bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance Indicators for Power Projects in Kenya
Authors: Amolo Amolo Elvis Juma , Rambo Charles Mallans , Wafula Charles Misiko
Published: September 2024

Renewable energy development has been underexploited in Kenya due to investor’s negative perception of the projects’ high investment risk. The purpose of the study was to establish the extent to which performance indicators of hydroelectric energy projects are achieved in Kenya. The study adopted pragmatism paradigm, mixed method approach and descriptive survey design. Structured questionnaires and interview guide were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data from a census of 94 participants. Validity test of 0.775 and a reliability coefficient of 0.781 were obtained after pretesting of the instruments amongst 10% of the participants. Descriptive statistic of means and standard deviation was applied and thematic content analysis of qualitative data done for triangulation. The composite mean and composite deviation for the performance indicators results were 4.23 and 0.281 respectively; implying that participants agreed that Performance indicators of Hydroelectric Energy projects were achieved. The findings of this study thus provide insight on how the different indicators under consideration contributed to performance of hydroelectric energy projects. The study thus concludes that the hydroelectric power projects performed since there was efficiency and increased capacity in power production, power supply was of quality, clients were satisfied, the project had positive environmental impact and revenue generation was adequate to sustain the projects while project implementation cost and time, access to power supply, power affordability were just slightly above average. Further research should be done on the factors influencing performance of hydroelectric energy projects to ensure optimal performance.
Driving Sustainable Energy Dispatch for Remote Communities Using Levy Flight Salp Swarm Algorithm
Authors: Ajayi Benjamin O. , Ibe Anthony , Oriji Boniface A. , Odutola Toyin O.
Published: September 2024

This study evaluates three energy dispatch algorithms to find the best way to improve hybrid energy systems in rural areas: load following (LF), cycle charging (CC), and a novel customized strategy (CS). The study examined solar and wind resources as well as projected patterns of energy consumption with a particular focus on Bambur village in Taraba State, Nigeria. The Levy Flight Salp Swarm Algorithm (LFSSA) was used in the study to assess system configurations for each method, accounting for battery storage, wind turbines, diesel generators, and photovoltaic (PV) arrays. The most cost-effective and efficient approach was determined to be the Customized Strategy (CS), which produced the lowest Net Present Cost (NPC) of 0.119/kWh. The Load Following (LF) technique had the highest costs at 0.134/kWh, while the Cycle Charging (CC) method had intermediate costs with an NPC of 0.127/kWh. With a 580-kWh battery bank, a 10 kW wind turbine, 332 kW of PV capacity, and a 78 kW diesel generator, the CS approach showed better component sizing balance. The trade-offs between energy output, storage, and backup power in real-time were optimized using this design. Sensitivity analysis revealed that increasing interest rates from 10% to 18% led to a rise in LCOE, while diesel cost fluctuations showed a non-monotonic impact on LCOE, peaking at $0.79/L before declining due to increased reliance on renewable sources and storage. CS strategy’s balance of investment and efficiency makes it ideal for remote energy management, offering key insights for rural electrification.
Evaluation of Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Thermally Treated Meat and Fish: A Food Pollutant Study
Authors: Iwu Gina Ifeyinwa , Lajide Labunmi , Madu Paschal Chima , Isah Ibrahim Attai
Published: September 2024

This study assessed the sources of PAH in cooked meat and fish. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) performed the sample analysis. The total PAH concentrations (mg/kg) ranged from 0.911 to 2.763. Levels of low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs varied from 0.353 mg/kg to 1.786 mg/kg, while high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs ranged from 0.516 to 0.977 mg/kg. The study detected 2 to 6-ring PAHs, the 3-ring PAHs were the most prominent. PAHs diagnostic ratios, their plots and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to assess the origin of PAHs in the samples. Values of diagnostic ratios, such as Phenanthrene/Anthracene (1.84–3.58), Anthracene/(Anthracene + Phenanthrene) (0.21–0.35), Fluoranthene/Pyrene (0.00-1.79), Fluoranthene /(Fluoranthene + Pyrene) (0.00-0.64), Indeno[123-cd-]pyrene/(Indeno[123-cd-]pyrene + Benzo[ghi]perylene) (0.00–43), LMW-PAH/HMW-PAH (0.59–1.83) and Benzo[a]pyrene/(Benzo[a]pyrene + Chrysene) (0.00–0.50) indicated that the PAHs in the samples were from mixed sources, with greater contributions from pyrogenic sources. They show that the barbecued samples were contaminated primarily by pyrogenic PAHs (biomass (wood/charcoal) burning, liquid fuel combustion, or automobile exhaust emissions). The grilled and smoked samples were mostly contaminated from different combustion sources (traffic and non-traffic, biomass burning, automobile exhaust and liquid fuel), with little input from petrogenic sources. The combination plots of the ratios also show that PAH was from mixed sources (petrogenic and pyrogenic), but mostly from a pyrogenic source (wood/charcoal burning, liquid fuel combustion, and automobile exhaust emissions) with minor inputs from petrogenic origin, as shown by the value of LMW-PAH/HMW-PAH ratios > 1 in a few samples. PCA equally showed that four factors accounted for 82.47% of the total variability and separated the PAHs into identifiable source groups, comprising mixed sources, combustion of liquid fossil fuel, automobile/diesel engine exhaust, gasoline and oil combustion and biomass burning. The study showed that contamination from the natural habitats of the animals contributed to the PAHs in them in addition to the cooking process. This therefore underscored the impacts of anthropogenic pyrogenic activities on PAHs formation and levels in meat and fish, hence adequate control/reduction of these activities will promote a healthier and safer food environment for all.
Re-Emerging Viral Infections: An Appraisal of Monkeypox Knowledge and Perception Among Staff of a Tertiary Hospital in Central, Nigeria
Authors: Nndunno Asheku Akwaras , Simon L Pitmang , Abraham Ngueikyor Gyuse , Aondona David Daniel , Lawrence Paul De-kaa Niongun , Grace Nwunuji Rimamnunra , Laadi Terrumun Swende , Bamidele Ohiozoje Ornguga , Ambrose Nnaemeka Nwagbo
Published: September 2024

Background Monkeypox is one of the re-emerging viral diseases caused by the monkeypox virus and global outbreaks have occurred recently. The awareness of monkeypox and its prevention is important. The aim was to elucidate the awareness about transmission, prevention, symptoms and perceptions of the participants about monkeypox disease at the Federal Medical Centre, Makurdi, Nigeria. Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study of hospital staff. The sample size was 386 at 50% prevalence and a random sampling technique was employed. A self-administered questionnaire was used. All statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20 and were significant at p< 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval. Result: The mean age of the participants was 41.1 ± 13.0 years, females 215(56.6%) and graduates 202(53.2%). Health workers were 177(46.6%), their mean work experience was 12.1 ± 10.1 years. Those who had heard about monkeypox disease were 283(74.5%), and of these 176 were health workers. Participants who thought that monkeypox disease was caused by a virus or a public deception were 175(61.6%) and 8(2.8%) respectively. Those who knew the mode of transmission were 298(78.4%). Those who were aware of the monkeypox vaccine and were willing to take the vaccine if available were 73(19.2%) and 271(71.3%) respectively. Some responses to prevention were avoiding close contact with infected persons (51.3%) and vaccination (36.3%). Few health workers had training on monkeypox (22, 12.4%) and knew salient information such as the incubation period (32,8.4%) Conclusion: Monkeypox awareness was not satisfactory and few healthcare workers knew salient information about the virus.
Programa Residência Pedagógica na Formação Inicial de Professores de Educação Física no Ensino Remoto: Um relato de experiência
Authors: Ribeiro Samia Maria Silva , Sousa Janiele Santos de , Cruz Eliana Costa da , Monte Thaidys da Conceição Lima do
Published: September 2024

A experiência de ensino na formação inicial cumpre um papel importante para o aprimoramento das práticas pedagógicas. Nesse sentido, o Programa Residência Pedagógica busca proporcionar a imersão dos licenciandos na escola visando o aperfeiçoamento da práxis docente. Deste modo, o estudo teve como objetivo relatar as experiências das estudantes do curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física do Instituto Federal de Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado do Ceará (IFCE) no Módulo I do Programa Residência Pedagógica, durante as regências no Ensino Remoto Emergencial no Fundamental I em uma escola Municipal no interior do Ceará. O estudo é de abordagem qualitativa por meio da narrativa de um relato de experiência. A atividade foi desenvolvida no mês de outubro de 2020 até março de 2021. A partir das experiências relatadas, percebemos que o Programa Residência Pedagógica propiciou a construção da formação e identidade docente mesmo diante dos desafios durante o Ensino Remoto, colaborando assim, para o aperfeiçoamento da prática pedagógica ainda na formação inicial.
PERILAKU PICKY EATER DENGAN STATUS GIZI ANAK USIA PRASEKOLAH
Authors: Simamora Marthalena , Sipayung Rosetty , Sipayung Normi Parida , Bernadet Sarni
Published: September 2024

Picky eater is a condition that refers to behavior that only wants to consume certain foods and does not want to try new foods. Nutritional status is a condition that arises from the body's need for calories and other nutrients, obtained from food intake. The aim of this study is to find out how the behavior of a picky eater relates to the nutritional status of preschool children in the Free Methodist Kindergarten. This type of research is correlation analysis with the Croos Sectional approach. The population in this study was mothers and children, the sample in the study was 68 people using total sampling techniques. The tool used is the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) questionnaire and nutritional status data from  z-score with BB/TB measurement. The majority of children with picky-eater behavior were 79.4 per cent, nutritional status (n=68) and normal nutrition status was 64.7 per cent. Children with picky-eaters were mostly normal, while children who did not have picky eating behaviors were under-nutritional and poor nutritional. It was concluded that it showed that there was a relationship between picky-eater behavior and preschool child nutritional status in the Free Methodist Kindergarten (p value = 0,005). The advice in this study is expected to help the mother in paying attention to nutritional needs and improving the child's diet so that the child grows optimally.
INOVASI BAKSO PENTOL DAUN KELOR (MORINGA OLEIFERA) TERHADAP SELERA MAKAN PADA ANAK SEBAGAI UPAYA PENCEGAHAN DAN PENANGANAN STUNTING
Authors: Simatupang Lenny Lusia , Hutahaean Masta Melati
Published: September 2024

The acceleration program for improving nutrition in Indonesia is an effort to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's). Moringa oleifera Lam (known as Kelor) is a plant that has extraordinary nutritional and therapeutic properties. Globally considered a food that has the potential to eradicate malnutrition and contributes significantly to preventive health care. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving meatballs made from moringa leaves on increasing body weight and appetite in children in Cinta Rakyat Village. The research method was a quasi-experimental study with a Completely Randomized (CRD) using a One group pre-test and post-test design with a control group. Research Results The provision of moringa leaf intervention appeared to have an effect on the appetite and weight gain of toddlers after being given additional meatballs made from moringa leaves on the daily menu for 90 days.
Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Menggunakan Kvisoft Flipbook Maker dan Geogebra Terintegrasi Pada Materi Program Linear
Authors: Roldy Charly Fanly , Tumalun Nicky K. , Tilaar Anetha L. F.
Published: September 2024

Penggunaan bahan ajar yang mengintegrasikan media/aplikasi pembelajaran yang modern perlu dilakukan sebagai suatu inovasi dalam pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan bahan ajar menggunakan integrasi aplikasi kvisoft flipbook maker dan geogebra pada materi program linear yang valid, praktis, dan efektif. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian dan pengembangan (Research and Development) tipe 4-D, dengan subjek penelitian sebanyak 25 orang siswa. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prototipe yang di kembangkan telah memenuhi kriteria valid dan praktis. Selain itu, pada uji keefektifan hasil tes belajar siswa dimana terdapat 22 dari 25 orang siswa dinyatakan tuntas atau 88% ketuntasan klasikal hal ini menandakan bahwa prototipe yang dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini dinyatakan efektif, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa bahan ajar menggunakan integrasi kvisoft flipbook maker dan geogebra pada materi program linear memiliki efek potensial untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik kelas XI di SMA Negeri 1 Langowan. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi penting dengan menunjukkan bahwa integrasi aplikasi Kvisoft Flipbook Maker dan Geogebra dalam bahan ajar materi program linear efektif dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa penggunaan teknologi modern dalam pembelajaran dapat meningkatkan pemahaman dan hasil belajar siswa secara signifikan.
Pengembangan E-book Berbasis Flipbook Maker pada Materi PAI Kelas VII SMP Negeri 3 Palopo
Authors: Aswar Nurul , Silpia Pipi , Zainuddin Fauziah
Published: September 2024

Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi, buku cetak kini dapat dibuat dalam bentuk elektronik yang mudah diakses dan dibaca kapan saja serta di mana saja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan bahan ajar berupa e-book berbasis Flipbook Maker untuk siswa kelas VII SMP. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan yang mengadopsi model pengembangan ADDIE, yang terdiri dari lima tahapan, yaitu analisis (analyze), perancangan (design), pengembangan (development), implementasi (implementation), dan evaluasi (evaluation). Aplikasi yang digunakan adalah Flip HTML5. Instrumen penelitian mencakup wawancara, dokumentasi, dan angket penilaian yang terdiri dari item-item untuk mengukur kevalidan, kepraktisan, serta tingkat kepuasan pengguna. Angket ini disusun dengan skala Likert dan telah diuji coba sebelumnya. Penelitian ini menguji kevalidan dan kepraktisan e-book sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan ajar dalam pembelajaran. Hasil uji validitas dari ahli media menunjukkan persentase 88% dengan kategori sangat valid, ahli materi sebesar 95% dengan kategori sangat valid, dan ahli bahasa sebesar 92% dengan kategori sangat valid. Hasil uji kepraktisan dari guru mencapai 96% dengan kategori sangat praktis, dan dari peserta didik sebesar 92% dengan kategori sangat praktis, di mana uji kepraktisan ini melibatkan 26 siswa. Kontribusi utama dari penelitian ini adalah pengembangan e-book berbasis Flipbook Maker yang valid dan praktis, yang dapat diimplementasikan secara efektif baik di dalam kelas maupun untuk pembelajaran mandiri di luar kelas. E-book ini memberikan solusi bagi kebutuhan bahan ajar yang interaktif dan mudah diakses, khususnya dalam konteks pembelajaran materi rukhsah di kelas VII.
Pengembangan Video Berbantuan Doratoon dalam Pembelajaran Flipped Classroom untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis
Authors: Zebua Niscayarida Kristin , Mendrofa Ratna Natalia , Mendrofa Netti Kariani , Harefa Amin Otoni
Published: September 2024

Studi awal menunjukkan bahwa: (1) kemampuan matematis siswa berada pada kategori cukup; dan (2) aktivitas pembelajaran belum terintegrasi teknologi. Oleh karena itu, dikembangkan video pembelajaran berbantuan doratoon dalam pembelajaran flipped classroom untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan video pembelajaran yang valid, praktis dan efektif untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan model pengembangan ADDIE (analyze, design, development, implementation, evaluation). Instrumen dalam penelitian ini adalah tes hasil belajar, angket validasi ahli materi, angket validasi ahli bahasa, angket validasi ahli media, angket respon guru dan angket respon siswa. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, video pembelajaran yang dikembangkan telah teruji dan dinyatakan valid baik dari segi validitas materi, validitas bahasa dan validitas media. Selanjutnya, video pembelajaran juga sangat praktis berdasarkan hasil angket respon guru dan angket respon siswa. Video pembelajaran yang dikembangan juga efektif untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa terlihat dari nilai tes hasil belajar siswa. Sehingga, dapat disimpulkan bahwa video pembelajaran berbantuan doratoon dalam pembelajaran flipped classroom yang dikembangkan sudah memenuhi harapan atau tujuan penelitian.
ORTAK ZEMİNDE ÖĞRETİM PROGRAMLARI: TÜRKÇE DERSİ İLE MÜZİK DERSİ ÖĞRETİM PROGRAMLARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ
Authors: Dönmez Ayhan
Published: September 2024

Öğretim programları, bir ülkenin eğitim sistemini ve disiplinlere bakış açısını yansıtan önemli materyallerdir. Günümüz eğitim anlayışı, öğretim programlarının disiplinlerarası bir bakış açısıyla, birbirleriyle uyumlu bir şekilde kullanılmasını ve böylece bireylerin her alanda kendilerini geliştirmeleri üzerine inşa edilmiştir. Disiplinlerarası anlayışın öğrenciler üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırıldığı birçok deneysel çalışmaya rastlanmaktadır. Bu araştırmada ise disiplinlerarası yaklaşımın Türkçe ve müzik dersi öğretim programlarındaki boyutu incelenmiştir. Araştırmada, 2019 Türkçe Dersi Öğretim Programı ile 2018 Müzik Dersi Öğretim Programı incelenerek iki program arasındaki bağlantılar ve etkileşimler detaylı bir şekilde analiz edilmiştir. Bu nedenle her iki öğretim programı ayrıntılı bir biçimde incelenmiştir. Araştırmada doküman analizi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre her iki programın özel amaçlarının benzerliği ve kazanımların birbirleriyle uyumlu olması Türkçe dersi ile müzik dersinin disiplinlerarası bir anlayışla işlenebileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırma sonucunda gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalara yönelik araştırmacılara, deneysel çalışmalar ile disiplinlerarası anlayışla oluşturulan kazanımların öğrenciler üzerinde etkilerini incelemeleri ve farklı disiplinlere ait öğretim programlarının yeni karşılaştırmalar yapılarak benzer ve farklı yönlerini ortaya koymaları önerilmektedir.
English Learning Strategies and Proficiency Level: Grade 11 Students’ Perspective in the Post-Pandemic Era
Authors: Mark Joseph Q. Espia, PhD  , Jera May C. Fuentes  , Jera May C. Fuentes  , Rhea A. Gantalao
Published: September 2024

Abstract — This mixed method research study sought to assess the English learning strategies vis-à-vis proficiency level of Grade 11 students of a public high school for S.Y. 2023-2024. This research made use of a survey questionnaire and interview guide in a form of open-ended questions in gathering the necessary data. There were 21 respondents who participated in the 1st part of the data gathering and 10 were selected to participate in the interview session for the 2nd part. Statistical tools for data analysis included weighted mean, percentage distribution, and frequency count. Results revealed that most respondents were on their appropriate age to be admitted in the grade level in accordance to the K-12 program and majority were females. In terms of English learning strategies, it was found out that respondents had an acceptable result to both cognitive and metacognitive and when taken as a whole garnering a weighted mean verbally interpreted as agree. Meanwhile, students’ level of English proficiency in terms of Synonyms, Antonyms, Single-Word Analogy, Double-Word Analogy, Identifying Errors, Correct Usage, and Reading Comprehension and when taken as a whole obtained a mean score verbally interpreted as did not meet expectation. The findings highlighted the dynamic and evolving nature of language acquisition, where strategies employed by learners play a crucial role in shaping their journey towards linguistic mastery. Thus, it is recommended that teachers must look on the other factors regardless of being internal or external that may influence students’ capacity in learning English.
Enhancing Research Quality: Emphasizing the Scientific Method, Design Guidelines, and Evidence-Based Assessment
Authors: Afwande Margaret , Ikoha Anselemo , Barasa Samuel
Published: September 2024

Research quality forms the backbone of research across the disciplines of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), providing a systematic approach to inquiry, experimentation, and discovery. In the fields of Information Technology (IT) and Computer Science, the application of research quality is particularly crucial for ensuring the rigor, validity, and reproducibility of research findings. This paper explores the importance of research quality in STEM research, with a focus on IT and Computer Science, where the rapid pace of technological advancement demands precise and reliable methodologies. The study examines how research quality facilitates hypothesis testing, data analysis, and theory development, enabling researchers to address complex problems, innovate responsibly, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge. By highlighting key examples from IT and Computer Science research, the paper underscores the essential role of the research quality in driving progress, ensuring ethical standards, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration in the pursuit of scientific excellence
Identification of Best Fit Probability Distribution for Infant Birth Weight
Authors: A.O Ilesanmi , Femi Ogunboyo Ojo , E.A Odukoya , A.E Aladejana , K.P Ajewole , O.E. Popoola
Published: September 2024

Birth weight is the first weight recorded for a newborn, taken within 0 to 30minutesofdelivery. It is an indicator of a newborn’s chances for survival and growth. This study identified the best fit probability distribution for newborn birth weight in Ekiti State Nigeria. In the year 2021 there were 349 births recorded, with 163 males and 186 females. Also, in 2022 the number of births increased slightly to 353, comprising 179 males and 174 females. The selection of the best fit probability distribution was determined by Goodness of fit such as AIC, BIC, CAIC. Birth weights recorded within 0 to 30 minutes of delivery were obtained from Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti and it comprise of both male and female newborn babies between 2021 and 2022.The analysis reveals that the mean birth weight is consistently higher for males compared to females in both 2021 and 2022. The results also showed that Weibull distribution is the least suitable model, with the highest AIC (1073.675), BIC (1077.800), and CAIC (1075.887) values, indicating a poor fit for the birth weight data follow by Normal and Gumbel distributions while the Log-normal distribution has the lowest AIC (737.110), BIC (741.234) and CAIC (739.321). This indicates that Log-Normal distribution is the most appropriate among the four probability distributions considered in this study.
Paediatric Malaria: Associated Symptoms and Risk Factors among Children in Isheri, Alimosho Local Government Area, Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: O. A Okeke, , R. O. Imoohi, , U. B. Oraneli, , C. J. Okeke, , U. A. Ubaka, , C. A. Imakwu, , C.  I. Nzeukwu, , G. C. Ndudim
Published: September 2024

Malaria is a significant health issue, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Children are particularly vulnerable to malaria due to their underdeveloped immune systems. Although many countries have implemented interventions to control and eliminate malaria, the disease remains a major public health challenge in endemic areas. This study is a cross-sectional survey conducted to determine the prevalence of paediatric malaria and identify associated risk factors in children under 5 years old at the Isheri Primary Health Centre in the Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos State. The survey was carried out from June to September 2023. Blood samples were collected from 219 children, 44.7% male and 55.3% female. Parasitological analysis was conducted according to WHO standards, and data on associated risk factors and malaria prevention practices were collected through a pretested structured questionnaire. Statistical analyses such as T-test and One-way ANOVA were employed, with significance set at p>0.05. The findings revealed an overall prevalence of paediatric malaria in the study location at 49.3% (n=108), with P. falciparum being the main parasite. Males had a 55.1% malaria infection rate, while females had a rate of 40.5%. All malaria-infected children tested positive for the asexual malaria parasite, with parasite density ranging from 2087 to 328000μL-1 and a mean value of 47267 — 80 (95% CI 35244-59292). Children < 5years of age (55324 μL-1, 95% CI 29378-81271) had slightly higher asexual parasite density than those > 5 years (44045μL-1, 95% CI 30440-576550). Haematological analysis showed that the infected children had a significantly higher count of neutrophils than the uninfected (p = 0.002). Furthermore, children who did not report experiencing fever and chills had a significantly higher parasite density than those who did (p<0.05). The use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITN) also had an impact, with children under 5 years of age not using ITNs having a higher parasite density (65390 μL-1, 95% CI 18219-112562) than those who did. The study also assessed environmental risk factors and found that stagnant water and poultry farms did not significantly impact the prevalence of paediatric malaria. The study concluded that improved access to malaria interventions is essential to interrupt transmission, particularly in the at-risk groups, to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals agenda for health.
Enhancing food security through scientific research in Algeria. A novel vision and unified national strategy
Authors: Benarba Bachir
Published: September 2024

In this viewpoint we present the Algerian approach adopted to achieve a useful collaboration between researchers and socioeconomic partners to ensure food security.
The importance of an informed choice of CO2-equivalence metrics for contrail avoidance
Authors: Borella Audran , Boucher Olivier , Shine Keith P. , Stettler Marc , Tanaka Katsumasa , Teoh Roger , Bellouin Nicolas
Published: September 2024

Abstract. One of the proposed ways to reduce the climate impact of civil aviation is rerouting aircraft to minimise the formation of warming contrails. As this strategy may increase fuel consumption, it would only be beneficial if the climate impact reduction from the avoided contrails exceeds the negative impact of any additional carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by the rerouted flight. In this study, we calculate the surface temperature response of almost half a million flights that crossed the North Atlantic sector in 2019 and compare it to the temperature response of hypothetical rerouted flights. The climate impacts of contrails and CO2 are assessed through the perspective of CO2-equivalence metrics, represented here as nine combinations of different definitions and time horizons. We estimate that the total emitted CO2 and the persistent contrails formed will have warmed the climate by 17.2 µK in 2039, 13.7 µK in 2069, and 14.1 µK in 2119. Under an idealised scenario where 1 % additional carbon dioxide is enough to reroute all contrail-forming flights and avoid contrail formation completely, total warming would decrease by 4.9 (−28 %), 2.6 (−19 %), and 1.9 (−13 %) µK in 2039, 2069, and 2119, respectively. In most rerouting cases, the results based on the nine different CO2-equivalence metrics agree that rerouting leads to a climate benefit, assuming that contrails are avoided as predicted. But the size of that benefit is very dependent on the choice of CO2-equivalence metrics, contrail efficacy and CO2 penalty. Sources of uncertainty not considered here could also heavily influence the perceived benefit. In about 10 % of rerouting cases, the climate damage resulting from contrail avoidance indicated by CO2-equivalence metrics integrated over a 100-year time horizon is not predicted by metrics integrated over a 20-year time horizon. This study highlights, using North Atlantic flights as a case study, the implications of the choice of CO2-equivalence metrics for contrail avoidance, but the choice of metric implies a focus on a specific climate objective, which is ultimately a political decision.
Penerapan Gamifikasi untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi dan Kolaborasi pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Putra Lovandri Dwanda , Hidayat Faqih Nur , Izzati Iqlima Nurul , Ramadhan M. Alam
Published: September 2024

Gamification has become an increasingly popular approach in education, aiming to increase student motivation and engagement through the application of game elements in non-game contexts. This article explores the application of gamification in educational settings, particularly in primary schools. In today’s digital age, gamification is increasingly popular and widely applied in various sectors, including education. Gamification Refers to the application of game elements and mechanisms in non-game contexts. With great potential to improve student learning outcomes, gamification focuses specifically on motivation and engagement. Carefully designed game elements can engage students in the subject matter, encourage them to actively learn, and develop 21st century skills such as creativity, problem solving, and collaboration. However, the application of gamification must be done carefully, considering various factors such as learning objectives, student characteristics, and resource availability. Despite the challenges, gamification has great potential to change the way we interact with various systems and services. With careful planning and proper implementation, gamification can be an effective tool to improve motivation, engagement, and learning outcomes. It is important to remember that gamification is not a solution to all problems in education; it should be used as an additional tool that supports quality learning. Through case studies in several elementary schools, this article shows that the use of gamification elements such as points, badges, and leaderboards can create a more interactive and enjoyable learning environment.
Analisis Butir Soal pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di Kelas V SDN 3 Tanjung Pura
Authors: Ayu Desty , Realita Realita
Published: September 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kualitas soal ujian semester genap mata pelajaran PAI kelas 5 di SDN 3 Tanjung Pura dari segi validitas, reliabilitas, tingkat kesukaran, daya pembeda, dan efektivitas pengecoh. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu dilakukan dengan teknik dokumentasi berupa dokumen 51 lembar jawaban peserta didik dan instrumen soal yang berjumlah 40 soal yang terdiri dari 25 soal pilihan ganda, 10 soal isian dan 5 soal uraian. Soal ujian semester genap mata pelajaran PAI dianalisis dengan menggunakan bantuan software anates versi 4. hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 7 butir soal berkualitas sangat baik, 6 butir soal berkualitas baik, 7 butir soal berkualitas kurang baik, dan 5 butir soal dengan kualitas tidak baik. Berdasarkan validitas soal menunjukkan bahwa instrumen soal termasuk kategori cukup. Sehingga dinyatakan cukup valid. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan indeks validitas sebesar 0,52 yang termasuk kategori cukup. Berdasarkan reliabilitas menunjukkan bahwa instrumen soal termasuk kategori tinggi dan instrumen dinyatakan reliabel. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan koefisien reliabilitas sebesar 0,69 yang termasuk kategori tinggi.
Improving Learning Outcomes on History of World War II Material Through the Application of the Problem-Based Learning Model for Class XII-2 Students at SMA Negeri 5 Medan
Authors: Apriyana A Roro Ajeng , Nasution Abd. Haris , Nasution Sovianur
Published: September 2024

This research aims to measure how effective the problem-based learning model is in increasing the understanding of class XII-2 students at SMA Negeri 5 Medan regarding World War II. Using the Classroom Action Research (PTK) method in two cycles, this research involved learning results tests and observations to collect data. The results of research using a problem-based learning model in class XII-2 students at SMA Negeri 5 Medan showed a significant increase in learning outcomes for World War II material. This is evidenced by the increase in the average student test score from 78 in the first cycle to 82 in the second cycle. Apart from that, observations also show an increase in student learning activities, such as group discussions and information seeking.
Pengembangan Keterampilan Kolaboratif Siswa Melalui Pembelajaran Berdiferensiasi di Kelas 6 SD Bukit Aksara
Authors: Hidayat Danny Lutvi , Fajriyah Khusnul , Warsiti Bernadeta , P Agnita Siska
Published: September 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap pengaruh pembelajaran diferensiasi terhadap keterampilan kolaboratif dan kreativitas siswa kelas 6 di SD Bukit Aksara. Latar belakang penelitian ini didasari oleh kebutuhan untuk memahami bagaimana pendekatan pembelajaran yang beragam dapat meningkatkan interaksi sosial dan pemahaman konsep sains siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif tipe studi kasus dengan fokus utama pada observasi langsung dan pengamatan partisipatif. Observasi dilakukan selama sesi pembelajaran diferensiasi untuk menganalisis interaksi antar siswa, respons terhadap materi, serta strategi yang digunakan guru dalam memfasilitasi pembelajaran. Peneliti terlibat aktif dalam lingkungan pembelajaran untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang dinamika kelas. Catatan lapangan dan jurnal refleksi digunakan sebagai alat untuk merekam dan menginterpretasikan data. Hasil penelitian mengungkap adanya peningkatan signifikan dalam keterampilan kolaboratif dan kemampuan berbagi ide di antara siswa. Selain itu, observasi juga menunjukkan peningkatan kreativitas siswa dalam menyelesaikan tugas kelompok. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran diferensiasi memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap keterampilan kolaboratif dan kreativitas siswa kelas 6 di SD Bukit Aksara pada pelajaran IPAS. Temuan ini mengindikasikan pentingnya integrasi strategi diferensiasi dalam kurikulum pendidikan dasar untuk mendukung perkembangan holistik siswa.
Redefining Da'wah Management Graduate Competencies in Islamic State Universities
Authors: Sugiharto Guruh
Published: September 2024

This study aims to provide a redefinition of the competence of da'wah management graduates. These competencies are rearranged based on the work needs in Hajj and Umrah travel companies. The results of this study indicate that these competencies can be explained through the MTEC model, namely Managerial, Technology, Ethics, and Communication. With this competence, the education and employment sectors can link and match. Thus increasing the absorption of graduates in the job market and making it easier for companies to get quality human resources.
Implications of Fiscal Policy on Economic Growth
Authors: Mukhtar Shaista , Ismail Suraya Binti , Tajuddin Sheikh Ahmad Faiz Sheikh Ahmad
Published: September 2024

This study's objective is to evaluate Pakistan's growth-oriented fiscal policy elements from 1980 to 2023. This research uses secondary sources of data. The paper utilized the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model as analytical techniques to assess the short- and long-term dynamics between Pakistan's fiscal policy components and economic growth. According to our regression estimations, government expenditure slows down economic expansion, whereas taxes have a growth-oriented effect. The investigation also examined the significant and negative impact of debt. Interest rates, the control variable, strongly and adversely impact growth. The analysis concludes that shifting the balance of government spending from non-development to development goals is the only way to achieve sustained growth. In addition, the government ought to ensure political stability, create laws that will encourage business, build infrastructure using foreign loans, and use debt to develop human capital.
Exploring Challenges Faced by EFL Learners in Pakistani Traditional Classrooms: Insights from Teachers’ Perspectives
Authors: Malik Maryam , Nayab Durr-e-
Published: September 2024

This research aims to ascertain the difficulties experienced by EFL learners in traditional classroom environments from the EFL teachers’ viewpoint. In the present study, quantitative research method has been adopted, and participants were comprised of 150 EFL teachers taken from Multan District using structured questionnaire. The study points out barriers to learning: language barriers, cultural barriers, and instructional barriers. Furthermore, the work explores how teachers manage to overcome the stated difficulties with a focus on the motivation and engagement processes. The study shows a difference in the classroom environment involving EFL learners and their teaching methodology, and the results signify a need for variation in teaching strategies to suit the EFL learners. In keeping with the practical nature of this study, the researcher is determined to improve the teaching contexts for EFL by refining best practices for constructionist teaching, strengthening the learners’ content knowledge, and expanding the research and practices in the field of EFL. The findings of this study provide useful recommendations for any educator who could attempt to navigate the difficulties that come with EFL education.
التباينات الزمانية والمكانية والتحليل التكراري لمتوسطات درجات الحرارة اليومية للفترة 1990-2022 بمحمية الإمام تركي بن عبد الله الملكية
Authors:   طالبة دكتوراه في قسم الجغرافيا، كلية اللغة العربية والعلوم الاجتماعية، جامعة القصيم، المملكة العربية السعودية, الشهراني عهود
Published: September 2024

تتناول هذه الدراسة تحليل التباينات الزمنية والمكانية لدرجات الحرارة الدنيا والقصوى والمتوسطة اليومية باستخدام بيانات الرصد المسجلة خلال الفترة 1990 - 2022 بخمس محطات مناخية هي الجوف (40361) وحائل (40394) والقصيم (40405) والقيصومة (40373) ورفحا (40362) تابعة للمكتب الوطني للارصاد. ولقد تم اختيار هذه المحطات لكونها تحيط بمحمية الإمام تركي بن عبد الله الملكية، شمال شرق مدينة الرياض. وتتطرق هذه الدراسة للتحليل التكراري لتوزيع درجات الحرارة الدنيا والقصوى والمتوسطة اليومية بهدف تقدير درجات الحرارة المماثلة لها خلال فترات الرجوع 5 و10 و25 و50 و100 سنة. وقد اعتمد التحليل التكراري لدرجات الحرارة اليومية القصوى والدنيا والمتوسطة على بيانات سجلات درجات الحرارة اليومية التي تم رصدها بمحطات الجوف وحائل وبريدة والقيصومة ورفحا خلال الفترة الممتدة من 1 يناير 1990 حتى 31 ديسمبر 2022 م على فحص توزيع البيانات بتطبيق اختبار كولموغوروف-سميرنوف Kolmogorov-Smirnov المناسب لحجم العينة الكبيرة التي يفوق عدد قراءتها 30 قياس وفحص الأهمية الإحصائية لتباين التوزيع التكراري بدرجات الحرارة اليومية بتطبيق ثلاثة اختبارات هي (أ)- اختبار هارتلي Hartley’s Fmax-ratio و(ب)- اختبار التباين الأحادي Binomial test و(ج)- اختبار T-student. كما تم تطبيق لفترات الرجوع من 5 إلى 100 سنة كلاً من نموذج غامبل Gumbel (نموذج القيم القصوى - نوع 1) لتقدير درجات الحرارة اليومية المناسبة ودرجات الحرارة اليومية المتطرفة، ونموذج التوزيع الاحتمالي الطبيعي Normal distribution لتقدير متوسطات درجات الحرارة اليومية.
أثر الائتمان المصرفي على التشغيل في الأنشطة الإنتاجية المختلفة للقطاع الخاص السعودي (دراسة قياسية باستخدام منهجية NARDL للتكامل المشترك)
Authors:   طالبة دكتوراه تخصص اقتصاد، كلية الأعمال، جامعة الإمام محمد بن سعود الإسلامية، المملكة العربية السعودية, السلمي خديجة , عبد الغني صلاح ,   أستاذ الاقتصاد المشارك، كلية الأعمال، جامعة الإمام محمد بن سعود الإسلامية، المملكة العربية السعودية
Published: September 2024

هدفت الدراسة إلى تحديد القطاعات الإنتاجية التي يرتبط نمو تشغيل السعوديين فيها بعلاقة تكامل مشترك على المدى الطويل أو القصير مع الائتمان المصرفي للفترة (1999-2022م)، ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة تم استخدام منهجيةNARDL (A Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag) لاختبار التكامل المشترك بين المتغيرات على اعتبار أن تأثيرات الائتمان المصرفي على التشغيل غير متماثلة والتي قد تكون إيجابية أو سلبية بحسب الظروف الاقتصادية، كما تم استخدام بيانات ربع سنوية لمتغيرات الائتمان المصرفي ومتوسط الأجور والصدمات الاقتصادية كمتغيرات مستقلة، وتشغيل السعوديين كمتغير تابع. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن التشغيل في بعض الأنشطة الإنتاجية في القطاع الخاص يحظى بعلاقة تكامل مشترك طويلة المدى مع الائتمان المصرفي مثل قطاعات (الزراعة والغابات، التعدين والتحجير، التشييد والبناء، تجارة الجملة والتجزئة، المال والأعمال والخدمات العقارية)، وأن اختبار التكامل المشترك لقطاع الصناعات التحويلية أظهر وجود علاقة تكامل مشترك ولكنها صادرة من العلاقة بين التشغيل والمتغيرات الأخرى مثل متوسط الأجور والقروض الصناعية من بنك التنمية. كما تحظى هذه القطاعات أيضاً بعلاقة تكامل مشترك على المدى القصير فيما عدا قطاع الزراعة. أما بقية القطاعات (الكهرباء والغاز، النقل والتخزين، الخدمات الجماعية) فلا توجد علاقة تكامل مشترك بين متغيراتها. وتوصي الدراسة بالموازنة في توجيه الائتمان نحو القطاعات حسب الأهداف العامة للدولة.
التكامل بين المحفزات الرقمية ومنصة مدرستي (رؤى نوعية)
Authors:   ماجستير في التعلم الإلكتروني، موظف في مجال التعلم الإلكتروني بوزارة التعليم في المملكة العربية السعودية, الزهراني بدر
Published: September 2024

هدف هذا البحث إلى التعرف على آراء المتخصصين في مجال التقنية وإدارة بيئة التعلم الإلكترونية تجاه إدراج المحفزات الرقمية في منصة مدرستي، ولتحقيق هذا الهدف استخدم الباحث المنهج النوعي من خلاله تم اتباع المنهج الظاهراتي لتنفيذ هذا البحث، وتكونت عينة البحث من سبعة مشاركين من المتخصصين في مجال التقنية وإدارة بيئة التعلم الإلكترونية من جامعة الملك عبد العزيز والتعليم العام بمدينة جدة. أما عن أداة البحث، فاعتمد الباحث على المقابلة الفردية المنظمة لجمع البيانات. تم استخدام طريقة التحليل المواضيعي (الثيماتي) في تحليل البيانات. انتهت نتائج البحث إلى استنباط عدد (4) مواضيع (ثيمات) متصلة مباشرة بمجال التقنية وإدارة بيئة التعلم الإلكترونية ومنصة مدرستي. كانت الموضوعات على النحو التالي: الفرص التعليمية، المرونة التعليمية، جودة التعلم، الاتجاهات التعليمية، وتوصل الباحث بناء على نتائج البحث الحالي لعدد من النتائج هي: أن إدراج المحفزات الرقمية في منصة مدرستي تساهم بشكل كبير في تنمية الدافعية لدى المتعلم، وتزيد من إقبال المتعلمين تجاه منصة مدرستي. وأنها تزيد من الشعور بالسعادة والإنجاز. وقد أوصى الباحث بما يلي: الاستفادة من نتائج البحث الحالي وإدراج المحفزات الرقمية في منصة مدرستي. وتنوع عناصرها وتطويرها. كما أشار إلى الاهتمام بالتصميم والرسومات وألوان منصة مدرستي. كما أفاد بأهمية التطوير المستمر ومواكبة التطورات التكنولوجية، وإعداد الخطط التدريبية وتنفيذها للمستفيدين من منصة مدرستي.
المرونة النفسية وأثرها على قلق المستقبل المهني لدى طلبة الجامعة (مراجعة منهجية)
Authors:   باحثة دكتوراه، كلية علوم التربية، جامعة محمد الخامس، المملكة المغربية, الحجرية شيخة , علوي مولاي إسماعيل ,   أستاذ التعليم العالي، كلية علوم التربية، جامعة محمد الخامس، المملكة المغربية
Published: September 2024

اعتمد البحث الحالي على مراجعة الدراسات السابقة التي اهتمت وبحثت في موضوع المرونة النفسية وأثرها على قلق المستقبل المهني لدى طلبة الجامعة، ومن ثم تم تحديد الدراسات المطابقة لمعايير الشمول والتي اقتصرت على (10) دراسات فقط، وذلك لعدم التوصل إلى الكثير من الدراسات التي تناولت نفس موضوع الدراسة الحالية، فكان لابد من التوسع ومراجعة دراسات أخرى تشابه الدراسة الحالية، بالرغم من اختلاف أحد المتغيرات، وتنوع المقاييس المستخدمة والأدوات في التطبيق، إلا أنها شملت نفس أفراد العينة (طلبة الجامعات)، بالإضافة إلى وجود تنوع في المناهج المتبعة والتي تمثلت في (المنهج الوصفي الارتباطي، المنهج شبة التجريبي، والمنهج المسحي)، وقد استخلصت النتائج لهذه الدراسات عن طريق تحليل الأدبيات والمقالات والأبحاث التي تناولت متغير المرونة النفسية، ومتغير قلق المستقبل المهني لفئة الطلبة، وقد أثبتت النتائج مدى فعالية المرونة النفسية على قلق المستقبل المهني، وأثرها على متغيرات أخرى، حسب ما تم التوصل إليه من نتائج، وما أكدت عليه الدراسات السابقة التي بحثت في موضوع المرونة النفسية، وأشارت إلى أن المرونة تساعد الأفراد على التكيف مع المتغيرات المحيطة بهم سواء كانت تغيرات في العمل أو العلاقات الشخصية أو البيئة الاجتماعية، فالأفراد المرنون نفسيا يتمتعون بالقدرة على التكيف مع التغيرات بشكل أسرع وأكثر فعالية، مما يساعدهم على تجاوز الصعاب والتحديات بنجاح، وعلى أساس هذه النتائج قدمت الدراسة الحالية مجموعة من التوصيات المفيدة.
دور تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي في تطوير أداء بعض المؤسسات الرياضية في المملكة العربية السعودية
Authors:   ماجستير الإدارة الرياضية، قسم الإدارة الرياضية، كلية الأعمال برابغ، جامعة الملك عبد العزيز، المملكة العربية السعودية, السلمي علا
Published: September 2024

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تسليط الضوء على دور تطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي في تطوير أداء بعض المؤسسات الرياضية في المملكة العربية السعودية، وتم اختيار الباحث لإجراء هذه الدراسة بغرض تحقيق عدة أهداف، بما في ذلك تحديد الفوائد المحتملة لاستخدام تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في أعمال الموظفين في المؤسسات الرياضية، وتحليل تأثير استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي على أنشطة هذه المؤسسات. تم إجراء دراسة وصفية تحليلية باستخدام الاستبيان على طريقة العينة العشوائية على عينة من الإداريين العاملين في المؤسسات والهيئات الرياضية البالغة 100 عينة. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى النتائج التالية: تشهد الفترة الأخيرة زيادة كبيرة في استخدام تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في مختلف المجالات، وذلك بفضل المزايا التي تقدمها هذه التقنيات، يمكن لتقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي أن توفر فوائد عديدة، يتصور العاملون في مجال المؤسسات الرياضية وجود فوائد كبيرة من تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في عملهم. تتميز النماذج الاحترافية للذكاء الاصطناعي في المؤسسات الرياضية بقدرتها على تحليل البيانات الكبيرة وتوفير توجيهات وتوصيات دقيقة لاتخاذ القرارات الاستراتيجية. يمكن استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي في مجالات متعددة مثل التسويق والتواصل مع الجماهير، وتحليل أداء الفرق واللاعبين، وتوفير توقعات وتحليلات للأداء المستقبلي. ومع التسارع القائم في المنظومات الرياضية المحلية والقارية والعالمية؛ فإن على إدارات المؤسسات الرياضية بذل المزيد من الجهود لتطوير منهجيات إدارية تتمتع بالقدرة على التنافسية العالية، وبالانفتاح نحو فرص التطوير والابتكار.
السعادة الزوجية في ضوء بعض المتغيرات الاجتماعية لدى الأسرة السعودية
Authors:   باحث دكتوراه في قسم الدراسات الاجتماعية، كلية العلوم الإنسانية والاجتماعية، جامعة الملك سعود، المملكة العربية السعودية, القرني ظافر
Published: September 2024

هدفت الدراسة إلى استقصاء مستويات السعادة الزوجية عند السعوديين المتزوجين، بالإضافة إلى التعرف على تأثير بعض المتغيرات الاجتماعية والديموغرافية على السعادة الزوجية لديهم. اتبعت الدراسة المنهج المسحي الوصفي والارتباطي وقام الباحث بتصميم استبانة كأداة للدراسة وتكونت الاستبانة من جزئين: الأول يختص بالبيانات الديموغرافية والجزء الثاني يتكون من مقياس السعادة الزوجية، من إعداد الدكتور/ محمد بن علي معشي (2018)، وطبقت الدراسة على عينة قصدية مكونة من (266) مشاركا، وتوصلت إلى عدة نتائج كما يلي: وجدت الدراسة فروق دالة إحصائيا في مستوى السعادة الزوجية بين الجنسين لصالح الذكور؛ وجدت كذلك فروق دالة إحصائيا في مستوى السعادة الزوجية تعزى للفارق العمري بين الزوجين لصالح الفئة (من سنتين إلى أقل من 4 سنوات)؛ وجدت أيضا فروق دالة إحصائيا في مستوى السعادة الزوجية تعزى لمتغير صلة القرابة ولصالح الزواج من الجماعة القرابية البعيدة؛ كما وجدت الدراسة علاقة ارتباطية سلبية بين مستوى السعادة الزوجية وكلًّ من العمر ومدة الزواج وعدد الأطفال. وأوصت الدراسة ببعض المقترحات التي من أبرزها: بتطوير برامج توعية وإرشاد أسري تستهدف كلًا من الأزواج والزوجات، مع التركيز على الجوانب النفسية والاجتماعية التي تعزز السعادة الزوجية خصوصا للنساء، ودراسة معمقة لمعرفة تأثير درجة القرابة أو عدمها على مستوى السعادة الزوجية في المجتمع السعودي، نظرا لكون المجتمع السعودي ترتفع فيه نسبة زواج الأقارب من جهة الأعمام والأخوال.