bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Functional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Separation of
Target Materials: A Review
Authors: Faridi-Majidi Reza , Nekounam Houra , Babaei Mahrokh , Kisomi Misagh Fathi , Pourkhodadad Soheila , Mahmoodi Narges , Nazbar Abolfazl , Hasanzadeh Elham , Zarei Mojtaba
Published: July 2021

:

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have unique properties that have made them widely used
in medicine and biology. They are easy to work with due to their responsiveness to external magnetic
force. Functionalization of nanoparticles(NPs) effectively improves performance, increases stability
in the body and acidic environment, and prevents the agglomeration of the particles. One of the important
applications of these NPs is in the separation of materials as solid-phase extracting agents.
On the other hand, functionalizing these NPs can increase the efficiency, stability, specificity, and
sensitivity of the structure to separate the target. In this paper, various material separation studies
were collected and classified into several main groups based on material types. Study groups included
functional MNPs for separating pathogen, organic and inorganic substances of environmental
resources, removal of heavy metal ions, separation of biomolecules, isolation of cells, especially
tumor cells, and harvesting the microalgae. The results showed that this method has advantages such
as high sensitivity and specificity, is easy to use without needing an operator, low costs, and is a
time-saving technique for not requiring sample preparation and concentration.
MiR-125b Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Human
Colon Cancer SW480 Cells via Targeting STAT3
Authors: Zhang Junhe , Yang Wenwen , Xiao Yunxi , Shan Linlin
Published: July 2021

Background:

Colon cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide. Multiple
studies have unveiled the key role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the development of various
types of cancer. However, the mechanism of action of miR-125b in the development and progression
of colon cancer remains unknown.

Objective:

In this study, we explored the association of miR-125b and signal transducer and activator
of transcription 3 (STAT3) and its role in the proliferation and apoptosis of SW480 colon cancer
cells.

Methods:

The miR-125b expression in NCM460, SW480, HT29, and HCT8 cells was detected using
quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). SW480 cells were transfected
with lentiviruses of GFP-miR-125b and GFP-NC to establish a stable miR-125b overexpression
colon cancer cell model and a control model. The targeting relationship between miR-125b and
STAT3 was analyzed using bioinformatics and verified by the dual-luciferase reporter gene assay.
Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and TUNEL
staining. The expression levels of STAT3, Bcl-2, and Bax were analyzed using Western blot analysis.

Results:

It was found that the relative mRNA expression of miR-125b was decreased in SW480,
HT29, and HCT8 cells compared with that in NCM460 cells (P<0.05). The luciferase reporter gene
assay confirmed that miR-125b downregulated the STAT3 gene expression (P<0.05). Overexpression
of miR-125b inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis in SW480 colon cancer cells and
was accompanied by upregulated Bax expression and downregulated Bcl-2 expression (P<0.05).
Re-expression of STAT3 promoted cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis, whereas Bcl-2 expression
increased, and Bax expression decreased (P<0.05).

Conclusion:

The miR-125b regulates the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 by downregulating the expression
of STAT3, thereby inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of SW480 colon cancer
cells.
Inhibitory Effect of PD-1/PD-L1 and Blockade Immunotherapy in
Leukemia
Authors: Liu Miao , Zhang Wei Emma , Xing Kai , Zhou Pan , Li Jiaojiao
Published: July 2021

Background:

PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors have been approved for the treatment
of a variety of solid tumors. Some clinical trials have also confirmed the excellent efficacy of PD-
1/PD-L1 inhibitors on lymphoma. However, the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors on leukemia
remains unclear.

Main body:

To understand the connection between PD-1/PD-L1 and leukemia better, this review
concentrates on the up-regulated expression of PD-1/PD-L1 and the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade trials in
participants with leukemia. PD-1/PD-L1 signal performs momentously negative immunoregulation
of cancer, which can inhibit the activation of cytotoxic T cells and involve in the immune escape in
tumors. Activated PD-1/PD-L1 may transduce negative intracellular signals to block the mitotic
cycle and the development of T-cells. Several pathways are involved in these critical biochemical
processes, including MAPK, calcium, PI3K/AKT, and so on. Lately, PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies have
illustrated unprecedented curative effects on Hodgkin's lymphoma and some solid tumors.
Specimens from patients with leukemia demonstrated the elevated level of PD-1/PD-L1 in T
lymphocytes. This finding inspired hematologists to use PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors for subjects
suffering from leukemia. Some clinical trials have implied that PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors could help
patients fight against leukemia, however, other researchers have reported the opposite results.

Conclusions:

PD-1/PD-L1 is upregulated in leukemia, but the results regarding PD-1/PD-L1
blockade are mixed and more clinical trials are needed to be conducted.
Identification of Natural Compounds to Inhibit Sonic Hedgehog Pathway in Oral
Cancer
Authors: Shah Franky , Patel Hitarth , Joshi Jigna , Raval Apexa
Published: July 2021

Background:

Conventional treatment resistance remains a significant problem in cancer care. Cancer stem
cells might play a major role in treatment resistance, and as a result, basic stem cell pathways are instrumental in cancer.
Sonic Hedgehog signaling has not been widely studied in oral cancer, and being one of the major cancer stem cell
pathways, targeting it with natural compounds could open many opportunities in the treatment scenario.

Objective:

The objective of the study was to identify the role of various natural compounds as an anti-cancer agent for
oral cancer by targeting the Hedgehog signaling pathway.

Methods:

The selection of natural compounds were identified through literature review and NPACT database. The
protein (3M1N and 3MXW) and ligand molecules were retrieved through the PDB and PubChem database. To carry
out docking experiments, the AutoDock 4.2 program was used to study the interaction between the identified protein
and ligand.

Results:

Among the 13 identified natural compounds, the top three were selected based on their binding energy. The
higher the binding energy on the negative side, the better the interaction formed between protein and ligand. The natural
compound showing best results with 3M1N protein were Butein, Biochanin-A, and Curcumin, whereas, with
3MXW, Zerumbone, Curcumin, and Butein were identified.

Conclusion:

The identified natural compounds have shown better binding energy to bind the Hh ligands in the absence/
presence of a known Sonic Hedgehog inhibitor. Based on the results, natural compounds can be utilized in the
current treatment modality for oral cancer either as an individual anti-cancer agent or in combination with the known
Sonic Hedgehog inhibitor to curb the increasing incidence rate. Yet, in-vitro evidence in lab setup is required.
SAR131675 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Induces Apoptosis through Bcl-
2/Bax/Cyto c Mitochondrial Pathway in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Authors: Aghaei Mahmoud , Babaei Zeinab , Panjehpour Mojtaba , Parsian Hadi
Published: July 2021

Background:

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) can be used to inhibit cancer cell proliferation by targeting
the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) family. SAR131675 is a highly selective receptor tyrosine
kinase inhibitor to VEGFR3 that reveals the inhibitory effect on proliferation in human lymphatic endothelial cells.
However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are generally unclear.

Objective:

This study was performed to investigate the possible involvement of the Bcl-2/Bax/Cyto c apoptosis pathway
in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs). In addition, the role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
and mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated.

Methods:

The effect of SAR131675 on HUVEC cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. The activity of
SAR131675 in inducing apoptosis was carried out through the detection of Annexin V-FITC/PI signal by flow cytometry.
To determine the mechanisms underlying SAR131675 induced apoptosis, the mitochondrial membrane potential,
ROS generation, the activity of caspase-3, and expression of apoptosis-related proteins such as Bcl-2, Bax, and cytochrome
c were evaluated in HUVECs.

Results:

SAR131675 significantly inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner.
Moreover, SAR131675 induced mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS generation, Bcl-2 down-regulation, Bax upregulation,
cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation, which displays features of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis
signaling pathway.

Conclusion:

Our present data demonstrated that SAR131675-induced cytotoxicity in HUVECs associated with the
mitochondria apoptotic pathway. These results suggest that further studies are required to fully elucidate the role of
TKIs in these cellular processes.
The Effect of GLUT1 on the Survival Rate and Immune Cell Infiltration of Lung Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Meta and Bioinformatics Analysis
Authors: Zhang Guihua , Dong Rong , Kong Demiao , Liu Bo , Zha Yan , Luo Meng
Published: July 2021

Background:

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) are two major subtypes of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Studies have shown that abnormal expression of glucose transport type 1 (GLUT1) in NSCLC patients has been associated with cancer progression, aggressiveness, and poor clinical outcome. However, the clinical effect of GLUT1 expression on LUAD and LUSC is unclear.

Objective:

This study aims to learn more about the character of GLUT1 in LUAD and LUSC.

Methods:

A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the GLUT1 protein level, and the bioinformatics analysis was used to detect the GLUT1 mRNA expression level, survival differences, and the infiltration abundance of immune cells in samples from TCGA. Meanwhile, functional and network analysis was conducted to detect important signaling pathways and key genes with the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset.

Results:

Our results showed that GLUT1 was over-expressed both in LUAD and LUSC. LUAD patients with high GLUT1 expression had a poor prognosis. Additionally, GLUT1 was related to B cell and neutrophil infiltration of LUAD. In LUSC, GLUT1 was correlated with tumor purity, B cell, CD8+ T cell, CD4+ T cell, macrophage, neutrophil, and dendritic cell infiltration. The GEO dataset analysis results suggested GLUT1 potentially participated in the p53 signaling pathway and metabolism of xenobiotics through cytochrome P450 and was associated with KDR, TOX3, AGR2, FOXA1, ERBB3, ANGPT1, and COL4A3 gene in LUAD and LUSC.

Conclusion:

GLUT1 might be a potential biomarker for aggressive progression and poor prognosis in LUAD, and a therapeutic biomarker in LUSC.
A Review of T-spline Surfaces
Authors: Shou Huahao , Ren Haojie , Lin Hongwei
Published: July 2021

Background:

Curved modeling technology originated from the geometric lofting and
design of aircrafts, automobiles and ships. The control points of the traditional B-spline mesh should
be placed regularly in whole rows and columns. A T-spline surface is a B-spline surface that allows
T-junctions. It can overcome the limitations of traditional B-mesh topology and has its own advantages
in surface splicing, surface fining, surface simplification, etc. T-spline has wide application
prospects in product modeling, art design, animation production, numerical control machining, volume
data expression, and other aspects.

Objective:

The objective of this paper is to summarize the properties, algorithms, and applications
of T-splines. It helps scholars in determining the research status of T-splines and in further exploring
the theories related to the applications of T-splines.

Methods:

This paper reviews the theories on T-splines and their applications from four aspects.
First, we discuss the development of the concept, properties, and algorithms of T-splines and the Tspline
reconstruction. Then, we conducted an isogeometric analysis using T-splines. Next, we
demonstrate the applications of T-splines in actual scenarios. Finally, we present a brief summary of
the paper and expectations for the future.

Results:

The paper provides a brief introduction to the relevant papers on T-splines. The research on
T-spline technology is currently active, and there are many studies on T-spline theories and applications.
Among these, the spline theory on T-mesh has aroused widespread interest in engineering,
especially in Computer-Aided Geometric Design (CAGD) and computer graphics.

Conclusion:

The T-spline surface is the most important new spline surface in the CADG field since
the creation of the B-spline surface and non-uniform rational B-spline surface. Although the surface
modeling technology based on the T-spline surface is developing rapidly, there are still some problems
that need to be further studied.
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Following Blood Transfusion: A Rare Case Report with Literature Review
Authors: Gurumukhani Jayanti K , Patel Harsh D. , Patel Dhruvkumar M. , Patel Mukundkumar V. , Patel Maitri M. , Mahuwala Zabeen K. , Desai Joy
Published: July 2021

Background:

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is clinicoradiological disease entity characterized by headache, seizures, altered sensorium and corticalvisual loss with characteristic MRI features of subcortical white matter hyperintensities on T2W imaging. Though hypertension is a traditional hallmark of PRES, uncommon causes without hypertension have been described. We report an unusual such case without hypertension, precipitated by red cell transfusion.

Case Presentation:

A 40 years female received six units of packed cell transfusion for severe anemia (Hemoglobin 3.0 Gm %) transfused over 8 hours. She was having menorrhagia and was operated on for a hysterectomy. She developed a headache on the second postoperative day for five days and no cause was revealed in spite of extensive workup, including MRI brain and CSF study. On the sixth day, she had recurrent seizures followed by altered sensorium in the absence of hypertension. Her repeat MRI brain findings were consistent with PRES.

Conclusion:

We reviewed 25 cases, including the present one as PRES after the blood transfusion. 24 were females, and 16 of 19 developed PRES in the course of chronic anemia lasting over 1 month. Anemia was severe in 18 of 25 cases, with haemoglobin (Hb) levels < 4.0 Gm%. In 16 of 20 cases, Hb levels increased to 5 g/dl by red cell blood transfusion until the onset of PRES. On MRI brain, 23 of 25 cases showed vasogenic edema and 3 of 25 cases showed an irreversible neurological deficit. When treating severe chronic anemia rapid correction of Hb with blood transfusion, one should consider a possibility of PRES in post-transfusion neurological symptoms in spite of normal diagnostic workup.
The Epidemiology and Outcomes of Meningitis among Iranian Children in a Period of 10 Years
Authors: Chamkhaleh Maryam Alizadeh , Noorbakhsh Samileh , Vafaee-Shahi Mohammad , Riahi Aina , Hajinasab Negar , Gandomi-Mohammadabadi Alireza , Shiasi Mehrsa
Published: July 2021

Background:

One of the important causes of childhood febrile illness is meningitis. It causes bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, and non-infectious agents. Pediatric bacterial meningitis is one of the most important causes of infant mortality, especially in premature infants. This study aimed to identify the outcome and mortality of children with meningitis.

Methods and Materials:

All children with meningitis in the Pediatric Department of Rasool Akram Hospital from December 23, 2007, to December 16, 2017, were included. Signs and symptoms (fever, consciousness, neck rigidity, and seizure) were collected and Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in children was made. Based on these findings, patients were divided into two groups, which include bacterial and non-bacterial meningitis. Then we recalled all families and examined them to discover the child’s outcome and complications at least after two years.

Results:

During the ten-year study period, 202 children were included in the study. Patients aged less than 12 months were found to be more frequently affected. Fever was the most common presentation (83.4%) followed by seizure (51.5%) and vomiting (49%). 119 (58.9%) of the patients were male and 83 (41.1%) were female. Definite bacterial meningitis was the final diagnosis in 35.6% (72) of patients (mean age 34.1± 48.3 months), and non-bacterial meningitis was diagnosed in 64.4% (130) of cases (mean age 46.3± 52.4 months). The most common organism in bacterial meningitis (by all methods) was Streptococcus pneumonia. Among children, 187 (92.1%) were survivors and 15 (%7.9) were non-survivors. Neurological sequelae such as motor deficit and epilepsy were identified in 9 (4.8%) and 5 (2.6%) subjects, respectively, and that they were all caused by bacterial meningitis. There was no death or neurological sequelae observed during follow-up in children with non-bacterial meningitis. Gender, age, signs and symptoms of patients at the time of admission were not significantly different between the bacterial and non-bacterial meningitis groups (p>0.05). Hydrocephalus, CSF characteristic, morbidity and mortality were significantly different between the bacterial and non-bacterial meningitis groups.

Conclusion:

This study showed that elevated LDH and low glucose levels in CSF are characteristic of bacterial meningitis. Increased LDH is significantly related to death in children (P-value > 0.001) with meningitis. Beneficial empirical antibiotics and sufficient follow-up by parents cause good prognosis in children with meningitis. Also in a child with fever and seizure, we should think of meningitis, even though in the absence of positive neurological examinations. It seems that increased CSF LDH, elevated CSF protein and age under one year are significant mortality risk factors in children with meningitis.
Prevalence and Factors Associated with Active Trachoma among Children 1-9 years of Age in the Catchment Population of Tora Primary Hospital, Silte zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2020
Authors: Kedir Shemsu , Lemnuro Kemal , Yesse Mubarek , Abdella Bahredin , Muze Mohammed , Mustefa Abdulmejid , Musema Mohammed , Hussen Leila
Published: July 2021

Background:

Trachoma is the foremost cause of wide-reaching, preventable blindness. According to the World Health Organization report, nearly 1.3 million human beings are sightless due to trachoma, whereas about eighty-four million are hurt from active trachoma. A survey revealed that the countrywide prevalence of active trachoma among children aged 1–9 years in Ethiopia was 40.1%. Limited data are present regarding the study area; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and factors associated with active trachoma among 1-9 years of children in the catchment population of Tora Primary Hospital, South Ethiopia.

Methods:

A community-based cross-sectional study was performed on 589 children in a study place from February 15 to March 13, 2020. We used Epi data program version 3.1 and SPSS version 20 for data entry and analysis, respectively.

Results:

The overall occurrence of active trachoma in the catchment was 29.4% [CI=25.7, 33.12]. Of these cases, the trachomatous follicle (TF) 90.9%, TI (4.8%), and combination of TF/TI (4.2%) were found. Households’ educational status, frequency of face washing, knowledge about trachoma, source of water for washing purposes, and garbage disposal system were the independently associated factors of active trachoma.

Conclusion:

In this study area, the occurrence of active trachoma was high. Hence, it needs instant attention, such as constructing a responsiveness application in the community, inspiring children and parents to try out face washing, improving knowledge about trachoma and appropriate excreta disposal.
Summary of Research on Oil Film Temperature Characteristic of Hydrostatic
and Hydrodynamic Thrust Bearings
Authors: Feng Yanan , Yu Xiaodong , Han Zelin , Li Shihao , Tang Bangyao , Wang Songbai , Chen Minmin , Jiao Jianhua
Published: July 2021

Background:

This study was conducted to explore the temperature rise and distribution
of the micro-gap lubricating oil film of the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic thrust bearing, solve the
problem of thermal deformation of the friction pair of the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic support,
and improve the operation accuracy and stability of the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic thrust bearing.

Objective:

Combined with the theory of dynamic and static pressure bearings, the problem of lubricating
oil film temperature rise is analyzed, and specific research directions are proposed. It is
hoped that it will be helpful to improve the research of bearing stability and provide a theoretical
basis for the structural design and operational reliability of heavy hydrostatic bearings.

Methods:

This article summarizes the research status of the oil film temperature rise of hydrostatic
and hydrodynamic thrust bearings, especially focusing on the influence of hot oil carrying on the
temperature rise of the lubricating oil film, and finally, the specific research directions and methods
of the oil film temperature rise are prospected.

Methods:

Current and future developments of the oil film temperature rise of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic
thrust bearings are finally provided and discussed. It provides theoretical support for
the thermal deformation control of the bearing friction pair, and provides a basis for the highprecision
and stable operation of the bearing.

Conclusion:

Aiming at the research hotspots of lubricating oil film temperature rise and distribution,
based on the analysis of the principle of hydrostatic and dynamic pressure bearings, the domestic
and foreign literature on the influence of the micro-gap lubricating oil film temperature rise
and distribution of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic thrust bearings is collected and analyzed. The
research shows that although some research results have been made in this area, current research
methods and angle analysis still have certain limitations, so the study of the oil film temperature
rise is not comprehensive, and further detailed discussion and analysis are still needed.
IL-23/Th17 Axis: A Potential Therapeutic Target of Psoriasis
Authors: Rai Vineet Kumar , Sharma Amit , Upadhyay Deepak Kumar , Gupta Ghanshyam Das , Narang Raj Kumar
Published: July 2021

:

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated skin disease that leads to the initiation of abnormal production of inflammatory mediators and keratinocytes hyper-proliferation. Th-1 cell expressing cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α have been the important hallmarks in the management of psoriasis. However, investigations carried out in the previous few years underline the involvement of another subset of T helper cells, i.e. Th-17 in psoriasis exacerbation, and hence become the point of focus now. The immunopathogenesis of Th-17 is the result of the IL-23/Th-17 axis. It involves the release of IL-17 and IL-22 in response to the activated NF-kβ dependent activation of IL-23. The function of human Th-17 cells as well as the crucial role of IL-23/Th-17 axis in the exacerbation of psoriasis and treatment have been well explored. Therefore, considering IL-23/Th17 axis as a pertinent therapeutic target in immune driven disorders, extensive investigations are now highlighting the utility of biopharmaceuticals and/or biological agents acting on these targets. Here, we review the IL-23/Th-17 axis based therapeutic targets, different types of active moieties based on their source of availability and most useful USFDA approved Mabs targeting the IL-23/Th17 axis in psoriasis for a better understanding of the future possibilities in this area.
Gemeenteraadsverkiezingen en verstedelijking
Authors: Dewachter Wilfried
Published: July 2021

This study aims to state the relation between the nature of municipal elections and the degree of urbanisation of the municipalities.In Belgium the municipal elections show a very great diversity in their electoral figures . Five categories of electoral figures are frequent : elections without competition (in the map as : verkiezingen zonder strijd),totally local electoral figure (in the map as : uitsluitend plaatselijke verkiezingsgestalte), predominantly local electoral figure (in the map as : overwegend plaatselijke verkiezingsgestalte), mixed electoral figure (in the map as : gemengde verkiezingsgestalte), predominantly national electoral figure (in the map as : overwegend nationale verkiezingsgestalte).The two existing operationalizations of urbanisation in Belgium are used for the urbanisation degree of the municipalities : that of W. Van Waelvelde and H. Van der Haegen as well as that of I. De Lanoo,U. Claeys and M. Sansen.  The frequency of the different types of electoral figures at the municipal elections, seen in the categories of urbanisation according to both above mentioned operationalizations, indicates a positive relation between growing urbanisation and the shifting from local to predominantly national electoral figures. This does not mean that the predominantly national electoral figure can be found exclusively in the highest category of urbanisation, nor that the exclusively local electoral figure and the elections without competition can only happen in rural regions. But it is a fact that the gravity-centre of the rather national electoral figures lies in urbanised municipalities and towns, whereas the gravity- centre of local electoral figures lies in rural municipalities. See graphic I (operationalization W. Van Waelvelde and H. Van der Haegen) and graphic II ( operationalization I. De Lanoo, U. Claeys and M. Sansen).As the used, urbanisation-operationalizations are not totally unidimensional, this research can furnish only an argument for H. Bahrdt's thesis of the «Verfall der kommunalen öffentlichkeit» and for the parallel hypothesis of the tenuous zone, formulated by Sj . Groenman.
Politisierung der Verwaltung in modernen kapitalistischen Gesellschaften
Authors: Ronge Volker
Published: July 2021

Politicization of administration is generally held to be an innovative process : the administration seems to strip off its neutral phenotype.  This false notion stems from a model of analysis that ignores the administration'senvironmental interrelations and the administrative function.A functional systems model is proposed which is capable of avoiding normative implications. This model helps to understand politicization of administration as an adaptive process of the capitalist state which is thus reacting to trends of economization and "socialization" of politics. The adaptation is held to be partially successful only. Political and administrativeproblem-solving tends to come out more and more critical.  The only solution to this - extended participation - cannot be conceded for system's reasons.
Contribution à l'étude des idées politiques de Napoléon Ier
Authors: Cabanis André
Published: July 2021

The writings of Napoleon I and his contemporaries' testimonies reveal the image of a statesman more taken up with action than theories and whom circonstances have made go through different stages in his political  convictions. During his youth, he takes up all the ideas of the eighteenth century, even to their contradictions, though the temper of the leader to come, sometimes shows through already. During the Consulate - a time of dissimulation - he tries to conciliate around him the most antagonistic ideas in order to strengthen his popular dictatorship. When at the height of his glory - about 1808-1811 - he longs to enter the «European Concert» white building a universal Empire, and he thinks of reviving the old regime society, white not admitting any intermediary between the Nation and himself. Defeated, then deported, he clearly analyses the causes of his failure and makes the most of future by reappealing to the ideas of the Revolution.
De opinierichtingen in de Belgische dagbladpers
Authors: Luykx Theo
Published: July 2021

From the outset the Belgian press has been a political press. The catholic and liberal newspapers, however, have never been tightly linked to the corresponding political parties, whereas the socialist and communistnewspapers depend officially from their respective political party so that they can be considered as real party-papers.Of the 39 Belgian newspapers 20 can be defined as catholic, 7 as liberal, 7 as socialist and 1 as communist ; 4 newspapers call themselves «neutral», but on several political occasions they heve nevertheless taken up position. Among these 39 newspapers only 19 can be considered as «independent» : of the 20 catholic newspapers 16 belang to 5 different newspaper chains ; 7 of the liberal dailies are owned by only 3 newspaper groups; 3 of the 7 socialist papers belang to the same chain and 3 of the so-called «neutral» dailies are published by only one group.From the circulation figures of the Flemish press it emerges that the catholic and liberal newspapers make some progress, while the socialist dailies are constantly regressing. The total circulation of the Frenchspeaking newspapers is slightly receding, but here again the socialist newspapers are the big losers. It should be noticed that only the circulation figures of the Flemish newspapers are officially ascertained, whereas the major part of the French-speaking newspapers do not allow such an official control.From this it is clear that in Belgium there exists a real disproportion between the number of readers of political opinionnewspapers and the voters for the corresponding political parties. For the moment the number of readers of catholic newspapers surpasses the amount of voters for the CVP-PSC-party in an considerable way. This also applies to the liberal press, where the amount of readers outnumbers the voters for the PW-PLP-party. On the other hand, the number of readers of socialist newspapers even does not amount to half of the numbers of voters for the BSP-PSB-party.
Internationale integratie als de vorming van een belangengemeenschap
Authors: Govaerts Frans
Published: July 2021

Comparisons between international integration and integrative processes on lower social levels or in other social sectors have rather been neglected in the recent development of integration theory. However, they might have taught something more about the dynamics of integrative processes in general. International integration here, is compared with the creation and development of multi-purpose or all-purpose interest groups. Both are viewed as dynamic social processes of increasing interdependence and interaction, which start from the recognition that individual interests might better be served by turning them info group-interests, through a process of successive compromises. Such social processes are accompanied by the creation of proper structures and by a shift of loyalty to the group or community-level.
Corporatief verzet tegen het invoeren van de evenredige vertegenwoordiging in België
Authors: Verriest Frans
Published: July 2021

Corporatist opposition against the introduction of a system of proportional representation in Belgium can essentially be reduced to the opposition by Joris Helleputte. The main reason for this anti-proportionalism way that proportional representation would seriously endanger the growth of a catholic corporatist party ("standenpartij") and - in the long run - of a catholic corporatist state. In 1894 though, political corporatism isalready on its way back, and so is socio-economie corporatism from 1899 on.In the "Belgische Volksbond" a large majority has come to accept proportional representation. This is one of the main reasons which lead Joris Helleputte on the 21th of July 1895 to definitely resign as a president of this association. Hid 1894 Helleputte had already founded the antiproportionalist newspaper "L'Union" but this disappeared within that same year. Another newspaper venture of his, "Le XXm Siècle" (from the 5th of June 1895 on) wilt prove more successful, and wilt become an eminent propaganda-tool against proportional representation.On the 4th of July 1899 Helleputte - together with Woeste - presents a proposal in parliament to introduce the uninominal system.A judicious gerrymandering would then ensure a huge catholic majority.Helleputte took it for granted that within the catholic party each "stand" (estate) would get a fair share of the seats. But the Helleputte-Woeste proposal dit not receive sufficient support. And eventually proportional representation for the legislative elections was introduced by law on the 29th of December 1899.
La politique extérieure de la Belgique en l 977
Authors: Franck Christian
Published: July 2021

Belgium's foreign policy is largely embedded in the external action of the European Community. Besides, the unity of action of the nine memberstates in maior issues of international polities corresponds to a deliberate option of the Belgian government. In the debates of the North-South Dialogue (Conference on International Economic Cooperation and32nd General Assembly of the U.N.) and in the Belgrade conference, Belgium has endeavoured to promote a common stand by the nine member-states. During the term of its EC presidency, Belgium has forwarded the proceedings concerning the extension of the community, the relations with the Comecon, and - on the level of political cooperation - the defi,nition of the Nine's position on Southern Africa. The events in Shaba (Zaïre) have led Belgium to reaffirm the particular place Africa holds in its cooperation policy
Federaties en federalisme : Een raamwerk voor theorie en onderzoek
Authors: Hoetjes B.J.S.
Published: July 2021

From a global historical viewpoint, federal systems are the exception rather than the rule, even though examples of federalism can already be found in Greek antiquity. From the 17th century onwards there was a revival of federalism, but in the post-World War II-era of decolonization federal systems did not emerge as the most popular form of government.Still, there is considerable variation among federal systems, i.e. those political systems where governmental authority is constitutionally divided among a central «federal» government and «state» governments in such a way, that each type of government has final decision-making authority in at least a few policy fields ; a federation may be either effective or formal, unitary or decentralized, symmetrical or asymmetrical. In order to explain the extent and the kind of federalism in specific cases, the formallegal structure, the socio-economic environment and the political behaviour of elites as well as citizens should be taken into account. Political  behaviour should be taken as the key factor, without disregard, however, for its relationship to social factors (e.g. pluralism) and format structures (e.g. constitutions). In order to assess their relative importance, comparative research is required; Western Europe and the Third World (South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa) offer highly promising prospects for this type of research. On the research agenda of federalism, special attention should be given to topics like the informal federal arrangements in cabinet formation, policy-making and public administration, federal party polities, and the impact of public policies on the federal socio-economic environment.
De nationale kieswetten voor de Europese verkiezingen
Authors: Van Den Berghe Guido
Published: July 2021

Between 7 June and 10 June 1979, the first elections of the representatives of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage will be held in all the Member States of the European Community.Within that period, the elections shall be held on a date fixed by each Member State. The electoral procedure, except for the common provisions of the annexed Act to the Council Decision on directelections of 20 September 1976, shall be governed in each Member State by its national procedures. There will be nine parallel national elections.  The Council Decision and the annexed Act of 20 September 1976 are considered in retrospect and then analysed, as are the national electoral laws, which will be used for the European elections in the different Member States. Their mutual differences and contradictions are discussed.Changes from the electoral procedure in use for national elections are traced.  Broadly speaking, one of the aims of the article is to show that the potential influence of an individual vote of a «European citizenl» on the composition of the European Parliament wilt differ considerably from one Member State to another.In the closing remarks, the European elections are put into the perspective of furthering the  democratisation of the European Communities.
De effectiviteit van wetsvoorstellen en amendementen als parlementair wetgevend initiatief
Authors: Clijsters Edi , Van Schoor Willy , Meeusen Vic
Published: July 2021

The relative rate of success of parliamentary vs. governmental legislative initiative is quite different. The examination of one, resp. two full legislative term(s), for amendments, resp. bills introduced, shows thatparliamentary legislative initiative by far exceeds «regular» governmental initiative : in a ratio of 3 to 1 for bills, and of 4 to 1 for amendments.  But the results (i.e. bills and amendments, accepted in both the House and the Senate) are almost inverse : governmental initiative accounts for 76 % of the bills, and for 67 % of the amendments eventually voted. The government succeeds in «pushing through» more than 90 % of its own initiatives, whereas parliamentary initiative hardly obtains an overall 10 % realization score. In an interrogative manner, the conclusion pointsto a few elements that may account for this situation.
Le parlement européen : Comparaison des résultats de juin 1979 et portrait de l'Assemblée élue
Authors: Sidjanski Dusan
Published: July 2021

The results of the first European elections reflect the general distribution of the European electorate slightly center-right oriented, even if the abstentionism of almost 40 % caused some distorsions as in the case of United Kingdom. After the comparison of the results, state by state, it appears globally that the socialists ( 113) and liberals (40) regressed, the gaullists and their allies (22) suffered a serious defeat, white the christian democrats ( 107) and the communists (44) progressed and some minor parties (leftists and regionalists) entered the European Parliament.The second part contains a portrait of the new European Parliament which is younger than its predecessor, has more women including its president and has many high personnalities. As in the past, the political groupsplay a central and dynamic role. The question is to know if they will be capable of maintaining their cohesion. The examined cases give no evidence of the existence of the center-right majority in front of the left opposition. In fact, there were changing coalitions and voting constellations according to different problems, ideological options or concrete choices. The recent vote rejecting the proposed budget expresses a will of the European Parliament to impose its style and its democratic control on the European Community.
Overzicht van het Belgische politiek gebeuren in 1981
Authors: Deweerdt Mark
Published: July 2021

Si l'année 1980 avec quatre gouvernements et tout autant de formules gouvernementales ne fut pas un exemple de stabilité mais plutot d'instabilité politique, l'année 1981 ne peut pas davantage être considérée comme une année politiquement stable. Au cours de l'année passée trois gouvernements se sont succédés; de ce fait, en l'espace de deux ans, la Belgique a connu au total sept gouvernements. (L'instabilité au niveau gouvernemental peut être expliqué en grande partie par la polarisation plus forte autour des oppositions économiques et par l'adaptation pénible des partis traditonnels aux structures de l'Etat belge régionalisé.  La polarisation grandissante autour de la scission économique se manifesta lors de la préparation et l'élaboration des plans extrêmement nombreux mis au point par les gouvernements socio-chrétiens-socialistes Martens IV et Eyskens I, ces plans ayant pour but de s'attaquer aux problèmes économiques et budgétaires (plan de relance, mini-plan de relance, plan gouvernemental d'assainissement budgétaire, plan de sauvetage économique, programme d'urgence, loi de programme). Cependant tous ces plans ne contiennent pas de mesures sociales, économiques et financières fondamentales. De telles mesures ont toutefois été annoncées par le gouvernement socio-chrétien-libéral Martens V, qui vit le jour après les élections du 8 novembre - élections remarquables par ailleurs.Ces élections introduisirent également une nouvelle phase dans la réforme d'Etat. L'innovation la plus importante en cette occurrence fut le fait que les trois exécutifs régionaux et communautaires - le Conseil Flamand, le Conseil de la Communauté Française et le Conseil Régional Wallon - ne sont plus nommés par le Roi mais élus au sein des conseils.  En outre, les ministres des communautés et des régions (excepté ceux de l'exécutif bruxellois) ne font plus partie du gouvernement national.
De functie van de kabinetschef
Authors: Van De Voorde Aloïs
Published: July 2021

In Belgium, as in most countries, each Minister or Secretary is assisted by a limited number of trusted collaborators who constitute the Ministerial Office («Cabinet», «Kabinet») .The article is an attempt to shed a light on the Chief Ministerial Officer («Chef de Cabinet», «Kabinetschef») who is the closest collaborator of the Minister.In order to show the role of the Chief Ministerial Officer, the article first describes the tasks, powers and composition of the Ministerial Office to proceed to a more extensive analysis of the functions, the appointment of the Chief Ministerial Officer, and the question whether he can exercise executive power.The most important tasks of the Chief Ministerial Officer are: organization and coordination of the Office and its activities, acting as a «Liaison-Officer» with the Minister, passing on of information, exercising of a form of internal, political and administrative control.The article closes with some more personal remarks, pointing out a few guidelines which a Chief Ministerial Office, should keep in mind.
Vreemde werknemers, werkgelegenheid en sociale zekerheid
Authors: Moulaert Frank
Published: July 2021

This article gives a survey of the position of migrant workers in the Belgian labor market and social security system. Total employment of migrants has increased from 114,000 in 1954 to 224,900 in 1970.In contrast to overall employment in the Belgian economy, it went on climbing till 1978, up to a 245,900 level. Beyond this year, forecasts point at a slight decrease. Since WWII, the gravity point of the sectoral division of migrant workers has shifted from minig and industry, to industry and tertiary activities. The share of industry in the employment of migrants bas remained relatively stable, in contrast to the tertiary sector, that witnessed a considerable expansion. However, the latter has not contributed substantially to the quality level of the average guest worker's job.On the whole, there is a strong correspondence between the unstable position of migrants in the labor market and their demographic characteristics on one side, their participation in the social security system on the other side. Their young family structure is reflected in a high share in family allowances and a limited appeal to pension funds. Statistical analysis at the aggregate level does not point at discriminatory practices vis-à-vis migrants and their families in social security ; but at thedisaggregate level and through the inspection of laws, regulations and international conventions, it appears that non-EEC nationals, with an unstable professional career, do not have the same rights as Belgians or EEC-citizens having a confortable position in the labor market and the social security system. In order to guarantee the rights of the farmer, the author suggests to establish a citizenship entitling to full social security rights after five years of regular residence in Belgium.
Les débuts de la Ligue européenne de Coopération économique (1946-1949)
Authors: Dumoulin Michel
Published: July 2021

We know very little about the history of the Belgian contribution to the European Construction from 1945 to the present. That wilt say that the historiography has to fill a gap, more particularly in the field of therole of leading men and pressure groups. The case of the European League for Economic Cooperation (ELEC) is a good one because it shows the determinant influence of a man (Paul van Zeeland) and its friends (e.g. Joseph Retinger) over the « attentive opinion», not only in Belgium but also in other European countries, at the beginning of the cold war about the so called European Challenge. But the birth and development of the ELEC show also that national problems could deeply influence an international initiative. The opposition of the Socialists in Belgium considerably hindered the international issue of the ELEC.
Puissance et interdépendance : Le nouveau róle mondial du Japon
Authors: Schmiegelow Michèle
Published: July 2021

Long considered as an economic giant and a political dwarf, Japan begins to solve this paradox by acquiring a political weight on the international scene. lts diplomacy remains non-assertive and its military role limited. But it has an increasing influence on the structure of the world economy by the size of its GNP, the composition and spread of its external economy and its capital ftows, and by the impact of its industrial policy on the international division of labour. The growing macroeconomic and financial interdependence between the US and Japan has an incidence on defence high technology and on the transfert of resources to the Third World. Japan's new status as a world power is acknowledged even by Gorbachov's « Eastern » policy. Japan's case weakens the assumption of the realist paradigm of international relations theory that power and interdependence are incompatible.
La composition des listes électorales en Flandre
Authors: Ceuleers Jan
Published: July 2021

Due to the dissolution of Parliament, election diate had to be advanced.  As parties did not dispose of a long time in order to constitute their candidates-lists, their leadership were compelled to abandon all kinds of consultation of their members. They therefore used the technique of indirect vote, by asking the active militant core to approve a test-list of candidates selected by the leadership.
Politieke Wetenschappen aan de Universiteit Antwerpen
Authors: Dierickx Guido
Published: July 2021

A political science program at the licenciate level is currently offered by the Department of the Political and the Social Sciences at the Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen (UIA). It was able to do so with the cooperation of staff-members of other departments and other institutes of the University of Antwerp. The prÓgram is mainly focused on international polities and more specifically on European integration, North-South and East-West relations, as seen from the perspective of Belgian and West-European policy-makers. lts methodology is multidisciplinary and encompasses politological and juridical as well as historical and economical perspectives.  In the wake of the first encouraging from the student population, the Department has decided to strenghten further this Political Science branch of its program. It intends to invest more in full-time academie personnel and to add some more theoretical background courses to the present courses which emphasize mainly practical knowledge. Last but not least, it has initiated what it hopes shall be a new tradition of empirical research into the political culture and behaviour of international and supranational policy makers.