bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consensus and Consensus Democracy: Cultural, Structural, Functional, and Rational‐Choice Explanations
Authors: Lijphart Arend
Published: September 2010

Five examples of the origin, operation, and consequences of consensus democracy and closely related democratic forms (the politics of accommodation, consociational democracy, and power‐sharing democracy) illustrate the relative strengths of cultural, structural, functional, and rational‐choice explanations. The examples show that each of these explanations plays a crucial role in at least one of the five situations. Hence they suggest that it is unwise to assume that one particular approach predominates to such an extent that it should be the ruling paradigm for political research.
Macroeconomic Control of Local Governments in Scandinavia: The Formative Years
Authors: Blom‐Hansen Jens
Published: September 2010

The three Scandinavian countries have been able to radically decentralize their public sectors without losing the ability to control macroeconomic performance. The explanation of this puzzle is that, in all three countries, institutions have been established to coordinate economic activity levels at the local level with macroeconomic policy goals at the central level. The article investigates how these institutions were established, and pays special attention to the precise nature of these institutions since they show interesting differences among the otherwise very similar Scandinavian countries. The article pursues the thesis that institutional legacies in intergovernmental relations shape institutions like these, unless decision makers face an institutional tabula rasa. Alternative explanations are briefly considered, but the article concludes by supporting the historical approach to politics.
Policy Preferences and Political Distrust: A Comparison of Norway, Sweden and the United States
Authors: Miller Arthur H. , Listhaug Ola
Published: September 2010

Many modern democracies have experienced a decrease in citizen support for government in recent decades. This article examines attitudes toward public policy as a plausible theoretical explanation for this phenomenon. The connection between public policy and support for the political regime has received considerable academic attention in the United States. Yet very little comparative work has examined whether citizens' policy preferences are related to a decline in diffuse support across different political systems. This article offers a clearer, more concise theoretical specification of the hypothesized relationship between public evaluations of policy outputs and support for the political regime. After specifying the theoretical concerns more succinctly, the article analyzes data from Norway, Sweden and the United States for the quarter century from the late 1960s to the early 1990s. The analysis reveals that shifts in evaluations of foreign policy and race‐related policies help explain change in political trust for all three countries despite differences in the political systems. Moral issues, such as abortion, however, have no impact on political trust in any of the countries.
Implication Analysis: A Pragmatic Proposal for Linking Theory and Data in the Social Sciences
Authors: Lieberson Stanley , Horwich Joel
Published: September 2010

Sociology and other social sciences struggle to emulate a model of scientific evidence that is often inappropriate. Not only do social researchers encounter special limits, but they are also handicapped by a distorted and idealized picture of practices in the “hard sciences.” Ironically, while often obliged to use data of lower quality, sociology employs standards for evaluating a theory that are not attained in the hard sciences. After a brief review of these obstacles, we describe a set of procedures for using empirical data to rigorously evaluate theories and hypotheses without resorting to the mimicking of hard science. The interaction between theory and evidence normally involves deriving implications from the theory (usually referred to as hypotheses) and then ascertaining how closely the empirical evidence meets these implications. The appropriateness of the implications is a key factor in the entire operation, linking as they do the data and the theory. The evaluation of a theory is no better than the theory's implications (as generated by the investigator) coupled with the quality and appropriateness of the evidence. It is our impression, however, that because this step is insufficiently addressed, there are unnecessary problems in the evaluation of theories. We use the term “Implication Analysis” to describe our efforts to review and improve current procedures.
Introduction to Emile Durkheim's “Anti-Semitism and Social Crisis”
Authors: Goldberg Chad Alan
Published: September 2010

Emile Durkheim's “Antisémitisme et crise sociale,” written in 1899 during the Dreyfus Affair in France, is introduced. The introduction summarizes the principal contributions that “Antisémitisme et crise sociale” makes to the sociology of anti-Semitism, relates those contributions to Durkheim's broader theoretical assumptions and concerns, situates his analysis of anti-Semitism in its social and historical context, contrasts it to other analyses of anti-Semitism (Marxist and Zionist) that were prominent in Durkheim's time, indicates some of the revisions and additions that a fuller and more complete Durkheimian theory of anti-Semitism would entail, and highlights the significance of Durkheim's ideas for the contemporary study of ethnic and racial antagonism. While noting the limitations of Durkheim's analysis, the introduction concludes that “Antisémitisme et crise sociale” has sadly regained its relevance in the light of a revival of anti-Semitism at the turn of the millennium.
The Art of Social Forms and the Social Forms of Art: The Sociology-Aesthetics Nexus in Georg Simmel's Thought
Authors: de la Fuente Eduardo
Published: September 2010

This article examines the sociology-aesthetics nexus in Georg Simmel's thought. The article suggests that it is useful to divide Simmel's linking of sociology and aesthetics into three distinct types of propositions: (1) claims regarding the parallels between art and social form (the “art of social forms”); (2) statements regarding principles of sociological ordering in art and aesthetic objects (the “social forms of art”); and (3) analytical propositions where aesthetic and social factors are shown to work in combination. In the latter case, the sociology-aesthetic nexus moves beyond mere analogy. It is argued that in those instances where Simmel shows that aesthetic factors are central to the social bond the linking of aesthetics and sociology is theoretically most insightful.
The Social Characterizations of Price: The Fool, the Faithful, the Frivolous, and the Frugal
Authors: Wherry Frederick F.
Published: September 2010

This article extends both Viviana Zelizer's discussion of the social meaning of money and Charles Smith's proposal that pricing is a definitional practice to the under-theorized realm of the social meanings generated in the pricing system. Individuals are attributed with calculating or not calculating whether an object or service is “worth” its price, but these attributions differ according to the individual's social location as being near to or far from a societal reference point rather than by the inherent qualities of the object or service purchased. Prices offer seemingly objective (quantitative) proof of the individual's “logic of appropriateness”—in other words, people like that pay prices such as those. This article sketches a preliminary but nonexhaustive typology of the social characterizations of individuals within the pricing system; these ideal types—the fool, the faithful, the frugal, and the frivolous—and their components offer a systematic approach to understanding prices as embedded in and constituents of social meaning systems.
The Stability of Two, Three, and Four Wave Interactions of a Prototype System
Authors: Laine‐Pearson F. E.
Published: September 2010

The stability of plane wave interactions of coupled nonlinear Schrödinger (CNLS) equations can be analyzed within a bisymplectic framework. This framework is a generalization of the Hamiltonian formulation. The current study considers a family of CNLS equations that are used as a prototype system for studying the combined interaction of unstable and stable component waves in optics. This popular family has a drawback when cast into a bisymplectic framework: the determinant controlling various types of fiber regime is zero. To solve this problem, it is proposed that a limit is taken from a more general CNLS family to the family in question. This method is then bench‐marked against known stability results for the simple two plane wave interactions when amplitudes are equal and are found to agree. It is then applied to two wave interactions with unequal amplitudes as well as three and four wave interactions. The latter interactions for this particular system are not spectrally stable. By suggesting a slightly larger family of CNLS equations, it is illustrated that spectral stability can occur. This adapted prototype system may be of use in optics; in particular, to show that long‐wave stability is possible given a judicious choice of parameter values.
Rossby Elevation Waves in the Presence of a Critical Layer
Authors: Caillol P. , Grimshaw R. H.
Published: September 2010

In a previous paper, we investigated the solitary‐wave‐like development of small‐amplitude Rossby waves propagating in a zonal shear current, for the particular case when the Rossby wave speed equals the mean‐flow velocity at a certain latitude in the β‐plane. We presented a general theory for the nonlinear critical‐layer theory, and illustrated it by explicitly describing the motion of a depression solitary wave (D‐wave). Here, we report a continuation of that study and consider the more complex case of an elevation solitary wave (E‐wave). The method involves matched asymptotic expansions between the outer flow away from the critical layer and the inner flow inside the latter, both these flows having different scalings. We showed previously that the critical‐layer flow expansion diverged in the case of the E‐wave on the separatrices bounding the open and closed streamlines, which led us to defer a detailed E‐wave study. Thus, in this paper, we examine the motion in the additional layer located along the separatrices where this singularity is removed by using a third scaling and find that the previous undesirable distortions are discarded. The evolution equation is derived and is a Korteveg‐de‐Vries type‐equation modified by new nonlinear terms generated by the nonlinear interactions occuring in the critical layer. This equation supports a family of E‐waves provided that the mean flow obeys certain conditions. The energy exchange that occurs between the mean flow and the D or E‐wave during the critical‐layer formation is evaluated in the quasi‐steady régime assumption.
Extracting Data Off the Internet
Authors: Christie Derek
Published: September 2010

This article shows how to use Microsoft Excel to get data from the Internet into a statistically usable form.
Using Statistics for Teaching Primary School Children
Authors: Du Feu Chris
Published: September 2010

Statistical charts can be used with very young children in order for them to understand and communicate effectively in other subject areas. This practical activity was aimed at understanding more about forces.
Model-Based Measurement of Latent Risk in Time Series with Applications
Authors: Bijleveld Frits , Commandeur Jacques , Gould Phillip , Koopman Siem Jan
Published: September 2010

Risk is at the centre of many policy decisions in companies, governments and other institutions. The risk of road fatalities concerns local governments in planning countermeasures, the risk and severity of counterparty default concerns bank risk managers daily and the risk of infection has actuarial and epidemiological consequences. However, risk cannot be observed directly and it usually varies over time. We introduce a general multivariate time series model for the analysis of risk based on latent processes for the exposure to an event, the risk of that event occurring and the severity of the event. Linear state space methods can be used for the statistical treatment of the model. The new framework is illustrated for time series of insurance claims, credit card purchases and road safety. It is shown that the general methodology can be effectively used in the assessment of risk.
Incidence-Based Estimates of Life Expectancy of the Healthy for the UK: Coherence Between Transition Probabilities and Aggregate Life-Tables
Authors: Khoman Ehsan , Mitchell James , Weale Martin
Published: September 2010

Will the UK’s aging population be fit and independent, or suffer from greater chronic ill health? Life expectancy of healthy people represents the expected number of years of healthy well-being that a life-table cohort would experience if age-specific rates of mortality and disability prevailed throughout the cohort’s lifetime. Robust estimation of this life expectancy is thus essential for examining whether additional years of life are spent in good health and whether life expectancy is increasing faster than the decline of rates of disability. The paper examines a means of generating estimates of life expectancy for people who are healthy and unhealthy for the UK that are consistent with exogenous population mortality data. The method takes population transition matrices and adjusts these in a statistically coherent way so as to render them consistent with aggregate life-tables.
HIGHER‐ORDER ASYMPTOTIC PROPERTIES OF A WEIGHTED ESTIMATOR FOR GAUSSIAN ARMA PROCESSES
Authors: Swe Myint , Taniguchi Masanobu
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Let {Xt} be a Gaussian ARMA process with spectral density fθ(Λ), where θ is an unknown parameter. To estimate θ, we propose an estimator θCw of the Bayes type. Since our standpoint in this paper is different from Bayes's original approach, we call it a weighted estimator. We then investigate various higher‐order asymptotic properties of θCw. It is shown that θCw is second‐order asymptotically efficient in the class of second‐order median unbiased estimators. Furthermore, if we confine our discussions to an appropriate class D of estimators, we can show that θCw is third‐order asymptotically efficient in D. We also investigate the Edgeworth expansion of a transformation of θCw. We can then give the transformation of θCw which makes the second‐order part of the Edgeworth expansion vanish. Finally we consider the problem of testing a simple hypothesis H:θ=θo against the alternative A:θ#θo. For this problem we propose a class of tests δA which are based on the weighted estimator. We derive the X2 type asymptotic expansion of the distribution of S (ζδA) under the sequence of alternatives An:θ=θo+εn1/2, ε > 0. We can then compare the local powers of various tests on the basis of their asymptotic expansions.
A light‐tailed conditionally heteroscedastic model with applications to river flows
Authors: Elek Péter , Márkus László
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  A conditionally heteroscedastic model, different from the more commonly used autoregressive moving average–generalized autoregressive conditionally heteroscedastic (ARMA‐GARCH) processes, is established and analysed here. The time‐dependent variance of innovations passing through an ARMA filter is conditioned on the lagged values of the generated process, rather than on the lagged innovations, and is defined to be asymptotically proportional to those past values. Designed this way, the model incorporates certain feedback from the modelled process, the innovation is no longer of GARCH type, and all moments of the modelled process are finite provided the same is true for the generating noise. The article gives the condition of stationarity, and proves consistency and asymptotic normality of the Gaussian quasi‐maximum likelihood estimator of the variance parameters, even though the estimated parameters of the linear filter contain an error.

An analysis of six diurnal water discharge series observed along Rivers Danube and Tisza in Hungary demonstrates the usefulness of such a model. The effect of lagged river discharge turns out to be highly significant on the variance of innovations, and nonparametric estimation approves its approximate linearity. Simulations from the new model preserve well the probability distribution, the high quantiles, the tail behaviour and the high‐level clustering of the original series, further justifying model choice.
Duration time‐series models with proportional hazard
Authors: Gagliardini P. , Gourieroux C.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The analysis of liquidity in financial markets is generally performed by means of the dynamics of the observed intertrade durations (possibly weighted by price or volume). Various dynamic models for duration data have been considered in the literature, such as the Autoregressive Conditional Duration (ACD) model. These models are often excessively constrained, introducing, for example, a deterministic link between conditional expectation and variance in the case of the ACD model. Moreover, the stationarity properties and the patterns of the stationary distributions are often unknown. The aim of this article is to solve these difficulties by considering a duration time series satisfying the proportional hazard property. We describe in detail this class of dynamic models, discuss its various representations and provide the ergodicity conditions. The proportional hazard copula can be specified either parametrically, or nonparametrically. We discuss estimation methods in both contexts, and explain why they are efficient, that is, why they reach the parametric (respectively, nonparametric) efficiency bound.
Fixed‐b asymptotic approximation of the sampling behaviour of nonparametric spectral density estimators
Authors: Hashimzade Nigar , Vogelsang Timothy J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  We propose a new asymptotic approximation for the sampling behaviour of nonparametric estimators of the spectral density of a covariance stationary time series. According to the standard approach, the truncation lag grows more slowly than the sample size. We derive first‐order limiting distributions under the alternative assumption that the truncation lag is a fixed proportion of the sample size. Our results extend the approach of Neave (1970), who derived a formula for the asymptotic variance of spectral density estimators under the same truncation lag assumption. We show that the limiting distribution of zero‐frequency spectral density estimators depends on how the mean is estimated and removed. The implications of our zero‐frequency results are consistent with exact results for bias and variance computed by Ng and Perron (1996). Finite sample simulations indicate that the new asymptotics provides a better approximation than the standard one.
Quantile self‐exciting threshold autoregressive time series models
Authors: Cai Yuzhi , Stander Julian
Published: September 2010

Abstract. In this paper we present a Bayesian approach to quantile self‐exciting threshold autoregressive time series models. The simulation work shows that the method can deal very well with nonstationary time series with very large, but not necessarily symmetric, variations. The methodology has also been applied to the growth rate of US real GNP data and some interesting results have been obtained.
The exact discrete model of a system of linear stochastic differential equations driven by fractional noise
Authors: Simos Theodore
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  This paper derives the exact discrete model (EDM) of a kth‐order system of stochastic differential equations driven by a vector fractional noise under fixed initial conditions. The EDM can be used for the Gaussian estimation and forecasting with long‐memory discrete‐time equispaced data. Detailed formulae which are necessary for the construction and numerical evaluation of the Gaussian likelihood under two observation schemes are established. State variables can be observed either at equispaced points in time or as integrals over the observational interval.
Testing for a unit root under errors with just barely infinite variance
Authors: Kourogenis Nikolaos , Pittis Nikitas
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  This article investigates the problem of testing for a unit root in the case that the error, {ut}, of the model is a strictly stationary, mixing process with just barely infinite variance. Such errors have the property that for every δ such that 0 ≤ δ < 2, the moments E|ut|δ are finite. Under some additional restrictions on the rate of decay of the mixing rates, these errors belong to the domain of the non‐normal attraction of the normal law and obey the invariance principle. This in turn implies that there might be conditions under which the usual Phillips‐type test statistics for unit roots may still converge to the corresponding Dickey–Fuller distributions. In such a case, the unit‐root hypothesis can be tested within an infinite‐variance framework without any modifications to either the tests themselves or the critical values employed. This article derives a necessary and sufficient condition for convergence of the standard test statistics to the Dickey–Fuller distributions. By means of Monte Carlo simulations, the article also shows that this condition is likely to hold in the case that {ut} is a serially correlated, integrated generalized autoregressive conditionally heteroskedastic (IGARCH) process and the standard unit‐root tests work well.
Fractional cointegration in the presence of linear trends
Authors: Hassler Uwe , Marmol Francesc , Velasco Carlos
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  We consider bivariate regressions of nonstationary fractionally integrated variables dominated by linear time trends. The asymptotic behaviour of the ordinary least square (OLS) estimators in this case allows limiting normality to arise at a faster rate of convergence than if the individual series were detrended, increasing in this way the power of the tests for fractional cointegration. We also show that the limiting distribution of the t‐ratio of the slope coefficient depends upon the presence or not of a deterministic trend in the conditional regressor. We introduce the concept of local fractional trend to explain the apparently diverging asymptotic theories that apply when a trend is either present or absent in our set‐up.
Frequency estimation based on the cumulated Lomb–Scargle periodogram
Authors: Lévy‐Leduc C. , Moulines E. , Roueff F.
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  We consider the problem of estimating the period of an unknown periodic function observed in additive Gaussian noise sampled at irregularly spaced time instants in a semiparametric setting. To solve this problem, we propose a novel estimator based on the cumulated Lomb–Scargle periodogram. We prove that this estimator is consistent, asymptotically Gaussian and we provide an explicit expression of the asymptotic variance. Some Monte Carlo experiments are then presented to support our claims.
Does Foreign Language Writing Benefit From Increased Lexical Fluency? Evidence From a Classroom Experiment
Authors: van Gelderen Amos , Oostdam Ron , van Schooten Erik
Published: September 2010

We report a classroom experiment directed at increasing lexical fluency in writing. Participants were 107 Dutch students in bilingual (EFL) education (Grades 10 and 11). According to current theories of writing such fluency allows writers to devote more attention to higher order aspects of text production, such as idea generation, selection and organization, and revision of content. Two contrasting assumptions are studied: the inhibition assumption that effortful word production prevents writers from attending to higher order aspects and the compensation assumption that writers compensate for effortful word production processes by sequential processing strategies. Results show that a group trained in writing and fluency in the deployment of useful words for writing in specific tasks outperformed a group receiving the same writing lessons but without fluency training both in fluency of trained words and in frequency of use of the target words in writing. However, the lexical fluency group did not produce foreign language texts of better quality than the group that received no fluency training. Both groups, however, outperformed a baseline control group that had not received writing lessons. The results are interpreted as support for the compensation assumption.
Neoclassical Difficulties: Tort Deterrence for Latent Injuries*
Authors: FELSTINER W. L. F. , SIEGELMAN PETER
Published: September 2010

Economists often claim that the tort system leads firms to provide consumers and workers with the socially optimal level of safety. Moreover, in the case of work‐related hazards, employers are alleged to have another source of incentives to take precautions. If wages are sensitive to job‐related risks, employers should spend money to reduce such risks when, by doing so, they can save more in wage costs than the costs of the precautions taken.

Whatever their merits in other settings, in the case of latent injuries such as workplace exposure to asbestos neither tort nor market are likely to provide an optimal level of safety; indeed, they have failed to do so in the examples we discuss. We find that the introduction of a long delay between the exposure to a hazard and the onset of symptoms introduces a variety of empirical complications that overwhelm the assumptions on which the neoclassical model rests. Our conclusion is thus that comparisons between tort and alternative systems of deterrence/compensation should start from an empirical assessment of how the tort system actually works (and doesn't work), rather than beginning with misleading theoretical claims about the system's optimality.
Regulating Risk: Implications of the Challenger Accident*
Authors: VAUGHAN DIANE
Published: September 2010

This analysis describes how the NASA organization contributed to the loss of the Challenger on January 28, 1986. The competitive environment, NASA organization characteristics (its structure, processes, and transactions), and the regulatory environment all influenced the decision to proceed with the launch. To be effective, strategies to control, change, or eliminate undesireable behavior should address the cause of that behavior. Understanding how organizations contribute to technical system accidents leads to the conclusion that efforts to reduce accidents in risky technological systems must include the organizations that produce them. Suggestions for policy aimed at curtailing organizational‐technical system accidents are discussed.
‘FATCATS’ and Prosecution in a Regulatory Agency: A Footnote on the Social Construction of Risk1
Authors: HAWKINS KEITH
Published: September 2010

This paper explores what, in the context of occupational health and safety regulation, the idea of risk means to legal actors whose task is to assess and act upon risks. It argues that while the occupational risk to the worker is important because it may prompt a regulatory response and it informs decisions about enforcement strategy, the decision‐maker contemplating formal legal action will become preoccupied with the risks posed by the legal process to the successful prosecution of the case. The legal risks arise from the nature of regulatory work and the form and character of regulatory law. Legal decisionmakers respond to these risks in a systematic fashion preferring to prosecute cases which are quick, straightforward and unlikely to be defended. This leads to the selection of cases which are breaches of absolute (rather than general) duties and violations of provisions relating to safety rather than health, thereby skewing the application of enforcement.
A Just Measure of Forgiveness: Reforming Occupational Licensing Regulations for Ex‐Offenders Using BFOQ Analysis
Authors: LUCKEN KAROL , PONTE LUCILLE M.
Published: September 2010

In the United States, over 600,000 offenders rejoin society annually, though little has been done to facilitate their transition from the prison to the community. Offender reentry into the workplace has emerged as a particular concern, given that many statutes prohibit public employment for ex‐offenders and create obstacles to private‐sector employment through occupational licensing requirements. These mandates may explicitly reject ex‐offenders, or require “good moral character” or job/relationship tests that all but eliminate meaningful employment options. Several states are reconsidering the implications of these prohibitions, but a clear framework for assessing the validity of exclusionary occupational mandates is often lacking. This article proposes that the bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) defense found in employment discrimination law provides a helpful framework for guiding these reform efforts.
ASSET ALLOCATION AND ANNUITY‐PURCHASE STRATEGIES TO MINIMIZE THE PROBABILITY OF FINANCIAL RUIN
Authors: Milevsky Moshe A. , Moore Kristen S. , Young Virginia R.
Published: September 2010

In this paper, we derive the optimal investment and annuitization strategies for a retiree whose objective is to minimize the probability of lifetime ruin, namely the probability that a fixed consumption strategy will lead to zero wealth while the individual is still alive. Recent papers in the insurance economics literature have examined utility‐maximizing annuitization strategies. Others in the probability, finance, and risk management literature have derived shortfall‐minimizing investment and hedging strategies given a limited amount of initial capital. This paper brings the two strands of research together. Our model pre‐supposes a retiree who does not currently have sufficient wealth to purchase a life annuity that will yield her exogenously desired fixed consumption level. She seeks the asset allocation and annuitization strategy that will minimize the probability of lifetime ruin. We demonstrate that because of the binary nature of the investor's goal, she will not annuitize any of her wealth until she can fully cover her desired consumption with a life annuity. We derive a variational inequality that governs the ruin probability and the optimal strategies, and we demonstrate that the problem can be recast as a related optimal stopping problem which yields a free‐boundary problem that is more tractable. We numerically calculate the ruin probability and optimal strategies and examine how they change as we vary the mortality assumption and parameters of the financial model. Moreover, for the special case of exponential future lifetime, we solve the (dual) problem explicitly. As a byproduct of our calculations, we are able to quantify the reduction in lifetime ruin probability that comes from being able to manage the investment portfolio dynamically and purchase annuities.
ASSET PRICING WITH NO EXOGENOUS PROBABILITY MEASURE
Authors: Cassese Gianluca
Published: September 2010

In this paper, we propose a model of financial markets in which agents have limited ability to trade and no probability is given from the outset. In the absence of arbitrage opportunities, assets are priced according to a probability measure that lacks countable additivity. Despite finite additivity, we obtain an explicit representation of the expected value with respect to the pricing measure, based on some new results on finitely additive measures. From this representation we derive an exact decomposition of the risk premium as the sum of the correlation of returns with the market price of risk and an additional term, the purely finitely additive premium, related to the jumps of the return process. We also discuss the implications of the absence of free lunches.
SOLVABLE AFFINE TERM STRUCTURE MODELS
Authors: Grasselli Martino , Tebaldi Claudio
Published: September 2010

AnAffine Term Structure Model(ATSM) is said to be solvable if the pricing problem has an explicit solution, i.e., the corresponding Riccati ordinary differential equations have a regular globally integrable flow. We identify the parametric restrictions which are necessary and sufficient for an ATSM with continuous paths, to be solvable in a state space, where, the domain of positive factors, has the geometry of a symmetric cone. This class of state spaces includes as special cases those introduced byDuffie and Kan (1996), and Wishart term structure processes discussed byGourieroux and Sufana (2003). For all solvable models we provide the procedure to find the explicit solution of the Riccati ODE.
CONVEXITY OF THE EXERCISE BOUNDARY OF THE AMERICAN PUT OPTION ON A ZERO DIVIDEND ASSET
Authors: Chen Xinfu , Chadam John , Jiang Lishang , Zheng Weian
Published: September 2010

We show that the optimal exercise boundary for the American put option with non‐dividend‐paying asset is convex. With this convexity result, we then give a simple rigorous argument providing an accurate asymptotic behavior for the exercise boundary near expiry.
VIRTUE EPISTEMOLOGY AND EPISTEMIC LUCK, REVISITED
Authors: PRITCHARD DUNCAN
Published: September 2010

Abstract:In this article I return to an argument that I presented in earlier work to the effect that virtue epistemology is at worse false and at best unmotivated. In the light of recent responses to this argument from such figures as John Greco, Guy Axtell, and Kelly Becker, I here re‐state and re‐evaluate this argument. In the process the original argument is refined and supplemented in key respects and some of the main charges against it are shown to be unfounded. Nevertheless, I also argue that at least one of the objections to the original argument—due to Becker—may well be on the right lines, and I draw some conclusions in this regard.
FINDING AND FOSTERING THE PHILOSOPHICAL IMPULSE IN YOUNG PEOPLE: A TRIBUTE TO THE WORK OF GARETH B. MATTHEWS
Authors: GOERING SARA
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This article highlights Gareth Matthews's contributions to the field of philosophy for young children, noting especially the inventiveness of his style of engagement with children and his confidence in children's ability to analyze perplexing issues, from cosmology to death and dying. I relate here my experiences in introducing philosophical topics to adolescents, to show how Matthews's work can be successfully extended to older students, and I recommend taking philosophy outside the university as a way to foster critical thinking in young students and to improve the public status of the profession.
MAKING IT EXPLICIT AND CLEAR: FROM “STRONG” TO “HYPER‐” INFERENTIALISM IN BRANDOM AND PEIRCE
Authors: LEGG CATHERINE
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This article explores how Robert Brandom's original “inferentialist” philosophical framework should be positioned with respect to the classical pragmatist tradition. It is argued that Charles Peirce's original attack (in “Questions Concerning Certain Faculties Claimed for Man” and other early papers) on the use of “intuition” in nineteenth‐century philosophy of mind is in fact a form of inferentialism, and thus an antecedent relatively unexplored by Brandom in his otherwise comprehensive and illuminating “tales of the mighty dead.” However, whereas Brandom stops short at a merely “strong” inferentialism, which admits some non‐inferential mental content (although it is parasitic on the inferential and can only be “inferentially articulated”), Peirce embraces a total, that is, “hyper‐,” inferentialism. Some consequences of this difference are explored, and Peirce's more thoroughgoing position is defended.
THE PARADOX OF INQUIRY IN AUGUSTINE'S CONFESSIONS
Authors: MACDONALD SCOTT
Published: September 2010

Abstract: The Confessions recounts Augustine's successful search for God. But Augustine worries that one cannot search for God if one does not already know God. That version of the paradox of inquiry dominates and structures Confessions 1–10. I draw connections between the dramatic opening lines of book 1 and the climactic discussion in book 10.26–38 and argue that the latter discussion contains Augustine's resolution of the paradox of inquiry as it applies to the special case of searching for God. I claim that he develops a model, relying on the universal human experience of joy and truth, that identifies a starting point that (1) is common to all human beings, (2) is sufficient for guiding a successful search for God, and (3) avoids commitment to recollection of experiences prior to birth. The model is crucial to Augustine's rejection of traditional Platonist views about recollection.
THE TWO‐SECTOR VON THÜNEN ORIGINAL MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY MODEL OF CAPITAL; AND BEYOND
Authors: Etula Erkko
Published: September 2010

This article considers a two‐sector model of scalar capital from the perspectives of smoothly differentiable neoclassical technologies and also non‐differentiable technologies based on discrete alternative Leontief–Sraffa techniques. The analysis shows that in these Thünen‐like scenarios without joint production the real wage and the interest rate are necessarily in an inverse Ricardian tradeoff. This complements the findings of Samuelson and Etula (2006, Japan and the World Economy, 18, pp. 331–356) and completes the analysis of single homogeneous scalar capital.
HEIDEGGER AND TEILHARD DE CHARDIN: THE CONVERGENCE OF HISTORY AND FUTURE
Authors: MEI TODD S.
Published: September 2010

The intent of this essay is to place the thinking of Martin Heidegger and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin in dialogue with one another in order to thresh out the latent aspects of each thinker's work that are often seen to be problematic. I argue that Teilhard's discussion of unity that differentiates illuminates a positive teleology in Heidegger's notion of Appropriation, while Heidegger's conception of retrieval/repetition discloses the significance of historical reinterpretation in Teilhard's Christology. I therefore reply to accusations that Heidegger's philosophy succumbs to relativism and reduction into Being and that Teilhard neglects history in his treatment of Omega Point.
THEOPHANY AND INDICATION: RECONCILING AUGUSTINIAN AND PALAMITE AESTHETICS1
Authors: MANOUSSAKIS JOHN PANTELEIMON
Published: September 2010

Based on an analysis of certain theophanic narratives in the Hebrew Scriptures (Exodus 3 and 19, 1 Kings 19), this article poses the question of their Christian exegesis: which of the Persons of the Holy Trinity appeared to the patriarchs and prophets of the Old Testament and how? This seemingly trivial question has become a decisive and controversial topic in the formation of two distinct theological aesthetics: one influenced by Augustine in the West and another that finds its culmination with Gregory Palamas in the East. The aim of this article is to reconcile the polemical interpretations of Old Testament theophanies by employing a Christological understanding of aesthetics as developed by Hans Urs von Balthasar (in his Herrlichkeit) and a more nuanced understanding of signification as developed by Husserl and Merleau‐Ponty under the concept of indication.
A THOUSAND AND ONE COLUMNS: OBSERVATIONS ON THE ROMAN GRANITE TRADE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AREA
Authors: WILLIAMS‐THORPE OLWEN
Published: September 2010

Summary.  Provenancing and archaeological information on Roman granite columns in the Mediterranean area has been collated from a range of published papers by the author and others, together with new analyses for Rome, to produce an integrated dataset comprising 1176 columns. This dataset allows an overview of Roman granite trade in seven regions across the Mediterranean area. Examination of the data indicates that columns made from Troad (Turkish) granite are the most numerous observed overall (compatible with Lazzarini's earlier (2004) observation that this is the most widely distributed type), followed by Aswan, then Elba and Giglio, and Kozak Dağ (Marmor Misium). In the city of Rome, Mons Claudianus columns predominate. In geographically peripheral parts of the Roman world (Spain, Israel), granite columns are mainly from local sources, and are generally of smaller sizes than those seen in Rome and Tuscany. Analytical data can be used to suggest multiple extraction sites within some quarries, and have the potential for identification of specific intra‐quarry provenance. Dating evidence for primary use of columns from the quarries considered is relatively sparse, but suggests early (first century BC) exploitation of Spanish and Elba granites, while column production at Aswan and Troad persisted into the fourth century followed by reuse within later antiquity, in the fifth and seventh centuries AD.
POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SERVICE TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND THE DOHA ROUND*
Authors: Fung K. C. , Siu Alan
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  In this paper we examine political economic issues of service trade liberalization of a developing country in the context of the Doha Round negotiations. We first discuss the various unique characteristics of the service industries. Then we incorporate these features in a Grossman‐Helpman style political economy model and solve for the politically‐determined service sector protection. We then examine how various factors such as increased cross‐cutting lobbying, the reduction of state‐owned service providers and linking negotiation on agricultural protection with negotiation on service sector liberalization can help reduce the political constraints on liberalizing the service sectors.
IS ASIA RESPONSIBLE FOR EXCHANGE RATE MISALIGNMENTS WITHIN THE G20?
Authors: Bénassy‐Quéré Agnès , Lahrèche‐Révil Amina , Mignon Valérie
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  We use a panel data methodology to derive a consistent set of both real effective and bilateral exchange rate misalignments for the G20 currencies. As far as Asia is concerned, two conclusions can be drawn. First, according to our estimations, the five Asian countries in the sample had strongly undervalued currencies at the beginning of 2006. Second, a lack of exchange rate adjustment in Asia has limited impact on other misalignments against the US dollar. Indeed, bilateral misalignments between the USA and any other country mainly depend on real effective misalignments of both countries.
TOWARD A REGIONAL EXCHANGE RATE REGIME IN EAST ASIA
Authors: Kawai Masahiro
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  Deepening market‐driven economic integration in East Asia makes intraregional exchange rate across the region increasingly desirable and necessary. The paper suggests that East Asia's emerging economies begin to choose a currency basket as a monetary policy anchor to enable all East Asian currencies to collectively appreciate vis‐à‐vis the US dollar, while maintaining intraregional rate stability, in the event of surges of capital inflows or a rapid unwinding of global payments imbalances. Following this initial step, East Asia may agree on more rigid intraregional exchange rate stabilization schemes through, for example, an Asian Snake or an Asian Exchange Rate Mechanism.
Race, Worldviews, and Conflict Mediation: Black and White Styles of Conflict Revisited
Authors: Davidheiser Mark
Published: September 2010

The article offers a wide‐ranging, critical reflection on intercultural mediation theory and practice. Rather than following the standard format of literature review and discussion, the author uses his experiences as a mediator and researcher to frame the culture question and analyze intercultural practice models. We begin with the White American author's realization that culture is important, following a mediation session in which the other participants were Black. Reading Kochman's Black and White Styles in Conflict reinforced that realization, and, combined with other works, suggested a relatively straightforward relationship between culture and mediation managed through cultural competency. However, original field research on third‐party peacemaking in West Africa complicated the issue by indicating that worldviews and associated conflict styles are highly diverse, varying both within and across social groups. The second half of the paper examines the nature of cultural perspectives or worldviews and considers proposed methods for intercultural mediation. By analyzing prominent responses to the issue of sociocultural variation, the paper explores the challenge of creating a broadly applicable mediation methodology that addresses the complexity of worldviews.
The Art of Pacifying an Aggressive Client: ‘Feminine’ Skills and Preventing Violence in Caring Work
Authors: Virkki Tuija
Published: September 2010

This article explores the complex interconnection between gender and emotion in the context of client‐perpetrated violence at work, focusing on interviews with and writings by Finnish nurses and social workers to discuss the ‘feminine’ emotional skills that are supposed to prevent violence. The social formation of these skills is analysed with the concept ‘emotional habitus’: emotional skills derive from the socially acquired disposition to manage emotions according to the gendered values of caring work. Emotional habitus, based on the internalized, second‐nature sense of emotional management, is shown to both persuade and enable employees to use emotional skills as assets for negotiating violence. This article discusses the potentiality for active agency enabled by skilful emotional management in violence prevention, bearing in mind the gender inequalities and internal contradictions connected to the social formation and practice of those skills.
Antagonistic Dwellings: Surveillance in Stasi Germany – An Art Project
Authors: Skelton Pam
Published: September 2010

Konspirative Wohnungen //Conspiracy Dwellings was initiated by the British artist Pam Skelton and the German scholar Joachim Heinrich and explores the legacy of state surveillance in the former German Democratic Republic. Bringing together local and international artists, academics and curators, the project presented a network of almost 500 secret apartments and institutions in Erfurt from which the former East German Ministry of State Security (Stasi) operated between 1980 and 1989, when surveillance was at its fiercest. In this image‐text essay I refer to my own observations and reflections as well as Joachim Heinrich's data analysis on the secret meeting places of the Stasi. I also indicate a topography of Erfurt in the context of its 483 conspiracy dwellings. From 28 September to 16 November 2007 Konspirative Wohnungen //Conspiracy Dwellings was displayed as audio/video installations in six venues in Erfurt revealing a system of internal state security used for spying and denunciation. From 2008–2009 different versions of the project were shown in England, Northern Ireland and Estonia.

Das Projekt Konspirative Wohnungen //Conspiracy Dwellings wurde von der britischen Künstlerin Pam Skelton und dem deutschen Akademiker Joachim Heinrich ins Leben gerufen. Es beschäftigt sich mit dem problematischen Erbe der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik und zeigt ein Netz von fast 500 geheimen Wohnungen und Institutionen in Erfurt, die Beamten des ehemaligen Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit (Stasi) in der DDR zwischen 1980 und 1989 und somit in der Zeit der intensivsten Stasi‐Aktivitäten Quartier boten. Meiner Bild‐ und Textcollage liegen meine eigenen Beobachtungen sowie die von Joachim Heinrich erstellten Datenanalysen über diese geheimen Treffpunkte der Stasi zugrunde. Zudem entwerfe ich eine Topographie der Stadt Erfurt im Kontext ihrer 483 Konspirationswohnungen. Das Projekt Konspirative Wohnungen //Conspiracy Dwellings war als audiovisuelle Installation an sechs Orten der Stadt Erfurt ausgestellt und enthüllte ein ausgesprochen komplexes Netz geheimer und versteckter Stasiaktivitäten und ‐denunziationen für eine breite Öffentlichkeit. In den Jahren 2008–2009 wurde das Projekt ebenfalls in England, Nordirland und Estland ausgestellt.