bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro Shoot Regeneration and Control of Shoot Tip Necrosis in Tissue Cultures of Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) A. Juss.
Authors: Chiruvella Kishore K. , Mohammed Arifullah , Dampuri Gayathri , Ghanta Rama Gopal
Published: June 2012

Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) A. Juss., (Meliaceae) an indigenous lofty deciduous tree, endemic to India, has extensive pharmacological activity. Continuous destruction of plants due to environmental and geopolitical instability has posed a major threat to endemic tree species. In vitro propagation techniques are also problematic due to high incidence of shoot tip necrosis (STN). The effect of various culture conditions on regeneration and STN of Soymida febrifuga were investigated. Nodal segments from field grown plants were used as explants and cultured on MS supplemented with different concentrations of BA, KN, NAA and IAA. The synergistic effect of BA (2 mg/l) and NAA (0.2 mg/l) induced a mean of 6.3 ± 0.09 shoots from the nodal explants with a frequency of 80.4%. Frequent subculturing of nodal explants from in vitro derived shoots increases the number of multiple shoots, but the regenerated shoots exhibited the symptoms of STN. Various factors such as strength of the media, different carbon sources activated charcoal and different calcium sources have been investigated for reducing the incidence of shoot necrosis. STN can easily be recovered by increasing the levels of calcium. Transfer of shoots showing early signs of necrosis to half strength MS supplemented with CN (556 mg/l), CP (1.0 mg/l), AC (20 mg/l) and fructose (100 mg/l) facilitated recovery of more than 98% of the shoots. Rooted plantlets produced, using the optimized protocol, were acclimatized successfully.   Key words: Soymida febrifuga, Shoot regeneration, Shoot tip necrosis   D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v21i1.9559   Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 21(1): 11-25, 2011 (June)
Rapid Shoot Regeneration from Thin Cell Layer Explants of an Endangered Medicinal Asclepiad Ceropegia spiralis L.
Authors: Murthy K. Sri Rama , Kondamudi R.
Published: June 2012

The thin cell layers of nodes and internodes of Ceropegia spiralis L. were cultured on  MS  supplemented with BAP 13.32 µM/l + NAA 0.537 μM/l induced 17.34 ± 0.55 shoots showing extensive growth. Later on the organogenesis was also induced on MS containing BAP 13.32 µM/l + 2, 4-D 1.130 µM/l, whereas the medium with BAP 13.32 µM/l + 2, 4-D 4.52 µM/l has the highest callus producing ability in recalcitrants as well as in normal explants. Shoots developed were rooted best on 0.5 MS with NAA 10.74 μM/l. Optimum shoot and root multiplication was obtained within eight weeks.  In vitro plantlets were successfully weaned and transferred to soil with about 90 per cent survival rate. So far, more than 650 weanlings have been produced successfully and reintroduced into nature for their recovery.     Key words: Ceropegia spiralis, Thin cell layer explants, Recalcitrants, Regeneration   D. O. I. 10.3329/ptcb.v21i1.9564   Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 21(1): 63-73, 2011 (June)
Antiplatelet Therapy During Surgery: A Review
Authors: Bhuiyan Golam Rahman , Habib SM Ahsan , Anam Md Khairul , Hussain Ahmed Shafiqul , Islam Md Shirajul , Haque Mostasirul , Ahmed Md Khurshed
Published: June 2012

No abstract available   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/uhj.v7i2.10845 University Heart. Journal Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2011
The Effect of Menstruation on Psychiatric Hospitalization
Authors: Weston Jaclyn , Speroni Karen Gabel , Ellis Terri , Daniel Marlon G.
Published: June 2012

This study evaluated the effect of menstruation on psychiatric hospitalization. We conducted a retrospective chart review of the medical records of 177 women who met the eligibility criteria. Data collected included demographic details, primary and secondary diagnoses, date of last menstrual period (LMP), medication adherence, psychiatric hospitalization length of stay, previous psychiatric admissions (including those related to menstruation), discharge referrals, and readmissions. The majority of women were admitted for major depression, were single, Caucasian, and had a mean age of 34. A disproportionate percentage (37%) of women had their LMP within 5 days of psychiatric hospitalization (
p
= 0.0006). The overall average length of stay was 4.37 days, and 48.3% had a previous psychiatric admission. Medication adherence was routinely not documented (77.4%). Psychiatric hospitalizations for women are significantly greater within 5 days of their LMP. Nursing education and improved documentation are warranted to decrease the potential for readmission.
Delirium: A Very Common Problem You May Not Recognize
Authors: Steis Melinda R. , Shaughnessy Marianne , Gordon Sharon M.
Published: June 2012

Older adults with multiple pre-existing conditions are admitted to hospitals with acute illnesses and injuries every day. Delirium is not recognized by clinicians across health care settings. With awareness of risk factors and knowledge of delirium, nurses can play a pivotal role in the early identification, treatment, and, most important, prevention of delirium in older adults. Nurses often display a lack of knowledge related to delirium and the complex symptoms that appear differently in the presence of other complicating co-morbid conditions in aging adults. Nurses play a crucial role in keeping patients safe and ensuring optimal outcomes, regardless of the setting. With the growing population of older adults and the expected increases in chronic illness and dementia, delirium is a problem nurses are likely to experience in all practice settings. Knowing what to look for facilitates recognizing the risk and acting early to minimize (or even prevent) delirium.
Questions to Ask When Selecting Medication
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: June 2012

Given the availability of a large and diverse number of medications for the treatment of various mental disorders, how should a clinician decide which medication(s) to try for any particular patient? This article explores eight questions that should be considered when selecting medication for a patient. Medication selection should be individually tailored by the answers to these questions, which take into account factors such as the diagnosis and associated symptoms, the expected efficacy/tolerability profile, medical and psychiatric comorbidity, concurrent drug use, past treatment history, family history, patient/family preferences, and cost considerations.
A Wireless Remotely Operated Vehicle Using Acoustic Communication
Authors: Kim Geol-Ju , Park Sung-Joon
Published: June 2012

AbstractFor decades, numerous remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) having different shapes and sizes have been designed and implemented. An ROV is typically tethered to a mother ship to obtain power and exchange data. Among ROVs, small-sized ROVs, which can take the place of
divers, support a limited working range and consume low power for operation. Since the umbilical cables are troublesome for the movements of ROVs, this paper discusses the design and implementation of a prototype of a small-sized ROV operated by wireless acoustic communication. To support
the mobility of the ROV, an acoustic modem equipped with omnidirectional beam pattern was developed. The implemented modem and wireless ROV were tested in a water tank and outdoor environments to verify functional operations and the feasibility for real applications.
Computerized Tomography of Paranasal Sinuses: A Roadmap to Endoscopic Surgery
Authors: Gupta Bhumika , Tripathi Nishikanta
Published: June 2012

A detailed knowledge of sinonasal anatomy is a prerequisite for safe and successful surgery. Variation in the key landmarks of sinonasal anatomy was recorded in this study both on radiology and during surgery. These variations are especially important while working near optic nerve because a single wrong step during surgery can lead to visual loss.

How to cite this article

Gupta AK, Gupta B, Gupta N, Tripathi N. Computerized Tomography of Paranasal Sinuses: A Roadmap to Endoscopic Surgery. Clin Rhinol Int J 2012;5(1):1-10.
Postoperative Complications Followed by Septoplasty Comparison between Conventional Nasal Packing and Glove Finger Pack
Authors: Yousuf Aamir , Beigh Zafarullah , Malik Manzoor Ahmad , Ahmad Rafiq
Published: June 2012

Objective

Objective of this study is to compare complications in postseptoplasty patients using conventional nasal packing and glove finger packing.

Materials and methods

In our study 95 patients who underwent septoplasty were enrolled and written consent taken for the study among these 95 patients, 50 patients were put in group A and 45 patients in group B. In group A patients glove finger packing was done and in group B patients conventional packing using medicated gauze was done and postoperative complications like postoperative pain, hemorrhage, septal perforation, toxic shock syndrome, septal hematoma, septal deviation and synechia/adhesion bands were compared between two groups, follow-up was done for both groups for 3 weeks.

Result

Our study showed that their was significantly less pain in group A patients and also their was less incidence of synechia in group A patients as compared to group B patients, their was not much difference in other complications.

Conclusion

Our results point out that glove finger pack has more advantage than conventional medicated gauze pack. We recommend use of glove finger pack after septoplasty procedure.

How to cite this article

Beigh Z, Yousuf A, Malik MA, Ahmad R. Postoperative Complications Followed by Septoplasty Comparison between Conventional Nasal Packing and Glove Finger Pack. Clin Rhinol Int J 2012;5(1):11-13.
Transnasal Endoscopic Surgery in Retro-orbital Abscess
Authors: Mohindroo NK , Sharma DR , Thakur JS , Arora Ripudaman
Published: June 2012

Introduction

Transnasal endoscopic approach is well established in the management of subperiosteal abscess but retro-orbital abscess is commonly treated by external surgical approach. There are only two articles published on endoscopic drainage of retro-orbital abscess. We present our experience in the management of retro-orbital abscesses by transnasal endoscopic surgery.

Methods

Retrospective case charts review. Three cases with retro-orbital abscess were drained with endoscopic approach in last 5 years.

Conclusion

Role of transnasal endoscopic surgery in superior-lateral located intraorbital abscesses could not be evaluated but presented case series will further open the doors for transnasal endoscopic surgery.

How to cite this article

Thakur JS, Mohindroo NK, Sharma DR, Arora R. Transnasal Endoscopic Surgery in Retro-orbital Abscess. Clin Rhinol Int J 2012;5(1):14-16.
Chondroid Syringoma of Nose
Authors: Smitha SG , Chandregowda BV , Krishnamurthy Thejasvi
Published: June 2012

Chondroid Syringoma is a rare cutaneous tumor which usually arises in middle age with predilection for head and neck region. We report a case of chondroid syringoma of nose with review of literature.

How to cite this article

Chandregowda BV, Smitha SG, Bhardwaj S, Krishnamurthy T. Chondroid Syringoma of Nose. Clin Rhinol Int J 2012;5(1):30-31.
A Multitrabecular Nasal Dermoid Cyst
Authors: Shinde KJ , Singh Amit Kumar
Published: June 2012

Nasal dermoid is a rare developmental anomaly. Unlike other craniofacial dermoid, the nasal lesions can present as a cyst, a sinus or fistula and may have an intracranial extension. We report a case of 11-year-old male child presenting in the ENT OPD of Pravara Rural Hospital with a tuft of hair over the root of the nose since birth, which is uncommon presentation of nasal dermoid.

How to cite this article

Shinde KJ, Singh AK. A Multitrabecular Nasal Dermoid Cyst. Clin Rhinol Int J 2012;5(1):38-40.
Atmospheric organic-phase photo-sensitized epoxidation of alkenes by α-dicarbonyls
Authors: Yu G. , Keutsch F. N.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. We report a new pathway of epoxide formation in organic phases via catalytic oxidation of alkenes by air with α-dicarbonyls as photo-sensitizers. Epoxide yields as high as 100% in 30 min of exposure to a solar simulator operating at the equivalent of 48.5° zenith angle are observed. The rate constants are proportional to light intensity and inversely proportional to temperature. The reaction rate is 0th order with respect to alkenes, implying that alkenes with small concentrations may rapidly be converted to epoxides in the organic phase. Based on a statistical estimate of α-dicarbonyl concentrations in secondary organic aerosol, we propose that this reaction could be highly effective under ambient conditions: the 0th-order lifetimes of organic-phase alkenes are estimated to be as low as 10 min, significantly shorter than their gas-phase 1st-order lifetimes, which are typically hours to days. The formation of epoxides in organic particles is expected to increase their hygroscopicity and ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei. Epoxides in deliquesced particles can subsequently form polyalcohols, oligomers, organosulphates and organonitrates, increasing the organic mass in the atmospheric waters.
Observation of volcanic ash from Puyehue-Cordón Caulle with IASI
Authors: Klüser L. , Erbertseder T. , Meyer-Arnek J.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. On 4 June 2011 an eruption of the Chilean volcano complex Puyehue-Cordón Caulle injected large amounts of volcanic ash into the atmosphere and affected local life as well as hemisphere-wide air traffic. Observations of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer IASI flown on board of the MetOp satellite have been exploited to analyze the evolution of the ash plume around the Southern Hemisphere. A novel Singular Vector based retrieval methodology, originally developed for observation of desert dust over land and ocean, has been adapted to enable remote sensing of volcanic ash. Since IASI observations in the 8–12 μm window are applied in the retrieval, the method is insensitive to solar illumination and therefore yields twice the observation rate of the ash plume evolution compared to solar backscatter methods from polar orbiting satellites. The retrieval scheme, the emission characteristics and the circumpolar transport of the ash are examined by means of a source-receptor analysis.
Estimating the geoeffectiveness of halo CMEs from associated solar and IP parameters using neural networks
Authors: Uwamahoro J. , McKinnell L. A. , Habarulema J. B.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Estimating the geoeffectiveness of solar events is of significant importance for space weather modelling and prediction. This paper describes the development of a neural network-based model for estimating the probability occurrence of geomagnetic storms following halo coronal mass ejection (CME) and related interplanetary (IP) events. This model incorporates both solar and IP variable inputs that characterize geoeffective halo CMEs. Solar inputs include numeric values of the halo CME angular width (AW), the CME speed (Vcme), and the comprehensive flare index (cfi), which represents the flaring activity associated with halo CMEs. IP parameters used as inputs are the numeric peak values of the solar wind speed (Vsw) and the southward Z-component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) or Bs. IP inputs were considered within a 5-day time window after a halo CME eruption. The neural network (NN) model training and testing data sets were constructed based on 1202 halo CMEs (both full and partial halo and their properties) observed between 1997 and 2006. The performance of the developed NN model was tested using a validation data set (not part of the training data set) covering the years 2000 and 2005. Under the condition of halo CME occurrence, this model could capture 100% of the subsequent intense geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ −100 nT). For moderate storms (−100 < Dst ≤ −50), the model is successful up to 75%. This model's estimate of the storm occurrence rate from halo CMEs is estimated at a probability of 86%.
The influence of Alpine soil properties on shallow movement hazards, investigated through factor analysis
Authors: Stanchi S. , Freppaz M. , Zanini E.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Mountain watersheds are particularly vulnerable to extreme meteorological events, such as high intensity rainfall, and mountain soils often show pronounced fragility and low resilience due to severe environmental conditions. Alpine soil vulnerability is partly intrinsic but in part related to climate change (mainly precipitation regimes), and is enhanced by the abandonment of rural mountain areas that reduced the land maintenance actions traditionally carried out by farmers and local populations in the past. Soil hazards are related to different processes such as water erosion, loss of consistency, surface runoff and sediment transport, often occurring simultaneously and interacting with each other. Therefore, the overall effects on soil are not easy to quantify as they can be evaluated from different soil chemical and physical properties, referring to specific soil loss phenomena such as soil erosion, soil liquefaction, loss of consistency etc. In this study, we focus our attention on a mountain region in the NW Italian Alps (Valle d'Aosta), which suffered from diffuse soil instability phenomena in recent years, as a consequence of extreme rainfall events and general abandonment of the agricultural activities in marginal areas. The main effects were a large number of shallow landislides involving limited soil depths (less than 1 m), affecting considerable surfaces in the lower and middle part of the slopes. These events caused loss of human lives in the year 2000 and therefore raised the attention on land maintenance issues. Surface (topsoil: 0–20 cm) and subsurface (subsoil: 20–70 cm) samples were characterised chemically and physically (pH, carbon and nitrogen contents, cation exchange capacity, texture, aggregate stability, Atterberg limits etc.) and they showed very different soil properties. Topsoils were characterised by better stability, structure, and consistency. The differences between the two depths were potential trigger factors for shallow soil movements involving the upper soil horizons. We assessed a great number of soil properties that are known to be related to vulnerability to the main hazards present in the area. These properties were evaluated at the two depths and a factor analysis was performed to simplify the dataset interpretation, and to hypothesise the most decisive parameters that were potentially related to vulnerability. The factors (soil structure, aggregation, consistency, texture and parent material, cation exchange complex and other chemical properties) were a first step towards identifying soil quality indexes in the studied environment.
Web-based Tsunami Early Warning System: a case study of the 2010 Kepulaunan Mentawai Earthquake and Tsunami
Authors: Ulutas E. , Inan A. , Annunziato A.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. This study analyzes the response of the Global Disasters Alerts and Coordination System (GDACS) in relation to a case study: the Kepulaunan Mentawai earthquake and related tsunami, which occurred on 25 October 2010. The GDACS, developed by the European Commission Joint Research Center, combines existing web-based disaster information management systems with the aim to alert the international community in case of major disasters. The tsunami simulation system is an integral part of the GDACS. In more detail, the study aims to assess the tsunami hazard on the Mentawai and Sumatra coasts: the tsunami heights and arrival times have been estimated employing three propagation models based on the long wave theory. The analysis was performed in three stages: (1) pre-calculated simulations by using the tsunami scenario database for that region, used by the GDACS system to estimate the alert level; (2) near-real-time simulated tsunami forecasts, automatically performed by the GDACS system whenever a new earthquake is detected by the seismological data providers; and (3) post-event tsunami calculations using GCMT (Global Centroid Moment Tensor) fault mechanism solutions proposed by US Geological Survey (USGS) for this event. The GDACS system estimates the alert level based on the first type of calculations and on that basis sends alert messages to its users; the second type of calculations is available within 30–40 min after the notification of the event but does not change the estimated alert level. The third type of calculations is performed to improve the initial estimations and to have a better understanding of the extent of the possible damage. The automatic alert level for the earthquake was given between Green and Orange Alert, which, in the logic of GDACS, means no need or moderate need of international humanitarian assistance; however, the earthquake generated 3 to 9 m tsunami run-up along southwestern coasts of the Pagai Islands where 431 people died. The post-event calculations indicated medium-high humanitarian impacts.
The early twentieth century warming and winter Arctic sea ice
Authors: Semenov V. A. , Latif M.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The Arctic featured the strongest surface warming over the globe during the recent decades, and the temperature increase was accompanied by a rapid decline in sea ice extent. However, little is known about Arctic sea ice change during the Early Twentieth Century Warming (ETCW) during 1920–1940, also a period of a strong surface warming, both globally and in the Arctic. Here, we investigate the sensitivity of Arctic winter surface air temperature (SAT) to sea ice during 1875–2008 by means of simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) forced by estimates of the observed sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice concentration. The Arctic warming trend since the 1960s is very well reproduced by the model. In contrast, ETCW in the Arctic is hardly captured. This is consistent with the fact that the sea ice extent in the forcing data does not strongly vary during ETCW. AGCM simulations with observed SST but fixed sea ice reveal a strong dependence of winter SAT on sea ice extent. In particular, the warming during the recent decades is strongly underestimated by the model, if the sea ice extent does not decline and varies only seasonally. This suggests that a significant reduction of Arctic sea ice extent may have also accompanied the Early Twentieth Century Warming, pointing toward an important link between anomalous sea ice extent and Arctic surface temperature variability.
Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance: evaluating simulations and making projections with regional climate models
Authors: Rae J. G. L. , Aðalgeirsdóttir G. , Edwards T. L. , Fettweis X. , Gregory J. M. , Hewitt H. T. , Lowe J. A. , Lucas-Picher P. , Mottram R. H. , Payne A. J. , Ridley J. K. , Shannon S. R. , van de Berg W. J. , van de Wal R. S. W. , van den Broeke M. R.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Four high-resolution regional climate models (RCMs) have been set up for the area of Greenland, with the aim of providing future projections of Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance (SMB), and its contribution to sea level rise, with greater accuracy than is possible from coarser-resolution general circulation models (GCMs). This is the first time an intercomparison has been carried out of RCM results for Greenland climate and SMB. Output from RCM simulations for the recent past with the four RCMs is evaluated against available observations. The evaluation highlights the importance of using a detailed snow physics scheme, especially regarding the representations of albedo and meltwater refreezing. Simulations with three of the RCMs for the 21st century using SRES scenario A1B from two GCMs produce trends of between −5.5 and −1.1 Gt yr−2 in SMB (equivalent to +0.015 and +0.003 mm sea level equivalent yr−2), with trends of smaller magnitude for scenario E1, in which emissions are mitigated. Results from one of the RCMs whose present-day simulation is most realistic indicate that an annual-mean near-surface air temperature increase over Greenland of ~2 ○C would be required for the mass loss to increase such that it exceeds accumulation, thereby causing the SMB to become negative, which has been suggested as a threshold beyond which the ice-sheet would eventually be eliminated.
Over 50 and wired: Web-based stakeholder communication
Authors: Martyn Heather , Gallant Linda M.
Published: June 2012

Public relations professionals in the era of online communication and social media need to use the best channels of communication to reach specific publics. To achieve this, research is needed in how specific demographic segments seek out and use online communication. A growing online audience segment is adults 50 years old and older, important organizational stakeholders. A layered case study, utilizing surveys and interviews, presents an organization’s research on Web–based communication strategy with older adults. The findings reveal several important communication dynamics for online interaction with audiences. These include: how older adults prefer to seek out and receive information; the importance of a technology’s ease of use; increasing uses of social media profiles; and, personal contact.
User-generated online content 1: Overview, current state and context
Authors: McKenzie Pamela J. , Burkell Jacquelyn , Wong Lola , Whippey Caroline , Trosow Samuel E. , McNally Michael B.
Published: June 2012

This paper reviews a wide range of scholarly and popular literature to provide an overview of the current state of online user–generated content (UGC). We describe the UGC value chain, introduce three varieties of content (creative content, small–scale tools, and collaboratively–created content), and describe the factors unique to each variety. We then identify the common elements across varieties: motivations for content creation, mechanisms to support content creation and control content quality, and value creation. Throughout the article we identify the interrelationships between social and commercial forces on UGC creation and distribution.
Poset Pinball, the Dimension Pair Algorithm, and Type A Regular Nilpotent Hessenberg Varieties
Authors: Bayegan Darius , Harada Megumi
Published: June 2012

We develop the theory of poset pinball, a combinatorial game introduced by Harada-Tymoczko to study the equivariant cohomology ring of a GKM-compatible subspace X of a GKM space; Harada and Tymoczko also prove that, in certain circumstances, a successful outcome of Betti poset pinball yields a module basis for the equivariant cohomology ring of X. First we define the dimension pair algorithm, which yields a successful outcome of Betti poset pinball for any type A regular nilpotent Hessenberg and any type A nilpotent Springer variety, considered as GKM-compatible subspaces of the flag variety. The algorithm is motivated by a correspondence between Hessenberg affine cells and certain Schubert polynomials which we learned from Insko. Second, in a special case of regular nilpotent Hessenberg varieties, we prove that our pinball outcome is poset-upper-triangular, and hence the corresponding classes form a HS1*(pt)-module basis for the S1-equivariant cohomology ring of the Hessenberg variety.
Stability-Indicating High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic Method for Quantitative Estimation of Emtricitabine in Bulk Drug and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Authors: Rathore Atul S. , Sathiyanarayanan Lohidasan , Mahadik Kakasaheb R.
Published: June 2012

A simple, sensitive, precise, specific and stability indicating high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for the determination of emtricitabine both in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form was developed and validated. The method employed aluminium plates precoated with silica gel G60 F254 as the stationary phase. The solvent system consisted of toluene : ethyl acetate : methanol (2 : 8 : 1, v/v/v). This solvent system was found to give compact spots for emtricitabine with value . Densitometric analysis of emtricitabine was carried out in the absorbance mode at 284 nm. Linear regression analysis showed good linearity with respect to peak area in the concentration range of 30–110 ng spot−1. The method was validated for precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), robustness, accuracy and specificity. Emtricitabine was subjected to acid and alkali hydrolysis, oxidation, neutral hydrolysis, photodegradation and dry heat treatment. Also the degraded products peaks were well resolved from the pure drug with significantly different values. Statistical analysis proved that the method is repeatable and specific for the estimation of the said drug. As the method could effectively separate the drugs from their degradation products, it can be employed as a stability indicating method.
Pregnancy-Related Maternal Risk Factors of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Amiri Shahrokh , Malek Ayyoub , Sadegfard Majid , Abdi Salman
Published: June 2012

Background. The etiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is complex.This study was conducted to evaluate the pregnancy-related maternal risk factors of ADHD. Methods. 164 ADHD children attending to Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics compared with 166 normal children selected in a random-cluster method from primary schools. ADHD rating scale and clinical interview based on Schedule for Affective disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children (K-SADS) were used to diagnose ADHD cases and to select the control group. Results. The mean maternal age at pregnancy, duration of pregnancy, and the mean paternal age were alike in two groups. The ADHD children’s mothers compared with those of control group had higher frequencies of somatic diseases, psychiatric disorders, and alcohol and cigarette exposure during the pregnancies (P<0.01). Also birth by cesarean section was more common among mothers of ADHD children (P<0.001). These factors plus trauma to the abdomen during pregnancy were significantly predictors of ADHD in children. Conclusions. Some pregnancy-related maternal factors may be considered as environmental risk factors for ADHD. Each of these factors considered in our study as a risk factor needs to be tested and confirmed through next methodologically appropriate researches in this field.
Joint Segmentation and Groupwise Registration of Cardiac Perfusion Images Using Temporal Information
Authors: Mahapatra Dwarikanath
Published: June 2012

We propose a joint segmentation and groupwise registration method for cardiac perfusion images by using temporal information. The nature of perfusion images makes groupwise registration especially attractive as the temporal information from the entire image sequence can be used. Registration aims to maximize the smoothness of the intensity signal, while segmentation minimizes a pixel’s dissimilarity with other pixels having the same segmentation label. The cost function is optimized in an iterative fashion using B-splines. Tests on real patient datasets show that compared to two other methods, our method shows lower registration error and higher segmentation accuracy. This is attributed to the use of temporal information for groupwise registration and mutually complementary registration and segmentation information in one framework, while other methods solve the two problems separately.
Pharmacotherapy in Pediatric Neurogenic Bladder Intravesical Botulinum Toxin Type A
Authors: Sager Cristian , Burek Carol , Durán Victor , Corbetta Juan Pablo , Weller Santiago , Juan Bortagaray , López Juan Carlos
Published: June 2012

When the neurogenic bladder is refractory to anticholinergics, botulinum toxin type A is used as an alternative. The neurotoxin type A reduces bladder pressure and increases its capacity and wall compliance. Additionally, it contributes to improving urinary continence and quality of life. This novel therapy is ambulatory with a low incidence of adverse effects. Due to its transitory effect, it is necessary to repeat the injections in order to sustain its therapeutic effect. In these review article we talk about Mechanism of Action, Indications, effects, administration and presentations of the Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A in pediatric patients. Also, we make references to controversial issues surrounding its use. A bibliographic search was done selecting articles and revisions from Pubmed. The key words used were botulinum toxin A, neurogenic bladder, and children. The search was limited to patients younger than 18 years of age and reports written in English in the past ten years.
Screening for Celiac Disease in Children with Dental Enamel Defects
Authors: El-Hodhod Mostafa Abdel-Aziz , El-Agouza Iman Ali , Abdel-Al Hala , Kabil Noha Samir , Bayomi Khaled Abd El-Moez
Published: June 2012

Background. Dental enamel defects (DEDs) are seen in celiac disease (CD). Aim was to detect frequency of CD among such patients. Methods. This study included 140 children with DED. They were tested for CD. Gluten-free diet (GFD) was instituted for CD patients. A cohort of 720, age and sex-matched, normal children represented a control group. Both groups were evaluated clinically. Serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, serum IgA, and tissue transglutaminase (tTG) IgG and IgA types were measured. Results. CD was more diagnosed in patients with DEDs (17.86%) compared to controls (0.97%) (P<0.0001). Majority of nonceliac patients showed grade 1 DED compared to grades 1, 2, and 3 DED in CD. Five children had DED of deciduous teeth and remaining in permanent ones. After 1 year on GFD, DED improved better in CD compared to nonceliac patients. Gastrointestinal symptoms did not vary between celiac and nonceliac DED patients. Lower serum calcium significantly predicted CD in this cohort. Conclusion. CD is more prevalent among children with DED than in the general population. These DEDs might be the only manifestation of CD; therefore, screening for CD is highly recommended among those patients especially in presence of underweight and hypocalcemia.
Effect of Sintering Temperatures on the Synthesis of SnO2 Nanospheres
Authors: Pawar Bharat G. , Pinjari Dipak V. , Kolekar Sanjay S. , Pandit Aniruddha B. , Han Sung H.
Published: June 2012

In this communication we report the rapid nanostructure of SnO2 with a spherical morphology which has been prepared in large scale via sol-gel method. The products were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, FTIR, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The strong photoluminescence of the nanosphere in visible region suggested possible application in nanoscaled optoelectronic devices. A possible growth mechanism for the SnO2 nanosphere in terms of solvation, hydrolysis, and polymerization was proposed.
The Experimental Analysis of Vibration Monitoring in System Rotor Dynamic with Validate Results Using Simulation Data
Authors: Al-Khazali Hisham A. H. , Askari Mohamad R.
Published: June 2012

There is a growing tendency today to extract information about the prognostic parameters based on system analysis through various diagnostic techniques to assess the health of the plant or equipment. Vibration monitoring helps in reducing the machine down time. A vibration signature measured at the external surface of machine or at any other suitable place contains a good amount of information to reveal the running condition of the machine. Considering the importance of vibration monitoring in the rotating machinery fault diagnostics, it has been applied in this paper. Effects of modal parameters like natural frequency, mode shapes, and damping, misalignments have been studied. Balancing is usually an expensive and laborious procedure and a balancing system would be beneficial for motor engine and power generation application. In this research, there have been identified unbalance parameters that exist in rotating machinery and develop a finite-element model of rotating dynamics system to create a mathematical model of the system from the test data and subsequently obtaining the unbalanced parameters. During this study, the raw data obtained from the experimental results (Smart Office software) are curve fitted by theoretical data regenerated from simulating it using finite element (ANSYS 12) model for comparisons. The experimental analysis used thus far is called Modal Testing, a well-known and widely used technique in research and industry to obtain the Modal and Dynamic response properties of structures. The technique has recently been applied to rotating structures and some research papers been published, however, the full implementation of Modal Testing in active structures and the implications are not fully understood and are therefore in need of much further and more in-depth investigations. The aim is to find a system identification methodology using the analytical/computational techniques and update the model using experimental techniques already established for passive structures but to active rotating structures, which subsequently help to carry out health monitoring as well as further design and development in rotating machinery.
Identification of Ensis siliqua Samples and Establishment of the Catch Area Using a Species-Specific Microsatellite Marker
Authors: Fernández-Tajes Juan , Arias-Pérez Aalberto , Gaspar Miguel B , Méndez Josefina
Published: June 2012

European Council Regulation 104/2000 states that fishery products must be labeled to indicate commercial designation of species, the production method, and the catch area. Therefore, traceability of seafood implies knowledge of the species offered to retail and their origin. Ensissiliqua is a bivalve intensively fished in Europe and sold in fresh and canned forms. Although several published methods clearly differentiate Ensis genus species, none of those assess the origin of the commercial samples. In the present study, a microsatellite marker (Esi-UDC3055F) was developed to establish the catch area of E. siliqua samples. Amplification yielded a fragment of 275 or 302 base pairs, depending on whether they were Iberian or Irish populations. The usefulness of this method was also assessed in commercial samples. The results of this study provide a reliable methodology for the identification of catch area in European E. siliqua commercial samples. The coupling of this methodology with existing techniques for razor clam species identification provides a powerful tool for traceability and labeling enforcement.
Fast Screening for Antioxidant Properties of Flavonoids from Pterogyne nitens Using Electrochemical Methods
Authors: Okumura Leonardo Luiz , Regasini  Regasini Luis Octávio , Fernandes Daniara Cristina , Silva Dulce Helena Siqueira da , Zanoni Maria Valnice Boldrin , Bolzani Vanderlan da Silva
Published: June 2012

A fast, low-cost, convenient, and especially sensitive voltammetric screening approach for the study of the antioxidant properties of isoquercitrin and pedalitin from Pterogyne nitens is suggested in this work. These flavonoids were investigated for their redox properties using cyclic voltammetry in nonaqueous media using N,N-dimethylformamide and tetrabutylammonium tetrafluorborate as the supporting electrolyte, a glassy carbon working electrode, Ag|AgCl reference electrode, and Pt bare wire counter electrode. The comparative analysis of the activity of rutin has also been carried out. Moreover, combining HPLC with an electrochemical detector allowed qualitative and quantitative detection of micromolecules (e.g., isoquercitrin and pedalitin) that showed antioxidant activities. These results were then correlated to the inhibition of β-carotene bleaching determined by TLC autographic assay and to structural features of the flavonoids.
Synthesis and Application of Glutaric Dihydrazide Modified Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Selective Solid-Phase Extraction and Preconcentration of Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), and Fe(III)
Authors: Tavallali Hossein , Zahmatkesh Saeed , Aalaei Mehdi , Abdardideh Dawood
Published: June 2012

An SPE method for selective separation-preconcentration of Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), and Fe(III) on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified by glutaric dihydrazide prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination was investigated. The adsorption was achieved quantitatively on MWCNTs at pH 5.0, and then the retained metal ions on the adsorbent were eluted with 1 M HNO3. The effects of analytical parameters including pH of the solution, eluent type, sample volume, and matrix ions were investigated for optimization of the presented procedure. The adsorption capacity of the adsorbent at optimum conditions was found to be 33.6, 29.2, 22.1, and 36.0 mg/g for Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), and Fe(III), respectively. The LOD values of the method were 0.21, 0.11, 0.24, and 0.27 μg/L for Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), and Fe(III), respectively. The RSDs were lower than 3.01%. The method was applied for the determination of analytes in soil, river water, and wastewater samples with satisfactory results.
Validation of the Soleris®E. coli Method for Detection and Semi-Quantitative Determination of Escherichia coli in Foods
Authors: Foti Debra , Romano Leah , Alles Susan , Mozola Mark A
Published: June 2012

The performance of the Soleris®E. coli method was compared with that of the ISO 7251 most probable number (MPN) and detection reference methods for Escherichia coli. The Soleris E. coli method is a growth-based, rapid, automated system composed of temperature-controlled incubation chambers and photodiode-based optical detection devices for measurement of color changes in a prepared medium vial. A dilution of the test sample homogenate is inoculated directly into the vial. Products of E. coli metabolism alter the color of the medium over time, and this change is monitored by the Soleris instrument. The test is used in a dilute-to-specification or specification monitoring manner in which the result is positive or negative around a desired cutoff (in CFU/g) determined by the dilution and volume of sample homogenate added to the vial. Alternatively, the test is used for zero tolerance determinations (e.g., absence in 25 g) by performing an off-line pre-enrichment step followed by transfer of a portion of the pre-enrichment culture to the Soleris vial. Six E. coli strains originating from food sources were inoculated individually into six food commodities: frozen green beans, Echinacea powder, cocoa powder, sweetened condensed milk, pasteurized liquid egg, and shredded mozzarella cheese. Uninoculated samples were included in each trial. The results obtained by the ISO 7251 detection method and the Soleris E. coli method were shown to be in agreement by Chi-square analysis when the presence of E. coli was determined in 25 g of sample. Results from the Soleris E. coli dilute-to-specification method and the ISO 7251 MPN method were found to be in agreement by probability of detection statistical analysis. In inclusivity testing, 52 of 53 E. coli strains were detected within 24 h. Only a non-thermoduric strain of serotype O157:H43 was not detected. In exclusivity testing, all 31 strains tested produced negative results. Results of ruggedness experiments show that accurate results can be obtained even when the operating temperature of the Soleris instrument is set beyond normal tolerances. The internal and independent laboratory studies demonstrated that the Soleris E. coli method could be successfully utilized as an alternative to the reference methods, with a significant time savings of 2 to 3 days.
Determination of Vitamins D2 and D3 in Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals by Ultra-Pressure Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection (UPLC-MS/MS): First Action 2011.12
Authors: Stevens Jack , Dowell Dawn
Published: June 2012

The method for the “Determination of Vitamins D2 and D3 in Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals by Ultra-Pressure Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection (UPLC-MS/MS)” was adopted as AOAC Official First Action during the “Standards Development and International Harmonization: AOAC INTERNATIONAL Mid-Year Meeting” held June 29, 2011. During the meeting, an Expert Review Panel (ERP) evaluated the available validation information against standard method performance requirements (SMPRs) articulated by stakeholders. The method, approved by the ERP, is applicable for the determination of vitamin D (total vitamins D2 and D3). A range of products had been tested during a single-laboratory validation study. The products included butter, National Institute of Standards and Technology SRM 1849, eggs, cheese, yogurt, ready-to-eat cereal, bread, mushrooms, and tuna. The testing of the method established linearity in the range of 0.005–50 μg/mL. The recovery range was 93.4–100.9% for vitamin D2 and 102.4–106.2% for vitamin D3. The LOD and LOQ for vitamin D2 were reported as 0.20 and 0.61 μg/100 g, respectively; for vitamin D3, the reported values were 0.47 and 1.44 μg/100 g, respectively. The method met the SMPRs set by the Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals (SPIFAN). It was, therefore, decided that the method was appropriate for Official First Action Method status.
Comparative Analysis of Chiral Drugs in View of Chemometrics
Authors: Chmielewska Aleksandra , Bączek Tomasz
Published: June 2012

With the development of methods for obtaining chiral compounds as potential drugs, there is also need to develop analytical methods for the separation of both enantiomers. Keeping in mind that the physical and chemical properties of both enantiomers are identical, their different nature will only be revealed in a chiral environment that is appropriately designed. Physicochemical systems can be used to predict the differences in biological activity of both enantiomers. The complexity of the problem requires the use of additional tools, which are various chemometric methods. This paper reviews the application of chemometry in the analysis of chiral drugs and discusses the effects of a combination of chromatographic, electrophoretic, and spectroscopic analysis (UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, and near-IR spectroscopy aided by cyclodextrin inclusion complexes) with chemometrics for improving the methods of enantioseparation (experimental design), explaining the mechanisms of behavior and chiral recognition (quantitative structure-enantioselective retention relationships) and indicating chiral purity (enantiomeric excess).
Chemometrics in Pharmaceutical Analysis: An Introduction, Review, and Future Perspectives
Authors: EL-Gindy Alaa , Hadad Ghada M
Published: June 2012

Chemometrics is the application of statistical and mathematical methods to analytical data to permit maximum collection and extraction of useful information. The utility of chemometric techniques as tools enabling multidimensional calibration of selected spectroscopic, electrochemical, and chromatographic methods is demonstrated. Application of this approach mainly for interpretation of UV-Vis and near-IR (NIR) spectra, as well as for data obtained by other instrumental methods, makes identification and quantitative analysis of active substances in complex mixtures possible, especially in the analysis of pharmaceutical preparations present in the market. Such analytical work is carried out by the use of advanced chemical instruments and data processing, which has led to a need for advanced methods to design experiments, calibrate instruments, and analyze the resulting data. The purpose of this review is to describe various chemometric methods in combination with UV-Vis spectrophotometry, NIR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, electroanalysis, chromatographic separation, and flow-injection analysis for the analysis of drugs in pharmaceutical preparations. Theoretical and practical aspects are described with pharmaceutical examples of chemometric applications. This review will concentrate on gaining an understanding of how chemometrics can be useful in the modern analytical laboratory. A selection of the most challenging problems faced in pharmaceutical analysis is presented, the potential for chemometrics is considered, and some consequent implications for utilization are discussed. The reader can refer to the citations wherever appropriate.