bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can the behaviour of threespine stickleback parasitized with Schistocephalus solidus be replicated by manipulating host physiology?
Authors: Grécias Lucie , Hébert François-Olivier , Berger Chloé Suzanne , Barber Iain , Aubin-Horth Nadia
Published: November 2016

Sticklebacks infected by the parasitic flatworm Schistocephalus solidus show dramatic changes in phenotype, including a loss of species-typical behavioural responses to predators. The timing of host behaviour change coincides with the development of infectivity of the parasite to the final host (a piscivorous bird), making it an ideal model for studying the mechanisms of infection-induced behavioural modification. However, whether the loss of host anti-predator behaviour results from direct manipulation by the parasite, or is a by-product (e.g. host immune response) or side-effect of infection (e.g. energetic loss), remains controversial. To understand the physiological mechanisms that generate these behavioural changes, we quantified the behavioural profiles of experimentally infected fish and attempted to replicate these in non-parasitized fish by exposing them to treatments including immunity activation and fasting, or by pharmacologically inhibiting the stress axis. All fish were screened for the following behaviours: activity, water depth preference, sociability, phototaxis, anti-predator response and latency to feed. We were able to change individual behaviours with certain treatments. Our results suggest that the impact of S. solidus on the stickleback might be of a multifactorial nature. The behaviour changes observed in infected fish may be due to the combined effects of modifying the serotonergic axis, the lack of energy, and the activation of the immune system.
Democratic Regimes and Cabinet Politics: a Global Perspective
Authors: Amorim Neto Octavio , Samuels David
Published: November 2016

Cabinets link the executive and legislative branches, thus linking parties and government, in all democracies. Variation in cabinet appointments can help explain differences in policy-making and interest representation across different democratic regimes. We explore how variation in the separation of executive and legislative powers affects two critical questions for the study of cabinets: (1) to what extent are portfolios given to party members versus independent technocrats or political cronies of the chief executive, and (2) to what extent do executives follow “Gamson’s Law” and distribute portfolios proportionally to parties in the government coalition? We argue that executives face strong incentives to appoint partisan and proportional cabinets only when they depend on legislative confidence. In contrast, under the separation of powers, executives have stronger incentives to appoint non-partisans and to distribute portfolios non-proportionally. Our results confirm that cabinets tend to be less partisan and proportional under pure presidentialism compared to parliamentarism and semi-presidentialism. These findings have substantial implications for understanding how the separation of powers affects governance.
Typification of Bromelia karatas, the type of the genus Bromelia (Bromeliaceae)
Authors: Monteiro Raquel F. , Forzza Rafaela C.
Published: November 2016

The type of the genus Bromelia, B. karatas, occurs in Mexico, the Caribbean, Central and northern South America. Over the last two centuries, the absence of type material has led to uncertainty regarding the identity of this taxon. Here we lectotypify and epitypify B. karatas, the species upon which the type genus of Bromeliaceae is based, and clarify the application of this name.
A revised classification of the Gelidiellaceae (Rhodophyta) with descriptions of three new genera: Huismaniella, Millerella and Perronella
Authors: Boo Ga Hun , Van Nguyen Tu , Kim Jung Yeon , Gall Line Le , Rico Jose Manuel , Bottalico Antonella , Boo Sung Min
Published: November 2016

The agarophyte family Gelidiellaceae currently includes 26 species in two genera, Gelidiella and Parviphycus, but the generic status and species boundaries have not been fully explored. In order to resolve taxonomic issues in the family, we analyzed mitochondria‐encoded cox1 and plastid‐encoded rbcL and psaA genes from types and fresh collections including topotype material. The Gelidiellaceae was resolved with five distinct groups, interpreted here as representing five genera: (1) Gelidiella, including the type, (2) Huismaniella gen. nov., (3) Millerella gen. nov., (4) Parviphycus s.str. including the type, and (5) Perronella gen. nov. Gelidiella was recognized as including a new species, G. flabella, that is described for specimens from Madagascar. A new genus, Huismaniella, is described for the species previously known as Gelidiella ramellosa, characterized by lateral tetrasporangial branchlets inserted at right angles on erect axes and irregularly arranged tetrasporangia. Parviphycus includes P. adnatus which is characterized by simple thalli with tetrasporangial branchlets formed directly on prostate axes and holdfasts forming continuous fringes along the entire length of prostrate axes. The new genus Millerella is described to accommodate five species previously known as Gelidiella or Parviphycus, characterized by tetrasporangial sori formed on erect axes or branches and unicellular rhizoids forming irregular clumps along prostrate axes. Perronella gracilis gen. et sp. nov. is described for plants with terete axes, multifarious branching, and monosporangia formed on erect axes and branches. The implications for nomenclature, taxonomic revisions, and biogeography in the Gelidiellaceae are discussed.
Phylogenetic study of the genus Nectandra (Lauraceae), and reinstatement of Damburneya
Authors: Trofimov Dimitrij , Rudolph Barbara , Rohwer Jens G.
Published: November 2016

Earlier studies indicated that the genus Nectandra, currently the second‐largest genus of the Neotropical Lauraceae, might be diphyletic in its traditional circumscription, but the evidence was not quite conclusive. Our phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (psbA‐trnH) sequences of 45 Nectandra species as well as 42 representatives of 18 genera of the core Lauraceae (Ocotea complex, Laureae, Aiouea, Asian Cinnamomum and Persea groups) confirm the suspicion that Nectandra is diphyletic. The two groups, Nectandra s.str. and the N. coriacea group, are each well supported in the maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses, but they are not sister to each other. Nectandra s.str. is sister to Pleurothyrium, and the clade including Nectandra s.str. and Pleurothyrium is very likely closer to the dioecious taxa of the Ocotea complex. The N. coriacea group, on the other hand, appears to be closer to bisexual taxa known as the Ocotea helicterifolia group. In addition, Nectandra s.str. is characterized by a large deletion in the psbA‐trnH spacer compared to all other core Lauraceae, including its sister group Pleurothyrium. Considering these facts, Nectandra cannot be maintained in the traditional sense. We therefore transfer the species of the N. coriacea group to the oldest generic name applied to this group, Damburneya. On the basis of fossil records from the American subcontinents and in accordance with previous phylogenetic and molecular clock studies we suggest a scenario of a climate‐driven migration from North to South America, with a subsequent rapid radiation of Nectandra s.str. in South America.
Assessing the Impact of Granular Privacy Controls on Content Sharing and Disclosure on Facebook
Authors: Cavusoglu Huseyin , Phan Tuan Q. , Cavusoglu Hasan , Airoldi Edoardo M.
Published: November 2016

We examine the role of granular privacy controls on dynamic content-sharing activities and disclosure patterns of Facebook users based on the exogenous policy change in December 2009. Using a unique panel data set, we first conduct regression discontinuity analyses to verify a discontinuous jump in context generation activities and disclosure patterns around the time of the policy change. We next estimate unobserved effects models to assess the short-run and long-run effects of the change. Results show that Facebook users, on average, increase use of wall posts and decrease use of private messages after the introduction of granular privacy controls. Also, users’ disclosure patterns change to reflect the increased openness in content sharing. These effects are realized immediately and over time. More importantly, we show that user-specific factors play crucial roles in shaping users’ varying reactions to the policy change. While more privacy sensitive users (those who do not reveal their gender and/or those who have exclusive disclosure patterns ex ante) share more content openly and less content secretly than before, less privacy sensitive users (those who reveal their gender and/or those who have inclusive disclosure patterns ex ante) share less content openly and more content secretly after the change. Hence, the policy change effectively diminishes variation among Facebook users in terms of content-generation activities and disclosure patterns. Therefore, characterizing the privacy change as a way to foster openness across all user categories does not reveal the change’s true influence. Although an average Facebook user seems to favor increased openness, the policy change has different impacts on various groups of users based on their sensitivity to privacy, and this impact is not necessarily toward increased openness. To our knowledge, this is the first study that relies on observational data to assess the impact of a major privacy change on dynamic content-sharing activities and the resulting disclosure patterns of Facebook users.
Overcoming Algorithm Aversion: People Will Use Imperfect Algorithms If They Can (Even Slightly) Modify Them
Authors: Dietvorst Berkeley J. , Simmons Joseph P. , Massey Cade
Published: November 2016

Although evidence-based algorithms consistently outperform human forecasters, people often fail to use them after learning that they are imperfect, a phenomenon known as algorithm aversion. In this paper, we present three studies investigating how to reduce algorithm aversion. In incentivized forecasting tasks, participants chose between using their own forecasts or those of an algorithm that was built by experts. Participants were considerably more likely to choose to use an imperfect algorithm when they could modify its forecasts, and they performed better as a result. Notably, the preference for modifiable algorithms held even when participants were severely restricted in the modifications they could make (Studies 1–3). In fact, our results suggest that participants’ preference for modifiable algorithms was indicative of a desire for some control over the forecasting outcome, and not for a desire for greater control over the forecasting outcome, as participants’ preference for modifiable algorithms was relatively insensitive to the magnitude of the modifications they were able to make (Study 2). Additionally, we found that giving participants the freedom to modify an imperfect algorithm made them feel more satisfied with the forecasting process, more likely to believe that the algorithm was superior, and more likely to choose to use an algorithm to make subsequent forecasts (Study 3). This research suggests that one can reduce algorithm aversion by giving people some control—even a slight amount—over an imperfect algorithm’s forecast.

Data, as supplemental material, are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2643 .

This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making.
Best-Response Cycles in Perfect Information Games
Authors: Herings P. Jean-Jacques , Predtetchinski Arkadi
Published: November 2016

We consider n-player perfect information games with payoff functions having a finite image. We do not make any further assumptions, so in particular we refrain from making assumptions on the cardinality or the topology of the set of actions and assumptions like continuity or measurability of payoff functions. We show that there exists a best response cycle of length four, that is, a sequence of four pure strategy profiles where every successive element is a best response to the previous one. This result implies the existence of point-rationalizable strategy profiles. When payoffs are only required to be bounded, we show the existence of an ε-best response cycle of length four for every ε > 0.
Treatment update: pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: McDonough Annette , Matura Lea Ann
Published: November 2016

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a debilitating, progressive disease that causes right-heart failure and eventual death. Although there have been significant advances in understanding the pathophysiology, pathogenesis and epidemiology of PAH, this disorder remains fatal. PAH affects all age groups but affects women more than men, with women accounting for 80% of cases. Early symptoms of PAH include dyspnoea, shortness of breath on exertion, and fatigue. A diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) is confirmed by a mean pulmonary artery pressure of >25 mmHg and a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of <15 mmHg at rest via right-heart catheterisation. PH is an overarching term that includes five groups based on aetiology. In 2016, an updated document focused on the management of PH was published. Treatment of PAH is similar for all types and aimed at reducing mortality and increasing functional outcomes. Diuretics are indicated to manage right-ventricular volume overload. There are five classes of medications available to treat PAH: endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, soluble guanylatecyclase stimulators, prostacyclin analogues, and prostacyclin receptor agonists.
The case for developing an online intervention to support midwives in work-related psychological distress
Authors: Pezaro Sally
Published: November 2016

Background:

Midwives experience episodes of work-related psychological distress owing to the emotionally difficult and traumatic work environments they endure. There is a need to develop interventions to effectively support midwives, as the wellbeing of midwives can be directly correlated with the quality and safety of maternity care.

Aims:

This project aims to make the case for the development of an online support intervention, designed to effectively support midwives in distress.

Methods:

Literature reviews were conducted, and midwives and other subject experts were recruited to participate in a Delphi study via a research blog.

Findings:

Following literature reviews and a structured consultation with 66 participants, it was found that the development of an online intervention designed to support midwives with work-related psychological distress should prioritise confidentiality and anonymity, along with 24-hour mobile access and a range of other components.

Conclusions:

This research makes the case for the development of an online intervention designed to support midwives in work-related psychological distress. The author invites all midwives to support and follow ongoing research in this area via The Academic Midwife page on Facebook.
Management of feline dermatophytosis in the rescue shelter environment
Authors: Morrow Lisa Dawn
Published: November 2016

Ringworm is an important disease in the rescue shelter environment. While dermatophytosis is generally considered to be a mild and self-limiting disease, there is a need to manage it more aggressively in charity-owned cats than when presented in client-owned cats. This article considers the implications of ringworm in rescue shelters, and discusses diagnostic, treatment and homing approaches in this context.
State of the Art: Blood Biomarkers for Risk Stratification in Patients with Stable Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Omland Torbjørn , White Harvey D
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND

Multiple circulating biomarkers have been associated with the incidence of cardiovascular events and proposed as potential tools for risk stratification in stable ischemic heart disease (IHD), yet current guidelines do not make any firm recommendations concerning the use of biomarkers for risk stratification in this setting. This state-of-the-art review provides an overview of biomarkers for risk stratification in stable IHD.

CONTENT

Circulating biomarkers associated with the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with stable IHD reflect different pathophysiological processes, including myocardial injury, myocardial stress and remodeling, metabolic status, vascular inflammation, and oxidative stress. Compared to the primary prevention setting, biomarkers reflecting end-organ damage and future risk of heart failure development and cardiovascular death may play more important roles in the stable IHD setting. Accordingly, biomarkers that reflect chronic, low-grade myocardial injury, and stress, i.e., high-sensitivity cardiac troponins and natriuretic peptides, provide graded and incremental prognostic information to conventional risk markers. In contrast, in stable IHD patients the prognostic value of traditional metabolic biomarkers, including serum lipids, is limited. Among several novel biomarkers, growth-differentiation factor-15 may provide the most robust prognostic information, whereas most inflammatory markers provide limited incremental prognostic information to risk factor models that include conventional risk factors, natriuretic peptides, and high-sensitivity troponins.

Circulating biomarkers hold promise as useful tools for risk stratification in stable IHD, but their future incorporation into clinically useful risk scores will depend on prospective, rigorously performed clinical trials that document enhanced risk prediction.
Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Predicts All-Cause Morbidity and Mortality in Stable Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Hagström Emil , Held Claes , Stewart Ralph A H , Aylward Philip E , Budaj Andrzej , Cannon Christopher P , Koenig Wolfgang , Krug-Gourley Sue , Mohler Emile R , Steg Philippe Gabriel , Tarka Elizabeth , Östlund Ollie , White Harvey D , Siegbahn Agneta , Wallentin Lars
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND

Higher growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) concentrations are associated with cardiovascular (CV) and non-CV morbidity and mortality. However, information on associations between GDF-15 and the risk of specific CV and non-CV events in stable coronary heart disease (CHD) patients is limited.

METHODS

In 14 577 patients with stable CHD participating in the Stabilization of Atherosclerotic Plaque by Initiation of Darapladib Therapy Trial (STABILITY), GDF-15 and other prognostic biomarkers (N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide, high-sensitivity troponin T, cystatin C, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) were measured. In adjusted Cox regression models, the associations between GDF-15 and the composite CV end point [CV death, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke], as well as other CV and non-CV events, were assessed.

RESULTS

The median concentration (interquartile range) of GDF-15 at baseline was 1253 (915–1827) ng/L. The hazard ratio for the composite end point for the highest compared to the lowest quartile of GDF-15 was 1.8 (95% CI, 1.5–2.2); for CV death, 2.63 (1.9–3.6); for sudden death, 3.06 (1.9–4.8); for heart failure (HF) death, 4.3 (1.3–14); for cancer death, 2.5 (1.3–4.7); for hospitalization for HF, 5.8 (3.2–10); for MI 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1–1.9); and for stroke, 1.8 (95% CI, 1.1–2.8). After adjustment for other prognostic biomarkers, GDF-15 remained significantly associated with all outcomes except for MI.

CONCLUSIONS

In stable CHD, GDF-15 was independently associated with CV, non-CV, and cancer mortality, as well as with MI and stroke. When also adjusting for other prognostic biomarkers, the associations to all fatal and nonfatal events were maintained except for MI. Information on GDF-15, therefore, might be helpful when assessing the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with stable CHD. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00799903
Values in times of austerity: A cross-national and cross-generational analysis
Authors: Janmaat Jan Germen
Published: November 2016

It is common knowledge that in times of recession people lose confidence in the government and in other state institutions. Political scientists have pointed out that a loss of faith in a particular government or parliament does not necessarily amount to an erosion of civic culture as the cultural foundation of liberal democracy is broader. However, the recent recession has been unusually severe and long-lasting and some countries have only just started to climb out of it. It is an open question whether civic culture is so resilient that it can even weather exceptionally serious economic crises such as the recent one. As often happens in times of crisis, young people have been most affected by the recent crisis, and one may thus expect this age group to show the steepest drops in civic values. The current article examined the impact of the recession on the civic values of different generations across a selection of European and western states. Analyses of both short and long-term trends based on European Social Survey (ESS) and World Values Survey (WVS) data showed that social trust, tolerance, active civic participation and post-materialism values, as civic culture indicators, are not susceptible to economic downturns, confirming the idea that civic values need to be distinguished from political trust. Correlational analysis provided additional support for this finding as it showed no links between changes in civic culture indicators and changes in economic performance. However, civic dispositions were found to be related to overall levels of economic prosperity and performance, indicating that such dispositions are not wholly immune to material conditions. This led us to surmise that civic culture is more susceptible to enduring processes affecting people’s life chances and well-being than to fleeting phenomena such as economic crises.
Knowledge and opinions of nursing students on palliative care: A university example
Authors: Usta Esra , Aygin Dilek , Sağlam Elvan
Published: November 2016

Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the level of knowledge of nursing students about palliative care.Methods: The descriptive study was conducted with 324 graduate students who received training at a state university. Data were collected by using a questionnaire prepared by the researchers to determine the students' level of knowledge about palliative care and the notion of death. The analysis was performed using parametric and non-parametric tests on computers.Results: The average age of students was 20.56 ± 1.39, 82.7% of them were female, 16.4% graduated from Healthcare Vocational High School, and 40.1% of them were second grade students. The average palliative care knowledge score of students was calculated as 70.54 ± 11.01. The knowledge scores of female students were significantly higher than male students (p = 0.001), and the scores of the third- and fourth-year students were significantly higher than the second-year students (p = 0.001). The palliative care knowledge scores of the respondents who defined the concept of death as “a new beginning for eternal life, rebirth" were significantly lower than those who defined it as "the end of life" (p = 0.02).Conclusions: It was found that the average palliative care score of students is above the intermediate level, and the scores are affected by gender, level of knowledge, age, grade, having received palliative care training, having provided care to patients in the terminal stage and defining ways of death.
Airlines Performance and Eflciency Evaluation
using a MCDA Methodology. The Case for Low Cost
Carriers vs Legacy Carriers
Authors: Miranda Miguel , Baltazar Maria E. , Silva Jorge
Published: November 2016

The air transport has suffered a remarkable
transformation over the past decade. Thewaywe travel today
is quite different from how we did ten years ago. Due
to the rise of low cost carriers, the market of air transportation
has been constantly changing and presently witnessing
the transformation of legacy carriers in order to manage
to continue operating.
The main purpose of thiswork is to show the differences in
efficiency for different performance areas on a case study
comprised of six different airline carriers, legacy and low
cost, using a Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDA) tool -
Measuring Attractiveness by a Category Based Evaluation
Technique (MACBETH).
With the results obtained in this study, it is expected to
show the work that is being carried out to obtain a model
that would measure the efficiency of one or various airline
companies in a defined period of time, using a set of performance
indicators, to which specialists in the area previously
have given weights.
In vitro evidence that KLK14 regulates the components of the HGF/Met axis, pro-HGF and HGF-activator inhibitor 1A and 1B
Authors: Reid Janet C. , Bennett Nigel C. , Stephens Carson R. , Carroll Melanie L. , Magdolen Viktor , Clements Judith A. , Hooper John D.
Published: November 2016

Kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) 14 is a serine protease linked to several pathologies including prostate cancer. We show that KLK14 has biphasic effects in vitro on activating and inhibiting components of the prostate cancer associated hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/Met system. At 5–10 nm, KLK14 converts pro-HGF to the two-chain heterodimer required for Met activation, while higher concentrations degrade the HGF α-chain. HGF activator-inhibitor (HAI)-1A and HAI-1B, which inhibit pro-HGF activators, are degraded by KLK14 when protease:inhibitor stoichiometry is 1:1 or the protease is in excess. When inhibitors are in excess, KLK14 generates HAI-1A and HAI-1B fragments known to inhibit pro-HGF activating serine proteases. These in vitro data suggest that increased KLK14 activity could contribute at multiple levels to HGF/Met-mediated processes in prostate and other cancers.
Therapeutic modulation of tissue kallikrein expression
Authors: Campbell Duncan J.
Published: November 2016

The kallikrein kinin system has cardioprotective actions and mediates in part the cardioprotection produced by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers. Additional approaches to exploit the cardioprotective effects of the kallikrein kinin system include the administration of tissue kallikrein and kinin receptor agonists. The renin inhibitor aliskiren was recently shown to increase cardiac tissue kallikrein expression and bradykinin levels, and to reduce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by bradykinin B2 receptor- and angiotensin AT2 receptor-mediated mechanisms. Thus, aliskiren represents a prototype drug for the modulation of tissue kallikrein expression for therapeutic benefit.
On skew-commuting mappings in semiprime rings
Authors: Fošner Maja , Marcen Benjamin , ur Rehman Nadeem
Published: November 2016

In this paper we prove the following result. Let R be a n!-torsion free semiprime ring and let f :R → R be an additive mapping satisfying the relation f(x)x

n
+ x

n

f(x) = 0 for all x ∈ R. In this case f = 0.
Oscillation of nonlinear fourth order mixed neutral differential equations
Authors: Tripathy A. K. , Panda B.
Published: November 2016

In this paper, sufficient conditions are established for oscillation of a class of nonlinear fourth order mixed neutral differential equations of the form1a(t)((y(t)+p(t)y(t−τ))″)α″=q(t)f(y(t−σ1))+r(t)g(y(t+σ2))$$\left(\frac{1}{a(t)}\bigl((y(t)+p(t)y(t-\tau))''\bigr)^\alpha\right)''=q(t)f(y(t-\sigma_1))+r(t) g(y(t+\sigma_2))$$

under the assumption∫0∞(a(t))1αdt<∞$$\int \limits_{0}^{\infty}(a(t))^{\frac{1}{\alpha}}\,{\rm d} t \lt \infty$$

for various ranges ofp(t), whereαis the ratio of odd positive integers.
A class of fractional impulsive functional differential equations with nonlocal conditions
Authors: Liu Yiliang , Han Jiangfeng
Published: November 2016

In this paper, we deal with the existence of solutions for the fractional impulsive functional differential equations with nonlocal conditions. Then we build a new comparison theorem and obtain the existence of extremal solutions and quasi-solutions by use of the monotone iterative technique and the method of lower and upper solutions.
On the internal approach to differential equations. 1. The involutiveness and standard basis
Authors: Chrastinová Veronika , Tryhuk Václav
Published: November 2016

The article treats the geometrical theory of partial differential equations in the absolute sense, i.e., without any additional structures and especially without any preferred choice of independent and dependent variables. The equations are subject to arbitrary transformations of variables in the widest possible sense. In this preparatory Part 1, the involutivity and the related standard bases are investigated as a technical tool within the framework of commutative algebra. The particular case of ordinary differential equations is briefly mentioned in order to demonstrate the strength of this approach in the study of the structure, symmetries and constrained variational integrals under the simplifying condition of one independent variable. In full generality, these topics will be investigated in subsequent Parts of this article.
Die „Musik des Vergessens“ und das „Ideal eines menschlich-übermenschlichen Wohlseins und Wohlwollens“. Über Nihilismus, Transfiguration und Lebenskunst bei Nietzsche
Authors: Tongeren Paul van
Published: November 2016

Der Beitrag ist der Frage gewidmet, was das Problem des Nihilis­mus nach Nietzsche bedeutet, wie man mit ihm leben und wie die Kunst dabei helfen kann. Die Antwort wird vor allem mit dem fünften Buch der Fröhlichen Wissenschaft gegeben. Zentral ist dabei der Begriff der Transfiguration, der anhand der neuen Vorrede zur Fröhlichen Wissenschaft und der Geburt der Tragödie ausgearbeitet wird. Zunächst wird auf Grund einer Analyse der Struktur des fünften Buchs der Fröhli­chen Wissenschaft gezeigt, dass das Problem des Nihilismus zu einer Sackgasse für den Philosophen wird: Die Abschaffung der nihilistischen „Verehrungen“ (FW 346) wird wie jeder Versuch, den Nihilismus zu überwinden, selbst nihilistisch. Die Frage ist darum nicht, wie wir ihn überwinden, sondern wie wir mit ihm leben können. Nietzsche verweist auf die „Kunst der Transfiguration“ (FW, Vorrede 3) - in der Geburt der Tragödie (GT 4) hat er anhand von Raffaels Trasfigurazione die Kunst als Trans­figuration gedeutet. Während die Malerei eine Zuschauer-Kunst und als solche eine „Kunst vor Zeugen“ (FW 367) ist, wird in der Musik, die in der zweiten Hälfte des fünften Buchs der Fröhlichen Wissenschaft in den Vordergrund tritt, das Leben erlebt, gefühlt als „Musik des Lebens“ (FW 372). In ihr vergisst sich das Subjekt und lässt jeden Idealismus hinter sich.
Sampling and analysis of organophosphorus nerve agents: analytical chemistry in international chemical disarmament
Authors: Fischer Elena , Blum Marc-Michael , Alwan Wesam S. , Forman Jonathan E.
Published: November 2016

Chemistry is a science that contributes to all aspects of our everyday lives and our professions. There are clear examples in law enforcement (forensics) and public health and perhaps less clear (but equally important) uses of chemicals in applications that include automobile manufacturing, electronics, packaging materials, currency printing, and even waste management (recycling and value-added products from garbage). Chemistry can also influence international diplomacy – an area that is likely to be unfamiliar to many chemistry professionals. Take for example the United Nations led investigation into the alleged use of chemical weapons in Syria in August of 2013. Environmental and biomedical samples were collected and analyzed, and they undisputedly confirmed the use of the nerve agent sarin. The results were published in a report by the United Nations Secretary-General and were one of the many influences leading to the accession of The Syrian Arab Republic to the Chemical Weapons Convention (an international treaty prohibiting chemical weapons) and the declaration and dismantlement of a chemical weapons programme. Using this investigation as an example, we highlight some of the chemistry that influenced decision making in a high visibility international event.
Integration of nano-Al with one-step synthesis of MoO3 nanobelts to realize high exothermic nanothermite
Authors: Hu Xiuli , Xiao Leqin , Jian Xiaoxia , Zhou Weiliang
Published: November 2016

MoO3 nanobelts were prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method and then assembled with aluminum nanoparticles using polyvinylpyrrolidone as a binder. The physicochemical properties of the as-prepared samples were carefully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry, and drop weight impact test. The results showed that the T
onset of Mo-Al-0, Mo-Al-1, Mo-Al-2, and Fe-Al-0 are 474.8°C, 484.2°C, 478.5°C, and 514.8°C, respectively, which are 66.0°C, 56.6°C, 62.3°C, and 26.0°C lower than that of pure Al-NPs (540.8°C). The total exothermic heat of self-assembled MoO3/Al during DSC test is about 2626.9 J/g, which is 229.6, 420.8, and 11.1 J/g higher than that of Al/commercial MoO3, Al/hydrothermal MoO3, and Al/referenced Fe2O3. Furthermore, the high exothermic self-assembled MoO3/Al thermite is totally insensitive to impact.
Calculating a Showcase
Authors: Tatarchenko Ksenia
Published: November 2016

This article follows the personal trajectory of Mikhail Lavrentiev from his early integration into the European mathematical community to his role in the construction of the Siberian science-city, Akademgorodok. Using biography as a privileged vantage point, it offers a revision of the conception of Akademgorodok as a remote utopia ultimately corrupted by political interference. It argues that, although built on a site geographically distant from the center, the project reflects Moscow’s aspirations and testifies to a close and evolving relationship between scientists and the party-state. Lavrentiev nurtured a community rooted in his personal networks and supervised the construction of an urban environment emblematic of the Khrushchev era. The success and the future of the new science-city were predicated on its visibility. Akademgorodok was a model and a showcase of post-Stalinist science, of a Soviet way of living and a universal way of knowing. Focusing on the city’s role as a showcase opens possibilities to take the investigation of late socialist science and society in new directions: from the unavoidable conflict between experts and the party state to the analysis of local, national, and transnational interactions shaping socialist knowledge-making. Ultimately, Lavrentiev’s ability to make Akademgorodok into the scene of major international encounters highlights the important role of Soviet science in the Cold War circulation of knowledge.
NBOMe: perfil de apreensões da Polícia Federal no Brasil
Authors: Wayhs Carlos Alberto Yasin , Reis Monique dos , Mariotti Kristiane de Cássia , Romão Wanderson , Vaz Boniek Gontijo , Ortiz Rafael Scorsatto , Limberger Renata Pereira
Published: November 2016

A Polícia Federal (PF) possui informações importantes sobre as apreensões de drogas sintéticas no país que podem ser compiladas e organizadas para descrever o panorama atual das designer drugs no Brasil sob a realidade observada pela PF. Trata-se do Sistema Criminalística, um banco de dados nacional com laudos periciais digitalizados. Neste contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo fazer um levantamento estatístico do perfil de apreensão das drogas sintéticas que contém NBOMe - grupo derivado da feniletilamina com propriedades alucinógenas - seus sais e isômeros, através da análise dos dados contidos nos relatórios periciais emitidos pela Polícia Federal no Brasil nos últimos 5 anos. As seguintes informações foram coletadas: número de laudos, local das apreensões, local de elaboração dos laudos, formas de apresentação, principais drogas apreendidas em conjunto com NBOMe e suas respectivas formas de apresentação, classificação química do NBOMe - de acordo com substituintes - quantidade de unidades apreendidas e principais imagens visualizadas nos materiais apreendidos pelos agentes federais. Foi possível traçar um panorama da situação nacional atual, sob a ótica da PF, sobre drogas sintéticas para o aprofundamento da visão, especialmente em produtos que contenham NBOMe, seus sais e isômeros. Os dados aqui apresentados se destinam a apoiar as políticas de planejamento de ações estratégicas para o controle, supressão e prevenção de uso de drogas e tráfico.
MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Regenerative therapies in autoimmune Addison’s disease
Authors: Gan Earn H , Pearce Simon H
Published: November 2016

The treatment for autoimmune Addison’s disease (AAD) has remained virtually unchanged in the last 60 years. Most patients have symptoms that are relatively well controlled with exogenous steroid replacement, but there may be persistent symptoms, recurrent adrenal crisis and poor quality of life, despite good compliance with optimal current treatments. Treatment with conventional exogenous steroid therapy is also associated with premature mortality, increased cardiovascular risk and complications related to excessive steroid replacement. Hence, novel therapeutic approaches have emerged in the last decade attempting to improve the long-term outcome and quality of life of patients with AAD. This review discusses the recent developments in treatment innovations for AAD, including the novel exogenous steroid formulations with the intention of mimicking the physiological biorhythm of cortisol secretion. Our group has also carried out a few studies attempting to restore endogenous glucocorticoid production via immunomodulatory and regenerative medicine approaches. The recent advances in the understanding of adrenocortical stem cell biology, and adrenal plasticity will also be discussed to help comprehend the science behind the therapeutic approaches adopted.
Transcutaneous Bilirubinometry in Jaundiced Neonates: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: van den Esker-Jonker Bernice , den Boer Lieve , Pepping Rianne M.C. , Bekhof Jolita
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND:

For evaluation of jaundiced neonates, serum bilirubin (SB) or transcutaneous bilirubinometry (TcB) is used. Few data are available on the quantitative reduction of blood sampling by using TcB.

METHODS:

We conducted a randomized controlled trial in hospitalized jaundiced neonates ≥32 weeks’ gestational age. In the intervention group, TcB was used and in the control group the decision to obtain a blood sample for SB was based on visual and clinical assessment. Outcome measure was the number of blood samples before phototherapy. When TcB was <50 µmol/L below the threshold for phototherapy, SB was obtained. The decision to start treatment was always based on an SB value.

RESULTS:

A total of 430 were randomized and included in the intention-to-treat analysis: 213 in the TcB group and 217 in the control group. In the TcB group, 104 (48.4%) had at least 1 blood sample taken for SB, versus 172 (79.3%) in the control group (difference 30.5%, 95% confidence interval 21.5–38.7, P < .001). The number of blood draws was significantly reduced by 38.5% (0.9 ± 1.1 vs 1.3 ± 1.0, difference –0.5, 95% confidence interval –0.7 to –0.3, P < .001). Peak of bilirubin value, indications for phototherapy, or exchange transfusion and hospitalization length were not different between groups.

CONCLUSIONS:

The use of TcB in jaundiced neonates is feasible and safe, resulting in a reduction of more than one-third in blood draws.
Carta editorial
Authors: Ocampo Álvarez Ángel
Published: November 2016

Se presenta el segundo número del sexto volumen de la Revista humanidades. En este se incluyen diez trabajos, los cuales integran dos secciones.
Social Work Practice and Sexuality: Applying a Positive Sexuality Model to Enhance Diversity and Resolve Problems
Authors: Williams DJ , Christensen M. Candace , Capous-Desyllas Moshoula
Published: November 2016

In recent years, there has been considerable attention within the social work profession surrounding diverse personal, family, and community issues pertaining to sexuality, yet social workers typically receive very little training on sexuality. This article discusses several such issues before introducing a recently proposed positive sexuality framework, which was designed to help facilitate sexual diversity and resolve a wide range of sociosexual problems. The positive sexuality framework is comprised of eight interrelated dimensions and, while designed to address sexual issues specifically, overlaps with and complements social work generalist practice. Thus, social workers and helping professionals may find increased success in better understanding and addressing a wide variety of sociosexual problems and issues by utilizing a positive sexuality framework in conjunction with generalist practice.
Surveying Homeless and Unstably Housed Youth: Methodological Considerations When Estimating the Prevalence and Characteristics of the Population (Research Note)
Authors: Anthony Elizabeth R. , Fischer Robert L.
Published: November 2016

The United States Interagency Council on Homelessness has called for ending youth homelessness by 2020, a goal that requires accurate data on the scope and characteristics of youth experiencing homelessness. This research note describes the methodology and results of a collaborative survey conducted by 30 community-based organizations to estimate and describe youth experiencing homeless. Data were collected from 558 youth. Approximately 23% of youth were homeless or unstably housed the night before the count; an additional 15% reported being homeless in the month before the count. Characteristics of youth experiencing homelessness are described, and comparisons are made between homeless and nonhomeless youth. Strengths and limitations of the methodology are discussed in light of their implications for sampling and data collection with vulnerable and difficult-to-access populations.
Probabilistic design of riprap bed sills
Authors: Roca Marta , Escarameia Manuela
Published: November 2016

Flexible bed sills are extensively used in rivers for different purposes, one of them being the protection of buried assets such as pipelines. This paper proposes developments to enable the use of a probabilistic approach in the design of bed sills, covering arguably the most common material: riprap. A probabilistic design of bed sills is expected to lead to safer and more cost-effective designs. A methodology involving a number of stages for estimating the annual probability of bed sill failure is presented along with fragility curves that describe the probability of failure of the structure dependent on the loading or design conditions of the sill. The methodology is applied to a particular example to illustrate the advantages of the approach.
Transmembrane TNF-α Facilitates HIV-1 Infection of Podocytes Cultured from Children with HIV-Associated Nephropathy
Authors: Li Jinliang , Das Jharna R. , Tang Pingtao , Han Zhe , Jaiswal Jyoti K. , Ray Patricio E.
Published: November 2016

Studies have shown that podocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells from patients with HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) express HIV-1 transcripts, suggesting that productive infection of renal epithelial cells precipitates development of HIVAN. However, podocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells do not express CD4 receptors, and it is unclear how these cells become productively infected in vivo. We investigated the mechanisms underlying the infection by HIV-1 of podocytes cultured from the urine of children with HIVAN. We observed low–level productive infection on exposure of these cells to primary cell-free HIV-1 supernatants. However, envelope–defective recombinant HIV-1 did not infect the renal epithelial cell lines. Moreover, treatment of podocytes to inhibit endocytic transport or dynamin activity or remove cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans reduced infection efficiency. Transfection of CD4− 293T cells with a cDNA expression library developed from a podocyte cell line derived from a child with HIVAN led to the identification of TNF-α as a possible mediator of HIV-1 infection. Overexpression of transmembrane TNF-α in cultured CD4− renal tubular epithelial cells, 293T cells, and HeLa cells enabled the infection of these cells; exposure to soluble TNF-α did not. Immunohistochemistry showed TNF-α expression in podocytes of renal sections from children with HIVAN. Furthermore, we found that TNF-α enhanced NF-κB activation and integration of HIV-1 into the podocyte DNA. Finally, inhibition of dynamin activity blocked TNF-α–mediated infection. These data establish a role for transmembrane TNF-α in facilitating the viral entry and integration of HIV-1 into the DNA of renal epithelial cells.
Escravos na povoação de Santa Cruz na segunda metade do século XIX
Authors: Spindler Guilherme Würdig , Radünz Roberto , Vogt Olgário Paulo
Published: November 2016

O presente artigo tem como objetivo evidenciar a presença de escravos na região da Colônia de Santa Cruz (atual município de Santa Cruz do Sul) durante a segunda metade do século XIX. Partimos do processo-crime Nº 4776, de 1876, no qual o pardo Lucas, jornaleiro, escravo de Adão Schirmer, foi acusado como autor do homicídio da preta Maria, escrava de Jacob Graeff. Maria, quitandeira, residia na Vila de Santa Cruz. Também utilizamos como fontes os registros da Paróquia de Santa Cruz referentes aos batismos e óbitos de escravos e libertos entre os anos de 1861 e 1886. Concluímos que, apesar de existirem leis provinciais e imperiais que proibiam aos colonos que possuíssem cativos, não se sustenta a tese de que não haviam escravos na região em estudo. Pela documentação consultada foi possível concluir que circularam escravos pela povoação, pela própria Colônia de Santa Cruz e em suas adjacências. Esses escravos não pertenciam a colonos, mas certamente a escravidão não foi estranha aos imigrantes que se estabeleceram pela região. A presente comunicação faz parte do projeto “Senhores, escravos e colonos: redes, conflitos e negociações no Vale do Rio Pardo”.
DNA extraction from fungal mycelium using Extract-n-Amp v3
Authors: U'Ren Jana
Published: November 2016

This is a modified protocol for extracting DNA from fungal myelium using the Sigma-Aldrich Extract-N-Amp Plant Kit published by J.M. U'Ren et al. (2016) Contributions of North American endophytes to the phylogeny, ecology, and taxonomy of Xylariaceae (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 98: 210-232.
Herborização de Orchidaceae com Pseudobulbos Espessados
Authors: Petini-Benelli Adarilda
Published: November 2016

Grande parte dos gêneros de Orchidaceae apresenta estruturas caulinares engrossadas denominadas pseudobulbos, os quais contêm grande quantidade de carboidratos e água, formando uma mucilagem densa e volumosa. A presente técnica propõe a remoção dessa mucilagem facilitando a herborização e acelerando a secagem da amostra. Como resultado, obtém-se uma exsicata com ótimo aspecto e pouco volume, preservando em alguns casos parte de sua coloração natural.