bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research progress on the first‐night effect in polysomnography studies
Authors: Zhang Yuting , Chen Kun , Xu Yunxia , Wu Huijuan
Published: December 2024

The first‐night effect (FNE) is a prevalent occurrence in sleep monitoring that can impact the accuracy of monitoring results, encompassing both FNE and reverse first‐night effect. FNE is characterized by extended sleep onset latency, reduced total sleep time, diminished sleep efficiency, prolonged wake‐time after sleep onset, among other manifestations. The physiological and psychological mechanisms underlying FNE are primarily linked to acute stress induced by the environment and heightened levels of anxiety, involving the default mode network. FNE exhibits varying manifestations and impacts across individuals of different age groups and genetic predispositions. We also discuss the influence of placebo and sedative‐hypnotics on FNE. Understanding these factors is crucial for guiding clinicians and technologists in standardizing polysomnography (PSG) practices and improving the accuracy of sleep disorder diagnoses.
Design and Synthesis of Multi‐compartment Microcapsules via Pickering Emulsion Polymerization for Infrared Stealth and Adaptive Camouflage Applications
Authors: Chen Kunlin , Chen Jingyu , Xu Changyue , Zhu Haie , Hu Jing , Yu Kejing
Published: December 2024

High‐performance color‐changing compounds, recognized as prominent smart materials, dynamically alter their color in response to external environmental stimuli. However, existing compounds exhibit limited responsiveness and color diversity, presenting challenges in the development of textiles responsive to multiple stimuli. This research introduces a novel design for dual‐responsive color‐changing microcapsules, employing a Pickering emulsion template method. The larger compartment encloses photosensitive dyes, whereas the smaller one contains thermochromic phase‐change colorants. Adjusting the density of nanocapsules in the smaller compartment on the microcapsule surface enables a spectrum of colors, including red, yellow, blue, and green, triggered by light and heat. When incorporated into textiles, these microcapsules bestow adaptive color‐changing attributes and infrared stealth capabilities onto the fabrics. Additionally, by modulating the color via surface micro/nanostructures, textile surfaces can exhibit hydrophobic and oleophobic properties. Such enhancements extend the textiles’ potential applications in areas like anti‐counterfeiting and military operations.
Harmonizing Wide Voltage Window and High Energy Density toward Asymmetric All‐Solid‐State Supercapacitor
Authors: Zhao Gang , Chen Huanchi , Jia Bingzhe , Bai Shanshan , Qiang Xinrui , Wu Xinming
Published: December 2024

All‐solid‐state supercapacitors are known for their safety, stability, and excellent cycling performance. However, their limited voltage window results in lower energy density, restricting their widespread application in practical scenarios. Therefore, in this work, CC/MoO3@Ti3C2Tx negative electrode and Mo1Al1‐MnO2/CC positive electrode materials are synthesized and prepared by electrochemical deposition co‐coating and one‐step hydrothermal methods, respectively, and assembled into an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device based on the two electrode materials. The study reveals that the surface capacitances of the positive and negative electrodes are 1685.5 mF cm−2 and 1134.98 mF cm−2 correspondingly, with potential windows of both as high as 1.1 V. Surprisingly, the potential window of the all‐solid‐state supercapacitor assembled based on the two electrodes reaches 2.2 V, and the energy density reaches 0.44 m W h cm−2, which is much higher than the performance indicators based on similar electrodes. The resulting excellent performance parameters are mainly attributed to the efficient synergy between the pseudo‐capacitance effect of the MoO3 film and the high electrical conductivity of the Ti3C2Tx sheets, as well as the great improvement of the intrinsic electron mobility and ion diffusion channel stability of MnO2 by Mo and Al bimetallic doping.
Green Nanotechnology of Cell Wall Swelling for Nanostructured Transparent Wood of High Optical Performance
Authors: Chen Hui , Garemark Jonas , Li Lengwan , Nero Mathias , Ritter Maximilian , Cheung Ocean , Willhammar Tom , Sychugov Ilya , Li Yuanyuan , Berglund Lars A.
Published: December 2024

Transparent wood composites provide new functionalities through active additives distributed at the nanoscale. Scalable nanotechnology includes processing where nanoparticles and molecules are brought into the dense wood cell wall. A novel cell wall swelling step through green chemistry is therefore investigated. Sub‐zero centigrade NaOH treatment provides extensive cell wall swelling. Cell wall accessibility is vastly increased so that chemicals can readily impregnate the nanostructured cell wall. Transparent wood with a thickness of up to 15 mm can therefore be fabricated. The optical transmittance and the attenuation coefficient are improved since the polymer is distributed inside the cell wall as a matrix for the nanoscale cellulose fibrils. The proposed technology paves the way for scalable wood nanoengineering.
Nonflammable Electrolytes With Weakly Lithiophilic Diluents for Stabilizing Silicon‐Based Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Qiao Rui , Li Guangling , Liang Chenyu , Liang Yan , Zhou Guoqing , Zhu Jian , Fan Hao , Li Yong , Song Jiangxuan
Published: December 2024

Stabilization of the silicon‐based anode in lithium‐ion batteries heavily depends on electrolyte engineering. However, despite the effectiveness of localized high‐concentration electrolytes in enhancing battery life, most studies have focused on solvents and lithium salts, highlighting the urgent need for advanced diluents tailored to silicon‐based anodes. Here, a nonflammable electrolyte with a weakly lithiophilic diluent is reported by introducing methyl perfluorobutyl ether into a mixture of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide and 1,2‐dimethoxyethane, for the enhancement of silicon‐based anode. The diluents, exhibiting weak solvation tendency, are capable of forming large cluster‐like structures in the outermost layer of the solvation shell by interacting with the solvents and lithium salts. Therefore, the weakly lithiophilic diluent accelerates the transport of lithium‐ions and increases the probability of lithium‐ions coordinating with anions, leaving a robust inorganic‐rich solid electrolyte interphase on the silicon‐based anode. high areal capacity (4.2 mAh cm−2) cells are constructed with silicon‐based anodes and nickel‐rich cathodes employing this electrolyte, exhibiting impressive cycling stability with 82.1% capacity retention after 200 cycles.
Photothermal Catalytic Recycling of Polyester Over Magnetic Ni−MnOx Nanocatalyst
Authors: Lai Xiaofei , Xiong Shiyun , Jiang Biao , Xu Yong
Published: December 2024

The solar‐driven catalytic recycling of plastics has recently emerged as a new frontier in industry. Nevertheless, its large‐scale application requires the catalysts being capable of the strong absorption of visible and near‐infrared light, strengthened photothermal efficiency, high activity and selective toward target product, enhanced stability, as well as easy separation from the products. In this work, magnetic Ni−MnOx nanocatalyst (MN/C) is synthesized via the pyrolysis of metal‐organic framework (MOF) for the photothermal catalytic recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). Detailed investigations demonstrate that the strong interaction between MnOx and Ni enables H2 spill‐over from Ni to Mn species and electron transfer from Mn to Ni, where MnOx plays the active sites and Ni promotes the efficiency for photo‐to‐heat conversion, as a result of significantly enhanced photothermal catalytic performance. Consequently, PET is completely converted after photothermal recycling for 30 min (0.84 W cm−2) at 190 °C, with a BHET selectivity of ≈79%. Moreover, MN/C has been successfully applied for recycling PET from various sources. In addition to the promising performance, the low‐cost and easy magnetic separation of MN/C will further contribute to the sustainable recycling of plastics.
N‐Factorial Scenarios: A Systems‐Theoretical Approach to Scenario‐Planning
Authors: Roth Steffen , Kiškienė Austė , Gaižauskienė Dovilė , Kaivo‐oja Jari
Published: December 2024

Scenarios are among the most popular techniques for managing the uncertainty and complexity of the future. Even the more sophisticated scenario designs, however, often reduce the future to a narrow set of typically only two key factors that are arranged into a four‐square matrix representing four distinct yet interrelated scenarios. Consequently, scenarios have been criticised for being simplistic or reductionist by design. In this article, we address these criticisms by proposing a basic design for n‐factorial scenarios. Following a short discussion of the procedures and limitations of classical scenario design, we draw on the example of a standard 2 × 2 matrix titled ‘Four Scenarios for the Digital Transformation’ to illustrate the limitations of the standard approach and demonstrate the potential of a digital approach to scenario building. We conclude that standard scenario planning is often characterised by a systematic omission of potentially critical scenarios, which our proposed digital approach can detect and map out.
Modified Parsimonious Model Averaging Under Heteroscedasticity
Authors: Zhao Shangwei , Chen Xiaoyan , Zeng Jie
Published: December 2024

We propose a modified parsimonious model averaging method under heteroscedasticity by incorporating the covariance matrix into the weight choice criterion. We demonstrate that when correctly specified models exist in the candidate model set, the weight assigned to the smallest correct model tends to 1. This leads to the consistency of variable selection and the asymptotic normality of the modified parsimonious model averaging estimator. Furthermore, we prove its asymptotic optimality within the given weight space when all candidate models are misspecified. Numerical simulations indicate that, in the presence of heteroscedasticity, the modified parsimonious model averaging estimator outperforms the unmodified version in terms of prediction accuracy. As an illustration example, we apply this method to predict housing rental prices in Fengtai District, Beijing.
De-Escalation in Mental Health Care Settings
Authors: Lavelle Mary , Ferreira António Luís , Dixen Søren , Berring Lene Lauge
Published: December 2024

De-escalation, the use of communication to calm a distressed or aggressive individual, is recognised as a first-line intervention in the management of aggression in mental health settings internationally. It provides a less coercive alternative to the use of mechanical or physical restraints, and it is a central feature of many leading complex models of care. Despite its prominence in policy, empirical evidence to support de-escalation techniques is only now beginning to emerge. Here we present an overview of the current evidence on nonphysical conflict management and interpersonal de-escalation in mental health settings alongside the practical approaches to implement these techniques in practice, illustrated by clinical examples. Together, we hope this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the situational and interpersonal dynamics that contribute to effective de-escalation in practice and the principles that underpin them.
Post-occurrence Review
Authors: McKenna Kevin , Paterson Brodie , Hallett Nutmeg , Berring Lene Lauge
Published: December 2024

This chapter examines the role and importance of post-occurrence reviews within mental health contexts, —variously called ‘debriefing’, ‘post-incident review’ and ‘seclusion/restraint review’. The focus is on the relevance of the post occurrence review process following incidents of patient violence and coercive measures such as seclusion and restraint, but we also explore wider applications. We highlight the growing awareness of patient rights, ethical considerations and efforts to reduce coercion in psychiatric care. The chapter emphasises the need for structured reflective practices to address the psychological and emotional impacts of such interventions on patients and staff. It reviews regulatory directives and standards that mandate post occurrence reviews, explores policies advocating for transparency and continuous improvement, and proposes a multiaxial approach to meet the diverse needs of all involved parties, namely the service user, staff, witnesses and the unit multidisciplinary team. This approach includes immediate support, reflective analysis and development of preventive strategies, urging a shift towards open dialogue and psychological safety in healthcare teams. The chapter provides practical guidance for mental health professionals on implementing or enhancing post-occurrence review processes, ultimately aiming to improve patient care and reduce the use of coercion.
Breaking the Cycle of Domination in Global Tax Governance: Africans Defying Asymmetries and Seizing Opportunities
Authors: Latif Lyla
Published: December 2024

This chapter examines the historical and contemporary dynamics of global tax governance, with a particular focus on the long-standing inequalities faced by African nations. Tracing the origins of international taxation to colonial economic exploitation, the discussion underscores how these mechanisms have perpetuated economic disparities between nations, allowing dominant states to assert control over their less powerful counterparts. For example, through the challenges posed by aggressive tax planning by multinational corporations, which have resulted in significant revenue losses for developing nations, impacting their fiscal stability and economic potential. This discourse is of paramount importance as it directly influences tax policies, trade relations, and investment decisions. Inaccurate or inequitable tax policies can skew trade balances and deter potential investors, thereby hindering economic growth and development. However, a notable shift is observed with African nations now challenging these historical asymmetries and proactively participating in global tax discussions as seen by the recent passage of the United Nations resolution (A/C.2/788/L.18/Rev.1) on Promotion of Inclusive and Effective International Tax Cooperation at the United Nations. This resolution presents an opportunity for the UN to lead on developing the normative content for global tax governance as opposed to the OECD—a forum that stands accused of lacking in inclusivity, oblivious to African context specificity and not bridging technical, capacity, and resource asymmetries. The chapter concludes by advocating for an inclusive and equitable global tax system that is non-OECD led, emphasising the urgent need for reforms that recognise and rectify historical injustices which in turn will align tax, trade, and investment strategies for holistic economic growth.
Decision-Making in a Proposed African Union Tax Governance Structure
Authors: Titus Afton
Published: December 2024

It is well-established that the current international tax system is failing developing countries. At the same time, international tax rules are changing rapidly to keep up with the digital economy. In this paper, I argue that African countries should take this time of rapid change to create their own tax governance structure within the African Union (AU). The purpose of this paper is to apply such governance structure to a real-world pressing issue, namely, the taxation of the digital economy. I argue that when deciding on tax issues concerning the coordination of digital service taxes across Africa, regional economic communities (RECs) should work together with the African Tax Administration Forum (ATAF) and the AU to implement such policies coherently. Furthermore, when deciding on tax issues that require the taking of a common continental position, such as whether to adopt the OECD’s Pillar One proposal, I argue that the RECs should work closely with the AU, its organs, and ATAF to defend an African common position. In short, the taxation of the digital economy represents an opportunity for African countries. My proposed governance structure is one way in which Africa could make a lasting and improved change to the international tax system and how African countries participate in it.
Linear maps preserving the inclusion of fixed subsets into the local spectrum at some fixed vector
Authors: Costara Constantin
Published: December 2024

For a natural number

$$n \ge 2$$

n
≥
2

, denote by

$$\mathcal {M}_{n}$$

M
n

the space of all

$$n\times n$$

n
×
n

matrices over the complex field

$$\mathbb {C}$$

C

. Let

$$x_0 \in \mathbb {C}^{n}$$

x
0

∈

C

n

be a fixed nonzero vector, and fix also two nonempty subsets

$$K_1, K_2 \subseteq \mathbb {C}$$

K
1

,

K
2

⊆
C

, each having at most n distinct elements. Under the assumption that

$$|K_1| \le |K_2|$$

|

K
1

|
≤
|

K
2

|

, we characterize linear bijective maps

$$\varphi $$

φ

on

$$\mathcal {M}_{n}$$

M
n

having the property that, for each matrix T, we have that

$$K_2$$

K
2

is a subset of the local spectrum of

$$\varphi (T)$$

φ
(
T
)

at

$$x_0 $$

x
0

whenever

$$K_1 $$

K
1

is a subset of the local spectrum of T at

$$x_0$$

x
0

. As a corollary, we also characterize linear maps

$$\varphi $$

φ

on

$$\mathcal {M} _{n}$$

M
n

having the property that, for each matrix T, we have that

$$K_1$$

K
1

is a subset of the local spectrum of T at

$$x_0$$

x
0

if and only if

$$K_2$$

K
2

is a subset of the local spectrum of

$$\varphi (T)$$

φ
(
T
)

at

$$x_0$$

x
0

, without the bijectivity assumption on the map

$$\varphi $$

φ

and with no assumption made regarding the number of elements of

$$K_1$$

K
1

and

$$K_2$$

K
2

.
Movable cones of complete intersections of multidegree one on products of projective spaces
Authors: Hoff Michael , Stenger Isabel , Yáñez José Ignacio
Published: December 2024

We study Calabi–Yau manifolds which are complete intersections of hypersurfaces of multidegree 1 in an m-fold product of n-dimensional projective spaces. Using the theory of Coxeter groups, we show that the birational automorphism group of such a Calabi–Yau manifold X is infinite and a free product of copies of

$${\mathbb {Z}}$$

Z

. Moreover, we give an explicit description of the boundary of the movable cone

$${{\,\mathrm{{\overline{Mov}}}\,}}(X)$$

Mov
¯

(
X
)

. In the end, we consider examples for the general and non-general case and picture the movable cone and the fundamental domain for the action of

$${{\,\textrm{Bir}\,}}(X)$$

Bir

(
X
)

.
Resurgence of Chern–Simons Theory at the Trivial Flat Connection
Authors: Garoufalidis Stavros , Gu Jie , Mariño Marcos , Wheeler Campbell
Published: December 2024

Some years ago, it was conjectured by the first author that the Chern–Simons perturbation theory of a 3-manifold at the trivial flat connection is a resurgent power series. We describe completely the resurgent structure of the above series (including the location of the singularities and their Stokes constants) in the case of a hyperbolic knot complement in terms of an extended square matrix (x, q)-series whose rows are indexed by the boundary parabolic

$$\textrm{SL}_2(\mathbb {C})$$

SL
2

(
C
)

-flat connections, including the trivial one. We use our extended matrix to describe the Stokes constants of the above series, to define explicitly their Borel transform and to identify it with state–integrals. Along the way, we use our matrix to give an analytic extension of the Kashaev invariant and of the colored Jones polynomial and to complete the matrix valued holomorphic quantum modular forms as well as to give an exact version of the refined quantum modularity conjecture of Zagier and the first author. Finally, our matrix provides an extension of the 3D-index in a sector of the trivial flat connection. We illustrate our definitions, theorems, numerical calculations and conjectures with the two simplest hyperbolic knots.
Diagonalizing Bose Gases in the Gross–Pitaevskii Regime and Beyond
Authors: Brooks Morris
Published: December 2024

We present a novel approach to the Bogoliubov theory of dilute Bose gases, allowing for an elementary derivation of the celebrated Lee–Huang–Yang formula in the Gross–Pitaevskii regime. Furthermore, we identify the low lying excitation spectrum beyond the Gross–Pitaevskii scaling, extending a recent result (Brennecke et al. in Rev Math Phys 34, 2022) to significantly more singular scaling regimes. Finally, we provide an upper bound on the ground state energy in the Gross–Pitaevskii regime that captures the correct expected order of magnitude beyond the Lee–Huang–Yang formula.
Production Cross-Section of $$\gamma $$-Rays from (p,p$$^\prime \gamma $$) Reactions: Measurements and Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Mazumdar I. , Weppner S. P. , Ranga V.
Published: December 2024

This paper reviews our work on the measurements of absolute production cross sections of $$\gamma $$
γ
-rays from the (p,p$$^{\prime }\gamma $$

′

γ

) reactions on $$^{12}$$

12

C and $$^{16}$$

16

O. The measurements cover a range of 8–16 MeV for the incident proton beam. The angular distributions of the $$\gamma $$
γ
-rays have been measured. A detailed phenomenological analysis within the framework of optical model formalism has been carried out to reproduce the experimental data. The existing global set of elastic, polarization and total reaction data for protons and neutrons have been used to generate the optical model potential. The nuclear structure effects have been included in the calculations by considering the roles of coupling of the low-lying states, the presence of resonances and nuclear deformations. The potentials so generated have been used to calculate the differential and total cross sections for both (p,p$$^\prime $$

′

) and (p,p$$^\prime \gamma $$

′

γ

) reactions. The results of the analysis are in good agreement with the measured data for the observed $$\gamma $$
γ
-rays. However, discrepancies still exist in reproducing the finer details of the cross sections. The existing discrepancies between our phenomenological analysis and the experimental data demonstrate the rather complex roles of channel couplings, resonances in the compound nuclear system and target deformation. The significant contribution of nuclear structure effects in light mass nucleus like $$^{12}$$

12

C and $$^{16}$$

16

O, leads to an apparent loss of predictive power of the theoretical calculation for low-energy region (less than 10 MeV) of the projectile energy.
Effectiveness of fissure sealants in 8- to 10-year-olds with and without molar–incisor hypomineralization (MIH) – results from a cross-sectional epidemiological study
Authors: Zöllner Felicitas , Fresen Karl-Ferdinand , Gaballah Ramy , Schill Helen , Pitchika Vinay , Amend Stefanie , Krämer Norbert , Kühnisch Jan
Published: December 2024

Objective

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the use, quality, and caries-preventive effects of fissure sealants (FSs) in 8- to 10-year-olds with and without molar–incisor hypomineralization (MIH).

Materials and methods

A total of 5,418 children (2,692 males, 2,726 females) were examined via standard instruments (dental mirrors, CPI probes, adequate lighting, mobile examination tables, and air syringes) and methods for the recording of caries (DMFT index, WHO method) and FSs. The classification of MIH followed the recommendations of the European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (EAPD). Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis and mixed-effects logistic regression models.

Results

59.0% of all children had at least one FS; this percentage was 57.8% in the MIH group. The proportions of fully intact sealants and minimal, moderate, or nearly complete loss of retention were 31.7%, 48.3%, 16.8%, and 3.2%, respectively. The mean caries experience was low, at 0.2 DMFT in the whole population. Lower DMFT means were registered in individuals with FSs without MIH (0.1) and with MIH (0.1). The regression analysis revealed a significant caries-protective effect of FSs and MIH in relation to the overall caries burden. In addition, the caries-protective effect was greater in individuals with fully retained sealants (aOR 0.269) than in those with minimal (aOR 0.346), moderate (aOR 0.567) or nearly complete loss of retention (aOR 0.721).

Conclusion

This study documented the comparable use, quality, and caries-preventive effects of FSs in individuals and permanent molar with and without MIH.

Clinical relevance

FSs are caries protective in children with and without MIH.
Metabolic Profiles of Encapsulated Chondrocytes Exposed to Short-Term Simulated Microgravity
Authors: Bergstrom Annika R. , Glimm Matthew G. , Houske Eden A. , Cooper Gwendolyn , Viles Ethan , Chapman Marrin , Bourekis Katherine , Welhaven Hope D. , Brahmachary Priyanka P. , Hahn Alyssa K. , June Ronald K.
Published: December 2024

The mechanism by which chondrocytes respond to reduced mechanical loading environments and the subsequent risk of developing osteoarthritis remains unclear. This is of particular concern for astronauts. In space the reduced joint loading forces during prolonged microgravity (10−6 g) exposure could lead to osteoarthritis (OA), compromising quality of life post-spaceflight. In this study, we encapsulated human chondrocytes in an agarose gel of similar stiffness to the pericellular matrix to mimic the cartilage microenvironment. We then exposed agarose-chondrocyte constructs to simulated microgravity (SM) for four days using a rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor to better assess the cartilage health risks associated with spaceflight. Metabolites extracted from media and agarose gel constructs were analyzed on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Global metabolomic profiling detected a total of 1205 metabolite features, with 497 significant metabolite features identified by ANOVA (FDR-corrected p-value < 0.05). Specific metabolic shifts detected in response to SM exposure resulted in clusters of co-regulated metabolites, with glutathione, nitrogen, histidine, vitamin B3, and aminosugars metabolism identified by variable importance in projection scores. Microgravity-induced metabolic shifts in gel constructs and media were indicative of protein synthesis, energy and nucleotide metabolism, and oxidative catabolism. Microgravity associated-metabolic shifts were consistent with our previously published early osteoarthritic metabolomic profiles in human synovial fluid, suggesting that even short-term exposure to microgravity (or other reduced mechanical loading environments) may lead to the development of OA. This work further suggests the potential to detect these metabolic perturbations in synovial fluid in vivo to ascertain osteoarthritis risk in astronauts.
DLTS characterisation of 107 MeV krypton ion-irradiated nitrogen-doped 4H-silicon carbide
Authors: Omotoso Ezekiel , Igumbor Emmanuel , Meyer Walter E.
Published: December 2024

Swift heavy ions, such as krypton ions, play a significant role in developing and enhancing the performance of various devices. In this study, the influence of Kr2+ on nitrogen-doped 4H-silicon carbide has been investigated using deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Krypton ions, with an energy of 107 MeV, were used to irradiate the Au/Ni/4H-SiC Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) at a fluence of 1 × 1010 cm–2 at room temperature (300 K). Before the irradiation of the samples, the electrical measurements revealed good rectifying behaviour. However, rectification properties of the Au/Ni/4H-SiC SBDs were completely lost after irradiation at a fluence of 1 × 1010 cm–2. Annealing was performed at 300 °C in flowing argon, and the current–voltage (I–V) and capacitance–voltage (C–V) revealed partial rectification. DLTS of the as-grown devices analyses revealed the presence of four deep level defects. After annealing the irradiated device, the DLTS spectra showed a reduction in the intensity of the E0.10 and the disappearance of the E0.12 as well as the E0.16 defects compared to that as-grown. Two defects with energies of 280 and 410 meV showed inverted peaks, as would have been expected from minority carriers trap instead of majority carriers, which led to confusion as the peaks were inverted. It was concluded that the peculiar characteristics of DLTS measurements on SBDs may be due to the extremely high value of the series resistance as well as the low capacitance. The results of this study provide insight into the behaviour of SBDs under extreme irradiation and can be used to improve the radiation tolerance of electronic devices made from SiC.
Heat Treatment Optimisation of Electron Beam Welded Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel
Authors: Bruce Kirstie , Taylor Mark , Fellowes Jonathan W. , Gyves Ken , Li Kexue , Moore Katie L. , Burling Luke D. , Francis John A. , Pickering Ed J.
Published: December 2024

Electron beam welding (EBW) is a promising technology for the joining of large steel components such as pressure vessels. Notably, EBW does not use a filler metal, meaning that the weld and parent material (PM) should have the same composition. Accordingly, it may be possible to homogenise microstructure and properties across the weld given a suitable post-weld heat treatment (PWHT), essentially making the weld ‘disappear’. To investigate this possibility, three different PWHTs were applied to an SA508 Grade 4N weld. A stress-relief PWHT only had a relatively minor impact on the variations in microstructure and hardness across the fusion zone (FZ), heat-affected zone (HAZ) and PM versus the as-welded state, and compositional microsegregation in the FZ was unchanged. Hardness was successfully homogenised across the parent and weld in heat treatments involving a traditional 860 °C austenitisation, quench and temper, but compositional microsegregation persisted in the FZ. The addition of a homogenisation step at 1200 °C eliminated this microsegregation, with the weld area only remaining visible owing to the presence of compositional banding in the PM. However, homogenisation also led to the formation of undesirable prior austenite grain structures following subsequent re-austenitisation at 860 °C. Nevertheless, the application of PWHTs involving a full re-austenitisation seems promising for future applications.
Calibrated models for effective clustering: Discriminating operation schedules in occupied buildings
Authors: Guerrero Ramírez Karla , Nuevo-Gallardo Cristina , Santamaría Ulecia Jesús Miguel , Montalbán Pozas Beatriz , Fernández Bandera Carlos
Published: December 2024

European directives advocate for end-users to be aware of their energy consumption. However, individual energy monitoring tools, such as energy meters or cost allocators, are not always affordable or technically feasible to install. Therefore, the development of virtual tools that enable the study of energy consumption in existing buildings is necessary. Virtual sensors, particularly based on white-box models, offer the opportunity to recreate these behaviours. When calibrated with measured data, white-box models, which incorporate detailed building physics, become increasingly valuable for designing energy-efficient buildings. This research explores a novel approach to identifying building’s load period directly from energy data generated by these calibrated models. The volume of data generated by white-box models can be overwhelming for visual analysis, but the hypothesis here is that analysing this data through clustering techniques can reveal patterns related to occupant behaviour and operational schedules. By feeding indoor temperature data into the calibrated model and analysing the resulting energy outputs, the research proposes a method to identify the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system operation schedule, free oscillation periods and non-recurrent events. Validation is achieved by comparing the identified periods with actual measured data. This methodology enables the development of a virtual sensor for cost allocation, which minimises the need for physical sensor deployment while complying with European Union directives. The research not only demonstrates high accuracy but also the potential to outperform measured schedule. This suggests the ability of the method to identify missing sensor data or other factors affecting temperature curves, enabling fault detection and diagnostics (FDD). Consequently, this opens doors for setting optimised operation schedules that balance energy efficiency with occupant comfort.
Multi-objective optimal energy-efficient retrofit determination using hybrid urban building energy model: Considering uncertainties between models
Authors: Luo Linxi , Wei Hailu , Lin Ziqi , Wu Jiyuan , Wang Wei , Sun Yongjun
Published: December 2024

Typical energy-efficient retrofit studies based on urban building energy models face challenges in quickly obtaining appropriate retrofit solutions and often ignore the unexpected outcomes caused by inherent model uncertainty. To solve it, this study proposes a decision support framework that integrates a hybrid urban building energy model (UBEM) method, NSGA-II, and TOPSIS to obtain rapidly the optimal energy-efficient retrofit solutions that take into account model uncertainty. The study took the building groups in Sipailou campus as a case study and identified 76 “stable solutions” and 149 “active solutions” that minimize energy consumption, carbon emission, and life-cycle cost (LCC) over 30 years from 40,353,607 retrofit schemes. Key findings include that when considering model uncertainty, the quantities, types, and ranks of optimal retrofit solutions have changed. When the error of baseline UBEM validation is within ±5% and considering uncertainty transmission from energy simulation to ANN model, the energy-saving potential of optimal retrofit schemes has expanded from [63.78, 65.05]% to [60, 68.75]%, carbon-saving potential has shifted from [63.69, 64.09]% to [59.92, 67.79]%, and the LCC has changed from [−40.68, 14.59] × 106 to [−38.25, 16.97] × 106 Yuan. This study provides decision makers with a scientific approach to consider the potential uncertainties and risks associated with optimal retrofit solutions.
Performing Disability in Medieval and Early Modern Britain
Authors: Chambers Mark C.
Published: December 2024

Performing Disability in Medieval and Early Modern Britain is a landmark examination of performance history in the medieval and early modern era. Seeking to provide a fact-based assessment of disabled performance, this survey examines the nature and socialization of disabled performers in the medieval and early Tudor periods. Using Records of Early English Drama, literary representations, and targeted histories of disability in the medieval period, this study takes a new and welcome look at the evidence for, and the conceptualization of, 'impairment' as a performative act in the premodern era.

It features discussions on the different societal constructions pertaining to 'disability' (mental incapacity, blindness and deafness, dwarfism, gigantism, etc.), and how the evidence for such conditions was socialized through performance.

Taking an evidence-based and multidisciplinary approach to perceptions of identity and 'othering' in premodern society, this study is certain to appeal to a wide audience, including historians of theatre and performance, disability advocates and theorists, and social historians.
Gas dynamics in the central molecular zone and its connection with the galactic bar
Authors: Chaves-Velasquez Leonardo , Gómez Gilberto C. , Pérez-Villegas Ángeles
Published: December 2024

The innermost region of the Milky Way harbors the central molecular zone (CMZ). This region contains a large amount of molecular gas but a poor star formation rate considering the densities achieved by the gas in this region. We used the arepo code to perform a hydrodynamic and star formation simulation of the galaxy, where a Ferrers bar was adiabatically introduced. During the stage of bar imposition, the bar strength excites density waves close to the inner Lindblad resonance guiding material towards the inner galaxy, driving the formation of a ring that we qualitatively associate with the CMZ. During the simulation, we identified that the ring passes three main phases, namely: formation, instability, and quasi-stationary stages. During the whole evolution, and particularly in the quasi-stationary stage, we observe that the ring is associated with the x2 family of periodic orbits. Additionally, we found that most of the star formation occurs during the ring formation stage, while it drastically decreases in the instability stage. Finally, we found that when the gas has settled in a stable x2 orbit, the star formation takes place mostly after the dense gas passes the apocentre, triggering the conveyor-belt mechanism described in previous studies.
INTRODUCTION: THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SOMATIC MUSIC
Authors: Heile Björn , Iddon Martin
Published: December 2024

This introductory article defines somatic music/ology as music that emphasises and reflects on its embodied nature and an associated theoretical discourse that addresses this aspect. It further traces the genealogy of this concept to the convergence of different intellectual and artistic currents from the mid twentieth century, including the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, ecological psychology associated with James J. Gibson, performance- and body-oriented musicology represented by Roland Barthes and Carolyn Abbate and later developments such as 4E cognition as well as the experimental music theatre emerging from the 1960s. Finally, it introduces the various contributions to the issue.
WHAT IS IT LIKE TO BE A TREE? SONIC LAYERS, DOUBLENESS AND ECOLOGY IN MARTIN IDDON'S SAPINDALES
Authors: Campbell Edward , Souza Jonathan De , Heile Björn , Jan Oli , Moran Nikki
Published: December 2024

In this collaborative account of Iddon's Sapindales, the authors recount how their experiences of live and virtual clarinet sounds and environmental sounds combine in varied ways. By focusing on relationships among sonic layers, the authors emphasise the dynamic interplay of live and recorded performance, music and environment, the real and the virtual, the abstract and the concrete. Each relationship involves mediation and ambiguity, with elements that alternatively split apart or join together. The listening outcomes that we describe repeatedly highlight a positional swing between subject and object, as the authors reach across explanatory modes, drawing on phenomenology, musicology, psychoanalysis and ecological psychology, among others. We aim to capture the process of aesthetic listening, a process that is live, interactive, constructive, imaginative.
Constraining Uncertainties in Marine Calcifier Oxygen Isotope Values (δ18O ${\boldsymbol{\delta }}^{\mathbf{18}}\mathbf{O}$) Across Latitudes and Kingdoms Using a Proxy System Modeling Framework
Authors: Williams Branwen , Thompson Diane M. , Cohen Anne L. , Mandell Hannah
Published: December 2024

Paleoceanographic proxy archives encode information about the marine environment, which can yield key insights into past climate variability. In particular, marine calcifiers' stable oxygen isotopic composition () tells us about seawater temperature and oxygen isotope composition. Here, we use a proxy system model (PSM) framework to systematically evaluate the drivers of skeletal/shell in three taxa of fast‐growing marine calcifiers (crustose coralline algae, bivalves, and sclerosponges) from disparate locations, including high latitudes and deeper waters. We evaluate the impact of the quality of environmental data, the recording season in which the calcifier might document the environmental variability, and the importance of uncertainties on the PSM. Whereas the overall PSM‐modeled captured the measured well at some locations, local environmental variability derived from a reanalysis product and chronological uncertainties limit the ability to effectively model at other locations. Using the PSM approach we highlight the complexity of interpreting as seawater temperature and oxygen isotope composition in these remote locations.
Earth Scientists Are Crucial to International Development
Authors: Brizuela Noel
Published: December 2024

Global development agencies traditionally hire experts in human systems. As these agencies focus more on climate and environmental initiatives, they need informed guidance from Earth system scientists.
Implementation of an Asymmetric Internal Field in the Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere (CIMI) Model
Authors: Fok M.‐C. , Wolf R. A. , Ferradas C. P. , Kang S.‐B. , Glocer A. , Buzulukova N. Y. , Ma Q. , Welling D. T.
Published: December 2024

A Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere (CIMI) model has been developed to study the dynamics of the cold plasmasphere and the energetic plasmas in the inner magnetosphere, as well as their couplings with each other and with the ionosphere. The CIMI model is able to predict the cold plasma density and energetic electron and ion fluxes in geospace. Furthermore, CIMI is capable of predicting the Region 2 currents, penetration electric field, electron and ion precipitation and magnetospheric heat flux into the ionosphere. The CIMI model includes a realistic magnetic field configuration with a combination of an internal field and an external field imposed by the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere. The internal field has previously been assumed to be a dipole. Recently, the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) has been implemented. This new capability enables studies of north‐south and longitudinal dependences in particle precipitation and heat flux, as well as the corresponding asymmetries in ionospheric and thermospheric responses. In this paper, we will briefly review the CIMI equations and model output. Then we will describe the new implementation of the IGRF model into CIMI and how to estimate the north‐south asymmetry in precipitating fluxes from the differences in field strength between magnetic conjugate points. The inclusion of a realistic internal field leads CIMI into a better position to couple with sophisticated ionosphere‐thermosphere models, most of which are using the IGRF model.
Timing Is Everything
Authors: Westerhold T. , Agnini C. , Anagnostou E. , Hilgen F. , Hönisch B. , Meckler A. N. , Pälike H. , Wade B. , Sosdian S. , Kasbohm J.
Published: December 2024

Deep ocean sediments document past environmental changes over space and time. The information gleaned from such deposits allows scientists to test climate models that are used to predict future climate change. However, the causes and consequences of changing climate can be unraveled only if geological data from different regions are synchronized in time so that lead‐lag relationships can be properly established. Synchronization of geological archives across regions requires precise and accurate age models, but available age models are often not sufficiently accurate to rigorously test causality arguments. We therefore propose to launch an international, coordinated effort to revise and recalibrate the dating tools available to paleoclimatologists—that is, the local and regional information obtained from bio‐, magneto‐, and chemo‐stratigraphy as well as radioisotopic geochronology—with the synchronizing tool of astrochronology. Cross‐fertilization of expertise is needed to generate new age models for sediment records from which key climate events have been or can be reconstructed. We expected this initiative could make a significant contribution to the understanding of Earth history, biotic evolution, and particularly, Earth's climate history.
HESPERIA REleASE+: Improving Solar Proton Event Forecasting by Means of Automated Recognition of Type‐III Radio Bursts
Authors: Posner Arik , Malandraki Olga Ε. , Karavolos Michalis , Tziotziou Kostas , Smanis Fanis , Heber Bernd , Dröge Henrik , Kühl Patrick , Veldes Giorgos P.
Published: December 2024

This work reports on an attempt toward improving the Relativistic Electron Alert System for Exploration (REleASE): the occurrence of a type‐III radio burst as a precondition for a REleASE forecast. REleASE forecasts are based on the detection of early arrival of near‐relativistic electrons ahead of more hazardous protons from Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events. The goal is to allow astronauts on a Lunar or Mars mission sufficient advance warning to reach a radiation shelter to minimize radiation dose exposure. We test a new system that sets a condition of the occurrence of a type‐III radio burst, thus adding independent evidence of particle escape from the Sun, with the aim of reducing known sources of false‐alarms of the existing REleASE system. The High Energy Solar Particle Events foRecastIng and Analysis (HESPERIA) REleASE+ system, which takes advantage of availability of real‐time solar radio observations during the passage of STEREO‐A by Earth in 2023, has now been incorporated in the HESPERIA framework. We discuss the techniques used for automatic detection of type‐III radio bursts preparing for its real‐time implementation, the determination of selection criteria for type‐III bursts that are candidates for solar proton events in the Earth‐moon system, and first results of the combined system.
Comparative Analysis of Higher‐Order Ionospheric Delay on PPP Long‐Term Coordinate Time Series and Residual Modeling Using Horizontal Gradients and RINEX Data
Authors: Yang Kaichun , Jiang Weiping , Li Zhao , Ding Xin , Lu Ran
Published: December 2024

Higher‐order ionospheric corrections, including second‐ and third‐order effects and signal bending, are essential for improving Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) time series accuracy. However, their influence on long‐term Precise Point Positioning (PPP) time series, particularly signal bending, remains underexplored. Most studies rely on Global Ionosphere Maps (GIMs) for second‐order delay corrections due to the complexity of RINEX‐based inversions. Analyzing data from 37 International GNSS Service stations (2009–2020), we found that higher‐order ionospheric effects predominantly impact the North component of mid‐ and low‐latitude stations. Second‐ and third‐order delays contribute 50% and 20% to annual and semi‐annual amplitudes, respectively, while signal bending accounts for 5% and 2%. Additionally, signals traveling along the magnetic field direction induce phase delays, with equatorial regions experiencing more frequent and intense ionospheric activity. This leads to maximum horizontal velocity impacts of 0.45 mm/yr at the equator and a distinct southern trend at mid‐ and low‐latitudes. GIM‐based corrections increase seasonal signal amplitudes and root mean square error (RMSE) at some stations due to discrepancies with RINEX‐based corrections, which generate higher‐order ionospheric residuals. These residuals contribute 48.6% of the RMSE in RINEX‐based corrections, surpassing the 39.8% from second‐ and third‐order delays. To address this, we propose a GIM‐based residual model incorporating horizontal gradients, reducing RMSE by 48%, 26%, and 52% for the East, North, and Up components, respectively. Monthly or quarterly gradient updates during quiet ionospheric periods ensure precise corrections, enhancing GNSS time series and coordinate system accuracy.