bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Permission Fees and Scholarly Publications: A Modest Proposal
Authors: Kuhta Richard J.
Published: November 2005

For years scholars have been required to pay photography and permission fees associated with their monographs and journal articles, although publishers' guidelines state this requirement in different ways. The scholar's responsibility for securing images has been made clear in nonpartisan sources like The Chicago Manual of Style for twenty years: “The author is responsible for any fees charged by grantors of permission to reproduce, unless other arrangements are made, in writing, with the publisher” (13th ed., 4.55; 14th ed., 4.70). Though there are variations and exceptions, by and large publishers have successfully off-loaded this expense.
Resist Me, You Sweet Resistible You
Authors: Kincaid James R.
Published: November 2005

It's hard to think of resisting without imagining there is something to resist. That's the tough part, conjuring up the attack, the opposition. The OED lists many depressing meanings for resist and resistance, but they all assume that something we want to keep out is trying to come in. In calico painting, for instance, a resist is a preparation applied to those parts of the fabric you don't want colored. I didn't know that, and I bet you didn't either.
Spectacular History and the Politics of Theater: Sympathetic Arts in the Shadow of the Bastille
Authors: Samet Elizabeth D.
Published: November 2005

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's meditations on artificial society's perversions of natural sentiment, specifically on the theater's contribution to societal degeneration, provide a historical context for the dialogue between Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine about the nature of the French Revolution. Much of the debate over the political rights of man consisted of an analysis of his affective rights. It was in many ways a controversy over what could be considered a moral method for attaching an individual's sympathies. The problem of affective liberation stands behind Paine's quarrel with Burke'sReflectionsand with the victim Burke offered for the world's consideration in that text: Marie Antoinette. For Burke the emotions aroused by theater and by the tragic representation of historical events could liberate the spectator into constructive action. Exposing Burke's own affective imprisonment by the spectacle of revolution, Paine demanded instead a liberation through rational inquiry.
Passing Over: Setting the Record Straight inUncle Tom's Cabin
Authors: Borgstrom Michael
Published: November 2005

This essay considers one of the most underexamined characters in Harriet Beecher Stowe'sUncle Tom's Cabin: Augustine St. Clare's effeminate manservant, Adolph. I evaluate Adolph's critical elision to illustrate how the success of critiques centered on race and gender unintentionally permits other minority identities (and stereotypes) in the book to continue unremarked. While revisionist readings of Stowe's novel complicate racial and gender stereotypes, they nevertheless accept stable (even conventional) categories to describe minority identity. Such formulations foreclose the possibility of seeing other minority identities in the book that intertwine race and gender in ways different from normative standards. In examining Adolph's character, this essay considers how intersectional analysis reveals important representations of social difference—including differences not always acknowledged in present-day culture.
Medieval English Literature and the Idea of the Anthology
Authors: Lerer Seth
Published: November 2005

Recent studies of medieval English literature have queried anew the role of the anthology (medieval and modern) in shaping both historical and current notions of vernacular canons. Here, my examination of two major assemblies exemplifies the theoretical, interpretive, and pedagogical problems raised by this recent work. In British Library manuscript Harley 2253, an early-fourteenth-century collection, and inSammelbändeof printed books put together in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, I discern sequences of texts that take as their theme the idea of the anthology: the languages of poetic expression, the technologies of public literacy, and the cultural values that generate canons. Studying and teaching medieval literature requires us to restore texts to such early compilatory contexts; but it also requires us to reflect on our contemporary fascination with anthologies and with the de-authorizing of the literary in the wake of postmodern theory—a move, I suggest, anticipated in medieval literary culture.
Wilde and Wilder
Authors: Brown Daniel
Published: November 2005

The use of Oscar Wilde'sSalomeas the ground for the silent-screen star Norma Desmond's film script and character is central to Billy Wilder'sSunset Boulevardbut oddly neglected by the film's critics. This essay reads the film through its engagement withSalome, discussing its adoption from the play of a self-consciousness about the conditions of its art, which extend beyond the film's production to cultural history and film aesthetics. Norma asserts the image and ideology of the Hollywood star through her identification with the aestheticist figure of Salome, while Joe Gillis not only writes film scripts but, with his peers Betty Schaefer and Artie Green, also foregrounds narrative conventions in his efforts to organize and control his own life and experience in the film. Through its main characters,Sunset Boulevardpresents an allegory of Hollywood cinema in which the complementary filmic principles of image and narrative culminate respectively in madness and death.
The Work of Testimony in the Age of Decolonization:Chronicle of a Summer, Cinema Verité, and the Emergence of the Holocaust Survivor
Authors: Rothberg Michael
Published: November 2005

The trial of Adolf Eichmann, in 1961, is generally considered a turning point in the history of Holocaust memory because it brought the Holocaust into the public sphere for the first time as a discrete event on an international scale. In the same year, Jean Rouch and Edgar Morin's filmChronicle of a Summerappeared in France. While absent from scholarship on memory of the Nazi genocide for over forty years,Chronicle of a Summercontains a scene of Holocaust testimony that suggests the need to look beyond the Eichmann trial for alternative articulations of public Holocaust remembrance. This essay considers the juxtaposition inChronicle of a Summerof Holocaust memory and the history of decolonization in order to rethink the “unique” place that the Holocaust has come to hold in discourses on extreme violence. The essay argues that a discourse of truth and testimony arose in French resistance to the Algerian war that shaped and was shaped by memory of the Nazi genocide.
Lessons in Blindness from Samuel Beckett
Authors: Phelan Peggy
Published: November 2005

Reading samuel beckett made me want to link literary and visual studies, although when i first began to love his work, I did not understand that these were different disciplines. A graduate student in the English department at Rutgers University, I read Waiting for Godot while sitting on the floor of my dorm room. I remember really squinting at the pages, trying both to read every word of the play and to see it on a stage in my mind. When I finished, I was convinced I had read the dialogue to a painting. What confused me was whether the painting existed before the play or whether Beckett was trying to create it in the play's performance.
Looking: Literature's Other
Authors: Caws Mary Ann
Published: November 2005

Arthur Danto's meditation, in his “Works of Art and Mere Real Things,” on a square of red paint and its various possible readings serves as a warning about multiple interpretations. This painting might be a story of the Egyptians and the Red Sea, after the Israelites crossed over. Or, then, a work by a Danish portraitist, labeled “Kierkegaard's Mood.” Or, then, one by a politically active painter, “Red Square.” Or by a disciple of Henri Matisse, “Red Table Cloth”—in this one, the paint would be more thickly applied. In my view, the most appropriate state we can muster is what the surrealists called “availability” (disponibilité)—openness to whatever might, of a sudden, happen in our understanding to achieve apresentness of perception, even as we note the clear risk of boundary crossings between the arts.
Words Stare like a Glass Eye: From Literary to Visual to Disability Studies and Back Again
Authors: Siebers Tobin
Published: November 2005

The students of the present generation are the first in a long time who will not take their cultural identities from books. Statistics reveal that film, museum, concert, and sports attendances are up but that fewer and fewer people are reading books. Those strange moments in nineteenth-century novels when young heroes strike poses, dress, coif, and woo by the book are gone, perhaps forever. Our students are more likely to take their models from television, films, glossy magazines, video games, or the Abercrombie and Fitch catalog. My colleagues in the profession report that, thanks to the expansion of visual culture, students now possess an enviable talent for decoding images, often to the detriment of reading ability. To be frank, I am not so convinced: in my experience, the most literate students continue to be the best readers of images. But I agree that we are in the midst of an unprecedented explosion of visuality. A new era has dawned, and we are not prepared for it. We need to change our teaching and scholarship to keep up with our students.
Surrogate Americans: Masculinity, Masquerade, and the Formation of a National Identity
Authors: Smith-Rosenberg Carroll
Published: November 2005

This essay explores the layered, ideologically contradictory, and psychologically overdetermined ways national identities take form. The setting is the birth of the new American nation, the opening moments of George Washington's first administration. As European Americans from Benjamin Franklin to D. W. Griffith tell us, this is a white man's story about his “Black … and Tawney …” (br)others (Franklin, qtd. in Ferguson 169).
Reinventing Retirement
Authors: Hieatt Constance B.
Published: November 2005

Most of the respondents to Carolyn Heilbrun's “Guest Column: From Rereading to Reading” (119 [2004]: 211–17) seem generally to accept her rather dismal view of what is and is not possible in retirement. I disagree. Two of the fine scholars (and teachers) who were my dear friends and mentors did some of their best work in their eighties and nineties. One of these was John C. Pope, who was nearing ninety when those of us attending the Medieval Academy meeting agreed that his latest article on an Old English poem was the model of what a scholarly article ought to be; he had just mailed off another important contribution when he died, very suddenly, at ninety-three. Another was Ruth J. Dean, whose prizewinning masterwork, Anglo-Norman Literature: A Guide to Texts and Manuscripts, was published about three years before she died, at the age of one hundred.
Joanna Russ and D. W. Griffith
Authors: Delany Samuel R.
Published: November 2005

This essay begins by asserting the importance of Joanna Russ as an American writer of the second half of the twentieth century. Her feminist concerns and her stylistic bravura are examined, as are the ways in which she deals with the socioeconomic construction of power in orde r to transcend any uncritical biological essentialism. The second half of the essay considers the context of two phrases that occur in D. W. Griffith's film Intolerance and also in Russ's writing: “hill girl” and “the female man” (The Female Man is the title of one of Russ's novels). The possibility that Griffith's film is Russ's textual source for these phrases is considered.
The Handmaid's Tale and Oryx and Crake in Context
Authors: Atwood Margaret
Published: November 2005

I'm not a science fiction expert. Nor am i an academic, although i used to be one, sort of. Although I'm a writer, I'm not primarily a writer of science fiction. In this genre I'm a dilettante and a dabbler, an amateur—which last word, rightly translated, means “lover.” I got into hot water recently on a radio talk show in Britain: the radio person said she'd just been to a sci-fi conference there, and some people were really, really mad at me. Why? said I, mystified. For being mean to science fiction, said she. In what way had I been mean? I asked. For saying you didn't write it, she replied. And I having had the nerve to win the Arthur C. Clarke Award for Science Fiction.
Circumstances and Stances
Authors: Suvin Darko
Published: November 2005

The “particular cultural and political circumstances in which i write” have changed decisively several times in my life. I have been several times an expatriate and finally an émigré from Yugoslavia, and I am now an expatriate from Canada—a life that has made me very attuned to global material and moral changes. I shall focus on the changes that I personally felt as inciding deeply into my professional work in the last ten years or so, the watershed for me being the illegal and immoral bombing of Serbia led by the United States. By then I had published three books on science fiction—Metamorphoses of Science Fiction (1979), Victorian Science Fiction in the U.K. (1983), and Positions and Presuppositions in Science Fiction (1988)—and written enough further essays for a fourth book, which was scrapped when the Liverpool University Press had its budget cut. The changes make me, alas, the bearer of bad news, for as I see it our rulers have in practice destroyed the wall that our disciplines wrongly thought existed between culture and political economics, and we had better draw the consequences. And yet the gesture and bearing (see Suvin, “Haltung”) of writing this report also imply a hope that with much clarity, work, and luck we intellectuals—writers and then critics—can make an important difference.
Polemical Afterword: Some Brief Reflections on Arnold Schwarzenegger and on Science Fiction in Contemporary American Culture
Authors: Freedman Carl
Published: November 2005

The 2003 Guber natorial recall campaign in California was a perfect political storm. The extraordinary result—the democratic removal of a sitting governor before his term expired (for the first time in California history and the second time in United States history) and his replacement by a bodybuilder turned movie star with not the slightest governmental experience—depended on the improbable conjuncture of several factors, each pretty odd in itself: the special severity with which the Bush recession hit the California economy, largely because of the latter's unusual dependence on high-tech corporations; the California power crisis engineered by Enron and other denizens of the Houston energy industry; the astonishing charmlessness of Governor Gray Davis, whose political career had been based not on attracting strong loyalty or admiration but on fund-raising, negative campaigning, and convincing core Democratic constituencies that he was marginally less repellant than Republican alternatives; the willingness of the multimillionaire United States congressman Daryl Issa to spend two million dollars of his own money to get the recall on the ballot in the first place; and, of course, the overwhelming star power of Arnold Schwarzenegger. One might suppose that the evident contingency of the whole matter precludes finding historical importance in it. It is after all possible, even likely, in what Guy Debord brilliantly analyzed as la société du spectacle, for an event to be sensational without being tremendously significant.
Guest Column: From Rereading to Reading
Authors: Heilbrun Carolyn G.
Published: November 2005

“So much living with so little life.”thus did henry James, writing to Mrs. Humphry Ward, describe H. G. Wells, or so I remember it. (I should look this up, and probably will not. My research/scholarly instincts have atrophied, except in instances— more common in old age than formerly—when I cannot remember the source of some haunting phrase or fact.) James's words are perfect for those of us coping with retirement and old age (I am of the “call a spade a spade” school), “living” less and seeking more of life. I have, in this mood, reread Henry James's The Ambassadors.
For Whom the Beyle Toils: Stendhal and Pseudonymous Authorship
Authors: Schoolcraft Ralph
Published: November 2005

The most famous of Henri Beyle's pseudonyms is Stendhal, but it is only one of hundreds adopted by Beyle. I argue that his pseudonyms fall into three categories: those used in personal correspondence to strengthen affective bonds, those used for publication and thus for entry into the literary market, and those developed in the creative process and reserved for private use. The pseudonym Stendhal belongs to the second group, which is characterized by Beyle's attempt to co-opt the prestige of particular predecessors (in this instance, the art historian J. J. Winckelmann, from the village Stendal). The pen names Mocenigo and Dominique are significant examples of the third group, which most closely resembles the Portuguese writer Fernando Pessoa's heteronyms and heralds a modernist vision of authorship.
Transnationalism and Performance in 'Biyi Bandele's Oroonoko
Authors: Wallace Elizabeth Kowaleski
Published: November 2005

'Biyi Bandele's Oroonoko, in its textual and performance history, bridges eighteenth- and late-twentieth-century forms of transnationalism. The Oroonoko story has always been an improvised text. Bandele's play relates to earlier versions of the Oroonoko story by Aphra Behn, Thomas Southerne, and John Hawkesworth. Three issues in Bandele's Oroonoko have special relevance to a transnational reading of the play: the deployment of an African setting as a strategy for counteracting a pseudouniversalism; the place of anachronism, especially in the representation of gender relations; and Bandele's use of English as a means of conveying Yoruban culture. His play raises the question of what it means to “sell” Oroonoko to a wide audience today.
Global Literature and the Technologies of Recognition
Authors: Shih Shu-Mei
Published: November 2005

Recent interest in globalizing literary studies has largely involved attempts to locate conjunctures between contemporary literature and the economic formation of global capitalism and thereby to name a new literary structure of feeling—structure in terms of the organization of various literatures into a world system and feeling in terms of the literary production of new affects in new forms, styles, and genres. Its precedent is the idea of “world literature,” first articulated by Goethe in 1827 and recently recuperated. While many scholars resuscitating this concept offer a nominal apology for its Eurocentric origins, this Eurocentrism's constitutive hierarchies and asymmetries are seldom analyzed. Twenty-five years after Edward Said's Orientalism and the book's specific criticism of Goethe, it appears that the critique of Eurocentrism in general has exhausted itself, that one only needs to show awareness of it because it is predictable. Instead of working through the problem, one gives recognition to it, which serves as an expedient and efficient strategy of displacement, a tropological caveat, able to push aside obstacles on the path to globalist literary studies of global literature.
The Politics of Hispanism at Rice University; or, When Is a Hispanic Part of a Minority?
Authors: González-Stephan Beatriz
Published: November 2005

Responding to a reader's inquiry about what second language to study, the Vanity Fair columnist “Dame Edna” stated, “Forget Spanish. There's nothing in that language worth reading except Don Quixote, and a quick listen to the CD of Man of La Mancha will take care of that. There was a poet named García Lorca, but I'd leave him on the intellectual back burner if I were you… . Who speaks it that you are really desperate to talk to? The help? Your leaf blower? Study French or German.” I am aware that Dame Edna is a ficticious persona, but I disagree with the so-called entertainment value ascribed to this column. Whom does it entertain? The readership of Vanity Fair is largely upper-middle-class and upper-class white. The Hispanic community, outraged by the remarks, demanded a retraction, reminding Vanity Fair that if the whole Hispanic labor force went on strike, the US economy would break down. Readers cited as well the number of radio and TV stations broadcasting in Spanish, sixty to seventy percent of whose audience can follow programs in Spanish and English (the United States' bilingualism, much to Dame Edna's grief, is not English-French). Additionally, more than half the students in schools and universities who enroll in a second language choose Spanish. The voices calling for retraction were not leaf blowers but architects, physicians, mathematicians, engineers, sociologists, psychologists, athletes, writers, moviemakers, painters, journalists, governors, and bankers. And, last and most obvious, Hispanics make up the largest minority group in the United States (at present some thirty-seven million, or thirteen percent, and probably some fifty million by 2010 [Klineberg]).
Special Relationships: British Higher Education and the Global Marketplace
Authors: Geiger Jeffrey
Published: November 2005

Americans living in England are sometimes inspired by a sense of belated recognition, a desire to claim the place as their own through an imagined return to an ancestral or a spiritual homeland. Nathaniel Hawthorne was hardly enamored of English life when he took up residence in Liverpool in 1853; nonetheless, after two years' stay he writes of a “latent” recognition: “I suppose there is still latent in us Americans (even of two centuries date, and more, like myself) an adaptation to the English climate, which makes it like native soil and air to us” (121-22). But even as Hawthorne became more at home in England, his contentment was disturbed by the political realities of living in the United Kingdom-an imperial entity created by an act of Parliament in 1801. Appearing at the edges of the detailed travel descriptions in the notebooks are lingering resentments over previous British-American conflicts and a dislike of the colonizer mentality. Writing in October 1854, during the CrimeanWar, Hawthorne adopts the tone of an expatriate's disdain: “Success makes an Englishman intolerable; and already, on the mistaken idea that the way was open to a prosperous conclusion to this war, the Times had begun to throw out menaces against America. I shall never love England till she sues to us for help” (91). Hawthorne's reference is to two Times articles that are worth citing here, in that they seem to prefigure our era of “precision warfare” and triumphalist national self-regard: “The incidents of this [Crimean] war have already immeasurably increased the mutual confidence and respect of two nations [France and Britain] which have just shown they are the most powerful states in the world,” declared the Times on 4 October. The following day it stated:

The lessons learned at Bomarsund and Sebastopol will not be forgotten, for they have introduced a new era in warfare by throwing doubt on places before deemed impregnable, and showing that the promptitude of an attack supported by the engines of modern warfare may supercede the more protracted operations of former sieges. The rapid triumphs which are wonderful now would have been impossible before.

(qtd. in Hawthorne 632)
No Room of One's Own: Women's Studies in English Departments in Germany
Authors: Schabert Ina
Published: November 2005

Women's studies in english departments in germany have developed in a special and, when seen from an Anglo-American perspective, rather peculiar way. The irregularity, which seems to have been overlooked up to now, is caused by institutional and ideological conditions characteristic of German universities.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Early Breast Cancer: Optimal Use of Epirubicin
Authors: Glück Stefan
Published: November 2005

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the value of adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer.Critically assess the use of anthracyclines as part of adjuvant chemotherapy.Describe the delivery of anthracyclines regarding dose, dose intensity, and dose density.Evaluate the use of trastuzumab in the adjuvant setting.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Anthracyclines are central components of adjuvant combination chemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer. Epirubicin is underutilized for this indication in the United States, where it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1999, compared to Europe and Canada, where it gained approval in 1980. Use of epirubicin offers advantages in specific treatment settings and patient subsets, including situations where use of dose-dense and/or dose-intense protocols may provide additional benefits and where combinations including taxanes and/or trastuzumab may provide increased efficacy. Epirubicin also has a distinct safety profile compared to doxorubicin with regard to cardiotoxicity. In order to optimize treatment benefits and safety concerns for node-positive, node-negative and HER-2–positive patients as well as patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy and elderly patients it is worthwhile to consider the potential benefits of epirubicin.
The Role of Taxanes in the Management of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Galsky Matthew D.
Published: November 2005

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: List the prognostic factors that are the best predictors of outcome for patients with metastatic bladder cancer.Interpret the results of the completed phase III trials comparing MVAC with taxane-based regimens in patients with metastatic bladder cancer.Describe the ongoing multinational phase III trial using taxane-based therapy in patients with metastatic bladder cancer.Define the role of taxanes as perioperative therapy in patients with localized bladder cancer.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is a chemo-sensitive neoplasm. Whereas the MVAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin) regimen was long considered the standard of care for patients with advanced disease, the evaluation of newer agents with retained activity and improved tolerability has been the focus of much investigation over the past decade. Among the most important of these newer agents are taxanes. Whereas taxane-containing regimens have not yet been shown to improve the survival of patients with transitional cell carcinoma in randomized trials, ongoing phase III trials will further define the role of these agents in both the perioperative and advanced disease settings.
Practice Points, Consensus, and Controversial Issues in the Management of Patients with Newly Diagnosed Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Authors: Sanz Miguel A. , Tallman Martin S. , Lo-Coco Francesco
Published: November 2005

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Manage patients with a suspicion of APL.Select appropriate diagnostic tools and strategies for rapid genetic diagnosis and molecular monitoring of minimal residual disease in APL patients.Select appropriate frontline treatment and supportive care for patients with APL.Provide practice points for appropriate evaluation of response.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Recent reviews on acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) treatment have focused on comparing therapeutic approaches, including all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and chemotherapy, and do not address several other aspects of APL management that are relevant to the outcome in individual patients. These aspects include appropriate diagnostic tools and strategies, supportive care, recognition and treatment of life-threatening complications, evaluation of response, and, finally, management of the disease in special conditions such as older patients and pregnant women. In addition to reviewing current consensus and controversies of ATRA and chemotherapy treatment, this article addresses the above issues of APL management with special emphasis on aspects that distinguish APL from other acute myelogenous leukemias.
Current Therapy for Wilms’ Tumor
Authors: Metzger Monika L. , Dome Jeffrey S.
Published: November 2005

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the clinical and biological prognostic factors for Wilms’ tumor.Discuss the different treatment strategies and staging systems adopted in North America and Europe.Explain the challenges and treatment approaches for anaplastic, bilateral, and recurrent Wilms’ tumor.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Wilms’ tumor was the first solid malignancy in which the value of adjuvant chemotherapy was established. Multimodality treatment has resulted in a significant improvement in outcome from approximately 30% in the 1930s to more than 85% in the modern era. Although the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group and the International Society of Pediatric Oncology differ philosophically regarding the merits of preoperative chemotherapy, outcomes of patients treated with either up-front nephrectomy or preoperative chemotherapy have been excellent. The goal of current clinical trials is to reduce therapy for children with low-risk tumors, thereby avoiding acute and long-term toxicities. At the same time, current clinical trials seek to augment therapy for patients with high-risk Wilms’ tumor, including those with bilateral, anaplastic, and recurrent favorable histology tumors.
Renal Safety and Efficacy of i.v. Bisphosphonates in Patients with Skeletal Metastases Treated for up to 10 Years
Authors: Guarneri Valentina , Donati Sara , Nicolini Massimiliano , Giovannelli Simona , D'Amico Roberto , Conte Pier Franco
Published: November 2005

Introduction. Bisphosphonates (BPs) delay the onset or reduce the incidence of skeletal complications in patients with bone metastases. However, there are few data on the renal safety and activity of i.v. BPs beyond 2 years of administration.

Materials and Methods. We retrospectively analyzed serum creatinine (SCr) levels and skeletal-related events (SREs) in cancer patients receiving i.v. BPs for ≥ 24 months. All patients received 90 mg pamidronate every 3–4 weeks. Pre- and post-treatment SCr levels and the peak levels attained were recorded. A notable SCr increase was defined as: an increase >0.5 mg/dl for patients with baseline SCr <1.4 mg/dl; an increase >1 mg/dl for patients with baseline SCr >1.4 mg/dl; or doubling over baseline. The following parameters were also analyzed: the proportion of patients with at least one SRE, the distribution of each type of SRE, the time to first SRE, and the skeletal morbidity rate (SMR).

Results. Fifty-seven patients with bone metastases resulting from breast cancer (BC) (n = 48), multiple myeloma (n = 7), renal cell carcinoma (n = 1), and prostate cancer (n = 1) were evaluated. The median age at the start of treatment was 57 years (range, 27–81); 25% of the patients were >70 years old. Forty-three patients received pamidronate then switched to zoledronic acid. The median overall duration of BP administration was 34 months (range, 24+ to 131+), with a median duration of zoledronic acid therapy of 25 months (range, 2–40). Twenty-seven of 48 BC patients received different chemotherapy regimens (median number of lines, 2; range, 1–6). The median SCr levels were: baseline, 0.82 mg/dl (range, 0.4–1.4); time of analysis, 0.89 mg/dl (0.4–2); highest level, 1.0 mg/dl (0.5–2). A notable SCr increase was observed in seven patients (12.2%; all grade 1). Twenty-six patients (45.6%) experienced SREs after starting BP treatment. The median time to first SRE was 911 days (95% confidence interval, 731; 1,023). The SMR was 0.20 events per year. Ten patients ceased treatment because of: an SCr level of 2 mg/dl (n = 1) physician decision (n = 6) and jaw osteonecrosis (n = 3). Ten patients died of progressive disease.

Conclusion. i.v. BPs are safe and active during prolonged treatment administration, and renal function is maintained in patients receiving multiple cytotoxic therapies. Jaw osteonecrosis occurred in 5% of the study population, and its causal relationship with BP treatment requires further observation and study.
Subchronic effects of methylmercury on plasma and organ biochemistries in great egret nestlings
Authors: Hoffman David J. , Spalding Marilyn G. , Frederick Peter C.
Published: November 2005

In recent years, high concentrations of mercury have been found in wading birds in Florida, USA. Great egret (Ardea alba) chicks (2 weeks old) were dosed orally daily with the equivalent of 0, 0.5, or 5 μg/g Hg as methylmercury chloride in the diet for up to 12 weeks. Weakness of the legs or paralysis occurred in all high-dosed birds. Geometric mean blood Hg concentrations were 0.17, 10.3, and 78.5 μg/g (wet wt), respectively. Mercury concentrations for organs (μg/g wet wt), including brain (0.22, 3.4, and 35, respectively), liver (0.34, 15.1, 138, respectively), and kidney (0.28, 8.1, and 120, respectively), increased in a dose-dependent manner. Total glutathione (GSH) peroxidase activity was significantly lower in the plasma, brain, liver, and kidney of the high-dosed group. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity increased with mercury treatment, whereas lactate dehydrogenase activity decreased. Four other plasma chemistries were decreased significantly in the high-dosed group and included uric acid, total protein, albumin, and inorganic phosphorus. Lipid peroxidation increased in liver (low and high dose) and brain (high dose). Tissue changes in concentrations of reduced thiols included decreased total thiols and protein-bound thiols in liver, decreased protein-bound thiols in kidney, and increased GSH in kidney and brain. Activities of GSH S-transferase and oxidized glutathione reductase increased in liver. In kidney, GSH S-transferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities increased with mercury dose. These findings, including apparent compensatory changes, are compared to other Hg studies where oxidative stress was reported in egrets, herons, and diving ducks in the field and mallards in the laboratory.
Control of rotational molding using adaptive fuzzy systems
Authors: Abu‐Al‐Nadi D. I. , Abu‐Fara D. I. , Rawabdeh I. , Crawford R. J.
Published: November 2005

Rotational molding is a method for manufacturing hollow plastic parts. In the work reported here, adaptive fuzzy logic techniques have been used to relate the machine oven temperature to other manipulated parameters of the process. The objective is to design a reliable control system for the rotational molding process. An adaptive fuzzy network was developed to correlate changes in oven temperature to changes in the opening of the control valve on the fuel system. The network parameters were optimized using real‐valued genetic algorithms. This network gave good results when its performance was compared with experimental data from a commercial rotational molding machine. The network was successfully utilized to design a control system, which works well in regard to set point tracking and load rejection. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24: 266–277, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20047
Low‐temperature modeling of the time‐temperature shift factor for polycarbonate
Authors: Fan Bingfeng , Kazmer David O.
Published: November 2005

Functions are proposed to model the time‐temperature shift factor at temperatures below the glass transition temperature (Tg) for certain amorphous polymers, which increases linearly with the decrease of temperature at temperatures just below Tg in a log‐linear plot, but shows an inflection with the slope concave downward at lower temperatures further below Tg. These functions have a varying number of parameters and offer different behaviors with increasing complexity. Three of the functions are tested with the experimental data of two grades of polycarbonate. The tests show that these functions may be suitable for different sets of experimental data. This study is not intended to model the structural recovery of glassy polymers. Instead, it is intended to provide empirical equations that may be useful for modeling equilibrium and nonequilibrium behaviors of the glassy polymers. Coupled with structural recovery theory, the proposed equations may be incorporated into simulations to predict long‐term properties of polymers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24: 278–287, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20049
Optimal operation of GaN thin film epitaxy employing control vector parametrization
Authors: Varshney Amit , Armaou Antonios
Published: November 2005

An approach that links nonlinear model reduction techniques with control vector parametrization‐based schemes is presented, to efficiently solve dynamic constraint optimization problems arising in the context of spatially‐distributed processes governed by highly‐dissipative nonlinear partial‐differential equations (PDEs), utilizing standard nonlinear programming techniques. The method of weighted residuals with empirical eigenfunctions (obtained via Karhunen‐Loève expansion) as basis functions is employed for spatial discretization together with control vector parametrization formulation for temporal discretization. The stimulus for the earlier approach is provided by the presence of low order dominant dynamics in the case of highly dissipative parabolic PDEs. Spatial discretization based on these few dominant modes (which are elegantly captured by empirical eigenfunctions) takes into account the actual spatiotemporal behavior of the PDE which cannot be captured using finite difference or finite element techniques with a small number of discretization points/elements. The proposed approach is used to compute the optimal operating profile of a metallorganic vapor‐phase epitaxy process for the production of GaN thin films, with the objective to minimize the spatial nonuniformity of the deposited film across the substrate surface by adequately manipulating the spatiotemporal concentration profiles of Ga and N precursors at the reactor inlet. It is demonstrated that the reduced order optimization problem thus formulated using the proposed approach for nonlinear order reduction results in considerable savings of computational resources and is simultaneously accurate. It is demonstrated that by optimally changing the precursor concentration across the reactor inlet it is possible to reduce the thickness nonuniformity of the deposited film from a nominal 33% to 3.1%. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Modeling the invisible college
Authors: Zuccala Alesia
Published: November 2005

This article addresses the invisible college concept with the intent of developing a consensus regarding its definition. Emphasis is placed on the term as it was defined and used in Derek de Solla Price's work (1963, 1986) and reviewed on the basis of its thematic progress in past research over the years. Special attention is given to Lievrouw's (1990) article concerning thestructureversussocial processproblem to show that both conditions are essential to the invisible college and may be reconciled. A new definition of the invisible college is also introduced, including a proposed research model. With this model, researchers are encouraged to study the invisible college by focusing on three critical components—thesubject specialty, the scientists associal actors, and theinformation use environment(IUE)
A lexical knowledge base approach for English–Chinese cross‐language information retrieval
Authors: Chen Jiangping
Published: November 2005

This study proposes and explores a natural language processing‐ (NLP) based strategy to address out‐of‐dictionary and vocabulary mismatch problems in query translation based English–Chinese Cross‐Language Information Retrieval (EC‐CLIR). The strategy, named the LKB approach, is to construct a lexical knowledge base (LKB) and to use it for query translation. In this article, the author describes the LKB construction process, which customizes available translation resources based on the document collection of the EC‐CLIR system. The evaluation shows that the LKB approach is very promising. It consistently increased the percentage of correct translations and decreased the percentage of missing translations in addition to effectively detecting the vocabulary gap between the document collection and the translation resource of the system. The comparative analysis of the top EC‐CLIR results using the LKB and two other translation resources demonstrates that the LKB approach has produced significant improvement in EC‐CLIR performance compared to performance using the original translation resource without customization. It has also achieved the same level of performance as a sophisticated machine translation system. The study concludes that the LKB approach has the potential to be an empirical model for developing real‐world CLIR systems. Linguistic knowledge and NLP techniques, if appropriately used, can improve the effectiveness of English–Chinese cross‐language information retrieval.
Interaction in distance‐learning courses
Authors: Bouhnik Dan , Marcus Tali
Published: November 2005

The article provides an in‐depth analysis of previous literature that led to the understanding of the four interactive components of “e” learning and how we can utilize these components to maximize the positive and minimize the negative results of “e” learning. The four interactive dimensions of “e” learning are the following three originally described in Moore's editorial (1989): (1) interaction with the content, (2) interaction with the instructor, (3) interaction with the students, and an additional new fourth dimension, interaction with the system, which considered all of the new computer technology since his article. In our viewpoint we will highlight the impact that this fourth technological interactive dimension has on the results of “e” learning. The question then is not “to ‘e’ or not to ‘e’,” since “e” learning is already an essential factor of our contemporary learning environment. The question is how to “e”, based on the understanding of the four interactive components of “e” learning, and the understanding that these four types of interactions are different from the ones we are accustomed to in the traditional learning environment.
Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis
Authors: Cifuentes Alejandro
Published: November 2005

This article reviews the latest developments in the application of capillary electromigration methods for the analysis of foods and food components. Nowadays, methods based on CE techniques are becoming widely used in food analytical and research laboratories. This review covers the application of CE to analyze amino acids, biogenic amines, peptides, proteins, DNAs, carbohydrates, phenols, polyphenols, pigments, toxins, pesticides, vitamins, additives, small organic and inorganic ions, chiral compounds, and other compounds in foods, as well as to investigate food interactions and food processing. The use of microchips as well as other foreseen trends in CE analysis of foods is discussed. Papers that were published during the period June 2002–June 2005 are included following the previous review by Frazier and Papadopoulou (Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 4095–4105).
Epidemiology of esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Pera Manuel , Manterola Carlos , Vidal Oscar , Grande Luis
Published: November 2005

The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has risen rapidly over the past 25 years in the United States as well as in several Western European countries. This increase had been most dramatic among white males. The majority of these cancers arise from a background of premalignant Barrett esophagus. However, less than 10% of the patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma were known to have Barrett esophagus previously. It is uncertain which risk factors contribute to the increasing incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, although gastroesophageal reflux disease, cigarette smoking, and obesity have been implicated. Whereas infection with Helicobacter pylori and use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are associated with reduced risk, low intakes of fruit, vegetables, and cereal fibers seem to increase the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Presently there is no evidence that strongly supports any specific strategy to screen a subgroup of the population at risk for Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;92:151–159. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differences and similarities of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction
Authors: Marsman W.A. , Tytgat G.N.J. , Ten Kate F.J.W. , van Lanschot J.J.B.
Published: November 2005

During the last few decades there has been an alarming rise in the incidence of tumors originating at the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) [1]. The reason for this is unknown. Tumors of the EGJ can be categorized in two types of cancer divided according to their anatomical origin: distal esophageal adenocarcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia. However, due to their location, in the transitional zone of the esophagus and stomach, there is constant debate about the proper classification, staging, and management of these tumors. The etiology of distal esophageal adenocarcinoma is clearly related to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and the development of a Barrett's esophagus [2]. The etiology of adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia is less well understood. In the present paper, we will discuss the clinical characteristics and clinical management of esophagogastric tumors. Special attention will be given to differences and similarities of adenocarcinomas of the gastric cardia and distal esophagus. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;92:160–168. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The molecular biology of esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Koppert Linetta B. , Wijnhoven Bas P.L. , van Dekken Herman , Tilanus Hugo W. , Dinjens Winand N.M.
Published: November 2005

Background

Barrett's esophagus is an acquired metaplastic change that occurs in the distal esophagus secondary to chronic gastroesophageal reflux. This premalignant condition forms the most important risk factor for developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, which is an extremely aggressive tumor with a 5‐year survival rate of less than 25%. Carcinomas that arise in the setting of Barrett's esophagus are thought to develop as part of the metaplasia–dysplasia–carcinoma sequence.

Objective

To review the current knowledge on the genomic alterations involved in the development of Barrett's esophagus and its progression to dysplasia and/or cancer.

Results

Several changes in gene structure, gene expression, and protein structure are associated with the progression of Barrett's esophagus to adenocarcinoma. Accumulation of these changes seems to be essential, rather than the exact sequence of these changes. Multiple molecular pathways are involved and interact with each other. Alterations in tumor suppressor genes, amongst which p53 and p16, are early events in the metaplasia–dysplasia–adenocarcinoma sequence, followed by loss of cell cycle checkpoints. Ongoing genomic instability leads to cumulative genetic errors and thereby the generation of multiple clones of transformed cells.

Conclusions

Within the multistep process of esophageal adenocarcinogenesis, to date no single molecular marker came forward able to predict who will and who will not develop cancer in the setting of Barrett's esophagus. Instead, panels of markers need to be developed in the future allowing to indicate disease progression. Identification of crucial molecular pathways involved in esophageal adenocarcinogenesis would ultimately improve therapy and facilitate development of new treatment strategies. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;92:169–190. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.