bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Project management in European Aerospace plc: a case study
Authors: Quayle Michael
Published: July 2002

Over the past 20 years the competition for capital equipment sales and support has intensified world wide. Europe in particular has scored some notable sales successes for aircraft, locomotives and ships. The purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of project management in European Aerospace and its necessity if further successes are to be achieved. Large and complex capital equipment can only justify their considerable investment costs whilst they are working or available for work. This means ensuring that extensive management procedures are conceived and implemented not only for production of capital equipments but to ensure their support strategy is considered at the outset. This paper examines the challenge presented, reviews initial and support philosophy including dealing with subcontractors, and offers guidance on project management performance parameters to remain successful in the global market place.
A conceptual analysis of the problems associated with real property development in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Ebohon O.J. , Field B.G. , Mbuga R.R.
Published: July 2002

A more efficient land and property market is fundamental to solving Africa’s apparently endemic problems with real property development. Despite similar problems in other developing countries, they are more pronounced in sub‐Saharan Africa and, in the absence of appropriate remedial measures, will inevitably escalate as population growth gathers momentum. This paper highlights the need for Africa to develop the necessary institutions to support the property and construction sectors, to facilitate infrastructure delivery and promote sustainable growth and development.
The impact of transmission lines on property values: coming to terms with stigma
Authors: Elliott Peter , Wadley David
Published: July 2002

The impact of power transmission lines on property values remains insufficiently explored and inconclusively theorised. This paper provides a platform for examining what appears to be a general phenomenon of price depreciation of land abutting power lines. A large scale international literature review is organised in terms of a thematic model as a prelude to a précis of key papers discussing the power line/property value nexus. Broadening the account, attention turns to the issue of stigma which has different manifestations from its normal context involving contaminated lands. In order to advance theoretical understanding, a speculative model is provided of the stigma apparently attaching to power lines and attendant installations.
Assessing and Managing the Environmental Risks of Property Ownership
Authors: Turner Neil , Bennett Luke , Prescott Gwyn , Gronow Stuart
Published: July 2002

Examines the environmental risks involved in managing and investing in
commercial/industrial property in the UK. Looks at some of the
questions which prudent landlords should now be asking of their tenants
in order to assess these risks, and concludes that an environmental risk
rating system should be developed and adopted by those responsible for
managing and investing in commercial and industrial property. Quite
simply according to the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, 1993,
“...all those involved in the appraisal of land and buildings need to
include environmental factors in their considerations...” and a system
which can allow this to take place should be thoroughly debated by the
profession. It is also suggested that tenants who are adopting policies
to regulate their environmental performance offer landlords an
inherently less risky investment from an environmental perspective. The
strength of the occupying tenant′s covenant should also be an integral
part of any assessment of potential environmental risks which face
property managers.
Enfranchisement of Flats and Right to an Individual New Long Lease
Authors: Smith P.F.
Published: July 2002

Looks (in depth) at the Act brought in on 20 July 1993 affecting
Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development, and which has received
Royal Assent. Sets out the principal elements of the two schemes and
attempts to point out possible difficulties and hazards.
Science Parks in the UK
Authors: Gower Simon M. , Harris Frank C.
Published: July 2002

Illustrates, through review, the apparent success of science parks, which, despite increased occupancy and investment levels, remain dependent on public‐sector support. Highlights characteristics, which both contribute to such success and distinguish this form of development from other forms of property development (notably similar forms such as business parks). Proposes various determinants for the potential success of hi‐tech industrial property developments, and suggests that certain types of development (i.e. unfavourable geographical location) have been overwhelmingly motivated by a will to participate in urban economic regeneration contrary to prevailing market forces. Concludes by questioning the lasting benefits and potential for continued success of such development.
French Commercial Leases
Authors: Austin Ronald S.
Published: July 2002

In view of the current interest in international property investment, briefly reviews various aspects of current French law and market practice relating to commercial leases. Points out that the positions of the landlord and tenant in France are different from those in other jurisdictions: the duration of the lease is nine or sometimes 12 years; the tenant can terminate at the end of each three‐year period unless the tenant has contracted out of such right; rent is normally indexed annually; rent can be reviewed at three‐yearly intervals but the amount of the review is capped save for exceptional circumstances; the rent on renewal is capped, though this does not apply to premises which are used exclusively as offices or where the lease exceeds nine years.
The impact of the 1995 rating revaluation on commercial property
Authors: Hargreaves Elaine
Published: July 2002

The current business rate system came into force in 1990,
introducing a non‐domestic rating multiplier across England and Wales
and committing the Government to five‐yearly revaluations. Rateable
values are based on rental levels and, at the 1990 revaluation, office
occupiers in London and the South East recorded huge increases in their
rate liabilities, while occupiers in the North had their rate bills
decreased quite significantly. In the five years since the last
revaluation there has been a downturn in both the UK economy and in the
property market. Calculates an estimate for the multiplier, examines how
rental values have changed between the revaluation dates and what impact
this has on the geographical distribution of rate liabilities and the
shifting burden between the sectors.
Leadership style for managing a real estate marketing team: an
oriental perspective
Authors: Sui Pheng Low , Sirpal Rajeshwar
Published: July 2002

Considers the application of oriental philosophy Lao Tzu′s Tao
Te Ching – to real estate marketing management, in order to
enhance the effectiveness of the manager′s leadership role.
The purchase notice: compensation for planning restrictions
Authors: Smith Richard , Storr John
Published: July 2002

Following the provisions of the Planning and Compensations Act,
1991 we have a planning system under which, in principle, no
compensation is paid for the refusal of planning permission. One way
remains by which compensation can still be obtained – it is by way
of a purchase notice under section 137 of the Town and Country Planning
Act or section 32 of the Listed Building Act, 1990. Examines the legal
rules governing purchase notices and then goes on to analyse the
valuation and compensation implications.
Land tenure and regional investment prospects: the case of the
tenurial systems of Northern Ghana
Authors: Kasim Kasanga R.
Published: July 2002

Northern Ghana still has vast supplies of undeveloped land, with
enormous potential for commercial agriculture, agro‐industries, housing
estates, shopping centres and hotels. Yet its regional economy remains
weak. Ignoring the historical and colonial origins of the
marginalization of the North generally, examines the tenurial issues and
land management practices of the region and their implications for
investment mobilization. The evidence suggests that the chequered
history of land tenure not only resulted in social unrest and the
displacement of helpless villagers, but also induced the destruction of
invaluable investments, particularly in agriculture. To promote
investments in the landed property sector more certain land tenure
systems, secure and speedier land title documentation processes and
improved management practices are required. For sustainable investments,
however, tenurial security must of necessity be combined with
improvements in technical and social infrastructure, financial support,
widened markets and guaranteed prices, appropriate technology and
environmental security. Government commitment and investment incentive
packages, along with international financial and technical support
should also facilitate the development process.
Impact of food courts and other factors on tenants′ businesses for
a major shopping centre in Singapore
Authors: Sirpal R. , Peng O.L.
Published: July 2002

Examines, from the point of view of tenants, the impact of an
introduction of a food court in a shopping centre on tenants′
businesses. Describes a study which was conducted in Singapore. Examines
the importance of various factors related to the performance of their
businesses. Surveys among tenants and customers were conducted to
evaluate these issues.
Changing technology and forecasting office space requirements
Authors: Sullivan Kerry
Published: July 2002

Changes in information technology, demographics and corporate culture are considered when predicting the form, size and location of future offices. Argues that the likelihood of companies adopting more flexible work patterns such as teleworking, hotdesking, etc. and an increasingly distributed office network means that current methodologies used to model future demand using variables, such as rental charges and building costs, might prove to be inappropriate given probable future trends. Proposes that alternative data sets will have to be considered and modelled if forecasts are to reflect these changes.
The changing use of old bank premises
Authors: Jones Peter
Published: July 2002

Explains that while branch location is still seen as the most important single influence on a customer’s choice of bank, the past decade has witnessed the widespread closure of branches. Outlines the nature and scale of bank closures and examines the alternative uses for redundant branches.
The property management division of Kiev City
Authors: Deakin Mark
Published: July 2002

Outlines the attempts made over the past few years to develop the financial services required by Kiev City council’s property management division to function as a privatization authority ‐ to develop, that is, what is referred to as the financial aspects of property management or, to be more precise, the accountancy, real estate, asset valuation and leasing services, which the property management division of Kiev City require to participate in the privatization, economic reform and process of liberalization the Ukraine has become subject to since the break‐up of the former USSR.
An investigation into the use of compulsory acquisitions by agreement
Authors: Almond Nigel , Plimmer Frances
Published: July 2002

Compulsory purchase is a subject which, over the past decade, has received much attention, particularly with major infrastructure schemes such as the Channel Tunnel and the associated rail link. Examines an area of compulsory acquisition which has received scant attention; that of acquisitions by agreement. Outlines the research focusing mainly on public sector organizations. Outlines the legal and statutory background to acquisitions by agreement; and more importantly the reasons why an authority will choose to pursue the route of acquiring by agreement, as opposed to acquiring by compulsory purchase, particularly when both options are available. Also considers the advantages, and disadvantages, to both the acquiring authority and vendor in acquisitions by agreement.
A strategic planning approach to Web site management
Authors: Clyde Laurel A.
Published: July 2002

Many libraries are creating Web sites, to serve a wide range of purposes. The author is Webmaster of the International Association of School Librarianship (IASL); using her own Web site as an example, she discusses a number of issues and tasks associated with creating and maintaining a professional Web site, within the context of a strategic planning approach to Web site development. Beginning with “Should we have a Web site?”, the stages of the process are outlined, including identification of aims and objectives, analysis of user needs, selection of content and services to be included, writing or developing the content, developing the information architecture, navigational aids, visual design of the site, HTML coding or use of page development software, metadata, mounting the completed pages on a Web server, testing and modifications, listing with search engines and directories, publicity and promotion, ongoing site maintenance, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the Web site. The strategic planning process provides a useful framework through which to view the many tasks associated with Web site development and maintenance and to conceptualise their relationship to one another.
Do users dream of electronic libraries?
Authors: López de Prado Rosario
Published: July 2002

Although enough has been written about users’ behaviour in information search, experiences with regard to their conduct within the library are very scarce. Many of the aspects are closer to psychology than to librarianship: but to improve services, it is necessary to know the client reactions, specially in situations related to the use and yield of the available resources. Among librarians a broad answer is to offer many electronic tools, all types of equipment, and qualified robots for any kind of task. Turning the library into a science‐fiction film can be attractive, but is not always the best solution: readers are not "androids". This paper tries to analyze who comes to the library and why; thus we will accompany them and see what their problems and their reactions are in order to obtain a global vision that points to possible solutions.
The costs of information technology and the electronic library
Authors: Tebbetts Diane R.
Published: July 2002

This article discusses the impact of information technology requirements on the costs of electronic libraries. The fast‐paced developments of technology require continual updating of hardware and software. Networking access consists of initial costs and recurring expenses. Electronic content, training, and support all demand ongoing expenditures. In this environment institutions must budget accordingly. One‐time outlays from grant‐funding agencies or parent institutions will not meet the demands of the information technology marketplace. This article asks key questions concerning hardware, software and network installation and upgrades and provides strategies for dealing with the needs for continuous funding and long‐term financing that are essential for keeping up with the requirements of the electronic library.
The promise of digital libraries in developing countries
Authors: Witten Ian H. , Loots Michel , Trujillo Maria F. , Bainbridge David
Published: July 2002

Digital libraries are a key technology for developing countries. They can assist human development by providing a non‐commercial mechanism for distributing humanitarian information on topics such as health, agriculture, nutrition, hygiene, sanitation and water supply. Many other areas, ranging from disaster relief to medical education, also benefit from new methods of information distribution. Perhaps even more important than disseminating information originating in the developed world is the need to foster the ability for people in developing countries to build information collections locally. Outlines a broad range of issues and then goes on to describe how a freely available digital library system called “Greenstone” provides a flexible tool that helps meet some of these needs. Being “open source” software, Greenstone can be shaped by its users to meet new requirements.
Wireless online games
Authors: Sum Sam Mok Wai
Published: July 2002

The number of mobile phone users is increasing rapidly and this will provide opportunities for developing additional business in the mobile device market. Wireless online games is one of the rising stars in the market. Nevertheless, the insecurity of data transmission through wireless networks and the low performance of the central processing unit (CPU) of mobile devices create a barrier to doing business through these wireless networks. This paper proposes an “interactive dynamic cryptosystem” for enhancing the security of data transmission through wireless networks and a multi‐tier architecture for improving the performance and management of the multi‐user wireless online games system. Based on the proposal, a safe environment can be set up for truly real‐time interactive wireless online games.
Security issues in online games
Authors: Jeff Yan Jianxin , Choi Hyun‐Jin
Published: July 2002

The traditional target of computer game security is mainly copy protection. The emergence of online games fundamentally changes the security requirements for computer games. Although computer game development often utilizes cutting edge technology in computer graphics, artificial intelligence, human computer interaction and programming, game providers (developers or operators) do not pay much attention to security techniques. In this paper, we look into security failures that have happened or might happen in online games, and discuss some key security issues that have to concern online game providers. Specifically, we look into various kinds of online cheating, and introduce security techniques to deal with cheating prevention, though meanwhile other security issues are also discussed.
The impact of the JISC‐funded eLib document delivery‐related projects
Authors: Jacobs Neil , Morris Anne
Published: July 2002

The UK Electronic Libraries Programme (eLib) was a major research and development programme funded by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) of the UK higher education funding councils. One part of its work was concerned with document delivery, and several projects had this topic either as an explicit focus or as a necessary component. Reviews these projects, assessing the contribution of each one to UK document delivery services in academic libraries.
Brief communication: “Providing Access through Co‐operation” – summary of a conference
Authors: Smale Carol
Published: July 2002

Presents a summary of the latest in the series of international conferences on interlending and document supply. Whilst co‐operation between researchers, publishers and librarians was the main theme of the Conference, other topics discussed included union catalogues, standards, digitisation and national systems.
End‐users′ Hopes and Expectations
Authors: Waaijers Leo
Published: July 2002

Libraries seem to be moving away from their users and heading towards
customers. The essential difference between these two types of clients
is that whereas the latter pay (partially) themselves for the services
rendered, the former are funded by public means. Does this shift have an
impact on library services? Are all the clients better off at the end of
the day? Is there a market for library services? At the Delft University
of Technology Library a long‐term programme of client orientation is
under way. The appointment of a marketeer as early as September 1988
proved to be merely a starting point. Contrary to the expectations of
management the first effects were highly introversive and it took about
three years before the first well‐planned external actions could be
undertaken. The results of both internal and external activities seem to
be instructive and similar to experiences elsewhere.
Perception of Economics in a Digital Publishing Environment
Authors: Davenport Elisabeth
Published: July 2002

The focus of much of the discussion of the economics of journal
publishing is the publisher/librarian exchange relationship. There are
good reasons for this: it allows discussion of tangibles, the costs of
print‐based production, numbers of subscriptions, demand and supply
curves based on previous practice and so on. But emphasis on the
library/publisher relationship has led to an emphasis on pricing as the
key issue in serials provision, when additional issues (fundamental
changes in exchange relationships) must be considered. Explores changes
in structural relationships which may emerge in a publishing system that
is dominated by electronic processes, and the perceptions of those
involved of the economic implications of such changes. Consists of
three parts: the first reviews the theoretical framework, the second
considers the views of practitioners and the third considers
developments in policy and infrastructure in the UK since the field
work.
Electronic Document Delivery through Library Co‐operation
Authors: Friend Frederick J.
Published: July 2002

The SuperJANET document delivery pilot project was conducted between
five major research libraries in order to investigate the feasibility of
a library‐to‐library service using the RLG Ariel system. Although the
project was small scale, no insuperable technical problems were
revealed, but the pilot demonstrated the need for improvements in
co‐operative structures if such a service were to be established on a
regular basis. The principal defect to be remedied is information about
the holdings of other libraries. It is anticipated that such a
library‐to‐library service would be most cost‐effective as a value‐added
urgent action service.
Opinion paper: access as a substitute for holdings: false ideal or
costly reality
Authors: Line Maurice B.
Published: July 2002

Argues that the much‐advocated switch from holdings to access has
serious snags where current material is concerned. Libraries should
discard most of their stock of older material and provide access to more
current material. This requires the existence of a centralized
collection of older material available to users.
Document supply and access in times of turmoil: recent problems in Russia and eastern Europe
Authors: Cornish Graham P. , Prosekova Svetlana
Published: July 2002

Describes the interlending system in the USSR before its disintegration to form the CIS. Examines the present situation in the light of recent political and economic developments. As member states assert their independence the former system has become unworkable. Many libraries are no longer willing to use the Russian (formerly Lenin) State Library as a resource for political reasons, and others cannot use it because of the new charging mechanisms which have been introduced. Use of Russian libraries by other CIS states has declined significantly, as shown by statistics. The co‐ordinating role of the Russian State Library has largely been eroded, so no central control system operates and previously agreed standards have fallen into disuse.
Workshop on the universal availability of publications in francophone West Africa
Authors: Keates Sarah
Published: July 2002

Describes a workshop on the universal availability of publications (UAP) in francophone West Africa held at the National Library, Côte d’Ivoire, with participants from Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. The meeting was organized by the Bibliothèque Nationale in Abidjan, the (International Federation of Library Associations) IFLA regional office in Dakar and the IFLA UAP programme; and generous funding was provided by Unesco. Aims included raising awareness of the importance of availability, increasing co‐operation and providing an insight into the scope offered by new technology.
Why does Finland make so many international ILDS requests?
Authors: Södergård Pia
Published: July 2002

Reports on a study initiated by the Finnish Council for Information Provision (TINFO) in order to find out why, as was shown in a European‐wide survey of interlending and document supply, Finland makes so many international interlending requests. Several methods were used to throw light on the situation. In order to find out if foreign suppliers were preferred to domestic suppliers librarians were interviewed about current practices and procedures and data from international request forms were compared to the union catalogue. International request forms were analysed in order to draw a picture of the material needed from abroad and to reveal potential gaps in the national collection. Suggests that national characteristics of users’ needs for library material should be taken into consideration when planning national information provision. A citation analysis based on references from dissertations was carried out with the aim of detecting such characteristics.
Towards access services: supply times, quality control and performance‐related services
Authors: Boyd Norman
Published: July 2002

Reports on a recent pilot survey carried out between six public library authorities within LASER (London and South Eastern Library Region), the largest library region in the UK (covering 43 local authorities). The aim of the survey was to ascertain the total supply time for an interlibrary loan (ILL) request, from reader request to the item being in their hand, by measuring each stage of an ILL’s progress. Highlights difficulties involved in collecting and assessing data of this nature and stresses the need for further work in this area.
Delivering the library to its users: from the BIBDEL Project to the Virtual Academic Library of the North‐West
Authors: Wynne Peter M. , Butters Geoff , Brophy Peter
Published: July 2002

Describes the networking solutions used in the experimental extension of academic library services from the University of Central Lancashire to an agricultural college some 100km distant, under the EC‐funded BIBDEL Project. Includes a detailed description of the functionality of each service. Summarizes the experimental findings of the research, in terms of cost, staff training needs, user training needs and liaison with external third parties. Considers the University of Central Lancashire’s retention and expansion of the extended service, on an operational footing, after the close of the experiment. Contrasts the functionalities of the operational services with those of the experiment.
Opinion paper: access versus holdings
Authors: Blagden John
Published: July 2002

Explores how the national aspiration of “universal access” to information compares with what is actually happening in practice. Outlines some of the issues which emerge in the debate over access versus holdings, and presents some data from Cranfield University to shed some light on it.
Interlibrary loans in new democratic societies ‐ South African experiences
Authors: Raubenheimer Jenny
Published: July 2002

South Africa, as a new democracy, is currently driven by a vision of reconstruction and development. In the South African library environment, the focus is on rectifying serious inequalities in access to libraries and information and to address the demand for a more equitable distribution of library resources. These aspects, as well as economic factors, compel South African librarians to rethink the traditional ways of resource sharing and the development of library collections. The shift is towards an innovative resource‐sharing policy and subsequent formation of strategic alliances and the delivery of articles on demand as an alternative to the purchasing of journals. This involves the establishment of a library catalogue accessible to all and effective request and delivery mechanisms to meet the requirements posed by conditions in South Africa. The capabilities of advanced technology offer powerful means to meet these new challenges faced by libraries in South Africa.
User initiated interlibrary loan
Authors: Arkin Elizabeth
Published: July 2002

Technology can enable users to place their own ILL orders. Should libraries make this available? What are the financial and organisational consequences if they do, and what do they risk if they do not? Since September 1996 Aalborg University Library has offered subsidised unmediated ordering to faculty and employees of Aalborg University via UnCover. The paper discusses the results to date of this experiment (the first of its kind in Denmark), its costs and its effect on the Library’s ILL patterns, and what the immediate future holds.
Brief communication: UK theses online?
Authors: Friend Frederick J.
Published: July 2002

Most UK university theses are only available in paper format but could be more accessible if electronic submission were commonplace. The University Theses Online Group has been working to secure academic support for electronic submission, conducting a survey of authors’ and supervisors’ attitudes and organising a seminar. Potential problems such as plagiarism must be addressed but there are also many benefits for universities, authors and users of theses in electronic submission and availability. The UK group is in touch with similar developments in other countries.
Document delivery to developing countries
Authors: Dobson Cynthia , Pedersen Wayne A.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents the findings of a study of fill rate, time, and delivery costs for international document delivery from the Iowa State University Library to libraries and scholars in several developing countries. The overall results included a 73 per cent fill rate and a total turnaround time of 16.3 days. Per page fax charges were almost 12 times as expensive as air mail costs. International document delivery programmes will need to have the ability to handle a variety of communication methods. In addition, these libraries will need to examine several philosophical issues arising from interlibrary co‐operation with partners in developing countries as they determine their place in the complex economic, political and organisational structures related to international document supply.
Finite element analyses of sandwich structures: a bibliography (1980–2001)
Authors: Mackerle Jaroslav
Published: July 2002

Gives a bibliographical review of the finite element analyses of sandwich structures from the theoretical as well as practical points of view. Both isotropic and composite materials are considered. Topics include: material and mechanical properties of sandwich structures; vibration, dynamic response and impact problems; heat transfer and thermomechanical responses; contact problems; fracture mechanics, fatigue and damage; stability problems; special finite elements developed for the analysis of sandwich structures; analysis of sandwich beams, plates, panels and shells; specific applications in various fields of engineering; other topics. The analysis of cellular solids is also included. The bibliography at the end of this paper contains 655 references to papers, conference proceedings and theses/dissertations dealing with presented subjects that were published between 1980 and 2001.
Efficiency speed‐up strategies for evolutionary computation: an adaptive implementation
Authors: Leung Kwong‐Sak , Sun Jian‐Yong , Xu Zong‐Ben
Published: July 2002

In this paper, a set of safe adaptive genetic algorithms (sGAs) is proposed based on the Splicing/Decomposable encoding scheme and the efficient speed‐up strategies developed by Xuet al.. The proposed algorithms implement the self‐adaptation of the problem representation, selection and recombination operators at the levels of population, individual and component which commendably balance the conflicts between “reliability” and “efficiency”, as well as “exploitation” and “exploration” existed in the evolutionary algorithms. It is shown that the algorithms converge to the optimum solution in probability one. The proposed sGAs are experimentally compared with the classical genetic algorithm (CGA), non‐uniform genetic algorithm (nGA) proposed by Michalewicz, forking genetic algorithm (FGA) proposed by Tsutsuiet al.and the classical evolution programming (CEP). The experiments indicate that the new algorithms perform much more efficiently than CGA and FGA do, comparable with the real‐coded GAs — nGA and CEP. All the algorithms are further evaluated through an application to a difficult real‐life application problem: the inverse problem of fractal encoding related to fractal image compression technique. The results for the sGA is better than those of CGA and FGA, and has the same, sometimes better performance compared to those of nGA and CEP.
Foreign market entry strategies of Japanese MNCs
Authors: Taylor Charles R. , Zou Shaoming , Osland Gregory E.
Published: July 2002

While much prior research has focused on Japanese multi‐national corporations’ (MNCs) marketing strategies, little is known about the factors that influence Japanese MNCs’ foreign market entry mode choice. In this study, a survey of Japanese MNCs is conducted in order to assess the factors that are the most influential in the foreign market entry decisions of Japanese MNCs. Using bargaining power theory, eight factors are identified in the study. The findings indicate that five of the eight factors (stake of the host country, need for local contribution, riskiness of the host country, resource commitment, and host government restrictions) are significant predictors of Japanese MNCs’ entry mode choice and that bargaining power theory is of value in predicting the entry mode choices of Japanese MNCs.
Marketing planning and the policy environment in the European Union
Authors: Thorne LeClair Debbie
Published: July 2002

While global economic conditions create incentives for new market entry and expansion strategies, the environmental factors affecting these strategies must be fully considered. For example, the international marketer will encounter unfamiliar laws and policies that can create confusion about standards and require changes in marketing philosophy and practice. This article utilizes a general marketing planning framework to examine the effects of government policy on marketing activities. Using the European Union as an example, the discussion includes an overview of policy inputs to international marketing decisions, specific legislation related to marketing strategy, and impending issues that may affect marketing decision making in the future. The article incorporates a proactive orientation toward the marketing policy environment through a review of both current laws and other topics with a legal and political component. The information presented is useful to international marketing managers and educators for understanding the effects of government policy on the international marketing planning process.
Trademark rights in gray markets
Authors: Clarke Irvine , Owens Margaret
Published: July 2002

Parallel importation, the selling of trademarked products through unauthorized distribution channels, can erode trademark image, strain channel relationships and disrupt global planning efforts. With the recent changes in federal court precedent and the landmark 1998 L’Anza Supreme Court decision, the legal rights associated with trademarked products in gray markets have forever changed. Therefore, the authors review the current status of regulatory and judicial decisions affecting gray marketing activities to provide a practical framework for marketing managers. Legal and nonlegal suggestions, for the protection of trademarks in gray market competition, are offered.
An analysis of product category restrictions in advertising in four major East Asian markets
Authors: Taylor Charles R. , Anne Raymond Mary
Published: July 2002

Many nations have restrictions on advertising in certain product categories. This paper examines product category restrictions on advertising in four large East Asian markets: Japan, Taiwan, the People’s Republic of China, and South Korea. Product categories included in this study include alcohol, cigarettes, ethical drugs, contraceptives, personal hygiene products and undergarments. The authors describe regulatory policy in these categories and use Albaum et al.’s framework for assessing environmental factors in advertising to assess the logic behind the regulation. A wide range of regulations is found across the four countries and it is concluded that a complex web of factors underlies the regulations. Implications for managers are provided.
Solving old problems, learning new things and forgetting most of them
Authors: Ford David
Published: July 2002

This paper examines some of the striking similarities and differences in issues and conceptual structure between three seemingly disparate areas of study over a 50‐year period; distribution channels, internationalisation and networks. The paper questions why these and other areas of study seem to emerge, prosper and decline in a relatively brief period and shows how each seems to have been developed more or less in isolation from earlier ones. More importantly, it suggests that the researchers involved in each area often do not seem to have learned from what has gone before. The paper draws a number of conclusions from this pattern for the practice of research in marketing.
The marketing implications of foreign direct investment in private
Hungarian firms
Authors: Hooley Graham J. , Cox Tony , Shipley David , Beracs Jozsef , Kolos Krizstina
Published: July 2002

Since the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the accompanying social
and political revolutions of 1989 a great deal has been written about
the need to attract foreign investment, technology and managerial
expertise to the countries of Eastern and Central Europe as means to
encouraging the movement towards marketled economies. Explores the
experience of foreign direct investment in Hungary. Concludes that the
foreign company often brings to its domestic partner a longer term and
more aggressive business perspective, an enhanced export orientation,
and the flexibility to break with the past. It often does not, however,
bring a more marketing‐oriented approach to doing business.
International branding: demand– or supply‐driven opportunity?
Authors: de Chernatony Leslie , Halliburton Chris , Bernath Ratna
Published: July 2002

Differing views prevail about whether to standardize or adapt international brands. Postulates that the international brand decision should be based on standardizing the brand′s core essence across countries and assessing the extent to which its execution requires local adaptation. To facilitate such an assessment proposes a demand‐supply model. The appropriateness of this model was tested against a Eurocom study and through in‐depth interviews with managers of successful pan‐European brands. The model incorporates most of the factors elicited. There was clear support for maintaining the core essence of the brand across countries and only adapting its execution to accommodate local differences.
Research note: international marketing management: a separate
academic discipline?
Authors: Monye Sylvester O.
Published: July 2002

International marketing management is rarely considered as an
academic area that deserves separate and specific curriculum. Examines
two primary questions which challenge this: first, is international
marketing management different from basic marketing management? Second,
if it is different, what type of training, knowledge and skill should
international marketers have? Reviews the changes in the international
business environment, factors encouraging internationalization and the
need for specialist training as one of the tools required to achieve
international competitiveness and growth. Concludes that success in
international marketing management requires deep knowledge of
cross‐cultural and intercultural issues which facilitate attitude
change, assist the development of interpersonal skills, and the creation
of awareness of multienvironmental requirements of international
marketing operation; and that these skills can only be acquired and
developed by a formalized programme of specialist education and
training.
Market orientation and business performance: some European evidence
Authors: Pitt Leyland , Caruana Albert , Berthon Pierre R.
Published: July 2002

While market orientation has almost been taken for granted by both academics and some practitioners, attempts to define and operationalize the construct have been very limited. Moreover, efforts to link market orientation to business performance have been few and far between. Recent work in the USA has led to the development of a scale to measure market orientation in organizations, and this measure has also been positively linked to performance. Describes efforts to measure the level of market orientation in samples of British and Maltese firms. Confirms the reliability of the measure, and tests some aspects of its validity. While the link between market orientation and firm performance is not a strong one, it is indeed significant. Discusses implications of the studies, and identifies some avenues for further research.
Influences on the adoption of global marketing decision support systems
Authors: McDonald William J.
Published: July 2002

Develops a model of the influences on adopting global marketing decision support systems (MDSS) by global marketing organizations. The focus is on the expectations, beliefs, concerns, experiences, and implicit theories about global MDSS adoption of 144 senior marketing managers at 43 global firms. From a quantitative analysis of personal interviews, argues for an adoption model which includes controllable, uncontrollable and personal influences. Finds personnel, marketing mix, consumer trends, competitive pressures, economic conditions, technological change, corporate culture, and personal expectations are associated with adoption, while financial issues are associated with non‐adoption. Governmental policies and personal experience are associated with both adoption and non‐adoption.
On the way towards developing a global screening model
Authors: Russow Lloyd C. , Okoroafo Sam C.
Published: July 2002

Aims to identify and test criteria useful in screening potential worldwide opportunities. International business literature suggested the criteria which were applied in six product samples to determine whether the same criteria could be used across products. Accepts this proposition. Also shows that four criteria: product‐specific market size growth, indirect market size, trade, and level of economic development contributed most to the discriminating capabilities among potential markets.
Implementing global marketing strategy
Authors: Ronkainen Ilkka A. , Menezes Ivan
Published: July 2002

Whirpool Corporation is the world’s leading marketer of major appliances. Its growth in the last ten years from a mostly domestic manufacturer to a global player is the result of a customer‐driven strategy adopted in which the company’s strengths are leveraged for growth around the world. Ivan Menezes, vice president, group marketing, Whirlpool Europe, talks about strategies and approaches that have made Whirlpool succeed not only in the fragmented European market but also in the emerging markets of central Europe, Latin America, and Asia. The key is to combine talent and best practice across borders to provide customers with value.
The life‐cycle pattern of east‐west countertrade
Authors: Neale Charles W. , Akis Yesim T. , Pass Christopher L.
Published: July 2002

Countertrade (CT) is often treated as an inefficient and largely undesirable trading medium. The former Council for Mutual Economic Assistance countries were major exponents of CT both among themselves and also when dealing with Western nations. Following liberalization of “Eastern” politico‐economic systems, more orthodox commercial relationships are being established. This prompts the thesis that CT has been used by Western firms to gain a toe‐hold in difficult Eastern markets to be converted into a more secure relationship, such as a joint venture, when market circumstances become less harsh. Recent events have allowed testing of this hypothesis both by observing the behaviour of a small group of UK countertraders and also via a two‐stage study of Turkish companies. Although there is limited evidence that CT presages more formal modes of market servicing, concludes that CT will probably persist as long as access to hard currencies by Eastern organizations is limited, and so long as entrepreneurs with vision seek out new market opportunities.
An examination of the cross‐cultural female response to offensive sex role portrayals in advertising
Authors: Ford John B. , LaTour Michael S. , Honeycutt Earl D. , Jr
Published: July 2002

Compares adult women’s perceptions of sex role portrayals in advertising across demo‐graphically‐diverse samples from the USA, New Zealand, Japan and Thailand. Tests a structural equations model using EQS. The findings indicate that there were varying degrees of criticism across the samples with regard to sex role portrayals, company image and purchase intentions. Finds a significant structural linkage between criticality of role portrayals and company image as well as between company image and purchase intention. Identifies the existence of “feminist consciousness” across the various samples and also examines its impact on perceptions and intentions to purchase. Presents implications for global advertisers.
Measuring export performance in service industries
Authors: Steven White D. , Griffith David A. , Ryans John K. , Jr
Published: July 2002

Increases in the international marketing of services have created a need to better understand the determinants of service export performance measures. While numerous studies suggest using either the ratio of a firm′s foreign sales over its total sales, number of markets, perceptions of export profitability, or management′s satisfaction with export performance as surrogate indicators of export performance, these measures are based upon the fundamentals of manufacturing industries. To better equip service managers with appropriate evaluative tools, this study analyzes the alternative methods of measuring export performance within the context of the services industry, Results of a survey of US‐based, international business‐to‐business service firm indicate that each measure captures different components of overall export performance. This research identifies the key input variables of each export performance measure to help international managers of service firms select the export performance measure that is most appropriate for them to use in determining whether or not they are achieving their goals.
Warranty strategy: a solution to hybrid product woes?
Authors: Tan Soo‐Jiuan , Leong Wai‐Ying
Published: July 2002

Using an experimental design setting, this study investigates how global firms can make use of warranty strategies to influence consumers’ evaluations of hybrid products that are designed in one country and manufactured in another. The results confirm that consumers tend to perceive lower quality and higher purchase risk when evaluating products manufactured in a country perceived to be of lesser capability than its country of design (i.e., negative hybrid effects). However, global firms with products that carry such negative hybrid effects can develop appropriate warranty strategy to overcome such biases. For instance, the results show that consumers improve their assessment of the quality and purchase risk of the negative hybrid products when these products carry warranty with wider coverage and longer duration than the standard package, and when the firm providing the warranty has good warrantor reputation. Implications of these findings for international marketing and research are also discussed.