bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of field resistance in field‐collected mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say through quantification of ULV permethrin/PBO formulation in field bioassays
Authors: Lee Han‐Jung , Shields Michael Ray , Landeta Anais , Saldaña Miguel Arturo , Fredregill Chris Lee , Pietrantonio Patricia Victoria
Published: May 2023

BACKGROUND

Pyrethroids are among the most applied adulticides worldwide to control mosquito vectors for prevention of arboviral diseases transmission. However, pesticide resistance development in a mosquito population could lead to decreased control efficacy. While most studies investigate the resistant genotype (i.e. kdr, CYP450, etc.) as explanatory variables, few field efficacy studies have measured pesticide quantities deposited at different distances from the sprayer in association with observed mosquito mortality. The current study determined field delivered amounts of an applied ULV permethrin/PBO formulation (31% permethrin + 66% piperonyl butoxide) by GC/MS and estimated practical resistance ratios using caged mosquito females.

RESULTS

For field samples, the extraction method recovered 78 ± 3.92–108 ± 8.97% of the permethrin/PBO formulation when utilizing the peaks of PBO from GC/MS to estimate the concentrations of adulticide deposited near the mosquito cages. The field bioassay showed that the spatial distribution of permethrin/PBO formulation was heterogeneous among three pseudo‐replicates within the same distance. Within the quantifiable permethrin/PBO range of 15.7–51.4 ng/cm2, field‐collected mosquito mortalities started at 64% and linearly increased reaching 100% only in two areas, while all Sebring susceptible mosquitoes died. The field LC95 resistance ratio (RR) of F0 Cx. quinquefasciatus ranged from 2.65–3.51, falling within the 95% CI of RR95 estimated by laboratory vial assays. Tests with and without PBO indicated P450's enzymes contributed to field resistance.

CONCLUSION

Results showed the suitability of the collection and quantification method to estimate the field resistance ratio at the applied pesticide rate. Pesticide quantification would also allow the association of the known frequencies of resistance mechanisms (e.g. kdr, CYP450) with field mortalities to estimate the resistance level conferred by such mechanisms. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Robust Local Thickness Estimation of Sub‐Micrometer Specimen by 4D‐STEM
Authors: Skoupý Radim , Boltje Daan B. , Slouf Miroslav , Mrázová Kateřina , Láznička Tomáš , Taisne Clémence M. , Krzyžánek Vladislav , Hoogenboom Jacob P. , Jakobi Arjen J.
Published: May 2023

A quantitative four‐dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D‐STEM) imaging technique (q4STEM) for local thickness estimation across amorphous specimen such as obtained by focused ion beam (FIB)‐milling of lamellae for (cryo‐)TEM analysis is presented. This study is based on measuring spatially resolved diffraction patterns to obtain the angular distribution of electron scattering, or the ratio of integrated virtual dark and bright field STEM signals, and their quantitative evaluation using Monte Carlo simulations. The method is independent of signal intensity calibrations and only requires knowledge of the detector geometry, which is invariant for a given instrument. This study demonstrates that the method yields robust thickness estimates for sub‐micrometer amorphous specimen using both direct detection and light conversion 2D‐STEM detectors in a coincident FIB‐SEM and a conventional SEM. Due to its facile implementation and minimal dose reauirements, it is anticipated that this method will find applications for in situ thickness monitoring during lamella fabrication of beam‐sensitive materials.
Design of reinforced concrete structures based on three‐dimensional stress fields
Authors: Chen Reinaldo , Nogueira Bittencourt Túlio , Della Bella João Carlos
Published: May 2023

The ultimate limit state design of reinforced concrete members usually derives from the analyses of structural models composed of unidimensional or bidimensional elements (bar and shell elements, respectively). Less recurrent in these structural models is the use of solid elements, which may be ascribed to the difficulties arising when dimensioning the structure for the complete stress field with six stress components (σx, σy, σz, τxy, τxz, τyz) derived from the analyses. In the present work, the design method for three‐dimensional stress fields combining linear analysis and limit design is revisited, with the description of the resisting mechanism in which the applied stresses are balanced with stresses in the concrete and in the reinforcement. Expressions for the verification of concrete crushing and the evaluation of the required reinforcement are deduced analytically and interpreted physically. The design process is organized into four design cases, according to the internal stresses mobilized in concrete. The proposed equations are presented in a framework for direct application to engineering practice, as demonstrated in noted design examples for selected stress states.
Diaryliodonium Salts Enabled Arylation, Arylocyclization, and Aryl‐Migration
Authors: Pan Cheng , Wang Limin , Han Jianwei
Published: May 2023

Our research interest focusing on synthetic methodology with diaryliodonium salts, is summarized in this account. Besides employing a dual activation strategy of C−I and ortho C−H bonds, we have introduced vicinal functional groups at ortho‐positions of diaryliodonium salts, in which their unique reactivities have been explored in various processes, including arylation, diarylation, cascade annulation, benzocyclization, arylocyclization, and intramolecular aryl migration. The variety of mechanisms of these reactions that involves either transition metals, especially palladium in organometallic catalysis, or transition‐metal free conditions, were discussed in the context.
Performance, combustion, and emission of a diesel engine fueled with an eco‐friendly mixture of two biodiesel blends
Authors: Balasubramanian Manickam , Devan Ponnusami Kumarasami , Chadalavada Hemadri , Madhu Sundaram , Naveen Subbaiyan
Published: May 2023

Fast depletion and higher emissions of fossil fuels are posing problems to scientists across the globe. To overcome this, thorough research is needed to find out alternate renewable sources. Biodiesel is such a renewable, biodegradable, and innocuous fuel to meet this global need. Oil extracted from vegetable oil seeds is processed into biodiesel by the transesterification process. The experimental work is carried out to study the performance and emission characteristics of a single‐cylinder, air‐cooled diesel engine by using a mixture of two diverse biodiesels namely Pongamia and Mahua. The results indicate that at higher loads there is a reduction of smoke emission for the 100PM blend (50% Pongamia biodiesel and 50% Mahua biodiesel) along with a 4.4% reduction in brake thermal efficiency when compared to diesel. The smoke is reduced for 100PM by 78.4% and 70.8% and for 50D50PM (50% diesel and 25% each biodiesel) by 71% and 61% at higher loads. From the combustion analysis, it is found that peak cylinder pressure for 100PM and 50D50PM blends are higher when compared with diesel which may be due to the advanced start of injection and ignition of blends. Injection and ignition advance of the blends may be attributed to higher bulk modulus and higher cetane number of biodiesels.
Experimental investigation of methyl ester derived from distillate of coconut oil as eco‐friendly fuel in diesel engine
Authors: Balasubramanian Manickam , Chadalavada Hemadri , Madhu Sundaram , Naveen Subbaiyan
Published: May 2023

For a thorough investigation of the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of coconut oil distillate biodiesel under various engine loads and a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm, a Kirloskar 4‐stroke, single‐cylinder, the air‐cooled diesel engine is used. A total of three fuel samples, such as 100% biodiesel, B20, and B30 biofuel are used respectively. There is a 5% increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for biodiesel and its blends as compared to diesel. The HC, CO, and Smoke are reduced except NOx. Reduction of harmful gases is possible in biodiesel usage and its blends. It is concluded that emission reductions and alternative diesel fuel is the output of this investigation.
Application of response surface methodology in optimization of process parameters for combined biological treatment of dairy wastewater using consortium of bacteria and microalgae
Authors: Das Abhishek , Kundu Pradyut , Adhikari Sunita
Published: May 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the combined two‐stage biological‐treatment‐process using consortium of bacteria and microalgae for removal of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4+‐N), nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3−‐N), phosphorus (PO43−‐P) from dairy wastewater in suspended‐growth batch‐reactor (SGBR). The study also investigated the removal of SCOD, NH4+‐N, NO3−‐N, PO43−‐P under different process parameters, like initial SCOD, NH4+‐N,NO3−‐N, PO43−‐P, MLSS, pH and react time using response surface methodology (RSM) with a five‐factor‐three‐level Central Composite Design(CCD). The experimental results were analyzed by ANOVA and second‐order polynomial mathematical‐models were developed with high correlation efficiency for SCOD, NH4+‐N removal, NO3−‐N, PO43−‐P removal using bacterial and microalgal‐consortia respectively in SGBR. Individual and combined effects of process variables on responses were studied using three‐dimensional response surface plots. Under the optimum conditions (initial SCOD, NH4+‐N, pH, MLSS of 720 mg L−1, 55 mg L−1 as N, 7 and 1500 mg L−1, respectively and react time of 24 h) highest removal efficiencies of SCOD (98.61%) and NH4+‐N (97.42%) were obtained using bacterial consortium and in second‐phase using micro‐algal consortium under optimum conditions highest removal efficiencies of nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus 98.64% and 90.53%, respectively. Optimization of process‐parameters by RSM study is supposed to be helpful for the treatment of real life dairy wastewater in effluent treatment plants.
Deciding for resilience: Utilizing water infrastructure investments to prepare for the future
Authors: Pot Wieke
Published: May 2023

Governments are increasingly faced with climate change realities and have also committed themselves to international agreements with objectives to tackle long‐term problems such as becoming climate neutral by 2050. Governments, therefore, will need to carefully consider how to contribute to combatting climate change, when investing in their water infrastructure that is reaching an end‐of‐lifetime due to technical aging or changing functional requirements. Such investments offer crucial windows of opportunity to create more resilient water systems, because large budgets are involved and lifespans of infrastructure are long and co‐determine possible futures. Based on a literature review, this article develops key ways of how infrastructure operators could adopt a long‐term perspective and choose water management strategies that increase absorptive, adaptive, and transformative capacities. With these perspectives and strategies, this article sets out a basis to help governments prepare for the future when they invest in water infrastructure.

This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Water Governance

Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change

Engineering Water > Planning Water
Countering Moral Neutralisation
Authors: Kvalnes Øyvind
Published: May 2023

The communication climate in an organisation can serve as a platform for expressing disagreement and dissent against efforts to justify unethical behaviour. This chapter describes how alternatives to act against one’s moral convictions and standards can create moral dissonance, a mismatch between something one can be tempted or ordered to do and one’s morality. In such circumstances, one option is to dismiss the alternative, while another is to engage in moral neutralisation, a practice of finding excuses and justifications for going forward with this alternative. This process can lead to a normalisation of questionable behaviour. In a well-functioning communication climate, decision-makers are challenged in the critical quality moments when they start to engage in moral neutralisation.
Whistleblowing
Authors: Kvalnes Øyvind
Published: May 2023

Whistleblowing is to report and disclose perceived misbehaviour in an organisation. The initiative to blow the whistle is often a last resort and comes about when normal verbal exchanges in the workplace do not suffice to identify and remedy objectionable conduct. In a communication climate where friendly friction and dissent are commonplace, there is rarely a need for whistleblowing. People address critical issues when they occur, halting toxic and negative developments. Whistleblowing involves considerable personal risk and can damage career progression. Three pieces of advice for potential whistleblowers are to (1) form alliances and gather strength in numbers, (2) thoroughly document their concerns, and (3) take steps to downgrade the importance of blowing the whistle in their professional lives.
Critical Quality Moments
Authors: Kvalnes Øyvind
Published: May 2023

A critical quality moment is a situation where the next event to happen will determine whether the outcome is good or bad. People who are present in the situation could either engage and intervene or keep silent. Either a verbal intervention might be required to halt a causal chain of events that can lead to a negative outcome or the moment might offer an opportunity to do good by creating a positive outcome. Critical quality moments put communication at work to the test. If speaking up is normal and safe, then it is more likely that someone will do so. If the shared assumption is that becoming verbally involved is a career risk, then people are likely to remain silent. When many people are present during a critical quality moment, their pacification due to bystander effects is a risk.
Bystander Effects
Authors: Kvalnes Øyvind
Published: May 2023

The lesson from research on the bystander effect is that the more people who are present when a verbal intervention is required to change the course of events in a positive way, the less likely it is that anyone will speak up. Although exceptions occur, where a high number of bystanders can increase the likelihood of intervention, the main pattern relevant for building a communication climate is that people tend to hesitate to break out of a passive group. The two main reasons for the bystander effect are diffusion of responsibility and pluralistic ignorance. Knowledge about these psychological phenomena can inform efforts to establish and maintain a well-functioning communication climate.
On Exponential Splitting Methods for Semilinear Abstract Cauchy problems
Authors: Farkas Bálint , Jacob Birgit , Schmitz Merlin
Published: May 2023

Due to the seminal works of Hochbruck and Ostermann (Appl Numer Math 53(2–4):323–339, 2005, Acta Numer 19:209–286, 2010) exponential splittings are well established numerical methods utilizing operator semigroup theory for the treatment of semilinear evolution equations whose principal linear part involves a sectorial operator with angle greater than $$\frac{\pi }{2}$$

π
2

(meaning essentially the holomorphy of the underlying semigroup). The present paper contributes to this subject by relaxing the sectoriality condition, but in turn requiring that the semigroup operators act consistently on an interpolation couple (or on a scale of Banach spaces). Our conditions (on the semigroup and on the semilinearity) are inspired by the approach of Kato (Math Z 187(4):471–480, 1984) to the local solvability of the Navier–Stokes equation, where the $$\textrm{L}^p$$

L
p

- $$\textrm{L}^r$$

L
r

-smoothing of the Stokes semigroup was fundamental. The present abstract operator theoretic result is applicable for this latter problem (as was already the result of Hochbruck and Ostermann), or more generally in the setting of Hochbruck and Ostermann (2005), but also allows the consideration of examples, such as non-analytic Ornstein–Uhlenbeck semigroups or the Navier–Stokes flow around rotating bodies.
On the Incompressible Limit of a Strongly Stratified Heat Conducting Fluid
Authors: Basarić Danica , Bella Peter , Feireisl Eduard , Oschmann Florian , Titi Edriss S.
Published: May 2023

A compressible, viscous and heat conducting fluid is confined between two parallel plates maintained at a constant temperature and subject to a strong stratification due to the gravitational force. We consider the asymptotic limit, where the Mach number and the Froude number are of the same order proportional to a small parameter. We show the limit problem can be identified with Majda’s model of layered “stack-of-pancake” flow.
Euler–MacLaurin Summation Formula on Polytopes and Expansions in Multivariate Bernoulli Polynomials
Authors: Brandolini L. , Colzani L. , Gariboldi B. , Gigante G. , Monguzzi A.
Published: May 2023

We provide a multidimensional weighted Euler–MacLaurin summation formula on polytopes and a multidimensional generalization of a result due to L. J. Mordell on the series expansion in Bernoulli polynomials. These results are consequences of a more general series expansion; namely, if $$\chi _{\tau {\mathcal {P}}}$$

χ

τ
P

denotes the characteristic function of a dilated integer convex polytope $${\mathcal {P}}$$
P
and q is a function with suitable regularity, we prove that the periodization of $$q\chi _{\tau {\mathcal {P}}}$$

q

χ

τ
P

admits an expansion in terms of multivariate Bernoulli polynomials. These multivariate polynomials are related to the Lerch Zeta function. In order to prove our results we need to carefully study the asymptotic expansion of $$\widehat{q\chi _{\tau {\mathcal {P}}}}$$

q

χ

τ
P

^

, the Fourier transform of $$q\chi _{\tau {\mathcal {P}}}$$

q

χ

τ
P

.
CT-Kolonographie
Authors: Mang Thomas , Lampichler Katharina , Scharitzer Martina
Published: May 2023

Hintergrund

Um mit der CT-Kolonographie (CTK) gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen, ist neben der spezifischen radiologischen Expertise eine hochqualitative Durchführung der Untersuchung und eine Indikationsstellung gemäß fachspezifischen Richtlinien erforderlich.

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen Überblick über aktuelle Standards der Untersuchungstechnik sowie über Indikationen und Kontraindikationen der CTK in Anlehnung an rezente Empfehlungen und Richtlinien zu geben.

Material und Methoden

Mittels einer ausführlichen Literaturrecherche wird der aktuelle Wissensstand zur Untersuchungstechnik sowie zu den Einsatzgebieten und den Kontraindikationen zur CTK zusammengefasst.

Ergebnisse

Die CTK ist die radiologische Untersuchung der Wahl zur Detektion kolorektaler Neoplasien. Indikationen sind die unvollständige Koloskopie, Kontraindikationen oder Ablehnung der Koloskopie und die opportunistische Dickdarmkrebsvorsorge. Die Untersuchungstechnik umfasst eine den speziellen Erfordernissen der CTK angepasste Darmvorbereitung einschließlich „fecal tagging“, die Darmdistension, einen Niedrigdosis-CT-Scan in zwei Patientenpositionen sowie eine kombinierte 2D- und 3D-Auswertung.

Diskussion

Die Durchführung der CTK nach aktuellen technischen Standards ist Voraussetzung für hochqualitative und aussagekräftige Untersuchungen und damit auch ein Schlüsselfaktor zur korrekten Diagnosefindung. Als nichtinvasive Untersuchungsoption ermöglicht sie bei vielen Indikationen klinisch relevante Ergebnisse.
Decision-making under uncertainty: beyond probabilities
Authors: Badings Thom , Simão Thiago D. , Suilen Marnix , Jansen Nils
Published: May 2023

This position paper reflects on the state-of-the-art in decision-making under uncertainty. A classical assumption is that probabilities can sufficiently capture all uncertainty in a system. In this paper, the focus is on the uncertainty that goes beyond this classical interpretation, particularly by employing a clear distinction between aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty. The paper features an overview of Markov decision processes (MDPs) and extensions to account for partial observability and adversarial behavior. These models sufficiently capture aleatoric uncertainty, but fail to account for epistemic uncertainty robustly. Consequently, we present a thorough overview of so-called uncertainty models that exhibit uncertainty in a more robust interpretation. We show several solution techniques for both discrete and continuous models, ranging from formal verification, over control-based abstractions, to reinforcement learning. As an integral part of this paper, we list and discuss several key challenges that arise when dealing with rich types of uncertainty in a model-based fashion.
Identifying presence of cybersickness symptoms using AI-based predictive learning algorithms
Authors: Zaidi Syed Fawad M. , Shafiabady Niusha , Beilby Justin
Published: May 2023

Cybersickness (CS) affects a large proportion of virtual reality (VR) users causing a combination of nausea, headaches and dizziness which would create barriers to the users, VR designers/developers and the stakeholders in the production industry. Although design principles suggest methods to avoid CS, challenges remain as new demands and systems continue to penetrate the competitive market. The dilemma is whether to use VR technology by experiencing the ultimate virtual world using a head-mounted display (HMD) with possible CS triggers or to avoid the triggers by avoiding using VR. With the huge success and potential in the entertainment industry, it is very important to focus on the solutions to handling CS dilemmas. Therefore, the main observation for the developers is to have a guide around the set of established design principles aiming to broadly reduce CS. In this paper, we provide a method to apply artificial intelligence (AI) techniques and use machine learning (ML) algorithms including support vector machines (SVMs), decision trees (DTs) and K-nearest neighbours (KNNs) to predict CS outcomes. Based on our findings, we have observed that DT and SVM surpassed KNN in test accuracy. Additionally, DT exhibited better results than both SVM and KNN in train accuracy. By exploiting the power of ML, developers will be able to predict the potential occurrence of CS while developing VR projects to find ways to alleviate CS more effectively.
Cost-effectiveness of transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients at low surgical risk in France: a model-based analysis of the Evolut LR trial
Authors: Tchétché Didier , de Gennes Coline Dubois , Cormerais Quentin , Geisler Benjamin P. , Dutot Camille , Wilquin-Bequet Fanny , Breau-Brunel Manon , Lueza Béranger , Pietzsch Jan B.
Published: May 2023

Background

In the recent Evolut Low Risk randomized trial, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) was shown to be non-inferior to surgery (SAVR) regarding the composite end point of all-cause mortality or disabling stroke at 24 months.

Aims

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of self-expandable TAVI in low-risk patients, using the French healthcare system as the basis for analysis.

Methods

Mortality, health-related quality of life, and clinical event rates through two-year follow-up were derived from trial data (N = 725 TAVI and N = 678 SAVR; mean age: 73.9 years; mean STS-PROM: 1.9%). Cost inputs were based on real-world data for TAVI and SAVR procedures in the French healthcare system. Costs and effectiveness as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were projected to lifetime via a decision-analytic model under assumption of no mortality difference beyond two years. The discounted incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was evaluated against a willingness-to-pay threshold of €50,000 per QALY gained. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted, including assumptions about differential long-term survival.

Results

For the base case, mean survival was 13.69 vs 13.56 (+ 0.13) years for TAVI and SAVR, respectively. Discounted QALYs were 9.34 vs. 9.21 (+ 0.13) and discounted lifetime costs €52,267 vs. €51,433 (+ €833), resulting in a lifetime ICER of €6368 per QALY gained. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, TAVI was found dominant or cost-effective in 74.4% of samples.

Conclusion

TAVI in patients at low surgical risk is a cost-effective alternative to SAVR in the French healthcare system. Longer follow-up data will help increase the accuracy of lifetime survival projections.

Graphical Abstract
Linear analysis of the dynamic response of a riser subject to internal solitary waves
Authors: Tan Dalin , Wang Xu , Duan Jinlong , Zhou Jifu
Published: May 2023

The flow field induced by internal solitary waves (ISWs) is peculiar wherein water motion occurs in the whole water depth, and the strong shear near the pycnocline can be generated due to the opposite flow direction between the upper and lower layers, which is a potential threat to marine risers. In this paper, the flow field of ISWs is obtained with the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation for a two-layer fluid system. Then, a linear analysis is performed for the dynamic response of a riser with its two ends simply supported under the action of ISWs. The explicit expressions of the deflection and the moment of the riser are deduced based on the modal superposition method. The applicable conditions of the theoretical expressions are discussed. Through comparisons with the finite element simulations for nonlinear dynamic responses, it is proved that the theoretical expressions can roughly reveal the nonlinear dynamic response of risers under ISWs when the approximation for the linear analysis is relaxed to some extent.
A LiDAR-less approach to autonomous hazard detection and avoidance systems based on semantic segmentation
Authors: Peñarroya Pelayo , Centuori Simone , Sanjurjo Manuel , Hermosín Pablo
Published: May 2023

In this paper, a passive hazard detection and avoidance (HDA) system is presented, relying only on images as observations. To process these images, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are used to perform semantic segmentation and identify hazards corresponding to three different layers, namely feature detection, shadow detection, and slope estimation. The absence of active sensors such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR) makes it challenging to assess the surface geometry of a celestial body, and the training of the neural networks in this work is oriented towards coping with that drawback. The image data set for the training is generated using blender, and different body shape models (also referred to as meshes) are included, onto which stochastic feature populations and illumination conditions are imposed to produce a more diverse database. The CNNs are trained following a transfer learning approach to reduce the training effort and take advantage of previously trained networks. The results accurately predict the hazards in the images belonging to the data set, but struggle to yield successful predictions for the slope estimation, when images external to the data set are used, indicating that including the geometry of the target body in the training phase makes an impact on the quality of these predictions. The obtained predictions are composed to create safety maps, which are meant to be given as input to the guidance block of the spacecraft to evaluate the need for a manoeuvre to avoid hazardous areas. Additionally, preliminary hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test results are included, in which the algorithms developed are confronted against images taken using real hardware.
Green politics beyond the state: radicalizing the democratic potentials of climate citizens’ assemblies
Authors: Ejsing Mads , Veng Adam , Papazu Irina
Published: May 2023

In recent years, countries like France, UK, Germany, and Denmark have all carried out climate citizens’ assemblies where a group of representatively selected citizens come together to discuss issues around climate politics and provide policy recommendations to decision-makers. The hope is that these deliberative-democratic innovations can circumvent the flaws of representational politics and help break the existing gridlock around climate politics. In this article, relying on the case of the Danish climate citizens’ assembly that began its work in 2020, we argue that to truly realize the democratic potentials of climate citizens’ assemblies, there is a need to think about how citizens’ assemblies might come to multiply and proliferate in political spaces away from, or at least in addition to, those in and around the state, so they can become local drivers of democratic action and community empowerment. The argument is not that citizens’ assemblies should give up on affecting the state and parliamentary politics altogether, but that we must be careful not to put too much faith in state institutions, and also look for spaces outside the state where the conditions for transformative change and democratic capacity-building currently appear more fecund. Drawing together these arguments, we offer what we call a more radical vision of the democratic potentials of climate citizens’ assemblies, and provide some guidelines for what that would look like in practice.
Mobilising Extremism in Times of Change: Analysing the UK’s Far-Right Online Content During the Pandemic
Authors: Collins Jonathan
Published: May 2023

The growing dissension towards the political handling of COVID-19, widespread job losses, backlash to extended lockdowns, and hesitancy surrounding the vaccine are propagating toxic far-right discourses in the UK. Moreover, the public is increasingly reliant on different social media platforms, including a growing number of participants on the far-right’s fringe online networks, for all pandemic-related news and interactions. Therefore, with the proliferation of harmful far-right narratives and the public’s reliance on these platforms for socialising, the pandemic environment is a breeding ground for radical ideologically-based mobilisation and social fragmentation. However, there remains a gap in understanding how these far-right online communities, during the pandemic, utilise societal insecurities to attract candidates, maintain viewership, and form a collective on social media platforms. The article aims to better understand online far-right mobilisation by examining, via a mixed-methodology qualitative content analysis and netnography, UK-centric content, narratives, and key political figures on the fringe platform, Gab. Through the dual-qualitative coding and analyses of 925 trending posts, the research outlines the platform’s hate-filled media and the toxic nature of its communications. Moreover, the findings illustrate the far-right’s online discursive dynamics, showcasing the dependence on Michael Hogg’s uncertainty-identity mechanisms in the community’s exploitation of societal insecurity. From these results, I propose a far-right mobilisation model termed Collective Anxiety, which illustrates that toxic communication is the foundation for the community’s maintenance and recruitment. These observations set a precedent for hate-filled discourse on the platform and consequently have widespread policy implications that need addressing.
Purpureocillium lilacinum strain AUMC 10620 as a biocontrol agent against the citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans under laboratory and field conditions
Authors: El-Marzoky Amr M. , Elnahal Ahmed S. M. , Jghef Muthana M. , Abourehab Mohammed A. S. , El-Tarabily Khaled A. , Ali Mohamed A. M. S.
Published: May 2023

Three concentrations (1.25, 2.5, and 5 × 107 spores ml−1) (of the biocontrol fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum (strain AUMC 10620) were tested on citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans under in vitro and field conditions. Larvae and eggs were exposed to the fungal spores in vitro for 24, 48, and 72 h, and the findings were recorded at each time point. These results were compared with the application of the nematicide abamectin. Strain AUMC 10620 effectively reduced larval activity and egg hatching of T. semipenetrans under laboratory conditions. The highest concentration (5× 107 spores ml−1) of P. lilacinum, resulted in 89.01% immobility in the larvae, compared to abamectin, which resulted in 65.93% immobility after 48 h of exposure. These percentages of immobility were increased after 72 h of exposure (100 and 85.09%) when P. lilacinum at a concentration of 5 × 107 spores ml−1 and abamectin were used, respectively. On the other hand, the two other P. lilacinum concentrations (1.25, and 2.5 × 107 spores ml−1) affected the T. semipenetrans larvae to a lesser extent. The highest fungal concentration 5× 107 spores ml−1 inhibited the hatching of T. semipenetrans eggs in vitro with 71.34, 80, and 86.67% after 24, 48 and 72 h of treatment compared to the abamectin treatment which showed 76.67, 78, and 87% after the abovementioned periods, respectively. In addition, the application of P. lilacinum (5 × 107 spores ml−1) or abamectin under field conditions significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the population of the major nematode species (T. semipenetrans, Tylenchorhynchus spp., Helicotylenchus spp., and Pratylenchus spp.) infesting citrus after one, two, and three weeks of treatment compared to the control treatment but with no significant (P > 0.05) differences between the two treatments. Three weeks after the field application, the percentage of nematode reduction was significantly (P < 0.05) smaller than the control treatment at concentrations of 5, 2.5, and 1.25 × 107 spores ml−1, respectively, by 78.42, 64.03, and 58.35%. It is evident from these results that the application of P. lilacinum strain (AUMC 10620) can be used in integrated pest management programs to control nematodes infesting citrus trees.

Graphical abstract
Effects of Temperature and Advanced Cleaning Practices on the Removal of Select Organic Chemicals from Structural Firefighter Gear
Authors: Forester Crystal D. , Tarley Jay
Published: May 2023

There are approximately 1.2 million firefighters in the United States. In addition to fighting fires, they also participate in various tasks including emergency rescues, providing emergency medical care, driving, operating and maintaining fire vehicles and other apparatuses and continued training. During the course of their duties, firefighters are often exposed to carcinogenic chemicals that may accumulate on their turnout clothing. To determine if these chemicals can be removed and to measure the efficacy of current cleaning protocols, a study was developed to assess these protocols which call for a maximum water temperature of 105°F and no solvents. The results showed that volatile and small semi-volatile chemicals such as dimethyl phthalate and chlorinated phenols had cleaning efficiencies of 85% or greater. However, for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the cleaning efficiency was only 20% to 50%. To determine if it is possible to remove the more persistent PAHs, temperatures were increased to 125°F and 140°F, and a respective increase in cleaning efficiencies of the PAHs was seen. The protocols were then adapted to add a pre-soak cycle which, when combined with the increased temperatures, resulted in an increase of the PAH cleaning efficiency range from 50 to 80%, compound dependent. This work provides a starting point for discussions between the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and other standards organization and manufacturers to determine if increased temperatures and chemical soaks would be detrimental to gear as they are currently not advised.
Assessment of the salinity tolerance, response mechanisms and nutritional imbalance to heterogeneous salt supply in Populus alba L. clone ‘Marte’ using a split-root system
Authors: Della Maggiora Lorenzo , Francini Alessandra , Giovannelli Alessio , Sebastiani Luca
Published: May 2023

Salinity responses of Populus alba L. clone ‘Marte’ were evaluated using a split-root system to simulate the heterogeneous soil conditions in the field and to assess the salinity tolerance of clone ‘Marte’. During the 26 days of experiment, we measured morpho-physiological parameters as well as the mineral content in substrate and plant organs in split-root plants watered with no salt on both sides of the system (0/0 mM - S1), salt on one side (0/100 mM – S2) and salt on both sides (100/100 mM – S3). Shoot elongation, stem diameter increase, and number of new leaves were not significantly different among and within each salt treatment. Leaf relative chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a fluorescence did not show any difference, while there was a decrease of 85% in terms of net photosynthesis (Pn) and 88% in stomatal conductance (gs) in S3 plants compared to S1. Na, absorbed by one side of the 0/100 mM plants, was equally distributed in all aerial organs and reached a concentration in-between the other two groups, as a confirmation of the physiological results obtained. An increase in Mn concentrations in woody cutting, stems and leaves of S2 and S3 system compared to S1 group was observed. Moreover, S3 plants showed an increase of K concentration in leaves. In ‘Marte’ poplar, Na increment was only translated in a reduction of photosyntetic performances, and the increase of some key mineral elements at leaf level such as K and Mn suggested an attempt to overcome the stress.
Focal pulsed field ablation and ultrahigh-density mapping — versatile tools for all atrial arrhythmias? Initial procedural experiences
Authors: Ruwald Martin H. , Johannessen Arne , Hansen Morten Lock , Haugdal Martin , Worck Rene , Hansen Jim
Published: May 2023

Background

Focal pulsed field ablation (FPFA) is a novel and promising method of cardiac ablation. The aim of this study was to report the feasibility, short-term safety, and procedural findings for a broad spectrum of ablated atrial arrhythmias.

Methods

Patients (n = 51) scheduled for ablation of atrial arrhythmias were prospectively included and underwent FPFA using the Galvanize CENTAURI generator with energy delivery through commercially available ablation catheters with ultrahigh-density (UHDx) 3D electroanatomic voltage/local activation time map evaluations. Workflow, procedural data, and peri-procedural technical errors and complications are described.

Results

Planned ablation strategy was achieved with FPFA-only in 48/51 (94%) of the cases. Ablation strategy was first-time pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in 17/51 (36%), repeat ablation in 18/51 (38%), PVI + in 13/51 (28%), and cavotricuspid isthmus block (CTI)-only in 3/51 (6%). The mean procedure time was 104 ± 31 min (first-time PVI), 114 ± 26 min (repeat procedure), 152 ± 36 min (PVI +), and 62 ± 17 min (CTI). Mean UHDx mapping time to assess lesion formation and block after ablation was 7 ± 4 min with 5485 ± 4809 points. First pass acute (linear) isolation with bidirectional block for anatomical lesion sets was 120/124 (97%) for all PVs, 17/17 (100%) for (any) isthmus, and 14/17 (82%) for left atrium posterior wall (LAPW). We observed several time-consuming integration errors with the used ablation system (mean 3.4 ± 3.7 errors/procedure), one transient inferior ST elevation when ablating CTI resolved by intravenous nitroglycerine and one transient AV block requiring temporary pacing for > 24 h.

Conclusions

FPFA was a highly versatile method to treat atrial arrhythmias with high first-pass efficiency. UHDx revealed acute homogenous low-voltage lesions in ablated areas. More data is needed to establish lesion durability and limitations of FPFA.
The effects of digital servitization on business competitiveness: A case study of Spanish manufacturers
Authors: Minaya Pedro E. , Avella Lucía , Trespalacios Juan A.
Published: May 2023

In recent years, interest has grown in servitization strategies as business models for selling combined packages of goods and services to create competitive advantage to provide great customer value. Various studies have examined the benefits servitization offers to both businesses and their customers; however, there is very little research on the moderating role played by the digital enablers of Industry 4.0 on servitization. It is this research gap that the present study aims to fill. Using a framework developed from the extant literature, case studies, with an exploratory objective, were conducted to the aim of identifying and analyzing the challenges and opportunities that could be presented in those companies that decide to develop digital servitization. To achieve it, this study focuses on a deep analysis of the experience in five manufacturing companies, and, from that, we draw significant conclusions (both for further research and for business practice) about the strategy of servitization and the moderating role of Industry 4.0 on business competitiveness. We first carried out detailed interviews with key personnel from companies, complementing that with additional information from various sources before analyzing the results to identify emerging topics. The qualitative study allowed us to highlight how the different kinds of digital technologies supported servitization and product innovation. In addition, it provides empirical evidence about the different servitization strategies and Industry 4.0 digital enablers, which, in combination, allows companies achieving increased competitiveness, generate greater returns, find new customers, access new markets, and develop new business ideas.
Revascularization and angiogenesis for bone bioengineering in the craniofacial region: a review
Authors: AL-Fotawi Randa , Fallatah Waleed
Published: May 2023

The revascularization of grafted tissues is a complicated and non-straightforward process, which makes it challenging to perform reconstructive surgery for critical-sized bone defects. This challenge is combined with the low vascularity that results from radiotherapy. This low vascularity could result from ischemia–reperfusion injuries, also known as ischemia which may happen upon grafting. Ischemia may affect the hard tissue during reconstruction, and this can often cause resorption, infections, disfigurement, and malunion. This paper therefore reviews the clinical and experimental application of procedures that were employed to improve the reconstructive surgery process, which would ensure that the vascularity of the tissue is maintained or enhanced. It also presents the key strategies that are implemented to perform tissue engineering within the grafted sites aiming to optimize the microenvironment and to enhance the overall process of neovascularization and angiogenesis. This review reveals that the current strategies, according to the literature, are the seeding of the mature and progenitor cells, use of extracellular matrix (ECM), co-culturing of osteoblasts with the ECM, growth factors and the use of microcapillaries incorporated into the scaffold design. However, due to the unstable and regression-prone capillary structures in bone constructs, further research focusing on creating long-lasting and stable blood vessels is required.

Graphical Abstract
Eigen Background Subtraction for Industrial Flaw Detection: Application to High-Pressure Turbine Blade CT Scans
Authors: Remacha C. , Redoulès G. , Aublet A.
Published: May 2023

We propose a state-of-the-art approach that is the first to use Eigen background subtraction to reveal flaws in three-dimensional Computed Tomography data. Our method is composed of two main steps. During the first step, principal component analysis (PCA) is applied on flaw-free blade stack data. From a statistical perspective, a series of “flaw-free” characteristic functions is extracted. The second step consists of decomposing the blade of interest according to the functions calculated from PCA. This projection allows the construction of a synthetic blade without any flaws. A subtraction between the synthetic blade and real blade highlights the abnormal variations. The main advantage of this technique is that the processing remains applicable even when the measurement system or parts of the system have variability that is greater than the flaw size.
Liquid pressure fluctuations around a needle during bubble departures
Authors: Dzienis P. , Mosdorf R.
Published: May 2023

The bubble–bubble interaction and bubble–needle interaction are usually caused by liquid flow in the needle or the needle’s neighborhood. Moreover, nonlinear changes in the liquid’s velocity and pressure can lead to chaotic bubble departures. In the present paper, the liquid pressure changes in the needle’s neighborhood were experimentally and numerically investigated. In the experiment, bubbles were generated from a brass needle into distilled water. A second needle was placed at a distance of 1.5 mm from the needle which was used to generate the bubble and was used to measure the changes of liquid pressure during successive stages of bubble departures. It was shown that, during the bubble waiting time, the liquid pressure in the needle’s neighborhood fluctuates slightly. Significant changes in the liquid’s pressure were observed during the bubble growth stage. The influence of liquid pressure and liquid velocity above the needle on the bubble growing stage and bubble waiting time was discussed.
A review on the role of NDRG1 in different cancers
Authors: Ghafouri-Fard Soudeh , Ahmadi Teshnizi Sara , Hussen Bashdar Mahmud , Taheri Mohammad , Sharifi Guive
Published: May 2023

NDRG1 is a member of the α/β hydrolase superfamily that resides in the cytoplasm and participates in the stress responses, hormone response, cell growth, and differentiation. Several studies have pointed to the importance of NDRG1 in the carcinogenesis. This gene has been found to be up-regulated in an array of cancer types such as bladder, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, endometrial, lung and liver cancers, but being down-regulated in other types of cancers such as colorectal, gastric and ovarian cancers. The current study summarizes the evidence on the role of NDRG1 in the carcinogenic processes in different types of tissues.
Natural killer cells strengthen antitumor activity of cisplatin by immunomodulation and ameliorate cisplatin-induced side effects
Authors: Wang Zhu , Yang Zhan , Qu Changbao , Li Jinmin , Wang Xiaolu
Published: May 2023

Purpose

Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is now an important treatment for improving bladder cancer prognosis. However, challenges in clinical treatment remain due to the numerous side effects of chemotherapy. Natural killer (NK) cells regulate certain immune responses and play a significant role in tumor surveillance and control. The efficacy of NK cells combined with cisplatin for chemoimmunotherapy in bladder cancer remains poorly understood.

Methods

In this study, we established an MB49 tumor-bearing mouse model, tumor growth was measured in a control group and in groups treated with cisplatin, NK cells or both. Organ indices, biochemical indicators of blood serum, and expression of apoptotic proteins were used to assess the extent of organ damage. ELISA and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the levels of immune cells and cytokine expression in serum, spleen, and tumor tissue.

Results

NK cells combined with cisplatin exhibited better antitumor activity. NK cells also alleviated the organ damage caused by cisplatin and improved the survival rate. Treatment with NK cells increased the expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ as well as the number of CD4 + T cells. Additionally, cisplatin increased the expression of natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) ligands thus activating NK cells to kill tumor cells.

Conclusion

NK cells could alleviate the side effects of cisplatin treatment and enhance antitumor activity. The combination of NK cells and cisplatin thus provides a promising option for chemoimmunotherapy for bladder cancer.