bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An explicit residual‐type error estimator for ‐quadrilateral extended finite element method in two‐dimensional linear elastic fracture mechanics
Authors: Gerasimov T. , Rüter M. , Stein E.
Published: April 2012

This paper deals with explicit residual a posteriori error estimation analysis for ‐quadrilateral extended finite element method (XFEM) discretizations applied to the two‐dimensional problem of linear elastic fracture mechanics. The result is twofold. First, to enable estimation procedures with application to XFEM, a specific quasi‐interpolation operator of averaging type is constructed. The main challenge here arises from the different types of enrichments implemented, and hence, to impose the constant‐preserving property of the interpolation operator on an element, we use the idea of an extension operator. An upper bound on the discretization error measured in the energy norm and associated local error indicators are then constructed and analyzed. The second result follows from the error analysis and concerns an alternative choice of branch functions used in XFEM applications. In particular, the branch functions have to be chosen to fulfill the divergence‐free conditions within the crack tip element and traction‐free boundary conditions on the crack faces. Then, the corresponding XFEM solution gains a better accuracy with less degrees of freedom. Finally, numerical examples are provided with comparative results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Promoting nurse interventionist fidelity to motivational interviewing in a diabetes self‐care intervention
Authors: El‐Mallakh Peggy , Chlebowy Diane Orr , Wall Mary Patricia , Myers John A. , Cloud Richard N.
Published: April 2012

We describe interventionist training procedures for a pilot intervention study that tested the effects of a nurse‐delivered Motivational Interviewing (MI) intervention on diabetes self‐care among adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It reports on findings from MI fidelity assessments. Training consisted of didactic workshops plus practicum. Fidelity of MI was assessed using the MI Treatment Integrity (MITI) Scale. Fidelity assessments were conducted on 18 (25%) audiotaped MI sessions, which were randomly selected from a total of 72 sessions with 26 participants. Scores of the MITI were in the proficient and competent range. Results suggest that training strategies were sufficient to promote satisfactory interventionist fidelity to MI. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 35:289–300, 2012
Readability of hospice materials to prepare families for caregiving at the time of death
Authors: Kehl Karen A. , McCarty Kayla N.
Published: April 2012

Many health care materials are not written at levels that can be understood by most lay people. In this descriptive study, we examined the readability of documents used by hospices to prepare families for caregiving at the time of death. We used two common formulae to examine the documents. The mean Flesch–Kincaid grade level was 8.95 (SD 1.80). The mean Simple Measure of Gobbledygook grade level was 11.06 (SD 1.36). When we used the Colors Label Ease for Adult Readers instrument, it became evident that medical terminology was the primary reason for the high‐grade levels. Most documents (78%) included medical terms that were directly (46.2%) or indirectly (25.6%) explained in the text. Modification of hospice materials could improve families' comprehension of information important for optimal end‐of‐life care. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 35:242–249, 2012
Use of Creative Activities in Occupational Therapy Practice in Sweden
Authors: Müllersdorf Maria , Ivarsson Ann Britt
Published: April 2012

The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of creative activities in occupational therapy in Sweden and how often Swedish occupational therapists use creative activities as a means of intervention.

A web‐mail survey was sent to 2975 Swedish occupational therapists working in health care at regional, county council or primary health care level, and those working in vocational rehabilitation.

A total of 1867 (63%) answered the questionnaire and showed that 44% did use creative activities as a means of intervention and most often by practitioners working in psychiatric health care. The most commonly used form of creative activity was arts and crafts followed by gardening. This web‐mail survey was based on a limited amount of items regarding creative activities.

Further research should focus on in‐depth inquiries about how occupational therapists and their patients perceive the use of creative activities as a means of treatment in occupational therapy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micronutrients and sickle cell disease, effects on growth, infection and vaso‐occlusive crisis: A systematic review
Authors: Dekker Louise H. , Fijnvandraat Karin , Brabin Bernard J. , van Hensbroek Michael Boele
Published: April 2012

Patients with Sickle cell disease (SCD) exhibit signs of poor growth, increased susceptibility to infection and recurrent episodes of painful vaso‐occlusive crises. Micronutrient deficiencies may increase susceptibility to these outcomes. We conducted a systematic review to assess the strength of evidence for improved outcomes related to micronutrient interventions. Six randomized‐controlled trials of moderate quality met the inclusion criteria. Zinc supplementation was associated with improved growth and decreased incidence of infection and is a promising intervention in the management of SCD patients. Omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation was associated with limited reduction in vaso occlusive crises. This review identifies key knowledge gaps, which are important research priorities for nutritional interventions. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:211–215. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parent–child communication and psychological adjustment in children with a brain tumor
Authors: Adduci Annarita , Jankovic Momcilo , Strazzer Sandra , Massimino Maura , Clerici Carlo , Poggi Geraldina
Published: April 2012

Background

Internalizing problems, anxiety, depression, withdrawal, and consequent social problems are frequently observed in children with brain tumors. The objective of this work is to describe the relationship between these psychological problems and the type of parent–child communication established about the disease.

Procedures

A group of 64 children surviving a brain tumor (aged 4–18 years) underwent psychological assessment by means of parent reports on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS). A semi‐structured interview with each child and their parents enabled us to classify the method of communication regarding the disease as “avoidance,” “ineffective,” and “effective.” Demographic, clinical, and functional data relating to the disease were also collected.

Results

A significant relationship between the onset of Internalizing problems, withdrawal, anxiety‐depression, and social problems and the presence of avoidance or ineffective communication about the disease was observed (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.001, and P = 0.01, respectively). These psychological problems did not prove to be associated to demographic or clinical variables; however, they were found to be related to the children's residual functional problems. By contrast, the method of communication proved to be unrelated to clinical or functional variables, but it was associated to demographic variables such as sex and age at assessment.

Conclusions

Effective (complete, truthful, consistent, comprehensible, gradual and continuous, and tailored) communication to the child about his/her condition proved to be associated with a better psychological outcome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:290–294. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Screening for psychosocial risk in pediatric cancer
Authors: Kazak Anne E. , Brier Moriah , Alderfer Melissa A. , Reilly Anne , Fooks Parker Stephanie , Rogerwick Stephanie , Ditaranto Susan , Barakat Lamia P.
Published: April 2012

Major professional organizations have called for psychosocial risk screening to identify specific psychosocial needs of children with cancer and their families and facilitate the delivery of appropriate evidence‐based care to address these concerns. However, systematic screening of risk factors at diagnosis is rare in pediatric oncology practice. Subsequent to a brief summary of psychosocial risks in pediatric cancer and the rationale for screening, this review identified three screening models and two screening approaches [Distress Thermometer (DT), Psychosocial Assessment Tool (PAT)], among many more articles calling for screening. Implications of broadly implemented screening for all patients across treatment settings are discussed. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 822–827. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Accelerated ear‐age”: A new measure of chemotherapy‐induced ototoxicity
Authors: Fligor Brian J. , Krasker Jennie D. , Villaluna Doojduen , Krailo Mark , Frazier A. Lindsay
Published: April 2012

Currently, there are several different scales that grade chemotherapy‐induced ototoxicity. This report highlights how the implications of the conclusions drawn from each scale differ and compare these prior scales to a more functionally based scale developed at Children's Hospital Boston. Additionally, this report introduces the concept of “ear‐age,” akin to the age at which one would expect the observed decrease in hearing as a consequence of normative aging (but documented in a child or young adult following chemotherapy). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 947–949. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ophthalmic artery chemosurgery for the management of retinoblastoma in eyes with extensive (>50%) retinal detachment
Authors: Palioura Sotiria , Gobin Y. Pierre , Brodie Scott E. , Marr Brian P. , Dunkel Ira J. , Abramson David H.
Published: April 2012

Background

Superselective delivery of chemotherapy through the ophthalmic artery, i.e. ophthalmic artery chemosurgery, has been used for the treatment of advanced intraocular retinoblastoma. Herein, we evaluate the efficacy of ophthalmic artery chemosurgery for retinoblastoma associated with >50% retinal detachment.

Procedure

Retrospective review of 37 eyes of 34 retinoblastoma patients who had extensive (>50%) bullous non‐rhegmatogenous retinal detachments and received ophthalmic artery chemosurgery either as primary treatment or as “salvage” treatment after failed multi‐cycle intravenous chemotherapy and/or external beam radiation (mean follow‐up, 21 months). Data on patient and ocular survival, complications of ophthalmic artery chemosurgery treatments, time course of retinal reattachment, and serial electroretinograms (ERG) were collected.

Results

A total of 134 ophthalmic artery chemosurgery injections were performed. All children survive. Five eyes (5/37; 14%) were enucleated for progression of disease. The Kaplan–Meier enucleation‐free survival rate at 2 years was 87.9% (95% confidence interval, 76.5–99.3%). The retina reattached in 28 eyes (28/37; 76%) and the 30‐Hz flicker ERGs improved by >25 µV in seven eyes (7/37; 19%), remained stable (change < 25 µV) in 26 eyes (26/37; 70%), and decreased by >25 µV in four eyes (4/37; 11%). The Kaplan–Meier retinal reattachment rate was 58% after 3 months and three ophthalmic artery chemosurgery infusions (95% confidence interval, 41.9–74.1%).

Conclusions

Ophthalmic artery chemosurgery is effective in preventing enucleation, promoting retinal reattachment and preserving or improving retinal function in the majority of eyes with advanced retinoblastoma and >50% retinal detachment that would otherwise be considered for enucleation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 859–864. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thiotepa and melphalan based single, tandem, and triple high dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for high risk neuroblastoma
Authors: Saarinen‐Pihkala Ulla M. , Hovi Liisa , Koivusalo Antti , Jahnukainen Kirsi , Karikoski Riitta , Sariola Hannu , Wikström Sakari
Published: April 2012

Background

Outcome of high risk neuroblastoma (NBL) remains unsatisfactory in spite of intensive treatment efforts. Consolidation with high‐dose (HD) chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been intensified with tandem and triple cycles with promising results. Our purpose was to improve the outcome with two or three HD‐consolidations.

Methods

Thirty six children with high risk NBL, diagnosed 1995–2010, had intensive induction and surgery, and were stratified to single, tandem or triple HD‐therapy and ASCT, followed by local irradiation and cis‐retinoic acid. In inoperable patients surgery was facilitated by preoperative HD‐melphalan. Long‐term outcome of our old cohort from 1987–1994 was updated.

Results

Ten year event‐free survival (EFS) from diagnosis was 0.44+/−0.10 of the old and 0.43+/−0.085 of the new cohort. EFS from the last ASCT was 0.53 +/−0.12 and 0.48+/−0.091, respectively. Preoperative HD‐melphalan rendered 73% of bulky primaries operable in the new cohort. The 5‐yr EFS from ASCT was 0.46+/−0.15 for single and 0.73+/−0.15 for tandem ASCT (P = 0.19). All triple ASCT patients, selected by poor/slow response, relapsed or died.

Conclusions

Thiotepa‐ and melphalan based HD regimens, with or without total body irradiation (TBI), appeared to give an outcome comparable to major NBL study groups with acceptable toxicity. Tandem HD therapy gave a 5‐year EFS of 73%, whereas a third HD consolidation did not offer any additional advantage for ultra high risk patients with slow response. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 1190–1197. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The integrated curriculum project: Teacher change and student outcomes within a university–school professional development collaboration
Authors: Thomas Cathy Newman , Hassaram Bindiya , Rieth Herbert J. , Raghavan Nithya Soundara , Kinzer Charles K. , Mulloy Austin M.
Published: April 2012

This observational study examined changes in teachers' instruction and student outcomes in response to a 3‐year‐long professional development collaboration between university researchers and a middle‐school language arts team. Professional development supported teachers in implementing multimedia anchored instruction, a video‐based instructional method shown to be effective for diverse learners. The Integrated Curriculum Project (ICP‐3) used multimedia anchored instruction to promote constructivist reform and infuse technology into an integrated social studies and language arts curriculum to improve literacy and critical thinking skills for at‐risk adolescents, including students with disabilities and those from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Findings revealed that teachers moved toward a more learner‐centered instructional approach and that both teachers and students made significant changes in classroom behaviors, including the quantity and quality of questions and time spent in small‐group discussion. Implications for research and practice regarding sustained, collaborative professional development in technology integration, in this case, using multimedia anchored instruction, are presented. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Validity of Vertebral Translation and Rotation in Differentiating Patients with Lumbar Segmental Instability
Authors: Taghipour‐Darzi Mohammad , Takamjani Esmail Ebrahimi , Salavati Mahyar , Mobini Bahram , Zekavat Hajar
Published: April 2012

Background and Purpose

Lumbar segmental instability (LSI) is a sub‐group of non‐specific low back pain (NSLBP), without any accepted diagnostic tool as a golden standard. Some authors emphasize on clinical findings, and others focus on vertebral translation and rotation, but construct validity of these measures had not been approved. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to evaluate convergent and known group validity of vertebral translation and rotation in differentiating LSI from NSLBP and control subjects.

Methods

Study variables included full‐range and mid‐range vertebral translation and rotation in sagittal plane. Five x‐rays were taken in neutral, full flexion and extension and mid‐flexion and mid‐extension positions of lumbar spine. The variables were calculated using Computer Aided Radiographic Analysis of Spine (CARA) software after scanning. Sixty‐six volunteered males participated in three groups. Twenty‐two subjects were in the control group, and 44 NSLBP were divided into LSI and not LSI groups according to the criteria adopted by Hicks et al. The ANOVA and Tukey test were used in statistic analysis.

Results

ANOVA results demonstrated differences in three groups; for full‐range translation and rotation, were not significant. However, the results of ANOVA demonstrated significant difference in L4‐5 mid‐range translation and rotation (p < 0/05). Tukey test showed significant difference for L4‐5 mid‐range translation between control (2.14 mm) and LSI (1.33 mm) groups (p < 0/05). Tukey test demonstrated difference between the control (14.18°) and LSI (11.65°) groups (p < 0/05); the control and not LSI (10.80) groups (p < 0/05) were significant for L4‐5 mid‐range rotation.

Conclusions

On the basis of the study results, the full‐range translation and rotation cannot differentiate LSI from not LSI and control groups. Moreover, the mid‐range translation only differentiates control from LSI, whereas mid‐range rotation differentiates control from both LSI and not LSI. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A molecular dynamics study of C1r and C1s dimers: Implications for the structure of the C1 complex
Authors: Beveridge Allan J , Wallis Russell , Samani Nilesh J.
Published: April 2012

Complement is an important part of the immune system. It is initiated through three different pathways known as the classical, lectin, and alternative pathway. The multimolecular C1 complex of the classical pathway consists of a subcomponent, C1q, which binds to a tetramer comprising two C1r and two C1s proteases. A detailed description of the structure of the C1 complex is essential to fully understand how the complex acts on pathogens. A variety of different models have been proposed, which differ mainly in the way the proteases interact with C1q. In this study, we have used a combination of homology‐based structure prediction and molecular dynamics to predict a partial structure of the C1s/C1r/C1r/C1s tetramer. For computational expediency the study was restricted to the CUB1‐EGF‐CUB2 domains which are directly involved in the formation of the tetramer and its interaction with C1q; the catalytic fragments (CCP1‐CCP2‐SP), which mediate C1 activation and subsequent cleavage of substrates, were omitted. A systematic molecular dynamics (MD) study of several possible dimeric combinations suggest that the tetramer is formed when a pair of C1r/C1s dimers form a “doughnut” via a C1s/C1s head‐to‐tail interaction, which is stabilized by several putative salt bridges at the dimer interface. This result is consistent with biochemical data which have shown that self assembly requires the formation of C1r‐C1s contacts and that electrostatic interactions play a key role. Furthermore, it identifies a number of putative binding residues that can be tested using site‐directed mutagenesis. Proteins 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Inhibition of interdomain motion in g‐actin by the natural product latrunculin: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Rennebaum Sandra , Caflisch Amedeo
Published: April 2012

As part of the cytoskeleton, actin is essential for the morphology, motility, and division of eukaryotic cells. Recent X‐ray fiber diffraction studies have shown that the conformation of monomeric actin is flattened upon incorporation into the filament by a relative rotation of its two major domains. The antiproliferative activity of latrunculin, a macrolide toxin produced by sponges, seems to be related to its binding to monomeric actin and inhibition of polymerization. Yet, the mechanism of inhibition is not known in detail. Here, multiple explicit water molecular dynamics simulations show that latrunculin binding hinders the conformational transition related to actin polymerization. In particular, the presence of latrunculin at the interface of the two major domains of monomeric actin reduces the correlated displacement of Domain 2 with respect to Domain 1. Moreover, higher rotational flexibility between the two major domains is observed in the absence of ATP as compared to ATP‐bound actin, offering a possible explanation as to why actin polymerizes more favorably in the absence of nucleotides. Proteins 2012; © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simulation‐based investigations on noise characteristics of redox‐cycling sensors
Authors: Kätelhön Enno , Wolfrum Bernhard
Published: April 2012

We describe a simulation framework for the modeling of electrochemical processes within nanocavity redox‐cycling devices. Nanocavity devices feature two closely spaced and individually biased electrodes that are incorporated into a nanofluidic channel. This setup enables the repeated participation of certain molecules in subsequent redox reactions at the two electrodes, hence leading to a strong amplification of the electrochemical signal. Our simulation is based on stochastic random walks that represent single molecule trajectories; electrochemical reactions are modeled on the molecular level. The presented approach reveals insight into the dependency of the sensor's current noise characteristics on geometrical features. We describe the simulation of two key geometries and identify two distinct types of noise that can be discriminated by their characteristics in the frequency domain.

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Schematic of a random‐walk approach for the simulation of the redox‐cycling effect. A single molecule trajectory is indicated, differently colored spheres specify the molecule occupying different oxidation states throughout its pathway.
Electrospun copper oxide nanofibers for H2S dosimetry
Authors: Hennemann Jörg , Sauerwald Tilman , Kohl Claus‐Dieter , Wagner Thorsten , Bognitzki Michael , Greiner Andreas
Published: April 2012

We present the preparation and characterization of a novel copper(II)oxide (CuO) nanofiber based sensor with very high sensitivity and selectivity to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The working principle is based on the phase transition of semiconducting p‐type CuO to strongly degenerated p‐type copper sulfide (CuS) with metallic conductivity. Electrospun polymer fiber networks of polyvinyl butyrate (PVB) and Cu(NO3)2 were attached on standard gas sensing substrates and calcined to CuO at 600 °C in ambient air for 24 h. Continuous exposure to H2S (0.1–5 ppm) as well as a sequence of 1 ppm H2S pulses result in a dosimeter type behavior of the nanofiber sensors. Triggered by a certain dose (gas concentration multiplied by time) a steep conductance increase of the sensitive layer over several orders of magnitude is observed. After reaching this percolation threshold only small conductance changes were observed. These fiber based sensors show a remarkably high specificity, there is no response to carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane at 160 °C. The fiber network can be regenerated by raising the operating temperature to 350 °C for 30 min in absence of H2S.

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Conductance change under exposure to various gases. Continuous recording with one measurement per second.
A novel approach for increasing sensitivity in lateral flow assays: Development of an enrichment module based on polyethylene sintered bodies
Authors: Kehrel Marcus , Dassinger Nina , Merkl Stefan , Vornicescu Doru , Keusgen Michael
Published: April 2012

Lateral flow assays (LFAs, e.g. the well established pregnancy test) are frequently used, fast and easy‐to‐handle immunoassays with a broad application range. Nevertheless, the restriction to small sample volumes is one of the major drawbacks and can be the reason for lack of sensitivity. In order to detect even small amounts of analyte in big sample volumes without the need for time consuming sample preparation or sophisticated labelling or detection technologies, the aim of the here presented research was the development of an ‘enrichment module’, which can be integrated into the workflow of a LFA. The core element of this enrichment module was a cleavable biological interface structure. A fusion protein, which was expressed recombinant and consisted of a monomeric concanavalin A (Con A) domain and a monomeric streptavidin domain (SAv), was used as interface structure. For the construction of the entire module, the polysaccharide mannan was firstly covalently attached to a porous polyethylene (PE) sintered body in a four‐stage procedure. This immobilisation procedure was monitored by a modified Bradford assay. In the next step, the Con A–SAv fusion protein was added. In order to assess the functionality of the enrichment module, a model assay was developed. The SAv domain of the attached fusion protein was specifically recognised by a primary and a secondary, horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐labelled, antibody. The HRP‐reaction was used for photometric detection in order to characterise binding properties of the enrichment module and to prove binding characteristics of the fusion protein.
Optical, structural, and mechanical properties of different valence‐cation‐doped bismuth vanadate oxides
Authors: Kaur G. , Pandey O. P. , Singh K.
Published: April 2012

The optical, structural, and mechanical properties of Bi4V2 − xMxO11 − δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4 in the steps of 0.1, M = Mn, Ga, As) oxides have been investigated. The parameters like band gap (Eg), Urbach energy (Eu), grain size, hardness (H), and fracture strength (K) have been calculated as a function of dopant concentration, i.e., 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4. In addition to this, the infrared spectra have been obtained for all the dopant oxides with different dopant concentrations. The results are discussed in light of correlation of these optical and mechanical parameters to their electrical properties. The fractured surface is analyzed by X‐ray dot mapping to check the segregation of elements and their effect on mechanical properties.
Cu2ZnSnSe4 absorbers processed from solution deposited metal salt precursors under different selenization conditions
Authors: Fella Carolin M. , Uhl Alexander R. , Romanyuk Yaroslav E. , Tiwari Ayodhya N.
Published: April 2012

Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) thin film solar cells are fabricated by a simple, non‐vacuum deposition of metal salts dissolved in non‐hazardous solvents followed by selenization in Se atmosphere. Despite a residual carbon‐rich layer between the back contact and the CZTSe absorber layer, solar cells with up to 4.28% conversion efficiency are obtained for Cu‐poor and Zn‐rich CZTSe absorbers. A frequently reported problem, the loss of tin, is investigated with respect to the influence of the selenization conditions such as substrate temperature and selenium partial pressure. EDX point measurements directly confirm that the remaining decomposed layer consists of a mixture of binary ZnSe and Cu2−xSe phases if the substrate temperature is too high and not sufficient Se is supplied.

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Determination of ultrathin diamond films by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Chernozatonskii Leonid A. , Mavrin Boris N. , Sorokin Pavel B.
Published: April 2012

The study of Raman spectra of recently predicted ultrathin diamond films (diamanes) with nanometer thickness, transformed from multilayered graphenes by the adsorption of hydrogen is presented. Here we studied the phonon spectra of diamane structures in detail by ab initio method, especially the Raman and infrared (IR) vibrational modes. In particular, two‐layered diamanes display Raman peaks near 1110, 1260, 1320, 2860 cm−1, and three‐layered diamanes have a broad region (1110–1340 cm−1) of Raman shifts and peaks near 2830–2860 cm−1. The spectra are radically distinguished from the similar spectra of one to three layered graphenes and graphane.

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Left side: Atomic structure and vibration pattern of optical modes of ultrathin diamond (diamane). Right: Phonon densities of the states of graphane and diamanes.
Variability of the thermal structure of the atmosphere during wet and dry spells over southeast India
Authors: Satyanarayana Mohan T. , Narayana Rao T.
Published: April 2012

Surface and upper‐air observations of meteorological parameters at Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) are utilized to understand the thermal structure of the atmosphere in dry and wet spells and its effect on draught core statistics. The temperature and humidity variations from wet to dry spell are quite pronounced near the surface and in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), but not above the ABL. Interestingly, convective available potential energy (CAPE) is found to be higher during wet spells than during dry spells, in contrast to the earlier studies made elsewhere over warm oceans and tropical land masses. The stratified CAPE values based on rainfall occurrence are also larger during wet spells than during dry spells, irrespective of whether the sounding is made before, during or after the rain occurrence. Surprisingly, large CAPE values are observed after the rain occurrence in both spells. The high CAPE during wet spells (and also after rain occurrence) corresponds well with larger surface equivalent potential temperature (θe). During wet spells, the positive buoyancy is not only larger but also vertically extended to higher altitudes. On the other hand, buoyancy profiles during dry spells are punctuated by several negative buoyancies (associated with stable layers), reducing CAPE values in those spells.

A synthesis of all measurements reveals that favourable environmental conditions (high CAPE, humid atmosphere and weak stable layers) allow the convection to grow into a deep system in wet spells. On the other hand, strong stable layers, weak CAPE coupled with relatively less humidity above the ABL inhibits the growth of convective cloud during dry spells. These observations explain the differences in draught core statistics in wet and dry spells. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Conceptual design of a novel multi‐DoF manual instrument for laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Wang Xiaofei , Wang Shuxin , Li Jianmin , Zhang Guokai , Wu Zhiliang
Published: April 2012

Background

Laparoscopic surgery is becoming increasingly popular throughout the world. But the conventional instruments used in many surgeries are not flexible enough to be operated. Challenging tasks, such as suturing and knot‐tying tasks are difficult to complete using conventional instruments with limited degrees of freedom (DoFs). In the paper, a novel cable‐driven multi‐DoF manual instrument is presented with a simple structure but strong functionality.

Methods

The proposed instrument has been developed with a wristlike operation end (OE), a wristlike end effector (EE), and the transmission system. It can be operated intuitively. The orientation and the position of the EE are directly controlled by surgeons due to the one‐to‐one motion mapping structure. The clamp structure and tension device are reasonably designed. The pitch, yaw, and the open and close motion are actuated by cables. Based on the optimization index Global Condition Index (GCI), four cables are used to actuate the pitch and yaw motions, while other two are used for the open and close motion. The layout of the cables is also determined by the GCI.

Results

Experiments carried out with a prototype show that tasks such as suturing and knot‐tying can be completed comfortably. Due to the intuitive control and multi‐DoFs, surgeons can use the prototype to finish the tasks with ease.

Conclusions

The instrument developed herein with intuitive control and dexterity can be used alone or together with a robotic system to accomplish some challenging tasks that are difficult for conventional instruments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Best practices for describing, consuming, and discovering web services: a comprehensive toolset
Authors: Rodriguez Juan Manuel , Crasso Marco , Mateos Cristian , Zunino Alejandro
Published: April 2012

The service‐oriented computing (SOC) paradigm has recently gained a lot of attention in the software industry because SOC represents a novel and a fresh way of architecting distributed applications. SOC is usually materialized via web services, which allows developers to structure applications exposing a clear, public interface to their capabilities. Although conceptually and technologically mature, SOC still lacks adequate development support from a methodological point of view. In this paper, we present the EasySOC project, a set of guidelines to simplify the development of service‐oriented applications and services. EasySOC is a synthesized catalog of best SOC development practices that arise as a result of several years of research in fundamental Services Computing topics, that is, Web Service Description Language‐based technical specification, Web Service discovery, and Web Service outsourcing. In addition, we describe a materialization of the guidelines for the Java language, which has been implemented as a plug‐in for the Eclipse IDE. We believe that both the practical nature of the guidelines and the availability of this software that enforces them may help software practitioners to rapidly exploit our ideas for building real SOC applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rightward convexity of the great vessel arising from the anterior ventricle: a novel fetal marker for transposition of the great arteries
Authors: Menahem S. , Rotstein A. , Meagher S.
Published: April 2012

Objectives

Traditionally transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is suggested by bifurcation of the great vessel arising from the posterior ventricle and the parallel course of the great vessels as they leave the heart. These findings may be difficult to demonstrate, requiring additional fetal echocardiographic features to indicate TGA. In this study, we investigated a new marker of TGA, namely rightward convexity of the great vessel arising from the anterior ventricle.

Methods

We reviewed fetal studies from 2006 to 2010 in which an antenatal diagnosis of TGA was confirmed postnatally. We specifically viewed images obtained by scanning the great vessel arising from the anterior ventricle cranially to the superior mediastinum at the level of the three vessels and trachea view and compared them with similar views in normal hearts.

Results

In 21 cases of confirmed TGA, the great vessel arising from the anterior ventricle (aorta) coursing cranially demonstrated an abnormal convexity to the right. This was in contrast to convexity to the left or lack of convexity of the great vessel (pulmonary artery) arising from the anterior ventricle in fetuses with a normal heart. In two fetuses rightward vessel convexity from the anterior ventricle was the clue on the initial scan suggesting TGA, which was subsequently confirmed. In addition, only two vessels, the superior vena cava and aorta, were demonstrated in fetuses with TGA, the pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus lying below (caudal to) the transverse arch.

Conclusions

Noting the rightward convexity of the great vessel arising from the anterior ventricle may aid in the prenatal diagnosis of TGA. Furthermore, the relative simplicity of this sign may make it valuable in fetal screening for this cardiac defect.
Gauged double field theory
Authors: Graña Mariana , Marques Diego
Published: April 2012

Abstract

We find necessary and sufficient conditions for gauge invariance of the action of Double Field Theory (DFT) as well as closure of the algebra of gauge symmetries. The so-called weak and strong constraints are sufficient to satisfy them, but not necessary. We then analyze compactifications of DFT on twisted double tori satisfying the consistency conditions. The effective theory is a Gauged DFT where the gaugings come from the duality twists. The action, bracket, global symmetries, gauge symmetries and their closure are computed by twisting their analogs in the higher dimensional DFT. The non-Abelian heterotic string and lower dimensional gauged supergravities are particular examples of Gauged DFT.
JIMWLK evolution in the Gaussian approximation
Authors: Iancu E. , Triantafyllopoulos D. N.
Published: April 2012

Abstract

We demonstrate that the Balitsky-JIMWLK equations describing the high-energy evolution of the n-point functions of the Wilson lines (the QCD scattering amplitudes in the eikonal approximation) admit a controlled mean field approximation of the Gaussian type, for any value of the number of colors N

c
. This approximation is strictly correct in the weak scattering regime at relatively large transverse momenta, where it re-produces the BFKL dynamics, and in the strong scattering regime deeply at saturation, where it properly describes the evolution of the scattering amplitudes towards the respective black disk limits. The approximation scheme is fully specified by giving the 2-point function (the S-matrix for a color dipole), which in turn can be related to the solution to the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation, including at finite N

c
. Any higher n-point function with n ≥ 4 can be computed in terms of the dipole S-matrix by solving a closed system of evolution equations (a simplified version of the respective Balitsky-JIMWLK equations) which are local in the transverse coordinates. For simple configurations of the projectile in the transverse plane, our new results for the 4-point and the 6-point functions coincide with the high-energy extrapolations of the respective results in the McLerran-Venugopalan model. One cornerstone of our construction is a symmetry property of the JIMWLK evolution, that we notice here for the first time: the fact that, with increasing energy, a hadron is expanding its longitudinal support symmetrically around the light-cone. This corresponds to invariance under time reversal for the scattering amplitudes.
A global view on the search for de Sitter vacua in (Type IIA) string theory
Authors: Chen Xingang , Shiu Gary , Sumitomo Yoske , Tye S.-H. Henry
Published: April 2012

Abstract

The search for classically stable Type IIA de Sitter vacua typically starts with an ansatz that gives Anti-de Sitter supersymmetric vacua and then raises the cosmological constant by modifying the compactification. As one raises the cosmological constant, the couplings typically destabilize the classically stable vacuum, so the probability that this approach will lead to a classically stable de Sitter vacuum is Gaussianly suppressed. This suggests that classically stable de Sitter vacua in string theory (at least in the Type IIA region), especially those with relatively high cosmological constants, are very rare. The probability that a typical de Sitter extremum is classically stable (i.e., tachyon-free) is argued to be Gaussianly suppressed as a function of the number of moduli.
Effects of Abdominal Fat Distribution Parameters on Severity of Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: O’Leary D. P. , O’Neill D. , McLaughlin P. , O’Neill S. , Myers E. , Maher M. M. , Redmond H. P.
Published: April 2012

Background

Obesity is a well‐established risk factor for acute pancreatitis. Increased visceral fat has been shown to exacerbate the pro‐inflammatory milieu experienced by patients.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the severity of acute pancreatitis and abdominal fat distribution parameters measured on computed tomography (CT) scan.

Methods

Consecutive patients admitted to Cork University Hospital with acute pancreatitis between January 2005 and December 2010 were evaluated for inclusion in the study. An open source image analysis software (Osirix, v 3.9) was used to calculate individual abdominal fat distribution parameters from CT scans by segmentation of abdominal tissues.

Results

A total of 214 patients were admitted with pancreatitis between January 2005 and December 2010. Sixty‐two of these patients underwent a CT scan and were thus eligible for inclusion. Visceral fat volume was the volumetric fat parameter that had the most significant association with severe acute pancreatitis (P = 0.003). There was a significant association between visceral fat volume and subsequent development of systemic complications of severe acute pancreatitis (P = 0.003). There was a strong association between mortality and visceral fat volume (P = 0.019). Multivariate regression analysis, adjusted for gender, did not identify any individual abdominal fat distribution index as an independent risk factor for severe acute pancreatitis.

Conclusions

Overall, estimation of abdominal fat distribution parameters from CT scans performed on patients with acute pancreatitis indicates a strong association between visceral fat, severe acute pancreatitis, and the subsequent development of systemic complications. These data suggest that visceral fat volume should be incorporated into future predictive scoring systems.
Diagnostic Role of Procalcitonin in Patients with Suspected Appendicitis
Authors: Wu Jiunn‐Yih , Chen Hang‐Cheng , Lee Si‐Huei , Chan Rai‐Chi , Lee Chien‐Chang , Chang Shy‐Shin
Published: April 2012

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of procalcitonin (PCT) in emergency department (ED) patients with suspected appendicitis.

Methods

A prospective observational study was carried out inthe emergency department of a university hospital between July 2007 and June 2008. Adult patients who presented to the ED with clinically suspected appendicitis were enrolled. Each patient underwent serum PCT, C‐reactive protein (CRP), and Alvarado score evaluation on admission. The results of these three measurements were analyzed in relation to the final diagnosis determined by histopathological findings or compatible computed tomography findings.

Results

Of the 214 study patients, 113 (52.8 %) had a confirmed diagnosis of appendicitis and 58 had complicated appendicitis (phlegmon, perforation, or gangrene). For the diagnosis of appendicitis, the area under the receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curve is 0.74 for Alvarado score, 0.69 for PCT, and 0.61 for CRP. Overall, the Alvarado score has the best discriminative capability among the three tested markers. We adopted two cutoff point approaches to harness both ends of the diagnostic value of a biomarker. PCT levels were significantly higher in patients with complicated appendicitis. For diagnosis of complicated appendicitis, a cutoff value of 0.5 ng/mL had a sensitivity of 29 % and a specificity of 95 %, while a cutoff value of 0.05 ng/ml had a sensitivity of 85 % and a specificity of 30 % in diagnosing complicated appendicitis. For those with a PCT value in the gray zone, clinical findings may play a more important role.

Conclusion

The study does not support the hypothesis that the PCT test may be useful for screening ED patients for appendicitis. However, determination of the PCT level may be useful for risk assessment of ED patients with suspected complicated appendicitis.
Developing a Prevention Synthesis and Translation System to Promote Science‐Based Approaches to Teen Pregnancy, HIV and STI Prevention
Authors: Lewis Kelly M. , Lesesne Catherine A. , Zahniser S. Christine , Wilson Mary Martha , Desiderio Gina , Wandersman Abraham , Green Diane C.
Published: April 2012

The Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation (ISF) is a multi‐system framework that can guide research‐to‐practice efforts by building and supporting the work of three interacting systems: the Prevention Delivery, Support, and Synthesis and Translation Systems. The Synthesis and Translation system is vital to bridging science and practice, yet how to develop it and train support system partners to use it is under‐researched. This article bridges this gap by offering a case example of the planning, development, and use of a synthesis and translation product called Promoting Science‐based Approaches to Teen Pregnancy Prevention using Getting To Outcomes. The case presented documents the process used for developing the synthesis and translation product, reports on efforts to engage the Prevention Support system to use the product, and how we approached building interaction between the Synthesis and Translation System and the Support System partners. Practice‐oriented evaluation data are also presented. Implications for practice, policy and research are discussed.

Special Issue: Advances in Bridging Research and Practice Using the Interactive System Framework for Dissemination and Implementation; Guest Editors: Abraham Wandersman, Paul Flaspohler, Catherine A. Lesesne, Richard Puddy; Action Editor: Emilie Phillips Smith
You Want to Do What? My Mother's Choice to Have Direct‐to‐Consumer Genetic Testing
Authors: Varga Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2012

As a genetic counselor, I had mixed opinions when my mother told me of her intent to undergo genomewide, SNP‐based direct‐to‐consumer (DTC) genetic testing. I cautioned her that results could be misleading, could increase anxiety and were often of limited clinical validity or utility. I warned of the possibility of learning unintended health information and expressed concerns about how the information might be used by a private company. I told her about the variability in results among companies. Yet, she persisted in her desire, reminding me that she was an informed consumer. After reviewing her goals and understanding of the information she might receive, she elected to proceed. Despite my insistence that I would not be her personal genetic counselor, when the results came back, I found myself immersed in her genetic data. In this manuscript, I will examine how this personal experience challenged my perceptions of DTC testing.
Flexible intramedullary nailing for distal femoral fractures in patients with myopathies
Authors: Huber Hanspeter , André Guillaume , Rumeau Francine , Journeau Pierre , Haumont Thierry , Lascombes Pierre
Published: April 2012

Purpose

Distal femoral fractures are quite common in nonambulating patients with myopathies, as they present marked osteoporosis. The deterioration of preexisting knee flexion contracture is a known problem, as these fractures are usually angulated posteriorly. The goals of treatment are to reduce immobilization and bed rest to a minimum, prevent function loss, and prevent refracture. The aim of our work was to investigate if these goals can be achieved by an operative treatment with closed reduction and flexible intramedullary nailing (FIN).

Methods

Six distal femoral fractures in four nonambulating patients with myopathies (three Duchenne muscular dystrophy and one nemaline myopathy) were treated with FIN between 2005 and 2011. Patient charts and radiographs were reviewed to determine if intra- or postoperative complications occurred and to detect the interval to wheelchair mobilization and hospital discharge. Pre- and postoperative knee flexion contracture was noted from the patient charts of our reeducation unit, where patients were already known preoperatively.

Results

Wheelchair mobilization without further immobilization after an interval of 2–3 days was possible. No aggravation of knee flexion contracture was detected in our patient series. No complications associated to the operative treatment itself and no refractures in the follow up occurred.

Conclusion

Our experience showed that FIN is a low invasive and sufficiently stable osteosynthesis in such fractures. Left in place, nails will reinforce mechanical stability.
Doctor performance assessment: development and impact of a new system
Authors: Overeem Karlijn
Published: April 2012

Karlijn Overeem, general practitioner and researcher, defended her thesis on 15
November 2011. The thesis concerns the development and implementation of a performance
assessment system for medical specialists (consultants) in Dutch hospitals. Besides the
use of multisource feedback, the assessments consist of a portfolio and an assessment
interview with a trained colleague. The thesis comprises: a review, two qualitative
studies and three quantitative studies.