bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Block Design-Based Asynchronous Neighbor Discovery Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Choi Sangil , Lee Wooksik , Song Teukseob , Youn Jong-Hoon
Published: July 2015

Neighbor discovery is a significant research topic in wireless sensor networks. After wireless sensor devices are deployed in specific areas, they attempt to determine neighbors within their communication range. This paper proposes a new Block design-based Asynchronous Neighbor Discovery protocol for sensor networks calledBAND. We borrow the concept of combinatorial block designs for neighbor discovery. First, we summarize a practical challenge and difficulty of using the original block designs. To address this challenge, we create a new block generation technique for neighbor discovery schedules and provide a mathematical proof of the proposed concept. A key aspect of the proposed protocol is that it combines two block designs in order to construct a new block for neighbor discovery. We analyze the worst-case neighbor discovery latency numerically between our protocol and some well-known protocols in the literature. Our protocol reveals that the worst-case latency is much lower than others. Finally, we evaluate the performance ofBANDand existing representative protocols through the simulation study. The results of our simulation study show that the average and maximum latency ofBANDis about 40% lower than that of existing protocols. Furthermore,BANDspends approximately 30% less energy than others during the neighbor discovery process.
Removal of Chlorinated Chemicals in H2Feedstock Using Modified Activated Carbon
Authors: Luekittisup Prapaporn , Tanboonchauy Visanu , Chumee Jitlada , Predapitakkun Somrudee , Kiatkomol Rattanawan W. , Grisdanurak Nurak
Published: July 2015

Activated carbon (GAC) was impregnated by sodium and used as adsorbent to remove chlorinated hydrocarbon (CHC) gases contaminated in H2feedstock. The adsorption was carried out in a continuous packed-bed column under the weight hourly space velocity range of 0.8–1.0 hr−1. The adsorption capacity was evaluated via the breakthrough curves. This modified GAC potentially adsorbed HCl and VCM of 0.0681 gHCl/gadsorbentand 0.0026 gVCM/gadsorbent, respectively. It showed higher adsorption capacity than SiO2and Al2O3balls for both organic and inorganic CHCs removal. In addition, the kinetic adsorption of chlorinated hydrocarbons on modified GAC fit well with Yoon-Nelson model.
I‐gel Laryngeal Mask Airway Combined with Tracheal Intubation Attenuate Systemic Stress Response in Patients Undergoing Posterior Fossa Surgery
Authors: Tang Chaoliang , Chai Xiaoqing , Kang Fang , Huang Xiang , Hou Tao , Tang Fei , Li Juan
Published: July 2015

Background. The adverse events induced by intubation and extubation may cause intracranial hemorrhage and increase of intracranial pressure, especially in posterior fossa surgery
patients. In this study, we proposed that I‐gel combined with tracheal intubation could reduce the stress response of posterior fossa surgery patients. Methods. Sixty‐six posterior fossa surgery patients were randomly allocated to receive either tracheal tube intubation (Group TT) or I‐gel facilitated endotracheal tube intubation (Group TI). Hemodynamic and respiratory variables, stress and inflammatory response, oxidative stress, anesthesia recovery parameters, and adverse events during emergence were compared. Results. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were lower in Group TI during intubation and extubation (P < 0.05 versus Group TT). Respiratory variables including peak airway pressure and end‐tidal carbon dioxide tension were similar intraoperative, while plasma β‐endorphin, cortisol, interleukin‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, malondialdehyde concentrations, and blood glucose were significantly lower in Group TI during emergence relative to Group TT. Postoperative bucking and serious hypertensions were seen in Group TT but not in Group TI. Conclusion. Utilization of I‐gel combined with endotracheal tube in posterior fossa surgery patients is safe which can yield more stable hemodynamic profile during intubation and emergence and lower inflammatory and oxidative response, leading to uneventful recovery.
Wavelet Adaptive Algorithm and Its Application to MRE Noise Control System
Authors: Yulin Zhang , Xiuyang Zhao
Published: July 2015

To address the limitation of conventional adaptive algorithm used for active noise control (ANC) system, this paper proposed and studied two adaptive algorithms based on Wavelet. The twos are applied to a noise control system including magnetorheological elastomers (MRE), which is a smart viscoelastic material characterized by a complex modulus dependent on vibration frequency and controllable by external magnetic fields. Simulation results reveal that the Decomposition LMS algorithm (D-LMS) and Decomposition and Reconstruction LMS algorithm (DR-LMS) based on Wavelet can significantly improve the noise reduction performance of MRE control system compared with traditional LMS algorithm.
Low Reactive Level Laser Therapy for Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Therapies
Authors: Kushibiki Toshihiro , Hirasawa Takeshi , Okawa Shinpei , Ishihara Miya
Published: July 2015

Low reactive level laser therapy (LLLT) is mainly focused on the activation of intracellular or extracellular chromophore and the initiation of cellular signaling by using low power lasers. Over the past forty years, it was realized that the laser therapy had the potential to improve wound healing and reduce pain and inflammation. In recent years, the term LLLT has become widely recognized in the field of regenerative medicine. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms of action of LLLT at a cellular level and introduce the application to mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) therapies. Finally, our recent research results that LLLT enhanced the MSCs differentiation to osteoblast will also be described.
An Open Modular Architecture Controller Based Online Chatter Suppression System for CNC Milling
Authors: Han Zhenyu , Jin Hongyu , Li Maoyue , Fu Hongya
Published: July 2015

In milling processes, chatter is a kind of sudden relative vibration appearing between the cutter and the workpiece, which results in poor part quality, accelerated tool wear, and shortened spindle life. In this paper, an open modular architecture controller (OMAC) of machine tool which integrates the algorithms including chatter recognition, compensation command generation, and execution is proposed with the aim of providing an integrated solution for milling chatter suppression in CNC kernel. To effectively identify chatter, experiments are designed to determine the optimal installation place of accelerometer and then triaxial cutting forces and acceleration signals are compared to see which are more sensitive to chatter onset. In terms of data processing, 16 sampling points in time domain are chosen to perform online fast Fourier transform (FFT) in consideration of signal effectiveness and computational efficiency. To implement real-time chatter suppression in CNC kernel, a simplified dynamic model of milling system is used to obtain the relationship between chatter frequency and spindle speed. Finally, an adaptive control module which completes force signal extraction and processing by FFT and has the ability to modify related cutting parameters is designed to interact with other modules in OMAC where data acquisition thread and interpolation thread are synchronized. The proposed system is experimentally validated.
Morphology and molecular studies on large Neidium species (Bacillariophyta) of North America, including an examination of Ehrenberg’s types
Authors: Lefebvre Keely E , Hamilton Paul B
Published: July 2015

The genus Neidium contains a large array of diatoms with a wide range in structural and morphological forms. Many of the larger species in this genus are old taxa dating back to the 1800s. However, there continues to be confusion over these large species including N. iridis, N. dilatatum, N. firma, and N. amphigomphus. In this study, selected Neidium taxa from North America were examined using LM and SEM images from both Ehrenberg’s original samples and present day samples from Ontario (Canada) and New York State (USA). As well, Neidium individuals were isolated from Adriondack Park, NY (USA) and Ontario (Canada), amplified using a nested PCR protocol and sequenced for rbcL and 18S barcoding genes. The sequence data was concatenated to construct phylogenetic trees using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Analysis techniques. Here we present emended species descriptions and sequence data of four previously named Neidium taxa: N. tumescens, N. hitchcockii, N. dilatatum and N. amphigomphus. In addition, we designate isolectotypes for N. hitchcockii, N. dilatatum and N. amphigomphus. A new species is also formally described—N. fossum, sp. nov.—with a designated holotype and sequence data. Neidium fossum is distinguished by its size, longitudinal canal structure, central area and proximal raphe ends. Future work combining traditional morphological methods and phylogenetic methods will allow for further delineation of Neidium species and other diatom taxa.
Unravelling the diversity behind the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) complex: Three new species of zombie-ant fungi from the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Araújo João Paulo Machado , Evans Harry Charles , Geiser David Michael , Mackay William P , Hughes David Peter
Published: July 2015

In tropical forests, one of the most commonly encountered relationships between parasites and insects is that between the fungus Ophiocordyceps (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and ants, especially within the tribe Camponotini. Here, we describe three newly discovered host-specific species, Ophiocordyceps camponoti-atricipis, O. camponoti-bispinosi and O. camponoti-indiani, on Camponotus ants from the central Amazonian region of Brazil, which can readily be separated using morphological traits, in particular the shape and behavior of the ascospores. DNA sequence data support inclusion of these species within the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis complex.
Taxonomic clarification of the dinophyte Peridinium acuminatum Ehrenb., ≡ Scrippsiella acuminata, comb. nov. (Thoracosphaeraceae, Peridiniales)
Authors: Kretschmann Juliane , Elbrächter Malte , Zinssmeister Carmen , Soehner Sylvia , KIRSCH MONIKA , Kusber Wolf-Henning , Gottschling Marc
Published: July 2015

Peridinium acuminatum (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae) was described in the first half of the 19th century, but the name has been rarely adopted since then. It was used as type of Goniodoma, Heteraulacus and Yesevius, providing various sources of nomenclatural and taxonomic confusion. Particularly, several early authors emphasised that the organisms investigated by C.G. Ehrenberg and S.F.N.R. von Stein were not conspecific, but did not perform the necessary taxonomic conclusions. The holotype of P. acuminatum is an illustration dating back to 1834, which makes the determination of the species ambiguous. We collected, isolated, and cultivated Scrippsiella acuminata, comb. nov. (strain GeoB 427) from the type locality off Kiel, Germany (Baltic Sea). We barcoded the species of the Thoracosphaeraceae using rRNA sequences and investigated the morphology of the strain using light and electron microscopy. As taxonomic result, we designate an epitype for Peridinium acuminatum, as no conflict with C.G. Ehrenberg’s protologue can be stated. It is indistinguishable from Scrippsiella trochoidea (likewise described from the Kiel Fjord) that we consider a later heterotypic synonym. Our study contributes to the disentanglement of dinophyte taxonomy in a very challenging case, and we trust that C.G. Ehrenberg and S.F.N.R. von Stein investigated different species under the epithet ‘acuminatum’. The complex nomenclature and taxonomy of Goniodoma, and its type species Goniodoma acuminatum, is discussed in the Electronic Supplement. We consider Pyrrhotriadinium, with the type species Pyrrhotriadinium polyedricum (Gonyaulacales), well suited to harbour all gonyaulacalean taxa so far assigned to Goniodoma and Heteraulacus as well.
Drosera magnifica (Droseraceae): the largest New World sundew, discovered on Facebook
Authors: Gonella Paulo Minatel , Rivadavia Fernando , Fleischmann Andreas
Published: July 2015

Drosera magnifica, a microendemic sundew discovered on a single mountain top in eastern Minas Gerais (southeastern Brazil), is described here as a new species for science. Regarded as the largest New World sundew and one of the three largest Drosera species, it was just recently discovered through photographs posted on the social network Facebook. A detailed description, remarks on ecology, habitat, and conservation, a distribution map, line drawings, and photographs are provided, as well as a comparison between the related taxa (D. graminifolia and D. spiralis). The species is considered Critically Endangered, according to the IUCN Red List categories and criteria.
Description of coccoid cyanoprokaryote Nisada stipitata morphogen. et sp. nov. from the supralittoral zone in the tropical Mexican Pacific
Authors: Gold Michele Louise , González-Resendiz Laura , León-Tejera Hilda , Montejano Gustavo
Published: July 2015

A distinctive morphotype consisting of an epilithic, one-layered colony of polarized, 1–3-celled pseudofilaments was recognized in the rocky shores of the state of Oaxaca in the Mexican tropical Pacific. Morphologically, it was not identifiable as any species of a previously described genus. It is similar to species from the former order Chroococcales, recently modified by Komárek et al. (2014), in its sessile heteropolar pseudofilaments. Specifically, it is most similar to the colonial species of the genus Chamaesiphon; and of Chamaecalyx, but the cells of the Mexican populations divide symmetrically in one or two planes, differentiating them from Chamaesiphon which divides asymmetrically and only in one plane, and from Chamaecalyx, which has multiple fission. The other defining feature is that all cells of the pseudofilament have differentiated mucilaginous structures (pad and/or stipe and cup). It has not been possible to obtain cultures of our material for further studies to complete the polyphasic approach. Nevertheless, its morphological characteristics and life cycle, plus its distinctive extreme biotope, form a unique combination of features that derive in our proposal of the morphogenus Nisada gen. nov., with the type species, Nisada stipitata, sp. nov. We describe the proposed taxa and the problems and current inconveniences regarding its assignment to higher taxonomic levels. We also discuss the different degrees of complexity of heteropolarity in Nisada and other taxa.
Bituminaria kyreniae (Fabaceae), a new species from Northern Cyprus
Authors: Giusso del Galdo Gianpietro , Brullo Cristian , Brullo Salvatore , Cambria Salvatore , Minissale Pietro
Published: July 2015

Bituminaria kyreniae is described and illustrated as a new species to science from northern Cyprus. It is an obligate chasmophyte growing on the south-facing carbonatic cliffs of Kyrenia range. Diagnostic morphological features, micro-morphology of pod and seed testa, ecology, conservation status, and chorology of the new species are provided. Besides, its relationships with the currently recognized species belonging to the genus Bituminaria are also examined.
Are seedlings diagnostic in Neotropical Entada (Leguminosae)? Seedling morphology supports the reinstatement of Entada polyphylla
Authors: Rodrigues Rodrigo Schütz
Published: July 2015

Entada (Leguminosae) is a pantropical genus encompassing four Neotropical species, E. gigas (E. sect. Entada), E. polyphylla, E. polystachya and E. simplicata (E. sect. Entadopsis). However, the taxonomic status of E. polyphylla is still disputed, being treated as a separate species or a variety of E. polystachya. This article aims to take a comprehensive view of seedlings of Neotropical Entada, addressing the question of whether seedling morphology provide diagnostic characters that support the recognition of E. polyphylla at the species level. Seedlings of E. polyphylla were described and illustrated, whilst seedling data for the remaining Neotropical species were based on the literature. Entada polyphylla has an exclusive set of seedling characters within E. sect. Entadopsis, including cryptocotylar, hypogeal, reserve seedlings, long cotyledonary petioles, short cotyledon lobes, cataphylls and alternate, bipinnate eophylls. Therefore, seedling morphology supports the recognition of E. polyphylla as a distinct species and its reinstatement is here proposed. In addition, each of the four New World species of Entada can be diagnosed by their seedlings, and an identification key is also provided.
“Music for a National Defense”: Making Martial Music during the Anti-Japanese War
Authors: Howard Joshua H.
Published: July 2015

This article examines the popularization of “mass songs” among Chinese Communist troops during the Anti-Japanese War by highlighting the urban origins of the National Salvation Song Movement and the key role it played in bringing songs to the war front. The diffusion of a new genre of march songs pioneered by Nie Er was facilitated by compositional devices that reinforced the ideological message of the lyrics, and by the National Salvation Song Movement. By the mid-1930s, this grassroots movement, led by Liu Liangmo, converged with the tail end of the proletarian arts movement that sought to popularize mass art and create a “music for national defense.” Once the war broke out, both Nationalists and Communists provided organizational support for the song movement by sponsoring war zone service corps and mobile theatrical troupes that served as conduits for musicians to propagate their art in the hinterland. By the late 1930s, as the United Front unraveled, a majority of musicians involved in the National Salvation Song Movement moved to the Communist base areas. Their work for the New Fourth Route and Eighth Route Armies, along with Communist propaganda organizations, enabled their songs to spread throughout the ranks.
Specters of War in Pyongyang: The Victorious Fatherland Liberation War Museum in North Korea
Authors: Kim Suzy
Published: July 2015

While North Korea accused South Korea of starting a “civil war” ( naeran ) during the Korean War, it has now moved away from such depictions to paint the war as an American war of imperialist aggression against Korea that was victoriously thwarted under the leadership of Kim Il Sung. In this regard, it may be more than a coincidence that the Victorious Fatherland Liberation War Museum in Pyongyang was built in the early 1970s, just as the Vietnam War drew to a close with a Vietnamese victory. This article examines the memorialization of the Korean War in North Korea at two pivotal historical points—the end of the Vietnam War in the 1970s and the end of the Cold War in the 1990s—with a particular focus on contemporary exhibitions at the war museum in Pyongyang. Rather than offering a simple comparison of divergent narratives about the war, the article seeks to illustrate that North Korea’s conception of history and its account of the war are staunchly modernist, with tragic consequences.
The Tangdan Copper Mines and the 1733 Earthquake: A Mining Community before the Boom in the Far Southwest of Qing China
Authors: Kim Nanny
Published: July 2015

In the official records, copper mines in the southwest of the Qing empire seem to suddenly appear in the late 1730s. In part, this impression is an effect of government attention. Copper, which was the most important metal for casting cash coins, became a pressing concern when imports of Japanese copper dwindled. The government responded by developing domestic resources. Seemingly overnight, Yunnan mines reached impressive levels of productivity and replaced imports. For several decades, the Tangdan mines in northeastern Yunnan supplied most of the copper consumed by the centrally important metropolitan mints. The sudden boom is remarkable and not entirely plausible. This article reassesses the history of Qing-period mining by examining a particular case study. It explores an essay about the Dongchuan earthquake of 1733 that provides a glimpse at the empire’s leading copper mines on the eve of the recorded boom. A close analysis of figures, mining technology, and organizational structures reveals that the mines had been developed by mining entrepreneurs and migrant workers for a considerable period of time outside government attention, operating in a gray zone of unlicensed exploitation. The studied case permits a new assessment of the role of the state and of nonstate players in the industry. Moreover, it throws a new light on the image of Qing society and economy created by the official emphasis on agriculture and the actual role of the nonagrarian sector.
The Ongoing Korean War at the Sinch’ŏn Museum in North Korea
Authors: Han Sunghoon
Published: July 2015

This article analyzes the Sinch’ŏn Massacre and its memorialization at the Sinch’ŏn Museum of American War Atrocities in North Korea by placing the massacre within the context of North Korea’s political history. The museum illustrates Pyongyang’s perspective on the Korean War as a “war of liberation” and the museum’s role in the political education of the North Korean people, not simply as victims of American war atrocities but as “martyrs” and model citizens. Within the geopolitics of confrontation between North Korea and the United States since the Korean War, the Sinch’ŏn Museum has served to foster anti-American nationalism in North Korea. While the museum has served this specific purpose within the North Korean context, it should be compared with other examples of war memorialization that serve the function of identity formation for a sense of national unity.
Civil War, Revolutionary Heritage, and the Chinese Garden
Authors: Meyer-Fong Tobie
Published: July 2015

The Chinese garden now symbolizes timeless national, cultural, and aesthetic values. But as real property in the past, gardens inevitably were subject to the vicissitudes of their times. This article focuses on gardens and the Taiping Civil War (1851–1864). During the war, many gardens were reduced to tile shards and ash. Surviving gardens functioned as objects of longing and nostalgia, sites of refuge (physical and emotional), or a means to display status under the new regime. In the postwar period, gardens served as status symbols, places to commemorate loss or celebrate restoration, and venues for renewed sociability. This article uses a series of case studies to explore the multiple meanings associated with gardens, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and the Qing dynasty—in the past and today.
Silenced in Memoriam: Consuming Memory at the Nogŭnri Peace Park
Authors: Hong Seunghei Clara
Published: July 2015

Tensions abound at the Nogŭnri Peace Park. It is a public memorial, but it originates from one man’s testimonial account. It purports to commemorate and restore honor to the victims of the Nogŭnri Massacre, yet it marginalizes those victims in favor of a “truth” whose validation seemingly rests on the perpetrators. It subverts the hegemonic knowledge of American rescue and friendship, even as it follows a common Korean War-as-6/25 narrative absolving South Korean and American responsibility during the Korean War. Finally, it champions a globalized value of peace that, in turn, risks enabling the consumption of Nogŭnri as commodified culture. By looking at the Nogŭnri Peace Park and the narratives, images, and artifacts exhibited there, this article explores the tensions that complicate constructions of history, community, and nation at the site of memorialization. It examines how the Nogŭnri Massacre is recollected and represented alongside the transitional shift from domestic authoritarianism to global neoliberalism in today’s South Korea. Further, it investigates the limits of the state critique that the Nogŭnri Peace Park performs.
“Chinese Children Rise Up!”: Representations of Children in the Work of the Cartoon Propaganda Corps during the Second Sino-Japanese War
Authors: Pozzi Laura
Published: July 2015

During the War of Resistance against Japan (1937–1945), children were a major subject of propaganda images. Children had become significant figures in China when May Fourth intellectuals, influenced by evolutionary thinking, deemed “the child” as a central figure for the modernization of the country. Consequently, during the war, cartoonists employed already-established representations of children for propagandistic purposes. By analyzing images published by members of the Cartoon Propaganda Corps in the wartime magazine Resistance Cartoons , this article shows how portrayals of children fulfilled symbolic as well as normative functions. These images provide us with information about the symbolic power of representations of children, and about authorities’ expectations of China’s youngest citizens. However, cartoonists also created images undermining the heroic rhetoric often attached to representations of children, especially after the dismissal of the Cartoon Propaganda Corps in 1940. This was the case with cartoonist Zhang Leping’s (1910–1992) sketches of “Zhuji after the Devastation,” which revealed the discrepancies between propagandistic representations and children’s everyday life in wartime China.
Politicidal Violence and the Problematics of Localized Memory at Civilian Massacre Sites: The Cheju 4.3 Peace Park and the Kŏch’ang Incident Memorial Park
Authors: Wright Brendan
Published: July 2015

This article examines two South Korean sites dedicated to the remembrance of Korean War–era civilian massacres, the Cheju 4.3 Peace Park and the Kŏch’ang Incident Memorial Park. Specifically, the article explores the sites’ localized, victim-centric epistemology as one that counters nationalist discourses and narratives that privilege the state. While acknowledging that these sites offer a physical mnemonic space for challenging the hegemonic “June 25” ( yugio ) narrative, the author suggests that, in their narrow spatial and ideological orientation, these sites cumulatively fall short of offering a cohesive narrative of the politicidal, anti-Communist state-building project of which they are a consequence. Though of tremendous value in restoring victims’ honor, critiquing human rights abuses of the Republic of Korea, and giving a voice to marginalized groups, these spaces fail to provide historical clarity to a distorted era of South Korea’s past. In addressing this problematic, the article examines the role of family bereavement associations, narrative constructions, and the silencing of the National Guidance League Incident at these locations.
Engendering Children of the Resistance: Models of Gender and Scouting in China, 1919–1937
Authors: Tillman Margaret Mih
Published: July 2015

In the 1920s and 1930s, Chinese adapted scouting, which had originally been developed to masculinize British youth as future colonial troops. While Chinese families and teachers valued scouting as a form of outdoor recreation, Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang after 1927 connected scouting to preparation for military training. In addition to fostering masculinity among boys, the Chinese Scouting Association also directed Girl Scouts with new models of patriotic girlhood. The Guomindang promoted the distinct femininity of the Girl Scouts and channeled girls’ patriotism into nursing. As China entered World War II, Girl Scouts became significant symbols of patriotism in an increasingly militarized children’s culture. The Guomindang showcased Yang Huimin, a Girl Scout and heroine in the Battle of Sihang Warehouse, as a spokesperson for the Nationalist cause, but it could not fully control her public image.
China’s Memory and Commemoration of the Korean War in the Memorial Hall of the “War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea”
Authors: Jung Keun-Sik
Published: July 2015

After confronting each other as enemies during the Korean War, South Korea and China established diplomatic relations in 1992, forty years after fighting had ended. Around this time, the Chinese city of Dandong near the northern border of the Korean peninsula erected a memorial to observe the fortieth anniversary of the Korean War. In the twenty years since, China has become South Korea’s primary economic partner and its largest market for exports. In effect, the memory of wartime hostility has coexisted with the reality of economic cooperation. This article examines how the Korean War, known in China as the “War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea,” is commemorated by the war memorials in China, with a specific focus on the memorial in Dandong. It also discusses how North and South Korea have responded to the contrasting perspectives on the war embodied by these memorials, and it concludes with some reflections about how the memory of war can be restructured to convey a message of peace for the future.
Beggars, Black Bears, and Butterflies: The Scientific Gaze and Ink Painting in Modern China
Authors: Claypool Lisa
Published: July 2015

The ink brushes of the painters Chen Shizeng (1876–1923), Liu Kuiling (1885–1967), and Gao Jianfu (1879–1951) were employed as tools of the nation in early twentieth-century China. Yet the expression of a radical idealism about the new republic in their ink paintings was tempered early on by a tentative and self-conscious exploration of new ways of seeing. By synthesizing a “universal” scientific gaze with their idiosyncratically trained vision as artists, they created pictures that encouraged their viewers to cross the boundaries and binaries that would come to define the discourse about guohua , or “national painting”: East versus West, oil versus ink, modernity versus tradition, painting versus graphic arts, and elite versus folk. This article explores that extended moment of synthesis and experimentation. It argues that it was through the scientific gaze of these brush-and-ink artists that idealism and learning came to cooperate, and through their paintings that possibilities for news ways of seeing the nation emerged.
Nationalist Technologies of Cultural Memory and the Korean War: Militarism and Neo-Liberalism in The Price of Freedom and the War Memorial of Korea
Authors: Kim Daniel Y.
Published: July 2015

This article examines the technologies of nationalism that shape how the Korean War is depicted in two museum and memorial sites: The Price of Freedom: Americans at War , a permanent exhibit at the National Museum of American History in Washington, DC, and the War Memorial of Korea in Seoul. It shows how the use of traditional historical artifacts in The Price of Freedom and cinematic and digital technologies in the War Memorial generate structures of cultural memory that celebrate both a nationalist militarism and the ethos of neoliberalism.
A Woman Both “New” and “True”: Jane Campbell as Catholic Suffragist
Authors: Engbers Susanna Kelly
Published: July 2015

Historical accounts of the Progressive Era in the United States generally lack any discussion of the nation’s Catholic laywomen. Yet Catholic laywomen played key roles in Progressive Era history. Some, for example, were active in suffrage reform, and one necessary step in that struggle was the bridging of the problematic divide between supporters of suffrage and the Catholic Church – more specifically, between suffrage advocates and the votes of the Catholic faithful, which were greatly influenced by the church establishment, and which became critical in the years leading up to the ratification of the nineteenth amendment. One Catholic laywoman in particular, Jane Campbell (1845–1928), maintained leadership roles in both the Catholic community and the suffrage community (specifically the National American Woman Suffrage Association). This article provides some necessary historical context regarding the Catholic Church’s history in the Progressive Era United States and discusses Campbell’s influence in both the suffrage and Catholic communities during the two-year span of 1913–1915, which was a critical period of growth and change for both the church’s identity and the suffrage cause.
John Carroll, American Catholics, and the Making of a Christian Nation
Authors: Pellegrino Nicholas
Published: July 2015

Religious affiliation was an important component to American citizenship during the early republic. One of the most contested claims regarding religious identity has been the degree to which Americans saw their country as a Christian nation. To address that question most scholars have focused on how Protestants such as Isaac Backus or rationalists like Thomas Jefferson understood America’s religious identity. Using Catholics as a case study to examine that dynamic illuminates how complex that identity could be. Catholics did not fit neatly into any of the prescribed religious categories that underlay notions of citizenship. Consequently, Catholics found themselves on different sides of debates over the place of religion in America. In some instances, they helped reinforce links between religion and citizenship by circumscribing the nation’s religious identity in a way that excluded non-Christians, but included themselves. Elsewhere, they rejected the claims of those who sought to link American values to a Protestant ethos. In those cases, Catholics insisted that religious affiliation had no bearing on citizenship. Catholics therefore helped democratize conceptions of American identity even while limiting citizenship to those within the Christian tradition. In the process, they lent credence to the idea that America was a Christian nation.
The 1928 Presidential Campaign: Toward a Transatlantic and Institutional Approach to Catholic Histories
Authors: Faggioli Massimo
Published: July 2015

The article examines the exchanges between the Vatican Secretary of State and the Vatican’s diplomatic post in Washington, DC, during the time of the presidential election of 1928 to show the different players and roles in the debate about the role of Catholics in American politics. These newly-available documents demonstrate and confirm Peter D’Agostino’s call for the need for a more transnational approach to the history of American Catholicism. The relationship between “American exceptionalism” and American Catholic history needs to be investigated with greater consideration for Roman perspectives and Roman institutional influence on the American Catholic experience. This research highlights, in Robert Orsi’s words, an “ambiguity and ambivalence” of American Catholic identity that has methodological consequences for historians of Catholicism as it takes a global turn.
The Problematic and Pragmatic Pedagogy of World Literature
Authors: Hodapp James
Published: July 2015

In addressing the reemergence of world literature as a discipline, critics such as Emily Apter and Gayatri Spivak gesture to the problem of the scale of world literature in trying to preserve the value of localized knowledge. For them, deploying English as the language of instruction in world literature courses around the globe disincentivizes the learning of multiple languages in favor of a deceptively accessible English that elides idiom, style, and cultural specificity. This article seeks to examine the above critique in conjunction with the triumphalism of the world literature movement that David Damrosch, Franco Moretti, Pascale Casanova, and Wai Chee Dimock articulate. As a case study, the article scrutinizes the large-scale English department curriculum changes at the American University of Beirut (AUB) as an Anglophone institution in a non-Anglophone country devoted to scholarship in the humanities. The AUB example exposes the inherent tensions in the desire of global Anglophone institutions to keep abreast of theoretical and pedagogical developments while retaining strong local cultural ties. Ultimately, teaching world literature in the context of AUB allows for the study of a wide breadth of literature while destabilizing and challenging the Eurocentrism of most world literature pedagogy to date.
Being in the World: Literary Practice and Pedagogy in Global Times
Authors: Cheng Angelia Poon Mui
Published: July 2015

This article examines the implications of recent developments in postcolonial theory and globalization studies for literary pedagogy. I argue for a critical cosmopolitan pedagogy that nourishes the creation of alternative imaginaries and uses literature to teach students to engage more fully with the world and provide two examples of how this might be enacted. The first centers on the idea that, in a globalized world, literary pedagogy cannot avoid dealing with texts translated into English from other languages. Using the global, multicultural city-state of Singapore as a case in point, I argue that teaching translated texts can provide minority perspectives erased by official history and be a strategic way of interrogating the hegemony of the Anglophone segment of the population and, historically, the English-educated class. The second example discusses Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist and suggests pedagogical approaches that help the text in its work of estranging the reader. Ultimately, a literary pedagogy that takes the question of perspective seriously can help readers and students resist neoliberal capitalism’s emphasis on the management of the self in the service of markets in favor of a more politicized global subject fully committed to engaging the world.
Lear Reassembled in a Rust Belt City: Playing with Intercultural Insights
Authors: Kietzman Mary Jo
Published: July 2015

This article describes my attempt to apply insights from a Fulbright teaching experience in Semey, Kazakhstan to a Shakespeare classroom in the Rust Belt city of Flint, Michigan. Returning to a monolingual classroom in the United States, I sought to import the anthropological component of foreign teaching, in which students are guides to culture and the classroom is a space of intercultural exchange, by using a strategy that worked overseas: designing a class around a major collaborative project. The task of adapting Romeo and Juliet to contemporary Kazakhstani culture inspired my decision to use William Shakespeare’s King Lear as a bridge between the lives of commuter students who are fearful of Flint and the people they pretend not to see—the homeless, schizophrenics, and drug addicts. Any collaboration (at home or abroad) must draw on student strengths, and, as a result, my pedagogical projects exposed the strengths and weaknesses of post-Soviet collectivism and American identity politics, respectively. While the bulk of the essay examines the way the class and I explored and revised our views of a defamiliarized city, its people, and one another, I also reflect on the greater difficulties of being a teacher-anthropologist in one’s home culture. Teachers who have unpacked their book bags in foreign classroom have, by necessity, found ways to bridge the gap between books and the world, and they bring home important paradigms and a sense of urgency to live what they teach.
Digital Archives in the Wired World Literature Classroom in the US
Authors: Nunes Charlotte
Published: July 2015

Digitized archival materials open up exciting possibilities for teaching and learning in the undergraduate world literature classroom. Generally, undergraduates are not introduced to archival analysis until their junior or senior years, if at all. However, current research suggests that students can benefit greatly from even preliminary exposure to archives early in their undergraduate careers, by means of short-term, small-scale archival research tasks. This essay draws on case studies from the author’s introductory world literature classes to demonstrate how digital archives enable students to tap into the rich history of English-language world literature as intimately tied to legacies and contexts of imperialism. It concludes with strategies and considerations to assist educators interested in incorporating digital archives into the undergraduate world literature classroom.
Cultural Studies and the Reinvention of English Pedagogy in India
Authors: Pillai Meena
Published: July 2015

The last two decades have witnessed a crisis in English departments in India. Globalization and the liberalization of the Indian economy spawned a new nationalism that was openly political and overtly critical of the ideological investments embedded in canonical English texts. A perceived need to reinvent English studies to suit the exigencies of the Indian postcolonial milieu encouraged a shift toward cultural studies methodology. This paradigm shift is most evident in the construction of M.A. and Ph.D. syllabi at various Indian universities. Such syllabi have increasingly focused on issues of gender, class, and caste oppression, dismantled the cultural hegemony of British literature, and opened up the canon to include Indian and other non-British texts. This essay analyses English postgraduate course syllabi and studies the critical postcolonial pedagogies adopted by universities in India. These pedagogies foreground cultural studies as an interdisciplinary site for research into new areas of contemporary life, complicating the political assumptions of English studies but nevertheless remaining in dialogue with the parent discipline.
Teaching World Literatures in English: Inside the US, Outside the Whale
Authors: Singh Rashna B.
Published: July 2015

bell hooks insists that ideas are not “neutral” (50). The English professor of yore, however, purported to be an objective disseminator of knowledge. What happens when that professor is replaced by a West African man or a South Asian woman? Global migration has resulted not only in a changing student body but in a changing cohort of English professors, and this new demographic often teaches in a manner that “talks back” to cultural hegemony. How might students in the American academy respond when canonical British or American texts are taught by someone they perceive as outside of that lineage and without claim to the canon? Or when professors teach both canonical and postcolonial texts in their historical and political contexts without shying away from the dialectic between literature and history or literature and politics? Is the exposition of epistemic violence perceived as a political agenda? Literature classes provide, or should provide, students with the skills to read the world as text, both critically and in context. But whose text, whose context, which literature, and, indeed, whose world? An intersectional academic approach to literary texts that interrogates the positions of power from which writing and cultural expression originate can be seen by students as somehow contaminative or even threatening. As Gayatri Spivak notes, the historian and the teacher of literature “must critically ‘interrupt’ each other, bring each other to crisis” ( Other Worlds 241). This article explores contesting cultural, structural, and subject positions within the classroom and the academy. It discusses the problematics of ownership over stories in contemporary United States classrooms and interrogates the consequences of a pedagogical approach that foregrounds historicist/political analysis of literary texts.
Literacy Stories for Global Wits: Learning English through the Literature-Language Line
Authors: Cimarosti Roberta
Published: July 2015

This essay addresses the drastic and detrimental divide between language learning and literature characterizing the study of English in university programs in Italy. It sustains that it is high time for language learning to dovetail with literary studies to allow students to better comprehend and navigate through both the complex phenomenon of the spread of English in this era of globalization and the transcultural nature of English. An English course I taught to English studies undergraduates at the University of Venice Ca’ Foscari in Italy in 2014 exemplifies one way to approach this pedagogical turn. In examining four literacy stories by J. M. Coetzee, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, and Caryl Phillips, the course had two aims: first, to prove that English, as with any language, is formed in relation to personal identity and the context of use in its specific culture, a basic principle often implicitly denied by the widespread structuralist and generative approaches to language; second, the course sought to see the English classroom as a microcosm connected to the social and cultural dynamics of the English-speaking world at large by using stories set in ex-colonial scenarios as mirrors casting reflections that could be illuminating for learners of English as a foreign language.
Case Study: Teaching Two Caribbean Texts in Kenyan Universities
Authors: Omuteche Jairus
Published: July 2015

This essay uses Dionne Brand’s In Another Place, Not Here and Erna Brodber’s Myal to discuss the approaches I used in teaching black diasporic literature in two Kenyan universities. It argues that the best approaches are those that encourage students to use higher-order learning processes spontaneously and create an appropriate teaching environment suited to the region’s historical, geographical, and cultural context vis-à-vis black diasporic cultural, historical, geographical, and literary backgrounds for students with some grounding in African literature. The selected methods take into account challenges concerning students’ access to learning resources, students’ individual strengths and interests, medium or large class sizes, and the need to provide adequate background information for literatures that originate from different geographic, linguistic, and cultural contexts than those of the class members. In Another Place, Not Here and Myal illustrate the main concerns and issues that arise when teaching black diasporic literatures in Kenyan universities. Although the texts are mostly taught within an implied comparatist, multi-disciplinary, and translational mode, they also provide context for postcolonial inquiry into the wider black cultural and historical encounter with European imperialism and the resultant power dynamics that continue today.
English Studies in Turkey: An Assessment
Authors: Randall Don
Published: July 2015

This paper assesses the present state of English studies in contemporary Turkey. It begins by noting the Head of Turkey’s Higher Education Board’s admission of the Board’s failure to improve higher education. The paper then confirms the Head’s position, first finding the acquisition of English language skills to be generally unsatisfactory among students and also among locally educated faculty members. It ascribes this problem to poor language-teaching practice, which tends to rely too much on translation. This paper also notes the misconception of viewing English studies as a domain of knowledge rather than as a field of study. It argues that these problems have global implications and arise in relation to the global history of English studies. It undertakes a detailed examination of “Minute on Indian Education,” in which Macaulay presents English literature as a new and potentially edifying subject for higher education and a powerful instrument for more effective imperial management. It then places Macaulay’s proposal in relation to Gayatri Spivak’s recent advocacy of “aesthetic education.” The paper shows that English studies in Turkey tends to conform to the Macaulay model, using scholarly articles published in Turkey to evidence the key elements of the argument. The paper ends with a suggestion that Turkish scholars with Anglophone-world degrees may help Turkish scholarship in the humanities approach international standards of quality and achievement.