bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Visual Information on Adults’ and Infants’ Auditory Statistical Learning
Authors: Thiessen Erik D.
Published: August 2010

Infant and adult learners are able to identify word boundaries in fluent speech using statistical information. Similarly, learners are able to use statistical information to identify word–object associations. Successful language learning requires both feats. In this series of experiments, we presented adults and infants with audio–visual input from which it was possible to identify both word boundaries and word–object relations. Adult learners were able to identify both kinds of statistical relations from the same input. Moreover, their learning was actually facilitated by the presence of two simultaneously present relations. Eight‐month‐old infants, however, do not appear to benefit from the presence of regular relations between words and objects. Adults, like 8‐month‐olds, did not benefit from regular audio–visual correspondences when they were tested with tones, rather than linguistic input. These differences in learning outcomes across age and input suggest that both developmental and stimulus‐based constraints affect statistical learning.
The Effect of Prosody on Conceptual Combination
Authors: Lynott Dermot , Connell Louise
Published: August 2010

Research into people’s comprehension of novel noun‐noun phrases has long neglected the possible influences of prosody during meaning construction. At the same time, work in conceptual combination has disagreed about whether different classes of interpretation emerge from single or multiple processes; for example, whether people use distinct mechanisms when they interpret octopus apartment as property‐based (e.g., an apartment with eight rooms) or relation‐based (e.g., an apartment where an octopus lives). In two studies, we manipulate the prosodic emphasis patterns of novel noun‐noun combinations (placing stress on the modifier noun, the head noun, or dual stress on both nouns) and ask participants to generate an interpretation for the novel phrase. Results show that people are faster to generate property‐based interpretations when dual emphasis stresses both nouns equally, with prosody having little effect on the speed of relation‐based interpretations. These findings highlight a role for prosody during meaning construction and underline important differences between relation‐ and property‐based interpretations that are difficult to reconcile with unitary process views of conceptual combination.
Fibrinolysis and Coagulation. I.
Authors: Helle I. , Theodor I.
Published: August 2010

The effect of various concentrations of calcium on lysis of euglobulin clots was studied. If clot lysis times exceeded 200 minutes, 0.5 mM CaCl2 or less inhibited the process, whereas higher concentrations accelerated clot lysis. If clot lysis times were short, high calcium concentrations inhibited clot lysis. This happened if enhanced activity was obtained by removal of inhibitors or if it was obtained by a higher activator concentration.

These effects of calcium were related to its procoagulant effect and disappeared on adsorbtion with BaSO4. Euglobulin from patients with severe coagulopathies revealed a reduced accelerating effect of calcium. The calcium effect on clot structure was probably of minor importance.
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn Due to Anti‐s
Authors: Drachmann O. , Hansen K. Brogaard
Published: August 2010

Isoimmunization of a pregnant woman with two antibodies, a strong anti‐s and a weak anti‐D is reported. The woman gave birth to a child suffering from severe haemolytic disease, and two exchange transfusions were needed. The serological characteristics of the antibodies are described, and it is discussed why it was assumed that the haemolytic disease was caused by the anti‐s antibody.
Relationship Between Cigarette Smoking and High Packed Cell Volume and Haemoglobin Levels
Authors: Isager Henrik , Hagerup Leif
Published: August 2010

In a study including 394 men and 339 women, all aged fifty, a positive correlation between cigarette consumption and packed cell volume (PCV) was found in both sexes. In women, we also found a statistically significant correlation between cigarette consumption and haemoglobin concentration. In male cigarette smokers, the incidences of PCV‐values over normal range and of subnormal MCHC‐values were significantly higher than in males, who did not smoke cigarettes (smokers and non‐smokers).

We found a statistically significant negative correlation between cigarette consumption and lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second) but we found no evidence of any relationship between lung function and haematological variables. From these results we conclude that the association between cigarette smoking and haematological variables is probably not secondary to the relationship between cigarette consumption and lung function.
Physical and Biochemical Characteristics of Platelets in Severely Malnourished Children with Purpura
Authors: Bello Abel , Dorantes Samuel , Márquez José Luis , Jaimes Ma. Luisa
Published: August 2010

Platelets from a group of 24 malnourished children with purpura, and a group of 28 clinically healthy adults and 5 normal children, were studied with determination of platelet mean diameter, soluble protein, lactate concentration and platelet viscous metamorphosis.

The data obtained from platelet rich plasma in malnourished children showed an increase in lactate concentration and an inability to increase its lactate when thrombin was added; an abnormal viscous metamorphosis was found also in some patients, due to either a plasma or a platelet abnormality and also in a third group of patients to the presence of both defects.
Serum and Urinary Lysozyme in Leukaemia and Polycythaemia vera
Authors: MALMQUIST JÖRGEN
Published: August 2010

The results of immunochemical determination of lysozyme in serum and urine from 51 patients with leukaemia and polycythaemia vera are presented. Previous reports that large elevations of serum lysozyme tend to be associated with a monocytoid leukaemic cell morphology have been confirmed. However, lysozyme determinations do not provide a clear dichotomy between ‘monocytic’ leukaemia and other acute leukaemia. In polycythaemia vere, in contrast to erythrocytosis of other origin, serum lysozyme is elevated, although only to a minor degree.

The influence of renal glomerular filtration on serum lysozyme is emphasized, and data from 46 individuals with various degrees of impairment of renal function are presented. Possible mechanisms for the release of lysozyme from leucocytes are discussed.
The Pulmonary Vessels as a Filter for Circulating Megakaryocytes in Rats
Authors: Pedersen N. Tinggaard
Published: August 2010

Investigations in rats comparing the inferior vena cava and the aorta with respect to the number of megakaryocytes (MK) in the blood have shown that pulmonary circulation plays an effective role in filtering circulating MK. Large numbers of retained MK showing degenerative nuclear changes may be recovered by retrograde perfusion of the lungs, while only a few are pressed by the blood stream to the left atrium. A significantly higher blood platelet count in the aorta than in the inferior vena cava suggests platelet release from retained MK.
Testicular Function after Combination Chemotherapy for Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Asbjørnsen G. , Molne K. , Klepp O. , Aakvaag A.
Published: August 2010

Fertility was estimated by sperm counts and hormone assays in 8 patients treated for Hodgkin's disease with at least 6 courses of combination chemotherapy. This consisted of an alkylator (mechloretamine or cyclophosphamide), a vinca alkaloid (vinblastine or vincristine), procarbazine and prednisone.

Azoospermia was found in 7 of the 8 patients on examination 12–29 months after termination of chemotherapy. In 1 patient semen quality improved gradually, and a sperm count of 5 mill/ml was found at 21 months. Serum FSH levels were increased in all but 1 patient who was, nevertheless, azoospermic. The levels of testosterone and LH were generally within normal limits.

Thus, the germinal tissue is seriously damaged by this type of chemotherapy. The resulting infertility seems to be complete and of long duration. Partial recovery of spermatogenesis may, however, sometimes take place after prolonged unsustained remission.
Absorption from Iron Tablets Given with Different Types of Meals
Authors: Hallberg L. , Björn‐Rasmussen E. , Ekenved G. , Garby L. , Rossander L. , Pleehachinda R. , Suwanik R. , Arvidsson B.
Published: August 2010

The absorption of iron from tablets given with 5 types of meals was studied in 153 subjects. The meals were: a hamburger meal with beans and potatoes, a simple breakfast meal, a Latin American meal composed of black beans, rice and maize and two Southeast Asian meals composed of rice, vegetables and spices served with and without fish. The groups were directly compared by relating the absorption from the iron tablets to the absorption from a standardized reference dose of iron given on an empty stomach.

The composition of meals with respect to content of meat or fish or the presence of large amounts of phytates seemed to have no influence on the absorption of iron from tablets. The absorption from iron tablets was about 40% higher when they were given with rice meals than when they were given with the other meals studied. The average decrease in absorption by meals was about 50–60 % based on a comparison when‐tablets were given on an empty stomach. When tablets from which the iron was released more slowly were used, the absorption increased by about 30 % except when they were given with rice meals, where the absorption was unchanged. The differences among the meals in their effect on the absorption of iron from tablets thus disappeared when the slow‐release tablets were given.
Surface Membrane Characteristics of Cells from Human Acute Monocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Parker A. C. , Dewar A. E. , Wilson C. D. , Young S. , Stuart A. E.
Published: August 2010

The clinical and laboratory features of 4 patients with acute monocytic leukaemia are described. Surface membrane receptor studies of these patients have shown increasing strength of receptor expression occurs with increasing morphological maturity of the monocyte. In addition, the study shows that expression of membrane receptors can vary from patient to patient and also with time and treatment in an individual patient.

A further finding has been the loss of positivity with specific anti‐monocytc serum when the disease becomes refractory to therapy.
Trisomy 8 in the Chronic Phase of Philadelphia Negative Chronic Myelocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Lindquist R. , Gahrton G. , Friberg K. , Zech L.
Published: August 2010

An unusual case of Philadelphia negative chronic myelocytic leukaemia and an extra chromosome 8 in all bone marrow cells is described. The abnormality was present at diagnosis of the disease and throughout the chronic phase which lasted for somewhat less than 2 years. The patient died soon after the blastic transformation with no other chromosomal abnormalities.
Folate Concentration in Top, Middle and Bottom Layer of Packed Red Cells in Patients with Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Relation to Treatment
Authors: Magnus Erik M.
Published: August 2010

In response to specific treatment of vitamin B12 deficient, anaemic patients there is an influx of folate into the young, circulating red cells.

To separate new and old cells, capillary tubes filled with whole blood were centrifuged and the packed red cell column divided into top (T), middle (M) and bottom (B) layer. The newest cells are found in the T layer.

The increase in red cell folate (RCF) concentration starts before, during or after the reticulocyte response, and is therefore not directly related to folate metabolism in the red precursor cells in the marrow. The low RCF concentration at the peak of the reticulocyte response in some of the cases demonstrates that the folate material, which may have been accumulated in the red precursor cells in the marrow, may be lost by the time the red cells enter the peripheral blood.

The influx of folate into the young, circulating red cells is rapidly followed by an efflux of folate, suggesting that much of the folate material is still in the monoglutamate form. A new influx of folate is noted after a time lapse of from 5 to 10 d. Iron deficiency seems to prevent the uptake of folate by the circulating red cells.
Histomorphometrical Determination of Bone Marrow Cellularity in Iliac Crest Biopsies
Authors: Kerndrup G. , Pallesen G. , Melsen F. , Mosekilde L.
Published: August 2010

The point‐count principle is an exact method of bone marrow quantitation but fairly good correlation was found between quantitated and estimated values of the cellularity in iliac crest biopsies, although the latter values were significantly lower. No intraspecimen variation was found, but the cellularity in the individual biopsies varied considerably from field to field, indicating that quantitation and estimation on small samples obtained by aspiration may be misleading. The correlation between the values from undecalcified and decalcified sections was high, but decalcification of the biopsies resulted in an underestimation of the amount of haemopoietic tissue.
Erythrocyte Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione Peroxidase Activities in β‐Thalassaemia (Major and Minor)
Authors: Gerli G. C. , Beretta L. , Bianchi M. , Pellegatta A. , Agostoni A.
Published: August 2010

The ‘antioxidant’ enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) were found greatly elevated in red blood cells of subjects with β‐thalassaemia minor and similar to normal values in red blood cells of subjects with β‐thalassaemia major. These findings allows us to speculate that red cells in β‐thalassaemia minor react to the increased oxidant threat with augmented antioxidant enzyme activities. The normal levels of antioxidant enzymes in β‐thalassaemia major seem to be due to the presence of normal red cells owing to multiple transfusions.
Pseudothrombocytopenia
Authors: Manthorpe R. , Kofod B. , Wiik A. , Saxtrup O. , Svehag S.‐E.
Published: August 2010

In a prospective 9 month study at a medical department with special interest in immunology and rheumatology, 10 patients with spuriously low thrombocyte counts ‐ pseudothrombocytopenia ‐ were registered.

The phenomenon was observed when the counting of platelets was performed on a Thrombocounter C apparatus or by manual counting using K2EDTA stabilized blood since platelet agglutination was considerably less pronounced when solutio citratis glucosi fortis (ACD) was used as the anticoagulant.

Results of our in vitro studies indicate that the mechanisms contributing to pseudothrombocytopenia involve the interacton of circulating immune complexes with platelet membrane Fc receptors causing agglutination. Fab'2‐fragments of isolated patient IgG did not react with normal donor thrombocytes. This finding argues against agglutination due to true antiplatelet antibody activity.
Myeloid Metaplasia in Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets
Authors: Yetgin Sevgi , Ozsoylu Sinasi
Published: August 2010

Over a period of 30 months, extramedullary haematopoiesis together with decrease in bone marrow cellularity and anaemia were observed in 11 patients with severe nutritional rickets. To 6 of them vitamin D was administered after which a marked improvement in haemato‐logic findings was noted and the liver and spleen began to decrease in size, eventually returning to normal. Myeloid metaplasia in patients with severe rickets may be the cause of anaemia and it is reversible with the therapy.
Platelet‐associated IgG and IgM in myelofibrosis
Authors: HASSELBALCH HANS , BERILD DAG , HANSEN OLE PAASKE
Published: August 2010

Elevated levels of platelet‐associated IgG and/or IgM were found in 15 of 18 patients with myelofibrosis (83 %). All but 5 patients with elevated PAIg had active disease. The amounts of PAIg were not correlated to either S‐Ig, platelet count or spleen size. Levels of PAIgG well above the normal range were especially found in patients with short duration of disease and/or a transitional myeloproliferative state. It is debated whether immune‐mediated platelet dysfunction may be of importance for the development of bone marrow fibrosis, mediated by the release of platelet‐derived growth factors in the bone marrow. Elevated PAIg may also contribute to abnormal haemostasis and thrombocytopenia in myelofibrosis.
The chemokinetic inhibitory factor (CIF) in serum of CLL patients: Correlation with infection propensity and disease activity
Authors: Siegbahn Agneta , Simonsson Bengt , Venge Per
Published: August 2010

We have recently described the partial purification and characterization of a neutrophil migration inhibitory activity present in serum from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). This new lymphokine, the chemokinetic inhibitory factor (CIF), is produced by B‐CLL cells. It is a heat‐labile glycoprotein of an approximate molecular weight (m. w.) of 30000. In this extended investigation 64/89 CLL‐patients had CIF in their serum. CLL serum diluted to a concentration of 0.02% gave significantly decreased chemokinetic activity, suggesting that CIF is potent at very low concentrations. 31/89 patients had increased infection propensity. Significantly more patients with CIF in serum had infections compared to the group with normal susceptibility to infections. The combination of low Ig levels and CIF in serum discriminated even better between the infection‐prone and non‐infection‐prone patients. CIF in serum was not correlated to tumour cell mass — estimated by Rai clinical staging — tumour progression or deox‐ythymidine kinase, S‐TK, an enzyme that may reflect proliferating cells. The existence of this new lymphokine in serum seems to contribute to the increased susceptibility to infections seen in CLL patients.
A case of ‘superwarfarin’ poisoning
Authors: Chong Lai‐Lu , Chau Wing‐Keung , Ho Chao‐Hung
Published: August 2010

A young adult ingested 10 mg brodifacoum (a potent rodenticide) in an attempt to commit suicide. Prolonged bleeding was noted for over 6 months. It required large doses and prolonged use of vitamin K1 to combat this ‘superwarfarin’ poisoning.
Better understanding of digital photography for skin color measurement: With a special emphasis on light characteristics
Authors: Seo Soo Hong , Kim Jae Hwan , Kim Ji Woong , Kye Young Chul , Ahn Hyo Hyun
Published: August 2010

Background/Aim: Digital photography can be used to measure skin color colorimetrically when combined with proper techniques. To better understand the settings of digital photography for the evaluation and measurement of skin colors, we used a tungsten lamp with filters and the custom white balance (WB) function of a digital camera.

Materials and methods: All colored squares on a color chart were photographed with each original and filtered light, analyzed into CIELAB coordinates to produce the calibration method for each given light setting, and compared statistically with reference coordinates obtained using a reflectance spectrophotometer. They were summarized as to the typical color groups, such as skin colors. We compared these results according to the fixed vs. custom WB of a digital camera.

Results: The accuracy of color measurement was improved when using light with a proper color temperature conversion filter. The skin colors from color charts could be measured more accurately using a fixed WB. In vivo measurement of skin color was easy and possible with our method and settings.

Conclusion: The color temperature conversion filter that produced daylight‐like light from the tungsten lamp was the best choice when combined with fixed WB for the measurement of colors and acceptable photographs.
Oral cryptococcosis in a patient with AIDS. A case report
Authors: Schmidt‐Westhausen A , Grünewald Th , Reichart PA , Pohle HD
Published: August 2010

A 59‐year‐old Caucasian male patient with AIDS is described who presented with an oral lesion of cryptococcosis. The gingival ulceration was the only detectable lesion of cryptococcosis. Diagnosis was established by his‐topathologic findings from biopsy and detection of serum cryptococcal antigen. The patient was treated with amphotericin B and flucytosine. After four weeks of therapy cryptococcal antigen turned negative. The oral ulceration diminished in size, but an inflammatory tissue reaction persisted.
The relationship between elastase and lactoferrin in healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis sites
Authors: Murray MC , Mooney J , Kinane DF
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: To compare the relative amounts of elastase (primary polymorphonuclear leucocyte granule constituent) and lactoferrin (secondary PMN granule constituent) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis sites.

DESIGN: This cross‐sectional study looked at the two GCF constituents in three categories of disease status within the same subject.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with chronic adult periodontitis were screened and those exhibiting all three types of sites ie periodontally healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis sites were recruited (n = 10) and had GCF collected from the three sites. Lactoferrin and elastase were measured in eluates of GCF by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS: The absolute amount of lactoferrin measured in ng per 30 s samples was significantly lower in healthy and gingivitis sites as compared to periodontitis sites however this difference failed to reach significance when the concentration of lactoferrin in GCF was used as the analytical unit. No significant differences were found for elastase levels at any sites when expressed as either absolute amounts or concentrations. Secondary granule release, as evidenced by lactoferrin levels, occurs during cell migration and the process is independent of primary granule release, which is thought to correlate with PMN activation. The relationship between granule constituents in the samples showed significant differences, the highest lactoferrinlelastase ratio being at periodontitis sites (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS These findings imply a change in the relative amounts of elastase and lactoferrin released at different disease level sites, with an almost 10‐fold increase in the proportion of lactoferrin to elastase in periodontitis sites over healthy and gingivitis sites. This variation in the release by PMNs of primary and secondary granule constituents may indicate alterations in PMN function in different disease environments.
Knowledge of and attitudes about blood‐borne viruses and infection control in Brazilian dental practice
Authors: Jorge J , Jorge R , Almeida OP , Scully C
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there were any recent changes in hepatitis B immunisation of dental staff, infection control or understanding of viral infections in Brazilian dentists.

DESIGN: A randomised survey was conducted on 740 dentists attending the National Dental Congress in Sao Paulo, Brazil in 1994.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The 740 dentists were questioned as to the presence of various viruses in saliva, the perceived risks of dental staff and long‐term sequelae, the availability and uptake of vaccines, willingness to treat virus‐infected persons, and means of infection control. Nearly 69% of respondents were female dentists, of mean age 30 years. Results were compared with a similar survey from 1990.

RESULTS: Most respondents knew that HIV and hepatitis viruses could appear in saliva and almost all knew of infective risks from hepatitis B (HBV), and the availability of the vaccine. Less than half knew of the association of HBV with liver cancer. There was a four‐fold increase in those vaccinated against HBV since the low figure of 9% in 1990. Nearly two‐thirds of respondents perceived an occupational risk to dental staff from HIV, and a similar proportion were also unwilling to treat virus‐infected persons. A similar proportion also used chemical disinfection for some dental instruments.

CONCLUSIONS: The results show little improvement over a 4‐year period except a much greater proportion of dentists were immunised against HBV. However, still only one third of dentists had been vaccinated, in a country with a high prevalence of infection in the general population.
The periodontal health of homosexual men with HIV infection: a controlled study
Authors: Robinson PG , Sheiham A , Challacombe SJ , Zakrzewska JM
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE Identify types, prevalence and severity of periodontal changes associated with HIV infection. DESIGN: Cross‐sectional controlled blinded study. SETTING: Open access genito‐urinary medicine clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of 794 homosexual men aged 18–65.

OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence, extent and severity of probing attachment loss (PAL), pocketing, gingival ulceration, gingivitis, bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival red bands and diffuse and punctate erythema of the attached gingiva (selected a priori).

RESULTS: Prevalences in men with (n = 312) and without HIV (n = 260) were: PAL (≥l site ≥4 mm), 59.6% and 28.5% respectively (P < 0.001. x2); pocketing (≥1 site ≥4 mm) 51.0% and 31.9% (P < 0.001); BOP, 96.5% and 92.3% (P = 0.038); gingival ulceration. 3.2% and 1.0% (P = 0.031), red banding, 12.2% and 10.0% (P = 0.410); diffuse erythema, 12.5% and 3.1% (P < 0.001) and punctate erythema, 9.6% and 1.1% (P < 0.001). Decreased CD4 lymphocyte counts predicted the presence, extent and severity of PAL (P = 0.023, 0.027 and 0.060) but not pocketing. Oral candidiasis predicted the extent and severity of gingivitis and the presence of diffuse and punctate erythema (P = 0.037, 0.011, 0.002 and <0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: Destruction of periodontal attachment is associated with progression of HIV disease whereas pocketing is associated with HIV infection but not disease progression. Gingival ulceration is associated with HIV but gingivitis and erythema of the attached gingiva are most strongly associated with oral candidiasis. Gingival red bands were not associated with HIV infection.
Keratinocyte integrins in wound healing and chronic inflammation of the human periodontiurn
Authors: Larjava H , Haapasalmi K , Salo T , Wiebe C , Uitto V‐J
Published: August 2010

Periodontal epithelium plays a critical role in protection, destruction and repair of human periodontium. During optimal repair, epithelium migrates and covers the wound surface to prevent infection and damage of the vulnerable underlying connective tissue. During periodontal destruction, junctional epithelium undergoes transformation to pocket epithelium that has quite different characteristics from junctional epithelium. In the course of periodontal disease the epithelial attachment to the tooth surface is lost and the epithelium proliferates and extends pseudo‐rete ridges deep into the inflamed connective tissue. Both scenarios, repair and destruction, involve active epithelial migration either in the wound provisional matrix or in the inflamed connective tissue matrix, respectively. This review covers recent research data on cellular receptors, integrins, that mediate epithelial cell migration during wound healing and destruction of human periodontiurn.
Molecular basis of familial cleft lip and palate
Authors: Hibbert SA , Field JK
Published: August 2010

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is one of the commonest congenital malformations and although the aetiology is still very unclear, a familial genetic component is considered to be an important factor in certain individuals. Molecular biology techniques are being used to identify the genes involved and this paper reviews current knowledge and the advances that have already been made. Recent evidence suggests a potential major gene on 6p, and a modifying role for transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA). Moreover retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) (17q), MSXl (4p), 4q and BCL3 (19q) could all be implicated in certain CLP families. In addition, the potential modifying role of various genes with the environment are considered to be important areas of research in the future. The identification of a genetic locus associated with this disease would be an important advance in CLP genetic counselling and lead to a better understanding of the genetic basis of CLP.
Disseminated histoplasmosis with orofacial involvement in HIV‐1‐infected patients with AIDS: manifestations and treatment
Authors: Casariego Z. , Kelly G Rey , Perez H. , Cahn P. , Guelfan L. , Kaufman S. , Scully C.
Published: August 2010

INTRODUCTION: Histoplasmosis is a deep mycosis which is increasingly seen in HIV disease. It has emerged as a relatively common infection in Argentina, mainly in HIV‐infected and other immunocompromised persons, and is often disseminated (DH).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe 32 HIV‐1‐seropositive patients with AIDS who had DH, 21 of whom presented orofacial manifestations, and their treatment.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 876 HIV‐seropositive patients revealed 32 with a clinical diagnosis of DH confirmed by special stains on histo‐pathologic specimens, or by culture.

RESULTS: Thirty‐two HIV‐infected patients had DH. Two‐thirds (21 patients) had oral lesions of histoplasmosis, of which six presented with oral cavity (OC) lesions as the sole orofacial manifestation of disease, nine patients presented oral and facial (OF) lesions and six presented facial lesions only. A unique case of submandibular histoplasmosis is also reported. Antifungal therapy cleared more than 90% of the orofacial and disseminated lesions of histoplasmosiS. Over the 7‐year period there was a mortality of 85%.

CONCLUSION: DH should be considered as a possible diagnosis in HIV patients with chronic ulcerative or nodular orofacial or oral lesionS. Itraconazole is an effective and acceptable therapy.
HIV topic update: salivary testing for antibodies
Authors: Scully C.
Published: August 2010

Salivary antibody testing for HIV is proving to be a sensitive and specific procedure, especially useful for epidemiological studies, and has the advantages of being simple and non‐invasive. This paper reviews the field and discusses antibody testing of dental patients.
Oral disease in Africa: a challenge to change oral health priorities
Authors: Hobdell MH , Myburgh NG , Lalloo R. , Chikte UME , Owen CP
Published: August 2010

Colonial and other unsustainable oral health strategies exported to Africa have failed to improve oral health in the region. An alternative way of interpreting and responding to the problems of oral health in Africa is presented. It begins with a systematic interpretation of the health information available, using the application of the basic epidemiological principle of defining a specific health problem by describing its prevalence, severity (morbidity, mortality) and age adjusted distribution in the population. African oral disease priorities determined in this way are shown to be fundamentally different from those perceived previously. It is recommended that this new approach be used in customising a viable set of oral health policies and intervention strategies for each individual African community.
Oral manifestations of HIV in a southeast USA population
Authors: Patton LL , McKaig RG , Strauss RP , Jr JJ Eron
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: Examine variations in oral manifestations of HIV by gender, race, risk behaviors, substance use and immune status in a previously unstudied population in the southeast region of the USA.

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional analytic study.

SETTING: Academic medical center, North Carolina, USA.

SUBJECTS: First 238 HIV‐infected adults (76% male; 59% Black) enrolled in an ongoing longitudinal study.

METHODS: Oral examination, medical chart review, sociodemographic and behavioral interview. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable analyses.

OUTCOMES: Presence of oral manifestations of HIV.

RESULTS: 50% had recent CD4 counts <200 cells pM, 48% had one or more oral lesion. Specific lesion prevalence: hairy leukoplakia (OHL) 26.5%; candidiasis (OC) 20%; HIV‐associated periodontal diseases (HIV‐PD) 8.8%; aphthae 4.2%; papillomas 2.5%; herpes simplex 2.1%; HIV salivary gland disease 2.1%; Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) 1.7%; other 1.3%. In bivariate analyses, OHL was associated with being male, White, having a CD4 <200, and men who have sex with men (MSM); OC was associated with CD4 <200 and current smoking; HIV‐PD was associated with consumption of more than seven alcohol‐containing drinks per week; KS was associated with being male and MSM. Significant variables in multivariable analysis for presence of any oral lesion were White, CD4 <200, and more than seven drinks/week; for OHL were male and CD4 <200; and for OC were White, CD4 <200, current smoking, and not MSM.

CONCLUSIONS: MSM were at increased risk for KS and OHL, not OC, while smokers were at increased risk of OC. OC, OHL, and any oral lesion were associated with immune suppression. OHL was more likely in males independent of CD4 count.
High malignant transformation rate of widespread multiple oral leukoplakias
Authors: Saito T. , Sugiura C. , Hirai A. , Notani K. , Totsuka Y. , Shindoh M. , Kohgo T. , Fukuda H.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken in order to investigate clinicopathologic characteristics and malignant potential of widespread multiple oral leukoplakias.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: The present study includes 12 patients with widespread multiple leukoplakias (widespread patients) and 99 with localized lesions (localized patients), and all patients were followed for more than 6 months with the mean follow‐up period of 4 years.

RESULTS: Gingiva and tongue were the major affected sites of leukoplakias in the localized patients, whereas gingiva and buccal mucosa were predominantly affected in the widespread patients. The rate of developing carcinoma was significantly (P < 0.02) higher in the widespread patients (3/12) than in the localized patients (5/99), although there was no significant difference in the rate of dysplastic lesions between these groups.

CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the widespread leukoplakias have a higher potential for the development of carcinoma than do the localized lesions.
Presentation and management of chronic osteomyelitis in an African patient with pycnodysostosis
Authors: Alibhai ZA , Matee MIN , Chindia ML , Moshy J.
Published: August 2010

A case is reported of pycnodysostosis (PCD) with chronic osteomyelitis in the mandible. The clinical and radiological features and the problems of management and follow‐up are discussed.
Oral colonization by anaerobic bacteria during childhood: role in health and disease
Authors: Könönen E.
Published: August 2010

Anaerobes constitute a significant part of bacterial communities in human mouths. Their ability to colonize and survive in the environment, where remarkable changes occur during early childhood, is fundamental for oral homeostasiS. However, relatively little is known of the time of colonization and succession of anaerobic species in the oral cavity. This article presents an up‐to‐date review on the development of the oral anaerobic microflora in respect to age, and in addition, considers some aspects of the role of oral anaerobes in health and disease.
Periodontal status in patients with oral lichen planus: a study of 90 cases
Authors: Ramón‐Fluixá C. , Bagán‐Sebastián JV , Milián‐Masanet MA , Scully C.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to relate periodontal status to the oral lesions in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Periodontal status was evaluated in 90 patients with OLP and in 52 controls, in terms of the plaque index (PII), simplified calculus index (CIS) and periodontal disease index (PDI).RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between the two groups as regards the different periodontal indices. The plaque and calculus indices were higher in the more extensive forms of OLP (P= 0.02 and P= 0.012, respectively), and in the presence of gingival involvement (P= 0.004 and P= 0.04).A significant association was also observed between the presence of atrophic‐erosive lesions and increased periodontal deterioration (P= 0.037).

CONCLUSIONS: Increased plaque and calculus deposits are associated to a significantly higher incidence of atrophic‐erosive gingival lesions in patients with OLP.
p53 and MDM2 expression in odontogenic cysts and tumours
Authors: Carvalhais JN , de Aguiar MCF , de Araújo VC , de Araújo NS , Gomez RS
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this report was to assess p53 and MDM2 expression in odontogenic cysts and tumours, as they are known to play important roles in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of p53 and MDM2 proteins was determined immunohistochemically in 51 formalin‐fixed, paraffin embedded specimens of odontogenic cysts and tumours.

RESULTS: No positivity to p53 was found in the cases studied. MDM2 expression in ameloblastoma was higher than in radicular cysts, but lower than that observed in odontogenic keratocysts. No difference was observed between MDM2 expression in radicular cyst and adenomatoid odontogenic tumour. The clear‐cell odontogenic ameloblastoma presented strong immunoreaction to this antigen.

CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that MDM2 over‐expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of some odontogenic lesions.
Cytotoxicity of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and related compounds and their interaction with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes as a model for biomembranes
Authors: Fujisawa S. , Atsumi T. , Kadoma Y.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the potential mechanism of action of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and related compounds to membranes of living cells, compared with their interaction with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes as a model for biological membranes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: For (meth)acrylates, MMA, ethyl acrylate(EA), n‐butyl acrylate (BA) and n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA) and for living cells, primary human gingival fibroblast (HGF), human submandibular gland adenocarcinoma cell line (HSG) and human erythrocytes were used. The physicochemical changes in DPPC liposomes induced by (meth)acrylates were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR).

RESULTS: Cytotoxicity decreased as follows: BA>BMA>EA>MMA.Changes in phase transition properties (temperature Tm, enthalpy ΔH and Height/Half‐Height Width (H/HHW) of DSC peak were decreased as follows: BA>EA>MMA. BMA enhanced H/HHW and increased Tm slightly. NMR‐shielding effect decreased as follows: BMA>MMA>BA, EA.

CONCLUSION: BA and BMA exhibited large cytotoxicity and high DPPC‐interaction due to their lipophilicity, compared to EA or MMA.MMA showed little cytotoxicity and small changes in DPPC liposomes, whereas BA showed large cytotoxicity and large changes in the liposomes characterized by the membrane disturbance. Hae‐molytic activity and cytotoxicity of acrylates were higher than those of methacrylates. The physico‐chemical properties (Log P or Qσ) of (meth) acrylates affect the lipid bilayer in biological membranes.
Cowden's syndrome (multiple hamartoma and neoplasia syndrome): diagnostic dilemmas in three cases
Authors: Chaudhry SI , Shirlaw PJ , Morgan PR , Challacombe SJ
Published: August 2010

Cowden's syndrome is a multisystem disease inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance and variable expression. The disease has typical oral manifestations which often precede more systemic involvement, and the dental professional is therefore well placed to institute a regime of regular checks to ensure early treatment of any neoplasms which may occur. However, since not all of the classical signs are present in all patients, diagnosis may be difficult. The case report of a patient with most of the features of Cowden's syndrome is presented and features compared with two other possible cases.
Cysticercosis of the oral cavity: report of seven cases
Authors: de Souza PEA , Barreto DC , Fonseca LM da Silva , de Paula AM Batista , Silva EC , Gomez RS
Published: August 2010

Cysticercosis is a condition in which a human acts as the intermediate host of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. Although cysticercosis is a common disease in some regions of the world and can occur in any body site, oral lesions are rare. This paper reviews the natural history of the disease and reports on seven cases of oral cysticercosis.
Oral Microbiology: Isolation and identification of candida from the oral cavity
Authors: Williams DW , Lewis MAO
Published: August 2010

A number of methods of sampling the oral cavity for the presence of candida have been developed. Such techniques play an important role in the diagnosis and management of oral candidosis. In the past, identification of candida isolated from the oral cavity has usually been limited to the genus Candida or to the species C. albicans. However, with the recognition that Candida species differ in the production of putative virulence factors and sensitivity to antifungal agents, greater emphasis has been placed on identification of isolates to species level. As a result a range of commercially available systems for yeast identification can now be used in conjunction with traditional identification procedures.
Streptococcus anginosus infection in oral cancer and its infection route
Authors: Sasaki M , Yamaura C , Ohara‐Nemoto Y , Tajika S , Kodama Y , Ohya T , Harada R , Kimura S
Published: August 2010

Objective:  To elucidate a possible involvement of Streptococcus anginosus in oral cancer, we assessed the frequency of S. anginosus infection in oral cancer tissues, and investigated its infection route.

Materials and method:  The tissue specimens were obtained from 46 oral cancer and three precancerous leukoplakia subjects. Frequency of S. anginosus infection was assessed by a species‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The genotype of the clinical isolates taken from cancer tissue and dental plaque samples was analyzed using pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).

Results:  S. anginosus DNA was frequently detected in squamous cell carcinoma (19/42), but not in other types of cancer (lymphoma and rhabdomyosarcoma) or leukoplakia samples. A subject‐based analysis revealed that S. anginosus was solely detected in dental plaque and not in saliva from all 19 S. anginosus‐positive squamous cell carcinoma cases. Further, the genotype of S. anginosus isolated from cancer tissue was identical to that from dental plaque of the same patients.

Conclusion:  Infection of S. anginosus could occur frequently in oral squamous cell carcinoma and that dental plaque could be a dominant reservoir of the S. anginosus.
Bacteriotherapy and probiotics’ role on oral health
Authors: Çaglar E , Kargul B , Tanboga I
Published: August 2010

Oral infections constitute some of the most common and costly forms of infections in humans. The concept of microbial ecological change as a mechanism for preventing dental disease is an important one while altered microbial ecology may lead to dental disease. New methods such as probiotic approaches (i.e. whole bacteria replacement therapy) to eliminate pathogenic members of the microbiota can be investigated. Bacteriotherapy is an alternative and promising way to combat infections by using harmless bacteria to displace pathogenic microorganisms. Probiotics are one of these new agents which are widely used for their therapeutic action. Limited research is available showing that some probiotic cultures may help dental improvement. Present paper focuses on possible oral benefits of probiotics.
Percentiles and mean values for neck circumference in Turkish children aged 6–18 years
Authors: Mazicioglu Mumtaz M , Kurtoglu Selim , Ozturk Ahmet , Hatipoglu Nihal , Cicek Betul , Ustunbas Hasan Basri
Published: August 2010

Aim:  To provide neck circumference (NC) percentiles and mean values for Turkish children and to investigate their significance in clinical and epidemiological use.

Methods:  Data were obtained from a cross‐sectional screening study; DAMTCA II (Determination of Anthropometric Measurements in Turkish Children and Adolescents) in which 5481 subjects from 17 primary, secondary and high schools were included. NC percentiles were produced using the LMS method, and NC was compared with other parameters which define body fat distribution.

Results:  The smoothed NC curves of 3rd, 5th, 15th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 85th, 90th, 95th and 97th percentiles were constructed by age and gender. The descriptive characteristics of collected data were presented as mean (SD: standard deviation) and median (Min–Max: minimum–maximum) to provide detailed information other than smoothed values. The most prominent finding of this study was that the NC of boys was greater, but not significantly higher, than that of girls until the age of 12 but later a prominent increase in the NC of boys is observed compared with girls. We compared obese and non‐obese children in the 6–10, 11–13, 14–18 age groups, NC was found to be an important parameter to define obesity.

Conclusions:  This study provides NC percentiles, means and medians values and analyses their significance in obesity evaluation in clinical practice.
Development and implementation of environmental protocols in river maintenance in Ireland
Authors: King James J. , Lehane Bridget M. , Wightman Glen D. , Dooley Richard , Gilligan Nathy
Published: August 2010

Scientific studies (1990–2000) on the impacts of channel maintenance on the river corridor biota and habitat of Irish arterially drained channels identified strategies that would reduce adverse impact or provide benefit. A 10‐point training programme was developed from these strategies and was rolled out to all Office of Public Work (OPW) field staff, engaged in channel maintenance, during 2003. Follow‐up site visits indicated a strong degree of implementation in respect of particular actions. It was also apparent that there was a low level of uptake of value‐added options, particularly those where strong liaison with fisheries was feasible. It was evident that some of the ‘enhanced maintenance’ diggings in the cross‐section would enhance hydromorphology elements in the channel, consistent with Water Framework Directive requirements. All 10 elements are now being pursued in a new 5‐year programme (2008–2012).
Optimizing the Use of Garlic Oil as Antimicrobial Agent on Fresh‐Cut Tomato through a Controlled Release System
Authors: Ayala‐Zavala J. Fernando , González‐Aguilar Gustavo A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Encapsulation of garlic oil (GO) in β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) was undertaken to generate a release system of antimicrobial volatiles and tested on microbial growth and sensory quality of fresh‐cut tomato. GO volatile profile was characterized by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and to demonstrate the disadvantages of applying free GO to fresh‐cut tomato, the effect of different free oil treatments (0, 50, 100, and 200 μg/100 g) on microbial growth and sensorial quality was tested. The effect of GO capsules (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 g/100 g) on microbial growth and sensory quality of tomato was also investigated. Allyl disulfide was the most abundant GO compound identified. The release of volatiles from GO: β‐CD capsules (12: 88 [w/w] ratio) was evaluated at 100% relative humidity (RH). Close to 70% of GO volatiles were released from capsules when exposed to 100% RH during 5 wk. The most effective antimicrobial concentrations of free oil (100 and 200 μg/100 g) applied to tomatoes did not present acceptable sensory quality for panelists. Tomato was affected by the highest concentration of GO capsules applied, showing the lowest microbial growth and the highest sensory quality. In this context, successful encapsulation in β‐CD could stimulate further interest in the use of GO for the control of microbial growth in fresh‐cut tomato.

Practical Application:  The present study demonstrated that relative humidity in‐package of fresh‐cut tomatoes can be used as a trigger to release antimicrobial garlic oil volatiles from β‐cyclodextrin capsules, reducing microbial growth and the sensory effect of the treatment caused by the free garlic oil. In this context, successful encapsulation in β‐cyclodextrin could stimulate further interest in the use of garlic oil for the control of microbial growth in fresh‐cut tomatoes.