bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Founder
Authors: Martin Peter
Published: May 2021

Just as J. Edgar Hoover molded the modern FBI, Zhou Enlai’s personality and policy choices continue to shape how China’s foreign ministry interacts with the outside world today. This chapter tells the story of how the PRC’s first foreign minister and premier became a revolutionary and shows how his life experiences and beliefs continue to shape Chinese diplomacy. It also explores how the behavior of today’s Chinese diplomats is shaped by memories of “national humiliation” in the decades before the PRC’s founding. For Zhou and many of his contemporaries, communist revolution appeared to offer a way to save their country as well as to remake its society.
Chasing Respectability
Authors: Martin Peter
Published: May 2021

After the end of the Korean War, China sent its diplomats out on a charm offensive to win over global opinion, including sending delegations to the Geneva and Bandung Conferences, where its performance won plaudits in the West and across the developing world. During this period, China also deployed distinctively communist techniques in its diplomacy, including the use of “united front” tactics to charm influential social groups in countries where China didn’t yet have formal diplomatic ties. Many of the tools Chinese diplomats practiced during the 1950s are taking on renewed prominence in its foreign policy today as China seeks to increase its influence around the world.
Controlling Critical Messengers
Authors: Dukalskis Alexander
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on how Chinese authorities attempt to control the image of China that the world sees. It first sets the stage by describing China’s domestic media sphere. It then draws on semi-structured interviews with current and former foreign correspondents for European and North American outlets in China. The interviews reveal the techniques that the government uses to try to inhibit negative news about China from reaching global audiences. These include direct persuasion, restricting sites and/or persons from being investigated, surveillance, intimidation, and the specter of visa non-renewal. Ultimately, if these techniques fail, the government sometimes attempts to refute the story that results and/or to impugn the reputation of the journalist. Examining how foreign correspondents are “managed” in China is important because they help shape public opinion about China abroad and thus provide the backdrop to China’s other efforts at image management.
Promoting and Controlling the China Dream
Authors: Dukalskis Alexander
Published: May 2021

This chapter captures the myriad ways in which the Chinese government is packaging its image for international audiences (promotional/diffuse), cultivating messengers capable of conveying that image (promotional/specific), trying to respond to or downplay criticisms about its policies in international discourse (obstructive/diffuse), and intimidating and threatening activists outside its own borders (obstructive/specific). To do so, it draws on a variety of data, including speeches and documents from the leadership, close attention to China Global Television Network (CGTN) content about Xinjiang, interviews conducted by the author with targets of China’s promotional/specific efforts, and data from the AAAD about the country’s repression of exiled critics.
Coping with a Post-Communist World
Authors: Dukalskis Alexander
Published: May 2021

After a broad overview, this chapter analyzes two specific instances of North Korea’s authoritarian image management, spanning both the Cold War and post–Cold War eras. First, it focuses on North Korea’s Japan-based efforts to craft an appealing image among Koreans there through Chongryon (the General Association of Korean Residents in Japan). Second, it discusses the loose network of North Korea sympathizer organizations around the world. The chapter draws on primary North Korean media sources, online evidence of friendship group activities, and fieldwork conducted about Chongryon in Japan in 2019. The main argument is that North Korea’s image management efforts have been effective in some respects, but they appear outdated and ill-suited to the contemporary world because the country was slow and hesitant to adapt to new realities. The system was designed for a context of party-to-party relations and Third World solidarity initiatives that eventually faded in relevance.
Musical Motives
Authors: Auerbach Brent
Published: May 2021

Motives, the small, recurring shape elements primarily identified by their pitch and rhythm profiles, are near-ubiquitous in music. Yet despite their long-standing prominence in composition and in past and present discourse on music, motives have resisted systematic treatment. The present work, Musical Motives, establishes a methodology for identifying and labeling motives and for assembling viable, meaningful analyses with them. The book opens with a general introduction to motives and a review of their history in Western music. The body of the work prescribes a two-tiered system for working with motives: basic motivic analysis (BMA) concerns monophonic motives composed of pitch and rhythm, while complex motivic analysis (CMA) concerns polyphonic motives that present as a richer network of elements drawn from many domains, including but not limited to pitch, rhythm, counterpoint, harmony, texture, and articulation. In support of these methods, the book offers a generous set of tools to advance this analytic subdiscipline. One tool is a universal system of motivic nomenclature proposed to facilitate dialogue among analysts. Another is a technique for melodic reduction, rooted in principles of salience, that allows analysts to posit motives that admit flexibility without sacrificing methodologic rigor. Most significant, the work details specific procedures for creating, interpreting, and presenting motivic analyses that range in length from just a few measures to entire pieces. Extensive demonstrations of all points and procedures are given in the form of analyses of selections and full works by composers as diverse as Beethoven, Handel, Chopin, Bach, Mozart, Brahms, Cécile Chaminade, Marvin Hamlisch, Aretha Franklin, John Philip Sousa, and Radiohead.
Basic Motivic Analysis
Authors: Auerbach Brent
Published: May 2021

Chapter 5 establishes the rules and guidelines for basic motivic analysis (BMA), the more elementary mode of analysis limited to examining the pitch and rhythmic content of music. The first part of the chapter establishes a standard procedure for reduction, or extracting motives from ornamented melodies; this includes rules for motives spanning multiple phrases. The second part of the chapter establishes rules for associating shapes within a work. Such associations are required to be literal, in stark contrast to Schoenberg’s philosophy of Developing Variation. The allowable transformations in pitch are transposition, inversion, and retrograde, and in rhythm are the duration scaling operations, augmentation and diminution. A single, informal associative relation, “sensed connection,” may be used to indicate an analyst’s artistic intuitions about motivic relationships that are unprovable. A last set of rules delineates a proper format for BMA. An analysis must be structured around a single source event called a Focal Point, that occurs near the beginning and furnishes all or nearly all relevant shapes in the piece. Motives must be derived from the Focal Point in forward order (propagative). Discussion is supported by analyses of excerpts by Bach, Beethoven, Brahms, Mozart, Rossini, and Pierre Leemans.
Complex Motivic Analysis
Authors: Auerbach Brent
Published: May 2021

Chapter 7 establishes the rules and guidelines for complex motivic analysis (CMA). CMA is the more advanced mode of motivic analysis, which centers around the activity of a larger, network-type motive composed of elements from many domains (similar to Schoenberg’s Grundgestalt). The chapter first provides an introduction to the expanded format for motive, including guidance on which domains to include and the proper format for each. It then guides readers through construction of a complex motive for a short Brahms waltz. The remainder of the chapter is given over to describing the paired end products of CMA, which are (1) an Organic Map illustrating the most significant motivic connections in the manner of an enhanced BMA, and (2) a “Narrative” that tallies and charts the number of Complex elements exhibited by each surface segment of the work. The result of the latter process is a Narrative Curve that charts the work’s fluctuating level of organicism and directly reflects the piece’s CMA archetype. The chapter concludes with demonstration of a full CMA analysis of the Brahms waltz.
Analysis of Three Works in Contrasting Styles
Authors: Auerbach Brent
Published: May 2021

The three analyses presented in this chapter expound on the theory and methodology presented in chapters 5–7. The first of these, an abbreviated complex motivic analysis of “L’Ondine,” by Cécile Chaminade, reinforces the content of chapter 7 by again taking readers through the processes of narrative construction: segmentation, Focal Point selection, quantification and tally, and the drawing of the Narrative line graph. The other BMA and CMA analyses examine modern works in other genres, a Broadway number by Marvin Hamlisch (“At the Ballet”) and a rock song by Radiohead (“Paranoid Android”). The latter two works are texted, offering a model for how to responsibly integrate a piece’s literal poetic and/or theatric meaning into an account of its motivic activity. As a group, the three analyses are intended to bolster the claim that motivic analysis applies broadly to music.
Conclusion
Authors: Auerbach Brent
Published: May 2021

This chapter concludes Musical Motives with an assessment of the benefits and disadvantages of motivic analysis. Listed among the benefits are the method’s general accessibility and its applicability to a wide range of musics. A disadvantage is that a great many pieces even within the Western Classical tradition, naturally resist motivic analysis. The chapter cautions that motivic analysis holds potential but is no panacea. What it does do is allow analysts to quickly and productively engage many dimensions of a musical work. Subsequent portions of the conclusion investigate the extent to which other musico-theoretic entities—specifically, fugue subjects, Galant schemas, and the hooks of popular music—intersect the motive concept. Last, consideration is given to the method’s reliance on literal association as a price to be paid for theoretic rigor.
Teaching World Music
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan
Published: May 2021

For teaching musicians and music educators who work in elementary, secondary, and tertiary teacher education programs, questions of cultural diversity and social justice have triggered the development of teaching models, methods, and movements. One such program is the week-long intensive course in World Music Pedagogy by the University of Washington in partnership with Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, a Smithsonian Institution nonprofit record label that documents music from across the world. The course features an examination of audio, video, print, electronic, and human resources, with the aim of learning as well as developing an understanding of ways to teach music of the world’s cultures. Attention is given to learning cultural heritage through songs, movement and dance experiences, instrumental music, and contextualized cultural components. Musical experiences are tailored for use at various levels, including in classes for children, youth, and adults in university and community settings. Going on ten years of development, the course has succeeded in offering pathways to teaching world music at all levels. It has also been a labor of love for those in education and ethnomusicology who have fashioned it, and who have lived the challenges of connecting ethnomusicological principles to classroom practice. This essay tells the story of a “two steps forward and one step back” in shaping music education practices that center on diversity, equity, and inclusion in the design, delivery, and full facilitation of lessons in music of the world’s cultures.
Farewell to Arms
Authors: Sen Rumela
Published: May 2021

How do rebels give up arms and return to the political system that they once sought to overthrow? Policymakers often focus on incentives like cash and jobs to lure rebels away from extremism. From the rebels’ perspective, however, physical safety is more important than these livelihood options. Rebels quit extremist groups only when they know that they can disarm without getting killed in the process. This book shows that retiring Maoist rebels in India believe that they could lose their lives after they disarm, targeted either by enemies they made during their insurgent career or by their former comrades. However, the Indian state would lose nothing if it failed to keep its side of the bargain and protect disarmed rebels. This creates a problem of credible commitment, which, in the absence of institutional mechanisms, is addressed locally by informal exit networks that emerge from grassroots civic associations in the gray zones of state-insurgency interface. Maoist retirement is high in South India and low in the North due to emergence of two distinct types of exit networks in these two conflict locations. By showing that the type of exit network depends on local social bases of an insurgency and the ties of an insurgent organization to society, this book brings civil society into the study of insurgency in a theoretically coherent way.
Introduction
Authors: Sen Rumela
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the central empirical puzzle and the primary theoretical insight of the book. In course of several rounds of interviews, current and former Maoist rebels in North and South India shared that they were not able to quit the insurgent organization even if they wanted to. This was because they feared that they could be killed post-retirement, unarmed and defenseless, by either their former enemies or by their former comrades, while the Indian state would lose nothing for failing to protect them. This creates a problem of credible commitment in the process of surrender of rebels, which, this book shows, is resolved locally by informal exit networks, more proficiently in the South of India than in the North. This chapter also introduces the district-level data on surrender of Maoists and other testimonies from the conflict zone to illustrate the vast regional variation in retirement of Maoist rebels in North and South India.
Conclusion
Authors: Sen Rumela
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the scope, conditions, and applicability of the theory of rebel retirement through informal exit networks beyond India. It considers the scholarly implications of this book on areas of conflict and peace studies, as well as for democratic consolidation in developing countries. It also examines how the North-South variation in India can suggest some actionable policy instruments to bring militant disengagement, particularly in cases where a ceasefire between the state and rebels has not produced complete demobilization of rebel groups. Policymakers concerned with weaning rebels away from extremism might therefore find these conclusions useful.
Jesus Messiah Son of David
Authors: Oliver Isaac W.
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, the role and significance of Jesus as the Davidic Messiah in Luke-Acts are assessed. Luke, it is argued, presents Jesus as the Davidic messiah par excellence. The case for Jesus’s Davidic status begins in the infancy narrative buts runs throughout Luke-Acts. Jesus is heralded at his birth and is anointed at his baptism as Israel’s Davidic king. He subsequently undergoes rejection in Jerusalem as the Davidic servant of God. In return, God raises and exalts Jesus onto a heavenly throne where he begins his Davidic rule until he comes back victoriously to Jerusalem to establish his kingdom on earth. This remarkable Davidic profile of Jesus has important ramifications for understanding Luke’s views on Israel’s restoration.
The “Secret Recipe” of Galápagos
Authors: Durham William H.
Published: May 2021

Galápagos tortoises demonstrate the special “creative force” of evolution in the archipelago, having radiated into 15 species—each with a characteristic shell shape—within the last 3.2 million years. Formed over an active mid-ocean volcanic hotspot, Galápagos islands have also changed dramatically in the same period, providing new and diverse “petri dishes” for tortoise evolution. In these new homes, which are low, dry islands, where the tortoise’s main food is prickly pear cactus (which has concurrently evolved a protective treelike stature), tortoises evolved impressive new features, including saddlebacked shells and extra-long limbs. On all the islands where they occur, tortoises serve as “ecological engineers,” building suitable niches for themselves (and incidentally for other species). In the case of domed-shell tortoises, those niches include tortoise-maintained wallows, meadows, and migration trails. Heavily hunted in Galápagos history, most tortoise species are rebounding today, some from tortoises rediscovered in the novel places they had been carried by early mariners in their quest for food.
Epilogue
Authors: Halvorson Charles
Published: May 2021

In the 1990s, the Republican Party embraced a deregulatory environmental agenda as a key element of its small government ideology. Taking advantage of systemic advantages at the federal level, the Republican Party has effectively blocked new legislative mandates for environmental interventions, most significantly around the looming catastrophe of climate change, despite popular support for government action. Despite their elegance as policy, cap-and-trade and other market-based solutions fail to provide environmental advocates with the right political vocabulary for the call to arms that this present moment demands. Instead, we should look back to the modern environmental movement of the 1960s and its powerful notion of a natural right to clean air and a healthy environment.
Money, Money Everywhere but Did It Make Any Difference?
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , Owen Karen L.
Published: May 2021

The cost of winning a congressional seat has increased so dramatically that candidates must, on average, raise and spend more than one million dollars. Yet, significant changes are evident in the campaign financial domain. Candidates and their contributors are less prominent factors in the money train. Hundreds of groups, committees, and organizations are spending millions of dollars to push messages, support friends, and defeat partisan foes. Although some resources on the financing of the contests appear in previous chapters, given the record-setting amounts spent in these special elections, Chapter 5 is devoted exclusively to an examination of where the money came from and what it was used for. Republicans tried to make the source of mammoth Democratic funding—most of which came from out of state—an issue.
Wrapping Up
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , Owen Karen L.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 7 summarizes the key findings reported from the case studies involving contests in Georgia, Kansas, South Carolina, Montana, Pennsylvania, Arizona, Ohio, and Alabama, and quantitative analyses of almost three hundred special elections to Congress. Review of these special elections points to generalizations about the factors that lead to successes in these contests, and also how a political party might proceed if it hopes to win a seat away from the opposite party.
Introduction
Authors: Parr Sean M.
Published: May 2021

The Introduction sets forth a brief history of coloratura singing and identifies historical questions, issues, and contexts in scholarly literature. From opera’s origins, composers employed melismatic text treatment to highlight a singer’s agility, range, and the character’s emotional intensity, as well as for frequent moments of word painting. This tradition of solo singing was still prominent during the “bel canto” period of the early nineteenth century when composers employed coloratura vocal writing as part of normal melodic text treatment. By the end of the nineteenth century, however, coloratura was a rare feature in operatic vocal writing. Coloratura also shifted to the domain of female singers, and often particular sopranos. In providing a historical context for the study of singing, gender, and nineteenth-century opera, the author proposes that the increasing specificity of coloratura led to its eventual identity as a voice-type, becoming an indicator of the modern.
To Savor the Meaning
Authors: Reich James D.
Published: May 2021

Medieval Kashmir in its golden age saw the development of some of the most sophisticated theories of language, literature, and emotion articulated in the pre-modern world. These theories, enormously influential on the later intellectual history of South Asia, were written at a time when religious education was ubiquitous among intellectuals, and when religious philosophies were hotly and publicly debated. It was also a time of deep inter-religious influence and borrowing, when traditions intermixed and intellectuals pushed the boundaries of their own inheritance by borrowing ideas from many different places—even from their rivals. To Savor the Meaning examines the overlap of literary theory and religious philosophy in this period by looking at debates about how poetry communicates emotions to its readers, what it is readers do when they savor these emotions, and why this might be valuable. Focusing on the work of three influential figures—Ānandavardhana (ca. 850 ce), Abhinavagupta (ca. 1000 ce), and the somewhat lesser known theorist Mahimabhaṭṭa (ca. 1050 ce)—this book gives a broad introduction to their ideas and reveals new, important, and previously overlooked aspects of their work and their debates, placing them within the wider context of the religious philosophies current in Kashmir at the time, and showing that their ideas cannot be fully understood in isolation from this broader context.
Abhinavagupta’s Literary Theory
Authors: Reich James D.
Published: May 2021

Building on the background laid out in Chapter 2, this chapter gives an analysis of Abhinavagupta’s literary theory, which is framed as a defense of Ānandavardhana’s theory of poetic manifestation, but which changes that theory in important ways. The chapter explores Abhinavagupta’s relationship to the earlier theorist Bhaṭṭanāyaka and shows that Abhinavagupta’s literary theory is laid out along a broad structural parallel between, on the one hand, Śiva, the world, and the yogin who attains enlightenment, and on the other, poet, poem, and connoisseur. The chapter shows that many key elements of Abhinavagupta’s theory, such as the specifically pleasurable nature of literary experience, his account of poetic creativity, and his insistence that literary emotions cannot be encountered as objects, are only fully intelligible when seen against the background of his broader ideas about the nature of God and the universe.
Mahimabhaṭṭa on Literary Knowing
Authors: Reich James D.
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins Part II of the book, which is a three-chapter exploration of the work of Mahimabhaṭṭa, who lived and wrote around the end of Abhinavagupta’s life and attempted to refute the theory of poetic manifestation. Instead of poetic manifestation, Mahimabhaṭṭa argues that literature and the emotions it depicts are always understood through a process of inference, and Mahimabhaṭṭa grounds his theory of inference in the work of the Buddhist philosopher Dharmakīrti, despite himself being a Śaiva. This chapter provides an overview of Dharmakīrti’s philosophy, and explores Mahimabhaṭṭa’s use of Dharmakīrti to explain inference, as well as the influence of Dharmakīrti on Mahimabhaṭṭa’s understanding of language. It also begins collecting evidence to argue that Mahimabhaṭṭa has Abhinavagupta in mind as a target of critique, alongside Ānandavardhana.
Denying to the Grave
Authors: Gorman Sara E. , Gorman Jack M.
Published: May 2021

This book explores the many reasons why people refuse to acknowledge scientific evidence when making health decisions, looking at key drivers of science denial. It examines the psychology and neurobiology of poor health decisions and irrational health beliefs, arguing that in many cases the psychological impulses under discussion are adaptive but are often applied in a maladaptive way. The book also argues that without proper knowledge of the psychological and biological underpinnings of irrational health decisions and beliefs, we as a society cannot design any strategy that will alleviate the problem. It then offers a method of combatting poor health decision-making. This method provides guidance on how to encourage people to adopt a more scientific viewpoint without discounting or trying to eliminate their valuable emotional responses.
Introduction
Authors: Gorman Sara E. , Gorman Jack M.
Published: May 2021

In 2014, a deadly epidemic of Ebola hemorrhagic fever ravaged three countries in West Africa. While the disease barely hit the United States, it caused widespread panic that sometimes threatened the safety of African immigrants in the United States. Five years later, a global pandemic of a novel coronavirus, later named COVID-19, quickly picked up speed around the world. In the face of a serious and very real threat, many Americans ignored the warnings and a vocal minority even insisted that the pandemic was not real. While the particulars of each of these examples might be quite different, they have something very important in common: science denial. This introductory chapter provides an overview of how such widespread science denialist views come into existence and how they spread. The authors outline the eight chapters of this book, which go into depth on different psychological mechanisms behind this phenomenon. Finally, they provide a preview of some of the solutions we have devised in response to this grave problem.
Introduction: Native Americans’ Urban Frontiers
Authors: Calloway Colin
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the phenomenon of Indian people being present in early American cities, contrary to popular assumptions and academic depictions of them as an anomaly in urban life. It argues that early American cities constituted a “frontier” for Indian people who went there, where they experienced close contact with colonists and indirect contact with the Atlantic world. The chapter considers early Native American travel across the Atlantic, to London in particular, as well as varieties of Indigenous leadership as context for understanding the roles of those who were designated chiefs in the cities. It also discusses the nature and limitations of the sources, and the insights into early American society provided by Indigenous comments and critiques.
Coming to Town
Authors: Calloway Colin
Published: May 2021

The chapter discusses why and when Indian delegations went to cities. To demonstrate that Indian visitors were a regular and frequent presence, it provides multiple examples of Indian delegations to colonial and early Republic cities. It describes their experiences on the road, the receptions they received, and the measures colonial officials took to ensure that their visits were positive. It considers delegates’ initial responses to the urban environment. As a case study, the second part of the chapter focuses on the history of Creek delegations to colonial cities, culminating in the famous state visit in 1790 by Alexander McGillivray and some two dozen Creek chiefs to the then capital, New York City.
Taking Their Lives in Their Hands
Authors: Calloway Colin
Published: May 2021

Death and disease were commonplace in early America, and particularly so in Indian country. Yet Indian delegates who traveled to early cities often put themselves at even greater risk, as they entered port city environments rife with imported diseases such as smallpox and yellow fever. A survey of health conditions and outbreaks of epidemics in the key cities shows they were not safe spaces for anyone. Although colonial authorities and Indian delegations took precautions, many delegations nevertheless suffered losses when they were in town. When prominent chiefs died, government officials often provided public funerals, sometimes attended by thousands of citizens.
Africanness in Action
Authors: Díaz Juan Diego
Published: May 2021

This book discusses how musicians from Bahia, an emblematic African diasporic location in northeastern Brazil, think about, discuss, compose, rehearse, perform, and stage music inspired by what they perceive to be their own African ancestry. It argues that these musicians assert Afro-Brazilian identities and connect to the African continent and other diasporic places by creatively engaging essentialized notions about African music and culture: instead of mechanically reproducing these tropes, they emphasize them or downplay them. The book theorizes these preconceived notions about African music, culture, and performance as tropes of Africanness, emphasizing that they exist in two interrelated realms: as essentialist ideas in discourse and as concrete practices and sounds. Six commonly encountered tropes of African music are analyzed: the notions that its most important parameter is rhythm and that it is dominated by percussion; that it is meant to be danced to or deeply embodied rather than intellectualized; that it always touches on the sacred; that it is spontaneous and improvisatory; and that it reflects communalism rather than individualism. Through four case studies from Bahia (a jazz big band called Orkestra Rumpilezz, a symphony orchestra called the Orquestra Afrosinfônica, and two berimbau orchestras led by capoeira practitioners), the book demonstrates the nuances of musical creation in the African diaspora, acknowledging the genuine impact that essentialisms have on Bahian music while showing that they may not be an essential part of the musicians’ African roots.
Healing for the Soul
Authors: Shelley Braxton D.
Published: May 2021

Between the first and last words of a Black gospel song, musical sound acquires spiritual power. During this unfolding, a variety of techniques facilitate musical and physical transformation. The most important of these is a repetitive musical cycle known by names including the run, the drive, the special, and the vamp. Through its combination of reiteration and intensification, the vamp turns song lyrics into something more potent. While many musical traditions use vamps to fill space, or occupy time in preparation for another, more important event, in gospel, vamps are the main event. Why is the vamp so central to the Black gospel tradition? What work—musical, cultural, and spiritual—does the gospel vamp do? And what does the vamp reveal about the transformative power of Black gospel more broadly? This book explores the vamp’s essential place in Black gospel song, arguing that these climactic musical cycles turn worship services into transcendent events. In the following pages, the words and music of Richard Smallwood, a paradigmatic contemporary gospel composer, anchor the book’s investigation of the convergence of sound and belief in the Gospel Imagination. Smallwood’s expansive oeuvre is especially illustrative of the eclecticism and homiletic intention that characterize gospel music. Along the way, this study brings Smallwood’s songs and the ideas that frame them into conversation with many of the tradition’s exemplars: Edwin and Walter Hawkins, Twinkie Clark, Kurt Carr, Margaret Douroux, V. Michael McKay, and Judith McAllister, among others. Focusing on choral forms of gospel song, this book shows how the gospel vamp organizes expressive activity around a moment of transcendence, an instant when the song shifts to a heightened space of musical activity. This sonic escalation fuels traffic between the seen world and another, bringing believers into contact with a host of scenes from scripture, and with the divine, too.
“A Balm In Gilead”
Authors: Shelley Braxton D.
Published: May 2021

The chapter grapples with the oft-cited interrelation of characteristically Black preaching and gospel music, using what has been called “the musicality of Black preaching” to understand the centrality of vamps to gospel singing. This cumulative turn toward musicality is more than just a homiletical strategy: rather, it functions as the formal logic, the organizing principle, for the network of belief, performance, and reception that we have come to know as the Gospel Imagination. Tuning up catalyzes movement between “material” and “spiritual” worlds, manifesting gospel’s belief that sound is a vehicle for interworldly exchange. The chapter begins with the live recorded performance of Richard Smallwood’s song “Healing” (1998), which shows how this piece stages its own transcendence, musically performing, within the context of song, what is performed in sermons by the shift from speech to song. After using discourses drawn from homiletics, ritual theory, and phenomenology to shape an understanding of tuning up, the chapter offers a fuller sense of this constitutive practice by attending to vignettes from four sermons, and four songs: Walter Hawkins’s “Marvelous,” Judith McAllister’s “High Praise,” Myrna Summers’s “Oh, How Precious,” and Glenn Burleigh’s “Order My Steps.”
The Moment That Changed Everything
Authors: Shelley Braxton D.
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that tuning up reorganizes the experience of time, enacting a transcendent interruption of musical temporality. In so doing, this irruptive practice reproduces the incarnation of Christ, sonifying the divine’s appearance in the material world. Smallwood’s paraphrase of the spiritual “Calvary” anchors this chapter, doing for its argument what the crucifixion does for the Gospel Imagination. The chapter’s first section examines the song’s 2001 live recording, a performance whose particularly urgent interpenetration of musical, liturgical, and historical temporalities summons one of tuning up’s most common manifestations—a trope colloquially referred to as “the Baptist close.” Then the chapter turns to three of the gospel tradition’s most canonical renderings of Christ’s Passion, Margaret Douroux’s “He Decided to Die,” David Allen’s “No Greater Love,” and Andraé Crouch’s “The Blood.” These performances reveal an incarnational approach to time: a belief that Jesus’s interruption of human history can be rearticulated through song. As these songs move back and forth between their site of contemporary performance and various scriptural narratives, between conception and crucifixion, and between crucifixion and resurrection, what they offer is no mere retelling: they assert a critique of linear temporality, producing kairos, a transcendent instant that links time and eternity. Kairos is especially evident in the holy dance, a performance of physical ecstasy that is formalized in the gospel vamp. As they tune up, vamps pursue kairos through concurrent movements away from linear time, toward the collective, into the body.
“The Evidence of Things Not Seen”
Authors: Shelley Braxton D.
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that the gospel tradition is animated by an incarnational approach to text: a pervasive belief that sacred words hold together visible and invisible realms, occasioning traffic between the two. The chapter begins with analyses of Smallwood’s “Hebrews 11” (2014) and “His Mercy Endureth Forever” (1992), two songs whose striking relationship with their scriptural source reveals the agency that believers attribute to hallowed verse. These songs epitomize gospel’s conviction about the transformative power of holy words, read, spoken, and sung, a transcendent principle that motivates the practice of tuning up. As it incarnates time, tuning up activates the otherworldly intensity of these interworldly texts. As they are iterated and intensified the gospel song’s lyrics become something more—the living word of God. The second section of this develops a fuller picture of the textual sources that gospel regards as sacred, formulations that mediate between worlds, offering believers specific windows through which to experience the eternal. The chapter demonstrates that gospel’s views about the efficacy of words ultimately derive from a preoccupation with the name of Jesus—an enduring belief that spiritual power is unleashed when that name is spoken. Gospel vamps use this pivotal utterance to re-incarnate Jesus, proclaiming—again and again—that Jesus is the living word of God. But this incarnation has two trajectories: as gospel texts commingle live performances and a host of other scriptural scenes, they also draw believers into the presence of God, through the spiritual realm—the spatial dimension of kairos.
Coda
Authors: Shelley Braxton D.
Published: May 2021

This coda turns to “Total Praise,” the song for which Smallwood is best known, mining the first and the most recent recordings of this song in order to think about the category of song itself. Since its recording, “Total Praise” has acquired a vamp where there was not one before. The vamp that emerges during the first two lines of the song’s B section crystallizes both the sense of ecstatic possibility already present between this song’s chimerical conclusion and its well-known reprise, and the convention of the vamp itself. While on the night of its recording in 1996, the night with which the book begins, “Total Praise” was a musical extension of the choral prelude and the only song recorded without an extensive vamp, its current place at the end of most Smallwood concert sets, and of many more gospel services, makes its musical transformation an ideal site from which to reflect on the relationship between song and liturgy, and to theorize the ontological nexus of song, performance, and recording.
The Flesh of the Word
Authors: Drake K.J.
Published: May 2021

The extra Calvinisticum, that the eternal Son maintains his existence beyond the flesh during his earthly ministry and perpetually, divided the Lutheran and Reformed traditions during the Reformation. This book explores the emergence and development of the extra Calvinisticum in the Reformed tradition by tracing its exposition from Ulrich Zwingli to early Reformed orthodoxy. Rather than being an ancillary issue, the questions surrounding the extra Calvinisticum were a determinative factor in the differentiation of Magisterial Protestantism into rival confessions. Reformed theologians maintained this doctrine in order to preserve the integrity of Christ’s divine and human natures as the mediator between God and humanity. This rationale remained consistent across this period, with increasing elaboration and sophistication to meet the challenges leveled against the doctrine in Lutheran polemics. The study begins with Zwingli’s early use of the extra Calvinisticum in the eucharistic controversy with Martin Luther and especially as the alternative to Luther’s doctrine of the ubiquity of Christ’s human body. Over time, Reformed theologians, such as Peter Martyr Vermigli and Antoine de Chandieu, articulated the extra Calvinisticum with increasing rigor by incorporating conciliar christology, the church fathers, and scholastic methodology to address the polemical needs of engagement with Lutheranism. The book illustrates the development of christological doctrine by Reformed theologians offering a coherent historical narrative of Reformed christology from its emergence into the period of confessionalization. The extra Calvinisticum was interconnected to broader concerns affecting concepts of the union of Christ’s natures, the communication of attributes, and the understanding of heaven.
Introduction
Authors: Drake K.J.
Published: May 2021

This introduction presents the state of the question of the extra Calvinisticum in contemporary scholarship, defines the term and concept of the extra, and lays out the plan and method of the study. Previous scholarship has unduly focused on the doctrine of the extra in John Calvin to the neglect of other figures in the sixteenth century and largely failed to account for the historical context of polemics with Lutheranism. This book seeks to answer two main questions: When and why did Reformed theologians first articulate the extra, and how did the form and function of the extra Calvinisticum develop over the course of the sixteenth century? This work goes beyond previous studies by extending the discussion beyond Calvin by investigating the formulation and rationale for the doctrine in the works of Ulrich Zwingli and Peter Martyr Vermigli and in Reformed orthodoxy.
Jesus and the University
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

This chapter asks why faculty at Catholic universities hardly ever find in Jesus an intellectual resource for their academic work. It explores how within Catholicism the theological reality of Jesus and his life, death, and resurrection have consequences for all the academic disciplines. It revisits the tension of Jerusalem (faith) and Athens (reason) and argues that that tension is creative but should never be dichotomized. It also traces the development of Christian humanism, the power and current shape of secularizing forces, the challenges presented by scientism and postmodernism, and the resources within the Catholic intellectual tradition to respond to those challenges: faith and reason, community, and a sacramental sense.
Mary and the Intellectual Life
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

If Jesus could become human only through the consent of a woman, what importance does Mary of Nazareth shed on education, art, matrilineal traditions, feminist concerns, and admission of women to the academy? What does the New Testament, art, poetry, and philosophy tell us about the connection between the feminine and wisdom? Is not wisdom the final goal of all education worthy of the name?
Bishops and Theologians
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the distinct roles of theologians and bishops in the Catholic Church, and how these roles changed from monastic to academic theologians with the birth of universities in the thirteenth century. After looking at the impact of the Protestant Reformation, French Revolution, and modern secularism, the chapter presents cases of how the tension between theologians and bishops has been dynamic (positive) and destructive (negative). The chapter concludes with several ways that bishops and theologians might interact positively.
Teaching and Research
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

Despite many attempts, there is little agreement of what counts for effective teaching and research. The different styles of four great teachers are examined, compared, and contrasted. Some basic elements, hard to quantify, are nonetheless identified. Realistic expectations for faculty research are discussed, the relationship between the quality of teaching and research is explained, and the importance that faith and reason play in the types of research Catholic universities should support is discussed. Finally, different forms of scholarship and the different expectations for scholarly production as research universities, comprehensive universities, and liberal arts colleges are examined, concluding that rigor can be defined in a variety of ways, not just by the number of articles published in refereed journals.
Theology in the Catholic University
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

Major secular universities do not teach theology; they teach religious studies, if they teach anything about religion at all. It is impossible to imagine a Catholic university without theology. Four characteristics of Catholic theology show the unique contribution the discipline makes to Catholic higher education. False dichotomies are identified: critical or catechetical and faith or reason. This chapter describes the dramatic changes over the past sixty years in who teaches theology and what is taught to lay students at Catholic universities. Theologians need to address effectively the problem of widespread religious illiteracy among most college students. The Vatican document on Catholic higher education, Ex corde ecclesiae, offers a broad and demanding vision of the type of theological and moral education necessary for Catholic colleges and universities. The expectations of Catholic theologians in the academy and beyond it are daunting.
Campus Ministry and Academics
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

Until the mid-twentieth century, 90% of Catholic colleges and universities were run by religious orders that integrated the study of religion with the religious life of the students, the vast majority of them being Catholic. Now, the student bodies include many non-Catholics, are mostly a-intellectual when it comes to religion, and would likely not take theology classes unless they were required. Faculty think moral formation is the obligation of a separate division of the university: student development offices and campus ministers. Most faculty are concerned only with intellectual development. As a professionalized group (master’s degree in pastoral ministry), campus ministers are often uninterested in the intellectual formation of students in the Catholic tradition. While retaining their primary responsibilities, faculty and campus ministers need to learn how to work with each other. Working together is much more possible at campuses that have a high percentage of undergraduate students in residence. Working with graduate students is more difficult, even at residential campuses.
The Bounds of Their Habitation
Authors: Hawkins J. Russell
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 explicates the theology behind southern evangelicals’ resistance to civil rights. It explains why conservative white Christians opposed civil rights reforms, arguing that a significant percentage of these Christians constructed a theology from both the natural world and biblical texts in which God was viewed as the author of segregation, and one who desired that racial separatism be maintained. Referencing letters, sermons, pamphlets, and books, this chapter documents how segregationist theology was crafted, defended, and deployed throughout the 1950s and 1960s in the South. It also demonstrates how such a theology supported a segregationist Christianity that became common in southern white churches, proving influential in shaping the social and political responses white southerners had to the civil rights movement.
Embracing Colorblindness
Authors: Hawkins J. Russell
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 traces the transformation of segregationist theology into the blossoming ideas of colorblind individualism in the early 1970s. This chapter narrates the integration of the United Methodist denomination to demonstrate how some white evangelicals adopted a language of colorblindness in an attempt to subvert racial integration. The story of South Carolina’s Methodists illuminates ways that religious ideas can adapt to the imperatives of the culture in which they reside. Accordingly, this chapter demonstrates that while many evangelicals were still influenced by traditional notions of segregationist theology, the growing acceptance of racial equality in American society dictated the need for new rhetoric to keep segregationist Christianity in line with cultural benchmarks of acceptability. Colorblind individualism proved to be such rhetoric.
Epilogue
Authors: Hawkins J. Russell
Published: May 2021

In the twenty-first century, descendants of segregationist Christians began pursuing the racial justice their forebears had fought. In a reversal of the biblical interpretations that segregationist Christians promoted a half-century earlier, these latter-day conservative Christians embrace racial diversity as a biblical command. But these contemporary evangelicals promote racial justice through individual heart changes, reconciled relationships, and appeals to colorblindness, the tools fashioned and utilized by their segregationist forebears precisely to avoid the racial justice their descendants now seek. Despite a growing number of conservative white Christians professing a desire to solve the problem of race, they are hindered in such efforts by the colorblind theology they inherited from their segregationist forebears.