bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facile Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Perovskite‐type CeMnO3 Nanofibers
Authors: Hu Quanli , Yue Bin , Yang Fan , Shao Hongyang , Wang Jinghui , Ji Lei , Jia Yongfeng , Wang Yin , Liu Jinghai
Published: October 2019

Perovskite‐type CeMnO3 nanofibers (NFs) were effectively synthesized via electrospinning and consequent calcination processes. The nanofibers with porous surface exhibit a high specific surface area of 103.88 m2 g−1 with mesopores. The perovskite CeMnO3 NFs were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, UV‐vis diffuse reflectance spectrum, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The microstructure and morphology of CeMnO3 were observed by scanning electron and transmission electron microscopes. The Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy manifested the homogeneous distribution of cerium, manganese, and oxygen. The electrochemical properties of CeMnO3 NFs were implemented using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge‐discharge in alkaline aqueous electrolyte. The Faradic redox reaction occurred at the electrode surface was precisely concluded. The specific capacitance of CeMnO3 NFs was 159.59 F g−1 at the current density of 1 A g−1. This research offers a new strategy to synthesize CeMnO3 perovskite material for high‐performance supercapacitor, indicating its potential application as a supercapacitor electrode in energy storage devices.
A Note on Price Behavior in Urban Pakistan
Authors: Herndon James
Published: October 2019

This article examines the price behavior of consumer goods in the strategically vital country of Pakistan. Results show that prices converge both temporally and spatially. A wage‐adjusted Consumer Price Index shows that Pakistani cities have converging costs of living. Finally, a novel measure of cointegration ranks the most and least economically integrated cities. Divergence does not occur along provincial, linguistic, or ethnic boundaries.
Scalable Core–Shell MoS2/Sb2Se3 Nanorod Array Photocathodes for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Guo Liping , Shinde Pravin S. , Ma Yanxiao , Li Lin , Pan Shanlin , Yan Feng
Published: October 2019

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen generation is a promising solar energy harvesting technique to address the concerns about the ongoing energy crisis. Antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) with van der Waals‐bonded quasi‐1D (Q1D) nanoribbons, for instance, (Sb4Se6)n, has attracted considerable interest as a light absorber with Earth‐abundant elements, suitable bandgap, and a desired sunlight absorption coefficient. By tuning its anisotropic growth behavior, it is possible to achieve Sb2Se3 films with nanostructured morphologies that can improve the light absorption and photogenerated charge carrier separation, eventually boosting the PEC water‐splitting performance. Herein, high‐quality Sb2Se3 films with nanorod (NR) array surface morphologies are synthesized by a low‐cost, high‐yield, and scalable close‐spaced sublimation technique. By sputtering a nonprecious and scalable crystalline molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) film as a cocatalyst and a protective layer on Sb2Se3 NR arrays, the fabricated core–shell structured MoS2/Sb2Se3 NR PEC devices can achieve a photocurrent density as high as −10 mA cm−2 at 0 VRHE in a buffered near‐neutral solution (pH 6.5) under a standard simulated air mass 1.5 solar illumination. The scalable manufacturing of nanostructured MoS2/Sb2Se3 NR array thin‐film photocathode electrodes for efficient PEC water splitting to generate solar fuel is demonstrated.
Sweet spot prediction in tight sandstone reservoir based on well-bore rock physical simulation
Authors: Zhou Hai-ting , Li De-yong , Liu Xian-tai , Du Yu-shan , Gong Wei
Published: October 2019

To establish the relationship among reservoir characteristics and rock physical parameters, we construct the well-bore rock physical models firstly, considering the influence factors, such as mineral composition, shale content, porosity, fluid type and saturation. Then with analyzing the change rules of elastic parameters along with the above influence factors and the cross-plots among elastic parameters, the sensitive elastic parameters of tight sandstone reservoir are determined, and the rock physics template of sweet spot is constructed to guide pre-stack seismic inversion. The results show that velocity ratio and Poisson impedance are the most sensitive elastic parameters to indicate the lithologic and gas-bearing properties of sweet spot in tight sandstone reservoir. The high-quality sweet spot is characterized by the lower velocity ratio and Poisson impedance. Finally, the actual seismic data are selected to predict the sweet spots in tight sandstone gas reservoirs, so as to verify the validity of the rock physical simulation results. The significant consistency between the relative logging curves and inversion results in different wells implies that the utilization of well-bore rock physical simulation can guide the prediction of sweet spot in tight sandstone gas reservoirs.
Evaluation of Potential DNA-Damaging Effects of Nitenpyram and Imidacloprid in Human U937-Cells Using a New Statistical Approach to Analyse Comet Data
Authors: Bivehed Erik , Gustafsson Anton , Berglund Anders , Hellman Björn
Published: October 2019

Even if the two neonicotinoids nitenpyram and imidacloprid have been considered safe for humans, their potential genotoxicity still remains a matter of discussion. The DNA-damaging effects of these two compounds were therefore evaluated in a lymphoma cell line of human origin (U-937) using the comet assay after 3-h exposure to up to 50 μM, with or without metabolic activation using S9 from human liver. The comet data were analysed using a traditional one-way ANOVA after pooling the data on cellular level, and a new alternative approach we have called Uppsala Comet Data Analysis Strategy (UCDAS). UCDAS is a proportional odds model tailored to continuous outcomes, taking the number of pooled cultures, slides and cells into consideration in the same analysis. To the best of our knowledge, the UCDAS approach when analysing comet data has never been presented before. Without metabolic activation, no increase in DNA damage was observed in the neonicotinoide-exposed cells. Nitenpyram was also without DNA-damaging effects when S9 was added. However, in the presence of S9, imidacloprid was found to increase the level of DNA damage. Whereas the ANOVA showed an increase (P < 0.001) both at 5 and 50 μM, UCDAS showed an increase only at the lowest concentration (P < 0.001). Based on these findings, the two neonicotinoids seem to be of little concern when it comes to their potential genotoxicity. However, since the U-937 cells were rather resistant to our positive controls, they may not be the best cells to use when evaluating potential genotoxicity of chemicals.
Recommender systems for IoT enabled quantified-self applications
Authors: Erdeniz Seda Polat , Menychtas Andreas , Maglogiannis Ilias , Felfernig Alexander , Tran Thi Ngoc Trang
Published: October 2019

As an emerging trend in big data science, applications based onthe Quantified-Self (QS)engage individuals in the self-tracking of any kind of biological, physical, behavioral, or environmental information as individuals or groups. There are new needs and opportunities for recommender systems to develop new models/approaches to support QS application users.Recommender systemscan help to more easily identify relevant artifacts for users and thus improve user experiences. Currently recommender systems are widely and effectively used in the e-commerce domain (e.g., online music services, online bookstores). Next-generation QS applications could include more recommender tools for assisting the users of QS systems based on their personal self-tracking data streams from wearable electronics, biosensors, mobile phones, genomic data, and cloud-based services. In this paper, we propose three new recommendation approaches for QS applications:Virtual Coach,Virtual Nurse, andVirtual Sleep Regulatorwhich help QS users to improve their health conditions.Virtual Coachworks like a real fitness coach to recommend personalized work-out plans whereasVirtual Nurseconsiders the medical history and health targets of a user to recommend a suitable physical activity plan.Virtual Sleep Regulatoris specifically designed for insomnia (a kind of sleep disorder) patients to improve their sleep quality with the help of recommended physical activity and sleep plans. We explain how these proposed recommender technologies can be applied on the basis of the collected QS data to create qualitative recommendations for user needs. We present example recommendation results ofVirtual Sleep Regulatoron the basis of the dataset from a real world QS application.
Bio-sludge from the Pulp and Paper Industry as Feed for Black Soldier Fly Larvae: A Study of Critical Factors for Growth and Survival
Authors: Norgren R. , Björkqvist O. , Jonsson A.
Published: October 2019

Pulp and paper bio-sludge (PPBS) has low economic value and is therefore often composted or incinerated. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of using PPBS to breed black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL), so improving resource efficiency and supplying protein and fat to the animal feed market. BSFL were reared on PPBS in a climate chamber on a laboratory scale in order to assess nutrient deficiency, inhibition and whether the BSFL recycle the PPBS well or not. The PPBS used came from a chemi-thermomechanical pulp/groundwood pulp mill. The effect of supplementing nutrient solution added either into the PPBS or as a free liquid surface were studied. Prepupae dry weight, survival rate until prepupae stage and residual dry PPBS were measured. The addition of reference diet leachate into the PPBS did not have a significant impact on the weight of the prepupae (2.0 mg) but the survival rate was significantly higher (16.0%). On the other hand, the addition of reference diet leachate as a free liquid surface had a significant impact on both the weight of the prepupae (4.8 mg) and the survival rate (25.7%). The bio-conversion and PPBS—reduction was as best 0.4 and 3.2% respectively. This study has proven that the nutrients in PPBS are not readily available to the larvae. Addition of reference diet leachate increase the survival rate which opens up for possibilities of co-digestion. However, it is clear that under the tested conditions, BSFL is not recycling PPBS well and BSFL as a method for recycling of PPBS need further research.

Graphic Abstract
Rationalized evaluation subgroups of mapping spaces between complex Grassmannians
Authors: Otieno Paul Antony , Gatsinzi Jean Baptiste , Onyango-Otieno Vitalis
Published: October 2019

We determine evaluation subgroups of the inclusion $$Gr(2,n)\hookrightarrow Gr(2,n+1)$$Gr(2,n)↪Gr(2,n+1) between complex Grassmannians.
Learning similarity measures from data
Authors: Mathisen Bjørn Magnus , Aamodt Agnar , Bach Kerstin , Langseth Helge
Published: October 2019

Defining similarity measures is a requirement for some machine learning methods. One such method is case-based reasoning (CBR) where the similarity measure is used to retrieve the stored case or a set of cases most similar to the query case. Describing a similarity measure analytically is challenging, even for domain experts working with CBR experts. However, datasets are typically gathered as part of constructing a CBR or machine learning system. These datasets are assumed to contain the features that correctly identify the solution from the problem features; thus, they may also contain the knowledge to construct or learn such a similarity measure. The main motivation for this work is to automate the construction of similarity measures using machine learning. Additionally, we would like to do this while keeping training time as low as possible. Working toward this, our objective is to investigate how to apply machine learning to effectively learn a similarity measure. Such a learned similarity measure could be used for CBR systems, but also for clustering data in semi-supervised learning, or one-shot learning tasks. Recent work has advanced toward this goal which relies on either very long training times or manually modeling parts of the similarity measure. We created a framework to help us analyze the current methods for learning similarity measures. This analysis resulted in two novel similarity measure designs: The first design uses a pre-trained classifier as basis for a similarity measure, and the second design uses as little modeling as possible while learning the similarity measure from data and keeping training time low. Both similarity measures were evaluated on 14 different datasets. The evaluation shows that using a classifier as basis for a similarity measure gives state-of-the-art performance. Finally, the evaluation shows that our fully data-driven similarity measure design outperforms state-of-the-art methods while keeping training time low.
High-Power and Ultralong-Life Aqueous Zinc-Ion Hybrid Capacitors Based on Pseudocapacitive Charge Storage
Authors: Dong Liubing , Yang Wang , Yang Wu , Wang Chengyin , Li Yang , Xu Chengjun , Wan Shuwei , He Fengrong , Kang Feiyu , Wang Guoxiu
Published: October 2019

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion hybrid capacitors and zinc-ion batteries are promising safe energy storage systems. In this study, amorphous RuO2·H2O for the first time was employed to achieve fast and ultralong-life Zn2+ storage based on a pseudocapacitive storage mechanism. In the RuO2·H2O||Zn zinc-ion hybrid capacitors with Zn(CF3SO3)2 aqueous electrolyte, the RuO2·H2O cathode can reversibly store Zn2+ in a voltage window of 0.4–1.6 V (vs. Zn/Zn2+), delivering a high discharge capacity of 122 mAh g−1. In particular, the zinc-ion hybrid capacitors can be rapidly charged/discharged within 36 s with a very high power density of 16.74 kW kg−1 and a high energy density of 82 Wh kg−1. Besides, the zinc-ion hybrid capacitors demonstrate an ultralong cycle life (over 10,000 charge/discharge cycles). The kinetic analysis elucidates that the ultrafast Zn2+ storage in the RuO2·H2O cathode originates from redox pseudocapacitive reactions. This work could greatly facilitate the development of high-power and safe electrochemical energy storage.
Electrophysiological signatures of English onomatopoeia
Authors: VIGLIOCCO GABRIELLA , ZHANG YE , DEL MASCHIO NICOLA , TODD ROSANNA , TUOMAINEN JYRKI
Published: October 2019

abstract

Onomatopoeia is widespread across the world’s languages. They represent a relatively simple iconic mapping: the phonological/phonetic properties of the word evokes acoustic related features of referents. Here, we explore the EEG correlates of processing onomatopoeia in English. Participants were presented with a written cue-word (e.g., leash) and then with a spoken target-word. The target-word was either an onomatopoeia (e.g., bark), a sound-related but arbitrary word (e.g., melody), or another arbitrary word (e.g., bike). Participants judged whether the cue- and the target-word were similar in meaning. We analysed Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) in different time-windows: (i) early (100–200 and 200–250 ms) to assess differences in processing at the form-level; (ii) the N400 time-window (300–500 ms) in order to establish if there are differences in semantic processing across our word-types; and (iii) late (600–900 ms) to assess post-lexical effects. We found that onomatopoeia differed from the other words in the N400 time-window: when cue and target were unrelated, onomatopoeic words led to greater negativity which can be accounted for in terms of enhanced semantic activation of onomatopoeia which leads to greater salience of the mismatch. We discuss results in the context of a growing body of literature investigating iconicity in language processing and development.
Dating the Izapa Kingdom: Reply to Inomata and Henderson
Authors: Rosenswig Robert M.
Published: October 2019

I thank my colleagues for their comments, but I disagree with their conclusions.
The spatialization of Islamist, populist, and neo-Ottoman discourses in the Turkish capital under AKP rule
Authors: Ghulyan Husik
Published: October 2019

This article discusses the recent politics of space in Turkey during the rule of the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP) through a focus on the capital city of Ankara. In order to analyze the recent politics of space in Turkey, the article elaborates upon the recent politics of toponym changes and the discourse over space and place in the Turkish capital. Particular attention is paid to the spatialization of neo-Ottoman, Islamist, and populist discourses and to the production of various representational and counter-representational spaces. One of the key foci of the article is its elaboration on the new Presidential Complex (Cumhurbaşkanlığı Külliyesi) as a case that, in its representational and conceptual aspects, reflects the spatialization of Islamist and populist discourses and symbolizes the recent transformations of social space and the emergent sociospatial order in Turkey.
Maternal high-fat diet triggers metabolic syndrome disorders that are transferred to first and second offspring generations
Authors: Barbosa Claudiane Maria , Figueiredo Vivian Paulino , Barbosa Maria Andréa , Cardoso Leonardo Máximo , Alzamora Andréia Carvalho
Published: October 2019

A high-fat (H) diet increases metabolic disorders in offspring. However, there is great variability in the literature regarding the time of exposure, composition of the H diets offered to the genitors and/or offspring and parameters evaluated. Here, we investigated the effect of a H diet subjected to the genitors on different cardio-metabolic parameters on first (F1)- and second (F2)-generation offspring. Female Fischer rats, during mating, gestation and breast-feeding, were subjected to the H diet (G0HF) or control (G0CF) diets. Part of F1 offspring becomes G1 genitors for generating the F2 offspring. After weaning, F1 and F2 rats consumed only the C diet. Nutritional, biometric, biochemical and haemodynamic parameters were evaluated. G0HF genitors had a reduction in food intake but energy intake was similar to the control group. Compared with the control group, the F1H and F2H offspring presented increased plasma leptin, insulin and fasting glucose levels, dietary intake, energy intake, adiposity index, mean arterial pressure, sympathetic drive evidenced by the hexamethonium and insulin resistance. Our data showed that only during mating, gestation and breast-feeding, maternal H diet induced cardio-metabolic disorders characteristic of human metabolic syndrome that were transferred to both females and males of F1 and F2 offspring, even if they were fed control diet after weaning. This process probably occurs due to the disturbance in mechanisms related to leptin that increases energy intake in F1H and F2H offspring. The present data reinforce the importance of balanced diet during pregnancy and breast-feeding for the health of the F1 and F2 offspring.
Changing the mindset for precision medicine: from incentivized biobanking models to genomic data
Authors: Tigard Daniel
Published: October 2019

The emerging paradigm in contemporary healthcare, precision medicine, is widely seen as a revolutionary approach to both clinical treatment and overall health promotion. Precision models are making use of the most up-to-date technological advancements – such as genomics and ‘big data’ processing – in an effort to tailor healthcare to each individual. Yet the list of hurdles to successful implementation of precision medicine is no secret. Among the challenges, it was recently suggested in this journal that we must change the ‘mindset’ of patients, practitioners and the wider public (McGonigle, 2016). And while precision medicine indeed demands a significant shift, we must not understate the extent of the overhaul required. In particular, I argue, against McGonigle's suggestion, that the ethical challenges regarding participant contributions cannot be tackled by relying upon existing models of incentivized blood banking or organ donation. Instead, the success of precision medicine requires a wholescale change in mindset.
The Hague Conference on Private International Law's Proposed Draft Text on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments: Should South Africa Endorse it?
Authors: Khanderia Saloni
Published: October 2019

The Proposed Draft Text on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments forms an integral part of the ambitious Judgments Project of the Hague Conference on Private International Law. In particular, this instrument endeavours to foster predictability and certainty in international commercial relations by enabling litigants to be accurately informed in advance of the circumstances in which the decision of the court of one contracting state will be recognized or enforced in the territory of another. The endorsement of the Draft Judgments Convention could accordingly prove advantageous to countries like South Africa, whose private international law on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments seems archaic and confined to a narrow set of precepts. This article identifies the loopholes in the country's policy and practice on the subject, and demonstrates the manner in which the Draft Judgments Convention could plausibly address these lacunae.
Surgeon-performed intubation in awake patients utilising an anterior commissure laryngoscope with bougie: a retrospective case series
Authors: Vasan N R , Kosik E , Collins B , Clampitt M
Published: October 2019

Objective

This retrospective case series examined the outcomes of surgeon-performed intubation using the anterior commissure rigid laryngoscope and bougie in adults with a difficult airway, including awake patients.

Methods

This study comprised a series of adult patients who underwent surgeon-performed intubation over a 10-year period. They were identified by a records search for the Current Procedural Terminology (‘CPT’) code 31500 – ‘intubation by surgeon’.

Results

Forty-nine intubations performed in the operating theatre were reviewed. Intubation performed by the surgeon using the rigid anterior commissure laryngoscope was successful in 47 of the cases (96 per cent). Over half of the patients had experienced failed intubation attempts with other methods by other providers prior to the surgeon performing direct laryngoscopy. Twenty intubations were performed without paralytics and with the patient awake.

Conclusion

In properly selected adults who need an urgent, secure airway in the operating theatre, surgeon-performed anterior commissure laryngoscopic intubation using a bougie should be considered a safe, reliable procedure. In most cases, this procedure can be performed in selected patients whilst awake, with sedation.
The 100 most cited manuscripts in head and neck cancer: a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Chu T S M , Kwok H T , Chan J , Tse F Y F
Published: October 2019

Objective

This study aimed to highlight the key studies that have led to the current understanding and treatment of head and neck cancer.

Method

The Thomson Reuters Web of Science database was used to identify relevant manuscripts. The results were ranked according to the number of citations. The 100 most cited papers were analysed.

Results

A total of 63 538 eligible papers were returned. The median number of citations was 626. The most cited paper compared radiotherapy with and without cetuximab (3205 citations). The New England Journal of Medicine had the most citations (23 514), and the USA had the greatest number of publications (n = 66). The most common topics of publication were the treatment (n = 45) and basic science (n = 19) of head and neck cancer, followed by the role of human papillomavirus (n = 16).

Conclusion

This analysis highlighted key articles that influenced head and neck cancer research and treatment. It serves as a guide as to what makes a ‘citable’ paper in this field.
Analyzing input quality along three dimensions: interactive, linguistic, and conceptual
Authors: ROWE Meredith L. , SNOW Catherine E.
Published: October 2019

This paper provides an overview of the features of caregiver input that facilitate language learning across early childhood. We discuss three dimensions of input quality: interactive, linguistic, and conceptual. All three types of input features have been shown to predict children's language learning, though perhaps through somewhat different mechanisms. We argue that input best designed to promote language learning is interactionally supportive, linguistically adapted, and conceptually challenging for the child's age/level. Furthermore, input features interact across dimensions to promote learning. Some but not all qualities of input vary based on parent socioeconomic status, language, or culture, and contexts such as book-reading or pretend play generate uniquely facilitative input features. The review confirms that we know a great deal about the role of input quality in promoting children's development, but that there is much more to learn. Future research should examine input features across the boundaries of the dimensions distinguished here.
Modelling silicosis: The structure of equilibria
Authors: DA COSTA F. P. , DRMOTA M. , GRINFELD M.
Published: October 2019

We analyse the structure of equilibria of a coagulation–fragmentation–death model of silicosis. We present exact multiplicity results in the particular case of piecewise constant coefficients, results on existence and non-existence of equilibria in the general case, as well as precise asymptotics for the infinite series that arise in the case of power law coefficients.
Trajectories of Global Solidarity. Fair Trade Activism Since the 1960s: Introduction
Authors: van Dam Peter , Franc Andrea
Published: October 2019

Activists throughout Western Europe joined Southern actors in demanding a reform of global trade during the 1960s. This forum focuses on the subsequent trajectories of fair trade activism: the initiatives which aimed to achieve equitable economic relations between the South and the North. The evolution of this movement is situated within larger debates about social movements since the 1960s. The forum demonstrates the importance of a transnational perspective, particularly the impact of the global South and European integration. It highlights fair trade's broad constituency and the contested development of its goals and repertoire. The movement's trajectories challenge us to reassess how activists attempted to shape a post-colonial world in which consumption had become a predominant fact of life. Regarding this strand of activism as part of crucial post-war developments provides a fresh perspective on the history of transnational civic activism.
Schema in older adults: does the schema mode model apply?
Authors: Phillips Katelyn , Brockman Robert , Bailey Phoebe E. , Kneebone Ian I.
Published: October 2019

Background:

The relevance of schema theory to psychopathology, in particular personality disorder, in younger adults is established. Investigations into the relevance of schema theory to older adults, however, is highly limited.

Aims:

To consider the relationship of schema modes to psychopathology in older adults and establish whether maladaptive schema modes are associated with unmet needs and that this relationship is mediated by the healthy adult mode of responding in this population.

Method:

One hundred and four older adults were recruited from an established database. Participants completed questionnaires assessing psychopathology, schema modes (YAMI: Young-Atkinson Mode Inventory) and basic psychological needs (BPNS: Basic Psychological Needs Scale – autonomy, competence and relatedness). Ninety-four responses were included after applying exclusion criteria.

Results:

The healthy adult schema mode was found to be associated with reduced psychopathology, and maladaptive child modes (angry and vulnerable child) to increased psychopathology. The healthy adult schema mode mediated the relationship between maladaptive child modes and needs satisfaction.

Conclusions:

As predicted by schema theory, the presence of one of the maladaptive child modes makes it difficult for an older individual to have their needs met, but the presence of healthy adult mode works to support this process.
Introduction: The use of artificial languages in bilingualism research
Authors: Weiss Daniel J.
Published: October 2019

For close to a century, experiments using artificial languages (hereafter ALs) have been a staple of psycholinguistic research (Esper, 1925). Contemporary AL research has spanned numerous levels of linguistic inquiry, from phonetic learning through syntax (see Culbertson & Schuler, 2019). This approach has also been successfully applied across development, from infants and children (see Saffran & Kirkham, 2018) through older adults (e.g., Schwab, Schuler, Stillman, Newport, Howard & Howard, 2016), even spanning cross-species comparisons (e.g., Wilson, Slater, Kikuchi, Milne, Marslen-Wilson, Smith & Petkov, 2013). Given the proliferation of AL methods for investigating issues related to first language acquisition, it is not surprising that research on bilingualism has also embraced this approach. This special themed section comprises four concise review articles describing how AL research has informed questions related to bilingualism and second language learning. The articles also discuss the strengths and limitations of this approach, as well as pointing to future directions for the field.
Diet quality and hearing loss among middle–older aged adults in the USA: findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Huang Qiushi , Jin Yichen , Reed Nicholas S , Ma Yan , Power Melinda C , Talegawkar Sameera A
Published: October 2019

Objective:

To examine the associations between overall diet quality and hearing function among middle–older aged adults in the USA.

Design:

Cross-sectional analysis. Diet quality was examined using the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), using data from a single 24 h dietary recall. Hearing function was objectively measured by audiometry assessments and hearing loss, including high- and low-frequency hearing loss, was defined as pure-tone averages at specific ranges of hearing frequencies >25 dB. Weighted logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations of MDS (scored 0–9, categorized at the median as ≤3 or >3) with hearing loss and high- and low-frequency hearing loss.

Setting:

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2000–2006 and 2009–2012.

Participants:

Adults aged ≥50 years (n 1639) with valid dietary and audiometry assessments.

Results:

After adjusting for potential confounders, a non-significant trend for a protective association of higher MDS was observed for hearing loss (OR = 0·78; 95 % CI 0·49, 1·23). A significant inverse association was observed for high-frequency hearing loss (OR = 0·64; 95 % CI 0·43, 0·95). No association was found for low-frequency hearing loss among women; however, higher MDS was significantly associated with higher odds of low-frequency hearing loss among men (OR = 2·63; 95 % CI 1·39, 4·95).

Conclusions:

Among middle–older aged adults, adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet was inversely associated with hearing loss, including those at high hearing frequencies, among older adults. However, a detrimental association was observed at low hearing frequencies among men. Future investigations with a longitudinal design are needed to clarify the associations between diet quality and hearing loss.
Diet Quality of Farm and Nonfarm Households in the First Half of the Twentieth Century: The Roles of Technological Change and Women’s Work
Authors: Zick Cathleen , Birtulescu Anna
Published: October 2019

In recent decades, dramatic increases in Americans’ obesity rates have led some nutrition activists to call for a return to the dietary norms of earlier times when homemakers spent more time in meal preparation. Using archival data from unique survey records gathered in Upstate New York in 1936 and 1952, we provide descriptive information on the quality of the diets using measures of the variety of foods served and a modified version of U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Healthy Eating Index. Our multivariate analyses focus in on the relationships between diet quality and sociodemographics, homemakers’ time use, and household technology. We conclude that the typical Upstate New York diet of the 1930s was not of high quality, but improvements had occurred by the early 1950s. Our multivariate analyses reveal that access to modern kitchen technology had a strong, positive association with diet quality while homemakers’ time devoted to food-related activities was only weakly linked.
Mandelbrot's Stochastic Time Series Models
Authors: Watkins N. W.
Published: October 2019

I survey and illustrate the main time series models that Mandelbrot introduced into time series analysis in the 1960s and 1970s. I focus particularly on the members of the additive fractional stable family including Lévy flights and fractional Brownian motion (fBm), noting some of the less well‐known aspects of this family, such as the cases when the self‐similarity exponent H and the Hurst exponent J differ. I briefly discuss the role of multiplicative models in modeling the physics of cascades. I then recount the still little‐known story of Mandelbrot's work on fractional renewal models in the late 1960s, explaining how these differ from their more familiar fBm counterpart and form a “missing link” between fBm and the problem of random change points. I conclude by highlighting the frontier problem of damped fractional models.
A Revised Magnesium II Core‐to‐Wing Ratio From SORCE SOLSTICE
Authors: Snow M. , Machol J. , Viereck R. , Woods T. , Weber M. , Woodraska D. , Elliott J.
Published: October 2019

The Magnesium II core‐to‐wing ratio (also known as the Mg II index) is a widely used proxy for ultraviolet solar spectral irradiance variability. We have developed a new algorithm for calculating this index from the SOLar‐STellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) on the SOlar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE). The new method uses weighted sums of the core and wing regions of the spectrum calculated from the daily level three high‐resolution spectrum. We also describe a new method of scaling the results in order to compare to other measurements. This new method scales each data set to a standard spectral resolution rather than scaling to other data sets during periods of overlapping measurements. Finally, we quantify the effect of long‐term instrument degradation on the Mg II index. In the case of SORCE SOLSTICE, using uncorrected data would produce an error of less than 0.6% of the solar cycle amplitude over a decade.
Explicit Aerosol Correction of OMI Formaldehyde Retrievals
Authors: Jung Yeonjin , González Abad Gonzalo , Nowlan Caroline R. , Chance Kelly , Liu Xiong , Torres Omar , Ahn Changwoo
Published: October 2019

Atmospheric aerosols are significant sources of uncertainty in air mass factor (AMF) calculations for trace gas retrievals using ultraviolet measurements from space. Current trace gas retrievals typically do not consider aerosols explicitly as cloud products partially account for aerosol effects. Here, we propose a new measurement‐based approach to correct for aerosols explicitly in the AMF calculation, apply it to Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) formaldehyde (HCHO) retrievals and quantify the aerosol‐induced HCHO vertical column density difference for three aerosol types (smoke, dust, and sulfate) during 2006–2007. We use OMI aerosol retrievals for aerosol optical properties and vertical profiles to construct lookup tables of scattering weights as functions of geometry, surface pressure, surface albedo, and aerosol information. The average difference between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration operational OMI HCHO product (not considering aerosols) and the results obtained in this study on a global scale are 27%, 6%, and −0.3% for smoke, dust, and sulfate aerosols, respectively. The region with the largest aerosol effects is East China, where the explicit smoke aerosol correction enhances mean HCHO vertical column densities by 35%, with corrections to individual observations sometimes larger than 100%. The quantified aerosol effects are applicable under clear‐sky conditions. This study highlights the need to implement aerosol corrections in the AMF calculation for HCHO retrievals. This is particularly relevant in regions with high levels of pollution where aerosols interfere the most with formaldehyde satellite observations.
Sensitivity of Regulated Streamflow Regimes to Interannual Climate Variability
Authors: Ferrazzi Marta , Vivian Roberto , Botter Gianluca
Published: October 2019

The simultaneous growth in climate‐driven alterations of the hydrologic cycle and global freshwater demand threatens the security of anthropogenic and ecologic uses of streamflows. However, the impact of damming on the response of river regimes to long‐term climate variability has not been fully disclosed yet. Here, this issue is assessed by investigating temporal patterns in the occurrence probability of different flow ranges upstream and downstream of a selection of dams in the Central‐Eastern United States. We found that long‐term fluctuations of low flows are propagated unaltered from unregulated to regulated regimes. In the majority of cases, the same applies to the entire spectrum of streamflows, although discharge interannual variability is significantly amplified by large multipurpose structures. Water supply dams instead smooth long‐term streamflow fluctuations, though at the cost of systematically filtering out medium‐to‐high discharges. Accordingly, in Central‐Eastern United States, dams are unable to mitigate the sensitivity of flow regimes to long‐term hydroclimatic fluctuations and, thus, do not support the security of anthropogenic and ecologic uses of regulated streamflows.
Fracture and Weakening of Jammed Subduction Shear Zones, Leading to the Generation of Slow Slip Events
Authors: Beall Adam , Fagereng Åke , Ellis Susan
Published: October 2019

Geodetic data have revealed that parts of subduction interfaces creep steadily or transiently. Transient slow slip events (SSEs) are typically interpreted as aseismic frictional sliding. However, SSEs may also occur via mixed viscobrittle deformation, as observed in shear zones containing mixtures (mélange) of strong fractured clasts embedded in a weak viscobrittle matrix. We test the hypothesis that creep in a subduction mélange occurs through distributed matrix deformation, where flow is intermittently impeded by load‐bearing clast networks (jamming). Our numerical models demonstrate that bulk mélange rheology can be dominated by the strong clasts in the absence of fracturing, while at high driving stresses or low frictional strength, clast fracturing redistributes deformation into the matrix, leading to high bulk strain rates. Because mélange stress is heterogeneous, fracturing of clasts occurs throughout jammed mélange when the driving stresses are only ∼20% of the clast yield strength. The effective rheology of jammed mélange can be characterized by a logarithmic dependence of stress on strain rate, which is used to explore strain rate transients caused by temporal variation in clast friction. Clasts must weaken significantly (∼75%) in order to increase strain rate by 8 times. Spring‐block slider models with a more idealized viscobrittle rheology also demonstrate that strain rate transients can be generated when rate‐and‐state friction is incorporated. We outline a model where high bulk strain rates are generated when pervasive fracturing occurs, but further slip is limited by viscous processes. Incorporating such viscous damping into models may widen the conditions under which SSEs can occur while preventing development of seismic slip.
Low‐Pressure EUV Photochemical Experiments: Insight on the Ion Chemistry Occurring in Titan's Atmosphere
Authors: Bourgalais J. , Carrasco N. , Vettier L. , Pernot P.
Published: October 2019

Thanks to the Cassini spacecraft onboard instruments, it has been known that Titan's ionospheric chemistry is complex and the molecular growth is initiated through the photolysis of the most abundant species directly in the upper atmosphere. Among the pool of chemical compounds formed by the photolysis, N‐bearing species are involved in the haze formation, but the chemical incorporation pathways need to be better constrained. In this work, we performed low‐pressure extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photochemical laboratory experiments. The APSIS reactor was filled with a N2/CH4 (90/10%) gas mixture relevant to the upper atmosphere of Titan. The cell was irradiated by using a EUV photon source at 73.6 nm, which has been difficult to produce in the laboratory for previous studies. The photoproducts (both neutral and ionic species) were monitored in situ with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The chemical pathways are explained by confronting experimental observations and numerical predictions of the photoproducts. The most interesting result in this work is that methanimine was the only stable N‐bearing neutral molecule detected during the experiments, and it relies on N
production. This experimental result is in agreement with the relatively high abundance predicted by 1‐D photochemical models of Titan's atmosphere and comforts methanimine as an intermediate toward the formation of complex N‐bearing organic molecules. This experiment is only testing one part of the overall chemical scheme for Titan's upper atmosphere due to the selective wavelength but demonstrates the capability to probe the chemical pathways occurring in Titan's atmosphere by minimizing bias coming from wall surface reactions.
Two‐Dimensional Spectra of Radar Returns from Sea: 1. Theoretical and Numerical Study of the Group Line
Authors: Platzer F. , Saillard M. , Fabbro V.
Published: October 2019

The work presented here aims at interpreting the pattern observed at low frequencies in wavenumber‐frequency (k,ω) representations (dispersion diagrams) of radar returns from sea surface. This pattern is sometimes referred to as the “group line” in the literature and is supposed to result from the nonlinear behavior of the signal with respect to surface profile. To confirm this assumption, we have calculated the patterns generated by various nonlinear terms of second order in sea surface height. It is shown that the resolution in frequency of most data is not sufficient to allow for an accurate representation of the group line through an FFT. A methodology is proposed to define an average slope of the group line, which can be interpreted in terms of velocity.
Two‐Dimensional Spectra of Radar Returns From Sea: 2. Analysis of the Group Line From Experimental Data
Authors: Platzer F. , Saillard M. , Fabbro V.
Published: October 2019

Wavenumber‐frequency spectra are obtained by performing a two‐dimensional Fourier transform of range‐time normalized radar cross‐section (NRCS) or Doppler velocity maps. In such diagrams, some energy is present at low space‐time frequencies, resulting from the nonlinear behavior of the measured quantity related to the sea surface geometry. This feature is called the group line, since for a narrow‐band wave packet the energy is concentrated along a straight line with group velocity as slope. Which physical nonlinear process generates the group line remains an open question. Breaking waves have been proposed as the most probable contributor. However, numerical simulations from weakly nonlinear surfaces without breaking events and experiments performed at low winds also provide such feature. In a companion paper, a theoretical and numerical analysis has permitted to predict the energy distribution of the group line depending on the kind of nonlinearity. It provides some means to characterize a group line in a rigorous way. In this paper, it is used to analyze the group lines derived from the experimental MARLENE data. The group lines computed from the backscattering amplitude behave as the one of the square of sea surface slopes. The analysis of the Doppler velocities provides similar results, which significantly differ from what is expected if breaking waves are the main contributors and do break at velocities reported in the literature. Our results suggest that the group line mainly reflects the asymptotic behavior of the scattering amplitude at grazing incidence, of which the leading nonlinear term is proportional to the square of surface slope.
The Fraction of Broken Waves in Natural Surf Zones
Authors: Stringari C. E. , Power H. E.
Published: October 2019

This paper presents a novel quantification of the fraction of broken waves (Qb) in natural surf zones using data from seven microtidal, wave‐dominated, sandy Australian beaches.Qbis a critical, but rarely quantified, parameter for parametric surf zone energy dissipation models, which are commonly used as coastal management tools. Here,Qbis quantified using a combination of remote sensing and in situ data. These data and machine learning techniques enable quantification ofQbfor a substantial data set (>330,000 waves). The results show thatQbis a highly variable parameter with a high degree of interbeach and intrabeach variability. Such variability could be correlated to environmental parameters: tidal variations correlated with changes inQbof up to 70% for a given local water depth (h) on a low tide terrace beach, and increased infragravity relative to sea‐swell energy correlated to lower values ofQbat the surf‐swash boundary.Qbalso correlates well with the Australian beach morphodynamic model: For more dissipative beachesQbincreases rapidly in the outer surf zone, whereas for more reflective beachesQbincreases slowly throughout the surf zone. Finally, when comparing data to existing models, three commonly used theoretical formulations forQbare observed to be poor predictors with errors of the order of 40%. Existing theoreticalQbmodels are shown to improve (revised errors of the order of 10%) if the Rayleigh probability distribution that describes the wave height is in these models is replaced by the Weibull distribution.
A Systematic Analysis of the Salinity Effect on Air Bubbles Evolution: Laboratory Experiments in a Breaking Wave Analog
Authors: Harb Charbel , Foroutan Hosein
Published: October 2019

The evolution of air bubbles after breaking waves plays an important role in gas and particle exchange between water bodies and the atmosphere. To improve our understanding of the impacts of salinity on this process, we systematically investigate the effect of salt concentrations ranging from 0 to 40 g/kg on the volume and size distributions of subsurface bubble plumes and surface foams in a laboratory breaking wave analog. Our experimental setup utilizes an intermittent plunging sheet to simulate breaking waves, while two synchronized digital cameras were used to monitor the temporal evolution of bubble plumes and surface foams. We first highlight the importance of plunging sheet intermittency on surface foam evolution. We then show that increasing salinity enhances the entrainment of submillimeter bubbles but has a less significant effect on larger supramillimeter bubbles. We observed that the foam area in saltier waters is consistently higher than that in freshwater throughout the foam decay phase. Furthermore, our investigation of surface bubble sizes shows that salinity has a more distinct effect on smaller (sub 2 mm) than on larger bubbles. This suggests that salinity may have a more pronounced impact on jet than on film drops ejection mechanisms. Finally, we conclude that the change in salinity within the typical oceanographic range is likely not a major factor for bubble‐mediated interactions at the water surface during breaking waves. However, even low‐salt concentrations greatly alter air entrainment characteristics in freshwater systems.