bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elastic Moduli and Phonons
Authors: Moriarty John A.
Published: August 2023

In this chapter, the calculation of second-order elastic constants and quasiharmonic phonons from quantum-based interatomic potentials (QBIPs) is addressed for nontransition metals at the pair potential level and for transition metals at the level of two-, three- and four-ion potentials. The dynamical matrix establishing the phonon frequencies at constant volume is developed in terms of tangential and radial force-constant functions. Selected QBIP phonon spectra and Debye temperatures thereby obtained for twelve prototype bcc, fcc and hcp metals are compared against experiment. Treatment of the elastic moduli starts from the stress-strain relations of linear elasticity, makes close contact with the long wavelength quasiharmonic phonon limit, and provides local volume corrections where needed to yield accurate values of the shear modulus, bulk modulus and nonshear elastic moduli for bcc, fcc and hcp crystals. Applications to the calculation of thermodynamic properties below the Debye temperature such as the specific heat of bcc Ta and the temperature-induced hcp to bcc phase transition in Mg are discussed.
Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds
Authors: Moriarty John A.
Published: August 2023

In this chapter, the quantum-based interatomic potentials (QBIPs) developed in Chapters 3–5 for elemental metals are extended to the much larger domain of alloys and intermetallic compounds. The main focus here is on binary systems, but applications to multi-component systems are also considered. Generalized pseudopotential theory (GPT) has been used to develop QBIPs and investigate the trends in cohesion and structure for Mg-Al and transition-metal aluminide (TM-Al) compounds. In this regard, first-principles GPT potentials have been calculated across the entire 3d TM-Al series as a function of TM concentration, together with applications to their binary and ternary phase diagrams in Co-Al, Ni-Al and Co-Cu-Al, as well as a predicted quasicrystal structure in the latter system. Bond-order-potential investigations of 3d transition-metal aluminides have focused on potential development for Ti-Al compounds with applications to dislocation core structure and mobility. An efficient strategy to develop and use model-GPT potentials for pure TM high-entropy alloys is also discussed.
Civil Recovery as a Hybrid Civil/Criminal Procedure
Authors: King Colin , Hendry Jennifer
Published: August 2023

This chapter details how civil recovery is a hybrid civil/criminal procedure. It contextualizes the motivations behind the introduction of procedural hybrids, and considers this procedural form in terms of due process protections and rights. Focusing on debates concerning security and prevention, this chapter engages with issues of both the greater public good and preventive justice. It then explores those features that contribute to a procedure’s classification as hybrid, examining the civil/criminal distinction and the jurisprudence of the ‘middleground’, and raising a challenge to the purported legislative honesty and pragmatism of such hybrid procedures.
Employers and the Real Living Wage
Authors: Heery Edmund , Hann Deborah , Nash David
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the response of employers to the Living Wage campaign. The first section presents evidence on the number of employers that have joined and their characteristics, showing that while the Living Wage has spread broadly it is found disproportionately in specific sectors, industries, and geographical locations. The next section examines employer motives for joining the scheme, identifying a range of instrumental, expressive, and institutional reasons for becoming accredited. The final sections of the chapter look at employer resistance to the Living Wage and the reasons why some refuse to adopt the standard and identifies a continuum of employer responses stretching from outright rejection to enthusiastic adoption. This range of responses is used to reflect on theories of employer strategy within neo-liberalism, and the chapter ends by rejecting claims that employers are essentially unruly, hostile to all forms of external regulation.
The Importance of Being Effective
Authors: Bagchi Aditi
Published: August 2023

John Gardner advanced the view that the duty to succeed is prior to the duty to try. He also argued that the duty to succeed might apply to an agent even if she is not subject to a duty to try because trying would be futile. This chapter explores Gardner’s views in this regard. First, it considers the reorientation of deontological theory to assign greater moral weight to consequences, of which Gardner was a leading advocate. Second, it shows how Gardner’s views about the persistence of a duty to succeed under conditions of futility rests on a rejection of at least some understandings of the proposition that ‘ought implies can’. Finally, the chapter develops a troubling implication of Gardner’s view, that is, wrongdoing is ubiquitous.
Vindicating Criminal Law
Authors: Hershovitz Scott
Published: August 2023

In Offences and Defences, John Gardner argues that the capacity of the criminal law to displace retaliation is an essential part of its justification. That is true. But it does not exhaust the criminal law’s relation with retaliation. Well-constituted criminal law does not just displace retaliation; it dissipates the justification for it, by providing a better way of responding to the reasons which otherwise would warrant revenge—or so the argument goes in this chapter in honour of John.
State Crimes
Authors: Tanguay-Renaud François
Published: August 2023

Is a category of state crimes theoretically sound and important? This chapter defends the view that it is, based on some of John Gardner’s key theoretical commitments about the possibility of state agency and wrongdoing. The central contention is that the category of state crimes is useful as a means of singling out those condemnable state wrongdoings that warrant punishment. Other existing normative categories, such as state injustices and violations of human rights, are not sufficiently discerning to pick out this important subset of state wrongs. The category also helps focus inquiries about the justification of the more deliberately burdensome responses that may be imposed on states—be it internationally or domestically, institutionally or popularly—for their morally graver legal wrongs. Punishment of states for such wrongs must be considered, I argue, as they may be justified in terms of their deterrence effect, but also as symbolically marking these wrongs and, to a lesser (and more questionable) extent, as giving states their just desert.
Figments of imagination: ‘Scaffolded attention’ creates non-sensory object and event representations
Authors: Ongchoco Joan Danielle K. , Scholl Brian J.
Published: August 2023

Perception involves ‘sensory individuals’: the objects and events that we experience are a function of the incoming light and sound—and the exceptions (e.g., dreaming, hallucination) seem somehow marginal or atypical. As a result, perception is often characterized in terms of how raw sensory cues are transformed into conscious experiences with perceptual content. In contrast, ‘scaffolded attention’ is a phenomenon wherein many people perceive structured objects and events (in both space and time) that do not arise directly from sensory cues. For example, when staring at a regular grid (e.g., graph paper), the sensory cues are simply the identical squares—but people may nevertheless see a shifting array of larger structured patterns (e.g., lines or block letters). Similarly, when listening to a regular beat, people may nevertheless hear emergent rhythms. This chapter focuses on scaffolded attention, and explores its power, scope, prevalence, and philosophical and psychological implications.
Shine of bronze and sound of brass: The relational perceptual constructs of timbre and gloss
Authors: Buccella Alessandra , Chirimuuta Mazviita
Published: August 2023

The discussion and research on the visual perception of gloss has a lot in common with the discussion and research on the auditory perception of timbre. These two qualities seem to depend on multidimensional and dynamic combinations of features of the perceptual scene globally understood, including the perceiver. It is therefore argued that both gloss and timbre should be understood in interactionist terms, that is, as properties of processes of interaction between an object, a context, a medium, and a perceiver. Versions of interactionist accounts have already been proposed for colour, odour, and tactile texture. It is believed that adopting an interactionist ontology will improve both the scientific explanations and the philosophical understanding of perceptual objects.
Faces as multisensory individuals
Authors: Fulkerson Matthew
Published: August 2023

Faces are among the most studied and well-understood visual objects. They seem to be perceived, tracked, and recognized in vision through dedicated mechanisms. Some of these areas and mechanisms have been extensively studied, especially the fusiform face area (FFA). For this reason, faces might seem like paradigm instances of a specialized unimodal sensory individual, a perceptual object of significance to a single modality. This chapter explores the many ways in which faces resist this reading. It argues that faces are best understood as multisensory objects of awareness. Using a range of empirical evidence, the chapter defends the claim that faces, despite whatever dedicated processes they may involve within each modality, are best understood as essentially multisensory individuals. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the implications of this perspective both on our understanding of the perception of faces and on perceptual interactions more generally.
Why We Doubt
Authors: Pinillos N. Ángel
Published: August 2023

This book, the first of its kind, puts forward a novel and unified cognitive account of philosophical skeptical doubt. Historically, most philosophers have tried to tackle this difficult topic by directly arguing that skeptical doubt is false. But Pinillos does something different. He begins by trying to uncover the hidden mental rule which, for better or worse, motivates our skeptical inclinations. He then gives an account of the broader cognitive purpose of having and applying this rule. Based on these ideas, he shows how we can give a new response to the traditional problem of global skepticism. He also argues that philosophical skepticism is not just something that comes up during philosophical reflection, as David Hume, Charles Sanders Peirce, and other philosophers have urged. Instead, it is of great practical significance. The rule which produces skepticism may itself be operative in certain pathologies such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, in creative endeavors, and in conspiratorial thinking. The rule can also explain some of our reluctance to trust statistical evidence, especially in legal settings. More broadly, this volume aims to breathe new life into a classic problem in philosophy by approaching it from a new perspective and exploring new areas of application. The book will be of interest to philosophers, psychologists, and anyone interested in the human capacity to doubt and to question our beliefs.
Broad Function (Part 2)
Authors: Pinillos N. Ángel
Published: August 2023

This chapter puts forward a model of skeptical experiences based on existing work on meta-cognition. A skeptical experience will contain both an inclination to judge (“I don’t know”) and a negative epistemic feeling. The experience is a result of a process whose function is to monitor our first-order reasoning. When the system detects that the reasoning is hasty for the purposes at hand, the skeptical experience arises. This typically results in an act of cognition control: the assumption which is felt to be hasty is temporarily dropped from our reasoning. This reasoning monitor-control cycle is the broader function of the skeptical system. It answers, in a broad sense, the “why” question of our skeptical leanings. Why do we have skeptical doubts (in the broad sense)? Simply put, to stop us from making hasty assumptions. The points made in this chapter draw crucially on certain approaches to the theory of knowledge which connect knowledge to action.
Mind the framings
Authors: Di Fiore Monica , Kuc-Czarnecka Marta , Lo Piano Samuele , Puy Arnald , Saltelli Andrea
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the relevance of spoken and unspoken frames in the mathematical modelling of a problem. Frames, intended as beliefs and normative visions of the world, may underpin a given modelling approach, its technical choices, and the relationships that matter. Frames constrain and prefigure the space of the possible courses of action. The chapter also discusses why the technique is never neutral and illustrates the usefulness as well as the challenges of deliberative stakeholder involvement via participatory forecasting in two domains—flooding risk and the management of fisheries—where local sources of knowledge have made a difference.
Mathematical modelling
Authors: Kuc-Czarnecka Marta , Saltelli Andrea
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses composite indicators (CIs) as a special class of mathematical models, which can be looked at through the lenses of the five rules discussed in this volume. CIs sit between analysis and advocacy, and their use has social and political implications. The construction and application of CIs are multifaceted and require a thorough consideration of the variables and the weighting applied to each. As such, using the five rules expounded in the Manifesto can be highly valuable in constructing more transparent, reliable, and robust CIs. This framework can also help to inspect incumbent indicators for methodological or normative inadequacies.
Responsibility to protect
Authors: Zimmermann Lisbeth , Deitelhoff Nicole , Lesch Max , Arcudi Antonio , Peez Anton
Published: August 2023

The responsibility to protect (R2P) refers to the duty of individual states to protect their populations against grave crimes and for the international community to react when states are unable or unwilling to fulfill their responsibilities. A political norm, it was endorsed by United Nations member states at the 2005 World Summit. While some scholars have written that R2P is dying, dead, or never even existed, our indicators show that between 2005 and 2016, R2P was reinforced and increasingly shapes discourse and practice at the United Nations. This was mainly due to challenges about its application. As a non-legal, imprecise norm embedded in a complex norm cluster of human rights and sovereignty, R2P afforded interpretative leeway in open, non-hierarchical institutional settings that helped it remain robust. However, current attempts to reinterpret R2P in applicatory discourses could gut some of R2P’s core claims—and make it less robust.
Conclusion
Authors: Tabarrini Lorenzo
Published: August 2023

The conclusion compares northern Tuscany with some of the best-studied Italian regions over the Middle Ages, and argues that the decades straddling the twelfth and the thirteenth centuries represented a phase of marked acceleration in the countryside of both Florence and Lucca. The conclusion emphasizes the role played by rural credit in reaching an equilibrium between the landowners’ heightened demand and the tenants’ ability to meet that demand; also, it stresses the importance of ecological factors. The abolition of labour-services and their replacement with fixed rents and early mezzadria agreements in the Fiorentino is explained by the attempt to give tenants a stake in the quality and quantity of the final agricultural output of their holdings. In the Lucchesia, one can notice instead the slow but constant effort on the part of local owners to raise the already existing fixed rents.
Transforming International Institutions
Authors: Graham Erin R.
Published: August 2023

Transforming International Institutions illuminates how a slow, quiet, subterranean process can produce big, radical change in international institutions and organizations. Drawing on historical institutionalism and interpretive tools of international law, it provides a novel theory of uncoordinated change over time. Early participants in the process do not foresee the transformative potential of their acts, but nonetheless enable subsequent actors to push change in new directions to profound effect. The theory is deployed to explain how changes in UN funding rules in the 1940s and 1960s—perceived as small and made to solve immediate political disagreements—ultimately sidelined multilateral governance at the United Nations in the twenty-first century. The perception of funding rules as marginal to fundamental principles of governance, and the friendly orientation of change-initiators toward the UN, enabled the quiet transformation. Challenging the UN’s reputation for rigidity and its status as a bastion of egalitarian multilateralism, Transforming International Institutions demonstrates that the UN System is susceptible to subtle change processes and that its egalitarian multilateralism governs only a fraction of the UN’s operational work.
Tighten the Screws and Bilateral Contracts
Authors: Graham Erin R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 6 illustrates how the institutional groundwork laid at the UN for distinct purposes in the 1960s was repurposed in the 1980s toward the end of undermining egalitarian multilateralism. This took place through two pathways that illuminate how rule permissiveness can facilitate change. First, European states repurposed trust funds. Initially conceived of to provide supplementary resources for UN priorities, trust funds were increasingly used as a substitute for bilateral aid. As more states participated, more earmarked funding entered the system. Second, the US led the UN’s top donors in capping the mandatory assessments system and reduced its own core contributions to UN development work. These moves effectively sealed off substantial growth outside of earmarked funds. The chapter chronicles how UN politics, especially the New International Economic Order (NIEO) and the Zionism is Racism resolution, soured US–UN relations. It identifies Jeane Kirkpatrick, the US Ambassador to the UN during the Reagan administration, as a key figure who reinterpreted Article 17 to specify limits on mandatory funding obligations. She encouraged the US government to behave as many of their European counterparts, that is, to use earmarked funding to pursue bilateral interests. The chapter illustrates the processes of repurposing and reinterpretation, the latter with an emphasis on state practice. It also brings home the uncoordinated nature of the UN’s transformation, with Kirkpatrick drawing on rules adopted by the UN Office of Legal Affairs and the Certain Expenses decision in the 1960s to rein in egalitarian multilateralism in the 1980s.
Notebook Origins
Authors: May Steven W.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 7 highlights the difficulty of determining notebook origins solely from their contents. We do not know who compiled the majority of surviving poetic notebooks, and where individual scribes have been identified, the sources for what they transcribed are even more mysterious. Scribal culture, in both the production of texts and their circulation, has been perceived as primarily a function of three institutions: the court, Inns of Court, and the universities. As a matter of statistical probability, however, this triad cannot be responsible for more than a minute fraction of the age’s overall scribal output. Many of the manuscripts supposedly generated in the court, Inns of Court, or university communities lack any absolute evidence of such origins. The great challenge (and opportunity) ahead of us in manuscript studies is to identify the scribes who wrote the extant documents and to determine when they did so and from what sources. Every such discovery along the way will bring our understanding of the overall scribal culture into sharper and sharper focus.
A Philosophical Mess
Authors: Russell Luke
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides a systematic survey of the many disagreements amongst contemporary philosophers about the nature of forgiveness. Is forgiveness an emotional change, or a decision, or a commitment, or a performative speech act, or a behavioural change, or a stable end state? Is forgiveness always done for a particular kind of reason? Which negative emotions, attitudes, or behaviours are counteracted by forgiveness? Is forgiving compatible with blaming, or with punishing, or with refusing to reconcile with the wrongdoer? Do only direct victims of wrongdoing have the standing to forgive, or are third-party forgiveness and self-forgiveness also possible? Is forgiveness targeted only at wrong actions, or also at other moral failures? Is forgiving an elective gift? Is forgiving compatible with condoning? Philosophers give conflicting answers to all these questions, leaving it unclear as to how we could identify real forgiveness.
Prioritizing the Moral Permissibility of Forgiveness
Authors: Russell Luke
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the options that are available to philosophers who claim that whenever forgiveness is possible for a victim, that victim is morally permitted to forgive. They might hold this view because they believe that every victim morally ought to forgive, or that every act of forgiveness is by definition morally good, or that forgiveness is elective. This chapter compares five different conceptions of forgiveness that are available to philosophers who prioritize this intuition concerning permissibility. These are the Earned Respite conception, the No Protest conception, the Essentially Generous conception, the Benevolent Unilateral conception, and the Virtuously Balanced conception. Some of these accounts sacrifice the claim that forgiving is a possible option for all victims, while others jettison the idea that forgiveness always results in peace between victim and wrongdoer. The best of these options is the Virtuously Balanced conception of forgiveness, but even this account has fundamental weaknesses. Ultimately, we are better off rejecting the idea that forgiveness is permissible whenever it is possible. We should instead accept that some victims forgive when they morally should not do so. This raises some difficult questions in relation to whether forgiveness is a virtue.
Epilogue
Authors: Russell Luke
Published: August 2023

The Peaceful End Point account of forgiveness has been unjustly neglected, but does it pick out real forgiveness? Some critics will claim that we ought to adopt conceptual pluralism in relation to forgiveness, and thus accept that there are several distinct things that deserve to be called forgiveness even though they do not fit under a unified definition. While conceptual pluralism is in some ways an attractive option in this case, it is better to stick with the unified definition included in the Peace End Point account, and then to position any associated commitments, performative speech acts, and virtues in relation to this peaceful end state.
Alt News
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi
Published: August 2023

This chapter outlines the inception of Alt News, the brainchild behind it, and the most crystallized behind-the-scenes of a newsroom that puts nothing but fact-checked and evidence-based journalism on its prime perch. It is an Ahmadabad-based organization that started with the innovative idea of debunking fake news. The aim of this digital venture is to expose false news and promote factual and authentic information. The website fact-checks suspected misinformation using evidence-based research. The author takes the readers on a journey of Alt News which is a non-profit organization solely based on funding and donation. Its team mostly works voluntarily. It is the story of Nirjhari Sinha’s, Pratik Sinha’s, and Mohammed Zubair’s endeavour. With the advent of aggressive social media information dissemination, debunking ‘claims’ became the need of the hour, which was the fundamental idea of these three. Pratik was working as an engineer when he decided to take up the grave concern of spread of misinformation. He along with his team elevated the organization from journalism to technology-based journalism, and now they are aiming to make it a threefold intervention—journalistic, technological, and educational. He embarked on this journey with only a handful of people, yet aiming high. To cater to a wide audience, the website has content in both Hindi and English. Its efficient fact-checking model makes Alt News stand out from other digital platforms. They look up to people who encourage them and donate for their novel cause.
Beyond Headlines
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi
Published: August 2023

This chapter is about Beyond Headlines (BH), a not-for-profit organization, started by Afroz Alam Sahil (also called the ‘RTI Express’) with a divergent ideology of representing the marginal sections of the society. It tracks Sahil’s journey from a journalist to an entrepreneur. It also unravels how the organization runs without a single employee and is totally managed with the voluntary work. The chapter also explores its financial functioning and its dependence on the readers. In an interview with the author, Sahil elaborates on the company’s strategic intent and its editorial policies which does not have any corporate or political bent. The chapter discusses how with its unique ideology the company is prospering with the reader-sensitive news it produces and the increasing number of its followers.
The colour bar
Authors: Waters Rob
Published: August 2023

‘The colour bar’ explores how London’s race–class social imaginary, described in the previous chapter, translated into an ad hoc programme of discrimination by which people of colour were kept out of the city’s self-defined ‘respectable’ spaces. The colour bar restricted their access to existing social spaces, while the new leisure spaces they set up faced coordinated attempts to shut them down. This was an attack on black settlement and life in the city that was successful because it operated, primarily, through the claim of respectability. Black settlers were excluded, in such thinking, not because they were black but because they were not respectable, even as it was their blackness that was taken to confirm their lack of respectability. It is by seeing, in this chapter, how the operations of racism in post-war London were structured and allowed by the racialization of the categories of social class that we can understand the particular shape that the integration projects explored in the following chapters would take.
Uplifters
Authors: Waters Rob
Published: August 2023

‘Uplifters’ explores a network of black-led integrationism in post-war London. This was largely a West Indian diasporic formation which was often closely tied to the nation-building drive in the Caribbean. It was led by a black middle class determined to reform the character of their working-class counterparts. Uplift, as this chapter describes it, was undertaken in the context of precarious black citizenship, as middle-class leaders sought solutions that might, they hoped, secure that citizenship’s protection. But as a part of a diasporic project of nation-building it was built, also, on the conviction that the black poor needed to be led into a form of responsible modern citizenship.
Oxford after Scotus
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines Christology at Oxford in the first half of the fourteenth century, beginning with Ockham, and then focusing on theologians, Franciscan and Dominican, whose primary interlocutor was Ockham. The principal source for Ockham’s Christology was Scotus, and the chapter introduces some of the ways in which Ockham diverges from his eminent predecessor—most notably, in terms of the modalities of subsistence. It shows that the influence of Ockham was pervasive in Oxford during this period, and identifies even among the Dominicans only one marginally dissenting voice—Hugh of Lawton, who uniquely shows some knowledge of, and interest in, the Christology of Aquinas.
Conclusion
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: August 2023

This concluding chapter attempts to come to some kind of assessment as to the value of the various contributions considered in the rest of the book. Some are rejected: there are no real relations, for instance (against Scotus, Ockham, and others); and ‘man’ should not have an equivocal definition, but be a natural-kind term (against Ockham). Homo assumptus theories are very hard to reconcile with Chalcedon. But voluntarism, and understanding the hypostatic union in terms of created grace, both seem to be live options, as does Auriol’s notion of hypostatic termination. The chapter ends with a plea to reconsider the place and importance of Aquinas in the narratives of late medieval theology and philosophy, de-centring him in favour of a more historically accurate picture.
Prefaces
Authors: Wilson Ross
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the preface as critical form. Beginning with discussion of key interventions in the theory of the preface by Jorge Luis Borges, Gérard Genette, Leo Bersani, and Peggy Kamuf, it establishes the preface as a form of ‘lateral criticism’, considering the situation of the preface on the threshold of reading. That threshold is shown to be decisively different for author and reader. The chapter considers examples from Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Samuel Johnson, William Wordsworth, Charlotte Brontë, and Henry James, concluding with a discussion of the problem of the multiply prefaced work as evinced in the work of Richard Wright and Caryl Phillips.
Dialogues
Authors: Wilson Ross
Published: August 2023

Opening with a consideration of the importance of the refusal to communicate in Kant’s account of the discourse of taste, this chapter examines quite how dialogic—and how oral—critical dialogues really are. It notices that recourse both to silence and to texts held by individual participants in dialogues is a recurrent feature in critical dialogue. It argues that this recourse is fundamental to the cultivation of authority within dialogue—the genre in which critical authority is explicitly contested. Its theoretical consideration of dialogue encompasses discussion of Platonic dialogue and its criticism, before moving to the examination of a number of examples from the eighteenth century and early nineteenth century (Allan Ramsey, Clara Reeve, Friedrich and Dorothea Veit Schlegel, Eckermann, and Goethe). Later examples include work by Oscar Wilde (who was one of the central examples discussed in the Introduction) and Marcel Proust, but the main focus of the chapter’s conclusion is the revival of the dialogue form in New Historicist criticism.
Representing the Dynasty in Flavian Rome
Authors: Davies Jonathan
Published: August 2023

This monograph investigates the problem of contemporary historiography and regime representation in Flavian Rome through a close study of a text not usually read for such purposes but which has obvious promise for a study of this theme, the Jewish War of Flavius Josephus. Having surveyed the evolution of our conception of Josephus’ relationship to Flavian power, taken a broad account of issues of political expression and regime representation in Flavian Rome outside Josephus, and examined questions relating to the structure and date of the work, I will provide a series of thematically focused readings of the three senior members of the Flavian family, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, as represented by their contemporary and client Josephus. Key topics to be explored include the level of independence of Josephus’ vision, his work’s relationship to how the regime is depicted in other contemporary sources, how Josephus makes the Flavians serve his own agenda (which is distinct from the heavy focus of much previous scholarship on how Josephus served their agenda), and the viability and usefulness of certain types of reading practices relating to figured critique which have recently become influential in Josephan scholarship. The book offers a new approach to Josephus’ relationship to the Flavian dynasty and sheds new light on contemporary historiography and political expression in the Early Principate.
Mapping the Ethics of Algorithms
Authors: Floridi Luciano
Published: August 2023

Previously, in Chapters 4–6, the ethical principles, risks, and governance of AI were analysed. This chapter reviews the actual ethical challenges posed by AI through a focus on the debate about the ethics of algorithms. More shall be said about robotics in Chapter 8. Research on the ethics of algorithms has grown substantially in recent years. Given the exponential development and application of ML algorithms over the past decade in particular, new ethical problems and solutions relating to their ubiquitous use in society have emerged. This chapter analyses the state of the debate with the goals of contributing to the identification and analysis of the ethical implications of algorithms; providing an updated analysis of epistemic and normative concerns; and offering actionable guidance for governance of the design, development, and deployment of algorithms.
Clocks as Symbols 2
Authors: Miller Kassandra J.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 4 contextualizes Galen’s attitude toward clocks by investigating the semiotic fields of sundials and water clocks under the Roman Empire. This chapter shows how—across a range of media, such as sarcophagi, gemstones, friezes, and obelisks—sundials had become symbols connoting a range of concepts, including the human lifespan, immortality, the idea of the “scientific thinker,” Greek paideia, and Roman imperial power. This chapter reveals the kinds of social capital available to medical writers and practitioners who associated themselves with clock technology and allows us to revisit with fresh eyes Galen’s appeal to this technology in Affections and Errors. Ultimately, I propose that, here, Galen can be understood as adapting common clock tropes of his day in order to promote his own scientific method as the best way to live one’s life.
Brexit and the Free Movement of Persons
Authors: Spaventa Eleanor
Published: August 2023

This chapter considers the broader significance of Brexit for the concept of Union citizenship. It first analyses the rights of Brexit citizens as contained in the Withdrawal Agreement, and then highlights how the Agreement not only entails a loss of rights for citizens affected but betrays a very ‘thin’ vision of what EU citizenship really entails: far from being a fundamental status, EU citizenship emerges as a limited addition to EU citizens’ rights. In particular, the Withdrawal Agreement shows that the EU institutions have rejected an identitarian vision of Union citizenship, rather espousing a transactional view. Furthermore, the lack of free movement rights for British Brexit citizens also demonstrates that the spatial point of reference for the EU citizen is the host Member State and not the internal market as a whole.
Abandonment and Communication
Authors: Cappelen Herman
Published: August 2023

This chapter addresses the question of how abolitionists might go about communicating with preservationists. It investigates how people with different languages manage to talk to each other. The chapter outlines communicative difficulties in linguistic interactions, as well as some potential solutions. It begins with the question of direct and indirect quotation, before discussing how linguistic interactions between abolitionists and preservationists can be awkward. It then deals with the question of how an abolitionist might respect the cooperative principle. The chapter also engages with the concepts of diagnostic explanation and counterfactual ameliorative charity, accepting that the latter does not always work.
Papal Privileges in England and the Coming of the ‘Papal Revolution’ (1049–73)
Authors: Savill Benjamin
Published: August 2023

Chapter 7 considers the significance of the new wave of papal privileges acquired by English beneficiaries in the 1040s–70s, and their relationship to the emerging ‘papal revolution’ or ‘reform’ movement of these decades. After some reflections on the dynamics of this early period of the papal reform, the chapter looks at the different privileges acquired for England in these years. It notes in particular the recurrent links between these acquisitions and the Lotharingians then prominent in the English hierarchy, as well as the limited evidence for these documents’ long-term impact. It argues that both the political uncertainties of England in these decades and the influx of new, continental-trained personnel encouraged these new experimentations with papal documentary culture. These could not, however, be sustained for more than a generation, especially after the further disruptions of the Norman Conquest. This also has implications about how we think about the wider reach and capacity of the early papal reform movement.
Conclusions
Authors: Savill Benjamin
Published: August 2023

This concluding chapter reflects on the longue durée picture of Anglo-papal documentary relations across the early middle ages, stressing in particular the absence of a simple linear narrative, and the importance rather of the experimental nature of many early English interactions with the papacy: engaging on-and-off with Rome as a resource of ideas, traditions, and textual strategies over the centuries. It further emphasises the difference between later Anglo-Saxon and later-/post-Carolingian interactions with Rome, and closes with some remarks on what this study underlines about the wider (substantially, petitioner-driven) dynamics of the early medieval papacy.
Introduction
Authors: Mekky Omar
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces the legal issues surrounding religiously motivated violence, a subject of intense juristic debate for the past 100 years of Islamic history. The phenomenon entered the political landscape with the emergence of socio-political Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood (Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimin, Hamas, Hezbollah), the Houthis, the Islamic Court Union (Ethad Al-Mhakem Al-Aslamya), and the Taliban. Over time, some of these movements branched to form a more radicalized type of militant group, commonly referred to as Jihadist movements. The most prominent Jihadist movements operating today include ISIS, Al-Qaeda, Hay’at Tahrir Al-Sham, Boko Haram, Al-Shabab, Ansar Al-Din, and Ansar Biet Al-Maqdis. The notion of Jihad, as defined and evolved in Islamic law, has allegedly become the foundation for legitimizing Jihadists’ resort to violence as a mean of achieving the ultimate goal of establishing the ideal Islamic state—the ‘Islamic Caliphate’—or for fighting the enemies of Islam.
Islamic Law and the Evolution of Jihad
Authors: Mekky Omar
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces Islamic law as a legal system rooted in history but very much alive today, a law that entails a comprehensive set of rules concerning the rights and obligations of Muslims—including rules regulating Muslims’ conducts in warfare (commonly referred to by Muslim jurists as Siyar). It discusses the primary sources of Islamic law and highlights the significant role of the science of fiqh in filling the gap regarding the different aspects of social life that Muslim societies over time have come to consider as needing to be regulated by law. This chapter also examines the historical and contextual evolution of the notion of Jihad from the ‘Medinan ideal’ state of Muhammad to the now collapsed ‘state’ of Abu Bakr Al Baghdadi and attempts to highlight how every Islamic state or group used or misused the notion of Jihad throughout Islamic history based on various socio-political considerations.
The Islamic Jus in Bello from International Law Perspective
Authors: Mekky Omar
Published: August 2023

This chapter tackles the jus in bello from international law and Islamic law perspectives, whether in international or non-international armed conflicts. Its main purpose is to shed light on the commonalities and differences between these two existing legal paradigms as they are, mainly, the norms regulating the conducts of hostilities by and against the Jihadist movements in our contemporary world. It starts with how these two bodies of law define the jus in bello and their different methodologies and underlying motivations in terms of the classification to the conflicts’ process. It also discusses the substantial rules related to the protection of the victims of armed conflict and the warring parties’ rights to use particular means and methods of warfare during armed conflicts.
Integrated Approach in Fostering Compliance by Islamic Jihadist Groups
Authors: Mekky Omar
Published: August 2023

This chapter argues that due to the distrust and rejection of the Jihadist groups of the norms of the traditional international law and the significant role that Islamic law plays in influencing the behaviours of the Jihadist groups, a partnership between international law and Islamic law should be pursued. It attempts to explain some of the challenges—such as the ambiguity and diverse interpretations of Islamic law texts—of such interaction while proposing how an integrated approach could be useful to reach the desired end. It puts forward the four main pillars of this integrated approach in order to build the pursued partnership between international law and Islamic law, as practical guidelines for those interested to apply it in relevant contemporary warfare.
Introduction
Authors: Blower Brooke L.
Published: August 2023

In February 1943, passengers gather in New York apartments and hotels awaiting boarding instructions from Pan American Airways. The stakes of the global crisis they will soon be speeding toward at more than 150 miles per hour—which some Americans were beginning to call World War II—have escalated to ghastly heights. Pan Am’s flying boats, built for a world not yet paved over with runways and capable of carrying large payloads across the oceans, have an obvious utility for the war effort. Demand for seats on the clippers has exploded as motley groups of travelers set out to negotiate trade deals, barter technological know-how, channel information, grease the wheels of Allied cooperation, and, sometimes, conspire with enemy agents. These are in-between people, knitting the US mainland to the world’s other staging zones and battlegrounds in ways that defy simplistic imaginaries like “war front” and “home front.”
Blood of the Earth
Authors: Blower Brooke L.
Published: August 2023

Harry Seidel and his friend Ryland Andrews, recent college graduates, enlist the help of fellow Brown University alumnus John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to break into the oil business. After toiling on the supply lines of Prairie Oil and Gas Company in the rough-and-tumble petroleum fields of Oklahoma, the two young men land jobs with Standard Oil of New Jersey’s first foreign production enterprise, Româno-Americană, operating on the northern periphery of the Balkans, a region at war since 1911. In Romania—at first neutral but soon drawn into World War I despite enormous risks—Harry discovers that oil is no longer one source of wealth in a commercial market. It is becoming the life force of states, the tipping point in wars.
Tramp Trade
Authors: Blower Brooke L.
Published: August 2023

In an age of booming Spanish migration to the Americas, Manuel Diaz’s decision to settle in New York City stands out. Spaniards of his generation have been raised to distrust the United States as a historic rival that deprived Spain of its remaining colonies in the War of 1898. Many harbor hope that the Motherland, la Madre Patria, might yet again become an influential force in the Western Hemisphere, defying Americans’ Monroe Doctrine and drawing Spanish-speaking Republics together into a powerful bloc, dedicated to a shared heritage of hispanismo. The outbreak of war in Europe in 1914 intensifies these sentiments. Manuel avoids the draft and works instead as an agent representing neutral transatlantic shipping. In time he will cofound with Marcelino Garcia the most important shipping agency to run cargo and passenger traffic between New York, Latin America, and the Iberian Peninsula.
Tea-Time
Authors: Blower Brooke L.
Published: August 2023

Frank moves to Manila in 1930 in order to begin his career in sales with the export company Dodge & Seymour. He spends a decade in the Philippines, Singapore, and the Netherlands East Indies, amid fierce debates about imperialism, the place of Americans and Europeans in Southeast Asia, and the geopolitics of trade and human movement. Japan has been studiously seizing overseas territory for decades and is an increasingly serious commercial competitor. But Frank, like many other Americans, underestimates Japanese determination. Quickly accustomed to colonial privilege, he likewise fails to recognize the growing power of anticolonial nationalism in the region.
Three-Minute Channel
Authors: Blower Brooke L.
Published: August 2023

When war breaks out in Europe in 1939, Ben doubts British motives and hopes the United States will stay out of it. But knowing that war also means opportunities for reporters, he soon scores a position as a foreign correspondent for the exciting new afternoon daily PM. The paper’s founder Ralph Ingersoll dispatches Ben to London to document Nazi Germany’s lightning advance to the shores of France in the summer of 1940. Before long, Ben finds himself caught up in a series of political revelations that will reshape his approach to journalism and propel him, and PM, into the vanguard of those advocating for American aid to Britain.
Making Partnership in Accounting
Authors: Kokot-Blamey Patrizia
Published: August 2023

Chapter 3 focuses on an analysis of the career histories of the respondents on the way to partnership. The analysis highlights the role of dependency between respondents and their line managers and examines how these dependencies are patterned cross-nationally. It asks what dependency in the workplace—both being dependent on others and being able to depend on others—does to women and their careers. The findings show how knowing and trusting one another was important in decision-making when it came to forming partnerships and, at times, superseded performance-related factors. In contrast, in the UK, the women talked about themselves in much more commodified terms, and the focus here was more on signaling ones’ expectations and value to the firm, and understanding the career structures, appraisal and performance management systems in place.
Expanding Public Health Boundaries
Authors: Grogan Colleen M.
Published: August 2023

This chapter documents how as public health state-building continued to expand and grow in the post-1910 period, an intense and growing opposition emerged on two fronts. First, as certain forms of sanitation became standardized, “nonscientific” jobs such as garbage collection became mired in patronage politics. Second, the domain of public health expanded to consider the health of individuals, and private practice physicians emerged as a key opponent of what they called “state medicine.” Two crucial rhetorical devices were used to placate the opposition: (1) claiming that state public health efforts were within the accepted domain of prevention—not treatment; and (2) claiming that when health departments or voluntary agencies provided treatment, such care was only extended to the indigent. These efforts to hide public health care’s expanded reach are the original seeds of Grow and Hide.