bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How well do embryo development rate models derived from laboratory data predict embryo development in sea turtle nests?
Authors: Booth David T. , Turner Alysabeth G. , Laloë Jacques‑Olivier , Limpus Colin J.
Published: February 2022

Development rate of ectothermic animals varies with temperature. Here we use data derived from laboratory constant temperature incubation experiments to formulate development rate models that can be used to model embryonic development rate in sea turtle nests. We then use a novel method for detecting the time of hatching to measure the in situ incubation period of sea turtle clutches to test the accuracy of our models in predicting the incubation period from nest temperature traces. We found that all our models overestimated the incubation period. We hypothesize three possible explanations which are not mutually exclusive for the mismatch between our modeling and empirically measured in situ incubation period: (1) a difference in the way the incubation period is calculated in laboratory data and in our field nests, (2) inaccuracies in the assumptions made by our models at high incubation temperatures where there is no empirical laboratory data, and (3) a tendency for development rate in laboratory experiments to be progressively slower as temperature decreases compared with in situ incubation.
Lead exposure does not affect baseline and induced innate immunity in quails
Authors: Melhado Gabriel , Pedrobom L. Jorge Henrique , Menegário Amauri A. , Herrera Montalvo Luis Gerardo , Cruz‐Neto Ariovaldo P.
Published: February 2022

Lead (Pb) is one of the most common metals found in ecosystems in elevated concentrations derived mainly from anthropogenic activities. Pb toxicity is of special concern in birds due to its capacity for bioaccumulation in the liver, bones, and kidneys causing physiological disruptions. Such disruptions can be lethal in a few days after Pb acute intoxication and they are associated with several million deaths of birds. Moreover, Pb may work as an immunosuppressant as it affects the cell‐mediated and humoral immune responses, including components of the acute‐phase response (APR). We (1) examined the effects of Pb contamination on the innate immune system, body mass, and food intake of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), and (2) evaluated the effects of Pb on its APR after exposing the animals to Pb acetate in drinkable water during 7 days. We found that Pb contamination increased the number of circulating white blood cells (WBCs), but no effect was found on body mass, food intake, the heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, and haptoglobin (Hp) concentration. When Pb‐exposed birds were injected with lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli to activate the APR, they had a negative body mass ratio, reduced food intake, and increased the number of WBCs, the H/L ratio, and the Hp concentration. We conclude that Pb exposure at this dose did not affect baseline values of the constitutive response and that it did not affect the APR of quails, but commend for further studies testing the effect of different Pb doses.
A curious case of cyclin-dependent kinases in neutrophils
Authors: Syahirah Ramizah , Hsu Alan Y , Deng Qing
Published: February 2022

Neutrophils are terminally differentiated, short-lived white blood cells critical for innate immunity. Although cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are typically related to cell cycle progression, increasing evidence has shown that they regulate essential functions of neutrophils. This review highlights the roles of CDKs and their partners, cyclins, in neutrophils, outside of cell cycle regulation. CDK1-10 and several cyclins are expressed in neutrophils, albeit at different levels. Observed phenotypes associated with specific inhibition or genetic loss of CDK2 indicate its role in modulating neutrophil migration. CDK4 and 6 regulate neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation, while CDK5 regulates neutrophil degranulation. CDK7 and 9 are critical in neutrophil apoptosis, contributing to inflammation resolution. In addition to the CDKs that regulate mature neutrophil functions, cyclins are essential in hematopoiesis and granulopoiesis. The pivotal roles of CDKs in neutrophils present an untapped potential in targeting CDKs for treating neutrophil-dominant inflammatory diseases and understanding the regulation of the neutrophil life cycle.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Accumulation of Epicardial Adipose Tissue Adds Independent Risks for Diastolic Dysfunction among Dialysis Patients
Authors: Zhou Hang , An Dong‐Aolei , Ni Zhaohui , Xu Jianrong , Zhou Yan , Fang Wei , Lu Renhua , Ying Liang , Huang Jiaying , Yao Qiuying , Li Dawei , Hu Jiani , Chen Binghua , Shen Jianxiao , Jin Haijiao , Wei Yuehan , Fahmy Lara M. , Jing Du , Ye Jing , Xu Lei , Wu Lian‐Ming , Mou Shan
Published: February 2022

Background

Diastolic dysfunction (DD) frequently occurs in dialysis patients; however, the risk factors of DD remain to be further explored in such a population. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume has proven to be an independent clinical risk factor for multiple cardiac disorders.

Purpose

To assess whether EAT volume is an independent risk factor for DD in dialysis patients.

Study Type

Case–control study.

Population

A total of 113 patients (mean age: 54.5 ± 14.4 years; 41 women) who had underwent dialysis for at least 3 months due to uremia.

Field Strength

A 3 T, steady‐state free precession (SSFP) sequence for cine imaging, modified Look–Locker imaging (MOLLI) for T1 mapping and gradient‐recalled‐echo for T2*.

Assessment

All participants were performed cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and echocardiogram. For MRI images analysis, borders of the EAT were manually delineated, as well as, pericardial adipose tissue (PeAT) and paracardial adipose tissue (PaAT), T1 mapping, T2* mapping, global longitudinal strain (GLS), and left atrial strain. For echocardiogram assessments, the thickness of PaAT, e' velocity, E velocity, E/e ratio, A velocity, and deceleration time were measured.

Statistical tests

Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to explore the independent risk factors for DD. P value less than 0.05 was considered as significant.

Results

Compared with the DD(−) group, the DD(+) group had significantly more epicardial tissue fat (18.5 ± 1.3 vs. 30.9 ± 2.3) In addition, EAT volumes increased significantly with the grades of DD (grade 1 vs. grade 2 and 3: 27.9 ± 15.9 vs. 35.4 ± 13.1). Moreover, EAT had significant correlations with T1 mapping, T2* mapping, GLS, left atrial strain, e' velocity, and E/e ratio. EAT accumulation added an independent risk for DD (Odds Ratio = 1.03) over conventional clinical risk factors including age, diabetes mellitus, and hemodialysis.

Data Conclusion

EAT was associated with diastolic function, and its accumulation may be an independent risk factor for DD among dialysis patients.

Evidence Level

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Coupling of brain activity and structural network in multiple sclerosis: A graph frequency analysis study
Authors: Ye Chenfei , Huang Jing , Liang Li , Yan Zehong , Qi Zhigang , Kang Xiong , Liu Zheng , Dong Huiqing , Lv Haiyan , Ma Ting , Lu Jie
Published: February 2022

The brain activities and the underlying wiring diagrams are vulnerable in multiple sclerosis (MS). Also, it remains unknown whether the complex coupling between these functional and structural brain properties would be affected. To address this issue, we adopted graph frequency analysis to quantify the high‐order structural‐functional interactions based on a combination of brain diffusion and functional MRI data. The structural‐functional decoupling index was proposed to measure how much brain regional functional activity with different graph frequency was organized atop the underlying wiring diagram in MS. The identified patterns in MS included (1) disruption of inherent structural‐functional coupling in the somatomotor network (β = 0.05, p = 0.03), and (2) excessive decrease of decoupling in the subcortical (β = −0.10, p = 0.02), visual (β = −0.04, p = 0.01), and dorsal attention networks (β = −0.12, p = 0.03). Besides, this structural‐functional coupling signature in the somatomotor network was associated with cognitive worsening of MS patients (β = −24.31, p = 0.006). Overall, our study unveiled a unique signature of brain structural‐functional reorganization in MS.
A real‐world experience of subcutaneous and transvenous implantable cardiac defibrillators—comparison with the PRAETORIAN study
Authors: Khanra Dibbendhu , Hamid Abdul , Patel Peysh , Tomson John , Abdalla Ahmed , Khan Nasrin , Dowd Rory , Chandan Nakul , Osagie Christopher , Jinadu Tomilola , Velu Selvakumar , Arya Anita , Spencer Charles , Barr Craig , Petkar Sanjiv
Published: February 2022

Background

PRAETORIAN is the first randomized controlled trial that demonstrated the noninferiority of subcutaneous ICD (S‐ICD) in comparison with transvenous ICD (TV‐ICD). We retrospectively reviewed electronic records of patients with ICD implanted over the past 6 years, with the primary objective to compare our real‐world single tertiary center experience with the randomized data from the PRAETORIAN study.

Methods

Seventy S‐ICD patients were compared with 197 TV‐ICD patients, from July 2014 to June 2020 retrospectively, over a median period of 1304 days (296–2451 days). Primary composite endpoints included inappropriate shocks and device‐related malfunctions.

Results

Patients with S‐ICD implantation were younger than those who received TV‐ICD (mean, 49.7 years vs 63.9 years, p < .001). About 31.4% of S‐ICDs were implanted for secondary prevention, and 58.6% of S‐ICD patients had ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) with a median left ventricular ejection fraction of 32.5% (range: 10–67%). S‐ICDs and TV‐ICD had statistically similar inappropriate shocks (4.3% vs 4.6%, p = .78), device‐related complications (11.4% vs 9.1%, p = .93), and the overall primary endpoints (15.7% vs 13.7%, p = .68). The findings remained the same even after age and gender adjustments and time‐dependent analysis.

Conclusion

Although single‐center experience with a small number of S‐ICD patients, results of the PRAETORIAN study has been replicated in our real‐world experience of S‐ICD and TV‐ICD implantations across diverse etiologies, indications, and age groups confirming the comparable performance of S‐ICD and TV‐ICD when implanted in selected patients.
Influence of climate variability on wind‐sea and swell wave height extreme over the Indo‐Pacific Ocean
Authors: Kumar Prashant , Sardana Divya , Kaur Sukhwinder , PG Remya , Rajni  , Weller Evan
Published: February 2022

In the Indo‐Pacific Ocean (IPO), extreme significant wave heights (SWHs) can substantially induce coastal erosion, flooding, and devastating impacts on coastal livelihoods. This study examines the seasonal influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), Southern Annular Mode (SAM), and Pacific North American (PNA) pattern on extreme wind‐wave parameters. The climatic extremes are calculated utilizing ERA5 reanalysis datasets from 1979 to 2019 and a nonstationary generalized extreme value distribution. Significant increases in extreme wind‐sea (Hmax) and swell SWH (HmaxSw) response to ENSO occur over the northeast North Pacific (NP) during December–February (DJF) and western NP during June–August (JJA). The PNA influence exhibits a similar pattern to ENSO during DJF yet is inactive in JJA. Hmax and HmaxSw responses to the IOD during September–November (SON) include significant increases over the western Pacific, southern Indian Ocean (IO), and southwest tropical IO, yet decreases over the central tropical IO. The HmaxSw response to the SAM is larger than that for Hmax over the southern IPO during DJF, which extends toward the eastern Pacific in March–May (MAM). Overall, extreme wind‐sea and swell parameter responses are found to be associated with sea level pressure (SLP) and SLP gradients.
Should we believe the benefit of intravenous erythromycin in critically ill adults with gastric feeding intolerance? Reinspecting the pieces of evidence from a series of meta‐analyses
Authors: Chen Yi‐Ting , Tai Kuan‐Yu , Lai Pei Chun , Huang Yen Ta
Published: February 2022

Background

In critically ill adults, unachieved nutrition targets owing to feeding intolerance are associated with poor outcomes. Erythromycin, a macrolide of antibiotics, exerts its gastrointestinal prokinetic as a motilin receptor agonist and subsequently promotes bowel movement. The application of erythromycin has been mentioned in the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) guideline with a grade B recommendation and strong consensus based on significant results from a meta‐analysis of only three randomized controlled trials in a Mantel‐Haenszel random‐effects model.

Methods

We reinspected the evidence by a random‐effects model of meta‐analyses through the frequentist approach with the Hartung‐Knapp‐Sidik‐Jonkman (HKSJ) method, trial sequential analysis (TSA), and Bayesian inference.

Results

The results analyzed by the HKSJ method showed a risk ratio (RR) of 0.50 (95% confidence interval, 0.19–1.33; I2 = 74.55%). TSA indicated the false‐positive results with insufficient cases. Bayesian inference showed a RR of 0.38 (95% credible interval, 0.04–1.62).

Conclusions

The effect of intravenous erythromycin in feeding intolerance for critically ill adults remained inconclusive, with very low certainty of evidence. Further large‐scale randomized controlled trials with increased rigor are warranted to provide a solid conclusion.
The Impact of Component Dorsal Hump Reduction on Patient‐Perceived Nasal Aesthetics and Obstruction in Rhinoplasty
Authors: Burks Ciersten A. , Weitzman Rachel E. , Lindsay Robin W.
Published: February 2022

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate functional and aesthetic patient‐reported outcomes using validated metrics after component dorsal hump reduction (DHR) with spreader graft placement, which have not been previously reported.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

This prospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary care medical center. Participants underwent septorhinoplasty (SRP) with spreader graft placement with cosmetic, component DHR (cosmetic DHR), or SRP with spreader graft placement without dorsal hump reduction (noncosmetic, non‐DHR). The Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale and the FACE‐Q Satisfaction with Nose, Nostrils, and Social Functioning scales were administered to patients preoperatively and postoperatively (at 2, 4, 6, and/or 12 months). Pre‐ and postoperative NOSE and FACE‐Q scores were compared.

Results

A total of 226 patients underwent SRP with spreader graft placement; 113 (50.0%) with cosmetic DHR and 113 (50.0%) noncosmetic, non‐DHR (control). Patients who completed the NOSE and FACE‐Q surveys preoperatively and at least at one postoperative time point were included. Both cohorts had a statistically and clinically significant improvement in NOSE and FACE‐Q scores. There were similar improvements in NOSE scores in both cohorts. Postoperative FACE‐Q scores were higher in the cosmetic DHR cohort despite lower preoperative FACE‐Q scores when compared to the control cohort.

Conclusions

Although there are multiple techniques for DHR, component DHR with spreader graft placement has long been considered the standard. Therefore, it is important to note the significant postoperative cosmetic and functional improvements reported by patients who have undergone this procedure to compare to newer techniques as they evolve.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 132:2157–2161, 2022
Location, location, location: When and how low price locations improve consumer price perceptions
Authors: Barone Michael J. , Coulter Keith S. , Kulow Katina , Li Xingbo (Bo)
Published: February 2022

Does seeing a price in a physically low (vs. high) location prompt consumers to believe that the featured product is less costly? Recent research supports this possibility by showing that low price locations trigger “down=less” metaphors which prompt price perceptions that are monetarily “low” in magnitude. Extending such work, we offer a two‐stage model to account for price location effects and examine theoretically‐relevant moderators that influence the likelihood of “down=less” metaphors being activated (Stage 1) and being mapped onto a price magnitude judgment (Stage 2). Results demonstrate that price location effects will emerge under conditions where consumers (a) experience feelings of high (vs. low) power that encourage metaphor activation and (b) possess a high (vs. low) need for structure that encourages the mapping, or transfer, of these metaphors onto a price judgment mapping. A final study shows that “down=less” metaphorical influences do not affect price magnitude judgments in the presence of factors that inhibit either metaphor activation (i.e., feelings of low power) or mapping (i.e., a low need for structure). By identifying these contingencies, this research further specifies when price location effects are likely to arise, increasing our understanding of pricing in general and this locational phenomenon in particular.
Design and analysis of a high order computational technique for time‐fractional Black–Scholes model describing option pricing
Authors: Roul Pradip
Published: February 2022

This work deals with the construction and analysis of a high‐order computational scheme for a time‐fractional Black‐Scholes model that governs the European option pricing. The time‐fractional derivative is considered in the sense of Caputo and the L1 − 2 formula is employed to approximate the Caputo temporal‐fractional derivative of order α, where α ∈ (0, 1). A compact difference scheme is designed for discretization of space variable. The convergence of the method is discussed in detail. It is shown that the proposed method has fourth order accuracy in space and
order accuracy in time. One numerical example with the known exact solution is considered to demonstrate the applicability and accuracy of present numerical scheme. Moreover, the suggested numerical scheme is employed for pricing three European option problems, namely European call option, European double barrier knock‐out option and European put option. The effect of fractional order derivative on option price profile is investigated. Furthermore, the effects of three relevant parameters, namely volatility, strike price and interest rate on the price of European double barrier knock‐out option are investigated. The computational time for the proposed method is provided.
Effects of exercise on muscle reinnervation and plasticity of spinal circuits in rat sciatic nerve crush injury models with different numbers of crushes
Authors: Minegishi Yuki , Nishimoto Junji , Uto Minori , Ozone Kaichi , Oka Yuichiro , Kokubun Takanori , Murata Kenji , Takemoto Hidenori , Kanemura Naohiko
Published: February 2022

Introduction/Aims

Motor function recovery is frequently poor after peripheral nerve injury. The effect of different numbers of nerve crushes and exercise on motor function recovery is unknown. We aimed to examine how different numbers of crushes of the rat sciatic nerve affects muscle reinnervation and plasticity of spinal circuits and the effect of exercise intervention.

Methods

Single and multiple sciatic nerve crush models with different numbers of crushes were created in rats. Treadmill exercise was performed at 10 m/min for 60 min, five times a week. Muscle reinnervation and synaptic changes in L4‐5 motor neurons were examined by immunofluorescence staining. Behavioral tests were the sciatic functional index (SFI) and the pinprick tests.

Results

The percentage of soleus muscle reinnervation was not significantly increased by the presence of exercise in single or multiple crushes. Exercise after a single crush increased the contact of motor neurons with VGLUT1‐containing structures (Exercised vs. Unexercised, 12.9% vs. 8.7%; p < .01), but after multiple crushes, it decreased with or without exercise (8.1% vs. 8.6%). Exercise after a single crush significantly improved SFI values from 14 to 24 days, and exercise after multiple crushes from 21 to 35 days (all p < .05). The pinprick test showed no difference in recovery depending on the number of crushes or whether or not exercised.

Discussion

Different numbers of sciatic nerve crushes affect muscle reinnervation and motor neuron synaptic changes differently, but motor function recovery may improve with exercise regardless of the number of crushes.
Thermal Tolerance and Temperature-Dependent Feeding Behavior of F1 Gulf and Atlantic Coast Striped Bass Strains
Authors: Kenter Linas W. , Berlinsky David L.
Published: February 2022

To evaluate the pond culture potential of purebred Striped Bass Morone saxatilis, the thermal stress tolerance and associated feeding behavior of Atlantic coast (Delaware River; DE) and Gulf of Mexico (Florida; FL) strains (~1.0–1.6 kg) were evaluated. In the first experiment, critical thermal maxima (CTmax) temperatures were determined by gradually increasing the water temperature of individual fish that were housed in 311-L insulated containers (0.3°C/min) and determining when the fish experienced loss of equilibrium (n = 6/strain). The results indicated that the fish from the FL strain had a higher CTmax value (36.7 ± 0.32°C) than did those from the DE strain (35.7 ± 0.57°C). In the second experiment, feeding behavior and feed consumption were evaluated during simulated summer temperature fluctuations by increasing the water temperature from 26°C to 34°C by 2°C every 2 d (n = 30 fish/strain). Feed consumption decreased inversely with temperature in both strains until a mortality event occurred at 34°C. The results suggest that there are physiological adaptations to elevated temperatures among Striped Bass strains and they may be suitable for pond culture if feeding is restricted at high temperatures (>30°C).
Analysis of physician recipients of recognition awards from the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation by Race and Ethnicity
Authors: Jumreornvong Oranicha , Henson Philip , Haque Abid , Sanchez Ashley N. , Samaan Angela , Nehrbass Elena , Silver Julie K. , Escalon Miguel X.
Published: February 2022

Background

Medical society recognition awards are important resources for physicians in advancing their careers. There is a need to better understand the representation of physician recipients by race and ethnicity, especially in women with intersectional identities.

Objective

To assess the proportions of American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPM&R) award recipients by race and ethnicity and the intersection of gender.

Design

Cross‐sectional and retrospective study.

Setting and Methods

One hundred seven (n = 107) published online physician award recipients from 2011 to 2020 were categorized by race, ethnicity, and gender by two independent researchers. There was 100% interrater agreement on race and gender and 95% on ethnicity. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis and multilinear regression.

Main Outcome Measurements

Awards given to physicians coded by race (White/Caucasian, Asian, and Black/African American), ethnicity (Hispanic/Latino), and the intersection of gender with race and ethnicity were analyzed. The primary comparator was proportions by race, ethnicity, and gender of academic physicians in physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) using Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) data. A secondary aim was recipients’ proportions compared to AAMC benchmarks for all practicing physiatrists.

Results

There were no significant differences in representation of award recipients by race or ethnicity compared to the primary comparator of their percentages in academic PM&R. Notably, 96.3% of awards were given to physicians identified as being in or having been in academic medicine. Secondary analysis of award recipients to all practicing physiatrists revealed significant underrepresentation of recipients who were coded as (1) White/Caucasian women, Asian men and women, Black/African American men and women (p = .016), and (2) Hispanic/Latino men and women (p = .028).

Conclusions

This is a novel study assessing race and ethnicity in physician recognition awards presented by a medical society. No significant disparities were found among recipients as compared to representation in academic PM&R. However, there were significant disparities when compared to all practicing physiatrists. These findings deserve further investigation and consideration as medical societies strive to equitably support all members.
Uniform antibacterial cylindrical nanoparticles for enhancing the strength of nanocomposite hydrogels
Authors: Li Zehua , Pearce Amanda K. , Du Jianzhong , Dove Andrew P. , O'Reilly Rachel K.
Published: February 2022

Crystallization‐driven self‐assembly (CDSA) was employed for the preparation of monodisperse cationic cylindrical nanoparticles with controllable sizes, which were subsequently explored for their effect on antibacterial activity and the mechanical properties of nanocomposite hydrogels. Poly(ɛ‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly[2‐(tert‐butylamino) ethyl methacrylate] (PCL‐b‐PMMA‐b‐PTA) triblock copolymers were synthesized using combined ring‐opening and RAFT polymerizations, and then self‐assembled into polycationic cylindrical micelles with controllable lengths by epitaxial growth. The polycationic cylinders exhibited intrinsic cell‐type‐dependent antibacterial capabilities against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria under physiological conditions, without quaternization or loading of any additional antibiotics. Furthermore, when the cylinders were combined into anionic alginate hydrogel networks, the mechanical response of the hydrogel composite was tunable and enhanced up to 51%, suggesting that cationic polymer fibers with controlled lengths are promising mimics of the fibrous structures in natural extracellular matrix to support scaffolds. Overall, this polymer fiber/hydrogel nanocomposite shows potential as an injectable antibacterial biomaterial, with possible application in implant materials as bacteriostatic agents or bactericides against various infections.
Thermal, Viscosimetric and Thermomechanical Combined Assessment of Mixture Modelled Composite Fuels for Hybrid Propulsion
Authors: Péres de Araújo Emmanuel , José Maschio Leandro , Henrique Gouvêa Leonardo , Gustavo Ferroni Pereira Luís , Vieira Ricardo
Published: February 2022

Paraffin‐based fuels have received attention in hybrid propulsion studies towards their regression rate assessment, although little efforts have been dedicated to a consistent selection of their formulations. This work deals with melting enthalpy, dynamic viscosity, and linear thermal expansion characterization of novel low‐density polyethylene‐macrocrystalline paraffin‐ammonium nitrate composite fuels, followed by model fitting under mixture modeling principles and subsequent optimization through the desirability method. This approach allowed a better understanding of the raw materials’ roles and provided a trade‐off formulation, which was satisfactorily produced and characterized in a confirmatory experiment, thus making it a suitable candidate for further regression rate measurements.
Non‐organ confined stage and upgrading rates in exclusive PSA high‐risk prostate cancer patients
Authors: Hoeh Benedikt , Flammia Rocco S. , Hohenhorst Lukas , Sorce Gabriele , Chierigo Francesco , Tian Zhe , Saad Fred , Gallucci Michele , Briganti Alberto , Terrone Carlo , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Graefen Markus , Tilki Derya , Kluth Luis A. , Mandel Philipp , Becker Andreas , Chun Felix K.H. , Karakiewicz Pierre I.
Published: February 2022

Background

The pathological stage of prostate cancer with high‐risk prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels, but otherwise favorable and/or intermediate risk characteristics (clinical T‐stage, Gleason Grade group at biopsy [B‐GGG]) is unknown. We hypothesized that a considerable proportion of such patients will exhibit clinically meaningful GGG upgrading or non‐organ confined (NOC) stage at radical prostatectomy (RP).

Materials and methods

Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2010–2015) we identified RP‐patients with cT1c‐stage and B‐GGG1, B‐GGG2, or B‐GGG3 and PSA 20–50 ng/ml. Rates of GGG4 or GGG5 and/or rates of NOC stage (≥ pT3 and/or pN1) were analyzed. Subsequently, separate univariable and multivariable logistic regression models tested for predictors of NOC stage and upgrading at RP.

Results

Of 486 assessable patients, 134 (28%) exhibited B‐GGG1, 209 (43%) B‐GGG2, and 143 (29%) B‐GGG3, respectively. The overall upgrading and NOC rates were 11% and 51% for a combined rate of upgrading and/or NOC stage of 53%. In multivariable logistic regression models predicting upgrading, only B‐GGG3 was an independent predictor (odds ratio [OR]: 5.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.21–14.19; p < 0.001). Conversely, 33%–66% (OR: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.42–3.95; p = 0.001) and >66% of positive biopsy cores (OR: 4.85; 95% CI: 2.84–8.42; p < 0.001), as well as B‐GGG2 and B‐GGG3 were independent predictors for NOC stage (all p ≤ 0.001).

Conclusions

In cT1c‐stage patients with high‐risk PSA baseline, but low‐ to intermediate risk B‐GGG, the rate of upgrading to GGG4 or GGG5 is low (11%). However, NOC stage is found in the majority (51%) and can be independently predicted with percentage of positive cores at biopsy and B‐GGG.
One‐class classification‐based monitoring for the mean and variance of time series
Authors: Lee Sangyeol , Lee Sangjo , Kim Chang Kyeom
Published: February 2022

This study develops a statistical process control (SPC) chart that simultaneously monitors the mean and variance of general location‐scale time series models. Integrating the one‐class classification (OCC) technique (the support vector data description (SVDD) particularly), we formulate a nonlinear boundary to enclose in‐control observations for detecting structural anomalies. The control limits obtained from SVDD can capture a more sophisticated structural change and are also controllable. We particularly propose a control chart formulated using location‐scale residuals. This further enhances our ability to detect shifts in the mean, variance, and various model parameters. The proposed OCC control chart is compared with some traditional charts and is validated by conducting simulations under various circumstances. Moreover, we consolidate applicability in a real data analysis by demonstrating its functionality with the S&P 500 index.
Losses, Many‐Body Correlations, and Universality in Ultracold Molecules
Authors: He Mingyuan , Lv Chenwei , Zhou Qi
Published: February 2022

Recent experimental developments have allowed physicists to freeze molecules' motion down to an ultracold temperature regime where quantum effects become profound. Furthermore, each molecule can be precisely prepared at chosen internal states and the mutual interactions between molecules are also highly tunable. As such, ultracold molecules have emerged as a powerful platform in multiple disciplines across physics and chemistry. Meanwhile, a grand challenge exists as to how losses of molecules depend on a quantum many‐body environment. In this article, the recent experimental and theoretical progress of exploring losses of ultracold molecules is reviewed. Since the conventional theoretical scheme of treating isolated pairs of molecules is no longer applicable to the quantum degenerate regime that has been reached in recent experiments, an alternative framework of universal relations between two‐body losses and many‐body correlations has been established. Regardless of microscopic parameters ranging from the temperature and the particle number to the interaction strength, these universal relations always hold. This approach unfolds a simple universality behind complex loss processes of many‐body systems and provides physicists and chemists with a new tool to explore ultracold molecules.
The challenge of differentiating tuberculous meningitis from bacterial meningitis
Authors: Kurihara Momoko , Kuroki Tomonori , Nomura Yushi , Katsube Otohiro , Umetsu Takafumi , Numao Toshio , Shimizu Taro , Sugiyama Kumiya
Published: February 2022

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a rare but important differential diagnosis in patients with impaired consciousness. Here, we describe a case of TBM in an 83‐year‐old Japanese woman who presented to a local hospital with fever and decreased consciousness of 20 days' duration (from day −40). She was started on treatment for bacterial meningitis due to an increased cerebrospinal fluid cell count, but her condition did not improve. She was transferred to a second hospital on suspicion for cholecystitis, then to a university hospital when consciousness did not improve and finally to us at a fourth hospital. On day −2, diffuse granulation was seen in both lung fields on chest computed tomography, sputum Mycobacterium test was positive and adenosine deaminase was elevated in spinal fluid. We diagnosed TBM secondary to miliary tuberculosis and started treatment with steroids and anti‐tuberculous drugs (day 0). However, her level of consciousness did not improve and she died at a sanatorium on day 178. Delayed treatment of TBM has a prognostic impact and should be kept in mind as a differential diagnosis for impaired consciousness.
Principles for scientists working at the river science‐policy interface
Authors: Thompson Ross M , Barbour Emily J , Bradshaw Corey J A , Briggs Sue , Byron Neil , Grace Michael , Hart Barry T. , King Alison J. , Likens Gene E. , Pollino Carmel A. , Sheldon Fran , Stewardson Michael J , Thoms Martin , Watts Robyn J , Webb J Angus
Published: February 2022

In the face of mounting environmental and political challenges in river management, accurate and timely scientific information is required to inform policy development and guide effective management of waterways. The Murray–Darling Basin is Australia's largest river system by area and is the subject of a heavily contested series of water reforms relying comprehensively on river science. River scientists have specialised knowledge that is an important input into evidence‐based decision‐making for the management of the Murray–Darling Basin, but despite extensive literature on the interface between science and policy, there is little guidance on achieving policy relevance for practicing scientists. Here, we provide a set of important discussion points for water scientists to consider when engaging with policy‐makers and environmental water managers. We place our considerations in the context of a broader literature discussing the role of natural‐resource scientists engaging with policy and management. We then discuss the different roles for river scientists when engaging in this space, and the advantages and pitfalls of each. We illustrate the breadth of modes of engagement at the science‐policy‐management interface using the Murray–Darling Basin as an example. We emphasise the need for effective governance arrangements and data practices to protect scientists from accusations of operating as advocates when working to inform management and policy.
Exfoliation methods for compositional and electronic characterization of interfacial Mo(Sex,Sy) in Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 solar cells by X‐ray and UV photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Lange Stefan , Giesl Florian , Naumann Volker , Hagendorf Christian , Eraerds Patrick
Published: February 2022

Mo(SexSy) is a transition metal dichalcogenide typically applied as a back contact interlayer in Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 (CIGSSe) solar cells. Band alignment at the buried Mo/CIGSSe junction mediated by Mo(SexSy) is important for current transport and enables quasi‐ohmic behavior between the CIGSSe absorber and the Mo back electrode. Furthermore, the S/(Se + S) ratio is a crucial parameter that determines the height of the valence band offset at the CIGSSe/Mo(SexSy) interface. Because the interlayer is formed during rapid thermal processing, an MoSe2 or MoS2 thin film grown on free substrate surfaces will not be representative for a realistic solar cell device. Thus, for fundamental thin‐film material analysis, as well as functional characterization and modeling, appropriate preparation and analytical techniques are required in order to prevent artifacts. In principal, the weak van der Waals forces between two‐dimensional stacked Mo(SexSy) sheets allow the implementation of exfoliation procedures to generate free Mo(SexSy) surfaces out of CIGSSe solar cell layer stacks. In this article, two different exfoliation‐based Mo(Sex,Sy) preparation methods are investigated and evaluated with respect to subsequent surface analytical characterization by X‐ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. A special focus is laid on an artifact‐free characterization of chemical and electronical properties of the exposed layers for a number of samples. In a first instance, the compositional Se/S and (Se + S)/Mo ratios at the surface are quantitatively analyzed on the basis of dedicated peak‐fitting routines. Artifacts from carbonaceous contamination due to different exfoliation glues can be prevented through a detailed comparative analysis of carbon 1s and KLL Auger peaks. Furthermore, a significant surface band bending is observed that can be reduced by low‐energy Ar ion in situ sputtering. A simple model for the sputter removal of a charged surface layer is presented, which allows to approximately calculate the absolute valence band maximum (VBM) positions required for band alignment and numerical device simulations. The presented exfoliation surface analysis methodology is important for the whole CIGS(Se) solar cell community and may be of general interest for emerging applications of further 2D transition metal dichalcogenides as well.
Optimization of Triterpenoid Extraction from Ganoderma lucidum by Ethanol‐Modified Supercritical Carbon Dioxide andthe Biological Properties of the Extract
Authors: Dat Tran Do , Viet Nguyen Duc , Thanh Vuong Hoai , Linh Ngo Thi Thuy , Ngan Nguyen Thi Kim , Nam Hoang Minh , Phong Mai Thanh , Hieu Nguyen Huu
Published: February 2022

In this work, the supercritical CO2 extraction methodology was utilized to extract triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum). Box‐Behnken experimental design was employed in order to optimize the extraction conditions. Results showed that the highest triterpenoid content of 4.122±0.09 mg/g could be obtained under extraction conditions including pressure of 312 bar, temperature of 53 °C, solvent‐to‐sample ratio 1.74 mL/g, and time of 120 min. The extract was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy to confirm the support of the supercritical CO2 in disrupting the cell walls of G. lucidum. The 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging was carried out for the antioxidant evaluation. The antibacterial properties of the extract were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica with inhibition zone of 21.33, 21.67, 23.67, and 14.00 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the extract was able to suppress the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and epidermic carcinoma the half‐maximal inhibitory concentration values of 50.32, 75.34, and 113.16 μg/mL, respectively. Therefore, the present investigation demonstrates the potential use of G. lucidum, which is high in triterpenoid in the manufacture of functional foods, health promotion, against bacterial infections, and cancer therapy.
Effect of Cu Content on Structure of NiCu Alloy Catalyst and Catalytic Performance for Nitroarenes Hydrogenation
Authors: Lin Xinrui , Sheng Yao , Yin Yuchen , Zou Xiujing , Liu Yang , Wang Xueguang , Lu Xionggang
Published: February 2022

Carbon doped silica‐supported NiCu alloy nanoparticles (Ni1Cux/C@SiO2) with different Cu/Ni molar ratio (x=0.12, 0.24, 0.36) were fabricated via one‐step impregnation, following in situ carbonization reduction. Effects of Cu content on catalyst structure, surface properties and particle sizes were investigated by Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), Raman, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface Ni0 content increased with increasing Cu content, but showed a maximum at 0.24 of Cu/Ni molar ratio, because the smaller NiCu alloy nanoparticle formed and the segregation of antioxidative Cu atoms on the surface protected the metallic Ni from oxidation. The Ni1Cux/C@SiO2 were investigated for nitrobenzene hydrogenation with H2. The optimal Ni1Cu0.24/C@SiO2 catalyst with the highest Ni0 content showed markedly improved catalytic activity compared to monometallic Ni/C@SiO2. The Ni0 species were the active sites for the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene. The Ni1Cu0.24/C@SiO2 could transform various substituted nitroarenes to corresponding aromatic amines. Moreover, the Ni1Cu0.24/C@SiO2 could be recycled for 8 times without decrease in catalytic performance, exhibiting superior anti‐oxidation and anti‐leaching abilities.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Furano and Pyrano Pyrimidinones (Thiones) by Using Zn‐Al−Cu@Poly Triazine‐Thiourea‐Sulfonamide‐SO3H Nanocatalyst
Authors: Rahimi Abumuslim , Ghorbani‐Vaghei Ramin , Alavinia Sedigheh
Published: February 2022

Recently, conjugated nanomaterials made of a nano‐metal oxides core and polymers have emerged as a promising candidate in new generation catalysis. Herein, we report a novel heterogeneous catalyst by immobilizing poly triazine‐thiourea‐sulfonamide (PTTSA) on the surface of the Zn−Al−Cu core. In this sense, the sulfonated catalyst was obtained via simple sulfonation using chlorosulfonic acid (Zn−Al−Cu@PTTSA‐SO3H). The post‐synthetically modified nanomaterial was characterized using FT‐IR, FE‐SEM, TGA, EDX, XRD, and WDX. Regarding the catalytic exploration, we aimed at synthesizing furano and pyrano pyrimidinone derivatives via a one‐pot three‐component reaction of urea/thiourea, 2,3‐dihydrofuran/3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran, and aldehydes with a variety of substrates. The catalyst is highly reusable and efficient, especially in terms of time and yield of the desired product.
Experimental Study on Aggregation Regulation and Plugging Performance of Nanoparticles in Low‐permeability Heterogeneous Cores
Authors: Shao Minglu , Fu Lipei , Yue Xiangan
Published: February 2022

To solve the defects of existing particles in in‐depth profile control of low permeability reservoirs, a cross‐linked polystyrene nanoparticles named as CSA was synthesized by emulsion polymerization method, and its aggregation plugging performance was investigated. Characterization analysis indicated that CSA particles displayed uniform microsphereical morphology and core‐shell heterogeneous structure. The CSA particles with the mean diameter ranging from 155.4 to 273.8 nm could be readily produced by moderate dosage change of acrylamide and surfactant. The property evaluation results showed that there was competition between the fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylate (AEC) and aggregation control agent. Aggregation control agent promoted the aggregation of CSA particles, while AEC can ensure the long‐term dispersion stability of CSA particles. Core tests suggested that CSA can not only properly propagate to deep formation, but also seal water channels through aggregation particle clusters, revealing the good injectivity and in‐depth conformance control capability in low‐permeability heterogeneous cores.
Pyrene‐Fused Furan: Simple Synthesis of π‐Expanded Heterohelicene
Authors: Honda Risa , Hara Nobuyuki , Imai Yoshitane , Sugiura Ken‐ichi
Published: February 2022

Treatment of p‐toluenesulfonic acid on bipyrenol in PhCl gave a pyrene‐fused furan. The expansion of the molecule induced a narrow HOMO‐LUMO gap, multiple redox processes showing both oxidation and reduction, and a bathochromic shift in the absorption spectrum. A small Stokes shift was caused by the rigidity of the molecule. The structures and electronic states were estimated by theoretical considerations. We found that the heteroatom containing a [5]helicene molecule shows racemization through a planar transition state.
Development of a Photonic Switch via Electro‐Capillarity‐Induced Water Penetration Across a 10‐nm Gap
Authors: Yu Eui‐Sang , Chae Kyomin , Kim Taehyun , Lee Jongsu , Seo Jungmok , Kim In Soo , Chung Aram J. , Lee Sin‐Doo , Ryu Yong‐Sang
Published: February 2022

With narrow and dense nanoarchitectures increasingly adopted to improve optical functionality, achieving the complete wetting of photonic devices is required when aiming at underwater molecule detection over the water‐repellent optical materials. Despite continuous advances in photonic applications, real‐time monitoring of nanoscale wetting transitions across nanostructures with 10‐nm gaps, the distance at which photonic performance is maximized, remains a chronic hurdle when attempting to quantify the water influx and molecules therein. For this reason, the present study develops a photonic switch that transforms the wetting transition into perceivable color changes using a liquid‐permeable Fabry–Perot resonator. Electro‐capillary‐induced Cassie‐to‐Wenzel transitions produce an optical memory effect in the photonic switch, as confirmed by surface‐energy analysis, simulations, and an experimental demonstration. The results show that controlling the wetting behavior using the proposed photonic switch is a promising strategy for the integration of aqueous media with photonic hotspots in plasmonic nanostructures such as biochemical sensors.
Layer‐Dependent Raman Spectroscopy and Electronic Applications of Wide‐Bandgap 2D Semiconductor β‐ZrNCl
Authors: Nong Huiyu , Wu Qinke , Tan Junyang , Sun Yujie , Zheng Rongxu , Zhang Rongjie , Zhao Shilong , Liu Bilu
Published: February 2022

In recent years, 2D layered semiconductors have received much attention for their potential in next‐generation electronics and optoelectronics. Wide‐bandgap 2D semiconductors are especially important in the blue and ultraviolet wavelength region, although there are very few 2D materials in this region. Here, monolayer β‐type zirconium nitride chloride (β‐ZrNCl) is isolated for the first time, which is an air‐stable layered material with a bandgap of ≈3.0 eV in bulk. Systematical investigation of layer‐dependent Raman scattering of ZrNCl from monolayer, bilayer, to bulk reveals a blueshift of its out‐of‐plane A1g peak at ≈189 cm–1. Importantly, this A1g peak is absent in the monolayer, suggesting that it is a fingerprint to quickly identify the monolayer and for the thickness determination of 2D ZrNCl. The back gate field‐effect transistor based on few‐layer ZrNCl shows a high on/off ratio of 108. These results suggest the potential of 2D β‐ZrNCl for electronic applications.
A Gyroscope Nanogenerator with Frequency Up‐Conversion Effect for Fitness and Energy Harvesting
Authors: Gai Yansong , Bai Yuan , Cao Yu , Wang Engui , Xue Jiangtao , Qu Xuecheng , Liu Zhuo , Luo Dan , Li Zhou
Published: February 2022

Converting the mechanical energy of human motion into electricity is considered an ideal energy supply solution for portable electronics. However, low‐frequency human movement limits conversion efficiency of conventional energy harvesting devices, which is difficult to provide sustainable power for portable electronic devices. Herein, a fitness gyroscope nanogenerator (fg‐NG) based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and electromagnetic generator (EMG) is developed that can convert low‐frequency wrist motion into high‐frequency rotation by using the frequency up‐conversion effect of the gyroscope. Remarkably, the fg‐NG can reach a rotational speed of over 8000 rpm by hand, increasing the frequency by more than 280 times. The fg‐NG can continuously and stably output a current of 17 mA and a voltage of 70 V at frequency of 220–230 Hz. The fg‐NG is demonstrated to consistently power a hygrothermograph, smart bracelet, and mobile phone. Also, it can be applicated to a self‐powered intelligent training system, showing its immense application potential in portable electronics and wireless Internet of Things devices.