bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti‐nutritional factors of Datura in feedstuffs
Authors: Piva Gianfranco , Piva Andrea
Published: October 2006

Soybean seed, linseed, some cereals seeds, and their by‐products are infected by Datura seed weed of different varieties. The most common Datura spp. noxious to the farm animals are D. stramonium (atropine alkaloid) and D. ferox (scopolamine, 98‐100% of total alkaloids) mainly present in Europe and South America, respectively. The presence of alkaloids from Datura seeds in feedingstuffs may be responsible for chronic and/or subclinical toxic effects; acute poisoning from Datura seeds are rare.

Pigs are the most sensitive animals to Datura poisoning, followed by cattle, horses, and chickens. Sheep and rabbits are indifferent to atropine presence in food because they synthesize the atropine esterase enzyme. The progressive atropine poisoning in pigs leads to a reduction of feed intake and growth, gastrointestinal motility and secretory activity, extreme mouth dryness, increased respiration and cardiac rate, pupil dilation, etc. Clinical symptoms are partly similar among different species.

Toxic effects from Datura alkaloids presence in feeds showed possible variability of alkaloids content tolerated by pigs. In our recent trials, the threshold limit in pigs (20‐60 kg live weight) was 1.5 mg alkaloids/kg of feed (1.21 mg alkaloids/kg l.w.75). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occurrence of fumonisins in Europe and the BCR—measurements and testing projects
Authors: Visconti Angelo , Boenke Achim , Doko M. Bruno , Solfrizzo Michele , Pascale Michelangelo
Published: October 2006

Fumonisins are mycotoxins mainly produced by Fusarium moniliforme, one of the most prevalent seed‐borne fungi of maize. Strains of Fusarium moniliforme isolated from cereals in Europe produced in cultures high levels (up to 4 mg/g) of fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2). FB1 and FB2 have been found in maize and maize‐based foods and feeds in most European countries. In Italy these mycotoxins have been directly involved in a fatal outbreak of equine leukoencephalomalacia, and have been found at different levels in most maize‐based food products, including polenta—a staple food in a region with high incidence of esophageal cancer. The European Commission, Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) and Measurements and Testing Programme (M&T), has undertaken two consecutive intercomparison studies, involving over 20 laboratories from 12 European countries, to improve the quality of fumonisins analysis at European level. The first study consisted in the evaluation of the determination of fumonisins in an unknown solution, while the second one involved the analytical methodology for fumonisins in contaminated and blank maize samples. A definite improvement in the performance of the different laboratories has been observed in the second study. In view of the production of reference materials certified for their fumonisins contents, new analytical procedures need to be developed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of fumonisins produced in Fusarium moniliforme cultures by HPLC with electrospray MS and evaporative light scattering detectors
Authors: Plattner Ronald D.
Published: October 2006

A variety of toxic secondary metabolites including fumonisins, can be produced by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme and closely related species in section Liseola in large amounts (g/kg in laboratory cultures). Underivatized fumonisins were detected by HPLC using either an evaporative light scattering detector or electrospray MS. Electrospray MS used together with NMR and GC/MS was used to identify a new fumonisin, fumonisin C4, which corresponds in structure to fumonisin B4 with the C‐1 terminal methyl group missing. Several novel strains of F. moniliforme mating population A were identified that produced little or no fumonisin B1, but large amounts of either fumonisin B2, or B3 together with fumonisin B4 and C4. These strains which do not produce fumonisin B1 should prove useful in purification of fumonisin B2, B3, C4, and B4 for toxicology studies. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids: A competitive enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA) for the quantitative determination of some toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Authors: Roeder Erhard , Pflueger Thomas
Published: October 2006

A highly sensitive and specific competitive enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA) for the determination of retrorsine, senecionine, and integemimine in the nanogram range has been developed. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids were detected in Senecio rupestris. No cross‐reactivity was seen with either retrorsine N‐oxide, otonecine alkaloids, or other macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phytotoxic effect of deoxynivalenol and gibberella ear rot resistance of com
Authors: Cossette Françoise , Miller J. David
Published: October 2006

The Fusarium graminearum mycotoxin deoxynivalenol was shown to be more phytotoxic to com senotypes susceptible to gibberella ear rot than resistant genotypes. The toxin caused greater damage to the membranes of the susceptible genotypes, as evidenced by the release of Na and K ions into solution. Isolated protoplasts of ear rot‐resistant genotypes were able to bind more radiolabelled deoxynivalenol than those of susceptible genotypes, providing a partial explanation for the membrane tolerance to the toxin. The results are discussed in relation to the role of resistance to this phytotoxin and tolerance to gibberella ear rot. Published 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of intravenous fumonisin B1 in rabbits: Nephrotoxicityxs and sphingolipid alterations
Authors: Gumprecht Laura A. , Marcucci Annemarie , Weigel Ronald M. , Vesonder Ronald F. , Riley Ronald T. , Showker Jency L , Beasley Val R. , Haschek Wanda M.
Published: October 2006

Fumonisin B1 is hepatotoxic in all species, but nephrotoxicity has only been reported in rats. It is a specific inhibitor of sphinganine N‐acyltransferase. Our objective was to determine the target organs for fumonisin toxicosis in the rabbit. We administered fumonisin B1 (> 95% pure) intravenously to adult rabbits and examined selected clinical, biochemical, and histological parameters for up to 5 days. In a pilot study, rabbits were given fumonisin B1 at 1, 0.5, 0.3, 0.15, or 0 mg/kg daily for 4 or 5 days and then euthanized. Additional rabbits were given a single dose of fumonisin B1 at 1 mg/kg and euthanized on day 2 or 4. In the formal time‐course study, rabbits were given a single dose of fumonisin B1 at O or 1.25 mg/kg and euthanized on days 1, 3, or 5. Rabbits given multiple doses of fumonisin B1 were lethargic and anorectic, and had decreased urine production. Liver‐ and renal‐associated clinical chemistry parameters were elevated. Renal lesions consisted of severe proximal tubular necrosis. Liver lesions were variable and consisted of mild necrosis, hepatocyte vacuolation, and bile stasis. The sphinganine‐to‐sphingosine ratio, in both target and nontarget tissues, was markedly elevated in treated rabbits. A single dose of fumonisin B1 induced renal but not hepatic injury. Therefore, the target organs for fumonisin B1 toxicity in rabbits are kidney and liver, with the kidney being more sensitive. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An illustration of acceptance criteria in regression modelling
Authors: Davis Keith Wilson , Stevenson William G.
Published: October 2006

The principles and assumptions underpining statistical regression analysis are considered. Emphasis is placed on the modelling aspects of the procedure, rather than analysis. Assumptions implicit in the process are identified and the requirements for their validation argued. The tentative status of an identified model is highlighted. The application of the principles is illustrated with an example from Pharmacoepidemiology.
Drug use in pregnancy at a referral and district hospital in northern India
Authors: Uppal R. , Dhall G. I. , Shoba G. , Singh M. M. , Biswas N. R.
Published: October 2006

This is the Indian counterpart of the co‐operative study on drug use in pregnancy carried out under the auspices of WHO–EURO and co‐ordinated by the Mario Negri Institute, Milan (Italy). In all 1497 pregnant women were interviewed (1000 from the referral hospital and 497 from the city hospital) to collect the information.

The mean age of the mothers was 25 years; 50% were hospitalized on the day of delivery; 50% of the deliveries were normal and the other 50% were assisted or operative. Congential malformations were seen in 2.0% of the newborns.

The drugs taken throughout pregnancy were tetanus toxoid (TT) and nutritional supplements (iron, folic acid, calcium and multivitamins) and constituted the largest group (35%). Women on chronic therapy for medical or obstetrical problems related to the pregnancy were 1%. Overall 30.5% of the women received drugs during hospitalization for delivery. Local and general anaesthetics and oxytocics were the most used during this period.

As the rate of operative deliveries was high 33% of the women received antimicrobials, analgesics and sedatives during puerperium. Nutritional supplements were used extensively during current or planned breast‐feeding.

The routine use of iron supplements in pregnancy and the high rate of operative deliveries seemed to contrast to other countries which participated in this study.
Adverse drug reactions: Can consumers provide early warning?
Authors: Mitchell Andrew S. , Henry David A. , Hennrikus Deborah , O'Connell Dianne L
Published: October 2006

In order to investigate the potential value of a drug monitoring system based on consumer reports we asked community pharmacists to distribute previously validated event report forms to users of two popular non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), piroxicam and diclofenac, in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. Although response rates were low, comparisons of replies from NSAID users and drug‐free subjects in the community identified a range of established symptomatic reactions from NSAIDs affecting the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system and lower urinary tract. In comparison, analysis of adverse reaction reports from health professionals revealed a tendency to report more severe but rarer reactions affecting the upper gastrointestinal tract, liver, skin and haematological system. It is likely that a system based on consumer reports could augment current sources of information on adverse drug effects by revealing reactions which are important to consumers and yet often evade detection during pre‐marketing clinical trials. Such a system might also have a capacity to generate very early signals of previously unsuspected symptomatic reactions with new drugs.
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of styrene under microwave irradiation
Authors: Zhu Jian , Zhu Xiulin , Zhang Zhengbiao , Cheng Zhenping
Published: October 2006

Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations of styrene under microwave irradiation (MI), with or without azobisisobutyronitrile, were successfully carried out in bulk at 72 and 98 °C, respectively. The results showed that the polymerizations had living/controlled features, and there was a significant enhancement of the polymerization rates under MI in comparison with conventional heating (CH) under the same conditions. The polymer structures were characterized with 1H and 13C NMR. The results showed the same structure for both polymers obtained by MI and CH. Successful chain‐extension experimentation further demonstrated the livingness of the RAFT polymerization carried out under MI. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6810‐6816, 2006
Effects of different acid functional groups on proton conductivity of polymer‐1,2,4‐triazole blends
Authors: Günday S. T. , Bozkurt A. , Meyer W. H. , Wegner G.
Published: October 2006

Proton transfer reactions under anhydrous conditions have attracted remarkable interest due to chemical energy conversions in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. In this work, 1H‐1,2,4‐triazole (Tri) was used as a proton solvent in different polymer host matrices such as Poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA), and poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane sulfonic acid) (PAMPS). PVPATrix and PAMPSTrix electrolytes were investigated where x is the molar ratio of Tri to corresponding polymer repeat unit. The interaction between polymer and Tri was studied via FTIR spectroscopy. Thermogravimetry analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to examine the thermal stability and homogeneity of the materials, respectively. PVPATri1.5 showed a maximum water‐free proton conductivity of 2.3 × 10−3 S/cm at 120 °C and that of PAMPSTri2 was 9.3 × 10−4 S/cm at 140 °C. The results were interpreted in terms of different acidic functional groups and composition. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3315–3322, 2006
Structural studies of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) microgels: Effect of SDS surfactant concentration in the microgel synthesis
Authors: Andersson Mirja , Maunu Sirkka Liisa
Published: October 2006

Thermoresponsive colloidal microgels were prepared by polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) in the presence of a crosslinking monomer, N,N‐methylenebisacrylamide, in water with varying concentrations (<CMC) of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS). Volume phase transitions of the prepared microgels were studied in D2O by 1H NMR spectroscopy including the measurements of spin–lattice (T1) and spin–spin (T2) relaxation times for the protons of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) at temperature range 22–50 °C. In addition, microcalorimetry, turbidometry, dynamic light scattering, and electrophoretic mobility measurements were used to characterize the aqueous microgels. As expected, increasing SDS concentration in the polymerization batch decreased the hydrodynamic size of an aqueous microgel. Structures with high mobilities at temperatures above the LCST of PNIPAM were observed in the microgels prepared with small amount of SDS, as indicated by the relaxation times of different PNIPAM protons. It was concluded that the high mobility at high temperatures is in connection to a mobile surface layer with polyelectrolyte nature and with high local LCST. High SDS concentration in the synthesis was observed to prevent the formation of permanent, solid PNIPAM particles. The results from different characterization methods indicated that PNIPAM microgels prepared in high SDS concentrations appear to be more homogeneously structured than their correspondences prepared in low SDS concentration. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3305–3314, 2006
Isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites
Authors: Hsu Sung‐Fu , Wu Tzong‐Ming , Liao Chien‐Shiun
Published: October 2006

Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)/layered double hydroxides (LDHs) nanocomposites were prepared by mixing PHB and poly(ethylene glycol) phosphonates (PEOPAs)‐modified LDH (PMLDH) in chloroform solution. Both X‐ray diffraction data and TEM micrographs of PHB/PMLDH nanocomposites indicate that the PMLDHs are randomly dispersed and exfoliated into the PHB matrix. In this study, the effect of PMLDH on the isothermal crystallization behavior of PHB was investigated using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy. Isothermal crystallization results of PHB/PMLDH nanocomposites show that the addition of 2 wt % PMLDH into PHB induced more heterogeneous nucleation in the crystallization significantly increasing the crystallization rate and reducing their activation energy. By adding more PMLDH into the PHB probably causes more steric hindrance of the diffusion of PHB, reducing the transportation ability of polymer chains during crystallization, thus increasing the activation energy. The correlation among crystallization kinetics, melting behavior and crystalline structure of PHB/PMLDH nanocomposites can also be discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3337–3347, 2006
Central actions of Ganoderma lucidum
Authors: Kasahara Yoshimasa , Hikino Hiroshi
Published: October 2006

An aqueous extract of the dried fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum exhibited central depressant actions as shown by the inhibition of spontaneous motor activity, analgesic activity and delay in the time to death induced by either strychnine or caffeine. The extract also elicited some muscle relaxant effects.
Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for anti‐inflammatory activity
Authors: Mascolo Nicolo , Autore Giuseppina , Capasso Francesco , Menghini Alessandro , Fasulo Maria Palmira
Published: October 2006

Plants of 27 families, encompassing 75 species, have been selected on the basis of medicinal folklore. They are being studied in a broad screening programme for their anti‐inflammatory activity, using carrageenin foot oedema in rats. Only 4 species were very active, inhibiting carrageenin foot oedema by 42 to 74%, but overall 72% exhibited some anti‐inflammatory activity.
Influence of the host plant in the cytostatic activity of Viscum cruciatum sieber
Authors: Ayuso M. J. , Saenz M. T. , De Miguel C.
Published: October 2006

Extracts prepared from 4 samples of Viscum cruciatum Sieber collected from 4 different botanic species were evaluated for cytostatic activity using the KB test system. The inhibition of cellular growth, determined according to the cellular protein content, varies with the nature of the host plant.
In vitro antimalarial activity of a Thai medicinal plant Picrasma javanica Bl
Authors: Pavanand Katchrinnee , Yongvanitchit Kosol , Webster H. Kyle , Dechatiwongse Thaweephol , Nutakul Wutichai , Jewvachdamrongkul Yenchit , Bansiddhi Jaree
Published: October 2006

Picrasma javanica Bl., a medicinal plant used for the treatment of malaria in traditional medicine was evaluated for antimalarial activity. Primary screening demonstrated that the chloroform extract of the bark possessed the highest yield of antimalarial activity. Chemical isolation and purification of the active alkaloidal part yielded three different pure alkaloid components. Among these, one component was identified as the known major bark alkaloid, 4‐methoxy‐1‐vinyl‐β‐carboline, and a second new alkaloid, 6‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxy‐1‐vinyl‐β‐carboline. Complete characterization of the remaining alkaloid was not possible due to its inferior yield. The two identified alkaloids showed in vitro antimalarial activity against multi‐drug resistant Thai isolates of Plasmodium falciparum.
Acute toxicity and gastrointestinal irritant effect of Croton penduliflorus seed oil in mice
Authors: Asuzu I. U. , Chineme C. N.
Published: October 2006

The effects of three dosage levels (250 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg per os) of Croton penduliflorus seed oil were studied in mice. The mice were dosed with the oil suspension in 5% Tween 20 through oral intubation. Five mice from each dosage group were slaughtered at 3 h, 9 h and 24 h post‐treatment with the oil. Various segments of the gastro‐intestinal tract and visceral organs including the liver, lung, kidney, spleen, testis, adrenal glands and heart were examined grossly and tissue sections were collected for histopathological examination. Croton oil initiated hypersecretions in all segments of the gastro‐intestinal tract. It also produced oedema in the stomach and mild inflammatory reactions in the jejunum, ileum and colon. The liver, lung and myocardium were the most affected of the visceral organs when mice were dosed with high levels (600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg) of croton oil.
Mast cell stabilizing effect of glucan A and phosphatidyllycorine isolated from Crinum latifolium
Authors: Ghosal Shibnath , Shanthy Amirthalingam , Das Prasun K. , Mukhopadhyay Mita , Sarkar Mihir K.
Published: October 2006

The effect of glucan A and phosphatidyllycorine, isolated from Crinum latifolium L. (family Amaryllidaceae) was studied on the rate of degranulation of mast cells of albino rats. Different combinations of glucan A and phosphatidyllycorine (5–20 and 5–10 μg/mL, respectively) in vitro, produced statistically significant protection against Tween 80‐induced degranulation, as well as to sensitized mast cells challenged with an antigen (horse serum). The combination (10–20 mg/kg), when administered in vivo, also provided protection against compound 48/80‐induced degranulation of mast cells. The findings are appraised in view of the use of the total extract of C. latifolium, for the treatment of allergic disorders in Ayurvedic medicine.
Studies on the gastric anti‐ulcer activity of hypolaetin‐8‐glucoside
Authors: Alcaraz Maria José , Tordera María
Published: October 2006

The gastric anti‐ulcer activity of hypolaetin‐8‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside (H‐8‐G), a flavonoid isolated from Sideritis leucantha, has been studied in rats. This compound significantly reduced gastric lesions induced by ethanol or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), with an increase in mucus production. In the pylorus‐ligated rat, H‐8‐G did not affect the volume of gastric secretion but decreased its acidity and peptic activity. The anti‐ulcer activity of this flavonoid does not depend on stimulation of cell proliferation in the rat gastric mucosa. Our results suggest that H‐8‐G activity is related to its cytoprotective effects [mediated by endogenous prostaglandins (PGs) and associated to an increase in gastric mucus production] alongside with its moderate antisecretory effects.
Evidence for some prostaglandins in Allium sativum extracts
Authors: Al‐Nagdy Sohair A. , Abdel‐Rahman M. O. , Heiba H. I.
Published: October 2006

Homogenized garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) was extracted successively with organic solvents and the prostaglandin‐rich fraction separated. Fractionation of the extract with column chromatography was performed. TLC of the extract indicated that prostaglandin like materials could be present. GC analysis detected prostaglandins A2 and F1α in the extract. This conclusion was confirmed by enrichment procedures using GC.
Anti‐microbial activity of a chemical isolate from the leaves of Uraria picta
Authors: Osazuwa E. O. , Igboechi A. C.
Published: October 2006

An investigation has been conducted into the anti‐microbial activity of a chemical isolate obtained from the leaves of Uraria picta. The isolate exhibited marked bacteriostatic or bactericidal and fungistatic or fungicidal activities. These effects were demonstrated in a wide spectrum of micro‐organisms. Findings from the investigation carried out provide scientific support to the local use of U. picta leaves for the treatment of skin diseases and for accelerating fracture wound healing.
Effects of guar and carob gums on glucose, insulin and cholesterol plasma levels in the rat
Authors: Forestieri A. M. , Galati E. M. , Trovato A. , Tumino G.
Published: October 2006

Guar gum, obtained from the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (L.) Taub. (Leguminosae), and carob gum, obtained from the seeds of Ceratonia siliqua L. (Leguminosae), were investigated for their effect on body weight, blood glucose and insulin levels in rats fed on a diet containing 15% of guar or carob gums for 2 to 6 consecutive weeks. At the same time, cholesterol plasma levels were assayed. A decrease in both plasma glucose and IRI levels together with a decreased haematic cholesterol level were observed.
Butanolic extract of Pueraria tuberosa DC.: Physiological response in the genital tract of cyclic female rats
Authors: Shukla Sangeeta , Mathur R. , Prakash A. O.
Published: October 2006

Biochemical and physiological alterations have been observed in the genital tract of female cyclic rats treated with butanolic extract of Pueraria tuberosa DC. Its administration caused a significant increase in the glycogen contents, protein concentration, activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase and total cholesterol in the ovary, uterus, cervix and vagina. Further, in contrast to other organs vaginal glycogen decreased significantly. Its administration also stimulated the uterine structures, caused metaplastic changes in the cervical epithelium with marked keratinization and provoked considerable cornification in the vaginal epithelium. These changes have been correlated with anti‐implantation action of the butanolic extract in the light of its estrogenic activity.
Active components of ginger exhibiting anti‐serotonergic action
Authors: Yamahara Johji , Rong Huang Qi , Iwamoto Masatsugu , Kobayashi Goro , Matsuda Hisashi , Fujimura Hajime
Published: October 2006

The pharmacological effects of crude drugs and other plant extracts on the contractile responses to serotonin (5‐HT) in isolated guinea pig ileum were examined. The acetone extract of giner was found to possess an anti‐serotonergic effect. The extract was further fractionated by column chromatography and results showed that [6]‐, [8]‐ and [10]‐gingerol were the active components exhibiting anti‐5‐HT action.
The spasmolytic activity of the essential oil of Thymus baeticus boiss in rats
Authors: Cruz T. , Jiménez J. , Zarzuelo A. , Cabo M. M.
Published: October 2006

Gas chromatography and GC/MS studies of Thymus baeticus Boiss essential oil showed its major component to be 1,8‐cineole. The essential oil was found to present a marked spasmolytic activity in rat duodenum against acetylcholine via a non‐competitive type of inhibition. This action was not related to its major component, 1,8‐cineole.
Effects of a blended Korean herbal remedy, Ssang Wha Tang, on the liver cytoplasmic protein binding of sulfobromophthalein in rats
Authors: Han Yong‐Hae , Shim Chang‐Koo
Published: October 2006

Binding of sulphobromophthalein (BSP) to hepatic cytoplasmic protein was investigated to elucidate the mechanism of the increased systemic clearance (CLs) and volume of distribution (Vd), of BSP in rats by consecutive administration (for 1 week) of Ssang Wha Tang (SWT), a blended Korean herbal remedy. There were no significant changes in liver weight, GOT‐GPT activity and protein concentration in 105 000 g liver supernatant fraction between control and SWT treated groups. There was no significant change in the amount of hepatic Y‐protein, (glutathione S‐transferases), but the binding activity of the BSP to Y‐protein was increased significantly (p < 0.01) in the SWT treated group. This result suggests that the increased CLs and Vd of BSP in the SWT‐treated rats were due to increased binding activity of BSP to Y‐protein.
An analytical study on fatty acids in pollen extract
Authors: Seppänen T. , Laakso I. , Wójcicki J. , Samochowiec L.
Published: October 2006

Fatty acids in the fat‐soluble fraction of pollen extract (Cernitin GBX) were analysed. Fatty acids were determined on a Dani 3860 PTV GC. Identification was based on the retention times of known mixtures of free fatty acids and their methyl esters in GC/MS. The major part of the fatty acid fraction was in free form. Bound fatty acids were characterized by a high content of α‐linolenic acid (70%). The mechanism of antiatherosclerotic action of this pollen extract may be, at least in part, due to polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Distribution of phorbol ester bioactivity in the euphorbiaceae
Authors: Beutler John A. , Alvarado Ada Belinda , McCloud Thomas G. , Cragg Gordon M.
Published: October 2006

Two hundred and thirty‐five organic extracts representing 146 species and 75 genera from all five subfamilies of the Euphorbiaceae were examined in a phorbol dibutyrate receptor binding assay. With several exceptions, bioactivity was detected only in the subfamilies Crotonoideae (IV), and Euphorbioideae (V) of Webster's scheme, supporting the current arrangement of the family. Phorbol bioactivity was newly detected in the genera Crotonogyne, Cyrtogonone, Dimorphocalyx, Duvigneaudia, Fahrenheitia, Homalanthus, Maprounea, and Plagiostyles.
Immunomodulatory and CNS effects of sitoindosides IX and X, two new glycowithanolides from Withania somnifera
Authors: Ghosal Shibnath , Lal Jawahar , Srivastava Radheyshyam , Bhattacharya Salil K. , Upadhyay Sachidananda N. , Jaiswal Arun K. , Chattopadhyay Utpala
Published: October 2006

Two new glycowithanolides, sitoindoside IX (1) and sitoindoside X (2), isolated from Withania somnifera Dun., were evaluated for their immunomodulatory and CNS effects (anti‐stress, memory and learning) in laboratory animals, because the plant extract is used by practitioners of the Indian systems of medicine for similar purposes. The two compounds, in doses of 100–400 μg/mouse, produced statistically significant mobilization and activation of peritoneal macrophages, phagocytosis and increased activity of the lysosomal enzymes secreted by the activated macrophages. Both these compounds (50–200 mg/kg p.o.) also produced significant anti‐stress activity in albino mice and rats and augmented learning acquisition and memory retention in both young and old rats. These findings are consistent with the use of W. somnifera, in Ayurveda, to attenuate cerebral function deficits in the geriatric population and to provide non‐specific host defence.
Mast cell protecting effects of shilajit and its constituents
Authors: Ghosal Shibnath , Lal Jawahar , Singh Sushil K. , Dasgupta Gautam , Bhaduri Joydeep , Mukhopadhyay Mita , Bhattacharya Salil K.
Published: October 2006

The effects of shilajit and the combined effects of its main constituents, fulvic acids (FAs), 4′‐methoxy‐6‐carbomethoxybiphenyl (MCB) and 3,8‐dihydroxy‐dibenzo‐α‐pyrone (DDP), were studied in relation to the degranulation and disruption of mast cells against noxious stimuli. Shilajit and different combinations of FAs, MCB and DDP provided statistically significant protection to antigen‐induced degranulation of sensitized mast cells, markedly inhibited the antigen‐induced spasm of sensitized guinea‐pig ileum, and prevented mast cell disruption induced by compound 48/80. The findings are appraised in view of the clinical use of shilajit in the treatment of allergic disorders in Ayurvedic medicine.
Persistency of tylophorine as an insect antifeedant against Spilosoma obliqua walker
Authors: Tripathi A. K. , Singh D. , Jain D. C.
Published: October 2006

The methanolic extract of Tylophora asthamatica (Asclepiadaceae) leaves was bioassayed by a leaf disc method for feeding deterrence using Spilosoma obliqua Walker as the test insect. Tylophorine, isolated from the extract was evaluated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions for its feeding deterrence, persistence and systemic properties by using the natural host plant (Ricinus communis) of the test insect. The antifeedant compound azadirachtin and crude neem extract were used as standards. Tylophorine produced complete inhibition of feeding under laboratory conditions and was persistent in field trials for two days as determined by the damage rating score. However, both tylophorine and the crude neem extract were shown to be nonsystemic when tested in the Hoagland culture media.
Antibacterial constituents of Alchornea cordifolia leaves
Authors: Lamikanra A. , Ogundaini A. O. , Ogungbamila F. O.
Published: October 2006

Alchornea cordifolia (Euphorbiaceae), a traditional African medicinal plant, is widely distributed in West Africa. A number of phenolic acids, notably gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, quercetin arabinose and galactose glycosides, together with triisopentenyl guanidine were isolated from a methanolic extract of the leaves. The first two, and last one of these compounds showed considerable antibacterial activity.
Inhibitory action of quercetin on intestinal transit in mice
Authors: Meli R. , Autore G. , di Carlo G. , Capasso F.
Published: October 2006

The effects of quercetin have been investigated on the gastrointestinal propulsion of charcoal meal in mice. Quercetin reduced the rate of intestinal transit and this effect was potentiated by verapamil.
Studies on antiinflammatory activity of taraxasterol acetate from Echinops echinatus in rats and mice
Authors: Sing Bupinder , Ram S. N. , Pandey V. B. , Joshi V. K. , Gambhir S. S.
Published: October 2006

Taraxasterol acetate, a triterpenoid found in several plant species, demonstrated antiinflammatory activity in albino rats against carrageenan, formaldehyde and adjuvant induced inflammations in doses between 10 and 100 mg/kg. Quantitative comparison of the activities of the alcoholic extract of Echinops echinatus, and taraxasterol acetate extracted from the former, suggested the presence of one or more minor, but probably more potent, antiinflammatory constitutent(s) in the original plant extract.
Bullatalicinone, a new potent bioactive acetogenin, and squamocin from annona bullata (Annonaceae)
Authors: Hui Yu‐Hua , Rupprecht J. Kent , Anderson Jon E. , Wood Karl V. , McLaughlin Jerry L.
Published: October 2006

Further fractionation of the EtOH extract of the bark of Annona bullata Rich. (Annonaceae) has led to the isolation of a new nonadjacent bis‐tetrahydrofuran acetogenin, bullatalicinone, and the known adjacent bis‐tetrahydrofuran acetogenin, squamocin. These two compounds showed potent and selective cytotoxicities for certain human tumor cell lines. Their structures have been elucidated by chemical and spectral methods. Bullatalicinone is the methylketo‐lactone derivative of bullatalicin which we found previously in this plant.
Investigation of diuretic drug plants. 1. Phytochemical screening and pharmacological evaluation of Anethum graveolens L., Apium graveolens L., Daucus carota L. and Eruca sativa mill
Authors: Mahran G. H. , Kadry H. A. , Isaac Z. G. , Thabet C. K. , Al‐Azizi M. M. , El‐Olemy M. M.
Published: October 2006

A preliminary phytochemical screening of fruits of Anethum graveolens L., Apium graveolens L., Daucus carota L., and seeds of Eruca sativa Mill., revealed the presence of volatile oil, sterols and/or triterpenes, carbohydrates and/or glycosides, tannins and flavonoids in the four entitled plants; Glucosinolates were detected only in Eruca seeds. Pharmacological evaluation of the aforementioned plants for diuretic activity has shown the ethanolic extracts of Eruca sativa seeds and fruits of Anethum graveolens, Daucus carota as well as the volatile oils in the former two plants to produce an increase in urine flow in dogs. Volatile oil of Eruca seeds, significantly, increased Na+, K+ and Cl− excretion in urine, whereas Anethum graveolens volatile oil significantly increased Na+ and Cl− excretion only.
Antiinflammatory and anti‐ulcerogenic activities of the organic extracts of Tanacetum microphyllum DC. in rats
Authors: Abad M. J. , Bermejo P. , Villar A.
Published: October 2006

Extracts of Tanacetum microphyllum DC. (Compositae) have been investigated for antiinflammatory and anti‐ulcerogenic activity in the rat. In adjuvant‐carrageenan‐induced inflammation (ACII), orally administered organic extracts of T. microphyllum (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol) inhibited both the acute and chronic phases of this experimental model of inflammation, but mainly the chronic phase; the dichloromethane extract was as effective as phenylbutazone. Prior oral administration of T. microphyllum organic extracts prevented the ulcerogenic effect of orally administered indomethacin. Again, the dichloromethane extract exhibited the greatest activity.
Effect of condensed tannins and related compounds on reverse transcriptase
Authors: Kakiuchi Nobuko , Kusumoto Ines T. , Hattori Masao , Namba Tsuneo , Hatano Tsutomu , Okuda Takuo
Published: October 2006

Inhibitory effects of 18 condensed tannins and related compounds on reverse transcriptase from an RNA tumour virus were examined in the presence of poly(riboadenylic acid) oligo(deoxythymidylic acid) ((rA)n(dT)12–18) or poly(ribocytidylic acid) oligo(deoxyguanylic acid) ((rC)n(dG)12–18) as a template‐primer. A potent inhibitory effect was found in galloylated monomers and oligomers as well as non‐galloylated tetramer, trimer and two of three dimers. The mode of the inhibition of one of them, procyanidin B‐2, was competitive with regard to the template‐primer.
A preliminary study of Cedronella canariensis (L.) var. Canariensis extracts for antiinflammatory and analgesic activity in rats and mice
Authors: Ĺopez‐Garcia R. E. , Rabanal R. M. , Darias V. , Martín‐Herrera D. , Carreiras M. C. , Rodríguez B.
Published: October 2006

Several extracts and fractions from Cedronella canariensis (L.) have been submitted to analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory tests on rats and mice. The experimental results obtained justified the utilization of this species as an anticatarrh and antiinfluenza agent in Canarian folk medicine. Its acute toxicity turned out to be low as measured in mice.
Antidiarrhoeic activity of Sclerocarya birrea bark extract and its active tannin constituent in rats
Authors: Galvez J. , Zarzuelo A. , Crespo M. E. , Utrilla M. P. , Jiménez J. , Spiessens C. , de Witte P.
Published: October 2006

The antidiarrhoeic activity of the bark of Sclerocarya birrea was investigated. The lyophilized decoction demonstrated antidiarrhoeic activity in experimental models of diarrhoea induced by magnesium sulphate and sodium picosulphate. This antidiarrhoeic activity was related to an inhibition of intestinal transit rather than to inhibition of net secretion of fluid and electrolytes provoked by the laxative agents. A condensed tannin was isolated from the crude drug which produced inhibition in intestinal motility, and the monomer of which was identified as procyanidin.
Action of compounds from Mandevilla velutina on croton oil‐induced ear oedema in mice. A comparative study with steroidal and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
Authors: Zanini José C. , Medeiros Yara S. , Cruz Alexandre B. , Yunes Rosendo R. A. , Calixto João B.
Published: October 2006

The antioedematogenic activity of two natural pregnane compounds from Mandevilla velutina was evaluated against croton oil‐induced ear oedema in mice. For comparison the effects of nonsteroidal (indomethacin, phenidone and BW 755C) and steroidal (dexamethasone) antiinflammatory drugs were analysed. The purified compounds from M. velutina MV8612 (3 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.) and to a lesser extent MV8608 (30 and 100 mg/kg; i.p.), given 30 min prior to the croton oil, significantly inhibited this oedema, maximal inhibition (MI) of 53% and 26%, respectively. However, given orally 180 min after, neither compound had any effect. Compound MV8612 but not MV8606 (200–600 μg/ear) given 180 min after the irritant significantly inhibited croton oil‐induced oedema, MI of 29%. Indomethacin given topically (0.05–0.2 mg/ear) 180 min after, but not orally (1–10 mg/kg), significantly inhibited this oedema, MI of 30%, while phenidone administered either orally (100 and 300 mg/kg) or topically (2 mg/ear) 180 min after caused partial inhibition, MI of 24% and 18%, respectively. BW 755C, given topically (0.1 and 0.5 mg/ear) but not orally (10–300 mg/kg) 180 min after, was also effective in inhibiting croton oil oedema, MI of 18%. Dexamethasone given either topically (0.05–0.2 mg/ear) or orally (0.25‐1 mg/kg) 30 and 60 min prior potently inhibited croton oil oedema, MI of 86% and 79%, respectively. These results indicate that the natural compounds MV8612 and to a lesser extent MV8608 isolated from M. velutina, besides their antibradykinin activity, exhibited both topical and systemic long‐lasting antioedematogenic effects against croton oil‐induced ear oedema in mice.
Studies on capsaicin inhibition of chemically induced lipid peroxidation in the lung and liver tissues of rat
Authors: De Amit Krishna , Ghosh Jagat Jiban
Published: October 2006

Previous work from this laboratory has already indicated that capsaicin, stabilizes the rat lung membrane lipid system on long‐term treatment. This stabilization of the membrane is further supported by our present findings that capsaicin pretreatment causes significant inhibition of various chemically induced lipid peroxidative changes at both cellular and subcellular levels. Both in vivo and in vitro studies, using whole lung and liver tissue slices and mitochondrial and microsomal fractions, have shown that capsaicin pretreatment inhibits peroxidative changes at both cellular and subcellular levels. Both in vivo and in vitro studies, using whole lung and liver tissue slices and mitochondrial and microsomal fractions, have shown that capsaicin pretreatment inhibits peroxidative changes induced by different chemical irritants such as chloroform, dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride as well as ferrous sulphate.
Hypoglycaemic activity of Hexachlamys edulis (‘Yvahai’) extract in rats
Authors: Rodriguez C. J. , Loyola J. , Schmeda‐Hirschmann G.
Published: October 2006

The hypoglycaemic activity of the extract of the crude drug ‘Yvahai’ (Hexachlamys edulis, Myrtaceae) was assessed on normoglycaemic and alloxan‐diabetic rats. After 7 days of oral treatment at 100 mg extract/kg body weight, Yvahai significantly reduced glycaemia in normal (p<0.02) and diabetic (p<0.05) rats during an oral glucose tolerance test. The maximum effect was observed between 1.5 and 2.5 h after glucose administration in normoglycaemic rats, and at 1.0 h in diabetic animals. The extract, however, did not have a statistically significant effect on the basal glycaemia of untreated compared with treated rats. A single oral dose of 500 mg extract/kg administered to normoglycaemic rats 1 h before glucose, elicited a significant reduction (p < 0.02) in the percent increase in glycaemia compared with vehicle‐treated animals. The effect was comparable to a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg tolbutamide. During the oral toxicity study, animals exhibited no symptoms of drug‐induced toxicity with doses up to 5 g/kg.
Investigation in rats of the antihyperglycemic effect of plant extracts used in taiwan for the treatment of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hsu Feng‐Lin , Cheng Juei‐Tang
Published: October 2006

In order to clarify the hypoglycemic activity of plants that are widely used to treat diabetes mellitus in Taiwan, the present study investigated the effectiveness of ten plant extracts by screening the decrease of blood glucose level in streptozocin‐induced diabetic rats. We found that only six plant extracts exhibited blood glucose lowering activities in the rat. Blood levels of insulin were also determined using radioimmunoassay methods. Lack of an increase of insulin‐like immunoreactivity in rats treated with these six plant extracts ruled out the mediation of insulin‐dependent mechanisms. Similar effects were also observed in glucose‐challenged rats treated with these extracts. The results confirmed the hypoglycemic activity of these plants and suggested that this action was produced through an insulin‐independent mechanism.
Antianaphylactic effects of the ethanolic extract from the petals of Impatiens balsamina L. in mice
Authors: Ishiguro K. , Fukumoto H. , Murashima T. , Kuriyama M. , Semma M. , Isoi K.
Published: October 2006

The antianaphylactic activity of 35% EtOH extract (IB) from the white petals of Impatiens balsamina L. was investigated using murine immediate hypersensitivity reaction system induced by hen egg‐white lysozyme (HEL). IB has a significant antianaphylactic activity.
Anthelmintic activity of some sudanese medicinal plants
Authors: Ibrahim A. M.
Published: October 2006

The anthelmintic activity of aqueous extracts (0.25–50 mg/mL) from 14 plant species that represent seven families of the Sudanese flora was examined using the free living rhabditid nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans as a test organism. Extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca and Sesbania sesban were the most effective (LC50, 0.8 and 8.0 mg/mL, respectively). Extracts of Albizzia anthelmintica, Cymbopogen narvatus, Abrus precatorius, Rhyncosia minima, Striga hermonthica and Anogeissus leiocarpa (LC50, 9.5–84.6 mg/mL were less effective in this model test system. Extracts of six plant species, Albizzia malacophylla, Gardenia lutea, Physostigma mesoponticum, Salvadora persica, Xeromphis nilotica and Waltheria indica had no effect upon C. elegans survival.
Potentiating action of Datura metel Linn. Root extract on rat intestinal cholinesterase
Authors: Prabhakar E. , Kumar N. V. Nanda
Published: October 2006

Datura metel Linn. leaf extract which is known to contain scopolamine, a tropane alkaloid, was found to inhibit rat intestinal cholinesterase in vitro. The inhibition could not be reversed with higher concentrations of cholinesterase substrate. Whereas Dutura metel root extract was found to activate cholinesterase enzyme activity at optimal or higher substrate concentrations. With root and leaf extract together, the cholinesterase activity level at higher concentrations of substrate, was elevated compared with the inhibitory effect of Datura leaf extract alone, suggesting a potentiating action of Datura root extract on cholinesterase.
Combined effects of Japanese‐Sino medicine ‘Kakkon‐to‐ka‐senkyu‐shin'i’ and its related combinations and component drugs on adjuvant‐induced inflammation in mice
Authors: Kimura Masayasu , Kimura Ikuko , Guo Xin , Luo Bao , Kobayashi Shinjiro
Published: October 2006

Kakkon‐to‐ka‐senkyu‐shin'i (KSS), a Japanese‐Sino medicine consists of nine crude drugs: pueraria, ephedra, cnidium, magnolia, cassia, peony, liquorice, ginger and jujube. It has long been used clinically in the treatment of nasal inflammation. The antiinflammatory effects of KSS, its related combinations, and component crude drugs were investigated on adjuvant‐induced air pouch granuloma in mice. KSS was effective in inhibiting the inflammatory process of pouch fluid exudation, inflammatory cell migration and angiogenesis. Antiangiogenic effects were additive between (1) Keishi‐to and the combination of pueraria + ephedra + cnidium + magnolia in KSS, (2) Keishi‐to and the combination of pueraria + ephedra in Kakkon‐to, and (3) cnidium and magnolia in the combination of cnidium + magnolia. Inhibitory effects on inflammatory cell migration were also additive between (4) cnidium and magnolia in the combination of cnidium + magnolia, and were potentiative between (5) Kakkon‐to and the combination of cnidium + magnolia in KSS, (6) (pueraria+ephedra) and (cnidium + magnolia) in the combination of pueraria + ephedra + cnidium + magnolia, and (7) pueraria and ephedra in the combination of pueraria + ephedra. The main component crude drugs and combination in KSS for antiinflammation were magnolia and pueraria for angiogenesis, magnolia and ephedra for pouch fluid exudation, and pueraria + ephedra + cnidium + magnolia for inflammatory cell migration.
Microbiological properties of protoanemonin isolated from Ranunculus bulbosus
Authors: Didry N. , Dubreuil L. , Pinkas M.
Published: October 2006

The antimicrobial properties of protoanemonin isolated from the aerial parts of Ranunculus bulbosus were investigated. By its marked inhibitory effects and its broad spectrum of activity against aerobes and anaerobes including multiresistant pathogenic strains, protoanemonin could be considered as a promising antimicrobial natural compound. Combinations of protoanemonin and antibiotics were also investigated. Twenty two antibiotic‐protoanemonin combinations against aerobic bacteria were studied: 20 combinations were partially synergistic (0.5<FIC⩽0.75) and in one case a total synergism (FIC⩽0.5) was observed. This striking result was obtained with the protoanemonin‐cefamandole combination against a pathogenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus.