bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rose Ausländer: "Mátria Palavra"
Authors: Aron Irene
Published: April 2016

Der vorliegende Aufsatz verfolgt das Ziel, die (hierzulande weitgehend unbekannte, weil unübersetzte) deutsch-jüdische Dichterin Rose Ausländer (1901-1988) dem literaturinteressierten Publikum Brasiliens vorzustellen. Ausgehend von der Übersetzung von zwölf paradigmatischen Gedichten werden die entscheidenden Lebensstatione und Schaffensphasen der Dichterin, die wie Paul Celan im vielsprachigen Czernowitz der österreichisch-ungarischen Donaumonarchie aufwuchs, charakterisiert: Ihre tiefe Verbundenheit mit ihrer galizischen Heimat, ihr früher, vom Tod des Vaters und darauf folgender bitterer Armut erzwungener Versuch, in New York Fuß zu fassen; Rückkehr und Verfolgung in der NS-Zeit; ihre Reisejahre durch Europa auf der Suche nach neuen Wurzeln und schließlich - gezeichnet von Krankheit - ihre letzte Station im jüdischen Altenheim in Düsseldorf. Als zentrale Themen ihres vielfältigen Werks, das in Deutschland in acht Bänden zur Verfügung steht, dürfen gelten: Heimatverlust und -erinnerung, der Holocaust, das Leben in einer geistigen Heimat, dem "Mutterland Sprache".
„Anführungszeichen“ Anmerkungen zur Literaturtheorie von Jacques Derrida und Paul de Man
Authors: Beil Ulrich J.
Published: April 2016

O artigo tematiza a relevância da teoria desconstrutivista hoje, e, mais precisamente, no contexto da filologia moderna. O autor quer introduzir na teoria da desconstrução por meio de um "gesto elementar", a saber o uso e a análise das aspas, que se observa em alguns textos de Jacques Detrida. As aspas indicam um tratamento específico dos conceitos da tradição metafísica ocidental; os momentos da citação, da distância e da literalidade são importantes também na teoria literária de Paul de Man. O uso crítico, não ideológico dos conceitos desconstrutivistas e dessa "lectio difficilior" fica, na opinião do autor, interessante para a investigação contemporânea dos textos e das interpretações.
A literatura moderna como observação de segunda ordem. Uma introdução ao pensamento sistêmico de Niklas Luhmann
Authors: Korfmann Michael
Published: April 2016

Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Relevanz der Systemtheorie Niklas Luhmanns (1927-1998) für die Literaturwissenschaften. Ausgangspunkt ist eine historische Analyse, die die Zeit um 1800 als Höhepunkt der Entwicklung von einer stratifiziert hin zu einer modernen Gesellschftsstruktur begreift, die durch die Ausdifferenzierung von Funktionssystemen wie Wirtschaft, Erziehung, Recht oder Literatur gekennzeichnet ist. In Deutschland reflektiert die romantische Poetik diesen Prozess. Literarische Kommunikation wird als Beobachtung zweiter Ordnung aufgefasst, die zwischen dem Aktuellen und Potenziellen oszilliert und so Ordnungsformen deutlich macht. Gleichzeitig wird das autonome und usdifferenzierte Literatursystem von seiner Umwelt beobachtet. Die Literaturgeschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts instrumentalisiert es für politische Ziele, während das neue Urheberrecht und das Buch als Ware zu einer gesteigerten Dynamik der literarischen Produktion beitragen.
Franz Kafka 3. 7. 1883 - 3. 6. 1924 - ein Bewohner des Zaubergs? - Ein Vortrag -
Authors: Eggert Hartmut
Published: April 2016

Com a interpretação dos seus textos o autor Franz Kafka muitas vezes é reduzido ao fantasma do criador de labirintos abstratos e absurdos universos burocráticos, mortalmente enfermo e golpeado por uma estrutura edipal sem solução. A palestra empreende a reintegração do escritor no panorama de vários contextos da modernidade no início do século XX, tais como: o movimento da reforma da vida, debates intelectuais, pesquisa acadêmica no campo de acidentes de trabalho, várias relações amorosas e o entusiasmo para novas invenções técnicas. Como resultado, o autor sustenta que se poderia imaginar Kafka perfeitamente na sociedade européia anterior à I Guessa, descrita por Thomas Mann no romance "A montanha mágica".
Conceito de amor: comparação entre estudantes brasileiros e alemães
Authors: Schröder Ulrike
Published: April 2016

Das Phänomen Liebe nicht - wie im Alltagsgebrauch - als substantielle Entität, sondern als kommunikativ erzeugte Lebenswirklichkeit zu begteifen, ist Ziel der Untersuchung gewesen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine vergleichende Fallstudie zum Liebeskonzept brasilianischer und deutscher Studenten durchgeführt. Theoretische Grundlage der Untersuchung bildete ein im weitesten Sinne konstruktivistisches Verständnis von Kommunikation als wirklichkeitserzeugendem Verhaltensbereich. In einer theoretischen Einführung wurde der Wirklichkeitsbereich Liebe unter Einbeziehung des jeweiligen historisch-kulturellen Hintergrundes fokussiert. Die methodische Vorgehensweise bei der Durchführung der Studie war schließlich überwiegend qualitativ angelegt, um das für den Einzelnen tatsächlich relevante Begriffsinventar ermitteln zu können. In der Auswertung sind dann die Unterschiede im Hinblick auf die Internalisierung eines Liebesideals, die Strukturen der Beziehungswirklichkeit, ihre sprachliche Handhabung, die Verhaltenskoordination, die Funktion von Beziehungen sowie die Folgen für die Kommunikationspraxis herausgestellt worden. Es zeigte sich, dass Liebesbeziehungen unter deutschen Studenten stark vom romantischen Liebesideal geprägt sind, unter brasilianischen Studenten dagegen am ehesten dem passionierten Liebesiedel entsprechen.
Lingüística de corpus: conceito, noções gerais e aplicação
Authors: Souza Eurides Avance de , Gatti Iris Kurz
Published: April 2016

Dieser Aufsatz präsentiert einen Überblick über die Korpuslinguistik und stellt einige Untersuchungsmöglichkeiten mit Korpora dar. Er gibt Ratschläge zum Aufbau eines Korpus und berichtet über die Verwendung der Korpuslinguistik in verschiedenen Bereichen der linguistischen Forschung.
Vanguarda e experiência urbana
Authors: Korfmann Michael , Nogueira Marcelo
Published: April 2016

Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Avantgarde als Kunstform, die sich aus der Auseinandersetzung mit technischem Fortschritt, Stadterfahrung und neuen Wahrnehmungsmustern formiet und die Multiperspektivität und Simultanität des urbanen Lebens als ein zentrales Prinzip für ihre Werke nutzt. Untersucht werden sowohl die europäischen Avantgardisten wie auch ihr Einfluss auf Literatur und Malerei Brasiliens in den 20er Jahren. Ein weiterer Teil widmet sich der konkreten Poesie als literarisches Pendant zu architektonischen Konzepten von Städten wie São Paulo und Brasília.
Berlin - Stadt des Todes. Carlos Cerda: Morir en Berlin
Authors: Nitschack Horst
Published: April 2016

O autor chileno Carlos Cerda (1942-2001), que passou 12 anos do seu exílio em Berlin (1973-1985) - na parte que na época era a capital da República democrática alemã - publicou depois do seu regresso ao Chile Morir em Berlin (1993). O romance conta a história dum pequeno grupo de exilados chilenos para o qual Berlim é o lugar duma perda múltipla: perda da pátria, das convicções políticas e, no caso dos dois protagonistas Mario e Lorena, também a perda de sua união matrimonial. Somente o antigo membro do partido comunista, don Carlos, continua defendendo o socialismo real, negando todas as suas próprias necessidades subjetivas.A Berlim dividida - esta é a hipótese deste artigo - não é somente a cena duma grande desilusão, mas a cidade se converte num lugar mítico de perda e de passagem da vida para a morte. Consequentemente a percepção da cidade se concentra em cenas e lugares que reforçam os mitos citados no próprio texto, principalmente o Fliegende Holländer (Holandês voador) de R. Wagner e a Medéia de Eurípedes.A mitificação de Berlim - esta é outra hipótese do artigo - não é resultado dum ato arbitrário, e sim ela é provocada pelo conjunto dos discursos sobre a Berlim do século XX.
Zerstören oder Bewahren? Umgang mit kulturellem Erbe bel H. Böll und E. Loest
Authors: Galle Helmut
Published: April 2016

O artigo descreve e analisa como dois importantes autores de oposição intelectual na Alemanha Ocidental (Böll) e Oriental (Loest) reconstroem, cada um para sua sociedade, as atitudes dominantes frente ao patrimônio cultural e arquitetônico. Em cada caso, as atitudes das elites do poder diferem daquelas dos opositores: Na RFA, o governo, em geral, preserva os monumentos, fingindo uma continuidade histórica; na RDA, o governo destrói palácios e igrejas para romper com as tradições. Os autores simpatizam com os opositores: Böll, no oeste, enfatiza a necessidade de destruir o patrimônio cultural para recuperar a função memorativa do mesmo, enquanto Loest opta pela resistência contra a política oficial da destruição no leste. A preservação de monumentos históricos é vista, em ambos os casos, em função das necessidades da geração atual, não como valor em si mesmo.
Brasilianisch-portugiesisch und deutsche Phraseologismen im Kontrast: Beschreibungsverfahren und Äquivalenzuche
Authors: Glenk Eva
Published: April 2016

O presente trabalho mostra a necessidade de analisar os fraseologismos especialmente sob o prisma da pragmática e apresenta duas propostas para sua análise contrastiva visando sua descrição lexicográfica e o ensino de língua estrangeira.
O uso das preposições espaciais alemãs por estudantes universitários brasileiros
Authors: Ranke Cristina
Published: April 2016

Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die Entwicklung des Systems räumlicher Präpositionen beim Erwerb des Deutschen als Fremdsprache durch brasilianische Lerner. Die Untersuchung basiert auf einem Korpus schriftsprachlicher Daten aus der Produktion von Studierenden des Grundstudiums in Letras, die von 1996 bis 1998 gesammelt wurden. Theoretische Grundlage der Arbeit bilden die Theorien des Zweitspracherwerbs, der kognitiven Verarbeitung von Raum und der sprachlichen Kodierung räumlicher Beziehung durch Präpositionen. Die Analyse der Daten beginnt mit der quantitativen Auswertung der Vorkommen räumlicher Präpositionen im Korpus. Anschließend werden alle in den Daten vorkommenden Präpositionen einzeln in Bezug auf ihren korrekten und inkorrekten Gebrauch diskutiert. Zu den wichtigsten Ergebnissen gehört die Feststellung, dass die Anzahl der Raumpräpositionen im Gebrauch der Informanten vom ersten bis zum vierten Jahr des Kurses und die Variation im Gebrauch dieser Präpositionen stetig zunehmen, während der Prozentsatz inkorrekten Gebrauchs parallel abnimmt. Die Analyse der im Korpus gefundenen Fehlertypen deutet auf die Existenz von zwei verschiedenen Phasen im Erwerb des Systems der Raumpräpositionen hin, nämlich einer Phase ersten Kontaktes, die durch eine relativ hohe Frequenz von Verainfachungen auf Kompetenzebene gekennzeichnet ist, gefolgt von einer Phase der Sedimentierung, für die eine größere Häufigkeit von Interferenzfehlern charakteristisch ist. In der ersten Phase zeigt sich der Lernfortschritt in der zunehmenden Spezifizität der an Neutralisierungen teilnehmenden semantischen Oppositionen, während in der zweiten der Fortschritt in einer quantitativen Verminderung der Fehler sichtbar wird.
Wilhelm Tell vor Schiller
Authors: Jurt Joseph
Published: April 2016

Na Suíça, a figura de Guilherme Tell representava duas tradições, por um lado o herói que expressa o orgulho dos confederados, por outro, a encarnação dos oprimidos em geral. Na peça ‘Grisler ou l’Helvétie délivrée’ (1748) do autor de Berna Samuel Henzi, a figura central é a do déspota Grisler, a quem Guilherme Tell se opõe. Após a deposição do tirano é introduzido um programa republicano que se baseia na idéia de igualdade frente à lei. Na tragédia ‘Guillaume Tell’ (1766) de Antoine-Marin Lemierre virtude e senso de liberdade são postos em relação com o motivo topológico das montanhas. Tell não aparece aqui mais como um solitário e sim como um dos confederados. Na época da revolução francesa, Guilherme Tell aparece ao lado de Brutus como uma figura emblemática da resistência do povo contra a tirania, e a peça de Lemierre obteve então grande sucesso. Schiller também associou em seu ‘Wilhelm Tell’ (1804) a idéia de liberdade suíça à representação da natureza sublime, como era propagado nos relatos de viagem. Sua peça, no entanto, se contrapunha à usurpação da figura de Tell pelos jacobinos e invocava uma comunidade baseada na fraternidade que deveria substituir o velho modelo social marcado pela figura do super-pai.
Vom Theater als moralischer Anstalt zum Dichter als Gewissen der Nation oder: Von Friedrich Schiller zu Elfriede Jelineks historischem Drama Burgtheater
Authors: Herzmann Herbert
Published: April 2016

Mesmo usando elementos da realidade, o drama histórico permanence ficção. A literatura “mente”, ou, em outras palavras, cria sua própria realidade e sua própria verdade. O Burgtheater de Viena como instituição histórica e lugar de ficção dramática é a matéria prima do drama histórico de Jelinek. É fácil reconhecer nas dramatis personae - que falam uma linguagem artificial, cheia de estereótipos nazistas - membros da família Hörbiger, uma dinastia de atores do Burgtheater. O argumento de que os Hörbiger não precisariam se sentir agredidos, já que se trata de ficção, não é irrefutável. A autora acusa na peça especialmente Käthe de ser responsável pelos crimes cometidos pelos nazistas. Em uma entrevista telefônica, Jelinek levanta as mesmas acusações também contra a real Paula Wessely, revelando uma grande proximidade entre a personagem ficcional e a opinião da autora sobre a pessoa real. O caráter artificial da peça parece ser uma proteção que permite que a autora diga coisas pelas quais, ditas em outras circunstâncias, poderia ser processada. Segundo Harald Weinrich, uma literatura, que não quer mais “mentir”, mas pretende contar a “verdade real” e a “realidade verdadeira”, corre o risco de servir à mentira real. Ao assumir, na peça Burgtheater, o papel de consciência da nação, em vez de se limitar simplesmente a contribuir para a elevação moral da nação através da ficção, Jelinek corre esse risco.
A tradução para a criança e para o jovem: a prática como base da reflexão e da relação profissional
Authors: Azenha Junior João
Published: April 2016

Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt den Versuch dar, meine Erfahrungen als Übersetzer von Kinder- und Jugendliteratur zu systematisieren. Von Aspekten ausgehend, die sowohl für die Produktion als auch für die Übersetzung von Kinder- und Jugendliteratur von entscheidender Bedeutung sind, werden Begriffe wie Interaktion und Kreativität bei der Übersetzung dieser Textsorte kurz erörtert. Dies geschieht anhand von Beispielen, die vom Deutschen ins brasilianische Portugiesische übersetzt wurden. Forderungen nach einer systematischeren Berücksichtigung dieser Frage seitens der Übersetzungstheorie und nach einer besonderen, noch zu definierenden Stelle für diese Übersetzungsart in der Berufspraxis liegen dem Beitrag zugrunde.
A língua como pátria
Authors: Aron Irene
Published: April 2016

Die Beispiele von Paul Celan und Rose Ausländer zeigen einige dramatische Aspekte des komplexen Verhältnisses zwischen Sprache und Identität, bzw. zwischen der deutschen Sprache im Dritten Reich und der literarischen Identität beider Dichter jüdischer Herkunft. Viktor Klemperer ist das Beispiel eines assimilierten Juden, der stets sein Deutschtum und seine tiefe Zugehörigkeit zu Deutschland und der deutschen Kultur unterstreicht. Ruth Klüger gehört zu einer späteren Generation, die sich eigentlich heimatlos fühlt, aber auch in der deutschen Sprache eine literarische Heimat findet. Canetti, Nobelpreisträger, ein sephardischer Jude, der in Bulgarien geboren ist, wählt für sich als Kosmopolit, als Mensch und Dichter eine Heimat, wo die deutsche Sprache und Kultur die Grenzen bilden.
“Continuação a seguir...”: Günter Grass e a Arte da Narrativa
Authors: Mazzari Marcus
Published: April 2016

Der Artikel verfolgt die Entwicklung des Werks von Günter Grass mit Blick auf die Rezeption in Deutschland und die Vergabe des Nobelpreises. Es wird gezeigt, dass Grass traditionelle Erzählstrategien – z. B. die des Märchens – gebraucht, um im Gestus des scheinbar Irrealen das Groteske der historischen Realität im 20. Jahrhundert herauszustellen.
“Ich kann mein Name mit letra junta und letra solta schreib”: deutsch-portugiesisches Code-Switching in einer Grundschule im südbrasilianischen Immigrationsgebiet
Authors: Fritzen Maristela Pereira
Published: April 2016

O presente artigo tem por objetivo contribuir para a compreensão de aspectos do bilingüismo social de um grupo de língua  minoritária, localizado em área de imigração alemã no sul do Brasil. Utilizando como base  uma pesquisa etnográfica, o estudo descreve o uso das línguas em interação face a face por alunos bilíngües em escola monolíngüe português do ensino fundamental. O foco da análise está no code-switching alemão-português visto sob uma perspectiva sócio-funcional. Os resultados sugerem que o code-switching não deveria relacionar-se a um suposto deficit lingüístico, mas ser considerado parte constitutiva do discurso de crianças bilíngües, que tanto podem empregar a mudança de código como uma estratégia conversacional ou como importante recurso no processo de aprendizagem.
Fórmulas de rotina: uma porta de entrada para padrões interacionais
Authors: Glenk Eva
Published: April 2016

Nesse trabalho , será mostrado que fórmulas dão evidência de padrões convencionais de interação e também os inicializam. Esses padrões de interação não são universais, mas são configurados por cada comunidade lingüística. Conhecê-los faz parte da competência idiomática. Um dicionário bilíngüe semasiológico e onomasiológico pode contribuir tanto para a aquisição de fórm ulas, quanto transmitir o conhecimento de padrões de interação.
Goethe e Brecht em diálogo
Authors: Heise Eloa
Published: April 2016

O propósito desse trabalho é tecer um paralelo entre os prólogos do  Faust I, o “prólogo no céu” de Goethe e o prólogo da peça de Brecht  Der gute Mensch von Sezuan. A análise comparativa dos dois textos oferece subsídios para se afirmar que Brecht cria uma paródia do prólogo goethiano, procedimento que será interpretado como uma das características da literatura do século XX. Tal recurso de intert extualidade e de recriação será visto como uma forma de caracterizar o presente amorfo a partir do confronto e da analogia, com visão crítica, de uma obra consagrada da tradição.
A literatura e o cinema como novo medium artístico: Hanns Heinz Ewers e O estudante de Praga (1913)
Authors: Korfmann Michael , Kepler Filipe Kegles
Published: April 2016

O estudante de Praga (1913) é considerado o primeiro filme de arte produzido na Alemanha. Baseado num roteiro de Hanns Heinz Ewers, escritor e defensor destacado do novo medium fílmico, o filme remonta a motivos da tradição literária do romantismo alemão, sobretudo em relação às obras de E.T.A. Hoffmann e Adelbert von Chamisso e à figura do doppelgänger. Todo esse arcabouço literário não só dava sustentação à trama como também credibilidade ao filme, contribuindo, junto com a exploração dos recursos técnicos de câmera, para a aceitação definitiva do filme como medium de arte, bem como para o início do sucesso do cinema alemão, que atingiria seu apogeu nos anos 1920, com o movimento conhecido como “expressionismo alemão”.
O Brasil de Ulrich Becher no Romanceiro Brasileiro: a harmonia em questão
Authors: Bohunovsky Ruth
Published: April 2016

Poucas obras marcaram tanto o imaginário acerca do Brasil como o livro de Stefan Zweig intitulado Brasil – um país do futuro , escrito nos anos 1940. No entanto, não obstante a fama desse livro e de sua visão de um Bras il harmonioso, não se deve esquecer que existem livros de outros autores de língua alemã, escritos nessa mesma época, com visões e interpretações acerca do Brasil divergentes daquelas reveladas por Zweig. Neste artigo, são abordados alguns aspectos da imagem do Brasil presentes no Romanceiro Brasileiro, de Ulrich Becher – um autor relativamente negligencia do pelos estudos germânicos. Zweig, na procura por benesses do governo de Getúlio Vargas, dem onstra uma tendência de ocultar possíveis conflitos que poderiam ameaçar a harmonia que ele acredita ter encontrado no Brasil. Ao contrário disso, Becher – para quem esse país foi apenas um lugar de passagem - destaca justamente as contradições e dissonâncias pre sentes, focalizando aspectos conflitantes com uma imagem idílica, como os grandes problemas e injustiças sociais, e chega, assim, a elaborar uma imagem talvez mais plausível do Brasil.
MicroRNA-155 Promotes the Directional Migration of Resident Smooth Muscle Progenitor Cells by Regulating Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 in Transplant Arteriosclerosis
Authors: Sun Yuan , Wang Ke , Ye Ping , Wu Jie , Ren Lingyun , Zhang Anchen , Huang Xiaofan , Deng Peng , Wu Chuangyan , Yue Zhang , Chen Zhaolei , Ding Xiangchao , Chen Jiuling , Xia Jiahong
Published: April 2016

Objective—

Smooth muscle–like cells are major cell components of transplant arteriosclerosis lesions. This study investigated the origin of the smooth muscle–like cells, the mechanisms responsible for their accumulation in the neointima, and the factors that drive these processes.

Approach and Results—

A murine aortic transplantation model was established by transplanting miR-155
−/−
bone marrow cells into miR-155
+/+
mice. MicroRNA-155 was found to play a functional role in the transplant arteriosclerosis. Moreover, we found that the nonbone marrow–derived progenitor cells with markers of both early differentiated smooth muscles and stem cells in the allograft adventitia were smooth muscle progenitor cells. Purified smooth muscle progenitor cells expressed a mature smooth muscle cell marker when induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB in vitro. In vivo, these cells could migrate into the intima from the adventitia and could contribute to the neointimal hyperplasia. The loss of microRNA-155 in bone marrow–derived cells decreased the concentration gradient of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 between the intima and the adventitia of the allografts, which reduced the migration of smooth muscle progenitor cells from the adventitia into the neointima.

Conclusions—

This study demonstrated that microRNA-155 promoted the directional migration of smooth muscle progenitor cells from the adventitia by regulating the monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 concentration gradient, which aggravated transplant arteriosclerosis.
Intracellular Trafficking, Localization, and Mobilization of Platelet-Borne Thiol Isomerases
Authors: Crescente Marilena , Pluthero Fred G. , Li Ling , Lo Richard W. , Walsh Tony G. , Schenk Michael P. , Holbrook Lisa M. , Louriero Silvia , Ali Marfoua S. , Vaiyapuri Sakthivel , Falet Hervé , Jones Ian M. , Poole Alastair W. , Kahr Walter H.A. , Gibbins Jonathan M.
Published: April 2016

Objective—

Thiol isomerases facilitate protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, and several of these enzymes, including protein disulfide isomerase and ERp57, are mobilized to the surface of activated platelets, where they influence platelet aggregation, blood coagulation, and thrombus formation. In this study, we examined the synthesis and trafficking of thiol isomerases in megakaryocytes, determined their subcellular localization in platelets, and identified the cellular events responsible for their movement to the platelet surface on activation.

Approach and Results—

Immunofluorescence microscopy imaging was used to localize protein disulfide isomerase and ERp57 in murine and human megakaryocytes at various developmental stages. Immunofluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation analysis were used to localize these proteins in platelets to a compartment distinct from known secretory vesicles that overlaps with an inner cell-surface membrane region defined by the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins calnexin and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 3. Immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to monitor thiol isomerase mobilization in activated platelets in the presence and absence of actin polymerization (inhibited by latrunculin) and in the presence or absence of membrane fusion mediated by Munc13-4 (absent in platelets from Unc13d
Jinx
mice).

Conclusions—

Platelet-borne thiol isomerases are trafficked independently of secretory granule contents in megakaryocytes and become concentrated in a subcellular compartment near the inner surface of the platelet outer membrane corresponding to the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum of these cells. Thiol isomerases are mobilized to the surface of activated platelets via a process that requires actin polymerization but not soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive fusion protein attachment receptor/Munc13-4–dependent vesicular–plasma membrane fusion.
Regional Variation in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Survival in the United States
Authors: Girotra Saket , van Diepen Sean , Nallamothu Brahmajee K. , Carrel Margaret , Vellano Kimberly , Anderson Monique L. , McNally Bryan , Abella Benjamin S. , Sasson Comilla , Chan Paul S.
Published: April 2016

Background—

Although previous studies have shown marked variation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival across US regions, factors underlying this survival variation remain incompletely explained.

Methods and Results—

Using data from the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival, we identified 96 662 adult patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in 132 US counties. We used hierarchical regression models to examine county-level variation in rates of survival and survival with functional recovery (defined as Cerebral Performance Category score of 1 or 2) and examined the contribution of demographics, cardiac arrest characteristics, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, automated external defibrillator use, and county-level sociodemographic factors in survival variation across counties. A total of 9317 (9.6%) patients survived to discharge, and 7176 (7.4%) achieved functional recovery. At a county level, there was marked variation in rates of survival to discharge (range, 3.4%–22.0%; median odds ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.32–1.46) and survival with functional recovery (range, 0.8%–21.0%; median odds ratio, 1.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.43–1.62). County-level rates of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator use were positively correlated with both outcomes (
P
<0.0001 for all). Patient demographic and cardiac arrest characteristics explained 4.8% and 27.7% of the county-level variation in survival, respectively. Additional adjustment of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator explained 41% of the survival variation, and this increased to 50.4% after adjustment of county-level sociodemographic factors. Similar findings were noted in analyses of survival with functional recovery.

Conclusions—

Although out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival varies significantly across US counties, a substantial proportion of the variation is attributable to differences in bystander response across communities.
Global Electric Heterogeneity Risk Score for Prediction of Sudden Cardiac Death in the General Population
Authors: Waks Jonathan W. , Sitlani Colleen M. , Soliman Elsayed Z. , Kabir Muammar , Ghafoori Elyar , Biggs Mary L. , Henrikson Charles A. , Sotoodehnia Nona , Biering-Sørensen Tor , Agarwal Sunil K. , Siscovick David S. , Post Wendy S. , Solomon Scott D. , Buxton Alfred E. , Josephson Mark E. , Tereshchenko Larisa G.
Published: April 2016

Background—

Asymptomatic individuals account for the majority of sudden cardiac deaths (SCDs). Development of effective, low-cost, and noninvasive SCD risk stratification tools is necessary.

Methods and Results—

Participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study and Cardiovascular Health Study (n=20 177; age, 59.3±10.1 years; age range, 44–100 years; 56% female; 77% white) were followed up for 14.0 years (median). Five ECG markers of global electric heterogeneity (GEH; sum absolute QRST integral, spatial QRST angle, spatial ventricular gradient [SVG] magnitude, SVG elevation, and SVG azimuth) were measured on standard 12-lead ECGs. Cox proportional hazards and competing risks models evaluated associations between GEH electrocardiographic parameters and SCD. An SCD competing risks score was derived from demographics, comorbidities, and GEH parameters. SCD incidence was 1.86 per 1000 person-years. After multivariable adjustment, baseline GEH parameters and large increases in GEH parameters over time were independently associated with SCD. Final SCD risk scores included age, sex, race, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, and GEH parameters as continuous variables. When GEH parameters were added to clinical/demographic factors, the C statistic increased from 0.777 to 0.790 (
P
=0.008), the risk score classified 10-year SCD risk as high (>5%) in 7.2% of participants, 10% of SCD victims were appropriately reclassified into a high-risk category, and only 1.4% of SCD victims were inappropriately reclassified from high to intermediate risk. The net reclassification index was 18.3%.

Conclusions—

Abnormal electrophysiological substrate quantified by GEH parameters is independently associated with SCD in the general population. The addition of GEH parameters to clinical characteristics improves SCD risk prediction.
Temporal Frequency Tuning Reveals Interactions between the Dorsal and Ventral Visual Streams
Authors: Kristensen Stephanie , Garcea Frank E. , Mahon Bradford Z. , Almeida Jorge
Published: April 2016

Visual processing of complex objects is supported by the ventral visual pathway in the service of object identification and by the dorsal visual pathway in the service of object-directed reaching and grasping. Here, we address how these two streams interact during tool processing, by exploiting the known asymmetry in projections of subcortical magnocellular and parvocellular inputs to the dorsal and ventral streams. The ventral visual pathway receives both parvocellular and magnocellular input, whereas the dorsal visual pathway receives largely magnocellular input. We used fMRI to measure tool preferences in parietal cortex when the images were presented at either high or low temporal frequencies, exploiting the fact that parvocellular channels project principally to the ventral but not dorsal visual pathway. We reason that regions of parietal cortex that exhibit tool preferences for stimuli presented at frequencies characteristic of the parvocellular pathway receive their inputs from the ventral stream. We found that the left inferior parietal lobule, in the vicinity of the supramarginal gyrus, exhibited tool preferences for images presented at low temporal frequencies, whereas superior and posterior parietal regions exhibited tool preferences for images present at high temporal frequencies. These data indicate that object identity, processed within the ventral stream, is communicated to the left inferior parietal lobule and may there combine with inputs from the dorsal visual pathway to allow for functionally appropriate object manipulation.
Rhythmic Influence of Top–Down Perceptual Priors in the Phase of Prestimulus Occipital Alpha Oscillations
Authors: Sherman Maxine T. , Kanai Ryota , Seth Anil K. , VanRullen Rufin
Published: April 2016

Prior expectations have a powerful influence on perception, biasing both decision and confidence. However, how this occurs at the neural level remains unclear. It has been suggested that spontaneous alpha-band neural oscillations represent rhythms of the perceptual system that periodically modulate perceptual judgments. We hypothesized that these oscillations instantiate the effects of expectations. While collecting scalp EEG, participants performed a detection task that orthogonally manipulated perceptual expectations and attention. Trial-by-trial retrospective confidence judgments were also collected. Results showed that, independent of attention, prestimulus occipital alpha phase predicted the weighting of expectations on yes/no decisions. Moreover, phase predicted the influence of expectations on confidence. Thus, expectations periodically bias objective and subjective perceptual decision-making together before stimulus onset. Our results suggest that alpha-band neural oscillations periodically transmit prior evidence to visual cortex, changing the baseline from which evidence accumulation begins. In turn, our results inform accounts of how expectations shape early visual processing.
Description of two new species of the Lethe manzorum-group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) from China
Authors: LANG SONG-YUN , MONASTYRSKII ALEXANDER L.
Published: April 2016

The Lethe manzorum-group is studied and two new species (L. sisii sp. nov. and L. giancbozanoi sp. nov.) closely related to L. manzorum (Poujade, 1884) from China are described and illustrated.
Taxonomy of 'Euconnus complex'. Part VIII. Subgenera Napoconnus, Himaloconnus and Nepaloconnus removed from Euconnus
(Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)
Authors: JAŁOSZYŃSKI PAWEŁ
Published: April 2016

Examination of the type species of Napoconnus, Himaloconnus and Nepaloconnus, taxa previously placed as subgenera of Euconnus, revealed characters remarkably different from those diagnostic for Euconnus. Napoconnus and Himaloconnus have narrowly separated metacoxae, with the metaventral intercoxal process bearing a pair of long and pointed spines touching at middle; this character alone excludes these taxa from Euconnus. Consequently, Napoconnus and Himaloconnus are elevated to the genus rank and redefined. Nepaloconnus was clearly defined on the basis of misinterpreted characters and this name is placed as a junior synonym of Microscydmus s. str. (resulting in Microscydmus khumbuensis (Franz) comb. n.). Morphological structures of the treated species are described and illustrated and taxonomic problems related to the large 'Euconnus complex' are discussed.
Description of two new species of the genus Atlanticus from Southern China and their songs (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; Tettigoniinae)
Authors: CHENG KUN , WANG XUE-SONG , LIU CHUN-XIANG , WU CHAO
Published: April 2016

Two new species Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) jiangyei sp. n. and Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) helleri sp. n. are described, based on morphology and male calling songs. Based on the morphological characters, the closest relative of Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) jiangyei sp. n. and that of Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) helleri sp. n. are separately assumed to be Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) hangfui Liu, and Atlanticus (Sinpacificus) kiangsui Tinkham. Discussion about characteristics of Atlanticus species is also provided.
New data on poorly known species of the genus Leia Meigen (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) from the Palaearctic region
Authors: POLEVOI ALEXEI , SALMELA JUKKA
Published: April 2016

New data on four poorly known species of the genus Leia Meigen (L. nigricornis van Duzee, L. flavipennis Laštovka & Matile, L. iturupensis Zaitzev and L. rufiptera Ostroverkhova) are presented. Detailed redescriptions and terminalia figures are provided. Leia nigricornis is reported for the first time from the Palaearctic region and L. automnala Ostroverkhova & Grishina is found to be a junior synonym of L. flavipennis. A variation in the male terminalia of L. bimaculata Meigen is illustrated, based on specimens from several European countries.
Spatial and Seasonal Variations in Aridification across Southwest North America
Authors: Jones Shannon M. , Gutzler David S.
Published: April 2016

Southwestern North America (SWNA) is projected to become drier in the twenty-first century as both precipitation (P) and evaporation (E) rates change with increasing greenhouse gas concentration. The authors diagnose the relative contributions of changes in P and E to the local surface moisture balance (P − E) in cold and warm halves of the year across SWNA. Trends in P − E vary spatially between the arid southern subregion (mostly northern Mexico) and the more temperate northern subregion (southwest United States), although both subregions exhibit a negative trend in P − E (trending toward more arid conditions) in CMIP5 projections for the twenty-first century. The P − E trend is biggest in the cold season, when much of the base flow to rivers in the southwest United States is generated. The downward trend in cold season P − E across SWNA is caused primarily by increasing E in the north and decreasing P in the south. Decreasing P is the primary contributor to modest warm season drying trends in both northern and southern subregions. Also, P accounts for most of the interannual variability in SWNA P − E and is strongly correlated with modes of oceanic natural variability during the cold season. SWNA aridification is therefore most readily distinguished from the region’s large natural climate variability in the cold season in the northern subregion, where the projected temperature-driven increase in E is greater than the projected decrease in P.
The Evaporative Demand Drought Index. Part I: Linking Drought Evolution to Variations in Evaporative Demand
Authors: Hobbins Michael T. , Wood Andrew , McEvoy Daniel J. , Huntington Justin L. , Morton Charles , Anderson Martha , Hain Christopher
Published: April 2016

Many operational drought indices focus primarily on precipitation and temperature when depicting hydroclimatic anomalies, and this perspective can be augmented by analyses and products that reflect the evaporative dynamics of drought. The linkage between atmospheric evaporative demand E0 and actual evapotranspiration (ET) is leveraged in a new drought index based solely on E0—the Evaporative Demand Drought Index (EDDI). EDDI measures the signal of drought through the response of E0 to surface drying anomalies that result from two distinct land surface–atmosphere interactions: 1) a complementary relationship between E0 and ET that develops under moisture limitations at the land surface, leading to ET declining and increasing E0, as in sustained droughts, and 2) parallel ET and E0 increases arising from increased energy availability that lead to surface moisture limitations, as in flash droughts. To calculate EDDI from E0, a long-term, daily reanalysis of reference ET estimated from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) standardized reference ET equation using radiation and meteorological variables from the North American Land Data Assimilation System phase 2 (NLDAS-2) is used. EDDI is obtained by deriving empirical probabilities of aggregated E0 depths relative to their climatologic means across a user-specific time period and normalizing these probabilities. Positive EDDI values then indicate drier-than-normal conditions and the potential for drought. EDDI is a physically based, multiscalar drought index that that can serve as an indicator of both flash and sustained droughts, in some hydroclimates offering early warning relative to current operational drought indices. The performance of EDDI is assessed against other commonly used drought metrics across CONUS in Part II.
Quantile Regression in Regional Frequency Analysis: A Better Exploitation of the Available Information
Authors: Ouali D. , Chebana F. , Ouarda T. B. M. J.
Published: April 2016

Classical regression models are widely used in hydrological regional frequency analysis (RFA) in order to provide quantile estimates at ungauged sites given physio-meteorological information. Since classical regression-based methods only provide the conditional mean of the response variable, estimated at-site quantiles at gauged sites are commonly used to calibrate the regression models in RFA. Generally, only at-site quantiles estimated with long data records are retained for the calibration and the evaluation steps, whereas hydrological information from stations with few data is ignored. In addition, even if the at-site quantiles are estimated with long data series, they are always subject to model selection and parameter estimation. Hence, their use for the calibration of the RFA models may induce significant uncertainties in the modeled relationships. The aim of this paper is to propose a quantile regression (QR) model that gives directly the conditional quantile for RFA and avoids using at-site estimated quantiles in the calibration step. The proposed model presents another advantage where all the available hydrological information can be used in the calibration step including stations with very short data records. An evaluation criterion using observed data is also proposed in a cross-validation procedure. The proposed QR model is applied on a dataset representing 151 hydrometric stations from the province of Quebec and compared with a classical regression model. According to the proposed evaluation criterion, the QR is shown to be a viable model for regional estimations. Indeed, the proposed model proved to be robust and flexible, allowing for consideration of all the region’s sites, even those with extremely short flood records.
Is Swaziland on Track with the 2015 Millennium Development Goals?
Authors: Sathiya Susuman A
Published: April 2016

According to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) agreement, each participating country has to periodically provide a report that will show the progress on their achievement towards the goals. This article’s aim is to evaluate Swaziland’s prospects of achieving eight MDGs by 2015. This article is an analysis of the current situation of Swaziland, and the aim of this analysis is to look beyond the statistical values to see if the achievements (including lifetime achievements) are on track and whether what is yet to be achieved can really be achieved. Secondary information was collected from various sources. Several countries and organizations have committed themselves to the following eight development goals: (1) eradicate extreme poverty; (2) achieve universal primary education; (3) promote gender equality and empower women; (4) reduce child mortality; (5) improve maternal health; (6) combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; (7) ensure environmental sustainability; and (8) develop a global partnership for development. National development is dependent on many factors; therefore, different countries across the world have adopted the MDGs as means of alleviating many of the social ills hindering progress and development. Based on different sources, Swaziland is on track with its MDGs, and there is no doubt that Swaziland will continue to work hard to these ends. It has been argued that there has been progress made that has resulted in significant changes to people’s lives, but the question that has to be asked is how long these achievements can realistically last. A reduction of the rate of child mortality, maternal mortality and HIV/AIDS in Swaziland are needed.
Investigation on repairable damage tolerance for structural design of aircraft composite structure
Authors: Park Hyunbum
Published: April 2016

The aircraft composite structure has a disadvantage which is very weak against impact damages. A repair technique using external patch is recognized as an effective method to recover the service life of damaged structures. This work is focusing on the impact damage evaluation and the external patch repair techniques of the aircraft sandwich composite structure. The impact damages of the carbon/epoxy fabric face sheets–honeycomb core sandwich laminate are simulated by the drop-weight type impact test equipment. The damaged specimens are repaired using the external patch repair method after removing the damaged area. The compressive strength test and analysis results of the repaired impact damaged specimens are compared with the results of the undamaged specimens. Finally, the strength recovery capability after repairing is investigated.
Characterization of moisture effect on static and fatigue performance of epoxy resin using thin-film specimen on dynamic mechanical analyzer
Authors: Huang Yuanchen , Zhu Yunpeng , Cimini Carlos Alberto , Ha Sung Kyu
Published: April 2016

A novel method of characterizing moisture effect on mechanical performance of epoxy resin is presented in this paper. A 50-µm-thick layer of cured epoxy resin was fabricated and cut into strips of 4 mm wide and 30 mm long as specimens to be tested on a dynamic mechanical analyzer equipped with thin-film tension clamp. Static tension and force-controlled tension–tension fatigue tests were first carried out using thin-film specimens made from Momentive 135/137 and BASF 5400/5440 epoxy resin systems without applying moisture, and results were compared with those obtained using conventional dog-bone specimens to validate the proposed testing method. Another batch of thin-film specimens were then immersed into deionized water, and the weight gain was recorded regularly until full saturation to obtain the absorption curve. Static and fatigue tests were performed using thin-film specimens made from BASF 5400/5440 with 55% and 100% saturation of moisture respectively, to evaluate moisture-induced material degradation. The aging effect on BASF 5400/5440 caused by cyclic water immersion and drying process was also assessed by performing static and fatigue tests using fully dried thin-film specimens after aging. It was concluded that the combination of thin-film specimen and dynamic mechanical analyzer would yield as good measurements of tensile strength and fatigue life as conventional dog-bone specimen does, and the small thickness of thin-film specimen would greatly reduce the time to reach a certain level of moisture content, facilitating further studies on effect of moisture ingression on polymeric matrix composites using multi-scale approaches.
Political Activism of the National Security Council in Turkey After the Reforms
Authors: Kars Kaynar Ayşegül
Published: April 2016

Since the early 2000s, civil–military relations in Turkey have been tremendously overhauled. The National Security Council (MGK) lay at the crux of this transformation. This semi-military council was considered to be the principal formal channel that allowed the military to intervene in politics. Therefore, the reforms toward more civilian domination in the MGK were extensively hailed and reckoned as the end of the military’s protracted political role. However, subsequent developments did not verify this initial optimism about the demise of the old pattern of strong military presence in politics. This study examines the political activism of the reformed MGK. It suggests that the reforms trimmed the military’s power through subjecting its functions to civilian control. Nevertheless, this shift proved insufficient to end MGK’s political role. The MGK still actively takes part in politics and preserves its executive authority, although this authority is now performed concertedly by civilians and the soldiers.
Mom Work Versus Dad Work in Local Government
Authors: Guy Mary
Published: April 2016

The work context reconstructs the feminine and the masculine, rendering public service a mirror of gender asymmetry. Nowhere is this clearer than in local government, where many face-to-face services are delivered. In cities and counties, the largest job categories are education and police work. Almost 90% of elementary school teachers are women and less than 12% of police officers are women. The sequelae to job segregation—overlooking the emotive component of jobs, pay inequity, and glass walls—will not change until organizational logic catches up with a more nuanced appreciation of gender.