bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nightcap and suicidal ideation: a cross-sectional survey of lifestyle habits
Authors: Muronaga Masaaki , Terao Takeshi , Hirakawa Hirofumi , Kawano Nobuko , Sakai Akari , Akase Mari , Kohno Kentaro
Published: August 2024

Among the practical interventions for suicide prevention, we examined the lifestyle interventions. Specifically, we attempted to identify a positive lifestyle that may be associated with less suicidal ideation and a negative lifestyle that may be associated with more suicidal ideation. We investigated the association between lifestyle habits and suicidal ideation among 130 apparently healthy participants. The mean age of the participants was 49.3 years, and the majority were female (83%). A binominal logistic regression analysis using the forced entry method was conducted for the presence of suicidal ideation as a dependent variable and age, sex, sociodemographic factors, and other potentially associated variables as independent variables. In total, 14 had suicidal ideation while 116 did not. Regarding lifestyle habits, having a nightcap was significantly and directly associated with suicidal ideation (odds ratio = 11.0, p = 0.04), and the number of times per week bluefish was consumed was almost significantly and inversely associated with suicidal ideation (odds ratio = 0.44, p = 0.08). These remained unchanged even after adjusting for depression rating scores. These findings suggest a significant direct association of having a nightcap with suicidal ideation and a nearly significant inverse association of bluefish consumption with suicidal ideation. Based on our findings, consuming fewer nightcaps and more bluefish may be associated with a lower risk of suicidal ideation. Although the methodological limitations preclude any definite conclusion, the present findings provide important evidence for further prospective studies on lifestyle interventions for suicide prevention.
Dimensions of Hamka's Modern Sufism (A study of the verses of Maqamat in Tafsir Al-Azhar by Hamka)
Authors: Zulkifli Zulkifli , Rhosyidy M. Daud
Published: August 2024

Seeing the reality of today's society, moral degradation has arisen in humans, so it is essential to improve ourselves by returning humans to their existence as servants of Allah SWT. One alternative is to study and practice the teachings of Sufism. In the teachings, there are spiritual stages (maqâmât) to achieve perfection as a servant of Allah. The focus of this research is to examine Hamka's interpretation style in al-Azhar's tafsir by explaining his interpretation regarding the maqâmât verses so that the dimensions of Sufism and its relevance found in Hamka's al-Azhar tafsir are known. This research aims to find out Hamka's style and interpretation in al-Azhar's interpretation regarding the maqâmât verses and the dimensions of Sufism contained in them so that we can find out whether maqâmât is still relevant or not to be practiced in the present era. The methodology used in this research is qualitative library research (library research) with a mauḍu'i model of the Sufism approach that focuses on maqâmât verses using descriptive-analytical analysis of Hamka's Sufism thought. The results of this discussion show thatHamka's interpretation of the verses of maqâmât is in the style of Sufism by exploring the meaning of zahir and theinner meaning in which there are nuances to society (Adabi Ijtima'i) covering the socio-culture of Indonesianculture so that the dimension of Sufism contained in Hamka's interpretation is still very relevant to modern lifetoday.
Experimental Study of a Temperature Field in a Shut-in Well in Relation to Determining Behind-the-Casing Flow Using Active Thermometry
Authors: Valiullin R.A. , Ramazanov A.Sh. , Sharafutdinov R.F. , Kosmylin D.V. , Davletshin F.F. , Akchurin R.Z.
Published: August 2024

—This paper presents results of experimental studies of a thermal field in the barrel of a shut-in (no fluid movement in the casing) well in relation to determining a behind-the-casing upward flow using the method of active thermometry. The studies are carried out using the physical model of a well that is a vertically oriented steel pipe with a system of externally attached copper tubes simulating a behind-the-casing flow. The pipe contains a local heating section, above which a temperature probe is located to record thermal disturbance from the heating section. The effect of free convection in a fluid on the temperature field in the pipe during and after heating is described. It is revealed that there are high-frequency temperature oscillations on sensors that record the temperature of the inner surface (wall) of the pipe and fluid above the heating area, whose value reaches higher than 2 °C and decreases when the distance to the heating region becomes longer. There is an empirical relationship that relates the time of arrival of the temperature disturbance front associated with free convection and the distance to the pipe heating region. Azimuthal temperature distribution curves on the inner wall of the pipe above the heating section are constructed in the absence and presence of a behind-the-casing flow. Qualitative criteria have been obtained indicating the presence of an azimuthally localized behind-the-casing flow (sector flow) of fluid based on the azimuthal temperature distribution analysis.
NILAI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DALAM FILM KELUARGA CEMARA KARYA YANDY LAURENS SERTA PEMANFAATANNYA SEBAGAI MATERI PENGUATAN PROFIL PELAJAR PANCASILA DI SMP
Authors: Yuslima Bintang Hakiki  , Rakhmawati Ani , Suryawati Secio Chaesar Ari
Published: August 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter dalam film Keluarga Cemara dan pemanfaatan media film Keluarga Cemara sebagai materi penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah film Keluarga Cemara, buku, jurnal, dan guru sebagai narasumber. Hasil penelitian ini adalah nilai pendidikan karakter dalam film Keluarga Cemara yang sesuai dengan program Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter ada empat, yakni nilai religius, mandiri, integritas, dan gotong royong. Nilai religius ditandani dengan kejujuran yang dimiliki Abah, Emak, dan Euis. Nilai mandiri ditunjukkan oleh Euis sebagai anak pertama. Nilai integritas ditunjukkan dengan tanggung jawab Abah sebagai kepala rumah tangga. Nilai gotong royong ditunjukkan oleh tetangga yang membantu keluarga Abah. Kemudian, menurut guru bahasa Indonesia sebagai narasumber disampaikan bahwasanya film Keluarga Cemara dapat dimanfaatkan untuk materi penguatan dalam pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia di SMP karena memiliki cerita yang menarik dan mengandung nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter.
Kata kunci: Nilai pendidikan karakter, film, dan Profil Pelajar Pancasila
America's Maritime Energy Superhighways for CO2, Hydrogen and LNG Transportation
Authors: Pollett Buford , Johannes Ty , Atashbari Vahid
Published: August 2024

Throughout American history, Presidents have recognized the vital role of the nation's abundant natural resources, beginning with George Washington, who appreciated the strategic importance of navigable waterways. He notably showcased numerous paintings of rivers, including the iconic Hudson River, in the New Room of his Mount Vernon home. In recent times, there has been significant opposition from stakeholders and political leaders against pipeline construction in the United States. Consequently, the inland waterways, along with the navigable waterways of the Atlantic, the Great Lakes, and the Gulf of Mexico, offer a highly interconnected and viable alternative. These waterways form a uniform legal superhighway under US maritime law, facilitating the efficient flow of energy goods essential for energy diversification. To this end, it is crucial to embrace technological advancements and fully utilize the United States' navigable waterways. This approach supports a comprehensive energy policy that leverages all available American energy sources, enhancing energy security and meeting environmental objectives for stakeholders in Asia and Europe. This paper explores the legal framework governing CO2, LNG, and hydrogen transportation, and potential commercial development in both domestic and international markets. It provides a detailed analysis of the supply chain for capture, transport, and storage, addressing the needs of both US and global markets.
Techno-Economic Analysis of Mobile Carbon Capture for Heavy Duty Applications Across Different Regions in the World
Authors: Saafi M A. , Hamad E.
Published: August 2024

Since signing the legally binding Paris agreement, fighting climate change has been an increasingly important task worldwide. One of the key energy sectors to emit greenhouse gases is transportation. Therefore, long term strategies all over the world have been set up to reduce on-road combustion emissions. One of the emerging alternative technologies to decarbonize the transportation sector is Mobile Carbon Capture (MCC). MCC refers to the on-board separation of CO2 from vehicle exhaust. To accurately assess this technology, a techno-economic analysis is essential to compare MCC abatement cost to alternative decarbonization technologies such as electric trucks. Adding to the system capital and operational costs, our study includes mass penalty costs, CO2 offloading and transport costs for different transport scenarios. To better relate to a single consumer (driver), the cost can be converted from dollar per-tCO2 to dollar per-trip or dollar per-mile. This study shows that MCC should be explored as a viable climate mitigation option. The novelty of this work comes from the detailed cost categories taken into consideration in the analysis, for a better MCC technology feasibility and impact analysis study. Moreover, the comparison across different regions, this study explores the potential of MCC to help decarbonize the heavy-duty sector depending on regional characteristics.
CO2 and H2 Injection Effects on Reservoir and Seal Rocks Integrity: A Meta-Analysis of Influencing Factors
Authors: Khand U. , Agbor Y. , Ling K.
Published: August 2024

This study presents a novel application of Meta-Analysis to comprehensively investigate the underground storage dynamics of CO2 and H2, addressing the limitations posed by existing experimental data and laboratory-scale experiments.

Our methodology capitalizes on published experimental datasets concerning reservoir and seal rock integrity, deeply investigating the effects of injected CO2 and H2 on rock properties.

Structured in three pivotal stages, our research first consolidates a wide array of studies elucidating factors influencing rock integrity, encompassing fluid properties, rock type, and inherent rock characteristics such as mineralogy and geomechanical properties. Subsequently, a systematic analysis of this aggregated data unveils critical insights into the multifaceted influencing factors. Finally, this culminates in an enriched comprehension of reservoir and seal rock behaviors pertinent to underground storage.

Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of this approach in accurately capturing detailed experimental datasets, facilitating a systematic analysis of influencing factors, and ultimately enhancing understanding of CO2 and H2 injection dynamics for underground storage applications. This comprehensive understanding also enhances our ability to predict and mitigate potential risks associated with CO2 and H2 injection, optimizing reservoir performance and maximizing hydrocarbon recovery.
Fueling the Future - Pathways Toward Zero Carbon Shipping
Authors: Choudhury Q. , Semiz O. , Segovia J. E.
Published: August 2024

The transition from fossil fuels to zero-carbon sustainable energy will be led by the adoption of future fuels. This will effectively reduce emissions and gradually abate climate change impacts. However, this transition process is challenging and is dependent on the gradual development of technology including improving existing technology over the next few decades. This paper makes predictions on the use of various new technologies to achieve the decarbonization goals in the marine industry.

The pathways for decarbonization require gradually increasing the use of low carbon and carbon free fuels over time. Alternatives to fossil fuel combustions potentially include zero-carbon fuels, such as hydrogen or ammonia, and low-carbon fuels, such as biofuels, methanol made from plant waste, biomass etc. paired with carbon capture to prevent any released carbon from escaping into the atmosphere. This paper covers, methodically, the use of different energy options for each application, evaluates each technology along with its prospective readiness levels and finally, determine the steps needed to be taken to decarbonize the marine industry.

The 2023 IMO GHG Strategy targets net-zero emissions by or around 2050 for the marine industry. The framework represents the ambitious visions for Member States, setting goals to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in the mid and long term, with possible timelines, and their impact. To meet these ambitious timelines, the whole industry needs to work together to find the correct solutions, and gradually adopt them in the coming decades. The need for green energy requires a drastic advancement of technologies from concept to production. It would not be possible to scale up clean energy dramatically in a short period, but it is possible to accomplish this phase by phase. Some clean energy may be produced from fossil fuel by sequestering and storing the excess carbon and some may be obtained from renewable resources, that said, net-zero or close to net-zero emissions will require massive technological advancements.
Enhancing Natural Gas Production Prediction Using Machine Learning Techniques: A Study with Random Forest and Artificial Neural Network Models
Authors: Bassey M. , Akpabio M. G. , Agwu O. E.
Published: August 2024

The International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2020 predicted that the supply of natural gas will expand globally by 4.1 percent and would continue to grow as a result of rising demand for energy in the industrial and power sectors. In order to ensure well integrity, prepare for potential interventions, and improve the energy mix and transition, accurate gas production prediction is essential.

Various models exist for predicting Natural Gas production, but currently used tools lean towards machine learning. However, Machine Learning models in extant literature yield inaccurate results due to limitations of data, predictive range, and robustness.

To address this issue, this study develops a model that combines traditional and non-traditional features to reduce computational time and increase robustness. The model uses two algorithms, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Random Forest (RF) Regression, and over 13,500 data points from 15 years of production. To assess the performance of this model, four statistical error metrics were employed; mean squared error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2) and correlation coefficient (R). The ANN model achieved an accuracy of 0.93 with a MSE of 0.1244, a validation score of 0.1171, and a testing score of 0.1337. The RF Model achieved accuracy of 0.96 and an R of 0.98.

Feature selection was done on the model to provide insights on how each feature affects the model accuracy. With flowing tubing hole pressure produced contributing over 50 percent to the predictive capacity and shut-in tubing hole pressure with less than 5 percent.

In comparison with existing models, the developed models performed better in terms of predictive accuracy, robustness, predictive data range and computational time. The characteristics of the developed model for which novelty is claimed include; the explicit nature of the model that helps it be deployed in software application, the low computational time and its high predictive capacity.

The model created for this study will aid in forecasting and predicting gas production, guaranteeing its efficacy, economy, and robustness. It also serves as a starting point for further investigation into natural gas forecasting and prediction.
A Deep Dive on Stage Cementing Operations in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case Study
Authors: Author A. O. , Author M. S. , Author N. F. , Author N. L. , Author O. C.
Published: August 2024

Cementing through weak sand and unconsolidated formations are a common occurrence in today's drilling operations. Main challenges include well control, poor zonal isolation, failed top of cement objectives that could lead to a shortened lifespan of wells. From annular gas migration through micro annulus to getting the top of cement to an undesired depth below referenced hydrocarbon sands, cementing through unconsolidated formations can lead to an increase in the cost of delivering a well. There are different methods deployed in cementing through unconsolidated zones. Stage cementing is one key method to ensure proper zonal isolation across formations with significantly loose sands and fault across a specified depth. With stage cementing, primary cementing can be performed in several stages to get annular cement slurry placement to specified depths without interfering with lost circulation depths. In addition to stage cementing, high performance lightweight slurry designs are common, and this is widely deployed through blending glass beads in the cement slurry designs which enables slurries achieve low density requirements without compromising compressive strength. Foam cementing is another method to lower density of slurry to aid placement in such cases. Stage cementing is not a common practice in the Sub-Saharan African region due to the lithological lay-up of formations around the region. This paper aims to perform an in-depth analysis on the design challenges, key planning consideration, materials requirement and the operational challenges that is often experienced while performing stage cementing. Different case studies of wells cemented using this method will be examined highlighting these key considerations. A breakdown will also be done on the economic models of deploying stage cementing as compared to other cementing solutions like lightweight slurry deployment. Stage cementing can provide a means to delivering cementing solutions to traditionally challenging environments in a cost-effective way which drives performance excellence.
Unveiling the Green Revolution: Predicting CO2 Emission and Fuel Economy of Vehicles for a Sustainable Future
Authors: Osuagwu O. C. , Ejehu O. S. , Akalazu C. U. , Moghanloo R. G.
Published: August 2024

In this dynamic and ever-evolving world, the need for sustainable transportation solutions has become increasingly important. This research employs a data-driven approach aimed at the accurate prediction of two pivotal factors in vehicle sustainability: CO2 emissions and fuel economy. Through comprehensive exploratory data analysis, this study unveils significant findings that underscore the influence of vehicle characteristics and fuel types within its scope and tackling the complex problem of modeling environmental efficiency with robust algorithms. In this work, machine learning models were developed, employing a diverse set of algorithms including the Random Forest, Decision Trees, K-Nearest Neighbor and Artificial Neural Network. The models were rigorously evaluated using metrics such as the R2 score and Root Mean Squared Error. Notably, the implementation of cross-validation was integral in assessing model generalization and mitigate overfitting. This research findings show that the KNN and Random Forest models emerged as the most stable and consistent across CO2 predictions. The Decision Tree and Random Forest models emerged as the most stable and consistent across fuel cost predictions. These models have demonstrated high R2 scores, closely matching the actual values and generalizing well across the 10-fold cross validation. Adopting these models could significantly improve environmental impact assessments and support the creation of eco-friendly vehicles. This study advances sustainable transportation by introducing a machine learning approach for improving vehicle emissions and fuel efficiency predictions. The analysis and practical application of the best model offers engineers a novel tool for designing more sustainable vehicles and contributes to the decision-making process regarding environmental policies in the automotive sector.
Implementing Oil and Gas Industry HSE Programs in a Dual Regulatory Framework of the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Sayyadi B. A. , Nwankwo O. K. , Atebe O. J. , Ogionwo E.
Published: August 2024

The Petroleum Industry Act 2021 (PIA 2021) introduced distinctions between upstream, midstream, and downstream petroleum operations that were not clear-cut under the former Petroleum Act regime. The Regulatory powers that were largely under the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) were split between the Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC) to oversee the upstream petroleum industry and the Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority (NMDPRA) to regulate the midstream and downstream sector. Nevertheless, to effectively regulate oil and gas operations/facilities across the entire industry, both regulators must prioritise the safety of operations/facilities by ensuring that all operational activities are carried out with risks As Low as Reasonably Practicable (ALARP). On that note, the defunct DPR being the sole regulator pre-PIA had previously launched and implemented some flagship HSE programs such as the Offshore Safety Permit (OSP), Safety and Emergency Training Centres (SETCs), Risk Based Inspection (RBI), Safety Case Regime, Annual Facility Inspection/Oil Spill Contingency Plan (OSCP), Annual Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) Laboratory Accreditation, Minimum Industry Safety Training for Downstream Operations (MISTDO), and finally the Search, Rescue, and Surveillance (SeRAS) program. This paper aims to examine the delineation between streams to distil the scope of the two regulators and thereafter showcase how some of the flagship Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) programs previously implemented under the defunct DPR should proceed to be implemented going forward in the industry. It was found that the requirements to register separate entities to participate in the various streams and the separation of streams via the natural custody transfer provide clear delineation for the regulators to function without overlaps. Lastly, collaboration between the regulators and stakeholder engagement for policy harmonization was also identified as key to achieving a safe and sustainable industry.
Permeability Estimation of Carbonate Reservoir Using Porosity Partitioning Method: A Case Study of Astaka Carbonate Build-Up, Offshore Sarawak
Authors: Sufian A. , Sidek M. A. , Jaafar M. Z. , Ridzuan N. , Mahat S. Q. A. , Nwaichi P. I. , Ngouangna E. , Yakasai F. , Abbas A. H. , Gbonhinbor J. , Agi A.
Published: August 2024

Carbonate reservoirs hold a significant portion of the world's hydrocarbon resources. However, carbonate reservoirs pose a significant challenge in determining reservoir permeability utilizing standard evaluation techniques. Hence, to correctly estimate the permeability of the carbonate reservoir, an evaluation method that includes pore size distribution information is required. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to improve permeability estimation by incorporating pore size distribution-sensitive measurements into the conventional carbonate evaluation workflow in Astaka carbonate build-up. Herein standard resolution log data with pore size distribution sensitive log data was integrated and augmented by carbonate pore size distribution information from borehole resistivity images utilizing a porosity partitioning method. Thereafter, the porosity partitioning, and permeability analysis results were validated by comparing the calculated permeability with permeability data from modular formation dynamics tester (MDT) permeability. The results showed a good correlation between carbonate permeability and MDT permeability. Hence, the porosity partitioning method improved the permeability estimation in Well B, and a Pickett plot over the water zone provided the value of 0.097 at 102 °C for the formation water resistivity. As a result, the improved workflow offered a more accurate permeability estimation for Astaka carbonate than the conventional approach, which makes the assumption that porosity is inversely proportional to permeability. Therefore, it can be concluded that the improved carbonate evaluation workflow can provide a more reliable and accurate permeability estimate as compared to the conventional evaluation workflow for carbonate reservoirs.
Wellbore Cleaning Efficiency of a Bio-Based Derived Graphene Nanoplatelets Using Water Base Drilling Fluid Formulation
Authors: Yahya Muftahu N. , Norddin M. N. A. M , Ismail Issham , Rasol A. A. A. , Oseh Jeffrey O. , Rasheed A. A. , Yakasai Faruk , Agi Augustine
Published: August 2024

There is always an issue with cleaning the holes, especially when drilling is taking place. Drilling fluid is crucial to moving drill cuttings from the wellbore's annular region to the surface. Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) surface-modified for usage in aqueous drilling fluids are investigated in this work to tackle these problems. Because it is economical and environmentally benign, a water-based mud (WBM) with modified GNP (GRT) made from rice husk was chosen to carry the cuttings. It is possible to increase hole cleaning efficiency (HCE) by creating drilling fluid with better filtration and rheological characteristics. In a laboratory scale rig simulator inclined at vertical, deviated, and horizontal angles, a 20-foot test section with 1.40–2.00mm cutting size and 0.6–0.8–1.0 L/s mud annular flowrate were used in this experiment. The concentration of the nano additive was adjusted to 0.125, 0.25, and 0.375wt%. The cutting transport ratio rises in tandem with the GRT concentration. A critical angle of 60° was found to lift the fewest cuttings, followed by 30°, 90°, and 0°. When traditional water-based drilling fluids and nano-enhanced drilling fluids were tested for their effectiveness in the cutting's removal process, it was discovered that GRT nano additives improved the cuttings transport efficiency in every experiment. According to the findings, for the various nano-enhanced water-based drilling fluids utilized in this study, the inclusion of GRT in the drilling mud enhanced the colloidal interactions with cuttings and helped to improve cuttings transportation efficiency by 40–72% in the critical hole angle.
Evaluation of the Corrosion Inhibition Potential of Eco-Friendly Kaffir Lime Leaves in Mild Steel Pipelines
Authors: Sulaimon A. A. , Turkson J. , Umar A. A. , Adeyemi B. J. , Balogun A. A. , Akintola S. A.
Published: August 2024

Corrosion is the negative outcome of the chemical interaction between metal or metal alloys and the surroundings. Engineers face myriad challenges in petroleum production and transportation systems because of corrosion. Hence, it is imperative to prevent/mitigate this undesirable process. Hence, the study explored the corrosion inhibition potential of kaffir lime leaf extract (KLLE) on mild steel pipelines. The corrosion inhibition potential of KLLE at different concentrations (0–10000 mg/L) in 1 M HCl was investigated at 298K for 24 hours. KLLE was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and the mild steel surface morphology was examined using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The initial and final weights of six mild steel samples were measured. The weight loss was ascertained to determine the inhibition efficiency, corrosion rate, and surface coverage of KLLE on the mild steel samples. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of KLLE was compared to other inhibitors. EDX revealed the formation of abundant ferric compounds (corrosion promoters) on the mild steel surface in the absence of KLLE. However, KLLE incorporation precluded ferric compound formation by adsorbing to the mild steel surface. KLLE exhibited remarkable performance in inhibiting mild steel corrosion. KLLE yielded an inhibition efficiency and surface coverage of 93.79% and 0.94 respectively at a low concentration of 4000 mg/L. FESEM results also showed a relatively smoother steel surface and fewer pits in the presence of KLLE compared to its absence. KLLE inhibition efficiency surpassed that of other citrus family plant extracts and organic inhibitors. The study provides valuable insights into the exceptional performance of an environmentally friendly extract in mild steel corrosion inhibition. The application could corroborate efforts in minimizing or preventing corrosion in mild steel pipelines.
Optimizing Bubble Point Pressure Prediction in Petroleum Reservoirs Through Ensemble Voting Regressors
Authors: Winner Nmesoma Longinus , Ebenezer Ananiyom Aniyom , Okere Ndubuisi
Published: August 2024

Pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) properties are crucial in the oil and gas industry for reservoir modeling, reservoir and fluid characterization. Furthermore, these properties, which include, bubble point pressure, dew point pressure, oil formation volume factor, viscosity and more help determine the behavior of hydrocarbons under different conditions, aiding in efficient extraction and processing. With bubble point pressure as the author's main focus, important practices such as facility design for efficient handling of two-phase production, choice of recovery strategies, dictation of gas liberation from reservoir fluids and optimization of production rates, all have this property as their determining factor. However, accurately predicting the bubble point pressure in the oil and gas industry poses a significant challenge, given the time-consuming, expensive, and often inaccurate nature of existing methods like the empirical and experimental approaches. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to present an intelligent system approach of developing an ensemble voting Regressor model for the prediction of bubble point pressure. Trained with 604 data points, from oil fields all over the world, with the input parameters like API oil gravity, gas specific gravity, reservoir temperature, gas-oil ratio, the hybrid model was found to accurately predict bubble point pressure. Also, a comparative analysis, showed that the model outperformed pre-existing correlations with a 92% accuracy. The results of this study help better the understanding of the behavior of hydrocarbon reservoir fluids and further optimizes petroleum extraction processes.
Sustainability of the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Oruwari Humphrey Otombosoba , Obunwa Queen
Published: August 2024

This study examines the sustainability of the petroleum industry. It is focused on the impact of the industry in developing countries. Petroleum is among the various sources of energy that is synonymous with economic growth and prosperity of nations. Despite these benefits, the exploitation and production of petroleum resources in developing countries have called for global concern because of environmental impact among which are air/land/water pollution, deforestation, emission of greenhouse and loss of biodiversity. Sustainable development and environmental protection were hardly the main interests of the principal actors. In either case the underlying objectives of the principal actors, can be summed up essentially as the maximization of their respective investments at the least possible risk. The study adopted a qualitative method, Using literature review in the interpretative research paradigm. Data were collected from secondary sources, arranged into themes and were analyzed for content. The study uses existing secondary data or empirical evidence from different countries to present issues especially in the literature review part. The finding reveals some sustainability strategies for the petroleum industry. The sustainability strategies include collaboration/international cooperation, energy efficiency, fiscal incentives, use of alternative energy source, downstream sector development and provision of storage facilities. it was observed that adopting the sustainability strategies will reduce the intensive and extensive use of petroleum and consequently reduce the negative impact of the petroleum industry. Adopting sustainability's principles or strategies will reduce the negative impact of petroleum exploitation and production. It is recommended that the government should provide an enabling environment for these strategies to be effective.
Water Disposal Options for Small and Stranded Assets in the Niger Delta
Authors: Oko Christopher , Umoh Gabriel , Etim Ntietemi
Published: August 2024

The conventional produced water disposal options approved under the Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN) for inland and nearshore assets in Nigeria is water re-injection for reservoir pressure maintenance and injection into disposal wells. Full compliance to these regulatory requirements would need the drilling of injectors, or conversion of old producer wells to injector wells. These traditional practices are however not feasible for small assets with marginally profitable resource volumes, or for stranded assets which require huge investments for evacuation of well fluids to third-party facilities. Such operators are unable to drill injectors due to the massive financial implications of such an operation. One of the ways of overcoming this challenge in a small and stranded asset in the Niger Delta is to consider alternative and innovative water disposal options to manage water production. This paper explores the concept of produced water management in small and/or stranded assets in the oil and gas industry with no proximity to processing infrastructures. The study reviewed the available water management techniques in the oil and gas industry. Furthermore, this study investigated and evaluated alternative water disposal options suitable for small stranded assets in the Niger Delta. The proposed alternative methods include; evaporation (natural, solar-driven, and flare-assisted evaporation), collaborative water disposal arrangement and onsite water treatment and reuse. A techno-economic analysis of the proposed methods was conducted to inform the choice of any of the proposed water disposal methods. The field life considered for the analysis was 15 years. The results showed that the cost of drilling an injector well increased capital expenditure significantly; $945.9 million compared to the alternative disposal methods (evaporation = 376.1 million, collaborative disposal = 258.8 million and membrane distillation = 404.7 million). Analysis showed that adopting evaporation, membrane distillation and collaborative disposal resulted in cost savings of $569.8 million, $541.2 million and $687.4 million respectively. Proper considerations of the findings of this paper will aid the operators of small and stranded assets in managing produced water effectively and economically within the regulations of EGASPIN which permits; no discharge of produced water into the surrounding inland and nearshore fields.
Time-Lapse Analyses of Geomechanical Parameters in a Tertiary Reservoir, Niger-Delta, P - Field
Authors: Ogoh P. O.
Published: August 2024

Time-lapse analyses of geomechanical parameter of a tertiary reservoir in Niger Delta, P-field was carried out. The aim of the study was to carry out 4D model-based seismic inversion to extract geomechanical properties from 4D impedance volumes and carry out time-lapse analyses for possible compaction, subsidence, and sanding. Suite of well logs from three wells (well 001, well 025 and well 029) were used alongside 4-D seismic data acquired at different epochs in time (11 years apart). Edited and quality checked well data were used to run petrophysical analysis and also generate pseudo logs. Well to well correlation along with mapped faults and a time structure map was able to reveal and distinguish the varying depths of the well. Root-Mean-Square (RMS) amplitude was extracted from the seismic volume along the mapped horizon (Hor-2b-intrp). This revealed bright amplitudes around the well locations in the base slice but the amplitude was observed to be reduced in the monitor, which suggests changes in the reservoir, induced by production. Model-based seismic inversion was done on both the base and monitor seismic volumes to produce an acoustic impedance (AI) volume from which properties/attributes were extracted. The geomechanical parameters extracted from the AI volumes along the horizon of interest and their range of values are: Bulk modulus[K] (18.1x106GPa -23.4x106GPa), Lambda[λ] (9.85GPa – 12.01GPa), Mu[μ] (5.66GPa – 32.05GPa), Mu-rho[μρ] (7.24GPa-32.65GPa) and Poisson's ratio (0.29 – 0.38). RMS amplitude, Bulk modulus, lambda, Poisson's ratio and mu showed clear reduction in porosity from base to monitor data. This reduction in porosity is a clear indication of compaction in the reservoir which could ultimately leads to subsidence. Mu-rho showed a possibility of brittle-ductile transition (BDT) in well 001 and 029 resulting from porosity loss and possible increase in temperature due to compaction.
Evaluating the Economic Viability of Modular Refineries in Nigeria
Authors: Adesanya D. O. , Ajadi A. O. , Olorunisomo A. O.
Published: August 2024

This paper aims to comprehensively analyse Nigeria's refining sector, exploring the potential for newly established modular refineries to work alongside traditional counterparts. By closely examining the current state of the refining industry and identifying areas for enhancement, the analysis intends to clarify how Nigeria can utilize modular refineries to revitalize its petroleum sector and promote sustainable economic development.

The paper offers an overview of the challenges and opportunities associated with introducing modular refineries in Nigeria to enhance the country's energy capabilities and refine domestic resources. It identifies hurdles like infrastructure inadequacy, government policies, pollution, limited production capacity, and financial constraints hindering seamless integration. Additionally, it explores the economic benefits of modular refineries through a comprehensive analysis, utilizing techniques such as perpetuity evaluation. The study employs Python for numerical computations and Excel for graphical representation, utilizing secondary data for interpolation. Results suggest a significant economic potential ranging from 11.24 billion dollars to 13.57 billion dollars in perpetuity, indicating the viability of modular refineries. Forecasted costs, factoring in currency exchange rates, provide insights into financial considerations. Furthermore, it underscores the benefits of expanding refinery infrastructure to meet rising demand, highlighting the importance of collaborative efforts among stakeholders for successful implementation. Strategic planning and cooperation are emphasized to harness the full potential of modular refineries in Nigeria's energy landscape.
Reviewing The Roadmap: Feasibility Studies on CCUS Implementation In Nigeria
Authors: Bassey M. , Oboh I. O.
Published: August 2024

The Paris agreement in 2015 saw nations agree to a global temperature limit below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. This agreement over time has come under threat as the International Energy Agency reported an increase in global emissions by 0.9%, with Africa contributing only 4% per capita to global emissions, and Nigeria, contributing 0.64 tonnes per capita of the 4%. This explicitly illustrates the imbalance when African countries, who are among the least contributors, have to deal with climate change as they reap its adverse effects. Most African countries, do, however depend on the oil industry, for not just its nations’ economy, but for energy supply.

This is why, in ensuring that economies are protected and energy distribution is still held tantamount while protecting the earth, technologies such as CCUS are a necessary option to be considered and incorporated into the energy sector and other heavy industries. CCUS over the years has proven to be the most feasible options for oil producing nations, particularly those with high energy needs. In this paper, the feasibilities of CCUS implementation in Nigeria is explored, its economic and policy implications that follow, in relation to the Paris Agreement in 2015 and the just concluded COP 28. The cost implications for identified sequestration locations such as Port Harcourt and Lokoja and other possible sites in the country, currently hold storage capacities of 100-1000Mt CO2, and an average abatement cost of $42/tonne. This paper explores funding measures for CCUS in-country as well as policy adjustments, utilization of captured CO2 and what this means for multinational and indigenous companies in the country and on the continent, their roles and commitments in the international community and how their investments in emission reductions in Nigeria and other African countries can be a huge step towards achieving the Paris agreement and protecting the earth.
A Comparative Study of Acoustic Emissions from Pencil Lead Breaks on Steel and Aluminum Substrates Using Signal Analysis
Authors: Fatukasi Oluseyi. S. , Abolle-Okoyeagu C. J. , Pancholi K.
Published: August 2024

Pipeline infrastructure is crucial in various industries, such as water management, transportation, oil, and gas. Detecting and monitoring potential failures or leaks in pipelines is paramount to ensure safety, prevent environmental damage, and optimize maintenance strategies. Acoustic emission (AE) is a passive non-destructive testing technique commonly used in pipeline monitoring, it detects faults caused by leaks, cracks, and external impacts in various engineering materials. Calibration is an important aspect of any AE monitoring process, and the Pencil-lead break (PLB) technique is highly effective in characterizing acoustic wave speed and calibrating the AE experimental setup. Producing a PLB AE source involves breaking a 0.3mm diameter pencil lead by pressing it against the surface of a test structure and applying a bending moment. This produces energy in the form of elastic stress waves, propagating through the test structure before being recorded and transformed into electrical signals by a transducer mounted on the test surface. In this paper, a comparative study of the behaviour of steel and aluminum substrates based on their time-frequency energy distribution from the burst impact of pencil lead breaks is conducted. This is accomplished by simulating AE PLBs in a controlled laboratory experiment on solid steel and aluminium cylinders (200mm diameter) surfaces to generate acoustic emission signals captured by the Piezoelectric transducer attached to the test objects. The acquired signals were analyzed using MATLAB software to study the differences in spectral behaviour on the test objects. The results indicate that the AE energy and average frequency are lower in the solid steel cylinder than in the aluminium cylinder due to differences in their relative density and strength. The response model will provide a theoretical foundation for future structural AE monitoring of oil and gas pipelines.
Combating Subsea Pipeline Corrosion Using Papaya Leaves
Authors: Igwe Justus Uzoma , Odutola Toyin Olabisi
Published: August 2024

Over the past two decades, numerous pipeline networks within Nigeria's oil and gas industry have experienced severe failures. This is largely attributed to the corrosive nature of the operating environment and the transportation of corrosive fluids through these oil pipelines. In this research, the Papaya leaf extract (PLE) was prepared and utilized to slow down the corrosion of Subsea Pipelines (SP) in harsh offshore environments. The experiment was conducted using the gravimetric (weight loss) method, using 12 specimens (coupons) comprising three metal coupons in the proportion of four Aluminum, four Mild steel and four Galvanized Steel. The coupons were kept in a workable state to prevent them from any preferential attack. The coupons were rinsed in distilled water, dried, and weighed to obtain the initial weights. Each coupon was immersed into a beaker containing 200 ml of seawater polluted with 1M H2SO4 solution and varying PLE concentrations. Through a five-day exposure period and varying PLE concentrations (8 ml, 12 ml, and 16 ml), the experiment utilizes a control group (0 ml PLE) to gauge inhibitor effectiveness. Quantitative analysis of weight loss (WL) and corrosion rates (CR) provided critical insights into the inhibitory potential of PLE for subsea pipeline corrosion prevention. Notably, the efficiency of the 16 ml inhibitor demonstrated superior performance, showcasing overall efficiencies of 19.44%, 79.82%, and 86.03% for AL, MS, and GS samples, respectively. Also, the MS had the least weight loss at 13.4% proving to be a better material choice for subsea pipelines. This research contributes essential quantitative data, emphasizing the impact of PLE concentration on corrosion resistance and positioning PLE as a promising eco-friendly inhibitor for subsea pipeline protection.
Effect of Oil-Based Drilling Fluid Contamination on Gas Condensates Fluid Properties. Case Study of a Deepwater Reservoir in Niger Delta, Nigeria
Authors: Attoni S. D. , Nwonodi C. , Nwaokorie C.
Published: August 2024

Fluid characterization is a key input into reservoir and field development studies and effective wells and reservoir management. Thus, the importance of acquiring representative reservoir fluid samples cannot be over emphasized. Fluid samples acquired from the reservoir may be contaminated by drilling fluid. However, with advancements in reservoir fluid analysis and characterization, it is possible to numerically clean contaminated reservoir fluid samples.

This paper presents a case study of the effects of Oil-based drilling Mud (OBM) contamination on gas condensates fluid properties from a Deepwater turbidite reservoir in Nigeria. Four contaminated samples acquired from this reservoir were studied.

The results show that drilling fluid contamination has a marked effect on key gas condensate fluid properties such as the Condensate-Gas-Ratio (CGR). The higher the contaminant the higher the CGR of the contaminated and resultant cleaned fluid. Numerical cleaning of OBM contaminated gas condensates does not guarantee obtaining a fluid model that is representative of insitu uncontaminated reservoir fluid. A linear relationship was observed between the cleaned fluid CGR and Saturation Pressure (Psat) with respect to the contamination level. Extrapolation of this relationship to 0% wt. contamination yields a CGR and Psat that were likely to be indicative of insitu uncontaminated fluid CGR and Psat. This formed the basis for a low case PVT parameter estimate, thus enabling the definition of suitable fluid parameter uncertainty ranges. The paper also highlights the importance of acquiring multiple fluid samples and benchmarking fluid description against possible analogues within the same and/or similar geological setting to enable the development of possible insights that may support and improve the analysis.