bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systemic and ocular manifestations of a patient with mosaic ARID1A‐associated Coffin‐Siris syndrome and review of select mosaic conditions with ophthalmic manifestations
Authors: Miraldi Utz Virginia , Brightman Diana S. , Sandoval Monica A. , Hufnagel Robert B. , Saal Howard M.
Published: September 2020

Mosaic genetic mutations may be somatic, germline, or “gonosomal” and have the potential to cause genetic syndromes, disorders, or malformations. Mutations can occur at any point in embryonic development and the timing determines the extent of distribution of the mutation throughout the body and different tissue types. The eye and visual pathway offer a unique opportunity to study somatic and gonosomal mosaic mutations as the eye consists of tissues derived from all three germ layers allowing disease pathology to be assessed with noninvasive imaging. In this review, we describe systemic and ocular manifestations in a child with mosaic Coffin‐Siris syndrome. The patient presented with a significant medical history of accommodative esotropia and hyperopia, macrocephaly, polydactyly, global developmental delay, hypotonia, ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction, and brain MRI abnormalities. The ophthalmic findings in this patient were nonspecific, however, they are consistent with ocular manifestations reported in other patients with Coffin‐Siris syndrome. We also review ophthalmic findings of select mosaic chromosomal and single‐gene disorders. Ophthalmic assessment alongside clinical genetic testing may play an important role in diagnosis of genetic syndromes as well as understanding disease pathology, particularly when mosaicism plays a role.
The new landscape of retinal gene therapy
Authors: Ku Cristy A. , Pennesi Mark E.
Published: September 2020

Novel therapeutics for inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) have rapidly evolved since groundbreaking clinical trials for LCA due to RPE65 mutations led to the first FDA‐approved in vivo gene therapy. Since then, advancements in viral vectors have led to more efficient AAV transduction and developed other viral vectors for gene augmentation therapy of large gene targets. Furthermore, significant developments in gene editing and RNA modulation technologies have introduced novel capabilities for treatment of autosomal dominant diseases, intronic mutations, and/or large genes otherwise unable to be treated with current viral vectors. We highlight strategies currently being evaluated in gene therapy clinical trials and promising preclinical developments for IRDs.
Improved behavioral indices of welfare in continuous compared to intermittent pair‐housing in adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Cassidy Lauren C. , Hannibal Darcy L. , Semple Stuart , McCowan Brenda
Published: September 2020

Limiting opportunities for captive nonhuman primates (NHPs) to express species‐specific social behaviors may disrupt the adaptive drive for social companionship and may lead to increases in coping behaviors and inactivity. While captive NHPs show improved welfare when moving to pair‐housing from single‐housing, the impact of daily separation of pair‐mates, as is implemented in intermittent pair‐housing, is not fully understood. We compared behavioral indices of welfare exhibited by adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in two conditions: (1) intermittent pair‐housing, involving daily overnight separation of pair‐mates, and (2) continuous pair‐housing, involving little separation of pair‐mates. A within‐subjects study design tested two groups of females experiencing both pairing conditions in an alternate order, switching either from continuous to intermittent pair‐housing, or from intermittent to continuous pair‐housing. Behavioral observations, recording activity state, self‐directed, abnormal, and social behaviors, were conducted at midday when all females were paired, and in the afternoon when intermittent pairs were separated. Females exhibited higher levels of inactivity and self‐directed behavior when separated due to intermittent pair‐housing in comparison to continuous pair‐housing. In addition, intermittently paired females showed higher levels of grooming and other types of affiliation when paired, than during the same time frame when they were continuously paired. These results suggest that females in the continuous presence of a social partner experience improved levels of activity and do not need to elevate levels of behavioral coping mechanisms (e.g., self‐scratching, increased affiliation) as they receive the benefits associated with social companionship consistently throughout the day. Overall, this study provides the first evidence that continuous pair‐housing affords better welfare than intermittent pair‐housing in adult female rhesus macaques. Pair‐housing options, such as continuous pairing, that reduce reliance on behavioral coping mechanisms and promote adaptive social behavior throughout the entirety of the day should be prioritized over husbandry care scheduled for convenience.
Hydrogen isotopes in serial hair samples record season of death in a mummified child from 19th century San Francisco, CA
Authors: Eerkens Jelmer W. , Ryder Alex , Evoy Angela , Hull Bryna
Published: September 2020

Background

The mummified body of a small child was found in a sealed Barstow cast iron casket during construction activity in San Francisco in 2016. Using historical records and ancient DNA the child was determined to be Edith H. Cook. She was born 28 November, 1873 in the city of San Francisco, and died of “marasmus” on 13 October, 1876 also in San Francisco.

Aims

Currently, there are few techniques for estimating human season of death in archaeological cases. Hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H) in hair keratin is known to strongly correlate with drinking water. We explore δ2H in serial hair samples as a potential technique to estimate season of death by comparing the δ2H record from hair to the known date of death.

Materials & Methods

Approximately 50 hairs were removed from the scalp, aligned from the root, and cut into 5cm serial sections, each representing approximately 2 weeks of growth, and the total sequence a total of 1 year of growth. δ2H was measured on each 5cm segment and compared to previously‐reported δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S values.

Results

δ2H in the serial hair samples ranged between −56‰ and −48‰, consistent with her water values recorded in surface waters from San Francisco, and follow a sinusoidal pattern. Decreasing δ2H in terminal samples before death suggest Fall as the season of death, consistent with the known date of death.

Discussion

This test case shows that archaeological hair preserves a seasonal signature in the form of changing keratin δ2H values that correlate to changing δ2H in surface drinking water. Terminal values in root record water ingested during the final week(s) before death.

Conclusions

We argue that this technique can be used to estimate season of death in future archaeological or forensic cases where hair has been preserved but date of death is unknown.
Sonographic ‘flash’: A case report of a new sign in dynamic ultrasound of extra‐articular snapping hip and knee
Authors: Koh Eamon
Published: September 2020

Snapping phenomena at the hip and knee are common clinical presentations in the general population and athletes. Dynamic ultrasound is a useful tool in the evaluation of these syndromes, especially when intra‐articular pathology has been excluded. We report on a new ultrasound sign, the ‘sonographic flash’, which identified the source of audible snapping in two cases where snapping phenomena were present.
Reaction Pathways and Redox States in α‐Selective Cobalt‐Catalyzed Hydroborations of Alkynes
Authors: Blasius Clemens K. , Vasilenko Vladislav , Matveeva Regina , Wadepohl Hubert , Gade Lutz H.
Published: September 2020

Cobalt(II) alkyl complexes supported by a monoanionic NNN pincer ligand are pre‐catalysts for the regioselective hydroboration of terminal alkynes, yielding the Markovnikov products with α:β‐(E) ratios of up to 97:3. A cobalt(II) hydride and a cobalt(II) vinyl complex appear to determine the main reaction pathway. In a background reaction the highly reactive hydrido species specifically converts to a coordinatively unsaturated cobalt(I) complex which was found to re‐enter the main catalytic cycle.
Switching the Photoluminescence and Electrochemiluminescence of Liposoluble Porphyrin in Aqueous Phase by Molecular Regulation
Authors: Zhang Yinpan , Zhao Yaqi , Han Zhengang , Zhang Ruizhong , Du Peiyao , Wu Yanxia , Lu Xiaoquan
Published: September 2020

By a facile peripheral decoration of 5‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐10,15,20‐triphenylporphyrin (ATPP) with inherent aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) active tetraphenylethene (TPE), a versatile AIEgenic porphyrin derivative (ATPP‐TPE) was obtained, which greatly abolishes the detrimental π–π stacking and thus surmounts the notorious aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) effect of ATPP in aqueous phase. The photoluminescence of ATPP‐TPE is 4.5‐fold stronger than ATPP at aggregation state. Moreover, an unequivocal aggregation induced electrochemiluminescence (AIECL) of ATPP‐TPE was found to be seriously dependent on its aggregation property in aqueous solution with efficiency of 34 %, which is 6 times higher than pure ATPP. The versatility of this molecular structure modulation strategy along with the ACQ‐to‐AIE transformation in this work provides direction to guide for applying liposoluble porphyrins in aqueous phase by designs of synthetic porphyrin AIEgens.
An Ester‐Substituted Semiconducting Polymer with Efficient Nonradiative Decay Enhances NIR‐II Photoacoustic Performance for Monitoring of Tumor Growth
Authors: Zha Menglei , Lin Xiangwei , Ni Jen‐Shyang , Li Yaxi , Zhang Yachao , Zhang Xun , Wang Lidai , Li Kai
Published: September 2020

Photoacoustic agents have been of vital importance for improving the imaging contrast and reliability against self‐interference from endogenous substances. Herein, we synthesized a series of thiadiazoloquinoxaline (TQ)‐based semiconducting polymers (SPs) with a broad absorption covering from NIR‐I to NIR‐II regions. Among them, the excited s‐BDT‐TQE, a repeating unit of SPs, shows a large dihedral angle and narrow adiabatic energy as well as low radiative decay, attributing to its strongly electron‐deficient ester‐substituted TQ‐segment. In addition, its more vigorous molecular motions trigger a higher reorganization energy that further yields an efficient photoinduced nonradiative decay, which has been carefully examined and understood by theoretical calculation. Thus, BDT‐TQE SP‐cored nanoparticles with twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) feature exhibit a high NIR‐II photothermal conversion efficiency (61.6 %) and preferable PA tracking of in situ hepatic tumor growth for more than 20 days. This study highlights a unique strategy for constructing efficient NIR‐II photoacoustic agents via TICT‐enhanced PNRD effect, advancing their applications for in vivo bioimaging.
Ultrastable Perovskite–Zeolite Composite Enabled by Encapsulation and In Situ Passivation
Authors: Wang Peijun , Wang Bolun , Liu Yucheng , Li Lin , Zhao Hua , Chen Yonghua , Li Jiyang , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) , Zhao Kui
Published: September 2020

Metal halide perovskites have been widely applied in optoelectronic fields, but their poor stability hinders their actual applications. A perovskite–zeolite composite was synthesized via in situ growth in air from aluminophosphate AlPO‐5 zeolite crystals and perovskite nanocrystals. The zeolite matrix provides quantum confinement for perovskite nanocrystals, achieving efficient green emission, and it passivates the defects of perovskite by H‐bonding interaction, which leads to a longer lifetime compared to bulk perovskite film. Furthermore, the AlPO‐5 zeolite also acts as a protection shield and enables ultrahigh stability of perovskite nanocrystals under 150 °C heat stress, under a 15‐month long‐term ambient exposure, and even in water for more than 2 weeks, respectively. The strategy of in situ passivation and encapsulation for the perovskite@AlPO‐5 composite was amenable to a range of perovskites, from MA‐ to Cs‐based perovskites. Benefiting from high stability and photoluminescence performance, the composite exhibits great potential to be virtually applied in light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and backlight displays.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)‐Finerenone Using Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation
Authors: Lerchen Andreas , Gandhamsetty Narasimhulu , Farrar Elliot H. E. , Winter Nils , Platzek Johannes , Grayson Matthew N. , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: September 2020

(−)‐Finerenone is a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist currently in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. It contains an unusual dihydronaphthyridine core. We report a 6‐step synthesis of (−)‐finerenone, which features an enantioselective partial transfer hydrogenation of a naphthyridine using a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst with a Hantzsch ester. The process is complicated by the fact that the naphthyridine exists as a mixture of two atropisomers that react at different rates and with different selectivities. The intrinsic kinetic resolution was converted into a kinetic dynamic resolution at elevated temperature, which enabled us to obtain (−)‐finerenone in both high yield and high enantioselectivity. DFT calculations have revealed the origin of selectivity.
The Optical Spectrum of Au2+
Authors: Förstel Marko , Pollow Kai Mario , Saroukh Karim , Najib Este Ainun , Mitric Roland , Dopfer Otto
Published: September 2020

The electronic structure of the Au2+ cation is essential for understanding its catalytic activity. We present the optical spectrum of mass‐selected Au2+ measured via photodissociation spectroscopy. Two vibrationally resolved band systems are observed in the 290–450 nm range (at ca. 440 and ca. 325 nm), which both exhibit rather irregular structure indicative of strong vibronic and spin‐orbit coupling. The experimental spectra are compared to high‐level quantum‐chemical calculations at the CASSCF‐MRCI level including spin‐orbit coupling. The results demonstrate that the understanding of the electronic structure of this simple, seemingly H2+‐like diatomic molecular ion strictly requires multireference and relativistic treatment including spin‐orbit effects. The calculations reveal that multiple electronic states contribute to each respective band system. It is shown that popular DFT methods completely fail to describe the complex vibronic pattern of this fundamental diatomic cation.
Characterizing Lecithin Interactions in Chocolate Using Interfacial Properties and Rheology
Authors: Caparosa Monica H. , Hartel Richard W.
Published: September 2020

The functionality of chocolate is based on specific properties including how it flows. Cocoa butter and lecithin are two ingredients that help to control the flow properties of melted chocolate. Lecithin is an emulsifier that has been the preferred method of providing yield stress and viscosity control while reducing production costs by decreasing the amount of cocoa butter needed to achieve similar flow results. In this industrially oriented study, soy, sunflower, and dairy lecithin were compared by quantifying interfacial and rheological properties of lecithin in dark chocolate. Each lecithin source was added up to the 1.0% limit, which is the emulsifier maximum set forth by the Code of Federal Regulations. The compositions of each lecithin source were analyzed for total phospholipid composition, which were used to normalize data based on the total added phosphatides added for all samples. Differences in both phosphatide composition and fatty acid composition were found. Both interfacial tension between oil and water phases and contact angle between a cocoa butter drop and flat sucrose crystal surface decreased as the phosphatide concentration increased for each lecithin source. In terms of rheology, the yield stress first decreased with increasing lecithin content and then began to increase, whereas plastic viscosity continually decreased with addition of lecithin. Significant differences were seen for the different lecithin sources, even when compared on an equivalent phosphatide content. No correlations were found between interfacial properties and yield stress; however, direct correlations were found between both interfacial measures and plastic viscosity.
Fabrication and characterization of poly(1,4‐cyclohexanedimthylene terephthalate‐co‐1,4‐cyclohxylenedimethylene 2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylate) (PCTN) copolyester film: A novel copolyester film with exceptional performances for next generation flexible electronic devices
Authors: Hussain Fiaz , Park Sangwon , Jeong Jaemin , Jeong Euichul , Kang Soo‐Jung , Yoon Kyunghwan , Kim Jinhwan
Published: September 2020

A novel, semi‐crystalline poly(1,4‐cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate‐co‐1,4‐cyclohexylene dimethylene 2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylate) (PCTN) copolyester was synthesized and successfully extruded using an extruder attached with T‐die. The extruded sheet was uniaxially cold‐drawn into film at 150°C, a temperature between glass transition temperature and melting temperature. The mechanical, thermal, thermo‐mechanical, water barrier, and optical properties of developed film were characterized. Orientation of different phases was analyzed by X‐ray diffraction. The actual chemical composition of PCTN copolyester was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Our results clearly indicated the thermal, dimensional stability, mechanical, and water barrier properties of PCTN films increased in a linear trend with draw ratio. It was also found that PCTN film has better water barrier property compared to conventional poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalate) (PEN) films. Based on the exceptional performance properties, novel PCTN film may find a strong position as a substrate for next generation flexible electronics among various performance materials.
Correlation between the mechanical and dielectric responses in polymer films by a fractional calculus approach
Authors: Rentería‐Baltiérrez Flor Yanhira , Reyes‐Melo Martín Edgar , Puente‐Córdova Jesús Gabino , López‐Walle Beatriz
Published: September 2020

A fractional calculus approach was used to study the correlation between the complex elastic modulus and the complex relative permittivity for a polystyrene (PS) film with thickness of ~80 μm. Experimental measurements were carried out using dynamic mechanical analysis and dynamic dielectric analysis. Experimental results show the mechanical and dielectric manifestations of the main relaxation (glass transition process), whose molecular mobility was analyzed by two innovative models: a mechanical fractional model and a dielectric fractional model. Parameters of fractional models show that, when temperature increases, the molecular mobility of the main relaxation also increases, but the cooperativity of mobility decreases. Besides, molecular mobility is greater in the mechanical manifestation of the main relaxation than in the electric manifestation. From theoretical results obtained from fractional models for the isochronal mechanic storage modulus, E′(T), and the isochronal relative permittivity, , a correlation model for mechanical and dielectric properties of PS film was obtained. This correlation model describes in function of E′(T). These results suggest that this correlation model can be used to study molecular mobility of mechanical and dielectric dynamic properties of the polymer films samples and predict changes in their behavior by modifying ambient conditions.
Geomorphological and non‐destructive GPR survey for the conservation of frescos in the rupestrian churches of Matera (Basilicata, southern Italy)
Authors: De Giorgi Lara , Lazzari Maurizio , Leucci Giovanni , Persico Raffaele
Published: September 2020

In this article we present the results of a geomorphological and geophysical investigation carried out in the Regional Park of Matera Murgia, also known as Park of the Rupestrian Churches (world site protected by UNESCO), in Basilicata region, southern Italy. The aim of this investigation is to support the scheduled restoration works in some rupestrian historical sites and the safety of the tourist route that connects the churches along the eastern side of Gravina river valley. In particular, a ground penetrating radar (GPR) prospection was conducted on frescoed surfaces in two rupestrian churches permitting the detection of different kinds of problems affecting the fresco surfaces, such as lesions and efflorescence.
Cover Image, Volume 14, Issue 5
Authors: Zemanek Debrah , Champagne Pascale , Mabee Warren
Published: September 2020

The front cover image © David Blair is based on the Review Article Review of Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Assessments of Hydroprocessed Renewable Fuel (HEFA) from Oilseeds by Debrah Zemanek et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2125.

image
Prognosis and safety of radium‐223 with concurrent abiraterone acetate or enzalutamide use for metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer: Real‐world data of Japanese patients
Authors: Miyoshi Yasuhide , Yasui Masato , Ttsutsumi Sohgo , Kawahara Takashi , Uemura Ko‐ichi , Hayashi Naruhiko , Nozawa Masahiro , Yoshimura Kazuhiro , Uemura Hiroji , Uemura Hirotsugu
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To evaluate the real‐world data on the efficacy and safety of a combination therapy with radium‐223 (Ra‐223) and second‐generation androgen‐receptor targeting agents (ARTAs), including abiraterone acetate (ABI) and enzalutamide (ENZ), among Japanese patients with bone metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).

Patients and methods

We retrospectively reviewed 79 patients with bone metastatic CRPC who were treated with Ra‐223. The number of patients with concurrent ARTA use was 24:17 receiving ABI and 7 receiving ENZ. We evaluated the overall survival (OS) according to ARTA use and compared the survival of patients treated with Ra‐223 with or without ARTA using multivariate analysis.

Results

The median survival in the entire cohort was 23.5 months. The patients receiving Ra‐223 combined with ARTA showed a tendency of better OS than patients treated with Ra‐223 alone, although no significant difference was observed (median OS, 26.5 vs 23.5 months; P = .115). A multivariate analysis showed that the extent of disease on bone scan (EOD) scores and pain at baseline were significant predictors of OS. The concurrent use of bone‐modifying agents (BMAs) was not significant for favorable OS (P = .050). However, the concurrent use of second‐generation ARTA was not a significant factor for OS. Regarding safety, a bone fracture occurred in only one (4.2%) of 24 patients treated with combined Ra‐223 and ARTA therapy.

Conclusion

Our real‐world data analysis suggested that Ra‐223 combined with a second‐generation ARTA is well tolerated in Japanese patients. The EOD score and pain at baseline are significant prognostic factors for OS, but the concurrent use of second‐generation ARTA has no influence on OS among men treated with Ra‐223. The concurrent use of BMA yields a marginally favorable OS.
Combined effects of maternal exposure to fungicides on behavioral development in F1‐generation mice: 2. Fixed‐dose study of thiabendazole
Authors: Tanaka Toyohito , Suzuki Toshinari , Inomata Akiko , Moriyasu Takako
Published: September 2020

Background

Few published studies are reported for the neurobehavioral toxicity of combined exposure to fungicides in mammals. This study was aimed to re‐evaluate the reproductive and neurobehavioral effects of maternal exposure to combined imazalil (IMZ) and thiabendazole (TBZ) with fixed‐dose of TBZ in mice.

Methods

IMZ/TBZ were given in the diet to provide levels of 0%/0% (control), 0.0015%/0.018% (IMZ/TBZ), 0.006%/0.018% and 0.024%/0.018% during the gestation and lactation periods. Selected reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters were measured in the F1 generation.

Results

No adverse effect of IMZ/TBZ was observed in litter size, litter weight, or sex ratio at birth. Concerning behavioral developmental parameters, the cliff avoidance on PND 7 of male offspring was restrained significantly in the treatment groups in a dose‐related manner. Exploratory behavior examination indicated that the average time of rearing significantly lengthened in the high‐dose group of male offspring. After weaning, the average time of rearing in exploratory behavior lengthened in a significant dose‐related trend in adult females of the F1 generation. Spontaneous behavior examination indicated that the average speed decreased significantly through 120 min in the high‐dose group of the F1‐generation males. In females, the average time of rearing lengthened significantly through 120 min in the high‐dose group. In the longitudinal patterns, the parallel lines of the control and treatment groups indicated a significant distance in the average time of rearing in the F1‐generation females.

Conclusions

The results from two combined exposure studies of IMZ/TBZ suggest that TBZ concentrations have caused major effects on exploratory and spontaneous behavior.
Benefits of recreational dance and behavior analysis for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders: A literature review
Authors: Pontone Madeline , Vause Tricia , Zonneveld Kimberley L. M.
Published: September 2020

Dance can be an entertaining experience that offers multiple benefits for those who participate. Unlike typically developing populations, studies examining benefits of recreational dance for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders are limited. In this review, we conducted a literature search, where “dance” was cross‐listed with all neurodevelopmental disorders across five databases, yielding 19 articles. Twelve studies involved children and youth with neurodevelopmental disorders aged 3–19 years, two studies included both adolescents and adults aged 14–22 years, and five studies included adults aged 20–65 years. Given the effectiveness of applied behavior analysis in enhancing skill development, it is encouraging that eight studies explicitly identified behavioral components. Results suggest potential benefits of recreational dance across studies using self‐report and objective measures, but limited research with sound methodology exists. There is a need for controlled research with measurable outcomes to evaluate programs tailored to these populations to improve core challenges and secondary outcomes such as quality of life.
Quercetin and hydroxytyrosol as modulators of hepatic steatosis: A NAFLD‐on‐a‐chip study
Authors: Gori Manuele , Giannitelli Sara Maria , Zancla Andrea , Mozetic Pamela , Trombetta Marcella , Merendino Nicolò , Rainer Alberto
Published: September 2020

Organs‐on‐chip (OoCs) are catching on as a promising and valuable alternative to animal models, in line with the 3Rs initiative. OoCs enable the creation of three‐dimensional (3D) tissue microenvironments with physiological and pathological relevance at unparalleled precision and complexity, offering new opportunities to model human diseases and to test the potential therapeutic effect of drugs, while overcoming the limited predictive accuracy of conventional 2D culture systems. Here, we present a liver‐on‐a‐chip model to investigate the effects of two naturally occurring polyphenols, namely quercetin and hydroxytyrosol, on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) using a high‐content analysis readout methodology. NAFLD is currently the most common form of chronic liver disease; however, its complex pathogenesis is still far from being elucidated, and no definitive treatment has been established so far. In our experiments, we observed that both polyphenols seem to restrain the progression of the free fatty acid‐induced hepatocellular steatosis, showing a cytoprotective effect due to their antioxidant and lipid‐lowering properties. In conclusion, the findings of the present work could guide novel strategies to contrast the onset and progression of NAFLD.
Investigating the science attitudes of students from low socioeconomic status families: The impact of problem‐based learning
Authors: Seçgin Tuba , Sungur Semra
Published: September 2020

This study aimed to examine the effect of the problem‐based learning (PBL) on science attitudes of middle school students from low socio‐economic status families. For this purpose, two intact classes of the same teacher were randomly assigned as experimental and control groups. In the unit of genetics, the experimental group was taught by PBL while the control group received traditional instruction. Students' attitudes were measured in terms of adoption of scientific attitudes, enjoyment of science lessons, and career interest in science administering a self‐report instrument as a pre‐test and a post‐test. Results showed that after the treatment, although there were not statistically significant differences between two groups with respect to attitude toward science; in the experimental group, the mean scores were found to be consistently higher across all attitude dimensions compared to the control group. In addition, the mean scores suggested an improvement in the attitudes of experimental group students from pre‐test to post test. Qualitative findings also revealed that students found PBL enjoyable. According to PBL students, searching for information and writing reports were among the features of the PBL contributing to their learning the most.
From blood to milk: Graphical systems modeling in secondary‐level biochemistry courses
Authors: Gomez Noe A. , Robinson Peter H.
Published: September 2020

Given the present need for biochemistry and molecular biology educators to transform their courses into an online format, novel methods aimed at promoting student learning and engagement must be considered. Herein, we describe the integration of graphical systems modeling as a tool for introducing biochemistry to secondary‐level students. We propose the use of graphic technologies as a way for students to create systems models that describe phenomena of life, such as lactation. Through these endeavors, educators can provide a virtual format for students to continue learning and completing assignments.
A class of low‐cost alternatives to kifunensine for increasing high mannose N‐linked glycosylation for monoclonal antibody production in Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Brantley Timothy J. , Mitchelson Fernie G. , Khattak Sarwat F.
Published: September 2020

N‐linked glycosylation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is an important product quality attribute for drug safety and efficacy. An increase in the percent of high mannose N‐linked glycosylation may be required for drug efficacy or to match the glycosylation profile of the innovator drug during the development of a biosimilar. In this study, the addition of several chemical additives to a cell culture process resulted in high mannose N‐glycans on monoclonal antibodies produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells without impacting cell culture performance. The additives, which include known mannosidase inhibitors (kifunensine and deoxymannojirimycin) as well as novel inhibitors (tris, bis–tris, and 1‐amino‐1‐methyl‐1,3‐propanediol), contain one similar molecular structure: 2‐amino‐1,3‐propanediol, commonly referred to as serinol. The shared chemical structure provides insight into the binding and inhibition of mannosidase in CHO cells. One of the novel inhibitors, tris, is safer compared to kifunensine, 35x as cost‐effective, and stable at room temperature. In addition, tris and bis–tris provide multiple low‐cost alternatives to kifunensine for manipulating glycosylation in monoclonal antibody production in a cell culture process with minimal impact to productivity or cell health.
A tale of two systems: The tracts of my tears
Authors: Neumann Paul E.
Published: September 2020

Most of the terms in Terminologia Anatomica are arranged by organ systems (systemata); however, the names for these systems are often used by physiologists and other biomedical scientists for related functional systems. These functional systems may differ in their composition from the anatomist's organ systems. In addition, many functional systems have been described that do not correspond to organ systems. Similarly, the non‐standard anatomical terms alimentary tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract and reproductive tract lack a consistent meaning in the biomedical sciences. For clear communication, one should be cautious when using terms that may have other meanings in other disciplines. This appears to be particularly true for high level terms in the nomenclature of systematic anatomy.
3D morphological classification of the nasolacrimal duct: Anatomical study for planning treatment of tear drainage obstruction
Authors: Lee Sohyun , Lee U‐Young , Yang Suk‐Woo , Lee Won‐Joon , Kim Dong‐Ho , Youn Kwan Hyun , Kim Yi‐Suk
Published: September 2020

Background

The purpose of this study is to analyze and classify morphological features of the nasolacrimal duct (NLD) through 3D reconstruction to help understand the causes and treatment of NLD obstruction.

Methods

In this study, we included 63 males and 55 females who underwent autopsy without NLD obstruction with ages ranging from 20 to 78 years. The NLD was defined from the lacrimal fossa to the opening of the BNLD to the inferior meatus, and all continuous CT images showing the NLD were selected. Segmentation was performed semi‐automatically, and the reconstruction and measurement of NLD was performed using the Mimics program.

Results

Overall NLD length, bony nasolacrimal duct (BNLD) length, anteroposterior and transverse diameters at the entrance to the BNLD, anteroposterior and transverse smallest diameters of the BNLD, BNLD volume, and lacrimal sac BNLD angle were significantly higher in males than females (p < .05). BNLD direction in the coronal plane was slightly more likely to be inward. The most common type in both sexes was cylinder type (42.0%), males were more likely to have lower‐thicker types (34.1%), and females more likely to have upper‐thicker types (22.7%).

Conclusion

There were sex differences in NLD measurements, and females had significantly smaller NLDs. These results may partially explain the increased prevalence of primary acquired NLD obstruction in females. The BNLD tends toward the midline, and inclines posteriorly.
Proteomics identifies EGF‐like domain multiple 7 as a potential therapeutic target for epidermal growth factor receptor‐positive glioma
Authors: Wang Fei‐yi‐fan , Wang‐gou Si‐yi , Cao Hang , Jiang Nian , Yang Qi , Huang Qi , Huang Chun‐hai , Li Xue‐jun
Published: September 2020

Background

Glioma, the most frequent primary tumor of the central nervous system, has poor prognosis. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway and angiogenesis play important roles in glioma growth, invasion, and recurrence. The present study aimed to use proteomic methods to probe into the role of the EGF‐EGFR‐angiogenesis axis in the tumorigenesis of glioma and access the therapeutic efficacy of selumetinib on glioma.

Methods

Proteomic profiling was used to characterize 200 paired EGFR‐positive and EGFR‐negative glioma tissues of all pathological types. The quantitative mass spectrometry data were used for systematic analysis of the proteomic profiles of 10 EGFR‐positive and 10 EGFR‐negative glioma cases. Consensus‐clustering analysis was used to screen target proteins. Immunofluorescence analysis, cell growth assay, and intracranial xenograft experiments were used to verify and test the therapeutic effect of selumetinib on glioma.

Results

Advanced proteomic screening demonstrated that the expression of EGF‐like domain multiple 7 (EGFL7) was higher in EGFR‐positive tumor tissues than in EGFR‐negative tumor tissues. In addition, EGFL7 could act as an activator in vitro and in vivo to promote glioma cell proliferation. EGFL7 was associated strongly with EGFR and prognosis. EGFL7 knockdown effectively suppressed glioma cell proliferation. Selumetinib treatment showed tumor reduction effect in EGFR‐positive glioblastoma xenograft mouse model.

Conclusions

EGFL7 is a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target of glioma. Selumetinib could target the EGFR pathway and possibly improve the prognosis of EGFR‐positive glioma.
Stimulatory Effects ofPaederia foetidaFlower Absolute on the Skin Wound and Barrier Repair Activities of Keratinocytes
Authors: Kim Ha Bin , Won Kyung Jong , Kim Do Yoon , Kang Hye Min , Lee Hwan Myung
Published: September 2020

Paederia foetida(PF) has antidiarrheal, antidiabetic, and anti‐inflammatory activities. However, its biological activities on skin remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of PF flower absolute (PFFA) on skin wound healing‐ and skin barrier‐linked responses in human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). PFFA contained 23 components and increased the proliferation and sprout outgrowth of HaCaT cells and modestly increased migration. PFFA enhanced the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase1/2, serine/threonine‐specific protein kinase (AKT), and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) in HaCaT cells, and upregulated type I and IV collagen synthesis and filaggrin (an epidermal barrier protein) expression in HaCaT cells. These findings suggest PFFA may promote skin wound repair by stimulating migratory and proliferative activities (probably through the AKT/MAPK pathway), collagen synthesis, and skin barrier repair by upregulating the expressions of filaggrin in epidermal keratinocytes. Therefore, PFFA may be useful for developing agents that enhance skin wound and barrier‐repair functions.
Pyrrolidinyl Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes Capable of Crosslinking with DNA: Effects of Terminal and Internal Modifications on Crosslink Efficiency
Authors: Muangkaew Penthip , Vilaivan Tirayut
Published: September 2020

In this study, we describe a furan‐modified acpcPNA as a probe that can form an interstrand crosslink (ICL) with its DNA target upon activation with N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS). To overcome the problem of furan instability under acidic conditions, a simple and versatile post‐synthetic methodology for the attachment of the furan group to the PNA probe was developed. Unlike in other designs, the furan was placed at the end of the PNA molecule or tethered to the PNA backbone with all the base pairs in the PNA ⋅ DNA duplexes fully preserved. Hence, the true reactivity of each nucleobase towards the crosslinking could be compared. We show that all DNA bases except T could participate in the crosslinking reaction when the furan was placed at the end of the PNA strand. The crosslinking process was sensitive to mispairing, and lower crosslinking efficiency was observed in the presence of a base‐mismatch in the PNA ⋅ DNA duplex. In contrast, when the furan was placed at internal positions of the acpcPNA ⋅ DNA duplex, no ICL was observed; this was explained by the inability of a hydrogen‐bonded nucleobase to participate in the crosslinking reaction. The crosslinking efficiency was considerably improved, despite lower duplex stability, when an unpaired base (in the form of C‐insertion) was present in the complementary DNA strand close to the furan modification site.
Trends of repeat revascularization choice in patients with prior coronary artery bypass surgery
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed O. , Shoaib Ahmad , Gogas Bill , Patel Tejas , Alraies M Chadi , Velagapudi Poonam , Chugh Sanjay , Sharma Kamal , Mohamed Walid , Murphy Gavin J. , Kwok Chun Shing , Rashid Muhammad , Bagur Rodrigo , Mamas Mamas A.
Published: September 2020

Objective

To examine rates and predictors repeat revascularization strategies (percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI] and coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG]) in patients with prior CABG.

Methods

Using the National Inpatient Sample, patients with a history of CABG hospitalized for revascularization by PCI or CABG from January 2004 to September 2015 were included. Regression analyses were performed to examine predictors of receipt of either revascularization strategy as well as in‐hospital outcomes.

Results

The rate of redo CABG doubled between 2004 (5.3%) and 2015 (10.3%). Patients who underwent redo CABG were more comorbid and experienced significantly worse major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (odds ratio [OR]: 5.36 95% CI 5.11–5.61), mortality (OR 2.84 95% CI 2.60,−3.11), bleeding (OR 5.97 95% CI 5.44–6.55) and stroke (OR 2.15 95% CI 1.92–2.41), but there was no difference in cardiac complications between groups. Thoracic complications were high in patients undergoing redo CABG (8%), especially in females. Factors favoring receipt of redo CABG compared to PCI included male sex, age < 80 years, and absence of diabetes and renal failure.

Conclusion

Reoperation in patients with prior CABG has doubled in the United States over a 12‐year period. Patients undergoing redo CABG are more complex and associated with worse clinical outcomes than those receiving PCI.
Carotid access for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Sharma Sharan Prakash , Chaudhary Rahul , Ghuneim Angela , Harder William , David Shukri , Choksi Nishit , Kondur Snigdha , Kambhatla Swathi , Kambhatla Sujata , Kondur Ashok
Published: September 2020

Objective

We sought to evaluate the feasibility and safety of carotid access transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) by performing a meta‐analysis of published cases.

Background

Several case series and regional data have provided initial basis for carotid access TAVR in patients with prohibitive femoral approach. We performed this meta‐analysis to provide further evidence of feasibility and safety of carotid TAVR.

Methods

We searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane CENTRAL for any study on carotid access TAVR involving ⩾5 patients since inception till March 1, 2020. Random‐effects model was used to compute overall effects. The outcomes analyzed were all‐cause mortality, Transient ischemic attack (TIA)/stroke, need for permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation, pericardial tamponade, access site complications, major bleeding, and length of stay.

Results

There was a total of 17 retrospective studies (n = 2082) with a median follow‐up of 1 month. Mean age of the patient was 80 years. Mean Euroscore and STS scores were 15 ± 6.2 and 7.9 ± 3.3, respectively. The procedural success rate was 99%. The rate of all‐cause mortality was 6.7% (range 4.6–9.7%, p < .001, I2 = 67%). Incidence of TIA/stroke was 3.9% (range 3.1–4.8%, p < .001, I2 = 0%) and PPM implantation was 16.7% (range 12.5–21.9%, p < .001, I2 = 56%). Rate of pericardial tamponade, vascular complication, and major bleeding were 1.7, 2.5, and 7%, respectively. Average length of hospital stay was 7.7 days.

Conclusion

Our results show that transcarotid approach is a feasible option in patients with prohibitive femoral access for TAVR.
Individual patient data analysis of the BIOFLOW study program comparing safety and efficacy of a bioresorbable polymer sirolimus eluting stent to a durable polymer everolimus eluting stent
Authors: Toelg Ralph , Slagboom Ton , Waltenberger Johannes , Lefèvre Thierry , Saito Shigeru , Kandzari David E. , Koolen Jacques , Richardt Gert
Published: September 2020

Objectives

This analysis of pooled individual patient data (IPD) aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a bioresorbable polymer sirolimus eluting stent system (BP‐SES; Orsiro) compared to a durable polymer everolimus eluting stent system (DP‐EES; Xience) in the pooled population as well as in subgroups.

Methods

IPD with up to 12 months follow‐up of the randomized controlled trials BIOFLOW‐II (NCT01356888), ‐IV (NCT01939249), and ‐V (NCT02389946) as well as the all comers registry BIOFLOW‐III (NCT01553526) were pooled. A total of 3,717 subjects (2,923 in BP‐SES and 794 in DP‐EES) with 5,328 lesions (4,225 lesions in BP‐SES and 1,103 in DP‐EES) were included in the IPD. The primary endpoint was target lesion failure (TLF) at 12 months follow‐up. Subgroups analyzed included diabetes, age (≥65 years), gender, complex lesions (B2/C), small vessels (reference vessel diameter ≤2.75 mm), multivessel treatment, renal disease, and patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Results

Overall, TLF at 12 months was significantly lower with 5.2%in the BP‐SES group versus 7.6% in the DP‐EES group (p = .0098). Similarly, target vessel myocardial infarction (TV‐MI) was 3.1 versus 5.7% (p = .0005). The rate of stent thrombosis was similar in both groups (0.004%). By regression analysis, an independent stent effect in favor of BP‐SES was observed for TLF (p = .0043) and TV‐MI (p = .0364) in small vessels.

Conclusion

Results of this IPD analysis suggest that the BP‐SES with ultrathin struts is as safe as and more efficacious than DP‐EES in the overall cohort and especially in small vessels.
A Novel Visible‐Light‐Responsive Semiconductor ScTaO4−xNx for Photocatalytic Oxygen and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions
Authors: Pei Lang , Cai Hong , Jin Hao , Li Taozhu , Zhu Heng , Yuan Yongjun , Zhong Jiasong , Yan Shicheng , Zou Zhigang
Published: September 2020

Screening of visible‐light‐responsive semiconductor photocatalysts is a significant target for solar water splitting systems. Herein, a newly designed Ta‐based oxynitride, namely ScTaO4−xNx, was successfully synthesized via nitrogen doping of ScTaO4 oxide precursors at 1273 K under NH3 flow. The ScTaO4−xNx photocatalyst, with a strong band‐to‐band visible light absorption as far as 540 nm, can be employed for both water oxidation and reduction half‐reactions under visible light illumination, demonstrating great potential for photocatalytic water splitting.
Sinterability of macrocrystalline and cryptocrystalline magnesite to refractory magnesia
Authors: Guo Zongqi , Ma Ying , Rigaud Michel
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of an investigation aiming at obtaining high quality sintered magnesia from two well‐known Chinese magnesite. Two types of natural magnesite have been considered, one macrocrystalline, from Liaoning, with the grain size of 60‐100 µm and one cryptocrystalline, from Tibet, with 2‐4 µm grains. Calcining characteristics to transform the two magnesite to caustic magnesia have been studied at first. Subsequently, the calcining‐sintering characteristics using a two‐ and a three‐step process for both raw materials at different temperatures have been determined. A DTA–TGA study reveals that the minimum endothermic peak during the calcining step differs by 28°C (624 vs 652°C between the crypto‐ and macrocrystalline magnesite). It has also been observed that by using a two‐step sintering process, it is possible to obtain a magnesia with a bulk density of 3.26 and 3.14 g/cm3, respectively, for cryptocrystalline and macrocrystalline, while with a three‐step process, it is possible to reach a bulk density of 3.48 g/cm3, even at a temperature <1750°C.