bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three new species of freshwater crabs of the genus Pseudothelphusa (De Saussure, 1857) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pseudothelphusidae) from Mexico
Authors: OJEDA-ESCOTO JUAN CARLOS , VILLALOBOS JOSÉ LUIS , ÁLVAREZ FERNANDO
Published: January 2017

Three new species of freshwater crabs of the genus Pseudothelphusa (De Saussure, 1857) from south-central Mexico are described: Pseudothelphusa acahuizotla n. sp., P. ixtapan n. sp., and P. purhepecha n. sp. The new species are included in Pseudothelphusa due to a male gonopod with torsion and the presence of the characteristic mesial process and caudomarginal projection. Pseudothelphusa acahuizotla n. sp. is morphologically similar to P. belliana Rathbun, 1898, but can be distinguished by the relative size of the distal lobe of the caudomarginal projection and by the presence of a conical tooth on the caudal surface of the mesial process of the male gonopod. Pseudothelphusa ixtapan n. sp. is similar to P. dilatata Rathbun, 1898, and P. morelosis Pretzmann, 1968, and can be distinguished by a mesial process of the male gonopod with only one lateral tooth and an inferior margin with small teeth. Pseudothelphusa puerhepechae n. sp. exhibits a mesial process of the male gonopod with two triangular spines on its lateral margin, a character that with some variations is present in P. nayaritae Álvarez & Villalobos, 1994, P. rechingeri Pretzmann, 1965, P. lophophallus Rodríguez & Smalley, 1969, and P. parabelliana Álvarez 1989; but it can be distinguished by the separation and shape of the two spines of the mesial process and the shape of the lobes of the caudomarginal projection. With the new species described herein there are now 29 species in the genus Pseudothelphusa.
Gomphus kinzelbachi Schneider, 1984, in Iran: identification, habitat and behaviour (Odonata: Gomphidae)
Authors: SCHNEIDER THOMAS , IKEMEYER DIETMAR , FERREIRA SÓNIA , MÜLLER OLE
Published: January 2017

Gomphus kinzelbachi was described by Wolfgang Schneider (1984) on the basis of a single teneral male captured by B. L. Sage on the Alwand River in eastern Iraq. In late April to early May 2016 two of the authors (TS and DI) discovered three individual-rich populations of this species on the large lowland river Karkeh in southwestern Iran (Khuzestãn). This is the first report of a breeding population of this species. Based on collected material we confirmed the structural differences of the male secondary genitalia between G. kinzelbachi and G. davidi on a larger number of animals. The female of the species is described. Gomphus kinzelbachi resembles most closely G. davidi, compared to all other West-Palearctic Gomphus species. Therefore, a direct comparison of the two species is given, and additionally some differential diagnostic hints for two other Gomphus species reported from Iran is provided. Our observations suggest that G. kinzelbachi reproduces on large clean lowland rivers in SE Iraq and SW Iran. In SW Iran only a free flowing stretch of the Karkeh, one of three parallel rivers (Karkeh, Karoon, Dez), seems to be suitable for this species. The other two rivers are affected by dams, dam construction, and increasing salinization. Additional dam constructions are also planned on the Karkeh River, thus, G. kinzelbachi may be on the brink of extinction.
Unemployment and Gendered Divisions of Domestic Labor
Authors: Ström Sara
Published: January 2017

A certain level of gender inequality prevails in both families and societies, regardless of which countries are studied. This is, among other things, closely associated with the fact that women have the main responsibility for home and family. Here, I study whether unemployment is associated with alterations in the gendered division of domestic labor among Swedish men and women. Levels of domestic labor activity during periods of unemployment are explored, as well as the question of whether any associations persist after the individual re-enters employment. The data materials used are taken from the Swedish Longitudinal Study among the Unemployed 1992-1993, as well as the Swedish Level of Living Survey from 1991. The results indicate that although gender is the best predictor of levels of domestic labor activity, labor market status also affects levels of domestic labor activity. In other words, women are more active than men, but the unemployed are more active compared with the employed. The hypothesis that male unemployment is associated with a more equal division of domestic labor is thus supported. For women, the hypothesis that unemployment is related to an exacerbated unequal division of domestic labor receives support, although it is questionable whether unemployment has any permanent effects on activity in domestic labor, since the re-employed decrease their domestic labor activity.
Changing Trends in Angioedema
Authors: Cohen Erik G. , Soliman Ahmed M. S.
Published: January 2017

Angioedema can be a life-threatening event presenting to otolaryngologists, emergency medicine physicians, and other physicians. Recent reports suggest an increasing role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) in the causation of angioedema. Sixty-four cases occurring between 1994 and 1998 were identified and examined retrospectively. Fifty-eight percent of patients presenting with angioedema were using ACEIs. Ninety-four percent of patients overall, and 92% of patients with ACEI-associated angioedema, were African-American. Tongue, lip, facial, and supraglottic edema were most common. Treatment included intubation in 13% and intensive care unit monitoring in 20%. Nearly all patients were treated with corticosteroids and antihistamines. There were no deaths. Angioedema associated with ACEI use appears to be much more common than previously reported. African-American patients may be at higher risk for angioedema with ACEI use. Successful management was achieved with Observation, expectant airway management, corticosteroids, and discontinuation of ACEIs. Patients without airway obstruction or pharyngeal or laryngeal edema who improved with treatment and observation were successfully treated as outpatients.
Transillumination Laryngoscopy: A New Way of Evaluating Vocal Fold and Hypopharyngeal Lesions
Authors: Naito Akira , Hosako-Naito Yuki , Niimi Seiji
Published: January 2017

Conventional methods of observing the larynx and the hypopharynx use reflected light to illuminate the larynx. The aim of this study was to see whether transilluminating the larynx was possible in subjects with and without disease. The larynx and the hypopharynx were observed by means of a rigid scope with a low-light charge-coupled device camera without the light guide inserted. Illumination was provided by a second rigid scope attached to a light source that was held at the neck by an assistant. The larynx and hypopharynx were observed by transillumination using both constant lighting and stroboscopy in 3 subjects with pharyngeal or laryngeal lesions and in 4 normal controls. The tumors were translucent or nontranslucent in appearance. A translucent polyp became nontranslucent when overlapping the vocal fold, thus indicating that a lesion the size of a polyp could be evaluated with this method. Mucosal waves could be observed during stroboscopy with transillumination, thus allowing observation of waves and lesions that cannot be observed with conventional stroboscopy.
Comparison of Cyfra 21–1 and Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen in Detecting Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Lee Jong-Kang , Ho Yung-Jen , Hsieh Jih-Fang , Sun Shung-Shung , Tsai Shih-Chung , Kao Chia-Hung
Published: January 2017

CYFRA 21–1 is a newly developed tumor marker that is especially useful for detecting squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung. Squamous cell carcinoma antigen is a proven tumor marker that is especially useful for detecting SCC of the cervix. Our aim in this study was to compare the clinical value of CYFRA 21–1 and SCC antigen in the detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Serum levels of CYFRA 21–1 and SCC antigen were measured in 80 untreated NPC patients and 77 healthy controls. The cutoff values of CYFRA 21–1 and SCC antigen, determined at the 95th percentile of the 77 healthy controls, were 2.48 ng/mL and 1.49 ng/mL, respectively. The results revealed that the mean serum value of only CYFRA 21–1 was significantly higher in the 80 NPC patients than in the 77 healthy controls, and the detection sensitivity of CYFRA 21–1 for NPC was significantly higher than that of SCC antigen. In conclusion, our results suggest that CYFRA 21–1 is a better tumor marker than SCC antigen for detection of NPC.
On the Definition and Measurement of Small Power Status
Authors: Väyrynen Raimo
Published: January 2017

This article is aimed at describing and defining small power status. Definitions can explain either the extensional or intensional meaning of a concept. The intensional way of defining a concept is selected and on this basis the following possible defining characteristics of small powers are explored: low rank, high degree of penetration by environment, a given type of behavior, a distinct role and conflicting interests. The investigation leads to the conclusion that low rank is apparently the most useful, but also the most conventional defining characteristic. For this reason the author suggests that approaches based on the concepts of role and interest are worthy of closer investigation and that they may add new dimensions to the study of small powers and their behavior.
The Arctic Ocean and the Law of the Sea
Authors: Traavik Kim , Østreng Willy
Published: January 2017

Taking the deliberations of the UN Sea-Bed Committee as its point of departure, this article discusses the future legal and political status of the Arctic Ocean region. Basing their argument on the strategic, ecological and political uniqueness of the area, the authors reach the conclusion that the polar seas, beyond national jurisdiction, should be placed under the joint administration and control of the five Arctic littoral powers (the US, the USSR, Canada, Denmark and Norway) for the limited purpose of preventing serious and possibly cataclysmic disturbance of the fragile ecological equilibrium of the region. It is further maintained that a solution along these lines would not necessarily run counter to the 1970 UN Declaration of Principles concerning the internationalization of the deep seabed, since an Arctic Ocean Pollution Prevention Regime might be organized as a regional extension of a universal seabed regime.
A Preliminary Theory of the Effects of Task and Environmental Factors on Human Performance
Authors: Teichner Warren H. , Olson Diane E.
Published: January 2017

An attempt is made to develop a systematic approach to the prediction of human performance as a function of task variables and environmental factors. The approach uses the basic literature of experimental psychology and of physiology in a context in which postulates and assumptions about underlying processes and empirical relationships are made as specific as possible. This paper is a presentation of the postulates, assumptions, and models for handling them. Its aim is toward organization and feasibility rather than toward a final theory of human performance. What is presented is more in the nature of a model of what a general theory might be and the variables of importance rather than a theory as such.
Surface Practice, Level of Manual Dexterity, and Performance of an Underwater Assembly Task
Authors: Brady John I.
Published: January 2017

Performance of an underwater assembly task was examined as a function of surface practice and level of manual dexterity. Surface practice transferred positively to underwater performance of the task. Manual dexterity scores were positively correlated with underwater performance, but the results were not statistically significant.
The Incidence of Neurosurgical Disease in Patients who are Referred to a Neurosurgical Centre for CT Scanning: Should District General Hospital Scanners be More Active?
Authors: Choi D. , Taylor W.A. S.
Published: January 2017

This study assessed the incidence of neurosurgical intervention in those patients who were referred to a neurosurgical unit for a CT scan in whom the diagnosis was unclear. A prospective consecutive patient survey was performed over a 29 week period in a regional neurosurgical unit. One hundred patients were included. Twenty-eight patients required neurosurgical management, of whom, nine required surgery within 24 hours. Twenty-three patients required ventilation, of whom 14 did not have a neurosurgical condition. In this group of patients, the majority did not have a neurosurgical condition. Increasing the availability of scanning services in district hospitals may avoid the unnecessary transfer of potentially unstable patients.
An Audit of the Provision of Parenteral Nutrition in Two Acute Hospitals: Team versus Non-Team
Authors: Fettes S.B. , Lough M.
Published: January 2017

Studies have indicated that provision of artificial nutritional support services by a multidisciplinary nutrition support team results in significant health benefits and cost savings. An audit was conducted to compare the provision of parenteral nutrition in two hospitals, one with a nutrition support team and one without, with published standards for nutritional care. In the hospital with the nutrition support team there was greater use of nutritional assessment, the energy content of prescribed regimens and energy intake of patients was closer to estimated requirements and the incidence of some metabolic complications was lower. It has been recommended that a nutrition support team should be formed in the hospital that currently has no such facility.
The Role of Spiral Computed Tomography and D-Dimer in Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Adams F. G.
Published: January 2017

The first part of this study retrospectively compared the discriminatory power of spiral CT versus clinical findings in 112 consecutive patients referred with chest pain or dyspnoea. Spiral CT exhibited a sensitivity 91.9%; specificity 98.7%; PPV 97.1%; NPV 96.1%; accuracy 96.4%. No other test or clinical parameter had acceptable accuracy. The SimpliRED test is a latex method of estimating the level of D-dimer. The second part of this study determined that, in a similar consecutive series of patients referred for lung scintigrams, although SimpliRED tests had a NPV 95.5%, 59/126 (46.8%) consecutive were positive. However on the basis of clinical effectiveness and cost, imaging for suspected pulmonary embolism should be based on a combination of D-dimer estimation and spiral CT.
Mortality during the Winter Flu Epidemic — Two Cases of Death Associated with Self-Medication
Authors: Stevenson R , MacWalter R S , Harmse J D , Wilson E
Published: January 2017

We report two cases of mortality associated with the recent winter influenza outbreak. Both cases were associated with self-medication. In one case an elderly lady died from haemorrhagic duodenitis induced by over the counter ibuprofen. In the second case the lady died from the consequences of exceeding the recommended doses of paracetamol by combining doses of the generic product with proprietary flu-remedies and Tylex (paracetamol and codeine).
Exercise to Exhaustion in the Second-Wind Phase of Exercise In A Case of McArdle's Disease with and without Creatine Supplementation
Authors: Reilly D St J O , Carter R , Bell E , Hinnie J , J°Galloway P
Published: January 2017

The cardio-pulmonary and biochemical changes observed in a case of McArdle's disease, exercising with increasing work rates to exhaustion in °the “second-wind” phase of exercise are reported for the first time. A °work rate of 2 75–325 °watts was achieved. Venous blood lactate remained unchanged throughout. The plasma ammonium level reached a plateau of approximately 400 °mmol/l at 100 °watts. At a work rate of 150–175 watts the ratio of O2 consumption to CO2 production increased, the inverse of an anaerobic threshold. Maximal cardio-pulmonary responses were achieved at 200 watts. During the final periods of exercise from 200 to 275/325 °watts pulmonary ventilation did not significantly change but there was a decrease in the venous blood H+ concentration, and pO2 and in increase in the pCO2 Creatine supplementation at 25 °g/day for five days did not improve exercise performance.
Death by Suicide in Grampian 1991–1999: Comparison with a Previous Study
Authors: Nicoll K S , McGee M A , Callender J S
Published: January 2017

Objectives: To review the changes in suicide and undetermined death rates in Grampian between 1991–1999 and to make comparisons with a previous study on the same population. Design: All suicide and undetermined deaths in Grampian recorded by the General Register Office for Scotland were included and linked with the psychiatric case records from Grampian Health Board. Results: The high suicide and undetermined death rates in Grampian are accounted for by the excess of deaths in males. In males there has been a change in the method used to commit suicide with hanging now being the commonest method used. Firearm deaths have reduced dramatically since legislation was introduced in 1997 (RR = 0.21, 95% CI [0.05,0.91]). For those with previous psychiatric contact,-a greater proportion were drug users than in 1974–1990 (OR = 3.75,95% CI [2.7, 5.2]). A higher percentage of suicides have a history of more than one previous attempt at suicide than in 1974–1990. In Grampian there is a lower percentage of in patient suicide than the rest of Scotland. Conclusion; There have been changes in suicide trends in Grampian and these are similar to elsewhere in Scotland. Strategies to address this are discussed.
What Does GP Out of Hours Care Cost? an Analysis of Different Models of Out of Hours Care in Scotland
Authors: Scott A , Simoens S , Heaney D , O'Donnell C A , Thomson H , Moffat K J , Ross S , Drummond N
Published: January 2017

Background: The changes to out of hours care provided by General Practitioners have led to wide variation in the types and costs of out of hours care across the country. Aim: To examine the costs of different models of service delivery for GP out of hours organisations. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional survey of eight GP out of hours organisations and samples of their patients. A deputising service, rotas, and various types of GP co-operative across Scotland were surveyed. Information on the quantities of resources used by each organisation was combined with unit costs. Costs incurred by patients and other NHS costs subsequent to the out of hours contact were also calculated. Results: Annual costs incurred by the GP out of hours organisation per 1,000 population ranged from £2,916 to £12,120. There was no relationship between costs and type and size of organisation. There was a three-fold variation in total costs per out of hours contact (£15 to £51). Costs per phone contact were lowest (£6 to £11), followed by cost per centre contact (£10 to £16) and cost per home contact (£21 to £60). Total costs per episode ranged from £78 to £136 for centre contacts, from £130 to £303 for home contacts, and from £70 to £553 for telephone contacts. Home contacts had the highest average cost per episode (£212), followed by telephone contacts (£117) and centre contacts (£85). Conclusions: There are wide variations in the costs of operating GP out of hours services. It is likely that the context in which organisations were set up and local geography influence variations in costs, as well as the level of GP cover.
Beta-Interferon Use in Multiple Sclerosis: Audit of Practice in Grampian
Authors: Ross S A , Coleman R J , Webster J
Published: January 2017

Beta-interferon was licensed for the treatment of multiple sclerosis in 1996. Since then it has been a controversial therapy. Availability of treatment has been varied from region to region. We audited the use of beta-interferon in the Grampian region, which has the largest cohort of patients treated in Scotland. One hundred and thirty seven patients were treated up to the beginning of 2002, 12.5% of the local MS population. The number of patients given treatment in Grampian continues to increase. Very few patients have discontinued treatment. The results of this audit show that our patients were treated in line with current clinical guidelines. This has implications for the implementation of guidelines in the rest of Scotland, where much smaller numbers of patients have been treated thus far. (127)
Management of Peptic Ulcer
Authors: Kay A. W. , Gillespie I. E.
Published: January 2017

Although the pattern of peptic ulcer is probably changing, it is still a large health problem in this country.

The majority are easily diagnosed by barium meal examination, but endoscopy may reveal a few radiologically missed gastric ulcers. Acid secretory measurements are of limited proven value.

The principal measures in medical treatment are frequent meals, extra milk, antacids and anticholinergics. Liquorice preparations are currently showing promise but require further careful evaluation.

Operation for duodenal ulcer aims at permanently reducing gastric acid and pepsin secretion, anb this can be achieved by vagotomy and drainage procedure or by partial gastrectomy. The main considerations are mortality, risk of recurrent ulcer and post-operative sequelae. Gastric ulcer is still most often treated successfully by Billroth I partial gastrectomy,

The management of the acute complications, perforation and bleeding, and of the rare Zollinger-Ellison syndrome are discussed.
Myocardial Damage in Amitriptyline and Nortriptyline Poisoning
Authors: Brackenridge R. G. , Peters T. J. , Watson Joyce M.
Published: January 2017

Two cases of self-poisoning with amitriptyline and one with nortriptyline are described. The patients showed transient E.C.G. changes and two had a rise in the serum enzymes usually associated with myocardial necrosis.
Gastric Secretory Function in Polycythaemia Vera
Authors: Hume R. , Adams J. F.
Published: January 2017

Maximal acid output (M.A.O.) and intrinsic factor (I.F.) of the stomach were measured in 16 patients with polycythaemia vera, 4 of whom had a duodenal ulcer and 2 pernicious anaemia. It was found that, in general, the M.A.O. was significantly less than normal unless an active duodenal ulcer was present when the M.A.O. would reach the usual levels for duodenal ulcer subjects. The gastric I.F. output showed a significant correlation with the M.A.O. These results are discussed in the light of the increased incidence of peptic ulcer in polycythaemia vera and the occasionally reported cases of polycythaemia vera and pernicious anaemia.
The Occurrence and Clinical Features of Analgesic Abuse in Western Scotland
Authors: McMillan Judith M. , Lawson D. H. , Paton A. M. , Linton A. L.
Published: January 2017

Screening of patients referred to a Renal Clinic in Western Scotland over a period of 6 months revealed that 18 patients out of a total of 127 had a history of analgesic abuse, defined as a total consumption of phenacetin or salicylate in excess of 1 Kg. A further 8 patients with analgesic abuse were admitted to the Renal Unit with uraemia and electrolyte disturbance. Renal function was assessed in the whole group of 26 patients; creatinine clearance was significantly reduced in almost all, and a relationship was demonstrated between creatinine clearance and the total dose of phenacetin ingested. Renal concentrating power was markedly reduced in most, and in general the degree of impairment was worst in those with low creatinine clearances. The findings on intravenous pyelography are described; it was not possible in any case to distinguish the appearances from those found in chronic pyelonephritis. Isotope renogram was abnormal in 17 out of 21 patients, and in 4 patients there was delay in the excretory phase of the renogram despite an apparently normal intravenous pyelogram. Half of the patients studied had bacteriological evidence of urinary tract infection, and 11 out of 26 had varying degrees of anaemia; types of anaemia seen included haemolytic anaemia, sideroblastic anaemia and hypochromic anaemia. In general, the clinical picture in patients with a history of analgesic abuse was fairly non-specific, although there are several associations of signs and symptoms which now suggest that this diagnosis should be considered.
Investigation of Nithsdale Goitre
Authors: Gray H. W. , Murphy Anna V. , Logan R. W. , Greig W. R. , McGirr E. M.
Published: January 2017

As a sequence to a survey which showed that the prevalence of goitre was higher in schoolchildren in Nithsdale (30%) than in Dumfries (16%), a total of 181 adult subjects from these 2 areas were examined and the plasma inorganic iodide concentrations (PII) were determined.

The large majority of PII values in subjects from both areas were within the normal range and the overall conclusions are that iodine deficiency severe enough to account for a high prevalence of small goitre or a low prevalence of large goitre does not exist in the South West of Scotland.

Since this area is likely to be representative of the U.K. in general, it is also concluded that there is no practical justification for general dietary iodine supplementation meanwhile.
Nephrotic Syndrome Associated with Complement Deficiency and Staphylococcus Albus Bacteraemia
Authors: Lam C. N. , McNeish A. S. , Gibson A. A. M.
Published: January 2017

A 31/2-year-old girl with the nephrotic syndrome, persistent hypocomplementaemia and the mixed membranous and proliferative type of diffuse glomerulonephritis on renal biopsy is reported. Ventriculo-atrial drainage with insertion of a Spitz-Holter valve was established for hydrocephalus when she was 8 weeks old; this was complicated by Staphylococcus albus bacteraemia. It is suggested that Staph. albus is the causal agent in such cases of glomerulonephritis, possibly on an immune basis.
Perinatal Mortality in Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Thomson J.
Published: January 2017

Little interest was displayed in perinatal mortality until the work of Ballantyne in the early years of this century. Scotland has had national figures available for causes of stillbirths since 1939 and also for neonatal deaths since 1958. The National Perinatal Mortality rate has dropped by 50 per cent since 1939 but the mortality rate for the first 24 hours of life has shown no improvement. Comparison of national data with figures from a maternity hospital shows a greatly increased number of deaths from unknown causes in the national data: it is suggested that the national data do not present a true picture due to inadequate certification. Study of the hospital figures over a period of 15 years shows little change in the total deaths, the marked decline in the number of stillbirths being balanced by a marked increase in first-day deaths. Difficult labour and birth injury are decreasing as causes of perinatal mortality. Deaths from malformations, toxaemia, placental haemorrhage and unknown causes show little or no reduction. It is suggested that perinatal deaths should be the subject of an inquiry such as that for maternal deaths. The changing pattern of perinatal mortality calls for constant reassessment.
Rheumatology as a Specialty in Medicine
Authors: Duthie J. J. R.
Published: January 2017

The historical development of rheumatology as a specialty within the field of general medicine is reviewed. Its place in undergraduate education is considered. The need for the development of facilities for post-graduate education is stressed. The relationship between rheumatology and physical medicine is discussed. It is concluded that rheumatology is now a well defined specialty within the field of general medicine requiring a high degree of skill and experience, leaving no time for undertaking additional responsibilities in the more general field of medical rehabilitation.
Shellfish Toxicity in Scotland, 1969
Authors: Conn Nancy K. , Farrand R. J.
Published: January 2017

In 1968 an outbreak of paralytic shellfish poisoning occurred in northern England. On account of this, regular surveillance of shellfish toxicity along the coasts of Scotland was undertaken during 1969. Levels of toxin in excess of the accepted maximum safe concentration were found. The risk of shellfish poisoning is liable to develop in early summer, and its possibility should be considered in certain cases of neurological disease.
Impaired Renal Function and Serum Levels of Rifamide
Authors: McGeachie J. , Girdwood R. W. A. , Burton J. A. , Kennedy A. C.
Published: January 2017

A comparison of the serum levels of Rifamide was made in 10 patients with grossly impaired renal function and in 18 healthy volunteers. After the intramuscular injection of 150 mg. Rifamide, blood samples were removed at half-hourly intervals for 3 hours and then at hourly intervals for up to 8 hours. The serum was assayed by a tube dilution method and by an agar diffusion method using blotting paper discs. There was no apparent difference in the concentrations of Rifamide in the two groups during the period studied. It is suggested that Rifamide could be a useful antibiotic for patients with chronic renal failure who have infection with Staphylococcus aureus.
Postgraduate Medical Degrees of the University of Aberdeen, 1931–69
Authors: Ogston D.
Published: January 2017

The results obtained from a survey of the higher medical degrees awarded by the University of Aberdeen between 1931 and 1969 is reported. Over the period of the survey there has been a decline in the proportion of M.B. graduates proceeding to the M.D., and the interval between the M.B. and the M.D. has lengthened. A disproportionately high number of honours grades of the M.D. were awarded to theses describing laboratory-orientated research. A relatively high proportion of holders of the M.D. were in hospital or academic appointments while few were in general practices.
An Evaluation of the Double Isotope Test in the Diagnosis of Pernicious Anaemia
Authors: Payne R. W. , Finney R. D.
Published: January 2017

Urinary radioactivity following the simultaneous oral administration of Vitamin B12, labelled with 2 isotopes of cobalt (‘Dicopac’ test), was measured in 20 control subjects and in 20 patients suffering from pernicious anaemia: one isotope was bound to normal human gastric juice, while the other was free. The test was simple to perform and while the majority of results were of diagnostic value, some equivocal results were also obtained.
Physiological Measurements in Phobic and Obsessional Disorders
Authors: Kelly D.
Published: January 2017

The various physiological measurements which can be made in obsessional and phobic disorders are described. Useful information can be obtained about the effects of acute stress and the changes that medication can produce in anxious patients and the clinical progress of behaviour therapy can be monitored. When physiological measurements are made it is important to record the emotional state of the patient simultaneously so that the level of physiological arousal is related to the subjective experience of the patient.
A New Rating Scale for Obsessional and Phobic States
Authors: Beaumont G.
Published: January 2017

A brief rating scale for use in assessing patients with phobic and obsessional states is presented. The scale concentrates on the measurement of general anxiety, avoidance, interference and physiological accompaniments in phobias and on anxiety, resistance and interference in obsessions. It also includes a section on other psychiatric symptoms.
A Pilot Study of Anafranil in the Treatment of Phobic States
Authors: Colgan Anthony
Published: January 2017

A pilot study of the use of Anafranil in the treatment of phobic disorders is described. Twenty-two patients were included in the investigation, 16 receiving intravenous and oral Anafranil combined and six oral Anafranil alone. After one month, four were free of phobic symptoms and 13 only mildly disabled. At six month follow-up 10 were free of symptoms and seven only mildly disabled.
Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Chest Disease a Clinical and Physiological Study
Authors: Semple Peter d'A
Published: January 2017

Four families with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency have been identified. Of 7 homozygous subjects 5 smoked and had chest disease while the 2 non-smokers were unaffected. Productive cough was a feature in 4 of the 5 affected homozygotes and symptoms commenced earlier than is usual with chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Of 11 heterozygous subjects only 5 who smoked had symptomatic or laboratory evidence of obstructive airways disease, in each case less marked than that of their homozygous smoking relatives. Severely affected subjects were underweight, the degree of weight loss being related to the measured severity of airways disease. A survey of emphysematous patients screened for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is described. The natural course and significance of this enzyme deficiency are examined with reference to previous literature.
Disopyramide—An Effective Treatment for Lignocaine Resistant Ventricular Dysrhythmias
Authors: Green A. G. H.
Published: January 2017

Intravenous disopyramide was used in 13 patients who developed recurrent ventricular dysrhythmias despite initial treatment with intravenous lignocaine after admission to the Coronary Care Unit of a busy district hospital. This was effective in 8 of the 13 patients treated and there was no major side effects observed. Disopyramide has the advantage of being available both as an oral and an intravenous preparation and is a useful drug to be added to the list of more conventional anti-dysrhythmic agents.
The Effect of Treatment on the Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination Test in Early Syphilis
Authors: Hunter Jennifer M.
Published: January 2017

The response of the Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination Assay (TPHA) to treatment was studied in 61 cases of early infectious syphilis. In none of the 55 cases of early syphilis in which the pre-treatment TPHA was positive did the TPHA test become consistently negative after treatment. In primary and early latent syphilis it was not possible to demonstrate any significant changes, but in some cases of secondary syphilis a significant and rapidfall in TPHA titre occurred with treatment. It is suggested that the post-treatment TPHA titre need not necessarily reflect the stage at which the disease was arrested.
The Effects of Age and Cigarette-Smoking on Blood and Plasma Viscosity in Men
Authors: Lowe G. D. O. , Drummond M. M. , Forbes C.D. , Barbenel J. C.
Published: January 2017

We measured blood viscosity and its major determinants (haematocrit, plasma fibrinogen and plasma viscosity) in 90 apparently healthy men aged 16 to 80 years. Cigarette-smokers (n=45) had higher levels of blood viscosity, haematocrit and fibrinogen (p<0.001) and plasma viscosity (p<0.025) than non-smokers (n=45). Blood viscosity was still higher in smokers after correction to a standard haematocrit (p<0.02). Fibrinogen, corrected blood viscosity and plasma viscosity rose with age in both groups, but young smokers had prematurely elevated levels of these variables and less pronounced rises with age. These results show that age and cigarette-smoking must be considered in studies of blood and plasma viscosity, and provide further evidence for an association between viscosity and arterial disease.
Cerebral Vein Thrombosis and the Contraceptive Pill in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria
Authors: Stirling M. L. , Lenton R. J. , Sumerling M. D.
Published: January 2017

A young woman who developed a cerebral venous thrombosis shortly after commencement of an oral contraceptive preparation was subsequently found to have paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. The aetiology of thrombotic complications in this condition is discussed, with particular reference to the additional risk factor of the contraceptive pill in this case.
The Management and Rehabilitation of the Stroke Patient
Authors: Marshall J.
Published: January 2017

The residual neurological deficits after stroke are discussed in this article. The main problems are weakness, spasticity and rigidity. Weakness may be amenable to help with a variety of physical aids and mobility maintained with a wheelchair. Spasticity is defined in terms of the neurological defect and its consequences examined in the clinical context of the stroke patient. The place of antispastic drugs and their method of use is described. The importance of sensory loss in the production of functional disability is also discussed.
Role of Prolactin in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: del Pozo Emilio , Falaschi Paolo
Published: January 2017

Studies with a dopamine agonist (Bromocriptine) and an antagonist (Haloperidol) suggest that elevated sex steroid synthesis such as may be found in the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) influence the pituitary lactotrope response to endogenous control mechanisms. A distinction between PCO with occasional elevation of plasma prolactin (PRL) and the galactorrhoea-amenorrhoea syndrome (GA) associated with hyperprolactinaemia can be established on the basis of differences in circulating levels of sex steroids and in the pattern of response to lactotrope cell stimulation. Thus, adrenal androgen synthesis can be strengthened in GA whereas in PCO both pathways, adrenal and ovarian, may be overstimulated. Also blunted PRL response to TRH or dopaminergic blockade is often seen in GA. The use of bromocriptine in patients with PCO and elevated PRL plasma levels has been shown to restore ovulation. The possible implications of dopaminergic mechanisms in the control of LH secretion independent of PRL release are discussed.
The Fibrin Slide Test in the Determination of Fibrinolytic Potential
Authors: Pandolfi M.
Published: January 2017

The method in routine use in this laboratory for measurement of tissue activator is described and the potential value of tissue activator assays compared with plasma activator assays is discussed. Tissue activator binds well to fibrin in the slide technique and produces well demarcated zones of lysis. The results of duplicate assay make this an attractive method.
The Effect of Stanozolol on the Fibrinolytic Enzyme System in Normal Subjects
Authors: Preston F. E.
Published: January 2017

In a volunteer study stanozolol was given in a dosage of 5mg twice per day for six weeks. A variety of parameters in blood coagulation and fibrinolysis were measured. Significant stimulation of the fibrinolytic system was found in seven days and this was associated with a significant fall in the levels of fibrinogen and alpha 2-macroglobulin. No major side effects were observed.
The Effect of Phenformin and Ethyloestrenol on Fibrinolytic Activity in the Vessel Wall
Authors: Isacson S. , Ljungner H.
Published: January 2017

In a study of 117 patients with recurrent venous thrombosis 65 patients were identified as having deficient fibrinolytic activity in the walls of veins obtained at biosy.

Administration of phenformin and ethyloestrenol enhanced natural fibrinolysis.
Seminoma Presenting as Gross Splenomegaly
Authors: Willey R. F. , Rodger A. , Webb J. N.
Published: January 2017

A 63-year-old man is described who was found to have gross splenomegaly from complete replacement by metastatic seminoma. Throughout the course of his illness, the testes remained clinically normal.
Lymphangioma of Kidney
Authors: Singer D. R. J. , Miller J. D. B. , Smith G.
Published: January 2017

Lymphangioma of kidney is a rare, symptomatic but benign tumour. A case is reported and the literature reviewed. Aetiology and its effect on the incidence, non-invasive investigation, treatment and pathology are discussed.
Portal Hypertension in Children an Experience of 33 Cases
Authors: Macpherson A. I. S.
Published: January 2017

The pathology, treatment and progress of 33 children with portal hypertension are reviewed. There were 20 patients with extra-hepatic portal obstruction (EHB) and 13 with intra-hepatic obstruction (IHB). The lesion in all the EHB was a block in the portal vein: in IHB it was a post-hepatitis cirrhosis in two cases and in the others a congenital abnormality. Treatment was surgical in 32 patients. The prognosis in EHB is good and long survival after operation was the rule. In IHB the survival depended upon the type and severity of the hepatic disorder and the incidence of recurrent bleeding. The frequency of recurrent bleeding was found to vary with the operation performed being greatest after splenectomy alone or with devascularisation, and least after lieno-renal anastomosis. The follow-up ranged from one year to more than 28 years.
The Effect of a Self-Referral Scheme on the Pattern of Hospital Admissions for Acute Asthma
Authors: Forwell M. A. , Grant I. W. B.
Published: January 2017

An analysis of the pattern of admissions for acute asthma to a respiratory unit which operates a self-referral scheme showed that patients included in such a scheme were admitted to hospital more frequently, and much more quickly. The findings suggested that it is possible to recognise ‘high-risk’ asthmatics and that these patients make full and effective use of well organised self-admission facilities.

An attempt to discover what provoked acute attacks of asthma yielded little useful information except to identify a small group of young women in whom hysterical hyperventilation may have been a relevant aetiological factor.
Endocrine Studies in Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Semple P. d'A. , Semple C. G. , Beastall G. H. , Brown T. M. , Watson W. S. , Hume R.
Published: January 2017

Seven male patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease were studied. Serum testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels did not differ significantly from control values. Thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin responses to injected thyrotrophin releasing hormone were normal. Impaired gonadotrophin responses to injected gonadotrophin releasing hormone were noted in two patients. The hypothalmic-pituitary-testicular axis appears to be better preserved in cyanotic congenital heart disease than in chronic obstructive airways disease and restrictive lung disease for a similar degree of hypoxia. Possible explanations are discussed.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: Atrah H.I. , Crawford R.J. , Gabra G.S. , Mitchell R.
Published: January 2017

Twenty-two patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura were treated with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin infusions using an intact intravenous immunoglobulin preparation and a product designed for intramuscular administration. Seventeen patients (77%) responded favourably (rise in platelet count to 100 × 109/1 or above). Children responded better than the adults, and the acute cases better than the chronic. Splenectomy and the presence of detectable platelet antibody had no effect on the response rate. Both products induced identical responses.
An Unusual Case of Diarrhoea during Enteral Nutrition
Authors: Hansell D. T.
Published: January 2017

An unusual case of diarrhoea during enteral nutrition is reported. Disintegration of the capsule of a mercury-tipped enteric feeding tube resulted in spillage of mercury into the small intestine. This fault was discovered some days later when the tube was removed due to coincidental blockage of its lumen.
Henoch Schonlein Purpura Presenting with Pulmonary Haemorrhage
Authors: Payton C.D. , Allison M.E.M , Boulton-Jones J.M.
Published: January 2017

A young woman presented with arthralgia, a rash and dramatic haemoptysis, and renal involvement was indicated by proteinuria, haematuria and a rising serum creatinine. A systemic vasculitic disorder was suspected initially, but the diagnosis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura was established by the finding of mesangial IgA deposits on renal biopsy. Immunofluorescent study of renal biopsy material is vital to diagnosis where the clinical features of Henoch-Schonlein purpura and those of the systemic vasculitides with renal involvement prove to be indistinguishable.
Tuberculous Meningitis in Children: A Review of 15 Cases
Authors: Galea P. , Goel K. M.
Published: January 2017

Tuberculosis meningitis (TBM) is the most serious form of infection with Mycobacterium: tuberculosis. Between 1968 and 1986 15 children (five boys and 10 girls) were seen at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, because of TBM. Fourteen children were Caucasian and one was Asian. The mean age at presentation was two years. None had been given BCG vaccination. In 12 children close contact with other cases of tuberculosis was reported. The signs and symptoms which helped in the diagnosis are discussed together with the initial CSF findings, results of mantoux testing and chest X-rays. Three children had unusual modes of presentation. All children were treated with chemotherapy though the drug combinations, route of administration and therapy varied from case to case. Steroids were used in nine children. Five children required neurosurgical intervention. Two children died and of the survivors six had serious sequelae. Five children made a complete recovery. The outcome of TBM depended on the duration of symptoms prior to the onset of therapy, on the neurological status reached at the time of diagnosis and the age of the child. The roles of chemotherapy, steroids and neurosurgery in the management of TBM are discussed. The need for routine BCG vaccination of all neonates is examined.
Metolazone and Axillary Vein Thrombosis
Authors: Green S. T. , Ng J. P. , Callaghan M.
Published: January 2017

The usage of powerful diuretics, such as metolazone, may lead to thrombotic complications.
Spontaneous Subclavian Vein Thrombosis
Authors: Featherstone T.
Published: January 2017

A young man presented with swelling of his right arm and engorgement of the superficial veins over the shoulder. Bilateral upper limb venography was performed and confirmed the presence of thrombus in the right subclavian vein. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the upper extremity is an unusual thrombotic event with a reported incidence of 1–2% of all cases of venous occlusion. Review of the literature reveals a number of diverse aetiologies, and no agreement regarding the best terminology for the subgroups of this disorder.
Neurological Features of HIV-Related Disease in Glasgow
Authors: Kennedy P.G.E. , Kennedy D. , Love C. , Dow M.G.T. , Bone I.
Published: January 2017

The neurological features of 10 patients with HIV-related disease seen in Glasgow between July 1984 and May 1988 are described. Two of these patients presented with ARC and eight with AIDS. Six patients showed features consistent with a diagnosis of AIDS-dementia complex, one had cerebral toxoplasmosis, one had CNS lymphoma, one had a probable drug-induced encephalopathy and one patient had a meningoencephalitis of undetermined cause. Seven of these patients have now died. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Gastric Leiomyosarcoma: Two Unusual Cases
Authors: Fazzi U. G. , Hansell D. T.
Published: January 2017

Two cases of gastric leiomyosarcoma, which presented unusually with lower abdominal masses, are described. The difficulties in the preoperative diagnosis of this rare malignancy are discussed.
An Unusual Cause of a Pulsatile Neck Swelling: Report of a Case of Cervical Aortic Arch
Authors: Murray J. , Negrette J.
Published: January 2017

Pulsatile neck swellings are usually related to the carotid vessels and include aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms and tortuous atherosclerotic vessels. A very rare cause of congenital extension of the aortic arch into the neck is described.
The Use of Central Venous Catheters in Paediatric Oncology — A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Russell L. , Craig J.I.O. , Mackinlay G.A. , Eden O.B.
Published: January 2017

The use of indwelling central venous catheters has become widespread since their introduction by Broviac et al1 in 1973 and Hickman et al2 in 1974. They are of particular value in paediatric oncology where young children require intensive chemotherapy over a long period of time and where peripheral venous access may become a problem.
Metastatic Basal Cell Carcinoma Causing Cord Compression
Authors: Quin J.D. , McNeill C. , Al-Dawoud A. , Paterson K.R.
Published: January 2017

We describe a case of metastatic basal cell carcinoma, an extremely rare tumour, which caused cord compression. This is the first case presenting in this fashion.