bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bone remodeling rates and skeletal maturation in three archaeoloqical skeletal populations
Authors: Stout Sam D. , Lueck Rhonda
Published: February 2006

Cortical bone remodeling rates for rib samples from three archaeological populations and a modern autopsy sample were determined using an algorithm developed by Frost. (Frost [1987a] Calcif. Tissue Res. 3:211–237). When plotted against the relative antiquities for population samples, histomorphometric variables; i.e., activation frequency (μrc, net bone formation (netVf,r,t), and mean annual bone formation rate (Vf,r,t), exhibit a concordant trend of increased cortical bone remodeling activity levels over time. Two intensive foraging populations, Windover and Gibson, are similar for all bone remodeling parameters and have the lowest remodeling activity levels among the samples. The more recent Ledders sample, which is reported to practice agricultural subsistence, is consistently intermediate between these and a modern autopsy sample. Although there appear to be differences in bone formation rates among the populations, it is concluded that these differences cannot be attributed to differences in bone remodeling rates among the populations, but rather are reflecting different effective ages of adult compacta for their ribs. These findings suggest that the earlier populations, particularly Windsor and Gibson, appear to have reached skeletal maturity at an older age than observed for modern. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic heterogeneity among the Hindus and their relationships with the other “Caucasoid” populations: New data on Punjab‐Haryana and Rajasthan Indian States
Authors: Tartaglia Marco , Scacchi Renato , Corbo Rosa Maria , Pompei Fiorenza , Rickards Olga , Ciminelli Bianca Maria , Sangatramani Tarachamd , Vyas Mukesh , Dash Sumitra , Modiano Guido
Published: February 2006

The genetic structure of Rajasthan Hindus and Punjab‐Haryana Hindus and Sikhs has been studied for ABO, RH, APOC2, C6, C7, F13A, F13B, HP, ORM1, ACP1, ADA, AK1, ESD, GLO1, PGD, PGM1 subtyping, and PGP. This is the first genetic survey on Hindus of Rajasthan. Furthermore, many of these markers have never been studied on Hindus before (APOC2, C6, 07, F13A, F13B, ORMl, PGP). These data, together with those previously available for Hindus, have been utilized to analyze the within‐Hindus genetic heterogeneity by RST statistic and correspondence analysis. The genetic relationships of Hindus to other Causcasoid populations were also investigated. In the first analysis, two eastern states (Orissa and Andhra Pradesh) were found to be quite separate from each other and clearly distinct from the northwestern and western states. Out of the markers which could not be utilized in this analysis, PGM1 subtyping turned out to discriminate between the Dravidian—speaking and the Indo‐Aryan‐speaking Hindus. The second analysis shows a clear‐cut separation of Hindus from Europeans, with Near Eastern and Middle Eastern populations genetically in an intermediate position. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Muscular and osseous anatomy of the primate anterior temporal fossa and the functions of the postorbital septum
Authors: Ross Callum
Published: February 2006

Many adaptive explanations for anthropoid origins incorporate hypotheses regarding the function of the postorbital septum. Two hypotheses are evaluated here: Cachel's ([1979b] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 50:1–18) hypothesis that the anthropoid postorbital septum evolved to augment muscle attachment area in the anterior temporal fossa and Cartmill's ([1980] in RL Ciochon and AB Chiarelli (eds.): Evolutionary Biology of the New World Monkeys and Continental Drift. New York: Plenum, pp. 243–274.) hypothesis that the septum evolved to insulate the foveate eye of haplorhines from movements in the temporal fossa during mastication. Dissections of the masticatory muscles of 55 species of primates, with emphasis on the anatomy of the anterior temporal fossa, reveal that in all anthropoids the temporal muscles take origin from the portion of the septum formed by the frontal bone. In some platyrrhines this muscle is anterior temporalis, and in others it is zygomatico‐mandibularis. In tarsiers and most platyrrhines, muscle attachment to the zygomatic portion of the postorbital septum is very restricted (and of possibly varying homologies), whereas in catarrhines the zygomatico‐mandibularis arises from the postorbital ridge on the zygomatic portion of the septum. This suggests that, contrary to Cachel's hypothesis, the earliest anthropoids did not have extensive areas of muscle attachment on the postorbital septum, a suggestion supported by the bony morphology of Catopithecus browni. Dissections also indicate that in all haplorhines the anteriormost temporal fibers curve around the postorbital septum between origin and insertion, implying that, were the septum not present, the anterior temporal muscles would disturb the orbital contents when contracting. This suggests that insulation may have been the septum's original function, even in the absence of a retinal fovea. In anthropoids, the rostral migration of the line of action of the anterior temporal muscles relative to the eye is attributed to their possession of extreme degrees of both orbital frontation and convergence; in tarsiers it is attributed to their possession of both massively hypertrophied eyes and moderately convergent and frontated orbits. It is argued that the postorbital septum is most likely to have evolved in a morphological context similar to that exhibited by omomyids. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A possible case of melorheostosis from antiquity
Authors: Kelley Marc A. , Lytle Karen
Published: February 2006

An unusual case of discontinuous hard tissue hyperostosis is described in a 25‐30–year‐old female dating between 4000 and 5500 BP from northern Chile. This specimen was one of 104 individuals examined from the Morro‐1 site, which is known to represent the Chinchorro culture. The only other reported case from antiquity dates to 500 AD (Lester [1969] J. Bone Joint Surg. [Am.] 49:142–143). A review and comparison of this case to the medical literature supports a diagnosis of melorheostosis. Differential diagnosis is presented with the ruling out of nonspecific manifestations of osteomyelitis/periostitis as the most likely alternative diagnosis. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Beta‐globin gene cluster haplotype distribution in five Brazilian Indian tribes
Authors: Bevilaqua Lia R. M. , Mattevi Vanessa S. , Ewald Gisele M. , Salzano Francisco M. , Coimbra Carlos E. A. , Santos Ricardo V. , Hutz Mara H.
Published: February 2006

Haplotypes derived from five polymorphic restriction sites in the beta‐globin gene cluster were investigated in 139 individuals from five different Brazilian Indian tribes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Eight haplotypes were identified. Haplotypes 2 (+−−−−) and 6 (−++−+) were the most frequent and were common to all tribes. Their prevalences ranged from 60% to 93% and from 3% to 18%, respectively. Average heterozy‐gosity measured by the Gini‐Simpson index is markedly reduced among these Brazilian Indians when compared with Europeans (56%), but much less (8%) in relation to Asiatics, suggesting the absence of an important bottleneck effect in the early colonization of South America. The coefficient of gene differentiation (GST′) was estimated as 0.082 among six Brazilian Indian tribes, but when only three Tupi‐Mondé‐speaking tribes were considered, this estimate was reduced to 0.030. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rheological behavior of CPE/NR blends filled with precipitated silica
Authors: Phewthongin Nilobon , Saeoui Pongdhorn , Sirisinha Chakrit
Published: February 2006

Blends of elastomeric chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) and natural rubber (NR) at the blend composition ratio of 80/20 CPE/NR with various precipitated silica loadings from 0 to 30 phr were prepared. Their rheological behaviors were determined using two rheometers with different shear modes, i.e., the oscillatory rheometer (Rubber Process Analyzer, RPA2000) and the rate‐controlled capillary rheometer (Goettfert Rheotester 2000). Results obtained reveal that the viscoelastic behavior of blends is influenced remarkably by loadings of silica. Within the oscillatory shear strains of 0.3–30%, the unfilled blend appears to be almost insensitive to shear strain that means the unfilled blend possesses a broad linear viscoelastic (LVE) region. As silica is incorporated, the elastic modulus (G′) of blends increases, particularly at silica loadings of 20 and 30 phr. The increase in G′ as a function of silica loading could be explained by a reinforcing effect via a hydrodynamic effect as well as a strong interaction between chlorine atoms on CPE molecules and silanol functional groups on silica surfaces associated with a formation of silica tridimensional transient network, usually known as a secondary filler network. Also, all blends with various loadings of precipitated silica reveal an increase in elasticity with increasing frequency, and those with high silica loadings (i.e., 20 and 30 phr) give a more time‐independent elastic response, which supports the presence of filler transient network in these blends. By applying the Cox and Merz concept to the rheological results, the superimposition of flow curves determined from of the oscillatory shear flow and steady shear flow in the highly silica filled blends is possible if the silica transient network effect is eliminated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2565–2571, 2006
New emulsion polymerization tubular reactor with internal angular baffles: Reaction temperature effect
Authors: Marín Florentino L. Mendoza , Lona Liliane Maria Ferrareso , Maciel Maria R. Wolf , Filho Rubens Maciel
Published: February 2006

Deterministic models of physicochemical, mathematical, and computational sciences were used for modeling and simulation of emulsion homopolymerization process of styrene with baffles into tubular reactor (TR) as static mixer. Modeling and simulation were approximate to steady state, cylindrical one‐dimensional model, fully developed laminar plug flow, and they were solved with finite volume method and programmed with Fortran language. Also, the Smith‐Ewart model was considered to estimate the monomer conversion and Arrhenius chemical kinetics was considered as laminar finite‐rate model to compute chemical source. The experimental‐inductive and mathematical‐deductive methods were applied for obtaining mass balance results and properties characterization. The objective is to model, to simulate, and to analyze the emulsion polymerization reactor performance with internal‐inclined angular baffles, and to compare with continuous TR in variable reaction temperature. The predictions were validated with experimental results for the isothermic and TR, with a good concordance. The results in no isothermal conditions without and with baffles were better than in isothermal conditions without and with baffles in relation to the desired properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2572–2581, 2006
In situ visualization of drop deformation, erosion, and breakup in high viscosity ratio polymeric systems under high shearing stress conditions
Authors: Mighri Frej , Huneault Michel A.
Published: February 2006

In this paper, deformation and breakup under simple shear of single molten polymer drops in a polymer matrix were investigated. Flow visualization was carried out in a Couette‐Flow apparatus under relatively high shear rates and temperatures up to 230°C. Drop/Matrix combinations were composed of polystyrene drops of 0.5–0.6 mm in diameter in polyethylene matrix, and ethylene–propylene copolymer drops of approximately the same size in polypropylene matrix. The deformation and breakup processes were studied under steady state and time‐dependent shearing conditions. Either for steady state or time‐dependant shearing conditions, drop elasticity generated at relatively high shear rates helped the drops to align perpendicular to the flow direction, i.e., parallel to vorticity axis. Also, the most striking non‐Newtonian effects for the high viscosity ratio systems were the surface erosion and the drop splitting mechanisms. The particles eroded off the main droplet surface were very fine, in the range of 10–50 μm, and led to a significant reduction in main drop size before its final breakup. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2582–2591, 2006
Crystallization of 2‐methyl‐1,3‐propanediol substituted poly(ethylene terephthalate). I. Thermal behavior and isothermal crystallization
Authors: Lewis Christopher L. , Spruiell Joseph E.
Published: February 2006

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to evaluate the thermal behavior and isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) copolymers containing 2‐methyl‐1,3‐propanediol as a comonomer unit. The addition of comonomer reduces the melting temperature and decreases the range between the glass transition and melting point. The rate of crystallization is also decreased with the addition of this comonomer. In this case it appears that the more flexible glycol group does not significantly increase crystallization rates by promoting chain folding during crystallization, as has been suggested for some other glycol‐modified PET copolyesters. The melting behavior following isothermal crystallization was examined using a Hoffman–Weeks approach, showing very good linearity for all copolymers tested, and predicted an equilibrium melting temperature (Tm0) of 280.0°C for PET homopolymer, in agreement with literature values. The remaining copolymers showed a marked decrease in Tm0 with increasing copolymer composition. The results of this study support the claim that these comonomers are excluded from the polymer crystal during growth. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2592–2603, 2006
Optimized design of multilayer barrier films incorporating a reactive layer. I. Methodology of ingress analysis
Authors: Solovyov Stanislav E. , Goldman Anatoliy Y.
Published: February 2006

A new method for the analysis of oxygen ingress into packages and optimized design solutions for multilayer barrier films incorporating an immobile noncatalytic oxygen scavenger within one of the layers are presented in this three‐part series. The results are based on the theoretical framework of transient permeation through a dense reactive medium with a finite solute scavenging capacity. The target application was flexible and rigid plastic packaging for oxygen‐sensitive products, and the goal was the minimization of oxygen ingress into the package within a predetermined timeframe. A predictive model for oxygen ingress was developed, and practical recommendations for the selection of layer material properties, layer sequencing, and placement of the scavenger within a layer to achieve this goal are provided. Part I introduces the concepts of reference and steady‐state lag times for passive barriers to gas permeation. These concepts are expanded to include the scavenger exhaustion lag time for noncatalytic reactive barriers with an instantaneous scavenging reaction. The steady‐state lag time concept is applied to the characterization of noncatalytic reactive barrier solutions with finite rates of the scavenging reaction using transient effective flux dynamics and the model of solute ingress into the package. The model is based on the semipermeable reaction wavefront concept, which we developed. The corresponding passive‐to‐reactive film transition and its effect on the lag times are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1940–1951, 2006
Optimized design of multilayer barrier films incorporating a reactive layer. II. Solute dynamics in two‐layer films
Authors: Solovyov Stanislav E. , Goldman Anatoliy Y.
Published: February 2006

Extending the model of transient permeation through the reactive barrier film presented in part I of this series to two‐layer reactive–passive barrier structures, we devote part II to the analysis of the evolution of interfacial solute concentrations between the layers. The concepts developed earlier are applied to the transient ingress analysis of two‐layer films where one of the layers contains a noncatalytic solute scavenger. In particular, we show that for reactive–passive films, the averaging approximation of the transient interfacial solute concentration provides good agreement with numerical results for the transient effective flux. The applicability range of this averaging and the error introduced by it are quantified. For the passive–reactive films, the same averaging fails to predict the effective flux dynamics. A new method of ingress analysis is presented for such structures to correct the situation. The method is based on the effective flux dynamics in the homogeneous reactive membrane and the dynamic reactive to the passive–reactive flux scaling between the initial and final solute concentration profiles corresponding to the scavenger activation and scavenger exhaustion times. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1952–1965, 2006
Optimized design of multilayer barrier films incorporating a reactive layer. III. Case analysis and generalized multilayer solutions
Authors: Solovyov Stanislav E. , Goldman Anatoliy Y.
Published: February 2006

In part III of this series of articles, we present the analysis of transient permeation through two‐layer reactive–passive (RP) film designs, the analysis extension to multilayer structures, and optimized design solutions for multilayer barriers incorporating immobile noncatalytic oxygen scavenger within one of the layers. The reduction of oxygen ingress into a package within a certain timeframe depends on two factors: extension of the scavenger exhaustion time and reduction of the transient transmission rate through the film during that time. The optimal design for the scavenger exhaustion time involves exposure of the reactive layer to the package contents and its protection from high levels of environmental oxygen by the best possible passive barrier layer. The film barrier properties can be further optimized by the selection of the matrix material to place the scavenger in. Reducing the initial transmission rate requires the placement of the scavenger within a layer with the lowest diffusivity of the matrix polymer. When one chooses between two layers with different material transport properties in which to put the scavenger, the optimal solution for the ingress depends on the desired time to provide an improved barrier. The lifetime of the scavenger in the RP film is shortened for design 1, when the diffusivity of the reactive layer is smaller than that of the passive layer, compared to RP design 2, with the layer matrix sequence reversed, but the transient transmission rate is greatly reduced on average for the former. If the desired time to provide a barrier does not exceed the scavenger exhaustion time for RP design 1, the lowest diffusivity material should be used as a matrix for the innermost layer loaded with the scavenger. Otherwise, the highest possible passive barrier should be placed into the film external layer to minimize the total ingress during longer times. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1966–1977, 2006
The psychology and ideology of an islamic terrorist leader: Usama bin Laden
Authors: Miliora Maria T.
Published: February 2006

This essay presents what the author proposes are the motivational bases for Usama bin Laden's avowed “holy war” against the United States. Bin Laden's biography is presented against the backdrop of the recent political history of the Middle Eastern Islamic world including the emergence of radical Islam. In assessing bin Laden's personality from the data that are available, three features are prominent: archaic narcissistic states (expressed as conscious and unconscious fantasies), paranoia and a Manichean sense of reality. It is shown that his ideology derives from his personality and his perception of and reaction to political events involving the United States and nations in the Middle East. The findings suggest that bin Laden imagines that he is walking in the shoes of the prophet Muhammad as he engages in an apocalyptic war to restore Islam as a potent force in the world. Usama bin Laden is compared to Hitler as a charismatic, messianic leader. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Therapeutic supervision with families of high‐conflict divorce
Authors: Scharff Katherine E.
Published: February 2006

The author describes therapeutic supervision by a therapist for helping families of high‐conflict divorce, a model derived from psychoanalytic principles applied to the study and treatment of dysfunctional family patterns at times of transition of the children from the care of one separated parent to another. Therapeutic supervision allows the collection of rich, accurate data about the family's functioning that inform the court's custody decisions, and it offers a naturalistic setting in which to study conflict and vulnerability and intervene in the form of powerful verbal and behavioral interpretations. The author gives guidelines for setting conditions and agreements that support the hard work of therapeutic supervision, and she concludes with a clinical case study. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Evaluation of two 3D virtual computer reconstructions for comparison of cleft lip and palate to normal fetal microanatomy
Authors: Landes Constantin A. , Weichert Frank , Geis Philipp , Helga Fritsch , Wagner Mathias
Published: February 2006

Cleft lip and palate reconstructive surgery requires thorough knowledge of normal and pathological labial, palatal, and velopharyngeal anatomy. This study compared two software algorithms and their 3D virtual anatomical reconstruction because exact 3D micromorphological reconstruction may improve learning, reveal spatial relationships, and provide data for mathematical modeling. Transverse and frontal serial sections of the midface of 18 fetal specimens (11th to 32nd gestational week) were used for two manual segmentation approaches. The first manual segmentation approach used bitmap images and either Windows‐based or Mac‐based SURFdriver commercial software that allowed manual contour matching, surface generation with average slice thickness, 3D triangulation, and real‐time interactive virtual 3D reconstruction viewing. The second manual segmentation approach used tagged image format and platform‐independent prototypical SeViSe software developed by one of the authors (F.W.). Distended or compressed structures were dynamically transformed. Registration was automatic but allowed manual correction, such as individual section thickness, surface generation, and interactive virtual 3D real‐time viewing. SURFdriver permitted intuitive segmentation, easy manual offset correction, and the reconstruction showed complex spatial relationships in real time. However, frequent software crashes and erroneous landmarks appearing “out of the blue,” requiring manual correction, were tedious. Individual section thickness, defined smoothing, and unlimited structure number could not be integrated. The reconstruction remained underdimensioned and not sufficiently accurate for this study's reconstruction problem. SeViSe permitted unlimited structure number, late addition of extra sections, and quantified smoothing and individual slice thickness; however, SeViSe required more elaborate work‐up compared to SURFdriver, yet detailed and exact 3D reconstructions were created. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axon‐like processes in type III cells of taste organs
Authors: Sbarbati Andrea , Merigo Flavia , Benati Donatella , Bernardi Paolo , Tizzano Marco , Fabene Paolo F. , Crescimanno Caterina , Osculati Francesco
Published: February 2006

Type III cells of the taste organs are widely considered to be chemoreceptors. The present study was performed on the frog taste disk and describes an axon‐like process in type III cells, which often contains a bundle of densely‐packed parallel microfilaments. These processes pass through the basal membrane of the gustatory epithelium, running into the lamina propria (transbasal membrane processes, tBMPs). In their intraepithelial tract, tBMPs contain dense‐cored vesicles revealing their origin from type III cells. Type III cells showing both classic nonrigid processes (with vesicles and nerve contacts) and tBMPs are present. The connective tract of a tBMP usually contains dense‐cored vesicles only in its proximal portion. In some cases, the connective tract of tBMPs is almost perpendicular to the basal lamina. In other cases, it runs parallel to and below the basal lamina. Some tBMPs contact nerve fibers running in the subepithelial connective tissue; the contact area is rather wide but evident synapse‐like junctions were never detected. Contacts between tBMPs and nerve fibers innervating basal cells are also found. In conclusion, the data demonstrate the existence of epithelial cells resembling primitive neurons that display an apical dendrite and axon‐like basal processes. Until now, it was not considered possible that epithelial receptor cells extend processes out of the epithelium. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neutral hydrogen in radio galaxies: Results from nearby, importance for far away
Authors: Morganti R.
Published: February 2006

The study of neutral hydrogen emission and absorption in radio galaxies is giving new and important insights on a variety of phenomena observed in these objects. Such observations are helping to understand the origin of the host galaxy, the effects of the interaction between the radio jet and the ISM, the presence of fast gaseous outflows as well as jet‐induced star formation. Recent results obtained on these phenomena are summarized in this review. Although the HI observations concentrate on nearby radio galaxies, the results also have relevance for the high‐z objects as all these phenomena are important, and likely even more common, in high‐redshift radio sources. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Masses of distant radio galaxies: A coherent view for evolution and origin
Authors: Rocca‐Volmerange B.
Published: February 2006

We hereafter aim to present mass estimates and main parameters of distant powerful radio sources, respectively for evolved stars, ionized gas, and dust. Observations and models are consistent with a scenario where large masses are accumulated whithin extremely short time scales < 1 Gyr at redshifts z > 2: a strong constraint for large‐scale structure models. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Outflows and shocks in compact radio sources
Authors: Holt J. , Tadhunter C. N. , Morganti R.
Published: February 2006

We report some key results from the optical emission line study of a complete sample of compact radio sources. We find strong evidence for jet‐driven outflows in the circumnuclear emission line gas namely: 1) highly broadened and blueshifted emission line components (up to 2000 km s–1), 2) shock ionized gas (broader, shifted components), 3) consistency in the scales of the emission line gas and the radio source and 4) trends between the maximum outflow velocity and radio source size (and orientation). Full details can be found in Holt (2005). (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The relation between mergers and AGN activity
Authors: González Delgado R. M. , Tadhunter C. N. , Pérez E. , Villar‐Martín M. , Holt J. , Rodríguez J.
Published: February 2006

There is morphological evidence that the activity in powerful radio galaxies could be triggered by mergers and galaxy interactions. However, nothing is known about the timescales, order of events, and the type of interaction involved. It is not yet known whether there exists an evolutionary link between radio galaxies and other merger systems such as very luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (VLIRGs and ULIRGs). Here, we report preliminary results obtained from the analysis of near‐ultraviolet and optical spectroscopic observations of samples of Radio Galaxies and VLIRGs‐ULIRGs to investigate, through age‐dating of their young stellar population, whether an evolutionary link exists between VLIRGs/ULIRGs–Radio Galaxies–normal elliptical galaxies. These results will help to understand the genesis events that lead to the formation of radio jet and quasar activity, and they will allow us to place radio galaxies in the context of hierarchical evolution models for the population of giant elliptical galaxies. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Deep spectroscopy of a young radio source at z = 0.521
Authors: Inskip K. J. , Lee D. , Cotter G. , Readhead A. C. S. , Pearson T. J.
Published: February 2006

9C J1503+4528 is a very young CSS radio galaxy with an age of order 104 years. This source is an ideal laboratory for the study of the intrinsic host galaxy/IGM properties, radio source interactions, evidence for young stellar populations and the radio source triggering mechanism. Here we present the results of a spectroscopic analysis of this source, considering each of these aspects of radio source physics. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High redshift Lyα halos
Authors: van Breugel W. , de Vries W. , Croft S. , de Breuck C. , Dopita M. , Miley G. , Reuland M. , Röttgering H.
Published: February 2006

We review current evidence for the existence of large emission‐line halos around high redshift radio galaxies. Detailed narrow‐band imaging and spectroscopic studies of these systems may help us understand the early stages of massive forming galaxies and AGN feedback. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The lifecycles of powerful radio galaxies: Triggering and feedback
Authors: Tadhunter C.
Published: February 2006

I review the links between host galaxy evolution and quasar/jet activity in radio galaxies from an observational standpoint. Observations of the warm ionized gas provide evidence for powerful outflows in both the extended emission line regions (EELR: 5 < r < 100 kpc) and the narrow line regions (NLR: r < 5 kpc) that are capable of directly influencing the evolution of the stellar populations in the host galaxies. There is also evidence that the distribution of circum‐nuclear ISM undergoes significant evolution as the radio jets expand through the central bulges of the hosts. On the other hand, results for the young stellar populations in the host galaxies provide key information about the triggering merger events. They indicate that there can be a significant time lag between the major episode of merger‐induced star formation and triggering of the radio jets, and that some ultraluminous infrared galaxies may evolve into radio galaxies. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The giant Lyα nebula associated with a z = 2.5 radio galaxy
Authors: Villar‐Martín M. , Sánchez S. F. , Peletier R. , Vernet J. , de Breuck C. , Humphrey A. , di Serego Alighieri S. , Fosbury R. , Stern D.
Published: February 2006

We present a kinematic and morphological study of the giant Lyα nebula associated with the radio galaxy MRC 2104–242 (z = 2.49) based on integral field spectroscopic VIMOS data from VLT. The galaxy appears to be embedded in a giant (≃120 kpc) gas reservoir that surrounds it completely. The kinematic properties of the nebula suggest that it is a rotating structure, which would imply a lower limit to the dynamical mass of ∼3 × 1011 M⊙. An alternate scenario is that the gas is infalling. Such a process would be able to initiate and sustain significant central starburst activity, although it is likely to contribute with less than 10% of the total stellar mass of the galaxy. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Extended X‐ray emission from high‐redshift radio galaxies
Authors: Crawford C. S.
Published: February 2006

I review the observations, interpretation and implications of extended X‐ray emission from powerful distant radio sources. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Protoclusters associated with distant radio galaxies
Authors: Venemans B. P.
Published: February 2006

The results of a large program conducted with the Very Large Telescope and the Keck telescope to search for forming clusters of galaxies near powerful radio galaxies at 2 < z < 5.2 are presented. Deep narrow‐ and broad‐band images of eight radio galaxies and their surroundings were obtained. In the images a total of 335 candidate Lyα emitting galaxies at the redshift of the radio galaxies were selected. Subsequently, follow‐up spectroscopy was performed to obtain redshifts for the candidate Lyα emitters. In at least six of eight fields (75%) an overdensity of Lyα emitters is found near the radio galaxy. Taken together with a significant clustering in redshift space of the emitters, we argue that we have discovered six forming clusters of galaxies (protoclusters). Based on the estimated masses and the volume density, we conclude that the observed structures are the likely progenitors of present‐day massive (∼1015 M⊙) clusters of galaxies. Finally, we compare the observed galaxy overdensities with numerical simulations of the development of large scale structure in the Universe. The preliminary results of this comparison provide strong additional evidence for the hypothesis that the radio galaxy protoclusters are forming massive clusters. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
HST/ACS observations of Lyman‐break galaxies and Lyα emitters associated with radio galaxies at z > 4
Authors: Overzier R. A.
Published: February 2006

Distant radio galaxies may pinpoint overdense regions in the early universe.We have collected data with HST/ACS towards several overdensities of Lyα emitters associated with radio galaxies discovered by Venemans et al. Using the Lyman break selection technique we find statistical evidence for additional galaxies associated with the radio galaxies TN J1338–1942 at z = 4.1 and TN J0924–2201 at z = 5.2. In the case of TN J1338–1942, the angular distribution of candidate Lyman break galaxies is highly filamentary across the ∼12 arcmin2 field, with more than half of the objects clustered in a 4.4 arcmin2 region that includes the radio galaxy. Both fields appear to be significantly richer in Lyman break galaxies than the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) fields, suggesting that the radio galaxies are embedded in galaxy groups or (forming) clusters. The Lyman break galaxies have mild to moderate star formation rates and relatively blue UV continuum colours. Except for their high equivalent width Lyα , the properties of spectroscopically confirmed Lyα emitters associated with these radio galaxies are consistent with those of normal Lyman break galaxies at relatively low luminosities. The two radio galaxies have some intriguing properties: TN J1338–1942 is extremely bright in the rest‐frame UV, and has a highly disturbed morphology presumed to arise from interactions between the jet and the surrounding medium, and a starburst‐driven superwind. The UV star formation rate and (projected) size of TN J0924–2201 are typical of relatively faint Lyman break galaxies at z ∼ 3–5. Yet it is a luminous, radio‐loud AGN, suggesting the presence of a supermassive black hole that may have acquired its mass before the host galaxy produced the bulk of its stars. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
350 µm sharc‐ii imaging of luminous high‐redshift radio galaxies
Authors: Greve T. R. , Ivison R. J. , Stevens J. A.
Published: February 2006

Using the filled bolometer array SHARC‐II on the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO), we have obtained deep (σ rms ∼ 15 mJy beam–1), high‐quality 350 µm maps of five of the most luminous high‐z radio galaxies known. In all cases the central radio galaxy is detected at the ≳3σ level, and in some cases the high resolution of SHARC‐II (FWHM= 9″) allows us to confirm the spatially extended nature of the dust emission. In PKS 1138–262 (z = 2.156), 8C 1909+722 (z = 3.538) and 4C 41.17 (z = 3.792), additional sources – first discovered by SCUBA at 850 µm and believed to be dusty, merging systems associated with the central radio galaxy – are detected at 350 µm. Furthermore, in PKS 1138 and 4C41.17 additional SHARC‐II sources are seen which were not detected at 850 µm, although the reality of these sources will have to be confirmed by independent submm observations. Thus, our observations seem to support the notion of extended star formation taking place in radio galaxies at high redshifts, and that these systems sit at the centers of overdense regions harbouring a complexity of dusty and vigorously star forming systems. At the redshift of the radio galaxies, the 350 µm observations sample very close to the rest‐frame dust peak (typically at ∼100 µm), and they therefore contribute a particularly important point to the spectral energy distributions of these sources, which we use this in conjunction with existing (sub)millimeter data to derive FIR luminosities, dust temperatures and spectral emissivities of the central radio galaxies. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The X‐ray and radio jets of quasars on kiloparsec scales
Authors: Jorstad S. G. , Marscher A. P.
Published: February 2006

We have observed five quasars (0827+243, 0923+392, 1222+216, 1317+520, and 2209+080) with Chandra at 0.2–8 keV and with the VLA at 5 and 15 GHz. The X‐ray emission is detected from all the radio jets except for 0923+392, whose double radio jet only extends out to the edge of the X‐ray PSF. We model the spectral energy distribution of the jet features assuming that the X‐ray emission originates via inverse Compton scattering off the cosmic microwave background by relativistic electrons. For two sources (0827+243 and 1222+216) proper motion on parsec scales is consistent with the Doppler factors derived from the model, which implies that no deceleration occurs between parsec and kiloparsec jets. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evolutionary models of powerful radio galaxies
Authors: Bicknell G. V. , Sutherland R. S.
Published: February 2006

In the past, extragalactic radio jets have been modelled as interacting with a smooth, hot interstellar medium. However, it is likely that the precursors of radio sources are major or minor mergers and the resultant debris from such an event will interact with the jets that result from the fuelling of the black hole. We describe here some recent work on the interactions of jets with clumpy interstellar media consisting of a log normal distribution of dense clouds. Important features of the simulations include radio morphologies typical of powerful radio galaxies at various stages of their evolution and persistent X‐ray emission from shocked clouds which are the remnant of a circumnuclear disk. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spitzer spectroscopy of 3C radio galaxies and quasars
Authors: Ogle P. M. , Whysong D. , Antonucci R.
Published: February 2006

We are conducting a large survey of Fanaroff‐Riley class II radio galaxies and quasars at redshift z < 1 with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph. The goal is to determine which radio galaxies contain hidden active nuclei with luminosities comparable to quasars. We find that 40% of the radio galaxies have mid‐IR power comparable to quasars of matched radio luminosity. These sources show thermal emission spectra from hot dust and silicate absorption from the dusty torus which blocks the optical nucleus from view. The mid‐IR bright radio galaxies also show emission lines, such as [SIV], [NeV], and [NeVI], from gas that is highly ionized by the hidden nucleus. However, 60% of the radio galaxies are relatively weak mid‐IR emitters, indicating that they do not contain a hidden, powerful accretion disk. Instead, their jets may be powered by a radiatively inefficient accretion flow or black hole spin. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Very high‐resolution radio observations of HzRGs
Authors: Pérez‐Torres M. A. , de Breuck C. , van Breugel W. , Miley G.
Published: February 2006

We report on first results of an ongoing effort to image a small sample of high‐redshift radio galaxies (HzRGs) with milliarcsecond (mas) resolution, using very‐long‐baseline interferometry (VLBI) techniques. Here, we present 1.7 and 5.0 GHz VLBA observations of B3 J2330+3927, a radio galaxy at z = 3.087. Those observations, combined with 8.4 GHz VLA‐A observations, have helped us interpret the source radio morphology, and most of our results have already been published (Pérez‐Torres & De Breuck 2005). In particular, we pinpointed the core of the radio galaxy, and also detected both radio lobes, which have a very asymmetric flux density ratio, R > 11. Contrary to what is seen in other radio galaxies, it is the radio lobe furthest from the nucleus which is the brighest. Almost all of the Ly‐alpha emission is seen between the nucleus and the furthest radio lobe, which is also unlike all other radio galaxies. The values of radio lobe distance ratio, and flux density ratio, as well as the fraction of core emission make of B3 J2330+3927 an extremely asymmetric source, and challenges unification models that explain the differences between quasars and radio galaxies as due to orientation effects. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigating radio‐loud AGN with multi‐wavelength surveys
Authors: Jarvis M. J.
Published: February 2006

In this review we highlight what has been gained from a host of surveys covering a large proportion of the electromagnetic spectrum with respect to active galactic nuclei with emphasis placed on the powerful high‐redshift radio galaxies and radio‐loud quasars. We focus on recent results which consider the cosmic evolution of radio galaxies and radio‐loud quasars, their host galaxies and black‐hole masses. We then briefly highlight the potential of combining surveys at other wavelengths, such as the SDSS and Spitzer surveys, for investigating these topics. Finally, we look forward to the new parameter space which will be opened up with the radio telescopes of the future, namely the LOFAR and the SKA. These new telescopes are likely to lead to a shift in radio survey science. The survey depths that are within the reach of these telescopes will mean that the dominant populations will no longer be AGN, but starburst and ‘normal’ galaxy populations out to z ≳ 2. However, the SKA will also have the ability to find and measure redshifts for every moderately powerful radio AGN in the Universe, providing a new and unique view of galaxy formation and evolution. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The nature of the faint radio source population from observations of the Subaru/XMM‐Newton Deep Field
Authors: Simpson C. , Rawlings S. , Martínez‐Sansigre A.
Published: February 2006

We briefly describe the radio image of the Subaru/XMM‐Newton Deep Field. Using deep optical and X‐ray imaging data, we investigate how the properties of extragalactic radio sources vary with flux density. We find that the optical colours of our faintest (0.1 mJy ≤ S 1.4 < 0.3 mJy) radio sources are indistinguishable from those at brighter flux densities, but a significant fraction of these objects are bright in X‐rays. The optical colours and morphologies and X‐ray fluxes of these sources indicate that they are radio‐quiet QSOs, and further interpretation leads us to conclude that as many as half of the new population of sources which causes the flattening of the radio source counts at S 1.5 ≲ 0.5 mJy are radio‐quiet AGN, rather than starburst galaxies. We suggest that studying radio sources with S 1.4 ∼ 0.1 mJy could help to understand the make‐up of the Cosmic X‐ray Background. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The cosmological evolution of radio galaxies with CENSORS
Authors: Brookes M. H. , Best P. N. , Peacock J. A.
Published: February 2006

The Combined EIS‐NVSS Survey Of Radio Sources (CENSORS) has been developed, over the last four years, with the primary goal of investigating the cosmological evolution of the radio luminosity function. This 1.4 GHz sample, complete to the 7.2 mJy level, contains 150 radio sources. Host galaxies are now 92% identified in optical and near‐IR bands and the sample is now 60% spectroscopically complete, with estimated redshifts available for the remainder via the K ‐z relation for radio galaxies. In conjunction with other radio selected samples, covering a wide range in redshift and radio luminosities, the CENSORS survey has been used to investigate the behaviour of the comoving density of radio sources as a function of redshift and radio luminosity. Preliminary results indicate that the data now available will be able to detect a redshift cut‐off for sources of 1.4 GHz radio luminosity ∼1027 WHz–1. A V /V max test indicates negative evolution at redshifts greater than 2.5. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
AGN in deep radio/X‐ray surveys: Hunting the earliest massive galaxies
Authors: Seymour N. , Moss D. , McHardy I. , Gunn K. , Page M. , Mason K. , Loaring N. , Dwelly T.
Published: February 2006

Despite the plethora of deep (sub‐mJy) radio surveys there remains considerable doubt as to the exact nature of the galaxies contributing to the source counts. Current evidence suggests that star formation in moderately luminous normal galaxies is responsible for the bulk of the emission below 1 mJy. However given the sensitivities of these surveys we would expect a fraction of these sources to be distant radio galaxies. Using deep VLA and GMRT data we have found ∼20 high‐z candidate radio galaxies in two fields using the classical ultra‐steep radio spectrum technique (De Breuck et al. 2000) and selecting galaxies with faint (i ′ > 25) optical counterparts. Several of these sources have X‐ray detections in our deep XMM/Chandra observations and have fluxes high enough to put them in the quasar regime if they lie above redshift 3. Recently performed Spitzer GTO observations and upcoming near‐infrared observations will help reveal the nature of these sources. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The TOOT00 redshift survey of radio sources
Authors: Vardoulaki E. , Rawlings S. , Hill G. J. , Croft S. , Brand K. , Riley J. , Willott C.
Published: February 2006

We present first results from the study of the TOOT00 region consisting of 47 radio sources brighter than 100 mJy at 151 MHz. We have 81% spectroscopic redshift completeness. From theK‐zdiagram we deduce that the host galaxies are similar to ∼ 3L* passively evolved elliptical galaxies and thus estimate the redshifts of the 9 sources without a secure spectroscopic redshift yielding a median redshift of 1.287. Above the RLF break we have a quasar fractionfq∼ 0.3 although the quasars appear reddened; below the RLF breakfq→0 if we exclude flat‐spectrum radio sources.We present a histogram of the number of TOOT00 radio sources versus their redshift which looks broadly like the Willott et al. (2001) prediction for TOOT, although the observed ratio of high to low redshift objects is somewhat lower than the prediction. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)