bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple optical flow—fundamental constraint equations and a unified computational theory for detecting motion transparency and motion boundaries
Authors: Shizawa Masahiko , Mase Kenji
Published: July 2007

Conventional optical flow estimation algorithms were based on fundamental constraint equations that assume the existence of a single‐flow vector at each point in the image. However, since these fundamental constraint equations are not satisfied in certain regions, correct flow estimation can become impossible. Such regions include those where multiple flows arise due to objects with reflective surfaces and transparency or in regions where the flows become discontinuous at the boundaries of an object.

This paper derives first extensions of the conventional fundamental constraint equations for optical flow in the real and frequency domains that are satisfied whennflow vectors exist at each point in the image. Algorithms are also given for solving the fundamental constraint equations in the generaln‐fold flow case. Then for the double‐flow case, an algorithm is derived by computing two sets of flow parameters in closed‐form equations from the time‐varying image Gabor expansion.

Next, margin energy is defined as the index for representing how well the optimization problem is posed for each degree of multiplicity (“well‐posedness”), and a criterion is obtained to determine the number of flow vectors at each image point. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified for synthesized images containing motion transparency and motion boundaries.

This papers proposes fundamental constraint equations for multiple optical flow as the basic equations for extending the various conventional motion vision models and time‐varying image analysis algorithms so that they can handle multiple motion transparency, and motion boundaries.
Structure recognition of various kinds of table‐form documents
Authors: Luo Qin , Watanabe Toyohide , Sugie Noboru
Published: July 2007

The recognition of the structure of a document is to discriminate the layout structure, i.e., the two‐dimensional configuration and format, of the document, and to identify the individual item data. Most of the studies of this kind so far, however, are based on the paradigm for the document structure discrimination, where the information concerning the document structure is defined beforehand for a particular type of document and is utilized as the knowledge‐base. Such a paradigm is successful in recognizing the same document structure or document structure of the same kind, but is not applicable to the case where various kinds of document structures are mixed.

This paper addresses table‐form documents as the objects of processing, and reports on a method which can recognize the document structures for various kinds of table‐form documents. Various classes of table‐form documents with various configurations and contents are available according to its use and adjacent relationship between item fields. To recognize exactly the document structure for various kinds of table‐form documents, it is essential to develop the processing method based on the information for each class of table‐form documents. For this purpose, the classification tree is used, which hierarchically manages the information for each case of table‐form documents.

A structure recognition system for multiple kinds of table‐form documents, is realized with this framework, including the recognition of table‐form document class, the automatic acquisition of layout structure information and the recognition of document structure.
Wafer‐scale integration implementation of mesh‐connected multiprocessor systems
Authors: Numata Issei , Horiguchi Susumu
Published: July 2007

With recent advances in VLSI technology, Wafer‐Scale Integration implementation is becoming realistic, wherein massively parallel multiprocessors are implemented on a single wafer. As a result of this technique, the connections among VLSI become unnecessary and a high‐speed, high‐density system will be realized. This paper considers the mesh‐connected network, which is one of the configurations of the massively parallel multiprocessor system, and discusses the reconfiguration techniques in realizing the network on the wafer. The reconfiguration technique is necessary for composing a system on a wafer, and several techniques have been proposed to date. Most of these, however, are based on global information or can be applied only to special cases. Consequently, they are not suitable for the self‐reconfiguration scheme of a massively parallel system. From such a viewpoint, this paper proposes and evaluates an autonomic self‐reconfiguration scheme using only local information, wherein the nondeterministic algorithm is added to the conventional method. It is seen as a result that the proposed method can realize a higher yield than the conventional method, as the array size becomes larger and the portion of the redundant PE becomes less.
Human‐face search and location in a scene by multi‐pyramid architecture for personal identification
Authors: Kosugi Makoto
Published: July 2007

To realize fully automated face image recognition, there must be thorough processing from the detection of the face in a scene to recognition. It is very difficult, however, to apply the detection or recognition process based on the shape features as in the conventional method to the face which is a typical soft object.

This paper aims at personal identification by the facial image. The face in a scene is sought by coarse‐to‐fine processing using only the gray‐level data, and the result is applied to the recognition.

First, the human head is detected from the scene using the multiresolution mosaic. Then the central part of the face is detected from the head region using the mosaic, and the precise position is determined based on the histogram for the eye and the nose region. The search algorithm is applied to 100 personal images derived from the motion image. The detection and location succeeded in 97 percent of the cases, except for the face with eyes shielded by hair, for example. When the result of successful detection is applied to the recognition, the recognition rate of 99 percent is obtained. In this method, a facial image of any size at any position in a scene can be detected. Other features are that the background can be uniform, and the color data are not required, which greatly relaxes the past requirement for the input image.
Networked bubble propagation method as a polynomial‐time hypothetical reasoning for computing near‐optimal solution
Authors: Ohsawa Yukio , Ishizuka Mitsuru
Published: July 2007

Hypothetical reasoning is important to knowledge system framework due to both its theoretical basis and its usefulness in solving practical problems including diagnosis, design, etc. One crucial problem with hypothetical reasoning is, however, its slow inference speed. To achieve practical or tractable speed, an approximate solution method of 0–1 integer programming named Pivot and Complement has been applied so far to a cost‐based hypothetical reasoning, in which a numerical weight is assigned to each possible element hypothesis and an optimal solution hypothesis‐set with the minimal sum of its element hypotheses' weights is searched. In this method, all described knowledge is regarded as constraints. Then, the restricted part of knowledge is transformed into inequalities to apply 0–1 integer programming. While the computational complexity of hypothetical reasoning is NP‐complete or NP‐hard, an approximate solution method of 0–1 integer programming allows polynomial inference time in the order ofN4for finding a near‐optimal solution hypothesis, whereNis the number of possible element hypotheses.

In this paper, in order to understand the mechanism of the foregoing method from the viewpoint of knowledge processing, it is reformalized using a new type of knowledge network. Our new networked method, name Networked Bubble Propagation is shown to have a similar (or superior) performance to the aforementioned one, i.e., the solutions it obtains are as good as those found with the Pivot and Complement method and the inference time is in the order ofN2. This speed‐up is an advantage of considering the knowledge structure of a given problem, thanks to the network.
An algorithm for computing slices for recursive program
Authors: Ueda Ryoichi , Lian Lin , Inoue Katsuro , Torii Koji
Published: July 2007

Program slicing is a useful technique for debugging, testing and program integration. Intuitively, by the slice of a program P is meant, for a pointnand a variablevinP, the set of statements and expressions inPthat affect the value ofvatn. To determine a slice, there must be a precise analysis of the dependencies among the statements in the program. It is difficult, on the other hand, to analyze the program containing recursions.

This paper presents a static analysis for the dependencies in the program containing recursion, as well as the algorithm to determine the slice based on the result of the analysis. To cope with the recursive definition of the procedure, the proposed algorithm assumes the interprocedure information needed in the computation. This information is modified to the correct direction, and the process is iterated until the result converges.

The program dependence graph is extended to hold the interprocedure information. Compared to the conventional algorithm, the proposed algorithm can analyze efficiently the program containing recursions, and can be used in the system to provide interactively the slice information.
Proposal and evaluation of time critical communication protocol with two‐level data queues
Authors: Kusunoki Kazuhiro , Nakakawaji Tetsuo , Katsuyama Kotaro , Nakano Nobumasa
Published: July 2007

For some distributed control applications, a highly reliable, high‐speed time‐critical communication network is required. Time‐critical communication ensures completion of data transmission for an application, or that of transaction within a time specified by the application. A protocol has been presented for time critical communication that achieves highly effective traffic ratio of time critical data using two‐level data queues. Estimates of effective traffic ratio are derived for the authors' protocol. Estimation parameters are input traffic load, ratio of time critical data in offered load, and time width for completion of data transmission.
Node processor for a parallel object‐oriented total architecture A‐NET
Authors: Yoshinaga Tsutomu , Baba Takanobu
Published: July 2007

A node processor for a highly parallel computer based on a parallel object‐oriented computational model has been developed. The node processor consists of a PE for the execution of methods and a router for the control of message communication. The prototype PE has a high‐level instruction set that includes message sending and receiving instructions. It also supports both tagged data structure as a synchronization mechanism and dynamic data typing. The special hardware unit for tag processing achieves a speed up of about 44 percent for an add instruction.

The router has been designed as independent to network‐topology. It takes approximately 5.2 μs to transfer a 35‐byte message to an adjacent node. Message transfers over multiple nodes take approximately 1.0 μs per hop.
Modeling and evaluation of responsive multiprocessor systems
Authors: Tsuchiya Tatsuhiro , Kakuda Yoshiaki , Kikuno Tohru
Published: July 2007

A responsive system, which serves to unify a fault‐tolerant system and real‐time system, must have flexible real‐time fault recovery capability. Of the multiprocessor systems in which the number of active processors changes dynamically due to failures and repairs of processors, those with the reconfiguration capability to isolate faulty processors from the system and reconnect repaired processors to the system, in addition to the ability to process tasks in real‐time, are examples of responsive systems. Normal task processing operations may be interrupted by reconfiguration and tasks requiring real‐time processing may miss their deadline as a result. A modeling method on a stochastic reward net is proposed in this paper to represent the failure‐repair behavior of a system and changes in external environments (including fluctuations in the task arrival rate). This method explicitly considers the possibility of missed deadlines. As a result of performance evaluation using the proposed model, it is shown that system performance can be improved by controlling the timing of the system reconfiguration, thus minimizing the effects of system reconfiguration.
Increasing twinning rates in Norway, 1967–2004: the influence of maternal age and assisted reproductive technology (ART)
Authors: TANDBERG ANNE , BJØRGE TONE , BØRDAHL PER E. , SKJAERVEN ROLV
Published: July 2007

Background. The incidence of twin pregnancies is increasing in industrialized countries, including Norway. In the present nationwide study from Norway, we aimed at evaluating the effect of assisted reproductive technologies and delayed childbearing age on this epidemic rise. Material and method. Altogether 2.19 million pregnancies, including 27,849 twin pairs and higher‐order multiples, were included in this population‐based study with data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway covering the years 1967–2004. The study period was divided into two, 1967–87 and 1988–2004, respectively. For the last time period, pregnancies from assisted reproductive technologies were available through a separate registration, and these data were linked with the Medical Birth Registry of Norway birth record. Additionally, we compared the twinning rates from natural conception in the two time periods in relation to maternal age. Logistic regression was used for adjusted odds ratio estimation. Results. During 1967–1987, the twinning rate remained constant at 1.0% of the total number of births in Norway. Thereafter, the total twinning rate increased from 1.1% in 1988 to 1.9% in 2004. After excluding pregnancies from assisted reproductive technologies, the increase was from 1.1% to 1.6% in this period. There was a significantly higher twinning rate in all age groups in the time period 1988–2004 compared with 1967–1987. In naturally conceived pregnancies, OR for twins were 1.11 (95% CI 1.05–1.17) in the age group 20–24 years, 1.25 (95% CI 1.19–1.31) in the age group 30–34, and 1.36 (95% CI 1.11–1.67) in the age group 40–44 comparing the two time periods. Conclusions. The multiple pregnancy rate increased by 50% in Norway during the time period 1988–2004, even when twin pregnancies from assisted reproduction were excluded. Maternal age and assisted reproductive technologies cannot alone satisfactorily explain the rise in the twinning rate.
Connective tissue alterations in women with pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence
Authors: SUZME RAFI , YALCIN ONAY , GURDOL FIGEN , GUNGOR FUNDA , BILIR AYHAN
Published: July 2007

Background. Alterations in collagen synthesis and metabolism have previously been reported in patients with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and/or urodynamic stress incontinence (USI). Since urinary incontinence does not always associate with POP, the objective of this study was to examine connective tissues from patients with USI plus POP, and patients with prolapse only. Methods. Biopsies from the uterosacral ligaments were obtained during the operation from POP patients (n =28), and from continent women (control group, n =12) who underwent surgery for other benign reasons. POP patients were classified following urodynamic tests and symptom questionnaire with respect to the presence (n =14) or absence (n =14) of USI. N‐terminal propeptides of collagen (PINP and PIIINP), TGF‐β and leptin were measured in plasma. Hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) concentrations and total hexosaminidase activity were measured in tissue samples. Histological sections were prepared using Masson's trichrome technique, and digitised solutions were used for imaging provided by Soft Imaging System GmBh. Statistical evaluations were made by the Kruskal‐Wallis test. Results. A significant decrease in hydroxyproline content was found in USI+POP women in comparison to controls (p<0.05). In contrast, histopathological examination revealed an increased density of collagen in USI+POP patients. Hexosaminidase activity was decreased in both groups with POP, but no change in the amount of GAGs was observed. Markers of collagen synthesis (PINP, PIIINP), and factors related to the collagen synthesis (TGF‐β, leptin) remained unaltered. Conclusion. Our biochemical and morphological findings suggest a different organisation of collagen fibres in tissues of patients with USI+POP, when compared with both the controls and the POP patients.
Effects of Fear on Exploratory Behaviour in Rats
Authors: Kumar R.
Published: July 2007

It has been suggested that mild fear may evoke rather than inhibit exploratory responses in rats. The relationship between conditioned fear and exploratory behaviour was analysed in three experiments and there was no evidence that mild fear increased exploration. Conditioned fear was found to be under relatively precise stimulus control and its magnitude was related to the intensities and durations of the unconditioned stimulus, inescapable electric shock.
On the Relationship between Letter Names and Superordinate Categories
Authors: Posner Michael I.
Published: July 2007

The sequence of processing steps in obtaining the classifications vowel-consonant and letter-digit were explored. The procedure involved measuring the RT to classify pairs of stimuli as “same”. Inferences were drawn from RTs to letters with the same name (e.g. Bb) and from other differences between the RT structures obtained in the two classifications. When “same” was defined as both vowels or both consonants the subjects seemed to determine the letter name and then classify the name into its superordinate category. When “same” was defined as both letters or both digits the subjects appeared to classify the visual form directly into one of the two superordinate classes without first obtaining the name. The most likely explanation for the difference between conditions is the nature of training which subjects have had while learning the classifications.
Ear Asymmetry in the Threshold of Fusion of Two Clicks: A Signal Detection Analysis
Authors: Murphy E. H. , Venables P. H.
Published: July 2007

In the three experiments described, a comparison is made of two methods of measuring the threshold of fusion of two clicks: a signal detection method, and a modified method of constants. The former method reveals a significant ear asymmetry effect, which is accentuated when a burst of white noise is presented contralaterally with the clicks. Results are discussed with reference to differentiation of function of the cerebral hemispheres.
Recall of Semantic Clusters in Primary Memory
Authors: Levy Betty Ann , Baddeley Alan
Published: July 2007

An experiment is reported which investigated the use of semantic relatedness as a retrieval cue in the primary memory component in a free recall task. Six-word semantically related clusters were placed in the middle and end positions of free recall lists. Retention was measured immediately after the list presentation and after a filled retention interval of 15 sec. Pure primary memory functions were calculated. The results indicated that semantic cues are useful in retrieval from secondary memory but played no part in recall from primary memory.
Retinal Image or Perceived Features as Determinants of Error in Geometric Illusions?
Authors: Horrell R. I.
Published: July 2007

An examination of the implications of the theory of geometric illusions proposed by Gregory (1963) leads to the prediction that the illusion error should be determined by the retinal image projected by the figure rather than by its perceived characteristics where these differ. This prediction is tested in two experiments, using a version of the Zöllner illusion. In the first experiment, distance is used to manipulate the retinal image characteristics and, in the second, slant. In both cases, error is found to follow changes in the retinal image rather than being held relatively constant by the perceived size and shape. It is suggested that the effect of slant and distance on illusions, as reported by others, can be attributed to the change in retinal image characteristics involved in such operations.
Conditional Probability and Components of RT in the Variable Foreperiod Experiment
Authors: Stilitz Ivor
Published: July 2007

If the passage of time during the foreperiod in a variable foreperiod experiment is marked by a series of tones, RT decreases with the conditional probability of stimulus occurrence. RTs at short foreperiods, however, are rather slower than would be expected on the basis of a simple conditional probability effect. It is suggested that this is attributable to an independent “initial slow reaction” effect, and it is shown that the degree of this effect is influenced by the duration of the prior foreperiod. The results are related to those of variable foreperiod a-reactions in which no conditional probability effect has been found, and it is argued that in a marked reaction of the kind described above, the initial slow reaction effect behaves like an a-reaction component of RT. It is suggested that the absence of a conditional probability effect in the a-reaction and its presence in the marked reaction are related to the fact that a different type of sensory process is used to identify the signal in each case.
Acute Angles and the Poggendorff Illusion
Authors: Pressey A. W. , Sweeney O.
Published: July 2007

Burns and Pritchard's (1971) explanation of the Poggendorff illusion is criticized. An experiment was designed to determine whether the acute angle plays any role in the perception of the illusion. The results showed that (i) an inducing line which crossed a test-line was highly effective in altering the apparent orientation of the test line, (ii) an inducing line forming an acute angle with a test-line had a small effect in changing the apparent orientation of the test-line, and (iii) an acute angle which formed part of the Poggendorff configuration produced an effect opposite to that predicted by the view that acute angles are perceptually enlarged.
Negative Set Effects in Character Classification: A Response-Retrieval View of Reaction Time
Authors: Marcel Anthony J.
Published: July 2007

In most current accounts of character classification, emphasis is laid on the role of the positive set. Reanalysis of a previous experiment (Marcel, 1970) showed that in the constant set procedure, as well as the varied set procedure, when consecutive sets of digits are used, latency to negative probes depends on remoteness from the positive set boundary, except when the positive set consists of only one item. Two further experiments showed that in both the constant-and varied-set procedures, latency to individual negative probes decreased with their frequency, except with positive sets of one item. These data indicate that negatives are not usually classified as such merely by default. Some alternative models to Sternberg's are discussed. It is proposed that when he is able to (always with one-item positive sets) the subject will perform a physical match. Otherwise the probe will access its location in long-term memory, associated with which is appropriate response information. The ease of recovery of that information is emphasized as responsible for variation in latencies.
Consequences of Confirmation and Disconfirmation in a Simulated Research Environment
Authors: Mynatt Clifford R. , Doherty Michael E. , Tweney Ryan D.
Published: July 2007

Advanced undergraduate science majors attempted for approximately 10h each to discover the laws governing a dynamic system. The system included 27 fixed objects, some of which influenced the direction of a moving particle. At a given time, any one screen of a nine-screen matrix could be observed on a plasma display screen. Confirmatory strategies were the rule, even though half the subjects had been carefully instructed in strong inference. Falsification was counterproductive for some subjects. It seems that a firm base of inductive generalizations, supported by confirmatory research, is a prerequisite to useful implementation of a falsification strategy.
Strategies of Rule Discovery in an Inference Task
Authors: Tweney Ryan D. , Doherty Michael E. , Worner Winifred J. , Pliske Daniel B. , Mynatt Clifford R. , Gross Kimberly A. , Arkkelin Daniel L.
Published: July 2007

It has long been known that subjects in certain inference tasks will seek evidence which can confirm their present hypotheses, even in situations where disconfirmatory evidence could be more informative. We sought to alter this tendency in a series of experiments which employed a rule discovery task, the 2-4-6 problem first described by Wason. The first experiment instructionally modified subjects confirmatory tendencies. While a disconfirmatory strategy was easily induced, it did not lead to greater efficiency in discovering the rule. The second experiment introduced subjects to the possibility of disconfirmation only after they had developed a strongly held hypothesis through the use of confirmatory evidence. This manipulation also failed to alter the efficiency of rule discovery. In the third experiment, subjects were taught to use multiple hypotheses at each step, in the manner of Platt's “Strong Inference”. This operation actually worsened performance. Finally, in the fourth experiment, the structure of the problem was altered slightly by asking subjects to seek two interrelated rules. A dramatic increase in performance resulted, perhaps because information which in previous tasks was seen as merely erroneous could now be related to an alternative rule. The four studies have broad implications for the psychological study of inference processes in general, and for the study of scientific inference in particular.
The Impact of Planning on Local Business Rents
Authors: Henneberry John , McGough Tony , Mouzakis Fotis
Published: July 2007

Despite the pervasiveness of planning intervention in the land and property market, the economic effects of the planning system have been little researched. While there is a growing body of work addressing this issue in the housing sector, similar work considering the business sector is marked only by its absence. The paper describes the first substantive attempt to explore this subject area through an analysis of the impact of planning on business rents. A full structural model of a local property market was developed. It incorporates the planning regime as a key element of the system and it allows for the interaction between property market use sectors. The model formed the basis for the creation of a simplified five-equation system that could be operationalised within extant data constraints. Upon application, a local effect of planning was identified that was consistent with theory. As planning regimes become tighter, the local supply of space decreases. This has a negative effect on local economic activity and a positive effect on local rents. However, the results must be much qualified. The study was affected by various limitations relating to data, to the geography upon which the model was based and to its cross-sectional character. Nevertheless, the work makes a contribution to the development of a theoretically robust model for analysing and estimating the effect of planning on the property sector of the local economy.
Reclaiming Urbanity: Indeterminate Spaces, Informal Actors and Urban Agenda Setting
Authors: Groth Jacqueline , Corijn Eric
Published: July 2007

This paper discusses the phenomenon of 'informal actors' influencing the agenda of urban planning and urban politics by means of temporary reappropriation and animation of 'indeterminate' spaces. The latter are spaces left out of 'time and place' with regard to their urban surroundings, mainly as a consequence of rampant deindustrialisation processes and the 'shrinking' city. The unclear and undetermined status of these urban 'no-man's-lands' may allow for the emergence of a non-planned, spontaneous 'urbanity'. This intervention may be based on different motives: marginal lifestyles, informal economies, artistic experimentation, a deliberately open transformation of public space allowing for equal access and equal representation or a high degree of social and cultural inclusion. These expressions of the 'lived' city at present constitute a pronounced paradox for established city planning and urban politics. Institutionalised stakeholders may occasionally appreciate their presence for their inherent potential to enhance attractiveness of and revitalisation of certain parts of the city. On the other hand, these sites and the actors involved also spatialise and visualise a resistance and temporary alternative to the institutionalised domain and the dominant principles of urban development. Urban restructuring in the post-Fordist city, foremost in the development of inner-city areas, is increasingly focused on a unidimensional logic of commodification, monofunctionality and control. Thus, the complex qualities of animated 'indeterminate' spaces are difficult to incorporate into planning procedures. They often become threatened in their existence and pushed to the margins. Nevertheless, the urban conflict around these sites and the appearance of 'non-planned' planners on the urban scene, may decisively alter the urban agenda and set the themes for further development, which takes their positive economic and social function and their key role in sustaining and renewing urban cultures into account. The paper discusses this phenomenon, illustrated with an account of three case studies in the cities of Helsinki, Berlin and Brussels. The comparative dimension allows for a subsequent discussion focusing on elaborating the conditions of 'success' for informal actors in urban development processes. The predominant question then is how these new forms of urbanism can be given a place in city planning in order to pay more justice to the social and cultural complexity that constitutes contemporary urbanity.
Geographical Skills Mismatch, Job Search and Race
Authors: Stoll Michael A.
Published: July 2007

This paper examines whether a geographical skills mismatch exists between the location of less-educated minorities, in particular African Americans, and high-skill job concentrations and, if so, whether it contributes to the relatively poor employment outcomes of this group. It explores these questions by examining data on the recent geographical search patterns of less-educated workers in Los Angeles and Atlanta from the Multi-city Study of Urban Inequality. These data are combined with employer data from the concurrent Multi-city Employer Survey to characterise the geographical areas searched by respondents with respect to high-skill job requirements. The results indicate that, in relation to less-educated Whites, comparable Blacks and Latinos search in areas with higher levels of job skill requirements. Moreover, racial residential segregation as well as Blacks' lower car access rates account for most of Blacks' (but not Latinos') relatively greater mismatch. Evidence is also found that such a geographical skills mismatch is negatively related to employment and accounts for a significant share of the racial differences in employment.
Just Art for a Just City: Public Art and Social Inclusion in Urban Regeneration
Authors: Sharp Joanne , Pollock Venda , Paddison Ronan
Published: July 2007

In this article, it is shown how cultural policy, and in particular public art, intersects with the processes of urban restructuring and how it is a contributor, but also antidote, to the conflict that typically surrounds the restructuring of urban space. The particular focus of the paper is on investigating how public art can be inclusionary/exclusionary as part of the wider project of urban regeneration. The first part of the paper examines examples in which public art intervention has attempted to generate inclusion. Subsequently, attention focuses more on examples in which the public art has been perceived as an aspect of cultural domination and has thus provoked resistance. Throughout, it is argued that the processes through which artworks become installed into the urban fabric are critical to the successful development of inclusion.
The Global Cultural City? Spatial Imagineering and Politics in the (Multi)cultural Marketplaces of South-east Asia
Authors: Yeoh Brenda S. A.
Published: July 2007

No longer just epicentres of capital transactions, cities are 'going global' on the basis of integrating economic and cultural activity as an urban regeneration strategy. Place-wars among cities to attract investors have intensified around the production and consumption of culture and the arts, often taking the form of the construction of mega-projects and hallmark events, the development of a cultural industries sector and an upsurge of urban image-making and branding activities. This paper first reviews the discursive underpinnings of the growing aestheticisation of the landscape as part of urban boosterism in the context of south-east Asia. As with other post-colonial cities which have embraced an entrepreneurial regime, spatial imagineering in south-east Asian cities draws on 'local' identity to gain a competitive edge in the global marketplace. This is followed by an examination of the emerging spatial politics, social polarisations and symbolic discontent accompanying cultural regeneration.
Parallel Lives? Ethnic Segregation in Schools and Neighbourhoods
Authors: Burgess Simon , Wilson Deborah , Lupton Ruth
Published: July 2007

The paper provides evidence on the extent of ethnic segregation experienced by children across secondary schools and neighbourhoods (wards). Using 2001 Schools Census and Population Census data, indices of dissimilarity and isolation are employed to compare patterns of segregation across nine ethnic groups, and across Local Education Authorities in England. Looking at both schools and neighbourhoods, high levels of segregation are found for the different groups, along with considerable variation across England. Consistently higher segregation is found for south Asian pupils than for Black pupils. For most ethnic groups, children are more segregated at school than in their neighbourhood. The relative degree of segregation is analysed and it is shown that high population density is associated with high relative school segregation.
Accessibility, Activity Participation and Location of Activities: Exploring the Links between Residential Location and Travel Behaviour
Authors: Næss Petter
Published: July 2007

By investigating relationships between residential location and the availability of facilities, location of activities, trip distances, activity participation and trip frequencies, this paper seeks to contribute to a more detailed and nuanced understanding of the relationships between residential location and the amount of daily-life travel in an urban region. The empirical data are from a comprehensive study of residential location and travel in Copenhagen Metropolitan Area. Differences between inner- and outer-area residents in activity frequencies and trip frequencies are modest and partly outweigh each other. However, differences in trip distances due to the location of the dwelling relative to concentrations of facilities translate into substantially longer total travelling distances among suburbanites than among inner-city residents.
Jewish Immigrant Settlement Patterns in Manchester and Leeds 1881
Authors: Vaughan Laura , Penn Alan
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the 19th century Jewish immigrant quarters of Manchester and Leeds. It uses original census data to look at the entire population of the two areas of initial settlement. Analysis of family and kin structure, occupations of head of household, country of origin and length of time in the country as well as analysis of the settlement patterns at the street level are combined to examine the phenomenon of immigrant clustering. It is concluded that the complex social and economic processes involved in the establishment of a new migrant community in its host society result in spatial clustering and that spatial clustering in close proximity to sources of income is critical in enabling future integration of the immigrant group.
Skeletal Pathology in White Storks (Ciconia ciconia) Associated With Heavy Metal Contamination in Southwestern Spain
Authors: Smits Judit E. G. , Bortolotti Gary R. , Baos Raquel , Blas Julio , Hiraldo Fernando , Xie Qianle
Published: July 2007

In 1998, a mine tailings dyke in southwestern Spain broke, flooding the Agrio-Guadiamar river system with acid tailings up to the borders of one of the largest breeding colony of white storks in the western Palearctic, Dehesa de Abajo. Over the following years, a high proportion of nestlings developed leg defects, prompting this study. Ten fledglings with leg deformities from the spill area were compared with 11 normal storks of the same year class from another region far from the spill. However, metals were analyzed as a continuum rather than by site, as reference birds also contained high levels of metals. Gross pathology of the legs was supported by histopathology, which showed that bone remodeling activity was greater in the deformed storks, which also had more irregular subperiosteal bone, and tended to have higher residual islets of cartilage in their metaphyses, which, in turn were related to metal contaminant residues. Both Ca and P in bone were affected independently by metals. Deformed birds had lower serum bone alkaline phosphatase. Bone malformations, measured by leg asymmetry, was only partially explained by bone metals, indicating that a combination of factors was involved with the abnormal development in these young storks.
Incidences of Selected Lesions in Control Female Harlan Sprague–Dawley Rats from Two-Year Studies Performed by the National Toxicology Program
Authors: Brix Amy E. , Nyska Abraham , Haseman Joseph K. , Sells Donald M. , Jokinen Micheal P. , Walker Nigel J.
Published: July 2007

The NTP has a long history of using Fischer rats and has compiled a large database of incidences of lesions seen in control animals. Such a database is lacking for Harlan Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. The intention of this paper is to report spontaneous lesions observed in female vehicle control Harlan SD rats, and to compare the incidence in 2 strains of rats (Fischer and Harlan SD) used in NTP studies. Female Harlan SD rats served as the test animals for a special series of 2-year studies. Male rats were not used in these studies. Complete histopathology was performed on all animals, and the pathology results underwent comprehensive NTP pathology peer review. The most commonly observed neoplasms in these female control Harlan SD rats were mammary gland fibroadenoma (71%), tumors of the pars distalis of the pituitary (41%) and thyroid gland C-cell tumors (30%). Female Fischer rats had incidences of 44% for mammary gland fibroadenomas, 34% for tumors of the pars distalis, and 16% for thyroid gland C-cell tumors. Fischer rats had a 15% incidence of clitoral gland tumors, while the Harlan SD rats had an incidence of < 1%. In contrast to Fischer F344 rats, the Harlan SD rats had a high incidence of squamous metaplasia of the uterus (44.2%). Squamous metaplasia is not a lesion commonly observed in NTP control Fischer rats. The Harlan SD rats had a very low incidence of mononuclear cell leukemia (0.5%), compared with an incidence of 24% in female Fischer rats.
Cartilage Dysplasia and Tissue Mineralization in the Rat Following Administration of a FGF Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor
Authors: Brown Alan P. , Courtney Cynthia L. , King Lena M. , Groom Stephen C. , Graziano Michael J.
Published: July 2007

PD176067 is a reversible and selective inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, and was in preclinical development as an angiogenesis inhibitor for the treatment of solid tumors. A 14-day oral toxicity study of PD176067 in young female rats (7 weeks old) was conducted at doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day (15, 30, and 60 mg/m2, respectively). Skeletal changes, and vascular and soft tissue mineralization were observed as primary drug-related toxicities. To determine if these changes are specific to young, rapidly growing animals with increased vascular and osseous development, PD176067 was administered to mature (11 months old) rats. Female rats received PD176067 by gavage for 14 days at doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day and necropsied on day 15. Clinical signs of toxicity were seen at ≥5 mg/kg and one death occurred at 10 mg/kg. Physeal dysplasia (distal femur, proximal tibia, sternum) occurred in all drug-treated animals and was characterized by dose-related increased thickness of the zones of chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy, and marked thickening of the zone of ossification. Cartilage hyperplasia was characterized by proliferation of chondrocytes along margins of the synchondrosis and subperiosteum of sternebrae. Serum phosphorus levels increased 47% and 166% at 5 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Mineralization of cardiac myocytes, aorta, various arteries, renal tubules, and gastric mucosa and muscularis was seen at 10 mg/kg, and consistent with the presence of calcium-phosphorus deposition. Physeal changes occurred at similar plasma PD176067 exposures in young and mature rats (AUC ≥ 4.83 μg · hr/mL). PD176067 produced morphologically similar lesions in young and adult rats.
Squeeze maneuver: an easy way to manage radiological contrast-medium extravasation
Authors: Tsai Y.S. , Cheng S.M. , Ng S.P. , Yang F.S. , Shih S.L. , Sheu C.Y. , Huang J.K.
Published: July 2007

Background: Contrast-medium extravasation injuries may be self-limited to catastrophic. Adequate prophylactic measures are enforced when risk factors for extravasation are present, and prompt treatment can avoid serious complications.

Purpose: To describe the squeeze maneuver, an effective method for the treatment of symptomatic contrast-medium extravasation.

Material and Methods: Over a 3-month period, eight patients with >50 ml contrast-medium extravasation resulting in vascular compromise of the fingers were managed with the squeeze maneuver as follows. The intravenous catheter used for contrast-medium injection was removed, and the skin around the insertion site was cleaned with povidone-iodine. An 18-gauge needle was then used to puncture five to eight openings near the catheter insertion site as deeply as possible. We then began squeezing from the periphery of the swelling toward the needle holes. As the contrast medium drained, it was swabbed away with iodine-soaked cotton swabs.

Results: In all eight patients, the maneuver was successful with immediate resolution of the vascular compromise.

Conclusion: The squeeze maneuver provides an easy way to manage radiological contrast-medium extravasation and can be performed immediately in the CT suite.
Assessment of 3D-TOF-MRA at 3.0 tesla in the characterization of the angioarchitecture of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a preliminary study
Authors: Heidenreich J. O. , Schilling A. M. , Unterharnscheidt F. , Stendel R. , Hartlieb S. , Wacker F. K. , Schlattmann P. , Wolf K. -J. , Bruhn H.
Published: July 2007

Background: The characterization of brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) angioarchitecture remains rewarding in planning and predicting therapy. The increased signal-to-noise ratio at higher field strength has been found advantageous in vascular brain pathologies.

Purpose: To evaluate whether 3.0T time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is superior to 1.5T TOF-MRA for the characterization of cerebral AVMs.

Material and Methods: Fifteen patients with AVM underwent TOF-MRA at 3.0T and 1.5T and catheter angiography (DSA), which was used as the gold standard. Blinded readers scored image quality on a four-point scale, nidus size, and number of feeding arteries and draining veins.

Results: Image quality of TOF-MRA at 3.0T was superior to 1.5T but still inferior to DSA. Evaluation of nidus size was equally good at 3.0T and 1.5T for all AVMs. In small AVMs, however, there was a tendency of size overestimation at 3.0T. MRA at 3.0T had increased detection rates for feeding arteries (+21%) and superficial (+13%) and deep draining veins (+33%) over 1.5T MRA.

Conclusion: 3.0T TOF-MRA offers superior characterization of AVM angioarchitecture compared with 1.5T TOF-MRA. The image quality of MRA at both 3.0 and 1.5T is still far from equal to DSA, which remains the gold standard for characterization of AVM.
Validation of the rotation ratios method
Authors: Foss O. A. , Klaksvik J. , Benum P. , Anda S.
Published: July 2007

Background: The rotation ratios method describes rotations between pairs of sequential pelvic radiographs. The method seems promising but has not been validated.

Purpose: To validate the accuracy of the rotation ratios method.

Material and Methods: Known pelvic rotations between 165 radiographs obtained from five skeletal pelvises in an experimental material were compared with the corresponding calculated rotations to describe the accuracy of the method. The results from a clinical material of 262 pelvic radiographs from 46 patients defined the ranges of rotational differences compared. Repeated analyses, both on the experimental and the clinical material, were performed using the selected reference points to describe the robustness and the repeatability of the method.

Results: The reference points were easy to identify and barely influenced by pelvic rotations. The mean differences between calculated and real pelvic rotations were 0.0° (SD 0.6) for vertical rotations and 0.1° (SD 0.7) for transversal rotations in the experimental material. The intra- and interobserver repeatability of the method was good.

Conclusion: The accuracy of the method was reasonably high, and the method may prove to be clinically useful.
Evaluation of the potential of diffusion-weighted imaging in prostate cancer detection
Authors: Morgan V. A. , Kyriazi S. , Ashley S. E. , deSouza N. M.
Published: July 2007

Background: Conventional T2-weighted (T2W) imaging alone has a poor sensitivity for prostate cancer detection.

Purpose: To evaluate combined T2W and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) versus T2W MRI alone for identifying tumor in patients with prostate cancer.

Material and Methods: Fifty-four consecutive patients with prostate cancer (46 stage 1 and 2, 8 stage 3) and sextant biopsies within the previous 3 months were studied. Endorectal MR images were analyzed by two radiologists (1 experienced, 1 trainee) blinded to patient information and histopathology. T2W images were scored first, followed by combined T2W and isotropic apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps calculated from DW-MRI ( b = 0, 300, 500, and 800 s/mm2). Gland apex, middle, and base for each side were scored negative, indeterminate, or positive for tumor. Imaging data for each sextant were compared with histology. Sensitivity, specificity, and interobserver agreement were calculated.

Results: Sensitivity and specificity for tumor identification significantly improved from 50% and 79.6% (T2W alone, experienced observer) to 73.2% and 80.8% ( P<0.001), respectively. For the trainee observer, there was no improvement (44.3% and 72% T2W alone vs. 45.1% and 69.2% T2W plus ADC maps). Interobserver agreement was moderate for T2W imaging alone (kappa 0.51) and fair for T2W plus ADC maps (kappa 0.33).

Conclusion: In an experienced observer, DW-MRI together with T2W imaging can significantly improve tumor identification in prostate cancer.