bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aesthetic Modernism in the Post‐Colony: The Making of a National College of Art in Pakistan (1950–1960s)
Authors: Tarar Nadeem Omar
Published: September 2010

With the formation of Pakistan as a modern Islamic republic in 1947, the institutions of art and design education were transformed under the sway of modernization theories of development. A conceptual and physical infrastructure was put in place to modify existing institutions and to create new ones for encouraging modern art and artists in the country. The 1950s saw major developments taking place in the former Mayo School of Art which was upgraded to the National College of Arts to train designers, artists and architects to meet the requirements of a new nation. The distinction between arts and crafts formed the discourse through which the changes in art education were articulated. The process of change unleashed in art education is emblematic of the changes taking place in the other sectors of economy and culture. The Bauhaus influence which formed the initial impulse to bring artists and craftsmen in the service of national industry gave way to the competing fine art movements in painting resulting in abandoning the synthesis of arts and crafts envisaged in the earlier approaches to art education.
Paint and Pedagogy: Anton Ehrenzweig and the Aesthetics of Art Education
Authors: Williamson Beth
Published: September 2010

Anton Ehrenzweig's work training art teachers at Goldsmiths College in London was groundbreaking in its field. The work of the studio fed back into Ehrenzweig's writings through his reflections on teaching and the work produced in end of year shows. In The Hidden Order of Art (1967), he theorised the creative process in psychoanalytic terms and elsewhere likened the task of the art teacher to that of a psychotherapist. In this article I argue that, by taking psychoanalytic art theory into the teaching studio, Ehrenzweig provided a psychic space within which students were freed from convention and encouraged to pursue their own practice.
Commentary: Morrow B, Futter M, Argent A. (2006). Effect of endotracheal suction on lung dynamics in mechanically‐ventilated paediatric patients
Authors: Copnell Beverley
Published: September 2010

Endotracheal suctioning is performed regularly in ventilated infants and children to remove obstructive secretions. The effect of suctioning on respiratory mechanics is not known. This study aimed to determine the immediate effect of endotracheal suctioning on dynamic lung compliance, tidal volume and airway resistance in mechanically ventilated paediatric patients by means of a prospective observational clinical study. Lung mechanics were recorded for 5 min before and 5 min after a standardized suctioning procedure in 78 patients intubated with endotracheal tubes of ≤4·0 mm internal diameter. Twenty‐four patients with endotracheal tube leaks ≥20% were excluded from analysis. There was a significant overall decrease in dynamic compliance (p < 0·001) and mechanical expired tidal volume (p = 0·03) following suctioning with no change in the percentage of endotracheal tube leak (p = 0·41). The change in dynamic compliance was directly related to both endotracheal tube and catheter sizes. There was no significant change in expiratory or inspiratory airway resistance following suctioning (p > 0·05). Although most of the patients (68·5%) experienced a drop in dynamic compliance following suctioning, dynamic compliance increased in 31·5% of patients after the procedure. This study demonstrates that endotracheal suctioning frequently causes an immediate drop in dynamic compliance and expired tidal volume in ventilated children with variable lung pathology, intubated with small endotracheal tubes, probably indicating loss of lung volume caused by the suctioning procedure. There is no evidence that suctioning reduces airway resistance.

Abstract reprinted from the Australian Journal of Physiotherapy volume 52, Morrow B et al., ‘Effect of endotracheal suction on lung dynamics in mechanically‐ventilated paediatric patients’, pages 121–126. © 2006, reproduced with permission from the Australian Physiotherapy Association.
P–T and structural evolution during exhumation of high‐T, medium‐P basement rocks in the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa
Authors: DZIGGEL A. , KNIPFER S. , KISTERS A.F.M. , MEYER F.M.
Published: September 2010

The P–T evolution of amphibolite facies gneisses and associated supracrustal rocks exposed along the northern margin of the Paleo to MesoArchean Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa, has been reconstructed via detailed structural analysis combined with calculated K(Mn)FMASH pseudosections of aluminous felsic schists. The granitoid‐greenstone contact is characterized by a contact‐parallel high‐strain zone that separates the generally low‐grade, greenschist facies greenstone belt from mid‐crustal basement gneisses. The supracrustal rocks in the hangingwall of this contact are metamorphosed to upper greenschist facies conditions. Supracrustal rocks and granitoid gneisses in the footwall of this contact are metamorphosed to sillimanite grade conditions (600–700 °C and 5 ± 1 kbar), corresponding to elevated geothermal gradients of ∼30–40 °C km−1. The most likely setting for these conditions was a mid‐ or lower crust that was invaded and advectively heated by syntectonic granitoids at c. 3230 Ma. Combined structural and petrological data indicate the burial of the rocks to mid‐crustal levels, followed by crustal exhumation related to the late‐ to post‐collisional extension of the granitoid‐greenstone terrane during one progressive deformation event. Exhumation and decompression commenced under amphibolite facies conditions, as indicated by the synkinematic growth of peak metamorphic minerals during extensional shearing. Derived P–T paths indicate near‐isothermal decompression to conditions of ∼500–650 °C and 1–3 kbar, followed by near‐isobaric cooling to temperatures below ∼500 °C. In metabasic rock types, this retrograde P–T evolution resulted in the formation of coronitic Ep‐Qtz and Act‐Qtz symplectites that are interpreted to have replaced peak metamorphic plagioclase and clinopyroxene. The last stages of exhumation are characterized by solid‐state doming of the footwall gneisses and strain localization in contact‐parallel greenschist‐facies mylonites that overprint the decompressed basement rocks.
Multistage metamorphism of the Huangtuling granulite, Northern Dabie Orogen, eastern China: implications for the tectonometamorphic evolution of subducted lower continental crust
Authors: CHEN Y. , YE K. , LIU J.‐B. , SUN M.
Published: September 2010

Granulites from Huangtuling in the North Dabie metamorphic core complex in eastern China preserve rare mineralogical and mineral chemical evidence for multistage metamorphism related to Palaeoproterozoic metamorphic processes, Triassic continental subduction‐collision and Cretaceous collapse of the Dabie Orogen. Six stages of metamorphism are resolved, based on detailed mineralogical and petrological studies: (I) amphibolite facies (6.3–7.0 kbar, 520–550 °C); (II) high‐pressure/high‐temperature granulite facies (12–15.5 kbar, 920–980 °C); (III) cooling and decompression (4.8–6.0 kbar, 630–700 °C); (IV) medium‐pressure granulite facies (7.7–9.0 kbar, 690–790 °C); (V) low‐pressure/high‐temperature granulite facies (4.0–4.7 kbar, 860–920 °C); (VI) retrograde greenschist facies overprint (1–2 kbar, 340–370 °C). The P–T history derived in this study and existing geochronological data indicate that the Huangtuling granulite records two cycles of orogenic crustal thickening events. The earlier three stages of metamorphism define a clockwise P–T path, implying crustal thickening and thinning events, possibly related to the assembly and breakup of the Columbia Supercontinent at c. 2000 Ma. Stage IV metamorphism indicates another crustal thickening event, which is attributed to Triassic subduction/collision between the Yangtze and Sino‐Korean Cratons. The dry lower crustal granulite persisted metastably during the Triassic subduction/collision because of the lack of hydrous fluid and deformation. Stage V metamorphism records the Cretaceous collapse of the Dabie Orogen, possibly due to asthenosphere upwelling or removal of the lithospheric mantle resulting in heating of the granulite and partial melting of the North Dabie metamorphic core complex. Comparison of the Huangtuling granulite in North Dabie and the high‐pressure–ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks in South Dabie indicates that the subducted upper (South Dabie) and lower (North Dabie) continental crusts underwent contrasting tectonometamorphic evolution during continental subduction‐collision and orogenic collapse.
Asymmetrically zoned reaction rims: assessment of grain boundary diffusivities and growth rates related to natural diffusion‐controlled mineral reactions
Authors: KELLER L. M. , WIRTH R. , RHEDE D. , KUNZE K. , ABART R.
Published: September 2010

This study explores garnet coronas around hedenbergite, which were formed by the reaction plagioclase + hedenbergite→garnet + quartz, to derive information about diffusion paths that allowed for material redistribution during reaction progress. Whereas quartz forms disconnected single grains along the garnet/hedenbergite boundaries, garnet forms ∼20‐μm‐wide continuous polycrystalline rims along former plagioclase/hedenbergite phase boundaries. Individual garnet crystals are separated by low‐angle grain boundaries, which commonly form a direct link between the reaction interfaces of the plagioclase|garnet|hedenbergite succession. Compositional variations in garnet involve: (i) an overall asymmetric compositional zoning in Ca, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Al across the garnet layer; and (ii) micron‐scale compositional variations in the near‐grain boundary regions and along plagioclase/garnet phase boundaries. These compositional variations formed during garnet rim growth. Thereby, transfer of the chemical components occurred by a combination of fast‐path diffusion along grain boundaries within the garnet rim, slow diffusion through the interior of the garnet grains, and by fast diffusion along the garnet/plagioclase and the garnet/hedenbergite phase boundaries. Numerical simulation indicates that diffusion of Ca, Al and Fe2+ occurred about three to four, four and six to seven orders of magnitude faster along the grain boundaries than through the interior of the garnet grains. Fast‐path diffusion along grain boundaries contributed substantially to the bulk material transfer across the growing garnet rim. Despite the contribution of fast‐path diffusion, bulk diffusion through the garnet rim was too slow to allow for chemical equilibration of the phases involved in garnet rim formation even on a micrometre scale. Based on published garnet volume diffusion data the growth interval of a 20‐μm‐wide garnet rim is estimated at ∼103–104 years at the inferred reaction conditions of 760 ± 50 °C at 7.6 kbar. Using the same parameterization of the growth law, 100‐μm‐ and 1‐mm‐thick garnet rims would grow within 105–106 and 106–107 years respectively.
USING SOCIAL GOALS TO EVALUATE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS
Authors: Beierle Thomas C.
Published: September 2010

The need to increase public participation in environmental decision‐making is receiving renewed attention at all levels of government. However, there are few approaches to evaluating these processes that address the question: What are we getting from public participation? This article proposes one way to answer this question using a framework that evaluates the outcomes of participatory processes using a set of “social” goals. These social goals are: 1) educating the public; 2) incorporating public values, assumptions, and preferences into decision making; 3) increasing the substantive quality of decisions; 4) fostering trust in institutions; 5) reducing conflict; and 6) making decisions cost‐effectively. Although these goals apply to public participation writ large, there are a limited number of formalized mechanisms available to public agencies for involving the public. The article matches these six social goals to the participatory mechanisms by which they might be achieved. It concludes with areas for further research suggested by the framework.
AIR TRANSPORTATION POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION AT THE MILLENNIUM
Authors: Johnston Van. R.
Published: September 2010

This article examines air transportation policy and administration at the millennium. It reviews and analyzes major problem areas and focuses on issues that have to be dealt with to streamline the policy and administration in the field as it becomes more integrated in our increasingly intermodal transportation system. The first part of the article sets the stage for the changes experienced after deregulation: It utilizes an analytical model to examine: airports; airline industry management; terrorism and security; and safety, equipment and human resources. The second part of the article focuses more specifically on a policy and administration analysis itself. It demonstrates how we have evolved into a customer model more aligned with the market place, efficiency, and risk taking; while moving away from a safer and less entrepreneurial period identified as the citizen model period. With the canage of models, we find trust diminished. Passengers, customers and citizens, become more disenchanted and cynical, to the point of organizing through elected officials to promote an airline passenger bill of rights and reform the system.
UV‐induced immune suppression and sunscreen
Authors: Gil E. M. , Kim T. H.
Published: September 2010

Sun protection factor (SPF) that measures sunscreen protection against erythema and edema may not be enough to measure a sunscreen's activity against many other biologic reactions induced by ultraviolet radiation (UV). It may be better to evaluate sunscreen efficacy using various tools including immune protection factor (IPF), mutation protection factor (MPF) and protection against photocarcinogenesis. In terms of immune protection, sunscreens protected against UV‐induced immune suppression significantly. But protection in some cases was partial and often the IPF of sunscreens were less than the SPF. IPF may differ with various immunological endpoints, and it may be better to use a couple of different assays to measure sunscreen protection more objectively. Sunscreen use protects against most UV‐induced non‐melanoma skin cancers and actinic keratoses but its activity against melanoma is not clear. More studies with broad‐spectrum stable sunscreens and better models for the investigation of malignant melanoma are required.
Can sunlight replace phototherapy units in the treatment of neonatal jaundice? An in vitro study
Authors: Salih Fadhil M.
Published: September 2010

Background/Aim: Light can be efficiently used for the treatment of neonatal jaundice. Sunlight, which covers a large portion of the light spectrum including the bilirubin‐absorbing range, is abundant in the Middle East. Such advantages prompted the present study to investigate the efficiency of sunlight in isomerizing bilirubin. This may introduce a practical source of light for the treatment of hyperbilirubinic infants in areas where phototherapy units are not available.

Methods: The efficiency of sunlight was quantified by a comparison with a phototherapy unit. Aqueous bilirubin solutions were exposed to periodic sunlight over the entire year and the reduction of bilirubin concentration was monitored spectrophotometrically. Bilirubin solutions were also exposed to a phototherapy unit intensity comparable to that of sunlight (17 cm away from the source).

Results: The data indicated that at this comparable light intensity, the phototherapy unit was as effective as sunlight. However, for the treatment of neonatal jaundice, phototherapy units are usually operated at a distance of 50 cm (where the light intensity is six times less than that of sunlight). When this distance was tested, only 16% of bilirubin was isomerized in the first 5 min of exposure. In contrast, about 65% of bilirubin was isomerized when the phototherapy unit was placed at a distance of 17 cm and when the bilirubin solutions were exposed to sunlight for the same time period. The hourly and seasonal changes in sunlight intensity affected the reduction in bilirubin concentration significantly.

Conclusion: Data revealed that sunlight is almost 6.5 times more effective than a phototherapy unit when operating at the ward geometry after taking isomerization efficiency and area of exposure into consideration. Moreover, sunlight is still more effective during the winter season, when its intensity is lower. Thus, sunlight may be considered an alternative phototherapy source for the treatment of neonatal jaundice, particularly in areas where conventional phototherapy units are unavailable.
Age and gender effects on contact sensitization and photoimmune suppression in young and middle‐aged adults
Authors: Morrissey Kelly , Xue Wei , Cooper Kevin , Baron Elma
Published: September 2010

Background/purpose: The contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response has been used to assess ultraviolet radiation (UVR)‐induced immunosuppression and to evaluate the photoimmune protection of different sunscreen preparations in vivo. Earlier reports of the effect of age and gender on CHS response have led to variations in inclusion criteria for participants in regards to age and gender in the study of sunscreen immune protection factor (IPF).

Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of data from 73 volunteers from prior CHS studies with the goal of determining the effect of age and gender in young and middle‐aged adults on CHS response to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in unirradiated and UV‐irradiated skin.

Results: In patients aged 18–63 years, the effect of age on CHS response as well as on UV suppression of CHS response was not statistically significant. In the unirradiated (n=45) and UV‐irradiated (n=28) groups, the CHS response between men and women was similar when the timing of DNCB application avoided the period within 5 days before or after the first day of the menstrual cycle.

Conclusion: Within a certain range, 18–63 years, age does not significantly affect the normal CHS response and the suppression of CHS response by UV. This study also demonstrated that as long as certain days of the menstrual cycle are avoided when sensitizing women of reproductive age, gender does not significantly affect CHS response. Thus, within these parameters, CHS can be appropriately evaluated in healthy individuals without much concern regarding independent effects of age and gender.
Is the food frequency questionnaire suitable to assess micronutrient intake adequacy for infants, children and adolescents?
Authors: Roman‐Viñas Blanca , Ortiz‐Andrellucchi Adriana , Mendez Michelle , Sánchez‐Villegas Almudena , Quintana Luis Peña , Aznar Luis A. Moreno , Hermoso Maria , Serra‐Majem Lluís
Published: September 2010

The objective of this study was to review how accurately micronutrient intakes in infants, children, and adolescents were assessed with validated food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) to which study quality criteria had been applied. The methodology and the analysis presented were based on several research activities carried out within the European Micronutrient Recommendation Aligned Network of Excellence. The analysis was limited to vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin B12, folate, selenium, iron, zinc, iodine, calcium, and copper. A search strategy was defined in MEDLINE and EMBASE literature for studies validating FFQs that estimated intakes of micronutrients being evaluated. Identification of at least three validation studies per micronutrient was required to be included in the analysis. A total score for each nutrient was calculated from the mean of the correlation coefficients weighted by the quality of the study, which included a quality score that was based on sample size, statistics used, data collection procedure, consideration of seasonality and supplement use, an adjustment/weighting of the correlation coefficient according to the quality score, and a rating of the adjusted/weighted correlation. When the mean weighted correlation coefficient was equal to or higher than 0.5, micronutrient intake was considered as adequately estimated. Sufficient validation studies were identified for vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B12, iron, zinc, and calcium for infants and pre‐school children, and vitamin C, calcium, and iron for older children and adolescents. Results showed that the FFQ was a good instrument for estimating intake of vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, zinc and iron in infants and pre‐school children, and for estimating calcium and vitamin C in children and adolescents.
Physiological and public health basis for assessing micronutrient requirements in children and adolescents. The EURRECA network
Authors: Iglesia Iris , Doets Esmée L. , Bel‐Serrat Silvia , Román Blanca , Hermoso Maria , Peña Quintana Luis , García‐Luzardo María del Rosario , Santana‐Salguero Beatriz , García‐Santos Yurena , Vucic Vesna , Frost Andersen Lene , Pérez‐Rodrigo Carmen , Aranceta Javier , Cavelaars Adrienne , Decsi Tamas , Serra‐Majem Lluis , Gurinovic Mirjana , Cetin Irene , Koletzko Berthold , Moreno Luis Alberto
Published: September 2010

This paper provides an overview of the current knowledge relating to the nutritional requirements and corresponding recommended nutrient intake values of children and adolescents for micronutrients and specificities related to these requirements in the course of childhood and adolescence in Europe. Aspects that can influence micronutrient requirements, such as physiological requirements and bioavailability of the nutrients in the organism, are discussed. The methodology used to obtain the data and also the main knowledge gaps regarding these concepts are emphasized. Methodological critical points in achieving the data and physiological aspects of children and adolescents are important in order to standardize the reference values for micronutrients among Europe for these stages of life.
Nutritional requirements during lactation. Towards European alignment of reference values: the EURRECA network
Authors: Hall Moran Victoria , Lowe Nicola , Crossland Nicola , Berti Cristiana , Cetin Irene , Hermoso Maria , Koletzko Berthold , Dykes Fiona
Published: September 2010

There is considerable variation in reference values for micronutrient intake during lactation across Europe. The European Micronutrients Recommendations Aligned project aims to harmonize dietary recommendations throughout Europe. Recommended nutrient intakes during lactation are based on limited data and are often extrapolated from known secretion of the nutrient in milk with adjustments for bioavailability, so that differences between values can be partly ascribed to differences in methodological approaches and how these approaches were applied. Few studies have considered the impact of lactation on the mother's nutritional status. Rather, focus has been placed on the influence of maternal nutritional status on the composition of her breast milk. Most common nutritional deficits in breast milk are the result of maternal deficiencies of the water‐soluble vitamins, thiamine, riboflavin and vitamins B6 and B12. Other than maternal vitamin A status, which to some extent is reflected in breast milk, concentrations of fat‐soluble vitamins and most minerals in breast milk are less affected by maternal status. Factors relating to suboptimal maternal nutritional status during lactation include maternal age, diet and lifestyle factors and spacing of consecutive births. Recent research is providing new knowledge on the micronutrient requirements of lactating women. Identifying needs for research and improving understanding of the differences in values that have been derived by various committees and groups across Europe will enhance transparency and facilitate the application of dietary recommendations in policy‐making decision and their translation into recommendations for lactating women. Given the wide variation in breastfeeding practices across Europe, making nutritional recommendations for lactating women is complex and challenging. Thus, it is crucial to first examine the cultural practices within and across European populations and to assess its relevance before making recommendations.
Obedience
Authors: McCabe Herbert
Published: September 2010

A talk given to the Dominican Sisters at Rosary Priory, Bushey, England, on 12 March 1983.

Let’s begin with the case against obedience, I mean the case against obedience in general. There is a very widely held view that obedience is a necessary evil. I think more of the sisters and brethren subscribe to this view than would admit to it, even to themselves. The view is not confined to people at the receiving end, those who have to do the obeying; it is shared by quite a lot of people who do the commanding. I don’t want to make this a matter of obedience’. To put someone under obedience is thought of as a sort of last resort. We ought to be able to get along without obedience but, the world being what it is, and interests conflicting as they do, we just have to use it from time to time, like war or surgical operations.

The root of this opinion is a certain view of what it is to be a human being. The view that we are each unique individual subjects with our own personalities and desires and talents and that the good life consists in each one of us developing her/his individual personality as far as possible. As far as possible; because the full and complete development of the personality of Sister Ermyntrude may turn out to be incompatible with the full and complete development of the personality of Sister Gladiola: they therefore have to find some kind of compromise, a little give and take on each side.
Holding On To the Hand of God: Edward Schillebeeckx on the Mystery of Suffering
Authors: Ryan Robin
Published: September 2010

The experience of human suffering presents an ongoing challenge to believers who seek to sustain their relationship with God in the face of the tragedies of human history. Edward Schillebeeckx, O.P. is a seminal Christian thinker who has made a conscious attempt to take into account the harsh reality of suffering in his systematic theology. Rejecting theoretical attempts to reconcile belief in a good, all‐powerful God with the reality of evil and suffering, Schillebeeckx employs the categories of narrative and memory in his articulation of a Christian response to evil and suffering. He tells the story of Jesus as the story of God. The God who is disclosed in the ministry, death and resurrection of Jesus is the God who is “pure positivity”– the source of life and the opponent of evil and suffering. God's action in and through Jesus provides clues to the way in which God is present and active in the lives of suffering human beings. This revelation summons Christians to become people of memory and of praxis.
Control of Negative Gravitropism and Tension Wood Formation by Gibberellic Acid and Indole Acetic Acid in Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim Seedlings
Authors: Jiang Sha , Li Yi‐Fan , Chen Xu‐Hui , Xu Ke
Published: September 2010

In the present study, we investigated the role of gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole acetic acid (IAA) in the gravity response of stems and tension wood formation using two‐year‐old stems of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim seedlings. Forty‐five seedlings were used and divided into nine groups that included five seedlings in each group. Seedlings were treated with applications of GA3 alone at concentrations of 2.89 × 10−8and 2.89 × 10−7μmol/L, IAA alone at concentrations of 5.71×10−8 and 5.71×10−7μmol/L, or their combination to the apical bud of the stem using a micropipette. Seedlings were positioned horizontally after the first treatment. The same treatments were repeated six times per week. At the end of the experiment, all seedlings were harvested. Then, stem segments were cut under a light microscope. Application of exogenous GA3 at the higher concentration stimulated the upward bending of stems, whereas exogenous IAA had no effect. A synergistic effect of GA3 and IAA on upward stem bending was observed following application of the two combinations of GA3 and IAA. Moreover, application of exogenous GA3 at the higher dose stimulated wood formation on both the upper and lower sides of the stems, whereas the mixture of GA3 and IAA had a synergistic effect on wood formation in horizontal stems. Application of exogenous IAA alone at the lower concentration (5.71×10−8μmol/L) or application of a mixture of the higher concentrations of GA3 (2.89×10−7μmol/L) and IAA (5.71×10−7μmol/L) inhibited the development of gelatinous fibers (the G‐layer) of tension wood on the upper side of the horizontal stems. The differentiation of gelatinous fibers of tension wood was not inhibited by GA3 when it was applied alone, whereas the development of the gelatinous fibers of tension wood was strongly affected by the application of IAA. The findings of the present study suggest that the development of the G‐layer is not related to the dose of GA3, but needs a relatively lower concentration of IAA.

(Managing editor: Ya‐Qin Han)
Capacity of Old Trees to Respond to Environmental Change
Authors: Phillips Nathan G. , Buckley Thomas N. , Tissue David T.
Published: September 2010

Atmospheric carbon dioxide [CO2] has increased dramatically within the current life spans of long‐lived trees and old forests. Consider that a 500‐year‐old tree in the early twenty‐first century has spent 70% of its life growing under pre‐industrial levels of [CO2], which were 30% lower than current levels. Here we address the question of whether old trees have already responded to the rapid rise in [CO2] occurring over the past 150 years. In spite of limited data, aging trees have been shown to possess a substantial capacity for increased net growth after a period of post‐maturity growth decline. Observations of renewed growth and physiological function in old trees have, in some instances, coincided with Industrial Age increases in key environmental resources, including [CO2], suggesting the potential for continued growth in old trees as a function of continued global climate change.
Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores
Authors: Bidart‐Bouzat M. Gabriela , Imeh‐Nathaniel Adebobola
Published: September 2010

This review focuses on individual effects of major global change factors, such as elevated CO2, O3, UV light and temperature, on plant secondary chemistry. These secondary metabolites are well‐known for their role in plant defense against insect herbivory. Global change effects on secondary chemicals appear to be plant species‐specific and dependent on the chemical type. Even though plant chemical responses induced by these factors are highly variable, there seems to be some specificity in the response to different environmental stressors. For example, even though the production of phenolic compounds is enhanced by both elevated CO2 and UV light levels, the latter appears to primarily increase the concentrations of flavonoids. Likewise, specific phenolic metabolites seem to be induced by O3 but not by other factors, and an increase in volatile organic compounds has been particularly detected under elevated temperature. More information is needed regarding how global change factors influence inducibility of plant chemical defenses as well as how their indirect and direct effects impact insect performance and behavior, herbivory rates and pathogen attack. This knowledge is crucial to better understand how plants and their associated natural enemies will be affected in future changing environments.
Effect of Elevated CO2 and Drought on Soil Microbial Communities Associated with Andropogon gerardii
Authors: Kassem Issmat I. , Joshi Puneet , Sigler Von , Heckathorn Scott , Wang Qi
Published: September 2010

Our understanding of the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2, singly and in combination with other environmental changes, on plant‐soil interactions is incomplete. Elevated CO2 effects on C4 plants, though smaller than on C3 species, are mediated mostly via decreased stomatal conductance and thus water loss. Therefore, we characterized the interactive effect of elevated CO2 and drought on soil microbial communities associated with a dominant C4 prairie grass, Andropogon gerardii Vitman. Elevated CO2 and drought both affected resources available to the soil microbial community. For example, elevated CO2 increased the soil C:N ratio and water content during drought, whereas drought alone decreased both. Drought significantly decreased soil microbial biomass. In contrast, elevated CO2 increased biomass while ameliorating biomass decreases that were induced under drought. Total and active direct bacterial counts and carbon substrate use (overall use and number of used sources) increased significantly under elevated CO2. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that drought and elevated CO2, singly and combined, did not affect the soil bacteria community structure. We conclude that elevated CO2 alone increased bacterial abundance and microbial activity and carbon use, probably in response to increased root exudation. Elevated CO2 also limited drought‐related impacts on microbial activity and biomass, which likely resulted from decreased plant water use under elevated CO2. These are among the first results showing that elevated CO2 and drought work in opposition to modulate plant‐associated soil‐bacteria responses, which should then influence soil resources and plant and ecosystem function.
Temperature Responses to Infrared‐Loading and Water Table Manipulations in Peatland Mesocosms
Authors: Chen Jiquan , Bridgham Scott , Keller Jason , Pastor John , Noormets Asko , Weltzin Jake F.
Published: September 2010

We initiated a multi‐factor global change experiment to explore the effects of infrared heat loading (HT) and water table level (WL) treatment on soil temperature (T) in bog and fen peatland mesocosms. We found that the temperature varied highly by year, month, peatland type, soil depth, HT and WL manipulations. The highest effect of HT on the temperature at 25 cm depth was found in June for the bog mesocosms (3.34–4.27 °C) but in May for the fen mesocosms (2.32–4.33 °C) over the 2‐year study period. The effects of WL in the bog mesocosms were only found between August and January, with the wet mesocosms warmer than the dry mesocosms by 0.48–2.03 °C over the 2‐year study period. In contrast, wetter fen mesocosms were generally cooler by 0.16–3.87 °C. Seasonal changes of temperatures elevated by the HT also varied by depth and ecosystem type, with temperature differences at 5 cm and 10 cm depth showing smaller seasonal fluctuations than those at 25 cm and 40 cm in the bog mesocosms. However, increased HT did not always lead to warmer soil, especially in the fen mesocosms. Both HT and WL manipulations have also changed the length of the non‐frozen season.
Effect of growing media and their constituents on fungus gnat, Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila (Lintner) adults
Authors: CLOYD RAYMOND A. , DICKINSON AMY , LARSON RICHARD A. , MARLEY KAREN A.
Published: September 2010

This study was conducted to determine the attractiveness of two growing media, commonly utilized in greenhouses, to fungus gnat, Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila adults. The constituents of the most attractive growing medium tested were determined by gas chromatography analysis using a steam‐distillation procedure. We found that fungus gnat adults were more attracted to the growing medium, SB300 Universal Professional Growing Mix, which contains composted bark, than to another growing medium (Sunshine LC1 Mix) and their components when tested in a series of laboratory experiments using multiple‐choice experimental arenas. A higher percentage of fungus gnat adults were attracted to moist SB300 (92%) than SB300 growing medium that had been oven dried (8%). In addition, fungus gnat adults preferred SB300 although they had been reared on Sunshine LC1 Mix. When comparing the SB300 fresh from the bag to growing medium that had been pasteurized and moistened with water, gas chromatographic‐mass spectroscopic data showed there were declines in several terpenoid constituents as well as an increase in fatty acids and cyclosulfur. The results of this study indicate that B. sp. nr. coprophila adults prefer certain growing media, which may assist greenhouse producers in managing fungus gnats in crop production systems.
Optogenetic monitoring of membrane potentials
Authors: Mutoh Hiroki , Perron Amélie , Akemann Walther , Iwamoto Yuka , Knöpfel Thomas
Published: September 2010

Over the last decade, researchers in our laboratory have engineered and developed several series of genetically encoded voltage‐sensitive fluorescent proteins (VSFPs) by molecular fusion of a voltage‐sensing domain operand with different fluorescent reporter proteins. These genetically encoded VSFPs have been shown to provide a reliable optical report of membrane potential from targeted neurons and muscle cells in culture or in living animals. However, these various reporters also exhibit discrepancies in both their voltage‐sensing and targeting properties that are essentially related to the intrinsic characteristics of the fluorescent reporter proteins. It is therefore important carefully to select the sensor that is most appropriate for the particular question being investigated experimentally. Here we examine the current state of this subfield of optogenetics, address current limitations and challenges, and discuss what is likely to be feasible in the near future.
Differential responses to sympathetic stimulation in the cerebral and brachial circulations during rhythmic handgrip exercise in humans
Authors: Hartwich Doreen , Fowler Katherine L. , Wynn Laura J. , Fisher James P.
Published: September 2010

The sympathetic neural regulation of the cerebral circulation remains controversial. The purpose of the present study was to determine how exercise modulates the simultaneous responsiveness of the cerebral and brachial circulations to ‘endogenous’ sympathetic activation (cold pressor test). In nine healthy subjects, heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were continuously measured during cold pressor tests (4°C water) conducted at rest and during randomized bouts of rhythmic handgrip of 10, 25 and 40% of maximal voluntary contraction. Doppler ultrasound was used to examine brachial artery blood flow (FBF) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) mean blood velocity (Vmean), and indices of vascular conductance were calculated for the brachial artery (forearm vascular conductance, FVC) and MCA (cerebral vascular conductance index, CVCi). End‐tidal was evaluated on a breath‐by‐breath basis. Handgrip evoked increases in HR, FBF, FVC and MCAVmean(P< 0.05versusrest), while MAP and CVCi were unchanged andfell slightly (P< 0.05versusrest). Increases in MAP and HR during the cold pressor test were similar at rest and during all handgrip trials. Forearm vascular conductance was markedly reduced with the cold pressor test at rest (−45 ± 8%), but this vasoconstrictor effect was progressively attenuated with increasing exercise intensity (FVC −17 ± 3% during exercise at 40% of maximal voluntary contraction;P< 0.05). In contrast, the small reduction in CVCi with cold pressor test was similar at rest and during handgrip (approximately −5%). Our data indicate that while the marked vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic activation in the skeletal muscle vasculature are blunted by handgrip exercise, the modest cerebrovascular responses to a cold pressor test remain unchanged.
Early response of heat shock proteins to functional overload of the soleus and plantaris in rats and mice
Authors: Huey Kimberly A. , Burdette Scott , Zhong Hui , Roy Roland R.
Published: September 2010

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are important factors in the response of skeletal muscles to chronic increases or decreases in activation and loading. The purpose of this study was to compare species‐, time‐ and muscle‐dependent changes in protein expression of Hsp20, Hsp25, αB‐crystallin, Hsp72 and Hsp90 in response to functional overload (FO) in rats and mice. We compared protein levels of Hsp20, Hsp25, αB‐crystallin, Hsp72 and Hsp90 in soleus and plantaris in baseline conditions and following 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 7 days (rats) or 3 and 7 days (mice) of FO. Baseline levels of all HSPs were higher in rat soleus than plantaris, whereas only baseline expression of Hsp20 was higher in mouse soleus than plantaris. Levels of Hsp72 and Hsp90 were higher in plantaris and soleus of FO than control mice and rats after 3 and 7 days of FO. Protein levels and phosphorylation of Hsp25 in mouse plantaris and soleus were higher than control levels after 3 and 7 days of FO, except for soleus at 3 days. αB‐crystallin levels were higher in plantaris of FO than control mice after 3 and 7 days of FO and in FO than control rats after 7 days of FO. Heat shock protein 20 was the least responsive, increasing only in 7 day FO rat plantaris compared with control rats. Overall, the results demonstrate that levels of both large and small HSPs increase with FO, suggesting a contributory role during the compensatory hypertrophy response.
Sharpey‐Schafer Lecture: Gas channels
Authors: Boron Walter F.
Published: September 2010

The traditional dogma has been that all gases diffuse through all membranes simply by dissolving in the lipid phase of the membrane. Although this mechanism may explain how most gases move through most membranes, it is now clear that some membranes have no demonstrable gas permeability, and that at least two families of membrane proteins, the aquaporins (AQPs) and the Rhesus (Rh) proteins, can each serve as pathways for the diffusion of both CO2 and NH3. The knockout of RhCG in the renal collecting duct leads to the predicted consequences in acid–base physiology, providing a clear‐cut role for at least one gas channel in the normal physiology of mammals. In our laboratory, we have found that surface‐pH (pHS) transients provide a sensitive approach for detecting CO2 and NH3 movement across the cell membranes of Xenopus oocytes. Using this approach, we have found that each tested AQP and Rh protein has its own characteristic CO2/NH3 permeability ratio, which provides the first demonstration of gas selectivity by a channel. Our preliminary AQP1 data suggest that all the NH3 and less than half of the CO2 move along with H2O through the four monomeric aquapores. The majority of CO2 takes an alternative route through AQP1, possibly the central pore at the four‐fold axis of symmetry. Preliminary data with two Rh proteins, bacterial AmtB and human erythroid RhAG, suggest a similar story, with all the NH3 moving through the three monomeric NH3 pores and the CO2 taking a separate route, perhaps the central pore at the three‐fold axis of symmetry. The movement of different gases via different pathways is likely to underlie the gas selectivity that these channels exhibit.
Maturation of synaptic partners: functional phenotype and synaptic organization tuned in synchrony
Authors: Hoffpauir Brian K. , Kolson Douglas R. , Mathers Peter H. , Spirou George A.
Published: September 2010

Maturation of principal neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) was assessed in the context of the developmental organization and activity of their presynaptic afferents, which grow rapidly to form calyces of Held and to establish mono‐innervation between postnatal days (P)2 and 4. MNTB neurons and their inputs were studied from embryonic day (E)17, when the nucleus was first discernable, until P14 after the onset of hearing. Using a novel slice preparation containing portions of the cochlea, cochlear nucleus and MNTB, we determined that synaptic inputs form onto MNTB neurons at E17 and stimulation of the cochlear nucleus can evoke action potentials (APs) and Ca2+ signals. We analysed converging inputs onto individual MNTB neurons and found that competition among inputs was resolved quickly, as a single large input, typically larger than 4 nA, emerged from P3–P4. During calyx growth but before hearing onset, MNTB cells acquired their mature, phasic firing property and quantitative real‐time PCR confirmed a coincident increase in low threshold K+ channel mRNA. These events occurred in concert with an increase in somatic surface area and a 7‐fold increase in the current threshold (30 to >200 pA) required to evoke action potentials, as input resistance (Rin) settled from embryonic values greater than 1 GΩ to approximately 200 MΩ. We postulate that the postsynaptic transition from hyperexcitability to decreased excitability during calyx growth could provide a mechanism to establish the mature 1:1 innervation by selecting the winning calyceal input based on synaptic strength. By comparing biophysical maturation of the postsynaptic cell to alterations in presynaptic organization, we propose that maturation of synaptic partners is coordinated by synaptic activity in a process that is likely to generalize to other neural systems.
Going Outside When It’s Warm
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2010

Changes in membrane thickness enable the bacterial histidine kinase DesK to act as a temperature sensor.
MicroRNA-16 and Depression
Authors: Hines Pamela J.
Published: September 2010

The uptake transporter for a key neurotransmitter is regulated by a microRNA, yielding new insight into how Prozac functions.
Microbiologic and Clinical Implications of Bacteremia Due to Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing
Klebsiella pneumoniae
with or without Plasmid-Mediated AmpC β-Lactamase DHA-1
Authors: Lee Chen-Hsiang , Su Lin-Hui , Li Chia-Chin , Chien Chun-Chih , Tang Ya-Fen , Liu Jien-Wei
Published: September 2010

Bacteremias caused by
Klebsiella pneumoniae
producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL-KP;
n
= 52) and producing both ESBL and AmpC-type DHA-1 beta-lactamase (ESBL-PMABL-KP;
n
= 20) were analyzed. Higher MIC
50
s and MIC
90
s for carbapenems, ciprofloxacin, and piperacillin-tazobactam were observed with ESBL-PMABL-KP than with ESBL-KP. Patients with oxyimino-β-lactam exposure and high modified Pitt bacteremia scores (HMPBSs) were at higher risk, while those with piperacillin-tazobactam and aminoglycoside exposure were at lower risk for ESBL-KP bacteremia. Patients with fluoroquinolone exposure, diabetes mellitus, and HMPBS were at higher risk, while those with aminoglycoside exposure were at lower risk, for ESBL-PMABL-KP bacteremia.