bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bootstrapping Energy-Energy Correlation in Planar 𝓝 = 4 Supersymmetric Yang-Mills
Authors: Mulyawan R G , Salam A , Fachruddin I
Published: November 2022

The two-point energy flow correlation, alternatively dubbed the energy-energy correlation (EEC), is a class of conformal field theory observable in the maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory (𝓝 = 4) related to the event shapes in scattering experiments. It has been calculated up to the next-to-leading order (NLO) recently, showcasing the simplicity of the correlation function. This paper calculates the EEC using an approach based on its polylogarithmic functions. Using the amplitude bootstrap method, two ansatzes are made for the energy flow operators, namely the polylogarithm ansatz crafted using the Symbols method, and the polynomial ansatz based on the results from the NLO correction. The computation is carried out in the leading order (LO) and NLO order. After the computation is made, physical constraints are discovered and accordingly applied to the ansatz, namely the symmetry and end-point kinematics constraints. The resulting computation retrieved the energy flow correlation calculated previously using the Mellin-Barnes representation. The non-trivial nature of the result implies a simpler way to calculate the energy flow correlation without the conformal field theory-based approach.
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) based Geothermal Energy Source Digital Module Assisted by Canva Application
Authors: Serevina V , Hamidah I
Published: November 2022

This study aims to produce a digital module based on STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) by the Canva application that can be used as a medium for student self-learning with geothermal energy materials. The method used in this research is Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE model (analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation). The steps are conducting analysis, product design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The preliminary research results were conducted on high school students in Jakarta with a total of 119 respondents. As many as 26.1% of respondents studied physics using learning media in the form of modules, and 28.6% of respondents studied physics using learning media in the web form to help understand the material. From the Initial survey research, as much as 87% stated that they are interested and essential in studying geothermal energy sources. Canva-powered STEM-based learning media feasibility test for geothermal materials was validated by media experts and materials experts using validation test questionnaires. Then, testing was carried out on several students at the high school level.
Implementation of Augmented Reality (AR) using Assembler in High School Applied Physics Education with the ADDIE Model Approach
Authors: Soraya S
Published: November 2022

Since early March 2020, Indonesia has been shocked by the emergence of the SARS-COV-2 or Covid-19 virus from Wuhan, China. The Pandemic crisis has stopped the education system through face-to-face school learning. One adaptive learning model with the current situation through the network. The technology can be applied in the form of the use of Augmented Reality (AR). In addition, using the ADDIE model approach consists of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. This model can be used in developing learning models, learning strategies, learning methods, learning media, and teaching materials. In general, some previous studies/writing only focused on one object of discussion. Where this study offers several objects that will be displayed, some of these objects are in the form of quantities and units, fluids, elasticity, vectors, energy and efforts, momentum and impulses, dynamics, and thermodynamics.
Physics Textbook Enriched with Videos Based on Augmented Reality Technology: Practice in Problem Solving Skill in Dynamics of Rotation Concept for Senior High School Students
Authors: Bakri F , Dwijayanti D
Published: November 2022

Problem-solving skills are one of the skills needed in the 21st century. This article describes the results of research on the development of physics textbooks added to videos based on augmented reality technology on rotational dynamics material. This research result textbook is designed for practicing the problem-solving skills of high school students. The research method used is Research and Development with the Dick & Carey model. Physics textbooks have been created which are presented in various views with stages to practice problem-solving skills. The presentation is presented in video-based augmented reality technology, table data, graphics, images, mathematical analysis, and verbal analysis for each sub-topic. The stages of problem-solving in the developed physics textbook present problems at the beginning of the chapter, present several questions to focus on the problem, formulate hypotheses about the problem, current material in various views, and explain phenomena based on physics concepts. To learn. The results of this study have been validated by physical material experts, learning experts, and textbook media experts. Experts provide an extensive opinion on all aspects assessed.
Review of Trends in Learning Media of Augmented Reality Integrated with STEM Approach to Improve Students’ Creative Thinking Skill
Authors: Muhammad M
Published: November 2022

This research is about Augmented Reality (AR) Technology learning media by integrating the STEM approach to improve students’ creative thinking skills. This study needs the studies on previous research. The purpose is to identify trends in the Learning Media of Augmented Reality based on the STEM approach to improving students’ creative thinking skills. The method is a bibliometric analysis of 60 scientific journal articles on the Publish or Perish (PoP) application machine. The articles were analyzed with the VOS viewer application machine and synthesized. It has been found that five years ago, the studies of Augmented Reality (AR) Technology learning media in physics learning were widely, but without the STEM approach, and also not measure students’ creative thinking skills. Based on the results of this synthesis, we need to develop Learning Media Augmented Reality that integrates STEM approaches to improve students’ creative thinking skills.
Effects of environmental factors on low temperature anaerobic digestion of pig manure
Authors: Yang Bin , Wang Changmei , Zhao Xingling , Liu Jianfeng , Yin Fang , Liang Chengyue , Wu Kai , Liu Jing , Yang Hong , Zhang Wudi
Published: November 2022

In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of low temperature on biogas fermentation system. Biogas fermentation inoculum was domesticated at 4 °C, and subsequently inoculated into pig manure feedstock in a batch biogas fermentation process. A low-temperature biogas fermentation system was maintained at 9 °C, and its abiotic factors, bacterial community, and archaeal community were determined. The results showed that (1) the biogas fermentation lasted for 160 days, with a total gas production of 19,150 ml, including N2 production of 11,370 ml, CO2 production of 3,534 ml, and CH4 production of 3,031 ml. (2) The average relative abundance of the primary dominant bacterium operational taxonomic unit (OTU) was 30%, with 100% similarity to
Pseudomonas caeni
, atypical denitrifying bacterium. The average relative abundance of the secondary dominant bacterium OTU was 20.36%, with 99% similarity to
Clostridium cellulovorans,
a typical cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading bacterium. The average relative abundance of the primary dominant methanogenic archaeon OTU was 7.22%, with 99% similarity to Methanosphaera cuniculi, a typical methylotrophic methanogen, and the secondary dominant methanogenic archaeon OTU had an average relative abundance of 4.15%, with 98% similarity to Methanocorpusculum sinense, a typical hydrogenotrophic methanogen. (3) The primary dominant bacterial genus Pseudomonas exhibited highly significant negative correlations with the dominant biogas-producing microorganisms such as Clostridium, Terrisporobacter, Turicibacter, Methanosphaera, and Methanocorpusculum. We concluded that (1) high concentrations of abiotic factors such as ammonia nitrogen, acetic acid, and propionic acid were important indicators of relatively poor operation of low-temperature biogas fermentation systems, while (2) high numbers of MCG archaea and Pseudomonas were important biotic factors showing comparatively poor operation of the system.
Assessment and prediction of glioblastoma therapy response: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Qi Dan , Li Jing , Quarles C Chad , Fonkem Ekokobe , Wu Erxi
Published: November 2022

Glioblastoma is the most aggressive type of primary adult brain tumour. The median survival of patients with glioblastoma remains approximately 15 months, and the 5-year survival rate is <10%. Current treatment options are limited, and the standard of care has remained relatively constant since 2011. Over the last decade, a range of different treatment regimens have been investigated with very limited success. Tumour recurrence is almost inevitable with the current treatment strategies, as glioblastoma tumours are highly heterogeneous and invasive. Additionally, another challenging issue facing patients with glioblastoma is how to distinguish between tumour progression and treatment effects, especially when relying on routine diagnostic imaging techniques in the clinic. The specificity of routine imaging for identifying tumour progression early or in a timely manner is poor due to the appearance similarity of post-treatment effects. Here, we concisely describe the current status and challenges in the assessment and early prediction of therapy response and the early detection of tumour progression or recurrence. We also summarize and discuss studies of advanced approaches such as quantitative imaging, liquid biomarker discovery and machine intelligence that hold exceptional potential to aid in the therapy monitoring of this malignancy and early prediction of therapy response, which may decisively transform the conventional detection methods in the era of precision medicine.
LitCovid ensemble learning for COVID-19 multi-label classification
Authors: Gu Jinghang , Chersoni Emmanuele , Wang Xing , Huang Chu-Ren , Qian Longhua , Zhou Guodong
Published: November 2022

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has shifted the focus of research worldwide, and more than 10 000 new articles per month have concentrated on COVID-19–related topics. Considering this rapidly growing literature, the efficient and precise extraction of the main topics of COVID-19–relevant articles is of great importance. The manual curation of this information for biomedical literature is labor-intensive and time-consuming, and as such the procedure is insufficient and difficult to maintain. In response to these complications, the BioCreative VII community has proposed a challenging task, LitCovid Track, calling for a global effort to automatically extract semantic topics for COVID-19 literature. This article describes our work on the BioCreative VII LitCovid Track. We proposed the LitCovid Ensemble Learning (LCEL) method for the tasks and integrated multiple biomedical pretrained models to address the COVID-19 multi-label classification problem. Specifically, seven different transformer-based pretrained models were ensembled for the initialization and fine-tuning processes independently. To enhance the representation abilities of the deep neural models, diverse additional biomedical knowledge was utilized to facilitate the fruitfulness of the semantic expressions. Simple yet effective data augmentation was also leveraged to address the learning deficiency during the training phase. In addition, given the imbalanced label distribution of the challenging task, a novel asymmetric loss function was applied to the LCEL model, which explicitly adjusted the negative–positive importance by assigning different exponential decay factors and helped the model focus on the positive samples. After the training phase, an ensemble bagging strategy was adopted to merge the outputs from each model for final predictions. The experimental results show the effectiveness of our proposed approach, as LCEL obtains the state-of-the-art performance on the LitCovid dataset.

Database URL: https://github.com/JHnlp/LCEL
Cardiac involvement in non-cirrhotic portal hypertension: MRI detects myocardial fibrosis and oedema similar to compensated cirrhosis
Authors: Isaak Alexander , Chang Johannes , Mesropyan Narine , Kravchenko Dmitrij , Endler Christoph , Bischoff Leon , Böhling Nina , Pieper Claus C , Kuetting Daniel , Strassburg Christian P , Attenberger Ulrike , Jansen Christian , Praktiknjo Michael , Luetkens Julian A
Published: November 2022

Aims

The exact role of portal hypertension in cirrhotic cardiomyopathy remains unclear, and it is uncertain whether cardiac abnormalities also occur in non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (NCPH). This magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study aimed to evaluate the presence of subclinical myocardial dysfunction, oedema, and fibrosis in NCPH.

Methods and results

In this prospective study (2018–2022), participants underwent multiparametric abdominal and cardiac MRI including assessment of cardiac function, myocardial oedema, late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), and abdominal and cardiac mapping [T1 and T2 relaxation times, extracellular volume fraction (ECV)]. A total of 111 participants were included [44 participants with NCPH (48 ± 15 years; 23 women), 47 cirrhotic controls, and 20 healthy controls]. The cirrhotic group was dichotomized (Child A vs. Child B/C). NCPH participants demonstrated a more hyperdynamic circulation compared with healthy controls (cardiac index: 3.7 ± 0.6 vs. 3.2 ± 0.8 L/min/m², P = 0.004; global longitudinal strain: −27.3 ± 4.6 vs. −24.6 ± 3.5%, P = 0.022). The extent of abnormalities indicating myocardial fibrosis and oedema in NCPH was comparable with Child A cirrhosis (e.g. LGE presence: 32 vs. 33 vs. 69%, P = 0.004; combined T1 and T2 elevations: 46 vs. 27 vs. 69%, P = 0.017; NCPH vs. Child A vs. Child B/C). Correlations between splenic T1 and myocardial T1 values were found (r = 0.41; P = 0.007). Splenic T1 values were associated with the presence of LGE (odds ratio, 1.010; 95% CI: 1.002, 1.019; P = 0.013).

Conclusion

MRI parameters of myocardial fibrosis and oedema were altered in participants with NCPH to a similar extent as in compensated cirrhosis and were associated with splenic markers of portal hypertension, indicating specific portal hypertensive cardiomyopathy.
International Trade and Innovation Dynamics with Endogenous Markups
Authors: Cavenaile Laurent , Roldan-Blanco Pau , Schmitz Tom
Published: November 2022

We argue that the recent increases in market concentration and markups are partly due to an ‘innovation feedback effect’ of globalisation. Lower trade costs increase innovation incentives for global firms. As the winners of the ensuing innovation race increase their technological advantage, concentration and markups rise. We develop an endogenous growth model capturing this effect and calibrate it to US manufacturing data. We find that the increase in trade between 1989 and 2007 raised the aggregate markup by 3.5 percentage points. This is entirely due to innovation: without the innovation response, markups would have fallen by 4 percentage points.
Transposable Elements Continuously Remodel the Regulatory Landscape, Transcriptome, and Function of Decidual Stromal Cells
Authors: Mika Katelyn , Lynch Vincent J
Published: November 2022

Gene expression evolution underlies the origin, divergence, and conservation of biological characters including cell-types, tissues, and organ systems. Previously we showed that large-scale gene expression changes in decidual stromal cells (DSCs) contributed to the origins of pregnancy in eutherians and the divergence of pregnancy traits in primates and that transposable elements likely contributed to these gene expression changes. Here we show that two large waves of TEs remodeled the transcriptome and regulatory landscape of DSCs, including a major wave in primates. Genes nearby TE-derived regulatory elements are among the most progesterone responsive in the genome and play essential roles in orchestrating progesterone responsiveness and the core function of decidual cells by donating progesterone receptor binding sites to the genome. We tested the regulatory abilities of 89 TE consensus sequences and found that nearly all of them acted as repressors in mammalian cells, but treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor unmasked latent enhancer functions. These data indicate that TEs have played an important role in the development, evolution, and function of primate DSCs and suggest a two-step model in which latent enhancer functions of TEs are unmasked after they lose primary repressor functions.
Liposomal amphotericin B—the future
Authors: Hoenigl M , Lewis R , van de Veerdonk F L , Verweij P E , Cornely O A
Published: November 2022

Advances in medicine have led to a growing number of people with compromised or suppressed immune systems who are susceptible to invasive fungal infections. In particular, severe fungal infections are becoming increasingly common in ICUs, affecting people within and outside of traditional risk groups alike. This is exemplified by the emergence of severe viral pneumonia as a significant risk factor for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and the recognition of influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis and, more recently, COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis.

The treatment landscape for haematological malignancies has changed considerably in recent years, and some recently introduced targeted agents, such as ibrutinib, are increasing the risk of invasive fungal infections. Consideration must also be given to the risk of drug–drug interactions between mould-active azoles and small-molecule kinase inhibitors.

At the same time, infections caused by rare moulds and yeasts are increasing, and diagnosis continues to be challenging. There is growing concern about azole resistance among both moulds and yeasts, mandating continuous surveillance and personalized treatment strategies.

It is anticipated that the epidemiology of fungal infections will continue to change and that new populations will be at risk. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment remain the most important predictors of survival, and broad-spectrum antifungal agents will become increasingly important. Liposomal amphotericin B will remain an essential therapeutic agent in the armamentarium needed to manage future challenges, given its broad antifungal spectrum, low level of acquired resistance and limited potential for drug–drug interactions.
Pharmacokinetics and soft-tissue distribution of tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide using microdialysis: a study in healthy subjects and patients with diabetic foot infections
Authors: Abouelhassan Yasmeen , Fratoni Andrew J , Shepard Ashley K , Nicolau David P , Asempa Tomefa E
Published: November 2022

Objective

Tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide is a novel oral carbapenem prodrug of tebipenem, the active moiety. We assessed tebipenem steady-state pharmacokinetics in the skin and soft tissue in healthy subjects and infected patients with diabetes using in vivo microdialysis.

Methods

Six healthy subjects and six patients with an ongoing diabetic foot infection (DFI) received tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide 600 mg orally every 8 h for three doses. A microdialysis probe was inserted in the thigh of healthy subjects or by the wound margin in patients. Plasma and dialysate samples were obtained immediately prior to the third dose and sampled over 8 h.

Results

Tebipenem plasma protein binding (mean ± SD) was 50.2% ± 2.4% in healthy subjects and 53.5% ± 5.6% in infected patients. Mean ± SD tebipenem pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma for healthy subjects and infected patients were: maximum free concentration (fCmax), 3.74 ± 2.35 and 3.40 ± 2.86 mg/L, respectively; half-life, 0.88 ± 0.11 and 2.02 ± 1.32 h; fAUC0–8, 5.61 ± 1.64 and 10.01 ± 4.81 mg·h/L. Tebipenem tissue AUC0–8 was 5.99 ± 3.07 and 8.60 ± 2.88 mg·h/L for healthy subjects and patients, respectively. The interstitial concentration–time profile largely mirrored the free plasma profile within both populations, resulting in a penetration ratio of 107% in healthy subjects and 90% in infected patients.

Conclusions

Tebipenem demonstrated excellent distribution into skin and soft tissue of healthy subjects and patients with DFI following oral administration of 600 mg of tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide.
BGLM: big data-guided LOINC mapping with multi-language support
Authors: Liu Ke , Witteveen-Lane Martin , Glicksberg Benjamin S , Kulkarni Omkar , Shankar Rama , Chekalin Evgeny , Paithankar Shreya , Yang Jeanne , Chesla Dave , Chen Bin
Published: November 2022

Motivation

Mapping internal, locally used lab test codes to standardized logical observation identifiers names and codes (LOINC) terminology has become an essential step in harmonizing electronic health record (EHR) data across different institutions. However, most existing LOINC code mappers are based on text-mining technology and do not provide robust multi-language support.

Materials and methods

We introduce a simple, yet effective tool called big data-guided LOINC code mapper (BGLM), which leverages the large amount of patient data stored in EHR systems to perform LOINC coding mapping. Distinguishing from existing methods, BGLM conducts mapping based on distributional similarity.

Results

We validated the performance of BGLM with real-world datasets and showed that high mapping precision could be achieved under proper false discovery rate control. In addition, we showed that the mapping results of BGLM could be used to boost the performance of Regenstrief LOINC Mapping Assistant (RELMA), one of the most widely used LOINC code mappers.

Conclusions

BGLM paves a new way for LOINC code mapping and therefore could be applied to EHR systems without the restriction of languages. BGLM is freely available at https://github.com/Bin-Chen-Lab/BGLM.
Spatial separation of phosphatase and kinase activity within the Bub complex is required for proper mitosis
Authors: Wang Lei , Kruse Thomas , López-Méndez Blanca , Zhang Yuqing , Song Chunlin , Zhu Lei , Li Bing , Fang Jing , Lu Zhimin , Nilsson Jakob , Zhang Gang
Published: November 2022

The Bub1 and BubR1 kinetochore proteins support proper chromosome segregation and mitotic checkpoint activity. Bub1 and BubR1 are paralogs with Bub1 being a kinase, while BubR1 localizes the PP2A-B56 protein phosphatase to kinetochores in humans. Whether this spatial separation of kinase and phosphatase activity is important is unclear as some organisms integrate both activities into one Bub protein. Here, we engineer human Bub1 and BubR1 proteins integrating kinase and phosphatase activities into one protein and show that these do not support normal mitotic progression. A Bub1–PP2A-B56 complex can support chromosome alignment but results in impairment of the checkpoint due to dephosphorylation of the Mad1 binding site in Bub1. Furthermore, a chimeric BubR1 protein containing the Bub1 kinase domain induces delocalized H2ApT120 phosphorylation, resulting in the reduction of centromeric hSgo2 and chromosome segregation errors. Collectively, these results argue that the spatial separation of kinase and phosphatase activities within the Bub complex is required for balancing its functions in the checkpoint and chromosome alignment.
On the response of eccentric non-structures subjected to horizontal oscillation
Authors: Su Liang-Shen , Lin Chi-Hao , Chen Kuo-Ching
Published: November 2022

In contrast to building structures, little attention has been paid to the seismic performance of non-structures in buildings, especially of eccentric non-structures. This paper attempts to explore the rocking and overturning of eccentric blocks, which could be the equipment or non-structural components in buildings, subjected to horizontal vibration. In the present study, a non-structure is regarded as a rigid block with tunable mass eccentricity, and the contact friction is assumed to be large enough to prevent the rigid block from sliding. A free shaking test is first carried out to determine the value of the coefficient of restitution. Force oscillations are then investigated to determine the critical time and acceleration when the eccentric blocks fall down under the swept-frequency oscillation. Finally, an actual acceleration from the seismic records is executed on each of the eccentric blocks to measure and to explore the corresponding toppling probability. It is found that the toppling of blocks is not necessarily linked to the magnitude of the peak ground acceleration.
Article 6
Authors: Chuang Janie , Sarugaser-Hug Sulini
Published: November 2022

This chapter describes Article 6 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), which addresses the obligation of States parties to suppress the trafficking and exploitation of the prostitution of women. The CEDAW Committee frames trafficking as a form of gender-based violence that persists due to States parties’ failure to effectively address its root causes, which lie in sex-based discrimination and the prevailing economic and patriarchal structures as well as the adverse and gender-differentiated impact of labour, migration, and asylum regimes. However, General Recommendation No 38 reflects a tension between such a transformative vision and a narrower approach that views women as victims and the State as protector. General Recommendation No 38 does a particular disservice to sex workers, undermining their rights, denying their agency, and negating the powerful role they can play in the fight against trafficking. Ultimately, the extent to which the Committee has brought cohesiveness and clarity to States parties’ understanding of their obligations under international law to supress the exploitation of prostitution of women is dubious.
Article 7
Authors: Wittkopp Sarah
Published: November 2022

This chapter explores Article 7 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), which comprehensively addresses States parties’ obligations in realizing women’s political rights. These include the right to participate directly in the formulation of public policy as elected representatives (Article 7(a)) or as appointed public officials (Article 7(b)), as well as indirectly through voting (Article 7(a)). Article 7 is unique in human rights law because it also encompasses non-discrimination with regard to the participation in non-governmental organizations and associations (Article 7(c)). In these respects, States parties must strive to realize formal, substantive, and transformative equality which includes the adoption of temporary special measures (TSMs) under Article 4(1) to accelerate its realization. The chapter analyses how the CEDAW Committee has interpreted the meaning and scope of States parties’ obligations under the article in its concluding observations and general recommendations. It states that the obligation to reach substantive equality in political and public life requires States parties to reach parity between men and women by 2030, even if its jurisprudence remains wavering.
Article 10
Authors: Bailey Barbara , Gbedemah Hilary
Published: November 2022

This chapter highlights Article 10 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Article 10, the right to education, is the first of the five articles included in the third part of the CEDAW Convention devoted to the economic, social, and cultural rights of women. CEDAW’s General Recommendation No 36 (adopted in 2017) on the rights of girls and women to education and numerous concluding observations urge States parties to enhance compliance with Article 10 and ‘raise awareness of the importance of education as a human right and as the basis for the empowerment of women’. In addition to a life-cycle approach to education by which states are to ensure equal rights between men and women in education from pre-school through general, technical, vocational, higher, and professional education, Article 10 imposes positive and negative obligations on states to respect, protect, and fulfil the obligations laid out in this article. There is no reservation to Article 10. However, careful scrutiny of national legislation and policies must ensure that they do not contain claw-back provisions to the article and that legislation and policies on education are gender-sensitive and integrate gender equality into education at all levels.
Article 15
Authors: Narain Aruna D
Published: November 2022

This chapter details Article 15 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Article 15(1) states in simple and explicit language the norm on equality between men and women before the law that underpins the entire Convention. Article 15(1) is followed by additional provisions which deal with equality in regard to women’s legal capacity in specific areas of civil law and the same right as men to acquire a domicile and, by implication, to be governed by a legal system of their choice through freedom of movement and residence. This article must be understood in the context of the evolving meaning of the concept of ‘equality before the law’. Constitutional provisions on equality in domestic jurisdictions and international human rights instruments use the phrase ‘equality before the law’ and ‘equal protection of the law’. The CEDAW Committee has elaborated that Article 15 provides that women and men must have equality before the law as well as benefit from equal protection of the law.
Article 22
Authors: Boerefijn Ineke , Fraser Julie
Published: November 2022

This chapter highlights Article 22 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The CEDAW Committee’s practice under Article 22 has developed significantly over the years. While the text refers exclusively to specialized agencies, the Committee’s current practice is to invite other UN entities to submit reports, as well as other non-UN entities. In the early years, the Committee did not ask the specialized agencies to submit country-specific information to be used in the consideration of States parties’ reports as some members believed this was beyond the Committee’s mandate. Gradually, it allowed a larger role for these agencies in the reporting procedure, and it welcomes country-specific information as well as input at the pre-session working group. This latter input is extremely useful to inform the written questions the Committee asks States parties to answer before the constructive dialogue. Moreover, it considers the specialized agencies to be valuable partners in assisting States parties in implementing the Convention at the domestic level. In recent years, there has been increased cooperation on the ground between UN entities, encouraged also by the now permanent presence of UN Women within the human rights framework in Geneva.
Article 27
Authors: Kroworsch Susann
Published: November 2022

This chapter details Article 27 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). In accordance with Article 27(1), the Convention entered into force on 3 September 1981, the thirtieth day after the deposit of the twentieth instrument of accession by St Vincent and the Grenadines. Paragraph 1 repeats that the UN Secretary-General (UN SG) acts as a depositary; the depositary provides the information that establishes when the treaty enters into force. Article 27(1) stipulates that thirty days must elapse between the date on which the required number of instruments is deposited and the date of entry into force. This period is required to ensure that preconditions are met and gives the depositary time to notify contracting States of the pending entry into force. The drafters’ compromise of twenty instruments of ratification or accession as condition for the Convention’s entry into force became a model for subsequent UN human rights treaties.
Article 28
Authors: Connors Jane
Published: November 2022

This chapter focuses on Article 28 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Article 28 explicitly envisages that States ratifying or acceding to the Convention may do so with reservations, indicating that these shall be received by the Secretary-General and circulated to all States. Article 28(3) indicates that reservations may be withdrawn at any time through notification to the Secretary-General, with the withdrawal taking effect on the date on which that notification is received. Meanwhile, Article 28(2) mirrors Article 19(c) of the 1969 Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties (VCLT), prohibiting reservations that are incompatible with the Convention’s object and purpose. There are no provisions in the Convention described as non-derogable, nor is there any provision which identifies articles which may not be subject to reservation. However, the CEDAW Committee has identified Article as a core provision with which reservations cannot be reconciled. In the state reporting procedure and its concluding observations, the Committee urges States parties to work towards withdrawing its reservations, especially when States parties have not entered reservations to comparable provisions in other human rights treaties.
The Scope of Application of the Three Additional Protocols
Authors: Bellal Annyssa , Casey-Maslen Stuart
Published: November 2022

This chapter discusses the scope and limitations of the application of the two Additional Protocols of 1977 and the Third Additional Protocol of 2005. It explains that some provisions must be implemented amidst peacetime, while other provisions are limited to armed conflict situations. Additional Protocol I focused on international armed conflict, while a particular form of non-international armed conflict had been addressed by the conditions of Additional Protocol II. Meanwhile, the Third Additional Protocol became effective in all situations falling within the scope of the aforementioned Protocols. The chapter also looks into the geographical and temporal scope of application within the sovereign territory.
Precautions in Attack and Defence
Authors: Bellal Annyssa , Casey-Maslen Stuart
Published: November 2022

This chapter tackles the requirement imposed upon attackers and defenders when taking feasible precautions to protect civilians. It also acknowledges how the requirement coincided with the principles of distinction and proportionality in the attack. The notion of precautionary measures aims to minimise civilian harm by ensuring that few if any civilians are present amidst an attack strike and limiting the ambient effects of an attack to a military objective. According to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the provisions were the subject of protracted and difficult negotiations in the diplomatic conference that adopted the Protocol. Moreover, the UN Secretary-General called on all parties to the conflict to refrain from using explosive weapons with wide-area effects in populated areas, as discussions still continue concerning the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA).
Prohibited Weapons
Authors: Bellal Annyssa , Casey-Maslen Stuart
Published: November 2022

This chapter looks into the treatment of weapons under the two Additional Protocols of 1977. It defines a weapon in accordance with international law. The right of parties to use weapons is not unlimited due to applicable treaties and customary rules restricting armed conflict parties. Additionally, the use of lawful weapons must comply with the rules of distinction and proportionality in attacks, while inherently indiscriminate weapons like biological and nuclear weapons and other things that cause unnecessary suffering should never be used. The 1977 Additional Protocol I stipulated the prohibition of weapons causing widespread, severe, and long-term damage to the environment. The chapter then clarifies how cyber operations are not inherently indiscriminate. It also highlights the importance of verifying the legality of weapons.
Reprisals
Authors: Bellal Annyssa , Casey-Maslen Stuart
Published: November 2022

This chapter looks into reprisals, which had been the primary means of enforcing respect for the laws of war despite being inherently barbaric and unjust for the victims. It starts with the international humanitarian law (IHL) outlawing reprisals, but a comprehensive prohibition has not been incorporated in treaty law or custom law. However, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) insisted that reprisals remain lawfully subjected to stringent conditions. The chapter then explicates the interpretation and application of the rules governing reprisals within the Geneva Conventions, 1977 Additional Protocols, rules of customary law, international criminal law, and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. It covers the concept of a belligerent reprisal and its conditions for lawful exercise under general international law.
Part 2 The Scope of the Occupant’s Powers and Obligations, 3 Maintaining Public Order and Life in Occupied Territories: General Issues and Specific Obligations
Authors: Eliav Lieblich , Eyal Benvenisti
Published: November 2022

This chapter addresses the two main provisions which delineate the scope of powers and obligations of occupants: Article 43 of the Fourth Hague Convention and Article 64 of the Fourth Geneva Convention. Specifically, it focuses on the basic tension inherent in these provisions: that between the duty to respect the status quo in the territory (the "conservationist principle") and the occupant’s duty to further the welfare of the local population. After discussing Articles 43 and 64 generally, the chapter moves to address how the principles that these articles enshrine are reflected in the legislative, administrative, and judicial powers of the occupant. The chapter ends with an analysis of some specific obligations established by the law of occupation, such as special duties in relation to children, essential needs, humanitarian access, cultural property and gender.
Part 2 The Scope of the Occupant’s Powers and Obligations, 7 Basic Issues in Economic Administration of Occupied Territories
Authors: Eliav Lieblich , Eyal Benvenisti
Published: November 2022

This chapter discusses select issues concerning the economic administration of occupied territories. Since economic administration, in essence, encapsulates almost every aspect of government—from antitrust to pensions, from banking to privatization—the chapter focuses on select issues that have traditionally been at the fulcrum of the concern of the law of occupation. It first discusses taxation and contributions. It then moves to analyze policies affecting international trade such as customs, liberalization, and economic integration—emphasizing the tensions between such policies and the concern that they aim to promote economic annexation. The chapter ends with an analysis of the regulation of currency in occupied territories.
Tremellomycetes isolated from organs of Columba livia
Authors: Bermann Carolina dos Santos , Braga Caroline Quintana , Silveira Júlia de Souza , Milech Angelita , dos Santos Carolina Caetano , Ianiski Lara Baccarin , Maciel Aline Fontanella , Brod Augusto Duarte , Weiblen Carla , Botton Sônia de Avila , Pereira Daniela Isabel Brayer
Published: November 2022

Brain, lungs, and intestines of Columba livia captured in Brazil were analyzed for research on Tremellomycetes. Mycological culture presented the growth of colonies suggestive of Cryptococcus spp. in 11.60% (13/112) of the samples. Microscopy revealed capsulated yeast cells. Molecular analysis evidenced Papiliotrema flavescens, Naganishia diffluens, Filobasidium magnum, and Naganishia randhawae. Thermotolerance of Tremellomycetes isolates from brain and lung (n = 10) evidenced cell growth and viability at 37 °C. At 42 °C/24 h, these isolates showed viability, except for one P. flavescens isolate. Here, we report the first isolation of Tremellomycetes species from the brain and lungs of a healthy C. livia.
Making hot Jupiters in stellar clusters: The importance of binary exchange
Authors: Li Daohai , Mustill Alexander J , Davies Melvyn B , Gong Yan-Xiang
Published: November 2022

It has been suggested that the occurrence rate of hot Jupiters (HJs) in open clusters might reach several per cent, significantly higher than that of the field (∼a per cent). In a stellar cluster, when a planetary system scatters with a stellar binary, it may acquire a companion star, which may excite large-amplitude von Zeipel–Lidov–Kozai oscillations in the planet’s orbital eccentricity, triggering high-eccentricity migration, and the formation of an HJ. We quantify the efficiency of this mechanism by modelling the evolution of a gas giant around a solar mass star under the influence of successive scatterings with binary and single stars. We show that the chance that a planet ∈ (1, 10) au becomes an HJ in a Gyr in a cluster of stellar density n* = 50 pc−3, and binary fraction fbin = 0.5 is about 2 per cent and an additional 4 per cent are forced by the companion star into collision with or tidal disruption by the central host. An empirical fit shows that the total percentage of those outcomes asymptotically reaches an upper limit determined solely by fbin (e.g. 10 per cent at fbin = 0.3 and 18 per cent at fbin = 1) on a time-scale inversely proportional to n* (∼Gyr for n* ∼ 100 pc−3). The ratio of collisions to tidal disruptions is roughly a few, and depends on the tidal model. Therefore, if the giant planet occurrence rate is 10 per cent, our mechanism implies an HJ occurrence rate of a few times 0.1 per cent in a Gyr and can thus explain a substantial fraction of the observed rate.
Radial profiles of surface density in debris discs
Authors: Rafikov Roman R
Published: November 2022

Resolved observations of debris discs can be used to derive radial profiles of azimuthally averaged surface density (ASD), which carries important information about the disc structure even in the presence of non-axisymmetric features and has improved signal-to-noise characteristics relative to the two-dimensional surface brightness measurements. We develop a (semi-)analytical formalism allowing one to relate ASD to the underlying semimajor axis and eccentricity distributions of the debris particles in a straightforward manner. This approach does not involve the distribution of particle apsidal angles, thus simplifying calculations. It is a much faster, more flexible and effective way of calculating ASD than the Monte Carlo sampling of orbital parameters of debris particles. We present explicit analytical results based on this technique for a number of particle eccentricity distributions, including two cases of particular practical importance: a prescribed radial profile of eccentricity, and the Rayleigh distribution of eccentricities. We then show how our framework can be applied to observations of debris discs and rings for retrieving either the semimajor axis distribution or (in some cases) the eccentricity distribution of debris, thus providing direct information about the architecture and dynamical processes operating in debris discs. Our approach also provides a fast and efficient way of forward modelling observations. Applications of this technique to other astrophysical systems, e.g. the nuclear stellar disc in M31 or tenuous planetary rings, are also discussed.
Bright X-ray pulsars: how outflows influence beaming, pulsations and pulse phase lags
Authors: Mushtukov Alexander A , Portegies Zwart Simon
Published: November 2022

Extreme accretion in X-ray pulsars (XRPs) results in radiation-driven outflows launched from the inner parts of the accretion disc. The outflows affect the apparent luminosity of the XRPs and their pulsations through the geometrical beaming. We model processes of geometrical beaming and pulse formation using Monte Carlo simulations. We confirm our earlier statement that strong amplification of luminosity due to the collimation of X-ray photons is inconsistent with a large pulsed fraction. Accounting for relativistic aberration due to possibly high outflow velocity (∼0.2c) does not affect this conclusion. We demonstrate that the beaming causes phase lags of pulsations. Within the opening angle of the accretion cavity formed by the outflows, phase lags tend to be sensitive to observers viewing angles. Variations in outflow geometry and corresponding changes of the phase lags might influence the detectability of pulsation in bright X-ray pulsars and ULXs. We speculate that the strong geometrical beaming is associated with large radiation pressure on the walls of accretion cavity due to multiple photons reflections. We expect that the mass-loss rate limits geometrical beaming: strong beaming becomes possible only under sufficiently large fractional mass-loss rate from the disc.
GOGREEN: A critical assessment of environmental trends in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations at z ≈ 1
Authors: Kukstas Egidijus , Balogh Michael L , McCarthy Ian G , Bahé Yannick M , De Lucia Gabriella , Jablonka Pascale , Vulcani Benedetta , Baxter Devontae C , Biviano Andrea , Cerulo Pierluigi , Chan Jeffrey C , Cooper M C , Demarco Ricardo , Finoguenov Alexis , Font Andreea S , Lidman Chris , Marchioni Justin , McGee Sean , Muzzin Adam , Nantais Julie , Old Lyndsay , Pintos-Castro Irene , Poggianti Bianca , Reeves Andrew M M , Rudnick Gregory , Sarron Florian , van der Burg Remco , Webb Kristi , Wilson Gillian , Yee Howard K C , Zaritsky Dennis
Published: November 2022

Recent observations have shown that the environmental quenching of galaxies at z ∼ 1 is qualitatively different to that in the local Universe. However, the physical origin of these differences has not yet been elucidated. In addition, while low-redshift comparisons between observed environmental trends and the predictions of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations are now routine, there have been relatively few comparisons at higher redshifts to date. Here we confront three state-of-the-art suites of simulations (BAHAMAS+MACSIS, EAGLE+Hydrangea, IllustrisTNG) with state-of-the-art observations of the field and cluster environments from the COSMOS/UltraVISTA and GOGREEN surveys, respectively, at z ∼ 1 to assess the realism of the simulations and gain insight into the evolution of environmental quenching. We show that while the simulations generally reproduce the stellar content and the stellar mass functions of quiescent and star-forming galaxies in the field, all the simulations struggle to capture the observed quenching of satellites in the cluster environment, in that they are overly efficient at quenching low-mass satellites. Furthermore, two of the suites do not sufficiently quench the highest mass galaxies in clusters, perhaps a result of insufficient feedback from AGN. The origin of the discrepancy at low stellar masses ($M_* \lesssim 10^{10}$ M⊙), which is present in all the simulations in spite of large differences in resolution, feedback implementations, and hydrodynamical solvers, is unclear. The next generation of simulations, which will push to significantly higher resolution and also include explicit modelling of the cold interstellar medium, may help us to shed light on the low-mass tension.