bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
α-Terpinyl Acetate: Occurrence in Essential Oils Bearing Thymus pulegioides, Phytotoxicity, and Antimicrobial Effects
Authors: Vaičiulytė Vaida , Ložienė Kristina , Švedienė Jurgita , Raudonienė Vita , Paškevičius Algimantas
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate occurrence of T. pulegioides α-terpinyl acetate chemotype, as source of natural origin α-terpinyl acetate, to determine its phytotoxic and antimicrobial features. Were investigated 131 T. pulegioides habitats. Essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Phytotoxic effect of essential oil of this chemotype on monocotyledons and dicotyledons through water and air was carried out in laboratory conditions; the broth microdilution method was used to screen essential oil effect against human pathogenic microorganisms. Results showed that α-terpinyl acetate was very rare compound in essential oil of T. pulegioides: it was found only in 35% of investigated T. pulegioides habitats. α-Terpinyl acetate (in essential oil and pure) demonstrated different behavior on investigated plants. Phytotoxic effect of α-terpinyl acetate was stronger on investigated monocotyledons than on dicotyledons. α-Terpinyl acetate essential oil inhibited seeds germination and radicles growth for high economic productivity forage grass monocotyledon Poa pratensis, but stimulated seed germination for high economic productive forage legume dicotyledon Trifolium pretense. α-Terpinyl acetate essential oil showed high antimicrobial effect against fungi and dermatophytes but lower effect against bacteria and Candida yeasts. Therefore, T. pulegioides α-terpinyl acetate chemotype could be a potential compound for developing preventive measures or/and drugs for mycosis.
Heterocyclic Substitutions Greatly Improve Affinity and Stability of Folic Acid towards FRα. an In Silico Insight
Authors: Al-Thiabat Mohammad G. , Saqallah Fadi G. , Gazzali Amirah Mohd , Mohtar Noratiqah , Yap Beow Keat , Choong Yee Siew , Wahab Habibah A
Published: February 2021

Folate receptor alpha (FRα) is known as a biological marker for many cancers due to its overexpression in cancerous epithelial tissue. The folic acid (FA) binding affinity to the FRα active site provides a basis for designing more specific targets for FRα. Heterocyclic rings have been shown to interact with many receptors and are important to the metabolism and biological processes within the body. Nineteen FA analogs with substitution with various heterocyclic rings were designed to have higher affinity toward FRα. Molecular docking was used to study the binding affinity of designed analogs compared to FA, methotrexate (MTX), and pemetrexed (PTX). Out of 19 FA analogs, analogs with a tetrazole ring (FOL03) and benzothiophene ring (FOL08) showed the most negative binding energy and were able to interact with ASP81 and SER174 through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with amino acids of the active site. Hence, 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out for FOL03, FOL08 compared to FA, MTX, and PTX. The root mean square deviation (RMSD) and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) of FOL03 and FOL08 showed an apparent convergence similar to that of FA, and both of them entered the binding pocket (active site) from the pteridine part, while the glutamic part was stuck at the FRα pocket entrance during the MD simulations. Molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface accessible (MM-PBSA) and H-bond analysis revealed that FOL03 and FOL08 created more negative free binding and electrostatic energy compared to FA and PTX, and both formed stronger H-bond interactions with ASP81 than FA with excellent H-bond profiles that led them to become bound tightly in the pocket. In addition, pocket volume calculations showed that the volumes of active site for FOL03 and FOL08 inside the FRα pocket were smaller than the FA–FRα system, indicating strong interactions between the protein active site residues with these new FA analogs compared to FA during the MD simulations.
Cylindromicin from Arctic-Derived Fungus Tolypocladium sp. SCSIO 40433
Authors: Khan Imran , Peng Jing , Fang Zhuangjie , Liu Wei , Zhang Wenjun , Zhang Qingbo , Ma Liang , Zhang Guangtao , Zhang Changsheng , Zhang Haibo
Published: February 2021

The fungus strain SCSIO 40433 was isolated from an Arctic-derived glacier sediment sample and characterized as Tolypocladium cylindrosporum. A new compound, cylindromicin (1), and seven known secondary metabolites (2–8) were isolated from this strain. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses. Cylindromicin (1) featured a 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran skeleton. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was assigned via interpretation of key Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy (NOESY) correlations and Electronic Circular Dichroism (ECD) calculation. Cylindromicin (1) exhibited significant tyrosinase inhibition activity. This study highlights Polar fungi as a potential resource for new bioactive natural products.
Improving the Phloroglucinolysis Protocol and Characterization of Sagrantino Wines Proanthocyanidins
Authors: Arapitsas Panagiotis , Perenzoni Daniele , Guella Graziano , Mattivi Fulvio
Published: February 2021

Proanthocyanidins are key metabolites that explain wine sensorial character (bitterness and astringency) and red wine color changes during aging. Therefore, a fast and accurate method to evaluate the degree of polymerization and the structural composition of the polymeric proanthocyanidins is a crucial analytical tool. Phloroglucinolysis is the most used method for this analysis but, unfortunately, the phloroglucinol adducts of the monomeric flavan-3-ols are not commercially available, making the results less accurate. The aim of this work was the isolation by semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of these non-commercial compounds and their use for the development of an accurate UHPLC-MS/MS protocol. The purity of each adduct was established via quantitative 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements with 3-trimethylsilyl-propionic-d4 acid sodium salt as the calibration standard. The developed method was applied to evaluate the proanthocyanidins profile of Sagrantino di Montefalco wines in comparison to other well-known tannic wines. Commercial, 6–8 years old Sagrantino wines were demonstrated to be very rich in epicatechin type B procyanidins, to have low galloylation %, and to have a high mean degree of polymerization of the proanthocyanidins with respect to the other analyzed wines.
Comparison of Ferroptosis-Inhibitory Mechanisms between Ferrostatin-1 and Dietary Stilbenes (Piceatannol and Astringin)
Authors: Chen Ban , Li Xican , Ouyang Xiaojian , Liu Jie , Liu Yangping , Chen Dongfeng
Published: February 2021

Synthetic arylamines and dietary phytophenolics could inhibit ferroptosis, a recently discovered regulated cell death process. However, no study indicates whether their inhibitory mechanisms are inherently different. Herein, the ferroptosis-inhibitory mechanisms of selected ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and two dietary stilbenes (piceatannol and astringin) were compared. Cellular assays suggested that the ferroptosis-inhibitory and electron-transfer potential levels decreased as follows: Fer-1 >> piceatannol > astringin; however, the hydrogen-donating potential had an order different from that observed by the antioxidant experiments and quantum chemistry calculations. Quantum calculations suggested that Fer-1 has a much lower ionization potential than the two stilbenes, and the aromatic N-atoms were surrounded by the largest electron clouds. By comparison, the C4′O-H groups in the two stilbenes exhibited the lowest bond disassociation enthalpies. Finally, the three were found to produce corresponding dimer peaks through ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry analysis. In conclusion, Fer-1 mainly depends on the electron transfer of aromatic N-atoms to construct a redox recycle. However, piceatannol and astringin preferentially donate hydrogen atoms at the 4′-OH position to mediate the conventional antioxidant mechanism that inhibits ferroptosis, and to ultimately form dimers. These results suggest that dietary phytophenols may be safer ferroptosis inhibitors for balancing normal and ferroptotic cells than arylamines with high electron-transfer potential.
Antifungal Properties of Essential Oils and Their Compounds for Application in Skin Fungal Infections: Conventional and Nonconventional Approaches
Authors: Abd Rashed Aswir , Rathi Devi-Nair Gunasegavan , Ahmad Nasir Nor Atikah Husna , Abd Rahman Ahmad Zuhairi
Published: February 2021

Essential oils (EOs) are known to have varying degrees of antimicrobial properties that are mainly due to the presence of bioactive compounds. These include antiviral, nematicidal, antifungal, insecticidal and antioxidant properties. This review highlights the potential of EOs and their compounds for application as antifungal agents for the treatment of skin diseases via conventional and nonconventional approaches. A search was conducted using three databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar), and all relevant articles from the period of 2010–2020 that are freely available in English were extracted. In our findings, EOs with a high percentage of monoterpenes showed strong ability as potential antifungal agents. Lavandula sp., Salvia sp., Thymus sp., Citrus sp., and Cymbopogon sp. were among the various species found to show excellent antifungal properties against various skin diseases. Some researchers developed advanced formulations such as gel, semi-solid, and ointment bases to further evaluate the effectiveness of EOs as antifungal agents. To date, most studies on the application of EOs as antifungal agents were performed using in vitro techniques, and only a limited number pursued in vivo and intervention-based research.
Antimicrobial Effect and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Mg-Doped Hydroxyapatite Functionalized with Au-Nano Rods
Authors: Franco Domenico , Calabrese Giovanna , Petralia Salvatore , Neri Giulia , Corsaro Carmelo , Forte Lucia , Squarzoni Stefano , Guglielmino Salvatore , Traina Francesco , Fazio Enza , Conoci Sabrina
Published: February 2021

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main inorganic mineral that constitutes bone matrix and represents the most used biomaterial for bone regeneration. Over the years, it has been demonstrated that HA exhibits good biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductivity both in vitro and in vivo, and can be prepared by synthetic and natural sources via easy fabrication strategies. However, its low antibacterial property and its fragile nature restricts its usage for bone graft applications. In this study we functionalized a MgHA scaffold with gold nanorods (AuNRs) and evaluated its antibacterial effect against S. aureus and E. coli in both suspension and adhesion and its cytotoxicity over time (1 to 24 days). Results show that the AuNRs nano-functionalization improves the antibacterial activity with 100% bacterial reduction after 24 h. The toxicity study, however, indicates a 4.38-fold cell number decrease at 24 days. Although further optimization on nano-functionalization process are needed for cytotoxicity, these data indicated that Au-NRs nano-functionalization is a very promising method for improving the antibacterial properties of HA.
Therapeutic Efficacy and Biodistribution of Paclitaxel-Bound Amphiphilic Cyclodextrin Nanoparticles: Analyses in 3D Tumor Culture and Tumor-Bearing Animals In Vivo
Authors: Varan Gamze , Varan Cem , Öztürk Süleyman Can , Benito Juan M. , Esendağlı Güneş , Bilensoy Erem
Published: February 2021

The uniqueness of paclitaxel’s antimitotic action mechanism has fueled research toward its application in more effective and safer cancer treatments. However, the low water solubility, recrystallization, and side effects hinder the clinical success of classic paclitaxel chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo efficacy and biodistribution of paclitaxel encapsulated in injectable amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles of different surface charges. It was found that paclitaxel-loaded amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles showed an antitumoral effect earlier than the drug solution. Moreover, the blank nanoparticles reduced the tumor growth with a similar trend to the paclitaxel solution. At 24 h, the nanoparticles had not accumulated in the heart and lungs according to the biodistribution assessed by in vivo imaging. Therefore, our results indicated that the amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles are potentially devoid of cardiac toxicity, which limits the clinical use and commercialization of certain polymeric nanoparticles. In conclusion, the amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles with different surface charge increased the efficiency of paclitaxel in vitro and in vivo. Cyclodextrin nanoparticles could be a good candidate vehicle for intravenous paclitaxel delivery.
Photocatalytic Activity of Magnetic Nano-β-FeOOH/Fe3O4/Biochar Composites for the Enhanced Degradation of Methyl Orange Under Visible Light
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Wang Guanghua , Li Wenbing , Zhang Lidong , Guo Benwei , Ding Ling , Li Xiangcheng
Published: February 2021

A novel nano-β-FeOOH/Fe3O4/biochar composite with enhanced photocatalytic performance and superparamagnetism was successfully fabricated via an environmentally friendly one-step method. The structural properties of the prepared composite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and a vibrating sample magnetometer. The XPS spectrum of the as-prepared composites confirmed the presence of Fe-O-C bonds between β-FeOOH and biochar, which could be conducive to transfer photo-generated electrons. UV-vis spectroscopy confirmed the existence of an electron–hole connection between β-FeOOH and biochar, which promoted the rapid interface transfer of photogenerated electrons from β-FeOOH to biochar. These novel structures could enhance the response of biochar to accelerate the photoelectrons under visible light for more free radicals. Electron spin resonance analysis and free radical quenching experiments showed that •OH was the primary active species in the photodegradation process of methyl orange by nano-β-FeOOH/Fe3O4/biochar. In the synergistic photocatalytic system, β-FeOOH/Fe3O4/biochar exhibited excellent catalytic activity for the degradation of azo dye (methyl orange), which is 2.03 times higher than that of the original biochar, while the surface area decreased from 1424.82 to 790.66 m2·g−1. Furthermore, β-FeOOH/Fe3O4/biochar maintained a stable structure and at least 98% catalytic activity after reuse, and it was easy to separate due to its superparamagnetism. This work highlights the enhanced photocatalytic performance of β-FeOOH/Fe3O4/biochar material, which can be used in azo dye wastewater treatment.
MicroRNAs and Long Non-Coding RNAs as Potential Candidates to Target Specific Motifs of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Natarelli Lucia , Parca Luca , Mazza Tommaso , Weber Christian , Virgili Fabio , Fratantonio Deborah
Published: February 2021

The respiratory system is one of the most affected targets of SARS-CoV-2. Various therapies have been utilized to counter viral-induced inflammatory complications, with diverse success rates. Pending the distribution of an effective vaccine to the whole population and the achievement of “herd immunity”, the discovery of novel specific therapies is to be considered a very important objective. Here, we report a computational study demonstrating the existence of target motifs in the SARS-CoV-2 genome suitable for specific binding with endogenous human micro and long non-coding RNAs (miRNAs and lncRNAs, respectively), which can, therefore, be considered a conceptual background for the development of miRNA-based drugs against COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 genome contains three motifs in the 5′UTR leader sequence recognized by selective nucleotides within the seed sequence of specific human miRNAs. The seed of 57 microRNAs contained a “GGG” motif that promoted leader sequence-recognition, primarily through offset-6mer sites able to promote microRNAs noncanonical binding to viral RNA. Similarly, lncRNA H19 binds to the 5′UTR of the viral genome and, more specifically, to the transcript of the viral gene Spike, which has a pivotal role in viral infection. Notably, some of the non-coding RNAs identified in our study as candidates for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 gene expression have already been proposed against diverse viral infections, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and related diseases.
Endogenous Double-Stranded RNA
Authors: Sadeq Shaymaa , Al-Hashimi Surar , Cusack Carmen M. , Werner Andreas
Published: February 2021

The birth of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is closely associated with the presence and activation of repetitive elements in the genome. The transcription of endogenous retroviruses as well as long and short interspersed elements is not only essential for evolving lncRNAs but is also a significant source of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). From an lncRNA-centric point of view, the latter is a minor source of bother in the context of the entire cell; however, dsRNA is an essential threat. A viral infection is associated with cytoplasmic dsRNA, and endogenous RNA hybrids only differ from viral dsRNA by the 5′ cap structure. Hence, a multi-layered defense network is in place to protect cells from viral infections but tolerates endogenous dsRNA structures. A first line of defense is established with compartmentalization; whereas endogenous dsRNA is found predominantly confined to the nucleus and the mitochondria, exogenous dsRNA reaches the cytoplasm. Here, various sensor proteins recognize features of dsRNA including the 5′ phosphate group of viral RNAs or hybrids with a particular length but not specific nucleotide sequences. The sensors trigger cellular stress pathways and innate immunity via interferon signaling but also induce apoptosis via caspase activation. Because of its central role in viral recognition and immune activation, dsRNA sensing is implicated in autoimmune diseases and used to treat cancer.
A Systematic Review of Intracellular Microorganisms within Acanthamoeba to Understand Potential Impact for Infection
Authors: Rayamajhee Binod , Subedi Dinesh , Peguda Hari Kumar , Willcox Mark Duncan , Henriquez Fiona L. , Carnt Nicole
Published: February 2021

Acanthamoeba, an opportunistic pathogen is known to cause an infection of the cornea, central nervous system, and skin. Acanthamoeba feeds different microorganisms, including potentially pathogenic prokaryotes; some of microbes have developed ways of surviving intracellularly and this may mean that Acanthamoeba acts as incubator of important pathogens. A systematic review of the literature was performed in order to capture a comprehensive picture of the variety of microbial species identified within Acanthamoeba following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Forty-three studies met the inclusion criteria, 26 studies (60.5%) examined environmental samples, eight (18.6%) studies examined clinical specimens, and another nine (20.9%) studies analysed both types of samples. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by gene sequencing was the most common technique used to identify the intracellular microorganisms. Important pathogenic bacteria, such as E. coli, Mycobacterium spp. and P. aeruginosa, were observed in clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba, whereas Legionella, adenovirus, mimivirus, and unidentified bacteria (Candidatus) were often identified in environmental Acanthamoeba. Increasing resistance of Acanthamoeba associated intracellular pathogens to antimicrobials is an increased risk to public health. Molecular-based future studies are needed in order to assess the microbiome residing in Acanthamoeba, as a research on the hypotheses that intracellular microbes can affect the pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba infections.
Will Fly Repellency Using Deltamethrin Reduce Intramammary Infections, Stress and Fatigue Indicators of Dairy Ewes under Intensive Management?
Authors: Arsenopoulos Konstantinos V. , Sioutas Georgios , Triantafillou Eleutherios , Gelasakis Athanasios I. , Papadopoulos Elias
Published: February 2021

Intramammary infections (IMIs) caused by various pathogens may lead to clinical or subclinical mastitis, challenging the health and welfare status of infected animals and decreasing the quantity and quality of the produced milk. Additionally, the zoonotic potential of some of the pathogens isolated from IMI cases, the emergence of antibiotic resistance due to the extensive antibiotic use for IMI treatment, and the accumulation of antibiotic residues in milk and meat represent significant concerns for public health. Therefore, the investigation of IMI risk factors and the proposal of efficient measures to mitigate their effects on animal health and welfare is crucial. Although fly infestation is considered to play a significant role in the transmission of IMI pathogens, its adverse effects on udder health and the overall comfort status of dairy ewes have not been quantified and assessed on an evidential basis. Hence, the objectives of this study were to assess, for the first time, the fly repellent effect of deltamethrin and link it to: (i) the occurrence of common bacterial IMI; (ii) the somatic cell counts in milk; and (iii) the serum cortisol and creatine kinase levels (stress and fatigue indicators). The study was carried out in an intensive dairy sheep farm in northern Greece, during peak fly season. Deltamethrin treatment was associated with a reduced (i) number of flies (mostly Musca domestica) landing on treated ewes, compared to untreated ones (p < 0.05); (ii) colony-forming units in the case of Non-aureus Staphylococci IMIs (p < 0.05); and (iii) number of somatic cells in the milk (p < 0.001). Finally, serum cortisol and creatine kinase levels were significantly lower in deltamethrin-treated ewes (p < 0.001), indicating a less stressful environment for them.
Hypothiocyanite and Hypothiocyanite/Lactoferrin Mixture Exhibit Virucidal Activity In Vitro against SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Cegolon Luca , Mirandola Mattia , Salaris Claudio , Salvati Maria Vittoria , Mastrangelo Giuseppe , Salata Cristiano
Published: February 2021

SARS-CoV-2 replicates efficiently in the upper airways during the prodromal stage, resulting in environmental viral shedding from patients with active COVID-19 as well as from asymptomatic individuals. There is a need to find pharmacological interventions to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Hypothiocyanite and lactoferrin are molecules of the innate immune system with a large spectrum cidal activity. The Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency designated the hypothiocyanite and lactoferrin combination as an orphan drug. We report an in vitro study showing that micromolar concentrations of hypothiocyanite exhibit dose- and time-dependent virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2 and that the latter is slightly enhanced by the simultaneous presence of lactoferrin.
Computational Modeling and Simulation to Increase Laser Shooting Accuracy of Autonomous LEO Trackers
Authors: Gambi Jose , Garcia del Pino Maria , Mosser Jonathan , Weinmüller Ewa
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we introduce a computational procedure that enables autonomous LEO laser trackers endowed with INSs to increase the current accuracy when shooting at middle distant medium-size LEO debris targets. The code is designed for the trackers to throw the targets into the atmosphere by means of ablations. In case that the targets are eclipsed to the trackers by the Earth, the motions of the trackers and targets are modeled by equations that contain post-Newtonian terms accounting for the curvature of space. Otherwise, when the approaching targets become visible for the trackers, we additionally use more accurate equations, which allow to account for the local bending of the laser beams aimed at the targets. We observe that under certain circumstances the correct shooting configurations that allow to safely and efficiently shoot down the targets, differ from the current estimations by distances that may be larger than the size of many targets. In short, this procedure enables to estimate the optimal shooting instants for any middle distant medium-size LEO debris target.
Simulation of Spatial Spread of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Basis of the Kinetic-Advection Model
Authors: Aristov Vladimir V. , Stroganov Andrey V. , Yastrebov Andrey D.
Published: February 2021

A new two-parameter kinetic equation model is proposed to describe the spatial spread of the virus in the current pandemic COVID-19. The migration of infection carriers from certain foci inherent in some countries is considered. The one-dimensional model is applied to three countries: Russia, Italy, and Chile. Both their geographical location and their particular shape stretching in the direction from the centers of infection (Moscow, Lombardy, and Santiago, respectively) make it possible to use such an approximation. The dynamic density of the infected is studied. Two parameters of the model are derived from known data. The first is the value of the average spreading rate associated with the transfer of infected persons in transport vehicles. The second is the frequency of the decrease in numbers of the infected as they move around the country, associated with the arrival of passengers at their destination. An analytical solution is obtained. Simple numerical methods are also used to perform a series of calculations. Calculations us to make some predictions, for example, about the time of recovery in Russia, if the beginning of recovery in Moscow is known.
Impact of Foliar Application of Chitosan Dissolved in Different Organic Acids on Isozymes, Protein Patterns and Physio-Biochemical Characteristics of Tomato Grown under Salinity Stress
Authors: Attia Mohamed S. , Osman Mahmoud S. , Mohamed Amr S. , Mahgoub Hany A. , Garada Mohamed O. , Abdelmouty Eslam S. , Abdel Latef Arafat Abdel Hamed
Published: February 2021

In this study, the anti-stress capabilities of the foliar application of chitosan, dissolved in four different organic acids (acetic acid, ascorbic acid, citric acid and malic acid) have been investigated on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants under salinity stress (100 mM NaCl). Morphological traits, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes, secondary metabolites, oxidative stress, minerals, antioxidant enzymes activity, isozymes and protein patterns were tested for potential tolerance of tomato plants growing under salinity stress. Salinity stress was caused a reduction in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, soluble proteins and potassium (K+) content. However, the contents of proline, ascorbic acid, total phenol, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium (Na+) and antioxidant enzyme activity were increased in tomato plants grown under saline conditions. Chitosan treatments in any of the non-stressed plants showed improvements in morphological traits, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes, total phenol and antioxidant enzymes activity. Besides, the harmful impacts of salinity on tomato plants have also been reduced by lowering MDA, H2O2 and Na+ levels. Chitosan treatments in either non-stressed or stressed plants showed different responses in number and density of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) isozymes. NaCl stress led to the diminishing of protein bands with different molecular weights, while they were produced again in response to chitosan foliar application. These responses were varied according to the type of solvent acid. It could be suggested that foliar application of chitosan, especially that dissolved in ascorbic or citric acid, could be commercially used for the stimulation of tomato plants grown under salinity stress.
Bacteria as Biocontrol Tool against Phytoparasitic Nematodes
Authors: Migunova Varvara D. , Sasanelli Nicola
Published: February 2021

Phytoparasitic nematodes cause severe damage and yield losses to numerous agricultural crops. Considering the revision of the EU legislation on the use of pesticides on agricultural crops, control strategies with low environmental impact are required. The approach based on the use of bacteria seems particularly promising as it also helps to reduce the applied amounts of chemicals and stabilize ecological changes. This paper gives an overview of the main types of bacteria that can be used as biological control agents against plant parasitic nematodes and their interrelationships with plants and other organisms. Many experiments have given positive results of phytoparasitic nematode control by bacteria, showing possible prospects for their application. In vitro, greenhouse and field experiments have shown that bacteria can regulate the development of ecto- and endoparasitic nematodes by different modes of action. Triggering the induction of plant defense mechanisms by bacteria is seen as the optimum tool because the efficacy of bacterial treatment can be higher than that of chemical pesticides or at least close to it. Moreover, bacterial application produces additional positive effects on growth stimulation, raises yields and suppresses other pathogenic microorganisms. Commercial formulations, both as single bacterial strains and bacterial complexes, are examined.
Genetic Diversity Assessment and Cultivar Identification of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Using the Fluidigm Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Assay
Authors: Park Girim , Choi Yunseo , Jung Jin-Kee , Shim Eun-Jo , Kang Min-young , Sim Sung-Chur , Chung Sang-Min , Lee Gung Pyo , Park Younghoon
Published: February 2021

Genetic diversity analysis and cultivar identification were performed using a core set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). For the genetic diversity study, 280 cucumber accessions collected from four continents (Asia, Europe, America, and Africa) by the National Agrobiodiversity Center of the Rural Development Administration in South Korea and 20 Korean commercial F1 hybrids were genotyped using 151 Fluidigm SNP assay sets. The heterozygosity of the SNP loci per accession ranged from 4.76 to 82.76%, with an average of 32.1%. Population genetics analysis was performed using population structure analysis and hierarchical clustering (HC), which indicated that these accessions were classified mainly into four subpopulations or clusters according to their geographical origins. The subpopulations for Asian and European accessions were clearly distinguished from each other (FST value = 0.47), while the subpopulations for Korean F1 hybrids and Asian accessions were closely related (FST = 0.34). The highest differentiation was observed between American and European accessions (FST = 0.41). Nei’s genetic distance among the 280 accessions was 0.414 on average. In addition, 95 commercial F1 hybrids of three cultivar groups (Baekdadagi-, Gasi-, and Nakhap-types) were genotyped using 82 Fluidigm SNP assay sets for cultivar identification. These 82 SNPs differentiated all cultivars, except seven. The heterozygosity of the SNP loci per cultivar ranged from 12.20 to 69.14%, with an average of 34.2%. Principal component analysis and HC demonstrated that most cultivars were clustered based on their cultivar groups. The Baekdadagi- and Gasi-types were clearly distinguished, while the Nakhap-type was closely related to the Baekdadagi-type. Our results obtained using core Fluidigm SNP assay sets provide useful information for germplasm assessment and cultivar identification, which are essential for breeding and intellectual right protection in cucumber.
Antioxidant-Loaded Mucoadhesive Nanoparticles for Eye Drug Delivery: A New Strategy to Reduce Oxidative Stress
Authors: Cordeiro Sandra , Silva Beatriz , Martins Ana Margarida , Ribeiro Helena Margarida , Gonçalves Lídia , Marto Joana
Published: February 2021

There are several approaches to treat ocular diseases, which can be invasive or non-invasive. Within the non-invasive, new pharmaceutical strategies based on nanotechnology and mucoadhesive polymers are emerging methodologies, which aim to reach an efficient treatment of eye diseases. The aim of this work was the development of novel chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticle systems with mucoadhesive properties, intended to encapsulate antioxidant molecules (e.g., crocin) aiming to reduce eye oxidative stress and, consequently, ocular disease. An ultraviolet (UV) absorber molecule, actinoquinol, was also added to the nanoparticles, to further decrease oxidative stress. The developed nanoparticles were characterized and the results showed a mean particle size lower than 400 nm, polydispersity index of 0.220 ± 0.034, positive zeta potential, and high yield. The nanoparticles were also characterized in terms of pH, osmolality, and viscosity. Mucoadhesion studies involving the determination of zeta potential, viscosity, and tackiness, showed a strong interaction between the nanoparticles and mucin. In vitro release studies using synthetic membranes in Franz diffusion cells were conducted to unravel the drug release kinetic profile. Ex vitro studies using pig eye scleras in Franz diffusion cells were performed to evaluate the permeation of the nanoparticles. Furthermore, in vitro assays using the ARPE-19 (adult retinal pigment epithelium) cell line showed that the nanoparticles can efficiently decrease oxidative stress and showed low cytotoxicity. Thus, the developed chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles are a promising system for the delivery of antioxidants to the eye, by increasing their residence time and controlling their delivery.
Near-Optimal Graph Signal Sampling by Pareto Optimization
Authors: Luo Dongqi , Si Binqiang , Zhang Saite , Yu Fan , Zhu Jihong
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we focus on the bandlimited graph signal sampling problem. To sample graph signals, we need to find small-sized subset of nodes with the minimal optimal reconstruction error. We formulate this problem as a subset selection problem, and propose an efficient Pareto Optimization for Graph Signal Sampling (POGSS) algorithm. Since the evaluation of the objective function is very time-consuming, a novel acceleration algorithm is proposed in this paper as well, which accelerates the evaluation of any solution. Theoretical analysis shows that POGSS finds the desired solution in quadratic time while guaranteeing nearly the best known approximation bound. Empirical studies on both Erdos-Renyi graphs and Gaussian graphs demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art greedy algorithms.
Integrating Sensor Models in Deep Learning Boosts Performance: Application to Monocular Depth Estimation in Warehouse Automation
Authors: Yoneyama Ryota , Duran Angel J. , del Pobil Angel P.
Published: February 2021

Deep learning is the mainstream paradigm in computer vision and machine learning, but performance is usually not as good as expected when used for applications in robot vision. The problem is that robot sensing is inherently active, and often, relevant data is scarce for many application domains. This calls for novel deep learning approaches that can offer a good performance at a lower data consumption cost. We address here monocular depth estimation in warehouse automation with new methods and three different deep architectures. Our results suggest that the incorporation of sensor models and prior knowledge relative to robotic active vision, can consistently improve the results and learning performance from fewer than usual training samples, as compared to standard data-driven deep learning.
DG-LoRa: Deterministic Group Acknowledgment Transmissions in LoRa Networks for Industrial IoT Applications
Authors: Lee Junhee , Yoon Young Seog , Oh Hyun Woo , Park Kwang Roh
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we propose a novel MAC protocol, called DG-LoRa, for improving scalability in low power wide area networks. DG-LoRa is backward compatible with legacy LoRaWAN and adds new features, such as group acknowledgment transmissions in the time-synchronized frame structure that supports determinism on channel access. In DG-LoRa, the number of responses to data frames that are transmitted from end devices is maximized by allocating the spreading factor and timeslot in the frame structure. We evaluate the performance of DG-LoRa using the Monte-Carlo simulation and then compare it with the performance of legacy LoRaWAN in terms of data drop rate and the number of retransmissions. Our numerical results show that DG-LoRa supports approximately five times more connections to the LoRa network satisfying a 5% data drop rate. Also, it is observed that DG-LoRa enables low overhead by reducing the number of data frame retransmissions.
The Design and Simulation of a 16-Sensors Plantar Pressure Insole Layout for Different Applications: From Sports to Clinics, a Pilot Study
Authors: Ciniglio Alfredo , Guiotto Annamaria , Spolaor Fabiola , Sawacha Zimi
Published: February 2021

The quantification of plantar pressure distribution is widely done in the diagnosis of lower limbs deformities, gait analysis, footwear design, and sport applications. To date, a number of pressure insole layouts have been proposed, with different configurations according to their applications. The goal of this study is to assess the validity of a 16-sensors (1.5 × 1.5 cm) pressure insole to detect plantar pressure distribution during different tasks in the clinic and sport domains. The data of 39 healthy adults, acquired with a Pedar-X® system (Novel GmbH, Munich, Germany) during walking, weight lifting, and drop landing, were used to simulate the insole. The sensors were distributed by considering the location of the peak pressure on all trials: 4 on the hindfoot, 3 on the midfoot, and 9 on the forefoot. The following variables were computed with both systems and compared by estimating the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE): Peak/Mean Pressure, Ground Reaction Force (GRF), Center of Pressure (COP), the distance between COP and the origin, the Contact Area. The lowest (0.61%) and highest (82.4%) RMSE values were detected during gait on the medial-lateral COP and the GRF, respectively. This approach could be used for testing different layouts on various applications prior to production.
Embedded FBG Sensor Based Impact Identification of CFRP Using Ensemble Learning
Authors: Li Jun , Yu Yinghong , Qing Xinlin
Published: February 2021

Impact brings great threat to the composite structures that are extensively used in an aircraft. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an accurate and reliable impact monitoring method. In this paper, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are embedded in unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) during the manufacturing process to monitor the strain that is related to the elastic modulus and the state of resin. After that, an advanced impact identification model is proposed. Support vector regression (SVR) and a back propagation (BP) neural network are combined appropriately in this stacking-based ensemble learning model. Then, the model is trained and tested through hundreds of impacts, and the corresponding strain responses are recorded by the embedded FBG sensors. Finally, the performances of different models are compared, and the influence of the time of arrival (ToA) on the neural network is also explored. The results show that compared with a single neural network, ensemble learning has a better capability in impact identification.
A Planning Tool for Optimizing Investment to Reduce Drinking Water Risk to Multiple Water Treatment Plants in Open Catchments
Authors: Thompson Chris , Stewart Morag , Marsh Nick , Phung Viet , Lynn Thomas
Published: February 2021

Supplying safe, secure, and reliable drinking water is a growing challenge particularly in regions where catchments have diverse land uses, rapidly growing populations, and are subject to increasing weather extremes such as in the subtropics. Catchments represent the first barrier in providing ecosystem services for water quality protection and bulkwater suppliers are therefore investing in mitigation measures to reduce risk to drinking water quality for consumers. This paper presents an approach to combine data on erosion processes, pathogenic bacteria and protozoa from several sources, determine the highest risks from these hazards and identify an optimum portfolio of intervention activities that provide maximum risk reduction at water treatment plants (WTP) for a given budget using a simulated annealing optimizer. The approach is demonstrated in a catchment with six WTPs servicing small rural to urban populations. The catchment is predominantly used for agriculture. Results show that drinking water risk from protozoa can be reduced for most WTPs for moderate investment budget, while bacteria risk reduction requires significantly larger budget due to the greater number of significant source sites relative to protozoa. Total suspended sediment loads remain a very high risk to most of the WTPs due to the large extent of channel and gully erosion and landslides. A map of priority areas and associated suite of interventions are produced to guide on groundwork.
Interim Assessment of Vitamin D Sufficiency in a Prospective Cohort of Late Postmenopausal Women
Authors:   Ural State Medical University, Izmozherova N.V. , Popov A.A. , Vikhareva А.A. , Safyanik Ye.A. , Spevak A.V.
Published: February 2021

Objective: to assess vitamin D repletion in prospective cohort of late postmenopausal women and to establish the contribution of vitamin D deficiency and measures for its prevention to physical functioning of women. Material and methods. 107 postmenopausal Middle Urals region residents were recruited to a prospective cohort nested cross-sectional study. The data were obtained from 2016 to 2019. Results. According to the concentration level of 25(OH)D, an adequate level was detected in 24 patients (22.4%), insufficiency in 35 (32.7%), deficiency in 48 cases (44.8%). No significant seasonal differences in vitamin D levels were found. Patients significantly differed in age, according to the wrist dynamometry of dominant hand and according to results of tandem test. By the inclusion visit, 89 patients (83.1%) were not receiving vitamin D supplementation, 18 persons (16.8%) were compliant to cholecalciferol prophylactic doses consumption, had significantly higher values of 25(OH)D in the blood. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in the group not receiving cholecalciferol were significantly more common than in the group who followed the recommendations. Conclusion. Deficiency and insufficiency of vitamin D are detected with high frequency in the residents of the Middle Urals in late postmenopause. Prophylactic administration of cholecalciferol did not achieve optimal concentration of vitamin D, but contributed to its higher values. Women who were optimally provided with vitamin D had significantly better physical functioning.
A reciprocidade e o Egito Antigo
Authors: Carvalho Alexandre Galvão
Published: February 2021

As teses de Polanyi sobre as formas de integração nas sociedades pré-capitalistas, reciprocidade e redistribuição, continuam sendo tema de debates na historiografia sobre as economias e sociedades do mundo antigo. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a reciprocidade antes e depois do advento do Estado Egípcio, procurando perceber suas permanências e modificações tanto na esfera doméstica quanto no setor público, levando em consideração a articulação das relações de parentesco com a lógica estatal e a natureza do Estado egípcio.
Figuras femininas e violência em Mulierum Virtutes de Plutarco
Authors: Faye Stéphane
Published: February 2021

Este artigo questiona no geral sobre o significado da violência que está presente em Mulierum virtutes de Plutarco. Descreve primeiro, após mostrar as várias formas da violência feminina, as representações que as mulheres virtuosas fazem da violência por meio de suas palavras. Explica, a seguir, baseando-se no ambiente social, no apego moral e na psicologia dos personagens escolhidos, o uso da violência. Delibera, enfim, seguindo esta ou aquela abordagem, sobre os méritos da violência das mulheres virtuosas. Ao final, descobre-se que a violência é um fenômeno complexo.
Lectura crítica de evidencia médica en el contexto de COVID-19: ¿Cómo leer estudios observacionales?
Authors: Barboza Joshuan J. , Chambergo-Michilot Diego , Pinto-Ruiz Diego F. , Caballero-Alvarado José
Published: February 2021

Objetivo. La lectura crítica de artículos científicos, permite a la comunidad médica, sobre todo, a mejorar el contexto de la toma de decisiones. La gran cantidad de producción científica mundial hace uso de los estudios observacionales, sin embargo, una proporción significativa no sirve para la toma de decisiones, no por sus limitaciones metodológicas sino por los errores en su aplicación. Muchos estudios publicados en relación a la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 tienen limitaciones y requieren herramientas estadísticas, epidemiológicas y clínicas para poder valorarlas e incorporarlas en la práctica de la medicina basada en evidencias. En esta revisión, analizamos los diferentes diseños de investigación observacionales y con la ayuda de ejemplos veremos los diferentes pasos en el proceso de investigación.
Pronación Consciente y Oxigenoterapia en Pacientes No Intubados con COVID-19 Severo
Authors: Meregildo-Rodriguez Edinson Sante
Published: February 2021

Carta al editor (sin resumen)
Ensayos clínicos sobre Plasma convaleciente en COVID-19 realizados en países de la región
Authors: Fernández-Moya Mercy E. , Pacherres-Ochoa Claudia E. , Pacheco-Chinchay Denis M. , Barboza Joshua J.
Published: February 2021

Carta al editor (sin resumen)