bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS OF THE INTERSTELLAR MAGNETIC FIELD IN THE OUTER HELIOSHEATH: VOYAGER 1
Authors: Burlaga L. F. , Ness N. F.
Published: September 2016

New observations of the magnetic field

from ≈2014.7 through 2016.3288, together with the previous observations dating back to 2012 August 25, show that Voyager 1 continued to observe draped interstellar magnetic fields in the outer heliosheath. During this time, the direction of

was nearly constant (±3°), with no significant long-term trend. The slope of a linear least squares fit to the variation of the magnetic field strength B with time is (0.001 ± 0.001) nT yr−1, consistent with no net change, and the average B = (0.48 ± 0.04) nT. The new observations show a second “disturbed interval” in which B was

for ≈267 days. This interval began with a weak shock on 2014/236 (2014.6438), contained oscillations in B with a 28 day period, and possibly ended with a pressure balanced structure or a reverse shock. It is likely this disturbed interval was associated with Sun/solar wind disturbances that impacted the heliopause and produced disturbances that propagated into the outer heliosheath. A quiet interval containing weaker less variable

was observed from ≈2015.3700 until at least 2016.0. Unlike the previous quiet interval observed in the outer heliosheath, the direction of

did not change linearly and could not be extrapolated to the center of the IBEX ribbon.
A SEARCH FOR ELECTRON ANTINEUTRINOS ASSOCIATED WITH GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE EVENTS GW150914 AND GW151226 USING KAMLAND
Authors: Gando A. , Gando Y. , Hachiya T. , Hayashi A. , Hayashida S. , Ikeda H. , Inoue K. , Ishidoshiro K. , Karino Y. , Koga M. , Matsuda S. , Mitsui T. , Nakamura K. , Obara S. , Oura T. , Ozaki H. , Shimizu I. , Shirahata Y. , Shirai J. , Suzuki A. , Takai T. , Tamae K. , Teraoka Y. , Ueshima K. , Watanabe H. , Kozlov A. , Takemoto Y. , Yoshida S. , Fushimi K. , Piepke A. , Banks T. I. , Berger B. E. , Fujikawa B. K. , O’Donnell T. , Learned J. G. , Maricic J. , Sakai M. , Winslow L. A. , Krupczak E. , Ouellet J. , Efremenko Y. , Karwowski H. J. , Markoff D. M. , Tornow W. , Detwiler J. A. , Enomoto S. , Decowski M. P. ,   The KamLAND Collaboration
Published: September 2016

We present a search, using KamLAND, a kiloton-scale anti-neutrino detector, for low-energy anti-neutrino events that were coincident with the gravitational-wave (GW) events GW150914 and GW151226, and the candidate event LVT151012. We find no inverse beta-decay neutrino events within ±500 s of either GW signal. This non-detection is used to constrain the electron anti-neutrino fluence and the total integrated luminosity of the astrophysical sources.
Ochratoxin A levels in plasma from inhabitants of northern Paraná, Brazil
Authors: Rigobello F.F. , e Silva P. Leonello-Álvares , Yamashita C.R.T. , Lenhard-Vidal A. , Ishikawa A.T. , Kawamura O. , Hirooka E.Y. , Itano E.N.
Published: September 2016

Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin produced by some fungi likeAspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus carbonariusandPenicillium viridicatum, is a natural contaminant of many foods worldwide. The intake of OTA is associated with deleterious effects to humans and animals, such as nephro- and hepatotoxicity. Although there are some data about food contamination, there is lack of data about human exposure to OTA in Brazil. Therefore, current research aimed to determine the level of human exposure to OTA and, additionally, identify possible associations with biomarkers of liver and kidney damage. OTA levels were evaluated in plasma samples from 149 individuals living in the state of Paraná, Brazil, by indirect competitive ELISA using monoclonal antibody anti-OTA (cell line OTA.7). Plasma levels of OTA, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea and creatinine were submitted to Pearson's correlation test. It was possible to measure OTA levels in 54.4% of the samples (mean 734±296 pg/ml; maximum 1,585 pg/ml), with an estimated daily intake of 983-1,445 pg/kg body weight. There was no correlation between OTA plasma levels and biochemical parameters, possibly due to the low level of contamination. This is one of the first studies concerning the contamination of humans by OTA in Brazil and we conclude that the plasma levels of the evaluated population indicate an estimated weekly intake below the tolerable weekly intake derived by the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. Nevertheless, additional longitudinal studies with greater regional coverage and at different seasonal periods are necessary.
Visibility of Tinted Chlorhexidine Gluconate Skin Preparation on Varied Skin Pigmentations
Authors: McDaniel Claire M. , Churchill Ryan W. , Argintar Evan
Published: September 2016

Preoperative skin preparation with antimicrobial agents decreases the risk of surgical site infection, but concerns have been raised about the visibility of a common surgical preparatory agent (ChloraPrep; Becton, Dickinson & Co, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey), depending on skin pigmentation. Poor visibility may lead to failure to identify inadequately prepared skin, increasing the risk of surgical site infection. This study was conducted to determine whether different tints of ChloraPrep and different skin pigmentations affect the ability of orthopedic surgeons to identify the adequacy of skin preparation. The forearms of volunteers in 4 skin pigmentation categories (fair, medium-fair, medium-dark, and dark) were prepared with Hi-Lite Orange and Scrub Teal ChloraPrep, with 1 forearm prepared adequately and 1 prepared inadequately. Videos showing the forearms were obtained and compiled into a survey that was sent to orthopedic surgeons, who were asked to assess the adequacy of skin preparation. When the 4 pigmentation categories were aggregated, no difference was noted between Hi-Lite Orange and Scrub Teal tints in rates of correct identification of adequate skin preparation by respondents. When the preparation tint was not controlled for, respondents correctly identified the adequacy of skin preparation for fair and medium-fair pigmentations, but not for medium-dark and dark skin pigmentations. The Hi-Lite Orange tint was significantly easier to identify on fair and medium-fair skin pigmentations, and the Scrub Teal tint was easier to identify on medium-dark and dark skin pigmentations. To reduce the risk of surgical site infection, surgeons should use Hi-Lite Orange on patients whose skin is fair or medium-fair and Scrub Teal on patients whose skin is medium-dark or dark. [
Orthopedics.
2017; 40(1):e44–e48.]
Acquired Upper Extremity Growth Arrest
Authors: Gauger Erich M. , Casnovsky Lauren L. , Gauger Erica J. , Bohn Deborah C. , Van Heest Ann E.
Published: September 2016

This study reviewed the clinical history and management of acquired growth arrest in the upper extremity in pediatric patients. The records of all patients presenting from 1996 to 2012 with radiographically proven acquired growth arrest were reviewed. Records were examined to determine the etiology and site of growth arrest, management, and complications. Patients with tumors or hereditary etiology were excluded. A total of 44 patients (24 boys and 20 girls) with 51 physeal arrests who presented at a mean age of 10.6 years (range, 0.8–18.2 years) were included in the study. The distal radius was the most common site (n=24), followed by the distal humerus (n=8), metacarpal (n=6), distal ulna (n=5), proximal humerus (n=4), radial head (n=3), and olecranon (n=1). Growth arrest was secondary to trauma (n=22), infection (n=11), idiopathy (n=6), inflammation (n=2), compartment syndrome (n=2), and avascular necrosis (n=1). Twenty-six patients (59%) underwent surgical intervention to address deformity caused by the physeal arrest. Operative procedures included ipsilateral unaffected bone epiphysiodesis (n=21), shortening osteotomy (n=10), lengthening osteotomy (n=8), excision of physeal bar or bone fragment (n=2), angular correction osteotomy (n=1), and creation of single bone forearm (n=1). Four complications occurred; 3 of these required additional procedures. Acquired upper extremity growth arrest usually is caused by trauma or infection, and the most frequent site is the distal radius. Growth disturbances due to premature arrest can be treated effectively with epiphysiodesis or osteotomy. In this series, the specific site of anatomic growth arrest was the primary factor in determining treatment. [
Orthopedics.
2017; 40(1):e95–e103.]
Percutaneous Transhepatic Embolization of Bleeding Rectal Varices Using A New Embolic And Sclerotic Mixture Augmented By Amplatzer Vascular Plug 2
Authors: Abdel Aal Ahmed Kamel , Dawoud Nabila , Moustafa Amr Soliman , Hamed Maysoon F , Saddekni Souheil
Published: September 2016

We report a case of 59-year-old female with non-alcoholic-steato-hepatitis (NASH) induced cirrhosis, who presented with hematochezia. The patient had a history of bleeding esophageal varices treated with endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL). Colonoscopy showed large rectal varices which were the source of her lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB). Since endoscopic treatment for LGIB are limited, and because the patient had portal vein thrombosis which contraindicated transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), we performed percutaneous transhepatic embolization of  her rectal varices using a new mixture of embolic and sclerotic agents, followed by Amplatzer plug 2 (AVP 2). To our knowledge, the use of this new mixture with the AVP 2 in the rectal varices treatment has not been previously published in literature. Our case provides an alternative treatment modality that can be used for rectal varices treatment, when TIPS and endoscopic management fails or is contraindicated.
Factitious Disorder Presenting with Attempted Simulation of Fournier's Gangrene
Authors: Tseng Joseph , Poullos Peter
Published: September 2016

Fournier's gangrene is a severe polymicrobial necrotizing fasciitis of the perineal, genital, or perianal regions. The classic presentation is severe pain and swelling with systemic signs. Crepitus and cutaneous necrosis are often seen. Characteristic CT findings include subcutaneous gas and inflammatory stranding. Unless treated aggressively, patients can rapidly become septic and die. Factitious Disorder is the falsification of one's own of medical or psychological signs and symptoms. Many deceptive methods have been described, from falsely reporting physical or psychological symptoms, to manipulating lab tests, or even injecting or ingesting foreign substances in order to induce illness. We present a case of a 35-year-old man with factitious disorder who attempted to simulate Fournier's gangrene by injecting his scrotum with air and fluid. We will review the clinical presentation and diagnosis of Factitious Disorder, as well as Fournier's gangrene.
The sociophonetics of rhotic variation in Sicilian dialects and Sicilian Italian: corpus, methodology and first results
Authors: Celata Chiara , Meluzzi Chiara , Ricci Irene
Published: September 2016

SoPhISM (The SocioPhonetics of verbal Interaction: Sicilian Multimodal corpus) is an acoustic and articulatory sociophonetic corpus focused on whithin-speaker variation as a function of stylistic/communicative factors. The corpus is particularly intended for the study of rhotics as a sociolinguistic variable in the production of Sicilian speakers. Rhotics are analyzed according to the distinction between single-phase and multiple-phase rhotics along with the presence of constriction and aperture articulatory phases. Based on these parameters, the annotation protocol seeks to classify rhotic variants within a sufficiently granular, but internally consistent, phonetic perspective. The proposed descriptive parameters allow for the discussion of atypical realizations in terms of phonetic derivations (or simplifications) of typical closure–aperture sequences. The distribution of fricative variants in the speech repertoire of one speaker and his interlocutors shows the potential provided by SoPhISM for sociophonetic variation to be studied at the ‘micro’ level of individual speaker’s idiolects.
Application of PPT Playing System in the General City Planning Course under a Multimedia Teaching Environment
Authors: Zhang Jianxin , Yu Kanhua
Published: September 2016

By analyzing the defects and shortcomings of PPT technology application in college specialty teaching, the present paper designed a new PPT playing system that is characterized by remote control, multipath playing, and timely demonstration. This system can transform PPT text and image signals to video signals for playing and create multiple windows in different areas to achieve multipath playing. Thus, sixty teaching objects were randomly grouped into experimental class and control class. The General City Planning Course was taken as an example. PPT playing system was adopted for the students in the experimental class, whereas the traditional teaching method was applied for the students in the control class. Results reveal that various learning indexes of the experimental class are superior to those of control class. The application of PPT playing system in the General City Planning Course obtains a favorable teaching effect.
Construction of Inductive Explanation Technology in Multimedia Teaching System of Introduction to Physical Education
Authors: Jin Zhengmei , Shi Youguo
Published: September 2016

rapid development of multimedia teaching technology makes modern teaching forms more and more diversified. Especially in recent years, mutual integration of some new technologies and multimedia technology has improved diversity of multimedia teaching ecological system. Based on the above background, this paper designed a multimedia teaching system based on inductive technology. This system takes SCM, CAN bus and sensor technology as the core and forms a full set of intelligent and inductive multimedia teaching platform through construction of peripheral circuit. This paper adopted experiment teaching method to study the application of this system in the course of Introduction to Physical Education. The results verify that, this system has a significant effect on improving students’ learning interest, active thinking ability, generalization and summarization ability, and examination scores, so it can be further promoted in other courses of college PE specialty.
An Analysis on Blended Learning Pattern Based on Blackboard Network Platform: A Case Study on the Course of Recruitment and Employment Management
Authors: Liu Hui
Published: September 2016

Blackboard platform has become a network teaching platform, which is widely appreciated by colleges, universities, and other educational institutions worldwide for its convenient operation interface, strong teaching functional modulus, and diverse online courses and tools. According to subject characteristics and curriculum practice of human resources management, a blended learning pattern based on a blackboard network platform was designed and implemented in this paper for the course of Recruitment and Employment Management from four aspects: curriculum frontal analysis, teaching environment creation, learning activity design, and learning evaluation. This learning pattern extended teaching activities from classroom to the outside, realized deep integration between the teaching behavior of teachers and the learning behavior of students, and met diversified learning demands of students, thereby improving the teaching efficiency.
Design and Application of Multi-screen VR Technology in the Course of Art Painting
Authors: Pan Chang
Published: September 2016

Through introducing VR technology, multi-screen display technology and the necessity of application of VR technology in teaching and combining the course example of Art Painting, this paper expounded the basic method and realization approach of VR technology application in network teaching. First of all, virtual teaching and virtual experiment were achieved, and then online storage and sharing of Art Painting teaching content were achieved to reach the purpose of well mastering painting skills, theory and course features under network teaching environment.
An Indigenous Perspective on Technology Education
Authors: Gumbo Mishack T.
Published: September 2016

This chapter raises the need to consider the indigenous perspective in Technology Education. The cultural aspect that undergirds indigenous technology is prominent in the discussion to abase thesis of the chapter. The author confronts the dominance of western knowledge in the subject, revisits the definition of Technology, explores indigenous technologies in South Africa, and factors in the indigenous perspective in the subject of Technology Education. Scholars and practitioners (teachers) should begin to appreciate the alternative forms of knowledge, which the subject of Technology Education presents the opportunity to accommodate. The consideration to integrate the indigenous perspective will facilitate the reconceptualisation of the subject and its teaching. Indigenous learners cannot afford not to be taught the technologies existent in their communities. Non-indigenous learners, too, cannot afford to be naïve of alternative perspectives of technology. Additionally, scholars and researchers have a scholarly mandate to discourse about alternative perspectives.
Indigenous Knowledge Management Practices in Indigenous Organizations in South Africa and Tanzania
Authors: Lwoga Edda Tandi , Ngulube Patrick , Stilwell Christine
Published: September 2016

Traditional communities have a highly developed knowledge system. They struggle, however, to lobby for critical issues as this knowledge is not documented. The chapter addresses this problem by seeking a suitable knowledge creation model for South African and Tanzanian indigenous organizations. It draws on fieldwork and reviews the literature and organizational websites. It applies Myer's seven C's model (2014) to determine how knowledge management may assist organizations in addressing challenges effectively. The findings demonstrate that Myers's model (2014) has been successful in part in explaining the knowledge management practices of indigenous organizations in these two countries. It is also difficult for indigenous organizations to motivate people to share knowledge because indigenous knowledge is individualized and used as a source of power, status and income in the communities. It is therefore important to promote integration of indigenous knowledge with other knowledge systems for socio-economic growth, and advocating change in institutional structures.
Indigenous Knowledge Perceptions and Development Practice in Northern Malawi
Authors: Moyo Boyson Henry Zondiwe , Moyo Dumisani Z.
Published: September 2016

This chapter discusses contested issues in development related to Indigenous knowledge, and conventional development practice and theory. Drawing on findings from triangulated field research including interviews with farmers and experts, participant and field observations, focus group discussions, and soil sampling; this chapter argues that although development aims at improving the quality of life of people concerned, the understanding of such improved life quality is different between local people and development experts. Experts emphasize economic growth as measured by per capita income, which is sometimes inadequate in explaining local people's understanding of development. The findings of the study lay bare the underlying values of local farmers in northern Malawi that contribute to improving quality of life and living standards. Indigenous knowledge developed by farmers shows that progress is understood in terms of adequate food, fresh tasty value-laden food available for consumption and utilizing more than one part of the crops grown, and not just adequate income.
Old People's Homes (OPHS) and Intergenerational Cultural Transfer Discontinuity in Zimbabwe
Authors: Makuvaza Ngoni
Published: September 2016

Two claims were defended in this chapter. Firstly, the chapter argued that, whilst old people's homes (OPHs) were critical in caring for the destitute elderly in postcolonial Zimbabwe, inadvertently, they were undermining intergenerational cultural transfer. Secondly, OPHs were presented as concomitant with dysfunctional family institutions in Zimbabwe. Accordingly, this chapter interrogated the role of OPHs to establish the extent to which these institutions contribute to the discontinuity of intergenerational cultural transfer in Zimbabwe, especially among the Shona people. The interrogation was located within Gade's (2011) theoretical framework of ‘narratives of return'. On that basis, a case was made for Zimbabwean society in general and the family in particular, to seriously reconsider its traditional and fundamental role of caring for the elderly without recourse to OPHs as an exigency.
Critical Thinking and Design Education in China
Authors: Ceppi Stefano
Published: September 2016

“If a science of societies exists, one must certainly not expect it to consist of a mere paraphrase of traditional prejudices. It should rather cause us to see things in a different way from the ordinary man, for the purpose of any science is to make discoveries, and all such discoveries more or less upset accepted opinions” (Durkheim, 1982). The aim of this paper is to describe the surrounding aspects and difficulties for western teachers to teach the important skill of “critical thinking” in China, and to provide a general point of reference about how to do it. Furthermore, this paper's aim is to introduce the development of significant cultural changes in Chinese society in the last twenty-five years. This paper offers a theory of how these changes effect society Critical thinking learning capabilities are deeply related to the community identity and have a relevant influence on many social aspects such as: relationships, behaviour, communication and business. It is also crucial to foster them in design education to promote innovation and the development of emerging nations.
Chinese Students' Experiences in American MFA Programs in Digital Arts
Authors: Salsali Edmond , Xu Rebecca Ruige
Published: September 2016

In recent years, the number of Chinese students seeking advanced education in the United States has increased considerably. This paper attempts to compare Chinese students' expectations of the MFA program in digital arts in the U.S. to the actual contents offered by the graduate schools. It addresses the unique challenges they face when pursuing MFA degrees and discuss how they could overcome those challenges to successfully achieve their educational goals, as well as how the MFA programs can assist them in this endeavor. It explains that digital arts curriculums in the US are usually meant to help students achieve an individual approach to the field, while developing their aesthetic and artistic sensibilities through conceptualization. But upon entering graduate schools, Chinese students usually lack proper knowledge of the theory, history, and philosophy of art, which are employed extensively in these programs to engage students in a multidisciplinary practice that emphasizes as much on the conception of the final piece as it does on its technical prowess.
Crowdfunding, Entrepreneurship, and Design Education
Authors: Ding Zhou , Jiabei Jiang
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this paper is to develop further insights into micro-entrepreneurship programs participated in by Chinese industrial designers. A model of creative thinking is employed to explain the campaign creation process. A case study research in sample design entrepreneurs was designed and conducted, and it was composed of three steps: preparing for data collection, collecting the evidences, and analyzing the evidences. It was found that five main defects in creative thinking work as obstacles to crowdfunding success. In order to overcome these drawbacks, it is suggested that designers involved in micro-entrepreneurship programs should acquire the abilities of building prototypes, following the design procedure, finding and solving problems, defining ideation and applying the evaluation methods. Current findings and future study can contribute to the curriculum development for China's industrial design education.
Using Eye Movements to Study Reading Processes
Authors: Cook Anne E. , Wei Wei
Published: September 2016

This chapter provides an overview of eye movement-based reading measures and the types of inferences that may be drawn from each. We provide logistical advice about how to set up stimuli for eye tracking experiments, with different level processes (word, sentence, and discourse) and commonly employed measures of eye movements during reading in mind. We conclude with examples from our own research of studies of eye movements during reading at the word, sentence, and discourse levels, as well as some considerations for future research.
The Use of Eye Tracking as a Research and Instructional Tool in Multimedia Learning
Authors: Scheiter Katharina , Eitel Alexander
Published: September 2016

The present chapter summarizes the state of the art of using eye tracking in research on multimedia learning. It first provides an overview the various eye tracking parameters that have been used in this field before describing its various functions as a research tool. As a research tool eye tracking serves to test and refine assumptions regarding the process of learning with multimedia, explain the origin of individual differences in learning outcomes, gives insight into the effects of instructional interventions at a process level, and enriches other forms of assessment. In addition, more recently eye tracking has also been used to develop materials aimed at supporting multimedia learning. Thus, it also serves as an instructional tool when it used to design adaptive instruction or to model cognitive processes relevant to multimedia learning. The chapter concludes with a description of some of the challenges in using eye tracking in multimedia research.
The Visual World Paradigm in Children with Spoken Language Disorders
Authors: Andreu Llorenç , Sanz-Torrent Mònica
Published: September 2016

Eye movements have become a commonly used response measure in studies of spoken language processing. These studies are included in the so-called ‘visual world paradigm' in which participants' eye movements are monitored during scene viewing in language comprehension and production activities. In this chapter the most important aspects for running eye-tracking studies in children are revised. Developmental studies using eye movements have increased in the last ten years from babies to adolescents. However, there are only a handful of papers based on the ‘visual world paradigm' that analyze the spoken language in children with language disorders. These studies using eye movements have explored spoken word recognition; verb argument and thematic relations; and narrative comprehension and production. Results has proven eye tracker to be an effective tool for understanding language representation and processing in children with language disorders.
Eye-Tracking Technology
Authors: Parikh Chandni
Published: September 2016

Eye movements and gaze direction have been utilized to make inferences about perception and cognition since the 1800s. The driving factor behind recording overt eye movements stem from the fundamental idea that one's gaze provides tremendous insight into the information processing that takes place early on during development. One of the key deficits seen in individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) involves eye gaze and social attention processing. The current chapter focuses on the use of eye-tracking technology with high-risk infants who are siblings of children diagnosed with ASD in order to highlight potential bio-behavioral markers that can inform the ascertainment of red flags and atypical behaviors associated with ASD within the first few years of development.
High Doses of GM-CSF Inhibit Antibody Responses in Rectal Secretions and Diminish Modified Vaccinia Ankara/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Protection in TRIM5α-Restrictive Macaques
Authors: Kannanganat Sunil , Wyatt Linda S. , Gangadhara Sailaja , Chamcha Venkatesarlu , Chea Lynette S. , Kozlowski Pamela A. , LaBranche Celia C. , Chennareddi Lakshmi , Lawson Benton , Reddy Pradeep B. J. , Styles Tiffany M. , Vanderford Thomas H. , Montefiori David C. , Moss Bernard , Robinson Harriet L. , Amara Rama Rao
Published: September 2016

We tested, in rhesus macaques, the effects of a 500-fold range of an admixed recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) expressing rhesus GM-CSF (MVA/GM-CSF) on the immunogenicity and protection elicited by an MVA/SIV macaque 239 vaccine. High doses of MVA/GM-CSF did not affect the levels of systemic envelope (Env)-specific Ab, but it did decrease the expression of the gut-homing receptor α4β7 on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (p < 0.01) and the magnitudes of Env-specific IgA (p = 0.01) and IgG (p < 0.05) in rectal secretions. The protective effect of the vaccine was evaluated using 12 weekly rectal challenges in rhesus macaques subgrouped by tripartite motif-containing protein 5α (TRIM5α) genotypes that are restrictive or permissive for infection by the challenge virus SIVsmE660. Eight of nine TRIM5α-restrictive animals receiving no or the lowest dose (1 × 105 PFU) of MVA/GM-CSF resisted all 12 challenges. In the comparable TRIM5α-permissive group, only 1 of 12 animals resisted all 12 challenges. In the TRIM5α-restrictive animals, but not in the TRIM5α-permissive animals, the number of challenges to infection directly correlated with the magnitudes of Env-specific rectal IgG (r = +0.6) and IgA (r = +0.6), the avidity of Env-specific serum IgG (r = +0.5), and Ab dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (r = +0.6). Titers of neutralizing Ab did not correlate with protection. We conclude that 1) protection elicited by MVA/SIVmac239 is strongly dependent on the presence of TRIM5α restriction, 2) nonneutralizing Ab responses contribute to protection against SIVsmE660 in TRIM5α-restrictive animals, and 3) high doses of codelivered MVA/GM-CSF inhibit mucosal Ab responses and the protection elicited by MVA expressing noninfectious SIV macaque 239 virus-like particles.
Adipose Tissue Dendritic Cells Are Independent Contributors to Obesity-Induced Inflammation and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Cho Kae Won , Zamarron Brian F. , Muir Lindsey A. , Singer Kanakadurga , Porsche Cara E. , DelProposto Jennifer B. , Geletka Lynn , Meyer Kevin A. , O’Rourke Robert W. , Lumeng Carey N.
Published: September 2016

Dynamic changes of adipose tissue leukocytes, including adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) and adipose tissue dendritic cells (ATDCs), contribute to obesity-induced inflammation and metabolic disease. However, clear discrimination between ATDC and ATM in adipose tissue has limited progress in the field of immunometabolism. In this study, we use CD64 to distinguish ATM and ATDC, and investigated the temporal and functional changes in these myeloid populations during obesity. Flow cytometry and immunostaining demonstrated that the definition of ATM as F4/80+CD11b+ cells overlaps with other leukocytes and that CD45+CD64+ is specific for ATM. The expression of core dendritic cell genes was enriched in CD11c+CD64− cells (ATDC), whereas core macrophage genes were enriched in CD45+CD64+ cells (ATM). CD11c+CD64− ATDCs expressed MHC class II and costimulatory receptors, and had similar capacity to stimulate CD4+ T cell proliferation as ATMs. ATDCs were predominantly CD11b+ conventional dendritic cells and made up the bulk of CD11c+ cells in adipose tissue with moderate high-fat diet exposure. Mixed chimeric experiments with Ccr2−/− mice demonstrated that high-fat diet–induced ATM accumulation from monocytes was dependent on CCR2, whereas ATDC accumulation was less CCR2 dependent. ATDC accumulation during obesity was attenuated in Ccr7−/− mice and was associated with decreased adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. CD45+CD64+ ATM and CD45+CD64−CD11c+ ATDCs were identified in human obese adipose tissue and ATDCs were increased in s.c. adipose tissue compared with omental adipose tissue. These results support a revised strategy for unambiguous delineation of ATM and ATDC, and suggest that ATDCs are independent contributors to adipose tissue inflammation during obesity.
A Tetravalent Formulation Based on Recombinant Nucleocapsid-like Particles from Dengue Viruses Induces a Functional Immune Response in Mice and Monkeys
Authors: Gil Lázaro , Cobas Karem , Lazo Laura , Marcos Ernesto , Hernández Laura , Suzarte Edith , Izquierdo Alienys , Valdés Iris , Blanco Aracelys , Puentes Pedro , Romero Yaremis , Pérez Yusleidi , Guzmán María G. , Guillén Gerardo , Hermida Lisset
Published: September 2016

Despite the considerable effort that has been invested in elucidating the mechanisms of protection and immunopathogenesis associated with dengue virus infections, a reliable correlate of protection against the disease remains to be found. Neutralizing Abs, long considered the prime component of a protective response, can exacerbate disease severity when present at subprotective levels, and a growing body of data is challenging the notion that their titers are positively correlated with disease protection. Consequently, the protective role of cell-mediated immunity in the control of dengue infections has begun to be studied. Although earlier research implicated cellular immunity in dengue immunopathogenesis, a wealth of newer data demonstrated that multifunctional CD8+ T cell responses are instrumental for avoiding the more severe manifestations of dengue disease. In this article, we describe a new tetravalent vaccine candidate based on recombinant dengue virus capsid proteins, efficiently produced in Escherichia coli and purified using a single ion-exchange chromatography step. After aggregation to form nucleocapsid-like particles upon incubation with an oligodeoxynucleotide containing immunostimulatory CpG motifs, these Ags induce, in mice and monkeys, an IFN-γ–secreting cell response that significantly reduces viral load after challenge without the contribution of antiviral Abs. Therefore, this new vaccine candidate may not carry the risk for disease enhancement associated with Ab-based formulations.
T.T. Cloete as literary critic, theorist and literary historian (Part 2): T.T. Cloete as theorist of literary history
Authors: Van Coller Hendrik
Published: September 2016

It had already been stated that Siegfried Schmidt (in Hjort 1992) discerned four ‘roles’ within the Literary System, that of literary production, dissemination, reception and literary processing. According to this definition, T.T. Cloete, the well-known author and critic, had played all of these roles. In this second part of a two-part article the focus is on Cloete as a literary historian and in particular on his theoretical (methodological) perceptions pertaining to literary history. It is abundantly clear that in all of his different roles a historical awareness was always present. For Cloete the literary work of art was inbedded in a historical timeframe which imposed hermeneutical imperatives on the critic; on the other hand the literary work of art is present in the here and now and accessible to any skilled reader. One of the objectives of this study is to argue that there was thus an implied dichotomy in Cloete’s thinking on literary history. On the one hand there had been a relativistic view that positioned literary texts in the past, and on the other hand a normative view that implied that certain texts (due to inherent qualities like integration and complexity) could gain a certain permanence. In the last part of this article-true to the narrative approach, an implied confrontation with Cloete’s (methodological) views of literary history lead to a personal standpoint as a confrontation with the self (cf. Sools 2009:27). This explication of a personal view on the writing of a literary history (as an implied homage to Cloete) concluded the article.
Practices and views of audiologists regarding aural rehabilitation services for adults with acquired hearing loss
Authors: Makhoba Musa , Joseph Neethie
Published: September 2016

Background: Hearing loss in adults is one of the leading disabilities globally. It is managed through aural rehabilitation for which there is a paucity of literature in South Africa. This raises the question of interest, the integrity of holistic service provision amongst audiologists and whether interest and challenges affect current practices.Objectives: To describe audiologists’ practices and views on aural rehabilitation services for adults, including interest and challenges experienced.Method: A descriptive online survey was completed by 45 of 1440 invited practicing audiologists who were members of the two national professional associations in South Africa. Each association emailed the questionnaire link to all its members. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21, and included the paired samples t-test and chi-squared tests.Results: The most provided services were hearing aids (81.4%), communication strategies training (69.8%) and informational counselling (79.8%). A strong interest was reported by most for each service. Challenges included limited client compliance, unaffordability of services, limited undergraduate training, language barriers, unrealistic expectations and individual differences. Statistically significant differences between service provision, interest and challenges indicated that these are influential but not individually significant to service provision.Conclusion: Imbalanced service provision, high interest and many more challenges are experienced. These factors contribute but are not solely markedly influential in service provision.
Rethinking and researching transformation in higher education: A meta-study of South African trends
Authors: Du Preez Petro , Simmonds Shan , Verhoef Anné Hendrik
Published: September 2016

Transformation is often loosely defined. We argue that the reason for this is its inherent complexity. Paradoxically, its lack of definition is an asset, which provides an opportunity to rethink and research transformation in higher education, rather than an urgent problem to be solved. In this article, the possibilities for researching and rethinking transformation are based on an exploration of transformation in higher education and the policy directives that influenced its development in South Africa. A meta-study was used to determine the national publishing trends in the South African Journal of Higher Education and the way transformation in higher education is situated in some of the articles in this journal. The population of the study comprised 1050 articles published between 2005 and 2015 in the South African Journal of Higher Education. These were analysed to determine the broad national publishing trends. Thereafter, an in-depth analysis was conducted on 30 of these articles to determine the approach to transformation in higher education and the context in which it was discussed. Based on the findings of the analysis, we recommend future directions for rethinking and researching transformation in higher education.
A case report of acampomelic campomelic dysplasia and operative difficulties in cleft palate reconstruction
Authors: Pasupathy M. , Radhakrishnan Vasant , Adenwalla Hirji Sorab , Narayanan Puthucode V.
Published: September 2016

Acampomelic campomelic dysplasia (CD) is a type of CD (CD; OMIM #114290), a rare form of congenital short-limbed dwarfism and is due to mutations in SOX9 gene family. Characteristic phenotypes of CD include bowing of the lower limbs, a narrow thoracic cage, 11 pairs of ribs, hypoplastic scapulae, macrocephaly, flattened supraorbital ridges and nasal bridge, cleft palate and micrognathia. The bending of the long bones is not an obligatory feature and is absent in about 10% of cases, referred to as acampomelic CD. A child previously diagnosed with acampomelic CD was brought to our outpatient clinic for cleft palate reconstruction. Our neurosurgeon cautioned us against performing surgery with extension of the neck in view of the possibility of producing quadriparesis, due to narrowing of the spinal canal as part of the osseous anomaly noted in the magnetic resonance imaging study of the spine, thus making the anaesthesia, surgical and post-operative procedures difficult. The cleft palate reconstruction was performed with all precautions and was uneventful.
Algorithmic surgical enhancement of function after finger revascularisation
Authors: Landin Luis , Bolado Pedro , Gajete Maria-Angeles , Gonzalez-Miranda Alvaro , Bonastre Jorge
Published: September 2016

Secondary surgical procedures can improve the function of revascularised and replanted digits. We describe the case of a patient who underwent multidigit revascularisation and replantation following a saw injury at flexor tendon Zone II. To achieve maximal functional improvement after finger revascularisation, we performed secondary surgical procedures in an order that was determined by following a reconstructive decision procedure that covered late revascularisation, nerve reconstruction, pedicled vascularised joint transfer, staged flexor tendon reconstruction and skin revision. Performing the procedures in this manner ensured overall safety. The patient’s disabilities of the arm, hand and shoulder questionnaire score improved by 45 points, and the patient was able to return to work with an almost complete range of motion.
Antibiotic susceptibility of wound isolates in plastic surgery patients at a tertiary care centre
Authors: Patil Surendra B. , Paramne Amit , Harsh Shree
Published: September 2016

Context: Wound infection increases the hospital stay and adversely affects the recovery of patients. Culture and sensitivity of wound isolates help in proper diagnosis and management of these patients. Aim: To identify common bacteria causing wound infections and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur from October 2013 to October 2015. Materials and Methods: Pus samples were collected by doctors in ward using Sterile Swab Sticks. Bacterial isolates were identified and cultured, and antibiotic culture sensitivity tests were performed. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test. Results: There were a total of 150 patients with infected wounds. Most common organism isolated was Pseudomonas followed by Klebsiella and Staphylococcus aureus. All of these organisms were resistant to most routine antibiotics. Conclusion: We suggest a multidisciplinary approach to wound management, rational drug use, routine microbiological surveillance of wounds and institution of hospital infection control policy.
Occult Primary Neuroendocrine Tumor Metastasis to the Breast Detected on Screening Mammogram
Authors: Policeni Fabiana , Pakalniskis Brittany , Yang Limin
Published: September 2016

Metastatic tumors are rare in the breast. Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (WDNETs) are slow-growing neoplasms that arise from neuroendocrine cells, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract and bronchial tree. Metastatic WDNET to the breast is a rare entity. We present a case report of ileal WDNET metastatic to the breast which was initially identified as a small mass in the patient's left breast on screening mammography. Targeted ultrasound identified a suspicious mass, and ultrasound-guided percutaneous core biopsy was performed. Pathology revealed metastatic WDNET. Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was then performed and demonstrated left axillary Level 2 lymphadenopathy, and liver lesions were suspicious for metastasis. The patient underwent abdominal computed tomography (CT) to evaluate for distant metastatic disease. A spiculated mass was found near the ileocecal valve, suggestive of primary ileal WDNET. In addition, CT identified multiple liver lesions, most compatible with metastasis. Indium 111 OctreoScan confirmed radiotracer uptake in the ileum consistent with primary neuroendocrine tumor. In this report, we review the imaging characteristics of metastatic WDNET to the breast by different imaging modalities including mammogram, ultrasound, and breast MRI.
On the Asymptotic Growth of
Bloch-Kato-Shafarevich-Tate Groups of
Modular Forms Over Cyclotomic
Extensions
Authors: Lei Antonio , Loeffler David , Sarah Livia Zerbes
Published: September 2016

We study the asymptotic behaviour of the Bloch-Kato-Shafarevich-Tate group of a modular form f over the cyclotomic ℤp-extension of ℚ under the assumption that f is non-ordinary at p. In particular, we give upper bounds of these groups in terms of Iwasawa invariants of Selmer groups defined using p-adic Hodge Theory. These bounds have the same form as the formulae of Kobayashi, Kurihara, and Sprung for supersingular elliptic curves.
Spécificités épidémiologiques de la fièvre Q en Guyane
Authors: Pommier de Santi Vincent , Marié Jean-Lou , Briolant Sébastien , Mahamat Aba , Djossou Félix , Epelboin Loïc , Lamour Thierry , Thoisy Benoît de , Raoult Didier , Edouard Sophie , Davoust Bernard
Published: September 2016

Les études scientifiques menées sur la fièvre Q en Guyane au cours des quinze dernières années ont permis de répondre à de nombreuses interrogations sur l’épidémiologie humaine et animale de cette maladie. Les résultats observés démontrent une réelle spécificité locale de la fièvre Q, avec une souche de Coxiella burnetii unique et hypervirulente, une transmission suburbaine et en bordure de forêt, principalement sur la ville de Cayenne et ses alentours, des formes pulmonaires prédominantes, un réservoir sauvage de la bactérie et la possibilité d’une transmission vectorielle par les tiques. La prévalence réelle de la maladie dans la population guyanaise reste inconnue et conditionne la mise en oeuvre d’une stratégie de santé publique dédiée. Cette communication se propose de faire une synthèse sur l’ensemble des connaissances acquises et sur les questions qui demeurent, dans une approche One Health.