bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Analysis of Manufacturing Micro Lubrication Pockets in High Strength Steels by Hot Micro‐Coining
Authors: Szurdak Adam , Hirt Gerhard
Published: July 2014

The tribological properties of lubricated machine elements can be improved by micro lubrication pockets. Depending on the application's tribological system, the pocket dimension needs to be adjusted to achieve an optimum in friction and wear reduction. With respect to production efficiency, a forming operation would be suited to manufacture these pockets. In this work, finite element models were developed to study the steps of the hot micro‐coining process: heating, cutting, and coining of micro lubrication pockets. Experiments have been conducted to validate the models and to investigate the emissivity and heat transfer coefficient between tool and specimen by inverse modeling. It was found that the results of the simulations agree well with the experiments as long as the elastic tool deformation is taken into account, which influences the process time. Thus, suitable process parameters and limits have been determined for the coining of hemispherical lubrication pockets in stainless steel AISI 304. An initial forming temperature above 540 °C is recommended to avoid plastic deformation of the die. Complete form filling was achieved at a normalized pressure of three due to the high specimen temperature of 785 °C.
Online energy management strategy of a hybrid fuel cell/battery/ultracapacitor vehicular power system
Authors: Azib Toufik , Larouci Chérif , Chaibet Ahmed , Boukhnifer Moussa
Published: July 2014

A hybrid power system based on a fuel cell (FC) and an energy storage system appears to be very promising for satisfying the high energy and high power requirements of automotive applications in which the power demand is impulsive rather than constant. This paper deals with the use of a hybrid energy storage system with the battery (BAT)/ultracapacitor (UC) as ancillary power source in FC electric vehicles. The energy management strategy (EMS) is one of the most important issues for the efficiency and performance of such systems. The designed EMS uses a splitting method, allowing a natural frequency decomposition of the power demands. It takes into account the slow dynamics of FC and the state of charge of the UC and BAT.

A simulation is conducted using MATLAB/SIMULINK software in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. It confirms the performance of the control method and also demonstrates the robustness and stability of the control strategy with good tracking response (transient performance), low overshoot, zero steady‐state error, and control flexibility during a power demand cycle. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Early embryonic specification of vertebrate cranial placodes
Authors: Schlosser Gerhard
Published: July 2014

Cranial placodes contribute to many sensory organs and ganglia of the vertebrate head. The olfactory, otic, and lateral line placodes form the sensory receptor cells and neurons of the nose, ear, and lateral line system; the lens placode develops into the lens of the eye; epibranchial, profundal, and trigeminal placodes contribute sensory neurons to cranial nerve ganglia; and the adenohypophyseal placode gives rise to the anterior pituitary, a major endocrine control organ. Despite these differences in fate, all placodes are now known to originate from a common precursor, the preplacodal ectoderm (PPE). The latter is a horseshoe‐shaped domain of ectoderm surrounding the anterior neural plate and neural crest and is defined by expression of transcription factor Six1, its cofactor Eya1, and other members of the Six and Eya families. Studies in zebrafish, Xenopus, and chick reveal that the PPE is specified together with other ectodermal territories (epidermis, neural crest, and neural plate) during early embryogenesis. During gastrulation, domains of ventrally (e.g., Dlx3/Dlx5, GATA2/GATA3, AP2, Msx1, FoxI1, and Vent1/Vent2) and dorsally (e.g., Zic1, Sox3, and Geminin) restricted transcription factors are established in response to a gradient of BMP and help to define non‐neural and neural competence territories, respectively. At neural plate stages, the PPE is then induced in the non‐neural competence territory by signals from the adjacent neural plate and mesoderm including FGF, BMP inhibitors, and Wnt inhibitors. Subsequently, signals from more localized signaling centers induce restricted expression domains of various transcription factors within the PPE, which specify multiplacodal areas and ultimately individual placodes.

This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Gene Networks and Genomics

Early Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and Neurulation

Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of α‐ThTe3
Authors: Prakash Jai , Ibers James A.
Published: July 2014

The binary thorium tritelluride, α‐ThTe3, was synthesized by solid‐state methods at 1223 K. From a single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study the material crystallizes in the TiS3 structure type with two formula units in space group C22h–P21/m of the monoclinic system in a cell with lattice constants a = 6.1730 (4) Å, b = 4.3625(3) Å, c = 10.4161(6) Å, and β = 97.756(3)° (at 100 K). The asymmetric unit of this compound comprises one Th atom and three Te atoms each with site symmetry m. Each Th atom is coordinated to eight Te atoms in a bicapped trigonal‐pyramidal arrangement. Th–Te distances range from 3.1708(4) Å to 3.2496(6) Å. The structure features a Te–Te interaction 2.7631(8) Å in length, which is typical for a Te–Te single bond. Thus α‐ThTe3 may be charge balanced and formulated as Th4+Te2–Te22–.
On the Formation Mechanism of Chromium Nitrides: An in situ Study
Authors: Widenmeyer Marc , Meissner Elke , Senyshyn Anatoliy , Niewa Rainer
Published: July 2014

Three different synthetic routes to chromium nitrides were investigated using in situ neutron diffraction (SPODI, FRM‐II) and thermal analysis in ammonia: (i) The direct conversion of chromium powder in ammonia, (ii) the ammonolysis of chromium(III) chloride CrCl3, and (iii) the ammonolysis of chromium(III) sulfide Cr2S3. During the direct conversion of chromium first γ‐CrN was formed above 385 °C, above 567 °C additionally β‐Cr2N was detected. Finally, a complete conversion of γ‐CrN to β‐Cr2N was observed at 1080 °C. The ammonolysis of chromium(III) compounds (CrCl3 and Cr2S3) revealed a so far in 3d metal nitride synthesis unprecedented redox sequence: The compounds are reduced to chromium(II) chloride CrCl2 and chromium(II, III) sulfide Cr3S4, respectively, prior to the reoxidation of those intermediates to γ‐CrN. In contrast to the ammonolysis of 3d metal(II) halides, for chromium(III) chloride no temporary formation of ammoniates was observed. Since formation of γ‐CrN was detected only after annealing chromium(III) sulfide in flowing ammonia for 4 h to 5 h at maximum temperature, the formation of sufficient amounts of chromium(II, III) sulfide as the rate‐determining step for the nitride formation appears likely.
An application of the plant functional group concept to restoration practice on coal mine spoil heaps
Authors: Piekarska‐Stachowiak Anna , Szary Małgorzata , Ziemer Barbara , Besenyei Lynn , Woźniak Gabriela
Published: July 2014

The history of coal mining in South Poland has left a legacy of many spoil heaps across the landscape. These have presented the opportunity to study their colonisation and spontaneous successional sequences over a long time period. We use the plant functional group (PFG) approach to characterize and compare species diversity on spoil heaps of different ages by utilising the ecological characteristics (PFG categories) of the species recorded during the course of spontaneous vegetation development. By changing species frequency into functional group frequency it was possible to find the significant differences in the functional composition of the studied vegetation and to analyze the dataset using non‐parametric statistics. There was a small increase in the number of species over time, while the frequency of geophytes, nanophanerophytes and megaphanerophytes increased significantly. A significant increase was also recorded for the frequency of competitors, stress‐tolerators and stress‐tolerant competitors and for native species. We found that the significant differences in species composition measured as PFG diversity occurred between the youngest and the oldest age classes. The PFG approach provided valuable insights into the nature of the species composition of the developing vegetation on hard‐coal mine spoil heaps. We suggest that it could be usefully applied in restoration practice in the future by facilitating the natural colonization of native species adapted to local conditions and thus retaining the local gene pool in these areas.
Preparation of a Novel Class of Cationic Gemini Imidazolium Surfactants Containing Amide Groups as the Spacer: Their Surface Properties and Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Wang Liyan , Qin Honglei , Ding Limin , Huo Shichao , Deng Qigang , Zhao Bing , Meng Lingwei , Yan Tie
Published: July 2014

A class of novel cationic Gemini imidazolium surfactants containing amide groups as the spacer were synthesized from ethylenediamine and 1‐bromoalkane(C8, C10, C12, C14, C16) by N‐alkylation to get N,N′‐dialkyl ethylenediamine (1a–e), 1a–e was further reacted with chloroacetyl chloride by N‐acylation to get N,N′‐(ethane‐1,2‐diyl)bis(2‐chloro‐N‐alkylacetamide) (2a–e), which was further reacted respectively with 1‐methyl imidazole by quaternized to form the surfactant molecule, N,N′‐((ethane‐1,2‐diyl)bis(alkyl‐azanediyl)bis(2‐oxoethane‐2,1‐diyl)) bis(1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium) dichloride. The structures of intermediates (1a–e) and (2a–e) were characterized by IR and 1H NMR. The structures of the surfactants (3a–e) were characterized by IR, 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR and element analysis. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of 3a–e were determined by the conductivity method at 25 °C. The CMC values decreased with increasing the length of the hydrophobic chain. The surfactants (3a–e) showed good foaming stability, emulsion ability and wetting ability. The surfactants (3a–e) also have good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.
FERM domain‐containing unconventional myosin VIIA interacts with integrin β5 subunit and regulates αvβ5‐mediated cell adhesion and migration
Authors: Liu Yuqing , Guan Lizhao , Zhan Jun , Lu Danyu , Wan Junhu , Zhang Hongquan
Published: July 2014

Unconventional myosin VIIA (Myo7a) has been known to associate with hereditary deafness. Here we present a novel function of Myo7a by identifying that Myo7a directly interacts with integrin β5 subunit and regulates cell adhesion and motility in an integrin‐dependent manner. We found that Myo7a bound to the cytoplasmic tail of integrin β5. Further, we pinpointed an integrin‐binding domain at F3 of the first FERM domain and F1 of the second FERM domain. Functionally, Myo7a‐induced cell adhesion and migration were mediated by integrin αvβ5. These findings indicated that Myo7a interacts with integrin β5 and selectively promotes integrin αvβ5‐mediated cell migration.
Historical Empathy and Pedagogical Reasoning
Authors: Endacott Jason L. , Sturtz John
Published: July 2014

The process of engaging in historical empathy holds the potential for significant curricular and dispositional benefits for students in history classrooms. In order to realize these benefits, classroom teachers must be able to integrate historical empathy into their existing planning and teaching; a process that would benefit from empirical examination. This single subject case study examined the pedagogical reasoning process of an experienced classroom teacher who integrated historical empathy into an existing instructional unit designed to foster student knowledge of social control as an enduring historical understanding. The findings of this study suggest that experienced teachers may only be able to partially anticipate the unique pedagogical needs integrating historical empathy requires, and that a holistic examination of pedagogical reasoning during all phases of planning and teaching may be most suitable for the task.
Glenohumeral Corticosteroid Injections in Adhesive Capsulitis: A Systematic Search and Review
Authors: Song Amos , Higgins Laurence D. , Newman Joel , Jain Nitin B.
Published: July 2014

Objective

To assess the literature on outcomes of corticosteroid injections for adhesive capsulitis, and, in particular, image‐guided corticosteroid injections.

Type

Systematic search and review.

Literature Survey

The databases used were PubMed (1966‐present), EMBASE (1947‐present), Web of Science (1900‐present), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Upon reviewing full‐text articles of these studies, a total of 25 studies were identified for inclusion. The final yield included 7 prospective studies, 16 randomized trials, and 2 retrospective studies.

Methodology

This systematic review was formatted by using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. Study criteria were limited to clinical trials, prospective studies, and retrospective studies that specifically evaluated intra‐articular corticosteroid injections, both alone and in combination with other treatment modalities, for shoulder adhesive capsulitis. We included studies that were not randomized control trials because our review was not a meta‐analysis. Data items extracted from each study included the following: study design, study population, mean patient age, duration of study, duration of symptoms, intervention, single or multiple injections, location of injections, control population, follow‐up duration, and outcome measurements. A percentage change in outcome measurements was calculated when corresponding data were available. Risk of bias in individual studies was assessed when appropriate.

Synthesis

All the studies involved at least 1 corticosteroid injection intended for placement in the glenohumeral joint, but only 8 studies used image guidance for all injections. Seven of these studies reported statistically significant improvements in range of motion at or before 12 weeks of follow‐up. Ninety‐two percent of all the studies documented a greater improvement in either visual analog pain scores or range of motion after corticosteroid injections in the first 1‐6 weeks compared with the control or comparison group.

Conclusions

Corticosteroid injections offer rapid pain relief in the short‐term (particularly in the first 6 weeks) for adhesive capsulitis. Long‐term outcomes seem to be similar to other treatments, including placebo. The added benefit of image‐guided corticosteroid injections in improving shoulder outcomes needs further assessment.
Phase dynamics of freely swimming foils
Authors: Finkel Cyndee L. , von Ellenrieder Karl D.
Published: July 2014

A two-dimensional D-shaped cylinder and heaving foil were mounted in tandem and used to simulate the main body and tail, respectively, of a natural swimmer. Thrust/drag measurements of the force on the foil and particle image velocimetry measurements of the flow downstream of the swimming system were conducted at a Reynolds number of about $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}10^4$ in a water channel with a constant free stream current speed. Two main sets of measurements were conducted: one set with the swimming system locked at a fixed streamwise location in the water channel as the heave frequency of the foil was varied; the other set with the system freely swimming to a desired set-point position from different upstream and downstream locations. When the freely swimming system reached and maintained its set-point position, so that its swimming speed matched that of the current, the oscillation frequency of the heaving foil corresponded to a Strouhal number of 0.36. Phase portraits of the measured thrust/drag forces reveal limit cycle oscillations for all swimming cases studied, which suggests that self-regulation drives the selection of this Strouhal number. No coupling was observed between the vortices shed by the D-shaped cylinder and the self-selected frequency of the heaving foil during free swimming. An examination of the ratio of the phase-locking indices for the input heaving motion of the foil and the coupled fluidic thrust/drag response reveals that it approaches a value of 0.5 over time when the freely swimming system is released from rest and allowed to achieve steady-state cruising. The jet produced by the freely swimming foil was inclined at an angle of approximately $4^\circ $ with respect to the direction of the mean flow.
A universal scaling for low-order structure functions in the log-law region of smooth- and rough-wall boundary layers
Authors: Davidson P. A. , Krogstad P.-Å.
Published: July 2014

We consider the log-law layer of both smooth- and rough-wall boundary layers at large Reynolds number. A scaling theory is proposed for low-order structure functions (say$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}n \leq 6$) in the range of scales$\eta \ll r \ll \delta $, where$\eta $is the Kolmogorov length and$\delta $is the boundary layer thickness. This theory rests on the hypothesis that the turbulence in this intermediate range of scales depends only on the scale$r$, the local dissipation rate and the shear velocity. Crucially, the structure of the turbulence is assumed to be independent of the distance from the wall,$y$, except to the extent that$y$sets the value of the local dissipation rate. A detailed comparison is made between the predictions of the theory and data taken from both smooth- and rough-wall boundary layers. The data support the hypothesis that it is the dissipation rate, and not$y$, that controls the structure of the turbulence for this range of eddy sizes. Our findings provide the first unified scaling theory for both smooth- and rough-wall turbulence.
Three-dimensional Navier–Stokes simulations of buoyant, vertical miscible Hele-Shaw displacements
Authors: Heussler F. H. C. , Oliveira R. M. , John M. O. , Meiburg E.
Published: July 2014

Gravitationally and viscously unstable miscible displacements in vertical Hele-Shaw cells are investigated via three-dimensional Navier–Stokes simulations. The velocity of the two-dimensional base-flow displacement fronts generally increases with the unfavourable viscosity contrast and the destabilizing density difference. Displacement fronts moving faster than the maximum velocity of the Poiseuille flow far downstream exhibit a single stagnation point in a moving reference frame, consistent with earlier observations for corresponding capillary tube flows. Gravitationally stable fronts, on the other hand, can move more slowly than the Poiseuille flow, resulting in more complex streamline patterns and the formation of a spike at the tip of the front, in line with earlier findings. A two-dimensional pinch-off governed by dispersion is observed some distance behind the displacement front. Three-dimensional simulations of viscously and gravitationally unstable vertical displacements show a strong vorticity quadrupole along the length of the finger, similar to recent observations for neutrally buoyant flows. This quadrupole results in an inner splitting instability of vertically propagating fingers. Even though the quadrupole’s strength increases for larger destabilizing density differences, the inner splitting is delayed due to the presence of a secondary, outer quadrupole which counteracts the inner one. For large unstable density differences, the formation of a secondary, downward-propagating front is observed, which is also characterized by inner and outer vorticity quadrupoles. This front develops an anchor-like shape as a result of the flow induced by these quadrupoles. Increased spanwise wavelengths of the initial perturbation are seen to result in the formation of the well-known tip-splitting instability. For suitable initial conditions, the inner and tip-splitting instabilities can be seen to develop side by side, affecting different regions of the flow field.
Mosaics of Frescoes: Digital Photogrammetry, Raster Representation, Pigment Analysis and Metrology of a Flavian Wall Painting on the Caelian Hill (Rome)
Authors: Andreoli Martina
Published: July 2014

Chronological and stylistic studies of Roman wall paintings and mosaics were based for a long time only on optical direct analysis and current analogue or digital photographic reproduction. The aims of fresco research today remain the same as in the past — i.e. pigment types and sources, painting subjects and styles, application methods, and the relationship between paintings and the function of their locations. Modern technologies, however, have now been developed which can finally improve our knowledge about ancient decorative taste and workshops. New methodologies such as highly accurate colour reproduction of paintings and mosaics, digital reconstruction of fragmentary decorations, or chemical analyses of pigments or plasters are increasingly being used to fill important research gaps. Some of these techniques are illustrated in this article as solutions to obstacles in the archaeological documentation of an unpublished first-century ad painting (Late Flavian period) on the Caelian Hill in Rome. With relation to Fourth Style decorations, the problematic question as to whether there was an intentional ratio between the component parts of the fresco is also discussed, linking for the first time the Vitruvian architectural concept of Commodulatio (meaning ‘with symmetry/proportion’) to wall paintings.
Households and the Emergence of Cities in Ancient Mesopotamia
Authors: Ur Jason
Published: July 2014

The world's first cities emerged on the plains of Mesopotamia (modern Iraq and Syria) in the fourth millennium bc. Attempts to understand this settlement process have assumed revolutionary social change, the disappearance of kinship as a structuring principle, and the appearance of a rational bureaucracy. Most assume cities and state-level social organization were deliberate functional adaptations to meet the goals of elite members of society, or society as a whole. This study proposes an alternative model. By reviewing indigenous terminology from later historical periods, it proposes that urbanism evolved in the context of a metaphorical extension of the household that represented a creative transformation of a familiar structure. The first cities were unintended consequences of this transformation, which may seem ‘revolutionary’ to archaeologists but did not to their inhabitants. This alternative model calls into question the applicability of terms like ‘urbanism’ and ‘the state’ for early Mesopotamian society.
Prävalenz von Zufallsbefunden des Achsenskeletts in computertomographischen Untersuchungen polytraumatisierter Patienten
Authors: Scheyerer Max J. , Hollenstein Michael , Doering Robert , Werner Clement M.L. , Sprengel Kai , Alkadhi Hatem , Simmen Hans-Peter
Published: July 2014

Die Computertomographie hat sich in den vergangenen Jahren zu einem festen Bestandteil der Schockraumdiagnostik entwickelt. Neben den traumatisch bedingten Verletzungen ergeben sich dabei oft unfallunabhängige Befunde, die bis dahin unbekannt waren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ihre Prävalenz im Bereich des Achsenskelettes mit über 58% beziffert. Am häufigsten waren dabei degenerative Veränderungen, gefolgt von angeborene Fehlbildungen und Neubildungen. Letztgenannte waren in sechs Fällen weiter abklärungsbedürftig. Zwei stellten sich als bösartig dar. Durch die hohe Inzidenz von Zufallsbefunden ergibt sich daher die Notwendigkeit einheitlicher Kriterien zur Dokumentation, zum Umgang mit ihnen, sowie zur Klärung der Zuständigkeit auf behandlungs- sowie versicherungstechnischer Ebene.
Selbstkontrolle bei Vorschulkindern unterschiedlicher kultureller Herkunft
Authors: Neubauer Anna , Gawrilow Caterina , Hasselhorn Marcus
Published: July 2014

Eine Voraussetzung für schulischen Erfolg ist Selbstkontrolle. Schulkinder mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund zeigen im deutschen Bildungssystem einen spezifischen Leistungsnachteil. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, ob die Selbstkontrolle von Kindern mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund geringer ist, als die von deutschen Kindern ohne Migrationshintergrund. Um zu prüfen, ob kultur- und/oder migrationsspezifische Faktoren relevant sind, wurde die Selbstkontrollfähigkeit von Kindergartenkindern in Deutschland mit einem türkischen Migrationshintergrund (n = 31) verglichen mit Kindern eines anderen Migrationshintergrundes (n = 37), sowie deutschen (n = 55) und türkischen Kindern ohne Migrationshintergrund (n = 62). Die in Deutschland untersuchten Gruppen (ohne Migrationshintergrund, türkischer Migrationshintergrund und Migrationshintergrund aus anderen Ländern) unterschieden sich nicht in ihrer Selbstkontrolle. Allerdings wiesen die in der Türkei untersuchten türkischen Kinder ohne Migrationshintergrund eine geringere Selbstkontrolle auf als die deutschen Kinder ohne Migrationshintergrund. Die Ergebnisse werden bezüglich ihrer Aussagekraft über mögliche migrations- und kulturspezifische Einflussfaktoren auf die Selbstkontrolle von Kindergartenkindern diskutiert.
Medications Without a Patient
Authors: Reis Catherine , Sinyor Mark , Schaffer Ayal
Published: July 2014

Background: Little has been published on the sources of medications used in suicide by self-poisoning. Aims: To examine data on self-poisoning occurring through the use of medications returned to the next of kin after the death of a family member or friend (”returned medication”) and to examine public policies relevant to this issue. Method: A review of charts at the Office of the Chief Coroner of Ontario for deaths by self-poisoning suicide in the City of Toronto occurring between 1998 and 2010 was conducted. Information regarding the source of medication used in self-poisoning was extracted. Federal, provincial, and local policies were also examined to determine whether there are guidelines governing returning medication to next of kin. Results: Of 567 suicide deaths by self-poisoning in Toronto over 13 years, there were eight cases in which returned medication was used in suicide by self-poisoning. No policies prohibiting this type of medication return were identified. Conclusion: Suicide by self-poisoning using returned medications is an important consideration that may not yet be fully appreciated, and has relevance for suicide prevention policies.
Role of CCR2 in Inflammatory Conditions of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Chu Hannah X , Arumugam Thiruma V , Gelderblom Mathias , Magnus Tim , Drummond Grant R , Sobey Christopher G
Published: July 2014

CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) plays important roles in extravasation and transmigration of monocytes under inflammatory conditions. CCR2 and its ligands have been extensively studied in a range of inflammatory diseases in the central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke. This brief review summarizes our current understanding of the physiologic and pathologic roles of CCR2, focusing on its involvement in CNS inflammatory diseases. There appears to be a rationale for exploring therapies involving CCR2 inhibition in multiple sclerosis and ischemic stroke, but there is also evidence for immunomodulatory and protective effects of CCR2 activity during CNS inflammation. The critical balance between protective and detrimental roles of CCR2-dependent recruitment of leukocytes must therefore be carefully examined to guide safe and effective development of any therapies involving CCR2 modulation.
Realizing Synchronous Energy Harvesting and Ion Separation with Graphene Oxide Membranes
Authors: Sun Pengzhan , Zheng Feng , Zhu Miao , Wang Kunlin , Zhong Minlin , Wu Dehai , Zhu Hongwei
Published: July 2014

A synchronous ion separation and electricity generation process has been developed using G-O membranes. In addition to the size effect proposed prevsiouly, the separation of ions can be attributed to the different interactions between ions and G-O membranes; the generation of electricity is due to the confinement of G-O membranes and the mobility difference of ions. Efficient energy transduction has been achieved with G-O membranes, converting magnetic, thermal and osmotic energy to electricity, distinguishing this material from other commercial semi-permeable membranes. Our study indicated that G-O membranes could find potential applications in the purification of wastewater, while producing electricity simultaneously. With G-O membranes, industrial magnetic leakage and waste heat could also be used to produce electricity, affording a superior approach for energy recovery.
Electrochemical enzymatic biosensor with long-term stability using hybrid mesoporous membrane
Authors: Itoh Tetsuji , Shimomura Takeshi , Hayashi Akari , Yamaguchi Akira , Teramae Norio , Ono Masatoshi , Tsunoda Tatsuo , Mizukami Fujio , Stucky Galen D. , Hanaoka Taka-aki
Published: July 2014

An acetylcholinesterase-immobilized sensor unit was successfully prepared by encapsulating the enzyme within hybrid mesoporous silica membranes (F127-MST).
Characterization and authentication of four important edible oils using free phytosterol profiles established by GC-GC-TOF/MS
Authors: Xu Baocheng , Zhang Liangxiao , Wang Hua , Luo Denglin , Li Peiwu
Published: July 2014

The procedure of the establishment of free phytosterol profiles and their application on oils classification and adulteration detection.
Microchip nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis of saturated fatty acids using a new fluorescent dye
Authors: Cable M. L. , Stockton A. M. , Mora M. F. , Hand K. P. , Willis P. A.
Published: July 2014

We demonstrate nonaqueous labeling and separation of the full range of short to long saturated fatty acids (C2 to C30) for the first time on a microfluidic device.
Four acid-catalysed dehydration reactions proceed without interference
Authors: Lirag Rio Carlo , Miljanić Ognjen Š.
Published: July 2014

Four acid-catalysed dehydration reactions can proceed in one pot, simultaneously and without interference, to yield one imine, one acetal (or boronic ester), one ester and one alkene, even though many other cross-products could be conceived.
Initiator-chain transfer agent combo in the RAFT polymerization of styrene
Authors: Wu Ying , Zhang Wei , Zhang Zhengbiao , Pan Xiangqiang , Cheng Zhenping , Zhu Jian , Zhu Xiulin
Published: July 2014

A novel initiator-chain transfer agent combo was synthesized and applied in the homopolymerization of different vinyl monomers as well as copolymerization.
Nitrogen-centered radical-mediated C–H imidation of arenes and heteroarenes via visible light induced photocatalysis
Authors: Kim Hyejin , Kim Taehoon , Lee Dong Gil , Roh Sang Weon , Lee Chulbom
Published: July 2014

Visible light-induced photocatalytic aromatic C–H imidation with N-chlorophthalimide proceeds through a nitrogen-centered radical intermediate to furnish the corresponding N-aryl products.
Dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene) as a bio-based alternative for dipolar aprotic solvents
Authors: Sherwood James , De bruyn Mario , Constantinou Andri , Moity Laurianne , McElroy C. Rob , Farmer Thomas J. , Duncan Tony , Raverty Warwick , Hunt Andrew J. , Clark James H.
Published: July 2014

Dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene) is a bio-based molecule, derived in two simple steps from cellulose, which demonstrates significant promise as a dipolar aprotic solvent.
Chemical ordering in magic-size Ag–Pd nanoparticles
Authors: Bochicchio Davide , Ferrando Riccardo , Novakovic Rada , Panizon Emanuele , Rossi Giulia
Published: July 2014

Equilibrium Ag–Pd nanoparticles have a Ag-rich surface, and a Pd-rich subsurface layer.
Insights into the interactions of CO2 with amines: a DFT benchmark study
Authors: Orestes Ednilsom , Machado Ronconi Célia , Carneiro José Walkimar de Mesquita
Published: July 2014

The interactions between CO2 and aliphatic (primary, secondary and tertiary) and aromatic amines were computed using pure and hybrid density functionals.
Current advances in lanthanide ion (Ln3+)-based upconversion nanomaterials for drug delivery
Authors: Yang Dongmei , Ma Ping'an , Hou Zhiyou , Cheng Ziyong , Li Chunxia , Lin Jun
Published: July 2014

This review mainly focuses on the recent advances in various chemical syntheses of Ln3+-based upconversion nanomaterials, with special emphasis on their application in stimuli-response controlled drug release and subsequent therapy.
A theoretical and experimental study on meridional–facial isomerization of tris(quinolin-8-olate)aluminum (Alq3)
Authors: Iwakura I. , Ebina H. , Komori-Orisaku K. , Koide Y.
Published: July 2014

The rationale behind the stereospecific synthesis of a facial isomer of tris(quinolin-8-olate)aluminum (Alq3) is studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which predict the favourable influence of an H3O+ ion on the distribution ratio between a meridional and a thermodynamically unstable facial isomer.
Photophysical properties of an unusual bichromophoric species constructed from a cyclometalated Pt(ii) chromophore and a blue Bodipy-acetylacetonate species
Authors: Nastasi Francesco , Puntoriero Fausto , Serroni Scolastica , Campagna Sebastiano , Olivier Jean-Hubert , Ziessel Raymond
Published: July 2014

Complex1exhibits a formally forbidden energy transfer from the metal-based triplet to the fluorescent Bodipy singlet state.
The role of nano-sized manganese oxides in the oxygen-evolution reactions by manganese complexes: towards a complete picture
Authors: Najafpour Mohammad Mahdi , Hołyńska Małgorzata , Shamkhali Amir Nasser , Kazemi Sayed Habib , Hillier Warwick , Amini Emad , Ghaemmaghami M. , Jafarian Sedigh Davood , Nemati Moghaddam Atefeh , Mohamadi Rahim , Zaynalpoor Sasan , Beckmann Katrin
Published: July 2014

Mn oxides may be true catalysts in the water-oxidation reactions of Mn complexes and oxidants.
New insights into the chemistry of di- and trimetallic iron dithiolene derivatives. Structural, Mössbauer, magnetic, electrochemical and theoretical studies
Authors: Bruña Sonia , Cuadrado Isabel , Delgado Esther , Gómez-García Carlos J. , Hernández Diego , Hernández Elisa , Llusar Rosa , Martín Avelino , Menéndez Nieves , Polo Victor , Zamora Félix
Published: July 2014

The synthesis of two new iron dithiolene derivatives and the study of their physical properties are described.
Photophysical properties of trans-platinum acetylide complexes featuring N-heterocyclic carbene ligands
Authors: Winkel Russell W. , Dubinina Galyna G. , Abboud Khalil A. , Schanze Kirk S.
Published: July 2014

Platinum acetylide complexes featuring NHC-carbene ligands show enhanced photophysical properties relative to complexes with phosphine ligands.
Few layer graphene–polypropylene nanocomposites: the role of flake diameter
Authors: Vallés Cristina , Abdelkader Amr M. , Young Robert J. , Kinloch Ian A.
Published: July 2014

Graphene shows excellent potential as a structural reinforcement in polymer nanocomposites due to its exceptional mechanical properties. We have shown previously that graphene composites can be analysed using conventional composite theory with the graphene flakes acting as short fillers which have a critical length of ∼3 μm which is required for good reinforcement. Herein, polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites were prepared using electrochemically-exfoliated few layer graphene (FLG) with two different flake diameters (5 μm and 20 μm). The crystallization temperature and degree of crystallinity of the PP were found to increase with the loading of FLG, which suggests that the flakes acted as crystallisation nucleation sites. Mechanical testing showed that the 5 μm flakes behaved as short fillers and reinforced the PP matrix poorly. The modulus of the 20 μm flake composites, however, increased linearly with loading up to 20 wt%, without any of the detrimental aggregation effects seen in other graphene systems. The mechanical data were compared with our previous work on other graphene composite systems and the apparent need to balance the degree of functionalization to improve matrix compatibility whilst not encouraging aggregation is discussed.
Size-selective, biocompatible, manufacturable platform for structuring deformable microsystems
Authors: Agarwal Gunjan , Servi Amelia , Livermore Carol
Published: July 2014

Precise, size-selective assembly and sorting are demonstrated in a low-cost system using manufacturable, replicated polymer templates to guide the assembly.
Modular microfluidic valve structures based on reversible thermoresponsive ionogel actuators
Authors: Benito-Lopez Fernando , Antoñana-Díez Marta , Curto Vincenzo F. , Diamond Dermot , Castro-López Vanessa
Published: July 2014

This paper reports for the first time the use of a cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) ionogel encapsulating the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulphate as a thermoresponsive and modular microfluidic valve.
Unexpected similarities between theSchizosaccharomycesand human blood metabolomes, and novel human metabolites
Authors: Chaleckis Romanas , Ebe Masahiro , Pluskal Tomáš , Murakami Itsuo , Kondoh Hiroshi , Yanagida Mitsuhiro
Published: July 2014

Comparison of human blood and fission yeast metabolomes revealed that 75% of compounds found in human blood are also detected in fission yeast. Several methylated amino acids are reported as new blood components.
Benzylidene-linked thiohydantoin derivatives as inhibitors of tyrosinase and melanogenesis: importance of the β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl functionality
Authors: Kim Hye Rim , Lee Hye Jin , Choi Yeon Ja , Park Yun Jung , Woo Youngwoo , Kim Seong Jin , Park Min Hi , Lee Hee Won , Chun Pusoon , Chung Hae Young , Moon Hyung Ryong
Published: July 2014

The “β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl” group might serve as a key pharmacophore for high tyrosinase inhibition.
Syntheses and characterization of liposome-incorporated adamantyl aminoguanidines
Authors: Šekutor Marina , Štimac Adela , Mlinarić-Majerski Kata , Frkanec Ruža
Published: July 2014

A series of mono and bis-aminoguanidinium adamantane derivatives has been synthesized and incorporated into liposomes.
Synthesis and immunological effects of heroin vaccines
Authors: Li Fuying , Cheng Kejun , Antoline Joshua F. G. , Iyer Malliga R. , Matyas Gary R. , Torres Oscar B. , Jalah Rashmi , Beck Zoltan , Alving Carl R. , Parrish Damon A. , Deschamps Jeffrey R. , Jacobson Arthur E. , Rice Kenner C.
Published: July 2014

Multi-step syntheses provided three designed haptens for vaccines that were evaluated for their ability to block the effects of heroin and its metabolites.
Syntheses of thiol and selenol esters by oxidative coupling reaction of aldehydes with RYYR (Y = S, Se) under metal-free conditions
Authors: He Chunhuan , Qian Xuewei , Sun Peipei
Published: July 2014

Thiol (selenol) esters were synthesized by a direct oxidative coupling reaction of aldehydes with disulfides (diselenides) under metal-free conditions.
Controlled synthesis of β-sheet polymers based on side-chain amyloidogenic short peptide segmentsviaRAFT polymerization
Authors: Kumar Sonu , Acharya Rituparna , Chatterji Urmi , De Priyadarsi
Published: July 2014

A strategy was developed for the controlled synthesis of side-chain peptide containing pH-responsive polymers with an antiparallel β-sheet motif, which was independent of solvent polarity, PEGylation of homopolymers, the block length of PEG or peptidic segments in the block copolymer and temperature.
Visible-light radical reaction designed by Ru- and Ir-based photoredox catalysis
Authors: Koike Takashi , Akita Munetaka
Published: July 2014

New and easy protocols for radical reactions have been developed.
Enantioselective hydrogenation of methyl benzoylformate on an Ag electrode electrosorbed with cinchonine
Authors: Yang Hengpan , Lv Ting , Sun Wenwen , Du Yanfang , Wang Huan , Lu Jiaxing
Published: July 2014

Cinchonine was demonstrated to be adsorbed on electrodeposited Ag for enantioselective hydrogenation with moderate ee and excellent selectivity.
Patchy nanoparticles self-assembled from linear triblock copolymers under spherical confinement: a simulated annealing study
Authors: Yu Bin , Deng Jianhua , Li Baohui , Shi An-Chang
Published: July 2014

Multiple patchy nanoparticles spontaneously form from self-assembly of triblock copolymers inside spherical nanopores of different sizes or different pore-wall selectivities.
Phonons, lithium diffusion and thermodynamics of LiMPO4(M = Mn, Fe)
Authors: Goel Prabhatasree , Gupta M. K. , Mittal R. , Rols S. , Patwe S. J. , Achary S. N. , Tyagi A. K. , Chaplot S. L.
Published: July 2014

Phonons are investigated by neutron scattering and simulations. Lithium diffusion is correlated with dynamical instability with an increase in volume.
Facile electrochemical synthesis of 3D nano-architectured CuO electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors
Authors: Deng Ming-Jay , Wang Cheng-Chia , Ho Pei-Jung , Lin Chih-Ming , Chen Jin-Ming , Lu Kueih-Tzu
Published: July 2014

A facile, inexpensive and potentially scalable technique has been developed to fabricate well designed CuO NRs on tentacle-like nanoporous Ni/Ni foam for high-performance supercapacitors.
Surface etching of HKUST-1 promoted via supramolecular interactions for chromatography
Authors: El-Hankari Samir , Huo Jia , Ahmed Adham , Zhang Haifei , Bradshaw Darren
Published: July 2014

The addition of guanidinium-based surfactants to the synthesis of HKUST-1 promotes post-synthetic etching by adventitious water revealing a novel surface patterning effect where meso- and macroscopic features form on the MOF crystals.
A hydroxyapatite–Fe2O3 based material of natural origin as an active sunscreen filter
Authors: Piccirillo C. , Rocha C. , Tobaldi D. M. , Pullar R. C. , Labrincha J. A. , Ferreira M. O. , Castro P. M. L. , Pintado M. M. E.
Published: July 2014

A hydroxyapatite–Fe2O3 based material of marine origin – fish bones treated in Fe(ii)-containing solution – shows potential as a sunscreen filter, absorbing in UVA/UVB intervals, with no free radical formation under irradiation.
Bus rapid transit system deployment for high quality and cost‐effective transit service: a comprehensive review and comparative analysis
Authors: Racehorse Vernon Joseph , Zhang Guohui , Sussman Aaron , Jian Afshin , Parker Timothy
Published: July 2014

This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of bus rapid transit (BRT) systems as an effective alternative transport mode which will benefit urban transportation knowledge for creating a BRT system. BRT can be seen as a feasible solution to traffic congestion and is designed using delicate transportation design strategies, such as, dedicated lanes, adequate station design, master planning of service and operation, faster toll collection, up‐to‐date intelligent transportation systems applications. BTR systems will improve time, safety and cost‐effectiveness by accomplishing the goals of increasing speed and ridership. Unlike rail, BRT is a flexible transit design system. BRT acceptance is determined with algorithms such as logistic modelling and ridership data. Optimum potential determination of a system is possible by looking at international and local studies examining BRT problems and strengths. Problems consist of conflicts with other transportation modes and population booms. Determining if a system will be used also heavily falls on the quality. Most transit systems are perceived eyesores and inefficient modes with over‐congestion, these barriers can be overcome with proper design that gives a captivating addition to the community.
Reconfigurable antenna system with a movable ground plane for cognitive radio
Authors: Costantine Joseph , Tawk Youssef , Woodland Jonathan , Flaum Noah , Christodoulou Christos G.
Published: July 2014

A new cognitive radio antenna system is presented and discussed in this study. The antenna system is composed of a wideband antenna that is used for channel sensing and a communicating antenna that is used for dynamic transmission over various frequencies. The communicating antenna is a software controlled reconfigurable antenna that can tune its frequency response by changing the height and angular position of its ground plane. This antenna is composed of a rectangular patch and three ground planes. Two ground planes are fixed while the third one moves and tilts based on the user's demand. The antenna's moving ground plane is controlled by an Arduino board and two linear actuators. The wideband sensing antenna is composed of a printed monopole patch that searches the spectrum for idle frequencies. A prototype of the complete antenna system is fabricated and tested. Both experimental and simulated results show good agreement.
Dielectric lens balanced antipodal Vivaldi antenna with low cross‐polarisation for ultra‐wideband applications
Authors: Molaei Ali , Kaboli Mohsen , Mirtaheri Seyed Abdullah , Abrishamian Mohammad S.
Published: July 2014

The major deficiency of conventional ‘balanced antipodal Vivaldi antenna’ (BAVA) is its tilted beam over upper working frequencies. This study reports on a new BAVA to overcome this defect. By applying a dielectric lens in front of the antenna's aperture, beam‐tilting in E‐plane was improved within the ultra‐wideband frequency range, as well as higher frequencies. In the new BAVA, the authors have also achieved an acceptable cross‐polarisation. Measurements show that the antenna has better than 10 dB return loss within the aforesaid frequency range. The measurements successfully verify the simulation results. Group delay and fidelity factor as time domain characteristics of the proposed antenna have been studied. They have compared performance of the conventional BAVA, with achievements of the new BAVA as hereunder.
Performance study of the dual‐stack mobile IP protocols in the evolving mobile internet
Authors: Yan Zhiwei , Wang Hwang‐Cheng , Park Yong‐Jin , Lee Xiaodong
Published: July 2014

The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is an inexorable trend in the development of Internet. However, since IPv4 has been widely deployed for many years, it is mandatory that the existing IPv4 and the newly deployed IPv6 coexist and interoperate seamlessly. With the study of various mechanisms proposed for the interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6, some mobility management protocols are also extended to work in the mixed mobile Internet. In this study, the authors carry out an in‐depth analysis of three types of standardised mobility management protocols with dual‐stack support. Owing to the difference of underlying basic protocols, their individual dual‐stack extensions have different features and thus are suited for deployment in different scenarios and stages in the evolution of the mobile Internet.