bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family's Experience Dealing with Critical Patient Hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Dhiu Maria Theresia , Kurniawati Ninuk Dian , Wahyudi Andri Setya
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is a treatment that can cause feelings of stress, anxiety, fear not only to the patient but also to the patient's family. The unfamiliar environment, intensive space regulation, changes in emotional status, and changes in daily activities are some of the factors that cause stress in the ICU patient's family. The purpose of this study is to reveal the experiences of families in facing hospitalization in intensive care units based on empirical studies in the last five years.Methods:Journal searches use indexed databases Scopus, Proquest, ScienceDirect and PubMed using keywords: hospitalitation, family, critical patient, icu. The Center for Review and Dissemination and The Joanna Briggs Institute was used to assess the quality of the study. The framework used is PICOS with inclusion criteria, namely journals in English and Indonesian, published years 2015 to 2020. Analyzes and tabulation of data on articles or journals, titles, abstracts, full text and methodology are assessed to determine the eligibility of articles or journals.Result:The family's experience in dealing with critical patient hospitalization in the ICU care room has an impact on the family who treats these patients both physically and psychologically. During patient hospitalization, the family plays a role in providing care, compassion, creating security and privacy, advocating for and ensuring that patients receive good care.Conclusion: The experience of hospitalization can disrupt the client's psychology and psychosocial condition, especially if the client is unable to adapt to his new environment at the hospital. published years 2015 to 2020. Analyzes and tabulation of data on articles or journals, titles, abstracts, full text and methodology are assessed to determine the eligibility of articles or journals
Regulasi Reseptor Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4 Limfosit T Terhadap Kanker dan Autoimun: Literature Review
Authors: Destiawan Rian Anggia , Wijaya Anas Fadli , Arif M Elyas , Rahmawati Septyana Eka
Published: December 2021

Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4 (CTLA-4) adalah reseptor limfosit T yang berikatan dengan B7-1 dan B7-2 dari sel dendritik. CTLA-4 berperan menghambat kerja limfosit T. CTLA-4 diekspresikan oleh limfosit T pada fase istirahat atau setelah teraktivasi. CTLA-4 ditemukan pada sel dendritik, monosit, limfosit B, limfosit T, granulosit, dan stem sel CD34+. CTLA-4 berperan penting dalam perkembangan tumor, kanker serta autoimun. Literatur review ini bertujuan untuk membahas regulasi CTLA-4 limfosit T terhadap penyakit kanker dan autoimun. Metode: pencarian sistematis pada tiga database yaitu NCBI, science direct, dan nature dengan kata kunci “CLTA-4 and T cell and cancer and autoimmune” tahun 2021. Hasil: didapatkan 6 pilihan intervensi untuk mengurangi ekspresi CTLA-4 dan 1 intervensi untuk meningkatkan ekspresi CTLA-4. Kesimpulan: berdasarkan analisis terhadap 7 artikel penelitian, penurunan ekspresi CTLA-4 dapat menghambat pertumbuhan kanker dan peningkatan ekspresi CTLA-4 dapat menghambat berkembangnya autoimun maka dapat.
The Antecedents of Impulse Buying Behavior During Covid-19 Pandemic: Revealing the Role of Panic Buying, Government Stimulus, Perceived Scarcity, and Fear Appeals
Authors: Primanto Alfian Budi , Rahmawati Rahmawati
Published: December 2021

COVID-19 pandemic spread around the world and changed people's shopping habits. This phenomenon causes much fear and induces panic behavior. In a highly uncertain situation, many people are more likely to engage in impulse buying behavior during this period. Our research aims to examine that impulse buying behavior during the pandemic. Hypothesis testing in this study uses the path analysis technique, which is processed using a computer with a program that has been developed by Preacher-Hayes, namely the Macros PROCESS technique. The research finds that panic buying, government stimulus, perceived scarcity, and fear appeal have a significant direct effect on impulse buying behavior. We went a step further to test the indirect effects. The indirect test supports our hypothesis by using fear appeal as mediating variable. The result indicates that fear appeal mediates between panic buying, whereas impulse buying behavior has no significant effect. Furthermore, fear appeal mediates between government stimulus, and scarcity of essential products has a significant effect on impulse buying behavior.
The Role of Dreams of Ads and Exposure to Ads on Purchase Intention with The Moderation Effect of Price
Authors: Putri Fara Hajar Puspita , Syah Tantri Yanuar Rahmat
Published: December 2021

This study examines dream of ads and exposure to ads on purchase intention, moderated by Price, and Dreams of Ads as mediating variables. This study aims to explore the relationship between these variables to provide additional information in marketing science and to provide information in the field of marketing in creating managerial strategies for companies. The respondents of this research are individuals who have dreamed of their dream products in Indonesia. The analysis test of this research used the method of the Structural Equation Model (SEM). The total sample in this study was 180 respondents. This study shows a positive influence between Exposure to Ads on Dreams of Ads, Dream of Ads on Purchase Intentions, Exposure to Ads on Purchase Intentions, and the moderating role of Price. However, the mediating part of Dreams of Ads between Exposure to Ads and Purchase Intention does not have a significant relationship. The implication of this research is to provide managerial advice to companies in making advertisements that follow the dreams of the company's target market.
TO DISCLOSE A LESS GENERIC PRONOUN: ADDRESSING NON-BINARY "THEY"
Authors: Nabila Izzatia , Setiawan Slamet , Widyastuti Widyastuti
Published: December 2021

Since the 13th century singular they have been used freely to account to the lack of gender-fair pronoun in the English language.  Singular they that is normally employed as a pronominal non-possessive indefinite singular pronoun, in contrast to an expression on he/she generic. This study aims to provide a linear timeline that accounts to the usage of singular they from 13th century to date. Discerns through the scope of Diachronic studies. This study offers an analysis of context with diachronic relevance. The study uses argumentative cross-examination methods, by combing previous findings conducted by researchers who had undertook and attempted to write under similar theme .The results of this study show periodical changes from 13th century to the next, implying that sociocultural changes may be reflected in linguistic changes. The article postulates some that can be interpreted as lenient acceptance for the application of singular they. This study concludes despite the constant rejection singular they are a proper substitute for the gender-neutral pronoun in the English language due to two major advantages for singular they could afford neutrality and naturalness element in comparison to neologism.
Investigation of fatigue fracture processes for vibration reliability
Authors: Delembovskyi Maksym
Published: December 2021

One of the important stages of obtaining reinforced concrete structures at a construction site, undoubtedly, is their manufacture. The process of creating reinforced concrete structures requires the use of appropriate technical solutions. One of these solutions is vibration pads, which perform the main task when creating high-quality reinforced concrete structures. The efficiency of the vibrating platforms is the key to ensuring the stable implementation of the complete technological process in the manufacture of reinforced concrete structures.
Features of virtual duplicate creation of the turning process
Authors: Danylchenko Marii
Published: December 2021

The interdisciplinary approach of MC-SUITE implementation of the Industry 4.0 concept and the main requirements for digital models (virtual duplicates) of cyber-physical systems regarding virtual processes compliance to the real ones and the possibility of real-time operation have been described. The main condition for creating an adequate dynamic model of technological processing system (TPS) interaction with the cutting process has been defined and a model for such interaction for the longitudinal turning has been developed. On example of developed turning process structural scheme the possibility of describing the interaction of the TPS input parameters (cutting depth and longitudinal feed) with the output parameters (deformations in the respective directions) due to changes in the model internal parameters in a form of cutting force components have been demonstrated. Such representation of the model allows virtual turning process adjusting by specifying the cutting stiffness and functional dependences for the cutting forces components based on the results of intelligent analytical processing of the monitoring results of the TPS operation.
Research on Art Design Application of Modern Ceramic Techniques
Authors: Tao Keke
Published: December 2021

In the process of modern art design, ceramic techniques are widely used and can fully show modern ceramic art. In this paper, the application of ceramic techniques was deeply explored. Firstly, the basic characteristics of modern ceramic techniques and art were briefly described, and then the application status of modern ceramic techniques art design was analyzed. Finally, the main application measures of ceramic techniques were discussed emphatically, including plane design, indoor design, product design, decoration design, so as to show the innovative development of modern ceramic techniques and provide some reference for the relevant personnel.
CHALLENGES BEFORE THE ACHIEVEMENT OF A SUSTAINABLE CULTURAL TOURSIM
Authors: Filipova Milena
Published: December 2021

Tourism as a world culture phenomenon furthers the discovery of various aspects and manifestations of culture. The cultural tourism allows the familiarization with and illustration of the historical development of various civilizations throughout the centuries and the achievements in the various fields of human activities. The tourist travel activates cognitive, informative, communicational and evaluating functions of perception of reality at the place of destination. Each travel brings a new knowledge and a touch to an alien social cultural environment; each tourist, even at a subconscious level, performs a comparative analysis of the alien and of their own culture. Cultural tourism furthers the knowledge, study and comparison of the cultural heritage. The more unique, authentic and valuable it is, the greater is the power of attraction of the corresponding tourism destination. Apart and independent from the expert’s evaluation of the cultural heritage qualities and features, its value is influenced also by the nature of tourists’ expectations. Therefore from a tourism point of view the greater these expectations are, the higher is the evaluation of the cultural heritage of the corresponding destination.
IMPORTANCE OF INTELLIGENT ROOMS FOR ENERGY SAVINGS IN THE HOTEL INDUSTRY
Authors: Krstinić Nižić Marinela , Karanovic Goran , Ivanovic Sasa
Published: December 2021

Thanks to the application of new technologies which enable rational use of energy, hotel company can now reduce power consumption per night compared to the average expenses of hotels of same quality. This has been enabled by the implementation of so- called intelligent hotel-room system, which includes control system and optimal consumption of energy and water, along with regulation and optimal use of heating and cooling system. The underlying assumption of this report states that the efficacy of energy is not the result of the investment in sophisticated technology only, but is also modified by monitoring and active management of energy consumption. Therefore, it requires specialist knowledge and maintenance workers training. Thus, company’s ecological orientation demands an additional advance in the domain of human resources administration. From the economic standpoint, the report deals with the research in economic effects of intelligent hotel room based on the research in concrete examples in hospitality industry. Furthermore, the paper analyses growing demands and problems in energy supply system of large tourist facilities which have to provide an ultimate solution to energy consumption. In conclusion, there is a need of hotel companies to conduct their business in accordance with ecological demands.
DEVELOPING HUMAN RESOURCES’ SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE IN TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY THROUGH THE DETERMINATION OF QUALITY OF TRAINING PROGRAMS
Authors: Valachis Ioannis , Christou Evaggelos , Sigala Marianna , Maroudas Leonidas
Published: December 2021

Research into tourism and hospitality training field has been focused on the subjects of training need assessments, training evaluation models, training within organizational frameworks and useful training techniques. Despite the significance of the above aspects, less afford has been made in the field of training quality and particularly in defining those factors that the quality of a training program consists of. Taking into account that training is a service which the organization, the producer, delivers to its employee, the consumer, this research is going one step further and not only exams SERVQUAL in the training field, but tries to examine inductively at distinctive training quality dimensions from the perspective of trainees point of view that are not subject of other service industry. The definition of training quality dimensions can lead those who develop a new training program to use those dimensions as a framework for greater training outcomes. Moreover, this research tests how the GAP model is compared with the measurement of perceptions merely and the measurement of expectations lone of training quality, as defined by the trainees.
EDUCATION FOR QUALITY TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Authors: Cetinski Vinka , Sugar Violeta
Published: December 2021

In every analysis of the economic development of Croatia, education is pointed out as a key factor. With the share of highly educated in the workforce of less than 15 percent, Croatia is seriously lagging behind developed countries. Human resource management (HRM) is a philosophy, a way of thinking for each employee. It is especially important in service, work–intensive fields, such as tourism. Croatia should, as a country which declared itself tourism country, as soon as possible apply the good experiences, adopt ways of application and the practice and results of the HRM philosophy. It is impossible to manage the development of tourism without a strategically placed system of management of human resources. Since tourism, as a service field, rests for the biggest part on people, their work, serviceability, knowledge, abilities, education, motivation, intelligence, in short on the human potential, that potential should be treated as capital, not as an expense or a burden.
Cien años perdidos de arquitectura industrial
Authors: García-Lozano Rafael Ángel
Published: December 2021

La puesta en valor de la arquitectura industrial en España durante los últimos lustros evidencia la relevancia alcanzada por estos edificios. Sin embargo, el patrimonio industrial constituye una herencia que permanece en gran parte olvidada y aún alejada de una eficaz protección. Ello se debe a que estos edificios no suelen caracterizarse por su belleza o antigüedad. Así, lo reciente de su construcción nos impide realizar una justa valoración de su singularidad e importancia como auténtico patrimonio, incluso cuando algunos de ellos forman parte ya del acervo de la historia del arte. Lamentablemente, seguimos derribando ejemplares singulares de este patrimonio, caso de la zamorana fábrica de harinas la Panera Social, que en 2021 habría sido una industria centenaria. Para evitar su extinción urge llamar la atención tenazmente sobre estas arquitecturas.
Documentos pintados y promoción social
Authors: Suárez Arévalo Jesús
Published: December 2021

En el Antiguo Régimen era relativamente frecuente que en los documentos que servían como prueba irrefutable del disfrute de mercedes y privilegios se pintaran   miniaturas para realzar su importancia simbólica en los momentos en que fuera necesaria su exhibición pública en caso de que se cuestionasen esos derechos adquiridos.

En este trabajo vamos a estudiar algunos ejemplos de la familia Bernuy  correspondientes al siglo XVI, cuando se inicia su largo camino hasta la nobleza, y la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, cuando tiene lugar su culminación.
Los escultores malagueños Mateo Gutiérrez Muñiz y Diego Gutiérrez Toro
Authors: Flores Matute Francisco Jesús
Published: December 2021

Este artículo tiene por objetivo dar a conocer nuevas obras atribuibles a los escultores malagueños Mateo Gutiérrez Muñiz y su hijo, Diego Gutiérrez Toro, los cuales mantuvieron un taller familiar dedicado en exclusiva al arte sacro en la ciudad de Málaga, desde finales del siglo XVIII y hasta todo el siglo XIX, proveyendo a la misma de gran cantidad de esculturas, retablos y hasta restauraciones de piezas sacras.
Camp Perry historic district contributing buildings : character-defining features
Authors: Smith Adam , Fuelberth August , Adams Sunny , Baxter Carey
Published: December 2021

The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) established the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), which requires federal agencies to address their cultural resources, defined as any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object. NHPA Section 110 requires federal agencies to inventory and evaluate their cultural resources. Section 106 requires them to determine the effect of federal undertakings on properties deemed eligible or potentially eligible for the NRHP. Camp Perry Joint Training Center (Camp Perry) is located near Port Clinton, Ohio, and serves as an Ohio Army National Guard (OHARNG) training site. It served as an induction center during federal draft periods and as a prisoner of war camp during World War II. Previous work established boundaries for a historic district and recommended the district eligible for the NRHP. This project inventoried and analyzed the character-defining features of the seven contributing buildings and one grouping of objects (brick lamp posts) at Camp Perry. The analysis is to aid future Section 106 processes and/or the development of a programmatic agreement in consultation with the Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO).
Implementing Cognitive Procurement and its Influence on Supply Chain During the Era of Digital Transformation in Oil and Gas Industry 4.0
Authors: Kannankutty Manoj , Manoj Menon Aditya
Published: December 2021

The digital transformation is key for every oil and gas organization to implement its fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). Digital transformation in procurement uses artificial intelligence, big data, market intelligence, etc. to create self-learning systems; for the procurement of goods and services. This is also known as cognitive procurement or procurement 4.0.

The objective of this paper is to examine the methods of implementing cognitive procurement, the impact it creates in the procurement life cycle, and in the supply chain.

The paper also provides insight into three governance models of human-machine interaction that is implemented in stages based on procurement requirement and technology adoption maturity of the organization.Human-in-the-loop modelHuman on-the-loop modelHuman out-of-loop model

The data for this study is obtained by preparing a list of relevant questions from multiple sources. An online survey questionnaire is sent to the procurement professionals in different organizations in the oil and gas industry. The questions reveal procurement expert's responses for:Potential challenges for the digital transformation in procurement and supply chain.Methods of enabling technologies to leverage procurement procedures and processes.

The results and the observations of the study are used to measure the benefits of implementing cognitive procurement in the oil and gas industry 4.0. The new transformed roles of procurement for industry 4.0 are also discussed in the conclusion, which includes:Daily activitiesProcurement decision-making activitiesStrategic SourcingProcurement to drive organizational profitability, effectiveness and efficiency

The paper will benefit oil and gas organizations that are planning to implement cognitive procurement as part of the digital transformation. The paper will also benefit any parties interested in understanding more about cognitive procurement.
Applied Artificial Intelligence in the Subsurface
Authors: Dykstra Mason , Lasscock Ben
Published: December 2021

In this paper we present an example of improved approaches for how to interact with data and leverage artificial intelligence for the subsurface. Currently, subsurface workflows typically rely on a lot of time-consuming manual input and analysis, but the promise of artificial intelligence is that, once properly trained, an AI can take care of the more routine tasks, leaving the domain expert free to work on more complex and creative parts of the job.

Artificial intelligence work on subsurface datasets in recent years has typically taken the form of research and proof of concept type work, with a lot of one-off solutions showing up in the literature using new and innovative ideas (e.g. Hussein et al, 2021; Misra et al, 2019). Oftentimes this work requires a good degree of data science knowledge and programming skills on the part of the scientist, putting many of the approaches outlined in these and a multitude of other papers out of reach for many subsurface experts in the Oil and Gas industry. In order for Artificial Intelligence to become applied as part of regular workflows in the subsurface, the industry needs tools built to help subsurface experts access AI techniques in a more practical, targeted way.

We present herein a practical guide to help in developing applied artificial Intelligence tools to roll out within your organization or to the industry more broadly.
Integrating Rock Typing Methods Including Empirical, Deterministic, Statistical, Probabilistic, Predictive Techniques and New Applications for Practical Reservoir Characterization
Authors: Gunter Gary William William , Sahar Mohamed Yacine Yacine , Allen David F. , Viro Eduardo Jose , Negabahn Shahin , Watfa Mohamed
Published: December 2021

This paper discusses integrating common methods and applications for "Rock Typing" (also known as Petrophysical Rock Typing-PRT) including empirical, deterministic, statistical, probalistic and automatic/predictive approaches. Many industry asset teams apply one or more of these methods when creating static reservoir models, using dynamic reservoir simulations, completing petrophysical studies for saturation height models and determining reservoir volumetrics as part of reservoir characterization studies.

Our intention is to provide guidance and important information on how and when to use the various methods, so people can make an informed selection. This discussion is important as many disciplines apply these PRT techniques without understanding the pros, cons and limitations of the different methods. An important tool is comparing PRT results from multiple methods.

The topics and workflows that are covered focus on various PRT techniques and workflows. We will use case-studies to illustrate the key features and make important comparisons. Key results include comparing pros and cons, how to use and combine multiple PRT techniques and verify results.

This paper includes these techniques and workflows;MICP, core analysis and pore throat calibration.Core-Log Integration focused on PRT analysis.Winland, Pittman, Aguilera and Hartmann et.al Gameboard methods.K-Phi ratio, Flow Zone Indicators and Rock Quality Index methods.Classic, Modified and Stratigraphic Lorenz methods.IPSOM and HRA Probabilistic methods.Case Study – Super Plot and Advanced Automatic PRT Method.Special Topics – Carbonate Methods, NMR and Single Well Vertical Line.

Practical approaches based on case studies show how PRT analysis can be applied in mature fields to identify by-passed hydrocarbon zones and zones that have a high probability of producing water using open hole, cased hole and production logs. Traditional Rock Typing (PRT) analysis can be applied as a single well technique or as a multi-well method so operations teams can identify additional business opportunities (remedial workovers, infill drilling locations or exploitation targets) and compare reservoir performance with intrinsic rock properties.

New applications and additional topics cover single, multiple well approaches and new emerging PRT techniques (including NMR well logs and machine learning). We recommend how to merge classic facies with PRT analysis for 3-D applications including populating a 3D volume.
Hard Backreaming Due to Hole Shrinkage Through Carbonate Reservoir in Offshore Abu Dhabi
Authors: Tsusaka Kimikazu , Fuji Tatsuya , Toma Motohiro , Fukuda Kengo , Shaver Michael Alexander , Yudhia Denya Pratama , Ogasawara Hiroyasu , Al Ali Salim Abdalla , Toki Takahiro , Couzigou Erwan , Matsubuchi Hitoshi
Published: December 2021

The 3,000 ft long lateral holes drilled through water-injected area in the carbonate reservoir in the offshore Abu Dhabi have been forced to implement hard backreaming. The abnormal extra operational time has been taken due to poor performance in the operation to pull out a bottomhole assembly after drilling to the total depth. The study aims to analyze root-causes of the hard backreaming through the carbonate reservoir in the studied field. The speed of tripping-out was analyzed every stand of drill pipe by using time domain data of movement of traveling block. The correlations between the speed of tripping-out and rock characteristics such as porosity and constituent minerals in rocks were investigated. Hole shape was analyzed in the representative intervals of low trip-out speed using 16-sector caliper derived from azimuthal density logging. Stress concentration around the borehole wall was also analyzed using geomechanical model. The investigation revealed that hole shrinkage due to plastic deformation of the borehole wall was the most possible root-cause of the hard backreaming in the carbonate reservoir. Namely, BHA had to ream up deformed borehole wall in tripping-out. From the viewpoint of rock characteristics, the speed of tripping-out was found to be lower in the specific geologic layers with higher content of dolomite. This is because dolomite rocks cause larger resistance in reaming it in tripping-out since the strength of dolomite rocks is larger than that of limestone. Based on our findings, use of reamers on bit is found to be the better solution to improve the tripping-out performance in the problematic geologic layers instead of conventional operational attempts such as spotting of acid and use of high viscous fluids in hole cleaning. In addition, optimization of the design and position of reamers and stabilizers is essential to succeed in the future 10,000 ft long extended-reach wells in the studied oil field.
Autonomous Outflow Control Technology AOCD in New Water/Polymer Injectors in Heavy Oil Fields from South Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Al Harrasi Ameera , Maskari Muna , Urdaneta Gerardo , Al-Jumah Ali , Badi Salim , Busaidi Iman , Harthy Khalfan , Abazeed Osama , Moradi Mojtaba
Published: December 2021

Several techniques have been applied to improve fluid conformance of injection wells to increase water flooding performance and eventually field oil recovery. Normal outflow control devices (OCDs) are effective solutions for this problem in reservoirs with static properties, however, they fail in reservoirs with complex/dynamic properties including fractures. There, the continuously increasing contrast in the injectivity of a section with the fractures compared to the rest of the well causes diverting a great portion of the injected fluid into the thief zone thus creating short-circuit to the nearby producer wells.

This paper summarizes the integrated technical learnings from the successful application of the installation of the first Autonomous Outflow Control (AOCD) technology in a new long horizontal injector well. It shows the result of extending this technology to other injectors in both water and polymer phases in the field, it details the facts and observations and the insights the multidisciplinary authors have captured.

This autonomously reactive control on the injection fluid conformance resulted in an increased sweep and ultimate oil recovery while reducing the total volume of injected fluid.
Morphological Adaptation for Speed Control of Pipeline Inspection Gauges MC-PIG
Authors: Phodapol Sujet , Suthisomboon Tachadol , Kosanunt Pong , Vongasemjit Ravipas , Janbanjong Petch , Manoonpong Poramate
Published: December 2021

Passive and active hybrid pipeline inspection gauges (PIGs) have been used for in-pipe inspection. While a passive PIG cannot control its speed, the hybrid version can achieve this by using an integrated valve specifically designed and embedded in the PIG. This study proposes a generic new method for speed adaptation in PIGs (called MC-PIG) by introducing a generic, modular, controllable, external valve unit add-on for attaching to existing conventional (passive) PIGs with minimal change. The MC-PIG method is based on the principle of morphological computation with closed-loop control. It is achieved by regulating/computing the PIG's morphology (i.e., a modular rotary valve unit add-on) to control bypass flow. Adjustment of the valve angle can affect the flow rate passing through the PIG, resulting in speed regulation ability. We use numerical simulation with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate and analyze the speed of a simulated PIG with the valve unit adjusted by proportional-integral (PI) control under various in-pipe pressure conditions. Our simulation experiments are performed under different operating conditions in three pipe sizes (16″, 18″, and 22″ in diameter) to manifest the speed adaptation of the PIG with the modular valve unit add-on and PI control. Our results show that the PIG can effectively perform real-time adaptation (i.e., adjusting its valve angle) to maintain the desired speed. The valve design can be adjusted from 5 degrees (closed valve, resulting in high moving speed) to a maximum of 45 degrees (fully open valve, resulting in low moving speed). The speed of the PIG can be regulated from 0.59 m/s to 3.88 m/s in a 16″ pipe at 4.38 m/s (in-pipe fluid velocity), 2500 kPa (operating pressure), and 62 °C (operating temperature). Finally, the MC-PIG method is validated using a 3D-printed prototype in a 6″ pipe. Through the investigation, we observed that two factors influence speed adaptation; the pressure drop coefficient and friction of the PIG and pipeline. In conclusion, the results from the simulation and prototype show close characteristics with an acceptable error.
A Review of Downhole Wireless Technologies and Improvements
Authors: Bouldin Brett , AlShmakhy Ahmed , Bazuhair Ahmed Khaled , Alzaabi Muzoon Hasan , Fellinghaug Jarl André
Published: December 2021

Downhole wireless communication in the form of mud pulse telemetry enabled directional drilling over the past 60 years and has been hugely successful. Technologies like Measurement While Drilling (MWD), Logging While Drilling (LWD), and Geosteering would simply not exist without it. But in the Production and Producing end of the business, applications for downhole wireless communication have been less clear, especially where long distances and long-term monitoring are concerned. Several wireless technologies are in use today for long-term production applications. Electromagnetic (EM), acoustic, and pressure pulse telemetries are finding application as wireless production gauges, drill stem test tools, and drilling alternatives to pressure pulse. But the large-scale vision of, "Breaking the Wire!" in production wells has not yet occurred. Permanent Downhole Gauges (PDG) with an umbilical to surface are still the product of choice for long-term production monitoring. A history of wireless approaches in production applications will be given and the different methods used in the industry will be explained. A comparison and contrast of wireless telemetry methods will be explored, explained, and evaluated. Advantages and disadvantages will be listed for each approach. A ranking system will be employed to illustrate the evaluation results of the different wireless telemetry methods. New variants for wireless telemetry, power supplies, and measurement methods will be proposed. Preferred applications for each gauge type will be given. Downhole gauges can be improved by integrating pressure pulse, a downhole power generator, and downhole flow rate measurement into a single unit. The overall size can be ten times shorter than existing systems while still generating a larger wireless signal. Such a system would make wireless downhole gauges much more practical and should significantly increase their uptake in the industry. Real-time measurement of downhole pressure and downhole flow rate transforms the accuracy and effectiveness of Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA). Better reservoir understanding can be gained by using only drawdown tests, without shutting in the well. Smaller tools are generally more cost effective.
Extending FMC Based Ultrasonic Imaging Practices to Smaller Wall Thickness
Authors: Pörtzgen Niels , Solem Ola Bachke
Published: December 2021

During the construction of pipelines for the transportation of oil and gas, the inspection of girth welds is a critical step to ensure the integrity and thereby the safety and durability of the pipeline. In this paper we present an advanced technology ‘IWEX’ for the non-destructive testing of welds based on 2D and 3D ultrasonic imaging. This technology allows for safe, fast, and accurate inspection whereby the results are presented comprehensively. This will be illustrated with results from a recent project.

The IWEX technology is based on an ultrasonic inspection concept, whereby ‘fingerprints’ of ultrasonic signals are recorded, also referred to as ‘full matrix capture’ (FMC) data. Then, an image area is defined, consisting out of pixels over an area large enough to cover the inspection volume. With the FMC data, image amplitudes are calculated for each pixel so that the shape of geometry (back wall, front wall, cap, and root) and possible indications are revealed. As opposed to traditional ultrasonic testing strategies, the detection and sizing of indications is therefore less dependent on its orientation.

The project concerned the inspection of J and V welds from a 5.56″ diameter carbon steel pipe with an 8.4mm wall thickness. The wall thickness is relatively thin compared to common inspection scopes. Therefore, the inspection set-up was adapted, and procedural changes were proposed. Consequently, additional validation efforts were required to demonstrate compliance with the required inspection standard; DNVGL-ST-F101: 2017. As part of this, welds were scanned with seeded indications and the reported locations were marked for macro slicing under witnessing of an independent representative from DNVGL.

The resulting images from the indications in the welds showed great detail with respect to the position, orientation and height of the indications. A quantitative comparison with the results from the macro slices was performed, including a statistical analysis of the height sizing and depth positioning accuracies. From the analysis, it could be observed that the expected improvements with respect to the resolution and sizing accuracy were indeed achieved. Thereby, the procedure has proven to be adequate for the inspection of carbon steel girth welds within the thin wall thickness range (~6mm to ~15mm).

The IWEX technology is a member of the upcoming inspection strategy based on imaging of ultrasonic FMC data. This strategy can be considered as the next step in the evolution of inspection strategies after phased array inspection. The IWEX technology has been witnessed and qualified by independent 3rd parties like DNVGL, this makes the IWEX technology unique in its kind and it opens opportunities for further acceptance in the industry and other inspection applications.
Novel 3D Reservoir Characterization Approach in High-Angle Wells by Means of Multiphysics Integration of Seismic and Advanced LWD Ultra-Deep Resistivity Inversions
Authors: Camara Salim Diogo , Etchebes Marie , Alexander Malcolm , Akindipe Tunde
Published: December 2021

Historically, reservoir characterization in horizontal wells is accomplished through an integrated approach, combining geophysical evaluation and geomodelling with petrophysical assessment. However, the challenge consists of decreasing geomodels’ uncertainties to enable optimal trajectory to reach the sweet spots. Moreover, the main inputs of subsurface representation derived from measurements have their own spatial resolution and scale. For an effective multiphysics integrated approach, a technology capable to bridge from high-resolution borehole data to large scale seismic is required. This communication describes an innovative method to improve the delineation of reservoir geometry and properties surrounding high-angle wells. The novel procedure is divided into three stages. The first focuses on structural delineation using seismic attributes. The second uses advanced resistivity inversions from LWD very-deep directional resistivity tool to provide 3D mapping of the structure and fluid distribution. The third stage integrates the previous steps to build a comprehensive 3D reservoir model with high accuracy, tens of feet away from wellbore, while honoring the geological context and actual spatial resolution of measurements from borehole level up to seismic scale.

The three-step methodology was successfully conducted on the horizontal section of an appraisal well. The automated seismic extraction workflow on the near and far angle-stack seismic cubes is used to interpret the main stratigraphic and tectonic events around the well vicinity. Within the drilling operation, the high-definition resistivity volumes are obtained from a special 3D interpolation of the 2D LWD EM azimuthal inversions, derived from the measurements of the very-deep directional resistivity tool. Such 3D resistivity mapping is used to determine lithological and structural features over tens of feet away from the wellbore. Then, by applying an integrated approach, key geological structures and detailed internal reservoir architectures were revealed, such as the throw and azimuth of a main fault and the spatial variations in lithologies within the reservoir zone. Finally, the respective workflow can be fully applied while drilling, enabling both the complete 3D reservoir mapping but also supporting strategic geosteering decisions to optimize the extension of the net-pay exposure.
Using an Adjustable Cone Meter to Measure Wet Gas
Authors: Mahalingam Sakethraman , Munro Gavin , Arsalan Muhammad , Gawski Victor
Published: December 2021

A traditional fixed size Venturi meter has a turndown of about 8:1 under dry gas conditions that may drop to as low as 3:1 under wet-gas flow. When the well conditions change, a replacement of the original Venturi meter with one of a different size is needed. In this paper, we present the design, development and testing of an Adjustable cone meter that has the ability to adapt itself to the flow conditions automatically and provide a turndown of as much as a 54:1 under dry gas conditions and as much as 20:1 under wet-gas conditions. The patented feature of the Adjustable cone meter is the adjustable sleeve that moves over the cone when the flow rate decreases below a preset value causing an increase in the differential pressure across the meter. In addition, traditional Venturi meters have only one differential pressure measurement and the sensor tends to overestimate the flow when there is liquid present in the flow (wet-gas). The Adjustable cone meter has two differential pressure sensors and the second measurement is used to estimate the liquid content in wet-gas. Two meters were manufactured and tested at the National Engineering Laboratory in East Kilbride, Scotland under gas flow rates of up to 18 MMscfd. Based on the differential pressure measurements under varying flow conditions, algorithms were developed to measure the dry gas and liquid fraction. An over-reading model of the meter and a liquid fraction estimation model based on the pressure loss ratio was derived from an additional differential pressure measurement. The model was used to not only to quantify the gas and liquid flow rates but also the estimated error in each measurement. The measurements show that the Adjustable Cone meter is able to provide low uncertainty in both dry and wet gas conditions and met the conditions outlined in ISO 5167-5. The Adjustable cone meter is a much needed innovation in the area of differential pressure measurement.
Manuscript Title: Characterization of Microannuli at the Cement-Casing Interface: Development of Methodology
Authors: Ogienagbon Adijat , Khalifeh Mahmoud , Yang Xinxiang , Kuru Ergun
Published: December 2021

Formation of microannuli at the interface of cement-casing can create well integrity issues. X-ray CT and Optical microscopy are technological trends that may have potential for direct visualization of microannuli. CT has an advantage of providing non-destructive visualization of microannuli, but its resolution suffers with increase in casing thickness. Conversely, Optical microscopy has the potential of providing higher resolution needed to detect smaller sized microannuli; however, information about microannuli is limited to only a few sections where samples have been sliced. The objective of the current article is to describe a methodology to examine the interface of cement-casing. Experimental work was combined with literature review. This includes both direct visualization methods, evaluation of current trends to better understand the characteristics and geometric variation of relevant leakage paths. We generate test specimens consisting of cement plugs, various steel casing thickness and nano-coated aluminium casings. Hydraulic sealability tests were conducted by injecting water at the cement-casing interface. Flow rates are then interpreted in terms of microannuli aperture and direct visualization of the cement plug-casing interface by CT and Optical microscopy was implemented. The experimental findings of this article will form a basis for studying geometry and size of microannuli as well as modelling of fluid migration.
Integrated Asset Modeling for Deep Gas Reservoirs. Case Study in UAE
Authors: Basioni Mahmoud A. , Al Jefri Abu Baker Ali , Al Blooshi Ahmed Yahya , AlMesmari Hamda J. , Azoug Youcef , Belova Natela , Bogachev Kirill , Grishin Aleksei , Elmahdi Ahmed Mahmoud , Roncarolo Fabio
Published: December 2021

The primary objective of reservoir management is the maximization of plateau duration and reserves recovery, while minimizing the project risks and maintaining the highest environmental and safety standards. It is critical to identify upfront all the risks and bottlenecks that may occur through the entire life of the assets, to prevent them from happening or minimize the reaction time in case of occurrence. Integration of all asset elements (subsurface dynamic models and a surface facility network) provides a fit-for-purpose tool to optimize assets development. This article describes fully coupled surface and subsurface modeling done for 6 reservoir formations (3 fields) sharing the surface facility and including 6 gas reservoirs with different PVT properties. A fully integrated model describes all technical processes occurring in the subsurface and surface systems and has to be further calibrated using measurements done as per the reservoir monitoring plan.
Geothermal Production from Existing Oil and Gas Wells: A Sustainable Repurposing Model
Authors: Molina Oscar Mauricio , Mejia Camilo , Tyagi Mayank , Medellin Felipe , Elshahawi Hani , Sujatha Kumar
Published: December 2021

The geothermal energy industry has never quite realized its true potential despite the seemingly magical promise of nonstop, 24/7 renewable energy sitting just below the surface of the Earth. In this paper, we discuss an integrated cloud-based workflow aimed at evaluating the cost-effectiveness of adopting geothermal production in low to medium enthalpy systems by either repurposing existing oil and gas wells or by co-producing thermal and fossil energy. The workflow introduces an automated and intrinsically secure decision-making process to convert mature oil and gas wells into geothermal wells, enabling both operational and financial assessment of the conversion process, whether partial or complete.

The proposed workflow focuses on the reliability and transparency of fully automated technical processes for the geological, hydrodynamic, and mechanical configuration of the production system to ensure the financial success of the conversion project, in terms of heat production potential and cost of development. The decision-making portion of the workflow comprises the technical, social, environmental factors driving the return on investment for the total or partial conversion of wells to geothermal production. These components are evaluated using artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms that reduce bias in the decision-making process. The automated workflow involves assessment of the following: Heat Potential: A data-driven model to determine the geothermal heat potential using geological conditions from basin modeling and data from offset wells.Flow Modeling: An ultra-fast, physics-based modeling approach to determine pressure and temperature changes along wellbores to model fluid flow potential, thermal flux, and injection operations.Mechanical Integrity: Casing and completions integrity and configuration are embedded in the process for flow rates modeling.Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG): A decision modeling framework is setup to ensure the transparent validation of the technical components and ESG factors, including potential for water pollution, carbon emissions, and social factors such as induced seismicity and ambient noise levels

The assurance of key ESG metrics will ensure a viable and sustainable transition into a globally available low-carbon source of energy such as geothermal. Our novel cloud- based automated decision-making environment incorporates a blockchain framework to ensure transparency of technical-related processes and tasks, driving the financial success of the conversion project. Ultimately, our automated workflow is designed to encourage and support the widespread adoption of low-carbon energy in the oil and gas industry.