bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The John–Nirenberg Inequality for the Regularized BLO Space on Non-homogeneous Metric Measure Spaces
Authors: Lin Haibo , Liu Zhen , Wang Chenyan
Published: December 2019

Let $({\mathcal{X}},d,\unicode[STIX]{x1D707})$ be a metric measure space satisfying the geometrically doubling condition and the upper doubling condition. In this paper, the authors establish the John-Nirenberg inequality for the regularized BLO space $\widetilde{\operatorname{RBLO}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D707})$.
Application of cell immobilization technology to promote nitritation: A review
Authors: Kunapongkiti Pattaraporn , Rongsayamanont Chaiwat , Nayramitsattha Panida , Limpiyakorn Tawan
Published: December 2019

Nitritation, the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite without subsequent oxidation to nitrate, is a starting step for nitrite-based nitrogen removal approaches. This process can be induced by maintaining specific operating conditions that facilitate ammonia oxidation but deteriorate nitrite oxidation. In recent years, a number of publications have demonstrated the ability of cell immobilization to maintain nitritation and an oxygen-limiting strategy was suggested to be a key to the success of the approach. However, several aspects related to the success and failure of such systems remains unclear and requires further in-depth clarification. This review provides current information on the utilization of cell immobilization in nitritation reactors. Common operating strategies that promote nitritation by controlling environmental conditions are summarized in the first part of the review. The application of cell immobilization, including cell attachment, cell granulation, and cell entrapment systems, as well as microenvironments, and microbial distributions within cell immobilization matrices, are elaborated in the middle part of the review. Problems encountered in the operation of nitritation reactors using cell immobilization are discussed as opportunities for further research at the end of the review.
On the seasonal variation in observed size distributions in northern Europe and their changes with decreasing anthropogenic emissions in Europe: climatology and trend analysis based on 17 years of data from Aspvreten, Sweden
Authors: Tunved Peter , Ström Johan
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Size-resolved aerosol trends were investigated based on a
17-year data set (2000–2017) from the rural background site Aspvreten
located in southern Sweden (58.8∘ N, 17.4∘ E). Cluster
analysis of the size distributions was performed to aid in the
interpretation of the data. The results confirm previous findings of
decreasing aerosol mass and number during the last decades as a result of
reduced anthropogenic emissions in Europe. We show that both particle modal
number concentration and size have substantially been reduced during the last 17
years. Negative trends in particle number concentration of about 10 cm−3 yr−1 are present for nuclei, Aitken, and accumulation modes. In
total, integral particle number concentration has decreased by 30 %, from
1860 to ca. 1300 cm−3. The reduction in modal number
concentration is accompanied by a decrease in modal size, and this decrease
is largest for the accumulation mode (2 nm yr−1 or about 17 % for the
whole period). These reductions have resulted in a decrease in submicron
particle mass (< 390 nm) by more than 50 % over the period
2000–2017. These decreases are similar to observations found at other
stations in northern Europe. Although all size classes show a downward trend as annual averages, we also
show that observed trends are not evenly distributed over the year and that
a rather complex picture emerges where both sign and magnitude of trends
vary with season and size. The strongest negative trends are present during
spring (accumulation mode) and autumn (Aitken mode). The strongest positive
trends are present during summer months (Aitken mode). The combined
trajectory and data analyses do not present evidence for an increase in new
particle formation formed locally, although some evidence of increased new
particle formation some distance away from the receptor is present. Observed
aerosol size distribution data, together with an adiabatic cloud parcel
model, were further used to estimate the change in cloud droplet
concentration for various assumptions of updraught velocities and aerosol
chemical composition. The results indicate a substantial increase in the
atmospheric brightening effect due to a reduction in cloud reflectivity
corresponding to 10 %–12 % reduction in cloud albedo over the period
2000–2017.
A study of volatility by composition, heating, and dilution measurements of secondary organic aerosol from 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene
Authors: Sato Kei , Fujitani Yuji , Inomata Satoshi , Morino Yu , Tanabe Kiyoshi , Hikida Toshihide , Shimono Akio , Takami Akinori , Fushimi Akihiro , Kondo Yoshinori , Imamura Takashi , Tanimoto Hiroshi , Sugata Seiji
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Studies of the volatility distribution of secondary
organic aerosol (SOA) from aromatic compounds are limited compared with SOA
from biogenic monoterpenes. In this study, the volatility distribution was
investigated by composition, heating, and dilution measurements for SOA
formed from the photooxidation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene in the presence of
NOx. Composition studies revealed that highly oxygenated monomers
(C9H14Ox, x = 4–7) and dimers (C18H26Ox, x = 8–12) are the major products in SOA particles. Highly oxygenated
molecules (HOMs) with five or more oxygens were formed during photochemical
aging, whereas dimers degraded during photochemical aging. HOMs with five or
more oxygens may be produced from the photooxidation of phenol-type gaseous
products, whereas dimers in the particle phase may be photolyzed to smaller
molecules during photochemical aging. The results of composition, heating,
and dilution measurements showed that fresh SOA that formed from
1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) photooxidation includes low-volatility compounds with
<1 µg m−3 saturation concentrations, which are
attributed to dimers. Similar results were reported for α-pinene SOA
in previous studies. Low-volatility compounds with <1 µg m−3 saturation concentrations are not included in the
volatility distributions employed in the standard volatility basis-set (VBS) approach. Improvements
in the organic aerosol model will be necessary for the study of anthropogenic
SOA as well as biogenic SOA.
Observations of highly oxidized molecules and particle nucleation in the atmosphere of Beijing
Authors: Brean James , Harrison Roy M. , Shi Zongbo , Beddows David C. S. , Acton W. Joe F. , Hewitt C. Nicholas , Squires Freya A. , Lee James
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Particle nucleation is one of the main sources of atmospheric particulate
matter by number, with new particles having great relevance for human health
and climate. Highly oxidized multifunctional organic molecules (HOMs) have
been recently identified as key constituents in the growth and, sometimes,
in initial formation of new particles. While there have been many studies of
HOMs in atmospheric chambers, flow tubes, and clean environments, analyses of
data from polluted environments are scarce. Here, measurements of HOMs and
particle size distributions down to small molecular clusters are presented
alongside volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and trace-gas data from a
campaign in June 2017, in Beijing. Many gas-phase HOMs have been
characterized and their temporal trends and behaviours analysed in the
context of new particle formation. The HOMs identified have a
degree of oxidation comparable to that seen in other, cleaner, environments, likely
due to an interplay between the higher temperatures facilitating rapid
hydrogen abstractions and the higher concentrations of NOx and other
RO2⚫ terminators ending the autoxidation sequence more rapidly.
Our data indicate that alkylbenzenes, monoterpenes, and isoprene are
important precursor VOCs for HOMs in Beijing. Many of the C5 and
C10 compounds derived from isoprene and monoterpenes have a slightly
greater degree of average oxidation state of carbon compared to those from
other precursors. Most HOMs except for large dimers have daytime peak
concentrations, indicating the importance of OH⚫ chemistry in the
formation of HOMs, as O3 tends to be lower on days with higher HOM
concentrations; similarly, VOC concentrations are lower on the days with
higher HOM concentrations. The daytime peaks of HOMs coincide with the
growth of freshly formed new particles, and their initial formation
coincides with the peak in sulfuric acid vapours, suggesting that the
nucleation process is sulfuric-acid-dependent, with HOMs contributing to
subsequent particle growth.
Biomass burning induced surface darkening and its impact on regional meteorology in eastern China
Authors: Tang Rong , Huang Xin , Zhou Derong , Ding Aijun
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Biomass burning has attracted great concerns for the emission of particular matters and trace gases, which substantially impact air quality, human health and climate change. Meanwhile, large areas of dark char, carbon residue produced in incomplete combustion, can stick to the surface over fire prone areas after open burning, leading to a sharp drop in surface albedo, so-called surface darkening. However, exploration into such decrease in albedo and its radiative and meteorological effects is still fairly limited. As one of the most high-yield agricultural areas, eastern China features straw burning every early summer, the harvest season for winter wheat, which was particularly strong in 2012. Satellite retrievals shows that surface albedo was significantly decreased (up to − 0.16 decrease in the near-infrared broadband). Observational evidences of abnormal surface warming were found by comparing radiosonde and reanalysis data. Most sites around intensive burned scars, especially in the downwind direction shows a positive deviation. Comparisons between pre-fire and post-fire from 2007 to 2015 indicated a larger temperature bias of the forecast during post-fire stage. The signal is more obvious in the later afternoon. WRF-Chem simulations suggest that including surface darkening can decrease model bias and well captured temperature variation after burning at sites in fire areas and its adjacent area. This work highlights the importance of biomass burning induced albedo change in weather forecast and regional climate.
Origin and Transformation of Ambient VOCs during a Dust-to-Haze Episode in Northwest China
Authors: Xue Yonggang , Huang Yu , Ho Steven Sai Hang , Chen Long , Wang Liqin , Lee Shuncheng , Cao Junji
Published: December 2019

Abstract. High contribution of secondary organic aerosol to the loading of fine particle pollution in China highlights the roles of volatile organic compounds oxidation. Therein, particulate active metallic oxides in dust, like TiO2 and Fe ions, were proposed to influence the photochemical reactions of ambient VOCs. A case study was conducted at an urban site within Xi'an, northwestern China, to investigate the origin and transformation of VOCs during a windblown dust-to-haze pollution episode, and the assumption that dust would enhance the oxidation of VOCs was verified. Local vehicle exhaust (24.76 %) and biomass burning (18.37 %) were found to be the two largest contributors to ambient VOCs. In the dust pollution period, sharp decrease of VOCs loading and aging of their components were observed. Simultaneously, the secondary oxygenated VOCs fraction (i.e., methylglyoxal) increased. Source strength, physical dispersion, and regional transport were eliminated from the major factor for the variation of ambient VOCs. In another aspect, about 2 and 3 times increase of the loading of Iron (Fe) and titanium (Ti) was found in the airborne particle, together with fast decrease of trans-/cis-2-butene ratios which demonstrated that dust can accelerate the oxidation of ambient VOCs and formation of SOA precursors.
Confronting the Boundary Layer Data Gap: Evaluating New and Existing Methodologies of Probing the Lower Atmosphere
Authors: Bell Tyler M. , Greene Brian R. , Klein Petra M. , Carney Matthew B. , Chilson Phillip B.
Published: December 2019

Abstract. It is widely accepted that the atmospheric boundary layer is drastically under-sampled in the vertical dimension. In recent years, the commercial availability of ground based remote sensors combined with the widespread use of small, weather-sensing uncrewed aerial systems (W×UAS) has opened up many opportunities to fill this measurement gap. In July 2018, the University of Oklahoma (OU) deployed a state-of-the-art W×UAS dubbed the CopterSonde, as well as the Collaborative Lower Atmospheric Mobile Profiling System (CLAMPS), in the San Luis Valley in south-central Colorado. Additionally, these systems were deployed to the Kessler Atmospheric and Ecological Field Station (KAEFS) in October 2018. The co-location of these various systems provided ample opportunity to compare and contrast kinematic and thermodynamic observations from different methodologies of boundary layer profiling, namely: W×UAS, remote sensing, and the traditional in-situ radiosonde. In this study, data from these platforms are compared statistically from the two campaigns. Moreover, we present select instances from the data set to highlight differences between the measurement techniques. This analysis highlights strengths and weaknesses of PBL profiling and helps lay the groundwork for developing highly adaptable systems that integrate remote and in-situ profiling techniques.
Comparing high-latitude thermospheric winds from Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI) and challenging mini-satellite payload (CHAMP) accelerometer measurements
Authors: Aruliah Anasuya , Förster Matthias , Hood Rosie , McWhirter Ian , Doornbos Eelco
Published: December 2019

Abstract. It is generally assumed that horizontal wind velocities are
independent of height above the F1 region (> 300 km) due to
the large molecular viscosity of the upper thermosphere. This assumption is
used to compare two completely different methods of thermospheric neutral
wind observation, using two distinct locations in the high-latitude Northern
Hemisphere. The measurements are from ground-based Fabry–Perot
interferometers (FPI) and from in situ accelerometer measurements onboard
the challenging mini-satellite payload (CHAMP) satellite, which was in a near-polar orbit. The University College London (UCL) Kiruna Esrange Optical Platform Site (KEOPS) FPI is
located in the vicinity of the auroral oval at the ESRANGE site near Kiruna,
Sweden (67.8∘ N, 20.4∘ E). The UCL Longyearbyen FPI is a
polar cap site, located at the Kjell Henriksen Observatory on Svalbard
(78.1∘ N, 16.0∘ E). The comparison is carried out in a
statistical sense, comparing a longer time series obtained during night-time
hours in the winter months (DOY 300–65) with overflights of the CHAMP
satellite between 2001 and 2007 over the observational sites, within ±2∘ latitude (±230 km horizontal range). The FPI is assumed
to measure the line-of-sight winds at a height of ∼240 km, i.e.
the peak emission height of the atomic oxygen 630.0 nm emission. The
cross-track winds are derived from state-of-the-art precision accelerometer
measurements at altitudes between ∼450 km (in 2001) and
∼350 km (in 2007), i.e. 100–200 km above the FPI wind
observations. We show that CHAMP wind values at high latitudes are typically 1.5 to 2
times larger than FPI winds. In addition to testing the consistency of the
different measurement approaches, the study aims to clarify the effects of
viscosity on the height dependence of thermospheric winds.
Dust observations with antenna measurements and its prospects for observations with Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter
Authors: Mann Ingrid , Nouzák Libor , Vaverka Jakub , Antonsen Tarjei , Fredriksen Åshild , Issautier Karine , Malaspina David , Meyer-Vernet Nicole , Pavlů Jiří , Sternovsky Zoltan , Stude Joan , Ye Shengyi , Zaslavsky Arnaud
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The electric and magnetic field instrument suite FIELDS
on board the NASA Parker Solar Probe and the radio and plasma waves
instrument RPW on the ESA Solar Orbiter mission that explore the inner
heliosphere are sensitive to signals generated by dust impacts. Dust impacts have been observed using electric field antennas on spacecraft since the 1980s
and the method was recently used with a number of space missions to derive
dust fluxes. Here, we consider the details of dust impacts, subsequent
development of the impact generated plasma and how it produces the measured
signals. We describe empirical approaches to characterise the signals and
compare these in a qualitative discussion of laboratory simulations to predict
signal shapes for spacecraft measurements in the inner solar system. While
the amount of charge production from a dust impact will be higher near the
Sun than observed in the interplanetary medium before, the amplitude of
pulses is determined by the recovery behaviour that is different near the
Sun since it varies with the plasma environment.
Saltwater reduces potential CO2 and CH4 production in peat soils from a coastal freshwater forested wetland
Authors: Minick Kevan J. , Mitra Bhaskar , Noormets Asko , King John S.
Published: December 2019

Abstract. A major concern for coastal freshwater wetland function
and health is the effects of saltwater intrusion on greenhouse gas
production from peat soils. Coastal freshwater forested wetlands are likely
to experience increased hydroperiod with rising sea level, as well as
saltwater intrusion. These potential changes to wetland hydrology may also
alter forested wetland structure and lead to a transition from forest to
shrub/marsh wetland ecosystems. Loss of forested wetlands is already evident
by dying trees and dead standing trees (“ghost” forests) along the
Atlantic coast of the US, which will result in significant alterations to
plant carbon (C) inputs, particularly that of coarse woody debris, to soils.
We investigated the effects of salinity and wood C inputs on soils collected
from a coastal freshwater forested wetland in North Carolina, USA, and
incubated in the laboratory with either freshwater or saltwater (2.5 or 5.0 ppt) and with or without the additions of wood. Saltwater additions at 2.5 and 5.0 ppt reduced CO2 production by 41 % and 37 %, respectively,
compared to freshwater. Methane production was reduced by 98 % (wood-free
incubations) and by 75 %–87 % (wood-amended incubations) in saltwater
treatments compared to the freshwater plus wood treatment. Additions of wood
also resulted in lower CH4 production from the freshwater treatment and
higher CH4 production from saltwater treatments compared to wood-free
incubations. The δ13CH4-C isotopic signature suggested
that, in wood-free incubations, CH4 produced from the freshwater
treatment originated primarily from the acetoclastic pathway, while CH4
produced from the saltwater treatments originated primarily from the
hydrogenotrophic pathway. These results suggest that saltwater intrusion
into coastal freshwater forested wetlands will reduce CH4 production,
but long-term changes in C dynamics will likely depend on how changes in
wetland vegetation and microbial function influence C cycling in peat soils.
Direct O2 control on the partitioning between denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in lake sediments
Authors: Cojean Adeline N. Y. , Zopfi Jakob , Gerster Alan , Frey Claudia , Lepori Fabio , Lehmann Moritz F.
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Lacustrine sediments are important sites of fixed-nitrogen (N) elimination through the reduction of nitrate to N2 by
denitrifying bacteria, and they are thus critical for the mitigation of
anthropogenic loading of fixed N in lakes. In contrast, dissimilatory
nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) retains bioavailable N within the
system, promoting internal eutrophication. Both processes are thought to
occur under oxygen-depleted conditions, but the exact O2 concentration thresholds
particularly of DNRA inhibition are uncertain. In O2 manipulation
laboratory experiments with dilute sediment slurries and
15NO3- additions at low- to sub-micromolar O2 levels, we
investigated how, and to what extent, oxygen controls the balance between
DNRA and denitrification in lake sediments. In all O2-amended
treatments, oxygen significantly inhibited both denitrification and DNRA
compared to anoxic controls, but even at relatively high O2
concentrations (≥70 µmol L−1), nitrate reduction by both
denitrification and DNRA was observed, suggesting a relatively high O2
tolerance. Nevertheless, differential O2 control and inhibition effects
were observed for denitrification versus DNRA in the sediment slurries.
Below 1 µmol L−1 O2, denitrification was favoured over DNRA,
while DNRA was systematically more important than denitrification at higher
O2 levels. Our results thus demonstrate that O2 is an important
regulator of the partitioning between N loss and N recycling in sediments.
In natural environments, where O2 concentrations change in near-bottom
waters on an annual scale (e.g., overturning lakes with seasonal anoxia), a
marked seasonality with regards to internal N eutrophication versus
efficient benthic fixed-N elimination can be expected.
Experimental tests of water chemistry response to ornithological eutrophication: biological implications in Arctic freshwaters
Authors: Mariash Heather L. , Rautio Milla , Mallory Mark , Smith Paul A.
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Many populations of Arctic-breeding geese have increased
in abundance in recent decades, and in the Canadian Arctic, snow geese (Chen caerulescens) and
Ross's geese (Chen rossii) are formally considered overabundant by wildlife managers.
The impacts of these overabundant geese on terrestrial habitats are well
documented, and, more recently, studies have suggested impacts on freshwater
ecosystems as well. The direct contribution of nutrients from goose faeces
to water chemistry could have cascading effects on biological functioning,
through changes in phytoplankton biovolumes and community composition. We
demonstrated previously that goose faeces can enrich ponds with nutrients at
a landscape scale. Here, we show experimentally that goose droppings rapidly
released nitrogen and phosphorus when submerged in freshwater, increasing
the dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus in the water. This resulted in both a
decrease in the nitrogen:phosphorus ratio and an increase in cyanobacteria
in the goose dropping treatment. In contrast, this pattern was not found
when we submerged cut sedge (Carex sp.) leaves. These results demonstrate that
geese act as bio-vectors, causing terrestrial nutrients to be bioavailable in
freshwater systems. Collectively, the results demonstrate the direct
ecological consequences of ornithological nutrient loading from
hyper-abundant geese in Arctic freshwater ecosystems.
Relating Climate Sensitivity Indices to projection uncertainty
Authors: Sanderson Benjamin
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Can we summarize uncertainties in global response to greenhouse gas forcing with a single number? Here we assess the degree to which traditional metrics are related to future warming indices using an ensemble of simple climate models together with results from CMIP5 and CMIP6. We consider Effective Climate Sensitivity (EffCS), Transient Climate Response at CO2 quadrupling (T140) and a proposed simple metric of temperature change 140 years after a quadrupling of carbon dioxide (A140). In a perfectly equilibrated model, future temperatures under a non-mitigation scenario are almost perfectly described by T140, whereas in a strongly mitigated future, both ECS and T140 are found to be poor predictors of 21st century warming, and future temperatures are better correlated with A140. However, we show that T140 and EffCS calculated in full CMIP simulations are subject to errors arising from control model drift and internal variability. Simulating these factors in the simple model leads to 30 % relative error in the measured value of T140, but only a 10 % error for EffCS. As such, measured values of EffCS can be better correlated with true TCR than measured values of TCR itself. We propose that this could be an explanatory factor in the previously noted surprising result that EffCS is a better predictor than TCR of future transient warming under RCP8.5.
Intra-annual variability of the Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO) and occurrence of extreme torrential rainfall in Catalonia (NE Iberia)
Authors: Lopez-Bustins Joan Albert , Arbiol-Roca Laia , Martin-Vide Javier , Barrera-Escoda Antoni , Prohom Marc
Published: December 2019

Abstract. In previous studies the Western Mediterranean Oscillation index (WeMOi) at daily resolution has proven to constitute an effective tool for analysing the occurrence of episodes of torrential rainfall over eastern Spain. The Western Mediterranean region is therefore a very sensitive area, since climate change can enhance these weather extremes. In the present study we selected the extreme torrential episodes (≥ 200 mm in 24 hours) that took place in Catalonia (NE Iberia) during the 1951–2016 study period (66 years). We computed daily WeMOi values and constructed WeMOi calendars. Our principal results reveal the occurrence of 50 episodes (0.8 cases per year), mainly concentrated in the autumn months. We inferred a threshold of WeMOi ≤ −2 to define an extreme negative WeMO phase at daily resolution. Most of the 50 episodes (60 %) in the study area occurred on days presenting an extreme negative WeMOi value. Specifically, the most negative WeMOi values are detected in autumn, during the second 10-day period of October (11th–20th), coinciding with the highest frequency of extreme torrential events. On comparing the subperiods, we observed a statistically significant decrease in WeMOi values in all months, particularly in late October, and in November and December. No changes in the frequency of these extreme torrential episodes were observed between both subperiods; in contrast, a displacement of the episodes is detected from early to late autumn.
Base cations in the soil bank: non-exchangeable pools may sustain centuries of net loss to forestry and leaching
Authors: Rosenstock Nicholas P. , Stendahl Johan , van der Heijden Gregory , Lundin Lars , McGivney Eric , Bishop Kevin , Löfgren Stefan
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Accurately quantifying soil base cation pool sizes is
essential to interpreting the sustainability of forest harvests from element
mass-balance studies. The soil-exchangeable pool is classically viewed as
the bank of “available” base cations in the soil, withdrawn upon by plant
uptake and leaching and refilled by litter decomposition, atmospheric
deposition and mineral weathering. The operational definition of this soil
bank as the exchangeable (salt-extractable) pools ignores the potential role
of “other” soil nutrient pools, including microbial biomass, clay
interlayer absorbed elements, and calcium oxalate. These pools can be large
relative to “exchangeable” pools. Thus neglecting these other pools in
studies examining the sustainability of biomass extractions, or need for
nutrient return, limits our ability to gauge the threat or risk of
unsustainable biomass removals. We examine a set of chemical extraction data
from a mature Norway spruce forest in central Sweden and compare this
dataset to ecosystem flux data gathered from the site in previous research.
The 0.2 M HCl extraction released large pools of Ca, K, Mg, and Na,
considerably larger than the exchangeable pools. Where net losses of base
cations are predicted from biomass harvest, exchangeable pools may not be
sufficient to support more than a single 65-year forest rotation, but
acid-extractable pools are sufficient to support many rotations of
net-ecosystem losses. We examine elemental ratios, soil clay and carbon
contents, and pool depth trends to identify the likely origin
of the HCl-extractable pool. No single candidate compound class emerges, as very strongly supported by the data, as being the major constituent of the HCl-extractable fraction. A combination of microbial biomass, fine
grain, potentially shielded, easily weatherable minerals, and non-structural
clay interlayer bound potassium may explain the size and distribution of the
acid-extractable base cation pool. Sequential extraction techniques and
isotope-exchange measurements should be further developed and, if possible,
complemented with spectroscopic techniques to illuminate the identity of and
flux rates through these important, and commonly overlooked, nutrient pools.
The added value of high resolution in estimating the surface mass balance in southern Greenland
Authors: van de Berg Willem Jan , van Meijgaard Erik , van Ulft Lambertus H.
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The polar version of the regional climate model RACMO2, version 2.3p1, is used to study the effect of model resolution on the simulated climate and surface mass balance (SMB) of South Greenland. The model data on resolutions of 60, 20, 6.6 and 2.2 km are intercompared and compared to SMB observations using three different data refinement methods: nearest neighbour, bilinear interpolation and a statistical downscaling method utilising the local dependency of fields on elevation. Furthermore, it is estimated how the errors induced by model resolution compare to errors induced by the model physics and initialisation. The results affirm earlier studies that SMB components which are tightly linked to elevation, like runoff, can be refined successfully, as soon as the ablation zone is reasonably well resembled in the source dataset. Precipitation fields are also highly elevation dependent, but precipitation has no systematic correlation with elevation, which inhibits statistical downscaling to work well. If refined component-wise, 20 km resolution model simulations can reproduce the SMB ablation observations almost as good as the finer resolution model simulations. Nonetheless, statistical downscaling and regional climate modelling are complementary, the best results are obtained when high resolution RACMO2 data are statistically refined. Model estimates in the accumulation zone do not benefit from statistical downscaling; hence, a resolution of about 25 km is sufficient to resolve the accumulation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Finally, additional tests show that model resolution is as important as properly resolving spatial albedo patterns, correctly initialising the firn column and uncertainties in the modelled precipitation and turbulent exchange.
Brief communication: Arctic sea ice thickness internal variability and its changes under historical and anthropogenic forcing
Authors: Van Achter Guillian , Ponsoni Leandro , Massonnet François , Fichefet Thierry , Legat Vincent
Published: December 2019

Abstract. We use model simulations from the CESM1-CAM5-BGC-LE dataset to characterise the Arctic sea ice thickness internal variability both spatially and temporally. These properties, and their stationarity, are investigated in three different contexts: (1) constant, pre-industrial, (2) historical and (3) projected conditions. Spatial modes of variability show highly stationary patterns regardless of the forcing and mean state. A temporal analysis reveals two peaks of significant variability and despite a non-stationarity on short time-scales, they remain more or less stable until the first half of the 21st century, where they start to change once summer ice-free events occur, after 2050.
Trayectoria y coevolución funcional del empleo en las ciudades chilenas
Authors: Maturana Miranda Francisco , Sepúlveda Sepúlveda Ulises , Prada Trigo José , Fuenzalida Díaz Manuel , Stafolleri Javiera
Published: December 2019

Las transformaciones económicas ocurridas en el último tiempo han repercutido en la estructura de los mercados laborales urbanos de las ciudades, generando cambios en su perfil funcional. Este trabajo se centra en los cambios económicos ocurridos durante 1982-2017 en el sistema de ciudades de Chile, con el propósito de comprender las trayectorias económicas de las principales ciudades del país, y las áreas económicas donde se han producido los cambios más relevantes. Por medio de datos de empleo de las urbes se aplicó un análisis de componentes principales. De este modo, los resultados expresan una co evolucion funcional en el conjunto de ciudades de Chile, caracterizada por la homogeneización hacia los sectores de construcción, inmobiliaria y comercio, además de la disminución del empleo en el sector primario, de administración pública y del área industrial. Finalmente, se hace hincapié en la necesidad de la implementación de políticas públicas dirigidas a considerar tales procesos.
Imagen percibida y lealtad en el turismo académico
Authors: Rodrigues Soares Jakson Renner , Carvalho Carlos Eduardo , Santos Xosé M.
Published: December 2019

En las últimas décadas el turismo académico ha experimentado un importante crecimiento. A pesar de que no existen demasiadas investigaciones sobre esta tipología, las que hay han puesto en evidencia su capacidad para generar riqueza y desarrollo en los territorios de acogida. Un elemento crítico para la demanda lo representa la elección del destino por lo que resulta fundamental la percepción de su imagen. En este artículo, a través de encuestas a estudiantes brasileños, se profundiza en la imagen percibida a la hora de optar por una universidad gallega. Al mismo tiempo, mediante el Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurantes se busca averiguar el peso de la variable lealtad. Esta última es de gran relevancia puesto que la gran competencia entre destinos hace que la fidelidad acostumbre a ser baja, especialmente cuando hablamos de destinos urbanos. Se concluye que la imagen construida tiene capacidad para influir sobre la lealtad a un territorio.
Usability Guidelines for an Online Image Database
Authors: Chang Ruth , Bliss II Donald F. , Altemus Anne R.
Published: December 2019

There are currently no existing guidelines for optimizing user experience in online image databases. Here we use established usability design principles to develop a set of 50 recommendations for improving database organization, navigability, and search functionality. We conduct a resource audit of commercial and non-profit image galleries and evaluate them upon our criteria. Our findings are summarized within a basic wireframe to be used as reference for prospective image databases in the future.
Using Drawing as an Active Engagement Tool To Empower Learners and Promote Teaching of Health Topics
Authors: Selagea Arianna , Lebowicz Leah , Bond Samantha , Daugherty John
Published: December 2019

Community members in Lagos, Nigeria, are not able to correctly define blood pressure, its causes, and the impact certain values have upon health. Community Health Educators (CHEs) are volunteers trained through Northwestern University’s current Access to Health initiative to educate low-literacy community members, who do not have access to vital health information. Utilizing an active engagement method can improve learning and retention of information by the CHEs and similar audiences. An example of this is drawing, which can help educate and empower CHEs to teach health topics to low-literacy community members.
Using Multimedia Principles to Reduce Visual Complexity of Transcriptional Regulation in Cancer
Authors: Bergey Dani , Brennan Kevin , Milkowski Deborah , Young Christine
Published: December 2019

Environmental factors can regulate gene expression without changing the genetic code itself, a process called epigenetics. One currently active area of genetic and epigenetic research is into the regulation of a tumor-inducing gene called Mylocytomatosis, or MYC, which is involved in many types of cancer. As genetic discoveries, such as the regulation of MYC, are generating more interest from the medical community and the public, creating effective visuals is of increasing importance. However, research studies on the general public’s understanding of genetics have demonstrated a poor grasp of genetic concepts - a finding that also appears in similar studies of undergraduate genetics students, medical students, and practicing physicians. Fortunately, visual learning studies and multimedia design principles have established methods for improving comprehension of biomedical topics. Animation, in particular, has the benefit of pairing narration and dynamic visuals, which, when used together, benefit long-term memory more than the use of static images. Here, we employ visual design strategies (including content mapping, storyboarding, and user studies), multimedia learning principles, and 3D molecular animation to successfully improve the understanding of a complex genetic topic to an audience with a wide range of background knowledge. This study presents the first and most accurate animation of the complex interactions of transcription initiation and elongation on a molecular scale. The animation includes the initiation complex, the transcription elongation complex, MYC, Pol II, and the assortment of transcription factors that assist in modulating the rate of elongation of Pol II. The resulting product is a three-minute animation which uses audio, visuals, and a deep understanding of multimedia principles to significantly increase individuals’ prior knowledge of a complex topic in molecular genetics.
A Comparative Analysis of Student Engagement in Career Academies and a Comprehensive High School
Authors: Fletcher Edward , Tan Tony Xing , Hernandez-Gantes Victor M.
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this study was to compare the student engagement of career academy students to those at a traditional comprehensive high school. We operationalized student engagement using a multi-dimensional construct comprised of behavioral, cognitive, and emotional measures. Based
on data from 669 career academy students and 614 comprehensive school students, we found that academy students had significantly higher levels of cognitive and emotional engagement than those at comprehensive schools. However, we found no statistically significant differences in the levels
of behavioral engagement of academy students compared to comprehensive school students. Based on our findings, participation in the academy model has the potential to increase high school students' levels of cognitive and emotional engagement, particularly those from underrepresented and ethnically
and racially diverse backgrounds.
The Impact of Mathematically Enhanced Curriculum on Career and Technical Education Student Math Scores
Authors: Parr Kemaly , Parr Brian , Mohon Victoria
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that students who participated in mathematically-enhanced, high school career and technical education (CTE) curriculum would reflect a better understanding of basic math concepts. This hypothesis was based on the posit that learning
may be more difficult to achieve outside of a contextual setting (Piaget, 1970) and that teachers may, at times, struggle to convey abstract concepts to their students (Dewey, 1943). This study included teachers and students enrolled in at least one CTE course in the fall of 2017. Students
continued their studies through the spring of 2018. The Kentucky Online Testing (KYOTE) mathematical placement exam was used to determine students' levels of mathematical comprehension. Students were tested before implementation of the mathematically enhanced curriculum and at the end of the
course of study. A t-test was used to compare student scores. The pre- and post-test score analysis indicated that the results of the KYOTE exam were statistically significant suggesting that the curriculum had a positive influence on math comprehension. Due to variance in testing environment
and teaching implementations, a replication of this study is recommended.
Exploring Pesticide Safety Education in Idaho
Authors: Mayes Iris , Holyoke Laura B.
Published: December 2019

This paper summarizes an exploratory study probing perspectives of pesticide applicators and educators regarding pesticide licensing and safety training in Idaho. The purpose of the study was to identify lines of inquiry concerning critical learning components for pesticide worker safety.
Information was gathered about training practices for pesticide applicators. Adult learning theory provided a foundation for a priori themes combined with grounded theory to explore emergent concepts and categories. Four categories relevant to pesticide applicator safety training emerged from
the literature review and interviews: knowledge and learning, worker practices, worker beliefs and attitudes, and the work environment. Understanding why workers take risks is central to developing effective safety training. Providing workers with access to research-based information may reduce
risk. Narrative may play an important part in developing educational curriculum. There is a need to develop additional safety education programming that is designed for this specific audience.
Relationship between Career and Technical Education Student Teachers' Self-Efficacy and edTPA Performance
Authors: Whitley Victoria P. , Park Travis D. , Warner Wendy J. , Horne Erin T.
Published: December 2019

The edTPA, a validated teacher performance assessment, is being used across the nation to assess the readiness of career and technical education (CTE) student teachers for a successful career in education. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the relationship
between edTPA and both Technology and Agricultural Education student teacher's self-efficacy throughout their student teaching. This quasi-experimental study compared mean of self-efficacy as measured by the Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale (TSES) to edTPA scores from Agricultural Education and
Technology Education student teachers at a southern land-grant university. This study found a negative correlation between self-efficacy means at the end of the student teaching semester and overall edTPA score. Self-efficacy in some students was found to decrease after internal submission
when given feedback on progress and performance. All participants were shown to increase in self-efficacy from the beginning to the end of the student teacher experience.
Restricting Diversity to Promote Democracy: Community Literacies and Playing Across Spaces
Authors: Owen Samantha
Published: December 2019

In 2018 a teacher in a Montessori school captured on camera two children in her special education classroom using a touchscreen tablet to interact. To her it was significant: these pre-verbal children had found a way to independently share aspects of their lives. In 1965 a Nigerian mother commented that volunteering on a care rota in a playgroup in a housing estate in west London gave her the confidence to greet her neighbours when she saw them on the street. To Ilys Booker, the community development worker assigned to the area, this was also a marker of significant change and an indication of success. Using these two instances as starting points, this article explores the links between play/space/city and literacy/civic/citizenship by drawing together two case studies: Notting Dale, London, 1964–1969 and River Montessori School, Australia, 2018. In both case studies, the institutional concern is over how the target groups are educated to become literate as citizens, with a focus on exhibited values and virtues. Working from a historical perspective this paper asks: what are the historical conditions which determine our current understandings of participatory culture? How do these enable and/or limit the possibilities of Open Literacy? How do communities form in a liberal democracy and what roles do institutions play?
Ethical Self-Reflection in Papers, Please
Authors: Sarian Antranig
Published: December 2019

This article argues that multiple endings and narrative memory within interactive narratives can engender ethical self-reflection in relationship with broader discourses surrounding controversial issues. It introduces the term ‘expressed self’ to describe this process. The expressed self is how an interactive text ‘sees’ the player – through either their alignment, faction favour, flags, etc – and is used to generate a personalised response to the player through their unlocked ending. This concept is then applied to a close analysis of Papers, Please by juxtaposing the ‘Antegrian Husband and Wife’ choice with the ‘Snowier Pastures’ ending. The manner in which this process takes place has implications for the ways in which videogames and interactive narratives engage with open literacy.
Playing the Game, or Not: Reframing Understandings of Children’s Digital Play
Authors: Magladry Madison , Willson Michele
Published: December 2019

Everybody seems to have an opinion about the value, risks and opportunities of children playing digital games. Popular media conveys messages to parents and the public alike of addicted, violent, desensitised, and anti-social children and of the privacy risk of back end data collection. Educationalists waver between seeing digital games as hindering more positive educational, social and physical activity, or as being a new way to engage students and improve learning outcomes. Parents are in fear of the ‘dangers’ of gaming and screen time yet enticed by the educational promise and the entertainment value of keeping their children occupied. Game developers see opportunities for data collection, surveillance and for nudging children’s behaviour and purchases. Many of these fears, hopes, and hype are replaying older tropes that circulate around any new technology, media forms and associated changes in practices, but are amplified further by having children as their central focus. Indeed, all of these stakeholders in children’s futures have particular understandings of what is good for children and what an ideal child should be. Yet children are not docile bodies who simply have things happen to them: they subvert, appropriate and innovate. This paper is a call for an exploration of what and how children’s digital gaming looks like from a child’s perspective and for a reframing of understanding children’s digital play as a result.
Las finanzas personales de los millennials
Authors: Granados Paul
Published: December 2019

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Realidad Empresarial No. 8, 2019: 51-52
Painting “Out of the Lines”: The Aesthetics of Politics and Politics of Aesthetics in Children’s Art
Authors: Park Hayon
Published: December 2019

Historically, the study of children’s art has been predominantly constructed on developmental capacities, graphic sophistication, and particular styles conceived by adults. Although these theories of classification were developed with the best of intentions, fashioned for a better understanding of young people’s art, they often simplify and decontextualize the lives and works of children. Children’s art, however, is a complex matter, one that is entangled with both adults’ and children’s presumptions, practices, and expectations. Attending to this complexity, this article explores how young children engage in art as political subjects who participate in, disagree with, and negotiate between adults’ expectations and their own desires. In doing so, I draw on philosopher Jacques Rancière’s homologous yet differentiated ideas of “politics” and “aesthetics, “ along with a painting activity of two 5-year-old boys in a kindergarten classroom, where the tensions involved with “going out of the lines” were continuously communicated during the art making.