bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Problems Occurred in Slums in Urban Transformation Process: Sarıyer-Derbent Neighborhood Sample
Authors: ALTIPARMAK Simge , UYSAL Meyrem TUNA
Published: September 2020

Kırdan kente göçle birlikte kentlerde nüfusun sürekli olarak artması, kentin ekonomik, siyasal ve sosyo-kültürel yapısında önemli değişimleri beraberinde getirmiştir. Plansız artan nüfus, konut ve alt yapı gibi sorunlara kentlerin
çözüm bulamaması gecekondulaşmanın ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Kentleşmenin plansız şekilde gerçekleşmesi, imar yasalarının yetersizliği ve kamu arazilerinin rasyonel şekilde değerlendirilememesi, kent merkezlerinin çarpık
kentleşmesine yol açmış ve bu süreçte kentsel dönüşüm uygulamaları ön plana çıkmıştır. Nitekim bu uygulamaların, bireylere yeni yaşam alanları sunma, yaşam şartlarını iyileştirme ve konutlardaki kalite düşüklüğünü ortadan kaldırma
gibi olumlu yönleri bulunsa da olumsuz olarak ifade edilecek birçok ekonomik ve toplumsal soruna da yol açmıştır. Bu çalışmada, kentsel dönüşüm sürecinde gecekondu mahallelerinde ortaya çıkan sorunların ve bunların toplumsal yansımalarının
tespit edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla çalışmada kentsel dönüşümün toplumsal boyutu ele alınarak, kentsel dönüşüm uygulanması planlanan gecekondu mahallelerinde yaşayan bireylerin karşılaştıkları sorunlar ve bunun yaşamlarına
nasıl yansıdığı üzerinde durulmaktadır. Çalışma survey (tarama) araştırmasıdır. Buna göre çalışmada Sarıyer Derbent Mahallesi örneğinden hareketle, gecekondu bölgelerindeki halkın kentsel dönüşümle ilgili görüşleri ve bu süreçte
ortaya çıkan sorunları ele alınmıştır. Alandan elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda kentsel dönüşüm sorunlarının toplumsal etkileri açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda kentsel dönüşüm sürecinin Derbent Mahallesi halkını ekonomik
ve sosyo-kültürel anlamda olumsuz etkilediği ve ortaya çıkan sorunların mahalle halkının kentsel dönüşüm projelerini destekleme davranışını farklılaştırdığı tespit edilmiştir.
A Mixed Method Study Towards Analyzing the Opinions and Suggestions of the Primary School Teachers Working with Inclusive Students about Teaching Science
Authors: METİN Hakan , ALTUNAY Banu
Published: September 2020

Etkili kaynaştırma uygulamalarının gerçekleştirilebilmesi için öğretmenlerin kaynaştırma öğrencilerini kabul edici olumlu tutumlara sahip olmaları ve bunlara ek olarak öğretmenlerin özel eğitim gerektiren öğrencileri için etkili öğretim
yöntemleri ile sosyal ve akademik becerileri kazandırmaları gerekmektedir. Özellikle okuma-yazma, matematik ve fen bilimleri gibi akademik derslerde müfredatta belirlenen amaçları öğrencilere kazandırabilmek için öğretmenlerin
kaynaştırma öğrencilerinin eğitimine yönelik öğretimi bireyselleştirme ve uyarlama becerilerine sahip olmaları gerekmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, ilkokul düzeyindeki kaynaştırma sınıflarında çalışan sınıf öğretmenlerinin fen
bilimleri dersinin öğretimine ilişkin görüşlerini ve önerilerini belirlemektir. Araştırmanın verilerini toplamak amacıyla karma yöntem kullanılmıştır. Öğretmenlerin kaynaştırma öğrencilerine fen bilimleri dersinin öğretimine ilişkin
görüşlerini belirlemek için anket uygulanmış ve buna paralel olarak görüşme formu geliştirilmiştir. Bu anket 114 sınıf öğretmenine uygulandıktan sonra içlerinden 17 öğretmen belirlenerek görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Anket ve görüşmeden
elde edilen veriler analiz edilmiştir. Bu araştırma 24.09.2019 tarih ve E.117614 numaralı etik kurul izni ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular kaynaştırma sınıflarında görev yapan sınıf öğretmenlerinin kaynaştırma
öğrencilerinin fen bilimlerinin planlanmasında, öğretiminde ve değerlendirmesinde gerekli uyarlamalara yer vermediklerini, etkili öğretim yöntem ve teknikleri kullanmadıklarını ve kaynaştırma öğrencilerinin eğitimine yönelik olarak
hizmet içi eğitime gereksinim duyduklarını ortaya koymuştur.
Construction Process and Management in Classic Greek and Roman Periods; A Review Study
Authors: YILMAZ İbrahim
Published: September 2020

Yapı ihtiyacının ortaya çıkması ile başlayan yapım faaliyetleri, disiplinli ve düzenli süreçler halinde yürütülen inşaat organizasyonlarını gerektirmektedir. Yapım yönetimi ve organizasyonu; yapı üretiminde izlenen süreçleri, yönetim
mekanizmalarını, süreçlerde yürütülen işlemler ile işlemlerde rol alan kurum ve kişilerin nitelikleriyle aralarındaki ilişkileri tanımlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, araştırma konusu dönemlerin yapı üretim süreçlerinde, yapım yönetimi
konusunda yönetsel teknikler ve stratejiler geliştirilmiş mi sorusuna cevap arama çabası ortaya konulacaktır. Bu çabaya dair kurgulanan araştırmada, Avrupa ana karası ile Anadolu’da uygarlık kurmuş ve yapı sanatının gelişiminde
önemli rol oynamış; Klasik Yunan dönemi (MÖ. VI.-IV. yy) ile Roma Cumhuriyet (MÖ. 509-27) ve İmparatorluk (MÖ. 27 - MS. 395) dönemlerinde yapı üretim süreçlerinde yürütülen yapım, yönetim ve organizasyon teknikleri incelenmiştir.
Çalışmanın amacı, birbirleriyle çağdaş olmayan bu uygarlık dönemlerinde geçerli olan yapım süreçleri ile yönetim mekanizmalarını ortaya çıkarmak, aralarındaki benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları belirginleştirerek söz konusu dönemlerde
işletilen yapım ve yönetim sistemlerini karşılaştırarak değerlendirmektir. Çalışmada yöntem olarak; gerek taş yazılı yapım metinlerinin epigrafik çözümlenmiş açıklamalarını içeren belgelerden, gerekse detaylı literatür araştırması
sonucu elde edilen bilgiler bütünsel bir değerlendirmeyle ele alınmıştır. Araştırmada, günümüzde olduğu gibi incelenen dönemlerin yapım süreçlerinde de, yapım sonrası hesap verilebilirliğin temel alındığı etkin denetime dayalı
yapım yönetimi ve organizasyon tekniklerinin kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. İncelenen dönemlerde uygarlıkların yapı ya da yapı gruplarına karşı takındıkları tavır ile yapı üretim süreçlerinde geliştirdikleri örgütsel, parasal
ve yasal sistemler, dönemlerinin yapım yönetimi şemasını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda, çağlar boyunca nitelikli yapı üretiminin temelini, planlı yürütülen yapım süreçleri ile doğru kurgulanmış yapım yönetimi stratejisi ve denetleme
sistemlerindeki etkin uygulamaların oluşturduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
In The Context Of Photo And Picture Relationship By Carrie Mae Weems's On “Kitchen Table Series”
Authors: ASLAN Engin
Published: September 2020

Afro-Amerikan sanatçı Carrie Mae Weems, modern Amerikan yaşam kültürü içerisinde, kendi gerçekliğinin bir yansıması olarak özellikle, kurgusal fotoğraflarıyla tanınmaktadır. Weems’in 1989 yılının başlarından itibaren, “Mutfak Masası
Serisi” (Kitchen Table Series) adlı fotoğrafları, hem içerisinden geldiği siyahî kültürün çelişkilerine, hem de daha geniş toplumun sterotiplerine dönük eleştirel çalışmalardır. 1970’lerde Amerikan çağdaş sanat hareketlerinin Weems’in
sanata yaklaşımında etkili olduğu söylenebilir. Söz konusu tarihsel dönem içerisinde, genç bir sanatçı kuşağı; savaş karşıtlığı, kimlik ve cinsiyet eşitliği gibi evrensel olgular etrafında birleşerek sanatlarını yapılandırmışlardır.
Bu bağlamda Weems’in söz konusu fotoğrafları; Amerikan ve Avrupa sanatının 19. yüzyıl sonlarından başlayarak, Henry OssawaTanner’dan Romare Bearden’e değin resim sanatının oluşturduğu görsel kültür temelinde, hem biçimsel (kompozisyon)
hem de belli bir içeriğin taşıyıcısı olması bakımından dikkate değerdir. Sanatçı, teknik olarak fotoğrafın olanaklarıyla, onu, bir tür sanat nesnesi haline getirecek fikre sahip olarak, hem eğitimini bu yönde almış hem de içselleştirmiş
olduğu ve en iyi bildiği olgulardan hareket ederek sanatını bu yönde geliştirmiştir. Weems, hemen her Afro-Amerikan ailenin yaşadığı ayrımcılığa henüz, okula başladığı dönemlerde maruz kalmıştır. Bu durum onun, hem hayata bakışını,
hem de sanatla olan ilişkisini biçimlendiren sosyo-psikolojik etkenlerden biri olmuştur. Bu makalede, Weems’in “Mutfak Masası Serisi” adlı kurgusal fotoğraf serisinin; imge, biçim/içerik ve resim sanatının tarihsel referanslarıyla
ile olan ilişkileri, modern kültür ve kişisel gerçeklik alanları bağlamında, seçilmiş örnekler üzerinden tartışılmıştır.
The World of Thought of Aliya Izetbegovic in the Context of Social Work
Authors: CEYLAN Harun , ZAFER Metin
Published: September 2020

Yirminci yüzyıl boyunca özellikle Avrupa’da yaşanan savaş, kıtlık ve salgın hastalıklarla birlikte ortaya çıkan ekonomik ve sosyal krizler neticesinde bireyi ve toplumu güvence altına alan bir sosyal devlet anlayışı gelişerek kurumsallaşmaya
başlamıştır. Geçmiş dönemde birey için sosyal koruma sağlayan aile ve akrabalık gibi sosyal güvenlik ve sosyal hizmet sunan doğal ağlar giderek erozyona uğradığından bu rolü üstlenen asli unsur devlet olmuştur. Gelişen sosyal devlet
anlayışının bir gereği olarak kadınlar, azınlıklar, göçmenler, işsizler, yaşlılar ve çocuklar gibi dezavantajlı grupların hakları eşitlik, adalet, demokrasi ve özgürlük gibi temel haklar çerçevesinde yeniden düzenlenmiş ve evrensel
bir boyut kazanmıştır. Aynı dönemde Avrupa’da yaşanan bütün savaşlara, sosyoekonomik ve siyasal krizlere tanıklık etmiş bir düşünür olarak Aliya İzzetbegoviç’in çalışmalarının da temel evrensel sosyal haklar, demokrasi, eşitlik
ve ahlak temelinde şekillendiği ve sosyal hizmet alanları olarak ifade edilen aile, kadın, yaşlı, çocuk, yoksulluk, savaş, suç gibi konuları kapsadığı görülmektedir. Ancak Bosna Hersek Cumhuriyeti’nin kurucu devlet başkanı olması
sebebiyle Aliya İzzetbegoviç’in eserleri daha çok siyaset felsefesi, din ve ahlak yaklaşımları üzerinden ele alınmıştır. Oysa Aliya’nın sosyal alana dair söylediği fikirlerin pek çoğu bugün var olan sosyal hizmet ve insan hakları
perspektifine uygun düşmektedir. Bu yönüyle bu çalışmada düşünürün sosyal hizmet konuları kapsamında ifade ettiği fikirlere yer verilerek Aliya İzzetbegoviç düşüncesinde sosyal hizmet paradigmasının ne olduğu sorusuna cevap aranacaktır.
Buna göre Aliya’nın eserleri aile, kadın, suç, yaşlı gibi sosyal hizmet temalı konu başlıkları üzerinden analiz edilmiş ve Aliya’nın eserlerine dair siyasi ve dini algının ötesine geçebilen evrensel söylemleri açığa çıkarılmıştır.
Relationship Between Workplace Loneliness and Organizational Cynicism: Practice in an Education and Research Hospital
Authors: HOŞGÖR Haydar , CİN Saadet
Published: September 2020

Her bireyin hayatında en az bir kez deneyimlediği yalnızlık olgusu, iş yaşamında da sıkça görülen bir durumdur. Fakat bu durumun görülme sıklığı kişiden kişiye değişebilir. İşyerinde kendini yalnız hisseden bir çalışan, örgütten kopamaya
ve örgütüne karşı sinik tutumlar sergilemeye başlar. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın temel amacı; işyeri yalnızlığı ile örgütsel sinizm değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesidir. İstanbul ilindeki bir eğitim araştırma hastanesinde
çalışan toplam 150 sağlık personelinin (105 hemşire, 45 hekim) katılımıyla gerçekleştirilen çalışmanın verileri, anket yöntemiyle Ocak 2020-Şubat 2020 döneminde toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde betimsel istatistikler,
t-testi, korelasyon ve regresyon analizlerinden faydalanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre sağlık çalışanlarının işyeri yalnızlığı (x̄: 2,05±0,98) ortalamasının düşük düzeyde, örgütsel sinizm (x̄: 2,86±1,14) ortalamasının ise
orta düzeyde olduğu saptanmıştır. Hekimlere kıyasla hemşirelerin işyeri yalnızlığı ve örgütsel sinizm düzeyi ortalamalarının daha yüksek olduğu ve değişkenler arasındaki anlamlı farkın hemşirelerden kaynaklandığı belirlenmiştir.
Cinsiyet ile örgütsel sinizm arasında kadınlardan kaynaklı anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilmiştir. İşyeri yalnızlığı ile örgütsel sinizm arasında 0,48 (p<0,01) düzeyinde pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişki hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca
hekim ve hemşirelerin örgütsel sinizm düzeyleri üzerinde işyeri yalnızlığının %23’lük bir açıklayıcılığa sahip olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Buradan hareketle profesyonel sağlık yöneticilerine düşen görev, sağlık personelinin görev
yaptıkları kuruma karşı sergiledikleri sinik tutumları en aza indirecek işyeri yalnızlığı karşıtı etkinlikler planlamak ve bunları düzenli periyotlarla uygulamaktır.
Haematological and Histopathological Effects of Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy in Healthy Mice
Authors: Okafor Ukamaka Elizabeth , Helen Asolo Chioma , Nwankwo Ogonna Daniel
Published: September 2020

Artemisinin-based combination therapy had been recommended for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Africa.      

Aim: This study investigated the effects of artesunate/amodiaquine (A/A) and dihydroartemisinin/ piperaquine (D/P) on some blood parameters and histopathology of the liver and kidney of mice.

Materials and Methods: A Complete randomized design was applied. Fifty mice were randomly assigned to five treatment groups of ten animals each. Therapeutic doses of the drugs were orally administered to the animals. Group A received normal saline (control), group B received 10/14mg/kg body weight of artesunate/amodiaquine for 3 days, group C received 10/18mg/kg of dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine for 3 days, group D received similar treatment with group B, but were followed up to 28 days, group E received similar treatment with group C but were also followed up to 28 days. After experimental period, blood samples were collected for determination   of white blood cell count, white blood cell differential count, red blood cell count, packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration. Liver and kidney were also harvested for histopathological analysis.

Results: Result showed that therapeutic doses of artesunate/amodiaquine and dihydroaretmisinin/ piperaquine had no significant (P>0.05) effects on heamatological parameters accessed. Mild inflammation and degeneration of hepatocyte were observed in the liver of the group treated with D/P while fatty change was found in the group treated with A/A.  Venous congestion was observed in the kidney of the group treated with D/P. After 28 days, degeneration of hepatocyte and inflammatory cells were observed in the liver. Shrunken glomerulus was found in the kidney of the group treated with D/P.

Conclusion: These drugs are detrimental to the liver and kidney even at therapeutic dose therefore, they should be used with caution.
Prevalence and Determinants of Low Birth Weight in Maseru, Lesotho
Authors: Nwako Azubuike Benjamin , Nwako Okechukwu Francis , Nwako Magaret-Lorritta Chidimma
Published: September 2020

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of low birth weight and factors that could be associated with low birth weight in a tertiary hospital in Maseru.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Queen Mamohato Memorial Hospital, Maseru, Lesotho, February to May, 2016.

Methods: The mothers who participated were 402 with age range of 15 to 48 years. The study included 412 newborns. Direct measurement of variables was complemented with questionnaire-derived data. There was re-categorization of primary variables. Associations between low birth weight and maternal and newborn characteristics were assessed with multiple logistic regression with a 95% confidence level.

Results: The prevalence of low birth weight was high at 25% out of the 412 newborns. Multivariate analysis suggested that multiple gestations POR=26.39 (95% CI 5.29-131.75), preterm delivery POR=11.64 (95% CI 5.88-23.04), use of unclean energy POR=6.14 (95% CI 2.72-13.85), hypertension POR=3.48 (95% CI 1.70-7.11), HIV POR=2.08 (95% CI 1.07-4.08) and a low paid job POR =2.35 (95% CI 1.08-5.10) were independently associated with low birth weight.

Conclusion: Preventing low birth weight could be addressed by early detection and prompt treatment of hypertension and human immunodeficiency virus infection, and by implementing strategies to prevent premature births.
Sequential Approach to Differential Diagnosis of TMJ Disorder from Other Oro Facial Muscles Pain – A Systematic Review
Authors: Brar Rajwinder Singh , Singh Anshu , Gautam Nivedita , Bathla Natasha , Sailo Jenny Lalmalsawmi , Abrol Surbhi , Jabeen Farhat
Published: September 2020

This systematic review (SR) synthesises recent evidence and assesses the methodological quality of published SRs in the Differential diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Bandolier databases for 1987 to September 2019. Three investigators evaluated the methodological quality of each identified SR using two measurement tools: The assessment of multiple systematic reviews (AMSTAR) and level of research design scoring. Thirty-one SRs met inclusion criteria and 28 were analysed: 20 qualitative SRs and eight meta-analysis. The main aim of this article is to Differential diagnose the pain which is not related to any dental disease. Most of dental clinician have problem to diagnose TMD (Temporomandibular Disorders) and Orofacial Muscle pain. The approach of this article is to simplify the differential diagnosis for better and fast treatment of the respective disease by classifying various TMJ related and muscle related problems.
Process Simulation for Crude Oil Stabilization by Using Aspen Hysys
Authors: Ali Hussein Al-
Published: September 2020

A light fluid from different reservoir formation started recently to associate the production of the crude oil stabilization plant which is unfortunately not enough to release off all light components and as a results the true vapor pressure increased in the storage tanks more than 12 psi. From the results in Aspen Hysys, it was found that manipulating of working parameters for the existing plant likewise the inlet temperature, dry fluid flow rate, water flow rate and the temperature of the outlet fluid from Fired heater have no great effect on the true vapor pressure (TVP). The TVP at normal feed conditions of 50.5 C and for the plant with third and fourth stages are 14.96 Kg/Cm2. a and 10.23 Kg/Cm2. a, respectively. It was found that for the third stage, the changing in feed flow rates for both dry and water have no effect on the reducing TVP, while to stabilized the TVP for the exported crude oil within range of (68947.6 – 82737.1) Pa/(10 – 12) psia when the the fourth separator used in the process plant, the feed dry fluid flow rate (26.4 – 105.6) KBD, the minimum base sediment and water cut in the feed stream 4 Vol%, the inlet fluid temperature (43-51.5)⁰C and the differential temperature across the fired heater in range of (16-24)⁰C with feed temperature range (40-55)⁰C.
Design and Construction of a Soil Moisture Measuring
Authors: Ijah A. A. , Bolaji O. W. , Adedire O. O. , Emmanuel J. Z. , Onwuegbunam N. E. , Oloyede O. D. , Afolabi A. O.
Published: September 2020

A digital soil moisture reader was constructed and tested. It uses a lipo battery of 9v which was regulated to a constant 5v with the help of a voltage regulator 7805. The digital soil moisture reader developed was tested and the result obtained was compared with that obtained using the gravimetric method of determining soil moisture contents. In determining the soil moisture content, a certain quantity of soil was collected and a particular volume of water was added incrementally. The result shows that the soil moisture reader is accurate. The evaluation was carried out using the gravimetric method of soil moisture determination as a basis of comparison. Nine samples of 50g of soli were collected from Federal College of Forestry Mechanization Farm and a certain amount of water was added incrementally during the process of determining the soil moisture content. The soil reader was calibrated using the gravimetric method which shows a regression coefficient R^2 of 0.986 which indicates that the soil reader is accurate, sensitive and reliable.
Educação em saúde para usuários homens de um centro municipal de saúde: relato de experiência
Authors: Carvalho Maria Eduarda Borges de , Villar Lucas Meneses de Oliveira , Diniz Tamires Cardoso , Bastos Vanessa Damasceno
Published: September 2020

Objetivo: Descrever a experiência de um grupo de discentes do 4° período da graduação em enfermagem de uma universidade federal localizada no Rio de Janeiro acerca de atividades educativas em um centro municipal de saúde. Método: Trata-se de um relato de experiência de discentes do 4° período de uma universidade federal localizada no Rio de Janeiro, acerca de uma intervenção em educação em saúde de Homens, promovida em um centro municipal de saúde. Resultados: Essa intervenção aconteceu no contexto do Estágio Supervisionado na Atenção Primária e contemplou um grupo de usuários homens do CMS, abordando as temáticas: Câncer de próstata, Exames de rotina, teste de PSA. Tais temas foram abordados em função do cumprimento de ações educativas previstas no calendário do estágio. Conclusão: Dessa forma, observou-se que as ações educativas de conscientização são essenciais para a disseminação de conhecimento acerca da saúde individual e coletiva principalmente na ESF.
Effective Modulation of CNS Inhibitory Microenvironment using Bioinspired Hybrid‐Nanoscaffold‐Based Therapeutic Interventions
Authors: Yang Letao , Conley Brian M. , Cerqueira Susana R. , Pongkulapa Thanapat , Wang Shenqiang , Lee Jae K. , Lee Ki‐Bum
Published: September 2020

Central nervous system (CNS) injuries are often debilitating, and most currently have no cure. This is due to the formation of a neuroinhibitory microenvironment at injury sites, which includes neuroinflammatory signaling and non‐permissive extracellular matrix (ECM) components. To address this challenge, a viscous interfacial self‐assembly approach, to generate a bioinspired hybrid 3D porous nanoscaffold platform for delivering anti‐inflammatory molecules and establish a favorable 3D‐ECM environment for the effective suppression of the neuroinhibitory microenvironment, is developed. By tailoring the structural and biochemical properties of the 3D porous nanoscaffold, enhanced axonal growth from the dual‐targeting therapeutic strategy in a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)‐based in vitro model of neuroinflammation is demonstrated. Moreover, nanoscaffold‐based approaches promote significant axonal growth and functional recovery in vivo in a spinal cord injury model through a unique mechanism of anti‐inflammation‐based fibrotic scar reduction. Given the critical role of neuroinflammation and ECM microenvironments in neuroinhibitory signaling, the developed nanobiomaterial‐based therapeutic intervention may pave a new road for treating CNS injuries.
High‐Capacity Sodium–Prussian Blue Rechargeable Battery through Chelation‐Induced Nano‐Porosity
Authors: Lim Cheryldine Qiu Xuan , Wang Tian , Ong Evon Woan Yuann , Tan Zhi‐Kuang
Published: September 2020

Across the different classes of sodium‐ion battery cathodes, Prussian Blue holds the greatest promise because of its high working potentials, abundance, low‐toxicity and ease of synthesis. However, its performance as a sodium‐ion battery cathode has generally been limited to less than 120 mAh g−1, which is inferior compared to commercial lithium‐based counterparts. Here, sodium–Prussian Blue rechargeable batteries with a remarkably high discharge specific capacity of 153 ± 6 mAh g−1 at 1C is reported. This is achieved through the employment of excess ascorbic acid during the colloidal preparation of Prussian Blue crystals, followed by a 200 °C heat‐vacuum drying process. The optical, structural and thermogravimetric investigations show that the chelation of ascorbic acid to the iron ions disrupts the growth of Prussian Blue, and lead to the formation of a useful nano‐porous crystal structure. This allows for deeper percolation of sodium ions into the Prussian Blue crystals, and successfully unlocked useful inner volumes that are otherwise unreachable, thereby leading to an outstanding 47% elevation in specific capacity. This development brings sodium‐based battery technology significantly closer to the incumbent lithium‐ion batteries, and marks an important early step towards its practical application in commercial devices.
Microwave‐assisted Synthesis and Molecular Docking Study of Heteroaromatic Chalcone Derivatives as Potential Antibacterial Agents
Authors: Farooq Saba , Ngaini Zainab , Mortadza Nur Arif
Published: September 2020

In this study, a series of chalcone derivatives (1a–c) were synthesized via Claisen‐Schmidt condensation, followed by aza‐Michael addition to form pyrazoline derivatives (2a–cand3a–c). The reaction was performed via microwave radiation to give excellent yields (77–93%) in 1–3.5 min. Microwave‐assisted reaction of Fischer esterification of pyrazolines (2a–cand3a–c) afforded heteroaromatic pyrazoline esters (4a–c) in high yield (83–96% in <2 min) compared to conventional reflux (55–79% in 30 min). Compounds1a–cand3a–cdemonstrated excellent antibacterial activity againstStaphylococcus aureusvia disc diffusion assay with inhibition zone with 13 and 19 mm compared to a standard drug, ampicillin (11 mm). Structure activity relationship of1band3bwere visualized via molecular docking interaction against 4pql protein ofS. aureuswith binding free energy −7.0 and −8.0 kcal/mol, respectively. This study is significant in drug discovery process particularly for pharmaceutical industries.
Chemodiversity and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Leaves of Croton argyrophyllus
Authors: de Araújo Lidiane Gomes , Veras Germano , de Oliveira Alves João Victor , Oliveira de Veras Bruno , da Silva Márcia Vanusa , Bacalhau Rodrigues José Filipe , Lia Fook Marcus Vinicius , Sagoe Amoah Solomon Kweku , da Conceição de Menezes Torres Maria
Published: September 2020

The Croton argyrophyllus leaf essential oil has anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic among other activities. However, there are chemical composition variations in the literature. This work reports the first study of the intraspecific chemical variation of C. argyrophyllus population from Pernambuco state, Brazil. The essential oils of nine specimens (OCA1 to OCA9) were analyzed by GC/MS and NIR to identify the chemical compositions and to verify the similarities between the analyzed samples. These analyses resulted in the identification of bicyclogermacrene (mean 38.42 %), (Z)‐caryophyllene (mean of 14.06 %), epi‐longipinanol (mean of 9.78 %) and germacrene B (mean of 9.1 %) as the major constituents, as well as the same chemical markers for all oil samples. However, these are different to those that were previously registered in the literature for C. argyrophyllus essential oil. The data obtained from the analysis by NIR spectroscopy were treated by PCA and HCA and showed similarities in the chemical samples’ profile. By statistical analyses three clusters were obtained: OCA1‐6, OCA7‐8 and OCA9. All these groups were potentially active against Staphylococcus aureus. However, the OCA7‐8 group was the most active.
Manganese‐Doped Hollow Layered Double (Ni, Co) Hydroxide Microcuboids as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhang Tongrui , Huang Haifu , Han Junxing , Yan Faxin , Sun Chunwen
Published: September 2020

The development of low‐cost, efficient, noble‐metal‐free electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is important for renewable energy conversion. We prepared hierarchical hollow NiCoMn‐layered double hydroxide (LDH) microcuboids that consisted of two dimensional (2D) nanosheets by using a solvothermal method. The prepared Ni6Co11Mn‐LDH exhibits high OER activity, with an overpotential of 248 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 72.2 mV dec−1, which is even better than the noble‐metal RuO2 catalyst. It remains stable after chronopotentiometric testing at a high current density of 100 mA cm−2 for 22 h, indicating potential for practical application. The enhanced OER performance is ascribed to the transition of Ni2+ to Ni3+ in NiCo‐LDH induced by Mn doping, which activates the Ni sites. This work provides an approach to further optimize the OER performance of NiCo‐LDH based catalysts.
Non‐Bonded Radii of the Atoms Under Compression
Authors: Rahm Martin , Ångqvist Mattias , Rahm J. Magnus , Erhart Paul , Cammi Roberto
Published: September 2020

Abstract: We present quantum mechanical estimates for non‐bonded, van der Waals‐like, radii of 93 atoms in a pressure range from 0 to 300 gigapascal. Trends in radii are largely maintained under pressure, but atoms also change place in their relative size ordering. Multiple isobaric contractions of radii are predicted and are explained by pressure‐induced changes to the electronic ground state configurations of the atoms. The presented radii are predictive of drastically different chemistry under high pressure and permit an extension of chemical thinking to different thermodynamic regimes. For example, they can aid in assignment of bonded and non‐bonded contacts, for distinguishing molecular entities, and for estimating available space inside compressed materials. All data has been made available in an interactive web application.
Invasive grass (Microstegium vimineum) indirectly benefits spider community by subsidizing available prey
Authors: Landsman Andrew P. , Burghardt Karin T. , Bowman Jacob L.
Published: September 2020

Invasive plant species cause a suite of direct, negative ecological impacts, but subsequent, indirect effects are more complex and difficult to detect. Where identified, indirect effects to other taxa can be wide‐ranging and include ecological benefits in certain habitats or locations.

Here, we simultaneously examine the direct and indirect effects of a common, invasive grass species (Microstegium vimineum) on the invertebrate communities of understory deciduous forests in the eastern United States. To do this, we use two complementary analytic approaches to compare invaded and reference plots: (a) community composition analysis of understory arthropod taxa and (b) analysis of isotopic carbon and nitrogen ratios of a representative predatory spider species.

Invaded plots contained a significantly greater abundance of nearly all taxa, including predators, herbivores, and detritivores. Spider communities contained over seven times more individuals and exhibited greater species diversity and richness in invaded plots.

Surprisingly, however, the abundant invertebrate community is not nutritionally supported by the invasive plant, despite 100% ground cover of M. vimineum. Instead, spider isotopic carbon ratios showed that the invertebrate prey community found within invaded plots was deriving energy from the plant tissue of C3 plants and not the prevalent, aboveground M. vimineum.

Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that invasive M. vimineum can create non‐nutritional ecological benefits for some invertebrate taxa, with potential impacts to the nutritional dynamics of invertebrate–vertebrate food webs. These positive impacts, however, may be restricted to habitats that experience high levels of ungulate herbivory or reduced vegetative structural complexity. Our results highlight the importance of fully understanding taxon‐ and habitat‐specific effects of invading plant species when prioritizing invasive species removal or management efforts.
HTLV‐1 viral oncoprotein HBZ contributes to the enhancement of HAX‐1 stability by impairing the ubiquitination pathway
Authors: Tanaka Yuka , Mukai Risa , Ohshima Takayuki
Published: September 2020

Human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) is an oncogenic retrovirus that causes adult T‐cell leukemia (ATL). The viral protein HTLV‐1 basic leucine‐zipper factor (HBZ), which is constitutively expressed in all ATL patient cells, contributes toward the development of ATL; however, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated yet. Here, we identified HS‐1‐associated protein X‐1 (HAX‐1) as a novel binding partner of HBZ. Interestingly, HAX‐1 specifically associated with HBZ‐US, but not HBZ‐SI, in the cytoplasm. HBZ suppressed the polyubiquitination levels of HAX‐1 protein by inhibiting the association HAX‐1 with F‐box protein 25 (FBXO25), which is a member of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, and promoted the stabilization of HAX‐1 levels. In fact, the protein levels of HAX‐1 were significantly increased in HTLV‐1 infected and the overexpressing HBZ in uninfected T‐cell lines. Enhanced HAX‐1 correlated well to suppression of caspase 9 processing, suggesting that HBZ may contribute to the enhancement of antiapoptotic function for HAX‐1. Our results revealed a role for HBZ on HAX‐1 stabilization by abrogating the ubiquitination‐mediated degradation pathway, which may play an important role in understanding the potential mechanisms of HTLV‐1 related pathogenesis.
Nonprecious Bimetallic Sites Coordinated on N‐Doped Carbons with Efficient and Durable Catalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Yuan Shan , Cui Li‐Li , Dou Zhiyu , Ge Xin , He Xingquan , Zhang Wei , Asefa Tewodros
Published: September 2020

Developing efficient, inexpensive, and durable electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is important for the large‐scale commercialization of fuel cells and metal–air batteries. Herein, a hierarchically porous bimetallic Fe/Co single‐atom‐coordinated N‐doped carbon (Fe/Co‐Nx‐C) electrocatalyst for ORR is synthesized from Fe/Co‐coordinated polyporphyrin using silica template‐assisted and silica‐protection synthetic strategies. In the synthesis, first silica nanoparticles‐embedded, silica‐protected Fe/Co‐polyporphyrin is prepared. It is then pyrolyzed and treated with acidic solution. The resulting Fe/Co‐Nx‐C material has a large specific surface area, large electrochemically active surface area, good conductivity, and catalytically active Fe/Co‐Nx sites. The material exhibits a very good electrocatalytic activity for the ORR in alkaline media, with a half‐wave potential of 0.86 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, which is better than that of Pt/C (20 wt%). Furthermore, it shows an outstanding operational stability and durability during the reaction. A zinc–air battery (ZAB) assembled using Fe/Co‐Nx‐C as an air‐cathode electrocatalyst gives a high peak power density (152.0 mW cm−2) and shows a good recovery property. Furthermore, the performance of the battery is better than a corresponding ZAB containing Pt/C as an electrocatalyst. The work also demonstrates a synthetic route to a highly active, stable, and scalable single‐atom electrocatalyst for ORR in ZABs.
Sunset and moonshine: Variable blue and yellow pigments used by Caspar David Friedrich in different creative periods revealed by in situ XRF imaging
Authors: Alfeld Matthias , Mösl Kristina , Reiche Ina
Published: September 2020

Caspar David Friedrich (1774–1840), one of the most famous German 19th c. painters, created paintings throughout his artistic life using different paint palettes, including many new pigments from the turn from the 18th to the 19th century. In that regard especially blue and yellow pigments are the focus of this non‐invasive chemical study using X‐ray fluorescence imaging, as these are a landscape painter's major colours. Four paintings from the collection of the Alte Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin‐Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz, spanning over two important decades of Friedrich's artistic career, were investigated in situ to determine the chemical composition of the blue pigments used in the sky and the yellow hues used in the sunsets and moonlight. The results indicate the use of iron based yellow pigments as well as smalt based blue pigments in Friedrich's early works, while chromium‐based yellow pigments and cobalt blue are used in later paintings. The finding of cadmium sulphide in a painting dated in 1817, probably as a historical retouching, is interesting and requires further research. This in situ non‐invasive imaging study, although limited to one analytical technique, shows Friedrich's introduction of new synthetic pigments into his paint palette, which varies over the time. These results are important to better understand the painting technique of Caspar David Friedrich and his contemporaries.
The Appeal of a Controversial Text: Who Uses A People's History of the United States in the U.S. History Classroom and Why
Authors: Swalwell Katy , Sinclair Kristin
Published: September 2020

Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States is a polarizing historical survey that has become a common subject of social studies curricular battles. This mixed methods study uses survey data and interviews with teachers who frequently assign the book to understand who uses this text and why. Findings reveal that the text has functional, pedagogical, and political appeal for teachers who are committed to including multiple perspectives and critiquing historical narratives. That these teachers are not primarily animated by Zinn's intention for the text to inspire students’ participation in social movements should undermine critics’ fears of indoctrination and sloppy history teaching, but may disappoint supporters of the text hoping for more critical pedagogical motivations.
All change for composites
Authors: Nickels Liz
Published: September 2020

A US start-up has developed a material modifier which, at tiny concentrations, could increase composite toughness by 100%. Liz Nickels spoke to the founders of MITO Material Solutions about their product.
About Shakespeare
Authors: Shaughnessy Robert
Published: September 2020

This Element addresses the question of what Shakespeare in contemporary performance is about, and whether it really is, as it may claim to be, about Shakespeare. Far from charting a smooth journey from page to stage, the work of making Shakespeare into performances often involves deflection, evasion and circumnavigation. Drawing upon the work of the Royal Shakespeare Company, Shakespeare's Globe and the Schaubühne Berlin, About Shakespeare examines theatrical bodies, the spaces inhabited by actors and audiences, and the texts that circulate around and between them.
A Theoretical Model to Investigate the Influence of Temperature, Reactions of the Population and the Government on the COVID-19 Outbreak in Turkey
Authors: Öz Yahya
Published: September 2020

Objectives:

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which was initially identified in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan in China, poses a major threat to worldwide health care. By August 04, 2020, there were globally 695,848 deaths (Johns Hopkins University, https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html). A total of 5765 of them come from Turkey (Johns Hopkins University, https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html). As a result, various governments and their respective populations have taken strong measures to control the spread of the pandemic. In this study, a model that is by construction able to describe both government actions and individual reactions in addition to the well-known exponential spread is presented. Moreover, the influence of the weather is included. This approach demonstrates a quantitative method to track these dynamic influences. This makes it possible to numerically estimate the influence that various private or state measures that were put into effect to contain the pandemic had at time t. This might serve governments across the world by allowing them to plan their actions based on quantitative data to minimize the social and economic consequences of their containment strategies.

Methods:

A compartmental model based on SEIR that includes the risk perception of the population by an additional differential equation and uses an implicit time-dependent transmission rate is constructed. Within this model, the transmission rate depends on temperature, population, and government actions, which in turn depend on time. The model was tested using different scenarios, with the different dynamic influences being mathematically switched on and off. In addition, the real data of infected coronavirus cases in Turkey were compared with the results of the model.

Results:

The mathematical study of the influence of the different parameters is presented through different scenarios. Remarkably, the last scenario is also an example of a theoretical mitigation strategy that shows its maximum in August 2020. In addition, the results of the model are compared with the real data from Turkey using conventional fitting that shows good agreement.

Conclusions:

Although most countries activated their pandemic plans, significant disruptions in health-care systems occurred. The framework of this model seems to be valid for a numerical analysis of dynamic processes that occur during the COVID-19 outbreak due to weather and human reactions. As a result, the effects of the measures introduced could be better planned in advance by use of this model.
Predictive Value of 5 Early Warning Scores for Critical COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Hu Hai , Yao Ni , Qiu Yanru
Published: September 2020

Objectives:

A simple evaluation tool for patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could assist the physicians to triage COVID-19 patients effectively and rapidly. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of 5 early warning scores based on the admission data of critical COVID-19 patients.

Methods:

Overall, medical records of 319 COVID-19 patients were included in the study. Demographic and clinical characteristics on admission were used for calculating the Standardized Early Warning Score (SEWS), National Early Warning Score (NEWS), National Early Warning Score2 (NEWS2), Hamilton Early Warning Score (HEWS), and Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS). Data on the outcomes (survival or death) were collected for each case and extracted for overall and subgroup analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed.

Results:

The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the SEWS, NEWS, NEWS2, HEWS, and MEWS in predicting mortality were 0.841 (95% CI: 0.765-0.916), 0.809 (95% CI: 0.727-0.891), 0.809 (95% CI: 0.727-0.891), 0.821 (95% CI: 0.748-0.895), and 0.670 (95% CI: 0.573-0.767), respectively.

Conclusions:

SEWS, NEWS, NEWS2, and HEWS demonstrated moderate discriminatory power and, therefore, offer potential utility as prognostic tools for screening severely ill COVID-19 patients. However, MEWS is not a good prognostic predictor for COVID-19.
Assessing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission to healthcare personnel: The global ACT-HCP case-control study
Authors: Lentz Robert J. , Colt Henri , Chen Heidi , Cordovilla Rosa , Popevic Spasoje , Tahura Sarabon , Candoli Piero , Tomassetti Sara , Meachery Gerard J. , Cohen Brandon P. , Harris Bryan D. , Talbot Thomas R. , Maldonado Fabien
Published: September 2020

Objective:

To characterize associations between exposures within and outside the medical workplace with healthcare personnel (HCP) SARS-CoV-2 infection, including the effect of various forms of respiratory protection.

Design:

Case–control study.

Setting:

We collected data from international participants via an online survey.

Participants:

In total, 1,130 HCP (244 cases with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, and 886 controls healthy throughout the pandemic) from 67 countries not meeting prespecified exclusion (ie, healthy but not working, missing workplace exposure data, COVID symptoms without lab confirmation) were included in this study.

Methods:

Respondents were queried regarding workplace exposures, respiratory protection, and extra-occupational activities. Odds ratios for HCP infection were calculated using multivariable logistic regression and sensitivity analyses controlling for confounders and known biases.

Results:

HCP infection was associated with non–aerosol-generating contact with COVID-19 patients (adjusted OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.04–1.9; P = .03) and extra-occupational exposures including gatherings of ≥10 people, patronizing restaurants or bars, and public transportation (adjusted OR range, 3.1–16.2). Respirator use during aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) was associated with lower odds of HCP infection (adjusted OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2–0.8, P = .005), as was exposure to intensive care and dedicated COVID units, negative pressure rooms, and personal protective equipment (PPE) observers (adjusted OR range, 0.4–0.7).

Conclusions:

COVID-19 transmission to HCP was associated with medical exposures currently considered lower-risk and multiple extra-occupational exposures, and exposures associated with proper use of appropriate PPE were protective. Closer scrutiny of infection control measures surrounding healthcare activities and medical settings considered lower risk, and continued awareness of the risks of public congregation, may reduce the incidence of HCP infection.
First report of acrotretoid brachiopod shell beds in the lower Cambrian (Stage 4) Guanshan Biota of eastern Yunnan, South China
Authors: Duan Xiaolin , Liang Yue , Holmer Lars E. , Zhang Zhifei
Published: September 2020

Brachiopod shell accumulations are abundant and diverse in the lower Cambrian strata of Yunnan Province, South China, but most commonly they are composed of linguloid and acrotheloid brachiopods. Here, we describe the first record of shell beds with high-density accumulations of microscopic acrotretoid brachiopods (usually <2 mm in width) in the muddy deposits of the Wulongqing Formation (Guanshan Biota, Cambrian Stage 4) in the Wuding area of Yunnan Province. The acrotretoid shell beds from the Wulongqing Formation vary from thin mm-thick pavements to more well-developed beds, several centimeters thick. The occurrence of remarkably rich acrotretoid shell beds indicates that microscopic lingulates began to exert an important role in hardening and paving the soft-substrate seafloor during the early Cambrian evolution of Phanerozoic “mixgrounds.” The new Guanshan material is referred to a new species,Linnarssonia sapushanensisn. sp., which differs from other species ofLinnarssoniamainly in having a well-developed internal pedicle tube, as well as a relatively longer dorsal median septum. The occurrence ofLinnarssonia sapushanensisn. sp. in the Wulongqing Formation in eastern Yunnan extend the oldest record of the genus on the Yangtze Platform of South China back to at least Cambrian Stage 4.

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The Palermitan ceramic production from the ninth to the eleventh century
Authors: Sacco Viva
Published: September 2020

This paper aims to show a general panorama of the Palermitan ceramic products circulating from the end of the ninth to the eleventh century. During this period Palermo was the capital of Islamic Sicily and covered an important role in the Mediterranean from a political, economic and cultural point of view. This has also impacted on pottery production. A new morphologic, technologic and decorative panorama is present during this phase, to face the new needs of a crescent population. Palermo developed a proper pottery language which is the result in part of the previous traditions and in part of the new contributions from the Islamic lands. The volume of Palermitan ceramic production increased considerably, not only to meet the metropolitan demand but also for the growing extra-urban (insular and extra-insular) requests.
“Connecting Mind to Pen, to Eyes, to Face, to Arms and Legs”: Toward a Performative and Decolonial Teaching Practice
Authors: Flockemann Miki
Published: September 2020

The push to sustain online learning platforms that have been established in the wake of Covid-19 at South African universities raises a number of concerns. Apart from highlighting the stark and ongoing social inequities in terms of access, the need to ensure that there is still scope in our teaching practice for affective and performative encounters has also been thrown into sharp relief. I draw on two teaching contexts, the one dealing with a literary text, and the other a live performance in order to explore the decolonial potential of affective encounters. In addition to illustrating the complex and unpredictable workings of affect in teaching contexts, I also hope to show how these two incidents offer insight into the interface between sensorial and cognitive knowledge in relation to both literary and performance texts. The aim is to demonstrate how student responses to affective encounters resonate with, rather than directly address, some of the “everyday” processes of decoloniality.