bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generation of 1 MHz 15 fs pulses in the near-infrared with high energy and their application to time-resolved spectroscopy
Authors: Kim Munnyon , Lee Changmin , Shin Pyoungsik , Joo Taiha
Published: September 2024

Ultrashort pulses with a duration of ∼10 fs are crucial to fully resolve nuclear motions in molecules and materials. Here, we employ nonlinear pulse compression using photonic crystal fiber in the near-infrared region to generate ultrashort pulses at a high repetition rate with significant pulse energy. Femtosecond pulses centered around 1200 nm from a cavity-dumped optical parametric oscillator are compressed to a duration of 15 fs. The pulse energy reaches several tens of nanojoules, sufficient for wavelength conversion via nonlinear processes. Second harmonic generation produces clean 13 fs pulses at around 600 nm with pulse energy of 4 nJ. The effectiveness of nonlinear pulse compression using photonic crystal fiber for ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy is demonstrated through time-resolved fluorescence (photoluminescence) and transient absorption apparatus, utilizing the second harmonic as pump pulses. Specifically, a time resolution of ∼20 fs is achieved in a time-resolved fluorescence experiment, enabling the recording of nuclear wave packets over 1200 cm−1 by spontaneous fluorescence. The high repetition rate at the megahertz level significantly improved the signal quality.
Roles of temperature, materials, and domain inversion in high-performance, low-bias-drift thin film lithium niobate blue light modulators
Authors: Celik Oguz Tolga , Yousry Ammar Nancy , Park Taewon , Stokowski Hubert S. , Multani Kevin K. S. , Hwang Alexander Y. , Gyger Samuel , Guo Yudan , Fejer Martin M. , Safavi-Naeini Amir H.
Published: September 2024

We demonstrate a thin film lithium niobate electro-optic modulator operating at 456 nm with an RF voltage-length product of 0.38 V-cm and a bandwidth of 6.9 GHz. We test the dielectric relaxation of the modulator with sweeps of temperature and optical input power, and compare equivalent modulators with electrode materials of Cr-Au, Ti-Au and Al in terms of bias stability and current-voltage characteristics. We demonstrate bias stability over at least 8 hours with Al devices, and show relationships between drift, I-V characteristics and ferroelectric domain switching.
Deep diffusion learning of mutual-reflective structured light patterns for multi-body three-dimensional imaging
Authors: Lu Lei , Guo Yuejiao , Su Zhilong , Zhang Qinghui , Zhang Dongsheng , Li Peng
Published: September 2024

Simultaneous structured light imaging of multiple objects has become more demanding and widely in many scenarios involving robot operations in intelligent manufacturing. However, it is challenged by pattern aliasing caused by mutual reflection between high-reflective objects. To this end, we propose to learn clear fringe patterns from aliased mutual-reflective observations by diffusion models for achieving high-fidelity multi-body reconstruction in line with typical phase-shift algorithms. Regarding mutual reflection imaging as a formation of adding significant noise, we build a supervised generative learning framework based on diffusion models and then train a self-attention-based deep network with a U-Net-like skip-connected encoder-decoder architecture. We demonstrate the generalization capability of the trained model in fringe pattern recovery and its performance in phase and three-dimensional (3D) shape reconstruction. Both experimental results show that the proposed method has the expected feasibility and accuracy, heralding a promising solution for addressing the current challenge in various multi-body mutual-reflective 3D reconstruction tasks.
Local slope tolerance model for optical surfaces with distortion as the evaluation criterion
Authors: Tan Yilin , Zhu Jun
Published: September 2024

Ultra-precision imaging systems support cutting-edge scientific exploration and technological innovation. The continuous development of optical freeform and aspheric surface technology offers new possibilities for high-performance optical systems but also presents significant manufacturing challenges. In this paper, we derive and discuss in detail the impact of surface manufacturing errors on the image point positions of optical systems. The analysis reveals that among the manufacturing errors, the surface slope error is the primary factor driving positional changes in image points. Based on these insights, a local slope tolerance model using distortion as the evaluation criterion is proposed. This model specifies the slope error requirements at each point on the surface, ensuring the optical system's distortion meets the acceptable threshold during manufacturing. The model’s effectiveness is validated through an off-axis three-mirror freeform optical system and a Cassegrain aspheric optical system.
Exploiting incoherent synthetic apertures in integral imaging for optical super-resolution
Authors: Ding Yifan , Qiu Yuqing , Wang Qimeng , Cheng Yunfan , Liu Yi , Yang Bo-Ru , Qin Zong
Published: September 2024

Integral imaging (InIm) working with a pixelated device (e.g., a display panel) and a microlens array (MLA) suffers from low spatial resolution because of a significant trade-off between the spatial and angular resolution. The system bandwidth is presumed to be limited by the Nyquist frequency set by the pixel pitch. This study demonstrates that InIm intrinsically works in an incoherent synthetic aperture (ISA) manner with unexploited resolution capabilities. The sampling shifts between lenslets can be controlled and utilized to construct “computational galvos” to introduce varying aliasing; as a result, the Nyquist frequency is broken for optical super-resolution (SR). In particular, an InIm system can be configured for an N-fold oversampling rate with N lenslets. Furthermore, in an InIm display, the fill factor of a pixel’s emitting area is always lower than 100%, so the bandwidth limit set by the pixel shape, i.e., two times the Nyquist frequency, is loosened. An InIm display prototype was built with an oversampling rate of four and a pixel fill factor of 75%. In the experiment, the proposed SR method achieved a 2.12 times resolution without dynamic devices or time-multiplexing.
Analysis of signal excited-state absorption for improving extended L-band erbium-doped fibers
Authors: Jalilpiran Saber , Lefebvre Jacques , Messaddeq Younes , Larochelle Sophie
Published: September 2024

The precise characterization of signal excited-state absorption (ESA) in erbium-doped fibers (EDFs) is achieved through an ON/OFF pumping scheme, using a supercontinuum source in conjunction with a bandpass tunable filter to generate the input signal. Normalizing the ESA profile, by the value of the ESA peak, allows sample comparisons independent of their erbium concentration. This method directly assesses the impact of ESA on the net gain within the 1600–1730 nm range, providing a significant means to study how to expand the gain bandwidth toward longer wavelengths. As an illustrative application, we investigate the effect of chemical elements, such as Er, Al, and Ba, and their concentrations on ESA. We then optimize the Al content to enhance erbium solubility without inadvertently inducing detrimental ESA effects. This advancement in the ESA characterization presents substantial advantages for the pursuit of efficient extended L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs).
Spatiotemporal chiroptical behavior of dielectric and plasmonic nanoparticles
Authors: Singh Ankit Kumar , Huang Jer-Shing
Published: September 2024

We theoretically examine the spatiotemporal evolution of near-field optical chirality (OC) in both plasmonic and dielectric nanospheres when excited by ultrashort optical pulses. We demonstrate distinct spatiotemporal variations in the near-field OC arising from the differing natures of plasmonic and dielectric resonators. The electric dipole resonant plasmonic nanosphere generates an instantaneous near-field OC that relies on the interference between incident and scattered (induced) fields. Conversely, a resonant dielectric nanosphere sustains a long-lasting OC even after the incident field vanishes, due to the scattered field from resonant electric and magnetic dipoles. We further demonstrate the control over the near-field OC using vector beams to tune electric and magnetic mode excitations. Our work opens up opportunities for spatiotemporal control of nanostructure-enhanced chiral light–matter interactions.
Horizontal aluminum magneto-plasmonic metasurface for efficient magneto-optical Kerr modulation and sensing in the ultraviolet range
Authors: Zhu Ruxian , Chen Leyi , Tang Shaolong
Published: September 2024

Most of the plasmonic nanostructures utilized for magneto-optical (MO) enhancement have been limited to noble metals with resulting enhancement in the visible and infrared spectral range. Here, we designed a horizontal aluminum magneto-plasmonic metasurface, with the ability to control the Kerr rotation angle and enhance the RI sensing performance based on magneto-plasmons, by exploiting the polarization degree of freedom in the ultraviolet range. The surface composes of L-shaped magnetic dielectric embedded in the Al film. The reflection spectrum and the Kerr rotation angle map are both symmetric about the polarization angle of 45° and 135°. It is demonstrated that the sign change of the two maximal Kerr rotation angles at polarization angle of 0° and 90°, originates from the relative contribution of the two mutually orthogonal oscillating electric dipoles. In addition, the RI sensing FoM based on Kerr reversal at 372 nm of this structure reaches 5000/RIU, which is superior to the result in the visible or infrared range (1735/RIU). The results of our investigation demonstrate the potential of Al-based magneto-plasmonic effect and offer opportunities to push the MO spectral response out of the visible range into the ultraviolet range.
Thickness-dependent optical properties of low-loss transdimensional plasmonic Sr0.82NbO3 thin films
Authors: Liu Yang , Yu Huaqing , Zeng Qingdong , Wang Boyun , Peng Qian
Published: September 2024

To develop alternative plasmonic materials for nanophotonic applications, the thickness-dependent optical properties of ultrathin plasmonic Sr0.82NbO3 (SNO) films deposited on MgO are investigated. As the thickness decreases from 10 to 2 nm, the film exhibits less metallic, epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) wavelength redshift and higher optical loss due to increased scattering. Nevertheless, the thinnest film still has a high carrier concentration of 1022 cm−3, and the real part of the dielectric functions of all films is less than zero in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength region, indicating that the samples possess relatively high metallicity and plasmonic characteristics in the NIR. It is found that the carrier concentration dominates the electron effective mass and Drude plasma frequency. Although Au is a commonly used plasmonic material, at a wavelength of 1550 nm, the loss of SNO is 85.8% lower than that of Au, and its plasmonic performance metrics is significantly higher than TiN, Al:ZnO and Sn:In2O3, demonstrating the great potential of SNO in NIR plasmonic device applications.
Multi-wavelength generation in UV and green bands through SRS and parametric processes in silica fibers
Authors: Jiang Xiujuan , Fu Qiang , Xu Lin , Huang Yuqiang , Chen Manjing , Shayeganrad Gholamreza , Coillet Aurélien , Grelu Philippe , Lee Timothy
Published: September 2024

We report on multi-wavelength generation through simultaneous second-order and third-order nonlinear parametric processes following cascaded stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in silica fibers. The fiber system consists of a short standard step-index silica fiber and a microfiber tapered from it. When this system is pumped with a 130 ps laser at 1040 nm, multiple new wavelengths in the UV (340–370 nm) and green (507–547 nm) bands arise through four-wave mixing (FWM)/sum-frequency generation (SFG) from the pump and its Raman signals. The evolution of these wavelengths with pump power is demonstrated in detail. Matching of frequencies and propagation constants in the involved processes is verified. This work provides a compact and simple method of multi-wavelength generation with fibers.
Unravelling the function of funerary pottery vessels of the 2nd-1st millennia BC in the Dailaman Province (Iran) through typology, petrography, and organic residue analyses
Authors: Casanova Emmanuelle , Miki Takehiro , Miyata Yoshiki , Nishiaki Yoshihiro
Published: September 2024

Pottery vessels often comprise major burial goods at archaeological sites, thus providing valuable information for reconstructing past mortuary practices. However, because of the uncertainty of its function or use, which has been interpreted mostly through typological studies alone, the analytical potential of pottery as a burial good has not been fully exploited. This study applied bio-chemical and geochemical analyses for the first time to funerary pottery vessels of the Iron Age of North Iran to examine their function and use. The study materials are from the necropolis of Ghalekuti, Dailaman, excavated in the 1960s. Direct radiocarbon dating conducted on human and animal bones in the graves and typological analysis of the pottery anchored the chronological position of the pottery materials to the 2nd and 1st millennium BC. A petrographic analysis revealed that pottery vessels can be classified into six fabric types, including those with coarse tempers that are effective for cooking. Pottery pastes with finer inclusions less suited for cooking appeared during the early first millennium BC (Iron Age III). To obtain further insight into the function of the pottery, we conducted organic residue analyses. The results demonstrated that the vessels retained remains of botanical and animal origin. In particular, jars with tubular spouts, characteristic of the Iron Age III period, were likely specialised for botanical products. Interestingly, both carcass and dairy products from ruminant animals (cattle and caprine) were processed in short-neck jars and bowls, including spouted bowls, suggesting their use in a liquid state. Products from ruminants, particularly dairy products, may have played a significant role in the daily and ritual use of pottery vessels during the study period in Northern Iran. These results indicate that a range of pottery vessels used for specific purposes before the burial was offered for graves, helping us better understand the mortuary practices of Iron Age Iran.
The influence of emotional feedback material type on attentional capture at different presentation times
Authors: Gao Jiacheng , Jia Lin , Wen Suxia , Jia Yadi , Li Guangxin , Liu Hongli
Published: September 2024

Objective

This study aimed to explore the influence of emotional feedback materials on attentional capture at different presentation times and to investigate the mechanisms of positive and negative attentional biases.

Methods

Two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 recruited 47 participants, and Experiment 2 recruited 46 participants. Emotional facial images and emotional words were used as feedback materials. A learning-testing paradigm was employed to explore the effect of emotional feedback materials on attentional capture at different presentation times (1000 ms/100 ms).

Results

We compared the accuracy and reaction times of participants under emotional and neutral conditions at both presentation times. Experiment 1 revealed that participants exhibited a stable positive attentional bias towards emotional facial images. Additionally, under the 100 ms feedback condition, emotional interference on judgment task accuracy was greater than under the 1000 ms feedback condition. Experiment 2 found that under the 100 ms feedback condition, emotional interference on reaction time was greater than under the 1000 ms feedback condition. Comparing the data from both experiments revealed that the processing time for emotional facial images was longer than for emotional words.

Conclusions

(1) Emotional facial images are more effective than emotional words in capturing attention. (2) When positive and negative information with equal arousal levels alternates over a period of time, individuals exhibit a stable positive attentional bias. (3) When there is intense competition for attention and cognitive resources, emotional information is prioritized for processing.
Clostridium perfringens chitinases, key enzymes during early stages of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens
Authors: Dierick Evelien , Callens Chana , Bloch Yehudi , Savvides Savvas N. , Hark Sarah , Pelzer Stefan , Ducatelle Richard , Van Immerseel Filip , Goossens Evy
Published: September 2024

The interaction between bacteria and the intestinal mucus is crucial during the early pathogenesis of many enteric diseases in mammals. A critical step in this process employed by both commensal and pathogenic bacteria focuses on the breakdown of the protective layer presented by the intestinal mucus by mucolytic enzymes. C. perfringens type G, the causative agent of necrotic enteritis in broilers, produces two glycosyl hydrolase family 18 chitinases, ChiA and ChiB, which display distinct substrate preferences. Whereas ChiB preferentially processes linear substrates such as chitin, ChiA prefers larger and more branched substrates, such as carbohydrates presented by the chicken intestinal mucus. Here, we show via crystal structures of ChiA and ChiB in the apo and ligand-bound forms that the two enzymes display structural features that explain their substrate preferences providing a structural blueprint for further interrogation of their function and inhibition. This research focusses on the roles of ChiA and ChiB in bacterial proliferation and mucosal attachment, two processes leading to colonization and invasion of the gut. ChiA and ChiB, either supplemented or produced by the bacteria, led to a significant increase in C. perfringens growth. In addition to nutrient acquisition, the importance of chitinases in bacterial attachment to the mucus layer was shown using an in vitro binding assay of C. perfringens to chicken intestinal mucus. Both an in vivo colonization trial and a necrotic enteritis trial were conducted, demonstrating that a ChiA chitinase mutant strain was less capable to colonize the intestine and was hampered in its disease-causing ability as compared to the wild-type strain. Our findings reveal that the pathogen-specific chitinases produced by C. perfringens type G strains play a fundamental role during colonization, suggesting their potential as vaccine targets.
Cholangiocarcinoma: Consistent clinical, cytological, hematological, and biochemical findings and pathomorphology of the liver and kidney in five exotic dog breeds in Abeokuta, Nigeria
Authors: Mshelbwala F. M. , Ajayi O. L. , Adebiyi A. A. , Olaniyi M. O. , Oladipo T. M. , Okpe E. F. , Rahman S. A. , Makinde A. F. , Kadiri A. K. F. , Abakpa S. A. V. , Olasoju M. I.
Published: September 2024

Background and Aim: Cholangiocarcinomas are malignant neoplasms that originate from any part of the bile duct epithelium. It is one of the most common liver tumors in dogs. This study described the clinical, cytological, hematological, biochemical, and pathomorphological findings of five cholangiocarcinoma cases in exotic breed dogs aged 2–5 years to aid in clinical diagnosis.

Materials and Methods: This study used dogs presented at different times from 2012 to 2021 at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. History, clinical signs, and vital parameters were recorded. Blood samples were collected for hematology and serum chemistry. Abdominocentesis was performed for cytological diagnosis. All dogs died during treatment, and postmortem examinations were performed. At postmortem, fine needle aspirates were collected from the liver and mesenteric lymph nodes and liver and kidney samples were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin.

Results: The dogs showed signs of severe malnutrition, jaundice, and bloating. The hematological analysis indicated anemia, neutrophilia without band neutrophils, and lymphopenia, indicative of a stress hemogram. The serum biochemistry test revealed lower levels of total proteins, albumin, and globulin and higher levels of serum enzymes. Abdominal fluid and mesenteric lymph node cytology revealed clusters of epithelial neoplastic cells. A postmortem examination revealed the liver’s nodular enlargement with the presence of button-like ulcers. Neoplastic epithelial cells are solid masses with hyperchromatic nuclei surrounded by fibrous connective tissues.

Conclusion: Cholangiocarcinoma, diagnosed over a period of time in five exotic breeds of dog, consistently presents with the same clinical and postmortem findings, aiding in clinical diagnosis. However, the diagnosis of the disease is not possible in the early stage because of the absence of specific clinical signs. In dogs and possibly other animal species presenting with emaciation, lethargy, icterus, and distended abdomen, cholangiocarcinoma should be suspected, and cytological examination of the abdominal fluid and lymph node aspirates should be performed despite the absence of advanced equipment.

Keywords: biochemical indices, cholangiocarcinoma, clinical signs, cytological findings, hematological findings, histopathology, malignancy, Nigeria, postmortem finding.
A pénzügyi tudatosság rejtett magatartásbéli jellemzői a magyar lakosság körében
Authors: Csiszárik-Kocsir Ágnes , Varga János , Bagó Péter
Published: September 2024

A pandémia és a pandémiának köszönhető változások jelentősen átírták minden gazdasági szereplő életét. Így volt ez korábban is, amikor a 2008-as gazdasági válság kényszerítette az életet új pályára. A hatások egyéni, vállalati, de nemzeti és nemzetközi szinten is jelentkeztek mindkét eseménynek köszönhetően. A hirtelen jött lezárások miatt új életszervezési döntésekre volt szükség, amely másfajta kompetenciákat és készségeket igényelt. A munkahelyek elvesztése mindkét esemény kiemelt jellemzője volt, ami nehézségeket rótt a családokra. Fontossá váltak a megtakarítások, meg kellett tanulnunk felelősen dönteni a fogyasztásunkat illetően, valamint tudatosabbá kellett válnunk sok tekintetben. Mindezen kihívások ismét előtérbe hozták a pénzügyi műveltség kérdését és a pénzügyi tudatosság kérdéskörét. A jelen tanulmányukban a szerzők arra keresik a választ, hogy a pénzügyi tudást és ismereteket, annak bizonyos dimenzióinak megítélését mennyire tartják fontosnak a megkérdezettek a szubjektíven érzékelt takarékossági és megfontoltsági jellemzők mentén, és hogy e tényezők mennyire hatnak vissza egymásra egy magyar kérdőíves kutatás eredményei mentén.
The nearshore aquatic environment of eastern Lake Erie: A thirty-year perspective from a monitoring station
Authors: Howell E.T. , Benoit N. , Stevack K.
Published: September 2024

Dreissenid mussels arrived at the Waverly Shoal located above the inflow of the Niagara River in 1989, initiating marked changes in the water and sediment chemistry, and benthic invertebrate community composition at an Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks monitoring station. Here we examine change in the nearshore of eastern Lake Erie until 2019, inferred from monitoring at this station. Dreissenid numbers peaked in 1991, exceeding 200,000 individual m-2, and remained above 20,000 individual m-2 until 2004 after which numbers progressively declined. In 1993, the population transitioned from mixed Dreissena polymorpha and D. bugensis, to D. bugensis in subsequent years. The decrease in particle size and increase in organic content of surficial sediment which began the year after mussel arrival has persisted until present time. The low concentrations of trace metals and PAHs at the station increased slightly after the physical alteration in bed sediments and has either not changed or declined. After an initial increase in Secchi depth, water clarity changed little over post invasion years, with prevailing moderate water clarity interspersed with periods of bed resuspension and high turbidity. Calcium concentration in the water column, which fell dramatically after the arrival of dreissenids, has gradually increased in recent years. Chlorophyll a and total phosphorus levels indicating oligo-mesotrophic conditions have not varied systematically over the years, other than a modest decline in chlorophyll a after dreissenid arrival. Benthic invertebrate assemblages have gone through multiple alterations, with shifting abundance of amphipods, oligochaetes, chironomids, gastropods and sphaeriids attributed to invasive species rather than the physical environment. Collectively, the data suggests the nearshore ecosystem has shifted in benthic productivity and trophic transfers mediated by the benthos and invasive species, with water and sediment quality appearing to not vary beyond the range driven by inherently fluctuating physical conditions.
Broad scale community-level larval fish survey of southern Lake Erie
Authors: DeBruyne R.L. , Amidon Z.A. , Angelosanto M. , Eberly E. , Gorsky D. , Ireland S.A. , Mayer C.M. , Provo S. , VanScoyoc H. , Watkins J.M. , Roseman E.F.
Published: September 2024

The early-life history stages of fish are sensitive to environmental change and therefore can indicate habitat quality as well as help predict recruitment of resident and transient fishes. In 2019, as part of the Lake Erie Cooperative Science and Monitoring Initiative, we conducted a lake-wide assessment of the ichthyoplankton community in U.S. nearshore waters and international offshore waters. The goal of this work was to characterize the larval fish community across the lake and assess species composition, phenology, and distribution of larvae. Ichthyoplankton were sampled weekly using bongo nets at ports beginning at the Detroit River and along the southern shore of Lake Erie to Dunkirk, NY, and less frequently in the Niagara River and offshore areas. Larval fish were present from March 26 through August 29, 2019. The first taxon to emerge was Lake Whitefish in all basins, followed by Walleye, Yellow Perch, and catostomids, depending on port. Mean total density peaked in mid-June due to high catches of Gizzard Shad, Morone spp., and Freshwater Drum in the western basin. Few fish were collected in the offshore sites. Taxa richness, diversity, and larval density were higher in the western basin and lower in the central and eastern basins, generally following the productivity gradient. This was the first study to provide a comprehensive community assessment of the ichthyoplankton community of Lake Erie and can provide a baseline to assess future change, especially in community composition or phenology, of larvae which are likely to respond to climate and habitat change.
Diversity meets Digitalisierung
Authors: Holzer-Schulz Lisa , Heckner Markus , Plach Ulrike
Published: September 2024

Die Studierendenschaft an Hochschulen ist durch eine hohe Diversität geprägt. Gleichzeitig besteht bei der heterogenen Gruppe der Studierenden die Gemeinsamkeit einer beruflichen Zukunft in einer von Digitalisierung geprägten Arbeitswelt. Im Zusatzstudium Digital Skills der OTH Regensburg werden Studierenden aller Fachrichtungen begleitend zu ihrem regulären Fachstudium sogenannte Future Skills vermittelt. Die Interdisziplinarität des Lehrangebots stellt die Lehrenden vor didaktische Chancen und Herausforderungen. Als Antwort auf die studentische Diversität werden im Zusatzstudium die folgenden didaktischen Gestaltungselemente umgesetzt: 1) Blended-Learning-Format 2) Peer-to-Peer-Coaching 3) tutorielles Angebot 4) interdisziplinäre Projektarbeit in der Gruppe.
Diversity braucht Digitalisierung: Ein hochschulstrategischer Blick
Authors: Basner Tina
Published: September 2024

Tina Basner widmet sich in diesem Beitrag der Frage wie Digitalisierung dazu beitragen kann, die Vielfalt und Teilhabechancenin der Hochschulbildung zu verbessern? Der Beitrag analysiert die Synergien zwischen Digitalisierung und Diversität im Kontext der strategischen Hochschulentwicklung. Eine umfassende Analyse deutscher Diversity-Strategien zeigt, dass die Möglichkeiten der Digitalisierung zur Förderung von Diversität und Teilhabechancen bisher kaum gezielt genutzt werden. Der Beitrag gibt Handlungsempfehlungen für strategische Entscheidungsträger:innen und beleuchtet die Vorteile einer strategischen Verknüpfung von Digitalisierung und Diversity insbesondere für die Verbesserung der Teilhabechancen benachteiligter Studierendengruppen.
»Eine Grenze wider alle Vernunft«
Authors: Aschke Tom-Aaron
Published: September 2024

Tom-Aaron Aschke widmet sich in diesem Beitrag dem Göttinger Arbeitskreis und seiner Positionierung im bundesdeutschen Ostgrenzen-Diskurs. Der Arbeitskreis knüpfte nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg personell und inhaltlich an die Tradition der Ostforschung an, einer multidisziplinären, völkisch ausgerichteten Forschungsdisziplin. Für sein zentrales Anliegen, den Verlust der deutschen Ostgebiete und die Grenzziehung an der Oder-Neiße-Linie rückgängig zu machen, erhielt er die Unterstützung der bundesdeutschen Regierungen. Eine Analyse seiner Publikationen zur deutschen Ostgrenze trägt zur Geschichte des (bundes)deutschen »Blicks nach Osten« bei und führt vor Augen, vor welchem Hintergrund sich die moderne Osteuropaforschung entwickeln konnte.
»Der Ton unter uns« revisited
Authors: Lieberknecht Agnes
Published: September 2024

This paper examines, how women talk about their own female conversation style and which role it plays for female junior scientists to have access to female interaction spaces. Interviews with participants of the CoMento-programme at the University of Bayreuth are contrasted with data from the Frauenliste-corpus.
Critical Datafication Literacy
Authors: Sander Ina
Published: September 2024

Despite the increasing influence of data technologies on our world, many people still lack a profound understanding of what this ›datafication‹ means for their lives and our societies. Ina Sander argues that this knowledge gap cannot be addressed by digital skills alone, but that more critical and empowering approaches are needed. Through a review of existing literacies, an analysis of established education concepts, and empirical research on online educational resources about datafication, she develops a framework for »critical datafication literacy«. Novel insights on the design strategies, pedagogical methods and challenges of practitioners who foster such education add to her analysis.
Von der Kunst des Lernens
Authors: Härpfer Claudius , Diefenbach Nadine
Published: September 2024

Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie beim Machine Learning Lernprozesse konkret ablaufen können. Zu diesem Zweck wird in Anlehnung an Vorarbeiten Herbert Simons und Harrison Whites ein Modell künstlichen Lernens entwickelt. Dieses Modell wenden wir auf die grundlegenden Lernformen Supervised Learning und Unsupervised Learning an, um unter Rückgriff auf einige Experteninterviews zu zeigen, wie und unter welchen Voraussetzungen sich Lernstories entwickeln können. Wobei am Ende deutlich wird, wie viel menschliches Bauchgefühl und Hintergrundrauschen in den Lernvorgängen trotz aller Metrisierung vorhanden ist.
Künstliche Intelligenz in der Zukunftsforschung
Authors: Zweck Axel , Werner Thomas
Published: September 2024

Axel Zweck und Thomas Werner widmen sich in diesem Beitrag der Frage, welche Aufgaben Künstliche Intelligenz schon heute im Wissenschaftsbetrieb übernimmt und welche Rolle KI künftig als Akteur in der Zukunftsforschung einnehmen kann. Hierzu wird der Intelligenzbegriff im Allgemeinen diskutiert und die Frage gestellt, ob solche Maßstäbe auf Systeme angewendet werden können, die Intelligenz künstlich nachbilden. Eine Darstellung der historischen Entwicklung der Künstlichen Intelligenz, dem Siegeszug der sogenannten schwachen KI und der Stand der Forschung zeigen, wie KI-Systeme in Wissenschaft und Forschung eingesetzt werden (zum Stand Ende 2022). Der Artikel stellt heraus, dass Forscher:innen sich auch im Zeitalter von KI als Urheber des Forschungshandelns begreifen müssen.
Die Entkolonialisierung Tunesiens
Authors: Tek Tarkan
Published: September 2024

Die tunesische Revolution 2011 wurde über die Grenzen der Nation hinaus zum Vorbild für soziale Bewegungen in anderen Ländern. Sie erlangte internationale Bedeutung und veränderte die Geschichte der Region nachhaltig - doch konnte sie auch die unvollständige Dekolonisierung Tunesiens vorantreiben? Tarkan Tek beschäftigt sich mit den Konsequenzen der revolutionären Prozesse des Arabischen Frühlings. Aus postkolonialer Perspektive ermöglicht er einen Blick auf die in der Forschung oft vernachlässigten Langzeitfolgen großer sozialer, ökonomischer, politischer und kultureller Umbrüche, die andauernde, frühere Entwicklungen sowohl positiv als auch negativ beeinflussen können.
As repercussões do 25 de Abril na Guiné-Bissau, a partir de contos de Tony Tcheka
Authors: Wieser Doris
Published: September 2024

Este capítulo debruça-se sobre dois contos do livro Quando os cravos vermelhos cruzaram o Geba (2020), do escritor guineense Tony Tcheka, "PeKadur di Sambasabi" e "Excisadas na Flor da Vida", que incidem em temas particularmente difíceis e dolorosos: a africanização da guerra, por um lado, e a mutilação genital feminina, por outro. As narrativas enquadram-se na viragem histórica da Revolução dos Cravos e da independência da Guiné-Bissau. O capítulo contextualiza estes dois temas com base em estudos historiográficos e sociológicos, e apresenta depois um close reading dos contos.
Finite simple permutation groups acting with fixity 4
Authors: Baumeister Barbara , Hähndel Paula , Magaard Kay , Salfeld Patrick , Waldecker Rebecca
Published: September 2024

Motivated by the theory of Riemann surfaces and specifically the significance of Weierstrass points, we classify all finite simple groups that have a faithful transitive action with fixity 4.
We also give details about all possible such actions.
On the number of tuples of group elements satisfying a first-order formula
Authors: Brusyanskaya Elena K.
Published: September 2024

Our result contains as special cases the Frobenius theorem (1895) on the number of solutions to the equation

x
n

=
1

x^{n}=1

in a finite group and the Solomon theorem (1969) on the number of solutions in a group to systems of equations with fewer equations than unknowns.
Instead of systems of equations, we consider arbitrary first-order formulae in the group language with constants.
Our result substantially generalizes the Klyachko–Mkrtchyan theorem (2014) on this topic.
Purity and hybridness of two tensors on a real hypersurface in complex projective space
Authors: Pérez Juan de Dios , Pérez-López David
Published: September 2024

On a real hypersurface

M

M

in complex projective space, we can define two tensor fields of type (1, 2),

A

F

(

k

)

{A}_{F}^{\left(k)}

and

A

T

(

k

)

{A}_{T}^{\left(k)}

, associated with the shape operator

A

A

of the real hypersurface, for any nonnull real number

k

k

. Following Tachibana [Analytic tensor and its generalization, Tohoku Math. J. 12 (1960), 208–221], we study the purity and hybridness of such tensors with respect to

A

A

.
Orbital magnetism through inverse Faraday effect in metal clusters
Authors: Lian Deru , Yang Yanji , Manfredi Giovanni , Hervieux Paul-Antoine , Sinha-Roy Rajarshi
Published: September 2024

In view of the recent increased interest in light-induced manipulation of magnetism in nanometric length scales this work presents metal clusters as promising elementary units for generating all-optical ultrafast magnetization. We perform a theoretical study of the opto-magnetic properties of metal clusters through ab-initio real-time (RT) simulations in real-space using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). Through ab-initio calculations of plasmon excitation with circularly polarized laser pulse in atomically precise clusters of simple and noble metals, we discuss the generation of orbital magnetic moments due to the transfer of angular momentum from light field through optical absorption at resonance energies. Notably, in the near-field analysis we observe self-sustained circular motion of the induced electron density corroborating the presence of nanometric current loops which give rise to orbital magnetic moments due to the inverse Faraday effect (IFE) in the clusters. The results provide valuable insights into the quantum many-body effects that influence the IFE-mediated light-induced orbital magnetism in metal clusters depending on its geometry and chemical composition. At the same time, they explicitly demonstrate the possibility for harnessing magnetization in metal clusters, offering potential applications in the field of all-optical manipulation of magnetism.
Enhancing the electrochemical performance of Ni-doped CuCo2O4 electrode material through 2D layered sheets
Authors: Doss Jerries Infanta Joseph Anthony , Kaliamurthy Ashok Kumar , Mayandi Jeyanthinath , Saminathan Sharmila , Arumugam Sonachalam
Published: September 2024

In the present study, the structural and electrochemical properties on Ni–CuCo2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 10 %) was studied for the use of active electrode materials in asymmetric supercapacitors prepared by a simple hydrothermal process. The synthesized material’s morphology shows that the nanosheets are assembled with an average diameter of about 50 nm, and the X-ray diffraction results show the spinel cubic structure with the space group of Fd-3mz (No. 227). CuCo2O4 electrodes exhibit a high specific capacitance for the electrodes because of the abundant redox reactions of Co2+/Co3+ and Co3+/Co4+, and Ni at the Co site has displayed exceptional charge-discharge and cyclic stability properties. The electrochemical studies show that the Ni doped CuCo2O4 electrode has the highest pseudocapacitive nature, with ultra-specific capacitances of 803 F g−1, 889 F g−1, 924 F g−1, and 1,086 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 respectively for pure, 2, 6, and 10 % Ni doped CuCo2O4 electrodes. Further, the excellent rate capability with 82 % capacitance retention and 92.3 % Coulombic efficiency were realized after 1,000 cycles. Moreover, the M-H study at room temperature showed paramagnetic behaviour. Additionally, the electrochemical and magnetic characteristics of the CuCo2O4 system is expected to improve as the doping quantity of Ni increased. This study may pave the way for enhanced properties of Ni doped CuCo2O4 for futuristic hybrid devices applications.
The Violence of Love: Race, Family, and Adoption in the United States
Authors: Myers Kit W.
Published: September 2024

The Violence of Love challenges the narrative that adoption is a solely loving act—a narrative that is especially pervasive with transracial and transnational adoptions. Using interdisciplinary analysis, Kit W. Myers examines the adoption of Asian, Black, and Native American children by White families in the United States. He shows how race has been constructed relationally to mark certain homes, families, and nations as spaces of love and better futures—in contrast to others that are not. Propelled by different types of love, such adoptions attempt to transgress borders yet are attached to structural and symbolic forms of violence in complex ways. The Violence of Love confronts this discomforting reality to offer more capacious understandings of love and kinship.
Astareja srednjovjekovnoga Zadra prema ageru rimskoga Jadera
Authors: Jakšić Nikola
Published: September 2024

Zasluge za razumijevanje problema povezanih s površinom centuriranog agera (ager centuriatus) kolonije Jader i astareje srednjovjekovnoga Zadra pripadaju bez sumnje Mati Suiću. Autor se osvrće na Suićeve rezultate i ističe valjanost većine njegovih zaključaka. Ipak postojećoj dokumentaciji na kojoj je Suić temeljio svoje zaključke dodaje neke srednjovjekovne i novovjekovne izvore koji svjedoče o tome da je limes kolonije Jader bio na Miljašića jarugi, a ne na crti Bokanjac, Crno, Babindub kako je to predviđao Suić. Iako je ovim istraživanjima zadarski ager centuriatus ostao gotovo nepromijenjen, udvostručena je ukupna površina zadarskoga agera jer je u njega sada uključena južna polovica ukupne površine Bokanjačkoga blata, a jednako tako i lijeva obala Miljašića jaruge.
Reducing noise in radioactive iodine activity selection: the utility of an online clinical calculator
Authors: Wijewardene Ayanthi , Gild Matti , Tacon Lyndal , Tsang Venessa , Gill Anthony J , Glover Anthony Robert , Sywak Mark , Sidhu Stan , Robinson Bruce , Roach Paul , Schembri Geoffrey , Hoang Jeremy , Clifton-Bligh Roderick
Published: September 2024

Background

Noise, an unwanted variability in judgment, is ubiquitous in medicine, including in the prescription of radioactive iodine (RAI). Building upon our recently developed predictive risk model, we created an online clinical support tool to facilitate the translation of our model into clinical practice. The aim of this study is to assess the utility of an online clinical support tool to reduce noise in the treatment for patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC).

Methods

The tool was accessible via weblink or a QR code. Activity recommendations were applied to the calculator’s four risk categories: 0 GBq for very low risk, 1 GBq for low risk, 4 GBq for intermediate risk, and 6 GBq for high risk. The tool was applied prospectively to 103 patients who received RAI at Royal North Shore Hospital between 2021 and 2022 and retrospectively to 393 patients treated with RAI between 2017 and 2021.

Results

A significant difference was observed in administered activity between the 2021–2022 and 2017–2021 cohorts in patients stratified as intermediate risk (median activity 3.95 GBq, interquartile range 2.03–4.04 vs 4 GBq, 4–4) and high risk (4.07 GBq, 3.95–5.7 vs 6 GBq, 6–6) with P-values of 0.01 and <0.01, respectively. No difference was seen in low-risk patients (2.01 GBq, 1.03–3.98 vs 1 GBq, 1–4, P = 0.30). Additionally, no clinically significant recurrence was observed between the two cohorts (6.6% vs 4.5%; P = 0.628).

Conclusion

Optimal risk classification and activity recommendation continue to be established. Our data suggest that providing risk stratification and activity recommendation in an easy-to-access online tool can reduce noise and variability in activity prescription for patients with DTC.
The mineralocorticoid system, cardiometabolic health and its interplay with adipose tissue
Authors: Thuzar Moe , Abdul Halim Muthanna , Stowasser Michael
Published: September 2024

The mineralocorticoid system, comprising the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and associated receptors, is traditionally viewed as a regulator of sodium and fluid balance and blood pressure (BP), with the main mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone acting via the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in distal renal tubules. Over the past few decades, there has been a wider understanding of the role of the mineralocorticoid system in regulating both classical BP-dependent and non-BP-dependent systemic effects. Mounting evidence indicates the novel role of the mineralocorticoid system in cardiometabolic health, with excess mineralocorticoid system activity being associated with adiposity, diabetes, insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases independent of its effect on BP, and RAAS blockade and MR antagonists offering protection against cardiometabolic dysfunction. The metabolic manifestations of mineralocorticoid system overactivation are mainly mediated by their interactions with adipose tissue, which orchestrates energy, lipids, and glucose homeostasis via effects on the functions of brown and white adipocytes and immune cells. Adipose tissue can, in turn, influence mineralocorticoid system activity by harboring its own RAAS system and by releasing mineralocorticoid-secretory factors/adipokines, resulting in further progression of cardiometabolic dysfunction. This article discusses the interplay between the mineralocorticoid system and adipose tissue in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases.
The Impact of a Student-Taught Point-of-Care Ultrasound Workshop on Confidence in Medical and Pre-Medical Students
Authors: Peticca Benjamin , Puntiel Dante , Kolansky Matthew , Prudencio Tomas
Published: September 2024

Background: The vast utilization of Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) across medical specialties has increased the need for enhanced undergraduate medical education in image acquisition and interpretation among medical students. However, challenges such as the need for a standardized medical school curriculum and limited trained faculty preceptors restrict its implementation. The literature highlights the potential of student-taught POCUS workshops in expanding access and enhancing learning. This study seeks to evaluate the efficacy of a student-run POCUS workshop for medical and pre-medical students.
Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study assessed the efficacy of first and second-year medical students teaching a POCUS workshop on the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) exam. Student workshop participants were asked to complete pre- and post-workshop surveys to assess their confidence in utilizing POCUS and identifying relevant organs and landmarks. Surveys employed a standardized five-point Likert Scale.
Results: Of the 43 initial participants, 29 completed both surveys. Results showed a significant increase in self-reported ultrasound experience (1.7 to 3.2, p < 0.001) and confidence in performing the FAST exam and organ identification (2.2-fold increase, p < 0.001). Both medical and pre-medical student cohorts exhibited similar confidence improvements in confidence.
Conclusion: This study supports the literature that student-taught POCUS programs may be a viable adjunct to an institution's ultrasound curriculum. Implementing medical student-led workshops could help address current training gaps, enhance students' teaching and leadership skills, and improve confidence in utilizing and interpreting ultrasound images.
Ukraine’s Economy: Resilience Under War and Challenges for Post-War Recovery
Authors: GRYTSENKO A. , BILORUS O. , BURLAY T. , PODLIESNA V. , BORZENKO O.
Published: September 2024

Introduction. The war has an unprecedented negative effect on the Ukrainian economy and society, the socioeconomic consequences of which require a thorough assessment and scientific understanding.Problem Statement. Strategic, programmatic and model developments regarding the post-war reconstructive recovery of Ukraine should take into account the main determinants of the national economy resilience and the challenges facing it in the global coordinates of the hybrid “peace—war” system.Purpose. To identify the effect of military shocks in macroeconomic, macro-financial, and social aspects for the period of February 2022 — April 2024, as well as the main risks and challenges of the Ukraine’s post-war recovery.Materials and Methods. Materials and statistical data of relevant domestic and international institutions have been used. The methods employed are as follows: dialectical and logical-historical, statistical, tabular-graphic, institutional methodology, cyclical and world-system analysis, macroeconomic aggregation, time series analysis.Results. The effect of military shocks has caused significant damage to Ukraine, but overall, over the two years of war, the country has been demonstrating socio-economic resilience. However, there are serious challenges and risks for the resilience and economic recovery of the post-war Ukraine, the most important of which are the continuation of the war on Ukrainian territory, high level of corruption, dependence on external financing, and the growth of the demo-economic burden and poverty.Conclusions. The full-scale war in Ukraine is a component of the global, very complex and long-term process of reformatting the world order and can be adequately assessed only in the context of the global hybrid “peace—war" system. In the present-day conditions of signifi cant global uncertainty, the contextual model of national development, which is based on the activation of Ukraine’s own resource potential, can ensure resilience of our country.