bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasticity in language cortex and white matter tracts after resection of dominant inferior parietal lobule arteriovenous malformations: a combined fMRI and DTI study
Authors: Jiao Yuming , Lin Fuxin , Wu Jun , Li Hao , Fu Weilun , Huo Ran , Cao Yong , Wang Shuo , Zhao Jizong
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVE

The dominant inferior parietal lobe (IPL) contains cortical and subcortical structures that serve language processing. A high incidence of postoperative short-term aphasia and good potential for language reorganization have been observed. The authors’ goal was to study the plasticity of the language cortex and language-related fibers in patients with brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs) located in the IPL.

METHODS

A total of 6 patients who underwent microsurgical treatment of an IPL BAVM were prospectively recruited between September 2016 and May 2018. Blood oxygen level–dependent functional MRI (BOLD-fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were performed within 1 week before and 6 months after microsurgery. Language-related white matter (WM) eloquent fiber tracts and their contralateral homologous fiber tracts were tracked. The Western Aphasia Battery was administered to assess language function. The authors determined the total number of fibers and mean fractional anisotropy (FA) indices for each individual tract. In addition, they calculated the laterality index (LI) between the activated language cortex voxels in the lesional and contralesional hemispheres and compared these indices between the preoperative and postoperative fMR and DT images.

RESULTS

Of the 6 patients with IPL BAVMs, all experienced postoperative short-term language deficits, and 5 (83.3%) recovered completely at 6 months after surgery. Five patients (83.3%) had right homologous reorganization of BOLD signal activations in both Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas. More fibers were observed in the arcuate fasciculus (AF) in the lesional hemisphere than in the contralesional hemisphere (1905 vs 254 fibers, p = 0.035). Six months after surgery, a significantly increased number of fibers was seen in the right hemispheric AF (249 fibers preoperatively vs 485 postoperatively, p = 0.026). There were significantly more nerve fibers in the postoperative left inferior frontooccipital fasciculus (IFOF) (874 fibers preoperatively vs 1186 postoperatively, p = 0.010). A statistically significant increase in right hemispheric dominance of Wernicke’s area was observed. The overall functional LI showed functional lateralization of Wernicke’s area in the right hemisphere (LI ≤ −0.20) in all patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors’ findings provide evidence for the functional reorganization by recruiting the right hemispheric homologous region of Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, right hemispheric AFs, and left hemispheric IFOFs following resection of IPL BAVMs.

Clinical trial registration no.: NCT02868008 (clinicaltrials.gov)
Effects of case volume and comprehensive stroke center capabilities on patient outcomes of clipping and coiling for subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Kurogi Ryota , Kada Akiko , Ogasawara Kuniaki , Kitazono Takanari , Sakai Nobuyuki , Hashimoto Yoichiro , Shiokawa Yoshiaki , Miyachi Shigeru , Matsumaru Yuji , Iwama Toru , Tominaga Teiji , Onozuka Daisuke , Nishimura Ataru , Arimura Koichi , Kurogi Ai , Ren Nice , Hagihara Akihito , Nakaoku Yuriko , Arai Hajime , Miyamoto Susumu , Nishimura Kunihiro , Iihara Koji
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVE

Improved outcomes in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) treated at high-volume centers have been reported. The authors sought to examine whether hospital case volume and comprehensive stroke center (CSC) capabilities affect outcomes in patients treated with clipping or coiling for SAH.

METHODS

The authors conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study in 27,490 SAH patients who underwent clipping or coiling in 621 institutions between 2010 and 2015 and whose data were collected from the Japanese nationwide J-ASPECT Diagnosis Procedure Combination database. The CSC capabilities of each hospital were assessed by use of a validated scoring system based on answers to a previously reported 25-item questionnaire (CSC score 1–25 points). Hospitals were classified into quartiles based on CSC scores and case volumes of clipping or coiling for SAH.

RESULTS

Overall, the absolute risk reductions associated with high versus low case volumes and high versus low CSC scores were relatively small. Nevertheless, in patients who underwent clipping, a high case volume (> 14 cases/yr) was significantly associated with reduced in-hospital mortality (Q1 as control, Q4 OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.55–0.90) but not with short-term poor outcome. In patients who underwent coiling, a high case volume (> 9 cases/yr) was associated with reduced in-hospital mortality (Q4 OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.53–0.90) and short-term poor outcomes (Q3 [> 5 cases/yr] OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.59–0.96 vs Q4 OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.51–0.82). A high CSC score (> 19 points) was significantly associated with reduced in-hospital mortality for clipping (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.54–0.86) but not coiling treatment. There was no association between CSC capabilities and short-term poor outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

The effects of case volume and CSC capabilities on in-hospital mortality and short-term functional outcomes in SAH patients differed between patients undergoing clipping and those undergoing coiling. In the modern endovascular era, better outcomes of clipping may be achieved in facilities with high CSC capabilities.
Natural history of brainstem cavernous malformations: prospective hemorrhage rate and adverse factors in a consecutive prospective cohort
Authors: Li Da , Wu Ze-Yu , Liu Pan-Pan , Ma Jun-Peng , Huo Xu-Lei , Wang Liang , Zhang Li-Wei , Wu Zhen , Zhang Jun-Ting
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVE

Given the paucity of data on the natural history of brainstem cavernous malformations (CMs), the authors aimed to evaluate the annual hemorrhage rate and hemorrhagic risk of brainstem CMs.

METHODS

Nine hundred seventy-nine patients diagnosed with brainstem CMs were referred to Beijing Tiantan Hospital from 2006 to 2015; 224 patients were excluded according to exclusion criteria, and 47 patients were lost to follow-up. Thus, this prospective observational cohort included 708 cases (324 females). All patients were registered, clinical data were recorded, and follow-up was completed.

RESULTS

Six hundred ninety (97.5%) of the 708 patients had a prior hemorrhage, 514 (72.6%) had hemorrhagic presentation, and developmental venous anomaly (DVA) was observed in 241 cases (34.0%). Two hundred thirty-seven prospective hemorrhages occurred in 175 patients (24.7%) during 3400.2 total patient-years, yielding a prospective annual hemorrhage rate of 7.0% (95% CI 6.2%–7.9%), which decreased to 4.7% after the 1st year. Multivariate Cox regression analysis after adjusting for sex and age identified hemorrhagic presentation (HR 1.574, p = 0.022), DVA (HR 1.678, p = 0.001), mRS score ≥ 2 on admission (HR 1.379, p = 0.044), lesion size > 1.5 cm (HR 1.458, p = 0.026), crossing the axial midpoint (HR 1.446, p = 0.029), and superficially seated location (HR 1.307, p = 0.025) as independent adverse factors for prospective hemorrhage, but history of prior hemorrhage was not significant. The annual hemorrhage rates were 8.3% and 4.3% in patients with and without hemorrhagic presentation, respectively; the rate was 9.9%, 6.0%, and 1.0% in patients with ≥ 2, only 1, and 0 prior hemorrhages, respectively; and the rate was 9.2% in patients with both hemorrhagic presentation and focal neurological deficit on admission.

CONCLUSIONS

The study reported an annual hemorrhage rate of 7.0% exclusively for brainstem CMs, which significantly increased if patients presented with both hemorrhagic presentation and focal neurological deficit (9.2%), or any other risk factor. Patients with a risk factor for hemorrhage needed close follow-up regardless of the number of prior hemorrhages. It should be noted that the referral bias in this study could have overestimated the annual hemorrhage rate. This study improved the understanding of the natural history of brainstem CMs, and the results are important for helping patients and physicians choose a suitable treatment option based on the risk factors and stratified annual rates.

Clinical trial registration no.: ChiCTR-POC-17011575 (http://www.chictr.org.cn/).
Endoscopic versus nonendoscopic surgery for resection of pituitary adenomas: a national database study
Authors: Goshtasbi Khodayar , Lehrich Brandon M. , Abouzari Mehdi , Abiri Arash , Birkenbeuel Jack , Lan Ming-Ying , Wang Wei-Hsin , Cadena Gilbert , Hsu Frank P. K. , Kuan Edward C.
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVE

For symptomatic nonsecreting pituitary adenomas (PAs), resection remains a critical option for treatment. In this study, the authors used a large-population national database to compare endoscopic surgery (ES) to nonendoscopic surgery (NES) for the surgical management of PA.

METHODS

The National Cancer Database was queried for all patients diagnosed with histologically confirmed PA who underwent resection between 2010 and 2016 in which the surgical approach was specified. Due to database limitations, microsurgery and craniotomy were both categorized as NES.

RESULTS

Of 30,488 identified patients, 16,373 (53.7%) underwent ES and 14,115 (46.3%) underwent NES. There was a significant increase in the use of ES over time (OR 1.16, p < 0.01). Furthermore, there was a significant temporal increase in ES approach for tumors ≥ 2 cm (OR 1.17, p < 0.01). Compared to NES, patients who underwent ES were younger (p = 0.01), were treated at academic centers (p < 0.01), lived a greater distance from their treatment site (p < 0.01), had smaller tumors (p < 0.01), had greater medical comorbidity burden (p = 0.04), had private insurance (p < 0.01), and had a higher household income (p < 0.01). After propensity score matching to control for age, tumor size, Charlson/Deyo score, and type of treatment center, patients who underwent ES had a shorter length of hospital stay (LOS) (3.9 ± 4.9 days vs 4.3 ± 5.4 days, p < 0.01), although rates of gross-total resection (GTR; p = 0.34), adjuvant radiotherapy (p = 0.41), and 90-day mortality (p = 0.45) were similar. On multivariate logistic regression, African American race (OR 0.85, p < 0.01) and tumor size ≥ 2 cm (OR 0.89, p = 0.01) were negative predictors of receiving ES, whereas diagnosis in more recent years (OR 1.16, p < 0.01), greater Charlson/Deyo score (OR 1.10, p = 0.01), receiving treatment at an academic institution (OR 1.67, p < 0.01) or at a treatment site ≥ 20 miles away (OR 1.17, p < 0.01), having private insurance (OR 1.09, p = 0.01), and having a higher household income (OR 1.11, p = 0.01) were predictive of receiving ES. Compared to the ES cohort, patients who started with ES and converted to NES (n = 293) had a higher ratio of nonwhite race (p < 0.01), uninsured insurance status (p < 0.01), longer LOS (p < 0.01), and higher rates of GTR (p = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

There is an increasing trend toward ES for PA resection including its use for larger tumors. Although ES may result in shorter LOS compared to NES, rates of GTR, need for adjuvant therapy, and short-term mortality may be similar. Factors such as tumor size, insurance status, facility type, income, race, and existing comorbidities may predict receiving ES.
Features of Forming the Image of the Art and Graphic Faculty of Moscow Pedagogical State University
Authors: Zubrilin K.M.
Published: March 2020

The article considers the features of forming the image of the Art and graphic faculty of Moscow Pedagogical State University. The relevance of the topic lies in its insufficient study meanwhile, a positive image plays an important role in choosing the educational organization of the target audience. The main goal of the article is to identify and analyze the features of the image formation of the art and graphic faculty of Moscow Pedagogical State University. It is noted that the image of the faculty consists of the following factors: the history and traditions of the faculty, the potential of the faculty, the prospects and continuity of education, the employment of graduates, social factors, business communications and advertising, the possibility of academic mobility, the possibility of preparation for admission to professional communities the possibility of foreign internships and practices, the possibility for obtaining two diplomas of higher education. The author comes to the conclusion that the positive image of the art and graphic faculty plays a huge role for the target audience in choosing an educational institution. Its formation requires a certain amount of time and financial costs, as well as constant support and adjustment taking into account the challenges of the time.
Teaching Foreign Students Options of Russian Personal Names
Authors: Ruzhitsky I.V. , Martynenko Yu.B.
Published: March 2020

The article considers the problem of teaching foreign students to understand and correctly use variants of Russian personal names. The abundance of formative means of the Russian nominal system and great number of options cause difficulties for foreigners in the study of anthroponyms; misunderstanding of even one form of the Russian name can lead to disruption of communication. That is why the appropriate word-forming paradigms must be implemented into the educational process. Knowing the variants of Russian names and all their forms and usage, being aware of the cultural nature and functioning of anthroponyms in the lively speech of native speakers will allow to overcome communicative discomfort and successfully implement their pragmatic attitudes.
The Relevance of Using Audiovisual Teaching Aids in Russian Language Classes for Foreign Students of Engineering and Technical Profile
Authors: Chechik I.V.
Published: March 2020

The article is devoted to one of the most actual problem of modern linguodidactics namely finding ways to optimize the process of teaching Russian as a Foreign Language in the context of job-oriented training. In the order to justify the relevance of using audio-visual aids at the lessons of Russian as a Foreign Language for engineering and technical profile students the author analyzes the methodological potential of audio-visual aids and describes some teaching techniques to facilitate listening comprehension of authentic audio-visual texts, for example effective listening strategies and textmapping. The concept of authenticity of audio-visual aids as a very important criterion for educational purposes is substantiated in the article. Taking into account the modern teachers experience the author emphasizes the importance of the cross-cultural value of audio-visual training materials for building cross-cultural competence as one of the most important characteristic of successful engineers and technicians. The article concluded that using modern authentic and original audio-visual aids in the process of studying Russian as a foreign language based on the principle of clarity, the principle of interconnected learning to types of speech activity, the principle of authenticity, the principle of interactivity, communicative and professional competence, is an effective way to constitute communicative and professional competence of foreign engineering and technical profile students.
Features of the Embodiment of the Image of the Enemy in the Game Cinema of Modern Russia
Authors: Artamonov G.A. , Orlova A.S.
Published: March 2020

The article deals with the analysis of game films and TV series about local conflicts near the borders of Russia during the last 20 years, in the context of the transformation of the image of the enemy. If in the 2000s, due to the release of a large number of films about the situation in Chechnya, along with Chechen militants, the source of the threat were Islamists, leaders of international terrorism, in the last decade in Russian cinema, the tendency to show the action of the United States and NATO as aggressive, using the methods of information warfare. «Internal enemies», embodied in films about the Chechen conflict, in the 2010 are shown on screens less often, which indicates the desire to show the Russian society as a consolidated one. It is emphasized that the actions of the Russian leadership in the 1990s are opposed to the course adopted with the coming to power of the new President.
Axiological Aspects of Training a Foreign Language Teacher for Secondary Schools
Authors: Milovanova L.A.
Published: March 2020

This article deals with the axiological aspects of training a foreign language teacher for secondary schools. The characteristic features of the profile and profile-oriented teaching students a foreign language are analyzed and the stages of teacher training for this educational process are determined. The author proposes a nomenclature of axiological strategies that contribute to the creation of sustainable motivations of students to master the moral value system. The necessity of creating a specially organized didactic instrument, which represents three types of personality-developing situations, is identified and justified. The idea is also justified that the leading component of the content of such a situation is an axiogenic situation, which counts for particular importance to settle the issue of the value and motivation aspects of training future foreign language teachers.
Key Competences of Foreign Language Teachers in 21st Century
Authors: Gorobinskaya N.V.
Published: March 2020

The article aims at exploring key competences of a foreign language teacher in the 21st century influenced by modern tendencies in education and the globalized world. The research findings are based on an in-depth analysis of several Russian and foreign approaches to teaching quality assessment as well as the essays on the topic “Teachers of the Future” written by master program students at Moscow Pedagogical State University in 2019. The author also suggests several teaching methods that are aligned with pedagogical axiology. They will help specialists to comply with modern and future professional requirements.
Ergativity and depth of analysis
Authors: Haspelmath Martin
Published: March 2020

In this paper, I argue that “depth of analysis” does not deserve the prestige that it is sometimes given in general linguistics. While language description should certainly be as detailed as possible, general linguistics must rely on worldwide comparison of languages, and this cannot be based on language-particular analyses. Rigorous quantitative comparison requires uniform measurement, and this implies abstracting away from many language-particular peculiarities. I will illustrate this on the basis of ergative patterns, starting out from I.A. Mel’čuk’s (1981) proposal for Lezgian. This proposal was not successful, but why not? And why is Baker’s (2015) theory of dependent case likewise unsuccessful? By contrast, quantitative worldwide research has found striking similarities of ergative coding patterns, which can be explained by the efficiency theory of asymmetric coding. I will argue that this success is due to a more cautious approach to understanding Human Language, which does not rely on the Mendeleyevian vision for grammar (that all grammars are made from the same innate building blocks).
Planning and customization of introductory L2 phonetic courses on the basis of a numeric scale for assessing non-native speaker mistakes
Authors: Blok Evelina E.
Published: March 2020

Based on an empirical verification of L1–L2 contrastive analysis results, the author designed a methodology and a numeric scale for assessing consonant errors typical of Russian native speakers speaking German. The paper describes how the scale can be used for detecting and ranging main discrepancies between Russian and German consonant systems resulting from different phonological status of phonetic palatalization, aspiration and semi-voicedness.
Sanctions against Russia: Presentation of the first period of the sanctioning process in Russian media
Authors: Pinelli Erica
Published: March 2020

In this paper I analyze how sanctions against Russia are framed in Russian newspapers in the first period after the Ukrainian crisis. The analysis is based on data from the Newspaper subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus, which contains newspaper articles published from February to August 2014. Through concordance analysis of the word sankcii ‘sanctions’, we analyze the representation, also metaphorical, of sanctions in Russian media discourse.
Strophic macrosyntax: Ottava rima, terza rima, sonnet (Russia and Italy)
Authors: Belousova Anastasia S.
Published: March 2020

The article discusses the results obtained with the help of a computer program created for the automatic analysis of strophic syntax. The program was created using Boris Tomashevsky’s method, which is based on the analysis of punctuation at the end of the poetic lines (the strength of the syntactic pause is evaluated depending on the absence or presence of a punctuation sign: a comma, a dash, a semicolon or a full pause / question mark / exclamation mark). The application of this method to different types of poetic texts made it possible to describe general and unique trends, characterizing authors of different national traditions and periods. This result shows the necessity of a macrostudy that would include a larger number of strophic forms, texts and time periods.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE FORMING POSSIBILITY OF ISF PROCESS FOR PVC PLASTIC SHEET
Authors: Nguyen Nang Van , Nguyen Nam Thanh , Le Dien Khanh , Nguyen Binh Thien , Nguyen Tu Minh
Published: March 2020

This article presents an experimental study examining the effects of technologicalparameters to the ISF process on PVC material such as : tool diameter d, tool step depth z, feed rate fand forming temperature T, thereby the determining the limiting value of angular distortion αmax.
CFD STUDY THE IMPACT OF KEY PARAMETERS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SMOKE AND HAZARDS IN THE PREMISES
Authors: Terziev A. , Antonov I. , Nguyen Nam Thanh , Hoang Lien Duc
Published: March 2020

In modern buildings more diverse and new polymeric combustible materials widely used as coverings, beddings, thermal and acoustic insulation, equipment and furniture are applied. Some of these elements are able to release large amounts of smoke and heat in a very short period of time. The building can get extremely dangerous situations in presence of fire. Since the major task of fire protection technique is protecting people from injury, some answers to the following questions are seeks: how smoke will be spread into the room, is there a chance to be taken away without burning spread, which are the general parameters defining distribution of smoke and hazards in the premises and etc. The solution of the problems raised above resorting to mathematical modeling of fires. For this purpose a numerical simulation of such processes are accomplished. Here are presented the results of spreading of smoke and hazards in a room occupied by people as particular attention is paid to a velocity and temperature field distribution. Based on the results of the numerical simulation, a scientific-based prognosis of the hazardous factors was made in order to optimize the work of the fire protection systems (smoke extraction systems, mechanical ventilation) by considering the physical characteristics of the room.
DETERMINING THE STABILITY CONDITIONS OF THE TRACK-DRIVEN VEHICLE WHILE STAIR CLIMBING AND DESCENDING
Authors: Pham Khoi Duc , Thai Ha Thi Thu
Published: March 2020

This article presents the method of determining the stability limit of the vehicle (robots or electric wheelchairs) that use tracks (chain, belt) for climbing and descending stairs. Research method was conducted by modeling vehicle which is working under the influence of some elements such as geometric, mass, velocity, acceleration, friction...Afterthat, we identify some conditions which lead to tipping. Finally, the results of research are constraint equations in order to ensure stable operation of vehicle.
INFLUENCE OF ACCELERATION ON THE CMMS ACCURACY IN FAST MEASURING
Authors: Thai Ha Thi Thu , Pham Thanh Hong
Published: March 2020

This paper presents a theoretic and practical approach to confirm the dynamic errors induced by acceleration on CMMs during fast measuring. To simplify, a physical model, a mathematical model of the bridge component and the prismatic joint that move along X axis of a bridge CMM are presented. The research points out that there is sure to be the dynamic errors when there is acceleration. This has been demonstrated by the simulation of the errors on the tip probe by Matlab sofware and the experimental results are obtained. The dynamic errors will decrease the accuracy of CMMs so it is necessary to make out a compensation software to keep up the the accuracy of the measuring results.
DESIGNING AND FABRICATING A SMALL EDM MACHINE
Authors: Phan Huan Dinh
Published: March 2020

The main content of this paper concentrates on studying of designing and manufacturing a small- size electrical discharge machining (EDM) machine in order to meet the domestic demands in the field of machining the geometrically complex shape machine elements, hard materials or in case of severe requirements of precision, surface roughness. These above cases can not be performed with the traditional machining processes. Based on the results of studying the working principle of the EDM method, the solutions for automatically controlling the tool electrode, all necessary materials available in vietnamese market, an EDM machine is successfully constructed. This machine includes the mechanical part, the electrical components (pulse generator), automatic control mechanism of tool electrode, pump system, filter, lighting, etc The initial machining operations have been also realized to determine some important technological parameters as well as to evaluate the obtained machining quality of this machine.
A SYSTEM FOR MONITORING AND CONTROL THE HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS VIA GSM/GPRS/EGDE NETWORK
Authors: Phan Lam Huynh , Thai Ha Thi Thu
Published: March 2020

This article refers to the supervision and control information and data remotely over the GSM, GPRS, EDGE. The goal of surveillance is to gather meteorological data, to aggregate assessment.
OPTIMIZATION PARAMETERS OF IRRIGATION PROCESS ACCORDING TO THE UNIFORMITY
Authors: Vo Tuyen , Nguyen Nam Thanh , Hoang Lien Duc
Published: March 2020

In order to determine the optimal parameters of irrigation process in order to verify the accuracy of the numerical simulation results of experimental determination of the effective spray during irrigation [2], [6]. This paper will conduct empirical planning, establishing empirical mathematical model to determine the diameter of the nozzle, swirl coefficient and irrigation output according to the uniformity.
Analysis Of Seed and Fertilizer Assistance Programs On Improving Corn Farmers
Authors: Latif Abdul , Mustani Mustani
Published: March 2020

The objectives of this study are: 1) Analyzing the income of corn farmers in Tabongo District. 2) Analyzing seed and corn assistance programs to increase farmers' income in Tabongo sub-district, Gorontalo district. This research will be carried out in Tabongo sub-district in Gorontalo regency with the time the research will begin in December 2018 until February 2019 with a sample of 31 farmers. The results showed that farmers' income on hybrid corn farming in Tabongo District was based on an average of Rp. 7,979,282 while based on the average/Ha of 5,496,839. With the seed and fertilizer assistance program in Tabongo District, it can increase the amount of income generated by farmers and can reduce the amount of costs incurred to buy seeds and fertilizer. Based on the results of calculations that have been done using multiple linear regression analysis obtained that the seed and fertilizer assistance programs simultaneously have a significant effect on increasing the income of corn farmers in Tabongo sub-district. Whereas the farmer assistance program to partially increase the income of corn farmers in Tabongo District, namely the seed and fertilizer variables, has a positive and significant effect on the increase in income of corn farmers in the Tabongo sub-district
УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ОСВІТНЬОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ЗАКЛАДІВ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ В УКРАЇНІ
Authors: Obushnyi Sergiy , Kucherovska Viktoriia
Published: March 2020

У статті розглянуті основні задачі фінансового забезпечення діяльності закладів вищої школи, дана характеристика та аналіз чинної системи, розроблено рекомендації врегулювання рівня фінансового забезпечення окремого закладу вищої освіти та системи вищої освіти в цілому.

При дослідженні виявлено, що сфера діяльності закладів вищої освіти не має можливості розвиватися без належного фінансування і потребує постійних вкладень. Процес реформування системи вищої освіти не є простим, бо не зважаючи на оновлення, нові вимоги та потреби, фінансування залишається достатньо низьким. Через те все більшої актуальності набуває пошук альтернативних джерел фінансування закладів вищої освіти. Вивчення недоліків системи фінансування закладів вищої освіти дає змогу виокремити перелік пропозицій, щодо трансформування фінансового стану.

На основі проаналізованого досвіду закордонних країн, окреслено умови, за яких його можливо імплементувати для українського суспільства; запропоновано ряд заходів для оцінки результативності фінансового механізму закладів вищої освіти; враховуючи порівняльний аналіз та вплив економічних чинників.

Визначено, що задля подолання проблем фінансування освітньої діяльності закладів вищої освіти потрібно реалізувати комплекс заходів, а саме: розробити систему трансформації внутрішніх процесів, внести зміни до законодавчих документів, в тому числі й до порядку фінансування; розробити механізми визначення потреби у певних фахівцях через певні проміжки часу; вдосконалювати та розповсюджувати програми державного кредитування та субсидіювання.

Рух в напрямку сучасних економічних та соціальних зрушень, перехід до інноваційного типу економіки – це стовідсотково правильний шлях для нашої держави. Попри неабиякий тиск на систему вищої освіти та постійні вимоги необхідна концентрація всіх можливих зусиль у напрямку підвищення ефективності діяльності закладів вищої освіти. На державному рівні необхідне створення вимог для здійснення покладених на заклад вищої освіти обов’язків, долаючи тотальну нестачу фінансових ресурсів спрямованих у дану сферу.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ ПІВДЕННОЇ КОРЕЇ ТА КИТАЮ
Authors: Boiko Olena
Published: March 2020

В статті розглянуто особливості розвитку інноваційного середовища економіки національної економіки Південної Кореї та Китаю. Значну увагу приділено розвитку індустріальних комплексів Південної Кореї (мм. Банволь, Кунсан, Кванджу, Кумі, Чханвон, Ульсан, Вонджу). Визначено основні аспекти їх виникнення та фактори, які призвели до трансформації індустріальних комплексів у кластери.

Проаналізовано особливості діяльності кластерів Південної Кореї. Здійснено аналіз інститутів розвитку інновацій, які сприяють функціонуванню кластерів в країні.

Здійснено моніторинг діяльності венчурних підприємств Південної Кореї. Досліджено функції інститутів розвитку інновацій, які забезпечують діяльність венчурних підприємств в Південній Кореї.

Досліджено південно-корейський досвід створення та розвитку бізнес-інкубаторів, технопарків та багатоповерхових комплексів. Визначено проблеми та перспективи подальшого їхнього функціонування.

Визначено специфіку діяльності СЕЗів, розташованих на території Південної Кореї. Визначено особливості їх класифікації та розглянуто умови надання пільг державою для створення і розвитку СЕЗів.

Проаналізовано особливості інституційного забезпечення розвитку інноваційного середовища Південної Кореї.

Здійснено моніторинг функціонування спеціальних економічних зон як складової розвитку інноваційного середовища КНР. Визначено специфіку їхньої діяльності.

Проаналізовано китайський досвід у сфері створення та розвитку кластерів. Виявлено особливості  взаємодії кластерів з Торгово-промисловою палатою, визначено позитивні аспекти та існуючі проблеми взаємозв’язку.

Здійснено аналіз діяльності промислових зон КНР. Розглянуто основні види підтримки, яка надається державою для їхнього розвитку.

Розглянуто діяльність інститутів розвитку інновацій на території КНР, зокрема у частині функціонування спеціальних форм організації інноваційної діяльності. Значну увагу приділено інституційній базі, яка врегульовує питання розвитку спеціальних форм інноваційної діяльності в КНР.

Розроблено пропозиції щодо подальшого українсько-південно-корейсько-китайського співробітництва у сфері створення та розвитку спеціальних форм інноваційної діяльності.
DISCURSO, GÊNERO LITERÁRIO E HISTÓRICO: A PROPÓSITO DO IMPERADOR CLÁUDIO E DE TÁCITO
Authors: Duprat Paulo Pires , Funari Pedro Paulo
Published: March 2020

A solução de qualquer problemática envolve o cruzamento de informações advindas de diversas ciências, embora a especialização crescente das disciplinas acadêmicas tenda a subestimar seu caráter inextricável. Nosso artigo pretende destacar o aspecto inter- e transdisciplinar da pesquisa acadêmica, oferecendo um estudo de caso que relaciona Letras, Estudos Literários, História e Arqueologia. Vamos contrastar um discurso proferido pelo imperador Cláudio no Senado Romano (48 d.C.) com a sua versão transcrita, elaborada por Tácito em “Anais”, perfazendo a tradução integral da inscrição latina sob um viés capaz de transcender as barreiras disciplinares.
Diyabetli Bireylerde Tıbbi Beslenme Tedavisine Uyum Sorunları
Authors: Gökmen Özel Hülya
Published: March 2020

Tıbbi beslenme tedavisine uyum çoğu hastanın uyumluluk, kısmen uyumluluk ve uyumsuzluk arasında yer değiştirdiği dinamik bir süreçtir. Sağlık çalışanları çoğu zaman uyum sözcüğünü kullansalar da, doğru terminoloji hakkında çeşitli tartışmalar mevcuttur. Beslenme tedavisine uyumu tanımlamada üç terim kullanılmaktadır. Beslenme tedavisine uyum (compliance) diyetisyenlerin önerilerine hasta davranışlarının ne ölçüde uyduğudur. Diyetisyenlerin talimatlarına riayet etme veya itaat anlamına gelir. Bu terim içerisinde negatif anlamı barındırmaktadır. Zorlama ve utancı kapsar. Beslenme tedavisine bağlı kalma (adherence), diyeisyenlerin hasta veya ailesi tarafından kabul edilmiş önerilerine hasta davranışlarının ne ölçüde uyduğudur. Beslenme tedavisine bağlılık ve sadakati içerir. Yargısal olmayandır. Beslenme tedavisinde ahenkli çalışma ise (concordance) hastanın inançlarına ve alışkanlıklarına saygı gösterecek şekilde, hasta ve diyetisyen arasındaki uzlaşmadan sonra ulaşılan anlaşma olarak tanımlanmıştır. Diyabette beslenme tedavisine uyumu ölçen tek parametre bulunmamaktadır. Diyabetle yaşayan bireylerin öneri ve tedavilerine ölçümü gösteren tanımlamalara gerek vardır. Beslenme tedavisine uyum konusunda hastalar desteklenmeli suçlanmamalı, sağlık çalışanları da uyumu arttırma konusunda eğitilmelidir.
Beslenme Tedavisinin Glisemik Kontrol, Vücut Ağırlığı Yönetimi ve Kardiyovasküler Hastalık Risk Profiline Etkisi
Authors: Açıkgöz Aylin
Published: March 2020

Diyabet, küresel olarak artan bir prevalansta yaygın görülen kronik bir hastalıktır. Tıbbi beslenme tedavisi diyabetin yönetiminde tamamlayıcı bir role sahiptir ve tanı sonrasında uygun beslenme tedavisi ile izlenen bireylerde metabolik kontrolün sağlanmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Diyabetli bireylerde vücut ağırlığındaki %5-10’luk kaybın glisemik ve metabolik kontrolün iyileştirilmesi için gerçekçi bir hedef olduğu belirtilmektedir. Beslenme önerileri, glisemik kontrolün ve diğer metabolik sonuçların iyileştirilmesi üzerinde olumlu bir etki sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca klinik çalışmalar, beslenme tedavisinin, diyabetin önlenmesinde de etkinliği olduğunu kanıtlarla göstermektedir. Bu derleme yazının amacı, beslenme tedavisinin ve farklı diyet yaklaşımlarının glisemik kontrol, vücut ağırlık yönetimi ve kardiyovasküler hastalık risk profili üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmektir.
Diyabetli Bireyler için Makro Besin Ögeleri Dağılım Oranları Ne Olmalı?
Authors: Yolaçan İşeri Ceren
Published: March 2020

Tıbbi beslenme tedavisi, diyabet yönetiminin temel bileşenlerindendir. Kan glukozunu, kan yağlarını, kan basıncını hedef aralıkta tutmaya yardımcı olur, sağlıklı vücut ağırlığının sürdürülmesini sağlar, diyabete bağlı gelişebilecek akut ve kronik komplikasyon riskini azaltır. Uzun yıllardır diyabet tedavisi için ideal olan makro besin ögeleri oranları sorgulanmakta olup yapılan çalışmalar pek çok farklı beslenme müdahalesinin tedavide etkili olabileceğini göstermektedir. Ancak, bireyler eski beslenme alışkanlıklarına dönme eğiliminde olduklarından, uzun süreli, uygulanabilir bir beslenme modeli oluşturabilmek için, makro besin ögeleri oranına odaklanmaktan vazgeçilmelidir. Tedavi hedefleri bireye özgü değerlendirilmelidir. Diyabetlinin tercihlerine uygun, sürdürebileceği bir tıbbi beslenme tedavi planı oluşturulmalı, kanıta dayalı sınırlandırmalar yapılmalı, fakat yeme zevkinden mahrum edilmemelidir.
Diyabetli Bireylere Hangi Beslenme Modeli Önerilmeli?
Authors: İdiz Cemile
Published: March 2020

Bin dokuz yüzlü yılların özellikle ikinci çeyreğinden itibaren başlayan ve günümüze dek artarak devam eden çalışmalarla “diyabet yönetiminde en etkili beslenme modeli” arayışı sürmektedir. Bu konudaki araştırmalar daha çok “çok düşük kalorili diyetler”, “düşük karbonhidratlı ve düşük yağlı diyetler”, “vejetaryen ya da vegan beslenme”, “DASH beslenme modeli” ve “Akdeniz tipi beslenme modeli” üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu derlemede, bahsi geçen diyet ve beslenme modellerinin diyabet tedavisindeki yerlerinin bilimsel literatür doğrultusunda incelenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Çeşitli kılavuzlarda, Akdeniz, DASH ve bitkisel bazlı diyetlerin, diyabetik bireyler ile ilişkili olumlu sonuçları nedeniyle sağlıklı beslenme modellerine örnek teşkil ettiği vurgulanmaktadır. Düşük karbonhidratlı diyetlerin rolü ise henüz net değildir. Sonuç olarak bireyselleştirilmiş beslenme planı, belirli beslenme modellerinin önerilmesinden ziyade kişisel tercihler, ihtiyaç ve hedefler üzerine odaklanmalıdır.
Yaşlı Diyabetli Bireylerde Beslenme Tedavisi
Authors: Mercanlıgil Meral
Published: March 2020

Dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de yaşlı nüfus artmaktadır. Yaşlı nüfusta diyabet görülme sıklığı yüksektir. Türkiye Diyabet Epidemiyolojisi Çalışması sonuçlarına (TURDEP2) göre 65 yaş üstü diyabetik hastalar tüm diyabetiklerin yaklaşık %40’ını oluşturmaktadır. Diyabetli yaşlı bireylerde, güçsüzlük, hızlanmış kas kaybı, koroner kalp hastalığı, inme ve hipertansiyon gibi eşlik eden hastalıkların varlığı ve erken ölüm oranı, diyabetli olmayanlara göre daha yüksektir. Tedavinin temel taşı hasta veya hasta bakımından sorumlu kişinin eğitimidir. Hastalara öncelikle tıbbi beslenme tedavisi (TBT) ve yaşam tarzı değişiklikleri önerilir. Beslenme tedavisi planlanırken yaşa bağlı oluşan değişiklikler (diş kayıpları, tat ve kokuda değişiklik, gastrointestinal sistem değişikliğine bağlı emilim bozukluğu, çoklu ilaç kullanımı vb.) göz önüne alınmalıdır. Yaşlı diyabetlinin beslenme tedavisinde amaç; akut hiperglisemik komplikasyonların önlenmesi, hipogliseminin önlenmesi, kardiyovasküler komplikasyonlar, nefropati, nöropati gibi kronik komplikasyonların önlenmesi veya geciktirilmesi olmalıdır. Öncelik hipergliseminin semptom ve belirtilerinin ortadan kaldırılması, genel durumu ve bilinç düzeyi iyi olan yaşlıda normal yaşam beklentisinin sağlanmasıdır. Kırılgan yaşlılarda ise amaç akut metabolik komplikasyonları önlemektir. Yaşlı diyabetli bireyin beslenme durumu iyi değerlendirilmelidir. Obezitenin varlığı kadar malnütrisyonun varlığı da yaşlı diyabetli bireylerde sıklıkla görülmektedir. Yaşlı hastanın beslenme durumunu değerlendirmek için besin tüketim kaydı, vücut ağırlık değişimi, antropometrik ölçümler, laboratuvar verileri ve mini nütrisyonel değerlendirme (MNA) önemlidir.
Diyabetli Bireyde Postoperatif Dönemde ve Yoğun Bakımda Beslenme Tedavisinin Yönetimi
Authors: Onar Pelin
Published: March 2020

Diyabet akut ve kronik komplikasyonları olan bir hastalıktır. Toplumda yaygın olarak görülmek ile birlikte, sıklığı gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Vücudun cerrahi operasyonlara verdiği bazı metabolik yanıtlar nedeni ile ameliyat sonrası dönemde, diyabetik hastalarda sıklıkla hiperglisemi görülmektedir. Hipergliseminin ameliyat sonrası dönemde ve kritik hastalarda morbidite ve mortalite ile yakından ilişkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Hiperglisemiye malnütrisyonun eklenmesi ile birlikte morbidite ve mortalite riski daha da artmaktadır Bu nedenle bu hastalara verilecek olan beslenme desteğinin zamanlaması, içeriği, veriliş yolu çok dikkatli bir şekilde belirlenmelidir. Beslenme desteğinin amacı hipo- ve hiperglisemiden kaçınarak, hastanın ihtiyacı olduğu makro- ve mikro besin ögelerini yeterli ve dengeli bir şekilde hastaya vererek, hedeflenen beslenme durumuna ulaşmaktır.
Kronik Böbrek Yetmezliği Gelişen Diyabetli Bireylerde Beslenme Tedavisi
Authors: Türker Perim F.
Published: March 2020

Kronik böbrek yetmezliği (KBY), glomerül filtrasyon hızının (GFH) böbrek fonksiyonlarında tespit edilebilir düzeyde değişikliklere neden olacak kadar, kalıcı bir şekilde azaldığı durum olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu durum genellikle GFH 60 mL/dk/1.73 m2’nın altına indiğinde ortaya çıkar. Son dönem böbrek yetmezliği (SDBY), endojen renal fonksiyonunun irreversibl kaybı ile karakterize ve hayatı tehdit eden üremiden korunmak için hastaya devamlı olarak diyaliz veya transplantasyon gibi renal replasman tedavilerinin uygulandığı klinik tabloyu oluşturur. Diyabetik nefropati, son dönem böbrek yetmezliği nedenleri arasında birinci sırada yer almaktadır. Diyabetik nefropati, idrarla anormal albumin/protein atılımı, giderek azalan renal fonksiyonlara eşlik eden hipertansiyon (HT), GFH devamlı düşme, kardiyovasküler risk faktörlerinin artmasıyla karakterize son dönem böbrek yetmezliği ile sonuçlanan klinik durumdur. Diyabetik nefropatide kan glukozu, kan basıncı, kan lipidlerinin kontrolü ve tıbbi beslenme tedavisi özellikle diyet proteinin kontrolü hastaların yaşam kalitesini arttırmaktadır.
Pre- Probiyotikler ve Diyabet
Authors: Kamarlı Hülya
Published: March 2020

Diabetes Mellitus, son 10 yılda prevalansı dünya çapında ciddi artış gösteren bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Çeşitli nedenlere bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan diyabetin patogenezinde yetersiz fiziksel aktivite ve yanlış beslenme alışkanlıklarını içeren olumsuz yaşam tarzı değişikliklerine bağlı olarak meydana gelen insulin direnci ile genetik faktörlerin önemli rol oynadığı kabul gören yaygın görüşler arasındadır. Ancak son yıllarda çevresel faktörlerin de diyabet patogenezindeki etkisini gösteren kanıtlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu faktörlerden en çok üzerinde durulan ise mikrobiyotadır. Yürütülen çalışmalarla da mikrobiyotadaki değişen bakteri dengesinin; bağırsak geçirgenliğinde artışa, kanda Glukagon Benzeri Peptid-1 ve Glukagon Benzeri Peptid-2’nin azalmasına ve endotoksin artışına neden olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu hormonal değişiklikler ve endotoksemi ise hedef organlarda lipogenez, yağ kütlesi, inflamasyon ve makrofaj inflitrasyonunda artış; insülin duyarlılığı, beta hücre kütlesi ve plazma insülin düzeyinde ise azalmaya neden olarak diyabetin ortaya çıkmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Diyabetin önüne geçebilmek ya da komplikasyonlarının oluşumunu engelleyebilmek için bağırsak mikrobiyotasında meydana gelen değişikliklerin eski haline getirilmesi ise temel amaçtır. Mikrobiyotayı düzenlemek için esas olan beslenmedir ve son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarla prebiyotik ve probiyotik müdahaleleri ile bağırsak florasının eski haline getirilebileceği belirtilmektedir. Prebiyotikler ve probiyotiklerin diyabetik hastalarda inflamasyonu azaltmada, kan lipit profilini optimal seviyelerde tutmada, kilo kontrolünü sağlamada, antioksidan savunmayı düzeltmede, insülin duyarlılığını ve pankreas β-hücre fonksiyonlarını iyileştirerek kan şekeri regülasyonunu sağlamada etkili olduğu gösterilmiştir.
Polifenoller, Mikrobiyota ve Diyabet
Authors: Özsoy Serpil
Published: March 2020

Mikrobiyota; konak üzerinde/içinde yaşayan mikroorganizma topluluğu olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Son yıllarda bağırsak mikrobiyotasının fizyolojik etkileri en çeşitli ve fazla bakteri kolonizasyonuna sahip bölge olması nedeni ile oldukça ilgi görmektedir. Bağırsak mikrobiyotasındaki çeşitlilik ve denge; diyabet ve obezite gibi tüm dünyada epidemi boyutuna ulaşmış hastalıkların patogenizinde yer almaktadır. Doğum şekli, antibiyotik kullanımı, yaşam tarzı ve beslenme alışkanlıkları; mikrobiyota kompozisyonunu etkileyen faktörler arasındadır. Beslenme alışkanlıkları mikrobiyota kompozisyonunu etkileyen en önemli değiştirilebilir risk faktörü beslenme alışkanlıklarıdır. Yüksek posalı, düşük yağlı, Akdeniz tarzı beslenme ve pre- veprobiyotiklerin kullanımı intestinal mikrobiyota sağlığı, çeşitliliği ve dengesi üzerinde olumlu etkiye sahiptir. Kronik hastalıkların prevalansı ve disbiyoz gelişimi ile ters ilişki gösteren Akdeniz diyeti, DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diyeti gibi sağlıklı beslenme modelleri; polifenol içeriği yüksek sebze ve meyve tüketiminin fazla olduğu beslenme modelleridir. Polifenoller vücutta birçok biyolojik faaliyette rol alan biyoaktif besin bileşenleri olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Fenolik yapıdaki bu bileşiklerin %90-95’i kolonik mikrobiyota tarafından metabolize edilerek biyolojik aktif metabolitleri üretilir. Bu metabolitlerin kolonositler ve patojen bakteriler üzerine olan etkileri nedeni ile bağırsak mikrobiyotası ve polifenoller arasında çift yönlü bir ilişki vardır. Ayrıca polifenoller karbonhidratların metabolizması ve insülin sinyalizasyon yolaklarının regülasyonunun sağlanmasında ve antioksidan özellikleriyle β-hücre fonksiyonunun korunmasında etkin rol oynamaktadır. Polifenoller hem mikrobiyota kompozisyonu hem de diyabet patogenezindeki olumlu potansiyel etkileri nedeni ile hastalığın tedavisi ve önlenmesinde birincil, ikincil ve üçüncül koruma düzeyinde tıbbi beslenme tedavisinin önemli bir bileşenidir.
Diyabette Kullanılan Bitkisel Desteklerin Etkinliği ve Güvenilirliği
Authors: Bellikci Koyu Ezgi
Published: March 2020

Bitkiler uzun yüzyıllar boyunca tedavinin en önemli parçası olmuşlardır. On dokuzuncu yüzyılda kimya alanında önemli gelişmelerin olması ve ilaç moleküllerinin keşfi ile bitkilerin tıbbi amaçlı kullanımları giderek azalsa da, son yıllarda doğaya dönüş çabaları içerisinde kullanımlarında yeniden bir artış gözlenmektedir. Özellikle diyabet gibi kronik seyirli hastalıklarda modern tedaviye destek olarak bu ürünlerin kullanımları sıklıkla tercih edilmektedir. Bu ilgiye paralel olarak son yıllarda bitkilerin diyabet tedavisindeki etkisini araştıran klinik çalışmalar da artmaya başlamıştır. Etkinliğin yanı sıra bitkilerin güvenilir kullanımları da son derece önemlidir. Doğru bitkinin kullanımı, kullanılan ürünün bileşimi, kalitesi, hazırlama yöntemi, yan etkileri, ilaç etkileşimleri ve kontraendikasyonları da tedavi sürecini etkileyen ve güvenilir kullanım için göz önünde bulundurulması gereken faktörlerdir. Bu derlemede tarçın (Cinnamomum sp.), çörek otu (Nigella sativa L.), kudret narı (Momordica charantia L.), çemen otu (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), zencefil (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) ve ısırgan otu (Urtica dioica L.) gibi diyabet tedavisinde sıklıkla tercih edilen bitkilerin etkinliği ve güvenilirliği değerlendirilmiştir.
Diyabetli Bireylerle Etkili İletişim için Nasıl Bir Dil Kullanılmalı?
Authors: Uysal Canan , Özer Emel
Published: March 2020

Diyabetli bireyler diyabetli olmayanlara kıyasla duygusal stresi daha fazla deneyimler. Bu stresi oluşturan kaynaklardan birisi de diyabetli ve diyabetli yakınlarına yönelik olarak sözlü veya yazılı iletişimde kullanılan dildir. İletişimin temel aracı olan dilin sözlü ve/veya yazılı iletişimde iyi kullanılması güven oluşturabilir, önerilen tedaviyi uygulama isteğini arttırabilir, öz yönetimi destekleyebilir ve yaşam kalitesini artırabilir. İyi dil kullanımı kaygının azalmasını, güven oluşmasını, kendi kendine diyabet yönetiminin geliştirilmesine yardımcı olur. Damgalayıcı, incitici sözcükler, tanımlamalar klinik sonuçlar ve yaşam kalitesi üzerinde olumsuz etkiye neden olabilir. Bu derleme, diyabet tedavisinde kullanılan sözcüklerin ve yüklediği anlamların tedavi sürecinde diyabetli bireyler üzerindeki etkileri konusunda farkındalık yaratmak, diyabetin konuşulan veya yazılı kelimelerle kullanılan dili için sunulan önerileri paylaşmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.