bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual‐Site NiO/Bi3O4Br Heterojunction Catalyst for High‐Efficiency CO2‐to‐CH4 Conversion
Authors: Jiang Wenhan , He Yiling , Zhu Xinxin , Liu Yu , Zhou Yanbo , Zhou Yi
Published: November 2024

Solar light‐driven conversion of CO2 into chemicals with high calorific value is regarded as an upcoming carbon utilization technology for alleviating the energy crisis. This technique faces the challenge of low CO2 conversion and product yield due to charge recombination in the catalyst. In this paper, a dual‐reaction site heterojunction catalyst was designed and fabricated by combining NiO with Bi3O4Br nanosheets, for the separation of CO2 reduction and H2O oxidation semireactions, which effectively promoted electrons and holes separation. The resulting catalyst exhibited a high CH4 production rate (8.12 µmol/g) and selectivity (94.69%). Electron distribution and band structure were investigated to explain the satisfactory catalytic performance. In addition, combining the in‐situ DRIFTS results, a formic acid‐intermediated CO2‐to‐CH4 reaction pathway was proposed. This work aims to pave the way for CH4 production via CO2 photoreduction with high efficiency and selectivity.
Stereocatalytic Effect of CeO2 for the Synthesis of trans‐3‐Penten‐2‐ol
Authors: Yan Siyang , Feng Ruilin , Liu Jiaxu , Bai Chenxi , Qi Yanlong
Published: November 2024

The transformation of biobased alkanediols over heterogeneous catalysts is a major object. Here, a series of catalysts were prepared for 2,4‐pentanediol dehydration to 3‐penten‐2‐ol. Ceria‐based catalysts had a unique property of showing high efficiency. More importantly, a stereocatalytic effect was observed for CeO2, yielding trans‐3‐penten‐2‐ol with a high selectivity. Raman, XPS, TPD, and TPR were carried out to clarify the catalyst structure, and the relationship between the catalyst structure and catalytic performance were studied. The amount of Lewis acid sites can hardly be correlated with the total concentrations of the oxygen vacancies. It was suggested that the geometry structure of the active sites played a crucial role in trans‐3‐penten‐2‐ol production. The oxygen vacancies originating from CeO2 consisted of active sites with a geometrical structure, which were different from those created by Pr doping CeO2. In addition, the Pr doping enhanced the oxygen migration, which resulted in side reactions, consequently, giving a lower selectivity to trans‐3‐penten‐2‐ol.
Organocatalytic Electrophilic Arene Amination: Rapid Synthesis of 2‐Quinolones
Authors: Das Tamal Kanti , Ghosh Arghya , Grimm Zachary , Aguinaga Ulises , Yousufuddin Muhammed , Kürti László
Published: November 2024

For decades, the synthesis of 2‐quinolones, a crucial structural motif in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, has relied heavily on costly noble metal complexes and structurally complex ligands. Despite considerable efforts from synthetic chemists, a mild, metal‐free, environmentally friendly, and cost‐effective approach has remained elusive. This study introduces a robust, metal‐free synthetic platform that leverages an innovative organoiodine‐catalyzed electrophilic arene C(sp2)−H amination strategy to efficiently produce a wide range of new and modifiable 2‐quinolones. Moreover, this study allows ready synthetic access to novel 8‐aryl‐substituted 2‐quinolones, uncovering new chemical spaces with significant potential for medicinal applications.
Proximity Effects and Aggregation of Hamilton‐Receptor Barbiturate Host–Guest Complexes Probed by Cross‐Metathesis and ESI MS Analysis
Authors: Li Chenming , Mai Pascal , Festag Niclas , Marinow Anja , Binder Wolfgang H.
Published: November 2024

The molecular environment around supramolecular bonding systems significantly affects their stability and the assembly of host–guest complexes, most prominent for hydrogen bonds (H‐bonds). Hamilton receptor‐barbiturate host–guest complexes are well‐known in solution, typically forming a 1 : 1 molar ratio complex. However, within a polymer matrix, these complexes can form higher‐order assemblies, deviating from the standard 1 : 1 complex, which are challenging to characterize and often require lab‐intensive methods. In this study, a novel Hamilton receptor (H) was equipped with cyclopentene moieties and used as a host to form host–guest complexes (H−B) with allobarbital (B), followed by covalent crosslinking. UV‐Vis spectroscopy titration experiments in different solvents and at various temperatures revealed that polar solvents containing additional H‐bonding sites significantly reduce the formation of the 1 : 1 H−B complex, as indicated by a reduced association constant. Higher‐order aggregates (HH‐dimer, HHH‐trimer) were subsequently detected via an alkene cross‐metathesis (CM) reaction to fix the assemblies covalently, followed by analysis via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS). This two‐step method, firstly via CM fixation followed by ESI MS, was extended to study the H−B model complex within a polyisobutylene (PIB) matrix, presenting a direct method to analyze the complex host–guest assembly in solvent‐free (polymer) environments.
Emergence of Optical Activity and Surface Morphology Changes in Racemic Amino Acid Films Under Circularly Polarized Lyman‐α Light Irradiation
Authors: Kobayashi Masahiro , Takahashi Jun‐ichi , Ota Hiroshi , Matsuo Koichi , Ibrahim Mohamed I. A. , Minato Taketoshi , Fujimori Gen , Katoh Masahiro , Kobayashi Kensei , Kebukawa Yoko , Nakamura Hiroaki
Published: November 2024

The homochirality of life remains one of the most enigmatic issues in the study of the origin of life. A proposed mechanism for symmetry breaking involves irradiation by circularly polarized light (CPL). To investigate the photoreaction of amino acids under CPL irradiation, a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) CPL irradiation system was developed at the synchrotron light source UVSOR‐III. Hydrogen Lyman‐α CPL (121.6 nm) is considered a potential asymmetric source in space. Therefore, racemic alanine film samples were irradiated with Lyman‐α CPL to explore the photoreaction of biomolecules. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra measurements revealed that irradiation with right‐ (left‐) handed CPL induced a positive (negative) anisotropy factor g in the wavelength range of 180–240 nm. However, the spectra differed from those of enantiopure alanine, exhibiting broad wavelength ranges and no sign change. Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC–MS) measurements indicate formation of larger molecules, such as oligomeric alanine adducts or modified oligomers after the Lyman‐α CPL irradiation. Additionally, CPL irradiation considerably changes the microstructure of the alanine film surface, leading to the formation of circular network aggregates on the scale of 100 nm. The morphology changes in the alanine film and/or the formation of the larger molecules could be possible causes of the modified anisotropy factor spectra compared to those of enantiopure alanine. These findings highlight the need for further research on the photoreaction of biomolecules in solid states under VUV CPL irradiation, particularly in the photoionization energy range, to validate the cosmic scenario of homochirality.
Ingrown Leading to Hierarchical SAPO‐34 with High Catalytic Activity
Authors: Shen Xuefeng , Ding Jiajia , Ye Yingchun , Liu Hongxing , Xie Zaiku
Published: November 2024

Introduce meso/macro‐pore to the crystal of SAPO‐34 is an efficient way to overcome its inherent diffusion resistance. Porogen, formation hierarchical structure by inhibiting the growth of the crystals, would increase the costs of SAPO‐34 and is usually not friendly to environment. In this work, an ingrowth route to synthesize hierarchical SAPO‐34 is developed by secondary silica addition via hydrothermal method. Hierarchical porous SAPO‐34 was synthesized without adding any pore‐generating agent. Secondary silica addition put off the Si and P transferring from the mother liquid to gel phase, leading to the chemical composition of surface first meeting to the crystallization conditions. Then the crystallization started from the surface to the inside of the amorphous particles. The hierarchical SAPO‐34 showed numerous meso/macro pore structure and weaker acid strength. So the hierarchical SAPO‐34 showed better catalytic activity than the conventional SAPO‐34 in MTO reaction.
Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) at diagnosis in essential thrombocythemia: A new promising predictor of thrombotic events
Authors: Ripamonti Alessia , Cavalca Fabrizio , Montelisciani Laura , Antolini Laura , Gambacorti‐Passerini Carlo , Elli Elena Maria
Published: November 2024

Background

Myeloproliferative neoplasms represent a heterogeneous group of acquired hematopoietic stem cell diseases in which chronic inflammation is essential for both clonal evolution and thrombotic complications. The neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), reflecting the imbalance between systemic inflammation and immunity, is emerging as a prognostic biomarker in several diseases, including hematological ones.

Methods

A total of 473 patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET), the relationship between NLR value at diagnosis and the risk of thrombotic events in the follow‐up, in addition to conventional clinical and biological variables, were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

A total of 78 thrombotic events were reported for an incidence rate of 1.8 × 100 patients/year. In multivariate analysis, NLR value ≥4 at diagnosis was associated with higher cumulative thrombotic risk (hazard ratio [HR], 2.05; 95% CI, 1.29–2.28; p = .0001) as well International Prognostic Score for Thrombosis in Essential Thrombosis score intermediate‐high (HR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.27–5.72; p = .01) and diabetes (HR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.23–3.05; p = .010). Concerning arterial thrombotic events, in multivariate analysis, NLR value at diagnosis ≥4 was predictive for thrombosis (HR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.31–4.04; p = .001 as well diabetes (HR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.05–5.68; p = .04) and hypertension (HR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.05–5.68; p = .01). About venous thrombotic events, NLR value ≥5 was a marker predictive for venous thrombosis (HR, 2.99; 95% CI, 2.45–6.48; p = .01) as well age >60 years old (HR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.0–5.10; p = .05).

Conclusion

NLR value is a simple, cost‐effective, and easy‐to‐obtain inflammatory marker that can predict a diagnosis the risk of thrombosis in ET. Our results suggest that NLR value could be integrated into conventional cardiovascular risk scores, to better classify high‐risk patients who are candidates for cytoreductive therapy. Further larger and prospective studies are warranted.
Curcuma Longa Derived Heteroatom‐Self‐Doped Porous Carbon for Cost‐Effective Solid‐State Supercapacitors
Authors: Sangeetha Gopan G. S. , Abraham Nelsa , Rani S. , Kurian Dona , Alana K. M.
Published: November 2024

The cost‐effective synthesis of supercapacitors is a significant challenge in energy storage research. This study introduces a sustainable and cost‐effective method for synthesizing biomass‐derived carbon for solid‐state supercapacitor fabrication. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) plant waste is carbonized at three distinct temperatures (500, 600, and 700 °C for 3 hours), and the resulting carbon is characterized to determine the optimal carbonization conditions. Physicochemical characterization revealed the presence of multiple heteroatoms, which may contribute to enhanced capacitance. Electrochemical studies showed that the carbonized material at 600 °C achieved the highest specific capacitance of 110.04 F/g at 0.1 A/g current density. After activation, the specific capacitance increased to 188 F/g at 0.1 A/g current density. A solid‐state supercapacitor was assembled using the synthesized activated carbon and PVA/H2SO4 gel‐type electrolyte. The resulting device exhibited an impressive specific capacitance of 92.33 F/g at 0.1 A/g, a power density of 4295.28 W/kg, and a cycling stability of 97.42 %. This supercapacitor shows promising potential as an economical and sustainable energy storage solution for portable electronics.
Quantitative Comparison of Age‐Related Development of Oral Functions During Growing Age
Authors: Mizokami Kiichiro , Tohyama Syunnosuke , Kanzaki Hiroyuki , Sasaki Yoji , Katayama Mao , Seki Minami , Rikitake Haruna , Ueda Syoutaro , Sekiya Toshiko , Tomonari Hiroshi
Published: November 2024

Objectives

This cross‐sectional study aimed to investigate the age‐related development of five major oral functions—tongue pressure, lip pressure, masticatory efficiency, bite force, and occlusal contact area—in subjects aged 5–20 years.

Material and Methods

Ninety‐two subjects were divided into four age groups: 5–8, 9–12, 13–16, and 17–20 years. Oral functions were evaluated using standardized methods, including Chew Check Gum for assessing masticatory efficiency, Dental Prescale II for measuring occlusal force and contact area, JMS tongue pressure measuring device for evaluating tongue pressure, and Ripple‐Kun for measuring lip pressure.

Results

Occlusal contact area, maximum bite force, tongue pressure, and masticatory efficiency gradually increased with age, whereas lip pressure remained stable. The occlusal contact area temporarily decreased between 5 and 12 years of age, likely due to the replacement of erupting lateral teeth. Some differences were observed between males and females; however, overall trends in oral function parameters were similar. Spearman's rank correlation analyses revealed significant positive correlations between age and occlusal contact area, bite force, tongue pressure, and masticatory efficiency.

Conclusions

Oral function parameters exhibited different age‐related development patterns. Occlusal contact area, maximum bite force, tongue pressure, and masticatory efficiency gradually increased with age. Interestingly, the occlusal contact area tended to reduce temporarily between 5 and 12 years of age due to the replacement of erupting lateral teeth. Conversely, lip pressure was almost stable during this period. Our findings provide valuable insights into the developmental patterns of oral functions during the growing years.
Transgene effects vary among maize populations with implications for improving quantitative traits
Authors: Linares Julien F. , Coles Nathan D. , Mo Hua , Habben Jeffrey E. , Humbert Sabrina , Messina Carlos , Tang Tom , Cooper Mark , Gho Carla , Carrasco Ricardo , Carter Javier , Flounders Jillian Wicher , Brummer E. Charles
Published: November 2024

The goal of transgenesis in plant breeding is to make step‐change improvements in traits of interest. However, improving quantitative traits, such as yield in maize (Zea mays L.), with transgenes has been difficult. Traditionally, transgene testing is done on a few isogenic lines, and results are extrapolated to entire breeding populations. Testing on limited germplasm does not provide a robust estimate of a transgene's value. Incorporating transgenes directly into breeding populations could increase genetic variance and the rate of genetic gain. Here, we used a transgene that reduces ethylene as a case study and investigated event, transgene, family, and environment effects and their interactions. We also determined whether introduction of the transgene into a breeding population would result in transgenic lines being preferentially selected over nontransgenic lines for yield. We found significant variation in transgene effects across clustered environments and families for multiple traits including yield. In environmental Cluster 2, the transgenic lines yielded 0.4 Mg ha−1 more than nontransgenic lines in family KC22; yet, in family QY43, transgenic lines yielded 0.3 Mg ha−1 less. Similarly, within Cluster 4, the QY43 family had preferential selection of transgenic over nontransgenic lines, whereas in families YE41 and AY91, nontransgenic lines were selected more frequently. These results show the critical importance of evaluating transgenes across broad germplasm diversity to assess their general value to a program. Integrating transgenes, or using gene editing, directly in a breeding program can expand genetic variation for quantitative traits and potentially accelerate genetic gain.
Foliar application of Verticillium dahliae Aspf2‐like protein improved the heat tolerance of creeping bentgrass by regulating photosynthetic and antioxidant capabilities
Authors: Yuan Yan , Zhou Min , Ni Wanlin , Zhang Yan , Li Zhou
Published: November 2024

Continuous high ambient temperature in hot summer months leads to a sharp decline in turf quality of cool‐season turfgrass. Verticillium dahliae Aspf2‐like protein (VDAL) is a secretory protein of V. dahliae that can improve crop yield and resistance to disease, but its role in improving heat tolerance of cool‐season turfgrass has not been reported so far. The objectives of this study were to explore the effect and mechanism of foliar application of VDAL on improving heat tolerance in cool‐season creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) and to further examine the advantage of foliar spraying with VDAL in mitigating summer bentgrass decline (SBD) in the US transition zone or other regions with similar climate. The results demonstrated that the optimal dose of VDAL for improving thermotolerance of two creeping bentgrass cultivars (heat‐tolerant 13 M and heat‐sensitive Seaside II) was screened as 0.2 g L−1 based on analyses of chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency of PSII, and cell membrane stability under controlled heat stress conditions. Foliar application of the optimal dose of VDAL significantly restricted chlorophyll loss under heat stress and also alleviated heat‐induced declines in net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency. In addition, overaccumulations of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide could be significantly alleviated by the exogenous application of VDAL through improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase in two cultivars. A further 2‐year field trial showed that foliar application of VDAL improved turf quality, chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency, and cell membrane stability of the two cultivars during hot summer months of 2022 and 2023. The results indicate that the appropriate dose of VDAL plays a positive role in photosynthetic performance and antioxidant capacity for thermotolerance of creeping bentgrass, and foliar application of VDAL could be considered an effective approach for alleviating SBD.
Circular supply chain and circular practices: An analysis from the perspective of sustainability and Industry 4.0
Authors: Zardo Duane Jaqueline , Granela Ana Paula , Sehnem Simone , Julkovski Dulcimar Jose
Published: November 2024

The objective of the study was to analyse how the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies can promote circular practices within supply chains, aiming for efficiency, transparency and sustainability. The theoretical framework of the research included concepts from Industry 4.0, sustainability, circular supply chains and emerging technologies, underpinning the analysis of the integration of these elements. The research was conducted through a systematic literature review, analysing 28 articles published between 2017 and 2024 that discussed the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies into circular supply chains. The results indicate that the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies predominantly occurs through the paradox of economic growth, efficiency, and technological innovation. This integration aids in promoting circular practices by identifying waste, opportunities for material reuse, tracking waste and by‐products and predicting product demand with greater accuracy, among other benefits. The conclusion of the research highlights the importance of sustainability, innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration in driving more efficient and sustainable practices within supply chains. The contributions include the expansion of knowledge on the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies into circular supply chains, the identification of opportunities for future research, the encouragement of interdisciplinarity and collaboration, and the promotion of more efficient and sustainable practices across various sectors of the economy.
Innovating Environmentally Sustainable Materials Platforms by Harnessing Coastal Marine Tunicates
Authors: Hong Shiyao , Schnetzer Astrid , Lavoine Nathalie , Lucia Lucian , Eggleston David B.
Published: November 2024

The most influential technological innovations and societal progress lie at the intersection of scientific disciplines. Today, more than ever, biology assumes a more central and participatory role at this confluence. Within the context of this scientific inter‐disciplinarity, the current effort was undertaken to explore the ecology of invasive tunicates, marine invertebrates increasingly considered a nuisance to the ecology of coastal ecosystems, yet potentially a resource for diverse applications in materials chemistry, construction, composites, and engineering. The intention of this perspective is to stimulate conversation and discussion with respect to benthic tunicates, a valuable yet underappreciated biological resource, which can be converted to cellulose nanocrystals, one of the most important bio‐based materials sourced today. It will also attempt to consolidate current understandings of the ecology of tunicates and how potential material exploitation can be mutually compatible and compliant with efforts to protect coastal ecosystems and aquaculture which are currently inundated or threatened by invasive tunicates.
Current Advances in the Photoconversion of Plastics: the Catalysts and Reaction Pathways
Authors: Wang Junting , Zhang Caiwei , Wang Yiou
Published: November 2024

Plastic waste has caused severe global environmental pollution and health issues due to the high production rate and lack of proper disposal technology. Traditional methods to deal with plastic waste, such as incineration and landfilling, are deemed unsustainable and energy‐intensive. A promising alternative is the photocatalytic conversion of plastic waste, using sunlight as a sustainable and carbon‐neutral energy source to break down plastic waste under ambient pressure and low temperatures. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of recent advancements in plastic photoconversion, with an emphasis on the catalysts and reaction pathways. The mechanisms and reaction routes are first reviewed, followed by a detailed discussion of strategies to design catalysts for improved performance in photoconversion. Then, examples of photothermal degradation processes are presented. Finally, current strategies, challenges, and possible future directions of plastic photoconversion are summarized and discussed.
A Robust Spectrum Allocation Framework Towards Inference Management in Multichannel Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Panda Shashi Bhusan , Swain Prasanta Kumar , Imoize Agbotiname Lucky , Tripathy Subhranshu Sekhar , Lee Cheng‐Chi
Published: November 2024

Recently, there has been research on using cognitive radio to increase the effectiveness of spectrum resources. Secondary users (SUs) sense, identify, and access frequency bands presently unoccupied by primary users (PUs). Indeed, the precise communication methods of PUs remain consistently unknown to SUs. Designing an appropriate system for spectrum monitoring along with access is necessary to address the challenging problem of guaranteeing the quality of service (QoS) for PUs and satisfying the demand of SUs for spectrum resources. When several SUs and different channels are available, spectrum allocation and sharing must be considered. This work proposes a system for allocating spectrum to multiple users and sharing multiple channels for SUs dealing with PUs with uncertain behavior. The study focuses on analyzing the interference caused to PUs by the dynamic access of SUs. The analysis of the interference produced by SUs is conducted using renewal theory. Queuing theory determines the highest average data rate achievable by SUs while considering the limitations imposed by interference to PUs and the need to maintain stability in the secondary network. Comprehensive simulations validate the efficacy of this approach.
Investigating the Presence of Autistic Traits and Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms in Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Inal‐Kaleli Ipek , Dogan Nurhak , Kose Sezen , Bora Emre
Published: November 2024

Objective

The present meta‐analysis aims to assess whether individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) demonstrate elevated autistic traits, to explore potential associations between autistic traits and eating disorder symptoms; as well as to estimate the prevalence of a positive screen for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) assessed via Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), in AN.

Method

A systematic literature search was conducted in PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and Web of Science in August 2023 and later updated in April 2024 to identify relevant studies. Twenty‐two studies with 1172 AN patients and 2747 healthy controls (HCs) met the inclusion criteria.

Results

There was a significant difference between AN and HC groups in autistic traits (g = 0.88, CI = 0.65–1.12), and a significant but modest correlation was found between autistic traits and severity of eating disorder symptoms (r = 0.28, CI = 0.11–0.44). Proportion meta‐analysis indicated that 29% (CI = 0.19–0.38) of children and adults scored above the cut‐off for ASD.

Discussion

The current findings suggest that AN frequently overlaps with both autistic traits and autistic symptomatology. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate autism and autistic traits in individuals with AN to tailor individualized treatment plans.
Predictors of Treatment Outcome in Persons With Anorexia Nervosa: On the Practice of Regressing Body Mass Index at the End of Treatment on Body Mass Index at Baseline
Authors: Meule Adrian , Kolar David R. , Voderholzer Ulrich
Published: November 2024

Objective

It is often stated that a higher body mass index (BMI) at the beginning of treatment predicts a better weight outcome at the end of treatment in persons with anorexia nervosa (AN). However, this interpretation is based on the between‐persons relationship of BMI at the two measurements, which primarily reflects the fact that the rank‐ordering of persons according to their BMI is quite stable over time. In contrast, a lower BMI at baseline is related to a larger BMI change, which primarily reflects the fact that the variance of BMI at the end of treatment is larger than that at baseline. This study aimed to demonstrate these relationships empirically and caution against interpreting BMI at baseline as a predictor of BMI at discharge or BMI change.

Method

Changes of BMI from admission to discharge were analyzed based on 4863 persons with AN (97% female) who received inpatient treatment between 2015 and 2024.

Results

BMI at admission was positively related to BMI at discharge (r = 0.55) but negatively related to BMI change from admission to discharge (r = −0.39).

Discussion

While it is true that a higher BMI at baseline is associated with a higher BMI at the end of treatment, a lower BMI at baseline is actually related to a larger weight gain during treatment. Yet, concluding that the treatment is more effective for patients with low or high BMI at baseline would be incorrect in either case, as the independent and dependent variables are the same variables measured at different time points.
Climate‐associated variation in the within‐season dynamics of juvenile ticks in California
Authors: Sambado Samantha , MacDonald Andrew J. , Swei Andrea , Briggs Cheryl J.
Published: November 2024

Changing climate has driven shifts in species phenology, influencing a range of ecological interactions from plant–pollinator to consumer–resource. Phenological changes in host–parasite systems have implications for pathogen transmission dynamics. The seasonal timing, or phenology, of peak larval and nymphal tick abundance is an important driver of tick‐borne pathogen prevalence through its effect on cohort‐to‐cohort transmission. Tick phenology is tightly linked to climatic factors such as temperature and humidity. Thus, variation in climate within and across regions could lead to differences in phenological patterns. These differences may explain regional variation in tick‐borne pathogen prevalence of the Lyme disease‐causing Borrelia bacteria in vector populations in the United States. For example, one factor thought to contribute to high Lyme disease prevalence in ticks in the eastern United States is the asynchronous phenology of ticks there, where potentially infected nymphal ticks emerge earlier in the season than uninfected larval ticks. This allows the infected nymphal ticks to transmit the pathogen to hosts that are subsequently fed upon by the next generation of larval ticks. In contrast, in the western United States where Lyme disease prevalence is generally much lower, tick phenology is thought to be more synchronous with uninfected larvae emerging slightly before, or at the same time as, potentially infected nymphs, reducing horizontal transmission potential. Sampling larval and nymphal ticks, and their host‐feeding phenology, both across large spatial gradients and through time, is challenging, which hampers attempts to conduct detailed studies of phenology to link it with pathogen prevalence. In this study, we demonstrate through intensive within‐season sampling that the relative abundance and seasonality of larval and nymphal ticks are highly variable along a latitudinal gradient and likely reflect the variable climate in the far western United States with potential consequences for pathogen transmission. We find that feeding patterns were variable and synchronous feeding of juvenile ticks on key blood meal hosts was associated with mean temperature. By characterizing within‐season phenological patterns of the Lyme disease vector throughout a climatically heterogeneous region, we can begin to identify areas with high potential for tick‐borne disease risk and underlying mechanisms at a finer scale.
Type I Interferon Drives a Cellular State Inert to TCR‐Stimulation and Could Impede Effective T‐Cell Differentiation in Cancer
Authors: Corvino Dillon , Batstone Martin , Hughes Brett G. M , Kempchen Tim , Ng Susanna S , Salim Nazhifah , Schneppenheim Franziska , Rommel Denise , Kumar Ananthi , Pearson Sally , Madore Jason , Koufariotis Lambross T. , Steinheuer Lisa Maria , Pathirana Dilan , Thurley Kevin , Hölzel Michael , Borcherding Nicholas , Braun Matthias , Bald Tobias
Published: November 2024

Background

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative HNSCC exhibit distinct molecular and clinical characteristics. Although checkpoint inhibitors have shown efficiency in recurrent/metastatic HNSCC, response variability persists regardless of HPV status. This study aimed to explore the CD8+ T‐cell landscape in HPV‐negative HNSCC.

Methods

We performed simultaneous single‐cell RNA and TCR sequencing of CD8+ tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from treatment‐naïve HPV‐negative HNSCC patients. Additionally, cells were stimulated ex vivo, which allowed for the tracking of clonal transcriptomic responses.

Results

Our analysis identified a subset of CD8+ TILs highly enriched for interferon‐stimulated genes (ISG). TCR analysis revealed ISG cells are clonally related to a population of granzyme K (GZMK)‐expressing cells. However, unlike GZMK cells, which exhibited rapid effector‐like phenotypes following stimulation, ISG cells were transcriptionally inert. Additionally, ISG cells showed specific enrichment within tumor and were found across multiple tumor entities.

Conclusions

ISG‐enriched CD8+ TILs are a consistent feature of various tumor entities. These cells are poorly understood but possess characteristics that may impact antitumor immunity. Understanding the unique properties and functionality of ISG cells could offer innovative treatment approaches to improve patient outcomes in HPV‐negative HNSCC and other cancer types.
Chemical Synthesis of β‐(1,4)‐d‐Oligomannurarates with Purported Anti‐Alzheimer Activity
Authors: Shao Xiaofei , Xu Peng , Yu Biao
Published: November 2024

Sodium oligomannate, a sophisticated mixture of acidic linear β‐(1,4)‐d‐oligomannurarate ranging from dimers to decamers with an average molecular weight of 670∼880 Da, has gained conditional approval for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Herein, we develop an efficient approach to the chemical synthesis of well‐defined β‐(1,4)‐d‐mannurarate di‐, tetra‐, hexa‐ and octasaccharides (1–4), utilizing N‐phenyl trifluoroacetimidate donors and thioglycoside acceptors for the stereoselective assembly of the desired β‐(1,4)‐d‐mannuronate linkages. This approach features a straightforward protecting group strategy with only two types of protecting groups: tert‐butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) for the 4‐OH at the non‐reducing end and benzyl (Bn) for free hydroxyl and carboxylic acid moieties, thereby ensuring the stereoselective formation of the β‐mannosyl bonds and facilitating sequential transformation into the target β‐(1,4)‐d‐mannurarate oligosaccharides. The scalability of the present synthesis of these oligosaccharides paves the way for in‐depth structure‐activity relationship studies and pharmacological investigations of sodium oligomannates.
Impact of conducting agents on sulfide and halide electrolytes in disordered rocksalt cathode‐based all‐solid‐state batteries
Authors: Jung Youngkwang , Song You‐Yeob , Kim Yoon‐Seong , Chung Yubin , Lee Dae‐Hyung , Park Sang‐Wook , Kim Hojoon , Min Hong‐Seok , Park Jesik , Seong Juyeong , Jung Sung‐Kyun , Seo Dong‐Hwa
Published: November 2024

All‐solid‐state battery (ASSB) systems have attracted significant attention due to their high energy density and safety compared with conventional batteries. Moreover, the application of Mn‐based cation‐disordered rock‐salt (DRX) that possesses cost‐effectiveness and high energy density on the ASSB system as a cathode is expected to be the superior next‐generation battery system. However, DRX cathodes require high carbon contents due to their low electronic conductivity, leading to challenges in introducing them in ASSB systems, as the high carbon levels can cause electrolyte decomposition which potentially affects overall electrochemical performance. In this work, we applied Mn‐based DRX cathodes to ASSB systems within a voltage range of 1.5–4.8 V and evaluated the suitability of cathode composites using halide and sulfide electrolytes as catholytes, respectively. The experimental results showed that the high carbon contents induced side reactions with the argyrodite, resulting in electrochemical degradation such as the drop of initial discharge voltage and the capacity fading. Meanwhile, cathode composites using a halide electrolyte exhibited relatively enhanced electrochemical performance due to its high oxidation stability regardless of the high amount of carbon contents. Consequently, the electrochemical reactions of the electrolyte, influenced by the content of conductive additives and the type of electrolyte, had a great impact on the performance of ASSB systems. This study provides a deep understanding of the interplaying among solid electrolytes, cathodes, and conductive additives and offers an important foundation for future research and development in ASSB systems.

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A video case vignette: Persignation or sign of the cross as an ictal manifestation in a woman with temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Daza‐Restrepo Anilú , Matus‐Mayorga Roxana , Pino Stephanie , Cámpora Nuria , Nasimbera Alejandro , Villanueva Manuela , Rivas Luis , Gómez Vanessa , Oddo Silvia , Kochen Silvia , Giagante Brenda
Published: November 2024

Content available: Video.
An Ultra‐Short‐Term Multi‐Step Prediction Model for Wind Power Based on Sparrow Search Algorithm, Variational Mode Decomposition, Gated Recurrent Unit, and Support Vector Regression
Authors: Chen Yulong , Hu Xue , Liu Xiaoming , Zhang Lixin
Published: November 2024

Accurate ultra‐short‐term wind power prediction techniques are crucial for ensuring the efficient and safe operation of wind farms and power systems. Combined models based on data decomposition‐prediction techniques have shown excellent performance in ultra‐short‐term wind power forecasting. This study introduces a novel ultra‐short‐term multi‐step prediction model for wind power, which integrates the sparrow search algorithm (SSA), variational mode decomposition (VMD), gated recurrent unit (GRU), and support vector regression (SVR). An optimization variational mode decomposition technique is developed by adaptively determining VMD hyperparameters using SSA. The optimization VMD decomposes the original wind power sequence into sub‐modes, and the resulting sequence of decomposed sub‐modes calculates permutation entropy (PE) values. Sub‐modes with similar PE values are combined, reorganized, and categorized into high‐frequency and low‐frequency. High‐frequency sub‐modes data with high complexity and non‐stationarity are predicted by the GRU neural network. Low‐frequency sub‐modes data with low complexity and strong nonlinearity are predicted with SVR. The proposed model was evaluated against seven others using three error metrics: MAE, RMSE, and R2, along with their corresponding enhancement percentages. Experimental results indicate that the proposed model extracts detailed and trend information from the wind power series more effectively and stably than the comparison models. It also demonstrates superior multi‐step prediction performance, offering significant value for practical engineering applications.
A Secure and Decentralized Using Blockchain and Ring‐Based Cryptosystem
Authors: Ranganayakulu Dhanalakshmi , Jesubert Thangaraj Nithisha , Shanmugam Sathya Priya , Subbiyan Balasubramani
Published: November 2024

The advancement of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITSs) and the Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) introduces significant security challenges, particularly in ensuring secure communication between vehicles and vehicles (V2V), vehicles and Road Side Units (V2RSU). These vulnerabilities could potentially compromise the integrity of vehicular networks, making robust security measures essential. This paper aims to develop a secure communication framework for IoV environments that addresses these security concerns by enhancing authentication and encryption processes. The proposed approach combines the Ring‐Based Degree Truncated Polynomial Cryptosystem (RNTPC) with a Blockchain framework incorporating an enhanced proof‐of‐authentication (BEPoAuth) consensus algorithm. The approach is initiated from the registration phase and managed by a Trusted Authority (TA), ensuring secure vehicle and RSU registration. Authentication is carried out in two ways: V2V authentication through vehicle signatures and V2RSU authentication via batch verification of cluster members. Group keys are generated using RNTPC for secure communication, and blockchain technology is integrated to secure transactions within the IoV environment. The proposed methodology is evaluated using various performance metrics, demonstrating a 15%–20% improvement in throughput compared to existing techniques such as Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), Secure and Highly Efficient Blockchain PBFT Consensus Algorithm (SG‐PBFT), credit‐based PBFT consensus algorithm (CPBFT) and Geographic‐PBFT (G‐PBFT). The system also exhibited minimal computational and communication latency while enhancing V2V and V2RSU communication efficiency. The RNTPC‐BEPoAuth framework offers a robust and secure solution for IoV communications, significantly outperforming existing methods in terms of throughput and efficiency. This approach provides a reliable foundation for secure ITSs, addressing critical security concerns in vehicular networks.
An Automated Sparse Channel Estimation Framework for MU‐MIMO‐OFDM System With Adaptive Extreme Learning and Heuristic Mechanism
Authors: Roji Y. , Jayasankar K. , Nirmala Devi L.
Published: November 2024

Compressed sensing is used for channel estimation in Multiple Input Multiple Output‐Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO‐OFDM) systems, but large‐scale networks face challenges regarding the antenna elements and spatial non‐stationarities. To enhance spectral efficiency in Multi User‐MIMO (MU‐MIMO) systems, essential signals are collected by Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) in the transformer phase. Further, the modulated signals are provided to the “Pulse Shaping Algorithm (PSA)” for neglecting the inter‐symbol interference rate along with inter‐carrier interference. Subsequently, in the transmitter phase, the “Inverse Fast Fourier Transforms (IFFT)” technique is performed to map the symbols and then provide the signal to the receiver side. The spare channel is validated using a semi‐blind sparse algorithm, with parameters tuned using the Opposition Mud Ring Algorithm (OMRA). Then, the estimated sparse channel values are used for generating the new data, and the Adaptive Extreme Learning Model (AELM) is trained to predict the spare channel outcome. The main objective is to reduce the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) in the channel. Thus, the spare channel outcome is predicted automatically using the AELM. Then, diverse evaluations are executed in the suggested spare channel estimation approach over the different mechanisms to observe their effectualness rate.
Spiking Quantum Fire Hawk Network Based Reliable Scheduling for Lifetime Maximization of Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Kiran W. S. , Wilson Allan J. , Radhamani A. S.
Published: November 2024

Managing energy consumption poses a substantial challenge within Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) due to frequent communication among sensor nodes. A reliable scheduling framework presents a promising solution for maximizing WSN lifetime, minimizing energy consumption, and ensuring robust communication. Despite various proposed methods for reliable scheduling, energy consumption remains high. To address this, a spiking quantum fire hawk network‐based reliable scheduling in WSN is introduced. This research incorporates clustering, duty‐cycle management, and reliable routing to enhance energy efficiency. An improved Nutcracker Optimization‐based Cluster Head (CH) election and Spiking Quantum Fire Hawk Network duty cycling contribute to optimal CH selection and increased network lifetime. Additionally, a Link Quality‐based Energy Aware Proficient Trusted Routing Protocol (LQEAP‐TRP) minimizes data transmission delay, offering reliable routing. Finally, the data communication is done in the reliable route. The developed approach is executed in Network Simulator and validated with the existing protocols. The results of the simulations indicate that the proposed approach achieves a network lifetime of 99.34% and a packet delivery ratio of 99.95%.
Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus reuteri by Emulsion Technique and Evaluation of Microparticle Properties and Bacterial Viability Under Storage, Processing, and Digestive System Conditions
Authors: Teymoori Forough , Roshanak Sahar , Bolourian Shadi , Mozafarpour Rassoul , Shahidi Fakhri
Published: November 2024

In this research, the emulsification method was used to encapsulate Lactobacillus reuteri in microparticles of whey protein concentrate (WPC) at different levels (1%, 2%, and 4%) and gum Arabic (GA) at three levels (0/5%, 1%, and 1/5%) and a constant level of sunflower oil (5%). The results showed that emulsions with higher quantities of wall materials exhibited better encapsulation efficiency (67%/57%) and preservation ability at different temperatures, different pH, and presence of 1% bile salt. During the storage time, the droplet size of the emulsion increased more than two times (from 2.2 to 4.6 μm) and the absolute zeta potential of the optimal emulsion decreased (from −19/63 to −16/76 mV). Encapsulating Lactobacillus reuteri in the stabilized emulsion with the highest concentration of wall material improved the cells' protection during storage. The study also observed a decline in the number of primary encapsulated live cells in the gastrointestinal tract (from 4/32 to 3/58 Log CFU/mL) after 90 days of storage. In the case of the nonencapsulated sample, the initial live population decreased from 2.8 to 1 Log CFU/mL after 90 days of storage. The electron microscope images showed that the emulsions became unstable after 30, 60, and 90 days of storage, but the microbial cells were still visible in the continuous phase. Overall, encapsulating Lactobacillus reuteri using emulsification technique can preserve the probiotics during storage and “in vitro” gastrointestinal digestion.
Suppressing Effect of Flavonoid Compounds on Lipids Photooxidation of Sheep Red Blood Cells and Oleic Acid Photooxidation
Authors: Hajimohammadi Mahdi , Sheikh Mahboobi Fatemeh , Wu Haizhou
Published: November 2024

Photosensitizers and pigments in raw meat such as porphyrins, riboflavin, and myoglobin after incorporation with light beam prompt the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) from triplet oxygen (3O2) and cause oxidative rancidity of meat products. In this study, the results of photooxidation reactions of sheep erythrocyte (red blood cell) model as a model rich in hemoglobin and phospholipids bilayer, and oleic acid model were obtained by 1H NMR spectroscopy, TBARS assay, and iodometric titration. In both models, the rate of lipid photooxidation in the presence of hydroalcoholic extracts of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) as natural antioxidants, Butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT) as a synthetic antioxidant, and sodium azide (NaN3) as a well‐known 1O2 scavenger were decreased in the order of NaN3 > Turmeric > Cumin > BHT. It was proven that during the photooxidation process, there is a direct association between the amount of flavonoid compounds and 1O2 scavenging.
Enhancing CO2 uptake by aqueous K2CO3 solutions using H2O2‐derived reactive oxygen species: Novel rate promotion for CCU processes
Authors: Shirman Eugene , Sasson Yoel
Published: November 2024

This study introduces a novel approach to promote CO2 absorption by aqueous K2CO3 solutions through the in‐situ generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the alkali activation of H2O2. The superoxide radical anion (O2•‐) is recognized as a major contributor in this process, with its presence confirmed by UV‐Vis (Ultraviolet–visible) spectroscopy through the characteristic diformazan peak formed from the reaction between nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) and superoxide. CO2 absorption experiments and 13C NMR (Carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance) characterization demonstrate the enhanced efficiency of the promoted solution in both CO2 absorption and the conversion of K2CO3 to KHCO3. Comparative analysis with traditional promoters reveals the superior kinetic performance of the H2O2‐promoted system at room temperature. Notably, our system yields pure KHCO3 without by‐products, making it highly suitable for carbon capture and utilization (CCU) by enabling versatile subsequent transformation processes. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.