bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two‐level stabilized finite volume method for the stationary incompressible magnetohydrodynamic equations
Authors: Chu Xiaochen , Chen Chuanjun , Zhang Tong
Published: May 2023

In this paper, a two‐level stabilized finite volume method is developed and analyzed for the steady incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations. The linear polynomial space is used to approximate the velocity, pressure and magnetic fields, and two local Gauss integrations are introduced to overcome the restriction of discrete inf‐sup condition. Firstly, the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the discrete problem in the stabilized finite volume method are proved by using the Brouwer's fixed point theorem. ‐stability results of numerical solutions are also presented. Secondly, optimal error estimates of numerical solutions in and ‐norms are established by using the energy method and constructing the corresponding dual problem. Thirdly, the stability and convergence of two‐level stabilized finite volume method for the stationary incompressible MHD equations are provided. Theoretical findings show that the two‐level method has the same accuracy as the one‐level method with the mesh sizes . Finally, some numerical results are provided to identify with the established theoretical findings and show the performances of the considered numerical schemes.
The international scandal of defective asparaginase: A blight on children with cancer
Authors: Barr Ronald D. , Furneaux Rosa , Margottini Laura , Eden Tim O. B.
Published: May 2023

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the commonest form of cancer in children and adolescents worldwide, and asparaginase is an essential component of successful chemotherapy for this disease associated with long‐term survival rates often exceeding 90% in high‐income countries. Demonstrably defective preparations of asparaginase, distributed from China and India, increase the burden of morbidity and mortality, reducing attainable survival rates. This adverse outcome is enabled by inadequate regulation and oversight, especially in resource‐poor settings in low‐ and middle‐income countries where the great majority of children and adolescents with cancer live. The pediatric oncology community must rise to the challenge.
Grinding performance study of CF/epoxy and CF/PEEK composites
Authors: Wen Zihang , Zhao Huan , Yan Xin , Peng Zeyu , Ding Han
Published: May 2023

In order to distinguish the grinding performance of the thermoset and thermoplastic carbon fiber‐reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites, carbon fiber‐reinforced epoxy resin (CF/epoxy) and carbon fiber‐reinforced poly‐ether‐ether‐ketone (CF/PEEK) composites were employed in this study. Different process parameters were set to grind the two materials. Then the surface morphologies and roughness of the workpieces with different process parameters were observed and measured. Experimental results indicated that the grinding forces were positively correlated with the grinding depth and feed speed, and negatively correlated with the wheel speed. The grinding depth was the main influencing factor of the maximum temperature of the grinding. The heat distribution of the grinding process was dependent on the fiber direction. In addition, the chip formation mechanism of CF/epoxy and CF/PEEK were investigated. Compared with CF/epoxy, the grinding forces and temperature were higher and the wheel was more prone to be clogged under the same grinding parameters, indicating that it was more difficult to process CF/PEEK. However, the surface quality of CF/PEEK with high ductility was much better than CF/epoxy.
Optimizing therapeutic decision‐making for off‐label medicines use: A scoping review and consensus recommendations for improving practice and research+
Authors: Gazarian Madlen , Horton Daniel B. , Carleton Bruce , Kinlaw Alan C. , Bushnell Greta A. , Czaja Angela S. , Durrieu Geneviève , Gorman Emily F. , Titievsky Lina , Zito Julie , Slaughter Jonathan L. , dosReis Susan
Published: May 2023

Purpose

Off‐label medicines use is a common and sometimes necessary practice in many populations, with important clinical, ethical and financial consequences, including potential unintended harm or lack of effectiveness. No internationally recognized guidelines exist to aid decision‐makers in applying research evidence to inform off‐label medicines use. We aimed to critically evaluate current evidence informing decision‐making for off‐label use and to develop consensus recommendations to improve future practice and research.

Methods

We conducted a scoping review to summarize the literature on available off‐label use guidance, including types, extent and scientific rigor of evidence incorporated. Findings informed the development of consensus recommendations by an international multidisciplinary Expert Panel using a modified Delphi process. Our target audience includes clinicians, patients and caregivers, researchers, regulators, sponsors, health technology assessment bodies, payers and policy makers.

Results

We found 31 published guidance documents on therapeutic decision‐making for off‐label use. Of 20 guidances with general recommendations, only 35% detailed the types and quality of evidence needed and the processes for its evaluation to reach sound, ethical decisions about appropriate use. There was no globally recognized guidance. To optimize future therapeutic decision‐making, we recommend: (1) seeking rigorous scientific evidence; (2) utilizing diverse expertise in evidence evaluation and synthesis; (3) using rigorous processes to formulate recommendations for appropriate use; (4) linking off‐label use with timely conduct of clinically meaningful research (including real‐world evidence) to address knowledge gaps quickly; and (5) fostering partnerships between clinical decision‐makers, researchers, regulators, policy makers, and sponsors to facilitate cohesive implementation and evaluation of these recommendations.

Conclusions

We provide comprehensive consensus recommendations to optimize therapeutic decision‐making for off‐label medicines use and concurrently drive clinically relevant research. Successful implementation requires appropriate funding and infrastructure support to engage necessary stakeholders and foster relevant partnerships, representing significant challenges that policy makers must urgently address.
A methodology to assess the population size and estimate the needed resources for new licensed medications by combining clinical and administrative databases: The example of glycated haemoglobin in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Lapi Francesco , Bianchini Elisa , Marconi Ettore , Medea Gerardo , Piccinni Carlo , Maggioni Aldo P. , Dondi Letizia , Pedrini Antonella , Martini Nello , Cricelli Claudio
Published: May 2023

Purpose

To develop and validate a model to estimate glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) values in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using a clinical data source, with the aim to apply this equation to administrative databases.

Methods

Using a primary care and administrative Italian databases, namely the Health Search database (HSD) and the ReS (Ricerca e Salute) database, we selected all patients aged 18 years or older on 31 December 2018 being diagnosed with T2DM and without prior prescription of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT‐2) inhibitors. We included patients prescribed with and adherent to metformin. HSD was used to develop and test (using 2019 data as well) the algorithm imputing HbA1c values ≥7% according to a series of covariates. The algorithm was gathered by combining beta‐coefficients being estimated by logistic regression models using complete case (excluding missing values) and imputed (after multiple imputation) dataset. The final algorithm was applied to ReS database using the same covariates.

Results

The tested algorithms were able to explain 17%–18% variation in assessing HbA1c values. Good discrimination (70%) and calibration were obtained as well. The best algorithm (three) cut‐offs, namely those providing correct classifications ranging 66%–70% was therefore calculated and applied to ReS database. By doing so, from 52 999 (27.9, 95% CI: 27.7%–28.1%) to 74 250 (40.1%, 95% CI: 38.9%–39.3%) patients were estimated with HbA1c ≥7%.

Conclusion

Through this methodology, healthcare authorities should be able to quantify the population eligible to a new licensed medication, such as SGLT‐2 inhibitors, and to simulate scenarios to assess reimbursement criteria according to precise estimates.
Enhanced antibacterial activity of composite fibers from polylactic acid and nanosilver‐coated ground tea leaves for sustainable green composite textiles
Authors: Sukthavorn Kankavee , Nootsuwan Nollapan , Veranitisagul Chatchai , Laobuthee Apirat
Published: May 2023

This study aimed to create an environmentally friendly composite textile with enhanced antibacterial properties using polylactic acid (PLA) and nanosilver‐coated ground tea leaves (Ag/GTL). The green coating process was applied to produce the Ag/GTL, which was further used as an additive in the PLA matrix. Composite fiber showed a light green color and a slightly rough surface. The thermal properties tended to decrease with increasing masterbatch content, while the crystallinity was significantly increased. The mechanical test demonstrated the composite fibers trend toward decreased tenacity and higher elongation at break. PLA‐3, which has good spinnability and acceptable mechanical properties, was used to prepare the composite fabric. Moreover, the Ag/GTL additive also enhanced the antibacterial activity of composite fabric, especially Staphylococcus aureus as the gram‐positive bacteria and Escherichia coli as the gram‐negative bacteria, by up to 99%. In addition, composite fibers exhibiting engine oil sorption were expected to be applied in oil spill cleanup applications.
A robust and fluorescent nanocomposite hydrogel with an interpenetrating polymer network based on graphene quantum dots
Authors: Du Juan , Zhu Wenli , She Xiaohong , Yu Qiyu , Yang Qiaoling , Zhang Dan , Chen Jian
Published: May 2023

Herein, a robust and fluorescent nanocomposite hydrogel polyvinyl alcohol/poly(N‐methylol acrylamide)/graphene quantum dots (PVA/PNMA/GQDs) with interpenetrating polymer network was made‐up by in‐situ radical polymerization and freeze–thaw method simultaneously. Because of GQDs trapped within the gel matrix as a result of the potent hydrogen bonds generated among PVA, PNMA, and GQDs, the nanocomposite hydrogel with an interpenetrating polymer network displayed strong fluorescence and enhanced mechanical properties. The obtained nanocomposite hydrogel could emit stable bright blue fluorescence at 365 nm radiation. Moreover, the obtained nanocomposite hydrogels were selective to Fe3+ ions and demonstrated a rapid and consistent response to Fe3+ ions ranging from 20 to 120 μmol/L. Meanwhile, the PVA/PNMA/GQDs hydrogel showed excellent mechanical properties. The compressive strength and strain of the nanocomposite hydrogel were 20.39 MPa and 94.53%, respectively. The tensile fracture strength was 303.06 kPa and the corresponding fracture strain was 198%. Additionally, the gel also possessed extreme fatigue resistance and could tolerate repeated compression without cracking. Therefore, these robust and fluorescent nanocomposite hydrogels have potential applications in flexible sensors for certain metal ions detection and information storage.
An empirical study about the impact of project‐based learning on reading literacy of primary students in a blended learning environment
Authors: Zhang Wenlan , Lu Meixing , Yang Panpan
Published: May 2023

Reading literacy is the core component of Chinese literacy and the basic ability needed in students' personal development. From the experience of international curriculum and teaching reform, project‐based learning is an important way to train students' core literacy. In this context, this paper explores the impact of project‐based learning on reading literacy of primary school students in blended learning environment by adopting a mixed‐method design. The results show that, compared with traditional teaching, project‐based learning is more conducive to promoting primary students' reading behavior and attitude, improving their reading level and reading comprehension ability with two reading purposes. This finding provides empirical evidence and practical guidance for Chinese teachers in primary schools when implementing project‐based learning.
Modeling of extrusion through a Garvey die: Cost and performance
Authors: Stradi‐Granados Benito A.
Published: May 2023

Modeling of complex systems requires large and expensive computational systems. Costs and processing time can be reduced by more than half in a well‐managed cloud environment. Modeling the flow of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) through a Garvey die was achieved by employing the latest cloud computer technology commercially available at a modest cost. The description of the stress–strain behavior for EPDM was done using the Otswald‐de Waele model. The results demonstrate that at higher velocities, the flow lines do not follow a smooth profile upon exiting the die, which indicates instabilities that may affect on the finished surface. Prediction of extrudate flow instabilities gives a computational option to make an initial estimate of permissible extrusion speeds.
Exploring the inhibition of the soluble lytic transglycosylase Cj0843c of Campylobacter jejuni via targeting different sites with different scaffolds
Authors: Kumar Vijay , Boorman Jacob , Greenlee William J. , Zeng Ximin , Lin Jun , van den Akker Focco
Published: May 2023

Bacterial lytic transglycosylases (LTs) contribute to peptidoglycan cell wall metabolism and are potential drug targets to potentiate β‐lactam antibiotics to overcome antibiotic resistance. Since LT inhibitor development is underexplored, we probed 15 N‐acetyl‐containing heterocycles in a structure‐guided fashion for their ability to inhibit and bind to the Campylobacter jejuni LT Cj0843c. Ten GlcNAc analogs were synthesized with substitutions at the C1 position, with two having an additional modification at the C4 or C6 position. Most of the compounds showed weak inhibition of Cj0843c activity. Compounds with alterations at the C4 position, replacing the ‐OH with a ‐NH2, and C6 position, the addition of a ‐CH3, yielded improved inhibitory efficacy. All 10 GlcNAc analogs were crystallographically analyzed via soaking experiments using Cj0843c crystals and found to bind to the +1 +2 saccharide subsites with one of them additionally binding to the −2 −1 subsite region. We also probed other N‐acetyl‐containing heterocycles and found that sialidase inhibitors N‐acetyl‐2,3‐dehydro‐2‐deoxyneuraminic acid and siastatin B inhibited Cj0843c weakly and crystallographically bound to the −2 −1 subsites. Analogs of the former also showed inhibition and crystallographic binding and included zanamivir amine. This latter set of heterocycles positioned their N‐acetyl group in the −2 subsite with additional moieties interacting in the −1 subsite. Overall, these results could provide novel opportunities for LT inhibition via exploring different subsites and novel scaffolds. The results also increased our mechanistic understanding of Cj0843c regarding peptidoglycan GlcNAc subsite binding preferences and ligand‐dependent modulation of the protonation state of the catalytic E390.
Annexin A1, A2, A5, and A6 involvement in human pathologies
Authors: de Souza Ferreira Luiz Philipe , da Silva Rafael André , Gil Cristiane D. , Geisow Michael J.
Published: May 2023

The human genome codes for 12 annexins with highly homologous membrane‐binding cores and unique amino termini, which endow each protein with its specific biological properties. Not unique to vertebrate biology, multiple annexin orthologs are present in almost all eukaryotes. Their ability to combine either dynamically or constitutively with membrane lipid bilayers is hypothetically the key property that has led to their retention and multiple adaptation in eukaryotic molecular cell biology. Annexin genes are differentially expressed in many cell types but their disparate functions are still being discovered after more than 40 years of international research. A picture is emerging from gene knock down and knock out studies of individual annexins that these are important supporters rather than critical players in organism development and normal cell and tissue function. However, they appear to be highly significant “early responders” toward challenges arising from cell and tissue abiotic or biotic stress. In humans, recent focus has been on involvement of the annexin family for its involvement in diverse pathologies, especially cancer. From what has become an exceedingly broad field of investigation, we have selected four annexins in particular: AnxA1, 2, 5, and 6. Present both within and external to cells, these annexins are currently under intensive investigation in translational research as biomarkers of cellular dysfunction and as potential therapeutic targets for inflammatory conditions, neoplasia, and tissue repair. Annexin expression and release in response to biotic stress appears to be a balancing act. Under‐ or over‐expression in different circumstances appears to damage rather than restore a healthy homeostasis. This review reflects briefly on what is already known of the structures and molecular cell biology of these selected annexins and considers their actual and potential roles in human health and disease.
A high adhesion co‐assembly based on myclobutanil and tannic acid for sustainable plant disease management
Authors: Li Xuan , Zhou Zhiyuan , Huang Yuqi , Tang Gang , Liu Yulu , Chen Xi , Yan Guangyao , Wang Huachen , Zhang Xiaohong , Wang Jialu , Cao Yongsong
Published: May 2023

Background

Pesticides are irreplaceable inputs for protecting crops from pests and improving crop yield and quality. Self‐assembly nanotechnology is a promising strategy by which to develop novel nano‐formulations for pesticides. Nano‐formulations improve the effective utilization of pesticides and reduce risks to the environment because of their eco‐friendly preparation, high drug loading, and desirable physicochemical properties. Here, to enhance the utilization efficiency of myclobutanil (MYC) and develop a novel nano‐formulation, carrier‐free co‐assembled nanoparticles (MT NPs) based on MYC and tannic acid (TA) were prepared by noncovalent molecular interactions using a green preparation process without any additives.

Results

The results showed that the prepared spherical nanoparticles had good stability in neutral and acidic aqueous solutions, low surface tension (40.53 mN m−1), high rainfastness, and good maximum retention values on plant leaves. Release of active ingredients from MT NPs could be regulated by altering the molar ratio of subassemblies in the co‐assembly and the pH of the environment. Antifungal experiments demonstrated that MT NPs had better activities against Alternaria alternata and Fusarium graminearum [half‐maximal effective concentration (EC50) = 6.40 and 77.08 mg/L] compared with free MYC (EC50 = 11.46 and 124.82 mg/L), TA (EC50 = 251.19 and 503.81 mg/L), and an MYC + TA mixture (EC50 = 9.62 and 136.21 mg/L). These results suggested that MYC and TA incorporated in the co‐assembled nanoparticles had a synergistic antifungal activity. The results of a genotoxicity assessment indicated that MT NPs could reduce the genotoxicity of MYC to plant cells.

Conclusion

Co‐assembled MT NPs with synergistic antifungal activity have outstanding potential for the management of plant diseases. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Migration up and down the urban hierarchy: The mediating effects of geographic mobility on migrants' homeownership
Authors: Mu Xueying , Cui Can , Cui Junru
Published: May 2023

In the past two decades, migrants' homeownership has received increasing attention, as migrants have become increasingly heterogeneous in terms of socio‐economic status and choice of the destination city. However, how migrants move across the urban hierarchy and thereby affect their housing consumption has received scant attention. Using the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey, this study examines the relationship between migrants' socio‐economic status and their geographic mobility along the urban hierarchy, as well as the impacts on their housing outcomes in the destination city. Employing generalised structural equation modelling, the results show that migrants with higher education levels and higher family income are more likely to make an upward movement, through which they accumulated their capital and advantages to overcome difficulties and settle in the destination. However, the steeper they climb along the urban hierarchy, the less likely they could own a home in the destination city. This study contributes to the existing literature by highlighting the divergence in migrants' geographic mobility and its importance in understanding the variegated housing outcomes among the migration population.
Anionic Fluorine and Cationic Niobium Codoped Tin Oxide Thin Films as Transparent Conducting Electrodes for Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Muniramaiah Reddivari , Reddy Nandarapu Purushotham , Santhosh Rompivalasa , Maharana Gouranga , Fernandes Jean Maria , Padmanaban Dilli Babu , Kovendhan Manavalan , Veerappan Ganapathy , Laxminarayana Gangalakurti , Banavoth Murali , Joseph D. Paul
Published: May 2023

Exploration of alternatives for supplementing indium tin oxide electrode is currently trending due to scarcity of indium, leading to a steep increase in the cost of related optoelectronic components. Codoping of niobium (Nb) and fluorine (F) into SnO2 lattice as cationic and anionic dopants, respectively, is explored by spray deposition technique. A fixed 10 wt% F and varying Nb concentration from 0 to 5 wt% is incorporated into the SnO2 lattice. X‐ray diffraction reveals substitution of Nb and F into the SnO2 lattice without altering the structure. Optical transmittance is found to increase with Nb content up to 4% of Nb (77.59%), and it decreases thereafter. Scanning electron microscope and optical profiler imply a relatively smooth surface with sharp‐tipped particles which vary with Nb concentration. Sheet resistance decreases up to 3 wt% of Nb doping and increases thereafter. Contact angle measurement indicates that upon doping with Nb, the films turn hydrophilic. Among the deposited films, 4 wt% of Nb‐doped film shows the highest figure of merit of 5.01 × 10−3 Ω−1. The surface work function of the 4 wt% Nb‐doped SnO2 film is 4,687.85 meV. The optimal films are tested as electrodes in dye‐sensitized solar cells and are discussed in detail.
Reemergence of Marburgvirus disease: Update on current control and prevention measures and review of the literature
Authors: Elsheikh Randa , Makram Abdelrahman M. , Selim Hager , Nguyen Dung , Le Thi Thu Thao , Tran Van‐Phu , Elaziz Khader Sarah Abd , Huy Nguyen Tien
Published: May 2023

In 1967, the very first case of the Marburgvirus disease (MVD) was detected in Germany and Serbia sequentially. Since then, MVD has been considered one of the most serious and deadly infectious diseases in the world with a case‐fatality rate between 23% and 90% and a substantial number of recorded deaths. Marburgvirus belongs to the family of Filoviridae (filoviruses), which causes severe viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF). Some major risk factors for human infections are close contact with African fruit bats, MVD‐infected non‐human primates, and MVD‐infected individuals. Currently, there is no vaccine or specific treatment for MVD, which emphasizes the seriousness of this disease. In July 2022, the World Health Organization reported outbreaks of MVD in Ghana after two suspected VHF cases were detected. This was followed in February and March 2023 with the emergence of the virus in two countries new to the virus: Equatorial Guinea and Tanzania, respectively. In this review, we aim to highlight the characteristics, etiology, epidemiology, and clinical symptoms of MVD, along with the current prevention measures and the possible treatments to control this virus.
Bipartite synchronization of multi‐agent systems under deception attacks via pinning delayed‐impulsive control
Authors: Dai Hongyun , Guo Xing , Ji Lianghao , Li Huaqing
Published: May 2023

This article aims to investigate the bipartite synchronization problem of multi‐agent systems (MASs) under deception attacks. A pinning delayed‐impulsive control scheme is proposed to solve the synchronization of MASs under deception attacks that modify the transmitted data information and destroy the data integrity. The time delay can have a gain effect on the stability of the system by using time delay utilization technology. By selecting the appropriate time delay parameters, the convergence speed of the system is effectively improved. Furthermore, cooperative and competitive interactions between agents are considered. Sufficient conditions of the bipartite mean‐square bounded synchronization of MASs under deception attacks are theoretically obtained. Finally, the designed numerical simulations illustrate the correctness and effectiveness of our results.
Influence of the Camphor Sulphonic Acid (CSA) Intercalation on the Micro‐structural and Gas Sensing Properties of Polyaniline‐CeO2 Nanohybrid for NH3 Gas Detection
Authors: Dhanawade Reshma N. , Pawar Nanasaheb S. , Chougule Manik A. , Hingangavkar Gajanan M. , Nimbalkar Tanaji M. , Chavan Ganesh T. , Jeon Chan‐Wook , Patil Vikas B.
Published: May 2023

Developing a high performance sensing materials operating at room temperature (30 °C) is eminently a challenging task. The facile chemical oxidative polymerization route was employed for the synthesis of PAni‐CeO2 nanohybrids with CSA intercalation (10–50 wt %) on the chains of protonated PAni. The cubic crystal structure of PAni‐CeO2‐CSA nanohybrids were revealed by X‐ray diffractometry (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed for the structural and morphological investigations. X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of PAni‐CeO2‐CSA nanohybrid. The consequences of CSA intercalation on the gas sensing performance of PAni‐CeO2 nanohybrids are explored through custom designed sensing system. The gas sensing investigations revealed that PAni‐CeO2‐CSA (50 wt %) nanohybrid exhibited highest response (93 %) towards 100 ppm NH3 at 30 °C. Advantageously, CSA intercalated PAni‐CeO2 nanohybrid gas sensor delivered fast response and quick recovery (8 sec and 482 sec) with admirable stability (84.09 %) towards NH3 at 30 °C.
Design and Synthesis of Benzenesulfonamides Coupled with Piperidine, Morpholine, and N,N‐Dimethylethanamine Moieties as Apoptotic Inducers through VEGFR2 and Topoisomerase II Inhibition
Authors: Albujuq Nader R. , Althumayri Khalid , Alharbi Reem A. K , Al‐Karmalawy Ahmed A. , Nafie Mohamed S.
Published: May 2023

Novel hybrid series of benzenesulfonamide coupled with piperidine, morpholine, and N,N‐dimethylethanamine moieties at sulfonyl group were designed through pharmacophore hybridization, synthesized, and evaluated for cancer treatment. Benzenesulfonamide‐based derivatives had been synthesized, structurally elucidated, and biologically evaluated as potent VEGFR2 kinase and topoisomerase II inhibitors with cytotoxicity against MCF‐7 and HepG2 cells. Interestingly, the most cytotoxic compound against MCF‐7 and HepG2 cells exhibited promising IC50 values of 0.08 and 0.186 μM, respectively, compared to Doxorubicin as the reference drug with IC50 values of 7.67 and 8.28 μM. It exhibited promising dual enzyme inhibition VEGFR2 and Topoisomerase II with IC50 values of 13.24 nM and 8.3 μM compared to Sorafenib and Doxorubicin as standard drugs. It significantly stimulated total apoptotic breast cancer cell death by 55.25‐fold (34.26 % compared to 0.62 for the control), arresting the cell cycle at S‐phase, which affected the apoptosis‐mediated genes through upregulating P53, Bax, caspases 3, 8, and 9 and downregulating the anti‐apoptotic gene Bcl‐2. A molecular docking study was conducted to confirm the binding affinity of the designed compounds towards VEGFR2 and Topoisomerase II proteins with good binding energy and interactive modes as their co‐crystallized ligands.
Rapid Single‐Round Pool Testing of Infectious Disease Enabled by Multicolor Digital Melting PCR
Authors: Cui Xu , Ngang Shaun , Liu Dong Dong , Cheow Lih Feng
Published: May 2023

Pooled nucleic acid amplification test is a promising strategy to reduce cost and resources for screening large populations for infectious disease. However, the benefit of pooled testing is reversed when disease prevalence is high, because of the need to retest each sample to identify infected individual when a pool is positive. Split, Amplify, and Melt analysis of Pooled Assay (SAMPA) is presented, a multicolor digital melting PCR assay in nanoliter chambers that simultaneously identify infected individuals and quantify their viral loads in a single round of pooled testing. This is achieved by early sample tagging with unique barcodes and pooling, followed by single molecule barcode identification in a digital PCR platform using a highly multiplexed melt curve analysis strategy. The feasibility is demonstrated of SAMPA for quantitative unmixing and variant identification from pools of eight synthetic DNA and RNA samples corresponding to the N1 gene, as well as from heat‐inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 virus. Single round pooled testing of barcoded samples with SAMPA can be a valuable tool for rapid and scalable population testing of infectious disease.
Engineered Cytokine‐Primed Extracellular Vesicles with High PD‐L1 Expression Ameliorate Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Wang Lanxing , Qi Chunxiao , Cao Hongmei , Zhang Yanwen , Liu Xing , Qiu Lina , Wang Hang , Xu Lijuan , Wu Zhenzhou , Liu Jianfeng , Wang Shusen , Kong Deling , Wang Yuebing
Published: May 2023

Type 1 diabetes (T1D), which is a chronic autoimmune disease, results from the destruction of insulin‐producing β cells targeted by autoreactive T cells. The recent discovery that mesenchymal stem cell‐derived extracellular vesicles (MSC‐EVs) function as therapeutic tools for autoimmune conditions has attracted substantial attention. However, the in vivo distribution and therapeutic effects of MSC‐EVs potentiated by pro‐inflammatory cytokines in the context of T1D have yet to be established. Here, it is reported that hexyl 5‐aminolevulinate hydrochloride (HAL)‐loaded engineered cytokine‐primed MSC‐EVs (H@TI‐EVs) with high expression of immune checkpoint molecule programmed death‐legend 1 (PD‐L1) exert excellent inflammatory targeting and immunosuppressive effects for T1D imaging and therapy. The accumulated H@TI‐EVs in injured pancreas not only enabled the fluorescence imaging and tracking of TI‐EVs through the intermediate product protoporphyrin (PpIX) generated by HAL, but also promoted the proliferative and anti‐apoptotic effects of islet β cells. Further analysis revealed that H@TI‐EVs exhibited an impressive ability to reduce CD4+ T cell density and activation through the PD‐L1/PD‐1 axis, and induced M1‐to‐M2 macrophage transition to reshape the immune microenvironment, exhibiting high therapeutic efficiency in mice with T1D. This work identifies a novel strategy for the imaging and treatment of T1D with great potential for clinical application.
In‐Situ Fabrication of Sustainable‐N‐Doped‐Carbon‐Nanotube‐Encapsulated CoNi Heterogenous Nanocomposites for High‐Efficiency Electromagnetic Wave Absorption
Authors: Zhang Xue , Tian Xuelei , Qiao Jing , Fang Xinrui , Liu Kaiye , Liu Chang , Lin Jingpeng , Li Lutong , Liu Wei , Liu Jiurong , Zeng Zhihui
Published: May 2023

Developing carbon encapsulated magnetic composites with rational design of microstructure for achieving high‐performance electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption in a facile, sustainable, and energy‐efficiency approach is highly demanded yet remains challenging. Here, a type of N‐doped carbon nanotube (CNT) encapsulated CoNi alloy nanocomposites with diverse heterostructures are synthesized via the facile, sustainable autocatalytic pyrolysis of porous CoNi‐layered double hydroxide/melamine. Specifically, the formation mechanism of the encapsulated structure and the effects of heterogenous microstructure and composition on the EMW absorption performance are ascertained. With the presence of melamine, CoNi alloy emerges its autocatalysis effect to generate N‐doped CNTs, leading to unique heterostructure and high oxidation stability. The abundant heterogeneous interfaces induce strong interfacial polarization to EMWs and optimize impedance matching characteristic. Combined with the inherent high conductive and magnetic loss capabilities, the nanocomposites accomplish a high‐efficiency EMW absorption performance even at a low filling ratio. The minimum reflection loss of −84.0 dB at the thickness of 3.2 mm and a maximum effective bandwidth of 4.3 GHz are obtained, comparable to the best EMW absorbers. Integrated with the facile, controllable, and sustainable preparation approach of the heterogenous nanocomposites, the work shows a great promise of the nanocarbon encapsulation protocol for achieving lightweight, high‐performance EMW absorption materials.
Navigating wasta in business practices in Lebanon
Authors: Helal Rima Y. , Ali Sa'ad , Strecker Sophie , Weir David
Published: May 2023

Faced with severe social, political, and economic challenges, Lebanon is described as a weak state. Argued to be a key factor weakening the formal institutions there, is the prevalent practice of wasta. This article seeks to answer two questions: (1) Why is wasta prevalent in a business environment characterised by weak formal institutions, such as Lebanon? (2) How can managers navigate the use of wasta in the Lebanese business context where it prevails, avoiding its negative outcomes while utilizing its positive outcomes? Fourteen semi‐structured interviews were conducted of managers from the Lebanese industrial sector. The findings highlight that wasta is used due to the networked nature of Lebanese society, economic hardship, widespread corruption and to maintain power. It was found that wasta could be beneficial in securing jobs, removing red tape, and gaining employment for humanitarian reasons. Finally, the negative outcomes of using wasta were found to include the employment of unqualified individuals, a reduction of organizations' productivity and a further weakening of formal institutions.
Exosome‐derived miR‐142‐5p from liver stem cells improves the progression of liver fibrosis by regulating macrophage polarization through CTSB
Authors: Hu Zongqiang , Zhao Yingpeng , Jiang Jie , Li Wang , Su Gang , Li Li , Ran Jianghua
Published: May 2023

Background

This study aims to explore the effect of liver stem cells (LSCs)‐derived exosomes and the miR‐142a‐5p carried by them on the process of fibrosis by regulating macrophages polarization.

Methods

In this study, CCL4 was used to establish liver fibrosis model. The morphology and purity of exosomes (EVs) were verified by transmission electron microscopy, western blotting (WB) and nanoparticle tracing analysis (NTA). Real‐time quantitative PCR (qRT‐PCR), WB and enzyme‐linked immunoadsorption (ELISA) were used to detect liver fibrosis markers, macrophage polarization markers and liver injury markers. Histopathological assays were used to verify the liver injury morphology in different groups. The cell co‐culture model and liver fibrosis model were constructed to verify the expression of miR‐142a‐5p and ctsb.

Results

Immunofluorescence of LSCs markers CK‐18, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCam), and AFP showed that these markers were up‐regulated in LSCs. In addition, we evaluated the ability of LSCs to excrete EVs by labeling LSCs‐EVs with PKH67. We found that CCL4 and EVs were simultaneously treated at 50 and 100 μg doses, and both doses of EVs could reduce the degree of liver fibrosis in mice. We tested markers of M1 or M2 macrophage polarization and found that EVs reduced M1 marker expression and promoted M2 marker expression. Further, ELISA was used to detect the secreted factors related to M1 and M2 in tissue lysates, which also verified the above views. Further analysis showed that the expression of miR‐142a‐5p increased significantly with the increase of EVs treatment concentration and time. Further, in vitro and in vivo LSCs‐EVs regulate macrophage polarization through miR‐142a‐5p/ctsb pathway and affect the process of liver fibrosis.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that EVs‐derived miR‐142‐5p from LSCs improves the progression of liver fibrosis by regulating macrophage polarization through ctsb.
RETRACTED: Erianin suppressed lung cancer stemness and chemotherapeutic sensitivity via triggering ferroptosis
Authors: Lv Jian , Wang Ze , Liu Hongchao
Published: May 2023

The previous research has focused on the suppressive effects of Erianin on tumor progression, but its impact on cancer stemness has not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Erianin on lung cancer stemness. First, we screened various concentrations Erianin to ensure that it did not affect lung cancer cell viability. Subsequently, we found that Erianin significantly attenuated lung cancer stemness through various analyses, including qRT‐PCR, western blot, sphere‐formation, and ALDH activity detection. Furthermore, Erianin was shown to enhance chemosensitivity of lung cancer cells. Mechanistically, three inhibitors (cell apoptosis inhibitor, necrosis inhibitor, and ferroptosis inhibitor) were added into lung cancer cells with Erianin treatment, respectively, and we found that Erianin mainly suppressed lung cancer stemness through ferroptosis. Taken together, this study reveals that Erianin has the potential to suppress lung cancer stemness and could be a valuable chemotherapeutic enhancer for lung cancer.
Autophagy blockage and lysosomal dysfunction are involved in diallyl sulfide‐induced inhibition of malignant growth in hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Yu Haiyan , Hao Zhiwei , Liu Xuemin , Wei Zhixuan , Tan Renming , Liu Xiaotian , Chen Qiongxia , Chen Ying , Zhou Hongyan , Liu Yuchen , Fu Zhengqi
Published: May 2023

Diallyl sulfide (DAS), as a major component of garlic extracts, has been shown to inhibit growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC), but the underlying mechanism is still elusive. In this study, we aimed to explore the involvement of autophagy in DAS‐induced growth inhibition of HepG2 and Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. We studied growth of DAS‐treated HepG2 and Huh7 cells using the MTS and clonogenic assays. Autophagic flux was examined by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. The expression levels of autophagy‐related proteins AMPK, mTOR, p62, LC3‐II, LAMP1, and cathepsin D in the HepG2 and Huh7 cells treated with DAS as well as the tumors formed by HepG2 cells in the nude mice in the presence or absence of DAS were examined using western blotting and immunohistochemistry analysis. We found that DAS treatment induced activation of AMPK/mTOR, and accumulation of LC3‐II and p62 both in vivo and in vitro. DAS inhibited autophagic flux through blocking the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Furthermore, DAS induced an increase in lysosomal pH and inhibition of Cathepsin D maturation. Co‐treatment with an autophagy inhibitor (Chloroquine, CQ) further enhanced the growth inhibitory activity of DAS in HCC cells. Thus, our findings indicate that autophagy is involved in DAS‐mediated growth inhibition of HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo.
Role of dipole relaxation in measuring electric polarization in type‐II multiferroics
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Sundaresan A.
Published: May 2023

Type‐II multiferroics typically have significantly lower polarization values compared to type‐I multiferroics. As a result, pyrocurrent measurements are often employed to estimate their electric polarization. However, when the magnitude of the pyrocurrent is overshadowed by faster dipole relaxation and thermally stimulated free charge carriers, the method becomes inadequate. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the DC bias current technique in overcoming the limitation of pyroelectric current measurement using two examples. Our findings reveal that the DC bias current signal is more sensitive than pyroelectric current measurements and can be used to characterize a type‐II multiferroic material, quantitatively and qualitatively, with small polarization. Additionally, we discuss the role of dipole relaxation rate in measuring electric polarization and explain it in terms of dipolar interaction and thermal energy.
Transferring Knowledge from Academia to the Companies: A New Method
Authors: Cazón-Martin Aitor
Published: May 2023

Collaboration between Academia and Industry must be considered as a path to innovation through the exchange of knowledge. Although this collaboration has existed for years by presenting and publishing together new methods in journals or conferences or through lectures or workshops taught by professionals with a focus on daily problems, differences in goals and timing are found as barriers for knowledge transfer. In an ideal scenario, this collaboration should lead to a win-to-win situation where companies increase competitiveness as it facilitates the integration and commercialization of new knowledge in their products, while Academia can obtain new research directions and additional financial power. In a real scenario, despite the efforts made to successfully carry out this transfer, there is still work to be done, since the literature shows that current methods used by Academia are not entirely working. In this chapter, the first section contains a review of published documentation that reflect the different practices that are being carried out for the transfer of knowledge between Academia and Industry to understand the current procedures for transferring knowledge, as well as the main channels used, and the barriers identified. The second section describes the new method or guide to facilitate this unidirectional knowledge transfer from Academia to Industry, especially when working with Emerging Materials and Technologies (EM&T). This method combines a Learning stage—to explain the fundamentals about the EM&Ts—and an Applying phase to explain specific strategies of how to come up with ideas to find new opportunities that link the emerging EM&T and the company’s product strategy.
Applying DATEMATS Methods and Tools to Advanced Growing Materials: Ideating Material Value Streams Through Symbiotic Growth of Production Residues and Microbes
Authors: Pasold Anke
Published: May 2023

This chapter documents the Interdisciplinary Design Challenge on Advanced Growing Materials organized by the Material Design Lab at the Copenhagen School of Design and Technology (KEA). It was to try the framework, tools, and didactic materials developed in the DATEMATS project on the ideation with microorganisms by relating and merging the former with Material Design Lab’s employed didactic and creative takes. It was to answer how to firstly ideate with something that is invisible to the eye, that one needs to understand, collaborate with, and care for to achieve successful outcomes, and that needs time to create the final material and respective form before and while it secondly is being applied and how this thirdly could be successfully implemented in the application search in a real-life context with no prior knowledge and within a minimal time frame. In the following, the considerations behind the curation of both brief and schedule that would enable this merge are laid out. Typically employed tools and methods are related to the DATEMATS tools and methods, presented and argued for, and the five results are explored considering the Design Challenge’s set goals. The below discussions utilize a three-way informed evaluation based on (1) on-site observation, photo, and video documentation with subsequent protocol studies (Dorst and Cross, Des Stud 22:425–437, 2001) combined with notes and conclusions drawn from supervision as well as result evaluation, (2) direct feedback by the students through the conducted survey, and (3) the feedback received by the company. Combined, they give clear indications of the frame’s potential and limitations when working with EM&Ts like Advanced Growing Materials and a view to following iteration improvements and further integration.
Applying DATEMATS Methods and Tools to Experimental Wood-Based Materials: Materiality in an Ideation Process
Authors: Laamanen Tarja-Kaarina , Kääriäinen Pirjo
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the DATEMATS Experimental wood-based materials workshop and student projects, and a more detailed description of one team's ideation process. The workshop was held at the Chemarts facilities of Aalto University, Finland, in January 2022. A total of 19 students from four different universities and from the fields of design and engineering participated in a five-day workshop creating innovative applications for interior panels made of cellulose waste. The company challenge was given by Honext from Spain.
Operationalizing Non-Territorial Autonomy: Indicators Assessing Mobilization for Empowerment
Authors: Malloy Tove H.
Published: May 2023

In order to understand how members of ethno-cultural groups enjoy and benefit from non-territorial autonomy (NTA) in their daily lives, it is important to understand how they organize and operate NTA institutions beyond the formal legal and political establishment of institutions. To implement NTA there needs to be institutions and organizations through which members of ethno-cultural groups can carry out the work and make NTA operational. These are not usually established by the state and the authorities because that would be a violation of the idea of autonomy. Rather, ethno-cultural groups must set up facilities, using both material and non-material resources, in order to become empowered. However, authorities can support ethno-cultural groups in their work. With regard to the material side of NTA, governments and authorities can provide subsidies in terms of buildings and land or access to such as well as to other tangible materials needed to set up and run organizations. With regard to the non-material side of NTA, governments can provide subsidies for instance to running costs and salaries. These financial aspects depend on the agreements that are reached between the state and/or local authorities, on the one side, and the ethno-cultural groups seeking to establish and run their own organizations, on the other side. In other words, ethno-cultural groups must be able to represent themselves and put forward their wishes or needs to the government and its authorities in order to access their NTA rights. This also means that ethno-cultural groups must be able and willing to co-operate with the government and authorities. A key question is therefore, how do ethno-cultural groups muster collective agency that enables them to make decisions and co-operate with public authorities? This chapter will offer tools to assessing how members of ethno-cultural groups come together collectively to organize autonomy as a result of being granted rights to decide over their own affairs. Specifically, it will offer indicators of how to assess the capabilities and activities which ensure that the members of ethno-cultural groups can be empowered.
NTA and International Minority Rights
Authors: Vizi Balázs
Published: May 2023

This chapter offers an overview on how is NTA reflected in international documents on minority rights and how can NTA fit in the international minority rights regime. First the relation of human rights and minority rights is explained in international law, then the following section analyses how individual and group rights approaches can be reconciled in this regard. Since most international documents on minority rights remain silent on autonomy, minorities’ right to participation in public life may create the link between minority rights and non-territorial autonomy. Against this background the final section analyses the international documents that mention minority autonomy in this context and points to the conclusion that minority autonomy, both territorial and non-territorial autonomy may be useful to secure minority participation in public life as it is guaranteed by international norms on minority rights.