bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Joint primary and secondary care study of lithium prescribing and monitoring
Authors: Vekaria Seema , Shah Chetan , Gale Tim , Geeson Cathy , Davis Maxine , Weir Janet , Singh Promilla
Published: February 2024

Lithium is licensed for the treatment and prophylaxis of mania, bipolar disorder, recurrent depression and intentional self‐harming behaviour. Despite its effectiveness, lithium use is complicated by its narrow therapeutic range. In 2009, the National Patient Safety Agency issued a safety alert highlighting the issues and requested NHS organisations ensure reliable systems and monitoring were in place. This article explores how well the guidelines are followed in terms of lithium prescribing and monitoring across primary and secondary care.
Molecular brushes with long polyfluorene backbones and polymethacrylic acid side chains: Luminescent properties and self‐organization in solutions
Authors: Kaskevich Ksenia I. , Simonova Maria A. , Romasheva Margarita M. , Zelentsov Matvey D. , Ziminov Andrey V. , Ramsh Stanislav M. , Litvinova Larisa S. , Cherevkov Sergei A. , Filippov Alexander P. , Yakimansky Alexander V.
Published: February 2024

A series of molecular brushes with a polyfluorene (PF) backbone and polymethacrylic acid side chains of varying lengths were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization. The structure and composition of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. Effect of the length of the backbone on spectral and conformational parameters of the macromolecules in solutions was analyzed. The grafting density of side chains was about 90%. Spectral methods have been used to determine the dependence of side chain grafting on the luminescent properties of polymer solutions, including quantum yields. It was shown that an optimal length of polymethacrylic acid side chains provides solubility of the polymer brushes. Solutions of PF‐graft‐polymethacrylic acid complexes with the model substance curcumin were investigated. It was established that the molecular brushes containing curcumin form monomolecular micelles. Molecular brushes with zinc phthalocyanine, potential systems for photodynamic, and photothermal therapy, were studied.
Diaphragm atrophy during invasive mechanical ventilation is related to extubation failure in preterm infants: An ultrasound study
Authors: Nobile Stefano , Sbordone Annamaria , Salce Nicola , Patti Maria Letizia , Perri Alessandro , Fattore Simona , Prontera Giorgia , Giordano Lucia , Tana Milena , Vento Giovanni
Published: February 2024

Background

Diaphragm dysfunction is associated with poor outcomes in critically ill patients. Ventilator‐induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD), including diaphragm atrophy (DA), is poorly studied in newborns. We aimed to assess VIDD and its associations in newborns.

Methods

Single‐center prospective study. Diaphragm thickness was measured at end‐inspiration (TDI) and end‐expiration (TDE) on the right midaxillary line. DA was defined as decrease in TDE ≥ 10%. Daily measurements were recorded in preterm newborns on invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) for ≥2 days. Clinical characteristics of patients and extubation failure were recorded. Univariate analysis, logistic regression, and mixed models were performed to describe VIDD and associated factors.

Results

We studied 17 patients (median gestational age 270/7 weeks) and 22 IMV cycles (median duration 9 days). Median TDE decreased from 0.118 cm (interquartile range [IQR] 0.094–0.165) on the first IMV day to 0.104 cm (IQR 0.083–0.120) on the last IMV day (p = .092). DA occurred in 11 IMV cycles (50%) from 10 infants early during IMV (median: second IMV day). Mean airway pressure (MAP) and lung ultrasound score (LUS) on the first IMV day were significantly higher in patients who developed DA. DA was more frequent in patients with extubation failure than in those with extubation success within 7 days (83.3 vs. 33.3%, p = .038).

Conclusions

DA, significantly associated with extubation failure, occurred in 58.8% of the study infants on IMV. Higher MAP and LUS at IMV start were associated with DA. Our results suggest a potential role of diaphragm ultrasound to assess DA and predict extubation failure in clinical practice.
Impact of initial high flow nasal cannula flow rates on clinical outcomes in children with bronchiolitis
Authors: Kannikeswaran Nirupama , Ehrman Robert R. , Spencer Priya , Pitman‐Hunt Chaya , Leja Jacqueline , Lelak Karima , Arora Rajan , Delaroche Amy
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Our aim was to evaluate the impact of the initial high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) flow rate on clinical outcomes in children with bronchiolitis.

Methods

This secondary analysis of retrospective data included children <2 years who required HFNC for bronchiolitis between 10/01/2018–04/20/2019, and following implementation of a revised institutional bronchiolitis pathway between 10/01/2021–04/30/2022. The new pathway recommended weight‐based initiation of HFNC at 1.5–2 L/kg/min. We evaluated the effect of low (<1.0 L/kg/min), medium (1–1.5 L/kg/min) and high (>1.5 L/kg/min) HFNC flow rates on need for positive pressure ventilation (PPV), intensive care unit (ICU) transfer, HFNC treatment time, and hospital length of stay (LOS).

Results

The majority of the 885 included children had low initial flow rates (low [n = 450, 50.8%], medium [n = 332, 37.5%] and high [n = 103, 11.7%]). There were no significant differences in PPV (high: 7.8% vs. medium: 9.3% vs. low: 8.2%, p = 0.8) or ICU transfers (high: 4.9% vs. medium: 6.0% vs. low: 3.8%, p = 0.3). The low flow group had a significantly longer median HFNC treatment time (High: 29 [18, 45] vs. medium: 29 [16, 50] vs. low: 39 [25, 63], p < .001) and hospital LOS (High: 41 [27, 59] vs. medium: 42 [29, 66] vs. low: 50 (39, 75), p < .001). Logistic and linear regression models did not demonstrate any associations between HFNC flow rates and PPV or hospital LOS.

Conclusions

Initial HFNC flow rates were not associated with significant changes in clinical outcomes in children in children with bronchiolitis.
Prostate and gut: Any relationship? A narrative review on the available evidence and putative mechanisms
Authors: Romano Lorenzo , Napolitano Luigi , Crocetto Felice , Sciorio Carmine , Sio Marco De , Miranda Agnese , Romano Marco , Priadko Kateryna
Published: February 2024

Background

Gut microbiome is a community of microorganisms that lives in the human intestine and exerts various functions on the host, including metabolic, immunoregulatory, and control over cell proliferation. Gut microbiome alterations have been associated with various pathological conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Gut‐prostate axis is explained by the association between gut microbiome quantitative and functional alterations along with increased intestinal epithelial permeability with prostatediseases. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical importance of this association are not completely clarified yet.

Methods

We conducted a narrative review of the most relevant articles in the Medline (US National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA), Scopus (Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and Web of Science Core Collection (Thomson Reuters, Toronto, ON, Canada) databases. No chronological restrictions were applied, and the most related papers published until December 2023 were included.

Results

Gut microbiota (GM) and its metabolites are capable of modifying host androgen level, as well as prostate cancer (PCa) therapy response. Moreover, patients with inflammatory bowel disease have higher rates of prostatitis‐like symptoms and a potential risk of developing PCa.

Conclusions

There is evidence that interventions on the GM and its metabolites have a high potential to serve as diagnostic and therapeutic tools for prostate diseases, including PCa.
Prevalence and risk factors for childhood anemia in Rwanda: Using Rwandan demographic and health survey 2019–2020
Authors: Usanzineza Henriette , Nsereko Etienne , Niyitegeka Jean Pierre , Uwase Aline , Tuyishime Jean de Dieu H. , Sunday Francois Xavier , Mazimpaka Christian , Ahishakiye Jeanine
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Anemia in children is a significant health issue globally, with developing countries, notably Africa, being disproportionately affected. This condition can result in detrimental and irreversible impacts on a child's neurological development. Despite its relevance, research on anemia prevalence and risk factors in Rwandan children aged 6–23 months is limited. Our study aimed to ascertain the prevalence and potential risk factors associated with anemia in this defined population.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study that used secondary data analysis on a weighed sample of 1247 children aged 6–23 months, sourced from the 2019–2020 Rwanda Demographic Health Survey. We used descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression to identify the links between anemia and various factors.

Results

The study revealed a high prevalence of anemia at 52.79%. Among anemic children aged 6–23 months, most (52.82%) had mild anemia, 46.12% had moderate anemia, and 1.06% had severe anemia. Key contributors to childhood anemia included maternal anemia (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.62, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): [1.11, 2.33]) and history of coughing in the 2 weeks before the survey (AOR = 1.42, 95% CI: [1.12, 1.81]). Vitamin A supplementation and antiparasitic medication were identified as protective factors (AOR = 0.70, 95% CI: [0.50, 0.97]) and (AOR = 0.59, 95% CI: [0.45, 0.77]), respectively.

Conclusion

Given the high anemia prevalence among Rwandan children aged 6–23 months, targeted public health interventions are critically needed. A comprehensive strategy throughout the health system is essential for reducing childhood anemia, involving measures such as addressing maternal anemia, managing childhood illnesses, and enhancing existing interventions like vitamin A supplementation and deworming.
Plasma proteome profiling reveals biomarkers of chemotherapy resistance in patients with advanced colorectal cancer
Authors: Yang Jingxin , Chen Jin , Zhang Luobin , Zhou Fangming , Cui Xiaozhen , Tian Ruijun , Xu Ruilian
Published: February 2024

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers. Patients with advanced CRC can only rely on chemotherapy to improve outcomes. However, primary drug resistance frequently occurs and is difficult to predict. Changes in plasma protein composition have shown potential in clinical diagnosis. Thus, it is urgent to identify potential protein biomarkers for primary resistance to chemotherapy for patients with CRC. Automatic sample preparation and high‐throughput analysis were used to explore potential plasma protein biomarkers. Drug susceptibility testing of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has been investigated, and the relationship between their values and protein expressions has been discussed. In addition, the differential proteins in different chemotherapy outcomes have been analyzed. Finally, the potential biomarkers have been detected via enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Plasma proteome of 60 CRC patients were profiled. The correlation between plasma protein levels and the results of drug susceptibility testing of CTCs was performed, and 85 proteins showed a significant positive or negative correlation with chemotherapy resistance. Forty‐four CRC patients were then divided into three groups according to their chemotherapy outcomes (objective response, stable disease, and progressive disease), and 37 differential proteins were found to be related to chemotherapy resistance. The overlapping proteins were further investigated in an additional group of 79 patients using ELISA. Protein levels of F5 and PROZ significantly increased in the progressive disease group compared to other outcome groups. Our study indicated that F5 and PROZ proteins could represent potential biomarkers of resistance to chemotherapy in advanced CRC patients.
Highly Tunable Cellulosic Hydrogels with Dynamic Solar Modulation for Energy‐Efficient Windows
Authors: Mohammad Noor Mohammad , Zhang Yun , Xu Wenhui , Aranke Sai Swapneel , Carne Daniel , Deng Pengfei , Du Fengyin , Ruan Xiulin , Li Tian
Published: February 2024

Smart windows that can passively regulate incident solar radiation by dynamically modulating optical transmittance have attracted increasing scientific interest due to their potential economic and environmental savings. However, challenges remain in the global adoption of such systems, given the extreme variability in climatic and economic conditions across different geographical locations. Aiming these issues, a methylcellulose (MC) salt system is synthesized with high tunability for intrinsic optical transmittance (89.3%), which can be applied globally to various locations. Specifically, the MC window exhibits superior heat shielding potential below transition temperatures, becoming opaque at temperatures above the Lower Critical Solution Temperature and reducing the solar heat gain by 55%. This optical tunability is attributable to the particle size change triggered by the temperature‐induced reversible coil‐to‐globular transition. This leads to effective refractive index and scattering modulation, making them prospective solutions for light management systems, an application ahead of intelligent fenestration systems. During the field tests, MC‐based windows demonstrated a 9 °C temperature decrease compared to double‐pane windows on sunny days and a 5 °C increase during winters, with simulations predicting an 11% energy savings. The ubiquitous availability of materials, low cost, and ease‐of‐manufacturing will provide technological equity and foster the ambition toward net‐zero buildings.
Monodispersed Molecular Phthalocyanine with Sulfur‐Driven Electron Delocalization for Enhanced Electrochemical Biosensing
Authors: Ye Jianqi , Lu Jinhua , Yuan Hongxing , Wan Ziqi , Wan Xinhao , Tang Yarui , Li Lanqing , Wen Dan
Published: February 2024

Heterogenizing the molecular catalysts on conductive scaffolds to achieve the isolated molecular dispersion and expected coordination structures is significant yet still challenging. Herein, a sulfur‐driving strategy to anchor monodispersed cobalt phthalocyanine on nitrogen and sulfur co‐doped graphene (NSG‐CoPc) is demonstrated. Experimental and theoretical analysis prove that the incorporation of S dramatically improves the adsorption capability of NSG and evokes the monodispersion of the CoPc molecule, promoting the axial Co─N coordination and the electron delocalization of the Co catalytic center. Benefiting from the reduced activation energy barrier and boosted electron transfer, as well as the maximized active site utilization, NSG‐CoPc exhibits outstanding H2O2 oxidization and sensing performance (used as a representative reaction). Moreover, the usage of NSG as a substrate can be readily extended to other metal (Ni, Cu, and Fe) phthalocyanine molecules with molecular‐level dispersion. This work clarifies the mechanism of heteroatoms decoration and provides a new paradigm in devising monodispersed molecular catalysts with modulated chemical surroundings for broad applications.
In Situ Spontaneous Construction of Zinc Phosphate Coating Layer Toward Highly Reversible Zinc Metal Anodes
Authors: Xia Shu , Luo Qiuyang , Liu Junnan , Yang Xingfu , Lei Jie , Shao Jiaojing , Tang Xiaoning
Published: February 2024

Aqueous zinc ion batteries have received widespread attention due to their merits of high safety, high theoretical specific capacity, low cost, and environmental benignity. Nevertheless, the irreversible issues of Zn anode deriving from side reactions and dendrite growth have hindered its commercialization in large‐scale energy storage systems. Herein, a zinc phosphate tetrahydrate (Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O, ZnPO) coating layer is in situ formed on the bare Zn by spontaneous redox reactions at room temperature to tackle the above issues. Particularly, the dense and brick‐like ZnPO layer can effectively separate the anode surface from the aqueous electrolyte, thus suppressing the serious side reactions. Moreover, the ZnPO layer with high ionic conductivity, high Zn2+ transference number, and low nucleation barrier permits rapid Zn2+ transport and enables uniform Zn deposition, ensuring dendrite‐free Zn deposition. As a result, the ZnPO@Zn symmetric battery achieves a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.8% and displays ultrahigh cycle stability over 6000 h (> 8 months), far surpassing its counterparts. Furthermore, the ZnPO@Zn||MnO2 full battery exhibits excellent electrochemical performances. Therefore, this work provides a new reference for simple and large‐scale preparation of highly reversible Zn metal anodes, and has great potential for practical applications.
Electron‐withdrawing inductive effects enhanced strategy for protein thiol sensing and blocking agent design
Authors: Zhang Liangwei , Liu Shudi , Zhang Xia , Sun Jinyu , Chen Lingxin
Published: February 2024

It is a great challenge to discover novel chemical reactions suitable for biological analysis in a living system. The development of novel protein thiol blocking agents is a crucial need for exploring protein thiol functions in protein refolding, signal transduction, and redox regulation. We are always keen on seeking novel chemical reactions applied to endogenous biological macromolecules or protein thiol sensing, blocking, and labeling. In the present work, we have successfully developed a novel agent to block protein thiol by enhanced electron‐withdrawing inductive effects. This sensing and blocking process was detailedly monitored by UV‐vis, fluorescent spectra, and SDS‐Page gel separation. The spectral studies demonstrated that the agent could react ultrafastly with thiol within seconds at μM level. Furthermore, fluorescent imaging in cells and in vivo was further used for the validation of its ability to sensing and blocking thiol, providing evidence of downregulated protein thiols in Parkinson's disease. The enhanced electron‐withdrawing inductive effect strategy in this work may provide a general guideline for designing protein thiol agent.
Recent progress in stimuli‐responsive DNA‐based logic gates: Design, working principles and biological applications
Authors: Liu Ling Sum , Leung Hoi Man , Cai Yuzhen , Lo Pik Kwan
Published: February 2024

Stimuli‐responsive DNA‐based logic gates have emerged as a promising field at the intersection of synthetic biology and nanotechnology. These gates exploit the unique properties of DNA molecules to perform programmable computational operations in response to specific stimuli. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the design, working principles, and applications of stimuli‐responsive DNA‐based logic gates. The progress made in developing various types of logic gates triggered by metal ions, pH, oligonucleotides, small molecules, proteins, and light is highlighted. The applications of these logic gates in imaging and biosensing, drug delivery, synthetic biology and molecular computing are discussed. This review underscores the significant contributions and future prospects of stimuli‐responsive DNA‐based logic gates in advancing the field of nanotechnology.
Fast and Sensitive Detection of Ammonia from Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reactions by 1H NMR with Radiation Damping
Authors: Assafiri Aya , Jia Chen , Thomas Donald S. , Hibbert David B. , Zhao Chuan
Published: February 2024

A facile NMR method is reported for analysis of ammonia from the electrochemical reduction of nitrogen, which compares a calibrated colorimetric method, a calibrated 1H NMR method and two 1H NMR direct measurements using external reference materials. Unlike spectrophotometric methods, 1H NMR requires less bench time and does not require separation of ammonia from the electrolyte. A novel approach to the problem of radiation damping in NMR measurements considered the specific role of hardware tuning. Radiation damping is suppressed improving signal‐to‐noise ratio and detection limit (1.5 µg L−1). The method is demonstrated to be effective for the analysis of ammonia from direct electrochemical nitrogen reduction in KOH, and from lithium‐mediated nitrogen reduction in a non‐aqueous solution. An uncertainty budget is prepared for the measurement of ammonia.
Not afraid of the big bad wolf: calls from large predators do not silence mesopredators
Authors: Root‐Gutteridge Holly , Smith Bethany R. , Kershenbaum Arik , Butkiewicz Hannah , Fontaine Amy Clare , Owens Jessica L. , Schindler Loretta , Dassow Angela
Published: February 2024

Large predators are known to shape the behavior and ecology of sympatric predators via conflict and competition, with mesopredators thought to avoid large predators, while dogs suppress predator activity and act as guardians of human property. However, interspecific communication between predators has not been well‐explored and this assumption of avoidance may oversimplify the responses of the species involved. We explored the acoustic activity of three closely related sympatric canids: wolves Canis lupus, coyotes Canis latrans, and dogs Canis familiaris. These species have an unbalanced triangle of risk: coyotes, as mesopredators, are at risk from both apex‐predator wolves and human‐associated dogs, while wolves fear dogs, and dogs may fear wolves as apex predators or challenge them as intruders into human‐allied spaces. We predicted that risk perception would dictate vocal response with wolves and dogs silencing coyotes as well as dogs silencing wolves. Dogs, in their protective role of guarding human property, would respond to both. Eleven passive acoustic monitoring devices were deployed across 13 nights in central Wisconsin, and we measured the responses of each species to naturally occurring heterospecific vocalizations. Against our expectation, silencing did not occur. Instead, coyotes were not silenced by either species: when hearing wolves, coyotes responded at greater than chance rates and when hearing dogs, coyotes did not produce fewer calls than chance rates. Similarly, wolves responded at above chance rates to coyotes and at chance rates when hearing dogs. Only the dogs followed our prediction and responded at above chance rates in response to both coyotes and wolves. Thus, instead of silencing their competitors, canid vocalizations elicit responses from them suggesting the existence of a complex heterospecific communication network.
Advances in understanding immune homeostasis in latent tuberculosis infection
Authors: Niu Liangfei , Wang Hao , Luo Geyang , Zhou Jing , Hu Zhidong , Yan Bo
Published: February 2024

Nearly one‐fourth of the global population is infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and approximately 90%–95% remain asymptomatic as latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), an estimated 5%–10% of those with latent infections will eventually progress to active tuberculosis (ATB). Although it is widely accepted that LTBI transitioning to ATB results from a disruption of host immune balance and a weakening of protective immune responses, the exact underlying immunological mechanisms that promote this conversion are not well characterized. Thus, it is difficult to accurately predict tuberculosis (TB) progression in advance, leaving the LTBI population as a significant threat to TB prevention and control. This article systematically explores three aspects related to the immunoregulatory mechanisms and translational research about LTBI: (1) the distinct immunocytological characteristics of LTBI and ATB, (2) LTBI diagnostic markers discovery related to host anti‐TB immunity and metabolic pathways, and (3) vaccine development focus on LTBI.

This article is categorized under:

Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology

Infectious Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics

Immune System Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics
Transverse momentum measurements with jets at next-to-leading power
Authors: del Castillo Rafael F. , Jaarsma Max , Scimemi Ignazio , Waalewijn Wouter
Published: February 2024

Abstract

In view of the increasing precision of theoretical calculations and experimental measurements, power corrections to transverse-momentum-dependent observables are highly important. We study the next-to-leading power corrections for transverse momentum measurements in e+e− → 2 jets. We obtain a factorized expression for the cross section, which involve twist-2 and twist-3 operators, and identify the new jet functions that appear in it. We calculate these jet functions at order αs for a family of recoil-free schemes, and provide the corresponding anomalous dimensions at leading order. Additionally, we show that the (endpoint) divergences that typically arise in sub-leading-power factorization can be subtracted and cancel for our case. By working with jets, everything is perturbatively calculable and there are substantial simplifications compared to the general next-to-leading power framework. Importantly, our analysis with jets can be extended to semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering, with the future Electron-Ion Collider as key application.
T-even TMDs for the spin-0 pseudo-scalar mesons upto twist-4 using light-front formalism
Authors: Puhan Satyajit , Sharma Shubham , Kaur Navpreet , Kumar Narinder , Dahiya Harleen
Published: February 2024

Abstract

We have investigated the pseudo-scalar meson structure in the form of transverse momentum-dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs) in the light-front based holographic model and quark model. Starting from leading order, we have calculated all the time-reversal even TMDs for pion and kaon up to twist-4 in these models. We have shown the 3-dimensional structure as well as the 2-dimensional structure of these particles along with their average quark transverse momenta. The parton distribution functions (PDFs) of pseudo-scalar pion have been compared with E615 and modified E615 results. The sum rules, TMD transverse dependence, inverse moments and Gaussian transverse dependence ratio in these models have also been studied. Further, the transverse quark densities have also been analyzed in the momentum space plane for these particles. The higher twist kaon properties in light-front framework have been predicted for the first time in this work.
Logarithmic corrections for near-extremal black holes
Authors: Banerjee Nabamita , Saha Muktajyoti , Srinivasan Suthanth
Published: February 2024

Abstract

We present the computation of logarithmic corrections to near-extremal black hole entropy from one-loop Euclidean gravity path integral around the near-horizon geometry. We extract these corrections employing a suitably modified heat kernel method, where the near-extremal near-horizon geometry is treated as a perturbation around the extremal near-horizon geometry. Using this method we compute the logarithmic corrections to non-rotating solutions in four dimensional Einstein-Maxwell and $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2, 4, 8 supergravity theories. We also discuss the limit that suitably recovers the extremal black hole results.
Dynamical inflation stimulated cogenesis
Authors: Borah Debasish , Dasgupta Arnab , Stolarski Daniel
Published: February 2024

Abstract

We propose a minimal setup that realises dynamical inflection point inflation, and, using the same field content, generates neutrino masses, a baryon asymmetry of the universe, and dark matter. A dark SU(2)D gauge sector with a dark scalar doublet playing the role of inflaton is considered along with several doublet and singlet fermions sufficient to realise multiple inflection points in the inflaton potential. The singlet fermions couple to SM leptons and generate neutrino masses via the inverse seesaw mechanism. Those fermions also decay asymmetrically and out of equilibrium, generating a baryon asymmetry via leptogenesis. Some of the fermion doublets are dark matter, and they are produced via inflaton decay and freeze-in annihilation of the same fermions that generate the lepton asymmetry. Reheating, leptogenesis, and dark matter are all at the TeV scale.
High Energy String Scattering in AdS
Authors: Alday Luis F. , Hansen Tobias , Nocchi Maria
Published: February 2024

Abstract

We study the AdS Virasoro-Shapiro amplitude in the limit of fixed-angle high energy scattering. A recent representation as a world-sheet integral allows to compute the amplitude in this regime by saddle point techniques, very much as in flat space. This result is then compared to a classical scattering computation in AdS and agreement is found. As a byproduct of this comparison we show that AdS curvature corrections exponentiate in the high energy limit.
A Novel Tracking Algorithm Based on Waveform Selection for Maneuvering Targets in Clutter
Authors: Huang Jieyu , Xie Junwei , Zhang Haowei , Li Zhengjie , Qi Cheng
Published: February 2024

The cognition radar utilizes the dynamic waveform configuration to adapt to the environment to improve tracking performance. A novel tracking algorithm based on waveform selection is proposed to address the maneuvering aircraft tracking problem in clutter. Based on the modified current statistical (MCS) model, the modified probabilistic data association filter (MPDAF) is integrated with the square-root cubature Kalman filter (SCKF) to deal with the nonlinear measurement and the clutter. Additionally, the waveform library is established by applying the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) to a base waveform, and a direct method is proposed to select the optimal waveform to minimize the posterior state error covariance matrix. The simulation results showed that, compared with the filters with the fixed waveform as well as the state-of-the-art algorithms, the proposed algorithm achieved higher estimation precision and lower track loss percentage while maintaining a low computational burden.
Homology Growth, Hyperbolization, and Fibering
Authors: Avramidi Grigori , Okun Boris , Schreve Kevin
Published: February 2024

We introduce a hyperbolic reflection group trick which builds closed aspherical manifolds out of compact ones and preserves hyperbolicity, residual finiteness, and—for almost all primesp—$\mathbb{F} _{p}$-homology growth above the middle dimension. We use this trick, embedding theory and manifold topology to construct Gromov hyperbolic 7-manifolds that do not virtually fiber over a circle out of graph products of large finite groups.
Suicide rates before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: da Cunha Varella Ana Paula , Griffin Eve , Khashan Ali , Kabir Zubair
Published: February 2024

Purpose

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health issues such as depression and anxiety are well-documented in the literature, but its influence on suicidal patterns shows divergent results. We aim to comprehensively synthesize evidence on potential changes or stability of suicide rates during the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide.

Methods

A comprehensive search of studies reporting suicide rates before and during the COVID-19 pandemic was conducted. Eligible studies reported incidences of confirmed suicides (suspected in special cases) for two time periods, before (until February 2020) and during (from March 2020 to June 2021) the COVID-19 pandemic. A meta-analysis of proportions using a random-effect model was performed to estimate the pre- and during-pandemic incidence rates of suicide with 95% confidence intervals. Differences in pre- and during-pandemic rates were formally tested using a heterogeneity test.

Results

A total of 34 studies were included in the review capturing suicide data from over 40 countries and regions. The meta-analysis outputs did not indicate a significant change in suicide rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pooled suicide rate in the studied period before the pandemic was 11.38 per 100,000 (95% CI 9.35–13.42) and in the period during the pandemic was 10.65 per 100,000 (95% CI 8.61–12.68).

Conclusion

No significant change in suicide rates was observed during the COVID pandemic from a global perspective for the periods examined. A longer follow-up can provide additional insights into such suicide trends globally. Improvements in data reporting, specifically with implementation of real-time surveillance, is imperative to provide adequate suicide prevention and support.
Distinct Assembly Processes Structure Planktonic Bacterial Communities Among Near- and Offshore Ecosystems in the Yangtze River Estuary
Authors: Xian Wen-Dong , Ding Junjie , Chen Jinhui , Qu Wu , Cao Pinglin , Tang Chunyu , Liu Xuezhu , Zhang Yiying , Li Jia-Ling , Wang Pandeng , Li Wen-Jun , Wang Jianxin
Published: February 2024

The estuarine system functions as natural filters due to its ability to facilitate material transformation, planktonic bacteria play a crucial role in the cycling of complex nutrients and pollutants within estuaries, and understanding the community composition and assembly therein is crucial for comprehending bacterial ecology within estuaries. Despite extensive investigations into the composition and community assembly of two bacterial fractions (free-living, FLB; particle-attached, PAB), the process by which bacterioplankton communities in these two habitats assemble in the nearshore and offshore zones of estuarine ecosystems remains poorly understood. In this study, we conducted sampling in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) to investigate potential variations in the composition and community assembly of FLB and PAB in nearshore and offshore regions. We collected 90 samples of surface, middle, and bottom water from 16 sampling stations and performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon analysis along with environmental factor measurements. The results unveiled that the nearshore communities demonstrated significantly greater species richness and Chao1 indices compared to the offshore communities. In contrast, the nearshore communities had lower values of Shannon and Simpson indices. When compared to the FLB, the PAB exhibit a higher level of biodiversity and abundance. However, no distinct alpha and beta diversity differences were observed between the bottom, middle, and surface water layers. The community assembly analysis indicated that nearshore communities are predominantly shaped by deterministic processes, particularly due to heterogeneous selection of PAB; In contrast, offshore communities are governed more by stochastic processes, largely due to homogenizing dispersal of FLB. Consequently, the findings of this study demonstrate that nearshore and PAB communities exhibit higher levels of species diversity, while stochastic and deterministic processes exert distinct influences on communities among near- and offshore regions. This study further sheds new light on our understanding of the mechanisms governing bacterial communities in estuarine ecosystems.
The significance of clinically insignificant residual fragments after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: an analysis into the relevance of complete stone clearance
Authors: Kingma Riemer A. , Doppen Carleen , Bus Mieke T. J. , Altobelli Emanuela , de Jong Igle Jan , Roemeling Stijn
Published: February 2024

Purpose

After treatment for kidney stones, residual fragments with a diameter of ≤ 4 mm are traditionally referred to as ‘clinically insignificant residual fragments’. We hypothesize that patients with these fragments are at an increased risk for stone-related morbidity, such as complaints, hydronephrosis, and stone regrowth, when compared to stone-free patients. This study aimed to investigate the relevance of complete stone clearance in surgical treatment of urolithiasis.

Methods

We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study. Patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy between 2015 and 2020 were included if a CT-scan was available within 6 months after the procedure, and the follow-up duration was at least 1 year. The stone-free status at the end of the first stone episode during the study period was categorized as fully stone-free, not stone-free with small residual fragments (≤ 4 mm) and not stone-free with large residual fragments (> 4 mm). Follow-up data were collected, including stone-related events and re-intervention rates.

Results

A total of 103 subjects were included with a median follow-up of 21.4 months. Stone-related events occurred in 10 (29.4%) of the fully stone-free subjects, 20 (58.8%) of the subjects with small residual fragments and 25 (71.4%) of the subjects with large residual fragments. The stone-related event-free survival per subgroup resulted in a significantly different survival distribution in a log rank test (p = 0.008).

Conclusion

A complete stone-free status seems to be of fundamental importance for decreasing stone-related morbidity. Further developments and research should focus on optimizing the full clearance of stone material during PCNL.
Nordic Nutrition Recommendations and risk of myocardial infarction and stroke: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Sjöblom Linnea , Hantikainen Essi , Bellocco Rino , Ye Weimin , Adami Hans-Olov , Trolle Lagerros Ylva , Bonn Stephanie Erika
Published: February 2024

Purpose

The Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) are developed to prevent diet-related diseases. This study aimed to examine adherence to the NNR and risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke among women and men in Sweden.

Methods

We followed 34,898 adults from 1997 to 2016. Dietary intake was assessed once at baseline using a food frequency questionnaire. Adherence scores corresponding to NNR-editions from 2023, 2012, 2004 and 1996 were calculated. Scores were categorized into low (reference category), moderate and high adherence. Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to estimate hazards ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

We identified 1649 incident cases of MI and 2071 incident cases of stroke during follow-up (mean 17.9 years). For each 1-point increase in the NNR2023-score (range 0–9), the rate of MI decreased by 14% (HR: 0.86; 95% CI 0.78–0.95). High adherence was associated with a lower rate of MI (HR: 0.72; 95% CI 0.59–0.87) (p-trend = 0.01). Moderate adherence was associated with a lower rate of stroke (HR: 0.88; 95% CI 0.78–0.99) (p-trend = 0.31). Among women, a 23% lower rate of MI (HR: 0.77; 95% CI 0.67–0.89) was observed for each 1-point increase, and high adherence was associated with a lower rate of MI (HR: 0.59; 95% CI 0.45–0.78). No associations were found in men. The results were similar, though attenuated, for earlier NNR-editions.

Conclusion

Adherence to the NNR was associated with a reduced risk of MI. This association was more pronounced among women than among men and in more recent NNR-editions. The findings for stroke need further investigation.
A parametric study on the elastic limit stresses of rotating variable thickness orthotropic disk
Authors: Motameni Ali
Published: February 2024

This paper investigates the stress fields at the onset of plastic yield of variable thickness rotating orthotropic disk, which is rigidly fixed on an inclusion. In the analytical modeling of the problem, two different analytical solution methods have been displayed where small deformations have been considered with the application of plane stress conditions. Well-known power law is considered for the disk's thickness variation, and Hill’s yield criterion is applied to obtain the elastic limits. Four parameters have been utilized while analyzing the limit fields: geometric parameter to manipulate the disk thickness, orthotropy parameter from the ratio between Young's modulus in radial and tangential directions, and two parameters owing to the applied yield criteria. The effects of these parameters on the limit fields have been comprehensively examined in the numerical examples, and possible outcomes have been discussed. Additionally, using Autodesk Inventor Nastran, finite element solution of the disk is generated, analytical and numerical results have been compared, and consequently, closely matching results have been achieved.
Factors associated with increased length of stay and risk of complications in 336 patients submitted to spine surgery. The role of a validated capture system (SAVES v2) as a first-line tool to properly face the problem
Authors: Falzetti Luigi , Griffoni Cristiana , Carretta Elisa , Pezzi Andrea , Monetta Annalisa , Cavallari Carlotta , Ghermandi Riccardo , Tedesco Giuseppe , Terzi Silvia , Bandiera Stefano , Evangelisti Gisberto , Girolami Marco , Pipola Valerio , Tosini Giovanni , Noli Luigi Emanuele , Gasbarrini Alessandro , Barbanti Brodano Giovanni
Published: February 2024

Purpose

In this study, we analyzed the use of a validated capture system (Spinal Adverse Events Severity system, SAVES V2) as a first non-technical skill to properly face the relevant problem of surgical complications (SCs) and adverse events (AEs) in spinal surgery.

Methods

We retrospectively collected AEs occurring in a tertiary referral center for spine surgery from January 2017 to January 2018 and classified them according to SAVES V2 system. We compared this collection of AEs with a prospective collection performed without any classification system. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determined odds ratio (ORs) for selected potential risk factors of AEs and prolonged length of stay.

Results

Overall a higher number of AEs was retrospectively recorded using SAVES system compared to the prospective recording without the use of any capture system (97/336 vs 210/336, p < 0.001).

The length of stay (LOS) increased in the group of complicated patients for all the procedures examined. In the non-oncological group, LOS was significantly higher for complicated patients compared to uncomplicated patients (F = 44.11, p = 0.0000). Similar results have been obtained in the oncological group of patients.

In the multivariate regression model surgical time and postoperative AEs emerged as risk factors for prolonged LOS, while only the presence of previous surgeries was confirmed as risk factor for AEs.

Conclusion

Considering that the rate of AEs and SCs in spinal surgery is still high despite the improvement of technical skills, we suggest the use of SAVES V2 capture system as a first-line tool to face the problem.
Impact of poverty and adversity on perceived family support in adolescence: findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Adjei Nicholas Kofi , Jonsson Kenisha Russell , Straatmann Viviane S. , Melis Gabriella , McGovern Ruth , Kaner Eileen , Wolfe Ingrid , Taylor-Robinson David C. ,   the ORACLE consortium, Barrett Simon , Tubah Sarwar , Forman Julia , Hirve Raeena , Bangisky Mary , Boulding Harriet , Hackett Simon , Fox-Rushby Julia , Muir Cassey , Sophie Kedzior , Salmon Abigail
Published: February 2024

Emotional support from family members may have an important effect on adolescent health outcomes, and has been identified as a target for policy to protect against the impacts of poverty and other early life adversities. However, few studies have assessed the extent to which poverty and adversity themselves influence the nature of emotional support that parents can provide to adolescents. We, therefore, aimed to investigate the impact of trajectories of income poverty and family adversities, including parental mental ill health, alcohol misuse and domestic violence across childhood developmental stages on young people’s relationships with their families and perceived emotional support received. We analysed longitudinal data on 10,976 children from the nationally representative UK Millennium Cohort study. Exposure trajectories of poverty and family adversities were characterised using group-based multi-trajectory models (age 9 months–14 years). The outcomes were perceived emotional support and quality of family relationships, measured by the three-item Short Social Provisions Scale (SPS-3) and levels of parent–adolescent closeness and conflict, measured at age 14. ORs and 95% CIs were estimated using multivariable logistic regression models, adjusting for potential confounding factors. At age 14, the overall prevalence of low perceived emotional support was 13% (95% CI: 12, 14). Children of mothers with lower socioeconomic status (SES) were more likely to report low emotional support, with a clear social gradient (education—degree plus: 10.3% vs. no qualifications: 15.4%). Compared with children exposed to low levels of poverty and adversity, children in the persistent adversity trajectory groups experienced higher odds of low emotional support and low-quality parent–adolescent relationship; those exposed to both persistent poverty and poor parental mental health were particularly at increased risk of experiencing poor family relationships and low perceived emotional support (adjusted odds ratio 2·2; 95% CI 1·7–2·9). Low perceived emotional support and poor family relationships in adolescence are more prevalent among socially disadvantaged children and adolescents and those experiencing social adversity. Policies to improve levels of family support for UK adolescents should focus on improving modifiable determinants such as child poverty and family mental health.
Human social buffer in goats and dogs
Authors: Scandurra Anna , D’Aniello Biagio , Pero Maria Elena , Pinelli Claudia , Di Lucrezia Alfredo , Tudisco Raffaella , Iommelli Piera , Mastellone Vincenzo , Lombardi Pietro
Published: February 2024

The primary goal of this study was to explore the social buffering effect that humans offer to goats and dogs with limited exposure to human socialization, particularly in situations involving interactions with unfamiliar humans. A total of 13 dogs and 14 goats were selected for the study, all of which had limited prior socialization with humans. Each animal was placed in a testing room with unfamiliar humans for 15 min. Three experimenters aimed to establish a comfortable environment, encouraging social interaction by offering food to the animals and assessing the animals’ willingness to accept food and their response to being approached and petted. If both conditions were satisfied, the animals were classified as “social”. If one or none of the conditions were met, the animals were classified as “not social”. Cortisol levels were measured by collecting blood samples before and after the test. Non-parametric tests together with a GzLM showed that the effect of human social buffering in goats was different in comparison to dogs: goats exhibited higher cortisol levels after the test, while dogs did not show a significant change. Further analysis demonstrated that “social” goats had a lower likelihood of experiencing significant changes in cortisol levels than dogs. Thus, once human interactions are accepted, both species could benefit from social buffering. In summary, this study enhances our understanding of how dogs and goats respond to social interactions with humans in the social buffering effect.