bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suppiluliuma I
Authors: Beckman Gary
Published: December 2012

A seasoned soldier who commanded armies already during the reign of his father Tudhaliya II, who was often in ill health, Suppiluliuma I (mid‐fourteenth centuryBCE) was brought to the Hittite throne by the military in a coup against the designated heir, his brother Tudhaliya III (“the Younger”).
Tayma
Authors: Livingstone Alasdair
Published: December 2012

The ancient Arabian town of Tayma, in the northwestern Hijaz, lies 400 km north of Medina on the caravan route from Yemen to Syria. Of great antiquity, the town's floruit was between the eighth century
BCE
and the second century
CE
.
Telepinu
Authors: Beckman Gary
Published: December 2012

Telepinu (late sixteenth centuryBCE) came to the Hittite throne as a result of a coup. According to his own account, Telepinu and his wife Istapariya had been targeted for death by the preceding ruler, his brother‐in‐law Huzziya I. But having thwarted these plans and exiled Huzziya together with his partisans, Telepinu became king.
Tiglath‐pileser III
Authors: Frahm Eckart
Published: December 2012

Tiglath‐pileser III was a king of Assyria who ruled from 745 to 727BCE. His actual Assyrian throne name wasTukulti‐apil‐esharra; the form “Tiglath‐pileser” is derived from the Hebrew Bible (2 Kgs 15:29 and elsewhere). In Babylonian sources, the Ptolemaic Canon, Berossus, the Bible (2 Kgs 15:19, 1 Chr 5:26), and Josephus, he was also known as Pulu (Phulos, Poros), which is either a hypocoristic form ofTukulti‐apil‐esharraor the king's birth name.
Tukulti‐Ninurta I
Authors: Cancik‐Kirschbaum Eva
Published: December 2012

Tukulti‐Ninurta I (whose name means “my support is the god Ninurta”), son of Shalmaneser I, was king of Assyria from 1233–1197
BCE
.
Washukanni
Authors: Wilhelm Gernot
Published: December 2012

Washukanni, sometimes considered the capital of Mittani, was one of that kingdom's most important cities and the location of a royal residence.
Zagros mountains
Authors: Emberling Geoff
Published: December 2012

The Zagros mountains are a geologically young and active range in western Iran, formed by the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian tectonic plates.
Zakkur of Hamath
Authors: Cogan Mordechai
Published: December 2012

Zakkur, king of Hamath in central Syria (modern Hama), reigned during the first quarter of the eighth century
BCE
, according to inscriptional evidence.
Zakutu (Naqi'a)
Authors: Melville Sarah C.
Published: December 2012

Naqi'a (Akkadian Zakutu) was an important figure at the Assyrian court during the reign of her son, Esarhaddon (r. 680–669
BCE
).
Burna‐Buriash
Authors: Abraham Kathleen
Published: December 2012

Burna‐Buriash (var. Burra‐Buriāš) was the name of at least two kings in the Kassite Dynasty of Babylon. Of these, the best known is Burna‐Buriash II (r. 1350–1324
BCE
), who was a contemporary of the Egyptian pharaohs Amenhotep III and IV (Akhenaten) and of the Assyrian king Aššur‐uballit I.
Gyges (Gugu) of Lydia
Authors: Rollinger Robert
Published: December 2012

The Lydian ruler Gyges, son of Daskylos, founded the dynasty of the Mermnads. His reign is dated roughly to the second third of the seventh centuryBCE. He is known both from contemporaneous Assyrian sources (where his name appears as Gugu) and from later Greek literature.
Nabonassar
Authors: Joannés Francis
Published: December 2012

Nabonassar (Nabu‐naṣir), king of Babylon from 747 to 734
BCE
, had difficulty establishing his authority over a deeply‐divided Babylonia. The Chaldaean confederations in the country's south and center exhibited great independence, and the Aramaeans of eastern Babylonia dwelt in virtual autonomy.
Qadishtum
Authors: Scurlock JoAnn
Published: December 2012

The Akkadian word qadištum (
qadishtum
), equivalent to Canaanite
qedešah
, denotes a “holy woman,” that is, a minor priestess.
Hieroglyphs, Anatolian
Authors: Yakubovich Ilya
Published: December 2012

Anatolian hieroglyphic writing gradually arose out of an indigenous set of commonly used symbols and pictograms during the second millennium
BCE
. It is first attested in a fully developed form on Late Bronze Age seals and stone inscriptions of Hittite kings and high officials (ca. 1350–1200
BCE
).
Deioces
Authors: Rollinger Robert
Published: December 2012

According to classical tradition, Deioces was a Median ruler; the Greek form Deiokes may reflect Iranian *Dahyu‐ka‐, a hypocoristic based on *dahyu‐ “land”.
Weights and measures, ancient Near East
Authors: Chambon Grégory
Published: December 2012

Ever since the decipherment of cuneiform in the nineteenth century, scholars have been interested in the systems of weights and measures of the ancient Near East, and especially of Mesopotamia.
Rotas Sator
Authors: Ferguson Everett
Published: December 2012

Rotas Satoris a Latin word square of five five‐letter words that spell the same words in every direction. The earliest attested arrangement of the letters is:
Jozimine A2: The First Dimeric Dioncophyllaceae‐Type Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloid, with Three Chiral Axes and High Antiplasmodial Activity
Authors: Bringmann Gerhard , Zhang Guoliang , Büttner Tobias , Bauckmann Gabi , Kupfer Thomas , Braunschweig Holger , Brun Reto , Mudogo Virima
Published: December 2012

A new dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid, jozimine A2 (2), was isolated from the root bark of an Ancistrocladus species from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Its absolute stereostructure was determined by chemical, spectroscopic, and chiroptical methods, and confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. Jozimine A2 (2) is one of the as yet very rare naphthylisoquinoline dimers whose central biaryl axis is rotationally hindered. Moreover, it is the first natural dimer of a Dioncophyllaceae‐type alkaloid, that is, lacking oxygen functions at C6, and bearing R configurations at C3 in its two isoquinoline portions. Despite this decreased steric hindrance, the outer biaryl axes are chiral, too, so that jozimine A2 (2) has three consecutive stereogenic axes and, together with the four stereogenic centers, seven elements of chirality and is C2‐symmetric. The new dimer exhibits excellent, and specific, antiplasmodial activity. To further confirm its stereostructure and for likewise testing the bioactivities of its (unnatural) atropo‐diastereomer, compound 2 was prepared by semi‐synthesis from the co‐occurring (and likewise synthetically available) dioncophylline A (5), along with its atropo‐diastereomer, 3′‐epi‐2.
Cercariform cells: Another cytologic feature distinguishing solid pseudopapillary neoplasms from pancreatic endocrine neoplasms and acinar cell carcinomas in endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspirates
Authors: Samad Arbaz , Shah Akeesha A. , Stelow Edward B. , Alsharif Mariam , Cameron Stuart E. H. , Pambuccian Stefan E.
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUND

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPPN) is a rare tumor of unknown origin that occurs predominantly in the body or tail of the pancreas in young women. The authors recently identified cercariform (Greek: tailed) cells, similar to those described in urothelial carcinomas, as a consistent cytologic feature in ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) samples from SPPNs. The objective of the current multi‐institutional study was to define the value of these cells in the differential diagnosis of SPPN with other neoplasms characterized cytologically by the presence of monotonous, uniform cells in pancreatic aspirates: pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (Pan‐NETs) and acinar cell carcinomas (ACCs).

METHODS

The files of 4 academic hospitals were searched for SPPNs, Pan‐NETs, and ACCs that were diagnosed by EUS‐FNA. The slides were reviewed, and several cytologic features were recorded semiquantitatively to identify discriminating features between SPPNs, Pan‐NETs, and ACCs.

RESULTS

From the analysis of 18 SPPNs, 4 ACCs, and 20 Pan‐NETs, the following cytologic features were identified as common to all 3 neoplasms: single cells and rosettes/acinar cell groups, round‐to‐plasmacytoid cells, pale‐to‐granular cytoplasm, fine vacuoles, and binucleated cells. Papillary structures, cercariform cells, large cytoplasmic vacuoles, reniform nuclei, hyaline globules/magenta‐colored material, and degenerative features (cholesterol crystals, calcifications, foam cells, or giant cells) were significantly more common in SPPNs. Prominent nuclear grooves were encountered in only 4 of 18 SPPNs.

CONCLUSIONS

The current results indicated that the presence of cercariform cells is another useful clue for the cytologic diagnosis of SPPN in challenging cases. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:298–310. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Riparian vegetation dynamics: insight provided by a process‐based model, a statistical model and field data
Authors: Ye F. , Chen Q. , Blanckaert K. , Ma J.
Published: December 2012

The dynamics of riparian vegetation in a reach of the Lijiang River, China, are investigated. A new process‐based model is developed based on cellular automata, which simulates the key processes in the life cycle of the ten most occurring plant species: germination, normal growth, response to floods and droughts, destruction by high velocities, consumption of resources, colonization and competition. The parameterization of these processes is based on controlled experiments on plants sampled in the study area. A traditional statistical model is also developed, which relates the vegetation state to four flow‐related variables. Both models are assessed based on data from 12 field surveys in the period from 2009 to 2011, during the dry season, the wet season and at the end of the growing season. Both models predict satisfactorily the spatial distribution of the vegetation cover at the end of the growing season. Although the statistical model is by definition limited to the steady state conditions at the end of the growing season, the process‐based model also satisfactorily simulates the temporal dynamics of the vegetation during the dry season and the wet season. Contrary to the statistical model, the process‐based model also satisfactorily simulates the vegetation cover outside the area used for the model parameterization. Thus, process‐based models are more robust under flow regimes with spatial heterogeneity and important temporal variations. Field observations and process‐based model predictions indicate that the regime of dry season and wet season floods is the main regulator of the vegetation cover in the study area. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spin Crossover Behavior of Dinuclear FeII Complexes with Bis‐Tetradentate Bridging‐Type Ligands
Authors: Kanegawa Shinji , Kang Soonchul , Sato Osamu
Published: December 2012

The preparation and characterization of two new FeII dinuclear complexes with bis‐tetradentate bridging‐type ligands [{Fe(NCS)2}2(L)]·DMF·2H2O (1: L = L1{2,5‐bis[N,N‐bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl]pyrazine}, 2: L = L2{2,3‐bis[N,N‐bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl]pyrazine}) are reported. Magnetic measurements reveal that complexes 1 and 2 exhibit different thermal spin‐crossover behavior. Complex 1 shows a crystalline solvent effect on spin crossover (SCO). After desorption of the crystalline solvent by heating, an abrupt one‐step transition with a hysteresis loop was observed for the desolvated form 1′. Conversely, a gradual two‐step SCO was obtained for 2. The photomagnetic effect was also investigated in 1′ and 2, and both complexes clearly show light‐induced excited spin state trapping. Interestingly, one‐step and two‐step thermal relaxation were observed for 1′ and 2, respectively. Such different SCO properties occur because of the cooperative effects owing to the structure of the ligand.
Nernst‐Planck‐Poisson Model for the Description of Behaviour of Solid‐Contact Ion‐Selective Electrodes at Low Analyte Concentration
Authors: Jasielec Jerzy J. , Lisak Grzegorz , Wagner Michal , Sokalski Tomasz , Lewenstam Andrzej
Published: December 2012

All‐solid‐state electrodes are increasingly being used in clinical, industrial and environmental analysis. This wide range of applications requires deep theoretical description of such electrodes. This work concentrates on the development of a numerical tool for the qualitative prediction of electrochemical behaviour for solid‐contact ion‐selective electrodes at low analyte concentrations. For this purpose, a general approach to the description of electro‐diffusion processes, namely the Nernst‐Planck‐Poisson (NPP) model, was applied. The results obtained from this model are verified by experimental data of lead(II)‐selective electrodes based on a polymeric PVC membrane with polybenzopyrene doped with Eriochrome Black T used as the solid contact.
Estimating the probability of widespread flood events
Authors: Keef Caroline , Tawn Jonathan A. , Lamb Rob
Published: December 2012

Flooding is a natural phenomenon that regularly causes financial and human devastation around the world. In many countries the risk of flooding is managed by society through a combination of governmental agencies and the insurance industry. For both these types of organisation an estimate of the largest, or most widespread, events that can be expected to occur is useful. Such estimates can be used to help in preparing or co‐ordinating flood mitigation activities and by the insurance and re‐insurance industries to assess financial risk. In this paper we develop a method to simulate a set of synthetic flood events that can be used to estimate the probability of widespread floods. We demonstrate this method using data from a set of UK river flow gauges. The model used in this simulation process is based on the conditional exceedance model of Heffernan and Tawn, extended to incorporate features typically found in the data for extreme river floods. We also present an improved estimation method for the model parameters and demonstrate its advantages through the results of a simulation study. The benefits of the method over previous models used are that it provides a theoretical basis for extrapolation and is flexible enough to account for varying strengths of extremal dependence that are observed in flood data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extracorporeal albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system in acute-on-chronic liver failure: The RELIEF trial
Authors: Bañares Rafael , Nevens Frederik , Larsen Fin Stolze , Jalan Rajiv , Albillos Agustín , Dollinger Matthias , Saliba Faouzi , Sauerbruch Tilman , Klammt Sebastian , Ockenga Johann , Pares Albert , Wendon Julia , Brünnler Tanja , Kramer Ludwig , Mathurin Philippe , de la Mata Manuel , Gasbarrini Antonio , Müllhaupt Beat , Wilmer Alexander , Laleman Wim , Eefsen Martin , Sen Sambit , Zipprich Alexander , Tenorio Teresa , Pavesi Marco , Schmidt Hartmut H.-J. , Mitzner Steffen , Williams Roger , Arroyo Vicente
Published: December 2012

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a frequent cause of death in cirrhosis. Albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) decreases retained substances and improves hemodynamics and hepatic encephalopathy (HE). However, its survival impact is unknown. In all, 189 patients with ACLF were randomized either to MARS (n = 95) or to standard therapy (SMT) (n = 94). Ten patients (five per group) were excluded due to protocol violations. In addition, 23 patients (MARS: 19; SMT: 4) were excluded from per-protocol (PP) analysis (PP population n = 156). Up to 10 6–8-hour MARS sessions were scheduled. The main endpoint was 28-day ITT and PP survival. There were no significant differences at inclusion, although the proportion of patients with Model for Endstage Liver Disease (MELD) score over 20 points and with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) as a precipitating event was almost significantly greater in the MARS group. The 28-day survival was similar in the two groups in the ITT and PP populations (60.7% versus 58.9%; 60% versus 59.2% respectively). After adjusting for confounders, a significant beneficial effect of MARS on survival was not observed (odds ratio [OR]: 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44–1.72). MELD score and HE at admission and the increase in serum bilirubin at day 4 were independent predictors of death. At day 4, a greater decrease in serum creatinine (

P

= 0.02) and bilirubin (

P

= 0.001) and a more frequent improvement in HE (from grade II-IV to grade 0-I; 62.5% versus 38.2%;

P

= 0.07) was observed in the MARS group. Severe adverse events were similar.

Conclusion
: At scheduled doses, a beneficial effect on survival of MARS therapy in patients with ACLF could not be demonstrated. However, MARS has an acceptable safety profile, has significant dialysis effect, and nonsignificantly improves severe HE. (Hepatology 2013)
Depletion of albumin and immunoglobulin G from human serum using epitope‐imprinted polymers as artificial antibodies
Authors: Yang Hsueh‐Hui , Lu Kuo‐Hao , Lin Yee‐Fung , Tsai Sheng‐Hung , Chakraborty Subrata , Zhai Wei‐Jun , Tai Dar‐Fu
Published: December 2012

Serum is a readily available source for noninvasive studies in clinical research, but it contains abundant proteins such as albumin and immunoglobulin G that can hinder the presence of low‐abundant proteins as well as decrease sample loading capacity of analytical methods. Therefore, depletion of these two proteins is required to observe low‐abundance serum proteins. Molecularly imprinted polymers are template‐induced artificial antibodies with the ability to recognize and selectively bind the target molecule. In this study, artificial albumin and immunoglobulin G antibodies were developed by using two epitopes of human serum albumin and immunoglobulin G as templates. Acrylic acid, acrylamide, and N‐acryl tyramine were the corresponding monomers; N,N′‐ethylene bisacrylamide served as a cross‐linker, and cellulosic fibers were used as a supporting matrix. The adsorption capacity of these artificial antibodies was 15.2 mg, 10 mg, and 15 μL per gram for human serum albumin, immunoglobulin G, and human serum, respectively. The dissociation constant (Kd) of these artificial antibodies toward the human serum albumin and immunoglobulin G was 1 μM and 0.6 μM, respectively. The biomimetic properties of these artificial antibodies, coupled with their economical and rapid production, high specificity and their reusability, make them attractive for protein separation and analysis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Evaluation of Adamantane Derivatives as Inhibitors of Dengue Virus mRNA Cap Methyltransferase by Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Luzhkov Victor , Decroly Etienne , Canard Bruno , Selisko Barbara , Åqvist Johan
Published: December 2012

Binding of the Dengue virus S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine (AdoMet)‐dependent mRNA cap methyltransferase (NS5MTaseDV) with adamantane derivatives was explored using molecular modeling methods and (nucleoside‐2′O)‐methyltransferase bioassay. The studied compounds include urea derivatives of adamantane and the antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine. The urea derivatives of adamantanes had previously been identified as inhibitors of NS5MTaseDV. The docking simulations using GOLD, Glide, and Dock give consistent binding modes and binding affinities of adamantanes in the AdoMet‐binding site of NS5MTaseDV and, in particular, yield similar positions for the previously found inhibitors. Combined, they perfectly correspond to the bioassay measurements of nucleoside‐2′O‐methyltransferase activity of NS5TaseDV, which confirmed inhibitory properties of the active urea adamantane but did not show inhibitory activity for amantadine and rimantadine. We also employed microscopic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and a linear interaction energy (LIE) method to verify the docking results. The MD/LIE binding free energies of selected protein–inhibitor complexes agree overall with the binding affinities from docking and demonstrate that amantadine and rimantadine only weakly bind at the explored site. The MD simulations also demonstrated the flexible character of a protein loop that is located between the β2 and β3 strands and is part of the AdoMet‐binding pocket of NS5MTaseDV.
Tetrahedral mesh generation based on space indicator functions
Authors: Friess Hansmartin , Haussener Sophia , Steinfeld Aldo , Petrasch Jörg
Published: December 2012

An algorithm for the generation of tetrahedral volume meshes is developed for highly irregular objects specified by volumetric representations such as domain indicator functions and tomography data. It is based on red–green refinement of an initial mesh derived from a body‐centered cubic lattice. A quantitative comparison of alternative types of initial meshes is presented. The minimum set of best‐quality green refinement schemes is identified. Boundary conformity is established by deforming or splitting surface‐crossing elements. Numerical derivatives of input data are strictly avoided. Furthermore, the algorithm features surface‐adaptive mesh density based on local surface roughness, which is an integral property of finite surface portions. Examples of applications are presented for computer tomography of porous media. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
12th Latest Advances in Psychiatry: Psychiatry in the 21st Century
Authors: Laight Katherine
Published: December 2012

The 12th Latest Advances in Psychiatry Symposium is to be held on the 13th March 2013 at the Royal College of Physicians in London and once again promises to be an exciting meeting.
Analysis of GPs' opinions of new patients' psychiatric assessment letters
Authors: Najim Hellme , Loughran Michael
Published: December 2012

New psychiatric assessment letters to GPs are of paramount importance in setting up a successful partnership between primary and secondary care. In this study, Dr Najim and Dr Loughran identified the patient information considered by GPs to be essential and used the results to design an improved letter format to optimise communication between primary and secondary care.
Supramolecular diaryliodonium salt‐crown ether complexes as cationic photoinitiators
Authors: Crivello James V. , Aldersley Michael F.
Published: December 2012

Diaryliodonium salts spontaneously form crystalline 1:1 supramolecular complexes at room temperature in good to excellent yields with 18‐crown‐6 ether and its cyclohexano‐ and benzo‐substituted analogs. The complexes were characterized using IR, UV, MS, 1H, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy and by single crystal X‐ray crystallography. The analytical data obtained were consistent with a structure in which the positively charged iodine atom of diaryliodonium cation is positioned above and over the center of the crown ether ring with the positively charged iodine atom coordinated to the crown ether oxygen atoms. The diaryliodonium salt‐crown ether complexes are photosensitive and were used to carry out the photoinitiated cationic polymerizations of a number of mono‐ and difunctional monomers. During irradiation with UV light, the supramolecular complexes undergo photolysis with the generation of a Brønsted acid and with the concomitant release of the crown ether. When used as photoinitiators, the crown ether that is released markedly influences the kinetics of the subsequent cationic polymerization of the monomer. Further studies demonstrated that the photolysis of diaryliodonium salt‐crown ether supramolecular complexes can be photosensitized using typical‐electron transfer photosensitizers. Free radical‐promoted photosensitization using typical unimolecular free radical photoinitiators such as 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone also takes place readily. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Well‐defined poly(oxazoline)‐b‐poly(acrylate) amphiphilic copolymers: From synthesis by polymer–polymer coupling to self‐organization in water
Authors: Guillerm Brieuc , Monge Sophie , Lapinte Vincent , Robin Jean‐Jacques
Published: December 2012

In this contribution, we report on the self‐assembly in water of original amphiphilic poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline)‐b‐poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) copolymers, synthesized by copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. For such purpose, (poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline)) and (poly(tert‐butyl acrylate)) are first prepared by cationic ring‐opening polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization, respectively. Well‐defined polymeric building blocks, ω‐N3‐P(t‐BA) and α‐alkyne‐P(MOx), bearing reactive chain end groups, are accurately characterized by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight spectroscopy. Then, P(MOx)n‐b‐P(t‐BA)m are achieved by polymer–polymer coupling and are fully characterized by diffusion‐ordered NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography, demonstrating the obtaining of pure amphiphilic copolymers. Consequently, the latter lead to the formation in water of well‐defined monodisperse spherical micelles (RH = 40–60 nm), which are studied by fluorescence spectroscopy, static light scattering, atomic force microscope, and transmission electronic microscopy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Low‐thermal‐conductivity group 13 chalcogenides as high‐efficiency thermoelectric materials
Authors: Kurosaki Ken , Yamanaka Shinsuke
Published: December 2012

Thermoelectric (TE) generators can directly generate electrical power from waste heat and are promising for use in power supplies and for realizing sustainable energy management. However, the low efficiencies of TE materials in converting heat to electricity is the main impediment to applying TE generators in many industries including exhaust heat recovery in automobiles. The efficiency of TE materials is quantified by a dimensionless figure of merit ZT. To enhance ZT, it is important to reduce the lattice thermal conductivity (κlat) of a material while maintaining a high electrical conductivity. Here, we review the TE properties of thallium‐based compounds, mainly tellurides. Many thallium tellurides exhibit extremely low κlat below 0.5 W m−1 K−1, which is almost one third that of Bi2Te3 used in current TE devices. Of the thallium tellurides, Ag9TlTe5 has the highest ZT value of 1.2, which is higher than typical ZT values 0.8 of Bi2Te3; this is primarily due to the extremely low κlat of Ag9TlTe5. In addition, we briefly review the TE properties of tellurides of other group 13 elements that contain structural vacancies such as Ga2Te3. Tellurides exhibit various vacancy distributions and hence have interesting TE properties. Based on the results of the TE properties of these tellurides, we propose a strategy for improving TE materials.
Multicrystalline silicon production for solar cell applications by continuous induction melting in cold crucible
Authors: Beringov Sergey , Shkulkov Anatoly , Cherpak Yuriy , Vlasiuk Maryna , Vlasenko Timur , Buchovska Iryna , Kveder Vitaly , Khorosheva Maria
Published: December 2012

Our progress in further development of “Induction Melting in Cold Crucible” (IMCC) method for continuous growth of mc‐Si for PV applications is reported and characteristics of material production by this method are presented. The productivity of our IMCC equipment is more than three times higher than the productivity of standard equipment for Directional Solidification (DS) in quartz crucible, the process is continuous and eliminates the need to consume expensive quartz crucibles. The properties of IMCC mc‐Si were investigated by Light Beam Induced Current (LBIC), Time of Flight Second Ion Mass Spectroscopy (TOF‐SIMS) measurements etc. The results obtained are compared with the properties of standard MC‐Si produced by DS in quartz crucibles. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative study of extended free‐volume defects in As‐ and Ge‐based glassy semiconductors: theoretical prediction and experimental probing with PAL technique
Authors: Shpotyuk Oleh , Golovchak Roman , Ingram Adam , Boyko Vitaliy , Shpotyuk Lyubov
Published: December 2012

The role of spatially‐extended defect configurations in As‐Se and Ge‐Se glasses is identified using available theoretical predictions and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy as an experimental tool. It is shown that compositional trends in average positron lifetime do not coincide with molar volume evolution in the glasses of corresponding binary systems. The heteropolar As‐Se covalent bonds are shown to affect the positron trapping modes more efficiently, than geometrical voids responsible for compositional deviation in molar volume. The same tendency is observed for Se‐rich Ge‐Se glasses. However, the Ge‐rich glasses in so‐called pseudo‐self‐organization domain, demonstrate an opposite trend in a favour of molecular clustering of edge‐ and corner‐shared tetrahedral units. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Positron annihilation lifetime study of extended defects in semiconductor glasses and polymers
Authors: Boyko Olha , Shpotyuk Yaroslav , Filipecki Jacek
Published: December 2012

The processes of atomic shrinkage in network‐forming solids initiated by external influences are tested using technique of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy at the example of chalcogenide vitreous semiconductors of arsenic sulphide type and acrylic polymers for dental application. Two state positron trapping is shown to be responsible for atomic shrinkage in chalcogenide glasses, while mixed trapping and ortho‐positronium decaying is character for volumetric densification and stress propagation in acrylic dental polymers.

At the basis of the obtained results it is concluded that correct analysis of externally‐induced shrinkage in polymer networks under consideration can be developed by using original positron lifetime data treatment algorithms to compensate defect‐free bulk annihilation channel within two‐state positron trapping model and account for an interbalance between simultaneously co‐existing positron trapping and orth‐positronium related decaying channels within mixed three‐state positron annihilation model (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Destruction‐polymerization transformations as a source of radiation‐induced extended defects in chalcogenide glassy semiconductors
Authors: Shpotyuk Oleh , Filipecki Jacek , Shpotyuk Mykhaylo
Published: December 2012

Long‐wave shift of the optical transmission spectrum in the region of fundamental optical absorption edge is registered for As2S3 chalcogenide glassy semiconductors after γ‐irradiation. This effect is explained in the frameworks of the destruction‐polymerization transformations concept by accepting the switching of the heteropolar As–S covalent bonds into homopolar As–As ones. It is assumed that (As4+; S1–) defect pairs are created under such switching. Formula to calculate content of the induced defects in chalcogenide glassy semiconductors is proposed. It is assumed that defects concentration depends on energy of broken covalent bond, bond‐switching energy balance, correlation energy, optical band‐gap and energy of excitation light. It is shown that theoretically calculated maximally possible content of radiation‐induced defects in As2S3 is about 1.6% while concentration of native defects is negligible. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of high quality Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films prepared by rf‐magnetron sputtering
Authors: Bouchama Idris , Djessas Kamal , Bouloufa Abdeslam , Gauffier Jean‐Luc
Published: December 2012

This paper reports the production of high quality polycrystalline thin layers of CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2 (CIGS), using rf‐magnetron sputtering, from a powder target. These films are designed to be used as absorbers in solar cells. The depositions were carried out at substrate temperatures below 250 °C and glass substrates was used. The influence of the substrate temperatures on the crystalline quality as well as structural, optical and electrical properties of thin layers obtained has been studied. X‐ray diffraction showed that the films were highly orientated in the (112) and/or (204)/(220) direction. In2Se3 secondary phase was observed on the samples grown at lower substrate temperatures. The surface morphology of CIGS layers studied by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) has been also discussed. The most surprising and exciting outcome of this study was that the as grown films were of near stoichiometric composition. Resistivity measurements were carried out using the four point probe method. The optical absorption showed that energy gap values are between 1.13 and 1.18 eV and rather sharp absorption fronts. Thin film resistivities are between 10.7 and 60.9 Ω.cm depending on the experimental growth conditions (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A 2D dislocation dynamic approach to simulating dimensional change in irradiated graphite using anisotropic strain theory
Authors: Young Philippa , Sheehan Glen , Boone James , Heggie Malcolm I.
Published: December 2012

A program using two‐dimensional dislocation dynamics with anisotropic strain equations has been written to simulate the dimensional change and stored elastic energy of irradiated graphite. A dislocation based model is put forward as a vehicle for both the longstanding atomic displacement model for dimensional change in irradiated graphite and a new model based on basal slip.

As expected the introduction of prismatic dislocation loops (climb dipoles in 2D) results in the expansion of the graphite crystal in the c‐axis direction. Interestingly the stored elastic energy of the system was found to increase with number of dislocation dipoles and reached a maximum at the density which Burakovsky et al. (Phys. Rev. B 61, 15011–15018 (2000) [1]) predicted for melting. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
N‐ and Ga‐K‐edge XAFS study of the effect of annealing on In implanted GaN
Authors: Katsikini M. , Pinakidou F. , Paloura E. C.
Published: December 2012

GaN implanted with In, with fluencies (Φ) in the range of 1×1014 to 1×1016cm‐2, is studied by means of X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS). The heavily implanted samples, which are either highly defective or amorphous, are also studied after annealing at temperatures up to 1000 °C. The extended XAFS (EXAFS) spectra recorded at the Ga‐K‐edge reveal that the coordination numbers decrease with Φ while the Debye‐Waller factors increase accordingly. Annealing at 1000 °C of the sample implanted with Φ = 1×1015cm‐2recovers the coordination numbers and Debye‐Waller factors to the values of the as‐grown sample. Contrary to that, annealing even at 1000 °C does not induce recovery of the local coordination of Ga in the amorphized layers, although significant improvement in the EXAFS parameters is observed. In this case the detected undercoordination of Ga reveals loss of nitrogen after implantation and/or annealing. Annealing also improves the N‐K‐edge near edge (NEXAFS) spectra of the heavily implanted samples. More specifically, the NEXAFS peaks become sharper and the resonance lines that have been attributed to N‐split‐interstitials and N2 disappear even at low annealing temperatures. However, the absence of angular dependence of the NEXAFS spectra of the annealed layers, that became amorphous after the implantation, reveals the formation of randomly oriented microcrystallites. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Compensatory Relationship between Technological Relatedness, Social Interaction, and Knowledge Flow between Firms
Authors: Steensma H. Kevin , Howard Michael , Lyles Marjorie , Dhanaraj Charles
Published: December 2012

Knowledge flow between two firms has been found to be enhanced by both technological relatedness and social interaction. We build on work in education psychology and consider how cognitive and social aspects of learning may be compensatory. Using a sample of 61 alliances involving Eli Lilly and its partners, we find the importance of social interaction between Lilly and its partner to partner learning decreased as their technological relatedness increased. Likewise, the importance of technological relatedness to partner learning decreased as social interaction increased. This study provides nuance on the criticality of technological relatedness and social interaction for learning. Copyright © 2012 Strategic Management Society.
Censored correlated cytokine concentrations: multivariate Tobit regression using clustered variance estimation
Authors: Andersen Andreas , Benn Christine S. , Jørgensen Mathias J. , Ravn Henrik
Published: December 2012

Interest in cytokines as markers for the function of the immune system is increasing. Methods quantifying cytokine concentrations are often subject to detection limits, which lead to non‐detectable observations and censored distributions. When distributions are skewed, geometric mean ratios (GMRs) can be used to describe the relative concentration between two cytokines, and the GMR ratio (GMRR) can be used to compare two groups. The problem is how to estimate GMRRs from censored distributions.We evaluated methods, including simple deletion and substitution, in simulated and real data. One method applies Tobit directly to the censored difference between the two cytokine log‐concentrations (Diff). However, censoring is correlated to the outcome and is therefore not independent. The correlation increases as the correlation between the two log‐concentrations decreases. We propose a Tobit stacking method that uses clustered variance–covariance estimation allowing homogeneous (Stackc) or inhomogeneous (Stackh) variances. We compare it with direct estimation of the bivariate Tobit likelihood function (Bitobit) and multiple imputation. We assess sensitivity to inhomogeneity and non‐normality. Simulations show that deletion and substitution are empirically biased and that Diff has an empirical bias, which increases as the correlation between the log‐concentrations decreases. Estimates from multiple imputation, Stackh and Bitobit are almost identical. The estimates exhibit small empirical bias for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous normal distributions. For skewed mixture and heavy‐tailed distributions, they perform reasonably well if censoring is less than 30%. We recommend these methods to estimate GMRRs. At least one of the methods is available in Stata, R or SAS. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capitalising on Learner Agency and Group Work in Learning Writing in English as a Foreign Language
Authors: Lin Zheng
Published: December 2012

This study investigates the roles of learner agency and group work in learning writing in English as a foreign language (EFL). Through exploratory and participatory action research, this study examines how learner agency and group work function amidst the activity system of task‐based EFL writing, especially how they influence and are influenced by the operations of the components of the activity system and how they impact learners' learning and the outcome of the learning activity. The findings show that the classroom teacher could design a learning activity to capitalise on the potentials of learner agency and group work to enhance students' learning, that the roles of learner agency and group work are shaped by the cultural context in which the learning activity takes place, and that the context dynamically influences the relationships among the components of the activity system.
Second‐generation biofuels: why they are taking so long
Authors: Hayes Daniel J. M.
Published: December 2012

There has been a significant degree of hype regarding the commercial potential of second‐generation biofuels (2GBs; biofuels sourced from lignocellulosic materials). In 2007, ambitious targets for the mass substitution of fossil‐fuel‐derived transport fuels by 2GBs were put forward in the United States and similar targets exist for other countries. However, as of May 2012, no commercial‐scale 2GB facilities are currently operating. The technical and financial obstacles that have delayed the deployment of these facilities are discussed, as are recent advancements in research that may help to overcome some of these. There are six commercial‐scale facilities currently (May, 2012) in construction and many more are planned in the near term. The prospects for 2GBs are more promising now than in the past but the delays in getting to this point mean that the ambitious targets of several years ago are unlikely to be reached in the near term.

This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Science and Materials

Bioenergy > Economics and Policy

Bioenergy > Systems and Infrastructure
The Diamond Mines of South Africa
Authors: Williams Gardner F.
Published: December 2012

A life-long friend of Cecil Rhodes, Garner F. Williams (1842–1922) was the first general manager of the De Beers Consolidated Mines, which once produced 95% of the diamond yield of the world. First published in 1902, this work opens with a chapter on notable historical diamonds, and goes on to describe the initial discovery of diamonds in South Africa, the development of mines, the mining methods adopted, the welfare of the miners and a history of the whole diamond-producing region. Williams also includes an appendix, which describes the mechanical workings of winding engines and pumps, and the value of different types of coals, and provides a table listing the yearly yield of the mines since 1888. Nearly 700 pages long, The Diamond Mines of South Africa contains over 500 illustrations and maps.
The Global Cold War
Authors: Westad Odd Arne
Published: December 2012

The Cold War shaped the world we live in today - its politics, economics, and military affairs. This book shows how the globalization of the Cold War during the last century created the foundations for most of the key conflicts we see today, including the War on Terror. It focuses on how the Third World policies of the two twentieth-century superpowers - the United States and the Soviet Union - gave rise to resentments and resistance that in the end helped topple one superpower and still seriously challenge the other. Ranging from China to Indonesia, Iran, Ethiopia, Angola, Cuba, and Nicaragua, it provides a truly global perspective on the Cold War. And by exploring both the development of interventionist ideologies and the revolutionary movements that confronted interventions, the book links the past with the present in ways that no other major work on the Cold War era has succeeded in doing.
PowerPoint, Communication, and the Knowledge Society
Authors: Knoblauch Hubert
Published: December 2012

PowerPoint has become an integral part of academic and professional life across the globe. In this book, Hubert Knoblauch offers the first complete analysis of the PowerPoint presentation as a form of communication. Knoblauch charts the diffusion of PowerPoint and explores its significance as a ubiquitous and influential element of contemporary communication culture. His analysis considers the social and intellectual implications of the genre, focusing on the dynamic relationships between the aural, visual and physical dimensions of PowerPoint presentations, as well as the diverse institutional contexts in which these presentations take place. Ultimately, Knoblauch argues that the parameters of the PowerPoint genre frames the ways in which information is presented, validated and absorbed, with ambiguous consequences for the acquisition and transmission of knowledge. This original and timely book is relevant to scholars of communications, sociology and education.
The Dynamics of Auction
Authors: Heath Christian
Published: December 2012

Each year art and antiques worth many billions of pounds are sold at auction. These auctions consist of numerous, intense episodes of social interaction through which the price of goods rapidly escalates until sold on the strike of a hammer. In this book, Christian Heath examines the fine details of interaction that arises at auctions, the talk and visible conduct of the participants and their use of various tools and technologies. He explores how auctioneers, buyers and their representatives are able to transact the sale of diversely priced goods in just seconds. Heath addresses how order, trust and competition are established at auctions and demonstrates how an economic institution of some global importance is founded upon embodied action and interaction. The analysis is based on video recordings of sales of art and antiques gathered within a range of national and international auction houses in Europe and the United States.
Philosophy and the Foundations of Dynamics
Authors: Sklar Lawrence
Published: December 2012

Although now replaced by more modern theories, classical mechanics remains a core foundational element of physical theory. From its inception, the theory of dynamics has been riddled with conceptual issues and differing philosophical interpretations and throughout its long historical development, it has shown subtle conceptual refinement. The interpretive program for the theory has also shown deep evolutionary change over time. Lawrence Sklar discusses crucial issues in the central theory from which contemporary foundational theories are derived and shows how some core issues (the nature of force, the place of absolute reference frames) have nevertheless remained deep puzzles despite the increasingly sophisticated understanding of the theory which has been acquired over time. His book will be of great interest to philosophers of science, philosophers in general and physicists concerned with foundational interpretive issues in their field.
The Insects
Authors: Chapman R. F.
Published: December 2012

The Insects has been the standard textbook in the field since the first edition published over forty years ago. Building on the strengths of Chapman's original text, this long-awaited 5th edition has been revised and expanded by a team of eminent insect physiologists, bringing it fully up-to-date for the molecular era. The chapters retain the successful structure of the earlier editions, focusing on particular functional systems rather than taxonomic groups and making it easy for students to delve into topics without extensive knowledge of taxonomy. The focus is on form and function, bringing together basic anatomy and physiology and examining how these relate to behaviour. This, combined with nearly 600 clear illustrations, provides a comprehensive understanding of how insects work. Now also featuring a richly illustrated prologue by George McGavin, this is an essential text for students, researchers and applied entomologists alike.
International Drug Control
Authors: Bewley-Taylor David R.
Published: December 2012

There remains substantial agreement among the international community on many aspects of the contemporary UN drug control regime. However, diverging views on the non-medical and non-scientific use of a range of controlled substances make drug policy an increasingly contested and transitionary field of multinational cooperation. Employing a fine-grained and interdisciplinary approach, this book provides the first integrated analysis of the sources, manifestations and sometimes paradoxical implications of this divergence. The author develops an original explanatory framework through which to understand better the dynamic and tense intersection between policy shifts at varying levels of governance and the regime's core prohibitive norm. Highlighting the centrality of the harm reduction approach and tolerant cannabis policies to an ongoing process of regime transformation, this book examines the efforts of those actors seeking to defend the existing international control framework and explores rationales and scenarios which may lead to the international community moving beyond it.