bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Added Ligands on the Reactions of [Ni(COD)(dppf)] with Alkyl Halides: Halide Abstraction can be Reversible
Authors: Greaves Megan , Ronson Thomas O. , Maseras Feliu , Nelson David
Published: May 2021

The reactions of dppf-nickel(0) with alkyl halides proceed via three-coordinate nickel(0) intermediates of the form [Ni(dppf)(L)]. The effect of the identity of the added ligand (L) on catalyst speciation and the rates of reactions of [Ni(COD)(dppf)] with alkyl halides has been investigated using kinetic experiments and DFT calculations. A series of monodentate ligands have been investigated in attempts to identify trends in reactivity. Sterically bulky and electron donating ligands are found to decrease the reaction rate. It was found that (i) the halide abstraction step is not always irreversible, and the subsequent recombination of a nickel(I) complex with an alkyl halide can have a significant effect on the overall rate of the reaction; and (ii) some ligands lead to very stable

[Ni(dppf)(L) 2 ] species. The yields of prototypical (dppf)nickel-catalysed Kumada cross-coupling reactions of alkyl halides are significantly improved by the addition of free ligand, which provides another important variable to consider when optimizing nickel-catalysed reactions of alkyl halides.
A Multi-Point Feed Increases Macromixing Rate by an Order of Magnitude in Simulated Multi-Impeller Vessels
Authors: Losoi Pauli , Konttinen Jukka , Santala Ville
Published: May 2021

Tall vessels equipped with multiple impellers, such as many gas-liquid contactors in bioprocessing, often suffer from poor macromixing of feeds, which leads to heterogeneities and complicates the scale-up. Here, a diffusion equation was used as a simple model of macromixing in multi-impeller tanks, and the model fitted previously published experimental tracer curves. The model was then noted to predict that the macromixing time-scale is decreased to a quarter by relocating the feed point from the top to the middle. Furthermore, dividing the vessel axially in symmetric proportions and locating a feed point in the center of each compartment was found to reduce the time-scale even further. These theoretical results were put to test by compartment model simulations of 17 L to 22 m3 tanks with one to four impellers. Order-of-magnitude improvements were seen in the multi-impeller setups: up to 29-fold macromixing rates compared to a single-point top feed were realized with multiple feed points in a 22 m3 bioreactor stirred with four Rushton turbines. Considerable improvements were observed also in the other scales and geometries with fewer than four impellers, which suggests that the herein proposed division of feed points may greatly facilitate the scale-up of tall multi-impeller vessels.
Lipid Transporters: From Bacteria, Protozoa, Fungi and Plants, to Mice and Men
Authors: Malwal Satish , Baek Kyung-Hwa , Phan Trong-Nhat , Lee Hyeryon , Li Zhu-Hong , Moreno Silvia N. J. , No Joo Hwan , Oldfield Eric
Published: May 2021

The tuberculosis drug candidate SQ109 targets the trehalose monomycolate transporter MmpL3 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and also has activity against other pathogens. We found related proteins in 22 protozoa, including Trypanosoma cruzi and Entamoeba histolytica, as well as in archaea and other bacteria, including the fatty acid transporter, FarE. We show these proteins, alpha-MMPL proteins, adopt similar structures to that of MsMmpL3 having two sets (P1 and P2) of conserved active site/H+-transporter Asp, Tyr and Phe residues in “pentad” motifs (DYxxF) that can bind to the SQ109 ethylenediamine and adamantyl moieties. Based on structural comparisons with MsMmpL3, we find that there are superimposable transmembrane and H+-transporter structures in much larger proteins, beta-MMPLs, found in apicomplexan parasites, fungi, plants and animals. They also contain double “pentad” motifs in which the P1 Asp is totally conserved, but the P2 Asp may also be a Glu, and the P2 Phe seen in the alpha-MMPLs is a His that H-bonds to the P1 and P2 Asp/Glu residues. There are also 5 conserved Ser/Thr residues that extend the H-bond/H+-transporter network with 2 interacting directly with the P1 Asp, and the His. We propose that all MMPL proteins are involved in proton motive force-mediated lipid (phospholipid, glycolipid, sterol, fatty acid) transport, and that SQ109 may target some pathogens directly, by binding to the P1/P2 motifs. Overall, the results are of general interest since they indicate that there are two major classes of lipid transporters: alpha-MMPL proteins found in many bacteria and protozoa, and much larger, beta-MMPL proteins, found in fungi, apicomplexa, plants and animals and, in some cases, they are potential drug targets.
Observation and Rationalization of Nitrogen Oxidation Enabled Only by Coupled Plasma and Catalyst
Authors: Ma Hanyu , Sharma Rakesh , Welzel Stefan , Sanden M.C.M. van de , Tsampas Michail , Schneider William F.
Published: May 2021

Heterogeneous catalysts coupled with non-thermal plasma (NTP) are known to achieve reaction yields that exceed the contributions of the individual components. Rationalization of the enhancing potential of catalysts, however, remains challenging because the background contributions from NTP are often non-negligible. Here, we first demonstrate nitrogen (N2) oxidation by radio frequency plasma and platinum (Pt) combination at conditions in which nitric oxide (NO) yield from plasma or Pt is vanishingly small. We then develop reactor models based on reduced NTP- and surface-microkinetic mechanisms to identify the features of each that lead to the synergy between NTP and Pt. At experimental conditions, NO yields from NTP and thermal catalysis are suppressed by radical reactions and inhibited by high N2 dissociation barrier, respectively. Pt catalyzes NTP-generated radicals and vibrationally excited molecules to produce NO. The model construction further illustrates that the optimization of yield and energy efficiency involves tuning of plasma species, catalysts properties, and the reactor configurations to couple the two. These results provide unambiguous evidence of the benefits of combining plasma and catalysts and open approaches to design the coupled system.
Quantum Chemistry for Molecules at Extreme Pressure on Graphical Processing Units: Implementation of Extreme Pressure Polarizable Continuum Model
Authors: Gale Ariel , Hruska Eugen , Liu Fang
Published: May 2021

Pressure plays essential roles in chemistry by altering structures and controlling chemical reactions. The extreme-pressure polarizable continuum model (XP-PCM) is an emerging method with an efficient quantum mechanical description of molecules at high pressure (on the order of GPa), but its application to large molecular systems was previously hampered by CPU computation bottleneck. Here, we exploit advances in Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) to accelerate XP-PCM calculations and enable quantum chemistry simulation of large molecular and biomolecular systems under high pressure. We benchmarked the performance using 18 small proteins in aqueous solutions. Using a single GPU, our method evaluates the density functional theory (DFT) single point energy of a protein with over 500 atoms and 4000 basis functions under extreme pressure within half an hour. The time taken by the XP-PCM-integral evaluation is typically 1% of the time taken for a gas phase DFT calculation on the same system. The overall XP-PCM calculations require less computational effort than that for their gas-phase counterpart due to the improved convergence of self-consistent field iterations. Therefore, the description of the high-pressure effects with our GPU accelerated XP-PCM is feasible for any molecule tractable for gas-phase DFT calculation. To validate the accuracy of our method, we evaluated the free energy of argon, whose properties under high pressure are known from experiments. The pressure-volume relationship predicted by our method matches previous theoretical and experimental results.
Approximate Models for the Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Alloy Thermoelectrics
Authors: Skelton Jonathan
Published: May 2021

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) convert waste heat to electricity and are a leading contender for improving energy efficiency at a range of scales. Ideal TE materials show a large Seebeck effect, high electrical conductivity, and low thermal conductivity. Alloying is a widely-used approach to engineering the heat transport in TEs, but despite many successes the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In previous work, first-principles modelling has successfully been used to study the thermodynamics of alloy formation and to investigate its effect on the electronic structure and phonon spectrum. However, it has so far only been possible to examine qualitatively the impact of alloying on the lattice thermal conductivity. In this work, we develop and test two new approaches to addressing this. The constant relaxation-time approximation (CRTA) assumes the primary effect of alloying is on the phonon group velocities, and allows the thermal conductivity to be calculated assuming a suitable constant lifetime. Alternatively, setting the three-phonon interaction strengths to a constant further enables an assessment of how changes to the phonon frequency spectrum influence the lifetimes. We test both approaches for the Pnma Sn(S1-xSex) alloy system and are able to account for the substantially-reduced thermal conductivity measured in experiments.
Ca4Sb2O and Ca4Bi2O: Two Promising Mixed-Anion Thermoelectrics
Authors: Rahim Warda , Skelton Jonathan , Scanlon David
Published: May 2021

The environmental burden of fossil fuels and the rising impact of global warming have created an urgent need for sustainable clean energy sources. This has led to widespread interest in thermoelectric (TE) materials to recover part of the 60 % of global energy currently wasted as heat as usable electricity. Oxides are particularly attractive as they are thermally stable, chemically inert, and formed of earth-abundant elements, but despite intensive efforts there have been no reports of oxide TEs matching the performance of flagship chalcogenide materials such as PbTe, Bi2Te3 and SnSe. A number of ternary X4Y2Z mixed-anion systems, including oxides, have predicted band gaps in the useful range for several renewable-energy applications, including as TEs, and some also show the complex crystal structures indicative of low lattice thermal conductivity. In this study, we use ab initio calculations to investigate the TE performance of two structurally-similar mixed-anion oxypnictides, Ca4Sb2O and Ca4Bi2O. Electronic-structure and band-alignment calculations using hybrid density-functional theory (DFT), including spin-orbit coupling, suggest that both materials are likely to be p-type dopable with large charge-carrier mobilities. Lattice-dynamics calculations using third-order perturbation theory predict ultra-low lattice thermal conductivities of about 0.8 and 0.5 W m-1 K-1 above 750 K. Nanostructuring to a crystal grain size of 20 nm is predicted to further reduce the room temperature thermal conductivity by around 40 %. Finally, we use the electronic- and thermal-transport calculations to estimate the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT, and show that with p-type doping both oxides could potentially serve as promising earth-abundant oxide TEs for high-temperature applications.
Homocysteinemia in Heart Failure
Authors:   College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq, Adnan Khaleefah Mohammed , Ibrahim Latif Ismail , Mousa Jaffar Ali
Published: May 2021

Background: Heart failure represents a major health problem leading to considerable mortality morbidity. High total homocysteine concentrations have been related to increased risk of atherosclerosis and its sequel, including coronary heart disease, cardiovascular mortality, and stroke. Brain Natriuretic peptide is a member of a group of peptide hormones similar in structure, used as a specific marker for diagnosing heart failure. This marker increases gradually with the progression of the grade of heart failure. Objective: The current study aims to measure and investigate the difference in the level of homocysteine between patients with heart failure and without, to find the relationship between the level of homocysteine and grade of heart failure, and to find out the correlation between homocysteine levels with Brain Natriuretic peptide levels. Patients and Methods: This case-control study involved 200 participants, 100 patients with a history of chronic heart failure, and 100 control participants.A self-constructed questionnaire form prepared to collect selected variables, the participant’s weight, height, temperature, electrocardiography measured by trained staff, Brain Natriuretic peptide used as a specific marker for diagnosing heart failure. Blood samples were taken early in the morning from the patient and control groups, after at least 12-hours of fasting and a 20-minute rest. Analysis of all samples of blood was performed in the Biochemistry Laboratory of Baqubah teaching hospital to measure the levels of homocysteine by Human Homocysteine ELISA kit. Results: The sample was selected homogenously in terms of age and gender. Overweight, obesity, current and ex-smoker, history of hypertension, and history of diabetes mellitus were significantly higher in patients with heart failure than control. The fasting mean homocysteine level was significantly higher in patients (20.049nmol/ml) than in control (2.734nmol/ml). The fasting mean homocysteine level was significantly elevated in the patients with a positive history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus (p-value ≤0.05) than patients with a negative history. The level of homocysteine was correlated significantly and positively with the level of Brain Natriuretic peptide(r=0.39, p=0.001). The fasting mean homocysteine level was significantly increased with an increase in the severity (grades) of the heart failure (p-value = 0.001). Conclusion: There was a relationship between the homocysteine level with the development, and severity (grades) of the heart failure as well as significantly and positively correlated with the Brain Natriuretic peptide level. Keywords: Heart Failure; Homocysteinemia; Brain Natriuretic peptide
Epidemiological Study of Anemia in Diyala Province / Iraq
Authors:   Pediatrician- Al-Batool Teaching Hospital, Diyala, Iraq, Aldeen Hameed Hussam , Abbood Khalil Oday , Wissam Emad , I Alezzi Jalil
Published: May 2021

Background: More than one billion people worldwide are affected with anemia. Studies have shown that nutritional deficiency, particularly a decrease in iron-rich food consumed, seems to be the most common cause of anemia. Objective: To study some demographic characteristics of anemia in children of different residencies of Diyala governorate/ Iraq. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study piloted in Al-Batool Teaching hospital in Baqubah / Diyala- Iraq from February 1st to Sept 30th 2019. Children was categorized according to the residency into two groups (rural & urban regions), anemia was sorted according to WHO classification: normal Hb 11 gm/dL, mild anemia 10- 10.9 gm/dL, moderate 7- 9.9 gm/ dL, and severe anemia Hb < 7 gm/dl. Results: One hundred seventeen children aged 6 months – 9 years were included in the study; 58.1% males and 41.9% females, 104 children 88.9% were less than 3.5 years, and 13 (11.1% ) children of 3.5 years and more. Sixteen children 13.7% were having normal Hb level and the remaining was anemic as follow: 35.9% mild anemia, 46.1% moderate anemia, 4.3% severe anemia, p-value 0.000. It was found that 57.3% of children belongs to family lived in urban areas, while 50 (42.7%) of them live in rural areas. The number of children who had moderate anemia was more in rural areas, p-value 0.008. Conclusion: Most of the studied children had a moderate degree of anemia and this might be due to many factors, including a residency in rural areas. Keywords: Anemia,Children, Diyala , Iraq
Environmental Factors Associated With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors:   College of Medicine, Alnahreen University,Baghdad, Iraq, Raad Ghareeb Safa , Ibrahim Alezzi Jalil , Jasim Mohammed Aseel
Published: May 2021

Background: Type 1diabetes (T1D) is immune-mediated disease that presented as a consequence of the gradual destruction of the insulin- producing beta cells, which in results total beta-cell loss and complete dependence on exogenous insulin. Objective: To explore the potential environmental risk factors associated with the development of T1D among children. Patients and Methods: This case-control study was conducted in the pediatric department of Albatool teaching hospital in Diyala province, Iraq. A hundred children diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type1 (cases) and hundred children (controls) without diabetes during the period between February 2020 to May 2020. Data collection was done through interviewing parents’ or the caregivers of children directly using a questionnaire that was used before for study T1D. the target population was the children attending the outpatient clinic of the endocrine pediatric department of Albatool teaching hospital. A total of 200 children were included in the study. Computer software SPSS (Version 25) and Microsoft Excel (2016) were used to carry out the statistical analysis of data. Results: The results show Children who had insufficient family income had the highest risk for developing T1D (p<0.001), and children born to low educated parents, especially illiterate parents, had a risk to develop T1D (p< 0.001), followed by children whose parent had a history of consanguinity had a high risk for developing T1D (p=0.004). Children born to older mothers had a higher risk for developing T1D (p=0.04). Children with cesarean section delivery had more risk to develop T1D (p <0.000), followed by children a history of early onset of weaning had more risk to develop T1D (p= 0.001). Children had a history of bottle feeding had more risk to develop T1D (p= 0.004). Conclusion: The following factors were associated with significant risk for developing type 1 DM in children: Insufficient family income, low educated parents especially illiterate parents, history of consanguinity. Maternal factors, including older mothers, mothers with a previous history of abortion and infection, and a history of abnormal weight gain. Child factors include, including a history of hospital delivery, a low birth weight, an early onset of weaning, and bottle-feeding. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus; children; Diyala
Characteristics of Febrile Convulsions and The Association Between Ketonuria and Febrile Convulsions
Authors:   College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq, Sh  Mahmood Najdat , Abood Khalil Oday , Ibrahim Alezzi Jalil
Published: May 2021

Background: Febrile seizures are common and mostly benign. There is growing evidence that ketone bodies derived from fatty acid oxidation during fasting or consumption of high-fat diets can exert broad neuroprotective effects, including anti-convulsant effects. Objective: To determine the characteristics of febrile convulsions and the relationship between ketonuria and febrile convulsions. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was done between May 2018 – December 2019 at Al-Batool teaching hospital. The data included 100 children aged between (6- 60 months) admitted to the emergency unit, 50 % of them were having a febrile convulsion, while the others were presented with fever without a seizure. Blood samples were measured for serum glucose and urine samples were taken for level of ketone bodies (KB) and analyzed by reagent strip test. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS version 21, level of association between variables was tested by Chi-square at 0.05. Results: Febrile convulsions occur equally in males and females and more likely in children less than 18 months of age (P value=0.157). Causes of fever in children with febrile convulsion were mostly respiratory causes (p value=0. 000). The incidence of hypoglycemia and ketonuria were slightly more common in the non-convulsive group of the study to be statistically insignificant (p- values were 0.169 and 0.275, respectively). Conclusion: The febrile convulsions affect equally males and females and the major cause of fever was respiratory infections. There is no significant relationship between ketonuria and the occurrence of febrile convulsions. Keywords: Febrile convulsion; Ketonuria; Children
Urinary prostaglandin E2 as a biomarker for recurrent UTI in postmenopausal women
Authors: Ebrahimzadeh Tahmineh , Kuprasertkul Amy , Neugent Michael L , Lutz Kevin C , Fuentes Jorge L , Gadhvi Jashkaran , Khan Fatima , Zhang Cong , Sharon Belle M , Orth Kim , Li Qiwei , Zimmern Philippe E , De Nisco Nicole J
Published: May 2021

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common adult bacterial infections and exhibits high recurrence rates, especially in postmenopausal women. Studies in mouse models suggest that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)–mediated inflammation sensitizes the bladder to recurrent UTI (rUTI). However, COX-2–mediated inflammation has not been robustly studied in human rUTI. We used human cohorts to assess urothelial COX-2 production and evaluate its product, PGE2, as a biomarker for rUTI in postmenopausal women. We found that the percentage of COX-2–positive cells was elevated in inflamed versus uninflamed bladder regions. We analyzed the performance of urinary PGE2 as a biomarker for rUTI in a controlled cohort of 92 postmenopausal women and PGE2 consistently outperformed all other tested clinical variables as a predictor of rUTI status. Furthermore, time-to-relapse analysis indicated that the risk of rUTI relapse was 3.6 times higher in women with above median urinary PGE2 levels than with below median levels. Taken together, these data suggest that urinary PGE2 may be a clinically useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for rUTI in postmenopausal women.
Viscosity of Sumbawa Honey Based on Faxen Correction Factor: Consumer Protection Efforts against Fraud
Authors: Sukarelawan Moh. Irma , Pramudya Yudhiakto , Rofiqah Siti Anisatur , Raharja Endra Putra
Published: May 2021

This study is aimed at determining the viscosity of Sumbawa honey. The sample used was produced by the Apis Dorsata species of honeybees, having three different types of concentrations: 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively. The test sample solution was at a temperature of 23.3 ± 0.5 oC. The viscosity value was determined using the corrected vertical spherical oscillation method. The results of this study identified a tendency for increased viscosity to the concentration of honey solution, which has been determined by extrapolating the equation of the linear regression. The relationship of concentration to true viscosity satisfies the equation y = 0.0199x + 0.0160. Furthermore, the Sumbawa honey viscosity was 2.006 Pa.s.
Causas y riesgos de una cetoacidosis diabética en pacientes diagnosticados con diabetes mellitus tipo I
Authors: Alvarado Cedeño Jonathan David , Chamorro Bedoya Olga Ivanova , Delgado Espinoza Alex Josue , Zambrano Palacios Fabián Marcelo
Published: May 2021

La cetoacidosis diabética sigue siendo uno de los cuadros clínicos con mayores complicaciones y riesgo de mortalidad en los casos de diabetes mellitus tipo I. Sus causas están asociadas desde el desconocimiento previo de la enfermedad base (diabetes mellitus), infecciones respiratorias y urinarias, mal manejo o abandono del tratamiento para la diabetes; así como abuso de sustancias como drogas o alcohol. Un buen control de la diabetes mellitus tipo I, así como una alimentación sana vinculada a ejercicios cotidianos, pueden disminuir el riesgo de padecer cetoacidosis diabética y por lo tanto la morbilidad asociada a esta enfermedad.
La modelización del crecimiento de los cerdos bajo un sistema de cama profunda
Authors: Hurtado Ernesto Antonio , Cueva-Navia Tommy , Barba-Capote Cecilio
Published: May 2021

Con el fin de evaluar a través de modelos matemáticos el comportamiento productivo (crecimiento y consumo) de cerdos en un sistema de cama profunda con subproductos agrícolas (cascarilla de arroz y rastrojo de maíz). Se utilizaron 18 cerdos mestizos, criados en corrales individuales con caña guadua (Guadua angustifolia) individuales a una densidad de 1,20 m2.animal-1, durante cinco meses. Las variables consumo de alimento y peso final fueron medidas para modelizar el crecimiento y consumo. Los resultados arrojan un modelo raíz cuadrada para el crecimiento (R2=94,11%), mientras que para el consumo ajusta a un modelo doble cuadrado (R2= 91,90%). Con respecto a peso vs consumo, un modelo log- Y raíz cuadrada-X, permitió la ecuación del modelo ajustado Peso = exp (1,12059 + 1,30298*sqrt (Consumo)). Se concluye, que los modelos matemáticos no lineales presentaron el mejor ajuste a los datos analizados de un sistema de cama profunda mediante el empleo de recursos materiales propios y subproductos agrícolas de cultivos locales, contribuyendo a la descripción del crecimiento de los cerdos
Entendiendo la economía circular desde una visión ecuatoriana y latinoamericana
Authors: Chafla-Martínez Pablo , Lascano-Vaca Max
Published: May 2021

Esta investigación pretende entender a la Economía Circular (EC) dentro del contexto y visión de Ecuador, así como otros países latinoamericanos que tienen estructuras económicas y culturales singulares, intentando reforzar con elementos propios un proceso de desarrollo sostenible de largo plazo que podría venir de la mano de una aplicación real de los principios de la EC. La ausencia en la mayoría de las definiciones propuestas de una vinculación clara entre el concepto de EC, con el desarrollo sostenible y la también reducida articulación de las propuestas de la EC con modelos económicos que analicen la conducta de los consumidores y las firmas, hacen aún más necesario el reforzamiento y consolidación del entendimiento de la EC con los aportes que en temas de sostenibilidad y modelación económica se puede dar desde una visión ecuatoriana y Latinoamericana. La incorporación de los principios de la bioeconomía circular y la economía del comportamiento pueden aportar luces al mejor entendimiento de la EC en estos países, dando mayor cuerpo a la idea de sostenibilidad. La metodología de investigación utilizada en este trabajo es de tipo cualitativa con la aplicación de un método exploratorio descriptivo con un enfoque deductivo.
تطور النظام القانوني للمسؤولية المدنية للمنتج الملوث في القوانين المقارنة: أيّ مسار؟
Authors: قادة شهيدة , بن طرية معمر
Published: May 2021

لا تزال القواعد العامة للمسؤولية المدنية هي النظام المستأثر بأحكام مسؤولية المنتج الملوث في أغلب النظم القانونية لحد الساعة، وبالرغم من محاولات الانعتاق لنسج نظام خاص ومستقل، يستوعب خصوصية المضار التي ترتبها أفعال المنتوجات على البيئة، فمن التشريعات ما حاول الاستلهام من بعض مبادئ مسؤولية المنتج عن منتوجاته المعيبة المكتملة البناء نسبيًا، وأخرى تنبت مسار التطويع والإثراء لبعض مفاهيم قواعد المسؤولية التقصيرية أو أحكام المسؤولية العقدية. وفي ظل هذه المسارات بدا ضروريًا التساؤل عن حدود استجابة تلك القواعد ومدى قدرتها على التناسب مع خصوصيات الأضرار الأيكولوجية، ويستدعي مِنَّا البحث في ملامح نظام خاص ومستقل لمسؤولية المنتج الملوث، يستوعب مقوّمات وعناصر هذه المسؤولية، وبمقدوره الإيفاء بالإجابات الشافية لعديد الإشكالات التي يطرحها الموضوع هنا وهنالك.
إعادة التنظيم: إحدى إجراءات مراحل الإعسار للوقاية من التصفية؛ وفقًا لأحكام قانون الإعسار الأردني – دراسة مقارنة
Authors: المصالحه تركي مصلح حمدان
Published: May 2021

أولى المشرّع الأردني مشكلة "الإعسار" أهمية بالغة؛ لما له من أثر في المحافظة على ديمومة المشاريع الاقتصادية المتعثرة، مراعيًا في الوقت ذاته وجود ضمانات تحفظ حقوق جميع الأطراف من دائنين ومدينين، بما يصب في تعزيز الثقة بالبيئة الاستثمارية، ورفع معدلات النمو الاقتصادي. وتبدأ مرحلة إعادة الهيكلة بعد انتهاء المرحلة التمهيدية، وذلك بإعلان المحكمة انتهاء هذه المرحلة، وبدء مرحلة إعادة التنظيم؛ ما لم يطلب المدين السير في إجراءات التصفية. فإذا خَلُصَ تقرير وكيل الإعسار لنتيجة، مفادها؛ أنَّ إعادة التنظيم غير ممكنة، أو إذا توقف العمل في النشاط الاقتصادي، فعلى المحكمة إصدار قرار السير في إجراءات التصفية. وقد خَلُصت الدراسة إلى أن مرحلة إعادة التنظيم، بنوعيها، إذا ما تقيد بها المدين، وكتب لها النجاح؛ فإن من شأن ذلك إخراجه من حالة الاضطراب المالي التي عصفت بمشروعه الاقتصادي، والتي أدت لدخوله في حالة من الإعسار بنوعيه؛ الفعلي، والوشيك.
وضع الأموال المنقولة تأمينًا لدين دون حيازة في ضوء القرار بقانون رقم (11) لسنة (2016) الصادر من الرئاسة الفلسطينية
Authors: عيسه حسين عاهد
Published: May 2021

مواءمةً من المشرّع الفلسطيني للتطور التشريعي المقارن في مجال الضمانات العينية، ومراعاةً لاحتياجات المرحلة الراهنة في الحياة الفلسطينية، الاقتصادية منها والاجتماعية، أقر المجلس التشريعي الفلسطيني في العام 2016، تشريعًا خاصًا بمسمى قرار بقانون بشأن ضمان الحقوق في المال المنقول، نظم بموجبه وضع المال المنقول غير الخاضع، أساسًا، لتسجيل معين تأمينًا لدين، دون نقل حيازته للدائن. وأصبحت بموجبه المنقولات بمعظم أنواعها قابلة لأن تكون محّلًا لضمان رسمي، بواسطة تسجيل الضمان عليها بسجل إلكتروني أُنشيء لهذه الغاية، بعد أن كانت، فقط، تصلح محّلًا للرهن الحيازي الذي تنتقل بموجبه حيازة المرهون للمرتهن. وبهذا يكون المشرع الفلسطيني أضاف صورة جديدة للضمانات العينية الاتفاقية إلى جانب الرهن التأميني والحيازي، ومن هنا تنبع أهمية البحث في الموضوع؛ بغية إيجاد دراسة قانونية متخصصة في التنظيم القانوني لوضع الأموال المنقولة، تأمينًا لدين دون حيازتها من المضمون له، نبرز من خلالها الكيفية التي تتم فيها الضمانة وآثارها. وتجلت إشكالية البحث الرئيسة في تحديد الطبيعة القانونية لوضع المال المنقول تأمينًا لدين دون نقل حيازته للمضمون له، وكذلك بالحماية القانونية للمضمون له الذي لا يحوز محل الضمانة. ومن خلال اتباع المنهج الوصفي لتحليل نصوص القرار بقانون رقم 11 لسنة 2016، والأنظمة والتعليمات الصادرة بموجبه؛ فقد تم البحث في الموضوع من خلال مبحثين: تمحور الأول: حول الطبيعة القانونية للضمان الوارد على المنقولات تأمينًا لدين، والثاني: حول آثار وضع المنقول ضمانًا لدين. ونتيجة للبحث، فقد توصلنا إلى نتائج مهمة، أبرزها: أن وضع المال المنقول تأمينًا لدين هو صورة جديدة من صور الضمانات العينية الرسمية، وتعتبر تطويرًا لفكرة الرهن الحيازي. وأن الحماية القانونية للمضمون له، المتمثلة بتوثيق الضمانة في السجل الإلكتروني، رغم إضفاء صفة الرسمية عليه، تعتبر حماية منقوصة، خاصة في ظل الوضع السياسي في فلسطين، وتقسيم المناطق والمسؤوليات بين السلطة الفلسطينية وحكومة الاحتلال الإسرائيلي.
قاعدة استبعاد الأدلة غير المشروعة في الإجراءات الجنائية: دراسة تحليليّة في الاجتهاد القضائي للمحكمة الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان
Authors: الصلابي سارة علي , الرواشده سامي حمدان
Published: May 2021

يتناول البحث منهج المحكمة الأوروبية في قاعدة "استبعاد الأدلة غير المشروعة في الإجراءات الجنائية"، من خلال التنقيب عن السوابق القضائية. وما إذا كانت تنظر في الأدلة غير المشروعة، أم تصرف النظر عنها. وفي حال ما إذا ثبت أنّها تنظر في تقييم مشروعية هذه الأدلة وتقدير قبولها؛ فإلى أيّ مدى تملك سلطة استبعاد تلك الأدلة؟ وتبرز أهمية البحث في بيان الضوابط القانونية التي تعتمدها المحكمة لتحديد نطاق صلاحياتها في هذه المسألة؛ سواء من حيث تقييم الدليل وتقدير قبوله، أم من حيث صلاحيات الحكم بعدم مشروعية الدليل، في حال ثبوت انتهاك حقّ من الحقوق المنصوص عليها في الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان، وخاصة الحق في محاكمة عادلة، والحق في احترام الحياة الخاصة. يجيب البحث عن الإشكالية، منطلقًا من المستوى النظري إلى المستوى العملي، ليخلص إلى نتيجة مفادها أنه وعلى الرغم من أنّ المحكمة راقبت مشروعية الأدلة وقبولها في أحوال كثيرة؛ إلاّ أنها لم تُؤسّس لمنهجية واضحة في التعامل مع الأدلة المشروعة. ورغم أنها اعتمدت عددًا من المعايير، إلاّ أنها لم تذهب لترجيح أحدها وبلورته كمنهج حقيقي في التعامل مع الأدلة. ومع ذلك فإن السوابق القضائية تستند إلى معايير وأسس تصلح لأنْ تكون بذرة لإنشاء قواعد واضحة بخصوص قاعدة الاستبعاد، لكنّ ذلك الأمر يحتاج وقفة جادة من المحكمة تحسم بها المسألة.
حالة التقنية في قانون براءة الاختراع الجزائري والفرنسي - تقدير شرط الجدة وشرط ابتكارية الاختراع
Authors: مصدق خيرة
Published: May 2021

تحظى حالة التقنية الصناعية في النظام القانوني لبراءة الاختراع بأهمية كبيرة؛ إذ تعد المرجع الأساسي لتقدير ومراقبة جدة وابتكارية الاختراع، من خلال تحديد الاختراع الجدير بالحماية، والذي يثري المجال الصناعي العام بتقنيات جديدة، تعزز التقدم العلمي والاقتصادي، باختراع منتجات أو طرق جديدة، أو من خلال إضافة الجديد لهذه الحالة وتعديلها وتكييفها في صورة اختراع تركيب جديد، أو تطبيق جديد لوسائل معروفة من قبل ضمن حالة التقنية. غير أن هذا المفهوم مازال يكتنفه الغموض، نظرا لطابعه التقني، لذلك سنحاول من خلال هذه الدراسة تسليط الضوء عليه، من خلال توضيح مواطن الغموض، بالاستناد على ما استقر عليه المشرع الجزائري، ومقارنة ذلك مع ما ذهب إليه المشرع الفرنسي. والإشكال الرئيسي لهذه الدراسة يكمن في معرفة المقصود بحالة التقنية الصناعية، وكيف يتم مراقبة جدة وابتكارية الاختراع من منطلق هذه الحالة؟
توزيع مخاطر عقود صناعة البترول: "Knock-for-Knock" نموذجًا
Authors: المصري مصطفى فرج , وان زاهاري وان محمد ذو الحفظ
Published: May 2021

تسعى الأطراف المتعاقدة المسؤولة عن المخاطر، بموجب عقود البترول، إلى التخلّي بشكل جذري عن افتراضات القانون العام، فيما يتعلّق بتوزيع المخاطر، بموجب أحكام القانون العام. ومن يقوم بخرق أي التزام عقْدي، أو قانوني معيّن؛ تقع عليه المسؤوليّة، بقدر الخطأ المرتكب، وبالتالي وجب التعويض للمتضرر. لكن هذه ليست الحال دائمًا في صناعة البترول، حيث تُخصَّص المخاطر على الطرف الأكثر قدرةً على التحكّم في هذا الخطر. في هذا الصدد، يستخدم الطرفان العقد لتقليل احتماليّة المخاطر، أو السيطرة على عواقب هذا الخطر. ويتم الترتيب لأحكام المخاطرة إمّا في اتفاقية بين المشغّل والمقاول، أو بين أطراف اتفاقيّة التشغيل المشترك. تناقش هذه الورقة البحثيّة توزيع مخاطر عقود صناعة البترول فيما يتعلّق بممارسة نموذج اتفاق "Knock-for-Knock".
FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF A PILOT REDD+ PROJECT FOR MASITO COMMUNITY FOREST RESERVE, KIGOMA, TANZANIA FOR 2012-2017: REVIEW OF PREVIOUS MANAGEMENT PLAN
Authors: Nzunda Emmanuel F.
Published: May 2021

Motivation/Background: Forest management planning is an important condition for ecologically sustainable and economically efficient forest use. The current paper presents review of previous forest management plan for implementation of a pilot REDD+ project for Masito Community Forest Reserve, , Tanzania for the period 2012-2017.
Method: The work mainly involved review of relevant documents enriched by discussions with project management.
Results: The description of the review is presented under twelve major sections, namely: 1. of previous forest management plan document; 2. of the previous forest management plan; 3. in implementing the previous forest management plan; 4. encountered during the implementation of the previous plan; 5. that affected the implementation of the previous forest management plan; 6. of existing forest resources; 7. reserve management activities; 8. resources for forest reserve management; 9. adjacent communities; 10. and initiatives for revenue generation; 11. linkages and co-operation, and; 12. resources for management of the forest reserve.
Conclusions: The review was the basis for the activities planned for the forest for 2012-2017. Also, the review should be used as baseline information for assessment of achievement of the planned activities.
Finansal Piyasalarda Hisse Fiyatlarının Derin Öğrenme ve Yapay Sinir Ağı Yöntemleri ile Tahmin Edilmesi; S&P 500 Endeksi Örneği
Authors: TAŞ Ali İsa , GÜLÜM Pelin , TULUM Gökalp
Published: May 2021

Gelişen teknolojiler sayesinde günümüzde bilgisayarların gücü artmış ve bununla birlikte farklı amaçlara hizmet eden birçok algoritma geliştirilmiştir. Bu algoritmalar birçok alanda olduğu gibi finans alanında da sıkça kullanılmakta ve karar vermenin farklı boyutlarında destekleyici bir rol üstlenmektedir. Özellikle ortaya çıkması muhtemel durumların önceden öngörülmesinin hayati önem taşıdığı borsa işlemlerinde tahmin yöntemlerine sıkça başvurulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Yahoo Finans üzerinden elde edilen S&P 500 endeksine ait veriler kullanılarak derin öğrenme ve sığ öğrenme yöntemleri yardımıyla geleceğe yönelik fiyat tahminleme çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda 12.08.2000 ile 13.8.2020 tarihleri arasındaki günlük fiyat verileri ilk 19 sene (veri setinin %95’i)eğitim, son 1 sene (ver setinin %5’i) test olacak şekilde ayrılarak uzun kısa süreli bellek (LSTM) ve çok katmanlı algılayıcılar (MLP) yöntemleri tahmin gerçekleştirilmiştir. Eğitim, test ve tüm veri kök ortalama karesel hatalarının LSTM ağı için sırasıyla 17.3, 65.3 ve 22 dolar, MLP ağı için sırası ile 16.1,61.2 ve 20.6 dolar bulunmuştur. Bu da kullanılan her iki yöntemde elde edilen eğitim ve test hatalarının birbirine yakın sonuçlar verdiğini ve bu yöntemlerin tahmin çalışmaları için uygun seçenekler olduğunu göstermektedir.
Sinan’ın Camilerinde Yapı Mühendisliği Sanatı
Authors: AKYÜREK Muhammed Emin , KAHRAMAN Gülçin
Published: May 2021

Günümüzde mimar strüktür kavramından; mühendis ise form kavramından gittikçe uzaklaşmaktadır. 16. yüzyıla damgasını vurmuş olan Mimar Sinan eserleri bu iki disiplini birlikte ele alma, inceleme ve değerlendirme hususunda iyi birer örnektir. Ayrıca 20. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru ortaya çıkan yapı mühendisliği sanatı kavramının Sinan’ın tasarlama eylemi ve eserlerindeki nitelikleri anlama hususunda günümüz açısından yeni bir perspektif sunduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada Sinan’ın yapı mühendisliği sanatına katkıları incelenmiş, camilerindeki tasarım ilkeleri, taşıyıcı sistem-oran; bir başka deyimle geometri-form-strüktür ilişkisi üzerinden analiz edilmiştir. Onun yapı mühendisliği sanatına katkıları devraldığı miras, modeller ve kendi eserleri üzerinden ele alınmıştır. Kubbeye dayalı özgün bir üslup, yığma bir iskelet ve çokgen çardaklarıyla önceki Osmanlı camilerinden daha geniş, aydınlık ve bütüncül mekânlara erişildiği görülmektedir. Sinan döneminin en büyük camilerinden olan Süleymaniye ve Selimiye; Ayasofya, El Escorial, St. Peter ve St. Paul gibi önemli kâgir kubbeli yapılarla kubbe çapına oranla kullanılan malzeme miktarı, eleman kesitleri ve boyutlar bakımından ayrıca karşılaştırılmıştır. Çizim ve oransal hesaplamalara dayanan analizlerde, Sinan camilerinin kâgir kubbeli yapı sanatı adına dayanım, verimlilik ve zarafet yönleri vurgulanmıştır.
The Efficiency of Melanoidin Based-Waste Degradation with Different Biological Methods
Authors: Zahra Hafizh , Kurniawan Ilham , Hakim Abdurrahman
Published: May 2021

Each processing palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) into Crude Palm Oil (CPO) will produce solid and liquid waste. One of the forms of liquid waste produced is Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). POME waste can cause problems for the environment because it has physical characteristics of dark brown color, high density, rich in organic matter, and bad smell. The POME waste color is thought to come from melanoidin, a biopolymer pigment produced by the Maillard reaction of coconut processing. Apart from melanoidin, phenolic components are detected in POME waste, where this group of compounds is toxic. Several studies have shown that Lactobacillus plantarum can reduce the color of POME by 75%. The decolorization process is thought to involve an enzyme as a waste color-changing agent. However, the efficiency associated with these events has not been further investigated. There are three main methods of melanoidin degradation, such as biological, physicochemical, and enzymatic. This study uses the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes) approach in creating a short, concise, and clear summary through various references.
Antibiotic-Resistant-Bacterial Infection of Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Ulcers: A Narrative Review on a Healing Ointment
Authors: Aryantara Kuntala Jaka , Agustiawan Umar Mutmainnah , Ayni Qurrotu , Andrianto Dimas
Published: May 2021

Gangrene is the main reason why diabetes mellitus patient’s leg amputation should be done. Natural compounds which are contained in coffee grounds extract can actually act as antibacterial substances by inhibiting the growth of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) that resistant to several antibiotics. Coffee grounds become waste caused by people are underusing this material and the high production level of coffee grounds in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to examine the content of antimicrobial compounds from coffee grounds that can heal wounds caused by diabetes mellitus and to create a formulation of coffee ground based ointment for diabetes mellitus wound healing.  Methods used in this research are narrative review from literatures, normality test, and T-test. The conclusion of this narrative review, natural compounds such a trigonelline, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid found in coffee grounds are capable of MRSA growth inhibition at concentration 44%. Coffee grounds based ointment with 1% (w/w) of ointment preparation is expected to reduce coffee grounds waste by developing new product as diabetes mellitus wound healer.
Identifikasi Kesulitan Fungsional Siswa SDN Peresak Bebuak Kecamatan Kopang Kabupaten Lombok Tengah
Authors: Oktaviyanti Itsna , Nasaruddin Nasaruddin , Setiawan Heri , Jiwandono Ilham Syahrul
Published: May 2021

Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat merupakan salah satu provinsi dengan jumlah masyarakat yang mengalami kesulitan fungsional cukup tinggi di Indonesia. Salah satu wilayah yang menjadi sorotan adalah di Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Diperlukan identifikasi serta penanganan yang serius agar angka tersebut turun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ragam jenis kesulitan fungsional yang dialami oleh siswa di Kabupaten Lombok Tengah, khususnya di SDN Peresak Bebuak. Metode penelitian menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif. Lokasi penelitian di SDN Peresak Bebuak, Kecamatan Kopang, Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Waktu pelaksanaan penelitian yaitu semester ganjil tahun pelajaran 2020/2021. Subjek penelitian ini ialah seluruh siswa kelas  IV  SD di  SDN Peresak Bebuak sebanyak 27 siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan 3 bentuk instrumen yaitu; pertama, Profil Belajar Siswa (PBS), kedua, pedoman wawancara dengan guru dan orang tua, ketiga, dokumen pendukung seperti hasil belajar siswa, hasil karya siswa, catatan pribadi siswa, ataupu catatan riwayat kesehatan siswa. Validasi data menggunakan informant review atau umpan balik dari informan. Analisis data menggunakan reduksi data, sajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan atau verivikasi. Hasil penelitian ini. Berdasar hasil observasi, wawancara, dan studi dokumentasi diperoleh data bahwa 8 (4,5%) siswa SDN Peresak Bebuak masuk kategori siswa dengan kesulitan fungsional. 7 diantaranya masuk kategori kesulitan intelektual baik ringan maupun sedang. 1 siswa masuk kategori kesulitan belajar spesifik. Hasil penelitian hanya sebatas pendataan dengan PBS dan hasil wawancara saja, sehingga perlu ditindaklanjuti dengan asesmen lanjutan oleh ahli baik dari dokter, psikolog, maupun guru SLB dan praktisi lain yang berkompeten di bidang siswa berkebutuhan khusus.
Peningkatan Kemampuan Penyusunan Perangkat Pembelajaran pada Mata Kuliah Microteaching Melalui Pembelajaran Berbasis Lesson Study
Authors: Hanik Nur Rokhimah , Harsono Sri
Published: May 2021

Tujuan yang ingin dicapai pada penelitian ini adalah;1. Untuk meningkatkan kemampuan mahasiswa dalam penyusunan perangkat  pembelajaran pada mata kuliah Microteaching melalui pembelajaran yang berbasis lesson study 2.  Untuk meningkatkan kemampuan mahasiswa dalam pelaksanaan proses pembelajaran pada mata kuliah Microteaching melalui pembelajaran yang berbasis lesson study. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Penelitian eksplorasi. Subyek penelitian yang digunakan adalah mahasiswa semester VI regular program studi pendidikan Biologi FKIP Univet Bantara Sukoharjo angkatan 2016/2017 pengambil mata kuliah Microteaching sebanyak 13 orang. Waktu penelitian mulai bulan April sampai Agustus 2019. Data penelitian berupa kemampuan pembuatan perangkat pembelajaran dan kemampuan pelaksanan pembelajaran diperoleh dengan instrumen penilaian yang berupa lembar observasi. Tehnik analisis dana dengan analisa kwalitatif komparasi dengan membandingkan peningkatan kemampuan sebelum pembelajaran dengan lesson study dengan pembelajaran berbasis lesson study. Dari pembelajaran Microteaching berbasis Lesson Study diperoleh hasil terjadi peningkatan nilai rata-rata untuk kemampuan penyusunan Perangkat Pembelajaran dari 77,84 menjadi 89,77 ( 15,69%) dan untuk kemampuan pelaksanaan pembelajaran dari 77,08 menjadi 88,23  (14,23%). Kategori nilai untuk Perangkat Pembelajaran sebelum Lesson Study A=0, B=12 dan C=1. Sedangkan Perangkat Pembelajaran Lesson Study kategori nilai A=11 orang dan B=2 orang, sedang kemampuan pelaksanaan pembelajaran sebelum Lesson Study kategori  nilai A=0, B=11 dan C=2, sedangkan kemampuan pelaksanaan pembelajaran setelah Lesson Study kategori nilai A= 8 orang dan kategori B= 5 orang. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran Microteaching berbasis Lesson Stady dapat meningkatkan kemampuan mahasiswa dalam penyusunan perangkat pembelajaran dan kemampuan pelaksanaan pembelajaran.
KEJANG PADA PASIEN STROKE NON HEMORAGIK
Authors: Jessica Jessica , Christy R Fidelia , Yuliani Desie , Ahmad Harun Nurdiansah , Halim Adrean Hartanto
Published: May 2021

Pendahuluan: Stroke menyumbang 10% penyebab epilepsi dan 55% penyebab kejang yang baru terdiagnosis di antara orang tua. Post Stroke Seizure (PSS) dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi acute symptomatic seizure (ASS) dan unprovoked seizure (US). Ketepatan diagnosis PSS dapat membantu memprediksi risiko kejang berulang sehingga dapat melakukan edukasi dengan tepat terhadap pasien.
Laporan Kasus: Seorang wanita berusia 55 tahun datang dengan keluhan tiba-tiba mengalami lemas pada separuh tubuh kanan sehingga pasien sempat terjatuh serta mengeluh suara pelo dan bibir agak mencong sejak 5 jam sebelum masuk rumah sakit (SMRS). Setengah jam setelah berada dalam IGD pasien mengalami kejang kelojotan di bagian lengan dan tangan kanan selama 1 menit. Pasien langsung diberikan diazepam 5 mg bolus lambat intravena sehingga kejang langsung berhenti. Satu jam setelah diberikan diazepam pasien mengalami kejang kelojotan pada seluruh tubuh selama 1 menit. Terhadap pasien, langsung diberikan diazepam 5 mg bolus lambat intravena kedua, selanjutnya dilakukan loading fenitoin 300 mg intravena. CT Scan kepala non kontras menunjukkan subacute ischemic cerebral infarction di kapsula interna kiri dan chronic ischemic cerebral infarction di basal ganglia kiri serta atrofi otak ringan.
Diskusi: Iskemia otak dapat menyebabkan kerusakan reversibel maupun ireversibel yang akan memicu aktivitas elektrik yang tidak terorganisasi yang selanjutnya menimbulkan manifestasi kejang. Pada pasien kami, jenis kejang yang berelasi dengan stroke-nya dapat tergolong ASS yang disimpulkan dari manifestasi klinis kejadian stroke akut dan manifestasi klinis kejangnya fokal (dengan generalisasi sekunder), maupun epilepsi post stroke (unprovoked seizure) terkait stroke lama pasien yang didapat dari hasil CT Scan kepala non kontras.
Simpulan: Kejang dapat menjadi manifestasi klinis penyerta pasien yang datang dengan stroke. Sangat penting untuk membedakan tipe kejang post stroke berupa acute symptomatic seizure (ASS) atau provoked seizure ketika terjadi manifestasi kejang dalam satu minggu setelah kejadian stroke dan unprovoked seizure (US) ketika terjadi manifestasi kejang setelah lebih dari satu minggu setelah kejadian stroke. Penegakan diagnosis yang tepat membantu untuk memberikan tatalaksana yang tepat untuk mengetahui tingkat rekurensi kejang berulang pada pasien stroke.
Kata Kunci : Kejang Pasca Stroke, Epilepsi Pasca Stroke, Stroke Non Hemoragik