bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect and Implications of Sex Offender Residence Restrictions
Authors: Huebner Beth M. , Kras Kimberly R. , Rydberg Jason , Bynum Timothy S. , Grommon Eric , Pleggenkuhle Breanne
Published: March 2014

Research Summary

We evaluated the efficacy of sex offender residence restrictions in Michigan and Missouri using a quasi‐experimental design with propensity score matching. First, we examined the implementation of the laws and found that sex offenders in both states were less likely to live in restricted areas after the implementation of the laws than the prerestriction sample, but the differences were not statistically significant. In our outcome analysis, we find little evidence that residence restrictions changed the prevalence of recidivism substantially for sex offenders in the postrelease period. In Michigan, trends indicate that the implementation of the laws led to a slight increase in recidivism among the sex offender groups, whereas in Missouri, this effect resulted in a slight decrease in recidivism. Technical violations also declined for both groups in Missouri. The small effect sizes, inconsistent results across states, and the null results between sex offender and non–sex offender models cast doubt on the potential usefulness of the laws to influence individual patterns of recidivism broadly.

Policy Implications

The results caution against the widespread, homogenous implementation of residence restrictions. Instead, we advocate individualization in sex offender programming and call for the development of risk‐centered models of residence restrictions that draw on the established literature. In addition, the research highlights the practical challenges in defining restricted areas, enforcing restrictions, and promoting successful returns to the community. Furthermore, a call for reframing the focus of sex offender reentry to include collaborative treatment groups and enhanced communication and services between key stakeholders is made. Finally, we close with a discussion of several best practice models that provide alternative housing sources for individuals sentenced under residence restrictions without a suitable home plan.
Interventions for Juvenile Offenders: A Serendipitous Journey
Authors: Lipsey Mark W.
Published: March 2014

This is a story of a concatenation of largely unplanned and unexpected events that propelled a line of research on the effectiveness of interventions for juvenile offenders along a trajectory that is more coherent in retrospect than at the time of any of those events. In the course of that serendipitous journey, insights were gained on the limitations of individual studies, the value of systematic analysis of a body of research, and the challenges of transporting evidence into evidence‐based practice.
Sequence capture using PCR‐generated probes: a cost‐effective method of targeted high‐throughput sequencing for nonmodel organisms
Authors: Peñalba Joshua V. , Smith Lydia L. , Tonione Maria A. , Sass Chodon , Hykin Sarah M. , Skipwith Phillip L. , McGuire Jimmy A. , Bowie Rauri C. K. , Moritz Craig
Published: March 2014

Recent advances in high‐throughput sequencing library preparation and subgenomic enrichment methods have opened new avenues for population genetics and phylogenetics of nonmodel organisms. To multiplex large numbers of indexed samples while sequencing predominantly orthologous, targeted regions of the genome, we propose modifications to an existing, in‐solution capture that utilizes PCR products as target probes to enrich library pools for the genomic subset of interest. The sequence capture using PCR‐generated probes (SCPP) protocol requires no specialized equipment, is highly flexible and significantly reduces experimental costs for projects where a modest scale of genetic data is optimal (25–100 genomic loci). Our alterations enable application of this method across a wider phylogenetic range of taxa and result in higher capture efficiencies and coverage at each locus. Efficient and consistent capture over multiple SCPP experiments and at various phylogenetic distances is demonstrated, extending the utility of this method to both phylogeographic and phylogenomic studies.
Unexpected adverse childhood experiences and subsequent drug use disorder: a Swedish population study (1995–2011)
Authors: Giordano Giuseppe N. , Ohlsson Henrik , Kendler Kenneth S. , Sundquist Kristina , Sundquist Jan
Published: March 2014

Aims

Exposure to extraordinary traumatic experience is one acknowledged risk factor for drug use. We aim to analyse the influence of potentially life‐changing childhood stressors, experienced second‐hand, on later drug use disorder in a national population of Swedish adolescent and young adults (aged 15–26 years).

Design

We performed Cox proportional hazard regression analyses, complemented with co‐relative pair comparisons.

Setting

Sweden.

Participants

All individuals in the Swedish population born 1984–95, who were registered in Sweden at the end of the calendar year that they turned 14 years of age. Our follow‐up time (mean 6.2 years; range 11 years) started at the year they turned 15 and continued to December 2011 (n = 1 409 218).

Measurements

Our outcome variable was drug use disorder, identified from medical, legal and pharmacy registry records. Childhood stressors, as per DSM‐IV stressor criteria, include death of an immediate family member and second‐hand experience of diagnoses of malignant cancer, serious accidental injury and victim of assault. Other covariates include parental divorce, familial psychological wellbeing and familial drug and alcohol use disorders.

Findings

After adjustment for all considered confounders, individuals exposed to childhood stressors ‘parental death’ or ‘parental assault’ had more than twice the risk of drug use disorder than those who were not [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.63 (2.23–3.09) and 2.39 (2.06–2.79), respectively].

Conclusions

Children aged under 15 years who experience second‐hand an extraordinary traumatic event (such as a parent or sibling being assaulted, diagnosed with cancer or dying) appear to have approximately twice the risk of developing a drug use disorder than those who do not.
Sweet's syndrome following surgery: Cutaneous trauma as a possible aetiological co‐factor in neutrophilic dermatoses
Authors: Minocha Rashi , Sebaratnam Deshan F , Choi James YJ
Published: March 2014

A 47‐year‐old man presented with an acute, cutaneous eruption of exquisitely painful papules at the operative site 4 weeks after a right tibial osteotomy. Initially this was managed as a postoperative wound infection; however the exacerbation and spread of the cutaneous eruption prompted further investigation. Histopathology and clinical findings were consistent with the development of Sweet's syndrome and resolution was obtained after the initiation of dapsone. We propose that surgery may produce an acute inflammatory response in a similar manner to pathergy reactions, which play an aetiological role in other neutrophilic dermatoses, such as pyoderma gangrenosum. We conclude that there may be greater overlap between these neutrophilic dermatoses than previously appreciated.
High‐intensity interval training alters ATP pathway flux during maximal muscle contractions in humans
Authors: Larsen R. G. , Maynard L. , Kent J. A.
Published: March 2014

Aim

High‐intensity interval training (HIT) results in potent metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle; however, little is known about the influence of these adaptations on energetics in vivo. We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to examine the effects of HIT on ATP synthesis from net PCr breakdown (ATPCK), oxidative phosphorylation (ATPOX) and non‐oxidative glycolysis (ATPGLY) in vivo in vastus lateralis during a 24‐s maximal voluntary contraction (MVC).

Methods

Eight young men performed 6 sessions of repeated, 30‐s ‘all‐out’ sprints on a cycle ergometer; measures of muscle energetics were obtained at baseline and after the first and sixth sessions.

Results

Training increased peak oxygen consumption (35.8 ± 1.4 to 39.3 ± 1.6 mL min−1 kg−1, P = 0.01) and exercise capacity (217.0 ± 11.0 to 230.5 ± 11.7 W, P = 0.04) on the ergometer, with no effects on total ATP production or force–time integral during the MVC. While ATP production by each pathway was unchanged after the first session, 6 sessions increased the relative contribution of ATPOX (from 31 ± 2 to 39 ± 2% of total ATP turnover, P < 0.001) and lowered the relative contribution from both ATPCK (49 ± 2 to 44 ± 1%, P = 0.004) and ATPGLY (20 ± 2 to 17 ± 1%, P = 0.03).

Conclusion

These alterations to muscle ATP production in vivo indicate that brief, maximal contractions are performed with increased support of oxidative ATP synthesis and relatively less contribution from anaerobic ATP production following training. These results extend previous reports of molecular and cellular adaptations to HIT and show that 6 training sessions are sufficient to alter in vivo muscle energetics, which likely contributes to increased exercise capacity after short‐term HIT.
Provenance Analyses of the Volcanic Rock Grinding Stones from the Greek Colony of Selinunte, Sicily (Italy)—Constraints and Possibilities
Authors: Gluhak T. M. , Schwall C.
Published: March 2014

The petrography as well as the major and trace element compositions of the Selinunte grinding stones, made of grey vesicular lava, were analysed. By comparison with geochemical data from volcanic rocks in the Mediterranean, we were able to determine that only a minor number of the tools were extracted from the nearest volcanics of Mount Etna and the Hyblean Mountains, while the majority of the grinding stones were most probably imported from the Aeolian Islands, although an origin from the Aegean cannot be excluded entirely. The results are important in order to scrutinize trading connections, especially for the earlier times of settlement during the sixth century bc.
Instructive influences of phagocytic clearance of dying cells on neutrophil extracellular trap generation
Authors: Manfredi A A , Covino C , Rovere-Querini P , Maugeri N
Published: March 2014

Coordinated programmes of resolution are thought to initiate early after an inflammatory response begins, actively terminating leucocyte recruitment, allowing their demise via apoptosis and their clearance by phagocytosis. In this review we describe an event that could be implicated in the resolution of inflammation, i.e. the establishment of a refractory state in human neutrophils that had phagocytosed apoptotic cells. Adherent neutrophils challenged with apoptotic cells generate neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), filaments of decondensed chromatin decorated with bioactive molecules that are involved in the capture of various microbes and in persistent sterile inflammation. In contrast, neutrophils that had previously phagocytosed apoptotic cells lose their capacity to up-regulate β2 integrins and to respond to activating stimuli that induce NET generation, such as interleukin (IL)-8. A defective regulation of NET generation might contribute to the persistent inflammation and tissue injury in diseases in which the clearance of apoptotic cells is jeopardized, including systemic lupus erythematosus and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis.
Parenting interventions in shelter settings: a qualitative systematic review of the literature
Authors: Haskett Mary E. , Loehman Jessica , Burkhart Kimberly
Published: March 2014

The aim of this literature review was to critique the state of the research on the effects of implementing parenting programmes in shelters for homeless families. A comprehensive search of multiple databases yielded 12 studies for inclusion. The methodological sophistication of the studies varied, with most investigations based on very small samples and one‐group pre‐post designs. Results indicated that parents generally viewed the interventions as enjoyable and informative, and attendance was good. Incentives were often used to encourage attendance. Evidence was limited in terms of effectiveness of the interventions, but the few studies of evidence‐based parenting programmes showed changes in parenting and child functioning. Suggestions are provided for future investigations in this important yet challenging field of study.
Strategic Rat Control for Restoring Populations of Native Species in Forest Fragments
Authors: ARMSTRONG DOUG P. , GORMAN NIC , PIKE RHONDA , KREIGENHOFER BRIGITTE , MCARTHUR NIKKI , GOVELLA SUSANNE , BARRETT PAUL , RICHARD YVAN
Published: March 2014

Forest fragments have biodiversity value that may be enhanced through management such as control of non‐native predators. However, such efforts may be ineffective, and research is needed to ensure that predator control is done strategically. We used Bayesian hierarchical modeling to estimate fragment‐specific effects of experimental rat control on a native species targeted for recovery in a New Zealand pastoral landscape. The experiment was a modified BACI (before‐after‐control‐impact) design conducted over 6 years in 19 forest fragments with low‐density subpopulations of North Island Robins (Petroica longipes). The aim was to identify individual fragments that not only showed clear benefits of rat control, but also would have a high probability of subpopulation growth even if they were the only fragment managed. We collected data on fecundity, adult and juvenile survival, and juvenile emigration, and modeled the data in an integrated framework to estimate the expected annual growth rate (λ) of each subpopulation with and without rat control. Without emigration, subpopulation growth was estimated as marginal (λ = 0.95–1.05) or negative (λ = 0.74–0.90) without rat control, but it was estimated as positive in all fragments (λ = 1.4–2.1) if rats were controlled. This reflected a 150% average increase in fecundity and 45% average increase in adult female survival. The probability of a juvenile remaining in its natal fragment was 0.37 on average, but varied with fragment connectivity. With juvenile emigration added, 6 fragments were estimated to have a high (>0.8) probability of being self‐sustaining (λ > 1) with rat control. The key factors affecting subpopulation growth rates under rat control were low connectivity and stock fencing because these factors were associated with lower juvenile emigration and higher fecundity, respectively. However, there was also substantial random variation in adult survival among fragments, illustrating the importance of hierarchical modeling for fragmentation studies.

Control Estratégico de Ratas para Restaurar Poblaciones de Especies Nativas en Fragmentos de Bosque
Patch testing with serial dilutions of various isothiazolinones in patients hypersensitive to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone
Authors: Isaksson Marléne , Gruvberger Birgitta , Bruze Magnus
Published: March 2014

Background

In 2005, methylisothiazolinone (MI) on its own came into use as a preservative. Prior to that, MI was always present together with methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI). Can the pattern of reactivity to the separate active ingredients in allergic patients tell us something about the primary sensitizer?

Objectives

To investigate the potential pattern of cross‐reactivity between the isothiazolinones tested, and to find the minimal elicitation concentration for each chemical, in order to determine whether the primary sensitizer is MCI or MI.

Methods

Patients reacting to MCI/MI and/or MI were additionally patch tested with MCI/MI, MCI, MI, 2‐n‐octyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one (OIT) and 4,5‐dichloro‐2‐n‐octyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one (dichloro‐OIT) in serial dilutions.

Results

Three different groups of reactors were seen. One group did not react to MI; another group reacted to both MCI and MI, but had higher patch test reactivity to MCI; and a third group reacted to both MCI and MI with very similar patch test reactivity, but reacted more often to OIT and dichloro‐OIT.

Conclusions

Patch testing with the active ingredients of MCI/MI in serial dilutions could give information on the primary sensitizer.
THE POST‐ASIAN CRISIS DROP IN INVESTMENT: THE CASES OF INDONESIA, KOREA, MALAYSIA, AND THAILAND
Authors: HO TAI‐KUANG , YEH KUO‐CHUN
Published: March 2014

This study analyzes drops in East Asian investment and their determinants after the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis. We first employ a random level‐shift autoregressive model to quantify the shift in investment ratios of four Asian economies hit by the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis: Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, and Thailand. We trace the major historical shifts in the levels of investment ratios and we find that the cumulated downward shifts in investment ratios during 1997–1998 for Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, and Thailand are 6, 5, 14, and 14 percentage points, respectively. The investment ratios of most countries experienced several rebounds between 1999 and 2001, but the rebounds were too small to bring investment ratios back to their pre‐1990 levels. Having identified the episodes of investment shifts, the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) and several robust tests are employed to investigate the determinants of those level shifts in investment ratios. We find that real per capita gross domestic product growth and banking crises are the two most important factors contributing to shifts in the investment levels of these four crisis‐hit Asian economies. The results are useful in understanding the causes and remedies of global imbalances. (JEL C11, E22, F32, O53)
Public attitudes in Australia towards the claim that addiction is a (brain) disease
Authors: Meurk Carla , Partridge Brad , Carter Adrian , Hall Wayne , Morphett Kylie , Lucke Jayne
Published: March 2014

Introduction and Aims

We investigated the Australian public's understandings of addiction to alcohol and heroin and the factors predicting support for the idea that these types of addiction are ‘diseases’ and specifically ‘brain diseases’.

Design and Methods

Data were collected as part of the 2012 Queensland Social Survey, a computer‐assisted telephone interview of 1263 residents of Queensland, Australia. Participants were presented with scenarios of two addicted persons, one who was addicted to heroin and the other addicted to alcohol. Participants were asked a series of questions about different definitions and causes of addiction for both characters.

Results

Over half of the respondents thought that addiction is a disease (alcohol: 67%, heroin: 53%), but fewer (alcohol: 34%, heroin: 33%) believed that addiction is a brain disease. Belief that addiction has biological causes predicted agreement that addiction is a disease [alcohol: odds ratio (OR) = 3.05 (2.15–4.31), heroin: OR = 3.99 (2.82–5.65)] and a brain disease [alcohol: OR = 4.97 (3.42–7.22), heroin: OR = 14.12 (9.23–21.61)]. Women were more likely than men to agree that addiction is a disease [alcohol: OR = 1.79 (1.35–2.38), heroin: OR = 1.40 (1.09–1.81)] as were those 35 years of age and older [alcohol: OR = 2.25 (1.50–3.40), heroin: OR = 1.50 (1.01–2.24)].

Discussion and Conclusions

There is more public support for the idea that addiction is a ‘disease’ than for the more specific claim that it is a ‘brain disease’. Support for a biological aetiology of addiction predicted higher levels of agreement with both disease concepts. [Meurk C, Partridge B, Carter A, Hall W, Morphett K, Lucke J. Public attitudes in Australia towards the claim that addiction is a (brain) disease. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:272–279]
Why do some species have geographically varying responses to fire history?
Authors: Nimmo D. G. , Kelly L. T. , Farnsworth L. M. , Watson S. J. , Bennett A. F.
Published: March 2014

A capacity to predict the effects of fire on biota is critical for conservation in fire‐prone regions as it assists managers to anticipate the outcomes of different approaches to fire management. The task is complicated because species’ responses to fire can vary geographically. This poses challenges, both for conceptual understanding of post‐fire succession and fire management. We examine two hypotheses for why species may display geographically varying responses to fire. 1) Species’ post‐fire responses are driven by vegetation structure, but vegetation – fire relationships vary spatially (the ‘dynamic vegetation’ hypothesis). 2) Regional variation in ecological conditions leads species to select different post‐fire ages as habitat (the ‘dynamic habitat’ hypothesis). Our case study uses data on lizards at 280 sites in a ∼ 100 000 km2 region of south‐eastern Australia. We compared the predictive capacity of models based on 1) habitat associations, with models based on 2) fire history and vegetation type, and 3) fire history alone, for four species of lizards. Habitat association models generally out‐performed fire history models in terms of predictive capacity. For two species, habitat association models provided good discrimination capacity even though the species showed geographically varying post‐fire responses. Our results support the dynamic vegetation hypothesis, that spatial variation in relationships between fire and vegetation structure results in regional variation in fauna–fire relationships. These observations explain how the widely recognised ‘habitat accommodation’ model of animal succession can be conceptually accurate yet predictively weak.
BDNF released during neuropathic pain potentiates NMDA receptors in primary afferent terminals
Authors: Chen Wenling , Walwyn Wendy , Ennes Helena S. , Kim Hyeyoung , McRoberts James A. , Marvizón Juan Carlos G.
Published: March 2014

NMDA receptors in primary afferent terminals can contribute to hyperalgesia by increasing neurotransmitter release. In rats and mice, we found that the ability of intrathecal NMDA to induce neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) internalization (a measure of substance P release) required a previous injection of BDNF. Selective knock‐down of NMDA receptors in primary afferents decreased NMDA‐induced NK1R internalization, confirming the presynaptic location of these receptors. The effect of BDNF was mediated by tropomyosin‐related kinase B (trkB) receptors and not p75 neurotrophin receptors (p75NTR), because it was not produced by proBDNF and was inhibited by the trkB antagonist ANA‐12 but not by the p75NTR inhibitor TAT‐Pep5. These effects are probably mediated through the truncated form of the trkB receptor as there is little expression of full‐length trkB in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Src family kinase inhibitors blocked the effect of BDNF, suggesting that trkB receptors promote the activation of these NMDA receptors by Src family kinase phosphorylation. Western blots of cultured DRG neurons revealed that BDNF increased Tyr1472 phosphorylation of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor, known to have a potentiating effect. Patch‐clamp recordings showed that BDNF, but not proBDNF, increased NMDA receptor currents in cultured DRG neurons. NMDA‐induced NK1R internalization was also enabled in a neuropathic pain model or by activating dorsal horn microglia with lipopolysaccharide. These effects were decreased by a BDNF scavenger, a trkB receptor antagonist and a Src family kinase inhibitor, indicating that BDNF released by microglia potentiates NMDA receptors in primary afferents during neuropathic pain.
Osteomyelitis of the medial trochlear ridge of the talus in a horse
Authors: Amitrano F. N. , Austin S. M. , Kay A. T.
Published: March 2014

A 12‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding was evaluated for chronic recurrent right hindlimb cellulitis and severe lameness. Chronic tibiotarsal joint sepsis and osteomyelitis of the medial trochlear ridge were diagnosed and confirmed cytologically, arthroscopically and histologically. Trauma and secondary cellulitis and chronic septic arthritis were suspected aetiological factors.
Adverse consequences of stock recovery: European hake, a new “choke” species under a discard ban?
Authors: Baudron Alan R , Fernandes Paul G
Published: March 2014

Many commercial fish stocks are beginning to recover under more sustainable exploitation regimes. In this study, we document the temporal and spatial changes in one remarkable example of stock recovery: northern European hake (Merluccius merluccius). Analysing data from several scientific surveys, we document a dramatic increase in estimates of biomass between 2004 and 2011 throughout the larger area now occupied by the stock. The largest increase occurred in the North Sea, where hake have been largely absent for over 50 years. Spatio‐temporally resolved commercial landings show that high densities occur in the North Sea only between April and September, suggesting a density‐dependent seasonal habitat expansion to suitable temperature and depth conditions. These changes have implications for the management of the stock which are discussed. Notably, if discards are banned as part of management revisions, the relatively low quota for hake in the North Sea will be a limiting factor (the so‐called ‘choke’ species) which may result in a premature closure of the entire demersal mixed fishery in the North Sea, jeopardizing many commercial fisheries in the region. This example of the unforeseen consequences of improved stewardship highlight the need for a more holistic, regional and responsive approach to managing our marine ecosystems.
The substrate specificity, enantioselectivity and structure of the (R)‐selective amine : pyruvate transaminase from Nectria haematococca
Authors: Sayer Christopher , Martinez‐Torres Ruben J. , Richter Nina , Isupov Michail N. , Hailes Helen C. , Littlechild Jennifer A. , Ward John M.
Published: March 2014

During the last decade the use of transaminases for the production of pharmaceutical and fine chemical intermediates has attracted a great deal of attention. Transaminases are versatile biocatalysts for the efficient production of amine intermediates and many have (S)‐enantiospecificity. Transaminases with (R)‐specificity are needed to expand the applications of these enzymes in biocatalysis. In this work we have identified a fungal putative (R)‐specific transaminase from the Eurotiomycetes Nectria haematococca, cloned a synthetic version of this gene, demonstrated (R)‐selective deamination of several substrates including (R)‐α‐methylbenzylamine, as well as production of (R)‐amines, and determined its crystal structure. The crystal structures of the holoenzyme and the complex with an inhibitor gabaculine offer the first detailed insight into the structural basis for substrate specificity and enantioselectivity of the industrially important class of (R)‐selective amine : pyruvate transaminases.

Database

The atomic coordinates and structure factors for the Nectria TAm in holoenzyme and gabaculine‐bound forms have been deposited in the PDB as entries 4cmd and 4cmf respectively.

Structured digital abstract

• TAm and TAm bind by x-ray crystallography (View interaction)
Illuminating geographical patterns in species' range shifts
Authors: Grenouillet Gaël , Comte Lise
Published: March 2014

Species' range shifts in response to ongoing climate change have been widely documented, but although complex spatial patterns in species' responses are expected to be common, comprehensive comparisons of species' ranges over time have undergone little investigation. Here, we outline a modeling framework based on historical and current species distribution records for disentangling different drivers (i.e. climatic vs. nonclimatic) and assessing distinct facets (i.e. colonization, extirpation, persistence, and lags) of species' range shifts. We used extensive monitoring data for stream fish assemblages throughout France to assess range shifts for 32 fish species between an initial period (1980–1992) and a contemporary one (2003–2009). Our results provide strong evidence that the responses of individual species varied considerably and exhibited complex mosaics of spatial rearrangements. By dissociating range shifts in climatically suitable and unsuitable habitats, we demonstrated that patterns in climate‐driven colonization and extirpation were less marked than those attributed to nonclimatic drivers, although this situation could rapidly shift in the near future. We also found evidence that range shifts could be related to some species' traits and that the traits involved varied depending on the facet of range shift considered. The persistence of populations in climatically unsuitable areas was greater for short‐lived species, whereas the extent of the lag behind climate change was greater for long‐lived, restricted‐range, and low‐elevation species. We further demonstrated that nonclimatic extirpations were primarily related to the size of the species' range, whereas climate‐driven extirpations were better explained by thermal tolerance. Thus, the proposed framework demonstrated its potential for markedly improving our understanding of the key processes involved in range shifting and also offers a template for informing management decisions. Conservation strategies would greatly benefit from identifying both the geographical patterns and the species' traits associated with complex modifications of species' distributions in response to global changes.
Thermally tolerant corals have limited capacity to acclimatize to future warming
Authors: Rodolfo‐Metalpa Riccardo , Hoogenboom Mia O. , Rottier Cécile , Ramos‐Esplá Alfonso , Baker Andrew C. , Fine Maoz , Ferrier‐Pagès Christine
Published: March 2014

Thermal stress affects organism performance differently depending on the ambient temperature to which they are acclimatized, which varies along latitudinal gradients. This study investigated whether differences in physiological responses to temperature are consistent with regional differences in temperature regimes for the stony coral Oculina patagonica. To resolve this question, we experimentally assessed how colonies originating from four different locations characterized by >3 °C variation in mean maximum annual temperature responded to warming from 20 to 32 °C. We assessed plasticity in symbiont identity, density, and photosynthetic properties, together with changes in host tissue biomass. Results show that, without changes in the type of symbiont hosted by coral colonies, O. patagonica has limited capacity to acclimatize to future warming. We found little evidence of variation in overall thermal tolerance, or in thermal optima, in response to spatial variation in ambient temperature. Given that the invader O. patagonica is a relatively new member of the Mediterranean coral fauna, our results also suggest that coral populations may need to remain isolated for a long period of time for thermal adaptation to potentially take place. Our study indicates that for O. patagonica, mortality associated with thermal stress manifests primarily through tissue breakdown under moderate but prolonged warming (which does not impair symbiont photosynthesis and, therefore, does not lead to bleaching). Consequently, projected global warming is likely to cause repeat incidents of partial and whole colony mortality and might drive a gradual range contraction of Mediterranean corals.
Biogas from dedicated energy crops in Northern Italy: electric energy generation costs
Authors: Schievano Andrea , D'Imporzano Giuliana , Orzi Valentina , Colombo Giorgio , Maggiore Tommaso , Adani Fabrizio
Published: March 2014

Agricultural anaerobic digestion facilities are increasing in many EU member States and biomass supply is sometimes an issue. Dedicated energy crops (DEC) (mainly Maize, Triticale and Sorghum) are often used to integrate other substrates, such as agricultural residues, manure and organic waste. However, DEC production includes onerous agricultural operations (soil preparation, harvest, transport and storage) and may result in high unit costs (UC) of electric energy (EE, € kWhe−1), compared to other renewable sources. In this work, seven different types of DEC (4 different combinations of crop successions) were cultivated in 30 different parcels, distributed along the Po Valley (northern Italy), using different varieties of seeds for each crop type. All agricultural operations were accounted for their costs (988–3346 € ha−1). Biomass production was measured and reported as average of different parcels for each type of crop (31.2–187 Mg ha−1). Biomass dry matter content and biogas potential were measured on representative samples and the EE obtainable was calculated (7.9–35.3 MWhe ha−1), by assuming conservative factors (CH4 contents in biogas and electric generation yields). The costs of ensiled biomass sensibly varied (13.8–40 € Mg−1) among crop solutions, as well as the same UC of EE (0.068–0.150 € kWhe−1). These costs were considered together with typical plant management and investment costs (plant size: 0.5–1 MWe): total UC of EE generation through anaerobic digestion (considering 100% DEC) varied in a relatively wide range (0.143–0.279 € kWhe−1). When the biomass mix is ‘blended’ with low‐cost residues or organic waste, this range could be lowered to 0.096–187 € kWhe−1. Only this strategy and strong efforts in reducing technological investment/management costs can candidate biogas‐based EE as a really competitive renewable alternative to traditional sources, in the next future.
The Differential Empowering Effects of Europeanization on the Autonomy of National Agencies
Authors: Bach Tobias , Ruffing Eva , Yesilkagit Kutsal
Published: March 2014

This article examines the influence of Europeanization on the relationship between ministries and agencies at the national level. The core argument is that the differentiated nature of the international environment (with policy development often transferred to the international level and policy implementation left at the national level) transforms national agencies into policy‐developing actors that shape policies without being directly influenced by their national political principals. The increasingly common involvement of national agencies in European policymaking processes thereby increases these agencies' policy‐development autonomy but does not change their role in policy implementation. We examine this argument by testing an innovative hypothesis—the differentiation hypothesis—on a combined data set of German and Dutch national agencies. Our empirical findings support the hypothesis in both countries, suggesting that similar effects can be expected in other contexts in which semiautonomous agencies are involved in transnational policymaking.
Revealing the hidden agency of children in a clinical setting
Authors: Dedding Christine , Reis Ria , Wolf Bart , Hardon Anita
Published: March 2014

Background

Interactions with children in clinical settings are often criticized because parents and medical professionals speak for children rather than to them. Such approaches do not take the agency of children into account.

Objective

First, to examine how children enact agency in a clinical encounter and draw lessons from this to improve health‐care practices for children and, second, to explain how looking at agency might help to move the participation agenda forwards.

Design

A qualitative study incorporating a range of methods, including participant observation, interviews and focus group discussions.

Setting

Three hospitals in the Netherlands.

Participants

Children with diabetes type 1, between 8 and 12 years (n = 30), parents (n = 22) and medical professionals (n = 16).

Results

Children do not simply accept the recurrent health education from medical professionals. Instead, they attribute their own personal meaning to their disease and treatment. Drawing from their years of experience with the disease and health care and the image of a passive and vulnerable child, they actively find ways to balance personal goals with medically defined goals.

Conclusion

Efforts to facilitate child participation should be based on insights into the ways in which children enact agency in the clinical encounter. Our data show that children already participate in health care and that their enactment of agency is based on a practical logic. Understanding of children's current participation and agency is needed to more successfully attune their treatment to their daily lives with diabetes. This is crucial for the success of treatment and the well‐being of children.
Salvage of the PWI/DWI Mismatch up to 48 h from Stroke Onset Leads to Favorable Clinical Outcome
Authors: Ma H. , Wright P. , Allport L. , Phan T. G. , Churilov L. , Ly J. , Zavala J. A. , Arakawa S. , Campbell B. , Davis S. M. , Donnan G. A.
Published: March 2014

Background and Purpose

In acute ischemic stroke perfusion/diffusion-weighted image, mismatch using magnetic resonance imaging approximates the ischemic penumbra. For early time windows, mismatch salvage improves clinical outcomes, but uncertainty exists at later time epochs. We hypothesized that (a) mismatch may exist up to 48 h; (b) the proportion of mismatch salvage is time independent; and (c) when salvaged, it improves clinical outcomes.

Methods

Magnetic resonance imaging was performed within 48 h of ischemic stroke. Perfusion-weighted image was defined by relative Tmax two-second delay. Perfusion/diffusion-weighted image mismatch was the perfusion-weighted image not overlapped by the diffusion-weighted image when coregistered. Infarct volume and disability (modified Rankin Score) were assessed at three-months. Mismatch salvage was the region not overlapped by final infarction. Favorable outcome was defined as modified Rankin Score 0–1.

Results

Sixty-six patients were studied [mean age 69·9 years (standard deviation 13·1), initial median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale 9·0 (interquartile range 6·0, 18·3)]. There was no relationship between time of stroke onset and the proportion of mismatch salvaged ( P = 0·73). Age (adjusted odds ratio = 0·92, 95% confidence interval 0·86–0·98, P = 0·01), initial National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (adjusted odds ratio = 0·80, 95% confidence interval 0·70–0·92, P < 0·01), mismatch volume (adjusted odds ratio = 0·98, 95% confidence interval 0·968–0·1, P = 0·05), and percentage of mismatch salvage (adjusted odds ratio = 1·04, 95% confidence interval 0·99–1·07, P = 0·05) were independently associated with favorable outcome.

Conclusion

Using coregistered perfusion/diffusion-weighted image criteria, mismatch persists up to 48 h post stroke. For the whole group, the proportion of mismatch salvage remains independent of time and, although the effect is small, its salvage is independently associated with improved clinical outcomes at three-months. Larger sample sizes are needed to determine the time limit for mismatch salvage.
The HIV‐1 gp41 ectodomain is cleaved by matriptase to produce a chemotactic peptide that acts through FPR2
Authors: Wood Matthew P. , Cole Amy L. , Eade Colleen R. , Chen Li‐Mei , Chai Karl X. , Cole Alexander M.
Published: March 2014

Several aspects of HIV‐1 virulence and pathogenesis are mediated by the envelope protein gp41. Additionally, peptides derived from the gp41 ectodomain have been shown to induce chemotaxis in monocytes and neutrophils. Whereas this chemotactic activity has been reported, it is not known how these peptides could be produced under biological conditions. The heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region of gp41 is exposed to the extracellular environment and could therefore be susceptible to proteolytic processing into smaller peptides. Matriptase is a serine protease expressed at the surface of most epithelia, including the prostate and mucosal surfaces. Here, we present evidence that matriptase efficiently cleaves the HR1 portion of gp41 into a 22‐residue chemotactic peptide MAT‐1, the sequence of which is highly conserved across HIV‐1 clades. We found that MAT‐1 induced migration of primary neutrophils and monocytes, the latter of which act as a cellular reservoir of HIV during early stage infection. We then used formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) and FPR2 inhibitors, along with HEK 293 cells, to demonstrate that MAT‐1 can induce chemotaxis specifically using FPR2, a receptor found on the surface of monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils. These findings are the first to identify a proteolytic cleavage product of gp41 with chemotactic activity and highlight a potential role for matriptase in HIV‐1 transmission and infection at epithelial surfaces and within tissue reservoirs of HIV‐1.
Organising young workers in the Public and Commercial Services union
Authors: Hodder Andy
Published: March 2014

This article analyses the relationship between unions and young workers using the Public and Commercial Services (PCS) union as a case study. PCS is leading the way in terms of engaging with and representing young workers. However, its future success may be limited due to changes to the external environment.
Transarticular Fixation With Cortical Screws Combined With Dorsal Laminectomy and Partial Discectomy as Surgical Treatment of Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis in 17 Dogs: Clinical and Computed Tomography Follow‐Up
Authors: Golini Lorenzo , Kircher Patrick R. , Lewis Fraser I. , Steffen Frank
Published: March 2014

Objective

To describe clinical outcome and technical outcome assessed using computed tomography (CT) in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS) treated by dorsal laminectomy, partial discectomy, and transarticular screw fixation.

Study Design

Retrospective observational case series.

Animals

Dogs with DLSS (n = 17).

Methods

Dogs with neurologic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings compatible with DLSS treated by dorsal laminectomy, partial discectomy and transarticular screw fixation were enrolled. Pre‐ and postoperative neurologic status was compared. Lumbosacral (LS) angle in extension and misalignment in preoperative MRI were compared with the postoperative CT. Residual mobility of the LS joint after fixation was also evaluated. Status of screws, presence of new bone formation over screw heads/articular facets and presence of adjacent segment disease (ASD) were assessed.

Results

Median CT follow‐up was 12 months. Clinical improvement was seen in 13 dogs, 2 dogs had intermittent LS pain, and 2 dogs needed revision surgery. In 5 dogs, screws were either pulled out or broken. Reduction of LS angle in extension and misalignment was achieved. Residual mobility of the LS segment was present and ASD was not recognized.

Conclusions

Transarticular screw fixation in dogs with DLSS is associated with a considerable number of technical failures and does not result in rigid stabilization; however, this did not significantly adversely influence clinical outcome.
Arthroscopic Biceps Ulnar Release Procedure (BURP): Technique Description and In Vitro Assessment of the Association of Visual Control and Surgeon Experience to Regional Damage and Tenotomy Completeness
Authors: Wilson David M. , Goh Clara S.S. , Palmer Ross H.
Published: March 2014

Objectives

(1) Describe arthroscopic BURP surgical technique, (2) assess association of visual control and surgeon experience to tenotomy completeness and regional iatrogenic tissue damage.

Study Design

Cadaveric study.

Sample Population

Canine cadavers weighing >20 kg (n = 16; 32 elbows).

Methods

Phase 1 = dissection/anatomic description/procedural refinement (n = 6). Phase 2 = technique description (n = 6). Phase 3 = association of surgeon experience and procedural visual control to tenotomy completion and regional iatrogenic damage (n = 20). Elbows were randomly assigned via coin toss to an experienced‐ or inexperienced‐arthroscopist. Using conventional medial portals, surgeons sought to identify the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and ulnar insertion of the biceps tendon (uBT) before attempting complete tenotomy. Upon procedural completion, surgeons assigned a standardized “visual control score” (VCS) describing viewing that governed procedure and predicted % uBT release, MCL, and median nerve damage. Post‐procedural dissection determined actual tenotomy completion and iatrogenic tissue damage.

Results

Complete BURP was achieved in 16 of 19 elbows. VCS was associated with tenotomy completeness (P < .01). “Blind” BURP was incomplete in both elbows in which it was attempted. Perception of complete BURP was associated with complete release (P < .01). MCL damage occurred in 10% of elbows. Surgeon experience did not influence VCS, regional damage, or BURP completeness.

Conclusion

In canine cadavers, arthroscopic BURP can be consistently performed using conventional arthroscopic instruments and portals by both experienced and inexperienced arthroscopists when visual control guides the tenotomy into the distal aspect of the tendon.
In VitroIncidence of Fibular Penetration With and Without the Use of a Jig During Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy
Authors: Flynn Patrick , Duncan Colleen G. , Palmer Ross H. , Duerr Felix M.
Published: March 2014

Objective

To determine the incidence of fibular penetration during placement of the Synthes® locking TPLO plate with and without the use of a jig.

Study Design

Cadaveric, experimental study.

Sample Population

Cadaveric paired pelvic limbs (n = 8) from skeletally mature dogs.

Methods

Limbs were assigned to 1 of 2 groups (jig‐less‐TPLO = no jig used; jig‐TPLO = jig used). Synthes® locking TPLO plates were applied using proximal screws of excessive length to facilitate identification of fibular penetration. Screw tip locations were identified by dissection and frequency of fibular penetration was compared between groups.

Results

None of the jig‐TPLO limbs and 6 (75%) of jig‐less‐TPLO limbs had fibular penetration, a difference that was statistically significant. Fibular penetration was most frequently associated with the most proximal screw.

Conclusions

A significantly higher incidence of fibular penetration occurs when Synthes® locking TPLO is performed without use of a jig.
Laparoscopic Vasectomy in African Elephants (Loxodonta africana)
Authors: Rubio‐Martínez Luis M. , Hendrickson Dean A. , Stetter Mark , Zuba Jeffery R. , Marais Hendrik J.
Published: March 2014

Objective

To describe a surgical technique for, and outcome after, laparoscopic vasectomy of free‐ranging elephants.

Study Design

Case series.

Animals

African elephants (Loxodonta africana; n = 14).

Methods

Male elephants (12–35 years old) were anesthetized with etorphine and supported in a sling in a modified standing position, and positive pressure ventilated with oxygen. Anesthesia was maintained with IV etorphine. Vasectomy was performed under field conditions by bilateral, open‐approach, flank laparoscopy with the abdomen insufflated with filtered ambient air. A 4‐cm segment of each ductus deferens was excised. Behavior and incision healing were recorded for 8 months postoperatively.

Results

Successful bilateral vasectomy (surgical time, 57–125 minutes) was confirmed by histologic examination of excised tissue. Recovery was uneventful without signs of abnormal behavior. Large intestine lacerations (3 elephants; 1 full and 2 partial thickness) were sutured extracorporeally. One elephant found dead at 6 weeks, had no prior abnormal signs. Skin incisions healed without complication.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic vasectomy can be performed in African elephants in their natural environment.