bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ONSET OF ALLOMETRIC MAMMARY GROWTH IN THE FEMALE HOODED NORWAY RAT
Authors: SILVER MARIAN
Published: December 2008

In order to study the factors involved in the initiation of allometric mammary growth, which occurs at about 3 weeks of age in the intact female rat, an attempt to induce this phase prematurely in the suckling gonadectomized animal by means of oestrogen was made. It was found, however, that the mammary glands were practically insensitive to physiological doses of this hormone during the suckling period unless anterior pituitary (a.p.) extract was also given. The relative mammary growth rate in animals treated with a.p. plus oestrogen from the 10th to 27th day of life was similar to that found in control rats receiving oestrogen alone from the 20th to 36th day, but in the former groups allometry was initiated before the 20th day of life. It is suggested that both the level of endogenous oestrogen secretion and the functional activity of the anterior pituitary may be important in determining the time of onset of allometric mammary development in the intact animal.
THE PROGESTERONE CONTENT OF BODY FLUIDS AND TISSUES
Authors: EDGAR D. G.
Published: December 2008

By means of a chemical assay method [Edgar, 1953], progesterone was found in blood from the vein draining an active ovary in the pregnant and non-pregnant ewe and in the non-pregnant sow. It was not found in blood from the ovarian vein of a ewe with inactive ovaries, nor in peripheral blood of the pregnant and non-pregnant ewe, mare, cow, sow, and female rabbit, nor of the castrated ram.

The hormone was present in fluid from the mature Graafian follicle of the cow and sow, and in fluid from pathological ovarian cysts in the sow.

The progesterone content of corpora lutea from the sheep, calf and elephant was also determined.
THE ANTI-THYROID ACTION OF PARA-AMINO-SALICYLIC ACID
Authors: BEATTIE J. , CHAMBERS R. D.
Published: December 2008

1. Para-amino-salicylic acid (PAS sodium salt) given to rats under the experimental conditions described produces a fall of radio-iodine uptake to 10% of the control value at the end of 16 days. After 30 days this low level is unchanged.

2. Oxygen consumption falls gradually to 12% below the control value at the end of 30 days' treatment with PAS.

3. Thyroxine with PAS abolishes the fall in oxygen consumption and raises the radio-iodine uptake slightly above that given with PAS alone.

4. Methyl thiouracil with PAS does not depress the oxygen consumption level below that obtained with PAS alone. The radio-iodine uptake is raised slightly above that found with PAS.

5. After 15 weeks' administration of PAS radio-iodine uptake is more than double that of the control value.

6. The rise in radio-iodine uptake when thyroxine and methyl thiouracil are given with PAS and when PAS treatment is prolonged, is accompanied by structural changes in the thyroid gland indicative of an increased output of thyrotrophic hormone.

7. After 29 weeks' treatment with PAS signs of exhaustion of the thyroid gland appear. Complete degeneration of the follicular epithelium was observed in some animals at this time.

8. The structural changes in the gland are reversible even after 25 weeks' treatment with PAS at a dose level of 1 mg/g body weight/day.
THE ROLE OF FOLIC ACID IN HORMONALLY-INDUCED TISSUE GROWTH
Authors: SILVER MARIAN
Published: December 2008

The effect of the folic acid antagonist, aminopterin, on the response of the mammary gland and uterus to oestrogen in the rat, and the pigeon crop-gland to prolactin have been investigated. Using the paired-feeding technique, it was found that the growth of the mammary glands in the spayed female rat, in response to a maximal oestrogenic stimulus, was diminished during severe folic acid deficiency. The rate of increase of glandular area relative to body surface area in the animals treated with aminopterin was considerably lower than that of the pair-fed control rats. The type of glandular structure obtained after oestrogen treatment seemed to be independent of the presence of the vitamin.

The five-fold increase in uterine weight which occurred in response to a maximal oestrogenic stimulus 48 hr after the onset of treatment, was diminished after high doses of antagonist. Complete inhibition of the response was never obtained, however, even with lethal doses of antagonist begun 2 days before the oestrogen injections. The rapid increase in water uptake of the uterus and enlargement of its epithelial lining, which are characteristic of oestrogenic stimulation in this organ, were barely affected by the aminopterin treatment.

In the pigeon, although no typical folic acid deficiency symptoms developed, the growth of the crop-gland in response to prolactin was reduced by prior treatment with a high dose of aminopterin (1 mg/day). Since the normal response to prolactin was restored when either folic acid or citrovorum factor was given in conjunction with aminopterin, it was concluded that the latter was acting in the capacity of a folic acid antagonist.

The mechanism of action of folic acid in hormonally-induced growth is discussed in the light of these findings.
THE INFLUENCE OF STEROID HORMONES ON THE ENERGY METABOLISM OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN VITRO
Authors: BRUMMEL EVA , HALKERSTON I. D. K. , REISS M.
Published: December 2008

The action of different steroid hormones on the oxygen consumption of adrenal cortex slices in vitro was investigated.

Deoxycorticosterone (DOC), testosterone and dehydroisoandrosterone, and 17-hydroxycorticosterone, were found to stimulate the oxygen uptake rate, while cortisone, progesterone, pregnenolone, androsterone and cholesterol were inactive.

Pretreatment of the slices with DOC, testosterone or ACTH inhibited the action of ACTH or DOC added subsequently.

The significance of the direct action of different steroid hormones on the energy metabolism of the adrenal cortex is discussed.
THE PRODUCTION OF COINCIDENT OESTRUS AND OVULATION IN THE ANOESTROUS EWE WITH PROGESTERONE AND PREGNANT MARE SERUM
Authors: ROBINSON T. J.
Published: December 2008

1. Sixty crossbred maiden ewes, twelve of which were hysterectomized, and eighteen mature ewes were used during the non-breeding season in two experiments involving injection with 75 mg of progesterone intramuscularly and 1000 i.u. of pregnant mare serum (PMS) subcutaneously, either alone or in combination.

2. Progesterone given as two daily injections of 12·5 mg each for 3 days, followed 2 days later by 1000 i.u. of PMS resulted in oestrus with ovulation in sixteen out of eighteen ewes treated. The two remaining ewes failed to ovulate owing to the presence of active corpora lutea.

3. Three injections of 25 mg progesterone/day, or a single injection of 75 mg progesterone followed by PMS, were decreasingly less effective in inducing oestrus.

4. Progesterone alone in the form of two daily injections of 12·5 mg for 3 days without subsequent PMS, was followed by ovulation in five out of six mature ewes, three of them exhibiting oestrus and producing lambs subsequently.

5. Time relationships were physiologically normal, oestrus commencing 24 to 36 hr after PMS and preceding ovulation by 10–20 hr. The ovaries showed no histological abnormalities.

6. Hysterectomized and intact ewes responded alike, suggesting that the conditioning effect of progesterone is a central phenomenon.
THE INFLUENCE OF GROWTH HORMONE ON THE PROTEIN COMPOSITION OF RAT MUSCLE
Authors: GRAY BARBARA J. , YOUNG F. G.
Published: December 2008

1. The effect of 15 days' treatment with purified pituitary growth hormone (GH) on the composition of the protein of the quadriceps muscle was studied in adult female rats.

2. The muscle protein was divided into three fractions, the sarcoplasmic protein, the myofibrillar protein, and collagen and elastin. No differences were found in the proportions of the three fractions in normal and in GH-treated rats.

3. There are two components of muscle with adenosine triphosphatase (ATP-ase) activity: the myofibrils and the sarcoplasmic granules. These two activities and the total ATP-ase activity were assayed in homogenates from GH-treated and control rats. The only alteration observed in the rats receiving GH treatment was a diminution in the amount of myofibrillar ATP-ase per gram of fresh tissue.
DIRECT HORMONE INACTIVATION BY EXTRACTS OF LITHOSPERMUM RUDERALE
Authors: NOBLE R. L. , PLUNKETT E. R. , GRAHAM R. C. B.
Published: December 2008

1. The inhibiting action of extracts of Lithospermum ruderale (lithosperm) when mixed with various hormones has been described.

2. Pituitary gonadotrophin, prolactin (luteotrophin), thyrotrophin and pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMS) are readily inactivated. Chorionic gonadotrophin is less readily affected, and pituitary growth hormone and ACTH are unaffected by the concentration of lithosperm which inactivates the other hormones. Insulin and posterior pituitary hormones are equally unaffected.

3. PMS 'inactivated' by lithosperm is still capable of causing marked interstitial cell stimulation of the ovary of the intact rat with resulting oestrogen production. Hypophysectomy abolishes this reaction.

4. Various factors influencing the in vitro inactivation have been described, so that a standard method could be developed for testing fractions obtained in purifying lithosperm extracts.

5. Some preliminary extraction methods are discussed.
SOME ASPECTS OF ZONATION AND FUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: JONES I. CHESTER , WRIGHT A.
Published: December 2008

The adrenal of male and female rats with persistent diabetes insipidus showed a prominent zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. The zona glomerulosa was narrow or absent.

The results from this and the preceding three papers are here reviewed together. It is concluded that control of salt-electrolyte metabolism cannot be ascribed to the zona glomerulosa. It is probable that the zona fasciculata is reponsible for most of the adrenocortical secretions. The zona glomerulosa is a vegetative back-water of cells, which is able to produce minimal amounts of adrenocortical secretions without stimulation by pituitary hormones, but is only of significance when the latter are absent. Rising amounts of circulating adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) can transform the zona glomerulosa into actively secreting cells of the zona fasciculata type. After cessation of such activity the zona glomerulosa re-forms, as the amount of ACTH will maintain only a certain volume of zona fasciculata (and zona reticularis) against the rigid limiting inner circumference formed by the medulla; some of the cells derived from the chief area of cell division in the outer part of the zona fasciculata do not mature to cells of the zona fasciculata type, but form zona glomerulosa cells. It is thought that cell migration occurs from the cells of the outer region of the zona fasciculata to the zona reticularis and that this is, normally, a slow process.
DIRECT PROGESTATIONAL ACTION OF PROGESTERONE AND CERTAIN RELATED STEROIDS ON THE ENDOMETRIUM OF THE RHESUS MONKEY
Authors: HÖHN E. O.
Published: December 2008

Solid intrauterine implants of certain steroids were made in prepubertal and adolescent ovariectomized and oestrone-primed rhesus monkeys. Implants of the following steroids produced localized progestational changes in the endometrial glands: progesterone, deoxycortone, ethisterone, testosterone, methyl testosterone and methyl dihydrotestosterone. Pregnenolone produced only minimal progestational effects. Pregnanediol showed no progestational effect and failed to maintain the endometrium.

A comparison of the direct progestational action of a number of steroids on the endometrium has been made in the four species so far investigated (mouse, rabbit, cat and monkey, each of which represents a different mammalian order). Direct progestational action requires a fairly close structural similarity to progesterone in all cases, but the degree of similarity required shows a marked species difference.
STUDIES ON THE PITUITARY MELANOPHORE-EXPANDING HORMONE WITH REFERENCE TO ITS IDENTITY WITH ACTH
Authors: KETTERER B. , REMILTON ELIZABETH
Published: December 2008

1. The standard Xenopus method for the assay of pituitary melanophore-expanding hormone has been critically examined, and the results from various assay procedures are statistically analysed.

2. Log dose-response data are well fitted by a linear regression curve. Responses at 3 hr give a steeper curve than those at 1½ hr.

3. Results collected 6 months apart show that the mean and slope of dose-response curves remain constant when Xenopus are given regular dosage; there is, however, a progressive increase of variance with time shown by the colony under these experimental conditions.

4. Evidence is presented to show that Xenopus must be minimally disturbed during assay, and that assay doses must be given not less than 1 day apart.
THE PRESENCE OF A FUNCTIONAL CORPUS LUTEUM DURING DELAYED IMPLANTATION IN THE ARMADILLO
Authors: TALMAGE R. V. , BUCHANAN G. D. , KRAINTZ F. W. , LAZO-WASEM E. A. , ZARROW M. X.
Published: December 2008

The reproductive physiology of the armadillo has been studied with special emphasis on the hormonal problems related to the phenomenon of delayed implantation which occurs in this species.

Ovulation occurs spontaneously in the unmated animal, and a corpus luteum is formed which is grossly indistinguishable from, and histologically similar to, the corpus luteum of pregnancy. Both this and the corpus luteum normally present during the period of delayed implantation are functional, as indicated by the increased respiratory quotient of the luteal tissue and the high progestin activity of the serum.

It is tentatively suggested that the failure of the blastocyst to implant is due to lack of a proper ratio of oestrogen and progestin and not to an insufficiency of progestin alone.
BILATERAL ADRENALECTOMY IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: MORRISON A. B.
Published: December 2008

A technique for bilateral adrenalectomy in the guinea-pig is described in detail.

The right adrenal is removed first through a dorsal incision involving removal of the penultimate rib. The removal of the right gland from the inferior vena cava, to which it is adherent, is accomplished by using a loop of thread both for the ligation of the pedicle and to effect a line of cleavage between the gland and the vein. The left adrenal is similarly removed 2 weeks later.

Adrenalectomized animals have been kept alive for 14–28 days, without any hormonal substitution therapy, on a suitable post-operative diet containing added salt and ascorbic acid. The efficacy of the procedure was tested by removal of the added salt, which led to death of the animals in a few days.
EFFECTS OF THE THYROID STATE, SEASON AND CASTRATION ON THE ADRENAL GLANDS IN MALE RABBITS
Authors: MAQSOOD M.
Published: December 2008

The influence of the thyroid state, season and castration on the weight of the adrenals of the young male rabbit at different ages has been studied. Administration of thyroxine in doses about 30–50% above the estimated rate of secretion of thyroxine for a period of 4 weeks resulted in a significant increase in the weight of the adrenals, while treatment with thiouracil caused a significant decrease in adrenal weight. Thyroxine, when injected in doses below or about equal to the estimated rate of thyroxine secretion, did not affect the weight of the adrenals. On the other hand, prolonged mild hyperthyroidism resulted in an insignificant decrease in the weight of the adrenals.

The weights of the adrenals in experimental and control animals during the summer months were significantly lower than those obtained in the winter. This was probably due to a decrease in the rate of secretion of thyroxine which occurred presumably as a result of high environmental temperature during the summer. Castration did not affect the weight of the adrenals of 8-week-old male rabbits after a period of 4 weeks, but resulted in a significant increase in the weight of the adrenals after a period of 24 weeks.

The possible existence of an interrelationship between the thyroid, adrenals and gonads is discussed.
SUPPRESSION BY ADRENALINE OF THE EOSINOPENIA PRODUCED BY DOG'S ARTERIAL PLASMA IN ADRENALECTOMIZED MICE
Authors: VOGT MARTHE
Published: December 2008

Adrenalectomized mice of the strain used by Bibile [1953] were primed with 20 μg adrenaline in an attempt to inhibit the eosinopenia caused by an injection of dog's arterial plasma. This dose of adrenaline is insufficient to abolish completely the eosinopenia due to plasma, and is toxic to the test animals. Thus the only satisfactory way of using the mouse eosinophil test for the assay of cortical steroids in dog plasma is to precede the assay by a chemical extraction of the hormone.
THE RATE OF ABSORPTION OF STEROIDS AND SYNTHETIC OESTROGENS FROM SUBCUTANEOUSLY IMPLANTED TABLETS
Authors: COWIE A. T. , FLUX D. S.
Published: December 2008

The rates of absorption of a number of steroid compounds and synthetic oestrogens from subcutaneously implanted tablets in mice, rats and cows are presented and compared with those observed by other workers.
THE EFFECT OF pH ON THE DIABETOGENIC ACTION OF ALLOXAN
Authors: KLEBANOFF S. J. , GREENBAUM A. L.
Published: December 2008

1. The effect of pH on the diabetogenic action of alloxan has been studied. Dissolving alloxan in buffer of pH 4·0 prior to injection potentiates the diabetogenic action. Conversely, dissolving alloxan in buffer of pH 8·0 decreases the diabetogenic effect.

2. A routine method for the production of diabetes is proposed. The incidence of diabetes was increased from 5 to 93% by the subcutaneous injection of 200 mg alloxan monohydrate/kilo body weight dissolved in citrate phosphate buffer, pH 4·0, instead of in water.

3. Systemic acidosis (either by CaCl2 or NH4Cl ingestion, or the respiration of gas mixtures rich in CO2) increased the susceptibility of rats to alloxan.

4. Measurements have been made of reduced glutathione in blood and liver, and the level of ascorbic acid. No correlation has been found between the changes in the level of these substances and the incidence of diabetes.

5. It is suggested that a relative acidity in the β-cells could be a contributory factor which regulates the susceptibility of these cells to alloxan.
RESISTANCE OF RATS WITH ENUCLEATED ADRENALS TO INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF A HYPERTONIC GLUCOSE SOLUTION
Authors: BROGI M. P.
Published: December 2008

The resistance of rats to intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic glucose solution, as measured by the animals' survival, has been studied in rats with enucleated adrenals at various intervals after operation.

As is the case with adrenalectomized animals, there was no resistance 4 days after the operation. Resistance had partially returned after 8 days and was restored to normal after 13 days.

The restoration of resistance coincided with the disappearance of disturbances in the metabolism of fat, protein and carbohydrate caused by adrenal enucleation, but those involving sodium, potassium and water metabolism persisted.

Recovery of normal resistance to the stressing stimulus used seemed to depend on the quantity of cortical tissue regenerated rather than on its differentiation into typical cortical zones.
THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE MECHANISM OF SYMPATHETICO-ADRENAL INHIBITION OF MILK EJECTION
Authors: CROSS B. A.
Published: December 2008

1. Electrical stimulation of the supraoptico-hypophysial system gave rise to milk ejection from cannulated teats in anaesthetized lactating rabbits. Stimuli applied in the vicinity of the paraventricular nucleus produced signs of sympathetic activity and no milk-ejection responses in the intact animal, but after acute adrenalectomy milk-ejection responses could be elicited from this region.

2. Stimulation of the dorsal, lateral and posterior areas of the hypothalamus, but not of the ventral tuberal regions, caused pupillary dilatation, exophthalmos and hyperpnoea, and inhibited the milk-ejection response to oxytocin injected intravenously 10–15 sec after the end of the stimulus. The inhibitory effect could be simulated by injection of 1–5 μg adrenaline. It was abolished by bilateral adrenalectomy.

3. Inhibition of the milk-ejection response to oxytocin was also produced by stimulation of the splanchnic nerve supply to the adrenal glands, and of the sympathetic nerve supply to the mammary glands. After bilateral adrenalectomy some inhibitory effect on milk-ejection was apparent when oxytocin was injected during prolonged stimulation of the sympathetic centres of the hypothalamus.

4. Adrenaline was 1½ to 4 times more active in blocking the milk-ejection response to intravenous oxytocin than noradrenaline.

5. Stimulation of the hypothalamus or mammary sympathetic nerves, and injection of adrenaline or noradrenaline did not inhibit the milk-ejection response to mechanical stimuli applied direct to the mammary glands.

6. The inhibition of the milk-ejection response to oxytocin produced by stimulation of the hypothalamus was associated with inability of the young to remove milk from the mammary glands during suckling.
NEUROHORMONAL MECHANISMS IN EMOTIONAL INHIBITION OF MILK EJECTION
Authors: CROSS B. A.
Published: December 2008

1. Fifteen lactating rabbits were maintained on a regime of one daily nursing in which litter weights, milk yields and duration of nursing were recorded.

2. Sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia blocked the milk-ejection reflex and prevented the removal of more than 15% of the full milk yield by the young. Intravenous injection of 50 mU oxytocin regularly restored normal milk removal; 10 and 20 mU did not.

3. In thirty-five out of forty-two experiments in which the does were suckled while under forcible restraint the amount of milk removed was reduced by 20–100%. In twenty-nine cases injection of 50 mU oxytocin restored normal milk removal. In the remaining six experiments this replacement therapy was fully effective only after the does had been anaesthetized.

4. Kymograph records of milk-ejection responses showed that normal milk removal was associated with a reflex milk-ejection response similar to that produced by 50 mU oxytocin, and incomplete milk removal with a reduced (=5 mU oxytocin) or absent milk-ejection response. Where injection of 50 mU oxytocin failed to restore normal milk removal in the conscious animal, the resulting milk-ejection response was reduced by an amount similar to that produced by injection of 1μg adrenaline.

5. The results indicate that, while activation of the sympathetico-adrenal system does occur, the main factor in emotional disturbance of the milk-ejection reflex is a partial or complete inhibition of oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary gland.
ENDOCRINE FACTORS AFFECTING CELL REPLACEMENT AND CELL LOSS IN THE EPIDERMIS AND SEBACEOUS GLANDS OF THE FEMALE ALBINO RAT
Authors: EBLING F. J.
Published: December 2008

1. Hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy in female albino rats aged 9 months were followed by an enlargement of the sebaceous glands and a thickening of the stratum germinativum plus stratum granulosum in the skin of the back. In similar rats aged 5 months hypophysectomy produced a very significant increase in epidermal thickness, but the increase in the mean volume of the sebaceous glands was not statistically significant.

2. In rats aged 5 months hypophysectomy appeared to increase the incidence of mitoses in both tissues, as measured 5 hr after the injection of colchicine. In rats aged 9 months these increases were less marked in the sebaceous glands and insignificant in the stratum germinativum.

3. Implantation of oestradiol/cholesterol for 3–4 weeks caused a marked reduction in size of the sebaceous glands in intact, in hypophysectomized, and in adrenalectomized rats. Epidermal thickness remained unaffected in intact adult rats, but was reduced in hypophysectomized or adrenalectomized rats.

4. The incidence of mitoses in the sebaceous glands and stratum germinativum was not affected 3–4 weeks after the implantation of oestradiol in intact, in hypophysectomized, and in adrenalectomized rats.

5. Spaying had no significant effect on sebaceous gland size, epidermal thickness, or incidence of mitoses.

6. The following main conclusions are suggested by the results:

(a) The normal breakdown of sebaceous cells, epidermal keratinization and subsequent cell loss in the skin of the back of the rat are delayed by interference with the pituitary-adrenal system.

(b) Oestradiol accelerates the breakdown processes even in the absence of the pituitary and adrenal glands.

(c) In the adult female rat mitosis in the epidermis and sebaceous glands neither requires nor is greatly affected by the presence of oestradiol.

(d) In the absence of the pituitary the incidence of mitoses in the epidermis and sebaceous glands may be increased; it is possible therefore that a pituitary or adrenal hormone may inhibit mitosis.
PITUITARY GROWTH HORMONE AND THE GLUCOSE UTILIZATION OF RAT DIAPHRAGM
Authors: OTTAWAY J. H. , BULBROOK R. D.
Published: December 2008

Growth hormone has been reported to cause either a depression or a stimulation of the glucose uptake of isolated rat diaphragm. The present paper describes further work on the two effects.

1. Anaerobic conditions during the preparation of the diaphragm for incubation affect the glucose uptake and alter the response of the muscle to growth hormone. By controlling the oxygen tension in the diaphragm immediately after excision, variation of the glucose uptake and the effect of the hormone is reduced.

2. Solutions of growth hormone were found to be extremely labile, but, by rigidly standardizing the method of preparing solutions, consistent results were obtained.

3. The relationship between the concentration of growth hormone and its effect on the glucose uptake of isolated diaphragm was investigated separately for muscle saturated with oxygen and with nitrogen. With oxygenated muscle at high concentrations the hormone stimulates, and at low concentrations depresses, the rate of glucose uptake.

4. The mode of action of growth hormone in vitro and in vivo is discussed.
STUDIES OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FOLLOWING ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF CORTISONE ACETATE OR HYDROCORTISONE
Authors: ABELSON DENIS , BARON D. N. , TOAKLEY J. G.
Published: December 2008

1. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), obtained in the course of routine air encephalography, was examined for the presence of adrenocortical steroids by the method of extraction followed by paper chromatography. Compounds provisionally identified as cortisone and hydrocortisone were found in approximate concentrations of 0·1–0·2 and 0·2–0·40·4μg/100 ml. respectively. Other uncharacterized compounds were also found.

2. After oral administration of either cortisone acetate or hydrocortisone the concentration in the CSF of the compound considered to be hydrocortisone was increased. This increase was greater after administration of hydrocortisone than after cortisone acetate and was maximal 4–4½ hr after the dose. No increase was detected in the concentration of cortisone.

3. The physiological and therapeutic implications of these results are discussed with special reference to the conversion in vivo of cortisone to hydrocortisone.
THE ASSAY OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC ACTIVITY IN PLASMA EXTRACTS
Authors: PARROTT DELPHINE M. V.
Published: December 2008

1. Quantities of 1 μg ACTH added to normal plasma were recovered after extraction by an acid-acetone technique, and after adsorption of the resultant extracts on to, and subsequent elution from, oxycellulose columns.

2. Adrenocorticotrophic activity has been demonstrated in acid-acetone extracts of plasma from patients with Addison's disease both with and without DCA or cortisone therapy, from a female pseudohermaphrodite, in two patients with post-operative stress, and in a patient in in diabetic coma.

3. All extracts were assayed in more than one dose, and the difficulties in obtaining valid assays against standard preparations are discussed.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPRESSION OF POLYPLOIDY IN THE DEVELOPING AND SUPPRESSED DECIDUOMA IN THE RAT
Authors: SACHS LEO , SHELESNYAK M. C.
Published: December 2008

Pseudopregnant rats were used to study cytological changes in the endometrium following mechanical or chemical (histamine) stimulation of the mucosa. Normal deciduomata, and decidual growths suppressed by topical intra-lumen application of the anti-histamine drug Benadryl, were examined at intervals from 1 to 216 hr after mucosal stimulation. Results showed no mitotic activity in either the normal or suppressed horn for the first 18 hr followed by diploid activity from 18½ to 27 hr. After 27 hr, the suppressed horn showed no more mitoses, and no development of polyploidy; the normal deciduoma showed diploid mitoses for a longer period, and then the development of polyploidy. In the developing deciduoma polyploidy appeared 36 hr after stimulation. There was an increase in the amount of polyploid cells with the continued development of the deciduoma. It is concluded that (a) the suppression of deciduomata by anti-histamine is effected by the suppression of development of the deciduoma and not by a gross destruction of tissue; (b) polyploidy develops in the deciduoma, possibly involving all the decidual cells; (c) the extensive existence of polyploid cells which cannot reproduce normally or persist is a possible basis for the limited life of the deciduoma.
THE EFFECT OF ACTH AND CORTISONE ON THE SURVIVAL OF SKIN HOMOGRAFTS AND ON THE ADRENAL GLANDS IN MONKEYS (MACACA MULATTA)
Authors: KROHN P. L.
Published: December 2008

1. Daily treatment of monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with 25 or 30 mg ACTH in beeswax/arachis oil almost doubles the size and alters the histological appearance of the adrenal glands. The life-span of skin homografts is, however, only prolonged by a trivial amount.

2. Since 15 mg cortisone daily has an equally trivial effect it may be that the ineffectiveness of treatment with ACTH depends as much on relative insensitivity of the reactive tissues to cortisone as on the character of the hormones produced by the adrenal gland.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT. OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND HORMONAL DEPENDENCE
Authors: LUTWAK-MANN CECILIA
Published: December 2008

Carbonic anhydrase was shown to occur in the female reproductive tract of a variety of mammalian species. The uterine endometrium, placental tissue and the Fallopian tubes were established as the main loci of carbonic anhydrase activity.

The enzyme was present in the endometrium of the non-pregnant rabbit in a low concentration. Following mating no perceptible increase in enzyme content occurred before the 4th day; from then onwards the activity continued to rise, reaching a maximum by about the 8th day; with advancing foetal development the endometrial activity declined, but at the same time the enzyme could be demonstrated in the placenta, chiefly in the maternal, but to a small extent also in the foetal, part.

The behaviour of carbonic anhydrase in the pseudopregnant uterus or in response to ovulating doses of gonadotrophin or copper salts, presented essentially the same picture as in the early phase of pregnancy; excessive doses of gonadotrophin were capable of increasing the enzyme content within 2 days of administration; moreover, their effect persisted for 20–24 days.

Progesterone, and to a smaller extent ethisterone and methyltestosterone, injected into oestrous adult or into oestrogen-primed immature rabbits, produced marked increases in the content of uterine carbonic anhydrase, the extent of which depended upon the dose.

Whereas the endometrium of rats, hamsters and guinea-pigs was completely devoid of carbonic anhydrase, both in pregnant and non-pregnant females, the placenta of these animals contained the enzyme, again mainly in the maternal portion.

The uterine mucosa of the non-pregnant sheep was conspicuously rich in carbonic anhydrase, the activity being largely restricted to the intercotyledonary areas; the uterine portion of the Fallopian tubes was also remarkably active. In this species the uterine carbonic anhydrase was found to be independent of ovarian function: the enzyme was present in the uteri of prepubertal lambs, and it was fully preserved in ovariectomized animals. Considerable enzymic activity was found in the sheep placenta.

No carbonic anhydrase was found in the uterus or Fallopian tubes of the non-pregnant pig; the pig placenta, however, was very active, the enzyme being located in the chorion in late pregnancy.

In the non-pregnant cow only the fimbrial portion of the Fallopian tubes showed enzymic activity, especially marked in the immediate post-ovulatory phase. No carbonic anhydrase was present in the non-pregnant uteri or Fallopian tubes of mares, cats or dogs.

By introducing parenterally large amounts of a sulphonamide inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase it was possible to inhibit the enzyme in vivo, both in the rat placenta and in the progestational rabbit endometrium.
THYROID FUNCTION AFTER ADRENALECTOMY
Authors: FLÜCKIGER E. , VERZÁR F.
Published: December 2008

1. 131I was injected into rats and its concentration in the thyroid of intact and adrenalectomized animals measured.

2. If 131I is injected on the 6th day after adrenalectomy, it is concentrated more slowly in the thyroid and reaches much higher radiation values than in normal animals. The high values generally persist until the death of the animal.

3. If the animals are injected with 131I on the 1st-3rd day after adrenalectomy, before they have developed cortical insufficiency, only the release of 131I is retarded. This explains why, in animals which are in a state of insufficiency at the time of the injection, 131I accumulates in high concentrations in the thyroid.

4. If adrenalectomized animals receive 1 % NaCl as drinking water, they survive longer but release less 131I from their thyroids than normal rats.

The thyroids of such animals when measured directly, even 15 and 22 days after the injection of 131I, have a much higher 131I content than those of normal controls.

5. The main change of function of the thyroid after adrenalectomy is that iodine, and hence thyroid hormone, is released more slowly.

6. As a hypothetical explanation it is suggested that metabolism is decreased after adrenalectomy, and consequently less thyroid hormone is needed for oxidation processes.
THE EFFECT OF METHYLANDROSTENEDIOL ON THE WEIGHT AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF MUSCLES AND ORGANS OF THE RAT
Authors: KORNER A. , YOUNG F. G.
Published: December 2008

1. Some tissues of intact, adrenalectomized, or hypophysectomized male and female rats treated with methylandrostenediol (MAD) grow isometrically with the body as a whole. Others gain weight and protein at a faster rate and yet others lose weight, although the animal as a whole grows.

2. The response of each tissue varies with the dose of MAD and the age of the rat. Some tissues lose weight with low doses of MAD but gain weight with high doses.
THE EFFECT OF OESTROGEN ON THE RESPONSE OF THE ADRENAL GLAND TO ACTH IN RATS
Authors: CARTER SHEILA B.
Published: December 2008

Experiments were carried out to discover whether oestrogen modifies the effect of ACTH on the adrenal glands of the female rat.

It was found that oestradiol dipropionate (ODP) did not alter the response to exogenous ACTH in either spayed or control-operated animals.

Compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining gland after unilateral adrenalectomy was increased by treatment with ODP in ovariectomized rats, but was unaffected in control-operated animals.

In hypophysectomized rats the adrenal glands were significantly heavier after treatment with ACTH and ODP then they were when ACTH was given alone. The oestrogen alone had no effect in hypophysectomized animals.
URINARY 17-KETOSTEROID EXCRETION IN LEUCODERMA
Authors: AGARWALA S. C. , MUKERJI B. , SHARMA RADHA
Published: December 2008

Twenty-eight cases of leucoderma and twenty-five normal cases were studied for their total output of 17-ketosteroids. Significant differences were obtained in four out of six age groups, in which the daily excretion of these steroids in cases of leucoderma was greater than in the normal. The results were essentially the same when calculated on the basis of their concentration per 100 ml. urine.
THE INFLUENCE OF LITTER SIZE AND LITTER ORDER ON LENGTH OF GESTATION AND EARLY POSTNATAL GROWTH IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: McKEOWN THOMAS , MACMAHON BRIAN
Published: December 2008

The influence of litter size and litter order on length of gestation and early postnatal growth of offspring has been examined on records of sixty-six female guinea-pigs which delivered 440 litters. It is shown that:

(a) The association between foetal weight and length of gestation is not the same for different litter sizes: in small litters weight increases with length of gestation; in large litters weight decreases. It is suggested that weight influences time of parturition in large litters, but not in small ones.

(b) Length of gestation increases with litter order. This result is shown to be independent of litter size and weight.

(c) As litter size increases, weight of young at 28 days after birth decreases, but rate of postnatal growth (weight at 28 days expressed as a percentage of birth weight) increases.

(d) Rate of postnatal growth (to 28 days) is lowest for first-born young, increases after the first birth, and falls again after the fourth.
THE EFFECT OF SCROTAL INSULATION AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE BREEDING SEASON UPON FRUCTOSE CONCENTRATION IN THE SEMEN OF THE RAM
Authors: GLOVER T. D.
Published: December 2008

Six rams have been subjected to insulation of the scrotum as a means of increasing the temperature of the testes, and the levels of fructose in semen estimated before, during and after such treatment. It was shown that during the period of scrotal insulation a fairly rapid increase in seminal fructose occurs, which only gradually returns to its normal level after termination of the treatment.

No pronounced effect of scrotal insulation on libido has been established.

Observations on ram semen collected towards the end of the breeding season show that a decrease in seminal fructose occurs immediately before the decline in libido becomes apparent, and at a time when the normal density range of spermatozoa is still maintained.
CHANGES IN THE MOUSE AFTER X-RAY STERILIZATION
Authors: MANDL ANITA M. , ZUCKERMAN S.
Published: December 2008

1. The ovaries of mature mice were X-irradiated directly, the rest of the body being screened with lead. Complete sterilization almost always resulted at a level of 945 r, and in all animals irradiated at 1890 r.

2. Short periods of vaginal cornification recur at increasingly irregular intervals after irradiation, but within 25–56 days vaginal cornification becomes continuous for 5–62 days. The smears then become anoestrous in type.

3. In animals irradiated at 1890 r the uterus had involuted considerably by the end of the experimental period of 14 weeks, but was still significantly heavier than that of spayed littermates.

4. Changes in the weight of the body, the adrenal glands and the pituitary are similar to those which occur in the X-irradiated rat.
ROLE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX REGENERATED AFTER ENUCLEATION IN THE RESISTANCE AGAINST HISTAMINE SHOCK
Authors: BROGI M. P.
Published: December 2008

1. The resistance of rats to the injection of histamine has been studied quantitatively by determining the LD 50 for this substance in normal and adrenalectomized rats, and in rats whose adrenals had been enucleated 2 months previously.

2. The LD50 for adrenalectomized rats is about one-fiftieth, and for enucleated rats greater than one-third of that for normal animals. The LD50 for adrenalectomized rats injected with 100 μg of adrenaline was similar to that of enucleated rats.

3. The administration of 100 μg of adrenaline to enucleated animals significantly increased their resistance to histamine, but did not bring it back to normal values; the difference between enucleated and normal rats thus appeared to be related, in part, at least, to the absence of the medullary secretion; no data are available to account for the rest of the difference.
THE BIOASSAY OF THYROTROPHIC HORMONE ON NEWBORN RATS
Authors: REISS JEAN M. , WYATT AUDREY F.
Published: December 2008

A new method for the bioassay of thyrotrophic hormone is described. Newborn rat litter-mates are used as test objects. The method is easily carried out and achieves a reasonable degree of precision with fewer animals than used in other methods.
FAILURE OF ADRENALECTOMY TO INTERFERE WITH ERGOTOXINE-INDUCED INTERRUPTION OF EARLY PREGNANCY IN THE RAT
Authors: SHELESNYAK M. C.
Published: December 2008

The absence of the adrenal gland does not alter the response of the pseudopregnant or pregnant rat to ergotoxine. A single subcutaneous injection of ergotoxine ethanesulphonate interrupts early pregnancy and curtails pseudopregnancy. The disturbance in the oestrogen-progesterone balance, which is induced by ergotoxine, is not mediated through the adrenal.
THE FERTILITY OF MALE RATS AFTER MODERATE AND AFTER SEVERE HYPOTHERMIA
Authors: GOLDZVEIG S. A. , SMITH AUDREY U.
Published: December 2008

1. Male rats which had been exposed to a combination of hypoxia, hypercapnia and cold, and in which body temperature had fallen to between + 15° and + 20° C, showed reduced sex drive and fertility during the subsequent 1–2 weeks.

2. Male rats further cooled until respiration and circulation had been arrested for 1 hr, and until the body temperature was between 0° and + 1·5° C, showed reduced sex drive and fertility for 8 weeks after reanimation.

3. In rats exposed to severe hypothermia, developing spermatozoa and spermatids were damaged, but not the spermatogonia and spermatocytes in the majority of seminiferous tubules. Recovery was well advanced by the 8th week.

4. During the first week after cooling a high proportion of the epididymal spermatozoa became decapitated. Their acrosomes were distorted and their mid-pieces and tail sheaths disrupted.
LACTATION IN THE RAT AFTER HYPOPHYSIAL POSTERIOR LOBECTOMY
Authors: BENSON G. K. , COWIE A. T.
Published: December 2008

Ablation of the posterior lobe of the pituitary in the lactating rat abolished the milk-ejection reflex so that the pups could only be reared if injections of oxytocin were given to the mothers twice daily. When, however, these posterior lobectomized rats became pregnant a second time, parturition was normal and the milk-ejection reflex was sufficiently restored for the rats to rear their litters without oxytocin being administered. The animals, however, continued to exhibit diabetes insipidus. Measurements of residual neurohypophysial tissue showed that hypertrophy of the neural stalk had occurred after posterior lobectomy.

These findings are discussed in relation to recent studies on the site of formation and the liberation of posterior-pituitary hormone(s) after hypophysectomy.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE HUMAN PHARYNGEAL HYPOPHYSIS
Authors: BOYD J. D.
Published: December 2008

A derivative of the pharyngeal extremity of Rathke's pouch, with structural features closely resembling those of the adenohypophysis, was found in fifty-three human embryos and foetuses. This pharyngeal hypophysis grows during prenatal life and usually possesses a rich vascularization. In silver impregnated material nerve fibres derived from branches of the spheno-palatine ganglion could be followed into the pharyngeal hypophysis. The recorded findings and a survey of the literature suggest that the pharyngeal hypophysis is constantly present in man, and that its cells can differentiate, as do those of the adenohypophysis.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF SOME ADRENOCORTICAL STEROIDS IN URINE
Authors: HOLNESS N. J. , LUNNON J. BARBARA , GRAY C. H.
Published: December 2008

The two α-ketolic steroids R3 and R4, previously described by de Courcy, Bush, Gray & Lunnon [1953], and which lack the Δ4-3-keto group, have been identified as tetrahydrocortisol (5β-pregnane-3α:11β:17α:21-tetrol-20-one) and tetrahydrocortisone (5β-pregnane-3α:17α:21-triol-11:20 dione). The Δ4-3-ketone, X3, is shown to be identical with Reichstein's compound E (Δ4-pregnene-11β:17α:20β21-tetrol-3-one). X4 has chromatographic properties resembling Reichstein's compound U (Δ4-pregnene-17α:20β:21-triol-3:11-dione).
THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN RESTRAINT HYPOTHERMIA AND IN ADAPTATION TO THE STRESS OF RESTRAINT
Authors: BARTLETT R. G. , MILLER M. A.
Published: December 2008

The role of the adrenal cortex in restraint-induced hypothermia and in adaptation to the stress of restraint was investigated.

There was an increase in ascorbic acid and a less marked increase in the cholesterol content of the adrenals accompanying 1 week's exposure to the stress of light restraint to produce adaptation, as well as a decrease in the adrenal ascorbic acid and cholesterol levels accompanying restraintinduced hypothermia, but changes in adrenocortical activity were probably not of sufficient magnitude to account for either the increased thermostability after the adaptive procedure or the thermolability of the animals exposed to the short-term stress.

It was also demonstrated that after a 7-day exposure to light restraint (to produce adaptation), adrenalectomized animals, maintained with isotonic salt solution or DCA, could not maintain a normal body temperature when restrained in the cold. Cortisone, whether administered alone or with DCA, permitted these adrenalectomized, adapted animals to maintain essentially normal body temperatures when exposed to restraint in the cold, indicating that adaptation had occurred.
THE EFFECT OF MATERNALLY ADMINISTERED CORTISONE AND ACTH UPON THE PANCREAS OF THE FOETUS
Authors: LEE J. , RING P. A.
Published: December 2008

ACTH was administered to pregnant rabbits in doses of 5, 3 and 1·5mg twice daily from the 19th to 26th day of pregnancy. Cortisone 4 mg/kg daily was given to rabbits from the 20th to 27th day of pregnancy.

The maternal administration of ACTH (except in the lowest doses) was associated with a high foetal mortality, and few of the liveborn rabbitssurvived. Cortisone produced a similar mortality and a marked depression of birth weight.

Sections of the pancreas of foetal rabbits showed early maturation and associated degeneration of the islet tissue. The changes after the administration of cortisone were more marked than those following ACTH.

ACTH 0·4 mg twice daily, or cortisone 1 mg daily, was given to rats from the 13th to 20th day of pregnancy. Little effect on foetal mortality or average foetal weight was observed, but there was a marked variation in the weight of rats in the same litter in the cortisone-treated group. Some reduction in the amount of islet tissue at birth was seen, but premature maturation was only seen in one 19-day foetus.

An attempt has been made to relate the changes produced in the foetal pancreas by the maternal administration of ACTH and cortisone to those seen in the foetus of the diabetic mother.