bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Soluble Yarns by the Carboxymethylation of Cotton
Authors: Daul George C. , Reinhardt Robert M. , Reid J. David
Published: March 2008

Water- and alkali-soluble cotton fibers, yarns, and threads have been prepared by two methods. The cotton is preferably pretreated by pressure-kiering in 2% sodium hydroxide to remove the noncellulosic materials, and then treated with monochloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide by either a one-step or a two-step process. Where only disintegration or partial solubility is required, the one-step method is sufficient. Where complete solubility of the cot ton is required, the process must be carried out in two steps: a mild, followed by a stronger treatment. The treated cotton is neutralized in alcohol with acetic acid to produce water soluble products or with strong acids in alcohol to produce water-insoluble but alkali-soluble products. Cotton in the form of sliver, yarn, and thread has been successfully treated.
some Observations on the Reaction of Modified Keratins with Nitroprusside
Authors: Ripa O.
Published: March 2008

The sulfhydryl groups of treated keratin differ from those of ordinary thiol compounds in their reactivity toward sodium nitroprusside—they often do not give the characteristic red-violet coloration in slightly alkaline aqueous medium.

Among the several modifications of keratin investigated, only keratin treated with thio glycollate gave a positive reaction. In all other cases, however, a positive reaction could be obtained if it was carried out in concentrated guanidine hydrochloride solution. This medium should therefore be used to prove the presence of sulfhydryl groups in treated keratin.

The application of the nitroprusside reaction in both of these media showed that the treat ment with thioglycollate differed from other cases in that it produced two kinds of sulfhydryl groups. Some of the groups reacted with nitroprusside in an aqueous medium, while some did so only in guanidine hydrochloride solution.

Similarly, the detection of the disulfide groups of untreated keratin by means of potassium cyanide and nitroprusside should also be brought about in concentrated guanidine hydrochloride solution, because the color does not appear in aqueous medium.

At temperatures of 65° and 100°C, according to Phillips et al., the treatment of wool with aqueous solutions of potassium cyanide leads to an almost quantitative conversion of the com bined cystine into lanthionine. However, such wool also gives a strong coloration with nitro prusside in guanidine hydrochloride solution. This cannot be caused by lanthionine, and is therefore in contradiction to the assumed quantitative nature of the formation of lanthionine under the specified conditions.
Degradation of Cellulose During Mechanical Processing
Authors: Schwenker Robert F. , Whitwell John C.
Published: March 2008

The degradative effect of the Wiley mill on cotton samples and the variables affecting this action are discussed. It is concluded that one of the most important mill variables is blade spac ing, and that the form of the cotton sample is also of paramount importance. A microscopic examination of fiber segments confirms the latter conclusion. It is possible that the amount of degradation may also be a function of the D.P. of the sample.
Experiments with an Alkali Swelling-Centrifuge Test Applied to Cotton Fiber
Authors: Marsh P.B. , Merola G.V. , Simpson M.E.
Published: March 2008

A quantitative technique has been developed in which a weighed sample of cotton fiber is swollen in sodium hydroxide, centrifuged to remove liquid from between the fibers, and re weighed to determine its percentage increase in weight, the latter quantity being designated here as the fiber's "alkali-centrifuge value." The results obtained have been found to be related to two types of causal factors—namely, (1) the prior action of deteriorative agencies on the fiber, apparently especially on the outer wall of the fiber, and (2) the wall thickness of the fiber (as reflected in arealometer air-flow measurements).

The fiber-deteriorative agencies which have been shown to bring about changes in the alkali-centrifuge value of cotton fiber include micro-organisms, certain enzymatically active filtrates from microbial growth media, sodium hypochlorite, hydrochloric acid, heat, and weathering. The microbial and enzymatic effects have been studied in more detail than the others.

The new test is simple, rapid, inexpensive, quite highly reproducible, involves only standard laboratory equipment, and is essentially free from safety hazards to the operator. Several aspects of the methodology of the test are reported.
Fabric Uniformity from Top Blending of Wool with Rayon or Nylon
Authors: Macormac Alfred R. , Reed Harriet Harvey
Published: March 2008

To determine the uniformity attained by top blending, fibers were counted in samples of finished fabrics made of eight blends of 3-den. rayon or nylon with coarse or medium wools. The composition by number of fibers was then converted into composition by weight. The re sults agree with the manufacturing specification and with chemical analyses by the potassium hy droxide method. The average of samples consisting of at least 500 fibers indicates that the blending is uniform. When fibers of different diameter and density are blended, the composition by number of fibers differs markedly from the composition by weight, as would be expected. The composition by number of fibers is a factor in the dyeing, finishing, and hand of the finished fabric and should be taken into consideration in the manufacture of blended fabrics.
Molecular Weight of α-Cellulose from Jute and Allied Long Fibers
Authors: Chatterjee H. , Pal K.B. , Sarkar P.B.
Published: March 2008

Four methods commonly employed for the estimation of cellulose, with special reference to jute, have been critically studied by means of viscosity measurements (and hence molecular weight) of the α-cellulose obtained with each in cuprammonium hydroxide. The cellulose molecule is de graded to different extents by all the methods of delignification ; the Cross and Bevan method, how ever, appears to give the least degraded product. Pure cellulose is much more degraded than lignocelluloses. Generally, the use of caustic soda higher in concentration than 9.3% to extract α-cellulose or mechanical action of disintegration of the material brings about further degradation. The molecular weights of α-cellulose from different fibers have been determined. From the results thus obtained, a formula is suggested to calculate the intrinsic viscosity, and hence molecular weight, from the relative viscosity of a cellulose solution at a single concentration.
The Drying Twist in Plant Fibers
Authors: Newman Sanford B. , Riddell Helen F.
Published: March 2008

The drying twist of a large number of commercial fibers has been determined. In addition, fibers from related plants which are not at present utilized on a large scale were studied.

It was found that fibers from four of the twenty families represented by commercially im portant fibers have clockwise drying twists. These were the Linaceae, Urticaceae, Apocynaceae, and Asclepiadaceae. These observations should be useful in fiber identification and in yielding a clue to cell-wall structure.
A Study of Some Factors Affecting the Tear- and Water-Resistance of Lightweight Clothing and Tentage Fabrics
Authors: O'Brien William E. , Weiner Louis I.
Published: March 2008

Strength and water-resistance data are presented for a series of lightweight cotton fabrics varying in weave (wind-resistant twill and sateen), filling yarn type (60/2 combed and 30/1 carded), filling cover factor (15 and maximum), and finish (mercerized and unmercerized, both water-repellent-treated). The results indicate that the sateen has better tear strength than the wind-resistant twill but poorer water-resistance characteristics. The tighter weaves are less penetrable but more easily torn. The fabrics made of combed filling yarns are better than those made of carded filling yarns in both tear strength and water-resistance. Mercerization improves the tear strength but lowers the water-resistance, especially for the sateen weaves. Fire- resistant-treated sateen is shown by the data to have approximately twice the filling tear- resistance of fire-resistant-treated twill, with a somewhat lower, but still satisfactory, hydro static resistance.
Correlation of Yarn Strength with Fiber Strength Measured at Different Gage Lengths
Authors: Brown Hugh M.
Published: March 2008

The fiber strengths of 105 cottons measured with the Clemson Flat Bundle Tester at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm. gage length were correlated with the strength of yarns made from the same cottons.

The correlation between single end yarn strength and flat bundle fiber strength was higher for all of the longer gage lengths than for so called zero gage length, being highest for 2 and 4 mm. For these gage lengths the coefficients of correlation ranged from 5% to 27% higher than for zero length for the several types and numbers of yarn.

The correlations for the skein strength favored the longer gage lengths even more than in the single end breaks, the coefficients ranging from 3% to 49% higher for 2 to 4 mm. gage lengths than for zero length. The results indicate that the increase in correlation with greater gage length, up to 4 mm., is higher the finer the yarns and also higher for combed yarns than for carded yarns.

From the tests it seems that the "equivalent gripping distance" on individual fibers in yarn breaks must be approximately 3 mm. and that measuring the fiber strength at the short lengths used in the Pressley test will incorrectly rank certain cottons in relation to their merit in yarns.
Effect of Single and Ply Twists on the Properties of a 31 /2 Carded Cotton Yarn
Authors: Fiori Louis A. , Brown John J. , Sands Jack E.
Published: March 2008

The effect of single and ply twists on the properties of a 31/2 cotton carded yarn was studied. A widely grown cotton variety (Deltapine) of average fiber properties was spun into a 31/1 yarn (Z twist) using a range of twist multipliers (2.9-6.9). Each single yarn twist multiplier construction was then 2-ply twisted (S twist) with a range of twist multipliers (1.9-7.9). Maximum ply strength was obtained when low-twist single yarns were 2-ply twisted with a high twist multiplier. Maximum elongation at break was obtained with a similar single-ply twist construction. For certain twist constructions single and ply twist may be varied within reasonable limits without materially decreasing strength. When the same twist multiplier was used in the single and ply yarn, maximum ply yarn strength was realized with that twist multiplier which resulted in maximum single yarn strength. Elongation is related linearly and directly to equivalent twist multiplier constructions. The ratio of ply to single yarn strength, based on maximum ply yarn strength, was highest when single yarn strength was lowest (low twist), decreased rapidly as the single yarn strength approached maximum, became approximately constant in twist combinations resulting in single yarns of maximum strength, and increased slightly as single yarn strength decreased (very high twist).
Degradation of Cotton Fibers and Yarns by Heat and Moisture
Authors: Orr Rollin S. , Weiss Louis C. , Humphreys Geraldine C. , Mares Trinidad , Grant James N.
Published: March 2008

Strength and elongation measurements were made on single cotton fibers and on yarns which had been subjected to various temperatures from 110° to 162°C and various moisture conditions from 3% R.H. up to saturation for periods of heating from 2 to 128 hrs. Moisture contents and degrees of polymerization were also determined, the latter being used to calculate cellulose chain rupture.

The simultaneous reduction in strength and elongation at break indicates that heat degradation weakens fibers by creating or intensifying weak points along the fiber. An equation similar to that derived by Sippel, relating fiber strength loss to time of heating and percentage of cellulose links broken, is discussed. Yarn strength, although not as readily affected by heat degradation as fiber strength, follows a similar pattern.
The Detection of Modification in Animal Fibers
Authors: Burte Harris M.
Published: March 2008

Methods are described for measuring parameters of the tensile recovery of animal fibers. The effects of fiber crimp on these measurements, and the interpretation of the data obtained with crimpy fibers, are discussed.

Data are presented on the fiber-to-fiber variation in tensile recovery and on the effects of various chemical treatments.

For wool fibers from a common source there is very little fiber-to-fiber variation in tensile recovery.
Properties of Apparel Wools
Authors: Evans Thomas F.
Published: March 2008

Several physical parameters derived from force-extension curves of wool fibers have been studied for a selected group of fibers from sheep representative of each of four wool grades. The results from an incomplete factorial design have been treated by analysis of covariance to evaluate the regressions of the measured physical properties on the fiber cross-sectional area and on the fiber crimp. The observed dependences are interpreted qualitatively on physical grounds. Sources of variability of the physical properties have been determined from analyses of variance of the adjusted means.
The Swelling of Hair and a Viscose Rayon Monofil in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Barnard William S. , White Howard J.
Published: March 2008

Equipment for measuring the swelling of nearly round single fibers in a variety of solutions is described and has been used to make measurements on the swelling of human hair and a viscose rayon monofil. In particular, measurements have been made on the swelling of both types of fiber in various alkali halide solutions and of the hair in HCI solutions. Except for NaCl solutions, the solutions used in this work caused swelling beyond that caused by liquid water, indicating that the solutes were absorbed by the fibers.

The results using LiCl and LiBr solutions are noteworthy in that considerably more swelling occurs in these solutions than in water. The increase in swelling over the water-swollen value is about 25% in the case of hair and 60% in the case of rayon. The high degrees of swelling of hair must be reached by successive replacement with increasingly concentrated solutions, direct immersion of a water-swollen hair into a concentrated solution causing deswelling. For the viscose rayon, either method causes similar swelling.

The swelling changes in hair caused by altering the different variables common in an acid dye bath for wool have also been studied.
The Nature of the Hemicelluloses of Jute Fiber
Authors: Das Gupta P.C. , Sarkar P.B.
Published: March 2008

Hemicellulose I from jute fiber has been subjected to periodate oxidation under different conditions. From the amount of formic acid liberated during the oxidation under optimum conditions and from its nonreducing character, it is suggested that hemicellulose I has a branched structure. Its molecular weight by the osmotic-pressure method has been found to be about 20,000.

Methylaldobiuronic acid, derived from hemicellulose I, gives both formic acid (2 mols.) and formaldehyde (1 mol.) on oxidation with periodate. It appears to be 3- (3-methylglucuronosyl )- D-xylose. Based on the observations made here, a provisional structure is suggested for hemicellulose I.
A Study of the Weathering Characteristics of Cotton Fabrics Containing Inorganic Compounds
Authors: Rose G.R.F. , Bayley C.H.
Published: March 2008

A study has been made of the effect of outdoor weathering on unbleached and bleached cotton duck treated with ( a) oxides of chromium and iron and copper carbonate, singly and in mix tures, ( b) oxides of chromium and iron aftertreated with copper-containing organic fungicides —viz., copper naphthenate, copper 8-hydroxyquinolinolate, and the copper salt of dehydroabietyl amine—and (c) chromic oxide, copper 8-hydroxyquinolinolate, and mixtures of these. A limited amount of data has been obtained with the above-mentioned inorganic treatments on lightweight cellulosic fabrics.

The data have confirmed previous observations to the effect that the presence of chromium and copper, in inorganic form, confers marked protection against actinic breakdown of the cellu lose and also prevents the severe loss of copper which, in the absence of chromium, occurs during weathering. These effects were also noted, in lesser degree, with chromium-treated fabrics after treated with copper-containing organic fungicides. The lightweight fabrics treated with inor ganic chromium-copper showed resistance to actinic degradation, but underwent severe loss of copper.
Cotton Quality and Fiber Properties
Authors: Wakeham Helmut , Virgin W.P. , Spicer Nancy
Published: March 2008

A serious problem in single-fiber testing is the preparation of a homogeneous sample from which fibers may be selected in a random manner. Mechanical blenders, of the type developed for cotton by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, greatly improve the homogeneity of a bulk fiber sample. In the present work tests were made to show what changes in single-fiber proper ties result from the mechanical action of such a blender.

Relatively small changes in mechanical behavior of the cotton fibers were observed as a result of blending. With the conventional three passes through the blender a small decrease in break ing load (less than 10%) was found, with corresponding changes in breaking stress and energy to break. A reduction of fiber crimp with a slight increase in fiber length by the fiber array method was also noted.
Measurement of Triboelectric Response of Raw Cottons
Authors: Kirkwood Charles E. , Bellamy O.H. , Kendrick N.S. , Brown Hugh M.
Published: March 2008

By use of a novel commutator method, triboelectric potentials produced by rubbing cotton with various materials have been measured by comparison with known D.C. potentials. Results are given here for fiberboard (phenolic resin laminate, fabric base), cork roller material, syn thetic rubber roller material, Lucite, polystyrene, glass, and cellulose acetate sheet, used as rubbing materials on three varieties of cotton and trash extracted from baled cotton. The purpose of this study was to learn if the sufficiently great differences in triboelectricity produced by cot tons and trash could be used practically in the electrostatic cleaning of cotton.
Preparation and Properties of a Wool Protein Free of Disulfide Cross-Links
Authors: O'Donnell I.J.
Published: March 2008

Modified wools have been prepared in which all the disulfide bonds have been severed by reduction and alkylation under conditions not conducive to peptide-bond rupture. The possi bility of introducing strongly lyophilic groups into the wool proteins by this method was in vestigated. The solubility and other properties of —S carboxamidomethyl wool and extracts from it were studied.
Graphical Relationships in Cloth Geometry for Plain, Twill, and Sateen Weaves
Authors: Love Louis
Published: March 2008

In the seventeen years since the publication of F. T. Peirce's "The Geometry of Cloth Structure" [1], many textile engineers have checked the assumptions upon which the geo metric theory is based. Their findings have reflected favorably on Peirce's physical and analytical reasoning. In many cases it was found advisable to extend the original geometric relationships to include woven structures other than those dealt with explicitly in Peirce's writings. The following paper by Mr. Louis Love serves as a useful extension of Peirce's consideration of the maximum weavability of plain weaves. Based on his own observations of fabric cross sections, Love establishes lateral compression factors for other than plain weaves. He combines these with appropriate weave factors to arrive at graphical relation ships for maximum weavability—presented here in a form of immediate use to the mill designer.

Following Mr. Love's paper, Dr. John Dickson reports on numerous loom tests which serve to illustrate the validity of Love's assumptions, analyses, and computations. It is worth noting that Dickson's experimental data relate to cotton and to other fibers as well. His calculations demonstrate the direct manner of converting from one yarn count system to another, taking into consideration variations in fiber density. The need for such conver sions arises from the use of cotton system cover factors in most published studies of cloth geometry. EDITOR
The Improvement of Luster of Cotton
Authors: Fourt Lyman , Elliott H.J.
Published: March 2008

The results of swelling treatments which go beyond mercerizing at ordinary temperature indicate that there is an upper limit to the swelling of cotton, with increased luster as the objec tive. If this is exceeded, as it is with strong sulfuric acid or zinc chloride, and probably is with mercerization with caustic below 0°C, the luster is decreased, because the surface of the indi vidual fiber is roughened.

Drastic shrinkage of yarn volume, combined with film formation and disappearance of fuzz, can leave the fabric very sheer and transparent, attributes often correlated with luster. Me chanical action on the plastic cellulose, or on films of cellulose or hydroxyethyl cellulose de posited from solution, can give increased luster through flattening and mechanical stabilization in the flattened form. These cellulose-affecting treatments tend to leave the fabric stiff, if they go beyond normal mercerizing.

Other additive finishes act on luster either through film formation or by stabilizing mechani cal effects and controlling fabric structure. The more flexible thermoplastic resins can, with mechanical smoothing, produce an increase in the physical measurement of luster. However, this effect is less than that of mechanically smoothing the fabric without the thermoplastic resins, so the chief advantages lie in the other effects of these finishes, such as possible greater stability of the mechanical finish with the resin present.

In the higher ranges of luster, the eye can discriminate between luster arising from film formation or flattening, and the type of luster arising from yarn and fabric structure and from mercerizing.
Some Controversial Aspects of Crease Resistance of Cellulosic Fabrics
Authors: Nuessle A.C. , Fineman M.N. , Heiges E.O.J.
Published: March 2008

The discovery that synthetic resins could be used to improve the crease recovery of cellulosic fabrics was made on a rather empirical basis more than 25 years ago. Since that time much has been learned about synthetic resins, textile fibers, and their combination in the creaseproofing process. Yet many questions remain unanswered. This paper discusses some of the aspects of the subject that are still controversial: ( A) Differences between cotton and rayon and the rea sons therefor. Factors considered include tensile strength, tear strength, abrasion resistance, permeability of the fibers, resistance to acid hydrolysis. ( B) A brief commentary on attempts to make cotton more like rayon. (C) Mechanism of crease recovery, with emphasis on the ques tion of covalent crosslinking vs. resin formation. (D) Other aspects of crease resistance, em phasizing subjective characteristics such as fabric hand.

The discussion throughout is more expositional than argumentative; that is, the problems are explained, with no attempt at resolving them. A few conjectures are made where feasible.
Insolubility in Cuprammonium Hydroxide as a Means of Detecting Crosslinking in Chemically Modified Cotton
Authors: Reeves Wilson A. , Drake George L. , McMillan Oscar J. , Guthrie John D.
Published: March 2008

Native cellulose dissolves in cuprammonium hydroxide solution, but, when it is crosslinked, it becomes a space polymer and is insoluble in this reagent. A method of detecting alkali-stable crosslinks in cotton is presented—the sample to be tested is shaken with cuprammonium hy droxide solution for 17 hr. If it dissolves completely, cellulose chains are not crosslinked, but, if it is partially insoluble, crosslinking is indicated. Partially insoluble cellulosic material appears in the cuprammonium hydroxide as granules that are easily detected visually.

Cellulose was reacted with compounds which contained one or more groups that are reactive toward cellulose. In all cases the cellulosic derivatives made from cellulose and compounds that could crosslink it were partially insoluble in cuprammonium hydroxide. The compounds that were not capable of crosslinking cellulose produced derivatives soluble in cuprammonium hydroxide.

Cotton was made insoluble in cuprammonium hydroxide by reacting it with formaldehyde, glyoxal, chloroethylsulfuric acid, α,γ-glycerol dichlorohydrin, a mixture of α,β- and α,γ-glycerol dichlorohydrin, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride, compounds containing two or more N-methylol groups, 1,4-disulfato-2-butyne, and potassium (disulfatoethyl) amine. Aminized cotton, which is soluble in cuprammonium hydroxide, was made insoluble by cross linking it with either formaldehyde or tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride.
Special Elastic Properties of Cotton Yarn and Cloth Mercerized without Tension
Authors: Goldthwait Charles F. , Murphy Alton L.
Published: March 2008

Suitable cotton yarn or cloth mercerized without tension shrinks and its elastic properties are changed. Either yarn or fabric in its "shrunk" form shows greater than normal elongation, approximately in accordance with the amount of shrinkage that it has undergone. Either, also, tends to have increased elasticity. This feature is especially notable at low loads in open-weave fabrics, which usually have considerable stretchability after shrinking. Such elasticity is illus trated by a semielastic and conforming cotton gauze bandage which is in successful commercial production. This type of shrunk material, in heavier goods, appears adaptable to other uses, such as base fabrics for coating when elasticity is a required property of the coated fabric.
Air Permeability of Parachute Gloths
Authors: Goglia M.J. , LaVier H.W.S. , Brown C.D.
Published: March 2008

The air permeability of 8 standard nylon parachute cloths was determined, using samples 6.05 in. in effective diameter. Fifty-nine experimental nylon cloths manu factured by the Bally Ribbon Mills were subjected to the same test procedure, as were 2 experimental fabrics of Orlon and Dacron, and 4 different samples of wire screen.

Upon assuming that the pressure gradient in the flow through a parachute fabric is proportional to the arithmetic sum of an inertial (βρυ2) and the viscous contribution (αμυ), the existence of a parameter, β/α (whose measure is length), can be inferred. This length can be employed to characterize the geometry of the cloth. Experimental work to date in the case of the 8 standard nylon cloths, the Orlon and Dacron fabrics, 14 of the Bally Ribbon cloths, and the 4 wire screen samples indicates a justification of the assumption.

Employing the characteristic length so determined permits writing a single relation common to all cloths between a "flow-through-drag coefficient," Cr, and a Reynolds num ber based on the characteristic length, viz., Cf = 2 + (2/ NRe).

A procedure is suggested for estimating the parameters α and β from physical meas urements for plain-weave cloth; thus an indication of the permeability is predicted from construction details of the fabric.
The Reaction of Cotton with β-Propiolactone in the Presence of Alkali
Authors: Daul George C. , Reinhardt Robert M. , Reid J. David
Published: March 2008

The reaction of cotton cellulose with β-propiolactone may be effected in the presence of strong alkalies such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. Monoethanol amine and trimethylbenzyl ammonium hydroxide will also catalyze the reaction, but to a lesser degree. Di- and triethanolamine are ineffective. Byproducts of the reaction are water soluble and may be removed with a hot-water wash.

Conditions of the reaction such as time, temperature, concentration of reagents, and effect of diluents were investigated and are reported.

The products are mixed ethers and esters of cellulose and polyesters thereof, in fibrous form. The ether linkages are stable to saponification, while the ester linkages are broken. Therefore, saponification removes all but the carboxyethyl groups attached directly to the cellulose molecule.
The Treatment of Cotton Cellulose with Aqueous Solutions of Ethylamine
Authors: Loeb Leopold , Segal Leon
Published: March 2008

Aqueous solutions of ethylamine from 70 to 100% amine have been investigated as to their effectiveness in reducing the crystallinity of cotton cellulose.

The degree of crystallinity of cotton cellulose was found to be little affected by ethylamine solutions containing 70% of the amine. The amine solutions of slightly higher concentration were found to strongly reduce both the crystallinity and leveling off degree of polymerization. This reduction continued with further increase in amine concentration.

The sharp break in effectiveness at 70% ethylamine is discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding capacity in the amine-water-cellulose system.
Textiles with New Properties from Cellulose Triacetate
Authors: Stoll R.G.
Published: March 2008

This paper outlines why cellulose triacetate, which has been known for 90 years, has only recently become a fiber-forming material of considerable commercial interest. After giving a brief historical background, it describes the structure of triacetate as developed by heat treatment and the utilization of heat treatment for the improvement of fiber and fabric properties. It further presents data on the durability of triacetate yarns and fabrics when exposed to various service conditions and outlines the possible use in so- called "ease-of-care" and "wash-and-wear" fabrics and garments.
Experimental Study of the Viscoelastic Properties of Textile Fibers
Authors: Fujino K. , Kawai H. , Horino T.
Published: March 2008

The viscoelastic properties of some commercial textile fibers were measured by means of several longitudinal-vibration methods over a range of frequency from 2 X 10-1 to 2 X 105 cps at 20°C, 65% R.H., under a static tension of 0.4 g/den and a dynamic strain of less than 0.1%.

In the above experiments, the nonlinear characteristics of vibrational properties were negligibly small, and the experimental results were described by the complex dy namic modulus function E*(ω) on the assumption that the Boltzmann superposition principle was valid.

Generally speaking, for all the textile fibers tested the real part of the complex dy namic modulus was found to be flat over this frequency range except there was some increase in the supersonic range. The imaginary part of the complex dynamic modulus, on the other hand, seemed to increase at both ends of the frequency range covered.

It was concluded from our experimental results that for any textile fiber there is not so anomalous a dispersion as that of various rubberlike materials found in the same frequency range.

Furthermore, according to the method of representation by a continuous distribution of relaxation times, the shape of the so-called "relaxation spectrum" of any textile fiber was found to be fairly flat over the relaxation-time range from 1 X 10-6 to 1 X 10° sec. With the exception of slight increases at both ends of this relaxation-time range the spectrum can be represented by the so-called "box distribution." This is very differ ent from the spectra of rubberlike materials over the same relaxation-time range.
The Reaction between Cellulose and Formaldehyde
Authors: Kärrholm E. Marianne
Published: March 2008

The moduli at bending, torsion, and stretching were determined for viscose rayon fiber with different amounts of formaldehyde. A maximum value of all three moduli was obtained at about 5% fixed formaldehyde. The properties at cyclic loading were also investigated.

The results indicate that the number of crosslinks are increased at increasing amounts of fixed formaldehyde up to 5%. At higher values, the length of the crosslinks is increased.

Formaldehyde polymers, soluble in sodium sulfite, may cause considerable changes in the mechanical properties.
Heterogeneous Degradation of Cellulose
Authors: Kleinert Theodor N. , Moessmer Viktor
Published: March 2008

The presence of a wetting agent (Igepon) accelerated only the initial degradation of a raw cotton exposed to 0.1 N hydrochloric acid at 20°C in the absence of light for periods of up to 350 days. During this time the dry strength decreased by almost one- half. The dry strength decrease, being slightly greater than the wet strength decrease, resulted in a small relative wet strength increase, from 93% to 110%. Purified cotton- linters were degraded more slowly than raw cotton, and an alkaline refined sprucewood pulp more slowly still, even though the wetting agent was present in the latter case.
The Catalytic Degradation and Oxidation of Cellulose
Authors: Parks W. George , Antoni Michael , Petrarca Anthony E. , Pitochelli Anthony R.
Published: March 2008

The thermal decomposition products of cellulose treated with various organophos phorus compounds were investigated.

The function of a fire retardant in cellulose is to favor the production of carbon and water rather than flammable tarry products which are formed in the thermal de gradation of untreated cellulose. Furthermore, if the oxidation of the charred residue is directed toward the production of carbon monoxide rather than carbon dioxide, it is believed that the heat produced in this reaction would not be sufficient to sustain an afterglow when the flame has been removed.

A comparison was made between the amounts of char and tar produced and the efficiency of the retardant used. A correlation between the carbon monoxide-carbon dioxide ratio and the afterglow exhibited by treated cotton was made.

The results obtained support the theory that fire-resistant cellulose produces less flammable tars and more carbon monoxide than untreated cellulose. However, no significant differentiation as to the relative effectiveness of the various compounds in vestigated was possible.

It is suggested that further studies be completed on the various types of compounds exhibiting fire retardancy to provide a more general theory of fire-resistant cellulose.

A method has been described for the determination of water and nonaqueous volatile products resulting from the pyrolysis of cotton fabric. In this procedure the nonvolatile products, the char and tar, could also be determined.

The pyrolysis of seven treated samples of 8.2-oz cotton khaki cloth was studied at 200, 300, 400 and 500° C. Three of these samples were treated with fire-resistant com pounds ; the remaining four were padded with nonfire-resistant compounds.

A large part of the gaseous products from the pyrolysis was found to be nonaqueous. However, the data tend to support the dehydration mechanism for the action of fire- resistance compounds on cotton fabric.
Molecular Properties of Milkweed Cellulose
Authors: Timell T.E. , Snyder J.L.
Published: March 2008

The seed hairs of the common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca, L.) have been found to contain 39.6% alpha-cellulose, 35.3% pentosan (chiefly xylan), and 15.1% lignin. The alpha-cellulose fraction was entirely composed of anhydroglucose, the hemicellulose por tion of anhydroxylose units. The original material, in addition, also contained minor amounts of arabinose and uronic acid residues.

Direct nitration of the untreated fibers gave a cellulose nitrate with glucose as the only constituent sugar in a yield corresponding to a content of 29% cellulose in the original material. The average degree of polymerization of the nitrate was 5800, as determined viscometrically with corrections applied for the effects of rate of shear and nitrate substitution on the intrinsic viscosity.

Fractional precipitation of the nitrate derivative was carried out with acetone water as the solvent-nonsolvent system. The chain-length distribution had only one peak and exhibited a considerable right-hand skewness. The lower D.P. limit was 2500 and the upper 8000, with the maximum located at a D.P. of 4000.
Stress Relaxation of Fibers as a Means of Interpreting Physical and Chemical Structure'
Authors: Lemiszka T. , Whitwell J.C.
Published: March 2008

A summary of some preliminary studies on the stress-relaxation behavior of synthetic and cellulosic textile fibers in distilled water and hydrochloric acid is reported in this paper. The results are interpreted in terms of the molecular and physical structures of these materials. Identical stress-relaxation behavior of many diverse materials in dis tilled water indicates that the relaxation is caused by scission of the weaker secondary linkages. It is concluded that the drastic reduction in stress following addition of hydro chloric acid is caused by the rupture of primary bonds. Widely differing relaxation behavior of a series of synthetic fiber samples having different draw ratios is directly attributable to the degree of order of these fibers.

Stress-relaxation measurements on the cellulosic fibers in hydrochloric acid are inter preted in terms of relative accessibility. The data presented show that the relative acces sibility is a function of the concentration of the acid reagent and the temperature at which measurements are made. Relative accessibility data reported in the literature are compared with values obtained from stress-relaxation measurements for a number of cellulose samples. All the samples indicate the same general ranking as a function of fiber type, but the results vary widely in reported values.
Treatment of Wool Scouring Wastes with Colloidal Bentonite
Authors: Fong W. , Lundgren H.P.
Published: March 2008

Results are presented of a laboratory-scale study to determine the effectiveness of various coagulants as supplementary additives in the conventional acid cracking of wool scouring wastes. It was observed that a dispersible-type bentonite produces a marked improvement in the extent of clarification of the waste effluent. In brief, the treatment involves first acidifying the scouring wastes with sulfuric acid to a pH level between 3 and 4 and then adding the required amount of bentonite as an aqueous dispersion. The amount of bentonite required depends upon the grease and suint content of the waste. A bentonite concentration of between 0.1 and 0.5% is generally sufficient. As an ex ample, treatment of a standard waste with acid and bentonite removed as much as 96% of the grease, compared with removal of 67% with acid alone. The chemical oxygen demand was reduced by approximately 60% by the combination treatment, compared with 33% reduction with acid alone.
Cellulose Studies
Authors: Siegwart Yves , Rebenfeld Ludwig , Pacsu Eugene
Published: March 2008

Experimental molecular weight distribution curves are presented for two degraded cellulosic materials. Both samples were degraded to approximately the same average degree of polymerization, the first by the normal viscose-aging process and the other by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. Comparison of these curves reveals a fundamental dif ference in the distribution of chain lengths in these two degraded materials.
The Breaking Strength of Twisted Bundles of Jute Fiber and its Relation to Spinning Quality
Authors: Chakrabarti B.K.
Published: March 2008

In this paper the author outlines a technique which conceivably might be applied to the prediction of strength of yarns composed of fibers other than jute. He shows that by means of a comparatively few tests of the breaking strength of jute fibers as much information with regard to the strength of the yarns can be obtained as from the simultaneous consideration of a number of other fiber characteristics. It is felt that publication of this report could give impetus to further creative effort with fibers other than jute. (Editor)
One-Step Process for the Cyanoethylation of Cotton
Authors: Gruber Arnold H. , Bikales Norbert M.
Published: March 2008

A simplified one-step process for the partial cyanoethylation of cotton yarn and stock in the package dyeing machine is described.

The new feature of this process consists of mixing the required amount of caustic solution with the acrylonitrile, circulating the mixture cold until even distribution of the caustic is obtained on the cotton, and only then heating to reaction temperature.

The principal advantages of this procedure are that it eliminates the centrifugation operation of the previously reported two-step process and that it allows the use of water- saturated acrylonitrile with no concurrent increase in by-product formation.

Cotton treated by this process is shown to have the improved physical properties characteristic of cyanoethylated cotton.

Reconversion of cyanoethylation by-products to acrylonitrile has been achieved and should prove to be of practical importance.
The Relationship between the Structural Geometry of a Textile Fabric and Its Physical Properties
Authors: Backer Stanley , Zimmerman John , Best-Gordon Harry W.
Published: March 2008

This report examines the influence of the interaction between twist and twill direc tions in woven cloth. Consideration is given to the phenomena of nesting between warp and filling yarns, as affected by the local helix angles of bent yarns. Lateral dis placement of yarn segments is shown to follow from the asymmetric yarn pressures along the twill line. The effect of this displacement is to alter both the nesting angle and the local yarn twist. Changes in felting shrinkage, twill prominence, and yarn pull-out resistance occur with nesting and local tightening of yarn structure, and hence with selected combinations of twist and twill directions. Observations of the effect of twist-twill relationships are reported for worsted, rayon, and cotton fabrics.
Cotton Made Flame-Resistant with Bromine- Containing Phosphonitrilates in Combination with THPC Resins
Authors: Hamalainen Carl , Reeves Wilson A. , Guthrie John D.
Published: March 2008

A permanent-type flame retardant based on a bromoform adduct polymer of allyl phosphonitrilate in combination with THPC resin has been developed for use with cot ton fabrics. The combination flame retardant is applied to fabrics from aqueous emul sion using conventional textile finishing equipment. The flame retardant is very effi cient; 8-oz. twill and sateen are made highly flame-resistant with as little as 13% resin add-on.
Stress-Relaxation and Vibrational Properties of Some Fibrous Polymers at Various Conditions of Temperature and Relative Humidity
Authors: Price S.J.W. , McIntyre A.D. , Pattison J.P. , Dunell B.A.
Published: March 2008

Stress-relaxation curves, dynamic Young's modulus, and dynamic internal friction have been obtained for single filaments of rayon, nylon, and polyethylene at 2° and 25° C. and at several relative humidities. Stress-relaxation measurements have been taken at 0.02 sec. after elongation. Dynamic parameters were observed in a forced longitudinal vibration experiment in which the vibrational frequency could be varied from approxi mately 5 to 50 cps. It is found that the dissipation of energy per cycle of vibration (measured by ηω) increases with increasing relative humidity, but that the slope of the stress-relaxation curve decreases with increasing relative humidity. An indication is given that energy dissipation in viscose rayon is independent of hydrogen bonding in the material.
A Comparison of Gradient and Flotation Methods for Determining Density of Degraded Cotton
Authors: Austin J.C. , Roberts J.S.
Published: March 2008

Using specific gravity columns, the densities of a series of laundered cotton fabrics at 13 levels of regain were determined and compared with values obtained by a flotation method. Pretreatment to remove entrapped air included either centrifuging in organic liquids or boiling in xylene. Water sorption and density curves of the laundered cottons were compared with those of an unlaundered control. Stamm's formula was used for calculations of apparent compression of water.

With the unlaundered cotton at low levels of regain, where presumably no mechani cally held water is present, all methods gave comparable results. Variation in values appeared in the control above 3% regain and in the cottons degraded by laundering at all humidity levels. Boiling laundered samples in xylene caused a significant rise in density value.

A statistical analysis showed that the gradient method is less sensitive and less re liable than the flotation method for density determinations on degraded cottons.
The Evaluation of Bacteriostatic Reagents and Methods of Application to Textile Fabrics
Authors: Sherrill J.C.
Published: March 2008

Several methods for assessing the extent of bacteriostasis possessed by a treated textile fabric are extant but none is highly objective. The method described in this paper is offered for its relatively high degree of precision and its similarity to the natural function which it is designed to evaluate. Details of the method, of reagent chemical types, and of the effects of concentration of reagent are presented. In addition, results of applica tion of reagents to fabrics in field trials in operating laundry plants is presented. It is demonstrated that this method permits sharp distinction in bacteriostatic efficiency be tween reagent chemical types, concentrations, and methods of application to textile fabrics.
Effect of Cotton Fiber Bundle Break Elongation and Other Fiber Properties on the Properties of a Coarse and a Medium Singles Yarn
Authors: Fiori Louis A. , Sands Jack E. , Little Herschel W. , Grant James N.
Published: March 2008

Forty-three cottons, varying extensively in fiber properties, were used to show the relationship between cotton fiber properties, particularly fiber bundle break elongation, and the properties of a coarse and medium yarn. In addition, there are presented some practical aspects of a speculative nature based on the results. The cottons were proc essed into a series of yarns of varying twists. Fiber break elongation, along with five other fiber properties (length, fineness, strength, length variability, and maturity), was correlated with yarn break elongation at twists for maximum skein strength, maximum single strand strength, and at two constant twists (4.00 and 5.00 T.M.).

It was found that yarns produced from these cottons varied considerably in strength and elongation at break. Yarn strength and break elongation were found to be directly related for the commercially grown short and medium staple cottons, but the long staple and the experimental, strong-fibered cottons were found to be anomalous in that they produced yarns whose strength was disproportionate to their fiber break elongation. Based on multiple correlation analyses, fiber break elongation ranked first and strength ranked second in importance as contributors to yarn elongation for a 30/1 yarn at twists for maximum strength.

Secant modulus (average stiffness) and "toughness" index of fibers and yarns are suggested as quality indices for evaluating processing efficiency. This study also demon strated the necessity of controlling carefully spinning and other processing conditions in evaluating the elastic properties of cotton yarns.
Physical Properties of Chemically Modified Cottons
Authors: McDonald Allan W. , Couturier Humphreys Geraldine , Kromhout Ora Morlier , Grant James N.
Published: March 2008

Six varieties of cottons were given certain chemical treatments, and the resulting changes in their fundamental physical properties were measured. This first report of a series describes the purpose of the work, the methods used to measure the properties, and the types of chemical treatments used. It also furnishes photomicrographs of cross sections of the cotton fibers and the values of the physical properties of the untreated cottons, which are the controls for samples receiving the chemical treatments. Data are given for yarns and fibers of these cottons, and comparisons are made between values of corresponding properties.