bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Silylcupration of Allene with the Lower Order Cuprate (t‐BuPh2Si)CuCNLi and Reaction with α,β‐Unsaturated Nitriles. An Unusual Diaddition Process Leading to Disilyl Functionalized Ketones.
Authors: Barbero Asuncion , Blanco Yolanda , Fernandez Hector , Pulido Francisco J.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Enantioselective Reaction of α‐Selenoorganolithium Compounds with Chiral Bis(oxazoline)s and Preparation of Enantioenriched Benzylidencyclohexanes.
Authors: Nakamura Shuichi , Aoki Takayuki , Ogura Takahiro , Wang Libo , Toru Takeshi
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Benzo[1,2‐c:3,4‐c′]bis[1,2,5]selenadiazole, [1,2,5]Selenadiazolo[3,4‐e]‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole, Furazanobenzo‐2,1,3‐thiadiazole, Furazanobenzo‐2,1,3‐selenadiazole and Related Heterocyclic Systems.
Authors: Cillo Catherine M. , Lash Timothy D.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
First Enantiospecific Synthesis of Antileishmanial 12‐Deoxyroyleanone from Abietic Acid.
Authors: Alvarez‐Manzaneda Roldan E. J. , Chahboun R. , Bentaleb F. , Cabrera Torres E. , Alvarez E. , Haidour A. , Ramos Lopez J. M. , Alvarez‐Manzaneda Roldan R. , El Houssame S.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Transformations of 2β,3β‐Diacetoxy‐20‐(4,5‐dihydroisoxazol‐5‐yl)‐6‐oxo Steroids.
Authors: Litvinovskaya R. P. , Drach S. V. , Khripach V. A.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Enantiopure (S)‐(E)‐1‐Haloalk‐1‐ene‐3‐amines with Total or Very High Diastereoselectivity by Halomethylenation of α‐Amino Aldehydes Promoted by CrCl2.
Authors: Concellon Jose M. , Bernad Pablo L. , Mejica Carmen
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thiosugars. Part 12. Synthesis of New 3′‐O‐Substituted 2′,5′‐Anhydro‐2′‐thio‐α‐D‐pentofuranosyl Nucleoside Analogues.
Authors: Voss Juergen , Wirsching Joern , Schulze Oliver , Adiwidjaja Gunadi , Giesler Anja , Balzarini Jan , De Clercq Erik
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of New Isoxazoles Derivatives Attached to Sugar Moieties.
Authors: Pinheiro Jorge M. , Ismael M. Isabel , Figueiredo J. Albertino , Silva Arthur M. S.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Convenient Synthesis of NCS—Chromophore Metabolite Isosteres: Binding Agents for Bulged DNA Microenvironments.
Authors: Lin Yiqing , Jones Graham B. , Hwang Geum‐Sook , Kappen Lizzy , Goldberg Irving H.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Expedient Total Syntheses of Rhein (VII) and Diacerhein (IX) via Fries Rearrangement.
Authors: Tisserand Steve , Baati Rachid , Nicolas Marc , Mioskowski Charles
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of Y2O3‐Doped CeO2 Nanopowders by Microwave‐Induced Combustion Process.
Authors: Fu Yen‐Pei , Lin Cheng‐Hsiung
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stability and Activity of Au Catalysts Supported on Functionalized Oxide Supports
Authors: Overbury S. H. , Yan Wenfu , Chen Bei , Dai Sheng
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Effects of Interfaces on the Properties of Nanostructured Ni‐[Cu(II)‐C‐O] and CoCrPt Films
Authors: Chow G. M.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐Acyl‐N‐alkyl‐sulfonamide Anchors Derived from Kenner′s Safety‐Catch Linker: Powerful Tools in Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Heidler Philipp , Link Andreas
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Developments in the Enantioselective 1,2‐Addition of Organometallic Reagents to Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Yus Miguel , Ramon Diego J.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cyclopropanation with Ruthenium Catalysts
Authors: Nishiyama Hisao
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Activation of Inert C—H Bonds
Authors: Kakiuchi Fumitoshi , Chatani Naoto
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactivity of Doped Silicon in the Direct Synthesis of Methylchlorosilanes
Authors: Lorey L. , Roewer G.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of Force Field Parameters for Amino‐Substituted Organodisilanes
Authors: Boehme Uwe , Schluttig Birgit , Szilagyi Robert K.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Versatile α‐Oxoketene Dithioacetals and Analogues in Heterocycle Synthesis
Authors: Metwally M. A. , Abdel‐Latif E.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tandem Methodology for Heterocyclic Synthesis
Authors: Padwa Albert
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Toward a Commercial Synthesis of (+)‐Discodermolide
Authors: Mickel Stuart J.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Improved Routes for the Synthesis of Face‐to‐face Bismacrocycles in Porphyrin and Corrole Series
Authors: Barbe Jean‐Michel , Stern Christine , Pacholska Ewa , Espinosa Enrique , Guilard Roger
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
meso‐Aryl‐Expanded Porphyrins: Synthesis, Structures, and Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Shimizu Soji , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fullerenes
Authors: Birkett P. R.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Cyclobutane Hydrocarbons by Combination of [2 + 2] π‐Cycloaddition and Olefin Metathesis: Their Abilities as Effective Propellants
Authors: Finkelshtein E. Sh. , Anufriev V. S. , Strelchik B. S. , Chernykh S. P. , Gringolts M. L. , Portnykh E. B. , Americk A. B. , Chelkis F. Yu.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Gas‐Phase Ion Chemistry
Authors: Munsch Tamara E. , Wenthold Paul G.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Advances in Asymmetric Reduction of Imines and Imine Derivatives
Authors: Brunel Jean Michel
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Role of Tumor Cell Immune Escape Mechanisms in Cytomegalovirus‐Mediated Oncomodulation
Authors: Cinatl Jindrich Jr. , Scholz Martin , Doerr Hans Wilhelm
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Readily available sulfamide–amine alcohols for enantioselective phenylacetylene addition to aldehydes in the absence of Ti(OiPr)4
Authors: Mao Jincheng , Wan Boshun , Wu Fan , Lu Shiwei
Published: April 2005

Ephedrine‐derived sulfamide–amine alcohol 3 was found to be an effective catalyst for the asymmetric phenylacetylene addition to aldehydes at room temperature without using Ti(OiPr)4 and Zn(OTf)2. It afforded the propargylic alcohols in high yields (up to 99%) and good enantioselectivities (up to 84% ee), which were much higher than that based on N‐methylephedrine under the same reaction conditions. Its weakly coordinative sulfonamide moiety of the ligand plays an important role for further acceleration and stereocontrol in the alkynylation. Chirality 17:245–249, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Levenberg–Marquardt iterative solver for least‐squares problems
Authors: Ho H. W. , Wong S. C.
Published: April 2005

This paper presents a new iterative solver for least‐squares problems, which is developed based on the Levenberg–Marquardt and trust region methods. The proposed iterative solver substantially reduces computing time compared with the conventional Levenberg–Marquardt scheme, and can be efficiently applied to large‐scale problems. Three numerical examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solver. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rule‐based modeling of biochemical networks
Authors: Faeder James R. , Blinov Michael L. , Goldstein Byron , Hlavacek William S.
Published: April 2005

We present a method for generating a biochemical reaction network from a description of the interactions of components of biomolecules. The interactions are specified in the form of reaction rules, each of which defines a class of reaction associated with a type of interaction. Reactants within a class have shared properties, which are specified in the rule defining the class. A rule also provides a rate law, which governs each reaction in a class, and a template for transforming reactants into products. A set of reaction rules can be applied to a seed set of chemical species and, subsequently, any new species that are found as products of reactions to generate a list of reactions and a list of the chemical species that participate in these reactions, i.e., a reaction network, which can be translated into a mathematical model. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 10: 22–41, 2005
Activation clustering in neural and social networks
Authors: Puljic Marko , Kozma Robert
Published: April 2005

Questions related to the evolution of the structure of networks have received recently a lot of attention in the literature. But what is the state of the network given its structure? For example, there is the question of how the structures of neural networks make them behave? Or, in the case of a network of humans, the question could be related to the states of humans in general, given the structure of the social network. The models based on stochastic processes developed in this article, do not attempt to capture the fine details of social or neural dynamics. Rather they aim to describe the general relationship between the variables describing the network and the aggregate behavior of the network. A number of nontrivial results are obtained using computer simulations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 10: 42–50, 2005
Moon patterns, sun patterns, and wave breaking in rotating granular mixtures
Authors: Hill K. M. , Gioia G. , Amaravadi D. , Winter C.
Published: April 2005

Granular materials, such as powders and sand, tend to segregate due to differences in particle properties. When a cylindrical drum is partially filled with particles of different sizes and rotated about its axis, this leads to radial segregation patterns in which the smaller particles concentrate in a radial core near the axis, and the larger particles near the outside walls of the drum. Under certain conditions, undulations in the radial core of smaller particles grow into radial stripes that extend toward the outer walls of the drum in a manner somewhat reminiscent of viscous fingering. The patterns are strongly dependent on the fill level and rotation speed of the drum. These observations can be explained by two spatially disjoint mechanisms: (1) a wave‐breaking mechanism that promotes the growth of the stripes and (2) a filtering mechanism that limits the growth of stripes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 10: 79–86, 2005
A New Class of Inhibitors for the Metalloprotease Neprilysin Based on a Central Imidazole Scaffold
Authors: Sahli Stefan , Stump Bernhard , Welti Tobias , Schweizer W. Bernd , Diederich François , Blum‐Kaelin Denise , Aebi Johannes D. , Böhm Hans‐Joachim
Published: April 2005

Neprilysin (NEP; neutral endopeptidase EC 3.4.24.11) is a ZnII‐dependent, membrane‐bound endopeptidase. NEP is widely distributed in the organs, particularly in the kidneys and lungs, and it is involved in the metabolism of a number of smaller regulatory peptides. Inhibition of NEP has been proposed as a potential target for analgesic and antihypertensive therapies. In this study, new nonpeptidic inhibitors of neprilysin ((±)‐1, (±)‐43, (±)‐45, and (±)‐46; Table) were designed, based on the X‐ray crystal structure of NEP complexed to phosphoramidon (Fig. 1). They feature an imidazole ring as the central scaffold, acting as a peptide bond isoster to undergo H‐bonding with the side chains of Asn542 and Arg717 (Fig. 2). The scaffold is decorated with a thiol group to ligate to the ZnII ion and two aromatic residues to bind into the hydrophobic S1′ and S2′ pockets. The synthesis of the new inhibitors was approached by two routes (Schemes 1–4 and 5–8), with the second one involving a double directed ortho‐metallation of the imidazole platform and a Stille cross‐coupling, providing the desired target molecules as hydrochloride salts. In a fluorescence assay, inhibitors (±)‐1, (±)‐43, (±)‐45, and (±)‐46 all exhibit IC50 values in the single‐digit micromolar activity range (2–4 μM, Table), which validates the binding mode postulated by modeling. Useful guidelines for a next lead optimization cycle were obtained in several control runs.
Structure Determination of Hydroxytrypargine: A New Tetrahydro‐β‐Carboline Toxin from the Venom of the Spider Parawixia bistriata
Authors: Cesar Lilian M. M. , Tormena Claudio F. , Marques Mauricio R. , Silva Gil V. J. , Mendes Maria A. , Rittner Roberto , Palma Mario S.
Published: April 2005

A new, highly active tetrahydro‐β‐carboline toxin from the spider Parawixia bistriata, the most‐common species of social spider occurring in Brazil, was isolated. The new toxin was identified as 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐6‐hydroxy‐β‐carboline (=N‐[3‐(2,3,4,9‐tetrahydro‐6‐hydroxy‐1H‐pyrido[3,4‐b]indol‐1‐yl)propyl]guanidine; 3). This type of alkaloid, not common among spider toxins, was found to be the most‐potent constituent of the spider's chemical weaponry to kill prey. When P. bistriata catch arthropods in their web, they apparently attack their prey in groups of many individuals injecting their venoms. In vivo toxicity assays with 3 demonstrated a potent lethal effect to honeybees, giving rise to clear neurotoxic effects (paralysis) before death. The compound's toxicity (LD50 value) was determined to be ca. 8 ng/g of honeybee. The investigation of the pharmacological properties and neurotoxic actions of 3 may be used in the future for the development of new drugs to be applied for pest control in agriculture.
Chemistry of the Benzotropone Endoperoxides and Their Conversion into Tropolone Derivatives: Unusual Endoperoxide Rearrangements
Authors: Güney Murat , Daştan Arif , Balci Metin
Published: April 2005

The chemistry of two bicyclic endoperoxides, obtained by photooxygenation of 2,3‐benzotropone (=5H‐benzocyclohepten‐5‐one; 5) and of its ethyl carboxylate derivative 15, was investigated with the aim of synthesizing the respective benzotropolone derivatives. The reaction of the endoperoxide 10 derived from 5 with thiourea gave the desired benzotropolone, i.e., 6‐hydroxy‐5H‐benzocyclohepten‐5‐one (11), in high yield (Scheme 1). On the other hand, the endoperoxide 16 derived from the ethyl carboxylate derivative 15 underwent an unprecedented transformation yielding mainly the ring‐contracted lactones 28 and 29 besides the expected substituted benzotropolone derivative 27 (Scheme 5). However, the thermolysis reaction of the same endoperoxide 16 resulted in the formation of four rearranged compounds with different skeletons (Scheme 3). The formation mechanism of all products is discussed (Schemes 4 and 6).
Solvent Role on Cobalt(II) Dioxygen Carriers Based on Simple Polyamine Ligands
Authors: Del Piero Silvia , Ghezzi Lisa , Melchior Andrea , Tiné Maria Rosaria , Tolazzi Marilena
Published: April 2005

The kinetics and thermodynamics of O2 addition to CoII complexes containing the simple triamine ligand (L) diethylenetriamine (=N‐(2‐aminoethyl)ethane‐1,2‐diamine; dien) or N,N″‐dimethyldiethylenetriamine (=N‐methyl‐N′‐[2‐(methylamino)ethyl]ethane‐1,2‐diamine; dmdien) in the aprotic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were studied by UV/VIS spectrophotometry, potentiometry, and O2 absorption measurements. A parallel investigation on the anaerobic formation of CoII complexes with dmdien, as well as on their reactivity towards O2, was carried out in aqueous 0.1M NaClO4 solution. [CoL]2+ and [CoL2]2+ were the common species formed under anaerobic conditions in both aqueous and DMSO solutions. Under aerobic conditions, O2 adducts of different stoichiometry were formed: a superoxo complex [CoL2O2]2+ in DMSO and dimeric species in H2O. The role of the reaction medium as well as effects of N‐alkylation of the triamine ligand in the formation and reactivity of the [CoII(triamine)] complexes are discussed.
Rapid Determination of Gallamine Triethiodide (Flaxedil®) and Pancuronium Bromide (Pavulon®) in Pharmaceutical and Urine Matrices by Means of Modified‐Carbon‐Paste Ion‐Selective Electrodes
Authors: Salem Alaa A. , Barsoum Barsoum N. , El Said Dalia M.
Published: April 2005

A new analytical method for the determination of gallamine triethiodide (Flaxedil®; 1) and pancuronium bromide (Pavulon®; 2), two muscle relaxants used in surgical operations and in pain relief, has been developed. Our approach relies on rapid, precise, and sensitive potentiometric sensors based on modified‐carbon‐paste ion‐selective electrodes (CP‐ISEs). Linear calibration graphs in the working ranges of ca. 4.5–892 and 7.3–733 μg/ml (in H2O, pH 7.0, T=25°) were established for 1 and 2, respectively; and Nernst slopes corresponding to three‐ or two‐electrons transfers, respectively, were obtained. The method works best in a pH range of 7–9. Average relative errors of 2.12 and 2.14%, with average standard deviations of 1.98–2.47 and 2.64–3.45, respectively, were obtained for urine samples of 1 and 2. The corresponding relative errors for the pharmaceutical samples were 1.59 and 1.64%, with standard deviations of 0.54–1.34 and 0.52–1.67, respectively. Statistical Student and F tests were applied to the data, and satisfactory results were obtained.
Two New Ceramides from the Marine Sponge Ircinia fasciculata
Authors: Zhang Guang‐Wen , Ma Xiang‐Quan , Zhang Cui‐Xian , Su Jing‐Yu , Ye Wen‐Cai , Zhang Xiao‐Qi , Yao Xin‐Sheng , Zeng Long‐Mei
Published: April 2005

A new 4‐sulfated ceramide, ircisulfamide (=N‐[(1S*,2S*,3R*)‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐(hydroxymethyl)‐3‐(sulfooxy)heptadecyl]hexadecanamide; 1), and a new glycosphingolipid, ircicerebroside (=(2R*)‐N‐{(1S*,2R*,3E,7E)‐1‐[(β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)methyl]‐2‐hydroxy‐8‐methylheptadeca‐3,7‐dienyl}‐2‐hydroxyeicosanamide; 2), were isolated from the aqueous EtOH extract of the marine sponge Ircinia fasciculata (Pallas). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and by means of chemical methods.
Synthesis of Caged Nucleosides with Photoremovable Protecting Groups Linked to Intramolecular Antennae
Authors: Smirnova Joulia , Wöll Dominik , Pfleiderer Wolfgang , Steiner Ulrich E.
Published: April 2005

Based on the [2‐(2‐nitrophenyl)propoxy]carbonyl (nppoc) group, six new photolabile protecting groups (2, 8, 9b, 16b, 25b, and 26), each covalently linked to a 9H‐thioxanthen‐9‐one (Tx) unit functioning as an intramolecular triplet sensitizer, were synthesized. Linkers were introduced between the Me group or the aromatic ring of nppoc and the 2‐position of Tx by means of classical organic synthesis combined with Pd catalyzed CC coupling reactions. The new photolabile protecting groups to be used in light‐directed synthesis of DNA chips were attached to the 5′‐O‐atom of thymidine via a carbonate linkage, giving rise to the caged nucleosides 7, 11, 13, 19, 20, and 30.
Three‐parameter discontinuous distributions for hydrological samples with zero values
Authors: Weglarczyk Stanislaw , Strupczewski Witold G. , Singh Vijay P.
Published: April 2005

A consistent approach to the frequency analysis of hydrologic data in arid and semiarid regions, i.e. the data series containing several zero values (e.g. monthly precipitation in dry seasons, annual peak flow discharges, etc.), requires using discontinuous probability distribution functions. Such an approach has received relatively limited attention. Along the lines of physically based models, the extensions of the Muskingum‐based models to three parameter forms are considered. Using 44 peak flow series from the USGS data bank, the fitting ability of four three‐parameter models was investigated: (1) the Dirac delta combined with Gamma distribution; (2) the Dirac delta combined with two‐parameter generalized Pareto distribution; (3) the Dirac delta combined with two‐parameter Weibull (DWe) distribution; (4) the kinematic diffusion with one additional parameter that controls the probability of the zero event (KD3). The goodness of fit of the models was assessed and compared both by evaluation of discrepancies between the results of both estimation methods (i.e. the method of moments (MOM) and the maximum likelihood method (MLM)) and using the log of likelihood function as a criterion. In most cases, the DWe distribution with MLM‐estimated parameters showed the best fit of all the three‐parameter models. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heavy metal release by peat erosion in the Peak District, southern Pennines, UK
Authors: Rothwell J. J. , Robinson S. G. , Evans M. G. , Yang J. , Allott T. E. H.
Published: April 2005

Upper North Grain (UNG) is a heavily eroding blanket peat catchment in the Peak District, southern Pennines, UK. Concentrations of lead in the near‐surface peat layer at UNG are in excess of 1000 mg kg−1. For peatland environments, these lead concentrations are some of the highest globally. High concentrations of industrially derived, atmospherically transported magnetic spherules are also stored in the near‐surface peat layer. Samples of suspended sediment taken during a storm event that occurred on 1 November 2002 at UNG, and of the potential catchment sources for suspended sediments, were analysed for lead content and the environmental magnetic properties of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM). At the beginning of the storm event, there is a peak in both suspended sediment and associated lead concentration. SIRM/ARM values for suspended sediment samples throughout the storm reveal that the initial ‘lead flush’ is associated with a specific sediment source, namely that of organic sediment eroded from the upper peat layer. Using the magnetic ‘fingerprinting’ approach to discrimination of sediment sources, this study reveals that erosion of the upper peat layer at UNG is releasing high concentrations of industrially derived lead (and, by inference, other toxic heavy metals associated with industrial particulates) into the fluvial systems of the southern Pennines. Climate‐change scenarios for the UK, involving higher summer temperatures and stormier winters, may result in an increased flux both of sediment‐associated and dissolved heavy metals from eroding peatland catchments in the southern Pennines, adversely affecting the quality of sediment and water entering reservoirs of the region. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An unbiased population‐based search for the geometry optimization of Lennard–Jones clusters: 2 ≤ N ≤ 372
Authors: Pullan Wayne
Published: April 2005

This article presents the results obtained using an unbiased Population Based Search (PBS) for optimizing Lennard–Jones clusters. PBS is able to repeatedly obtain all putative global minima, for Lennard–Jones clusters in the range 2 ≤ N ≤ 372, as reported in the Cambridge Cluster Database. The PBS algorithm incorporates and extends key techniques that have been developed in other Lennard–Jones optimization algorithms over the last decade. Of particular importance are the use of cut‐and‐paste operators, structure niching (using the cluster strain energy as a metric), two‐phase local search, and a new operator, Directed Optimization, which extends the previous concept of directed mutation. In addition, PBS is able to operate in a parallel mode for optimizing larger clusters. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 899–906, 2005
Enhancing rAAV vector expression in the lung
Authors: Virella‐Lowell Isabel , Zusman Benjamin , Foust Kevin , Loiler Scott , Conlon Thomas , Song Sihong , Chesnut Kye A. , Ferkol Thomas , Flotte Terence R.
Published: April 2005

Despite favorable DNA transfer efficiency, gene expression from recombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV2) vectors in the lung has been variable in the context of cystic fibrosis (CF) gene therapy. This is due, in part, to the large size of the CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR)‐coding sequence which necessitates the use of compact endogenous promoter elements versus stronger exogenous promoters. We evaluated the possibility that gene expression from rAAV could be improved by using AAV capsid serotypes with greater tropism for the apical surface of airway cells (i.e. rAAV5 or rAAV1) and/or using strong promoters such as the cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer/chicken beta‐actin hybrid (Cβ) promoter. The relative activity of the CMV immediate‐early (CMVie) promoter, the Cβ promoter, and the Cβ promoter with a downstream woodchuck hepatitis virus post‐transcriptional regulatory element (wpre) were assessed in vitro and in vivo in C57\Bl6 mice using human alpha‐1 antitrypsin (hAAT) as a secreted reporter. In vivo, the Cβ‐AAT‐wpre group achieved maximum serum levels of 1.5 mg/ml of hAAT. AAV capsid serotypes were then compared in vivo utilizing the transcriptionally optimized CB‐wpre cassette in rAAV serotype 1, 2 or 5 capsids (rAAV1, rAAV2, and rAAV5), utilizing luciferase as a reporter to compare expression over a wide dynamic range. The pulmonary luciferase levels at 8 weeks were similar in rAAV5 and rAAV1 groups (2.9 × 106 relative light units (RLU)/g tissue and 2.7 × 106 RLU/g tissue, respectively), both of which were much higher than rAAV2. Although the advantage of rAAV5 over rAAV2 in the lung has already been described, the availability of another serotype (rAAV1) capable of efficient gene transfer in the lung could be useful. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of flavonoids in leaves of Adinandra nitida by capillary electrochromatography on monolithic columns with stepwise gradient elution
Authors: Zhang Lingyi , Zhang Jie , Wang Hui , Zhang Lihua , Zhang Weibing , Zhang Yukui
Published: April 2005

Extracts of Adinandra nitida leaves, known as Shiyacha in China, were analyzed by monolithic columns of capillary electrochromatography (CEC). To obtain good resolution within a short time, stepwise gradient elution of CEC was employed, and the effects of experimental parameters, such as the buffer, the gradient conditions, and the mode of injection were studied systematically. Under optimized conditions, analysis could be accomplished in 25 min on a monolithic rod of macroporous poly(butyl methacrylate–co‐ethylene dimethacrylate). With two identified flavonoids, epicatechin and apigenin, as markers, a quality control method for Shiyacha and its relevant products was established. The calibration curves exhibited good linear behavior over the concentration range of two orders of magnitude. On combination with an on‐line concentration technique, the detection limit of flavonoids could be decreased to 25 ng for apigenin.
Stable laser-diode pumped microchip sub-nanosecond Cr,Yb:YAG self-Q-switched laser
Authors: Dong J , Shirakawa A , Huang S , Feng Y , Takaichi K , Musha M , Ueda Ken-ichi , Kaminskii A A
Published: April 2005

Near-diffraction-limited longitudinal multimode self-Q-switched microchip Cr,Yb:YAG laser is obtained by using of a laser diode as a pump source at room temperature without cooling Cr,Yb:YAG sample. The output Q-switched traces are very stable, and the slope efficiency is as high as 18.5%. Laser pulses with 23.5-μJ pulse energy and 440-ps pulse duration were achieved which results in over 53 kW peak power at repetition rate of 6.6 kHz. The effect of the absorbed pump power on the laser characteristics and laser spectrum are addressed in details. The number of the longitudinal laser modes increases with the absorbed pump power.
Formation of Soluble Hyperbranched Polymer Nanoparticles by Initiator‐Fragment Incorporation Radical Polymerization of Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate
Authors: Hirano Tomohiro , Ihara Hiroshi , Miyagi Takashi , Wang Hongwei , Seno Makiko , Sato Tsuneyuki
Published: April 2005

Summary: Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (1) was polymerized at 70 and 80 °C in benzene using high concentrations of the initiator, dimethyl 2,2′‐azobisisobutyrate (2). When the concentrations of 1 and 2 were 0.10 and 0.50 mol · L−1, respectively, the polymerization proceeded homogeneously without any gelation to yield a soluble polymer. The polymerization system involved ESR‐detectable polymer radicals in high concentration (3.1 × 10−6–7.5 × 10−6 mol · L−1 at 70 °C). The polymer formed at 80 °C after 4 h consisted of units of 1 with (4 mol‐%) and without (38 mol‐%) a double bond and a methoxycarbonylpropyl group (58 mol‐%) as the fragment of 2. Thus, the initiator‐fragment incorporation radical polymerization proceeds in the present polymerization to yield a hyperbranched polymer. The polymer showed an upper critical solution temperature (31 °C on cooling and 32 °C on heating) in an acetone/water mixture (4:1 v/v). The intrinsic viscosity of the polymer was very low (0.047 dL · g−1) at 30 °C in benzene despite its considerably high molecular weight ($\overline M _{\rm w}$ = 5.7 × l05 by MALLS). TEM confirmed that the individual polymer molecules were nanoparticles with diameters of 5–15 nm. The polymer was able to solubilize for the dye probe, Rhodamine 6G, by encapsulation in its hyperbranched structure.

Hyperbranched structure of the resulting polymer.

magnified image

Hyperbranched structure of the resulting polymer.
Multicompartment Micelles: Has the Long‐Standing Dream Become a Reality?
Authors: Lutz Jean‐François , Laschewsky André
Published: April 2005

Summary: Multicompartment micelles are complex nanosized systems that possess a hydrosoluble shell and a hydrophobic core, which is characterized by segregated incompatible sub‐domains. With roots starting about ten years ago, the field of multicompartment micelles has evolved slowly, until recently when significant achievements have been made. The present article reviews strategies for building such micellar assemblies as well as morphological studies, highlights the future challenges, and discusses possible applications, which exploit the coexistence of differentiated nano‐domains.

Formation of multicompartment micelles using miktoarm stars μ‐(polyethylethylene)(poly(ethylene oxide))(poly(perfluoropropylene oxide)) and a cryo‐TEM image visualizing the process.

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Formation of multicompartment micelles using miktoarm stars μ‐(polyethylethylene)(poly(ethylene oxide))(poly(perfluoropropylene oxide)) and a cryo‐TEM image visualizing the process.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gene polymorphisms in Japanese patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple system atrophy
Authors: Nishimura Masataka , Kuno Sadako , Kaji Ryuji , Kawakami Hideshi
Published: April 2005

We studied two genetic polymorphisms (240C/T and 480G/A) of the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene in Japanese patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 172), Parkinson's disease (PD, n = 327), and multiple system atrophy (MSA, n = 122), as well as controls (n = 275). The distribution of the 240 C/T polymorphism was significantly different between AD patients and controls, whereas there was no difference in the genotype of the two polymorphisms between MSA and controls or between PD and controls. Our data suggest that BDNF might play a role in AD. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects of plant cell wall hydroxycinnamic acids in cultured HT‐29 cells
Authors: Ferguson Lynnette R. , Zhu Shuo‐tun , Harris Philip J.
Published: April 2005

We demonstrate that two hydroxycinnamic acids, (E )‐ferulic acid and (E )‐p‐coumaric acid, have the ability to protect against oxidative stress and genotoxicity in cultured mammalian cells. They also show the ability to reduce the activity of the xenobiotic metabolising enzyme, cytochrome P450 1A, and downregulate the expression of the cyclooxygenase‐2 enzyme. At equitoxic doses, their activities are equal to or superior to that of the known anticarcinogen, curcumin. The hydroxycinnamic acids are both important components of plant cell walls in certain plant foods. It is known that the action of microbial hydroxycinnamoyl esterases can lead to the release of hydroxycinnamic acids from ester‐linkages to cell wall polysaccharides into the human colon. Thus, providing they can reach effective levels in the colon, they could provide an important mechanism by which dietary fibres of food plants, such as spinach or cereal, protect against colon cancer.
Theoretical estimation of the annular tautomerism of indazoles
Authors: Alkorta Ibon , Elguero José
Published: April 2005

Theoretical calculations at semi‐empirical AM1 and density functional B3LYP/6–31G* levels were carried out on 52 NH‐indazoles. Although in most cases the 1H‐tautomer is the most stable, we found several indazoles for which the 2H‐tautomer is more stable than the 1H‐tautomer. The differences in energy between the 1H‐ and 2H‐tautomers were interpreted in terms of substituent effects with the use of a Free–Wilson (presence–absence) matrix. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rational model for chiral recognition in a silica‐based chiral column: chiral recognition of N‐(3,5‐dinitrobenzoyl)phenylglycine‐terminated alkylsilane monolayer by 2,2,2‐trifluoro‐1‐(9‐anthryl)ethanol derivatives by chemical force microscopy
Authors: Otsuka Hideyuki , Arima Takayuki , Koga Tomoyuki , Takahara Atsushi
Published: April 2005

Direct measurement of the chemical force between chiral molecules was investigated by chemical force microscopy (CFM). 2,2,2‐Trifluoro‐1‐(9‐anthryl)ethanol (TFAE) and N‐(3,5‐dinitrobenzoyl)phenylglycine (DNBP), a well‐known pair of enantiomers, were strongly immobilized on the surface of the cantilever tip and the substrate surface, respectively, by the use of aminosilane, to propose a chiral stationary phase model system of a silica‐based chiral column. The modification of TFAE on a cantilever tip and DNBP on the substrate surface was confirmed by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometric measurements. The force curve between (R or S)‐TFAE and (R or S)‐DNBP enantiomers were measured using the force measurement mode scanning force microscopy to determine the magnitude of the interaction. The histograms of the adhesion force for a different chirality pair [(R)‐ATEA vs (S)‐DNBP and (S)‐ATEA vs (R)‐DNBP] showed a broader distribution than those for the identical chirality pair [(R)‐ATEA vs (R)‐DNBP and (S)‐ATEA vs (S)‐DNBP]. Since CFM measurement cans recognize the difference of in nanonewton forces, the results can be regarded as a rational design for chiral recognition in a silica‐based chiral column. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental and theoretical studies of 2,5‐diphenyl‐1,4‐distyrylbenzenes with all‐cis‐ and all‐trans double bonds: chemical structure determination and optical properties
Authors: Xie Zengqi , Yang Bing , Liu Linlin , Li Mao , Lin Dong , Ma Yuguang , Cheng Gang , Liu Shiyong
Published: April 2005

2,5‐Diphenyl‐1,4‐distyrylbenzene (DPDSB) with all‐cis (cis‐DPDSB) and all‐trans double bonds (trans‐DPDSB) were synthesized by Wittig reaction and the differences in structural and optical properties between the cis‐ and trans‐isomers are discussed in detail. Both compounds were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, FT‐IR spectroscopy, x‐ray crystallography, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electrochemical methods. X‐ray analysis and molecular simulation revealed that the structure of cis‐DPDSB obviously deviates from planarity along both the distyrylbenzene and terphenyl directions, and less intermolecular interaction exists in crystal. The cis‐isomer shows a large blue shift in the absorption spectrum in comparison with that of the trans‐isomer, and cyclic voltammetric measurements give bandgaps of 3.16 and 2.97 eV for cis‐ and trans‐DPDSB, respectively. Both compounds show unusually strong blue fluorescence in the solid state, probably due to the weak intermolecular interaction existing in both isomers owing to the large steric hindrance induced by the substituted phenyl groups. DSC experiments determined that both isomers have excellent thermal stability, which indicates that they can be used as active layers to make stable devices. Quantum chemical calculations for the frontier molecular orbital and the cation and anion properties reveal that the HOMO and LUMO are completely localized in the distyrylbenzene direction and the distyrylbenzene segment has more sensitive electroactivity than the terphenyl segment whether it is cis‐ or trans‐DPDSB. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An algebraic treatment of procedure refinement to support mechanical verification
Authors: Back Ralph-Johan , Preoteasa Viorel
Published: April 2005

We introduce a new algebraic model for program variables, suitable for reasoning about recursive procedures with parameters and local variables in a mechanical verification setting. We give a predicate transformer semantics to recursive procedures and prove refinement rules for introducing recursive procedure calls, procedure parameters, and local variables. We also prove, based on the refinement rules, Hoare total correctness rules for recursive procedures, and parameters. We introduce a special form of Hoare specification statement which alone is enough to fully specify a procedure. Moreover, we prove that this Hoare specification statement is equivalent to a refinement specification. We implemented this theory in the PVS theorem prover.
Parental care behavior in the monogamous, sexually dimorphic Madagascar paradise flycatcher: sex differences and the effect of brood size
Authors: Mizuta Taku
Published: April 2005

I studied the parental care behavior of the Madagascar paradise flycatcherTerpsiphone mutatain northwestern Madagascar. I especially focused on feeding, brooding and vigilance behaviors. Feeding rate did not differ between males and females, but females spent more time at the nest than males. Females dedicated their time to brooding, while males perched on the nest and were vigilant. Both parents changed the feeding rate in relation to brood size, so the feeding rate per nestling was not different among nests of different brood size. Duration of brooding by females increased with decreasing brood size, suggesting that the Royama effect, the pattern of lower feeding rate per nestling in larger broods, did not apply in this study. Males spent more time on vigilance than females. Anti‐predator vigilance by males should be important for nestling survival given the high predation pressure typical of this population. In conclusion, males provide considerable parental care probably to minimize nestling starvation and to avoid nest predation. My results are not consistent with the general pattern of less parental effort by males in monogamous, sexually dimorphic species.
Localization and changes of intraneural inflammatory cytokines and inducible‐nitric oxide induced by mechanical compression
Authors: Kobayashi Shigeru , Baba Hisatoshi , Uchida Kenzo , Shimada Seiichiro , Negoro Kouhei , Takeno Kenichi , Yayama Takafumi , Yamada Shuichi , Yoshizawa Hidezo
Published: April 2005

Study design: Investigation of intraneural inflammation induced by mechanical compression.

Objectives: In order to investigate the mechanism of neuropathy, this study used a median nerve compression model in dogs. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the localization and changes of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO).

Summary of background data: The manifestation of pain at sites of inflammation has a close relationship with the release of mediators from macrophages such as interleulin‐1 (IL‐1) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), as well as with NO. However, the mediators involved in inflammation of nerve due to mechanical compression remain almost unknown.

Methods: In this study, the median nerve of dogs was compressed with a clip for three weeks to observe the changes caused by compression. Immunohistochemistry was done by the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex method to observe the changes of T cells (CD45) and macrophages (Mac‐1) after compression. Antibodies against IL‐β, TNF‐α, and inducible nitric oxide synthesis (i‐NOS) were used to examine the localization and changes of these mediators caused by nerve compression.

Results: In control animals, resident T cells were detected, but there were no macrophages. IL‐1β was positive in the Schwann cells and vascular endothelial cells. However, no cells showed TNF‐α or i‐NOS positively. After nerve compression, numerous T cells and macrophages appeared among the demyelinized nerve fibers. The macrophages were positive for IL‐1β, TNF‐α and i‐NOS.

Conclusion: Inflammatory cytokines and NO may be involved in intraneural inflammatory changes arising from mechanical compression. Such mediators may be of importance in the manifestation of neuropathy. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Expression patterns of hedgehog signaling peptides in naturally acquired equine osteochondrosis
Authors: Semevolos Stacy A. , Strassheim M. Lisa , Haupt Jennifer L. , Nixon Alan J.
Published: April 2005

Hypertrophic differentiation and endochondral ossification of growth cartilage are regulated by a complex array of signaling peptides, including parathyroid hormone‐related protein (PTH‐rP), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). This study investigated the expression of Ihh, Patched1 and 2 (Ptc1, Ptc2), Smoothened (Smo), Gli1, and Gli3, in naturally acquired articular osteochondrosis, using an equine model. Cartilage was harvested from osteochondrosis (OC) affected femoropatellar or scapulohumeral joints from immature horses and normal control horses of similar age. Ihh, Ptc1, Smo, Gli1, and Gli3 mRNA expression levels were evaluated by real‐time quantitative PCR. Spatial tissue expression was determined by in situ hybridization for Ihh and Smo and immunohistochemistry for Ptc1 and Ptc2. The expression of Ihh was significantly increased in OC cartilage compared to normal control cartilage and was localized mainly to the deep layer of articular cartilage, just above the calcified zone, with some mild expression also present in the middle cartilage layer. The expression of Gli1 was significantly decreased in OC samples, but there was no significant difference in expression of Gli3, Ptc1 and Smo in OC cartilage compared to normal cartilage. The expression of Ptc1 protein was present at the junction of deep and calcified layers, while Ptc2 protein was expressed throughout the middle, deep, and calcified cartilage layers. Spatial expression of Smo was variable between animals and confined mainly to the middle and deep layers when present. Half of the OC samples displayed areas of moderate to strong Smo expression compared to mild or minimal expression in normal controls. The increased Ihh expression in OC suggests a role of Ihh in diseased cartilage, although it is not known if a PTH‐rP/Ihh feedback cycle exists in articular cartilage. The disparity between increased Ihh expression and decreased Gli1 expression in OC cartilage suggests a different primary transcription factor for Ihh or the presence of an elevated Ihh inhibitor in these tissues. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
SOCIOLOGY'S HERITAGE
Authors: HAINES VALERIE A.
Published: April 2005

HOW SHOULD SOCIOLOGY understand its history? Do the concepts that sociologists use routinely to study classical sociology and its contemporary significance improve or impede this understanding? This book examines these questions by assessing the value to sociology of the concepts of founders, classics and canons. Its central thesis is that it is possible to resolve controversies surrounding the origins and appraisal of sociology's heritage but that doing so requires a proper understanding of what it means to talk about founders, classics, and canons. For each concept, and the set of controversies that surround it, the structure of Baehr's analysis is the same. He arrives at a proper understanding of the concept by first summarizing the extant sociological literature and then augmenting this literature with logical, theoretical or historical analyses that consider wider debates in sociology and other disciplines. He then uses this understanding to account for current usages of the concept and to present arguments for or against these ways of using it to interpret, defend or attack authors, institutions, and texts.
Gospel as News: ευαγγελ- from Aristophanes to the Apostle Paul
Authors: DICKSON JOHN P.
Published: April 2005

Against the contentions of a number of NT scholars, the present article aims to demonstrate that the apostle Paul's gospel language never refers to ongoing Christian instruction and only ever connotes announcements which are news to those who hear them. This conclusion, which is maintained even in connection with Rom 1.15, a key text for the ‘broad-ranging’ view of ευαγγελ-, is shown to conform to the wholly consistent usage of gospel terminology throughout Graeco-Roman, Jewish and early Christian literature: ‘gospel’ is news.
Polyvalenz durch Intertextualität im Spiegel der aktuellen Forschung zu den Thessalonicherbriefen
Authors: ROOSE HANNA
Published: April 2005

Polyvalenz durch Intertextualität kommt in den Blick, wenn gefragt wird, wie sich der Bedeutungsspielraum von anzitierten bzw. alludierten Texten verändert. Diese referenztext-orientierte Funktion von Intertextualität erlangt dort, wo der pseudepigraphe 2. Thessalonicher als ‘Leseanweisung’ für den 1. charakterisiert wird (Roloff, Reinmuth), zentrale Bedeutung. Der 1. Thessalonicher wird im Rahmen dieses Modells implizit zu einem polyvalenten Text erklärt, dessen Bedeutungsspielräume sich durch den intertextuellen Bezug auf den 2. Thessalonicher verschieben (sollen). Dieses im Modell angelegte Postulat der Polyvalenz des 1. Thessalonicher wird jedoch bisher kaum eingelöst, da die Auslegungen zu einseitig danach fragen, wie der Verfasser des 2. Thessalonicher den 1. verarbeitet.
Lyme borreliosis in Europe and North America
Authors: PIESMAN J. , GERN L.
Published: April 2005

Since the discovery of the Lyme disease spirochete in North America in 1982 and in Europe in 1983, a plethora of studies on this unique group of spirochetes that compriseBorrelia burgdorferisensu lato has been accumulated. In an attempt to compare and contrast Lyme borreliosis in Europe and North America we have reviewed the biology of the aetiologic agents, as well as the clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of this disease on both continents. Moreover, we have detailed the ecology of theIxodesticks that transmit this infection and the reservoir hosts that maintain the spirochete cycle in nature. Finally, we have examined the transmission dynamics of the spirochete on both continents, as well as the available prevention strategies. Although it has been over two decades since the discovery of the Lyme disease spirochete, Lyme borreliosis is an expanding public health problem that has defied our attempts to control it. By comparing the accumulated experience of investigators in North America and Europe, where the disease is most frequently reported, we hope to advance the cause of developing novel approaches to combat Lyme borreliosis.