bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Counselors and the Older Worker: An Overview
Authors: KIEFFER JAROLD A.
Published: February 2012

Between 1980 and 2000, the number of people now 55 and older who survive to become 75 and older will increase by over 52%. Also, older people are living longer and are retaining high levels of mental and physical capacity longer. Consequently, prevailing notions about retirement and retirement age are rapidly shifting. Already mandatory retirement age has been delayed from 65 to 70 in most areas of employment. This change and continued high rates of inflation have begun increasing the interest of more older people in seeking to remain qualified to stay in their present or related jobs, or, if retired, to seek to prepare for further careers. Employment counselors, and personnel and guidance professionals generally, who have tended to focus their attention on young people preparing for their first careers face a major challenge in the years ahead in preparing themselves to meet the major and novel demands placed on them by people 55 and older who increasingly will come to them for help.
Article Characteristics, Content, and Authorship in the Journal of Employment Counseling
Authors: DARR J. THOMAS
Published: February 2012

This article is an analysis of general journal and article characteristics, content, and authorship for volumes 1 through 15 of the Journal of Employment Counseling, covering the years 1964 through 1978. It attempts to determine to what extent and in what ways the membership of the National Employment Counselors Association (NECA) is served by the Journal. The average length of the journal and its articles are noted as well as the number of authors and references per article. Each article is reviewed for content classification, authorship, and the author's institutional affiliation. The basic facts and overall publication trends are identified and discussed. It is noted that only a small proportion of published articles concerned Employment Service counseling techniques. The data in this article was originally prepared for the graduate course entitled “Psychology 411: Professional Problems in Psychology” at the University of Missouri‐Columbia.
STATUS RANKINGS OF TEACHERS
Authors: Moses Harold A. , Delaney Daniel J.
Published: February 2012

This study investigated the status hierarchy of 12 teaching positions within a school system. A rank order was determined for each position and a 25 × 25 product‐moment correlation matrix was constructed. It appears that a status hierarchy does exist. Interesting differences were noted among the variables investigated: sex, age, teaching experience, level of academic degree, and current position.
Age‐related proteomic changes in the subventricular zone and their association with neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation
Authors: McGinn Melissa J. , Colello Raymond J. , Sun Dong
Published: February 2012

In the mammalian central nervous system, generation of new neurons persists in the subventricular zone (SVZ) throughout life. However, the capacity for neurogenesis in this region declines with aging. Recent studies have examined the degree of these age‐related neurogenic declines and the changes of cytoarchitecture of the SVZ with aging. However, little is known about the molecular changes in the SVZ with aging. In this study, we dissected the SVZs from rats aged postnatal day 28, 3 months, and 24 months. The SVZ tissues were processed for 2‐D gel electrophoresis to identify protein changes following aging. Protein spots were subsequently subjected to mass spectrometry analysis to compare age‐related alterations in the SVZ proteome. We also examined the level of cell proliferation in the SVZ in animals of these three age groups by using bromodeoxyuridine labeling. We found significant age‐related changes in the expression of several proteins that play critical roles in the proliferation and survival of neural stem/progenitor cells in the SVZ. Among these proteins, glial fibrillary acidic protein, ubiquitin carboxy terminal hydrolase 1, glutathione S‐transferase omega, and preproalbumin were increased with aging, whereas collapsin response‐mediated protein 4 (CRMP‐4), CRMP‐5, and microsomal protease ER60 exhibited declines with aging. We have also observed a significant decline of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation in the SVZ with aging. These alterations in protein expression in the SVZ with aging likely underlie the diminishing proliferative capacity of stem/progenitor cells in the aging brain. © 2012 Wiley Peridicals, Inc.
Hyposmia and cognitive impairment in Gaucher disease patients and carriers
Authors: McNeill Alisdair , Duran Raquel , Proukakis Christos , Bras Jose , Hughes Derralyn , Mehta Atuhl , Hardy John , Wood Nicholas W. , Schapira Anthony H.V.
Published: February 2012

The objective of this study was to assess a cohort of Gaucher disease patients and their heterozygous carrier relatives for potential clinical signs of early neurodegeneration. Gaucher disease patients (n = 30), heterozygous glucocerebrosidase mutation carriers (n = 30), and mutation‐negative controls matched by age, sex, and ethnicity (n = 30) were recruited. Assessment was done for olfactory function (University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test), cognitive function (Mini‐Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment), rapid eye movement sleep disorder, autonomic symptoms, and parkinsonian motor signs (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III, Purdue pegboard). Olfactory function scores were significantly lower in Gaucher disease patients (P = .010) and heterozygous carriers (P < .001) than in controls. Cognitive assessment scores were significantly lower in Gaucher disease patients (P = .002) and carriers (P = .002) than in controls. Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor subscale scores were significantly higher in Gaucher disease patients (P < .001) and heterozygotes (P = .0010) than in controls. There was no difference in scores for symptoms of rapid eye movement sleep disorder or autonomic dysfunction. Impairment of olfaction, cognition, and parkinsonian motor signs occurs more frequently in Gaucher disease patients and carriers than in controls, which may indicate the early stages of neurodegeneration. © 2012 The Authors. International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combining local and nonlocal terms in a nonlinear elliptic problem
Authors: Corrêa Francisco Julio S. A. , Suárez Antonio
Published: February 2012

In this paper, we study the existence, uniqueness, multiplicity, and stability of positive solution of a nonlinear elliptic problem that combines local and nonlocal terms, taking the form of an integral in the space. The proofs are mainly based on fixed point theorems, bifurcation techniques, sub‐supersolutions, and continuation arguments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global Existence and blowup phenomenon for a 1D radiation hydrodynamics model problem
Authors: Rohde Christian , Xie Feng
Published: February 2012

We consider the global existence of classical solutions and blowup phenomena for a spatially one‐dimensional radiation hydrodynamics model problem, which consists of a scalar Burgers‐type equation coupled with a nonlocal advection‐reaction equation for radiation intensity. The model can be seen as an extension of the well‐known Hamer model that includes additionally the effects of scattering.

It is well‐known that the initial value problem for Burgers' equation cannot be solved classically as soon as the derivative of the initial datum is negative somewhere. For our model problem, there is a critical negative number such that if the spatial derivative of the initial function is larger than this number, the associated initial‐value problem admits a global classical solution. However, when the spatial derivative of the initial data is below another negative threshold number, the initial value problem can also not be solved classically. Moreover, when there does not exist a global classical solution, it is shown that the first spatial derivative of solution must blow up in finite time. The results of the paper generalize the findings of Kawashima and Nishibata for the Hamer model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilized boundary element methods for low‐frequency electromagnetic scattering
Authors: Weggler Lucy
Published: February 2012

The electromagnetic scattering at a perfectly conducting object is usually initiated by an incoming electromagnetic field. It is well known that the classical boundary element implementations solving for the scattered electric field are not uniformly stable with respect to the frequency of the incoming signal. The subject of this article is to develop a stabilized boundary element formulation that does not suffer from the so‐called low‐frequency breakdown. The mathematical theory is verified by numerical examples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on an epsilon‐negative zeroth‐order resonator antenna properties for mobile handsets
Authors: Kim Jeongpyo
Published: February 2012

In this letter, we study on an epsilon‐negative zeroth‐order resonator (ENG ZOR) antenna properties for mobile handsets, such as impedance bandwidth, radiation efficiency, and so on.An ENG ZOR consists of two shunt inductors for epsilon‐negative property and a patch between two inductors for right‐handed property. The zeroth order resonant frequency of the ENG ZOR is fixed by two shunt inductors and shunt equivalent capacitor between a patch and a ground. Therefore, when the size of the patch is increased, the values of the shunt inductors are decreased to fix the resonant frequency. The bandwidth and radiation efficiency of the designed ENG ZOR antenna is experimentally analyzed by adjusting the size of the patch between two inductors. Details of the antenna characteristics are described, and both simulated and measured results of the designed antenna are presented. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:1066–1069, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26673
Wavelength filter exploiting serially coupled ring resonators fabricated by a standard silicon CMOS technology
Authors: Kim Woo‐Ju , Lee Hak‐Soon , Kim Gun‐Duk , Lee Sang‐Shin , Lee Wan‐Gyu
Published: February 2012

A photonic compact eight‐channel wavelength filter has been proposed and fabricated by incorporating serially connected ring resonators based on a silicon rib waveguide.Eight different rings are subsequently addressed by a common input bus and individually out‐coupled by output buses. A vertical grating coupler is attached to the input and output buses for efficient light coupling. Each of the launched optical signals is routed to the drop port of the corresponding channel, whose center wavelength is dependent on the size of the ring. The device was designed by using a finite‐difference time‐domain method and fabricated by exploiting a standard complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor silicon‐on‐insulator technology. The silicon rings, serially placed with a gap of 50 μm, have radii varying from 6.0 to 6.07 μm, leading to a channel wavelength ranging from 1546.3 to 1557.6 nm. As regards, the overall performance of the fabricated device, the quality factor is ∼13,600, the channel spacing ∼1.6 nm, the propagation loss ∼3 dB, and the channel crosstalk ∼27 dB. Finally, a group of optical signals modulated by a data signal at 3.2 Gbps were appropriately routed to yield a decent eye diagram. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:933–936, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26682
Elliptic high‐pass filters with stepped impedance resonators in coplanar waveguide technology
Authors: Durán‐Sindreu Miguel , Bonache Jordi , Martín Ferran
Published: February 2012

Ultra compact elliptic‐function high‐pass filters (HPFs) in coplanar waveguide (CPW) technology are presented.The required shunt‐connected series resonators of the elliptic‐function response are implemented by means of stepped impedance resonators (SIRs), etched in the back substrate side. The accurate circuit model of the filter, including parasitic effects, is presented and used for design purposes. An order‐3 prototype HPF with 0.1‐dB ripple and 3‐GHz cutoff frequency is designed and fabricated as proof‐of‐concept demonstrator. The measured filter response is in good agreement with the ideal elliptic‐function in the region of interest. Filter dimensions are as small as 0.092λg × 0.185λg, λg being the guided wavelength at the cutoff frequency. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:1094–1097, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26692
An improved FDTD scheme with polarization piece‐linearity technique for biological tissue modeling
Authors: Wang Shenyun , Liu Shaobin
Published: February 2012

The finite difference time domain (FDTD) has been popular to characterize wave propagation in biological tissue, which permittivity is generally described by Cole‐Cole dispersive model.The FDTD scheme by using fractional derivative to time‐domain polarization equation results in a fast and computational efficient algorithm. The accuracy obtained is, however, not generally as good as thoes of z‐transform and auxiliary differential equation methods. In this article, polarization piece‐linearity and nonlinear optimization techniques are proposed and utilized on the polarization fractional derivative appoach, which improved the accuracy while retains the high speed and efficiency advantage. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:888–891, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26698
Printed dual ring loop antenna for wireless applications
Authors: Lee Hyeonjin , Jung Jinwoo , Lim Yeongseog
Published: February 2012

A wideband printed dual ring loop antenna is presented for the 5.2/5.4/5.8 GHz wide local area network (WLAN) and intelligent transfer system (ITS) band applications. The proposed antenna consists of dual ring loops, which are radiating ring loop and modified ring loop by ground plane. This antenna is fed by a coplanar waveguide. This provides wideband performance and relatively good matching. Considering a return loss criterion of less than 10 dB, the antenna operates in frequency bands of 4.83–6.25 GHz. A parametric study has also been conducted by varying the spacing between the dual rings to analyze its effect on the resonant frequency. The operating frequency bands of the antenna are able to support WLAN (5.15–5.825 GHz) and ITS (5.75–6.25 GHz) bands. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:1093–1097, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26701
A novel fast and effective methodology for CMOS monolithic microwave integrated circuit syntheses
Authors: Chen Chih‐Chiang , Sun Hai‐Tao , Cin Jhen‐Jie
Published: February 2012

This research has proposed a simple, fast, and effective methodology entitled equivalent‐circuit‐cascade model for complex and complicated monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) consisting of the periodical guiding structure.After compared with the actual measurements, this method has been well verified to feasibly and rapidly work out, analyze, simulate, and design for MMIC electric performance. The CMOS broadband Wilkinson power divider being taken for study instance, it can much more obviously reduce the time and memory capacity of MMIC circuit design and analysis for three‐dimensional EM full‐wave simulation. This effective methodology gets one thirty‐first of CPU time and one fifth of memory capacity reduction improvements relatively under one failure condition. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:1053–1056, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26704
Analysis and design of compact wide tunable‐band antenna based on reactively loaded patch
Authors: Mahmoud Samir F. , Sheta A. F. , Alkanhal Majeed A. , Alhekail Z.
Published: February 2012

A square patch antenna with a single varactor loading is introduced as a tunable antenna over a wideband. Simulations as well as measurements demonstrate that the resonant frequency of the dominant mode can be tuned to cover more than one octave. Probe‐strip feed is used to enhance antenna matching over the entire tunable band. Cavity mode analysis is applied to a simple model of antenna to predict the lowest resonant frequency for an arbitrary location of the varactor loading. Excellent agreement between computed, simulated, and experimental results is reported. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:884–888, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26713
A novel compact antenna enhanced with variable notches
Authors: Rezaeieh Sasan Ahdi , Abbak Mehmet
Published: February 2012

A novel, compact, variable‐notch omnidirectional antenna is presented.The antenna has a compact size of 22.5 mm (0.3λ) × 22.5 mm (0.3λ) × 1 mm and made on cheap FR4 with relative permittivity of 4.4 and dielectric loss tangent of 0.02. It has a stable omnidirectional pattern all over its operating frequencies and a satisfactory gain. Antenna geometry consists of a T‐shape cut in the patch plane and an inverse T‐shape parasitic element. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:946–949, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26716
OPTOS communications: A high‐performance solution
Authors: Aragón V. , García Á. , Amaro R. , Martínez C. , Sarmiento F. , Cabo J. , Sempere M.
Published: February 2012

National Institute for Aerospace Technology is developing a new nanosatellite, OPTOS, based on standard CubeSat. The key objective of this project is to build up a reliable platform for future applications: R&D, telecommunications, space qualification of components, and so on. The communication subsystem plays a key role in system reliability. OPTOS incorporates a customized subsystem that is being thoroughly tested and will try to ensure the quality of the radio link. This subsystem operates in the frequency of 402 MHz and consists of a transceiver and four monopoles onboard the satellite, and a directional antenna together with diverse and reliable ground equipment. The detailed description of telemetry, tracking and command (TTC), ground station (GS) equipment and antennas is in Section 2, as the main part of this article. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:943–946, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26717
Thin‐film barium strontium titanate varactor tunable dual‐band quadrature hybrid coupler
Authors: Djoumessi Erick E. , Oh Jaeho , Delprat Sebastien , Mohammed Chaker , Wu Ke
Published: February 2012

A thin‐film barium‐strontium‐titanate (BST) and a conventional silicon varactor tunable dual‐band quadrature hybrid couplers are characterized and compared in this article. Both structures are composed of four quarter‐wavelength sections at a frequency located between the two operating frequencies, and with two pairs of open‐ended stubs. Frequencies tuning make used of BST interdigital and silicon varactor diode capacitors connected at the open‐ended stubs. The characterized BST interdigital capacitor presents a capacitive‐tunability of 52% through an applied voltage of 0 to 25 V, while 82.5% is for the selected commercial silicon varactor diode. The silicon varactor‐tuned dual‐band coupler exhibits 45.9 and 5.2% center operation tuning frequency for the first and the second band, respectively, while 29.2 and 4.3% are achieved by the BST tunable coupler. With two‐tone nonlinear characterization test, the BST tunable coupler biased at 0 and 25 V presents a better IP3 of +25.45 and +35 dBm, respectively, while +11.5 and +34 dBm are obtained for the silicon varactor tunable coupler. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:858–867, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26719
Pareto‐optimal synthesis of microwave amplifier to design the noise‐constrained gain value
Authors: Cengiz Yavuz , Konar Eray
Published: February 2012

In this work, synthesis of microwave amplifier is put forward as a constrained vector optimization problem whose components are to meet the specific gain value constrained by the minimum noise over the available bandwidth. Nondominated solutions are acquired using the nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm‐II as a fast nondominated genetic sorting algorithm wherefore these synthesis objectives generally conflict with each other. Then, the Pareto frontiers are obtained using these trade‐off solution sets between the performance characterization of the device results in the triplet of gain GT, noise F, and input VSWR Vi and its source (ZS) and load (ZL). It can be concluded that the Pareto‐optimal synthesis procedure provides microwave amplifier with optimum performance. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:1079–1084, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26724
Printed triple‐band rectangular ring monopole antenna with symmetrical L‐strips for WLAN/WiMAX applications
Authors: Li Xin , Hu Wei , Wang Ya Fang , Shi Xiao Wei , Gu Xin Tao
Published: February 2012

A novel printed triple‐band rectangular ring monopole antenna with symmetrical L‐strips for wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications is presented. The antenna is simply composed of a rectangular ring monopole, a pair of symmetrical L‐strips, and a modified T‐shaped stub. By adjusting the positions and the lengths of these structures, three different current paths can be produced at different frequency bands, respectively. On the basis of this concept, a prototype of the triple‐band antenna has been designed, fabricated, and measured. The experimental results show that the antenna obtains the frequency bands of 2.36–2.93, 3.34–3.77, and 4.75–7.28 GHz with 10‐dB return loss, which can cover both the WLAN in 2.4/5.2/5.8‐GHz bands and the WiMAX in 2.5/3.5/5.5‐GHz bands. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:1049–1052, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26733
Monopole slot antenna design for WLAN MIMO application
Authors: Chen Wen‐Shan , Lin Chi‐Huang , Lee Bau‐Yi , Hsu Wen‐Hsiu , Chang Fa‐Shian
Published: February 2012

A monopole slot antenna with compact size designed at WLAN band (2.4–2.484 GHz) is proposed for multiple‐input multiple‐output application. By the concept of electromagnetic shield, the antenna module is formed by an open‐ended monopole slot surrounded by another open‐ended monopole slot on the ground plane. The two identical folded antenna modules located on the both side of the ground plane are separated by an isolated element for increasing isolation more than 17.8 dB within the operating band. To increase antenna's bandwidth, the two open‐ended monopole slot antennas with different lengths are printed to obtain two resonant modes, which are close at around 2.4 GHz. In addition, the proposed antenna occupies a small area of 10.5 × 20 mm2 and can be easily fabricated on an FR4 substrate that is a commonly used circuit board. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:1103–1107, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26740
Generation of high power pulse of Bi‐EDF and octave spanning supercontinuum using highly nonlinear fiber
Authors: Ahmad H. , Awang N.A. , Latif A. A. , Harun S. W.
Published: February 2012

A compact and stable system for the generation of a super‐continuum (SC) at the 1550 nm region is proposed and demonstrated. Mode‐locked pulses at a pulse‐width of 200 fs and a peak power of 2.2 kW are generated using the nonlinear polarization rotation technique in a short length of Bi‐EDF of about 48.2 cm. The generated pulses at a repetition rate of 41.6 MHz are then launched directly into a 100 m long highly non‐linear fiber, without requiring any amplification stages. The generated SC spectrum covers a range of 1200–1950 nm. The wavelength bandwidth of the SC is over 413.5 nm at the 3‐dB power level and the SC pulse width is about 90 fs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:983–987, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26744
Ultra‐wideband (UWB) power divider based on signal interference techniques
Authors: Zhuge Chunlin , Song Kaijun , Fan Yong
Published: February 2012

A novel ultra‐wideband (UWB) power divider based on signal interference techniques is presented. The short‐ended symmetrical coupled‐line and transversal transmission line are introduced at both output ports of the power divider. The proposed power divider is analysed with the even and odd mode approach. Simple design procedure and several equations can be applied to find the parameters of the device. A prototype power divider is designed and fabricated to demonstrate the performance of the UWB power divider structure. Experimental results show good performance in UWB passband. In addition, a stopband with over 20 dB attenuation is from 12.2 to 17.2 GHz. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:1028–1030, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26745
The complex material properties of chalcopyrite and kesterite thin‐film solar cell absorbers tackled by synchrotron‐based analytics
Authors: Schorr Susan , Mainz Roland , Mönig Harry , Lauermann Iver , Bär Marcus
Published: February 2012

In view of the complexity of compound semiconductor based thin‐film solar cells, which are comprised of a multitude of layers, interfaces, surfaces, elements, impurities, etc., it is crucial to characterize and understand the structural, chemical, and electronic properties of these components. Hence, this paper gives a review of our recent progress in the characterization of compound semiconductor thin films using synchrotron‐based characterization methods. It is demonstrated how different analytical techniques are extraordinarily powerful to reveal the material characteristics from many different perspectives, ultimately resulting in a comprehensive picture of these properties. Light will be shed on structural phase transitions, reactive thin‐film formation mechanisms, surface off‐stoichiometries, and the electronic structure of chalcopyrite and kesterite compound semiconductors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exciton confinement in narrow non‐polar InGaN/GaN quantum wells grown on r‐plane sapphire
Authors: Badcock T. J. , Kappers M. J. , Moram M. A. , Hao R. , Dawson P. , Humphreys C. J.
Published: February 2012

We have investigated the optical properties of a series of non‐polar InGaN/GaN single quantum wells (QWs) grown on r‐plane sapphire with QW widths ranging from 7 to 45 Å. The emission is attributed to recombination in regions of the QW intersected by basal plane stacking faults. For QW widths < 30 Å, the linewidth of both the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum and the QW exciton measured in PL excitation reduces with decreasing QW width, effects which are attributed to the increasing penetration of the exciton wavefunction into the GaN barriers. Furthermore, the associated increase in confinement energy is proposed to induce a delocalisation of the exciton within the plane of the QW/basal plane stacking fault (BSF), which results in an increased temperature sensitivity of the integrated emission intensity for QWs narrower than 22 Å.
Ultrafast coherent spectroscopy of a single self‐assembled quantum dot
Authors: Wolpert Christian , Dicken Christian , Wang Lijuan , Atkinson Paola , Rastelli Armando , Schmidt Oliver G. , Giessen Harald , Lippitz Markus
Published: February 2012

The controlled interaction of several quantum dots (QDs) mediated by plasmonic or photonic nanostructures promises interesting new functionality in the fields of quantum computing and telecommunication. Ultrafast laser pulses can be used to write and read out the state of the QD. We review ultrafast coherent spectroscopy of single QDs. The focus of this article is on the technique of transient reflection spectroscopy which can be applied to a broad range of samples and devices. It only requires optical access to a single quantum system next to a reflecting surface. We demonstrate the versatility of our approach by presenting several quantum optical studies such as Rabi oscillations, perturbed free induction decay, and quantum beats from an entangled excitonic state in weakly absorbing GaAs QDs. We expect this experimental method to make coherent experiments possible in elaborate devices where quantum emitters are interacting with a complex environment such as plasmonic waveguides or antennas.
Field trial results of planetary rover visual motion estimation in Mars analogue terrain
Authors: Bakambu Joseph Nsasi , Langley Chris , Pushpanathan Giri , MacLean W. James , Mukherji Raja , Dupuis Erick
Published: February 2012

This paper presents the Mojave Desert field test results of planetary rover visual motion estimation (VME) developed under the “Autonomous, Intelligent, and Robust Guidance, Navigation, and Control for Planetary Rovers (AIR‐GNC)” project. Three VME schemes are compared in realistic conditions. The main innovations of this project include the use of different features from stereo‐pair images as visual landmarks and the use of vision‐based feedback to close the path‐tracking loop. The multiweek field campaign, conducted on relevant Mars analogue terrains, under dramatically changing lighting and weather conditions, shows good localization accuracy on the average. Moreover, the MDA‐developed inertial measurement unit (IMU)‐corrected odometry was reliable and had good accuracy at all test locations, including loose sand dunes. These results are based on data collected during 7.3 km of traverse, including both fully autonomous and joystick‐driven runs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Views of the frontiers in climate change adaptation economics
Authors: Downing Thomas E.
Published: February 2012

The shift from framing climate change adaptation as vulnerability–impacts to adaptation pathways is also a shift from a predict‐and‐provide approaches to understanding dynamic processes. Studies of the economics of adaptation relying only on the comparative statics of reference and climate impacts scenarios ignore the more challenging frontier of representing decision processes and uncertainty. The logic of the shift to dynamic‐pathway approaches is widely accepted in principal. Effective analytical tools are only beginning to appear. Further case studies are required to explore the matrix of uncertainty in future climate conditions against the range of metrics for valuing impacts in decision processes. WIREs Clim Change 2012, 3:161–170. doi: 10.1002/wcc.157

This article is categorized under:

Climate Economics > Aggregation Techniques for Impacts and Mitigation Costs
Estimating sika deer abundance using camera surveys
Authors: Dougherty Sean Q. , Bowman Jacob L.
Published: February 2012

Cameras have been used throughout the world to estimate wildlife abundance and occupancy. Abundance estimates generated by camera surveys tend to be less invasive, less costly, and more accurate than other means in certain situations. We sought to expand and test the effectiveness of camera surveys on sika deer in Maryland. In 2008, we setup surveys with a 7‐day pre‐bait period followed by a 7‐day active camera survey with 15 cameras. In 2009, we ran the cameras for the entire 14‐day survey and moved cameras after each survey to determine if biases occur when using the same camera sites. During both years and all surveys, camera density was approximately 1‐camera/65‐ha. The abundance estimates were similar between years and estimators. In 2009, increasing photo intervals from 1‐min to 5‐ and 10‐min intervals reduced the number of pictures by 66 and 81%, respectively, while providing similar abundance estimates. We calculated the daily detection probabilities for all identifiable deer and we used radio‐collared males that occurred within 2 km of the survey grid to assist in determining the optimum survey length. Detection probability did not vary between surveys in the same year, but varied between 2008 and 2009, most likely due to unlimited bait being available during 2008 surveys. Camera surveys have proven to be an accurate and cost effective means of estimating wildlife abundance and can be used successfully to determine sika deer abundance.
Challenges in studies on flowering time: interfaces between phenological research and the molecular network of flowering genes
Authors: Kobayashi Masaki J. , Shimizu Kentaro K.
Published: February 2012

Flowering time is a well‐studied subject in ecology, evolution and molecular biology. Long‐term phenological studies have shown relationships between flowering time and environmental and endogenous factors in many species. In contrast, molecular studies using model plants have revealed a complex regulatory network of flowering. We propose that flowering would be a model trait for the integrated study of ecology, evolution and molecular biology. We introduce briefly the flowering regulatory pathways of Arabidopsis thaliana, followed by molecular techniques such as transgenic manipulation, quantitative real‐time PCR and detection of differentially expressed genes that could facilitate the study of ‘nonmodel’ species of ecological interest but with little available genome information. Application of the flowering gene network to wild species will be illustrated by two examples: modeling and prediction of the expression of flowering genes in Arabidopsis halleri, and the latitudinal cline of bud set and cessation in Populus. Finally, we discuss the challenges in integrating knowledge of the regulatory network on flowering into ecologically unique flowering phenomena such as synchronous intermittent mass flowering—the topic of this special issue.
The Role of Enamel Proteins in Protecting Mature Human Enamel Against Acidic Environments: A Double Layer Force Spectroscopy Study
Authors: Lubarsky Gennady V. , D’Sa Raechelle A. , Deb Sanjukta , Meenan Brian J. , Lemoine Patrick
Published: February 2012

Characterisation of the electrostatic properties of dental enamel is important for understanding the interfacial processes that occur on a tooth surface and how these relate to the natural ability of our teeth to withstand chemical attack from the acids in many soft drinks. Whereas, the role of the mineral component of the tooth enamel in providing this resistance to acid erosion has been studied extensively, the influence of proteins that are also present within the structure is not well understood. In this paper, we report for the first time the use of double-layer force spectroscopy to directly measure electrostatic forces on as received and hydrazine-treated (deproteinated) enamel surfaces in solutions with different pH to determine how the enamel proteins influence acid erosion surface potential and surface charge of human dental enamel. The deproteination of the treated samples was confirmed by the loss of the amide bands (~1,300–1,700 cm−1) in the FTIR spectrum of the sample. The force characteristics observed were found to agree with the theory of electrical double layer interaction under the assumption of constant potential and allowed the surface charge per unit area to be determined for the two enamel surfaces. The values and, importantly, the sign of these adsorbed surface charges indicates that the protein content of dental enamel contributes significantly to the electrostatic double layer formation near the tooth surface and in doing so can buffer the apatite crystals against acid attack. Moreover, the electrostatic interactions within this layer are a driving factor for the mineral transfer from the tooth surface and the initial salivary pellicle formation.
The C‐terminus of kinesin‐14 Ncd is a crucial component of the force generating mechanism
Authors: Szczęsna Ewa , Kasprzak Andrzej A.
Published: February 2012

Ncd, a member of kinesin‐14 family motors, uses the power stroke, a lever‐like pivoting action of a long and stiff element, to exert force and generate movement. To better understand the role of the Ncd C‐terminus in this process we produced four Ncd mutants in which this segment was altered or deleted. For these proteins we measured their affinity to the microtubule, steady‐state ATPase and gliding velocity in multiple motor assays. The mutations had a dramatic effect on all three parameters measured, suggesting that the C‐terminal residues of Ncd play an important role in modulating the interaction of the motor with the microtubule.
COHOMOLOGY AND PROFINITE TOPOLOGIES FOR SOLVABLE GROUPS OF FINITE RANK
Authors: LORENSEN KARL
Published: February 2012

Assume that G is a solvable group whose elementary abelian sections are all finite. Suppose, further, that p is a prime such that G fails to contain any subgroups isomorphic to Cp∞. We show that if G is nilpotent, then the pro-p completion map $G\to \hat {G}_p$ induces an isomorphism $H^\ast (\hat {G}_p,M)\to H^\ast (G,M)$ for any discrete $\hat {G}_p$-module M of finite p-power order. For the general case, we prove that G contains a normal subgroup N of finite index such that the map $H^\ast (\hat {N}_p,M)\to H^\ast (N,M)$ is an isomorphism for any discrete $\hat {N}_p$-module M of finite p-power order. Moreover, if G lacks any Cp∞-sections, the subgroup N enjoys some additional special properties with respect to its pro-p topology.
MIXED NORM INEQUALITIES FOR SOME DIRECTIONAL MAXIMAL OPERATORS
Authors: LUOR DAH-CHIN
Published: February 2012

Mixed norm inequalities for directional operators are closely related to the boundedness problems of several important operators in harmonic analysis. In this paper we prove weighted inequalities for some one-dimensional one-sided maximal functions. Then by applying these results, we establish mixed norm inequalities for directional maximal operators which are defined from these one-dimensional maximal functions. We also estimate the constants in these inequalities.
POLYNOMIAL ENDOMORPHISMS PRESERVING OUTER RANK IN TWO VARIABLES
Authors: JIN YONG , DU XIANKUN
Published: February 2012

An endomorphism φ of a polynomial ring is said to preserve outer rank if φ sends each polynomial to one with the same outer rank. For the polynomial ring in two variables over a field of characteristic 0 we prove that an endomorphism φ preserving outer rank is an automorphism if one of the following conditions holds: (1) the Jacobian of φ is a nonzero constant; (2) the image of φ contains a coordinate; (3) φ has a ‘fixed point’.
THE EVOLUTION OF SHAREHOLDER AND CREDITOR PROTECTION IN AUSTRALIA: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
Authors: Anderson Helen , Welsh Michelle , Ramsay Ian , Gahan Peter
Published: February 2012

This article is part of a larger international investigation of the effects of a country's legal origins on the style of business regulation. We employ an innovative ‘leximetric’ methodology to numerically code the protective strength of Australian corporate law for both shareholder and creditor protection for the period 1970 to 2010. This leximetric methodology has been used in a prominent international debate concerning the development of legal rules and the effects of different styles of regulation on a range of economic outcomes—the legal origins debate. Drawing on similar data compiled by Armour, Deakin, Lele and Siems in five other countries (France, Germany, India, the UK and the US) for the period 1970 to 2005, we compare changes in the level of protection afforded to Australian shareholders and creditors with developments in other countries. Our analysis finds that in Australia there was a sustained upward trend in shareholder protection, but not in the case of creditor protection. Compared to the five other countries, the level of protection afforded to shareholders under Australian law was relatively high, and this was the case for the level of protection afforded to creditors as well. We also examine the extent of convergence and divergence in shareholder and creditor protection among the countries in the study. We find persistent divergence in shareholder protection, with the extent of divergence in 2005 similar to that in 1970. For creditor protection, we find increasing divergence among the countries over the period of study. Our findings are not supportive of legal origins theory.
DENIAL OF JUSTICE DISGUISED? INVESTMENT ARBITRATION AND THE PROTECTION OF FOREIGN INVESTORS FROM JUDICIAL MISCONDUCT
Authors: Sattorova Mavluda
Published: February 2012

Prior to the rise of international investment treaties and institutionalization of investor–state arbitration, the protection of foreign investors from mistreatment in the host state courts was the preserve of customary international law, which prohibited a denial of justice and provided for diplomatic protection as a principal means of dispute settlement. In contrast, contemporary international investment law offers a whole array of legal standards that can be invoked in seeking redress for the acts of national courts before international arbitral tribunals. In addition to relying on the customary prohibition of denial of justice, investors can challenge judicial conduct under the treaty standards on expropriation, fair and equitable treatment and, in some cases, the obligation to ensure effective means of asserting claims. Although the multiplicity of standards available to aggrieved investors can be regarded as an inalienable part of an effective regime for the protection of foreign investment, it also gives rise to a number of fundamental problems relating to the application of procedural mechanisms designed to control the review of the conduct of national judiciary by international courts and tribunals. Focusing on arbitral cases in which claims of a denial of justice were brought under the rubric of ‘a judicial expropriation’ and ‘a failure to provide effective means of asserting claims’, this article seeks to ascertain when investor claims relating to the administration of justice in the host state courts become amenable to arbitral scrutiny. It argues that, by providing a variety of standards under which the acts of judiciary can be challenged, investment treaty law allows investors to circumvent procedural barriers and thus muddles the boundaries demarcating the scope of international review of national judicial conduct.
I. EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AL-SKEINI AND OTHERS V UNITED KINGDOM (APPLICATION NO 55721/07) JUDGMENT OF 7 JULY 2011
Authors: Mallory Conall
Published: February 2012

The long anticipated judgment of the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Al-Skeini and Others v United Kingdom1 provided a conclusion to years of academic debate regarding the application of the European Convention on Human Rights to United Kingdom military operations in Iraq.2 In question was the extent to which, if any, United Kingdom forces owed Convention obligations to Iraqi citizens when conducting security operations. For the Grand Chamber the case provided an opportunity to re-address the jurisdiction of the treaty under article 1.
Design considerations for the use of laser-plasma accelerators for advanced space radiation studies
Authors: KÖNIGSTEIN T. , KARGER O. , PRETZLER G. , ROSENZWEIG J. B. , HIDDING B.
Published: February 2012

We present design considerations for the use of laser-plasma accelerators for mimicking space radiation and testing space-grade electronics. This novel application takes advantage of the inherent ability of laser-plasma accelerators to produce particle beams with exponential energy distribution, which is a characteristic shared with the hazardous relativistic electron flux present in the radiation belts of planets such as Earth, Saturn and Jupiter. Fundamental issues regarding laser-plasma interaction parameters, beam propagation, flux development, and experimental setup are discussed.
Epidemiological changes in hepatitis A in Korea: increasing age and its effect on clinical outcomes
Authors: SHIM J. J. , CHIN S. O. , LEE C. K. , JANG J. Y. , KIM B. H.
Published: February 2012

Korea has recently experienced an increasing number of acute hepatitis A cases. We investigated the dynamics of hepatitis A and changes in the mean age of patients in a hospital in Seoul, Korea. Mean age increased consistently from 19 years in 1996 to 30 years in 2009 (P < 0·0001). Between two acute hepatitis A outbreaks in 1998–1999 and in 2008–2009, mean age increased from 23 to 30 years (P < 0·001). However, the hepatitis A clinical outcomes were similar between the outbreaks. Duration of hospital stay, creatinine level and prothrombin time did not differ. Throughout the study period, individuals born in the 1970s and 1980s comprised the largest proportion (84%) of patients. As this susceptible generation ages, the mean age of hepatitis A patients in Korea will increase consistently. However, at present, the impact of increasing age on clinical outcomes is not apparent.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE FLORA OF THE SOUTH AEGEAN VOLCANIC ARC: THE METHANA PENINSULA (SARONIC GULF, GREECE)
Authors: Kougioumoutzis K. , Tiniakou A. , Georgiadis T. , Georgiou O.
Published: February 2012

The Methana Peninsula (Saronic Gulf, Greece) constitutes the youngest and northwestern part of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc. The flora of the Methana Peninsula consists of 620 taxa, 101 of which are under some protection status, while 35 are Greek endemics and 380 are reported here for the first time. The study area has the highest percentage of endemism in the Saronic Gulf. Additionally, for some endemic taxa, their known distribution is expanded. These include Crocus sieberi subsp. atticus and Ophrys oestrifera subsp. leptomera, reported for the first time for the phytogeographical region of the Peloponnese; Campanula andrewsii subsp. hirsutula and Colchicum psaridis, reported for the first time for the North Peloponnese; and Trigonella rechingeri, reported for the first time from the Greek mainland. The floristic affinities between the study area and the large islands of the Saronic Gulf are examined by the application of Sørensen’s index to investigate the relationships between them.
A NEW COMBINATION IN MONOCARPIA (ANNONACEAE)
Authors: Turner I. M.
Published: February 2012

The new combination Monocarpia maingayi (Hook.f. & Thomson) I.M.Turner (Annonaceae), based on Cyathocalyx maingayi Hook.f. & Thomson, is proposed and a lectotype is designated. Monocarpia maingayi is native to the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. It has previously been referred to as Monocarpia marginalis (Scheff.) J.Sinclair. Differences between Monocarpia maingayi and M. kalimantanensis P.J.A.Kessler of Borneo are highlighted. Four species of Monocarpia are recognised, and a key to them is presented.
Atlas of the Potential Vegetation of Ethiopia . Ib Friis, Sebsebe Demissew & Paulo van Breugel.
Authors: Scholte Paul
Published: February 2012

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Dependence of the Electron Beam Energy and Types of Surface to Determine EBSD Indexing Reliability in Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia
Authors: Saraf Laxmikant V.
Published: February 2012

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a powerful technique for surface microstructure analysis. EBSD analysis of cubic yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is demonstrated. The statistics related to EBSD indexing reliability shows that the probability of accurate grain orientation detection increased significantly when the electron beam energy was increased from 10 to 30 kV. As a result of better sampling with increased interaction volume, a disparity between local and average grain misorientation angle also exhibited the dependence of the electron beam energy to determine the accuracy of grain orientation. To study EBSD indexing reliability as a function of surface roughness and overlayer formation, rapid EBSD measurement tests were performed on (a) YSZ surfaces ion-polished at ion beam energies of 65 nA at 30 kV and 1 nA at 30 kV and (b) carbon-coated versus uncoated YSZ surfaces. The EBSD results at both 10 and 30 kV electron beam energies indicate that EBSD indexing reliability is negatively affected by higher ion beam milling current and amorphous overlayer formation.