bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Realistic modeling of ion cloud motion in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance cell by use of a particle‐in‐cell approach
Authors: Nikolaev Eugene N. , Heeren Ron M. A. , Popov Alexander M. , Pozdneev Alexander V. , Chingin Konstantin S.
Published: October 2007

Using a ‘Particle‐In‐Cell’ approach taken from plasma physics we have developed a new three‐dimensional (3D) parallel computer code that today yields the highest possible accuracy of ion trajectory calculations in electromagnetic fields. This approach incorporates coulombic ion–ion and ion–image charge interactions into the calculation. The accuracy is achieved through the implementation of an improved algorithm (the so‐called Boris algorithm) that mathematically eliminates cyclotron motion in a magnetic field from digital equations for ion motion dynamics. It facilitates the calculation of the cyclotron motion without numerical errors. At every time‐step in the simulation the electric potential inside the cell is calculated by direct solution of Poisson's equation. Calculations are performed on a computational grid with up to 128 × 128 × 128 nodes using a fast Fourier transform algorithm. The ion populations in these simulations ranged from 1000 up to 1 000 000 ions. A maximum of 3 000 000 time‐steps were employed in the ion trajectory calculations. This corresponds to an experimental detection time‐scale of seconds. In addition to the ion trajectories integral time‐domain signals and mass spectra were calculated. The phenomena observed include phase locking of particular m/z ions (high‐resolution regime) inside larger ion clouds. A focus was placed on behavior of a cloud of ions of a single m/z value to understand the nature of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) resolution and mass accuracy in selected ion mode detection. The behavior of two and three ion clouds of different but close m/z was investigated as well. Peak coalescence effects were observed in both cases. Very complicated ion cloud dynamics in the case of three ion clouds was demonstrated. It was found that magnetic field does not influence phase locking for a cloud of ions of a single m/z. The ion cloud evolution time‐scale is inversely proportional to magnetic field. The number of ions needed for peak coalescence depends quadratically on the magnetic field. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IPv6 networks over DVB‐RCS satellite systems
Authors: Lou Ricardo Castellot , Sánchez Esguevillas Antonio Javier , de la Cuesta Diego Borja , Carro Belén , Fan Linghang , Sun Zhili
Published: October 2007

Satellite plays an important role in global information infrastructure (GII) and next generation networks (NGNs). Similarly, satellite communication systems have great advantages to support IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) networks as a technology that allows universal access to broadband e‐services (audio, video, VPN, etc.). In the context of DVB‐S2 (digital video broadcast‐satellite) and DVB‐RCS (digital video broadcast‐return channel via satellite) standards, this paper presents the current SatSix project (satellite‐based communications systems within IPv6 networks) within the European 6th Framework Programme, which is implementing innovative concepts and effective solutions (in relation with the economical cost) for broadband satellite systems and services using the technology presented above. This project is promoting the introduction of the IPv6 protocol into satellite‐based communication systems.

Moreover, through SatSix, the industry is addressing the next generation Internet, IPv6. It also enhances its competitive position in satellite broadband multimedia systems by exploiting the common components defined by the European DVB‐S2 and DVB‐RCS satellite broadband standards. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accounting for within‐patient correlation in assessing relative sensitivity of an adjunctive diagnostic test: Application to lung cancer
Authors: Scharfstein Daniel O. , Ryea Jennifer L. , Caffo Brian
Published: October 2007

We address the comparison of results between two diagnostic tests applied multiple times to the same subjects. The estimand of interest is the sensitivity of the combined test (primary and adjunct) relative to a primary test. Analytical methods are first described that assume independence between the multiple observations within a subject. In order to account for the within‐subject correlation introduced by the multiple measurements, analytical approaches for correlated, categorical response data are described. In the discussion of these methods, we pay particular attention to the presence of a structural zero which results from the decision rule for the combination of diagnostic tests. In a simulation study, we compare the finite sample performances of all analytical approaches in terms of confidence interval coverage rates and median lengths. Our methods are cast in the context of a diagnostic bronchoscopy technology for the detection of lung cancer. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical Bayesian spatiotemporal analysis of revascularization odds using smoothing splines
Authors: Silva Giovani L. , Dean C. B. , Niyonsenga Théophile , Vanasse Alain
Published: October 2007

Hierarchical Bayesian models are proposed for over‐dispersed longitudinal spatially correlated binomial data. This class of models accounts for correlation among regions by using random effects and allows a flexible modelling of spatiotemporal odds by using smoothing splines. The aim is (i) to develop models which will identify temporal trends of odds and produce smoothed maps including regional effects, (ii) to specify Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) inference for fitting such models, (iii) to study the sensitivity of such Bayesian binomial spline spatiotemporal analyses to prior assumptions, and (iv) to compare mechanisms for assessing goodness of fit. An analysis of regional variation for revascularization odds of patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome in Quebec motivates and illustrates the methods developed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cuba: A comparison of work values on Castro's Island with those in the United States
Authors: Ralston David A.
Published: October 2007

In this empirical study of work values differences between Cuba and the United States, the data reveal findings that confirm the expectations of the conventional wisdom on individualism for a comparison between a Latin culture‐communist system and an Anglo culture‐capitalist system. However, the study findings for collectivism defy this conventional wisdom. Given the dearth of empirical research on Cuba for 50‐plus years, this study should serve as a starting point for subsequent investigation of Cuban work values. Additionally, it should provide preliminary information on the Cuban work attitudes and behaviors for U.S. business interested in engaging in commerce in postembargo Cuba. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computer‐aided diagnosis of urodynamic stress incontinence with vector‐based perineal ultrasound using neural networks
Authors: Huang Y.‐L. , Chen H.‐Y.
Published: October 2007

Objectives

Adequately defining the anatomical and functional defects in women with stress urinary incontinence prior to surgical repair is essential. Differences in dynamic changes of the bladder neck on perineal ultrasound have been shown to be effective in differentiating between women with and those without urodynamic stress incontinence (USI). This study evaluated a system to diagnose USI with computer‐aided vector‐based perineal ultrasound.

Methods

We evaluated 48 women with lower urinary tract symptoms, of whom 36 were found to have USI, by urodynamic study and computer‐aided vector‐based perineal ultrasound. The function and morphology of the lower urinary tract were used as features in a multilayer perception (MLP) neural network classifier to distinguish between women with and those without USI. The k‐fold cross‐validation method was used to estimate the performance of the proposed computer‐aided diagnosis (CAD) system.

Results

The accuracy of the proposed CAD system for classifying USI was 91.7% (44/48), the sensitivity was 94.4% (34/36), the specificity was 83.3% (10/12), the positive predictive value was 94.4% (34/36) and the negative predictive value was 83.3% (10/12). The receiver–operating characteristics area index for the proposed CAD system was 0.941 ± 0.034. The proposed CAD system differentiated USI effectively with perineal ultrasound.

Conclusion

Computer‐aided vector‐based perineal ultrasound is valuable in assessing anatomical changes of the bladder neck. Women with and those without USI can be distinguished using perineal sonographic analysis with the proposed CAD system. Because the MLP model is trainable, it could be optimized if a larger set of perineal ultrasound images and other useful features were supplied. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of cervical chondrocutaneous vestige
Authors: Gilboa Y. , Achiron R. , Zalel Y. , Bronshtein M.
Published: October 2007

Cervical chondrocutaneous vestiges or remnants originate from anomalous development of the branchial arches in the fourth week of gestation. Owing to their relative rarity, published data of cervical chondrocutaneous vestiges remain scarce. We report on the diagnosis and associated anomalies of cervical chondrocutaneous vestiges in three fetuses. The association of cervical chondrocutaneous vestige with other anomalies emphasizes the importance of performing meticulous examination and biochemical marker analysis in affected cases. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The adenylate energy charge and specific fermentation rate of brewer's yeasts fermenting high‐ and very high‐gravity worts
Authors: Guimarães Pedro M. R. , Londesborough John
Published: October 2007

Intracellular and extracellular ATP, ADP and AMP (i.e. 5′‐AMP) were measured during fermentations of high‐ (15°P) and very high‐gravity (VHG, 25°P) worts by two lager yeasts. Little extracellular ATP and ADP but substantial amounts of extracellular AMP were found. Extracellular AMP increased during fermentation and reached higher values (3 µM) in 25°P than 15°P worts (1 µM). More AMP (13 µM at 25°P) was released during fermentation with industrially cropped yeast than with the same strain grown in the laboratory. ATP was the dominant intracellular adenine nucleotide and the adenylate energy charge (EC = ([ATP] + 0.5*[ADP])/([ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP])) remained high (>0.8) until residual sugar concentrations were low and specific rates of ethanol production were < 5% of the maximum values in early fermentation. The high ethanol concentrations (>85 g/l) reached in VHG fermentations did not decrease the EC below values that permit synthesis of new proteins. The results suggest that, during wort fermentations, the ethanol tolerance of brewer's strains is high so long as fermentation continues. Under these conditions, maintenance of the EC seems to depend upon active transport of α‐glucosides, which in turn depends upon maintenance of the EC. Therefore, the collapse of the EC and cell viability when residual α‐glucoside concentrations no longer support adequate rates of fermentation can be very abrupt. This emphasizes the importance of early cropping of yeast for recycling. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetics Education for Health Professionals: A Context
Authors: McInerney Joseph D.
Published: October 2007

Education of health professionals about genetics is essential to the integration of genetics into mainstream health care, but there are a number of associated challenges. By virtue of their training, genetic counselors are well suited to address many of those challenges and to assume a variety of roles related to genetics education for health professionals. This paper provides a brief overview of the status of genetics education for non‐genetics health professionals and reviews the context in which educational efforts are likely to occur.
Ethnic Differences in Parental Perceptions of Genetic Testing for Deaf Infants
Authors: Palmer Christina G. S. , Martinez Ariadna , Fox Michelle , Sininger Yvonne , Grody Wayne W. , Schimmenti Lisa A.
Published: October 2007

As genetic testing becomes an integral part of the evaluation of deaf infants and children, it is important to understand parental views on genetic testing. The purpose of this study is to examine parental reasons for, and beliefs about, genetic testing for deafness in early‐identified infants, and to determine if they differ as a function of ethnicity. We present baseline data collected from 56 Caucasian, 59 Hispanic, and 24 Asian parents of deaf children participating in a longitudinal, prospective study on genetic testing for connexin‐related deafness. The overall finding is that reasons for, and beliefs about, genetic testing for deafness varied as a function of ethnicity. Virtually all parents sought genetic testing to understand why their child is deaf. However, Asian and/or Hispanic parents were more likely than Caucasian parents to view family planning, helping with their child's medical care, and helping the family as other important reasons for testing, and were more likely than Caucasian parents to perceive genetic testing to be useful for these purposes. Asian and Hispanic parents were more likely than Caucasian parents to perceive genetic testing in harmful terms. Genetic testing fulfills a cognitive need for parents to understand why their child is deaf, yet differences in responses suggest that Asian and Hispanic parents may seek testing for other purposes. Understanding different perspectives on genetic testing for deafness will enhance genetic counselors’ cultural competence and facilitate the pre‐test genetic counseling session.
Beef meat promotion of dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal carcinogenesis biomarkers is suppressed by dietary calcium
Authors: Pierre Fabrice , Santarelli Raphaëlle , Taché Sylviane , Guéraud Françoise , Corpet Denis E.
Published: October 2007

Red meat consumption is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. We have previously shown that haemin, Hb and red meat promote carcinogen-induced preneoplastic lesions: aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin-depleted foci (MDF) in rats. We have also shown that dietary Ca, antioxidant mix and olive oil inhibit haemin-induced ACF promotion, and normalize faecal lipoperoxides and cytotoxicity. Here we tested if these strategies are effective also against red meat promotion in dimethylhydrazine-induced rats. Three diets with 60 % beef meat were supplemented with calcium phosphate (31 g/kg), antioxidant agents (rutin and butylated hydroxyanisole, 0·05 % each) and olive oil (5 %). ACF, MDF, faecal water cytotoxicity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and urinary 1,4-dihydroxynonane mercapturic acid (DHN-MA) were measured. Beef meat diet increased the number of ACF (+30 %) and MDF (+100 %) (P < 0·001), which confirms our previous findings. Promotion was associated with increased faecal water TBARs ( × 4) and cytotoxicity ( × 2), and urinary DHN-MA excretion ( × 15). Ca fully inhibited beef meat-induced ACF and MDF promotion, and normalized faecal TBARS and cytotoxicity, but did not reduce urinary DHN-MA. Unexpectedly, high-calcium control diet-fed rats had more MDF and ACF in the colon than low-Ca control diet-fed rats. Antioxidant mix and olive oil did not normalize beef meat promotion nor biochemical factors. The results confirm that haem causes promotion of colon carcinogenesis by red meat. They suggest that Ca can reduce colorectal cancer risk in meat-eaters. The results support the concept that toxicity associated with the excess of a useful nutrient may be prevented by another nutrient.
Induction of pairing in male scale worm Harmothoe imbricata (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) by chemical signals
Authors: Gaudron S.M. , Watson G.J. , Bentley M.G.
Published: October 2007

A behavioural assay based on a ‘homosexual’ response in males has revealed that female Harmothoe imbricata release a substance that induces pair formation. Extracts from unfertilized spawned oocytes (diameter approximately 120 μm), but not sub-mature oocytes (90 μm diameter) removed directly from the coelomic cavity, have significant pair formation-inducing activity in comparison to the control. Preliminary results indicate that the substance is stable under standard purification techniques and larger than 10 kDa, as well as being heat and trypsin insensitive.
Tidal fish connectivity of reef and sea grass habitats in the Indo-Pacific
Authors: Unsworth Richard K.F. , Bell James J. , Smith David J.
Published: October 2007

The present study considered the influence of the tide on shallow water fish assemblages within the Wakatobi Marine National Park, Indonesia. Timed underwater visual observations were made across a gradient of intertidal to subtidal habitats from near-shore to reef crest at different tidal heights. Transient fish were found to dominate shallow water fish assemblages and the assemblage composition varied with tidal state. Fish assemblages were more diverse and abundant at higher tides in both coral and sea grass habitats, however, this was more pronounced within sea grass habitats. A tidal reduction from ≈2.0m to ≈0.8m (above chart datum) corresponded to a 30% reduction in fish abundance, while species richness also significantly decreased from 13.5 to 10.8 species per standardized timed observation. Fifty fish groups were reported from sea grass habitats with the most abundant being from the Engraulidae family and Lethrinus harak, which form important local subsistence fisheries. This research confirms the importance of tidal changes in structuring the fish fauna of Indonesian sea grass habitats and underlines the connectivity that exists between these habitats and nearby coral reefs.
The genus Sophrosyne (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea) in the North Atlantic, with a confirmation of the status of S. robertsoni
Authors: Kilgallen Niamh M. , Myers Alan A. , McGrath David
Published: October 2007

Sophrosyne robertsoni was recorded from the west coast of Ireland. This is the first record of the species from outside Scottish waters. Previous authors have commented on the similarity of this species to Sophrosyne hispana and suggested that they may be conspecific. Here both species are re-described and their status determined.
Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) from chemically reduced habitats; the hydrothermal vent system of the north-east Pacific. Part II. Melitidae and Eusiridae
Authors: Larsen Kim , Krapp-Schickel Traudl
Published: October 2007

The amphipod fauna from habitats in hydrothermal vents on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Escabana Trough, and Gorda Ridge and from experimental wood deployments is examined. The material revealed one new species of Melitidae, Bathyceradocus wuzzae, and one of Eusiridae, Leptamphopus fragilis.
The distribution of three eyeless Chaetozone species (Cirratulidae: Polychaeta) in the north-east Atlantic
Authors: Chambers S.J. , Dominguez-Tejo E.L. , Mair J.M. , Mitchell L.A. , Woodham A.
Published: October 2007

Geographical information system analysis was applied to assist in the re-identification of records of Chaetozone setosa from the north-east Atlantic. Previously this species was considered to have a world-wide distribution. The aim of this study is to clarify and illustrate the distribution patterns associated with sediment and water characteristics of C. setosa and other Chaetozone species.
REVIEWING THE ROSENBERGS: DONALD FREED'SINQUESTAND ITS JURORS
Authors: Guterman Gad
Published: October 2007

It is useful to begin with some immutable facts: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg died on the electric chair at Sing Sing Prison on Friday, 19 June 1953, and were pronounced dead at 8∶06 and 8∶17p.m., respectively. Nearly seventeen years later, on 23 April 1970, Donald Freed'sInquestopened at the Music Box Theatre in New York City. The play about the Rosenberg case ran for eight previews and twenty-eight performances, closing just twenty-three days after its premiere. In its first minutes,Inquestalerted the audience that “every word you will hear or see on this stage is a documented quotation or reconstruction from events.” Freed asserts that he used only primary sources, no matter how “bizarre or poisoned” the words might have seemed, to construct his script. He employed these sources in three distinct ways and, accordingly, called for a divided stage to present the play. In Stage A, the players enacted portions of the 1951–3 court transcripts, whereas Stage B served as a plastic space, where flashback scenes of the characters' out-of-trial lives, pieced from letters, tapes, memos, and other available archival sources, interrupted the legal proceedings. Finally, relying on a large, partitioned screen situated upstage and on voice-over recordings, Freed assembled photographs, newspaper headlines, visual evidence submitted in the courtroom, and quotations from public figures to comment on the Rosenberg saga. The playwright thus toyed with time and place, offering the central story of the trial in a nonlinear manner. He bombarded the audience with projections and sounds to reinforce the reality on which the play was based and, at the same time, to evoke a nightmarish, multimedia world.
GOT GRAIL? MONTY PYTHON AND THE BROADWAY STAGE
Authors: Finke Laurie A. , Aronstein Susan
Published: October 2007

Money matters. In Act 2 of Spamalot, Eric Idle's Broadway musical based on the 1975 cult classic Monty Python and the Holy Grail, the show's star, Tim Curry, as King Arthur, comments that the characters are running around in a “dark and very expensive forest.” The joke, it turns out, is entirely on us. Monty Python and the Holy Grail was an inexpensive independent film, costing $250,000 to make, a bargain compared to the same year's The Rocky Horror Picture Show ($1,200,000) and Python's own 1979 Life of Brian ($4,000,000). From its release, Holy Grail ran continuously in many theatres, and large numbers of people could afford the price of a ticket; it still circulates widely in relatively inexpensive DVD and VHS editions. Fast-forward thirty years to March of 2005. Production costs for Spamalot, Eric Idle's Broadway musical “lovingly ripped off” from the film, top $14 million (not atypical start-up costs these days on Broadway). Playing in a single theatre that seats only about 1,600, the show commands ticket prices that begin around $100 and can cost $350 and up. According to the Wall Street Journal, Spamalot is setting the pace for the spiraling costs of Broadway entertainment. Many fewer people will see the musical than the film, and those who can will tend to be more affluent; Spamalot's target audience is Holy Grail's first audience “all grown up,” prosperous, middle-aged Monty Python fans (like the authors of this article). In their youth, Holy Grail denied this audience the pleasures of narrative cinema. It made fun of film, relentlessly disturbing the seamless illusion of reality that is the cornerstone of Hollywood cinema, refusing narrative coherence and narrative closure. A parody of the clichés of mass culture, it exposed the political conservatism of the various forms of nostalgia for a medieval past that never was, a past in which strange women lying around in ponds distributing swords could be a basis for a political system. Spamalot, on the other hand, adapts its cinematic original, repackaging the youthful rebellion of the 1975 film and offering the pleasures of nostalgia remarkably free from political consequences.
WHAT ARE YOU READING?
Authors: Carlson Marvin
Published: October 2007

How appropriate it seemed when I found that Joe Roach's contribution to this series began with books in manuscript form he was currently reading, since this issue arrived just when I was reading his own It in manuscript (2007). It is vintage Roach, tracing the operations of “It” in accessories, clothing, hair, skin, flesh, and bone in eighteenth-century and modern public and theatrical performance. The work is a great read—erudite, witty, and packed full of fascinating historical tidbits and brilliantly illustrative quotations. If a cultural historian can have “It,” then that would surely be Roach.
Decay of correlations in suspension semi-flows of angle-multiplying maps
Authors: TSUJII MASATO
Published: October 2007

We consider suspension semi-flows of angle-multiplying maps on the circle for Cr ceiling functions with r≥3. Under a Crgeneric condition on the ceiling function, we show that there exists a Hilbert space (anisotropic Sobolev space) contained in the L2 space such that the Perron–Frobenius operator for the time-t-map acts naturally on it and that the essential spectral radius of that action is bounded by the square root of the inverse of the minimum expansion rate. This leads to a precise description of decay of correlations. Furthermore, the Perron–Frobenius operator for the time-t-map is quasi-compact for a Cr open and dense set of ceiling functions.
A BAYESIAN APPROACH TO FIND RANDOM-TIME PROBABILITIES FROM EMBEDDED MARKOV CHAIN PROBABILITIES
Authors: Grassmann Winfried K. , Tavakoli Javad
Published: October 2007

The embedded Markov chain approach is widely used in queuing theory, in particular in M/G/1 and GI/M/c queues. In these cases, one has to relate the embedded equilibrium probablities to the corresponding random-time probabilities. The classical method to do this is based on Markov renewal theory, a rather complex approach, especially if the population is finite or if there is balking. In this article we present a much simpler method to derive the random-time probabilities from the embedded Markov chain probabilities. The method is based on conditional probability. Our approach might also be applicable in such situations.
STOCHASTIC BATCH SCHEDULING AND THE “SMALLEST VARIANCE FIRST” RULE
Authors: Pinedo Michael
Published: October 2007

Consider a single machine that can process multiple jobs in batch mode. We havenjobs and the processing time of jobjis a random variableXjwith distributionFj. Up tobjobs can be processed simultaneously by the machine. The jobs in a batch all have to start at the same time and the batch is completed when all jobs have finished their processing (i.e., at the maximum of the processing times of the jobs in that batch). We are interested in two objective functions, namely the minimization of the expected makespan and the minimization of the total expected completion time. We first show that under certain fairly general conditions, the minimization of the expected makespan is equivalent to specific deterministic combinatorial problems, namely the Weighted Matching problem and the Set Partitioning problem. We then consider the case when all jobs have the same mean processing time but different variances. We show that for certain special classes of processing time distributions theSmallest Variance Firstrule minimizes the expected makespan as well as the total expected completion time. In our conclusions we present various general rules that are suitable for the minimization of the expected makespan and the total expected completion time in batch scheduling.
On one-pass CPS transformations
Authors: DANVY OLIVIER , MILLIKIN KEVIN , NIELSEN LASSE R.
Published: October 2007

We bridge two distinct approaches to one-pass CPS transformations, i.e, CPS transformations that reduce administrative redexes at transformation time instead of in a post-processing phase. One approach is compositional and higher-order, and is independently due to Appel, Danvy and Filinski, and Wand, building on Plotkin's seminal work. The other is non-compositional and based on a reduction semantics for the lambda-calculus, and is due to Sabry and Felleisen. To relate the two approaches, we use three tools: Reynolds's defunctionalization and its left inverse, refunctionalization; a special case of fold–unfold fusion due to Ohori and Sasano, fixed-point promotion; and an implementation technique for reduction semantics due to Danvy and Nielsen, refocusing. This work is directly applicable to transforming programs into monadic normal form.
Control reduction theories: the benefit of structural substitution
Authors: ARIOLA ZENA M. , HERBELIN HUGO
Published: October 2007

The historical design of the call-by-value theory of control relies on the reification of evaluation contexts as regular functions and on the use of ordinary term application for jumping to a continuation. To the contrary, thecontrol calculus, developed by the authors, distinguishes betweenjumpsandterms. This alternative calculus, which derives from Parigot's λμ-calculus, works by directstructural substitutionof evaluation contexts. We review and revisit the legacy theories of control and argue thatprovides an observationally equivalent but smoother theory. In an additional note contributed by Matthias Felleisen, we review the story of the birth of control calculi during the mid- to late-eighties at Indiana University.
The association of specific neuropsychological deficits with capacity to consent to research or treatment
Authors: PALMER BARTON W. , SAVLA GAURI N.
Published: October 2007

Informed consent is key to ethical clinical research and treatment, but partially rests on the ability of individual patients or research participants to use disclosed information to make a meaningful choice. Although the construct of decisional capacity emerged from legal and philosophical traditions, several investigators have begun examining the relationship of specific neuropsychological abilities to decisional capacity. This line of research may foster development of better consent procedures, as well as aid in refining the construct of decisional capacity toward a form that better reflects the underlying neurocognitive processes. We conducted a systematic search of the published literature and thereby identified and reviewed 16 published reports of empirical studies that examined the relationship between specific neuropsychological abilities and capacity to consent to research or treatment. Significant relationships between neuropsychological scores and decisional capacity were present across all the reviewed studies. The degree to which specific neuropsychological abilities have particular relevance to decisional capacity remains uncertain, but the existing studies provide a solid basis fora priorihypotheses for future investigations. These ongoing efforts represent an important conceptual and empirical bridge between bioethical, legal, and neuropsychological approaches to understanding meaningful decision-making processes. (JINS, 2007,13, 1047–1059.)
Effects of Alcohol and Nicotine on the Developing Brain: An Authoritative Guide
Authors: Johnson-Greene Doug
Published: October 2007

Brain Development: Normal Processes and the Effects of Alcohol and Nicotine. Michael W. Miller (Ed.). 2006. New York: Oxford University Press, 424 pp., $98.50 (HB)

The process of brain development is an essential yet often overlooked area in the neuropsychological literature. The topic has a natural appeal to those who work with children where developmental disorders predominate. However, it is often more difficult for those who work with adults to appreciate the role of developmental aberrations and their contribution to pathological processes that may seem far removed from the early developmental history of our patients. The tendency for some to deemphasize early developmental influences may stem in part from a lack of clarity about how common toxin exposures, such as alcohol and nicotine, alter normal brain development and contribute to changes in cognitive function. Increasingly, evidence of early developmental influences has emerged in a host of epigenetically-based developmental disorders and neuropathological conditions, such as schizophrenia, and these influences are also implicated in theoretical models, such as cognitive reserve.
The Social Brain: The Blind Men and The Elephant
Authors: Nies Kristie J.
Published: October 2007

Social Neuroscience: Integrating Biological and Psychological Explanations of Social Behavior. Eddie Harmon-Jones and Piotr Winkielman (Eds.). 2007. New York: The Guilford Press, 512 pp., $65.00 (HB)

I reviewed this book shortly after reading The Neuroscience of Human Relationships, by Louis Cozolino (2006), hoping that this book, which addresses how our brains exist in relationship to other brains, would be an adequate prerequisite for Social Neuroscience. I had concerns that its focus would be the biology of social psychology proper (rather than the biology of social relationships) for which I would be less qualified and less interested. A quick perusal convinced me that the book was indeed about the biological basis of human social behavior. With that information and a review of a similar title, Social Neuroscience: People Thinking About Thinking People (Fein, 2006), I proceeded.
Suspension Culture Process of MethA Tumor Cell for the Production of Heat‐Shock Protein Glycoprotein 96: Process Optimization in Spinner Flasks
Authors: Tang Ya‐Jie , Li Hong‐Mei , Hamel Jean‐François P.
Published: October 2007

Heat‐shock proteins (HSPs) act like “chaperones”, making sure that the cellapos;s proteins are in the right shape and in the right place at the right time. Heat‐shock protein glycoprotein 96 (gp96) is a member of the HSP90 protein family, which chaperones a number of molecules in protein folding and transportation. Heat‐shock protein gp96 serves as a natural adjuvant for chaperoning antigenic peptides into the immune surveillance pathways. Currently, heat‐shock protein gp96 was only isolated from murine and human tissues and cell lines. An animal cell suspension culture process for the production of heat‐shock protein gp96 by MethA tumor cell was developed for the first time in spinner flasks. Effects of culture medium and condition were studied to enhance the MethA tumor cell density and the production and productivity of heat‐shock protein gp96. Initial glucose concentration had a significant effect on the heat‐shock protein gp96 accumulation, and an initial glucose level of 7.0 g/L was desirable for MethA tumor cell growth and heat‐shock protein gp96 production and productivity. Cultures at an initial glutamine concentration of 3 and 6 mM were nutritionally limited by glutamine. At an initial glutamine concentration of 6 mM, the maximal viable cell density of 19.90 × 105 cells/mL and the maximal heat‐shock protein gp96 production of 4.95 mg/L was obtained. The initial concentration of RPMI 1640 and serum greatly affected the MethA tumor cell culture process. Specifically cultures with lower initial concentration of RPMI 1640 resulted in lower viable cell density and lower heat‐shock protein gp96 production. At an initial serum concentration of 8%, the maximal viable cell density of 19.18 × 105 cells/mL and the maximal heat‐shock protein gp96 production of 5.67 mg/L was obtained. The spin rate significantly affected the cell culture process in spinner flasks, and a spin rate of 150 rpm was desirable for MethA tumor cell growth and heat‐shock protein gp96 production and productivity. Not only the cell density but also the production and productivity of heat‐shock protein gp96 attained in this work are the highest reported in the culture of MethA tumor cell. This work offers an effective approach for producing heat‐shock protein glycoprotein 96 from the cell culture process. The fundamental information obtained in this study may be useful for the efficient production of heat‐shock protein by animal cell suspension culture on a large scale.
Sulphur dioxide emission rates from Yasur volcano, Vanuatu archipelago
Authors: Bani P. , Lardy M.
Published: October 2007

Yasur volcano has long been suspected as one of the volcanic emission sources responsible for a significant contribution of sulphur dioxide to the atmosphere. But due to its isolation in the south Pacific region, very little is known about its emission rates. We report here sulphur dioxide flux measurements, obtained on Yasur, using ultraviolet spectroscopy, from April 2004 to November 2005. We found an average flux of 7.9 kg.s−1 of SO2, which constitutes some 1–2% and 1.5–2.5% of estimated global time‐integrated volcanic emissions to the atmosphere and troposphere, respectively.
Evolution of the solar wind proton temperature anisotropy from 0.3 to 2.5 AU
Authors: Matteini Lorenzo , Landi Simone , Hellinger Petr , Pantellini Filippo , Maksimovic Milan , Velli Marco , Goldstein Bruce E. , Marsch Eckart
Published: October 2007

We report an analysis of the proton temperature anisotropy evolution from 0.3 to 2.5 AU based on the Helios and Ulysses observations. With increasing distance the fast wind data show a path in the parameter space (β∥p, T⊥p/T∥p). The first part of the trajectory is well described by an anticorrelation between the temperature anisotropy T⊥p/T∥p and the proton parallel beta, while after 1 AU the evolution with distance in the parameter space changes and the data result in agreement with the constraints derived by a fire hose instability. The slow wind data show a more irregular behavior, and in general it is not possible to recover a single evolution path. However, on small temporal scale we find that different slow streams populate different regions of the parameter space, and this suggests that when considering single streams also the slow wind follows some possible evolution path.
The diversity of the bacterial communities associated with the azooxanthellate hexacoral Cirrhipathes lutkeni
Authors: Santiago-Vázquez Lory Z , Brück Thomas B , Brück Wolfram M , Duque-Alarcón Angela P , McCarthy Peter J , Kerr Russell G
Published: October 2007

This study examined the symbiotic microbiota of the hexacoral Cirrhipathes lutkeni using traditional plate culture, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and 16S rDNA characterization. FISH counts for the whole coral (holobiont) showed a major presence of γ-Proteobacteria (22%) and Actinobacteria (19%), followed by α-Proteobacteria (14%), Firmicutes (9%), Cytophaga-Flavobacterium (7%), β-Proteobacteria (6%) and Chloroflexi (2%). In contrast to the diversity observed by FISH, plate cultures were found to be selective for γ-Proteobacteria (22 cultures) with the exception of an Actinobacterium. The methods employed in this study detected 76% of all microbes estimated by DAPI staining of C. lutkeni homogenates. The absence of zooxanthellae in this particular hexacoral was confirmed by PCR and spectrophotometry using fresh tissue isolated from the holobiont. This is the first study describing the microbial associations of shallow-water hexacorallia, which opens further insight into coral microbial ecology and may enhance the search for novel natural products in the near future.
Subsurface clade ofGeobacteraceaethat predominates in a diversity of Fe(III)-reducing subsurface environments
Authors: Holmes Dawn E , O'Neil Regina A , Vrionis Helen A , N'Guessan Lucie A , Ortiz-Bernad Irene , Larrahondo Maria J , Adams Lorrie A , Ward Joy A , Nicoll Julie S , Nevin Kelly P , Chavan Milind A , Johnson Jessica P , Long Philip E , Lovley Derek R
Published: October 2007

There are distinct differences in the physiology of Geobacter species available in pure culture. Therefore, to understand the ecology of Geobacter species in subsurface environments, it is important to know which species predominate. Clone libraries were assembled with 16S rRNA genes and transcripts amplified from three subsurface environments in which Geobacter species are known to be important members of the microbial community: (1) a uranium-contaminated aquifer located in Rifle, CO, USA undergoing in situ bioremediation; (2) an acetate-impacted aquifer that serves as an analog for the long-term acetate amendments proposed for in situ uranium bioremediation and (3) a petroleum-contaminated aquifer in which Geobacter species play a role in the oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons coupled with the reduction of Fe(III). The majority of Geobacteraceae 16S rRNA sequences found in these environments clustered in a phylogenetically coherent subsurface clade, which also contains a number of Geobacter species isolated from subsurface environments. Concatamers constructed with 43 Geobacter genes amplified from these sites also clustered within this subsurface clade. 16S rRNA transcript and gene sequences in the sediments and groundwater at the Rifle site were highly similar, suggesting that sampling groundwater via monitoring wells can recover the most active Geobacter species. These results suggest that further study of Geobacter species in the subsurface clade is necessary to accurately model the behavior of Geobacter species during subsurface bioremediation of metal and organic contaminants.
Correlation of patterns of denitrification instability in replicated bioreactor communities with shifts in the relative abundance and the denitrification patterns of specific populations
Authors: Gentile Margaret Elizabeth , Lynn Nyman Jennifer , Criddle Craig S
Published: October 2007

To assess the effects of community structure on the stability of denitrification, six chemostat cultures derived from the same denitrifying community were subjected to step increases in feed nitrate concentration and monitored for evidence that denitrification was either not occurring (indicated by the presence of nitrate) or was incomplete (indicated by the presence of nitrite or nitrous oxide). Functional stability was defined and quantified from the pattern of effluent concentration trends of nitrate and denitrification intermediates. Microbial community structure and dynamics were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Functional stability varied: one chemostat community lost the ability to reduce all of the influent nitrate; others continued to reduce all of the influent nitrate, but accumulated varying amounts of nitrous oxide. The microbial community structure in two of the chemostats diverged from the others, and variation of functional response among chemostats corresponded with the divergence of community structure. The Acidovorax-like terminal restriction fragment (T-RF) dominated the chemostat that accumulated nitrate, and an Acidovorax-like isolate reduced nitrate directly to dinitrogen gas in batch nitrate reduction assays. In the nitrous oxide-accumulating chemostats, the relative abundance of the Pseudomonas-like T-RF was strongly and significantly correlated with the magnitude of nitrous oxide accumulation, and a Pseudomonas-like isolate accumulated nitrous oxide in batch assays.
A Design Framework for Exploratory Geovisualization in Epidemiology
Authors: Robinson Anthony C.
Published: October 2007

This paper presents a design framework for geographic visualization based on iterative evaluations of a toolkit designed to support cancer epidemiology. The Exploratory Spatio-Temporal Analysis Toolkit (ESTAT), is intended to support visual exploration through multivariate health data. Its purpose is to provide epidemiologists with the ability to generate new hypotheses or further refine those they may already have. Through an iterative user-centered design process, ESTAT has been evaluated by epidemiologists at the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Results of these evaluations are discussed, and a design framework based on evaluation evidence is presented. The framework provides specific recommendations and considerations for the design and development of a geovisualization toolkit for epidemiology. Its basic structure provides a model for future design and evaluation efforts in information visualization.
Finite element analysis of high-pressure anvils according to the principle of lateral support
Authors: Han Qigang , Ma Hongan , Li Rui , Zhou Lin , Tian Yu , Liang Zhongzhu , Jia Xiaopeng
Published: October 2007

In order to extend the lifetime of an anvil made of tungsten carbide used in a large volume cubic high-pressure apparatus (CHPA), we analyzed the properties of an anvil with different magnitudes of interference, matching the steel supporting ring under high pressure using finite element method. It is found that the peak value and distribution of the von Mises stress does not change obviously when the magnitude of interference is smaller than 0.3mm. When the magnitude of interference reaches 0.3mm, the peak value of the von Mises stress and its distribution changes substantially, due to which the performance of the anvil can be significantly affected. Thus, the magnitude of interference ought to be between 0.1 and 0.25mm. The simulated results have been approved in many high-pressure experiments in CHPA.
Investigating the temperature dependence of the viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid within lithographically defined microchannels
Authors: Girardo Salvatore , Cingolani Roberto , Pisignano Dario
Published: October 2007

We present a study of the rheological phenomenology of a non-Newtonian glass former within hybrid microchannels above the vitrification region. We determined the temperature behavior of the viscosity, which is well fitted by a Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman law for shear rates between 4×10−2 and 9×10−1s−1. The microflow viscosity was compared with previously reported conductivity data of the investigated molecular system. Our findings provide an insight into the coupling between the structural dynamics in the bulk and that within the microchannels, suggesting lithographically defined microfluidic systems as promising tools for the investigation of the rheological properties of complex liquids.
Stretch fast dynamo mechanism via conformal mapping in Riemannian manifolds
Authors: Garcia de Andrade L. C.
Published: October 2007

Two new analytical solutions of the self-induction equation in Riemannian manifolds are presented. The first represents a twisted magnetic flux tube or flux rope in plasma astrophysics, where the rotation of the flow implies that the poloidal field is amplified from toroidal field, in the spirit of dynamo theory. The value of the amplification depends on the Frenet torsion of the magnetic axis of the tube. Actually this result illustrates the Zeldovich stretch, twist, and fold method to generate dynamos from straight and untwisted ropes. Based on the fact that this problem was previously handled, using a Riemannian geometry of twisted magnetic flux ropes [Phys Plasmas 13, 022309 (2006)], investigation of a second dynamo solution, conformally related to the Arnold kinematic fast dynamo, is obtained. In this solution, it is shown that the conformal effect on the fast dynamo metric enhances the Zeldovich stretch, and therefore a new dynamo solution is obtained. When a conformal mapping is performed in an Arnold fast dynamo line element, a uniform stretch is obtained in the original line element.
X-ray texture analysis of paper coating pigments and the correlation with chemical composition analysis
Authors: Roine J. , Tenho M. , Murtomaa M. , Lehto V.-P. , Kansanaho R.
Published: October 2007

The present research experiments the applicability of x-ray texture analysis in investigating the properties of paper coatings. The preferred orientations of kaolin, talc, ground calcium carbonate, and precipitated calcium carbonate particles used in four different paper coatings were determined qualitatively based on the measured crystal orientation data. The extent of the orientation, namely, the degree of the texture of each pigment, was characterized quantitatively using a single parameter. As a result, the effect of paper calendering is clearly seen as an increase on the degree of texture of the coating pigments. The effect of calendering on the preferred orientation of kaolin was also evident in an independent energy dispersive spectrometer analysis on micrometer scale and an electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis on nanometer scale. Thus, the present work proves x-ray texture analysis to be a potential research tool for characterizing the properties of paper coating layers.