bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Altered Functional Connectivity within and between Brain Modules in Absence Epilepsy: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Xu Cui-Ping , Zhang Shou-Wen , Fang Tie , Manxiu Ma , Chencan Qian , Huafu Chen , Zhu Hong-Wei , Li Yong-Jie , Zuxiang Liu
Published: September 2013

Functional connectivity has been correlated with a patient’s level of consciousness and has been found to be altered in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Absence epilepsy patients, who experience a loss of consciousness, are assumed to suffer from alterations in thalamocortical networks; however, previous studies have not explored the changes at a functional module level. We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the alteration in functional connectivity that occurs in absence epilepsy patients. By parcellating the brain into 90 brain regions/nodes, we uncovered an altered functional connectivity within and between functional modules. Some brain regions had a greater number of altered connections and therefore behaved as key nodes in the changed network pattern; these regions included the superior frontal gyrus, the amygdala, and the putamen. In particular, the superior frontal gyrus demonstrated both an increased value of connections with other nodes of the frontal default mode network and a decreased value of connections with the limbic system. This divergence is positively correlated with epilepsy duration. These findings provide a new perspective and shed light on how functional connectivity and the balance of within/between module connections may contribute to both the state of consciousness and the development of absence epilepsy.
Fuzzy Approach to Statistical Control Charts
Authors: Sorooshian Shahryar
Published: September 2013

After investigating the advantages and disadvantages of current methods of statistical process control, it becomes important to overcome the disadvantages and then use the advantages to improve a method for monitoring a process with categorical observations. An approach which considers uncertainty and vagueness is tried for this study; and for this purpose, fuzzy set theory is inevitable to use. So, a new approach based on fuzzy set theory is introduced in this research for monitoring attribute quality characteristics. This approach is then compared with the current related approach to see the difference in performance.
The Flow of a Variable Viscosity Fluid down an Inclined Plane with a Free Surface
Authors: Tshehla M. S.
Published: September 2013

The effect of a temperature dependent variable viscosity fluid flow down an inclined plane with a free surface is investigated. The fluid film is thin, so that lubrication approximation may be applied. Convective heating effects are included, and the fluid viscosity decreases exponentially with temperature. In general, the flow equations resulting from the variable viscosity model must be solved numerically. However, when the viscosity variation is small, then an asymptotic approximation is possible. The full solutions for the temperature and velocity profiles are derived using the Runge-Kutta numerical method. The flow controlling parameters such as the nondimensional viscosity variation parameter, the Biot and the Brinkman numbers, are found to have a profound effect on the resulting flow profiles.
A+MAC: A Streamlined Variable Duty-Cycle MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Lee Sang Hoon , Choi Lynn
Published: September 2013

To improve the energy efficiency and the transmission performance of a sensor network MAC protocol under time varying traffic conditions, recent researches have adopted a variable duty cycle operation that makes each node dynamically adjust its own wakeup and sleep schedule according to a predefined trigger condition. However, most of the existing protocols still waste energy on a long preamble packet for waking up a receiver or long idle listening for checking potential communications. To address the energy waste problem, this paper introduces a hybrid MAC protocol called A+MAC that exploits a complementary cooperation between CSMA/CA and preamble sampling. In A+MAC CSMA/CA is used for carrying out communication processes, and preamble sampling is used for checking potential communications. Therefore, A+MAC minimizes both idle listening and the length of a preamble packet by exploiting a short preamble that makes nodes check only the event occurrence. A+MAC also optimizes control packet formats and eliminates both virtual carrier sensing and a separate clock synchronization period from conventional CSMA/CA based MAC protocols. We evaluated both the energy and the network performance of the protocol by using both NS-2 and MICA2 platforms. Our experimentation results show that A+MAC can achieve an order of magnitude energy savings while providing near optimal latency compared to the existing solutions.
Optimality of Multichannel Myopic Sensing in the Presence of Sensing Error for Opportunistic Spectrum Access
Authors: Jiang Xiaofeng , Xi Hongsheng
Published: September 2013

The optimization problem for the performance of opportunistic spectrum access is considered in this study. A user, with the limited sensing capacity, has opportunistic access to a communication system with multiple channels. The user can only choose several channels to sense and decides whether to access these channels based on the sensing information in each time slot. Meanwhile, the presence of sensing error is considered. A reward is obtained when the user accesses a channel. The objective is to maximize the expected (discounted or average) reward accrued over an infinite horizon. This problem can be formulated as a partially observable Markov decision process. This study shows the optimality of the simple and robust myopic policy which focuses on maximizing the immediate reward. The results show that the myopic policy is optimal in the case of practical interest.
Extended Chain of Domination Parameters in Graphs
Authors: Hamid I. Sahul , Balamurugan S.
Published: September 2013

A subset S of the vertex set V(G) of a graph G is called an isolate set if the subgraph induced by S has an isolated vertex. The subset S is called an isolate dominating set if it is both isolate and dominating. Also, S is called an isolate irredundant set if it is both isolate and irredundant. In this paper, we establish a chain connecting various isolate parameters with the existing domination parameters and discuss equality among the parameters in the extended chain.
Algorithms for the Shortest Path Improvement Problems under Unit Hamming Distance
Authors: Zhang Bingwu , Guan Xiucui , He Chunyuan , Wang Shuguo
Published: September 2013

In a shortest path improvement problem under unit Hamming distance (denoted by SPIUH), an edge weighted graph with a set of source-terminal pairs is given; we need to modify the lengths of edges by a minimum cost under unit Hamming distance such that the modified distances of the shortest paths are upper bounded by given values. The SPIUH problem on arborescent network is formulated as a 0-1 integer programming model. Some strongly polynomial time algorithms are designed for the problems on some special arborescent networks. Firstly, two greedy algorithms are proposed for problems on chain networks and special star-tree networks, respectively. Secondly, a strongly polynomial time algorithm is presented for the problem with a single source and constrained paths. Finally, a heuristic algorithm and its computational experiments are given for the SPIUH problem on general graphs.
On the Distribution of First Exit Time for Brownian Motion with Double Linear Time-Dependent Barriers
Authors: Xu Lin , Zhu Dongjin
Published: September 2013

This paper focuses on the first exit time for a Brownian motion with a double linear time-dependent barrier specified by y=a+bt, y=ct, (a>0, b<0, c>0). We are concerned in this paper with the distribution of the Brownian motion hitting the upper barrier before hitting the lower linear barrier. The main method we applied here is the Girsanov transform formula. As a result, we expressed the density of such exit time in terms of a finite series. This result principally provides us an analytical expression for the distribution of the aforementioned exit time and an easy way to compute the distribution of first exit time numerically.
The Effect of Pressure on Electronic and Magnetic Properties of MnAs Crystal
Authors: Moradiannejad Farzad , Hashemifar S. Javad , Akbarzadeh Hadi
Published: September 2013

The structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of MnAs crystal are studied. The WIEN2k code which uses a full-potential LAPW program based on density functional theory with GGA is used for the calculations. At first, the total energy of a MnAs crystal in different lattices is calculated and the corresponding - diagram is drawn for two different structures of MnAs. The effect of pressuring this crystal is determined. The calculations confirm that, MnAs has the NiAs-type structure at ambient pressure but transforms into the zinc-blend structure of a specific pressure value. Also, the electric field gradient (EFG) and hyperfine field (HFF) at the nuclear site of Mn and As are calculated. Finally, the effect of pressure on EFG and HFF is studied.
Two-Level Credit Financing for Noninstantaneous Deterioration Items in a Supply Chain with Downstream Credit-Linked Demand
Authors: He Yong , Huang Hongfu
Published: September 2013

Trade credit financing is a useful tool in business today, which can be characterized as the agreement between supply chain members such as permissible delay in payments. In this study, we assume that the items have the property of noninstantaneous deterioration and the demand is a function of downstream credit. Then, an EOQ model for noninstantaneous deterioration is built based on the two-level financing policy. The purpose of this paper is to maximize the total average profit by determine the optimal downstream credit period, the optimal replenishment cycle length, and the optimal ordering quantity per cycle. Useful theorems are proposed to characterize the method of obtaining the optimal solutions. Based on the theorems, an algorithm is designed, and numerical tests and sensitive analysis are provided. Lastly, according to the sensitive analysis, managerial insights are proposed.
Imidazole and Triazole Coordination Chemistry for Antifouling Coatings
Authors: Andersson Trojer Markus , Movahedi Alireza , Blanck Hans , Nydén Magnus
Published: September 2013

Fouling of marine organisms on the hulls of ships is a severe problem for the shipping industry. Many antifouling agents are based on five‐membered nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, in particular imidazoles and triazoles. Moreover, imidazole and triazoles are strong ligands for Cu2+ and Cu+, which are both potent antifouling agents. In this review, we summarize a decade of work within our groups concerning imidazole and triazole coordination chemistry for antifouling applications with a particular focus on the very potent antifouling agent medetomidine. The entry starts by providing a detailed theoretical description of the azole‐metal coordination chemistry. Some attention will be given to ways to functionalize polymers with azole ligands. Then, the effect of metal coordination in azole‐containing polymers with respect to material properties will be discussed. Our work concerning the controlled release of antifouling agents, in particular medetomidine, using azole coordination chemistry will be reviewed. Finally, an outlook will be given describing the potential for tailoring the azole ligand chemistry in polymers with respect to Cu2+ adsorption and Cu2+→Cu+ reduction for antifouling coatings without added biocides.
Targeting Sonic Hedgehog-Associated Medulloblastoma through Inhibition of Aurora and Polo-like Kinases
Authors: Markant Shirley L. , Esparza Lourdes Adriana , Sun Jesse , Barton Kelly L. , McCoig Lisa M. , Grant Gerald A. , Crawford John R. , Levy Michael L. , Northcott Paul A. , Shih David , Remke Marc , Taylor Michael D. , Wechsler-Reya Robert J.
Published: September 2013

Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Although aggressive surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have improved outcomes, survivors suffer severe long-term side effects, and many patients still succumb to their disease. For patients whose tumors are driven by mutations in the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway, SHH antagonists offer some hope. However, many SHH-associated medulloblastomas do not respond to these drugs, and those that do may develop resistance. Therefore, more effective treatment strategies are needed for both SHH and non-SHH–associated medulloblastoma. One such strategy involves targeting the cells that are critical for maintaining tumor growth, known as tumor-propagating cells (TPC). We previously identified a population of TPCs in tumors from patched mutant mice, a model for SHH-dependent medulloblastoma. These cells express the surface antigen CD15/SSEA-1 and have elevated levels of genes associated with the G2–M phases of the cell cycle. Here, we show that CD15+ cells progress more rapidly through the cell cycle than CD15− cells and contain an increased proportion of cells in G2–M, suggesting that they might be vulnerable to inhibitors of this phase. Indeed, exposure of tumor cells to inhibitors of Aurora kinase (Aurk) and Polo-like kinases (Plk), key regulators of G2–M, induces cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and enhanced sensitivity to conventional chemotherapy. Moreover, treatment of tumor-bearing mice with these agents significantly inhibits tumor progression. Importantly, cells from human patient-derived medulloblastoma xenografts are also sensitive to Aurk and Plk inhibitors. Our findings suggest that targeting G2–M regulators may represent a novel approach for treatment of human medulloblastoma. Cancer Res; 73(20); 6310–22. ©2013 AACR.
Long-Term Follow-Up in Patients with Indeterminate Barrett Esophagus
Authors: Becker V. , Bobardt J. , Ott R. , Rösch T. , Meining A.
Published: September 2013

Background: Barrett esophagus (BE) is a major risk factor for adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus. Reliable detection of BE during upper endoscopy is therefore mandatory. According to most guidelines, diagnosis of BE requires both endoscopy and histology for confirmation. However, since adenocarcinomas were also described in patients with indeterminate BE, i.e. endoscopic visible columnar metaplasia but no histological confirmation of goblet cells or vice versa, debate has risen on the risk of malignancy and the need for endoscopic surveillance in such patients. Patients and Methods: The study was aimed to assess long-term follow-up data on 209 patients with indeterminate BE (on histopathology or endoscopy) initially examined between 1999 and 2000. Patients or referring physicians were contacted concerning the most recent endoscopic and histopathological results. Results: Follow-up data could be assessed in 149/209 patients (65.1%) after a mean follow-up period of 9.4 years (SD ±2.4 years). Neoplasia was not reported for any patient. The previous endoscopic-histopathological diagnoses could be confirmed in 3 patients only. In the group with endoscopic diagnosis of BE but no histopathological confirmation, BE was described histopathologically in 1 patient during follow-up. Conclusion: Persistence of indeterminate BE is poor during long-term follow up. The risk of cancer appears to be negligible. Hence, surveillance of these patients appears equivocal.
Fodipir and Its Dephosphorylated Derivative Dipyridoxyl Ethyldiamine Are Involved in Mangafodipir-Mediated Cytoprotection against 7β-Hydroxycholesterol-Induced Cell Death
Authors: Laskar Amit , Andersson Rolf G.G. , Li Wei
Published: September 2013

Objective: Mangafodipir exerts pharmacological effects, including vascular relaxation and protection against oxidative stress and cell death induced by oxysterols. Additionally, mangafodipir has been proposed for cardiovascular imaging. The primary metabolites of mangafodipir, manganese dipyridoxyl ethyldiamine (MnPLED) and its constituent dipyridoxyl diphosphate (Dp-dp) also known as fodipir, are pharmacologically active. However, whether they affect oxysterol-induced cytotoxicity is currently unknown. In this study, we examine whether the mangafodipir metabolite affects 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OH)-induced cell death and identify the underlying mechanisms. Methods: U937 cells were pretreated or not with mangafodipir substrate (Ms; 200 µm), MnPLED (100 µmol/l) or Dp-dp (100 µmol/l) for 8 h and then exposed to 7β-OH (28 µmol/l) for 18 h. Results: Our results revealed that pretreatment with MnPLED or Dp-dp protected against 7β-OH-induced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, and lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP). MnPLED and Dp-dp, in par with Ms, confer protection against 7β-OH-induced cytotoxicity by reducing cellular ROS and stabilization of the lysosomal membrane. Conclusion: These results suggest that fodipir is the pharmacologically active part in the structure of mangafodipir, which prevents 7β-OH-induced cell death by attenuating cellular ROS and by preventing LMP. In addition, MnPLED, which is the dephosphorylated product of fodipir, exerts a similar protective effect against 7β-OH-induced cytotoxicity. This result indicates that dephosphorylation of fodipir does not affect its pharmacological actions. Altogether our result confirms the cytoprotective effect of mangafodipir and justifies its potential use as a cytoprotective adjuvant.
Increased Levels of Serum IL-18 Are Associated with the Long-Term Outcome of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Ciaramella Antonio , Della Vedova Cecilia , Salani Francesca , Viganotti Mara , D'Ippolito Mariagrazia , Caltagirone Carlo , Formisano Rita , Sabatini Umberto , Bossù Paola
Published: September 2013

Objective: A long-lasting neuroinflammatory cascade may lead to the progression of brain damage, favoring neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the potential mechanisms underlying this sequence of events remain elusive. Here we aimed to evaluate the impact of interleukin (IL)-18, a proinflammatory cytokine elevated in post-acute head injury and associated with neurodegeneration, on the long-term outcome of patients with chronic TBI. Methods: The serum content of IL-18 was evaluated in 16 patients with severe TBI, during their rehabilitation phase, and in a matched group of 16 healthy controls. The disability of the enrolled patients was evaluated by means of the Glasgow Outcome Scale, Levels of Cognitive Functioning, and the Disability Rating Scale. Results: The circulating levels of IL-18 were significantly increased in chronic TBI patients, as compared to healthy subjects, and correlated with the patients' cognitive impairment and disability severity. Conclusions: IL-18 may contribute to the long-term outcome and neurodegeneration in TBI patients. Even though further studies are needed to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of IL-18 on TBI progression and its associated drop in cognitive function, a possible role of this cytokine as a therapeutic target in TBI can be envisaged.
Sexual Well-Being of Cervical Cancer Survivors under 50 Years Old and the Factors Affecting Their Libido
Authors: Tian Jun
Published: September 2013

Objectives: This paper aims to study the relationship between the sexual well-being and quality of life (QOL) of cervical cancer patients and analyze the factors influencing their libidos. Materials and Methods: The subjects in this study were Chinese cervical cancer survivors under 50 years old. The information on their disease and treatments was obtained through their medical records. The subjects were surveyed in their homes regarding their sexual well-being, age, educational level, and QOL. Main Results: 59% of the subjects did not want to have a sex life, and 65.09% were unsatisfied with their sex life. Among the women who did not want to have a sex life, the following reasons were given: 52.38% due to the side effects of treatments, 23.81% feared that sex would damage their surgical sites, 9.52% lacked libido, 9.52% feared that sex would make their conditions worse, and 4.76% feared that having sex would transmit the disease to their spouses. After adjusting the age and survival time, the women's sexual well-being was able to explain 61.80% of the variations in QOL. In addition, libido and sexual satisfaction affected the women's social/family well-being (both p < 0.01). Conclusions: The sexual well-being of Chinese women with cervical cancer is poor. The main reasons for not wanting to have a sex life are treatment-induced vaginal conditions and lack of disease- and treatment-related knowledge. Improvement of women's sexual well-being plays an important role in the improvement of their QOL. Healthcare nurses should be concerned about women's needs for sex-related knowledge after cervical cancer treatment and provide them with psychological help.
Dorsolumbosacral Agenesis, Nonterminal Myelocystocele and Secondary Tonsillar Herniation: Prenatal and Postnatal MRI Evaluation and Pathological Correlation
Authors: Bosemani Thangamadhan , Crain Barbara J. , Huisman Thierry A.G.M. , Northington Frances J. , Tekes Aylin
Published: September 2013

We present a complex case of dorsolumbosacral agenesis associated with a nonterminal myelocystocele and secondary tonsillar herniation. The secondary tonsillar herniation, mimicking a Chiari I malformation, was evident at postnatal life with concomitant enlargement of the myelocystocele. Prenatal and postnatal MRI proved invaluable in recognizing temporal change in the position of the cerebellar tonsils. Postmortem examination confirmed the presence of a nonterminal myelocystocele and dorsolumbosacral agenesis.
Anxiety, Posttraumatic Stress, and Fear of Cancer Progression in Patients with Melanoma in Cancer Aftercare
Authors: Erim Yesim , Loquai Carmen , Schultheis Ulrike , Lindner Marion , Beckmann Mingo , Schadendorf Corinna , Senf Wolfgang
Published: September 2013

Background: Several studies have described mental distress and anxiety in patients with melanoma. The findings of these studies varied from patients with a quality of life similar to the general population and those with increased mental distress. In the present study, we investigated anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and fear of cancer progression to gain a detailed picture of the burdens of these patients. Patients and Methods: 70 patients with malignant melanoma who attended cancer aftercare were surveyed using the psychometric instruments Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Posttraumatic Symptom Scale (PTSS-10), and Fear of Progression Questionnaire (FoP-Q). The questionnaires were evaluated and an analysis of the single items carried out. Results: The scores for the three anxiety parameters were low, but 7% of the patients presented an increased HADS score, and 17% an increased PTSS-10 value. An analysis of the items showed that patients feared physical disabilities more than mental distress or lack of social support. Conclusion: Most of the patients perceived themselves as stable, and relied on the assistance of their families. However, a small group of patients suffered from clinically relevant anxiety; these patients should be given the support indicated for their specific distress.
Evaluation of Selected Speech Parameters after Prosthesis Supply in Patients with Maxillary or Mandibular Defects
Authors: Müller Rainer , Höhlein Andreas , Wolf Annette , Markwardt Jutta , Schulz Matthias C. , Range Ursula , Reitemeier Bernd
Published: September 2013

Background: Ablative surgery of oropharyngeal tumors frequently leads to defects in the speech organs, resulting in impairment of speech up to the point of unintelligibility. The aim of the present study was the assessment of selected parameters of speech with and without resection prostheses. Patients and Methods: The speech sounds of 22 patients suffering from maxillary and mandibular defects were recorded using a digital audio tape (DAT) recorder with and without resection prostheses. Evaluation of the resonance and the production of the sounds /s/, /sch/, and /ch/ was performed by 2 experienced speech therapists. Additionally, the patients completed a non-standardized questionnaire containing a linguistic self-assessment. Results: After prosthesis supply, the number of patients with rhinophonia aperta decreased from 7 to 2 while the number of patients with intelligible speech increased from 2 to 20. Correct production of the sounds /s/, /sch/, and /ch/ increased from 2 to 13 patients. A significant improvement of the evaluated parameters could be observed only in patients with maxillary defects. The linguistic self-assessment showed a higher satisfaction in patients with maxillary defects. Conclusion: In patients with maxillary defects due to ablative tumor surgery, an increase in speech performance and intelligibility is possible by supplying resection prostheses.
Prognostic Factors for Recurrence-Free Survival in Patients with HER2-Positive Early-Stage Breast Cancer Treated with Adjuvant Trastuzumab
Authors: Tonyali Onder , Coskun Ugur , Sener Nur , Inanc Mevlude , Akman Tulay , Ulas Arife , Yazilitas Dogan , Bal Oznur , Kucukoner Mehmet , Yildirim Ozdemir Nuriye , Demirci Umut , Gunaydin Yusuf , Yildiz Ramazan , Karaca Halit , Umit Unal Olcun , Gumus Mahmut , Benekli Mustafa , Buyukberber Suleyman ,   Anatolian Society of Medical Oncology (ASMO)
Published: September 2013

Background: The objective of this study was to identify prognostic factors affecting the recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients who received a 52-week trastuzumab therapy for HER2-positive early stage breast cancer (EBC). Patients and Methods: The medical records of all patients with EBC from 10 centers were analyzed. Pathologic and clinical tumor characteristics were evaluated in 424 female patients who received 52 weeks of adjuvant trastuzumab for HER2-positive EBC. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate analyses of RFS were performed with the log-rank test. Independent prognostic and predictive factors affecting RFS were assessed by Cox regression analysis. Results: Median follow-up time was 33.1 months (range 9.2-75.9 months). 3-year RFS and overall survival were 87 and 97%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, patients aged 70 years or over (p = 0.017, relative risk (RR) 2.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-6.13), patients with > 9 positive lymph nodes (p = 0.001, RR 2.52, 95% CI 1.42-4.46), and those with progesterone receptor-negative tumors (p = 0.006, RR 2.33, 95% CI 1.27-4.27) had worse RFS. Conclusion: In spite of a 52-week adjuvant trastuzumab treatment, classic poor prognostic factors for invasive EBC remained as such in patients with HER2-positive EBC.
Meta-Analysis of the Association between a Polymorphism in MicroRNA-196a2 and Susceptibility to Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Shi Ke-Qing , Lin Zhuo , Li De-Wei , Fang Yu-Xiao , Gao Jian , Deng Zhu-Jun , Chen Li , Li Gui-Ling , Wu Jian-Min , Tang Kai-Fu
Published: September 2013

Background/Aims: To accurately evaluate the impact of the C/T polymorphism in microRNA (miRNA)-196a2 on the colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, by meta-analysis. Methods: An electronic search for articles was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to assess the association through meta-analysis. Results: 5 studies were used for analysis. The results showed a significant association between the miRNA-196a2 C/T polymorphism and CRC risk in the genetic models (C vs. T: OR = 1.168, 95% CI = 1.106-1.282, p = 0.001; CC vs. TT: OR = 1.368, 95% CI = 1.132-1.654, p = 0.001; TC/CC vs. TT: OR = 1.206, 95% = CI 1.035-1.405, p = 0.016; CC vs. TC/TT: OR = 1.254, 95% CI = 1.077-1.461, p = 0.004), with the exception of the TC-versus-TT model (TC vs. TT: OR = 1.130, 95% CI = 0.961-1.329, p = 0.138). In a subgroup analysis based on ethnicity, we identified a significant overrepresentation of the polymorphism in individuals of Asian ethnicity. Conclusion: This meta-analysis indicates a significant association between the miRNA-196a2 polymorphism and CRC risk.
Concomitant Chemoradiotherapy and Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV-Infected Patients with Locoregionally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Benefit and Tolerability of Treatment in 2 Cases
Authors: Okuma Yusuke , Yanagisawa Naoki , Hosomi Yukio , Imamura Akifumi , Okamura Tatsuru , Kato Kan , Negishi Kyota
Published: September 2013

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients are surviving longer since the advent of antiretroviral therapy. Therefore, more patients are developing non-AIDS-defining cancers which increasingly determine mortality. Case Reports: Here we present 2 cases of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated initially with concomitant chemoradiotherapy and antiretroviral therapy. Both patients were male, ages 69 and 66, with known HIV infection and immunologically stable on antiretroviral therapy. Presenting symptoms included superior sulcus tumor with left arm immobility and sensory disturbance in case 1 and right lower bronchus constriction in case 2. Symptoms were controlled by chemoradiotherapy. Conclusion: These cases illustrate that intensive anticancer therapy administered to the HIV-infected population can be tolerated even though these patients seem to be too fragile for both chemotherapy and radiotherapy, especially since the potential benefit remains uncertain. Recent improvements in chemoradiotherapy and supportive care have enhanced tolerance for such therapy.
Coinfection of Pneumocystis jirovecii and Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in an Immunocompromised Patient: A Diagnostic Challenge
Authors: Baumann Stefan , Reinwald Mark , Haghi Dariush , Hofmann Wolf-Karsten , Buchheidt Dieter
Published: September 2013

Background: Invasive infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus as well as Pneumocystis pneumonia are serious and often lethal diseases in severely immunocompromised patients. Case Report: We report on a rare case of a pulmonary coinfection of Pneumocystis jirovecii and Aspergillus fumigatus in a 59-year-old female patient with a history of astrocytoma treated with high doses of corticosteroids and a subsequent CD4 lymphocyte count of 30/µl. Conclusion: A heightened clinical awareness and a stringent and accurate diagnostic work-up encompassing diagnostic tools to detect even coincident fungal infections is crucial for sufficient and early antifungal treatment in immunocompromised patients with lung infiltrates.
PPARγ against Tumors by Different Signaling Pathways
Authors: Zhang Zhi , Xu Ying , Xu Qinggang , Hou Yongzhong
Published: September 2013

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, and is expressed in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, spleen, heart, liver, placenta, lung, and ovary. PPARγ is a critical regulator of inflammation, adipocyte differentiation, glucose homeostasis, and tumorigenesis. The mechanism of PPARγ on tumor suppression is still unclear, but plenty of evidence shows that PPARγ provides new therapeutic targets for cancer. Here we give a review of how PPARγ and its ligands regulate tumorigenesis by different pathways.
Overexpression of CD40 in Sacral Chordomas and Its Correlation with Low Tumor Recurrence
Authors: Li Xuefeng , Wang Sijia , Chen Yan , Liu Guifeng , Yang Xiaoyu
Published: September 2013

Aim: To determine the degree of CD40 overexpression in sacral chordomas and its correlation with tumor recurrence. Methods: CD40 or CD31 overexpression was determined by immunohistochemical staining; the microvessel density (MVD) was calculated according to the CD31 expression. The correlation of CD40 over-expression with tumor recurrence was analyzed. Results: 56% of the specimens from 36 cases of sacral chordomas overexpressed CD40, which is a significantly higher percentage than for the 2 specimens in 10 in normal notochordal tissue (p < 0.05). 36.84% of the specimens of the 19 recurrent cases were CD40 overexpressing, in contrast to less than 76.47% in the no-recurrence group (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that CD40 overexpression and the resection margins were independent factors contributing to tumor recurrence. The MVD value was 25.71 ± 8.86 mm-2 in the sacral chordomas and more than 6.63 ± 2.45 mm-2 in the normal embryonic notochord tissue (p < 0.01). The MVD value in the recurrence group (30.08 ± 7.11 mm-2) was significantly higher than that of the no-recurrence group (20.82 ± 8.18 mm-2; p < 0.05). But the MVD value was significantly lower in the CD40-overexpressing group than in the CD40-less expressing group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: CD40 was overexpressed in sacral chordomas, and the overexpression was not dependent on the intratumoral MVD. CD40 overexpression was correlated with low recurrence of the tumor, implying that CD40 plays an important role in the antitumor response against sacral chordomas and in the inhibition of tumor recurrence.
Co-stimulation with LPS or Poly I:C markedly enhances the anti-platelet immune response and severity of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Li Conglei , Chen Pingguo , Vadasz Brian , Ma Li , Zhou Hui , Lang Sean , Freedman John , Ni Heyu
Published: September 2013

Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a life-threatening bleeding disorder caused by maternal antibodies against fetal/neonatal platelets. FNAIT is also linked with miscarriages, although the incidence and mechanisms of fetal death have not been well studied. Integrin αIIbβ3 (GPIIbIIIa) and the GPIbα complex are major glycoproteins expressed on platelets and are also major antigens targeted in autoimmune thrombocytopenia (ITP), but reported cases of anti-GPIb-mediated FNAIT are rare. Bacterial and viral infections have been causally linked with the pathogenesis of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP); however, it is unknown whether these infections contribute to the severity of FNAIT. Here, immune responses against platelet antigens were examined by transfusing wild-type (WT) mouse platelets into β3-/- or GPIbα-/- mice. To mimic bacterial or viral infections, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) were injected intraperitoneally following platelet transfusions. The FNAIT model was established by breeding the immunised female mice with WT male mice. We demonstrated for the first time that the platelet GPIbα has lower immunogenicity compared to β3 integrin. Interestingly, co-stimulation with LPS or Poly I:C markedly enhanced the immune response against platelet GPIbα and caused severe pathology of FNAIT (i.e. miscarriages). LPS or Poly I:C also enhanced the immune response against platelet β3 integrin. Our data suggest that bacterial and viral infections facilitate the anti-platelet GPIbα response, which may lead to a severe non-classical FNAIT (i.e. miscarriage but not neonatal bleeding) that has not been adequately reported in humans.
Non-OO blood type influences the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism
Authors: Gándara Esteban , Kovacs Michael J. , Kahn Susan R. , Wells Philip S. , Anderson David A. , Chagnon Isabelle , Gal Grégoire Le , Solymoss Susan , Crowther Mark , Carrier Marc , Langlois Nicole , Kovacs Judy , Ma Julian Little , Carson Nancy , Ramsay Tim , Rodger Marc A.
Published: September 2013

The role of ABO blood type as a risk factor for recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with a first unprovoked VTE who complete oral anticoagulation therapy is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if non-OO blood type is a risk factor for recurrent VTE in patients with a first unprovoked VTE who completed 5–7 months of anticoagulant therapy. In an ongoing cohort study of patients with unprovoked VTE who discontinued oral anticoagulation after 5–7 months of therapy, six single nucleotide polymorphisms sites were tested to determine ABO blood type using banked DNA. The main outcome was objectively proven recurrent VTE. Mean follow-up for the cohort was 4.19 years (SD 2.16). During 1,553 patient-years of follow-up, 101 events occurred in 380 non-OO patients (6.5 events per 100 patient years; 95% CI 5.3–7.7) compared to 14 events during 560 patient years of follow-up in 129 OO patients (2.5 per 100 patient years; 95% CI 1.2–3.7), the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.98 (1.2–3.8). In conclusion, non-OO blood type is associated with a statistically significant and clinically relevant increased risk of recurrent VTE following discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy for a first episode of unprovoked VTE.
MiR-223 is dispensable for platelet production and function in mice
Authors: Leierseder Simon , Petzold Tobias , Zhang Lin , Loyer Xavier , Massberg Steffen , Engelhardt Stefan
Published: September 2013

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key physiological regulators in multiple cell types. Here, we assessed platelet production and function in mice deficient in miR-223, one of the most abundantly expressed miRNAs in platelets and megakaryocytes. We found platelet number, size, lifespan as well as surface expression of platelet adhesion receptors to be unchanged in miR-223-deficient mice. Likewise, loss of miR-223 did not affect platelet activation, adhesion and aggregation and also had no effect on bleeding times. Moreover, miR-223 null megakaryocytes developed normally and were capable to form pro-platelets. However, we detected a transient delay in the recovery of platelet numbers following antibody-induced platelet depletion in miR-223-deficient animals. This delay was not observed after transplantation of bone marrow from miR-223-deficient animals into wild-type recipients, indicating a non-cell-autonomous role of miR-223 for thrombopoiesis. Overall, our data indicate a surprisingly modest role of miR-223 in platelet production, while the function of platelets does not seem to depend on miR-223.
Ischemic Postconditioning During Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Hahn Joo-Yong , Song Young Bin , Kim Eun Kyoung , Yu Cheol Woong , Bae Jang-Whan , Chung Woo-Young , Choi Seung-Hyuk , Choi Jin-Ho , Bae Jang-Ho , An Kyung Joo , Park Jong-Seon , Oh Ju Hyeon , Kim Sang-Wook , Hwang Jin-Yong , Ryu Jae Kean , Park Hun Sik , Lim Do-Sun , Gwon Hyeon-Cheol
Published: September 2013

Background—

Ischemic postconditioning has been reported to reduce infarct size in patients with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction. However, cardioprotective effects of postconditioning have not been demonstrated in a large-scale trial.

Methods and Results—

We performed a multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded end-point trial. A total of 700 patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction within 12 hours after symptom onset were randomly assigned to the postconditioning group or to the conventional primary PCI group in a 1:1 ratio. Postconditioning was performed immediately after restoration of coronary flow as follows: The angioplasty balloon was positioned at the culprit lesion and inflated 4 times for 1 minute with low-pressure (<6 atm) inflations, each separated by 1 minute of deflation. The primary end point was complete ST-segment resolution (percentage resolution of ST-segment elevation >70%) measured at 30 minutes after PCI. Complete ST-segment resolution occurred in 40.5% of patients in the postconditioning group and 41.5% of patients in the conventional PCI group (absolute difference, −1.0%; 95% confidence interval, −8.4 to 6.4;
P
=0.79). The rate of myocardial blush grade of 0 or 1 and the rate of major adverse cardiac events (a composite of death, myocardial infarction, severe heart failure, or stent thrombosis) at 30 days did not differ significantly between the postconditioning group and the conventional PCI group (17.2% versus 22.4% [
P
=0.20] and 4.3% versus 3.7% [
P
=0.70], respectively).

Conclusion—

Ischemic postconditioning did not improve myocardial reperfusion in patients with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary PCI with current standard practice.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00942500.
Response Demands and Blindfolding in the Crossed-Hands Deficit: An Exploration of Reference Frame Conflict
Authors: Cadieux Michelle L. , Shore David I.
Published: September 2013

Performance on tactile temporal order judgments (TOJs) is impaired when the hands are crossed over the midline. The cause of this effect appears to be tied to the use of an external reference frame, most likely based on visual information. We measured the effect of degrading the external reference frame on the crossed-hand deficit through restriction of visual information across three experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 examined three visual conditions (eyes open–lights on, eyes open–lights off, and eyes closed–lights off) while manipulating response demands; no effect of visual condition was seen. In Experiment 3, response demands were altered to be maximally connected to the internal reference frame and only two visual conditions were tested: eyes open–lights on, eyes closed–lights off. Blindfolded participants had a reduced crossed-hands deficit. Results are discussed in terms of the time needed to recode stimuli from an internal to an external reference frame and the role of conflict between these two reference frames in causing this effect.
Agave jimenoi (Polycephalae group, Asparagaceae) a new species from the Totonacapan region, Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: CHÁZARO-BASAÑEZ MIGUEL , VÁZQUEZ-GARCÍA JOSE ANTONIO
Published: September 2013

A new hydrophytic species of Agave from the Tlapacoyan region, Veracruz, Mexico, is described and illustrated. Agave jimenoi belongs to the subgenus Littaea, and to the Polycepahalae group, it differs from A. gomezpompae in its smaller rosettes, hanging stems, leaves and inflorescences and glaucous-green pruinose leaves. A distribution map and key to the species of the Polycephalae group is presented.
Impact of Evapotranspiration on Dry Season Climate in the Amazon Forest*
Authors: Harper Anna , Baker Ian T. , Denning A. Scott , Randall David A. , Dazlich Donald , Branson Mark
Published: September 2013

Moisture recycling can be an important source of rainfall over the Amazon forest, but this process relies heavily upon the ability of plants to access soil moisture. Evapotranspiration (ET) in the Amazon is often maintained or even enhanced during the dry season, when net radiation is high. However, ecosystem models often over predict the dry season water stress. The authors removed unrealistic water stress in an ecosystem model [the Simple Biosphere Model, version 3 (SiB3)] and examined the impacts of enhanced ET on the dry season climate when coupled to a GCM. The “stressed” model experiences dry season water stress and limitations on ET, while the “unstressed” model has enhanced root water access and exhibits strong drought tolerance.

During the dry season in the southeastern Amazon, SiB3 unstressed has significantly higher latent heat flux (LH) and lower sensible heat flux (SH) than SiB3 stressed. There are two competing impacts on the climate in SiB3 unstressed: cooling resulting from lower SH and moistening resulting from higher LH. During the average dry season, the cooling plays a larger role and the atmosphere is more statically stable, resulting in less precipitation than in SiB3 stressed. During dry season droughts, significantly higher LH in SiB3 unstressed is a necessary but not sufficient condition for stronger precipitation. The moistening effect of LH dominates when the Bowen ratio (BR = SH/LH) is >1.0 in SiB3 stressed and precipitation is up to 26% higher in SiB3 unstressed. An implication of this analysis is that forest conservation could enable the Amazon to cope with drying conditions in the future.
Using Depth-Normalized Coordinates to Examine Mass Transport Residual Circulation in Estuaries with Large Tidal Amplitude Relative to the Mean Depth
Authors: Giddings Sarah N. , Monismith Stephen G. , Fong Derek A. , Stacey Mark T.
Published: September 2013

Residual (subtidal) circulation profiles in estuaries with a large tidal amplitude-to-depth ratio often are quite complex and do not resemble the traditional estuarine gravitational circulation profile. This paper describes how a depth-normalized σ-coordinate system allows for a more physical interpretation of residual circulation profiles than does a fixed vertical coordinate system in an estuary with a tidal amplitude comparable to the mean depth. Depth-normalized coordinates permit the approximation of Lagrangian residuals, performance of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, estimation of terms in the along-stream momentum equations throughout depth, and computation of a tidally averaged momentum balance. The residual mass transport velocity has an enhanced two-layer exchange flow relative to an Eulerian mean because of the Stokes wave transport velocity directed upstream at all depths. While the observed σ-coordinate profiles resemble gravitational circulation, and pressure and friction are the dominant terms in the tidally varying and tidally averaged momentum equations, the two-layer shear velocity from an EOF analysis does not correlate with the along-stream density gradient. To directly compare to theoretical profiles, an extension of a pressure–friction balance in σ coordinates is solved. While the barotropic riverine residual matches theory, the mean longitudinal density gradient and mean vertical mixing cannot explain the magnitude of the observed two-layer shear residual. In addition, residual shear circulation in this system is strongly driven by asymmetries during the tidal cycle, particularly straining and advection of the salinity field, creating intratidal variation in stratification, vertical mixing, and shear.
Meridional Heat Advection due to Mixed Rossby Gravity Waves in the Equatorial Indian Ocean
Authors: Nagura Motoki , Masumoto Yukio , Horii Takanori
Published: September 2013

This study examines heat advection due to mixed Rossby gravity waves in the equatorial Indian Ocean using moored buoy observations at (0°, 80.5°E) and (0°, 90°E) and an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) output. Variability associated with mixed Rossby gravity waves is defined as that at periods of 10–30 days, where both observations and the OGCM results show high energy in meridional velocity and meridional gradient of temperature. The 10–30-day variability in meridional velocity causes convergence of heat flux onto the equator, the net effect of which amounts to 2.5°C month−1 warming at the depth of the thermocline. Detailed analysis shows that the wave structure manifested in temperature and velocity is tilted in the x–z plane, which causes the phase lag between meridional velocity and meridional temperature gradient to be a half cycle on the equator and results in sizable thermocline warming. An experiment with a linear continuously stratified model shows that the contributions of many baroclinic modes, and the right zonal wavelength of wind forcing, are essential in generating the correct wave structure. It is also shown that contributions of mixed Rossby gravity waves to cross-equatorial heat transport are negligible, as temperature variability associated with this wave mode has a node on the equator.