bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photographic Investigation of High-Speed Missile Impact upon Nylon Fabric
Authors: Wilde Anthony F. , Roylance David K. , Rogers Jos Ph M.
Published: March 2008

Single layers of nylon fabric have been subjected to high-speed missile impact at velocities ranging from 116 to 537 m/sec. The transient responses of the fabric and missile have been observed by high-speed photography. The photo graphs have shown that fabric deformation was pyramidal before penetration and more conical after penetration. The photographs have permitted measurements of the missile exit velocity from the fabric, the missile energy loss due to interaction with the fabric, the time required to penetrate the fabric, and the size and growth rate of the resultant fabric deformation cones. These results, together with a simplified mechanical model, have indicated that the broken orthogonal yarns within the deformation cone could account for 50 100% of the observed missile energy loss. In addition, during penetration of the fabric, the measured average cone-radial velocities in the fabric ranged from 50 to 80% of the values derived from fiber impact theory.
Chemical Structures in Cotton Treated with Methylolated Carbamates Under Acidic and Alkaline Catalysis
Authors: Kullman Russell M.H. , Reinhardt Robert M.
Published: March 2008

Chemical structures of reagent residues present in cottons treated with various methylolated carbamates were investi gated. Monomethylol and dimethylol derivatives of methyl-, ethyl-, and isopropyl carbamates were applied to cotton fabric under both acid and base catalysis. Differences in the treated material due to the catalyst, to the nature of the carbamate ester group, and to the functionality of the finishing agent were ascertained. The number and length of the crosslinks and graft substituents introduced into the cellulose substrate were estimated. These structures were assigned from calculations based on the nitrogen and formaldehyde contents of the finished fabrics and on the leveling-off bromina tion values. The leveling-off bromination values were determined by treating the fabrics with sodium hypobromite solutions, which produce N-bromamide groups in structures having an amidic hydrogen.
The Use of Jute Mill Waste in Making Nonwoven Fabric by an Air-Laying System
Authors: Sinha M.K. , Debnath C.R. , Bandyopadhyay S.B.
Published: March 2008

Nonwoven fabrics were made from jute broadloom caddis (raw and bleached), stapled raw jute, woollenized jute, viscose rayon, and their blends on a Callaghan nonwoven fabric machine, employing an air-laying technique of ran domization of fibers, followed by impregnation with bonding agent and curing. The properties of these fabrics were also measured so that their suitability for various uses could be examined.
Localization of Flame-Retardant Finishes Within Cotton Fibers by Electron Microscopy
Authors: Muller L.L. , Jacks T.J.
Published: March 2008

Osmium tetroxide reacted with certain phosphonium-based flame-retardant finishes on fibers of cotton fabrics. The results of the reaction were easily visualized with the electron microscope. The finishes were dispersed throughout each fiber without concentration in any particular area.
How Yarn Twist Affects Yarn Uniformity and Imperfections
Authors: Simpson J. , Fiori L.A.
Published: March 2008

The improvement in uniformity and decrease in imperfections obtained with decreased twist might be due to the measuring principle of the Uster Evenness Tester rather than to any spinning phenomena.
The Structure and Properties of Open-End Yarns
Authors: Pillay K.P.R. , Viswanathan N. , Parthasarathy M.S.
Published: March 2008

A comparative study of the structure of open-end (OE) and ring-spun yams from cotton and man-made fibers has been carried out in this paper. It is shown that the effective length of fibers in yarn as represented by the "fiber spinning- in coefficient" is significantly lower in OE yams than in ring yams. In OE yams, fibers migrate in a different way, and the mean fiber position and amplitude of migration are lower than those in conventional ring yams. Preferential migra tion of component fibers generally observed in ring yams is considerably lower in OE yams, and the fibers are more homogeneously distributed across the yam cross section. The significance of these findings to the behavior of OE yarns in processes like swelling, singeing, etc., is also discussed.
The Measurement of Propagation of Fire in Vertically Suspended Fabric; Upward Acceleration of Flame Front
Authors: Mehkeri A. , Romanowski M.
Published: March 2008

Methods and instruments are described for determining the upward acceleration of a flame front in a vertically suspended fabric. The phenomenon of flame propagation is analyzed. Analysis of experimental results would indicate that the upward acceleration of flame front is a useful measure of the relative flammability hazard of textiles.
Effect of Spinning Draft Parameters on Cotton Drafting Efficiency
Authors: Graham John S. , Bragg Charles K.
Published: March 2008

Studies of drafting force in the front drafting zone of the Saco-Lowell MagneCradle 17-B and Tru-Set drafting systems indicate that the MagneCradle 17-B, which uses higher roll pressure, has a greater tolerance for high roving twist, but this theory has not been tested in spinning. In both drafting systems, drafting force increases sharply in the high-force region where occasional hard ends begin to appear in the front roll delivery at a higher roving twist level in the Magne Cradle than in the Tru-Set system. Increasing break draft decreases drafting-force sensitivity to the effects of cradle opening and increases sensitivity to drafting failure, but drafting failure occurs at a higher roving twist level for the higher break draft.

A series of yarn spinning studies with a wide range of yarn size shows that drafting force for minimum spinning end breakage decreases nonlinearly as yarn number is increased.

Spinning tests show that increasing roving twist multiplier to 1.5 in medium-staple carded roving normally causes reduced spinning performance for the Tru-Set and MagneCradle 17-B systems, and the level of drafting force required to minimize the spinning end breakage is higher for the higher roving twist.
The Fundamentals of Electrostatic Spinning Part I : An Analysis of Forces Acting on a Single Fiber
Authors: Dogu Ismail
Published: March 2008

An analysis of various types of forces acting on a single fiber in an electrostatic spinning process is presented. It is found that Coulomb and mirror-image forces relative to others are'the largest in their magnitudes. The role of each type of force in the orientation, parallelization, separation, and transportation of fibers in the electric field is discussed. Theoret ical results obtained can be extremely useful in the design of a successful electrostatic spinning machine.
A Method of Measuring the Specific Volume of Blow-Room Tufts
Authors: Salhotra K.R. , Singh A.
Published: March 2008

A technique for measuring apparent volume of individual cotton tufts is described. The results obtained by this technique on specially prepared cylindrical tufts are compared with the calculated values. Some typical values of tuft volume and its variability are given for some stages of a conventional blow-room line.
Resist Treatment of Wool with Tannic Acids
Authors: Simpson W.S.
Published: March 2008

Studies of the distribution of tannic acids absorbed by wool show that in undamaged fibers most of the acids are con- , centrated in a thin layer near the surface. The evenness of absorption is improved by prechlorination of the wool. The potentially serious effects of traces of iron in the wool, which yield highly-colored ferric tannates, may be minimized by carrying out the treatment of wool with tannic acids in acidified solutions. However, the fixation of tannic acids by aluminum is less effective under acidic conditions, so a compromise is necessary if the resist treatment is to be applied from a single bath.
Studies on the Orientation of Cotton Fibers Under Stress
Authors: Kalyanaraman A.R.
Published: March 2008

The behavior of the 50% x-ray angle, the spiral angle, and the half-intensity angle of crystallite orientation with stress has been investigated. Increase in stress decreases the value of these angles, and the rate of variation does not show a linear relation for the cottons investigated. It is also seen that the 50% x-ray angle may be used for the identification of species of cotton as well as to investigate the strain history of cotton fibers.
Protective Clothing—Evaluation of Wool and Other Fabrics
Authors: Benisek L. , Edmondson G.K. , Phillips W.A.
Published: March 2008

Protective clothing against heat and flames should be evaluated not only for flame-rwistance but also for protection. against various heat exposures from convection, radiation, and conduction sources, depending on the end-use, to ensure a realistic assessment of the potential protection offered and required. Evaluations of various flame-resist-treated fabrics to different heat exposures showed that the fiber and the flame-retardant finish should preferably form a well-developed char on exposure to heat, without softening and melting. The flame retardant should act in the solid phase, and the fiber should be of low thermal conductivity. Properties of fabric construction such as density and thickness are also important. For protection against convective heat, a woven fabric of high density and integrity after exposure to flames, over a bulky knitted underwear fabric, appears to be the best approach. Aluminized fabrics are essential for protection against radiant heat, and the aluminization technique affects heat transfer significantly. A low-density base fabric reduces heat transfer in this case. For protection against conduction, such as from molten aluminum splashes, the fabric should have a smooth surface, high density and thickness, besides the other previously-mentioned basic require ments. Of the fabrics evaluated, Zirpro wool of adequate construction for the end-use required offered one of the best protections in the various heat-exposure tests.
Shrink-Resist Treatments of Wool Fabrics with Water-Soluble Acrylic Copolymers
Authors: Bereck A. , Kamien Beate
Published: March 2008

A series of water-soluble reactive acrylic copolymers containing 2-sulphoethylmethacrylate as a water-soluble and glycidyl methacrylate as a reactive monomer was synthesized and padded onto wool fabrics. By systematic planning of experiments, relationships between polymer composition, polymer film properties, and textile properties of treated fabrics could be shown. A good correlation was found between tensile strength of polymer films and shrink-resist effectiveness. No correlation was found between flexural rigidity of a treated serge fabric and the shrink-resistance of treated single- jersey fabric. No significant correlation was obtained between swelling of polymer films and shrink-resist effectiveness.
Morphohgical and Mechanical Properties of Raw and Swollen Cotton Fibers
Authors: Chauhan R.S. , Shah N.M. , Rajagopalan A. , Dweltz N.E.
Published: March 2008

A study of the morphological features of cotton fibers and their relationship with tensile properties is described. An estimation of the magnitude of void space within the secondary wall on the basis of cell wall area and gravimetric fineness is made; the value of these voids seems to be quite high. The modifications brought about in both structural and mechan ical properties by swelling treatments using different swelling agents of appropriate concentration are given. Sodium hy droxide solution produces the maximum swelling in the cell wall, followed by ethylenediamine and zinc chloride. The reduction in strength at 0" gauge length due to swelling follows the same order.
Evaluation of Cleaning and Washing Processes for Cotton Fiber
Authors: Johnson R.H. , Hersh S.P. , Batra S.K. , Myers T.
Published: March 2008

Washing decreases the dust concentrations emitted from cotton processed in a model card room. The higher the washing and rinsing temperatures, the greater the reduction. In 5 of 10 trials, the amount of dust added to the background concentration in the card room while processing washed cotton was 0.05 mg/m3 or less. The rate at which cotton can be carded is reduced by wash ing. Processability is improved by insuring that the cotton is not wet while carding, using a static eliminator at the doffer crush rolls, increasing the relative humidity of the ambient atmosphere, and using a wire-wound feed roll rather than a fluted feed roll at the lickerin. Processability is also im proved by applying a finish to the washed cotton. The effects of mechanically precleaning and washing the cotton on Shirley Analyser trash analyses were examined, but attempts to predict dust concentrations from these measurements were not successful.
Cotton Dyeing in Glycol Solvents1
Authors: Blanchard Eugene J.
Published: March 2008

Cotton fabrics were dyed in glycol and glycol-ether solvents with suitable cotton dyes such as direct and sulfur dyes. Good dye-uptake was obtained only when the cotton was prewet with water before dyeing. Enhanced color saturation occurred if the fabric was pretreated with a 0.25 to 2 molar solu tion of potassium thiocyanate or other suitable salt. Glycols, such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and higher molecular weight glycols in the series, were poor solvents for dyeing cotton, but propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, and glycol ethers were suitable. Propylene glycol was effective for crossdyeing cotton/polyester and cotton/wool blends at temperatures of 150°C and higher for as little as 2.5 minutes in some cases. The most effective solvents for maximum color saturation were the glycol ethers, especially ethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
A Simple and Fast Detection Method of Hercosett 57 in Dilute Solutions
Authors: Boussias C. , Touloupis C. , Hadjichristidis N.
Published: March 2008

A simple and fast detection method of Hercosett 57 is described by using a phosphotungstic acid solution. Experiments have demonstrated that the detection of the resin in dilute solution (1 part solid resin in 100 000 parts of water), even in the presence of sodium bisulfite, is feasible.
Sonic Pulse Velocity in Fabrics: Is it Related to Abrasion Resistance?1
Authors: Rousselle Marie-Alice , Nelson Mary L.
Published: March 2008

Sonic velocity C was determined in some woven and knit cotton and cotton/polyester fabrics by the pulse-propagation technique, and C2 was compared with rate of weight loss produced by the Accelerotor method of measuring abrasion resistance. Changes in C 2 within a set of fabrics accompanied changes in abrasion resistance produced by durable- press finishes. Between sets of fabrics given different treatments, it was not possible to make direct comparisons be tween C2 and abrasion resistance; other factors such as stiffness must be considered. There was an indication that sonic velocity measurements might be related to fabric hand.
Filtered and Nonfiltered Cigarette Ignition of Cotton Upholstery Fabrics
Authors: Olsen Neva F. , Bollinger Julie R.
Published: March 2008

Mean smoldering temperatures and burn times were determined in order to test for differences between filtered and nonfiltered cigarettes on various upholstery fabric treatments when uncovered and covered with a sheeting material. Cigarettes were burned on four cotton upholstery fabrics over a fiberglass substrate, and on the fiberglass substrate without fabric. Smoldering temperatures were obtained by eight thermocouples positioned in the abutment of a small sample mockup similar to the fabric classification tester described in the Proposed Standard for the Flammability of Upholstered Fur niture recommended to the U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission by its staff. Results showed that covered cigarettes produced significantly higher temperatures compared to uncovered cigarettes. Finished cotton fabrics produced higher smoldering temperatures and required more burn time than loom-state cotton fabrics. Highest recorded mean temperatures were not produced near the butt end of the nonfiltered cigarette but at the center of the covered filtered cigarette. Both cigarette types produced irregular burning patterns on the various fabric structures.
Cupric Acetate Treatment for Shrinkage-Resistance of Wool
Authors: Koenig N.H. , Friedman Mendel
Published: March 2008

Wool fabric was treated with a hot aqueous solution of cupric acetate, then extracted with boiling ethanol and dried. The product was green-colored and shrink-resistant. A mixture of cupric carbonate and propionic acid also shrinkproofed wool, but cupric chloride, nitrate, or sulfate did not. Some effects of the treatment were examined by copper analysis, electron paramagnetic absorption, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.
The Microfibril-Matrix Relationships in the Mechanical .Properties of Keratin Fibers
Authors: Danilatos G. , Feughelman M.
Published: March 2008

The torsional modulus of wool fibers in water is unaffected by extension right up to break (∼50% strain). This result, taken in conjunction with other mechanical data, suggests that the rapid in crease in stress in an α-keratin fiber with extension in the post-yield region (>30% strain) comes from opposition to extension within the microfibrils of α-keratin fibers. When a fiber undergoes longitudinal extension, the matrix goes from a "gel" to a "sol" state while the fiber is extending and reverts to the "gel" state when extension ceases. The behavior of the matrix appears independent of the extension of the wool fiber, and this is confirmed by dynamic measurements carried out on fibers during low rates of longitudinal extension. The energy loss per cycle remains practically unaltered at all strains during the slow extension of a wool fiber in water.
The Dependence of Stiffness and Strength of Gossypium hirsutum Cotton on Crystallite Orientation
Authors: Moharir A.V. , Panda B.C. , Gupta V.B. , Nagpal K.C. , Suri D.K.
Published: March 2008

The crystallite orientation angle obtained from x-ray diffraction patterns can be used for varietal characterization of cotton at the molecular level. The 40 and 50% x-ray angles are usually taken as representative parameters to correlate with the strength of the fiber. Although the 50% x-ray angle has some theoretical justification, like the use of the half-width of spectral lines, the choice of the 40% x-ray angle is arbitrary. From the study of 24 Gossypium hirsulum cotton varieties reported in this paper, it is observed that the average angle of orientation αm evaluated from the Hermans orientation factor fc gives better correlations with mechanical properties than the 40 and 50% x-ray angles con ventionally used.
Characterization of Cotton Dusts Separated by Sonic Sifting
Authors: Fornes R.E. , Gilbert R.D. , Hersh S.P.
Published: March 2008

Fine dusts in Pneumafil V-filter trash samples were separated into 20-38- μm and < 20- μm fractions. The trash samples were generated from individual bales of cotton carded in the Model Card Room at North Carolina State University. A total of 62 samples has been separated to date, and the results are summarized in this paper. The quantity of fine dust is shown to vary with carding conditions as well as with treatment of the cotton. Addition of oil is shown to decrease the amount of fine dusts separated. The dust yields increased with the increase of the amount of cotton in a cotton/polyester blend study. Washing cotton resulted in no major change in the amount of dust that could be separated. However, the use of an electrostatic eliminator bar near the Pneumafil intake caused a significant increase in the amount of dust trapped on the Pneumafil V-filter trash. The mean amount of dust separated from the 62 Pneumafil samples was 6.53 g/bale for the < 20- μm fraction and 18.81 g/bale for the 20-38- μm fraction.
Carbon Fiber Production at Low Temperatures from Polyacryonitrile
Authors: Cagliostro D.E.
Published: March 2008

Recent safety considerations have sought to lower the electrical conductivity of carbon fibers. Carbon fibers produced from polyacryonitrile at low carbonization temperatures (600°-900°C) possess low electrical conductivity but do not possess adequate strength. Low-temperature processes are described which improve fiber strength but do not increase electrical conductivity substantially. The processes result in a carbon fiber with nearly twice the tensile strength compared to the old process. Process development and its effect on fiber properties are reported.
Influence of Scouring Operations on the Properties of Control and DMEU-Finished Cotton Drill Fabric
Authors: Varghese J. , Pasad D.M.
Published: March 2008

Desized-mercerized (DM) cotton drill was scoured in the laboratory using three techniques— viz. pressure-kier-boil (PK), open-kier-boil (OK), and pad-roll-steam (PS). From the physicochemical data obtained on these fabrics, the descending order of purification attained is PK > OK > PS > DM. However, the evaluation for resilience and strength-abrasion properties has shown that the better the purification attained, the greater is the loss in these properties. On DMEU finishing, the improvement in conditioned wrinkle-recovery angle shows a descending order similar to the above with increasing purification. However, the gradation in the overall performance of DMEU-finished fabrics at the wash-and-wear level is DM>PS>OK>PK, and at the durable-press level it is PS>DM>OK>PK. The values for the slopes of these profiles show a reverse trend.
An Instrument for the Measurement of Barré in Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Zaukelies D.A.
Published: March 2008

An instrument and computer algorithm is described which measures fabric color variations known as barré. The instrument consists of a phototropic photometer focused on a small spot on a fabric sample which is mounted on a rotating cylinder that moves past the photometer. The analog output is digitized and processed by a computer. The logarithm of the average relative peak-to-peak re flectivity of a series of fabrics of two different colors and two barré widths correlated with the logarithm of the subjective visual grading of the fabrics using the HATRA standard. The coefficient of deter mination for the raw data was 0.78. Replicate runs had good reproducibilities. Blocked photo metric HATRA grade data from the two colors and two barré width fabrics gave a good one-to-one comparison to blocked, visually-determined HATRA grade data.
The Japanese Fiber Industry Seeks Its Future
Authors: Matsumoto T.K.
Published: March 2008

The worldwide fiber and textile industries are approaching a high level of maturity, but the growth rate is gradually leveling off. This is particularly so in the developed countries, and Japan is no exception. Japanese fiber producers are not large and therefore do not receive the benefits of mass- scale production, particularly since their domestic market is limited. In addition, their raw material costs are comparatively very high. To overcome this, the Japanese producers are making serious efforts to maximize production efficiency for their medium-size operation and develop a series of sophisticated specialty products. The efforts are based upon the industry's capable foremen/super visors and its well-disciplined and loyal labor force with highly-honed technical skills and talents.

The second half of this paper describes the trend of technical development of Japanese specialty yarns.
Birefringence Measurements on Circular Cylindrical Polyethylene Fibers of Multiple Skin
Authors: Fouda I.M. , Hamza A.A. , El-Nicklawy M.M. , El-Farhaty K.A.
Published: March 2008

The principal refractive indices of polyethylene fiber were calculated using a mathematical formulation of multiplebeam Fizeau fringes crossing a core surrounded by multiple skin. The discrepancy between the resulting data and the published one are discussed.
The Influence of Some Machine-Setting Variables on the Properties of Yarns in the Friction-Twist-Draw-Texturing Process
Authors: Ghosh Subhas , Wolhar John
Published: March 2008

In an investigation of some machine-setting variables in the friction-twist-draw- texturing process, the effects of primary heater temperature, center disc spacing, draw ratio, and D/Y ratio on the resultant textured yarn properties are presented. Some of the first-order interactions between the heater temperature and disc spacing, draw ratio and D/Y ratio, and heater temperature and draw ratio, are found to have significant effects on the yarn bulk and dye uptake. The yarn properties included in the investigation are crimp contraction, dye uptake, linear density, critical dissolution time in phenol, density, tenacity, elongation, and modulus.
Formaldehyde Release in Formaldehyde- and Resin-Finished Fabrics
Authors: Reeves Wilson A. , Day Mary O. , McLellan K. Rinn , Vigo Tyrone L.
Published: March 2008

The chemical stabilities of formaldehyde-finished and DMDHEU-finished cotton and polyester/cotton fabrics were compared before and after laundering. The formal dehyde and DMDHEU finishes were applied by the pad, dry, and cure process using magnesium chloride or aluminum sulfate catalysts. Formaldehyde was also applied by a gaseous process (ALMI-SET). All finishes were very durable to fifty launderings, but according to total and releasable formaldehyde, the formaldehyde finishes were the most durable to repeated laundering and storage, respectively. Releasable or free formaldehyde content decreased to a level of low formaldehyde release sooner in the treated cotton fabrics than in the polyester/cotton blend fabrics. Fabrics finished with formaldehyde, especially by the gaseous process, released substantially less formalde hyde than fabrics finished with DMDHEU.
The Measurement of the Color of Bleached and Natural Karakul Wool
Authors: Teasdale D.C. , Bereck A.
Published: March 2008

The factors that affect the visual ranking from lightest to darkest of bleached karakul wool samples were investigated. Visual rankings were compared with values calculated from instrumentally obtained readings to determine the usefulness of the latter. The applicability of the calculated data for color measurement of both bleached and unbleached karakul wool is discussed, and a simple two-component scale is recommended.
Studies on Bound Water of Cellulose by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Authors: Nakamura Kunio , Hatakeyama Tatsuko , Hatakeyama Hyoe
Published: March 2008

The crystallization and melting of adsorbed water on cellulose samples such as cotton, kapok, linen, jute, various rayons, and wood cellulose have been studied using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Two exothermic peaks of crystallization of adsorbed water on the cellulose samples are observed. One is a sharp peak (Peak I) observed at about 255 K in a DSC curve; the other is a broad peak (Peak II) observed at about 230-250 K. Judging from the amounts of water calculated from the results obtained by the DSC study, there seems to be some nonfreezing water which does not crystallize. Therefore, we have categorized water adsorbed on cellulose samples as one of three different kinds: free water (Peak I), freezing bound water (Peak II), and nonfreezing bound water.

The bound water content is dependent on the degree of crystallinity of cellulose samples. The amounts of bound water estimated are from 1.0 to 2.2 moles per one glucose unit of cellulose. However, the amount of water bound to each glucose unit was 3.4 moles, if we took into consideration that water diffuses only into the amorphous region of each cellulose sample.
Inactivity of Certain Bacterial Endotoxins Toward Cotton Dust/Bract Rabbit Antisera
Authors: Sekul Antonio A. , Ory Robert L.
Published: March 2008

Aqueous extracts of cotton dust and bract were immunogenic for antibody synthesis in rabbits. In double diffusion the antisera cross-reacted specifically with both of these extracts, as well as with extracts of cotton leaf, cotton stem, Hax, soft hemp, and sisal. No reaction was obtained between the antisera and several commercial preparations of bacterial endotoxins believed to be present in cotton dust. None of the antigens reacted with normal (pre-immunized) rabbit serum.
Laboratory Techniques for Predicting Cotton-Dust Residues in Open-End Spinning
Authors: Thibodeaux D.P. , Baril A.
Published: March 2008

Two procedures for assaying samples of lint cotton for their microdust content are described. Both techniques involve the ultrasonic washing of small cotton tufts in a methanol bath. Dust particles dispersed in the methanol may be either collected onto membrane filters for weighing or fed directly into a Coulter counter for measuring the particle-size distribution and total volume concentration. Both approaches show correlations between measured concentrations and residues of open-end spinning rotor dust produced from lots of the same cotton tested. These techniques also show promise for predicting concentrations of airborne dust in a model card room in which previously tested cottons are processed.
Aliphatic-Aromatic Copolyester Fibers
Authors: Bajaj P. , Khanna D.N.
Published: March 2008

Aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters, synthesized by incorporating 10 mole % of 2,2 bis(4-hydroxy phenyl)propane, 4-4' dihydroxydiphenyl sulphone, hydroquinone, and resorcinol comonomers as a third component, were spun into fibers by the melt- spinning technique. The effect of various bisphenols on structure and mechanical properties of copolyester fibers was investigated. In spite of the introduction of unsymmetrical bisphenols, an increase in crystallinity and orientation was observed. There was a drop in the tensile properties of these copolyesters as compared to PET, which may be attributed to their low molecular weight and the total cohesive energy density. An increase in flame retardancy was also observed in these copolyesters.
The Role of Sheath Fibers in Influencing Twist Loss in Rotor Spinning
Authors: Salhotra K.R.
Published: March 2008

The twist loss in rotor spinning has been attributed to various possibilities, including those of slippage between the fiber ring and the rotor wall, and the reaction to the turning moment during the twisting of the yarn. In the present study a hypothesis has been put forward to explain the twist loss through the incidence of sheath fibers. It has been shown that there is a strong association between the twist-efficiency and the percentage of sheath fibers.
Estimating Functional Relationships Between Fiber Properties and the Strength of Open-End Spun Yarns'
Authors: Ethridge M.D. , Towery J.D. , Hembree J.F.
Published: March 2008

Using samples from 96 bales of Texas High Plains cotton, multiple regression techniques were used to select the "best" functional expression for the impacts of High-Volume-Instrument-measured fiber properties on the strength of open-end spun yarns. Results indicate that the most important fiber properties are strength, fineness, and length uniformity. Impacts of fiber properties are typically nonlinear. The micronaire value is inversely related to yarn strength and is best expressed as a cubic polynomial.
Advanced Prototype Firefighter Protective Clothing: Heat Dissipation Characteristics 1
Authors: Reischl Uwe , Stransky Alfred , Delorme Henry R. , Travis Ralph
Published: March 2008

Continuing efforts to develop new firefighter protective clothing have resulted in an advanced prototype garment demonstrating improved dissipation of metabolic heat under laboratory exercise conditions. The performance of three variations of the advanced prototype design were compared to standard turn-out gear and tested for heat retention. Analysis of biophysical data obtained from four volunteer subjects revealed heat loss advantages associated with the innovative design and fabric characteristics of the prototype garment. Additional modifications and changes in the design were recommended.
Water Transport and Wrinkle Recovery of Wool
Authors: Menefee E. , Pittman A. , Landwehr R. , Gregorski K.S.
Published: March 2008

A "ratchet" mechanism is discussed for the formation and recovery of wrinkles in wool fabric. During the wrinkling stage, in which local temperature and humidity are raised, stress relaxation rates are increased by the lowering of the glass transition temperature by plasticization with water, by the ambient increase in temperature, and by additional heating caused by a positive heat of sorption. During recovery, the temperature and relative humidity decrease, giving a greatly reduced relaxation rate that delays wrinkle recovery. On the assumption that wrinkle behavior can be improved by reducing the rate of water transport, measurements were made of the water desorption rate from a fabric taken from 86% to 65% RH. Fabrics were treated with phenyl isocyanate, urea, acetic anhydride, esterification with methanol, potas sium dichromate, and mercuric acetate. Although a part of the altered wrinkle behavior may be due to changes in equilibrium water content, the data suggest that slowing the desorption rate is a primary factor in improving wrinkle recovery.
Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Cotton Dust Regulation
Authors: Dardis Rachel , Block Ira , Maness Debbie
Published: March 2008

This study applied economic analysis to an evaluation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's standard. The costs and benefits attributable to the standard were identified, measured, and compared. A period of twenty years was used to estimate the costs of the standard to allow for the cumulative effect of cotton dust controls. For a similar reason, benefits were estimated for a forty-year period, since spillover benefits would continue after the expiration of the standard. Various degrees of standard effectiveness were used in view of existing uncertainty about the impact of the standard on byssinosis.

The results of the study indicate that benefits are considerably lower than costs throughout the forty-year period. Even under the most optimistic assumptions, costs exceeded benefits by more than two and a half to one. In part, this result reflects the magnitude of costs incurred in the early years of the standard and the delay in accrual of benefits.
Properties and Applications of Celanese PBI—Polybenzimidazole Fiber
Authors: Coffin D.R. , Serad G.A. , Hicks H.L. , Montgomery R.T.
Published: March 2008

Celanese PBI is a derivatized polybenzimidazole fiber possessing a unique balance of properties that permit it to meet critical cost/performance criteria in demanding environments. The fiber, a modification of previously documented earlier versions, has excellent textile, tactile, thermal, and chemical resistance properties and sig nificantly reduced flame shrinkage, all of which are fully described. These properties permit the fiber to be used as an alternative to asbestos, in high temperature filtration fabrics, in thermal protection clothing, and in numerous other high tem perature and chemical resistance applications. Several specific applications are described along with performance results. A new production facility will provide commercial quantities beginning in early 1983.
Sorption of Air Pollutants onto Textiles
Authors: Walters Billie , Goswami Bhuvenesh , Vigo Tyrone L.
Published: March 2008

A review of research reported in the literature on the sorption of SO2 onto textiles and related materials is presented. The detrimental effects of pollutants on the me chanical and aesthetic properties of textiles have been well documented and are also briefly noted; however, there is a consistent lack of data on the rate and extent of sorption of air pollutants onto textiles. Sorption rates, expressed as deposition ve locities (ν g), are affected by the environmental chamber used for exposure. There are differences in sorption that may be attributed to fiber type and also to the geometry of the textile structure (i.e., fiber, yarn, fabric) on exposure. These factors, however, have not been systematically assessed and although the process of sorption by polymer films has been examined, the corresponding mechanisms of sorption/desorption phe nomena for textile structures have not been elucidated. The literature reviewed also shows that most studies of fibers have been primarily concerned with the sorption behavior of wool.
A TEM Study of the Causes of Failure in the Chlorine-Hercosett® Shrink-Resist Process
Authors: Tester D.H. , Makinson K. Rachel
Published: March 2008

Examination by transmission electron microscopy of fibers drawn from two card slivers commercially treated by the chlorine-Hercosett® process showed the Hercosett film to be continuous over each fiber. One sliver had passed the Superwash test; almost all of the cuticular scales were flattened or sloping. Most of the fibers retained no steep scales, and none retained more than 20%. Previous work indicates that the modified scales would be much softer in water than unmodified scales. The Hercosett film on these fibers was at least 0.1 μm thick everywhere.

The other sliver had failed the Superwash test, half the fibers resembled those in the first sliver, but among the other half a high proportion of the scales (from 30- 70% on different fibers) remained steep (and, correspondingly, relatively hard). On half of these the film thickness was 0. 1 μm or greater; on the other half it was less than 0.05 μm either all over or on the remaining steep scale faces.

The character of these differences is such as to explain the failure of the process in the case of the second sliver. The difference in the scale shape indicates that the

failure resulted from non-uniformity of chlorination. The resin considerably pene trated the cuticle.
Applying Capillarity to Estimation of Space Structure of Fabrics
Authors: Maejima Masako
Published: March 2008

The geometric structures of 13 varieties of fabric were estimated by applying a capillary model to their spaces. Employing a wetting liquid, n-dodecane, the equilibrium liquid absorption method and the centrifugal liquid removal method were combined to obtain the internal volume distribution of the whole range of radii larger than 0.18 μm. The critical pressure method provided the maximum capillary radius passing through the plane of a fabric. The relationship between these data and fabric con struction is discussed.
Birefringence of Stretched Cellulose Films
Authors: Krishna Iyer K.R. , Sreenivasan S. , Patil N.B.
Published: March 2008

Birefringence in three orthogonal directions was determined at normal incidence by the compensator method on thin sections of cellophane sheets, before and after subjecting them to swelling and stretching treatments. Considerable increase in crys tallinity and longitudinal orientation of molecular chain axes was achieved by stretch ing. From the course of variation in the three birefringence values with increasing stretch up to 42.5% imparted during treatment, it was possible to ascertain the biaxial orientation of the molecular chains in the crystalline and amorphous celluloses. If the crystallites are oriented with the (101) plane parallel to the film surface, the glucose rings in the amorphous regions align themselves parallel to the film surface. The stacking tendency of crystallites leading to the planar orientation of the (101) planes parallel to the film surface is also evident from crystallite dimension data.
Electron Microscopic Evidence of Bilateral Structure in Developing Cotton Fibers
Authors: Boylston E.K. , Hebert J.J.
Published: March 2008

The asymmetric or bilateral structure of the cotton fiber has been attributed to stress distributions resulting from the collapse of the fiber during initial drying. Mi croscopical evidence is presented illustrating the bilateral structure of never-dried cotton fibers at various stages of growth; therefore, prior to boll opening and initial drying, cotton fibers have an inherent asymmetric structure. This bilateral structure can well be the cause, not the result, of the characteristic bean-shape fiber cross section.
Effect of Dust-Control Additives on the Open-End Spinning Performance of Cotton
Authors: Abbott G.M.
Published: March 2008

The effect of small amounts of dust-suppressant additives in processing cotton into open-end spun yarns was examined. Additives applied batchwise or continuously in the blowroom substantially reduced total and respirable dust levels in carding; how ever, all additives also reduced OE yarn strength and extensibility and markedly increased rotor deposit rates.
Vapor Phase Treatments of Cotton Dust to Deactivate Endotoxins
Authors: Wade Ricardo H.
Published: March 2008

Reduction in endotoxin (LPS) content was observed in cotton mill dust treated with gaseous agents. Vaporous agents included ammonia, ethylene oxide, and trifluoroacetic acid. Each agent was effective in reducing LPS content, but the amount of reduction depended on initial concentrations of endotoxin.
Processing Mechanically Cleaned and Shortened Scoured Wool on the Cotton System
Authors: Shepard Charles L. , Louis Gain L. , Simpson Jack
Published: March 2008

Intensive investigations with a large-scale laboratory model of the SRRC carding cleaner (CC) and two grades of wool showed that the CC sufficiently shortened and cleaned the wool so it could be processed into yarn on the cotton system. A CC with a coarse wire and a low tooth density caused less fiber breakage and produced a better grade yarn compared to a fine wire with a high tooth density. For cotton/wool blends, open-end spun yarn has better quality than ring spun yarn. The study showed that to obtain uniform drawing sliver, roving, and yarn. more emphasis should be given to short than long fibers of the fiber length distribution in determining roll settings. Additional research is needed on the CC to reduce the amount of short fibers less than 12.7 mm long.
Mechanisms of Heat Flow Through Clothing Insulation
Authors: Farnworth B.
Published: March 2008

A theoretical model of the combined conductive and radiative heat flow through fibrous insulating materials is presented and compared to experimental values of the thermal resistances of several synthetic fiber battings and of a down and feather mixture. The model is found to account for all the observed heat flow if appropriate infrared absorption constants are assumed. No evidence of convective heat transfer is found, even in very low-density battings. The differences in resistance per unit thickness among the various materials may be attributed to their different absorption constants.
Cross-Sectional Shape of Cotton Fibers Belonging to Different Species
Authors: Petkar B.M. , Oka P.G. , Sundaram V.
Published: March 2008

Forty varieties of cotton, ten from each of the four commercially cultivated species, G. arboreum, G. herbaceum, G. barbadense, and G. hirsutum, at two fiber maturity levels of 60% and 75% were examined for differences in their cross-sectional shapes. The fibers were classified into three different categories of cross-sectional shape, round (circularity value above 0.80), elliptical (circularity value between 0.80 and 0.50), and flat (circularity value less than 0.50), as per ASTM standards. G. arboreum and G. herbaceum (Old World cottons) had a greater percentage of fibers of round cross- sectional shape at both the fiber maturity levels than G. barbadense and G. hirsutum (New World cottons) indicating that the cross-sectional shape may be a varietal characteristic. The differences in the cross-sectional shape of fibers among the cottons of different species were further confirmed from the data obtained on the circularity of fibers at various stages of development for cotton bolls of each of the four species.
Nonstationary Mass Transfer in Open-Width Washing Machines
Authors: Van Der Linden H.J.L.J. , Groot Wassink J. , Vos H.J.
Published: March 2008

A theoretical model is proposed for nonstationary mass transfer from a moving fabric to a stagnant liquid hold-up in open-width washing machines. Verification of the model is established by a large-scale experiment in which concentrations of caustic soda, measured in both liquid 'and fabric, are compared with the corresponding theoretical values. Operating open-width washing machines under nonstationary con ditions appears to be economically attractive for sufficiency large values of the ratio volume of liquid hold-up of the machine to liquid flow in the fabric to be treated.
Fundamentals of Electrostatic Spinning Part IV:-
Authors: Dogu Ismail
Published: March 2008

A short review is presented of the basic mechanism of gaseous ionization under the effect of an electric field with special reference to air. An analysis of Paschen's law indicates that it cannot be applied to predict the breakdown voltage of air in an electrostatic spinning process, since it is valid only for rather short distances of 0.1- 1.0 cm. On the other hand, Meek's breakdown criterion indicates that, in air and at 20 cm electrode separation, the breakdown field is about 2.5 × 106 volts/meter. This review analysis shows that the space-charge field should be taken into account up to the value of one tenth of the externally applied field. The effect of the relative humidity on the ionization of air is analyzed.
Extraneous Lattice in Regenerated Cellulose
Authors: Sreenivasan S. , Bhama Iyer P. , Patil N.B.
Published: March 2008

Hydrolysis of regenerated celluloses under suitable conditions and after suitable pretreatments leads to well defined x-ray diffraction patterns compared to the poorly defined patterns of the parent samples. X-ray diffraction diagrams obtained after hydrolysis indicate clearly that regenerated celluloses contain an extraneous lattice in addition to cellulose II. The major extraneous lattice in normal viscose and high wet modulus rayon is cellulose I, while that in high tenacity rayon is cellulose IV.
Reagent Migration in Fabric Thickness in Pad-Dry-Cure Finishing
Authors: Rowland Stanley P. , Bertoniere Noelie R. , King Walter D.
Published: March 2008

Migration of dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea in the thickness direction of fabric was examined under conditions of forced-draft drying at temperatures from 40°C to 160°C. The subsequently cured fabrics were subjected to de Boer migration mea surements to clarify extents of migration of reagent residues to fabric surfaces. Migration was a primary function of forced-draft drying; differences in temperature of drying exerted no additional distinguishable effect. Unhalanced and variable migrations were observed for forced-draft drying in common laboratory ovens. Durable-press ap pearance rating is discussed in relation to add-on of reagent for the products of these treatments.
Scanning Electron Microscopy Studies on Nylon 6 Filaments Subjected to Drawing and Swelling Treatment
Authors: Subramanian D.R. , Venkataraman A. , Bhat N.V.
Published: March 2008

Surface topography of nylon 6 filaments subjected to drawing and swelling treatments was studied. SEM photomicrographs showed that the surface became smooth in the case of samples drawn as well as treated with swelling agents. This has been explained as due to the increased lateral order and perfection of lamellar crystals and also supported by x-ray studies.
Electrical Stimulation of Fabric Filtration
Authors: Morris B.A. , Lamb G.E.R. , Saville D.A.
Published: March 2008

In electrically stimulated fabric filtration, the presence of an applied electric field reduces the pressure drop across the filter. One possible explanation involves an observed (electric field induced) shift in dust cake mass distribution towards upstream regions of the fabric where the porosity is greater. This paper hypothesizes that the greater pore sizes in these regions can accommodate more mass without plugging, thereby reducing the overall resistance of the filter. A mathematical model based on the Happel cell model is developed to calculate the pressure drop across a fibrous filter of nonuniform packing density and cake mass distribution. Both the model and experimental results are consistent with the hypothesis.