bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overview of the Research
Authors: Ruback R. Barry
Published: November 2021

Chapter 3 begins with an overview of the law in Pennsylvania regarding economic sanctions. It then provides an overview of the research that my students and I conducted in Pennsylvania, research that combines perspectives from criminology, psychology, and law. It also discusses the need for and use of multiple research methods and multiple levels of analyses in addressing issues that affect public policy. The rationale for this multiplistic approach is that consistent findings across studies, despite the different strengths and weaknesses of the different methods, indicate that those findings are probably valid. The research used state-wide data from courts, data from individual counties for both adult and juvenile offenders, and surveys of victims, offenders, and judges. The chapter then discusses three studies of economic sanctions based on statewide data or on data from multiple counties, which together provide broad descriptive information about how economic sanctions are handled in different parts of the state.
Payment of Restitution
Authors: Ruback R. Barry
Published: November 2021

Chapter 5 describes studies in Pennsylvania and elsewhere that look at the payment of restitution and the fact that most court-ordered restitution is not paid. Two survey studies, one of victims and one of offenders, examine their perspective on how restitution is ordered and paid. The third study in this chapter is a field experiment aimed at inducing offenders to pay the restitution they owed. Results indicated that that a randomly assigned group of probationers delinquent in paying restitution who received information via letters about what they owed paid more restitution than did both delinquent probationers who received reasons why they should pay restitution and delinquent probationers who did not receive letters. A subsequent survey indicated that, aside from ability to pay, the perception of having been fairly treated was related to the payment of restitution.
Research Summary and Implications
Authors: Ruback R. Barry
Published: November 2021

Chapter 7 summarizes the findings and conclusions from the 15 studies presented in the prior four chapters and then describes some specific implications of the research. With regard to economic sanctions in general, the studies indicated wide variation between counties. With regard to offenders, the research showed that offenders generally had little understanding of economic sanctions and generally think the system of economic sanctions is unfair. With regard to restitution, results indicated that most restitution is generally not paid, that a mandatory statute increased the rate at which restitution was imposed, and that offenders who received information from the probation office about how much restitution they owed both paid more restitution and were less likely to recidivate.
Before Quotation Marks
Authors: Moore Colette
Published: November 2021

One convention for indicating represented speech, prevalent in the late sixteenth through the early eighteenth centuries, was to use parentheses to set off interjecting quotation markers such as he said. Unlike modern quotation marks, however, the parentheses do not mark the words of represented speech but rather mark the quotative clause that interrupts the utterance, modeling a different understanding of how to indicate discursive shifts in text. This investigation qualitatively examines the conditioning factors that constrain the usage and the interdependence of different kinds of organizational structures for representing speech: one pragmatic convention rises to fill a communicative need for written language, and then it fades when another strategy emerges that suits better. Represented speech has long presented a discursive crux for writers, and to examine the evolving strategies for marking represented speech is to shed light on the mechanisms of pragmatic change.
Clearer Contours
Authors: Vandelanotte Lieven
Published: November 2021

This chapter focuses on free indirect speech in nineteenth-century novels, where providing varied forms of access to characters (their speech, their motivations, their minds more generally) is an overriding concern in employing free indirect speech. Against the background of a broadly constructional model of present-day free indirect speech, nineteenth-century novelistic examples are analysed to show a variety of ways in which writers gradually “free up” indirect speech, using means like punctuation and quotation marks, and eventually clausal structures, some of which look decidedly out of date from the present perspective. Alongside free indirect forms, early forms of a more narrator-oriented counterpart, distancing indirect speech, are also discussed, as providing a subtly different mode of access to characters’ speech.
“One of us”
Authors: Sierra Sylvia
Published: November 2021

While scholars have explored the importance of quoting media in accomplishing relationship and identity work in conversation, there is little work on how people actually phonetically and paralinguistically signal media references in the speech stream. This chapter demonstrates how speakers make 148 media references recognizable across five audio-recorded everyday conversations among Millennial friends in their late twenties. Five ways that media references are signaled in talk are identified: word stress and intonation, pitch shifts, smiling and laughter, performing stylized accents, and singing. This systematic analysis of the contextualization cues used to signal media references in everyday talk contributes to understanding how speakers participate in intertextual processes. This chapter also introduces how signaling playful media references often (but not always) serves to negotiate epistemic, or knowledge, imbalances as well as interactional dilemmas, or awkward and unpleasant moments in interaction; this will be explored in more detail in chapters 4 and 5. Also weaved in are analyses of the identity work being constructed with the media references, as well as of the media stereotypes that are repeated in some of them.
Postscript
Authors: Sierra Sylvia
Published: November 2021

More than five years have passed since I experienced, recorded, and made notes about the conversations in this book, which occurred primarily at my partner Dave’s house where he lived with Jeff, Paula, and Todd. The participants are all older now, although they will always be members of the Millennial generation; we cannot escape. Some of them have married and have had children, others have finished their graduate studies, and all of their lives have changed in different ways....
Embodied Invention
Authors: Varwig Bettina
Published: November 2021

This chapter develops a historical account of Bach’s musicking body, and those of early-eighteenth-century keyboardists more generally, as a way to rethink how Bach’s keyboard music was conceived and performed. It synthesizes aspects of contemporaneous medical, scientific, and theological discourses about the human faculties of touch, memory, and invention, and brings these into dialogue with the inventive and performative dimensions of Bach’s keyboard practice. The chapter unearths historical conceptions of memory as physiologically grounded and distributed across the body, of touch as a corporeal-spiritual faculty, and of human bodies as purposive and intelligent. These notions of a bodily kind of intelligence suggest the need to ascribe much greater agency to the embodied aspects of early-eighteenth-century modes of composing and performing. The chapter thus offers a somatic alternative to the customary focus on mental, disembodied patterns of invention in understanding Bach’s compositional and improvisatory practices at the keyboard.
State-Inflicted Violence and the Ethics of Suffering
Authors: Meere Michael
Published: November 2021

This chapter investigates two ways in which playwrights adapt violent historical subjects for the stage in Gabriel Bounin’s Soltane (1561) and Jean de Beaubreuil’s tragedy Regulus (1582). The loyal heroes from both are victims of state violence, though their stories unfold quite differently. In La Soltane, Moustapha obeys his father’s orders to visit him despite being warned his father will have him killed. In Regulus, Atilie remains loyal to his homeland (Rome) despite knowing the Carthaginians will punish his betrayal. However, whereas Bounin depicts Moustapha as an innocent victim of filicide, Beaubreuil paints Atilie as an arrogant warrior whose hubris causes his defeat in battle. Nonetheless, Atilie accepts his change in fortune and his violent death in Carthage. Thus, despite his flaws, he is a stoic exemplar who might inspire spectators to take virtuous action themselves. Further, while the stories take place in the Ottoman Empire and the Mediterranean Basin, they mirror the religious and civil wars of sixteenth-century France.
Measure
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines the concept of a measure space. The main topic is the extension theorem and its ramifications. Nonmeasurable sets are illustrated, and then measure concepts for product spaces introduced. Other topics include measurability under transformations, and Borel functions.
Metric Spaces
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter introduces and illustrates the concept of a metric (distance measure), and the definition of a metric space. Open, closed, and compact sets are discussed in a general context, and the concepts of separability and completeness introduced. It goes on to look at mappings on metric spaces, examines the important case of function spaces, and treats the Arzelà–Ascoli theorem.
Conditioning
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter deals in depth with the concept of conditional expectation. This is defined first in the traditional “naïve” manner, and then using the measure theoretic approach. A comprehensive set of properties of the conditional expectation are proved, generalizing several results of Ch. 9, and then multiple sub‐σ‎‐fields and nesting are considered, concluding with a treatment of conditional distributions and conditional independence.
Dependence
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

A number of probabilistic approaches to the concept of dependence in stochastic sequences are contrasted. The fundamental idea is a shift transformation. Invariant and remote events and the idea of ergodicity are introduced and the ergodic theorem is proved. The final sections introduce the contrasting idea of dependence on sub-σ-fields with the notions of regularity and strong and uniform mixing defined among other variants.
The Strong Law of Large Numbers
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter focuses largely on methods of proof of the strong law, building on the fundamental convergence lemma. It covers Kolmogorov's three‐series theorem, strong laws for martingales, and random weighting. Then a range of strong laws are proved for mixingales and for near‐epoch dependent and mixing processes.
FCLTs for Dependent Variables
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

After some technical preliminaries, this chapter gives two contrasting proofs of the functional central limit theorem for near‐epoch dependent functions of mixing processes. It goes on to consider variants of the result for nonstationary increments in which the limits are transformed Brownian motions, subject to distortions of the time domain. The multivariate case of the result is also given.
Weak Convergence to Stochastic Integrals
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

The main object of this chapter is to prove the convergence of the covariances of stochastic processes with their increments to stochastic integrals with respect to Brownian motion. Some preliminary theory is given relating to random functionals on C, stochastic integrals, and the important Itô isometry. The main result is first proved for the tractable special cases of martingale difference increments and linear processes. The final section is devoted to proving the more difficult general case, of NED functions of mixing processes.
Noir Fiction and Film
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark
Published: November 2021

The argument of Noir Fiction and Film is curiously counterintuitive: that in a century of hard-boiled fiction and detective films, characteristics that at first seemed trivial swelled in importance, flourishing into crucial aspects of the genre. Among these are aimless descriptions of people and places irrelevant to plot, along with detectives consisting of little more than sparkling dialogue and flippant attitudes. What weaves together such features, however, seems to be a paradox: that a genre rooted in solving a mystery, structured around the gathering of clues, must do so by misdirecting our attention, even withholding information we think we need to generate the suspense we also desire. Yet successful noir stories and films enhance that suspense through passing diversions (descriptive details and eccentric perspectives) rather than depending on the centerpieces of plot alone (suspected motives or incriminating traces). As the most accomplished practitioners have realized, the “how” of detective fiction (its stylistic detours) draws us in more insistently than the “what” or the “who” (its linear advance). The achievement of recent film noir is to make that “how” become the tantalizing object of our entire attention, shorn of any pretense of reading for the plot, immersing us in the diversionary delight that has animated the genre from the beginning.
Prologue
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark
Published: November 2021

This introduction discusses genre fiction as a narrative structure that relies on familiar conventions, with particularly stark premises informing the mystery or noir genre. It anticipates the following chapters, which avoid historicist or sociological speculations about the rise of a readership for detective fiction, offering instead a variety of formal explanations for the genre’s continuing appeal. These are mostly stylistic stratagems shared by early hard-boiled writers, then elaborately cultivated in noir films, which seem at first to pale next to the often preposterous violence that drives the plots. But those formal maneuvers attest to a need for diversion, for misdirection and delay, that absorbs attention by swaying it from plot alone. Discussion then shifts to a review of each of the chapters to follow.
Sequel Reminders
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark
Published: November 2021

The fifth chapter switches to a different, structural issue: that of sequels, which have always appealed to authors of detective fiction. What does returning to an inaugural character require to revive interest in fresh adventures? In turn, how might a single sequel become a larger series, transforming the second novel into a succession of more or less ordered books that avoid simply starting over again, each as if anew? What instead does it take to weave together an enriched, intertwined history for a central detective, even one initially imagined as relatively two-dimensional? Exploring how subsequent novels cement reader loyalty by either addressing or sidestepping earlier episodes, this chapter looks at the stylistic stitching needed to integrate back-stories with more recent episodes. And it takes up the idiosyncratic strategies authors select to fuse memories and flashbacks together with psychological patterns, shaping the sum of individual parts into a more unified portrait.
Practical Authority and Self-Knowledge
Authors: Sevel Michael
Published: November 2021

This paper develops an account of practical authority with a view to understanding why obeying authority is somehow problematic. While an authoritative directive may provide a reason for action, as is often thought, it also supplies the content of an intention to act. In this sense, an authority is the author of the content of a subject’s practical knowledge, the knowledge with which the subject acts when obeying. As a consequence, under modestly idealized conditions, a person in authority has knowledge of the mind of the obedient subject in a way that breaks down the self-other asymmetries the subject has to her own mind vis-à-vis others, the sort of asymmetries which philosophers have taken as central to the concept of a person. This consequence suggests a novel explanation of why practical authority is problematic and the obstacles to achieving its legitimacy.
Silencing Without Uptake
Authors: Greasley* Kate
Published: November 2021

Catharine MacKinnon has claimed that some pornography “silences” women. Some work in feminist analytical philosophy suggests it does so by depriving them of the capacity to perform certain speech acts, such as (and most prominently) the speech act of sexual refusal. This has been termed the silencing of “illocutionary disablement.” Critics object that this silencing claim involves a contentious thesis about the success conditions of speech acts such as sexual refusal: that the auditor’s comprehension, or “uptake,” of the speaker’s intent is required for the speech act to come off. I try to show that the illocutionary disablement claim can do without the uptake condition as it has heretofore been formulated. Even if audience uptake is not a success condition for each individual act of sexual refusal, reciprocity of a certain kind is still a condition of women’s continuing ability to engage the refusal illocution. When pornography disrupts the conditions for that reciprocity it will effectuate illocutionary disablement. I also consider whether the illocutionary disablement under consideration here is properly thought of as “silencing.”
Keats and Shelley
Authors: Everest Kelvin
Published: November 2021

This chapter surveys the extent of Shelley’s fame and notoriety while he was alive. The period before his move to Italy in early 1818 were mainly isolated, but he was nevertheless known about in the privileged circles into which he was born, a landed aristocratic family, Eton, and Oxford. His eccentricity and strong views set him apart from his own class, but the extremity and free expression of his radicalism also alienated fellow-radicals. In poetic terms he was astute in recognising those contemporaries of lasting value. Specific attention is given to Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Thomas Moore. The years in Italy were also isolated except for the period of the ‘Pisan Circle’. Keats and Byron are importsant presence in Shelley’s later work, rather than overt influences.
Shelley and the Heart’s Echoes
Authors: Everest Kelvin
Published: November 2021

Shelley’s life and work are characterized by elements which repeat and echo through the ten years of his writing career. This feature is explored through various perspectives including Shelley’s use of rhyme and metre, his habit of dense allusiveness, and his tendency to revisit poetic forms. His interest in Platonism and metempsychosis is discussed, and his related preoccupation with the commonalities and affinities in human experience between individuals and across time. There is detailed consideration in these contexts of some relatively lesser-known late works including the poems to Jane Williams, and the fragments of the ‘Unfinished Drama’, which explore in highly original and challenging ways the notion of repetition and echoing in personal relationships, and through time.
Introduction
Authors: Whiting Daniel
Published: November 2021

This chapter introduces the idea that there are norms for belief and explains that one task of the book is to articulate some of those norms and the relations among them. This requires a theory of reasons. It is the other task of the book to provide one. The chapter also introduces a working assumption that guides the project, namely, that the normative is unified, and indicates how that project relates to two recent and influential research programmes in ethics and epistemology, respectively, reasons first and knowledge first. The chapter concludes with an overview of the book’s remaining chapters.
Subjective Reasons
Authors: Whiting Daniel
Published: November 2021

Objective reasons depend on how things are. Subjective reasons depend on how things seem. Subjective reasons determine what it is rational to do. This chapter develops and defends a new account of subjective reasons, and thereby of practical rationality, in part via critical reflection on the leading alternative. The positive proposal is a modal one, which builds on the theories of objective and possessed reasons. Roughly, what appears to a person to be the case is a subjective reason for them to act when, in some nearby epistemically possible world in which it obtains, it is right in some way for them to act. The chapter concludes by showing how the framework might be further extended to capture the idea that rationality depends on credences, desires, and normative beliefs.
A Kingdom of the Mind
Authors: Bell Bill
Published: November 2021

One relatively distinct group in the British empire were the millions of Scots who extended their cultural networks in the various new worlds. From New Zealand to Australia and Canada, Scottish settlers used their books and reading as a means of replicating and promoting their own cultural values far from home. This chapter examines a number of pioneer communities settled by Scots, particularly members of the Free Church, established after the Disruption of 1848. Under the fiercely sectarian leadership of a number of prominent church ministers in Dunedin, Waipu, and elsewhere, institutional libraries were established that reflected the cultural and religious affiliations of home. Later in the nineteenth century, even in these enclaves of Scottishness these same communities became increasingly integrated into an overseas colonial identity. A key figure in this regard was the pastoralist, George Russell of Victoria. An important colonial representation of Scottishness in this stage of transition was articulated by Catherine Helen Spence in her novel Handfasted. By the twentieth century, almost in direct proportion to their distance from their national origins, colonial Scots remained faithful to a number of cultural practices, not least of which was the keen promotion of literary works by their countrymen and women.
The War for Civilization
Authors: Bell Bill
Published: November 2021

This final chapter examines the reading habits of troops on the Western Front during the First World War. Literary levels among soldiers were a major preoccupation among many commentators in the period. At the beginning of the war a scarcity of reading matter was often remarked on at the front. Eventually, many means, official and unofficial, were used to acquire books by those on active service: borrowing, sharing, theft were common practices in reading culture. Among the official means for print distribution, several effective schemes were promoted. The Camps Library Scheme of the YMCA enabled book provision all along the Western Front. While the British government invested in propagandizing mentalities among the ranks, soldiers themselves used books, newspapers, and trench journals for their own ends. The varieties of literacy among troops in this period were as diverse as the reading materials themselves.
The Late Middle Ages, 1350–1530
Authors: Mileson Stephen , Brookes Stuart
Published: November 2021

The period after the Black Death saw a dramatic demographic reversal and significant structural economic change, including the withdrawal of lords from direct farming. Vale and Chilterns remained distinctive, but in some links were strengthened and experiential differences were reduced. This chapter examines how perceptions of village space were affected by a steepening of village hierarchy and by increased geographical mobility. Great divergence between settlements is revealed in terms of forms and possibly strength of engagement and attachment. The character of social space in villages is examined in part through an innovative study of the reach of church bells, based on fieldwork carried out during the project. Field names are used to uncover shared stories and local traditions, which may have been cultivated and used especially by senior tenants.
Appearance and Explanation
Authors: McCain Kevin , Moretti Luca
Published: November 2021

McCain and Moretti develop a new appearance/seemings-based theory of epistemic justification. This theory, Phenomenal Explanationism, takes as a reasonable starting point the idea that how things appear provides evidence about how the world is. However, unlike other appearance-based theories, Phenomenal Explanationism does not rely on an overly simplistic account of evidential support where things appearing a particular way is sufficient for rationally believing they are that way. Instead, Phenomenal Explanationism takes the insight that appearances are evidence and imbeds it into a broader explanationist framework. In this broader framework the world appearing a particular way provides sufficient justification for believing the world is that way just in case the world being the way it appears best explains the total evidence. Although Phenomenal Explanationism draws inspiration from Phenomenal Conservatism and explanationist theories, it is superior to both in that it offers a satisfying, complete theory of epistemic justification.
Advanced Sequence Analysis
Authors: El-Nasr Magy Seif , Dinh Truong Huy Nguyen , Canossa Alessandro , Drachen Anders
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses more advanced methods for sequence analysis. These include: probabilistic methods using classical planning, Bayesian Networks (BN), Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs), Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), Markov Logic Networks (MLNs), Markov Decision Process (MDP), and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), specifically concentrating on LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory). These techniques are all great but, at this time, are mostly used in academia and less in the industry. Thus, the chapter takes a more academic approach, showing the work and its application to games when possible. The techniques are important as they cultivate future directions of how you can think about modeling, predicting players’ strategies, actions, and churn. We believe these methods can be leveraged in the future as the field advances and will have an impact in the industry. Please note that this chapter was developed in collaboration with several PhD students at Northeastern University, specifically Nathan Partlan, Madkour Abdelrahman Amr, and Sabbir Ahmad, who contributed greatly to this chapter and the case studies discussed.
Case Study
Authors: El-Nasr Magy Seif , Dinh Truong Huy Nguyen , Canossa Alessandro , Drachen Anders
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses Social Network Analysis, a technique used to analyze social networks within social games as a method to enhance retention in games. We will show how one can use this method by applying it to the problem of retention within the game Tom Clancy’s The Division (TCTD). Using the game and the analysis will help you understand how to use SNA to understand types of players and influential players, and, as a result, understand how to engage different players, especially influencers, to increase retention. While the chapter will focus on the use of SNA for TCTD as a case study, the methods discussed under SNA can be applied to other types of games. Please note that this chapter is an extension of the work done by several collaborators to the authors, including Casper Harteveld (professor, Northeastern University), Sebastian Deterding (professor, York University), and Ahmad Azadvar (User Research Lead at Ubisoft Massive), and the work was accomplished with the support of Ubisoft, the Games Lab, and the Live Ops team at Massive Entertainment.
The New Messengers
Authors: Bertone Gianfranco
Published: November 2021

I present the momentous discovery of gravitational waves, announced in 2016, starting from a confused Einstein who in 1936 tries to convince the scientific community that gravitational waves cannot exist (!), and then illustrating the extraordinary insights and breakthroughs that led 2017 Nobel Prize winners B. Barish, K. Thorne and R. Weiss to open an entirely new window on the Universe. This achievement has marked the beginning of a new era in science, and upcoming experiments have the potential to truly revolutionize our understanding of the Universe. Accounts of the perception of extra-terrestrial reality with senses beyond sight, such as those offered by astronauts who have been on the Moon, are exceedingly rare. That is hardly unsurprising: touch and taste require direct contact, while hearing and smell operate only over short distances, and are in any case confined to the Earth’s thin shell of atmosphere. Sight, on the other hand, allows us to collect the electromagnetic waves emitted by extraordinarily remote celestial objects.
Dark Matter
Authors: Bertone Gianfranco
Published: November 2021

I introduce here the problem of dark energy, a substance that appears to be pushing the Universe to expand ever faster and discuss the large effort currently in place to understand its origin. I describe the surprising recent discovery of a widening crack in the cathedral of modern cosmology arising from the measurement of the expansion rate of the Universe. And I argue that gravitational waves observations can help us to either repair that crack, or to bring down that magnificent building, in case it turns out to be fatally flawed. Before all women and all men. Before animals, plants, archaeans, bacteria. Before the Earth was formed and the stars were lit. Before everything we know, the Universe was immersed in an amorphous and oblivious darkness.
Quantum Genesis
Authors: Bertone Gianfranco
Published: November 2021

Finally, I tackle what is arguably the greatest mystery of all: the origin of the Universe. Paraphrasing J.L. Borges (‘How, then, can I translate into words the limitless Aleph, which my floundering mind can scarcely encompass?’), I will underline the extraordinary challenge of translating into words the mind-blowing theories proposed by physicists to explain the very first instants of the Universe. And I discuss the exhilarating possibility of identifying the origin of all there is in the Universe, by measuring the gravitational waves signal produced in the primordial Universe, right after the Big Bang. Telling stories is our way of understanding the world. We do it all the time: when we talk to others, when we are absorbed in our inner world. Even when we sleep, in our dreams.
Theological Controversy in England and Geneva
Authors: Macfarlane Kirsten
Published: November 2021

This chapter shows how Broughton’s historical and philological approach to scholarship as encouraged by his obsession with Jewish conversion played out in a major controversy of the sixteenth century: the meaning of Christ’s descent into hell. It argues that Broughton’s approach was revealingly different from the two major parties in the debate, the English Bishops and the Genevan divines, who were more concerned with the soteriological implications of Christ’s descent than any philological or historical questions. This, combined with Broughton’s ill-judged attempts to promote his work in Geneva, Zürich, and Basel alienated him from his coreligionists and left him extremely vulnerable to exploitation for confessional purposes—as a keen group of Jesuit onlookers were only too happy to discover. Thus, despite the fact that prominent scholars believed that Broughton’s work on the descent was correct on an intellectual level, his arguments were attacked and maligned. In studying this controversy, this chapter develops key themes of earlier chapters, including the problems caused by the appropriation of Broughton’s work by Catholic scholars; the ways in which controversy was generated from seemingly anodyne historical scholarship; and the serious consequences faced by those who, like Broughton, did not fully understand how deeply confessional identity and erudition were intertwined in this period.
Introduction
Authors: McLeod Alexus
Published: November 2021

This introduction discusses the concept of mental illness as a contemporary phenomenon, as well as its roots in earlier thought surrounding “madness,” particularly in early China. In early China, madness (kuang) was connected to conceptions of agency and moral self-cultivation, and it was used for very different purposes by different thinkers and schools. This introduction offers a short outline here of the topics discussed in the book in later chapters.
Illness, Disorder, and Madness
Authors: McLeod Alexus
Published: November 2021

Chapter 2 considers the question of “mental illness” more specifically, looking to both modern accounts and early Chinese accounts of mind and body, of what illness is in a broader medical sense, and mental illness in particular as a form of illness. This chapter offers a view of illness in general in early China, linking it to development of the person, and considers mental illness in terms of qi氣‎ (vital essence), mind, and community based on the conception of person of the first chapter. This chapter considers here also how illness affects agency—both physical and mental.
The Wilds, Untamed, and Spontaneity
Authors: McLeod Alexus
Published: November 2021

Chapter 4 discusses a “positive” account of madness. The Zhuangist, among others, focuses on the way we can understand an inherent value in madness depending on how we conceive of situations in given perspectives, and that we have reason to resist understanding particular people as mad or disordered objectively. The idea here is to include any mental state that is regularly seen as problematic or getting in the way of efficient or proper human functioning. This chapter also discusses a host of mad or mentally disordered individuals found in early Chinese texts, with the aim of understanding how they fit into the structure built thus far, and how various appearances of these characters (such as the “Madman of Chu”) in different texts will often serve to illustrate the divergent messages about mental disorder we find in these texts.
Synthesis and Medicalization in Early Han Views of Mental Illness
Authors: McLeod Alexus
Published: November 2021

Chapter 5 discusses the “syncretic” view of madness and mental illness in early Chinese texts. This view is mainly associated with the syncretistic texts of the early Han Dynasty, such as Huainanzi and Chunqiu Fanlu. The syncretists reject both the negative and positive views, arguing that a complex of nature, circumstances, and individual activity is responsible for most mental illness, and that the key to avoiding or eliminating mental illness is the undermining of conceptualization and elimination of desires. The syncretic view of mental illness and cultivation creates the groundwork for the development of naturalistic medical texts such as the Huangdi Neijing, constructed during the Han.
Prosulas for Alleluia and Offertories
Authors: Nardini Luisa
Published: November 2021

Alleluia and offertory prosulas are the most numerous (about a hundred, 80% of which are alleluias) in all European manuscripts. They exploit the freely flowing, but at times carefully balanced, contours of the parent chants, so that the structure of the new text often reflects the phrasal structure of melodies. These prosulas also employ textual assonances for which the position of vowels in the prosula often coincides to that of the parent chant. In local sources some of these prosulas display the use of the Latin cursus, which opens a new perspective on the understanding of melodic cadences in chant composition in southern Italy.
Feasts of the Temporale
Authors: Nardini Luisa
Published: November 2021

Prosulas are a form of exegesis. Those for the feast of the Temporal (connected to episodes of the life and mission of Jesus) interpret the originally Old Testamentary texts of the parent chant into a Christological perspective, with those for graduals and tracts often displaying special rhythmic patterns in their texts and melodies. This typological interpretation of the Bible—here reflected in chant composition—is in line with the exegetical procedures there were taught in ecclesiastical schools in the Middle Ages. The chapter also ponders the possibility of anti-Semitic sentiments in Temporal prosulas and suggests that the high number of Temporal prosulas in manuscripts used in nunneries might be tied to the devotion to Jesus as “spiritual spouse” ’ that was typical of female monasteries and that inspired many works of vernacular theology.
The Clinical Value of Couple and Family Case Conceptualizations
Authors: Sperry Len , Sperry Jon
Published: November 2021

Clinicians who work primarily with individual clients and have developed competency with case conceptualizations can provide effective treatment. However, when they work with clients for whom couple and family dynamics are prominent, having an individual case conceptualization can be useful but limited. This chapter discusses the value of adding couple and family case conceptualizations. It describes how to incorporate couple interaction patterns and family interaction patterns in the case conceptualization process. A case example that captured and held national attention for more than 1 year is presented. It illustrates the pattern-focused approach for incorporating individual, couple, and family patterns into a composite case conceptualization.
Babes on Broadway
Authors: Hill Constance Valis
Published: November 2021

The Broadway and London musicals of the Nicholas Brothers solidified their career, working with the most noted of actors and directors, while distinguishing their individual talents. The Ziegfeld Follies of 1936, the lavish musical revue staged by John Murray Anderson, with dances by George Balanchine, featured the Brothers with Josephine Baker. Lew Leslie’s London production of Blackbirds of 1936 was choreographed by the African-American choreographer Clarence “Buddy” Bradley and featured the Brothers dancing with the Blackbirds Beauty Chorus. The Rodgers and Hart comedy Babes in Arms, which opened on Broadway (1937), was choreographed by George Balanchine, who insisted that the Nicholas Brothers be cast; the ensuing “Egyptian Ballet” featuring the brothers was an enduring hit.
The Chryses Episode as an Epichoric Hymn
Authors: Faraone Christopher Athanasious
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses hexametrical hymns in the archaic period that were closely tied to local rituals, such as processions, sacrifices, libations and so forth, that focused on epichoric deities and that detailed the interactions between the gods and men and how good relations might be established between them. The discussion is framed around the well-known Chryses episode in the Iliad and argues that a good deal of the first book of the poem—how Agamemnon insults Apollo’s priest, how the god responds with the widespread slaughter of the Greeks, and how eventually the god is mollified—was originally composed as a freestanding hexametrical hymn to Apollo designed for performance in the local sanctuary of Apollo Smintheus on the Troad. The chapter focuses on the unanticipated paean-singing at Chryse and the two variant proems to an “older Iliad” that seem to reflect an earlier stage of composition, in which the poem began by focusing on the anger of Apollo (a common theme, for a local hymn), rather than the anger of Achilles, and discusses a variety of other cases in which shorter epichoric hymns seem to have been embedded into Panhellenic narratives: the so-called “Hymn to the Muses” at the start of the Hesiodic Theogony, the Eleusinian episode at the heart of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, or the Delian and Crisaean sections of the Homeric Hymn to Apollo.
Curriculum Philosophy and Theory for Music Education Praxis
Authors: Regelski Thomas A.
Published: November 2021

Curriculum Philosophy and Theory for Music Education Praxis is offered for advanced pre-service music education students, in-service teachers, and doctoral students. “Curriculum” is often poorly understood by music teachers. It also is a typically ignored topic in their teacher training where emphasis is on “methods,” but without prior planning of the musical goals those methods supposedly serve. The basic question of curriculum planning in this book, “What of all that could be taught is most worth learning?,” is not usually what teachers usually have in mind. In any case, too often their answers are not supportable by the rigorous philosophical and theoretical scholarship of this monograph. The result is the present anarchy of “programs” that fails to promote pragmatic and long-lasting results. This leads to the ever-growing “legitimation crisis” that advertises the aesthetic benefits of music education in schools. However, since these benefits are vague and intangible, music teachers constantly must engage in “advocacy” of their “programs.” This scholarly monograph accepts that pre- and in-service readers can understand the challenges of curriculum planning. It begins with a brisk survey of philosophies of music and music education inherited from the Greeks—included because they too often still dominate contemporary music teaching in negative ways. Then more recent and substantial bases of music curriculum and praxis theory of music and music education are examined as alternatives for planning curriculum built on intellectually substantial philosophical and theoretical grounds. The study concludes with a model curriculum based on recent praxis theory where musical and educational benefits are evident to students, administrators, and taxpayers and lead to “artful” living through music.
Contemporary Perspectives for Curriculum Theory
Authors: Regelski Thomas A.
Published: November 2021

This chapter thoroughly examines practice theory and its more recent cousin, praxis theory. Practice theory has three aspects: theoria, technē, and praxis. It is not to be confused with the commonplace use of the word “practice.” Thus, some details are needed to correct frequent misunderstanding of the term and theory by many authors. Extensive application to musicing and music curriculum helps understand these key ideas and their importance for music teachers. In addition, action learning is stressed for its relationship to community musicing, and post-modernism is explored both for its circularity and for its critical usefulness in exposing the metanarratives of traditional schooling.
Politics, Power, and Money
Authors: Galea Sandro
Published: November 2021

This chapter investigates how politics and power shape health outcomes, with special emphasis on how these forces intersect with economic inequality and the disproportionate burden of sickness experienced by low-income populations. During the spread of COVID-19, American political leadership faced a test of its ability to respond to sudden crisis. Rising to such a difficult occasion requires detailed plans for what to do in such a scenario, robust public health infrastructure, and leadership which takes decisive, data-informed action, listening to experts and communicating clearly and consistently with the public. Tragically, COVID-19 found the United States lacking in all these areas. Political leaders are in a position to mold public opinion, nudging the public mind towards new ways of thinking. The precise term for this is “shifting the Overton window.” By helping to mainstream a cavalier attitude towards COVID-19, the Trump administration shifted the Overton window towards greater acceptance of behaviors which create poorer health. The chapter then looks at the failure to adequately address race in the US. Among the factors that shape health, the area of race is particularly sensitive to political dynamics.
Compassion
Authors: Galea Sandro
Published: November 2021

This chapter evaluates the central role of compassion in preventing the contagion next time. During COVID-19, compassion revealed just how many people in the United States are deeply vulnerable to poor health. This vulnerability was often a product of underlying health conditions. There are many health challenges in the United States which annually generate a level of mortality comparable to that of COVID-19, challenges like obesity and addiction. However, America have not addressed these challenges with anywhere near the level of urgency they brought to bear in addressing COVID-19. A key reason why is, arguably, because these challenges are not infectious, making it possible for the public at large to escape the visceral feeling of vulnerability to a disease which transmits through the air and can strike anybody. Instead, they see these challenges somehow as niche issues, the niche being the lives of the marginalized and disadvantaged groups. This outlook allows them to evade the feeling of common humanity which gives rise to compassion. Compassion, then, depends on the understanding of the true nature of health and of the shared vulnerability to disease.
Humility and Informing the Public Conversation
Authors: Galea Sandro
Published: November 2021

This chapter highlights the importance of humility in preventing the contagion next time. Shaping a healthier world means informing a public conversation which prioritizes what matters most for health. It means elevating the subjects discussed in this book to the center of the national conversation about health, a conversation currently focused on the curative power of medicine at the expense of the forces that shape health. In this task, humility is key. Humility helps us to listen and engage with respect, compassion, and an openness to alternative perspectives. Throughout COVID-19, we saw how hubris and closeminded partisanship undermined, again and again, the possibility of such a conversation, hindering efforts to support health. Going forward, we need an approach to health which embraces humility and constructive engagement with the public conversation, towards the aim of building a healthier world.
Introduction
Authors: Walker Jennifer
Published: November 2021

The study of music in the political and religious contexts of Third Republic France poses challenges that center around the relationship between the Catholic Church and the French Republic and the role of the musician therein. This introduction frames how the political and religious landscapes of the Third Republic have been discussed in the past and how cultural products shaped and were shaped by their social environment. Finally, it sets up the book’s ultimate move away from the simplistic notion that Church and State were separated by irreconcilable differences by introducing key players in the Republic’s musical transformation of Catholicism into an acceptable and desirable facet of its national and international identity.
Conclusion
Authors: Walker Jennifer
Published: November 2021

Taking the 1903 death of Pope Leo XIII as its starting point, the conclusion extends beyond the legal separation of Church and State (1905) in order to trace the ways in which the processes of transformation that were set in motion during the late nineteenth century continued well into the twentieth century. Pierre Nora’s concept of the lieu de memoire illuminates the numerous ways that the sites of Catholic and French memory that the book explores—whether as opera, popular theatre, or concert—found an extraordinary ally in the Republic as it collectively harnessed the power of memory. From its “origin” in the French medieval era, to its transformations throughout the fin-de-siècle, to the response to the devastating fire at Notre-Dame in 2019, the Catholic Church provided (and continues to provide) a new mode of expression for the French Republic. In effect, the success of the twentieth-century renouveau catholique was set in motion by its nineteenth-century forbear: the path was paved by the Republic’s musical Ralliement and the memorialization of its Catholic past as a fundamental cornerstone of its modern existence.