bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Precambrian geology of the Hackett River area, District of Mackenzie, N.W.T.
Authors: Frith R A
Published: May 2018

The map area is underlain entirely by Precambrian rocks of predominantly Archean age. The oldest rocks are remobilized granitoids that were emplaced into ensialic volcanic and sedimentary strata. The granitoid and locally the supracrustal rocks were altered by
subsequent deformation, metamorphism and intrusion during an event analooous to the Kenoran Orooeny. The Yellowknife Supergroup has been divided into three groups of generally decreasing age. The Hackett River Group, the oldest, consists of three formations that distinguish dominantly sedimentary
(Siorak Formation), volcano-sedimentary (Ignerit Formation) and volcanic (Nauna Formation) supracrustal rocks. The succeeding Beechey Lake Group is an extensive unit of greywacke-mudstone. The Back Group, the youngest, is composed primarily of volcanic rocks. The variety of rock types, discontinuous
strata, and interfingering of volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks, result in a complex stratigraphy that can only be precisely defined in local sections. Chemical studies of the volcanic rocks show a uniquely sodic, calc-alkaline family of dacite, andesite and basalt flows and pyroclastics. Field
studies indicate the importance of cauldron subsidence and subaerial deposition. Structural, petrographic and chemical studies of the Regan Intrusive Suite reveal that quartz diorite, tonalite, mela-nogranodiorite, leucogranodiorite and late muscovite-bearing granites were intruded over the full
range of orogenesis. The composition of the major and trace element constituents of the granites suggests that some may not be co-genetic with the rest of the suite. Orogeny ended with intrusion of northeast-trendinq diabase dykes (Malley Diabase) during a tensional phase related to early
Proterozoic circum-Slave tectonism. Platform deposits of the Goulburn Group unconformably overlie bedrock in the northeast of the area. Sulphide deposits rich in Pb, Ag, and Zn formed during the waning phase of Archean volcanism in basins and calderas. The Hackett River and Back volcanics are
overlain by extensive banded iron formations, parts of which are auriferous.
Manuel de GéoConnexions sur les données-cadre
Authors:   GéoConnexions
Published: May 2018

Bienvenue au Manuel de GéoConnexions sur les données-cadre. Ce cours en ligne est conçu pour vous présenter les concepts, les sources et les utilisations des données-cadre. Est-ce que votre travail exige que vous présentiez de
l'information sous une forme géospatiale ou cartographique? Devez-vous rassembler des données géospatiales en provenance de sources diverses et les intégrer sur une carte de base commune? Avez-vous éprouvé des difficultés à trouver et à utiliser des
données cartographiques de base communes? Si vous avez répondu oui à l'une ou l'autre de ces questions, ce manuel s'adresse à vous.

Les données-cadre sont des données cartographiques de base communes qui offrent une référence géospatiale dans l'ensemble du Canada pour les entités physiques et d'autres types de données liées à la géographie. Ces données-cadre sont disponibles
auprès d'un certain nombre de sources, à diverses échelles ou à divers niveaux de détail. Les données-cadre sont importantes puisqu'elles constituent le fondement pour l'intégration d'autres types de données, qui sont souvent essentielles à des fins
d'analyse et pour l'établissement de rapports.

Le manuel vise deux objectifs :

vous informer sur les avantages des données-cadre;
vous permettre de trouver des données-cadre et d'y avoir accès.

Si vous possédez une formation générale sur les technologies de l'information ou si vous les utilisez pour analyser des données, préparer des graphiques et des rapports, mais que les données géospatiales et leur manipulation ne vous sont pas très
familières, le présent manuel pourra vous aider. Après la lecture du manuel, vous saurez où trouver les données-cadre, vous comprendrez les avantages des diverses sources de données, vous serez en meilleure position pour choisir le type de données qui vous convient
le mieux et vous saurez comment y avoir accès à partir de votre propre ordinateur.
Customer experiences and return patronage in airport hotels: Evidence from OR Tambo International Airport, South Africa
Authors: Mhlanga Oswald
Published: May 2018

Orientation: Although OR Tambo International Airport is the busiest airport in Africa, hotel occupancies and revenue per available room at or near the airport have been lower than the industry average.Research purpose: The aim of this research was to gain an improved understanding of customer experiences and return intentions in hotels at or near OR Tambo International Airport.Motivation for the study: The research was pursued to determine hotel attributes that are important for customer experiences and return intentions in hotels at or near OR Tambo International Airport. To determine the difference in domestic visitors’ experiences and return intentions in hotels and to determine a difference in customers’ experiences and return intentions in the respective hotels.Research design, approach and method: This study was mainly quantitative with some qualitative elements. A meeting was held with five hoteliers and airport management (qualitative), and 400 return guests of hotels at or near OR Tambo International Airport successfully completed questionnaires (quantitative).Main findings: The findings showed that ‘reliability’, ‘empathy’ and ‘assurance’ are important attributes contributing to customers’ experiences in hotels at or near airports. Reliability and overall hotel experience were regarded as important attributes for hotel customers’ decision to return to hotels in airports.Practical/managerial implications: To improve customer experiences, hoteliers should emphasise more the following attributes: ‘reliability’, ‘empathy’ and ‘assurance’.Contribution/value-add: To the best of the researchers’ knowledge, this study is a first attempt to determine customer experiences and return patronage in hotels at or near airports in South Africa. The results could help airport hotels to gain a competitive advantage over other hotel categories.
The chief executive officer pay–performance relationship within South African state-owned entities
Authors: Bezuidenhout Magda L. , Bussin Mark H.R. , Coetzee Mariette
Published: May 2018

Orientation: Over the years, the increase in executive remuneration in state-owned entities (SOEs) has been the subject of intense discussions. The poor performance of some SOEs with highly remunerated executives begs the question of whether chief executive officers in South African SOEs deserve the high levels of remuneration they receive.Research purpose: This study examined the relationship between chief executive remuneration and several measures of company performance across Schedule 2 SOEs within South Africa.Motivation for the study: Notwithstanding the widely publicised poor performance of South African SOEs, their importance and relevance remains evident. Regrettably, the literature on what fundamentally drives their performance is lacking.Research design, approach and method: This quantitative, longitudinal study, conducted over a 9-year period, collected secondary data from the annual reports of 18 Schedule 2 SOEs. The primary statistical technique used in the study was ordinary least square (OLS) multiple regression analysis on a pooled dataset. Chief executive remuneration consisted of fixed salary and total remuneration.Main findings: A relationship was found between chief executive remuneration and company performance, although mainly an inverse relationship.Practical and managerial implications: The improved understanding and knowledge of the relationship between chief executive remuneration and SOE performance may be used by the organisation and HR practitioners to direct and inform strategies for organisational effectiveness and business excellence.Contribution or value-add: This research provides new knowledge to the limited research available on SOEs in South Africa. Further, it reveals an unexplored area of potential research, that is, the importance of irregular, fruitless and wasteful expenditure as a performance measure in SOEs.
Los archivos audiovisuales de televisión: estrategias para su revalorización en un entorno transmedia
Authors: Sebastián Mercedes Caridad , Morales García Ana María , Martínez Cardama Sara , García López Fátima
Published: May 2018

Se analiza la presencia de distintas estrategias transmedia que los archivos audiovisuales de televisión europeos pueden utilizar potencialmente para dar a conocer y revalorizar sus fondos. Metodología: Se realiza un estudio de caso de cuatro archivos audiovisuales de televisiones europeas que ilustran diferentes modelos de conservación y difusión: British Broadcasting Corporation Archives (BBC) (Reino Unido), Institut National de l'audiovisuel (Francia), Netherlands Institute for Sound Fraand Vision (Holanda) y Archivo de RTVE (España). Para ello, se analizaron sus sitios web y los perfiles de Twitter y se establecieron tres categorías de evaluación basadas en: Acceso Expandido (Expanded Access), Adaptación de Contenido (Repackaged Content) y Contenido Expandido o Auxiliar (Ancillary Content). Resultados: Se ha podido determinar que las estrategias más frecuentes son las relacionadas con el Acceso Expandido, particularmente con su uso para una finalidad contextual (conmemoraciones, efemérides o ilustrar realidades actuales con imágenes del pasado). Discusión: Se constata que muchas estrategias trasmedia no se están implementando por parte de los archivos audiovisuales analizados. Conclusiones: A diferencia de otras instituciones patrimoniales que emplean estrategias transmedia aprovechando, por ejemplo, series de ficción para dar a conocer sus fondos, los archivos audiovisuales se mantienen en una etapa prematura en relación con este tipo de usos de reutilización del contenido.
Contrails and their impact on shortwave radiation and photovoltaic power production – a regional model study
Authors: Gruber Simon , Unterstrasser Simon , Bechtold Jan , Vogel Heike , Jung Martin , Pak Henry , Vogel Bernhard
Published: May 2018

Abstract. A high-resolution regional-scale numerical model was extended by a parameterization that allows for both the generation and the life cycle of contrails and contrail cirrus to be calculated. The life cycle of contrails and contrail cirrus is described by a two-moment cloud microphysical scheme that was extended by a separate contrail ice class for a better representation of the high concentration of small ice crystals that occur in contrails. The basic input data set contains the spatially and temporally highly resolved flight trajectories over Central Europe derived from real-time data. The parameterization provides aircraft-dependent source terms for contrail ice mass and number. A case study was performed to investigate the influence of contrails and contrail cirrus on the shortwave radiative fluxes at the earth's surface. Accounting for contrails produced by aircraft enabled the model to simulate high clouds that were otherwise missing on this day. The effect of these extra clouds was to reduce the incoming shortwave radiation at the surface as well as the production of photovoltaic power by up to 10 %.
Representativeness of single lidar stations for zonally averaged ozone profiles, their trends and attribution to proxies
Authors: Zerefos Christos , Kapsomenakis John , Eleftheratos Kostas , Tourpali Kleareti , Petropavlovskikh Irina , Hubert Daan , Godin-Beekmann Sophie , Steinbrecht Wolfgang , Frith Stacey , Sofieva Viktoria , Hassler Birgit
Published: May 2018

Abstract. This paper is focusing on the representativeness of single lidar stations for
zonally averaged ozone profile variations over the middle and upper
stratosphere. From the lower to the upper stratosphere, ozone profiles from
single or grouped lidar stations correlate well with zonal means calculated
from the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer (SBUV) satellite
overpasses. The best representativeness with significant correlation
coefficients is found within ±15∘ of latitude circles north or
south of any lidar station. This paper also includes a multivariate linear regression (MLR) analysis on the
relative importance of proxy time series for explaining variations in the
vertical ozone profiles. Studied proxies represent variability due to
influences outside of the earth system (solar cycle) and within the earth
system, i.e. dynamic processes (the Quasi Biennial Oscillation, QBO; the
Arctic Oscillation, AO; the Antarctic Oscillation, AAO; the El Niño
Southern Oscillation, ENSO), those due to volcanic aerosol (aerosol optical
depth, AOD), tropopause height changes (including global warming) and those
influences due to anthropogenic contributions to atmospheric chemistry (equivalent effective
stratospheric chlorine, EESC). Ozone trends are
estimated, with and without removal of proxies, from the total available 1980
to 2015 SBUV record. Except for the chemistry related proxy (EESC) and its
orthogonal function, the removal of the other proxies does not alter the
significance of the estimated long-term trends. At heights above 15 hPa an
“inflection point” between 1997 and 1999 marks the end of significant
negative ozone trends, followed by a recent period between 1998 and 2015 with
positive ozone trends. At heights between 15 and 40 hPa the pre-1998
negative ozone trends tend to become less significant as we move towards
2015, below which the lower stratosphere ozone decline continues in agreement
with findings of recent literature.
High-resolution inversion of methane emissions in the Southeast US using SEAC4RS aircraft observations of atmospheric methane: anthropogenic and wetland sources
Authors: Sheng Jian-Xiong , Jacob Daniel J. , Turner Alexander J. , Maasakkers Joannes D. , Sulprizio Melissa P. , Bloom A. Anthony , Andrews Arlyn E. , Wunch Debra
Published: May 2018

Abstract. We use observations of boundary layer methane from the SEAC4RS
aircraft campaign over the Southeast US in August–September 2013 to
estimate methane emissions in that region through an inverse
analysis with up to 0.25∘×0.3125∘
(25×25 km2) resolution and with full error
characterization. The Southeast US is a major source region for
methane including large contributions from oil and gas production and
wetlands. Our inversion uses state-of-the-art emission inventories
as prior estimates, including a gridded version of the anthropogenic
EPA Greenhouse Gas Inventory and the mean of the WetCHARTs ensemble
for wetlands. Inversion results are independently verified by
comparison with surface (NOAA∕ESRL) and column
(TCCON) methane observations. Our posterior estimates for the
Southeast US are 12.8±0.9 Tg a−1 for anthropogenic
sources (no significant change from the gridded EPA inventory) and
9.4±0.8 Tg a−1 for wetlands (27 % decrease from
the mean in the WetCHARTs ensemble). The largest source of error in
the WetCHARTs wetlands ensemble is the land cover map specification
of wetland areal extent. Our results support the accuracy of the EPA
anthropogenic inventory on a regional scale but there are
significant local discrepancies for oil and gas production fields,
suggesting that emission factors are more variable than assumed in
the EPA inventory.
Impact of wildfires on particulate matter in the Euro-Mediterranean in 2007: sensitivity to the parameterization of emissions in air quality models
Authors: Majdi Marwa , Turquety Solene , Sartelet Karine , Legorgeu Carole , Menut Laurent , Kim Youngseob
Published: May 2018

Abstract. This study examines the uncertainties on air quality modeling associated with the integration of wildfire emissions in chemistry-transport models (CTMs). To do so, aerosol concentrations during the summer 2007, which was marked by severe fire episodes in the Euro-Mediterranean region especially in Balkan (20–31 July 2007, 24–30 August 2007) and Greece (24–30 August 2007), are analysed. Through comparisons to observations from surface networks and satellite remote sensing, we evaluate the abilities of two CTMs, Polyphemus/Polair3D and CHIMERE, to simulate the impact of fires on the regional particulate matter (PM) concentrations and optical properties. During the two main fire events, fire emissions may contribute up to 90 % of surface PM2.5 concentrations, with a significant regional impact associated with long-range transport. Good general performances of the models and a clear improvement of PM2.5 and aerosol optical depth (AOD) are shown when fires are taken into account in the models with high correlation coefficients. Two sources of uncertainties are specifically analysed in terms of surface PM concentrations and AOD using sensitivity simulations: secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from intermediate and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/S-VOCs) and emissions' injection heights. The analysis highlights that surface PM2.5 concentrations are highly sensitive to injection heights (with a sensitivity that can be as high as 50 % compared to the sensitivity for I/S-VOCs emissions which is lower than 30 %). However, AOD which is vertically integrated is less sensitive to the injection heights (mostly below 20 %), but highly sensitive to I/S-VOCs emissions (with sensitivity that can be as high as 40 %). The maximum dispersion, which quantifies uncertainties related to fire emissions modeling, is up to 75 % for PM2.5 in Balkan and Greece, and varies between 36 and 45 % for AOD above fire regions. The simulated number of daily exceedance of World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for PM2.5 over the considered region reaches 30 days in regions affected by fires and ∼ 10 days in fire plumes which is slightly underestimated compared to available observations. The maximum dispersion (σ) on this indicator is also large (with σ reaching 15 days), showing the need for better understanding of the transport and evolution of fire plumes in addition to fire emissions.
Global modeling of primary biological particle concentrations with the
EMAC chemistry-climate model
Authors: Tanarhte Meryem , Bacer Sara , Burrows Susannah M. , Huffman J. Alex , Pierce Kyle M. , Pozzer Andrea , Sarda-Estève Roland , Savage Nicole J. , Lelieveld Jos
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) may impact human health and aerosol-climate interactions. The role of PBAPs in the earth system is associated with large uncertainties, related to source estimates and atmospheric transport. We used a chemistry-climate model to simulate PBAPs in the atmosphere including bacteria, fungal spores and pollen. Three fungal spore emission parameterizations have been evaluated against an updated set of spore counts synthesized from observations reported in the literature. The comparison indicates an optimal fit for the emission parameterization proposed by Heald and Spracklen (2009), although the model significantly over-predicts PBAP concentrations in some locations. Additional evaluation was performed by comparing our combined bacteria and fungal spore simulations to a global dataset of fluorescent biological aerosol particle (FBAP) concentrations. The model predicts the sum total of measured PBAP concentrations relatively well, with an over- or under-prediction of less than a factor of 2 compared to FBAP. The ratio of bacteria to fungal spores reflects a greater difference, however, and the simulated bacteria concentrations outnumber the simulated fungal spore concentrations in almost all locations. Further, the modeled fungal spore results under-predict the FBAP concentrations, which are used here as a rough proxy for spores. Uncertainties related to technical aspects of the FBAP and direct-counting spore measurements challenge the ability to further refine quantitative comparison on this scale. We estimate that the global PBAPs mass concentration (apart from desert dust and sea salt aerosols), i.e. of fungal spores and pollen, amounts to 19 % and 52 % of the total aerosol mass, respectively.
Mid-IR spectrometer for mobile, real-time urban NO2 measurements
Authors: Hundt P. Morten , Müller Michael , Mangold Markus , Tuzson Béla , Scheidegger Philipp , Looser Herbert , Hüglin Christoph , Emmenegger Lukas
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Detailed knowledge about the urban NO2 concentration field
is a key element for obtaining accurate pollution
maps and individual exposure estimates. These are required for improving the understanding of the impact of ambient
NO2 on human health and for related air quality measures. However, city-scale NO2 concentration maps
with high spatio-temporal resolution are still lacking, mainly due to the difficulty of accurate measurement of
NO2 at the required sub-ppb level precision. We contribute to close this gap through the development of
a compact instrument based on mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy. Leveraging recent advances in infrared laser
and detection technology and a novel circular absorption cell, we demonstrate the feasibility and robustness of this
technique for demanding mobile applications. A fully autonomous quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer (QCLAS) has
been successfully deployed on a tram, performing long-term and real-time concentration measurements of NO2 in
the city of Zurich (Switzerland). For ambient NO2 concentrations, the instrument demonstrated a precision of
0.23 ppb at one second time resolution and of 0.03 ppb after 200 s averaging. Whilst the combined
uncertainty estimated for the retrieved spectroscopic values was less than 5 %, laboratory intercomparison
measurements with standard CLD instruments revealed a systematic NO2 wall loss of about 10 % within the
laser spectrometer. For the field campaign, the QCLAS has been referenced to a CLD using urban atmospheric air, despite
the potential cross sensitivity of CLD to other nitrogen containing compounds. However, this approach allowed a direct
comparison and continuous validation of the spectroscopic data to measurements at regulatory air quality monitoring (AQM)
stations along the tram-line. The analysis of the recorded high-resolution time series allowed us to gain more detailed
insights into the spatio-temporal concentration distribution of NO2 in an urban environment. Furthermore, our
results demonstrate that for reliable city-scale concentration maps a larger data set and better spatial coverage is
needed, e.g., by deploying more mobile and stationary instruments to account for mainly two shortcomings of the current
approach: (i) limited residence time close to sources with large short-term NO2 variations, and
(ii) insufficient representativeness of the tram tracks for the complex urban environment.
Evaluation of a Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering Method Applied to WIBS Laboratory Data for Improved Discrimination of Biological Particles by Comparing Data Preparation Techniques
Authors: Savage Nicole , Huffman J. Alex
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC) analysis has been successfully applied to several sets of ambient data (e.g. Crawford et al., 2015; Robinson et al., 2013) and with respect to standardized particles in the laboratory environment (Ruske et al., 2017). Here we show for the first time a systematic application of HAC to a comprehensive set of laboratory data collected using the wideband integrated bioaerosol sensor (WIBS-4A) (Savage et al., 2017). The impact of particle ratio on HAC results was investigated, showing that clustering quality can vary dramatically as a function of ratio. Six strategies for particle pre-processing were also compared, concluding that using raw fluorescence intensity (without normalizing to particle size) and inputting all data in logarithmic bins consistently produced the highest quality results. A total of 23 one-on-one matchups of individual particles types were investigated. Results showed cluster misclassification of
Atmospheric aerosol
deposition fluxes over the Atlantic Ocean:
A GEOTRACES case study
Authors: Menzel Barraqueta Jan-Lukas , Klar Jessica K. , Gledhill Martha , Schlosser Christian , Shelley Rachel , Planquette Hélène , Wenzel Bernhard , Sarthou Geraldine , Achterberg Eric P.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Atmospheric deposition is an important source of micronutrients to the ocean, but atmospheric deposition fluxes remain poorly constrained in most ocean regions due to the limited number of field observations of wet and dry atmospheric inputs. Here we present the distribution of dissolved aluminium (dAl), as a tracer of atmospheric inputs, in surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean along GEOTRACES sections GA01, GA06, GA08, and GA10. We used the surface mixed layer concentrations of dAl to calculate atmospheric deposition fluxes using a simple steady state model. We have optimized the aerosol Al fractional solubility, dAl residence time within the surface mixed layer and depth of the surface mixed layer for each separate cruise to calculate the atmospheric deposition fluxes. We calculated the lowest deposition fluxes of 0.15 ± 0.1 and 0.27 ± 0.13 g m−2 yr−1 for the South and North Atlantic Ocean (> 40° S and > 40° N), respectively, and highest fluxes of 2.67 ± 1.96 and 3.82 ± 2.72 g m−2 yr−1 for the South East Atlantic and tropical Atlantic Ocean, respectively. Overall, our estimations are comparable to atmospheric dust deposition model estimates and reported field-based atmospheric deposition estimates. We note that our estimates diverge from atmospheric dust deposition model flux estimates in regions influenced by riverine Al inputs and in upwelling regions. As dAl is a key trace element in the GEOTRACES Programme, the approach presented in this study allows calculations of atmospheric deposition fluxes at high spatial resolution for remote ocean regions.
Only the instantaneous global warming potential is consistent with
honest and responsible greenhouse gas accounting
Authors: Nightingale Peter
Published: May 2018

Abstract. This paper presents a simple model to describe the impact on global warming of methane (natural gas) when used for energy production. The model is used to estimate the near-term effect of energy policies based on natural gas as a bridge fuel. The results make it clear that the commonly employed global warming potential of methane with a 100-year time horizon has the following problems: 1: it produces misleading results; 2: is inconsistent with meaningful tracking of greenhouse gas emissions; and 3: is incompatible with the precautionary principle.
How to determine the effective discharge and its return period in a
semi-arid basin? The case of the Wadi Sebdou, Algeria (1973–2004)
Authors: Megnounif Abdesselam , Ouillon Sylvain
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Over a long multi-year period, flood events can be classified according to their effectiveness in moving sediments. Efficiency depends both on the magnitude and frequency with which events occur. In this study, the efficiency of the Wadi Sebdou (North-West Algeria), in a semi-arid environment, is examined through its histogram of sediment supply by discharge classes, established from 31-years of measurements. The effective (or dominant) discharge is the one whose class corresponds to the maximum sediment supply. Three types of subdivisions into discharge classes were compared. The subdivision in classes of equal amplitudes and the subdivision with equivalent discharges were those which allowed a correct distribution of frequencies and supplies of water and sediments. The effective discharges for these two subdivisions were close and almost equal to the half load discharge, i.e. to the flow rate corresponding to 50% of the cumulative sediment yield. The substitution of the flow histogram by a probability relationship and the use of a sediment rating curve enable to infer a theoretical value of the effective discharge. In this basin with strongly irregular flows, the introduction of a probability distribution was tested and assessed, analytical solutions are provided, but the Log-normal and Log-Gumbel laws highly underestimated the effective discharge. Return periods, estimated from the annual series of maximum discharge and half-load discharge, were compared. The former gives the period between hydrological years with discharges higher than the effective discharge (around 2 years), and the latter shows that more than half of the yearly sediment supply is carried by flows higher than the effective discharge only every 7 hydrological years. The study finally emphasized that the distribution of suspended load as a function of liquid discharge was sensitive to the basin and its forcings. On the Wadi Sebdou, the distribution of the sediment load, bimodal before 1988, became essentially monomodal after this date.
Understanding epistemic uncertainty in large-scale coastal flood risk assessment for present and future climates
Authors: Vousdoukas Michalis I. , Bouziotas Dimitrios , Giardino Alessio , Bouwer Laurens M. , Voukouvalas Evangelos , Mentaschi Lorenzo , Feyen Luc
Published: May 2018

Abstract. An upscaling of flood risk assessment frameworks beyond regional and national scales has taken place during recent years, with a number of large-scale models emerging as tools for hotspot identification, support for international policy-making and harmonization of climate change adaptation strategies. There is, however, limited insight on the scaling effects and structural limitations of flood risk models and, therefore, the underlying uncertainty. In light of this, we examine key sources of epistemic uncertainty in the Coastal Flood Risk (CFR) modelling chain: (i) the inclusion and interaction of different hydraulic components leading to extreme sea-level (ESL); (ii) inundation modelling; (iii) the underlying uncertainty in the Digital Elevation Model (DEM); (iv) flood defence information; (v) the assumptions behind the use of depth-damage functions that express vulnerability; and (vi) different climate change projections. The impact of these uncertainties to estimated Expected Annual Damage (EAD) for present and future climates is evaluated in a dual case study in Faro, Portugal and in the Iberian Peninsula. The ranking of the uncertainty factors varies among the different case studies, baseline CFR estimates, as well as their absolute/relative changes. We find that uncertainty from ESL contributions, and in particular the way waves are treated, can be higher than the uncertainty of the two greenhouse gas emission projections and six climate models that are used. Of comparable importance is the quality of information on coastal protection levels and DEM information. In the absence of large-extent datasets with sufficient resolution and accuracy the latter two factors are the main bottlenecks in terms of large-scale CFR assessment quality.
The impact of the planetary β-effect on the tilting vertical structure of
a mesoscale eddy
Authors: Yang Shengmu , Xing Jiuxing , Chen Shengli , Tian Jiwei , Chen Daoyi
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Tilting mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea have been reported recently from observed field data. The mechanism of the dynamic process of the tilt, however, is not well understood. In this study, the influence of planetary β on the vertical structure of mesoscale eddies and its mechanism is investigated using theoretical analysis and numerical model experiments based on the MIT General Circulation Model (MITgcm). The results of the both approaches show that vertical motion due to the planetary β effect and nonlinear dynamics causes a pressure anomaly in the horizontal domain which triggers the tilt of the eddy axis. The tilting distance extends to be the radius of the eddy maximum velocity. In addition, the vertical stratification is another key factor in controlling the tilt of a mesoscale eddy. External forcings such as wind and inflow current are not considered in this study, and topography is included only in a realistic South China Sea model. Therefore, mesoscale eddies with large vertical depth should have the similar axis tilt character in open oceans under the β-effect.
Factors controlling the sequence of asperity failures in a fault model
Authors: Lorenzano Emanuele , Dragoni Michele
Published: May 2018

Abstract. We consider a fault with two asperities embedded in a shear zone subject to a uniform strain rate owing to tectonic loading. The static stress field generated by seismic events undergoes viscoelastic relaxation as a consequence of the rheological properties of the asthenosphere. We treat the fault as a dynamical system whose basic elements are the asperities. The system has three degrees of freedom: the slip deficits of the asperities and the variation of their difference due to viscoelastic deformation. The dynamics of the system can be described in terms of one sticking mode and three slipping modes, for which we provide analytical solutions. We discuss how the stress state at the beginning of the interseismic interval preceding a seismic event controls the sequence of slipping modes during the event. We focus on the events associated with the separate (consecutive) slips of the asperities and investigate how they are affected by the seismic efficiency of the fault, by the difference in frictional resistance of the asperities and by the intensity of coupling between the asperities.
Syn-kinematic hydration reactions, dissolution-precipitation creep and grain boundary sliding in experimentally deformed plagioclase-pyroxene mixtures
Authors: Marti Sina , Stünitz Holger , Heilbronner Renée , Plümper Oliver , Kilian Rüdiger
Published: May 2018

Abstract. While it is widely observed that mafic rocks are able to exeprience high strains by viscous flow, details on their rheology and deformation mechanisms are poorly constrained. Here, rock deformation experiments on four different, water-added plagioclase-pyroxene mixtures are presented: (i) plagioclase(An60-70) – clinopyroxene – orthopyroxene, (ii) plagioclase(An60) – diopside, (iii) plagioclase(An60) – enstatite and (iv) plagioclase(An01) – enstatite. Samples were deformed in general shear at strain rates of 3 × 10−5 to 3 × 10−6 s−1, 800 °C and confining pressure of 1.0 or 1.5 GPa. Results indicate that dissolution-precipitation creep (DPC) and grain boundary sliding (GBS) are the dominant deformation mechanisms. Coinciding with sample deformation, syn-kinematic mineral reactions yield abundant nucleation of new grains; the resulting intense grain size reduction is considered crucial for the activity of DPC and GBS. In high strain zones dominated by plagioclase, a weak, non-random and geometrically consistent crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) is observed. Usually, a CPO is considered a consequence of dislocation creep, but the experiments presented here demonstrate that a CPO can develop during DPC and GBS. This study provides new evidence for the importance of DPC and GBS in mid-crustal shear zones within mafic rocks, which has important implications on understanding and modelling of mid-crustal rheology and flow.
Impact of surgeon’s hand and ocular dominance on right and left total knee arthroplasty alignment
Authors: Goosheh Shizar , Thoren Jacalyn , Naudie Douglas , Teeter Mathew , Howard James , Lanting Brent
Published: May 2018

Postoperative alignment is an important modifiable confounder that contributes to the longevity of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Studies have shown that surgeon’s handedness can affect surgical performance; however, no studies have assessed the effect of surgeon’s hand or ocular dominance on TKA alignment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of surgeon’s hand and ocular dominance on coronal plane alignment in TKA.

We retrospectively evaluated 138 patients who underwent sequential bilateral TKA by the same surgeon, using the Genesis II PS knee (Smith & Nephew, Memphis, TN). We assessed postoperative alignment by measuring and comparing anatomical tibiofemoral angle (TFA) bilaterally on standard postoperative knee radiographs, as well as Knee Society function and pain scores to determine any functional differences. Lastly, we evaluated whether a crossed hand-ocular dominant surgeon had greater accuracy when performing a TKA on the side opposite their hand dominance compared to uncrossed hand-ocular dominant surgeons.

All surgeons were right-hand dominant and there was a significantly larger anatomical TFA on left TKAs (mean [SD], 4.6° [2.8°]) compared to right TKAs (3.8° [2.5°]) (P = 0.003). There was no significant difference between right and left Knee Society function (P = 0.09) and pain scores (P = 0.86). When comparing left TKAs, surgeons with uncrossed hand-ocular dominance (4.5°) performed with equal accuracy compared to surgeons with crossed hand-ocular dominance (4.8°) (2-tailed test = 0.597), indicating no effect of ocular dominance.

In summary, hand but not ocular dominance was shown to have significant postoperative alignment effects on TKA.
Healthcare systems within the Middle East
Authors: Dent Elizabeth , Toki Damilola , Dupuis Natalie , Marquis Josiah , Suyeshkumar Tharmitha , Benlamri Meriem
Published: May 2018

Diverse health systems within the Middle East continue to experience a high degree of variability with regards to accessibility, capacity, and the quality of care provided within each individual country. This paper summarizes the unique challenges and achievements within the healthcare systems of six countries in the Middle East region. Additionally, the review aims to provide evidence for how healthcare systems in the Middle East are managed and sustained despite differences in wealth and infrastructure, as well as the presence of conflict in certain areas. Canada can play an important role in supporting these countries with unique healthcare needs, and in supporting populations arriving to Canada from these countries.
The current state of Health Links
Authors: Maskell Rachelle , Cleary Connor , Selkirk Keri , Sibbald Shannon
Published: May 2018

Health Links is a model of care focused on integrating efforts across the spectrum of health and social service providers in the province of Ontario. Health Links is driven by government policy and has been implemented by leveraging a local, flexible approach. As a recent initiative, existing documentation on Health Links is comprised largely of fragmented organizationaland procedural documents (often called grey literature). This paper aims to fill crucial knowledge gaps by introducing the Health Links approach to care, providing a high-level overview of key processes and stakeholders, and discussing the evolution of the Health Links approach.
Machine learning in medicine
Authors: Gui Chloe , Chan Victoria
Published: May 2018

Machine learning (ML) is a powerful and flexible tool that can be used to analyze and predict outcomes from biological and clinical data. ML models have the potential to improve healthcare efficiency in a number of ways. Algorithms that predict prognosis empower healthcare officials to allocate resources optimally and physicians to select better treatment options for patients. Diagnostic models can be used in screening, in risk stratification, and to recommend appropriate testing and treatment. This would decrease the burden on physicians, increase and expedite patient access to care, save resources, and reduce costs. However, despite the research advances of ML in medicine, its role in the clinic is currently limited. Model building and validation may require large amounts of high-quality data that can be difficult and expensive to obtain, and diagnostic models must be individually built for each disease, a lengthy process. The psychological aspect of trusting black box algorithms may also be challenging to accept. Continued ML research, however, may enable the use of smaller datasets and the development of more transparent models. Careful trials in the clinic will need to be conducted before the more impactful uses of ML, such as diagnosis, can be implemented.
Chikungunya virus in Canada
Authors: Bami Herman , Elzinga Jason L
Published: May 2018

This article presents a previously reported case involving the first Canadian patient to acquire Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection after travelling to a newly endemic region in the Americas. The specific history and clinical presentation of this patient is examined, including the treatment and complete resolution of the patient’s symptoms. A brief overview of the general disease course and diagnosis of CHIKV is provided. This case emphasizes the importance of global health education in Canadian medical curricula. The current standards of global health education in Canadian medical schools are briefly reviewed and recommendations based on expert opinions are provided. Although such programs exist, their implementation was found to be variable between schools and increased attention and standardization is currently required.
“She is very illusive”: Substance abuse, gender roles and motherhood among the teenage girls of the Sioux Lookout Zone, 1969-1996
Authors: De Pencier North , Puppe Ian , Davis Carrie , Dhawan Drishti , Somasundaram Mithila , McKinley Gerald
Published: May 2018

From 1969 to 1996, the Indigenous teenage girls of the Sioux Lookout Zone of Northern Ontario grew up surrounded by poverty and rapid societal change. Substance abuse, vandalism, and suicide rates were rising, and families and health care providers were worried about the health of adolescents in their communities.1-3 This paper examines the instances teenage girls were mentioned in the collection of documents about the Sioux Lookout Zone Hospital at the University of Toronto Archives in order to analyze the challenges that these girls faced in gender role negotiations, substance abuse, and teen motherhood.
Determinants and Organization Citizenship Behavioral Outcomes of Employee Motivation: An Empirical Study
Authors: Wasaya Allah , Hussain Wajid , Bhutta Zahra Masood
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this study is to highlight the role of person-organization fit, person-job fit and organizational culture toward organization citizenship behavior. Further, it analyses how employee motivation acts as a mediator between the relationship of person-organization fit, person-job fit, organizational culture and organization citizenship behavior.For analysis data was collected through a questionnaire based on adopted scales and the sample consisted of 350 employees of 3S dealers of automobile manufacturers in Multan district, Pakistan. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to provide statistical evidence for hypotheses. Person-organization fit, person-job fit and organizational culture were found significant in predicting organization citizenship behavior directly and through mediation. Further research should attempt to replicate the findings in other samples. In addition, researcher should investigate other significant variables affecting organization citizenship behavior. Implications of these findings suggest that for management development purpose, people should attempt to improve organization citizenship behavior to create person organization fit as well as organization culture and person job fit. This investigation contributes to the literature by identifying specific organization citizenship behavior rather than macro measures of organization citizenship behavior that are associated with different styles of fits and culture.
GC-MS Chemical Characterization of Main Components of Smilax Domingensis Wild. in Cuba
Authors: Soledispa Pilar A. , González José , Cuéllar Armando , Pérez Julio , Monan Max
Published: May 2018

A preliminary chemical characterization of main components of ethanolic extract with dried rhizomes of Smilax domingensis Wid. that grow in Cuba was done using a GCMS-QP2010 Ultra Shimadzu and the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. After sample derivatization 125 chemical compounds were registered by the equipment and from them, 35 different chemical components were characterized and reported for the first time from this part of the plant in our country. The results demonstrate the developed method could be employed as a rapid and versatile analytical technique for identification of chemical constituents and quality control of Smilax domingensis.
Legislación de los recursos naturales aplicables a cambio climático
Authors: Santivañez José Luis , Baqueros-Ballón Fátima , Martinez-Dávila Juan Pablo , Cruz-Centeno José Fredy , Toruño Pedro José
Published: May 2018

El medio Ambiente, los Recursos Naturales y la Biodiversidad, están considerada entre las prioridades para implementar procesos de gestión de largo plazo en todos los países del mundo, empleadas y usadas como banderas de reivindicación social, económica, cultural, económica y política. Sin embargo las unidades o ministerios gozan del más bajo presupuesto, no están en las primeras filas de priorización de los POA, hay tardías reacción y escasos profesionales capacitados, especializados y contratados.  Bolivia tiene cuantiosas normas con distintos nombres y un solo énfasis: “Mecanismos de Regulación”, lo que involucra sistemas de prevención bajo un principio precautorio, donde podemos viabilizar, con imaginación y voluntad, acciones inmediatas.
La economía como factor clave para el desarrollo sostenible rural: caso Nicaragua
Authors: Benitez-Maradiaga Yorleny Xiomara , Martinez-Andrades Erick , Villalobos-Maradiaga Edixia , Jarquín-Sáenz Marvin Rafael , Rivas-García Julio Antonio
Published: May 2018

El presente ensayo fue elaborado con el propósito de estudiar los enfoques para analizar la situación económica y la sostenibilidad agrícola predominante en las zonas rurales de Nicaragua, como parte de la Educación y el Desarrollo Rural.   En la recopilación de datos para la estructuración de dicho trabajo se consultaron literaturas de trabajos realizados por investigadores de experiencia académica, en los componentes de economía, desarrollo rural sostenible y agricultura, investigaciones que se han ejecutado para encontrar solución a problemas sentidos por las comunidades rurales productivas. Como resultado de nuestra investigación señalamos que existen modelos y enfoque para estudiar el desarrollo rural sostenible.   Algunos autores han estudiados el modelo de desarrollo a partir de variables forestales,  otros consideran la evaluación multicriterio fundamentalmente en las decisiones del ordenamiento territorial, de igual manera se revisó el estudio los modelos agrometereológicos que mide el impacto del clima en la agricultura.  El tema de la innovación en los procesos cognoscitivos como un estudio de caso en la zona norte del país fue analizado, donde la Bioeconomia resulta ser un tema interesante como una alternativa de repuesta a la variabilidad del cambio climático, una variable importante también considerada es los medios de vida Méndez, V. E., & Bacon, C. (2005).