bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Grain Size on the Isothermal Oxidation of Fe-33Ni-19Cr Alloys at 700 °C
Authors: Parimin Noraziana , Hamzah Esah , Amrin Astuty
Published: December 2013

The isothermal oxidation behavior of two different grain size of Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloys was investigated at 700 °C in laboratory air. Different grain size of alloyed was made of solution annealing treatment at different temperatures, namely, 1050 °C and 1150 °C for fine and coarse grain, respectively. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed in this study to analyze the oxidation behavior of solution-annealed samples. Results indicate that the fine grain size solution-annealed alloys possess a better oxidation resistance and reduced oxidation rate than the coarse grain. The differences observed are attributed to the finer grains increasing the relaxation of the oxide scale stress and improving the adhesion of the oxide layer on the matrix.
Recycler Selection Using Fuzzy AHP by Considering Sustainability
Authors: Khodaei Ghazal , Wong Kuan Yew , Tiwari Manoj Kumar
Published: December 2013

Nowadays, through greater awareness of protecting the environment and sustainable development in organizations, the importance of recycling and returning of used product has increased in supply chain management. Selecting an appropriate recycler is a critical issue in an organization and it needs to trade off between multiple criteria. Selection criteria are related to organizational circumstances and they may be qualitative or quantitative with complexity and uncertainty in their nature. The purpose of this study is to determine the sustainability criteria for recycler selection and to suggest a fuzzy AHP model for choosing the best third party recycler. A comprehensive methodology is illustrated using a case study of a fast food restaurant chain in Malaysia.
Size Optimization Using Normalized Radial Basis Function and Bat Algorithm
Authors: Lemma Tamiru Alemu , Fakhruldin Mohd Hashim
Published: December 2013

This paper is intended to demonstrate the use of normalized radial basis function (NRBF) network and Bat Algorithm (BA) for size optimization of a mechanical part under static loading. The data needed for developing the NRBF model is generated simulating a parameterized CAD model in ANSYS Workbench 14.5. Plausible input data for the CAD model is created using Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) method. A torque arm is considered to proof the concept. The comparison between the result obtained from the proposed method and the solution from ANSYS Workbench itself shows that, the NRBF-BA model is indeed effective in providing a reasonable solution for a moderately complex problem.
A Survey on Lean Manufacturing Tools Implementation in Malaysian Food and Beverages Industry Using Rasch Model
Authors: Khusaini Nurul Syuhadah , Jaffar Ahmed , Noriah Yusoff
Published: December 2013

This paper offers a preliminary study on Lean Tools (LT) implementation in Malaysian Food and Beverages Industry. A survey was carried out to determine the most common LT that are currently being implemented in this industry. Out of 1309, a total of 300 organizations have been randomly selected as respondents. The results were analyzed using Rasch Model, and the findings show that the organizations apply only six out of eighteen LT. From the variable map, Kaizen is the most preferable LT, while Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) is the least favorable LT. LT such as Just-In-Time (JIT), Value Stream Mapping (VSM) and Poka Yoke is still unfamiliar in current practice in this industry. This shows that, even though the organizations claim that they are Lean Manufacturing (LM) implementers, they are still at the infancy level. Finally, this is perhaps the first attempt in identifying the extent of LT implementation in Malaysian Food and Beverages Industry using Rasch Model.
Discovering Barriers of Lean Manufacturing System Implementation in Malaysian Automotive Industry
Authors: Roslin Eida Nadirah , Shamsuddin Ahmed , Dawal Siti Zawiah Md.
Published: December 2013

Lean manufacturing strategy (LMS) is an acknowledged system that has the capability to realign and effectively focus operational objectives towards achieving higher profitability through improvements by eliminating unneeded or wasteful factors of manufacturing. Implementations of lean within the automotive industry in Malaysia is not far-reaching as expected and is currently being adopted as a pick-and choose system and only applied in certain stages rather than a total systems approach. Thus, not enabling these organizations to fully explore and exploit the systems effectiveness. Even the effective implementation of a single lean tool such as just-in-time can result in significant performance improvements for a firm in question, taking LMS as a total approach reinforces its multiple tools together and the joint value of these complementary LMS tools are significantly greater than the sum of their individual values. Pertinent to this inability to be effective, is the discovery of barriers hindering full adoption of the LMS, this paper attempts to mention and discuss to some extent two of the most crucial elements that persists in its implementation.
Influence of Heat Treatment Cooling Mediums on the Degradation Property of Biodegradable Zn-3Mg Alloy
Authors: Dambatta M.S. , Izman S. , Hermawan Hendra , Kurniawan Denni
Published: December 2013

Recently, Zn-based alloys were introduced as alternative biodegradable metals to the well-studied Mg and Fe based alloys for temporary implants. In this work, Zn-3Mg alloy was developed using a conventional casting method followed by heat treatment with different cooling media. As-cast samples were heat treated at 370 oC for 10 hours then cooled in open air, water bath and inside furnace environments. The microstructure of as-cast alloy was characterized under optical microscope and phase analysis was evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Potentiodynamic polarization tests were carried out on the heat treated samples for evaluating the degradation rate. It was observed that as-cast Zn-3Mg alloy consists of star-like-shape of primary Zn-rich dendrites which are segregated in the eutectic mixture of Mg2Zn11 phase. The segregation of these dendrites has been significantly reduced under water bath cooled treatment as compared to open air and inside furnace cooling. It is also found that the microstructure of the water cooled samples is more homogenous with less porosity than the as-cast, air or furnace cooled samples. The water cooled sample exhibits better degradation resistance for at least 2 folds than other treatments.
Effects of On-Time on Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Pulse-Micro-Arc Oxidation Coatings Formed on Titanium Alloy
Authors: Chen Yen Shou , Tsai Yao Yang
Published: December 2013

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has widely been applied in various fields of industry and technology. To improve the corrosion resistance of TiO2, many manufacturing processes have been researched. MAO is a new method of the TiO2 manufacturing process, of which titanium dioxide is coated on titanium substrate. According to electrochemistry researches, there is a more superior level for Pulse-MAO than traditional MAO. Parameters of on-time were significant in the Pulse-MAO process. The results show that on-time affects reactant shape, morphologies, thickness of films, and corrosion resistance. When on-time increased, the size of reactants was bigger and the shape of reactants was changed from sphere to lump. Meanwhile, the corrosion resistance and thickness of the film increased.
Texture Feature Analysis of Milled Components Using Vision System
Authors: Shivanna D.M. , Kavitha S.D. , Kiran M.B.
Published: December 2013

Surface texture assessment is very useful in predicting the functional behaviour of engineering components. Surface texture is composed of three elements-roughness, waviness and form Error. The proposed method analyzes surface texture in two ways-Subjective analysis and Objective analysis. Subjective analysis makes use of histogram and texture spectrum whereas objective analysis uses Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) based standard texture descriptors. Different milled surfaces having different textures are prepared by varying the machining parameters. The proposed method is non-contact in nature and high measuring speeds are possible. The method provides a complete texture description for a given surface.
Effect of Solder Volume on Interfacial Reaction between SAC405 Solders and EN(B)EPIG Surface Finish
Authors: Azlina Saliza , Ourdjini Ali , Amrin Astuty , Siti Rabiatull Aisha Idris
Published: December 2013

The electronic packaging industry is now being driven towards smaller, lighter, and thinner electronic products but with higher performance and more functions. Thus, smaller solder ball sizes are needed for fine solder joint interconnections to fulfill these requirements. This study investigates the interfacial reactions during reflow soldering and isothermal aging between Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC405) and electroless nickel (boron)/ immersion palladium/immersion gold (EN(B)EPIG). Reliability of solder joint has also been investigated by performing solid state isothermal aging at 125 °C for up to 2000 hours. The results revealed that after reflow soldering, (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 IMC is formed between solder and substrate while after aging treatment another IMC was found between (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 and substrate known as (Ni, Cu)3Sn4. Aging time of solder joints resulted in an increase in IMC thickness and a change in morphology into more spherical, dense and with larger grain size. By using optical microscope, the average thickness of the intermetallics was measured and it found that the larger solder balls produced thicker IMC than the smaller solder balls during reflow soldering. However, after aging the smaller solders produced thicker IMC than the larger solders.
Comparative Analysis on Wiper and Standard Tools in Dry Finish Turning of Martensitic Stainless Steel AISI 420
Authors: Rosa Guilherme Cortelini , Souza André J. , Lorini Flávio J.
Published: December 2013

Machining performance consists to associate the optimal process and cutting parameters and maximum material removal rate with the most appropriate tool while controlling the machined surface state. This work verifies the influence of standard and wiper cutting tools on generated surface roughness and residual stress in dry finish turning operation of the martensitic stainless steel AISI 420 in a comparative way. Tests are conducted for different combinations of tool nose geometry, feed rate and depth of cut being analyzed through the Design of Experiments regarding to surface roughness parameters Ra and Rt. Moreover, the formation of residual stresses in the material (using the technique of X-Ray Diffraction) was evaluated after the machining process for these two cutting geometries and thereafter the result was compared between them. An ANOVA is performed to clarify the influence of cutting parameters on generated surface roughness, which outputs inform that cutting tool geometry is the most influent on Ra and Rt. It is concluded that analyzed wiper inserts present low performance for low feed rates. Regarding the analysis of the residual stresses it can be stated that for standard and wiper tools the values collected show that for finish turning the compression stresses were found. It can be observed that the greatest amount of compressive stress has been found for the standard tool.
The Effect of Cutting Parameters on Power Consumption during Turning Nickel Based Alloy
Authors: Nur Rusdi , Noordin M.Y. , Izman S. , Kurniawan Denni
Published: December 2013

Machining process should also consider environmental aspect, with power consumption as one of the criteria. Cutting parameters can be optimized to minimize power consumption. This paper takes a study on turning of nickel-based hastelloy under dry condition (no cutting fluid) which varies cutting speed (150, 200, and 250 m/min) and depth of cut (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm). Power consumption of particular machining process at various cutting parameters was derived and calculated. It was found that minimum power consumption was shown when the turning process was performed at the lowest cutting speed and depth of cut.
Examining the Effect of Various Vegetable Oil-Based Cutting Fluids on Surface Integrity in Drilling Steel - A Review
Authors: Sultan A.Z. , Sharif S. , Kurniawan Denni
Published: December 2013

Increased attention on environmental and health impacts by industrial activities forces the manufacturing industry to reduce the mineral oil-based metalworking fluids as a cutting fluid. The advantages of using vegetable oil-based cutting fluids on tool wear and the cutting force have been reported in the literature, but those reporting the effects of their use on the surface finish of the workpiece are still lacking. This mini-review gives an overview of the influence of vegetable oil-based cutting fluids on surface integrity of steel during drilling process. Effect of the different cooling strategies on surface integrity is also presented.
Experimental Investigation the Drill Bit Curve Radius & Chisel Point on Effect of Induced Damage in Drilling Woven GFRP
Authors: Hoseiny Masoud Askari , Moghiseh-E Reza , Alinaghizadeh Amir , Soltani Payam , Hachesoo Vahid Majidi
Published: December 2013

The purpose of this study was to find experimentally the effects of concave and convex major cutting edge (Helical & Recon point) and chisel point on the drilling composite. Due to composite materials are natural orthotropic, so gradually these materials are substituted by some metals such as steel that are used in manufacturing automobile and aerospace and other industris. Because of increasing composites utilization in industries, it is necessary to stabilize and set standards of machining parameters. Drilling is the main machining operation in producing process for assembled the composite work piece. So the quality of drilling hole should be considered to avoid snapping mechanical structure. Tool geometry is one of the most important factors in the drilling process. If it is neglected, the thrust forced increase, and it causes damage around the hole such as delamination, large entrance and exit burr, and induced cracks. The most damaging in drilling FRP is delamination of the composites lamina that occurs when drill bit is entered and exited. In the other hand, this study used ANSYS finite element software to determine the value of stress in composite plate and use to analyze for designing the jig & fixture in this drilling process. In conclusion, with comparing delamination, the best geometry tool introduced for the lowest amount of damage.
Theoretical Analysis of Velocity and Position Loop Behaviour of Nonlinear Cascade Feedforward Controller for Positioning of XY Table Ballscrew Drive System
Authors: Abdullah Lokman , Jamaludin Zamberi , Salleh M.R. , Abu Bakar B. , Jamaludin J. , Chiew T.H. , Rafan N.A.
Published: December 2013

The trend in machine tools and positioning systems nowadays are demanding for accuracy, precision and robustness attributes. In addition to those characteristics, a low-cost and adaptive control systems towards various disturbance forces also add a significant advantage to control engineers who can fulfill those needs. The objective of this paper is to introduce a newly improved control strategy named as Nonlinear Cascade Feedforward. It is basically, a cascade control structure with the additional of two add on modules called Nonlinear function plus independent feedforward function. Secondly, the aim of this article is to focus on the fundamental aspect on how to analyze the open loop and closed loop behavior for both velocity and position loop in the control structure by extracting the mathematical formulation of the controller. The outcome from this paper which is in the form of mathematical formula is beneficial and exceptionally significant during the validation and verification stage. The theoretical analysis involved are analysis on gain and phase margin, bandwidth frequency, sensitivity function, position error and finally analysis on dynamic stiffness of the system which is in this case the XY Table Ballscrew drive system. The strength of this controller is the self-adjusting mechanism towards variable disturbance cutting forces. Based on mathematical formulation, it is observed that the designed nonlinear cascade feedforward offer more flexibility and robustness in terms of the ability to compensate the tracking errors at variable disturbances.
Influence of Process Parameters on Surface Finish in Customized Bone Implant Using Selective Laser Sintering
Authors: Lakshmi K. Swarna , Arumaikkannu G.
Published: December 2013

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is a powder-based Additive Manufacturing process in which parts are built by sintering of selected areas of layers of Polyamide (PA12) powder using CO2 laser. The purpose of this work is to study experimentally the effect of orientation of the component, fill scan spacing and layer thickness on the surface roughness (Ra) of the customized bone implant fabricated through SLS technique. For this study computer tomography scan data was taken and converted to standard triangulation file (.stl) format using mimics software. Taguchis Design of Experiment approach was used for this study. An L27 Orthogonal Array (OA) of Taguchi design was used. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was then performed on S/N (Signal-to-Noise ratio) to determine the statistical significance and contribution of each factor on the surface roughness. The results indicated that orientation and layer thickness are significant parameters to cause appreciable improvement in surface finish.
Manufacturing of MWNT Filled Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene with Gelatin
Authors: Roh Jeong U. , Lee Woo I.
Published: December 2013

The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of gelatin coating on the mechanical property of the polypropylene (PP) composites by the addition of Multi-walled nanotube (MWNT) and gelatin coated carbon fibers. The morphology of surface of carbon fiber filament on the fracture surface was examined by field-emission scanning electronic microscopy (FE-SEM). The Iosipescu shear test was done to determine the ultimate shear strength of the PP reinforced with MWNT/gelatin composite layer coated carbon fibers. The gelatin coated carbon fibers resulted in an increase in the ultimate shear strength compared to plain carbon fibers. In addition, the ultimate shear strength was improved through the addition of MWNTs with the gelatin. Also, with gelatin acting as a binder, flying CNT particles could be minimized.
Current Situation in Cleaning Process of Remanufacturing in Malaysia: A Case Study
Authors: Abu Mohd Yazid , Jamaludin Khairur Rijal , Abdul Sani Amiril Sahab , Abdullah Tajul Ariffin , Wahab Dzuraidah Abdul
Published: December 2013

Remanufacturing process among industries is relatively new in Malaysia. In USA, Europe, Japan, China and India, remanufacturing is already viewed as a huge business opportunity that significantly stimulates growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment. The aim of this paper is to expose all possible causes of failures using the Ishikawa diagram and identify the most significant failures using Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) with two Risk Priority Number (RPNs). The cleaning process is both time-consuming as well as the most costly of the entire remanufacturing processes. The case study is performed in an automotive contract remanufacturing environment in Malaysia, specifically the remanufacturing of cylinder heads. This work outcome explores the current situation pertaining to the cleaning process in a real world situation, and attempts to promote among researchers green ideas that will bring Malaysias remanufacturing on par with that of other developed countries.
Characterizations of Zeolite, Polyaniline and Zeolite/Polyaniline as Antifouling Materials for Marine Applications
Authors: Ahdash Abdelsalam , Hamzah Esah , Ourdjini Ali , Abdolahi Ahmad
Published: December 2013

In this paper, the basic synthesis of encapsulated zeolite, polyaniline and zeolite/polyaniline composite as self-healing core materials for antifouling coatings was studied through interfacial polymerization. All materials were synthesized by using ammonium persulphate as an oxidant agent. Field Emission Scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) techniques were used to characterize the synthesized materials. This paper aims to study on synthesis and characterization of zeolite, polyaniline and zeolite/polyaniline composite as self-healing core materials for antifouling applications. FESEM revealed that a smooth and homogeneous microstructure of materials. XRD results showed the high crystalline nature of all materials. FTIR showed the successful synthesis of the three materials. Finally, DSC results revealed appreciable Thermal properties of the developed materials.
High-Speed Photographic Study of Chip Formation during End Milling of GFRP Composites
Authors: Azmi Azwan Iskandar , Lin R.J.T. , Bhattacharyya D.
Published: December 2013

The chip forming process during end milling of glass fibre reinforced composites has been investigated in this study. The qualitative results from a high speed video camera has showed that discontinuous and fracturing of chips has been created due to the heterogeneity and insufficient ductility of the composite materials. The high-speed photography footage has also disclosed that a layer of delaminated chip can be formed as the tool cutting edge fractured the workpiece along the fibre orientation. The fracture of chips into smaller segments accelerated as the cutting speed increases. Likewise, shorter fragment of chips were created as the tool cut at different fibre orientation or angle. This makes it difficult to denote any chip formation processes during the end milling experiments.
Influence of Waste Rubber on the Properties and Microstructure of Injection Moulded M2 High Speed Steel
Authors: Wahab Noraini Abd , Omar Mohd Afian , Nordin Nor Amalina , Sauti Rosliza , Bahrin M.D. Kamal
Published: December 2013

New feedstock formulation for metal injection moulding (MIM) of Molybdenum High Speed Steel (M2 HSS) has been developed. The binder is a multicomponent system consisting of major binder paraffin wax (PW), stearic acid (SA) and minor binder polyethelene waste rubber (PEWR). Injection moulding was conducted successfully using a powder loading of 0.65. Scanning electron micrograph of the green injection moulded part revealed homogenous distribution of the M2 HSS particles in the wax matrix. Paraffin wax and stearic acid were driven off by immersing the injection moulded part into n-heptane for five hours. Vacuum sintering of the brown parts at a temperature range of 1240°C-1280°C resulted in high quality M2 HSS parts. The properties of the sintered part such as physical, mechanical and microstructure were studied and discussed to evaluate the influence of waste rubber in MIM of M2 HSS.
TCP/IP-Based Control and Monitoring of Manufacturing System
Authors: Abrishamkar M. , Hussein Mohamed , Zakaria K. , Maleki H.
Published: December 2013

In this paper, a framework for remote monitoring and controlling of manufacturing system at lower level of automation in manufacturing is proposed. This framework has capability to develop the higher level of automation in manufacturing. In order to proof that the proposed framework can be implemented, a demo system based on the framework is built.Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) system as a manufacturing system is controlled and monitored remotely within demo system was utilised. In general, the system consists of two Graphical User Interface (GUI) program; one as a client and the other one as server program connected using TCP/IP protocol. The system proposed include the CIM system which connected to the server computer and able to controlled and monitored via the client GUI program. In addition for demonstration purposes, several sub-systems of the CIM system which includes the conveyor, stoppers, sensors and the pick and place robot were used to control and monitor the system development. The programming language used in this system is Visual C++ with Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC) application. The overall developed system has successfully demonstrates the ability of remotely control the system.
Effect of Electrospinning Parameters Setting towards Fiber Diameter
Authors: Ngadiman N.H.A. , Noordin M.Y. , Idris Ani , Kurniawan Denni
Published: December 2013

Fabrication of nanofibers using electrospinning has recently attracted much attention for various applications due to its simplicity. Electrospinning has the ability to produce nanofibers within 100-500 nm. Some applications require certain fiber diameter. As a relatively new process, there are many electrospinning parameters that are believed to influence the nanofibers diameter. The purpose of this review is to identify and discuss the effect of some of those parameters, i.e. concentration, spinning distance, and applied voltage, and volume flow rate, to the nanofiber diameter during electrospinning process. It was concluded that fiber volume flow rate is proportional to fiber diameter while there is no agreement in reports on other parameters.
Seismic Performance of Insulated Sandwich Wall Panel Subjected to Lateral Cyclic Loading
Authors: Md Fudzee Mohd Faiz , Hamid Nor Hayati
Published: December 2013

In this paper, the seismic performance of the insulated sandwich wall panel is studied. Two samples W1 and W2 of Insulated Sandwich Wall Panel (ISWP) were tested under in-plane lateral cyclic loading. The difference between W1 and W2 is the numbers of wall plug used in order to hold the specimen in standing parallel position. Four wall plugs used for W1 meanwhile eleven wall plugs used for W2. ISWP is placed axially on top of the foundation beam. The concrete block is slotted on top of the wall panel as load transfer from the roof. The aspect ratio of the specimen is Ar = H/B = 1.97 and slenderness ratio is λ = H/t = 36.92. The testing is conducted with small percent of drift which is 0.1% and continued with 0.2%. The drift was increased gradually about 0.2% until reach ±1.0%. Furthermore, the specimen was tested with an increment of ±0.2% drift until the specimens reach the strength capacity. The experimental results showed that for the first specimen, the wall panel behaves elastically up to 0.4% drift before yielding. Due to loading and unloading condition, the aluminium frame that used along the perimeter of the wall panel buckled at 1.2% drift. For the second specimen the wall panel behaves elastically up to 0.4% drift before yielding. Once 0.6% drift applied, crack started to appear at the connection joint between G.I channel and foundation beam. The analysis of the result from the graphs of hysteresis loop for both W1 and W2 were presented by considering the seismic parameter such as stiffness, ductility and equivalent viscous damping.
Defects Generation in Ge/GeO2 Structure
Authors: Sahari Siti Kudnie , Momamad Sutan Norsuzailina , Sapawi Rohana , Yakub Ibrahim , Awg Salleh Dayang Nur Salmi , Lit Asrani
Published: December 2013

Thermal oxidation of Ge was performed in dry oxygen ambience at atmospheric pressure at temperature ranging between 375 and 575°C. From SE analysis, the slope of Ge oxide growth and extinction coefficient (k) increases while refractive index (n) does not change with oxidation temperature. The reduction of activation energy for Ge thermal oxidation was explained by the retardation of diffusion oxidant through GeO2film during Ge oxidation. The generation of an oxygen-defect region in the Ge oxide layer at 490°C oxidation was confirmed by XPS analysis and an O2anneal at 375°C was effective to reduce this oxygen deficiency.
Determination of Non-Linear Material Constants of RTV Silicone Applied to a Soft Actuator for Robotic Applications
Authors: Elango N. , Mohd Faudzi Ahmad Athif , Muhammad Razif Muhammad Rusydi , Mohd Nordin Ili Najaa Aimi
Published: December 2013

SILASTIC P-1 Silicone, a hyper elastic material, supplied by Dow Corning® is considered for the current research of the development of a soft actuator. The uniaxial tensile testing and compression testing according to ASTM standards are conducted to find its mechanical material properties. The measured stress-strain data are then applied to three kinds of constitutive non-linear models and their respective non-linear material constants are computed by least square fit. The first order Ogden model shows the better agreement with the experimental data. The mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength, compressive strength, shear modulus and non-linear material constants of the selected material are finally presented which will further be used for the design and analysis of the soft actuator.
A Study on Relationship between Porosity and Compressive Strength for Geopolymer Paste
Authors: Farhana Z.F. , Kamarudin H. , Rahmat Azmi , Al Bakri A.M. Mustafa
Published: December 2013

This paper presents a study on the relationship between porosity and compressive strength for geopolymer paste. In this research, geopolymer paste was made from fly ash class F based geopolymer mixed with alkaline activator; sodium hydroxide solution and sodium silicate solution. Twelve mixes were cast in 50mm x 50mm x 50mm moulds and the samples were cured for 24 hrs at 60 °C in the oven. The samples were examined after 7, 14, 28 and 90 days in terms of porosity test, pulse velocity test and compressive strength test. It was concluded that the sample at day 90 had the highest compressive strength of 56.50 N/mm2had porosity 3.77%. Thus, the sample with lowest porosity had highest pulse velocity 3303 m/s during ultrasonic testing with lowest transmission time 15.17 μs. Keywords: porosity, compression strength, geopolymer, pulse velocity
Wear-Resistance of Nitrided W-Mo-High Speed Steel in Abrasive Wear Conditions
Authors: Skakov Мazhyn , Rakhadilov Bauyrzhan , Rakhadilov Merey
Published: December 2013

In this work the influence of electrolytic-plasma nitriding on the abrasive wear-resistance of R6M5 high-speed steel were under research. We registered that after electrolytic-plasma nitriding on R6M5 steel surface modified layer is formed with 20-40 μm thickness and with increased microhardness of 9000-12200 MPa. Testing mode for the nitrided samples high-speed steel on abrasive wear developed. It is established, that electrolyte-plasma nitriding allows to increase wear-resistance of R6M5 steel surface layer comparing to original. It was determined that abrasive wear-resistance of R6M5 steel surface layer is increased to 25% as a result of electrolytic plasma nitriding. Thus, studies have demonstrated the feasibility and applicability of electrolytic-plasma nitriding in order to improve cutting tools work resource, working under friction and wear conditions.
Compressive Strength and Morphology of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer as Artificial Aggregate with Different Curing Temperature
Authors: Abdullah Alida , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Kamarudin Hussin , Ruzaidi C.M. , Yahya Zarina , Mohd Salleh Mohd Arif Anuar , Zakaria Nurhamidah , Muhammad Faheem Md Tahir
Published: December 2013

This paper presented the compressive strength of geopolymer paste with different NaOH concentration and morphology analysis for sintered artificial aggregate. This artificial aggregate was produce based on mix design with highest compressive strength which is 12 M. The sample was cured at 70 °C for 24 hours and then it was exposed to different temperature at range 500 °C to 700 °C. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has been used to identify the formation of microstructure. The geopolymer artificial aggregate was an alternative ways to produce a greener environmental. In this study, the compressive strength for different Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio has been analyzed. The morphology for best mix design then were analyze for different curing temperature. The result shows fly ash based geopolymer paste with 12 M of NaOH concentration shows excellent result with 7.30 MPa at 2.5 ratio of Na2SiO3/NaOH and for geopolymer artificial aggregate, when temperature of heat treatment increased, the open porosity of porous geopolymer surface decreased.
Growth Kinetic of Fresh and Frezee-Dried Pleurotus sajor-caju (Oyster Mushroom) Mycelium for Preservation Study
Authors: Zakaria Zarina , Chong Shi Fern , Zahari Amirul Rasyid , Fauzi Nurul Aina , Mohd Shayuti Sharul Aida
Published: December 2013

An investigation was conducted to determine an effective media condition for the growth of fresh and freeze-dried oyster mushroom mycelium. Fresh and freeze-dried mycelium sub-culture on liquid media obtained 0.3022 and 0.5081 maximum specific growth rate respectively. The doubling time for fresh and freeze-dried mycelium was calculated 2.2937 and 1.3642 correspondingly. On solid media, maximum specific growth rate for fresh and freeze-dried mycelium was obtained lower at 0.1636 and 0.3719 respectively. The doubling time for fresh and freeze-dried however, was calculated higher at 4.2368 and 1.8683 correspondingly. Freeze dried mycelium showed good recovery tendency after preservation at low temperature.
Surface Engineered Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Microspheres by Chemical Treatment for Drug Delivery System
Authors: Tham C.Y. , Hamid Zuratul Ain Abdul , Ahmad Z.A. , Ismail H.
Published: December 2013

Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is well known for their biodegradability and bioresorbable properties and these properties made them suitable in drug delivery system as drug carriers. PLA is relatively hydrophobic and lack of cell-recognition group to interact with biologically active molecules which reduce the surface compatibility of microspheres. In this project, alkaline hydrolysis was used to induce hydrophilic functional group on the microspheres surface. Alkaline solution at 0.01M and 0.1M was used to modify microspheres surfaces. The engineered surfaces were evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Water Contact Angle. 0.1M alkaline solution hydrolyzed microspheres at higher extends as compared to 0.01M, where partial microspheres disintegrated and porous structure was revealed. The water contact angle of PLA films shows decreased from 65 ̊ to range 42 47 ̊ after alkaline hydrolysis.
Sound Absorption of Laminated Biopolymer Foam and Epoxy Foam
Authors: Adnan Noor Quratul Aine , Rus Anika Zafiah M.
Published: December 2013

Biopolymer foam was prepared based on vegetable oil and Polyol Flexible (Epoxy) with commercial Polymethane Polyphenyl Isocyanate (Modified Polymeric-MDI) as laminated foam. The acoustic property of biopolymer foam was examined by impedance tube test according to ASTM E-1050 of sound absorption coefficient (α). From the result obtain, sample D and sample C are the best result of sound absorption coefficient (α) for biopolymer foam and epoxy foam with the value are 0.867 and 0.817 respectively. By using the sound behavior theory, when the thickness is increase the sound absorption is also increase as same as in this study. The noise reduction coefficient (NRC) of sample D is 38.26% while for sample C is 37.42%.
Development of Dense Hydroxyapatite-Ni by Modified Electroless Deposition Technique
Authors: Amin Sri Asliza Md , Zaheruddin Kasmuin Mohd , Rahmat Azmi , Jamaludin Shamsul Baharin , Khairel R.A.
Published: December 2013

Ni deposited on HA powder was prepared by electroless plating process without sensitization and activation treatment. The deposited powder obtained was characterized by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure and hardness of the sintered powder were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Vickers hardness respectively. From the result, the nickel existence in the deposition was confirmed by the EDX analysis. The diffraction peaks at 44.5 and 64.7o (2θ) of planes (111) and (211) respectively were belong to nickel. Nickel are homogeneously dispersed in HA matrix with grain size between 0.25-2μm after sintered at 1250°C. The improvement of 93% and 180% in average hardness and flexural strength respectively were achieved with nickel presence in HA compared to pure HA.
Physical Characteristic of Zn Doped Soft Ferrites MxZn1-x Fe2O4
Authors: Chik Abdullah , Aini Nazli Ahmad , Amir Haider F. Abdul
Published: December 2013

The chemical composition and preparation methods for ferrite were studied in order to control the quality of ferrite such as higher initial permeability and low energy losses. Nine samples of soft ferrite MxZn1-xFe2O4 with M=Ni, Mg, Cu ; x=0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 was prepared using solid state ceramic method and characterized for initial permeability, coercivity and relative loss factor (RLF). Studies show that samples with low Zn concentration, x=0.4, exhibit higher initial permeability, μi, with magnitude highest in sample with Ni concentration, that also has the highest atomic susceptibility among Ni, Mg and Cu. Initial permeability, μi ,also influences the resistivity of the samples with increasing susceptibility of magnetic spins, so samples with higher μi, e.g. Ni0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4 exhibit increased resistivity with increased initial permeability while Cu0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4 exhibit decreasing resistivity with increasing Cu content and lower initial permeability.
Potential of RHA in Foamed Concrete Subjected to Dynamic Impact Loading
Authors: Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi , Hadipramana Josef , Samad Abdul Aziz Abdul , Mohamad Noridah , Riza Fetra Venny
Published: December 2013

In relation to the conventional concrete then foamed concrete (FC) is weaker. Therefore FC was added by Rice Husk Ash (RHA) to alter the strength without eliminating its characteristic as aerated concrete. Actually function of RHA is substitute the sand partly. The strength of concrete affects to prevent the dynamic impact loading. However FC as aerated concrete can absorb energy impact by its porosity. Both of characteristics were presented in this investigation. SEM and EDS detected that pozzolanic reaction was done when FC was processing hydration of cement in admixture. The presence of RHA increased the strength of concrete owing to cement hydration process and pozzolanic reactivity of RHA. The result of impact loading on slab FC target displayed that FC with RHA was more shallow than without RHA. Beside of that local damage showed that FC with RHA denser and is not impression of fragments than FC without RHA.
Influence of Casting Direction on Fracture Energy of Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composites
Authors: Fornůsek Jindrich , Tvarog Michal
Published: December 2013

This paper is focused on behavior of fiber reinforced cement composites (FRC) and ultrahigh-performance fiber reinforced cement composites (UHPFRC) in dependence on the direction of casting. Twelve prismatic samples of size of 400 x 100 x 100 mm were cast into moulds; six of these were FRC and the other six were UHPFRC. Three samples of both series were cast in the common horizontal direction and the other three in the vertical way. It was found that fracture energy of horizontally cast prisms was approximately three times higher in both cases than the vertically cast ones. The peak loads of FRC were very similar for both ways of casting. On the other hand the UHPFRC behaved differently, the peak load of horizontally cast prisms was approximately 2,5 times higher than the vertically cast ones. It was demonstrated that these differences are caused by the way of casting and vibration.
Effect of Coconut Fibers Addition to early Age Unfired Soil Lime Bricks Strength
Authors: Purnomo Heru , Priadi Dedi , Ausias Gilles , Lecompte Thibaut , Lumingkewas H. Riana , Perrot Arnaud
Published: December 2013

Low rise buildings and rural houses in Indonesia are often constructed with non-standard bricks. In some provinces, like West Java, fired clay and unfired soil lime bricks co-exist as non standard bricks. These bricks are traditionally produced in home run plants with little adherance to appropriate mix designs. These unfired soil lime bricks enter the market within 2 weeks of production, which inflicts potential loss to the buyers due to their low performance quality. The paper discusses strength improvements of these early age unfired bricks by adding natural fibers. Untreated coconut fibers with three different lengths (1 cm, 2.5 cm and 4 cm) were prepared for bricks reinforcements. The effects of 2%, 4% and 6% fiber addition to the strength of bricks were investigated. The bricks reinforced with 4% fiber content resulted in better strengths compared to those reinforced with other percentage of fibers. The effect of fiber length uniformity to the bricks strength was also evaluated. A 4% non-uniform fiber addition, which constitutes 1/3 part each of 1 cm, 2.5 cm and 4 cm average fiber length, was investigated. The results show that unfired bricks added with uniform fiber resulted in better performances compared to those added with non-uniform fibers. Higher compressive and bending strengths, compared to those strengths of unfired plain soil lime bricks and traditional soil lime bricks, could be achieved through fiber addition.
Potential Use of Cameron Highlands Reservoir Sediment in Compressed Bricks
Authors: Chua He Qing , Ean Lee Woen , Mohammed Bashar S. , Malek M.A. , Wong Leong Sing , Tang Chao Wei , Lee Zhi Kwong , Lim Alfred Fuchian , See Yon Yi , Ooi Jieun Lin , Hashim Mustafa , Yong Usoff , Abbas Nor Aishah , Yusop Hanafi , Muda Rahsidi Sabri
Published: December 2013

The objective of this research is to investigate the potential use of Cameron Highland reservoir sediment in compressed brick production. The sediments can be classified as well-graded clayey sandy SILT and well-graded gravely SAND whereby the grain size is comparable to the grain size of sand and silt. The sediment was used as a 100 % replacement for the soils content in conventional soil cement bricks. Besides that, sodium bentonite, mica, fly ash and bottom ash are used as pozzolan to partially replace the cement in the sediment cement bricks. This paper presents the compressive strength of sediment cement brick incorporating sodium bentonite, mica, bottom ash and fly ash as partial replacement of cement. The total replacement of soils by Cameron Highland reservoir sediment (Mix 2) shows significant increase in compressive strength of the bricks compare to the conventional soil cement bricks (Mix 1), while partial replacement of 10 % pozzolan results in optimum strength. On the other hand, 10 % of bottom ash and 10 % of fly ash (Mix 13) as partial replacement of cement achieved the highest compressive strength. This implies that sodium bentonite, mica, fly ash and bottom ash can be used as pozzolan to partial replace the cement.
The Effect of Hydrochloric Acid on the Surface Area, Morphology and Physico-Chemical Properties of Sayong Kaolinite Clay
Authors: Edama Nurul Aini , Sulaiman Alawi , Ku Hamid Ku Halim , Mohd Rodhi Miradatul Najwa , Mohibah Musa , Abd Rahim Siti Noraida
Published: December 2013

The effects of hydrochloric acid (HCL) modification of the surface area, morphology and physico-chemical properties of Sayong kaolinite clay was investigated in this study. Sayong kaolinite clay was refluxed with different concentration of HCL (1M, 5M and 10M) at 100 °C for 4 hours and followed by calcination at 500 °C at 1 hour. The samples of untreated and treated clay were characterized by different analytical equipment such as BET Surface Area Analyzer, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The acid treatment increased the surface area of the Sayong kaolinite clay almost three times from 24.46 m2/g to the maximum value which is 64.04 m2/g once treated with 5M HCL. The increasing of the surface area is due to the formation of amorphous silica phase and removal of the octahedral Al3+cations and other impurities (such as Mg2+, K+, Ca+etc.) when the acid strength is increasing as reported in XRF analysis. FTIR study shows the change of the peak intensity of several types of structural OH groups that presently in the untreated and acid treated samples. TGA-DTA profiles shows that acid treatment increased the amount of physisorbed water as the acid concentration is increased. There are three of endothermic peaks was observed in the untreated sample which centered at 49 °C, 275 °C and 520 °C. However, when the clay samples treated with acid, it has increased the physisorbed water and decreased the structural and coordinated water which caused the change in the endothermic curves in the treated sample.
Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Containing High Volume Waste Materials
Authors: Hilmi Mahmud , Shafigh Payam , Jumaat Mohd Zamin
Published: December 2013

The use of waste and by-product materials as aggregate or cement replacement in concrete can provide a solution to reducing the negative impact of the concrete industry. This paper reports an investigation to produce green concrete by using oil palm shell (OPS) as coarse lightweight aggregate as well as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as supplementary cementing material subjected to different curing conditions. Test results show that it is possible to produce green structural lightweight aggregate concrete containing 50% waste materials (by volume of concrete) with 28-day compressive strength of about 33 MPa. Data show that OPS concrete is very sensitive to curing, especially when GGBFS is used as a supplementary cementitious material.
New Lightweight Construction Material: Cellular Mat Using Recycled Plastic
Authors: Noor Hasanah T.I.T. , Wijeyesekera D.C. , bin Bakar Ismail , Saidin Wahab
Published: December 2013

Applications of lightweight construction materials enable the design and construction in challenging, difficult and demanding scenarios. Construction materials with enhanced stiffness as in sandwich panels, large portable structures and floating foundations are examples of such materials. The advent of cellular structure technology has actively introduced innovation and enabled design and construction, meeting engineering requirements such as in the construction of the body of air crafts. Cellular mat structures present in the minimum, triple benefits in being lightweight, load sharing and minimising non-uniform deformation. This paper further explores the use of recycled plastic waste as the base material for an innovative geomaterial. The combination of cellular structure, mat structure and use of recycled waste material is a desirable development in manufacturing. Paper also outlines the techno social benefit of adopting such material in construction. Other application-specific benefits related to cellular mats are those like noise reduction, energy absorption, thermal insulation, mechanical damping. This paper specifically presents the development of a new multifunctional lightweight material is been proposed as an invective innovation for highway construction on challenging ground condition.
Chemical Composition Analysis of TiAlBN Nanocomposite Coating Deposited via RF Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Rosli Zulkifli Mohd , Mahamud Zainab , Kwan Wai Loon , Juoi Jariah Mohamad , Lau K.T.
Published: December 2013

TiAlBN nanocomposite coating have been successfully deposited on AISI 316 substrate via RF magnetron sputtering by varying nitrogen-to-total flow ratio (RN) of 5, 15, 20, 25%, as well as varying substrate temperature of 100, 200, 300, and 400 oC; using single Ti-Al-BN hot-pressed target. Chemical compositions of the coatings were analysed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS results showed that the TiAlBN nanocomposite coating reaches a nitride saturated state at higher RN(e.g 15, 20, and 25%) and boron concentration was found to be approximately 9 at.%. However, as the concentration of nitrogen decreases at lower RN(5%), boron concentration was found to increase to 16.17 at. %.This is due to the increase of TiB2phase in the coating. Variations of substrate temperatures were found to give no significant effect on the chemical composition of the deposited TiAlBN nanocomposite coating.