bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
National Health Service Corps Staffing and the Growth of the Local Rural Non‐NHSC Primary Care Physician Workforce
Authors: Pathman Donald E. , Fryer George E. , Phillips Robert L. , Smucny John , Miyoshi Thomas , Green Larry A.
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT: 
Context: Beyond providing temporary staffing, National Health Service Corps (NHSC) clinicians are believed by some observers to contribute to the long‐term growth of the non‐NHSC physician workforce of the communities where they serve; others worry that NHSC clinicians compete with and impede the supply of other local physicians. Purpose: To assess long‐term changes in the non‐NHSC primary care physician workforce of rural underserved counties that have received NHSC staffing support relative to workforce changes in underserved counties without NHSC support. Methods: Using data from the American Medical Association and NHSC, we compared changes from 1981 to 2001 in non‐NHSC primary care physician to population ratios in 2 subsets of rural whole‐county health professional shortage areas: (1) 141 counties staffed by NHSC physicians, nurse practitioners, and/or physician assistants during the early 1980s and for many of the years since and (2) all 142 rural health professional shortage area counties that had no NHSC clinicians from 1979 through 2001. Findings: From 1981 to 2001, counties staffed by NHSC clinicians experienced a mean increase of 1.4 non‐NHSC primary care physicians per 10,000 population, compared to a smaller, 0.57 mean increase in counties without NHSC clinicians. The finding of greater non‐NHSC primary care physician to population mean ratio increase in NHSC‐supported counties remained significant after adjusting for baseline county demographics and health care resources (P < .001). The estimated number of “extra” non‐NHSC physicians in NHSC‐supported counties in 2001 attributable to the NHSC was 294 additional physicians for the 141 supported counties, or 2 extra physicians, on average, for each NHSC‐supported county. Over the 20 years, more NHSC‐supported counties saw their non‐NHSC primary care workforces grow to more than 1 physician per 3,500 persons, but no more NHSC‐supported than nonsupported counties lost their health professional shortage area designations.Conclusions: These data suggest that the NHSC contributed positively to the non‐NHSC primary care physician workforce in the rural underserved counties where its clinicians worked during the 1980s and 1990s.
Inpatient Care in Rural Hospitals at the Beginning of the 21st Century
Authors: Hall Margaret Jean , Owings Maria F. , Shinogle Judith A.
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT: Context:National data documenting the role that rural hospitals play in providing inpatient care to patients both younger than 65 and 65 years and older has previously been unavailable.Purpose:To present descriptive nationally representative data on the numbers and types of inpatients, and the care they received, in rural hospitals.Methods:This study includes inpatient data from the 2001 National Hospital Discharge Survey, a nationally representative survey of short‐stay, nonfederal hospitals in the United States. Inpatients in rural hospitals were compared to those in urban hospitals in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics and patterns of utilization. Among the variables examined were age, number and type of diagnoses, avoidable hospitalizations, comorbidity, procedures received, source of payment, average length of stay, and discharge disposition.Findings:Seventeen percent (5.7 million) of hospitalizations were in rural hospitals in 2001 and a similar percent of the US population lived in rural areas. Rural hospitals provided 23 million days of inpatient care and 4.7 million inpatient procedures. Despite the emphasis placed on Medicare’s role in supporting rural hospitals, half of rural hospital inpatients were younger than 65 years. Rural hospital inpatients had shorter average stays and received fewer procedures on average. Seven percent of rural hospital inpatients were transferred to other short‐stay hospitals.Conclusions:National data on the broad scope of patients served and inpatient services provided by rural hospitals illustrate one important role these hospitals play in serving rural communities.
General Surgery Programs in Small Rural New York State Hospitals: A Pilot Survey of Hospital Administrators
Authors: Zuckerman Randall , Doty Brit , Gold Michael , Bordley James , Dietz Patrick , Jenkins Paul , Heneghan Steven
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT: 
Context: Hospitals play a central role in small rural communities and are frequently one of the major contributors to the local economy. Surgical services often account for a substantial proportion of hospital revenues. The current shortage of general surgeons practicing in rural communities may further threaten the financial viability of rural hospitals and communities. Purpose: To describe hospital administrators’ perceptions regarding the current state of general surgery programs at small rural hospitals in New York State, including the impact that surgical services have on hospital financial viability. Methods: A list of hospitals belonging to the rural hospitals group of the Healthcare Association of New York State was obtained to determine prospective survey recipients. Sixty‐eight administrators at each of the identified hospitals were subsequently surveyed and 38 respondents met all inclusion criteria. Findings: Approximately 87% of hospital administrators perceive that the general surgery program is critical to the hospital’s financial viability. Forty percent of respondents report that they would be forced to close the hospital if the surgical program was lost. Among the 42% of administrators trying to recruit a general surgeon, almost two thirds have been searching for more than 1 year. Conclusions: According to the perceptions of hospital administrators, the financial viability of rural hospitals in New York State depends in large part on their ability to provide surgical services. Additionally, general surgeons appear to be in high demand at a significant number of the surveyed institutions.
Concordance of Patient‐Physician Obesity Diagnosis and Treatment Beliefs in Rural Practice Settings
Authors: Ely Andrea Charbonneau , Greiner K. Allen , Born Wendi , Hall Sandra , Rhode Paula C. , James Aimee S. , Nollen Nicole , Ahluwalia Jasjit S.
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT: 
Context: Although clinical guidelines recommend routine screening and treatment for obesity in primary care, lack of agreement between physicians and patients about the need for obesity treatment in the primary care setting may be an unexplored factor contributing to the obesity epidemic. Purpose and Methods: To better understand this dynamic, we surveyed 439 obese patients (body mass index ³30) at the time of clinic visits in 2003 at diverse primary care settings in rural Kansas and conducted same‐day interviews with their physicians (N = 28). We used Spearman’s correlation to describe and compare patient and physician responses. Findings: Most patients were women (66%). Their mean age was 55.8 years, and mean body mass index was 37.7. Half (51%) reported discussing their weight on that visit date. Overall, 51% of patients wanted to discuss weight more often with their physician and 54% wanted to discuss weight sooner. Patients and physicians gave similar assessments of the patient’s preference for discussing weight loss, how often weight was discussed at visits, and the patient’s motivation for weight loss. Spearman’s correlations on these variables were .33, .54, and .25, respectively (all P < .001). Conclusions: These patients and their physicians demonstrated a weak to moderate agreement on several variables crucial to initiating and continuing obesity care. Understanding patient and provider beliefs and preferences regarding obesity diagnosis and treatment is essential in designing obesity interventions for primary care.
Preventive Care in Appalachia: Use of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Identify Barriers to Participation in Cholesterol Screenings Among West Virginians
Authors: Deskins Shelli , Harris Carole V. , Bradlyn Andrew S. , Cottrell Lesley , Coffman Jessica W. , Olexa Julie , Neal William
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT: Context:West Virginians are at increased risk for heart disease. Given that the process of atherosclerosis begins in childhood, the Coronary Artery Risk Detection in Appalachian Communities Project was developed to reduce this risk by implementing a cholesterol screening program in the schools. However, participation rates have been less than desired.Purpose:This study examined the barriers to participation in preventive health screenings, specifically cholesterol screenings, in adults and children of West Virginia using the theory of planned behavior to guide conceptualization.Methods:A total of 14 community leaders, 36 parents, and 92 fifth‐grade children from 6 West Virginia counties with predominately rural populations participated in individual and focus group interviews. Qualitative analysis was used to examine interview transcripts.Findings:Adult and child attitudes about preventive care were the largest barrier to cholesterol screenings. Adult attitudinal barriers included concerns with outcomes of testing, lack of knowledge about cholesterol and heart disease, concerns about needles, and traditional Appalachian cultural beliefs (resistance to change, denial, and fatalism). Children cited concerns about needles, outcomes of testing, privacy, and lack of concern about health and cholesterol. Adults also acknowledged environmental barriers to screenings. Finally, children reported a lack of social pressure to participate in prevention activities.Conclusions:Attitudinal, social normative, and environmental barriers to health screenings may be characteristic of impoverished rural Appalachians. Interventions are being designed to target these belief barriers to improve participation in cholesterol screenings for fifth graders.
Primary and secondary tumours occurring simultaneously in the brain of a dog
Authors: Alves A. , Prada J. , Almeida J. M. , Pires I. , Queiroga F. , Platt S. R. , Varejão A. S. P.
Published: September 2006

Primary brain tumours of a single histological type and metastatic brain tumours are well described in dogs in the current veterinary literature. However, the concurrent presence of a primary and secondary tumour in the brain of a dog has never, to the authors’ knowledge, been previously reported. The clinical and pathological features of a nine‐year‐old, female boxer with an oligodendroglioma and metastases from a mammary gland adenocarcinoma occurring simultaneously in the brain are described in this case report. Information in the veterinary literature on multiple malignancies affecting the central nervous system is very limited; therefore, a discussion about comparative situations in human medicine has been included.
Combined cytosine arabinoside and prednisone therapy for meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology in 10 dogs
Authors: Zarfoss M. , Schatzberg S. , Venator K. , Cutter‐Schatzberg K. , Cuddon P. , Pintar J. , Weinkle T. , Scarlett J. , DeLahunta A.
Published: September 2006

Objectives:The differential diagnosis for young to middle‐aged dogs with progressive neurological signs, focal or multifocal computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging lesions, mononuclear cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and negative infectious titres includes granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, breed‐specific meningoencephalitis, infectious meningoencephalitis of unknown origin and central nervous system neoplasia. The terminologymeningoencephalitis of unknown aetiologymay be preferable for cases that lack histopathological diagnoses. The safety and efficacy of a combination of cytosine arabinoside and prednisone protocol is evaluated, in this study, for the treatment of meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology in 10 dogs.

Methods:Cases were selected based on neuroanatomical localisation, negative regional infectious disease titres, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and brain imaging. Clinical response was gauged through follow‐up examinations, owner and referring veterinarian surveys and review of medical records.

Results:Partial or complete remission was achieved in all dogs; the median survival time for the 10 dogs was 531 days (range 46 to 1025 days), with five of the 10 dogs alive at the time of writing.

ClinicalSignificance:Prednisone/cytosine arabinoside is a safe empirical therapy for dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology; this drug combination may prolong survival time.
Beta Decay
Authors: Hartt Kenneth
Published: September 2006

The uncertainty principle is used to provide a simple explanation of nuclear beta decay. (AIP)
Structured problem solving in kinematics
Authors: Van Ausdal Ray G.
Published: September 2006

Student difficulties in problem solving can be aided by developing a highly structured solution method for each concept introduced. Such a method is illustrated for the case of one-dimensional constant-acceleration problems.
BanTM deodorant ball mortar
Authors: Jr. D. Rae Carpenter , Rehbein Daivd J. , Bonometti Robert J.
Published: September 2006

The kinematics are discussed for the demonstration of two balls dropped simultaneously one on top of another. (AIP)
Fundamental particles and interactions A wall chart of modern physics
Authors:   The Fundamental Particles and InteractionsChart Committee
Published: September 2006

The chart produced by the Fundamental Particles and Interactions Chart Committee is explained. This chart describes the properties of elementary particles according to the Standard Model and is intended for physics instruction at the high school and undergraduate levels. (AIP)
The order of nature
Authors: Swartz Clifford E.
Published: September 2006

The different faculties and powers of the mind are not simultaneously but successively developed, with some periods of life better suited to particular acquirements than others. We ought to follow the order of nature, and to adapt the instruments to the age and mental stature of the pupil. Memory, imitation, imagination, and the faculty of forming mental habits should be the objects of early education. Development of language skills and rote drill in arithmetic should be the principal and prominent object of the primary or common school. The higher principles of science can only be thoroughly understood by a mind more fully matured, for the judgment and the reasoning powers are of slower growth. Of serious consequence is the endeavor to invert the order of nature, and attempt to impart those things which cannot be taught at an early age, and to neglect those which at this period of life the mind is well adapted to receive.
Casting a Genetic Light on the Evolution of Eyes
Authors: Fernald Russell D.
Published: September 2006

Light has been exploited for information by organisms through the evolution of photoreceptors and, ultimately, eyes in animals. Only a handful of eye types exist because the physics of light constrains photodetection. In the past few years, genetic tools have revealed several parallel pathways through which light guides behavior and have provided insights into the convergent evolution of eyes. The gene encoding opsin (the primary phototransduction protein) and some developmental genes had very early origins and were recruited repeatedly during eye evolution. Eye lens proteins arose separately and make up a diverse group, many of which were co-opted from other functions. A major challenge now is understanding how newly discovered pathways for processing light evolved and how they collaborate with eyes to harvest information from light.
Type, Density, and Location of Immune Cells Within Human Colorectal Tumors Predict Clinical Outcome
Authors: Galon Jérôme , Costes Anne , Sanchez-Cabo Fatima , Kirilovsky Amos , Mlecnik Bernhard , Lagorce-Pagès Christine , Tosolini Marie , Camus Matthieu , Berger Anne , Wind Philippe , Zinzindohoué Franck , Bruneval Patrick , Cugnenc Paul-Henri , Trajanoski Zlatko , Fridman Wolf-Herman , Pagès Franck
Published: September 2006

The role of the adaptive immune response in controlling the growth and recurrence of human tumors has been controversial. We characterized the tumor-infiltrating immune cells in large cohorts of human colorectal cancers by gene expression profiling and in situ immunohistochemical staining. Collectively, the immunological data (the type, density, and location of immune cells within the tumor samples) were found to be a better predictor of patient survival than the histopathological methods currently used to stage colorectal cancer. The results were validated in two additional patient populations. These data support the hypothesis that the adaptive immune response influences the behavior of human tumors. In situ analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells may therefore be a valuable prognostic tool in the treatment of colorectal cancer and possibly other malignancies.
Comment on "Asymmetric Coevolutionary Networks Facilitate Biodiversity Maintenance"
Authors: Holland J. Nathaniel , Okuyama Toshinori , DeAngelis Donald L.
Published: September 2006

Bascompte
et al
. (Reports, 21 April 2006, p. 431) used network asymmetries to explain mathematical conditions necessary for stability in historic models of mutualism. The Lotka-Volterra equations they used artificially created conditions in which some factor, such as asymmetric interaction strengths, is necessary for community coexistence. We show that a more realistic model incorporating nonlinear functional responses requires no such condition and is consistent with their data.
Phase Separation of Lipid Membranes Analyzed with High-Resolution Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kraft Mary L. , Weber Peter K. , Longo Marjorie L. , Hutcheon Ian D. , Boxer Steven G.
Published: September 2006

Lateral variations in membrane composition are postulated to play a central role in many cellular events, but it has been difficult to probe membrane composition and organization on length scales of tens to hundreds of nanometers. We present a high-resolution imaging secondary ion mass spectrometry technique to reveal the lipid distribution within a phase-separated membrane with a lateral resolution of ∼100 nanometers. Quantitative information about the chemical composition within small lipid domains was obtained with the use of isotopic labels to identify each molecular species. Composition variations were detected within some domains.
Ultrafast Carbon-Carbon Single-Bond Rotational Isomerization in Room-Temperature Solution
Authors: Zheng Junrong , Kwak Kyungwon , Xie Jia , Fayer M. D.
Published: September 2006

Generally, rotational isomerization about the carbon-carbon single bond in simple ethane derivatives in room-temperature solution under thermal equilibrium conditions has been too fast to measure. We achieved this goal using two-dimensional infrared vibrational echo spectroscopy to observe isomerization between the gauche and trans conformations of an ethane derivative, 1-fluoro-2-isocyanato-ethane (
1
), in a CCl
4
solution at room temperature. The isomerization time constant is 43 picoseconds (ps, 10
–12
s). Based on this value and on density functional theory calculations of the barrier heights of
1
,
n
-butane, and ethane, the time constants for
n
-butane and ethane internal rotation under the same conditions are ∼40 and ∼12 ps, respectively.
Gene Regulatory Networks in the Evolution and Development of the Heart
Authors: Olson Eric N.
Published: September 2006

The heart, an ancient organ and the first to form and function during embryogenesis, evolved by the addition of new structures and functions to a primitive pump. Heart development is controlled by an evolutionarily conserved network of transcription factors that connect signaling pathways with genes for muscle growth, patterning, and contractility. During evolution, this ancestral gene network was expanded through gene duplication and co-option of additional networks. Mutations in components of the cardiac gene network cause congenital heart disease, the most common human birth defect. The consequences of such mutations reveal the logic of organogenesis and the evolutionary origins of morphological complexity.
The Connectivity Map: Using Gene-Expression Signatures to Connect Small Molecules, Genes, and Disease
Authors: Lamb Justin , Crawford Emily D. , Peck David , Modell Joshua W. , Blat Irene C. , Wrobel Matthew J. , Lerner Jim , Brunet Jean-Philippe , Subramanian Aravind , Ross Kenneth N. , Reich Michael , Hieronymus Haley , Wei Guo , Armstrong Scott A. , Haggarty Stephen J. , Clemons Paul A. , Wei Ru , Carr Steven A. , Lander Eric S. , Golub Todd R.
Published: September 2006

To pursue a systematic approach to the discovery of functional connections among diseases, genetic perturbation, and drug action, we have created the first installment of a reference collection of gene-expression profiles from cultured human cells treated with bioactive small molecules, together with pattern-matching software to mine these data. We demonstrate that this “Connectivity Map” resource can be used to find connections among small molecules sharing a mechanism of action, chemicals and physiological processes, and diseases and drugs. These results indicate the feasibility of the approach and suggest the value of a large-scale community Connectivity Map project.
PARALLELIZATION OF WAVELET FILTERS USING SIMD EXTENSIONS
Authors: KUTIL RADE , EDER PETER
Published: September 2006

Much work has been done to optimize wavelet transforms for SIMD extensions of modern CPUs. However, these approaches are mostly restricted to the vertical part of 2-D transforms with line-wise organized memory layouts because this leads to a rather straight forward SIMD-implementation. This work shows for an example of a common wavelet filter new approaches to use SIMD operations on 1-D transforms that are able to produce reasonable speedups. As a result, the performance of algorithms that use wavelet transforms, such as JPEG2000, can be increased significantly. Various variants of parallelization are presented and compared. Their advantages and disadvantages for general filters are discussed.
PRECONDITIONED PARALLEL BLOCK–JACOBI SVD ALGORITHM
Authors: OKŠA GABRIEL , VAJTERŠIC MARIÁN
Published: September 2006

We show experimentally, that the QR factorization with the complete column pivoting, optionally followed by the LQ factorization of the R-factor, can lead to a substantial decrease of the number of outer parallel iteration steps in the parallel block-Jacobi SVD algorithm, whereby the details depend on the condition number and on the shape of spectrum, including the multiplicity of singular values. Best results were achieved for well-conditioned matrices with a multiple minimal singular value, where the number of parallel iteration steps has been reduced by two orders of magnitude. However, the gain in speed, as measured by the total parallel execution time, depends decisively on how efficient is the implementation of the distributed QR and LQ factorizations on a given parallel architecture. In general, the reduction of the total parallel execution time up to one order of magnitude has been achieved.
THREE COUNTEREXAMPLES TO DISPEL THE MYTH OF THE UNIVERSAL COMPUTER
Authors: AKL SELIM G.
Published: September 2006

It is shown that the concept of a Universal Computer cannot be realized. Specifically, instances of a computable function [Formula: see text] are exhibited that cannot be computed on any machine [Formula: see text] that is capable of only a finite and fixed number of operations per step. This remains true even if the machine [Formula: see text] is endowed with an infinite memory and the ability to communicate with the outside world while it is attempting to compute [Formula: see text]. It also remains true if, in addition, [Formula: see text] is given an indefinite amount of time to compute [Formula: see text]. This result applies not only to idealized models of computation, such as the Turing Machine and the like, but also to all known general-purpose computers, including existing conventional computers (both sequential and parallel), as well as contemplated unconventional ones such as biological and quantum computers. Even accelerating machines (that is, machines that increase their speed at every step) cannot be universal.
GALACTIC DYNAMICS VIA GENERAL RELATIVITY AND THE EXOTIC DARK MATTER ENIGMA
Authors: COOPERSTOCK F. I. , TIEU S.
Published: September 2006

General relativity supersedes Newtonian dynamics in the analysis of galactic rotation and eliminates the need for vast halos of exotic dark matter. We present new results to complete the global picture of galactic models which indicate that we can model relatively modest mass accumulations surrounding galaxies with mass concentrations roughly contained within the contours of the extended disk. An observational test of the extent of any external matter distribution is shown to derive from the velocity dispersion of rotation curves in planes parallel to the galactic symmetry plane. We reply to recent critics of our work.
IMPLICIT FUNCTION THEOREM IN CARNOT–CARATHÉODORY SPACES
Authors: CITTI G. , MANFREDINI M.
Published: September 2006

In this paper, we prove an implicit function theorem and we study the regularity of the function implicitly defined. The implicit function theorem had already been proved in homogeneous Lie groups by Franchi, Serapioni and Serra Cassano, while the regularity problem of the function implicitly defined was still open even in the simplest Lie group.
GLOBAL WELL-POSEDNESS FOR THE KDV EQUATIONS ON THE REAL LINE WITH LOW REGULARITY FORCING TERMS
Authors: TSUGAWA KOTARO
Published: September 2006

We consider the initial value problem for the KdV equations with low regularity forcing terms. The case that the forcing term f(x) equals pδ′(x) appears in the study of the excitation of long nonlinear water waves by a moving pressure distribution, where δ′(x) is the first derivative of the Dirac delta function and p is a constant. We have the time global well-posedness with f(x) ∈ L2by the L2a priori estimate. However, we cannot apply it to the case f(x) ∈ Hσ, σ < 0. To overcome this difficulty, we divide f into the high frequency part and the low frequency part and use the scaling argument. Our results include the time local well-posedness with f(x) ∈ Hσ, σ ≥ -3 and the time global well-posedness with f = pδ′(x) or f(x) ∈ Hσ, σ ≥ -3/2. Our main tools are the Fourier restriction norm method and the I-method.
ELECTRON TRANSFER THEORY REVISITED: QUANTUM SOLVATION EFFECT
Authors: HAN PING , XU RUI-XUE , CUI PING , MO YAN , HE GUOZHONG , YAN YIJING
Published: September 2006

The effect of solvation on ET rate processes has been investigated on the basis of the exact theory constructed in J. Phys. Chem. B110:11438, 2006. The nature of solvation has been studied in close relation with the mechanism of ET processes. The resulting Kramers' turnover and Marcus' inversion characteristics have been analyzed accordingly. The classical picture of solvation has been found to be invalid when the solvent longitudinal relaxation time is short compared with the inverse temperature.
IONIC OH AS DOPANT OF HELIUM DROPLETS: AB INITIO POTENTIAL ENERGY SURFACES FOR OH+(3Σ-)-4He, OH-(1Σ-)-4He, AND STABLE STRUCTURES OF THEIR SMALLER CLUSTERS
Authors: MARINETTI FABIO , BODO ENRICO , GIANTURCO FRANCO A.
Published: September 2006

Accurate, post-Hartree–Fock calculations have been carried out for a broad range of geometries in order to obtain an extended description of the orientational anisotropy and radial strength of the interaction of OH + and OH - ions with the unit species of a weak quantum solvent as that provided by 4 He droplets. The potential energy surfaces (PES) are obtained for the smallest complex system with one 4 He atom, and the possible role and importance of many-body effects is also investigated. The energetics and shapes of the OH +-4 He and OH --4 He internal bound states are obtained and analyzed in detail.
Variation of Ultrasonic Velocity and Absorption with Temperature and Frequency in High Viscosity Vegetable Oils
Authors: Kuo Hung-Liang
Published: September 2006

The ultrasonic velocity and absorption in vegetable oils are measured. In the temperature range 0°C∼60°C, the velocity decreases approximately linearly with increasing temperature, and increases with increasing frequency. The absorption decreases not only with increasing temperature but also with increasing frequency. In the neighbourhood of the frequency range of 0.5 MHz∼1.5 MHz a rapid variation of absorption is recognized. The flow of liquid which comes from the mechanical disturbance and thermal convection exerts great influence on the stability of the image on the indicator of the ultrasonic apparatus.
Bright Spots in the Image of Silicon Vidicon
Authors: Shiraki Hiromitsu , Matsui Junji , Kawamura Tsutomu , Hanaoka Masafumi , Sasaki Tokuo
Published: September 2006

The origin of bright spots in the images of silicon vidicon is studied by investigating the etching patterns of the vidicon targets. It is found that (1) the bright spots are caused by a leaky diode which has a stacking fault generated during the course of oxidation in the (111) plane, and (2) there are two causes for stacking fault, that is, residual mechanical strain on the surface of the silicon wafer and grown-in defects.
On the Electrical and Thermal Properties of Ternary Chalcogenides A2
IBIVX3, AIBVX2 and A3
IBVX4(AI=Cu; BIV=Ge, Sn; BV=Sb; X=S, Se, Te) III. Electrical Properties of Cu2GeSe3
Authors: Endo Saburo , Sudo Ichiro , Irie Taizo
Published: September 2006

Electrical resistivity, Hall and Seebeck effects are measured in the temperature range between 77°K and 500°K on Cu2GeSe3. The carriers in as-grown sample are degenerate over the temperature range studied. By annealing at 230°C in vacuum for about 240 h, the carrier density decreases and an activation energy smaller than 0.01 eV appears in the Hall curve. When the annealing temperature is 700°C, the activation energy estimated from the Hall curve is 0.016 eV. The Hall mobility increases by a factor of 102 by the annealing at 700°C. The energy gap obtained from the resistivity data is 0.25 eV. The effective mass of holes is estimated to be 0.94 m from the Hall and the Seebeck data.
It is suggested that there are two kinds of acceptor levels associated with Se vacancies at 0.016 eV and under 0.01 eV above the valence band, respectively. Result of the thermal conductivity measurement in a previous work may be explained by the phonon scattering by electronic transition between these acceptor levels.
Electrical Switching in Mobility-Gap Materials
Authors: Iida Masamori , Hamada Akira
Published: September 2006

A new model for electrical switching is proposed which is based on the mobility-gap band model developed by Cohen et al., for chalcogenide materials and the electron tunneling through an insulating layer on these materials. Numerical calculations of current-voltage relations show that the switching characteristics depend on a factor with which the tunnel current is determined. Dependence of threshold field on the thickness of specimens is in agreement with experimental observations.
A Differential Scanning Fabry-Perot Interferometer
Authors: Inoue Naoki , Suzuki Norihito , Yoshinaga Hiroshi , Wada Akiyoshi
Published: September 2006

In Fabry-Perot interferometry, a method has been investigated to eliminate the influence of an intense Rayleigh line in spectroscopy of scattered light in a region of 0.01–10 cm-1. In order to eliminate the background, a transmitted spectral line is modulated by vibrating one of the interferometer plates, and only the modulated signal is detected. By using an optimum vibrating amplitude, detectivity can be increased by about 10 times than that in a usual Fabry-Perot spectrometer without decreasing spectral resolution.
Blocking of Plasma Stream by Transverse Magnetic Field
Authors: Inoue Kenji , Kunieda Shunsuke
Published: September 2006

Under some operating condition of the coaxial plasma gun, the plasma stream ejected from the gun consists of two components,i.e.the fast component and the slow component. A trial is made to remove the slow component blob from the plasma stream by applying fast rising transverse magnetic field in the plasma guiding space at a time when the fast component blob has passed through and the slow component blob does not arrive. The slow component blob is blocked by the fast rising transverse magnetic field of 5000 G. The blocking ability of the oscillating transverse magnetic field is inferior compared to that of the quasi-static field,i.e.the oscillating magnetic field crowbared at its first maximum.
Structure of Tantalum Nitrides
Authors: Terao Nobuzo
Published: September 2006

The crystal structure of tantalum nitrides is examined by X-ray and electron diffraction techniques and the following seven phases are identified: TaN∼0.05 (cubic, β-phase), Ta2N (hexagonal, γ-phase), δ-TaN (hexagonal), ε-TaN (hexagonal), Ta5N6 (hexagonal), Ta4N5 (tetragonal) and Ta3N5 (tetragonal or monoclinic).
Thin films of Ta nitrides for electron diffraction study were prepared by nitriding thin evaporated films of tantalum in ammonia and nitrogen. By heating thin films of Ta3N5 in vacuum, the phase transformations occur successively as follows:

Ta3N5→Ta4N5→Ta5N6→ε-TaN→Ta2N.

The stucture of each nitride form is discussed.
Light-Trapping and Elastic Lattice Vibrations in Liquids and Solids
Authors: Piekara Arkadiusz H.
Published: September 2006

It is shown that molecular orientation is basically not adequate to account for light-trapping effect. On the other hand the resonant enhancement of elastic vibrations by pulsed optical field leads through the Silberstein induction effect to refractive index increase and to the possibility of self-trapping.
Studies on Photoconductive Thallous Sulphide Cells
Authors: Chockalingam Mary Juliana , Rao K. Nagaraja , Rangarajan N. , Suryanarayana C. V.
Published: September 2006

Thallous sulphide layers have been prepared by us by the method of chemical deposition for the first time. With suitable electrode contacts, these cells exhibit photoconducting property in the visible and near infrared regions. The spectral distribution of photoconductivity, the lux-ampere characteristics and the response time of these cells have been obtained. The influence of certain dopants on the photosensitivity and dark conductivity of these cells have been studied and discussed.
Debunching of the Beam Pulse for the Synchro-Cyclotron
Authors: Suzuki Arata
Published: September 2006

A debuncher with half stochastic and half resonance acceleration has been applied to the INS 160 cm. synchro-cyclotron. The resulting beam intensity has been found to be almost unchangeable with time. The average beam current is 35% as large as it had been before the debuncher was installed.
An Evidence of Folding of Molecules in Polyethylene Single Crystal
Authors: Tanaka Kenzo , Seto Tsuneo , Mannami Michihiko
Published: September 2006

The forbidden reflexions {100} and {010} present in electron diffraction patterns from single crystals of polyethylene are explained by the effect of atoms forming kinks of molecular-chains. A model of folding of the molecules in single crystals of polyethylene is proposed.
The Thermoelectric Properties of AgSbTe2–AgBiTe2, AgSbTe2–PbTe and–SnTe Systems
Authors: Irie Taizo , Takahama Teizo , Ono Takasi
Published: September 2006

Thermoelectric properties of AgSbTe2–AgBiTe2, AgSbTe2–PbTe and –SnTe systems are studied. In these alloys and also in AgSbTe2, when prepared by the usual method of zone melting, the thermoelectric power and the electrical conductivity vary along the length of the bar and the mode of the variation strongly depends on the speed of zone passing. These facts are probably related to the mode of precipitation of Ag2Te or Sb2Te3. The Hall mobility of AgSbTe2which does not contain the precipitates of Ag2Te has been found to change with the absolute temperature with an exponent of -0.7 and -1.3 for two specimens respectively. In AgSbTe2–AgBiTe2and–PbTe systems, the electrical conductivity decreases and the thermoelectric power increases with the increase of AgBiTe2or PbTE content. In AgSbTe2–SnTe system, the electrical conductivity increases and the thermoelectric power decreases with the increase of AgBiTe2content in AgSbTe2–AgBiTe2system while it has a broad minimum in the range of PbTe content from 20 to 60 atomic percent in AgSbTe2–PbTe system. In AgSbTe2–SnTe system, the lattice thermal conductivity increases with the increase of SnTe content.
Electromechanical Properties of NaNO2 Single Crystals
Authors: Hamano Katusmi , Negishi Katsuo , Marutake Masakazu , Namura Shoichiro
Published: September 2006

Resonance and antiresonance measurements have been made on NaNO2 single crystals. Temperature dependence of all piezoelectric constants and five elastic compliance coefficients has been investigated in the range from -50°C to 230°C. The piezoelectric constants d
21, d
22 and d
23 have values of the order 10-8 (cgs. esu.) at room temperature, and show pronounced peaks just below the Curie point. The constants d
34 and d
16 are of the order of, 10-8 (cgs. esu.), and are nearly independent of temperature. The remarkable fact is that d
22 and d
23 change their signs in passing 100°C. Elastic anomalies are observed near the Curie point. Some discussions are made in connection with the ferroelectric properties of NaNO2.
Anisotropies of Hot-Pressed Transparent (Pb, Ba, La) Nb2O6 Ceramics
Authors: Nagata Kunihiro , Kawatani Yasushi , Okazaki Kiyoshi
Published: September 2006

Transparent (Pb, Ba, La)Nb2O6 ceramics were hot-pressed and the dielectric, piezoelectric, optical and electro-optic properties of grain-oriented samples were measured. Anisotropies of about 1.3:1 to 2:1 in the permittivity, coupling factor and electro-optic coefficient were found between the directions parallel and perpendicular to the hot-pressing direction. Hot-pressed samples with a porosity of less than 0.5% showed a transmission of about 60% at a wavelength of 0.8 µm (0.2 mm in thickness). It was found that (Pb, Ba, La)Nb2O6 ceramics have highly acitve electro-optic effects.
Low Energy Selfsputtering Yields of Molybdenum and Tungsten
Authors: Saidoh Masahiro , Sone Kazuho
Published: September 2006

Selfsputtering yields of molybdenum and tungsten have been measured by the weight change method in the energy range between 0.1 keV and 10 keV at normal incidence. Measured yields are compared with two different universal empirical formulae proposed to predict the energy dependence of the sputtering yield and it is found that measured yields agree with the predicted ones from these two formulae within a factor of three for both molybdenum and tungsten. The results are discussed in view of their importance to the plasma-wall interaction in fusion devices.
Electromechanical Coupling Constants of Surface Acoustic Waves on Lithium Niobate Covered with Silicon Dioxide
Authors: Hirabayashi Makoto , Komatsu Yasutoshi , Kanamaru Masaji
Published: September 2006

The coupling constant of 128°-rotated y-cut x-propagating LiNbO3 covered with SiO2 was measured. SiO2 was deposited on LiNbO3 before forming SAW transducers, and was used as a nonpiezoelectric film to control the coupling constant of the piezoelectric substrate. The coupling constant decreased as the film became thicker. The admittance of SAW transducers formed on the film was then measured, and the coupling constant was derived from the measured admittance. The measured coupling constant was 0.047, 0.038, 0.034 and 0.029 when the ratio of the film thickness to the SAW wavelength was 0.005, 0.01, 0.015 and 0.02, respectively. The coupling constant of the LiNbO3 substrate without the SiO2 film was 0.057, which agrees with the value of 0.056 reported previously.
Recombination-Enhanced Annealing of Gamma-Ray Induced Defects in GaAs1-xPx
Authors: Shirafuji Junji , Kakiuchi Takao , Oka Koji , Inuishi Yoshio
Published: September 2006

The recombination-enhanced annealing of gamma-ray induced defects (electron traps) in GaAs1-x
P
x
(x=0, 0.35 and 0.45) has been studied through the change in the defect density monitored by DLTS. A significant enhancement of the annealing rate is observed only under the minority carrier injection condition. It is found that a finite activation energy of 0.4–0.5 eV still remains even when the energy emitted in minority carrier capture at a defect is larger than the activation energy of pure thermal annealing.
Analytical Solutions of Traveling Fluxon Waves on a Josephson Transmission Line with Shunt Conductance and Uniform Bias Current
Authors: Sakai Shigeki , Tateno Hiroshi
Published: September 2006

Traveling-wave type solutions describing the fluxon motion on an infinite Josephson transmission line with shunt conductance and uniform bias current are derived analytically by approximating the sinusoidal current vs. phase-difference relation of the Josephson junction by a triangular saw-tooth like relation. From the result, the relation between the velocity of the waves and the bias current is obtained numerically, and the dependence of the phase and voltage upon space and time is also obtained. Finally, the energy flow of the waves along the line is expressed by a simple formula.
Far Infrared and Raman Spectra in (As2S3)1-x(Sb2S3)x Glasses
Authors: Kato Michio , Onari Seinosuke , Arai Toshihiro
Published: September 2006

The far infrared reflection and Raman spectra of (As2S3)1-x
(Sb2S3)
x
glasses (0≤x≤0.6) were measured in the spectral region 60∼600 cm-1 at room temperature. Two-mode type behaviors of the dominant modes originating from the local vibrations of AsS3 and SbS3 pyramidal units were observed. The infrared and Raman dominant mode frequencies of g-Sb2S3 are 270 cm-1 and 297 cm-1, respectively. The optical constants were calculated by Kramers-Kronig analysis, and were also analyzed by the classical oscillators model. The effective charges of the AsS3 and SbS3 pyramidal units were calculated. The force constants were calculated using Gordy's model, Somayajulu's model and also by the general valence force field method. The dependence of the infrared and Raman dominant modes on the composition x shows that hetero-bondings (chemical ordering) and therefore pyramidal units are predominant in this system.
Photogeneration of Charge Carriers in Polyimide Films
Authors: Takai Rashmi , Mizutani Teruyoshi , Ieda Masayuki
Published: September 2006

Pulsed photoconduction in polyimide films is studied in the charge mode as a function of electric field, light intensity and sample thickness. The collected charge was found to be almost independent of the sample thickness and approximately proportional to the 0.5 power of the light intensity. A model is presented which assumes that photogeneration is of the Onsager type and the succeeding transport is limited by bimolecular recombination.
Diffusion of Phosphorus in Silicon
Authors: Yoshida Masayuki
Published: September 2006

In a previous work by the author, it was reported that the anomalous diffusion of phosphorus in silicon can be explained well by the pair diffusion model under the assumptions that the vacancy formation energy decreases with increasing phosphorus concentration and the binding energy between a vacancy and a phosphorus atom is constant. However, the ground for these assumptions was not clear.
In the present work, it is shown that the decrease in the vacancy formation energy is caused by the interaction between a vacancy and two nearby phosphorus atoms. Because of this interaction, the binding energy probably decreases with increasing phosphorus concentration. Thus the weak point of the previous work is solved. It is also shown that the diffusion equations developed for the pair diffusion model are general equations which include the ordinary diffusion model.
Orange Luminescence in CdS
Authors: Mochizuki Katsumi , Satoh Masaaki , Igaki Kenzo
Published: September 2006

The characteristics of orange (O) luminescence in undoped CdS were examined by observing the energy shift of the emission peak as a function of composition in two kinds of solid solution, CdS
x
Se1-x
and Cd
y
Zn1-y
S. Different behaviors of the O-bands were observed in these solid solutions. The O-emission in CdS is thermally quenched at about 200 K with an activation energy of 0.21 eV.
From the results, the emission mechanism was explained as D(donor)-A(acceptor) pair recombination with the donor level 0.21 eV below the bottom of the conduction band and the acceptor level 0.29 eV above the top of the valence band. The donor responsible for the emission seems to be related to native defects such as Cd interstitials or S vacancies.
Excited State Population Pumped by Discharge in Atmospheric He
Authors: Iino Masaaki , Tachikawa Jin , Takubo Yoshitaka , Shimazu Mitsuyoshi
Published: September 2006

Time-resolved population measurements using the interferometric methods were made on the populations of He(23S) and electrons in He at 1 atm excited by a fast electrical discharge. A model was developed that integrated the time-dependent circuit equations for the discharge and the kinetic equations for the atomic and molecular species and the electrons. The measured absolute values of the populations and their temporal behaviors are well described by the model.
Real Time Event Selection and Flash Analog-to-Digital Converters
Authors: Imori Masatosi
Published: September 2006

In high-energy particle experiments, high-speed analog logic is employed to select events on a real-time basis. Flash analog-to-digital converters replace the high-speed analog logic with digital logic. The digital logic gives great flexibility to the scheme for real-time event selection. This paper proposes the use of flash A/D converters for the logic used to obtain the total sum of the energy deposited in individual counters in a shower detector.
A Repetitional Pulsed X-Ray Diffractometer System
Authors: Iida Satoshi , Sakaue Kiyoshi , Terauchi Hikaru , Kubota Kanji , Kojima Toshiro , Yamada Yasusada , Kato Toshio , Nakamura Nobuyuki , Kunimatsu Toshihiro , Yoshimoto Hiroshi , Ninomiya Norihiko , Den Minoru
Published: September 2006

A pulsed X-ray source and a diffractometer used with this source have been constructed. The pulsed X-ray tube can be driven at a peak voltage of 300 kV and a peak anode current of 5 kA to give X-ray pulses with a duration of about 40 ns at a repetition rate of up to 10 Hz. The high voltage is generated by a Marx generator coupled to a pulse forming line. One X-ray pulse contains about 3×106 Cu Kα photons. Some preliminary observations of the diffraction patterns from an LiF crystal have been made using a multichannel photodiode array as a detector. The use of this apparatus as a time-resolved X-ray diffractometer are discussed in this report.
Quantitative Measurement of the Electromagnetic Field Excited by a Relativistic Electron Beam Passing through a Cylindrical Cavity
Authors: Minami Kazuo , Kobayashi Osamu , Maheshwari Krishna Prasad , Miyazaki Akira
Published: September 2006

A quantitative measurement is carried out on the electromagnetic field excited by a relativistic electron beam passing through a cylindrical cavity. To estimate the absolute values of the excited field, the microwave circuit including the cavity is carefully calibrated. The observed values are compared with a theoretical prediction, and fairly good agreement is found between them. Since the beam current is quite small in our case, no automodulation of the beam by the cavity is observed.