bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IDENTIFICATION OF PARAMYXOVIRUS‐SPECIFIC HAEMOLYSIS‐INHIBITING ANTIBODIES SEPARATE FROM HAEMAGGLUTINATING‐INHIBITING AND NEURAMINIDASE‐INHIBITING ANTIBODIES
Authors: Örvell Claes
Published: August 2010

Egg‐grown Sendai virus was used for preparation of rabbit hyperimmune sera directed against purified whole virus and pronasetreated projectionless virus particles. These sera and convalescent sera after natural Sendai infection in guinea pigs were studied in haemolysis‐inhibition (HLI), haemagglutination‐inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase‐inhibition (NI) tests both before and after absorption with Tween 80‐ether (TE) treated virus preparations. In addition, neutralization tests using the different sera were carried out. HI and NI antibodies and the major population of neutralizing antibodies in convalescent sera were removed by absorption with TE treated virus material without changing the titre of non‐HI HLI antibodies. Rabbit hyperimmune sera directed against projectionless virus particles exhibited HLI antibody titres in marked excess of HI and NI antibody titres, whereas this was not found in sera against purified whole virus. In contrast, absorption of sera against projectionless particles eliminated HI antibodies without changing the titre of non‐HI HLI antibodies. The protein composition of antigenic preparations used in absorption experiments and for preparation of sera was investigated by SDS‐polyacrylamide‐gel electrophoresis. TE treatment had no significant effect on the polypeptide pattern of Sendai virus. Pronase‐treatment predominantly affected the two glycosylated proteins of Sendai virus. The larger glycoprotein was not detectable in pronasetreated projectionless virus particles, whereas the smaller glycoprotein was present in reduced quantities.
ISOLATION OF A PENICILLINASE PRODUCING STRAIN OF NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE
Authors: Ödegaard K. , Solberg O.
Published: August 2010

A gram‐negative diplococcus with the qualifications of a gonococcus was isolated from the urethra of a male infected with gonorrhoea in the Far East. The strain proved to be resistant to penicillin G and ampicillin as judged by the paper disc sensitivity test. The resistance was found to be caused by a powerful production of penicillinase which not only acted on penicillin G and ampicillin, but also on methicillin and partly on cephalosporin (cephalotin) by the test employed.
DEVELOPMENT OF GERMFREE ANIMAL CHARACTERISTICS IN CONVENTIONAL RATS BY ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: GUSTAFSSON BENGT E. , NORIN K. ELISABETH
Published: August 2010

Conventional (CONV) rats were fed by stomach tube for five days with either benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, tetracykline, oxitetracykline, neomycin, bacitracin + neomycin, kanamycin or colistin. On the 2nd‐3rd day all the animals developed one or several of the following symptoms or characteristics typical for germfree (GF) rats: no coprostanol formation, no stercobilin production, a GF pattern after gel electrophoresis of fecal supernatant and proteolytic activity in the feces. Under the same conditions succinylsulfathiazole or metronidazole had much less pronounced effects than the antibiotics. When clofibrate, acetylsalicylic acid or ferrous sulphate were administered the effects were none or negligible. The GF characteristics persisted for several weeks after the end of the administration of the drugs. In some instances this was the case up to 7 weeks, when the animals were contaminated by anal route with a suspension of the cecum contents from intact CONV animals. On the 2nd day after this treatment the GF characteristics had disappeared.
CROSS‐REACTIVITY OF BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS O ANTIGENS
Authors: HOFSTAD TOR
Published: August 2010

The cross‐reactivity of O antigens prepared from Bacteroides fragilis, other Bacteroides species and from Fusobacterium has been examined by indirect haemagglutination and inhibition of haemagglutination. Fifteen of 20 B. fragilis ss. fragilis strains showed O‐antigenic cross‐reactivity with one or more of the test strains of B. fragilis ss. fragilis: NCTC 9343, Lille E 323 and SBL B55. The same applies also to 3 strains classified as B. coagulans, B. hypermegas and B. putredinis. The multispecificity of B. fragilis O antigens is pronounced. Test systems for demonstration of 9 specificities, all harboured by one or more of the 3 test strains, have been worked out.
COMPOSITION AND ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES OF A SURFACE POLYSACCHARIDE ISOLATED FROM EUBACTERIUM SABURREUM, STRAIN L452
Authors: HOFSTAD TOR , LYGRE HENNING
Published: August 2010

A highly active surface antigen, reacting by precipitation and complement fixation, has been isolated from E. saburreum, strain L452. The antigen is a polysaccharide polymer built up of galactose, fucose and ribose.
OXIDASE POSITIVE RODS FROM CASES OF SUSPECTED GONORRHOEA
Authors: BØVRE KJELL , HAGEN NORMAN , BERDAL BJØRN PETER , JANTZEN ERIK
Published: August 2010

Genito‐urethral specimens from 3260 women and 1170 men, with ailments suggestive of gonorrhoea, were examined for growth of oxidase positive rodshaped bacteria, as well as of gonococci. Moraxella osloensis was identified in 26 cases (0.64 per cent of women and 0.43 per cent of men). Three patients harboured phenylalanine negative (or weakly reacting) and tryptophan deaminase negative M. phenylpyrouvica and, in three cases, a Flavobacterium species was detected. Among six oropharyngeal specimens from patients suspected of gonorrhoea, two yielded growth of oxidase positive rods, Kingella kingae and Neisseria elongata, respectively. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated from 537 patients, i.e., 12.1 per cent of all cases. The isolates of oxidase positive rods were in most cases completely identified by streptomycin resistance transformation. On this basis, the diagnostic reliability of some morphological and cultural‐biochemical tests and gas chromatography was examined. Gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid and alcohol composition of whole cells proved distinctive of species defined genetically, irrespective of confusing behaviour of some strains in other tests.
SORPTION OF STREPTOCOCCUS FAECIUM TO GLASS
Authors: ØRSTAVIK DAG
Published: August 2010

A method has been developed by which to study the sorption of Streptococcus faecium to soda‐lime cover glasses. Conditions were chosen to minimize the influence on sorption of bacterial polymer production, passive sorption being studied rather than attachment mediated by metabolic activities. Sorption of S. faecium increased with increasing temperature (to 50d̀ C), time, and cell concentration, but equilibrium apparently was not reached even after incubation for 8 hours or at a cell concentration of 3 times 1010 per ml. Sorption increased with solute molarity up to 0.1 M concentration of NaCl and KCl, indicating an effect of the electrical double layers on the apposition of cells to the glass surface. Desorption of bacteria could be obtained after multiple washings of the glasses in buffer or by the action of Tween 80, but not if sorbed bacteria were left in distilled water, various salt solutions, urea, or in suspensions of unlabelled bacteria. It was concluded that sorption occurred as a result of chemical interactions between the glass and the cell surface. Tween 80 at a concentration of 1 per cent inhibited sorption to 26 per cent of buffer controls, 2 M urea was less effective, and 1 M NaCl was without effect. It is suggested that hydrophobic interactions may be of importance in the binding of S. faecium to glass.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES ON THE ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT OF EIMERIA BRUNETTI
Authors: FERGUSON D. J. P. , BIRCH‐ANDERSEN A. , HUTCHISON W. M. , SIIM J. CHR.
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructural changes of Eimeria brunetti which occur during microgametogony in the small intestine of the domestic fowl are described. The development of the trophozoite into the microgametocyte was accompanied by cytoplasmic growth and nuclear division. The developing microgametocytes could be differentiated from developing schizonts because of ultrastructural differences in both cytoplasm and nuclei. The surface area of the microgametocyte was increased by deep invaginations of the limiting membrane. At this developmental stage, the nuclei were situated adjacent to this membrane and protrusions which developed, initiated microgamete formation. Two centrioles were positioned between each nucleus and the limiting membrane and were transformed into the basal bodies of the flagella. The flagella grew out from the basal bodies which then entered the protrusions. A mitochondrion and the dense chromatin‐containing portion of the nucleus also entered each protrusion. The microgametes matured while they were attached to the residual cytoplasm of the microgametocyte; they were finally budded off into the parasitophorous vacuole. The microgamete consists of an elongated nucleus which overlaps a mitochondrion towards the anterior of the cell. At this end, a dense plaque (perforatorium) is found together with the 2 basal bodies and their attached flagella. 5 microtubules were apparent and ran longitudinally from the basal body region. In cross section, they were arranged in a row of 4 with 1 diagonally opposite; only 2 of these microtubules extended to the posterior tip of the microgamete.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES ON THE ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT OF EIMERIA BRUNETTI
Authors: FERGUSON D. J. P. , BIRCH‐ANDERSEN A. , HUTCHISON W. M. , SIIM J. CHR.
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructural changes occurring during macrogametogony in Eimeria brunetti were studied in tissue from the small intestine of infected young domestic fowls. As the macrogametocyte developed, an increase in the volume of the cytoplasm and the nucleus occurred. At this early stage of development the organism was limited by a single unit membrane which possessed a number of micropores. The organism was situated in a parasitophorous vacuole which contained intra‐vacuolar folds and intra‐vacuolar tubules. The wall forming bodies of Type II (WFB II) started to appear before the wall forming bodies of Type I (WFB I). The WFB I developed in the cytoplasmic matrix whereas the WFB II were formed within the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum apparently in association with Golgi bodies. The mature WFB I were homogeneous, limited by a unit membrane, and larger than WFB II which had no limiting membrane but remained surrounded by a membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Polysaccharide granules were formed in the cytoplasm between strands of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. During maturation the WFB I & II and the polysaccharide granules increased in size and number, and as this occurred a number of electron translucent vacuoles were ejected from the surface of the macrogametocyte. The mature macrogamete possessed a large nucleus with a nucleolus, a number of multi‐membranous vacuoles, mitochondria, and canaliculi. The WFB I & II were located at the cell periphery and the polysaccharide granules further towards the interior of the organism. The organism was limited by a unit membrane but during macrogametogony a homogeneous layer had developed which extensively coated the macrogamete's surface. Below the limiting membrane two closely applied unit membranes had formed.
SOLID‐PHASE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY DETECTION OF RUBELLA VIRUS IgG ANTIBODY IN SERUM AND CSF OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Authors: MEURMAN OLLI H. , ARSTILA PERTTI P. , PANELIUS MARTIN , REUNANEN MAURI I. , VILJANEN MATTI K. , HALONEN PEKKA E.
Published: August 2010

Low levels of rubella virus IgG antibody have been detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients by a solid‐phase radioimmunoasay (RIA) previously developed for testing of clinical serum samples. Paired serum and CSF specimens of 36 MS patients and 12 control patients were analyzed. Of those MS patients which had negative CSF titers in the rubella hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test, 90 per cent (11/12) were found to have rubella IgG antibody by the RIA method. In specimens found to contain rubella IgG antibodies by both methods, the RIA test was approximately 15 times more sensitive than the rubella HAI test. The results presented suggest that a considerable portion of MS patients have significantly reduced serum/CSF rubella IgG antibody ratios, indicating that there is a local production of rubella antibodies in the central nervous system of these patients.
YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA AND YERSINIA LIKE MICROBES ISOLATED FROM MAMMALS AND WATER IN NORWAY AND DENMARK
Authors: KAPPERUD GEORG
Published: August 2010

Data pertaining to 149 strains belonging to genus Yersinia are summarized in this paper. Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.) was isolated from the faeces of 31 of 305 small rodents and from 5 of 31 shrews (Soricidae) trapped at five localities in Norway and one locality in Denmark. Isolations were obtained from 9 of 29 water samples collected within the trapping areas. Three of 25 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from one locality in Norway harbored Y.e. in their faeces. Y.e. serotype 16 was isolated from one zoologist suffering from diarrhoea. A total of 85 strains from small rodents, shrews, water and foxes showed biochemical properties intermediate to Y.e. and Y. pseudotuberculosis. Another three strains were classified as Y. pseudotuberculosis on biochemical basis. They were obtained from small rodents in Denmark. Serological examination of 59 small rodents naturally infected with Y.e. and related microbes, revealed two cases of low antibody titres (80) against homologous isolates. Pathological examination of 44 of these animals gave a negative result. Strains antigenically related to the same serotypes were frequently isolated from both terrestrial ecosystems and adjacent freshwater. Strains related to serotype 6 dominated both in red fox and in their small rodent prey. No evidence was found for a dynamical significance of Y.e. in populations of small rodents. The results indicate that Y.e. and Yersinia like microbes have a broad occurrence in terrestrial ecosystems.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF TELLURITE REDUCTION IN ACHOLEPLASMA SPECIES
Authors: VINTHER O. , FREUNDT E. A.
Published: August 2010

Aerobic reduction of tellurite by five Acholeplasma species and two Mycoplasma species was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Among the Acholeplasma species, colonies of A. laidlawii and A. oculi exhibited a heavy, macroscopically visible reduction of tellurite, whereas the reaction of A. axanthum was weaker. A. granularum and A. modicum did not reduce the substrate under the experimental conditions employed. The two subspecies of M. mycoides also reacted with tellurite, as did also the investigated strain of M. bovigenitalium although to a lesser extent. Ultrastructurally, reduction sites were localized to the cytoplasmic membrane in the three tellurite positive Acholeplasma species and apparently to the cytoplasm of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. Reduction sites could not be demonstrated in M. mycoides subsp. capri and in M. bovigenitalium. The results support previous evidence obtained by biochemical methods which indicates membrane localization of redox enzymes in Acholeplasmas.
INTERFERON INDUCTION IN HUMAN CELL CULTURES BY SMALL MOLECULAR INDUCERS (TILORONE AND ACRIDINES)
Authors: DEGRæ MIKLOS , GLÁZ ERVIN T.
Published: August 2010

Attempts were made to stimulate interferon production in human cell cultures by two related acridin drugs, mepacrine and Acranil. Tilorone was included for comparison. In human embryo lung fibroblasts and in normal human leukocytes only tilorone stimulated some inter‐feron production. All three drugs stimulated modest interferon production in two lympho‐ blastoid cell lines. All three drugs enhanced the Sendai virus‐induced interferon production in lymphoblastoid cells.
INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE DETECTION OF HUMAN IgM AND IgG ANTIBODIES AGAINST HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 INDUCED CELL SURFACE ANTIGENS
Authors: MARTTILA REIJO J. , KALIMO KIRSTI O. K.
Published: August 2010

An indirect immunofluorescence method, based on the use of infected Hela cell coverslip cultures was developed to demonstrate human IgM and IgG class antibodies against herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 induced cell surface antigens. A total of 35 specimens from 20 patients have been tested; including patients with a clinical diagnosis of HSV type 1 or type 2 primary infection, patients with recurrent HSV infections, patients without any HSV infections, and patients with varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) infections. In each patient with a primary HSV infection both IgM and IgG antibody response was observed, while the patients with recurrent HSV infections showed only IgG antibodies. The direct serological typing of HSV infections was not possible because of cross‐reacting antibodies both in the IgG and IgM test. No cross‐reactivity was found in this test with HSV and VZV antibodies. The HSV fluorescent IgG and IgM antibody titers were found to parallel the highly sensitive HSV radioimmunoassay antibody titers very closely though at a markedly lower level.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES ON THE ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT OF EIMERIA BRUNETTI
Authors: FERGUSON D. J. P. , BIRCH‐ANDERSEN A. , HUTCHISON W. M. , SUM J. CHR.
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructural changes occurring during wall formation in the oocysts of E. brunetti were studied in tissue from the small intestine of young domestic fowls. The process of oocyst wall formation was initiated by a separation of the limiting membranes of the cytoplasmic mass of the macrogamete, to form a loose veil, consisting of 2—3 membranes, around the organism. Concomitant with the appearance of the veil, changes were observed in the Wall Forming Bodies of Type I (WFB I) and Type II (WFB II) which were present in the cytoplasm of the macrogamete. The outer layer of the oocyst wall seemed to be formed by a combination of membranes released from the surface of the organism and the contents of the WFB I. A 700 nm thick layer was thereby formed and, at this stage, the WFB I had disappeared from the cytoplasmic mass. The outer layer further condensed into a structure 250–350 mm in thickness in which 3 zones of different densities could be distinguished. The formation of the inner layer of the oocyst wall appeared to be associated with material from the WFB II and these disappeared from the cytoplasmic mass as the inner layer became evident. This inner layer was homogeneous in appearance and 80 nm thick. Comparison of the ultrastructure of the walls of oocysts obtained from chicken faeces with that of oocysts observed within the intestine showed only minor differences. The loose veil was not present in oocysts isolated from faeces and some changes were also noted in the outer zone of the outer layer of the oocyst wall. These differences could result from the mechanical and chemical treatments used for processing the faeces.
INHIBITION OF THE SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPASE C INBACILLUS CEREUSBY A COMPONENT OF THE GROWTH MEDIUM
Authors: VALLE KARL JOHAN , OTNESS ANNE‐BRIT , PRYDZ HANS
Published: August 2010

A low molecular weight compound, probably of peptide nature, present in the Beef Heart Extract component of the growth medium, inhibits post‐transcriptionally the biosynthesis of phospholipase C by a strain ofBacillus cereus.The compound also prevents the increase of proteolytic activity in the growth medium, thus suggesting that the synthesis of another enzyme, an extracellular protease, is also inhibited, and that the inhibitory compound may therefore have a more general effect on exoenzyme synthesis in this strain ofBacillus cereus.
METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AN AGAR PLATE TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINATION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE 5‐FLUOROURACIL IN BLOOD, URINE AND BILE
Authors: BRANDBERG å. , ALMERSJö O. , FAISEN E. , GUSTAVSSON B. , HAFSTRÖM Lo. , LINDBIOM G.‐B.
Published: August 2010

A microbiological agar plate technique for estimation of 5‐fluorouracil concentrations in blood, urine and bile from man, dog and pig was evaluated. Different bacterial test strains, media modifications and techniques for inoculation were studied. The strainStreptococcus faecalisATCC 8043, recommended previously byClarkson et al., was found to be the most suitable. The influence of prediffusion, dilution, antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents and their antagonists, as well as the effect of storage of samples containing 5‐fluorouracil were examined. A detailed methodological description is presented. The method seems to be sufficiently sensitive and practical for routine determination of cytotoxic compounds from 5‐fluorouracil in serum, plasma and urine.
THE LYTIC EFFECT OF LYSOLECITHIN ON ACHOLEPLASMAS AND MYCOPLASMAS
Authors: Soltesz Laszlo Vasile , Mårdh Per‐Anders
Published: August 2010

Lysolecithin exhibits a lytic activity on acholeplasmas and mycoplasmas. The acholeplasmas studied, viz. Acholeplasma laidlawii A and B, were found less susceptible than were the mycoplasmas, viz. Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. pneumoniae. The sensitivitxy to lysis was found to differ according to species, growth temperature and number of organisms used. Variations in age of the population and the concentration of bivalent ions in the test medium had but little influence. The greatest lytic activity of lysolecithin was found at the optimal growth temperature and decreased with lowering of the temperature. This lytic activity was inversely proportional to the density of the cell suspensions used. The possible mechanism of the lytic effect of lysolecithin is discussed.
OCCURRENCE OF AN EXTRACELLULAR SERINEPROTEINASE AMONG STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS STRAINS
Authors: Björklind Anders , Arvidson Staffan
Published: August 2010

The production of staphylococcal serineproteinase (Protease I) in 170 Staphylococcus aureus strains from human and bovine clinical isolates was investigated. Protease was identified in 57 per cent of the strains by electroimmuno assay.
MORPHOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF UREAPLASMA UREALYTICUM IN AGAR GROWTH
Authors: Black F. T. , Vinther O.
Published: August 2010

Colonies of Ureaplasma urealyticum serotype VI grown on agar were examined by thin sectioning technique. The arrangement of cells within the colonies was less dense and less stratified than that observed in most other mycoplasma colonies. Small, dense and pleomorphic cells were located mainly along the colony borderline towards the agar. Studies of cell morphology after 3, 10 and 15 days of growth revealed that such cells were younger than the less dense, mostly ovoid cells seen in the central area of colonies. The ultrastructure of individual cells was similar to that of Ureaplasma grown in liquid medium, as described earlier, featuring geometrical ribosome arrangements and extramembranous coat. Serial sections demonstrated the difficulties involved in discussing cell morphology on the basis of single thin sections. The advantages of the preparation method used for electron microscopy are discussed.
INDUCTION OF LATENT HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 2 INFECTION IN HUMAN CERVICAL EPITHELIAL CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: VESTERINEN ERVO , LELNIKKI PAULI , SAKSELA EERO
Published: August 2010

An in vitro method was used to induce non‐productive herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) infections in human ecto‐ and endocervical epithelial cells. Adenine arabinoside (ara‐A) could prevent the replication of HSV‐2 in ecto‐ and endocervical cells and after removal of ara‐A from growth medium a rapid destruction of explants with development of infectious virus was observed. When ara‐A was not withdrawn until 4 days or later after in vitro infection the morphological, immunofluorescent and virological studies detected no infections. However, 2–3 weeks after inoculation there were in some cultures morphological as well as immunofluorescent signs of HSV infection without demonstrable infectious virus, indicating an incidental abortive nature of the infective process.
RAPID DIAGNOSIS OF INFLUENZA A INFECTION BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
Authors: OLDING‐STENKVIST ELISABETH , GRANDIEN MONICA
Published: August 2010

Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) on cell spreads from nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS) was used for the rapid diagnosis of influenza A infection and was compared with IF on monkey kidney cells infected by NPS. The clinical diagnosis of influenza A infection was confirmed by serology in 32 of 40 patients. In 27 of the 32 patients (84 per cent), the diagnosis was achieved by IF on cell spreads of NPS. In 13 of 15 (87 per cent) subjects with positive serology, the early appearance of influenza A virus antigen was revealed by indirect IF on infected monolayer cells. No false positive specimens were found among serologically negative subjects by either method. Consequently, the reliability of IF on cell spreads of NPS is very similar to IF on infected cell cultures, but offers a much quicker diagnosis (3–4 h as compared to 1–3 d). Monovalent anti‐human IgG FITC should be used instead of polyvalent antihuman Ig FITC, as the latter contains anti‐IgA which may adhere to intracellular IgA in the epithelial cells of NPS and thereby cloak the viral antigen.
STUDIES ON MYCOBACTERIA ISOLATED FROM ANIMALS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE AGGLUTINATION TEST
Authors: SAITANU KRIENGSAG
Published: August 2010

Ninety‐three strains of slowly‐growing mycobacteria were studied biochemically. Ninety of these were isolated from animals (pigs, cattle, dog and poultry) and three from dust and sawdust‐bedding in a pighouse. One strain from a lymph node of a pig was identified as M. gordonae. Ninety‐two strains fitted into the M. avium‐intracellulare complex. Of the 92 biochemically confirmed M. avium‐intracellulare strains, 78 were tested serologically ad modurn Schaefer. Of 73 strains from pigs, one was serotype 1, fifty serotype 2 and eight serotype 8, while two could not be typed and twelve were autoagglutinable. Three strains from pighouse environment were serotype 8 and two from cattle and a dog were both serotype 2. A slight modification of Schaefer's agglutination method, using smaller amounts of antigen and antiserum, was developed.
A SIMPLE BLOOD AGAR PLATE MEDIUM FOR DEMONSTRATION OF THE STREPTOCOCCAL SERUM OPACITY REACTION
Authors: Belfrage‐Sanzén Inger , Christensen Poul
Published: August 2010

Blood agar plates for demonstration of the streptococcal serum opacity reaction were prepared by pouring into Petri discs four layers, one above the other, in the following, sequence: 1. agar; 2. horse‐sheep blood mixed with agar; 3. porcine serum in agarose; and 4. agarose. The strains to be tested were streaked with a loop on the plates and a control medium was prepared as described above, but without porcine serum. After incubation for 18 hours at 37° C, the streptococci producing opacity factor showed greenish zones around the colonies or else no haemolysis at all on the plates containing porcine serum; in contrast to a clear betahaemolysis on the control plates. Opacity reaction negative streptococci showed the same clear beta‐haemolysis on both plates. Concordant results were obtained:by this method and a standard method for demonstration of opacity factor.
TYPE CLASSIFICATION OF GROUP B STREPTOCOCCI BY THE FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TEST
Authors: BEVANGER LARS , M/ELAND JOHAN A.
Published: August 2010

Fluorescein‐isothiocyanate conjugates were prepared from rabbit anti‐type Ia, Ib, II and III sera, and used to classify 90 strains of group B streptococci isolated from the genital tract of puerperal women. Of the 84 strains that were typeable, the numbers belonging to serotypes Ia, Ib, Ic, II and III, were 7, 14, 6, 37 and 20, respectively. The anti‐type Ib conjugate showed cross‐reactivity with 21 of the type II strains and one of the type III strains. Absorption of the anti‐type Ib conjugate with bacteria of a type Ic strain and testing of enzymedigested streptococci indicated cross‐reactivity due to antibody to the Ibc protein antigen of group B streptococci. The potential usefulness of this antigen in the classification of type II and type III strains is discussed.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF MICROPORES IN THE VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTAL FORMS OF EIMERIA BRUNETTI
Authors: FERGUSON1 D. J. P. , BIRCH‐ANDERSEN A. , HUTCHISON W. M. , SIIUM J. CHR.
Published: August 2010

The structure and distribution of micropores in the various developmental stages of Eimeria brunetti was examined. Micropores were observed in all the endogenous forms with the exception of the microgamete. Oocysts from chicken faeces were also examined at various stages of sporulation and micropores were demonstrated in zygotes, sporoblasts, sporozoites, and the residual cytoplasmic masses. The number of micropores per organism appeared to be correlated with the surface area of the organisms irrespective of whether these were endogenous or sporulating forms. The increase in the number of micropores did not appear to be related to micropore activity because seemingly active micropores were observed only in the trophozoites, in the early multinucleate forms (early schizonts and microgamonts), and in the early macrogamonts. All these forms, however, possessed relatively few micropores. No active micropores were ever observed within the sporulating oocysts.
RABBIT POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE MIGRATION IN VIVO IN RESPONSE TO LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES FROM BACTEROIDES, FUSOBACTERIUM AND VEILLONELLA
Authors: Sveen Kjell
Published: August 2010

Subcutaneously implanted chambers in rabbits were used for testing the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in response to injected LPS isolated from strains of Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella. A Salmonella LPS was used as reference endotoxin. No difference in chemotactic activity between the Veillonella LPS and LPS from Salmonella was found. Fusobacterium LPS showed insignificantly lower chemotactic capacity than the Salmonella LPS. The Bacteroides LPS were all significantly less chemotactic than the reference endotoxin. An insignificant correlation between the amount of exudate aspirated from the chambers 5 h after injection of the different LPS preparations and the number of leukocytes per μl of exudate was found.
INFECTION OF CLETHRIONOMYS G. GLAREOLUS SCHREB. (RED MICE) WITH MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS AND MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS INJECTED INTRAPERITONEALLY
Authors: JESPERSEN ANDR.
Published: August 2010

Groups of mice were injected intraperitoneally with doses from 10‐1 to 10‐8 mg semidried culture of two strains of M. tuberculosis or two strains of M. bovis. Two mice from each group were killed 1‐1 1/2 months and 3 months after injection; the remaining animals lived until death occurred spontaneously. The number of bacteria in the organs was evaluated by microscopy, and in some cases also by culture. The red mice were strongly resistant to M. tuberculosis. A dose of 1–2 million viable units was only able to provoke fatal tuberculosis in a few animals in the group. There was no sign of progressive infection among the animals injected with approximately 104 viable units and lower doses, except for a single animal. The only macroscopical findings were small tubercles in the omentum and lungs and slight enlargement of the spleen and lymph glands. The number of bacteria in the organs was small, except in the few cases where the infection became progressive. The red mice were extremely sensitive to M. bovis. Probably one single tubercle bacillus or, at any rate, very few bacteria were sufficient to provoke progressive tuberculosis with rapid fatal outcome. Macroscopical lesions, which were often caseous developed consistently in omentum, lymph glands, liver, spleen and lungs, and in rare instances also in peritoneum, kidneys, suprarenal glands, heart, columna and joints. The number of bacteria in the organs was very large, and in caseous lymph glands and caseous tubercles in lungs and spleen there were tremendous numbers.
INFECTION OF CLETHRIONOMYS G. GLAREOLUS SCHREB. (RED MICE) WITH MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS INJECTED INTRAVENOUSLY
Authors: JESPERSEN ANDR. , BENTZON M. WEIS , MØLLER SUSANNE
Published: August 2010

Groups of red mice were injected intravenously with doses varying from 11 viable units to about 108 viable units of a virulent strain of M. tuberculosis grown in Dubos Tween medium and dispersed by means of ultrasonics. The course of the infection was determined by quantitative culture from the organs of animals killed at various times after the injection and by the survival times of animals that died spontaneously. Quantitative culture showed that the tubercle bacilli multiplied strongly in the organs during the first 2–3 weeks after the injection. Multiplication then ceased completely in liver, spleen and lungs; in the lymph glands the bacilli continued to multiply but at a very slow rate. After the period of initial multiplication, the number of bacteria in liver and spleen decreased gradually during the whole experimental period (1 year), although it varied considerably from animal to animal after the second month. In the lungs, the number remained almost constant in the animals injected with large doses, but in those given doses ≥ 104 viable units, it became reduced from the second month, and in some cases the bacteria disappeared completely. Total elimination of the bacteria was also observed in the liver and spleen of a few animals but never in the lymph glands. The mean survival times of animals injected with the four largest doses were prolonged from 81 to 310 days the smaller the dose. In the animals injected with doses ≥ 104 viable units, the mean survival times, which were independent of dosage, were not significantly different and not significantly less than those of a group of non‐infected animals. The macroscopical tuberculous lesions were small in all groups. Enlargement of the spleen, slightly enlarged lymph glands and possibly tubercles in the lungs were the most frequent findings. The number of bacteria in the organs was large in all animals injected with the large doses, but only in about half of those given small doses.
ERYTHROPOIETIC ACTIVITY AND INTERFERON PRODUCTION IN LCM VIRUS‐INFECTED NUDE MICE
Authors: CHRISTOFFERSEN PER JAIS , BRO‐JØRGENSEN KLAUS
Published: August 2010

The distinct haemopoietic lesions induced in ordinary mice during acute LCM virus infection are not mediated either by immunopathological mechanisms or by a direct cytopathogenetic effect of the virus. Mediation has recently been attributed to the high interferon activity found in mice with acute LCM virus infection. In this work, erythropoietic activity and interferon production have been studied in LCM virus‐infected nude mice. Compared with ordinary mice, nude mice displayed a more moderate suppression of erythropoiesis and a very poor interferon response. Erythropoietic activity of thymus‐transplanted nude mice was not significantly suppressed during the infection, and interferon responsiveness was not restored either by thymus‐transplantation or by transfer of large numbers of spleen lymphocytes. The observations support the hypothesis that interferon plays a decisive role in the induction of haemopoietic disorders of mice with acute LCM virus infection. The puzzling question as to why nude mice and reconstituted nude mice are incapable of mounting a normal interferon response is discussed briefly.
BACTERIA AND BACTERIAL ANTIGEN IN THE KIDNEY IN HUMAN CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE
Authors: THOMSEN OLE FRØKJÉR , OLSEN T. STEEN
Published: August 2010

Kidneys obtained by nephrectomy from 85 patients with chronic nephropathy were examined by bacterial culture and by immunofluorescence for a content of E. coli antigen. A panel of 10 E. coli 0‐antisera, representing the strains most commonly causing urinary tract infection, and antiserum against common enterobacterial antigen (CA), were used. Bacteria could be cultured from the nephrectomy specimens in 24 cases, mainly in cases of obstructive chronic pyelonephritis, analgesic nephropathy and congenital renal disease. By immunofluorescence, type‐specific 0‐antigen was found in whole bacteria and amorphously in macrophages, CA only in whole bacteria. Whole bacteria could be visualized in 12 cases, macrophages only in two cases. Amorphous bacterial antigen was not observed outside phagocytizing cells. On the basis of these results, it seems unlikely that progression of the renal lesions in chronic renal disease is due to persistent hacterial antigen in the absence of viablc bacteria. Chronic pyelonephritis, defined as an interstitial nephritis due to the effects of bacterial infection in the renal parenchyma and pelvic mucosa, appears always to be a secondary manifestation following obstruction or primary rena] discase, such as analgesic nephropathy or congenital renal disease.
LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ON THE SPORULATION OF THE OOCYSTS OF EIMERIA BRUNETTI
Authors: FERGUSON D. J. P. , BIRCH‐ANDERSEN A. , HUTCHISON W. M. , SUM J. CHR.
Published: August 2010

The initial stages of sporulation in oocysts of Eimeria brunetti were examined in samples sporulated at 27°C for 0. 12 and 24 hours, The initial zygote was found to be roughly spherical and to contain a number of polysaccharide granules which were congregated in one region of the organism. The cytoplasm also contained some strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum together with a number of mitochondria, some Golgi bodies, and some electron translucent vacuoles. The nucleus was large, with amorphous nucleoplasm and a nucleolus. The cytoplasmic mass of the zygote was limited by a single unit membrane which possessed some micropores. After initiation of the sporulation. the metabolic activity of the organism appeared to increase as evidenced by the augmentation in the cytoplasm of the amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, number of Golgi bodies, and the appearance of polyribosomes. However, at this stage, the presence of targe spherical dense bodies (anlagen of the refractile bodies of the sporozoites) constituted the most obvious change in the cytoplasm of the organism. After nuclear division the daughter nuclei were situated well separated in the cytoplasm and the polysaccharide granules were evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the zygote, Eventually four sporoblasts were formed by imaginations of the limiting membrane. Each sporoblast was limited by a unit membrane and contained a nucleus, and the same cytoplasmic organelles as found in the zygote. The development of the sporoblast was initially accompanied by the appearance of a second limiting membrane.
RAPID IDENTIFICATION OF GROUP A, B, C AND G BETA‐HAEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI BY A MODIFICATION OF THE CO‐AGGLUTINATION TECHNIQUE. COMPARISON OF RESULTS OBTAINED BY CO‐AGGLUTINATION, FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TEST, COUNTERIMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS, AND PRECIPITIN TECHNIQUE
Authors: ARVILOMMI HEIKKI , UURASMAA OUTI , NURKKALA ANNIKKI
Published: August 2010

A rapid modification of the co‐agglutination (COA) technique for grouping A, B, C and G beta‐haemolytic streptococci was developed. The results are obtained within three hours after inoculation from primary plates of 0.5 ml broth. This method was compared to the fluorescent antibody test (FA) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), two other rapid methods available for serological grouping of streptococci. Of 71 recently isolated streptococcal strains from clinical sources, 70 were correctly grouped in COA, 63 in FA and 68 in CIE.

With commercial reagents COA compared favourably in accuracy to the other methods and can be recommended for routine serological grouping of beta‐haemolytic streptococci in the clinical laboratory.
THE EFFECT OF COLOSTRUM AND COLOSTRAL ANTIBODY SIgA ON THE PHYSICO‐CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PHAGOCYTOSIS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O86
Authors: MAGNUSSON K. E. , STENDAHL O. , STJERNSTRÖM I. , EDEBO L.
Published: August 2010

A hydrophilic effect of human colostrum and colostral antibody SIgA binding on Escherichia coli 086 has been demonstrated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Octyl‐Sepharose and partition in a polymer two‐phase system containing dextran, poly(ethyleneglycol) and poly(ethyleneglycol)‐palmitate. Furthermore, antibody SIgA binding reduced the negative surface charge of the E. coli bacteria. The reaction between centrifuged but not further purified colostrum and bacteria yielded a complex which, compared to bacteria alone, showed decreased negative and increased positive surface charges, the latter being sensitive to pepsin. Binding of SIgA or colostrum to E. coli showed no definite effect on the attachment to and phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear cells in viiro. The effects observed are discussed in relation to the structure of SIgA.
IN VITROEFFECT OF COLCHICINE ON NEUTROPHIL GRANULOCYTE LOCOMOTION
Authors: VALERIUS N. H.
Published: August 2010

The effect of colchicine on human neutrophil granulocyte chemotaxis, Chemokinesis and spontaneous motility was examined, using a modified reversible Boyden chamber. Colchicine was shown to inhibit the attraction of neutrophils to casein and to a bacterial chemotactic factor at concentrations as low as 10‐7M. Experiments in which the absolute concentrations and the concentration gradients of the chemotactic agent were varied, revealed that colchicine inhibited Chemokinesis rather than chemotaxis. The spontaneous motility measured in the absence of chemotactic agents was not inhibited by colchicine. Pre‐incubation of the cells with a bacterial chematactic factor did not change the sensitivity of the cells to colchicine. It is concluded that the integrity of microtubule function is not necessary for the ability of the cells to discern a concentration gradient or to react to this with directional locomotion. Thus the inhibitory effect of colchicine on neutrophil granulocyte Chemokinesis may not depend on its inhibition of microtubule function. It is suggested that colchicine may block the still unidentified membrane mechanism involved in the translation of the recognition signal into an appropriate locomotory cell response.
ACID‐SOLUBLE NUCLEOTIDES OF ACHOLEPLASMA (MYCOPLASMA) LAIDLAWII A
Authors: VIRKOLA PERTTI
Published: August 2010

A study was made of the acid‐soluble nucleotides present in Acholeplasma (Mycoplasma) laidlawii A during growth. The nucleotide pool of this organism is meagre, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The main nucleotides are uridine mono‐ and diphosphates, and none of the more complex nucleotide compounds, such as uridine diphosphate (UDP) sugars or sugar peptides, required for cell wall formation, were detected. The nucleotide composition of A. laidlawii A is compared with that of the Streptococcus L‐form.
ASSESSMENT OF WOUND CONTAMINATION BY WOUND IRRIGATION
Authors: SCHEIBEL JENS H. , NIELSEN MOGENS LYKKEGAARD , LINDENBERG SVEND
Published: August 2010

The quantitative recovery of E. coli, S. faecalis and B. fragilis from operative abdominal wounds was investigated in pigs in an experimental model suitable for statistical calculations. Wounds were contaminated in groups of ten with different numbers of either a single bacterial species or a mixture of two species. The wound was irrigated with saline 20 minutes after contamination. Significant differences in recovery were found between the bacterial species investigated. Expressed as percentage of the number of bacteria used for contamination, the recovery for a given species was rather low, but it was constant and independent of the degree of contamination. The investigation did not suggest any principle difference in the recovery of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. The clinical applicability of the method is not yet clarified.
RABBIT POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC FACTOR GENERATED IN VIVO BY BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE
Authors: SVEEN KJELL
Published: August 2010

Preparations of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotactic factor isolated from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammatory exudate in rabbits were immunogenic in guinea pigs. Complete fusion of the precipitation lines produced against anti‐CF by LPS‐CF (molecular weight 16,000) and material eluted on Sephadex G‐200 columns with molecular weights (MW) of 68,000, 16,000 and 7,000, was found. Also, the chemotactically active material with MW of 68,000 and 7,000 eluted on G‐75 columns after fractionation of the fraction of MW 16,000 from the G‐200 eluate was antigenically identical to LPS‐CF in double diffusion in agar. Normal rabbit serum (NRS) incubated with LPS, LPS‐induced wound chamber exudate and NRS alone gave lines of precipitation gainst the anti‐LPS‐CF sera identical to that of LPS‐CF. The capacity of LPS‐CF to attract PMNs was significantly higher than that of LPS, and a peak in the number of PMNs in the exudate of wound chambers implanted in rabbits was found 4 h after the local injection of LPS‐CF. When injected intraperitoneally in C5 deficient mice, LPS‐CF stimulated a PMN migration which was only slightly below that in C5 normal mice. Antisera to LPS‐CF inhibited the chemotactic activity of LPS‐CF as well as that of LPS‐NRS when the supernatants were tested using the Boyden's technique. Also, preincubation of PMNs with LPS‐CF suppressed the migration towards a chemotactic gradient of LPS‐CF molecules of these PMNs.
CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS FROM MEN WITH NON‐GONOCOCCAL URETHRITIS. SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE FOR CULTIVATION AND ISOLATION IN REPLICATING McCOY CELL CULTURE
Authors: Csángó Peter A.
Published: August 2010

Chlamydia Irachomatis was cultivated on replicating McCoy cells without the addition of antimetabolites. A further technical modification was centrifugation of the specimens at room temperature at 4000 g, thus making it possible to use the method in any microbiological laboratory. C. trachomatis was isolated from 36 of 81 patients (44.4%) with non‐gonococcal urethritis. This rate compares well with reported isolation rates using antireplicative agents and higher centrifugation temperatures.
STATISTICAL ASPECTS OF THE TREPONEMAL COUNTS IN THE TPI TEST
Authors: CHRISTIANSEN SVEN
Published: August 2010

A method of counting treponemes in randomly selected visual fields is described. It was found that Treponema pallidum is distributed as a Poisson distribution among the visual fields and also among samples drawn from the same suspension. Immobilized treponemes are binomially distributed among the total number of treponemes. Application of the parameters of the Poisson and the binomial distributions should be made in order to determine the dosage of T. pallidum in animal experimentation and to evaluate the outcome of the TPI test. Some statistical aspects of the investigation of treponemal survival are presented.
IDENTIFICATION OF SALMONELLA BACTERIA BY CO‐AGGLUTINATION, USING ANTIBODIES AGAINST SYNTHETIC DISACCHARIDE‐PROTEIN ANTIGENS O2, O4 AND O9, ADSORBED TO PROTEIN A‐CONTAINING STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: SVENUNGSSON BO , LINDBERG ALF A.
Published: August 2010

Protein A‐containing staphylococci sensitized with antisera against synthetic Salmonella O‐antigens 2, 4 and 9, representative of serogroups A, B and D, respectively, were used for identification of Salmonella bacteria by co‐agglutination. Out of 416 Salmonella bacteria tested the reagents correctly identified all 24 serogroup A strains, 119 serogroup B strains and 39 serogroup D strains. Unexpected agglutination was registered with two of 144 strains belonging to serogroup C 2 with reagent containing antiserum against synthetic O antigen 4. No agglutination occurred when 24 non‐Salmonella bacterial strains were tested. Approximately 108 bacteria were required for positive co‐agglutination. As compared to standard slide agglutination with conventional anti‐Salmonella O factor sera, the co‐agglutination method was favourable in that the reactions were stronger, although the concentration of antiserum used was from 20 to 200 times lower. The co‐agglutination method could also be used for detection of soluble antigens in the form of lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella bacteria in concentrations of 1 μg/ml. When the sensitivity of the co‐agglutination technique was compared with indirect immunofluorescence (IFL), the IFL method was shown to be at least 1000 times more sensitive.