bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Excess Mortality of Males Due to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Poland
Authors: Moryson Waclaw , Stawińska-Witoszyńska Barbara
Published: February 2024

At present, female life expectancy exceeds male life expectancy almost worldwide. However, numerous studies indicate that this disparity is gradually decreasing. In Poland, the gender gap in life expectancy peaked in 1991 when it amounted to 9.2 years. Since then, a narrowing of the gap has been observed, reaching 8 years in 2021. Decreasing differences in life expectancy between men and women in Poland were mainly the result of a reduction in mortality due to ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and a number of malignancies.Less attention has been paid to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) although it is the third leading cause of death worldwide. This paper includes an analysis of mortality due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD. The male excess mortality was calculated as the ratio of mortality rates in the male population scaled up to the corresponding rates in the female population using both crude and standardised detailed mortality rates. The Joinpoint model was used to determine time trends. It was shown that from 2008 to 2021, the excess mortality of men due to COPD in Poland decreased by 3.3% per year from 2.4 to 1.7 when using crude coefficients, while when standardised coefficients were applied, it decreased significantly by 3.9% per year from 3.8 to 2.4. The decrease in the excess mortality of men in Poland was due to a simultaneous decrease in mortality in the population in general; however, a greater decrease was observed in the male population. The mortality of men and women, and, at the same time, the excess mortality of men caused by COPD in Poland decreased faster in the period studied than in other European countries.
Finite Element Analysis of Various Osteotomies Used in the Treatment of Developmental Hip Dysplasia in Children
Authors: Incze-Bartha Zsuzsanna , Incze-Bartha Sandor , Simon-Szabó Zsuzsánna , Feier Andrei Marian , Vunvulea Vlad , Nechifor-Boila Alin Ioan , Pastorello Ylenia , Denes Lorand
Published: February 2024

Late-discovered developmental hip dysplasia deformities often necessitate complex surgical treatments and meticulous preoperative planning. The selection of osteotomies is contingent upon the patient’s age and the specific structural deformity of the hip. In our anatomical hip model, derived from the data of a 12-year-old patient, we performed virtual osteotomies that are commonly recommended for such cases. We precisely constructed geometric models for various osteotomies, including the Dega, Pemberton, Tönnis, Ganz, Chiari pelvic, and Pauwels femoral osteotomies. We employed Autodesk Inventor for the finite element analysis of the hip joint and the corrective osteotomies. In comparing one-stage osteotomies, we noted that the Dega and Ganz pelvic osteotomies, especially when combined with the Pauwels femoral osteotomy, yielded the most favorable outcomes. These combinations led to enhanced femoral head coverage and reduced intra-articular pressure. Furthermore, we calculated the femoral head-to-acetabulum volume ratio for both the Dega and Pauwels osteotomies. The encouraging results we obtained advocate for the integration of finite element analysis in virtual osteotomies of the pelvis and femur as a preoperative tool in the management of developmental hip dysplasia.
The Effect of Epidural Analgesia on Quality of Recovery (QoR) after Open Radical Nephrectomy: Randomized, Prospective, and Controlled Trial
Authors: Kovač Ruben , Juginović Ivo , Delić Nikola , Velat Ivan , Vučemilović Hrvoje , Vuković Ivan , Kozomara Verica , Lekić Angela , Duplančić Božidar
Published: February 2024

No studies are currently evaluating the quality of recovery (QoR) after open radical nephrectomy (ORN) and epidural morphine analgesia. This was a randomized, prospective, and controlled study that explored the QoR on the first postoperative day after ORN. Eighty subjects were randomized into two groups. The first group received general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia and postoperative epidural analgesia with morphine and ropivacaine. The second group received general anesthesia and continuous postoperative intravenous analgesia with tramadol. Both groups received multimodal analgesia with metamizole. The primary outcome measure was the total QoR-40 score. The secondary outcome measures were QoR-15, QoR-VAS, and the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, anxiety, and nausea. The median difference in the QoR-40 score after 24 postoperative hours between the two groups of patients was 10 (95% CI: 15 to 5), p < 0.0001. The median score and IQR of QoR-40 during the first 24 postoperative hours in the epidural group was 180 (9.5), and in the control group, it was 170 (13). The general independence test for secondary outcomes between groups was significant (p < 0.01). QoR-VAS was correlated with QoR-40 (r = 0.63, p ≤ 0.001) and with QoR-15 (r = 0.54, p ≤ 0.001). The total QoR-40 and QoR-15 alpha coefficients with a 95% CI were 0.88 (0.85–0.92) and 0.73 (0.64–0.81), respectively. There was a significant difference in the QoR between the epidural and the control groups after ORN. The QoR-40 and QoR-15 showed good convergent validity and reliability.
Registration of the Legal Status of Public Utilities
Authors: Roić Miodrag , Dželalija Grgo
Published: February 2024

Public utilities are rarely registered in land administration systems, and these records have no legal value in those cases where they are registered. Therefore, ownership of public utilities is not recorded in the land administration system, which in turn prevents the possibility of registering mortgages. In this paper, data on utility infrastructure were collected from the Croatian Utility Cadaster and the Land Book to analyze the registration of the legal status of utility infrastructure and the completeness of the utility registration of public utilities. Two approaches to linking utility infrastructure charges to cadastral parcels are analyzed for their advantages and disadvantages. One approach is logical linking, where the charges are directly linked to the cadastral parcels, and the other approach is spatial linking, where the charges are registered separately and then linked to the cadastral parcels. The possibilities of modeling public utilities with LADM were investigated using the proposed model for the complete registration of public utilities. The proposed model was then evaluated for the registration of the legal status of public utilities with the collected data.
The Wetlands of Northeastern Algeria (Guelma and Souk Ahras): Stakes for the Conservation of Regional Biodiversity
Authors: Hammana Chayma , Pereña-Ortiz Jaime F. , Meddad-Hamza Amel , Hamel Tarek , Salvo-Tierra Ángel Enrique
Published: February 2024

This in-depth floristic study, conducted from 2019 to 2023 in nine temporary wetlands in the Guelma and Souk Ahras provinces, northeastern Algeria, aims to highlight the natural heritage of the region by analyzing the floristic composition in relation to environmental conditions. To achieve this goal, comprehensive inventories were conducted, revealing the presence of 317 species belonging to 64 botanical families and distributed across 204 genera. The plant diversity at each site was assessed using various biological indices, with a particular focus on the Taxonomic Distinctiveness Index (TDI) to determine the influence of environmental factors such as fires, altitude, overgrazing and agropastoral activities on biodiversity. The results highlighted the dominance of therophytes (43.22%) and the prevalence of the Mediterranean assemblage (66.25%). Moreover, 8.83% of the species were endemic, 1.89% were protected by Algerian legislation and 1.26% were listed on the IUCN Red List. The study identified Priority Conservation Zones (PCA) where the preservation of ponds, particularly MTG, TRC, BTH, and GZE, is crucial. Additionally, floristic and ecological boundaries between ponds were identified, highlighting marked biological similarities between certain pairs and notable isolations, particularly evident in the case of BTH with a significantly high TDI. These results underscore the critical importance of the studied region, emphasizing the need to integrate its floristic biodiversity into conservation efforts to enhance overall ecological integrity.
Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Impacts of Land Use Change on Ecosystem Service Value: A Case from Guiyang, China
Authors: Li Qinglan , Yang Liu , Jiao Hongzan , He Qing
Published: February 2024

The significance of ecosystem services and land use for human well-being and sustainable development cannot be understated. Scientifically assessing the ecosystem service value (ESV) and studying the relationship between land use change and the ESV can provide a theoretical groundwork for land use planning and ecological administration in Guiyang. In this study, gradient analysis was utilized to explore the changes of ESV at district level of Guiyang. Then, the synergistic relationship and the strength of the interaction between land use intensity (LUI) and ESV were explored by using a coupled coordination model and spatial autocorrelation analysis. Furthermore, polynomial fitting was carried out for the LUI index and its linked coordination index in relation to the ESV. The results showed that (1) the areas of farmland, forest, grassland, and unused land in Guiyang decreased from 2000 to 2020, while the areas of construction land and water body increased conversely. (2) The expansion of the construction land and water body was the main cause of the ESV change pattern in Guiyang, which first moved downward and then upward. (3) The ESV and LUI had a low overall coupling coordination degree (CCD). Spatial autocorrelation studies showed that low–to–low aggregation and high–to–high aggregation dominated the spatial patterns of essential regions. (4) The LUI and CCD indexes exhibited an inverted U-shaped curve correlation.
Psychological Distress Affects Performance during Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation
Authors: Ricci Marta , Pozzi Gino , Caraglia Naike , Chieffo Daniela P. R. , Polese Daniela , Galiuto Leonarda
Published: February 2024

Background: It is known that psychosocial distress affects the morbidity and mortality of patients with cardiovascular disease of every age. The aim of this study was to produce novel information on how psychological distress can influence cardiovascular performance in patients after cardiac surgery undergoing multidisciplinary cardiac rehabilitation. Methods: Patients (n = 57) admitted after cardiac surgery for valvular or coronary disease underwent, within 5 days of admission, the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) self-report questionnaire to measure psychiatric symptoms and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to assess the level of psychological distress. The Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI) was measured to indicate the amplitude of symptom distress. Cardiovascular performance was assessed by a 6 min walking test (6MWT) at admission and discharge, and oxygen consumption (VO2 max) was derived. Results: Within the SCL-90-R score, somatic symptoms (47.4%), depressive and anxiety symptoms (36.8% and 33.3%, respectively), symptoms of phobic anxiety (21.1%), and psychoticism (24.6%) were over-represented. As for the GHQ-12, 75.4% of the sample reported an abnormally negative perception of their health status. An inverse correlation was shown between the variation in 6MWT and SCL depression (p = 0.048), PSDI (p = 0.022), and the GHQ-12 (p = 0.040). Similarly, an inverse correlation was shown between the variation in the VO2 max, GHQ-12 (p = 0.041), and the PSDI (p = 0.023). Conclusions: Post-cardiac surgery cardiac rehabilitation was associated with increased symptoms of psychological discomfort, as compared with the general population. The amplitude of psychological distress, depression, and hostility are associated with limited improvement in performance. These data strengthen the need for psychological support during cardiac rehabilitation programs.
In Situ Endothelial SARS-CoV-2 Presence and PROS1 Plasma Levels Alteration in SARS-CoV-2-Associated Coagulopathies
Authors: Baroni Marcello , Beltrami Silvia , Schiuma Giovanna , Ferraresi Paolo , Rizzo Sabrina , Passaro Angelina , Molina Juana Maria Sanz , Rizzo Roberta , Di Luca Dario , Bortolotti Daria
Published: February 2024

Background: Coagulation decompensation is one of the complications most frequently encountered in COVID-19 patients with a poor prognosis or long-COVID syndrome, possibly due to the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the cardiovascular system. To date, the mechanism underlying the alteration of the coagulation cascade in COVID-19 patients remains misunderstood and the anticoagulant protein S (PROS1) has been described as a potential risk factor for complications related to COVID-19, due to PLpro SARS-CoV-2 enzyme proteolysis. Methods: Biopsies and blood samples were collected from SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative swab test subjects with coagulopathies (peripheral arterial thrombosis), and SARS-CoV-2 presence, ACE2 and CD147 expression, and plasmatic levels of PROS1 were evaluated. Results: We reported a significant decrease of plasmatic PROS1 in the coagulopathic SARS-CoV-2 swab positive cohort, in association with SARS-CoV-2 in situ infection and CD147 peculiar expression. These data suggested that SARS-CoV-2 associated thrombotic/ischemic events might involve PROS1 cleavage by viral PLpro directly in the site of infection, leading to the loss of its anticoagulant function. Conclusions: Based on this evidence, the identification of predisposing factors, such as CD147 increased expression, and the use of PLpro inhibitors to preserve PROS1 function, might be useful for COVID-19 coagulopathies management.
The Serbian Sign Language Alphabet: A Unique Authentic Dataset of Letter Sign Gestures
Authors: Radaković Mladen , Marjanović Marina , Ristić Ivana , Kuleto Valentin , Ilić Milena P. , Dabić-Miletić Svetlana
Published: February 2024

Language barriers and the communication difficulties of individuals with developmental disabilities are two major causes of communication problems that societies worldwide encounter. A particularly challenging group is hearing-impaired people who have difficulties with communication, reading, writing, learning, and social interactions, which have a substantial impact on their quality of life. This article focuses on detailing a Serbian Sign Language alphabet database and the method for creating it in order to provide a foundation for answering the various societal challenges of persons who use the Serbian language. In front of a computer camera, 41 people performed Serbian Sign Language sign movements that replicated the Serbian alphabet for this study’s aims. Hand and body key points were identified using the recorded video clips, and the numerical values of the identified key points were then stored in a database for further processing. In total, 8.346 video clips of people making recognized hand gestures were gathered, processed, classed, and archived. This paper provides a thorough technique that may be applied to comparable tasks and details the process of constructing a dataset based on Serbian Sign Language alphabet signs. This dataset was created using custom-made Python 3.11 software. Data regarding dynamic video clips that capture entire subject movement were incorporated into this dataset to fill in the gaps in other similar efforts based on static photographs. Thus, the purpose of this investigation is to employ innovative technology to support the community of hearing-impaired people in areas such as general inclusion, education, communication, and empowerment.
Diplodia seriata Biocontrol Is Altered via Temperature and the Control of Bacteria
Authors: Larach Alejandra , Vega-Celedón Paulina , Castillo-Novales Diyanira , Tapia Lorena , Cuneo Italo , Cádiz Fabiola , Seeger Michael , Besoain Ximena
Published: February 2024

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) attack the vine’s wood, devastating vineyards worldwide. Chile is the world’s fourth-largest wine exporter, and Cabernet Sauvignon is one of the most economically important red wine varieties. Botryosphaeria dieback is an important GTD, and Diplodia seriata is one of the main pathogenic species. Biocontrol studies of these pathogens are commonly carried out at different incubation times but at a single temperature. This study aimed to evaluate the biocontrol effect of Chilean PGPB and grapevine endophytic bacteria against D. seriata at different temperatures. We analyzed the biocontrol effect of Pseudomonas sp. GcR15a, Pseudomonas sp. AMCR2b and Rhodococcus sp. PU4, with three D. seriata isolates (PUCV 2120, PUCV 2142 and PUCV 2183) at 8, 22 and 35 °C. Two dual-culture antagonism methods (agar plug diffusion and double plate) were used to evaluate the in vitro effect, and an in vivo test was performed with Cabernet Sauvignon cuttings. In vitro, the greatest inhibitions were obtained using the agar plug diffusion method and at a temperature of 8 °C, where Rhodococcus sp. PU4 obtains a 65% control (average) and Pseudomonas sp. GcR15a a 57% average. At 22 °C, only strains of Pseudomonas sp. show control. At 35 °C, one Pseudomonas strain shows the highest control (38%), on average, similar to tebuconazole (33%), and then Rhodococcus sp. (30%). In vivo, a biocontrol effect is observed against two D. seriata isolates, while the PUCV 2142 proves to be more resistant to control. The biocontrol ability at low temperatures is promising for effective control in the field, where infections occur primarily in winter.
Standardization of Semi-Quantitative Dot Blotting Assay—Application in the Diagnosis, Follow-Up, and Relapse of Paracoccidioidomycosis
Authors: Pereira Beatriz Aparecida Soares , Cavalcante Ricardo de Souza , Pereira-Chioccola Vera Lucia , Melhem Marcia de Souza Carvalho , de Carvalho Lídia Raquel , Mendes Rinaldo Poncio
Published: February 2024

Introduction: This study standardized a semi-quantitative dot blotting assay (DB) and a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to detect specific antibodies for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and its DNA in PCM patients. Methodology: We evaluated 42 confirmed PCM patients upon admission using a serological double agar gel immunodiffusion test (DID), DB, and molecular tests (qPCR in total blood). The control groups included 42 healthy individuals and 37 patients with other infectious diseases. The serological progress during treatment was evaluated in eight patients, and there was a relapse diagnosis in ten patients using the Pb B.339 strain antigen. The cut-off points for the serological tests were determined by a receiver operator characteristic curve. Results: The DB and DID tests showed similar accuracy, but the DB identified lower antibody concentrations. Cross-reactions were absent in the DB assay. In the relapse diagnoses, DB exhibited much higher sensitivity (90%) than DID (30%). Conclusions: A DB assay is easier and faster than a DID test to be performed; DB and DID tests show the same accuracy, while blood qPCR is not recommended in the diagnosis at the time of admission; cross-reactions were not observed with other systemic diseases; DB and DID tests are useful for treatment monitoring PCM patients; and a DB assay is the choice for diagnosing relapse. These findings support the introduction of semi-quantitative DB assays in clinical laboratories.
Special Issue: Microbial Nanotechnology
Authors: Abd-Elsalam Kamel A.
Published: February 2024

Microbial nanotechnology (MN), or microbial nanobiotechnology, is a rapidly expanding research area with the potential to transform various fields, including bioremediation, energy production, medicine, and agriculture [...]
Petrographic Insights into the Evolution of Nano-Scale Organic Matter Pores with Organic Matter Conversion
Authors: Zhou Lei , Feng Xingqiang , Zhang Linyan , Wu Lin , Zhang Rui
Published: February 2024

To investigate the influence of organic matter conversion on the evolution of organic matter pores, fractional conversion (TRHI) and loss of TOC (TOCL) from the organic matter conversion of Middle Jurassic Dameigou Formation shale samples were calculated using petrographic analysis. The TRHI of organic matter varies from 0.30 to 0.88 and TOCL content ranges from 0.62% and 4.09%. Relative to samples of Type III organic matter in shales, type II samples exhibit higher TRHI and TOCL values. Petrographic calculations of TRHI reveal that the fractional conversion of different kerogens differs for the same thermal maturity level. The specific surface area (SBET) ranges between 1.25 and 6.63 m2/g and micropore surface area (Smic) ranges between 4.16 and 21.27 m2/g. Correlations between pore structure parameters and TOCL content are higher than those between pore structure parameters and TOC content. The original TOC content decreases with increasing maturity level owing to hydrocarbon generation from organic matter conversion. The development of organic matter pores depends mainly on organic matter conversion, which is influenced by the richness, organic maceral compositions, and thermal maturity of the organic matter. The contents of kaolinite, illite, and mixed-layer illite/smectite (I/S) in the studied shales are 17.83%–37.05%, 5.36%–11.31%, and 5.27%–14.36%, respectively. Pore structure parameters (SBET and Smic) exhibit moderate positive correlations with illite content and I/S content, and moderate negative correlations with kaolinite content, indicating that different clay minerals have differential effects on pore structure.
Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Polymeric Composites Using Hexagonal Boron Nitride: Design Strategies and Challenges
Authors: Meng Yuhang , Yang Dehong , Jiang Xiangfen , Bando Yoshio , Wang Xuebin
Published: February 2024

With the integration and miniaturization of chips, there is an increasing demand for improved heat dissipation. However, the low thermal conductivity (TC) of polymers, which are commonly used in chip packaging, has seriously limited the development of chips. To address this limitation, researchers have recently shown considerable interest in incorporating high-TC fillers into polymers to fabricate thermally conductive composites. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has emerged as a promising filler candidate due to its high-TC and excellent electrical insulation. This review comprehensively outlines the design strategies for using h-BN as a high-TC filler and covers intrinsic TC and morphology effects, functionalization methods, and the construction of three-dimensional (3D) thermal conduction networks. Additionally, it introduces some experimental TC measurement techniques of composites and theoretical computational simulations for composite design. Finally, the review summarizes some effective strategies and possible challenges for the design of h-BN fillers. This review provides researchers in the field of thermally conductive polymeric composites with a comprehensive understanding of thermal conduction and constructive guidance on h-BN design.
High Dose Fish Oil Added to Various Lipid Emulsions Normalizes Superoxide Dismutase 1 Activity in Home Parenteral Nutrition Patients
Authors: Sevela Stanislav , Meisnerova Eva , Vecka Marek , Vavrova Lucie , Rychlikova Jana , Lenicek Martin , Vitek Libor , Novakova Olga , Novak Frantisek
Published: February 2024

(1) Objectives: Intestinal failure in home parenteral nutrition patients (HPNPs) results in oxidative stress and liver damage. This study investigated how a high dose of fish oil (FO) added to various lipid emulsions influences antioxidant status and liver function markers in HPNPs. (2) Methods: Twelve HPNPs receiving Smoflipid for at least 3 months were given FO (Omegaven) for a further 4 weeks. Then, the patients were randomized to subsequently receive Lipoplus and ClinOleic for 6 weeks or vice versa plus 4 weeks of Omegaven after each cycle in a crossover design. Twelve age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) were included. (3) Results: Superoxide dismutase (SOD1) activity and oxidized-low-density lipoprotein concentration were higher in all baseline HPN regimens compared to HCs. The Omegaven lowered SOD1 compared to baseline regimens and thus normalized it toward HCs. Lower paraoxonase 1 activity and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) concentration and, on the converse, higher alkaline phosphatase activity and cholesten concentration were observed in all baseline regimens compared to HCs. A close correlation was observed between FGF19 and SOD1 in baseline regimens. (4) Conclusions: An escalated dose of FO normalized SOD1 activity in HPNPs toward that of HCs. Bile acid metabolism was altered in HPNPs without signs of significant cholestasis and not affected by Omegaven.
Differential Alterations of Expression of the Serotoninergic System Genes and Mood-Related Behavior by Consumption of Aspartame or Potassium Acesulfame in Rats
Authors: Martínez-Magaña José Jaime , Genis-Mendoza Alma Delia , Gallegos-Silva Ileana , López-Narváez María Lilia , Juárez-Rojop Isela Esther , Diaz-Zagoya Juan C. , Tovilla-Zárate Carlos Alfonso , González-Castro Thelma Beatriz , Nicolini Humberto , Solis-Medina Anayelly
Published: February 2024

The use of aspartame (ASP) and potassium acesulfame (ACK) to reduce weight gain is growing; however, contradictory effects in body mass index control and neurobiological alterations resulting from artificial sweeteners consumption have been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the chronic consumption of ASP and ACK on mood-related behavior and the brain expression of serotonin genes in male Wistar rats. Mood-related behaviors were evaluated using the swim-forced test and defensive burying at two time points: 45 days (juvenile) and 95 days (adult) postweaning. Additionally, the mRNA expression of three serotoninergic genes (Slc6a4, Htr1a, and Htr2c) was measured in the brain areas (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus) involved in controlling mood-related behaviors. In terms of mood-related behaviors, rats consuming ACK exhibited anxiety-like behavior only during the juvenile stage. In contrast, rats consuming ASP showed a reduction in depressive-like behavior during the juvenile stage but an increase in the adult stage. The expression of Slc6a4 mRNA increased in the hippocampus of rats consuming artificial sweeteners during the juvenile stage. In the adult stage, there was an upregulation in the relative expression of Slc6a4 and Htr1a in the hypothalamus, while Htr2c expression decreased in the hippocampus of rats consuming ASP. Chronic consumption of ASP and ACK appears to have differential effects during neurodevelopmental stages in mood-related behavior, potentially mediated by alterations in serotoninergic gene expression.
Deep Learning for Polarization Optical System Automated Design
Authors: Shi Haodong , Fan Ruihan , He Chunfeng , Wang Jiayu , Yang Shuai , Xu Miao , Sun Hongyu , Li Yingchao , Fu Qiang
Published: February 2024

Aiming at the problem that traditional design methods make it difficult to control the polarization aberration distribution of optical systems quickly and accurately, this study proposes an automatic optimization design method for polarization optical systems based on deep learning. The unsupervised training model based on ray tracing and polarized ray tracing was constructed by learning the reference lens structural feature data from the optical lens library, and the generalization ability of the deep neural network model was improved to achieve the automatic optimization design of the polarized optical system. The design results show that the optical system structure optimized by the network model is close to the reference lens in the full field of view and the full spectrum and that the optical system structure can be designed for different focal length requirements. The success rate of 1 million groups of initial structures designed is better than 96.403%, and the polarization effect of the optical system is effectively controlled. The proposed deep learning approach to optical design provides a new solution for future complex optical systems and also provides an effective way to improve the design accuracy of special optical systems such as polarization optical systems.
Phytochemistry, Bioactivity, and Ethnopharmacology of the Genus Lepechinia Willd. (Lamiaceae): A Review
Authors: Ramírez Jorge , Gilardoni Gianluca , Radice Matteo , Morocho Vladimir
Published: February 2024

The genus Lepechinia (Lamiaceae) involves several aromatic shrubs that are distributed only in the American continent, inhabiting mountain areas, mainly in the Andean region of South America. Based on the PRISMA approach, we selected and critically analyzed 48 research articles. From a phytochemical point of view, most of the secondary metabolites reported in Lepechinia spp. are terpenes and terpenoids, with a few exceptions comprising flavonoids and other shikimic acid derivatives. On the one hand, sesquiterpenoids of the guajane, aromadendrane, eudesmane, and cadinane groups are characteristic of essential oils, together with (E)-β-caryophyllene as the main representative of its chemical family. On the other hand, abietane diterpenoids are the prevalent compounds described in non-volatile fractions. Many biological activities and traditional medical uses have been reported for both pure metabolites and complex mixtures (e.g., essential oils). Regarding ethno-medical uses, the treatment of muscle pain, headache, toothache, diabetes mellitus, uterine tumors, uterine infections, and diarrhea has been reported. Concerning their verified biological activities, insecticidal, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase properties have been described. Furthermore, some data concerning anti-herpetic activity have been reported.
The Effect of Heat Shock on Seed Dormancy Release and Germination in Two Rare and Endangered Astragalus L. Species (Fabaceae)
Authors: Cuena Lombraña Alba , Dessì Ludovica , Podda Lina , Fois Mauro , Luna Belén , Porceddu Marco , Bacchetta Gianluigi
Published: February 2024

Many Astragalus species exhibit seeds with physical dormancy (PY), but little is known about the ecological context of this dormancy. We focused on A. maritimus and A. verrucosus, two threatened Sardinian endemic species inside the subgenus Trimeniaeus Bunge. Fresh seeds collected from the only two respective known populations were used to investigate the effect of mechanical scarification, heat shock, and water imbibition processes on PY release and germination. PY can be overcome through mechanical scarification of the water-impermeable seed coats, while no dormancy break was detected, nor a subsequent increase in seed germination due to fire-induced heat. This suggests that fire does not trigger dormancy release and seed germination in these species. The seeds tolerate relatively high heat shock temperatures (up to 120 and 100 °C for A. verrucosus and A. maritimus, respectively), but after 120 °C for 10 min, the number of dead seeds increases in both species. These facts suggest the capacity to develop a soil seed bank that can persist after fires and delay germination until the occurrence of optimal conditions. As regards water imbibition, both Astragalus species did not show the typical triphasic pattern, as germination started without further water uptake. This study emphasizes the significance of understanding germination processes and dormancy in threatened species. In fire-prone ecosystems, PY dormancy plays a crucial role in soil seed bank persistence, and it may be selectively influenced by post-fire conditions. Understanding such adaptations provides useful insights into conservation strategies.
Hormonal Regulation and Transcriptomic Insights into Flower Development in Hydrangea paniculata ‘Vanilla Strawberry’
Authors: Xue Chao , Wen Yuxing , Sheng Song , Gao Yu , Zhang Yaoyi , Chen Tingfeng , Peng Jiqing , Cao Shoujin
Published: February 2024

Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate flower growth, development, and opening is of paramount importance, yet these processes remain less explored at the genetic level. Flower development in Hydrangea paniculata ‘Vanilla Strawberry’ is finely tuned through hormonal signals, yet the genetic underpinnings are not well defined. This study addresses the gap by examining the influence of gibberellic acid (GA3), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ETH) on the flowering traits and underlying molecular responses. Treatment with 100 mg/L SA significantly improved chlorophyll content and bolstered the accumulation of soluble sugars and proteins, advancing the flowering onset by 6 days and lengthening the flowering period by 11 days. Concurrently, this treatment enhanced inflorescence dimensions, increasing length, width, and petal area by 22.76%, 26.74%, and 27.45%, respectively. Contrastingly, 100 mg/L GA3 expanded inflorescence size but postponed flowering initiation and decreased inflorescence count. Higher concentrations of SA and GA3, as well as any concentration of ETH, resulted in delayed flowering and inferior inflorescence attributes. A physiological analysis over 50 days revealed that these regulators variably affected sugar and protein levels and modified antioxidant enzyme activities. An RNA-seq analysis during floral development highlighted significant transcriptomic reprogramming, with SA treatment downregulating Myb transcription factors, implicating them in the modulation of flowering timing and stress adaptation. These findings illuminate the complex interplay between hormonal treatments, gene expression, and flowering phenotypes in Hydrangea paniculata, offering valuable perspectives for ornamental horticulture optimization.
Special Issue: Agricultural Nanotechnology
Authors: Abd-Elsalam Kamel A.
Published: February 2024

Agricultural nanotechnology has considerable promise for addressing global agricultural production/security, biodiversity, and global warming issues. Current trends in publications and patents demonstrate that biotechnology technologies, particularly for crops, are being developed to improve agricultural productivity and disease management. In the current issue, we strongly advocate for the use of biosynthesized nanoparticles from a variety of sources, including plants, agricultural waste, and microbes, as a prerequisite for significant and in-depth study. Nanomaterials offer a wide range of practical uses in agriculture, including nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, nanoherbicides, nanosensors, and smart delivery systems for controlled agrochemical release. Additionally, nano-tools are employed for plant breeding and genetic manipulation. A thorough examination of the physicochemical soil properties of the agricultural fields where nanoparticles will be used will aid in minimizing their impact on plant and soil biota. Finally, and most importantly, we strongly recommend the inclusion of nanotoxicity, legislation, biosafety, and risk assessment as the top priorities when developing regulatory policies to address biosafety concerns. Starting today, thorough efforts must be carried out to advance and develop futuristic work based on recognized knowledge shortages.
Disposable Polyaniline/m-Phenylenediamine-Based Electrochemical Lactate Biosensor for Early Sepsis Diagnosis
Authors: Thongkhao Piromya , Numnuam Apon , Khongkow Pasarat , Sangkhathat Surasak , Phairatana Tonghathai
Published: February 2024

Lactate serves as a crucial biomarker that indicates sepsis assessment in critically ill patients. A rapid, accurate, and portable analytical device for lactate detection is required. This work developed a stepwise polyurethane–polyaniline–m-phenylenediamine via a layer-by-layer based electrochemical biosensor, using a screen-printed gold electrode for lactate determination in blood samples. The developed lactate biosensor was electrochemically fabricated with layers of m-phenylenediamine, polyaniline, a crosslinking of a small amount of lactate oxidase via glutaraldehyde, and polyurethane as an outer membrane. The lactate determination using amperometry revealed the biosensor’s performance with a wide linear range of 0.20–5.0 mmol L−1, a sensitivity of 12.17 ± 0.02 µA·mmol−1·L·cm−2, and a detection limit of 7.9 µmol L−1. The developed biosensor exhibited a fast response time of 5 s, high selectivity, excellent long-term storage stability over 10 weeks, and good reproducibility with 3.74% RSD. Additionally, the determination of lactate in human blood plasma using the developed lactate biosensor was examined. The results were in agreement with the enzymatic colorimetric gold standard method (p > 0.05). Our developed biosensor provides efficiency, reliability, and is a great potential tool for advancing lactate point-of-care testing applications in the early diagnosis of sepsis.
The Influence of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Particle Size and Crystalline Form on the Microstructure and UV Protection Factor of Polyester Substrates
Authors: Cot María , Mijas Gabriela , Prieto-Fuentes Remedios , Riba-Moliner Marta , Cayuela Diana
Published: February 2024

The inclusion of particles in a polymeric substrate to achieve certain properties is a well-known practice. In the case of textile substrates, this practice may deeply affect the structure of the produced yarns, as even a filament with no textile applications can be obtained. In this manuscript, titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles were incorporated into polyester (PET) chips and the influence of these fillers on the properties of yarn and fabric, and the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) was assessed. For this purpose, rutile and anatase crystalline forms of TiO2, as well as the size of the particles, were evaluated. Moreover, parameters such as mechanical properties, orientation of the macromolecules and thermal behavior were analyzed to ensure that the textile grade is maintained throughout the production process. The results showed that the inclusion of micro- and nanoparticles of TiO2 decreases the molecular weight and tenacity of PET. Also, although orientation and crystallinity varied during the textile process, the resulting heatset fabrics did not present important differences in those parameters. Finally, the attainment of textile-grade PET-TiO2 fabrics with UPF indexes of 50+ with both rutile and anatase and micro- and nano-sized TiO2 forms was demonstrated.
Chitosan-Based Nanoencapsulated Essential Oils: Potential Leads against Breast Cancer Cells in Preclinical Studies
Authors: Tan Wen-Nee , Samling Benedict Anak , Tong Woei-Yenn , Chear Nelson Jeng-Yeou , Yusof Siti R. , Lim Jun-Wei , Tchamgoue Joseph , Leong Chean-Ring , Ramanathan Surash
Published: February 2024

Since ancient times, essential oils (EOs) derived from aromatic plants have played a significant role in promoting human health. EOs are widely used in biomedical applications due to their medicinal properties. EOs and their constituents have been extensively studied for treating various health-related disorders, including cancer. Nonetheless, their biomedical applications are limited due to several drawbacks. Recent advances in nanotechnology offer the potential for utilising EO-loaded nanoparticles in the treatment of various diseases. In this aspect, chitosan (CS) appears as an exceptional encapsulating agent owing to its beneficial attributes. This review highlights the use of bioactive EOs and their constituents against breast cancer cells. Challenges associated with the use of EOs in biomedical applications are addressed. Essential information on the benefits of CS as an encapsulant, the advantages of nanoencapsulated EOs, and the cytotoxic actions of CS-based nanoencapsulated EOs against breast cancer cells is emphasised. Overall, the nanodelivery of bioactive EOs employing polymeric CS represents a promising avenue against breast cancer cells in preclinical studies.
Thermochemical Conversion of Animal-Derived Waste: A Mini-Review with a Focus on Chicken Bone Waste
Authors: Macavei Mircea Gabriel , Gheorghe Virginia-Cora , Ionescu Gabriela , Volceanov Adrian , Pătrașcu Roxana , Mărculescu Cosmin , Magdziarz Aneta
Published: February 2024

Food waste, particularly animal-derived waste, presents a significant challenge globally, prompting the need for sustainable management strategies. In 2022, the amount of food waste per capita reached 131 kg/capita in the EU (European Union), which is why the search for environmentally friendly ways to manage food waste through thermochemical conversion processes has gained momentum in recent years. Animal-derived waste is a good source of organic matter (proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides) and mineral compounds (calcium phosphate, mostly hydroxyapatite). This composition makes animal-derived waste valuable for the extraction of chemical compounds, such as hydroxyapatite (HAp), which constitutes up to 70 wt% of animal bones; keratin; collagen; and hyaluronic acid (HA), to produce pharmaceutical, medical, or industrial by-products. The thermochemical conversion of chicken bones through pyrolysis and gasification creates a new opportunity to valorize this type of waste by reintroducing valuable by-products into the economy and thus achieving sustainable waste management objectives. The results of this study showcase the multiple applications of the pyrolysis of chicken bone waste products (as adsorbents in aqueous mediums, catalysts, fertilizers, and biomedical applications) and the necessity of a better exploration of the gasification process of chicken bone waste. Therefore, this study explores the properties of animal-derived waste and discusses the pyrolysis and gasification of chicken bone waste, the influence of process conditions on product yields, and the catalytic enhancement of these thermochemical processes.
Microscopic Imaging on Diesel Spray and Atomization Process
Authors: El Marnissi Yassine , Hwang Joonsik
Published: February 2024

Improving diesel engine performance requires a comprehensive understanding of fuel atomization and air–fuel mixing within the combustion chamber. Numerous studies have been conducted to reduce emissions and enhance diesel engines. However, further investigation is required on the detailed diesel spray process. In this study, we adopted extinction measurement to analyze the effects of a fuel injection pressure range of 300 to 700 bar on spray morphology. For the extinction imaging setup, we utilized a high-intensity continuous LED source along with a diffuser to ensure uniform light distribution. The high-speed extinction and image processing results indicate that increasing the injection pressure from 300 to 700 bar effectively produced a smaller particulate size (15% reduction) and a better air–fuel mixing process. Especially at the end of injection, our results show smaller liquid ligaments (50% reduction) and droplets around the injector tip with higher injection pressure cases.
Ways to Improve the Effectiveness of Depressant Additives for the Production of Winter and Arctic Diesel Fuels
Authors: Bogdanov Ilya , Morozova Yana , Altynov Andrey , Titaeva Alina , Kirgina Maria
Published: February 2024

Diesel fuel is the main fuel for transport and power generation for remote areas, especially the Arctic. For these territories, it is important to produce low-freezing fuel grades. The most effective way to improve the low-temperature properties of diesel fuels (cloud point, pour point, and cold filter plugging point) is the use of depressant additives. Existing research shows that the depressant additives’ effectiveness is influenced by many factors. The most important factors are diesel fuel composition, additive concentration, and the temperature of additive introduction into the fuel (adding temperature). The purpose of this work is to find ways to increase the efficiency of depressant additives for the production of low-freezing diesel fuels by choosing the most effective additive concentration and adding temperature for fuels of various compositions. During the work, low-temperature properties were determined and the effectiveness of three depressant additives was assessed on four samples of diesel fuel at four concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 c.u., where c.u. (conditional unit) is the concentration recommended by the manufacturer of the additives). In addition, low-temperature properties for blends of six depressant additives and two samples of diesel fuel at five adding temperatures (15, 25, 35, 45, and 55 °C) were determined. In this work, in contrast to existing works, it was established for the first time that the composition of the fuel affects not only the depressant additives effectiveness, but also the dependence of the additive effectiveness on the concentration in which it is used. It is shown that the higher the content of paraffins in the composition of the diesel fuel, the less the depressant additive’s effectiveness in relation to cold filter plugging point depends on the concentration and the more the depressant additive’s effectiveness in relation to the power point depends on the concentration. An inverse relationship was revealed for the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel fuel. It was also found for the first time that an increase in the adding temperature of depressant additives up to 35–55 °C enhances the effectiveness of their action in relation to the cold filter plugging point (maximum at 6–7 °C). It is shown that the greater additive effect on the cold filter plugging point of the diesel fuel, the more strongly the depressant effectiveness depends on the adding temperature. The work provides recommendations for obtaining the most low-freezing classes of fuel based on the samples considered. The regularities identified in the work will make it possible, depending on the composition of the fuel, to select the optimal concentration of the additive and the temperature of its adding, which will increase the efficiency of the additives, as well as the volume of low-freezing grades of diesel fuel production.