bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anteroposterior Thickening of the Femoral Neck With Aging Decreases the “Offset” in Men
Authors: Johnson Jacob K. , Renner Jordan B. , Dahners Laurence E.
Published: August 2012

Background:

The contour of the femoral head-neck junction has been shown to have an effect on femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), which can lead to early osteoarthritis of the hip. This study uses computed tomography (CT) to investigate changes in the femoral head, femoral neck, and joint space with aging.

Hypothesis:

The ratio of the diameter of the femoral head to the diameter of the femoral neck would decrease with increasing age, thus diminishing the “offset” of the femoral neck and being a possible mechanism for cam-type FAI and resultant osteoarthritis.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

There were 20 male and 20 female patients from each decade, aged 20 to 80 years, who received pelvic and abdominal CT scans. In the axial plane, the femoral head and neck were measured from anterior to posterior, and the joint space was measured anteromedially. The ratio of the diameter of the femoral head to the diameter of the femoral neck was calculated, and patients with radiographic signs of osteoarthritis were noted. Regression analysis was performed to examine the significance of the relationships between these variables, age, and osteoarthritis.

Results:

Male and female patients showed significant increases in femoral head diameter and femoral neck diameter as well as decreases in joint space width with increasing age. Male patients showed a decrease in the femoral head-neck ratio (relative neck thickening) of 0.0053 per year ( P < .0001) or an average 18% decrease from age 20 to 80 years, while female patients did not show a significant relationship ( P = .29). Male patients with signs of osteoarthritis had a smaller femoral head-neck ratio ( P < .0001) than those without, while female patients did not ( P = .25). Male and female patients with signs of osteoarthritis had a larger femoral head and femoral neck and a more narrow joint space width than those without.

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that, as men age, they develop a relatively thicker femoral neck that could result in increasing cam impingement, which contributes to the known higher prevalence of osteoarthritis in men. This does not seem to be the case in women, as their femoral neck does not appear to grow as quickly.
Open-Trial Pilot Study of a Comprehensive School-Based Intervention for High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Lopata Christopher , Thomeer Marcus L. , Volker Martin A. , Lee Gloria K. , Smith Tristram H. , Rodgers Jonathan D. , Smith Rachael A. , Gullo Gaetano , McDonald Christin A. , Mirwis Joshua , Toomey Jennifer A.
Published: August 2012

There is a notable lack of manualized comprehensive school-based interventions (CSBIs) for children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASDs). This pilot study examined the feasibility and initial efficacy of a CSBI for 12 children with HFASDs, aged 6 to 9 years. Treatment included a 3-week summer preparation program followed by a 10-month CSBI, composed of social skills groups, therapeutic activities, face and voice emotion recognition instruction, an individual daily note, and parent training. Feasibility was supported in high levels of treatment fidelity and teacher- and parent-reported acceptability and satisfaction. Pre–post comparisons suggested that children significantly improved their knowledge of target social skills and ability to identify emotions in facial and vocal expressions. According to parent and teacher ratings, children displayed gains in their use of target social skills and broader social performance, as well as reductions in ASD-related features.
Non-stationary random vibration of a coupled vehicle–slab track system using a parallel algorithm based on the pseudo excitation method
Authors: Zhang Jian , Zhao Yan , Zhang Ya-hui , Jin Xue-song , Zhong Wan-xie , Williams Frederic W , Kennedy David
Published: August 2012

A parallel algorithm based on the pseudo excitation method (PEM) is applied to investigate the non-stationary random response of a vertically coupled vehicle–slab track system subjected to random excitation induced by track irregularity. The vehicle is simplified as a multibody system with 10 degrees of freedom and the slab track is represented by a three layer Bernoulli–Euler beam model which includes the rail, slab and roadbed. Linear wheel–rail contact provides interaction between the vehicle and slab track models. The track irregularity is assumed to be a Gaussian random process with zero mean value and the non-stationary random response of the coupled vehicle–slab track system is solved using a combination of PEM and step-by-step integration. A parallel algorithm based on PEM is used to accelerate the computation and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the Monte Carlo method. The basic random performance of the coupled vehicle–slab track system is analysed and the effects of the vehicle speed and slab track parameters on the random responses of the vehicle and slab track are investigated. The results indicate that the vehicle speed has a significant effect on the random response of the coupled vehicle–slab track system and that the rail pad parameters are the most important of the slab track parameters discussed.
History and evolution of Mesolithic landscapes in the Haut-Quercy (Lot, France): New charcoal data from archaeological contexts
Authors: Henry Auréade , Valdeyron Nicolas , Bouby Laurent , Théry-Parisot Isabelle
Published: August 2012

Charred wood analyses have been performed on three Mesolithic sites located on the Causse de Gramat, a karstic plateau in southwestern France (Lot department): Les Fieux, les Escabasses and le Cuzoul de Gramat. The sites yielded occupations dating from the early to the late Mesolithic (9th to the 6th millennia cal. bc). In the absence of palynological data, charcoal analysis allowed us to characterise the woody environment exploited by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Our results point at the minor place of softwoods in the landscape and the local importance of Rosaceae prunoideae, marking an original type of pre-forest vegetation. In order to retrace the local vegetation dynamics, these results are synthesized and discussed thanks to a correspondence analysis, which includes previous anthracological data from Azilian and middle Mesolithic levels of two other sites of the Causse. The homogeneity of the results speaks in favour of the stability of the local environment and confirms the specific vegetation features of the area.
Dynamic modeling and experimental evaluation of a constant-force dielectric elastomer actuator
Authors: Berselli Giovanni , Vertechy Rocco , Babič Mitja , Parenti Castelli Vincenzo
Published: August 2012

Constant-force actuators based on dielectric elastomers can be obtained by coupling a dielectric elastomer film with particular compliant frames whose structural properties must be carefully designed. In any case, the practical achievement of a desired force profile can be quite a challenging task owing to the time-dependent phenomena, which affect the dielectric elastomer’s electromechanical response. Within this scenario, a hyperviscoelastic model of a rectangular constant-force actuator is reported. The model, based on the bond graph formalism, can be used as an engineering tool when designing and/or controlling actuators that are expected to work under given nominal conditions. Simulations and experimental results are provided, which predict the system response to fast changes in activation voltage and actuator position as imposed by an external user.
Association Between Psychopathology and Physical Health Problems Among Youth in Residential Treatment
Authors: Nelson Timothy D. , Smith Tori R. , Duppong Hurley Kristin , Epstein Michael H. , Thompson Ronald W. , Tonniges Thomas F.
Published: August 2012

Youth in residential treatment settings often present with a complex combination of mental and physical health problems. Despite an emerging literature documenting significant associations between mental health and physical health, the relationship between these two areas of functioning has not been systematically examined in youth presenting to residential treatment. This study examines the association between youth psychopathology and physical health problems in a sample of 606 youth entering a large residential treatment program between 2003 and 2010. As a part of the intake process, youth psychopathology symptoms were assessed using the parent-report form of the Child Behavior Checklist, and youth physical health problems were assessed in a medical evaluation by a licensed child health professional. Results indicated that higher levels of youth psychopathology, particularly internalizing problems, were associated with greater risk for physical health problems and more prescription medications. Psychopathology comorbidity was also associated with physical health problems. These findings suggest an interplay between physical and mental health among youth entering residential treatment, highlighting the need for integrated assessment and intervention services that address psychological and medical needs within this population.
The Relationship Between Family Education and Support Services and Parent and Child Outcomes Over Time
Authors: Kutash Krista , Garraza Lucas Godoy , Ferron John M. , Duchnowski Albert J. , Walrath Christine , Green Amy L.
Published: August 2012

The purpose of the current study is to contribute to the knowledge base on the use of family education and support (FES) services by examining the longitudinal trajectories of FES receipt and multiple domains of child and family functioning. Using an extant data set of more than 9,000 youth and their caregivers, results indicate that families who received FES on entry into services had greater caregiver strain, and their children experienced greater emotional challenges than families who did not receive FES services. Furthermore, for families who received FES, the longitudinal results revealed an immediate effect of seeking additional services, decreasing caregiver strain 6 months after receipt of FES services, and improving child emotional functioning 6 to 18 months after initial receipt of FES services. The complex, lagged effects in the results are discussed in the context of the theorized cyclical course of family stress as exemplified by the Double ABCX model of adjustment and adaptation. Implications for future research of FES services are discussed, especially the need to develop a functional logic model and an operational definition of FES and its components.
The Logic of Inhibitory Connectivity in the Neocortex
Authors: Fino Elodie , Packer Adam M. , Yuste Rafael
Published: August 2012

Although inhibition plays a major role in the function of the mammalian neocortex, the circuit connectivity of GABAergic interneurons has remained poorly understood. The authors review recent studies of the connections made to and from interneurons, highlighting the overarching principle of a high density of unspecific connections in inhibitory connectivity. Whereas specificity remains in the subcellular targeting of excitatory neurons by interneurons, the general strategy appears to be for interneurons to provide a global “blanket of inhibition” to nearby neurons. In the review, the authors highlight the fact that the function of interneurons, which remains elusive, will be informed by understanding the structure of their connectivity as well as the dynamics of inhibitory synaptic connections. In a last section, the authors describe briefly the link between dense inhibitory networks and different interneuron functions described in the neocortex.
Advertiser Attitudes Regarding the Substitutability of English-Language Television to Reach Foreign Language Target Audiences
Authors: Coffey Amy Jo
Published: August 2012

Scholars have examined media substitutability from many angles, but few, if any, studies have examined substitutability of advertising on the basis of language. Using a price sensitivity test, this exploratory study examines advertisers’ attitudes toward the substitutability of English-language advertising among U.S. foreign language television advertisers to reach their target audiences. Advertisers overwhelmingly (90%) indicated that they did not consider English-language television as an acceptable substitute for reaching their target audiences. This finding has implications for media ownership and mergers, providing evidence that foreign-language television and English-language television exist in separate product markets, and should aid future policy discussions.
Evolution of the Study of Methylphenidate and Its Actions on the Adult Versus Juvenile Brain
Authors: Urban Kimberly R. , Gao Wen-Jun
Published: August 2012

Objective: Methylphenidate (MPH) is the most often prescribed medication for treatment of ADHD. However, many of its specific cellular and molecular mechanisms of action, as well as developmental consequences of treatment, are largely unknown. This review provides an overview of current understanding of MPH efficacy, safety, and dosage in adult and pediatric ADHD patients, as well as adult animal studies and pioneering studies in juvenile animals treated with MPH. Method: A thorough review of the current literature on MPH efficacy and safety in children, adults, and animal models was included. Results of studies were compared and contrasted. Results: While MPH is currently considered safe, there is a lack of knowledge of potential developmental consequences of early treatment, as well as differences in drug actions in the developing versus mature brain system. Conclusion: This review emphasizes the need for further research into the age-dependent activities and potency of MPH, and a need for tighter control and clinical relevance in future studies.
Hoarding in Children With ADHD
Authors: Hacker Leah E. , Park Jennifer M. , Timpano Kiara R. , Cavitt Mark A. , Alvaro Jeffrey L. , Lewin Adam B. , Murphy Tanya K. , Storch Eric A.
Published: August 2012

Objective: Although evidence suggests that hoarding may be associated with symptoms of ADHD, no study has examined this relationship in children. Method: Participants included 99 youth diagnosed with ADHD (and a parent) seen in a general outpatient psychiatry clinic. Children completed the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory–Child Version, the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Parents completed the Children’s Saving Inventory and Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scale–Parent Version. Results: Inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms were the only indicator that differentiated those with and without clinically significant hoarding. Symptoms of ADHD, but not nonhoarding obsessive-compulsive symptoms, significantly predicted hoarding. Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity were uniquely associated with individual hoarding features. Hoarding symptoms mediated the relationship between ADHD and oppositionality. Conclusion: These findings contribute to the growing literature about the association between hoarding and ADHD.
The Relationships Between Sensory Modulation and Sleep Among Adolescents With ADHD
Authors: Lufi Dubi , Tzischinsky Orna
Published: August 2012

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sensory modulation and sleeping among 30 adolescents diagnosed with ADHD, compared with 28 adolescents without ADHD. Method: Two questionnaires were completed by parents to assess the participants’ level of ADHD symptoms. Two other questionnaires were completed by the participants assessing difficulties in sensory modulation and sleep. Results: The ADHD group had more sensory difficulties in Activity Level, Hearing, and Low Registration, and more difficulties in the Sleep Behavior variables. Higher correlations between the sensory variables and the sleep measures were found in the ADHD group as compared with the non-ADHD group. Significant differences between correlations were found between three sleep measures and four sensory variables. Conclusion: The discussion is devoted to an assessment of the relationships between the measures, with the conclusion that among adolescents with ADHD, it is important to assess and treat possible sensory and sleep difficulties.
How Informative Is the CANTAB to Assess Executive Functioning in Children With ADHD? A Controlled Study
Authors: Fried Ronna , Hirshfeld-Becker Dina , Petty Carter , Batchelder Holly , Biederman Joseph
Published: August 2012

Objective: The authors examined the utility of the computerized Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) to evaluate executive functioning deficits in children with ADHD. Method: Participants were unmedicated children and adolescents with ( n = 107) and without ( n = 45) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) ADHD. The authors administered the CANTAB Eclipse battery, which comprises specific tasks shown to be deficient in individuals with ADHD. Results: With the exception of the affective go/no-go total omissions, ADHD participants were significantly more impaired on all other subtests of the CANTAB in comparison with controls. Effect sizes for individual CANTAB tests were largely in the medium range with the largest effect sizes seen in spatial working memory total and between errors. Conclusion: These CANTAB results are highly congruent with those reported in studies using traditional neuropsychological testing batteries, supporting the utility of the CANTAB to assess neuropsychological deficits in children with ADHD in clinical and research settings.
SIGLEC1 and SIGLEC7 expression in circulating monocytes of patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Malhotra S , Castilló J , Bustamante MF , Vidal-Jordana A , Castro Z , Montalban X , Comabella M
Published: August 2012

Background:

Sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are cell surface receptors that recognize sialic acids and may attenuate immune responses and reduce inflammation.

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of two members of the Siglec family, SIGLEC1 and SIGLEC7, in the clinical course and disease activity of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods:

SIGLEC1 and SIGLEC7 expression was determined by flow cytometry in the blood monocytes of 16 healthy controls and 55 untreated MS patients (13 primary progressive MS (PPMS) patients, 13 secondary progressive MS (SPMS) patients and 29 relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients (18 during clinical remission and 11 during relapse)).

Results:

SIGLEC1 expression by CD14+ monocytes was significantly increased in MS patients compared with controls ( p=0.025 for percentage of positive cells; p=0.007 for mean fluorescence intensity (MFI)). Stratification of patients into different clinical forms revealed increased SIGLEC1 expression in patients with progressive forms of the disease, particularly in those with PPMS ( p=0.003 for percentage of positive cells and p=0.001 for MFI when compared with controls; p=0.031 for percentage of positive cells when compared with RRMS patients). Both inflammatory and resident monocytes contributed to the increase in SIGLEC1 expression observed in PPMS patients. SIGLEC7 expression was significantly up-regulated in blood monocytes from RRMS during relapse compared with patients during clinical remission ( p=0.001 for MFI).

Conclusions:

These findings suggest roles for SIGLEC1 in the chronic progressive phases of MS and for SIGLEC7 in acute disease activity.
School Nutrition Policy
Authors: Jensen Chad D. , Sato Amy F. , McMurtry C. Meghan , Hart Chantelle N. , Jelalian Elissa
Published: August 2012

Background. School policies limiting the availability of sweetened beverages are often considered to be effective interventions for improving children’s diet and weight-related health. This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of the Rhode Island Healthier Beverage Policy in reducing consumption of unhealthy beverages and in producing changes in children’s weight status. Method. Students in 2 public middle schools in Rhode Island completed self-reported measures of dietary intake and were measured for height and weight prior to and 1 year following the implementation of a state-mandated healthier beverage policy. An inventory of beverages available in vending machines after the beverage policy was implemented provided a measure of adherence with the statewide policy. Results. Both surveyed schools demonstrated compliance with the beverage policy (ie, greater than 70% of available beverages complied). Self-reported consumption of sweetened beverages did not change significantly following policy implementation. Neither average BMI percentile for age and gender nor frequency of children in each weight category changed significantly 1 year after the policy was implemented. Conclusions. Although the healthier beverage policy was effectively implemented, it did not result in changes in self-reported sweetened beverage consumption or weight status 1 year later. Additional school policy and individual-level changes appear to be necessary to effect change in weight and dietary outcomes for children.
Camp SHINE
Authors: McCarty Karen , Haynes Beverly , Ivey Jean Bell
Published: August 2012

According to the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES), in 2008, more than one third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese. This article describes the use of a residential, medically supervised summer camp to help overweight and obese children prevent excessive summertime weight gain. The theoretical framework guiding the program was Rosenstock’s health belief model (HBM). The weight loss results are included as well as information concerning adaptations of physical activities, environmental design considerations, and creating a supportive atmosphere, to meet the unique needs of this population. Data show that weight loss can be achieved for overweight/obese children/teens in residential camps designed to develop healthy behaviors.
Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias
Authors: Benoliel Rafael
Published: August 2012

Summary points

1. Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias (TACs) are headaches/facial pains classified together based on: a suspected common pathophysiology involving the trigeminovascular system, the trigeminoparasympathetic reflex and centres controlling circadian rhythms; a similar clinical presentation of trigeminal pain, and autonomic activation.

2. There is much overlap in the diagnostic features of individual TACs.

3. In contrast, treatment response is relatively specific and aids in establishing a definitive diagnosis.

4. TACs are often presentations of underlying pathology; all patients should be imaged.

5. The aim of the article is to provide the reader with a broad introduction to, and an overview of, TACs. The reading list is extensive for the interested reader.
Bizarre Scrotal Sonogram
Authors: Kletzenbauer Stephen P. , Goodfellow Thomas
Published: August 2012

A 48-year-old male who had undergone left inguinal orchidectomy for testicular tumor 10 days previously presented with left inguinal and scrotal swelling. The scrotal sonogram showed what appeared to be two testes, with a mass within the left testicular area. Real-time scanning revealed that the left “testis” was thick fluid/hematoma with a more organized hematoma within.
Cervical Cancer With Cardiac Metastasis
Authors: Smith Annette C. , Smith Mikel D.
Published: August 2012

A 48-year-old woman presented with fatigue and vaginal spotting and was subsequently diagnosed with squamous cell cancer of the cervix. Computed tomography and positron emission tomography scans suggested widespread disease including possible involvement of the right ventricle. A 2D echocardiogram with Doppler showed a large right ventricular mass obstructing the tricuspid valve inflow. This report demonstrates the use of echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of a rare case of cardiac metastasis from cervical cancer.
Page Kidney
Authors: Michael Kim , Parks Kayce L. , Miller Ellie
Published: August 2012

Page kidney refers to the development of secondary hypertension due to compression of the kidney by an external source, most commonly a subcapsular hematoma. Compression of the renal parenchyma results in hypoperfusion and microvascular ischemia leading to activation of the renin-angiotensin system and elevation of blood pressure. Until the last decade, Page kidney was primarily diagnosed in young men with unexplained hypertension and a history of sports-related trauma and imaging studies demonstrating a subcapsular hematoma. Treatment varies from conservative, medical management to a nephrectomy, depending on how the patient’s blood pressure responds to treatment.
Autoantibodies specific to a peptide of β2-glycoprotein I cross-react with TLR4, inducing a proinflammatory phenotype in endothelial cells and monocytes
Authors: Colasanti Tania , Alessandri Cristiano , Capozzi Antonella , Sorice Maurizio , Delunardo Federica , Longo Agostina , Pierdominici Marina , Conti Fabrizio , Truglia Simona , Siracusano Alessandra , Valesini Guido , Ortona Elena , Margutti Paola
Published: August 2012

β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) is the major antigenic target for antiphospholipid Abs. Anti-β2GPI Abs are a heterogeneous population of Igs targeting all domains of the molecule. Abs specific to β2GPI domain I are strongly associated with thrombosis and obstetric complications. In the present study, we sought to understand the possible pathogenic mechanism for this subset of anti-β2GPI Abs, investigating their potential cross-reactivity with other self-proteins involved in inflammatory or coagulant events. We compared the amino acid sequence of the β2GPI domain I with human proteins in a protein databank and identified a peptide sharing 88% identity with an epitope of human TLR4. A high percentage of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (41%) and systemic lupus erythematosus (50%) presented serum IgG specific to this peptide. Anti-β2GPI peptide Abs binding the TLR4 were able to induce NF-κB activation in HEK293 cells that were stably transfected with the TLR4 gene. Anti-β2GPI peptide Abs induced activation of TLR4 and triggered interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase phosphorylation and NF-κB translocation, promoting VCAM expression on endothelial cells and TNF-α release by monocytes. In conclusion, our observations suggest a novel pathogenic mechanism in the TLR4 stimulation by anti-β2GPI peptide Abs that links adaptive immune responses with innate immunity in antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Targeting the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor to overcome bortezomib resistance in preclinical models of multiple myeloma
Authors: Kuhn Deborah J. , Berkova Zuzana , Jones Richard J. , Woessner Richard , Bjorklund Chad C. , Ma Wencai , Davis R. Eric , Lin Pei , Wang Hua , Madden Timothy L. , Wei Caimiao , Baladandayuthapani Veerabhadran , Wang Michael , Thomas Sheeba K. , Shah Jatin J. , Weber Donna M. , Orlowski Robert Z.
Published: August 2012

Proteasome inhibition with bortezomib is a validated approach to the treatment of multiple myeloma, but drug resistance often emerges and limits its utility in the retreatment setting. To begin to identify some of the mechanisms involved, we developed bortezomib-resistant myeloma cell lines that, unlike previously reported models, showed no β5 subunit mutations. Instead, up-regulation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)–1 axis was identified, with increased autocrine and paracrine secretion of IGF-1, leading to increased activation of the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R). Exogenous IGF-1 reduced cellular sensitivity to bortezomib, whereas pharmacologic or small hairpin RNA–mediated IGF-1R suppression enhanced bortezomib sensitivity in cell lines and patient samples. In vitro studies with OSI-906, a clinically relevant dual IGF-1R and insulin receptor inhibitor, showed it acted synergistically with bortezomib, and potently resensitized bortezomib-resistant cell lines and patient samples to bor-tezomib. Importantly, OSI-906 in combination with bortezomib also overcame bor-tezomib resistance in an in vivo model of myeloma. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that signaling through the IGF-1/IGF-1R axis contributes to acquired bortezomib resistance, and provide a rationale for combining bortezomib with IGF-1R inhibitors like OSI-906 to overcome or possibly prevent the emergence of bortezomib-refractory disease in the clinic.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: further evidence for a unique immune response
Authors: Pötschke Christian , Selleng Sixten , Bröker Barbara M. , Greinacher Andreas
Published: August 2012

Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (CPB) is associated with a high incidence of IgG Abs against platelet factor 4/heparin (PF4/H) complexes by day 6 after surgery. These Abs are associated with an immune-mediated adverse drug reaction, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Although the early onset of the anti-PF4/H IgG response is compatible with a secondary immune response, the rapid decline of Ab titers thereafter is not. To shed light on the origin of these Abs, in the present study, we prospectively compared the kinetics of these Abs with that of Abs against 2 recall Ags and to that of autoantibodies in 166 CPB patients over 4 months. Surgery induced strong inflammation, as shown by an increase in mean C-reactive protein levels. Consistent with previous studies, anti-PF4/H IgG optical density transiently increased between baseline and day 10 (P < .001; not associated with C-reactive protein levels), followed by a decrease over the next months. In contrast, concentrations of antidiphtheria toxin IgG and antitetanus toxin IgG increased constantly over the 4 months after surgery by 25%-30%. IgG autoantibodies did not change. Therefore, the transient kinetics of the anti-PF4/H IgG response resembled neither that of recall Abs nor that of IgG autoantibodies, but rather showed a unique profile.
The neuroprotective effect of post ischemic brief mild hypothermic treatment correlates with apoptosis, but not with gliosis in endothelin-1 treated rats
Authors: Zgavc Tine , Ceulemans An-Gaëlle , Hachimi-Idrissi Said , Kooijman Ron , Sarre Sophie , Michotte Yvette
Published: August 2012

Background

Stroke remains one of the most common diseases with a serious impact on quality of life but few effective treatments exist. Mild hypothermia (33°C) is a promising neuroprotective therapy in stroke management. This study investigated whether a delayed short mild hypothermic treatment is still beneficial as neuroprotective strategy in the endothelin-1 (Et-1) rat model for a transient focal cerebral ischemia. Two hours of mild hypothermia (33°C) was induced 20, 60 or 120 minutes after Et-1 infusion. During the experiment the cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured via Laser Doppler Flowmetry in the striatum, which represents the core of the infarct. Functional outcome and infarct volume were assessed 24 hours after the insult. In this sub-acute phase following stroke induction, the effects of the hypothermic treatment on apoptosis, phagocytosis and astrogliosis were assessed as well. Apoptosis was determined using caspase-3 immunohistochemistry, phagocytic cells were visualized by CD-68 expression and astrogliosis was studied by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining.

Results

Cooling could be postponed up to 1 hour after the onset of the insult without losing its positive effects on neurological deficit and infarct volume. These results correlated with the caspase-3 staining. In contrast, the increased CD-68 expression post-stroke was reduced in the core of the insult with all treatment protocols. Hypothermia also reduced the increased levels of GFAP staining, even when it was delayed up to 2 hours after the insult. The study confirmed that the induction of the hypothermia treatment in the Et-1 model does not affect the CBF.

Conclusions

These data indicate that in the Et-1 rat model, a short mild hypothermic treatment delayed for 1 hour is still neuroprotective and correlates with apoptosis. At the same time, hypothermia also establishes a lasting inhibitory effect on the activation of astrogliosis.
Temporal and spatial expression of polygalacturonase gene family members reveals divergent regulation during fleshy fruit ripening and abscission in the monocot species oil palm
Authors: Roongsattham Peerapat , Morcillo Fabienne , Jantasuriyarat Chatchawan , Pizot Maxime , Moussu Steven , Jayaweera Dasuni , Collin Myriam , Gonzalez-Carranza Zinnia H , Amblard Philippe , Tregear James W , Tragoonrung Somvong , Verdeil Jean-Luc , Tranbarger Timothy J
Published: August 2012

Background

Cell separation that occurs during fleshy fruit abscission and dry fruit dehiscence facilitates seed dispersal, the final stage of plant reproductive development. While our understanding of the evolutionary context of cell separation is limited mainly to the eudicot model systems tomato and Arabidopsis, less is known about the mechanisms underlying fruit abscission in crop species, monocots in particular. The polygalacturonase (PG) multigene family encodes enzymes involved in the depolymerisation of pectin homogalacturonan within the primary cell wall and middle lamella. PG activity is commonly found in the separation layers during organ abscission and dehiscence, however, little is known about how this gene family has diverged since the separation of monocot and eudicots and the consequence of this divergence on the abscission process.

Results

The objective of the current study was to identify PGs responsible for the high activity previously observed in the abscission zone (AZ) during fruit shedding of the tropical monocot oil palm, and to analyze PG gene expression during oil palm fruit ripening and abscission. We identified 14 transcripts that encode PGs, all of which are expressed in the base of the oil palm fruit. The accumulation of five PG transcripts increase, four decrease and five do not change during ethylene treatments that induce cell separation. One PG transcript (EgPG4) is the most highly induced in the fruit base, with a 700–5000 fold increase during the ethylene treatment. In situ hybridization experiments indicate that the EgPG4 transcript increases preferentially in the AZ cell layers in the base of the fruit in response to ethylene prior to cell separation.

Conclusions

The expression pattern of EgPG4 is consistent with the temporal and spatial requirements for cell separation to occur during oil palm fruit shedding. The sequence diversity of PGs and the complexity of their expression in the oil palm fruit tissues contrast with data from tomato, suggesting functional divergence underlying the ripening and abscission processes has occurred between these two fruit species. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of EgPG4 with PGs from other species suggests some conservation, but also diversification has occurred between monocots and eudicots, in particular between dry and fleshy fruit species.
Garlic extracts prevent oxidative stress, hypertrophy and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes: a role for nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide
Authors: Louis Xavier Lieben , Murphy Ryan , Thandapilly Sijo Joseph , Yu Liping , Netticadan Thomas
Published: August 2012

Background

In ancient times, plants were recognized for their medicinal properties. Later, the arrival of synthetic drugs pushed it to the backstage. However, from being merely used for food, plants are now been widely explored for their therapeutic value. The current study explores the potential of skin and flesh extracts from a hard-necked Rocambole variety of purple garlic in preventing cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cell death.

Methods

Norepinephrine (NE) was used to induce hypertrophy in adult rat cardiomyocytes pretreated with garlic skin and flesh extracts. Cell death was measured as ratio of rod to round shaped cardiomyocytes. Fluorescent probes were used to measure apoptosis and oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes treated with and without extracts and NE. Pharmacological blockade of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were used to elucidate the mechanism of action of garlic extracts. Garlic extract samples were also tested for alliin and allicin concentrations.

Results

Exposure of cardiomyocytes to NE induced an increase in cell size and cell death; this increase was significantly prevented upon treatment with garlic skin and flesh extracts. Norepinephrine increased apoptosis and oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes which was prevented upon pretreatment with skin and flesh extracts; NO, and H2S blockers significantly inhibited this beneficial effect. Allicin and alliin concentration were significantly higher in garlic flesh extract when compared to the skin extract.

Conclusion

These results suggest that both skin and flesh garlic extracts are effective in preventing NE induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cell death. Reduction in oxidative stress may also play an important role in the anti-hypertrophic and anti-apoptotic properties of garlic extracts. These beneficial effects may in part be mediated by NO and H2S.
Influence of fermentation conditions on the surface properties and adhesion of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
Authors: Deepika Gurjot , Karunakaran Esther , Hurley Claire R , Biggs Catherine A , Charalampopoulos Dimitris
Published: August 2012

Background

The surface properties of probiotic bacteria influence to a large extent their interactions within the gut ecosystem. There is limited amount of information on the effect of the production process on the surface properties of probiotic lactobacilli in relation to the mechanisms of their adhesion to the gastrointestinal mucosa. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the fermentation pH and temperature on the surface properties and adhesion ability to Caco-2 cells of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG.

Results

The cells were grown at pH 5, 5.5, 6 (temperature 37°C) and at pH 6.5 (temperature 25°C, 30°C and 37°C), and their surfaces analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gel-based proteomics. The results indicated that for all the fermentation conditions, with the exception of pH 5, a higher nitrogen to carbon ratio and a lower phosphate content was observed at the surface of the bacteria, which resulted in a lower surface hydrophobicity and reduced adhesion levels to Caco-2 cells as compared to the control fermentation (pH 6.5, 37°C). A number of adhesive proteins, which have been suggested in previous published works to take part in the adhesion of bacteria to the human gastrointestinal tract, were identified by proteomic analysis, with no significant differences between samples however.

Conclusions

The temperature and the pH of the fermentation influenced the surface composition, hydrophobicity and the levels of adhesion of L. rhamnosus GG to Caco-2 cells. It was deduced from the data that a protein rich surface reduced the adhesion ability of the cells.
Food group intake patterns and nutrient intake vary across low-income Hispanic and African American preschool children in Atlanta: a cross sectional study
Authors: Salvo Deborah , Frediani Jennifer K , Ziegler Thomas R , Cole Conrad R
Published: August 2012

Background

The food group intake patterns of low income Hispanic and African American preschool children are not well documented. The aim of this study was to perform a food group intake analysis of low income minority preschool children and evaluate how macronutrient and micronutrient intake compares to Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI).

Methods

A cross sectional study design using three-day food diaries analyzed by dietary analysis software (Nutrient Database System for Research) was used. Children were recruited from well-child clinics at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta at Hughes Spalding and North Dekalb Grady Satellite Clinic, Atlanta, GA. Low-income, African American and Hispanic preschool age children (n = 291) were enrolled. A total of 105 completed and returned the 3-day food diaries. Chi-squared tests were used to assess demographic variables. The mean percentage of intake per day of specific food groups and sub-groups were obtained (servings of given food group/total daily servings). Food intake data and proportion of children meeting DRIs for macro- and micronutrients were stratified by race/ethnicity, nutritional status, and caloric intake, and were compared using t-tests. Regression models controlling for age, BMI and sex were obtained to assess the effect of total caloric intake upon the proportional intake of each studied food group.

Results

The mean age of African American children was 2.24 ± 1.07 years and Hispanic children 2.84 ± 1.12 years. African Americans consumed more kcal/kg/day than Hispanics (124.7 ± 51 vs. 96.9 ± 33, p < 0.05). Hispanics consumed more fruits (22.0 ± 10.7% vs. 14.7 ± 13.7%, p < 0.05), while African Americans consumed more grains (25.7 ± 7.8% vs. 18.1 ± 6.4%, p < 0.05), meats (20.7 ± 9.0% vs. 15.4 ± 6.1%, p < 0.05), fats (9.8 ± 5.4% vs. 7.0 ± 5.8%, p < 0.05), sweet drinks (58.7 ± 17.1% vs. 41.3 ± 14.8%, p < 0.05) and low-fat dairy products (39.5 ± 19.3% vs. 28.9 ± 12.6%, p < 0.05). Among Hispanics, the proportional intake of fruits, fats and grains varied by total caloric intake, while no difference by total caloric intake was found for the dietary patterns of African Americans. Micronutrient intake also differed significantly between African American and Hispanic children.

Conclusions

Food group intake patterns among low-income children differ by ethnic group. There is a need for more research to guide program design and target nutritional interventions for this population.
Tea consumption and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis
Authors: Qin Jie , Xie Bo , Mao Qiqi , Kong Debo , Lin Yiwei , Zheng Xiangyi
Published: August 2012

Background

Tea consumption has been reported to be associated with an decreased risk of several types of cancers. However, the results based on epidemiological studies on the association of tea consumption with bladder cancer were inconsistent. This meta-analysis was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between tea consumption and bladder cancer risk.

Methods

Eligible studies were retrieved via both computer searches and review of references. The summary relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated.

Results

Twenty three studies met the inclusion criteria of the meta-analysis. No association with bladder cancer was observed in either overall tea consumption group (OR =0.94, 95% CI 0.85-1.04) or subgroups stratified by sex, study design, geographical region or tea types.

Conclusions

Our findings did not support that tea consumption was related to the decreased risk of bladder cancer.
Neoadjuvant versus adjuvant treatment: which one is better for resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?
Authors: Xu Yaping , Yu Xinmin , Chen Qixun , Mao Weimin
Published: August 2012

Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer worldwide, and especially in some areas of China is the fourth most common cause of death and is of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) histology in >90% of cases. Surgery alone was the mainstay of therapeutic intervention in the past, but high rates of local and systemic failure have prompted investigation into multidisciplinary management. In this review, we discuss the key issues raised by the recent availability of esophageal SCC treatment with the addition of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and chemoradiotherapy to the surgical management of resectable disease and discuss how clinical trials and meta-analysis inform current clinical practice. None of the randomized trials that compared neoadjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy with surgery alone in esophageal SCC has demonstrated an increase in overall survival in those patients treated with neoadjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy has been accepted recently for esophageal cancer because such a regimen offers great opportunity for margin negative resection, improved loco-regional control and increased survival. The majority of the available evidence currently reveals that only selected locally advanced esophageal SCC are more likely to benefit from the adjuvant therapy. The focus of future trials should be on identification of the optimum regimen and should aim to minimize treatment toxicities and effect on quality of life, as well as attempt to identify and select those patients most likely to benefit from specific treatment options.
Scaling-up from an implementation trial to state-wide coverage: results from the preliminary Melbourne Diabetes Prevention Study
Authors: Janus Edward D , Best James D , Davis-Lameloise Nathalie , Philpot Benjamin , Hernan Andrea , Bennett Catherine M , O’Reilly Sharleen , Carter Rob , Vartiainen Erkki , Dunbar James A
Published: August 2012

Background

The successful Greater Green Triangle Diabetes Prevention Program (GGT DPP), a small implementation trial, has been scaled-up to the Victorian state-wide ‘Life!’ programme with over 10,000 individuals enrolled. The Melbourne Diabetes Prevention Study (MDPS) is an evaluation of the translation from the GGT DPP to the Life! programme. We report results from the preliminary phase (pMDPS) of this evaluation.

Methods

The pMDPS is a randomised controlled trial with 92 individuals aged 50 to 75 at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes randomised to Life! or usual care. Intervention consisted of six structured 90-minute group sessions: five fortnightly sessions and the final session at 8 months. Participants underwent anthropometric and laboratory tests at baseline and 12 months, and provided self-reported psychosocial, dietary, and physical activity measures. Intervention group participants additionally underwent these tests at 3 months. Paired t tests were used to analyse within-group changes over time. Chi-square tests were used to analyse differences between groups in goals met at 12 months. Differences between groups for changes over time were tested with generalised estimating equations and analysis of covariance.

Results

Intervention participants significantly improved at 12 months in mean body mass index (−0.98 kg/m2, standard error (SE)%20=%200.26), weight (−2.65 kg, SE%20=%200.72), waist circumference (−7.45 cm, SE%20=%201.15), and systolic blood pressure (−3.18 mmHg, SE%20=%201.26), increased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (0.07 mmol/l, SE%20=%200.03), reduced energy from total (−2.00%, SE%20=%200.78) and saturated fat (−1.54%, SE%20=%200.41), and increased fibre intake (1.98 g/1,000 kcal energy, SE%20=%200.47). In controls, oral glucose at 2 hours deteriorated (0.59 mmol/l, SE%20=%200.27). Only waist circumference reduced significantly (−4.02 cm, SE%20=%200.95).

Intervention participants significantly outperformed controls over 12 months for body mass index and fibre intake. After baseline adjustment, they also showed greater weight loss and reduced saturated fat versus total energy intake.

At least 5% weight loss was achieved by 32% of intervention participants versus 0% controls.

Conclusions

pMDPS results indicate that scaling-up from implementation trial to state-wide programme is possible. The system design for Life! was fit for purpose of scaling-up from efficacy to effectiveness.

Trial registration

Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12609000507280