bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colonial Ascidian Populations at Inshore Coral Reefs of Norfolk Island, South Pacific
Authors: Eckhardt Shannon , Ainsworth Tracy D. , Leggat William , Page Charlotte E.
Published: July 2024

Subtropical coral reefs such as the lagoonal reefs of Norfolk Island in the remote South Pacific are vastly understudied, with many benthic species unrecorded in the scientific literature. Here we report on ascidian populations from 2021 to 2023 at Norfolk Islands inshore reefs. Quantitative assessments spanning that period were conducted to assess ascidian presence, cover, and benthic interactions. We show ascidian cover remained persistently low and stable across the lagoonal reefs during the study period. We find adjacent reef site, Cemetery Bay showed variation in ascidian cover over time, where we measure a 3.2-fold increase in cover over 2 years. Ascidians were associated primarily with sand and sediment substrates at all reef locations. Recorded interactions between hard corals and ascidians were low. This study provides valuable insights into the population dynamics of ascidians within subtropical reef ecosystems. Ongoing ascidian population monitoring can provide a comprehensive understanding of ascidian dynamics whilst also providing insight of theimpact of anthropogenic stressors on benthic communities. Together, this can aid in informing management and conservation strategies for subtropical reefs.
Root Canal Dentin Microhardness after Contact with Antibiotic Medications: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Nogueira Amanda Palmeira Arruda , Grazziotin-Soares Renata , Leal Adriana Marques Mesquita , Freitas Júnior Sérgio Alves Guida , Gonçalves Bruna Laís Lins , Bauer José , Ferreira Meire Coelho , Carvalho Ceci Nunes
Published: July 2024

Background: Antibiotic pastes used as intracanal medication in cases of revascularization therapy might cause negative effects on tooth properties, such as a reduction in dentin microhardness. This in vitro study investigated dentin microhardness in three different locations distancing from the canal lumen after 20 days of treatment with a tri-antibiotic paste (ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline), and with a double-antibiotic paste (ciprofloxacin and metronidazole), with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] UltracalTM XS-treated dentin as comparison. Material and Methods: Human mandibular premolars (n = 48) had the root canals cleaned and shaped and were used to produce dentin slices. Dentin slices remained immersed in the medications for 20 days. The Knoop microhardness (KHN) test was performed before (baseline/Day-0) and after treatment (Day-20) with the medications. Indentations were made at 25 µm, 50 µm, and 100 µm distances from the root canal lumen. The KHN was compared intra-group using Wilcoxon’s test. Independent groups were compared using Mann–Whitney’s and Kruskal–Wallis’ tests, at α = 5%. Results: The microhardness in all the tested groups was reduced at Day-20 in comparison with Day-0 (p < 0.001) (intra-group comparison/same distances). The Day-0 values were similar, and the Day-20 values were higher for the Ca(OH)2 group (p < 0.05) (comparison between groups/same distances). Conclusions: Calcium hydroxide for 20 days would be preferred rather than antibiotic pastes to minimize the expected reduction in dentin microhardness during regenerative procedures.
A Novel Device for the Evaluation of In Vitro Bacterial Colonization in Membranes for Guided Tissue and Bone Regeneration
Authors: Gil Ana Clara Kuerten , Merino Eugenio A. D. , Costa Diogo Pontes , Giracca César Nunes , Mazzon Ricardo , Magrin Gabriel Leonardo , de Almeida Josiane , Benfatti Cesar Augusto Magalhães
Published: July 2024

Purpose: To evaluate, in vitro, the efficiency of a novel apparatus to test the adherence and penetration of bacteria on different membranes for guided regeneration. Methodology: To create the 3D device, Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems were used. Three types of biomaterials were tested (n = 6): (DT) a collagen membrane; (DS) a polymer membrane; and (LP) a dense polytetrafluoroethylene barrier. The biomaterials were adapted to the apparatuses and challenged with two different monospecies bacterial culture of A. actinomycetemcomitans b and S. mutans. After 2 h, bacterial adherence and penetration were quantified by counting the number of colony-forming units (CFUs). Two specimens from each group were used for image analysis using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed. Findings: The DS group had a higher adherence of S. mutans compared to A. actinomycetemcomitans b (p = 0.05). There was less adherence of A. actinomycetemcomitans b in the DS group, compared to the LP (p = 0.011) and DT (p < 0.001) groups. Only the membranes allowed penetration, which was blocked by barriers. The DT group allowed a greater penetration of S. mutans to occur compared to A. actinomycetemcomitans b (p = 0.009), which showed a higher penetration into the DS membranes compared to S. mutans (p = 0.016). The penetration of A. actinomycetemcomitans b through DS was higher compared to its penetration through DT and LP (p < 0.01 for both). DT and DS allowed a greater penetration of S. mutans to occur compared to LP, which prevented both bacterial species from penetrating. Conclusion: The apparatus allowed for the settlement and complete sealing of the biomaterials, enabling standardization.
Gingivectomy–Gingivoplasty for Oral Physiological Melanosis Depigmentation: A Case Report Involving Human Papillomavirus
Authors: Villa-Martínez Leslie , Mendoza-Espinosa Blanca Itzel , Jacinto-Alemán Luis Fernando , Molotla-Fragoso Adriana , Mejía-Velázquez Claudia Patricia , Alonso-Moctezuma Alejandro , Ramírez-Martínez Carla Monserrat , Trejo-Remigio David Alonso , Toriz-Pichardo Elsa Mónica
Published: July 2024

Gingiva hyperpigmentation resulting from physiological melanosis causes aesthetic discomfort and is usually perceived as a disease by patients because healthy attached gingiva is typically characterized by coral pink coloring with stippling and scalloped contours. When physiological melanosis compromises the aesthetics of smiling, it may induce insecurity in patients, who usually seek out alternatives for reducing or eliminating hyperpigmentation. We present a case report of a surgical procedure combining gingivectomy with gingivoplasty for the management of physiological melanosis. The surgical procedure was performed on a 40-year-old female patient with bilateral pigmentation in both arches. The results of the histological analysis confirm the diagnoses of melanotic macula, with papillary hyperplasia and cytopathic changes being suggestive of HPV infection, which was verified using an immunohistochemistry analysis based on the detection of a major capsid protein of HPV. Acceptable functional and aesthetic results were obtained for the patient without major discomfort during the postoperative period. In cases when HPV infection is present, long-term follow-up becomes necessary.
Diffusion-Based Causal Representation Learning
Authors: Karimi Mamaghan Amir Mohammad , Dittadi Andrea , Bauer Stefan , Johansson Karl Henrik , Quinzan Francesco
Published: July 2024

Causal reasoning can be considered a cornerstone of intelligent systems. Having access to an underlying causal graph comes with the promise of cause–effect estimation and the identification of efficient and safe interventions. However, learning causal representations remains a major challenge, due to the complexity of many real-world systems. Previous works on causal representation learning have mostly focused on Variational Auto-Encoders (VAEs). These methods only provide representations from a point estimate, and they are less effective at handling high dimensions. To overcome these problems, we propose a Diffusion-based Causal Representation Learning (DCRL) framework which uses diffusion-based representations for causal discovery in the latent space. DCRL provides access to both single-dimensional and infinite-dimensional latent codes, which encode different levels of information. In a first proof of principle, we investigate the use of DCRL for causal representation learning in a weakly supervised setting. We further demonstrate experimentally that this approach performs comparably well in identifying the latent causal structure and causal variables.
Asymmetric Analysis of Causal Relations in the Informality–Globalisation Nexus in Africa
Authors: Bolarinwa Segun Thompson , Simatele Munacinga
Published: July 2024

This study examines the causal relationship between informality and globalisation in 30 African countries. It deviates from traditional research by adopting a bi-directional framework to address reverse causality. By applying the DH causality method in both linear and nonlinear frameworks, this research challenges the assumption of a linear relationship and finds that the causal structure is better explained within a nonlinear asymmetric context. This paper provides recommendations based on the identified causal relationships. For countries in which globalisation leads to informality, such as Angola, Congo, Guinea, Gambia, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Tunisia, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, the paper suggests policy measures to integrate the informal sector into the formal economy. These measures include designing programmes to facilitate transition, implementing skill development initiatives, and establishing support mechanisms for entrepreneurship and small businesses. Additionally, this paper advises the development of social safety nets, improved market access, effective monitoring and regulation mechanisms, education on the benefits of globalisation, and international cooperation. For countries experiencing positive shocks from informality to globalisation, this paper recommends targeted support programs for entrepreneurship, initiatives to formalize the sector, the enhancement of market access, and skill development tailored to the needs of the informal sector. These policy recommendations aim to capitalize on the positive shocks in informality by fostering entrepreneurship, formalization, market access, and skill development. In the case of negative shocks in globalisation leading to positive shocks in informality, the paper suggests implementing resilience-building policies for the informal sector during economic downturns, establishing social safety nets, and adopting flexible labour policies.
Understanding Economic Integration in Immigrant and Refugee Populations: A Scoping Review of Concepts and Metrics in the United States
Authors: Naseh Mitra , Lee Jihye , Zeng Yingying , Nabunya Proscovia , Alvarez Valencia , Safi Meena
Published: July 2024

In an increasingly mobile world, the integration of immigrants and displaced individuals is an important factor in creating cohesive and inclusive societies. Integration has different dimensions; this scoping review examines the conceptualization and measurement of economic integration among immigrants and refugees in the United States. Quantitative peer-reviewed journal papers measuring or conceptualizing the economic integration of first-generation documented adult immigrants or refugees in the United States, as well as relevant conceptual or theory papers on this topic, were included in the review. The search strategy included an online search of the Web of Science Core Collection, PsycINFO, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA), and EconLit. Additional search strategies included scanning the reference lists of studies identified as relevant in the initial database search. An analysis of 72 studies included in the review using a data extraction table reveals seven key domains of economic integration: income and economic security, employment and occupational categories, assets and use of financial services, neighborhood and housing, health, education, and use of public assistance. Income and economic security emerged as the most common indicators of integration in the reviewed studies. Notably, less than half of the reviewed publications had a multidimensional approach to defining or measuring economic integration, and the majority of studies were focused on immigrants, with a smaller proportion dedicated to refugees. This review emphasizes the need for comprehensive frameworks in assessing economic integration among immigrants and refugees, reflecting the multifaceted nature of their economic integration experiences.
A Hybrid Approach for Hierarchical Forecasting of Industrial Electricity Consumption in Brazil
Authors: Mesquita Lopes Cabreira Marlon , Leite Coelho da Silva Felipe , da Silva Cordeiro Josiane , Serrano Hernández Ronald Miguel , Canas Rodrigues Paulo , López-Gonzales Javier Linkolk
Published: July 2024

The Brazilian industrial sector is the largest electricity consumer in the power system. Energy planning in this sector is important mainly due to its economic, social, and environmental impact. In this context, electricity consumption analysis and projections are highly relevant for the decision-making of the industrial sectorand organizations operating in the energy system. The electricity consumption data from the Brazilian industrial sector can be organized into a hierarchical structure composed of each geographic region (South, Southeast, Midwest, Northeast, and North) and their respective states. This work proposes a hybrid approach that incorporates the projections obtained by the exponential smoothing and Box–Jenkins models to obtain the hierarchical forecasting of electricity consumption in the Brazilian industrial sector. The proposed approach was compared with the bottom-up, top-down, and optimal combination approaches, which are widely used for time series hierarchical forecasting. The performance of the models was evaluated using the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) precision measures. The results indicate that the proposed hybrid approach can contribute to the projection and analysis of industrial sector electricity consumption in Brazil.
Real-Time Solar Power Generation Scheduling for Maintenance and Suboptimally Performing Equipment Using Demand Response Unified with Model Predictive Control
Authors: Li Bin , Fesseha Samrawit Bzayene , Chen Songsong , Zhou Ying
Published: July 2024

This paper proposes a novel approach that unifies a demand response (DR) with a master plan of the model predictive control method focusing on scheduling maintenance and replacement for suboptimal equipment in real-time solar power plants. By leveraging DR mechanisms and MPC algorithms, our proposed framework starts with understanding the correlation between solar module temperature, surrounding temperature, and irradiation—essential for predicting and optimizing the performance of solar energy installations. It extends to evaluate the DC to AC conversion ratio, which is an indicator of the efficiency of the inverters. This integration enables proactive decisions for repair, maintenance, or replacement of equipment. Through exploratory data analysis using Python, we establish the efficiency and benefits of our anticipated approach in identifying the relationship between the factors that affect solar power generation.
Efficient Biovalorization of Oil Palm Trunk Waste as a Low-Cost Nutrient Source for Bioethanol Production
Authors: Billateh Asma , Cheirsilp Benjamas
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to efficiently utilize felled oil palm trunk (OPT) for bioethanol and lactic acid production. OPT was separated into two fractions: oil palm sap (OPS) and OPT fiber. OPS contained substantial amounts of sugars (38–40 g/L) and nitrogen (0.60–0.70 g/L), which can serve as a base medium for bioethanol production. As bioethanol production requires high sugar concentrations, OPS was concentrated, supplemented with OPT fiber, and used for bioethanol production through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Repeated-batch SSF for five cycles efficiently utilized OPT fiber and achieved an average ethanol production of 35–42 g/L in each cycle. To increase the accessibility of the enzyme, OPT fiber was acid-pretreated prior to the SSF process. The combined use of acid-pretreated OPT slurry and concentrated OPS provided the maximum ethanol production of 49.63 ± 1.05 g/L. The fermented broth after ethanol recovery, containing mainly xylose, was used to produce lactic acid at a concentration of 18.85 ± 0.55 g/L. These strategies can greatly contribute to the zero-waste biorefinery of OPT and may also be applicable for the efficient biovalorization of other similar agricultural wastes.
Effect of Gastrodia elata Bl Cultivation under Forest Stands on Runoff, Erosion, and Nutrient Loss
Authors: Yang Shuyuan , Li Jianqiang
Published: July 2024

(1) Background: The understory planting of Chinese herbal medicine is a common soil and water conservation farming measure, and this approach makes full use of the natural conditions of the understory. However, a large number of studies on soil erosion have focused on the simulation of natural indoor conditions, and there are very few investigations on soil erosion caused by understory planting in the field. This study aims to investigate the effects of different slopes on soil and water and nitrogen–phosphorus nutrient loss from understory planting of Gastrodia elata Bl by changing the vegetation structure and soil structure of forest land. (2) Methods: To reveal the nitrogen and phosphorus loss and flow and sediment characteristics of the understory planting of Gastrodia elata Bl, runoff plots were set up in a field, and three surface slopes (5°, 15°, and 20°) were designed to collect runoff sediments and compare the soil and water loss between the natural slopes and those with Gastrodia elata Bl. This provides a basis for the restoration of vegetation cover and the enhancement of soil fertility. (3) Results: The total loss of soil, water, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the forested land with Gastrodia elata Bl increased significantly compared with that in the natural forested land, and the greater the slope was, the greater the loss was. (4) Conclusions: Planting Gastrodia elata Bl should be avoided in areas with steep slopes and serious soil erosion. However, some soil and water conservation engineering measures can be taken, such as the construction of retaining walls, drainage ditches, etc., to minimize the scouring and erosion of soil by rainwater.
Evaluation of the Restoration Effects of Rooftop Greening Areas Created by Applying an Ecological Restoration Method
Authors: Kim Dong Uk , Jung Songhie , Kim Gyung Soon , Lim Bong Soon , Lee Chang Seok
Published: July 2024

Green roofs provide various ecosystem services, including habitats for diverse organisms in urban areas where natural space is very scarce. This study aims to evaluate the restoration effects of green roofs created by applying an ecological restoration method to reinforce habitat function. The reference ecosystem selected for the ecological restoration of a roof was a Korean red pine stand established on Mt. Bulam, considering the soil depth, light, moisture conditions, etc., compared with the roof’s environmental conditions. Ecological restoration was carried out by planting two-year-old pine seedlings and scattering surface soil collected from the pine stands. The pine trees showed geometrical growth in height and diameter and a high water-use efficiency. The ecological restoration of the green roofs demonstrated an ecological function for improving the urban climate through the mitigation of the urban heat island effect and high productivity, showing different functions depending on the greening method. The composition and diversity of vegetation and insects at the ecological restoration site were similar to those at the reference site, whereas the landscape architecture sites, which were created using the landscape architecture method, were different from the reference site. These results confirm that applying the ecological restoration method for rooftop greening resulted in better biological habitat function than applying existing landscape architecture methods.
Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Erosion Risk Assessment Using GIS-Based AHP Method: A Case Study of Doğancı Dam Watershed in Bursa (Türkiye)
Authors: Erdoğan Yüksel Esin , Karan Ömer Faruk , Akay Abdullah Emin
Published: July 2024

Soil erosion, one of the most serious phenomena in watershed management, can be estimated based on various criteria. Land use change is one of the most important factors affecting the susceptibility of soil erosion. In this study, the effect of land use change on soil erosion risk in two plan periods (2005 and 2017) was investigated using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the forest planning units in the Doğancı Dam Watershed, located in Bursa, Türkiye. Eight criteria were evaluated including erosion-related slope, bedrock type, land use/land cover, precipitation, relative relief, aspect, drainage frequency, and density. According to the results, the most effective factor in soil erosion was slope (0.29), while bedrock type and land use/land cover ranked second with 0.19. It was found that full closure forests were characterized by high erosion resistance (0.3), while bare land was characterized as the most sensitive area to erosion (0.39). In terms of spatio-temporal changes in a 12-year period, the areas in the medium and high erosion risk decreased, while low and very low-risk areas increased. The ROC method showed a satisfactory accuracy of 72.8% and 80.2% for the 2005 and 2017 erosion risk maps, respectively.
Changes in Soil Hydrological Retention Properties and Controlling Factors on Shaded and Sunny Slopes in Semi-Arid Alpine Woodlands
Authors: Liu Qi , Chen Zhaoming , Wang Shengli , Liang Tiantian , Gao Zhongyuan , Dong Yinwen
Published: July 2024

Slope orientation significantly influences soil’s physicochemical properties and the soil hydrological environment. However, the regulatory mechanisms and effects, particularly in semi-arid highlands, remain poorly understood. This study investigated soil physicochemical and hydrological properties on shaded and sunny slopes. Results indicated that in the 0–20 cm soil layer, the water-holding capacity was higher on sunny slopes, while water retention in the 10–20 cm layer was significantly higher on shaded slopes. This suggests that vegetation on shaded slopes experiences less soil erosion due to higher topsoil water retention. Additionally, slope orientation altered soil properties: the electrical conductivity (EC) of the 0–20 cm soil layer was significantly higher on shaded slopes. Nutrient elements such as Ca, Cu, and Zn were also relatively higher on shaded slopes, whereas soil organic matter was significantly lower compared to sunny slopes. Overall, soil water-holding capacity and supply were primarily controlled by EC, followed by capillary porosity and nutrient elements like Ca, Mn, and Fe. Therefore, slope orientation has a significant effect on soil hydrological properties, with stronger topsoil water retention on shaded slopes. These findings offer valuable insights for vegetation restoration in semi-arid highland ecosystems.
Two Male Poplar Clones (Populus × euramericana ‘Siyang-1’ and Populus deltoides ‘Nanlin 3804’) Exhibit Distinctly Different Physiological Responses to Soil Water Deficit
Authors: Tang Lintao , Cao Pei , Zhang Shuo , Liu Xiaopeng , Ge Xiaomin , Tang Luozhong
Published: July 2024

Poplar is a globally important industrial tree species due to its fast growth and abundant applications. However, poplars require sufficient water during the growing season, and drought usually limits their production. Drought caused by climate change poses a serious threat to widely planted poplar plantations, making it crucial to clarify and improve the drought resistance of poplars. We employed two male poplar clones, namely, Siyang-1 (Populus × euramericana ‘Siyang-1’) and NL3804 (Populus deltoides ‘Nanlin 3804’), to investigate the growth and physiological responses of these clones to soil drought stress within 25 days. Under drought treatment, both clones experienced a significant reduction in height growth and biomass accumulation, with Siyang-1 exhibiting a more substantial decrease. Under drought treatment, Siyang-1 allocated more assimilates to roots than NL3804. Compared with Siyang-1, NL3804 wilted earlier and had a significantly higher wilting coefficient (p < 0.05). Siyang-1 had higher peroxidase (POD) activity in leaves under drought stress, while NL3804 had a greater increase in membrane permeability. Drought stress increased P absorption and decreased K absorption in both clones but had no significant effect on N absorption. The translocation of limited N and K resources into the stems and roots, as well as the increased uptake of P by the roots, can contribute to defending against drought for poplars. Siyang-1 enhances its drought resistance by modulating its nutrient status and slowing its growth rate, whereas NL3804 accumulates more biomass in the drought stage but perishes sooner, due to imbalances in water and antioxidant systems.
Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Stand Structure Collaborative Optimization of Pinus yunnanensis Secondary Forests
Authors: Xuan Shuai , Wang Jianming , Yin Jiting , Chen Yuling , Wu Baoguo
Published: July 2024

This study aims to investigate the potential and advantages of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in forest management, offering innovative insights and methodologies for achieving sustainable management of forest ecosystems. Focusing on the Pinus yunnanensis secondary forests in Southwest China, we formulated the objective function and constraints based on both spatial and non-spatial structural indices of the forest stand structure (FSS). The value of the objective function (VOF) served as an indicator for assessing FSS. Leveraging the random selection method (RSM) to select harvested trees, we propose the replanting foreground index (RFI) to enhance replanting optimization. The decision-making processes involved in selection harvest optimization and replanting were modeled as actions within MARL. Through iterative trial-and-error and collaborative strategies, MARL optimized agent actions and collaboration to address the collaborative optimization problem of FSS. We conducted optimization experiments for selection felling and replanting across four circular sample plots, comparing MARL with traditional combinatorial optimization (TCO) and single-agent reinforcement learning (SARL). The findings illustrate the superior practical efficacy of MARL in collaborative optimization of FSS. Specifically, replanting optimization based on RFI outperformed the classical maximum Delaunay generator area method (MDGAM). Across different plots (P1, P2, P3, and P4), MARL consistently improved the maximum VOFs by 54.87%, 88.86%, 41.34%, and 22.55%, respectively, surpassing those of the TCO (38.81%, 70.04%, 41.23%, and 18.73%) and SARL (54.38%, 70.04%, 41.23%, and 18.73%) schemes. The RFI demonstrated superior performance in replanting optimization experiments, emphasizing the importance of considering neighboring trees’ influence on growth space and replanting potential. Following selective logging and replanting adjustments, the FSS of each sample site exhibited varying degrees of improvement. MARL consistently achieved maximum VOFs across different sites, underscoring its superior performance in collaborative optimization of logging and replanting within FSS. This study presents a novel approach to optimizing FSS, contributing to the sustainable management of Pinus yunnanensis secondary forests in southwestern China.
Minor Effects of Canopy and Understory Nitrogen Addition on Soil Organic Carbon Turnover Time in Moso Bamboo Forests
Authors: Zeng Changli , He Shurui , Long Boyin , Zhou Zhihang , Hong Jie , Cao Huan , Yang Zhihan , Tang Xiaolu
Published: July 2024

Increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has greatly influenced soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. Currently, the response of SOC to atmospheric N deposition is generally detected through understory N addition, while canopy processes have been largely ignored. In the present study, canopy N addition (CN) and understory N addition (UN, 50 and 100 kg N ha−1 year−1) were performed in a Moso bamboo forest to compare whether CN and UN addition have consistent effects on SOC and SOC turnover times (τsoil: defined as the ratio of SOC stock and soil heterotrophic respiration) with a local NHx:NOy ratio of 2.08:1. The experimental results showed that after five years, the SOC content of canopy water addition without N addition (CN0) was 82.9 g C kg−1, while it was 79.3, 70.7, 79.5 and 74.5 g C kg−1 for CN50, CN100, UN50 and UN100, respectively, and no significant difference was found for the SOC content between CN and UN. Five-year N addition did not significantly change τsoil, which was 34.5 ± 7.4 (mean ± standard error) for CN0, and it was 24.9 ± 4.8, 22.4 ± 4.9, 30.5 ± 4.0 and 22.1 ± 6.5 years for CN0, CN50, CN100, UN50 and UN100, respectively. Partial least squares structural equation modeling explained 93% of the variance in τsoil, and the results showed that soil enzyme activity was the most important positive factor controlling τsoil. These findings contradicted the previous assumption that UN may overestimate the impacts of N deposition on SOC. Our findings were mainly related to the high N deposition background in the study area, the special forest type of Moso bamboo and the short duration of the experiment. Therefore, our study had significant implications for modeling SOC dynamics to N deposition for high N deposition areas.
Genome-Wide Profiling of the Genes Related to Leaf Discoloration in Zelkova schneideriana
Authors: Sun Yuhan , Gong Longfeng , Liu Xiao , Hu Jiayu , Lu Xiaoxiong , Xu Jichen
Published: July 2024

Zelkova schneideriana is a landscaping flowering and deciduous plant whose leaf color changes in the fall season. In the discoloration period, the anthocyanin content in the red lines of Z. schneideriana is 3.52 times greater than that in the green lines, whereas the chlorophyll content in the red lines is 20.10 times lower. To understand the molecular mechanism of the leaf discoloration, transcriptome sequencing was performed. A total of 3965 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the red and green lines in the discoloration period. These DEGs were mainly involved in plant–pathogen interactions, the MAPK signaling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, flavonoid biosynthesis, and anthocyanin biosynthesis. Among them, three downregulated genes were involved in chlorophyll synthesis; these genes exhibited a maximum decrease in the red lines that was 11.13 times greater than their expression in the green lines. In contrast, 33 upregulated genes were involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis; they exhibited a maximum increase in the red lines 4645.33 times greater than their expression in the green lines. The results of an association analysis revealed that four transcription factors, including ZeBHLH42, ZeMYB123, ZeMYB113, and ZeWRKY44, positively regulated the anthocyanin synthesis genes. These results explained the mechanism underlying the discoloration of Zelkova leaves and provided a basis for molecular breeding programs of colorful plants.
A Semi-Continuous Fermentation Process for Pulque Production Using Microfiltration-Sterilized Aguamiel and Aseptic Conditions to Standardize the Overall Quality of the Beverage
Authors: Calderón-García Concepción , Guadarrama-Mendoza Paula Cecilia , Ponce-Alquicira Edith , Escalante Adelfo , Ruiz-Ramírez Yesica , Valadez-Blanco Rogelio
Published: July 2024

Despite the current appreciation of pulque as a probiotic fermented beverage, pulque has been also regarded as a poor-quality product, particularly due to the lack of sanitary control during its elaboration. To address this problem, a semi-continuous fermentation system was established, emulating the artisanal production process. Microfiltration-sterilized aguamiel was employed as the substrate, whereas a good-quality pulque was used as the fermentation inoculum. During the fermentation, the physicochemical, microbiological (lactic acid and Leuconostoc-type bacteria and yeasts) and sensory characteristics of the must were monitored. The isolated microorganisms were identified by molecular biology and MALDI-MS techniques. The sterilization of aguamiel by microfiltration did not negatively affect its physicochemical attributes. After 6–8 days of operation of the semi-continuous bioreactor, the fermentation reached a quasi-stationary state considering most of the parameters monitored during the experiment. The final fermentation product presented similar physicochemical, microbial and sensory properties to those of the pulque inoculum. The genera identified were Leuconostoc, Lentilactobacillus, Lactobacillus, Liquorilactobacillus, Fructilactobacillus and Saccharomyces. The strains Lentilactobacillus diolivorans and Liquorilactobacillus capillatus and uvarum have not been previously isolated from pulque. In conclusion, the fermentation system developed in this work was effective to standardize the quality of pulque while preserving the positive attributes of the artisanal process, thus harnessing the probiotic properties of pulque.
Exploring the Impact of Extended Maceration on the Volatile Compounds and Sensory Profile of Monastrell Red Wine
Authors: Martínez-Moreno Alejandro , Toledo-Gil Rosa , Bautista-Ortin Ana Belén , Gómez-Plaza Encarna , Yuste José Enrique , Vallejo Fernando
Published: July 2024

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are crucial to the wine’s overall quality since they define the aromatic profile. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a 146-day extended maceration (EM) treatment positively affects the aromatic and sensory properties of Monastrell red wine. A total of 43 aromatic compounds belonging to different chemical classes were identified using solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS). In general, EM treatment decreased both the number and total relative concentration of VOCs. Specifically, EM decreased the concentration of alcohols, terpenes and sulphur compounds compared to control wines. However certain compounds such as 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, phenylethyl and ethyl decanoate significantly increased with prolonged maceration. Conversely, EM treatment did not significantly affect the total relative concentrations of esters and ketones. From sensorial point of view, the triangular test showed a positive identification of wines (10/18) with a significant preference for EM wines. Moreover, descriptive analysis revealed that EM wines scored lower values in appearance, aroma and taste. Future research should aim to optimize maceration time to enhance the content of VOCs without compromising the sensory quality of the wine.
Smart Irrigation Systems from Cyber–Physical Perspective: State of Art and Future Directions
Authors: Qian Mian , Qian Cheng , Xu Guobin , Tian Pu , Yu Wei
Published: July 2024

Irrigation refers to supplying water to soil through pipes, pumps, and spraying systems to ensure even distribution across the field. In traditional farming or gardening, the setup and usage of an agricultural irrigation system solely rely on the personal experience of farmers. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN) has projected that by 2030, developing countries will expand their irrigated areas by 34%, while water consumption will only be up 14%. This discrepancy highlights the importance of accurately monitoring water flow and volume rather than people’s rough estimations. The smart irrigation systems, a key subsystem of smart agriculture known as the cyber–physical system (CPS) in the agriculture domain, automate the administration of water flow, volume, and timing via using cutting-edge technologies, especially the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, to solve the challenges. This study explores a comprehensive three-dimensional problem space to thoroughly analyze the IoT’s applications in irrigation systems. Our framework encompasses several critical domains in smart irrigation systems. These domains include soil science, sensor technology, communication protocols, data analysis techniques, and the practical implementations of automated irrigation systems, such as remote monitoring, autonomous operation, and intelligent decision-making processes. Finally, we discuss a few challenges and outline future research directions in this promising field.
Unveiling the Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Serbian Goat Cheese
Authors: Grujović Mirjana Ž. , Marković Katarina G. , Morais Susana , Semedo-Lemsaddek Teresa
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to unleash the potential of indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) originating from traditionally made Serbian goat cheese. Following the isolation and identification of the LAB, the safety aspects of the isolates were evaluated through tests for hemolytic activity and antibiotic sensitivity. The selected isolates were then tested for various technological properties, including growth in methylene blue, proteolytic activity, acidification, curd formation ability in both pure and enriched goat milk, diacetyl production, antagonistic potential against other LAB, and biofilm formation ability. The results indicated that Lactococcus spp., Lacticaseibacillus spp., and Lactiplantibacillus spp. did not exhibit α or β hemolysis, while enterococci displayed α hemolysis. A higher number of isolates demonstrated sensitivity to ampicillin, tetracycline, and streptomycin, while sensitivity to gentamicin and vancomycin was strain-dependent. Based on the evaluation of technological properties, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei M-1 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum C7-7, C7-8, and C14-5 showed promising characteristics. Additionally, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strains C0-14 and C21-8 emerged as promising candidates with notable technological properties. Notably, certain indigenous strains LAB exhibit promising technological properties and safety profiles. These characteristics make them suitable candidates for use as starter or adjunct cultures in goat’s milk cheese production, potentially enhancing the quality and safety of the cheese as well as hygiene practices among small-scale dairy producers.
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Can Boost Value-Added Trade in Food and Non-Food Sectors in Asia–Pacific Economies
Authors: Wei Wei , Ali Tariq , Liu Mengge , Yang Guolei
Published: July 2024

This study examines the effects of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) on the value-added trade of food and non-food sectors. This study uses a global computable general equilibrium (CGE) model coupled with an extension module for the origin decomposition of value-added flows embodied in gross trade. The results suggest that by cutting down tariff and non-tariff barriers, the RCEP would significantly stimulate the economies of and gross trade among Asia–Pacific countries involved in the agreement. The potential benefits of the RCEP will be overestimated if we ignore the origin of value added and measure the benefits by gross exports. The domestic components of bilateral value-added flows between RCEP members would increase greatly, indicating an increasingly integrated value chain between RCEP members. Import taxes and non-tariff barriers for processed food, textiles and clothes, and heavy manufacturing are relatively significant in the region, so the RCEP would significantly improve their value-added exports. The domestic component of value-added exports in agricultural products and processed food from RCEP members would be increased significantly, indicating that the closely integrated food value chain boosts the food economies of RCEP members.
Knowledge Maps and Emerging Trends in Cell-Cultured Meat since the 21st Century Research: Based on Different National Perspectives of Spatial-Temporal Analysis
Authors: Song Huiqi , Chen Pengwei , Sun Yiwen , Sheng Jiping , Zhou Lin
Published: July 2024

Cell-cultured meat holds significant environmental value as an alternative protein source. Throughout the 21st century, cell-cultured meat has progressively penetrated commercial markets. However, a systematic review encompassing the entire field needs improvement. Employing Citespace, Vosviewer, and R-Bibliometrix software, a bibliometric analysis was used to present the research progress and general development trends of 484 articles on cell-cultured meat from 2000 to 2022 based on countries, authors, institutions, and keywords. This analysis provides ideas for the future development of cell-cultured meat in different countries or regions worldwide. Research on cell-cultured meat from 2000 to 2022 has undergone two phases: fluctuating growth (2000–2013) and rapid growth (2013–2022). Noteworthy contributions to cell-cultured meat studies emerge from author groups in the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and China, with influential institutions like the University of Bath significantly impacting pertinent research. Furthermore, over the past two decades, research has leaned towards exploring topics such as “biomaterials”, “cultured”, “land use”, “public opinion”, “animal welfare”, and “food safety”. Furthermore, this study reveals differences in nomenclature between regions and institutions. “Cultured meat” is more popular in some countries than in other forms. Institutions in Asia use “cultured meat” more frequently; however, institutions in the Americas adopt “cultivated meat” and rarely adopt “in vitro meat”, and institutions in the European region have no particularly prominent tendency towards a specific nomenclature. Future research should emphasize aligning the labeling of cell-cultured meat with effective management strategies and referencing regulatory policies across various countries. For the first time, we use three different bibliometric methods to analyze temporal and spatial variation in research on cellular meat. The results of this study have a multiplier effect. We provide a theoretical basis and a practical reference for the identification of alternatives in the dual context of “food crisis and food security” and “climate crisis”. At the same time, we also provide a reference for the sustainable development of the food system.
Preparation of Transglutaminase-Catalyzed Rice Bran Protein Emulsion Gels as a Curcumin Vehicle
Authors: Liu Jie , Yang Siqi , Liu Jiayuan , Liu Hongzhi , Wang Ziyuan
Published: July 2024

Protein-based emulsion gels have tunable viscoelasticity that can be applied to improve the stability of bioactive ingredients. As the by-product of rice processing, rice bran protein (RBP) has high nutritional value and good digestibility, exhibiting unique value in the development of hypoallergenic formula. In this study, the effect of transglutaminase (TGase) cross-linking on the physicochemical properties of RBP emulsion gels was investigated. To improve the stability of curcumin against environmental stress, the entrapment efficiency and stability of curcumin in the emulsion gel systems were also evaluated. The results indicated that TGase increased the viscoelastic modulus of RBP emulsion gels, resulting in a solid-like structure. Moreover, the entrapment efficiency of curcumin was increased to 93.73% after adding TGase. The thermal stability and photo-stability of curcumin were enhanced to 79.54% and 85.87%, respectively, compared with the sample without TGase addition. The FTIR results showed that TGase induced the cross-linking of protein molecules and the secondary structure change in RBP. Additionally, SEM observation confirmed that the incorporation of TGase promoted the formation of a compact network structure. This study demonstrated the potential of RBP emulsion gels in protecting curcumin and might provide an alternative strategy to stabilize functional ingredients.
Impact of Rye Malt with Various Diastatic Activity on Wholegrain Rye Flour Rheology and Sugar Formation in Scalding and Fermentation Processes
Authors: Murniece Ruta , Reidzane Sanita , Radenkovs Vitalijs , Matisons Roberts , Dabina-Bicka Ilona , Klava Dace , Galoburda Ruta
Published: July 2024

Amylase activity in rye flour plays a crucial role in the production of rye bread. When preparing a scald in rye bread production, diastatic rye malt is utilized to augment the amylase activity of the rye flour. This study investigated the effects of the diastatic power (DP) and concentration of rye malt on the Falling Number (FN) and the rheological properties of rye flour. Additionally, it examined reducing sugars in the scalding process and fermentation. Mixolab results provided comprehensive data on dough properties at different temperature stages, highlighting significant changes in starch gelatinization and enzyme activity due to varying malt diastatic power and concentrations. The decline in the gelatinization index (C3-C2) indicated faster starch gelatinization with increased diastatic power. Adding rye malt significantly increased maltose content in the saccharified and fermented scald, promoting a favorable environment for lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. FN and Amylograph results showed that less active malt (DP 170, 179 °WK), at a 1.5% concentration, could achieve similar effects as the more active malt (DP 362, 408 °WK) at 0.5%. Adding rye malt to rye flour allows for the regulation of the flour’s rheological properties and FN, adjustable based on malt DP and concentration.
Quality Evaluation of Bergamot Juice Produced in Different Areas of Calabria Region
Authors: Gattuso Antonio , Mafrica Rocco , Cannavò Serafino , Mafrica Davide , De Bruno Alessandra , Poiana Marco
Published: July 2024

Citrus fruits are extensively cultivated worldwide, with Italy and Spain being major producers. In Southern Italy, particularly in Reggio Calabria, a typical citrus fruit is produced, namely, bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau), known for its mysterious origins and exceptional quality essential oil protected by the EU’s PDO (Protected Designation of Origin) designation. Despite historical challenges, bergamot has regained prominence for its nutraceutical potential, especially its flavonoid-rich juice, offering significant health benefits. However, little attention has been paid to understanding the qualitative and quantitative differences of bergamot juice in Calabrian production areas. For this reason, this work aims to investigate the quality characteristics of bergamot juice produced in different areas of Calabria sites. The results showed the best quality attributes of bergamot fruits harvested in the PDO area. In particular, higher levels of total soluble solids, stable acidity, and higher juice were found. In addition, higher contents of ascorbic and citric acids, which are nutritionally valuable and tasteful, were found. The phenolic profile, characterized by the key compounds of bergamot, highlighted the better nutraceutical potential of the fruit grown in the PDO area.
Processing and Utilization Technology of Root and Tuber Food
Authors: Zeng Fankui , Guo Huachun , Liu Gang
Published: July 2024

Roots and tubers make a great contribution to major staple foods and provide good sources of dietary carbohydrates for the nutrition supply and energy recharge of human [...]
Novel Food and Beverages: Production and Characterization
Authors: Perez-Puyana Víctor M. , Jiménez-Rosado Mercedes , Romero Alberto
Published: July 2024

In today’s market, the pursuit of product optimization is not just a trend but a necessity while facing the challenges of supplying a wider range of products, sustainability pressures, and the requirement for continuous innovation [...]