bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural and functional insights into iron acquisition from lactoferrin and transferrin in Gram-negative bacterial pathogens
Authors: Chan Clement , Ng Dixon , Fraser Marie E. , Schryvers Anthony B.
Published: November 2022

Iron is an essential element for various lifeforms but is largely insoluble due to the oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans during the Proterozoic era. Metazoans evolved iron transport glycoproteins, like transferrin (Tf) and lactoferrin (Lf), to keep iron in a non-toxic, usable form, while maintaining a low free iron concentration in the body that is unable to sustain bacterial growth. To survive on the mucosal surfaces of the human respiratory tract where it exclusively resides, the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis utilizes surface receptors for acquiring iron directly from human Tf and Lf. The receptors are comprised of a surface lipoprotein to capture iron-loaded Tf or Lf and deliver it to a TonB-dependent transporter (TBDT) for removal of iron and transport across the outer membrane. The subsequent transport of iron into the cell is normally mediated by a periplasmic iron-binding protein and inner membrane transport complex, which has yet to be determined for Moraxella catarrhalis. We identified two potential periplasm to cytoplasm transport systems and performed structural and functional studies with the periplasmic binding proteins (FbpA and AfeA) to evaluate their role. Growth studies with strains deleted in the fbpA or afeA gene demonstrated that FbpA, but not AfeA, was required for growth on human Tf or Lf. The crystal structure of FbpA with bound iron in the open conformation was obtained, identifying three tyrosine ligands that were required for growth on Tf or Lf. Computational modeling of the YfeA homologue, AfeA, revealed conserved residues involved in metal binding.
A systematic literature review on trust in the software ecosystem
Authors: Hou Fang , Jansen Slinger
Published: November 2022

The worldwide software ecosystem is a trust-rich part of the world. Throughout the software life cycle, software engineers, end-users, and other stakeholders collaboratively place their trust in major hubs in the ecosystem, such as package managers, repository services, and software components. However, as our reliance on software grows, this trust is frequently violated by bad actors and crippling vulnerabilities in the software supply chain. This study aims to define software trust in the worldwide SECO, that is, to determine what signifies a trustworthy system, actor, or hub. We conduct a systematic literature review on the concept of trust in the software ecosystem. We acknowledge that trust is something between two actors in the software ecosystem, and we examine what role trust plays in the relationships between end-users and (1) software products, (2) package managers, (3) software producing organizations, and (4) software engineers. Two major findings emerged from the systematic literature review. To begin, we define trust in the software ecosystem by examining the definition and characteristics of trust. Second, we provide a list of trust factors that can be used to assemble an overview of software trust. Trust is critical in the communication between actors in the worldwide software ecosystem, particularly regarding software selection and evaluation. With this comprehensive overview of trust, software engineering researchers have a new foundation to understand and use trust to create a trustworthy software ecosystem.
Measurement and Correlation of the (p, ρ, T) Behaviour of Liquid R-1243zf at Temperatures from (203 to 293) K and Pressures up to 15 MPa
Authors: Tenardi Liam D. , Frotscher Ophelia , Yang Xiaoxian , Jiao Fuyu , Richter Markus , Stanwix Paul L. , May Eric F.
Published: November 2022

The (p, ρ, T) behaviour of liquid 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (R-1243zf) was investigated in the temperature range from T = (203.23 to 293.72) K at pressures from p = (1.04 to 15.22) MPa utilizing a vibrating-tube densimeter. This work extends measurements of the refrigerant R-1243zf by 109 data points into the low-temperature and high-density region. A physically based and a polynomial model were used to calculate density from the measured values (temperature, pressure and oscillation period). The physically based model was used to present the densities while the polynomial model contributes to the estimate of their uncertainty. The combined expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of the experimental densities was estimated to be 1.7 kg·m−3. The reference equation of state of R-1243zf as implemented in NIST’s REFPROP 10.0 database deviates from the experimental data up to 2.0 %. To improve upon this representation, a genetic programming based symbolic regression approach was used to correlate data reported in the literature and measured in this work for liquid R-1243zf in the density range between (700 and 1240) kg·m−3. The new density correlation agrees with the experimental data within 0.2 %.
Galileo: Three-dimensional searching in large combinatorial fragment spaces on the example of pharmacophores
Authors: Meyenburg Christian , Dolfus Uschi , Briem Hans , Rarey Matthias
Published: November 2022

Fragment spaces are an efficient way to model large chemical spaces using a handful of small fragments and a few connection rules. The development of Enamine’s REAL Space has shown that large spaces of readily available compounds may be created this way. These are several orders of magnitude larger than previous libraries. So far, searching and navigating these spaces is mostly limited to topological approaches. A way to overcome this limitation is optimization via metaheuristics which can be combined with arbitrary scoring functions. Here we present Galileo, a novel Genetic Algorithm to sample fragment spaces. We showcase Galileo in combination with a novel pharmacophore mapping approach, called Phariety, enabling 3D searches in fragment spaces. We estimate the effectiveness of the approach with a small fragment space. Furthermore, we apply Galileo to two pharmacophore searches in the REAL Space, detecting hundreds of compounds fulfilling a HSP90 and a FXIa pharmacophore.
The Economic Well-Being of Nonresident Fathers and Custodial Mothers Revisited: The Role of Paternal Childcare
Authors: Boll Christina , Schüller Simone
Published: November 2022

Based on panel data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for the years 1998 to 2018, we investigate the association between paternal childcare and parental economic well-being after separation in Germany. Referring to the post-separation year, we explore a sample of 176 separated couples with resident mothers and nonresident fathers, where fathers differ in their childcare involvement during weekdays. We propose equivalized annual net household income after exchange of alimony and child maintenance payments among the ex-partners as a novel indicator of parental economic well-being. Our study reveals the importance of considering both paid and received alimony, and child maintenance payments in analyzing post-separation economic well-being. Fathers’ childcare engagement during weekdays is not significantly associated with maternal post-separation income. Resident mothers take up the major or even full childcare burden. On the other hand, fathers with non-zero childcare hours manage to combine some paternal engagement with intensified employment. Mothers, however, fail to gain substantial ground on the labor market, which is unlikely to be due to differences in human capital, but rather due to persistently high maternal childcare involvement. We conclude that neither high levels of own resources, nor receiving help with childcare during the week shield resident mothers from economic deterioration after separation.
On the Advantages of Distinguishing Between Predictive and Allocative Fairness in Algorithmic Decision-Making
Authors: Beigang Fabian
Published: November 2022

The problem of algorithmic fairness is typically framed as the problem of finding a unique formal criterion that guarantees that a given algorithmic decision-making procedure is morally permissible. In this paper, I argue that this is conceptually misguided and that we should replace the problem with two sub-problems. If we examine how most state-of-the-art machine learning systems work, we notice that there are two distinct stages in the decision-making process. First, a prediction of a relevant property is made. Secondly, a decision is taken based (at least partly) on this prediction. These two stages have different aims: the prediction is aimed at accuracy, while the decision is aimed at allocating a given good in a way that maximizes some context-relative utility measure. Correspondingly, two different fairness issues can arise. First, predictions could be biased in discriminatory ways. This means that the predictions contain systematic errors for a specific group of individuals. Secondly, the system’s decisions could result in an allocation of goods that is in tension with the principles of distributive justice. These two fairness issues are distinct problems that require different types of solutions. I here provide a formal framework to address both issues and argue that this way of conceptualizing them resolves some of the paradoxes present in the discussion of algorithmic fairness.
No one stands alone: partnerships for community resilience
Authors: Drakaki Maria , Kovács Gyöngyi , Tzionas Panagiotis
Published: November 2022

Organisations included in social partnerships jointly address the gaps in their society and community. Community-based social partnerships are based on the principles of self-organisation, yet logistically, this can bring many challenges. This study therefore focuses on the logistical aspects of a community-based social partnership in Greece and the contribution of this partnership to community resilience. The role of community-based logistical activities in building community resilience has been studied. An in-depth qualitative study of a particular community-based social partnership was conducted, with interviews across all partner organisations and secondary data from publicly available documents. Logistical activities are performed mainly by the membership base of various non-governmental organisations in a manner of self-organised “collective action”. Interestingly, community resilience refers to a capacity for collective action; hence, organising logistical activities in this fashion ultimately contributes to community resilience.
Phylogenetic distribution of bromophenols in marine algae and the generation of a comprehensive bromophenol database
Authors: Jacobtorweihen Joshua , Spiegler Verena
Published: November 2022

Marine algae are the source of a plethora of halogenated compounds, in particular brominated phenols, possessing various bioactivities. Since these natural products are typically unavailable commercially, isolation is usually indispensable for biological activity testing. However, targeted isolation may be challenging due to difficulties in identifying desired compounds via high-resolution LC–MS in crude extracts or fractions. While bromophenols have been extensively reviewed regarding their bioactivities, less attention has been given to their distribution and chemotaxonomic relevance among marine algae. Knowledge of the distribution of bromophenols may aid species identification and also point to species containing potentially novel compounds. To facilitate targeted and untargeted isolation of bromophenols from marine algae, an overview of the distribution and chemotaxonomic relevance of algal bromophenols considering recent phylogenetic findings is presented along with key analytical features of bromophenols relevant for mass spectrometric identification. Additionally, a comprehensive database listing brominated phenols from marine algae and their key analytical properties has been constructed.
Tuning photosynthetic oxygen for hydrogen evolution in synergistically integrated, sulfur deprived consortia of Coccomyxa chodatii and Rhodobium gokarnense at dim and high light
Authors: Danial Amal W. , Abdel-Basset R. , Abdel-Kader Huwida A. A.
Published: November 2022

In this work, tuning oxygen tension was targeted to improve hydrogen evolution. To achieve such target, various consortia of the chlorophyte Coccomyxa chodatii with a newly isolated photosynthetic purple non-sulfur bacterium (PNSB) strain Rhodobium gokarnense were set up, sulfur replete/deprived, malate/acetate fed, bicarbonate/sulfur added at dim/high light. C. chodatii and R. gokarnense are newly introduced to biohydrogen studies for the first time. Dim light was applied to avoid the inhibitory drawbacks of photosynthetic oxygen evolution, values of hydrogen are comparable with high light or even more and thus economically feasible to eliminate the costs of artificial illumination. Particularly, the consortium of 2n− (n = 1.9 × 105 cell/ml, sulfur deprived) demonstrated its perfection for the target, i.e., the highest possible cumulative hydrogen. This consortium exhibited negative photosynthesis, i.e., oxygen uptake in the light. Most hydrogen in consortia is from bacterial origin, although algae evolved much more hydrogen than bacteria on per cell basis, but for only one day (the second 24 h), as kinetics revealed. The higher hydrogen in unibacterial culture or consortia results from higher bacterial cell density (20 times). Consortia evolved more hydrogen than their respective separate cultures, further enhanced when bicarbonate and sulfur were supplemented at higher light. The share of algae relatively increased as bicarbonate or sulfur were added at higher light intensity, i.e., PSII activity partially recovered, resulting in a transient autotrophic hydrogen evolution. The addition of acetic acid in mixture with malic acid significantly enhanced the cumulative hydrogen levels, mostly decreased cellular ascorbic acid indicating less oxidative stress and relief of PSII, relative to malic acid alone. Starch, however, decreased, indicating the specificity of acetic acid. Exudates (reducing sugars, amino acids, and soluble proteins) were detected, indicating mutual utilization. Yet, hydrogen evolution is limited; tuning PSII activity remains a target for sustainable hydrogen production.
Same same but different: how preferential claims trigger valuation discounts in equity tranches of VC-backed firms
Authors: Kaboth Julian , Lodowicks Arnd , Schreiter Maximilian , Schwetzler Bernhard
Published: November 2022

Venture capital (VC) often involves complex equity contracts with so-called preferential rights affecting the allocation of exit proceeds among different share classes and investors. We structure exit-relevant preferential rights in a two-dimensional framework and develop a contingent claims model that allows for ex-ante valuation of separate shareholdings. The model generates insights on the valuation effects of varying setups in VC financing and indicates considerable mispricing potential of VC investments when applying commonly used heuristics such as the most recent funding round. Applying the model to a sample of ventures indicated an average ’overvaluation’ on a per-share basis of $$26.7\%$$

26.7
%

, with common stocks and early-stage investments being the most affected. In addition, our analysis provides different implications regarding the effects of preferential right structuring for early and late stage investors.
Human Flourishing, Wonder, and Education
Authors: Schinkel Anders , Wolbert Lynne , Pedersen Jan B.W. , de Ruyter Doret J.
Published: November 2022

Various authors see human flourishing as the overarching aim to which education should contribute. We ask whether fosteringwondercan help education attain this aim. We discuss two possibilities: firstly, it may be that having a sense of wonder as adults (possibly fostered by and/or refined due to education) contributes to flourishing itself. Secondly, it may be that fostering wonder in education increases the likelihood that education promotes flourishing, which it might do simply by increasing children’s intrinsic interest in what they learn. We argue that there are many plausible connections between wonder and human flourishing (relating to its epistemic and aesthetic dimensions, among others), and that we have reason to believe that early experiences can influence adults’ capacity for wonder. Furthermore, wonder increases the likelihood that education ‘succeeds’; and it supports people’s ability to live well by heightening their appreciation for the world, helping to uncover baseless beliefs, and increasing their awareness of possible goods. In sum, while having a sense of wonder may not be a constitutive element of human flourishing, it is hard to imagine education for human flourishing that is not also wonder-full education.
Degrees of Objectivity? Mathemata and Social Objects
Authors: Ferreirós José
Published: November 2022

A down-to-earth admission of abstract objects can be based on detailed explanation of where the objectivity of mathematics comes from, and how a ‘thin’ notion of object emerges from objective mathematical discourse or practices. We offer a sketch of arguments concerning both points, as a basis for critical scrutiny of the idea that mathematical and social objects are essentially of the same kind—which is criticized. Some authors have proposed that mathematical entities are indeed institutional objects, a product of our collective imposition of function onto reality (the phrase comes from Searle) and of surrogation or hypostasis. Yet there are significant disanalogies between the typical social objects andmathemata, on which basis I argue that one should make a clear distinction between both. The comparison of mathematical with social objects helps understanding how non-physical objects can figure prominently in our explanations of reality. Yet mathematical objects have a different kind of cognitive grounding, and the more elementary of them emerge under relatively very simple sociocultural conditions. The differences are also reflected in the wide scope of use of mathematical concepts, and the much higher degree of variation found among social objects. On the basis of all of these features, I defend the thesis that one can significantly distinguish degrees of objectivity, and I use the distinction to articulate a graded ontology where one can locate the different kinds of mathematical and social objects.
Study of Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Behavior of As-Cast Ni-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V Alloys
Authors: Elshaer Ramadan N. , Ibrahim Khaled M.
Published: November 2022

Ni-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloys were cast as ingots using vacuum arc remelting furnace. The microstructure of as-cast Ni-Ti alloy consists of NiTi matrix as well as Ti2Ni dendrites. As-cast Ti-6Al-4V alloy revealed a structure composed of equiaxed β grains and varied α-phase morphologies. Ti-6Al-4V alloy registered maximum ultimate compressive strength of 2042 MPa, and also reported large reduction in height (18%). However, Ni-Ti alloy showed minimum ultimate compressive strength of 1804 MPa and low reduction in height (3%). The wear rate of both as-cast Ni-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloys significantly increased with saline solution (0.9% NaCl) condition compared to the dry testing condition. Saline solution harmed the wear resistance by about 2-4 times compared to the dry conditions. The corrosion rate of Ti-6Al-4V in saline solution (0.9% NaCl) was 0.000171 mm/yr which is almost half the value of Ni-Ti alloy (0.00038 mm/yr).
Transfer of open and laparoscopic skills to robotic surgery: a systematic review
Authors: Chahal Baldev , Aydın Abdullatif , Amin Mohammad S. Ali , Ong Kelly , Khan Azhar , Khan Muhammad Shamim , Ahmed Kamran , Dasgupta Prokar
Published: November 2022

Due to its advantages over open surgery and conventional laparoscopy, uptake of robot-assisted surgery has rapidly increased. It is important to know whether the existing open or laparoscopic skills of robotic novices shorten the robotic surgery learning curve, potentially reducing the amount of training required. This systematic review aims to assess psychomotor skill transfer to the robot in clinical and simulated settings. PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases were systematically searched in accordance with PRISMA guidelines from inception to August 2021 alongside website searching and citation chaining. Article screening, data extraction and quality assessment were undertaken by two independent reviewers. Outcomes included simulator performance metrics or in the case of clinical studies, peri- and post-operative metrics. Twenty-nine studies met the eligibility criteria. All studies were judged to be at high or moderate overall risk of bias. Results were narratively synthesised due to heterogeneity in study designs and outcome measures. Two of the three studies assessing open surgical skill transfer found evidence of successful skill transfer while nine of twenty-seven studies evaluating laparoscopic skill transfer found no evidence. Skill transfer from both modalities is most apparent when advanced robotic tasks are performed in the initial phase of the learning curve but quality and methodological limitations of the existing literature prevent definitive conclusions. The impact of incorporating laparoscopic simulation into robotic training curricula and on the cost effectiveness of training should be investigated.
Relationships Between Maternal Selected Metals (Cu, Mg, Zn and Fe), Thyroid Function and Blood Glucose Levels During Pregnancy
Authors: Zhang WeiYi , Liang HongPing
Published: November 2022

The aim of this study were to understand the intake of selected metals (copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg)) during pregnancy; to detect serum Cu, Mg, Zn and Fe levels in pregnant women; to analyze the relationships among the selected metals, maternal thyroid function and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels; to investigate the impact of the selected metals and maternal thyroid function on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM); and to provide clinical value for the rational intake of the selected metals and iodine during pregnancy to ensure normal fetal development. The population was recruited from pregnant women presenting to the obstetrics outpatient clinic of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital (February 2021 to April 2022). Selected metal, thyroid hormone (TH (free thyroxine (FT4), free tri-iodothyronine (FT3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)) and FBG levels were measured in pregnant women during early, middle and late pregnancy. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the overall trends in selected metal, TH and FBG levels during pregnancy, and binary logistic regression models were used to assess the impacts of the selected metals and thyroid function on the risk of GDM. In addtion, the potential mediation effects of thyroid functions were explored in the mediation analyses. A total of 65 pregnant women were included in this study. Regression models showed that maternal Mg and Cu levels were positively associated with the risk of GDM, conversely, logFT4 was negatively associated with the risk of GDM. Mediation analyses suggested that the associations between the selected metals (Zn, Cu and Mg) and GDM might be mediated by FT3 levels, and that the Cu-GDM and Zn-GDM association could be explained by FT4 levels. Additionally, the Zn-GDM association could also potentially be mediated by the FT3/FT4 ratio. Our findings suggest that Mg, Cu and FT4 levels may act as influencing factors for the development of GDM, and maternal FT3, FT4 and the FT3/FT4 ratio might be the potential mediators of the associations between the selected metals and GDM risk during pregnancy.
Families of Discrete Circular Distributions with Some Novel Applications
Authors: Mardia Kanti V. , Sriram Karthik
Published: November 2022

We give a unified treatment of constructing families of circular discrete distributions. Some of these families are deduced from established distributions such as von Mises and wrapped Cauchy. Some others are derived directly such as a flexible family based on trigonometric sums and the circular location family. Results interrelating these families are discussed. These distributions have been motivated by two examples of discrete circular data: casino roulette spins and smart health acrophase monitoring, and these data are analyzed using our proposed models. We discuss how using continuous circular models for circular discrete data can be misleading.
Cicero and the People’s Will
Authors: Paulson Lex
Published: November 2022

This book tells an overlooked story in the history of the will, a contested idea in both politics and philosophy of mind. For it is Cicero, statesman and philosopher, who gives shape to the notion of will as it would become in Western thought and who invents the idea of 'the will of the people'. In a single word – voluntas – he brings Roman law in contact with Greek ideas, chief among them Plato's claim that a rational elite must rule. When the republic falls to Caesarism, Cicero turns his political argument inward: will is a force to win the virtue in the soul that was lost on the battlefield, the marker of inner freedom in an unfree age. Though his vision of a free republic failed in his time, Cicero's ideal of rational elitism has shaped and fractured the modern world – and Ciceronian creativity may yet save it.
Reorienting Modernism in Arabic and Persian Poetry
Authors: Thompson Levi
Published: November 2022

Re-orienting Modernism in Arabic and Persian Poetry is the first book to systematically study the parallel development of modernist poetry in Arabic and Persian. It presents a fresh line of comparative inquiry into minor literatures within the field of world literary studies. Focusing on Arabic-Persian literary exchanges allows readers to better understand the development of modernist poetry in both traditions and in turn challenge Europe's position at the center of literary modernism. The argument contributes to current scholarly efforts to globalize modernist studies by reading Arabic and Persian poetry comparatively within the context of the Cold War to establish the Middle East as a significant participant in wider modernist developments. To illuminate profound connections between Arabic and Persian modernist poetry in both form and content, the book takes up works from key poets including the Iraqis Badr Shakir al-Sayyab and Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati and the Iranians Nima Yushij, Ahmad Shamlu, and Forough Farrokhzad.
Morphotactics
Authors: Stump Gregory
Published: November 2022

The study of morphology is central to linguistics, and morphotactics – the general principles by which the parts of a word form are arranged – is essential to the study of morphology. Drawing on evidence from a range of languages, this is a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the principles of morphotactic analysis. Stump proposes that the arrangement of word forms' grammatically significant parts is an expression of the ways in which a language's morphological rules combine with one another to form more specific rules. This rule-combining approach to morphotactics has important implications for the synchronic analysis of both inflectional and derivational morphology, and it provides a solid conceptual platform for understanding both the processing of morphologically complex words and the paths of morphological change. Laying the groundwork for future research on morphotactic analysis, this is essential reading for researchers and graduate students in linguistics, and anyone interested in understanding language structure.
Observations of pumping and vortex dynamics due to a cylinder oscillating normal to a plane wall
Authors: Tom J.G. , Draper S. , Milne I.A. , Zhou T. , Zhao M.
Published: November 2022

Understanding the fluid dynamics associated with a circular cylinder oscillating normal to a plane wall is important for safe design of offshore infrastructure, such as power cables and pipeline risers. This paper investigates the fluid dynamics of an oscillating cylinder with no imposed incident current experimentally using flow visualisation and force measurements where the ratio of the cylinder Reynolds number (

$Re$

) to Keulegan–Carpenter number (

$KC$

) is

$\beta =500$

and

$KC$

varies between 2 and 12. The minimum distance between the cylinder and wall was between 12.5 % and

$50\,\%$

of the diameter. Across this parameter space three primary vortex flow regimes were observed: (i) for

$KC\leq 5$

, the flow field is approximately symmetric about the cylinder centreline and the velocity field between the cylinder and the wall resembled a pumping flow in phase with cylinder motion, which is well predicted by potential theory for most of the cycle; (ii) for

$5< KC<8$

, the flow field is increasingly asymmetric but with frequent switching of the side associated with vortex shedding; and (iii) for

$KC\geq 8$

, the flow field is consistently asymmetric due to vortex shedding. The in-line force increases when the cylinder is near the wall due to dynamic pressures associated with pumping. This increase can be estimated using potential theory superimposed onto the force time history for an isolated cylinder at the same

$KC$

and

$Re$

. This study complements recent numerical modelling focused on low Reynolds number conditions and provides important insights into the fluid mechanics associated with trenching beneath cable and pipeline risers.
Axisymmetric gravity currents in anisotropic porous media
Authors: Benham Graham P. , Neufeld Jerome A. , Woods Andrew W.
Published: November 2022

We explore the motion of an axisymmetric gravity current in an anisotropic porous medium in which the horizontal permeability is larger than the vertical permeability. It is well known that the classical axisymmetric gravity current supplied by a constant point source of fluid has an unphysical singularity near the origin. We address this by considering a pressure-dominated region near the origin which allows for vertical flow from the source, such that the current remains of finite depth, whilst beyond this region the flow is gravity dominated. At early times the inner pressure-driven region controls the spreading of the current, but at late times the inner region occupies a progressively smaller fraction of the current such that the radius increases as${\sim }t^{3/7}$, while the depth near the origin increases approximately as${\sim }t^{1/7}$. The presence of anisotropy highlights this phenomenon, since the vertical permeability maintains an effect on the flow at late times through the pressure-driven flow near the origin. Using these results we provide some quantitative insights into the dominant dynamics which controls CO$_2$migration through permeable aquifers, as occurs in the context of carbon capture and storage.
The “Rediscovery” of Reginald Ford and his New Zealand Antarctic Lectures, 1905 to 1926
Authors: Roche Michael
Published: November 2022

Reginald Ford, steward on Scott’sDiscoveryexpedition, settled in New Zealand in 1905 and over the next two decades gave public lectures about his Antarctic experiences. Hitherto unrelated biographical details of Ford’s early life are assembled, and something of the character of his lantern slide lectures are reconstructed from various sources. The means by which Ford established his authority as a public speaker included his actual participation in the events he lectured about, his credentialling as a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and the use of his own lantern slides. The “performative triangle” established around the audience, the lantern slide images, and Ford as lecturer, is examined via contemporary newspaper accounts and Ford’s other writings.
A new way to identify if variation in children’s input could be developmentally meaningful: Using computational cognitive modeling to assess input across socio-economic status for syntactic islands
Authors: PEARL Lisa , BATES Alandi
Published: November 2022

While there are always differences in children’s input, it is unclear how often these differences impact language development – that is, are developmentally meaningful – and why they do (or do not) do so. We describe a new approach using computational cognitive modeling that links children’s input to predicted language development outcomes, and can identify if input differences are potentially developmentally meaningful. We use this approach to investigate if there is developmentally-meaningful input variation across socio-economic status (SES) with respect to the complex syntactic knowledge called syntactic islands. We focus on four island types with available data about the target linguistic behavior. Despite several measurable input differences for syntactic island input across SES, our model predicts this variation not to be developmentally meaningful: it predicts no differences in the syntactic island knowledge that can be learned from that input. We discuss implications for language development variability across SES.
Emotional factors of early vocabulary in Spanish as a second language
Authors: Hernández Muñoz Natividad , Blanco Canales Ana
Published: November 2022

Previous studies analysing the differences in emotionality in first and second language suggest that affective content of lexical items is modulated in certain contexts. This paper investigates the differences in valence and arousal ratings for 300 early words, in both oral and written modalities, through speakers’ subjective appraisal of words given by two immersion groups of Spanish late bilinguals (Chinese and European) compared with a group of native speakers. The main goal of our study is to identify the lexical areas where variability occurs, regarding to a set of affective (emotional charge and intensity), grammatical (nouns, adjectives and verbs) and semantic (concreteness) features of words. Our results show that valence is the dimension where the greatest variability is observed between native and bilinguals, although the influence of the independent factors differs considerably. Besides, arousal yields illuminating data regarding the grammatical category of words and differentiation between the groups of participants.
Applications and Extensions of Fourier Ptychography
Authors: Aidukas Tomas , Wechsler Felix , Loetgering Lars , Zhou Kevin , Horstmeyer Roarke
Published: November 2022

This is the third article within a three-part series on Fourier ptychography, which is a computational microscopy technique for high-resolution, large field-of-view imaging. While the previous articles introduced the working principles of the technique, in this article we focus on the practical benefits that it brings to the imaging community. We present a didactic overview of the most important and well-established practical use-cases such as gigapixel imaging, quantitative phase contrast, thick sample imaging, and aberration metrology. We also discuss how Fourier ptychography can leave the visible light domain and venture into the realm of smaller wavelengths such as X-rays and electrons, among other topics.
When More is More: Do Non-Restricted Goals Benefit Employers and the Environment Too?
Authors: Patrasc-Lungu Adelaida , Iliescu Dragoș
Published: November 2022

Prior research on goal self-concordance (GSC) and goal attainment (GA) has studied these dimensions as transversal sections through a person’s life domains. Blending the recent developments in self-determination theory and pro-environmental behavior literature, the current study introduced the concept of non-restricted goals and explored whether work climate (WCQ) and environmental identity (EID) impact GA and, through it, in-role job performance (IRB), organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) and wellbeing, as well as organizational citizenship behaviors for the environment (OCBE). It also explored GSC along with basic psychological needs’ satisfaction (BPNS) and GA, as explanatory mechanisms. The study relied on data collected at two different moments in time, with a retained sample of 201 employees from different organizations. Results confirmed that WCQ and EID are relevant antecedents for IRB, OCB and wellbeing, as well as OCBE. Except for the direct relationship between EID and OCB/OCBE, most of these impacts were indirect, through BPNS, GSC or GA. The current study did not find a significant relationship between GSC and GA, adding to the line of mixed results regarding their relationship. The findings inform pro-environmental interventions in the workplace, as well as human resource management practices that foster employee wellbeing, work-life balance, and job performance.
Meltwater Lenses Over the Chukchi and the Beaufort Seas During Summer 2019: From In Situ to Synoptic View
Authors: Supply Alexandre , Boutin Jacqueline , Kolodziejczyk Nicolas , Reverdin Gilles , Lique Camille , Vergely Jean‐Luc , Perrot Xavier
Published: November 2022

We investigate the Chukchi and the Beaufort seas in the Arctic Ocean, where salty and warm Pacific Water flows in through the Bering Strait and interacts with the sea ice, contributing to its summer melt. Thanks to in situ measurements recorded by two saildrones deployed during summer 2019 and to refined sea ice filtering in satellite L‐band radiometric data, we demonstrate the ability of satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) observed by Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity and Soil Moisture Active and Passive to capture SSS freshening induced by sea ice melt. We refer to these freshening events as meltwater lenses (MWL). The largest MWL observed by the saildrones during this period occupied a large part of the Chukchi shelf, with a SSS freshening reaching −5 practical salinity scale, persisting for up to 1 month. This MWL restricted the transfer of air‐sea momentum to the upper ocean, as illustrated by measured wind speed and vertical profiles of currents. With satellite‐based sea surface temperature, satellite SSS provides a monitoring of the different water masses encountered in the region during summer 2019. Using sea ice concentration and estimated Ekman transport, we analyze the spatial variability of sea surface properties after the sea ice edge retreat over the Chukchi and the Beaufort seas. The two MWL captured by the saildrones and the satellite measurements resulted from different dynamics. Over the Beaufort Sea, the MWL evolution followed the meridional sea ice retreat whereas, in the Chukchi Sea, a large persisting MWL was generated by advection and subsequent melting of a sea ice filament.
What Can Hydrography Between the New England Slope, Bermuda and Africa Tell us About the Strength of the AMOC Over the Last 90 years?
Authors: Rossby T. , Palter J. , Donohue K.
Published: November 2022

The Gulf Stream is the only pathway in the subtropical North Atlantic by which warm water flows poleward. This transport of warm water and return of cold water at depth is called the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The dynamic method is applied to hydrocasts collected since the 1930s to estimate upper‐ocean transport (0–1,000 m) between the U.S. Continental Slope and Bermuda and separately to Africa with focus on the longest directly observable timescale. Calculating transport between the Slope and Bermuda eliminates the Gulf Stream's northern and southern recirculation gyres, while calculations between the Slope and Africa remove all other recirculating geostrophic flow. The net Slope‐Bermuda upper‐ocean transport is estimated to be 41.1 ± 0.4 Sv, decreasing by 2.0 ± 0.8 Sv between 1930 and 2020. The AMOC contribution is 18.4 ± 0.6 Sv, decreasing by 0.4 ± 0.6 Sv between 1930 and 2020.
Uncertainty in Reconstructing Paleo‐Elevation of the Antarctic Ice Sheet From Temperature‐Sensitive Ice Core Records
Authors: Badgeley J. A. , Steig E. J. , Dütsch M.
Published: November 2022

Paleotemperature reconstructions from ice cores are mixed signals of changes in climate and ice‐surface elevation. A common, temperature‐based paleoaltimetry method suggests these signals can be disentangled by comparing two proxy locations with similar climates. The difference between the records is assumed to be due to elevation, which is estimated by scaling the temperature difference by a lapse rate. We investigate the uncertainty associated with this approach using a case study of the Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum. From an ensemble of climate simulations, we extract modeled temperatures at locations of real ice cores. We find uncertainty on the order of hundreds of meters that results from spatial heterogeneity in non‐adiabatic temperature change, which itself stems in part from elevation‐induced atmospheric circulation change. Our findings suggest that caution is needed when interpreting temperature‐based paleoaltimetry results for ice sheets.
Non‐Linear Response of the Extratropics to Tropical Climate Variability
Authors: Walsh A. , Screen J. A. , Scaife A. A. , Smith D. M.
Published: November 2022

There are established El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Quasi‐biennial Oscillation (QBO) teleconnections to the extratropics that alter the strength of the polar vortex. Here, we demonstrate non‐linearity in the stratospheric polar vortex response to ENSO and QBO combined, in climate model simulations and observational data. We show that the combined effect of El Niño and QBO easterly phase (QBO‐E) on the polar vortex is greater than the linear combination of the individual responses to El Niño and QBO‐E separately. Observations support the model results, despite a relatively small sample of observed cases. We propose that non‐linearity in the teleconnection to ENSO and QBO is caused by the combined effects of an increase in wave driving from El Niño and more poleward propagation of wave activity during QBO‐E. Our results have implications for extreme winters when both El Niño and QBO‐E are active.
Tropospheric Gravity Waves as Observed by the High‐Resolution China Radiosonde Network and Their Potential Sources
Authors: Zhang Jian , Guo Jianping , Xue Haile , Zhang Shaodong , Huang Kaiming , Dong Wenjun , Shao Jia , Yi Ming , Zhang Yehui
Published: November 2022

Lower atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) can significantly impact waves in the middle and upper atmospheres and are vital for turbulence generation. This paper puts the spotlight on the spatial–temporal variability of tropospheric GW total energy (ET) and its potential sources above four regions of interest (ROIs) gathered from high‐resolution radiosonde observations from the China Radiosonde Network during the years 2016–2019. The seasonality of ET above four ROIs shows different characteristics and is dependent on latitudes and underlying terrains, reaching its maximum identified in the winter at middle latitudes. Interestingly, the annual cycles of the maximal ET shift from 35°N in October to 25°N in March of the next year, triggered by the shift in the winter subtropical jet. Based on the random forests regressor, the jet stream between 200 and 125 hPa likely serves as the primary source for the observed GWs above the ROIs with low and middle latitudes, with relative contributions of around 60%. However, the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability between 800 and 125 hPa could be the most recognized source of GWs and contributes around 68.4% to the observed energy. During the rainy season, the ET under scenarios of convective precipitation is around 20% larger than the other. As well, as the near‐surface or low‐level wind interacts with a mountain barrier over the Tibetan Plateau region, 12.4% of the observed ET is attributed to the strength of the low‐level wind.
The Evaporation on the Tibetan Plateau Stops Increasing in the Recent Two Decades
Authors: Wang Liming , Han Songjun , Tian Fuqiang , Li Kunbiao , Li Yukun , Tudaji Mahmut , Cao Xuejian , Nan Yi , Cui Tong , Zheng Xinyuan , Hu Zhaoyong , Wang Weiguang , Yang YanZheng
Published: November 2022

As a crucial variable in hydrological and climate modeling, a lot of efforts have been made to estimate the evaporation (E, including soil evaporation, canopy interception, and plant transpiration) on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Most studies showed that the evaporation on the TP stops increasing or even decreases in the recent two decades. However, the spatio‐temporal variability of this phenomenon and its underlying mechanism remains uncertain. Here, we utilized a state‐of‐the‐art version of the sigmoid generalized complementary equation to estimate the monthly evaporation over the TP for the period of 1979–2018. The results show that the annual E increases significantly during 1979–1998 with a rate of 1.94 mm yr−1 (based on the total E over the TP), however, it decreases during 1999–2018 with a rate of −1.06 mm yr−1. The most significant decreasing trend of E occurs in the spring. The areas with the most significant decrement of E include the central and western Qiangtang Plateau, the middle reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River, and the Yangtze River basin. By introducing a new aridity index Rwe, we identified that the decrement of E mainly occurs in the water‐limited regions, which contribute to 60% of the total decreasing trend of the whole region; at the same time, the energy‐limited regions also contribute to 40% of the decreasing trend. This study is important for the hydrological researches and decision making because the trend of E can influence the water resources and agriculture.
Impact of Assimilating High‐Resolution Atmospheric Motion Vectors on Convective Scale Short‐Term Forecasts: 3. Experiments With Radar Reflectivity and Radial Velocity
Authors: Zhao Juan , Gao Jidong , Jones Thomas , Hu Junjun
Published: November 2022

Based on the idealized supercell and real case studies in Part I and II, the purpose of this subsequent study is to further investigate the impact of assimilating Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites‐16 (GOES‐16) derived atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) in addition to WSR_88D Doppler radar observations on convective scale numerical weather prediction. Five high‐impact weather events that occurred in spring 2018 and 2019 are analyzed using the National Severe Storms Laboratory three‐dimensional variational data assimilation (DA) system. Four types of experiments are implemented and compared: (a) the control experiment (NoDA) without assimilating any observation, (b) the radar DA experiment (RAD), (c) the GOES‐16 AMV DA experiment (AMV), and (d) the experiment assimilating AMVs together with radar data (AMV_RAD). Score metrics aggregated over all cases indicate that AMV_RAD performs slightly better than RAD in 0–3 hr reflectivity and precipitation forecasts especially at higher thresholds, suggesting the added value of GOES‐16 AMVs on radar data. Detailed case examinations also show that AMV_RAD generally exhibits slightly more skillful storm forecast in terms of the areal coverage, storm mode, and storm orientations, owing to improvements in the analysis of boundary locations and localized enhanced divergence signatures. In spite of encouraging objective and subjective evaluation results, AMV_RAD has difficulty in adjusting the moisture gradient associated with dryline and tends to underpredict the associated weak discrete storms.