bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RAPID DETECTION OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON INSECTICIDES IN AQUEOUS SUSPENSION WITH GAMMARUS LACUSTRIS LACUSTRIS (SARS.)
Authors: McDonald S.
Published: August 2008

A freshwater shrimp Gammarus lacustris lacustris (Sars.), common in prairie freshwater lakes and ponds and readily collected and cultured, was found to be a sensitive bioassay organism for the rapid detection of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in aqueous suspension. This shrimp was most sensitive to lindane and endrin and levels as low as 0.01 p.p.m. can be detected in 54 and 175 minutes, respectively.
STUDIES ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF FEMALE EUDORYLAIMUS OBSCURUS (THORNE AND SWANGER, 1936) ANDRÁSSY, 1959
Authors: Das V. M.
Published: August 2008

The anatomy of Eudorylaimus obscurus is described from whole mounts and serial sections. The description is based on living nematodes, using intravital stains, and preserved specimens mounted in glycerine. Serial sections were prepared from specimens embedded in wax and the sections subsequently stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Cajal's silver-impregnation method with slight modification was used with useful results.In this study, particular attention is given to the cuticular structures, i.e., transverse striae, longitudinal striae, lateral fields, lateral pores, median pores, and hemizonid, which are illustrated and described. In addition to these, reproductive, excretory, and other organ systems are also described and illustrated.
INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY ON THE PREDACEOUS MITE MELICHARES DENTRITICUS (BERLESE) (ACARINA : ACEOSEJIDAE)
Authors: Rivard I.
Published: August 2008

The predaceous mite Melichares dentriticus (Berlese) was reared individually on larvae and protonymphs of the stored food product mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) at 68.0° F and 70, 80, 90, and 100% R.H. Survival and speed of development of the immature stages increased slightly with the humidity. Longevity of adult females was similar at different humidities, though the oviposition period was much shorter at 70% R.H. More eggs were laid at 100% R.H., but then the peak of laying occurred later in the oviposition period. The rate of increase of the predator population was altered very little by different humidities in comparison with that of the prey population and thus, assuming that these rates are an accurate guide to the outcome of the interaction, the population of the prey should be better controlled at lower humidities.
THE ROLE OF THE GILL FILAMENT MUSCULATURE IN TELEOSTS
Authors: Pasztor Valerie M. , Kleerekoper H.
Published: August 2008

The gill filament musculature of several freshwater teleosts was studied using visual and oscillographic methods. Continual activity was observed in the small muscles connecting the two hemibranch rows on each gill arch in all the fish examined. In those fish where the gill filament rows are bound together by a sheet of connective tissue, there was an additional active series of muscles situated on the oral surface of each gill arch. Both series of muscles contracted once every breathing cycle whether the fish was in water or in air.It is proposed that these muscles have two important functions. Firstly, they assist in maintaining an even spacing of the gill hemibranchs at all phases of the breathing cycle, thus insuring that all the lamellae receive adequate ventilation. Secondly, they take part in a regulatory mechanism which controls the amount of water which will be presented to the respiratory surfaces of the lamellae.
THE IRRIGATION OF THE GILLS IN FISHES: II. EFFICIENCY OF OXYGEN UPTAKE IN RELATION TO RESPIRATORY FLOW ACTIVITY AND CONCENTRATIONS OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Saunders Richard L.
Published: August 2008

Respiratory volumes, percentage utilizations of oxygen, and rates of oxygen consumption were measured in non-swimming and swimming white suckers, brown bullheads, and carp under various ambient levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Up to 85% of the oxygen in the inspired water is removed by quietly breathing fish. Generally, high respiratory volumes are associated with low percentage utilizations of oxygen and vice versa. At high respiratory volumes carp remove about twice as much oxygen from the inspired water as do suckers and bullheads. Respiratory volumes are increased by as much as 30 times over the volume for quiet respiration by low levels of oxygen or high levels of carbon dioxide. Respiratory volumes of swimming fish are greater than those of non-swimming, rested fish in air-saturated water but they are not as high as those of non-swimming fish exposed to low ambient oxygen levels.The effects of moderate increases in ambient carbon dioxide on non-swimming fish may be temporary only. If the rise in the pCO2is slight to moderate, the percentage utilizations of oxygen at given respiratory volumes are at first depressed but may return, after 3 to 5 hours, to the levels they held before the pCO2was raised. Actively swimming fish respond to any increase in the pCO2by permanently increased breathing rates and decreased percentage utilizations of oxygen and rates of oxygen consumption.The number of respiratory units or lamellae per millimeter of gill filament in suckers, bullheads, and carp weighing 200 g are about 14, 10, and 20 respectively, but the total numbers and areas of lamellae are such that total gill areas are nearly identical among these three species.
GROWTH STUDIES OF REINDEER FAWNS
Authors: Krebs Charles J. , Cowan I. McT.
Published: August 2008

A study of the growth of reindeer fawns was carried out during the spring and summer of 1958 in the Mackenzie Delta, N.W.T. Growth rates were obtained for four fawns under natural conditions. Early growth of the fawns (0–2 months) can usually be divided into three phases and some possible reasons for this are given. The rate of growth of reindeer fawns is slightly less than that of Columbian black-tailed deer fawns. Some weight data for different sex and age classes of wild reindeer are given, and it is concluded that the Mackenzie Delta reindeer do not differ greatly in growth pattern from Russian reindeer.
THE SYSTEMATICS AND TRANSMISSION OF NEW AND PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED METASTRONGYLES (NEMATODA : METASTRONGYLIDAE) FROM MUSTELA VISON
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Crenosoma hermani n. sp., Aelurostrongylus pridhami n. sp., and Filaroides martis from mink are described. A. pridhami developed in the terrestrial gastropods Zonitoides arboreus, Discus cronkhitei, Deroceras gracile, Succinea ovalis, and Anguispira alternata and the aquatic snails Physa integra, Gyraulus deflexus, Armiger crista, and Ampullaria cuprina. F. martis developed in P. integra and G. deflexus as well as in the foregoing terrestrial gastropods. Larvae of A. pridhami and F. martis infected gastropods by penetrating the foot but those ingested penetrated the gut wall and developed successfully. Besides the foot, larvae developed on, or within, the body wall, in the mantle, on the gut, on the surface of the liver, in the buccal mass, salivary gland, and rarely in the albumen gland of molluscs. At 22–23 °C the first molt occurred on the 5th to 6th day, the second on the 13th; the three larval stages are described. The prepatent period of A. pridhami was 21–28 days, F. martis 41–53 days. Mink invariably vomited when fed infective larvae of A. pridhami but not when fed F. martis. Infective larvae of A. pridhami became encapsulated in the liver of mice, small birds, and frogs but on the intestines and mesenteries of goldfish. F. martis larvae became encapsulated in the liver of mice. There is a sigmoidal relationship between temperature and activity of first-stage larvae of A. pridhami. Young D. gracile fed and became infected with A. pridhami and F. martis at temperatures as low as 5 °C. Desiccation killed larvae in a few minutes and they survived freezing temperatures for only 4 to 5 days.
SEROLOGY OF INSECT PROTEINS: I. PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE PROTEINS OF INSECT CUTICLE
Authors: Downe A. E. R.
Published: August 2008

Precipitin tests on extracts of larval cuticle of the housefly (Musca domestica L.) showed the presence of several antigenic protein components, and variations in the protein composition of cuticle during larval development were also demonstrated. One antigenic component from third-instar larval cuticle possessed phenol–oxidase activity. When this component was injected into rabbits, the resulting antibodies had an inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity. A considerable degree of serological specificity was exhibited in precipitin tests by the cuticular proteins of seven species representing four orders of insects.
UNUSUAL OVIPOSITOR DEVELOPMENT IN A FEMALE HYBRID BETWEEN FEMALE ACHEILOGNATHUS TABIRA AND MALE ACHEILOGNATHUS LIMBATA (CYPRINIDAE, TELEOSTEI)
Authors: Honma Yoshiharu , Wit J. J. Duyvené de
Published: August 2008

An abnormal female hybrid between female Acheilognathus tabira and male Acheilognathus limbata is described which showed an elongated ovipositor, although most of its eggs were in a state of degeneration. Unusual round follicles also were present in the ovary, Histomorphological data on the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands are presented, and an attempt is made to relate them to ovipositor growth.
ON THE DEVELOPMENT, MORPHOLOGY, AND EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF DIPLOTRIAENA BARGUSINICA (FILARIOIDEA : DIPLOTRIAENIDAE)
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Eggs of Diplotriaena bargusinica from worms found in a Hylocichla fuscescens from Algonquin Park, Ontario, hatched and developed in the fat body of grasshoppers (Melanoplus bilituratus, M. fasciatus, Camnula pellucida). At approximately 30–33 °C the first molt took place on the 9–11th day, the second on the 14–16th day. Most second- and third-stage larvae were enveloped in capsules, more than one larva often being present in a single capsule. The larval stages from grasshoppers are described. Grasshoppers with infective larvae were fed to two H. fuscescens, one H. ustulata. one Turdus migratorius, and one Quiscalus quiscula. Subadult worms were found in the two H. fuscescens and the H. ustulata 55–301 days later but none was found in the other birds examined 78–97 days later. Late fourth-stage larvae from the heart and aorta of a nestling H. ustulata captured in the field are described. It is believed tridents first make their appearance during development in the definitive host from the infective stage to the fourth stage. Observations on the morphology of adult D. bargusinica are also reported.
PARASITISM OF MOSQUITO LARVAE BY THE NEMATODE, DD136 (NEMATODA: NEOAPLECTANIDAE)
Authors: Welch H. E. , Bronskill Joan F.
Published: August 2008

In laboratory tests the nematode, DD136, was quickly encapsulated after it penetrated the gut wall and invaded the prothoracic body cavity of larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.). When few nematodes were present, most became encapsulated, but when many were present, few were encapsulated. Similar encapsulation of the nematode occurred in tests of local Aedes spp. An undetermined diplogasterid nematode was found to be naturally encapsulated by A. stimulans (Walker). Encapsulation usually does not postpone host death from the pathogenic bacteria transported by the nematode. Larvae that survive and contain capsules take longer to become adults, and often die at pupation or adult emergence. Host reaction inactivates the nematode but the nematode and its bacteria have potential use as a biological control agent.
ENCAPSULATION OF RHABDITOID NEMATODES IN MOSQUITOES
Authors: Bronskill Joan F.
Published: August 2008

In third and fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.), juveniles of the rhabditoid, DD136, penetrate the blood sinus and cardial epithelium of the proventriculus to enter the body cavity of the host, where they complete their development. By 5 hours, a thick capsule developed about many of the ensheathed immature adults of DD136 within the body cavity of A. aegypti larvae. This rapid defence reaction of the mosquito to DD136, which has both a melanin and a cellular manifestation, occurs both in the exotic mosquito A. aegypti and in the two endemic species tested, Aedes stimulans (Walker) and Aedes trichurus (Dyar). The resistance of A. stimulans to an endemic rhabditoid, possibly of the Diplogasteridae, is also similar. The histological structure of the capsule is not affected during metamorphosis in A. aegypti; however, during histogenesis of adult tissue displacement and (or) distortion of some tissues and organs may be caused by the presence of the capsule within the host's body cavity. The activity of the adult A. aegypti is normal when this distortion or displacement is minor. Though usually encapsulated DD136 are retained within the body cavity of A. aegypti during metamorphosis, sometimes they are partially or completely expelled from the host's body cavity at the time of molting.
THE METAZOAN PARASITES OF THE HETEROSOMATA OF THE GULF OF THE ST. LAWRENCE: VII. NEMATODA AND ACANTHOCEPHALA
Authors: Ronald Keith
Published: August 2008

The nematode and acanthocephalan fauna of six species of flat fish from the Gulf of St. Lawrence is described.
HISTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF 3-TRIFLUORMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL (TFM) ON LARVAL LAMPREY AND TROUT
Authors: Christie Ronald M. , Battle Helen I.
Published: August 2008

Larvae of the lamprey, Entosphenus lamottei (Le Sueur), and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, were exposed to the sodium salt of 3-trifluormethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in concentrations of 0.75 p.p.m., 3.00 p.p.m., and 6.00 p.p.m. Microscopic examination of changes induced in the gills, liver, cloacal region, and musculature were made on 7-micron sections stained with Harris' haematoxylin and Bowie's eosin, and in the gill region with periodic acid Schiff reagent. A comparison of the degree of the effects in the two species was made by planimetry of the vascular, cellular, and edematous areas from enlarged drawings of sections.Upon exposure to lethal concentrations of TFM, the body of the larval lamprey becomes distended at the pharyngeal level and heavy cords of mucus emerge from the external gill clefts. A deep red coloration is evident in the pharyngeal region consequent upon vasodilatation of the arterioles and capillaries of the gill filaments. Trout exhibit a similar vasodilatation of the gills together with increased mucous secretion. Edema in the connective tissue between the respiratory epithelium and the vascular endothelium is induced in both species. After prolonged exposure to TFM, the mucous cells in the lining of the branchial chamber and covering the tips of the gill filaments are actively discharging their secretions or completely spent.Certain effects induced by TFM in the larval lamprey are not evident in the trout. The cloacal region takes on a deep red coloration due to dilatation of the venous sinuses and the liver becomes reddish because of sinusoidal dilatation. Extensive edema of the fibrous connective tissue of the skeletal musculature is characteristically present. A slightly increased secretory activity of mucous-secreting cells may occur in the epidermis.With the techniques employed in this study, there was no evidence in either species of cytological or histological changes in the nervous tissue, cardiac musculature, notochord, alimentary canal (including the haemopoietic typhlosole of the lamprey), or mesonephros.
THE FRIGHT REACTION IN NORTH AMERICAN FISH
Authors: Pfeiffer Wolfgang
Published: August 2008

The fright reaction was found in five species of North American Cyprinidae including the predaceous northern squawfish, and in two species of Catostomidae. The threshold for Cyprinidae is 1/1000 N ("normal") extract or lower, that for Catostomidae at least a 1/100 N extract. The cyprinid species reacted very strongly to extract from other Cyprinidae but less strongly to catostomid extract; catostomid species reacted strongly to extract from other Catostomidae but less strongly to cyprinid extract. Salmon extract did not produce any reaction in Cyprinidae or Catostomidae. The epidermis of all species studied contained alarm substance cells; the epidermis of the Catostomidæ was very similar to that of the Cyprinidae. There was a relationship between number and size of the alarm substance cells (histology) and the quantity of alarm substance in the fish skin (physiology). The ability to respond to the alarm substance first appeared in young redside shiners at an age of 42 days, in young zebrafish at an age of 32 days, when the fish were kept at 26 °C.
SEASONAL ANNULI IN THE CEMENTUM OF THE TEETH OF BARREN GROUND CARIBOU
Authors: McEwan Eoin H.
Published: August 2008

Annular growth layers in the cementum of the incisor teeth of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) consisted of light and dark zones. The seasonal deposition of cementum is such that each dark zone or rest line represents one winter season. Because cemental deposition in a permanent incisor does not commence until the time of eruption, about 8 months after birth, 1 year must be added to the number of growth layers in determining the age of an animal.
THE HISTOLOGY OF TAIL REGENERATION IN THE AMMOCOETES
Authors: Niazi I. A.
Published: August 2008

Ammocoetes of both Petromyzon marinus and Entosphenus lamottenii are able to regenerate morphologically complete tails, although at a slow rate. This ability persists in the lampreys throughout the larval life. Regeneration occurs via dedifferentiation of stump tissues and formation of the blastema. The tissues in the posterior region of the stump lose their specialized features and release dedifferentiated mononucleate cells, which migrate distally to form the blastema under the epidermal cap covering the amputation surface. Great mitotic activity appears in the tissues of the posterior part of the stump during the process of dedifferentiation following amputation of the tail. The blastema is formed by cellular contributions from the muscles, notochord, cartilaginous elements, and the general connective tissue of the stump. All these tissues arise de novo in the regenerated tail from redifferentiation of the blastema cells, and follow the ontogenetic mode of development not only in histogenesis but also in the sequence in which they appear. No precocious developments occur in the regenerating tails of the lamprey larvae. For the redifferentiation of the notochord in the blastema an actual histological connection with the stump notochord is not necessary. The regeneration of the spinal cord, after tail amputation, is also largely a new development involving a great degree of dedifferentiation followed by redifferentiation of the cells derived from the corresponding organ in the stump. The regenerated spinal cord is anatomically a complete organ. At least three to four pairs of spinal ganglia are regenerated.
THE SUBFAMILY BLATTISOCINAE GARMAN (=ACEOSEJINAE EVANS) (ACARINA: BLATTISOCIDAE GARMAN) (=ACEOSEJIDAE BAKER AND WHARTON) IN NORTH AMERICA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES
Authors: Chant D. A.
Published: August 2008

The genera and species of the subfamily Blattisocinae that occur in North America are described, mostly figured, and keyed. The genera are Arctoseius Thor, Leioseius Berlese, Iphidozercon Berlese, Neojordensia Evans, Proctolaelaps Berlese, Lasioseius Berlese, Melichares Hering, and Blattisocius Keegan. The 32 previously known species that are recorded are Arctoseius laterincisus Thor, A. ornatus Evans, A. cetratus (Sellnick) A. weberi Evans, A. multidentatus Evans, A. confusus Lindquist, A. idiodactylus Lindquist. A. minor Lindquist, A. robustus Lindquist, Leioseius minusculus (Berlese), Neojordensia levis (Oudemans & Voigts), Proctolaelaps pygmaeus (Muller), P. curtipilis (Chant) comb, nov., P. longipilis (Chant) comb, nov., P. utahensis (Chant) comb, nov., P. vandenbergi (Ryke), P. bickleyi (Bram) comb, nov., P. robustus Evans, P. mariposus (Fox) comb, nov,, Lasioseius berlesei (Oudemans), L. confusus Evans, L. bispinosus Evans, L. allii Chant, L. penicilliger Berlese, L. ometes (Oudemans), L. scapulatus Kennett, L. floridensis Berlese, L. mexicanus (Banks), Blaltisocius tarsalis (Berlese), B. keegani Fox, B. dentriticus (Berlese), and B. bakeri (Chant) comb. nov. Twenty-five new species are described and these are Leioseius californicus sp. n., Iphidozercon californicus sp. n., Neojordensia orientalis sp. n., Proctolaelaps myrmestrans sp. n., P. lepidus sp. n., P. hurlbutti sp. n., P. citri sp. n., P. reticulatus sp. n., P. pacificus sp. n., P. peregrinus sp. n., Lasioseius americanus sp. n., L. phytoseioides sp. n., L. mcgregori sp. n., L. fleschneri sp. n., L. matthyssei sp, n., L. krantzi sp, n., L. lanceolatus sp. n., L. drosophili sp. n., L. cynari sp. n., L. dendroctoni sp. n., L. arboreus sp. n., L. subterraneus sp. n., L. meridionalis sp. n., L. multisetus sp. n., and Melichares grandis sp. n. The literature on the ecology of these is reviewed and it is suggested that some species may be of value in regulating the abundance of other mites and small arthropods that are pests.Changes in nomenclature that are introduced are as follows: Proctolaelaps lewisi (Garman and McGregor) and Garmania garmanis McGregor are synonyms of P. bickleyi (Bram). Blattisocius bakeri (Chant) is not a synonym of B. mali (Oudemans).
THE MALES OF CRICONEMA MENZELI (STEFAŃSKI, 1924) TAYLOR, 1936 AND C. OCTANGULARE (COBB, 1914) TAYLOR, 1936 (CRICONEMATIDAE: TYLENCHIDA)
Authors: Hopper B. E.
Published: August 2008

The males of Criconema menzeli and C. octangulare are described for the first time. Cobb's description of the male of C. squamosum as possessing a spear is regarded as being taken from a young specimen that has just undergone the last molt and has yet to shed the cuticle. The male of C. georgiensis Kirjanova, 1958 is regarded as incertae sedis.
THE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERS AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR OF GONADECTOMIZED STICKLEBACKS TREATED WITH METHYL TESTOSTERONE
Authors: Wai Evelyn Hui , Hoar William S.
Published: August 2008

Treatment of intact juvenile or gonadectomized adult male and female stickle-backs with methyl testosterone, either by immersion in dilute solutions or by implantation of pellets into the body cavity, induces male secondary sex characters. The effect, as quantified by measurements of the height of the brush border tubules in the mesonephros, is the same in both sexes and reaches a maximum in 3 to 4 weeks. Both the gonadectomized males and females develop prespawning aggressive and territorial behavior if maintained 4 or 5 weeks under long-day photoperiods (16-hour day alternating with 8-hour darkness). Such behavior does not appear under a short photoperiod. The administration of methyl testosterone does not intensify aggressive behavior in either the 8-hour or 16-hour photoperiod fish. The combined effects of long photoperiods and methyl testosterone induces nest-building behavior (characteristic of normal breeding males) in 50% to 60% of the castrated males and about 6% of the gonadectomized females. The behavior of the treated males is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to naturally matured fish but that of the females shows differences. Although male sexual behavior may also be induced in androgen treated castrates it has not been observed in the females under comparable experimental procedures.
THE THYROID GLAND AND LOW-TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE OF GOLDFISH
Authors: Hoar W. S. , Eales J. G.
Published: August 2008

Although mammalian thyroid-stimulating hormone increases the low temperature resistance of goldfish, there is no evidence that the increased low-temperature resistance induced by either temperature acclimation or photoperiod control is operating by way of the thyroid gland. Likewise, no evidence was found for increased release of thyroid hormone during cold stress. Mammalian thyrotropin stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone in goldfish as measured by radiochemical methods. Small doses produce a maximum elevation of plasma-bound radioiodine within 9 to 12 hours. A somewhat higher dosage of TSH seems to be required to stimulate the uptake of radioiodine by the thyroid.
SEASONAL ACCLIMATIZATION IN WILD RATS (RATUS NORVEGICUS)
Authors: Hart J. S. , Heroux O.
Published: August 2008

Wild rats were collected from dumps at Cornwall, Ontario, and Kingston, Ontario, during summer and winter, and oxygen consumption was measured at various temperatures from 30 °C to −61 °C. Oxygen consumption varied with body weight0.83 over a size range of 100 to 400 g and was slightly but significantly higher for males than for females. The relation of oxygen consumption to temperature was similar in rats collected during summer and winter over the temperature range from 20° to about −10 °C but at lower and higher temperatures winter rats had higher metabolic rates. When tested at −40° the oxygen consumption of winter-caught rats was maintained for at least 50 minutes while that of the summer-caught rats declined progressively. It is concluded that wild rats exhibit a metabolic acclimatization to seasonal changes in their environment.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF THE ACROSOME IN THE SPERM OF LUMBRICUS TERRESTRIS L.
Authors: Cameron M. L. , Fogal W. H.
Published: August 2008

The formation and final structure of the acrosome of the sperm of Lumbricus terrestris L. are described on the basis of an electron microscope study. The acrosome is compared with others described on the same basis, and it is concluded that invertebrate acrosomes form a series from simple to complex, with the Lumbricus sperm one of the most complex, both in manner of formation and in final structure.
THE MONONCHIDAE: A FAMILY OF PREDACEOUS NEMATODES: V. GENERA SPORONCHULUS, GRANONCHULUS, AND PRIONCHULOIDES N. GEN. (ENOPLIDA : MONONCHIDAE)
Authors: Mulvey Roland H.
Published: August 2008

Females of Sporonchulus minutus n. sp. are illustrated and described. S. dentatus, S. recessus, and S. ibitensis are redescribed and illustrated. Females of Granonchulus decurrens are described and illustrated for the first time. Brachonchulus brachuroides is transferred to the genus Granonchulus and a new genus, Prionchuloides, is set up to accommodate the former Judonchulus micoletzki.Brachonchulus sumatrensis and Judonchulus brakenhoffi are placed in species inquirendae. Taxonomic keys are provided for the three genera and species within each.
ABNORMALITIES IN THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF A PREDACEOUS NEMATODE, PRIONCHULUS MUSCORUM
Authors: Mulvey Roland H.
Published: August 2008

Two bivulvar females of the predaceous nematode, Prionchulus muscorum, are described and illustrated. Only two specimens exhibiting bivulvarity were found among the several thousand Mononchidae examined.
AN EFFECT OF WATER HARDNESS IN THE THERMAL RESISTANCE OF THE RAINBOW TROUT, SALMO GAIRDNERII RICHARDSON
Authors: Craigie David E.
Published: August 2008

Two groups of Salmo gairdnerii were reared from fertilization in hard and soft waters, and the thermal resistance of the yearling trout was measured for both groups in soft and saline waters at 27, 28, and 29 °C. In all cases a history of rearing in soft water resulted in a greater resistance to thermal stress than did a history of rearing in hard water. Increased salinity of the testing medium resulted in an increase in thermal resistance.
MARINE NEMATODES FROM THE COAST LINE OF THE GULF OF MEXICO: III. ADDITIONAL SPECIES FROM GULF SHORES, ALABAMA
Authors: Hopper B. E.
Published: August 2008

Ten free-living marine nemas, including two new genera, seven new species, and a new subspecies, are recorded from the coast of Alabama (Halalaimus longisetosus n. sp., Pareurystomina acuminatum (de Man), Ditlevsenella filipjevi n. sp., Hypodontolaimus solivagus n. sp., Monoposthioides anonopsthia n. gen., n. sp., Anomonema haplostoma n. gen., n. sp., Axonolaimus paraponticus n. sp., Synodontium sansingi n. sp., Xyala striata Cobb, and Rhabditis bengalensis mexicana n. subsp.). Keys to the genera Ditlevsenella, Axonolaimus, and Synodontium are presented. A new genus, Synodontoides, is established for Axonolaimus procerus, which has characters intermediate between Axonolaimus and Synodontium. The nature and distribution of setae and hypodermal glands are discussed.
THE DESCRIPTION AND LIFE CYCLE OF MARITREMA LARICOLA SP. N. (TREMATODA: MICROPHALLIDAE)
Authors: Ching Hilda Lei
Published: August 2008

Maritrema laricola sp. n. from the intestine of the glaucous-winged gull, Larus glaucescens, differs from other species in the genus in having an elongate body, small cirrus sac, and short, curved cirrus. The life cycle of the species was followed from sporocyst stage in Littorina scutulata and Littorina sitchana, to the metacercarial stage in Hemigrapsus oregonensis and H. nudus, and to the adult in natural and experimental hosts. In experimental infections of H. oregonensis, the cercariae penetrate and develop in the gills after which they migrate to the haemocoel of the crab and encyst. The metacercariae are fully developed in from 6 to 9 weeks, and similar in size and morphology to natural infections in crabs. Excystment of the metacercariae occurs in the following cultures at 40 °C: 3% pepsin plus 1% HCl, 0.85% saline, and seawater diluted 1:4. Metacercariae live for about 3 days in diluted seawater but do not produce eggs in any of the cultures. Only immature worms were recovered from mice and newly hatched chicks when they were fed the metacercariae, but mature worms were found in natural and experimental infections of the glaucous-winged gull. In a review of the genus Maritrema, the following transfers are made: Maritrema uca Sarkisian, 1957 to the genus Mecynophallus Cable, Connor, and Balling, 1960, and Maritreminoides raminellae Dery, 1958 to Pseudospelotrema Yamaguti, 1939.
THE LIFE CYCLE AND BIONOMICS OF LEVINSENIELLA CHARADRIFORMIS YOUNG, 1949 (TREMATODA: MICROPHALLIDAE)
Authors: Ching Hilda Lei
Published: August 2008

Successive stages in the life cycle of Levinseniella charadriformis are described: sporocysts are found in the snail, Littorina scutulata; metacercariae parasitize the crabs Hemigrapsus oregonensis and Hemigrapsus nudus; adults were recovered from naturally infected gulls, Larus glaucescens, and experimentally infected L. glaucescens, mice, ducklings, chicks, goldfish, and frogs.In experimental infections of crabs, cercariae enter the gills, pass to the ventral blood sinuses and connective tissues, encyst, and develop rapidly. Three weeks after infection, the metacercariae have gonads, traces of the terminal genitalia, and stylets. Metacercariae removed from crabs at 5 weeks and placed in seawater cultures at 40 °C excyst and produce eggs. At 7 weeks, a thick cyst layer of host origin prevents excystment but the metacercariae still produce eggs in in vitro cultures. At this time, the metacercarial cysts resemble those found in natural infections of crabs.Temperatures of 30° and 40°, but not 23 °C, stimulated egg production in worms kept in seawater and seawater diluted 1:4; ovigerous worms lived up to 4 days. Experimental hosts such as goldfish and frogs that were kept at elevated temperatures were successfully infected with L. charadriformis.The complicated terminal genitalia of Levinseniella are discussed and adaptations to self-fertilization are suggested for L. charadriformis.
ON THE TWO GENERA ARTHROCEPHALUS ORTLEPP, 1925 AND PLACOCONUS WEBSTER, 1956
Authors: Balasingam E.
Published: August 2008

The status of the genera Arthrocephalus and Placoconus is discussed. Careful consideration of buccal capsule characters, host records, and geographical distribution of species belonging to the two genera indicates that Webster has rightly placed Arthrocephalus lotoris and A. maxillaris in the new genus Placoconus.
LARVAL TREMATODES PARASITIZING LYMNAEA STAGNALIS APPRESSA SAY IN ONTARIO WITH EMPHASIS ON MULTIPLE INFECTIONS
Authors: Bourns T. K. R.
Published: August 2008

A total of 1659 Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say were examined for trematode infection. Of these, 571 shed one, 215 shed two, and 15 shed three species of cercariae. Most of the snails, including at least one with three other species, contained metacercariae of Cotylurus flabelliformis. It is suggested that infection of snails by one trematode species may increase or decrease the mollusc's susceptibility to subsequent infection by other trematode larvae.
THE GROWTH OF THE ADRENAL GLAND OF LABORATORY AND FIELD VOLES, AND CHANGES IN IT DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Chitty Helen , Clarke J. R.
Published: August 2008

In laboratory-bred voles of either sex which weigh more than 22 g, adrenal gland weight remains constant as body weight increases. Females have larger adrenals than males, this difference becoming accentuated after animals have become sexually mature. Adrenals of pregnant voles are larger than those of nulliparous animals, but do not increase in weight with increase in body weight. However, adrenals of field males and pregnant field females increase in weight with increase in body weight.Difference in weight between adrenals of male and female laboratory voles could be due to a reduction in size of the X zone of the adrenal cortex in males, brought about by androgens. But since, in the field, adrenal weight increases with body weight, it is supposed that further factors (e.g. effects of social interactions) are influencing the adrenal cortex of field animals.The increase in size of the adrenals of voles in their first pregnancy is associated with an increase in the size of the X zone. This enlargement itself increases as pregnancy proceeds and could be caused by a rising level of L.H. and (or) a decreasing titer of androgens.
SOME EFFECTS OF GONADOTROPIC HORMONES ON THE THREESPINE STICKLEBACK, GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS
Authors: Ahsan S. Nazar , Hoar William S.
Published: August 2008

Sticklebacks collected during the autumn and maintained under 8-hour daily photoperiods did not mature sexually; their gonads remained in the condition characteristic of late summer and autumn fish in nature and probably did not change after the fish were placed under controlled photoperiods. No stimulation of the gametogenetic and related tissues occurred when these fish were treated with purified mammalian FSH (Armour) but LH (Armour) produced a maturation of all gonads to stages characteristic of late winter and spring fish; with LH, 80% of the individuals attained the stages of sexually mature fish in nature. Chorionic gonadotropins (Organon) also had a stimulatory effect but were considerably less active than the LH; PMS was more effective than HCG. TSH (Parke Davis or Organon) had a marked gonadotropic action as well as the expected thyrotropic effect and stimulated the reproductive organs to about the same degree as the chorionic gonadotropins. Crude extracts of alcohol-preserved salmon pituitaries were only mildly active but stimulated all gonads to stages beyond those normally found in the late summer and autumn.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON ENTAMOEBA: I. TEMPERATURE: A MICROCLIMATIC FACTOR IN THE CULTIVATION OF THREE SPECIES OF ENTAMOEBA
Authors: Lachance Brother Philippe J.
Published: August 2008

By serial transfers at progressively increasing or decreasing temperatures, polyxenic substrains of E. terrapinae, E. invadens, and E. moshkovskii were established at 13 temperatures ranging from 5 to 36.5 °C and maintained there from 51 to 694 days. At constant extraoptimal temperatures (33–36.5 and 15–5 °C), amoebae were at first fewer, larger, and less active than at optimum; cysts were also larger. After adaptation, numbers and average sizes tended to be nearly as at optimum. Preadaptation and (or) adaptation permitted serial cultivation at wider temperature ranges than had been reported by other authors. The following points are also discussed: (a) advantages to E. terrapinae of growth at 5 °C, (b) taxonomic significance of marked difference in lower critical temperatures of E. invadens (12.5 °C) and E. terrapinae (5 °C), (c) previously unreported temporary cyst formation in these reptilian species, (d) tendency of trophozoites to become rounded or sluggish, (e) possible explanation of abnormal size.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON THE YEARLY HIBERNATING BEHAVIOR OF CAPTIVE GOLDEN-MANTLED GROUND SQUIRRELS (CITELLUS LATERALIS TESCORUM)
Authors: Pengelley Eric T. , Fisher Kenneth C.
Published: August 2008

The state of torpidity (hibernation), the food consumption, and the weight of a number of C. lateralis were recorded daily, weekly, and weekly, respectively, for periods up to 2 years. At ambient temperatures of 32° F, 70° F, and 95–100° F and under constant lighting conditions, all animals displayed an approximately 1-year cyclic variation in weight which roughly paralleled the consumption of food. Under these constant conditions of light and temperature the animals subjected to 32° F and 70° F hibernated, i.e., their body temperature dropped nearly to the ambient and they became torpid. The body temperature of animals kept at 95–100° F could not drop and these animals did not become torpid.Hibernation could not be induced by removal of food but was greatly prolonged if food was not present in the cages at the time the whole hibernation period was ending. The onset of hibernation could be changed only slightly by changing the day lengths. Hibernation was possible only at a specific stage of the weight cycle. The length of the weight cycle was shortened by exposure to an ambient temperature of 95–100° F. By manipulation of the length of the exposure to the high temperature it was possible to have animals hibernating in summer and active in winter. It was not possible to produce a similar shift in the phase of the weight cycle, and hence of hibernation, by changing the lighting conditions.
SOMATIC CHROMOSOMES OF HIGHER DIPTERA: VII. SARCOPHAGID SPECIES IN RELATION TO THEIR TAXONOMY
Authors: Boyes J. W.
Published: August 2008

The karyotypes of 12 species of Sarcophagidae are described in detail. These species are Wohlfahrtia meigeni (Schin.), Wohlfahrtia opaca (Coq.), Helicobia sp., and Helicobia rapax Walk., Neobellieria bullata (Park.), Sarcophaga exuberans Pand., Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macq. (including collections identified as Sarcophaga securifera Vill.), Sarcophaga argyrostoma R.D. (including Parasarcophaga argyrostoma Desv., Sarcophaga falculata Pand.), Hystricocnema plinthopyga (Wied.), Paraphrissopoda chrysostoma (Wied.), Euboettcheria sp., Sarcophaga occipitalis Thorns., Boettcheria cimbicis (Towns.), All of these species have six pairs of chromosomes. The heterochromatic X-chromosomes are usually acrocentric and vary greatly in length in different species. The heterochromatic Y-chromosomes are smaller than the corresponding X-chromosomes. Autosomal pairs of different species differ in relative length, arm ratios, and the locations of secondary constrictions. These, with other published descriptions, provide data on the karyotypes of a total of 24 species in this family. These accumulated chromosomal data are considered in relation to Roback's classification of the subfamily Sarcophaginae.
REDESCRIPTION OF CYCLODONTOSTOMUM PURVISI ADAMS, 1933, A HOOKWORM PARASITE OF MALAYAN GIANT RATS
Authors: Balasingam E.
Published: August 2008

A hookworm (Cyclodontostomum purvisi) from Malayan giant rats is redescribed and its possible relationship with other genera of hookworms discussed.
CRICONEMA BAKERI N. SP. (CRICONEMATIDAE: NEMATODA)
Authors: Wu Liang-Yu
Published: August 2008

Criconema bakeri n. sp. was collected in Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada, from soil under a sugar maple tree (Acer saccharum Marsh) in July, 1961. It is similar to Criconema. inaequale Taylor, 1936, in having transparent cuticular outgrowths that are not in definite longitudinal rows, but differs in that the anterior flap of the vulva extends backward characteristically, overlapping most of the following annule, which is pressed caudad showing a button-like projection, distinguishing it from C. inaequale and other species.
EVIDENCE FOR THE LYSOSOMAL NATURE OF THE PAS-POSITIVE GRANULES IN THE PURKINJE CELL OF THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX IN THE ADULT CAT
Authors: Chouinard L. A.
Published: August 2008

In the adult cat, the Purkinje cell of the cerebellar cortex contains PAS-positive granules distributed more or less at random within the pericaryone and the primary dendritic branches. In the present study, evidence has been obtained indicating that such granules exhibit enzymatic activities characteristic of the cytoplasmic organelles known as lysosomes. Frozen sections of the cerebellar cortex, fixed in chilled formol–calcium and stained according to histochemical procedures for the detection of acid hydrolases, indeed reveal that the granules in question possess high levels of acid phosphatase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, and arylsulphatase activities. Further support for our conclusion comes from electron microscope observations of osmium-fixed material which show that the PAS-positive granules are solid organelles possessing ultrastructural features characteristic of the lysosomes in general. These features include a single, usually complete, limiting membrane; a 70 to 100 Å wide electron-transparent zone separating the limiting membrane from the organelle matrix proper; a matrix consisting of a fine, rather homogeneous, grainy material of moderate electron opacity which often contains ill-defined masses or clumps made up of a more electron-dispersing substance.
RESPIRATION OF FISHES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON STANDARD OXYGEN CONSUMPTION: I. INFLUENCE OF WEIGHT AND TEMPERATURE ON RESPIRATION OF GOLDFISH, CARASSIUS AURATUS L.
Authors: Beamish F. W. H. , Mookherjii P. S.
Published: August 2008

Standard oxygen consumption of goldfish was estimated in relation to weight and temperature from simultaneous measurements of routine oxygen uptake and spontaneous activity. The relation between weight and standard oxygen consumption was expressed as a logarithmic linear regression. For a given shift in temperature, the proportionate change in standard oxygen consumption appears to be independent of weight. The mean slope of the regressions was found to be 0.850.The standard rate of a 100-g goldfish increased linearly, on a semilogarithmic grid, over the temperature range of 10 to 35 °C. The estimates found in the present study were less than the lowest applicable values that could be found in the literature.The average routine rate of oxygen consumption suggests that goldfish display a considerable amount of spontaneous activity despite the elimination of external stimuli.
RESPIRATION OF FISHES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON STANDARD OXYGEN CONSUMPTION: II. INFLUENCE OF WEIGHT AND TEMPERATURE ON RESPIRATION OF SEVERAL SPECIES
Authors: Beamish F. W. H.
Published: August 2008

Standard oxygen consumption, as estimated by simultaneously measuring spontaneous activity and oxygen consumption, for five species of freshwater fishes, was measured in relation to weight and temperature. The fish studied were brown trout, Sulmo trutta; brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis; common white sucker, Catostomus commersonii; brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus; and carp, Cyprinus carpio. When expressed on a logarithmic grid, standard oxygen uptake increased linearly with weight for all species. The proportionate change in standard oxygen consumption for a given change in temperature appears to be independent of size within each species. The mean slope values of the regressions found for brown trout, brook trout, common white sucker, brown bullhead, and carp are 0.877, 1.052, 0.864, 0.925, and 0.894, respectively.The standard rates of oxygen consumption found in the present investigation are less in most cases than the lowest applicable values that could be found in the literature.Spontaneous activity, expressed in terms of average oxygen consumption over the standard rate, varied with temperature. Maximum spontaneous activity for a given species coincided roughly with its preferendum temperature.
REVISED CURVES FOR WATER ABSORPTION BY THE EGGS OF THE HOUSE CRICKET, ACHETA DOMESTICUS (L.)
Authors: McFarlane J. E. , Furneaux P. J. S.
Published: August 2008

Two features of the changing hydration of the egg after the initial water absorption period are described, and possible causes of these features are discussed in relation to changes occurring during this period in the shell.
OLFACTORY PERCEPTION IN JUVENILE SALMON: II. CONDITIONED RESPONSE OF JUVENILE SOCKEYE SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA) TO LAKE WATERS
Authors: McBride J. R. , Fagerlund U. H. M. , Smith M. , Tomlinson N.
Published: August 2008

Sockeye salmon smolts were conditioned to distinguish between waters from two natural sockeye nursery systems, Great Central Lake (from which the smolts were obtained) and Cultus Lake. The attractant from each water was volatile, but that from Great Central Lake was the more readily volatilized of the two. Volatile material from Great Central Lake water was collected and shown to evoke a response in the group of fish conditioned to whole Great Central Lake water.
GNATHOSTOMA MIYAZAKII N. SP. FROM THE OTTER (LUTRA C. CANADENSIS) WITH COMMENTS ON G. SOCIALE (LEIDY, 1858) OF MINK (MUSTELA VISON)
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Gnathostoma miyasakii n. sp. from the kidneys of Lutra c. canadensis in Ontario, Canada, is mainly distinguished from other members of the genus by the presence of a terminal digitiform appendage in the male, and a relatively long, tapering tail in the female. In addition, the male caudal extremity has rows of tiny bosses rather than spines; the posterior part of the female body lacks spines; the eggs have a thickening at one pole only; and the vulva is a short distance anterior to the anus. Specimens of G. social, some identified by Leidy, are briefly described. G. sociale is evidently close to G. spinigerum but more study will be necessary before its status can be clarified further.
THE CARBON DIOXIDE RELATED BEHAVIOR OF THE ADULTS OF ORTHOSOMA BRUNNEUM (FORSTER) (COLEOPTERA, CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Paim U. , Beckel W. E.
Published: August 2008

Adult males and mated and unmated adult females of O. brunneum (a wood-boring beetle) were tested in situations where they could select CO2of different concentrations. Oviposition by the beetles in relation to different concentrations of CO2was also observed. The males did not respond to CO2. The unmated females occurred most frequently in places containing decaying wood or CO2of a higher concentration than is present in air. The mated females oviposited most frequently in places where the concentration of CO2was highest. Carbon dioxide probably plays a role in the selection of sites for oviposition by adult beetles in nature.
RESPIRATION OF FISHES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON STANDARD OXYGEN CONSUMPTION: III. INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN
Authors: Beamish F. W. H.
Published: August 2008

Standard oxygen consumption was determined in relation to various partial pressures of oxygen for eastern brook trout at 10° and 15 °C, and for carp and goldfish at 10° and 20 °C. Two conditions of oxygen acclimation were compared. In one case acclimation was to air saturation while in the other acclimation was to each of the partial pressures of oxygen applied.Down to a partial pressure of oxygen of approximately 80 mm Hg, standard oxygen uptake remained approximately constant, and further, the rates for the two differently acclimated groups were about equal. Below 80 mm Hg the standard rate first increased to a maximum and then, with a further reduction in the partial pressure, decreased. Below 80 mm Hg the standard rate of oxygen consumption was in all cases less for the fish acclimated to the low level of oxygen than for those acclimated to air saturation.Comparison of standard and active values suggests that the increase in standard rate of oxygen uptake in response to low oxygen does not reach the active level as suggested earlier by Fry (1947). The suggestion is made that a fraction of standard metabolism is derived anaerobically in low levels of oxygen. Further, it appears that acclimation to a low level of oxygen enhances the anaerobic fraction of standard metabolism.