bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of a teacher‐led mindfulness program in a low‐income pre‐ and early‐elementary school as part of a trauma‐responsive, resilience‐building community initiative
Authors: King Lindsey M. , Lewis Carol , Ritchie Donna M. , Carr Cary , Hart Mark W.
Published: March 2021

Children living in disadvantaged communities experience higher rates of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) which can lead to poor health outcomes. Mindfulness has been shown to help individuals who are exposed to cumulative stress build resilience and psychological well‐being. This pilot study aimed to determine teachers' perceptions of a 6‐week school‐based, teacher‐led mindfulness program in a Gainesville, Florida pre‐ and early elementary low‐income school. The program was conducted as part of a trauma‐responsive, resilient community initiative. Teachers were trained on a set of mindfulness skills and were asked to lead practices for 10–15 min per day, 3 or more times per week for 6 weeks. Teachers completed qualitative interviews to determine their perceptions of the program. A total of eight teachers participated, with 124 students receiving the program. Teachers reported high impressions of the program and that students were calmer and more relaxed as a result of the program. Training teachers to deliver mindfulness practices as part of their normal classroom activities is realistic, easily adaptable, and can lead to adoption of a community‐wide mindfulness framework. Diffusing mindfulness programs more broadly as part of a preventive, trauma‐responsive community has the potential to lessen the effects of ACEs.
Hypoxia‐inducible factor 2α is a novel inhibitor of chondrocyte maturation
Authors: Che Xiangguo , Park Na‐Rae , Jin Xian , Jung Youn‐Kwan , Han Min‐Su , Park Clara Yongjoo , Chun Jang‐Soo , Kim Seong‐Gon , Jin Jingchun , Kim Hyun‐Ju , Lian Jane B. , Stein Janet L. , Stein Gary S. , Choi Je‐Yong
Published: March 2021

Hypoxic environment is essential for chondrocyte maturation and longitudinal bone growth. Although hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha (Hif‐1α) has been known as a key player for chondrocyte survival and function, the function of Hif‐2α in cartilage is mechanistically and clinically relevant but remains unknown. Here we demonstrated that Hif‐2α was a novel inhibitor of chondrocyte maturation through downregulation of Runx2 stability. Mechanistically, Hif‐2α binding to Runx2 inhibited chondrocyte maturation by Runx2 degradation through disrupting Runx2/Cbfβ complex formation. The Hif‐2α‐mediated‐Runx2 degradation could be rescued by Cbfβ transfection due to the increase of Runx2/Cbfβ complex formation. Consistently, mesenchymal cells derived from Hif‐2α heterozygous mice were more rapidly differentiated into hypertrophic chondrocytes than those of wild‐type mice in a micromass culture system. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Hif‐2α is a novel inhibitor for chondrocyte maturation by disrupting Runx2/Cbfβ complex formation and consequential regulatory activity.
Cancer‐associated fibroblasts induce an aggressive phenotypic shift in non‐malignant breast epithelial cells via interleukin‐8 and S100A8
Authors: Lim Hyesol , Koh Minsoo , Jin Hao , Bae Mijeong , Lee Seung‐Yeon , Kim Kyoung Mee , Jung Joohee , Kim Hyun Jeong , Park So Yeon , Kim Hoe Suk , Moon Woo Kyung , Hwang Sejin , Cho Nam Hoon , Moon Aree
Published: March 2021

Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment have been associated with tumor progression in breast cancer. Although crosstalk between breast cancer cells and CAFs has been studied, the effect of CAFs on non‐neoplastic breast epithelial cells is not fully understood to date. Here, we investigated the effect of CAFs on aggressive phenotypes in non‐neoplastic MCF10A breast epithelial cells. CAFs induced epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasive phenotype in MCF10A cells. S100A8, a potential prognostic marker in several cancers, was markedly increased in MCF10A cells by CAFs. S100A8 was crucial for CAFs‐induced invasive phenotype of MCF10A cells. Among cytokines increased by CAFs, interleukin (IL)‐8 induced S100A8 through transcription factors p65 NF‐κB and C/EBPβ. In a xenograft mouse model with MCF10A cells and CAFs, tumor was not developed, suggesting that coinjection with CAFs may not be sufficient for in vivo tumorigenicity of MCF10A cells. Xenograft mouse tumor models with MDA‐MB‐231 breast carcinoma cells provided an in vivo evidence for the effect of CAFs on breast cancer progression as well as a crucial role of IL‐8 in tumor growth and S100A8 expression in vivo. Using a tissue microarray of human breast cancer, we showed that S100A8 expression was correlated with poor outcomes. S100A8 expression was more frequently detected in cancer‐adjacent normal human breast tissues than in normal breast tissues. Together, this study elucidated a novel mechanism for the acquisition of invasive phenotype of non‐neoplastic breast cells induced by CAFs, suggesting that targeting IL‐8 and S100A8 may be an effective strategy against breast cancer.
Push‐out bond strength of various surface treatments on fiber post to root canal dentine using different irrigation techniques
Authors: Kırmalı Ömer , Sekmen Turan , Karaarslan Ayşegül
Published: March 2021

To compare the efficacy of different surface treatments (fiber post) with laser activated irrigation (LAI) technique (various root canal solutions) on root canal dentine in terms of push‐out bond strength (PBS) in a fiber post. In this study, 200 premolars were assigned into groups according to various irrigation techniques: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 17% ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), and 17% EDTA + LAI. In addition, the fiber posts were separated into five groups, (n = 30) according to the surface pretreatment performed: sandblasting, hydrofluoric acid (HF), Erbium, Chromium:Yttrium Scandium‐Gallium‐Garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser, Neodymium‐Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd,YAG) laser and as untreated surface. The posts were cemented using dual‐cure resin cement and subjected to a PBS test. Data were analyzed by one way‐ANOVA, Tukey, and Tamhane T2 tests. The PBS values were increased in all parts of the tooth in the EDTA and EDTA + LAI treated groups and in groups treated with Er,Cr:YSGG laser fiber posts. In groups in which EDTA and EDTA + LAI were applied, it was observed that dentinal tubules were open according to the distribution and number of dentinal tubule configurations. The improvement of the PBS between fiber post/resin cement/root dentine was observed via the use of fiber post surface treatments with different irrigation techniques.
Cardiac implantable devices during exercise: Normal function and troubleshooting
Authors: Gutiérrez Oswaldo J.
Published: March 2021

Normal function and the most common problems that occur during pacemaker operation while performing physical exercise, are discussed. Physically active individuals with an implantable cardiac device, should be evaluated during exercise, because some conflicts issues may arise that are not detectable during routine, at rest, telemetry.
Semi‐quantitative histology confirms that the macrophage is the predominant cell type in metal‐on‐metal hip tissues
Authors: Campbell Patricia , Park Sang‐Hyun , Ebramzadeh Edward
Published: March 2021

Numerous studies have examined the histology of metal‐on‐metal hip tissues for evidence of a dose response to metal wear but have often reported inconclusive or contradictory findings. The aim of the present study was to address these discrepancies using multiple histological scoring methods to characterize the tissue features of one large group of revised metal‐on‐metal total hips. Periprosthetic tissues from 165 metal‐on‐metal hip revisions were examined for features of aseptic lymphocytic vasculitis associated lesions (ALVAL) as rated using two scoring systems as well as rankings for macrophage and lymphocyte numbers, intracellular wear debris and necrosis. Correlations between histological features and clinical variables including gender and time to revision and implant variables including articular surface wear volume or visual taper corrosion scores were examined. Both ALVAL scores reflected the macrophage dominated histology with average scores of 5.9/10 and 1.5/3. There was a statistically significant correlation between the original ALVAL score and wear rate per year (correlation coefficient = 0.17, p = .05) and a moderate correlation between the number of macrophages and wear particles and wear volume. There was no statistically significant correlation between wear and any other feature including lymphocytic inflammation or necrosis. Strong correlations between combined cup and ball wear volume and histological characteristics were not observed, although the number of macrophages was more closely correlated with wear than lymphocytes or necrosis.
Long‐term oncological outcomes of the sphincter preserving total mesorectal excision with varying distal resection margins
Authors: Kazi Mufaddal , Bhamre Rahul , DeSouza Ashwin , Ostwal Vikas , Engineer Reena , Patel Swapnil , Sukumar Vivek , Saklani Avanish
Published: March 2021

Introduction

A subcentimeter distal resection margin (DRM) appears to be acceptable for most patients, however, long‐term follow up and specific subsets where DRM would influence recurrences have not been adequately investigated.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of all sphincter‐preserving resections for mid and low rectal cancers between July 2011 and May 2015 was performed. Extended total mesorectal excisions (TME) and patients with positive pathologic circumferential margins (CRM) were excluded.

Results

Two hundred and thirty‐six patients fit the inclusion criteria. DRM > 20 mm was obtained in 117 patients (49.6%), between 10 and 20 mm in 78 (33%) and <10 mm in 41 (17.4%) patients. Pathological DRM was positive in 4 patients (1.7%). Sixty‐five recurrences occurred at a median follow up of 78.5 months. DRM did not influence any of the oncological outcomes. In a subset analysis of patients with poor pathological response to neoadjuvant radiation, that is, tumor regression grade > 3, DRM influenced disease‐free survival (DFS) but not overall survival with a hazard ratio of 4.4 (p = 0.02). This was confirmed on multivariate regression analysis in this subgroup as well where pathological nodal status and DRM < 10 mm were independent predictors of DFS.

Conclusions

A subcentimeter DRM may be acceptable in most patients except those who have an inadequate response to neoadjuvant radiation.
An Integrated Framework to Estimate Seabird Population Numbers and Trends
Authors: Mercker Moritz , Markones Nele , Borkenhagen Kai , Schwemmer Henriette , Wahl Johannes , Garthe Stefan
Published: March 2021

Generating trend and population estimates from bird count data is challenging and a variety of factors have to be taken into account. We present an integrative statistical approach for estimating population numbers and trends for seabirds at sea. The method allows for the integration of bird‐count data from different sources and sampling schemes: offshore observer‐based line transect and digital strip transect surveys and land‐based point counts; the estimation of log‐linear and highly nonlinear trends; the prediction of population numbers for predefined sub‐areas, years, or seasons; and investigations of the effects of various environmental and detection‐related covariates on bird count numbers. We applied the approach to count data for great black‐backed gulls (Larus marinus) in the German part of the North Sea and Baltic Sea from 1990–2016. Count data were collected by observer‐based offshore ship and aerial surveys, offshore digital aerial surveys, and point counts from the shore. The detectability of great black‐backed gulls was affected by the sea state (the condition of the sea surface, characterized by wave height, wave form, foam, and spray) and survey method. Digital and observer‐based aerial surveys detected only 59–77% of the abundance recorded by ship‐based surveys. Great black‐backed gulls are mainly present in German waters in winter, when they account for 3–4% of the European population. Their core distributional areas are mainly in deeper offshore waters where they are relatively dispersed, with several concentrations probably connected to fishing activity. Great black‐backed gulls have undergone substantial declines, with the most pronounced decreases of >90% in the offshore waters of the German part of the North Sea. Breeding numbers at important European breeding sites do not show similar declines, suggesting that the trends observed in the sea areas might indicate a shift in the distribution or habitat use and a decreasing importance of marine areas for European great black‐backed gulls. © 2021 The Authors.The Journal of Wildlife Managementpublished by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.
Prevalence of Dysphonia in Children with Adenotonsillar Problems and the Impact of Surgery on Voice
Authors: Lee Joong Seob , Keum Bo‐Ram , Kim Ju Eun , Park Il‐Seok , Kim Heejin
Published: March 2021

Objective/Hypothesis

Adenotonsillar problems might affect the voices of patients with pediatric dysphonia, which is very common. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of dysphonia in patients with adenotonsillar problems and to demonstrate the impact of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T & A) on their voice postoperatively.

Study Design

Single‐institution retrospective study.

Methods

Subjects were recruited from those children admitted for the purpose of T & A, and all underwent the auditory‐perceptual assessment by speech therapists preoperatively. If children demonstrated scores >2 in the G parameter, we performed subjective (pediatric voice handicap index [pVHI], severity, talkativeness scale) and objective (Multi‐Dimensional Voice Program) voice analyses preoperatively and 1 and 3 months postoperatively.

Results

Among the 1,197 patients, 91 (7.6%) patients showed dysphonia with a score >2 in the G parameter preoperatively. The follow‐up voice analysis was completed in 51 and 22 patients after 1 and 3 months, respectively. Although there were no significant differences in the amount of speech preoperatively and postoperatively, the average visual analog scale score for dysphonia severity was significantly decreased at postoperative 1 month and postoperative 3 months. The average total pVHI score, jitter, shimmer, noise‐to‐harmonic ratio, and soft phonation index were significantly decreased at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. Subjective scores given by parents did not correlate with the acoustic parameters; however, the postoperative subjective parameters were significantly correlated with objective parameters.

Conclusions

Voice problems were significantly improved after T & A in the short term and long term. In those with pediatric dysphonia, decreased mouth breathing and compliance with vocal hygiene would be helpful for voice improvement.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:2369–2375, 2021
Optimizing Location of Subdermal Recording Electrodes for Intraoperative Facial Nerve Monitoring
Authors: Li Lieber Po‐Hung , Chen Joshua Kuang‐Chao , Coelho Daniel H.
Published: March 2021

Objective

The purpose of this study is to determine if different facial muscle groups demonstrate different responses to facial nerve stimulation, the results of which could potentially improve intraoperative facial nerve monitoring (IOFNM).

Methods

IOFNM data were prospectively collected from patients undergoing cochlear implantation. At different stages of nerve exposure, three sites were stimulated using a monopolar pulse. Peak electromyography (EMG) amplitude (μV) in four muscle groups innervated by four different branches of the facial nerve (frontalis‐temporal, inferior orbicularis oculi‐zygomatic, superior oribularis oris‐buccal, and mentalis‐marginal mandibular) were recorded.

Results

A total of 279 peak EMG amplitudes were recorded in 93 patients. At all three stimulating sites, the zygomatic branch mean peak EMG amplitudes were statistically greater than those of the temporal, buccal, and marginal mandibular branches (P < .05). At stimulating Site C, the marginal mandibular branch mean peak EMG was stronger than the temporal or buccal branches (P < .05). Of the 279 stimulations, the zygomatic branch demonstrated the highest amplitude in 128 (45.9%) trials, followed by the marginal mandibular branch (22.2%).

Conclusions

When utilized, IOFNM should be performed with at least two electrodes, one of which is placed in the orbicularis oculi muscles and the other in the mentalis muscle. However, there is wide variability between patients. As such, in cases of suspected variant nerve anatomy or increased risk of injury (intradural procedures), surgeons should consider using more than two recording electrodes, with at least one in the orbicularis oculi muscle.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 131:E2329–E2334, 2021
Catheter‐Guided Basket Removal of a Difficult‐to‐Reach Pediatric Airway Foreign Body
Authors: Gabinet‐Equihua Alexander , Cushing Sharon L. , Propst Evan J. , Gai Nan , Wolter Nikolaus E.
Published: March 2021

View Video S1 Laryngoscope, 131:2795–2797, 2021
Fabrication and properties of the superhydrophobic ceria‐based composite coating on magnesium alloy
Authors: Yuan Jing , Yuan Rui , Li Pei , Mao Duolu , Feng Tao
Published: March 2021

A superhydrophobic ceria‐based composite coating is developed to improve anticorrosion properties of AZ61 magnesium alloy, fabricating via chemical conversion method followed by hydrothermal treatment. The cerium conversion coating has a block structure with microcracks. After the hydrothermal treatment, a dense CeO2 layer, porous CeO2 nanorods, and stearic absorbing layers are grown stepwise on the conversion coating. And the composite coating is hydrophobic or even superhydrophobic and has almost no microcracks. As the hydrothermal reaction time increases, the water contact angle of the composite coating first increases and then decreases, and it reaches the maximum value of 152° after hydrothermal treatment for 4 h. Both the dense CeO2 layer and the superhydrophobic stearic absorbing layer can effectively prevent the electrolyte from contacting the substrate; the corrosion current density of the superhydrophobic composite coating is lower than that of the hydrophilic composite coating and the cerium conversion coating, and has the best corrosion resistance.
Effect of Host–Guest Complexation on the Thermoresponsive Behavior of Poly(oligo ethylene glycol acrylate)s Functionalized with Dialkoxynapththalene Guest Side Chains
Authors: Ryskulova Kanykei , Hou Zhanyao , Woisel Patrice , Hoogenboom Richard
Published: March 2021

The combination of thermoresponsive polymers with supramolecular host–guest interactions enables accurate tuning of the phase transition temperature, while also providing additional response mechanisms based on host–guest complexation. Most studies focused on a single thermoresponsive polymer to demonstrate the effect of host–guest complexation on the responsive behavior. In this work, the effect of the polymer structure on the host–guest complexation and thermoresponsive behavior is reported. Therefore, different poly(oligoethylene glycol acrylate)s, namely, poly(2‐hydroxyethylacrylate) (PHEA), poly(methoxy diethylene glycol acrylate), poly(methoxy triethylene glycol acrylate), and poly(methoxy tetraethylene glycol acrylate), are synthesized functionalized with 1,5‐dialkoxynaphthalene guest molecules in the side chain. Their complexation with the cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) tetrachloride host is studied to understand the effect of polymer structure on the supramolecular association and the polymer phase transition, revealing that the oligoethylene glycol side chains lead to weaker host–guest complexation and also have a smaller increase in the cloud point temperature compared to PHEA.
Precise decay rates of global solutions and an explicit upper bound of the blow‐up time to a pseudo‐parabolic equation
Authors: Liao Menglan
Published: March 2021

This paper deals with a pseudo‐parabolic equation with nonstandard growth conditions. Some results on global existence, blow‐up, and asymptotic behavior of weak solutions were obtained. The purpose of this paper is to give results to some unsolved questions. First, the precise decay rates for global solutions are derived. Second, an explicit upper bound of the blow‐up time is obtained when the initial energy is low.
Contours of China‐Pakistan strategic cooperation: Implications for India and its counter‐strategies
Authors: Gul Azeem , Munir Muhammad , Shafiq Muhammad , Imran Sameera
Published: March 2021

Strategic interdependence between China and Pakistan increased in the post‐9/11 period due to various regional and international developments. The strategic partnership between the two states which was evolved in 1960s due to Indian factor has now been transformed especially in the post‐Cold period where new factors have been added in their relationship. Some of the factors identified in this study include enhancement of the strategic value of these states for each other especially closer collaboration in the defense and security, Cooperation in regional connectivity, cooperation in the regional organizations, mutual consensus on core political issues of Kashmir and Taiwan and China's support to Pakistan stance on the India's membership of Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG). China‐Pakistan strategic cooperation has raised concerns in India which on its part is devising counter‐strategies. Although, the study is qualitative and based on content analysis, but at the same time it is empirical as it also explains the correlations between independent and dependent variable i.e China‐Pakistan strategic cooperation versus India's counter‐strategies. In this backdrop, the main argument of the study is that the strategic partnership between China and Pakistan is not just India centric but in the post‐Cold War period several other factors have been added and one of the prominent factor is the construction of CPEC. The study moreover finds out that these new developments in China‐Pakistan strategic partnership have implications for India due to India's unresolved border issues with both Pakistan and China. The study is significant in terms of its relevance to policy makers, politicians, academia, and think tanks.
Institutional quality and initial public offering underpricing: Evidence from Hong Kong
Authors: Wei Haitian , Mohd‐Rashid Rasidah , Mehmood Waqas , Tajuddin Ahmad Hakimi
Published: March 2021

The main objective of this research is to investigate the impact of institutional quality on the underpricing of IPOs in Hong Kong. Besides, ordinary least squares presented in the study used quantile regression as a robust technique to investigate the association of institutional quality and the underpricing level of 986 IPO from January 2000 to December 2017 in the Hong Kong stock market. Through research findings, it is asserted that voice and accountability, regulatory quality, control of corruption and firm size are significantly negatively correlated. Whereas, government effectiveness and rule of law are significantly positively correlated in influencing the underpricing of IPO in Hong Kong. Findings are consistent with the quantile regression analysis. The research is beneficial to the main participants of the market, such as investors, issuers and regulators.
Global and communicative development skills in preschool children with cleft lip and palate
Authors: Jurado Mayalle Rocha Bonfim , Cavalheiro Maria Gabriela , de Castro Corrêa Camila , Whitaker Melina Evangelista , de Vasconcelos Hage Simone Rocha , Lamônica Dionísia Aparecida Cusin , Maximino Luciana Paula
Published: March 2021

Importance

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is globally among the most common childhood malformations. This disorder impacts childhood development, including speech and language, and affects children worldwide.

Objective

To analyze child development skills (adaptive fine motor, gross motor, personal‐social, and language) in preschool children with isolated CLP compared with children without this malformation.

Methods

The participants included an experimental group of 27 children with isolated CLP and a comparison group of 27 children without CLP aged between 48 and 59 months. The groups were evaluated using two instruments: the Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST‐II) and the Avaliação do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem (ADL‐Language Development Assessment). Data were analyzed by descriptive and inductive analyses, using the Student’s t‐test and the Mann‐Whitney test, at a significance level of P ˂ 0.05.

Results

All children in the comparison group performed within normal standards for their age range in the DDST‐II and the ADL. The worst performance in the experimental group was observed in language skills, followed, in declining order, by adaptive fine motor, personal‐social, and gross motor as measured by the DDST‐II. Children with isolated CLP also performed poorly in receptive, expressive, and global language in the ADL. No statistically significant differences were observed in the experimental group’s scores for the ADL and the DDST‐II.

Interpretation

Developmental skill levels were below expectations for children of this age with isolated CLP.
Perioperative outcomes of the first five cases of surgeries for endometrial endometrioid cancer using the new integrated table motion for da Vinci Xi®
Authors: Panattoni Andrea , Giannini Andrea , Morganti Riccardo , Mannella Paolo , Perutelli Alessandra , Cela Vito , Simoncini Tommaso
Published: March 2021

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate feasibility of integrated table motion (ITM), comparing perioperative outcomes of patients with diagnosed endometrial endometrioid cancer who underwent total robotic hysterectomies (TRHs) and case‐related staging procedures with and without ITM.

Methods

Five patients underwent surgery with da Vinci Xi system and ITM technology. ITM feasibility, efficacy and safety was compared with a second group of 56 patients, reduced to 10 with propensity score method, who underwent same procedures with da Vinci Xi System without ITM system.

Results

We report safety of robotic surgery with new ITM even in a preliminary experience of oncologic procedures. No significance in any analysed data between groups TRH with ITM and TRH without ITM are described.

Conclusion

This preliminary study demonstrated the feasibility of ITM in performing da Vinci Xi TRH even in the first cases of surgery for malignancy such as early stage endometrial endometrioid cancer.
Copper Catalyzed Decarboxylative Functionalization of Ketoacids
Authors: Quintard Adrien
Published: March 2021

Selective copper catalyzed activation of ketoacids and notably bio‐sourced 1,3‐acetonedicarboxylic acid, represents an attractive strategy to solve key synthetic challenges. Condensation with aldehydes under exceedingly mild conditions can create more rapidly known natural products scaffolds such as 1,3 polyols. In this account, the recent progress in this field, notably through multicatalytic combination with organocatalysis is described. In addition to the rapid preparation of natural product fragments, cascade incorporation of fluorine also provided new type of synthetic analogues of improved properties in a broad range of applications.
Feasibility of heart girth models in estimating live weight of fat‐long‐tailed sheep
Authors: Wamatu Jane , Alkhtib Ashraf
Published: March 2021

Fat deposition in the brisket of Ethiopian fat‐long‐tailed sheep may interfere with the correlation between heart girth (HG) and live weight (LW), bringing into question the accuracy of HG models for LW prediction that are currently in use. This study assessed the accuracy of published HG‐based prediction models of the live weight of Ethiopian sheep breeds. Furthermore, the study identified accurate and robust models that predict the LW of the sheep using HG. Live weight and HG of 1,020 sheep from Bonga, Adilo and Horro breeds were measured. First, data collected from the study was used to gauge the preciseness of previously published prediction models of each breed. Second, the data of individual breeds were divided into a calibration set for model construction and a validation set for model validation. Live weight was regressed on HG to construct simple linear, Box‐Cox, quadratic and allometric prediction models. Prediction error of published models was >20%. Models constructed for each breed did not differ in R2. However, only simple linear models with transformed LW (Adilo: Log10(LW) = 0.408 + 0.015*HG, Bonga: Log10(LW) = −36.6 + 0.882*HG, Horro: LW0.5 = −1.26 + 0.085*HG) had homogenous residuals and prediction error of ≤ 10%. Heart girth models currently used to predict LW of Adilo, Bonga and Horro sheep of Ethiopia are not sufficiently accurate as they have PE higher than 10%. Prediction models generated by the current study could replace the published models for an accurate estimation of LW of the three breeds for husbandry, marketing and veterinary purposes.
On the elastic limit stresses and failure of rotating variable thickness fiber reinforced composite disk
Authors: Farukoğlu Ömer Can , Korkut İhsan
Published: March 2021

The outline of this study examines the elastic limit stresses and failure of rotating variable thickness disk composed of fiber reinforced material via utilizing Tsai‐Wu criterion. As known, strength parameters (), obtained with the tensile and compressive strength of the material, should be calculated to apply this criterion. In the literature, one may come across different approaches that predicts the tensile and compressive strength of the fiber reinforced composites in different material directions. In the study, these approaches are gathered and the ones estimating lower and upper bound strengths are determined. Followingly, elastic limit angular velocity and position of the failure along the disk is calculated with the criterion for lower and upper bound estimations. It has been seen that usage of lower and upper bound strengths can change the magnitude of elastic limit angular velocity up to 35% without altering the position of the failure. On the other hand, the application of different boundary conditions changes the position of the failure in the disk. When the disk has free‐free boundaries, it fails at an arbitrary position. However, subjecting the disk to fixed‐free boundary condition cause failure at the inner radius.
Correction to: Open Skies: The National Radio Astronomy Observatory and Its Impact on US Radio Astronomy
Authors: Kellermann Kenneth I. , Bouton Ellen N. , Brandt Sierra S.
Published: March 2021

A number of corrections were unfortunately missed during the proofing and correction process. The version supplied here has been updated.
Introduction to Superposition
Authors: Hughes Ciaran , Isaacson Joshua , Perry Anastasia , Sun Ranbel F. , Turner Jessica
Published: March 2021

In this section, we review the concepts of classical and quantum superposition. Quantum superposition is the framework for understanding all quantum phenomena. As we do not observe quantum phenomena in our everyday lives, it may seem confusing at first. However, as unintuitive as the quantum world may appear, there are a vast number of experiments which conclusively show that the universe really does operate according to the law of quantum superposition at the smallest distances accessible today. Before going into specific details on quantum superposition, it is useful to explain how the term “superposition” is used in different contexts in both classical and quantum physics. At the end of the chapter, we present the related activities and questions. After gaining experience with quantum superposition from working through these problems, it will become more intuitive. The more experience you gain by advancing through this book, the more quantum superposition will make sense.
Worksheets
Authors: Hughes Ciaran , Isaacson Joshua , Perry Anastasia , Sun Ranbel F. , Turner Jessica
Published: March 2021

Apply the idea of basis changing to explain the correlation that is observed.
What Is a Qubit?
Authors: Hughes Ciaran , Isaacson Joshua , Perry Anastasia , Sun Ranbel F. , Turner Jessica
Published: March 2021

In classical computers, information is represented as the binary digits 0 or 1. These are called bits. For example, the number 1 in an 8-bit binary representation is written as 00000001. The number 2 is represented as 00000010. We place extra zeros in front to write every number with 8-bits total, which is called one byte. In fact, every classical computer translates these bits into the human readable information on your electronic device. The document you read or video you watch is encoded in the computer binary language in terms of these 1’s and 0’s. Computer hardware understands the 1-bit as an electrical current flowing through a wire (in a transistor) while the 0-bit is the absence of an electrical current in a wire. These electrical signals can be thought of as “on” (the 1-bit) or “off” (the 0-bit). Your computer then decodes the classical 1 or 0 bits into words or videos, etc.
Creating Superposition: The Beam Splitter
Authors: Hughes Ciaran , Isaacson Joshua , Perry Anastasia , Sun Ranbel F. , Turner Jessica
Published: March 2021

Now that we have explored qubits and the phenomenon of superposition, we can ask the question: how do we know that superposition actually happens? is the evidence that shows that a quantum particle really does exist in two different locations at this same time while in a quantum superposition? The nature of science means that experiments are constantly updating previous results, so are there other interpretations of the experimental results that can explain the data without the need for superposition? In this chapter we’ll explore the experimental evidence interpretations other than quantum superposition. Further, while a flipping coin is a simple model of a qubit, it is not very useful for building a quantum computer because it does not exhibit all of the properties of a true quantum superposition. For example, we cannot manipulate the superposition amplitudes. In this chapter, we will study some real physical examples of quantum particles in a superposition containing two states. These examples include a photon in a beam splitter and the Mach–Zehnder interferometer.
Quantum Cryptography
Authors: Hughes Ciaran , Isaacson Joshua , Perry Anastasia , Sun Ranbel F. , Turner Jessica
Published: March 2021

The Internet can be thought of as a channel of information being sent from you to everyone else connected to the Internet. If you wanted to transmit your sensitive information (such as bank account numbers or military secrets) over the Internet, then you have to ensure that only the persons you intend to read your information have access to your sensitive data. Otherwise, everyone would be able to read your information, e.g., access to your bank account details and transfer money out of your account. Therefore, one needs to encrypt any data sent over the Internet. Encryption, in this context, ensures that only the intended sender and receiver can understand any message being sent over an Internet channel.
Quantum Gates
Authors: Hughes Ciaran , Isaacson Joshua , Perry Anastasia , Sun Ranbel F. , Turner Jessica
Published: March 2021

As discussed in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-61601-4_2, information in classical computers is represented by bits. However, if the bits did not change, then the computer would remain the same forever and would not be very useful! Therefore, it is necessary to change the values of bits depending on what you want the computer to do. For example, if you want a computer to multiply the number 2 and the number 3 together to produce the number 6, then you need to put each of the numbers 2 and 3 into an 8-bit binary representation, and then have a computational operation to multiply the two 8-bit values together to produce 6. The operation of changing bits in a classical computer is performed by classical logic gates.
Entanglement
Authors: Hughes Ciaran , Isaacson Joshua , Perry Anastasia , Sun Ranbel F. , Turner Jessica
Published: March 2021

So far, we have discussed the manipulation and measurement of a single qubit. However, quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon that occurs when multiple qubits are correlated with each other. Entanglement can have strange and useful consequences that could make quantum computers faster than classical computers. Qubits can be “entangled,” providing hidden quantum information that does not exist in the classical world. It is this entanglement that is one of the main advantages of the quantum world!
Quantum Teleportation
Authors: Hughes Ciaran , Isaacson Joshua , Perry Anastasia , Sun Ranbel F. , Turner Jessica
Published: March 2021

One interesting application of entanglement is quantum teleportation, which is a technique for transferring an unknown quantum state from one place to another. In science fiction, teleportation generally involves a machine scanning a person and another machine reassembling the person on the other end. The original body disintegrates and no longer exists. Similarly, quantum teleportation works by “scanning” the original qubit, sending a recipe, and reconstructing the qubit elsewhere. The original qubit is not physically destroyed in the science fiction sense, but it is no longer in the same state. Otherwise, the previously mentioned no-cloning theorem—which states that a qubit cannot be exactly copied onto another qubit—would be violated.1 As we will see, the “scanning” part poses a problem which can only be solved by leveraging quantum entanglement.
The Project-ed Community
Authors: Cointe Béatrice
Published: March 2021

Projects have become crucial devices in the practice and governance of research. Drawing on the participant ethnography of a two-year interdisciplinary project on microbial bioenergy, this chapter inquires how projectification translates into collective research dynamics. It argues that to understand what projects are and how they affect research practices and communities, it is necessary to look beyond their influence on the organisation of research work. Seeking to delineate the project as a group, the chapter analyses three versions of the project-ed community: in documents, in institutional arrangements, and in daily research. This shows that projects cannot be reduced to temporary arenas of research. They are also argumentative devices that justify and display the excellence and relevance of specific scientific endeavours, as well as projection devices – they serve to imagine future research communities and to start building them. In that, projects are highly strategic entities that integrate scientific practices into coherent narratives to further the interests and ambitions of various parties; but they are also enmeshed in practical matters, because to build communities, researchers have to develop concrete repertoires that are materially embodied.
Leafy automata for higher-order concurrency
Authors: Dixon Alex , Lazić Ranko , Murawski Andrzej S. , Walukiewicz Igor
Published: March 2021

Finitary Idealized Concurrent Algol ($$\mathsf {FICA}$$
FICA
) is a prototypical programming language combining functional, imperative, and concurrent computation. There exists a fully abstract game model of $$\mathsf {FICA}$$
FICA
, which in principle can be used to prove equivalence and safety of $$\mathsf {FICA}$$
FICA
programs. Unfortunately, the problems are undecidable for the whole language, and only very rudimentary decidable sub-languages are known.

We propose leafy automata as a dedicated automata-theoretic formalism for representing the game semantics of $$\mathsf {FICA}$$
FICA
. The automata use an infinite alphabet with a tree structure. We show that the game semantics of any $$\mathsf {FICA}$$
FICA
term can be represented by traces of a leafy automaton. Conversely, the traces of any leafy automaton can be represented by a $$\mathsf {FICA}$$
FICA
term. Because of the close match with $$\mathsf {FICA}$$
FICA
, we view leafy automata as a promising starting point for finding decidable subclasses of the language and, more generally, to provide a new perspective on models of higher-order concurrent computation.

Moreover, we identify a fragment of $$\mathsf {FICA}$$
FICA
that is amenable to verification by translation into a particular class of leafy automata. Using a locality property of the latter class, where communication between levels is restricted and every other level is bounded, we show that their emptiness problem is decidable by reduction to Petri net reachability.
Factorization in Call-by-Name and Call-by-Value Calculi via Linear Logic
Authors: Faggian Claudia , Guerrieri Giulio
Published: March 2021

In each variant of the $$\lambda $$
λ
-calculus, factorization and normalization are two key properties that show how results are computed. Instead of proving factorization/normalization for the call-by-name (CbN) and call-by-value (CbV) variants separately, we prove them only once, for the bang calculus (an extension of the $$\lambda $$
λ
-calculus inspired by linear logic and subsuming CbN and CbV), and then we transfer the result via translations, obtaining factorization/normalization for CbN and CbV.

The approach is robust: it still holds when extending the calculi with operators and extra rules to model some additional computational features.
Focused Proof-search in the Logic of Bunched Implications
Authors: Gheorghiu Alexander , Marin Sonia
Published: March 2021

The logic of Bunched Implications (BI) freely combines additive and multiplicative connectives, including implications; however, despite its well-studied proof theory, proof-search in BI has always been a difficult problem. The focusing principle is a restriction of the proof-search space that can capture various goal-directed proof-search procedures. In this paper we show that focused proof-search is complete for BI by first reformulating the traditional bunched sequent calculus using the simpler data-structure of nested sequents, following with a polarised and focused variant that we show is sound and complete via a cut-elimination argument. This establishes an operational semantics for focused proof-search in the logic of Bunched Implications.
On the Expressiveness of Büchi Arithmetic
Authors: Haase Christoph , Różycki Jakub
Published: March 2021

We show that the existential fragment of Büchi arithmetic is strictly less expressive than full Büchi arithmetic of any base, and moreover establish that its $$\varSigma _2$$

Σ
2

-fragment is already expressively complete. Furthermore, we show that regular languages of polynomial growth are definable in the existential fragment of Büchi arithmetic.
Parametricity for Primitive Nested Types
Authors: Johann Patricia , Ghiorzi Enrico , Jeffries Daniel
Published: March 2021

This paper considers parametricity and its resulting free theorems for nested data types. Rather than representing nested types via their Church encodings in a higher-kinded or dependently typed extension of System F, we adopt a functional programming perspective and design a Hindley-Milner-style calculus with primitives for constructing nested types directly as fixpoints. Our calculus can express all nested types appearing in the literature, including truly nested types. At the term level, it supports primitive pattern matching, map functions, and fold combinators for nested types. Our main contribution is the construction of a parametric model for our calculus. This is both delicate and challenging: to ensure the existence of semantic fixpoints interpreting nested types, and thus to establish a suitable Identity Extension Lemma for our calculus, our type system must explicitly track functoriality of types, and cocontinuity conditions on the functors interpreting them must be appropriately threaded throughout the model construction. We prove that our model satisfies an appropriate Abstraction Theorem and verifies all standard consequences of parametricity for primitive nested types.
The Spirit of Node Replication
Authors: Kesner Delia , Peyrot Loïc , Ventura Daniel
Published: March 2021

We define and study a term calculus implementing higher-order node replication. It is used to specify two different (weak) evaluation strategies: call-by-name and fully lazy call-by-need, that are shown to be observationally equivalent by using type theoretical technical tools.
Nondeterministic and co-Nondeterministic Implies Deterministic, for Data Languages
Authors: Klin Bartek , Lasota Sławomir , Toruńczyk Szymon
Published: March 2021

We prove that if a data language and its complement are both recognized by nondeterministic register automata (without guessing), then they are also recognized by deterministic ones.
Certifying Inexpressibility
Authors: Kupferman Orna , Sickert Salomon
Published: March 2021

Different classes of automata on infinite words have different expressive power. Deciding whether a given language$$L \subseteq \varSigma ^\omega $$L⊆Σωcan be expressed by an automaton of a desired class can be reduced to deciding a game between Prover and Refuter: in each turn of the game, Refuter provides a letter in$$\varSigma $$Σ, and Prover responds with an annotation of the current state of the run (for example, in the case of Büchi automata, whether the state is accepting or rejecting, and in the case of parity automata, what the color of the state is). Prover wins if the sequence of annotations she generates is correct: it is an accepting run iff the word generated by Refuter is inL. We show how a winning strategy for Refuter can serve as a simple and easy-to-understand certificate to inexpressibility, and how it induces additional forms of certificates. Our framework handles all classes of deterministic automata, including ones with structural restrictions like weak automata. In addition, it can be used for refutingseparationof two languages by an automaton of the desired class, and for finding automata thatapproximateLand belong to the desired class.
Simple Stochastic Games with Almost-Sure Energy-Parity Objectives are in NP and coNP
Authors: Mayr Richard , Schewe Sven , Totzke Patrick , Wojtczak Dominik
Published: March 2021

We study stochastic games with energy-parity objectives, which combine quantitative rewards with a qualitative$$\omega $$ω-regular condition: The maximizer aims to avoid running out of energy while simultaneously satisfying a parity condition. We show that the corresponding almost-sure problem, i.e., checking whether there exists a maximizer strategy that achieves the energy-parity objective with probability 1 when starting at a given energy levelk, is decidable and in$$\mathsf {NP}\cap \mathsf {coNP}$$NP∩coNP. The same holds for checking if such akexists and if a givenkis minimal.
The Structure of Sum-Over-Paths, its Consequences, and Completeness for Clifford
Authors: Vilmart Renaud
Published: March 2021

We show that the formalism of “Sum-Over-Path” (SOP), used for symbolically representing linear maps or quantum operators, together with a proper rewrite system, has the structure of a dagger-compact PROP. Several consequences arise from this observation:

– Morphisms of SOP are very close to the diagrams of the graphical calculus called ZH-Calculus, so we give a system of interpretation between the two

– A construction, called the discard construction, can be applied to enrich the formalism so that, in particular, it can represent the quantum measurement.

We also enrich the rewrite system so as to get the completeness of the Clifford fragments of both the initial formalism and its enriched version.
One-way Resynchronizability of Word Transducers
Authors: Bose Sougata , Krishna S. N. , Muscholl Anca , Puppis Gabriele
Published: March 2021

The origin semantics for transducers was proposed in 2014, and it led to various characterizations and decidability results that are in contrast with the classical semantics. In this paper we add a further decidability result for characterizing transducers that are close to one-way transducers in the origin semantics. We show that it is decidable whether a non-deterministic two-way word transducer can be resynchronized by a bounded, regular resynchronizer into an origin-equivalent one-way transducer. The result is in contrast with the usual semantics, where it is undecidable to know if a non-deterministic two-way transducer is equivalent to some one-way transducer.