bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erwinia
Authors: Hauben Lysiane , Swings Jean
Published: August 2015

Er.wi' ni.a
. M.L. fem. n.
Erwinia
named after Erwin F. Smith.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Erwinia

Straight rods, 0.5–1.0 × 1.0–3.0 µm; occur singly or in pairs. Gram negative. Motile by peritrichous flagella. Facultatively anaerobic, but anaerobic growth by some species is weak. Optimum temperature, 27–30°C; maximum temperature for growth is 40°C. Oxidase negative. Catalase positive.
Pectinase negative
. Acid is produced from fructose,
D
‐galactose,
D
‐glucose, and sucrose but not from adonitol, arabitol, dextrin, dulcitol, inulin, maltose, starch, and tagatose. Utilize fumarate,
D
‐galactose, gluconate,
D
‐glucose, glycerol, β‐methylglucoside, malate, and succinate, but not
L
‐arabitol, benzoate, butanol, methanol, oxalate, propionate, or sorbose as carbon‐ and energy‐yielding sources. Utilize
L
‐alanine,
L
‐glutaminic acid, glycylglycine, and
L
‐serine, but not kynureninic acid and trigonelline, as nitrogen sources. Sensitive to chloramphenicol, furazolidone, nalidixinic acid, oxytetracyline, and tetracycline. Do not possess arginine dihydrolase, caseinase, pectinase, phenylalanine deaminase, or urease. Associated with plants as pathogens, saprophytes, or constituents of the epiphytic flora.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 49.8–54.1.

Type species
:
Erwinia amylovora
(Burrill 1882) Winslow, Broadhurst, Buchanan, Krumwiede, Rogers and Smith 1920, 209 emend. Hauben, Moore, Vauterin, Steenackers, Mergaert, Verdonck and Swings 1999a, 1 (
Micrococcus amylovorus
Burrill 1882, 134.)
Proteus
Authors: Penner John L.
Published: August 2015

Pro' te.us. Gr. n.Proteusan ocean god able to change himself into different shapes.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Proteus

Straight rods, 0.4–0.8 × 1.0–3.0 μm. Gram negative.Motileby peritrichous flagella.Most strains swarm with periodic cycles of migration producing concentric zones, or spread in a uniform film, over moist surfaces solidified with agar or gelatin. The organisms in this genus conform to the definition of the familyEnterobacteriaceae.They are facultatively anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic, having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism. Optimal growth temperature is 37°C.Oxidase negative; catalase positive. Methyl red positive; species vary in indole production, Voges–Proskauer, and Simmons citrate tests. They oxidatively deaminate phenylalanine and tryptophan. Urea is hydrolyzed. Lysine decarboxylase negative and arginine dihydrolase negative; onlyProteus mirabilisdecarboxylates ornithine. All butProteus myxofaciensdecompose tyrosine to produce a clearing on agar media in which the insoluble amino acid is incorporated. Grow on KCN. H2S is usually produced. Malonate is not utilized.D‐glucose and a few other carbohydrates are catabolized with production of acid and usually gas. Does not produce acid from inositol or from straight chain tetra‐, penta‐, or hexahydroxy—alcohols, but generally produces acid from glycerol. One or more species ferment maltose, sucrose, trehalose, andD‐xylose. Human pathogens, causing urinary tract infections; also are secondary invaders, causing septic lesions at other sites of the body. Occurs in the intestines of humans and a wide variety of animals; also occurs in manure, soil, and polluted waters.P. myxofacienshas been isolated only from gypsy moth larvae. Based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis,Proteusbelongs to the familyEnterobacteriaceaewithin theProteobacteria(Woese et al., 1985; Niebel et al., 1987; Stackebrandt et al., 1988).

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 38–41 (Falkow et al., 1962).

Type species:Proteus vulgarisHauser 1885, 12 emend. Brenner, Hickman‐Brenner, Holmes, Hawkey, Penner, Grimont and O'Hara 1995, 870.
Shigella
Authors: Strockbine Nancy A. , Maurelli Anthony T.
Published: August 2015

Shi.gel' la. M.L. dim. ‐ellaending; M.L. fem. n.Shigellanamed after K. Shiga, the Japanese bacteriologist who first discovered the dysentery bacillus.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Shigella

Straight rods, 1–3 × 0.7–1.0 µm, that conform to the general definition of the familyEnterobacteriaceaeand contain the enterobacterial common antigen. Gram negative. Nonmotile. Non‐pigmented. Facultatively anaerobic, having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism. Catalase positive (with exceptions inShigella dysenteriae). Oxidase negative. Chemoorganotrophic.Ferment sugars without gas production(a few exceptions produce gas).Salicin, adonitol, andmyo‐inositol are not fermented. Strains ofShigella sonneiferment lactose and sucrose upon extended incubation; however, other species do not utilize these substances in conventional medium.Do not utilize citrate, malonate, or sodium acetate(with exceptions inShigella flexnerifor sodium acetate) as a sole carbon source.Do not grow in KCN or produce H2S. Do not decarboxylate lysine. Reduce nitrates to nitrites. Intestinal pathogens of humans and other primates, causing bacillary dysentery. Based on 16S rDNA sequencing, shigellae belong in theGammaproteobacteria.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 49–53 (Laskin and Lechevalier, 1981).

Type species:Shigella dysenteriae(Shiga 1898) Castellani and Chalmers 1919, 935, Epit. Spec. Cons. Opinion 11 of the Jud. Comm. 1954a, 149 (Bacillus dysenteriaeShiga 1898, 817.)
Methylomonas
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: August 2015

Me.thy.lo.mo' nas
. Fr. n.
méthyle
the methyl radical; Gr. n.
monas
unit; M.L. n.
Methylomonas
methyl monad or methyl unit.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae / Methylomonas

Straight or slightly curved rods
0.5–1.0 × 1.0–4.0 µm, occurring singly or in pairs. Form a polysaccharide‐containing
cyst
that is desiccation sensitive. Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate granules usually present.
Motile
by means of a single polar flagellum.
Gram negative. Have a strictly aerobic respiratory metabolism
, with oxygen as the electron acceptor.
Obligate utilizers of methane and methanol for carbon and energy
. No growth occurs on carbon–carbon bonded compounds. Fix formaldehyde by the
ribulose monophosphate pathway
. Ribulose‐1,5‐diphosphate carboxylase activity is absent. Some species fix atmospheric nitrogen via an oxygen‐sensitive nitrogenase. Form
red, pink, and orange carotenoid non‐water soluble pigments. Mesophilic
, growing between 10–40°C, optimal growth temperatures 25–30°C. Non‐halophilic. Major fatty acids

include C
14:0

and

C
16:1 ω8c
. 18‐Methyleneubiquinone‐8 (MQ‐8)

is the predominant lipoquinone. Habitat: Isolated from sediments of freshwater lakes and rivers, wetland muds, activated sludge and wastewater, and coal mine drainage waters. Belongs to the
Gammaproteobacteria
as part of the Order
Methylococcales
, Family
Methylococcaceae
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 50–59 (

T
m

).

Type species
:
Methylomonas methanica
Whittenbury and Krieg 1984b, 355 (Effective publication: Whittenbury and Krieg 1984a, 260.)
Neptunomonas
Authors: Hedlund Brian P.
Published: August 2015

Nep.tu.no.mo' nas
. Rom. myth n.
Neptune
the Roman god of the sea; Gr. n.
monas
a unit, monad; M.L. n.
Neptunomonas
Neptune's monad.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Oceanospirillaceae / Neptunomonas

Rod‐shaped or slightly curved bacteria
. Approximately 0.7–0.9 × 2.0–3.0 µm. (See Fig. BXII.γ.110). Cells may produce a capsule that is visible by India ink staining. Coccoid bodies may predominate in old cultures and are associated with a loss of viability. Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate is accumulated and may form small inclusions that are visible by phase‐contrast microscopy.

Motile by a single polar flagellum. Aerobic; however, fermentation tests with some sugars and sugar alcohols are weakly positive. Acid is produced slowly from some carbohydrates. Na
+
is required for growth. Oxidase and catalase positive

. Phosphatase positive.
Utilize some carbohydrates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
, amino acids, organic acids, and sugar alcohols as sole carbon sources for chemoorganotrophic growth. Temperature range for known strains, ≤4–30°C. Indigenous to coastal marine sediments. Belong to the
Oceanospirillum
group of the class
Gammaproteobacteria
based on phylogenetic analyses of 16S rDNA gene sequences.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 46.

Type species
:
Neptunomonas naphthovorans
Hedlund, Geiselbrecht, Bair and Staley 1999b, 1325 (Effective publication: Hedlund, Geiselbrecht, Bair and Staley 1999a, 258.)
Actinobacillus
Authors: Olsen Ingar , Møller Kristian
Published: August 2015

Ac.ti.no.ba.cil' lus. Gr. n.actisa ray; L. dim. masc. n.bacillusa small staff or rod; M.L. masc. n.Actinobacillusray bacillus or rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / Pasteurellaceae / Actinobacillus

Cells, measuring 0.4 ± 0.1 × 1.0 ± 0.4 µm, are spherical, oval, or rod‐shaped (Phillips, 1984).Most often bacillary but sometimes interspersed with coccal elements that may lie at the pole of a larger form, producing the characteristic“Morse‐code”form. Cell forms up to 6 µm in length may appear when grown on media containing glucose or maltose. Cells are single or arranged in pairs or, more rarely, in chains. Endospores are not formed. Gram negative, but staining is irregular. Not acid fast. India ink may demonstrate small amounts of extracellular slime in wet preparations.Nonmotile. Organisms are aerobic, microaerobic, facultatively anaerobic, or chemoorganotrophic, having both respiratory and fermentative types of metabolism. After growth for 24 h on blood agar, translucent colonies, usually 1–2 mm in diameter appear. Surface colonies have low viability and may die in 2–7 days. Growth may be very sticky upon primary cultivation, making it difficult to remove colonies completely from the agar surface. Optimum growth temperature is 37°C. Temperature range for growth is 25–42°C.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 35.5–46.9.

Type species:Actinobacillus lignieresiiBrumpt 1910, 849.
Lonepinella
Authors: Osawa Ro , Stackebrandt Erko S.
Published: August 2015

Lone.pin.el' la
. M.L. fem. n.
Lonepinella
named after Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary, a private zoo in Australia.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / Pasteurellaceae / Lonepinella

Cells coccoidal, or short to extremely filamentous and rod‐shaped
. Facultatively anaerobic. Nonmotile.
Neither X nor V factor is required for growth
. No growth under 15°C or over 40°C; optimum, 37°C. Indole produced. Urea not hydrolyzed.
Produces gallic acid from tannic acid (tannase positive), and decarboxylates gallic acid to pyrogallol. Oxidase and catalase reactions are negative
. Acid, but not gas, is produced from
D
‐glucose and some other carbohydrates.
Occur in the normal intestinal flora of the koala
. Analysis of 16 S rDNA places the genus into the family
Pasteurellaceae
, in the
Gammaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 37.5.

Type species
:
Lonepinella koalarum
Osawa, Rainey, Fujisawa, Lang, Busse, Walsh and Stackebrandt 1996, 362 (Effective publication: Osawa, Rainey, Fujisawa, Lang, Busse, Walsh and Stackebrandt 1995b, 372.)
Not All Hazards are Created Equal: The Significance of Hazards in Inattentional Blindness for Static Driving Scenes
Authors: Pammer Kristen , Bairnsfather Jane , Burns Jacqueline , Hellsing Annika
Published: August 2015

Explaining how we attend to some objects and not others in real world environments remains a challenge for theories of attention. Driving is an ideal example of this, as it requires a complex synthesis of attentional processing, while still allowing attention to be captured by hazards. In the current study we employed a static inattentional blindness (IB) driving task in which participants were required to make decisions about the content of driving‐related scenarios. In a critical trial, an additional stimulus was added to the driving scenario. All unexpected stimuli were thematically consistent with a normal driving environment but varied in their level of hazard threat. Rates of IB were consistent with the level of hazard threat of the stimuli. The results are discussed in terms of semantic‐based attentional capture in driving, and models of IB.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association Between the Use of Oral Contraceptives and Patient‐Reported Outcomes in an Early Arthritis Cohort
Authors: Albrecht Katinka , Callhoff Johanna , Buttgereit Frank , Straub Rainer H. , Westhoff Gisela , Zink Angela
Published: August 2015

Objective

To evaluate the association between exposure to oral contraceptives (OCs) and clinical outcomes in an early arthritis cohort.

Methods

Female patients with early inflammatory arthritis, ages 18–60 years, who were enrolled in an early arthritis cohort and had no exposure to hormone replacement were studied (n = 273). Associations between OC exposure (current/past/never) and disease activity, treatment, and patient‐reported outcomes, including the Rheumatoid Arthritis Impact of Disease Score (RAID), the Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index (RADAI), the Profile of Mood and Discomfort (PROFAD), and the Hannover Functional Assessment (FFbH), were studied over 2 years. Linear mixed models adjusted for age, body mass index, parity, smoking, and education were used.

Results

Eighteen percent of patients had never used OCs, 63% had used OCs in the past, and 19% currently used OCs. After adjustment, the current/past OC use was associated with better RAID, PROFAD, RADAI, and FFbH scores at 12 months (P < 0.05 for all) compared to never use. Longitudinally over 2 years, the mean RAID scores were significantly better in women with current/past OC use (P < 0.001). Actual inflammatory markers were not associated with OC use. Glucocorticoids were used by a higher percentage of OC never users than by current/past users (P = 0.08), especially in patients with impaired function (FFbH <70: odds ratio 4.2 [95% confidence interval 1.6–11]).

Conclusion

For past as well as current use, OCs seem to moderate patient‐reported outcomes in inflammatory arthritis. Protective effects may be induced via central nervous pathways rather than through the suppression of peripheral inflammation.
Clinical and genetic characteristics of craniosynostosis in Hungary
Authors: Bessenyei Beáta , Nagy Andrea , Szakszon Katalin , Mokánszki Attila , Balogh Erzsébet , Ujfalusi Anikó , Tihanyi Mariann , Novák László , Bognár László , Oláh Éva
Published: August 2015

Craniosynostosis, the premature closure of cranial sutures, is a common craniofacial disorder with heterogeneous etiology and appearance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical and molecular characteristics of craniosynostoses in Hungary, including the classification of patients and the genetic analysis of the syndromic forms. Between 2006 and 2012, 200 patients with craniosynostosis were studied. Classification was based on the suture(s) involved and the associated clinical features. In syndromic cases, genetic analyses, including mutational screening of the hotspot regions of the FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and TWIST1 genes, karyotyping and FISH study of TWIST1, were performed. The majority (88%) of all patients with craniosynostosis were nonsyndromic. The sagittal suture was most commonly involved, followed by the coronal, metopic, and lambdoid sutures. Male, twin gestation, and very low birth weight were risk factors for craniosynostosis. Syndromic craniosynostosis was detected in 24 patients. In 17 of these patients, Apert, Crouzon, Pfeiffer, Muenke, or Saethre–Chotzen syndromes were identified. In one patient, multiple‐suture craniosynostosis was associated with achondroplasia. Clinical signs were not typical for any particular syndrome in six patients. Genetic abnormalities were detected in 18 syndromic patients and in 8 relatives. In addition to 10 different, known mutations in FGFR1,FGFR2 or FGFR3, one novel missense mutation, c.528C>G(p.Ser176Arg), was detected in the TWIST1 gene of a patient with Saethre–Chotzen syndrome. Our results indicate that detailed clinical assessment is of paramount importance in the classification of patients and allows indication of targeted molecular testing with the highest possible diagnostic yield. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diagnosing Balamuthia mandrillarisEncephalitis With Metagenomic Deep Sequencing
Authors: Wilson Michael R. , Shanbhag Niraj M. , Reid Michael J. , Singhal Neel S. , Gelfand Jeffrey M. , Sample Hannah A. , Benkli Barlas , O'Donovan Brian D. , Ali Ibne K.M. , Keating M. Kelly , Dunnebacke Thelma H. , Wood Matthew D. , Bollen Andrew , DeRisi Joseph L.
Published: August 2015

Objective

Identification of a particular cause of meningoencephalitis can be challenging owing to the myriad bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that can produce overlapping clinical phenotypes, frequently delaying diagnosis and therapy. Metagenomic deep sequencing (MDS) approaches to infectious disease diagnostics are known for their ability to identify unusual or novel viruses and thus are well suited for investigating possible etiologies of meningoencephalitis.

Methods

We present the case of a 74‐year‐old woman with endophthalmitis followed by meningoencephalitis. MDS of her cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was performed to identify an infectious agent.

Results

Sequences aligning to Balamuthia mandrillaris ribosomal RNA genes were identified in the CSF by MDS. Polymerase chain reaction subsequently confirmed the presence of B. mandrillaris in CSF, brain tissue, and vitreous fluid from the patient's infected eye. B. mandrillaris serology and immunohistochemistry for free‐living amoebas on the brain biopsy tissue were positive.

Interpretation

The diagnosis was made using MDS after the patient had been hospitalized for several weeks and subjected to costly and invasive testing. MDS is a powerful diagnostic tool with the potential for rapid and unbiased pathogen identification leading to early therapeutic targeting. Ann Neurol 2015;78:Ann Neurol 2015;78:679–696
Boryl (Hetero)aryne Precursors as Versatile Arylation Reagents: Synthesis through CH Activation and Orthogonal Reactivity
Authors: Demory Emilien , Devaraj Karthik , Orthaber Andreas , Gates Paul J. , Pilarski Lukasz T.
Published: August 2015

(Pinacolato)boryl ortho‐silyl(hetero)aryl triflates are presented as a new class of building blocks for arylation. They demonstrate unique versatility by delivering boronate or (hetero)aryne reactivity chemoselectively in a broad range of transformations. This approach enables the unprecedented postfunctionalization of fluoride‐activated (hetero)aryne precursors, for example, as substrates in transition‐metal catalysis, and offers valuable new possibilities for aryl boronate postfunctionalization without the use of specialized protecting groups.
A Unique Ternary Semiconductor–(Semiconductor/Metal) Nano‐Architecture for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhuang Tao‐Tao , Liu Yan , Sun Meng , Jiang Shen‐Long , Zhang Ming‐Wen , Wang Xin‐Chen , Zhang Qun , Jiang Jun , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: August 2015

It has been a long‐standing demand to design hetero‐nanostructures for charge‐flow steering in semiconductor systems. Multi‐component nanocrystals exhibit multifunctional properties or synergistic performance, and are thus attractive materials for energy conversion, medical therapy, and photoelectric catalysis applications. Herein we report the design and synthesis of binary and ternary multi‐node sheath hetero‐nanorods in a sequential chemical transformation procedure. As verified by first‐principles simulations, the conversion from type‐I ZnS‐CdS heterojunction into type‐II ZnS‐(CdS/metal) ensures well‐steered collections of photo‐generated electrons at the exposed ZnS nanorod stem and metal nanoparticles while holes at the CdS node sheaths, leading to substantially improved photocatalytic hydrogen‐evolution performance.
Facile Enzymatic Synthesis of Ketoses
Authors: Wen Liuqing , Huang Kenneth , Wei Mohui , Meisner Jeffrey , Liu Yunpeng , Garner Kristina , Zang Lanlan , Wang Xuan , Li Xu , Fang Junqiang , Zhang Houcheng , Wang Peng George
Published: August 2015

Studies of rare ketoses have been hampered by a lack of efficient preparation methods. A convenient, efficient, and cost‐effective platform for the facile synthesis of ketoses is described. This method enables the preparation of difficult‐to‐access ketopentoses and ketohexoses from common and inexpensive starting materials with high yield and purity and without the need for a tedious isomer separation step.
Single‐Flask Multicomponent Palladium‐Catalyzed α,γ‐Coupling of Ketone Enolates: Facile Preparation of Complex Carbon Scaffolds
Authors: Grigalunas Michael , Norrby Per‐Ola , Wiest Olaf , Helquist Paul
Published: August 2015

A three‐component palladium‐catalyzed reaction sequence has been developed in which γ‐substituted α,β‐unsaturated products are obtained in a single flask by an α‐alkenylation with either a subsequent γ‐alkenylation or γ‐arylation of a ketone enolate. Coupling of a variety of electronically and structurally different components was achieved in the presence of a Pd/Q‐Phos catalyst (2 mol %), usually at 22 °C with yields of up to 85 %. Most importantly, access to these products is obtained in one simple operation in place of employing multiple reactions.
Ligand Control over the Electronic Properties within the Metallic Core of Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Cirri Anthony , Silakov Alexey , Lear Benjamin J.
Published: August 2015

The behavior of electrons within the metallic core of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can be controlled by the nature of the surface chemistry of the AuNPs. Specifically, the conduction electron spin resonance (CESR) spectra of AuNPs of diameter 1.8–1.9 nm are sensitive to ligand exchange of hexanethiol for 4‐bromothiophenol on the surface of the nanoparticle. Chemisorption of the aromatic ligand leads to a shift in the metallic electron’s g‐factor toward the value expected for pure gold systems, suggesting an increase in metallic character for the electrons within the gold core. Analysis by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy reveals a concomitant bathochromic shift of the surface plasmon resonance band of the AuNP, indicating that other electronic properties of AuNPs are also affected by the ligand exchange. In total, our results demonstrate that the chemical nature of the ligand controls the valence band structure of AuNPs.
Exploiting Atropisomerism to Increase the Target Selectivity of Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Smith Davis E. , Marquez Isaac , Lokensgard Melissa E. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Hecht David A. , Gustafson Jeffrey L.
Published: August 2015

Many biologically active molecules exist as rapidly interconverting atropisomeric mixtures. Whereas one atropisomer inhibits the desired target, the other can lead to off‐target effects. Herein, we study atropisomerism as a possibility to improve the selectivities of kinase inhibitors through the synthesis of conformationally stable pyrrolopyrimidines. Each atropisomer was isolated by HPLC on a chiral stationary phase and subjected to inhibitor profiling across a panel of 18 tyrosine kinases. Notably different selectivity patterns between atropisomers were observed, as well as improved selectivity compared to a rapidly interconverting parent molecule. Computational docking studies then provided insights into the structure‐based origins of these effects. This study is one of the first examples of the intentional preorganization of a promiscuous scaffold along an atropisomeric axis to increase target selectivity, and provides fundamental insights that may be applied to other atropisomeric target scaffolds.
Hydrophosphination of CO2 and Subsequent Formate Transfer in the 1,3,2‐Diazaphospholene‐Catalyzed N‐Formylation of Amines
Authors: Chong Che Chang , Kinjo Rei
Published: August 2015

Hydrophosphination of CO2 with 1,3,2‐Diazaphospholene (NHP‐H; 1) afforded phosphorus formate (NHP‐OCOH; 2) through the formation of a bond between the electrophilic phosphorus atom in 1 and the oxygen atom from CO2, along with hydride transfer to the carbon atom of CO2. Transfer of the formate from 2 to Ph2SiH2 produced Ph2Si(OCHO)2 (3) in a reaction that could be carried out in a catalytic manner by using 5 mol % of 1. These elementary reactions were applied to the metal‐free catalytic N‐formylation of amine derivatives with CO2 in one pot under ambient conditions.
Ammonia–(Dinitramido)boranes: High‐Energy‐Density Materials
Authors: Bélanger‐Chabot Guillaume , Rahm Martin , Haiges Ralf , Christe Karl O.
Published: August 2015

Two ammonia–(dinitramido)boranes were synthesized by the reaction of dinitroamine with ammonia–borane. These compounds are the first reported examples of (dinitramido)boranes. Ammonia–mono(dinitramido)borane is a perfectly oxygen‐balanced high‐energy‐density material (HEDM) composed of an ammonia–BH2 fuel group and a strongly oxidizing dinitramido ligand. Although it is thermally not stable enough for practical applications, its predicted specific impulse as a solid rocket propellant would be 333 s. Its predicted performance as an explosive matches that of pentaerythtritol tetranitrate (PETN) and significantly exceeds that of trinitrotoluene (TNT). Its structure was established by X‐ray crystallography and vibrational and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, the over‐oxidized ammoniabis(dinitramido)borane was detected by NMR spectroscopy.
Unusual H‐Bond Topology and Bifurcated H‐bonds in the 2‐Fluoroethanol Trimer
Authors: Thomas Javix , Liu Xunchen , Jäger Wolfgang , Xu Yunjie
Published: August 2015

By using a combination of rotational spectroscopy and ab initio calculations, an unusual H‐bond topology was revealed for the 2‐fluoroethanol trimer. The trimer exhibits a strong heterochiral preference and adopts an open OH⋅⋅⋅OH H‐bond topology while utilizing two types of bifurcated H‐bonds involving organic fluorine. This is in stark contrast to the cyclic OH⋅⋅⋅OH H‐bond topology adopted by trimers of water and other simple alcohols. The strengths of different H‐bonds in the trimer were analyzed by using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules. The study showcases a remarkable example of a chirality‐induced switch in H‐bond topology in a simple transient chiral fluoroalcohol. It provides important insight into the H‐bond topologies of small fluoroalcohol aggregates, which are proposed to play a key role in protein folding and in enantioselective reactions and separations where fluoroalcohols serve as a (co)solvent.
Synthesis of blocked and branched waterborne polyurethanes for pigment printing applications
Authors: Mao Haiyan , Qiang Siyu , Yang Fan , Zhao Caiyun , Wang Chaoxia , Yin Yunjie
Published: August 2015

A series of blocked and branched waterborne polyurethanes (BBPUs) have been successfully synthesized and applied in pigment printing of cellulosic substrate. The branched structure was based on an “A2 + CB2” approach with diisocyanate prepolymer and diethanol amine. The terminal isocyanate groups were blocked by sodium bisulfite to lower curing temperature and improve the color fastness. The prepolymerization and chain extending could be considered as the end at 70°C after 90 min and at 80°C after another 90 min, respectively. It was suitable for sodium bisulfite to block isocyanate groups at 0°C–5°C for 40 min. The microphase separation of BBPU based on the longest polyethylene glycol (PEG) soft segment appeared. Both curing rate and pencil hardness of BBPU films distinctly reduced as the molecular mass of PEG soft segment ascended. The moisture rate increased from 18.1% to 49.2% with increasing the molecular weight of PEG, indicating that water resistance of the film became poor. Excellent acid and alkali resistances of the BBPU films were obtained. Color fastness to washing, rubbing, and light of the printed cotton fabrics was remarkably enhanced as the BBPU amount ascended to 10% which were cured at 85°C for 6 min. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42780.
Morphological study of the prostate gland in viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus) during periods of maximal and minimal reproductive activity
Authors: Chaves Maximiliano , Aguilera‐Merlo Claudia , Cruceño Albana , Fogal Teresa , Mohamed Fabian
Published: August 2015

The viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus) is a rodent with photoperiod‐dependent seasonal reproduction. The aim of this work was to study the morphological variations of the prostate during periods of maximal (summer, long photoperiod) and minimal (winter, short photoperiod) reproductive activity. Prostates of adult male viscachas were studied by light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry for androgen receptor, and morphometric analysis. The prostate consisted of two regions: peripheral and central. The peripheral zone exhibited large adenomeres with a small number of folds and lined with a pseudostratified epithelium. The central zone had small adenomeres with pseudostratified epithelium and the mucosa showed numerous folds. The morphology of both zones showed variations during periods of maximal and minimal reproductive activity. The prostate weight, prostate‐somatic index, luminal diameter of adenomeres, epithelial height and major nuclear diameter decreased during the period of minimal reproductive activity. Principal cells showed variations in their shape, size and ultrastructural characteristics during the period of minimal reproductive activity in comparison with the active period. The androgen receptor expression in epithelial and fibromuscular stromal cells was different between the studied periods. Our results suggest a reduced secretory activity of viscacha prostate during the period of minimal reproductive activity. Thus, the morphological variations observed in both the central and peripheral zones of the viscacha prostate agree with the results previously obtained in the gonads of this rodent of photoperiod‐dependent reproduction. Additionally, the variations observed in the androgen receptors suggest a direct effect of the circulating testosterone on the gland. Anat Rec, 298:1919–1931, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computer vision approach for the classification of bike type (motorized versus non‐motorized) during busy traffic in the city of Shanghai
Authors: Zaki Mohamed H. , Sayed Tarek , Wang Xuesong
Published: August 2015

This article describes a novel approach for the binary classification of two‐wheeler road users in a dense mixed traffic intersection. The classification is a supervised procedure to differentiate between motorized and non‐motorized (human‐powered) bikes. Road users were first detected and tracked using object recognition methods. Classification features were then selected from the collected trajectories. The features include maximum speed, cadence frequency in addition to acceleration‐based parameters. Experiments were conducted on a video data set from Shanghai, China, where cyclists as well as motorcycles tend to share the main road facilities. A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the quality of the selected features in improving the accuracy of the classification. A performance analysis demonstrated the robustness of the proposed classification method with a correct classification rate of up to 93%. This research contributes to the literature of automated data collection and can benefit the applications in many transportation‐related fields such as shared space facility planning, simulation models for two‐wheelers, and behavior analysis and road safety studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximum penalized likelihood estimation in semiparametric mark‐recapture‐recovery models
Authors: Michelot Théo , Langrock Roland , Kneib Thomas , King Ruth
Published: August 2015

We discuss the semiparametric modeling of mark‐recapture‐recovery data where the temporal and/or individual variation of model parameters is explained via covariates. Typically, in such analyses a fixed (or mixed) effects parametric model is specified for the relationship between the model parameters and the covariates of interest. In this paper, we discuss the modeling of the relationship via the use of penalized splines, to allow for considerably more flexible functional forms. Corresponding models can be fitted via numerical maximum penalized likelihood estimation, employing cross‐validation to choose the smoothing parameters in a data‐driven way. Our contribution builds on and extends the existing literature, providing a unified inferential framework for semiparametric mark‐recapture‐recovery models for open populations, where the interest typically lies in the estimation of survival probabilities. The approach is applied to two real datasets, corresponding to gray herons (Ardea cinerea), where we model the survival probability as a function of environmental condition (a time‐varying global covariate), and Soay sheep (Ovis aries), where we model the survival probability as a function of individual weight (a time‐varying individual‐specific covariate). The proposed semiparametric approach is compared to a standard parametric (logistic) regression and new interesting underlying dynamics are observed in both cases.
Enzymatic passaging of human embryonic stem cells alters central carbon metabolism and glycan abundance
Authors: Badur Mehmet G. , Zhang Hui , Metallo Christian M.
Published: August 2015

To realize the potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in regenerative medicine and drug discovery applications, large numbers of cells that accurately recapitulate cell and tissue function must be robustly produced. Previous studies have suggested that genetic instability and epigenetic changes occur as a consequence of enzymatic passaging. However, the potential impacts of such passaging methods on the metabolism of hESCs have not been described. Using stable isotope tracing and mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics, we have explored how different passaging reagents impact hESC metabolism. Enzymatic passaging caused significant decreases in glucose utilization throughout central carbon metabolism along with attenuated de novo lipogenesis. In addition, we developed and validated a method for rapidly quantifying glycan abundance and isotopic labeling in hydrolyzed biomass. Enzymatic passaging reagents significantly altered levels of glycans immediately after digestion but surprisingly glucose contribution to glycans was not affected. These results demonstrate that there is an immediate effect on hESC metabolism after enzymatic passaging in both central carbon metabolism and biosynthesis. HESCs subjected to enzymatic passaging are routinely placed in a state requiring re‐synthesis of biomass components, subtly influencing their metabolic needs in a manner that may impact cell performance in regenerative medicine applications.
Three‐dimensional corrective osteotomies of mal‐united clavicles—is the contralateral anatomy a reliable template for reconstruction?
Authors: Hingsammer Andreas M. , Vlachopoulos Lazaros , Meyer Dominik C. , Fürnstahl Philipp
Published: August 2015

In computer‐assisted preoperative planning of corrective osteotomies, the unaffected contralateral bone often serves as three‐dimensional template for the reconstruction of mal‐united bones. Before applying this approach to new anatomy such as the clavicle bone, it is important to study asymmetry between the sides. The purpose of this study was to investigate bilateral symmetry of the clavicle in healthy cadavers using three‐dimensional measurement techniques. Bilateral symmetry of 102 clavicles (51 cadavers, mean age: 52.19 years, 37 male) was measured based on three‐dimensional models reconstructed from computed tomography. Besides length, volume, and surface, the side‐differences were evaluated by considering the mirrored left clavicle as the reconstruction template and the right clavicle as the one that will be realigned by osteotomy. The relative transformation between the aligned segments was measured to express the difference with to three‐dimensional translation and rotation. The same procedure was repeated using mean‐sized clavicles, one for each gender, as the template. The contralateral side was a significant more accurate reconstruction template compared to a mean‐sized clavicle (P < 0.001). Nevertheless, an average side‐differences with respect to rotation and translation of 8.79° ± 5.2° and 3.5 mm ± 2.7 mm, respectively. The left clavicles were significant (P = 0.001) longer with 154 mm compared to the right ones (151 mm). Three‐dimensional differences between the left and right clavicles exist, but can be considered as small. Therefore, the contralateral side appears to be a reliable reconstruction template, in particular compared to a mean‐sized clavicle. Clin. Anat. 28:865–871, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association between variants in inflammation and cancer‐associated genes and risk and survival of cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Chaiteerakij Roongruedee , Juran Brian D. , Aboelsoud Mohammed M. , Harmsen William S. , Moser Catherine D. , Giama Nasra H. , Allotey Loretta K. , Mettler Teresa A. , Baichoo Esha , Zhang Xiaodan , Therneau Terry M. , Lazaridis Konstantinos N. , Roberts Lewis R.
Published: August 2015

Genetic risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) remain poorly understood. We assessed the effect of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes modulating inflammation or carcinogenesis on CCA risk and survival. We conducted a case‐control, candidate gene association study of 370 CCA patients and 740 age‐, sex‐, and residential area‐matched healthy controls. Eighteen functional or putatively functional SNPs in nine genes were genotyped. The log‐additive genotype effects of SNPs on CCA risk and survival were determined using logistic regression and the log‐rank test, respectively. Initial analysis identified significant associations between SNP rs2143417 and rs689466 in cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) and CCA risk, after adjusting for multiple comparisons (cutoff of P = 0.0028). However, these findings were not replicated in another independent cohort of 212 CCA cases and 424 matched controls. No significant association was found between any SNP and survival of CCA patients. Although COX‐2 has been shown to contribute to cholangiocarcinogenesis, the COX‐2 SNPs tested were not associated with risk of CCA. This study shows a lack of association between variants of genes related to inflammation and carcinogenesis and CCA risk and survival. Other factors than these genetic variants may play more important roles in CCA risk and survival.
The role of growth differentiation factor 15 in the pathogenesis of primary myelofibrosis
Authors: Uchiyama Tatsuki , Kawabata Hiroshi , Miura Yasuo , Yoshioka Satoshi , Iwasa Masaki , Yao Hisayuki , Sakamoto Soichiro , Fujimoto Masakazu , Haga Hironori , Kadowaki Norimitsu , Maekawa Taira , Takaori‐Kondo Akifumi
Published: August 2015

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a pleiotropic cytokine that belongs to the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily. Elevated serum concentrations of this cytokine have been reported in patients with various malignancies. To assess the potential roles of GDF15 in hematologic malignancies, we measured its serum levels in patients with these diseases. We found that serum GDF15 levels were elevated in almost all these patients, particularly in patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Immunohistochemical staining of bone marrow (BM) specimens revealed that GDF15 was strongly expressed by megakaryocytes, which may be sources of increased serum GDF15 in PMF patients. Therefore, we further assessed the contribution of GDF15 to the pathogenesis of PMF. Recombinant human (rh) GDF15 enhanced the growth of human BM mesenchymal stromal cells (BM‐MSCs), and it enhanced the potential of these cells to support human hematopoietic progenitor cell growth in a co‐culture system. rhGDF15 enhanced the growth of human primary fibroblasts, but it did not affect their expression of profibrotic genes. rhGDF15 induced osteoblastic differentiation of BM‐MSCs in vitro, and pretreatment of BM‐MSCs with rGDF15 enhanced the induction of bone formation in a xenograft mouse model. These results suggest that serum levels of GDF15 in PMF are elevated, that megakaryocytes are sources of this cytokine in BM, and that GDF15 may modulate the pathogenesis of PMF by enhancing proliferation and promoting osteogenic differentiation of BM‐MSCs.
Prognostic signature of protocadherin 10 methylation in curatively resected pathological stage I non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Harada Hiroaki , Miyamoto Kazuaki , Yamashita Yoshinori , Taniyama Kiyomi , Mihara Kazuko , Nishimura Mitsuki , Okada Morihito
Published: August 2015

Although curative resection is the current treatment of choice for localized non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC), patients show a wide spectrum of survival even after complete resection of pathological stage I NSCLC. Thus, identifying molecular biomarkers that help to accurately select patients at high risk of relapse is an important key to improving the treatment strategy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic signature of protocadherin 10 (PCDH10) promoter methylation in curatively resected pathological stage I NSCLC. Using methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction assays, methylation of PCDH10 promoter was assessed in cancer tissues of 109 patients who underwent curative resection of pathological stage I NSCLC. Associations between PCDH10 methylation status and disease outcome was analyzed. PCDH10 promoter methylation was detected in 46/109 patients (42.2%). Patients with methylated PCDH10 showed significantly worse recurrence‐free, overall, and disease‐specific survival compared with those without methylation (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0004, P = 0.0002, respectively). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis revealed that adjusted hazard ratios of methylated PCDH10 were 5.159 for recurrence‐free, 1.817 for overall, and 5.478 for disease‐specific survival (P = 0.0005, P = 0.1475, P = 0.0109, respectively). The pattern of recurrence was not significantly different between patients with and without PCDH10 methylation (P = 0.5074). PCDH10 methylation is a potential biomarker that predicts a poor prognosis after curative resection of pathological stage I NSCLC. Assessment of PCDH10 methylation status might assist in patient stratification for determining an appropriate adjuvant treatment and follow‐up strategy.
Comparative study of 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT imaging and serum hTERT mRNA quantification in cancer diagnosis
Authors: Ping Bingqiong , Tsuno Satoshi , Wang Xinhui , Ishihara Yoshitaka , Yamashita Taro , Miura Keigo , Miyoshi Fuminori , Shinohara Yuki , Matsuki Tsutomu , Tanabe Yoshio , Tanaka Noriaki , Ogawa Toshihide , Shiota Goshi , Miura Norimasa
Published: August 2015

We have reported on the clinical usefulness of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA quantification in sera in patients with several cancers. Positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET/CT) using 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) has recently become an excellent modality for detecting cancer. We performed a diagnostic comparative study of FDG‐PET/CT and hTERT mRNA quantification in patients with cancer. Four hundred seventy subjects, including 125 healthy individuals and 345 outpatients with cancer who had received medical treatments for cancer in their own or other hospitals, were enrolled. The subjects were diagnosed by FDG‐PET/CT, and we measured their serum hTERT mRNA levels using real‐time RT‐PCR, correlating the quantified values with the clinical course. In this prospective study, we statistically assessed the sensitivity and specificity, and their clinical significance. hTERT mRNA and FDG‐PET/CT were demonstrated to be correlated with the clinical parameters of metastasis and recurrence (P < 0.001), and of recurrence and tumor number in cancer compared with noncancer patients, respectively. A multivariate analysis showed a significant difference in the detection by FDG‐PET/CT, 18F‐FDG uptake, the detection by hTERT mRNA, and age. The use of both FDG‐PET/CT and hTERT mRNA resulted in a positivity of 94.4% (221/234) for the detection of viable tumor cells. FDG‐PET/CT is superior to hTERT mRNA quantification in the early detection of cancer and combinative use of FDG‐PET/CT and hTERT mRNA may improve the diagnostic accuracy of cancer.
A window‐of‐opportunity biomarker study of etodolac in resectable breast cancer
Authors: Schwab Richard B. , Kato Shumei , Crain Brian , Pu Minya , Messer Karen , Weidner Noel , Blair Sarah L. , Wallace Anne M. , Carson Dennis A. , Parker Barbara A.
Published: August 2015

Observational data show that nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) use is associated with a lower rate of breast cancer. We evaluated the effect of etodolac, an FDA‐approved NSAID reported to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and the retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR), on rationally identified potential biomarkers in breast cancer. Patients with resectable breast cancer planned for initial management with surgical resection were enrolled and took 400 mg of etodolac twice daily prior to surgery. Protein and gene expression levels for genes related to COX‐2 and RXRα were evaluated in tumor samples from before and after etodolac exposure. Thirty subjects received etodolac and 17 subjects were assayed as contemporaneous or opportunistic controls. After etodolac exposure mean cyclin D1 protein levels, assayed by immunohistochemistry, decreased (P = 0.03). Notably, pre‐ versus post cyclin D1 gene expression change went from positive to negative with greater duration of etodolac exposure (r = −0.64, P = 0.01). Additionally, etodolac exposure was associated with a significant increase in COX‐2 gene expression levels (fold change: 3.25 [95% CI: 1.9, 5.55]) and a trend toward increased β‐catenin expression (fold change: 2.03 [95% CI: 0.93, 4.47]). In resectable breast cancer relatively brief exposure to the NSAID etodolac was associated with reduced cyclin D1 protein levels. Effect was also observed on cyclin D1 gene expression with decreasing levels with longer durations of drug exposure. Increased COX‐2 gene expression was seen, possibly due to compensatory feedback. These data highlight the utility of even small clinical trials with access to biospecimens for pharmacodynamic studies.
ABO non‐O type as a risk factor for thrombosis in patients with pancreatic cancer
Authors: Li Donghui , Pise Mayurika N. , Overman Michael J. , Liu Chang , Tang Hongwei , Vadhan‐Raj Saroj , Abbruzzese James L.
Published: August 2015

ABO blood type has previously been identified as a risk factor for thrombosis and pancreatic cancer (PC). The aim of the study is to demonstrate the associations between ABO blood type and other clinical factors with the risk of thromboembolism (TE) in patients with PC. We conducted a retrospective study in 670 patients with pathologically confirmed pancreatic adenocarcinoma at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Clinical information was retrieved from medical records. ABO blood type was determined serologically and/or genetically. Logistic regression models, Kaplan–Meier plot, log‐rank test, and Cox proportional hazard regression models were employed in data analysis. The incidence of TE was 35.2% in 670 patients who did not have TE prior to cancer diagnosis. Pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) consisted 44.1% of the TE events. Non‐O blood type, pancreatic body/tail tumors, previous use of antithrombotic medication, and obesity (body mass index >30 kg/m2) were significant predictors for TE in general. Blood type A and AB, low hemoglobin level (≤10 g/dL), obesity, metastatic tumor, and pancreatic body/tail tumors were significant predictors for PE and DVT. Patients with metastatic tumor or pancreatic body/tail tumors had a much higher frequency of early TE events (≤3 months after cancer diagnosis); and early TE occurrence was a significant independent predictor for increased risk of death. These observations suggest that ABO non‐O blood type is an independent predictor for TE in PC. A better understanding of the risk factors for TE in PC may help to identify patients who are most likely to benefit from prophylactic anticoagulation therapy.