bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of different dietary levels of low-glucosinolate rapeseed (canola) meal and non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes on growth performance and gut physiology of growing turkeys
Authors: Zduńczyk Zenon , Jankowski Jan , Juśkiewicz Jerzy , Mikulski Dariusz , Slominski Bogdan A.
Published: July 2013

Zduńczyk, Z., Jankowski, J., Juśkiewicz, J., Mikulski, D. and Slominski, B. A. 2013. Effect of different dietary levels of low-glucosinolate rapeseed (canola) meal and non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes on growth performance and gut physiology of growing turkeys. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 353–362. One-day-old male turkey poults were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments and were fed diets containing 0, 60, 120, or 180 g kg−1of low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal (RSM) from 1 to 56 d of age without or with a commercial non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzyme product containing pectinase, cellulase, xylanase, glucanase, mannanase and galactanase activities. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in body weight and feed conversion ratio between the Control soybean meal-based diet and the diets containing RSM. Overall, the inclusion of up to 180 g kg−1of RSM did not affect the growth performance of turkeys. When compared with the Control treatment, the diet with the lowest RSM content increased the pH of the small intestinal contents and the amounts of cecal digesta. The moderate level of RSM also increased the pH of the small intestinal contents although no increase in the cecal digesta contents was noted. In comparison with other treatments, the highest RSM content increased the content of the small intestinal digesta considerably and decreased the pH of the small intestinal contents to that of the Control treatment. All three dietary levels of RSM significantly reduced the activity of bacterial β-glucuronidase in the ceca. Enzyme supplementation tended to reduce ileal viscosity (P=0.079), decreased ammonia concentration, increased the glycolytic activities of the intestinal microflora enzymes α-glucosidase, α-galactosidase, and β-galactosidase, decreased the activity of β-glucuronidase and increased the growth rate of turkeys.
A Stabilized Finite Element Method for Modified Poisson-Nernst-Planck Equations to Determine Ion Flow Through a Nanopore
Authors: Chaudhry Jehanzeb Hameed , Comer Jeffrey , Aksimentiev Aleksei , Olson Luke N.
Published: July 2013

The conventional Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations do not account for the finite size of ions explicitly. This leads to solutions featuring unrealistically high ionic concentrations in the regions subject to external potentials, in particular, near highly charged surfaces. A modified form of the Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations accounts for steric effects and results in solutions with finite ion concentrations. Here, we evaluate numerical methods for solving the modified Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations by modeling electric field-driven transport of ions through a nanopore. We describe a novel, robust finite element solver that combines the applications of the Newton’s method to the nonlinear Galerkin form of the equations, augmented with stabilization terms to appropriately handle the drift-diffusion processes.

To make direct comparison with particle-based simulations possible, our method is specifically designed to produce solutions under periodic boundary conditions and to conserve the number of ions in the solution domain. We test our finite element solver on a set of challenging numerical experiments that include calculations of the ion distribution in a volume confined between two charged plates, calculations of the ionic current though a nanopore subject to an external electric field, and modeling the effect of a DNA molecule on the ion concentration and nanopore current.
A Positivity-Preserving Scheme for the Simulation of Streamer Discharges in Non-Attaching and Attaching Gases
Authors: Zhuang Chijie , Zeng Rong
Published: July 2013

Assumed having axial symmetry, the streamer discharge is often described by a fluid model in cylindrical coordinate system, which consists of convection dominated (diffusion) equations with source terms, coupled with a Poisson’s equation. Without additional care for a stricter CFL condition or special treatment to the negative source term, popular methods used in streamer discharge simulations, e.g., FEM-FCT, FVM, cannot ensure the positivity of the particle densities for the cases in attaching gases. By introducing the positivity-preserving limiter proposed by Zhang and Shu [15] and Strang operator splitting, this paper proposes a finite difference scheme with a provable positivity-preserving property in cylindrical coordinate system, for the numerical simulation of streamer discharges in non-attaching and attaching gases. Numerical examples in non-attaching gas (N2) and attaching gas (SF6) are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the scheme.
Being Well, Being Musical: Music Composition as a Resource and Occupation for Older People
Authors: Habron John , Butterly Felicity , Gordon Imogen , Roebuck Annette
Published: July 2013

Introduction:

Participatory music making for older people has tended to focus on singing and performance. In a community music project undertaken by Manchester Camerata (a chamber orchestra), Blacon Community Trust and a small group of older adults, participants were given the opportunity to compose individual pieces of music interactively with professional musicians. This paper reports the findings of the research project.

Method:

An arts-based research method was adopted and incorporated action research and interpretive interactionism to articulate the experiences and perceptions of participants. Participants and Manchester Camerata musicians also worked together to represent the thematic findings of the research in a group composition.

Findings:

The findings demonstrate that individual and group music composition contributed to a sense of wellbeing through control over musical materials, opportunities for creativity and identity making, validation of life experience and social engagement with other participants and professional musicians.

Conclusion:

The results emphasised occupation as essential to health and wellbeing in the later stages of life. The findings also highlight the particularly innovative aspects of this research: (i) the use of music composition as a viable arts-in-health occupation for older people and (ii) the arts-based research method of group composition.
Forced Intercourse, Mental Health, and Human Capital
Authors: Rees Daniel I. , Sabia Joseph J.
Published: July 2013

Previous studies have found evidence that experiencing a traumatic event during childhood or adolescence can interfere with the acquisition of human capital. Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we estimate the effects of being the victim of forced intercourse on the mental health, academic performance, and educational attainment of young women paying careful attention to the role of unobservables at the individual, family, and community levels. Our results suggest that forced intercourse is strongly related to depression. Moreover, there is evidence that the psychological damage caused by forced intercourse leads to reduced academic performance and educational attainment.
Forum: The American Economic Problem
Authors: Galbraith James K.
Published: July 2013

First paragraph

At present writing in early 2004, nearly nine million Americans remain unemployed. Millions more are underemployed, and most of all, underpaid. Forty-four million lack health insurance. Our schools, colleges, universities, roads, water systems, power lines are in decay – and the funds required to repair and expand them are being cut. Not least, we are in a war with no end in sight. That is our economic problem.
Forum: Vom Growth-cum-Debt zum »Wachstum durch Entschuldung«
Authors: Fritz Barbara
Published: July 2013

First paragraph

Der »Bericht zu Handel und Entwicklung« der UNCTAD (»Konferenz der Vereinten Nationen zu Handel und Entwicklung«) steht zu Recht im Ruf, eine fundierte alternative Sichtweise auf internationale wirtschaftliche Zusammenhänge und Entwicklungsfragen zu vermitteln. Der jährlich erscheinende Bericht ist die zentrale UNO-Publikation zu internationalen Wirtschaftsfragen und ihren Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklungsländer. Er widmet sich jedes Jahr zum einen der Analyse globaler Trends und der Entwicklung der internationaler Handels- und Finanzströme, und zum anderen einem spezifischen Thema. Im Jahr 2001 standen Fragen der internationalen Finanzarchitektur im Mittel-punkt; im letztjährigen Bericht wurde die Stellung der Entwicklungsländer im Welthan-del thematisiert, in diesem Jahr stand der Vergleich zwischen Asien und Lateinamerika auf der Tagesordnung.
Forum: Einkommens- und Vermögensentwicklung in Deutschland
Authors: Eißel Dieter
Published: July 2013

First paragraph

Insgesamt können nicht nur bei der Einkommens-, sondern noch mehr bei der Vermö-gensverteilung nur Annäherungswerte an die tatsächliche Verteilung gefunden werden, denn »das Bild über die Verteilung und ihre Entwicklung in Deutschland (ist) so diffus wie die vorhandenen Datenquellen lückenhaft und die methodischen Ansätze vielfältig sind« (Becker 2001: 19). Dies gilt insbesondere für die Datenlage bei hohen Einkommen und bei den Vermögen. Wichtige Datenquellen für das Geldvermögen und die Vermö-genseinkommen der privaten Haushalte stellen in erster Linie die volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung des Statistischen Bundesamtes und die gesamtwirtschaftliche Finanzie-rungsrechnung sowie laufende Kreditstatistiken der Deutschen Bundesbank dar. Auch Ergebnisse der Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe (EVS), des Sozio-Ökonomischen Panels (SOEP) und der Steuerstatistik können verwendet werden. Bei den EVS-Daten ist jedoch zu beachten, dass Haushalte mit mehr als DM 35.000 Monatseinkommen nicht befragt werden und daher Daten über die sehr reichen Haushalte nicht vorliegen. Im Prinzip könnte dieser Engpass durch die Steuerstatistiken behoben werden. Diese liegen aber in der Regel noch viel länger zurück. Wegen der Aussetzung der Vermögensteuer werden z. B. seit 1996 auch keine entsprechenden Daten mehr erhoben.
Die NAIRU – eine post-keynesianische Interpretation
Authors: Hein Eckhard
Published: July 2013

In this paper the New Keynesian long run equilibrium view of a non-accelerating-inflation-rate-of-unemployment (NAIRU) determined by structural characteristics of the labour market, wage bargaining institutions and social benefit systems is challenged by a Post-Keynesian view. In a Post-Keynesian model the NAIRU can only be interpreted as a short run barrier to employment arising from inflation fuelled by distribution conflict, which is enforced by monetary policies. In the long run, the development of the NAIRU follows actual unemployment and hence effective demand. Different adjustment channels are identified. It is also shown that effective coordination of wage bargaining is a better means to stabilise inflation rates and employment than monetary policies.
On Fiscal Policy and Budget Deficits
Authors: Arestis Philip , Sawyer Malcolm
Published: July 2013

A major argument used against the use of fiscal policy comes from the view that there are automatic forces within an economic system to ensure high levels of demand. This paper argues that the case for fiscal policy in general rests on the proposition that there are no such market forces that ensure high levels of demand. There is, thus, a need for macroeconomic policy to perform this task. The argument against fiscal policy to the effect that it does not raise the level of economic activity, does not apply when this view of fiscal policy is adopted.
Haushaltskonsolidierungsstrategien im Vergleich. Warum die deutsch-europäische Fiskalpolitik versagt
Authors: Bibow Jörg
Published: July 2013

This paper analyses the issues of public finance sustainability and suitability of strategies aimed at fiscal consolidation, contrasting growth-based versus thrift-based strategies. Empirically, this study investigates the experiences with consolidation over the 1990s in the U. S., Japan, and the eurozone while scrutinizing disparities within Europe. It is argued that neither Germany's virtuous stability-oriented past, which in many ways provided the blueprint for the Maastricht regime's design, nor any other small economy's peculiar record with consolidation offers any guidance to the EMU today. For that purpose only the case of the US case may be relevant, featuring cooperative macroeconomic policies geared at steering domestic demand growth, with sustainable public finances as a consequence of their success. Reforms should thus focus on securing cooperation and proper growth orientation in macroeconomic policymaking, which may be achieved through committing fiscal and monetary policies to common goals and a nominal GDP targeting strategy.
Institutional Capital and Labour Devaluation: The Non-Recognition of Foreign Credentials in Germany
Authors: Bauder Harald
Published: July 2013

The non-recognition of foreign credentials channels many international migrants into occupations below their skill levels. I examine processes of credential devaluation among so-called Spätaussiedler who migrated from Eastern Europe to Germany. An empirical study, involving an interview survey of NGO administrators, government bureaucrats, and employers in Berlin, suggests that institutional processes of credential recognition are intertwined with cultural processes of distinction. The study illustrates how institutional labour market regulation links with forces of social reproduction and the cultural exclusion of migrants.
Aerosol impacts on California winter clouds and precipitation during CalWater 2011: local pollution vs. long-range transported dust
Authors: Fan J. , Leung L. R. , DeMott P. J. , Comstock J. M. , Singh B. , Rosenfeld D. , Tomlinson J. M. , White A. , Prather K. A. , Minnis P. , Ayers J. K. , Min Q.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Mineral dust aerosols often observed over California in winter/spring, associated with long-range transport from Asia and Sahara, have been linked to enhanced precipitation based on observations. Local anthropogenic pollution, on the other hand, was shown in previous observational and modeling studies to reduce precipitation. Here we incorporate recent developments in ice nucleation parameterizations to link aerosols with ice crystal formation in a spectral-bin cloud microphysical model coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, to examine the relative and combined impacts of dust and local pollution particles on cloud properties and precipitation type and intensity. Simulations are carried out for two cloud cases with contrasting meteorology and cloud dynamics that occurred on 16 February (FEB16) and 2 March (MAR02) from the CalWater 2011 field campaign. In both cases, observations show the presence of dust or dust/biological particles in a relative pristine environment. The simulated cloud microphysical properties and precipitation show reasonable agreement with aircraft and surface measurements. Model sensitivity experiments indicate that in the pristine environment, the dust/biological aerosol layers increase the accumulated precipitation by 10–20% from the Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada Mountains for both FEB16 and MAR02 due to a 40% increase in snow formation, validating the observational hypothesis. Model results show that local pollution increases precipitation over the windward slope of the mountains by few percent due to increased snow formation when dust is present but reduces precipitation by 5–8% if dust is removed on FEB16. The effects of local pollution on cloud microphysics and precipitation strongly depend on meteorology including the strength of the Sierra Barrier Jet, and cloud dynamics. This study further underscores the importance of the interactions between local pollution, dust, and environmental conditions for assessing aerosol effects on cold season precipitation in California.
Diapycnal oxygen supply to the tropical North Atlantic oxygen minimum zone
Authors: Fischer T. , Banyte D. , Brandt P. , Dengler M. , Krahmann G. , Tanhua T. , Visbeck M.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The replenishment of consumed oxygen in the open ocean oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) off northwest Africa is accomplished by oxygen transport across and along density surfaces, i.e. diapycnal and isopycnal oxygen supply. Here the diapycnal oxygen supply is investigated using a large observational set of oxygen profiles and diapycnal mixing data from years 2008 to 2010. Diapycnal mixing is inferred from different sources: (i) a large-scale tracer release experiment, (ii) microstructure profiles, and (iii) shipboard acoustic current measurements plus density profiles. From these measurements, the average diapycnal diffusivity in the studied depth interval from 150 to 500 m is estimated to be 1 × 10−5 m2 s−1, with lower and upper 95% confidence limits of 0.8 × 10−5 m2 s−1 and 1.4 × 10−5 m2 s−1. Diapycnal diffusivity in this depth range is predominantly caused by turbulence, and shows no significant vertical gradient. Diapycnal mixing is found to contribute substantially to the oxygen supply of the OMZ. Within the OMZ core, 1.5 μmol kg−1 yr−1 of oxygen is supplied via diapycnal mixing, contributing about one-third of the total demand. This oxygen which is supplied via diapycnal mixing originates from oxygen that has been laterally supplied within the upper Central Water layer above the OMZ, and within the Antarctic Intermediate Water layer below the OMZ. Due to the existence of a separate shallow oxygen minimum at about 100 m depth throughout most of the study area, there is no net vertical oxygen flux from the surface layer into the Central Water layer. Thus all oxygen supply of the OMZ is associated with remote pathways.
Simulation of the microwave emission of multi-layered snowpacks using the Dense Media Radiative transfer theory: the DMRT-ML model
Authors: Picard G. , Brucker L. , Roy A. , Dupont F. , Fily M. , Royer A. , Harlow C.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. DMRT-ML is a physically based numerical model designed to compute the thermal microwave emission of a given snowpack. Its main application is the simulation of brightness temperatures at frequencies in the range 1–200 GHz similar to those acquired routinely by space-based microwave radiometers. The model is based on the Dense Media Radiative Transfer (DMRT) theory for the computation of the snow scattering and extinction coefficients and on the Discrete Ordinate Method (DISORT) to numerically solve the radiative transfer equation. The snowpack is modeled as a stack of multiple horizontal snow layers and an optional underlying interface representing the soil or the bottom ice. The model handles both dry and wet snow conditions. Such a general design allows the model to account for a wide range of snow conditions. Hitherto, the model has been used to simulate the thermal emission of the deep firn on ice sheets, shallow snowpacks overlying soil in Arctic and Alpine regions, and overlying ice on the large ice-sheet margins and glaciers. DMRT-ML has thus been validated in three very different conditions: Antarctica, Barnes Ice Cap (Canada) and Canadian tundra. It has been recently used in conjunction with inverse methods to retrieve snow grain size from remote sensing data. The model is written in Fortran90 and available to the snow remote sensing community as an open-source software. A convenient user interface is provided in Python.
Hortonian runoff closure relations for geomorphologic response units: evaluation against field data
Authors: Vannametee E. , Karssenberg D. , Hendriks M. R. , Bierkens M. F. P.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. This paper presents an evaluation of the closure relation for Hortonian runoff, proposed in Vannametee et al. (2012), that incorporates a scaling component to explicitly account for the process heterogeneity and scale effects in runoff generation for the real-world case studies. We applied the closure relation, which was embedded in an event-based lumped rainfall–runoff model, to a 15 km2 catchment in the French Alps. The catchment was disaggregated into a number of landform units, referred to as Geomorphologic Response Units (GRUs), to each of which the closure relation was applied. The scaling component in the closure relation was identified using the empirical relations between rainstorm characteristics, geometry, and local-scale measurable properties of the GRUs. Evaluation of the closure relation performance against the observed discharge shows that the hydrograph and discharge volume were quite satisfactorily simulated even without calibration. Performance of the closure relation can be mainly attributed to the use of scaling component, as it is shown that our closure relation outperforms a benchmark closure relation that lacks this scaling component. The discharge prediction is significantly improved when the closure relation is calibrated against the observed discharge, resulting in local-scale GRU-properties optimal for the predictions. Calibration was done by changing one local-scale observable, i.e. hydraulic conductivity (Ks), using a single pre-factor for the entire catchment. It is shown that the calibrated Ks values are somewhat comparable to the observed Ks values at a local scale in the study catchment. These results suggest that, in the absence of discharge observations, reasonable estimates of catchment-scale runoff responses can possibly be achieved with the observations at the sub-GRU (i.e. plot) scale. Our study provides a platform for the future development of low-dimensional, semi-distributed, physically based discharge models in ungauged catchments.
Trends and variability in extreme precipitation indices over Maghreb countries
Authors: Tramblay Y. , El Adlouni S. , Servat E.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Maghreb countries located in North Africa are highly vulnerable to extreme hydrological events, such as floods and droughts, driven by the strong variability of precipitation. While several studies have analyzed the presence of trends in precipitation records for the Euro-Mediterranean Basin, this study provides the first regional assessment of trends on its southernmost shores. A database of 22 stations located in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia with between 33 and 59 yr of daily precipitation records is considered. The change points and trends are analyzed for eleven climate indices describing several features of the precipitation regime. The issue of conducting multiple hypothesis tests is addressed through the implementation of a false discovery rate procedure. The spatial and inter-annual variability of the precipitation indices at the different stations are analyzed and compared with large scale atmospheric circulation patterns, including the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WEMO), Mediterranean Oscillation (MO) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Results show a strong tendency towards a decrease of precipitation totals and wet days together with an increase in the duration of dry periods, mainly for Morocco and western Algeria. On the opposite, only a few significant trends are detected for heavy precipitation indices. The NAO and MO patterns are well correlated with precipitation indices describing precipitation amounts, the number of dry days and the length of wet and dry periods, whereas heavy precipitation indices exhibit a strong spatial variability and are only moderately correlated with large scale atmospheric circulation patterns.
The Sound of an Upside-Down World: Jerry Goldsmith’s Landmark Score for Planet of the Apes (1968)
Authors: Fitzgerald Jon , Hayward Philip
Published: July 2013

Planet of the Apes (1968) portrays an "upside-down" world populated by dominant apes and inferior, primitive humans. This article examines ways in which screen composer Jerry Goldsmith draws on a range of twentieth-century classical music techniques to create a landmark orchestral film score that enhances the impact of the strange and confronting narrative.
RRT*-SMART: A Rapid Convergence Implementation of RRT*
Authors: Nasir Jauwairia , Islam Fahad , Malik Usman , Ayaz Yasar , Hasan Osman , Khan Mushtaq , Muhammad Mannan Saeed
Published: July 2013

Many sampling based algorithms have been introduced recently. Among them Rapidly Exploring Random Tree (RRT) is one of the quickest and the most efficient obstacle free path finding algorithm. Although it ensures probabilistic completeness, it cannot guarantee finding the most optimal path. Rapidly Exploring Random Tree Star (RRT*), a recently proposed extension of RRT, claims to achieve convergence towards the optimal solution thus ensuring asymptotic optimality along with probabilistic completeness. However, it has been proven to take an infinite time to do so and with a slow convergence rate. In this paper an extension of RRT*, called as RRT*-Smart, has been prposed to overcome the limitaions of RRT*. The goal of the proposecd method is to accelerate the rate of convergence, in order to reach an optimum or near optimum solution at a much faster rate, thus reducing the execution time. The novel approach of the proposed algorithm makes use of two new techniques in RRT*–Path Optimization and Intelligent Sampling. Simulation results presented in various obstacle cluttered environments along with statistical and mathematical analysis confirm the efficiency of the proposed RRT*-Smart algorithm.
A Facile Synthesis of Pt Nanoflowers Composed of an Ordered Array of Nanoparticles
Authors: Dandapat Anirban , Mitra Anuradha , Gautam Prateek K. , De Goutam
Published: July 2013

Platinum nanoflowers (Pt NFs) composed of an ordered assembly of nanoparticles were synthesized by an ethanol reduction of [PtCl6]2- under a reflux condition (85 °C) at pH 2.5 in the presence of PVP (molecular weight 10,000) as a structure-directing agent. Optical and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies confirmed the reduction of [PtCl6]2- into Pt0 followed by its growth to form Pt NPs of a size of ∼4 nm, which were then assembled into ordered NFs through epitaxial growth along the (111) plane. The mechanism of the Pt NFs' formation with respect to the use of PVP of different molecular weights and the pH of the reaction is discussed in detail.
Therapy dogs’ salivary cortisol levels vary during animal-assisted interventions
Authors: Glenk LM , Kothgassner OD , Stetina BU , Palme R , Kepplinger B , Baran H
Published: July 2013

Beneficial effects of human-animal contact on human health have contributed to the wide distribution of animal-assisted interventions (AAIs). While considerable effort has been devoted to the study of human welfare during AAIs, potential effects on therapy animals have been addressed less frequently. The aim of this study was to determine baseline and work-related levels of cortisol, a glucocor-ticoid hormone that mediates physiological responses to arousal, in certified therapy dogs and therapy dogs in training. All dogs (n = 21) participated in weekly group-AAIs in adult mental healthcare. Saliva samples were collected over the course of AAIs and on non-working days and analysed with a cortisol enzyme immunoassay. Analysis of the results revealed that according to their cortisol responses, both therapy dogs and therapy dogs in training were not stressed by AAIs. However, cortisol levels during work in certified therapy dogs performing AAIs on- and off-lead varied significantly, suggesting that further investigation into the use of a lead or other methods of giving therapy dogs opportunities to approach or avoid human contact is needed.
Empirical Research on Accounting Conservatism and Business Financing
Authors: Suo Lingling , Yang Kezhi , Ji Hao
Published: July 2013

In this paper, using sample data of Chinese A-share listed companies between 2007 and 2011, we measure accounting conservatism by adopting the index C_SCORE of Khan and Watts (2007) and current accruals (CACC) of Givoly and Hayn (2000) while conducting correlation analyses, paired tests, and multiple regression analyses. The results show that (1) accounting conservatism exists in equity financing oriented listed companies, bank loan oriented listed companies, and public bond oriented listed companies; and (2) there is a significant difference in accounting conservatism between the different groups of companies. The bank loan oriented group shows the highest level of accounting conservatism, followed by the equity financing oriented group and then the public bond oriented group.
A superlinear speedup region for matrix multiplication
Authors: Gusev Marjan , Ristov Sasko
Published: July 2013

The realization of modern processors is based on a multicore architecture with increasing number of cores per processor. Multicore processors are often designed such that some level of the cache hierarchy is shared among cores. Usually, last level cache is shared among several or all cores (e.g., L3 cache) and each core possesses private low level caches (e.g., L1 and L2 caches). Superlinear speedup is possible for matrix multiplication algorithm executed in a shared memory multiprocessor due to the existence of a superlinear region. It is a region where cache requirements for matrix storage of the sequential execution incur more cache misses than in parallel execution. This paper shows theoretically and experimentally that there is a region, where the superlinear speedup can be achieved. We provide a theoretical proof of existence of a superlinear speedup and determine boundaries of the region where it can be achieved. The experiments confirm our theoretical results. Therefore, these results will have impact on future software development and exploitation of parallel hardware on the basis of a shared memory multiprocessor architecture. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling denial‐of‐service against pending interest table in named data networking
Authors: Wang Kai , Chen Jia , Zhou Huachun , Qin Yajuan , Zhang Hongke
Published: July 2013

Named data networking (NDN) has attracted much attention on the design for next generation Internet architecture. Although it embeds some security primitives in its original architecture, it may suffer from denial‐of‐service (DoS) attacks. In this paper, we model one representative type of NDN‐specific DoS attacks named DoS against pending interest table (PIT), or DoS‐PIT, which floods malicious Interests that request nonexistent content to bypass cached content at routers and to exhaust the memory resource for PIT, bringing in severe service degradation. In our proposed analytical model, the closed‐form expressions for the DoS probability for users suffering DoS‐PIT are derived, while considering several important factors of NDN networks such as PIT size, time‐to‐live of each PIT entry, popularity of content, and cache size. Moreover, extensive simulation experiments demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed model on evaluating the damage effect of DoS‐PIT. In addition, the proposed model can be chosen to guide designing effective countermeasures for DoS‐PIT (or attacks with similar way to harm NDN) by properly setting the values of some parameters (e.g., cache size) of each NDN router. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation of palonosetron stereoisomers by electrokinetic chromatography using sodium cholate as chiral selector: Comparison of separation modes and elucidation of migration orders
Authors: Hu Shao‐Qiang , Yang Hong‐Bing , Shi Hai‐Jun , Zhang Yong‐Hua , Yang Zhuo
Published: July 2013

Based on sodium cholate as chiral selector, four stereoisomers of palonosetron hydrochloride, i.e. PALO (3aS, 2S), PALO (3aR, 2R), PALO (3aS, 2R), and PALO (3aR, 2S), have been separated by five EKC modes, i.e. MEKC, solvent‐modified MEKC, cosurfactant‐modified MEKC, MEEKC, and MEEKC without cosurfactant. The performances of different modes were compared. The migration order and its change with experimental conditions were elucidated. In every mode studied, the migration orders in each enantiomeric pair were (3aS, 2S), (3aR, 2R) and (3aS, 2R), (3aR, 2S), respectively, determined by the selectivity of chiral selector (chromatographic mechanism). Enantiomeric pair (3aS, 2S), (3aR, 2R) was eluted before enantiomeric pair (3aS, 2R), (3aR, 2S) due to mobility difference (electrophoretic mechanism). For the separation between (3aR, 2R) and (3aS, 2R), the second enantiomer of the first pair and the first enantiomer of the second pair, two mechanisms gave opposite migration orders according to the measured selectivity and mobility data. Therefore, three different migration orders were observed at different conditions, depending on the relative strength of two effects.
Separation behavior of short single‐ and double‐stranded DNA in 1 micron and 100 nm glass channels
Authors: Russell Alexander J. , Del Bonis‐O'Donnell Jackson T. , Wynne Thomas M. , Napoli Maria T. , Pennathur Sumita
Published: July 2013

Micro‐ and nanofluidic lab‐on‐chip technology offers the unique capability of high‐resolution separation, identification, and manipulation of biomolecules with broad applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine. In this work, we probe the effects of ionic strength on separation of ss‐ and dsDNA within 1 micron and 100 nm‐deep glass channels. Separation behavior of DNA is influenced by a number of parameters, including ionic strength, melting temperature, strand length, strand conformation, and channel size. Specifically, we find a shift in the observed mobility of 10‐bp (base pair) dsDNA for different ionic strengths due to changes in kinetic parameters, underlying the importance of these considerations when working with short DNA. For 50‐base DNA, the electrophoretic mobility difference between ss‐ and dsDNA increases as the ionic strength increases due to changes in conformation of the ssDNA. Finally, we find that decreasing channel size decreases the absolute electrophoretic mobility of 10‐ and 20‐bp ss‐ and dsDNA, due to both hydrodyamic confinement and electric double layer (EDL) interactions. We hypothesize that about 4% mobility reduction is due to hydrodynamic confinement, which is observed at all ionic strengths, and further reduction is due to EDL interactions between the DNA and the channel walls, only observed at low ionic strengths.
Scattering detection using a photonic‐microfluidic integrated device with on‐chip collection capabilities
Authors: Watts Benjamin R. , Zhang Zhiyi , Xu Chang Qing , Cao Xudong , Lin Min
Published: July 2013

SU‐8‐based photonic‐microfluidic integrated devices with on‐chip beam shaping and collection capabilities were demonstrated in a scattering detection and counting application. Through the proper deployment of the tailored beam geometries via the on‐chip excitation optics, excellent CV values were measured for 1, 2, and 5 μm blank beads, 16.4, 11.0, and 12.5%, respectively, coupled with a simple free‐space optical detection scheme. The performance of these devices was found dependent on the combination of on‐chip, lens‐shaped beam geometry and bead size. While very low CVs were obtained when the combination was ideal, a nonideal combination could still result in acceptable CVs for flow cytometry; the reliability was confirmed via devices being able to resolve separate populations of 2.0 and 5.0 μm beads from their mixture with low CV values of 15.9 and 18.5%, respectively. On‐chip collection using integrated on‐chip optical waveguides was shown to be very reliable in comparison with a free‐space collection scheme, yielding a coincident rate of 94.2%. A CV as low as 19.2% was obtained from the on‐chip excitation and collection of 5 μm beads when the on‐chip lens‐shaped beam had a 6.0‐μm beam waist.
Calorespirometry as a tool for studying temperature response in carrot (Daucus carota L.)
Authors: Nogales Amaia , Muñoz‐Sanhueza Luz , Hansen Lee D. , Arnholdt‐Schmitt Birgit
Published: July 2013

Calorespirometric measurements of metabolic heat rates and CO2 emission rates of respiring tissues as functions of temperature enable rapid determination of the temperatures that plants are adapted to without growing them in different environmental temperatures. However, the correct choice of target material for measurements that enable prediction of growth temperature responses is crucial, and needs to be identified in a species‐ and trait‐specific manner. In this study, different carrot materials were tested: a primary culture system proposed as an in vitro test system for carrot yield potential, taproots of young plants, and the root meristem of actively growing plants during secondary root growth. The central root meristem is the most suitable for studying temperature response by calorespirometry for genotype comparison. Calorespirometric methods for predicting genotype‐specific temperature responses of crop plant cultivars can be used to predict productivity in environments with differing temperature conditions.
Rumination and Modes of Processing around Meal Times in Women with Anorexia Nervosa: Qualitative and Quantitative Results from a Pilot Study
Authors: Cowdrey Felicity A. , Stewart Anne , Roberts Jill , Park Rebecca J.
Published: July 2013

Objective

The primary aim of this exploratory study was to examine qualitatively and quantitatively the effects of rumination, mindful breathing, and distraction on processing styles and the meal time experience in women with a history of anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method

A quasi‐experimental within‐participant design was employed. Thirty‐seven women with history of AN and all experiencing current eating disorder psychopathology listened to a single rumination, mindful breathing and distraction exercise before a meal time. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were employed.

Results

Specific themes were extracted for each exercise including avoidance, being in the moment and rumination. The rumination exercise led to significantly greater analytical self‐focus. Mindful breathing led to significantly greater experiential self‐focus compared with distraction in partially weight‐restored AN participants.

Conclusions

In AN, self‐material is processed in a ruminative way and avoidance is valued. It is difficult to shift individuals with AN out of a rumination around meal times using brief mindful breathing. Future research should investigate at what stage of AN illness mindful‐based and acceptance‐based strategies are useful and how these strategies could be incorporated in treatment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Effects-directed analysis (EDA) and toxicity identification evaluation (TIE): Complementary but different approaches for diagnosing causes of environmental toxicity
Authors: Burgess Robert M. , Ho Kay T. , Brack Werner , Lamoree Marja
Published: July 2013

Currently, 2 approaches are available for performing environmental diagnostics on samples like municipal and industrial effluents, interstitial waters, and whole sediments to identify anthropogenic contaminants causing toxicological effects. One approach is toxicity identification evaluation (TIE), which was developed primarily in North America to determine active toxicants to whole-organism endpoints. The second approach is effects-directed analysis (EDA), which has origins in both Europe and North America. Unlike TIE, EDA uses primarily in vitro endpoints with an emphasis on organic contaminants as the cause of observed toxicity. The 2 approaches have fundamental differences that make them distinct techniques. In EDA, the sophisticated and elegant fractionation and chemical analyses performed to identify the causes of toxicity with a high degree of specificity often compromise contaminant bioavailability. In contrast, in TIE, toxicant bioavailability is maintained and is considered critical to accurately identifying the causes of environmental toxicity. However, maintaining contaminant bioavailability comes with the cost of limiting, at least until recently, the use of the types of sophisticated fractionation and elegant chemical analyses that have resulted in the high specificity of toxicant diagnosis performed in EDA. The present study provides an overview of each approach and highlights areas where the 2 approaches can complement one another and lead to the improvement of both. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1935–1945. © 2013 SETAC
Pyrethroid insecticides in municipal wastewater
Authors: Weston Donald P. , Ramil Heather L. , Lydy Michael J.
Published: July 2013

Pyrethroids are widely used insecticides, but minimal information has been published on their presence in municipal wastewater in the United States. Pyrethroids in wastewater from the Sacramento, California, USA, area consisted of permethrin, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, and cyhalothrin, with a combined concentration of 200 ng/L to 500 ng/L. Sampling within the wastewater collection system leading to the treatment plant suggested pyrethroids did not originate primarily from urban runoff, but could be from any of several drain disposal practices. Wastewater from residential areas was similar in pyrethroid composition and concentration to that from the larger metropolitan area as a whole. Secondary treatment removed approximately 90% of pyrethroids, but those remaining exceeded concentrations acutely toxic to sensitive species. Toxicity to the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, was consistently evident in the final effluent. The large river into which this particular plant discharged provided sufficient dilution such that pyrethroids were undetected in the river, and there was only slight toxicity of unknown cause in 1 river sample, but effects in receiving waters elsewhere will be site-specific. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2460–2468. © 2013 SETAC
Impact of dust radiative forcing in snow on accuracy of operational runoff prediction in the Upper Colorado River Basin
Authors: Bryant Ann C. , Painter Thomas H. , Deems Jeffrey S. , Bender Stacie M.
Published: July 2013

Accurate prediction of snowmelt runoff is critical in the US Intermountain West, where water demand is increasing and snow patterns are shifting. Here, we show that errors in the National Weather Service Colorado Basin River Forecast Center's operational streamflow predictions are correlated with the interannual variability of dust radiative forcing in snow. With data from 2000–2010, we show that errors in snowmelt period streamflow prediction for the southern Colorado Rockies are linearly related to melt period dust radiative forcing in snow as inferred from NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data, which ranged interannually from 20 to 80 W m−2. Each 10 W m−2 change of melt period dust forcing resulted in a corresponding change in runoff prediction bias of 10.0% ± 1.5% and a 1.5 ± 0.6 day shift in runoff center of mass. Accounting for bias introduced by dust forcing could improve streamflow prediction in regions prone to dust deposition in the snowpack.
Contribution of sea ice in the Southern Ocean to the cycling of volatile halogenated organic compounds
Authors: Granfors Anna , Karlsson Anders , Mattsson Erik , Smith Walker O. , Abrahamsson Katarina
Published: July 2013

The contribution of sea ice to the flux of biogenic volatile halogenated organic compounds to the atmosphere in the Southern Ocean is currently not known. To approach this question, we measured halocarbons in sea ice, sea ice brine, and surface water of the Amundsen and Ross Seas. Concentrations in sea ice of these compounds, normalized to seawater salinity, ranged from 0.2 to 810 pmol L−1. Salinity‐normalized chlorophyll a concentrations in the ice ranged from 3.5 to 190 µg L−1. Our results suggest biological production of halocarbons in sea ice, with maxima of halogenated organics and chlorophyll a commonly found in the interior of the ice cores. Iodinated VHOCs were found to be more enriched in sea ice than brominated ones. Furthermore, depth distributions indicated a transport of halocarbons from sea ice to air and underlying water.
Influences of temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity on surface heat flow near major faults
Authors: So Byung‐Dal , Yuen David A.
Published: July 2013

We studied the thermomechanical effects on surface heat flow near major faults from positive feedback between temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity k(T) ∝ (1/T)b and frictional heating in a crust‐lithosphere system using finite element simulations. Variable conductivity and frictional heating cause a drastic reduction in the thermal conductivity, and these changes can impact the heat flux. When b = 1, the temperature is 400 K higher around the fault than in the uniform conductivity case. This is caused by the reduction in thermal conductivity. In spite of the high temperature around the fault in the variable conductivity cases, the surface heat flux is 30% (for b = 0.5) to 50% (for b = 1) lower than in the uniform conductivity case. This thermal insulating effect may explain the lack of heat flow anomalies near major faults and is consistent with previous hypotheses about the nature of the shear strength associated with these faults.
TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF FURROW INFILTRATION
Authors: Nasseri Abolfazl , Neyshabori Mohammad Reza , Fard Ahmad Fakheri
Published: July 2013

Measured cumulative infiltration (Z) over time usually shows significant correlations with their contiguous values. This autocorrelation in a series restricts application of regression analysis to determine the coefficients of empirical equations. In such cases, time series analysis is preferred to process the modeling. In this study, the possibility of furrow infiltration modeling by time series techniques was investigated based on experimental data obtained from infiltration measuring at 56 sites over a field by blocked furrow infiltrometer. Results revealed that theZdata were nonstationary in the mean and variance. Logarithmic transformation and the first‐order differencing were applied to convert the measured series to the stationary ones. Cumulative infiltration data were successfully analyzed as an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA (p, 1,q)) process. The autoregressive terms had a more momentous role than moving averages in modelingZseries. Results confirmed that the obtained models explain more than 99% of the variability in the calibrated values. The ARIMA (p, 1,q) parameters were modeled as a function of flow or soil characteristics. The first and second parameters of autoregressive terms (φ1and φ2) and moving average terms (θ1and θ2) were modeled as a function of independent variables. Comparative results showed that performance of time series modeling was better than commonly used infiltration equations such as that of Kostiakov to characterize furrow infiltration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS: STATE‐OF‐THE‐ART OF KINEMATIC ANALYSIS AND QUANTUM MECHANICS APPLIED TO WATER JETS
Authors: De Wrachien Daniele , Lorenzini Giulio , Medici Marco
Published: July 2013

The description of liquid jets crossing a gas is common to many scientific issues, and in particular sprinkler irrigation in the agricultural sector is definitely one of the most challenging issues of recent years. In the thematic literature, the classic approach has recently been challenged by the quantum one, generally more suitable to describe interactions among several objects. By using a deeper approach, microscopic insight into the actual mechanics of single water droplets in sprinkler irrigation jets may be carefully described and this represents the first move to find solutions for irrigation problems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.