bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Density and morphologic features of primary epidermal laminae in the feet of three-year-old racing Quarter Horses
Authors: Lancaster Lisa S. , Bowker Robert M. , Mauer Whitney A.
Published: January 2007

Objective—To quantify the density of primary epidermal laminae (PELs) around the solar circumference and evaluate the relationship between regional PEL density and hoof capsule morphology in horses.

Sample Population—Forefeet from nine 3-year-old Quarter Horse cadavers.

Procedures—Data pertaining to gross features of hoof morphology and PEL variables, including number, density, and distribution patterns around the perimeter of the hoof wall and number of bar PELs, were collected. Tissues of the laminar junction were examined histologically.

Results—No significant differences were found between left and right forefeet with respect to gross hoof morphologic measurements. Mean ± SD number of PELs, including those at the bars of the hoof, was 551 ± 30. Primary epidermal laminar density in the toe was significantly higher, compared with that in the quarter and heel regions, and was higher on the lateral aspect of the foot, compared with the medial aspect. Feet were significantly wider on the lateral aspect of the foot, compared with the medial aspect, as measured across the widest point of the solar surface. Histologic examination revealed atypical laminar morphology at the toe.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Variations were detected in PEL density and morphology around the solar circumference of hooves from 3-year-old racing Quarter Horses. A better understanding of relationships between laminar density, laminar morphology, and gross morphology of the hoof capsule in different populations of horses may aid practitioners in diagnosis and treatment of disease involving the hoof wall in horses.
Quantitative genetics of secondary hip joint osteoarthritis in a Labrador Retriever–Greyhound pedigree
Authors: Hays Laurel , Zhang Zhiwu , Mateescu Raluca G. , Lust George , Burton-Wurster Nancy I. , Todhunter Rory J.
Published: January 2007

Objective—To evaluate the quantitative inheritance of secondary hip joint osteoarthritis in a canine pedigree.

Animals—137 Labrador Retrievers, Greyhounds, and mixed-breed dogs.

Procedures—Necropsy scores ranging from 0 to 4 were obtained for each hip joint. Seven unaffected Greyhounds with normal hip joint conformation were also used for genetic modeling, but were not euthanized. Sixty-six male and 71 female dogs were allocated to 2 groups (≤ 12 months of age and > 12 months of age). Statistical models were developed to establish the inheritance pattern of hip joint osteoarthritis that developed secondary to hip dysplasia.

Results—62 dogs had evidence of osteoarthritis in a hip joint, and 75 had no evidence of osteoarthritis. After sex was adjusted for, the necropsy score was found to be inherited additively but without dominance. Each Labrador Retriever allele increased the necropsy score by 0.7 to 0.9 points, compared with the Greyhound allele, and male sex increased the necropsy score 0.74 over female sex. Approximately 10% of the variation in necropsy score was attributable to the litter of puppies' origin.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Because secondary hip joint osteoarthritis is inherited additively, selection pressure could be applied to reduce its incidence. Similar statistical models can be used in linkage and association mapping to detect the genes in the underlying quantitative trait loci that contribute to hip joint osteoarthritis.
Systematic review of comparative studies examining alternatives to the harmful use of animals in biomedical education
Authors: Patronek Gary J. , Rauch Annette
Published: January 2007

Objective—To systematically review the published literature for controlled studies comparing learning outcomes of traditional methods that require the terminal use of animals (eg, dissection, live-animal surgery, and live-animal laboratory demonstrations) with outcomes obtained with alternative teaching methods.

Design—Systematic review.

Study Population—Controlled studies published between 1996 and 2004.

Procedures—PubMed was searched with the following keywords, used alone and in combination: educational alternatives, nonlethal teaching methods, veterinary alternatives, medical education, and nonterminal animal use. Cited references of retrieved reports were reviewed to identify additional reports. Reports were selected for review only if a comparison group was included.

Results—17 studies that were randomized controlled trials or nonrandomized trials that included a comparison group were identified. Five involved veterinary students, 3 involved medical students, 6 involved university undergraduate students, and 3 involved high school biology students. Sample size ranged from 14 to 283 students. Eleven studies appeared to be randomized, parallel-group trials, 4 involved comparative groups to which participants were not randomly assigned or for which the randomization process was not clear, 1 was a 2-period crossover study, and 1 involved a retrospective review of grades. In all 17 studies reviewed, results associated with the alternative method of instruction were not significantly different from or superior to results associated with the conventional method.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although the number of controlled studies identified was small, the results seem to support more widespread adoption of alternative teaching methods in biomedical education.
Epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine, bupivacaine and fentanyl, or bupivacaine and sufentanil during intravenous administration of propofol for ovariohysterectomy in dogs
Authors: Almeida Tatiana F. , Fantoni Denise T. , Mastrocinque Sandra , Tatarunas Angelica C. , Imagawa Viviane H.
Published: January 2007

Objective—To compare cardiovascular and systemic effects and analgesia during the postoperative period of epidural anesthesia performed with bupivacaine alone or with fentanyl or sufentanil in bitches maintained at a light plane of anesthesia with continuous infusion of propofol.

Study Design—Prospective randomized masked clinical trial.

Animals—30 female dogs of various breeds.

Procedures—Dogs were allocated into 3 groups of 10 each. One group received fentanyl (2 μg/kg [0.91 μg/lb]) and bupivacaine (1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb]), 1 group received sufentanil (1 μg/kg) and bupivacaine (1 mg/kg), and 1 group received bupivacaine (1 mg/kg). All dogs received acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg [0.045 mg/lb]) and continuous infusion of propofol for sedation. The agents were administered into the lumbosacral space and diluted in saline (0.9% NaCl) solution to a total volume of 0.36 mL/kg (0.164 mL/lb). Cardiac and respiratory rates, arterial blood pressures, pH, and blood gases were evaluated. Analgesia, sedation level, serum cortisol concentrations, and plasma catecholamine concentrations were measured regularly for 6 hours.

Results—No important changes in cardiovascular, respiratory, or sedation variables were observed. Degree of analgesia in the postoperative period was higher in the sufentanil group, although use of fentanyl and bupivacaine also resulted in a sufficient level of analgesia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of the 3 anesthetic techniques permitted ovariohysterectomy with sufficient analgesia and acceptable neuroendocrine modulation of pain with minimal adverse effects.
Response of feral cats to vaccination at the time of neutering
Authors: Fischer Sarah M. , Quest Cassie M. , Dubovi Edward J. , Davis Rolan D. , Tucker Sylvia J. , Friary John A. , Crawford P. Cynda , Ricke Teri A. , Levy Julie K.
Published: January 2007

Objective—To determine whether administration of inactivated virus or modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines to feral cats at the time of neutering induces protective serum antiviral antibody titers.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—61 feral cats included in a trap-neuter-return program in Florida.

Procedures—Each cat received vaccines against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline herpes virus (FHV), feline calicivirus (FCV), FeLV, and rabies virus (RV). Immediately on completion of surgery, vaccines that contained inactivated RV and FeLV antigens and either MLV or inactivated FPV, FHV, and FCV antigens were administered. Titers of antiviral antibodies (except those against FeLV) were assessed in serum samples obtained immediately prior to surgery and approximately 10 weeks later.

Results—Prior to vaccination, some of the cats had protective serum antibody titers against FPV (33%), FHV (21%), FCV (64%), and RV (3%). Following vaccination, the overall proportion of cats with protective serum antiviral antibody titers increased (FPV [90%], FHV [56%], FCV [93%], and RV [98%]). With the exception of the FHV vaccine, there were no differences in the proportions of cats protected with inactivated virus versus MLV vaccines.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that exposure to FPV, FHV, and FCV is common among feral cats and that a high proportion of cats are susceptible to RV infection. Feral cats appeared to have an excellent immune response following vaccination at the time of neutering. Incorporation of vaccination into trap-neuter-return programs is likely to protect the health of individual cats and possibly reduce the disease burden in the community.
Indications, management, and outcome of long-term positive-pressure ventilation in dogs and cats: 148 cases (1990–2001)
Authors: Hopper Kate , Haskins Steve C. , Kass Philip H. , Rezende Marlis L. , Aldrich Janet
Published: January 2007

Objective—To determine outcome of positive-pressure ventilation (PPV) for 24 hours or longer and identify factors associated with successful weaning from PPV and survival to hospital discharge in dogs and cats.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—124 dogs and 24 cats that received PPV for 24 hours or longer.

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for signalment, primary diagnosis, reason for initiating PPV, measures of oxygenation and ventilation before and during PPV, ventilator settings, complications, duration of PPV, and outcome. Animals were categorized into 1 of 3 groups on the basis of the reason for PPV.

Results—Group 1 patients received PPV for inadequate oxygenation (67 dogs and 6 cats), group 2 for inadequate ventilation (46 dogs and 16 cats), and group 3 for inadequate oxygenation and ventilation (11 dogs and 2 cats). Of the group 1 animals, 36% (26/73) were weaned from PPV and 22% (16/73) survived to hospital discharge. In group 2, 50% (31/62) were weaned from PPV and 39% (24/62) survived to hospital discharge. In group 3, 3 of 13 were weaned from PPV and 1 of 13 survived to hospital discharge. Likelihood of successful weaning and survival to hospital discharge were significantly higher for group 2 animals, and cats had a significantly lower likelihood of successful weaning from PPV, compared with dogs. Median duration of PPV was 48 hours (range, 24 to 356 hours) and was not as-sociated with outcome.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that long-term PPV is practical and successful in dogs and cats.
Risk factors associated with outcome in dogs with tetanus: 38 cases (1987–2005)
Authors: Burkitt Jamie M. , Sturges Beverly K. , Jandrey Karl E. , Kass Phillip H.
Published: January 2007

Objective—To assess the clinical course of disease and risk factors associated with outcome in dogs with tetanus.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—38 dogs with tetanus.

Procedures—Data were collected from medical records of dogs with tetanus, including signalment; wound characteristics; initial clinical signs; severity of worst clinical signs; time to wound management, antimicrobial treatment, and antitoxin administration; and 28-day survival rate. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate relationships between the potentially predictive variables and disease progression and outcome.

Results—The 28-day survival rate was 77% (among 35 uncensored dogs). The most common initial clinical signs in affected dogs were ocular (n = 18) and facial (11) abnormalities. Nineteen dogs progressed to recumbency with severe muscle spasms, and 14 dogs had high or low heart rate or blood pressure values. Eight dogs died or were euthanized because of complications of tetanus. There was a significant association between younger age and development of more severe clinical signs. Furthermore, a significant inverse relationship between development of severe clinical signs and survival was identified. There was no as-sociation between earlier initiation of wound management, antimicrobial administration, or antitoxin administration and either progression of signs or 28-day survival rate. Wound type was not associated with 28-day survival rate.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that younger dogs with tetanus may be more likely to develop severe clinical signs. The prognosis for survival in dogs with tetanus is good if abnormalities in heart rate or blood pressure values do not develop.
Molecular identification of Phialophora oxyspora as the cause of mycetoma in a horse
Authors: Lopez Mandi J. , Robinson Sandra O. , Cooley A. James , Prichard Michael A. , McGinnis Michael R.
Published: January 2007

Case Description—An 18-year-old mare was evaluated for an oral mass that developed after extraction of a broken incisor.

Clinical Findings—An ulcerated, firm, darkly pigmented, approximately 5-cm-diameter spherical mass involved the gingiva lateral and dorsal to the right first to third maxillary incisors. Osteolysis of the roots of the first and second right maxillary incisors and periosteal proliferation of the adjacent premaxilla margins were apparent on radiographs. Histologic examination of the mass revealed multiple coalescing and ramifying foci of abscess formation, each containing a well-defined, discrete, black mass (2 to 7 mm in diameter). Myriad fungal hyphae enmeshed in a black, granular, cementlike material were within each of the black structures. Mycetoma was the histologic diagnosis. The causative agent could not be identified via culture because of lack of distinguishing characteristics. Fungal DNA was isolated from frozen fungal cultures and paraffin sections. The D1/D2 domains of the large subunit P gene rDNA were amplified and sequenced. The sequences of the D1/D2 domains of both isolates were 96% homologous with those of Phialophora oxyspora.

Treatment and Outcome—The mass was surgically excised, the local area curetted, and the wound allowed to heal by second intention. Postoperative treatment consisted of administration of phenylbutazone and IV administration of sodium iodide followed by oral administration of potassium iodide. There was no evidence of recurrence 1 year later.

Clinical Relevance—Mycetomata should be a differential diagnosis for equine gingival masses. Identification of the fungal agent can be critical for selection of optimal treatments. Molecular methods may permit definitive identification when standard phenotypic-based identification criteria are inconclusive.
Eimeria macusaniensis infection in 15 llamas and 34 alpacas
Authors: Cebra Christopher K. , Valentine Beth A. , Schlipf John W. , Bildfell Robert J. , McKenzie Erica , Waitt Laura H. , Heidel Jerry R. , Cooper Barry J. , Löhr Christiane V. , Bird Karyn E. , Saulez Montague N. , Firshman Anna M.
Published: January 2007

Case Description—15 llamas and 34 alpacas between 3 weeks and 18 years old with fecal oocysts or intestinal coccidial stages morphologically consistent with Eimeria macusaniensis were examined. Nineteen of the camelids were admitted dead, and 30 were admitted alive. Camelids admitted alive accounted for 5.5% of all camelid admissions during this period.

Clinical Findings—Many severely affected camelids had signs of lethargy, weight loss, decreased appetite, and diarrhea. Camelids with clinical infection also commonly had evidence of circulatory shock, fat mobilization, and protein loss. Nonsurviving camelids also had evidence of shock, edema, bile stasis, renal insufficiency, hepatic lipidosis, muscle damage, relative hemoconcentration, and sepsis. Postmortem examination frequently re-vealed complete, segmental replacement of the mucosa of the distal portion of the jejunum with coccidial meronts and gamonts. For 17 of 42 camelids, results of initial fecal examinations for E macusaniensis were negative.

Treatment and Outcome—Most camelids admitted alive were treated with amprolium hydrochloride, plasma, and various supportive treatments. Fifteen of the 30 treated camelids died or were euthanized.

Clinical Relevance—Findings suggest that E macusaniensis may be an important gastrointestinal tract pathogen in camelids of all ages. Clinical signs were frequently nonspecific and were often evident before results of fecal examinations for the parasite were positive. As with other coccidia, severity of disease was probably related to ingested dose, host immunity, and other factors. The clinical and herd relevance of positive fecal examination results must be determined.
Model atmosphere parameters of the binary systems COU1289 and COU1291
Authors: Al‐Wardat M. A.
Published: January 2007

The spectral energy distributions between λ 3700 Å and λ 8100 Å of the binary systems COU1289 and COU1291 have been measured with the Carl‐Zeiss‐Jena 1 m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory. Their B, V, R magnitudes and B – V colour indices were computed and compared with earlier investigations. Model atmospheres of both systems were constructed using a grid of Kurucz blanketed models, their spectral energy distributions in the continuous spectrum were computed and compared with the observational ones. The model atmosphere parameters for the components of COU1289 were derived as: T aeff = 7100 K, T beff = 6300 K, log g a = 4.22, log g b = 4.22, R a = 1.50 R⊙, R b = 1.40 R⊙, and for the components of COU1291 as: T aeff = 6400 K, T beff = 6100 K, log g a = 4.20, log g b = 4.35, R a = 1.47 R⊙, R b = 1.12 R⊙. The spectral types of both components of the system COU1289 were concluded as F1 and F7, and of the system COU1291 as F6 and F9. Finally the formation and evolution of the systems were discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Correction of SOHO CELIAS/SEM EUV measurements saturated by extreme solar flare events
Authors: Didkovsky L. V. , Judge D. L. , Jones A. R. , Wieman S. , Tsurutani B. T. , McMullin D.
Published: January 2007

The solar irradiance in the Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) spectral bands has been observed with a 15 s cadence by the SOHO Solar EUV Monitor (SEM) since 1995. During remarkably intense solar flares the SEM EUV measurements are saturated in the central (zero) order channel (0.1–50.0 nm) by the flare soft X‐ray and EUV flux. The first order EUV channel (26–34 nm) is not saturated by the flare flux because of its limited bandwidth, but it is sensitive to the arrival of Solar Energetic Particles (SEP). While both channels detect nearly equal SEP fluxes, their contributions to the count rate is sensibly negligible in the zero order channel but must be accounted for and removed from the first channel count rate. SEP contribution to the measured SEM signals usually follows the EUV peak for the gradual solar flare events. Correcting the extreme solar flare SEMEUV measurements may reveal currently unclear relations between the flare magnitude, dynamics observed in different EUV spectral bands, and the measured Earth atmosphere response. A simple and effective correction technique based on analysis of SEM count‐rate profiles, GOES X‐ray, and GOES proton data has been developed and used for correcting EUV measurements for the five extreme solar flare events of July 14, 2000, October 28, November 2, November 4, 2003, and January 20, 2005. Although none of the 2000 and 2003 flare peaks were contaminated by the presence of SEPs, the January 20, 2005 SEPs were unusually prompt and contaminated the peak. The estimated accuracy of the correction is about ±7.5% for large X‐class events. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Letter from the Editor
Authors: Strassmeier Klaus G.
Published: January 2007

Dear Reader, Dear Author,

2007 marks the 200th anniversary of Charles Wiley's opening of a small printing shop in lower Manhattan, New York. Astronomical Notes / Astronomische Nachrichten (AN) were founded not much later by H. C. Schumacher in Altona in 1821 (now Hamburg‐Altona, then under Danish jurisdiction) and also still remains a lively journal in Wiley's extensive portfolio.

AN now publishes approximately 200 papers annually and received close to 1000 citations in 2005. It also achieved an average online publication time of 4.5 months. As in the past, publication in AN continues to be free of charge. An email based table‐of‐contents alert is available upon request for subscribers and non‐subscribers. In the electronic version, virtually no limitation as regards the number of colour figures is given. Even short film sequences are possible. It should also be emphasized that special issues of AN may occasionally be used as fully refereed meetings proceedings. This is intended for high‐profile meetings where the organizers are convinced that the content will remain up‐to‐date for at least a couple of years.

As of 2006, a new feature named “Editor's Choice” has been introduced. Outstanding articles are featured as “Editor's Choice” and receive special attention:

– Free online access: To make sure “Editor's Choice” articles get a wide audience, they are accessible for free at WileyInterScience (no subscription is needed to download them).

– Colour figures: An “Editor's Choice” author may include one colour figure in the printed version of his/her article at no cost.

– Cover illustration: A four‐colour illustration taken from the article will be featured on the front cover of the respective issue of AN.

As the Editor‐in‐Chief of AN, I am always on the lookout for excellent new articles from the fields of observational and theoretical astrophysics and related topics, extraterrestrial physics, astrobiology and solar physics, as well as astronomical instrumentation, numerical techniques and largescale supercomputer modelling. So why not submit your next article to AN and benefit from the advantages?
A Color Version of the Hinsberg Test: 1°–3° Amine Indicator
Authors: Kim Jong Seung , Lee Soo Jin , Jung Jong Hwa , Hwang In‐Chul , Singh N. Jiten , Kim Sung Kuk , Lee Seoung Ho , Kim Hyun Jung , Keum Chang Soo , Lee Jung Woo , Kim Kwang S.
Published: January 2007

The Hinsberg test to recognize the type of amine (1°–3° amines), which has been established for more than 100 years and well documented in textbooks, is not possible without conducting complicated organic reactions. We report for the first time unique chemosensors that are capable of showing selective color changes toward 1°–3° amines as a color version of the Hinsberg test. This simple and straightforward qualitative analysis, using the synthesized novel compounds herein, can be considered a new innovative tool for discriminating 1°–3° amines as an alternative to the historical Hinsberg test.
The Combined Catalytic Action of Solid Acids with Nickel for the Transformation of Polypropylene into Carbon Nanotubes by Pyrolysis
Authors: Song Rongjun , Jiang Zhiwei , Bi Wuguo , Cheng Wenxi , Lu Jun , Huang Baotong , Tang Tao
Published: January 2007

The effects of both organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) and Ni2O3 on the carbonization of polypropylene (PP) during pyrolysis were investigated. The results from TEM and Raman spectroscopy showed that the carbonized products of PP were mainly multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). Surprisingly, a combination of OMMT and Ni2O3 led to high‐yield formation of MWNTs. X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and GC–MS were used to investigate the mechanism of this combination for the high‐yield formation of MWNTs from PP. Brønsted acid sites were created in degraded OMMT layers by thermal decomposition of the modifiers. The resultant carbenium ions play an important role in the carbonization of PP and the formation of MWNTs. The degradation of PP was induced by the presence of carbenium ions to form predominantly products with lower carbon numbers that could be easily catalyzed by the nickel catalyst for the growth of MWNTs. Furthermore, carbenium ions are active intermediates that promote the growth of MWNTs from the degradation products with higher carbon numbers through hydride‐transfer reactions. The XRD measurements showed that Ni2O3 was reduced into metallic nickel (Ni) in situ to afford the active sites for the growth of MWNTs.
Contraction Process of an Electroactive Actuator Based on a One Microsecond Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Zanuy David , Alemán Carlos
Published: January 2007

The contraction process of an electroactive actuator constituted by calix[4]arene units and quaterthiophene segments has been investigated at the microscopic level by using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations in dichloromethane solution using explicit solvent molecules. Results derived from a 1 μs trajectory of the oxidized and deprotonated actuator indicate that the contraction occurs through a non‐concerted mechanism in which each actuating units present in the system behave independently. The efficiency of the contraction process can be reduced by the presence of secondary conformational transitions in the calix[4]arene scaffolds. Accordingly, the drastic reduction of the molecular length expected during the contraction process can be limited by such transitions, which involve the rotational isomerism of a phenolate ring. However, such type of conformational transitions does not compromise the actuator power due to its intrinsic capacity to adopt compact molecular arrangements. On the other hand, the rate of the contraction process is influenced by the presence of solvent molecules, which have been found to reduce it by a factor of about 1000.
Bromoallenes as Allyl Dication Equivalents in the Presence or Absence of Palladium(0): Direct Construction of Bicyclic Sulfamides Containing Five‐ to Eight‐membered Rings by Tandem Cyclization of Bromoallenes
Authors: Hamaguchi Hisao , Kosaka Shohei , Ohno Hiroaki , Fujii Nobutaka , Tanaka Tetsuaki
Published: January 2007

A highly regioselective synthesis of bicyclic sulfamides is described. Based on our recent discovery that bromoallenes can act as allyl dication equivalents in the presence of a palladium catalyst and alcohol, we investigated tandem cyclization of bromoallenes bearing a sulfamide group. It is found that some bromoallenes act as allyl dication equivalents even in the absence of a palladium(0) catalyst to afford cyclosulfamides containing five‐ or six‐membered rings. While the palladium‐free cyclization is dependent on the substrate structure affording the bicyclic sulfamides through the first cyclization onto the proximal or central carbon atom of the bromoallenes, the palladium‐catalyzed reaction strongly promotes the first cyclization onto the central allenic carbon atom to afford bicyclic sulfamides containing a seven‐ or eight‐membered ring. Formation of two types of bicyclic sulfamides from single bromoallenes by simply changing the reaction conditions is also described.
Pride and respect in volunteers' organizational commitment
Authors: Boezeman Edwin J. , Ellemers Naomi
Published: January 2007

As volunteer organizations cannot rely on instrumental means to motivate their workers, we examine organizational commitment as a focal indicator of work motivation among volunteers. Based on a social identity analysis and previous work among paid employees, we argue that pride in the organization and respect from the organization predicts organizational commitment among volunteers. We further propose that among volunteers the perceived importance of volunteer work is an antecedent of pride, and that perceived support from the organization is an antecedent of respect. In this study among volunteer workers, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) offers empirical support for our hypothesized model. In addition to the theoretical significance of developing a model that explains organizational commitment among volunteer workers, this study also has practical relevance, as it indicates that volunteer organizations might convey the importance of volunteer work and provide organizational support to induce pride and respect as a means of enhancing organizational commitment among their volunteers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How do i know what i feel? Evidence for the role of self‐categorisation in symptom perceptions
Authors: St. Claire Lindsay , Clift Alex , Dumbelton Laura
Published: January 2007

This paper extends the self‐categorisation model of symptom appraisals to predict that individuals who believe they have a given illness will perceive concurrent symptoms relevant to that illness to be more severe when they categorise themselves as members of a group of people with that illness. These predictions are supported with opportunity samples of individuals reporting, or not reporting a common cold (Study 1, N = 60) and reporting colds or tinnitus (Study 2, N = 64). In both studies, relevant symptoms were rated as more severe when illness group memberships were salient. The methodological, theoretical and clinical implications of these findings and possible therapeutic applications of self‐categorisation theory (SCT) to symptom perceptions are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐linear system identification of the versatile‐typed structures by a novel signal processing technique
Authors: Zhang Jian , Sato Tadanobu , Iai Susumu
Published: January 2007

Non‐linear structural identification problems have raised considerable research efforts since decades, in which the Bouc–Wen model is generally utilized to simulate non‐linear structural constitutive characteristic. Support vector regression (SVR), a promising data processing method, is studied for versatile‐typed structural identification. First, a model selection strategy is utilized to determine the unknown power parameter of the Bouc–Wen model. Meanwhile, optimum SVR parameters are selected automatically, instead of tuning manually. Consequently, the non‐linear structural equation is rewritten in linear form, and is solved by the SVR technique. A five‐floor versatile‐type structure is studied to show the effectiveness of the proposed method, in which both power parameter known and unknown cases are investigated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computation of collection area and probability of lightning strikes to structures using the electrogeometric model
Authors: Metwally I. A. , Heidler F.
Published: January 2007

In IEC 62305‐1 standard, the design of the air termination systems is based on the electrogeometric model using the rolling sphere method. Unfortunately, it does not give direct information about the probability of how often a lightning strike is expected to a possible striking point, which is crucial for the modern risk management. This paper introduces a numerical method to calculate the probability of lightning strikes to structures using an extended electrogeometric model to obtain the probability of a lightning strike to different locations of any building. Many arrangements of isolated single, combined, and two structures are investigated in the light of computing the collection area and the probability of lightning strikes. The results reveal that the computed collection area has shown that the rolling sphere radii of IEC 62305‐1 standard underestimates it and the best location of lightning rods can be easily found for any structure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engineering and development: interrogating concepts and practices
Authors: Robbins Peter T. , Crow Ben
Published: January 2007

Many problems faced by the South are rooted as much in longstanding social, economic and environmental difficulties as in the dearth of appropriate engineering solutions. Constraints range from the institutional, to the cultural, to the technological and spatial. Engineers engage with these hurdles in different ways. The contributors to this policy arena map out different ways institutions and engineers connect with the challenges, whether informally, or out of necessity, or through the iterative unfolding of society and technology. In so doing, they add to discussions about how policy can support best practice in engineering. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the invariant measure for the quasi‐linear Lasota equation
Authors: Dawidowicz Antoni Leon , Haribash Najemedin , Poskrobko Anna
Published: January 2007

The problem of the existence of the invariant measure is important considering its connections with chaotic behaviour. In the papers (Zesz. Nauk. Uniw. Jagiellońskiego, Pr. Mat. 1982; 23:117–123; Ann. Pol. Math. 1983; XLI:129–137; J. Differential Equations 2004; 196:448–465) the existence of invariant and ergodic measures according to the dynamical system generated by the Lasota equation was proved, i.e. the equation describing the dynamics and becoming different of the population of cells. In this paper, the existence of such measure for the quasi‐linear Lasota equation is proved. This measure is the carriage of the measure described by Dawidowicz (Zesz. Nauk. Uniw. Jagiellońskiego, Pr. Mat. 1982; 23:117–123). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Critical extinction and blow‐up exponents for fast diffusive p‐Laplacian with sources
Authors: Yin Jingxue , Jin Chunhua
Published: January 2007

We discuss and determine the critical extinction and blow‐up exponents for the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary value problem of the fast diffusive p‐Laplacian with sources. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Least‐squares problems for Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Authors: Hadeler K. P. , Jukić Dragan , Sabo Kristian
Published: January 2007

The Michaelis–Menten kinetics is fundamental in chemical and physiological reaction theory. The problem of parameter identification, which is not well posed for arbitrary data, is shown to be closely related to the Chebyshev sum inequality. This inequality yields sufficient conditions for existence of feasible solutions both for nonlinear and for linear least‐squares problems. The conditions are natural and practical as they are satisfied if the data show the expected monotone and concave behaviour. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ageing male reproductive tract
Authors: Sampson N , Untergasser G , Plas E , Berger P
Published: January 2007

Ageing of the male reproductive system is characterized by changes in the endocrine system, hypogonadism, erectile dysfunction and proliferative disorders of the prostate gland. Stochastic damage accumulating within ageing leads to progressive dysregulation at each level of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis and in local auto/paracrine interactions, thereby inducing morphological changes in reproductive target organs, such as the prostate, testis and penis. Despite age‐related changes in the HPG axis, endocrine functions are generally sufficient to maintain fertility in elderly men. Ageing of the male reproductive system can give rise to clinically relevant manifestations, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer (PCa) and erectile dysfunction (ED). In this review, we discuss morphological/histological changes occurring in these organs and current views and concepts of the underlying pathology. Moreover, we emphasize the molecular/cellular pathways leading to reduced testicular/penile function and proliferative disorders of the prostate gland. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p53: at the crossroad between cancer and ageing
Authors: Papazoglu C , Mills AA
Published: January 2007

The p53 tumour suppressor plays an undisputed role in cancer. p53's tumour suppressive activity stems from its ability to respond to a variety of stresses to trigger cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or senescence, thereby protecting against malignant transformation. An increasing body of evidence suggests that p53 also drives organismal ageing. Although genetic models with altered p53 function display age‐related phenotypes and thus provide in vivo evidence that p53 contributes to the ageing process, p53's role in organismal ageing remains controversial. Anti‐cancer therapies that target p53 and reactivate or enhance its activity are considered good alternatives for treating various neoplasms. Therefore, it is important to determine whether these clinical approaches compromise tissue homeostasis and contribute to ageing. This review presents a number of models with altered p53 function and discusses how these models implicate p53 as part of a molecular network that integrates tumour suppression and ageing. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology, mechanisms and pathology of musculoskeletal ageing
Authors: Freemont AJ , Hoyland JA
Published: January 2007

In general terms, the recognized alterations in circulating humoral factors (hormones, cytokines, growth factors) that occur in ageing, coupled with innate cellular senescence exaggerated by the slow turnover of many connective tissue cell populations and the age‐associated alterations in matrix molecule cross‐linking, predispose the elderly to altered connective tissue biology. These changes can be profound, leading to poor mobility, altered ability to withstand cold, weakness and an increased risk of falls, fractures and age‐associated ‘degenerative’ diseases, such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. As understanding of the causes of altered connective tissue function with age increases, it is becoming clearer that many of the predisposing factors (growth hormone, cytokines, load/life style) are potential targets for improving quality of life in the elderly. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of the Size of Aromatic Chelate Ligands on the Structures of Cadmium(II) Tetracarboxylates Polymers: From 2D Layered Network to 3D Metal‐Organic Framework
Authors: Wang Ji‐Jiang , Yang Meng‐Lin , Hu Huai‐Ming , Xue Gang‐Lin , Li Dong‐Sheng , Shi Qi‐Zhen
Published: January 2007

To determine the influence of the size of the aromatic chelate ligands on the frameworks of metal tretracarboxylate polymers, two new coordination polymers [Cd(btc)0.5 (2,2′‐bpy)] (1) and [Cd(btc)0.5(phen)]·H2O (2) (H4btc = biphenyl‐3,3′,4,4′‐tetracarboxylic acid, 2,2′‐bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine, phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline) have been synthesized under similar hydrothermal conditions. In complex 1, the dimeric Cd2 units are linked by bridging btc4− ligand to form a 2D layered network, whereas complex 2 possesses a 3D metal‐organic framework consisting of the dimeric Cd2 units. The differences of two metal‐organic frameworks demonstrate that the size of the rigid aromatic chelate ligands have an important effect on the structures of their complexes. Additionally, the two complexes show strong fluorescence in the solid state at room temperature.
Median Nerve Mistaken for Palmaris Longus Tendon: Restoration of Function with Sensory Nerve Transfers
Authors: Weber Renata V. , Mackinnon Susan E.
Published: January 2007

Intraoperative iatrogenic nerve injuries occur despite vigilance in the operating room. Most of these injuries occur as a result of patient positioning, traction or pressure injury, hematoma, or technical error. The median nerve is especially susceptible to injury during carpal tunnel release. A rare but devastating injury of the median nerve is complete transection. The number of devastating injuries is not well known, as few of the injuries are documented or publicized. We report a case where the median nerve was harvested instead of the palmaris longus tendon. We present a review of the literature and suggest an alternative treatment to median nerve grafting using sensory nerve transfers in the hand.
Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS): Inter-rater and test-retest reliability and validity in a Spanish population
Authors: Roca Miguel , Martin-Santos Rocio , Saiz Jerónimo , Obiols Jordi , Serrano Maria J. , Torrens Marta , Subirà Susana , Gili Margalida , Navinés Ricard , Ibañez Angela , Nadal Marcos , Barrantes Nieves , Cañellas Francesca
Published: January 2007

Objective

To test the reliability and validity of the DIGS in Spanish population.

Methods

Inter-rater and test-retest reliability of the Spanish version of DIGS was tested in 95 inpatients and outpatients. The resultant diagnoses were compared with diagnoses obtained by the LEAD (Longitudinal Expert All Data) procedure as “gold standard”. The kappa statistic was used to measure concordance between blind inter-raters and between the diagnoses obtained by LEAD procedure and through the DIGS.

Results

Overall kappa coefficient for inter-rater reliability was 0.956. The kappa value for individual diagnosis varied from major depression = 0.877 to schizophrenia = 1. Test-retest reliability was 0.926. Kappa for all individual target diagnoses ranged from 0.776 (major depression) to 1. Kappa between LEAD procedure and DIGS ranged from 0.704 (major depression) to 0.825 (bipolar I disorder).

Conclusion

Most of the DSM-IV major psychiatric disorders can be assessed with acceptable to excellent reliability with the Spanish version of the DIGS interview. The Spanish version of DIGS showed an acceptable to excellent concurrent validity. Giving the good reliability and validity of Spanish version of DIGS it should be considered to identify psychiatric phenotypes for genetics studies.
Challenges to civic governance in post-war England: the Peace Day disturbances of 1919
Authors: BEAVEN BRAD
Published: January 2007

This article analyses the problems encountered by municipal authorities in containing social unrest in the aftermath of World War I. Focusing on the Peace Day disturbances of 1919, the article examines how the civic elite failed to respond to the challenges of the post-war period and instead reverted to a Victorian model of governance that emphasized civic ritual and deference. It will explore how the towns that experienced the most severe disturbances were governed by elites who were unable to appreciate the significance of changing demographics, new political landscapes and the popular dissatisfaction with municipal traditions that the war had ushered in.
Performing their right to the city: political uses of public space in a Mexican city, 1880–1910s
Authors: JIMÉNEZ CHRISTINA M.
Published: January 2007

As public spaces, such as plazas and parks, were increasingly aestheticized and commercialized in late nineteenth-century Mexico, these visual and accessible shared spaces became subject to the competing visions of different urban groups. This article argues that these transformed public spaces enabled a wide range of city residents, not just the elite class, to assert their own claims to the city. Street vendors and petty entrepreneurs, in particular, found the opportunity to demonstrate their contributions to public aesthetics, the local economy and consumer needs, while simultaneously claiming their rights as political actors and their identity as civic-minded residents. Through a close analysis of letters written by working residents, the article suggests how enterprising men and women performed their ‘public civility’, ‘honest occupation’ and ‘morality’ in the ‘Lettered City’ through their written dialogues with municipal and state officials. These exchanges also reveal how the slippage between the categories of vecino (literally, neighbour) and cuidadano (literally, citizen) functioned in the everyday politics of the provincial Mexican city, highlighting how citizenship in Mexico was not just an outgrowth of nineteenth-century liberalism, but also rooted in local customs and much earlier historical notions of community membership.
The Danish urban system pre-1800: a survey of recent research results
Authors: CHRISTENSEN SØREN BITSCH , MIKKELSEN JØRGEN
Published: January 2007

In Denmark, the first actual towns can be dated to the eighth and ninth centuries. The establishment of towns became more significant in the eleventh and twelfth centuries in connection with the state-building process, and these towns were distinctly consumer towns serving as administrative, religious and military centres. From 1200 to 1350 Denmark, similar to the German area, underwent considerable urbanization; a large number of market towns were created, and in contrast to the older ones they were mercantile towns. Denmark thus clearly became the most urbanized country in Scandinavia. As Copenhagen grew in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the urban system decisively changed its character in the direction of a primate system. The characteristics of the primate system are particularly distinct within the boundaries of the Kingdom of Denmark, but less pronounced if the entire monarchy is included in the period in which Denmark was a conglomerate state. The institutional conditions must in general be attributed considerable importance in explaining Danish urban development. Thus, Denmark is one of the countries where town privileges were of great significance until the middle of the nineteenth century.
An in vitro model of the leukocyte interactions associated with granuloma formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Authors: Birkness Kristin A , Guarner Jeannette , Sable Suraj B , Tripp Ralph A , Kellar Kathryn L , Bartlett Jeanine , Quinn Frederick D
Published: January 2007

The principal defense of the human host against a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is the formation of granulomas, organized collections of activated macrophages, including epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells, surrounded by lymphocytes. This granuloma can sequester and contain the bacteria preventing active disease, and if the granuloma is maintained, these bacteria may remain latent for a person's lifetime. Secretion of a variety of chemoattractant cytokines following phagocytosis of the bacilli by the macrophage is critical not only to the formation of the granuloma but also to its maintenance. To investigate this process of early granuloma formation, we developed an in vitro model composed entirely of human cells. Combining blood lymphocytes and autologous macrophages from healthy purified protein derivative skin test‐negative individuals and mycobacteria resulted in the formation of small, rounded aggregate structures. Microscopic examination found macrophage‐specific CD68+ epithelioid macrophages and small round CD3+ lymphocytes that in complex resembled small granulomas seen in clinical pathology specimens. Acid‐fast staining bacteria were observed between and possibly within the cells composing the granulomas. Supernatants from the infected cells collected at 24 and 48 h and 5 and 9 days after infection were analyzed by a multiplexed cytokine bead‐based assay using the Luminex 100 and were found to contain interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, interferon‐γ and tumor necrosis factor‐α, cytokines known to be involved in human granuloma formation, in quantities from two‐fold to 7000‐fold higher than supernatants from uninfected control cells. In addition, chemotaxis assays demonstrated that the same supernatants attracted significantly more human peripheral blood mononuclear cells than those of uninfected cells (P<0.001). This model may provide insight into the earliest stages of granuloma formation in those newly infected.