bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unification of stress intensity factor (SIF) extraction methods with an h‐adaptive finite element scheme
Authors: Murthy K. S. R. K. , Mukhopadhyay M.
Published: September 2002

An h‐adaptive finite element procedure consisting of recently developed mesh generator (advancing front type and exclusively suitable for two‐dimensional domains containing cracks), ZZ‐error estimator and a refinement strategy based on strain energy concentration index have been used to refine the meshes of domains containing cracks adaptively to a target error of 3 per cent. Seven mixed‐mode SIF extraction methods have been coupled with the present h‐adaptive finite element analysis in order to examine the performance of each method in an environment of randomly changing meshes. Based on the performance of each method the SIF values of a mixed‐mode crack problem that does not have analytical solution have been suggested. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of metamers to compare the color vision of observers
Authors: Ezquerro J. M. , Carreño F. , Zoido J. M. , Bernabeu E.
Published: September 2002

In this research we compare the colorimetric behavior of several observers. For color centers recommended by CIE we have produced large sets of spectral distributions, which are metameric for the CIE 1931 standard observer. For each one of the color centers, we compare the clouds of chromaticity coordinates with the chromaticity thresholds. We define a parameter that provides a quantitative measure of the interobserver variability. This parameter is used to arrange the observers by their degree of likeness. A similar procedure has been used to compare two real observers. It is shown how there is no reciprocity between the colorimetric behavior of two real observers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 262–269, 2001
On saturation and related parameters following Guth's ATD colour‐vision model
Authors: Capilla P. , Luque M. J. , Gómez J. , Palomares A.
Published: September 2002

In this work, we have examined the influence of different parameters both on perceived saturation and saturation discrimination with unrelated colours, on the basis of S. L. Guth's CA90 colour‐vision model and its subsequent modifications. Our analysis of perceived saturation covered (1) spectral saturation functions at constant luminance, (2) saturation functions in constant colorimetric purity loci, (3) saturation vs. colorimetric purity functions, (4) saturation vs. luminance functions in the 1–1000 td range, and, finally, (5) the equal saturation loci in the xy color diagram. Regarding saturation discrimination, we focused on (1) saturation thresholds from white and from the locus, (2) the number of just noticeable steps from white to the spectral locus as a function of dominant wavelength, and (3) the colorimetric purity incremental threshold vs. colorimetric purity at constant dominant wavelength. Hunt's 1991 colour‐appearance model and the colour‐discrimination model by Yeh et al. (1993) were used for comparison purposes. The behavior predicted by Guth's and Hunt's models is qualitatively very similar in many issues, but they especially disagree on the dependence of saturation on luminance. For the discrimination task, Guth's model predicts spectral discrimination functions comparable with those predicted by Yeh et al., both from white and from the locus. Nevertheless, the models disagree on intermediate colorimetric purities for most wavelengths. The model is basically consistent with the experimental data except for the luminance dependence. On the other hand, the literature on discrimination is insufficient to determine which model is right. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 305–321, 2001
Evaluation of CIELAB‐based colour‐difference formulae using a new dataset
Authors: Kim Dong‐Ho , Cho Eun Kyoung , Kim Jae Pil
Published: September 2002

A new medium‐to‐large colour‐difference data set (mean ΔE* = 8.25) using textile samples and a gray‐scale method has been produced with the aim of comparing currently available datasets, putting particular emphasis on the characteristics of lightness and hue dependencies of major advanced CIELAB‐based colour‐difference formulae. The levels of errors in instrumental colour measurements and in visual assessments were similar to those of previous workers. The random and large scattering nature of the trend of unit lightness tolerances with lightness (L*) has made it difficult to apply a nonlinear lightness weighting calculation, e.g., that of CMC(ℓ:c). The chroma position corrected hue tolerances have shown a weak trend with hue‐angle (hab) and it can be incorporated in the existing modified CIELAB formula, e.g., CIE94, to improve its performance. Among the six formulae (CIELAB, CMC, CIE94, LCD, BFD‐II, and DCI‐95) tested, the LCD (Leeds Colour Difference) formula that is a modified model of the CIE94 colour‐difference equation has given the best performance. More visual experimental results are still thought to be required for further development in industrial colour‐difference evaluation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 369–375, 2001
Brief cognitive analytic therapy for post‐acute manic psychosis on a psychiatric intensive care unit
Authors: Kerr Ian B.
Published: September 2002

A study of the efficacy of brief cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) with a series of patients (n = 4) with treatment‐resistant manic psychosis on a psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU) was carried out. In one patient such an intervention proved redundant given an improved medication regime and subsequent willingness to comply with treatment. In a second, it proved impossible, in this context at least, due to fixed grandiose and paranoid delusions. In two others, however, this approach, particularly the technique of joint ‘reformulation’, appeared to be remarkably containing and effective with rapid subsidence of disturbed and non‐compliant behaviour. Much of the ‘psychotic’ psychopathology of these patients became comprehensible within this model in terms of secondary, ‘self‐state’ or narcissistic damage and enactment of maladaptive ‘procedures’ and ‘reciprocal roles’. Additionally, discussion of these procedures and the reciprocal roles elicited from and enacted by staff produced a marked change in attitude and behaviour by them. In one of these patients, improvement was such that transfer to an open ward was possible within a week and discharge soon after. Subsequent treatment was markedly more collaborative and enabling of good social function. It appears that CAT and its collaborative use of the ‘tools’ of reformulation could play an important role in the treatment of psychotic disorders in this and possibly other settings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementing HoNOS: An eight stage approach
Authors: Milne Derek , Reichelt Katharina , Wood Edith
Published: September 2002

The Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) were developed as a brief way to quantify progress towards the national target of improving significantly the health and social functioning of mentally ill people (Wing et al., 1998). As an instrument, HoNOS was regarded as adequate for this purpose and so field testing was deemed to be the next task. However, the implementation of an outcome measure such as HoNOS under routine service conditions represents a significant implementation challenge. Therefore, we conducted an eight stage approach to implementation, with a sample of multi‐disciplinary care managers from one county in the UK (N = 30). The results of shadowing and initial interviews indicated that significant barriers to implementation were insufficient staff and the high level of routine demands on staff for the completion of paperwork. These barriers outweighed the perceived boosters, including the favourable responses of colleagues and the benefits of data feedback from HoNOS. More staff, standardized training in the use of HoNOS, regular feedback and less paperwork were amongst ten suggestions for facilitating implementation. During a pilot period, staff received training, used HoNOS and were given graphical feedback of the HoNOS results. They were then re‐interviewed, at which time they reported becoming fairly positive about the use of HoNOS and definitely valued the implementation approach. However, it is concluded that the routine use of HoNOS will require continued effort from staff and their managers (e.g. refresher training courses) and alternative or additional outcome measures may be necessary to provide useful clinical information. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A grounded theory analysis of the therapeutic relationship with clients sexually abused as children and non‐abused clients
Authors: Middle Claire , Kennerley Helen
Published: September 2002

The objective of this study was to investigate whether clients with a history of child sexual abuse (CSA) and non‐abused clients differ in their views of the therapeutic relationship. Two groups of 17 clients receiving psychological therapy, those who reported a history of CSA and a matched group who had not reported abuse, were asked in a semi‐structured interview about what was important to the therapeutic alliance. The accounts of the two groups were analysed using grounded theory, and then compared. The qualitative analysis demonstrated that both groups identified many similar important issues. These included factors relating to the therapist, to therapy itself, and to the client's perception of the relationship. Women in the CSA group emphasized the interpersonal qualities of the therapist and how they felt about their relationship, while the other clients talked more about therapeutic techniques and progress in therapy. Important issues mentioned exclusively by the CSA group included the therapist's commitment, being believed, and the therapist not showing negative reactions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The personal nature of depression: Assessing the operation of self‐schema in depression
Authors: Laidlaw Ken , Davidson Kate M.
Published: September 2002

The operation of the self‐schema in depression is investigated using a mainstream measure of personality (NEO PI‐R) that depressed participants complete on two separate occasions. On the first occasion depressed participants provide a view of themselves when depressed (depressed view of self: DVS). On the second occasion depressed participants are asked to disregard their symptoms and provide a view of themselves prior to the onset of depression (imagined pre‐morbid view of self: IPVS). Results indicate depressed participants provide premorbid descriptions of themselves that are significantly different from their present (depressed) self‐view. The two views of self (DVS versus IPVS) are compared to peer descriptions provided by significant others (appraisers). Whereas the depressed views of self are congruent with appraisals provided by significant others, the imagined premorbid views of self are not. Results are discussed in line with cognitive theories of state‐trait vulnerability and mood‐state dependence. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are perceptions of parenting and interpersonal functioning related in those with personality disorder? Evidence from patients detained in a high secure setting
Authors: McCartney Mark , Duggan Conor , Collins Mick , Larkin Emmet P.
Published: September 2002

We explored the widely‐held assumption that dysfunctional interpersonal behaviour, a key characteristic of personality disorder, is associated with adverse experiences in childhood in a sample of patients detained in high secure care. We obtained Parental Bonding Inventory (PBI) and Chart of Interpersonal Relations in Closed Living Environment (CIRCLE) data from 79 patients detained at a high secure hospital. This comprised 48 with the legal classification (1983 Mental Health Act) of Psychopathic Disorder (PD) and 31 with the legal classification of Mental Illness (MI). On the PBI, the PD group had significantly lower care scores and increased protection scores compared with the MI group; the latter reported care and protection scores similar to those from published norms. The CIRCLE scores also demonstrated significantly different interpersonal functioning between the PD and MI groups, with each group typically plotted in opposing halves of the interpersonal circle (IPC). Although the PDs showed abnormalities in both the PBI and CIRCLE in the expected direction, there were no clear associations between aspects of abnormal parenting and adult dysfunctional interpersonal behaviour within this group. This finding did not confirm our hypothesis and we discuss possible explanations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spontaneous apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and its relationship to clinical and cell kinetic parameters
Authors: Oliveira Gislaine B. , Pereira Fernanda G. , Metze Konradin , Lorand‐Metze Irene
Published: September 2002

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) presents considerable variability in clinical presentation as well as in its evolution. In contrast to the inhibition of apoptosis in vivo, spontaneous apoptosis after short‐term culture occurs. We studied the degree of this apoptosis in vitro, and its interactions with several clinical and laboratory parameters. Apoptosis was measured by the annexin V technique. Proliferation rate was evaluated by the AgNOR (nucleolar organizer regions) technique. There were inverse correlations between the percentage of annexin V‐positive cells and peripheral lymphocyte count (r = ‐ 0.49), Rai stage (r = ‐ 0.40), Binet stage (r = ‐ 0.50), TTM (total tumor mass score; r = ‐ 0.51), and percentage of cells with one AgNOR cluster (r = ‐ 0.45). Direct correlations were found with hemoglobin values ( r = 0.34) and platelet counts (r = 0.52). The number of CD8‐positive cells showed a correlation with peripheral lymphocyte count (r = 0.49). When this variable was held constant, a correlation was detected between CD8‐positive cells and staging (r = ‐0.47), TTM (r = ‐ 0.42), and platelet count (r = 0.67). CD4‐positive lymphocytes presented a correlation only with CD8‐positive lymphocytes. In a cluster analysis, it was possible to create three groups of patients with different apoptosis rates using the TTM and AgNOR values. We conclude that, with the progression of the disease, together with the increase of tumor mass and proliferation rate, there is a decrease in the suceptibility to apoptosis. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:329–335, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of forward‐link performance in cellular DS‐CDMA with Rayleigh fading and power control
Authors: Oh S. W. , Li K. H.
Published: September 2002

In this paper, the exact probability density function (PDF) for mobile distance from its own base station is derived for computing the forward‐link performance of a Rayleigh‐faded direct‐sequence code‐division multiple‐access (DS‐CDMA) cellular system with power control. Comparison with the commonly used ‘circular‐cell approximation’ shows that the approximation gives more than 42 per cent of error in the calculation of the variance of the mobile distance for a typical power control exponent of 4. Results also show that the previous approximation could under‐estimate the forward‐link capacity by more than 30 per cent. Additionally, this newly derived PDF can also be used for arbitrary regular cell shapes by substituting their respective parameters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Full‐duplex analogue/digital data transmission using lasers coupled to GI fibre and its application
Authors: Kamiya Masayoshi , Ikeda Hiroaki , Shinohara Shigenobu
Published: September 2002

This paper describes a low‐cost version of a full‐duplex optical fibre analogue/digital data transmission link whose practical implementation is simplified by using a pair of laser diodes, each having a built‐in photodiode for monitoring the laser output power, and its application to vibration test data transmission. The transmission link sends digital data of up to 9600 bps in one direction, and analogue data of DC to 100 kHz and image data specified by an NTSC colour video signal in the opposite direction, all at the same time through one GI optical fibre. Being simple in configuration and stable against noise, this type of link has a variety of applications within factory, home and offices. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient traffic control scheme for store‐and‐forward video‐on‐demand services
Authors: Yuan Xue‐Ming , Hu Bo , Zhang Yu
Published: September 2002

According to the MPEG‐1/2 standard, full motion video can be compressed and stored in an information warehouse. Multiplexing with normal voice calls, it is retrieved and delivered to the customer's local BISDN central office via 155 Mb/s trunks. These voice calls have higher priority than video‐on‐demand (VOD) so that normal voice services will not be influenced by VOD transmission. The number of voice calls always fluctuates in real‐time. Thus, an efficient traffic control scheme is highly desired to guarantee a given level of performance and achieve as great as possible use of available bandwidth. Based on the fact that the number of real‐time voice calls is variable, and the use of available capacity is less than 100 per cent, this paper will present an efficient traffic control scheme for store‐and‐forward VOD services, and demonstrate the scheme by various simulation results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new approach to BER estimation for ISI corrupted baseband transmission systems
Authors: Krehlik Przemyslaw , Śliwczyński Łukasz
Published: September 2002

This paper derives two new formulae for BER estimation when the transmission system is subject to both intersymbol interference and additive Gaussian noise. The approach undertaken here was oriented to find a simple formula giving close estimation of the true BER, which may be useful for the transmission system designer for rapid evaluation of system performance. The obtained results are compared with commonly used BER estimations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive random access algorithm with improved delay performance
Authors: Ayyıldız Devrim Emrah , Deliç Hakan
Published: September 2002

We propose an adaptive random access algorithm for mobile environments with capture. The algorithm has a dynamic window size which is updated according to the traffic intensity. The packet arrival rate is tracked by employing sequential detection procedures. Simulations indicate that reducing the window size adaptively under heavy load conditions improves the average delay significantly. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytodiagnosis of nipple discharge: A study of 602 samples from 484 cases
Authors: Das Dilip K. , Al‐Ayadhy Bushra , Ajrawi M. Tareq G. , Shaheen Azza A. , Sheikh Zaffar A. , Malik Mrinmay , Pathan Shahed K. , Ebrahim Bahiyah , Francis Issam M. , Satar Sitara A. , Abdulla Mohamed A. , Luthra Usha K. , Junaid Thamradeen A.
Published: September 2002

To find out the gross and microscopic differentiating features between nipple discharges (ND) due to various breast lesions, smears of 602 ND samples from 484 cases were reviewed by one of the investigators (D.K.D.). The reviewed cytodiagnoses were as follows: benign nipple discharge (59.1%), inflammatory ND (6.5%), ?papillary lesions (2.5%), papillary lesions (20.6%), papillary lesions with atypia (3.8%), duct cells with atypia (0.2%), suspicious for malignancy (0.5%), malignant ND (1.2%), and inadequate (5.6%). Following review, samples with epithelial abnormalities (?papillary lesion, papillary lesion with and without atypia, duct cells with atypia, suspicious for malignancy, and malignancy) increased from 16.6% to 30.4% of adequate samples (P < 0.0001). 37.9% unilateral ND samples showed epithelial abnormalities, as opposed to 18.9% of bilateral ND samples (P < 0.0001). Bloodstained ND showed epithelial abnormalities in 41.5% samples, as compared to 22.1% of ND with other specified gross characteristics (P<0.0001). The samples with epithelial abnormalities differed significantly from benign and inflammatory ND in respect of frequency of benign duct cells, duct cells with atypia, papillary clusters with or without atypia, malignant cells, columnar cells, red blood cells, inflammatory cells, and background lipid vacuoles (P < 0.01 to < 0.0001). The ND samples with suspicious and malignant cytology, besides the presence of malignant cells (P < 0.0001), differed significantly from rest of the lesions in respect of foam cells (P < 0.0001), red blood cells (P<0.01), and inflammatory cells (P < 0.05). When compared with histopathological diagnosis in 20 cases, the benign or malignant nature of the lesion was correctly identified in ND in 80% cases. The ND cytologies in 7 histologically proved malignant cases were malignancy (3 cases), suspicious for malignancy (1 case), papillary lesion with atypia (1 case), papillary lesion (1 case), and benign ND (1 case). Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:25–37, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Release and effects of ATP and its derivatives at cholinergic synapses
Authors: Silinsky Eugene M. , Searl Timothy J. , Redman Renee S. , Hirsh Jody K.
Published: September 2002

ATP is released from many central and peripheral terminals in a rapid, synchronous manner. It can act both as a neurotransmitter substance and as a neuromodulator in conjunction with a primary neurotransmitter. We begin this perspective by reviewing the evidence for the quantal release of ATP together with acetylcholine (ACh) from motor nerve endings. Next, we discuss the inhibitory effects of adenosine derivatives on presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes at cholinergic synapses. With regard to the presynaptic effects of adenosine, after hydrolysis to adenosine ATP is the mediator of skeletal neuromuscular depression at low frequencies of stimulation. The evidence confirming the suggestion that this inhibitory effect of adenosine at motor nerve endings is mediated downstream of calcium entry is presented. Finally, the data showing the mutually occlusive effects of ATP and ACh at cholinoceptive neurons are summarized and discussed. Drug Dev. Res. 52:22–33, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ectonucleotidases and synaptic plasticity: Implications in physiological and pathological conditions
Authors: Bonan Carla Denise , Schetinger Maria Rosa Chitolina , Battastini Ana Maria Oliveira , Sarkis João José Freitas
Published: September 2002

Several studies have suggested a role of extracellular ATP in synaptic plasticity. The signaling actions induced by extracellular ATP are directly correlated to the activity of a group of ectonucleotidases, which includes an ecto‐ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3), an ATP diphosphohydrolase (apyrase, EC 3.6.1.5), and a 5′‐nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5). These ectoenzymes trigger enzymatic conversion of ATP to adenosine, an important neuromodulator. Our studies have shown that ectonucleotidase activities are modulated in physiological and pathological situations able to induce synaptic plasticity, such as memory, epilepsy, and ischemia. Synaptosomal ectonucleotidase activities from hippocampus and entorhinal cortex were inhibited after the training session in a step‐down inhibitory avoidance task in rats. Considering that adenosine has anticonvulsant effects, ectonucleotidase activities were determined after the induction of epilepsy by several animal models, such as pilocarpine, kainic acid, and kindling models. ATP diphosphohydrolase and 5′‐nucleotidase activities from synaptosomes of hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rats significantly and differently increased after induction of status epilepticus by pilocarpine, kainic acid, or kindling models. Furthermore, significant changes have been observed in ATP diphosphohydrolase and 5′‐nucleotidase after ischemia and reperfusion in hippocampal synaptosomes of rats. The demonstration that ectonucleotidases presented the activities altered after a memory task, or the induction of animal models of epilepsy or ischemia‐reperfusion, suggests that these enzymes can act in the regulation of synaptic activity, controlling ATP and adenosine levels, depending on the synaptic plasticity developed, in physiological or pathological conditions. Drug Dev. Res. 52:57–65, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebellar astrocytes coexpress different purinoceptors: Cross‐talk between several transduction mechanisms
Authors: Delicado Esmerilda G. , Jiménez Ana I. , Castro Enrique , Miras‐Portugal Ma Teresa
Published: September 2002

We characterized the purinergic receptors present in individual type‐1 astrocytes from rat cerebellum by using single cell microfluorimetry with fura‐2. We found that individual astrocytes coexpressed several P2Y purinoceptors coupled to phospholipase C activation through different G proteins. P2Y1 and P2Y2 or P2Y4 purinoceptors were responsible for the ATP, 2MeSATP, and UTP calcium responses observed in all tested cell. A subpopulation of astrocytes also coexpressed a specific pyrimidine receptor, which was responsible for UDP calcium responses recorded only from a subpopulation of astrocytes. Type‐1 astrocytes also present A2B adenosine receptors positively coupled to adenylate cyclase. There was a positive interaction between A2B adenosine receptors and P2Y1 or P2Y2 or P2Y4 purinoceptors expressed in the same astrocyte. We also found that the stimulation of astrocytes with nanomolar concentrations of Ap5A produced the activation of extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK), which could be responsible for the potentiation of ATP calcium responses elicited by the dinucleotide. Drug Dev. Res. 52:114–121, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sodium‐calcium exchanger (NCX‐1) and calcium modulation: NCX protein expression patterns and regulation of early heart development
Authors: Linask Kersti K. , Han Ming‐Da , Artman Michael , Ludwig Cheryl A.
Published: September 2002

Ouabain‐induced inhibition of early heart development indicated that Na/K‐ATPase plays an important role in maintaining normal ionic balances during differentiation of cardiomyocytes (Linask and Gui [1995] Dev Dyn 203:93–105). Inhibition of the sodium pump is generally accepted to affect the activity of the Na+‐Ca++ exchanger (NCX) to increase intracellular [Ca++]. These previous findings suggested that Ca++ signaling may be an important modulator during differentiation of cardiomyocytes. In order to identify a connection between heart development and NCX‐mediated Ca++ regulation, we determined the embryonic spatiotemporal protein expression pattern of NCX‐1 during early developmental stages. In both chick and mouse embryos, NCX‐1 (the cardiac NCX isoform) is asymmetrically expressed during gastrulation; in the right side of the Hensen's node in the chick, in the right lateral mesoderm in the mouse. At slightly later stages, NCX‐1 is expressed in the heart fields at comparable stages of heart development, in the chick at stage 7 and in the mouse at embryonic day (ED) 7.5. By ED 8 in the mouse, the exchanger protein displays a rostrocaudal difference in cardiac expression and an outer curvature‐inner curvature ventricular difference. By ED 9.5, cardiac expression has increased from that seen at ED8 and NCX‐1 is distributed throughout the myocardium consistent with the possibility that it is important in regulating initial cardiac contractile function. Only a low level of expression is detected in inflow and outflow regions. To substantiate a role for the involvement of calcium‐mediated signaling, using pharmacologic approaches, ionomycin (a Ca++ ionophore) was shown to perturb cardiac cell differentiation in a manner similar to ouabain as assayed by cNkx2.5 and sarcomeric myosin heavy chain expression. In addition, we show that an inhibitor of NCX, KB‐R7943, can similarly and adversely affect early cardiac development at stage 4/5 and arrests cardiac cell contractility in 12‐somite embryos. Thus, based upon NCX‐1 protein expression patterns in the embryo, experimental Ca++ modulation, and inhibition of NCX activity by KB‐R7943, these results suggest an early and central role for calcium‐mediated signaling in cardiac cell differentiation and NCX's regulation of the initial heartbeats in the embryo. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequential expression of three receptor subtypes for extracellular ATP in developing rat skeletal muscle
Authors: Ryten Mina , Hoebertz Astrid , Burnstock Geoffrey
Published: September 2002

In this study, we investigated the expression of the P2X receptor subtypes (P2X1–7) during the development of skeletal muscle and in relation to acetylcholine receptors in the rat embryo and pup. By using immunohistochemistry, we showed that three receptor subtypes, P2X2, P2X5, and P2X6, were expressed in developing skeletal muscle. The timing and pattern of receptor expression seemed to be precisely regulated. P2X2, P2X5, and P2X6 were expressed in a sequential manner, which was consistent for all regional muscles tested (intercostal, paravertebral, and lower limb): P2X5 expression appeared first (E15–E18) followed by P2X6 (E16–E18), and finally P2X2 (E18–adult). At no developmental stage did we observe colocalization of P2X2 and acetylcholine receptors. In the case of P2X2 and P2X6, immunoreactivity was found to be widespread, immunopositive cells being apparent throughout the muscle. However, staining for P2X5, both at the beginning and end of expression, was restricted to regions of muscle close to the myotendinous junctions. Because the timing of receptor expression is closely related to key events in skeletal muscle development, notably the generation of secondary myotubes and the redistribution of acetylcholine receptors, it is possible that ATP‐signaling by means of P2X receptors could be involved in these processes. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of aging effect on behavior of field emission sites in a broad‐area vacuum gap
Authors: Takahashi Eiji , Ebe Akinori , Ogata Kiyoshi , Komuro Shigehiro , Mitsui Hideo , Sone Mototaka
Published: September 2002

In order to discuss the characteristics of field emission sites, an aging effect on field emission current was measured in terms of cathodes subjected to two different surface treatments: mechanical polishing and thin film formation. A field was applied to the test cathodes up to an emission current of 10–11A. Such measurement was repeated 50 times. It was found that the field emission current decreased with increasing number of test runs, and the amount of such degradation was larger for the case of mechanical polishing than for thin film formation. The field enhancement factor β evaluated by F–N plot was kept constant with increasing test runs for the mechanical polishing, while β increased with increasing test runs for the thin film formation. It was estimated by means of emission site observation that the emission sites on the mechanically polished cathode were related to the adsorption gases or weakly attached foreign particles, while the emission sites on the thin film formation cathode were related to the metallic whiskers. The characteristics of emission sites could be controlled by the surface treatment, especially by the thin film formation. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(3): 10–18, 2001
Optical guiding of intense laser pulses by fast Z‐pinch discharge
Authors: Hosokai Tomonao , Kando Masaki , Dewa Hideki , Kotaki Hideyuki , Kondo Syuji , Kanazawa Syuhei , Hasegawa Noboru , Horioka Kazuhiko , Nakajima Kazuhisa
Published: September 2002

We have proposed the optical guiding of intense laser pulses by fast Z‐pinch for channel‐guided laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA). The method has been developed based on capillary discharge‐pumped X‐ray laser technique. A discharge through preionized helium gas driven by a current of 4.8 kA with a rise time of 15 ns proved able to produce a uniform guiding channel with good reproducibility, less than the time jitter of 1.8 ns. The observed guiding channel formation process was corroborated by 1D‐MHD simulation. With this new guiding method, an intense Ti‐sapphire laser pulse (λ = 790 nm, 2.2 TW, 90 fs, 1 × 1017 W/cm2) was transported through the channel over a distance of 2 cm, corresponding to 12.5 times the Rayleigh length. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(3): 19–27, 2001
Decentralized load frequency based on H∞ control
Authors: Ishii Toshiyuki , Shirai Goro , Fujita Goro
Published: September 2002

This paper presents a decentralized load frequency control (LFC) based on H∞ optimal control theory with an observer. A few LFC schemes have been proposed based on the optimal control theory, but they have not considered the change of system parameters in operation and the characteristics of load disturbances in a target system. In this paper, H∞ robust control is introduced to address such problems. Owing to its practical merit, the proposed control scheme is a decentralized LFC. Employing observer theory, the proposed method requires only frequency and tie‐line power deviation in each area. Numerical simulations are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. H∞ control was proven to show greater effectiveness of damping disturbance over the conventional optimal control by the design of control systems aimed at restricting the H∞ norm of its transfer function. In particular, when a decentralized LFC is applied, by reducing the system size, H∞ norm is easier to dampen; thus H∞ control is more effective in the decentralized control. Future research topics include the design of H∞ control system with a weight on frequency response. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(3): 28–38, 2001
Studies on the method of combining an analog simulator and a real‐time digital simulator for power system analysis
Authors: Tanaka Yukao , Nishigaito Hidetoshi , Konishi Hiroo , Nishimura Masashi
Published: September 2002

An advanced real‐time power system simulator consisting of a conventional real‐time analog simulator and a real‐time digital simulator has been developed. EMTP simulations were carried out to verify the advanced power system simulator concept and to evaluate the effects of various parameters. A prototype of the advanced power system simulator using the Bergeron method was tested. The test results confirmed the feasibility of the real‐time power system simulator. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(3): 49–57, 2001
GMDH‐based autonomous modeling and compensation for nonlinear friction in a table drive system
Authors: Iwasaki Makoto , Shibata Tomohiro , Matsui Nobuyuki
Published: September 2002

This paper presents a novel mathematical model‐based compensation algorithm for the nonlinear friction in table drive systems using Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH). In the proposed compensation, the nonlinear friction can be autonomously modeled as a polynomial expression of appropriate control state variables according to the process of GMDH and, as a result, the complicated structural modeling and its parameterization, indispensable in conventional model‐based strategies, can be completely eliminated. In addition, since the proposed GMDH‐based model can easily achieve the generalization ability for table drive condition, the robust compensation for friction can be attained against the change of drive conditions. The proposed algorithm has been verified by experiments using a table drive system of actual machine tools and proved the significant performance improvement in the trajectory control with velocity reversal motion. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(3): 58–66, 2001
On the design of high‐efficiency linear induction motors for linear metro
Authors: Higuchi Tsuyoshi , Nonaka Sakutaro , Ando Masahiro
Published: September 2002

Linear metro with single‐sided linear induction motor (SLIM) propulsion and wheel‐on‐rail support and guidance came into service in April 1990 in Osaka and in December 1991 in Tokyo, and is under construction or planned for Yokohama, Kobe, and Fukuoka. Since the new traffic system is used widely, it is of great importance to decrease its energy consumption.

In this paper, the design of the SLIM for the linear metro is formulated as a constrained nonlinear programming problem, and optimum design is carried out to maximize efficiency. Seven parameters are chosen as independent variables: number of poles, pole pitch, stack height, secondary aluminum sheet thickness, overhang length, slot width/slot pitch ratio, and rated slip. The output KW/input KVA ratio, maximum flux density in teeth, temperature rise, primary length, stack height, overhang length, maximum thrust, and vertical force are selected as constraint functions.

In the optimization procedure, the performance characteristics are formulated by space harmonic analysis taking account of the end effect, skin effect, and air gap leakage. The accuracy of the formulas is verified against experimental results.

Effective ways of increasing efficiency include the addition of a copper reaction plate and minimization of the mechanical clearance. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(2): 36–43, 2001
Publish or perish! An exploration of ‘options’ in the green business and sustainability arena
Authors: Holt Diane
Published: September 2002

This paper identifies and explores the options available to scholars in the green business and sustainability disciplines to disseminate their research. It provides a ‘snapshot’ of a range of journals pertinent to scholars in the green business, environmental management, clean technology, sustainability, environmental policy, practice and law fields. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Environmental performance evaluation and sustainability performance evaluation of organizations: an evolutionary framework
Authors: Dias‐Sardinha Idalina , Reijnders Lucas
Published: September 2002

Performance evaluation linked to different environmental strategic objectives of organizations is discussed. The strategic objectives that are dealt with are compliance/pollution control, pollution prevention, eco‐efficiency, eco‐innovation, eco‐ethics and sustainability. The most common environmental strategic objective of organizations is compliance with the law. Other companies go beyond compliance and may take on board one or more of the other strategic objectives. This may lead to an evolutionary improvement of environmental performance status and to integration of the economic and social aims in the way organizations operate. Hence, the choice of strategic objective(s) may have consequences for the performance evaluation‐linked activities in the different organizational domains. The status of performance is derived from comparing actual performance with predetermined performance goals. Performance goals are proposed for each strategic objective. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
The Portuguese version of the Eating Disorders Inventory: evaluation of its psychometric properties
Authors: Machado Paulo P. P. , Gonçalves Sonia , Martins Carla , Soares Isabel C.
Published: September 2002

The objective of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI; Garner et al., 1983). Three groups participated in the current study: 274 female and 67 male non‐patients, and 83 females with a diagnosis of eating disorder. Results clearly support the reliability and the factor structure of the EDI in a Portuguese sample. In addition non‐patient and eating disordered participants' score significantly differently in all EDI scales, emphasizing the clinical usefulness of the measure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Multiple family therapy with eating disordered adolescents: concepts and preliminary results
Authors: Scholz Michael , Asen Eia
Published: September 2002

This paper describes therapeutic work with eating disordered adolescents and their families in a multiple family setting. Theory and practice of the multiple family approach are presented and details of the treatment programme outlined. Preliminary results show that this form of treatment is not only acceptable to patients and their families, but that there are also significant positive changes in the patients' symptomatology and recovery rates. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Determination of the sediment transport in an armoured gravel‐bed river
Authors: Duizendstra H. D. (Don)
Published: September 2002

Information about sediment transport in the Common Meuse, an armoured gravel‐bed river, can be obtained by the determination of the relationship between sediment transport and discharge and integrating the relationship with respect to time, or by computing the differences between series of measured bed‐levels along the Common Meuse and integrating these differences. For three periods of 9, 8 and 17 years sediment transport computations are made with two series of relationships between sediment transport (Qb) and discharge (Q) in which the condition of the armour layer is taken into account. These sediment‐transport–discharge (Qb/Q) relationships are determined by local bed‐load transport measurements in the Common Meuse. At the beginning and the end of the first period (1978–1987) and at the end of the second period (1987–1995) bed levels have been measured by soundings. By the analysis of the measured bed levels at the beginning and the end of the two periods the sediment transport along the Common Meuse is estimated. The same analysis was carried out for the combined period (1978–1995). The yearly mean sediment transport computed by these two methods are compared. The necessity of carrying out bed‐load transport measurements at several locations in a cross‐section and over the entire range of discharges is clearly shown. Attention is paid to the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods and the need for applying more than one method to compute sediment transport. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of the flow‐through analyses of ammonia and calcium in ice core and fresh water by fluorometric detection
Authors: Maruo Masahiro , Nakayama Eiichiro , Obata Hajime , Kamiyama Kokichi , Kimoto Takashi
Published: September 2002

A flow‐through analyzer that can determine trace amounts of chemical components in ice cores was examined. To obtain the vertical profiles of ammonia and calcium in the ice core, which can be a measure of the climate change, sensitive fluorescence signals were examined. For the determination of ammonia, a reaction with o‐phthalaldehyde and sulfite salt was performed. This system had the potential to measure down to 2 nM, with a 1‐mm ice‐core resolution, equivalent to the thickness of the monthly ammonia profiles during the last interglacial maximum. A trace calcium analyzer was simultaneously examined, with the use of the fluorescent enhancement of Fura2 with a detection limit of 15 nM. Ammonia and calcium in the Antarctic ice core showed similar variation patterns, different from that of the Greenland ice core. The ammonia analyzer was also applied to the analysis of lake water. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 29–36, 2001
Encroachment Impacts on Army Installations and How to Deal with Them
Authors: Van Antwerp R. L.
Published: September 2002

At the 27th Environmental Symposium and Exhibition, held recently in Austin, Texas, by the National Defense
Industrial Association (NDIA), Major General Van Antwerp gave a clear and comprehensive presentation
on the challenges to Army training and readiness posed by encroachment. This presentation was in line with Army
testimony provided to the House Government Reform Committee and the House and Senate committees on the armed
services. What follows are the slides and accompanying notes used by General Van Antwerp in his NDIA
presentation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Environmental Protection Activities in the Balkan Operations: The Experience in Bosnia, Albania, Kosovo, and Macedonia
Authors: Dale Debra A. , Zettersten Garry C.
Published: September 2002

Environmental issues are playing a pivotal role in the ongoing operations in the Balkan states. U.S. Army
commanders have realized that environmental issues have strategic and operational implications. Each of the
Balkan countries where the Army has had missions is of unique character and state of development. The Army is
developing a doctrine in facilities support and environmental protection that enables the Army to achieve all
mission objectives. The Army serves as a role model of how a military force should operate, from an
environmental protection standpoint, in a free society. Environmental protection is now seen by the command as a
mission enabler and as a force protection issue. The evolution in command thinking from the start of the mission
in Bosnia to the inception of the mission in Kosovo is dramatic. The recognition by the command of the
relationship between environmental issues and mission accomplishment grows with each deployment of forces.
© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Air Force Materiel Command Is Implementing a Compliance through Pollution Prevention (CTP2) Process to Reduce Environmental Burden and Total Ownership Cost to the War Fighter
Authors: Colson Robert , Coyle Steven , Kachel Wayne , Dhar Nalni
Published: September 2002

The Air Force Materiel Command's (AFMC's) Compliance through Pollution Prevention
(CTP2) Process has been established to ensure that future investments in pollution prevention focus on
reducing total ownership cost (TOC). In support of the CTP2 Process's goals and objectives, AFMC
has established a dynamic relationship between headquarters planning and base‐level implementation to
ensure that the program takes a consistent approach across the command, while addressing issues specific to each
installation. This article provides an overview of AFMC's CTP2 process, outlines the program's goals
and objectives, and summarizes AFMC's methodology for conducting process‐specific opportunity
assessments (PSOAs) in support of its overall program. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Camp Lejeune Sustainable Development—A Plan for the Installation's Future
Authors: Sylvester Emily , Piner Doug , Allen Davis H.
Published: September 2002

Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune is the primary amphibious warfare training base for the U.S. Marine Corps.
Located along the lower central coast of North Carolina, the base encompasses more than 153,000 acres, with 14
miles of beach on the Atlantic Ocean. Base infrastructure includes 450 miles of roads; 37 miles of
railroads; an advanced wastewater treatment plant; five water treatment plants; a lined landfill
for municipal solid waste; and 6,800 buildings and facilities supporting 144,000 marines, sailors, and
their families. Because Camp Lejeune is a very active and growing installation, it is important to establish a
sustainable development plan that will lead the installation into the new millennium.

The primary objective of the Camp Lejuene Sustainable Development Plan is to build upon the
well‐established and recognized environmental quality and natural resource management programs at the
base. The major initiatives in Camp Lejeune's program include the Environmental Sustainability
Guidance Manual, The Natural Step Training, and a Sustainable Development Base Order. The
Environmental Sustainability Guidance Manual establishes the importance of becoming sustainable, a
vision of a sustainable Camp Lejeune in 2025, an implementation strategy, barriers to implementation, and
projects (current and future) that will make Camp Lejeune a sustainably built, operated, and managed
military facility. The plan presents the basis for defining sustainability at Camp Lejeune and provides an
approach for developing metrics that allows the determination of progress towards this goal. As such, the plan
is the first of its kind within the Department of Defense (DOD) and will, therefore, guide other DOD
facilities in their progress toward sustainability. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.