bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retinal hemodynamic oxygen reactivity assessed by perfusion velocity, blood oximetry and vessel diameter measurements
Authors: Klefter Oliver Niels , Lauritsen Anne Øberg , Larsen Michael
Published: October 2014

Purpose

To test the oxygen reactivity of a fundus photographic method of measuring macular perfusion velocity and to integrate macular perfusion velocities with measurements of retinal vessel diameters and blood oxygen saturation.

Methods

Sixteen eyes in 16 healthy volunteers were studied at two examination sessions using motion‐contrast velocimetry and retinal oximetry with vessel diameter corrections. To test oxygen reactivity, participants were examined during normoxia, after 15 min of hyperoxia and finally after 45 min of normoxia. Repeatability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and limits of agreement.

Results

Fifteen minutes of hyperoxia was accompanied by mean reductions in arterial and venous perfusion velocities of 14% and 16%, respectively (p = 0.0080; p = 0.0019), constriction of major arteries and veins by 5.5% and 8.2%, respectively (p < 0.0001), increased retinal arterial oxygen saturation from 95.1 ± 5.0% to 96.6 ± 6.4% (p = 0.038) and increased retinal venous oxygen saturation from 62.9 ± 6.7% to 70.3 ± 7.8% (p = 0.0010). Parameters returned to baseline levels after subsequent normoxia. Saturation and vessel diameter ICCs were 0.88–0.98 (range). For perfusion velocities, short‐term ICCs were 0.79–0.82 and long‐term ICCs were 0.06–0.11. Intersession increases in blood glucose were associated with reductions in perfusion velocities (arterial p = 0.0067; venous p = 0.018).

Conclusion

Oxygen reactivity testing supported that motion‐contrast velocimetry is a valid method for assessing macular perfusion. Results were consistent with previous observations of hyperoxic blood flow reduction using blue field entoptic and laser Doppler velocimetry. Retinal perfusion seemed to be regulated around individual set points according to blood glucose levels. Multimodal measurements may provide comprehensive information about retinal metabolism.
Clinical verification of the formula of Bennett et al. (1994) of determining the size of retinal features by fundus photography
Authors: Knaapi Laura , Aarnisalo Eero , Vesti Eija , Leinonen Markku T.
Published: October 2014

Purpose

To clinically verify the formula of Bennett et al. (Graefes Arch Clin Exp 1994; 232: 361) of determining the size of retinal features and to study the previously unknown conversion factor of Topcon fundus camera.

Methods

Fundus photographs were taken from 17 healthy volunteers with Topcon and telecentric Zeiss fundus cameras. The macula‐disc centre distance was measured from Zeiss fundus photographs in metric units using the formula of Bennett et al. (Graefes Arch Clin Exp 1994; 232: 361). The conversion factor of Topcon fundus camera and the macula‐disc centre distance in degrees were calculated. The latter was further used to calculate the theoretical location of the blind spot. The results of 12 participants were compared to the location of their physiological blind spot determined with visual field examination by octopus custom‐made blind spot visual field program.

Results

The theoretical location of the blind spot correlated well with the corresponding location of the physiological blind spot in the visual field. The magnification of Topcon fundus camera was close to a constant, and thus, the previously unknown conversion factor could be determined.

Conclusions

The location of the physiological blind spot in the visual field can be derived from fundus photographs using the formula of Bennett et al. (Graefes Arch Clin Exp 1994; 232: 361), proving it to give a close approximation of the size of retinal features. Furthermore, the conversion factor of Topcon fundus camera was close to a constant, and thus, it can be considered to function close to telecentric design.
Effect of chromogranin A‐derived vasostatin‐1 on laser‐induced choroidal neovascularization in the mouse
Authors: Maestroni Silvia , Maestroni Anna , Ceglia Simona , Tremolada Gemma , Mancino Monica , Sacchi Angelina , Lattanzio Rosangela , Zucchiatti Ilaria , Corti Angelo , Bandello Francesco , Zerbini Gianpaolo
Published: October 2014

Purpose

To verify the effect of vasostatin‐1 (VS‐1), an anti‐angiogenic fragment of chromogranin A, in the prevention of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in an established mouse model of laser‐induced ocular neovascularization.

Methods

Bruch's membrane, the innermost layer of the choroid, was broken by laser photocoagulation in C57/Bl6 mice, to induce CNV. Mice were then treated daily for 14 days by intraperitoneal injection of VS‐1 or vehicle (6 mice/group). CNV and vascular leakage were measured at three time‐points (day 0, 7 and 14) in vivo by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography (FA). Ex vivo analysis of CNV was also performed at day 14 by confocal microscopy analysis of dextran‐perfused choroidal flat‐mounts.

Results

In vivo analyses showed that VS‐1 significantly reduced CNV at day 14 (p = 0.03) and vascular leakage at day 7 (p = 0.01) and 14 (p = 0.04). Ex vivo confocal microscopy analysis of CNV performed on dextran‐perfused choroidal flat‐mounts at day 14 confirmed the protective activity of VS‐1 (p = 0.01). A significant correlation between the results of in vivo and ex vivo analyses of CNV was also observed (p = 0.001, R2 = 0.81).

Conclusion

The results indicate that VS‐1 can prevent CNV and vascular leakage in a mouse model of ocular neovascularization, suggesting that this polypeptide might have therapeutic activity in human ocular diseases that are complicated by neovascularization or excessive vascular permeability.
The Behaviour of Earnings, Accruals and Impairment Losses of Failed New Zealand Finance Companies
Authors: Kabir M. Humayun , Laswad Fawzi
Published: October 2014

This study examines the behaviour of earnings, accruals and impairment losses of failed finance companies in New Zealand. It draws on conservatism in the development of research hypotheses about accounting variables that are likely to contain clues to future failures of finance companies. The hypotheses are tested by examining the trend of earnings after tax (EAT), accruals and impairment losses of 32 finance companies that failed from 2006 to 2011. Data were collected from the annual reports of the sampled companies and the first reports of receivers of failed companies. The study finds that EAT and accruals declined, and impairment losses increased significantly in the last two financial statements prior to failure, when compared with other years. This suggests that changes in EAT, accruals and impairment losses may provide indications of impending failure.
Forecasting New Zealand Corporate Failures 2001–10: Opportunity Lost?
Authors: Van Peursem Karen , Chan Yi Chiann
Published: October 2014

On‐going business success is not a ‘given’ and business failure is reasonably common. Such failures include 36 listed companies in New Zealand (2001–10), which, in liquidating, incurred losses for many small stakeholders. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether these failures could have been anticipated from public information available at the time. Of the 36 failing companies, 25 are matched to 25 non‐failing New Zealand and Australian companies. Financial and audit report data are obtained for the three years prior to failure, yielding 150 sets of data. Ten ratios, three failure‐prediction models and three nominal indicators, which were all available at the time, are applied to the data. News reports and media are reviewed. Findings reveal that while no specific forecasts of failure are publicised through mainstream New Zealand media, significant differences between failing and non‐failing firms do exist: 75% of the tested indicators show or approach significance in one or more of the three years prior to failure. Indications increase where data for all three years is combined. Conclusions are that problems could have been signalled and published, providing stakeholders bases for enquiry. Implications are as to a failure of public accountability in this respect, how practice and policy could address this problem, and suggestions for further research.
The oral iron chelator deferasirox inhibits NF‐κB mediated gene expression without impacting on proximal activation: implications for myelodysplasia and aplastic anaemia
Authors: Banerjee Ashish , Mifsud Nicole A. , Bird Robert , Forsyth Cecily , Szer Jeff , Tam Constantine , Kellner Sybil , Grigg Andrew , Motum Penelope , Bentley Mark , Opat Stephen , Grigoriadis George
Published: October 2014

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of disorders characterized by ineffective haematopoiesis, bone marrow dysplasia and cytopenias. Failure of red cell production often results in transfusion dependency with subsequent iron loading requiring iron chelation in lower risk patients. Consistent with previous reports, we have observed haematopoietic improvement in a cohort of patients treated with the oral iron chelator deferasirox (DFX). It has been postulated that MDS patients have a pro‐inflammatory bone marrow environment with increased numbers of activated T cells producing elevated levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF), which is detrimental to normal haematopoiesis. We demonstrate that DFX inhibits nuclear factor (NF)‐κB dependent transcription without affecting its proximal activation, resulting in reduced TNF production from T cells stimulated in vitro. These results suggest that the haematopoietic improvement observed in DFX‐treated patients may reflect an anti‐inflammatory effect, mediated through inhibition of the transcription factor NF‐κB and support the therapeutic targeting of this pathway, which is aberrantly activated in a large proportion of haematological malignancies.
Mothers' and health care providers' perspectives of the barriers and facilitators to attendance at Canadian neonatal follow‐up programs
Authors: Ballantyne M. , Benzies K. , Rosenbaum P. , Lodha A.
Published: October 2014

Background

Despite the benefits of Neonatal Follow‐Up (NFU) programs for infants at risk for developmental problems subsequent to preterm birth, non‐attendance continues to be a problem within Canada and beyond. This study investigated the barriers and facilitators to attendance at Canadian NFU programs from mothers' and health care providers' (HCP) perspectives.

Methods

In this multi‐site qualitative descriptive study, we conducted semi‐structured individual interviews with 12 mothers, six from each of two NFU programs; and focus groups with 20 HCPs from nine NFU programs. Interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed and then subjected to thematic analysis.

Results

The predominant barriers represented a complex interplay of cumulative factors: mothers' isolation and feeling overwhelmed, with limited support, experiencing difficulty attending because of limited resources, who viewed NFU as not needed until problems arose for their child. Other barriers included vulnerability and fear of bad news. Mothers reported the need to protect their vulnerable child from risks, whereas HCPs reported creating vulnerability by monitoring the child's development over time. HCPs perceived fear of bad news as a barrier, whereas mothers viewed that impending bad news increased their need to attend to address the issue. The predominant facilitators were support, family centred‐care and mothers with adequate resources.

Conclusions

Attendance is most problematic for mothers with limited support, capacity and resources. First and foremost, targeted approaches to NFU service provision are needed to address the cumulative barriers and improve experiences for mothers who find it difficult to attend NFU. A continuous relationship with a single point of contact is needed and merits further investigation – a provider who works across the traditional silos of neonatal intensive care, NFU and community services, minimizes duplication and navigates transitions.
Can we predict allergen‐induced asthma in patients with allergic rhinitis?
Authors: Buslau A. , Voss S. , Herrmann E. , Schubert R. , Zielen S. , Schulze J.
Published: October 2014

Background

A high percentage of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) exhibit signs of bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR), and approximately 30% may develop asthma later in life.

Objective

The aim of this study was to identify predictors for allergen‐induced asthma in patients with AR.

Methods

Hundred patients with AR selected by public posting and 20 healthy controls were enrolled. Twenty‐three patients with concomitant physician‐diagnosed asthma and four with a negative allergy test were excluded from further analysis. The remaining 73 subjects with AR underwent bronchial allergen provocation (BAP), which is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of clinically relevant allergen‐specific asthma. The following parameters were measured to explore predictors for an early and late asthmatic response (EAR and LAR): standardised questionnaire, skin prick test (SPT), total IgE, specific IgE to grass pollen, FEV1, PD20FEV1 methacholine, exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) and eosinophils.

Results

Early asthmatic reaction was equally distributed between patients with and without signs of possible asthma by questionnaire (56.8% vs. 48.3%). The following cut‐off values showed the best combination of sensitivity and specificity for an EAR: specific IgE grass pollen 18.5 kU/L (AUC 0.83), SPT 8.5 mm (AUC 0.76), total IgE 95.5 kU/L (AUC 0.73), FEV1 102.4% (AUC 0.69), PD20FEV1 methacholine 1.67 mg (AUC 0.74), eNO 18.05 ppB (AUC 0.64) and eosinophils 115/mm3 (AUC 0.58).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

There is a considerable discordance between reported asthma signs and diagnosed disease by BAP. Simple measurement of allergen‐specific IgE for grass pollen was the best predictor of allergen‐induced asthma in patients with AR.
Challenges and opportunities in using wastewater analysis to measure drug use in a small prison facility
Authors: van Dyken Emma , Lai Foon Yin , Thai Phong K. , Ort Christoph , Bruno Raimondo , Hall Wayne , Kirkbride K. Paul , Mueller Jochen F. , Prichard Jeremy
Published: October 2014

Introduction and Aims

Wastewater analysis (WWA) is intended to be a direct and objective method of measuring substance use in large urban populations. It has also been used to measure prison substance use in two previous studies. The application ofWWAin this context has raised questions as to how best it might be used to measure illicit drug use in prisons, and whether it can also be used to measure prescription misuse. We appliedWWAto a small regional prison to measure the use of 12 licit and illicit substances. We attempted to measure the non‐medical use of methadone and buprenorphine and to compare our findings with the results of the prison's mandatory drug testing (MDT).

Design and Methods

Representative daily composite samples were collected for two periods of 12 consecutive days inMay toJuly 2013 and analysed for 18 drug metabolites. Prescription data andMDTresults were obtained from the prison and compared with the substance use estimates calculated fromWWAdata.

Results

Daily use of methamphetamine, methadone, buprenorphine and codeine was detected, while sporadic detection of ketamine and methylone was also observed. Overall buprenorphine misuse appeared to be greater than methadone misuse.

Discussion and Conclusions

Compared withMDT,WWAprovides a more comprehensive picture of prison substance use.WWAalso has the potential to measure the misuse of medically prescribed substances. However, a great deal of care must be exercised in quantifying the usage of any substance in small populations, such as in prisons.[van Dyken E, Lai FY, Thai PK, Ort C, Bruno R, Hall W, Kirkbride KP, Mueller JF, Prichard J. Challenges and opportunities in using wastewater analysis to measure drug use in a small prison facility.Drug Alcohol Rev2016;35:138–47]
Who are the New South Wales Aboriginal drug and alcohol workforce? A first description
Authors: Ella Steve , Lee KS Kylie , Childs Steve , Conigrave Katherine M.
Published: October 2014

Introduction and Aims

Historically, Aboriginal alcohol and other drug (AOD) workers had little formal training, but this situation has changed rapidly in recent years. To understand how to better support and develop the workforce, we present the most detailed profile yet published of Aboriginal AOD workers in Australia.

Design and Methods

Workers were identified through the Aboriginal Drug and Alcohol Network, New South Wales. Participants completed a modified version of the Work Practice Questionnaire by pen‐and‐paper or interview in 2009.

Results

Fifty‐one workers were identified, representing 85% of the known New South Wales workforce at the time. Two in three (62.7%) were male, and over half (56.9%) were aged 30–49. More workers were employed in non‐government than government (60.8% vs. 39.2%) workplaces. Workers were employed under more than four different awards and with approximately eight position titles, spanning prevention and early intervention, clinical care and workforce development. Nearly all (n = 49/51, 96.1%) felt they had the necessary experience to respond to AOD issues. However, over half (n = 27/51, 52.9%) felt too much was expected of them. Just under a third (n = 15/51, 29.4%) reported no formal supervision, with fewer non‐government workers compared with government receiving supervision (P = 0.02). Over half (n = 27/40, 67.5%%) earned AUD ≤ $50 000 annually, with government (vs. non‐government) employment and female gender predicting a salary of >$50 000.

Discussion and Conclusions

To improve worker retention and encourage professional skills development, discrepancies in salary and award conditions need addressing. Clarifying position descriptions and improving access to formal supervision are important to maximise workforce potential and reduce stress. [Ella S, Lee KSK,Childs S, Conigrave KM. Who are the New South Wales Aboriginal drug and alcohol workforce? A first description. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014]
Socioeconomic differences in alcohol‐related risk‐taking behaviours
Authors: Livingston Michael
Published: October 2014

Introduction and Aims

There is substantial research showing that low socioeconomic position is a predictor of negative outcomes from alcohol consumption, while alcohol consumption itself does not exhibit a strong social gradient. This study aims to examine socioeconomic differences in self‐reported alcohol‐related risk‐taking behaviour to explore whether differences in risk‐taking while drinking may explain some of the socioeconomic disparities in alcohol‐related harm.

Design and Methods

Cross‐sectional data from current drinkers (n = 21 452) in the 2010 wave of the Australian National Drug Strategy Household Survey were used. Ten items on risk‐taking behaviour while drinking were combined into two risk scores, and zero‐inflated Poisson regression was used to assess the relationship between socioeconomic position and risk‐taking while controlling for age, sex and alcohol consumption.

Results

Socioeconomically advantaged respondents reported substantially higher rates of alcohol‐related hazardous behaviour than socioeconomically disadvantaged respondents. Controlling for age, sex, volume of drinking and frequency of heavy drinking, respondents living in the most advantaged quintile of neighbourhoods reported significantly higher rates of hazardous behaviour than those in the least advantaged quintile. A similar pattern was evident for household income.

Discussion and Conclusions

Socioeconomically advantaged Australians engage in alcohol‐related risky behaviour at higher rates than more disadvantaged Australians even with alcohol consumption controlled. The significant socioeconomic disparities in negative consequences linked to alcohol consumption cannot in this instance be explained via differences in behaviour while drinking. Other factors not directly related to alcohol consumption may be responsible for health inequalities in outcomes with significant alcohol involvement. [Livingston M. Socioeconomic differences in alcohol‐related risk‐taking behaviours. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:588–95]
Functional adaptation underpinned the evolutionary assembly of the earliest vertebrate skeleton
Authors: Murdock Duncan J. E. , Rayfield Emily J. , Donoghue Philip C. J.
Published: October 2014

Conodonts are the first vertebrates to bear a mineralized skeleton, restricted to an array of tooth‐like feeding elements. The functional implications for the development of tooth‐like elements differentiated into two tissues is tested using 2D finite element modeling, mapping the patterns of stress and strain that elements with differing material properties exhibited during function. Addition of a stiff crown does not change the patterns of stress, rather it reduces the deformation of the element under the same force regime, and distributes stress more evenly across the element. The euconodont crown, like vertebrate dental enamel, serves to stiffen the element and protect the underlying dentine. Stiffness of the crown may be a contributing factor to the subsequent diversity of euconodont form, and logically function, by allowing a greater range of feeding strategies to be employed. The euconodont crown also serves as an analogue to enamel and enameloid, demonstrating that enamel‐like tissues have evolved multiple times in independent vertebrate lineages, likely as a response to similar selective pressures. Conodonts can, therefore, serve as an independent test on hypotheses of the effect of ecology on the development of the vertebrate skeleton.
Variation in morphological and behavioral traits among isofemale strains of Drosophila prolongata (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: Kudo Ayumi , Takamori Hisaki , Watabe Hideaki , Ishikawa Yukio , Matsuo Takashi
Published: October 2014

Drosophila prolongata, a member of the rhopaloa subgroup of the melanogaster species group, occurs in Southeast Asia. Drosophila prolongata is known to have unique and prominent sexual dimorphism, with extraordinarily thick and elongated forelegs only in males. Mating behavior of D. prolongata is also characteristic: males perform “leg vibration” in their courtship toward females, in which the elongated forelegs play an important role. Comparisons with closely related species suggest that these morphological and behavioral traits have evolved rapidly after the divergence of D. prolongata. In the present study, variation in morphological and behavioral traits was examined among D. prolongata strains derived from single females collected in their natural habitats. Significant variations were detected in the size of various body parts, aggressiveness of interactions between males, and mating behavior. However, no obvious relationship was observed between morphological and behavioral traits. These results suggested that genetic factors contribute to the variation in morphological and behavioral traits in D. prolongata. The strains characterized in this study are useful for studies on the genetic mechanisms underlying the evolution of characteristic traits in D. prolongata.
Skin mast cells develop non‐synchronized changes in typical lineage characteristics upon culture
Authors: Guhl Sven , Neou Angelos , Artuc Metin , Zuberbier Torsten , Babina Magda
Published: October 2014

Despite their hematopoietic origin, mast cells (MCs) develop exclusively in tissues, hampering their ample use in research. To circumvent this problem, tissue‐derived MCs are typically first expanded in culture, but the changes MCs may undergo in the novel micromilieu are poorly defined. Here, we monitor skin MCs from a number of donors over time, revealing profound yet non‐synchronized modulations in culture. While tryptase and chymase, the most specific markers, strongly decline, FcεRI surface expression, and FcεRI‐mediated histamine release steeply increase (from ≈15.5% to ≈60%), replicated by similar increments in TNF‐α secretion. Interestingly, the modulations are independent of cell cycle progression, as they are comparable in the growth and postgrowth phase, implying they primarily result from microenvironmental conditioning. The data highlight a high degree of MC versatility, but also advise that results based on cultured MCs should be viewed with some caution, as they may not accurately reflect their counterparts in situ.
Amyloids, melanins and oxidative stress in melanomagenesis
Authors: Liu‐Smith Feng , Poe Carrie , Farmer Patrick J. , Meyskens Frank L.
Published: October 2014

Melanoma has traditionally been viewed as an ultraviolet (UV) radiation‐induced malignancy. While UV is a common inducing factor, other endogenous stresses such as metal ion accumulation or the melanin pigment itself may provide alternative pathways to melanoma progression. Eumelanosomes within melanoma often exhibit disrupted membranes and fragmented pigment which may be due to alterations in their amyloid‐based striated matrix. The melanosomal amyloid can itself be toxic, especially in combination with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generated by endogenous NADPH oxidase (NOX) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes, a toxic mix that may initiate melanomagenesis. Further understanding of the loss of the melanosomal organization, the behaviour of the exposed melanin and the induction of ROS/RNS in melanomas may provide critical insights into this deadly disease.
Could the acid–base status of Antarctic sea urchins indicate a better‐than‐expected resilience to near‐future ocean acidification?
Authors: Collard Marie , De Ridder Chantal , David Bruno , Dehairs Frank , Dubois Philippe
Published: October 2014

Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration alters the chemistry of the oceans towards more acidic conditions. Polar oceans are particularly affected due to their low temperature, low carbonate content and mixing patterns, for instance upwellings. Calcifying organisms are expected to be highly impacted by the decrease in the oceans'pHand carbonate ions concentration. In particular, sea urchins, members of the phylum Echinodermata, are hypothesized to be at risk due to their high‐magnesium calcite skeleton. However, tolerance to ocean acidification in metazoans is first linked to acid–base regulation capacities of the extracellular fluids. No information on this is available to date for Antarctic echinoderms and inference from temperate and tropical studies needs support. In this study, we investigated the acid–base status of 9 species of sea urchins (3 cidaroids, 2 regular euechinoids and 4 irregular echinoids). It appears that Antarctic regular euechinoids seem equipped with similar acid–base regulation systems as tropical and temperate regular euechinoids but could rely on more passive ion transfer systems, minimizing energy requirements. Cidaroids have an acid–base status similar to that of tropical cidaroids. Therefore Antarctic cidaroids will most probably not be affected by decreasing seawaterpH, thepHdrop linked to ocean acidification being negligible in comparison of the naturally lowpHof the coelomic fluid. Irregular echinoids might not suffer from reduced seawaterpHif acidosis of the coelomic fluidpHdoes not occur but more data on their acid–base regulation are needed. Combining these results with the resilience of Antarctic sea urchin larvae strongly suggests that these organisms might not be the expected victims of ocean acidification. However, data on the impact of other global stressors such as temperature and of the combination of the different stressors needs to be acquired to assess the sensitivity of these organisms to global change.
How well can we predict permeability in sedimentary basins? Deriving and evaluating porosity–permeability equations for noncemented sand and clay mixtures
Authors: Luijendijk E. , Gleeson T.
Published: October 2014

The permeability of sediments is a major control on groundwater flow and the associated redistribution of heat and solutes in sedimentary basins. While porosity–permeability relationships of pure clays and pure sands have been relatively well established at the laboratory scale, the permeability of natural sediments remains highly uncertain. Here we quantify how well existing and new porosity–permeability equations can explain the permeability of noncemented siliciclastic sediments. We have compiled grain size, clay mineralogy, porosity, and permeability data on pure sand and silt (n = 126), pure clay (n = 148), and natural mixtures of sand, silt and clay (n = 92). The permeability of pure sand and clay can be predicted with high confidence (R2 ≥ 0.9) using the Kozeny–Carman equation and empirical power law equations, respectively. The permeability of natural sediments is much higher than predicted by experimental binary mixtures and ideal packing models. Permeability can be predicted with moderate confidence (R2 = 0.26– 0.48) and a mean error of 0.6 orders of magnitude as either the geometric mean or arithmetic mean of the permeability of the pure clay and sand components, with the geometric mean providing the best measure of the variability of permeability. We test the new set of equations on detailed well‐log and permeability data from deltaic sediments in the southern Netherlands, showing that permeability can be predicted with a mean error of 0.7 orders of magnitude using clay content and porosity derived from neutron and density logs.
Disseminated tuberculosis: A neglected entity in immunocompromised hemodialysis patients
Authors: Gavriilaki Eleni , Sabanis Nikos , Paschou Eleni , Kalaitzoglou Asterios , Michalaki Katerina , Zarampoukas Thomas
Published: October 2014

End‐stage renal disease is considered a factor predisposing to increased risk of tuberculosis with frequent extrapulmonary localization. Although extrapulmonary tuberculosis has been observed for decades, disseminated tuberculosis, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts, remains rather neglected. We report an unusual case of an immunocompromised patient with a late diagnosis and delayed treatment of genitourinary tuberculosis that subsequently led to the diagnosis of vertebral and miliary tuberculosis (disseminating tuberculosis). Therefore, increased awareness is warranted from physicians dealing with hemodialysis patients in order to avoid delays in diagnosis and treatment initiation.
Y‐box binding protein 1 is correlated with lymph node metastasis in intestinal‐type gastric cancer
Authors: Guo TianTian , Yu YingNan , Yip George Wai‐Cheong , Baeg Gyeong Hun , Thike Aye Aye , Lim Tony Kiat‐Hon , Tan Puay Hoon , Matsumoto Ken , Bay Boon Huat
Published: October 2014

Aims

Y‐box binding protein‐1 (YB‐1) is known to modulate gene transcription and protein translation, as well as cellular response to drug treatment. The aim of this study is to correlate YB‐1 protein expression levels with clinicopathological parameters in intestinal‐type gastric cancer tissue samples (as categorized by the Lauren classification) and substantiate the findings with in vitro experimentation.

Methods and results

Paraffin‐embedded samples from 167 patients with intestinal‐type gastric cancer were used for the construction of tissue microarrays (TMAs). TMA slides were immunostained and YB‐1 immunoreactivity score was based on the weighted average intensity score. Univariate analysis revealed that YB‐1 immunohistochemical expression was correlated significantly with lymph node status (P = 0.054, borderline significance) and perforation (P = 0.043). YB‐1 expression was also found to be an independent predictor of lymph node spread by multivariate analysis. Furthermore, siRNA‐mediated YB‐1 gene knockdown in MKN7 gastric cancer cells (which is known to originate from an intestinal‐type gastric cancer tissue) inhibited cell migration (P = 0.0002) and invasion in vitro (P = 0.0129) significantly.

Conclusion

YB‐1 expression is associated with lymph node spread in intestinal‐type gastric cancer and is a potential prognostic biomarker in this subtype of gastric cancer.
Lycaena dispar on its northern distribution limit: an expansive generalist
Authors: Lindman Ly , Remm Jaanus , Saksing Kristiina , Sõber Virve , Õunap Erki , Tammaru Toomas
Published: October 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate host plant and habitat preferences of Lycaena dispar, an oligophagous butterfly species endangered in some parts of its European range.

In laboratory trials, the females of Estonian populations accepted various species of Rumex as oviposition substrates. Growth performance of the larvae did not differ between the hosts offered (only R. acetosa proved to be unsuitable).

In the field, extensive use of the two most common host species – R. crispus and R. obtusifolius – by the Estonian populations of L. dispar was confirmed. Unlike in the laboratory, larval performance in the field was better on R. obtusifolius than R. crispus. A likely explanation is the more ephemeral character of the aboveground parts of R. crispus plants: these tend to wilt before the larvae of L. dispar have reached the stage adapted to hibernation.

A countrywide analysis of landscape occupancy revealed a positive association of the occurrence of L. dispar with ditches and human settlement. We conclude that moderate anthropogenic pressure maintains suitable habitats for L. dispar through creating favourable conditions for R. obtusifolius, the primary host of the butterfly in the region.

Due to its generalism in both host and habitat use, L. dispar is not in the need of active conservation measures on the current northern limit of its distribution. The favourable status of the species in Estonia is corroborated by its recent range expansion which parallels similar trends elsewhere in Eastern Europe.
Physical, proximate, functional and pasting properties of four non‐ and γ‐irradiated bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) cultivars
Authors: Falade Kolawole O. , Nwajei Chinyere P.
Published: October 2014

Effect of γ‐irradiation (2–30 kGy) on physical, proximate, functional and pasting properties of four bambara groundnut cultivars was investigated. Packed (0.74–0.75 g mL−1) and loose (0.71–0.76 g mL−1) density varied significantly among cultivars. Generally, CIE L and hue angle decreased, while CIE a, b, deltachroma and colour intensity increased with increased dose. Protein (21.23–23.77 g/100 g), fat (6.38–7.69 g/100 g), crude fibre (1.28–3.54 g/100 g), ash (1.50–4.50 g/100 g) and moisture (10.67–12.92 g/100 g) of non‐ and γ‐irradiated bambara varied with cultivars and dose. Loose (0.41–0.49 g mL−1) and packed (0.54–0.74 g mL−1) densities, water absorption (1.62–2.38 g/g) and swelling (10.50–18.00 g/g) increased marginally, while oil absorption (1.93–2.82 g/g), alkaline water retention (0.66–1.23 g/g), emulsion capacity (40.31–58.23%) and stability (31.67–46.49%) decreased with increased dose. Foam capacity (6.85–22.37%) and stability (1.80–22.37%) of γ‐irradiated flours were higher than their nonirradiated (2.03–18.26%) counterparts. Nonirradiated flours showed significantly higher viscosities than their γ‐irradiated counterparts. Flours showed slightly shear‐thinning behaviours.
Strain‐Dependent Plasticity Evolution of Window Glass
Authors: Lee Dong‐Hyun , Choi In‐Chul , Seok Moo‐Young , Zhao Yakai , Lee Jung‐A , Jang Jae‐il
Published: October 2014

How the applied strain can affect the plasticity evolution of window glass was systematically explored through a series of nanoindentations with various sharp indenters. It was revealed that, as the strain increases, the contribution of shear flow to total plasticity becomes larger, whereas that of densification gets smaller. The results are discussed in terms of the sequence in which each mechanism plays and the detailed mechanism of shear flow.
Detection of Different Interfaces in Percolated Networks of Antimony Tin Oxide: Borosilicate Glass Composites by Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Pruyn Timothy L. , Gerhardt Rosario A.
Published: October 2014

Glass composites containing percolated segregated networks of conducting antimony tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles were fabricated through the use of a hot‐pressing technique, which resulted in glass microspheres deforming into faceted polyhedra with the ATO located at the edges. Once the ATO percolated, it was shown that minor changes in the processing parameters could cause drastic differences in the electrical properties (as much as 4–5 orders of magnitude in some cases). This study aims to investigate how the hot‐pressing processing conditions, that is, temperature and pressure, can influence the electrical properties of percolated glass/ATO composites. Glass composites containing 4.8 wt% ATO, which is a concentration higher than the percolation threshold, were hot pressed at several different temperatures (550°C–675°C) and pressures (5.8–23.4 MPa) and were examined using impedance spectroscopy. A comprehensive equivalent circuit model was developed based on the microstructure of the composites and the individual impedance behavior of the materials involved. It was found that the physical arrangement as well as the individual properties of the glass, the ATO nanoparticles, and the different interfaces between ATO (point contact vs partially sintered vs glass coated) all contributed to the measured response in a quantitative way. The equivalent circuit model was successful in fitting all of the impedance behaviors at different temperature and pressures thus revealing the influence of the processing conditions on the electrical properties of percolated ATO/glass composites.
‘We Just Call Them People’: Positive Regard as a Dimension of Culture in Group Homes for People with Severe Intellectual Disability
Authors: Bigby Christine , Knox Marie , Beadle‐Brown Julie , Clement Tim
Published: October 2014

Background

A dimension of the culture in group homes is staff regard for residents. In underperforming group homes, staff regard residents as being not ‘like us’ (Bigby, Knox, Beadle‐Brown, Clement & Mansell, 2012). We hypothesized the opposite pole of this dimension, in higher performing group homes, would be that staff regard residents positively.

Method

Three in‐depth qualitative case studies were conducted in higher performing group homes using participant observation, interviews and document review.

Results

Consistent pattern of staff practices and talk, as well as artefacts, demonstrated staff had a positive regard for residents, who were seen as being ‘like us’. Explicit and continuing attention was given to sustaining positive regard for residents in everyday staff practices and to turning abstract values into concrete realities.

Conclusions

This positive cultural norm was established, operationalized and embedded through structures, such as a formal policy about language, and processes such as peer monitoring and practice leadership.
Effectiveness of an in‐office arginine‐calcium carbonate paste on dentine hypersensitivity in periodontitis patients: a double‐blind, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Pepelassi Eudoxie , Rahiotis Christos , Peponi Eleni , Kakaboura Afrodite , Vrotsos Ioannis
Published: October 2014

Aim

The aim of this single‐centre, two‐cell, double‐blind, randomized controlled clinical study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an in‐office desensitizing paste containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate in providing relief on dentine hypersensitivity immediately after scaling and root planing and its sustained relief over a 6‐week period.

Materials and Methods

Fifty periodontitis subjects presenting hypersensitivity were subjected to scaling and root planing and in‐office application of either 8% arginine and calcium carbonate desensitizing paste (25 subjects, test group) or fluoride‐free prophylaxis paste (25 subjects, control group). Air‐blast hypersensitivity was assessed using Schiff and Visual Analogue (VAS) scales at baseline, post‐scaling, post‐application, 2, 4 and 6 weeks.

Results

At all evaluation times, the test group presented significant % reduction in hypersensitivity relative to post‐scaling (t‐test, p < 0.05) (Schiff – Test: 57, 58.6, 60.2, 68; Control: 28.6, 22.2, 23, 23) (VAS – Test: 60, 55.6, 60.1, 68.4; Control: 25.9, 18.2, 20.6, 22.7) and significant % hypersensitivity difference relative to control (ancova, p < 0.05) (Schiff: 38.9, 45.9, 47.4, 57.7; VAS: 49.1, 48.9, 52.6, 61).

Conclusion

The single in‐office application of the 8% arginine–calcium carbonate desensitizing paste after scaling and root planing provided significant immediate reduction in dentine hypersensitivity, which sustained over a 6‐week period.
Profile of skin barrier proteins (filaggrin, claudins 1 and 4) and Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in adults with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Batista D.I.S. , Perez L. , Orfali R.L. , Zaniboni M.C. , Samorano L.P. , Pereira N.V. , Sotto M.N. , Ishizaki A.S. , Oliveira L.M.S. , Sato M.N. , Aoki V.
Published: October 2014

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) in adults and profile of skin barrier proteins and inflammatory cytokines.

Objective

Evaluation of the expression of skin barrier proteins such as filaggrin, claudins 1 and 4 and of circulating inflammatory cytokines (Th1/Th2/Th17) in adults with AD.

Methods

Thirty‐three adult patients with AD diagnosed according to the Hanifin & Rajkacriteria, and 25 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. AD severity was measured by Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI). Laboratory assays included immunohistochemistry analysis of skin barrier proteins, such as filaggrin, claudins 1 and 4 and interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) from skin samples and determination of circulating cytokine levels (IL‐2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 17A, TNF and IFN‐γ) by flow cytometry (Cytometric Bead Array).

Results

We observed a reduced expression of filaggrin and claudin 1 in lesional skin of AD patients, when compared to controls. There was an inverse correlation of filaggrin expression and disease severity. In addition, IL‐17 expression was enhanced in AD patients. Similarly, higher levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL‐2, 5, 6, 10, 17A and IFN‐γ) were found in AD patients.

Conclusion

Our data reinforce the role of an altered skin barrier in the pathogenesis of AD. Our results show not only reduced expression of filaggrin and claudin 1 in lesional atopic skin but also inverse correlation of filaggrin expression and disease severity. Moreover, elevation of in situ IL‐17 and of circulating interleukin levels in AD emphasize the systemic, inflammatory profile of this defective skin barrier dermatosis.
Identification and characterization of a late gene encoded by grouper iridovirus 2L (GIV‐2L)
Authors: Lin H‐Y , Cheng C‐F , Chiou P P , Liou C‐J , Yiu J‐C , Lai Y‐S
Published: October 2014

Grouper iridovirus (GIV) belongs to the Ranavirus genus and is one of the most important viral pathogens in grouper, particularly at the fry and fingerling stages. In this study, we identified and characterized the GIV‐2L gene, which encodes a protein of unknown function. GIV‐2L is 1242 bp in length, with a predicted protein mass of 46.2 kDa. It displayed significant identity only with members of the Ranavirus and Iridovirus genera. We produced mouse monoclonal antibodies against the GIV‐2L protein by immunizing mice with GIV‐2L‐His‐tag recombinant protein. By inhibiting de novo protein and DNA synthesis in GIV‐infected cells, we showed that GIV‐2L was a late gene during the viral replication. Finally, immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that GIV‐2L protein accumulated in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected cells. These results offer important insights into the pathogenesis of GIV.
Construction of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes AsaP1‐toxoid strains and study of their ability to induce immunity in Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus L.
Authors: Schwenteit J M , Weber B , Milton D L , Bornscheuer U T , Gudmundsdottir B K
Published: October 2014

The metalloendopeptidase AsaP1 is one of the major extracellular virulence factors of A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes, expressed as a 37‐kDa pre‐pro‐peptide and processed to a 19‐kDa active peptide. The aim of this study was to construct mutant strains secreting an AsaP1‐toxoid instead of AsaP1‐wt, to study virulence of these strains and to test the potency of the AsaP1‐toxoid bacterin and the recombinant AsaP1‐toxoids to induce protective immunity in Arctic char. Two A. salmonicida mutants were constructed that secrete either AsaP1E294A or AsaP1Y309F. The secreted AsaP1Y309F‐toxoid had weak caseinolytic activity and was processed to the 19‐kDa peptide, whereas the AsaP1E294A‐toxoid was found as a 37‐kDa pre‐pro‐peptide suggesting that AsaP1 is auto‐catalytically processed. The LD50 of the AsaP1Y309F‐toxoid mutant in Arctic char was significantly higher than that of the corresponding wt strain, and LD50 of the AsaP1E294A‐toxoid mutant was comparable with that of an AsaP1‐deficient strain. Bacterin based on AsaP1Y309F‐toxoid mutant provided significant protection, comparable with that induced by a commercial polyvalent furunculosis vaccine. Detoxification of AsaP1 is very hard, expensive and time consuming. Therefore, an AsaP1‐toxoid‐secreting mutant is more suitable than the respective wt strain for production of fish bacterins aimed to protect against atypical furunculosis.
Microencapsulation of a putative probiotic Enterobacter species, C6‐6, to protect rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), against bacterial coldwater disease
Authors: Ghosh B , Cain K D , Nowak B F , Bridle A R
Published: October 2014

Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD), which has a major impact on salmonid aquaculture globally. An Enterobacter species, C6‐6, isolated from the gut of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), has been identified as a potential probiotic species providing protection against BCWD. This study examined the effects of alginate microencapsulation on the protective efficacy of C6‐6 against BCWD in vivo when administered to rainbow trout fry orally or by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Viable C6‐6 bacteria were microencapsulated successfully, and this process (microencapsulation) did not significantly deteriorate its protective properties as compared to the administration of non‐microencapsulated C6‐6 bacteria. Both oral and IP delivery of C6‐6 achieved significantly better protection than control treatments that did not contain C6‐6 bacteria. The highest relative percent survival (RPS) resulted from IP delivery (71.4%) and was significantly greater than the highest oral RPS (38.6%). Successful intestinal colonization was not critical to protective effects of C6‐6. The study showed that C6‐6 administration, with or without encapsulation, was a viable choice for protecting fry from BCWD especially when administered intraperitoneally.