bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transferability of site-dependent wind turbine performance predictions using machine learning
Authors: Hammer Florian , Barber Sarah
Published: January 2022

Within this work, machine learning models of site-specific machine learning models of wind turbine power curves of the Beberibe Wind Farm in Brazil, which consists of 32 turbines and one met mast, were developed. Previous work already showed that machine learning models taking into account site-specific effects can increase power prediction accuracy of single wind turbines by a factor of three compared to the standard power curve binning method. The main goal was to investigate the transferability of these models through power output predictions of various turbines depending on the distance from the met mast. It was found that transferring models within a wind farm is possible, but a decrease of prediction accuracy by up to 30% in certain cases could be observed. Neither the combination of various turbine data, nor the incorporation of site-specific data had an apparent effect on the transferability performance. It was thus concluded that a further investigation is needed, where a larger and more distributed subset of turbines should be used.
Calculated estimations of the performance for TKX-50 based formulations
Authors: Golubev V K , Klapötke T M
Published: January 2022

A computational study of the detonation characteristics of several explosive formulationsbased on the energetic material TKX-50 has been carried out. Materials such as paraffin, HTPB, GAP, AMMO and BAMO were considered as fillers or binders. The influence of such fillers (with a volumetric content of up to 50 %) on the detonation characteristics of the composite energetic materials was investigated. The influence of porosity on the detonation characteristics of composite explosive formulations with a binder mass content of 5 and 10% was determined. An analysis of the (limited) experimental data for the detonation velocity of explosive formulations based on TKX-50 was undertaken. The experimentally determined detonation velocities of three explosive formulations with inert and energetic binders which have been previously published in the literature were considered and analysed. Good agreement was found between the calculated and experimental results for the detonation velocity. A computational study of the explosion impact of charges of TKX-50, as well as of explosive formulations based on it containing the above-mentioned binders, on copper plates with a thickness of 1 mm and on layers with a thickness of 50 mm was carried out. The mass content of binders in the explosive formulations was 5 %. The charges were 50 mm thick and consisted of compact or porous materials with a porosity of 2 %. The Explo5 and Ansys Autodyn programs were used to perform thermochemical, thermodynamic and gas-dynamic calculations.
Equation of state for iridium at high pressures
Authors: Khishchenko K V
Published: January 2022

An equation of state for iridium is proposed in a wide range of density and internal energies. The results of calculations using this equation of state are compared with the available experimental data for this metal at high pressures. The proposed equation of state can beused to simulate adiabatic processes in iridium under shock-wave loading.
Double-K Differential Protection Principle of Regional Power Grid Based on Voltage Vector Compensation
Authors: Gao Meijin , Zhu Yanhan , Zhang Xiao , Fang Xinyan
Published: January 2022

In the regional active distribution network where the Distributed Generation (DG) penetration rate is getting higher and higher. When a high-resistance ground fault occurs in a heavy-load line, the traditional current differential protection has very low sensitivity, the protection may refuse to act. And the power differential protection has the voltage dead zone. In addition, the T-type branch will further reduce the sensitivity of the traditional differential protection. In order to solve the problems, this paper proposes a new principle of double-K differential protection with voltage vector compensation. The principle can flexibly adjust the braking zone range by setting two parameters, and then introduce the voltage vector to compensate the operating point, which effectively improves the protection sensitivity in the case of high-resistance ground fault occurs in a heavy-load line, and there is no voltage dead zone. Simulation shows that the principle can greatly improve the reliability of protection.
Research of Integrated Non-stop Operation Based on Emergency Power Supply Vehicle
Authors: Qian Zhong , Liu Yongqi , Dong Zhiwen , Fan Zihui , Gao Lingxiao , Wu Zijing
Published: January 2022

As the speed of social and economic development accelerates, the demand for reliability of power supply rises gradually in various industries. As an important method of power supply, the emergency power supply vehicle can effectively ensure the smooth implementation of comprehensive non-stop operation. In view of the existing multi-scene integrated non-stop operation methods, the integrated non-stop operation based on emergency power supply vehicle is systematized and modularized, and the integrated non-stop operation management platform based on emergency power supply vehicles is established to further improve the technical system of non-stop operation in the power industry.
Research on Adaptive Dynamic Access Control Model Based on Blockchain and Token
Authors: Yang Ke , Li Da , Zhou Lei , Cheng Kai
Published: January 2022

The new power system presents new features such as massive, decentralized, multiple types of equipment and user access, more complex interactions, and faster response speed. The zero-trust security model still has problems such as the single-point failure risk of permission control and the inability to balance dynamic fine-grained permission adjustment and real-time response. Based on this, this paper proposes an adaptive dynamic access control model based on blockchain and token. First, build a decentralized authorization management architecture based on blockchain smart contracts to provide users with reliable and intelligent authorization services. Secondly, an authorization technology based on short-term tokens is proposed, which realizes adaptive dynamic access authority adjustment through user trust evaluation and smart contract automatic discrimination. Finally, an intelligent identity authentication mechanism based on user behavior data analysis is designed to support the adaptive update of tokens. Experiments have verified that this model has certain advantages in accurate and adaptive dynamic authorization, which can provide a reference for the improvement of the zero-trust model.
Design of Virtual Power Plant System Model under Master-Slave Multi-chain
Authors: Xue Qingshui , Xue Zhen , Ma Haifeng , Sun Yue , Shi Xuelei
Published: January 2022

The emergence and development of new technology provides a new way of thinking for solving the problems in the traditional energy industry. Introducing block chain technology into virtual power plant can solve the problems existing in virtual power plant such as. to improve the safety, reliability and operation efficiency of virtual power plant. At present, the research on the application of block chain technology in virtual power plants is mostly based on single-chain structure, which makes the system not extensible. Based on this problem, a virtual power plant model with main and multi-chain structure is presented, which improves the scalability of virtual power plant with block chain technology. The use of block chain technology improves the security and fairness of power transactions. It can allocate power more efficiently to improve energy utilization.
Risk Assessment Method of Multi-station Integration Based on Neural Network
Authors: Li Jianlin , Wang Sijia , Wu Yiwen , Zeng Wei , Li Yaxin
Published: January 2022

In recent years, the safety risk assessment of integrated power station systems has become more important as more and more substations optimize the overall operating effect by increasing energy storage power stations. In this paper, after using the expanded Kalman filtering algorithm, the risk assessment model of the fusion power station is established by the neural network-based method to provide a reference for the engineering construction.
Study on the Impact of Renewable Energy Power Generation Transient Characteristics on System Stability in Weak Grid
Authors: Shen Xuhui , Tang Haiyan , He Weiguo , Wang Hongce , Li Yan , Li Dongqi , Yu Xiaoqing , He Fei , Yuan Qiujie
Published: January 2022

With the large-mount access of renewable energy to the electric power grid, the unique seasonal and day and night output fluctuation of renewable energy power generation has brought new challenges to the stable and safe operation of the power system. These challenges mainly include the impact on power grid voltage stability, frequency stability and power angle stability. Therefore, the impact of renewable energy power generation on the stable and safe operation of power system should be be paid enough attention. Due to the characteristics of long-distance, large-scale and high concentration of grid connected renewable energy, the ability of AC system to connect to power grid is relatively weak, which is a typical weak current network. With the continuous expansion of renewable energy grid connection scale, the dynamic characteristics of weak current power grid become more complex, which brings great challenges to the stability and security of power grid. However, in the calculation of power system security and stability, more conservative renewable energy generation model parameters are often used to fix the power grid operation reliability. For better improve the renewable energy acceptance capacity of the system, the proportion of renewable power generation will be further increased. Therefore, establishing an accurate and reasonable renewable energy model is the basis of large-scale renewable energy grid connection security and stability calculation. Further study on the control strategy and parameter adaptability of renewable energy model could be reduced stability risk of high proportion of renewable energy connected to weak current network.
Distance Measurement in Industrial Scenarios
Authors: Liu Hao , Liu Chengzhao , Ma Chenzhe , Zheng Hantao , Xu Jianglong
Published: January 2022

3D reconstruction technology is one of the important technologies of computer vision. Compared with 2D data, 3D space contains more abundant information, including location information, local / global features and so on. It is of great significance to solve the problem of target distance measurement in a single image scene. It is difficult for neural network to predict hole size without image scale information. In this paper, we focus on the measurement of objects with little change in height in the image. We use the relationship between camera parameters and regional features and the internal relationship between regional features to solve the problems of three-dimensional parameter reconstruction and monocular image distance measurement and use the standard cross entropy loss to optimize the transformer model. This model has achieved good results on the sampled data set.
Publishing unbinned differential cross section results
Authors: Arratia Miguel , Butter Anja , Campanelli Mario , Croft Vincent , Gillberg Dag , Ghosh Aishik , Lohwasser Kristin , Malaescu Bogdan , Mikuni Vinicius , Nachman Benjamin , Rojo Juan , Thaler Jesse , Winterhalder Ramon
Published: January 2022

Machine learning tools have empowered a qualitatively new way to perform differential cross section measurements whereby the data are unbinned, possibly in many dimensions. Unbinned measurements can enable, improve, or at least simplify comparisons between experiments and with theoretical predictions. Furthermore, many-dimensional measurements can be used to define observables after the measurement instead of before. There is currently no community standard for publishing unbinned data. While there are also essentially no measurements of this type public, unbinned measurements are expected in the near future given recent methodological advances. The purpose of this paper is to propose a scheme for presenting and using unbinned results, which can hopefully form the basis for a community standard to allow for integration into analysis workflows. This is foreseen to be the start of an evolving community dialogue, in order to accommodate future developments in this field that is rapidly evolving.
Interaction of temperature and relative humidity for growth of COVID-19 cases and death rates
Authors: Khan Atikur R , Abedin Sumaiya , Khan Saleheen
Published: January 2022

Akin to respiratory tract infection diseases, climatic conditions may significantly influence the COVID-19 epidemic. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, significant efforts have been made to explore the relationship between climatic condition and growth in number of COVID-19 cases. Contentious findings of either positive, negative, or no association with climatic conditions have been reported in many studies based on some early data on COVID-19 cases over a shorter time span. We integrate COVID-19 datasets with long meteorological time series of 29 countries to explore cross-country variation in COVID-19 cases and death rates with respect to temperature and relative humidity. Our empirical study reveals that temperature and relative humidity jointly influence the growth of COVID-19 cases and death rates. We generate predictive scenarios for changes in daily cases and death rates under different combinations of temperature and relative humidity. Low temperature with low humidity in a temperate climate and high temperature with high humidity in a hot and humid climate are found to surge the growth of COVID-19 cases and death rates. These relationships and our predictive scenarios can be applied to generate early warning for any future outbreak to adopt stringency policies, kick-start economic activities, prepare healthcare service plans, and target vaccination coverage.
Field theory of free run and tumble particles in d dimensions
Authors: Zhang Ziluo , Pruessner Gunnar
Published: January 2022

In this work, Doi–Peliti field theory is used to describe the motion of free run and tumble particles in arbitrary dimensions. After deriving action and propagators, the mean squared displacement and the corresponding entropy production at stationarity are calculated in this framework. We further derive the field theory of free active Brownian particles in two dimensions for comparison.
Anomalous diffusion: fractional Brownian motion vs fractional Ito motion
Authors: Eliazar Iddo , Kachman Tal
Published: January 2022

Generalizing Brownian motion (BM), fractional Brownian motion (FBM) is a paradigmatic selfsimilar model for anomalous diffusion. Specifically, varying its Hurst exponent, FBM spans: sub-diffusion, regular diffusion, and super-diffusion. As BM, also FBM is a symmetric and Gaussian process, with a continuous trajectory, and with a stationary velocity. In contrast to BM, FBM is neither a Markov process nor a martingale, and its velocity is correlated. Based on a recent study of selfsimilar Ito diffusions, we explore an alternative selfsimilar model for anomalous diffusion:fractional Ito motion(FIM). The FIM model exhibits the same Hurst-exponent behavior as FBM, and it is also a symmetric process with a continuous trajectory. In sharp contrast to FBM, we show that FIM: is not a Gaussian process; is a Markov process; is a martingale; and its velocity is not stationary and is not correlated. On the one hand, FBM is hard to simulate, its analytic tractability is limited, and it generates only a Gaussian dissipation pattern. On the other hand, FIM is easy to simulate, it is analytically tractable, and it generates non-Gaussian dissipation patterns. Moreover, we show that FIM has an intimate linkage to diffusion in a logarithmic potential. With its compelling properties, FIM offers researchers and practitioners a highly workable analytic model for anomalous diffusion.
Uncertainty relations for multiple operators without covariances
Authors: Chen Bin , Lian Pan
Published: January 2022

In this paper, we prove the sum and product uncertainty relations conjectured by V Dodonov for multiple observables. The uncertainty relations for linear combinations of position and momentum recently obtained by Kechrimparis and Weigert are recovered. Furthermore, the entropic uncertainty relations conjectured by the latter authors are proved for specific cases. At last, we revisit the uncertainty relation for triple canonical operators and obtain a tighter bound on real Hilbert space. A quantitative stability result is given as well.
Autocorrelation functions and ergodicity in diffusion with stochastic resetting
Authors: Stojkoski Viktor , Sandev Trifce , Kocarev Ljupco , Pal Arnab
Published: January 2022

Diffusion with stochastic resetting is a paradigm of resetting processes. Standard renewal or master equation approach are typically used to study steady state and other transport properties such as average, mean squared displacement etc. What remains less explored is the two time point correlation functions whose evaluation is often daunting since it requires the implementation of the exact time dependent probability density functions of the resetting processes which are unknown for most of the problems. We adopt a different approach that allows us to write a stochastic solution for a single trajectory undergoing resetting. Moments and the autocorrelation functions between any two times along the trajectory can then be computed directly using the laws of total expectation. Estimation of autocorrelation functions turns out to be pivotal for investigating the ergodic properties of various observables for this canonical model. In particular, we investigate two observables (i) sample mean which is widely used in economics and (ii) time-averaged-mean-squared-displacement (TAMSD) which is of acute interest in physics. We find that both diffusion and drift–diffusion processes with resetting are ergodic at the mean level unlike their reset-free counterparts. In contrast, resetting renders ergodicity breaking in the TAMSD while both the stochastic processes are ergodic when resetting is absent. We quantify these behaviors with detailed analytical study and corroborate with extensive numerical simulations. Our results can be verified in experimental set-ups that can track single particle trajectories and thus have strong implications in understanding the physics of resetting.
Passive breath monitoring of livestock: using factor analysis to deconvolve the cattle shed
Authors: Langford Ben , Cash James M , Beel Georgia , Di Marco Chiara , Duthie Carol-Anne , Haskell Marie , Miller Gemma , Nicoll Laura , Roberts S Craig , Nemitz E
Published: January 2022

Respiratory and metabolic diseases in livestock cost the agriculture sector billions each year, with delayed diagnosis a key exacerbating factor. Previous studies have shown the potential for breath analysis to successfully identify incidence of disease in a range of livestock. However, these techniques typically involve animal handling, the use of nasal swabs or fixing a mask to individual animals to obtain a sample of breath. Using a cohort of 26 cattle as an example, we show how the breath of individual animals within a herd can be monitored using a passive sampling system, where no such handling is required. These benefits come at the cost of the desired breath samples unavoidably mixed with the complex cocktail of odours that are present within the cattle shed. Data were analysed using positive matrix factorisation (PMF) to identify and remove non-breath related sources of volatile organic compounds. In total three breath factors were identified (endogenous-, non-endogenous breath and rumen) and seven factors related to other sources within and around the cattle shed (e.g. cattle feed, traffic, urine and faeces). Simulation of a respiratory disease within the herd showed that the abnormal change in breath composition was captured in the residuals of the ten factor PMF solution, highlighting the importance of their inclusion as part of the breath fraction. Increasing the number of PMF factors to 17 saw the identification of a ‘diseased’ factor, which coincided with the visits of the three ‘diseased’ cattle to the breath monitor platform. This work highlights the important role that factor analysis techniques can play in analysing passive breath monitoring data.
Development of lignocellulose-based bioethanol from chrysanthemum flower waste (Chrysanthemum sp.)
Authors: Nugrahini A D , Kurniawan M P , Kinasih D A
Published: January 2022

The fuel crisis has given a sign that the Indonesian fossil energy reserve is low. Conversely, fuel consumption in the country has been increasing from year to year. The limited resources of fossil energy cause the need for renewable energy development and energy conservation. One form of renewable energy is biomass energy. The biomass energy source can be derived from waste biomass plantations and agriculture. Chrysanthemum flower waste is biomass used as a raw material in bioethanol manufacturing because it has a high cellulose content. This study aims to determine the conditions of the hydrolysis and fermentation processes that produce the highest amount of bioethanol and determine the quality of bioethanol from chrysanthemum waste. The method used in this research was acid hydrolysis with a variation of sulfuric acid concentration at 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% with a deviation of hydrolysis time at 60 minutes and 90 minutes. The type of yeast in the fermentation process wasSaccharomyces cerevisiaeat 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% w/w, with fermentation times used were 3, 5, and 7 days. Based on the research that has been done, the highest ethanol content was 13.53% produced in the hydrolysis treatment using 1% H2SO4concentration with 60 minutes of hydrolysis time and five days of fermentation time with 10% yeast content. The test results for the quality of bioethanol from chrysanthemum flower waste were ethanol content of 13.53%, density 0.981 g/mL, a specific gravity of 0.981, API gravity of 12.711, and a calorific value of 10,422.2 kcal/kg.
The rheological and mechanical properties of natural rubber/graphene composites
Authors: Marlina P , Prasetya H A , Rahmaniar  , Nasruddin  , Nugroho A K , Yusya M K , Andika R , Haryati S
Published: January 2022

This research focuses on the use of graphene as a filler for natural rubber (NR). The purpose of using graphene is to improve the mechanical properties of rubber compounds and their processing characteristics. Graphene (G) consists of carbon atoms and is an essential filler for polymers to enhance electrical and mechanical properties. The addition of graphene to rubber can improve the wear resistance and mechanical strength of rubber products. Thus, the effect of the graphene filler composition is interesting to study. Variety of graphene loads (10, 20, and 30 part hundred rubber (phr)) were combined with a variety of sulfur fillers (S) (10 and 20 phr) and then composited with natural rubber. The effect of variations in a load of graphene and sulfur fillers on the rheological properties, abrasion resistance, and compression set were studied. The results showed that the optimal combination of the G/S load variation was 20/10 phr. It leads to a more extraordinary strengthening ability that is binding rubber molecules so that the interactions occurred, both physical and chemical, could be formed better with the NR molecular chain. This resulted in distinct rheological properties enhancement such as torque modulus and curing time. In contrast, the mechanical properties like abrasion resistance and compression set were still good. The FTIR Spectra of natural rubber-graphene composites confirmed that good filler disperses were obtained due to several intramolecular interactions of carbon graphene with NR molecules. Graphene can be used as a filler for rubber products, mainly rubber, abrasion, and compression resistant, and an alternative for commercial fillers.
Optimization of the energy consumption of the shredder of the tops for the sustainable development of agriculture
Authors: Abramov Y N , Borychev S N , Kostenko M Y , Uglanov M B , Tsymbal A A , Yudaev Y A
Published: January 2022

To optimize energy costs during the cutting process, a mathematical model is constructed and the calculation results are studied to optimize the cutting process. The proposed model is built for the operation of the rotor of the haulm shredder, but the technique of its construction can be used for any systems in which rotational movements are used to cut plants. A method for constructing a rotation model of the haulm shredder rotor with respect to two centers of rotation is presented. The method is based on the solution of differential equations of motion, the theorem on the center of mass of the system and the energy conservation law. To obtain an analytical expression, differential equations were solved that related the deviation of the cutting element of the haulm shredder from a radial position. Modeling showed that in the operating mode, at an angular velocity co of rotor rotation of more than 100 rad s1, the dependence is almost linear and can be replaced by the formula in the characteristic mass range of rotating knives 0.7-1.5 kg in relation to T ∼ 0.6-0.001co.
The determination of the hormonal program efficiency in estrus synchronization of high-yield cows for sustainable agricultural development
Authors: Galchenko V A , Pereryadkina S P , Kocharyan V D , Bakanova K A , Faizulina N S , Budtuev O V
Published: January 2022

At present, the improvement of methodological approaches and the search for more rational methods of hormonal processing for estrus synchronization in cows remains one of the urgent tasks of agricultural science and veterinary practice. As a result of the studies carried out, the influence of hormonal preparations on the dynamics of the corpus luteum lysis and the growth of follicles in the cows ovaries was determined using ultrasound diagnostics. As a result of ultrasound examination, it was found that the double use of Prosolvin promotes lysis of the corpus luteum. This is also evidenced by the low concentration of progesterone in the serum of cows. After the application of Gonadin ultrasound images show an active formation of follicles, the size of which gradually increases and reaches the maximum size before artificial insemination.
Organic pig farming as part of green economy
Authors: Komlatsky G V , Slozhenkina M I , E`lizbarov R V , Mosolov A A , Frolova M V , Miroshnik A S
Published: January 2022

Organic agriculture is an important area of high-quality food production and one of the stages of transition of agricultural production to green economy rails. At the moment, assortment on the Russian market of organic products is limited and there are no meat products in general. The aim of this study is to analyze the state of domestic pig breeding and the possibilities of conversion a certain segment of the industry to organic production. The methodological basis was the results of researches by domestic, foreign scientists, as well as our own studies. In the course of the work, general methods of scientific knowledge were used, which ensured reliability of the obtained results. Taking into account global trend towards healthy nutrition, Russian pig breeding has all prerequisites for conversion to organic production. Due to the high marginality of organic pig breeding, the presence in Russia of large labor and land resources suitable for organic production, there are all the prerequisites for organic pork to enter the world agrifood market. The implementation of this direction will require small business development, creation of a certification system for meat and meat products, training of qualified organic zootechnicians, as well as development and improvement of technologies.
Evaluation of the quality, environmental safety and biological value of functional curd product
Authors: Kryuchkova V V , Gorlov I F , Slozhenkina M I , Lomonova N V , Belik S N , Skripin P V
Published: January 2022

The authors conducted studies to assess the quality and calculation of biological value of the developed curd product. Estimation of organoleptic parameters was carried out with use of tasting scale of curd and curd products estimation, on the basis of which the profilogram was built and it was established that the developed curd product received the maximum quantity for taste and smell, appearance and consistency. Nutritional value of the experimental sample increased due to introduction of whey proteins and sesame seeds: protein (by 2.0%), appearance of carbohydrates (0.3%) and dietary fibers (0.05%). In the experimental sample the number of lactic acid microorganisms considerably exceeds both the normal values and the values of the control sample, which proves its probiotic properties and indicates a high physiological value. The calculated amino acid scoring of the eight essential amino acids is quite high and ranges from 105.9% valine to 191.0% tryptophan, which is well balanced and significantly exceeds the ideal protein. The biological value of the experimental sample with sesame seeds and whey proteins was 65.2%, the utility coefficient was 0.77, which indicates its high biological value and high balance of the amino acid composition.
Ham production using processed apple products
Authors: Slozhenkina M I , Gorlov I F , Bozhkova S E , Ermolova K A , Serkova A E , Khramova V N
Published: January 2022

The article analyzes the possibility and rationality of using apple processing products as food additives to increase the nutritional value of products, substantiates the expediency of using a vegetable component (apple pomace) in the technology of smoked-boiled ham products. To assess the technological potential of using apple pomace in the production of smoked-cooked sausages, experimental studies were carried out using generally accepted methods to study the basic properties of raw materials and control samples - products without the addition of powdered apple pomace, and prototypes - products with the addition of apple pomace according to the developed recipe. Formulations have been optimized and a method has been developed for the production of a combined composition of protein-fat emulsion, which is recommended to be introduced instead of 22% of the main unsalted meat raw materials. According to the results obtained, a sample containing 6% apple pomace has the best quality indicators.
The effect of anode axial position on the performance of a miniaturized cylindrical Hall thruster with a cusp-type magnetic field
Authors: GAO Yuanyuan , WANG Weizong , LI Yifei , XUE Shuwen , CAI Guobiao
Published: January 2022

A 200 W cylindrical Hall thruster with a cusp-type magnetic field was proposed, manifesting convergent plume and high specific impulse. In this paper, a series of ring-shaped anodes are designed and the influence of anode axial position on the performance of CHT with a cusp-type magnetic field is studied. The experimental results indicate that the thruster keeps stable operation at the condition of 140–270 W discharge power. When the anode moves axially towards the upstream cusp field, the thrust enhances from 6.5 mN to 7.6 mN and specific impulse enhances from 1658 s to 1939 s significantly. These improvements of thruster performance should be attributed to the enhancement of current utilization, propellant utilization and acceleration efficiency. According to the analyses on the discharge characteristics, it is revealed that as the anode moves upstream, the electron transport path could be extended, the magnetic field in this extended path could impede electron cross-field transport and facilitate the ionization intensity, yielding to the enhancement of current utilization and propellant utilization efficiency. Moreover, along with this enhancement of upstream ionization at the given anode flow rate, the main ionization region is thought to move upstream and then separate more apparently from the acceleration region, which has been demonstrated by the narrowing of ion energy distribution function shape. This change in acceleration region could decrease the ion energy loss and enhance acceleration efficiency. This work is beneficial for optimizing the electrode structure of thruster and recognize the ionization and acceleration process under the cusp magnetic field.
Nonlinear one-dimensional constitutive model for magnetostrictive materials
Authors: Imhof Alecsander N , Domann John P
Published: January 2022

This paper presents an analytic model of one dimensional magnetostriction. We show how specific assumptions regarding the symmetry of key micromagnetic energies (magnetocrystalline, magnetoelastic, and Zeeman) reduce a general three-dimensional statistical mechanics model to a one-dimensional form with an exact solution. We additionally provide a useful form of the analytic equations to help ensure numerical accuracy. Numerical results show that the model maintains accuracy over a large range of applied magnetic fields and stress conditions extending well outside those produced in standard laboratory conditions. A comparison to experimental data is performed for several magnetostrictive materials. The model is shown to accurately predict the behavior of Terfenol-D, while two compositions of Galfenol are modeled with varying accuracy. To conclude we discuss what conditions facilitate the description of materials with cubic crystalline anisotropy as transversely isotropic, to achieve peak model performance.
Time discretizations of Wasserstein–Hamiltonian flows
Authors: Cui Jianbo , Dieci Luca , Zhou Haomin
Published: January 2022

We study discretizations of Hamiltonian systems on the probability density manifold equipped with the

L
2

L^2

-Wasserstein metric. Based on discrete optimal transport theory, several Hamiltonian systems on a graph (lattice) with different weights are derived, which can be viewed as spatial discretizations of the original Hamiltonian systems. We prove consistency of these discretizations. Furthermore, by regularizing the system using the Fisher information, we deduce an explicit lower bound for the density function, which guarantees that symplectic schemes can be used to discretize in time. Moreover, we show desirable long time behavior of these symplectic schemes, and demonstrate their performance on several numerical examples. Finally, we compare the present approach with the standard viscosity methodology.
F-box protein 17 promotes glioma progression by regulating glycolysis pathway
Authors: Deng Chao , Li Hongzhi , Li Qingmin
Published: January 2022

F-box protein 17 (FBXO17) is associated with high-grade glioma and acted as a promotor of glioma development. This study investigated the effect and underlying pathway of FBXO17 on glioma. The Cancer Genome Atlas database was applied to analyze FBXO17 expression information in glioma. First, high FBXO17 expressions are associated with glioma and poor prognosis. Then, FBXO17 was upregulated in glioma cells. Meanwhile, knock-down of FBXO17 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, but increased the cell apoptosis. Besides, knock-down of FBXO17 inhibited mitochondrial membrane potential and increased reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, knock-down of FBXO17 decreased level of adenosine triphosphate, glucose, lactate, GLUT1, HK2, PFKP, PKM2, and LDHA. In conclusion, FBXO17 was high expression in glioma, and FBXO17 regulates glioma by regulating glycolysis pathway, providing novel theoretical for the treatment of glioma.
Simulation of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) breeding guided by practices to accelerate genetic gains
Authors: Huang Mao , Robbins Kelly R , Li Yaoguang , Umanzor Schery , Marty-Rivera Michael , Bailey David , Yarish Charles , Lindell Scott , Jannink Jean-Luc
Published: January 2022

Though Saccharina japonica cultivation has been established for many decades in East Asian countries, the domestication process of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) in the Northeast United States is still at its infancy. In this study, by using data from our breeding experience, we will demonstrate how obstacles for accelerated genetic gain can be assessed using simulation approaches that inform resource allocation decisions. Thus far, we have used 140 wild sporophytes that were sampled in 2018 from the northern Gulf of Maine to southern New England. From these sporophytes, we sampled gametophytes and made and evaluated over 600 progeny sporophytes from crosses among the gametophytes in 2019 and 2020. The biphasic life cycle of kelp gives a great advantage in selective breeding as we can potentially select both on the sporophytes and gametophytes. However, several obstacles exist, such as the amount of time it takes to complete a breeding cycle, the number of gametophytes that can be maintained in the laboratory, and whether positive selection can be conducted on farm-tested sporophytes. Using the Gulf of Maine population characteristics for heritability and effective population size, we simulated a founder population of 1,000 individuals and evaluated the impact of overcoming these obstacles on rate of genetic gain. Our results showed that key factors to improve current genetic gain rely mainly on our ability to induce reproduction of the best farm-tested sporophytes, and to accelerate the clonal vegetative growth of released gametophytes so that enough gametophyte biomass is ready for making crosses by the next growing season. Overcoming these challenges could improve rates of genetic gain more than 2-fold. Future research should focus on conditions favorable for inducing spring reproduction, and on increasing the amount of gametophyte tissue available in time to make fall crosses in the same year.
Long-distance control of the scion by the rootstock under drought stress as revealed by transcriptome sequencing and mobile mRNA identification
Authors: Davoudi Marzieh , Song Mengfei , Zhang Mengru , Chen Jinfeng , Lou Qunfeng
Published: January 2022

Grafting with pumpkin rootstock is commonly used not only to improve the quality of cucumber fruits but also to confer biotic or abiotic stress tolerance. However, the molecular mechanism of the response of grafted cucumbers to drought stress and the possible roles of mobile mRNAs in improving stress tolerance have remained obscure. Hence, we conducted transcriptome sequencing and combined it with morphophysiological experiments to compare the response of homografts (cucumber as scion and rootstock) and heterografts (cucumber as scion and pumpkin as rootstock) to drought stress. After applying drought stress, homografts and heterografts expressed 2960 and 3088 genes, respectively, in response to the stress. The differentially expressed genes identified in heterografts under drought stress were categorized into different stress-responsive groups, such as carbohydrate metabolism (involved in osmotic adjustment by sugar accumulation), lipid and cell wall metabolism (involved in cell membrane integrity by a reduction in lipid peroxidation), redox homeostasis (increased antioxidant enzyme activities), phytohormone (increased abscisic acid content), protein kinases, and transcription factors, using MapMan software. Earlier and greater H2O2 accumulation in xylem below the graft union was accompanied by leaf abscisic acid accumulation in heterografts in response to drought stress. Greater leaf abscisic acid helped heterografted cucumbers to sense and respond to drought stress earlier than homografts. The timely response of heterografts to drought stress led to the maintenance of higher water content in the leaves even in the late stage of drought stress. The mobile mRNAs identified in heterografts were mostly related to photosynthesis, which would be the possible reason for improved chlorophyll content and maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). The existence of some stress-responsive pumpkin (rootstock) mRNAs in cucumber (scion), such as heat shock protein (HSP70, a well-known stress-responsive gene), led to higher proline accumulation than in homografts. Expression of mobile and immobile stress-responsive mRNAs and timely response of heterografts to drought stress could improve drought tolerance in pumpkin-rooted plants.
Silencing susceptibility genes in potato hinders primary infection with Phytophthora infestans at different stages
Authors: Sun Kaile , Schipper Danny , Jacobsen Evert , Visser Richard G F , Govers Francine , Bouwmeester Klaas , Bai Yuling
Published: January 2022

Most potato cultivars are susceptible to late blight disease caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Here we report that the genetic loss of host susceptibility is a new source of resistance to prevent or diminish pathogen infection. Previously, we showed that RNAi-mediated silencing of the potato susceptibility (S) genes StDND1, StDMR1, and StDMR6 leads to increased late blight resistance. The mechanisms underlying this S-gene-mediated resistance have thus far not been identified. In this study, we examined the infection process of P. infestans in StDND1-, StDMR1-, and StDMR6-silenced potato lines. Microscopic analysis showed that penetration of P. infestans spores was hampered in StDND1-silenced plants. In StDMR1- and StDMR6-silenced plants, P. infestans infection was arrested at a primary infection stage by enhanced cell death responses. Histochemical staining revealed that StDMR1- and StDMR6-silenced plants display elevated ROS levels in cells at the infection sites. Resistance in StDND1-silenced plants, however, seems not to rely on a cell death response as ROS accumulation was found to be absent at most inoculated sites. Quantitative analysis of marker gene expression suggests that the increased resistance observed in StDND1- and StDMR6-silenced plants relies on an early onset of salicylic acid- and ethylene-mediated signaling pathways. Resistance mediated by silencing StDMR1 was found to be correlated with the early induction of salicylic acid-mediated signaling. These data provide evidence that different defense mechanisms are involved in late blight resistance mediated by functional impairment of different potato S-genes.
Overexpression of VqWRKY31 enhances powdery mildew resistance in grapevine by promoting salicylic acid signaling and specific metabolite synthesis
Authors: Yin Wuchen , Wang Xianhang , Liu Hui , Wang Ya , van Nocker Steve , Tu Mingxing , Fang Jinghao , Guo Junqiang , Li Zhi , Wang Xiping
Published: January 2022

Powdery mildew (PM), caused by the fungal pathogen Erysiphe necator, is one of the most destructive diseases of grapevine (Vitis vinifera and other Vitis spp.). Resistance to PM is an important goal for cultivar improvement, and understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms conditioning resistance is critical. Here, we report that transgenic expression of the WRKY transcription factor gene VqWRKY31 from the PM-resistant species Vitis quinquangularis conferred resistance to PM in V. vinifera through promoting salicylic acid signaling and specific metabolite synthesis. VqWRKY31 belongs to the WRKY IIb subfamily, and expression of the VqWRKY31 gene was induced in response to E. necator inoculation. Transgenic V. vinifera plants expressing VqWRKY31 were substantially less susceptible to E. necator infection, and this was associated with increased levels of salicylic acid and reactive oxygen species. Correlation analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic data revealed that VqWRKY31 promoted expression of genes in metabolic pathways and the accumulation of many disease resistance-related metabolites, including stilbenes, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins. In addition, results indicated that VqWRKY31 can directly bind to the promoters of two structural genes in stilbene synthesis, STS9 and STS48, and activate their expression. Based on our results, we propose a model where VqWRKY31 enhances grapevine PM resistance through activation of salicylic acid defense signaling and promotion of specific disease resistance-related metabolite synthesis. These findings can be directly exploited for molecular breeding strategies to produce PM-resistant grapevine germplasm.
Interplays between auxin and GA signaling coordinate early fruit development
Authors: He Hai , Yamamuro Chizuko
Published: January 2022

Phytohormones and their interactions are critical for fruit development and are key topics in horticulture research. Auxin, together with gibberellic acid (GA), promotes cell division and expansion, thereby regulating fruit development and enlargement after fertilization. Auxin- and GA-related mutants show parthenocarpy (fruit formation without fertilization of the ovule) in many plant species, indicating that these hormones and possibly their interactions play a key role in the regulation of fruit initiation and development. Recent studies have shown clear molecular and genetic evidence that ARF/IAA and DELLA proteins interact with one another and regulate both auxin and GA signaling pathways in response to auxin and GA during fruit growth in horticultural plants such as tomato (the most studied fleshy fruit) and strawberry (the model for Rosaceae). These recent findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which the plant hormones auxin and GA regulate fruit development.
QTL mapping and genomic analyses of earliness and fruit ripening traits in a melon recombinant inbred lines population supported byde novoassembly of their parental genomes
Authors: Oren Elad , Tzuri Galil , Dafna Asaf , Rees Evan R , Song Baoxing , Freilich Shiri , Elkind Yonatan , Isaacson Tal , Schaffer Arthur A , Tadmor Yaakov , Burger Joseph , Buckler Edward S , Gur Amit
Published: January 2022

Earliness and ripening behavior are important attributes of fruits on and off the vine, and affect quality and preference of both growers and consumers. Fruit ripening is a complex physiological process that involves metabolic shifts affecting fruit color, firmness, and aroma production. Melon is a promising model crop for the study of fruit ripening, as the full spectrum of climacteric behavior is represented across the natural variation. Using Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs) population derived from the parental lines “Dulce” (reticulatus, climacteric) and “Tam Dew” (inodorus, non-climacteric) that vary in earliness and ripening traits, we mapped QTLs for ethylene emission, fruit firmness and days to flowering and maturity. To further annotate the main QTL intervals and identify candidate genes, we used Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing in combination with Illumina short-read resequencing, to assemble the parental genomes de-novo. In addition to 2.5 million genome-wide SNPs and short InDels detected between the parents, we also highlight here the structural variation between these lines and the reference melon genome. Through systematic multi-layered prioritization process, we identified 18 potential polymorphisms in candidate genes within multi-trait QTLs. The associations of selected SNPs with earliness and ripening traits were further validated across a panel of 177 diverse melon accessions and across a diallel population of 190 F1 hybrids derived from a core subset of 20 diverse parents. The combination of advanced genomic tools with diverse germplasm and targeted mapping populations is demonstrated as a way to leverage forward genetics strategies to dissect complex horticulturally important traits.