bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PKI dan Masalah Agraria: Melihat Keterkaitan Sejarah dan Dampaknya Pada Perjuangan Tanah di Indonesia
Authors: Hidayat Muh. Ryan
Published: June 2023

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menggali pengaruh Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) terhadap sektor agraria di masa lalu, serta menganalisis dampak jangka panjang yang ditimbulkannya. Penulisan ini juga bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi upaya penyelesaian masalah agraria yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencapai keberlanjutan dan keadilan dalam sektor pertanian.
Masalah agraria di pedesaan Batu Saraung Kabupaten Jeneponto
Authors: Tompo Sasmitha
Published: June 2023

Tanah adalah karunia dari Tuhan Yang Maha Esa kepada umat manusia dimuka bumi. Tanah menjadi kebutuhan dasar manusia.
Strengthening Environmental Governance: Regulatory Frameworks and Compliance Mechanisms
Authors: Khan Saad
Published: June 2023

Strengthening Environmental Governance: Regulatory Frameworksand Compliance Mechanisms
Differential expression of SOX10 in cancer of the skin: malignant melanoma.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: June 2023

Skin cancer is diagnosed in nearly 1.5 million patients each year (1). While patients with basal and squamous cell carcinomas are provided with 5-year survival rates at nearly 100% and 90%, respectively, patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma (metastatic melanoma) are provided 5-year survival rates at 91.4% at stage I and 24.6% at stage IV (2-5). We mined published microarray datasets (6, 7) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the level of the transcriptome genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with the deadliest type of skin cancer, malignant melanoma. We found significant differential expression of the gene encoding SRY-box 10, SOX10, when comparing melanoma tumor tissue from the human skin to the tissue of origin. SOX10 mRNA was present at significantly higher quantities in melanoma tissues as compared to normal tissues from the skin. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of SOX10 in melanoma tissues was not correlated with overall survival in patients with malignant melanoma. SOX10 expression changes may be important for the initiation or progression of malignant melanoma in humans.
Protecting Biodiversity: Legal Frameworks for Conservation and Ecosystem Preservation
Authors: Khan Saad
Published: June 2023

Protecting Biodiversity: Legal Frameworks for Conservation andEcosystem Preservation
Sengketa Agraria di Indonesia: Analisis Kasus?Kasus Terbaru dan Solusi Alternatif
Authors: Penta Nurhaedah Herman
Published: June 2023

Sengketa agraria menjadi masalah yang kompleks dan meruncing di Indonesia. Artikel ini menganalisis kasus-kasus sengketa agraria terbaru di Indonesia dan memberikan solusi alternatif untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data dari literatur dan studi kasus sengketa agraria. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa sengketa agraria di Indonesia terkait dengan permasalahan kepemilikan lahan, penggunaan lahan, dan hak atas tanah. Penegakan hukum yang lemah dan kurangnya partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengambilan keputusan menjadi faktor penyebab sengketa agraria yang terus meningkat di Indonesia. Solusi alternatif yang diberikan antara lain meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengambilan keputusan, penegakan hukum yang tegas, dan reformasi agraria yang komprehensif. Artikel ini diharapkan dapat memberikan wawasan yang lebih baik tentang sengketa agraria di Indonesia dan dapat menjadi masukan bagi pemerintah dan stakeholder terkait dalam menangani masalah tersebut.
Assessing QRPs and RRPs in Psychology Masters’ Theses
Authors: Augusteijn Hilde Elisabeth Maria , van Assen Marcel A. L. M. , Sijtsma Klaas , Wicherts Jelte M.
Published: June 2023

Recent research documented both questionable and responsible research practices in published psychology research, but it is unclear what psychology students are taught and which research practices they engage in when graduating their master’s program. In this study, we documented the prevalence of responsible- and questionable research practices in 300 psychology master’s theses from Tilburg University, the Netherlands, and associated these practices to supervisor’s grading of the theses. Compared to authors of published scientific manuscripts, master students seemed to engage more in responsible research practices, conducted more power analyses, used larger sample sizes, reported fewer statistically significant results, and provided more detailed reporting of their results. However, statistical reporting errors were almost as common in master theses as they are in the published literature. We found no relationship between grades and any of the responsible or questionable research practices.
Differential expression of MAL in cancer of the skin: malignant melanoma.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: June 2023

Skin cancer is diagnosed in nearly 1.5 million patients each year (1). While patients with basal and squamous cell carcinomas are provided with 5-year survival rates at nearly 100% and 90%, respectively, patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma (metastatic melanoma) are provided 5-year survival rates at 91.4% at stage I and 24.6% at stage IV (2-5). We mined public and published microarray datasets (6, 7) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the level of the transcriptome genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with the deadliest type of skin cancer, malignant melanoma. We found significant differential expression of the gene encoding mal, T-cell differentiation protein, MAL, when comparing melanoma cell line gene expression to normal human melanocytes. MAL mRNA was present at significantly lower quantities in melanoma cell cultures as compared to normal melanocytes. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of MAL in melanoma tissues was not correlated with overall survival in patients with malignant melanoma. MAL expression changes may be important for the initiation or progression of malignant melanoma in humans.
Experiment ended
Authors: Robinson Jonny
Published: June 2023

How fishy email addresses tipped off a sleuth to a paper mill
PERKEMBANGAN SEKTOR AGRARIA DI ERA MODERNISASI DALAM SEKTOR PERTANIAN DI SULAWESI SELATAN- PUTRI AMELIA HARIS
Authors: Amelia Putri
Published: June 2023

Modernisasi adalah sebuah proses suatu perubahan yang awalnya belum maju berubahmenjadi ke arah yang lebih maju. Dimana modernisasi ini juga merupakan prosestransformasi peningkatan maupun kemajuan pada aspek kehidupan masyarakat. Agraria dalam artian luas adalah segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan tanah meliputi bumi, air, dan segala hal yang ada di dalamnya. Modernisasi dalam bidang pertanian memuat dampakyang sangat besar terutama dalam hal sosial ekonomi.
Pudarnya Tradisi Inovasi
Authors: Sofanudin Aji
Published: June 2023

Setelah sebelumnya, Muktamar ke-48 Muhammadiyah dan Aisyiah sukses digelar di Surakarta, 18-20 November 2022, dan Musywil Muhammadiyah dan Aisyiah Jawa Tengah sukses digelar di kota Tegal, pada 3-5 Maret 2023, PDM dan PDA se-Jawa Tengah akan menggelar Musyawarah Daerah (Musyda) Muhammadiyah kabupaten/kota antara bulan Mei-Juli 2023. Sebagai contoh, Musyda Muhammadiyah kota Semarang, kota Salatiga, dan kabupaten Semarang akan digelar 21 Mei 2023, Musyda Kabupaten Wonosobo dan Cilacap 27-28 Mei 2023, dst (www.pwm.jateng.com). Tema Musyda kota Semarang sama dengan tema yang diangkat pada Musyda di kab/kota lainnya yakni Memajukan Kota Semarang, Mencerahkan Semesta. “Memajukan” dan “mencerahkan” merupakan tagline Muhammadiyah. Dalam istilah lain disebut tajdid. Tajdid merupakan kata dalam bahasa Arab yang berarti "pembaruan" atau "memperbaharui".
UAS_SEJARAH AGRARIA_NURHIKMAH TAHIR
Authors: Tahir Nurhikmah
Published: June 2023

Konflik agrarian merupakan fenomena yang kerap terjadi dalam kehidupan masyarakat, karena dalam hal keperluan tanah pasti memerlukan jaminan-jaminan hukum, penguasaan atas penggunaan pemanfaatan tanah dan kepemilikan. Konflik agraria mempunyai banyak penyebab diantaranya sewa tanah tidak sesuai perjanjian awal, surat tanah warga tidak dikembalikan, Gedung dan bolorang tetap di garap oleh perusahaan, lahan tidak sesuai dengan peruntukan yang awalnya ditanami rempah-rempah menjadi sawit, tanah warga justru diperjual-belikan, tanah tidak pernah diberikan sampai sekarang, hal itu menunjukkan ketidaksetujuan warga masyarakat yang suatu saat akan meledak menjadi konflik yang besar. Kalimantan merupakan pulau terbesar kedua di Indonesia yang memiliki hutan dan kebun yang sangat luas, jadi tidak heran banyak terjadi konflik mengenai agraria di sana terutama di desa-desa. Pentingnya tulisan ini adalah untuk memberikan informasi tentang penyebab konflik dan berbagai konflik agrarian yang terjadi beberapa desa yang ada di Kalimantan. Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah supaya kita mengetahui dan memahami penyebab terjadinya konflik agraria dan mengetahui beberapa konflik agrarian di beberapa desa di Kalimantan.
Reproducible Research Practices and Barriers to Reproducible Research in Geography: Insights from a Survey
Authors: Kedron Peter , Holler Joseph , Bardin Sarah
Published: June 2023

The number of reproduction and replication studies undertaken across the sciences continues to rise, however such studies have not yet become commonplace in geography. Existing attempts to reproduce geographic research suggest that many studies cannot be fully reproduced, or are simply missing components needed to attempt a reproduction. Despite this suggestive evidence, we have not yet systematically assessed geographers’ perceptions of reproducibility or the use of reproducible research practices across the discipline’s diverse research traditions; nor have we identified the factors that keep geographers from conducting more reproduction studies. We address each of these needs by surveying active geographic researchers selected using probability sampling techniques from a rigorously constructed sampling frame. We identify a clear division in perceptions of reproducibility among geographic subfields. We also find varying levels of familiarity with reproducible research practices and a perceived lack of incentives to attempt and publish reproduction studies. Despite many barriers to reproducibility and divisions between subfields, we also find common foundations for examining and expanding reproducibility in the field. These include interest in publishing transparent and reproducible methods, and in reproducing other researchers’ studies for a variety of motivations including learning, assessing the internal validity of a study, or extending prior work.
Masalah Reforma Agraria Di Perkotaan
Authors: Fadriani
Published: June 2023

Tanah sebagai sumber daya agraria berperan sangat penting bagi sebagian besar aspek kehidupan manusia selaku subjek agraria. Pertanyaan penelitiannya adalah bagaimana upaya warga kampung kota melakukan reforma agraria di perkotaan? Studi ini menggunakan metode studi kasus melalui proses penelusuran atas dokumen pemerintahan, artikel jurnal, dan sumber sekunder lainnya. Analisis data dilakukan melalui proses perencanaan, penyusunan kajian literatur, pengumpulan data, sampai dengan penyajian dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga dasan yang mendorong munculnya reforma agraria dari bawah yang dilakukan oleh warga yakni pengalaman panjang advokasi kebijakan, pemanfaatan community action plan, dan munculnya GTRA. Rekognisi melalui pemetaan sosial sampai dengan penyusunan desain kampung susun secara partisipatif menjadi instrumen penting bagi warga kampung untuk memperjuangkan hak-haknya. Warga bersama jejaring sosialnya berhasil mendorong 21 kampung sebagai objek reforma agraria di Jakarta. Soliditas gerakan, dukungan dari jejaring masyarakat sipil, dan keberhasilan negosiasi dengan Anies Baswedan menjadi pintu masuk bagi reforma agraria dari bawah di Jakarta. Jejaring masyarakat sipil masih memiliki masalah yang harus diselesaikan bersama dengan pemangku kepentingan lainnya untuk merumuskan bentuk reforma agraria perkotaan yang tepat dan menyelesaikan problem sektoral agraria secara nasional.
Balancing Economic Development and Environmental Protection: The Role of International Trade Law
Authors: Khan Saad
Published: June 2023

Balancing Economic Development and Environmental Protection:The Role of International Trade Law
Kondisi Agraria Rakyat Indonesia Pada Masa Orde Baru
Authors: azis nur afiat
Published: June 2023

The purpose of knowing the agrarian history of the New Order era is to understand how the agrarian policies implemented at that time affected the social, economic and political conditions in Indonesia. This condition then has an effect. This policy further strengthens the influence of the state and political elites in controlling land and natural resources, rather than protecting the rights of farmers and indigenous peoples. Not only that, land policies during the New Order era tended to strengthen government control over land and natural resources without paying attention to the rights of local communities and small farmers. For this reason, this article is made to understand the role of the government as agrarian policy maker and what impact the community feels related to the policy.
Peneliti “Nyambi” dan Diversifikasi: Sebuah Masalah atau Kewajaran “Perjalanan Karir Intelektual” ?
Authors: Nuryana Zalik
Published: June 2023

Perubahan sosial, ekonomi, dan teknologi telah mempengaruhi dan memperluas peluang “nyambi” dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara kita. Hal ini terus berkembang seiring dengan perubahan dunia kerja dan aspirasi diri untuk mencapai sesuatu dan keberhasilan di berbagai bidang kehidupan. "Nyambi" merujuk pada kegiatan tambahan atau sampingan yang dilakukan seseorang selain pekerjaan utamanya. Beberapa orang memilih untuk "nyambi" untuk mendapatkan penghasilan tambahan, mengejar mimpi pribadi, atau mengembangkan keterampilan baru. Dalam beberapa kasus, "nyambi" dapat menjadi sumber pendapatan yang signifikan dan memungkinkan seseorang untuk menggabungkan pekerjaan pokok dengan "aktivitas". Secara keren "nyambi" dapat menjadi strategi untuk mendiversifikasi pendapatan seseorang. Dengan memiliki pekerjaan atau usaha sampingan, kita dapat mengurangi risiko finansial yang terkait dengan mengandalkan satu sumber pendapatan. Jika salah satu sumber pendapatan mengalami kesulitan atau mengalami penurunan, maka pendapatan dari "nyambi" dapat membantu menjaga stabilitas keuangan dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan berkeluarga. Sebagai kesimpulan, Nyambi adalah skill untuk bertahan tersenyum dalam kondisi apapun.
MAHMUDXО‘JA BEHBUDIY MEROSI VA JADID MATBUOTINI YORITISHNING DOLZARB MASALALARI
Authors: viaScience
Published: June 2023

Mazkur to‘plamda O‘zbekiston jurnalistika va ommaviy kommunikatsiyalaruniversitetining bosma OAV va noshirlik ishi fakulteti, Media nazariyasi va amaliyoti kafedrasi tashkil etgan “Mahmudxо‘ja Behbudiy merosi va jadid matbuotini yoritishning dolzarb masalalari” mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy onlayn konferensiya materiallari o‘rin olgan.
Will the move to open-access journal publishing help reduce the general cost of science?
Authors: Google AI Bard
Published: June 2023

It is an interesting article that discusses the cost of journal use in the digital era.
A city-wide emissions inventory of plastic pollution
Authors: Zhu Xia , Hoffman Matthew , Rochman Chelsea
Published: June 2023

A global agreement on plastic should have quantitative reduction targets for emissions of plastic pollution and regular measurements to track success. Here, we present a framework for measuring plastic emissions, akin to greenhouse gas emissions, and demonstrate its utility by calculating a baseline measurement for the city of Toronto in Ontario, Canada. We identify relevant sources of plastic pollution in the city, calculate emissions for each source by multiplying activity data by emission factors for each source, and sum the emissions to obtain total annual emissions of plastic pollution generated. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we estimate that 2,322 to 2,327 tonnes (T) of plastic pollution were emitted from Toronto in 2020. Littering is the largest source overall (1,733 T), and artificial turf is the largest source of microplastic (238 T). Quantifying source emissions can inform the most effective mitigation strategies to achieve reduction targets. We recommend this framework be scaled up and replicated in cities, states, provinces, and countries around the world to inform global reduction targets and measure progress towards reducing plastic pollution.
Using Detrending to Assess SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater Loads as a Leading Indicator of Fluctuations in COVID-19 Cases at Fine Temporal Scales: Correlations Across Twenty Sewersheds in North Carolina
Authors: Hoffman Kelly , Holcomb David , Reckling Stacie , Clerkin Thomas , Blackwood Denene , Beattie Rachelle , de los Reyes Francis , Harris Angela , Mitasova Helena , Kotlarz Nadine , Stewart Jill , Kazenelson Jacob , Cahoon Lawrence , Frampton Arthur , Munir Mariya , Lee Allison , Berkowitz Steven , Noble Rachel , Guidry Virginia , Engel Lawrence , Serre Marc , Christensen Ariel
Published: June 2023

Wastewater surveillance emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic as a novel strategy for tracking the burden of illness in communities. Previous work has shown that trends in wastewater SARS-CoV-2 viral loads correlate well with reported COVID-19 case trends over longer time periods (i.e., months). We used detrending time series to reveal shorter sub-trend patterns (i.e., weeks) to identify leads or lags in the temporal alignment of the wastewater/case relationship. Daily incident COVID-19 cases and twice-weekly wastewater SARS-CoV-2 viral loads measured at 20 North Carolina sewersheds in 2021 were detrended using smoothing ranges of ∞, 16, 8, 4 and 2 weeks, to produce detrended cases and wastewater viral loads at progressively finer time scales. For each sewershed and smoothing range, we calculated the Spearman correlation between the cases and the wastewater viral loads with offsets of -7 to +7 days. We identified a conclusive lead/lag relationship at 15 of 20 sewersheds, with detrended wastewater loads temporally leading detrended COVID-19 cases at 11 of these sites. For the 11 leading sites, the correlation between wastewater loads and cases was greatest for wastewater loads sampled at a median lead time of 6 days before the cases were reported. Distinct lead/lag relationships were the most pronounced after detrending with smoothing ranges of 4–8 weeks, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 wastewater viral loads can track fluctuations in COVID-19 case incidence rates at fine time scales and may serve as a leading indicator in many settings. These results could help public health officials identify, and deploy timely responses in, areas where cases are increasing faster than the overall pandemic trend.
Is Snow Drought a Messenger for the Upcoming Severe Drought Period? A Case Study in the Upper Mississippi River Basin
Authors: Yeşilköy Serhan , Baydaroğlu Özlem , Demir Ibrahim
Published: June 2023

The exacerbation of floods and the extension of droughts, attributed to climate change and other human-induced factors, are posing a substantial risk to communities by causing water scarcity and insecurity. The significance of safeguarding water resources and managing them is increasingly gaining prominence. Snow is an efficient source of water for recharging groundwater compared to rainfall. This is attributed to its gradual melting process and capacity to infiltrate the soil, thereby providing sustenance to the groundwater. Thus, snow drought can be considered a major contributing factor to the issue of water scarcity. The objective of this study was to investigate the evolution of snow drought over the period spanning from 1980 to 2022, as well as its impact on agricultural drought across the Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB). This research employed the AgERA5 reanalysis gridded data at surface level with a spatial resolution of 0.1°, obtained from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), to assess the snow drought. An analysis is conducted for comparison between the spatial estimations of snow drought in the UMBR and two other drought indicators, namely the evaporative demand drought index (EDDI) and water deficit amounts. The effects of the El Niño and La Niña phenomena on the UMRB as well as the results of the summer drought conditions were reviewed. The results point to two important findings. The former is that the snow-drought-affected zones show an increasing trend from the past to the present in the UMRB. The latter is that severe snow droughts in the winter of a water year trigger severe agricultural droughts in the summer months of the same water year. It is seen that monitoring snow droughts is as essential as following rainfall regimes in the planning of water resources, agricultural production, and irrigation methods.
Crowded and warmer: unequal dengue risk at high spatial resolution across a megacity of India
Authors: Romeo-Aznar Victoria , Santos-Vega Mauricio , Telle Olivier , Paul Richard , Pascual Mercedes
Published: June 2023

The role of climate factors on transmission of mosquito-borne infections within urban landscapes must be considered in the context of the pronounced spatial heterogeneity of such environments. Socio-demographic and environmental variation challenge control efforts for emergent arboviruses, a major class of pathogens responsible for dengue, Zika and chikungunya, transmitted via the urban mosquito Aedes aegypti. We address at high resolution, the spatial heterogeneity of dengue transmission risk in the megacity of Delhi, India, as a function of both temperature and the carrying-capacity of the human environment for the mosquito. Based on previous results predicting maximum mosquitoes per human for different socio-economic typologies, and on remote sensing temperature data, we produce a map of the reproductive number of the disease at a resolution of 250m by 250m. We focus on dengue risk hotspots during inter-epidemic periods, places where chains of transmission can persist for longer. We assess the resulting high-resolution risk map of dengue with reported cases for three consecutive winters. We find that both temperature and vector carrying-capacity per human co-vary in space because of their respective dependence on population density. The synergistic action of these two factors results in larger variation of dengue’s reproductive number than when considered separately, with poor and dense locations experiencing the warmest conditions and becoming the most likely reservoirs off-season. The location of observed winter cases is accurately predicted for different risk threshold criteria. Results underscore the inequity of risk across a complex urban landscape, whereby individuals in dense poor neighborhoods face the compounded effect of higher temperatures and mosquito carrying capacity.Targeting chains of transmission in inter-epidemic periods at these locations should be a priority of control efforts. A better mapping is needed of the interplay between climate factors that are dominant determinants of the seasonality of vector-borne infections and the socio-economic conditions behind unequal exposure.
Can We Explain the Large Gender Gap in PISA Reading Performance? The Finnish Enigma Demystified
Authors: Torppa Minna , Niemi Pekka , Vasalampi Kati , Manu Mari , Lerkkanen Marja-Kristiina
Published: June 2023

The present study examined the atypically wide gender gap in reading performance in Finland. The aim was to provide novel insights via two types of analyses in a longitudinal sample across Grades 1 through 9 (N = 1,512). First, we examined whether girls’ superiority is reading specific or if it can also be found in arithmetic fluency. Second, we examined whether the gender differences in students’ experiences of school, including enjoyment, engagement, task value for literacy, or burnout, could explain the gender difference in reading fluency and Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) Reading performance. The results suggested no general advantage for girls, instead indicating a slight but consistent advantage for boys in arithmetic fluency. Furthermore, the gender effect in reading was significant but at a customary low level, predicting 9% of the reading fluency variance and 5% of the PISA Reading variance. A part of the gender effect on reading ran indirectly via school enjoyment, task value for literacy, and exhaustion, but for the most part, it was not mediated via the students’ experiences of school. However, the gender effect on PISA Reading was fully mediated via reading fluency. Of the PISA Reading variance, 41% was explained by the model based on gender, students’ experiences of school, and reading fluency. The results suggest that gender effect in reading (1) is not as large as often thought but is visible in both reading fluency and in reading comprehension (PISA), (2) is not a reflection of an overall poorer school achievement of boys, and (3) is only partially mediated via students’ experiences of school.
Sorting the confusion about the numerous versions of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale
Authors: Meule Adrian
Published: June 2023

This is a letter to the editor that provides a brief overview about different versions of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale.
An Inception Cohort Study Quantifying How Many Registered Studies are Published
Authors: Ensinck Eline Noëlle Fleur , Lakens Daniel
Published: June 2023

We quantified how many studies registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF) up to November 2017 are performed but not shared after at least 4 years. Examining a sample of 169 registered research studies we found that 104 (61.5%) were publicly shared. We estimate that 5316 out of 9172 (58%) registered studies on the OSF are publicly shared. Researchers use registries to make unpublished studies public, and the OSF policy to open registrations after a four year embargo substantially increases the number of studies that become known to the scientific community. In responses to emails asking researchers why studies remained unpublished logistical issues (e.g., lack of time, researchers changing jobs) were the most common cause, followed by null results, and rejections during peer review. Our exploratory study shows that a substantial amount of studies that researchers perform remain unpublished.
What people learn from punishment: joint inference of wrongness and punisher’s motivations from observation of punitive choices
Authors: Radkani Setayesh , Saxe Rebecca
Published: June 2023

Punishment is a cost imposed on a target, in response to an undesirable action. Yet choosing to punish also reveals information about the authority’s own motives and values. We propose that observers jointly infer the wrongness of the action and the authority’s motivations. Using hypothetical scenarios in unfamiliar societies, we experimentally manipulated observers’ prior beliefs and measured human observers’ inferences after observing punishment. These inferences were recapitulated in a formal model that inverts an intuitive causal model of authorities who make rational choices about punishment by weighing its costs and benefits (i.e. utilities). An essential component of this model, driving these inferences, is that legitimate authorities consider the utility of a proportional response to harmful actions, which depends on the balance between the wrongness of the act and the severity of the punishment.
Claiming Confidence in the Applicability of Research: A Critical Review
Authors: Gal David , Calder Bobby J. , Sternthal Brian
Published: June 2023

Researchers are increasingly asked this question: On what basis can one have confidence in the applicability of behavioral research findings? Two answers are typically offered. One is to draw confidence from establishing effects. Pre-registration and replication are often advocated as ways of increasing confidence in effects. Thus, the criterion for claiming confidence is reproducible effects. A second answer is to draw confidence in applicability by identifying moderators and mediators of effects. Moderator variables are typically used to distinguish the conditions when effects do or do not occur, and mediators contribute to identifying how effects occur in a given setting. Thus, the criterion for claiming confidence is the demonstration of contingent effects. A third answer entails drawing confidence by introducing additional theoretical constructs to account for variable relationships. Here the criterion for claiming confidence in applicability is explained effects. The three criteria for confidence are often considered alternative solutions in both methodological discussions and research practice. We apply the three criteria to studies of the endowment effect. We show that the first two criteria are inadequate for assessing research progress and that the explained effects criterion can build on the other two criteria to enhance confidence in research findings and applicability.
Zebra Reduction: Better Generalization Through Distraction
Authors: Dome Lenard , Wills Andy
Published: June 2023

The inverse base-rate effect (IBRE) is an irrational phenomenon in predictive learning. It occurs when people try to generalize what they have experienced to novel and ambiguous events. This irrational generalization manifests as a preference for rare, unlikely outcomes in the face of ambiguity. A formal mathematical model of this irrational preference leads to a counter-intuitive prediction: the effect disappears under concurrent load. We tested this prediction across two experiments (𝑁1 = 72, 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 20.12; 𝑁2 = 160, 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 20.88). We confirm the prediction, but only when participants were under an obvious time constraint. This empirical confirmation is as surprising as the prediction itself—irrationality reduces under increased task demands.
Cooperation after social exclusion: To reconnect or to harm?
Authors: Đorić Stefan
Published: June 2023

Predicting a person’s reaction after experiencing exclusion is an important question, which is accompanied by paradoxical answers. An excluded person may tend to harm others (antisocial reaction hypothesis), treat them with increased ingratiation (prosocial reaction hypothesis), or withdraw from further social contacts. The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses about the prosocial and antisocial responses in the social dilemma context, specifically, to examine whether social exclusion will result in reduced or increased cooperation in Trust game. The sample included 175 participants (females = 142), first- and second-year psychology students. There was a between-subject design 3 exclusion (exclusion vs. inclusion vs. neutral) × 2 history (known vs. unknown partner), with Social value orientation being treated as a covariate. Social exclusion was manipulated using the Get-acquainted paradigm, and Trust game was used to measure the willingness to cooperate. The level of Social value orientation was measured using The SVO Slider Measure. Despite the successful manipulation of social exclusion, the results do not support studies showing that exclusion influences cooperation in a mixed-motive situation. Only the main effects of the history was observed (p = 0.012, η2 =.04.), and Social value orientation was a significant predictor of the level of cooperation (p = < .001, η2 =.08.). The conclusion is that the experience of social exclusion made participants no less able to analyze social cues and willing to cooperate in the trust game.
An intensive longitudinal dataset of in-game player behaviour and well-being in PowerWash Simulator
Authors: Vuorre Matti , Magnusson Kristoffer , Johannes Niklas , Butlin James , Przybylski Andrew K
Published: June 2023

The potential impacts that video games might have on players’ well-being and mental health are under increased scrutiny but poorly understood empirically. Although extensively studied, a level of understanding required to address concerns and advise policy is lacking, at least partly because much of this science has relied on artificial settings and limited self-report data. We describe a large and detailed dataset that addresses these issues by pairing video game play behaviors and events with in-game well-being and motivation reports. 11,080 players (from 39 countries) of the first person PC game PowerWash Simulator volunteered for an experimental version of the game that logged their play across 10 in-game behaviors and events (e.g. task completion) and 21 variables (e.g. current position), and responses to 6 psychological survey instruments via in-game pop-ups. The data consists of 15,772,514 gameplay events, 726,316 survey item responses, and 21,202,667 additional gameplay status records, and spans 222 days. The data and codebook are publicly available with a permissive CC0 license.
Varieties of Gratitude: Identifying Patterns of Emotional Responses to Positive Experiences Attributed to God, Karma, and Human Benefactors
Authors: White Cindel , Johnson Kathryn A. , Mirbozorgi Behnam , Farias Martelli Graziela
Published: June 2023

Good fortune can be attributed to many sources, including other people, personal efforts, and various theistic and non-theistic supernatural forces (e.g., God, karma). Four studies (total N = 4,579) of religiously diverse samples from the U.S. and U.K. investigated the distinct emotional reactions to recalled positive experiences attributed to natural and supernatural benefactors. We found that the hallmarks of interpersonal gratitude (e.g., thankfulness, admiration, indebtedness) were reported when believers attributed their good fortune to a personal, benevolent God. However, a distinct emotional profile arose when participants attributed good fortune to the process of karmic payback, which was associated with relatively less gratitude but with higher scores for feelings of pride and deservingness. These results were partially explained by participants’ attributions of positive experiences to an external agent (e.g., God) versus a universal law or internal factors as in the case of karma. We conclude that diverse spiritual beliefs influence causal attributions for good fortune which, in turn, predict distinct emotional responses.
Social processes as the missing link: Cross-sectionally testing a conceptual model on social mediators of early psychopathological development
Authors: Achterhof Robin , Kirtley Olivia J , Lafit Ginette , Hiekkaranta Anu Pauliina , Hagemann Noëmi , Hermans Karlijn Susanna Francisca Maria , Lecei Aleksandra , Boets Bart , Henquet Cecile , Schneider Maude , Sips Rob , Vaessen Thomas , van Winkel Ruud , Viechtbauer Wolfgang , Reininghaus Ulrich , Myin-Germeys Inez
Published: June 2023

Background: Research suggests that most mental health conditions have their onset in the critically social period of adolescence. Yet, we lack understanding of the potential social processes underlying early psychopathological development. We propose a conceptual model where daily-life social interactions and social skills form an intermediate link between known risk and protective factors (adverse childhood experiences, bullying, social support, maladaptive parenting) and psychopathology in adolescents – that is explored using cross-sectional data.Methods: N=1913 Flemish adolescent participants (Mean age=13.8; 63% girls) were assessed as part of the SIGMA study, a large-scale, accelerated longitudinal study of adolescent mental health and development. Self-report questionnaires (on risk/protective factors, social skills, and psychopathology) were completed during class time; daily-life social interactions were measured during a subsequent six-day experience-sampling period. Results: Registered uncorrected multilevel linear regression results revealed significant associations between all risk/protective factors and psychopathology, between all risk/protective factors and social processes, and between all social processes and psychopathology. Social processes (social skills, quantity/quality of daily social interactions) were uniquely predicted by each risk/protective factor and were uniquely associated with both general and specific types of psychopathology. For older participants, some relationships between social processes and psychopathology were stronger. Conclusions: Unique associations between risk/protective factors and psychopathology signify the distinct relevance of these factors for youth mental health, whereas the broad associations with social processes support these processes as broad correlates. Results align with the idea of a social pathway towards early psychopathology, although follow-up longitudinal research is required to verify any mediation effect.
Sex modulation of faces prediction error in the autistic brain
Authors: Lacroix Adeline , harquel sylvain , Mermillod Martial , Garrido Marta , Barbosa Leonardo , VERCUEIL LAURENT , Aleysson David , Dutheil Frederic , Kovarski Klara , Gomot Marie
Published: June 2023

Recent research suggests that autistic females may possess superior socio-cognitive abilities compared to autistic males, potentially contributing to underdiagnosis in females. However, it remains unclear whether differences arise from distinct neurophysiological functioning in autistic males and females. This study aimed to address this question by presenting an oddball paradigm involving spatially filtered faces to 41 autistic and 48 non-autistic adults. Analysis of event-related potentials from scalp electroencephalography revealed a neurophysiological profile in autistic females that fell between those of autistic males and non-autistic females, highlighting sex differences in autism from the initial stages of face processing. This finding underscores the urgent need to explore neurophysiological sex differences in autism and encourages efforts toward a better comprehension of compensation mechanism and a clearer definition of what is meant by camouflaging.
The protective effect of educational level varies as a function of the difficulty of the memory task in ageing
Authors: Frick Aurélien , Wright Helen
Published: June 2023

This study aimed to explore the effects of age and educational level on recall performance and organisational strategies used during recall as a function of the level of memory task difficulty. Younger (n = 55, age range = 20–39 years) and older (n = 45, age range = 65–75 years) adults learned a word list where the words were either already semantically grouped (easier) or presented in pseudo-random order (harder), and then recalled the words. The number of words recalled was calculated, and an index of clustering was computed to assess organisational strategies. Older adults recalled less words than the younger ones. Older adults with a higher educational level recalled more words than their counterparts with a lower educational level when the memory task was easier, but they all performed similarly on the harder memory task. Moreover, we noted a strong positive association between educational level and semantic organisation in older adults when the memory task was easier. Regardless of educational level, older adults used semantic organisation as much as younger adults when the memory task was easier. However, when the memory task was harder, older adults showed significantly less organisational strategies than younger adults, the latter using semantic organisation to boost their recall performance. In sum, the protective effect of educational level seems to be restricted on recall performance, but not organisational strategies, in easy memory tasks providing sufficient external information about the most efficient mnemonic strategy to use.
Assessing and Accounting for Measurement in Intensive Longitudinal Studies: Current Practices, Considerations, and Avenues for Improvement
Authors: Vogelsmeier Leonie V. D. E. , Jongerling Joran , Maassen Esther
Published: June 2023

Purpose: Intensive longitudinal studies, in which participants complete questionnaires multiple times a day over an extended period, are increasingly popular in the social sciences in general and quality-of-life research in particular. The intensive longitudinal methods allow for studying the dynamics of constructs (e.g., how much patient-reported outcomes (PROs) vary across time). These methods promise higher ecological validity and lower recall bias than traditional methods that question participants only once, since the high frequency means that participants complete questionnaires in their everyday lives and do not have to retrospectively report about a large time interval. However, to ensure the validity of the results obtained from analyzing the intensive longitudinal data (ILD), greater awareness and understanding of appropriate measurement practices are needed. Method: We surveyed 42 researchers experienced with ILD regarding their measurement practices and reasons for suboptimal practices. Results: Results showed that researchers typically do not use measures validated specifically for ILD. Participants assessing the psychometric properties and invariance of measures in their current studies was even less common, as was accounting for these properties when analyzing dynamics. This was mainly because participants did not have the necessary knowledge to conduct these assessments or were unaware of their importance for drawing valid inferences. Open science practices, in contrast, appear reasonably well ingrained in ILD studies. Conclusion: Measurement practices in ILD still need improvement in some key areas; we provide recommendations in order to create a solid foundation for measuring and analyzing psychological constructs.
Post-Error Slowing May Not Be Proactive: Electrophysiological evidence favours a disorienting account
Authors: Beu Nathan , Burns Nicholas , Baetu Irina
Published: June 2023

The slowing down of a response after committing an error in speeded response tasks has been reliably observed over the last 60 years, but no explanation has yet been articulated to account for it. Post-error slowing (PES) is thought to reflect a proactive mechanism to improve one’s chances of successfully inhibiting a response or selecting the correct response from an array of possibilities. Recently, Dutilh and colleagues (2012a) used computational modelling to compare how well several accounts of PES fit real and simulated data. They concluded that PES is the result of participants widening their response boundaries, which they assumed corresponds to increased caution. This explanation supports a proactive account of PES. We used EEG to test the same four accounts modelled by Dutilh and colleagues to provide direct neural evidence to supplement their simulated data. In a Go/NoGo task administered to N = 100 healthy young adults (24.3 ± 4.8 yrs), we mapped ERP parameters to the theoretical drift parameters established by Dutilh and colleagues. Their hypothesis would predict larger N2 after errors and that the amplitude of the N2 should correlate with magnitude of PES. Our results did not support these predictions (N2 amplitude was smaller after errors, p = .015, and there was no correlation between N2 amplitude and PES, p = .523). Our findings support another common account of PES, a disorienting account, that supposes errors disrupt attentional processing. The post-error anterior N1 was significantly disrupted by errors (p = .020) and was correlated with the magnitude of PES (p = .016). We, therefore, suggest that PES is not completely proactive, but rather is partially the consequence of disruptions to attentional processing that only incidentally improve response inhibition by offsetting the initiation of response execution. Interestingly, the post-error N1 in older adults was diminished (p = .0008), but higher general intelligence rescued such disruptions to attention (p < .0001), indicating a partial compensatory mechanism in ageing that is supported by general intelligence.
Re-visiting the deviation effects of irrelevant sound on serial and non-serial tasks
Authors: Nakajima Yu , Ashida Hiroshi
Published: June 2023

Two types of disruptive effects of irrelevant sound on visual tasks have been reported: the changing-state effect and the deviation effect. The idea that the deviation effect is not specific to the task nature, whereas the changing-state effect is specific to tasks that require serial processing, has been examined by comparing tasks that do or do not require serial processing. While many previous studies used the missing-item task as the non-serial task, it is unclear whether other non-serial tasks lead to similar results regarding the differences in task specificity of both effects. One of the recent studies used the mental arithmetic task as the non-serial task, but failed to demonstrate the deviation effect. However, there were several procedural factors that could account for the lack of deviation effect in the mental arithmetic task, such as differences in design and procedures (e.g., conducted online, intermixed conditions). In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether the deviation effect could be observed in both the serial recall and mental arithmetic tasks when these procedural factors were modified. We found weak evidence of the deviation effect in both tasks when stimulus presentation and experimental design were aligned with previous studies that demonstrated the deviation effect (e.g., conducted in-person, blockwise presentation of sound, etc.).
Power of Pictures? Questioning the Emotionalization and Behavioral Activation Potential of Aesthetics in War Photography
Authors: Altenmüller Marlene Sophie , Gollwitzer Mario
Published: June 2023

War photography is not only used illustratively in news media but also displayed as controversial art objects. The ethics and impact of aestheticization in war photography have long been debated. In three studies (N1 = 243, N2 = 251, N3 = 254), we contribute empirically to this debate by testing the impact of aesthetics in war photography (i.e., aesthetic style and context) on emotionalization and behavioral activation. While viewing war photography was, overall, emotionalizing (especially regarding negative affect and moral outrage), we did not find any behavioral activation (i.e., donation intention and behavior or general willingness to act against war). Neither aesthetic style nor aesthetic context made a difference for affective or behavioral responses. However, a salient aesthetic context (Study 3) led to higher aesthetic judgments of war photographs. Overall, these results question whether aesthetics in war photography have a particular power for evoking emotional and behavioral responses.
Complex Adaptive Systems and Human Resource Management: Fostering a Thriving Workforce in the Post-Pandemic Era
Authors: Aşkun Volkan
Published: June 2023

The outbreak of COVID-19 has presented unparalleled difficulties for both companies and their staff, resulting in a state of emergency that jeopardizes the welfare of employees and the prosperity of organizations. The present article delves into the prospects of human resource management (HRM) in promoting a workforce that is sustainable and thrives in diverse situations or paradigms through the lens of complex adaptive systems. An examination of the current body of literature indicates deficiencies in comprehending the function of HRM in fostering employee thriving, particularly within the framework of broader and more remote organizational contexts. The article utilizes the framework of complex adaptive systems to suggest various human resource strategies, policies, practices, systems, and processes that can enhance the thriving of the workforce. These strategies include initiatives aimed at promoting employee well-being, flexible working arrangements, and leadership that fosters inclusivity. The significance of HR executives in steering organizations through periods of crisis and recuperation is underscored, along with the imperative to reevaluate the definition of thriving in the context of the pandemic and its enduring ramifications. The article's final remarks entail the identification of potential avenues for future research and practice in the field of HRM. The significance of HRM in fostering a workforce that is capable of thriving sustainably, both during and post-pandemic, is underscored.