bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survival and Growth of Foodborne Pathogens in Minimally Processed Vegetables at 4 and 15 °C
Authors: Tian Jun‐Qi , Bae Young‐Min , Choi Na‐Young , Kang Dong‐Hyun , Heu Sunggi , Lee Sun‐Young
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  We conducted this study to investigate the survival and growth of pathogens on fresh vegetables stored at 4 and 15 °C. Vegetables (romaine lettuce, iceberg lettuce, perilla leaves, and sprouts) were inoculated with 4 pathogens (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7) and stored at 2 different temperatures for different periods of time (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 d at 4 °C and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 d at 15 °C). Populations of the 4 pathogens tended to increase on all vegetables stored at 15 °C for 7 d. Populations of E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium increased significantly, by approximately 2 log10CFU/g, on loose and head lettuce stored at 15 °C for 1 d. No significant differences were observed in the growth of different pathogens on vegetables stored at 4 °C for 15 d. E. coli O157:H7 did not survive on sprouts stored at 15 or 4 °C. The survival and growth of food pathogens on fresh vegetables were very different depending on the pathogen type and storage temperature.

Practical Application:  Survivals and growth of pathogens on various vegetables at 4 and 15 °C were observed in this study. Survivals and growth of pathogens on vegetables were different depending on the pathogen type and storage temperature. Therefore, vegetables should be stored under refrigerated conditions (below 4 °C) prior to consumption. This recommendation may vary depending on the type of vegetable.
Provenance of the Oil in Par‐Fried French Fries after Finish Frying
Authors: Al‐Khusaibi Mohammed , Gordon Michael H. , Lovegrove Julie A. , Niranjan Keshavan
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  Frozen par‐fried French fries are finish‐fried either by using the same type of oil used for par frying, or a different type. The nutritive quality of the final oil contained in the product depends on the relative amounts and the fatty acid (FA) composition of the oils used for par frying and finish frying. With the aim of understanding the provenance of the oil in the final product, par‐fried French fries—either purchased ready or prepared in the laboratory—were finish fried in oils different from the ones used for par frying. The moisture content, oil content, and FA compositions of the par‐fried and finish‐fried products were experimentally determined, and the relative amounts of each of the oils present in the final product were calculated using the FAs as markers and undertaking a mass balance on each component FA. The results demonstrate that 89% to 93% of the total oil in the final product originates from the finish‐frying step. The study also shows that a significant proportion of the oil absorbed during par frying is expelled from the product during finish frying. Further, the expulsion of par‐frying oil was found to occur in the early stages of the finish‐frying step. Experiments involving different combinations of par‐frying and finish‐frying oils showed that the relative proportions of the 2 oils did not depend on the individual fatty acid profiles. This study concludes that any positive health benefits of using an oil having a favorable FA profile for par frying, can potentially be lost, if the oil used for finish frying has a less favorable composition.

Practical Application:  This paper estimates the relative amounts of oil in French fries that have been fried in 2 stages—a par‐frying step and a finish‐frying step—which is commonly practiced in food service establishments as well as homes. The 2 key conclusions are: (1) nearly 90% of the oil content of the final product is the one used for finish frying; that is, a processor may use very good oil for par frying but if the oil used for finish frying is inferior, its effect will dominate. (2) The paper also shows that a significant proportion of the oil used by the processor gets expelled during finish frying.
The Complex Systems Approach: Rhetoric or Revolution
Authors: Eliasmith Chris
Published: November 2011

The complex systems approach (CSA) to characterizing cognitive function is purported to underlie a conceptual and methodological revolution by its proponents. I examine one central claim from each of the contributed papers and argue that the provided examples do not justify calls for radical change in how we do cognitive science. Instead, I note how currently available approaches in ‘‘standard’’ cognitive science are adequate (or even more appropriate) for understanding the CSA provided examples.
Implementing the Liberal Peace in Post‐conflict Scenarios: The Case of Women in Black‐Serbia
Authors: Stephenson Jr Max , Zanotti Laura
Published: November 2011

This article explores the complex, and often unintended, consequences of NGO struggles to implement the normative claims embedded in discourses of liberal peace in post‐conflict situations. We study Women in Black‐Serbia (WIB) to examine the tensions between WIB’s adoption of a liberal, radically feminist, deterritorialized and individualistic conceptualization of peace, its development of politics and political strategies in accord with the nationalistic identities it has purported to reject, and the organization of its advocacy for peace around the memorialization of war victims. We argue, in a very polarized political climate and in the context of a heavy presence of international stakeholders, that WIB activism may produce the unintended consequence of hardening existing war identities and conflict positions. This article assesses NGOs, not mainly for the quality of their normative claims or putative roles, but as political agents whose discourses, tactics and practices are evaluated in the context of their interactions with other (local and international) actors. More broadly, this analysis illuminates the unexplored conundrums, complexities and ambiguities associated with implementation of the liberal peace in a highly polarized political space, and in the context of multi‐stakeholder peace‐building processes.

Policy Implications

 Bilateral donors and multilateral organizations should assess their support for NGO advocacy activities in post‐conflict situations, not only based upon general normative claims, but in a thoroughly contextualized manner.

 Because NGO peace‐oriented advocacy activities may create unexpected and even perverse consequences as a result of mediating political and social factors, NGOs must be considered as concrete political actors involved in complex contexts and their actions evaluated by policy makers accordingly.

 Policy‐maker assumptions concerning the effects of normative claims, especially regarding justice and guilt and the memorialization of war‐related atrocities, merit careful analysis. Such efforts cannot simply be assumed to conduce to peace, as often they may not.

 International donors and policy makers should consider crafting broad‐based strategies for moving the political debate away from war‐related concerns. Policies aimed at fostering broad economic opportunities and increased economic integration may help to foster propitious conditions for political reconciliation.
Twenty years of HFA pMDI patents: facts and perspectives
Authors: Rogueda Philippe , Lallement Arthur , Traini Daniela , Iliev Ilian , Young Paul M
Published: November 2011

Objectives

Over the past 20 years, the inhalation drug delivery industry has undergone a quiet revolution after the phasing out of the chlorofluorocarbon propellants used to formulate pressure-metered dose inhalers (pMDIs). This review looks back to the creative landscape of those 20 years through a study of patent application trends. To this end, an analysis of the hydrofluoroalkane pMDIs patent landscape was undertaken.

Methods

A statistical analysis demonstrates that 20 years after the introduction of hydrofluoroalkanes in the inhalation delivery field, the original patent applications are coming to the end of their legal life.

Key findings

Detailed analysis revealed that, from a total of 971 of the patents identified, up to 2.3% will expire within the next 5 years, rising to up to 7.3% in the next 10 years. The UK and USA were the main patent destinations and locations of inventive activity, as measured by patent filing location. Interestingly, the UK was the first destination and location of inventive activity in Europe, largely due to the activity of GlaxoSmithKline, followed by Italy, thanks to the work of Trinity-Chiesi. The analysis also showed that patent assignees are not always major pharmaceutical companies, with suppliers of propellants, as well as companies without major inhalation activity (such as Novadel), making substantial contributions to the landscape.

Conclusions

These developments may have a significant impact on innovation trends and key company activity around novel pMDI formulations, in particular for generics manufacturers.
Paediatric nurses' knowledge and practice of mixing medication into foodstuff
Authors: Akram Gazal , Mullen Alexander B
Published: November 2011

Objective

To investigate paediatric nurses' knowledge and understanding of potential drug stability issues caused by mixing medication into foodstuff.

Methods

Self completion of semi-structured questionnaires and face-to-face interviews.

Key findings

Fourteen paediatric mental health and 16 paediatric general nurses (response rate, 71%) were investigated. With the exception of one nurse, all others reported they had modified oral dosage forms, or had mixed medication with food, prior to administration. The most common foodstuffs were fruit yoghurts, diluting juice and (concentrated) fruit juices. More than half of both cohorts felt sufficiently trained in carrying out the procedure, but 27% did not feel sufficiently knowledgeable about drug stability issues. The in-depth interviews highlighted a knowledge deficit as to the nature of clinical problems that could result from performing the procedures and the associated professional liabilities. Some interviewees expressed reservations about the effectiveness of the dose when administered in this way. Co-mixing was perceived as a time-consuming process and preference was expressed for mixing the powdered dosage form into juice or a liquid rather than into solid foods. Several training issues were identified from this study, including more information about drug/food compatibilities and the need for standardised documentation around the procedures which could be implemented at the ward level.

Conclusions

Co-mixing of medication into foodstuff is a common practice. The majority of nurses are unaware of potential drug stability/degradation issues and/or the clinical impact of these practices.
Justifying discrimination against Muslim immigrants: Out‐group ideology and the five‐step social identity model
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel
Published: November 2011

This study examines how Geert Wilders, leader of the far‐right Party For Freedom (PVV) in the Netherlands, justifies discriminatory measures for Muslim citizens. Wilders’ contributions to four parliamentary debates and newspaper articles are analysed. The analysis shows that Wilders consistently makes a distinction between Islam as a belief system and Muslims as a group of people. Islam is defined as external to the West and as a major threat to the virtuous nature of the in‐group. Defending and preserving Western liberal values against Islam is construed as a moral imperative. It is further shown how the distinction between Islam and Muslims functions to ward off accusations of prejudice and discrimination. It is concluded that social psychologists studying prejudice and discrimination should pay more attention to the distinction between person categories and ideological categories, and to political leadership.
Experimental Visualization of Two-Phase Flow Inside an Electrical Submersible Pump Stage
Authors: Barrios Lissett , Prado Mauricio Gargaglione
Published: November 2011

Dynamic multiphase flow behavior inside a mixed flow electrical submersible pump (ESP) has been studied experimentally and theoretically for the first time. The overall objectives of this study are to determine the flow patterns and bubble behavior inside the ESP and to predict the operational conditions that cause surging. An experimental facility has been designed and constructed to enable flow pattern visualization inside the second stage of a real ESP. Special high-speed instrumentation was selected to acquire visual flow dynamics and bubble size measurements inside the impeller channel. Experimental data were acquired utilizing two types of tests (surging test and bubble diameter measurement test) to completely evaluate the pump behavior at different operational conditions. A similarity analysis performed for single-phase flow inside the pump concluded that viscosity effects are negligible compared to the centrifugal field effects for rotational speeds higher than 600 rpm. Therefore, the two-phase flow tests were performed for a rotational speeds of 600, 900, 1200, and 1500 rpm. Results showed formation of a large gas pocket at the pump intake during surging conditions.
Optimization of block copolymer self-assembly through graphoepitaxy: A defectivity study
Authors: Tiron Raluca , Chevalier Xavier , Couderc Christophe , Pradelles Jonathan , Bustos Jessy , Pain Laurent , Navarro Christophe , Magnet Stephanie , Fleury Guillaume , Hadziioannou Georges
Published: November 2011

In this paper we report a synoptic methodology to evaluate and optimize the long-range order induced by graphoepitaxy of block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly. The authors focus the study on a BCP that produces hexagonally packed arrays of cylinders oriented perpendicular to the substrate with the copolymer film thickness greater than the trench depth. Prepatterned structures used in the graphoepitaxy approach have been generated by e-beam lithography on a commercial hydrogen silesquioxane resist. A suitable surface modification was accomplished by grafting a random polystyrene-r-poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer on the prepatterned surfaces. The polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) was spin-coated and annealed in order to generate the desired self-assembly. Since the self-assembly process is based on a thermodynamic mechanism, the induced defectivity needs to be reassessed with respect to the standard lithographic process. Using the cylinder center coordinates, a Delaunay triangulation is performed to find the nearest neighbors. This triangulation enables us to easily locate the disclinations which are characterized by having a number of nearest neighbors different from six. Thus, the number of defects can be quantified precisely. Additionally, this methodology affords an accurate evaluation of both the optimum mesa and trench critical dimensions yielding defect-free surfaces and may be extended to monitor the robustness of the BCP directed self-assembly process. Such diagnostics are critical in the implementation of large scale industrial processes.
Investigation of graphene piezoresistors for use as strain gauge sensors
Authors: Chen Xing , Zheng Xiaohu , Kim Ji-Kwan , Li Xinxin , Lee Dong-Weon
Published: November 2011

The primary objective of this research is to fabricate a graphene-based piezoresistive strain gauge and characterize its sensitivity. The strain gauge consists of mechanically exfoliated graphene sheets and electrical electrodes located on a silicon wafer. Instead of using e-beam lithography, which is the most widely applied methods in experimental studies of graphene, a new fabrication method utilizing conventional photolithography was used to easily fabricate a new nanoelectromechanical system strain gauge. The proposed fabrication technique is easy and only requires a few types of microfabrication equipment, thereby opening up a new way to broadly spread and facilitate associated graphene research, especially for those laboratories with limited resources. To characterize the piezoresistive sensitivity of the graphene-based strain gauge, a strain-detection system built by an equivalent-stress macrocantilever was set up to generate mechanical bending strain where a calibrated commercial strain gauge was packaged to display the generated strain. Utilizing this measurement setup, the electrical properties of the graphene-based piezoresistive strain gauge were reliably investigated. A high gauge factor of ∼150 was experimentally measured with the graphene device, which promises a new strain gauge of high sensitivity.
Bypassing absorbing objects in focused ultrasound using computer generated holographic technique
Authors: Hertzberg Y. , Navon G.
Published: November 2011

Purpose:

Focused ultrasound (FUS) technology is based on heating a small volume of tissue, while keeping the temperature outside the focus region with minimal heating only. Several FUS applications, such as brain and liver, suffer from the existence of ultrasound absorbers in the acoustic path between the transducer and the focus. These absorbers are a potential risk for the FUS therapy since they might cause to unwanted heating outside the focus region. An acoustic simulation based solution for reducing absorbers' heating is proposed, demonstrated, and compared to the standard geometrical solution. The proposed solution uses 3D continuous acoustic holograms, generated by the Gerchberg–Saxton (GS) algorithm, which are described and demonstrated for the first time using ultrasound planar phased‐array transducer.

Methods:

Holograms were generated using the iterative GS algorithm and fast Fourier transform (FFT) acoustic simulation. The performances of the holograms are demonstrated by temperature elevation images of the absorber, acquired by GE 1.5T MRI scanner equipped with InSightec FUS planar phased‐array transducer built out of 986 transmitting elements.

Results:

The acoustic holographic technology is demonstrated numerically and experimentally using the three letters patterns, “T,” “A,” and “U,” which were manually built into 1 × 1 cm masks to represent the requested target fields. 3D holograms of a focused ultrasound field with a hole in intensity at the absorber region were generated and compared to the standard geometrical solution. The proposed holographic solution results in 76% reduction of heating on absorber, while keeping similar heating at the focus.

Conclusions:

In the present work we show for the first time the generation of efficient and uniform continuous ultrasound holograms in 3D. We use the holographic technology to generate a FUS beams that bypasses an absorber in the acoustic path to reduce unnecessary heating and potential clinical risk. The developed technique is superior in performance and flexibility compared to the intuitive geometrical technique that is being used in clinical practice.
Phase Transition of FeO and Stratification in Earth’s Outer Core
Authors: Ozawa Haruka , Takahashi Futoshi , Hirose Kei , Ohishi Yasuo , Hirao Naohisa
Published: November 2011

Stratified convection in the outer core may influence Earth’s magnetic field.
Influence of Inositol Pyrophosphates on Cellular Energy Dynamics
Authors: Szijgyarto Zsolt , Garedew Assegid , Azevedo Cristina , Saiardi Adolfo
Published: November 2011

Inositol pyrophosphates are implicated in coordination of cell proliferation and metabolism.
Pyro-Technic Control of Metabolism
Authors: Irvine Robin F. , Denton Richard M.
Published: November 2011

An inositol pyrophosphate controls cellular energetics by regulating the expression of glycolytic enzymes.
Two Worlds Entwined
One Culture
Festival of Literature and Arts The Royal Society, London, 1–2 October 2011. http://royalsociety.org/exhibitions/one-culture/
Authors: Reardon Sara
Published: November 2011

Rather than presenting art to popularize science, the Royal Society's One Culture festival showcased ways in which the arts and sciences draw on one another.
Commitments, Ideology Clash Over DOE Research Spending
Authors: Cho Adrian
Published: November 2011

Despite congressional support for science office, U.S. payments to the international fusion experiment, ITER, could lead to severe cuts.
Association of Serotype-Specific Antibody Concentrations and Functional Antibody Titers with Subsequent Pneumococcal Carriage in Toddlers Immunized with a 9-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine
Authors: Simell Birgit , Nurkka Anu , Lahdenkari Mika , Givon-Lavi Noga , Käyhty Helena , Dagan Ron , Jokinen Jukka
Published: November 2011

Association of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage with the concentration and opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) of serum serotype-specific antibodies was determined for toddlers 1 month after immunization with a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Higher anti-serotype 14 and anti-serotype 19F IgG and anti-serotype 14 IgM correlated with a lowered probability of pneumococcal acquisition. Postvaccination OPA did not correlate with pneumococcal carriage.
For Protection from HIV-1 Infection, More Might Not Be Better: a Systematic Analysis of HIV Gag Epitopes of Two Alleles Associated with Different Outcomes of HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Luo Ma , Daniuk Christina A. , Diallo Tamsir O. , Capina Rupert E. , Kimani Joshua , Wachihi Charles , Kimani Makubo , Bielawny Thomas , Peterson Trevor , Mendoza Mark G. R. , Kiazyk Sandra , Ball T. Blake , Plummer Francis A.
Published: November 2011

A subset of women in the Pumwani Sex Worker Cohort, established in 1985 in Nairobi, Kenya, remains uninfected despite repeated high-risk exposure (HIV-exposed, seronegative [HESN]) through active sex work. This HESN phenotype is associated with several alleles of human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) and specific CD8
+
and CD4
+
T cell responses to HIV-1. The associations of HLA alleles with differential HIV-1 infection are most likely due to their different abilities to present antigen and the different immune responses they induce. The characteristics of epitopes of HLA alleles associated with different outcomes of HIV-1 infection might therefore point to a vital clue for developing an effective vaccine. In this study, we systematically analyzed HIV-1 clade A and D Gag CD8
+
T cell epitopes of two HLA class I alleles associated with different outcomes of HIV-1 infection. Binding affinity and off-rates of the identified epitopes were determined. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assays with patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) validated the epitopes. Epitope-specific CD8
+
T cells were further phenotyped for memory markers with tetramer staining. Our study showed that the protective allele A*01:01 recognizes only three Gag epitopes. By contrast, B*07:02, the allele associated with susceptibility, binds 30 epitope variants. These two alleles differ most importantly in the spectrum of Gag epitopes they can present and not in affinity, off-rates, the location of the epitopes, or epitope-specific Tem/Tcm frequencies. The binding of more epitopes and strong IFN-gamma ELISpot responses are associated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, while more focused antigen recognition of multiple subtypes is protective. Rational vaccine design should take these observations into account.
IκB Kinase ε-Dependent Phosphorylation and Degradation of X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Sensitizes Cells to Virus-Induced Apoptosis
Authors: Nakhaei Peyman , Sun Qiang , Solis Mayra , Mesplede Thibault , Bonneil Eric , Paz Suzanne , Lin Rongtuan , Hiscott John
Published: November 2011

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is a potent antagonist of caspase 3-, 7-, and 9-dependent apoptotic activities that functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and it targets caspases for degradation. In this study, we demonstrate that Sendai virus (SeV) infection results in the IKKε- or TBK1-mediated phosphorylation of XIAP
in vivo
at Ser430, resulting in Lys
48
-linked autoubiquitination at Lys322/328 residues, followed by the subsequent proteasomal degradation of XIAP. Interestingly, IKKε expression and XIAP turnover increases SeV-triggered mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis via the release of caspase 3, whereas TBK1 expression does not increase apoptosis. Interestingly, phosphorylation also regulates XIAP interaction with the transcription factor IRF3, suggesting a role in IRF3-Bax-mediated apoptosis. Our findings reveal a novel function of IKKε as a regulator of the virus-induced triggering of apoptosis via the phosphorylation-dependent turnover of XIAP.
Cellular VPS4 Is Required for Efficient Entry and Egress of Budded Virions of Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus
Authors: Li Zhaofei , Blissard Gary W.
Published: November 2011

Membrane budding is essential for the egress of many enveloped viruses, and this process shares similarities with the biogenesis of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). In eukaryotic cells, the budding of intraluminal vesicles (IVLs) is mediated by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery and some viruses require ESCRT machinery components or functions to bud from host cells. Baculoviruses, such as
Autographa californica
multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), enter host cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Viral DNA replication and nucleocapsid assembly occur within the nucleus. Some progeny nucleocapsids are subsequently trafficked to, and bud from, the plasma membrane, forming budded virions (BV). To determine whether the host ESCRT machinery is important or necessary for AcMNPV replication, we cloned a cDNA of
Spodoptera frugiperda
VPS4, a key regulator for disassembly and recycling of ESCRT III. We then examined viral infection and budding in the presence of wild-type (WT) or dominant negative (DN) forms of VPS4. First, we used a viral complementation system, in combination with fluorescent tags, to examine the effects of transiently expressed WT or DN VPS4 on viral entry. We found that dominant negative VPS4 substantially inhibited virus entry. Entering virus was observed within aberrant compartments containing the DN VPS4 protein. We next used recombinant bacmids expressing WT or DN VPS4 proteins to examine virus egress. We found that production of infectious AcMNPV BV was substantially reduced by expression of DN VPS4 but not by WT VPS4. Together, these results indicate that a functional VPS4 is necessary for efficient AcMNPV BV entry into, and egress from, insect cells.
RNA Interference against Animal Viruses: How Morbilliviruses Generate Extended Diversity To Escape Small Interfering RNA Control
Authors: Holz Carine L. , Albina Emmanuel , Minet Cécile , Lancelot Renaud , Kwiatek Olivier , Libeau Geneviève , Servan de Almeida Renata
Published: November 2011

Viruses are serious threats to human and animal health. Vaccines can prevent viral diseases, but few antiviral treatments are available to control evolving infections. Among new antiviral therapies, RNA interference (RNAi) has been the focus of intensive research. However, along with the development of efficient RNAi-based therapeutics comes the risk of emergence of resistant viruses. In this study, we challenged the
in vitro
propensity of a morbillivirus (peste des petits ruminants virus), a stable RNA virus, to escape the inhibition conferred by single or multiple small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against conserved regions of the N gene. Except with the combination of three different siRNAs, the virus systematically escaped RNAi after 3 to 20 consecutive passages. The genetic modifications involved consisted of single or multiple point nucleotide mutations and a deletion of a stretch of six nucleotides, illustrating that this virus has an unusual genomic malleability.
Structural Map of a MicroRNA-122:Hepatitis C Virus Complex
Authors: Pang Phillip S. , Pham Edward A. , Elazar Menashe , Patel Shripa G. , Eckart Michael R. , Glenn Jeffrey S.
Published: November 2011

MicroRNA-122 (miR-122) enhances hepatitis C virus (HCV) fitness via targeting two sites in the 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of HCV. We used selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension to resolve the HCV 5′-UTR's RNA secondary structure in the presence of miR-122. Nearly all nucleotides in miR-122 are involved in targeting the second site, beyond classic seed base pairings. These additional interactions enhance HCV replication in cell culture. To our knowledge, this is the first biophysical study of this complex to reveal the importance of ‘tail’ miR-122 nucleotide interactions.
Self-perception and participation in school sports
Authors: Santos Luís , Gomes Hilário , Sequeira Sebastião , Cruz Cristina , Marques Adilson
Published: November 2011

The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between students' participation in school sports (SS) and their self-perception. A total of 2535 students (1290 boys, 1245 girls) aged ranged 10 and 18 years old participated in this study. Data was collected using a questionnaire related to students' self-perception, more particularly questions linked with their perception of competence, elegance, healthy, physical appearance and participation in SS. To analyse if the participation in SS was different according to the variables of self-perceptions, we used the t-test. 18% of students mentioned they took part in SS. Among these participants, 82% said that they trained twice a week. On a scale of 1–5, students generally considered themselves as being elegant (M=3.4±1), fit (M=3.5±0.7) and showed they were quite satisfied with their physical appearance (3.7±1.1). Regarding their perception of health, they answered that they were healthy (M=3.1±0.1, on a scale from 1 to 4). Comparing their participation in SS according with the variables of self-perceptions, there were not significant differences in their perception of health (p=0.746), elegance (p=0.367) and physical appearance (p=0.804). Regarding perception of competence there were significant differences (p=0.007), and it is possible to conclude that those who revealed more physical abilities were those who were involved in SS. Based upon the results the participation in SS was independent of their perception of elegance, health and satisfaction with body image. However it was observed that students with higher levels of self-perception participated more than those with lower levels. This may suggest that if correctly stimulated by teachers, students' participation in SS could increase.
The influence of exercise and circadian rhythm of haemoglobin concentration associated changes in plasma volume on the biological passport
Authors: Voss S C , Alsayrafi M , Alsowaidi N , Elzain Elgingo M , Bourdon P , Robinson N , Sottas P E , Klodt F , Nonis D , Schumacher Y O
Published: November 2011

In the fight against doping in sports, indirect detection methods using Hb and Hct are starting to play a more and more important role. The goal of this investigation was to quantify the changes in PV during a 2 week study of endurance exercise simulating a cycling stage race and to test for PV changes relative to the circadian rhythm of the athlete. 15 endurance trained triathletes and cyclists performed a standardised 3 day taper (no exercise), followed by a 9 day cycling stage race simulation. Hb showed a mean increase of 4% during the 3 day taper period which was caused by a reduction in PV. During the exercise phase Hb dropped by 1.5 g/dl or 11%, which relates to an average expansion of PV by 0.6 l or 16%. The fluctuations in morning PV showed a wide inter-subject variability. The smallest change was 493 ml (10%), which was accompanied with a drop in Hb from 14.8 g/dl to 13.7 g/dl. The largest increase was 1277 ml (or 25%). The corresponding Hb values for this subject dropped from 15.8 g/dl to 13.1 g/dl (figure 2). The Hb concentration of the morning and evening samples showed a mean difference of approximately 0.6 g/dl or 3.7%, which was observed both during the taper (without exercise) and stage race phases. This study showed that exercise induced changes of PV in healthy trained endurance athletes can be up to 1277 ml or 25% when tested at the same time of the day. This fact needs to be considered in the interpretation of blood profiles as this value might even be higher if the test was to be performed at different times of the day. In our study we were able to demonstrate that the circadian rhythm of Hb concentration remains stable even under maximal PV expansion and reaction to exercise. This finding could be implemented in the athlete biological passport model to help reduce the variation of biological markers.
The examination of relationships between linear sprint and angular turns in football players
Authors: Kamar A
Published: November 2011

Subjects were 26 male football players aged 16±1 y, height 171±7 cm, body mass 64±8 kg, and training age of 6±4 y. The study examined changes in linear and angular sprint performance and the effect of angular factors on sprint speed and anaerobic power. 30 m sprint performance was determined by recording the time in every 10 m, and then the 30 m distance has been measured by 10 m 90 degrees turns, and finally the 30 m distance has been measured by 10 m 180 degrees turns and the sprint values have been determined and the relationships between the three measurements have been examined. While smooth linear acceleration was detected only in 30 m sprint runs (P<0.01),the most loss of speed was detected in the second 10 m of 90 degrees turns (P<0.05) and in the last 10 m in 180 degrees turns (P<0.01). The average 30 m sprint time were increased by 46% compared to 90 degrees average turn time (P<0.01), and were increased by 97% compared to 180 degrees average turn time (P<0.05). When the 90 degrees average turn value and the 180 degrees average turn value were compared, the average value of the increase in the turn angle was increased by 36% (P<0.05). When the 30 m sprint, 90 degrees turn and the 180 degrees turn values of the experimental subjects were examined as anaerobic power, it has been found out that when 30-meter sprint watt value is compared with 90 degrees turn watt value, a % 310,5 of negative effect from the reference value has been determined, whereas the 30 meter sprint watt value has been affected % 775 negatively from the reference value of the anaerobic power when it is compared with 180 degrees turn watt value (P<0.001). When the 90 degrees turn watt value is compared with the 180 degrees turn watt value, it has been found out that the difference in the angle of the turn has affected the average watt value (Anaerobic power) % 250 negatively (P<0.01).
Analysis of the existence of patterns related to counter-attack and fast attack in the Spanish League 2010/2011 season
Authors: Barbosa A , Martins N , Leitão J , Campaniço J , Sarmento H
Published: November 2011

We investigated the regular behaviour patterns in Counter-Attack (CA) and Fast Attack (FA) in the Spanish League 2010/2011 season using the instrument validated by Sarmentoet al(Medicina (Kaunas)2010;46;401–7). This instrument consists in a specific notational system to study the offensive process and its variables, based on previous procedures and an exploratory phase of the study, in which we observed video images of several offensive sequences in nine games of Spanish League. To verify the occurrence of patterns, we used the software THEME 5.0, which is a professional system for detecting and analysing hidden patterns in behaviour, by performing intensive structural analysis of behavioural data. It detects complex repeated patterns that otherwise remain hidden. For the detection of the patterns, we only considered the ones repeating three times. We detected seven competed t-patterns, referring to the whole process, from recovering possession of the ball until completing the offensive process (OP) successfully. In the CA, we verified the existence of two patterns, one of which ended in goal. In the FA, we verified the existence of five patterns. Four patterns end with shot from frontal zone to goal. When analysing the patterns, we found that the area of recovery of possession is the midfield, with preponderance in the defensive midfield. In all detected patterns, the second action happens in another field zone with great impact on the opposite lateral corridor. After the ball gets to the offensive sector, there is a rapid and long change of the playing area and then the team tries to quickly end the OP. The attack ends or passes again through the corridor where it started. There is high incidence of the game in the side corridors. There was focus on strike from zone twelve, or from zone twelve to look for attack zone eleven and then terminate the action. This was a constant in all found patterns. In CA there's a pattern that ends with obtaining goal. Of the seven patterns found, both on CA and FA, the pattern that ends in a goal is the only action that ends with numerical superiority.
Neurotransmitter modulation and supraspinal fatigue
Authors: Roelands B , Klass M , Levenez M , Fontenelle V , Duchateau J , Meeusen R
Published: November 2011

An important aspect of central fatigue is supraspinal fatigue, or fatigue originating from an insufficient output from the motor cortex. One possible underlying mechanism is that this reaction is evoked by changes in brain neurotransmitters such as dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA). In the present study, we looked into the relation between supraspinal fatigue and changes in brain neurotransmitter concentrations before and after prolonged exercise. Ten well-trained male cyclists participated in this study. Subjects exercised in 18°C and performed 60 min at 55% Wmax followed by a time trial which required the subject to complete a work equal to 30 min at 75% Wmax as quickly as possible. Pharmacological interventions were placebo, methylphenidate (DA reuptake inhibitor) and reboxetine (NA reuptake inhibitor). Voluntary activation and corticospinal excitability changes were tested in the knee extensors using TMS and motor nerve electrical stimulation before and after the cycling exercise. Reaction time and attention were measured using the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT). NA administration decreased performance significantly (9%). This was accompanied by a significant reduction in voluntary activation. No differences were observed for DA reuptake inhibition. No changes in corticospinal excitability were observed. The PVT revealed that reaction time was negatively influenced by reboxetine. Higher NA concentrations in the brain enhance central fatigue. The reduction in both the voluntary activation and reaction time shows that this decrease in performance was centrally mediated.
Lifestyle perception and physical activity practice
Authors: Raia Luís , André Joana , Carvalho João , Martins João , Marques Adilson , Carreiro da Costa Francisco
Published: November 2011

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perception of lifestyle and the practice of physical activity (PA). A total of 1158 men (44±8 y) and 1560 women (43±8 y), aged 21–90 y participated in this study. The data was assessed by a questionnaire about PA participation with and without supervision. Participants were asked to rate their lifestyle perception and health on a 5-point Likert scale range from 1 (sedentary) to 5 (very active). T-test and Pearson's correlation were used to analyse the data. On average participants reported to practise PA 2.9±3.1 times/week and 183±214 min/week. The high SDs show the wide dispersion of the results in both sexes. No difference was found between men and women regarding the number of times they practiced PA (3.0±3.1 vs 2.9±3.1 times/week,p=0.431). Men reported to practice PA during more time than women (209±235 vs 162±194 min/week) and the difference was significant (p<0.001). Although women indicated to practice PA for less time than men, they had a significant better perception of their lifestyle (men 3.21±1.04, women 3.37±1.03,p<0.001). In both sexes there was a positive and significant correlation between the number of times they practice PA and the perception of lifestyle (r=0.335,p<0.001; r=0.284,p<0.001). The same was observed for the time they expended practicing PA per week and the perception of lifestyle (r=0.353,p<0.001; r=0.290,p<0.001). Looking at the correlation of perception of lifestyle and perception of health it was also found a positive and significant correlation (r=0.317,p<0.001; r=0.242,p<0.001). Although men and women shown no difference regarding the number of times they practice PA, men tend to practice PA longer than women. Women perceive themselves as more active than they really are. It is clear a relationship between PA and perception of lifestyle, however, for men the correlation was slightly stronger than for the women.
The most intense running periods in English FA Premier League soccer matches
Authors: Di Mascio M , Bradley PS
Published: November 2011

The aim of this study was to examine the most intense periods of high-intensity running during elite soccer matches. Elite players (n=100) were analysed using a multi-camera computerised tracking system. Total high-intensity running distance (speed ≥19.8 km·h-1) and that covered in the most intense 5-min period were quantified during games. High-intensity running was performed for ∼3% of total time but this doubled (p<0.05) during intense periods (8.4±2.7 vs 16.4±4.6 s). Recovery time between high-intensity running bouts was ∼70 s during the game but declined (p<0.05) to ∼30 s during intense periods (70.8±25.7 vs 33.3±19.7 s). The distance of each discrete high-intensity running bout increased (p<0.05) ∼13% during intense periods compared to the game average (6.7±1.8 vs 5.8±0.6 m). Central defenders covered less (p<0.05) high-intensity running during intense periods compared to full backs, wide midfielders and attackers (4.3±0.8 vs 6.0±1.1, 6.1±1.8 and 5.6±1.3%), and performed less frequent (p<0.05) bouts of high-intensity running than full backs and wide midfielders (14±5 vs 20±6 and 21±6). Central defenders had a greater recovery time (p<0.05) than all other positional roles. No differences were evident between playing positions for maximum running speed and average distances of high-intensity running. These results show that high-intensity running is reduced following the most intense period of the game and that this trend is highly dependent on positional role. These findings have implications for developing conditioning drills and performance tests that closely mimic intense periods during soccer match-play.
The influence of thermal perception change using l-menthol on pacing regulation during exercise in the heat
Authors: Barwood M J , Corbett J , White D , James J
Published: November 2011

Fatigue occurs prematurely during exercise in hot conditions. The role of thermal perception in driving pacing has yet to be determined. We tested the hypothesis that improved thermal perception (feeling cooler and more comfortable) in the absence of changed thermal state, would alter pacing and improve time trial (TT) performance. Eleven trained cyclists (mean(sd):age 30 (8) y; height 1.78 (0.06) m; mass 76.0 (8.3) kg) completed three 40 km TTs in standardised conditions (32°C, 50%RH) with thermal perception altered prior to one TT using cold-receptor-activating menthol spray (0.05% MENTHOL and surfactants) in contrast to a control spray (CS; surfactants only) and no spray control (CON). Perceptual responses (thermal comfort, sensation and perceived exertion), thermal responses (skin and rectal temperature) and performance (power output, time to completion) were measured. Data were compared within participant between trials using repeated measures ANOVA with α level for statistical tests of 0.05. MENTHOL improved thermal perception prior to and during exercise up to 15 km compared to CS and CON. There was no difference in the pacing strategy adopted as a consequence of the altered thermal perception (5 km ‘bins' or the first 1 km of each TT up to 10 km) despite a difference in skin temperature profile at the start of exercise (CS 33.3 (1.1)°C and MENTHOL 33.4 (0.4)°C cp CON 34.5 (0.5)°C). There was no performance benefit in the MENTHOL condition; TT completion time CON: 71.58 (6.21) min, CS: 70.94 (6.06) min, MENTHOL 71.04 (5.47) min. RPE was not different between trials at any stage. Thermal perception is not a primary driver of pacing at the start of exercise or during cycling in hot conditions. Prior to reaching a threshold for thermal perceptual disturbance pacing strategy may be subconsciously regulated in accordance with RPE. MENTHOL spray did not enhance initial TT performance in the conditions of the present study.
The ADAMTS2 and ADAMTS14 genes and risk of achilles tendon pathology
Authors: El Khoury L , Posthumus M , Collins M , Ribbans W J , Handley C J , Cook J , Raleigh S M
Published: November 2011

Achilles tendon pathology (ATP) is a multifactorial condition for which genetic risk factors have been identified. The type V collagen gene (COL5A1), among other genes, has been associated with risk of ATP in two independent populations. The ADAMTS (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs) enzymes are important regulators of tendon homeostasis and integrity. TheADAMTS2ANDADAMTS14genes are procollagen N-propeptidases for collagens such as type I and type III. Mutations within ADAMTS2, as withCOL5A1, have been linked to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The aim was to determine if two selected non-synonymous polymorphism within theADAMTS2ANDADAMTS14genes associate with risk of ATP in two independent populations. 213 (115 cases with ATP and 98 asymptomatic controls) South African Caucasian participants and 209 cases (60 cases with ATP and 149 asymptomatic controls) Australian Caucasian participants were recruited for this case-control genetic association study. All participants were genotyped using TaqMan technology for the ADAMTS2 G/A rs1054480 and ADAMTS14 A/G rs4747096 polymorphisms. There was no significant association between the ADAMTS2 rs1054480 and the ADAMTS14 rs4747096 polymorphism with ATP in either the South African (ADAMTS2, P=0.292; ADAMTS14, P=0.531), Australian (ADAMTS2, P=0.703; ADAMTS14, P=0.152) or combined. This study shows that the investigated polymorphisms within theADAMTS2andADAMTS14genes are not associated with the risk of developing ATP in two independent Caucasian populations.
Development of a mechanical ‘pivot shift' knee stability test
Authors: Sena M P , Coughlin D , Dellamaggiora R , Lotz J C , Feeley B T
Published: November 2011

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common in sports, with 135 000 ACL tears leading to over 95 000 annual reconstructions in the US. The manual ‘pivot shift' test is the most specific clinical examination for diagnosis of ACL injuries. The presence of a ‘pivot' (anterior/internal tibial subluxation followed by a rapid reduction or ‘clunk') postoperatively correlates with poor patient outcome. Unfortunately, the pivot shift is semi-quantitative and difficult to perform reproducibly. We developed a mechanical pivot shift device (MPSD) that mimics this test through the application of standardised dynamic loads. Manual and mechanised pivot shift tests were performed on right and left cadaveric knees (n=4) in intact and ACL-deficient states. The resultant tibiofemoral motion was recorded using the Optotrak® navigation system (Manual and MPSD tests produced similar kinematic trajectories, with subluxation/reduction occurring at ∼20° /35° for ACL-deficient knees. Following ACL transection, both tests produced increased instability metrics: maximum tibial internal rotation (IRmax), anterior displacement, and posterior translational velocity (PTV). The coefficient of variation (cv=σ/μ) for these metrics was significantly lower using the MPSD (cv=0.03) in comparison to the manual test (cv=0.16). Between right and left knees, MPSD metrics differed by less than 1.5° and 2 mm. These results demonstrate that our device can produce a realistic ‘pivot shift' with a high degree of reproducibility. Logistic regression revealed IRmax as the best single predictor of intact versus deficient ACL state (R2=0.41, p=0.0001), while IRmax and PTV combined predicted knee state with complete accuracy (R2=1, p=0.0001). These data suggest that measurements made using the MPSD are sensitive to clinically relevant ACL condition and may provide kinematic signatures specific to graded soft tissue defects of the knee joint, or to different ACL reconstruction techniques.