bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scleral Ossicles of Teleostei: Evolutionary and Developmental Trends
Authors: Franz‐Odendaal Tamara A.
Published: January 2008

Scleral ossicles are bones within the sclera of the eye. A total of 547 teleost species (744 specimens) from 36 orders and 163 families were investigated with respect to scleral ossicle presence/absence and number. This is the first extensive investigation into the distribution of scleral ossicles in living teleosts. Derived orders were found to have the most variable scleral ossicle numbers (zero, one, or two per eye), while more basal groups tend to have no ossicles. Whereas more data on the activity level of individual families and on family‐level interrelationships is needed, significant findings were nevertheless made. Ninety‐four percent of the families investigated have a consistent ossicle number, indicating that family level is a reliable predictor of scleral ossicle presence/absence. In a subgroup analysis of 28 families, additional trends were observed with regard to activity level, namely that 80% of the families that are described as sluggish have no scleral ossicles while 100% of those that are very active have two ossicles per eye. In addition, fish that inhabit deep sea environments are the most likely ones to lack scleral ossicles. The analysis also supports the hypothesis that scleral ossicle number declined from the basal condition of four elements per eye seen in Cheirolepis to no ossicles in the eye, early in teleost evolution. At least 24 evolutionary steps are needed to account for the scleral ossicle distribution seen in teleost orders today. This study describes the variation of scleral ossicles in the most diverse group of vertebrates, Teleostei, and provides the first step in understanding the evolvability of these elements in bony fishes. Anat Rec, 291:161–168, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhancement of immunity and resistance in mice by pig IL‐6 gene and CpG motifs encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticle
Authors: Chen Qian , Zhao Zhong‐Zhong , Peng Rong , Wang Ying‐Yu , Xie Zhao , Wang Ze‐Zhou , Li Jiang‐Lin , Lv Xue‐Bing , Wu Kai‐Yuan , Fu Man‐Liang , Wang Hong‐Ning , Gao Rong
Published: January 2008

This study was conducted to explore the synergetic effect of a novel plasmid containing a porcine IL‐6 gene and CpG motifs on immunity of mice in order to develop an effective adjuvant to boost resistance against infection. The synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide containing 11 CpG motifs was inserted into the reconstructed VR1020 plasmid containing the pig IL‐6 gene (VRPIL6), designated VRIL6C, and then encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) prepared by ionic cross linkage, designated VRIL6C‐CNP. The 3‐week old mice were injected, respectively, with VRIL6C‐CNP, VRIL6‐CNP, CpG‐CNP and VR1020‐CNP to detect the changes of immunity. At 28 days post inoculation, the mice were challenged with virulent hemolytic serotype 2 Streptococcus to test their resistance against infection. The results showed that there was a significant increase in immunoglobulins and interleukins in mice receiving VRIL6C‐CNP compared with the control groups, as well as an increase in the lymphocytes and monocytes in the inoculated mice, so that the immunity was remarkably improved in the VRIL6C‐CNP group. The challenge provoked stronger immunity and protection against infection in the VRIL6C‐CNP group than in the control mice that manifested severe symptoms and lesions. This suggests that VRIL6C‐CNP could remarkably enhance the nonspecific immunity of mice, and facilitate the development of an effective immunopotentiator to promote the resistance of the animals against infection.
Facilitating public awareness—the design of information distribution for communication in future workplaces
Authors: Ueki Atsuro , Inakage Masa
Published: January 2008

We present Emo System that extends e‐mail communication system in a workspace environment. In this system, the emotional information included in e‐mail message is extracted and shared in the public space, while reserving the private exchange of messages. As a result, people in the public space become aware of the ‘emotional’ information. This paper discusses how we extract and segment the information to share the emotional information. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Family of Enneanuclear Iron(II) Single‐Molecule Magnets
Authors: Boudalis Athanassios K. , Sanakis Yiannis , Clemente‐Juan Juan Modesto , Donnadieu Bruno , Nastopoulos Vassilios , Mari Alain , Coppel Yanick , Tuchagues Jean‐Pierre , Perlepes Spyros P.
Published: January 2008

Complexes [Fe9(X)2(O2CMe)8{(2‐py)2CO2}4] (X−=OH− (1), N3− (2), and NCO− (3)) have been prepared by a route previously employed for the synthesis of analogous Co9 and Ni9 complexes, involving hydroxide substitution by pseudohalides (N3−, NCO−). As indicated by DC magnetic susceptibility measurements, this substitution induced higher ferromagnetic couplings in complexes 2 and 3, leading to higher ground spin states compared to that of 1. Variable‐field experiments have shown that the ground state is not well isolated from excited states, as a result of which it cannot be unambiguously determined. AC susceptometry has revealed out‐of‐phase signals, which suggests that these complexes exhibit a slow relaxation of magnetization that follows Arrhenius behavior, as observed in single‐molecule magnets, with energy barriers of 41 K for 2 (τ0=3.4×10−12 s) and 44 K for 3 (τ0=2.0×10−11 s). Slow magnetic relaxation has also been observed by zero‐field 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. Characteristic integer‐spin electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals have been observed at X‐band for 1, whereas 2 and 3 were found to be EPR‐silent at this frequency. 1H NMR spectrometry in CD3CN has shown that complexes 1–3 are stable in solution.
Racial and ethnic differences in treatment and survival among adults with primary extremity soft‐tissue sarcoma
Authors: Martinez Steve R. , Robbins Anthony S. , Meyers Frederick J. , Bold Richard J. , Khatri Vijay P. , Goodnight James E.
Published: January 2008

BACKGROUND.

Limb preservation is preferred to amputation for patients with extremity soft tissue sarcoma (ESTS). Disparities in the treatment and outcomes of several malignancies have been reported, but not for ESTS. The authors assessed racial/ethnic differences in patient‐ and tumor‐specific characteristics, treatment, and disease‐specific survival in a population of adults with ESTS.

METHODS.

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify 6406 adult patients with ESTS who were diagnosed and treated between 1988 and 2003. Patients were categorized into 1 of 4 racial/ethnic groups: whites, blacks, Hispanics, and Asians. Comparisons of treatment and disease‐specific survival were conducted with regression models that adjusted for patient age, sex, SEER geographic region, extent of disease, tumor grade, tumor size, and histology.

RESULTS.

Relative to whites, blacks received lower rates of adjuvant radiation with surgery (odds ratio [OR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.66–0.90). Hispanics received significantly lower rates of limb‐sparing surgery (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.59–0.97). In a multivariate analysis controlling for patient age, sex, SEER geographic region, extent of disease, tumor grade, tumor size, and histology, blacks displayed a worse disease‐specific survival (hazard ratio [HR] 1.39; 95% CI, 1.13–1.70), whereas Asians demonstrated superior disease‐specific survival (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.46–0.97).

CONCLUSIONS.

There were significant racial/ethnic differences in treatment and survival among adults with ESTS. Compared with whites, survival was poorer for blacks but better for Asians. These disparities were not explained by differences in patient or tumor characteristics. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Patterns of convergence in rat zona incerta from the trigeminal nuclear complex: Light and electron microscopic study
Authors: Simpson Kimberly , Wang Yue , Lin Rick C.S.
Published: January 2008

In contrast to the restricted receptive field (RF) properties of the ventral posteriomedial nucleus (VPM), neurons of the ventral thalamus zona incerta (ZI) have been shown to exhibit multiwhisker responses that vary from the ventral (ZIv) to the dorsal (ZId) subdivision. Differences in activity may arise from the trigeminal nuclear complex (TNC) and result from subnucleus specific inputs via certain cells of origin, axon distribution patterns, fiber densities, bouton sizes, or postsynaptic contact sites. We tested this hypothesis by assessing circuit relationships among TNC, ZI, and VPM. Results from tracer studies show that, 1) relative to ZId, the trigeminal projection to ZIv is denser and arises predominantly from the principalis (PrV) and interpolaris (SpVi) subdivisions; 2) the incertal projection from TNC subnuclei overlaps and covers most of ZIv; 3) two sets of PrV axons terminate in ZI: a major subtype, possessing bouton‐like swellings, and a few fine fibers, with minimal specialization; 4) both PrV and SpVi terminals exhibit asymmetric endings and preferentially target dendrites of ZI neurons; 5) small and large neurons in PrV are labeled after retrograde injections into ZI; 6) small PrV cells with incertal projections form a population that is distinct from those projecting to VPM; and 7) ∼30–50% of large cells in PrV send collaterals to ZI and VPM. These findings suggest that, 1) although information to ZI and VPM is essentially routed along separate TNC circuits, streams of somatosensory code converge in ZI to establish large RFs, and 2) subregional differences in ZI response profiles are attributable in part to TNC innervation density. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1521–1541, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Somite cell cycle analysis using somite‐staging to measure intrinsic developmental time
Authors: Venters Sara J. , Hultner Michael L. , Ordahl Charles P.
Published: January 2008

Somite stages were employed as units of intrinsic developmental time to measure cell doubling rate and other cell cycle parameters of chick forelimb level somites. Somite cell nuclei doubled over an interval corresponding to approximately 7+ somite stages (7+ ss; ∼11 hr) and approximately 24 new primary myotome cells are born per somite stage (∼16/hr). FACS analysis of DNA content in dissociated paraxial mesoderm cells indicated that slightly more than half are in G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle and that the average combined length of the S phase and G2 phase intervals is approximately 3 ss (∼4.5 hr). A wavefront of increased mitotic nuclei per segment coincident with somite budding potentially reflects a surge in the number of cells entering S phase 3 ss earlier as each PSM segment becomes unresponsive to FGF signaling as it passes through the determination front. Developmental Dynamics 237:377–392, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Muscleblind‐like 2 (Mbnl2) ‐deficient mice as a model for myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Hao Minqi , Akrami Kevan , Wei Ke , De Diego Carlos , Che Nam , Ku Jeong‐Hee , Tidball James , Graves Michael C. , Shieh Perry B. , Chen Fabian
Published: January 2008

Myotonic dystrophy (DM), the most common adult‐onset muscular dystrophy, is caused by CTG or CCTG microsatellite repeat expansions. Expanded DM mRNA microsatellite repeats are thought to accumulate in the nucleus, sequester Muscleblind proteins, and interfere with alternative mRNA splicing. Muscleblind2 (Mbnl2) is a member of the family of Muscleblind RNA binding proteins (that also include Mbnl1 and Mbnl3) that are known to bind CTG/CCTG RNA repeats. Recently, it was demonstrated that Mbnl1‐deficient mice have characteristic features of human DM, including myotonia and defective chloride channel expression. Here, we demonstrate that Mbnl2‐deficient mice also develop myotonia and have skeletal muscle pathology consistent with human DM. We also find defective expression and mRNA splicing of the chloride channel (Clcn1) in skeletal muscle that likely contributes to the myotonia phenotype. Our results support the hypothesis that Muscleblind proteins and specifically MBNL2 contribute to the pathogenesis of human DM. Developmental Dynamics 237:403–410, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Slits and robos in the developing chicken inner ear
Authors: Battisti Andrea C. , Fekete Donna M.
Published: January 2008

Mechanosensory hair cells in the chick inner ear synapse onto afferent neurons of the statoacoustic ganglion (SAG). During development, these neurons extend a central process to the brain and a peripheral process into one of eight sensory organs. A combination of cues, including chemoattractants and chemorepellents, direct otic axons to their peripheral targets. As a first step in evaluating the role of known axon guidance molecules, Slits and Robos, we examined expression of their transcripts in the chick inner ear from embryonic day 2–11 (Hamburger and Hamilton stages 14–37). Robo2 and slit2 are in migrating neuroblasts and the SAG, while both slits and robos are in the otic epithelium. We speculate that this family of signaling molecules may be involved in repulsion, first of otic neuroblasts and then of otic axons. Later our expression data revealed a potentially novel role for these molecules in maintaining sensory/nonsensory boundaries. Developmental Dynamics 237:476–484, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of hormones and hormone metabolites on the growth of schwann cells derived from embryonic stem cells and on tumor cell lines expressing variable levels of neurofibromin
Authors: Roth Therese M. , Ramamurthy Poornapriya , Muir David , Wallace Margaret R. , Zhu Yuan , Chang Lou , Barald Kate F.
Published: January 2008

Loss of neurofibromin, the protein product of the tumor suppressor gene neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), is associated with neurofibromas, composed largely of Schwann cells. The number and size of neurofibromas in NF1 patients have been shown to increase during pregnancy. A mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) model was used, in which mESCs with varying levels of neurofibromin were differentiated into Schwann‐like cells. NF1 cell lines derived from a malignant and a benign human tumor were used to study proliferation in response to hormones. Estrogen and androgen receptors were not expressed or expressed at very low levels in the NF1+/+ cells, at low levels in NF1+/−cells, and robust levels in NF1−/−cells. A 17β‐estradiol (E2) metabolite, 2‐methoxy estradiol (2ME2) is cytotoxic to the NF1−/− malignant tumor cell line, and inhibits proliferation in the other cell lines. 2ME2 or its derivatives could provide new treatment avenues for NF1 hormone‐sensitive tumors at times of greatet hormonal influence. Developmental Dynamics 237:513–524, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systematic localization of oct‐3/4 to the gastrulating mouse conceptus suggests manifold roles in mammalian development
Authors: Downs Karen M.
Published: January 2008

Oct‐3/4 was localized to the mouse conceptus between the onset of gastrulation and 16‐somite pairs (‐s; ∼6.5–9.25 days postcoitum, dpc). Results revealed Oct‐3/4 in a continuum of morphologically distinct epiblast‐derived embryonic and extraembryonic tissues. In the allantois, distal‐to‐proximal diminution in the Oct‐3/4 domain over time and co‐localization with Flk‐1 in angioblasts accorded with a role in vascular differentiation and the presence of a stem cell reservoir. In addition, visceral endoderm exhibited a dynamic salt‐and‐pepper distribution, which, combined with previous results of fate mapping and gene expression, suggested that Oct‐3/4 is involved in the genesis of definitive endoderm. By 8‐s, Oct‐3/4 was globally down regulated in all but putative primordial germ cells (PGCs) and some allantoic cell clusters. Taken together, Oct‐3/4's expression profile suggests unexpected and potentially far more versatile roles in development than have been previously appreciated. Developmental Dynamics 237:464–475, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth in the larval zebrafish pectoral fin and trunk musculature
Authors: Patterson Sara E. , Mook Louisa B. , Devoto Stephen H.
Published: January 2008

Larval zebrafish labeled for myosin to show muscles (brown). During this developmental period there is significant change in the morphology of the pectoral fin musculature. Top: 7.0mm (SL, top); bottom: 8.0mm (SL). See Patterson et al., Developmental Dynamics 237:307–315. Developmental Dynamics, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute gastric dilatation causing bacterial cerebral aneurysm—Case report
Authors: Matsuyama Takeshi , Komeda Satomin , Nobayashi Misato , Imanishi Masami , Kawaguchi Shoichiro
Published: January 2008

Objective:

Acute gastric dilatation (AGD) is a very rare entity which can sometimes be life‐threatening. We report a case of a patient presenting with a rupture of a BCA during the treatment of AGD.

Method:

A 24‐year‐old woman, who had a history of bulimia and vomiting episodes, was transferred in shock with marked abdominal distension. A large nasogastric tube was inserted, and 9 liters of viscous gastric contents were drained out. Her circulation became stable.

Results:

About 3 months after admission, she became drowsy and presented with a right hemiparesis and aphasia. Computed tomography of the head showed a diffuse thick subarachnoid hemorrhage. Left carotid angiograms revealed an obscurely‐shaped aneurysm in the left middle cerebral artery.

Conclusion:

Trapping of the aneurysm was performed. Thirty‐four days after admission, the patient had a residual right hemiparesis and motor aphasia, and was discharged. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Low insulin‐like growth factor I and leukopenia in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Polli Nicoletta , Scacchi Massimo , Giraldi Francesca Pecori , Sormani Marica , Zappulli Daniela , Cavagnini Francesco
Published: January 2008

Objective:

Considering that leukopenia and anemia are commonly observed in anorexia nervosa (AN) and that growth hormone (GH) and insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) markedly influence the activation, growth and survival of hemopoietic cells, we sought for possible relationships between hematologic parameters and the GH‐IGF‐I axis in a group of patients with AN.

Method:

Twenty patients were studied. Leukocyte and erythrocyte counts, as well as baseline serum GH levels and IGF‐I standard deviation score (SDS) values, were determined in each participant and correlations between parameters were searched.

Results:

Leukocyte and erythrocyte counts, as well as IGF‐I SDS values, were significantly lower, conversely GH was significantly higher in AN patients than in normal weight participants. In patients, IGF‐I SDS values were positively correlated with leukocyte count and BMI, whereas no correlation was found between IGF‐I SDS and hemoglobin or erythrocytes.

Conclusion:

The demonstration of a positive correlation between leukocyte number and circulating IGF‐I in AN suggests a likely pathogenetic role of IGF‐I deficiency in this hematologic abnormality. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Preparation of α,α‐Disubstituted α‐Amino Acid Derivatives via Alkyl Addition to α‐Oxime Esters with Organozinc Species
Authors: Mitani Michiharu , Tanaka Yasunori , Sawada Akihiko , Misu Ayuko , Matsumoto Yoshihiro
Published: January 2008

An α‐oxime ester derivative prepared via treatment of an acetylenedicarboxylate or an α‐keto ester with hydroxylamine underwent C‐alkylation to the C=N bond of the oxime group by a Lewis‐acid‐promoted reaction with a trialkylzincate or a dialkylzinc reagent. The O–N bond of the thus obtained adduct was reductively cleaved under hydrogenolysis in the presence of the Pd‐C catalyst to afford an α‐amino ester. Treatment of the oxime derivative prepared from methyl 5‐bromo‐2‐oxopentanoate with the trialkylzincate gave an α‐alkyl proline derivative via the addition reaction followed by the intramolecular attack upon a bromine‐bearing carbon. The reaction of ethyl 4‐oxo‐2‐pentynoate with hydroxylamine formed an isoxazole derivative by way of the intramolecular attack of an in situ‐generated oxime to the carbonyl group. From this isoxazole derivative, ethyl 2‐amino‐4‐oxo‐2‐pentenoate was given by the Pd‐C‐catalyzed hydrogenolysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Organocatalytic Double Michael Reaction of 7‐Oxohept‐2‐enoates and Nitrostyrene – Formal Synthesis of (–)‐α‐ and (–)‐β‐Lycorane
Authors: Hong Bor‐Cherng , Nimje Roshan Y. , Wu Ming‐Fun , Sadani Amit A.
Published: January 2008

Organocatalytic conjugate addition of 7‐oxohept‐2‐enoate to nitrostyrene provided an ω‐nitro‐α,β‐unsaturated ester. Subsequent intramolecular cyclization afforded the highly functionalized cyclohexane carboester with four stereogenic centers with high diastereoselectivity and high enantioselectivity (>99 % ee). Some adducts were transformed into the intermediates of the synthesis of (–)‐α‐ and (–)‐β‐lycorane. Application of the reactions to the corresponding dialdehyde provided bicyclo[2.2.2]octanes.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Monolithic column with double mixed‐modes of hydrophilic interaction/ cation‐exchange and reverse‐phase/ cation‐exchange stationary phase for pressurized capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Wang Jiabin , Lü Haixia , Lin Xucong , Xie Zenghong
Published: January 2008

A monolithic capillary column with double mixed‐modes of hydrophilic interaction/cation‐exchange and RP/cation‐exchange stationary phase was prepared by in situ thermal polymerization and then hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid. The polymerization solution containing glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), 3‐sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (SPMA), and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) in a binary porogenic solvent consisting of dimethylformamide (DMF) and 1,4‐butanediol was polymerized in a fused‐silica capillary pretreated with 3‐(trimetoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate. The epoxy groups on the surface were hydrolyzed to diol groups with hydrochloric acid to enhance the polarity of the stationary phase. By simply altering the ACN content in the mobile phase, two mixed‐mode mechanisms could be achieved on the same monolithic column in different mobile phase condition. Hydrophilic interaction (or hydrophilic interaction/cation‐exchange) was observed at high ACN content, as well as RP (or RP/cation‐exchange) was observed at low ACN content. The monolithic column provided good selectivity and high efficiency for separation of neutral polar analytes and basic compounds. Phenols, anilines, alkaloids, nucleic acid bases, and narcotic pharmaceuticals have been successfully separated. Effects of salt concentration and ACN content on the separation have also been investigated. High column efficiencies of up to 352 000 plates/meter were obtained by the separation of narcotic pharmaceuticals.
Pressure‐assisted capillary electrochromatography with electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry based on silica‐based monolithic column for rapid analysis of narcotics
Authors: Lu Minghua , Zhang Lan , Feng Qiang , Xia Shifei , Chi Yuwu , Tong Ping , Chen Guonan
Published: January 2008

A pressure‐assisted CEC (pCEC) with ESI‐MS based on silica‐based monolithic column was developed for rapid analysis of narcotics. Combining the extremely high permeability and separation efficiency of silica‐based monolithic column with the high selectivity and sensitivity of pCEC‐ESI‐MS, the developed system exhibited its prominent advantages in separation and detection. A systematic investigation of the pCEC separation and ESI‐MS detection parameters was performed. Experiment results showed that the optimized separation efficiency could be obtained at 8 bar assisted pressure with 25 kV separation voltage, using the solution containing 65% ACN v/v and 20 mmol/L ammonium acetate with pH 6.0 as running buffer. 3 μL/min of sheath liquid was considered as the optimized flow rate since it could provide the maximum signal intensity. Under the optimum conditions, the tested five narcotics could be completely separated within 10 min with the detection limit in the range of 2.0–80 nmol/L. The proposed method has been successfully used for detection of narcotics in real urine samples.
Identification of unknown protein complex members by radiolocalization and analysis of low‐abundance complexes resolved using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Authors: Bose Mahuya , Adams Brian P. , Whittal Randy M. , Bose Himangshu S.
Published: January 2008

Identification of unknown binding partners of a protein of interest can be a difficult process. Current strategies to determine protein binding partners result in a high amount of false‐positives, requiring use of several different methods to confirm the accuracy of the apparent association. We have developed and utilized a method that is reliable and easily substantiated. Complexes are isolated from cell extract after exposure to the radiolabeled protein of interest, followed by resolution on a native polyacrylamide gel. Native conformations are preserved, allowing the complex members to maintain associations. By radiolabeling the protein of interest, the complex can be easily identified at detection levels below the threshold of Serva Blue, Coomassie, and silver stains. The visualized radioactive band is analyzed by MS to identify binding partners, which can be subsequently verified by antibody shift and immunoprecipitation of the complex. By using this method we have successfully identified binding partners of two proteins that reside in different locations of a cellular organelle.
Assessment of genotoxicity in rats treated with the antidiabetic agent, pioglitazone
Authors: Bedir Abdulkerim , Aliyazicioglu Yuksel , Bilgici Birsen , Yurdakul Zafer , Uysal Mehmet , Suvaci Duygu Erol , Okuyucu Ali , Kahraman Hakki , Hökelek Murat , Alvur Muhlise
Published: January 2008

Pioglitazone (PIO), a member of the thiazolidinedione class of antidiabetic agents, specifically targets insulin resistance. Drugs of this class act as ligands for the gamma subtype of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor. Although troglitazone, another drug in this class, displayed unacceptable hepatotoxicity, PIO was approved for human use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. To our knowledge, there are no published reports on the genotoxicity of PIO; however, the package insert indicates that it has minimal genotoxicity. In this study, we used the comet assay to investigate the DNA damage in the peripheral blood and liver cells of rats treated with PIO. Sixteen male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly distributed into four groups, and dosed daily for 14 days by oral gavage with 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg/day PIO. A dose‐dependent increase in DNA damage, as assessed by % tail DNA, was observed in both hepatocytes and blood lymphocytes of the PIO‐treated groups, with significant increases detected between the rats treated with all the doses of PIO and the control, and between the rats treated with different PIO doses (P < 0.005 to P < 0.0001). Treating nuclei from the exposed animals with an enzyme cocktail containing Fpg and Endonuclease III prior to performing the comet assay increased the level of DNA damage, which reflects oxidized purine and pyrimidine. Taken together, our data indicate that PIO is able to dose‐dependently induce DNA damage in both the liver and blood lymphocytes of rats, which is partially due to the generation of oxidative lesions. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Problem solving therapy for the depression‐executive dysfunction syndrome of late life
Authors: Alexopoulos George S. , Raue Patrick J. , Kanellopoulos Dora , Mackin Scott , Arean Patricia A.
Published: January 2008

Background

The ‘depression executive dysfunction syndrome’ afflicts a considerable number of depressed elderly patients and may be resistant to conventional pharmacotherapy. Non‐pharmacological approaches addressing their behavioral deficits may reduce disability and experienced stress and improve depression.

Methods

This paper focuses on problem solving therapy (PST) because it targets concrete problems that can be understood by patients with executive dysfunction and trains patients to address them using an easy to comprehend structured approach.

Results

We suggest that PST is a suitable treatment for patients with the depression‐executive dysfunction syndrome because it has been found effective in uncomplicated geriatric major depression and in other psychiatric disorders accompanied by severe executive dysfunction. Furthermore, PST can address specific clinical features of depressed patients with executive dysfunction, especially when modified to address difficulties with affect regulation, initiation and perseveration.

Conclusions

A preliminary study suggests that appropriately modified PST improves problem solving skills, depression and disability in elderly patients with the depression‐executive dysfunction syndrome of late life. If these findings are confirmed, PST may become a therapeutic option for a large group of depressed elderly patients likely to be drug resistant. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explaining the characteristics of the power (CRRA) utility family
Authors: Wakker Peter P.
Published: January 2008

The power family, also known as the family of constant relative risk aversion (CRRA), is the most widely used parametric family for fitting utility functions to data. Its characteristics have, however, been little understood, and have led to numerous misunderstandings. This paper explains these characteristics in a manner accessible to a wide audience. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aggressive angiomyxoma of supraclavicular fossa: A case report
Authors: Pai Chien‐Yu , Nieh Shin , Lee Jih‐Chin , Lo Chung‐Ping , Lee Herng‐Sheng
Published: January 2008

Background

Aggressive angiomyxoma (AAM) is a rare myxoid mesenchymal tumor that occurs almost exclusively in the adult pelvic‐perineal region and predominantly in females. Only 1 case of AAM occurring outside this region has been reported. Here we report another such case.

Methods

The patient was referred for evaluation of a firm nonmovable mass of the supraclavicular fossa that had progressively enlarged within the previous year. MRI showed an infiltrative growth pattern with adhesion to adjacent anatomic structures. Wide excision was attempted, but a clear margin could not be achieved.

Results

The histopathology revealed characteristic features of AAM, including stellate to spindle‐shaped tumor cells set in a myxoid background, with hyalinizing thick‐walled vessels and characteristic immunophenotype.

Conclusion

Accurate diagnosis and a definite surgical margin are crucial because AAM is locally aggressive and easily recurrent. Our case deserves attention because it shows that AAM may exist in the head and neck. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Dilemma of clinically node‐negative head and neck melanoma: Outcome of “watch and wait” policy, elective lymph node dissection, and sentinel node biopsy—A systematic review
Authors: Tanis Pieter J. , Nieweg Omgo E. , van den Brekel Michiel W. M. , Balm Alfons J. M.
Published: January 2008

Background

The management of patients with clinically node‐negative melanoma of the head and neck remains controversial.

Methods

This is a systematic review of management strategies for stage I head and neck melanoma.

Results

Subgroup analysis of 1 randomized controlled trial (RCT) and most available cohort studies do not reveal a significant impact of elective neck dissection on survival. For 1.2‐ to 3.5‐mm‐thick melanoma at all anatomical sites, 1 RCT does not show an overall significant melanoma‐specific survival benefit of sentinel node biopsy, but subgroup analysis suggests a survival benefit for lymph node–positive patients, confirming findings from 3 retrospective series. Sentinel node biopsy in the head and neck region can be technically demanding, with lower identification rates and higher false‐negative rates.

Conclusion

There is no conclusive survival advantage of either elective neck dissection or sentinel node biopsy in patients with clinically node‐negative head and neck melanoma of intermediate thickness. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Giant funicular intrapharyngeal schwannoma
Authors: Jovanovic Milan B. , Milutinovic Zoran S. , Strbac Mile S. , Perovic Jelena V. , Milenkovic Sanja A.
Published: January 2008

Background

Schwannoma is a rare solitary tumor of Schwann cell origin. The Schwann cell surrounds peripheral nerve tissue and is believed to originate from neural crest. Surgery presents main treatment for patients with schwannoma.

Methods

This is a report of a rare case of giant and bizarre‐shaped intrapharyngeal schwannoma. A 38‐year‐old woman with a very large schwannoma (25 cm × 6 cm × 4 cm), which gradually increased in size and with a progressive dysphagia, is presented.

Results

Schwannoma was detected by clinical and endoscopic examination and also with CT scan. Complete resection was achieved by external approach surgery.

Conclusions

The advantage of the lateral pharyngotomy with tracheotomy for complete excision of a mass is demonstrated. It provides an excellent operative exposure and recovery without impairment of breathing and deglutition. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Systematic review: Accuracy of imaging tests in the diagnosis of recurrent laryngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy
Authors: Brouwer Jolijn , Hooft Lotty , Hoekstra Otto S. , Riphagen Ingrid I. , Castelijns Jonas A. , de Bree Remco , Leemans C. René
Published: January 2008

Background

Diagnosing recurrent laryngeal tumor after radiotherapy is challenging. The most reliable method is direct laryngoscopy under general anesthesia. However, many futile laryngoscopies are performed in disease‐free patients. Imaging tests selecting patients for this invasive procedure would be useful. The aim of this systematic review was summarizing the available evidence and determining the diagnostic accuracy of CT, MRI, thallium‐201 (201Tl) scintigraphy, and F‐18‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18FDG‐PET).

Methods

A systematic review was performed according to the guidelines of the Cochrane Collaboration. Two reviewers scored the articles according to A‐, B‐, and C‐items. Statistical meta‐analysis was performed producing summary pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity.

Results

There were 8 eligible studies on 18FDG‐PET. The validity of the 18FDG‐PET studies was reasonable; the pooled estimates (95% CI) for sensitivity and specificity were 89% and 74%.

Conclusion

The diagnostic accuracy of 18FDG‐PET is promising and warrants a randomized trial comparing a strategy based on conventional diagnostic work‐up to one based on 18FDG‐PET. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Postoperative radiotherapy for advanced medullary thyroid cancer—Local disease control in the modern era
Authors: Schwartz David L. , Rana Vishal , Shaw Stephanie , Yazbeck Cynthia , Ang Kie‐Kian , Morrison William H. , Rosenthal David I. , Hoff Ana , Evans Douglas B. , Clayman Gary L. , Garden Adam S. , Sherman Steven I.
Published: January 2008

Background

The purpose of this study is to catalog modern‐era postoperative radiotherapy (external beam radiotherapy [EBRT]) outcomes for advanced medullary thyroid cancer.

Methods

Thirty‐four consecutive patients with stage IVa–c disease were evaluated. Ten patients had recurrent disease, 16 had mediastinal involvement, and 10 had distant metastasis. Positive surgical margins were present in 12 cases. Median pre‐EBRT serum calcitonin was 556. All patients received conformal EBRT or intensity‐modulated radiotherapy. Median EBRT dose was 60 Gy and median follow‐up was 46.5 months.

Results

Kaplan–Meier estimates of locoregional relapse–free survival, disease‐specific survival, and overall survival at 5 years were 87%, 62%, and 56%, respectively. Disease in 3 patients with gross residual disease was controlled locoregionally. Distant disease at the time of EBRT did not predict survival. Two (9%) patients reported symptomatic chronic morbidity.

Conclusion

Surgery followed by EBRT provided durable locoregional disease control with limited morbidity. Postoperative EBRT merits consideration in cases of advanced disease at high risk for locoregional recurrence. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Preparation of Biodegradable Polymer Nanoparticles by Miniemulsion Technique and Their Cell Interactions
Authors: Musyanovych Anna , Schmitz‐Wienke Julia , Mailänder Volker , Walther Paul , Landfester Katharina
Published: January 2008

The emulsion/solvent evaporation method and miniemulsion technique were combined and applied in the formulation of biodegradable monodisperse nanoparticles at high solid contents using different biocompatible and biodegradable polymers such as poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA), poly[(D,L‐lactide)‐co‐glycolide] 50:50 (PLGA), and poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL). Differences between the results of various polymers are found in terms of the particle size and size distribution as well as in the degradation time. An encapsulated hydrophobic fluorescent dye was used as a model marker in order to study the entrapment efficiency and diffusion yield out of the particle. Cellular uptake of the obtained particles was observed in Jurkat and HeLa cells. In the investigated particle size range of 80–200 nm, the surfactant on the particles' surface had a greater influence than the particle size. Uptake kinetics reveals that the PLLA and PCL particles are endocytosed much faster than polystyrene particles.

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Two‐Dimensional Marangoni‐Instability‐Induced Periodic Patterns of Polymer Blend Films Cast on Tilted Substrates
Authors: Wu Kuen‐Hua , Lu Shih‐Yuan , Chen Hsin‐Lung , Chen Yen‐Yi
Published: January 2008

Two‐dimensional periodic patterns were observed for PS/PVP blend films and the corresponding homopolymer films on tilted glass substrates. They were attributed to the Marangoni instability resulting from surface tension non‐uniformity. For the 1:1 PS‐1/PVP‐1 blend films, two‐dimensional regular arrays of the separated phases were observed, similar to those observed on homopolymer films from thickness variations. In addition, for the PS‐2/PVP‐2 blend films of 30/70 composition, one‐dimensional strip patterns of separated phases were observed. The pattern formation mechanism is discussed and a characteristic parameter, defined as the ratio of the final film thickness to initial solution viscosity, is found to correlate well with the pattern regularity through variation in polymer concentration.

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Novel Top‐Surface Imaging Process by Selective Chemisorption of Poly(dimethyl siloxane) on Diazoketo‐Functionalized Single Component Photoresist
Authors: Ganesan Ramakrishnan , Youn Seul‐Ki , Kim Jin‐Baek
Published: January 2008

A novel top‐surface imaging process was successfully established using selective chemisorption of amine‐functionalized poly(dimethyl siloxane) onto the carboxylic groups formed on the surface of diazoketo‐functionalized polymer film by UV light irradiation. The chemisorbed poly(dimethyl siloxane) worked as an efficient etch mask for the subsequent oxygen plasma etching process for pattern generation. High‐resolution patterns were resolved with the new imaging process.

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Nerve transfers in children with traumatic partial brachial plexus injuries
Authors: Goubier Jean‐Noël , Teboul Frédéric , Papadogeorgou Ellada
Published: January 2008

Brachial plexus trauma is a rare condition in children except for obstetrical lesions, for which nerve grafting is generally proposed. Two children (9 and 12 years old) with C5 and C6 traumatic brachial plexus avulsion lesions are presented, where elbow flexion and shoulder abduction and external rotation were the functions to be restored. Nerve transfers have been performed. Shoulder abduction was restored by an accessory‐to‐suprascapular nerve transfer in one patient, while the triceps long head motor branch was transferred to the axillary nerve in both patients. Fascicles of the ulnar and median nerve were transferred respectively to the biceps muscle nerve and the brachialis motor branch. At 11 months follow‐up, the elbow flexion scored M4 and the shoulder abduction recovered in both patients. No complications were observed. Nerve transfers currently used in adult patients may be applied in children with traumatic partial brachial plexus palsies. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2008.
Differential activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) during photoperiod induced uterine regression and recrudescence in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)
Authors: Shahed Asha , Young Kelly A.
Published: January 2008

Siberian hamsters adapt to seasonal changes by reducing their reproductive function during short days (SD). SD exposure reduces uterine mass and reproductive capacity, but underlying cellular mechanisms remain unknown. Because matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are important in uterine development, parturition, and postpartum remodeling, their expression in uterine tissue from Siberian hamsters undergoing photoperiod‐mediated reproductive regression and recrudescence was investigated. Female hamsters were exposed to long day (LD, 16L:8D, controls) or SD (8L:16D) for 3–12 weeks (regression); a second group was exposed to SD or LD for 14 weeks and then transferred to LD for 0–8 weeks (recrudescence). Hamsters were euthanized, uteri collected, and homogenates analyzed by gelatin zymography or Western blotting for MMP and TIMP protein levels. Uterine weight decreased (67–75%) at SD weeks 12–14 and increased post‐LD transfer (PT) reaching LD values by PT week 2. MMP‐2, but not MMP‐9 activity was reduced by SD week 12 or 14 but increased to LD levels at PT week 2. MMP‐3 expression increased at SD week 9 compared to other SD and LD groups. MMP‐14 and ‐13 protein levels decreased at SD week 3 but returned to LD levels by SD week 6. During recrudescence, MMP‐3 (PT weeks 0–2), MMP‐13 (PT week 4), and MMP‐14 (PT weeks 2, 4) protein levels were higher than LD. TIMP‐1 and 2 were present at low levels. Significant and differential variations in uterine MMP activity/expression during photoperiod‐induced regression and recrudescence were observed. These changes likely reflect increases in tissue remodeling during both the adaptation to SD and the restoration of reproductive function. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75: 1433–1440, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the social capital questionnaire in Greece
Authors: Kritsotakis George , Koutis Antonis D. , Alegakis Athanassios K. , Philalithis Anastas E.
Published: January 2008

The Greek version of the social capital questionnaire (SCQ‐G) was evaluated in a sample of 521 adults drawn from three different urban areas in Greece. Exploratory factor analysis followed by multi‐trait scaling yielded six factors: Participation in the Community, Feelings of Safety, Family/Friends Connections, Value of Life and Social Agency, Tolerance of Diversity, and Work Connections. The factor solution is similar to the patterns identified originally in Australia and the US. Variations suggest that social capital does not share the same structure in different countries. The SCQ‐G is a useful scale to measure individual‐level social capital in Greece. Social capital measurement tools should be validated in each cultural or national setting in which they are used. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 31:217–225, 2008
Siloxane/silane‐crosslinked systems from supercritical carbon dioxide: II. Pendant phenyl poly(carbosilane/siloxane)s
Authors: Zhou Hui , Venumbaka Sreenu R. , Fitch John W. , Cassidy Patrick E.
Published: January 2008

New silicone‐containing polymers with crosslinkable units have been synthesized by hydrosilation polymerization in both toluene and supercritical carbon dioxide (70°C, 3000 psi) catalyzed by platinum‐divinyltetramethyldisiloxane (Pt‐DVTMS). It was found that high molecular polymers were obtained in both toluene and supercritical carbon dioxide. The polymers were characterized by FTIR, NMR, GPC, TGA, and DSC. The molecular weights of these polymers ranged from 9000 to 39,000. With further hydrolysis and thermal curing, the molecular weight can be increased significantly. Comparison of the properties between reactions in toluene versus supercritical carbon dioxide indicated that the green solvent is a usable alternative for hydrosilation polymerization. The new polymers synthesized in either toluene or supercritical carbon dioxide are thermally stable, ranged from 350 to 488°C. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mode II interlaminar delamination of composite laminates incorporating with polymer ultrathin fibers
Authors: Liu Ling , Huang Zheng‐Ming , Xu Gui‐Ying , Liang Yan‐Min , Dong Guo‐Hua
Published: January 2008

This study makes use of electrospinning to produce epoxy polymer ultrathin fibers. Those fibers were collected as nonwoven sheets with various thicknesses. The collected ultrathin fibrous sheets (UFS) were incorporated into ply interfaces of a glass/epoxy composite laminate. End‐notch flexure (ENF) specimens were employed to measure the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness (GIIC) of the resulting laminate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out to investigate the fracture surface and fracture mechanism of tested samples. Results indicate that there were some reinforcing effects of the UFS on the GIIC when the thickness of the sheets was not more than 0.13 mm for a single sheet and 0.06 mm for multi‐sheets incorporated. The mechanical properties were quickly decreased and became poorer when a higher thickness of the sheets was used. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Microcompounding of organoclay–ABS/PA6 blend‐based nanocomposites
Authors: Ozkoc Guralp , Bayram Goknur , Tiesnitsch Johan
Published: January 2008

In this study, acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) and polyamide‐6 (PA6) were blended in the presence of an olefin‐based compatibilizer and organoclays. The effects of ABS to PA6 ratio, clay content, and screw speed of the microcompounder were examined by performing morphological (i.e., XRD, SEM, and TEM) and tensile tests. The average aspect ratio of the clay platelets after processing was obtained by applying semiautomatic image analysis method. SEM analysis showed that addition of the compatibilizers to the ABS/PA6 blend system resulted in a decrease in diameter of dispersed phase when one of the phases was continuous. The addition of 5 wt% compatibilizer altered the dispersed morphology to cocontinuous morphology when the weight percentage of ABS was equal to that of PA6. The results of XRD analysis implied that clays were exfoliated in the presence of PA6. It was observed in TEM micrographs that clays were selectively dispersed in PA6 phase. Aspect ratio of the platelets increased as the PA6 content increased. Moduli of the nanocomposites were improved by enriching blend with PA6 and increasing screw speed. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Dynamic mechanical properties of extruded nylon–wood composites
Authors: Chen Jianmin , Gardner Douglas J.
Published: January 2008

Dynamic mechanical properties determine the potential end use of a newly developed extruded nylon–wood composite in under‐the‐hood automobile applications. In this article, the dynamic mechanical properties of extruded nylon–wood composites were characterized using a dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (DMTA) to determine storage modulus, glass transition temperature (Tg), physical aging effects, long‐term performance prediction, and comparisons to similar products. The storage modulus of the nylon–wood composite was found to be more temperature stable than pure nylon 66. The Tg range of the nylon–wood composite was found to be between 23 and 56°C, based on the decrease in storage modulus. A master curve was constructed based on the creep curves at various temperatures from 30 to 80°C. The results show that the relationship between shift factors and temperature follows Arrhenius behavior. Nylon–wood composites have good temperature‐dependent properties. Wood fillers reduced the physical aging effects on nylon in the wood composites. The comparison of the nylon–wood composite with other similar products shows that nylon–wood composites are a promising low cost material for industrial applications. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers