bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occupational Morbidities and their Association with Nutrition and Environmental Factors among Textile Workers of Desert Areas of Rajasthan, India
Authors: Singh Madhu B. , Fotedar Ranjana , Lakshminarayana J.
Published: October 2005

Occupational Morbidities and their Association with Nutrition and Environmental Factors among Textile Workers of Desert Areas of Rajasthan, India: Madhu B. Singh, et al. Desert Medicine Research Centre (ICMR), India—In Rajasthan 21,000 workers are engaged in hand processing textile industries (process gray/raw cotton cloth). They are exposed to hazards of the textile industries besides the harsh conditions of the desert which contributes to adverse effects on their health. To explore the occupational health problems of the desert textile workers and their association with nutrition and environmental factors, investigations were carried‐out in two districts, Jodhpur and Pali. Data on occupational disease conditions, environmental factors, nutritional deficiency signs and anemia were collected for a total of 1,240 individuals out of which 845 were textile workers and 395 were comparative group workers of the same age groups. The main disease conditions, i.e. aches (19.4%), respiratory (12.1%) and fever (7.7%), were higher in textile workers than the comparative group. Dyeing group workers suffered the most (25.5%) from aches, significantly higher than the comparative group (11.6%), may be due to a higher percentage of severe anemia, besides physical labour. Printing and bleaching group workers suffered from respiratory problems (15.5%) almost twice as much as the comparative group, possibly due to exposure to fumes of acids and use of chemical dyes. Housing conditions, personal hygiene and education showed negative associations with disease conditions but positive associations with anemia. The study revealed that in the textile industry, disease conditions vary with the categorization of work. The findings suggest the need for implementation of safety measures according to the type of work in textile industries, besides extension of health and nutrition education and welfare programs.
Effects of Web‐Based Psychoeducation on Self‐Efficacy, Problem Solving Behavior, Stress Responses and Job Satisfaction among Workers: A Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Shimazu Akihito , Kawakami Norito , Irimajiri Hirohiko , Sakamoto Mitsumi , Amano Shotaro
Published: October 2005

Effects of Web‐Based Psychoeducation on Self‐Efficacy, Problem Solving Behavior, Stress Responses and Job Satisfaction among Workers: A Controlled Clinical Trial: Akihito Shimazu, et al. Department of Psychology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Education—This study examined effects of web‐based psychoeducation on self‐efficacy, problem solving behavior, stress responses and job satisfaction. The program was based on social cognitive theory and was primarily aimed at increasing knowledge of stress, self‐efficacy, and the use of problem solving behavior. A total of 225 employees were invited to participate in the study. Participants were assigned to an intervention (n=112) or waiting list control group (n=113). Those in the intervention group were asked to access the website and to complete learning within 1 month. To investigate the intervention effect, the change score in the outcome variable was calculated by subtracting the score at pre‐intervention from that at post‐intervention (1 week after completion of the learning period). Then, the difference in the scores between groups was examined using analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) with the preintervention score as the covariate. We detected a marginally significant difference between groups in changes in job satisfaction from pre‐ to postintervention (p=0.081). Participants in the intervention group showed an increase in job satisfaction score, while those in the waiting list control group showed a decrease in it. No significant differences were detected between groups in the other indicators (p>.10). We detected significant or marginally significant intervention effects on self‐efficacy, problem solving behavior, stress responses, and job satisfaction among males and younger individuals, and those who had initially higher job strain and higher interest in managing stress. Further research is required with longer time periods (controlled follow‐up) and a broader sample to fully determine the intervention effect.
Prevalence of Physical Activity among the Working Population and Correlation with Work‐Related Factors: Results from the First German National Health Survey
Authors: Schneider Sven , Becker Simone
Published: October 2005

Prevalence of Physical Activity among the Working Population and Correlation with Work‐Related Factors: Results from the First German National Health Survey: Sven Schneider, et al. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany—This paper investigates levels of engagement in physical activity (PA) among the total German working population and for specific subgroups. The first national health survey for the Federal Republic of Germany was conducted from October 1997 to March 1999. The following study is based on a representative net sample of 3,323 employed persons aged 18 to 69. Bivariate methods and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship between PA and workplace and occupational factors in addition to social and lifestyle‐specific correlates. Four out of 10 gainfully employed persons (39.2%) do not engage in sport. Those with physically strenuous jobs and frequent overtime work are significantly less likely to engage in leisure‐time PA. Non‐manual workers, and younger, unmarried workers are particularly likely to have an active lifestyle. Our study population did not correspond to the popular image of the recreational athlete as an abstinent, “ascetic” individual: The subgroups of non‐smokers and teetotalers contained significantly fewer athletes than the corresponding reference groups. The present paper is the first to publish representative data on PA in the working population since German reunification in 1990. The data show that workers with a high risk of morbidity are those least likely to engage in leisuretime PA (manual workers with below‐average educational qualifications from lower socioeconomic groups). The significant accumulation of socially depriving living conditions and lifestyle deficits among inactive subjects shows that one‐off preventive measures intended to motivate sporting activity are likely to be ineffective in these subgroups of the population. We therefore advocate continuous exercise programs near the workplace involving exercise training suited to the particular occupation, dietary advice, relaxation techniques and occupational medical care.
The Effects of Subacute Inhalation of Di (2‐ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) on the Testes of Prepubertal Wistar Rats
Authors: Kurahashi Norie , Kondo Tomoko , Omura Minoru , Umemura Tomohiro , Ma Mingyue , Kishi Reiko
Published: October 2005

The Effects of Subacute Inhalation of Di (2‐ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) on the Testes of Prepubertal Wistar Rats: Norie Kurahashi, et al. Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine—In animal studies using oral dosing for short periods, di (2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is well known for its reproductive toxicity, especially for its testicular toxicity. However, extending the period of DEHP exposure in prepubertal rats resulted in significant increases in testosterone. This suggests that the reproductive effect of DEHP might be associated with the timing and the term of exposure. Moreover, the route of exposure may induce differences in its effect because tissue levels of metabolites of DEHP after inhalation are thought to be different from those after oral administration. We researched the effects of inhalation of DEHP on testes of prepubertal rats. Our results showed that inhalation of DEHP by 4‐wk‐old male Wistar rats at doses of 5 or 25 mg/m3, 6 h per day, for 4 and 8 wk significantly increased the concentration of plasma testosterone and weight of seminal vesicles. However, the concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and the expression of mRNAs of androgen biosynthesis enzyme, cytochrome P450 cholesterol side‐chain‐cleavage enzyme (P450scc), 3βhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD), cytochrome P450 17α‐hydroxylase/17, 20 lyase (CYP17) and aromatase (CYP19) did not change. Rats with precocious testes did not increase in any of the DEHP groups. We also found that the estimated effective dose in this study was less than those reported in previous studies which used oral dosing. Our study showed that inhaled DEHP increased plasma testosterone concentrations in prepubertal rats and suggested that their effects were more sensitive to inhalation of DEHP than oral dosing.
Oxidative DNA Damage in Relation to Neurotoxicity in the Brain of Mice Exposed to Arsenic at Environmentally Relevant Levels
Authors: Piao Fengyuan , Ma Ning , Hiraku Yusuke , Murata Mariko , Oikawa Shinji , Cheng Fanyin , Zhong Laifu , Yamauchi Toru , Kawanishi Shosuke , Yokoyama Kazuhito
Published: October 2005

Oxidative DNA Damage in Relation to Neurotoxicity in the Brain of Mice Exposed to Arsenic at Environmentally Relevant Levels: Fengyuan Piao, et al. Department of Hygiene, Dalian Medical University, China—To clarify the association between oxidative DNA damage and the neurotoxicity of arsenic, the formation of 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) as an index of oxidative DNA damage in the brain was examined in mice fed with drinking water containing 1 or 2 ppm arsenic, using an HPLC‐electrochemical detector and immunohistochemical method. 8‐OHdG levels were significantly increased in the brain of mice given arsenic and its immunoreactivity was distributed in the cerebral and cerebellar cortexes. Cerebral cortex neurons and Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex showed degenerative changes in accordance with the distribution of 8‐OHdG immunoreactivity. The levels of arsenic in this study were lower than those reported in epidemiological studies. Thus, we conclude that environmentally relevant levels of arsenic induce pathological changes through oxidative DNA damage in the brain tissues in vivo and that cerebral and cerebellar cortex neurons seem to be the major targets of arsenic neurotoxicity.
A Web‐based Tool for UV lrradiance Data: Predictions for European and Southeast Asian Sites
Authors: Kift Richard , Webb Ann R. , Page John , Rimmer John , Janjai Serm
Published: October 2005

There are a range of UV models available, but one needs significant pre‐existing knowledge and experience in order to be able to use them. In this article a comparatively simple Web‐based model developed for the SoDa (Integration and Exploitation of Networked Solar Radiation Databases for Environment Monitoring) project is presented. This is a clear‐sky model with modifications for cloud effects. To determine if the model produces realistic UV data the output is compared with 1 year sets of hourly measurements at sites in the United Kingdom and Thailand. The accuracy of the output depends on the input, but reasonable results were obtained with the use of the default database inputs and improved when pyranometer instead of modeled data provided the global radiation input needed to estimate the UV. The average modeled values of UV for the UK site were found to be within 10% of measurements. For the tropical sites in Thailand the average modeled values were within 1120% of measurements for the four sites with the use of the default SoDa database values. These results improved when pyranometer data and TOMS ozone data from 2002 replaced the standard SoDa database values, reducing the error range for all four sites to less than 15%.
Potentiation of the Antitumor Effect of Merocyanine 540‐mediated Photodynamic Therapy by Amifostine and Amphotericin B
Authors: Tsujino Ichiro , Miyagi Kiyoko , Sampson Reynée W. , Sieber Fritz
Published: October 2005

Leukemia and lymphoma cells are much more sensitive to Merocyanine 540 (MCS40)‐mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) than normal pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells and normal colony forming unit‐granulocyte/macrophage progenitors (CFU‐GM). By contrast, most solid tumor cells are only moderately sensitive to MC540‐PDT. The limited activity against solid tumor cells has detracted from MC540's appeal as a broad‐spectrum purging agent. We report here that noncytotoxic concentrations of amifostine (Ethyol, Ethiofos, WR‐2721) and amphotericin B used either alone or in combination potentiate the MC540‐sensitized photoinactiva‐tion of leukemia cells, wild‐type small cell lung cancer cells and cisplatin‐resistant small cell lung cancer cells. Amphotericin B also enhances the MC540‐sensitized photoinactivation of normal CFU‐GM, whereas amifostine protects CFU‐GM against the cytotoxic action of MC540‐PDT. The yield of CD34‐positive normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is only minimally diminished by pretreatment with amifostine, amphotericin B or combinations of amifostine plus amphotericin B. Purging protocols that combine MC540‐PDT with amifostine or with amifostine plus amphotericin B could offer a simple and effective approach to the purging of autologous stem cell grafts that are contaminated with solid tumor cells or the purging of stem cell grafts from heavily pretreated leukemia patients that contain reduced numbers of normal stem and progenitor cells and, therefore, can ill afford additional losses caused by purging.
Structure and properties of thermoplastic corn starch/montmorillonite biodegradable composites
Authors: Huang Mingfu , Yu Jiugao
Published: October 2005

“Green” composites were successfully prepared from the thermoplastic cornstarch (TPCS) and activated‐montmorillonite (MMT) by the method of blend extrusion. The thermoplastic cornstarch was plasticized with novel plasticizers urea and ethanolamine, and the activated‐montmorillonites were obtained using ethanolamine as the activated solvent. The structure and morphology of “Green” composites were characterized by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). SEM and TEM images indicated that the composites presented reticulating fiber structure after being cooled by liquid nitrogen. The exfoliated MMT sheets in the composites acted as the inhomogeneous nucleation effect. The melting urea was crystaled over on the MMT sheets in the inducement of ethanolamine, and the column‐shape crystal whisker overlapped together. Comparing with normal temperature, the mechanical properties of composites evidently improved after being cooled by liquid nitrogen, which was proved by the mechanical testing. The thermal stability and water‐resistance of the composites also were studied in this paper. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 170–176, 2006
Evolution of the morphological and rheological properties along the extruder length for compatibilized blends of a commercial liquid‐crystalline polymer and polypropylene
Authors: Filipe S. , Cidade M. T. , Wilhelm M. , Maia J. M.
Published: October 2005

In a previous article, we reported on the evolution of the morphological and rheological properties along the length extruder for blends of a liquid‐crystalline polymer (LCP), Rodrun LC3000, and polypropylene (PP). In this work, we extended this study to compatibilized PP/Rodrun LC3000 blends, containing 10 wt % LCP and different compatibilizers, to determine the influence of the addition of a compatibilizer during the processing and, consequently, on the final properties of such systems. The results revealed that the addition of compatibilizers led to a decrease in the mean diameters of the LCP structures, in comparison with those presented by the noncompatibilized blend containing the same LCP content. This phenomenon occurred more quickly for those blends in which compatibilization was carried out in an efficient way. Linear oscillatory shear was mainly sensitive to the type of morphology present in the blends, whereas nonlinear oscillatory shear was more sensitive to the evolution in the droplet/fibril size and along the extruder length. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 347–359, 2006
Effect of foam density, oil viscosity, and temperature on oil sorption behavior of polyurethane
Authors: Duong Hien T. T. , Burford Robert P.
Published: October 2005

This paper examines the effect of foam density, oil viscosity, and temperature on the oil sorption behavior of polyurethane foams. Four polyurethane foams with different densities and two oil types with different viscosities were investigated. The amount of oil uptake was measured gravimetrically. Oil transport through the foams was analyzed by nondestructive X‐ray microtomography. Oil sorption capacity increased significantly with the decrease in foam density, due to the increase in the number of open cells. The oil sorption capacity depended only slightly on sorption temperature and oil viscosity. X‐ray visualization allowed pore filling behavior to be observed directly, and further scope to extend the technique is revealed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 360–367, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of crosslinked polyurethane dispersions based on hydroxylated polyesters
Authors: Narayan Ramanuj , Chattopadhyay D. K. , Sreedhar B. , Raju K. V. S. N. , Mallikarjuna N. N. , Aminabhavi T. M.
Published: October 2005

Stringent environmental regulation has endowed dispersible coatings with excellent property profiles in industrial applications. In this aspect, aqueous polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) are of special interest. The present study reports on the synthesis of hydroxylated polyester (HP) based polyurethane polyols containing internal carboxyl group with different diisocyanates. These polyurethane polyols were partly acetoacetylated with ethyl acetoacetate to incorporate β‐ketoester in the polyurethane polyol backbone. The synthesized polyols were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and differential scanning calorimetry. Polyurethane polyols and their acetoacetylated cousins were used to develop PUDs. Particle size of the reactive PUDs was evaluated by a particle size analyzer. PUDs were crosslinked with hexamethoxy methyl melamine and their film properties were studied by dynamic mechanical and thermal analyzers and thermogravimetric analyses. The effects of different diisocyanate and acetoacetylation on the stability of reactive dispersion and properties of the crosslinked films were evaluated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 368–380, 2006
Kinetic study of the polymerization of ethyl acrylate in an aqueous nitric acid medium
Authors: Ramana Reddy G. V. , Arun J. , Panda Jayakishore
Published: October 2005

A kinetic study of the aqueous polymerization of ethyl acrylate (EA) was carried out at 30°C in a dilute nitric acid medium with ammonium ceric nitrate (ACN)–n‐propanol (nPA) and ACN–ethanol as redox initiator systems. The ceric‐ion consumption was first‐order with respect to the ceric‐ion concentration with both initiator systems. The formation of complexes between Ce(IV) and reducing agents was observed. The orders with respect to the Ce(IV), reducing agents, and monomer were evaluated for aqueous polymerizations of EA initiated by Ce(IV)–nPA and Ce(IV)–ethanol redox initiator systems. The overall activation energy for the aqueous polymerization of EA was evaluated in the temperature region of 27–40°C with both initiator systems. A kinetic mechanism for the aqueous polymerization of EA initiated by redox initiator systems is presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 218–224, 2006
Improving the transparency of stretched poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polyamide blends
Authors: Prattipati V. , Hu Y. S. , Bandi S. , Mehta S. , Schiraldi D. A. , Hiltner A. , Baer E.
Published: October 2005

Compatibilized blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate (PET) with an aromatic polyamide such as poly(m‐xylylene adipamide) (MXD6) have good transparency (T) because the constituent refractive indices (RIs) match closely. However, haziness is observed when the blends are stretched. This study demonstrated that stretching imparted a greater RI anisotropy to PET than to the aromatic polyamide. The resulting RI mismatch was responsible for the loss in T. Analysis of the strain‐dependent birefringence revealed that different molecular deformation models described the intrinsic birefringence of the PET and aromatic polyamides. Hydrogen bonding of the polyamide may have been responsible for the difference. On the basis of these results, three approaches for improving T of stretched PET blends were attempted. Blends with a lower molecular weight MXD6 exhibited slightly higher T after stretching; however, they did not compare with stretched PET. Increasing the amount of compatibilizer reduced the particle size; however, the dimension of even the smallest particles exceeded the quarter wavelength after biaxial stretching transformed the spherical particles into platelets. Copolyamides based on MXD6 that incorporated isophthalate were designed to increase the RI of the polyamide and thereby reduce the RI mismatch with stretched PET. Unexpectedly, the poor T of stretched copolyamide blends was attributed to the high glass‐transition temperature of the copolyamide, which hampered the molecular orientation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 225–235, 2006
Study on the degradation of low‐density polyethylene in the presence of cobalt stearate and benzil
Authors: Roy P. K. , Surekha P. , Rajagopal C. , Raman R. , Choudhary V.
Published: October 2005

Degradable polymers are in great demand for a variety of applications such as packaging, agriculture, and medicine. Polyolefins blended with photodegradants/biodegradants are potential candidates for replacing the nondegradable thermoplastics in areas where litter abatement poses problems. In the present article, the effect of metallic photoinitiators like cobalt stearate and a combination of metallic/nonmetallic photoinitiators, i.e., a mixture of cobalt stearate and benzil, on the photooxidative degradation of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) films have been investigated. Attempts have been made to correlate the results as a function of mixed additives. Films of LDPE containing varying amounts of cobalt stearate and a combination of benzil and cobalt stearate were prepared. The photodegradation of these films has been monitored by various techniques like FTIR spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis, and density and viscosity measurements. Cobalt stearate was highly effective in accelerating the photodegradation of LDPE films at low concentrations. The addition of benzil to cobalt stearate decreased the rate of photodegradation compared to cobalt stearate alone. A retarding effect was observed when benzil alone was added to LDPE. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 236–243, 2006
Syntheses of poly(lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid) serial biodegradable polymer materials via direct melt polycondensation and their characterization
Authors: Wang Zhao‐Yang , Zhao Yao‐Ming , Wang Fang , Wang Jun
Published: October 2005

The optimal synthetic conditions of poly(lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) via melt copolycondensation directly from L‐lactic acid (L‐LA) and glycolic acid (GA) with a feed molar ratio of 50/50 are discussed; the important drug‐delivery carrier PLGA50/50 is used as a special example. With reaction conditions of 165°C and 70 Pa and with 0.5 wt % SnCl2 as the catalyst, 10 h of polymerization gave the L‐PLGA50/50 with the biggest intrinsic viscosity ([η]), 0.1993 dL/g. The optimal synthetic conditions were verified by the synthesis of D,L‐PLGA50/50 with D,L‐lactic acid (D,L‐LA) instead of L‐LA, but the biggest [η] was 0.2382 dL/g. Under the same synthetic conditions with L‐LA and D,L‐LA as starting materials, serial PLGA with different molar feed ratios, including 100/0, 90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 10/90, and 0/100, were synthesized via simple and practical direct melt copolycondensation, and their solubilities were investigated. When the glycolic acid feed molar percentage was equal to or more than 70%, solubilities in tetrahydrofuran and CHCl3 became worse, and some samples were even wholly insoluble. These biodegradable polymers were also systematically characterized with gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction. PLGA synthesized from L‐LA and D,L‐LA had many differences in weight‐average molecular weight (Mw), glass‐transition temperature, crystallinity, and composition. When the molar feed ratio of LA to GA was 50/50, both the [η] and Mw values of D,L‐PLGA were higher than those of L‐PLGA. With D,L‐LA as the starting material, the structure of the PLGA copolymer was relatively simple, and its properties were apt to be controlled by its GA chain segment. When the feed molar percentage of the monomer (LA or GA) was more than or equal to 90%, the copolymer was apt to be crystalline, and the aptness was more obvious for the L‐LA monomer. The composition percentage of GA in PLGA was not only higher than the feed molar percentage of GA, but also, the GA percentage in D,L‐PLGA was higher than in L‐PLGA. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 244–252, 2006
Examination of data relating to the thermodynamic and kinetic interactions between nonvolatile aqueous solutes and three ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymers
Authors: Jenke Dennis R.
Published: October 2005

Distribution coefficient (Ks) and diffusivity [diffusion coefficient (D)] values for 19 nonvolatile solutes were previously reported for three ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers. In this article, the interaction properties of these solutes are compared with their octanol/water partition coefficient (Po/w) values. Adequate linear log/log correlations between Ks and Po/w are obtained for all three copolymers, once the effect of the solution pH on solute speciation is taken into account. The resultant correlations are similar for all three copolymers, suggesting that they share a common interaction mechanism. Inverse correlations between log D and log Po/w are established for all three materials. Although the relationship between log D and log Po/w is linear for the EVA polymers, the scatter in the poly(vinyl acetate) data is sufficiently large that a linear relationship cannot be unilaterally established. The utility of such a model in terms of assessing the potential interaction between a plastic container and its contained contents is demonstrated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 253–259, 2006
Adsorption and desorption properties of cationic polyethylene film gels to organic anions and their regeneration
Authors: Yamada Kazunori , Shibuya Masanao , Takagi Chiyo , Hirata Mitsuo
Published: October 2005

An investigation was undertaken on the adsorption and desorption properties of 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate grafted polyethylene (PE‐g‐PDMAEMA) films to anionic dye anions with one to three sulfonic groups in response to pH and temperature changes. The amounts of dye anions adsorbed on the PE‐g‐PDMAEMA films passed through the maximum values at about pH 3 because of an increase in the protonation of dimethylamino groups caused by a decrease in the pH value. The amounts of adsorbed dye anions decreased below pH 3 because the ionic strength increased with the addition of HCl to adjust the initial pH values of the aqueous dye solutions. The amounts of adsorbed dye anions decreased with an increase in the number of sulfonic groups in the dye molecules at the same pH value because electrostatic repulsion was generated between free sulfonic groups of the dye anions adsorbed onto the PE‐g‐PDMAEMA films and free dye anions in the medium. A large number of dye anions adsorbed were desorbed from the PE‐g‐PDMAEMA film with initial pH values above 11.0. The cyclic processes of adsorption at pH 3.0 and desorption at pH 11.0 were repeated without considerable fatigue. The PE‐g‐PDMAEMA films showed practically regenerative adsorption and desorption behavior in response to the pH changes. In addition, when the dye‐anion‐adsorbed PE‐g‐PDMAEMA films were alternately immersed in water at two different temperatures, dye anions were desorbed in water at higher temperatures without any chemical agents because of the deprotonation of dimethylamino groups and thermosensitive contraction of grafted PDMAEMA chains. These results indicate that PE‐g‐PDMAEMA films can be applied as regenerative ion‐exchange membranes for adsorption and desorption processes of anionic compounds in response to the pH and temperature. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 381–391, 2006
Determination of the methyl methacrylate monomer in its polymer latex by headspace gas chromatography
Authors: Chai X.‐S. , Hou Q. X. , Schork F. J.
Published: October 2005

This article reports a headspace gas chromatography (GC) method for the determination of the residual monomer in a methyl methacrylate polymer latex or emulsion. Because of the multiphase nature of a polymer latex, the level of the residual monomer cannot be quantified by headspace GC on the basis of its vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) without significant thermodynamic assumptions. With a significant dilution of a polymer latex sample followed by vapor–liquid equilibration at an elevated temperature, the monomer droplets are completely dissolved in the aqueous phase, and monomer absorption in the polymer particles can be minimized. Thus, VLE is established in the diluted latex, and a linear relationship between the monomer concentration in the vapor and aqueous phases can be obtained. This technique eliminates sample pretreatment procedures such as solvent extraction in the conventional GC method, and it avoids the risk of polymer deposition on the GC column caused by a direct injection of a monomer‐containing solvent. It also eliminates the possibility of solvent interference in the conventional GC monomer analysis. This method is simple, accurate, and automated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 392–397, 2006
Preparation and characterization of polyimide‐g‐nylon 6 copolymers from nonfunctionalized polyimides
Authors: Pae Youlee
Published: October 2005

In this research, the anionic polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactam was carried out in the presence of small amounts of several different polyimides to generate polyimide‐g‐nylon 6 copolymers. The polyimides, which were prepared from 2,2′‐bis[4‐(3,4‐dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl]propane dianhydride and commercially available diamines with a one‐step method, were first dissolved in molten ϵ‐caprolactam. Phenylmagnesium bromide was then added at 120°C. Under these conditions, caprolactam anions were formed that attacked the five‐membered imide rings to form N‐acyllactam moieties, which activated the anionic polymerization of caprolactam. In essence, nylon 6 chains grew from the polyimide backbones. Probably because of a high activation energy, the process was relatively slow, requiring 1 h at 120°C. The introduction of 5 wt % polyimide into the graft copolymers produced significant increases in the tensile modulus and tensile strength in comparison with those of low‐ and high‐molecular‐weight nylon 6. The elongation to break, however, was reduced. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 292–299, 2006
Structure and properties of polyimide‐g‐nylon 6 and nylon 6‐b‐polyimide‐b‐nylon 6 copolymers
Authors: Pae Youlee
Published: October 2005

Polyimide‐g‐nylon 6 copolymers were prepared by the polymerization of phenyl 3,5‐diaminobenzoate with several diamines and dianhydrides with a one‐step method. The polyimides containing pendant ester moieties were then used as activators for the anionic polymerization of molten ε‐caprolactam. Nylon 6‐b‐polyimide‐b‐nylon 6 copolymers were prepared by the use of phenyl 4‐aminobenzoate as an end‐capping agent in the preparation of a series of imide oligomers. The oligomers were then used to activate the anionic polymerization of ε‐caprolactam. In both the graft and copolymer syntheses, the phenyl ester groups reacted quickly with caprolactam anions at 120°C to generate N‐acyllactam moieties, which activated the anionic polymerization. All the block copolymers had higher moduli and tensile strengths than those of nylon 6. However, their elongations at break were much lower. The graft copolymers based on 2,2′‐bis[4‐(3,4‐dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl]propane dianhydride and 2,2′‐bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]propane displayed elongations comparable to that of nylon 6 and the highest moduli and tensile strengths of all the copolymers. The thermal stability, moisture resistance, and impact strength were dramatically increased by the incorporation of only 5 wt % polyimide into both the graft and block copolymers. The graft and block copolymers also exhibited improved melt processability. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 300–308, 2006
Using multiple‐mode models for fitting and predicting rheological properties of polymeric melts
Authors: Jiang B. , Kamerkar P. A. , Keffer D. J. , Edwards B. J.
Published: October 2005

Several classes of multiple‐mode rheological constitutive equations are tested for fitting and predicting viscoelastic flow properties of a typical low‐density polyethylene melt. An optimization procedure is used to fit the phenomenological parameters of each model under consideration to experimental data taken in small‐amplitude oscillatory shear flow and steady shear flow. These parameter values are then used to generate predictions for transient shear and uniaxial elongational flow experiments, and the predictions are then compared to experimental data. Model successes and failures are discussed, and the outlook for using rheological equations in real design processes is addressed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 405–423, 2006
Looking back versus looking ahead: framing of time and work at different stages of a project
Authors: Teigen Karl Halvor , Karevold Knut Ivar
Published: October 2005

Progress on a well‐defined project can be described along a task dimension in terms of amount done, or as amount of work still to be completed. Time‐limited projects can also be described on a temporal dimension in terms of time spent versus time left. Five experiments are reported showing that such frames have predictable implications for speakers as well as for listeners: Statements by a team leader about time spent and work left are perceived as suggestions to “hurry up,” whereas complementary statements about work done and time left indicate that the team can take it more easy. The first set of statements further implies that the team is behind schedule, whereas the last two statements suggest that the team is ahead of the plan. In line with this, speakers preferred work done and time left statements when they were ahead of schedule, but not when they were behind. “Hurry up” and “behind schedule” interpretations were also shown to be dependent upon stage, being more prominent in the final stages than during the initial stages of a project. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contingent approaches to making likelihood judgments about polychotomous cases: the influence of task factors
Authors: Windschitl Paul D. , Krizan Zlatan
Published: October 2005

Two experiments tested the influence of three task factors on respondents' tendency to use normative, heuristic, and random approaches to making likelihood judgments about polychotomous cases (i.e., cases in which there is more than one alternative to a focal hypothesis). Participants estimated their likelihood of winning hypothetical raffles in which they and other players held various numbers of tickets. Responding on non‐numeric scales (vs. numeric ones) and responding under time pressure (vs. self‐paced) increased participants' use of a comparison‐heuristic approach, resulting in non‐normative judgment patterns. A manipulation of evidence representation (whether ticket quantities were represented by numbers or more graphically by bars) did not have reliably detectable effects on processing approaches to likelihood judgment. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for the further development of likelihood judgment theories, and they discuss parallels between contingent processing in choice and contingent processing in likelihood judgment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies of folded peptide‐based catalysts for asymmetric organic synthesis
Authors: Blank Jarred T. , Miller Scott J.
Published: October 2005

Folded peptides have proven to be a fertile area for discovery of catalysts for reactions in organic synthesis. Both combinatorial chemistry and rational design have fueled these discoveries. In both lines of research, mechanistic studies following the discovery of selective reactions have led to structural information that has stimulated attempts to correlate peptide structure and the relay of stereochemical information. Thus, key elements of the design of peptide‐based catalysts include the identification of catalytically competent functional groups and their incorporation into three‐dimensional structures that provide an appropriate chiral environment. Of note, turns, helices, nonobvious folds, and still undetermined secondary structures characterize the structural and functionally diverse motifs that enable peptide‐catalyzed asymmetric reactions to occur. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 38–47, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Combinatorial synthesis, selection, and properties of esterase peptide dendrimers
Authors: Clouet Anthony , Darbre Tamis , Reymond Jean‐Louis
Published: October 2005

A 65,536‐member combinatorial library of peptide dendrimers was prepared by split‐and‐mix synthesis and screened on solid support for esterolytic activity in aqueous buffer using 8‐butyryloxypyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonate (2) as a fluorogenic substrate. Active sequences were identified by analysis of fluorescent beads. The corresponding dendrimers were resynthesized by solid‐phase synthesis, cleaved from the resin, and purified by preparative reverse‐phase HPLC. The dendrimers showed the expected catalytic activity in aqueous buffer. Catalysis was studied against a pannel of fluorogenic 8‐acyloxypyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonate substrates. The catalytic peptide dendrimers display enzyme‐like kinetics in aqueous buffer with substrate binding in the range KM ˜ 0.1 mM, catalytic rate constants kcat ˜ 0.1 min–1, and specific rate accelerations over background up to kcat/kuncat = 10,000. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 84: 114–123, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Synthesis of phosphine containing amino acids: Utilization of peptide synthesis in ligand design
Authors: Agarkov Anton , Greenfield Scott , Xie Dejian , Pawlick Robert , Starkey Gale , Gilbertson Scott R.
Published: October 2005

Combinatorial chemistry has recently burst on the scene as a valuable tool for the discovery of new drug candidates. The ability to synthesize hundreds of compounds for screening is a useful complement to rational drug design. There are many similarities between the design of new therapeutic agents and the development of new asymmetric ligands, the most important of which is the limitation of a rational design strategy. For this reason a program was begun that would allow the use of combinatorial technology in the development of new ligands for transition metal catalyzed asymmetric reactions. Because of the large number of catalytic reactions they are involved in the system was based around phosphine ligands. This paper reports the synthesis of phosphine derivatives of alanine, proline, and the aromatic amino acids tyrosine and hydroxyphenylglycine. Examples of the use of these amino acids in the synthesis of peptides possessing helical and β‐turn secondary structures are presented. Metal complexes of these peptide‐based ligands are used in hydrogenation and alkylation reactions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 48–73, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Synthesis of N‐Heteroaryl Retinals and their Artificial Bacteriorhodopsins
Authors: López Susana , Rodríguez Virginia , Montenegro Javier , Saá Carlos , Alvarez Rosana , Silva López Carlos , de Lera Angel R. , Simón Rosana , Lazarova Tzvetana , Padrós Esteve
Published: October 2005

N‐Heteroaryl retinals derived from indole, 1‐indolizine and 3‐indolizine (10 a–c) have been synthesized after their UV/Vis red‐shifted absorption properties had been predicted by time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) computations. The three new analogues form artificial pigments upon recombination with bacterioopsin: indolyl retinal 10 a undergoes fast and efficient reconstitution to form a species with a UV/Vis absorbance maximum similar to that of wild‐type bacteriorhodopsin, whilst the indolizinyl retinals 10 b and 10 c also reconstitute in significant proportion to give noticeably red‐shifted, although unstable, pigments. Significant changes in the pKa values of these artificial bacteriorhodopsins are interpreted as arising from nonoptimal binding‐site occupancy by the chromophore due to steric constraints.
Structural Energetic, Electronic, Bonding, and Vibrational Properties of Ga3O, Ga3O2, Ga3O3, Ga2O3, and GaO3 Clusters
Authors: Gowtham S. , Deshpande Mrinalini , Costales Aurora , Pandey Ravindra
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Prediction of New Superhard Boron‐Rich Compounds.
Authors: Gao Faming , Qin Xiujuan , Wang Liqin , He Yunhua , Sun Guifang , Hou Li , Wang Wenyin
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The First Structure of a Cerium(IV) Phosphate: Ab initio Rietveld Analysis of Ce(IV)(PO4)(HPO4)0.5 (H2O)0.5.
Authors: Nazaraly Micaela , Wallez Gilles , Chaneac Corinne , Tronc Elisabeth , Ribot Francois , Quarton Michel , Jolivet Jean‐Pierre
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
K(UO)Si2O6: A Pentavalent—Uranium Silicate.
Authors: Chen Chih‐Shan , Lee Shang‐Fan , Lii Kwang‐Hwa
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Conduction Mechanisms in TlSbSe2 Chalcogenides.
Authors: Ulutas K. , Kalkan N. , Yildirim S. , Deger D.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetocapacitance and Magnetoresistance Near Room Temperature in a Ferromagnetic Semiconductor: La2NiMnO6.
Authors: Rogado Nyrissa S. , Li Jun , Sleight Arthur W. , Subramanian Mas A.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enhanced Chemical Ordering and Coercivity in FePt Alloy Nanoparticles by Sb‐Doping.
Authors: Yan Qingyu , Kim Taegyun , Purkayastha Arup , Ganesan Pethuraja Gopal , Shima Mutsuhiro , Ramanath Ganapathiraman
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Investigation of the Pd—Ag—Ru—Gd Quaternary System Phase Diagram
Authors: Zhang Kanghou , Xu Yun
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of New Visible Light Active Photocatalysts of Ba(In1/3Pb1/3M′1/3)O3 (M′: Nb, Ta): A Band Gap Engineering Strategy Based on Electronegativity of a Metal Component.
Authors: Hur Su Gil , Kim Tae Woo , Hwang Seong‐Ju , Park Hyunwoong , Choi Wonyong , Kim Sung Jin , Choy Jin‐Ho
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
High‐Pressure Synthesis of a Gallium Oxonitride with a Spinel‐Type Structure.
Authors: Kinski Isabel , Miehe Gerhard , Heymann Gunter , Theissmann Ralf , Riedel Ralf , Huppertz Hubert
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Initial Members of the Family of Molecular Mid‐Valent High‐Nuclearity Iron Nitrides: [Fe4N2X10]4‐ and [Fe10N8X12]5‐ (X: Cl‐, Br‐).
Authors: Bennett Miriam V. , Stoian Sebastian , Bominaar Emile L. , Muenck Eckard , Holm Richard H.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a 2D Honeycomb‐Like Polymeric Cluster (Et4N)3{ [MoS4Cu2(μ‐CN)] 2(μ′‐CN)}×2MeCN.
Authors: Qiao Shan‐Bao , Jiao Chang‐Mei , Zhang Wen‐Hua , Ren Zhi‐Gang , Zhang Yong , Lang Jian‐Ping
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Palladium‐Oxo Complex. Stabilization of This Proposed Catalytic Intermediate by an Encapsulating Polytungstate Ligand.
Authors: Hill Craig L. , et al. et al.
Published: October 2005

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Highly Diastereoselective Hydrostannylation of Allyl and Homoallyl Alcohols with Dibutyl(trifluoromethanesulfoxy)stannane.
Authors: Miura Katsukiyo , Wang Di , Hosomi Akira
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Stereoselective Samarium(II) Iodide‐Mediated Aldol Reactions of Acylaziridines with Aldehydes.
Authors: Ogawa Yasuyuki , Kuroda Kiichi , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chiral Amidophosphane—Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Dialkylzinc Reagents to Nitroalkynes.
Authors: Valleix Fanny , Nagai Kazushige , Soeta Takahiro , Kuriyama Masami , Yamada Ken‐ichi , Tomioka Kiyoshi
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Construction of Vicinal Quaternary and Tertiary Carbon Centers by Catalytic Michael Reaction of α‐Substituted β‐Keto Esters to Cyclic Enones.
Authors: Majima Keisuke , Tosaki Shin‐ya , Ohshima Takashi , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Azoles and Azolo‐Azines via 3‐(3‐Methylbenzofuran‐2‐yl)‐3‐oxopropanenitrile.
Authors: Dawood Kamal M. , Farag Ahamd M. , Abdel‐Aziz Hatem A.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Perfluoroalkyl Groups. Reactions of Perfluoro(2‐methyl‐2‐pentene) and Perfluoro(5‐aza‐4‐nonene) with N,S‐Dinucleophiles.
Authors: Furin G. G. , Zhuzhgov E. L.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nickel‐Mediated Carboxylative Cyclization of Enynes.
Authors: Takimoto Masanori , Mizuno Takashi , Sato Yoshihiro , Mori Miwako
Published: October 2005

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Multicomponent Strecker Reaction under High Pressure.
Authors: Matsumoto Kiyoshi , Kim Jong Chul , Iida Hirokazu , Hamana Hiroshi , Kumamoto Koji , Kotsuki Hiyoshizo , Jenner Gerard
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polymer‐Supported Reagents. Mild and Efficient Method of Oxidation of Alcohols.
Authors: Shirini F. , Dabiri M. , Dezyani S. , Jalili F.
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Method for the Selective Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols.
Authors: Pearson Anthony J. , Kwak Yoonhyun
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Markedly Enhanced Recyclability of Osmium Catalyst in Asymmetric Dihydroxylation Reactions by Using Macroporous Resins Bearing Both Residual Vinyl Groups and Quaternary Ammonium Moieties.
Authors: Kim Kwang Jin , Choi Han Young , Hwang Soon Ho , Park Yil Sung , Kwueon Eun Kyung , Choi Doo Seong , Song Choong Eui
Published: October 2005

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Direct Conversion of Epoxides to vic‐Difluorides.
Authors: Yu Hong‐Wen , Nakano Yousuke , Fukuhara Tsuyoshi , Hara Shoji
Published: October 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.