bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Biogas Assistance Program in Dairy Farm Development
Authors: Syabillah Dila Ananda , Mauldin Mochamad Ali , Sulistyati Marina
Published: January 2024

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a form of corporate social responsibility towards the community and environment around the company. The biogas assistance program is one of PJT II's CSR programs in order to accelerate the handling of damage to the Citarum river watershed (DAS) and for the purpose of empowering the community, especially dairy farmers who come from members of the KPBS Pangalengan dairy farmer group. The aim of this research is to determine the mechanism for implementing the biogas assistance program as part of CSR activities and to analyze the benefits of implementing the biogas assistance program in developing the sustainability of dairy farming businesses. This research was conducted in November – December 2023. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach using the case study method. Primary data was obtained through in-depth interviews with informants selected purposively from twenty-one people consisting of the company, participants receiving assistance and implementing parties. The results of the research show that the implementation of the biogas assistance program has been implemented through a process planning, organizing, actuating, controlling (POAC) in the program mechanism, apart from that, the analysis of the program's objectives is to reduce pollution and damage to the Citarum watershed as a result of breeder activities and provide opportunities to increase income independently and sustainably and is an effort to increase breeder awareness to better protect the surrounding environment so that it can speed up the handling of damage to river watersheds that is currently occurring.
CH4 and N2O emissions and their potential control by rice biomass biochar: The case of continuously flooded paddy fields in Indonesia - A review
Authors: Hafif Bariot , Kartika Kartika , Randriani Enny , Pitono Joko , Gusmaini Gusmaini , Ridwan Ridwan , Nurida Neneng
Published: January 2024

Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are the two most important greenhouse gases (GHG) from flooded paddy fields in Indonesia. This review aims to characterise CH4 and N2O emissions from flooded paddy fields by published data analysis and to examine the potential of biochar from rice straw (RSB) and rice husk (RHB) to mitigate the emissions in Indonesia. A comparison of various box-plot datasets of CH4 emissions showed that the different types of flooded paddy field soil cause varying amounts of CH4 emissions from various regions in Indonesia. Sequentially, CH4 emissions of flooded paddy fields from highest to lowest are Alluvial of Kalimantan and Sulawesi, Andisols of Java, Ultisols of Sumatra, Alfisols of Java and Bali and Inceptisols of Java and Bali, with a mean of 1062, 505, 446, 135 and 64 kg ha-1 season-1, respectively. The organic amendments application combined with chemical fertilisers is the principal driver of anthropogenic CH4 emissions from paddy fields. However, N chemical fertiliser application contributes only about 0.37% of the N2O flux, 0.69 kg ha-1 season-1. The produced biochar number was insufficient effectively to reduce CH4 and N2O emissions, at least 20 tonnes ha-1 year-1, in addition to the pyrolysis process to produce biochar, releasing CH4 emissions. Yet, with its recalcitrant properties and continuous application, RSB and RHB potentially reduce CH4 and N2O emissions from paddy fields.
Hybrid adaptive dwarf mongoose optimization with whale optimization algorithm for extracting photovoltaic parameters
Authors: Chen Shijian , Zhou Yongquan , Luo Qifang
Published: January 2024

This article proposed adaptive hybrid dwarf mongoose optimization (DMO) with whale optimization algorithm (DMOWOA) to extract solar cell model parameters. In DMOWOA, the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is used to enhance the capability of DMO in escaping local optima, while introducing inertial weights to achieve a balance between exploration and exploitation. The DMOWOA performances are tested through the solving of the single diode model, double diode model, and photovoltaic (PV) modules. Finally, the DMOWOA is compared with six well-known algorithms and other optimization methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed DMOWOA exhibits remarkable competitiveness in convergence speed, robustness, and accuracy.
Effects of pre-existing metformin therapy on platelet count, serum creatinine, and hospitalization in COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Navale Archana M , Devangan Vanila , Goswami Arpit , Sahu Vikas , S Lavanya , Patel Devanshu
Published: January 2024

COVID-19 infected individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at higher risk of COVID-19 related complications. Previous studies have yielded varying results regarding the effect of metformin, an antidiabetic drug, on the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients. In this retrospective observational study, we aim to assess the impact of pre-existing oral antidiabetic treatment on the clinical outcomes of COVID-19.

We analyzed in-patient data from hospital records, enrolling 150 COVID-19 patients with pre-existing diabetes mellitus. Among them, 75 were treated with metformin, while the remaining 75 were not. Exclusion criteria included patients with type I diabetes mellitus and those above 85 years of age. Fisher's exact test, Chi square test and unpaired t-test were used to analyze the data. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, gender, or drugs prescribed, aside from metformin. However, the metformin-treated group exhibited a significantly higher proportion of moderately ill patients compared to the non-metformin-treated group (P = 0.0011). Nonetheless, no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups regarding oxygen support requirement or duration of hospital stay. Notably, the metformin group showed distinct variations in haematological parameters, including lower serum creatinine levels (P = 0.0049), platelet count (P = 0.02) and HbA1c levels (P = 0.01). In conclusion, pre-existing metformin treatment did not impact the duration of hospital stay or the need for oxygen support in COVID-19 patients. However, the treatment did exert influence on other essential parameters.
Climate change mitigation by forests
Authors: Burslem David F. R. P.
Published: January 2024

No abstract available
Canine leishmaniasis in Maghreb countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Baaziz Sabrina , Sadeddine Rima , Zeroual Faycal , Benakhla Ahmed , Righi Souad
Published: January 2024

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a zoonotic disease caused by infection with Leishmania infantum and transmitted by female phlebotomine sandflies. It is prevalent in the Mediterranean basin, including the Maghreb region which comprises of Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. The environmental conditions in this area provide a suitable habitat for the proliferation of the phlebotomine sandfly, making it an endemic region for CanL. In this context, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of canine leishmaniasis in these three Maghreb countries, identifying the risk factors for L. infantum infection. Data were collected from 27 papers published between 1973 and 2022 selected from five databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect and Scopus. Our selection criteria included both descriptive and analytical studies on canine leishmaniasis in Maghreb, as well as epidemiological studies that reported the prevalence of leishmaniasis infection. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager (RevMan) software version 5.4.1. based on predefined inclusion criteria. A total of 11,736 dogs were included in the analysis, among which 2481 were tested Leishmania positive cases. Over the years, the highest prevalence (68.32%) was recorded in Tiaret (Algeria) and the lowest (4.3%) in Tunisia. The examination of the risk factors revealed a heightened incidence of the disease in dogs of shepherd breeds, living in rural environments, displaying no apparent symptoms, and falling within the age range of 2 to 4 years. The findings presented in this study contribute a significant value to the exploration of leishmaniasis in this region, particularly by shedding light on the associated risk factors. Ultimately, substantial endeavors are warranted to enhance prevention, treatment, and overall control of the disease.
Dry LAMP: A point of care diagnostics for diagnosis of bovine tropical theileriosis
Authors: Divakar Sindhoora , Dhanalakshmi H , Sandeep N , Isloor Shrikrishna , Rashmi R , Ananda KJ , Reddy Manjunatha
Published: January 2024

Background & objectives:

Theileriosis is an important tick-bome hemoprotozoan disease of cattle which causes severe economic loss due to morbidity and mortality. A diagnostic test having high sensitivity, specificity and easy application at the field level is the need of the hour. In this regard Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is proven to be a sensitive, easy and time efficient method. One of the major obstacles for the application of LAMP is the difficulty in maintaining the cold chain to preserve reagents. Thus, the challenge is to develop a LAMP kit in a ready-to-use format with dried reagents useful for quick and simple application in field conditions.

Methods:

The optimized reaction of wet LAMP was followed for the standardization of dry LAMP with certain modifications which are needful. The major modification is vitrification technology of enzyme using trehalose.

Results:

LAMP assay (dry and wet LAMP) was found to be more sensitive (100%) when compared to microscopy (69.5%) and PCR (86.9%). It was observed that the dry LAMP reaction tubes at room temperature as well as refrigeration temperature provided successful amplification till 7 weeks.

Interpretation & conclusion:

The drying conditions of LAMP reagents were optimized, and finally managed to dry them in a single reaction tube without reducing the sensitivity. This technology enables us to transport LAMP kits to areas where the cold chain is not easily available.
Evaluation of InBios Scrub Typhus Detect IgM Rapid Test in acute fever cases from Southwest and East India
Authors: Punekar Madhura , Jayaram Anup , Varamballi Prasad , Oliver Dsa , Sabeena Sasidharanpillai
Published: January 2024

Background & objectives:

Scrub typhus is clinically undifferentiated from other aetiologies for acute febrile illness such as enteric fever, dengue, malaria, and leptospirosis. Rapid ELISA tests are being used as an alternative to immunofluorescence assay in tropical countries.

Methods:

In this study, we compared and evaluated commercially available InBios Scrub Typhus Detect IgM Rapid Test (USA) for diagnosing human scrub typhus infection using archived and prospectively collected samples against the reference standard, InBios Scrub Typhus Detect IgM ELISA (USA).

Results:

The data analysis of archived samples on rapid test revealed a moderate sensitivity of 53.92% and a specificity of 100%. Meanwhile, prospective serum samples demonstrated higher sensitivity and specificity of 96.4% and 94.6%, respectively.

Interpretation & conclusion:

The InBios Scrub Typhus Detect IgM rapid test can be a good point-of-care assay during surveillance, outbreak investigations, and case identification.
Cyanidin-3-glucoside Enhances Longevity and Heat Stress Resilience in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Doringo Joshua Allen M. , Gapayao Kenneth Roi H. , Medina Paul Mark B. , Nas John Sylvester B.
Published: January 2024

Background:

Anthocyanins have gained significant attention in recent years due to their diverse physiological benefits, which include antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, research on the impact of pure anthocyanin compounds on lifespan under different stress conditions, remains a relatively unexplored area. This study aimed to investigate the influence of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), a pure anthocyanin compound found in common plants, on the lifespan ofDrosophila melanogaster(fruit flies) subjected to stress (i.e. energy deprivation and heat stress) and nonstress conditions.

Methods:

Flies were exposed to various concentrations of C3G from the time of hatching until natural death for the lifespan assay. For stress assays, a separate cohort of male and female flies was subjected to daily heat stress or food deprivation, and their survival was monitored.

Results:

We found out that C3G prolonged the lifespan of fruit flies in the presence or absence of heat stress. Interestingly, under energy-deprived conditions, lifespan extension was not evident, and a high dose of C3G even led to a shorter lifespan. Moreover, we observed that the sex of the flies did not significantly influence the lifespan modulation by C3G, regardless of whether they were subjected to stress or nonstress conditions.

Conclusion:

Overall, these findings suggest that C3G may offer promising benefits in enhancing lifespan under certain conditions, while caution should be exercised in dosage selection, especially in energy-deprived scenarios. Further investigations are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the multifaceted effects of C3G on lifespan, thereby exploring its potential applications in promoting longevity and mitigating stress-related challenges.
Predictive Value of Serum YKL-40, Interleukin-37, and Cancer Antigen 125 Panel in Noninvasive Staging of Endometriosis
Authors: Zamzam Yosra Abdelmonem , Zamzam Yomna , Elsaka Ayman , Al Fadaly Lamiaa Nabeeh , Amer Alaa I
Published: January 2024

Background:

The diagnosis of advanced endometriosis remains challenging with considerable limitations in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal and deep infiltrating lesions. Thus, a well-defined panel of inexpensive, noninvasive inflammatory biomarkers could be a crucial tool for appropriate staging for women with suspected endometriosis. The aim of this work is to explore the potential use of serum YKL-40, interleukin-37 (IL-37), and cancer antigen 125 (CA125) for noninvasive staging of endometriosis patients for proper intervention and most optimal management of the condition.

Methods:

This study was conducted on 90 women, who had undergone laparoscopic or laparotomy surgery due to suspected pelvic endometriosis. Blood samples for serum YKL-40, IL-37, and CA125 levels assay were taken from all participants at admission for laparoscopy or laparotomy. After histopathological confirmation of the diagnosis, the selected cases were immunostained for YKL-40, IL-37, and CA125.

Results:

YKL-40, IL-37, and CA125 serum levels were significantly elevated in patients with endometriosis than healthy controls. Moreover, the association between the serum level and immunoexpression and grading of endometriosis. A triple combination panel of serum YKL-40, IL-37, and CA125 was found to have the best sensitivity and specificity (96.67% and 100.0%, respectively) compared to any single serum marker alone or double combination panel in predicting the severity of endometriosis.

Conclusions:

A triple combination panel of serum YKL-40, IL-37, and CA125 could be used in the future for predicting endometriosis stage, providing a practical reference for making better-informed decisions on the best treatment plan.
A rare case of pulmonary endobronchial spindle cell carcinoma with liver metastasis along with concurrent cutaneous neurofibroma
Authors: Upadhya Pratap , Sivaselvi C. , Joseph Christie George , Srinivas Bheemanathi Hanuman
Published: January 2024

Spindle cell carcinoma is one of the histological variants of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma. It is a rare, poorly differentiated, highly malignant, and rapidly growing non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. Information about pulmonary spindle carcinoma incidence, clinical features, and immunohistochemical markers are not well known compared to other variants of sarcomatoid carcinoma. Most sarcomatoid carcinoma features mimic non-small cell carcinoma, so it is easily misdiagnosed. Cutaneous neurofibroma with primary lung spindle cell carcinoma has not been reported in any previous literature. Here we report a rare endobronchial sarcoma with liver metastasis and concurrent skin neurofibroma.
Desquamative interstitial pneumonia: If there is smoke there is fire
Authors: Panjwani Amit , Kadhem Husain , Abdulkarim Saadeya Naji , Nabar Umesh
Published: January 2024

Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) is a rare type of idiopathic interstitial lung disease (ILD) predominantly seen in smokers. Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) are one of the important causes of ILD and may have lung involvement antedating their usual manifestations, making the diagnosis difficult. Interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAFs) are ILDs having autoimmune features but not fulfilling the criteria for a definite CTD. A small minority of IPAF cases may progress to CTD–related ILD over a period. Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia are common radiological and histopathological patterns associated with IPAF. DIP is a rare manifestation of IPAF. Patients with IPAF and a non-UIP pattern may benefit from immunomodulation. We present a rare case of DIP in a nonsmoker, who was initially labeled as idiopathic ILD but eventually evolved into IPAF and exhibited a good response to immunosuppressive treatment.
Practice of pulmonary rehabilitation
Authors: Mondal Aniket , Bairwa Jitendra K. , Joshi Madhur , Singh Sheetu
Published: January 2024

Pulmonary rehabilitation encompasses a set of well structured, patient centric techniques aimed at enabling individuals with chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchiectasis to take control of the trajectory of their illness by self-adjustable maneuvers to prevent and manage acute symptoms. It starts with an assessment of a patient’s baseline physical, physiological, and psychosocial status followed by educating patients and their caregivers of the natural course of the disease and encourages them to participate in care of self or their wards by better understanding of premonitory signs and symptoms and seeking timely intervention. The program then proceeds to follow a sequence of training exercises of respiratory and limb muscles to take active steps to avert distressing symptoms such as breathlessness and fatigue. Smoking cessation, nutritional assessment, and vaccination also form a part of a comprehensive rehabilitation program. If followed diligently during hospitalization and at home, pulmonary rehabilitation can significantly improve the quality of life in patients with chronic lung diseases.
Potassium oxalate-based mouth rinse for rapid relief in dentinal hypersensitivity
Authors: Manohar Balaji , Pebbili Kranthi Kiran , Shukla Kirti
Published: January 2024

Dentinal hypersensitivity (DHS) affects about 1.3%–92.1% of the population globally and has a significant impact on the quality of life of the affected individuals. Desensitizing agents that directly block the dentinal tubules or cause chemical blocking of the pulpal nerve endings are commonly recommended for the management of DHS. Potassium oxalate (KO) has been used as a desensitizing agent in the management of DHS. This narrative review aimed to assess the literature related to the efficacy of KO as a desensitizing agent, with a focus on mouth rinses containing 1.4% KO. A comprehensive search of the literature was carried out using PubMed and Google Scholar with relevant keywords. The results from the retrieved articles were assessed, and the findings regarding the efficacy of KO in managing DHS were analyzed. Studies suggest that the usage of 1.4% KO mouth rinses results in the occlusion of dentinal tubules by the formation of acid-resistant calcium oxalate crystals within dentinal tubules and on the dentine surface. These calcium oxalate crystals tend to form a strong bond with the inner surface of the dentinal tubules and lower the hydraulic conductivity of the dentine. These actions of KO can ensure both rapid and long-term relief from DHS.
Hippocampal volume and recovery profile following propofol sedation in children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging: An exploratory study
Authors: Srinivasa Navyashree Krishnashastry , Mishra Rajeeb Kumar , Bhadrinarayan Varadarajan , Kulanthaivelu Karthik
Published: January 2024

Background:

Reduction in the hippocampal volume may contribute to agitated and delayed emergence after anesthesia in epilepsy surgery. We hypothesized that hippocampal volume and the duration of various recovery parameters after a short duration of sedation may be correlated. The primary objective was to evaluate the correlation between hippocampal volumes with time to recovery after the stoppage of propofol infusion.

Methods:

After obtaining Institute Ethical Clearance, we included all children of the age group 5–17 years, who needed sedation for brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for at least 20–60 minutes for the evaluation of epilepsy. The hippocampal volume was estimated bilaterally in the pre-contrast volumetric magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (MPRAGE) brain imaging by the radiologist using statistical parametric mapping. The correlation of hippocampal volume with recovery and time to discharge (assessed by the modified Aldrete score (MAS)) was obtained using Spearman's correlation coefficient (rho). A rho > ± 0.5 was considered a good correlation between the variables.

Results:

Data on a total of 18 children (10 males and 8 females) who required sedation for an MRI were studied over a period of six months. The correlation coefficients of right and left corrected hippocampal volumes with time to spontaneous eye opening were -0.052 and -0.195, respectively. The correlation coefficients of right and left corrected hippocampal volumes with time to respond to oral commands were -0.017 and -0.219, respectively.

Conclusion:

There was a weak negative correlation between hippocampal volumes and recovery parameters after a short duration of sedation with propofol in children.
The effect of inverse ratio ventilation on cardiopulmonary function in obese laparoscopic surgery patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jinghua Wu , Xiong Niu , Min Li
Published: January 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inverse ratio ventilation (IRV) strategy on cardiopulmonary function in obese patients under general anesthesia. Databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wangfang, WeiP, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and PubMed were systematically searched. All randomized controlled trials' literature on IRV during laparoscopic surgery in obese patients under general anesthesia was collected. After data were extracted and cross-checked, Rev Man 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis. Finally, five randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) were included in the meta-analysis, with a total of 312 patients. Compared with the conventional ventilation group, the inspiratory peak pressure was lower at pneumoperitoneum 30 min and pneumoperitoneum 60 min; the PaO2 and oxygenation index were higher at pneumoperitoneum 60 min, and mean airway pressure was higher at pneumoperitoneum 30 min and pneumoperitoneum 60 min; the dynamic lung compliance was superior at pneumoperitoneum 30 min and pneumoperitoneum 60 min. IRV applied to laparoscopic surgery in obese patients under general anesthesia not only reduces peak airway pressure and improves intraoperative oxygenation index and PaO2 but also enhances mean airway pressure and dynamic lung compliance, which has a specific lung protective effect. It can be used as an option for the mechanical ventilation model in obese patients in clinical practice.
Intracranial hypotension with subdural hematoma after spinal anesthesia in obstetric patient: A rare but fatal complication
Authors: Kshirsagar Sujit J. , Pande Anandkumar H. , Naik Sanyogita V. , Kamble Neha M.
Published: January 2024

Intracranial bleed in the form of subdural hematoma (SDH) with intracranial hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section is a rare condition with an incidence of around 1 in 5,00,000 obstetric populations. As its presentation is similar to post-dural puncture headache (PDPH), it can be misdiagnosed sometimes. Persistent headache for more than 5 days, vomiting, blurring of vision, and convulsion can guide the diagnosis of intracranial bleed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) helps to diagnose the location, size, and other abnormalities of bleed in such patients. The management ranges from conservative to surgical management in the form of craniotomy. Here, we present a case of a 19-year-old woman, who operated on for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia presented with SDH and intracranial hypotension on postoperative day (POD) 6. She was managed conservatively with plenty of intravenous (IV) fluids, bed rest, low head position, analgesics, and antiepileptics. A repeat computed tomography (CT) scan was performed after 14 days, which showed resolved SDH, and the patient was discharged.
Efficacy of memantine premedication in alleviating postoperative pain- A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Nair Abhijit , Dudhedia Ujjwalraj , Thakre Manish , Borkar Nitinkumar
Published: January 2024

Many premedication agents with opioid-sparing properties have been used in patients undergoing various elective surgeries. Memantine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that has been used by many researchers as an opioid-sparing strategy. Various databases like PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and clinicaltrials.gov were searched after registering the review protocol in PROSPERO for randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the efficacy and safety of memantine premedication in adult patients undergoing various elective surgeries. The risk of bias (RoB-2) scale was used to assess the quality of evidence. From the 225 articles that were identified after a database search, 3 studies were included for a qualitative systematic review and a quantitative meta-analysis. The pooled analysis revealed that the use of memantine provided better pain scores at 2nd (mean difference: -0.82, 95% CI: -1.60, -0.05, P = 0.04) with significant heterogeneity (P = 0.06; I² =71%), and 6 hours postoperatively (mean difference: -1.80, 95% CI: -2.23, -1.37, P < 0.00001), but not at 1 hour. The sedation scores at 1 hour were higher in the memantine group but comparable in the 2nd hour. The number of doses of rescue analgesia and nausea/vomiting in the postoperative period was comparable in both groups. The results of this review suggest that memantine premedication could provide better pain scores in the immediate postoperative period with acceptable adverse effects. However, the current evidence is insufficient to suggest the routine use of memantine as a premedication before elective surgeries.
Airway management of a child with mucopolysaccharidosis undergoing cervical spine surgery: A case report
Authors: Elbashary Ahmed S. , Kanchi Naveed U. , Delvi M. Bilal , Alhatlan Abdulelah I.
Published: January 2024

“Mucopolysaccharidosis” (MPS) is a rare, autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease characterized by deficiencies in 11 different lysosomal enzymes involved in the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) leading to its accumulation, the condition which results in anatomic abnormalities and multi-organ dysfunction that increases the risk of anesthesia complications. The patterns of accumulation form the basis of MPS classification into seven types of progressive diseases. Most of the MPS types have facial and oral characteristics that increase the risk of airway management. We are reporting a case of MPS with a challenging airway, an 11-years-old boy diagnosed with MPS type VI with a prominent facial character planned for cervical spine fixation versus decompression, successfully managed with fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) guided by video laryngoscopy (VL).
Erector spinae plane block in spine surgeries: Single-level versus bi-level, single-shot versus continuous catheter technique
Authors: Sethuraman Raghuraman M.
Published: January 2024

Erector spinae plane block (ESPB) is one of the commonly preferred regional anesthesia techniques in the recent past for various procedures including spine surgeries. The main advantages of ESPB are the ease of performing the technique and the lesser chance of complications. Many studies have proven that ESPB plays an important role in reducing perioperative opioid consumption, postoperative nausea and vomiting, as well as the length of stay in the hospital. Thus it has been adopted as one of the measures for the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol. Nevertheless, the role of bi-level ESPB and a continuous catheter technique are the major research gaps and thus require further research in this population. The details of these two methods are discussed elaborately here.
A Multiple Gunshot Suicide Case and the Ability to Act after the Initial Shot: A Forensics Case Report
Authors: BinShalhoub Abdulaziz Ali , Ali Saad Salman , Aljohani Naif Abdulaziz , Ali Maha Salman , Showail Saleh Ali , Farouk Noha Ibrahim , Alghamdi Ahmed Ali
Published: January 2024

Multiple gunshot suicides are uncommon and require careful examination, as oftentimes, a single gunshot wound is usually enough to lead to immediate incapacitation. However, an individual’s ability to act after the initial or even more shots is still possible and thus should be acknowledged as it is observed in various cases such as this one. These incidences could be attributed to different reasons, one being the location of the initial insult. In this case report, we present a case of suicide of a 71-year-old male with two gunshot wounds–one to the abdomen and the other to the right temporal area of the head. The characteristics and localization of the wound, type of firearm, and environment are discussed. Such cases pose a challenge to forensic pathologists and require a thorough investigation to be able to make a proper distinction between homicide and suicide.
Radiopaque Foreign Bodies Swallowed by the Children during the COVID-19 Period Compared with the Pre-Pandemic Period
Authors: Waheed Khawaja Bilal , Oqailan Ahmad Mohammad , Orf Ali Al , Woodman Alexander , Aljamea Lamiaa Hamad Abdullah , Almoaibed Sarah Abdulaziz
Published: January 2024

Context:

The COVID-19 pandemic restricted people to their homes or limited places and boosted online learning and homeschooling for the kids. Metallic foreign body ingestion by children was seen to have increased during this period.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to highlight types and outcomes of ingested metallic foreign bodies in children during the COVID-19 pandemic period.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed medical records, abdominal radiographs, and computed tomography of children under 14 years during the 2-year pandemic period (from December 2019 to December 2021) with histories or clinical suspicions of ingested metallic foreign bodies. Age, gender, number (single or multiple), and morphology (size and shape) characteristics (magnetic or nonmagnetic) of ingested foreign bodies were recorded. The number of such cases during the COVID-19 pandemic period was compared with the rate of ingestion in 3 years before the COVID-19 period (from January 2017 to December 2019). Outcomes in terms of spontaneous expulsion (through the usual alimentary tract from the anus without the need for intervention) and intervention (endoscopic or surgical removal) were recorded. The Chi-square test was used to measure association.

Results:

Out of 161 patients (86 in COVID period, and 75 in pre-COVID period), majority were males (n = 98, 61%) and under 5 years (n = 87, 54%). Most of the foreign bodies were single (n = 146, 90%), <2 cm in sizes (n = 93, 58%), regular in shapes (n = 128, 79.5%), and were spontaneously expelled (n = 134, 83%) during 48–72 h of ingestion. Mostly irregular-shaped, larger-sized, and small magnetic beads required either endoscopic removal (n = 23) or surgery (n = 4).

Conclusion:

A higher rate of ingested foreign bodies by the children is noted during the COVID-19 pandemic period, with irregular shaped and magnetic bead foreign bodies requiring interventions.
Flakka: “The Zombie Drug” A Medicolegal Concern: An Updated Review of α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone
Authors: Albishri Saad Bader , Alotaibi Abdulrahman Bandar , Alzoubaidi Faisal M. , El-Serafy Osama Said
Published: January 2024

α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP), also known as “Flakka,” is a synthetic cathinone drug that is being sold on the illicit drug market as a substitute for cocaine, methamphetamine, and MDPV. It is particularly popular in underdeveloped communities. The drug is often consumed in powder, crystalline, tablet, or capsule form. It is important to note that commercial products containing α-PVP are labeled as “not for human consumption” or “for research use only.” When ingested, α-PVP increases the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, leading to feelings of euphoria, alertness, and well-being. However, it also comes with a range of negative side effects, including increased heart rate, mania, high blood pressure, hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, kidney failure, and agitation. In severe cases, it can even cause delusions, epilepsy, and violent behavior, potentially resulting in suicide or homicide. In conclusion, according to the serious health and safety risks associated with α-PVP, it is crucial for comprehensive research to be conducted, particularly in Middle Eastern countries. Targeted prevention efforts and effective legislation are also necessary to address the harm caused by this dangerous substance. By understanding the various aspects of α-PVP, health-care professionals, law enforcement agencies, and policymakers can work together to mitigate its impact on individuals and communities and create a safer environment.
Cybersecurity in Motion: A Survey of Challenges and Requirements for Future Test Facilities of CAVs
Authors: Mavromatis Ioannis , Spyridopoulos Theodoros , Carnelli Pietro , Chin Woon Hau , Khalil Ahmed , Chakravarty Jennifer , Cipolina Kun Lucia , Piechocki Robert J. , Robbins Colin , Cunnington Daniel , Chase Leigh , Chiazor Lamogha , Preston Chris , Rahul  , Khan Aftab
Published: January 2024

The way we travel is changing rapidly and Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITSs) are at the forefront of this evolution. However, the adoption of C-ITSs introduces new risks and challenges, making cybersecurity a top priority for ensuring safety and reliability. Building on this premise, this paper introduces an envisaged Cybersecurity Centre of Excellence (CSCE) designed to bolster researching, testing, and evaluating the cybersecurity of C-ITSs. We explore the design, functionality, and challenges of CSCE's testing facilities, outlining the technological, security, and societal requirements. Through a thorough survey and analysis, we assess the effectiveness of these systems in detecting and mitigating potential threats, highlighting their flexibility to adapt to future C-ITSs. Finally, we identify current unresolved challenges in various C-ITS domains, with the aim of motivating further research into the cybersecurity of C-ITSs.
Suboptimal Bacteriological Quality of Household Water in Municipal Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Alabi Olumuyiwa S. , Akintayo Ifeoluwa , Odeyemi Jesutofunmi S. , Oloche Jeremiah J. , Babalola Chibuzor M. , Nwimo Chukwuemeka , Popoola Oluwafemi , Mogeni Ondari D. , Marks Florian , Okeke Iruka N.
Published: January 2024

Access to potable water is difficult for many African residents. This study evaluated the bacteriological quality of household water collected in the dry and wet seasons across five municipal local government areas (LGAs) in Ibadan, a large city in southwest Nigeria. A total of 447 water samples (dry season, n = 250; wet season, n = 197) were aseptically collected from a random sample of mapped households within Ibadan’s five municipal LGAs. The pH values and total aerobic and coliform bacterial counts were measured, and samples were screened for Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia by standard phenotypic techniques and multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The most common source of water was well (53.2%), followed by borehole (34%). None of the households used municipal tap water. Cumulatively, aerobic (P = 0.0002) and coliform (P = 0.0001) counts as well as pH values (P = 0.0002) changed significantly between seasons, with increasing and decreasing counts depending on the LGA. Nonpotable water samples were found to be very common during the dry (86.8%) and wet (74.1%) seasons. Escherichia coli spp., as indicators of recent fecal contamination, were isolated from 115 (25.7%) of the household water sources. Thirty three Salmonella, four enteroaggregative E. coli, and four enterotoxigenic E. coli isolates but no Shigella or Yersinia isolates were identified. This study revealed the absence of treated tap water and the poor quality of alternative sources with detectable pathogens in municipal Ibadan. Addressing the city-wide lack of access to potable water is an essential priority for preventing a high prevalence of feco-orally transmitted infections.
Prevalence of Malaria Infection in Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in Southern Senegal
Authors: Diouf Marie Pierre , Kande Safietou , Oboh Mary Aigbiremo , Manga Isaac Akhénaton , Tairou Fassiatou , Seck Amadou , Diallo Abdoulaye , Lo Aminata Colle , Sow Doudou , Sylla Khadime , Ndiaye Magatte , Tine Roger Clément , Faye Babacar , Merle Corinne , Amambua-Ngwa Alfred , Miligan Paul , Ndiaye Jean-Louis Abdourahim
Published: January 2024

Despite marked progress in Senegal, three regions in the southeast part continue to have a high burden of malaria, but there have been no recent studies assessing the prevalence of malaria associated with pregnancy. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of malaria infection in pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Senegal. During the malaria transmission season of 2019, pregnant women attending 11 health care facilities for a scheduled visit and those presenting unwell with signs of malaria were invited to participate in a malaria screening study. A finger prick blood sample was taken for malaria diagnosis by rapid diagnosis test (RDT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 877 pregnant women were enrolled, 787 for a scheduled antenatal consultation and 90 for an unscheduled consultation with signs of malaria. The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum among the first group was 48% by PCR and 20% by RDT, and that among the second group was 86% by PCR and 83% by RDT. RDT sensitivity in capturing asymptomatic, PCR-positive infections was 9.2% but ranged from 83% to 94% among febrile women. The prevalence of infection by PCR in women who reported having received at least three doses of sulfadoxine pyrimethamine (SP) was 41.9% compared with 58.9% in women who reported they had not received any SP doses (prevalence ratio adjusted for gravidity and gestational age, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.41–0.73). The burden of P. falciparum infections remains high among pregnant women, the majority of which are not captured by RDT. More effective measures to prevent malaria infection in pregnancy are needed.
Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Nepal
Authors: Basnet Ajaya , Shrestha Mahendra Raj , Tamang Basanta , Pokhrel Nayanum , Maharjan Rajendra , Rai Junu Richhinbung , Bista Shrijana , Shrestha Shila , Rai Shiba Kumar
Published: January 2024

Clinicians face a global challenge treating infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae because of the high rate of antibiotic resistance. This cross-sectional study from the Nepal Armed Police Force Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal, characterized resistance patterns in Enterobacteriaceae across different antimicrobial classes and assessed incidences of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) infections. Enterobacteriaceae from clinical samples were isolated on blood and MacConkey agar, except for urine samples on cysteine lactose electrolyte–deficient agar. To determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, including MDR and XDR, the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used. Statistics were performed using SPSS, v. 17.0. Members of the family were identified in 14.5% (95% CI: 16.2–12.8%) of the total samples (N = 1,617), primarily in urine (54.7%, 128/234), blood (19.7%, 46/234), and sputum (15.0%, 35/234). Escherichia coli (n = 118, 44.2%) was the most predominant bacteria, followed by Citrobacter freundii (n = 81, 30.3%). As much as 95.6% (392/410) of the isolates were penicillin-resistant, whereas only 36.2% (290/801) were carbapenem-resistant. A total of 96 (36.0%) MDR and 98 (36.7%) XDR Enterobacteriaceae were identified. Proteus mirabilis (44.4%, 8/18) predominated MDR cultures, whereas C. freundii (53.1%, 43/81) predominated XDR cultures. Multidrug resistant (38.4%, 71/154) and XDR Enterobacteriaceae (22.7%, 35/154) were chiefly uropathogens. Fluoroquinolone resistance rates in non-MDR, MDR, and XDR isolates were 19.9%, 63.2%, and 96.2%, respectively, whereas cephalosporin resistance rates were 28.6%, 72.9%, and 95.4% and penicillin resistance rates were 67.0%, 97.4%, and 98.0%. One-seventh of patients visiting the hospital were found to be infected with Enterobacteriaceae, and of these patients, at least one-fourth were infected with MDR strains.
Surveillance of Fleas and Their Small Mammal Hosts for Plague Risks in Some Main Seaports of the Islands of the Southwestern Indian Ocean
Authors: Harimalala Mireille , Rakotobe Harimanana Ravo , Azali Hamza Abdou , Girod Romain
Published: January 2024

Since ancient times, seaports have been the hot spots for plague introduction into free countries. Infected ship rats reached new areas, and epizootics occurred prior to human infection via flea bites. Beginning in the 1920s/1930s, rodent and flea surveillance was carried out as part of plague hazard management in seaports of the world. Nowadays, such activity is not done regularly. In the southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO) region, plague surveillance is of great importance given plague endemicity in Madagascar and thus the incurred risk for neighboring islands. This study reports animal-based surveillance aimed at identifying fleas and their small mammal hosts in SWIO seaports as well as Yersinia pestis detection. Small mammal trappings were performed in five main seaports of Madagascar (Toamasina and Mahajanga), Mauritius (Port Louis), and the Union of Comoros (Moroni and Mutsamudu). Mammals were euthanized and their fleas collected and morphologically identified before Y. pestis detection. In total, 145 mammals were trapped: the brown rat Rattus norvegicus (76.5%), the black rat Rattus rattus (8.3%), and the Asian house shrew Suncus murinus (15.2%). Fur brushing allowed collection of 1,596 fleas exclusively identified as Xenopsylla cheopis. All tested fleas were negative for Y. pestis DNA. This study shows that both well-known plague mammal hosts and flea vectors occur in SWIO seaports. It also highlights the necessity of carrying out regular animal-based surveillance for plague hazard management in this region.
Rethinking the economics curriculum: strengths and weaknesses of the CORE Econ project
Authors: Cortinhas Carlos
Published: January 2024

The Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2008 exposed the economics profession’s limited ability to forecast or effectively use the theoretical frameworks being taught in universities to explain it. This failure resulted in a widespread distrust in the profession and sparked a wave of student protests worldwide, demanding improvements to the mainstream economics curriculum. In response, a group of academics led by Sam Bowles and Wendy Carlin initiated the CORE Econ project in 2013, aiming to develop a new benchmark for teaching introductory economics. Within a year, the team released a freely available online eBook called The Economy, marking the beginning of a growing and ongoing project. This paper traces the evolution of the CORE Econ project over the years, highlighting its primary advantages and criticisms that might be levelled against it. Regardless of one’s stance as a supporter or sceptic, it is evident that the CORE Econ approach has had a profound impact, leaving a lasting mark on the publishing and economics education landscape.
The COherence and RElevance of CORE Econ’s new benchmark model
Authors: Bowles Samuel , Carlin Wendy
Published: January 2024

We review the economics and pedagogy of the CORE Econ open-access introductory course, of which we are co-authors, a decade after its launch. We make the case that the coherence and relevance of undergraduate economics instruction requires a new benchmark model – not the ad hoc addition of even more ‘frictions’, ‘imperfections’ and extensions to the conventional model. The new CORE benchmark will not strike anyone with recent graduate training in the field as particularly novel: it conveys to recent undergraduates the foundations of the economics that research economists today routinely use and that graduate students are taught. We also explain the major innovations in both content and pedagogy motivated by what we have learned from The Economy 1.0 having been taught to around a million students globally over the past six years.
CORE Econ: a Neoclassical Synthesis for the twenty-first century?
Authors: Michell Jo
Published: January 2024

This paper provides a critical review of CORE Econ’s The Economy and associated materials. It argues that there is a need for reworked economics textbooks and that CORE Econ’s approach to this project – to replace mathematical abstractions with relevant real-world economics and to overcome the free market bias of introductory economics course – is well-founded. It is argued that The Economy contains a wealth of material which, in the hands of a sophisticated teacher, could form the basis of excellent introductory and intermediate economics modules. Despite this, however, the paper argues that the newly charted path through the economics discipline – using game theory and market imperfections as the entry point – is not easy to traverse. The demotion of Marshallian supply and demand is welcome and overdue, but its replacement is not yet fully formed. The CORE Econ authors’ claim that they present a unified model in which microeconomics and macroeconomics are coherently integrated – a new Neoclassical Synthesis – is overstated. In particular, the paper argues that students who do not have substantial access to tutoring and mentoring will find the text hard. Those students with only limited guidance and support – due to large cohorts, outside commitments or other reasons – are likely to struggle to learn directly from the text. For this reason, The Economy may favour stronger students and elite institutions over those further down the academic hierarchy. Most fundamentally, it is argued, the issues that surface in The Economy go beyond the specific implementation of a textbook, and reflect problems with the discipline itself. The Economy reflects the view that all economic problems can ultimately be understood in terms of individual optimisation. This assumption is highly controversial. A deeper rethink of how we teach undergraduates in economics is needed.