bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of a Nanoclay Reinforced Gelatin‐Based Hybrid Hydrogel
Authors: Sakr Mahmoud A. , Siddiqua Sumi , Shin Su Ryon , Kim Keekyoung
Published: January 2025

Bentonite clay nanoparticles assume a pivotal role in 3D bioprinting and tissue engineering by augmenting the mechanical rigidity and biological efficacy of hydrogels. In this investigation, Span80 was employed as a surfactant to facilitate the synthesis of uniformly sized bentonite nanoparticles measuring approximately 700 nm in diameter. The resultant hybrid hydrogel displaced a marked increase in compressive modulus, achieving a peak value of 17.5 kPa, including 1% bentonite twice that of the unmodified gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA). The discernible enhancements in the physical and biological characteristics of the hydrogel underscore its considerable potential for applications in tissue engineering. This includes heightened mechanical rigidity, robust cell viability, and a meticulously regulated degradation rate. While further examinations are imperative to evaluate the viability of the developed hydrogel comprehensively, its auspicious physical and biological attributes strongly suggest its potential utility in the domain of tissue engineering and bioprinting.
Ultrasound‐assisted sol–gel synthesis of N‐TiO2, Fe‐TiO2, and TiO2 with application in treatment of a commercial effluent
Authors: Dey Ananya , Vashishtha Lakshay , Gogate Parag R
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND

Nitrogen doped titanium dioxide (N‐TiO2), iron doped titanium dioxide (Fe‐TiO2), and undoped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocatalysts were synthesized using sol–gel method aided with ultrasound (US). The effects of duty cycle, US‐power, and US irradiation time on catalyst characteristics were investigated so as to establish the best synthesis conditions.

RESULTS

The optimum parameters for minimum mean size of catalyst particles were 60% duty cycle, 100 W power, and 20 min as irradiation time. X‐Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the primary phase of all nanocatalysts was anatase with crystallite size as 46.29 nm, 54.32 nm, and 56.17 nm for N‐TiO2, Fe‐TiO2, and undoped TiO2, respectively. Field electron scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) images confirmed that N‐TiO2 is a mixture of TiO2 microspheres and rice‐like structures whereas Fe‐TiO2 and undoped TiO2 were spherical. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study showed that both N‐TiO2 and Fe‐TiO2 exhibited minor shifts to lower binding energies when compared to the spectra of undoped TiO2. The application studies for obtained catalysts using simple ultrasonic horn and disc horn coupled with oxidants revealed best results (51.67% reduction in COD) using disc horn for N‐TiO2 catalyst obtained using ultrasound at pH of 12 and addition of a 20 mL per L−1 dose of H2O2.

CONCLUSION

Doping TiO2 with metal and non‐metal ions coupled with using ultrasound in synthesis improved the catalytic activity with maximum COD reduction of commercial effluent obtained for disk horn + N‐TiO2 + H2O2 based approach. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
The Relationship Between ADAMTS‐4 and ADAMTS‐5 Enzyme Levels in Patients With Degenerative Disc Disease: A Prospective Biochemical Study
Authors: Tuncer Cansu , Eminoğlu Emin Mehmet , Yağlı Ömer Emre , Baş Gülçin , Topal Ahmet Sancar , Onur Ece , Özdemir Habib , Yılmaz Şemsi Güliz , Ovalı Gülgün Yılmaz , Temiz Cüneyt
Published: January 2025

Study Design

Prospective biochemical study of comparison of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin motifs‐4 (ADAMTS‐4) and A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS5) levels in preoperative and postoperative venous blood, as well as in disc tissue obtained during surgery, in patients undergoing surgery for intervertebral disc disease, with enzyme levels in venous blood from a control group.

Objective

To compare the levels of ADAMTS‐4 and ADAMTS‐5 between patients with degenerative intervertebral discs and a healthy control group, aiming to identify biomarkers associated with intervertebral disc degeneration.

Literature

Although numerous studies have investigated the relationship between ADAMTS‐4 and ADAMTS‐5 enzymes and degeneration in experimental rat models and human tissues, no study has correlated their serum levels with intervertebral disc degeneration.

Method and Materials

Venous blood samples were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively from 41 patients (age: 42 ± 9.7 years, range 20–63) diagnosed with intervertebral disc disease. The affected disc levels were L4‐L5 in 22 patients and L5‐S1 in 19 patients. These patients were selected based on surgical indications due to radicular pain that persisted after an adequate course of conservative management, without any non‐neurological deficit. Disc tissue samples were also obtained during surgery. Additionally, venous blood samples were collected from a control group with no diagnosed diseases, and lumbar MRIs of the control group showed no significant signs of degeneration. ADAMTS‐4 and ADAMTS‐5 levels were measured using the ELISA method on samples obtained after centrifugation of the collected blood and tissue specimens.

Results

The level of ADAMTS‐4 in patient serum was found to be lower compared to the control group, while the level of ADAMTS‐5 was higher in the patient serum and lower in the control group.

Conclusion

Elevated levels of ADAMTS‐5 in the blood may be associated with intervertebral disc degeneration.
Efficient Emission of Lanthanide Ion in Double Perovskite Nanocrystals Enabled by Synergistic Effect of Energy Level Modulation and Crystal‐Field Engineering
Authors: Bai Songchao , Pan Gencai , Li Chao , Wang Yinhua , Li Xueguo , Wang Jiwei , Yang Gang , Zhu Yongsheng
Published: January 2025

Trivalent lanthanide (Ln3+) ions with ladderlike 4f energy levels, as dopants, can endow luminescent matrix with more diverse optoelectronic properties, and a wider application. However, their luminescent intensity is usually limited by the parity forbidden transition rule and the energy level mismatch between the host and dopant. Herein, Ln3+ ions doped Cs2Na1‐xKxY0.97Sb0.03Cl6 nanocrystals (NCs) are prepared, and the photoluminescence quantum yields of all samples with visible and near‐infrared emissions have surprisingly reached over 50%, therein, the value of Tb3+ doped Cs2Na0.6K0.4Y0.97Sb0.03Cl6 NCs is dramatically up to 83.3%, which is a new breakthrough in the field of lead‐free perovskite NCs. From the first principles calculations, crystal structure, and spectroscopic analysis, this benefits from the synergistic effect of deformation energy levels provided by Sb3+ ions doping and crystal field environment distortion induced K+ ions doping. That is, the localized distortion of the crystal field induced by K+ ions doping causes energy level splitting of Sb3+ ions, resulting in more effective energy transfer efficiency from the host to Ln3+ ions, simultaneously introducing opposite odd parity, and breaking the forbidden transition rule, promoting luminescence intensity of Ln3+ ions. This work will open a route to develop efficient Ln3+ ions doped luminescent materials.
Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of 23 French Patients With Neurolymphomatosis
Authors: Asmani Dylan , Chanson Jean‐Baptiste , Tard Céline , Svahn Juliette , Pegat Antoine , Magot Armelle , Péréon Yann , Camdessanché Jean‐Philippe , Naudin Samuel , Colin Olivier , Taieb Guillaume , Coulibaly Idrissa , Magy Laurent , Frachet Simon
Published: January 2025

Introduction/Aims

Neurolymphomatosis is a hematological condition defined by the direct infiltration of malignant lymphomatous cells into the peripheral nervous system. Since nerve conduction studies may disclose demyelinating features, clinicians may misdiagnose neurolymphomatosis as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). This study aimed to determine whether patients with neurolymphomatosis met the 2021 revised criteria for CIDP.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 23 patients with primary or secondary neurolymphomatosis from nine French hospitals. We analyzed whether patients with a diagnosis of neurolymphomatosis met the 2010 and 2021 CIDP criteria.

Results

152 motor nerves were analyzed, and conduction blocks were found in 13.8% of them. Eight patients (34.7%) demonstrated at least one conduction block. Other demyelinating parameters fulfilling the 2021 CIDP criteria were rare, including reduced conduction velocities (1.7%), prolonged distal motor latencies (3%), absent F‐waves (12.4%), and prolonged F‐wave latencies (7.7%). Five patients met the 2010 CIDP criteria, whereas only one met the 2021 CIDP criteria.

Discussion

Demyelinating features are rare in neurolymphomatosis, and a conduction block is the most frequent abnormality. Consequently, only one patient met the 2021 criteria for CIDP diagnosis. This is likely attributable to the inclusion of sensory criteria. Furthermore, the new criteria emphasize the importance of identifying red flags, such as pain or monoclonal gammopathy, which could suggest an alternative diagnosis to CIDP. Clinicians should consider neurolymphomatosis in patients who present with red flags or atypical CIDP.
Pilot functional magnetic resonance imaging study of clemastine‐aided functional recovery on a mouse model of demyelination
Authors: Egimendia Ander , de la Pisa Irati L. , Padro Daniel , Colás Lorena , Plaza‐García Sandra , Otaegui David , Ramos‐Cabrer Pedro
Published: January 2025

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease characterized by autoimmune attacks on myelin sheaths. Its deleterious effects may be reversed by remyelination, a process that restores the integrity of myelin sheaths and, consequently, neuronal function. However, the functional implications of demyelination and remyelination in MS, as well as the potential impact of therapeutic interventions, remain incompletely understood. We used noninvasive longitudinal resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging in a cuprizone murine model of demyelination to investigate these unsolved questions.

Methods

Three groups of (n = 6) animals were studied. A control group was fed with standard food for 5 weeks while two treatment groups (cuprizone and clemastine) suffered progressive demyelination by feeding them with 2% cuprizone. At Week 5 (W5), all animals returned to the standard diet and studied for another 5‐week period to compare controls vs spontaneous (cuprizone group) vs clemastine‐aided (clemastine group) remyelination group. Group clemastine was treated with this antihistaminic (oral gavage) during the remyelination period (Weeks 5–10). Anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (T2w‐MRI) and resting state functional MRI (rs‐FMRI) studies were conducted on weeks W0, W2, W5 (maximal demyelination) W7 and W10 (remyelination). MRI images were processed with the FMRIB Software Library, involving seed‐free functional imaging and seed‐based correlation. This study uses the t‐test and the D'Agostino–Pearson normality test to make an assessment.

Results

The principal findings of our research include: (1) cuprizone‐treated animals suffer an initial phase of elevated connectivity at Week 2 with respect to controls, transitioning to reduced connectivity at Week 5; (2) different temporal trajectories across brain regions, reflecting varying susceptibility to demyelination; (3) while spontaneous remyelination normalizes connectivity in most networks at Week 10 (5 weeks after ceasing cuprizone intoxication), the thalamocortical axis exhibits lasting disruption even 6 months after normalization of diet; and (4) on the contrary, clemastine‐aided remyelination re‐establishes normal thalamocortical connectivity at 6 months after demyelination.

Conclusion

This approach provides insights into the dynamic processes of demyelination and remyelination, informing the development of more effective interventions for MS.
Substituent‐Driven Anion‐Binding Selectivity in Aliphatic Chain‐Substituted 1,2‐Phenylene Urea Macrocycles and Optimized Synthetic Methodology
Authors: Svobodová Kateřina , Eigner Václav , Brancale Andrea , Cuřínová Petra , Himl Michal
Published: January 2025

1,2‐Phenylene tetraurea macrocycles recently attracted attention as self‐assembled channel‐making compounds with high selectivity to chlorides. Here, we report on the introduction of aliphatic chains in the periphery of the 1,2‐phenylene tetraurea macrocycle, which led to deterioration in the ability of the macrocycle to form channels and to a reversal of anion binding preferences in favour of dihydrogen phosphate. In addition, we have developed a new method of synthesis of 1,2‐phenylene tetraurea macrocycle, using a direct click of two diamino ureido derivatives by triphosgene in the presence of chloride template. This approach saves time and eliminates demanding isolation of the non‐cyclic tetrameric intermediates.
Comparing Two Methods for Producing Guar Gum‐Based Films by the Casting Method and Their Impact on the Physicochemical Properties of the Films
Authors: Ramos Sofia Maria Tanaka , dos Santos Araujo Elder , Leandro Gabriel Coelho , Valencia Germán Ayala
Published: January 2025

Guar gum (GG)‐based films have potential packaging applications; however, this material can be produced by dispersing GG in hot and cold water. This research aimed to produce GG‐based films using two dispersing methods for this macromolecule and to compare the physicochemical properties of the obtained films. GG‐based films were produced using the conventional method (M1), where the macromolecule was dispersed in hot water at 80°C. An alternative method (M2) using an industrial blender was used to disperse GG at room temperature. All films exhibited a homogenous visual aspect; however, films manufactured with the M1 exhibited cracks in their surface, increasing moisture content and reducing mechanical properties and surface hydrophobicity. In contrast, GG‐based films produced using the M2 approach had regular surfaces, less moisture content, improved mechanical properties, and hydrophobic surfaces. Other properties, such as thickness, chemical bonds, barrier properties, and optical properties, were not altered by the dispersion method. The use of M2 is an alternative for shorter production time and cost of films. This research report contains the first‐time information about the production of GG‐based films and their impact on the physicochemical properties of films for packaging applications.
Parental Acceptance of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among Females Treated for Childhood Cancer and/or With Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Cai Jiaoyang , Cheung Yin Ting , Gao Yijin , Hu Wenting , Chen Jing , Pui Ching‐Hon , Deng Pengfei , Fei Yi , Cao Qing , Hudson Melissa M.
Published: January 2025

Background

Survivors of childhood cancer (CCS) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients are at increased risk of human papillomavirus (HPV)‐associated malignancies. Although HPV vaccination is recommended for these groups, parental acceptance remains uncertain.

Procedure

We recruited caregivers of female CCS/HSCT aged ≥9 years from the Shanghai Children's Medical Center (SCMC) vaccination clinic. Caregivers of females who were at least 6 months post treatment, off immunosuppressants, and disease‐free were eligible. Caregivers completed a questionnaire assessing demographics, HPV knowledge, and their willingness to vaccinate their daughters.

Results

Of the 219 caregivers enrolled, 195 (89.0%) completed the survey. Among the children of caregivers who responded, 44.6% (87/195) had undergone HSCT. All respondent caregivers lacked awareness that the HPV vaccine was recommended for their daughters. Willingness to vaccinate was endorsed by 65.1% (127/195) of caregivers, and was significantly associated with a household income over ¥50,000 (p = 0.02), the mother's HPV vaccination status (p < 0.001), and their daughter receiving any vaccination post therapy (p = 0.02). The most common reasons for vaccine refusal included concerns about its impact on the child's primary disease (64.7%, 44/68), vaccine safety (58.8%, 40/68), and the belief that their child was too young for HPV vaccination (50.0%, 34/68). Only 15 of the 127 (11.8%) caregivers who initially expressed willingness to vaccinate their children had actually initiated vaccination.

Conclusion

A substantial minority of Chinese caregivers of female CCS/HSCT are hesitant to vaccinate their daughters against HPV. Addressing caregivers’ knowledge deficits and misperceptions about vaccine safety and barriers to accessing HPV vaccination is important to improve uptake.
Fetal Therapy for Severe Drug‐Resisted Tachyarrhythmia With Progressive Hydrops by Fetoscopic Transesophageal Pacing: A Successful Attempt in Single Chinese Fetal Medicine Center
Authors: Wang Hao , Luo Wenfei , Gongli Chen
Published: January 2025

Objective

To describe the outcome of a case of severe drug‐resistant fetal tachyarrhythmia with progressive hydrops treated with fetoscopic transesophageal pacing (FTEP).

Method

A case of fetal tachyarrhythmia complicated by progressive hydrops is presented. The fetus, diagnosed at 26+2 weeks of gestation, had supraventricular tachycardia with a mechanism suggestive of atrial reentry. Maternal treatment included digoxin, sotalol and amiodarone, which were ineffective in controlling the arrhythmia. After failure of pharmacological therapy, FTEP was performed.

Results

A male baby was delivered by cesarean section, with the Apgar scores of 10 at 1 min, 5 and 10 min at 35+2 weeks of gestation. An initial neonatal electrocardiogram demonstrated normal sinus rhythm. Follow‐up is now up to 1 year, without tachyarrhythmia or cardiac dysfunction.

Conclusion

FTEP offers a potential rescue therapy for cases of severe drug‐resistant fetal tachyarrhythmia associated with progressive fetal hydrops and cardiac dysfunction.
Success of the German Cystic Fibrosis Registry
Authors: Naehrlich Lutz , Burkhart Manuel ,   Registry Working Group of the German CF Registry
Published: January 2025

The German Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Registry (GCFR) is a national General Data Protection Regulation–compliant centralised database sponsored by the German Cystic Fibrosis Association (Mukoviszidose e.V.) and based on informed consent for each participating patient, ethical approval, and data protection votes. The aims of the GCFR are to optimise quality of care for CF at the centres, generate epidemiologic overviews, address research questions related to improved CF care, and inform caregivers, patients (aimed at patient empowerment), and health authorities and industry (aimed at care planning and pharmacovigilance). Established in 1995, the Registry has captured data on > 9600 individuals with a combined total of more than 140 000 annual assessments with an estimated coverage rate of > 90%. Patient data are collected after informed consent and confirmed diagnosis of CF, or a CFTR‐related disorder, or a screening‐positive inconclusive diagnosis of CF (i.e., CFSPID). The registry collects core, encounter, and annual health data. Data include demographics, anthropometrics, lung function, microbiology, CF‐specific complications and chronic medications, hospitalisations, demand‐oriented antibiotic therapies, and outcomes (death and transplants). Real world and pharmacovigilance studies have been published and additional research underway; there is a formal process for requesting access to the GCFR.
More Drugs and Fewer Strokes? Time Trends in CVD Medication and Incidence of Stroke With German Health Insurance Data
Authors: Mond Lieselotte , Geyer Siegfried , Tetzlaff Juliane , Weißenborn Karin , Schneider Johanna , Epping Jelena
Published: January 2025

Background

Successful prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) may reduce the burden of diseases. Preventive medication is an important measure to decrease the risks of cardiovascular events, in particular myocardial infarction and stroke. The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of CVD preventive medication in Germany over time with respect to sex and age and to compare it with the temporal development of strokes.

Methods

The study is based on statutory health insurance claims data from the AOK Niedersachsen (AOKN) covering the years 2005–2018. The study population comprises all AOKN insured persons aged 18 years and older (N = 2 088 495). Age‐standardized time trends of the prevalence of CVD preventive medication and incidence of stroke were calculated for men and women in different age groups. After that, the relationship of both measures was examined in an ecological correlation.

Results

We found a clear increase in medication prevalence over time. In 2018, about 35% of the total population and about 85% of those over 85 years of age received CVD preventive medication. At the same time, age‐standardized incidence rates of ischemic stroke were decreasing slightly. The ecological correlation showed a negative association between medication prevalence and stroke incidence especially in the higher age groups.

Conclusion

High correlation coefficients indicate that higher medication prevalence could be linked to better population health. Further research is needed to draw conclusions about the effects of increasing medicalization, including adverse risks and side effects at the population level.
Evaluating an ICD‐10 Based Proxy for Date of Birth in Electronic Health Record Data
Authors: Burns Sara , Mueller Ariel , Smith Matthew , Houle Timothy , Farber Michaela K. , Hossain Tanzeema , Manjourides Justin
Published: January 2025

Purpose

To comply with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) Privacy Rule, many real‐world data providers mask a patient's date of birth by supplying only year of birth to data users. The lack of granularity around patient age is a challenge when using RWD, especially for pediatric research studies. In this study, a proxy for patient date of birth is evaluated using electronic health record (EHR) data.

Methods

This validation study leverages a retrospective cohort of EHR data from Mass General Brigham (MGB) patients born between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2022, to assess the use of the date of a patient's first observed International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision Clinical Modification (ICD‐10‐CM) day‐of birth code (Z37* or Z38*) as a proxy for date of birth. Alternative proxy measures such as date of first other infancy‐related ICD‐10‐CM code and date of first clinical activity were also assessed.

Results

Of 82 398 patients born during the five‐year study period, 58 047 (70.4%) had an ICD‐10‐CM birth code and were included in the primary analysis. The mean difference between true date of birth and first observed birth code was 0.3 days with a standard deviation of 15.0 days. The first observed birth code occurred within 30 days of the true date of birth in 99.9% of cases.

Conclusion

Results from this study suggest that the date of the first day‐of ICD‐10‐CM birth code can be used as a proxy for true patient date of birth in pediatric RWD studies.
Use of Causal Framework to Evaluate Effect of Abuse Deterrent Properties of Extended‐Release Oxycodone on Tampering in a Real‐World Settings
Authors: Rockhill Karilynn M. , Burkett Hannah , Dart Richard , Black Joshua C.
Published: January 2025

Purpose

To assess whether exposure to an extended‐release (ER) oxycodone with abuse deterrent properties (ADF) reduced tampering of oxycodone in a real‐world, postmarket setting to address the thinking behind Category 4 labeling by the FDA.

Methods

Data from an observational cross‐sectional study of the general adult population (2022) was used under a causal framework to estimate the confounding‐adjusted odds of tampering oxycodone after exposure to two types of ADF ER oxycodone. The tampering behaviors of those who used only single entity immediate‐release (SE‐IR) oxycodone was used as a comparison. The tampering outcome was defined as use by snorting, smoking, or injecting any oxycodone (ER or SE‐IR). A directed acyclic graph was used to identify covariates. Average treatment effect among the treated was estimated using inverse propensity score weighting combined with survey weights in a regression.

Results

In 2022, 0.14% and 3.0% among the general population reported using the two ER oxycodone groups, while 2.4% used SE‐IR oxycodone. Propensity score analyses with both comparators (common support > 98%) balanced demographic, health, and drug use covariates. After adjustment for selection and confounding bias, among those who used ER oxycodone group 1 the odds ratio of tampering with any form of oxycodone was elevated but not statistically significant (2.25; 95% CI: 0.94, 5.39). The odds ratio of tampering by users of ER oxycodone group 2 was significantly elevated (1.90; 95% CI: 1.08, 3.19).

Conclusions

Tampering of ER oxycodone products by individuals was rare. We found evidence suggestive of elevated odds of tampering behaviors with use of an ADF ER oxycodone.
Using Quantitative Bias Analysis to Adjust for Misclassification of COVID‐19 Outcomes: An Applied Example of Inhaled Corticosteroids and COVID‐19 Outcomes
Authors: Bokern Marleen , Rentsch Christopher T. , Quint Jennifer K. , Hunnicutt Jacob , Douglas Ian , Schultze Anna
Published: January 2025

Background

During the pandemic, there was concern that underascertainment of COVID‐19 outcomes may impact treatment effect estimation in pharmacoepidemiologic studies. We assessed the impact of outcome misclassification on the association between inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and COVID‐19 hospitalisation and death in the United Kingdom during the first pandemic wave using probabilistic bias analysis (PBA).

Methods

Using data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum, we defined a cohort with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on 1 March 2020. We compared the risk of COVID‐19 hospitalisation and death among users of ICS/long‐acting β‐agonist (LABA) and users of LABA/LAMA using inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW) logistic regression. We used PBA to assess the impact of non‐differential outcome misclassification. We assigned beta distributions to sensitivity and specificity and sampled from these 100 000 times for summary‐level and 10 000 times for record‐level PBA. Using these values, we simulated outcomes and applied IPTW logistic regression to adjust for confounding and misclassification. Sensitivity analyses excluded ICS + LABA + LAMA (triple therapy) users.

Results

Among 161 411 patients with COPD, ICS users had increased odds of COVID‐19 hospitalisations and death compared with LABA/LAMA users (OR for COVID‐19 hospitalisation 1.59 (95% CI 1.31–1.92); OR for COVID‐19 death 1.63 (95% CI 1.26–2.11)). After IPTW and exclusion of people using triple therapy, ORs moved towards the null. All implementations of QBA, both record‐ and summary‐level PBA, modestly shifted the ORs away from the null and increased uncertainty.

Conclusions

We observed increased risks of COVID‐19 hospitalisation and death among ICS users compared to LABA/LAMA users. Outcome misclassification was unlikely to change the conclusions of the study, but confounding by indication remains a concern.
Plot‐level satellite imagery can substitute for UAVs in assessing maize phenotypes across multistate field trials
Authors: Shrestha Nikee , Powadi Anirudha , Davis Jensina , Ayanlade Timilehin T. , Liu Huyu , Tross Michael C. , Mathivanan Ramesh K. , Bares Jordan , Lopez‐Corona Lina , Turkus Jonathan , Coffey Lisa , Jubery Talukder Zaki , Ge Yufeng , Sarkar Soumik , Schnable James C. , Ganapathysubramanian Baskar , Schnable Patrick S.
Published: January 2025

Societal Impact Statement

Maize plays a key role in agricultural profitability and food security on six continents. Successful efforts to breed higher‐yielding maize varieties depend on replicated yield trials in many environments. Capturing in‐season data can help improve and accelerate the development of regionally adapted hybrids, but collecting these data can be impractical in many locations. We demonstrate that satellite remote sensing could play a similar role in crop performance assessment as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) but with far lower labor costs and the greatest ease of collection at remote field sites. This dataset and benchmarks have the potential to enable predictive models that could guide farmers and crop breeders in decision‐making.

Accurate early yield estimates at fields and plots offer potential benefits to farmers in optimizing their agronomic practices and breeders in screening thousands of varieties contributing to improving agriculture and food production systems. Effective approaches to track plant growth and predict yield require large datasets of remote sensing and ground truth data collected across multiple environments.

Low‐altitude drone flights are increasingly being used to collect data from field evaluations of new crop varieties, while satellite imagery is being explored to track yield and management practices at regional scales. Satellite platforms exhibit logistical and technical advantages in scalability and accessibility and could facilitate plot‐level predictions, especially with steadily improving spatial resolution. However, plot‐level, high‐resolution satellite images capturing differences in genotypes from multiple environments with ground truth measurements are not publicly available.

Here, we generated, described, and evaluated over 20,000 plot‐level images of over 80 hybrid maize varieties grown across the US corn belt under various management practices collected from (near simultaneous) satellite and drone (synonym UAVs, UASs) flights integrated with ground truth yield measurement.

Of the six baseline models examined, models employing data collected from satellite images often matched the performance of models employing drone images for both within and cross‐environment yield prediction.
Celestial Topology, Symmetry Theories, and Evidence for a NonSUSY D3‐Brane CFT
Authors: Heckman Jonathan J. , Hübner Max
Published: January 2025

Symmetry Theories (SymThs) provide a flexible framework for analyzing the global categorical symmetries of a ‐dimensional in terms of a ‐dimensional bulk system . In QFTs realized via local string backgrounds, these SymThs naturally arise from dimensional reduction of the linking boundary geometry. To track possible time dependent effects we introduce a celestial generalization of the standard “boundary at infinity” of a SymTh. As an application of these considerations we revisit large quiver gauge theories realized by spacetime filling D3‐branes probing a non‐supersymmetric orbifold . Comparing the imprint of symmetry breaking on the celestial geometry at small and large ‘t Hooft coupling we find evidence for an intermediate symmetry preserving conformal fixed point.
Bridging System Dynamics and Causal Epidemiology: An Opportunity for Both Fields
Authors: Uleman Jeroen F. , Petersen Anne Helby , Rod Naja Hulvej
Published: January 2025

This paper examines the potential benefits of a deeper integration between system dynamics and causal inference as applied in epidemiology. We offer four suggestions for bridging these fields: two for what system dynamics can offer and two for what system dynamics stands to gain. First, we discuss the use of system dynamics to develop simulation models that emphasize feedback, (unobserved) dynamics, and multiscale interactions. Second, we note that the formalized participatory methods from system dynamics could help strengthen causal models in epidemiology. Third, we advocate for outlining and explicitly stating causal assumptions relevant to system dynamics research. Lastly, we suggest enhancing the causal structure of system dynamics models by triangulating participatory methods and literature review with data‐driven causal discovery. Through these suggestions, we envision the development of more credible and transparent causal models of complex health problems.
Enhancing Oxygen Spectra Interpretation by Calculating Oxygen Linked to Adventitious Carbon
Authors: Henderson J. D. , Payne B. P. , McIntyre N. S. , Biesinger M. C.
Published: January 2025

The presence of adventitious carbon on samples analysed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy can complicate data interpretation. Because adventitious carbon can contain a significant amount of oxygen‐containing functional groups, accounting for its contribution is essential when analysing oxygen. For example, accurately determining the oxygen concentration—free from adventitious carbon contributions—is often crucial for some data interpretation. Additionally, when modelling high‐resolution oxygen 1s spectra, the organic oxygen must be considered to ensure accurate interpretation. Although these aspects of data interpretation should ideally be guided by stoichiometry, the process can be tedious and challenging, particularly for novice users. This Insight Note introduces a method for accounting for organic oxygen associated with adventitious carbon. It provides background information, outlines key assumptions and includes an easy‐to‐use Excel calculator to support this analysis, making the approach more accessible, especially for novice users.
Electrochemo‐Mechanical Degradation and Failure of Active Particles in High Energy Density Batteries: A Review
Authors: Li Dawei , Shen Chenhao , Zheng Yuejiu , Xu Jun
Published: January 2025

Failure of the active particles is inherently electrochemo‐mechanics dominated. This review comprehensively examines the electrochemo‐mechanical degradation and failure mechanisms of active particles in high‐energy density lithium‐ion batteries. The study delves into the growth of passivating layers, such as the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and their impact on battery performance. It highlights the role of elevated temperatures in accelerating degradation reactions, such as the dissolution of transition metals and the formation of new SEI layers, leading to capacity fade and increased internal resistance. The review also discusses the mechanical degradation of electrode materials, including the fracture of active particles and the impact of stress on electrode performance. Advanced characterization techniques, such as cryogenic scanning transmission electron microscopy and 3D tomography, are explored to provide insights into the structural and chemical evolution of battery materials. By addressing the interplay between chemical, mechanical, and thermal factors, this review aims to provide guidelines for the chemistry development, material selection, structural design as well as recycling of next‐generation batteries with high safety, durability, and high energy density.
Biomimetic Cerium‐Assisted Supra‐Carbon Dots Assembly for Reactive Oxygen Species‐Activated Atherosclerosis Theranostic
Authors: Chen Qiao , Yang Xu , Yu Yao , Duan Xinmei , Ni Rongrong , Song Guojing , Zhu Li , Zhong Yuan , Qu Kai , Qin Xian , Zhang Kun , Luo Yang , Wu Wei
Published: January 2025

Theranostic applications in atherosclerosis plaque microenvironment‐triggered nanoplatforms are significantly compromised by the complex synthesis procedure, non‐specific distribution, and limited therapeutic function. Therefore, development of a facile and feasible method to construct a pathology‐based stimuli‐responsive nanoplatform with satisfactory theranostic performance remains a demanding and highly anticipated goal. Herein, a novel class of multifunctional supra‐carbon dots (CDs), denoted as MM@Ce‐CDs NPs, by a simple nanoassembly and a subsequent coating with macrophage membrane (MM), is developed for the targeted reactive oxygen species‐trigged theranostic and positive regulation of the pathological plaque microenvironment in AS. The harvested MM@Ce‐CDs NPs exhibit activatable fluorescence properties, photoacoustic characteristics, and cascade enzyme performances, which can be effectively activated under ROS stimulation in the plaque pathological microenvironment, enabling precise control over theranostic functions, while markedly enhancing diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic efficacy for AS management. Besides, MM@Ce‐CDs NPs can effectively manipulate the plaque microenvironment by reducing ROS levels and inflammation, alleviating M1 macrophage infiltration, and inhibiting foam cell formation, all together suppressing the pathological plaque development through the synergistic mechanisms. In addition, MM@Ce‐CDs NPs inherit the biomimetic biological functions from MM, facilitating a highly specific target delivery to AS.
An Advanced Multivalent Ligand‐Decorated Microsphere Enrichment System Efficiently Captures Circulating Tumor Cells In Vivo
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Jie , Ji Yang‐Ze , Luo Jun , Sun Ying , Zhou Tian‐Jiao , Wang Yi , Xing Lei , Jiang Hu‐Lin
Published: January 2025

Capturing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in vivo from the bloodstream lessens tumor metastasis and recurrence risks. However, the absence of CTC receptors due to epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), the limited binding capacity of a single ligand, and the complexity of the blood flow environment significantly reduce the efficiency of CTC capture in vivo. Herein, a multivalent ligand‐decorated microsphere enrichment system (MLMES) is crafted that incorporates a capture column replete with an immunosorbent that precisely recognizes and binds the stably expressed cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) and glucose transporter protein 1 (GLUT1) receptors present on the exterior of CTCs. As peripheral blood flows through the column, CTCs are efficiently captured, achieving an in vivo capture rate of up to 64.2%, the highest reported to date. Moreover, the MLMES demonstrates excellent biocompatibility, broad‐spectrum tumor cells capture, and storage stability. Importantly, it significantly eliminates a substantial quantity of CTCs from peripheral blood, reducing the risk of metastasis. This breakthrough method has broad clinical application potential in preventing tumor metastasis and recurrence, bringing new possibilities for improving cancer treatment.
Wettability and Spreading Kinetics between Some Refractory Materials and Molten Calcium Aluminate Slag
Authors: Wang Chengzhi , Xie Chunsheng , Xu Jifang , Wan Kang
Published: January 2025

The wetting properties and interface behavior of molten slag have a significant impact on the metallurgical process. The wetting behavior between molten calcium aluminate slag and substrates (Mo, MgO, graphite, BN, and Al2O3) is investigated at 1673 K. The findings indicate that molten slag has preferable wettability with Mo, MgO, and Al2O3 substrates, and low wettability with graphite and BN substrates. The addition of FeO in molten slag can reduce the time to reach wetting equilibrium, and increase the thickness of boundary layer in the wetting system. The dissolution and reaction phenomena are present at the interface between molten slag and MgO and Al2O3 substrates. No significant reaction products are observed at the interface between molten slag and the graphite, Mo, and BN substrates. The spreading process between molten slag and different substrates can be divided into four stages: physical spreading, reaction spreading, diffusion spreading, and wetting equilibrium. Based on the empirical model (Rn ∼ t), the spreading kinetic parameter n is calculated. When n is smaller than 10, the interfacial reaction is primarily what causes the spreading. When n is bigger than 10, inert driving forces (dissolution, permeation, adsorption, etc.) are mostly responsible for the wetting.
Investigation and Treatment of Infertility in a Female Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)
Authors: Bryant B. , Stoops M. A. , Conaghan J. , Williams J. , Campbell‐Ward M. , Wallace A. , Hobbs R. J. , Spiteri L. , Smith S. , O'Brien J. K.
Published: January 2025

A zoo‐based, 11‐year‐old, uniparous southern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor) failed to conceive after weaning a calf. Behavioral observation and fecal progestagen monitoring confirmed irregular estrous cycles. Serial transrectal reproductive ultrasound examination revealed the cause to be recurrent anovulatory hemorrhagic follicles (AHFs). After four consecutive abnormal cycles dominated by AHFs, rational hormone therapy was implemented. Injectable prostaglandins, progesterone, estradiol, and a GnRH analog were given strategically to disrupt AHFs, boost normal estrus behavior, and promote ovulation. Oxytocin was added to the treatment regimen when transient accumulations of intraluminal uterine fluid consistent with endometritis were observed ultrasonographically. Oral diazepam was given judiciously for anxiolysis after the animal developed an aversion to injection. Treatment, which proceeded over eight cycles, was eventually associated with the restoration of normal behavioral estrus and ovulation. The rhinoceros conceived after natural mating and induced ovulation, delivering a healthy calf 490 days later, the longest reported gestation for the species.
An Experimental Study of Consistency and Strength Variation of 3D-Printed Concrete Mixes
Authors: Vysochinskiy Dmitry , Madsen Gunnar , Lande Ingrid
Published: January 2025

Concrete three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has the potential to significantly reduce on-site labour activities, as 3D-printed concrete eliminates the need for formwork. However, challenges persist in ensuring the quality and strength of 3D-printed concrete. One of the factors likely to impact its strength is the fluctuation of the water-to-binder ratio (w/b) during the printing process. In contrast to traditional cast-in-place concrete, where the mix is prepared at the factory with a fixed water-to-binder ratio, 3D-printed concrete is continuously mixed from a dry mix during printing. The amount of water added to the dry mix is routinely adjusted by the printer operator to maintain optimal consistency. This adjustment affects the water-to-binder ratio, leading to variations in concrete strength. This chapter investigates the extent to which the consistency and strength of 3D-printed mortar may vary while remaining printable using an industrial-scale concrete printer. Using the same dry mix, we observed a difference of approximately 15% in the mean strength for samples cast at the 3D printing site on two different dates. Additionally, there was about a 20% difference in the strength between the thickest and thinnest printable consistencies mixed in the laboratory. This variation must be considered when determining the design strength of 3D-printed concrete.
Production of CSA Clinker Using Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash as a Main Raw Material
Authors: Bedoya-Henao Carlos Andrés , Restrepo-Baena Oscar Jaime , Tobón Jorge Iván
Published: January 2025

Calcium sulphoaluminate (CSA) cements have proven to be a viable alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) due to their advantageous attributes such as reduced CO2 emissions and lower energy requirements during their production. These qualities contribute to ongoing efforts to advance sustainable practices and materials in the construction industry. With a focus on promoting the circular economy, sustainability, and improving the performance of building materials, municipal solid waste incineration fly ashes (MSWI FA) have been considered as a potential material to use within the construction sector. In this research, several CSA clinkers were produced using MSWI FA as raw material in the raw meal formulation. Substitutions of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the raw meal were evaluated at 1250°C, identifying their effect on the development of cementitious phases by XRD and TG-DSC and their hydration kinetic using isothermal microcalorimetry. Also, some effects from trace elements and chloride compounds present in MSWI FA during the CSA clinkering process were identified. The contribution of calcium from the ashes allows us to reduce the amount of natural raw material necessary for the formulation of the clinker, in addition to providing some compounds that act as fluxes, lowering the burning temperature and thus the energy consumption for the production of the clinker. The social contribution to communities that incinerate urban solid waste is also highlighted by taking advantage of the waste that is generated.
An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Digital Twin Framework for Inspection and Assessment of Bridge Structures
Authors: Odeh Ibrahim , Shafei Behrouz
Published: January 2025

This chapter presents a framework for inspecting and assessing bridge structures utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), photogrammetry software, and artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities. The approach aims to generate precise 3D digital twins of bridges to enable accurate remote inspections and decision-making for maintenance. The framework involves collecting high-resolution image data of bridges using drones. The optimal distance between the drone and the bridge is evaluated to balance the captured details with operational safety. The images are then processed through software packages to generate 3D models. An AI algorithm was implemented to automatically detect defects like potholes and cracks in the 3D models through semantic segmentation. The measurement tools validated the accurate scaling of defect dimensions. This innovative app roach enables swift, safe, and thorough remote bridge inspections using devices connected to a main server. The generated 3D models with AI-detected defects provide comprehensive multi-dimensional visualization to inform maintenance decisions, transforming conventional practices.
Optimal Use of UHPC in Wall Systems to Mitigate Windborne Debris Hazard
Authors: Kulkarni Abhijit , Shafei Behrouz
Published: January 2025

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is known to exhibit superior performance compared to conventional concrete. The applications of UHPC within structural engineering have been largely focused on its behavior under conventional loads. While the behavior of UHPC structural members has been thoroughly investigated under conventional loads, a literature gap exists regarding its application as a protective system against windborne debris impact. It is important to note that windborne debris stands as a primary cause of damage to building envelopes during severe wind events like tornadoes and hurricanes. In this study, the performance of UHPC wall panels was investigated under direct impact loads due to the representative debris projectiles as prescribed by various building codes. Full-scale finite element (FE) models were developed within the framework of LS-Dyna. Further FE studies into the performance of various UHPC walls panels under windborne debris impact were conducted using rigorously calibrated FE models. In this study, four UHPC walls of thicknesses 76.2, 101.4, 152.6, and 203.2 mm were studied against the windborne debris impact of both lumber and pipe projects. To study the effect of impact velocities, several impact scenarios with velocities ranging from 10 to 70 m/s were developed. This holistic matrix of simulations helped characterize various response measures, such as the type and extent of damage, in the UHPC wall panels individually and in comparison, with their normal-strength concrete (NSC) counterparts. This comprehensive array of simulations assisted in characterizing various response metrics, including the nature and extent of damage in UHPC walls. Based on the outcome of the simulations, the thicknesses required for the UHPC and NSC wall panels to stop the missile from perforation were determined. Further, embodied carbon contributions of the UHPC and NSC walls that could stop the windborne debris missile were estimated. A comparison of embodied carbon contribution and potential amount of concrete saved from this study provided additional insights for analysis and design purposes.