bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
M
ax
P
lanck
I
nstitute for
E
volutionary
A
nthropology, Department of Primatology
Authors: Moscovice Liza R.
Published: April 2017

Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology was founded in 1997 with the goal of applying interdisciplinary comparative approaches to advance understanding of the evolutionary history and current behavioral diversity of humans and nonhuman primates. Within the Institute, members of the Department of Primatology gain insights into human evolution primarily by studying African great apes in their natural environments. The department hosts several long‐term field sites across Africa where research scientists and their students collect data to address species‐specific questions across a range of topics in primate sociality, reproductive strategies, and behavioral ecology. Other research scientists provide expertise in statistical modeling and run molecular genetics and endocrine laboratories that develop non‐invasive methods to measure physiological and genetic correlates of behavior. Researchers within the department also utilize evidence‐based conservation approaches to improve the prospects for the survival of African apes.
Adolescent Growth Spurt
Authors: Marco Arianna De
Published: April 2017

The adolescent growth spurt in primates is defined as the temporal acceleration in the rate of growth in height and weight that occurs around the time of reproductive maturation. Whereas to date there is no evidence for the presence of human‐like adolescent growth spurt in linear dimensions of nonhuman primate species, pubertal growth spurts have been observed for body mass in each of the three anthropoid superfamilies—New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and hominoids. Males are more likely than females to exhibit such growth spurts, which can be interpreted as an adaptive response to an abrupt increase in risk from intermale competition.
Yellow Fever
Authors: de Almeida Marco A. B.
Published: April 2017

Yellow fever virus is an arbovirus that originated in Africa. It was introduced to the Americas around 400 years ago. The virus is maintained in a jungle cycle, which includes mosquitoes as vectors and nonhuman primates as major hosts. In Africa, nonhuman primate hosts have likely evolved resistance to the disease due to a long period of adaptation and coevolution. In contrast, New World monkeys are highly susceptible to the disease. Therefore epidemic die‐offs of nonhuman primates have been documented in Latin America. At least 11 genera of New World monkeys are potential hosts. Because of their susceptibility to the disease, these die‐offs serve as sentinel events of viral circulation, providing an early warning system to signal the need for vaccination of human populations in areas at risk of disease transmission.
L
aboratory
P
rimate
N
ewsletter
Authors: Schapiro Steven J.
Published: April 2017

Laboratory Primate Newsletter
, a “rapid” communication facilitating the dissemination of information on topics of interest to primatologists, was published by Brown University from 1962 until 2011. Edited first by Allan Schrier, Ph.D., and then by Judith Schrier,
Laboratory Primate Newsletter
was the precursor to many important primatological informational resources, including Primate Info Net, Current Primate References, and the Primate Supply Information Clearinghouse.
Quarantine
Authors: Cohen Joyce K. , Crane Maria
Published: April 2017

Quarantine is a process in which animals that are brought into a facility are isolated from the resident population for a defined period of time. Quarantine is essential for nonhuman primates to prevent the transmission of disease to other species of nonhuman primates as well as to prevent transmission of zoonotic disease to personnel. The duration of quarantine, frequency of examinations, and choice of diseases to screen for during quarantine depend on the species of nonhuman primate, the source of origin, and institutional policies.
G
anzhorn,
J
örg
U
lrich
Authors: Donati Giuseppe
Published: April 2017

Jörg Ulrich Ganzhorn is widely recognized as one of the leading experts on lemurs. His work in Madagascar has been significant to increase our understanding of the determinants of lemurs' unmatched diversity and their ecological niches. He brought physiology to the field and revealed some of the peculiar adaptations characterizing lemur radiation. He was also among the first to recognize the urgency of studying primate responses to habitat disturbance, as well as the need to integrate economic development with conservation. He has promoted research for Malagasy and international students since the end of the 1980s.
Habitat Use
Authors: Chapman Colin A. , Valenta Kim
Published: April 2017

Primates are found in all sorts of habitats, from temperate zones, to deserts, to mountains, to lowland forests. Primate distribution is driven by two main factors. First, resources (food, shelter, mates) are unevenly distributed in the environment, and some areas contain higher resource densities than others and thus are selected. Second, primates need to take into account the number of competitors for these resources, both primate competitors and other species.
Sexual Swellings
Authors: Higham James P. , Petersdorf Megan
Published: April 2017

Sexual swellings are visual multicomponent signals that are exhibited by numerous anthropoid primate species. They vary in size across the menstrual cycle, peaking around the time of ovulation. Many hypotheses have been formulated to explain the evolution and function of swellings. Recent empirical attention has focused on two: the graded‐signal hypothesis and the reliable indicator hypothesis. Field studies have tested these hypotheses by combining digital photogrammetric methods for assessing swelling morphology, with non‐invasive hormonal estimates of the timing of ovulation, and data on female reproductive output and differences in female characteristics. These studies have revealed variation among species in the apparent function of swellings.
Coalition Formation
Authors: Bissonnette Annie
Published: April 2017

Coalition formation is one of the many forms that cooperation takes among primates. A coalition is defined as two or more individuals acting together against a third party in a competitive context. Over 50 years of research on the subject have revealed a complex and diverse picture of primate coalitions. Terms such as “political strategizing” or “Machiavellian tactics” have often been used to describe the coalitionary behavior of primates, but the extent to which coalitions rely on advanced cognition is disputed.
Metagenomics
Authors: Stumpf Rebecca M.
Published: April 2017

Metagenomics is a rapidly growing approach for identifying and understanding microbial community composition and ecology. Specifically, metagenomics is the culture‐independent identification of genome sequences from the community of microbes in an environment. These analyses provide new insights into the identities, functions, metabolic capacities, and complex interactions among microbes and their hosts, with great potential for revolutionary advances in health, conservation, and our understanding of host adaptation and evolution.
Genetic Social Organization
Authors: Fiore Anthony Di
Published: April 2017

In field studies of nonhuman primates, many aspects of a taxon's social organization are difficult to discern from observational data alone, but molecular genetic data provide an opportunity to study these features of social systems indirectly. The term “genetic social organization” is used to loosely refer to the inferences that can be made about the social organization of a taxon based on such data. Animals' behavioral decisions about dispersal, mating, and other social interactions are expected to have an important impact on how genetic variation within a population is structured among social groups and across the landscape. At the same time, we expect individuals' behavioral decisions to be influenced by the genetic and social milieu in which they find themselves, a milieu that depends in part on stochastic demographic factors as well as the history of prior behavior.
M
ajor
H
istocompatibility
C
omplex (
MHC
)
Authors: de Groot Natasja G. , Bontrop Ronald E. , Doxiadis Gaby G. M.
Published: April 2017

The major histocompatibility complex (
MHC
) encoded class I and
II
molecules are the most important components of a vertebrate's immune system regarding “self/nonself” recognition by presenting peptides to lymphocytes, which then may initiate an immune reaction. Thus the
MHC
plays a significant role, not only for transplantation and control of infectious diseases but also for nearly all immunologically related processes and in reproduction immunology. While the
MHC
regions of different nonhuman primate species are comparable to each other in terms of their general features, their genes differ with regard to the degree of allelic and/or copy number variation, as well as transcription levels, which may lead in turn to certain genes having different functions. These species‐specific
MHC
structures are the result of evolutionary processes, the aims of which involve survival of the species.
Encephalization
Authors: Montgomery Stephen H.
Published: April 2017

Encephalization is a measure of brain size relative to body size that has been proposed to reflect a species' cognitive ability. The use of encephalization as a proxy for cognitive ability is based on an interpretation of brain–body scaling as a causal relationship; that is, a given gram of body tissue requires a given mass of brain tissue to coordinate its function. Deviation from brain–body scaling would therefore reflect selection for brain expansion associated with enhanced behavioral, or cognitive, traits. Although some support for this hypothesis is provided by covariation between measures of encephalization and ecological traits, such as dietary behavior and seasonal variability, recent data on brain composition, evolution, and genetics suggest a more complex relationship between brain size and cognition.
Sacculated Stomach
Authors: Teichroeb Julie A.
Published: April 2017

While most primates have simple, unchambered stomachs, the colobines have evolved three‐ and four‐chambered arrangements. Colobines can rely on mature leaves as a major dietary item and leaves contain cellulose, which is indigestible without the help of symbiotic bacteria. The chambered stomach of the colobines allows them to ferment leaves in the forestomach, breaking down cellulose, before moving food to the lower chambers to complete digestion.
S
pecies360 (formerly
I
nternational
S
pecies
I
nformation
S
ystem (
ISIS
))
Authors: Mucha Katelyn
Published: April 2017

Species360 (formerly known as the International Species Information System (ISIS)) is an international nonprofit organization focused on assembling zoological data and providing software and tools to facilitate sustainable animal collection management.
Commensalism
Authors: Webber Amanda D.
Published: April 2017

Within primatology, “commensalism” refers to situations in which primates gain a nutritional benefit from living close to humans, feeding on foods, crops, and/or waste. Due to their adaptable nature, many primates, including baboons and vervet monkeys, have been observed feeding and foraging in this way. However, only the macaques and langurs of Asia could be described as truly commensal; religious beliefs and social traditions mean that these animals are often provisioned and protected, thereby offsetting the sometimes negative outcomes of coexistence for people. Unfortunately, habitat loss and external pressures (e.g., low agricultural productivity) mean that these relationships are shifting into conflict. It is likely that commensal interactions between people and primates will evolve into another form of symbiosis in line with difficult social and environmental conditions. Understanding tolerance at these sites will have an important role in future primate conservation.
Madagascar
Authors: Sauther Michelle L.
Published: April 2017

Although Madagascar is only one of 92 countries containing primates, it plays a key role in primatology, as the island's endemic lemurs make up 21 percent of primate species and 36 percent of all primate families—thus it is one of the top priorities in terms of primate conservation. Equally important, due to the unusual evolution of Madagascar's lemurs, studies of these primates have provided key insights into primate evolution and primate origins, primate behavioral ecology and biology, and primate adaptation. To understand how special Madagascar is for appreciating primate diversity, this island continent must be viewed within an evolutionary, geographical, and historical context.
Urban Macaque
Authors: Riley Crystal M.
Published: April 2017

Some species of macaques successfully survive in urban habitats. These city‐dwelling macaques typically eat more human food, spend less time feeding, have larger group sizes, and differ in physical health compared to their nonurban counterparts. As South Asia becomes increasingly urban, the number and size of urban macaque populations will increase, and more of these primates will interface with growing human populations.
Omomyid
Authors: Gunnell Gregg F.
Published: April 2017

Omomyids were small‐bodied, tarsier‐like primates that lived on the northern continents between 56 and 37 million years ago (Ma). They represent the earliest known definitive primates in the fossil record, appearing slightly earlier than members of the other large Eocene primate radiation, Adapiformes. Both of these groups, together with extant crown primates, constitute Euprimates and share typical features, such as the presence of nails instead of claws on most digits, an opposable hallux (big toe), and a postorbital bar. Additionally, most omomyids were orthograde, leaping forms with relatively large hands and elongate foot bones. They had globular braincases and large, front‐facing orbits. Omomyids were most abundant and diverse in North America, less so in Europe, and rare but present in Asia during the Eocene. The appearance of omomyids at 56 Ma indicates that the split between the two great groups of living primates, Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini, occurred before this time.
Sacred Forests
Authors: Baker Lynne R.
Published: April 2017

Sacred forests or groves are forest patches that have cultural or religious significance and are thus safeguarded by local and indigenous communities. These forests, which range in size from a few trees to dense forest tracts, are generally protected by long‐standing, community‐based institutions, which regulate or limit access to and use of the forests. Sacred forests often occur within anthropogenic landscapes and may provide refuge to many taxa, including nonhuman primates. To what degree sacred forests provide conservation value for primates and other species depends on several factors, such as connectivity among and size of the forest patches. Although culturally protected, many sacred forests are at risk due to religious, political, and socioeconomic change.
Nonhuman Primate Personhood
Authors: Sommer Volker
Published: April 2017

Primatological research is increasingly concerned with ethical discourses, for instance, regarding nature conservation and animal rights. A prime example is the current debate about whether nonhuman primates should be recognized as autonomous “persons,” instead of merely being “things” which can be owned. Opponents of this view (
supremacists
,
humanists
) want to restrict personhood to members of the human species, given their ability to observe social contracts. Proponents (
gradualists
,
post‐humanists
) recognize nonhuman personhood because they believe that animals such as monkeys and apes embody sentience, agency, and complex mental landscapes. The debate is closely tied to western philosophical and political discussions about who should belong to the
community of equals
and corresponding legal struggles against discriminatory concepts such as racism, nationalism, sexism, and heterosexism. Advocates of nonhuman personhood confront a new frontier—that of
speciesism
.
Niche Partitioning
Authors: Macho Gabriele A.
Published: April 2017

Resources are not finite. Sympatric primates must therefore partition their habitat in order to coexist. Some of the modes of separation are conspicuous, such as differentiation in body mass, whereas other modes are more difficult to detect, as in the case of physiological adaptations to chemical defenses. The broad categories of diet recorded by field primatologists do not capture the range of chemical and material properties of foods consumed and, hence, provide only limited insights into how sympatric primates exploit different microhabitats. Niche partitioning, biogeography, and historical patterns of vicariance underlie past and present primate diversity, richness, and abundance, and inform future extinction risks.
Growth Rates
Authors: Bernstein Robin M.
Published: April 2017

Growth rates are important determinants of adult size, and are key to understanding the generation of sexual size dimorphism as well as the evolution of species‐ and/or sex‐specific life history strategies. Studies of both captive and wild populations have contributed to our current knowledge of growth rate variation in nonhuman primates.
K
etambe
Authors: Wich Serge , Palombit Ryne A. , Robertson Yarrow , Collier‐Baker Emma , Sterck Elisabeth H. M.
Published: April 2017

The Ketambe research center in the north of Sumatra has been a key site for primatological research since its inception in 1971. Since then, a large number of studies have been conducted on all but one of the primate species that occur in the area. In addition to increasing our understanding of the species occurring in the area, studies from the center have been of high relevance for the understanding of primate social systems in general.
Hybridization and Hybrid Zones
Authors: Cortés‐Ortiz Liliana
Published: April 2017

Several primate taxa show evidence of natural hybridization, and recent genomic analyses of modern and archaic humans have revealed the prevalence of hybridization during the evolutionary history of our own lineage. Thus interest in understanding how natural hybridization occurs in our closest relatives, the nonhuman primates, has grown rapidly. However, studies of the process and dynamics of hybridization in natural primate hybrid zones remain scarce. This may be due to difficulties associated with sample collection and fieldwork and the need of long‐term studies to properly address the most fundamental questions. Nonetheless, a few natural primate hybrid zones have been studied systematically for a few decades, and studies of others have recently been established. These natural hybrid systems provide a window to understand the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the process of hybridization in socially complex taxa.
Primate Research Centers—
J
apan
Authors: Cardinal Claire
Published: April 2017

Primatological research in Japan currently takes place in five principal institutions, each focusing on a distinct area of study. Researchers from Kyoto University work primarily on the behavior of individual primates, and their relationships with other group members, in departments which have expanded to include the Primate Research Institute (KUPRI) and field stations in Japan and Africa. Research at the Japan Monkey Centre follows similar research paths. Researchers in Osaka University's Faculty of Human Sciences undertake primate studies relating to ethology and behavioral anthropology. The Tsukuba Primate Research Center is a breeding center for monkeys for use in laboratories. Its research focuses on reproductive technologies. The National Museum of Nature and Science undertakes research into human evolution using human and nonhuman primate DNA and fossil records.
Anthroponoses
Authors: Muehlenbein Michael P.
Published: April 2017

Anthroponoses are infectious organisms that cause pathogenic disease and are specifically spread from humans to other animal species. They pose a significant threat to the conservation of endangered species, particularly nonhuman primates that are genetically closely related to us, and usually immunologically naïve to our pathogens, and have protracted reproductive rates. A minimum of seven different pathogens have been confirmed using genetic analyses to have been transmitted from humans to wild primates, and the likely number of these transmission events is much higher. In the absence of education and regulation, the problem of anthroponoses will continue as a result of increased tourism, research, and environmental encroachment.
Paternity
Authors: Jack Katharine M. , King‐Bailey Gillian , Sheller Claire Ruth
Published: April 2017

Paternity is defined as “the state of being one's father.” What it means to be a primate father is largely influenced by the degree of paternity certainty of any one male. In species where males have lower paternity certainty, they may rely on various cues (odor, vocal, or facial) in order to discern whether or not an infant is their offspring. The benefits of recognizing one's offspring can be significant, though this is an area that has received little attention in primatology.
Teilhardina
Authors: Beard Chris
Published: April 2017

One of the oldest known fossil primates,
Teilhardina
is a primitive representative of the haplorhine clade that also includes living tarsiers and anthropoids. Species of
Teilhardina
have been described from earliest Eocene sites in Asia, North America, and Europe. A prominent episode of global warming known as the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) allowed
Teilhardina
and other mammals to disperse rapidly across high‐latitude corridors such as Beringia to achieve their broad geographic distribution. With an adult body mass of only approximately 30–60 grams,
Teilhardina
resembled the smallest living mouse lemurs in size.
Teilhardina
shows an interesting mosaic of anatomical features, including very primitive teeth and a hindlimb that was adapted for leaping and grasping. Its skull had relatively small orbits, suggesting a diurnal activity pattern. Isolated phalanges (finger bones) of
Teilhardina
show that it had very long fingers like those of living tarsiers.
Primates in Perspective
Authors: Campbell Christina J.
Published: April 2017

Primates in Perspective
(PIP) is an edited volume that was first published by Oxford University Press in 2007. The second edition was published in 2011. PIP was the first edited volume to offer a comprehensive overview of primatology since the hugely successful
Primate Societies
by Smuts and colleagues, published in 1987 by Chicago University Press.
Extracellular Vesicle Production Loaded with Nanoparticles and Drugs in a Trade‐off between Loading, Yield and Purity: Towards a Personalized Drug Delivery System
Authors: Piffoux Max , Silva Amanda K. A. , Lugagne Jean‐Baptiste , Hersen Pascal , Wilhelm Claire , Gazeau Florence
Published: April 2017

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cells and circulating in body fluids are recognized as potent vectors of intercellular self‐communication. Due to their cellular origin, EVs hold promise as naturally targeted “personalized” drug delivery system insofar as they can be engineered with drugs or theranostic nanoparticles. However, technical hurdles related to their production, drug loading, purification, and characterization restrain the translation of self‐derived EVs into a clinical drug delivery system. Herein, different methods are compared to generate and to purify EVs encapsulating iron oxide nanoparticles and a clinical photosensitizer drug (Foscan) as biocamouflaged agents for photodynamic therapy, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic manipulation, and hyperthermia. Theranostic EVs are produced from drug‐ and nanoparticle‐loaded endothelial cells either by spontaneous release in complete medium, by starvation in serum‐free medium or by mechanical stress in a microfluidic chip mimicking vessel shear stress, and purified by ultracentrifugation or magnetic sorting. The impact of the production and purification protocols is investigated on EV yield and size, nanoparticle and drug cargo, and finally on their therapeutic efficacy. EV production by starvation combined with purification by ultracentrifugation may be considered a reasonable trade‐off between loading, yield, and purity for biogeneration of theranostic EVs.
High Dielectric Performances of Flexible and Transparent Cellulose Hybrid Films Controlled by Multidimensional Metal Nanostructures
Authors: Ji Sangyoon , Jang Jiuk , Cho Eunjin , Kim Si‐Hoon , Kang Eun‐Seok , Kim Jihoon , Kim Han‐Ki , Kong Hoyoul , Kim Sun‐Kyung , Kim Ju‐Young , Park Jang‐Ung
Published: April 2017

Various wearable electronic devices have been developed for extensive outdoor activities. The key metrics for these wearable devices are high touch sensitivity and good mechanical and thermal stability of the flexible touchscreen panels (TSPs). Their dielectric constants (k) are important for high touch sensitivities. Thus, studies on flexible and transparent cover layers that have high k with outstanding mechanical and thermal reliabilities are essential. Herein, an unconventional approach for forming flexible and transparent cellulose nanofiber (CNF) films is reported. These films are used to embed ultralong metal nanofibers that serve as nanofillers to increase k significantly (above 9.2 with high transmittance of 90%). Also, by controlling the dimensions and aspect ratios of these fillers, the effects of their nanostructures and contents on the optical and dielectric properties of the films have been studied. The length of the nanofibers can be controlled using a stretching method to break the highly aligned, ultralong nanofibers. These nanofiber‐embedded, high‐k films are mechanically and thermally stable, and they have better Young's modulus and tensile strength with lower thermal expansion than commercial transparent plastics. The demonstration of highly sensitive TSPs using high‐k CNF film for smartphones suggests that this film has significant potential for next‐generation, portable electronic devices.
Metal Hydride Nanoparticles with Ultrahigh Structural Stability and Hydrogen Storage Activity Derived from Microencapsulated Nanoconfinement
Authors: Zhang Jiguang , Zhu Yunfeng , Lin Huaijun , Liu Yana , Zhang Yao , Li Shenyang , Ma Zhongliang , Li Liquan
Published: April 2017

Metal hydrides (MHs) have recently been designed for hydrogen sensors, switchable mirrors, rechargeable batteries, and other energy‐storage and conversion‐related applications. The demands of MHs, particular fast hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics, have brought their sizes to nanoscale. However, the nanostructured MHs generally suffer from surface passivation and low aggregation‐resisting structural stability upon absorption/desorption. This study reports a novel strategy named microencapsulated nanoconfinement to realize local synthesis of nano‐MHs, which possess ultrahigh structural stability and superior desorption kinetics. Monodispersed Mg2NiH4 single crystal nanoparticles (NPs) are in situ encapsulated on the surface of graphene sheets (GS) through facile gas–solid reactions. This well‐defined MgO coating layer with a thickness of ≈3 nm efficiently separates the NPs from each other to prevent aggregation during hydrogen absorption/desorption cycles, leading to excellent thermal and mechanical stability. More interestingly, the MgO layer shows superior gas‐selective permeability to prevent further oxidation of Mg2NiH4 meanwhile accessible for hydrogen absorption/desorption. As a result, an extremely low activation energy (31.2 kJ mol–1) for the dehydrogenation reaction is achieved. This study provides alternative insights into designing nanosized MHs with both excellent hydrogen storage activity and thermal/mechanical stability exempting surface modification by agents.
One‐Pot Fabrication of Hollow Polymer@Ag Nanospheres for Printable Translucent Conductive Coatings
Authors: Mir Sajjad Husain , Ochiai Bungo
Published: April 2017

Development of printable conductive inks for applications in printable electronics by facile methods is important. Here, this study demonstrates a robust and facile one‐pot approach for printable polymer@Ag nanospheres with well‐defined hollow morphology. The polymer@Ag nanospheres are fabricated through metal‐complexation induced phase separation assisted by a functionalized graft copolymer consisting of an Ag‐complexing stem chain and side chains for stabilization of the nanosphere. Enough length of the grafted chains is necessary to attain the formation of the hollow polymer@Ag nanosphere. Translucent thin layers with excellent conductivity can be obtained by spray‐coating of the nanostructure dispersion on a glass substrate. Translucent grid patterns with excellent horizontal conductivity (8.5 × 105 S m−1) on multiple substrates are also prepared by ink‐jet printing without annealing.
Electron Catalytic Photochemical Cascade Carbodifluoroalkylation/Radical Cyclization of Methylene‐2‐oxazolines
Authors: Qu Chuanhua , Wu Zhongkai , Li Weipeng , Du Hongbin , Zhu Chengjian
Published: April 2017

An operationally green, electron‐catalyzed, photochemical tandem carbodifluoroalkylation/radical cyclization of enol ethers is disclosed. The reactions occur via addition of difluoroacyl radicals to methylene‐2‐oxazolines and subsequent intramolecular base‐promoted homolytic alkyl substitution (BHAS) of the intermediate oxyl‐alkyl radicals. Initiation of the radical chain reaction is best achieved with a commercially available and cheap organic base, and readily accessible visible light is used as the energy source.

magnified image
Synthesis of Enediamino Amino Acid Analogues and Peptides
Authors: Zhang Shengping , Rodriguez Luis M. De Leon , Harris Paul W. R. , Brimble Margaret A.
Published: April 2017

Enediamino peptides and their constituent element enediamino amino acids are rich resources for the development of both biologically potent compounds and valuable synthetic intermediates. However, despite tireless efforts, the synthesis of the unique enediamino functionality is still elusive, particularly in the case of enediamino peptides. This review provides a comprehensive account of the reported methods for the syntheses of enediamino amino acid analogues and peptides.
An Iterative Module in the Azalomycin F Polyketide Synthase Contains a Switchable Enoylreductase Domain
Authors: Xu Wei , Zhai Guifa , Liu Yuanzhen , Li Yuan , Shi Yanrong , Hong Kui , Hong Hui , Leadlay Peter F. , Deng Zixin , Sun Yuhui
Published: April 2017

Detailed analysis of the modular Type I polyketide synthase (PKS) involved in the biosynthesis of the marginolactone azalomycin F in mangrove Streptomyces sp. 211726 has shown that only nineteen extension modules are required to accomplish twenty cycles of polyketide chain elongation. Analysis of the products of a PKS mutant specifically inactivated in the dehydratase domain of extension‐module 1 showed that this module catalyzes two successive elongations with different outcomes. Strikingly, the enoylreductase domain of this module can apparently be “toggled” off and on : it functions in only the second of these two cycles. This novel mechanism expands our understanding of PKS assembly‐line catalysis and may explain examples of apparent non‐colinearity in other modular PKS systems.
A method for solving the multi‐objective transit frequency optimization problem
Authors: Giesen Ricardo , Martínez Héctor , Mauttone Antonio , Urquhart María E.
Published: April 2017

Frequency setting takes place at the strategic and tactical planning stages of public transportation systems. The problem consists in determining the time interval between subsequent vehicles for a given set of lines, taking into account interests of users and operators. The result of this stage is considered as input at the operational level. In general, the problem faced by planners is how to distribute a given fleet of buses among a set of given lines. The corresponding decisions determine the frequency of each line, which impacts directly on the waiting time of the users and operator costs. In this work, we consider frequency setting as the problem of minimizing simultaneously users' total travel time and fleet size, which represents the interest of operators. There is a trade‐off between these two measures; therefore, we face a multi‐objective problem. We extend an existing single‐objective formulation to account explicitly for this trade‐off, and propose a Tabu Search solving method to handle efficiently this multi‐objective variant of the problem. The proposed methodology is then applied to a real medium‐sized problem instance, using data of Puerto Montt, Chile. We consider two data sets corresponding to morning‐peak and off‐peak periods. The results obtained show that the proposed methodology is able to improve the current solution in terms of total travel time and fleet size. In addition, the proposed method is able to efficiently suggest (in computational terms) different trade‐off solutions regarding the conflicting objectives of users and operators. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic characterization and transformation of the non‐dairy Lactococcus lactis strain KF147, for production of ethanol from xylose
Authors: Petersen Kia Vest , Liu Jianming , Chen Jun , Martinussen Jan , Jensen Peter Ruhdal , Solem Christian
Published: April 2017

The non‐dairy lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis KF147 can utilize xylose as the sole energy source. To assess whether KF147 could serve as a platform organism for converting second generation sugars into useful chemicals, the authors characterized growth and product formation for KF147 when grown on xylose. In a defined medium KF147 was found to co‐metabolize xylose and arginine, resulting in bi‐phasic growth. Especially at low xylose concentrations, arginine significantly improved growth rate. To facilitate further studies of the xylose metabolism, the authors eliminated arginine catabolism by deleting the arcA gene encoding the arginine deiminase. The fermentation product profile suggested two routes for xylose degradation, the phosphoketolase pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway. Inactivation of the phosphoketolase pathway redirected the entire flux through the pentose phosphate pathway whereas over‐expression of phosphoketolase increased the flux through the phosphoketolase pathway. In general, significant amounts of the mixed‐acid products, including lactate, formate, acetate and ethanol, were formed irrespective of xylose concentrations. To demonstrate the potential of KF147 for converting xylose into useful chemicals the authors chose to redirect metabolism towards ethanol production. A synthetic promoter library was used to drive the expression of codon‐optimized versions of the Zymomonas mobilis genes encoding pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase, and the outcome was a strain producing ethanol as the sole fermentation product with a high yield corresponding to 83% of the theoretical maximum. The results clearly indicate the great potential of using the more metabolically diverse non‐dairy L. lactis strains for bio‐production based on xylose containing feedstocks.
Alibis: Generation, Consistency, Corroboration, Believability, and Detection – Introduction to this Special Issue
Authors: Sauerland Melanie
Published: April 2017

This special issue highlights recent developments in the field of alibi research. These include a shift from self‐report studies to behavioral paradigms; a broadening in the literature to study not only suspects, investigators, and legal decision makers, but also alibi corroborators; and an expansion of the research to include alibi‐related memory issues rather than a sole focus on social impact factors. Additionally, this special issue addresses the many misconceptions that exist when it comes to the appraisal of consistency in the context of alibi accuracy and truthfulness. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Take steps now to prepare for emergency situations at athletics events
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: April 2017

Imagine one of your athletics events interrupted by a sudden, unexpected situation, such as an earthquake, a tornado warning, a roof collapse, an active shooter, a fight between teams or intoxicated spectators, or fans trampled as they rush the field. When an emergency occurs during an athletics event on your campus, you might expect to rely on your school's crisis management plan for essential guidance. But you might not realize that most crisis management plans have their limitations.
When you dare to mentor a millennial
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: April 2017

I have written about mentoring before, but it is time for an update. Some five years ago, a young 20‐something female librarian asked me if I would be her mentor. She said that a woman she talked to often at the college told her to choose someone at the college whom she admired and whose attributes she wanted to emulate and ask if that person would mentor her. She chose me!
“Right on the money”: CBE student satisfaction and postgraduation outcomes
Authors: Rivers Carlos , Sebesta Judith A.
Published: April 2017

Background

A review of existing research on CBE program outcomes provides context for the research focus of the essay.

Method

This essay analyzes results from a comparative study of surveys of graduates of both a competency‐based education program at Texas A&M University‐Commerce and its traditional counterpart at the same institution in order to assess both student satisfaction with the degree programs and postcompletion outcomes.

Results

A narrative and visual description of key findings from the survey results reveal three areas of focus—faculty/staff interaction, affordability/acceleration, and alumni outcomes.

Conclusion

The results suggest augmented outcomes for the CBE program compared to its traditional counterpart, contributing to a better understanding of student satisfaction and postcompletion outcomes for students who have graduated from a CBE program relative to a traditional program.
Heisenberg strikes again
Authors: Prince Catherine , Gray William A.
Published: April 2017

Key Points

Systematic randomized clinical outcome data in BVS has largely been reported in straightforward lesions, and BVS performance in more complex anatomy is not well defined

In this study, OCT‐analysis of imaging outcomes in lesions with variable degrees of calcification demonstrated similar acute performance between second‐generation DES and BVS

Open questions as to the unintended effect of OCT‐guidance on the results of the study as well as the longer‐term clinical outcomes in these lesions remain
Effects of the Linking of Cyclopentadienyl and Ketimide Ligands in Titanium Half‐Sandwich Olefin Polymerization Catalysts
Authors: Varga Vojtech , Večeřa Miloš , Gyepes Róbert , Pinkas Jiří , Horáček Michal , Merna Jan , Lamač Martin
Published: April 2017

The role of the ketimide ligand geometry in Ti half‐sandwich complexes and the consequent effects in olefin polymerization catalysis (ethylene, styrene, 1‐hexene polymerization, and ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization) were investigated under various conditions. [CpTiCl2(N=CtBu2)] (1; Cp=η5‐cyclopentadienyl) was used as a reference compound for comparison with the recently described complex [{η5‐C5H4CMe2CMe2C(tBu)=N‐κN}TiCl2] (2 a) and a new derivative that has a longer linker between Cp and the ketimide, [{η5‐C5H4CH2CH2CMe2C(tBu)=N‐κN}TiCl2] (9). The presence of a distorted intramolecularly tethered ketimide moiety reduces the polymerization activity significantly in systems that contain Al‐based cocatalysts (methylaluminoxane, triisobutylaluminum). However, in Al‐free systems both types of compounds provided active polymerization catalysts. Notably, the recently reported activation system Et3SiH/B(C6F5)3 was for the first time demonstrated to activate Ti complexes for ethylene and 1‐hexene (co)polymerization catalysis by hydride transfer.
TIME‐DOMAIN ELECTROMAGNETIC DIFFUSION AND IMAGING DEPTH FOR AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC DATA
Authors: Chang‐Chun YIN , Chang‐Kai QIU , Yun‐He LIU , Jing CAI
Published: April 2017

To study the electromagnetic (EM) diffusion of a time‐domain airborne electromagnetic (AEM) system, we first calculate the frequency‐domain EM field inside the earth based on the continuity boundary condition and then transform it into time‐domain via a Fourier transform. We calculate the EM fields induced by a step pulse for a homogeneous half‐space and a two‐layer earth model and display the EM diffusion in the earth as 2D vectors or 3D animated time‐varying contours (like the “smoke ring”). These time‐domain current rings display the true EM diffusion, because they demonstrate the spatial variation and decay of underground EM fields with time.

The study of the EM current rings shows that the EM diffusion is strongly influenced by the resistivity structure inside the earth. In a conductive earth, the current ring diffuses slowly but decays fast, while in a resistive earth it diffuses fast but decays slowly. The induced current for a vertical magnetic dipole forms a single current ring that propagates with time outward and downward, while for a horizontal magnetic dipole, the induced current forms two stacked current rings in the underground, diffusing with time into the deep earth. Based on the EM current ring, we find that the imaging depth for AEM data is about 0.55 times the EM diffusion depth.

By showing the underground induced current as vectors and 3D time‐varying animated contours, the EM diffusion and smoke ring are clearly observed. An animated EM smoke ring offers more information than a static contour of current density. The relation between imaging depth and diffusion depth is further confirmed by the smoke rings. Study on EM smoke ring can not only offer an insight into EM diffusion in the earth, but can also assist in airborne EM data interpretation.
THE DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF DEFORMATION FIELD CAUSED BY THREE GREAT EARTHQUAKES IN THE QINGHAI‐TIBET PLATEAU AND ITS VICINITY SINCE 2001
Authors: Yuan‐Sheng ZHANG , Xiao‐Jing ZHENG , Lan‐Min WANG
Published: April 2017

Based on a viscous‐elastic crustal model with constraint conditions from GPS and seismic dislocation data and adopting the finite element method, we analyzed the crustal deformation characteristics caused by 2001 Kunlun Mountain MS8.1, 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 and 2015 Nepal MS8.1 earthquakes, obtained the displacement and deformation field. These earthquakes have occurred in the north, east, and south margins of the Tibetan Plateau respectively. Our primary results suggest obvious differences in deformation regimes, seismogenic fault geometry and source parameters, as well as crustal deformation patters despite the substantially similar magnitudes. These differences caused by seismogenic fault nature and subsurface structures are mainly manifested by different scopes of deformed regions and different strain amplitudes. Through these simulation results, we can detect more about the distribution characteristics of stress loading and unloading area caused by large earthquakes. Moreover, it plays an important role in forecasting the earthquake possibility of seismogenic region.
STRATIFIED CRUSTAL ANISOTROPY FROM RECEIVER FUNCTION AND ITS PARTICLE SWARM INVERSION
Authors: Shao‐Hua QI , Qi‐Yuan LIU , Jiu‐Hui CHEN , Biao GUO
Published: April 2017

Crustal anisotropy at multiple depths is essential for studying the vertical variation of crustal deformation. Due to the complexity of the crust, mapping the crustal anisotropy at different depth from teleseismic receiver function (RF) is an ongoing subject that requires further studies. Based on the previous works, this paper goes further to discuss the RF wavefield pattern of stratified crustal anisotropy by means of the generalized reflection and transmission coefficients method, which provides us a new theoretical basis for understanding the RF data with stratified anisotropic crustal models. In addition, we develop a global inversion method for extracting stratified anisotropic models based on the particle swarm algorithm. The test results from both numerical and real data show that, our method can correctly recover the depth‐dependent anisotropic parameters from the RF data and distinguish different anisotropic layers of the crust, as long as isotropic velocity model is well determined. Noise suppression in data processing via curvelet transform is useful for the analysis of crustal anisotropy.
A STUDY ON THE ROCK PHYSICS MODEL OF GAS RESERVOIR IN TIGHT SANDSTONE
Authors: Da‐Xing WANG
Published: April 2017

According to the ultrasonic data of 51 measured core samples from 17 wells in the Sulige gas field, 304 groups of elastic parameters data including VP/VS and Poisson's ratio are obtained corresponding to different porosities and water saturations. The optimized rock physics corrections among the bulk modulus, Poisson's ratio, and gas saturation indicate that the Brie model (e = 2) can fairly characterize the properties of upper Paleozoic Permian H8 reservoir in the Sulige gas field. Therefore, the proposed rock physics is able to estimate the physical parameters variation of tight sandstone reservoirs with gas‐bearing saturation level. The proposed rock physics model is applied to predict gas‐water reservoir by utilizing multi‐wave seismic data of the Sulige gas field. The field test indicates that this model is capable of characterizing attributes of the target zone and predicting the gas‐bearing reservoir.
INTERPRETATION OF CSAMT SINGLE‐COMPONENT DATA
Authors: Shu YAN , Guo‐Qiang XUE , Wei‐Zhong QIU , Nan‐Nan ZHOU
Published: April 2017

Following the magnetotelluric method, the apparent resistivity of the controlled source audio‐frequency magnetotelluric method is usually derived from the ratio of electric field and magnetic field. For CSAMT, as the source power current density is known, both of the electric and magnetic field components are related to the resistivity of the earth. The apparent resistivity can be obtained from the single electric field or magnetic field. In this paper, we put forward the inversion and interpretation methods for component data of CSAMT after analyzing the data features. During the curve fitting inversion, in order to deduct real formation and obtain finer resistivity‐depth section, the number of frequency of curves is regarded as the inversion earth layers number. The all‐zone electric component apparent resistivity inversion is developed. Then, the phase is introduced into the inversion process to cancel the static offset. The prospecting for water‐filled goaf in Shanxi Province suggests that the single component interpretation is useful.