Z. , Milliken Ralph E.
Published: November 2015

Clay minerals on Mars have commonly been interpreted as the remnants of pervasive water‐rock interaction during the Noachian period (>3.7 Ga). This history has been partly inferred by observations of clays in central peaks of impact craters, which often are presumed uplifted from depth. However, combined mineralogical and morphological analyses of individual craters have shown that some central peak clays may represent post‐impact, possibly authigenic processes. Here we present a global survey of 633 central peaks to assess their hydrous minerals and the prevalence of uplifted, detrital, and authigenic clays. Central peak regions are examined using high‐resolution Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment data to identify hydrous minerals and place their detections in a stratigraphic and geologic context. We find that many occurrences of Fe/Mg clays and hydrated silica are associated with potential impact melt deposits. Over 35% of central peak clays are not associated with uplifted rocks; thus, caution must be used when inferring deeper crustal compositions from surface mineralogy of central peaks. Uplifted clay‐bearing rocks suggest the Martian crust hosts clays to depths of at least 7 km. We also observe evidence for increasing chloritization with depth, implying the presence of fluids in the upper portions of the crust. Our observations are consistent with widespread Noachian/Early Hesperian clay formation, but a number of central peak clays are also suggestive of clay formation during the Amazonian. These results broadly support current paradigms of Mars' aqueous history while adding insight to global crustal and diagenetic processes associated with clay mineral formation and stability.
Seasonal variation of Martian middle atmosphere tides observed by the Mars Climate Sounder
Authors: Wu Zhaopeng , Li Tao , Dou Xiankang
Published: November 2015

The increased local time coverage retrieved from the Mars Climate Sounder on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter enables the direct extraction of thermal tides in the Mars middle atmosphere. Using temperature profiles from Mars years 30 to 32, we studied the latitudinal and seasonal variations in the tides and stationary planetary waves with zonal wave numbers s = 1–3. The amplitude of the migrating diurnal tide exhibits strong semiannual variations in both the equatorial region and the middle latitudes of Southern Hemisphere. The migrating semidiurnal tide (SW2) shows clear semiannual variations in the equatorial region and the middle latitudes of Northern Hemisphere but an annual variation in the Southern Hemisphere. The spatial and temporal correlations between the SW2 amplitude and the density‐scaled opacity of both the water ice and dust in the equatorial region may provide a possible explanation for the tidal forcing of SW2. Three Kelvin modes with zonal wave numbers 1–3 (DE1–DE3) have significant seasonal variations in the equatorial region. DE1 appears to have a semiannual variation, whereas DE2 and DE3 have clear annual variations. Herein, for the first time, we have extracted the westward propagating diurnal tide with s = 2 and 3 and semidiurnal tide with s = 1 in the Mars middle atmosphere using observational data. All three waves have asymmetric latitudinal distributions, which should correspond to their possible excitation source, i.e., nonlinear interactions between stationary planetary waves and migrating tides.
The effect of regional groundwater on carbon dioxide and methane emissions from a lowland rainforest stream in Costa Rica
Authors: Oviedo‐Vargas Diana , Genereux David P. , Dierick Diego , Oberbauer Steven F.
Published: November 2015

In the tropical rainforest at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica, regional bedrock groundwater high in dissolved carbon discharges into some streams and wetlands, with the potential for multiple cascading effects on ecosystem carbon pools and fluxes. We investigated carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) degassing from two streams at La Selva: the Arboleda, where approximately one third of the streamflow is from regional groundwater, and the Taconazo, fed exclusively by local groundwater recharged within the catchment. The regional groundwater inflow to the Arboleda had no measurable effect on stream gas exchange velocity, dissolved CH4 concentration, or CH4 emissions but significantly increased stream CO2 concentration and degassing. CO2 evasion from the reach of the Arboleda receiving regional groundwater (lower Arboleda) averaged 5.5 mol C m−2 d−1, ~7.5 times higher than the average (0.7 mol C m−2 d−1) from the stream reaches with no regional groundwater inflow (the Taconazo and upper Arboleda). Carbon emissions from both streams were dominated by CO2; CH4 accounted for only 0.06–1.70% of the total (average of both streams: 5 × 10−3 mol C m−2 d−1). Annual stream degassing fluxes normalized by watershed area were 48 and 299 g C m−2 for the Taconazo and Arboleda, respectively. CO2 degassing from the Arboleda is a significant carbon flux, similar in magnitude to the average net ecosystem exchange estimated by eddy covariance. Examining the effects of catchment connections to underlying hydrogeological systems can help avoid overestimation of ecosystem respiration and advance our understanding of carbon source/sink status and overall terrestrial ecosystem carbon budgets.
Social Contagion in Competitors Versus Cooperators
Authors: Park Su Hyoun , Son Lisa K. , Kim Min‐Shik
Published: November 2015

The current study examined social contagion—or the spreading of memories from individual to individual—in two different social contexts: Competition and Cooperation. Participants were provided with words (Experiments 1A and 1B) or scenes (Experiment 2) to study. After study, participants were randomly divided: Half were given a competitive context, and the other half, a cooperative context. Then, in the paired recall phase, each participant took turns with a confederate partner in recalling the previously studied items. On a subsequent test, participants had to report the items that were recalled on the pair recall phase, in addition to who had recalled that item. The results showed that competitors, as compared with cooperators, were more likely to focus on other people's memories, and surprisingly, the same difference obtained for false memories. Essentially, people who are primed with a competitive context were more easily ‘infected’ by memories, true or false. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hollow ZSM‐5 with Silicon‐Rich Surface, Double Shells, and Functionalized Interior with Metallic Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Dai Chengyi , Zhang Anfeng , Liu Min , Guo Xinwen , Song Chunshan
Published: November 2015

Hollow ZSM‐5 single crystals with silicon‐rich exterior surface are prepared by a “dissolution–recrystallization” strategy in tetrapropylammonium hydroxide solution. Selective dissolution and exterior recrystallization cause the silicon components to migrate from the inside to outside, resulting in a regular void in the interior of the crystal, increased Brönsted acid sites and a silicon‐rich external surface. The as‐prepared hollow ZSM‐5 exhibits excellent acid catalysis with enhanced shape selectivity, as shown in biphenyl methylation as a probe reaction, which is attributed to the silicon‐rich external surface and thus the inhibition of isomerization on external surface. More interestingly, hollow ZSM‐5 single crystals with double shells are successfully prepared by layer‐by‐layer technique followed with dissolution–recrystallization strategy. Furthermore, hollow ZSM‐5 encapsulating iron and carbon nanotubes are successfully synthesized. Furthermore, hollow ZSM‐5 nanosized crystals with the interior functionalized as bimetallic (oxide) nanoparticles such as CuO‐Pd are also successfully synthesized.
Lightweight and Anisotropic Porous MWCNT/WPU Composites for Ultrahigh Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Zeng Zhihui , Jin Hao , Chen Mingji , Li Weiwei , Zhou Licheng , Zhang Zhong
Published: November 2015

Lightweight, flexible and anisotropic porous multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/water‐borne polyurethane (WPU) composites are assembled by a facile freeze‐drying method. The composites contain extremely wide range of MWCNT mass ratios and show giant electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) which exceeds 50 or 20 dB in the X‐band while the density is merely 126 or 20 mg cm−3, respectively. The relevant specific SE is up to 1148 dB cm3 g−1, greater than those of other shielding materials ever reported. The ultrahigh EMI shielding performance is attributed to the conductivity of the cell walls caused by MWCNT content, the anisotropic porous structures, and the polarization between MWCNT and WPU matrix. In addition to the enhanced electrical properties, the composites also indicate enhanced mechanical properties compared with porous WPU and CNT architectures.
High‐Performance Field Effect Transistors Using Electronic Inks of 2D Molybdenum Oxide Nanoflakes
Authors: Alsaif Manal M. Y. A. , Chrimes Adam F. , Daeneke Torben , Balendhran Sivacarendran , Bellisario Darin O. , Son Youngwoo , Field Matthew R. , Zhang Wei , Nili Hussein , Nguyen Emily P. , Latham Kay , van Embden Joel , Strano Michael S. , Ou Jian Zhen , Kalantar‐zadeh Kourosh
Published: November 2015

Planar 2D materials are possibly the ideal channel candidates for future field effect transistors (FETs), due to their unique electronic properties. However, the performance of FETs based on 2D materials is yet to exceed those of conventional silicon based devices. Here, a 2D channel thin film made from liquid phase exfoliated molybdenum oxide nanoflake inks with highly controllable substoichiometric levels is presented. The ability to induce oxygen vacancies by solar light irradiation in an aqueous environment allows the tuning of electronic properties in 2D substoichiometric molybdenum oxides (MoO3−x). The highest mobility is found to be ≈600 cm2 V−1 s−1 with an estimated free electron concentration of ≈1.6 × 1021 cm−3 and an optimal IOn/IOff ratio of >105 for the FETs made of 2D flakes irradiated for 30 min (x = 0.042). These values are significant and represent a real opportunity to realize the next generation of tunable electronic devices using electronic inks.
Efficient Perovskite Hybrid Photovoltaics via Alcohol‐Vapor Annealing Treatment
Authors: Liu Chang , Wang Kai , Yi Chao , Shi Xiaojun , Smith Adam W. , Gong Xiong , Heeger Alan J.
Published: November 2015

In this work, alcohol‐vapor solvent annealing treatment on CH3NH3PbI3 thin films is reported, aiming to improve the crystal growth and increase the grain size of the CH3NH3PbI3 crystal, thus boosting the performance of perovskite photovoltaics. By selectively controlling the CH3NH3I precursor, larger‐grain size, higher crystallinity, and pinhole‐free CH3NH3PbI3 thin films are realized, which result in enhanced charge carrier diffusion length, decreased charge carrier recombination, and suppressed dark currents. As a result, over 43% enhanced efficiency along with high reproducibility and eliminated photocurrent hysteresis behavior are observed from perovskite hybrid solar cells (pero‐HSCs) where the CH3NH3PbI3 thin films are treated by methanol vapor as compared with that of pristine pero‐HSCs where the CH3NH3PbI3 thin films are without any alcohol vapor treatment. In addition, the dramatically restrained dark currents and raised photocurrents give rise to over ten times enhanced detectivities for perovskite hybrid photodetectors, reaching over 1013 cm Hz1/2 W−1 (Jones) from 375 to 800 nm. These results demonstrate that the method provides a simple and facile way to boost the device performance of perovskite photovoltaics.
Kinetic modeling of Pt/C catalyzed aqueous phase glycerol conversion with in situ formed hydrogen
Authors: Jin Xin , Subramaniam Bala , Chaudhari Raghunath V. , Thapa Prem S.
Published: November 2015

Detailed kinetic modeling of Pt/C catalyzed conversion of glycerol to lactic acid, glycols, and alcohols with in situ formed hydrogen is reported. Experimental concentration‐time profiles were obtained in a batch slurry reactor at different glycerol concentrations, nitrogen partial pressures, and NaOH concentrations in a temperature range of 130–160°C. Six different kinetic models were evaluated to describe the competing dehydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, dehydration, and CC cleavage reactions, and discriminated to fit the experimental data. It is found that a “dual‐similar‐site” mechanism involving alkali promoted dehydrogenation, on two adjacent Pt sites to affect CC and CO cleavage best describes the experimental data. The dehydrogenation reaction proceeds with a significantly lower activation barrier (Ea = 53 kJ/mol) compared with the noncatalytic hydrothermal conversion (Ea = 128 kJ/mol). The activation energy for glycerol hydrogenolysis on Pt/C catalyst without adding hydrogen is estimated to be 64 kJ/mol. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1162–1173, 2016
Stimuli‐Responsive Reversible Fluorescence Switching in a Crystalline Donor–Acceptor Mixture Film: Mixed Stack Charge‐Transfer Emission versus Segregated Stack Monomer Emission
Authors: Park Sang Kyu , Cho Illhun , Gierschner Johannes , Kim Jin Hong , Kim Jong H. , Kwon Ji Eon , Kwon Oh Kyu , Whang Dong Ryeol , Park Jung‐Hwa , An Byeong‐Kwan , Park Soo Young
Published: November 2015

We report on a molecularly tailored 1:1 donor–acceptor (D‐A) charge‐transfer (CT) cocrystal that manifests strongly red‐shifted CT luminescence characteristics, as well as noteworthy reconfigurable self‐assembling behaviors. A loosely packed molecular organization is obtained as a consequence of the noncentrosymmetric chemical structure of molecule A1, which gives rise to considerable free volume and weak intermolecular interactions. The stacking features of the CT complex result in an external stimuli‐responsive molecular stacking reorganization between the mixed and demixed phases of the D‐A pair. Accordingly, high‐contrast fluorescence switching (red↔blue) is realized on the basis of the strong alternation of the electronic properties between the mixed and demixed phases. A combination of structural, spectroscopic, and computational studies reveal the underlying mechanism of this stimuli‐responsive behavior.
High DNA‐Binding Affinity and Gene‐Transfection Efficacy of Bioreducible Cationic Nanomicelles with a Fluorinated Core
Authors: Wang Long‐Hai , Wu De‐Cheng , Xu Hang‐Xun , You Ye‐Zi
Published: November 2015

During the last two decades, cationic polymers have become one of the most promising synthetic vectors for gene transfection. However, the weak interactions formed between DNA and cationic polymers result in low transfection efficacy. Furthermore, the polyplexes formed between cationic polymers and DNA generally exhibit poor stability and toxicity because of the large excess of cationic polymer typically required for complete DNA condensation. Herein, we report the preparation of a novel class of bioreducible cationic nanomicelles by the use of disulfide bonds to connect the cationic shell to the fluorocarbon core. These bioreducible nanomicelles form strong interactions with DNA and completely condense DNA at an N/P ratio of 1. The resulting nanomicelle/DNA polyplexes exhibited high biocompatibility and performed very effectively as a gene‐delivery system.
Funktionalisierung von Aryllithium‐Regioisomerengemischen durch selektive Abfangreaktionen mit Zirconocendichlorid
Authors: Castelló‐Micó Alicia , Herbert Simon A. , León Thierry , Bein Thomas , Knochel Paul
Published: November 2015

Die Reaktion von Aryllithium‐Regioisomerengemischen, dargestellt durch direkte Lithiierung oder durch Br‐Li‐Austausch, mit substöchiometrischen Mengen an Cp2ZrCl2 verläuft mit hoher Regioselektivität. Das am wenigsten gehinderte Regioisomer wird selektiv zur entsprechenden Arylzirconiumspezies transmetalliert, wobei die stärker gehinderte Aryllithiumverbindung zurückbleibt, um weitere Reaktionen mit Elektrophilen einzugehen. Mit dieser regioselektiven Transmetallierung von Li auf Zr wurden alle drei lithiierten Regioisomere von 1,3‐Bis(trifluormethyl)benzol synthetisiert.
Role of the Symmetry of Multipoint Hydrogen Bonding on Chelate Cooperativity in Supramolecular Macrocyclization Processes
Authors: Montoro‐García Carlos , Camacho‐García Jorge , López‐Pérez Ana M. , Mayoral María J. , Bilbao Nerea , González‐Rodríguez David
Published: November 2015

Herein, we analyze the intrinsic chelate effect that multipoint H‐bonding patterns exert on the overall energy of dinucleoside cyclic systems. Our results indicate that the chelate effect is regulated by the symmetry of the H‐bonding pattern, and that the effective molarity is reduced by about three orders of magnitude when going from the unsymmetric ADD–DAA or DDA–AAD patterns to the symmetric DAD–ADA pattern.
An Exclusively trans‐Selective Chlorocarbamoylation of Alkynes Enabled by a Palladium/Phosphaadamantane Catalyst
Authors: Le Christine M. , Hou Xiao , Sperger Theresa , Schoenebeck Franziska , Lautens Mark
Published: November 2015

Pharmaceutically relevant methylene oxindoles are synthesized by a palladium(0)‐catalyzed intramolecular chlorocarbamoylation reaction of alkynes. A relatively underexplored class of caged phosphine ligands is uniquely suited for this transformation, enabling high levels of reactivity and exquisite trans selectivity. This report entails the first transition‐metal‐catalyzed atom‐economic addition of a carbamoyl chloride across an alkyne.
A Light‐Activated Olefin Metathesis Catalyst Equipped with a Chromatic Orthogonal Self‐Destruct Function
Authors: Sutar Revannath L. , Levin Efrat , Butilkov Danielle , Goldberg Israel , Reany Ofer , Lemcoff N. Gabriel
Published: November 2015

A sulfur‐chelated photolatent ruthenium olefin metathesis catalyst has been equipped with supersilyl protecting groups on the N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand. The silyl groups function as an irreversible chromatic kill switch, thus decomposing the catalyst when it is irradiated with 254 nm UV light. Therefore, different types of olefin metathesis reactions may be started by irradiation with 350 nm UV light and prevented by irradiation with shorter wavelengths. The possibility to induce and impede catalysis just by using light of different frequencies opens the pathway for stereolithographic applications and novel light‐guided chemical sequences.
Synergistic effects of zinc oxide in montmorillonite flame‐retardant polystyrene nanocomposites
Authors: Han Yongqin , Li Tingxi , Gao Bo , Gao Li , Tian Xiujuan , Zhang Qiang , Wang Yanmin
Published: November 2015

In this study, two‐dimensional organic montmorillonite (OMMT) and one‐dimensional needlelike ZnO were used as flame retardants of polystyrene (PS). Polystyrene/organic montmorillonite (PMT) and polystyrene/organic montmorillonite/zinc oxide nanocomposites (PMZs) with different weight ratios were prepared by melt intercalation. Information on the morphologies and structures of the PS nanocomposites was obtained with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that a mixed exfoliated–intercalated structure was observed in the PMT and PMZs. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis showed that both the storage modulus and glass‐transition temperature values of the PMT and PMZs were significantly improved compared with those of the neat PS. The mechanical property tests showed that the bending modulus values of both PM5 (PS/OMMT weight ratio = 95:5) and PMZs increased compared with that of pristine PS. PMZ1 (PS/OMMT/ZnO weight ratio = 94:5:1) provided no decrease in the tensile strength in comparison with PS. A synergistic effect was observed between OMMT and ZnO; this resulted in improvements in the flame retardancy and dynamic mechanical properties in the PMZs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43047.
Smart composite useful to acid release
Authors: Grance Ellen O. , dos Santos E. R. F. , Andrade Camila , Oliveira G. E. , Pinto Jose Carlos , Nele Marcio , Souza Fernando G.
Published: November 2015

This work presents a smart composite prepared using a resin based on cardanol and furfural, filled with Al2O3. This material is inert at room temperature. However, it is able to release an active substance after a certain temperature is reached. The obtained materials were characterized by Fourier transform spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. In addition, cure degree and acid‐release tests were performed. According to the obtained data, acid is trapped inside the composites, remaining inactive in the structure while the melting temperature of the hydrophobic shell is not reached. After it is, acid is released and the pH decreases. Therefore, this smart composite could be useful in speeding up drilling in sedimentary rocks with a combination of chemical (acid release) and physical (mechanical wear) mechanisms. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43071.
Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using amino‐modified Fe3O4–SiO2–chitosan magnetic microspheres with high acid resistance and adsorption capacity
Authors: Sun Xitong , Yang Liangrong , Dong Tingting , Liu Zhini , Liu Huizhou
Published: November 2015

A novel, bioadsorbent material of polyethylenimine‐modified magnetic chitosan microspheres enwrapping magnetic silica nanoparticles (Fe3O4–SiO2–CTS‐PEI) was prepared under relatively mild conditions. The characterization results indicated that the adsorbent exhibited high acid resistance and magnetic responsiveness. The Fe3O4 loss of the adsorbent was measured as 0.09% after immersion in pH 2.0 water for 24 h, and the saturated magnetization was 11.7 emu/g. The introduction of PEI obviously improved the adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) onto the adsorbent by approximately 2.5 times. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics preferably fit the Langmuir model and the pseudo‐second‐order model. The maximum adsorption capacity was determined as 236.4 mg/g at 25°C, which was much improved compared to other magnetic chitosan materials, and the equilibrium was reached within 60 to 120 min. The obtained thermodynamic parameters revealed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption process. Furthermore, the Cr(VI)‐adsorbed adsorbent could be effectively regenerated using a 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution, and the adsorbent showed a good reusability. Due to the properties of good acid resistance, strong magnetic responsiveness, high adsorption capacity, and relatively rapid adsorption rate, the Fe3O4–SiO2–CTS‐PEI microspheres have a potential use in Cr(VI) removal from acidic wastewater. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43078.
Structure–properties investigations in hydrophilic nanocomposites based on polyurethane/poly(2–hydroxyethyl methacrylate) semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks and nanofiller densil for biomedical application
Authors: Klonos Panagiotis , Chatzidogiannaki Vasileia , Roumpos Konstantinos , Spyratou Ellas , Georgiopoulos Panayiotis , Kontou Evagelia , Pissis Polycarpos , Gomza Yuriy , Nesin Stanislav , Bondaruk Oksana , Karabanova Lyudmyla
Published: November 2015

Nanocomposites based on sequential semi–interpenetrating polymer networks (semi–IPNs) of crosslinked polyurethane and linear poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) filled with 1–15 wt % of nanofiller densil were prepared and investigated. Nanofiller densil used in an attempt to control the microphase separation of the polymer matrix by polymer–filler interactions. The morphology (SAXS, AFM), mechanical properties (stress–strain), thermal transitions (DSC) and polymer dynamics (DRS, TSDC) of the nanocomposites were investigated. Special attention has been paid to the raising of the hydration properties and the dynamics of water molecules in the nanocomposites in the perspective of biomedical applications. Nanoparticles were found to aggregate partially for higher than 3 and 5 wt % filler loading in semi–IPNs with 17 and 37 wt % PHEMA, respectively. The results show that the good hydration properties of the semi–IPN matrix are preserved in the nanocomposites, which in combination with results of thermal and dielectric techniques revealed also the existence of polymer–polymer and polymer–filler interactions. These interactions results also in the improvement of physical and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites in compare with the neat matrix. The improvement of mechanical properties in combination with hydrophilicity and biocompatibility of nanocomposites are promising for use these materials for biomedical application namely as surgical films for wound treatment and as material for producing the medical devises. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43122.
A scoring framework for assessing anatomy competence of undergraduate preclinical students
Authors: Raubenheimer Daleen , Raubenheimer Jacques Eugene , van Zyl Sanet
Published: November 2015

Recent higher education changes toward outcomes‐based education emphasize competent learners, but a widely accepted definition of competence is still lacking. Although the importance of anatomy in health professions education is recognized, there is still uncertainty about what anatomical competence entails and how to assess it. This study aimed to provide a framework for assessing anatomical competence, using an anatomy competence score, for the anatomy course in the undergraduate medical learning program at the University of the Free State in South Africa. All assessments within the dissection program of two student groups (July 2012 to June 2014) were explored to determine the representation of the three competence domains: knowledge, skill and application in context. Student performance in the final objective structured practical examination (OSPE) was investigated for the three domains and the different body regions. Knowledge had ±50% representation in assessments and the different body regions (in final OSPE) for both groups, and skill and application represented ±25% each in both groups. The best average student performance was in the skill domain (64% and 67% for the respective groups). All domains showed good reliabilities (> 0.75) and student performance correlated well between the domains (P < 0.001). This study suggests a representation ratio of 2:1:1 between knowledge, skill and application (i.e., 50% knowledge and 25% skill and application respectively), for anatomical competence assessment. However, this ratio depends on the assessment type, the stage of the anatomy course and the institutional context. Nonetheless, it provides a guideline for ensuring that assessments address all competence domains. Anat Sci Educ 9: 319–329. © 2015 American Association of Anatomists.
Curricular response to increase recall and transfer of anatomical knowledge into the obstetrics/gynecology clerkship
Authors: Jurjus Rosalyn A. , Brown Kirsten , Goldman Ellen , Galoosian Artin , Butera Gisela , Krapf Jill M.
Published: November 2015

Deficits in retention of anatomy knowledge from the preclinical years to clinical application on the wards have been well documented in the medical education literature. We developed and evaluated a web and laboratory‐based curriculum to address deficits in anatomy knowledge retention and to increase anatomy knowledge recall through repetition and application of clinical concepts during the obstetrics and gynecology (Ob/Gyn) core clinical clerkship. Using principles of adult learning and instructional design, a curriculum was designed consisting of (1) interactive, case‐based e‐modules reviewing clinically relevant anatomical topics and (2) a hands‐on laboratory session reinforcing the content of the e‐modules, with the practice of clinical techniques using anatomical cadaveric dissections. The curriculum's effectiveness was evaluated by using multiple choice testing and comparing baseline and final test scores. For questions testing content directly covered in this curriculum, mean final scores increased by 14.3% (P < 0.001). In contrast, for questions not directly addressed in this curriculum, mean final scores did not increase significantly, only by 6.0% (P = 0.31). Questions related to the uterus showed the greatest gains in final scores (30.3% improvement, P = 0.002). A curriculum with web‐based preparatory material and a hands‐on gross anatomy laboratory session effectively addresses deficits in anatomy retention and improves anatomical knowledge recall for medical students on a clinical clerkship. In the future, the authors plan to conduct a multicenter study to further evaluate the ability of this curriculum to improve clinically relevant anatomical knowledge. Anat Sci Educ 9: 337–343. © 2015 American Association of Anatomists.
Investing in Natural Capital and Getting Returns: An Ecosystem Service Approach
Authors: van den Belt Marjan , Blake Daniella
Published: November 2015

The dependence of people and economies on natural capital is still undervalued. One reason is that values related to our global life support system are largely outside the market place, beyond the notion of price and often invisible. An ecosystem service approach aims to make visible the ensuing benefits people derive from natural capital at multiple scales, traversing private and public domains. Plural objectives require a broader notion of return on investment (ROI). This paper discusses characteristics of and a changing context in which ROI is used to invest in natural capital and highlights key aspects to achieve ROI on natural capital through an ecosystem service approach: space, time and values. This conceptual paper uses agro‐ecosystems as an example to illustrate this approach from farm to catchment scale. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Using Management Control Systems to Implement CSR Activities: An Empirical Analysis of 12 Japanese Companies
Authors: Hosoda Masahiro , Suzuki Kenichi
Published: November 2015

Management accounting research regarding corporate social responsibility (CSR) implementation in Japan has yet to address the lack of empirical research examining the processes, styles and efficacy of communicating CSR activities. Thus, this study conducts survey interviews with 12 Japanese corporations to examine how Japanese companies implement CSR activities in terms of the formal control system (FCS) and informal control system (ICS) of management control systems (MCS). The results of these interviews identified how Japanese managers employ the MCS approach to implement CSR. Hoshin kanri, a non‐financial control component of the FCS, supports successful implementation of CSR under the organizational climate dictated by the ICS. This MCS approach is enhanced by three factors that reflect characteristics of Japanese management: employee commitment, a consensus decision making process and long‐term management. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Sustainable Supply Chain Management: Motivators and Barriers
Authors: Sajjad Aymen , Eweje Gabriel , Tappin David
Published: November 2015

Sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) is increasingly becoming a topical issue for business research and practice. However, there is a dearth internationally of empirical research that has investigated the factors propelling companies to integrate or inhibiting them from integrating sustainability principles in their supply chain management (SCM). Therefore, this study examines the motivators for and barriers to SSCM adoption in the New Zealand business context and aims to contribute to an improved understanding of the motivators of and barriers to SSCM implementation. To this end, an exploratory case study was conducted and senior managers of four large New Zealand based companies were interviewed. The results reveal that sustainability values of top management, a desire to reduce risk and stakeholder management are salient motivators for SSCM adoption. Conversely, a lack of supplier awareness, negative perceptions and inadequate government support are identified as barriers to SSCM implementation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Liberation of fermentable sugars from soybean hull biomass using ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate and their bioconversion to ethanol
Authors: da Cunha‐Pereira Fernanda , Rech Rosane , Záchia Ayub Marco Antônio , Pinheiro Dillon Aldo , Dupont Jairton
Published: November 2015

Optimized hydrolysis of lignocellulosic waste biomass is essential to achieve the liberation of sugars to be used in fermentation process. Ionic liquids (ILs), a new class of solvents, have been tested in the pretreatment of cellulosic materials to improve the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the biomass. Optimized application of ILs on biomass is important to advance the use of this technology. In this research, we investigated the effects of using 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate ([bmim][Ac]) on the decomposition of soybean hull, an abundant cellulosic industrial waste. Reaction aspects of temperature, incubation time, IL concentration, and solid load were optimized before carrying out the enzymatic hydrolysis of this residue to liberate fermentable glucose. Optimal conditions were found to be 75°C, 165 min incubation time, 57% (mass fraction) of [bmim][Ac], and 12.5% solid loading. Pretreated soybean hull lost its crystallinity, which eased enzymatic hydrolysis, confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared analysis. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the biomass using an enzyme complex from Penicillium echinulatum liberated 92% of glucose from the cellulose matrix. The hydrolysate was free of any toxic compounds, such as hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural. The obtained hydrolysate was tested for fermentation using Candida shehatae HM 52.2, which was able to convert glucose to ethanol at yields of 0.31. These results suggest the possible use of ILs for the pretreatment of some lignocellulosic waste materials, avoiding the formation of toxic compounds, to be used in second‐generation ethanol production and other fermentation processes. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:312–320, 2016
Architecture to develop semi‐virtual industrial laboratories for the interactive learning of process automation
Authors: Rodríguez Francisco , del Mar Castilla Maria , Sánchez Jorge Antonio , Pawlowski Andrzej , Moreno Jose Carlos
Published: November 2015

This paper presents a hardware and software architecture for the development of educational laboratories, through the connection of real Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) to industrial virtual plants. In addition, to illustrate the use of the proposed architecture, two laboratories based on a bottling plant and the automatic irrigation process of a greenhouse using Modicon M340 PLCs of Schneider have been developed. Moreover, real feedback results from students of the Bachelor degree in agricultural engineering degrees are provided and analyzed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:335–346, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21709
Bimetallic Nanoshells as Platforms for Metallo‐ and Biometallo‐Catalytic Applications
Authors: Kisukuri Camila M. , Palmeira Dayvson J. , Rodrigues Thenner S. , Camargo Pedro H. C. , Andrade Leandro H.
Published: November 2015

The use of gold, silver, platinum and palladium for preparation of bimetallic nanoshells (AgAu, AgPt, and AgPdNSs, respectively) and their use for metallo‐ and bio‐metallo catalytic applications have been described. Bimetallic nanoshells (metallo‐catalysts) were employed for silane oxidation to silanols and hydrogen (H2) production. Fast and efficient oxidation of several silanes was observed after only 1 h at room temperature, by employing AgPd NSs as catalyst, acetone as solvent, and water as oxidant. Interestingly, bio‐metallo‐catalysts (NSs‐CALB) prepared from lipase attachment to the bimetallic nanoshells, displayed promising bi‐catalytic activities (enzymatic: transesterification; metallic: silane oxidation).
Influence of Physicochemical Parameters of Organic Solutes on the Retention and Flux in a Nanofiltration Process
Authors: Hidalgo Asunción M. , Gómez María , Murcia María D. , Gómez Elisa , León Gerardo , Cascales Elisa
Published: November 2015

A comparative study of several organic compounds (atrazine, aniline and phenol, and their derivatives, 4‐chlorophenol, 4‐nitrophenol and 4‐nitroaniline) and their removal from aqueous solutions by nanofiltration using an NF‐97 polyamide membrane is presented. The aim was to ascertain any correlation between the physicochemical parameters of the different compounds and the characteristic parameters of the nanofiltration system (permeate flux and rejection coefficient), in order to understand the behavior of the nanofiltration membrane separation processes and any relevant variables. In a previous work, the rejection coefficients and permeate flux values for phenol, 4‐chlorophenol, aniline, and atrazine were obtained. These values were used together with the new ones presented for 4‐nitroaniline and 4‐nitrophenol.
Significant Gas Adsorption and Catalytic Performance by a Robust CuII–MOF Derived through Single‐Crystal to Single‐Crystal Transmetalation of a Thermally Less‐Stable ZnII–MOF
Authors: Pal Tapan K. , De Dinesh , Neogi Subhadip , Pachfule Pradip , Senthilkumar S. , Xu Qiang , Bharadwaj Parimal K.
Published: November 2015

By using a bent tetracarboxylic acid ligand that incorporates a pendent ‐NH2 functional group, a 3D ZnII‐framework (1) based on Zn2(CO2)4 secondary building units and Zn12(CO2)24 supramolecular building blocks has been synthesized. Framework 1 is thermally less stable, which precludes its application as a porous framework for gas adsorption or catalytic studies. This framework undergoes single‐crystal to single‐crystal transmetalation to give isostructural 1Cu. Unlike 1, the CuII analogue is very stable and can be activated by removing metal‐bound lattice solvent molecules by heating to afford 1Cu′. The activated 1Cu′ exhibits excellent H2 storage (2.29 wt %) at 77 K and a high 32.1 wt % CO2 uptake at 273 K. Additionally, it displays significant selectivity for CO2 adsorption over N2 and H2 and can catalyse size‐selective Knoevenagel condensation reactions.
Domino Carbopalladation/CH Functionalization Sequence: An Expedient Synthesis of Bis‐Heteroaryls through Transient Alkyl/Vinyl–Palladium Species Capture
Authors: Sharma Upendra K. , Sharma Nandini , Kumar Yogesh , Singh Brajendra K. , Van der Eycken Erik V.
Published: November 2015

A microwave‐assisted highly efficient intermolecular domino carbopalladation/CH functionalization sequence has been developed to access bis‐heteroaryl frameworks in a single operation. The reaction involves carbopalladation of the halogenated acrylamides or phenylpropiolamides by the Pd(0) catalysis, followed by the direct (hetero)arylation to give products with good to excellent yields. The synthetic utility of this method was also extended towards the application of the Ugi‐adduct as the starting material.
Improving the Analytical Performance of Graphene Oxide towards the Assessment of Polyphenols
Authors: Hui Kai Hwee , Ambrosi Adriano , Pumera Martin , Bonanni Alessandra
Published: November 2015

The presence of oxygen functionalities on graphene surface has enormous influence on its electrochemical and electroanalytical properties. The oxygen‐containing groups on graphene platforms can strongly affect the electrochemical response, being either detrimental for the heterogeneous charge transfer or promoting a favourable interaction with the specific analyte. In this study, by electrochemically reducing graphene oxide material at increasing negative potentials (from −0.25 to −1.50 V) we obtained eight electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) platforms carrying a decreasing amount of oxygen functionalities. Subsequently, we analysed the electroanalytical response of each ERGO material for the detection of gallic acid, a standard polyphenol that is correlated to the antioxidant activity of food and beverages. The graphene platform providing the best electroanalytical performance in terms of sensitivity, selectivity and linearity of response was then employed for the analysis of commercial fruit juice samples. Herein we demonstrated that graphene materials can be electrochemically tuned to optimise their electrochemical response towards the detection of biologically important analytes.
Development of the Travelling Wave Bioreactor. Part II: Engineering Characteristics and Cultivation Results
Authors: Kaiser Stephan C. , Perepelitsa Nadezda , Kraume Matthias , Eibl Dieter
Published: November 2015

The innovative travelling wave bioreactor (TWB), an orbitally shaken system, developed specifically for cell culture applications, is investigated. In this study, engineering parameters covering power input, mixing time and oxygen mass transfer obtained in two TWB prototypes are presented for the first time. Based on the results, cultivation parameters for CHO suspension cell cultivations were defined. Cell growth and substrate consumption were comparable with a wave‐mixed reference bioreactor, which demonstrates the bioreactor's applicability for cultivations of mammalian cell cultures for the first time.
Ein schneller Entwurf von Fed‐Batch‐Kultivierungen durch robuste multimodellbasierte Optimierung
Authors: Krämer Dominik , Herold Sebastian , King Rudibert
Published: November 2015

Basierend auf wenigen Experimenten wird für den Mikroorganismus Paenibacillus polymyxa durch eine modellbasierte nichtlineare Optimierung der Fütterstrategie die Ausbeute des produzierten Antibiotikums Macrolactin verbessert. Dazu werden mithilfe einer automatisierten Modellbildung in relativ kurzer Zeit zahlreiche einfach‐strukturierte Prozessmodelle erstellt, die alle die Experimente zufriedenstellend beschreiben können. Da mit der Vorlage von nur wenigen Experimenten mit einer größeren Unsicherheit der Modellauswahl zu rechnen ist, wird diese bei der Planung der Kultivierung berücksichtigt. So können große Abweichungen zwischen Planung und experimentellen Ergebnissen vermieden werden. Nach einer Vorstellung der methodischen Grundlagen wird das Konzept anhand von vier Identifikationsversuchen und einer optimierten Kultivierung demonstriert.
Modeling and Evaluating of Non‐Point Source Pollution in a Semi‐Arid Watershed: Implications for Watershed Management
Authors: Du Xinzhong , Su Jingjun , Li Xuyong , Zhang Wangshou
Published: November 2015

Watershed models are cost‐effective and powerful tools for evaluating and controlling non‐point source (NPS) pollution. Generalized Watershed Loading Functions (GWLF) model, a relative parsimonious model, was applied to simulate watershed streamflow and nutrient loads in Liu River watershed, northern China. The model results were used to evaluate watershed NPS load, and the implications for NPS pollution mitigation measures were investigated. The temporal‐spatial distribution, the critical source areas (CSAs) at sub‐watershed level, and the best management practices (BMPs) efficiencies at CSAs were investigated by GWLF model. Due to the contrasting hydrological conditions, the NPS loads of wet year and flood season were much more than those of dry year and non‐flood season. Four sub‐watersheds were identified as CSAs, and the results showed that CSAs had high level of load intensities due to the high percentage of agricultural land and residential land. Through evaluating the efficiency and cost of seven BMPs, conservation tillage and vegetative buffers were selected as the measures to implement in the CSAs, and they can reduce 14.2% and 12.5% of total nitrogen and total phosphorus NPS loads in Liu river watershed. These findings can provide valuable information for implementing more effective and reasonable management measures to control NPS pollution in Liu River watershed and indicate the utility of GWLF with modest data requirements for such application.
Proposal for the 8th edition of theAJCC/UICCstaging system for nasopharyngeal cancer in the era of intensity‐modulated radiotherapy
Authors: Pan Jian Ji , Ng Wai Tong , Zong Jing Feng , Chan Lucy L. K. , O'Sullivan Brian , Lin Shao Jun , Sze Henry C. K. , Chen Yun Bin , Choi Horace C. W. , Guo Qiao Juan , Kan Wai Kuen , Xiao You Ping , Wei Xu , Le Quynh Thu , Glastonbury Christine M. , Colevas A. Dimitrios , Weber Randal S. , Shah Jatin P. , Lee Anne W. M.
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

An accurate staging system is crucial for cancer management. Evaluations for continual suitability and improvement are needed as staging and treatment methods evolve.

METHODS

This was a retrospective study of 1609 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma investigated by magnetic resonance imaging, staged with the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/International Union Against Cancer (UICC) staging system, and irradiated by intensity‐modulated radiotherapy at 2 centers in Hong Kong and mainland China.

RESULTS

Among the patients without other T3/T4 involvement, there were no significant differences in overall survival (OS) between medial pterygoid muscle (MP) ± lateral pterygoid muscle (LP), prevertebral muscle, and parapharyngeal space involvement. Patients with extensive soft tissue involvement beyond the aforementioned structures had poor OS similar to that of patients with intracranial extension and/or cranial nerve palsy. Only 2% of the patients had lymph nodes > 6 cm above the supraclavicular fossa (SCF), and their outcomes resembled the outcomes of those with low extension. Replacing SCF with the lower neck (extension below the caudal border of the cricoid cartilage) did not affect the hazard distinction between different N categories. With the proposed T and N categories, there were no significant differences in outcome between T4N0‐2 and T1‐4N3 disease.

CONCLUSIONS

After a review by AJCC/UICC preparatory committees, the changes recommended for the 8th edition include changing MP/LP involvement from T4 to T2, adding prevertebral muscle involvement as T2, replacing SCF with the lower neck and merging this with a maximum nodal diameter > 6 cm as N3, and merging T4 and N3 as stage IVA criteria. These changes will lead not only to a better distinction of hazards between adjacent stages/categories but also to optimal balance in clinical practicability and global applicability.Cancer2016;122:546–558.©2015 American Cancer Society.