bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards understanding the role of sialylation in melanoma progression
Authors: Kolasińska Ewa , Przybyło Małgorzata , Janik Marcelina , Lityńska Anna
Published: July 2016

Aberrant expression of sialic acids or altered linkage types is closely associated with malignant phenotype and metastatic potential, and can have prognostic significance in human cancer. The present study was undertaken to evaluate whether expression of sialylated derivatives on melanoma cell surface is associated with tumour progression. Four cell lines (WM1552C, WM115, IGR-39 and WM266-4) were used in the study. Cell surface expression of sialic acids was evaluated by flow cytometry with the use of Maackia amurensis and Sambucus nigra lectins. Moreover, adhesion and migration potential of melanoma cells and involvement of sialic acids in these processes were analysed. We have demonstrated that WM266-4 cells have a significantly higher level of α2,3-linked sialic acid residues than other cells, whereas IGR-39 cells had lower expression of α2,6-linked sialic acids. The adhesion efficiencies of WM1552C and WM115 cells were significantly lower than that of IGR-39 and WM266-4 cells. In contrast, WM266-4 cells repaired scratch wounds at least twice as fast as other cells. Melanoma cell adhesion to fibronectin in the presence of Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) was reduced only in IGR-39 and WM266-4 cells, whereas the impact of Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA) on this process was much more important. Migration efficiency of melanoma cells was reduced more strongly in the presence of MAA than SNA. In conclusion, our results show that melanoma progression is associated with the increased expression of α2,3-linked sialic acids on the cell surface and these residues could promote melanoma cell interaction with fibronectin.
Gastrodin ameliorates spinal cord injury via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
Authors: Du Fangtao , Wang Xiaoning , Shang Bo , Fang Jifeng , Xi Yuting , Li Aijuan , Diao Yenze
Published: July 2016

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most severe traumatic injuries that results in dysfunction of limbs and trunk below the damaged section. Recent studies have shown that gastrodin (GAS) could improve the recovery of SCI. In the current study, we aimed to examine the possible mechanism underlying the effect of GAS on recovery of SCI in rats. In rats with SCI, GAS improved locomotor functions and decreased permeability of blood-spinal cord barrier, as illustrated by increase of Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scores and decrease of Evans blue leakage. In addition, GAS inhibited inflammation, as evidenced by decrease of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in rats following SCI. Moreover, increase of TBARS content and decrease of glutathione (GSH) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in SCI rats were inhibited by GAS. Furthermore, GAS enhanced mRNA expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), catalytic subunit of γ-glutamylcysteine ligase (GCLc) and modified subunit of γ-glutamylcysteine ligase (GCLm). The data suggested that GAS may promote the recovery of SCI through the enhancement of Nrf2-GCLc/GCLm signaling pathway, and subsequent improvement of oxidative stress and inflammation, resulting in decrease of permeability of BSCB and improved recovery of locomotor function in rats with SCI. The results have provided novel insights into GAS-related therapy of SCI and associated neurodegenerative diseases.
Virus-like particles as drug delivery vectors
Authors: Zdanowicz Michał , Chroboczek Jadwiga
Published: July 2016

Virus-like particles (VLPs) assemble spontaneously during the viral cycle or in heterologous systems during expression of viral structural protein. Depending on the complexity of the VLPs, they can be obtained by expression in prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression system from the suitable recombinant vectors, or formed in cell-free conditions. Moreover, they can be built from proteins of a single virus, or can present the proteins or peptides derived from a virus or cell on a platform derived from any other single virus, thus forming chimeric VLPs. VLPs are best known for their immunogenic properties, but the versatility of VLPs allows a wide variety of applications. They are lately in the centre of investigations in vaccinology, drug delivery and gene therapy. This review focuses on utilization of VLPs for drug delivery.
Endothelial progenitor cells participation in cardiovascular and kidney diseases: a systematic review
Authors: Kiewisz Jolanta , Kaczmarek Monika M. , Pawlowska Anna , Kmiec Zbigniew , Stompor Tomasz
Published: July 2016

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) represent a small population of blood cells (5-40 cells/mm3), with an ability to differentiate into endothelial cells that form the lining of the blood vessels and contribute to postnatal angiogenesis. Abundant evidence shows that recruitment of EPCs from the bone marrow, the monocyte/macrophage lineage and the organs facilitate the endothelial regeneration and repair. Changes in the number of EPCs were observed in both, chronic kidney and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, these cells were tested for usage in diagnosis and therapy. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on the EPC biology and contribution of these cells to the kidney and cardiovascular diseases.
Interaction of human fibronectin with Candida glabrata epithelial adhesin 6 (Epa6)
Authors: Zajac Dorota , Karkowska-Kuleta Justyna , Bochenska Oliwia , Rapala-Kozik Maria , Kozik Andrzej
Published: July 2016

Adherence of pathogens to extracellular matrix proteins and host cells is one of the essential steps in the microbial colonization of the human organism. The adhesion of  C. glabrata, i.e. the second major causative agent of human disseminated candidiases after C. albicans, to the host epithelium mainly engages specific fungal cell wall proteins—epithelial adhesins (Epa)—in particular, Epa1, Epa6 and Epa7. The aim of the present study was to identify the major Epa protein involved in the interactions with the human extracellular matrix protein—fibronectin—and to present the kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of these interactions. A relatively novel gel-free approach, i.e. the “cell surface shaving” that consists in short treatment of fungal cells with trypsin was employed to identify the C. glabrata surfaceome. Epa6 was purified, and the isolated protein was characterized in terms of its affinity to human fibronectin using a microplate ligand-binding assay and surface plasmon resonance measurements. The dissociation constants for the binding of Epa6 to fibronectin were determined to range between 9.03 × 10–9 M and 7.22 × 10–8 M, depending on the method used (surface plasmon resonance measurements versus the microplate ligand-binding assay, respectively). The identified fungal pathogen-human host protein-protein interactions might become a potential target for novel anticandidal therapeutic approaches.
Characterization of the interactions between human high-molecular-mass kininogen and cell wall proteins of pathogenic yeasts, Candida tropicalis
Authors: Karkowska-Kuleta Justyna , Zajac Dorota , Bras Grazyna , Bochenska Oliwia , Seweryn Karolina , Kedracka-Krok Sylwia , Jankowska Urszula , Rapala-Kozik Maria , Kozik Andrzej
Published: July 2016

Candida tropicalis is one of the most frequent causes of serious, disseminated candidiasis in human patients infected by non-albicans Candida species, but still relatively little is known about its virulence mechanisms. In our current study, the interactions between the cell surface of this species and a multifunctional human protein—high-molecular-mass kininogen (HK), an important component of the plasma contact system involved in the development of the inflammatory state—were characterized at the molecular level. The quick release of biologically active kinins from candidal cell wall-adsorbed HK was presented and the HK-binding ability was assigned to several cell wall-associated proteins. Predicted hyphally regulated cell wall protein (Hyr) and some housekeeping enzymes exposed at the cell surface (known as “moonlighting proteins”) were found to be the major HK binders. Accordingly, after purification of selected proteins, the dissociation constants of the complexes of HK with Hyr, enolase and phosphoglycerate mutase were determined using surface plasmon resonance measurements, giving the values of 2.20 x 10-7 M, 1.42 x 10-7 M and 5.81 x 10-7 M, respectively. Therefore, in this work, for the first time, the interactions between C. tropicalis cell wall proteins and HK were characterized in molecular terms. Our findings may be useful for designing more effective prevention and treatment approaches against infections caused by this dangerous fungal pathogen.
Containing Volatility: Windfall Revenues for Resource-Rich Low-Income Countries
Authors: Keutiben Octave , Dobronogov Anton
Published: July 2016

An abundance of natural resources is both an opportunity and a challenge for developing countries. Several resource-rich, low-income countries receive amounts of foreign aid that are similar to or larger than their actual or potential revenues from natural resources. In such countries, the donors may have an opportunity to help a government to use its resource revenues productively and minimize the magnitude of risks created by resource rents. Development of aid instruments tailored for such purposes might be helped by model-based analysis of the effects of foreign aid on resource-rich, low-income economies and its interactions with the flows of natural resource revenues. This paper develops a growth model à la Barro in which the government receives windfalls (from natural resources and foreign aid) and rent-seeking agents contest for public funds. The key conclusion is that making aid countercyclical helps to achieve higher economic growth, and so does conditioning disbursements on enhancement of public capital. Introducing elements of insurance in the design of both aid products financing investments in infrastructure and social services and supporting policy and institutional reforms may help to achieve both of these objectives.
Quantifying the spatiotemporal patterns of urbanization along urban-rural gradient with a roadscape transect approach: a case study in Shanghai, China
Authors: Zhang Zhonghao , Tu Yao-Jen , Li Xin
Published: July 2016

Quantifying the landscape pattern change can effectively demonstrate the ecological progresses and the consequences of urbanization. Based on remotely sensed land cover data in 1994, 2000, 2006 and a gradient analysis with landscape metrics at landscape- and class- level, we attempted to characterize the individual and entire landscape patterns of Shanghai metropolitan during the rapid urbanization. We highlighted that a roadscape transect approach that combined the buffer zone method and the transect-based approach was introduced to describe the urban-rural patterns of agricultural, residential, green, industrial, and public facilities land along the railway route. Our results of landscape metrics showed significant spatiotemporal patterns and gradient variations along the transect. The urban growth pattern in two time spans conform to the hypothesis for diffusion–coalescence processes, implying that the railway is adaptive as a gradient element to analyze the landscape patterns with urbanization. As the natural landscape was replaced by urban landscape gradually, the urban fringe expanded radically. The results also showed that the desakota region expanded its extent widely. Satellite towns witnessed the continual transformation from the predominantly rural landscape to peri-urban landscape. Furthermore, the gap between urban and rural areas remained large especially in public service. More reasonable urban plans and land use policies should push to make more of an effort to transition from the urban-rural separation to coordinated urban-rural development. This study is a meaningful trial in demonstrating a new form of urban–rural transects to study the landscape change of large cities from a strategic viewpoint. By combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, we addressed the process of urbanization both spatially and temporally, and provided a more quantitative approach to urban studies.
A Study about Non-Volatile Memories
Authors: KUMAR DILEEP
Published: July 2016

This paper presents an upcoming nonvolatile memories (NVM) overview. Non-volatile memory devices are electrically programmable and erasable to store charge in a location within the device and to retain that charge when voltage supply from the device is disconnected. The non-volatile memory is typically a semiconductor memory comprising thousands of individual transistors configured on a substrate to form a matrix of rows and columns of memory cells. Non-volatile memories are used in digital computing devices for the storage of data. In this paper we have given introduction including a brief survey on upcoming NVM's such as FeRAM, MRAM, CBRAM, PRAM, SONOS, RRAM, Racetrack memory and NRAM. In future Non-volatile memory may eliminate the need for comparatively slow forms of secondary storage systems, which include hard disks.
Tracking errors and their determinants: Evidence from Hong Kong exchange traded funds
Authors: Chu Patrick Kuok-Kun
Published: July 2016

This paper uses panel data to find the determinants of tracking errors in exchange traded funds (ETFs) in the Hong Kong stock market. A comparison of tracking errors between physical and synthetic ETFs also indicates that the synthetic ETFs have higher tracking errors. The magnitude of tracking errors is found to be negatively related to size but positively related to dividend yield, trading volumes of funds, and market risk. However, this study also finds that expense ratio has a negative impact on tracking error, which is not consistent with previous studies, and which this paper addresses.
Prokaryotic gene-family size correlations
Authors: Carmi Gon , Bolshoy Alexander
Published: July 2016

The existence of multiple copies of genes is a well-known phenomenon. A gene family is a set of sufficiently similar genes, formed by gene duplication. In earlier works conducted on limited number of completely sequenced and annotated genomes it was found that size of gene family and size of genome are positively correlated. Additionally, it was found that several atypical microbes deviated from the observed general trend. In this study, we reexamined these associations on a larger dataset consisting of 1484 prokaryotic genomes and using several ranking approaches. We applied ranking methods in such a way that genomes with lower number of paralogs would have lower rank. Until now only simple ranking methods were used; we applied the Kemeny optimal aggregation approach as well. Regression and correlation analysis were utilized in order to accurately quantify and characterize the relationships between measures of paralog indices and genome size. In addition, boxplot analysis was employed as a method for outlier detection. We found that, in general, all paralog indexes positively correlate with an increase of genome size. As expected, different groups of atypical prokaryotic genomes were found for different types of paralog quantities.
Learners’ code-switching in English as a Second Language (ESL) lessons: perspectives of four secondary school teachers in Zimbabwe
Authors: Mareva Rugare
Published: July 2016

The study investigated the perceptions of secondary school teachers of English on code-switching by learners in the learning of English. The qualitative inquiry focused on one rural day, and one urban boarding school. The study employed interviews with four teachers from the two schools.  Results show that from the perspective of the teachers, their ESL learners code-switched from English to the learners’ L1 as a learning tool, mainly to foster understanding among learners and between the learners and their teachers, and for other communicative and social functions. The teachers expressed an appreciation of their learners’ code-switching but there were also negative sentiments. The study recommends that language policy planners revisit the English-only policy in schools and consider adopting the endo-normative rather than the exo-normative model of English for the education system. The study also recommends that the responsible Ministry should hold workshops to sensitise teachers on how code-switching may be tolerated and exploited as a language learning tool. Furthermore, the study recommends that ESL teachers be guided by the Postmethod pedagogy, a sense of plausibility as well as the notion of relativism in their decisions on whether or not to allow their learners to code-switch. In addition, the inquiry recommends that the Zimbabwe Schools Examinations Council be sensitive to aspects of the local variety of English rather than set exo-normative models. Finally, the study recommends that further research be done on code-switching in school types which were not included in the sample for the present study.
Oriental Approach to Environmental Protection and Perspective of Media
Authors: Mishra Sunil Kumar
Published: July 2016

Environment is all persistent. It is the region of our existence. It envelops us. Since, we know that Nature, mother of human beings, has blessed us with a beautiful environment and as per environmental determinism, environment decides human lifestyle. There is a reciprocal relationship between the mankind and the environment. Environment fulfills our all needs but due to our greed, we harm it in many ways. In the name of so called development human has indulged himself in various activities like deforestation, air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution, global warming etc. which is leading towards environmental weakening. If we want to save ourselves, we must be sensitive towards environment. We can find various ways to respect our environment in Sanskrit literature. The Rigveda venerates deities like Mitra, Varuna, Indra, Maruts and Aditya, that are responsible for maintaining the requisite balance in the functioning of all entities of nature whether the mountains, lakes, heaven and earth, the forests or the waters. Yajurveda, which is one of the most valuable literature of sanskrit has been seen as great advocate of environmental protection. The meaning of Yajurveda describes a dynamic thing which travels in sky. Yajurveda advocates a great respect towards every component of environment.‘Om dayoh shanti rantriksham shantih, prithvi shanti raapah shantiroshdhayah shantih. Vanaspatayah shantirvishwe devah shanti brahm shantih, sarvam shantih shantirev shantih sa ma shantiredhi. Om shantih shantih shantih.’1 means “May peace radiate there in the whole sky as well as in the vast ethereal space everywhere. May peace reign all over this earth, in water and in all herbs, trees and creepers. May peace flow over the whole universe. May peace bein the supreme being brahman. And may there always exist in all peace and peace alone. Aum peace, peace, and peace to us and all begins. The sages of the Atharva Veda chanted ‘what of thee I dig out, let that quickly grow over, let me not hit thy vital, or thy heart.’ This means that one can take from the earth and atmosphere only so much as one puts back to them. In present days, this is considered one of the most important principles of sustainable development. The purity and quality of water has been highlighted in the Atharva Veda. It is mentioned that pure water cures many ailments and it acts as preventer of the diseases which are not yet contracted. Atharva Veda also speaks about the protection of wildlife and domestic cattle. The cattle were meant to adorn the ceremony but not for sacrifice.”2When we take bath we worship river and respect this source of water as "Gange cha Yamune chaiva,Saraswathi, Godhaavari, "Taambraparni "Narmathe,Zindhu,Kaveri Jalesmin Zannithim Kuru." In our Vedas every component of environment has been described as valuable and precious things for our existence. It also draws our attention on the philosophy of sustainable development.
Teachers’ code-switching in English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction: Perceptions of selected secondary school learners in Zimbabwe
Authors: Mareva Rugare
Published: July 2016

The study explored perceptions of secondary school learners of English on code-switching by teachers in the teaching of English. The qualitative inquiry focused on one rural day, and one urban boarding school. The study employed focus group discussions with groups of ten Form One and ten Form Three English learners per school. Results show that from the perspective of the learners, their ESL teachers code-switched from English to the learners’ L1 as a teaching and learning tool, mainly to foster understanding among learners and between the learners and their teachers, and for other communicative functions.  The majority of the learners expressed an appreciation of their teachers’ code-switching but there were also negative sentiments. The study recommends that language policy planners revisit the English-only policy in the school and consider adopting the endo-normative rather than the exo-normative model of English for the education system. The study also recommends that the Ministry Education should hold workshops to sensitise teachers on how code-switching may best be employed as an instructional tool. Furthermore, the study recommends that ESL teachers be guided by the Postmethod pedagogy, a sense of plausibility as well as the notion of relativism in their decisions on code-switching. In addition, the inquiry recommends that the Zimbabwe Schools Examinations Council be sensitive to aspects of the local variety of English rather than set exo-normative models. Finally, the study recommends that further research be done on code-switching in school types which were not included in the sample for the present study.
An EFL Teacher’s Code Switching in a Young Learners’ Class
Authors: Khaerunnisa Lisa
Published: July 2016

This paper presents the results of a single case study of an EFL teacher’s code switching which involved three languages including English, Indonesian, and Javanese in a young learners’ class. More specifically, this qualitative study aimed to analyze the teacher’s types of code switching and functions of her code switching in the teaching and learning process. Data from classroom observations, teacher’s interview, students’ interview, and students’ questionnaire showed that all of the teacher’s code switching were conversational and based on the structure of her switching; she did inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and tag switching. Further, those different types of code switching served four positive functions for the EYL teaching. Those included strategy to deliver clear material explanations, strategy to deliver clear task instruction, strategy to give encouragement, and strategy for disciplining the students.
A Comparative Study of Vocabulary Learning Strategies Employed by Iranian Undergraduate and Postgraduate EFL Learners with a Focus on Motivation
Authors: Sarani Abdullah , Shirzaei Habib
Published: July 2016

Vocabulary is viewed as a major part of language proficiency as it allows learners to use four language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The present study was carried out to compare Iranian undergraduate and postgraduate EFL learners’ use of vocabulary learning strategies. After that the study tried to see if there was any difference between highly-motivated and low-motivated learners with regard to vocabulary use. Finally, it aimed at investigating the differences between the Iranian EFL male and female learners’ use of vocabulary learning strategies. A group of 150 Iranian undergraduate and postgraduate EFL learners (75 males and 75 females) both at BA and MA levels from Zahedan universities were selected randomly. The participants’ ages ranged between18 to 42. The data were obtained through two questionnaires: Taxonomy of Vocabulary Learning Strategies developed by Schmitt (1997) and Gardner’s (1985) Attitude/ Motivation Test Battery (AMTB). The findings of the study showed that there was a significant difference between undergraduate and postgraduate EFL learners’ use of vocabulary learning strategies. Also, there was a difference between highly-motivated learners and low-motivated learners’ use of vocabulary learning strategies. Moreover, the results showed that the interaction between the learners’ gender and motivation was significant. The results are theoretically and pedagogically significant for EFL teachers and applied linguists
The Implementation of British Parliamentary Debating in Mulawarman Debate Society (MDS)
Authors: Agustina Lely , Bahrani Bahrani
Published: July 2016

In English debate, the students will be exposed to the real problems facing a society or a nation.  The students are required to be able to give a strong and reasonable statement and solution so that they can practice English and convince the public that their idea will be expressed freely. This study found that there were some differences related to the implementation of British Parliamentary debating system, such us the differences of the amount of debater and adjudicator and length of speech. Those differences actually did not give bad effect significantly during the observation because of during observations, each member acted his or her role as well as the regulation of British Parliamentary debating system. It can be said that they had fulfilled their role fulfillment as debater, time keeper or the speaker and as adjudicator in every single debating practice. Beside the differences mentioned above, everything related to the implementation of British Parliamentary debating system in Mulawarman Debating Society were the same as the standard regulation of the British Parliamentary Debating System. For instance, there was case building for fifteen minutes before debating, the debater delivered POI, both accepted and declined it, and in the debate practice of MDS, the adjudication was also done by the adjudicator through giving verbal adjudication and ranking the team. The motion was also given by the adjudicator in the debate practice of MDS.
ENGLISH SWEAR WORDS BY INDONESIAN LEARNERS
Authors: Amrullah Latif
Published: July 2016

Language functions to convey expression and content, either for their self or for others. Some people tend to use swear words in certain conditions and situation to show their feeling or just to express an inconvenience. In other words, swear word is closely related to anger expression. This paper examines the use of English swear words in certain simulated anger situations in order to know what kinds of swear words that the respondents use. The data were gathered through some simulated anger situations which were made by considering certain social dimensions. The respondents are the university students who were taken randomly through different classes. This study shows that certain English swear words are commonly used by the respondents and the social status of respondents governs as an important aspect.
Structural Analysis of “Peanut & Sparky”: A Short Story by Arnie Lightning as A Way in Understanding Literature
Authors: Fauzan Umar
Published: July 2016

This study aims at analyzing the structure of Arni Lightning’s  short story Peanut & Sparky plays an essential part in a literary work which explores the plot, setting, characters, conflict and other elements of the story. Instead of that, by conducting this analysis, it could make the narration comprehensible for the readers and also to catcth the meaning which the writer wants to convey. The short story Peanut & Sparky was published in April 2015 in America. This analysis captures the writer’s intention of fabricating the story through its premise,theme, character, moral value, setting. The study reveals that conducting structural analysis is supposed to be a good way in understanding literary works.
Key words: Structural, analysis, Short Story,Literature   
Discriminant analysis application in spatiotemporal evaluation of water quality in South Florida
Authors: Haji Gholizadeh Mohammad , Melesse Assefa M. , Reddi Lakshmi
Published: July 2016

The discriminant analysis (DA) method was used to differentiate and classify the water quality of three major rivers in South Florida. In this study, DA was used to assess the water quality and evaluate the spatial and temporal variations in surface water quality in South Florida. DA, as an important data reduction method, was used to assess the water pollution status and analysis of its spatiotemporal variation. It was found by the stepwise DA that five variables (chl-a, dissolved oxygen (DO), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP) and water temperature) are the most important discriminating water quality parameters responsible for temporal variations. Spatial variation in water quality was also evaluated and identified five variables (TKN, TP, ammonia-N, magnesium, and sodium) and seven variables (chl-a, DO, TKN, TP, ammonia-N, magnesium, and chloride) as the most significant discriminating variables in the wet and dry season, respectively of three selected rivers in South Florida. It is believed that the results of apportionment could be very useful to the local authorities for the control and management of pollution and better protection of important riverine water quality.
Actual daily evapotranspiration and crop coefficients for an alpine meadow in the Qilian Mountains, northwest China
Authors: Yang Yong , Chen Rensheng , Song Yaoxuan , Han Chuntan , Liu Jiufeng , Liu Zhangwen
Published: July 2016

Actual daily evapotranspiration (ETa) was measured in two weighing micro-lysimeters, from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2011 on an alpine meadow in the Qilian Mountains, northwest China. The findings showed that the mean daily ETa in the unfrozen and frozen periods was 2.0 mm and 0.2 mm, respectively. The dominant factor affecting ETa in the unfrozen period was net radiation (RN), whereas those in the frozen period were soil surface temperature (Ts) and air temperature (Ta). The mean value of the daily crop coefficient (Kc) was 0.82 in the unfrozen period, and 0.19 in the frozen period. Regression analysis of Kc and the environmental variables indicated that Ta, Ts, relative humidity and soil surface water content (SWC), rather than RN, were the major factors influencing Kc throughout the whole measurement period and in the unfrozen period, although no clear correlative relationships were found between Kc and meteorological factors in the frozen period. Three daily empirical ETa models for an alpine meadow were developed, also utilizing the FAO-56 Penman–Monteith approach to estimate reference evapotranspiration. They all exhibited good performances in the unfrozen period, but none were found suitable for the frozen period.
Haihe River discharge to Bohai Bay, North China: trends, climate, and human activities
Authors: Wei Qi , Sun Conghui , Wu Guanghong , Pan Ling
Published: July 2016

Trends in annual precipitation and river discharge (1956–2012) were analyzed using the Mann–Kendall test and Sen's method to evaluate the impact of climate variation and human activities on the Haihe River discharge to Bohai Bay. Compared to observations before 1965, two obvious decreases in annual river discharge occurred after 1965 and after 1980. Considering 1956–1965 as the baseline period, it was established that the reduction in Haihe River discharge to the Bohai Sea was 52.9% and 81.9% during 1966–1980 and 1981–2012, respectively. Compared to the baseline period, the reductions in annual precipitation in 1966–1980 and 1981–2012 were 7.1% and 14.2%, respectively. Following the increase in population, industrial activity, and irrigated areas, water consumption has increased rapidly, from 51.9 mm in 1965 to 124.8 mm in 1980 and 126.4 mm in 2000. These results indicate that the reduction in discharge in the Haihe River basin during 1966–1980 and 1981–2000 could be attributed to climatic variations (33.2% and 41.4%, respectively) and human activities (66.8% and 58.6%, respectively). The results also indicate that salinity in Bohai Bay increased following the decrease in discharge from the Haihe River.
Radon levels in different types of bottled drinking water and carbonated drinks in Iraqi markets
Authors: Abojassim Ali Abid , Kadhim Suha H. , Ali Mraity Hussien Abid , Munim Rua R.
Published: July 2016

In the present work, radon concentration was measured for different types of bottled drinking water and carbonated drink samples that are available in Iraqi markets. Radon measurements were carried out using a RAD-7 electronic radon detector. Annual effective dose was also calculated. The measured radon concentration in samples of bottled drinking water ranged from 0.0354 to 0.248 Bq/l with a mean value of 0.11265 Bq/l and the measured radon concentration in the samples of the carbonated drinks lay between 0.0354 and 0.283 Bq/l with a mean value of 0.1418 Bq/l. The mean values of the effective dose in all samples of bottled drinking water and carbonated drinks were found to be 0.410844 and 1.022 μSv/y respectively. The results of this work revealed that the radon concentrations were lower than the recommended limits indicated by the World Health Organization and by the regulatory bodies of the European Union.
Pengaruh Pemberian Jus Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium guajava) dan Jeruk Siam (Citrus nobilis) terhadap Kadar High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) pada Pasien Dislipidemia (The Effect of Guava Extract (Psidium guajava) and Siam Citrus Fruit (Citrus nobilis) on HDL Level in Dyslipidemic Patients)
Authors: Hayudanti Dewinta , Kusumastuty Inggita , Tritisari Kanthi Permaningtyas
Published: August 2016

AbstrakPenurunan kadar HDL merupakan salah satu tanda yang terjadi pada penderita dislipidemia. Pada penderita dislipidemia, serat memiliki peranan penting sebagai arteroprotektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa pemberian jus jambu biji merah dan buah jeruk siam dapat memenuhi kebutuhan hingga 21,5 g serat/hari (serat larut air) sehingga dapat meningkatkan kadar HDL. Study quasi experimental ini Â menggunakan desain pre-post test control group yang dilakukanÂ  terhadap pasien dislipidemia di Puskesmas Cisadea Kota Malang. Sampel dipilih secara non probability yang dibagi dalam dua kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol (n=16) yang hanya diberikan konseling gizi saja dan kelompok perlakuan (n=16) yang diberikan konseling gizi serta jus jambu biji merah dan buah jeruk siam yang diintervensi selama 14 hari. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan selisih kadar HDL dari pemberian jus jambu biji merah dan buah jeruk siam antara kelompok kontrol Â±1,06 dan kelompok perlakuan Â±0,06. Setelah dilakukan analisis menggunakan uji Independent t-test, terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p<0,05).Kata kunci: dislipidemia, HDL, jambu biji merah, buah jeruk siam.Â AbstractLow levels of HDL is a feature in dyslipidemia patient. Fiber has an important role as arteroprotective in dislipidemia patient. The fibers in red guava juice and siam citrus fruit can meet up to 21,5 g fiber/day. This research aims to prove that fibers increase HDL levels. Quasi experimental study used design pre-post test control group in patient with dislipidemia in Public Health Center Cisadea of Malang City. The sample was selected based onÂ  by non probability sampling to be devided into two groups, the control group (n=16) were only given nutritional counseling and treatment (n=16) were given nutritional counseling as well as guava juice and siam citrus fruit who intervention during the 14 days. The results of this research suggest that increased the difference of levels of HDL as an influence of red guava juice and siam citrus fruits between control group Â±0,06 mg/dl and treatment group 1.06 mg/dl, and it show that the comparison of the difference in HDL levels increase between groups, there was a significant different (p<0,05). Conclusions of this research is red guava juice and siam citrus fruit affecting HDL levels significantly. Based on the research results, suggestions for further research are using other foods as a source of fiber.Keywords: dyslipidemia, HDL, red guava, siam citrus fruit.
Model pembelajaran integratif penjasorkes materi atletik dengan pendidikan IPA materi Biologi untuk siswa SMP
Authors: Fitri Alchonity Harika , Winarni Sri
Published: July 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan model pembelajaran integratif untuk siswa sekolah menengah pertama yang layak digunakan. Model pembelajaran integratif diharapkan untuk digunakan guru penjasorkes dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar. Penelitian pengembangan ini dilakukan dengan mengadaptasi langkah penelitian sebagai berikut: (1) pengumpulan data (2) analisis informasi yang dikumpulkan (3) pengembangan draft produk awal (4) validasi ahli dan revisi (5) uji coba skala kecil dan revisi, (6) uji coba lapangan skala besar dan revisi, (7) pembuatan produk final. Uji coba dengan skala kecil dilakukan terhadap 25 siswa SMP BOKPRI 1 Yogyakarta. Uji coba dengan skala besar dilakukan terhadap 31 siswa SMP Negeri 12 Yogyakarta, SMP Negeri 4 Yogyakarta, dan SMP PIRI 1 Yogyakarta. Instrumen pengumpulan data adalah pedoman wawancara, catatan lapangan, skala nilai validasi, guru partisipasi, respon siswa, tes unjuk kerja dan tes pengetahuan. Analisis data mengguna-kan analisis deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian ini berupa buku panduan yang berisikan syntax (langkah-langkah), bentuk penilaian, 6 permainan integratif, dan rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran yang layak dan efektif.Kata kunci: model integratif penjasorkes, SMP Integrated learning model of physicl education on athletics with Biology for junior high school students AbstractThis study aimed to produce an integrated learning model for physical education and biology education. The integrated learning model was expected to be used by physical education teachers in teaching and learning activities. This research and development was conducted by adapting the steps of research development including: (1) preliminary study, (2) analysis of the gathered information, (3) developing the initial product, (4) expert’s validation and revision, (5) small scale trials and revision, (6) large-scale field trial and revision, and (7) dissemination of the product. Small-scale test was conducted on 25 junior high school students of BOKPRI 1 Yogyakarta. The large-scale trials were conducted on 31 students of Junior High School 12 Yogyakarta, Junior High School 4 Yogyakarta, and Junior High School PIRI 1 Yogyakarta. The instruments used for collecting data were interview guideline, field notes, questionnaires of scale validation value, questionnaire of teachers’ participa-tion and students’ response, performance and effectiveness test. The data analysis used descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis. The result of this research is a guide book that contains syntax (steps), forms of assessment, six integrated games, and lesson plan of learning which is proper and effective.Keywords: the teaching models, integrative physical education, Junior High School.
Pengaruh taebo high dan low impact terhadap ketahanan otot dan lemak tubuh ditinjau dari VO2Maks
Authors: Budiawan Dedi , Suharjana Suharjana
Published: July 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) perbedaan tingkat keefektifan pengaruh senam Taebo high impact dan low impact terhadap ketahanan otot dan persentase lemak tubuh ditinjau dari volume oksigen maksimum, (2) apakah VO2Maks tinggi lebih baik/bagus daripada VO2Maks rendah terhadap peningkatan ketahanan otot dan penurunan persentase lemak tubuh. (3) interaksi yang terjadi antara metode latihan senam Taebo high impact dan low impact terhadap ketahanan otot dan persentase lemak tubuh ditinjau dari volume oksigen maksimum. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen dengan rancangan faktorial 2x2, menggunakan tes awal dan tes akhir dengan dua kelompok yang diberi perlakuan berbeda. Pengumpulan data menggunakan tes dan pengukuran yang dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini adalah multistage fitness test, tes daya tahan otot dengan exercise machine, dan tes lemak tubuh dengan skinfold fat caliper test. Teknik analisis data menggunakan ANAVA dengan taraf signifikansi 5%. Uji prasyarat analisis data menggunakan uji normalitas Kolmogorov Smirnov Test dengan taraf signifikansi 5% dan uji homogenitas varians Levene Testdengan taraf signifikansi 5%.Kata Kunci: Taebo high dan low impact, ketahanan otot, lemak tubuh, VO2maks. The effect of high and low impact taebo on muscular endurance and body fat viewed from VO2MaksAbstractThis study aims to determine (1) the difference of effectiveness level of high impact and low impact Taebo gymnastics on muscular endurance and body fat percentage in terms of the maximum volume of oxygen, (2) whether high VO2Max is better than low VO2Max to increase muscular endurance and decrease body fat percentage, and (3) the interaction that occurs between gymnastics training methods of high impact and low impact Taebo on muscular endurance and body fat percentage in terms of the maximum volume of oxygen. This study is an experimental study with 2 x 2 factorial design, using pretest and the posttest by two groups that were given different treatments. The data collection used tests and measurements done before and after treatments. The instruments in this study were a multistage fitness test, a test of muscle endurance with exercise machine, and skinfold fat caliper test, a test of body fat percentage. The research data analysis used ANOVA with the significance level of 5%. The prerequisite test data analysis used Kolmogorov Smirnov normality test with the significance level of 5% and Levene's test of homogeneity of variance test with the significance level of 5%.Keywords: high and low impact Taebo, muscular  endurance, body fat, VO2Max.
Pengaruh latihan beban dan kekuatan otot terhadap hypertrophy otot dan ketebalan lemak
Authors: Sucipto Eko , Widiyanto Widiyanto
Published: July 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) perbedaan pengaruh antara latihan beban metode compound set dan circuit training, (2) perbedaan pengaruh kekuatan otot tinggi dan rendah,dan (3) interaksi antara metode latihan beban dan kekuatan terhadap hasil hypertrophy otot dan ketebalan lemak. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 56 members yang programnya hypertrophy otot dari Fitness Centre GOR FIK UNY dan Fitness Centre Club Arena Hotel Jayakarta Yogyakarta. Sampel yang berjumlah 28 members ditentukan dengan teknik Purposive Rondom Sampling. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Analisis Varian (ANAVA). Hasil penelitian adalah: (1) ada perbedaan pengaruh yang signifikan antara latihan beban dengan compound set dan circuit training terhadap hypertrophy otot, (2) ada perbedaan pengaruh kekuatan otot tinggi dan rendah terhadap hypertrophy otot dan ketebalan lemak, dan ada interaksi yang signifikan antara metode latihan beban dan kekuatan otot terhadap hypertrophy otot.Kata kunci: metode latihan beban, kekuatan otot, hasil hypertrophy otot dan ketebalan lemak. The effect of weight training and muscle strength on muscle hypertrophy and fat thicknessAbstractThis study aims to find out: (1) the differences between the effect of weight training method and circuit training compound set, (2) differences in the effect of high and low muscle strength, and (3) the interaction among methods of weight training and muscle strength on the muscle hypertrophy and fat thickness. This study is experimental. The population was 56 members of Sport Hall Fitness Centre Faculty, of Sports Science, State University of Yogyakarta and Fitness Centre Club Arena Hotel Jayakarta Yogyakarta. A sample of 28 members was established using the  purposive random sampling technique. The data analysis technique used in this study was the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results show that: (1) there is a significant effect difference between the weight training and circuit training compound set on the result of muscle hypertrophy(2) there is a difference in the effect of high and low muscle strength on the results of muscle hypertrophy and fat thickness, and (3) there is a significant interaction between the weight training method and muscle strength on the muscle hypertrophy results.Keywords: method of weight training, muscle strength, muscle hypertrophy results and fat thickness.
Manajemen program latihan sekolah sepakbola (SSB) GAMA Yogyakarta
Authors: Susanto Nugroho , Lismadiana Lismadiana
Published: July 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi manajemen program latihan sekolah sepakbola (SSB) Gajah Mada (GAMA) Yogyakarta. Jenis Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif, pengambilan data dengan wawancara, observasi dan studi dokumentasi. Subjek dalam penelitian ini meliputi: anggota siswa SSB (3 orang), pelatih (1 orang), pengurus (1 orang) dan orang tua atlet (3 orang) SSB GAMA Yogyakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sekolah sepakbola GAMA yang dijadikan tempat pengambilan data manajemen pengelolaan program latihan sudah dilakukan dengan optimal. Sekolah sepakbola yang dijadikan tempat pengambilan data telah menerapkan lima fungsi manajemen. Lima fungsi manajemen itu meliputi perencanaan, pengorganisasian, aktuating, pengendalian dan budgeting. Pelatih di sekolah sepakbola memiliki tugas untuk membuat program latihan berdasarkan kalender kompetisi yang dikeluarkan PSSI DIY. Pelatih, orangtua dan atlet bekerjasama untuk membuat program latihan itu dimaksudkan agar pelatih mengetahui kemampuan atlet dengan mengadakan pengukuran awal, dan atlet menyetujui beban latihan dari program latihan yang disusun. Mekanisme pembuatan program latihan adalah sebuah cara kerjasama pelatih, atlet dan orang tua membuat dan menentukan program latihan yang disesuaikan dengan kalender pertandingan.Kata Kunci: manajemen olahraga, program latihan, sekolah sepakbola Program management school of football (SSB) GAMA Yogyakarta AbstractThis study aims to identify school football workout program management (SSB) Gadjah Mada (GAMA) Yogyakarta. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research, data collection by interview, observation and documentation studies. Subjects in this study includes: SSB student member (3), trainers (1 person), board (1 person) and parents of athletes (3) GAMA SSB Yogyakarta. The results showed that the school is used as a football GAMA data retrieval program management training has been carried out with the optimum. Used as a football school data retrieval has implemented five management functions. The five functions of management include planning, organizing, aktuating, control and budgeting. School football coach has a duty to make an exercise program based on the competition calendar issued PSSI DIY. Coaches, parents and athletes collaborated to create an exercise program that is intended to determine the ability of the athlete to the coach holding the initial measurement, and athlete approved training load of structured exercise program. Mechanisms of making exercise program is a way of cooperation coaches, athletes and parents to create and determine an exercise program that is tailored to match the calendar.Keywords: sport management, exercise programs, school football