bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative cytotoxicity and apoptotic pathways induced by nanosilver in human liver HepG2 and L02 cells
Authors: Xue Y , Wang J , Huang Y , Gao X , Kong L , Zhang T , Tang M
Published: April 2018

Silver nanoparticles are used in many commercial products in daily life. Exposure to nanosilver has hepatotoxic effects in animals. This study investigated the cytotoxicity associated with polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated nanosilver (23.44 ± 4.92 nm in diameter) exposure in the human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) and normal hepatic cell line (L02), and the molecular mechanisms induced by nanosilver in HepG2 cells. Nanosilver, in doses of 20–160 μg mL−1 for 24 and 48 h, reduced cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner and induced cell membrane leakage and mitochondria injury in both cell lines; these effects were more pronounced in HepG2 cells than in L02 cells. Intracellular oxidative stress was documented by reactive oxygen species (ROS) being generated in HepG2 cells but not in L02 cells, an effect possibly due to differential uptake of nanosilver by cancer cells and normal cells. In HepG2 cells, apoptosis was documented by finding that ROS triggered a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, an increase in cytochrome c release, activation of caspase 3 and caspase 9, and a decrease in the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. Furthermore, nanosilver activated the Fas death receptor pathway by downregulation of nuclear factor-κB and activation of caspase 8 and caspase 3. These results suggest that apoptosis induced by nanosilver in HepG2 cells is mediated via a mitochondria-dependent pathway and the Fas death receptor pathway. These findings provide toxicological and mechanistic information that can help in assessing the effects of nanosilver in biological systems, including the potential for anticancer activities.
C-mix: A high-dimensional mixture model for censored durations, with applications to genetic data
Authors: Bussy Simon , Guilloux Agathe , Gaïffas Stéphane , Jannot Anne-Sophie
Published: April 2018

We introduce a supervised learning mixture model for censored durations (C-mix) to simultaneously detect subgroups of patients with different prognosis and order them based on their risk. Our method is applicable in a high-dimensional setting, i.e. with a large number of biomedical covariates. Indeed, we penalize the negative log-likelihood by the Elastic-Net, which leads to a sparse parameterization of the model and automatically pinpoints the relevant covariates for the survival prediction. Inference is achieved using an efficient Quasi-Newton Expectation Maximization algorithm, for which we provide convergence properties. The statistical performance of the method is examined on an extensive Monte Carlo simulation study and finally illustrated on three publicly available genetic cancer datasets with high-dimensional covariates. We show that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art survival models in this context, namely both the CURE and Cox proportional hazards models penalized by the Elastic-Net, in terms of C-index, AUC( t) and survival prediction. Thus, we propose a powerful tool for personalized medicine in cancerology.
Financial Imperatives and Constraints towards Funding the SADC Standby Force
Authors: Ndaguba E. A. , Nzewi O. I. , Shai K. B.
Published: April 2018

Achievable and viable peace and security efforts in Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) have been limited by an over dependence on foreign and international peacekeeping. The aim of this article is to unpack financial imperatives and constraints towards funding the SADC standby force (SADCSF). Through this the article hopes to provide lessons towards a suitable and sustainable funding mechanism aimed at addressing the financial challenges confronting African standby forces in peace operations. In particular, this article focuses on the SADCSF since its establishment in 2007. This article uses information from existing statistical and research data to first, identify existing funding models in international (regional and continental) peace operation and stand-by forces across the globe. Second, using four critical analytical frames (financial viability, the nature of regionalism, fiscal sustainability and economic landscape), the article highlights various implications of a lack of funding mechanism for regional peace and security in Africa. Third, the article shows that the following are critical to find a sustainable funding mechanism for the SADCSF: the financially demanding variable geometric nature of regional integration in Africa; the proliferation of security agencies; the complex nature of terrorism and interventions; the cost of skill acquisition and training of the multidisciplinary personnel; payment of wounded soldiers and contingents and member state tight budget. Based on international experiences and local realities expounded, this article suggests lessons towards building a suitable and sustainable funding mechanism for African peace and security in general, and regional standby forces in particular.
‘One is not born, but rather becomes, a Korean woman’: Gender politics of female bodies in Korean weight-loss reality TV shows
Authors: Choi Yoonso
Published: April 2018

This study examines gender politics from a feminist perspective by analysing significant discourses on body care, which are regenerated through female-targeted Korean weight-loss reality television shows. Three key discourses have implicitly reinforced gender politics within Korean culture. First, weight-loss reality television shows tend to expand the abnormal category of the Korean female body by only focusing on ordinary females, regardless of body size. Second, Korean female body care has been affected by the idea of ‘saving face’, which is regarded as a unique historical national characteristic. Lastly, these diet television shows create a significant discourse called ‘diet pornography’ by emphasizing ‘after’ diet results, such as toned and idealized body shapes, while minimizing the ‘before’ diet, such as the harsh processes and desperate efforts of the ordinary participants. The body-care discourses represented in Korean weight-loss reality television shows play a significant role in defining the gender politics that reinforce the idea that Korean females must modify their bodies as a duty and good habit.
Using the Visual Arts to Form an Intervention Design Concept for Resettlement Support Among Refugee Women
Authors: Corbett Chie Noyori , Moxley David P.
Published: April 2018

This article offers findings from workshops researchers undertook with 60 Myanmar refugee women who convened in small groups of 10 to envision the properties and functioning of a resettlement community center in Dallas, Texas. The intent of the center is the preservation of Myanmar culture while it enables members to accommodate the demands of social integration in American society. In each workshop, a Myanmar artist captured group discussion through storyboarding. The artist then visually portrayed in painting or pencil a principal metaphor informing the resettlement supports participants wanted for themselves and their families. The authors consider the applicability of the arts as a tool for visually representing intervention concepts. Those visual images can inform the design of a support system that participants would find culturally acceptable, practical, and inclusive of the multiple ethnicities that form the Myanmar refugee community.
Work and Breast Cancer: Recommendations to Address Research Needs
Authors: Engel Connie L. , Rasanayagam M. Sharima , Gray Janet M. , Rizzo Jeanne
Published: April 2018

A review of case–control, cohort, and meta-analytic studies on breast cancer, occupation, and work-related exposures from 2002 to 2017 revealed significant methodological limitations in the current literature. As part of our review, we tabulated the demographic and life history data, breast cancer risk factors, occupational history, and exposure estimates collected and analyzed in each study. Opportunities exist for future research to explore occupation and breast cancer more rigorously and with greater nuance by gathering specific data on age at diagnosis, menopausal status, tumor characteristics, demographics, breast cancer risk factors, and occupational histories, work roles and settings, and exposures. Inclusion of workers in the planning and implementation of research on their occupational risks and exposures is one effective way to refine research questions and ensure research is relevant to workers’ needs and concerns.
Cardioprotective Role of Colchicine Against Inflammatory Injury in a Rat Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Bakhta Oussama , Blanchard Simon , Guihot Anne-Laure , Tamareille Sophie , Mirebeau-Prunier Delphine , Jeannin Pascale , Prunier Fabrice
Published: April 2018

Background:

Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. A clinical trial has recently reported a smaller infarct size in a cohort of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) treated with a short colchicine course. The mechanism underlying colchicine-induced cardioprotection in the early MI phase remains unclear. We hypothesized that a short pretreatment with colchicine could induce acute beneficial effects by protecting the heart against inflammation in myocardial I/R injury.

Methods and Results:

Rats were subjected to 40-minute left anterior descending coronary occlusion, followed by 120-minute reperfusion. Colchicine (0.3 mg/kg) or a vehicle was administered per os 24 hours and immediately before surgery. Infarct size was significantly reduced in the colchicine group (35.6% ± 3.0% vs 46.6% ± 3.3%, P < .05). The beneficial effects of colchicine were associated with an increased systemic interleukin-10 (IL-10) level and decreased cardiac transforming growth factor-β level. Interleukin-1β was found to increase in a “time of reperfusion”-dependent manner. Colchicine inhibited messenger RNA expression of caspase-1 and pro-IL-18. Interleukin-1β injected 10 minutes prior to myocardial ischemia induced greater infarct size (58.0% ± 2.0%, P < .05) as compared to the vehicle. Colchicine combined to IL-1β injection significantly decreased infarct size (47.1% ± 2.2%, P < .05) as compared to IL-1β alone, while colchicine alone exhibited a significantly more marked cardioprotective effect than the colchicine-IL-1β association.

Conclusion:

The cardioprotection induced by a short colchicine pretreatment was associated with an anti-inflammatory effect in the early reperfusion phase in our rat MI model.
Exudative Stellate Neuroretinopathy and Coats’ Syndrome in Patients with Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy
Authors: Gass J.D.M. , Harbin T.S. , Del Piero E.J.
Published: April 2018

Four patients with progressive hemifacial atrophy developed visual loss caused by one or both exudative stellate neuroretinopathy and retinal telangiectasis (Coats'syndrome).
The Effect of ß Blockers on Retinal Blood Flow in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Newsom R.S.B. , Rassam S.M.B. , Kohner E.M.
Published: April 2018

The effect of a single oral dose of propanolol 80 mg, dilevalol 200 mg, salbutamol 4 mg, and placebo on the systolic (BPs), diastolic blood (BPd), intraocular pressure (IOP), on retinal vessel diameter (D), blood velocity (Vmax) and volumetric retinal blood flow (RBF), was measured at baseline, 90 minutes and three hours after administration in normotensive diabetic volunteers. These drugs were chosen to demonstrate a range of 8 receptor activity. Propanolol is a non-specific ß blocker, affecting ß1 and ß2 receptors, dilevalol has ß1 antagonist and ß2 agonist effects and salbutamol has ß2 agonist effects. Retinal blood flow was measured by bidirectional laser Doppler velocimetry (BLDV) and red free photography.

Dilevalol reduced the mean BPs by 10.4 mmHg (SD 4.2, P<0.05), the mean BPd by 7 mmHg (SD 3.8, P<0.05), whereas propanolol, salbutamol and placebo had no significant effect. Propanolol reduced the mean intraocular pressure by 4.88 mmHg (SD 1.8, P<0.01). No treatment had a significant effect on retinal perfusion pressure. In all treatments the vessel diameter and volumetric flow remained unchanged, and there was no significant difference between the treatments. The mechanisms of action of these drugs are analysed and the possible implications of their use in patients with retinal disease are discussed
Mononuclear Phagocytes in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (PVR). A Specific Role of Microglial Cells in Non-Traumatic Disease?
Authors: Weller M. , Esser P. , Heimann K. , Wiedemann P.
Published: April 2018

Mononuclear phagocytes have been a focus of attention in the cellular biology of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) for more than ten years.

The pattern of phagocyte participation in peri retinal traction membrane formation in PVR depends on the etiology, i.e. trauma, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, previous therapy, i.e. multiple surgical interventions, and the clinical stage of the disease. We have recently identified microglial cells as a distinct cellular population, in membranes from patients with non-traumatic PVR. Current evidence of mononuclear phagocyte function in PVR suggests a role for resident phagocytes of the vitreous and retina in PVR subsequent to rhegmatogenous detachment, and a role for blood-derived monocytes in posttraumatic PVR.

The cellular biology of PVR may be much more heterogeneous than previously assumed.
Corneal Haze after Excimer Laser Refractive Surgery: Objective Measurements and Functional Implications
Authors: Lohmann C.P. , Gartry D.S. , Muir M. Kerr , Timberlake G.T. , Fitzke F.W. , Marshall J.
Published: April 2018

Postoperative changes in corneal transparency is a major concern after PRK. Data were obtained from 69 human eyes treated with excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy in order to evaluate a relationship between objective measurements of corneal transparency and visual performance. A CCD-camera device was employed and by using polarizing filters the system could discriminate between reflected and scattered light. We observed two groups of postoperative behaviour in corneal transparency. Each group showed an increase in both scattered and reflected light signals with a maximum at around two months postoperatively. In the majority group (70%) this was followed by a subsequent decline of the scattered light signal, whereas the combined signal generated by reflected and scattered light showed a biphasic curve with a second peak at around 4 to 5 months postoperatively. In the minority patient group (30%) the timebase variations in pattern of both signals were indistinguishable throughout the period of observation. In all patients we observed a good correlation between the signal generated by scattered light alone and the reduction in the 5% contrast visual acuity performance, whereas correlation was poor when the combined signal of reflected and scattered light was considered. These disturbances in low contrast visual performance were only significant during the first three to four months postoperatively and thereafter most patients returned to their preoperative value. Eighteen percent of our patients discontinued topical steroids postoperatively. No differences in either corneal transparency or final refraction was observed. We consider that PRK is an effective form of refractive surgery and the marginal loss of corneal transparency should only be a problem during the first three or four months postoperatively.
Computerized System for Static and Kinetic Automatic Perimetry
Authors: Zingirian M. , Gandolfo E. , Capris P. , Mattioli R.
Published: April 2018

A new automatic perimeter has recently been developed under the supervision of the Perimetry Study Group of the Genoa University Eye Clinic. The main characteristics of this instrument are the following: projected targets; accurate calibration of stimulus size and shape; preliminary measurement of visual acuity and pupillary diameter; automated fixation control based on an optimized television system; static, kinetic, and mixed procedures; screening and diagnostic threshold and suprathreshold strategies; standard and non-standard parameters for stimuli, background, and procedures; user-friendly software; large disk memory for data storage and analysis.
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome: A Case Report and Review
Authors: Gross-Jendroska M. , Schatz H. , Mcdonald H.R. , Johnson R.N.
Published: April 2018

In 1958, Kearns and Sayre described a multisystem entity, now known as Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS). The syndrome is defined as exhibiting a triad of thus far unexplained degenerative conditions: progressive external ophthalmoplegia, retinal pigmentary degeneration, and heart block. Commonly accompanying findings include cerebellar dysfunction and CSF protein levels above 100 mg/dl. Symptoms usually appear in early childhood, but the onset has been seen occasionally in young adults. KSS is a mitochondrial disorder that occurs rarely; the actual incidence is unknown. Ocular findings consist of bilateral ptosis, chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, and pigmentary retinopathy. Corneal clouding and optic neuritis are infrequent.

We herein report a classic case of Kearns Sayre syndrome and discuss the findings.
A study of the Effects of Angiotensins 1, 2, 3 and Bradykinin on the Replication of Bovine Retinal Capillary Endothelial Cells and Pericytes
Authors: Porta M. , Dosso A.A. , Williams F.M.K. , Kanse S. , Kohner E.M.
Published: April 2018

The renin-angiotensin system of the human eye may play a role in the regulation of retinal blood flow and the development of new vessels. We have investigated whether angiotensins 1, 2 and 3 or bradykinin, in concentrations ranging between 1 × 10–12 and 1 × 10–6, have any mitogenic activity on cultured bovine retinal endothelial cells (BREC) and pericytes (BRP). Cell replication was assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation and, in the case of BREC and A T-2, also by cell counts. A T-2 was also tested on bovine aortic EC (BAEC). None of the substances elicited any response on BREC, BRP or BAEC. Whether angiotensin(s) induce angiogenesis in retinal vessels in vivo remains to be established but this does not appear to occur through direct stimulation of cell replication.
Argon Laser Lesions of the Retina; Occurence and Origin of Macrophages
Authors: Martini B. , Ryan S. J.
Published: April 2018

Macrophage infiltration is frequent in the early stages of various proliferative eye disorders, including subretinal neovascularization. In this study, we set out to establish the origin of macrophages found in an animal model of laser-induced subretinal neovascularization.

One primate received several intravenous injections of a colloidal carbon suspension. We then applied standard argon laser lesions to the retina of both eyes, which were enucleated eight days later and sectioned serially for histological examination. A quantitative estimate of carbon-laden and non-laden leukocytes was made based on morphological criteria. Mononuclear leukocytes accumulated in the laser lesions and the percentage of carbon-laden mononuclear leukocytes in relation to the total leukocyte number was higher in the extravascular area of the laser sites than in the systemic circulation. These findings indicate that the majority of mononuclear leukocytes that accumulate at the sites of laser lesions are derived from the systemic circulation.
Ophthalmic Aid to Eastern Europe: Can the Individual Ophthalmologist Help?
Authors: Ffytche T.J.
Published: April 2018

The problems of ophthalmic care in the newly independent countries of Central and Eastern Europe may not be fully appreciated by Western ophthalmologists. Information that has been received as a result of a questionnaire is discussed and some suggestions are made by which help can be given to countries that have been disadvantaged by political and economic influences for nearly half a century.
Pressure Control in Glaucoma Patients after Cataract Surgery with Intraocular Lens
Authors: Calissendorff B.M. , Hamberg-Nyström H.
Published: April 2018

In a retrospective study 97 patients with glaucoma and 16 with ocular hypertension were examined with regard to intraocular pressure (IOP) after extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of a posterior chamber lens. During the follow-up 39 cases dropped out but 63 glaucoma patients and 11 patients with ocular hypertension were followed for three years.

Compared to preoperative IOP 59% of the patients treated previously with Argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) had an IOP rise of > 10 mm Hg the day after surgery. The corresponding proportion among medically treated patients was 34% (P=0.01). A pressure rise of > 10 mm Hg was less frequent among patients treated with one drug than among those treated with two or three (P=0.05). During follow-up eight patients had a pressure rise which could not be controlled medically and they had to undergo additional ALT or surgery. All eight had been treated with ALT or with glaucoma filtering surgery prior to the cataract operation.

After three years observation of 63 of the glaucoma patients, 63% were having less medical therapy than preoperatively, 30% an equal amount and 7% more; 49% (31 of 63) were still without any therapy. In the group of patients who preoperatively were only treated medically, no definite increase in therapy was needed in the long term.
Electroretinographic Changes during Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Rodriguez-Saez E. , Otero-Costas J. , Moreno-Montañes J. , Relova J.L.
Published: April 2018

Electroretinogram (ERG) changes with age have been studied widely, but there is no general agreement about the age at which ERG parameters reach adult values. We studied 296 eyes from 148 healthy subjects, divided into 14 age groups, ranging from 1 week to 21 years. Although most of the maturational changes or ERG take place during the first six months, the a wave completes development at three years of age and the b component shows a smooth increase in latency between 3 and 18–21 years. The latter component also shows an increase in amplitude from 7–8 to 12–14 years. During the first period of maturation the b wave parameters follow a multiplicative model. These data are discussed in relation to previously reported findings on ERG maturation and to morphological and functional eye changes with age.
Silicone Intubation as an Alternative to Dacryocystorhinostomy for Nasolacrimal Drainage Obstruction in Adults
Authors: Psilas K. , Eftaxias V. , Kastanioudakis J. , Kalogeropoulos C.
Published: April 2018

Silicone tubing was used to repair the patency of the nasolacrimal drainage system in 115 patients (four bilaterally) with chronic nasolacrimal duct obstruction. The patients were over 20 years old and 16 were men and 99 women; 46% presented an uncomplicated obstruction with epiphora and 54% presented additional signs of chronic dacryocystitis. We used the technique of Quickert and Dryden with modifications. The silicone tube remained for a mean of 5.5 months (± 2.5 SD). After removal of the tube the follow-up ranged from 6 to 42 months (mean ± SD: 16 ± 9). Patency was maintained in 89% of cases with uncomplicated obstruction and in 69% of those with chronic dacryocystitis (total success rate 78%). We can therefore recommend silicone intubation of the lacrimal drainage system as an alternative to dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), in adults with obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. In addition, unlike DCR this technique is bloodless and the operation takes less time.
Does Type II Diabetes Predispose to Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Authors: Dodson P.M. , Clough C.G. , Downes S.M. , Kritzinger E.E.
Published: April 2018

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) not infrequently occurs in diabetic patients. Although the aetiology is unclear, it could relate to the other microvascular complications of diabetes. In the non-diabetic, both the central (CRVO) and branch (BRVO) forms are commonly associated with hypertension and hyperlipidaemia. We have therefore studied fifty type II diabetic patients with RVO compared to a carefully matched diabetic control group (n = 50) to elucidate underlying medical conditions and hence the aetiology of RVO in diabetic patients. The two groups were well matched. Diabetics with RVO showed a strikingly high prevalence of hypertension compared to the controls (72% versus 32%: p < 0.001) and a trend to increased hyperlipidaemia (54% versus 36%). Diabetic microvascular complications were more common in the control group (diabetic retinopathy and proteinuria). No significant differences were observed in mean HbA1 or weight, but current smoking habits and blood pressure levels were increased in the diabetics with RVO. 80% of diabetic patients with the BRVO form, were hypertensive. We conclude that the main underlying medical conditions for RVO in diabetics are hypertension and hyperlipidaemia, and these may be important in the aetiology as in the non-diabetic. RVO is more common in type II rather than type I diabetes, and does not associate with the presence of diabetic microvascular complications. Clinical assessment for hypertension and hyperlipidaemia is therefore important in diabetic patients with RVO, especially if recurrence of the condition and further visual loss is to be prevented.
Treatment of Extended Lid Lacerations with Dextranomer Beads
Authors: Jaross N.
Published: April 2018

The Author demonstrates the use of dextranomer beads (Debrisan) in an extended upper and lower lid laceration. He found the dextranomer beads helpful in the treatment of lid lacerations. The mechanism of action of dextranomer beads is described as well. He is not aware of any publications about the use of dextranomer beads in ophthalmology.
Posttraumatic Endophthalmitis
Authors: Verbraeken H. , Rysselaere M.
Published: April 2018

In a group of 615 cases of perforating trauma, 25 cases (4%) of proven endophthalmitis were seen. The percentage of Bacillus infections was unusually high compared to other types of endophthalmitis (3.8% for the whole group, 31% for the group with intraocular foreign bodies). Bacillus cases have a very poor outcome and in fact the overall functional results in the posttraumatic endophthalmitis group were poorer than in other categories.
Ibopamine: A New Preoperative Mydriatic for Cataract Surgery
Authors: Corbett M.C. , Buckley S.A. , Richards A.B.
Published: April 2018

Ibopamine is a dopaminergic mydriatic of proven use for fundoscopy. This double-blind prospective trial assessed its efficacy and safety as a preoperative mydriatic agent. 105 patients undergoing extracapsular cataract surgery were randomly allocated to receive Ibopamine 1%, Ibopamine 1% with Cyclopentolate 1%, or the control Phenylephrine 10% with Cyclopentolate 1%. Ibopamine alone achieved good mydriasis prior to anaesthesia, but this was not maintained intraoperatively. Cyclopentolate combined with Ibopamine, produced consistently greater mydriasis than when combined with Phenylephrine, but the difference became less marked as surgery continued. Analysis in relation to the stage of surgery showed that the greatest stimulus to miosis occurred during expression of the nucleus. Pulse rate and blood pressure in the 51 local anaesthetic cases showed no significant difference between the treatment groups, and there was no significant variation from baseline. The incidence of local side effects was similar in the three groups, and there were no systemic symptoms attributable to the drops. In conclusion, Ibopamine is a safe and effective mydriatic agent for cataract surgery, when used in combination with Cyclopentolate.
Surgical Management of Idiopathic Macular Holes
Authors: Del Priore L. V.
Published: April 2018

Idiopathic macular holes have long been considered to be a stable, untreatable condition with little or no chance of spontaneous visual improvement. Within the last few years, surgical intervention has been developed for the management of idiopathic Stage 3 and Stage 4 holes. With pars plana vitrectomy surgery, at least 50% of patients will experience a 2 or more line improvement in visual acuity, and 25% of patients will improve to 20/40 or better. Since the natural history of idiopathic macular holes is extremely poor, all patients with Stage 3 or 4 lesions should be seriously considered for vitreous surgery.
Indocyanine Green Videoangiography: Current Status
Authors: Yannuzzi I.A. , Sorenson J.A. , Guyer D.R. , Slakter J.S. , Chang B. , Orlock D.
Published: April 2018

Indocyanine-green (ICG) angiography has experienced a rejuvenated interest in the past few years because of improvements in technological systems. After three years of experience with evolving digital technology, we have reviewed our experience to provide an update on potential applications in a variety of choroidopathies.

Based on 3,000 cases studied with ICG angiography, we evaluated the diagnostic value of the procedure in choroidal abnormalities including ischemic, tumor, idiopathic, inflammatory, and neovascularized diseases.

ICG angiography is still of limited clinical value in ischemic diseases because of a relatively poor imaging potential for the choriocapillaris. The procedure has not yet provided information which is of significant value in the evaluation and management of choroidal tumors. Valuable information has been provided on the fundamental pathogenesis of certain idiopathic diseases. Preliminary experience in inflammatory diseases is very promising. A genuine advance in imaging of “occult”-choroidal neovascularization has been provided by the diagnostic technique. Improved delineation of these vessels offers opportunities for ICG-guided laser treatment.
Static Threshold Visual Field in Glaucoma with the Fastpac™ Algorithm of the Humphrey Field Analyser is the Gain in Examination Time Offset by Any Loss of Information?
Authors: Nordmann J.P. , Denis PH. , Nguer Y. , Mouton-Chopin D. , Saraux H.
Published: April 2018

A new algorithm (Fastpac™) has been designed to speed up full threshold tests with the Humphrey Field Analyser. We studied the utility of this algorithm by comparing central 24-2 threshold programs obtained with standard and Fastpac™ algorithms in 43 hypertensive or glaucomatous eyes. The Fastpac™ reduced testing time by 35% to 45%. In glaucomatous eyes, the time spared was inversely correlated with the degree of visual field impairment. Global indices were used to compare visual fields. Mean absolute differences in indices did not exceed 0.98 dB. Correlations between indices in glaucoma patients with standard and Fastpac™ strategy were respectively 0.99 and 0.98 for mean deviation and pattern standard deviation. The intra-test variability (short-term fluctuation) was slightly higher with Fastpac™ with a lower correlation between algorithms (r=0.62). The use of Fastpac™ achieves a mean time reduction of 40% and does not significantly modify global indices obtained with the Humphrey perimeter in hypertensive and glaucomatous eyes.
Decentration of Posterior Chamber Iol: Effects of Loop Material and Fixation Technique
Authors: Fruscella S. , Ducoli P. , Manni G.L.
Published: April 2018

A prospective study was conducted on 90 eyes undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber IOL implantation. Postoperative IOL decentration was evaluated with respect to the loop material, either polypropylene (prolene) or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and the IOL fixation technique, either in the capsular sac (in-the-bag) after capsulorhexis, or in the ciliary sulcus after “can-opener” capsulotomy. More decentration was observed with IOL having polypropylene loops than with those having PMMA loops (0.80 ± 0.735 mm versus 0.373 ± 0.299 mm). IOL implanted in the bag showed greater decentration than those implanted in the sulcus, but the difference was not significant. Our findings confirm the recommendation to use an IOL with PMMA loops when placing the implant in the capsular sac.
Human Vitreous Penetration of Imipenem
Authors: Adenis J.P. , Mounier M. , Salomon J.L. , Denis F.
Published: April 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine imipenem concentrations in vitreous humor of non-infected human eyes. Ten patients undergoing vitrectomy were infused with a single dose of either 0.5g (5 patients) or 1g (5 patients) of imipenem. Vitreous humor was withdrawn 2 or 4 hours after the end of the infusion. Results differed in relation to the dose. After 0.5g, vitreous levels were stable (approximately 0.20 mg/l), but after 1g they were significantly higher (approximately 2 mg/l). These levels were above the minimum inhibitory concentration of imipenem for 90% (MIC 90) of the main species responsible for endophthalmitis.
Fleck Dystrophy of the Cornea; a Report of Cases from Three Generations of a Family
Authors: Akova Y.A. , Ünlü N. , Duman S.
Published: April 2018

Fleck dystrophy of the cornea is characterized by numerous, tiny, small opacities scattered throughout the entire corneal stroma. The mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant, and this dystrophy is considered to be bilaterally symmetric. This report describes five members from three-generations of the same family with corneal fleck dystrophy. Their clinical features and genetic inheritance pattern are discussed. Visual acuity in all patients was normal and the density of opacities were similar except for two patients with less density. Except for one who presented with mild photophobia all patients were asymptomatic. The inheritance pattern appeared as autosomal dominant with variable expression.
The Effect of Acute Ethanol Consumption on the Human Retinal Circulation: A Study in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Dhasmana D. , Herbert L. , Patel V. , Chen H.C. , Jones M. , Kohner E.M.
Published: April 2018

The effects of acute ethanol consumption on retinal haemodynamics and retinal vascular autoregulation to oxygen in the human retinal circulation were studied in 10 diabetic (mean age ± SD: 38.2 ± 11.1) and 16 non-diabetic (mean age ± SD: 32.4 ± 8.8) subjects. Subjects drank 0.5 g of ethanol, as vodka, per kg of body weight, diluted in sugar-free orange juice. Retinal blood flow was determined using laser Doppler velocimetry and computerised image analysis. The effect of ethanol on oxygen reactivity, as a measure of autoregulation, was also determined after 60% oxygen inhalation. All subjects demonstrated a significant fall in mean arterial blood pressure (control group 3.3%, p=0.04, diabetic subjects 5.7%, p=0.05), after ethanol intake. Ethanol caused no significant change in retinal blood flow. Oxygen reactivity was found to be 38.3% (22.4-47.7, median and interquartile range) in the non-diabetic subjects at baseline, and 30.7% (10.8-42.1) after ethanol ingestion. In diabetic subjects, the oxygen reactivity was 33.2% (19.8-46.8) at baseline and 24.5% (21.1-32.1) after ethanol. In this study ethanol did not significantly affect retinal blood flow or impair autoregulation. These results suggest that the retinal circulation may be able to autoregulate despite the presence of ethanol, in contrast to other vascular beds where ethanol changes flow.
Ciprofloxacin Ophthalmic Solution versus Rifamycin Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of Conjunctivitis and Blepharitis
Authors: Adenis J.P. , Colin J. , Verin P. , Saint-Blancat P. , Malet F.
Published: April 2018

The efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin (0.3%) ophthalmic solution and rifamycin (1%) ophthalmic solution for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis and blepharitis was compared in this randomized, double-masked, parallel-group study. Forty-one patients, 19 on ciprofloxacin and 22 on rifamycin, were culture-positive on admission and evaluated for efficacy. There was clinical improvement in more than 90% of patients in each group at the end of the seven-day treatment period. However, clinical cure rates on day 7 appeared to be higher with ciprofloxacin (53%) than rifamycin (23%; p = 0.061, Mann-Whitney test). Bacteriological eradication rates were comparable: the infecting organisms were eradicated in 68% of patients on ciprofloxacin and 77% with rifamycin. There were no serious adverse reactions to either treatment. One patient in each group was withdrawn on account of a mild allergy. In conclusion, topical ciprofloxacin was effective and well tolerated and would be a particularly useful agent for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis and blepharitis.
Correlation of Microcirculation Architecture with Ultrasound Backscatter Parameters of Uveal Melanoma
Authors: Coleman D.J. , Rondeau M.J. , Silverman R.H. , Folberg R. , Rummelt V. , Woods S.M. , Lizzi F.L.
Published: April 2018

Ultrasound tissue characterization parameters of size and acoustic concentration can be used to sub-classify uveal melanoma and estimate the patient's risk of death. Histologically determined microcirculation patterns have also been found to sub-classify uveal melanoma and predict patient's risk of death. This study examines the spatial relationship between tumor features detected by the two techniques.

Three dimensional ultrasound images that depict the size and relative concentration of scattering elements in uveal melanoma within a range of ∼50- 120 μm were compared with PAS (without hematoxylin) stained histological sections graded and localized according to tumor microvascular patterns. Both ultrasound parameter imaging and histopathology were accomplished by workers masked to the other procedure.

In three of five patients vascular networks were identified histopathologically. The predominant ultrasound feature seen in the regions of the histologically identified networks were clusters of scatterers in the range of ∼50-80μm. In the two cases without a network vascular pattern, lower range scatterers dominated the tumor volume. All the cases could be distinguished by the size and distribution of contiguous spatial clusters of acoustic scatterers. Scatterer size features detected in three dimensional ultrasound parameter images can identify tumor regions containing a specific microvascular pattern. Ultrasound tissue characterization features used to sub-classify uveal melanoma may have a biophysical basis related to patterns of tumor microcirculation.
Age-Dependent Phenotypic Expression of a Pattern Dystrophy of the Retina
Authors: Thomann U. , Büchi E.R. , Suppiger M. , Kryenbühl C. , Schipper I. , Spiegel R.
Published: April 2018

We studied a family with pattern dystrophy of the retina (PDR) in order to elucidate the clinical course of the disorder, relations between the different forms, and the mode of inheritance. Thirty-nine family members, representing three generations, underwent a thorough ophthalmological examination, with fluorescein angiography whenever a macular abnormality was suspected. Of family members over the age of 32 years, 46.7% showed signs of PDR. We classified the clinical forms of PDR in this family into four types: minimal lesion, pseudovitelliform type, butterfly-spider type, and late-stage lesion. These forms were predominant in the order cited in age groups 31-40 years, 41-50, 51-60, and >60 years. Significant visual loss occurred only after the age of 50 years, when 8 of 14 eyes had visual acuity of less than 20/25. Inheritance was autosomal dominant. PDR presented different clinical forms in members of this family, and in successive age classes patterns of increasing severity prevailed. Thus, the different phenotypic forms apparently represent transient stages related to the age of the patient.
Morphometric Study of Wound Healing in a Model of Filtering Surgery with Mitomycin-C
Authors: Pablo L. E. , Ramírez T. , Álvarez R. , González I. , Larrosa J. M. , Honrubia F.M.
Published: April 2018

Background

Failure of filtering surgery may be related to excessive wound healing in the surgical area. This effect diminishes with the use of antimetabolic agents. Mitomycin-C (MMC) has proved to be the most effective drug to reduce myofibroblastic proliferation in experimental in vivo and in vitro models. To our knowledge, the objective changes induced by mitomycin-C in the size of wound healing areas have not been investigated. Methods: Filtering surgery was performed on both eyes of 40 pigmented rabbits. Preoperatively one of the eyes received MMC (0.5 mg/ml), and the fellow eye received balance salt solution as placebo. Animals were killed on days 6, 15, 30 and 58. Microscopic healing areas were measured by digital procedures. The areas of target and fellow control eyes were compared by the Wilcoxon test.

Results

This study showed significant differences (p<0.05) between treated and untreated groups, the healing are a gradually becoming smaller.

Conclusions

Objective methods to quantify the microscopic effects of MMC can be useful to improve our knowledge about the action on this antimetabolite and to enable us to adjust more accurately the timing and dosage when applying the drug in glaucoma filtering surgery.
A Retrospective Study on the Effectiveness of Oral Acyclovir to Prevent Herpes Simplex Recurrence in Corneal Grafts
Authors: Van Rooij J. , Rijneveld W.J. , Remeijer L.J. , Beekhuis W.H.
Published: April 2018

Objective

A retrospective study of the effectiveness of prophylactic acyclovirn to prevent recurrent infections after penetrating keratoplasty for herpetic macula.

Methods

Follow-up data of 22 patients who where treated prophilactically with oral acyclovir (2×400 mg for the first three months after keratoplasy) and of 19 control patients were compared. All patients were operated between 1989-1991 after being free of recurrent Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections for a minimal period of six months. Survival was defined as the probability of being free of HSV recurrence.

Results

The hazard ratio calculated for the data of a 24 month follow-up was 0.66 (95%CI: 0.47, 3.8). Survival probabilities at six months were 0.95 for the prophylaxis and 0.74 for the control group (95%CI of the difference: 0.07, 0.37); after 12 months these proportions were 0.72 and 0.54 respectively (95%CI: −0.13, 0.47).

Conclusions

In concordance with former studies we conclude that acyclovir may be effective as a prophylaxis in this category of patients. The probability of being free from recurrence was significantly different after six months but not after twelve, possibly indicating that the period of prophylaxis was too short.
Visual Acuity after Segmental Buckling and Non-Drainage: A 15-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Kreissig I. , Simader E. , Fahle M. , Lincoff H.
Published: April 2018

Background

The question addressed is: how does the postoperative visual acuity in eyes treated with segmental buckling compare over time with the paired fellow eyes?

Methods

107 detachments were followed prospectively. The eyes were divided into: group I, macula attached (46); group II, macula partially detached (10); group III, macula completely detached (51). Mean preoperative visual acuity was 20/30 in group I, 20/100 in group II, and 20/400 in group III. The operation consisted of segmental buckling without drainage. No eye had cerclage or vitrectomy.

Results

The retina remained attached in 99 eyes during the 15-year follow-up. The mean visual acuity of all patients improved six months postoperatively to 20/40 with a maximum of 20/30 at one year. Thereafter there was a linear decrease in all three groups.

Conclusions

Visual acuity improved during the first year, followed by a linear decrease of 0.07 line/year. The paired eyes decreased similarly in relation to age. There was no real difference in the visual acuity of the operated and unoperated eyes (P=0.079) during the 15 years of follow-up. Mean visual acuity was 20/40 in the operated eyes of 72 patients who were living after 15 years. These data present a challenge to those surgeons who use techniques that include encircling the eye to review and compare their long-term visual results.
Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy in Wegener's Granulomatosis
Authors: Howe L. , D'Cruz D. , Chopdar A. , Hughes G.
Published: April 2018

Is reported a case of Wegener's granulomatosis originally presenting with a clinical picture of temporal arteritis. The presentation included an arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy occurring with no demonstrable orbital inflammation. The treatment of these two systemic vasculitides is quite different, however, and this case emphasizes the importance of questioning the original diagnosis if the clinical course of the disease does not progress as anticipated.
Peripheral Choroidal Neovascularization
Authors: Vine A.K. , Johnson M.W.
Published: April 2018

Peripheral choroidal neovascularization can result in an elevated subretinal lesion which can simulate a choroidal tumor. We reviewed 8 eyes with 11 peripheral areas of subretinal fluid and exudate which were subsequently determined to be secondary to peripheral choroidal neovascularization. Previous reports of peripheral choroidal neovascularization have emphasized the hemorrhagic nature of these lesions which can simulate a choroidal melanoma. In contrast, turbid subretinal fluid and exudate characterized the majority of peripheral lesions in this series and the majority of these patients were referred with a diagnosis of choroidal metastasis. Clinical examination with fluorescein angiography and echography can effectively distinguish these areas of peripheral choroidal neovascularization from choroidal metastasis.
Ophthalmologic Aspects of Pituitary Apoplexy
Authors: Milazzo S. , Toussaint P. , Proust F. , Touzet G. , Malthieu D.
Published: April 2018

Pituitary apoplexy is an acute hemorragic or ischemic infarction in pituitary adenomas. The incidence in our series was 6.5%. Clinical diagnosis can often be difficult as the patient is frequently unaware of an existing adenoma (seven out of 11 patients). Therefore, the classic features of the syndrome must be known. They include sudden headaches, impairment of consciousness, endocrinological disturbances and sudden visual deterioration or oculomotor palsies.

In this retrospective study from 1987 to 1994 of 14 patients presenting pituitary apoplexy there were 11 cases with visual abnormalities. Oculomotor palsies were more common (82%) than chiasmatic impairment (54.5%) and often revealed pituitary adenoma.

CT-Scan and MRI examinations led to diagnosis, and emergency treatment (surgical removal by rhinoseptal approach or less often medical treatment) generally led to a regression of visual disturbances.
Temporary Silicone Oil Tamponade and Intraocular Pressure: An 11-Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Gonvers M. , Andenmatten R.
Published: April 2018

Background

A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the risk of increased intraocular pressure (IOP) following a temporary silicone oil (SO) tamponade and to study some parameters possibly involved in this hypertension.

Methods

Forty-four patients with retinal detachment complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) were treated by vitreoretinal surgery and SO tamponade. One to 11 years after SO removal, they underwent full ophthalmic examination. All these patients had a healthy, non-operated, normotensive fellow eye.

Results

Six (14%) of 44 eyes had IOP higher than 20 mmHg. Five other eyes (11%) had their IOP controlled by beta blockers. Phakic and pseudophakic eyes had a very limited tendency to develop ocular hypertension and anyway responded well to beta blockers. Residual SO droplets in the eye after removal of the big bubble of SO disappeared exponentially with a mean disappearance time of three years. Eyes with residual SO were no more prone to ocular hypertension than those without (p>0.50). No association was found between IOP and duration of SO tamponade (r=0.13) or between IOP and flare (r=0.14).

Conclusion

This study suggests that the risk of developing ocular hypertension after a temporary SO tamponade is moderate. No satisfactory explanation could be found for this increase of IOP.