bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of cable-stayed bridge construction
Authors: Lozano-Galant Jose Antonio , Xu Dong , Turmo José
Published: February 2021

One of the most important causes of the rapid progress of cable-stayed bridges in recent decades is the development of the construction techniques that made their erection possible. Cantilever method and temporary support method are the most common procedures to build such bridges. The temporary support method is the fastest way of building cable-stayed bridges because conventional construction techniques may be used. This fact simplifies the erection task and leads to lower costs. However, when environmental factors or the requirements of the foundations or the sea or river crossing prevent the placement of temporary supports during construction, the cantilever erection method is commonly used. Focus on the research has been mainly devoted to the structural behavior of these structures under construction or service conditions, but the erection procedures and their calculations are not so studied. This paper aims to present practical tools to be used by the designer or the contractor for construction control of the tensioning process of the stays. Namely, a procedure to calculate the stress to be given to the first strand when the strand by strand tensioning technique is used and a procedure to update rationally the tensioning process of a cable stayed bridge when divergence between the foreseen stresses in the stays and the actual ones are noticeable.
The Mersey Gateway Project, UK – Delivery to completion
Authors: Hurrell Ilona , Hogarth Dean , Williams Barry
Published: February 2021

The Mersey Gateway Crossing is due to open to traffic in the autumn of 2017. This will mark the second road crossing over the River Mersey estuary, in the North West of the UK. At its centre piece a spectacular new double span 1km long cable stayed bridge. The end of construction, and beginning of the operational phase of the 30 year DBFO contract, brings the opportunity to reflect on the challenges presented during delivery of the project infrastructure.
Back to the Future – Reconstruction and Revitalization of the BIKINI House in the Centre of Berlin
Authors: Pekoll Oskar , Lippert Marion
Published: February 2021

The BIKINI House, originally completed in 1957, is a listed building complex consisting of five buildings in the center of the West-City of Berlin, adjacent to the renowned Gedächtniskirche and the zoo. The entire ensemble was recently refurbished as a shopping mall, hotel and multi-screen cinema. The revitalization of the listed building complex is based on high standards of energy efficiency for energetically optimized buildings and on sophisticated design having to be realized against tight deadlines, which resulted in innovative constructional design details being developed, amongst others due to the quick construction work. The BIKINI House was completely gutted during the refurbishment and was rebuilt except for the bare concrete work. The new shopping mall connected with the historic building has a 240 m wide-span roof structure, which is a big artwork. This steel construction has a sheet thickness of 160 mm like a design construction for large bridges.
Field Testing and Computational Model Verification for Spread Slab Beam Bridges
Authors: Terzioglu Tevfik , Hueste Mary Beth , Mander John
Published: February 2021

Slab beam bridges are commonly used in Texas for short spans in low clearance areas where precast prestressed concrete slab beams are placed in a side-by-side configuration. A new bridge type called a spread slab beam bridge was recently developed using the same concept as spread box beam bridges except the precast slab beams are spaced apart to improve their economy. This paper presents field testing results for spread slab beam bridges, and evaluates different computational methods. One of the challenging geometries with widely spaced slab beams and the longest possible span length was constructed at full-scale. The bridge was field tested using vehicular service loads to evaluate structural performance and measure load distribution between girders for developing load distribution factors. The experimental results were used to validate computational modeling techniques including orthotropic plate, grillage, and finite element analysis.

Based on the research findings, it was concluded that spread slab beam bridges that utilize precast concrete panels with a cast-in-place concrete deck provide a viable construction method for short- span bridges. For the tested bridge, the desired performance was achieved for in-service loading. During field testing the beam live load deflections were within the design limits and no significant cracking or reduction in the overall stiffness of the bridge was observed. Bridge responses under dynamic loads were larger compared to the static values. All three computational methods had reasonably good agreement in terms of estimating load distribution between girders. However, the finite element method was superior in terms of predicting deflection profiles, modal frequencies, and mode shapes.
Fundamental study on half-width slab deck replacement method for an existing composite steel girder bridge
Authors: Kobayashi Shunsuke , Yamaguchi Takashi , Matsumoto Takashi , Mitsukawa Nobuhiro , Ogura Tsukasa
Published: February 2021

Currently in Japan, RC deck of steel girder bridges suffers significant damage due to the heavy traffic

/ increasing the traffic load and leakage. Therefore, it becomes a time to renewal the slab deck especially the aged bridges designed based on recent codes. To avoid the traffic congestions during construction, it is hardly demanded to propose a new design method to shortening the construction period, as well as reducing the cost to retrofitting of the bridge. In this study, we focused on the amount of retrofit needed to replace the RC deck composite steel girder bridge to precast PC deck non-composite steel girder bridge, under half-traffic servicing state. To clarify the subject, frame analysis and FEM analysis were conducted. It is known from the frame analysis that, remove the load distribution crossbeam during construction may reduce the amount of girder’s retrofitting. It is also revealed that, the slab deck should be partially replaced rather than fully replaced by FEM analysis.
Design and Launching of a Redundant Truss over a Busy Rail Yard
Authors: Furrer Martin , Hasbrouck Greg , Yuzna Jack
Published: February 2021

Five deteriorating Warren trusses over the busy BNSF Northtown rail yard in Minneapolis need replacement. The new structure consists of a skewed 305-foot (92.96 m) truss and two-span steel girder structure to meet the RR’s desire to eliminate two piers in their yard. The new truss incorporates unique load path and internal redundancy measures including eliminating fracture critical steel truss members and gusset plates and using a post-tensioned concrete bottom chord. Removal of the two existing truss spans over BNSF’s main line tracks and the installation of the new truss span is accomplished using a launching system.
Numerical simulation of protection barriers for bridge piers against ship collision
Authors: Aygül Mustafa , Darholm Thomas , Thorsell Mikael
Published: February 2021

In the design of bridges across waterways, the importance of a protection system for the bridge piers against ship collisions increases with the increased traffic passing along the channel. To estimate the behaviour of reinforced concrete protection members in steel-concrete composite bridges and to define the failure load of the structures is a challenge due to the complexity of material interfaces, member behaviour and size of structure.

In order to evaluate the ultimate strength and energy absorption capacity of a pier protection system, an advanced finite element model using concrete damaged plasticity model provided in ABAQUS has been utilized and presented in this paper. A possible ship collision to the pier protection barriers is simulated using displacement-induced loading and considering plasticity of steel as well as concrete damage plasticity including the post-peak behaviour. The results from the simulation reveal that the pier protection barriers have sufficient capacity to absorb energy from a ship impact.
Structural design of a seismic isolated building in Matsumoto city
Authors: Kimura Toshiaki , Nagai Yuki , Sasaki Mutsuro
Published: February 2021

This paper reports under construction project of a seismic isolated building designed by Toyo Ito Architects and Associates. In the structural planning, for function maintenance of post-disaster, seismic isolation structure which is capital seismic isolation at basement floor has been adopted. All seismic isolators are on the capital of SRC and RC columns. By adopting capital seismic isolation at basement floor, the depth of the foundation can be made shallow and drilling cost is reduced. And for realization of open space, the upper is planned as steel rigid frame structure which CFT columns and H-section steel beams are utilized. First, this paper describes about the architectural plan. Next, structural planning with respect to mainly seismic isolation structure is explained. After explanation of the structural planning, the detail of the structural design (verification by using time history response analysis) is shown.
Column Removal Analysis of Bare Steel Gravity Frames Using Connection Behaviour from Physical Tests
Authors: Oosterhof Steven A. , Nethercot David A. , Driver Robert G.
Published: February 2021

This paper investigates the dynamic response of bare steel framing systems with commonly-used shear connections under several column removal scenarios. The analysis follows the Imperial College London method for progressive collapse assessment, which provides a simplified approach that accounts for the dynamic effects associated with instantaneous column removal and a practical framework for assessing the collapse resistance of a structure. Load–deformation relationships and failure limits for beam-to-column connections under combined moment, shear, and tension used for this study are taken directly from physical test data, providing realistic connection behaviour for the prediction and assessment of dynamic response. The robustness of various shear connections is quantified and compared, and connection parameters that significantly affect performance under dynamic loading are discussed.
Enabling a New Architectural Paradigm with Performance Based Design of a Base Isolated Sculptural Office Tower
Authors: Tomek Pavel , Nulman Amie , Chok Kermin , Zekioglu Atila
Published: February 2021

Due its height and expressive architectural design the (W)rapper Tower is set to become a landmark building in Los Angeles, CA. The structure is architecturally driven and features exterior curved steel boxes “Bands”, an eccentric Steel Plate Shear Wall (SPSW) core and Seismic Base Isolation. Performance Base Design (PBD) using LATBSDC guidance was adopted for the design and the performance of the Tower. The structure was assessed using Non-Linear Time History Analysis (NLTHA) in LS-Dyna with 63 earthquake simulations (nine suites of seven ground motions each). The analysis and post-processing used an automated workflow relying on cloud computing and custom database post-processing. This paper describes the development of the structural system and the analysis process employing numerous advanced modelling and visualization techniques.
Aerodynamics challenges and solutions for structures of unique architecture
Authors: Solovev Sergei
Published: February 2021

The paper examines aerodynamic characteristics of close and parallel automobile and rail bridge arches. Aeroelastic stability of the bridge arches is investigated in a specialized wind-tunnel. It is found that the automobile bridge span is subject to vortex-induced oscillations. These oscillations are reduced by arrangement of a fairing on the bridge-span stiffening girder. Possibility of a buffet- type aerodynamic instability is examined in detail.
Finite Element Analysis of Bearing Plinth in Different Sizes
Authors: Shujun Fang , Qionglin Zhao , Liu Shenbin , Sun Yushi
Published: February 2021

Bearing plinth is the key to connecting superstructure and substructure of the bridge. Once there’s damage, the safety of bridge structures will be in danger. As a result, it is necessary to design rational size of bearing plinth. This paper takes several kinds of common bearing plinth in high speed railway bridges as examples to make nonlinear finite element analysis through ANSYS finite element software. It illustrates in detail the selection of unit and material, the layout of rebar and the contact analysis among bearing and bearing plinth in numerical simulation. Moreover, under the load of various high-speed railways, the stress and deformation of different-size bearing plinths are analyzed and discussed. Expectedly, the result indicates that it is reasonable to simulate the actual stress distribution of bearing plinth by using ANSYS software. It also shows that bearing plinth in different sizes have corresponding distinctions in its stress and deformation, so that the influence of various aspects should be considered in the design of bearing plinth. The research contents and results of this paper can provide reference for the design of the bridge bearing plinth.
A Study on Parameter of Steel Strain of Precast Reinforced Concrete with Joint
Authors: Park Jongho , Hong Sungnam , Park Sun-Kyu , Choi Jinwoong
Published: February 2021

Currently, the fabricated precast concrete construction is actively applied. It constructs a number of modules to complete the structural member, resulting joint occurs between each module. These connections need to identify its behaviour due to safety and serviceability. However, the prediction accuracy of deflection is not guaranteed. Because of the traditional methods cannot be reflected characteristics of an initial crack of the joint interface and difference of strength of grouting materials. Therefore, a new proposal for deflection evaluation is required to reflect the joint characteristics of precast flexural member. In this study, the mean steel strain characteristics were analysed for three variables; load, concrete compressive strength and rebar ratio. In the result, mean steel strain of rebar is proportional to load and inversely proportional to concrete compressive strength and rebar ratio.
5th LNG TANK IN ZEEBRUGGE TERMINAL (BELGIUM)
Authors: Bañares Miguel , Nieto Javier , Aramburu Mikel , D'Angiuro Ivan , Esquius Marc , Lázaro Ángel
Published: February 2021

ESTEYCO has been contracted by BALZOLA contractors to provide civil engineering works within the Engineering – Procurement – Construction – Commissioning (EPCC) contract for the 5th LNG Tank in Zeebrugge (Belgium) to FLUXYS.

The project comprises two main structural items.

The full containment (type H4) high capacity LNG Tank (180,000 m3).

A cylindrical shell (diaphragm wall) with 102.1 m of inner diameter where LNG tank is enclosed, semi-buried.

Both, the foreseen high capacity and the maximum height limitation due to Belgian Environmental and Visual Impact legislation, lead to define the cylindrical shell where the LNG Tank shall be erected.
Role of the Floor System in the Cyclic Response of Steel Gravity Framing
Authors: Donahue Sean , Engelhardt Michael , Clayton Patricia , Williamson Eric , Helwig Todd
Published: February 2021

In typical U.S. design practice for steel buildings, lateral loads are assumed to be resisted by a small number of lateral-force-resisting frames, while the rest of the structure consists of gravity framing, typically assumed to have no flexural resistance. It has long been recognized that the simple shear connections used in gravity framing do possess some flexural strength. However, there is little experimental data on the cyclic loading response of these connections. This paper details ongoing experimental research into the response of such connections. Full scale cruciform composite beam- column subassemblies were tested under large cyclic inter-story drifts. These tests have shown that simple shear connections can develop significant moments under large drifts, largely due to the formation of large tensile forces in the floor system. Given the large number of shear connections in most structures, this capacity could significantly enhance the seismic resistance of a structure.
Analytical Study Assessment of a Bridge with Pretensioned Rocking Columns for Rapid Construction
Authors: Mantawy Islam M. , Thonstad Travis , Sanders David H. , Stanton John F. , Eberhard Marc O.
Published: February 2021

A two-span, quarter-scale, precast concrete bridge with pretensioned rocking columns was tested on the shaking tables at the University of Nevada, Reno in 2014. The columns were designed with partially unbonded strands to provide re-centering; locally debonded reinforcing steel to delay bar fracture; and confining steel tubes at their ends to protect the concrete against spalling. The residual drift ratios in the bridge were never larger than 0.4%, even after peak drift ratios more than 12%. The only major damage observed during testing was the fracture of the deformed bar reinforcement, first occurring at a drift ratio of 5.7%. To investigate methods to delay bar fracture in this bridge, analytical models were developed and calibrated using the experimental results. These models suggest that low-cycle fatigue likely caused reinforcement fracture in the tests and fracture could be delayed by using a longer debonded length of the reinforcement.
Composite Beams of Steel and Timber
Authors: Bradford Mark , Hassanieh Amirhossein , Valipour Hamid
Published: February 2021

Composite steel-concrete buildings are commonplace, but they are incompatible with low-carbon construction technologies. This is because the manufacture of the cement used in the flooring slabs, which is castin-situaround headed stud connectors, is associated with the production significant CO2 emissions, and deconstruction of such a building is environmentally intrusive with little possibility of re-use of the structural elements. The use of engineered timber in lieu of castin-situconcrete is proposed, connected to a bolted steel frame by shear connectors. A series of short-term tests are reported on composite steel-timber beams, and it is shown that the shear connection is robust and associated with ductile and predictable modes of failure. Numerical modelling of the beams, verified and validated against the results of the tests, is also undertaken and used for a parametric study that demonstrates the potential of this innovative use of steel and timber in composite construction.
Comparison of CLT Design Methods to Composite Beam Theory
Authors: Schultz Joshua
Published: February 2021

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is increasingly being used as a primary structural material. Since about 60-70% of structural material is associated with the floor system, sustainability gains are efficiently realized by use of CLT floor plates. Most floors can be modelled as 1-way slabs and idealized via beam theory; however, increasingly complicated composite beam and plate theories are being proposed for CLT design. This research compares methods from the US CLT Handbook to a composite beam design equation derived from elasticity theory. All deflection and stress results are compared to a benchmarked finite element model. Results show that CLT Handbook methods provide stresses and deflections within 5% of the FEA and composite beam theory. However, results indicate the shear analogy method over-estimates required laminate thickness for 4.6m span by up to 30% for deflection-governed design compared to the composite beam theory.
Flutter derivatives identification on a very large scale aeroelastic deck model
Authors: Diana Giorgio , Rocchi Daniele , Argentini Tommaso , Omarini Simone
Published: February 2021

A large scale aeroelastic model of the Third Bosporus bridge deck was designed and built to measure the aeroelastic response under different incoming flow conditions and to validate numerical models for the buffeting response of Super-long Span Bridge. The 8 m long model, with a deck chord of 1.17m, can reproduce the multi-modal dynamic response of the deck in a range of reduced velocities V*=V/(fB) between 1 and 10. The model is intended to overcome the limitations on aerodynamic similarity of traditional small scale aeroelastic models (typically 1:200 – 1:400), for validation of numerical codes to study the aeroelastic and buffeting response of long span bridges. The model allows to contemporary measure the dynamic response and the aerodynamic forces acting on the deck using 2 instrumented sections equipped with pressure taps. In the present paper, a procedure to measure the flutter derivatives coefficients of the deck, at different reduced velocities, on the large scale aeroelastic model, using forced motion tests, is presented. The research is aimed at investigating the feasibility to measure the aerodynamic properties of the deck directly on the large scale aeroelastic model presenting aeroelastic coupling among vertical and torsional modes. These results will be used in the validation procedure of numerical codes relying on the aerodynamic coefficient data set coming from the rigid model.
Fatigue inspection for orthotropic steel deck with infrared thermography
Authors: Okumura Atsuhiro , Mizokami Yoshiaki , Moriyama Akira , Otou Tokihide , Sakagami Takahide , Izumi Yui
Published: February 2021

An efficient inspection method for detecting fatigue cracks on orthotropic steel decks was developed. The bead-penetrating crack between a deck plate and trough rib can be detected remotely with high degree of accuracy by this method. This method is called “temperature gap method”, since the fatigue crack is identified by detecting the temperature gap at the crack with an infrared thermography. The inspection with this method is done in a systematic manner with priority of the bridges set from the data of cumulative traffic volume of large vehicles. The infrared camera system and the crack detection system were also developed for the efficient inspection. This paper is to report on the inspection for orthotropic steel decks with the infrared thermography.
The New Champlain Bridge: Technical Challenges in Design of the Approach Viaducts
Authors: McGain Zachary , Goulmot Damien , Demirdjian Sevak , Tremblay Marco
Published: February 2021

The New Champlain Bridge is an iconic structure, being delivered on an extremely fast tracked schedule. Add to that numerous limitations on construction activities arising from the sensitive river environment, difficult climatic conditions, and concerns over existing regional infrastructure. Finally, throw in strict visual quality requirements to achieve a pre-published architectural concept. This paper discusses how the above conditions guided decision making and design concepts for the approach structures and specific design challenges encountered while meeting the expectations of the constructor, concessionaire and the Authority.
Assessment of the shear strength of existing post-tensioned bridges
Authors: Huber Patrick , Huber Tobias , Kollegger Johann
Published: February 2021

The assessment of existing structures is becoming more and more important in the field of activity of a structural engineer. To get more information about the load-carrying behaviour of shear critical bridge structures an experimental campaign on large-scale post-tensioned specimen was carried out. With the aid of DIC it was possible to measure the crack kinematics of the critical shear crack during the whole test. Thus, an evaluation of different shear-transfer actions were performed. Based on these results a shear design concept – including different shear models – for post-tensioned bridge girders with a very low amount of transverse reinforcement was proposed. The approach was used to evaluate the shear strength of a real existing post-tensioned bridge. Based on the suggested concept a cost-extensive strengthening of the webs were prevented.
Seismic collapse safety of RC circular bridge pier retrofitted with fibre reinforced polymer
Authors: Parghi Anant , Alam Shahria M.
Published: February 2021

In recent years, the use of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites sheets used to enhance the lateral confinement for improved ductility and strength of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers. The collapses of bridge structures in past and recent seismic events have raised concerns regarding the adequacy of lateral confinement of existing bridges to prevent the partial or total collapse. This research deals the seismic collapse safety of existing RC bridge piers retrofitted with FRP and compares with existing old RC bridge piers designed without consideration of seismic design guidelines. The collapse safety performance of FRP retrofitted RC bridge pier was evaluated using 20 different ground motions to compare the performance of FRP retrofitting system. Using incremental dynamic time history analysis, the collapse risk of the FRP retrofitted bridge piers was evaluated considering uncertainties in ground motion characteristic and structural modelling. The outcome of the research will provide an estimate of the dynamic capacity of the FRP retrofitted bridge piers and demonstrate the effectiveness of FRP-retrofitting technique as an external reinforcement.
Bending, vibration and long-term performance of timber-concrete-composites floors
Authors: Gerber Adam , Tannert Thomas
Published: February 2021

There is much potential for engineered wood products (EWP) to be used beyond low-rise residential construction when incorporating the notion of hybrid systems like timber-concrete- composites (TCC). The research presented in this paper experimentally determined the bending, vibration and long-term performance for a range of TCC systems in several EWPs. Strength and stiffness properties were validated on small-scale shear tests. Subsequently, full-size floor panels were tested for elastic stiffness and dynamic properties under quasi-static loading. Furthermore, floor panels are subjected to serviceability loads since summer 2015 with the environmental conditions and the deflections being monitored. This research provides insight to engineers into safely designing TCC floor systems for bending, vibration and long-term performance.
Case Studies of Reinforced and Post-tensioned Glass Beams
Authors: Engelmann Michael , Weller Bernhard
Published: February 2021

Glass and concrete share basic material characteristics. They are strong in compression but rather weak in tension. Moreover, both show a linear stress-strain relation in bending until brittle failure caused by tensile loads. Therefore, it is reasonable to construct glass beams using the principles of reinforced and pre-compressed concrete design. Future glass projects will be more material efficient as the reinforcement replaces uneconomical oversizing approaches in conventional glass beams. This will reduce the amount of flat base material and decrease the energy needed to produce it. Additionally, the reinforcement allows for a redundant load path during a post- breakage situation, which is a compulsory design criterion. Lastly, the pre-compression of the glass permits larger bending loads and may provide an initial uplift to neutralize any dead-load deflection beforehand.

The paper introduces into the design of reinforced and post-tensioned glass beams by applying the terminology of Eurocode 2. The article summarizes six existing reinforced glass beam projects in Germany and international research activities in this field. During a case study, the presented structural options are compared. The paper includes an assessment of a probable choice of materials. Furthermore, it presents a comprehensive approach to systematize reinforced glass beams as a basis for future design. Finally, this will open the topic for further discussion and outlook into future research activities.
Glass Failure Prediction Model for Out-of-Plane Bending of Waterjet- Drilled Holes
Authors: Schultz Joshua , Knowles John , Morse Stephen
Published: February 2021

Use of fully tempered (FT), point-supported glass (PSG) as structural elements has become increasingly common. However, current US glass design charts and analytical methods found in ASTM E1300 are only applicable to rectangular lites with continuous line supports along one or more edges. As a result, practitioners use finite element analysis to determine maximum principle stress that dictates glass thickness. However, sole reliance on the single largest maximum principle tensile stress (SLMPTS) may not always be representative of actual performance as surface flaws often precipitate failure at lower stresses and different locations from the SLMPTS. This paper analyzes the experimental data for 10 FT specimens with waterjet holes subject to out-of-plane bending. Experimental time histories are converted to the to 3-second failure loads for determination of best fit m- and k- values for use with the glass failure prediction model to determine stresses for a probability of breakage of 1 in 1,000 and 8 in 1,000 lites.
Adding value through innovation in structural design:
Authors: Firth Ian
Published: February 2021

Innovation is vital in any developing and growing society. It undoubtedly adds value in structural design, but the engineer's appointment needs to be such as to allow it to occur. The issues touched on briefly in this paper, and the four other associated papers, will be debated at the Seminar on this topic at the conference.
Sustainable retrofitting of existing buildings in peripheral residential districts of big European cities
Authors: Traykova Marina , Traykova Vesela
Published: February 2021

Construction and operation of buildings have a serious contribution to the environmental impact. That is the reason to consider the building retrofit as a good demonstration of sustainable development. The contemporary trends in the construction sector include the increasing rate of rehabilitation and strengthening of existing structures compared with construction of new structures. The design approaches for retrofit of existing buildings have an important contribution to guaranteeing the high quality of the life with respect of the contemporary requirements. Analysis of two of the most popular structural systems in the peripheral European residential districts: “Large-panel system” and “Large area formwork”, are presented. Based on the conclusions of this analysis and on the presented realized projects for rehabilitation, some general considerations and recommendations for sustainable retrofit of residential buildings are given.
Fort Nelson River Bridge Superstructure Replacement & Substructure Strengthening
Authors: Amiel Chad , Rebel C. P. , Singh Raj
Published: February 2021

Whether it’s to accommodate an increase in traffic volumes, a need to satisfy new design standards and loading requirements, or a need to extend the service life, utilizing existing infrastructure is an attractive consideration for owners in order to minimize throw away costs. The existing single lane 430 m long Fort Nelson River Bridge on the Liard Highway No. 77, built in 1984, needed an upgrade to replace the temporary superstructure with a permanent one for increased traffic volumes and to eliminate delays. This paper presents the transformation of the existing single lane ACROW bridge to a modern two lane composite steel girder bridge, describing the evaluation of the various superstructure types during conceptual design, the opportunity to utilize the existing piers and the challenges and risks associated with this, the impact of Canada’s northern climate, and the innovative thinking that allowed the design team to overcome the many site specific constraints. Cost is always key criteria when evaluating different bridge options, but in this case constructability, durability, and the northern climate all carried significant weight in the evaluation process. Although utilizing the existing piers and alignment saved costs, it also created design constraints and construction and strengthening challenges in the piers themselves. It did, however, allow the contractor to use the existing bridge as a temporary detour bridge by sliding the existing superstructure downstream so the new bridge could be built along the existing alignment. Designing for Canada’s northern climate requires innovative thinking to facilitate both construction and the service life of the bridge due to the extreme weather patterns. Pre-fabricated elements such as steel girders and full-depth precast deck panels were configured for modular on-site assembly to achieve accelerated construction and improved durability. Deck continuity over the entire superstructure through a novel articulation scheme was provided to improve the service life of below deck components and minimizes routine maintenance.
Comparative Assessment of Bridges designed according to Balanced Lift Method and Balanced Cantilever Method
Authors: Gaßner Georg , Fuchs Kerstin , Kollegger Johann
Published: February 2021

In recent years a new bridge construction method has been developed at the Institute of Structural Engineering of TU Wien. The so called Balanced Lift Method can be seen as an alternative to the Balanced Cantilever Method.

To compare these two construction methods, an alternative design using the Balanced Lift Method for the 210 m long San Leonardo Viaduct was prepared. Starting with building the pier and the vertical installation of prefabricated elements for the compression struts and the bridge girder, the construction is ready for the lifting process. A simple way to describe this lifting process is to compare it with opening an umbrella. To create a monolithic structure, all thin wall precast elements are then filled with in-situ concrete. Finally, it can be said that for the evaluated bridge a reduction up to 30 % of the concrete mass would be possible by using the Balanced Lift Method.‌
Four High Performance Concrete Deck Configurations for Louisiana’s Movable Bridges
Authors: Menkulasi Fatmir , Baghi Hadi , Montes Carlos , Parker Jacob , Sandrock Jean-Paul , Gomez Sergio
Published: February 2021

Louisiana has approximately 160 movable bridges, mostly in the southern part of the state. The typical deck systems in these movable bridges are steel grids. Records show that steel grids have had maintenance issues. Four alternative high performance concrete (HPC) bridge deck configurations were developed for Louisiana’s movable bridges using four unique concrete mixtures. The development of each concrete mixture is presented. Additionally, each mixture is characterized in terms of its compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and Poisson’s ratio. Several nonlinear finite element analyses are performed to simulate the behaviour of all four deck configurations from the onset of loading to failure. AASHTO’s ultimate load demand is met regardless of which deck configuration is selected. The panel that features the LHWPC 130 mix exhibited the highest peak load and offers the simplest geometry.
Latest Practices for Existing Long-Span Suspension Bridges
Authors: Lee Hohsing , Beabes Shane R. , Colford Barry R.
Published: February 2021

This paper discusses three latest practices applied to existing US long-span suspension bridges. The first is the moveable median barrier (MMB) along U.S. Highway 101 on the Golden Gate Bridge that was recently installed. This MMB system enhances traffic safety by providing a physical barrier to separate opposing directions of traffic, while at the same time allowing the reconfiguration of the lanes to meet peak capacity demands. The second is the suicide deterrent barrier system (SDS) to be installed on the Golden Gate Bridge, the first of its kind in the United States. The Net system was identified as the Preferred Alternate in the FEIR/EA process to be carried forward to final design. The third is the corrosion protection of main cables by dehumidification, first implemented in the United States on the William Preston Lane Jr. Memorial Bay Bridge and now being planned or implemented on other US main cable suspension bridges.
Some aspects of Chacao Bridge design
Authors: Pich Benedicte , Gogny Eric , Mauris Georges , Zahir Omar , Byun Hyung-Kyoon , Montens Serge , Cheikh Mhamed Aymen , Jakobsen Svein Erik
Published: February 2021

The 2,750m-long Chacao Bridge, South America’s longest suspension bridge, will connect mainland Chile with the country’s largest island Chiloe. The three-tower suspension bridge will have main spans over 1km in length (one 1055 m and the other 1155 m). The central pylon with inverted V shape shown in the reference design has been modified by SYSTRA. The bridge being located close to an active seismic fault, particular care was considered on seismic robustness, and many specific seismic analysis were performed. The total length of the suspended steel superstructure is 2494 m and the weight about 21,000 tons. The bridge girder is continuous from the South pylon to the North abutment.
Service Life Performance Design of Chacao Bridge
Authors: Jensen Jakob Laigaar , Jensen Lars , Valenzuela Matias , Vasquez Raul
Published: February 2021

To ensure the service life performance of an exceptional bridge like the Chacao Bridge, it has been paramount to the owner MOP in the design to take care of all aspect of the future operation and maintenance of the bridge. The goal is to ensure a future service life with low operational costs and high and safe bridge availability for traffic. Therefore, unlike design of conventional bridges, the Chacao design build project integrates durability, access and future operation in the design process.

This paper described how an adequate service life performance design can be achieved in the design build contract for the Chacao Bridge. The overall goal is to minimize the life cycle costs of the bridge with a service life of more than 100 years. The bridge design applies modern durability design approaches, control and monitoring systems, access facilities – all aspect which will be documented in an Operation & Maintenance Manual with instructions on how to operate the bridge in the future.
Concept, Realization and Monitoring of an advanced space structure
Authors: Reich Stefan , Ebert Jan
Published: February 2021

The development of space grid structures experienced its maximum momentum in the third quarter of the last century. The mathematical and structural principles were described and many thousands of steel space grid structures in different shapes built. An advancement of form and structure of double layer space grids therefore cannot occur in the structural principle but in the use of new materials replacing parts of the structure.

Today in 2016 the authors are pleased to announce that more than five years ago a space grid structure with an upper (compression) layer made of glass panes only, perfectly fulfils its task covering a courtyard in the German capital Berlin.

At this structure, on the basis of a traditional steel double layer grid all members in the compression layer are replaced by the glazing. The glazing fulfils a double function. It serves either as the primary load bearing system and transfers significant in-plane loads or as roof covering. The panes are connected by steel knots at their corners and transfer in-plane forces via adjustable contact blocks.

After the main research phase the first commercial project using this new concept was launched in 2007. With a dimension of 15 m x 21 m and an arch rise of 3.50 m it covers the courtyard of one of the Berlin palaces. In autumn 2009 the palace was going to be re-opened to the public.

The design process was attended with extensive testing to obtain an individual approval. This contribution describes the testing at single panes and at a full-scale arch of 15 m span. Plastics for the in-plane load application into the glass edge and their creeping behaviour were investigated in first tests. The stability behaviour against glass pane buckling was tested at relevant load combinations and the post breakage robustness and the walk-on ability of the overhead glazing ensured by suitable test. Load bearing tests with a total load of 13 tons were applied on one 15 m arch and finished the test series.

Within the last years the structure and its components were monitored. With these experiences valuable feedback to the testing and design steps and recommendations for further projects were gathered.
Design example of mid-story-isolated skyscraper with the viscous dampers to reduce the response acceleration in lower part of the building
Authors: Nakamizo Daiki , Asakawa Takeshi , Koitabashi Yuichi
Published: February 2021

This paper introduces a design case of 230-meter-tall mid-story-isolation skyscraper in Roppongi, Tokyo. Since the response reduction by seismic isolation on buildings over 200-meter-tall is smaller than general low-rise buildings, these buildings hardly adopted mid-story-isolation structure. Mid-story-isolation buildings are adopted to reduce the response in the upper part of the building, but in actually, the response acceleration is often largest just below the isolation story. In this paper, we introduce the architectural and structural planning for adopting a mid- isolation structure for a skyscraper building and solution methods in this project. The realization of this building presents new possibilities for skyscrapers and mid-story isolation buildings.
Concept overview of a multi-span suspension bridge on floating foundations
Authors: Villoria Simen Hellgre , Dørum Cato , Veie Johannes , Jena Parthasarathi , Madsen Preben
Published: February 2021

A ground-breaking solution is envisaged for the crossing of Bjørnafjorden on the West coast of Norway. The proposed solution consists of a three span suspension bridge whose two central pylons rest on floaters. The floaters are inspired by the Tension-leg platform technology commonly used in the offshore industry in areas of extreme depths. Similarly to Tension-leg platforms, the floaters are anchored to the seabed by means of vertical tethers. Different floater geometries, both in concrete and steel, have been considered. A top cable has been introduced between the top pylons in order to provide the system with sufficient longitudinal stiffness to accommodate the asymmetric traffic load situations that would, otherwise, lead to large deflections in the loaded spans. The rest of the superstructure consists of the main suspension cables, pylons, hangers and an aero-dynamical bridge girder. Multi-span suspension bridges, tension-leg platforms and top cables are known and proven technologies however they are brought to an unprecedented scale and combined into a construction that could become one of the world’s most innovative bridges.
Discursive Interactions Between Museum Educators and Students: A Case Study in a Science Museum Based on the Contributions of Bakhtin and the Circle
Authors: Lima Guilherme da Silva , Rocha Jessica Norberto
Published: February 2021

This paper investigated the interactions between the museum educator and a class from a public school during a visit to a science museum in the state of São Paulo. The concept of dialogism, proposed by Bakhtin and the Circle, is used as a theoretical reference for analysis. The methodology adopted was the case study. The data were collected in audio and video; the excerpts were selected and transcribed for analysis. In both parts analyzed, the dialogue was centered on and conducted by the museum educators and their knowledge, instead of the students, and there were difficulties in establishing a communication that considered different interpretations of the objects. The results indicate the recurrence of two types of interaction: discourses with the shift of speakers controlled by the museum educator and discourses that silence students, both classified as monologic. In this sense, there are still challenges to be explored in future studies and practices of initial and continued professional qualification of these educators.
Theory and Practice of Neuromarketing: Analyzing Human Behavior in Relation to Markets
Authors: Bočková Kateřina , Škrabánková Jana , Hanák Michal
Published: February 2021

The presented paper deals with a comprehensive interpretation of the term neuromarketing, as a discipline that applies neuroscientific methods to analyze and to understand human behavior in relation to markets and market exchanges. Due to the topic, this paper presents mainly secondary data, next the questionnaire is used. We state that neuromarketing is a discipline that applies neuroscientific methods to analyze and to understand human behavior in relation to the markets and market exchanges. Each of the neuromarketing techniques measures different data and suits different purposes, with a combination of the most reliable results. The interest in the theoretical research of neuromarketing focuses on the consumer decision-making process. One of the main benefits of neuromarketing is the potential to measure accurate, objective data that can be used to make informed decisions in management practice. However, it is currently only a complement to other areas of marketing and will be beneficial if it is used to obtain otherwise inaccessible data. We are convinced that the existence of the Neuromarketing Center in the ITI of the Olomouc agglomeration will be a significant contribution to the development of the neuromarketing theory. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-01256 Full Text: PDF
O temor da ressignificação do tema Financiamento Público Educacional no atual cenário brasileiro
Authors: Bueno Roberta
Published: February 2021

O Financiamento Público Educacional constitui um espaço de disputa de poder, onde a parte mais fraca é aquela que se cala, a dos financiados. No atual cenário brasileiro de recessão financeira anunciada, é urgente a reflexão sobre as questões que envolvem esse tema, do contrário, corremos o risco de perder recursos financeiros que, até então, após um histórico de luta, estiveram presentes no orçamento público das diversas esferas governamentais. Nesse contexto, aprofunda-se, aqui, essa discussão, levantando-se alguns aspectos históricos, orçamentários e educacionais e propondo uma reflexão crítica sobre o tema. Busca-se caracterizar a questão do Financiamento Público como um dos principais pilares de sustentação para uma educação pública capaz de combater o imobilismo que se instalou entre o poder dominante e os financiados e erguer uma bandeira revolucionária de discussão sobre o tema aqui proposto e sua responsabilidade com a Educação Básica Pública, vista como um ato político.
EFFECT OF CARBON DI SULPHIDE ON GERMINATION OF RABI CROP OF NAGDA TOWN
Authors: Kushwaha Archana
Published: February 2021

Carbon disulfide is a colorless volatile liquid with the formula CS2. The compound is used frequently as a building block in organic chemistry as well as an industrial and chemical non-polar solvent It is widely used in the synthesis of organosulfur compounds and is commonly used in the production of the soft fabric viscose. Carbon disulfide evaporates rapidly when released to the environment. Carbon disulfide does not stay dissolved in water very long, and it also moves quickly through soils. Soil pH directly affects the life and growth of plants because it affects the availability of all plant nutrients. Between pH 6.0 to 6.5 most plant nutrients are in their most available state. In present study the rate of germination of rabi crop was monitored. Black cotton soil from different areas of Nagda town was taken for germination of sample seeds .The study was focused on different field of Nagda. It was found that the field of Nagda town was not appropriate for seed germination. Rate of germination was found poor in comparison to other field.