bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal training of finitely sampled quantum reservoir computers for forecasting of chaotic dynamics
Authors: Ahmed Osama , Tennie Felix , Magri Luca
Published: February 2025

In the current Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) era, the presence of noise deteriorates the performance of quantum computing algorithms. Quantum reservoir computing (QRC) is a type of quantum machine learning algorithm, which, however, can benefit from different types of tuned noise. In this paper, we analyze how finite sampling noise affects the chaotic time series prediction of the gate-based QRC and recurrence-free quantum reservoir computing (RF-QRC) models. First, we examine RF-QRC and show that, even without a recurrent loop, it contains temporal information about previous reservoir states using leaky integrated neurons. This makes RF-QRC different from quantum extreme learning machines (QELM). Second, we show that finite sampling noise degrades the prediction capabilities of both QRC and RF-QRC while affecting QRC more due to the propagation of noise. Third, we optimize the training of the finite-sampled quantum reservoir computing framework using two methods: (a) singular value decomposition (SVD) applied to the data matrix containing noisy reservoir activation states and (b) data-filtering techniques to remove the high frequencies from the noisy reservoir activation states. We show that denoising reservoir activation states improves the signal-to-noise ratios with smaller training loss. Finally, we demonstrate that the training and denoising of the noisy reservoir activation signals in RF-QRC are highly parallelizable on multiple quantum processing units (QPUs) as compared to the QRC architecture with recurrent connections. The analyses are numerically showcased on prototypical chaotic dynamical systems with relevance to turbulence. This work opens opportunities for using quantum reservoir computing with finite samples for time series forecasting on near-term quantum hardware.
A non-invasive genetics insight into population structure and recolonization dynamics of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) at the boundary of its Italian core range
Authors: Agostini Greta , Loy Anna , Gentile Giulia , Giovacchini Simone , De Sanctis Cecilia , Mirone Enrico , Papaleo Lorenzo , Petrella Antonio , D’Alessio Nicola , Colangelo Paolo
Published: February 2025

During the past century the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) suffered a drastic decline throughout the rivers of the Italian peninsula, surviving only in Southern Italy. Recent surveys have revealed irrefutable signs (i.e. faeces’ presence) of otter expansion in Central Italy and, specifically in the last 15 years, along rivers of Abruzzo region. Gradually expanding along the Sangro river, otters have also recolonized the Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park (PNALM). To explore both the dispersal dynamics from Southern Italy to Abruzzo and the potential factors that may limit gene flow with PNALM population, we collected faeces (spraints) and anal jelly samples from rivers in Abruzzo and Molise, as well as tissue samples from Southern Italy. We identified 52 specimens using 11 microsatellite loci. Results revealed a significant genetic differentiation between Southern and Central Italy, suggesting a stepping-stone recolonization process. Genetic structure analysis and gene flow estimation indicated that otters followed different recolonization routes, dispersing across the hinterland and along coastal areas. Population structure in Abruzzo is weak and genetic diversity low, consistent with a recent colonization and a founder effect. The Ne estimated could indicate the presence of few breeding adults in the PNALM population, but Nc estimated and the 18 unique genotypes in the protected area, suggested the hosting of a higher number of individuals than initially assumed. Although otter group in PNALM is showing a favourable conservation status, its genetic diversity is low, making it vulnerable to demographic and environmental stochastic factors. Accordingly, interventions are recommended to favour movements of otters and increase the likelihood of stabilization and expansion of Central Italy’s population.
An Analysis of Contraceptive Use in Women with a Previous Live Birth in a Single Tertiary Women’s Hospital: A Survey Study
Authors: Shen Ye , Fang Hua , Si Wenmiao , Zhao Min , Qian Fangbo , Chen Qi
Published: February 2025

The use of contraceptives to prevent unintended pregnancies is not widely accepted in developing countries due to social and cultural factors, lack of knowledge, and limited access to contraceptive services. This results in a relatively high incidence of repeat abortions in women with live births. The objective of this study is to understand the awareness of contraceptive use in women with live births women with previous live births who currently underwent an abortion (n = 272) and women who had a recent live birth (n = 323) voluntarily participated in this survey. Among women with previous live births, 22% did not use contraceptives in the past, and 41% well understood the importance of contraceptive use. There were no differences in educational levels, parity, and age at abortion between women who used and did not use contraceptives. However, after the current abortion, a significant increase in women who intend to use contraceptives in the future, from 78 to 93%, was observed. A significant reduction in women who do not intend to use contraceptives from 22 to 7.4% was also observed. 59% of women primarily seek knowledge of contraception from healthcare professionals. Among women with a recent live birth, 92% indicated their awareness of contraceptive use as they do not have a plan for the subsequent pregnancy. More than 91% of women discussed contraceptive use with partners. Our survey highlights the importance of education and promotion of the use of contraceptives in developing countries to prevent unintended pregnancy.
Advancing translational human dynamics research: bridging space, mind, and computational urban science in the era of GeoAI
Authors: Jiang Bin , Cheng Tao , Tsou Ming-Hsiang , Zhu Di , Ye Xinyue
Published: February 2025

Human dynamics research has undergone a significant transformation over the past decade, driven by interdisciplinary collaboration and technological innovation. This opinion paper examines the evolution of the field in the past ten years, focusing on its integration of GIScience (Geographic Information Science), social science, and public health to tackle spatial and societal challenges such as urban sustainability, disaster response, and epidemics. Key advancements include the adoption of living structure theory, which redefines space as a dynamic and interconnected entity linked to human well-being and ecological sustainability, and the application of cutting-edge technologies like GeoAI (Geospatial Artificial Intelligence) and digital twins for adaptive modeling and informed decision-making. Despite these advancements, challenges persist, including incomplete data, mismatched scales, and barriers to equitable access to geospatial information. Addressing these issues necessitates innovative approaches such as multiscale modeling, open data platforms, and inclusive methodologies. Increased funding opportunities offer pathways for accelerating translational research. By integrating advanced theories, user-centered technologies, and collaborative frameworks, human dynamics research is poised to transform urban systems into sustainable, resilient, and equitable environments. This paradigm shift underscores the importance of ethical considerations and inclusivity, offering a holistic approach that aligns with human and ecological needs.
Utility of urine culture in men with uncomplicated cystitis in ambulatory settings
Authors: Keintz Mackenzie R. , Alexander Bryan T. , Fagan Katherine , Van Schooneveld Trevor C.
Published: February 2025

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common and women with typical symptoms may be treated empirically without culture. We evaluated the utility of urine culture in men presenting with typical symptoms of uncomplicated UTI. Most pathogens isolated retained susceptibility to first-line antimicrobials suggesting urine cultures may be unnecessary in this population.
Business and Society, the Society and Business, and, What Is It Like to Be a Rat?
Authors: Michaelson Christopher Wong
Published: February 2025

This essay reconsiders the possibility and prospects for the relationship between business ethics scholarship and the world of business practice. More specifically, to a field that often considers the question, “What should be the role of business in society?” it poses the question, “What should be the role of the Society for Business Ethics in business?” My intent is not to solve the related epistemological question of whether we have to “be one to know one.” It is, however, to encourage scholars to leave our laboratories more often to engage with the work and world of those we study. To that end, the essay poses a series of questions for us – individual scholars, members of the Society, and the Society itself – to consider about our relationship with business. It concludes with a postscript response to one of those questions: When, if ever, should the Society make public statements?
GenFormer: a deep-learning-based approach for generating multivariate stochastic processes
Authors: Zhao Haoran , Uy Wayne
Published: February 2025

Stochastic generators are essential to produce synthetic realizations that preserve target statistical properties. We propose GenFormer, a stochastic generator for spatio-temporal multivariate stochastic processes. It is constructed using a Transformer-based deep learning model that learns a mapping between a Markov state sequence and time series values. The synthetic data generated by the GenFormer model preserve the target marginal distributions and approximately capture other desired statistical properties even in challenging applications involving a large number of spatial locations and a long simulation horizon. The GenFormer model is applied to simulate synthetic wind speed data at various stations in Florida to calculate exceedance probabilities for risk management.
OpenForest: a data catalog for machine learning in forest monitoring
Authors: Ouaknine Arthur , Kattenborn Teja , Laliberté Etienne , Rolnick David
Published: February 2025

Forests play a crucial role in the Earth’s system processes and provide a suite of social and economic ecosystem services, but are significantly impacted by human activities, leading to a pronounced disruption of the equilibrium within ecosystems. Advancing forest monitoring worldwide offers advantages in mitigating human impacts and enhancing our comprehension of forest composition, alongside the effects of climate change. While statistical modeling has traditionally found applications in forest biology, recent strides in machine learning and computer vision have reached important milestones using remote sensing data, such as tree species identification, tree crown segmentation, and forest biomass assessments. For this, the significance of open-access data remains essential in enhancing such data-driven algorithms and methodologies. Here, we provide a comprehensive and extensive overview of 86 open-access forest datasets across spatial scales, encompassing inventories, ground-based, aerial-based, satellite-based recordings, and country or world maps. These datasets are grouped in OpenForest, a dynamic catalog open to contributions that strives to reference all available open-access forest datasets. Moreover, in the context of these datasets, we aim to inspire research in machine learning applied to forest biology by establishing connections between contemporary topics, perspectives, and challenges inherent in both domains. We hope to encourage collaborations among scientists, fostering the sharing and exploration of diverse datasets through the application of machine learning methods for large-scale forest monitoring. OpenForest is available at the following url: https://github.com/RolnickLab/OpenForest.
Passive spherical aberration compensation in laser diode side-pumped master oscillator power amplifier laser systems
Authors: Li Pengfei , Wang Yulei , Zhang Fei , Li Yan , Zheng Hao , Cao Chen , Li Kai , Jia Mengyu , Yan Bingzheng , Bai Zhenxu , Yu Yu , Lv Zhiwei
Published: February 2025

Based on a 4f system, a 0° reflector and a single laser diode side-pump amplifier, a new amplifier is designed to compensate the spherical aberration of the amplified laser generated by a single laser diode side-pump amplifier and enhance the power of the amplified laser. Furthermore, the role of the 4f system in the passive spherical aberration compensation and its effect on the amplified laser are discussed in detail. The results indicate that the amplification efficiency is enhanced by incorporating a 4f system in a double-pass amplifier and placing a 0° reflector only at the focal point of the single-pass amplified laser. This method also effectively uses the heat from the gain medium (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet) of the amplifier to compensate the spherical aberration of the amplified laser.
Can the Supreme Court Generate Public Acceptance of Election Rulings? Politicized Appointments, Elite Norm Violations, and the 2020 Election
Authors: Bartels Brandon L. , Kramon Eric
Published: February 2025

We argue that the controversial Barrett appointment and President Trump’s norm-violating rhetoric posed risks to the Supreme Court’s ability to generate acceptance of a 2020 election intervention. We fielded four nationally-representative survey experiments to measure the Court’s ability to generate public acceptance of an election intervention across key events during the election period. Results show that public acceptance changed substantially across events. The Court lacked the ability to induce acceptance, particularly among Democrats, after the election. Only after the Court dismisses the Republican-led election challenge does acceptance rebound. The Court’s ability to generate public acceptance regarding election disputes appears tenuous.
An interplay of inhibitory and facilitative mechanisms during language control: evidence from phonetic-level language switching with a letter-naming task
Authors: Yue Chang , Chen Yunsheng , Zhang Yun , Zeng Yiling , Zhang Yong
Published: February 2025

Language control in the bilingual brain has remained in the limelight of research over the past decades. However, the mechanisms underlying bilingual language control may be more intricate than typically assumed due to the hierarchical nature of language. This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of bilingual language control at the phonetic level. Participants, who were speakers of Chinese, English and German, named the letters of the alphabet in English (L2) or German (L3) following an alternating language-switching paradigm. Two sets of letters were selected, differing in the phonological similarity of their pronunciation across the two languages, thereby allowing the exploration of cross-language phonological influences. Each participant completed two sessions of letter-naming tasks. In one session, seven phonologically similar letters were randomly repeated either in single-language blocks or in alternate-language blocks. In the other session, seven phonologically dissimilar letters were similarly manipulated. The results indicated local inhibition, reflected by switch costs and global inhibition, reflected by mixing costs. Reversed language dominance, another indicator of global inhibition, was not observed. However, there was a tendency for larger global inhibition to be applied to the more dominant language. Moreover, there was significantly faster naming for phonologically similar letters compared to dissimilar ones, suggesting a facilitation effect for both English and German, irrespective of whether letter naming occurred in single- or alternate-language blocks. These findings provided evidence for the role of inhibitory and facilitative mechanisms at the phonetic level, suggesting language-specific control in the bilingual brain and underscoring the complexity and dynamics of managing language control across multiple levels of processing.
In Pursuit of Statehood: Palestinian Performativity in Human Rights Treaty Bodies
Authors: Haddad Mary , Jasper Alon
Published: February 2025

This article uses the theoretical framework of “performative sovereignty” to analyze the role of sovereignty in the Palestinian Authority’s interactions with human rights treaty bodies and to the judicial decisions of the Palestine Supreme Constitutional Court. We argue that, in contrast to dominant views of sovereignty as a threshold, sovereignty is performed through a series of discrete (yet related) interactions and practices that—when accepted by their designated audience—result in rights and privileges being granted, accompanied by sovereign status. Analyzing both Palestinian communications with human rights treaty bodies and cases brought before the Palestinian Supreme Constitutional Court, we argue that the drive to perform sovereignty helps explain states’ actions in joining and reporting to human rights treaty bodies and the responses those actions have elicited. We also find that sovereignty operates as an iron cage—an almost ubiquitous framework—that structures (both constrains and enables) the possible actions of different actors in the field of human rights. The inquiry deepens our understanding of the development and operation of human rights and the role of statehood in shaping the global legal order.
The East Mediterranean Gas Forum as a Platform for a Regional Energy Treaty
Authors: Klotsman Igor , Reich Arie
Published: February 2025

This article discusses the East Mediterranean Gas Forum (EMGF), a regional energy organisation formed in 2020. It highlights the organisation’s significance in promoting cooperation in the East Mediterranean energy sector but notes the absence of a robust legal framework, governance structure and binding rules. The lack of mechanisms for enforcing decisions among members is also a concern. To address these shortcomings, the article proposes the adoption of a regional energy treaty.

The suggested treaty holds the potential of transforming the EMGF into a potent and legally binding energy organisation. By establishing a comprehensive legal foundation, the treaty could foster energy cooperation, promote sustainable energy initiatives, and create a secure investment environment, thereby stimulating economic growth across the Mediterranean region. Moreover, implementation of the treaty could play a crucial role in ensuring energy security within the East Mediterranean. It has the capacity to help in mediating and resolving disputes concerning maritime boundaries, transit and political issues that pose threats to the stability and effectiveness of the EMGF.

For a regional energy treaty to be effective, it should encompass provisions concerning transit, trade, investment and environmental protection. The inclusion of decision-making bodies and robust dispute settlement mechanisms is essential to encourage investment, facilitate unhindered transit and consolidate the stature of the EMGF as a pre-eminent energy organisation.
Gamma amino butyric acid augments performance of heat stressed broiler chickens through enhancement of oxidative defence mechanism
Authors: Haldar Sudipto , Arora Sayantani Sihi , Debnath Anusuya , Dhara Amrita Kumar
Published: February 2025

The effect of supplementation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a component of the neuroendocrine cascade involved in stress alleviation, was studied in broiler chickens in a heat stress model. In a 42-day feeding trial, 300 male and 300 female broiler chickens were equally distributed in an environmentally controlled (EC) and an open house (OH) according to a 2x2x3 factorial design. The diet was either devoid of GABA (0 mg/kg) or was supplemented with 60 or 120 mg/kg GABA. Zootechnical performances (1-42 d), expression of mRNA for genes coding for inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α) in spleen (24 d), oxidative regulators (Nrf-2, SOD) in liver (24 d), and arterial blood gas concentrations (24 d) were assessed. Whole genome sequencing of the caecal microbiome was performed for the male birds (42 d). Supplementation of GABA improved (P < 0.01) body weight and feed conversion ratio irrespective of sex and housing conditions, expression of IL-1β and IL-8, and Nrf-2 gene. GABA decreased (P < 0.05) malondialdehyde and increased (P < 0.05) glutathione peroxidase activities in serum. GABA decreased circulatory corticosterone concertation (P < 0.05). While both housing conditions benefitted from GABA, its effects were more pronounced in OH (house effect P < 0.05). GABA supplementation modulated caecal microbiota composition by increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Alistipes and Bacteroides, particularly in the OH environment. Overall, this study concludes that 60 mg/kg GABA supplementation improves growth performance, stress resilience, and microbial composition in broiler chickens, with variable effects depending on housing conditions.
Critical theory and cultural competency in medical QI projects: lessons from Pacific Islander communities
Authors: Martorana Adam , Katta Sankalp , Huynh Hanna , Ulger Ezgi , Andrion Jeffrey
Published: February 2025

This reflection explores the transformative power of critical theory through a quality improvement (QI) project creating culturally relevant dietary resources for Pacific Islander communities in Washington State, USA. Food injustice and lack of food sovereignty are examined as manifestations of modern-day colonialism perpetuated by capitalist-driven social structures. The methodology employed critical reflection, defined as the process of examining assumptions and power relations that shape practice, central to critical theory. Iterative group discussions aimed to understand the impact of individual and collective assumptions, power dynamics, and oppression on the project’s conceptualization, implementation, and evaluation.

Specific recommendations are integrated into the discussion to aid those replicating similar protocols, emphasizing actionable steps such as engaging with the community at all project stages. The research team, composed of osteopathic medical students and a critical theory expert, engaged in reflexivity to understand how social locations and lived experiences influenced perceptions. Despite the goal of fostering cultural inclusivity, limitations in engaging the Pacific Islander community throughout the project lifecycle highlighted the need for cultural humility and participatory action methodology.

This study underscores the importance of understanding the history and socio-political context of marginalized communities to avoid perpetuating colonial practices and trauma. It emphasizes the necessity for medical schools to incorporate sociological theories into curricula to promote compassionate, culturally appropriate care and research. By critically examining positionality and engaging in transformative learning, the group advocates for systemic changes towards a more equitable global healthcare system.

Through critical reflection, the group has come to understand how lived experiences have shaped perceptions of oppression, which are entrenched within and perpetuated by social institutions. Actionable items from these reflections are presented to help future practitioners and educators apply cultural humility, community empowerment, and critical theory in QI projects.
Helminths of the rock lizards Darevskia dahli and D. armeniaca in their invaded range in Ukraine
Authors: Svitin R. , Marushchak O. , Dmytriieva I. , Dupak V. , Greben O. , Nechai A. , Syrota Y.
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the helminths of the mixed invasive population of Darevskia armeniaca and D. dahli, collected during two field trips in Denyshy, Zhytomyr region, Ukraine, in 2023. In total, 67 adult lizards (35 D. armeniaca and 32 D. dahli) were examined. Molecular and morphological approaches were used to identify the parasites. The analyses revealed six helminth species, including four nematodes (Toxocara cati, Strongyloides darevskyi, Oswaldocruzia sp., and Spirurida gen. sp.), one trematode (Pleurogenes claviger), and one cestode (Mesocestoides litteratus). Toxocara cati had the highest prevalence, found in cysts located primarily on the liver and in the body cavity of the hosts. The qualitative and quantitative comparative assessment of the helminth community suggests that, due to the introduction of these lizards, most helminth species from their native range have been lost. Additionally, most local helminth species have not yet adapted to parasitising these lizards as normal hosts of their life cycle.
Pashto preverbs, III. Compound verbs with preverb
Authors: de Chiara Matteo
Published: February 2025

This article, the third in a series, focuses on the “living” preverbs used in the verbal system of contemporary Pashto. The verbs treated here belong to the “compound verbs with preverb” class or to the “mixed verbs with preverb” class: verbs that replace the wə́- of the simple verbs with another preverb. This class of verbs represents a closed set, and a complete list of these verbs can be investigated systematically and exhaustively. This subject is as yet unexamined and its implications for the interpretation of contemporary Pashto verbal morphology are particularly stimulating.
Digital health technology use in Australian general practice (GP) consultations: a cross-sectional analysis of the medicine in Australia: balancing employment and life study
Authors: Tran Michael , Rhee Joel , Blazek Katrina , Balasooriya Chinthaka , Vuong Kylie
Published: February 2025

Background and objective:

The use of technology including digital decision support tools has become more ubiquitous in general practice. Australian GPs’ use of digital decision support tools, the sentiments, and associations with practitioner and practice characteristics. Positive and negative sentiments were considered facilitators and barriers to the uptake of digital decision support tools.

Methods:

Secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study was undertaken with data from the Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life (MABEL) survey was analysed. 3,126 GPs responded from a total of 27,829 participants representing all types of physicians, surveyed in September 2018. Descriptive statistics was used to examine facilitators and barriers to GP uptake of digital decision support tools, and multivariable logistic regression was used to examine its associations with practitioner and practice characteristics.

Results:

2240 GPs in this study (83.8%) reported using digital decision support tools with largely positive sentiments regarding technology use in consultations. Reservations include privacy concerns, system incompatibility, and lack of support. Those using digital decision support tools were more likely to be female, younger and bulk-billing.

Discussion:

Perceived facilitators of digital decision support tools in Australian general practice include improvements in patient outcomes, satisfaction, care processes, and saving time. Barriers include concerns about data privacy, lack of support, incompatibility, and being time-consuming. There was higher uptake amongst bulk-billing and female practitioners. Further research on the clinical usefulness of digital decision support tools and its impact on decision-making in general practice would be of value.
Using the Intersectional Approach to Social Policy to Investigate the Adult Worker Model
Authors: Saxonberg Steven
Published: February 2025

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In this thematic issue, the authors explore family policies in seven different countries: Hungary, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Romania, Taiwan, Turkey, and the UK. A common theme is that in analysing these policies, we need to take into account more than gender, but rather we need to also consider issues such as class, poverty, religion, and the use of migrant workers. Thus, these countries have all been moving away from the traditional male breadwinner model; however, the adult-worker model is also inadequate for describing the nuances of these countries’ policies. Instead, an intersectional approach makes more sense, combining gender with the other important socioeconomic issues just mentioned.
Islamic doctrine and women's economic rights: implications of an ambiguous relationship for state policy in the Muslim world
Authors: Rahman Fatima Z.
Published: February 2025

Islam provides counteracting rules on women's economic rights. In order to understand the effect of the opposing rules in Islamic doctrine on women's economic rights at the state level, I test the relationship, along with a set of competing hypotheses. Using data from 1990 to 2014 on the population of Muslim-majority states, I employ a multilevel mixed-effects linear regression model. I find that at the state level, Islam is not a major influence on women's economic rights. However, other cultural and economic factors are strong predictors. To better understand the causal mechanisms linking the predictors to women's economic rights, I employ a most similar systems case study, comparing Jordan and Morocco. These cases are selected because they share many similarities, yet have contrasting records on women's economic rights. The case study reveals that Arab states that can overcome the dominance of patriarchal interests in the policymaking process are better positioned to advance women's economic rights.
Who leads the flock? Religion and the radical right among Brazilian migrants
Authors: Boas Taylor C.
Published: February 2025

Brazilians in the United States voted overwhelmingly for right-wing populist Jair Bolsonaro in 2022. What role did religion play? Based on exit polling, focus groups, and observation of local Brazilian churches, this article explores how Christianity drives support for right-wing populism among Brazilian migrants to the Boston area. Christians, and especially evangelicals, are significantly more likely to vote for Bolsonaro, and the priests and pastors of Brazilian migrant churches are particularly willing to discuss parties and candidates. Yet neither clergy endorsements nor political conversations at church explain this religious effect. I argue that indirect influence within congregations, which reinforces a conservative worldview in non-overtly political ways, helps explain why most observant evangelicals favor Bolsonaro. Migrants potentially influence the voting behavior of friends and family in Brazil, including via transnational religious communities, so their political attitudes can help bolster authoritarian populism in the homeland, as also seen in India and Turkey.
Fully integrated Si/SiGe BiCMOS phototransistor: hydrodynamical simulation of the photogenerated carriers
Authors: Thary Valentin , Algani Catherine , Polleux Jean-Luc , Chevalier Pascal
Published: February 2025

This paper presents for the first time the implementation of an Si/SiGe heterojunction bipolar phototransistor (HPT) into an STMicroelectronics BiCMOS technology together with the development of hydrodynamical model that fits in a trustable manner the measured opto-microwave performance. The developed hydrodynamical model relies on a precise topology analysis of the HPT and an efficient optical absorption coefficient model. It is key to predict the optimization required for the HPT. Simulation results with responsivities of 0.92 A/W and bandwidth of 1.55 GHz are obtained at low

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optical window. Simulation results are used to identify the best horizontal geometry that maximizes the gain–bandwidth product of the HPT. The behavior of the photo-generated carriers in the active region of the device is investigated.
Military chaplains and equivalent religious personnel under international humanitarian law
Authors: Bartles-Smith Andrew
Published: February 2025

This article explores the implications of attaching military chaplains and similar religious personnel to State and non-State fighting forces, and what this means for international humanitarian law (IHL). IHL assigns religious personnel a non-combatant humanitarian function equivalent to medical personnel, stipulating that they should perform exclusively religious duties. This underestimates the scope of “religious” activity, however, particularly the moral dimension of their ministry and the force-multiplying and restraining effects that this has on combatant behaviour. As representatives of non-State institutions embedded within military structures, many religious personnel also enjoy a unique degree of access to – and separation from – the chain of command, and can leverage this autonomy to influence the conduct of hostilities. The more that religious personnel are invested in the achievement of a fighting force's military objectives and are involved in its military operations, the likelier it is that they will test the parameters of their humanitarian function, and the protections they enjoy, under IHL. Moreover, some clerics associated with fighting forces do not aspire to non-combatant or exclusively humanitarian status, and should not be considered religious personnel. It is in the midst of armed conflict that religious personnel are most needed, however, and the tensions and ambiguities between their religious and military support functions are integral to their cross-cutting role. The contribution that religious personnel can make to humanizing war, and socializing IHL or corresponding religious principles, depends on them being present to support combatants and not confining themselves to a separate, but less effectual, humanitarian space. Criteria for their humanitarian exclusivity, attachment to fighting forces and protections under IHL therefore require some clarification.
Relationship Between Responses in Hydrological and Terrestrial Carbon Cycles to the 1815 Tambora Volcanic Eruption in MIROC‐ES2L
Authors: Abe Manabu , Hajima Tomohiro
Published: February 2025

To clarify how the hydrological cycle response affects the terrestrial carbon cycle response to volcanic eruption forcing, we investigated these responses and their relationships in an ideal simulation of the 1815 eruption of the Tambora volcano using an Earth system model called MIROC‐ES2L. We compared the responses of the hydrological cycle with different timescales between land and ocean within approximately 5 years after the eruption. On land, because of a decrease in shortwave radiation (SW) due to the volcanic forcing, evaporation and precipitation decreased immediately after the eruption, and also cloud cover decreased and worked to increase SW, contrary to the volcanic forcing. In the ocean, the decrease in precipitation was more pronounced after approximately a year after the eruption. Thus, we noted a clear land‐ocean contrast in weakening the global average response of the hydrological cycle. The global mean gross primary production (GPP) in terrestrial ecosystems has increased since the eruption. This increase is mainly due to the rise of tropical GPP, which was attributable to the reduced cloud cover caused by volcanic force. While the volcanic forcing decreased SW in most terrestrial areas, the reduced cloud cover contributed to the GPP increase through the increase in SW. The relationship between these responses highlights the importance of reducing uncertainty in Earth system models related to the response of the hydrological cycle, such as clouds, to reduce uncertainty in the carbon cycle's response to volcanic eruptions.
Where the Wetlands Are
Authors: Owen Rebecca
Published: February 2025

Researchers have crafted the most comprehensive map yet of Europe’s wetlands.
A large field of view 2- and 3-photon microscope
Authors: Waters Jack
Published: February 2025

A new multiphoton fluorescence microscope has been developed, offering cellular resolution across a large field of view deep within biological tissues. This opens new possibilities across a range of biological sciences, particularly within neuroscience where optical approaches can reveal signaling in real time throughout an extended network of cells distributed through the brain of an awake, behaving mouse.
3D printing of micro-nano devices and their applications
Authors: Zhang Naibo , Wang Zilai , Zhao Zixin , Zhang Dongxing , Feng Junyu , Yu Linghao , Lin Zhanhong , Guo Qiuquan , Huang Jianming , Mao Junfa , Yang Jun
Published: February 2025

In recent years, the utilization of 3D printing technology in micro and nano device manufacturing has garnered significant attention. Advancements in 3D printing have enabled achieving sub-micron level precision. Unlike conventional micro-machining techniques, 3D printing offers versatility in material selection, such as polymers. 3D printing technology has been gradually applied to the general field of microelectronic devices such as sensors, actuators and flexible electronics due to its adaptability and efficacy in microgeometric design and manufacturing processes. Furthermore, 3D printing technology has also been instrumental in the fabrication of microfluidic devices, both through direct and indirect processes. This paper provides an overview of the evolving landscape of 3D printing technology, delineating the essential materials and processes involved in fabricating microelectronic and microfluidic devices in recent times. Additionally, it synthesizes the diverse applications of these technologies across different domains.
Tetrandrine augments melanoma cell immunogenicity via dual inhibition of autophagic flux and proteasomal activity enhancing MHC-I presentation
Authors: He Li-na , Liu Yu-jiao , Jiang Jun-bo , Wang Ding-ye , Li Yu-ling , Zeng Shi-ji , Guo Zi , Yao Pei-yan , Lin Zi-chang , Lv Si-xian , Liu Xiao-yi , Guo Wei , Liu Fang , Du Biao-yan , Zhao Ting-xiu , Xiao Jian-yong , Shi Ya-fei , Wang Kun
Published: February 2025

MHC-I-mediated antigen presentation is pivotal in antitumor immunity, enabling the recognition and destruction of tumor cells by CD8+ T cells. Both the proteasome and autophagy serve as essential cellular degradation mechanisms that regulate the stability and functionality of MHC-I molecules. In melanoma, modulating the pathways that affect MHC-I antigen presentation is pivotal and can profoundly influence the therapeutic outcomes of immunotherapy. Our initial effort of this study was a screening process to identify natural compounds capable of amplifying MHC-I surface expression on B16 melanoma cells. Utilizing flow cytometry with fluorescently tagged antibodies, we identified tetrandrine (Tet), a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid derived from the root of Stephania tetrandra, as a potent enhancer of MHC-I-mediated antigen presentation in B16 melanoma cells. We demonstrate that tetrandrine (2.5, 5, 7.5 μM) dose-dependently upregulates both surface and total MHC-I protein levels in B16 or A375 melanoma cells by simultaneously inhibiting autophagy and proteasomal activity, two key pathways involved in MHC-I degradation. This dual inhibition stabilizes MHC-I molecules, leading to enhanced tumor antigen presentation and improved recognition by CD8+ T cells. In co-culture systems, tetrandrine treatment increased CD8+ T cell activation and cytotoxicity against melanoma cells, evidenced by elevated IFN-γ secretion and increased tumor cell apoptosis. Administration of tetrandrine (50 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g., for 15 days) significantly suppressed melanoma growth in mouse models accompanied by increased CD8+ T cell infiltration and activation within the tumor microenvironment. Notably, tetrandrine synergized with anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint therapy, leading to enhanced tumor growth inhibition compared to either treatment alone. We revealed that tetrandrine (7.5 μM) blocked the lysosomal calcium efflux channel TPC2, disrupting lysosomal calcium homeostasis, thus impairing lysosomal acidification and proteasomal activity, thereby stabilizing MHC-I molecules and promoting antigen presentation. These results highlight tetrandrine’s unique mechanism of action in enhancing MHC-I-mediated antigen presentation through dual inhibition of autophagic flux and proteasomal degradation. This study underscores tetrandrine’s potential as a novel immunomodulatory agent to boost CD8+ T cell-mediated tumor cell eradication and enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint therapies.
Spatiotemporal proteomics reveals the biosynthetic lysosomal membrane protein interactome in neurons
Authors: Li Chun Hei , Kersten Noortje , Özkan Nazmiye , Nguyen Dan T. M. , Koppers Max , Post Harm , Altelaar Maarten , Farias Ginny G.
Published: February 2025

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Delivery of biosynthetic lysosomal proteins to lysosomes is crucial to orchestrate proper lysosomal function. However, it remains unknown how the delivery of biosynthetic lysosomal proteins to lysosomes is ensured in neurons, which are highly polarized cells. Here, we developed Protein Origin, Trafficking And Targeting to Organelle Mapping (POTATOMap), by combining trafficking synchronization and proximity-labelling based proteomics, to unravel the trafficking routes and interactome of the biosynthetic lysosomal membrane protein LAMP1 at specified time points. This approach, combined with advanced microscopy, enables us to identify the neuronal domain-specific trafficking machineries of biosynthetic LAMP1. We reveal a role in replenishing axonal lysosomes, in delivery of newly synthesized axonal synaptic proteins, and interactions with RNA granules to facilitate hitchhiking in the axon. POTATOMap offers a robust approach to map out dynamic biosynthetic protein trafficking and interactome from their origin to destination.
Green HPLC technique development for the simultaneous determination of the potential combination of Mirabegron and Tamsulosin
Authors: Bahgat Eman A. , Saleh Hanaa , Darwish Islam M. , El-Abassy Omar M
Published: February 2025

Mirabegron and tamsulosin have recently been prescribed to men with overactive bladder for the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. An efficient and environmentally friendly HPLC method was developed to accurately measure the levels of mirabegron and tamsulosin in both their pure form and in medication formulations. Full separation was achieved on an X-Bridge C18 column using a gradient elution of (The A mobile phase was a buffer solution containing 1 mL of trifluoroacetic acid and 3 mL of triethylamine in 1,000 milliliters of water, the pH of the solution was then adjusted to 3 using triethylamine and the B-mobile phase was acetonitrile). The chromatographic peaks were obtained at a wavelength of 220 nm. Mirabegron and tamsulosin were identified with retention time values of 2.4 min and 8.9 min, respectively. In the concentration ranges of 2.5–55 µg/mL for mirabegron and 5–110 µg/mL for tamsulosin, remarkable linearity was seen. The limits of detection for the two analytes were 0.28 and 0.55 µg/mL, respectively, and their R2 values were 0.9999. The new HPLC method was evaluated for its environmental friendliness using the Analytical GREEness (AGREE) metric. Furthermore, the suggested technique was considered practicable based on the evaluation conducted using the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) assessment. Both evaluation methods were quite successful, yielding scores of 0.52 and 80, respectively. Compared to the TLC-reported method, HPLC is the preferred choice for the separation of the two analytes due to its sensitivity.
A hybrid multi model artificial intelligence approach for glaucoma screening using fundus images
Authors: Sharma Parmanand , Takahashi Naoki , Ninomiya Takahiro , Sato Masataka , Miya Takehiro , Tsuda Satoru , Nakazawa Toru
Published: February 2025

Glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness, requires accurate early detection. We present an AI-based Glaucoma Screening (AI-GS) network comprising six lightweight deep learning models (total size: 110 MB) that analyze fundus images to identify early structural signs such as optic disc cupping, hemorrhages, and nerve fiber layer defects. The segmentation of the optic cup and disc closely matches that of expert ophthalmologists. AI-GS achieved a sensitivity of 0.9352 (95% CI 0.9277–0.9435) at 95% specificity. In real-world testing, sensitivity dropped to 0.5652 (95% CI 0.5218–0.6058) at ~0.9376 specificity (95% CI 0.9174–0.9562) for the standalone binary glaucoma classification model, whereas the full AI-GS network maintained higher sensitivity (0.8053, 95% CI 0.7704–0.8382) with good specificity (0.9112, 95% CI 0.8887–0.9356). The sub-models in AI-GS, with enhanced capabilities in detecting early glaucoma-related structural changes, drive these improvements. With low computational demands and tunable detection parameters, AI-GS promises widespread glaucoma screening, portable device integration, and improved understanding of disease progression.
Effects of Removing Boron from Subphthalocyanines: A Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Labella Jorge , Labrador-Santiago Jorge , Holgado Daniel , Torres Tomás
Published: February 2025

The element hosted within the inner cavity of phthalocyanines (Pcs) dictates the wide functional versatility of these well-known macrocycles. Subphthalocyanines (SubPcs), by contrast, are only known as boron complexes, yet...
Skin-like quasi-solid-state electrolytes for spontaneous zinc-ion dehydration toward ultra-stable zinc-iodine batteries
Authors: Cao Shaochong , Zhang Aiwen , Fang Huayi , Feng Bingjian , Liu Yongshuai , Yi Pengshu , He Shan , Ren Zhouhong , Ma Longli , Lu Wenyi , Ye Mingxin , Shen Jianfeng
Published: February 2025

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-iodine (Zn-I2) batteries are cost-effective alternative candidates for conventional metal-based batteries due to their sustainability in fabrication and source. However, the issues of the shuttle effect of polyiodides...
CO2/NOx storage and reduction (CNSR) technology — a new concept for flue gas treatment
Authors: Wei Jiaqi , Gao Yanshan , Zhang Cheng , Wang Qiang
Published: February 2025

The emission of CO2 and NOx from industrial factories poses significant challenges to human health and contributes to extreme climate change. NOx storage and reduction (NSR) and integrated CO2 capture...
Carbon isotope fractionation during volatilization of chlorinated organic compounds
Authors: Zhang Lingling , Liu Yi , Du Xinyi , Zhu Di , Shi Zhe , Lin Mang , Jin Biao
Published: February 2025

Inverse carbon isotope fractionation occurs during volatilization of chlorinated organic compounds.
FRET-Driven Hybrid Polymer–Perovskite Matrices for Efficient Pure-Red Emission
Authors: Saxena Jyoti , Murali Rahul , Roy Avari , Al-Kahtani Abdullah , Soma Venugopal Rao , Raavi Sai Santosh Kumar , Sadhanala Aditya
Published: February 2025

Achieving efficient pure-red emission in perovskite-based high-definition display applications remains challenging due to persistent spectral, thermodynamic, and operational instability. Although significant progress has been made using red-emitting quasi-2D perovskites, quantum...
Commuting CO2 Electro-Reduction Active Sites on a Nickel-Based Hybrid Formed on a "Guilty" Covalent Triazine Framework
Authors: Tuci Giulia , Moro Miriam , Rossin Andrea , Evangelisti Claudio , Poggini Lorenzo , Etzi Marco , Verlato Enrico , Paolucci Francesco , Liu Yuefeng , Valenti Giovanni , Giambastiani Giuliano
Published: February 2025

A homogeneous and almost monodisperse Ni/CTFph composite of ultrasmall Ni NPs (~ 2.2 nm) has been prepared by Metal Vapor Synthesis (MVS) deposited on a highly porous and high specific...
Polyfluorene-based electrolyte membrane for hydrogen/oxygen gas separation under humidified conditions
Authors: Miyanishi Shoji , Matsuta Kaede , Yamaguchi Takeo
Published: February 2025

Hydrogen/oxygen separation under wet conditions has recently become important in the production of hydrogen. This study developed an electrolyte membrane, PFST-C8-SO3H, with a poly(fluorene-alt-tetrafluorophenylene) backbone and achieved high hydrogen/oxygen separation...