bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locus coeruleus response to single‐prolonged stress and early intervention with intranasal neuropeptide Y
Authors: Sabban Esther L. , Laukova Marcela , Alaluf Lishay G. , Olsson Emelie , Serova Lidia I.
Published: September 2015

Dysregulation of the central noradrenergic system is a core feature of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here, we examined molecular changes in locus coeruleus (LC) triggered by single‐prolonged stress (SPS) PTSD model at a time when behavioral symptoms are manifested, and the effect of early intervention with intranasal neuropeptide Y (NPY). Immediately following SPS stressors, male SD rats were administered intranasal NPY (SPS/NPY) or vehicle (SPS/V). Seven days later, TH protein, but not mRNA, was elevated in LC only of the SPS/V group. Although 90% of TH positive cells expressed GR, its levels were unaltered. Compared to unstressed controls, LC of SPS/V, but not SPS/NPY, expressed less Y2 receptor mRNA with more CRHR1 mRNA in subset of animals, and elevated corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) in central nucleus of amygdala. Following testing for anxiety on elevated plus maze (EPM), there were significantly increased TH, DBH and NPY mRNAs in LC of SPS‐treated, but not previously unstressed animals. Their levels highly correlated with each other but not with behavioral features on EPM. Thus, SPS triggers long‐term noradrenergic activation and higher sensitivity to mild stressors, perhaps mediated by the up‐regulation influence of amygdalar CRH input and down‐regulation of Y2R presynaptic inhibition in LC. Results also demonstrate the therapeutic potential of early intervention with intranasal NPY for traumatic stress‐elicited noradrenergic impairments.

image

Single‐prolonged stress (SPS)‐triggered long‐term changes in the locus coeruleus/norepinephrine (LC/NE) system with increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein and CRH receptor 1(CRHR1) mRNA and lower neuropeptide Y receptor 2 (Y2R) mRNA levels as well as elevated corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) that were prevented by early intervention with intranasal neuropeptide Y (NPY). SPS treatment led to increased sensitivity of LC to mild stress of elevated plus maze (EPM), with elevated mRNA for NE biosynthetic enzymes in subset of animals.
Ankylosaurid dinosaur tail clubs evolved through stepwise acquisition of key features
Authors: Arbour Victoria M. , Currie Philip J.
Published: September 2015

Ankylosaurid ankylosaurs were quadrupedal, herbivorous dinosaurs with abundant dermal ossifications. They are best known for their distinctive tail club composed of stiff, interlocking vertebrae (the handle) and large, bulbous osteoderms (the knob), which may have been used as a weapon. However, tail clubs appear relatively late in the evolution of ankylosaurids, and seemed to have been present only in a derived clade of ankylosaurids during the last 20 million years of the Mesozoic Era. New evidence from mid Cretaceous fossils from China suggests that the evolution of the tail club occurred at least 40 million years earlier, and in a stepwise manner, with early ankylosaurids evolving handle‐like vertebrae before the distal osteoderms enlarged and coossified to form a knob.
Evaluation of care quality for disabled older patients living at home and in institutions
Authors: Chang Shu‐Ching , Shiu Ming‐Neng , Chen Huey‐Tzy , Ng Yee‐Yung , Lin Li‐Chan , Wu Shiao‐Chi
Published: September 2015

Aims and objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the level of care quality received by disabled older patients residing at home vs. those residing in institutions.

Background

Taiwan has an aging society and faces issues of caring for disabled older patients, including increasing needs, insufficient resources and a higher economic burden of care.

Design

Retrospective study extracting patient data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance database.

Methods

We enrolled 76,672 disabled older patients aged 65 years and older who resided at home or institutions and had submitted claims for coverage of National Health Insurance for home care received for the first time between 2004–2006. Propensity score matching was applied to create a home‐care group and an institutional‐care group with 27,894 patients each. Indicators of care quality (emergency services use, hospitalisation, infection, pressure ulcers, death) within the first year were observed.

Results

The home care group had significantly higher emergency services use, fewer hospital admissions and fewer infections, but had significantly higher occurrence of pressure ulcers. The institutional‐care group had significantly lower time intervals between emergencies, fewer deaths, lower risk of emergencies and lower pressure ulcer risk. Males had significantly higher emergency services use than females, and higher risk of hospital admission and death.

Conclusions

Care quality indicators for elder care are significantly different between home care and institutional care. The quality of home care is associated with higher emergency services use and pressure ulcer development, and institutional care is associated with number of infections and hospitalisations.

Relevance to clinical practice

Care quality indicators were significantly different between home‐care and institutional‐care groups and were closely associated with the characteristics of individual patients’ in the specific settings. Nursing capabilities must be directed towards reducing unnecessary care quality‐related events among high‐risk disabled older patients.
Clinical translation of stem cell transplantation in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lindvall O.
Published: September 2015

In Parkinson's disease (PD), the main pathology underlying the motor symptoms is a loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Clinical trials of intrastriatal transplantation of human foetal mesencephalic tissue have shown that the grafted dopaminergic neurons re‐innervate the striatum, restore striatal dopamine release and, in some cases, induce major, long‐lasting improvement of motor function. However, nonmotor symptoms originating from degeneration outside the striatum or in nondopaminergic systems are not alleviated by intrastriatal implantation of dopaminergic neurons. Stem cells and reprogrammed cells could potentially be used to produce dopaminergic neurons for transplantation in patients with PD. Recent studies demonstrate that standardized preparations of dopaminergic neurons of the correct substantia nigra phenotype can be generated from human embryonic stem cells in large numbers, and they will soon be available for patient application. In addition, dopaminergic neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells are being considered for clinical translation. Important challenges include the demonstration of potency (growth capacity and functional efficacy) and safety of the generated dopaminergic neurons in preclinical animal models. The dopaminergic neurons should subsequently be tested, using optimal patient selection and cell preparation and transplantation procedures, in controlled clinical studies.
Headache After Cerebral Angiography: Frequency, Predisposing Factors, and Predictors of Recovery
Authors: Kwon Min A , Hong Chang‐Ki , Joo Jin‐Yang , Kim Yong Bae , Chung Joonho
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Headache after cerebral angiography is frequent but has received little attention. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of headache after cerebral angiography. This study also addressed the predisposing factors that facilitate headache recovery.

METHODS

A total of 327 patients were included. The patients were ≥20 years old, had alert consciousness, and had received digital subtraction cerebral angiography (DSA) for cerebrovascular diseases or intracranial tumors. All the patients stayed in the hospital for ≥24 hours after DSA. Among them, 277 patients who did not complain of headache on admission were analyzed for headache risk factors and incidence after DSA.

RESULTS

Headache developed after DSA in 154 (55.6%) patients. Headache occurrence was independently associated with history of headache (odds ratio [OR] 4.625; P = .014), the indication for DSA (OR 4.141; P < .001), and the education level (OR 1.366; P = .036). Of the 154 patients who experienced headache after DSA, 120 (77.9%) patients recovered within 24 hours. Both diabetes (OR 2.469; P = .043) and the indication for DSA (OR 2.276; P = .028) were independent predisposing factors for headache recovery.

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of headache after DSA was 55.6%. Patients with a previous history of headaches, cerebrovascular disease, or a college education may have a higher risk of developing post‐DSA headaches than do those without such history. Headache recovery may be associated with a patient history of diabetes or cerebrovascular disease.
Histogram Analysis of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Parameters in Pediatric Cerebellar Tumors
Authors: Wagner Matthias W. , Narayan Anand K. , Bosemani Thangamadhan , Huisman Thierry A.G.M. , Poretti Andrea
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values have been shown to assist in differentiating cerebellar pilocytic astrocytomas and medulloblastomas. Previous studies have applied only ADC measurements and calculated the mean/median values. Here we investigated the value of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) histogram characteristics of the entire tumor for differentiation of cerebellar pilocytic astrocytomas and medulloblastomas.

METHODS

Presurgical DTI data were analyzed with a region of interest (ROI) approach to include the entire tumor. For each tumor, histogram‐derived metrics including the 25th percentile, 75th percentile, and skewness were calculated for fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean (MD), axial (AD), and radial (RD) diffusivity. The histogram metrics were used as primary predictors of interest in a logistic regression model. Statistical significance levels were set at p < .01.

RESULTS

The study population included 17 children with pilocytic astrocytoma and 16 with medulloblastoma (mean age, 9.21 ± 5.18 years and 7.66 ± 4.97 years, respectively). Compared to children with medulloblastoma, children with pilocytic astrocytoma showed higher MD (P = .003 and P = .008), AD (P = .004 and P = .007), and RD (P = .003 and P = .009) values for the 25th and 75th percentile. In addition, histogram skewness showed statistically significant differences for MD between low‐ and high‐grade tumors (P = .008).

CONCLUSIONS

The 25th percentile for MD yields the best results for the presurgical differentiation between pediatric cerebellar pilocytic astrocytomas and medulloblastomas. The analysis of other DTI metrics does not provide additional diagnostic value. Our study confirms the diagnostic value of the quantitative histogram analysis of DTI data in pediatric neuro‐oncology.
Does crown/implant ratio influence the survival and marginal bone level of short single implants in the mandibular molar? A preliminary investigation consisting of 12 patients
Authors: Ghariani L. , Segaan L. , Rayyan M. M. , Galli S. , Jimbo R. , Ibrahim A.
Published: September 2015

Crown/implant (C/I) ratio has been proven to not affect the survival of the implants; however, it is also a fact that no evidence exists with regard to the use of single short implants in the mandibular molar. The aim of this study was to determine whether the crown/implant ratios of single implant‐supported fixed restorations on implants of 6–8 mm in the mandibular molar have an impact on the implant survival and marginal bone maintenance. Twelve short dental implants (6–8 mm) were installed and restored with single crowns, loaded after 3 months of healing. The restorations were divided according to crown‐to‐implant ratio into two groups: Group 1: C/I < 2·0 and Group 2: C/I ≧ 2·0. Alveolar bone loss was measured using CBCT scan, taken at the implant placement and after 12 months follow‐up from loading. Reduced implant/crown ratio shown no statistic significant differences on implant survival and the alveolar bone level compared with recommended implant/crown ratio. Within the limitation of this study, it can be concluded that reduced C/I ratio could be used as a substitute for recommended C/I ratio in severely mandibular atrophic residual alveolar ridges.
Longing for Ex‐Partners out of Fear of Being Single
Authors: Spielmann Stephanie S. , MacDonald Geoff , Joel Samantha , Impett Emily A.
Published: September 2015

This research investigated whether people who fear being single have a more difficult time letting go of ex‐partners following a romantic breakup. Data were collected in a cross‐sectional study (N = 209, 64% women, Mage = 30 years old) as well as a 1‐month daily experience study of individuals who just went through a romantic breakup (N = 117, 44% women, Mage = 27 years old). Findings from both studies revealed that those with stronger fear of being single (Spielmann et al., 2013) reported greater longing for their ex‐partners. Pre‐ to post‐breakup analyses revealed that fear of being single increased after a breakup, regardless of who initiated the breakup. Within‐day analyses revealed that longing for an ex‐partner and attempts to renew the relationship were greater on days with stronger fear of being single. Lagged‐day analyses provided support for the conclusion that fear of being single increased longing and renewal attempts over time, but longing and renewal attempts did not influence fear of being single. These findings suggest that fear of being single is a particularly useful construct for understanding the romantic detachment process.
The Bright Side of Threatened Narcissism: Improved Performance Following Ego Threat
Authors: Nevicka Barbora , Baas Matthijs , Ten Velden Femke S.
Published: September 2015

Narcissistic individuals have highly positive self‐views and overestimate their abilities. Consequently, they tend to react aggressively whenever they receive information that does not match their high self‐views (ego threat). We argue that focusing on aggression merely portrays a one‐sided view of narcissistic individuals and the manner in which they counter ego threats. We propose that following ego threat, narcissism can also fuel performance. In four studies, we measured nonclinical narcissism and allocated Dutch undergraduate university students (N1 = 175, N2 = 142, N3 = 159, N4 = 174) to either an ego threat or a no ego threat condition. Ego threat involved negative feedback (Studies 1–2) or threat to uniqueness (Studies 3–4). We measured participants’ intentions to complete a challenging task (Study 1), their creative performance (Studies 2–3), and their performance on an anagram task (Study 4). Across Studies 1–3, we consistently found that following ego threat, higher nonclinical narcissism was associated with greater willingness to perform tasks that enabled demonstration of abilities and enhanced creative performance. These results were confirmed using a meta‐analysis. However, anagram performance was not enhanced following ego threat. We provide additional analyses that might help explain this. Our findings thus reveal a more positive side to the way narcissistic individuals manage threats to their self‐image.
THE PROBLEMATIC WORLD OF FOLLOWING A RENAL DIET OUTSIDE THE HOME
Authors: Morris Andrew , Love Helen , van Aar Zulaika , Liles Clive , Roskell Carolyn
Published: September 2015

Background

Individuals on peritoneal dialysis are given dietary advice to help reduce disease morbidity and mortality. However, the experience of people who have been given this advice is not well researched.

Objective

To understand the experiences of individuals on peritoneal dialysis when following dietary advice.

Method

A phenomenological approach, using semi‐structured in‐depth interviews was used to understand the experiences of ten service‐users of the renal dietetic service. Data were analysed using Framework Analysis.

Findings

One theme emerged around difficulty when eating outside the home. Individuals experienced negative emotions when following advice. Individuals ate foods reluctantly, offered excuses as to why meals could not be eaten, or in extreme cases did not attend certain social gatherings in order to avoid the perceived attention and judgement from fellow guests related to their food choices.

Conclusion

A renal diet for peritoneal dialysis may be difficult to follow outside the home. Further support around eating in social situations may need to be offered when giving dietary advice.
Adolescent Student Use of School‐Based Salad Bars
Authors: Andersen Lori , Myers Leann , O'Malley Keelia , Mundorf Adrienne R. , Harris Diane M. , Johnson Carolyn C.
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

Childhood obesity continues to be a public health problem in the United States. Increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables (F/V) is one strategy for decreasing high consumption of energy‐dense, high‐fat foods, thereby improving weight status. Many Orleans Parish public schools were provided with salad bars (SBs) to augment school lunch with increased access to F/V. This study identified factors associated with student use of SBs.

METHODS

Surveys examining SB use, demographics, food preference, nutrition knowledge, and social support were administered to students in the 7th to 12th grades (N = 702) in Orleans Parish (New Orleans, Louisiana). Generalized estimating equations, which incorporate clustering at the school level, helped to determine associations between independent variables and SB use.

RESULTS

Sixty percent of participants were SB users. Non‐African‐American students were more likely to be SB users than African‐American students (odds ratio [OR] = 2.35, confidence interval [CI]: 1.35‐4.07) and students who had high preference for healthy food were more likely to use the SB than those who had low preference (OR = 2.41, CI: 1.44‐4.01). Students who encouraged others to consume F/V were more likely to use the SB than those who did not (p = .015).

CONCLUSIONS

Individual and interpersonal factors related to SB use can provide guidance in the development of school‐based interventions to increase SB use and F/V consumption.
An immunosuppressed child with lesions on the scalp
Authors: Posso‐De Los Rios Claudia J , Rubio‐Gomez Gustavo A , Lara‐Corrales Irene , Taylor Glenn
Published: September 2015

See Answer
Snoring in children
Authors: Chawla Jasneek , Waters Karen Ann
Published: September 2015

Chronic snoring (≥4 nights per week) is not benign. Otherwise healthy children with chronic snoring and evidence of adenotonsillar hypertrophy can be referred directly for adenotonsillectomy. Snoring children <30 months or with significant medical comorbidities should be referred for specialist sleep evaluation. Older children with intermittent snoring or without significant medical comorbidities can be managed with a combination of medical and surgical interventions listed herein.
Use of quality measurement across US dental delivery systems: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Alrqiq Hosam M. , Edelstein Burton L.
Published: September 2015

Objectives

Dentistry is increasingly challenged by payers and the public to demonstrate quality measurement (QM) activities that substantiate value. Unknown is how various components of the US oral health‐care financing and delivery systems have adopted QM. The objective of this study is to explore QM activities by US dental delivery, management, financing, and related organizations.

Methods

Using a structured interview guide based on a novel conceptual framework that incorporates factors influencing QM intention, adoption, and implementation, 19 key informant interviews were conducted. Informants represented safety net delivery programs (health center, nonprofit mobile, hospital‐based, Veterans Administration, and tribal dental programs), private delivery organizations (private practice, closed panel HMO, and for‐profit mobile dental programs), training programs that deliver care (dental and dental therapy programs), management organizations (private and Medicaid group practice management companies), care financing organizations (Medicaid managed care plan, state Medicaid program, dental benefits companies), and dental quality organizations (institute and dental professional organization). Interviews were transcribed and analyzed qualitatively.

Results

Informants report wide variation in the intensity of QM efforts with organizational leadership cited as most influential. Motivation to adopt QM efforts is more often internal than imposed. Data management and information technology both facilitate and limit QM activities. QM activities are associated with operational improvements including use of guidelines and refinements of mission. Organizational type and size appear to influence QM programs.

Conclusion

The current status of QM is highly variable across dental organizations because organizational leadership, needs, and requirements vary according to mission and structure.
Predominance of 2‐hydroxymelatonin over melatonin in plants
Authors: Byeon Yeong , Tan Dun‐Xian , Reiter Russel J. , Back Kyoungwhan
Published: September 2015

The cloning of the gene encoding melatonin 2‐hydroxylase (M2H), which is responsible for the synthesis of 2‐hydroxymelatonin, has expanded the study of melatonin metabolism in plants. Kinetic analysis of M2H enzymatic activity demonstrated that the catalytic efficiency of M2H is much higher than those of other melatonin biosynthetic enzymes such as serotonin N‐acetyltransferase (SNAT) and N‐acetylserotonin O‐methyltransferase (ASMT), suggesting that melatonin metabolism is rapid in plants. To test this prediction, we selected 24 plant species belonging to 16 families and quantified the levels of melatonin and 2‐hydroxymelatonin using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). The melatonin levels in most of the species were <1 ng/g fresh weight (FW), while those in leaves from radish and feverfew were 3.5 and 3.3 ng/g FW, respectively. In contrast, the average levels of 2‐hydroxymelatonin were much higher at 6.2 ng/g FW. The average ratio of 2‐hydroxymelatonin to melatonin in plants was approximately 368:1, indicating that the accumulation of 2‐hydroxymelatonin predominates over that of melatonin. These data were consistent with previous results on the kinetics of the corresponding enzymes, as well as with in vivo melatonin conversion data. Among several melatonin metabolites in plants, the most abundant metabolite was found to be 2‐hydroxymelatonin (99%) followed by 4‐hydroxymelatonin (0.05%), but 6‐hydroxymelatonin was not detected in rice seedlings.
Leveraging Social Networks to Develop Radically New Products
Authors: Iacobucci Dawn , Hoeffler Steve
Published: September 2015

In this article, the authors consider the nexus of social networks and radically new products. These new products are so innovative that they forge new product categories, and social networks might be particularly fruitful in their development, dissemination, and help to foster growth and acceptance. Several social networks concepts are brought to bear on these issues, from the class diffusion model, to current considerations of lead users and emerging ideas about crowdsourcing. In particular, the classic diffusion model provides parameters to reflect innovative consumer behavior, and it is suggested that, in complement to studies that seek customer traits to identify innovators, social network concepts and indices of degree, betweenness, and closeness centrality are very well suited in identifying customers embedded in social networks whose relational ties are indicative of their likely influence and stature. Next, lead users are considered in the specific context of health care, and it is suggested that online forums provide numerous benefits to customer patients as well as opportunities to health‐care providers. Next, the dynamics of social networks are considered as they apply to cutting‐edge ideas about crowdsourcing, movements that companies are exploring to be radically open to customer feedback and suggestions. This article closes with an example of a novel appeal that bridges social networks and radically new products—the challenge of solving societal difficulties, from food scarcity, to environmental pollutants, to weather patterns, to discovering treatments for cancer or other medical conditions.
Effect of a potential probiotics Lactococcus garvieae B301 on the growth performance, immune parameters and caecum microflora of broiler chickens
Authors: Zhang T. , Xie J. , Zhang M. , Fu N. , Zhang Y.
Published: September 2015

In this study, a novel Lactococcus garvieae B301 was isolated from the intestinal tract of a healthy piglet. L. garvieae B301 was tolerant to acid pH, simulated gastric and small intestinal transit juices, indicating that it was capable of surviving in the gastrointestinal tract. L. garvieae B301 was safe and beneficial to broilers, as broiler chickens supplemented with L. garvieae B301 had lower diarrhoea incidence and mortality than the Control. Moreover, supplementation of broiler diets with L. garvieae B301 resulted in an increase in body weight and the number of caecum lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium spp., and decrease in feed‐to‐gain ratio and the number of caecum coliforms. It also had a positive effect on the thymus index and bursa of Fabricius index and enhanced serum levels of immune globulins. All these results showed that L. garvieae B301 could enhance the growth performance of broiler chickens and improve their health. Thus, L. garvieae B301 could be a promising feed additive for broiler chickens.
Phylotranscriptomic analyses in plants using Betulaceae as an example
Authors: Ma Hui , Lu Jing , Liu Bing‐Bing , Duan Bing‐Bing , He Xiao‐Dong , Liu Jian‐Quan
Published: September 2015

With the advance of next‐generation sequencing techniques, phylogenetic analyses based on genomic data are becoming frequent in plants. However, the efficacy of different methods used to retrieve orthologs for phylogenetic studies based on transcriptome sequences is rarely compared and examined for closely related species with low genetic differentiation. In this study, we used both low‐copy gene‐based approaches and mapping‐based approaches to construct a phylogeny of Betulaceae. We found that both approaches showed no distinct differences in phylogeny construction and associated bootstrap support, although mapping‐based methods seemed to be superior to the former in all analyses particularly when the summed length of orthologs was not long enough. Phylogenetic relationships within the family, largely consistent with those previously based on chloroplast DNA and nuclear internal transcribed spacer sequence variations, received high support for all clades and subclades. However, we found that support values for the sister relationship between two polyploid genera were lower than those between diploid groups if only a few orthologs were sampled. This may result from ortholog misidentification due to genome duplications.
Beyond the classical nurse species effect: diversity assembly in a Mediterranean semi‐arid dwarf shrubland
Authors: Chacón‐Labella Julia , de la Cruz Marcelino , Escudero Adrián
Published: September 2015

Questions

Shrublands often exhibit very high levels of species richness. We ask which mechanisms underlie plant species co‐existence in a hyper‐diverse Mediterranean shrubland, and the scales at which individual species exert their effects during organization of diversity in these communities.

Location

Brea de Tajo, Madrid, Spain.

Methods

We computed the individual species–area relationships (ISARs) in a completely mapped Mediterranean dwarf shrubland. Using appropriate species‐specific null models, we evaluated how diversity was organized around individual species, covering a wide array of spatial scales.

Results

We mapped 7858 individuals from 48 perennial species. Our analyses showed that most species (80%) acted as accumulators and exhibited more diversity than expected, whereas 20% were neutral at fine scales. At larger spatial scales, most species exhibited no significant effects in terms of diversity accumulation.

Conclusions

In contrast to other species‐rich ecosystems such as tropical forests, our results suggest that positive interactions and niche complementarities are the main drivers of community assembly in these communities. The most important finding was the existence of non‐hierarchical multi‐specific clumping that was independent of the fine‐scale environmental heterogeneity, which is a pattern that has not been described previously, to the best of our knowledge. The abundance of accumulator species and the similarity among the ISAR curves suggest that nurse‐like species were not present, thereby indicating that a different ecological mechanism led to the emergence of this pattern.
The Structure of Semantic Competence: Compositionality as an Innate Constraint of the Faculty of Language
Authors: Del Pinal Guillermo
Published: September 2015

This article defends the view that the Faculty of Language is compositional; namely, that it computes the meaning of complex expressions from the meanings of their immediate constituents. I first argue that compositionality and other competing, non‐compositional constraints on the ways in which we compute the meanings of complex expressions should be understood as hypotheses about the innate constrains of the semantic operations of the Faculty of Language. I then argue that, unlike compositionality, most of the currently available non‐compositional constraints predict incorrect patterns of early linguistic development. This supports the view that the Faculty of Language is compositional. More generally, this article proposes a way of reframing the compositionality debate which, by focusing on its implications for language acquisition, opens what has so far been a mainly theoretical debate to a more straightforward empirical resolution.
Chimpanzee Mindreading and the Value of Parsimonious Mental Models
Authors: Clatterbuck Hayley
Published: September 2015

I analyze two recent parsimony arguments that have been offered to break the current impasse in the chimpanzee mindreading controversy, the ‘logical problem’ argument from Povinelli, Penn, and Vonk, and Sober's attempt to apply model selection criteria in support of the mindreading hypothesis. I argue that Sober's approach fails to adequately rebut the ‘logical problem’. However, applying model selection criteria to chimpanzees' own mental models of behavior does yield a response to the ‘logical problem’ and reveals an adaptive advantage of mindreading models and a potential solution to a paradox raised by Whiten.
Grammar versus Pragmatics: Carving Nature at the Joints
Authors: Martí Luisa
Published: September 2015

I argue that the debate on the division of labor between grammar and pragmatics, at least as it pertains to pragmatic free enrichment, needs to be better grounded empirically. Often, only a reduced set of facts from English is used to substantiate claims regarding pragmatic free enrichment. But considering a reduced set of facts from a single language can only afford limited (and, sometimes, wrong) results, because we can merely see whatever this one language chooses to express. Two cases studies are presented: adjectival fragments, and implicit indefinite objects. A grammatical analysis is defended for them.
The Communication Desideratum and Theories of Indexical Reference
Authors: Åkerman Jonas
Published: September 2015

According to the communication desideratum (CD), a notion of semantic content must be adequately related to communication. In the recent debate on indexical reference, (CD) has been invoked in arguments against the view that intentions determine the semantic content of indexicals and demonstratives (intentionalism). In this article, I argue that the interpretations of (CD) that these arguments rely on are questionable, and suggest an alternative interpretation, which is compatible with (strong) intentionalism. Moreover, I suggest an approach that combines elements of intentionalism with other subjectivist approaches, and discuss the role of intuitions in developing and evaluating theories of indexical reference.
Identification and characterization of SNJ2, the first temperate pleolipovirus integrating into the genome of the SNJ1‐lysogenic archaeal strain
Authors: Liu Ying , Wang Jiao , Liu Yang , Wang Yuchen , Zhang Ziqian , Oksanen Hanna M. , Bamford Dennis H. , Chen Xiangdong
Published: September 2015

Proviral regions have been identified in the genomes of many haloarchaea, but only a few archaeal halophilic temperate viruses have been studied. Here, we report a new virus, SNJ2, originating from archaeal strain Natrinema sp. J7‐1. We demonstrate that this temperate virus coexists with SNJ1 virus and is dependent on SNJ1 for efficient production. Here, we show that SNJ1 is an icosahedral membrane‐containing virus, whereas SNJ2 is a pleomorphic one. Instead of producing progeny virions and forming plaques, SNJ2 integrates into the host tRNAMet gene. The virion contains a discontinuous, circular, double‐stranded DNA genome of 16 992 bp, in which both nicks and single‐stranded regions are present preceded by a ‘GCCCA’ motif. Among 25 putative SNJ2 open reading frames (ORFs), five of them form a cluster of conserved ORFs homologous to archaeal pleolipoviruses isolated from hypersaline environments. Two structural protein encoding genes in the conserved cluster were verified in SNJ2. Furthermore, SNJ2‐like proviruses containing the conserved gene cluster were identified in the chromosomes of archaea belonging to 10 different genera. Comparison of SNJ2 and these proviruses suggests that they employ a similar integration strategy into a tRNA gene.
How ion channels sense mechanical force: insights from mechanosensitive K2P channels TRAAK, TREK1, and TREK2
Authors: Brohawn Stephen G.
Published: September 2015

The ability to sense and respond to mechanical forces is essential for life and cells have evolved a variety of systems to convert physical forces into cellular signals. Within this repertoire are the mechanosensitive ion channels, proteins that play critical roles in mechanosensation by transducing forces into ionic currents across cellular membranes. Understanding how these channels work, particularly in animals, remains a major focus of study. Here, I review the current understanding of force gating for a family of metazoan mechanosensitive ion channels, the two‐pore domain K+ channels (K2Ps) TRAAK, TREK1, and TREK2. Structural and functional insights have led to a physical model for mechanical activation of these channels. This model of force sensation by K2Ps is compared to force sensation by bacterial mechanosensitive ion channels MscL and MscS to highlight principles shared among these evolutionarily unrelated channels, as well as differences of potential functional relevance. Recent advances address fundamental questions and stimulate new ideas about these unique mechanosensors.
Changes in oral mucosal MUC1 expression and salivary hormones throughout the menstrual cycle
Authors: Lee Y‐H , Kim Y‐Y , Chang J‐Y , Kho H‐S
Published: September 2015

Objective

To investigate relationships among oral mucosal epithelial MUC1 expression, salivary stress markers, and female gonadal hormones throughout the menstrual cycle.

Subjects and Methods

Thirty healthy women (25.9 ± 2.1 years) with regular menstrual cycle were included. Unstimulated (UWS) and stimulated whole saliva (SWS) were collected during the menstrual cycle. The expression level of oral mucosal MUC1 was analyzed. 17β‐Estradiol, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), cortisol, chromogranin A (CgA), and blood contamination levels were measured from UWS and SWS.

Results

Significant positive correlations were observed between 17β‐estradiol and DHEA in UWS, cortisol and CgA in UWS, MUC1 expression and DHEA in SWS, and among cortisol, progesterone, and DHEA in UWS and SWS. Significant negative correlations were observed between MUC1 and cortisol/DHEA ratio in UWS and SWS. When each phase was analyzed individually, MUC1 expression showed significant negative correlations with cortisol, progesterone, and cortisol/DHEA ratio in UWS and with progesterone and cortisol/DHEA ratio in SWS during the mid‐luteal phase. A significant negative correlation was also observed between MUC1 and cortisol/DHEA ratio in UWS during the late luteal phase.

Conclusions

Stress‐related psychoendocrinological interactions throughout the menstrual cycle resulted in a decrease in oral mucosal epithelial MUC1 expression and a weakening of oral mucosal defense.
An experimental test of antagonistic effects of competition and parasitism on host performance in semi‐natural mesocosms
Authors: Pérez‐Jvostov Felipe , Hendry Andrew P. , Fussmann Gregor F. , Scott Marilyn E.
Published: September 2015

The mechanisms by which parasites can mediate the interactions between species have received increased interest in recent years. Nonetheless, most research has focused on the role of shared parasites as mediators of interspecific competition. Here, we explore the relative effects of Gyrodactylus specialist ectoparasites of Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata on competition between their host and juveniles of the killifish Rivulus hartii. In mesocosms that replicate natural streams, we exposed guppies to only competitors, to only parasites, to both parasites and competitors, or the absence of both. Consistent with previous studies, we found that female guppies grew significantly less where only Gyrodactylus were present, and this was regardless of infection status or parasite load. Surprisingly, this effect of Gyrodactylus on the growth of female guppies was greatly reduced when both parasites and competitors were present in the mesocosms. We conclude that guppies can mediate the effects of Gyrodactylus on competition with Rivulus, by adaptively fine‐tuning their phenotype when simultaneously facing multiple enemies.
Relevance of culture‐bound syndromes in the 21st century
Authors: Ventriglio Antonio , Ayonrinde Oyedeji , Bhugra Dinesh
Published: September 2015

Culture‐bound syndromes were first described over 60 years ago. The underlying premise was that certain psychiatric syndromes are confined to specific cultures. There is no doubt that cultures influence how symptoms are perceived, explained and from where help is sought. Cultures determine what idioms of distress are employed to express distress. Rapid globalization and industrialization have made the world a smaller place and cultures are being more influenced by other cultures. This has led to social and economic changes in parts of the world where such syndromes were seen more frequently. In this review we illustrate these changes using the example of dhat syndrome (semen‐loss anxiety). The number of syndromes in the DSM‐5 has been reduced, acknowledging that these syndromes may be changing their presentations. Clinicians need to be aware of social and economic changes that may affect presentation of various psychiatric syndromes.
Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy for the pediatric recipient population: Risk factors for adverse outcomes
Authors: Walther Ashley E. , Coots Abigail C. , Goebel Jens W. , Alonso Maria H. , Ryckman Frederick C. , Tiao Greg M. , Nathan Jaimie D.
Published: September 2015

Kidney transplantation is the optimal treatment of ESRD in children. Some studies have reported inferior outcomes in recipients of LDN allografts who are ≤5 yr of age. We performed a retrospective review of pediatric recipient outcomes of 110 LDN allografts at our institution and examined predictors of adverse outcomes. Subgroup analysis was performed by dividing recipients into three age categories: 0–5 yr, 6–17 yr, and ≥18 yr. There was no significant difference between incidences of DGF or ARE between groups. Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated 100% allograft survival in 0‐ to 5‐yr‐old recipients, nearly reaching statistical significance (p = 0.07) for outcome superior to that of the two older age groups. Pretransplant HD was associated with increased risk of DGF (p = 0.05). Significant risk factors for ARE were recipient weight >15 kg (p = 0.033) and multiple renal arteries (p = 0.047). Previous ARE was associated with an increased risk of allograft failure (p = 0.02). LDN is not associated with increased risk of DGF, ARE, or allograft failure in the youngest recipients. These findings support an aggressive pursuit of preemptive transplantation even in the youngest pediatric allograft recipients.
The N‐terminal segment of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase of Haemonchus contortus interacts with complements C1q and C3
Authors: Vedamurthy G. V. , Sahoo S. , Devi I. K. , Murugavel S. , Joshi P.
Published: September 2015

Haemonchus contortus, an economically important blood‐sucking parasite of sheep and goats, survives the harsh host gut environment by secreting a number of proteins referred as excretory/secretory (ES) products. Glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a glycolytic enzyme, is one of the components of H. contortus ES products. The parasite enzyme binds to complement C3 and inhibits its activity. In this study, the C3‐binding activity of the parasite GAPDH was mapped to the N‐terminal part of the enzyme by generating defined recombinant fragments of the protein. The N‐terminal fragment also trapped complement C1q but not C5 and inhibited complement‐mediated lysis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes. Competitive binding assay indicates different binding regions for C1q and C3 proteins. GAPDH stimulated proliferation of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro and reacted with the sera from H. contortus‐infected animals. However, the fragments of GAPDH did not stimulate cell proliferation nor reacted with the infected animal sera. Furthermore, denatured GAPDH failed to react with the infected animal sera in dot blot suggesting conformation‐dependent epitope. These results demonstrate an elegant strategy of the parasite to completely shut down complement activation and identify GAPDH as a promising target for future therapeutic intervention.
Resistance in Australian barley (Hordeum vulgare) germplasm to the exotic pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei, causal agent of stripe rust
Authors: Dracatos P. M. , Khatkar M. S. , Singh D. , Stefanato F. , Park R. F. , Boyd L. A.
Published: September 2015

Eighty‐eight Australian and 10 international barley cultivars were assessed for resistance to the barley stripe (yellow) rust pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei (Psh). All cultivars were tested for seedling resistance to two UK‐derived isolates of Psh (11.01 and 83.39) that were shown to differ in virulence based on responses on 16 differential barley genotypes. The 98 barley cultivars differed substantially in stripe rust response; 45% were susceptible to Psh 11.01, 53% to Psh 83.39 and 44% to both isolates. The observed diverse infection types (ITs) suggest the presence of both known and uncharacterized resistance. However, further multipathotype tests are required for accurate gene postulation. The Yerong × Franklin (Y×F) doubled haploid (DH) population was phenotypically assessed as seedlings using both Psh isolates. Yerong and Franklin were immune and highly resistant, respectively, to both isolates used in this study. Marker‐trait and QTL mapping identified a major effect on the long arm of chromosome 7H contributed by Franklin in response to all isolates. The resistance of Yerong was mapped to 113·96 and 169·38 cM on chromosome 5HL in response to Psh 11.01 and 83.39, respectively. The Psh resistance sources identified in this study can be used for further genetic analysis and introgression for varietal improvement.
Displacement of US‐1 clonal lineage by a new lineage of Phytophthora infestans on potato in Kenya and Uganda
Authors: Njoroge A. W. , Tusiime G. , Forbes G. A. , Yuen J. E.
Published: September 2015

Phytophthora infestans, the pathogen responsible for causing late blight in potato and tomato, is a rapidly evolving and highly adaptable pathogen. Following the appearance of a new clonal genotype in Kenya (KE‐1 lineage) in 2007, there was a need to document possible displacement of the US‐1 genotype by the newer lineage. Samples from Kenya (260) collected on potato and from Uganda collected on potato (134) and tomato (32) were genotyped with simple sequence repeat (SSR) and mitochondrial DNA haplotype (mtDNA) markers. Results show that, four years after its discovery, the KE‐1 lineage has completely displaced the US‐1 lineage on potato in Kenya. The KE‐1 lineage has also migrated into Uganda through the eastern part of the country that borders western Kenya. All potato samples from eastern Uganda were of the KE‐1 lineage. Moreover, samples from eight fields in western Uganda were also of the KE‐1 lineage, which is in agreement with an ongoing westward displacement. However, the new lineage has not displaced the old lineage on tomato, as all samples from tomato were US‐1. Principal coordinate analysis (PCA) scatter plots revealed clustering that indicated separation between the lineages and also between the subpopulations of the US‐1 lineage on potato and tomato.
Policies that Succeed and Programs that Fail: Ambiguity, Conflict, and Crisis in Greek Higher Education
Authors: Zahariadis Nikolaos , Exadaktylos Theofanis
Published: September 2015

Why do some policies adopted by a wide margin fail to be implemented? Highlighting the role of policy entrepreneurial strategies within the Multiple Streams Approach (MSA), we examine the implementation of Greek higher education reform in 2011 to argue that when policies adversely affect the status quo, successful entrepreneurial strategies of issue‐linkage and framing, side payments, and institutional rule manipulation are more likely to lead to implementation failure under conditions of crisis, centralized monopoly, and inconsistent political communication. The findings clarify MSA by specifying the conditions that increase the coupling strategies’ chances of success or failure and illuminate the role ambiguity and conflict play in policy reform and implementation.
Heart rate variability across the menstrual cycle in young women taking oral contraceptives
Authors: Teixeira André L. , Ramos Plínio S. , Vianna Lauro C. , Ricardo Djalma R.
Published: September 2015

Previous studies have shown that resting heart rate variability (HRV) is modified by different phases of the menstrual cycle in nonusers of oral contraceptive pills (OCP); however, the effect of OCP on autonomic control of the heart remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate HRV during the low hormone (LH—not taking OCP) and during the high hormone (HH—active OCP use) phases of the menstrual cycle in young women. Seventeen healthy women (19–31 years) taking OCP for at least 6 consecutive months were enrolled in this study. Plasma estradiol and progesterone were verified at each visit. HRV was assessed by using one‐lead electrocardiography in time and frequency domains, in which participants rested in the supine position for a 20‐min period with a breathing rate of 15 cycles/min. In addition, resting heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were obtained. Both plasma estradiol (LH: 19.8 ± 4.2 pg/mL vs. HH: 12.4 ± 1.5 pg/mL; p > .05) and progesterone (LH: 0.247 ± 0.58 ng/mL vs. HH: 0.371 ± 0.08 ng/mL; p > .05) (mean ± SE) levels were similar in both phases. No significant difference was obtained for any component of HRV, heart rate, or blood pressure between the LH and HH phases (p > .05). These results provide preliminary evidence that use of OCP does not affect HRV during the menstrual cycle in healthy women.