bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hymenasplenium volubile: documentation of its gametophytes and the first record of a hemiepiphyte in the Aspleniaceae
Authors: Watts Jacob L , Moran Robbin C , Watkins James E
Published: October 2019

Background and Aims

Through careful field examination of the growth habit of the gametophytes and sporophytes of Hymenasplenium volubile across an ontogenetic series, we aim to understand better the evolution of epiphytism in this poorly understood group of ferns

Methods

We made field observations of H. volubile sporophytes and gametophytes, and brought specimens back to the lab for microscopic analysis. In the field, sporophytes at each ontogenetic stage were photographed to document the species’ growth habit. We used an existing phylogeny to optimize growth form of New World Hymenasplenium.

Key Results

Young sporophytes were at first fully epiphytic and produced one or two long feeding roots that extend to the soil where they branch profusely. The feeding roots remain in contact with the soil throughout the life of the plant. Thus, H. volubile is a hemiepiphyte. While immature, gametophytes are appressed to the tree trunk, but, as their gametangia mature, their lower margin lifts upward, imparting a shelf-like appearance to the thallus. The thallus attaches to the substrate by branched rhizoids produced along the margin of the thallus in contact with the substrate.

Conclusions

Hemiepiphytes are a key link in the evolution of epiphytic ferns and may act as a bridge between the forest floor and the canopy. Our finding is the first report of hemiepiphytism in Aspleniaceae, a large lineage with many epiphytic and terrestrial taxa. This work serves as an important model to understand the evolution of epiphytism in this group specifically and in ferns in general. The majority of our understanding of fern gametophyte biology is derived from laboratory studies. Our efforts represent a fundamental contribution to understanding fern gametophyte ecology in a field setting.
Evaluation of the role of Rhizobacteria in controlling root knot nematode (RKN) infection in Lycopersicon esculentum plants by modulation in the secondary metabolite profiles
Authors: Khanna Kanika , Jamwal Vijay Lakshmi , Sharma Anket , Gandhi Sumit G , Ohri Puja , Bhardwaj Renu , Al-Huqail Asma A , Siddiqui Manzer H , Marraiki Najat , Ahmad Parvaiz
Published: October 2019

Environmental stress imposes negative impacts on the growth and development of the crop plants. The present study was designed to assess the effect of PGPR (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia gladioli) on plant pigments and phenolic compounds in 10-days-old root knot nematode (RKN)-infected Lycopersiconesculentum seedlings. The levels of different osmoprotectants and organic acids were also evaluated in nematode-infected L. esculentum seedlings. Our results revealed that nematode-infected seedlings had reduced levels of plant pigments(chlorophyll (70.5%), carotenoids (64.8%), and xanthophylls (34.3%)) and enhanced levels of phenolic compounds(total phenols (40.3%), flavonoids (80.9%), anthocyanins (28.9%), and polyphenols (366.1%)), osmoprotectants(total osmolytes (15.3%), total carbohydrates (54.9%), reducing sugars (45.3%), trehalose (94.5%), glycine betaine (59.01%) and proline (69.6%) and (citric acid (28.4%), fumaric acid (18.16%), succinic acid (179.9%), and malic acid (21.7%)). The levels of these metabolites increased after inoculation with P. aeruginosa and B. gladioli. The expression of genes encoding different enzymes pertaining to phenols and organic acid metabolism were also studied. The expression of genes was elevated in nematode-infected plants i.e. CHS (chalcone synthase) by 1.32 folds, PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase) by 1.16 folds, CS (citrate synthase)1.6 folds, SUCLG1 (succinyl Co-A ligase) by 1.19 folds, SDH (succinate dehydrogenase) by 1.92 folds, FH (fumarate hydratase) by 2.4 foldsand malate synthase (MS) by 1.26 folds and further upregulated after PGPR inoculation. This study demonstrates the importance of PGPR in managing nematode infection in plants through alteration in the synthesis of different secondary metabolites in plants.
A Solutions-Focused Translational Research Framework for Wildlife Health
Authors: Peters Andrew , Carver Scott , Skerratt Lee F , Meredith Anna , Woods Rupert
Published: October 2019

Wildlife health is of emerging relevance for conservation, human health, and domestic animal health. Increased research on wildlife health problems has not been accompanied by a relative increase in effective solutions. Translational research was developed in human health to overcome blocks impeding the development of solutions out of basic research, and a translational research framework is proposed to overcome the same barriers in wildlife health. This framework has four translational phases: problem definition, potential solution development, efficacious solution development, and effective solution development. Implementation of translational research will require a restructuring of the wildlife health research enterprise with a shift, supported by funding sources and journals, to solutions-focused research including later translational phases, the creation of more deeply integrated multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary teams incorporating better representation from human social sciences, and the inclusion of end user and stakeholder participation in all phases of research.
Brain Morphological Dynamics of Procrastination: The Crucial Role of the Self-Control, Emotional, and Episodic Prospection Network
Authors: Chen Zhiyi , Liu Peiwei , Zhang Chenyan , Feng Tingyong
Published: October 2019

Globally, about 17% individuals are suffering from the maladaptive procrastination until now, which impacts individual’s financial status, mental health, and even public policy. However, the comprehensive understanding of neuroanatomical understructure of procrastination still remains gap. 688 participants including 3 independent samples were recruited for this study. Brain morphological dynamics referred to the idiosyncrasies of both brain size and brain shape. Multilinear regression analysis was utilized to delineate brain morphological dynamics of procrastination in Sample 1. In the Sample 2, cross-validation was yielded. Finally, prediction models of machine learning were conducted in Sample 3. Procrastination had a significantly positive correlation with the gray matter volume (GMV) in the left insula, anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC), and parahippocampal gyrus (PHC) but was negatively correlated with GMV of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and gray matter density of ACC. Furthermore, procrastination was positively correlated to the cortical thickness and cortical complexity of bilateral orbital frontal cortex (OFC). In Sample 2, all the results were cross-validated highly. Predication analysis demonstrated that these brain morphological dynamic can predict procrastination with high accuracy. This study ascertained the brain morphological dynamics involving in self-control, emotion, and episodic prospection brain network for procrastination, which advanced promising aspects of the biomarkers for it.
A new structural break test for panels with common factors
Authors: Zhu Huanjun , Sarafidis Vasilis , Silvapulle Mervyn J
Published: October 2019

This paper develops new tests against a structural break in panel data models with common factors when T is fixed, where T denotes the number of observations over time. For this class of models, the available tests against a structural break are valid only under the assumption that T is ‘large’. However, this may be a stringent requirement—more commonly so in datasets with annual time frequency, in which case the sample may cover a relatively long period even if T is not large. The proposed approach builds upon existing generalized method of moments methodology and develops Distance-type and Lagrange Multiplier-type tests for detecting a structural break, both when the break point is known and when it is unknown. The proposed methodology permits weak exogeneity and/or endogeneity of the regressors. In a simulation study, the method performed well, in terms of size and power, as well as in terms of successfully locating the time of the structural break. The method is illustrated by testing the so-called ‘Gibrat’s Law’, using a dataset from 4,128 financial institutions, each one observed for the period 2002–2014.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of a tailored mobile application in increasing the duration of wear of thermoplastic retainers: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Al-Moghrabi Dalya , Pandis Nikolaos , McLaughlin Kieran , Johal Ama , Donos Nikolaos , Fleming Padhraig S
Published: October 2019

Background

The ‘My Retainers’ mobile application is a patient-informed intervention designed to enhance removable retainer wear and associated patient experiences during the retention phase.

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of receiving the ‘My Retainers’ application on objectively assessed thermoplastic retainer (TPR) wear time, stability, periodontal outcomes, patient experiences, and knowledge related to retainers.

Materials and methods

Eighty-four participants planned for removable retention with TPRs were assigned either to receive the ‘My Retainers’ application or to control not receiving electronic reminders during the 3-month period. Randomization was based on computer-generated random numbers and allocation was concealed using opaque, sealed envelopes. The primary outcome was objectively assessed retainer wear recorded using an embedded TheraMon® micro-electronic sensor. Secondary outcomes, including irregularity of the maxillary and mandibular incisors, plaque levels, bleeding on probing and probing depth, were assessed at baseline and 3-month follow-up; and analysed using a series of mixed models. Experiences and knowledge related to orthodontic retainers were recorded using questionnaires. The outcome assessor was blinded when possible.

Results

Receipt of the mobile application resulted in slightly higher median wear time (0.91 hours/day); however, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −2.19, 4.01). No significant differences were found between the treatment groups in terms of stability (P = 0.92; 95% CI: −0.03, 0.04), plaque levels (P = 0.44; 95% CI: −0.07, 0.03), bleeding on probing (P = 0.61; 95% CI: −0.05, 0.03) and probing depth (P = 0.79; 95% CI: −0.09, 0.07). Furthermore, similar levels of patient experiences (P = 0.94) and knowledge related to retainers (P = 0.26) were found. However, marginally better levels of knowledge were identified in the intervention group. No harms were observed.

Limitations

A relatively short follow-up period with the study confined to a single-center in a university-based hospital.

Conclusions

Provision of the bespoke ‘My Retainers’ application did not lead to an improvement in adherence with TPR wear over a 3-month follow-up period. Further refinement and research are required to develop and investigate means of enhancing adherence levels.

Clinical registration

NCT03224481.
Mandibular propulsion appliance for adults with Class II malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: González Espinosa Daybelis , Santos Milena , Mendes Sissy Maria dos Anjos , Normando David
Published: October 2019

Background

The effects of mandibular propulsion appliances in adults have some controversial results. While some authors claim that its use in non-growing patients could produce some dentoskeletal effects, other studies indicate that Class II correction occurs only through significant dental effects.

Objective

To evaluate the effects in non-growing Class II patients with mandibular retrusion, promoted by the treatment with mandibular propulsion appliances and determine if they produce mandibular changes.

Methods

The research was carried out in nine electronic databases and additional manual searches up to July 2019. Selection criteria were no restriction was placed on date and publication language. Randomized or non-randomized clinical trials with/without control were included. They must evaluated non-growing patients with Class II malocclusion, treated with mandibular propulsion appliances; outcomes were assessed before and after treatment.

Data collection and analysis

Data were extracted by two independent examiners in duplicate. The ROBINS-I tool was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies.

Results

Of the 2824 articles identified, 11 non-randomized clinical articles were selected for qualitative analysis and 8 for quantitative analysis. SNB (0.87°, CI 95% 0.08, 1.66), ANB (−0.82°, CI 95% −1.24 to 0.40) and Pg/OLp [2.3 to 1.2 mm (P < 0.001)] presented smallest but significant mandibular changes with some differences regarding the used appliance. The Herbst appliance showed the largest mandibular changes followed by the SUS appliance when evaluated through Ar-Pg. SNA showed non-significant changes. Overbite (−2.85. CI 95% −3.06, −2.64), Overjet (−5.00.CI 95% −5.45, −4.55) showed significant changes in all devices. Class II correction occurs through a significant labial movement of the mandibular incisors, some lingual inclination of the maxillary incisors and minor skeletal changes.

Conclusions

All mandibular propulsion appliances examined, showed efficiency in normalizing the Class II malocclusion in adult patients; however, changes were acquired mainly through dentoalveolar changes. Some minor mandibular forward changes was noted, mainly in patients treated with the Herbst appliance. Randomized clinical trials are needed to improve scientific evidence.

Registration

PROSPERO (code CRD42017067384).
Correcting wavefield gradients for the effects of local small-scale heterogeneities
Authors: Singh Sneha , Capdeville Yann , Igel Heiner
Published: October 2019

Local small-scale heterogeneities, like geological inhomogeneities, surface topographies and cavities are known to affect seismic wavefield gradients. This effect is in fact measurable with current instruments. For example, the agreement between data and synthetics computed in a tomographic model is often not as good for rotation as it is for displacement. Here, we use the theory of homogenization to explain why small-scale heterogeneities strongly affect wavefield gradients, but not the wavefield itself. We show that at any receiver measuring wavefield gradient, small-scale heterogeneities cause the wavefield gradient to couple with strain through a coupling tensor J. Furthermore, we show that this J is (1) independent of source, (2) independent of time, but (3) only dependent on the receiver location. Consequently, we can invert for J based on an effective model for which synthetics fit displacement data reasonably well. Once inverted, J can be used to correct rotations at that receiver for other sources. Results of the correction are shown for synthetic rotational receivers and for the ring laser located in Wettzell, Germany. We find that compared to synthetics, the synthetics corrected through J are a better fit to the rotation data. Although results here are derived for rotations, they can be extended to receivers measuring any wavefield gradient.
Contrasting assemblages of seabirds in the subglacial meltwater plume and oceanic water of Bowdoin Fjord, northwestern Greenland
Authors: Nishizawa Bungo , Kanna Naoya , Abe Yoshiyuki , Ohashi Yoshihiko , Sakakibara Daiki , Asaji Izumi , Sugiyama Shin , Yamaguchi Atsushi , Watanuki Yutaka
Published: October 2019

In Greenland, tidewater glaciers discharge turbid subglacial freshwater into fjords, forming plumes near the calving fronts, and these areas serve as an important foraging habitat for seabirds. To investigate the effect of subglacial discharge on the foraging assemblages of surface feeders and divers in a glacial fjord, we conducted boat-based seabird surveys, near-surface zooplankton samplings, and hydrographic measurements at Bowdoin Fjord, northwestern Greenland in July. Foraging surface feeders (black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla, glaucous gull Larus hyperboreus, and northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis) aggregated within a plume-affected area in front of Bowdoin Glacier. This area was characterized by highly turbid subglacial meltwater and abundant large-sized zooplankton including Calanus hyperboreus, chaetognaths, and ctenophores near the surface. Surface feeders fed on these aggregated prey presumably transported to the surface by strong upwelling of subglacial meltwater. In contrast, divers (little auk Alle alle, thick-billed murre Uria lomvia, and black guillemot Cepphus grylle) foraged outside the fjord, where turbidity was low and jellyfish and Calanus copepods dominated under the influence of Atlantic water. Our study indicates spatial segregation between surface feeders and divers in a glacial fjord; surface feeders are not hindered by turbidity if taking prey at the surface, whereas divers need clear water.
Why do voters choose corrupt candidates? The role of ideology on cognitive mechanisms
Authors: Barros Lucia , Goldszmidt Rafael , Pereira Carlos
Published: October 2019

There is evidence that people vote for corrupt candidates even when they have information that their representatives have been engaged in corruption in the past. Based on a survey experiment in Brazil, we find evidence that ideology is an important factor to explain this voting behavior. We also found evidence of two psychological mechanisms that explain this effect: a change in perception of corruption and a cognitive cost-benefit evaluation. This study expanded previous findings, showing that ideology can affect voting behavior when there is information about corruption even in a country where voters are supposedly less loyal to a single party.
Comparative Corrective Action: Perceived Media Bias and Political Action in 17 Countries
Authors: Barnidge Matthew , Rojas Hernando , Beck Paul A , Schmitt-Beck Rüdiger
Published: October 2019

The corrective action hypothesis predicts that people will take political action in response to media content they perceive to be biased against them, and evidence has accumulated in favor of it. However, research has not yet investigated the hypothesis in comparative context. This study fills that gap in the literature, relying on the Comparative National Election Project (N = 23,527), and analyzing data from 17 countries. Results show evidence of an overall positive relationship between perceived media bias and political action, and they also show evidence that this relationship varies in strength between countries. Moreover, press freedom partially explains this variation. Results are discussed in light of the theory of corrective action and recent trends in political participation worldwide.
Conformally Symmetric Triangular Lattices and Discrete ϑ-Conformal Maps
Authors: Bücking Ulrike
Published: October 2019

Two immersed triangulations in the plane with the same combinatorics are considered as preimage and image of a discrete immersion $F$. We compare the cross-ratios $Q$ and $q$ of corresponding pairs of adjacent triangles in the two triangulations. If for every pair the arguments of these cross-ratios (i.e., intersection angles of circumcircles) agree, $F$ is a discrete conformal map based on circle patterns. Similarly, if for every pair the absolute values of the corresponding cross-ratios $Q$ and $q$ (i.e., length cross-ratios) agree, the two triangulations are discretely conformally equivalent. We introduce a new notion, discrete $\vartheta $-conformal maps, which interpolates between these two known notions of discrete conformality for planar triangulations. We prove that there exists an associated variational principle. In particular, discrete $\vartheta $-conformal maps are unique maximizers of a locally defined concave functional ${\mathcal{F}}_{\vartheta}$in suitable variables. Furthermore, we study conformally symmetric triangular lattices that contain examples of discrete $\vartheta $-conformal maps.
Prevalence and outcome of bloodstream infections due to third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review
Authors: Lester Rebecca , Musicha Patrick , van Ginneken Nadja , Dramowski Angela , Hamer Davidson H , Garner Paul , Feasey Nicholas A
Published: October 2019

Background

The prevalence of bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs) in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) is high and antimicrobial resistance is likely to increase mortality from these infections. Third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC-R) Enterobacteriaceae are of particular concern, given the widespread reliance on ceftriaxone for management of sepsis in Africa.

Objectives

Reviewing studies from sSA, we aimed to describe the prevalence of 3GC resistance in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Salmonella BSIs and the in-hospital mortality from 3GC-R BSIs.

Methods

We systematically reviewed studies reporting 3GC susceptibility testing of E. coli, Klebsiella and Salmonella BSI. We searched PubMed and Scopus from January 1990 to September 2019 for primary data reporting 3GC susceptibility testing of Enterobacteriaceae associated with BSI in sSA and studies reporting mortality from 3GC-R BSI. 3GC-R was defined as phenotypic resistance to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime or ceftazidime. Outcomes were reported as median prevalence of 3GC resistance for each pathogen.

Results

We identified 40 articles, including 7 reporting mortality. Median prevalence of 3GC resistance in E. coli was 18.4% (IQR 10.5 to 35.2) from 20 studies and in Klebsiella spp. was 54.4% (IQR 24.3 to 81.2) from 28 studies. Amongst non-typhoidal salmonellae, 3GC resistance was 1.9% (IQR 0 to 6.1) from 12 studies. A pooled mortality estimate was prohibited by heterogeneity.

Conclusions

Levels of 3GC resistance amongst bloodstream Enterobacteriaceae in sSA are high, yet the mortality burden is unknown. The lack of clinical outcome data from drug-resistant infections in Africa represents a major knowledge gap and future work must link laboratory surveillance to clinical data.
Reproductive Potential and Nutritional Composition of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Prepupae Reared on Different Organic Wastes
Authors: Wang Sheng Yin , Wu Lingli , Li Baoling , Zhang Dayu
Published: October 2019

Hermetia illucens L. (the black soldier fly) has received increased attention because of its great potential in converting organic waste into a renewable resource. The prepupae have high proportions of proteins and fats and can serve as feedstuff for livestock and as feedstock for biodiesel production. With the goal to upgrade the conversion of low-value organic wastes into high-value proteins and fat on a large scale, the effects of the feedstuffs food waste, pig manure, chicken manure, and cow dung on the reproductive potential and nutrient composition of H. illucens were evaluated. The intrinsic rate of increase of H. illucens fed food waste (0.1249 d−1) was significantly greater than the rate of those fed pig manure (0.1167 d−1), chicken manure (0.1154 d−1), and cow dung (0.1049 d−1). The ash content of H. illucens fed food waste (30.8 g·kg−1 lyophilized prepupa matter (LPM)) was significantly lower than that of those fed chicken manure (37.6 g·kg−1 LPM) and cow dung (49.5 g·kg−1 LPM). The contents of crude fat, 372.4 g·kg−1 LPM, and protein, 436.9 g·kg−1 LPM, in prepupae fed food waste were the highest among the four treatments. The reproductive performance and prepupal nutrient composition indicated that food waste was the most suitable feed for H. illucens. The results from this study further demonstrate that the prepupae of H. illucens have great potential for use as a protein and fat source in animal feeds and as biodiesel material.
Investigation of a critical choke during hydraulic-fracture flowback for a tight sandstone gas reservoir
Authors: Huang Jiachen , Hu Jinghong , Zeng Wenting , Zhang Yuan
Published: October 2019

Low porosity and permeability in a tight sandstone gas reservoir can cause problems during fracturing. If the fracturing fluid cannot be discharged in a timely fashion after fracturing, the fracturing fluid will move into the deep formation and result in secondary damage. Conversely, if the flowback rate of the fracturing fluid is too high, it will cause the proppant to backflow and reduce the efficiency of fracturing operation. Therefore, it is very important to control the choke sizes and flowback rates for the flowback process of a tight sandstone reservoir. In this study, a model of the time of the closed fracture considering the principle of material balance is built. Subsequently, the relationship between the wellhead pressure and the optimum diameter of the choke at different times is obtained using hydrodynamics and particle dynamics theory. Finally, the proposed optimization method is applied to an actual well from the Xinjiang tight gas reservoirs. Results show that a choke diameter can be reasonably optimized under different wellhead pressures, and that fracturing fluid flows back as much as possible and without proppant backflow. A sound design of a fracturing fluid flowback system is also provided. This study presents the mechanism of post-fracturing management and provides a better understanding of the flowback system in tight gas reservoirs.
Analysis of the Kozeny–Carman model based on pore networks
Authors: Han Dongyan , Wang Ziming , Wang Qilin , Wu Bohao , Yu Tao , Wang Dayong
Published: October 2019

The Kozeny–Carman (KC) model is commonly used to predict permeability (k) but sometimes presents obvious predictive deviations. Comparatively, k prediction based on pore networks could more effectively describe the dependence of k on porous structure and accordingly shows high accuracy and reliability. This triggers us to examine the rationality of the KC assumptions about the pore structure and analyze the model applicability according to the pore networks. Two glass bead packs, a sintered glass bead plate and a Berea core are measured using computed tomography imaging and their pore parameters are accordingly calculated. Their pore parameters are obviously distinct, generally reflecting the progressively stronger roles of particle size, compaction-alike sintering and weak cementation in reducing porosity (ϕ), k, pore and pore throat radii (rp and rt). When correlating the pore parameters of the KC model to those of the pore networks, it is found that the specific surface area (av) has no specific relation to rp and rt and that pore structures could be distinct despite the equivalent av. Thus, av is insufficient to distinguish the differences in pore geometry and reflects their influence on k. An analysis of the modified KC equations of our cores and the ϕ−k relationships of some relative homogeneous reservoir rocks (e.g. silty sandstone and Fontainebleau sands) indicates that the variety of the ϕ−k relationships induced by such factors as particle size and pore radius could not be fully predicted by the KC model in some cases, especially when the ϕ is relatively low.
Phylogeography, Population Structure, and Species Delimitation in Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocomeandEudyptes moseleyi)
Authors: Mays Herman L , Oehler David A , Morrison Kyle W , Morales Ariadna E , Lycans Alyssa , Perdue Justin , Battley Phil F , Cherel Yves , Chilvers B Louise , Crofts Sarah , Demongin Laurent , Fry W Roger , Hiscock Jo , Kusch Alejandro , Marin Manuel , Poisbleau Maud , Quillfeldt Petra , Raya Rey Andrea , Steinfurth Antje , Thompson David R , Weakley Leonard A
Published: October 2019

Rockhopper penguins are delimited as 2 species, the northern rockhopper (Eudyptes moseleyi) and the southern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome), with the latter comprising 2 subspecies, the western rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) and the eastern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome filholi). We conducted a phylogeographic study using multilocus data from 114 individuals sampled across 12 colonies from the entire range of the northern/southern rockhopper complex to assess potential population structure, gene flow, and species limits. Bayesian and likelihood methods with nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, including model testing and heuristic approaches, support E. moseleyi and E. chrysocome as distinct species lineages with a divergence time of 0.97 Ma. However, these analyses also indicated the presence of gene flow between these species. Among southern rockhopper subspecies, we found evidence of significant gene flow and heuristic approaches to species delimitation based on the genealogical diversity index failed to delimit them as species. The best-supported population models for the southern rockhoppers were those where E. c. chrysocome and E. c. filholi were combined into a single lineage or 2 lineages with bidirectional gene flow. Additionally, we found that E. c. filholi has the highest effective population size while E. c. chrysocome showed similar effective population size to that of the endangered E. moseleyi. We suggest that the current taxonomic definitions within rockhopper penguins be upheld and that E. chrysocome populations, all found south of the subtropical front, should be treated as a single taxon with distinct management units for E. c. chrysocome and E. c. filholi.
A novel fuzzy metaheuristic approach in nurse rerostering problem
Authors: Simić Svetlana , Corchado Emilio , Simić Dragan , Đorđević Jovanka , Simić Svetislav D
Published: October 2019

In the past 50 years nurse scheduling has received considerable attention in the research community. There are two cases regarding the nurse scheduling problem (NSP): the static and dynamic. Dynamic NSP, is often called nurse rerostering problem (NRRP), which presents reconstruction or modification of the predetermined roster for the current scheduling horizon. The aim of this paper is to present new hybrid strategy for nurse NRRP problem. The proposed methodology is based on efficient cooperation between fuzzy logic, ordered weighted averaging and variable neighbourhood descent search. Complete system is tested, and experimental results are based on real-world dataset obtained from the Oncology Institute of Vojvodina in Serbia.
Influenza Vaccine Requirements in United States Child Care Centers
Authors: Shope Timothy R , Walker Benjamin H , Aird Laura , Southward Linda , Martin Judith M
Published: October 2019

Background

Influenza vaccine is the most effective means to prevent influenza for the high-risk population of child care attendees. This national survey assessed child care center directors’ reports of seasonal influenza vaccine requirements for children and adult caregivers.

Methods

This was a 2016 telephone-based survey of child care center directors randomly selected from a national database of licensed United States child care centers and queried about influenza vaccine requirements. Conceptually related items were grouped into 4 indexes: general infection control, use of health consultants, quality of child care, and pandemic influenza preparedness. These indexes, along with other center and director characteristics, were used to predict director-reported influenza vaccine requirements.

Results

Of 518 child care center directors, only 24.5% and 13.1% reported an influenza vaccine requirement for children and adult caregivers, respectively. Center and director characteristics and the indexes were not associated with a director-reported influenza vaccine requirement. After adjusting for covariates, only having a state influenza vaccine law for children and an adult influenza vaccine requirement predicted having a child influenza vaccine requirement. Only having a child influenza vaccine requirement predicted having an adult vaccine requirement.

Conclusions

Director-reported influenza vaccine requirements for children and adult caregivers were influenced primarily by state influenza vaccine laws. Given the high risk of children in child care and low director-reported influenza vaccine requirements, more states should pass laws requiring influenza vaccine for children and adult caregivers at child care programs.
Purifying Selection in Corvids Is Less Efficient on Islands
Authors: Kutschera Verena E , Poelstra Jelmer W , Botero-Castro Fidel , Dussex Nicolas , Gemmell Neil J , Hunt Gavin R , Ritchie Michael G , Rutz Christian , Wiberg R Axel W , Wolf Jochen B W
Published: October 2019

Theory predicts that deleterious mutations accumulate more readily in small populations. As a consequence, mutation load is expected to be elevated in species where life-history strategies and geographic or historical contingencies reduce the number of reproducing individuals. Yet, few studies have empirically tested this prediction using genome-wide data in a comparative framework. We collected whole-genome sequencing data for 147 individuals across seven crow species (Corvus spp.). For each species, we estimated the distribution of fitness effects of deleterious mutations and compared it with proxies of the effective population size Ne. Island species with comparatively smaller geographic range sizes had a significantly increased mutation load. These results support the view that small populations have an elevated risk of mutational meltdown, which may contribute to the higher extinction rates observed in island species.
Computational Framework for High-Quality Production and Large-Scale Evolutionary Analysis of Metagenome Assembled Genomes
Authors: Murovec Boštjan , Deutsch Leon , Stres Blaz
Published: October 2019

Microbial species play important roles in different environments and the production of high-quality genomes from metagenome data sets represents a major obstacle to understanding their ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Metagenome-Assembled Genomes Orchestra (MAGO) is a computational framework that integrates and simplifies metagenome assembly, binning, bin improvement, bin quality (completeness and contamination), bin annotation, and evolutionary placement of bins via detailed maximum-likelihood phylogeny based on multiple marker genes using different amino acid substitution models, next to average nucleotide identity analysis of genomes for delineation of species boundaries and operational taxonomic units. MAGO offers streamlined execution of the entire metagenomics pipeline, error checking, computational resource distribution and compatibility of data formats, governed by user-tailored pipeline processing. MAGO is an open-source-software package released in three different ways, as a singularity image and a Docker container for HPC purposes as well as for running MAGO on a commodity hardware, and a virtual machine for gaining a full access to MAGO underlying structure and source code. MAGO is open to suggestions for extensions and is amenable for use in both research and teaching of genomics and molecular evolution of genomes assembled from small single-cell projects or large-scale and complex environmental metagenomes.
Eutherian-Specific Gene TRIML2 Attenuates Inflammation in the Evolution of Placentation
Authors: Zhang Xuzhe , Pavlicev Mihaela , Jones Helen N , Muglia Louis J
Published: October 2019

Evolution of highly invasive placentation in the stem lineage of eutherians and subsequent extension of pregnancy set eutherians apart from other mammals, that is, marsupials with short-lived placentas, and oviparous monotremes. Recent studies suggest that eutherian implantation evolved from marsupial attachment reaction, an inflammatory process induced by the direct contact of fetal placenta with maternal endometrium after the breakdown of the shell coat, and shortly before the onset of parturition. Unique to eutherians, a dramatic downregulation of inflammation after implantation prevents the onset of premature parturition, and is critical for the maintenance of gestation. This downregulation likely involved evolutionary changes on maternal as well as fetal/placental side. Tripartite-motif family-like2 (TRIML2) only exists in eutherian genomes and shows preferential expression in preimplantation embryos, and trophoblast-derived structures, such as chorion and placental disc. Comparative genomic evidence supports that TRIML2 originated from a gene duplication event in the stem lineage of Eutheria that also gave rise to eutherian TRIML1. Compared with TRIML1, TRIML2 lost the catalytic RING domain of E3 ligase. However, only TRIML2 is induced in human choriocarcinoma cell line JEG3 with poly(I:C) treatment to simulate inflammation during viral infection. Its knockdown increases the production of proinflammatory cytokines and reduces trophoblast survival during poly(I:C) stimulation, while its overexpression reduces proinflammatory cytokine production, supporting TRIML2’s role as a regulatory inhibitor of the inflammatory pathways in trophoblasts. TRIML2’s potential virus-interacting PRY/SPRY domain shows significant signature of selection, suggesting its contribution to the evolution of eutherian-specific inflammation regulation during placentation.
Sulfur-centered hemi-bond radicals as active intermediates in S-DNA phosphorothioate oxidation
Authors: Jie Jialong , Xia Ye , Huang Chun-Hua , Zhao Hongmei , Yang Chunfan , Liu Kunhui , Song Di , Zhu Ben-Zhan , Su Hongmei
Published: October 2019

Phosphorothioate (PS) modifications naturally appear in bacteria and archaea genome and are widely used as antisense strategy in gene therapy. But the chemical effects of PS introduction as a redox active site into DNA (S-DNA) is still poorly understood. Herein, we perform time-resolved spectroscopy to examine the underlying mechanisms and dynamics of the PS oxidation by potent radicals in free model, in dinucleotide, and in S-oligomer. The crucial sulphur-centered hemi-bonded intermediates -P–S∴S–P- were observed and found to play critical roles leading to the stable adducts of -P–S–S–P-, which are backbone DNA lesion products. Moreover, the oxidation of the PS moiety in dinucleotides d[GPSG], d[APSA], d[GPSA], d[APSG] and in S-oligomers was monitored in real-time, showing that PS oxidation can compete with adenine but not with guanine. Significantly, hole transfer process from A+• to PS and concomitant -P–S∴S–P- formation was observed, demonstrating the base-to-backbone hole transfer unique to S-DNA, which is different from the normally adopted backbone-to-base hole transfer in native DNA. These findings reveal the distinct backbone lesion pathway brought by the PS modification and also imply an alternative -P–S∴S–P-/-P–S–S–P- pathway accounting for the interesting protective role of PS as an oxidation sacrifice in bacterial genome.
The effect of increasing dialysate magnesium on calciprotein particles, inflammation and bone markers: post hoc analysis from a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Bressendorff Iain , Hansen Ditte , Pasch Andreas , Holt Stephen G , Schou Morten , Brandi Lisbet , Smith Edward R
Published: October 2019

Background

The formation of calciprotein particles (CPPs) may be an important component of the humoral defences against ectopic calcification. Although magnesium (Mg) has been shown to delay the transition of amorphous calcium-/phosphate-containing primary CPP (CPP-1) to crystalline apatite-containing secondary CPP (CPP-2) ex vivo, effects on the endogenous CPP pool are unknown.

Methods

We used post hoc analyses from a randomized double-blind parallel-group controlled clinical trial of 28 days treatment with high dialysate Mg of 2.0 mEq/L versus standard dialysate Mg of 1.0 mEq/L in 57 subjects undergoing maintenance hemodialysis for end-stage kidney disease. CPP load, markers of systemic inflammation and bone turnover were measured at baseline and follow-up.

Results

After 28 days of treatment with high dialysate Mg, serum total CPP (−52%), CPP-1 (−42%) and CPP-2 (−68%) were lower in the high Mg group (all P < 0.001) but were unchanged in the standard dialysate Mg group. Tumour necrosis factor-α (−20%) and interleukin-6 (−22%) were also reduced with high dialysate Mg treatment (both P < 0.01). High dialysate Mg resulted in higher levels of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (a marker of bone formation) (+17%) but lower levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5 b (a marker of bone resorption; −33%) (both P < 0.01). Inflammatory cytokines and bone turnover markers were unchanged in the standard dialysate Mg group over the same period.

Conclusions

In this exploratory analysis, increasing dialysate Mg was associated with reduced CPP load and systemic inflammation and divergent changes in markers of bone formation and resorption.
GRP94 promotes brain metastasis by engaging pro-survival autophagy
Authors: Santana-Codina Naiara , Muixí Laia , Foj Ruben , Sanz-Pamplona Rebeca , Badia-Villanueva Miriam , Abramowicz Agata , Marcé-Grau Anna , Cosialls Ana María , Gil Joan , Archilla Ivan , Pedrosa Leire , Gonzalez Josep , Aldecoa Iban , Sierra Angels
Published: October 2019

Background

GRP94 is a glucose-regulated protein critical for survival in endoplasmic reticulum stress. Expression of GRP94 is associated with cellular transformation and increased tumorigenicity in breast cancer. Specifically, overexpression of GRP94 predicts brain metastasis (BM) in breast carcinoma patients with either triple negative or ErbB2 positive tumors. The aim of this study was to understand if microenvironmental regulation of GRP94 expression might be a hinge orchestrating BM progression.

Methods

GRP94 ablation was performed in a BM model BR-eGFP-CMV/Luc-V5CA1 (BRV5CA1) of breast cancer. In vitro results were validated in a dataset of 29 metastases in diverse organs from human breast carcinomas and in BM tissue from tumors of different primary origin. BM patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) were used to test sensitivity to the therapeutic approach.

Results

BMs that overexpress GRP94 as well as tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 are more resistant to glucose deprivation by induction of anti-apoptotic proteins (B-cell lymphoma 2 and inhibitors of apoptosis proteins) and engagement of pro-survival autophagy. GRP94 ablation downregulated autophagy in tumor cells, resulting in increased BM survival in vivo. These results were validated in a metastasis dataset from human patients, suggesting that targeting autophagy might be strategic for BM prevention. Indeed, hydroxychloroquine treatment of preclinical models of BM from PDX exerts preventive inhibition of tumor growth (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

We show that GRP94 is directly implicated in BM establishment by activating pro-survival autophagy. Disruption of this compensatory fueling route might prevent metastatic growth.
High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation at 10 kHz for the Treatment of Combined Neck and Arm Pain: Results From a Prospective Multicenter Study
Authors: Amirdelfan Kasra , Vallejo Ricardo , Benyamin Ramsin , Yu Cong , Yang Thomas , Bundschu Richard , Yearwood Thomas L , Sitzman B Todd , Gliner Bradford , Subbaroyan Jeyakumar , Rotte Anand , Caraway David
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Intractable neck and upper limb pain has historically been challenging to treat with conventional spinal cord stimulation (SCS) being limited by obtaining effective paresthesia coverage.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the safety and effectiveness of the 10-kHz SCS system, a paresthesia-independent therapy, in the treatment of neck and upper limb pain.

METHODS

Subjects with chronic, intractable neck and/or upper limb pain of ≥5 cm (on a 0-10 cm visual analog scale [VAS]) were enrolled in 6 US centers following an investigational device exemption from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and institutional review board approval. Each subject was implanted with 2 epidural leads spanning C2-C6 vertebral bodies. Subjects with successful trial stimulation were implanted with a Senza® system (Nevro Corp) and included in the evaluation of the primary safety and effectiveness endpoints.

RESULTS

In the per protocol population, the primary endpoint (≥50% pain relief at 3 mo) was achieved in 86.7% (n = 39/45) subjects. Compared to baseline, subjects reported a significant reduction (P < .001) in their mean (± standard error of the mean) VAS scores at 12-mo assessment for neck pain (7.6 ± 0.2 cm, n = 42 vs 1.5 ± 0.3 cm, n = 37) and upper limb pain (7.1 ± 0.3 cm, n = 24 vs 1.0 ± 0.2 cm, n = 20). At 12-mo assessment, 89.2% of subjects with neck pain and 95.0% with upper limb pain had ≥50% pain relief from baseline, 95.0% reported to be “satisfied/very satisfied” and 30.0% either eliminated or reduced their opioid intake.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, 10-kHz SCS can treat intractable neck and upper limb pain with stable long-term outcomes.
OVERVIEW OF AIRCREW EXPOSURE TO COSMIC RADIATION IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Authors: Kubančák Ján , Kyselová Dagmar , Kovář Ivan , Hlaváčová Magdaléna , Langer Ronald , Strhársky Igor , Kudela Karel , Davídková Marie , Ploc Ondřej
Published: October 2019

Monitoring of exposures of aircrew members of airline operators registered in the Czech Republic has been performed since 1998. The individual effective doses are calculated using the computer code CARI annually. The calculations are based on information about participation of aircrew members on the specific flights and on the parameters describing the typical flight profiles of the flights; the latter is regularly verified with control measurements performed onboard aircraft. The results show that (1) the average annual effective doses in the period from 1998 to 2017 range from 1.3 to 2.1 mSv, (2) the maximum effective dose of a crew member is 5.7 mSv and (3) the annual collective effective doses range from 1.3 to 4.1 manSv. Combined relative uncertainty of the results is ~25%.
CAR-BORNE SURVEY OF NATURAL BACKGROUND GAMMA RADIATION IN WESTERN, EASTERN AND SOUTHERN THAILAND
Authors: Kranrod Chutima , Chanyotha Supitcha , Pengvanich Phongphaegh , Kritsananuwat Rawiwan , Ploykrathok Thamaborn , Sriploy Phongyut , Hosoda Masahiro , Tokonami Shinji
Published: October 2019

Natural background gamma radiation was measured along the main roads in the eastern, western and southern regions of Thailand using a car-borne survey system with a 3-in × 3-in NaI (Tl) scintillation spectrometer. The system was able to quickly survey a large area and obtain outdoor absorbed dose rate in air from a gamma ray pulse height distribution. A total of 19 219 data of the outdoor absorbed dose rate in air were collected. The average outdoor absorbed dose rate in air in the eastern, western and southern regions were found to be 8–127, 16–119 and 16–141 nGy h -1 , respectively. The highest outdoor absorbed dose rate in air was detected in the southern region of Thailand. The corresponding average outdoor annual effective dose to the public ranged from 11.7 to 80.8 μSv.