bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation of thick ascending limb transport: role of nitric oxide
Authors: Herrera Marcela , Ortiz Pablo A. , Garvin Jeffrey L.
Published: May 2006

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. In the kidney, NO reduces renal vascular resistance, increases glomerular filtration rate, alters renin release, and inhibits transport along the nephron. The thick ascending limb is responsible for absorbing 20–30% of the filtered load of NaCl, much of the bicarbonate that escapes the proximal nephron, and a significant fraction of the divalent cations reclaimed from the forming urine. Additionally, this nephron segment plays a role in K+homeostasis. This article will review recent advances in our understanding of the role NO plays in regulating the transport processes of the thick ascending limb. NO has been shown to inhibit NaCl absorption primarily by reducing Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransport activity. NO also inhibits bicarbonate absorption by reducing Na+/H+exchange activity. It has also been reported to enhance luminal K+channel activity and thus is likely to alter K+secretion. The source of NO may be vascular structures such as the afferent arteriole or vasa recta, or the thick ascending limb itself. NO is produced by NO synthase 3 in this segment, and several factors that regulate its activity both acutely and chronically have recently been identified. Although the effects of NO on thick ascending limb transport have received a great deal of attention recently, its effects on divalent ion absorption and many other issues remain unexplored.
Border/Control
Authors: Walters William
Published: May 2006

How might we historicize the idea of border control? If state borders can be understood as institutional sites of governance, what forms of governance do they enact? This article asks what insights Foucauldian political sociology might offer these questions. Drawing on Deleuze's analytic of ‘control’, the article seeks to bring new meaning to the idea of border control. Under standing control as a particular technology of power, special attention to the changing topography of border control as well as the changing subjectivities presupposed by this form of power is paid.
Catalysis of Diels–Alder Reactions with Acrolein as Dienophile by Iron(III)-Doped Montmorillonite
Authors: Laszlo Pierre , Moison Hélène
Published: May 2006

Acrolein is improved as a dienophile in the presence of the K10 montmorillonite exchanged with iron(III). Cycloaddition occurs with a number of dienes at room temperature and in high yield. Dienes tested include butadiene, isoprene, cyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene, 1-methoxycyclohexadiene, anthracene.
Electroless Plating through Successive Pretreatment with Aminosilane and PdCl2
Authors: Hamaya Takeo , Kumagai Yaomi , Koshizaki Naoto , Kanbe Tokuzo
Published: May 2006

Electroless nickel deposition on glass beads was carried out by a new plating method without using stannous chloride, which needs a successive pretreatment with aminosilane and PdCl2. It was presumed that metallic palladium nuclei was formed in the initial stage and initiated the plating.
Highly Selective Synthesis of Aldonolactones from Protected Alditols by Ruthenium Complex-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation. A Method of Converting Aldopentoses to Their Stereoisomers
Authors: Saburi Masahiko , Ishii Youichi , Kaji Nobutarp , Aoi Tsuneo , Sasaki Ichiro , Yoshikawa Sadao , Uchida Yasuzo
Published: May 2006

Highly selective hydrogen transfer reaction of substituted diols catalyzed by RuH2(PPh3)4 was applied to the conversion of aldopentoses into their stereoisomers via protected pentitols. Thus, the selective transformations of l-arabinose and l-ribose into protected l-lyxonolactone and d-ribonolactone, respectively, were achieved.
Unusual Stereo- and Regioselectivity Observed in Cycloadditions of the N-Titanated Azomethine Ylides Derived from t-Butyl (Benzylideneamino)acetate with α,β-Unsaturated Esters
Authors: Kanemasa Shuji , Uchida Osamu , Wada Eiji , Yamamoto Hidetoshi
Published: May 2006

Cycloadditions of the N-titanated azomethine ylides, derived from t-butyl (benzylideneamino)acetate, with α,β-unsaturated esters afford three different types of cycloadducts, depending upon the structure of dipolarophiles and the reaction temperature. In the reactions at room temperature, exo cycloadducts are exclusively produced, while either endo cycloadducts or regioisomeric ones are obtained in the reactions at a low temperature.
Syntheses of Novel Chitosan Derivatives Soluble in Organic Solvents by Regioselective Chemical Modifications
Authors: Nishimura Shin-Ichiro , Kohgo Osamu , Kurita Keisuke , Vittavatvong Chidchom , Kuzuhara Hiroyoshi
Published: May 2006

Regioselective chemical modifications of chitosan were successfully carried out in homogeneous solution under mild condition using phthalimido chitosan as a key starting material. Discrimination between the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups were also examined by O-tritylation or O-tosylation. As anticipated, the new chitosan derivatives exhibited a much improved solubility in common organic solvents.
β-Cyclodextrin Bearing Diethylenetriamine As Highly Active Phosphodiester Hydrolyzing Agent
Authors: Matsumoto Yoichi , Komiyama Makoto
Published: May 2006

β-Cyclodextrin bearing a diethylenetriamino residue exhibits a remarkable catalysis for the hydrolysis of bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl) hydrogenphosphate and bis(4-nitrophenyl) hydrogenphosphate. The catalytic activity is almost comparable to the value of quite an active catalyst [Co(ethylenediamine)2(OH)(H2O)]2+.
Molecular Recognition of Nucleotides. Concurrent Hydrogen Bonding and Electrostatic Interactions in the Two-Point Fixation of Flavin Mononucleotide
Authors: Aoyama Yasuhiro , Mizokami Koji , Toi Hiroo
Published: May 2006

A pyridinium compound having a bisresorcinol moiety forms a two-point adduct with monoanion of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) in CHCl3–CH3OH (99.7:0.3) via a pyridinium–phosphate electrostatic interaction and an isoalloxazine–bisresorcinol hydrogen bonding.
Structure of δ-Cyclodextrin 13.75H2O
Authors: Fujiwara Takaji , Tanaka Naoki , Kobayashi Shoichi
Published: May 2006

Crystal and molecular structure of 13.75 hydrate of cycloamylose, δ-cyclodextrin, was studied by X-ray structure analysis. δ-cyclodextrin is not a doughnut-shaped molecule but rather elliptic, boat-shaped one.
Bad loci of free linear systems
Authors: Fernex Tommaso de , Lanteri Antonio
Published: May 2006

The bad locus of a free linear system ℒ on a normal complex projective variety X is defined as the set B( ℒ ) ⊆ X of points that are not contained in any irreducible and reduced member of ℒ. In this paper we provide a geometric description of such locus in terms of the morphism defined by ℒ. In particular, assume that dim X ≥ 2 and ℒ is the complete linear system associated to an ample and spanned line bundle. It is known that in this case B(ℒ) is empty unless X is a surface. Then we prove that, when the latter occurs, B(ℒ) is not empty if and only if ℒ defines a morphism onto a two dimensional cone, in which case B(ℒ) is the inverse image of the vertex of the cone.
Feminist Theory Across the Millennial Divide
Authors: Daly Ann
Published: May 2006

Every so often I receive a request to anthologize my 1987 article, “The Balanchine Woman: Of Hummingbirds and Channel Swimmers” (Daly 1987), in which I used the feminist theory of the male gaze to analyze a prototypical pas de deux. So far, I have declined each one, or proposed that the article be published in tandem with “Dance History and Feminist Theory: Reconsidering Isadora Duncan and the Male Gaze,” a 1992 essay that critiqued the very theory that had enabled the earlier work (Daly 1992). While I am grateful that “Hummingbirds” made a meaningful contribution to our understanding of how feminist theory could be a useful framework for dance scholarship, I also appreciate that both feminist theory and dance studies have come a long, long way since the groundbreaking paradigm of the male gaze.

When I wrote “Hummingbirds,” feminist theory was the most creative, rigorous, and productive discourse around. It articulated what had emerged as the fundamental issue of twentieth-century arts and humanities: representation. Feminist theory infused dance studies with a fresh, compelling set of questions that were quickly taken up, especially by younger scholars, critics, and artists. We were challenged to shift our angle of vision and expand the field of our vision. As a result, our critical acuity was honed, the dancing we chose to study became more inclusive, dialogue was opened with other disciplines, and dance literature as a whole grew more incisive, complex, and engaged.

But no question, framework, or theory ever remains fixed. I began to question the theory of the male gaze almost as soon as “Hummingbirds” was published. When I attempted to adapt the model to my historical research on Isadora Duncan, I bumped up against its limits, which led me to other theories and more questions. It also led me to critique the then flourishing “success-or-failure” brand of feminist criticism, whose brittle, reductive analyses were not only unconvincing scholarship but problematic politics as well. So I wrote “Dance History and Feminist Theory” as a companion piece to “Hummingbirds.”
John Blacking and the Development of Dance Anthropology in the United Kingdom
Authors: Grau Andrée
Published: May 2006

The study of dance, let alone “dance anthropology,” is still barely accepted by academia in the schools and universities of the United Kingdom. On the whole, Farnell's 1981 discussion of dance and dance education in England is still relevant. There is, however, a growing awareness among British anthropologists of the critical relevance of dance within the field of anthropology and among dance scholars of the relevance of anthropology to dance studies.

In the last decade or so a number of studies that look at the state of the art within the field of “dance” anthropology have been published in the United States and in Europe (see, for example, Giurschescu and Torp [1991], Kaeppler [1991], Lange [1980], Sklar [1991], and Williams [1986]). It would be more accurate to talk about the anthropology of human movement, as do a number of the writers mentioned above, since the concept “dance,” as known in English and other cognate languages, may not be appropriate cross culturally. I find the term “anthropology of human movement,” however, rather cumbersome, and since it is “dance”—rather than martial arts or signing systems, for instance—that is usually looked at by the authors I will be referring to later, I consider the use of the term “dance anthropology” justifiable.
Jean Ferrault on the King's Privileges: A Study of the Medieval Sources of Renaissance Political Theory in France
Authors: Poujol Jacques
Published: May 2006

Scholars have generally given only passing attention to a 24-folio booklet in Gothic characters entitled Insignia pecularia christianissimi Francorum regni numero viginti …, the work of an early sixteenth-century French writer, Jean Ferrault. This oversight is partly due to the inelegance and obscurity of Ferrault's Latin and also to the fact that his treatise belongs to the vast ‘no man's land’ which too often separates medieval and Renaissance fields of research. Few books, however, are more important than Ferrault's for a clear understanding of the period of rising absolutism which extends from the first years of Francis I's reign to the beginning of the religious wars. Indeed, as Henri Hauser puts it, Insignia pecularia constitutes ‘the point of departure of Gallican and royalist doctrine in France'.
Imagination in the English Renaissance: Psychology and Poetic
Authors: Rossky William
Published: May 2006

Shakespeare couples lunatic, lover, and poet as ‘of imagination all compact’ (Dream v.i.7-8); Spenser finds that Phantastes’ chamber is filled with ‘leasings, tales, and lies’ (F.Q. II.ix.51.9) and that his eyes seem ‘mad or foolish’ (F.Q. II.ix.52.7); Drayton speaks of the ‘doting trumperie’ of imagination; when men's minds become ‘inflamed', says Bacon, ‘it is all done by stimulating the imagination till it becomes ungovernable, and not only sets reason at nought, but offers violence to it’. These views of imagination and its activity, echoed in other important literature of the age of Elizabeth, hardly suggest a favorable view of the faculty assigned to the poet. The explanation of such derogatory views lies in the popular psychology of the period.
Topographical-Historical Method in Sixteenth-century German Scholarship
Authors: Strauss Gerald
Published: May 2006

One of the most pressing tasks facing German humanist scholars at the beginning of the sixteenth century was the exploration and description of their country. The national awakening of which they liked to speak and write, the quickening of energies under Maximilian and Charles which they thought they perceived, could have little political meaning until the German territories became known to the Germans themselves. The courses of rivers, the dimensions of forests, roads and passes and waterways, the size and location of towns and villages were familiar to local residents, but virtually unknown to Germans at large. The mental image which the German humanist had before his mind's eye, a vision of a spacious and flourishing country, well endowed with resources and populous enough to exploit them, no longer the land of vast swamps and impenetrable forests of which the ancients had written—this vision needed to be fixed.
Peele's Hunting of Cupid
Authors: Cutts John P.
Published: May 2006

There appears in the Stationers’ Register for 26 July 1591 the following entry:

Rich[ard] Iones Entred vnto him for his copye vnder thandes of the B [ishop] of London and Mr Watkins a booke intituled the Huntinge of Cupid written by George Peele Mr of Artes of Oxeford. / Provyded alwayes that yf yt
be hurtfull to any other Copye before lycenced, then this to be voyde vjd

from which it has been generally assumed that a play by Peele called The Hunting of Cupid was licensed. Only E. K. Chambers seems to have expressed any doubt whatsoever about its being a play. Certainly W. W. Greg, who carefully collected the known fragments of The Hunting of Cupid, was definitely of the opinion that they represented parts of a ‘play of a pastoral or mythological nature’, and thought it natural for fragments, the only part of the work extant, to be printed by the Malone Society in close succession to the society's printing of Peele's Arraignment of Paris.
Vicente Espinel as a Musician
Authors: Conant Isabel Pope
Published: May 2006

The recent publication of Diversas rimas by Vicente Espinel, based on the unique edition prepared by the poet himself and published in 1591, should rekindle interest in one of the most versatile talents and celebrated personalities of the late Renaissance in Spain. An Andalusian by birth—he was born in Ronda in 1550—Espinel displayed abundantly the ardent temperament and innate artistic gifts so frequent in the natives of this warm and sensuous yet strangely mysterious and ancient land. Furthermore a keen intellect directed these natural talents to make of him in his mature years one of the most respected critics as well as one of the most admired poets and musicians of his day.
The Reception of Du Bartas in England
Authors: Lake Prescott Anne
Published: May 2006

Among the many poets who found popularity in Renaissance England none now seems an odder choice for as acclaim and translation than the French Huguenot Guillaume Salluste, Sieur du Bartas. In England Du Bartas was probably the most admired of contemporary European writers, if one excludes Erasmus and the chief figures of the Reformation, and his lengthy descriptions of the creation and history of the world received an adulation seldom given far better poetry. To most readers since the Restoration his poetry has seemed, as Dryden put it, abominable fustian. Yet to many Englishmen from the 1580s until the shift of taste in the 1660s Du Bartas was the very type of the ‘divine poet', whose lines were ‘sweet’ and delightful, and whose wealth of anecdote, description, and information provided a vivid reflection of the Maker's own fecundity.
Nicodemus Frischlin's Julius Redivivus and Its Reflections on the Past
Authors: Wheelis Samuel M.
Published: May 2006

Henri Hauser has stated clearly the central historical contribution of the sixteenth century. Stressing that the century saw many new developments as an age of discovery and invention, he goes on to write: ‘D'autre part la révolution intellectuelle du XVIe siècle est, au moins dans son aspect extérieur, un retour à l'antiquité. Retour à la nature, sans doute, mais telle que l'ont vue at interprétée les anciens. Le xvie siecle nous apparaît d'abord comme tourne moins vers l'avenir que vers le passé, vers deux passés qui lui semblent également vénérables, l'antiquité paienne et l'antiquité judéochretienne, l'lliade et l'Évangile. Renaissance et Réforme sont au debut deux mouvements parallèles et de même sens, l'un pour retrouver sous les gloses la réalité de Thumanisme antique, l'autre pour restituer en sa purete le christianisme primitif. Là où nous serions tentés de voir une revolution il y aurait, en réalité, deux restaurations.’
More's Utopia and The City of God
Authors: Raitiere Martin N.
Published: May 2006

Homas More ‘read for a good space a public lecture of St. Augustine, De Civitate Dei, in the Church of St. Lawrence in the Old Jewry’ shortly after his appointment about 1501 as Utter Barrister in Lincoln's Inn. Stapleton tells us that More's lectures did not treat The City of God ‘from the theological point of view, but from the standpoint of history and philosophy’; but Stapleton is relatively late (1588), and it is unclear whether he was rather inferring from More's situation as a layman and a common lawyer than speaking out of any real knowledge of the content of More's lectures. The lectures are not extant, but Stapleton's report together with the humanists’ anti-intellectualistic bias helps to shape conjecture on their character; Chambers thought they ‘may have embodied some of the criticism of social evils which More later put into Utopia’.
Reginald Pecock and the Renaissance Sense of History
Authors: Ferguson Arthur B.
Published: May 2006

Irony plagued the career of Reginald Pecock and has pursued his memory. One of the most vigorous and original minds of his generation, he squandered his vast energies in the cause of a decadent orthodoxy which thanked him by bringing him to trial for heresy. And he resorted with the utmost confidence to the traditional weaponry of the medieval schools which, however, he used at times in ways as disconcerting to his scholastic contemporaries as they have proved tantalizing to historians. Small wonder that he remains an isolated figure, his place in history equivocal. If, in addition, it now turns out that his writings can be made to shed as much light on the origins of the English Renaissance as they ever did on the culture of medieval Christendom in which he gloried, it would be but one more thread in this skein of ironies.
Towards a History of the Renaissance Idea of Wisdom
Authors: Romuáldez Antonio V.
Published: May 2006

The history of Tudor and early Stuart England', Professor Mark Curtis writes at the beginning of his bookOxford and Cambridge in Transition 1558-1642, ‘defies all attempts to characterize it briefly. In the life of the period the old and new were almost inextricably intertwined. They can now be separated only at the risk of sacrificing truth to misleading over-simplification.'1 Indeed, of the Renaissance in general the same can be said, and must be said as a primary assumption by one undertaking the study of the development of the period's ideas. For, as again Curtis observes, ‘Though the revisionists who have attempted to make the Renaissance a part of the Middle Ages may have failed to prove their case, they have demonstrated first that some phenomena, once thought uniquely characteristic of Renaissance culture, were present by more than coincidence in medieval civilization and second that important features of medieval thought and attitudes persisted as fundamental, constituent parts of the Renaissance mind'.
The ‘Lost’ Fifth Book of the Life of Pope Paul II by Gaspar of
Verona
Authors: Andrews Avery , Fowler Susan
Published: May 2006

Diographies of popes are somewhat uncommon, perhaps because a writer to
whom a pope showed favor might be in trouble with his successor. Pius II has
left us his own extensive Commentaries, and his
interesting career and personality attracted a good deal of attention among
his contemporaries. His successor Paul II was a less exotic figure, and it
is fortunate that the documents relating to his reign can be supplemented by
several literary biographies, among them the work of Gaspar of Verona, who
held the chair of rhetoric at the Studio under Pius II and seems to have
maintained it under Pope Paul.
Gasparo Contarini and His Friends
Authors: Ross James Bruce
Published: May 2006

The discovery of letters of friendship written by ‘young great men’ in their period of conflict and self-discovery may enable us at last to see the shaping of their lives, in youth as in maturity. The momentous decisions and public commitments of their maturity, long regarded by posterity as sudden and inexplicable, may now appear as the natural outcome of early impulses and influences. In the case of Martin Luther such an unlikely find would probably illuminate a stage in his development now considered as crucial but obscured by lack of reliable evidence.
Musicians on Parnassus
Authors: Colin Slim H.
Published: May 2006

Philippo Oriolo da Bassano's poem, Monte Parnaso, is an imitation of Dante which, however, in no way reflects the glories of the great Florentine's verse. It has rightly been accorded little attention beyond a few nods in its direction by literary historians. The excerpts from die poem published in 1899 have slumbered on library shelves within the pages of the Giornale Dantesco. The complete poem is preserved in a late sixteenth-century manuscript in the Biblioteca Estense at Modena. On the concluding folio a note records that the poem was read through in 1586 by one Zuanne Cozza, a notary (who perhaps copied it), it having come by chance into the hands of a worthy notary and citizen of Treviso, one Iseppo Cozza, whose monogram appears at the top of the same folio. No other copies are known.
Logical Grammar, Grammatical Logic, and Humanism in Three German Universities
Authors: Heath Terrence
Published: May 2006

It has long been recognized that the literary revolution precipitated by humanists in the fifteenth and six-teenth centuries was paralleled by profound pedagogical innovations in the traditional, scholastic educational structure. In addition to new literary norms, the hussmanist pedagogues evolved linguistic structures and usages fundamentally foreign to those of their scholastic predecessors and prescribed rhetorical methods for the presentation of material which undermined medieval dialectic. Walter Ong, in his study of Pierre Ramus, says of the developments in dialectics at the turn of the sixteenth century:

In terms of the established pattern, humanism forced a crisis by proposing a program, which in effect challenged the primacy of dialectic and, in so doing, impugned the whole curricular organization and the teaching profession as such, and thereby threatened the intelligibility of the whole universe.
The Later Version of Nicolas Poussin's Achilles in Scyros
Authors: Wallace R. W.
Published: May 2006

We are accustomed to think of Nicolas Poussin as a man of profound intellect and impressive dignity who led, according to Bellori, an eminently rational, well-ordered, and even severe life in Rome. His serious personality is reflected in the stately grandeur of his history pictures, allegories, and religious scenes. Even his bacchanals are rather sober and restrained. He is, in short, the peintre philosophe. While Poussin's sense of the profound is well known, his sense of humor is rarely discussed. Yet there are humorous elements in his art which relieve his high seriousness and offer revealing insights into his personality.
Patrician Women in Early Renaissance Venice
Authors: Chojnacki Stanley
Published: May 2006

Almost a century ago, the Venetian archivist and historian Bartolomeo Cecchetti undertook to discover what he called ‘the general concept that Venetians had of women’. Though he called his study ‘Woman in the Middle Ages in Venice’, nearly all his documentation came from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the early Renaissance. His conclusions after a long and wideranging survey of various aspects of the feminine experience during the period were pretty forthright. ‘Neither works of imagination’, he declared, ‘nor high intellectual attainments, nor flights of poetry adorn the figure of woman in Venice's earliest epoch. Modest, domestic[casalinga],she is swept up in the great whirlwind of life; and she appears to us only in her weaknesses, or in the splendor of her beauty, or in the context of one of the high offices of her mission—her children, her family.’
The ‘Angel’ of English Renaissance Literature
Authors: Baker Donald C.
Published: May 2006

They have in England

A coin that bears the figure of an angel

Stampèd in gold …

(Merchant of Venice II. vii. 55-57)

The scholar or casual reader whose interest is drawn to Renaissance English literature discovers very early that, in the fantastic profusion of puns and punning allusions that delighted the hearts of Englishmen in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, second in frequency only to the cuckold's horns is a thin gold coin called the angel. The uses made of it range from the casual pun ‘There's a pair of angels to guide you to your lodgings’ to elaborate metaphors which mold a scene or provide the vehicle for an entire poem, as in Donne's Elegie XI, ‘The Bracelet’.
The Italian League, Francesco Sforza, and Charles VII (1454-1461)
Authors: Ilardi Vincent
Published: May 2006

The struggle of the Italian League against the Italian territorial ambitions of Charles VII of France has been little studied in all its ramifications. By necessity, the attention of historians has been drawn primarily to the belated energetic efforts of the ‘King of Bourges’ in the latter part of his reign which led to the final defeats of the English invaders in the last phases of the Hundred Years War. The continuation of the Franco-Italian struggle under the more capable and astute successor of Charles VII, Louis XI, has attracted more attention, and has tended to obscure the first phase of the conflict. The first phase, however, is important for the proper evaluation of Louis XI's Italian policy, and it is to this period that this study is devoted.
The Rise of the ‘Right-Hand House’ in the History and Historiography of the Xhosa
Authors: Peires J.B.
Published: May 2006

Among the Xhosa the institution of the ‘Right-Hand House’ acts both as a political charter and as an historical explanation. As a political charter it defines the relationship between the Ngqika Paramount (the Right-Hand House) of the Ciskei ‘Bantu Homeland’ and the Gcaleka Paramount (the Great House) of the Transkei Homeland. As it presently stands, the essence of this relationship is that the Ngqika Paramount recognizes the Gcaleka Paramount as his superior in rank, but without accepting any implications of practical political subordination. This position was defined by J.H. Soga, the standard authority on Xhosa history and customs, and himself an umNgqika, as follows:

By courtesy, matters affecting Xosa customs might occasionally be referred to a chief of the older [i.e., Gcaleka] branch especially when a precedent was involved, but this did not prevent the Right-Hand House from following its own line of conduct, irrespective of what that precedent might be, should it choose to do so. Laws promulgated by the court of the Gaikas [Ngqika] were not subject to interference by the Gcaleka chief.

In terms of historical explanation, secondary authorities from 1846 to 1975 have singled out the privileged status of the Right-Hand House as the principal cause of Xhosa political fragmentation.

Whereas historians of Africa normally agree that institutions and their myths of origin are, at least in part, susceptible to historical interpretation and reconstruction, they may justifiably be more doubtful of an historical approach which seeks to explain historical events by imputing to the past the continuous retrogressive operation of institutions which can be seen to be operating in certain ways in the present. In this regard the present exercise has two aims.
Resources for the History of Gabon in French Missionary Archives in Rome
Authors: Gardinier David E.
Published: May 2006

The archives of two Roman Catholic congregations of French origin which have missionaries in Gabon are located in Rome: the Sisters of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception of Castres (commonly called the Blue Sisters) and the Brothers of Saint Gabriel of Saint Laurent-sur Sèvres. The Blue Sisters were founded by Emilie de Villeneuve in 1836 to improve the condition of women, in particular by educating poor and orphaned girls. The Brothers of Saint Gabriel were organized by Louis Grignion de Montfort in 1715 to provide a primary education for poor boys and were reorganized in 1821 by Gabriel Deshayes. Initially both congregations worked only in France. They entered Gabon at the request of the Holy Ghost Fathers-the sisters in 1849 and the brothers in 1900. The sisters had communities at most of the mission stations--in the Estuary at first and from the 1880s along the Ogooué river and other points in the interior. The brothers operated schools at Libreville and Lambaréné, and after the Second World War at Port-Gentil and Oyem as well. During the past century both congregations became primarily missionary bodies, with the sisters active in Africa and South America and the brothers in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. These international activities led to the transfer of their headquarters to Rome in the 1950s.

The sisters who worked in Gabon prior to the Second World War included many with intelligence but few with much formal education beyond the primary grades. They spent their time in social service, health care, and elementary education. The latter included French as well as religion and the domestic arts. The sisters had much less contact with the government or the colonial administration than did the Holy Ghost Fathers, who were their ecclesiastical superiors. Though some sisters toured to provide medical aid to persons away from the mission stations, most of their contacts with Africans took place in or near the stations.
A Report on Some Archives in Equatoria Province, Sudan
Authors: Hødnebø Kjell
Published: May 2006

Equatoria Province is the southernmost province in the Sudan. The province contains six districts, with each district having its own District Administration Archives situated in the District headquarters. Bigger towns or villages in the province have in addition their own Rural Council Archives arising from the Town Councils established in the late 1940s. There is normally only one Town Council in each district, situated in the town of the District headquarters. In some places the District Archives and the Rural Council Archives consist of files and boxes in different corners of the same storeroom and administered by the same clerk.

The administration and filing systems have been inherited from the Condominium Period (1898-1956). Condominium administrative papers and public documents are thus incorporated in the papers used by the present administration. There is no sharp division between pre- and post-indepandent administrative papers; both are written in English (with a little interlude of Arabic in the 1960s) and many of the pre-independent files are still in use. In both the District and Rural Council Archives some of the files not in use are “closed.” At the time of my visit the Sudan Government had just started to bring in the closed District files to Juba, where they are under the care of the Southern Regional Ministry of Information and Culture. The open District files are under the District Commisioner, from whom permission to consult them must be obtained.

After the establishment of the new Southern Regional Government in 1973, administration at the provincial level was changed. The Condominium papers from Equatoria Province were closed and made the responsibility of the Regional Ministry of Information and Culture. Thus the Condominium Archives at the Province level are not incorporated into the present administration files to the same extent as they are at the District and Town level.
NADA and Mafohla: Antiquarianism in Rhodesia and Zimbabwe with Special Reference to the Work of F.W.T. Posselt
Authors: Beach D.N.
Published: May 2006

One of the casualties of the transition from Rhodesia to Zimbabwe in 1980 was the journal NADA, which came to an end with the breakup of the government ministry that sponsored it. NADA originally stood for Native Affairs Department Annual and ran to 57 issues between 1923 and 1980. Essentially, it was intended to be the Southern Rhodesian equivalent of the Uganda Journal or Tanganyika Notes and Records, and it is not surprising that out of the 912 articles published in it at least 40% were by identifiable officials of the Native Affairs Department or its successor, the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Out of another 37% of contributors classifiable as ‘general,’ a considerable number were undoubtedly NAD officials hiding behind uncrackable pseudonyms and initials, while others in this category were policemen, forest and game rangers, education and agricultural officers, and so forth. Consequently, the journal always had a fairly ‘official’ image, in spite of editorial disclaimers, and this image became the more pronounced after the Rhodesian Front gained control of the government, with more official reports and statements filling the pages.
Still Underused: Written German Sources for West Africa Before 1884
Authors: Jones Adam
Published: May 2006

It is gratifying to receive compliments when one publishes books, yet I have mixed feelings about some of the kind words awarded to my two volumes of translations from seventeenth-century German sources on west Africa. What some people seem to be saying is: “Thank God I won't have to waste time learning that language!” Not only does this attitude rest on the untenable assumption that a translation is an adequate substitute for the original; it also underestimates the importance of those German works which remain untranslated.

For those interested in the colonial period, of course, the German literature and archival material is very rich--not only for Togo and Cameroun, but also for other countries, notably Liberia. As soon as the Germans became politically involved in west African affairs in 1884, there appeared a whole flood of publications dealing with this part of the world; and there is also a great deal of unpublished material for the whole period 1884-1939 which urgently calls for more attention from scholars interested in the African past. This is generally recognized (the usual excuse offered for not using the German material is the difficulty of access to the Potsdam archive); yet it is seldom appreciated how much German material there is for the period before 1884.
Re-Examining Experience: The New South African Historiography
Authors: Minkley Gary
Published: May 2006

In two recent published, edited works, a series of papers is brought together to demonstrate the explicit attempt to rethink and reconstruct the theoretical and methodological foundations of South African historiography. The editors point to the important impact the “new school” of radical historiography had in challenging and establishing a “break” with the racial and implicated “ruling class” perspective of the liberal paradigm over the last decade and a half. While acknowledging the further importance and advances made by this new radicalism in emphasizing class analysis and enriching and expanding the understanding of South Africa's capitalist development, there have also been certain crucial limitations. Marks and Rathbone argue that

…it has been more concerned with the problems of capital accumulation and the state, with so-called “fractions of capital” and the white workers, than with black class formation and consciousness. The impact of Althusserian structuralism on radical writing in the seventies reinforced this trend: blacks are relegated to being no more than a silent backdrop against which the political drama is enacted, as much “dominated classes” in these texts as their authors see them in reality.

This, together with what Bozzoli has called the “dominant Philistinism and anti-historical character of the culture” also prevalent in the radical historiography, prevented the generation and development of an ‘alternative’ conception of history in South Africa. If this alternative is to be developed, the stronghold of structuralist method of analysis with its “antihistorical bias” and concentration of objective tendencies needs not only to be countered, but abandoned.
The Mutapa Dynasty: A Comparison of Documentary and Traditional Evidence
Authors: Beach D.N.
Published: May 2006

The Mutapa state occupied a triangle of land between the Zambezi river in the north, the Hunyani river and Umvukwe range on the southwest, and the Mazoe and Ruenya rivers on the southeast. It thus consisted of a small segment of the southern Zambezian plateau and an arc of the Zambezi valley lowlands. The state dated back to at least the fifteenth century, and some branches of its ruling dynasty continue to control fragments of the state under the governments of Rhodesia and Mozambique. These descendants of the Mutapa dynasty, like their fellow-members of the Korekore dialect cluster of the Shona-speaking peoples, retain traditions of their past that are passed on from generation to generation by an informal learning process. These traditions are almost all devoted to the ruling dynasties rather than to the mass of the people and are especially concerned with lines of descent and land rights. They range from myths to relatively accurate factual accounts, with a wide variety of traditions between these two extremes. It was at one time thought that the mediums of mhondoro ancestral spirits were equivalent to the professional tradition-keepers of states such as Rwanda, but this theory has not been adequately proven.

The Mutapa state is of especial interest because it is the only one of four known major Shona states—Zimbabwe, Torwa, Mutapa, and Changamire—to escape being uprooted entirely by new settlements of people, and the only one that was close to Portuguese centers (in which information was recorded). It has thus been possible to compare traditions and documents in a way that cannot be done for the other states. Because of the reluctance or inability of many researchers to work in Rhodesia and Mozambique in the last fifteen years, the history of the Mutapa state has been heavily dependent upon the work of D.P. Abraham, at least as far as traditions are concerned. Abraham collected traditions from ca. 1950 to 1971; but so far the only works of his that are readily available are eight papers, of which the most important were produced in the period 1959-1963. These have formed the basis of most of the secondary writing on the Shona states; the inter-relationship between them and a developing archaeology has been discussed in an earlier article, and only a few points of this discussion need be brought in here.
Some Minor Sources for Guinea, 1519-1559: Enciso and Alfonce/Fonteneau
Authors: Hair P.E.H.
Published: May 2006

The earliest detailed account of Upper Guinea was written by Cadamosto, probably in 1463, and published in Italian in 1507. In the decade 1500-1509, a more detailed account was compiled by Valentim Fernandes, and a similar account of the whole Guinea coast was prepared by Pacheco Pereira—but neither of these Portuguese works was published in the sixteenth century, and even Portuguese writers of the period do not appear to have seen the manuscripts. Late fifteenth century roteiros (guides to nautical routes, “rutters” in sixteenth century English) also remained in manuscript, but being in regular use were more easily borrowed and copied: detailed roteiros for Guinea certainly contributed to Pacheco Pereira's text, and less detailed information from roteiros seems t o have trickled through to some of the non-Portuguese sources we are about to discuss. The position regarding maps was very similar; thus, non-Portuguese writers on Guinea during the first half of the sixteenth century had available the following limited sources of information: (a) references, mainly mythological, in ancient and classical accounts of Africa—e.g., Herodotus, Pliny, and Ptolemy; (b) Cadamosto's account, after its publication in 1507; (c) later experience of seamen in Guinea, passed on orally, or from notes and roteiros not now extant; (d) maps based on some or all of the above sources.
Remarques Marginales a Vansina, “The Dictionary and the Historian”
Authors: Bontinck F.
Published: May 2006

C'est à bon droit que Vansina considère les anciens dictionnaires comme des sources historiques, qui « conceal an ample description of a society and its culture at a given moment. » (HIA, 1 (1974), pp. 149-52). Pourtant il nous semble qu'il n'a pas toujours tenu compte de sa propre recommandation, très importante: « it must be constantly in mind who wrote them and for what purposes. »

En effet, à titre d'example, Vansina s'applique à extraire des informations précises sur l'ancien royaume de Congo, d'un dictionnaire trilingue du milieu du XVIIe siècle, copié par le capucin flamand Georges de Geel, arrivé au Congo en juin 1651 et mort le 27 décembre de l'année suivante. Cette copie autographe est conservée à la Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio-Emmanuele de Rome et se présente sous forme d'un lexique latin-espagnol, augmenté de la traduction kikongo de chaque vocable. Vansina ne semble pas avoir eu recours à cette copie, la seule parvenue jusqu'à nous: il s'est fié à une soi-disant édition de manuscrit de G. de Geel, éditée par les jésuites J. van Wing et C. Penders, Le plus ancien dictionnaire bantou: Vocabularium P. Georgii Gelensis (Louvain, 1928). Cette édition a laissé tomber les vocables latins et espagnols et a regroupé les termes kikongo, récrits selon la graphie « moderne », par ordre alphabétique en y ajoutant la traduction française et flamande.

Ne tenant pas compte du caractère particulier du dictionnaire de G. de Geel. Vansina, utilisant uniquement l'édition Van Wing/Penders, semble avoir tiré de la présence de certains termes kikongo, des conclusion très hâtives. Ainsi de la mention de certains termes ou circonlocutions kikongo, il déduit l'existence dans le société Kongo de « wine merchants, butchers, fishmongers, booksellers, shop¬keepers, clothes sellers, perfume dealers, and pharmacists. » Il y aurait eu des bou¬langers, et même des restaurants.
Une Source de l'Histoire du XIX° et du Début du XX° Siècle: Archives et Publications de l'Oeuvre de la Propagation de la Foi
Authors: Baumont Jean-Claude
Published: May 2006

L'Oeuvre de la Propagation de la Foi a été fondée à Lyon le 3 mai 1822 par quelques laïcs organisant et mettant en oeuvre une initiative d'une jeune lyonnaise, Pauline Marie Jaricot, pour venir en aide aux Missions catholiques, par la prière et par les secours financiers. Ces derniers, indispensables dans l'abandon où la période révolutionnaire avait plongé les missionnaires, étaient réunis au moyen du « sou par semaine » que versait chaque associé, puis répartis entre les missions selon leurs besoins.

La Propagation de la Foi est la plus ancienne et la plus importante des oeuvres qui se sont créées au cours du XIX° siècle pour des motifs semblables (Oeuvre de la Sainte-Enfance, 1843, Oeuvre de Saint-Pierre Apôtre, 1889). Peu après celui de Lyon, un Conseil Central fut aussi créé à Paris, puis un Conseil Supérieur dont dépendaient les deux Conseils Centraux de Lyon et de Paris. L'Oeuvre fut dirigée conjointement à partir de 1830, lorsque disparut le Conseil Supérieur, par les deux Conseils Centraux de Paris et de Lyon, ce dernier gardant une certaine prééminence, en tant que Conseil fondateur. Pendant un siècle environ, l'expansion européenne, puis mondiale de la Propagation de la Foi n'entraina aucune modification. Mais, en 1922, à la demande de la Papauté, les laïes qui composaient les deux Conseils acceptèrent que l'Oeuvre ait désormais son centre à Rome (création d'un Conseil Supérieur dépendant de la Sacrée Congrégation romaine de la Propagande et de Conseils nationaux).

Ces données rendent compte de deux caractéristiques des Archives de la Propagation de la Foi qui se trouvent in France:

1. Elles sont surtout intéressantes pour la période allant des origines (1822) au transfert de la direction de l'Oeuvre à Rome.

2. Ces Archives sont réparties entre deux fonds, celui de Lyon et celui de Paris où se trouvaient avant 1922 les deux Conseils responsables de l'Oeuvre.

Nous ne parlerons ici que des Archives de Lyon, les plus importantes il est vrai. Le fonds parisien peut être consulté dans le local des Oeuvres Pontificales Missionnaires (5, rue Monsieur, 75007 Paris).
A Catalog of the National Archives of the Liberian Government
Authors: Shick Tom W.
Published: May 2006

In the course of my research into the social history of nineteenth century immigrants to Liberia from America, I had the occasion to consult the Liberian Archives in Monrovia. Although the focus of my own research was limited in scope, I was exposed to the full range of materials available in this repository. In 1966, Svend Holsoe was instrumental in helping to organize the archival documents, and he prepared a catalog listing of the same. The present effort should be considered a “second edition” of Holsoe's original work, which only circulated privately. Wherever possible I have additionally tried to include some idea of the extent of each volume or bundle by noting page content where known or estimating the number of pieces included in each bundle. The need for this new listing has arisen from the impact of the course of time on the collection. Over the period of almost a decade since Professor Holsoe's catalog was prepared, factors such as climate conditions and reorganization efforts necessitated by space limitations have altered the content of the collection considerably.

The government archival material comes under the administrative authority of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It has been organized and housed in a separate facility directly across from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on Ashmun Street in Monrovia. Mr. Augustine D. Jallah is the Director of Archives and the person immediately responsible for the care of the documents. Permission to use the material must be received directly from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.