bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Language, Perspective, and Memory
Authors: Ryskin Rachel A. , Yoon Si On , Brown‐Schmidt Sarah
Published: May 2015

The ability to take the perspective of another person is ubiquitous in many everyday cognitive activities. In particular, it allows people to communicate efficiently with conversational partners. Speakers tailor what they say based on the listener's knowledge and, likewise, listeners use what they know about the speaker to better understand what the speaker means. In this essay, we review foundational research on the role of perspective‐taking in the domain of language processing and describe new lines of work that are beginning to explore the memory processes that support the efficient use of perspectives in conversation. We then discuss key avenues for future research, such as investigating whether the type of perspective‐taking involved in creating memory reminders draws on the same underlying cognitive processes as in the domain of language processing. Exploring this interface between language, perspective‐taking, and memory will require interdisciplinary crosstalk and integration of methodologies across the domains of memory and language research.
Quantile Regression Methods
Authors: Fitzenberger Bernd , Wilke Ralf Andreas
Published: May 2015

Quantile regression is emerging as a popular statistical approach, which complements the estimation of conditional mean models. While the latter only focuses on one aspect of the conditional distribution of the dependent variable, the mean, quantile regression provides more detailed insights by modeling conditional quantiles. Quantile regression can therefore detect whether the partial effect of a regressor on the conditional quantiles is the same for all quantiles or differs across quantiles. Quantile regression can provide evidence for a statistical relationship between two variables even if the mean regression model does not.

We provide a short informal introduction into the principle of quantile regression which includes an illustrative application from empirical labor market research. This is followed by briefly sketching the underlying statistical model for linear quantile regression based on a cross‐section sample. We summarize various important extensions of the model including the nonlinear quantile regression model, censored quantile regression, and quantile regression for time‐series data. We also discuss a number of more recent extensions of the quantile regression model to censored data, duration data, and endogeneity, and we describe how quantile regression can be used for decomposition analysis. Finally, we identify several key issues, which should be addressed by future research, and we provide an overview of quantile regression implementations in major statistics software. Our treatment of the topic is based on the perspective of applied researchers using quantile regression in their empirical work.
Self‐Fulfilling Prophesies, Placebo Effects, and the Social–Psychological Creation of Reality
Authors: Crum Alia , Phillips Damon J.
Published: May 2015

In this essay, we pull together foundational research from the psychological, sociological, and medical sciences to illuminate the undeniable influence of the psychosocial context in constructing objective reality. From psychology, we review the growing body of research on how beliefs and expectations about common experiences (e.g., nutrition, stress, and aging) can fundamentally alter the impact of those experiences. From sociology, we review the role of social influence in constructing the quality and impact of cultural products and experiences. And from medicine, we review the neurological and physiological underpinnings of the placebo effect, a powerful demonstration of expectation and social context to produce physiological changes in the body. As we align evidence from these related—although currently disconnected—fields, we uncover important limitations from within each field of study and portray how an integrative approach can offer a more rich and comprehensive understanding of the phenomena underlying the social–psychological creation of reality. Combining foundational research with the interdisciplinary findings from our laboratory, we explore how psychological and social contexts can fundamentally alter the psychological, behavioral, and physiological effects of one of the most common human experiences: drinking water. To conclude, we present a series of questions and suggestions to assist and inspire further interdisciplinary collaboration. We offer a pathway for researchers to more frequently acknowledge, more thoroughly understand, and more effectively utilize the power of psychosocial influence to effect positive change in a number of disciplines including marketing, medicine, and public health.
The Development of Social Trust
Authors: Jaswal Vikram K. , Drell Marissa B.
Published: May 2015

Trust is the currency on which all human interactions are based. This entry reviews a diverse body of literature on the development of trust. We begin by describing foundational theories linking early experience to trust, and then discuss how violations of trust affect children. We turn next to a particularly active area of trust research in cognitive development—namely, trust in information learned from what other people say (testimony). Children's willingness to believe what they are told is essential for the cultural transmission of knowledge; it allows them to learn about things they have not experienced themselves. We describe research showing that, in fact, young children have a great deal of difficulty not believing testimony. We suggest that this credulity is the manifestation of a bias to trust testimony specifically rather than a more generic, undifferentiated trust, and speculate about the origins of this bias. Finally, we offer several suggestions of areas for future research, including whether children (like adults) make judgments of trustworthiness based on an individual's facial features, how culture influences trust and trustworthiness, and how children learn to evaluate the credibility of digital sources of information.
The Evolving View of the Law and Judicial Decision‐Making
Authors: D'Elia‐Kueper Justine , Segal Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2015

Attitudinalists and legal realists initially saw the law, not as something that constrained judges, but rather as a nuisance that judges could easily avoid in order to make decisions consistent with their personal policy preferences. As the study of law and judicial decision‐making has evolved, however, scholars are beginning to realize that judges may actually use the law to help them secure their most favored outcomes (Bueno de Mesquita & Stephenson, 2002; Hansford & Spriggs, 2006). As scholarship on the law and judicial decision‐making continues to evolve a key issue going forward will be how to measure the law. Text‐based analysis and citation analysis are promising new approaches in this regard.
The Future of Class Analyses in American Politics
Authors: Stonecash Jeffrey M.
Published: May 2015

Although the role of class has been extensively studied, this essay suggests several important matters that have been neglected and deserve more attention. The focus on occupational positions limits our understanding of the possible role of class. We need to devote more attention to household income and its impact on opportunity. We need to ask people about their aspirations and sense of fairness in American society and how that affects class voting. The presumption that class divisions have been reduced by racial and cultural issues has been embraced too quickly and needs more careful analyses. The use of nationally aggregated individual‐level surveys is limiting because it neglects how the distribution of classes across legislative districts and their representation through that matters for the emergence of class issues. Finally, the focus on multivariate analyses may satisfy academic notions of rigor but it removes analyses from having relevance for politicians.
The Future of Marriage
Authors: McClintock Elizabeth Aura
Published: May 2015

After briefly examining the history or marriage and the development of modern marriage, this essay describes major themes in the study of marriage, including research on the rise of alternatives to marriage, the “deinstitutionalization” of marriage, and the consequences of these changes. It next considers current demographic trends, recent advances in research, and likely future directions of research. In particular, the imminence of same‐sex marriage and the increasing importance of the internet in partner selection are likely to be important areas of research and social change. The conclusion considers the implications of these trends for marriage's future and for future research on marriage.
The Inherence Heuristic: Generating Everyday Explanations
Authors: Cimpian Andrei
Published: May 2015

The ability to explain enables humans to understand their world and informs much of their behavior. And yet, little is known about the psychological processes by which explanations are generated. Here, I describe a recent proposal on this topic. According to this proposal, people come up with explanations much as they come up with solutions to other complex problems—
heuristically
. Extensive research on human reasoning has suggested that people answer difficult questions (e.g., how satisfied are you with your life?) by retrieving simple information that comes to mind easily (e.g., I am in a good mood right now) and then using this information to construct an approximate answer. Prompts for an explanation (e.g., why do we eat eggs for breakfast?) are hypothesized to trigger a similar process. This process oversamples highly accessible facts about the entities in the observation to be explained. Owing to the organization of memory, these accessible facts are more often about the inherent features of the relevant entities (e.g., eggs have a lot of protein) than about their history, their relations to other entities, and so on. This skew toward inherence then propagates through to the final product of this heuristic process, which is typically an inherence‐based explanatory intuition (hence the name
inherence heuristic
). The inherence heuristic proposal sheds light on the mechanistic underpinnings of explanation and has implications for our understanding of other cognitive phenomena of societal importance (such as the tendency to explain membership in social groups in terms of deep biological “essences”).
The Reorganization of Work
Authors: Heckscher Charles
Published: May 2015

In recent decades, the bureaucratic organization of work in stable hierarchies of “jobs” and “offices” has come under increasing fire, seen as unresponsive and resistant to innovation. Practice has turned to two major alternatives: freeing individual “stars” to take independent initiative and building cooperative teamwork. Academic research has lagged far behind practice, often stuck in narrow positivist frames that miss the systemic and evolving nature of these organizational shifts. The emerging paradigm is not yet clear, but it certainly involves major modifications of the Weberian principles of bureaucratic efficiency.
Translational Sociology
Authors: Wethington Elaine
Published: May 2015

Translational sociology
is an emerging style of sociology that applies sociological theory to addressing real‐world problems using established scientific methods. Translational sociology is distinguished by working in collaboration with other disciplines and professions, including policymakers, consumers, and other community stakeholders in multidisciplinary teams. It is a method intended to increase the value of sociological scholarship by creating equitable problem‐solving groups between sociologists and practitioners and policymakers. A key characteristic of translational sociology is that it develops strategies to address and resolve social problems through evidence‐based interventions. This essay describes the emergence of translational sociology as a concept with a focus on my collaborative experience in the definition, practice, implementation, and evaluation of federally funded translational research in community and clinical settings.
Why So Few Women in Mathematically Intensive Fields?
Authors: Ceci Stephen J. , Williams Wendy M.
Published: May 2015

Women have made huge gains in all fields of science over the past four decades, greatly increasing their presence in PhD programs and in postdoctoral positions. But, their progress has been greater in some fields than others. Although women constitute a critical mass of faculty in fields such as biology, medicine, psychology, veterinary science, and sociology, they continue to be underrepresented in mathematically intensive fields such as engineering, physics, chemistry, economics, computer science, and mathematics. In this essay, we describe both data and argument pertinent to women's underrepresentation, organized around three alleged causes. After reviewing these three causes, we conclude that neither sex differences in mathematical and spatial ability, nor the often‐alleged bias against women in science, can explain their dearth, whereas choices and family formation plans go a long way toward doing so.
Hierarchy of Impairment of Spinal Mobility Measures in Ankylosing Spondylitis: Twelve‐Year Data
Authors: Ramiro Sofia , Landewé Robert B. M. , van der Heijde Désirée , Stolwijk Carmen , Dougados Maxime , van den Bosch Filip , van Tubergen Astrid
Published: May 2015

Objective

To investigate which spinal mobility measures (SMMs) are most frequently impaired in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), whether a hierarchy of impairment can be established, and whether assessing fewer measures sufficiently captures impairment in spinal mobility.

Methods

Patients from the Outcome in Ankylosing Spondylitis International Study were followed up for 12 years. SMMs were considered impaired when falling below predefined cutoffs, derived from normal individuals. The proportion of patients in whom each SMM was impaired was calculated using baseline observation. In patients with ≥1 impaired SMM, we investigated how often impairment in spinal mobility would be missed if only a fixed number of SMMs was assessed. Analyses were repeated using all 12‐year observations.

Results

A total of 216 patients were included (70% males). Lateral spinal flexion (LSF) was the most frequently impaired measure, followed by the modified Schober (mSchober) test, tragus‐to‐wall, cervical rotation, intermalleolar distance, and chest expansion measures, respectively. This hierarchy was strikingly consistent over time, and independent of sex, symptom duration, and presence of syndesmophytes. In patients with ≥1 impaired SMM, LSF was impaired most frequently (86%), followed by the mSchober test (58%). If only LSF was measured, 14% of patients with impairment in any SMM would be missed; if additionally the mSchober test was measured, 9% would be missed.

Conclusion

LSF followed by the mSchober test are the most frequently impaired mobility measures in AS, reflecting an earlier involvement of the lumbar spine, followed by involvement of the thoracic and cervical spine. In clinical practice LSF and the mSchober test suffice to screen impairment in spinal mobility.
Anisotropic Spreading Behavior of PAO Oil on Laser‐Patterned Stainless Steel Surfaces
Authors: Rosenkranz Andreas , Fleischmann Simon , Gachot Carsten , Mücklich Frank
Published: May 2015

Periodic line‐like structures with different periodicities (5 and 10 µm) were fabricated by laser interference patterning on stainless steel samples. A detailed characterization of the resulting surface topography and its homogeneity (analyzed by power spectral density) was performed by white light interferometry. The resulting anisotropic spreading behavior of an oil droplet, a Poly‐(alpha)‐olefin with a relatively small kinematic viscosity, was investigated on the patterned surfaces. The droplet motion was recorded by a digital light microscope, with the length and width measured at different intervals,revealing droplet distortion. From this study, it can be concluded that the periodicity and aspect ratio, are the most influencing factors with regard to the spreading behavior. Surface patterns with smaller periodicities and larger aspect ratios lead to a larger droplet distortion, whereas the homogeneity of the pattern plays a minor role.
Controllable Broadband Absorption in the Mixed Phase of Metamagnets
Authors: Pregelj Matej , Zaharko Oksana , Zorko Andrej , Gomilšek Matjaž , Sendetskyi Oles , Günther Axel , Ozerov Mykhaylo , Zvyagin Sergei A. , Luetkens Hubertus , Baines Christopher , Tsurkan Vladimir , Loidl Alois
Published: May 2015

Materials with broad absorption bands are highly desirable for electromagnetic filtering and processing applications, especially if the absorption can be externally controlled. Here, a new class of broadband‐absorption materials is introduced. Namely, layered metamagnets exhibit an electromagnetic excitation continuum in the magnetic‐field‐induced mixed ferro‐ and anti­ferromagnetic phase. Employing a series of complementary experimental techniques involving neutron scattering, muon spin relaxation, specific heat, ac and dc magnetization measurements, and electron magnetic resonance, a detailed magnetic phase diagram of Cu3Bi(SeO3)2O2Br is determined and it is found that the excitations in the mixed phase extend over at least ten decades of frequency. The results, which reveal a new dynamical aspect of the mixed phase in metamagnets, open up a novel approach to controllable microwave filtering.
Electrically Driven Random Laser Memory
Authors: Wang Cih‐Su , Nieh Chuan‐Hsien , Lin Tai‐Yuan , Chen Yang‐Fang
Published: May 2015

The first electrically driven random laser diode with nonvolatile resistive random access memory functionality is designed and demonstrated. To illustrate the working principle, a metal–insulator–semiconductor structure based on Pt/MgO/ZnO thin‐film layers is fabricated on indium tin oxide glass. The current–voltage curve of the dual‐function random laser memory (RLM) device exhibits an excellent electrical bistability with a high ON/OFF current ratio (≈107). The random lasing behavior is simultaneously demonstrated by using electrical pumping with the appearance of sharp‐peak emissions and a drastic enhancement of peak intensity. A wide angle‐dependent electroluminescence not only reveals its emitting advantage but also further supports the origin of random lasers. The first proof‐of‐concept presentation of RLM possesses several advantages of dual memory and lasing functions, which enables to open up new avenues to practical applications, such as light emitting memories for electrical and optical communication. This new horizon for the realization of all optical memories should therefore be able to attract academic as well as industrial interests. It is stressed here that the electrical reading of conventional memory array is usually in serial sequence, which limits the maximum data throughput. This hurdle can be overcome by optically readable memory devices.
Formation and Movement of Cationic Defects During Forming and Resistive Switching in SrTiO3 Thin Film Devices
Authors: Lenser Christian , Koehl Annemarie , Slipukhina Ivetta , Du Hongchu , Patt Marten , Feyer Vitaliy , Schneider Claus M. , Lezaic Marjana , Waser Rainer , Dittmann Regina
Published: May 2015

The resistance switching phenomenon in many transition metal oxides is described by ion motion leading to the formation of oxygen‐deficient, highly electron‐doped filaments. In this paper, the interface and subinterface region of electroformed and switched metal–insulator–metal structures fabricated from a thin Fe‐doped SrTiO3 (STO) film on n‐conducting Nb‐doped SrTiO3 crystals are investigated by photoemission electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy in order to gain a deeper understanding of cation movement in this specific system. During electroforming, the segregation of Sr to the top interface and the generation of defect‐rich cones in the film are observed, apparently growing from the anode toward the cathode during electroforming. An unusual binding energy component of the Sr 3d emission line is observed which can be assigned to defect complexes by performing ab initio calculations. Since this Sr component can be reversibly affected by an external electrical bias, the movement of both oxygen and Sr point defects and the formation of defect complexes during resistive switching are suggested. These findings are discussed with regard to the point defect structure of the film and the local oxidation of the donor‐doped substrate. In particular, the apparent dichotomy between the observation of acceptor‐type defects and increased electronic conductivity in STO is addressed.
A High‐Performance Nitro‐Explosives Schottky Sensor Boosted by Interface Modulation
Authors: Yang Zheng , Dou Xincun , Zhang Shengli , Guo Linjuan , Zu Baiyi , Wu Zhaofeng , Zeng Haibo
Published: May 2015

A high‐performance Schottky sensor boosted by interface modulation is fabricated for the detection of trace nitro‐explosives vapors. The interface modulation strategy results in a silicon nanowires (SiNWs) array/TiO2/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sensor with sensitive and selective response toward nitro‐explosives vapors. The response of the SiNWs array/TiO2/rGO sensor toward nitro‐explosives vapors, such as 9 ppb 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene, 4.9 ppt hexogen, and 0.25 ppq octagon, is boosted by 2.4, 7.5, and 5 times with the insertion of TiO2. Superior selectivity is shown even compared with interfering gases of 10 ppm. Such good sensing performance can be attributed to the good sensing performance of the Schottky heterojunction‐based sensor, the Schottky barrier height modulation with the insertion of TiO2, SiNWs array structure enhanced diffusion, and TiO2 nanoparticles enhanced adsorption. This is believed to be the first Schottky heterojunction‐based sensor for nitro‐explosives vapors detection. This work would open a new way to develop highly sensitive and selective sensors.
Comparative Studies on the High Performance Flocculating Agent of Novel Polyacrylamide grafted Oatmeal
Authors: Bharti Srijita , Mishra Sumit , Narendra Lagumaddepalli V.
Published: May 2015

Polyacrylamide grafted oatmeal was synthesized via two techniques, namely microwave assisted using ceric ammonium nitrate along with microwave irradiation and microwave initiated using microwave irradiation alone. The synthesized graft copolymers via both methods were characterized by a number of physicochemical techniques including viscometry, elemental analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), SEM, TGA, UV DSC and Carbon 13‐cross polarization/magic angle spinning solid‐state NMR Spectroscopy (13C‐CP/MAS SSNMR Spectroscopy) using a parent biopolymer (oatmeal) as reference. Furthermore, flocculation efficiency of synthesized graft copolymers was studied in 0.25 wt% kaolin suspension and in wastewater for attenuation of pollutant load. The studies report the superiority of OAT‐g‐PAMs synthesized by the microwave‐assisted technique than microwave‐initiated technique in terms of their higher percentage grafting, intrinsic viscosity, flocculation efficiency and pollution load reduction. The synthesized graft copolymers were compared with PAM and alum for assessing their flocculation behavior in 0.25 wt% kaolin suspension and the results obtained were found encouraging for the treatment of effluents discharged from various industries.
Depositing Fullerenes in Swollen Polymer Layers via Sequential Processing of Organic Solar Cells
Authors: van Franeker Jacobus J. , Kouijzer Sandra , Lou Xianwen , Turbiez Mathieu , Wienk Martijn M. , Janssen René A. J.
Published: May 2015

Polymer solar cells are conventionally processed by coating a multicomponent mixture containing polymer, fullerene, solvent, and cosolvent. The photovoltaic performance strongly depends on the nanoscale morphology of the blend, which is largely determined by the precise nature of the solvent composition and drying conditions. Here, an alternative processing route is investigated in which the two active layer components are deposited sequentially via spin coating or doctor blading. Spin coating the fullerene from o‐dichlorobenzene on top of the polymer provides virtually identical morphologies and photovoltaic performance. Using blade coating, the influence of the second‐layer solvent for the fullerene derivative is investigated in further detail. Different aromatic solvents are compared regarding swelling of the polymer layer, fullerene solubility, and evaporation rate. It is found that while swelling of the polymer by the second‐layer solvent is a necessity for sequential processing, the solubility of the fullerene derivative in this solvent has the strongest influence on solar cell performance. Homogeneous layers in which a sufficient amount of fullerene can infiltrate the polymer film can only be achieved when solvents are used that have a very high solubility for the fullerene and swell the polymer layer.
NCAM1‐TTC12‐ANKK1‐DRD2 gene cluster and the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of adults with ADHD
Authors: Mota Nina R. , Rovaris Diego L. , Kappel Djenifer B. , Picon Felipe A. , Vitola Eduardo S. , Salgado Carlos A. I. , Karam Rafael G. , Rohde Luis A. , Grevet Eugenio H. , Bau Claiton H. D.
Published: May 2015

Dysfunctions of the dopaminergic system have been implicated on the etiology of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Meta‐analyses addressing the association of the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) gene and ADHD were inconclusive due to excessive heterogeneity across studies. Both the great phenotypic heterogeneity of ADHD and the complexity of the genomic region where DRD2 is located could contribute to the inconsistent findings. Most previous DRD2 studies focused on the well‐known Taq1A (rs1800497) SNP, which is actually placed in a neighbor gene (ANKK1). These two genes, together with NCAM1 and TTC12, form the NTAD gene cluster on Chr11q22–23. In order to address the reasons for the high heterogeneity previously reported on DRD2 effects on ADHD, this study investigates the role of NTAD variants on ADHD susceptibility in adults and on the modulation of comorbidity and personality profiles in these patients. Functional polymorphisms from NTAD were analyzed, both individually and in haplotypes, on a sample of 520 adults with ADHD and 630 non‐ADHD controls. No direct association of NTAD variants with ADHD susceptibility itself was observed. However, different NTAD polymorphisms and haplotypes were associated to various phenotypes relevant to the clinical heterogeneity of ADHD, including Major Depressive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Harm Avoidance and Persistence temperament scores. Therefore, these findings represent a possible explanation for the multiple conflicting findings regarding polymorphisms in this genomic region in psychiatry. The NTAD cluster may comprise a variety of independent molecular influences on various brain and behavior characteristics eventually associated with ADHD comorbidities and personality traits. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental trajectories in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Swillen Ann , McDonald‐McGinn Donna
Published: May 2015

Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), a neurogenetic condition, is the most common microdeletion syndrome affecting 1 in 2,000–4,000 live births and involving haploinsufficiency of ∼50 genes resulting in a multisystem disorder. Phenotypic expression is highly variable and ranges from severe life‐threatening conditions to only a few associated features. Most common medical problems include: congenital heart disease, in particular conotruncal anomalies; palatal abnormalities, most frequently velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI); immunodeficiency; hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism; genitourinary anomalies; severe feeding/gastrointestinal differences; and subtle dysmorphic facial features. The neurocognitive profile is also highly variable, both between individuals and during the course of development. From infancy onward, motor delays (often with hypotonia) and speech/language deficits are commonly observed. During the preschool and primary school ages, learning difficulties are very common. The majority of patients with 22q11.2DS have an intellectual level that falls in the borderline range (IQ 70–84), and about one‐third have mild to moderate intellectual disability. More severe levels of intellectual disability are uncommon in children and adolescents but are more frequent in adults. Individuals with 22q11.2DS are at an increased risk for developing several psychiatric disorders including attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), anxiety and mood disorders, and psychotic disorders and schizophrenia. In this review, we will focus on the developmental phenotypic transitions regarding cognitive development in 22q11.2DS from early preschool to adulthood, and on the changing behavioral/psychiatric phenotype across age, on a background of frequently complex medical conditions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The developmental trajectory of disruptive behavior in Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, Prader–Willi syndrome and Williams syndrome
Authors: Rice Lauren J. , Gray Kylie M. , Howlin Patricia , Taffe John , Tonge Bruce J. , Einfeld Stewart L.
Published: May 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the developmental trajectories of verbal aggression, physical aggression, and temper tantrums in four genetic syndrome groups. Participants were part of the Australian Child to Adult Development Study (ACAD), which collected information from a cohort of individuals with an intellectual disability at five time points over 18 years. Data were examined from a total of 248 people with one of the four following syndromes: Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Prader–Willi syndrome, or Williams syndrome. Changes in behaviors were measured using validated items from the Developmental Behavior Checklist (DBC). The results indicate that, while verbal aggression shows no evidence of diminishing with age, physical aggression, and temper tantrums decline with age before 19 years for people with Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and William syndrome; and after 19 years for people with Prader–Willi syndrome. These findings offer a somewhat more optimistic outlook for people with an intellectual disability than has previously been suggested. Research is needed to investigate the mechanisms predisposing people with PWS to persistence of temper tantrums and physical aggression into adulthood. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kontinuierliche Durchflussverfahren: ein Werkzeug für die sichere Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen
Authors: Gutmann Bernhard , Cantillo David , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: May 2015

In den letzten Jahren haben Durchflussreaktoren mit Kanalabmessungen im Mikrometer‐ oder Millimeterbereich weitverbreitete Anwendung in der organischen Synthese gefunden. Diese Reaktoren sind durch ihre außergewöhnlich schnellen Wärme‐ und Stoffübertragung gekennzeichnet. Außer bei den schnellsten Reaktionen kann in mikrostrukturierten Bauelementen dieses Typs eine fast augenblickliche Vermischung der Reaktanten erreicht werden. Ebenso lassen sich Probleme wie Wärmestau, Überhitzungszonen (Hot‐Spots) und thermisches Durchgehen vermeiden. Aufgrund der kleinen Reaktorvolumina ist die Prozesssicherheit erheblich verbessert, selbst wenn harsche Reaktionsbedingungen angewendet werden. Somit bietet die Mikroreaktortechnologie eine einzigartige Möglichkeit, ultraschnelle exotherme Reaktionen durchzuführen, und erlaubt die Realisierung von Reaktionen, die über sehr instabile oder sogar explosive Zwischenprodukte ablaufen. Dieser Aufsatz behandelt aktuelle Literaturbeispiele für die organische Synthese unter kontinuierlichem Durchfluss, in denen eine gefährliche Chemie oder extreme Prozessfenster angewendet wurden, wobei der Schwerpunkt vor allem auf Anwendungen liegt, die für die Herstellung von Pharmazeutika von Bedeutung sind.
Synthesis of Meso‐Substituted Subphthalocyanine–Subporphyrin Hybrids: Boron Subtribenzodiazaporphyrins
Authors: Remiro‐Buenamañana Sonia , Díaz‐Moscoso Alejandro , Hughes David L. , Bochmann Manfred , Tizzard Graham J. , Coles Simon J. , Cammidge Andrew N.
Published: May 2015

The first syntheses of hybrid structures that lie between subphthalocyanines and subporphyrins are reported. The versatile single‐step synthetic method uses a preformed aminoisoindolene to provide the bridging methine unit and its substituent while trialkoxyborates simultaneously act as Lewis acid, template, and provider of the apical substituent. The selection of each component therefore allows for the controlled formation of diverse, differentially functionalized systems. The new hybrids are isolated as robust, pure materials that display intense absorption and emission in the mid‐visible region. The new compounds are further characterized in solution and solid state by variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography, respectively.
Structure and dielectric properties of polyimide/silica nanocomposite nanofoam prepared by solid‐state foaming
Authors: li Xiaowen , Zou Huawei , liu Pengbo
Published: May 2015

In this article, polyimide (PI)/silica nanocomposite nanofoams were prepared by solid‐state foaming using supercritical CO2 as foaming agent. To control the cell size and morphology of the PI/silica foam, the silica nanoparticles as nucleating agent were in situ formation from TEOS via sol‐gel process, which make the silica nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed in PI matrix. The resulting PI/silica nanocomposite nanofoams were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the image analysis system attached to the SEM and dielectric properties measurements. In PI/silica nanocomposite nanofoams, one type of novel morphology was shown that each cell contained one silica nanoparticle and many smaller holes about 20–50 nm uniformly located in the cell wall. This special structure could visually prove that the nucleation sites during foaming were formed on the surface of nucleating agents. Compared with those of neat PI foam, the cell size of PI/silica nanocomposite nanofoams was smaller and its distribution was narrower. The dielectric constant of PI/silica nanocomposite nanofoams was decreased because of the incorporation of the air voids into the PI/silica nanofoams. While the porosity of PI/silica nanocomposite nanofoam film was 0.45, the dielectric constant of the film (at 1 MHz) was reduced from 3.8 to about 2.6. Furthermore, the dielectric constant of PI/silica nanofoam films remained stable across the frequency range of 1×102∼1×107 HZ. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42355.
An Immunohistochemical Study of Matrix Components in Early‐Stage Vascular Canals Within Mandibular Condylar Cartilage in Midterm Human Fetuses
Authors: Shibata Shunichi , Morita Tsuyoshi , Yokohama‐Tamaki Tamaki , Murakami Gen , Cho Baik Hwan
Published: May 2015

Matrix components of vascular canals (VCs) in human fetal mandibular condylar cartilage (15–16 weeks of gestation) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Prevascular canals (PVCs), consisting of spindle‐shaped cells without capillary invasion, were observed within the cartilage. Intense immunoreactivity for collagen type I, weak immunoreactivity for aggrecan and tenascin‐C, weak hyaluronan (HA) staining, and abundant argyrophilic fibers in PVCs indicated that they contain noncartilaginous fibrous connective tissues that was different from those in the perichondrium/periosteum. These structural and immunohistochemical features of PVCs are different from those of previously reported cartilage canals of the long bone. Capillaries entered the VCs from the periosteum and ascended through VCs. Following capillary invasion, loose connective tissue had formed in the lower part of VCs, and immunoreactivity for collagen types I and III, tenascin‐C, and HA staining was evident in the matrix of loose connective tissue. No chondroclasts or osteogenic cells were seen at the front of capillary invasion, although small, mononuclear tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)‐positive cells were present. Meanwhile, TRAP‐positive, multinucleated chondroclasts and flattened, osteoblast‐like cells were observed in the loose connective tissue at the lower part of VCs. These results may indicate slow progress of endochondral ossification in human fetal mandibular condyle. Further, unique matrix components in PVCs/VCs, which were different from those in cartilage canals in long bone, may reflect the difference of speed of endochondral ossification in cartilage canals and human fetal mandibular condyles. Anat Rec, 298:1560–1571, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IgG4‐Related Disease: Clinical and Laboratory Features in One Hundred Twenty‐Five Patients
Authors: Wallace Zachary S. , Deshpande Vikram , Mattoo Hamid , Mahajan Vinay S. , Kulikova Maria , Pillai Shiv , Stone John H.
Published: May 2015

Objective

IgG4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD) is an immune‐mediated fibroinflammatory condition that can affect nearly any organ. Prior studies have focused on individual cases of IgG4‐RD or small case series. This study was undertaken to report detailed clinical and laboratory findings in a larger group of patients with IgG4‐RD whose diagnosis was established by strict clinicopathologic correlation.

Methods

The baseline features of 125 patients with biopsy‐proven IgG4‐RD were reviewed. The diagnosis was confirmed by pathologists’ review, based on consensus diagnostic criteria and correlation with clinicopathologic features. Disease activity and damage were assessed using the IgG4‐RD Responder Index (RI). Flow cytometry was used to assess levels of circulating plasmablasts.

Results

Of the 125 patients, 107 had active disease and 86 were not receiving treatment for IgG4‐RD. Only 51% of the patients with active disease had elevated serum IgG4 concentrations. However, patients with active disease and elevated serum IgG4 concentrations were older, had a higher IgG4‐RD RI score, a greater number of organs involved, lower complement levels, higher absolute eosinophil counts, and higher IgE levels compared to those with active disease but normal serum IgG4 concentrations (P < 0.01 for all comparisons). The correlation between IgG4+ plasmablast levels and the IgG4‐RD RI of disease activity (Spearman's ρ = 0.45, P = 0.003) was stronger than the correlation between total plasmablast levels and the IgG4‐RD RI. Seventy‐six (61%) of the patients were male, but no significant differences according to sex were observed with regard to disease severity, organ involvement, or serum IgG4 concentrations. Treatment with glucocorticoids failed to produce sustained remission in 77% of patients.

Conclusion

Nearly 50% of this patient cohort with biopsy‐proven, clinically active IgG4‐RD had normal serum IgG4 concentrations. Elevations in the serum IgG4 concentration appeared to identify a subset of patients with a more severe disease phenotype. In addition, the levels of IgG4+ plasmablasts correlated well with the extent of disease activity.
Brief Report: Number of Circulating Follicular Helper 2 T Cells Correlates With IgG4 and Interleukin‐4 Levels and Plasmablast Numbers in IgG4‐Related Disease
Authors: Akiyama Mitsuhiro , Suzuki Katsuya , Yamaoka Kunihiro , Yasuoka Hidekata , Takeshita Masaru , Kaneko Yuko , Kondo Harumi , Kassai Yoshiaki , Miyazaki Takahiro , Morita Rimpei , Yoshimura Akihiko , Takeuchi Tsutomu
Published: May 2015

Objective

To elucidate the pathologic role of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and their subsets in active, untreated IgG4‐related disease.

Methods

Fifteen patients with active, untreated, biopsy‐proven IgG4‐related disease, 24 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS), 12 patients with allergic rhinitis, and 23 healthy controls were evaluated. Tfh cells were defined as CD3+CD4+CXCR5+CD45RA– cells. Circulating Tfh cell subsets among CXCR5+CD45RA–CD4+ T cells were defined as Tfh17 cells (CXCR3–CCR6+), Tfh1 cells (CXCR3+CCR6–), or Tfh2 cells (CXCR3–CCR6–). CD19+CD20–CD27+CD38+ cells were defined as plasmablasts. Serum cytokine levels (interleukin‐4 [IL‐4], IL‐10, IL‐21, and IL‐33) were measured by cytometric bead array or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Patients with IgG4‐related disease had significantly increased levels of Tfh2 cells compared to healthy controls or patients with primary SS or allergic rhinitis. Increased Tfh2 levels were strongly associated with increased serum IgG4 levels and the IgG4:IgG ratio in IgG4‐related disease. A positive correlation was observed between Tfh2 counts, plasmablast counts, and serum IL‐4 levels. Interestingly, levels of plasmablasts and serum IL‐4 and IgG4 decreased after treatment with glucocorticoids, whereas no obvious change was observed in Tfh2 cell counts.

Conclusion

The Tfh2 cell count was specifically increased in IgG4‐related disease and was correlated with elevated serum levels of IgG4 and IL‐4 and plasmablast counts. Tfh2 cells were the only component that was not affected by glucocorticoid treatment, suggesting that Tfh2 cells are the cell type implicated in IgG4‐related disease.
Differential Development of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in NZM 2328 Mice Deficient in Discrete Pairs of BAFF Receptors
Authors: Jacob Chaim O. , Yu Ning , Sindhava Vishal , Cancro Michael P. , Pawar Rahul D. , Putterman Chaim , Stohl William
Published: May 2015

Objective

To determine the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in NZM 2328 (NZM) mice deficient in 2 BAFF receptors.

Methods

NZM.BR‐3–/–.BCMA–/–, NZM.BR‐3–/–.TACI–/–, and NZM.BCMA–/–.TACI–/– mice were evaluated on the clinical, pathologic, serologic, and cellular levels. BAFF receptor expression and lymphocyte phenotype were assessed by flow cytometry, IgG‐secreting cells by enzyme‐linked immunospot assay, B cell responsiveness to BAFF and generation of Treg cells by in vitro culture, serum BAFF and total IgG and IgG autoantibody levels by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, renal immunopathology by immunofluorescence and histologic analyses, and clinical disease by assessment of proteinuria and mortality.

Results

Renal immunopathology and clinical disease were attenuated in NZM.BR‐3–/–.BCMA–/– and NZM.BR‐3–/–.TACI–/– mice but were accelerated in NZM.BCMA–/–.TACI–/– mice. Accelerated disease was associated with increases in B cells, IgG‐secreting cells, serum autoantibody levels, and T cells (especially CD4+ activated memory cells), whereas attenuated disease was associated with reductions in many of these parameters. Serum BAFF levels were increased in all double‐deficient NZM mice. Exogenous BAFF promoted the in vitro survival of B cells from NZM.BCMA–/–.TACI–/– or NZM wild‐type mice but not those from NZM.BR‐3–/–.BCMA–/– or NZM.BR‐3–/–.TACI–/– mice. In vitro generation of Treg cells was reduced in NZM.BCMA–/–.TACI–/– mice, but not in NZM.BR‐3–/–.BCMA–/– or NZM.BR‐3–/–.TACI–/– mice.

Conclusion

Elimination of B lymphocyte stimulator receptor 3 (BR‐3) and TACI or BR‐3 and BCMA inhibits the development of SLE in NZM mice. Selective targeting of BR‐3 plus TACI or BR‐3 plus BCMA may be an efficacious therapeutic approach in human SLE.
A computer simulation in mechanics teaching and learning: A case study in circular motions
Authors: Lee Wei‐Pin , Hwan Chung‐Li
Published: May 2015

A computer simulation program has been developed and is used in teaching and learning for circular motions. The program can illustrate a moving particle with its position, velocity, and acceleration. It can also draw the angular position‐time figure, angular velocity‐time figure, and angular acceleration‐time figure. Students were divided into 4 groups: A, B, C, and D. Group A used only traditional teaching methods without computer simulations. Group B used 20% of class time to see demos of the computer simulations that were controlled by instructors only. Group C used 20% of the class time in using the simulation programs which were controlled by the individual student. Group D used 20% of the class time to see demos controlled by the instructors and complete an in‐class handout that was closely related to the simulations. The results showed that Students in Groups B, C, and D did better on the examination. This suggested that the computer simulations helped students understand the motions more clearly. Students in group D had the best test scores and the most positive responses to the teaching and learning. This suggested that a handout closely related to the computer simulations would greatly help students understand the topic more precisely. Only students in Group C could control the simulation by themselves, but the learning result of Group C was not the best. This suggested that many students did not know how to learn through interaction with computers. Most of the students learn more from the demos controlled by the instructors and a closely related handout. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:865–871, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21658
A friendly online C compiler to improve programming skills based on student self‐assessment
Authors: Cedazo Raquel , Garcia Cena Cecilia E. , Al‐Hadithi Basil Mohammed
Published: May 2015

This paper presents an online C compiler designed so that students can program their practical assignments in Programming courses. What is really innovative is the self‐assessment of the exercises based on black‐box tests and train students’ skill to test software. Moreover, this tool lets instructors, not only proposing and classifying practical exercises, but also evaluating automatically the efforts dedicated and the results obtained by the students. The system has been applied to the 1st‐year students at the Industrial Engineering specialization at the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid. Results show that the students obtained better academic performance, reducing the failure rate in the practical exam considerably with respect to previous years, in addition that an anonymous survey proved that students are satisfied with the system because they get instant feedback about their programs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:887–896, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21660.
Why is young maternal age at first childbirth a risk factor for persistent delinquency in their male offspring? Examining the role of family and parenting factors
Authors: van Vugt Eveline , Loeber Rolf , Pardini Dustin
Published: May 2015

Background

Children born to mothers who were younger than average at their first childbirth are at increased risk for future persistent delinquent behaviour, but explanations for this remain unclear.

Aims

Our aim was to identify possible family and parenting variables that may help explain this relationship. We hypothesised that parental stress, large number of children in the home, low socioeconomic status (including neighbourhood problems) and poor parenting would account for the link between early first motherhood and their offspring's delinquency.

Methods

Four hundred and sixty‐two boys were selected from the Pittsburgh Youth Study, a longitudinal study of a random sample of school boys in Pittsburgh, initially assessed half‐yearly and then annually from 7 to 19 years of age, using self‐reporting and other reporting methods. Indirect effect models were used to test relationships between variables.

Results

Higher levels of parental stress, poorer parent–child communication and caring for a larger number of children all mediated the relationship between maternal youth and persistent delinquency by their boys, but only explained about 20% of it.

Discussion

At least partial explanations of the relationship between a mother's age at first childbirth and persistent delinquency in her male offspring suggest that future research should test whether early interventions with younger mothers to decrease their sense of stress in parenting and improve their capacity for communication with their child(ren) may help to prevent persistent delinquency in their boys. Programmes designed to help young women make more informed and planned decisions about their pregnancies should also be evaluated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.