bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neue Normalitäten in Partnerschaft und Elternschaft in Österreich? Wandel von Verhalten, Einstellungen und rechtlichen Normen
Authors: Beham-Rabanser Martina , Berghammer Caroline , Zartler Ulrike
Published: August 2024

In den letzten Jahrzehnten veränderten sich Verhalten, Einstellungen und rechtliche Normen in Bezug auf Partnerschaft und Elternschaft. Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob diese Veränderungen zeitlich parallel stattfanden und ob sich „neue Normalitäten“ etablierten. Dies wird in einem Zeitraum von mehr als drei Jahrzehnten untersucht für (a) nichteheliche Lebensgemeinschaften; (b) Scheidung, Ein-Eltern-Familien und Stieffamilien; (c) gleichgeschlechtliche Partner- und Familienbeziehungen sowie (d) medizinisch unterstützte Elternschaft. Als Datengrundlage dient vorwiegend das International Social Survey Programme 1988 bis 2023, zusätzlich werden die Europäische Wertestudie sowie der Generations and Gender Survey herangezogen. Zudem werden Daten der Statistik Austria zu Veränderungen in den Familienformen dargestellt.

Die Ergebnisse zeigen das komplexe Zusammenspiel von Verhalten, Einstellungen und rechtlichen Normen: Entwicklungen fanden keineswegs immer zeitlich parallel statt. Beispielsweise waren positive Einstellungen zu nichtehelichen Lebensgemeinschaften bereits weit verbreitet, als diese Lebensform Mitte der 1990er an Bedeutung gewann. Auch traten Änderungen in den Rechtsnormen zum Teil zeitversetzt zu entsprechenden Veränderungen in den Einstellungen auf, z. B. sind gleichgeschlechtliche Ehen erst seit 2019 möglich, obwohl gleichgeschlechtliche Partnerschaften bereits seit dem Ende der 1990er-Jahre zunehmend befürwortet werden. Die Analysen weisen darauf hin, dass sich neue Normalitäten zu etablieren scheinen, während ältere Normen – insbesondere die Zwei-Eltern-Norm sowie die Heteronormativitätsnorm – weiterhin fortbestehen.
Characteristics of childhood cancer survivors attending a specialized survivorship clinic in the Deep South
Authors: Hoppmann Anna L. , Dai Chen , Hageman Lindsey , Francisco Liton , Knight Jada , Mast Angela , Whelan Kimberly , Bhatia Smita , Landier Wendy
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Childhood cancer survivors carry a high burden of late-occurring treatment-related morbidity. Long-term risk-based anticipatory surveillance allows for early detection and management of complications. We sought to examine demographic, clinical, and social characteristics associated with survivorship clinic attendance at the Taking on Life after Cancer (TLC) Clinic at the Children’s Hospital of Alabama.

Methods

The cohort included 1122 TLC-eligible patients diagnosed with cancer between 2000 and 2016. The outcome of interest was ≥1 TLC visit. Univariable logistic regression modeling assessed cancer type, treatment era, age, sex, race/ethnicity, payer type, rural/urban residency, and distance from clinic. Significant variables (P<0.1) were retained in multivariable modeling.

Results

The median age at diagnosis was 7 years old (0–19); 47% were female, 69% non-Hispanic White, 25% African American; 45% leukemia or lymphoma, 53% solid or CNS tumor, 3% other. We found that among 1122 survivors eligible to attend a survivorship clinic in the Deep South, only 52% attended. Odds of attendance were lower among survivors diagnosed at an older age, those with cancers other than leukemia/lymphoma, those lacking private insurance, and those living farther from the clinic. Race/ethnicity and rurality were not associated with clinic attendance.

Conclusion

Just over half of eligible survivors attended survivorship clinic. Factors associated with non-attendance can be used to guide development of intervention strategies to ensure that childhood cancer survivors receive optimal long-term follow-up care.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

Measures of healthcare access (insurance status and distance to care) were identified as potential intervention targets to improve uptake of survivorship care.
Precision Genetic Therapies: Balancing Risk and Benefit in Patients with Heart Failure
Authors: Johnston Jamie R. , Adler Eric D.
Published: August 2024

Purpose of Review

Precision genetic medicine is evolving at a rapid pace and bears significant implications for clinical cardiology. Herein, we discuss the latest advancements and emerging strategies in gene therapy for cardiomyopathy and heart failure.

Recent Findings

Elucidating the genetic architecture of heart failure has paved the way for precision therapies in cardiovascular medicine. Recent preclinical studies and early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated encouraging results that support the development of gene therapies for heart failure arising from a variety of etiologies. In addition to the discovery of new therapeutic targets, innovative delivery platforms are being leveraged to improve the safety and efficacy of cardiac gene therapies.

Precision genetic therapy represents a potentially safe and effective approach for improving outcomes in patients with heart failure. It holds promise for radically transforming the treatment paradigm for heart failure by directly targeting the underlying etiology. As this new generation of cardiovascular medicines progress to the clinic, it is especially important to carefully evaluate the benefits and risks for patients.
The Role of Cannabinoids in Advancing Cancer Treatment: Insights from Evidence-Based Medicine
Authors: Skórzewska Magdalena , Gęca Katarzyna
Published: August 2024

Purpose of Review

This document critically examines the role of cannabinoids in cancer care during an era marked by rapid advancements in oncology and changing perceptions on cannabis. It traces the historical context of cannabis in medicinal use, navigating its journey from widespread acceptance, subsequent criminalization, to its resurgence in modern therapeutic applications, particularly within the framework of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM).

Recent Findings

Anchored in EBM principles, this study synthesizes current research from clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cannabinoids in oncology. The focus is on their palliative effects, considering the nuances of effectiveness, risk assessment, and challenges inherent in translating these findings into clinical guidelines.

The study seeks to bridge the gap between scientific research and clinical practice, offering insights to inform future oncological therapies and symptom management strategies involving cannabinoids. The potential benefits and risks of cannabinoid use in cancer treatment are assessed to guide clinicians and researchers in developing comprehensive, evidence-based approaches to patient care.
AnNoBrainer, An Automated Annotation of Mouse Brain Images using Deep Learning
Authors: Peter Roman , Hrobar Petr , Navratil Josef , Vagenknecht Martin , Soukup Jindrich , Tsuji Keiko , Barrezueta Nestor X. , Stoll Anna C. , Gentzel Renee C. , Sugam Jonathan A. , Marcus Jacob , Bitton Danny A.
Published: August 2024

Annotation of multiple regions of interest across the whole mouse brain is an indispensable process for quantitative evaluation of a multitude of study endpoints in neuroscience digital pathology. Prior experience and domain expert knowledge are the key aspects for image annotation quality and consistency. At present, image annotation is often achieved manually by certified pathologists or trained technicians, limiting the total throughput of studies performed at neuroscience digital pathology labs. It may also mean that simpler and quicker methods of examining tissue samples are used by non-pathologists, especially in the early stages of research and preclinical studies. To address these limitations and to meet the growing demand for image analysis in a pharmaceutical setting, we developed AnNoBrainer, an open-source software tool that leverages deep learning, image registration, and standard cortical brain templates to automatically annotate individual brain regions on 2D pathology slides. Application of AnNoBrainer to a published set of pathology slides from transgenic mice models of synucleinopathy revealed comparable accuracy, increased reproducibility, and a significant reduction (~ 50%) in time spent on brain annotation, quality control and labelling compared to trained scientists in pathology. Taken together, AnNoBrainer offers a rapid, accurate, and reproducible automated annotation of mouse brain images that largely meets the experts’ histopathological assessment standards (> 85% of cases) and enables high-throughput image analysis workflows in digital pathology labs.
Simultaneous p53 and p16 Immunostaining for Molecular Subclassification of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Authors: Pakkanen Pihla , Silvoniemi Antti , Aro Katri , Bäck Leif , Irjala Heikki , Aaltonen Leena-Maija , Hagström Jaana , Haglund Caj , Laine Jukka , Minn Heikki , Huvila Jutta
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Our aim was to assess the ability of simultaneous immunohistochemical staining (IHC) for p16 and p53 to accurately subclassify head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) as HPV-associated (HPV-A) versus HPV-independent (HPV-I) and compare p53 IHC staining patterns to TP53 mutation status, p16 IHC positivity and HPV status.

Methods

We stained 31 HNSCCs for p53 and p16, and performed next-generation sequencing (FoundationOne©CDx) on all cases and HPV in-situ hybridization (ISH) when sufficient tissue was available (n = 23). p53 IHC staining patterns were assessed as wildtype (wt) or abnormal (abn) patterns i.e. overexpression, null or cytoplasmic staining.

Results

In a majority of cases (28/31) interpretation of p16 and p53 IHC was straightforward; 10 were considered HPV-A (p16+/p53wt) and 18 cases were HPV-I (p16-/p53abn). In the remaining three tumours the unusual immunophenotype was resolved by molecular testing, specifically (i) subclonal p16 staining and wild type p53 staining in a tumour positive for HPV and with no TP53 mutation (HPV-A), (ii) negative p16 and wild type p53 staining with a TP53 mutation and negative for HPV (HPV-I), and (iii) equivocally increased p16 staining with mutant pattern p53 expression, negative HPV ISH and with a TP53 mutation (HPV-I).

Conclusion

Performing p16 and p53 IHC staining simultaneously allows classification of most HNSCC as HPV-A (p16 +, p53 wild type (especially basal sparing or null-like HPV associated staining patterns, which were completely specific for HPV-A SCC) or HPV-I (p16 -, p53 mutant pattern expression), with the potential for limiting additional molecular HPV or mutational testing to selected cases only.
Accounting for friction in the mechanical testing of athletics tracks
Authors: Andena Luca , Gobbi Riccardo , Meda Paolo , Zalaffi Samuele , Marenghi Andrea
Published: August 2024

This investigation deals with the problem of identifying the mechanical behaviour of rubbers from compression tests, performed on specimens having unfavorable geometry. A typical situation is that of flat specimens obtained from high-friction sports surfaces. To this purpose, experimental tests were conducted, aimed at measuring friction under various conditions and evaluating its effect on the compressive behavior of different rubber samples. The experimental results have been interpreted in view of an existing analytical model proposed by Gent and coworkers. The method was shown to be valid within a relatively broad range of conditions (in terms of materials, lubrication and aspect ratio). Its application allowed the creation of virtual “frictionless” curves, by rescaling experimental data for the stiffening factor predicted by Gent model. These curves represent more closely the intrinsic material behaviour, removing the large frictional contribution present in the experimental tests, and can be used as a more reliable input for numerical simulations.
Combating climate change through sustainable cattle ranching in the global south: The role of societal corporatism
Authors: Rudel Thomas K.
Published: August 2024

The contours of the collective action necessary to limit climate change remain difficult to discern. In this context, societal corporatist political processes, fueled by crisis narratives, have shown some promise as political devices for mobilizing people. Corporatist processes have, historically, brought political competitors like employers and labor unions together to negotiate compacts that have advanced collective goods during times of crisis. In response to the climate crisis in the Global South, affluent donor groups, state officials, some farmers, and indigenous peoples have begun to assemble corporatist-like coalitions to pursue climate stabilization. A comparative case study of efforts to promote sustainable cattle ranching through the spread of silvopastoral landscapes in Colombia and Ecuador illustrates this political dynamic, its shortcomings, and its accomplishments.
Regularizers to the rescue: fighting overfitting in deep learning-based side-channel analysis
Authors: Rezaeezade Azade , Batina Lejla
Published: August 2024

Despite considerable achievements of deep learning-based side-channel analysis, overfitting represents a significant obstacle in finding optimized neural network models. This issue is not unique to the side-channel domain. Regularization techniques are popular solutions to overfitting and have long been used in various domains. At the same time, the works in the side-channel domain show sporadic utilization of regularization techniques. What is more, no systematic study investigates these techniques’ effectiveness. In this paper, we aim to investigate the regularization effectiveness on a randomly selected model, by applying 4 powerful and easy-to-use regularization techniques to 8 combinations of datasets, leakage models, and deep learning topologies. The investigated techniques are $$L_1$$

L
1

, $$L_2$$

L
2

, dropout, and early stopping. Our results show that while all these techniques can improve performance in many cases, $$L_1$$

L
1

and $$L_2$$

L
2

are the most effective. Finally, if training time matters, early stopping is the best technique.
Place meanings of shore recreational fishers in the urban fringe
Authors: Brink Talya ten
Published: August 2024

While recreational fishers recognize the many benefits of their practice, there is less recognition of these benefits by decision-makers in natural resource management. Fisheries motivations and benefits have not been sufficiently captured in urban and urban/suburban interface (urban fringe) areas. To help address this gap, this work captures fisheries motivations and benefits in the urban fringe of Rhode Island using a place meaning methodology. In-person interviews were conducted in Spanish and English with anglers who use public access sites in the urban fringe near Providence, Rhode Island. This area was found to support diverse users with needs for access, suitable water quality, and safety. Mental and physical health benefits were also found. The results inform fisheries management and landscape planning via a greater understanding of the conceptualization of coastal spaces and suggestions for future attributes of coastal spaces. Future directions to explore include the relationship between place meanings and well-being, the relationship between place meanings and fishing motivations, and gathering place meanings across diverse users and locations. Understanding recreational fishing motivations and benefits in the urban fringe informs fisheries and coastal management decision-making under potential landscape changes or fishery stock decline.
Development and Mechanical Characterization of a CoCr-Based Multiple-Principal-Element Alloy
Authors: Padilla-González A. , González G. , Alfonso I. , Vidilli A. L. , Otani L. B. , Figueroa I. A.
Published: August 2024

The development and mechanical characterization of a CoCr-based multiple-principal-element alloy are presented and discussed. In this work, ab initio synthesis and mechanical characterization of the (CoCr)100-x(TiNbZr)x (x = 0, 48 60, 78 and 100 % at) alloy family is reported; these include the calculation of thermodynamic parameters such as mixing entropy (ΔSmix), mixing enthalpy (ΔHmix), valence electron concentration (VEC), Ω and δ factors. The alloys were melted in a vacuum arc furnace; rod-shaped ingots were produced by suction casting. Phase characterization was carried out using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction. Mechanical characterization was done via compressive and hardness tests. Calculation of phase diagrams was performed using Thermo-Calc © software. Yang’s model for phase prediction predicted a BCC solid solution. Multicomponent simulations predicted a more complex structure, with Laves (C14 and C15), Theta (C16), BCC 1, 2 and 3, Mu, CoTi2, CoZr3 and TiZr2. Contrary to Yang’s model for phase prediction, the experimentally obtained phases agreed reasonability well with those obtained by the Thermo-Calc simulation. The suction cast process cooling rate suppressed the nucleation and growth of some equilibrium phases, i.e., Laves (C14) or BCC 3 for the (CoCr)100-x(TiNbZr)x (x = 0, 48 60, 78 and 100 % at) alloys. The hardness test results were strongly related to the intermetallic phase formation, showing an increase of 331% with the x = 78 alloy. The BCC 1 phase played an important role in the yield strength behavior, as the (CoCr)22(TiNbZr)78 alloy, with a considerable amount of this phase, showed the highest yield strength value.
Artificial neural networks-based modelling of effects of cryogenic electrode treatment, nano-powder, and surfactant-mixed dielectrics on wear performance and dimensional errors on superalloy machining
Authors: Sana Muhammad , Khan Anamta , Farooq Muhammad Umar , Anwar Saqib
Published: August 2024

In the present era dominated by Industry 4.0, the digital transformation and intelligent management of industrial systems is significantly important to enhance efficiency, quality, and the effective use of resources. This underscores the need for a framework that goes beyond merely boosting productivity and work quality, aiming for a net-zero impact from industrial activities. This research introduces a comprehensive and adaptable analytical framework intended to bridge existing gaps in research and technology within the manufacturing sector. It encompasses the essential stages of using artificial intelligence (AI) for modelling and optimizing manufacturing systems. The effectiveness of the proposed AI framework is evaluated through a case study on electric discharge machining (EDM), concentrating on optimizing the electrode wear rate (EWR) and overcut (OC) for aerospace alloy Inconel 617. Utilizing a comprehensive design of experiments, the process modelling through an artificial neural network (ANN) is carried out, accompanied by careful fine-tuning of hyperparameters throughout the training process. The trained models are further assessed using an external validation (Valext) dataset. The results of the sensitivity analysis indicated that the surfactant concentration (Sc) has the highest level of influence, accounting for 52.41% of the observed influence on the EWR, followed by the powder concentration (Cp) with a contribution of 33.14%, and the treatment variable with a contribution of 14.43%. Regarding OC, Sc holds the highest percentage significance at 72.67%, followed by Cp at 21.25%, and treatment at 6.06%. Additionally, parametric optimization (PO) shows that EWR and OC overcome experimental data by 47.05% and 85.00%, respectively, showcasing successful performance optimization with potential applications across diverse manufacturing systems.
Predictors of the onset of low handgrip strength in Europe: a longitudinal study of 42,183 older adults from 15 countries
Authors: Qaisar Rizwan , Hussain M. Azhar , Franzese Fabio , Karim Asima , Ahmad Firdos , Awad Atif , Al-Masri Abeer A. , Alkahtani Shaea A.
Published: August 2024

Objectives

A low handgrip strength (HGS) is a significant risk factor for multiple diseases. However, most relevant studies investigate the complications of a low HGS, while the risk potential of causative factors of low HGS remain poorly characterized.

Methods

We investigated the potentials of quality of life, depression, dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, frailty, and difficulties performing daily activities in predicting low HGS (≤ 27 kg for men, ≤ 16 kg for women) in European older adults aged 50 or above from 15 countries (n = 42,183). All data was collected from four successive waves of survey of health, ageing, and retirement in Europe (SHARE) conducted between 2013 and 2020. Logistic models are applied, and estimated effects are presented as odds ratios and probabilities.

Results

Collectively, 3016 participants (men; n = 1395; 7.38%, women; n = 1621, 6.97%) developed low HGS during the 6.5 years study period. After adjusting for covariables, we identified an advancing age (1.6–48.1% points higher risk of low HGS), male gender (1.0%-point higher risk of low HGS), lower quality of life (1.6%-point higher), and stroke (1.5%-points) as significant risk factors for low HGS. We also found a dose-dependent association of Euro-D depression scores with the risk of low HGS, as the higher scores were associated with between 0.6- and 2.3%-points higher risk of developing low HGS than participants without depression. Among physical performance indicators, difficulty climbing stairs (2.0%-points higher low HGS risk) or rising from a chair (0.7%-points) were significantly associated with developing low HGS. Lastly, frailty (0.9%-points higher risk of low HGS) and the fear of falling down (1.6%-points higher risk) also increased the risk of developing low HGS.

Conclusion

Altogether, we report several risk factors for developing low HGS. Our observations may help evaluating and monitoring high-risk population for developing low HGS in pre-clinical settings.
Conflict among the National Union of Road Transport Workers in Akure, Nigeria: causes, consequences and management strategies
Authors: Olorunfemi Samuel Oluwaseyi , Adeniran Adetayo Olaniyi , Amoako-Sakyi Regina Obilie
Published: August 2024

This study examined the causes, consequences, and strategies for managing organizational conflict among the National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW) in Akure, Nigeria, to achieve sustainable peace and harmonious relationships among union members, and actualize better transport service delivery to the larger society. A survey design was adopted to elicit primary data through questionnaires and in-depth interviews with NURTW members. Desk research was also used to gather relevant information from the literature. Hundred (100) questionnaires were purposively and randomly administered to commercial drivers who are members of the National Union of Road Transport Workers in Akure. The survey was done across three major parks in Akure: Cathedral Park, Ondo Road Park and Benin Garage Park. They were selected because they are mostly dominated by the members of NURTW, and mostly patronized by passengers. The data collected were analyzed using simple descriptive and inferential statistics; in the form of frequencies, percentages, bar charts, and logistic regression. The study found that most of the NURTW members were males, and were majorly in the economic productive year between the ages of 35 and 45. Findings further revealed that government or political interference is a major cause of conflict among NURTW members. The aftermath of conflict among the union usually resulted in disruptions of the union activities and destruction of lives and properties. The bargaining approach in managing conflict is the most effective strategy for addressing conflict among NURTW members in Akure, Nigeria.
Burden of death associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pandemic in Flint, Michigan (MI), mortality trends over the 2-year period: impact of social and health inequities
Authors: Younas Mariam , Osterholzer Danielle , Ríos-Bedoya Carlos F.
Published: August 2024

Background:

This cross-sectional study aims to determine the mortality trends in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pandemic in Flint, MI.

Methods:

Records from 1,663 consecutive adult patients (≥18 years of age) with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, admitted and discharged from our facility from 03/2020 through 02/2022, were abstracted and analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between study explanatory variables (ie, sex, age, co-morbidities, etc.) and the primary study outcome (ie, mortality).

Results:

During the 2-year study period, the overall crude 90-day mortality rate was 16.1% (267/1663), being lowest in the period 5 (Table 1). Male sex, older age, certain co-morbidities, supplemental oxygenation use, and lack of immunization were associated with mortality. Therapeutics such as remdesivir and steroids were not associated with improved survival.

Conclusion:

Despite substantial changes in supportive care, management and circulating variants, SARS-CoV-2 carried a significant mortality risk. Vaccination coverage in this high-risk study sample was low, at only 12%. Public health efforts should be focused at overcoming the barriers to vaccine acceptance in this high-risk unique population.
Antimicrobial use before and during COVID-19: data from 108 Veterans Affairs medical centers
Authors: Goetz Matthew Bidwell , Willson Tina , Rubin Michael A. , Stevens Vanessa W. , Graber Christopher J.
Published: August 2024

Objective:

Inpatient antibiotic use increased during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to determine whether these changes persisted in persons with and without COVID-19 infection.

Design:

Retrospective cohort analysis.

Setting:

108 Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities.

Patients:

Persons receiving acute inpatient care from January 2016 to October 2022.

Methods:

Data on antibacterial use, patient days present, and COVID-19 care were extracted from the VA Corporate Data Warehouse. Days of therapy (DOT) per 1000 days present (DP) were calculated and stratified by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-defined antibiotic classes.

Results:

Antibiotic use increased from 534 DOT/1000 DP in 11/2019–2/2020 to 588 DOT/1000 DP in 3/2020–4/2020. Subsequently, antibiotic use decreased such that total DOT/1000 DP was 2% less in 2020 as a whole than in 2019. Driven by treatment for community acquired pneumonia, antibiotic use was 30% higher in persons with COVID-19 than in uninfected persons in 3/2020–4/2020, but only 4% higher for the remainder of 2020. In 2022 system-wide antibiotic use was 9% less in persons with COVID-19; however, antibiotic use remained higher in persons with COVID-19 in 25% of facilities.

Discussion:

Although antibiotic use increased during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, overall use subsequently decreased to below previous baseline levels and, in 2022, was less in persons with COVID-19 than in persons without COVID-19. However, further work needs to be done to address variances across facilities and to determine whether current levels of antibiotic use in persons with COVID-19 are justified.
Hospitalizations among family members increase the risk of MRSA infection in a household
Authors: Miller Aaron C. , Arakkal Alan T. , Sewell Daniel K. , Segre Alberto M. , Adhikari Bijaya , Polgreen Philip M. ,   For The CDC MInD-Healthcare Group
Published: August 2024

Objective:

Estimate the risk for household transmission of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) following exposure to infected family members or family members recently discharged from a hospital.

Design:

Analysis of monthly MRSA incidence from longitudinal insurance claims using the Merative MarketScan Commercial and Medicare (2001–2021) databases.

Setting:

Visits to inpatient, emergency department, and outpatient settings.

Patients:

Households with ≥2 family members enrolled in the same insurance plan for the entire month.

Methods:

We estimated a monthly incidence model, where enrollees were binned into monthly enrollment strata defined by demographic, patient, and exposure characteristics. Monthly incidence within each stratum was computed, and a regression analysis was used to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) associated with household exposures of interest while accounting for potential confounding factors.

Results:

A total of 157,944,708 enrollees were included and 424,512 cases of MRSA were identified. Across all included enrollees, exposure to a family member with MRSA in the prior 30 days was associated with significantly increased risk of infection (IRR: 71.03 [95% CI, 67.73–74.50]). After removing enrollees who were hospitalized or exposed to a family member with MRSA, exposure to a family member who was recently discharged from the hospital was associated with increased risk of infection (IRR: 1.44 [95% CI, 1.39–1.49]) and the risk of infection increased with the duration of the family member’s hospital stay (P value < .001).

Conclusions:

Exposure to a recently hospitalized and discharged family member increased the risk of MRSA infection in a household even when the hospitalized family member was not diagnosed with MRSA.
Gossiping for a Reason – Revised Gossip Functions Questionnaire (RGFQ)
Authors: Yucel Meltem , Moulder Robert G.
Published: August 2024

Abstract: Introduction: According to one prominent theoretical model of gossip, we gossip for four key reasons: to keep track of our social networks, to strengthen bonds with others, to manage our reputation, and to entertain ourselves ( Foster, 2004 ). Foster (2004) has also provided the Gossip Functions Questionnaire (GFQ) reflecting these four theoretical functions. Yet, this model has not been empirically derived. Method and Results: Using a large nationally representative sample we show that this survey captures the two main functions of gossip: (1) Normative Function, and (2) Relationship Function. Finally, we modified the GFQ to capture the two main functions of gossip: the 11-item Revised GFQ. Current findings open many avenues of research for social, organizational, and developmental psychologists who are interested in how and when gossip comes about, and how it affects individuals, groups, and organizations.
Regimes of Precipitation Change Over Europe and the Mediterranean
Authors: André Julie , D'Andrea Fabio , Drobinski Philippe , Muller Caroline
Published: August 2024

The Mediterranean region is experiencing pronounced aridification and in certain areas higher occurrence of intense precipitation. In this work, we analyze the evolution of the precipitation probability distribution in terms of precipitating days (or “wet‐days”) and all‐days quantile trends, in Europe and the Mediterranean, using the ERA5 reanalysis. Looking at the form of wet‐days quantile trends curves, we identify four regimes. Two are predominant: in most of northern Europe the precipitation quantiles all intensify, while in the Mediterranean the low‐medium quantiles are mostly decreasing as extremes intensify or decrease. The wet‐days distribution is then modeled by a Weibull law with two parameters, whose changes capture the four regimes. Assessing the significance of the parameters' changes over 1950–2020 shows that a signal on wet‐days distribution has already emerged in northern Europe (where the distribution shifts to more intense precipitation), but not yet in the Mediterranean, where the natural variability is stronger. We extend the results by describing the all‐days distribution change as the wet‐days’ change plus a contribution from the dry‐days frequency change, and study their relative contribution. In northern Europe, the wet‐days distribution change is the dominant driver, and the contribution of dry‐days frequency change can be neglected for wet‐days percentiles above about 50%. In the Mediterranean, however, the change of precipitation distribution comes from the significant increase of dry‐days frequency instead of an intensity change during wet‐days. Therefore, in the Mediterranean the increase of dry‐days frequency is crucial for all‐days trends, even for heavy precipitation.
Coccolithophore Assemblage Response to Indian Monsoon–ENSO Teleconnections During the Last Century
Authors: Guballa Jose Dominick , Bollmann Jörg , Akrami Maryam , Lückge Andreas
Published: August 2024

We present a new, annually resolved coccolithophore relative abundance record (1889–1993 CE) from a laminated marine sediment core obtained from the northeastern Arabian Sea to document assemblage variations during the last century. Our analysis revealed that ∼80% of the assemblage is composed of the coccolithophore species Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Emiliania huxleyi, and Florisphaera profunda. Hierarchical clustering of the coccolithophore data delineates time intervals (1889–1909 CE, 1910–1959 CE, 1960–1993 CE) comparable to previously reported interdecadal changes of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)–Indian monsoon variance. We find that F. profunda (Fp%) is positively correlated with central Pacific ENSO (Niño 4 and Niño 3.4). Frequency analyses of Fp% match ENSO quasiperiodicity reported from instrumental data and proxy records and support the existence of previously described ENSO–Indian monsoon teleconnections. Furthermore, the increased variance of Fp% and associated decrease in marine primary productivity starting ∼1960 CE appears to be driven by decreased upward nutrient transport linked to increased surface water stratification due to surface ocean warming. With the predicted increases in frequency and strength of central Pacific El Niño as well as surface ocean warming and upper ocean stratification in the Indian Ocean over the coming century, our results imply further impacts on coccolithophores in the northeastern Arabian Sea that may have cascading effects on the marine food web and global biogeochemical cycles.
CRISPR-based dissection of microRNA-23a ~ 27a ~ 24-2 cluster functionality in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Cui Mengying , Liu Zhichao , Wang Shuaibin , Bae Sejong , Guo Hua , Zhou Jiangbing , Liu Runhua , Wang Lizhong
Published: August 2024

The miR-23a ~ 27a ~ 24-2 cluster, commonly upregulated in diverse cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), raises questions about the specific functions of its three mature miRNAs and their integrated function. Utilizing CRISPR knockout (KO), CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) technologies, we established controlled endogenous miR-23a ~ 27 ~ a24-2 cell models to unravel their roles and signaling pathways in HCC. Both miR-23a KO and miR-27a KO displayed reduced cell growth in vitro and in vivo, revealing an integrated oncogenic function. Functional analysis indicated cell cycle arrest, particularly at the G2/M phase, through the downregulation of CDK1/cyclin B activation. High-throughput RNA-seq, combined with miRNA target prediction, unveiled the miR-23a/miR-27a-regulated gene network, validated through diverse technologies. While miR-23a and miR-27a exhibited opposing roles in cell migration and mesenchymal-epithelial transition, an integrated CRISPRi/a analysis suggested an oncogenic role of the miR-23a ~ 27a ~ 24-2 cluster in cell migration. This involvement potentially encompasses two signaling axes: miR-23a-BMPR2 and miR-27a-TMEM170B in HCC cells. In conclusion, our CRISPRi/a study provides a valuable tool for comprehending the integrated roles and underlying mechanisms of endogenous miRNA clusters, paving the way for promising directions in miRNA-targeted therapy interventions.
Fully forward mode training for optical neural networks
Authors: Xue Zhiwei , Zhou Tiankuang , Xu Zhihao , Yu Shaoliang , Dai Qionghai , Fang Lu
Published: August 2024

Optical computing promises to improve the speed and energy efficiency of machine learning applications1–6. However, current approaches to efficiently train these models are limited by in silico emulation on digital computers. Here we develop a method called fully forward mode (FFM) learning, which implements the compute-intensive training process on the physical system. The majority of the machine learning operations are thus efficiently conducted in parallel on site, alleviating numerical modelling constraints. In free-space and integrated photonics, we experimentally demonstrate optical systems with state-of-the-art performances for a given network size. FFM learning shows training the deepest optical neural networks with millions of parameters achieves accuracy equivalent to the ideal model. It supports all-optical focusing through scattering media with a resolution of the diffraction limit; it can also image in parallel the objects hidden outside the direct line of sight at over a kilohertz frame rate and can conduct all-optical processing with light intensity as weak as subphoton per pixel (5.40 × 1018- operations-per-second-per-watt energy efficiency) at room temperature. Furthermore, we prove that FFM learning can automatically search non-Hermitian exceptional points without an analytical model. FFM learning not only facilitates orders-of-magnitude-faster learning processes, but can also advance applied and theoretical fields such as deep neural networks, ultrasensitive perception and topological photonics.
Molecular mimicry in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children
Authors: Bodansky Aaron , Mettelman Robert C. , Sabatino Joseph J. , Vazquez Sara E. , Chou Janet , Novak Tanya , Moffitt Kristin L. , Miller Haleigh S. , Kung Andrew F. , Rackaityte Elze , Zamecnik Colin R. , Rajan Jayant V. , Kortbawi Hannah , Mandel-Brehm Caleigh , Mitchell Anthea , Wang Chung-Yu , Saxena Aditi , Zorn Kelsey , Yu David J. L. , Pogorelyy Mikhail V. , Awad Walid , Kirk Allison M. , Asaki James , Pluvinage John V. , Wilson Michael R. , Zambrano Laura D. , Campbell Angela P. ,   Overcoming COVID-19 Network Investigators, Loftis Laura L. , Hobbs Charlotte V. , Tarquinio Keiko M. , Kong Michele , Fitzgerald Julie C. , Espinal Paula S. , Walker Tracie C. , Schwartz Stephanie P. , Crandall Hillary , Irby Katherine , Staat Mary Allen , Rowan Courtney M. , Schuster Jennifer E. , Halasa Natasha B. , Gertz Shira J. , Mack Elizabeth H. , Maddux Aline B. , Cvijanovich Natalie Z. , Zinter Matt S. , Thomas Paul G. , Randolph Adrienne G. , Anderson Mark S. , DeRisi Joseph L.
Published: August 2024

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe, post-infectious sequela of SARS-CoV-2 infection1,2, yet the pathophysiological mechanism connecting the infection to the broad inflammatory syndrome remains unknown. Here we leveraged a large set of samples from patients with MIS-C to identify a distinct set of host proteins targeted by patient autoantibodies including a particular autoreactive epitope within SNX8, a protein involved in regulating an antiviral pathway associated with MIS-C pathogenesis. In parallel, we also probed antibody responses from patients with MIS-C to the complete SARS-CoV-2 proteome and found enriched reactivity against a distinct domain of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. The immunogenic regions of the viral nucleocapsid and host SNX8 proteins bear remarkable sequence similarity. Consequently, we found that many children with anti-SNX8 autoantibodies also have cross-reactive T cells engaging both the SNX8 and the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein epitopes. Together, these findings suggest that patients with MIS-C develop a characteristic immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein that is associated with cross-reactivity to the self-protein SNX8, demonstrating a mechanistic link between the infection and the inflammatory syndrome, with implications for better understanding a range of post-infectious autoinflammatory diseases.
Structure of the human dopamine transporter and mechanisms of inhibition
Authors: Srivastava Dushyant Kumar , Navratna Vikas , Tosh Dilip K. , Chinn Audrey , Sk Md Fulbabu , Tajkhorshid Emad , Jacobson Kenneth A. , Gouaux Eric
Published: August 2024

The neurotransmitter dopamine has central roles in mood, appetite, arousal and movement1. Despite its importance in brain physiology and function, and as a target for illicit and therapeutic drugs, the human dopamine transporter (hDAT) and mechanisms by which it is inhibited by small molecules and Zn2+ are without a high-resolution structural context. Here we determine the structure of hDAT in a tripartite complex with the competitive inhibitor and cocaine analogue, (–)-2-β-carbomethoxy-3-β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane2 (β-CFT), the non-competitive inhibitor MRS72923 and Zn2+ (ref. 4). We show how β-CFT occupies the central site, approximately halfway across the membrane, stabilizing the transporter in an outward-open conformation. MRS7292 binds to a structurally uncharacterized allosteric site, adjacent to the extracellular vestibule, sequestered underneath the extracellular loop 4 (EL4) and adjacent to transmembrane helix 1b (TM1b), acting as a wedge, precluding movement of TM1b and closure of the extracellular gate. A Zn2+ ion further stabilizes the outward-facing conformation by coupling EL4 to EL2, TM7 and TM8, thus providing specific insights into how Zn2+ restrains the movement of EL4 relative to EL2 and inhibits transport activity.
The ribosome lowers the entropic penalty of protein folding
Authors: Streit Julian O. , Bukvin Ivana V. , Chan Sammy H. S. , Bashir Shahzad , Woodburn Lauren F. , Włodarski Tomasz , Figueiredo Angelo Miguel , Jurkeviciute Gabija , Sidhu Haneesh K. , Hornby Charity R. , Waudby Christopher A. , Cabrita Lisa D. , Cassaignau Anaïs M. E. , Christodoulou John
Published: August 2024

Most proteins fold during biosynthesis on the ribosome1, and co-translational folding energetics, pathways and outcomes of many proteins have been found to differ considerably from those in refolding studies2–10. The origin of this folding modulation by the ribosome has remained unknown. Here we have determined atomistic structures of the unfolded state of a model protein on and off the ribosome, which reveal that the ribosome structurally expands the unfolded nascent chain and increases its solvation, resulting in its entropic destabilization relative to the peptide chain in isolation. Quantitative 19F NMR experiments confirm that this destabilization reduces the entropic penalty of folding by up to 30 kcal mol−1 and promotes formation of partially folded intermediates on the ribosome, an observation that extends to other protein domains and is obligate for some proteins to acquire their active conformation. The thermodynamic effects also contribute to the ribosome protecting the nascent chain from mutation-induced unfolding, which suggests a crucial role of the ribosome in supporting protein evolution. By correlating nascent chain structure and dynamics to their folding energetics and post-translational outcomes, our findings establish the physical basis of the distinct thermodynamics of co-translational protein folding.
Single-crystalline metal-oxide dielectrics for top-gate 2D transistors
Authors: Zeng Daobing , Zhang Ziyang , Xue Zhongying , Zhang Miao , Chu Paul K. , Mei Yongfeng , Tian Ziao , Di Zengfeng
Published: August 2024

Two-dimensional (2D) structures composed of atomically thin materials with high carrier mobility have been studied as candidates for future transistors1–4. However, owing to the unavailability of suitable high-quality dielectrics, 2D field-effect transistors (FETs) cannot attain the full theoretical potential and advantages despite their superior physical and electrical properties3,5,6. Here we demonstrate the fabrication of atomically thin single-crystalline Al2O3(c-Al2O3) as a high-quality top-gate dielectric in 2D FETs. By using intercalative oxidation techniques, a stable, stoichiometric and atomically thin c-Al2O3layer with a thickness of 1.25 nm is formed on the single-crystalline Al surface at room temperature. Owing to the favourable crystalline structure and well-defined interfaces, the gate leakage current, interface state density and dielectric strength of c-Al2O3meet the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems requirements3,5,7. Through a one-step transfer process consisting of the source, drain, dielectric materials and gate, we achieve top-gate MoS2FETs characterized by a steep subthreshold swing of 61 mV dec−1, high on/off current ratio of 108and very small hysteresis of 10 mV. This technique and material demonstrate the possibility of producing high-quality single-crystalline oxides suitable for integration into fully scalable advanced 2D FETs, including negative capacitance transistors and spin transistors.
New vaccination approach using formalin-killed Streptococcus pyogenes vaccine on the liver of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings
Authors: Nasr-Eldahan Sameh , Attia Shreadah Mohamed , Maher Adham M. , El-Sayed Ali Tamer , Nabil-Adam Asmaa
Published: August 2024

Newly synthesized vaccines prepared from formalin-killed bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes were investigated in the current study to evaluate the effectiveness of the newly synthesized vaccine as well as their safety by injected intraperitoneal. The study involved several steps 1st step is the preparation of the vaccine followed by the 2nd step: Evaluate the effectiveness and vaccine safety against pathogenic S. pyogenes through 4 different groups including control (Group I). Group II (Bacterial, infected group), Group III (Vaccine), and the Last group was the challenged group after the vaccination (Vacc + Bac). Different Immunological and biochemical parameters were measured in addition to hematological and histopathological examinations. For example, oxidative/antioxidants, inflammatory biomarkers, fragmentation and cell damage, and finally the histopathological study. The current study showed an increase in all oxidative, inflammatory, and cell damage (DNA fragmentation assays), additionally markedly elevation in histopathological cell damage in the infected group (Group II) compared with the control group. The vaccine and challenged after vaccination group (vaccine + Bacteria), showed great improvement in oxidative biomarkers (LPO) and an increase in antioxidants biomarkers (GSH, SOD, GST, DPPH, ABTS, GR and GPx), Also the inflammation and histopathological examination. The newly synthesized vaccine improved the resistance of Oreochromis niloticus and can be used as a preventive therapy agent for pathogenic bacteria S. pyogenes.