bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extracavitary primary effusion lymphoma presenting as a cutaneous tumor: a case report and literature review
Authors: Pielasinski Ursula , Santonja Carlos , Rodríguez‐Pinilla Socorro M. , Requena Luis
Published: June 2014

Primary effusion lymphoma is an unusual form of aggressive B‐cell lymphoma universally associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) that involves mostly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients. Characteristically, it presents as a malignant serous effusion involving body cavities, but without associated tumor mass. Exceptionally, HHV8‐positive lymphomas with features identical to primary effusion lymphoma may present as mass lesions in the absence of cavity effusions along the course of the disease, and are regarded as extracavitary or solid variants of the disorder. These rare forms are extremely rare in the skin. We report a case of extracavitary primary effusion lymphoma arising in a HIV‐infected male, who presented with two subcutaneous masses involving the skin of the abdominal and inguinal regions as the first manifestation of the process. Kaposi sarcoma was not present in the skin surface or mucous membranes. Extensive studies failed to demonstrate involvement of other organs and the case was considered as an example of extracavitary primary effusion lymphoma originating primarily in the skin. Herein, we review the few reported cases of solid primary effusion lymphoma involving the skin in order to delineate the clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics of this rare lymphoma in the skin.
How credible is the North Korean threat?
Authors: Kim Byung‐Yeon , Roland Gérard
Published: June 2014

We perform event analysis on particular episodes of tension in the Korean peninsula between 2000 and 2008, and investigate the effect of the events on South Korean financial markets (stock markets, bond yield spreads and the exchange rate) given that South Korea would be the first affected by a military aggression from North Korea. Surprisingly, in nearly all cases, these events, which have often been dramatized in the world media, have no significant impact on either of these variables or only a very small one. We also find no significant impact of events on listed firms that would a priori be likely to suffer from increased tension between the two Koreas. Since financial markets often contain better predictions than expert opinions or surveys, these results strongly suggest that the North Korean threat is non‐credible.
Regional differences in the production processes of financial and social outputs of microfinance institutions
Authors: Bolli Thomas , Vo Thi Anh
Published: June 2014

This study uses panel data of microfinance institutions across the world to compare production processes across regions, assess the relevance of unobserved heterogeneity and estimate economies of scale. Comparing a financial production process to a multidimensional production process that accounts for the presence of outreach in the objective function suggests that financial and social output reflect complements in South Asia but not in other regions. Furthermore, we find substantial economies of scale for a pure financial production process. However, accounting for outreach lowers estimated economies of scale, suggesting that producing outreach creates high transaction costs and requires exploitation of local knowledge.
Microcredit market structure and financing obstacles for micro firms
Authors: Sonnekalb Simon
Published: June 2014

Using rich survey data of micro firms in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, I analze the effect of recent changes in microcredit market structure on perceived financing obstacles. Controlling for country, time and firm characteristics, lower microcredit market concentration is associated with firms reporting financing as a more severe obstacle to their operations. This indicates that rising competition between microfinance institutions may have led to reduced financial access. The results are consistent with information‐based theoretical predictions that lenders with less market power have weaker incentives to invest in lending relationships with opaque firms and that greater competition aggravates borrower screening.
Acute multilineage (B/myeloid) leukemia with RUNX1 duplication/amplification and hypereosinophilia
Authors: Holmes Allen , Coviello Jean , Velagaleti Gopalrao
Published: June 2014

A 14–year‐old girl presented with myalgias and decreased energy and was found to have a white count of 73 000 with 75% eosinophils. Flow cytometry and immunostains showed the blasts in the bone marrow expressed both myeloid and lymphoid markers. Patient was diagnosed with acute multilineage (B/Myeloid) leukemia. Genetic testing revealed four copies of the RUNX1 gene region in 25.5%, with a normal karyotype and no evidence of t(8;21) or t(12;21) by fluorescence in situ hybridization. RUNX1 translocations and amplifications have been implicated in acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and MDS, but have not yet been seen with acute multilineage leukemia. Additionally, it is unclear what the risk stratification of this unique presentation will turn out to be.
Sensitivity and specificity of Single‐Tube Osmotic Fragility Test and its different methods as screening test for thalassemia trait: an alternative to expensive laboratory tests for resource‐limited countries
Authors: Ansari Saqib H. , Hanifa Anny , Saleem Ayesha , Ali Salima M. , Hussain Zeeshan , Zohaib Mohammad , Akbar Mohammad , Rehman Saif , Hussain Syed R.
Published: June 2014

Objective

To determine the sensitivity and specificity of single‐tube osmotic fragility (SOFT) and its different methods as screening test for thalassemia trait.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted at Omair Sana Foundation. A total of 400 participants were included in the study. Three hundred were known thalassemia carriers (parents with at least one child with thalassemia major), while 100 were healthy blood donors. SOFT was performed on all 400 participants. Serum iron, ferritin, and DNA tests were performed on 100 participants (donors). ARMS technique was used for detecting thalassemia mutations.

Results

Sensitivity and specificity of SOFT (venous method) were found to be 99.6% and 86%, respectively, while with EDTA method, sensitivity was 95% and specificity was 96%. For venous and EDTA methods, positive predictive values were 95.5% and 98.6%, respectively, while negative predictive values were 98.8% and 86.6%, respectively. Use of EDTA and storage had an effect on the results. Sensitivity of SOFT was 95% at 5 min, while it decreased to 87% with EDTA method at 240 min. Sensitivity of SOFT for iron deficiency anemia was found to be 14%.

Conclusion

SOFT can be used as screening test for thalassemia trait in a cost‐effective way. Moreover, we also found that SOFT should be performed on venous blood without adding preservatives (EDTA) that can interfere with the results.
Impact of exercise on pro inflammatory cytokine levels and epigenetic modulations of tumor‐competitive lymphocytes in Non‐Hodgkin‐Lymphoma patients‐randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zimmer Philipp , Baumann Freerk T. , Bloch Wilhelm , Schenk Alexander , Koliamitra Christine , Jensen Patrizia , Mierau Andreas , Hülsdünker Thorben , Reinart Nina , Hallek Michael , Elter Thomas
Published: June 2014

Introduction

Physical activity is associated with decreased cancer (recurrence) risk and a reduction in treatment‐specific side effects. Exercise modulates cytokine expression and shows beneficial effects on cancer patients’ immune system. We investigated the following: (i) whether Non‐Hodgkin‐Lymphoma patients have increased serum macrophage migration inhibiting factor (MIF) and Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) levels after immunochemotherapy; (ii) whether physical activity influences cytokine serum levels; and (iii) whether serum cytokine levels are associated with histone modifications in tumor‐competitive immune cells.

Methods

Thirty patients and 10 healthy controls were randomised into an intervention and a control group. Participants of the intervention group exercised once for 30 min at moderate intensity on a bicycle ergometer. Blood samples were collected twice, before and after the intervention. MIF and IL‐6 serum concentrations were detected by ELISA. Natural killer cells and CD8+ T‐lymphocytes were isolated by magnetic labeled cell sorting. Isolated cells were stained and analyzed for global histone acetylation at histone 4, lysine 5 and histone three, lysine 9.

Results

Patients showed higher serum MIF and IL‐6 baseline levels, and reduced NK‐cell histone acetylation, indicating a reduced transcriptional activity of tumor‐competitive lymphocytes. Changes in MIF correlated with altered NK‐cell histone acetylation, leading to the hypothesis that MIF impacts NK‐cells via epigenetic modifications. Further, the exercise intervention was associated with an increase in IL‐6 and CD8+ T‐lymphocyte histone acetylation.

Conclusions

We conclude that exercise induces changes in cytokine levels, thereby possibly affecting epigenetic patterns and activity of tumor‐competitive lymphocytes.
Severe cytokine release syndrome after the first dose of Brentuximab Vedotin in a patient with relapsed systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (sALCL): a case report and review of literature
Authors: Alig Stefan K. , Dreyling Martin , Seppi Bettina , Aulinger Benedikt , Witkowski Lukas , Rieger Christina T.
Published: June 2014

Brentuximab Vedotin is an antibody – drug conjugate targeting CD30. We report a case of severe cytokine release syndrome (CRS) after administration of the first dose of Brentuximab Vedotin in a 64‐yr‐old patient with relapsed systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (sALCL). To our knowledge, this is the first case of CRS to Brentuximab Vedotin described in the literature. However, CRS to Brentuximab Vedotin might be underestimated, as the drug has not been tested in large phase III trials yet.
Detection of bacteraemia and host response in healthy neonatal foals
Authors: Hackett E. S. , Lunn D. P. , Ferris R. A. , Horohov D. W. , Lappin M. R. , McCue P. M.
Published: June 2014

Reasons for performing the study

Neonatal sepsis is a common problem in foals and is a primary cause of death in the post natal period. Transient bacteraemia and subsequent host responses have not been described in the equine neonate.

Objectives

The primary objective of this study was to determine if transient bacteraemia occurs in foals within the first 72 h of life. Additional objectives included description of bacterial organisms associated with transient bacteraemia and concurrent cytokine gene expression in healthy foals.

Study design

Prospective observational study in healthy foals.

Methods

Blood was aseptically collected for bacterial culture from observed spontaneously born foals at birth and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h following birth. Samples taken at birth, 4, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h were analysed for interferon gamma (IFNγ), interleukin (IL)‐1,IL‐2,IL‐6,IL‐8,IL‐10,IL‐18 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1) cytokine gene expression quantified byRT‐PCR.

Results

Bacteria were cultured from 9 of 70 samples submitted for blood culture. The positive samples were from 4 of the 7 foals, all of which remained healthy throughout and subsequent to the study. All positive blood cultures were from blood samples obtained at 12 h of age or earlier andIL‐10 elevation coincided with positive blood cultures in healthy foals. Cytokine gene expression fluctuated with age.

Conclusions

Positive blood cultures suggest transient bacteraemia may occur in healthy foals early in the post natal period. Age corrected normal values may be necessary to interpret cytokine concentration in diseased populations.
Genetic polymorphisms altering microRNA activity in psoriasis – a key to solve the puzzle of missing heritability?
Authors: Pivarcsi Andor , Ståhle Mona , Sonkoly Enikő
Published: June 2014

Psoriasis is a chronic immune‐mediated skin disease in which the balance in the interplay of immune cells and keratinocytes is disturbed. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small regulatory RNAs that stabilize cellular phenotypes and fine‐tune signal transduction feedback loops through the regulation of gene networks. Through the regulation of their multiple target genes, miRNAs regulate the development of inflammatory cell subsets and have a significant impact on the magnitude of inflammatory responses. Since the discovery of deregulated miRNA expression in psoriasis, we have learned that they can regulate differentiation, proliferation and cytokine response of keratinocytes, activation and survival of T cells and the crosstalk between immunocytes and keratinocytes through the regulation of chemokine production. In recent years, it became apparent that genetic polymorphisms in miRNA genes and/or in miRNA binding sites of target genes can affect miRNA activity and contribute to disease susceptibility. Psoriasis has a strong genetic background; however, the contribution of genetic variants involving miRNAs is largely unexplored in psoriasis. We propose that changes in miRNA‐mediated gene regulation may be a major contributor to the disturbed balance in immune regulation that results in chronic skin inflammation. In this viewpoint essay, we focus on the emerging new aspects of the role of miRNAs in psoriasis and propose that genetic polymorphisms that affect miRNA activity might be important in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
Modeling cancer glycolysis under hypoglycemia, and the role played by the differential expression of glycolytic isoforms
Authors: Marín‐Hernández Alvaro , López‐Ramírez Sayra Y. , Del Mazo‐Monsalvo Isis , Gallardo‐Pérez Juan C. , Rodríguez‐Enríquez Sara , Moreno‐Sánchez Rafael , Saavedra Emma
Published: June 2014

The effect of hypoglycemia on the contents of glycolytic proteins, activities of enzymes/transporters and flux of HeLa and MCF‐7 tumor cells was experimentally analyzed and modeled in silico. After 24 h hypoglycemia (2.5 mm initial glucose), significant increases in the protein levels of glucose transporters 1 and 3 (GLUT 1 and 3) (3.4 and 2.1‐fold, respectively) and hexokinase I (HKI) (2.3‐fold) were observed compared to the hyperglycemic standard cell culture condition (25 mm initial glucose). However, these changes did not bring about a significant increase in the total activities (Vmax) of GLUT and HK; instead, the affinity of these proteins for glucose increased, which may explain the twofold increased glycolytic flux under hypoglycemia. Thus, an increase in more catalytically efficient isoforms for two of the main controlling steps was sufficient to induce increased flux. Further, a previous kinetic model of tumor glycolysis was updated by including the ratios of GLUT and HK isoforms, modified pyruvate kinase kinetics and an oxidative phosphorylation reaction. The updated model was robust in terms of simulating most of the metabolite levels and fluxes of the cells exposed to various glycemic conditions. Model simulations indicated that the main controlling steps were glycogen degradation > HK > hexosephosphate isomerase under hyper‐ and normoglycemia, and GLUT > HK > glycogen degradation under hypoglycemia. These predictions were experimentally evaluated: the glycolytic flux of hypoglycemic cells was more sensitive to cytochalasin B (a GLUT inhibitor) than that of hyperglycemic cells. The results indicated that cancer glycolysis should be inhibited at multiple controlling sites, regardless of external glucose levels, to effectively block the pathway.

Database

The mathematical models described here have been submitted to the JWS Online Cellular Systems Modelling Database and can be accessed at http://jjj.mib.ac.uk/database/achcar/index.html.

[Database section added 21 July 2014 after original online publication]
Contrasting topoclimate, long‐term macroclimatic averages, and habitat variables for modelling ant biodiversity at landscape scales
Authors: Gollan John R. , Ramp Daniel , Ashcroft Michael B.
Published: June 2014

Spatial modelling is part of the solution for incorporating insects into conservation policy. Uptake, however, rests on identifying robust environmental predictors. Coarse‐grained climate models based on long‐term averages and similarly coarse environmental features may not be adequate, especially at regional scales where most planning is done. Here, we test whether topoclimatic variables, which are derived from local‐scale climate forcing factors, are more important for structuring ant assemblages.

We quantified ant richness and species composition at 86 sites across a large (200 × 300 km) temperate region of southeast Australia, and tested the explanatory power of three groups of environmental variables: (i) topoclimatic variables, (ii) long‐term climatic averages modelled from global data, and (iii) habitat features, namely, habitat complexity, soil pH, and soil texture. Generalised Additive and Generalised Dissimilarity Models were used to test predictors.

In univariate models, the topoclimatic estimator of maximum temperature (95maxT) explained the largest amount of variance in both richness and compositional turnover (20% and 24% of deviance respectively). The plot for richness indicated a positive but decelerating function of 95maxT. This was consistent for two of three habitat types. Habitat complexity was the most important predictor in cleared habitat (28%).

While a topoclimatic variable was a strong predictor of ant biodiversity across the landscape, this was not a ‘magic bullet’. Other predictors such as complexity may be more applicable in certain habitat types. We concluded that tailored predictors are needed for landscapes with a mosaic of different land use.
Organizational Learning: The Role of Third Party Auditors in Building Compliance and Enforcement Capability
Authors: Walker Christopher
Published: June 2014

Effective compliance programs rely on firms and regulators being engaged in a continuous process of interaction involving the exchange of information, learning and adjustment. This paper examines the contribution of third party auditors to organizational learning that occurs within the context of a unique compliance program in theAustralian trucking sector. While not always self‐evident, this study finds that auditors can be important contributors to the level of organizational learning that occurs within regulatory programs, both enhancing the compliance capability of firms as well as broadening enforcement options for regulators. Drawing from interviews with industry participants, this paper examines how to engage auditors and the audit function under voluntary compliance schemes to further enhance organizational learning around key compliance objectives. Such an approach is considered particularly pertinent in an environment where regulatory agencies continue to restrain their involvement in direct command regulation and promote self‐regulation and third party review processes as supplementary strategies.
Assessing in vitro stem‐cell function and tracking engraftment of stem cells in ischaemic hearts by using novel iRFP gene labelling
Authors: Wang Yingjie , Zhou Mi , Wang Xiaolong , Qin Gangjian , Weintraub Neal L. , Tang Yaoliang
Published: June 2014

Near‐infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging by using infrared fluorescent protein (iRFP) gene labelling is a novel technology with potential value for in vivo applications. In this study, we expressed iRFP in mouse cardiac progenitor cells (CPC) by lentiviral vector and demonstrated that the iRFP‐labelled CPC (CPCiRFP) can be detected by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. We observed a linear correlation in vitro between cell numbers and infrared signal intensity by using the multiSpectral imaging system. CPCiRFP injected into the non‐ischaemic mouse hindlimb were also readily detected by whole‐animal NIRF imaging. We then compared iRFP against green fluorescent protein (GFP) for tracking survival of engrafted CPC in mouse ischaemic heart tissue. GFP‐labelled CPC (CPCGFP) or CPC labelled with both iRFP and GFP (CPCiRFP GFP) were injected intramyocardially into mouse hearts after infarction. Three days after cell transplantation, a strong NIRF signal was detected in hearts into which CPCiRFP GFP, but not CPCGFP, were transplanted. Furthermore, iRFP fluorescence from engrafted CPCiRFP GFP was detected in tissue sections by confocal microscopy. In conclusion, the iRFP‐labelling system provides a valuable molecular imaging tool to track the fate of transplanted progenitor cells in vivo.
Up‐regulated HMGB1 in EAM directly led to collagen deposition by a PKCβ/Erk1/2‐dependent pathway: cardiac fibroblast/myofibroblast might be another source of HMGB1
Authors: Su Zhaoliang , Yin Jingping , Wang Ting , Sun Yingkun , Ni Ping , Ma Rui , Zhu Haitao , Zheng Dong , Shen Huiling , Xu Wenlin , Xu Huaxi
Published: June 2014

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an important inflammatory mediator, is actively secreted by immune cells and some non‐immune cells or passively released by necrotic cells. HMGB1 has been implicated in many inflammatory diseases. Our previous published data demonstrated that HMGB1 was up‐regulated in heart tissue or serum in experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM); HMGB1 blockade could ameliorate cardiac fibrosis at the last stage of EAM. And yet, until now, no data directly showed that HMGB1 was associated with cardiac fibrosis. Therefore, the aims of the present work were to assess whether (1) up‐regulated HMGB1 could directly lead to cardiac fibrosis in EAM; (2) cardiac fibroblast/myofibroblasts could secrete HMGB1 as another source of high‐level HMGB1 in EAM; and (3) HMGB1 blockade could effectively prevent cardiac fibrosis at the last stage of EAM. Our results clearly demonstrated that HMGB1 could directly lead to cardiac collagen deposition, which was associated with PKCβ/Erk1/2 signalling pathway; furthermore, cardiac fibroblast/myofibroblasts could actively secrete HMGB1 under external stress; and HMGB1 secreted by cardiac fibroblasts/myofibroblasts led to cardiac fibrosis via PKCβ activation by autocrine means; HMGB1 blockade could efficiently ameliorate cardiac fibrosis in EAM mice.
Enhancement of dynein‐mediated autophagosome trafficking and autophagy maturation by ROS in mouse coronary arterial myocytes
Authors: Xu Ming , Li Xiao‐Xue , Chen Yang , Pitzer Ashley L. , Zhang Yang , Li Pin‐Lan
Published: June 2014

Dynein‐mediated autophagosome (AP) trafficking was recently demonstrated to contribute to the formation of autophagolysosomes (APLs) and autophagic flux process in coronary arterial myocytes (CAMs). However, it remains unknown how the function of dynein as a motor protein for AP trafficking is regulated under physiological and pathological conditions. The present study tested whether the dynein‐mediated autophagy maturation is regulated by a redox signalling associated with lysosomal Ca2+ release machinery. In primary cultures of CAMs, reactive oxygen species (ROS) including H2O2 and O2−. (generated by xanthine/xanthine oxidase) significantly increased dynein ATPase activity and AP movement, which were accompanied by increased lysosomal fusion with AP and APL formation. Inhibition of dynein activity by (erythro‐9‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐nonyl)adenine) (EHNA) or disruption of the dynein complex by dynamitin (DCTN2) overexpression blocked ROS‐induced dynein activation, AP movement and APL formation, and resulted in an accumulation of AP along with a failed breakdown of AP. Antagonism of nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP)‐mediated Ca2+ signalling with NED‐19 and PPADS abolished ROS‐enhanced lysosomal Ca2+ release and dynein activation in CAMs. In parallel, all these changes were also enhanced by overexpression of NADPH oxidase‐1 (Nox1) gene in CAMs. Incubation with high glucose led to a marked O2−. production compared with normoglycaemic CAMs, while Nox1 inhibitor ML117 abrogated this effect. Moreover, ML117 and NED‐19 and PPADS significantly suppressed dynein activity and APL formation caused by high glucose. Taken together, these data suggest that ROS function as important players to regulate dynein‐dependent AP trafficking leading to efficient autophagic maturation in CAMs.
Extracellular matrix and cytochrome P450 gene expression can distinguish steatohepatitis from steatosis in mice
Authors: Hennig Ewa E. , Mikula Michal , Goryca Krzysztof , Paziewska Agnieszka , Ledwon Joanna , Nesteruk Monika , Woszczynski Marek , Walewska‐Zielecka Bozena , Pysniak Kazimiera , Ostrowski Jerzy
Published: June 2014

One of the main questions regarding nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the molecular background of the transition from simple steatosis (SS) to the inflammatory and fibrogenic condition of steatohepatitis (NASH). We examined the gene expression changes during progression from histologically normal liver to SS and NASH in models of obesity caused by hyperphagia or a high‐fat diet. Microarray‐based analysis revealed that the expression of 1445 and 264 probe sets was changed exclusively in SS and NASH samples, respectively, and 1577 probe sets were commonly altered in SS and NASH samples. Functional annotations indicated that transcriptome alterations that were common for NASH and SS, as well as exclusive for NASH, involved extracellular matrix (ECM)‐related processes, although they differed in the type of matrix structure change. The expression of 80 genes was significantly changed in all three comparisons: SS versus control, NASH versus control and NASH versus SS. Of these genes, epithelial membrane protein 1, IKBKB interacting protein and decorin were progressively up‐regulated in both SS and NASH compared to normal tissue. The molecular context of interactions of encoded 80 proteins revealed that they are highly interconnected and significantly enriched for processes involving metabolism by cytochrome P450. Validation of 10 selected mRNAs encoding genes related to ECM and cytochrome P450 with quantitative RT‐PCR analysis showed consistent changes in their expression during NASH development. The expression profile of these genes has the potential to distinguish NASH from SS and normal tissue and may possibly be beneficial in the clinical diagnosis of NASH.
The risk of deep fungal infections during biologic therapy for psoriasis
Authors: Jourabchi N. , Adelzadeh L. , Wu J.J.
Published: June 2014

With a growing understanding of the pathogenesis and immunological basis of psoriasis, the medical community has seen the development of more focused biological treatment options for patients suffering from the disease, which are beginning to revolutionize the treatment of psoriasis. It is already well known that certain biologics are associated with an increased risk of reactivating tuberculosis in patients with latent disease, however, with increasing use of biologic agents across indications, there has also been a rise in reports of associated deep fungal infections. The mechanism of action of these biologic anti‐psoriatic therapies allows physicians to address the underlying cause of patients' symptoms. The question though, is whether this same therapeutic mechanism may predispose patients to serious infections, including deep fungal infections.
Rhinomonas nottbeckin. sp. (Cryptomonadales) and Molecular Phylogeny of the Family Pyrenomonadaceae
Authors: Majaneva Markus , Remonen Iina , Rintala Janne‐Markus , Belevich Ilya , Kremp Anke , Setälä Outi , Jokitalo Eija , Blomster Jaanika
Published: June 2014

The cryptomonadRhinomonas nottbeckin. sp., isolated from the Baltic Sea, is described from live and fixed cells studied by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy together with sequences of the partial nucleus‐ and nucleomorph‐encoded 18S rRNA genes as well as the nucleus‐encoded ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2, and the 5′‐end of the 28SrRNAgene regions. The sequence analyses include comparison with 43 strains from the family Pyrenomonadaceae.Rhinomonas nottbeckicells are dorsoventrally flattened, obloid in shape; 10.0–17.2 μm long, 5.5–8.1 μm thick, and 4.4–8.8 μm wide. The inner periplast has roughly hexagonal plates.Rhinomonas nottbeckicells resemble those ofRhinomonas reticulata, but the nucleomorph 18S rRNA gene ofR. nottbeckidiffers by 2% from that ofR. reticulata, while the ITS region by 11%. The intraspecific variability in the ITS region ofR. nottbeckiis 5%. In addition, the predicted ITS2 secondary structures are different inR. nottbeckiandR. reticulata. The family Pyrenomonadaceae includes three clades: Clade A, Clade B, and Clade C. AllRhinomonassequences branched within the Clade C, while the genusRhodomonasis paraphyletic. The analyses suggest that the genusStoreatulais an alternating morphotype of the generaRhinomonasandRhodomonasand that the family Pyrenomonadaceae includes some species that were described multiple times, as well as novel species.
Veterans Affairs Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination Compared with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Short Test of Mental Status
Authors: Cummings‐Vaughn Lenise A. , Chavakula Neeraja N. , Malmstrom Theodore K. , Tumosa Nina , Morley John E. , Cruz‐Oliver Dulce M.
Published: June 2014

Objectives

To compare the ability of the Veterans Affairs Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) examination to detect mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia according to the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) with that of two other well‐known screening instruments, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Short Test of Mental Status (STMS).

Design

Cross‐sectional validation study.

Setting

Saint Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center.

Participants

Veterans aged 60 and older (median 78.5) with a high school education or more (n = 136).

Measurements

Participants were administered the SLUMS examination, the MoCA, and the STMS in random order. A blinded test administrator administered the CDR in a separate session. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the SLUMS examination, the MoCA, and the STMS for MCI, dementia, and MCI or dementia. ROC contrasts were used to statistically compare the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the screening tests' ability to detect cognitive dysfunction according to the CDR.

Results

ROC contrasts demonstrated that the AUCs for detecting MCI (SLUMS examination 0.74, MoCA 0.77, STMS 0.77), dementia (SLUMS examination 0.98, MoCA 0.96, STMS 0.97), and MCI or dementia (SLUMS examination 0.82, MoCA 0.83, STMS 0.84) were equivalent. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were similar across measures of MCI, dementia, and MCI or dementia according to the CDR.

Conclusion

The SLUMS examination has validity similar to that of the MoCA and STMS for the detection of MCI, dementia, and MCI or dementia according to the CDR.
New Workforce Development in Dementia Care: Screening for “Caring”: Preliminary Data
Authors: Cottingham Ann H. , Alder Catherine , Austrom Mary Guerriero , Johnson Cynthia S. , Boustani Malaz A. , Litzelman Debra K.
Published: June 2014

The United States has a significant shortage of trained geriatricians and of nurses, social workers, and paraprofessionals educated to care for elderly adults. As the aging population continues to grow, providing high‐quality care will require new models that better address the many needs of aging individuals and their caregivers, using cost‐effective strategies. Responding to this need, the Indiana University Center for Aging Research implementation scientists developed, tested, and are now scaling up a successful collaborative care coordination model for older adults with dementia, depression, or both: the Aging Brain Care program. This model now includes a newly created frontline care provider position, the Care Coordinator Assistant. The Care Coordinator Assistant works with individuals and caregivers to monitor biopsychosocial needs and deliver evidence‐based and individualized care protocols, with close supervision from the registered nurse Care Coordinator. Recognizing that current hiring practices for frontline providers were insufficient to screen for critical abilities expected in this new position, including the ability to express “caring” and empathy, a new screening process was created building on the Multiple Mini Interview (MMI) format. The Care Coordinator Assistant MMI comprised six stations, each created to simulate challenging scenarios that will be frequently encountered and to assess important candidate abilities. Overall, the six‐station MMI, with two to three items per station, provided factorially valid measures and good predictive ability. The process did not appear to be overly burdensome for candidates, and interviewers noted that it was helpful in discriminating between candidates.
2012 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria: Enhanced Applicability for Detecting Potentially Inappropriate Medications in European Older Adults? A Comparison with the Screening Tool of Older Person's Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions
Authors: Blanco‐Reina Encarnación , Ariza‐Zafra Gabriel , Ocaña‐Riola Ricardo , León‐Ortiz Matilde
Published: June 2014

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) and related factors through a comparative analysis of the Screening Tool of Older Person's Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions (STOPP), the 2003 Beers criteria, and the 2012 AGS update of the Beers criteria.

Design

Cross‐sectional.

Setting

Primary care.

Participants

Community‐dwelling persons aged 65 and older who live on the island of Lanzarote, Spain (N = 407).

Measurements

Sociodemographic characteristics; independence in activities of daily living; cognitive function; Geriatric Depression Scale; clinical diagnoses; and complete data on indication, dosage, and length of drug treatments. One thousand eight hundred seventh‐two prescriptions were examined, and the rate of PIMs was assessed with the three criteria. The primary endpoint was the percentage of participants receiving at least one PIM. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the factors related to PIMs.

Results

Potentially inappropriate medications were present in 24.3%, 35.4%, and 44% of participants, according to the 2003 Beers criteria, STOPP, and 2012 Beers criteria, respectively. The profile of PIMs was also different (the most frequent being benzodiazepines in both Beers criteria lists and aspirin in the STOPP). The number of drugs was associated with risk of prescribing PIMs in all three models, as was the presence of a psychological disorder in the 2003 Beers criteria (odds ratio (OR) = 2.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.26–3.40) and the 2012 Beers criteria (OR = 2.91, 95% CI = 1.83–4.66). The kappa for degree of agreement between STOPP and the 2012 Beers criteria was 0.35 (95% CI = 0.25–0.44).

Conclusion

The 2012 Beers criteria detected the highest number of PIMs, and given the scant overlapping with the STOPP criteria, the use of both tools may be seen as complementary.
The hTAS2R38 genotype is associated with sugar and candy consumption in preschool boys
Authors: Hoppu U. , Laitinen K. , Jaakkola J. , Sandell M.
Published: June 2014

Background

The hTAS2R38 taste receptor genotype is related to bitter taste perception and thus may affect food preferences. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the hTAS2R38 genotype and the food consumption and nutrient intakes of Finnish children aged 2–6 years.

Methods

Dietary intake was assessed with 7‐day food records, and DNA samples were collected by cheek swabs for genotyping. Food intake data between the three most common genotypes were compared (n = 345).

Results

The proportion of the AVI/AVI genotype was 36.7%; PAV/AVI was 42.4%; and PAV/PAV was 14.9%. Boys with the PAV/PAV genotype consumed a mean (SD) weight of sugar and candy of 27 (13) g day−1, which was significantly more compared to the other two genotypes [AVI/AVI 19 (12) g day−1 and PAV/AVI 18 (12) g day−1; both P < 0.01]. These boys also consumed significantly more meat (g day−1) compared to AVI/AVI boys (P < 0.05). PAV/PAV girls tended to consume more grains (g MJ−1) compared to AVI/AVI girls (P = 0.07). Vegetable and fruit consumption and nutrient intake did not differ significantly between genotypes. Based on principal component analysis carried out with total food consumption data, PAV/PAV boys were different from both AVI/AVI and PAV/AVI boys.

Conclusions

The hTAS2R38 genotype may have distinct associations with food consumption in boys and girls.
Predictive equations for the estimation of body size in seals and sea lions (Carnivora: Pinnipedia)
Authors: Churchill Morgan , Clementz Mark T. , Kohno Naoki
Published: June 2014

Body size plays an important role in pinniped ecology and life history. However, body size data is often absent for historical, archaeological, and fossil specimens. To estimate the body size of pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses) for today and the past, we used 14 commonly preserved cranial measurements to develop sets of single variable and multivariate predictive equations for pinniped body mass and total length. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to test whether separate family specific regressions were more appropriate than single predictive equations for Pinnipedia. The influence of phylogeny was tested with phylogenetic independent contrasts (PIC). The accuracy of these regressions was then assessed using a combination of coefficient of determination, percent prediction error, and standard error of estimation. Three different methods of multivariate analysis were examined: bidirectional stepwise model selection using Akaike information criteria; all‐subsets model selection using Bayesian information criteria (BIC); and partial least squares regression. The PCA showed clear discrimination between Otariidae (fur seals and sea lions) and Phocidae (earless seals) for the 14 measurements, indicating the need for family‐specific regression equations. The PIC analysis found that phylogeny had a minor influence on relationship between morphological variables and body size. The regressions for total length were more accurate than those for body mass, and equations specific to Otariidae were more accurate than those for Phocidae. Of the three multivariate methods, the all‐subsets approach required the fewest number of variables to estimate body size accurately. We then used the single variable predictive equations and the all‐subsets approach to estimate the body size of two recently extinct pinniped taxa, the Caribbean monk seal (Monachus tropicalis) and the Japanese sea lion (Zalophus japonicus). Body size estimates using single variable regressions generally under or over‐estimated body size; however, the all‐subset regression produced body size estimates that were close to historically recorded body length for these two species. This indicates that the all‐subset regression equations developed in this study can estimate body size accurately.
Shape covariation between the craniofacial complex and first molars in humans
Authors: Polychronis Georgios , Halazonetis Demetrios J.
Published: June 2014

The occurrence of mutual genetic loci in morphogenesis of the face and teeth implies shape covariation between these structures. However, teeth finalize their shape at an early age, whereas the face grows and is subjected to environmental influences for a prolonged period; it is therefore conceivable that covariation might modulate with age. Here we investigate the extent of this covariation in humans by measuring the 3D shape of the occlusal surface of the permanent first molars and the shape of the craniofacial complex from lateral radiographs, at two maturations stages. A sample of Greek subjects was divided into two groups (110 adult, 110 prepubertal) with equally distributed gender. The occlusal surfaces of the right first molars were 3D scanned from dental casts; 265 and 274 landmarks (including surface and curve semilandmarks) were digitized on the maxillary and mandibular molars, respectively. The corresponding lateral cephalometric radiographs were digitized with 71 landmarks. Geometric morphometric methods were used to assess shape variation and covariation. The vertical dimension of the craniofacial complex was the main parameter of shape variation, followed by anteroposterior deviations. The male craniofacial complex was larger (4.0–5.7%) and was characterized by a prominent chin and clockwise rotation of the cranial base (adult group only). Allometry was weak and statistically significant only when examined for the sample as a whole (percent variance explained: 2.1%, P = 0.0002). Covariation was statistically significant only between the lower first molar and the craniofacial complex (RV = 14.05%, P = 0.0099, and RV = 12.31%, P = 0.0162, for the prepubertal and adult groups, respectively). Subtle age‐related covariation differences were noted, indicating that environmental factors may influence the pattern and strength of covariation. However, the main pattern was similar in both groups: a class III skeletal pattern (relative maxillary retrusion and mandibular protrusion), hyperdivergency, forward rotation of the posterior cranial base and upward rotation of the anterior cranial base were associated with mesiodistal elongation of the lower molars and height reduction of their distal cusps. This pattern mimics phylogeny in humans, where flexion and counterclockwise rotation of the cranial base, considered advantageous to survival, co‐occur with tooth reductions that cannot be easily explained in evolutionary terms. The similarity of the phylogenetic and covariation patterns seems to support the pleiotropic gene hypothesis.
Comparative functional anatomy of the epaxial musculature of dogs (Canis familiaris) bred for sprinting vs. fighting
Authors: Webster Emma L. , Hudson Penny E. , Channon Sarah B.
Published: June 2014

The axial musculoskeletal system of quadrupedal mammals is not currently well understood despite its functional importance in terms of facilitating postural stability and locomotion. Here we examined the detailed architecture of the muscles of the vertebral column of two breeds of dog, the Staffordshire bull terrier (SBT) and the racing greyhound, which have been selectively bred for physical combat and high speed sprint performance, respectively. Dissections of the epaxial musculature of nine racing greyhounds and six SBTs were carried out; muscle mass, length, and fascicle lengths were measured and used to calculate muscle physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA), and to estimate maximum muscle potential for force, work and power production. The longissimus dorsi muscle was found to have a high propensity for force production in both breeds of dog; however, when considered in combination with the iliocostalis lumborum muscle it showed enhanced potential for production of power and facilitating spinal extension during galloping gaits. This was particularly the case in the greyhound, where the m. longissimus dorsi and the m. iliocostalis lumborum were estimated to have the potential to augment hindlimb muscle power by ca. 12%. Breed differences were found within various other muscles of the axial musculoskeletal system, particularly in the cranial cervical muscles and also the deep muscles of the thorax which insert on the ribs. These may also highlight key functional adaptations between the two breeds of dog, which have been selectively bred for particular purposes. Additionally, in both breeds of dog, we illustrate specialisation of muscle function by spinal region, with differences in both mass and PCSA found between muscles at varying levels of the axial musculoskeletal system, and between muscle functional groups.
Long‐term subjective tongue function after partial glossectomy
Authors: Lee D. Y. , Ryu Y.‐J. , Hah J. H. , Kwon T.‐K. , Sung M.‐W. , Kim K. H.
Published: June 2014

There have been limited studies of subjective tongue function over long‐term follow‐up in spite of swallowing and articulation disorders are common complications of glossectomy. To assess long‐term subjective swallowing and articulation function after partial glossectomy. A total of 63 patients with the mobile tongue cancer who underwent partial glossectomy without reconstruction were interviewed to score their swallowing and articulation function on a 100‐point scale. The relation of this subjective scoring to the perioperative data was subjected to multivariate analysis. The mean patient age was 53·4 (19–81) years, and the mean follow‐up duration was 78·9 (14–277) months. Mean swallowing and articulation function score was 87·7 ± 6·1 and 88·6 ± 5·4. Age, follow‐up duration, T stage and resection volume were significantly correlated with swallowing function (P = 0·026, 0·029, 0·016, 0·002, respectively); follow‐up duration was correlated with articulation function (P = 0·039). Patients who undergo partial glossectomy without reconstruction generally demonstrate good function on long‐term follow‐up. Subjective dysfunction was correlated with larger resection volume, older age and shorter follow‐up duration.
The Perception of Creaminess in Sour Cream
Authors: Jervis S.M. , Gerard P. , Drake S. , Lopetcharat K. , Drake M.A.
Published: June 2014

Creaminess is a consumer attribute that is frequently used to describe sour cream; however, creaminess is difficult to define or describe and is poorly understood because the mechanism or modality(s) for its perception remain uncertain. The objective of this study was to determine what sensory modality, or combination thereof, was responsible for the perception of creaminess in sour cream. Consumers (n = 274 baseline control, n = 100 each modality study) evaluated creaminess and overall liking of 12 samples representing the sensory space of commercial sour creams. Subsequently, in separate sessions, the effect of each sensory modality was evaluated: visual only, stirring, blindfolded stirring, blindfolded tasting, blindfolded tasting with nose clips and tasting with nose clips. An 11‐point creaminess rating scale was used to evaluate creaminess perception, and overall liking was evaluated using the 9‐point hedonic scale. The effect of session type (modality), panelist and fat content on creaminess and overall liking was evaluated using a mixed‐model analysis of variance. Flavor had the greatest impact on creaminess perception (P < 0.05) followed by visual assessment of sour cream while stirring. Creaminess perception of sour cream is assessed by an olfaction‐related mechanism and also by flow characteristics while stirring.

Practical Applications

In the wake of the health and wellness trend as well as the adult and childhood obesity epidemic, low‐fat and fat‐free dairy products are poised to fill a healthy diet niche. These products have historically performed poorly in comparison with their full‐fat counterparts. Creaminess is associated with dairy product liking. It is also an attribute that is difficult to measure due to the complexity of how it is perceived by consumers. This study established that flavor is the most important sensing modality when assessing the creaminess of sour cream orally, but that textural components also exist.