bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histological Characteristics of Skin Treated With a Fractionated 1064‐nm Nd: YAG Picosecond Laser With Holographic Optics
Authors: Zhang Mengli , Guan Yang , Huang Yuqing , Zhang Erjia , Lin Tong , Wu Qiuju
Published: February 2021

Background and Objectives

Picosecond lasers (PSL) constitute a significant technological advancement and exert rejuvenating effects upon the skin. This study was conducted to investigate changes in the skin upon treatment with the fractionated 1064‐nm Nd: YAG PSL through in vivo and ex vivo human histological analysis.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

In vivo back skin specimens were treated with a fractionated 1064‐nm PSL at 1.3, 2.1, and 2.9 mJ fluence for two passes, and 2.9 mJ for 10 passes, and then stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Ex vivo foreskin specimens after circumcision surgery were treated with a PSL at 1.3, 2.1, and 2.9 mJ fluence for two and 10 passes, followed by H&E staining. Ex vivo skin tissue sections treated with a PSL at 2.9 mJ fluence for 10 passes were also immunostained for Melan‐A and CD31.

Results

Intraepidermal vacuoles were observed, along with pigment accumulation and inflammatory cell infiltration in the vacuoles at 24 hours after PSL treatment in the in vivo skin specimens. The vacuoles expanded as the fluence increased. Numerous intraepidermal vacuoles were observed, with dermal hemorrhage and inflammatory cell infiltration upon high‐fluence, multi‐pass PSL treatment in the in vivo skin specimens. PSL treatment yielded both epidermal and dermal vacuoles in ex vivo skin specimens. Melan‐A‐positive cells were seen in the cystic wall of vacuoles in the epidermal basal layer, whereas CD31‐positive cells were detected in the cystic wall of some dermal vacuoles.

Conclusions

The fractionated 1064‐nm PSL produced epidermal vacuoles and dermal lesions, with histological differences between the in vivo and ex vivo skin specimens. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Challenges in Clinicogenetic Correlations: One Gene – Many Phenotypes
Authors: Magrinelli Francesca , Balint Bettina , Bhatia Kailash P.
Published: February 2021

Background

Progress in genetics – particularly the advent of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) – has enabled an unparalleled gene discovery and revealed unmatched complexity of genotype–phenotype correlations in movement disorders. Among other things, it has emerged that mutations in one and the same gene can cause multiple, often markedly different phenotypes. Consequently, movement disorder specialists have increasingly experienced challenges in clinicogenetic correlations.

Objectives

To deconstruct biological phenomena and mechanistic bases of phenotypic heterogeneity in monogenic movement disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. To discuss the evolving role of movement disorder specialists in reshaping disease phenotypes in the NGS era.

Methods

This scoping review details phenomena contributing to phenotypic heterogeneity and their underlying mechanisms.

Results

Three phenomena contribute to phenotypic heterogeneity, namely incomplete penetrance, variable expressivity and pleiotropy. Their underlying mechanisms, which are often shared across phenomena and non‐mutually exclusive, are not fully elucidated. They involve genetic factors (ie, different mutation types, dynamic mutations, somatic mosaicism, intragenic intra‐ and inter‐allelic interactions, modifiers and epistatic genes, mitochondrial heteroplasmy), epigenetic factors (ie, genomic imprinting, X‐chromosome inactivation, modulation of genetic and chromosomal defects), and environmental factors.

Conclusion

Movement disorders is unique in its reliance on clinical judgment to accurately define disease phenotypes. This has been reaffirmed by the NGS revolution, which provides ever‐growing sequencing data and fuels challenges in variant pathogenicity assertions for such clinically heterogeneous disorders. Deep phenotyping, with characterization and continual updating of “core” phenotypes, and comprehension of determinants of genotype–phenotype complex relationships are crucial for clinicogenetic correlations and have implications for the diagnosis, treatment and counseling.
Global stability analysis of a fractional SVEIR epidemic model
Authors: Nabti Abderrazak , Ghanbari Behzad
Published: February 2021

Mathematical modeling will allow us to make effective interventions by policy makers and determine a specific program for the country's health managers. In recent years, applications of differential equations of the fractional‐order in biological and epidemic models have been significantly increased. In this paper, we consider a fractional‐order SVEIR model, which represents the interaction of five distinct compartments of people in a community with an epidemic. To verify the well‐posedness of the proposed fractional‐order model, the existence and uniqueness of positive and bounded solutions have been explored. Also, through analyzing the corresponding characteristic equations, the local stability of the disease‐free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium are discussed. Further, by constructing suitable Lyapunov functions and LaSalle's invariance principle, the asymptotic stability of the different equilibrium points of the system is also investigated. In another part of the article, we investigate the basic reproduction number index corresponding to the model, which provides a good description of the epidemic model's global dynamics. It has been shown that whenever the basic reproduction number of a system is less than unity, the disease‐free equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable. If indicator is greater than unity, then there exists a unique endemic equilibrium point that is globally asymptotically stable. Moreover, some numerical simulations are included to verify the theoretical achievement. These results provide good evidence for the implications of the theoretical results corresponding to the model.
Minimum electric‐field gradient coil design: Theoretical limits and practical guidelines
Authors: Roemer Peter B. , Rutt Brian K.
Published: February 2021

Purpose

To develop new concepts for minimum electric‐field (E‐field) gradient design, and to define the extents to which E‐field can be reduced in gradient design while maintaining a desired imaging performance.

Methods

Efficient calculation of induced electric field in simplified patient models was integrated into gradient design software, allowing constraints to be placed on the peak E‐field. Gradient coils confined to various build envelopes were designed with minimum E‐fields subject to standard magnetic field constraints. We examined the characteristics of E‐field‐constrained gradients designed for imaging the head and body and the importance of asymmetry and concomitant fields in achieving these solutions.

Results

For transverse gradients, symmetric solutions create high levels of E‐fields in the shoulder region, while fully asymmetric solutions create high E‐fields on the top of the head. Partially asymmetric solutions result in the lowest E‐fields, balanced between shoulders and head and resulting in factors of 1.8 to 2.8 reduction in E‐field for x‐gradient and y‐gradient coils, respectively, when compared with the symmetric designs of identical gradient distortion.

Conclusions

We introduce a generalized method for minimum E‐field gradient design and define the theoretical limits of magnetic energy and peak E‐field for gradient coils of arbitrary cylindrical geometry.
Temperature coefficients of degraded crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules at outdoor conditions
Authors: Piliougine M. , Oukaja A. , Sidrach‐de‐Cardona M. , Spagnuolo G.
Published: February 2021

The temperature effect on photovoltaic modules is usually quantified by means of some coefficients relating the variations of the open‐circuit voltage, of the short‐circuit current, and of the maximum power to temperature changes. In this paper, comprehensive experimental guidelines to estimate the temperature coefficients when measurements are performed outdoors are given. In addition, a correction procedure is applied to the short‐circuit current to cancel out the influence of the fluctuations in the irradiance level. The experimental results shown in this paper refer to several single‐crystalline silicon modules that have been operating for 21 years. Consequently, the estimated values of the temperature coefficients also account for module ageing processes. The coefficients of determination achieved in the case of the temperature coefficients of the open‐circuit voltage and the maximum power are very close to one. Results concerning the temperature coefficients of the short‐circuit current are also suitable if they are previously corrected.
Topological Nature of High Temperature Superconductivity
Authors: Diamantini M. Cristina , Trugenberger Carlo A. , Vinokur Valerii M.
Published: February 2021

The key to unraveling the nature of high‐temperature superconductivity (HTS) lies in resolving the enigma of the pseudogap state. The pseudogap state in the underdoped region is a distinct thermodynamic phase characterized by nematicity, temperature‐quadratic resistive behavior, and magnetoelectric effects. Till present, a general description of the observed universal features of the pseudogap phase and their connection with HTS is lacking. The proposed work constructs a unifying effective field theory capturing all universal characteristics of HTS materials and explaining the observed phase diagram. The pseudogap state is established to be a phase where a charged magnetic monopole condensate confines Cooper pairs to form an oblique version of a superinsulator. The HTS phase diagram is dominated by a tricritical point at which the first order transition between a fundamental Cooper pair condensate and a charged magnetic monopole condensate merges with the continuous superconductor‐normal metal and superconductor‐pseudogap state phase transitions. The universality of the HTS phase diagram reflects a unique topological mechanism of competition between the magnetic monopole condensate, inherent to antiferromagnetic‐order‐induced Mott insulators and the Cooper pair condensate. The obtained results establish the topological nature of the HTS and provide a platform for devising materials with the enhanced superconducting transition temperature.
Improved Infrared Light Management with Transparent Conductive Oxide/Amorphous Silicon Back Reflector in High‐Efficiency Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Duan Weiyuan , Bittkau Karsten , Lambertz Andreas , Qiu Kaifu , Yao Zhirong , Steuter Paul , Qiu Depeng , Rau Uwe , Ding Kaining
Published: February 2021

To improve the infrared (IR) response, a high‐refractive‐index intrinsic amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) layer is introduced after metallization of bifacial silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells, resulting in a transparent conductive oxide (TCO)/a‐Si:H back reflector, which functions like distributed Bragg reflector (DBR). This concept is demonstrated by both Sentaurus Technology Computer‐Aided Design (TCAD) simulation and experimental methods. The TCO/a‐Si:H back reflector can increase rear internal reflectance by reducing the transmission loss, thus improving the IR external quantum efficiency. The using of Sn‐doped In2O3 (ITO)/a‐Si:H back reflector in >23.5% efficiency SHJ solar cells can improve short‐circuit current density by 0.4 mA cm−2 which is quite similar as using the more expensive ITO/Ag back reflector, while keeping a cell bifaciality of 55%. This brings its advantage for monofacial application case. Future studies would be nice to work on higher transparent back reflectors to broaden the application in bifacial case. This back‐reflector design promotes IR response of SHJ solar cells with transferring to a wide variety of TCOs.
Effect of fibers on the temperature field and radial deformation behavior of self‐compacting concrete pipes under cyclic fire condition
Authors: Liu Genjin , Ding Yining , Wang Yuehua , Zhang Yulin
Published: February 2021

In this paper, the radial deformation of fiber reinforced self‐compacting concrete (SCC) pipes under cyclic fire conditions is studied. A series of experimental study on the temperature fields and radial deformation properties of steel mesh, polypropylene fiber (PP fiber), and macro steel fiber (SF) reinforced SCC pipes subjected to fire is carried out. A novel method for measuring the deformation of pipes under high temperature has been proposed. The results indicate that both micro PP fiber and macro SF are effective in decreasing the temperature difference and reducing the radial deformation in each thermal cycle. A significant positive synergistic effect on decreasing the residual radial deformation can be achieved by combined use of macro SF and micro PP fiber. The elastic theory is used to estimate the elastic portion in the total radial deformation, and the elastic radial deformation is about 22.3% of the maximum radial deformation in the first thermal cycle. Based on the elastic calculation and observed experimental results, a simplified method for estimating the maximum radial deformation in the first thermal cycle is proposed.
Dynamic fracture toughness of ultra‐high‐performance fiber‐reinforced concrete under impact tensile loading
Authors: Tran Tuan Kiet , Tran Ngoc Thanh , Nguyen Duy‐Liem , Kim Dong Joo , Park Jun Kil , Ngo Tri Thuong
Published: February 2021

The fracture toughness and fracture energy of ultra‐high‐performance fiber‐reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) at both static and impact rates (43–92 s−1) were investigated using double‐edge‐notched tensile specimens. Two types of steel fiber, smooth and twisted fiber, were used in producing UHPFRC with different volume ratios of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2%. The results indicated that UHPFRCs produced very high fracture resistance at impact rates, with first stress intensity factor (KIC) up to 3.995 MPa√m, critical stress intensity factor () up to 7.778 MPa√m, and fracture energy (GF) up to 86.867 KJ/m2, which were 2.5, 5.0, and 16.9 times higher than those of ultra‐high‐performance concrete, respectively. The was clearly sensitive to the applied loading rate, whereas the KIC and GF were not. Smooth fiber specimens exhibited not only higher and GF at impact rates but also higher dynamic increase factor than twisted fiber specimens. A minimum fiber volume content of 1% should be used in UHPFRC to provide a significant enhancement in crack resistance. The maximum value of UHPFRC crack velocity at impact rates was found to be 527 m/s by using a dynamic fracture mechanic model.
Dairy calves show behavioural responses to hot iron disbudding after local anaesthesia with procaine
Authors: Thomsen Peter T. , Hansen Jennie Hed , Herskin Mette S.
Published: February 2021

Background: The efficacy of procaine as anaesthetic for disbudding of calves is largely unknown. Likewise, information about effect of interval from local anaesthesia to disbudding and the size of the hot iron used is missing.

Methods: A total of 167 dairy calves were disbudded after cornual nerve block with procaine. Time from administration of anaesthetic to disbudding varied, and calves were disbudded using two different sizes of hot iron. The calves’ behavioural responses to disbudding were recorded based on (1) getting up, (2) kicking, and (3) lifting head. Using logistic regression, the associations between calves showing at least one of these three behaviours and interval from administration of anaesthetic to disbudding and size of the hot iron were evaluated.

Results: Overall, 42% of calves showed at least one of the three behaviours, even though they had received a cornual nerve block prior to disbudding. Using the large hot iron was associated with a 2.3 times higher odds of the calf reacting behaviourally compared to the small iron. Interval from administration of anaesthetic to disbudding was not significantly associated with the odds of behavioural responses.

Conclusion: Approximately 40% of calves disbudded after cornual nerve block with procaine showed signs of inadequate local anaesthesia. This was especially problematic when hot irons with larger tips were used.
T-duality in nonrelativistic open string theory
Authors: Gomis Jaume , Yan Ziqi , Yu Matthew
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Nonrelativistic open string theory is defined by a worldsheet theory that produces a Galilean invariant string spectrum and is described at low energies by a nonrelativistic Yang-Mills theory [1]. We study T-duality transformations in the path integral for the sigma model that describes nonrelativistic open string theory coupled to an arbitrary closed string background, described by a string Newton-Cartan geometry, Kalb-Ramond, and dilaton field. We prove that T-duality transformations map nonrelativistic open string theory to relativistic and noncommutative open string theory in the discrete light cone quantization (DLCQ), a quantization scheme relevant for Matrix string theory. We also show how the worldvolume dynamics of nonrelativistic open string theory described by the Dirac-Born-Infeld type action found in [1] maps to the Dirac-Born-Infeld actions describing the worldvolume theories of the DLCQ of open string theory and noncommutative open string theory.
6d superconformal Cardy formulas
Authors: Nahmgoong June
Published: February 2021

Abstract

We study the superconformal index of 6d SCFTs from their ’t Hooft anomalies. In the Cardy limit where the angular momenta on S5 are large, we show that the leading free energy, as well as a few subleading corrections, can be computed from the 6d anomaly polynomials. Our large N free energy accounts for the entropy of supersymmetric black holes in dual AdS7.
The L∞ structure of gauge theories with matter
Authors: Gomez Humberto , Jusinskas Renann Lipinski , Lopez-Arcos Cristhiam , Vélez Alexander Quintero
Published: February 2021

Abstract

In this work we present an algebraic approach to the dynamics and perturbation theory at tree-level for gauge theories coupled to matter. The field theories we will consider are: Chern-Simons-Matter, Quantum Chromodynamics, and scalar Quantum Chromodynamics. Starting with the construction of the master action in the classical Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism, we will extract the L∞-algebra that allow us to recursively calculate the perturbiner expansion from its minimal model. The Maurer-Cartan action obtained in this procedure will then motivate a generating function for all the tree-level scattering amplitudes. There are two interesting outcomes of this construction: a generator for fully-flavoured amplitudes via a localisation on Dyck words; and closed expressions for fermion and scalar lines attached to n-gluons with arbitrary polarisations.
Morphogens and growth factor signalling in the myeloma bone-lining niche
Authors: Morris Emma V. , Edwards Claire M.
Published: February 2021

Multiple myeloma is a malignancy caused by the clonal expansion of abnormal plasma cells. Myeloma cells have proven to be incredibly successful at manipulating their microenvironment to promote growth and to evade modern therapies. They have evolved to utilise the integral signalling pathways of the bone and bone marrow to drive disease progression. The bone marrow is often described in the context of a single structure that fills the bone cavity and supports normal haematopoiesis. However, within that structure exists two anatomically different niches, the perivascular niche and the endosteal niche. These contain different cell types functioning to support normal immune and blood cell production as well as healthy bone. These cells secrete numerous signalling molecules that can influence myeloma cell biology and behaviour. The endosteal niche is home to specific bone cell lineages and plays a pivotal role in myeloma cell establishment and survival. This review will concentrate on some of the signalling pathways that are hijacked by myeloma cells to shape a favourable environment, and the different influences myeloma cells are exposed to depending on their spatial location within the bone marrow.
Lagrange Inversion and Combinatorial Species with Uncountable Color Palette
Authors: Jansen Sabine , Kuna Tobias , Tsagkarogiannis Dimitrios
Published: February 2021

We prove a multivariate Lagrange-Good formula for functionals of uncountably many variables and investigate its relation with inversion formulas using trees. We clarify the cancellations that take place between the two aforementioned formulas and draw connections with similar approaches in a range of applications.
Just a phase? Mapping the transition of behavioural problems from childhood to adolescence
Authors: Bathelt Joe , Vignoles Anna , Astle Duncan E.
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Young people change substantially between childhood and adolescence. Yet, the current description of behavioural problems does not incorporate any reference to the developmental context. In the current analysis, we aimed to identify common transitions of behavioural problems between childhood and adolescence.

Method

We followed 6744 individuals over 6 years as they transitioned from childhood (age 10) into adolescence (age 16). At each stage, we used a data-driven hierarchical clustering method to identify common profiles of behavioural problems, map transitions between profiles and identify factors that predict specific transitions.

Results

Common profiles of behavioural problems matched known comorbidity patterns but crucially showed that the presentation of behavioural problems changes markedly between childhood and adolescence. While problems with hyperactivity/impulsivity, motor control and conduct were prominent in childhood, adolescents showed profiles of problems related to emotional control, anxiety and inattention. Transitions were associated with socio-economic status and cognitive performance in childhood

Conclusion

We show that understanding behavioural difficulties and mental ill-health must take into account the developmental context in which the problems occur, and we establish key risk factors for specific negative transitions as children become adolescents.
Does the type of surgical approach affect the clinical outcome of total knee arthroplasty?
Authors: Lechner Ricarda , Lazzeri Matteo , Oberaigner Wilhelm , Nardelli Paul , Roth Tobias , Köglberger Paul , Krismer Martin , Liebensteiner Michael Christian
Published: February 2021

Background

The aim of the study was to investigate the issue of medial midvastus (MMV) vs. medial parapatellar (MPP) approaches in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). It was hypothesized that the two surgical approaches would produce significantly different results with respect to patient-reported knee score outcome (hypothesis 1), short-term postoperative range of motion (ROM) (hypothesis 2), long-term postoperative ROM (hypothesis 3) and prosthesis survival (hypothesis 4).

Methods

A retrospective comparative study design was applied. Data sets were obtained from the state arthroplasty registry. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) data were analyzed from preoperative and 1 year postoperatively. The ROM data were analyzed for the time points preoperative, postoperative days 4 and 10 and 1 year.

Results

Available were 627 cases (407 MMV vs. 220 MPP) and 1 year postoperatively there were no significant differences between groups regarding the WOMAC scores (hypothesis 1). Early postoperatively on days 4 and 10 after TKA there were no differences between groups (p = 0.305 and p = 0.383, respectively, hypothesis 2). Likewise, ROM did not significantly differ between the groups 1 year after TKA (p = 0.338, hypothesis 3). The 5‑year prosthesis survival did not differ between the groups and showed 94.46% (95% confidence interval, CI 90.69–96.73%) in the MMV group and 94.33% (95% CI 89.96–96.83%) in the MPP group (p = 0.664, hypothesis 4).

Conclusion

Both surgical approaches produce equivalent clinical results in terms of early postoperative ROM, late postoperative ROM and 1‑year WOMAC. The same prosthesis survival rates can be expected.
Bacterial contamination of irrigation fluid and suture material during ACL reconstruction and meniscus surgery
Authors: Bartek Benjamin , Winkler Tobias , Garbe Anja , Schelberger Tarek , Perka Carsten , Jung Tobias
Published: February 2021

Purpose

During knee arthroscopy, irrigation fluid from the surgical site accumulates in the sterile reservoir. Whether these fluid collections and also suture material used during the arthroscopic surgical processes show bacterial contamination over time during surgery remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine this contamination rate and to analyze its possible influence on postoperative infection.

Materials and methods

In this study, 155 patients were included. Fifty-eight underwent reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), 63 meniscal surgery and 34 patients combined ACL reconstruction and meniscus repair. We collected pooled samples of irrigation fluid from the reservoir on the sterile drape every 15 min during the surgery. In addition, we evaluated suture material of ACL graft and meniscus repair for bacterial contamination. Samples were sent for microbiological analysis, incubation time was 14 days.

All patients were seen in the outpatient department 6, 12 weeks and 12 months postoperatively and examined for clinical signs of infection.

Results

A strong statistical correlation (R2 = 0.81, p = 0.015) was found between an advanced duration of surgery and the number of positive microbiological findings in the accumulated fluid. Suture and fixation material showed a contamination rate of 28.4% (29 cases). Despite the high contamination rate, only one infection was found in the follow-up examinations, caused by Staphylococcus lugdunensis.

Conclusion

Since bacterial contamination of accumulated fluid increases over time the contact with the fluid reservoirs should be avoided.

Level of evidence

IV.
Linear evasion differential game of one evader and several pursuers with integral constraints
Authors: Ibragimov Gafurjan , Ferrara Massimiliano , Ruziboev Marks , Pansera Bruno Antonio
Published: February 2021

An evasion differential game of one evader and many pursuers is studied. The dynamics of state variables $$x_1,\ldots , x_m$$

x
1

,
…
,

x
m

are described by linear differential equations. The control functions of players are subjected to integral constraints. If $$x_i(t) \ne 0$$

x
i

(
t
)

≠
0

for all $$i \in \{1,\ldots ,m\}$$

i
∈
{
1
,
…
,
m
}

and $$t \ge 0$$

t
≥
0

, then we say that evasion is possible. It is assumed that the total energy of pursuers doesn’t exceed the energy of evader. We construct an evasion strategy and prove that for any positive integer m evasion is possible.
Convergence rates for the numerical approximation of the 2D stochastic Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Breit Dominic , Dodgson Alan
Published: February 2021

We study stochastic Navier–Stokes equations in two dimensions with respect to periodic boundary conditions. The equations are perturbed by a nonlinear multiplicative stochastic forcing with linear growth (in the velocity) driven by a cylindrical Wiener process. We establish convergence rates for a finite-element based space-time approximation with respect to convergence in probability (where the error is measured in the $$L^\infty _tL^2_x\cap L^2_tW^{1,2}_x$$

L
t
∞

L
x
2

∩

L
t
2

W
x

1
,
2

-norm). Our main result provides linear convergence in space and convergence of order (almost) 1/2 in time. This improves earlier results from Carelli and Prohl (SIAM J Numer Anal 50(5):2467–2496, 2012) where the convergence rate in time is only (almost) 1/4. Our approach is based on a careful analysis of the pressure function using a stochastic pressure decomposition.
Fundamental characterization of wheat gluten
Authors: Schopf Marina , Wehrli Monika Christine , Becker Thomas , Jekle Mario , Scherf Katharina Anne
Published: February 2021

Vital wheat gluten plays an important role in the food industry, especially in baking to help standardize dough properties and improve bread volume. However, a fundamental characterization of a wide variety of vital gluten samples is not available so far. This would be necessary to relate compositional characteristics to the production process. Therefore, we analyzed the content of crude protein, starch, lipids and ash, oil and water absorption capacity, particle size distribution, gluten protein composition and spectroscopic properties of 39 vital gluten samples from 6 different suppliers. Principle component analysis of all analytical parameters revealed that the samples from one specialized vital gluten manufacturer had a different composition and a greater variability compared to all other samples from wheat starch producers. While the composition of vital gluten samples from the same manufacturer was similar and the score plot showed a cluster formation for samples from three suppliers, the variability over all samples was comparatively low. The samples from the other suppliers were too similar altogether so that it was hardly possible to identify clear differences, also related to functionality.
Stance leg and surface stability modulate cortical activity during human single leg stance
Authors: Büchel Daniel , Lehmann Tim , Ullrich Sarah , Cockcroft John , Louw Quinette , Baumeister Jochen
Published: February 2021

Mobile Electroencephalography (EEG) provides insights into cortical contributions to postural control. Although changes in theta (4–8 Hz) and alpha frequency power (8–12 Hz) were shown to reflect attentional and sensorimotor processing during balance tasks, information about the effect of stance leg on cortical processing related to postural control is lacking. Therefore, the aim was to examine patterns of cortical activity during single-leg stance with varying surface stability. EEG and force plate data from 21 healthy males (22.43 ± 2.23 years) was recorded during unipedal stance (left/right) on a stable and unstable surface. Using source-space analysis, power spectral density was analyzed in the theta, alpha-1 (8–10 Hz) and alpha-2 (10–12 Hz) frequency bands. Repeated measures ANOVA with the factors leg and surface stability revealed significant interaction effects in the left (p = 0.045, ηp2 = 0.13) and right motor clusters (F = 16.156; p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.41). Furthermore, significant main effects for surface stability were observed for the fronto-central cluster (theta), left and right motor (alpha-1), as well as for the right parieto-occipital cluster (alpha-1/alpha-2). Leg dependent changes in alpha-2 power may indicate lateralized patterns of cortical processing in motor areas during single-leg stance. Future studies may therefore consider lateralized patterns of cortical activity for the interpretation of postural deficiencies in unilateral lower limb injuries.
Is analysis of otolith microstructure a valid method for investigating early life history of Western Baltic cod?
Authors: Plonus Rene , McQueen Kate , Günther Claudia , Funk Steffen , Temming Axel , Krumme Uwe
Published: February 2021

Daily formation of fish otolith micro-increments is frequently assumed, however applying inferences about timing of life history events and formation of otolith macro-structures requires further validation of the periodicity of micro-increment formation. We analysed micro-increments from Western Baltic cod (WBC, Gadus morhua) otoliths marked with tetracycline-hydrochloride as part of an age validation study to test the assumption of daily formation of micro-increments. We found that the number of counted micro-increments consistently underestimated the age of cod aged 1 and older. Time at liberty was also underestimated, especially for fish at liberty during winter. In contrast, micro-increment counts of otoliths from wild-caught young-of-the-year (YOY) cod could be used to realistically estimate timing of hatch and translucent zone formation. Under ambient conditions, settlement did not correspond to any visible pattern within the otoliths, but could be inferred from the prey switch observed from stomach content analyses. We therefore conclude that micro-increments can be assumed to form on a daily basis until the first winter, and can therefore be used to investigate early life history of YOY WBC. However, the periodicity of micro-increment formation appears to vary seasonally in older individuals, with the number of micro-increments formed during the winter period being particularly low.
Novel immune cell phenotypes in spondyloarthritis pathogenesis
Authors: Mauro Daniele , Simone Davide , Bucci Laura , Ciccia Francesco
Published: February 2021

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a heterogeneous group of chronic inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology. Over time, the plethora of cellular elements involved in its pathogenesis has progressively enriched together with the definition of specific cytokine pathways. Recent evidence suggests the involvement of new cellular mediators of inflammation in the pathogenesis of SpA or new subgroups of known cellular mediators. The research in this sense is ongoing, and it is clear that this challenge aimed at identifying new cellular actors involved in the perpetuation of the inflammatory process in AxSpA is not a mere academic exercise but rather aims to define a clear cellular hierarchy. Such a definition could pave the way for new targeted therapies, which could interfere with the inflammatory process and specific pathways that trigger immune system dysregulation and stromal cell activity, ultimately leading to significant control of the inflammation and new bone formation in a significant number of patients. In this review, we will describe the recent advances in terms of new cellular actors involved in the pathogenesis of SpA, focusing our attention on stromal cells and innate and adaptive immunity cells.
Systemische Auswirkungen und klinische Aspekte der SARS-CoV-2-Infektion
Authors: Lax Sigurd F. , Skok Kristijan , Zechner Peter M. , Setaffy Lisa , Kessler Harald H. , Kaufmann Norbert , Vander Klaus , Cokić Natalija , Maierhofer Urša , Bargfrieder Ute , Trauner Michael
Published: February 2021

Hintergrund

COVID-19 wird als systemische Erkrankung eingestuft. Ein schwerer Verlauf mit tödlichem Ausgang ist möglich und unvorhersehbar.

Fragestellung

Welche Organsysteme sind primär betroffen? Welche Organveränderungen prädisponieren für einen ungünstigen Verlauf? Welche Organschädigungen finden sich bei letalem Ausgang?

Material und Methode

Daten aus publizierten Obduktionsstudien (davon 28 eigene publizierte Fälle) in Hinblick auf Organschädigung und mögliche Todesursachen.

Ergebnisse

Die schwersten Veränderungen finden sich in den Lungen in Form eines diffusen Alveolarschadens als akutes Atemnotsyndrom des Erwachsenen (ARDS), zum Teil bereits mit Fibrose. Thrombosen in kleinen bis mittelgroßen Pulmonalarterien sind mit Lungeninfarkten vergesellschaftet. Häufige Komplikationen sind bakterielle Bronchopneumonien, seltener Pilzpneumonien. Pulmonale Thromboembolien finden sich in 20–30 % der tödlichen Verläufe, auch bei Fehlen einer tiefen Beinvenenthrombose. Eine intestinale Beteiligung von COVID-19 kann mit ischämischer Schädigung des Darmes einhergehen, in erster Linie bedingt durch Schock oder lokale Thrombose. Die Nieren zeigen eine akute Tubulusschädigung als Ausdruck eines akuten Nierenversagens, Lymphknoten und Milz einen Schwund der Lymphozyten, die Nebennierenrinde eine Hyperplasie. In der Leber finden sich häufig eine Steatose, Leberzellnekrosen, ein portales Entzündungsinfiltrat und eine Proliferation der Kupffer-Zellen. Häufige Grunderkrankungen sind in den Autopsiekollektiven arterieller Hypertonus mit hypertensiver und ischämischer Kardiomyopathie und Diabetes mellitus. In großen bevölkerungsbasierten Studien ergibt sich aber für Hypertoniker im Gegensatz zu Diabetikern kein erhöhtes Mortalitätsrisiko.

Schlussfolgerungen

Pulmonale Kreislaufstörungen mit arteriellen Thrombosen, Infarkten und Pneumonien sind wesentliche und oft letale Komplikationen des ARDS bei COVID-19. Die Erkenntnisse aus Obduktionsstudien haben Therapie und Prophylaxe beeinflusst.
Short diameter may be a useful simple indicator of the tumor response in skull base meningiomas after conventionally fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy
Authors: Takehana Keiichi , Nakamura Daisuke , Abdelghaffar Alshaymaa , Uto Megumi , Katagiri Tomohiro , Arakawa Yoshiki , Mineharu Yohei , Miyamoto Susumu , Mizowaki Takashi
Published: February 2021

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to assess the radiological change patterns in skull base meningiomas after conventionally fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (CFSRT) to determine a simple and valid method to assess the tumor response.

Materials and methods

Forty-one patients with a benign skull base meningioma treated by CFSRT from March 2007 to August 2015 were retrospectively evaluated. We measured tumor volume (TV), long-axis diameter (LD), and short-axis diameter (SD) on both pre-treatment images and follow-up images of 1, 3, and 5 years after CFSRT, respectively. The paired t test was used to detect differences in the LD and SD change rates. Spearman’s correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate relationships between the TV and the diameters changes.

Results

The number of available follow-up MRIs that was performed at 1, 3, and 5 years after the CFSRT was 41 (100%), 34 (83%), and 23 (56%), respectively. The change rates of SD were significantly higher than those of LD at every time point and more strongly correlated with the change rates of tumor volume at 3 and 5 years after CFSRT.

Conclusions

SD may be useful as a simple indicator of the tumor response for skull base meningioma after CFSRT.

Key Points

• The change rate in short-axis diameter is a useful and simple indicator of the response of skull base meningioma to conventionally fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy.

• Conventionally fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for skull base meningioma achieved excellent 5-year local control.
Uncertainty of ENSO-amplitude projections in CMIP5 and CMIP6 models
Authors: Beobide-Arsuaga Goratz , Bayr Tobias , Reintges Annika , Latif Mojib
Published: February 2021

There is a long-standing debate on how the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude may change during the twenty-first century in response to global warming. Here we identify the sources of uncertainty in the ENSO amplitude projections in models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Phase 5 (CMIP5) and Phase 6 (CMIP6), and quantify scenario uncertainty, model uncertainty and uncertainty due to internal variability. The model projections exhibit a large spread, ranging from increasing standard deviation of up to 0.6 °C to diminishing standard deviation of up to − 0.4 °C by the end of the twenty-first century. The ensemble-mean ENSO amplitude change is close to zero. Internal variability is the main contributor to the uncertainty during the first three decades; model uncertainty dominates thereafter, while scenario uncertainty is relatively small throughout the twenty-first century. The total uncertainty increases from CMIP5 to CMIP6: while model uncertainty is reduced, scenario uncertainty is considerably increased. The models with “realistic” ENSO dynamics have been analyzed separately and categorized into models with too small, moderate and too large ENSO amplitude in comparison to instrumental observations. The smallest uncertainties are observed in the sub-ensemble exhibiting realistic ENSO dynamics and moderate ENSO amplitude. However, the global warming signal in ENSO-amplitude change is undetectable in all sub-ensembles. The zonal wind-SST feedback is identified as an important factor determining ENSO amplitude change: global warming signal in ENSO amplitude and zonal wind-SST feedback strength are highly correlated across the CMIP5 and CMIP6 models.
Biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 in human sound dentin
Authors: Gobbi Pietro , Maravic Tatjana , Comba Allegra , Mazzitelli Claudia , Mancuso Edoardo , Falconi Mirella , Breschi Lorenzo , Mazzoni Annalisa
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are a family of enzymes that operate a proteolytic activity at the level of the extracellular matrix. MMPs are regulated by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) that can ubiquitously bind different enzyme forms. The study aims to identify a morfo-functional association between TIMP-1 and MMP-2 and -9 in human dentin.

Materials and methods

Proteins were extracted from demineralized human sound dentin powder and centrifuged to separate two aliquots with different molecular weights of proteins, higher and lower than 30 kDa. In each aliquot, the evaluation of the presence of TIMP-1/MMP-2 and TIMP-1/MMP-9 was performed using co-immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting analysis. The distribution of TIMP-1, in association with MMP-2 and -9, was investigated using a double immunohistochemical technique. Furthermore, the activity of TIMP-1 was measured by reverse zymography, where acrylamide gel was copolymerized with gelatin and recombinant MMP-2.

Results

Co-immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting analysis showed the association TIMP-1/MMP-2 and TIMP-1/MMP-9 in human sound dentin. Electron microscopy evaluation revealed a diffuse presence of TIMP-1 tightly associated with MMP-2 and -9. Reverse zymography analysis confirmed that TIMP-1 present in human dentin is active and can bind different MMPs isoforms.

Conclusions

The strict association of TIMP-1 with MMP-2 and -9 in situ appeared a constant finding in the human sound dentin.

Clinical relevance

Considering the role of TIMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 within the connective tissues, clinically applicable protocols could be developed in the future to increase or decrease the level of TIMPs in human dentin to regulate the activity of MMPs, contributing to reduce caries progression and collagen degradation.
Real-world safety and effectiveness of radium-223 in Japanese patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and bone metastasis: exploratory analysis, based on the results of post-marketing surveillance, according to prior chemotherapy status and in patients without concomitant use of second-generation androgen-receptor axis-targeted agents
Authors: Uemura Hirotsugu , Masumori Naoya , Takahashi Shunji , Hosono Makoto , Kinuya Seigo , Sunaya Toshiyuki , Horio Tomoyo , Okayama Yutaka , Kakehi Yoshiyuki
Published: February 2021

Background

Based on results from Japanese post-marketing surveillance, exploratory analyses were performed to investigate real-world outcomes of radium-223 for metastatic CRPC (mCRPC) according to patient characteristics.

Methods

This non-interventional, prospective study enrolled mCRPC patients selected for radium-223 treatment in clinical practice. Six-month safety and effectiveness were evaluated in subgroups who had/had not received prior chemotherapy (prior-chemo/no prior-chemo groups), and a subgroup who had not received concomitant androgen-receptor axis-targeted agents (ARATs).

Results

In the overall population (n = 296), the prior-chemo group (n = 126) tended to have more bone metastases, more analgesic use, and higher prostate-specific antigen values than the no prior-chemo group (n = 170). Incidences of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), drug-related TEAEs, and ≥ grade 3 drug-related hematological TEAEs were 47% vs. 53%, 25% vs. 29%, and 4% vs. 7% in the no prior-chemo and prior-chemo groups, respectively. Incidences of TEAEs (61%), drug-related TEAEs (36%), and ≥ grade 3 drug-related hematological events (12%) were numerically higher in 33 patients who had received two lines of prior chemotherapy. Multivariate analysis showed that two lines of prior chemotherapy, and hemoglobin, platelet, and lactate dehydrogenase values were baseline factors significantly related to ≥ grade 2 platelet count decreased. Safety and effectiveness in patients without concomitant ARATs (n = 201) were similar to those in the overall population.

Conclusion

In a real-life setting, radium-223 was well tolerated irrespective of prior chemotherapy, but relatively higher incidences of TEAEs and hematotoxicities were suggested in patients with two lines of prior chemotherapy, possibly reflecting more advanced disease. Radium-223 safety and effectiveness in patients without concomitant ARATs were favorable.
Estimating the impact of social isolation on subjective health in Europe
Authors: Sironi Emiliano , Wolff Amelie Nadine
Published: February 2021

We investigate the relationship between social isolation and subjective health, considering that this relationship is potentially affected by endogeneity due to the presence of self-reported measures. Thus, if an increase in social isolation may impact the perception on health, alternative paths of causality may also be hypothesized. Using data from round 7 of the European Social Survey, we estimate an instrumental variable model in which isolation is explained as being a member of an ethnic minority and having experienced some serious family conflicts in the past. Our results confirm that changes in social isolation influence subjective general health. In particular, greater isolation produces a strong and significant deterioration of the perceived health status. With respect to the literature on social isolation and health, we try to advance it by supporting a path of causality running from social isolation to subjective health.
The influence of compensation interdependence on risk-taking: the role of mutual monitoring
Authors: Bolduan Felix , Schedlinsky Ivo , Sommer Friedrich
Published: February 2021

This study investigates if and how the influence of compensation interdependence on risk-taking depends on mutual monitoring of risky investment decisions. We argue that individuals under compensation interdependence have a behavioral incentive for higher risk-taking if mutual monitoring is present. Impression management is hypothesized to be the driving force behind this effect, with the visibility of actions to the peers through mutual monitoring as an important prerequisite. The results of a laboratory experiment support our predictions. Additional analyses reveal that impression management drives our results because participants incorporate their peers’ preferences in their decision process. This reasoning is further substantiated as individuals increase their risk-taking if they took less risk than their peers in previous experimental rounds and thus adjust to their respective peer group. Our findings inform firms about the effect of compensation interdependence in working environments with differing opportunities for mutual monitoring.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Children and Young People
Authors: Charras A. , Smith E. , Hedrich C.M.
Published: February 2021

Purpose of Review

Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus ((j)SLE) is an autoimmune/inflammatory disease that results in significant damage and disability. When compared to patients with disease onset in adulthood, jSLE patients exhibit increased disease activity, damage and require more aggressive treatments. This manuscript summarises age-specific pathogenic mechanisms and underscores the need for age group–specific research, classification and treatment.

Recent Findings

Genetic factors play a significant role in the pathophysiology of jSLE, as > 7% of patients develop disease as a result of single gene mutations. Remaining patients carry genetic variants that are necessary for disease development, but require additional factors. Increased ‘genetic impact’ likely contributes to earlier disease onset and more severe phenotypes. Epigenetic events have only recently started to be addressed in jSLE, and add to the list of pathogenic mechanisms that may serve as biomarkers and/or treatment targets. To allow meaningful and patient-oriented paediatric research, age-specific classification criteria and treatment targets require to be defined as currently available tools established for adult-onset SLE have limitations in the paediatric cohort.

Significant progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of jSLE. Meaningful laboratory and clinical research can only be performed using age group–specific tools, classification criteria and treatment targets.