bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Martin Pütz (ed.), Language choices: Conditions,
constraints, and consequences. (Impact: Studies in language and
society, 1.) Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins, 1997. Pp. ix, 427.
Hb $127.00.
Authors: Ricento Thomas
Published: July 2002

This is a collection of 21 essays from the 20th
International L.A.U.D. (Linguistic Agency University of
Duisburg) Symposium, held from Feb. 28 to March 3, 1995,
at the University of Duisburg, Germany. In the words of
the editor of the collection, the authors “explore
the relations between social, psychological and (socio)linguistic
aspects of language contact and language conflict situations
both from a theoretical and an applied linguistics perspective”
(x). The volume is divided into four sections: “Sociolinguistic
and linguistic issues,” “Language policy and
language planning,” “Language use and attitudes
towards language(s),” and “Code-switching:
One speaker, two languages.” Rather than discuss
all 21 articles, I will focus on several whose themes are
relevant to a number of areas of sociolinguistics.
Roger W. Shuy,The language of confession,
interrogation, and deception. (Empirical linguistics
series.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998. Pp. vii, 205.
Authors: van Naerssen Margaret
Published: July 2002

This book hooks the reader (linguist and non-) through
real-life, high-stakes cases and a very readable style.
Shuy brings his scholarship and humanity to this work as
he introduces us to the communicative event of the confession
within the culture of the law enforcement community in the
United States. His examples show us how linguists can apply
their knowledge and skills. He also speaks to the law
enforcement community, and to the interested non-linguist.
Peter Auer, Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen, and Frank Müller.
Language in time: The rhythm and tempo of spoken interaction.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Pp. xi, 236. Hb
$65.00.
Authors: Ford Cecilia E.
Published: July 2002

To understand prosody in naturally occurring language
requires an exceptional constellation of skills. One must
have not only expertise in the analysis of pitch patterns
and the complex signals that make up our perception of
stress, but also a rich and informed perspective on how
talk works. Although some phonologists are highly sophisticated
in their approaches to prosody, empirical research in this
area is both heavily based on laboratory-produced data
(when it is empirical in that sense), and highly abstract
in its descriptive procedures. For their part, analysts
of spoken discourse, though basing their descriptions on
naturally occurring language, often lack fundamental expertise
in the close analysis of sound production and perception.
The authors of Language in time are exceptional
in the individual and collective skill they bring to their
project. In this carefully crafted volume, Peter Auer,
Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen, and Frank Müller offer an
empirically grounded and innovative view of the interplay
of prosody and action in spoken language use. The volume
focuses on the functions of rhythm in spoken interaction,
drawing data from English, Italian, and German, and concentrating
on “conversational organization and verbal performance”
(p. 33). The work provides a counterbalance to the prevailing
dualism in linguistic studies, by which language is first
and foremost understood as a system separated from time.
Three pertinent issues in the modeling of brain activity: Nonlinearities, time scales, and neural underpinnings
Authors: Daffertshofer A. , Frank T. D. , Peper C. E. , Beek P. J.
Published: July 2002

A critical discussion is provided of three central assumptions underlying Nunez's approach to modeling cortical activity. A plea is made for neurophysiologically realistic models involving nonlinearities, multiple time scales, and stochasticity.
Is the avoiding of operant theory a Pavlovian conditioned response?
Authors: Cardinal Claudia D. , Andrzejewski Matthew E. , Hineline Philip N.
Published: July 2002

The proposed heavy dependence on Pavlovian conditioning to account for social behavior confounds phylogenically and ontogenically selected behavior patterns and ignores the extension of the principle of selection by consequences from biological to learning theory. Instead of acknowledging operant relations, Domjan et al. construct vaguely specified mechanisms based upon anticipatory cost-benefit considerations that are not supported by the Pavlovian conditioning literature.
Beyond the limits of the brain as a physical system
Authors: Jirsa V. K. , Kelso J. A. S.
Published: July 2002

Nunez's description of the brain as a medium capable of wave propagation has provided some fundamental insights into its dynamics. This approach soon reaches the descriptive limits of the brain as a physical system, however. We point out some biological constraints which differentiate the brain from physical systems and we elaborate on its consequences for future research.
A taste of things to come
Authors: Kralik Jerald D. , Hauser Marc D.
Published: July 2002

Rolls uses evolutionary theory and behavioral learning theory in his analysis of emotion. We believe that both theories are greatly underutilized, leaving an incomplete description of the nature of emotion and its neural foundation.
How is the feed-forward Pavlovian control system instantiated in neurobiology?
Authors: Steinmetz Joseph E. , Britton Gabrielle B. , Green John T.
Published: July 2002

While feed-forward mechanisms may be ubiquitous in biological systems that form the substrates of Pavlovian conditioning, the control system proposed by Domjan, Cusato & Villarreal seems too elaborate for Pavlovian conditioning of simple skeletal muscle responses. We discuss here how the known neural substrates of classical eyeblink conditioning can be described in feed-forward terms, but argue that the monitor/comparator part of the system is not necessary and perhaps could even be detrimental to simple, nonsocial forms of Pavlovian conditioning.
What is an ecologically rational heuristic?
Authors: Newstead Stephen E.
Published: July 2002

The notion of ecological rationality, although plausible, does not readily lead to testable predictions. This is illustrated with respect to heuristics in syllogistic reasoning. Several possible heuristics have been proposed but ecological rationality does not appear to offer a sensible rationale for choosing between these.
Unrestricted women's sexuality or opportunism? Quasi-mathematical asides on Gangestad and Simpson's strategic female pluralism
Authors: McKnight Jim , Bond Nigel
Published: July 2002

Women's mating strategies have typically been characterised as restrictive or coy. However, recent research on sociosexual behaviour suggests that the frequency of women's extra-pair copulations is a function of an unrestricted personality. While agreeing with the general thrust of Gangestad & Simpson's strategic pluralism theory we suggest that it is more likely a matter of finely calculated reproductive opportunism.
Movement planning and movement execution: What is in between?
Authors: Dounskaia N. , Stelmach G. E.
Published: July 2002

Although the model proposed by Thelen and co-authors provides a detailed explanation for the processes underlying reaching, many aspects of it are highly speculative. One of the reasons for this is our lack of knowledge about transformation of a hand movement plan into joint movements. The leading joint hypothesis (LJH) allows us to partially fill in this gap. The LJH offers a possible explanation for the formation of movement and how it may be represented in memory. Our explanation converges with the dynamic model described in the target article.
Real and virtual environments, real and virtual memory
Authors: Strong Gary W.
Published: July 2002

What is encoded in working memory may be a content-addressable
pointer, but a critical portion of the information that is addressed
includes the motor information to achieve deictic reference in the
environment. Additionally, the same strategy that is used to access
environment information just in time for its use may also be used to
access long-term memory via the pre-frontal cortex.
Apes ape!
Authors: Custance Deborah
Published: July 2002

Heyes's claim that the only unequivocal evidence of motor
imitation comes from rats and budgerigars is contested. It is
suggested that the rats' behavior can be explained by emulation
and the budgerigars' by response facilitation. Behavioral
matching in chimpanzees (Custance et al. 1995; Whiten et al. 1996) is
reconsidered and interpreted in terms of imitation.
When is imitation imitation and who has the right to imitate?
Authors: Heimann Mikael
Published: July 2002

It is suggested (1) that motivation must not be overlooked,
(2) that most social imitation does not involve novel behaviors, and
(3) that newborn babies do imitate.
Of mice and men: Androgen dynamics in dominance and reproduction
Authors: deCatanzaro Denys , Spironello Emily
Published: July 2002

In the animal literature, the concept of dominance usually
links status in intermale encounters with differential reproductive
success. Mazur & Booth effectively review the human literature
correlating testosterone with intermale competition, but more profound
questions relating this to male–female dynamics have yet to be
addressed in research with humans.
Statistical significance: A statistician's view
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura
Published: July 2002

From a statistician's viewpoint, the concepts discussed
by Chow relating to “statistical” significance bear little
resemblance to the concept developed in statistics. Whether or not
“statistical significance” has a place in psychological
research is a decision for psychologists, not statisticians, to make,
but the decision should be based on a less flawed version of what is
being considered.
Too much substance, not enough cognition
Authors: Müller Vincent C. , Kelter Stephanie
Published: July 2002

Millikan's account of substance concepts is based on a
notion of “substance” expanded from realist notions of
individuals and natural kinds. Her metaphysical notion, based on
“inductive potential,” is shown to be too puristic and
needs to incorporate cognizing subjects. This could preserve the
realist/nondescriptionist insight that the extension of substances
is determined by the world.
Hierarchical learning of song in birds: A case of vocal imitation?
Authors: Todt Dietmar
Published: July 2002

The target article by Byrne & Russon treats imitation as
an achievement that originates from observation. In my commentary I
propose extending the database to the role of listening. Referring to
current studies on song learning in birds, I suggest that at least
some features of this accomplishment also may be based on learning
by imitation.
Chomsky's new clothes
Authors: Deutsch Werner , Müller Oliver
Published: July 2002

Clahsen's view on language is intimately linked with the Chomskian distinction between competence and performance. He uses performance to verify theoretical assumptions about the underlying structure of competence. Using mostly off-line tasks, he may fail to answer the question of how language is generated and perceived in natural situations.
Binary oppositions and what focuses in focal attention
Authors: Latimer Cyril
Published: July 2002

Pylyshyn makes a convincing case that early visual processing
is cognitively impenetrable, and although I question the utility of
binary oppositions such as penetrable/impenetrable, for the most part
I am in agreement. The author does not provide explicit designations
or denotations for the terms penetrable and impenetrable, which appear
quite arbitrary. Furthermore, the use of focal attention smacks of an
homunculus, and the account appears to slip too easily between the
perceptual, the cognitive, and the neurophysiological.
Cognitive penetration: Would we know it if we saw it?
Authors: Rhodes Gillian , Kalish Michael L.
Published: July 2002

How can the impenetrability hypothesis be empirically tested?
We comment on the role of signal detection measures, suggesting that
context effects on discriminations for which post-perceptual cues are
irrelevant, or on neural activity associated with early vision, would
challenge impenetrability. We also note the great computational power
of the proposed pre-perceptual attention processes and consider the
implications for testability of the theory.
The teaching of reading in Spanish to the bilingual student [La enseñanza
de la lectura en Español para el estudiante bilingüe] (2nd ed.). Angela
Carrasquillo and Philip Segan (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Pp. 229.
Authors: Brisk Maria Estela
Published: July 2002

Literacy for bilinguals draws great interest from researchers and practitioners because it is
central to success in school. In American schools, the ability to read in English is fundamental to
mastering content area materials. Consequently, much of the literature on teaching bilinguals has
concentrated on English (Carrell, Devine, & Eskey, 1988; Hudelson, 1989; Johnson &
Roen, 1989; Kroll, 1990; Peregoy & Boyle, 1997; Reid, 1993).
On coincidence of entropies for two classes of dynamical systems
Authors: SOLOMYAK RITA
Published: July 2002

Let $ \Gamma $ be a periodic graph with the vertex set ${\Bbb Z}^d $. A subgraph of $ \Gamma $ is called an essential spanning forest if it contains all vertices of $ \Gamma $, has no cycles, and if all its connected components are infinite. The set of all essential spanning forests in $ \Gamma $ is compact in a suitable topology, and ${\Bbb Z}^d $ acts on it by translations. Burton and Pemantle computed the topological entropy of such an action. Their formula turned out to be the same as the formula for the topological entropy of ${\Bbb Z}^d $-actions on certain subgroups of $({\Bbb R}/{\Bbb Z})^{{\Bbb Z}^d}$ obtained previously by Lind, Schmidt and Ward. The question was to explain the coincidence. Here we prove directly that the entropies for two systems must be equal.
Social work
Authors: Manthorpe Jill
Published: July 2002

Alison J. Hirschel, 1996. Setting the stage: the advocates' struggle to
address neglect in Philadelphia nursing homes. Journal of Elder Abuse
and Neglect, 8, 3, 5–20.

Raymond Jack and Stephen Mosley, 1997. The client group
preferences of Diploma in Social Work students. British Journal of
Social Work, 27, 2, 893–912.

Ruth Landau, 1997. Ethical judgement and decision making
orientation in social work. Issues in Social Work Education,
17, 2, 66–81.

The abuse of older people has seized the imagination of social workers, and
conferences or training on the subject are frequently well subscribed. For
many, the concept appears to have brought together aspects of their concerns
about older people, while perhaps helping to justify their professional or
academic interest. The reality of abuse remains generally unreported so any
material derived from ‘real’ events that is well documented and carefully
analysed is likely to be thought-provoking and influential.
The South African pension system
Authors: Møller Valerie
Published: July 2002

A. Sagner. 1998. The 1944 Pension Laws Amendment Bill: old-age
security policy in South Africa in historical perspective, ca.
1920–1960. Southern African Journal of Gerontology7, 1, 10–14.

S. van der Berg. 1998. Ageing, public finance and social security in
South Africa. Southern African Journal of Gerontology7, 1, 3–9.

The latest issue of Southern African Journal of Gerontology
traces the origins of the
South African social pensions system and addresses contemporary issues. In
her editorial, Monica Ferreira (1998) notes that South Africa is one of only
two countries in Africa that operates a social old-age system. Although the
value of the South African social pension system is low in terms of real income
(R490 in July 1998 – approximately US$100), the pension is generous in
comparison with other developing countries. The take-up rate of the pension
is virtually 90 per cent in the case of Africans, who historically were the most
disadvantaged group under apartheid.
Kenneth H. Tucker, Jr., French Revolutionary Syndicalism and the Public Sphere. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. x + 284 pp. $54.95 cloth.
Authors: Zdatny Steven
Published: July 2002

The metamorphosis of French syndicalism is easy enough to discern. At
the end of the nineteenth century, in the Bourses du Travail and the
Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT), workers
talked openly about revolution. Employers and the government took them
seriously, as they took themselves seriously. After all, French labor had a long
and impressive revolutionary pedigree, and throughout the fin de siècle
the working class kept adding to its scars as it continued to engage in frequent
and violent confrontations with the forces of order. Thus the proletariat primed
itself for the decisive showdown: the general strike, the heroic and largely
spontaneous episode that would finish off bourgeois society and bring workers to
power. This was the revolutionary “myth” that propelled the labor
movement forward.
Absolute location by landmark extraction
Authors: Connessons Elisabeth , Vasiljevic Claire
Published: July 2002

To limit cumulative errors due to the odometer, we propose an absolute location

method based on the extraction and the use of geometrical landmarks. This method also avoids the need of prior knowledge of the robot environment (no training steps) and its specified

fitting (no beacons). If different measurements of the environment around the robot taken by an ultrasonic telemeter are merged, geometrical primitives appear. They are then discriminated and rebuilt. Those primitives are the landmarks used by the locating system. Hence a set of definitions and laws have been established to conjointly use few landmarks, in order to obtain the mobile robot absolute location by triangulation.
Accurate modelling of compliant grippers using a new method
Authors: Refaat M. H. , Meguid S. A.
Published: July 2002

Current techniques which have been devised for motion planning and control of compliant multi-fingered grippers are based on the assumption of a constant compliance.
The present investigation was undertaken to examine the validity of this assumption. To this end, the variational inequalities approach and the finite element method were used to formulate the general frictional contact problem. A two-step algorithm, which employs Quadratic Programming and non-differential optimization algorithms, is used to solve the resulting variational inequality and to provide the contact characteristics of compliant
grippers.

The proposed method is applied to a case study involving a multi-fingered compliant gripper. The equivalent stress contours and the compliance of the system were obtained and analyzed. The proposed approach, which can be applied to any contact problem in robotics, overcomes most of the difficulties and approximations evident in current simplified contact analysis techniques.
Inverse control and stabilization of free-flying flexible robots
Authors: de Rivals-Mazères G. , Yim W. , Mora-Camino F. , Singh S.N.
Published: July 2002

The question of control and stabilization of flexible space robots is
considered. Although, this approach is applicable to space robots of
other configurations, for simplicity, a flexible planar two-link robot, mounted
on a rigid floating platform, is considered. The robotic arm
has two revolute joints and its links undergo elastic deformation
in the plane of rotation. Based on nonlinear inversion technique,
a control law is derived for controlling output variables describing
the position and orientation of the platform and the joint
angles of the robot. Although, the inverse controller accomplishes reference
trajectory tracking, it excites the elastic modes of the arm.
For the vibration suppression, three different stabilizers are designed. Using
linear quadratic optimal control theory, a composite stabilizer for stabilization
of the rigid and flexible modes and a decoupled flexible
mode stabilizer are designed for regulating the end point of
the robot to the target point and vibration suppression. Stabilization
using only elastic mode velocity feedback is also considered. For
large maneuvers, first the inverse controller is active, and the
stabilizer is switched for regulation when the motion of the
robot lies in the neighborhood of the terminal equilibrium state.
Simulation results are presented to show that in the closed-loop
system including the inverse controller and each of the stabilizers,
trajectory tracking and stabilization of elastic modes are accomplished.
Telerobotic Ground Control of a Free-Flying Space Camera
Authors: Borst Christoph W. , Volz Richard A.
Published: July 2002

NASA has developed a free-flying camera known as AERCam to assist Space Shuttle and Space Station operations. The first AERCam vehicle was controlled from within the

Space Shuttle using a hand-held controller. We have developed a system for controlling AERCam remotely from the ground, which involves significant communication delays. We have tested its use with NASA's AERCam dynamics simulation in place of the actual vehicle. Our ground system uses a predictive display1 that is based on a similar simulation of Shuttle and AERCam dynamics. For both physical and numeric reasons, the behavior of the remote vehicle may drift from what is expected by the predictive display

system. We have developed a mechanism to periodically re-establish correspondence of the ground simulation with the remote vehicle using tracking data that reports AERCam's recent behavior. Our system also provides a basis for future development of more advanced autonomous ground control for space vehicles such as AERCam.
2-Point linear algorithm for camera translation vector estimation with known

rotation
Authors: Sun Changming
Published: July 2002

This paper introduces a simple method for obtaining the

pure 3-D translational motion parameter (without rotation) and the translation

parameter with a known rotation of a camera. Once the

translation vector is available, the 3-D structure of an object

can also be obtained. The minimum number of matching points

in the two images can be as few as two,

and the equations to be solved are linear. Synthetic and

real image tests has been performed, and good results have

been obtained.
CONCLUSION
Authors: Banta David , Oortwijn Wija
Published: July 2002

The papers on the 16 European countries presented in this issue

show their great diversity of health systems. Health technology assessment

(HTA) has been institutionalized in a number of members of the European

Union and has a growing impact on health policy. A remaining challenge

is to see HTA visible and useful at the European level, which requires

more active coordination of national and regional activities. A network

of HTA programs and researchers has been established. The HTA-Europe

Steering Committee has suggested a number of actions by the European

Commission to promote further coordination. The most important conclusion

of the HTA-Europe report is that a permanent coordinating structure

is needed at the European level.
LEFT ANTERIOR SMALL THORACOTOMY VERSUS CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT FOR
SINGLE-VESSEL OCCLUSION
Authors: Nauenberg Eric , Dorn Joan M. , Salerno Tomas A. , Bergsland Jacob
Published: July 2002

Objectives: Single-vessel bypass can often be accomplished through
less invasive techniques than conventional coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
at substantially lower cost. We undertook a study to empirically determine the
cost savings associated with one such technique, left anterior small
thoracotomy (LAST).

Methods: Reviewing medical and billing records, we measured the
difference in hospitalization costs between two methods of coronary bypass
surgery. The study groups consisted of 50 patients who underwent LAST and 28
who underwent single-vessel conventional CABG during 1995 and 1996. A
subsequent validation sample of 50 patients who underwent LAST was also
analyzed. Hospitalization costs were estimated using a relative value unit
methodology and were risk-adjusted for both perioperative risk factors and
changes in operating room technology.

Results: Risk-adjusted hospitalization costs for those undergoing
LAST were $9,510 and $12,546 for the CABG control subjects (p <
.01), with differences in surgical costs reflecting over 62% of this overall
difference. Differences in average length of stay were under a half-day (10.0
for LAST vs. 10.46 for CABG). Only one inpatient fatality was reported;
therefore, no inference regarding mortality differences could be made.

Conclusions: LAST is substantially less costly than conventional
surgery, and the savings are potentially greater if hospital length of stay is
reduced to a clinically recommended time of 2 days.
Comparative morphology and allometry of winged diaspores among the Asian Sterculiaceae
Authors: Yamada Toshihiro , Suzuki Eizi
Published: July 2002

The morphology and allometry of the winged diaspores of 25 species in the Asian Sterculiaceae were studied. The diaspores of pioneer trees are characterized by light mass and large wings. Although their parent tree heights are low in most cases, these light diaspores are easily blown upward and widely dispersed. The diaspores of Heritiera, a genus mainly found in primary forest, can be divided into groups with large and small wings by their values of the square-root of wing loading. The frequency distribution of mature tree heights for trees with the large- and small-winged diaspores are skewed into high and low statures, respectively. Therefore, the tree size at maturity may play a vital role in determining the morphology of the diaspores. Among the large-winged diaspores, shape is almost retained, despite size change. Consequently, larger diaspores have more mass per unit of wing area, suggesting that larger diaspores fall more quickly than smaller ones. Diaspore mass is approximately proportional to the nut volume. The enlargement of the nut clearly appears to be beneficial for seedling establishment and survival under a closed canopy. However, increasing nut volume reduces the potential for wind dispersal. The fact that large-winged diaspores were always lighter than their small-winged counterparts suggests that the heavier diaspores with small wings are not dispersed, preferentially by wind. Consequently, the present study supports the hypothesis made by Suzuki & Ashton (1996): that the evolution of small wings appears to have arisen mainly due to a reduction in tree height and an increase in nut size.
Rationale in planning: causality, dependencies, and decisions
Authors: POLYAK STEPHEN T. , TATE AUSTIN
Published: July 2002

Traditional approaches to plan representation have focused on the generation of a sequence of actions and orderings. Knowledge rich models, which incorporate plan rationale, provide benefits to the planning process in a number of ways. The use of rationale in planning is reviewed in terms of causality, dependencies, and decisions. Each dimension addresses practical issues in the planning process, and adds value to the resultant plan. The contribution of this paper is to explore this categorisation, and to motivate the need to explicitly record and represent rationale knowledge for situated, mixed-initiative planning systems.
RELIABILITY EVALUATION OF A LINEAR
k-WITHIN-(r,s)-OUT-OF-(m,n):F
LATTICE SYSTEM
Authors: Lin Daming , Zuo Ming J.
Published: July 2002

The linear k-within-(r,
s)-out-of-(m, n):F
lattice system consists of mn components arranged
in m rows and n columns and fails whenever
there is at least one rectangle of dimension r
× s which contains k or more
failed components. We propose recursive formulas for the
calculation of the linear k-within-(r,
s)-out-of-(m, n):F lattice
system. The computing complexity of the system reliability
using the recursive formulas is O((n −
s)ms+1 +
m2s) for r = m
and O((r + 1)rs(m−r+1)[(n −
s)m + 2r(s−1)ms])
for r < m.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1997 GENERATIVE APPROACHES TO SECOND
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION CONFERENCE.Silvina Montrul and Roumyana
Slabakova (Eds.). Montreal: Special Issue of the McGill Working Papers in Linguistics,
Vol. 13: 1–2, 1998. Pp. 240. $25.00 paper.
Authors: O'Connor Kathleen M.
Published: July 2002

This collection includes 19 of the 27 papers presented at the Generative Approaches to
Second Language Acquisition Conference held at McGill University in 1997. Also included are
the plenary presentations by Margaret Thomas and Claire Lefebvre. After a short preface, the
papers are presented in alphabetical order, each preceded by an abstract. French translations of
the abstracts are given at the end of the volume.
COMMUNICATION IN THE LANGUAGE CLASSROOM.Tony
Lynch. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Pp. xvi + 174. $13.95 paper.
Authors: Krahnke Karl
Published: July 2002

This book, an addition to the Oxford Handbooks for Language Teachers series,
clearly falls on the applied end of the research-applied spectrum. Still, the author takes a gentle
but insistent stance that research into communication provides practical insights to the classroom
teacher.
LANGUAGE TEACHING AND SKILL LEARNING.Keith
Johnson. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996. Pp. vi + 198. $21.86 paper.
Authors: Overfield Denise M.
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this book is to establish that language learning and teaching are the same as
skill learning and teaching. In other words, a parallel exists between the learning and teaching of
linguistic behavior and nonlinguistic behavior. To this end, Johnson presents a variety of
linguistic theories and learning models, including Universal Grammar and information
processing. He states that the processes of proceduralization and declarativization of language
are the main ones in language learning and that these issues must be addressed in order to
establish an effective framework for teaching. In the final chapter, he examines how
communicative language teaching and information-processing theory support each other.
INVESTIGATING SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION.Peter Jordens
and Josine Lalleman (Eds.). Berlin: Mouton, 1996. Pp. vii + 469. DM 158 cloth.
Authors: Kellerman Eric
Published: July 2002

A fattish edited volume on SLA based on a Dutch summer course held in 1991, the book is
divided into eight chapters, each containing between one and three contributions by experts in
various specialized areas. These chapters are headed as follows:
Editorial Note
Authors: Lieven Elena
Published: July 2002

This issue contains a new Review Article and Discussion section.
The idea
is to ask a leading researcher to contribute an article which can either
be a
review of a field or an extended book review and to then ask for commentaries

on the piece by other researchers. In this issue the section consists of
a
commentary by Michael Tomasello on Adele Goldberg's Constructions:
a
construction grammar approach to argument structure together with
twelve
commentaries and a reply. The next of these sections will be an extended

review by Matthew Rispoli of Rethinking innateness: a connectionist
perspective
on development by Jeffrey Elman, Elizabeth Bates, Mark Johnson,
Annette Karmiloff-Smith, Domenico Parisis and Kim Plunkett. I very much

hope that readers will find the new section an interesting and useful
contribution to theoretical and methodological discussion in the field.
Of
course the success of this venture depends on contributions from a wide

range of theoretical perspectives and on people's willingness to make
these
contributions even where they sharply disagree with the thesis of the review

article.
Personal pronouns and perspective taking in toddlers
Authors: RICARD MARCELLE , GIROUARD PASCALE C. , DÉCARIE THÉRÈSE GOUIN
Published: July 2002

This study examined the evolution of visual perspective-taking skills in
relation to the comprehension and production of first, second and third
person pronouns. Twelve French-speaking and 12 English-speaking
children were observed longitudinally from 1;6 until they had
acquired all pronouns and succeeded on all tasks. Free-play sessions
and three tasks were used to test pronominal competence. Four other
tasks assessed Level-1 perspective-taking skills: two of these tasks
required the capacity to consider two visual perspectives, and two
others tested the capacity to coordinate three such perspectives. The
results indicated that children's performance on perspective-taking tasks
was correlated with full pronoun acquisition. Moreover, competence at
coordinating two visual perspectives preceded the full mastery of first
and second person pronouns, and competence at coordinating three
perspectives preceded the full mastery of third person pronouns when a
strict criterion was adopted. However, with less stringent criteria, the
sequence from perspective taking to pronoun acquisition varied either
slightly or considerably. These findings are discussed in the light of the
‘specificity hypothesis’ concerning the links between cognition and
language, and also in the context of the recent body of research on the
child's developing theory of mind.
Some bounds for the degree of commutativity of a p-group
of
maximal class, III
Authors: VERA-LÓPEZ A. , ARREGI J. M. , VERA-LÓPEZ F. J.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we obtain some new lower bounds for the
degree of commutativity
of a p-group of maximal class. These bounds show the
relationship between a new
invariant l(G) associated to the normal structure of
G (which we use in the calculation
of the defining relations of G) and the degree of commutativity.
On the L1-algebras of some compact totally ordered
spaces
Authors: SAGHAFI ANAHITA
Published: July 2002

Let X be a compact totally ordered space made into a
semigroup by the
multiplication xy=max{x, y}. Suppose that
there is a continuous regular Borel
measure μ on X with supp μ=X. Then the space
L1(μ) of μ-integrable functions
becomes a Banach algebra when provided with convolution as multiplication.
The
second dual L1(μ)**
therefore has two Arens multiplications, each making it a
Banach algebra. We shall always consider L1(μ)**
to have the first of these: if F,
G∈L1(μ)** and
F=w*−limi ϕi,
G=w*−limj ψj,
where (ϕi), (ψj) are bounded
nets in L1(μ), then

formula here
Differences between protected and unprotected reefs of the western Caribbean in attributes preferred by dive tourists
Authors: Williams Ivor D. , Polunin Nicholas V.C.
Published: July 2002

Tropical marine protected areas (MPAs) may promote conditions that are attractive to dive tourists, but a systematic basis for assessing their effectiveness in this regard is currently lacking. We therefore interviewed 195 dive tourists in Jamaica to determine which reef attributes they most preferred to see on dives. Attributes relating to fishes and other large animals (‘big fishes’, ‘other large animals’, ‘variety of fishes’, ‘abundance of fishes’, and ‘unusual fishes’) were more appreciated than those relating to reef structure and benthos (‘reef structure e.g., drop-offs’, ‘variety of corals’, ‘large corals’, ‘coral cover’, ‘unusual corals’, ‘sponges’, ‘unusual algae’, ‘lobsters, crabs etc.’). We then surveyed reef condition with regard to those aspects (abundance and variety of fishes, number of ‘unusual’, and number of ‘large’ fish) at four Caribbean MPAs and reference areas. In two cases, Hol Chan Marine Reserve in Belize and Parque Nacional Punta Frances in Cuba, these fish attributes were more pronounced in the MPAs than in the reference areas. Differences between the Montego Bay Marine Park in Jamaica (MBMP) and adjacent reference areas were mainly restricted to shallow sites (<6m), while at Grand Cayman no differences between fully protected and partially protected areas were detected. Management had not been fully effective in the MBMP in the preceding months, while fishing pressure in the partially protected areas on Grand Cayman was very light. We conclude that, if fishing restrictions are well enforced, western Caribbean MPAs can be expected to be effective in ways appreciated by dive tourists.
Special Issue: Life-Cycle Design
Authors: MARX WILLIAM J. , KUNZ JOHN , PRASAD BIREN
Published: July 2002

In recent years, the area of Product Design focusing
on the Product's Life Cycle, from conception through
disposal, has been an increasing area of research, in academia
and industry. It provides a challenging, yet relatively
unexplored, area of research for scientists and engineers
from multiple disciplines. It is also an area of great
interest to industry, with the refocusing of business models
from increasing product performance to increasing corporate
profitability while reducing expenditures. This paradigm
shift has spawned multiple areas of research in Life-Cycle
Design, as evidenced by the diversity in the topics of
the papers submitted for this special issue of AI EDAM.
We have collected five papers that present different areas
of Life-Cycle Design; each provides a unique perspective
on Life Cycle Design within the broad domain of Artificial
Intelligence.
Risk factors associated with hepatitis C virus infection in Taiwanese government employees
Authors: CHANG H. C. , YU M. W. , LU C. F. , CHIU Y. H. , CHEN C. J.
Published: July 2002

This study evaluated the roles of multiple factors in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, with emphasis on the modification of various individual characteristics on the risk associated with percutaneous exposure to blood. Serum samples taken from 4869 men in Taiwan within a cohort study were tested for HCV antibody. The overall positive rate of anti-HCV was 1·6 %. In a logistic regression, factors positively associated with anti-HCV positivity were previous blood transfusion (odds ratio [OR] = 7·28; 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 4·26–12·45), a history of surgery (OR = 2·06; 95 % CI = 1·23–3·46), and lower educational levels (OR = 1·94; 95 % CI = 1·14–3·32). The anti-HCV positive rate was significantly lower in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers than in non-carriers (OR = 0·60; 95 % CI = 0·37–0·95). Ageing, lower educational levels, O blood group, and Taiwanese ethnicity enhanced the likelihood of HCV infection through blood transfusion/surgery, whereas HBsAg status, cigarette smoking, and habitual alcohol drinking reduced it.
Outbreak of Norwalk virus in a Caribbean island resort: application of molecular diagnostics to ascertain the vehicle of infection
Authors: BROWN C. M. , CANN J. W. , SIMONS G. , FANKHAUSER R. L. , THOMAS W. , PARASHAR U. D. , LEWIS M. J.
Published: July 2002

In 1998, an outbreak of gastroenteritis affected at least 448 persons including 122 staff at a resort hotel in Bermuda. A survey among staff indicated that gastroenteritis was associated with eating or drinking at the hotel (OR = 6·0, 95% CI = 2·4–15·1). Multiple specimens of drinking water had elevated faecal coliform levels and Escherichia coli present, suggestive of faecal contamination. Stools from 18 of the 19 persons with gastroenteritis that were tested were positive for genogroup-II Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs). RT–PCR analysis of a 3 l specimen of water produced a genogroup-II NLV genome with a sequence identical to that of NLVs in the stools of three ill persons. This outbreak shows the value of new molecular diagnostics to link illness with a contaminated source through the use of sequence analysis. The risk of outbreaks such as these could be reduced in tourism dependent regions like Bermuda and the Caribbean by regular evaluation of data from the inspection and monitoring of drinking water supplies and waste water systems, by ensuring the chlorination of supplemental drinking water supplies and by establishing food-safety initiatives.
Low rates of ehrlichiosis and Lyme borreliosis in English farmworkers
Authors: THOMAS D. Rh. , SILLIS M. , COLEMAN T. J. , KENCH S. M. , OGDEN N. H. , SALMON R. L. , MORGAN-CAPNER P. , SOFTLEY P. , MEADOWS D.
Published: July 2002

To determine the occupational significance of tick-borne zoonoses
we sought serological
evidence of Lyme borreliosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) and human
granulocytic
ehrlichiosis (HGE) in a representative sample of farmworkers. Although
around 20% reported
ticks on their domestic and companion animals, few (<2% per year) reported
being bitten by
ticks. Seroprevalence of Lyme borreliosis (0·2%), HME (0·2%)
and HGE (1·5%) was low.
Those seropositive for HGE were no more likely to report tick bites nor
more likely to report
ticks on their animals. This study provides evidence that farmworkers in
England are exposed
to tick-borne zoonoses but that they are uncommon. Since the severity of
these diseases is
linked to delays in diagnosis and treatment, clinicians should be aware
of these diagnoses in
patients from rural communities, with or without a self-reported history
of tick bite.
Acinetobacter bacteraemia in patients with diarrhoeal disease
Authors: HOSSAIN M. IQBAL , KABIR A. K. M. IQBAL , KHAN W. A. , FUCHS G. J.
Published: July 2002

In 1994, 171 (27%) of all positive blood cultures in our hospital

were due to Acinetobacter
species. Of these, 138 cultures were considered significant, 91 (66%) were
community-acquired
and 47 (34%) were nosocomial. Most acinetobacter bacteraemia in children
[les ]1 year old was
community-acquired, while nosocomial infection was more common in children
>1 year old
(P=0·01). Most children [les ]5 years old were
severely malnourished. The incidence of
bacteraemia was lowest during the post-monsoon to early winter months.
Acinetobacter
bacteraemia associated mortality was twice (16%) that of all other patients

(7·7%, P < 0·0005)
and accounted for 4·5% of all hospital deaths during the study
period. Bacteraemia caused by
Acinetobacter species is an important cause of morbidity and mortality

among our patient population with diarrhoeal disease.
Rajendra Singh (ed.) (1996). Trubetzkoy's orphan: proceedings
of the
Montréal Roundtable ‘Morphonology: contemporary responses’
(Montréal,
September 30–October 2, 1994). With the collaboration of Richard
Desrochers. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Pp. xiv+363.
Authors: Carstairs-McCarthy Andrew
Published: July 2002

The participants at the Montréal Roundtable included Paul
Kiparsky, Wolfgang
U. Dressler and Joan Bybee, all of them major figures in recent morphological
debates, as well as Alan Ford and Rajendra Singh, the authors of a theory
of
morphology which is less well known but equally ambitious. The bulk of
this
book consists of target articles on these four theoretical standpoints
followed by
comments by one or two commentators, replies by the protagonists, and
transcripts of discussion. The commentators are Heather Goad, Richard Janda,
K. P. Mohanan and Douglas C. Walker, and in general they do a good job.
But
the discussion sections are what you will turn to first if you have ever
asked
yourself questions such as ‘I wonder how Kiparsky (or Dressler) would
respond
to that argument of Bybee (or Ford & Singh)?’. Singh and Desrochers
are to be
congratulated on producing such a full report of a conference with such
high-profile participants.
Flow in a double-film-fed fluid bead between contra-rotating rolls
Part 2: bead break and flooding
Authors: GOSTLING M. J. , SAVAGE M. D. , WILSON M. C. T.
Published: July 2002

Two-dimensional flow is considered in a fluid bead located in the gap between a pair of
contra-rotating cylinders and bounded by two curved menisci. The stability of such bead
flows with two inlet films, and hence no contact line, are analysed as the roll speed ratio
S is increased. One of the inlet films can be regarded as an ‘input flux’ whilst the other
is a ‘returning film’ whose thickness is specified as a fraction ζ of the outlet film on that
roll. The flow is modelled via lubrication theory and for Ca [Lt ] 1, where Ca represents the
capillary number, boundary conditions are formally developed that account for S ≠ 1 and
the non-constant gap. It is shown that there is a qualitative difference in the results between
the single and double inlet film models unless small correction terms to the pressure drops
at the interfaces are taken into account. Futhermore, it is shown that the inclusion of these
small terms produces an O(1) effect on the prediction of the critical value of S at which bead
break occurs. When the limits of the returning film fraction are examined it is found that as
ζ → 0 results are in good agreement with those for the single inlet film. Further it is shown
for a fixed input flux that as ζ → 1 a transition from bead break to upstream flooding of the
nip can occur and multiple two-dimensionally stable solutions exist. For a varying input flux
and fixed and ‘sufficiently large’ values of ζ there is a critical input flux
&λmacr;(ζ) such that as S is increased from zero:

(i) bead break occurs for λ < &λmacr;;

(ii) upstream flooding occurs for λ > &λmacr;;

(iii) when λ = &λmacr; the flow becomes neutrally stable at a specific value of S beyond which
there exist two steady solutions (two-dimensionally stable) leading to bead break and upstream
flooding, respectively.
A pure sine-wave oscillator with a fast settling time
Authors: ROBINSON F. N. H. , OCKENDON H.
Published: July 2002

An unforced oscillator which obeys the equation
x¨+α
(x2+x˙2−1)x˙+x=0

has a pure sine-wave limit cycle which is attained rapidly for a range
of
values of α. In this paper, free and
forced oscillation of this equation are examined experimentally and compared
with those for
the Van der Pol oscillator. Asymptotic solutions for small α confirm
the experimental
results.
Upper gastrointestinal disease in elderly patients
Authors: Singhal S , Bowling TE
Published: July 2002

Introduction

In 1995, Safe reviewed the major advances in the investigation and management of upper gastrointestinal tract (UGT) disorders over the previous 25 years. Further research over the past five years, particularly in the field of the ethics of nutrition in the elderly, has stimulated this review of the literature. Rather than attempt a comprehensive review, however, we focus on areas where the approach to the management of UGT disease has been significantly influenced. The following topics are covered: gastrooesophageal reflux disease (GORD); peptic ulcer disease (PUD); the management of non-steroidal drug-induced mucosal injury; UGT bleeding; UGT cancer and the ethics of artificial nutrition support.
The Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Group
Authors: Qizilbash Nawab
Published: July 2002

Over 2000 randomized trials are reported in the literature for the treatment of dementia and cognitive decline. Yet the responses to the question, ‘Which treatments are effective in dementia?’ are likely to be various and conflicting. Wide

variation in practice exists, and for drug therapy, where information is more readily available, different treatments are used in different countries. For example, only one drug (Hydergine) is licensed in the UK for dementia, though rarely used, while there are over 30 drugs in use in Japan for dementia and cognitive decline,
five in Spain, and two in the USA. This inconsistency is likely to be even greater for interventions of psychological and behavioural therapies, environmental therapy and the organization of care.
Patterned neuromuscular stimulation
Authors: Petterson Tim
Published: July 2002

The ability to differentiate science from science fiction might be
considered an essential quality in those who stand on their soapboxes
to proclaim the virtues of particular therapies. Not so the
protagonists of electrotherapy. It is difficult to think of any
treatment modality which until recently has been so neglected by the
purists. This is reflected in the plethora of literature churned out on
the subject, much of which relates to 'back street' studies which are
woefully short on science and method.
Connective tissue diseases in later life
Authors: Brockbank JE , Snaith ML
Published: July 2002

The connective tissue diseases and vasculitides are primarily conditions of the early and middle years. However, a significant proportion of patients do present in later life, and some conditions, such as giant cell arteritis, are almost exclusively confined to older patients. In later years, their presentation may differ from the classical descriptions and require a broader diagnostic sieve. Thirty per cent of elderly patients with pyrexia of unknown origin have a multi-system disorder. Autoantibody tests throw up more false positives with the risk of over-diagnosis and treatment is further complicated by the burden of co-existent disease and morbidity from therapeutic side-effects.