bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lithium-ion battery recycling—a review of the material supply and policy infrastructure
Authors: Tembo P. M. , Dyer C. , Subramanian V.
Published: August 2024

The current change in battery technology followed by the almost immediate adoption of lithium as a key resource powering our energy needs in various applications is undeniable. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are at the forefront of the industry and offer excellent performance. The application of LIBs is expected to continue to increase. The adoption of renewable energies has spurred this LIB proliferation and resulted in a dramatic increase in LIB waste. In this review, we address waste LIB collection and segregation approaches, waste LIB treatment approaches, and related economics. We have coined a “green score” concept based on a review of several quantitative analyses from the literature to compare the three mainstream recycling processes: pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling. In addition, we analyze the current trends in policymaking and in government incentive development directed toward promoting LIB waste recycling. Future LIB recycling perspectives are analyzed, and opportunities and threats to LIB recycling are presented.
Tailoring the grain boundary structure and chemistry of the dendrite-free garnet solid electrolyte Li6.1Ga0.3La3Zr2O12
Authors: Lee Rae-Hyun , Kang Chea-Yun , Lee Jong-Kyu , Jin Bong-Soo , Kim Kyong-Nam , Kim Hyun-Soo , Yoon Jung-Rag , Lee Seung-Hwan
Published: August 2024

Garnet-type Li6.1Ga0.3La3Zr2O12 (LGLZO) exhibits high ionic conductivity and extremely low electronic conductivity. The electrochemical properties strongly depend on the characteristics of the grain boundaries and pores in the oxide–ceramic electrolyte. Currently, the main issue of LGLZO is its large grain boundary resistance due to high-temperature sintering. Herein, we propose an effective method for reinforcing the chemical and structural characteristics of the grain boundaries using a Li2O-B2O3-Al2O3 (LBA) sintering aid. In this study, the LBA sintering aid is critical because it fills grain boundaries and void spaces. As a result, LGLZO solid-state electrolytes with sintering aids significantly enhance the ionic conductivity and reduce the activation energy, especially in the grain boundary region. Another crucial issue is the formation of Li dendrites in LGLZO. Since dendritic Li propagates along the grain boundaries, the optimized LGLZO solid-state electrolyte demonstrates excellent stability against Li metals. Overall, the LGLZO electrolyte with the LBA sintering aid exhibits stable long-term cycling performance due to the well-designed grain boundaries.
Molecular recognition of an odorant by the murine trace amine-associated receptor TAAR7f
Authors: Gusach Anastasiia , Lee Yang , Khoshgrudi Armin Nikpour , Mukhaleva Elizaveta , Ma Ning , Koers Eline J. , Chen Qingchao , Edwards Patricia C. , Huang Fanglu , Kim Jonathan , Mancia Filippo , Veprintsev Dmitry B. , Vaidehi Nagarajan , Weyand Simone N. , Tate Christopher G.
Published: August 2024

There are two main families of G protein-coupled receptors that detect odours in humans, the odorant receptors (ORs) and the trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). Their amino acid sequences are distinct, with the TAARs being most similar to the aminergic receptors such as those activated by adrenaline, serotonin, dopamine and histamine. To elucidate the structural determinants of ligand recognition by TAARs, we have determined the cryo-EM structure of a murine receptor, mTAAR7f, coupled to the heterotrimeric G protein Gs and bound to the odorant N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA) to an overall resolution of 2.9 Å. DMCHA is bound in a hydrophobic orthosteric binding site primarily through van der Waals interactions and a strong charge-charge interaction between the tertiary amine of the ligand and an aspartic acid residue. This site is distinct and non-overlapping with the binding site for the odorant propionate in the odorant receptor OR51E2. The structure, in combination with mutagenesis data and molecular dynamics simulations suggests that the activation of the receptor follows a similar pathway to that of the β-adrenoceptors, with the significant difference that DMCHA interacts directly with one of the main activation microswitch residues, Trp6.48.
A Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth surface since 1850 from the DCENT dataset
Authors: Chan Duo , Gebbie Geoffrey , Huybers Peter , Kent Elizabeth C.
Published: August 2024

Accurate historical records of Earth’s surface temperatures are central to climate research and policy development. Widely-used estimates based on instrumental measurements from land and sea are, however, not fully consistent at either global or regional scales. To address these challenges, we develop the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature (DCENT), a 200-member ensemble of monthly surface temperature anomalies relative to the 1982–2014 climatology. Each DCENT member starts from 1850 and has a 5° × 5° resolution. DCENT leverages several updated or recently-developed approaches of data homogenization and bias adjustments: an optimized pairwise homogenization algorithm for identifying breakpoints in land surface air temperature records, a physics-informed inter-comparison method to adjust systematic offsets in sea-surface temperatures recorded by ships, and a coupled energy balance model to homogenize continental and marine records. Each approach was published individually, and this paper describes a combined approach and its application in developing a gridded analysis. A notable difference of DCENT relative to existing temperature estimates is a cooler baseline for 1850–1900 that implies greater historical warming.
Information based explanation methods for deep learning agents—with applications on large open-source chess models
Authors: Hammersborg Patrik , Strümke Inga
Published: August 2024

With large chess-playing neural network models like AlphaZero contesting the state of the art within the world of computerised chess, two challenges present themselves: the question of how to explain the domain knowledge internalised by such models, and the problem that such models are not made openly available. This work presents the re-implementation of the concept detection methodology applied to AlphaZero, by using large, open-source chess models with comparable performance. We obtain results similar to those achieved when applying this methodology to AlphaZero, while relying solely on open-source resources. We also present a novel explainable AI (XAI) method, which is guaranteed to highlight exhaustively and exclusively the information used by the explained model. This method generates visual explanations tailored to domains characterised by discrete input spaces, as is the case for chess. Our presented method has the desirable property of controlling the information flow between any input vector and the given model, which in turn provides strict guarantees regarding what information is used by the trained model during inference. We demonstrate the viability of our method by applying it to standard $$8 \times 8$$

8
×
8

chess, using large open-source chess models.
Antimigraine activity of Asarinin by OPRM1 pathway with multifaceted impacts through network analysis
Authors: Rushendran Rapuru , Chitra Vellapandian
Published: August 2024

Migraine is a debilitating neurological disorder impacting millions worldwide. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) has emerged as a key player in migraine pathophysiology, leading to the development of targeted therapies. This study reviews novel CGRP-targeted treatments, including monoclonal antibodies small molecule inhibitors/nutraceuticals and introduces Asarinin as a potential modulator of the pathway. Asarinin, a natural compound found in various plants, is examined for its pharmacological potential in migraine management. Pharmacokinetic assessments, toxicological modelling, molecular property analysis, and network pharmacology were conducted. Molecular docking and dynamics studies with CGRP reveal potential interactions, providing a foundation for understanding Asarinin's therapeutic effects. Asarinin's favourable pharmacokinetics, safety profile, and bioactivity, supporting its candidacy as a therapeutic agent. In-depth molecular docking studies with the CGRP receptor (PDB: 6ZHO) demonstrate strong binding affinity (− 10.3kcal/mol), while molecular dynamics simulations unveil the dynamic behavior of the Asarinin-CGRP complex, (− 10.53 kcal/mol) for Atogepant-CGRP complex. Network analysis highlights key proteins in migraine pathology, indicating Asarinin's potential efficacy. The groundwork for future investigations, suggests Asarinin as a promising candidate for migraine management by targeting OPRM1 pathway. The integration of diverse assessments provides a comprehensive understanding of Asarinin's potential and paves the way for further preclinical and clinical research.
Electronic excitations and spin interactions in chromium trihalides from embedded many-body wavefunctions
Authors: Yadav Ravi , Xu Lei , Pizzochero Michele , van den Brink Jeroen , Katsnelson Mikhail I. , Yazyev Oleg V.
Published: August 2024

Although chromium trihalides are widely regarded as a promising class of two-dimensional magnets for next-generation devices, an accurate description of their electronic structure and magnetic interactions has proven challenging to achieve. Here, we quantify electronic excitations and spin interactions in CrX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) using embedded many-body wavefunction calculations and fully generalized spin Hamiltonians. We find that the three trihalides feature comparable d-shell excitations, consisting of a high-spin 4A2$$({t}_{2g}^{3}{e}_{g}^{0})$$

(

t

2
g

3

e

g

0

)

ground state lying 1.5–1.7 eV below the first excited state 4T2 ($${t}_{2g}^{2}{e}_{g}^{1}$$

t

2
g

2

e

g

1

). CrCl3 exhibits a single-ion anisotropy Asia = − 0.02 meV, while the Cr spin-3/2 moments are ferromagnetically coupled through bilinear and biquadratic exchange interactions of J1 = − 0.97 meV and J2 = − 0.05 meV, respectively. The corresponding values for CrBr3 and CrI3 increase to Asia = −0.08 meV and Asia= − 0.12 meV for the single-ion anisotropy, J1 = −1.21 meV, J2 = −0.05 meV and J1 = −1.38 meV, J2 = −0.06 meV for the exchange couplings, respectively. We find that the overall magnetic anisotropy is defined by the interplay between Asia and Adip due to magnetic dipole–dipole interaction that favors in-plane orientation of magnetic moments in ferromagnetic monolayers and bulk layered magnets. The competition between the two contributions sets CrCl3 and CrI3 as the easy-plane (Asia + Adip >0) and easy-axis (Asia + Adip <0) ferromagnets, respectively. The differences between the magnets trace back to the atomic radii of the halogen ligands and the magnitude of spin–orbit coupling. Our findings are in excellent agreement with recent experiments, thus providing reference values for the fundamental interactions in chromium trihalides.
Using proteomics to identify the mechanisms underlying the benefits of statins on ischemic heart disease
Authors: Zhao Jie V. , Zhang Junmeng
Published: August 2024

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the single leading cause of mortality globally. Statins are the mainstay for IHD treatment. However, the specific mechanisms underlying statins’ benefits on IHD have not been clarified. To examine the mechanisms through proteins, we used two-step Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. First, we examined the associations of genetically mimicked statins with 2923 proteins using genome-wide association of proteins from the UK Biobank Pharma Proteomics Project (UKB-PPP) to identify the proteins affected by statins, and replicated the findings using deCODE. Then we examined the associations of selected proteins with IHD risk using CARDIoGRAMplusC4D using MR, and replicated using FinnGen, and using another set of genetic instruments from deCODE. We selected proteins decreased or increased IHD risk and meanwhile increased or lowered by statins. We further examined the role of the selected protein(s) on common IHD comorbidities, including diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and kidney function (measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)). Nine proteins were affected by statins, including four proteins (PLA2G7, FGFBP1, ANGPTL1, and PTPRZ1) lowered by statins, and five proteins (EFNA4, COL6A3, ASGR1, PRSS8 and PCOLCE) increased by statins. Among these, PLA2G7 was related to higher risk of IHD after controlling for multiple testing. The associations were robust to different analytic methods and replication using another set of genetic instrument from deCODE, and using another GWAS of IHD from FinnGen. Genetically predicted PLA2G7 had null association with diabetes, CKD, and eGFR. We identified 9 proteins affected by statins, including 7 novel proteins which were not reported previously. PLA2G7 is on the pathway underlying statins’ benefits on IHD. The clarification of statins’ mechanisms had close relevance to precision medicine, and provided insights to the development of new treatment strategies.
Immobilization of peroxidase-like G-quadruplex/hemin on CNTs-NH2 for efficient degradation of phenol
Authors: Ren Xiubin , Huang Chun , Gao Zhengxuan , Zhai Ruichen , Zhu Youyu , Duan Yingfeng , Chen Linyong , Zhao Weiqin , Li Guofu
Published: August 2024

The presence of phenol in coal-chemical engineering wastewater is considered a serious environmental issue.
Assessing the overflowing pile-up effect on the photoluminescence lifetime of nanomaterials
Authors: Sharma Shagun , Yadav Aditya , Kaushik Kush , Salam Abdul , Nandi Chayan Kanti
Published: August 2024

A new insight for accurately interpreting the excited state lifetime has been provided, which is highly misunderstood due to the incomplete decay in heterogeneous luminescent nanomaterials.
A direct oxidative esterification of aldehydes with alcohols mediated by photochemical C–H bromination
Authors: Ando Haru , Kodaki Sakura , Takamura Hiroyoshi , Kadota Isao , Tanaka Kenta
Published: August 2024

The photochemical direct esterification of aldehydes with alcohols via in situ-generated acyl-bromides under irradiation from purple LEDs was achieved.
Nickel sulfide cocatalyst-modified silicon nanowire arrays for efficient seawater-based hydrogen generation
Authors: Wang Junjie , Wang Bo , He Xinmeng , Lv Jun , Bao Zhiyong , Cui Jiewu , Xu Guangqing , Shen Wangqiang
Published: August 2024

NiSx nanoparticles enhance Si substrate's hydrogen evolution to 189.15 μmol h−1 cm−2, outperforming Ni/SiNWs by 3.04 times and pristine SiNWs by 30.86 times.
N2H4Zn(HC3N3O3): exceptionally strong second harmonic generation and ultra-long phosphorescence
Authors: Yang Can , Kang Yuwei , Wang Xuefei , Gou Jie , Xiong Yi , Zhu Zece , Chen Ling , Wu Qi
Published: August 2024

A novel hydro-isocyanurate, N2H4Zn(HC3N3O3), possessing an asymmetric topological diamond-like 3D network exhibits the strongest second harmonic generation among cyanurates (13 × KDP) and ultra-long room-temperature phosphorescence (448 ms).
Amino acid content in black soldier fly maggot with trypsin and acid hydrolysis method
Authors: Fatmawati  , Andrianto Dimas , Safithri Mega , Purwono Rini Madyastuti
Published: August 2024

The Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) maggot is one of the abundant insect commodities in nature, with high protein content and diverse amino acids required by livestock. This research aimed to identify the amino acid content of BSF maggots using different hydrolysis methods, namely, chemical and enzymatic. The analysis included the identification of maggot nutritional content through proximate analysis, enzymatic hydrolysis with trypsin, chemical hydrolysis with HCl solution and amino acid identification using HPLC analysis. The research results indicated that the BSF maggot used in this study contained 29.36% protein. The extraction and hydrolysis processes broke down the protein into amino acids that were detectable in the HPLC instrument. Hydrolysis using trypsin produced amino acids with glutamic acid (1.54 mg/g) being the most abundant, followed by serine (0.86 mg/g) and aspartic acid (0.75 mg/g). Hydrolysis using HCl solution yielded amino acids with the highest concentration, where glutamic acid (10 mg/g) was the most abundant, followed by leucine (8.1 mg/g) and aspartic acid (7.5 mg/g). The highest total concentration of amino acids was obtained from HCl hydrolysis, amounting to 74.2 mg/g of maggots. In conclusion, the chemical hydrolysis process using HCl resulted in a higher quantity of amino acids compared to enzymatic hydrolysis with trypsin.
Growth performance and resistance of four superior rice cultivars against stem borer (Lepidoptera, pyralidae) in Subak Guama, Tabanan, Bali
Authors: Suastika Ida Bagus Kade , Kariada I. Ketut , Wahyuni Made Adi , Suhendar Muhammad Ace , Budiartana Made , Winantari Ni Ketut , Yusron Muchamad
Published: August 2024

The aim of the study was to determine the growth performance and resistance of four new superior varieties (NSV) against rice stem borer (RSB). The variables observed were agronomic and yield components, harvested dry grain (HDG), the incidence and attack rate of RSB every 2 weeks. The research was designed on a randomized block design (RBD) by using four NSV, namely Inpari 16, 32, 33, and Ciherang as control with 6 replications. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), if there was a difference between the mean values, it was continued with a 5% LSD test. The research results showed that the use of Inpari 16, 32, and 33 increased crop yield by up to 6,9% to 30,9%. The highest yield was achieved by a variety of Inpari 32 (8,82 tons per hectare), followed by Inpari 33 (7,51 tons per hectare), and the lowest yield was found for Inpari 16 (6,95 tons per hectare). This shows that the use of Inpari 16, 32, and 33, can increase the percentage of rice production 6.92%, 35.62%%, and 15.54% respectively. The results showed that the three varieties inpari 16, 32, and 33 were susceptible to mild damage (≤ 11%), namely 0.56%, 0.6%, and 0.23% respectively, while Ciherang (control) 0.45%.
A phenotyping method to predict β-carotene content of cassava tuberous root using ImageJ
Authors: Rahmawati Rika Sri , Fathoni Ahmad , Sukma Dewi , Ardie Sintho Wahyuning , Sudarsono Sudarsono
Published: August 2024

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) tuberous roots are crucial in carbohydrate production, serving as a staple food and industrial material for decades. High β-carotene content is essential for nutrition and stress tolerance, conserving in yellow-fleshed cassava tuberous roots. However, the complex and costly laboratory analysis of the β-carotene content is an obstacle. This study aims to develop a simple and precise phenotyping method for predicting the β-carotene content of cassava tuberous root using grayscale analysis with ImageJ. This study was conducted at the Research Centre for Genetic Engineering, Bogor, in October 2021 for the training set and October 2022 for the validating set. The training set used six yellow and three white-fleshed cassava cultivars as genetic materials. Seven other white-fleshed cassava cultivars were added to the validating set. The grayscale analysis accurately distinguished the white and yellow-fleshed cassava cultivars, reflecting variation in the β-carotene content. This phenotyping method showed a stable result in the validating set. Additionally, a robust correlation was found between β-carotene content and grayscale values, showing the ability of grayscale analysis to predict β- carotene content. Thus, this method could be advantageous in a massive and early selection of the β-carotene content in segregated cassava populations.
Nucleotides Variability of Branched Chain Ketoacid Dehydrogenase E1-α Polypeptide (BCKDHA) Gene on Madura Cattle
Authors: Farajallah Achmad , Mulyana Jeane Siswitasari , Fathyaa Aurora , Aini Annisa Nur , Perwitasari Dyah
Published: August 2024

Madura cattle is one of Indonesian native cattle which has physical strength and is highly adaptable under dry climates. Branched Chain α-Keto Dehydrogenase (BCKD) complex bound to mitochondrial inner membrane and catalyzes branched-chain amino acid catabolism into α-keto. Subunit E1-α of BCKD complex is encoded by the Branched Chain Ketoacid Dehydrogenase E1-α Polypeptide (BCKDHA) gene. This research was conducted to analyze the variability of the 3’ end promoter and exon 1 of the BCKDHA gene. Variant analysis was done on 8 samples of Madura cattle, 1 sample of filial Ongole cattle, and 1 sample of Bali cattle. Missense substitution was found in one sample of madura cattle, i.e. G95A that changed polypeptide, i.e. arginine to glutamine (Arg28Glu); other substitution was found in all samples, i.e. T125C and changed polypeptide; i.e. phenylalanine to serine (Phe38Ser). Several silent mutations on promoter and exon 1 were observed in all samples. Apart from the point mutation above, there was a six-base deletion (ATGGCG) in the exon 1 segment that was identified in 4 samples of Madura cattle that shortened two amino acids of the signal peptide of BCKDHA.
Differences of secondary metabolites content in Kasturi Mango (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.) from South Kalimantan by the application of artificial light using light emitting diode
Authors: Herwitarahman Alifiya , Ariansah Pandi , Poerwanto Roedhy , Sopandie Didy , Matra Deden Derajat
Published: August 2024

Mango (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.) is one of the endemic plants of South Kalimantan, which is known to have a long juvenile phase. Applying light to plants will affect plant morphology and physiology changes. The provision of LED light as artificial light is known to modify plant metabolites. This research aims to determine changes in the response effects of the addition of artificial light using red, blue, and white monochromatic LEDs on secondary metabolite profiles in Kasturi mango seedlings from three Kasturi accessions: Mawar, Pelipisan, and Kasturi. Secondary metabolites were measured using the GC/MS and LC/MS methods. Profiling of metabolites using the GC/MS method resulted in 18 secondary metabolites, with the common compounds belonging to the sesquiterpenoid group. The Pelipisan accession contains unique compounds from the steroid group with different abundances for each type of LED lamp used. Estimating secondary metabolites using the LC/MS method obtained results of 10 compounds consisting of alkaloids, phenolics, antioxidants, and flavonoids.
Blood profile, creatinine, and urea nitrogen levels in the blood of male duck fed noni leaf meal (Morinda citrifolia Linn)
Authors: Hermana Widya , Asella  , Suci Dwi Margi , Darmawan Arif
Published: August 2024

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of noni leaf meal on the blood profile, creatinine, and urea nitrogen of male ducks at different levels of inclusion into the diet. The research involved 84 male local ducks that were reared for 6 weeks and fed diets containing crude protein at 18% and metabolizable energy at 3000 kcal/kg. The treatment diets in this study consisted of a control diet with no addition of noni-leaf meal and diets with the addition of nonileaf meal at 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications. The results indicated that the noni leaf meal had no significant effect on the erythrocytes (2.71-2.88 million/mm3), haematocrit (32.80-37.20%), haemoglobin (12.85-13.88 g%), leukocytes (5.37-10.20 thousand/mm3), and creatine (0.08-0.12 mg/dl), but it decreased blood urea nitrogen. It was concluded that the dietary of up to 7.5% noni leaf meal did not adversely affect blood profile and creatine levels, but reduced blood urea nitrogen levels.
Observation on Binturong (Arctictis binturong) behaviour and its conservation management practices at Semarang Zoo, Central Java
Authors: Arini Diah Irawati Dwi , Fitriari Utami , Firdaus Muhamad Fahmi
Published: August 2024

The purpose of the study was to observe behaviour daily and investigate its management practices at the Semarang Zoo. Scan sampling was used to monitor the behaviours of three solitary binturongs in 3.0 × 1.5 m enclosures which reflected their solitary nature. Diurnal observations revealed that binturongs spent over 50% of their time sleeping and resting, consistent with their nocturnal habits. A daily diet of papaya, banana, cucumber, and chicken meat was provided to support their lives. Management strategies such as daily enclosure cleaning, freshwater supply, and health care every three months were implemented. It suggested that welfare could be enhanced by adding enrichment activities and increasing the variety of diets. Observations during daylight hours highlighted the need for further studies on both diurnal and nocturnal activity patterns. Conservation institutions believed that research on phylogenetics and genetic diversity of binturongs was critical for effective species conservation. Based on detailed observation and analysis, it was found that effective management practices significantly improved the welfare of captive binturongs. These findings provide essential insights into binturong behaviour and care, the development of best practices for zoo management as well as support for the ongoing conservation initiatives.
The relationship between natural resource abundance and happiness for lower middle-income countries
Authors: Fadillah Muhammad Ichsan , Pieńkowski Dariusz
Published: August 2024

The resource curse, a concept linking natural resource wealth to poor economic performance, is well-documented. Separately, emerging studies suggest economic growth correlates with increased happiness. However, the intersection of these two areas—natural resource abundance and happiness—remains underexplored. This paper investigates the relationship between natural resource abundance and happiness by employing linear regression analysis on data from 35 lower middle-income countries from 2017 to 2021. Using the Natural Capital Index and the World Happiness Report, this study addresses the question: "Is there a correlation between natural resource abundance and happiness?" by integrating theories from the Resource Curse and the Easterlin Paradox. Additionally, it compares the established correlations between (1) natural resource abundance and income, and (2) income and happiness. The findings reveal significant correlations between natural resource abundance and income, and between income and happiness, but the correlation between natural resource abundance and happiness is less conclusive. From a managerial perspective, these results suggest that policymakers in resource-rich lower middle-income countries should focus not only on economic metrics but also on well-being indicators when designing development strategies to ensure balanced and sustainable growth.
Investigation the conditions of existence and disturbances of brush-collector contact
Authors: Filina Olga , Khusnutdinov Azat , Toirov Olimjon , Vakhitov Khalil , Abdyllina Aida
Published: August 2024

Brush holders of complex design, one of the elements of which is an elastic gasket between the brush and the compression spring, have recently become widespread. Due to the almost unavoidable presence of irregularities in the collector profile, radial vibrations of the brush always occur, which is reflected in the change in contact pressure. As will be shown later, the pressure between the brush and the collector affects the electrical properties of the contact and thus the switching process. Since the change of pressure largely determines the operation of the brush, a distinction is made between: relatively stable contact with preservation of the contact pressure between the brush and the collector, close to the nominal value for the static state; pulsating contact - with contact pressure fluctuations to zero; intermittent contact. In the present work we consider pulsating contact, when the brush is not completely detached from the collector, i.e. the existence of contact is ensured during the entire period of commutation. Of particular interest from the point of view of revealing the role of mechanical factors is the study of the relationship between the shape of the volt-ampere characteristic and the value of the contact pressure, the pulsation of which, as mentioned above, is the basis for assessing the state of mechanics of the collector-brush assembly. Improving the productivity and reliability of railway and mining infrastructure is an important task in achieving this goal. In this article, in order to determine the reliability indicators of the brush-collector unit and the residual life of brushes of electric motors, a mathematical model for processing statistical data has been developed that allows classifying the types of failures, and, unlike existing models, determining the refined life of brushes based on the limiting height of their wear. A method for predicting the residual life of the electric brush of a DC electric motor is presented, which contains a list of con-trolled reliability indicators that are part of the mathematical model. The described model im-proves the accuracy of predicting and detecting failures on a DC motor. The derivation of the general formula for calculating the residual life of electric brushes is given. Based on the proposed mathematical model, a study and calculation of the reliability of the brush-collector unit was carried out, the minimum height of the brush during operation, the average rate of its wear, the standard deviation and the mathematical expectation of brush wear were determined.
Selection of optimal design of heat exchanger for regenerative indirect evaporative cooling
Authors: Khazratov Abbos , Axmatova Saodat , Usmonov Nizomjon
Published: August 2024

Air conditioning solves the problem of ensuring the specified microclimate parameters in industrial, public and residential buildings. Maintaining comfortable conditions contributes to maintaining the health of workers and increasing labor productivity. At the same time, energy costs for ventilation and air conditioning systems constitute a significant part of a building's energy consumption. That is, a rather contradictory situation arises - on the one hand, to reduce production costs it is necessary to widely introduce air conditioning systems, on the other hand it is necessary to strive to reduce the capital and operating costs of such systems. In large cities, due to the high density of buildings, it is also necessary to strive to reduce the area occupied by air conditioning equipment and its energy consumption. An important factor is also the constant increase in electricity tariffs and the high cost of connecting to city power grids. The development of new, non-traditional approaches to air cooling in air conditioning systems is required. To improve the energy efficiency of air conditioning units, it is proposed to use water evaporative cooling. Despite their high efficiency, air conditioning units operating using only the principles of water evaporative cooling are not able to provide comfortable microclimate parameters in all climatic zones.
Flexural characteristics of a polypropylene fibre concrete topping on a precast concrete slab
Authors: Thakur Gaurav , Chintalapudi S. Rao , Muhamed Hayidr , Bhargavi Y. Krishna , Ergashev Doniyor , Raximova Gulora , Kumar Rahul
Published: August 2024

Concrete ductility and other technical qualities, such as toughness and load-bearing capacity after cracking, are known to benefit from the presence of different kinds of fibres. Recent years have seen a rise in the application of polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete (PFRC) to a variety of structural elements. The incorporation of polypropylene fibres into concrete to increase the load-bearing capacity of existing structural elements has garnered significant attention. A technique known as "cement-base bonded overlay" has been used recently to increase the flexural capacity of concrete slabs by covering an existing slab with a light covering of PFRC. The aim of this study is to examine the flexural behaviour of a precast concrete slab that has a concrete topping made of Polypropylene fibre (PF). Experiments revealed that the addition of polypropylene fibres to the topping influenced the flexural performance. Despite this, the results indicated that the PFRC covers slab's ductility factor and deflection were better than those of a regular concrete topping slab.
Structural integrity assessment in the construction of the Comuneros II Bridge: PIT test case study (ASTM D5882) on abutments
Authors: Flores Victor Andre Ariza , Sernaque Claudia , Padilla Yerko , Cornelio Darwin
Published: August 2024

This article presents the results of the pile integrity tests (PIT) according to the ASTM D5882 standard, carried out in the construction project of the Comuneros II Bridge in Huancayo, Peru. The main objective of these tests was to evaluate the structural integrity of the piles used in the bridge, identifying possible failures or damage along its shaft. Testing was conducted using a model FV "PIT Collector" manufactured by Pile Dynamics, Inc., and spanned multiple project locations, allowing for a comprehensive assessment of pile quality. The field services were carried out on July 26, 2022, and the detailed analyses were subsequently carried out in the office. The results obtained were analyzed to verify the consistency and reliability of the piles, providing a detailed view of their structural condition. In addition, the calibration certificates of the sensors used are presented, ensuring the accuracy and validity of the data collected. This study not only contributes to ensuring the safety and durability of the Comuneros II Bridge, but also provides a valuable reference for future structural integrity assessments on similar construction projects.
Numerical Solution of the Plane Problem of Thermo-Elasticity in Strains
Authors: Khaldjigitov Abduvali , Djumayozov Umidjon , Khasanova Zebo , Rakhmonova Robiya
Published: August 2024

In the work, within the framework of the Saint-Venant compatibility conditions, two plane problems of thermoelasticity with respect to deformations are formulated. The closedness of boundary value problems is achieved by considering equilibrium equations on the boundary of a given region. Grid equations of thermoelastic problems are compiled using the finite-difference method and solved by the alternative method. The problem of a free thermoelastic rectangle located in a given temperature field is solved numerically. The validity of the formulated boundary value problems and the reliability of the solution are justified by comparing the numerical results of the formulated boundary value problems regarding displacements and stresses.
Review of Literature on Dynamic Behavior of Steel Columns Subjected to Explosive Loadings
Authors: Tahzeeb Rafat , Anas S. M. , Alam Mehtab , Dzhumaniyazov Zokir , Almusawi Muntather
Published: August 2024

This review paper synthesizes current research on the response of steel columns to blast loading, integrating insights from a wide spectrum of investigations. It encompasses diverse methodologies such as finite element analyses employing ABAQUS for fully constrained steel connections, nonlinear dynamic simulations for wide-flange frameworks, and innovative load path strategies. Key considerations include the effects of axial loads, the influence of strain rates, and strategies for bolstering structural integrity in blast scenarios. Experimental analyses and probabilistic models further illuminate mechanisms of post-blast damage and assess probabilities of failure. Studies on thermal dynamics and blast interactions underscore their combined effect on structural robustness. These discoveries collectively advance methodologies for designing blast-resistant steel structures, providing critical perspectives for enhancing safety in hazardous settings. Additionally, the paper identifies avenues for future research aimed at refining design protocols and propelling the field of blast-resistant steel structures forward.
Prospects for the construction of the Siberia – Central Asia pipeline
Authors: Martynova Natalia B. , Balabanov Victor I.
Published: August 2024

The shallowing of the Aral Sea and desertification of adjacent territories remain a global environmental problem that requires immediate resolution. The situation has stabilized in the Small Aral with the construction of the Kokaral dam; in the rest of the territory, despite the measures taken, the situation is becoming more complicated. In the countries of Central Asia, due to population growth and agricultural development, the shortage of water resources is increasing. A solution to the problem could be the resumption of the project to transfer part of the flow of the Irtysh River to the lower reaches of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers. In recent years, sufficient experience has been accumulated in transporting water resources through pipes. This method of transporting water will minimize losses due to evaporation and filtration, which will eliminate the possibility of swamping of adjacent areas. The construction of the pipeline will solve the problem of water shortage in the Central Asian region, improve the environmental situation in the Aral Sea region, and reduce the risk of desertification. The article proposes the parameters of the designed pipeline, selects the material and diameter of the pipes used. Numerical methods were used to determine losses in the pipeline during water transportation. The article provides a quantitative assessment of energy costs during the construction of the pipeline, and provides comparisons with existing pipelines from Lake Constance in Germany and Tazirb - Benghazi in Libya. The energy capabilities of the territories adjacent to the pipeline route were assessed and it was proven that the electricity generated in Siberia and Kazakhstan is sufficient to implement the project under consideration. The construction of the pipeline will reduce the volume of excavation and concrete work compared to the construction of an open canal with lining. During the construction process, there will be no need to alienate large areas, and the impact on the environmental situation of adjacent territories will be minimized. The use of pipeline transport will minimize water losses during transportation.
Molecular identification and polymerase chain reaction analysis of Xanthogaleruca Luteola (Chrysomelidae) species
Authors: Jumaev Rasul , Kuchboev Abdurakhim , Jumaeva Nozimakhon , Yakubov Farukh , Esanbaev Shamsi
Published: August 2024

The article discusses extensive scientific research conducted over several years to determine the species composition and systematics of pests affecting larch trees. Through detailed observations, it was found that the pine leaf beetle pests Ulmi pumila and Ulmi glabra are among the most damaging to larch trees. In the course of this research, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to analyze the genomic DNA of a species called X.luteola, which belongs to the genus Xanthogaleruca. The results of the PCR analysis yielded a surprising outcome, indicating a previously unknown genetic relationship or unexpected genetic trait within X.luteola. This unexpected finding could have significant implications for understanding the evolution, ecology, and interactions of X.luteola and related species within the genus Xanthogaleruca. Further research will be necessary to elucidate the exact nature and implications of this surprising result.
Damage periods of the main diseases occurring in vineyards during the annual development phases
Authors: Rakhmatov Asror , Kholliev Asamiddin , Tashpulatov Uygun , Haydarova Shahnoza
Published: August 2024

In the study, the researchers focused on understanding the developmental stages and damage periods of several key pathogens affecting vineyards. Gloeosporium ampelophagum Sacc, Uncinula necator Burrill, Agrobacterium tumefaciens Conn, Plasmopara viticola Berl & De Toni, Cercospora vitis Sacc, and Botrytis cinerea Persoon are known to significantly impact vine health and grape yield. By analyzing the optimal periods of development for these pathogens, the researchers aimed to provide vineyard managers with valuable insights for implementing effective disease management strategies. Vineyard diseases pose a significant threat to grape production worldwide, affecting not only crop yield but also the quality of the final product. Gloeosporium ampelophagum, for example, causes anthracnose, leading to fruit rot and leaf lesions. Uncinula necator, the causal agent of powdery mildew, can reduce grape quality and yield if not controlled. Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease, affecting the vascular system of the vine and ultimately leading to reduced vigor and yield. Plasmopara viticola, responsible for downy mildew, can cause severe defoliation and reduce fruit quality. Understanding the developmental stages and damage periods of these pathogens is crucial for implementing timely and effective control measures. Integrated disease management strategies that combine cultural practices, biological controls, and chemical interventions can help mitigate the impact of these diseases. By identifying the optimal periods for disease development, vineyard managers can tailor their management practices to minimize the impact of these pathogens on vine health and grape production.
Climate risk assessment in Uzbekistan: Surface air temperature anomaly for 2080-2099
Authors: Uzbekov Umidkhon , Arifjanov Aybek , Ergashev Obidjon , Khamroeva Feruza , Bekkulov Ibrokhim , Karimov Yunus , Ismatov Jumaniyoz
Published: August 2024

This study presents a detailed analysis of projected surface air temperature anomalies in Uzbekistan for the late 21st century (2080-2099), utilizing a multi-model ensemble under the high emission scenario SSP5-8.5. Our findings indicate a significant warming trend across the country, with average mean surface air temperature anomalies expected to range from +4.5°C to +4.7°C compared to two historical reference periods (1995-2014 and 1950-2014). These projections suggest profound implications for Uzbekistan’s water resources, agricultural productivity, and overall ecosystem health, highlighting the urgency of developing robust adaptation and mitigation strategies. The study underscores the importance of enhancing water use efficiency, adopting climate-resilient agricultural practices, and investing in sustainable infrastructure to combat the anticipated impacts of climate change. Additionally, it calls for collaborative efforts in policy-making, research, and community engagement to build resilience against the projected warming. The results emphasize the need for immediate action to safeguard Uzbekistan against the exacerbating effects of climate change, advocating for integrated approaches to climate resilience and sustainability. This research contributes to the broader understanding of regional climate dynamics under future emission scenarios, providing a foundation for targeted climate action in Central Asia.
Assessment of Ecological Damage using GIS and Remote Sensing: A comprehensive literature review
Authors: Bakhronova Shakhnoza , Khikmatullaev Sanjar , Ochilova Mehrubon , Toshboyev Zafar , Karimov Yunus , Eshkuvvatov Bekzod , Hayitov Abdulla
Published: August 2024

Ecological damage caused by human activities poses a significant threat to ecosystems worldwide. Assessing and monitoring this damage is essential for effective environmental management and conservation. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies have emerged as valuable tools for assessing ecological damage, providing timely, accurate, and spatially explicit information. This literature review comprehensively examines the use of GIS and RS in assessing ecological damage, focusing on factors such as deforestation, land degradation, habitat loss, and biodiversity decline. A systematic search of online databases and manual searches of relevant journals were conducted to identify studies that met the inclusion criteria. Key findings include the identification of land use change, urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural expansion as major drivers of ecological damage. GIS and RS have been instrumental in mapping and quantifying changes in land cover, vegetation health, and other environmental parameters, enabling more informed decision-making and targeted conservation efforts. However, challenges remain, including the need for high-quality data and standardized methodologies. Future research should focus on integrating socioeconomic factors into ecological assessments and developing more advanced remote sensing technologies. By continuing to innovate and collaborate, researchers, policymakers, and practitioners can work together to address the challenges of ecological damage and promote sustainable environmental management practices.
Jizzakh Steppe: Climatic conditions, composition and type of soil
Authors: Pattakhov Nasibulla , Erkabaev Furkat
Published: August 2024

This article focuses on the climatic conditions and soil composition of the Jizzakh massif, specifically examining the hydrogeological aspects related to irrigation. Three hydrogeological zones are identified based on the nature of the lithological composition of water-bearing rocks, groundwater nutrition and consumption, accuracy, depth of occurrence, and mineralization. These factors are critical in determining the main reclamation measures necessary for effective irrigation in the Jizzakh massif under natural conditions. In terms of soil salinity, the predominant nature of salinity throughout the massif is sulfate. The degree of soil salinity is reported to be 2-3% or more, with a chlorine content of 0.1% or higher. The highest salt content is observed in the upper part of the soil, particularly in the first tens of centimeters. This indicates significant salinity challenges that need to be addressed for successful agricultural practices. The depth of groundwater in these areas is noted to be within critical values across all periods. This suggests that careful management of groundwater resources is essential to prevent further salinization of soils and ensure sustainable irrigation practices.
Livestock insurance for food security under climate change: A study from Uzbekistan
Authors: Yadgarov Akram , Saidova Munisa , Khujakulova Iroda , Ergashev Abrorbek
Published: August 2024

The article delves into the critical intersection of climate change, food security, and the insurance landscape for cattle farming, highlighting the urgency of addressing these interconnected issues. With the direct impacts of global climate change increasingly affecting food production and livestock health, the need for comprehensive insurance coverage in agriculture, particularly in livestock farming, has never been more apparent. Despite the presence of 38 insurance companies in the country, only "Uzagrosugurta" JSC offers agricultural insurance, and even then, it does not provide full coverage. In response to this gap, the article proposes and recommends measures for enhancing insurance coverage, particularly against certain types of diseases that pose significant risks to livestock. These measures are part of a broader strategy to promote voluntary insurance of livestock against all potential risks, ensuring the sustainability and resilience of cattle farming in the face of climate change. By emphasizing the importance of insurance in mitigating the impacts of climate change on agriculture, the article underscores the need for proactive and innovative solutions to protect livestock farmers and ensure food security. It calls for collaboration between insurance companies, policymakers, and agricultural stakeholders to develop tailored insurance products that address the specific challenges faced by cattle farmers. Ultimately, the article advocates for a holistic approach to livestock insurance that considers the broader context of climate change and its implications for food production and security.