bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flow-Through Fluorescence-Based Optosensor with On-Line Solid-Phase Separation for the Simultaneous Determination of a Ternary Pesticide Mixture
Authors: Llorent-Martínez Eulogio J , García-Reyes Juan F , Ortega-Barrales Pilar , Molina-Díaz Antonio
Published: July 2020

A rapid and selective method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 3 widely used pesticides, carbendazim (CBZ), carbofuran (CF), and benomyl (BNM). The method utilized a single continuous-flow, solid surface fluorometric multioptosensor implemented with a previous separation of the analytes on a minicolumn, placed just before the sensor, that was packed with the same solid support (C18 silica gel) as the flow-through cell. The separation was achieved because of the different kinetics of retention/elution of the pesticides on the solid support in the minicolumn, enabling the sequential arrival of the analytes at the sensing zone. With a single injection of the mixture, 2 of them were more strongly retained in the minicolumn (CF and BNM) while the other (CBZ) passed through the system towards the sensing material where it developed its fluorescence transitory signal. Then, CF and BNM were successively eluted from the solid support using 2 different eluting solutions, and they sequentially reached the sensing zone and developed their respective signals. A multiwavelength fluorescence detection mode was used, recording the signals of each pesticide at its maximum excitation/emission wavelength; therefore, the sensitivity was increased. The system was calibrated using a sample volume of 2000 μL. The linear dynamic range was 80–1400, 250–2400, and 150–2000 ng/mL with detection limits of 15, 68, and 35 ng/mL and relative standard deviation values of 3.5, 3.2, and 2.4% for CBZ, CF, and BNM, respectively. A recovery study was applied to spiked environmental water samples, and recoveries ranged from 96 to 104%.
Multiresidue Determination of Fluoroquinolones in Shrimp by Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence-Mass Spectrometryn
Authors: Schneider Marilyn J , Vazquez-Moreno Luz , Bermudez-Almada Maria del Carmen , Guardado Ramon Barraza , Ortega-Nieblas Magdalena
Published: July 2020

An efficient multiresidue method for analysis of fluoroquinolones in shrimp has been developed in which quantitation by fluorescence and confirmation by Multiple Stage Mass Spectrometry (MSn) is achieved simultaneously. In this method, shrimp tissue is extracted with ammoniacal acetonitrile and the extract is defatted and then evaporated. After dissolution in basic phosphate buffer, fluoroquinolones in the extract are separated by liquid chromatography and quantitated, taking advantage of their intense fluorescence. Eluate from the fluorescence detector enters the MSn, which allows for confirmation by monitoring ratios of 2 prominent product ions in the MS3 or MS2 spectrum. Using this method, 8 fluoroquinolones have been analyzed in shrimp samples fortified at 10, 25, 50, or 100 ppb levels. Recoveries for desethyleneciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin, sarafloxacin, and difloxacin ranged from 75 to 92%, with relative standard deviation values of <6%. The limits of quantitation ranged from 0.1 to 1 ng/g. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were also successfully determined in enrofloxacin-incurred shrimp using this method.
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Determination of Some Antimycotic Imidazole Derivatives and Preservatives in Medicinal Creams and a Gel
Authors: Čakar Mira , Popović Gordana , Agbaba Danica
Published: July 2020

Simple and reliable thin-layer chromatography-densitometry methods for determination of antimycotics (bifonazole, clotrimazole, and miconazole) and preservatives (benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid) were developed. The pairs bifonazole/benzyl alcohol, clotrimazole/benzyl alcohol, and miconazole/benzoic acid were determined simultaneously. The following mobile phases were used: ethyl acetate–n-heptane–methanol–diethylamine (3 + 4.5 + 1 + 0.2, v/v/v/v) for bifonazole and benzyl alcohol; n-butyl acetate–n-heptane–methanol–dietylamine (3 + 4.5 + 1 + 0.2, v/v/v/v) for clotrimazole and benzyl alcohol; and n-butyl acetate–carbon tetrachloride–methanol–diethylamine (3 + 6 + 2.5 + 0.5, v/v/v/v) for miconazole and benzoic acid. The chromatographic zones on silica gel plates were scanned in the reflectance/absorbance mode at 230 nm (bifonazole, benzyl alcohol, miconazole, and benzoic acid) and 210 nm (clotrimazole and benzyl alcohol). The recovery for all substances ranged from 98.7 to 100.7%. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.03 to 0.2 μg and 0.1 to 0.5 μg/spot, respectively. The proposed methods were applied for determination of antimycotics and preservatives in commercially available pharmaceuticals.
Comparison of Methods for Extraction of Ethyl Carbamate from Alcoholic Beverages in Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analysis
Authors: Mirzoian Armen , Mabud Md. Abdul
Published: July 2020

A procedure to analyze ethyl carbamate (EC) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was optimized and validated. Deuterated EC (d5-EC) was added to the samples as an internal standard followed by extraction with polystyrene crosslinked polystyrene cartridges using minimal volumes of ethyl acetate. The EC response was measured in selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode and found to be linear in the range between the limit of quantitation (10 μg/L) and 1000 μg/L. EC recoveries varied from 92 to 112%, with the average value of 100 ± 8%. The procedure compared well (r2 = 0.9970) with the existing AOAC Official Method with the added benefits of minimal solvent usage and reduced matrix interferences.
Determination of Chloramphenicol in Royal Jelly by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Jiang Yuan , Xu Jin-Zhong , Shen Chong-Yu , Ding Tao , Chen Hui-Lan , Wu Bin , Shen Wei-Jian
Published: July 2020

A liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method was developed and validated for the determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) in royal jelly. Royal jelly samples were first denatured with lead acetate solution, and the CAP was extracted with solid-phase extraction before separation by liquid chromatography. A triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in the negative electrospray ionization and selected-reaction monitoring mode was used for the detection of CAP. For method validation, royal jelly samples were fortified at CAP levels between 0.1 and 10.0 μg/kg; at these levels, recovery values (internal standard-corrected) ranged from 93.3 to 105.0%, and the within-laboratory reproducibility (relative standard deviation) was ≤9.1%. The decision limit was 0.07 μg/kg, and the detection capability was 0.1 μg/kg.
An Electrochemiluminescence-Based Competitive Displacement Immunoassay for the Type-2 Brevetoxins in Oyster Extracts
Authors: Poli Mark A , Rivera Victor R , Neal Dwayne D , Baden Daniel G , Messer Shawn A , Plakas Steven M , Dickey Robert W , Said Kathleen El , Flewelling Leanne , Green David , White Jill
Published: July 2020

A new competitive electrochemiluminescence-based immunoassay for the type-2 brevetoxins in oyster extracts was developed. The assay was verified by spiking known amounts of PbTx-3 into 80 methanol extracts of Gulf Coast oysters. We also provide preliminary data demonstrating that 100 acetone extracts, aqueous homogenates, and the clinical matrixes urine and serum can also be analyzed without significant matrix interferences. The assay offers the advantages of speed (≃ 2h analysis time); simplicity (only 2 additions, one incubation period, and no wash steps before analysis); low limit of quantitation (conservatively, 50 pg/mL 1 ng/g tissue equivalents); and a stable, nonradioactive label. Due to the variety of brevetoxin metabolites present and the lack of certified reference standards for liquid chromatographymass spectrometry confirmation, a true validation of brevetoxins in shellfish extracts is not possible at this time. However, our assay correlated well with another brevetoxin immunoassay currently in use in the United States. We believe this assay could be useful as a regulatory screening tool and could support pharmacokinetic studies in animals and clinical evaluation of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning victims.
Simultaneous Determination of a Ternary Mixture of Doxylamine Succinate, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, and Folic Acid by the Ratio SpectraZero-Crossing, Double DivisorRatio Spectra Derivative, and Column High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods
Authors: Pathak Ashutosh , Rajput Sadhana J
Published: July 2020

Three simple, rapid, and accurate methods, i.e., the derivative ratio spectrazero-crossing method (method I), double divisorratio spectra derivative method (method II), and column reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method (method III) were developed for the simultaneous determination of doxylamine succinate (DOX), pyridoxine hydrochloride (PYR), and folic acid (FA) in their ternary mixtures and in tablets. In methods I and II, the calibration graphs were linear in the range of 2.580, 1.040, and 1.030 g/mL for DOX, PYR, and FA, respectively. In the HPLC method, the separation of these compounds was performed using mobile phase consisting of 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.3)methanolacetonitrile (50 + 20 + 30, v/v/v), and UV detection was performed at 263 nm. Linearity was observed between the concentrations of the analytes and peak areas [correlation coefficient (r) 0.9998] in the concentration range of 1.0200, 4.0600, and 4.0600 g/mL for DOX, PYR, and FA, respectively. The standard deviation of retention time in method III was 0.011, 0.015, and 0.016 for DOX, PYR, and FA, respectively. The precision studies for all of the methods gave relative standard deviation values of <2. The results obtained from the methods were statistically compared by means of Student's t-test and the variance ratio F-test. It was concluded that all of the developed methods were equally accurate, sensitive, and precise. These methods could be applied to determine DOX, PYR, and FA in their combined dosage forms.
Quantification of Glycyrrhizin in Glycyrrhiza Glabra Extract by Validated HPTLC Densitometry
Authors: Gantait Arunava , Pandit Subrata , Nema Neelesh K , Mukjerjee Pulok K
Published: July 2020

Glycyrrhiza Glabra Linn (Family-Fabaceae) is active as an anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, mild laxative, antistress, antidepressive, antiulcer, liver protective, estrogenic, emmenagogue, and antidiabetic substance, and is widely used in the Indian system of medicine. The major bioactive constituent is glycyrrhizin. A simple HPTLC method has been developed to control the quality of raw as well as finished glycyrrhiza using glycyrrhizin as the bioactive marker. The solvent system was optimized to chloroformmethanolwater (65 + 36 + 7.5, v/v/v). Extract and standard were dissolved in 70 methanol and applied on a precoated TLC plate. After development, the plate was scanned at 254 nm to create a chromatogram, then the quantity of glycyrrhizin was determined in the extract. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, precision, LOD, and LOQ. Linearity range was found to be 0.964.80 g per spot. The linearity relationship was described by the equation: Y 612.706 + 1.091X (with r 0.99904 and SD 2.52), where Y is the area under curve and X is the amount of glycyrrhizin (ng). The amount of glycyrrhizin found in the extract was 9.1. Thus, the method provides a rapid and cost-effective quality measure for Glycyrrhiza Glabra hydroalcoholic extract.
Determination of Fumonisins B1 and B2 in Corn by LC/MS with Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup: Interlaboratory Study
Authors: Senyuva Hamide Z , Gilbert John , Stroka Joerg ,   Collaborators:, Biselli S , De Girolamo A , De Rijk T , De Saeger S , Köppen R , MacDonald S , Neumann G , Patel S , Seefelder W , Tibet U , Trucksess M W , van Osenbruggen W A , Zachariášová M
Published: July 2020

An interlaboratory validation study was conducted to establish the method performance characteristics of an immunoaffinity column (IAC) cleanup procedure followed by LC/MS for the determination of fumonisins B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) and combined FB1 + FB2 in corn. The test portion is extracted with acetonitrilemethanolwater (25 + 25 + 50). The extract is filtered, diluted with phosphate-buffered saline solution, and applied to an IAC. FB1 and FB2 are removed with methanol, followed by water, then directly determined by RPLC with MS detection using selected-ion monitoring of two characteristic ions in each case. Naturally contaminated corn samples were milled to a fine powder and mixed to produce three samples with target levels of combined FB1 + FB2 ranging from 350 to 4000 g/kg. Of 15 initially participating laboratories, two failed to report results and another did not follow the prescribed method. Thus, valid results were obtained from 12 participants located in 11 countries. Statistical analysis of the results produced RSDr values of 4.611.9, 1.912.6, and 1.411.5 for FB1, FB2, and combined FB1 + FB2, respectively; the corresponding RSDR values were 19.823.8, 18.225.5, and 18.823.2. The three concentration levels of combined FB1 + FB2 were 534, 1194, and 1954 g/kg. HorRat values for r and R were all <2.0, indicating that the method is suitable as a regulatory method for the enforcement of European Union limits for fumonisins in corn.
A New Approach to the Analysis of Nicarbazin and Ionophores in Eggs by HPLC/MS/MS
Authors: Dmitrovic Jasna , Durden David A
Published: July 2020

An HPLC/MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the quantification and confirmation of nicarbazin and ionophores (lasalocid, monensin, salinomycin, and narasin) in eggs. Nicarbazin is determined in the negative electrospray mode with a basic mobile phase that supports creation of negative ions. Consequently, our ability to maintain instrument sensitivity over time has significantly improved. The analysis of the ionophores is done in the positive electrospray mode using ammonium buffer for HPLC separation. Monitoring ammonium adduct parent ions resulted in enhanced sensitivity and better reproducibility of the ionophore analysis. The validation of this improved HPLC/MS/MS method for the detection of nicarbazin and the ionophores demonstrated excellent precision of below 10 RSD and lower LOD values (g/kg) for nicarbazin (0.018), lasalocid (0.015), monensin (0.015), salinomycin (0.033), and narasin (0.039).
Determination and Confirmation of Tulathromycin Residues in Bovine Liver and Porcine Kidney via Their Common Hydrolytic Fragment Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Boner Pamela L , Gottschall David W , Kim-Kang Heasook
Published: July 2020

An accurate, reliable, and reproducible analytical method using HPLC/MS/MS for the determination of tulathromycin residues in bovine liver and porcine kidney via their common hydrolytic fragment (CP-60,300) was developed and validated. Briefly, the method involved an initial acid treatment of intact tissues, which yielded the common fragment (CP-60,300). A portion of the acid hydrolyzate was purified by SPE using a strong cation exchange cartridge. Evaporation of the purified extract was followed by reconstitution in aqueous buffer and analysis by HPLC/MS/MS under isocratic conditions. The developed method provided acceptable sensitivity for determinative surveillance of tulathromycin in porcine kidney and bovine liver with an LOQ of 7.50 and 2.75 g/g, respectively. The overall recovery and precision (CV) of 45 determinations of each tissue were 97.8 (5.3) for porcine kidney and 96.9 (7.9) for bovine liver. Accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity, and ruggedness were demonstrated. An HPLC/MS/MS method was also developed for use in these tissues as a confirmatory assay following modifications to the MS detection parameters. The confirmatory method demonstrated acceptable sensitivity for confirmatory evaluation of tulathromycin in porcine kidney and bovine liver at tolerances of 15 and 5.5 g/g, respectively.
Determination of Methanol in Cosmetics by Headspace and Multidimensional Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric Detection
Authors: Yi Xionghai , Guo Dehua , Deng Xiaojun , Li Bo , Fan Xiang , Zhu Jian
Published: July 2020

A novel, reliable, and robust analytical method using headspace and multidimensional GC coupled to MS was successfully developed for determining the methanol content in cosmetics. The methanol was quantitatively analyzed and confirmed by heart-cutting multidimensional GC and mass selective detection in full scan mode. The average recovery was 99.8 with an RSD of 4.3; the LOQ was 5 mg/kg. The proposed method showed good accuracy and precision while minimizing erroneous results due to false positives compared with conventional single-column GC analysis.
Analytical Methods for Detection of Gluten in Food—Method Developments in Support of Food Labeling Legislation
Authors: Haraszi Reka , Chassaigne Hubert , Maquet Alain , Ulberth Franz
Published: July 2020

The current essential therapy of celiac disease is a strict adherence to a gluten-free diet. Besides food products that are naturally gluten-free, “very low gluten” and “glutenfree” bakery products have become available. The availability of immunochemical and other analytical methods to determine gluten markers in foods is of utmost importance to ensure the well being of gluten-sensitive individuals. The aim of this review was to evaluate if currently available methodologies are suitable to meet the requirements of food labeling standards for individual gluten source declaration, in order to achieve policy objectives. Codex Alimentarius and European Union (EU) legislation and gluten detection methodologies applicable at present have been summarized and compared. In 2009, the European Commission issued Regulation No. 41/2009 concerning the composition and labeling of foodstuffs suitable for people intolerant to gluten. This review constitutes a basis to investigate the possibility to develop a proteomic-based method for the specifc detection of gluten-containing cereals in food products, especially at or around the limits specifed in EU legislation.
Box-Behnken Design-Desirability Function Approach in Optimization of HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Ibuprofen Along with Additives in Syrup Formulation
Authors: Dinç-Zor Şule , Aksu Dönmez Özlem
Published: July 2020

Background

The advantages of simultaneous analyses are a decrease in analysis time and a more economical use of solvents and reagents. It is desirable that HPLC analyses possess both short term and good resolution.

Objective

The aim of the current study is to develop an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of ibuprofen, sodium benzoate, methyl paraben and propyl paraben as preservatives, and sunset yellow as a colorant, in syrup formulation.

Method

To optimize chromatographic separation conditions, multi-response optimization using the Derringer’s desirability function was employed for the development of a rapid and efficient HPLC method. The ranges of independent variables used for the optimization process were 50–60% (v/v) for acetonitrile, 5.0–7.0 for pH, and 1.0–2.0 mL/min for flow rate of the mobile phase. The effects of these variables on the output responses, such as critical resolution between sunset yellow and sodium benzoate and retention time of the last peak indicating analysis time of the method, were evaluated by statistical experimental design.

Results

Optimum conditions fixed for the simultaneous analyses were acetonitrile:phosphate buffer (60:40, v/v), pH 5.0, and a flow rate of 1.8 mL/min. The eluate was monitored using a photo diode detector set at 220 nm. Total chromatographic analysis time was approximately 3 min.

Conclusions

The developed method validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines was successfully applied for the determination of five compounds in their pharmaceutical formulation.

Highlights

This efficient method has isocratic elution system and can be used for routine analyses of these compounds in similar pharmaceutical products.
Linker DNA and histone contributions in nucleosome binding by p53
Authors: Nishimura Masahiro , Arimura Yasuhiro , Nozawa Kayo , Kurumizaka Hitoshi
Published: July 2020

The tumour suppressor protein p53 regulates various genes involved in cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA repair in response to cellular stress, and apparently functions as a pioneer transcription factor. The pioneer transcription factors can bind nucleosomal DNA, where many transcription factors are largely restricted. However, the mechanisms by which p53 recognizes the nucleosomal DNA are poorly understood. In the present study, we found that p53 requires linker DNAs for the efficient formation of p53-nucleosome complexes. p53 forms an additional specific complex with the nucleosome, when the p53 binding sequence is located around the entry/exit region of the nucleosomal DNA. We also showed that p53 directly binds to the histone H3-H4 complex via its N-terminal 1–93 amino acid region. These results shed light on the mechanism of nucleosome recognition by p53.
Harnessing the Power of Low-tech Collaborative Learning
Authors: Sheth Monica , Samreen Naziya , Rapoport Irina , Slanetz Priscilla J , Fornari Alice , Lewis Petra
Published: July 2020

Medical education in the United States has undergone a paradigm shift from passive learning to more interactive student-centered teaching methods. Several digital tools and platforms have been developed to assist educators in creating a high-tech, interactive classroom. However, there are many low-tech ways to engage learners and improve retention by combining collaborative learning techniques and summary exercises. Collaborative learning is an educational approach that involves the coordinated engagement of two or more learners for the purpose of completing a task or solving a problem. Such methods use a student-centered active learning model to promote higher-order cognitive tasks through active engagement in course content. Additionally, summary exercises at the end of a learning activity promote reflection and retention of learned concepts while clarifying content that may have been confusing for the learner. The purpose of this article is to describe the methodology and tips for the implementation of low-tech collaborative learning methods and summary activities into trainee educational activities to create an engaging student-centered learning environment.
Genetic diversity and phenotypic variation of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) (Decapoda: Astacidea: Astacidae), in China
Authors: Yi Shaokui , Zhang Long , Li Yanhe , Shi Linlin , Chen Jing , Wang Weimin , She Lei , He Jixiang
Published: July 2020

The red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852), is a paradox in China because it has developed as a popular aquaculture species while becoming a notorious invasive species. We investigated the population genetic diversity and population dynamics of wild Chinese populations of P. clarkii based on proPO fragments and the morphological traits across these populations. The results showed that the populations of P. clarkii exhibit high genetic diversity and significant population structure, inferring that the crayfish was artificially transferred rapidly among different locations for different reasons. Results also revealed distinct phenotypic differentiation, with individuals of some populations having a shorter pleon and wider carapace width, whereas other populations have a small length to width ratio. This study provided comprehensive insights into the population dynamics and morphological variations of P. clarkii, which contribute to understanding the rapid evolution of phenotypic traits after its successful invasion. Results should help establish efficient management strategies for the control of the invasion and at the same time using the genetic information in crayfish aquaculture.
Reevaluating the Economic Injury Level for Brown Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) at Various Growth Stages of Maize
Authors: Bryant Tim B , Dorman Seth J , Reisig Dominic D , Dillard DeShae , Schürch Roger , Taylor Sally V
Published: July 2020

Economic yield loss and reduction in grain quality from brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), feeding injury in early and late stages of maize, Zea mays (Poales: Poaceae, Linnaeus), development was assessed in Virginia and North Carolina in 2018 and 2019. Varying levels of stink bug infestations were introduced to seedling maize (V2—early stage), and a range of late-stages of maize, including 1) the last stage of vegetative development (V12/V14), 2) prior to tasseling, 3) at tasseling (VT), and 4) across all tested late growth stages. Euschistus servus infestation levels included 33, 67, and 100% of maize seedlings, and 25, 50, 100, and 200% of plants during later stages. Infestations were maintained on seedling maize for 7 d, and 8 or 16 d in reproductive stages. Infestation level in seedling maize had an impact on grain yield. Infestation level and growth stage both had an impact on grain yield in reproductive maize. The percentage of discolored kernels was also affected by infestation level, but not growth stage. Regression analysis between grain yield and infestation level indicated that the average economic injury level is 7% in seedling maize (7 bugs/100 plants) and 12% (12 bugs/100 plants) from the last vegetative stages (V12/V14) through pollination (VT). The economic injury level in the late vegetative stages is only applicable when infestations are present for an extended period of time (16 d), emphasizing the need for continued scouting of maize throughout the season to make informed management decisions.
An immersed boundary method with iterative symmetric interpolation for irregular surface topography in seismic wavefield modelling
Authors: Li Xiang , Yao Gang , Niu Fenglin , Wu Di
Published: July 2020

The irregular free surface topography has a significant impact on simulations of seismic wave propagation. Therefore, an accurate representation of the irregular free surface is required for an accurate wavefield simulation. We propose an immersed boundary method used in fluid dynamics calculation to simulate acoustic waves with finite-difference in media with irregular surfaces. First, we set the number of ghost layers to half the length of the finite-difference stencil. Then, we define mirror points by orthogonally projecting the ghost points to fractional points below the free surface. We calculate the wavefield at these mirror points using an iterative symmetric interpolation method. Finally, we set the wavefield at the ghost points to the negative value of the wavefield of their corresponding mirror points. The proposed iterative symmetric interpolation method allows computing the wavefield at the mirror points more accurately and stably than the conventional immersed boundary methods. Numerical examples validate the accuracy and stability of this method in seismic forward modelling with strongly varying topography.
Research on nanoprocess of non-equilibrium materials byin situultra-high voltage electron microscopy
Authors: Yasuda Hidehiro , Sato Kazuhisa , Mori Hirotaro
Published: July 2020

Ultra-high voltage electron microscopy is useful for research utilizing high-penetration thickness of electron beam, in situ observation, or irradiation effects by the particle characteristics of electrons. In this review, the importance of non-equilibrium materials science research by a combination with irradiation effects and in situ observation is shown, and examples of some research are introduced. For example, crystal-amorphous-crystalline phase transition in intermetallic compounds, non-equilibrium phase transition in pure metallic nanoparticles and nucleation and growth process of electron irradiation-induced crystallization in amorphous nanoparticles will be discussed. Finally, we want to suggest the importance of exploring non-equilibrium materials science based on dynamic structures which has been unexplored.
Past Debates, Fresh Impact on Nano-Enabled Food: A Multigroup Comparison of Presumed Media Influence Model Based on Spillover Effects of Attitude Toward Genetically Modified Food
Authors: Ho Shirley S , Goh Tong Jee , Chuah Agnes S F , Leung Yan Wah , Bekalu Mesfin Awoke , Viswanath Kasisomayajula
Published: July 2020

Informed by the notion of spillover effects between two phenomena, this study examines how differences in prior attitudes would influence the relationships posited by the influence of presumed media influence (IPMI) model. Specifically, this study examines how pre-existing favorable and unfavorable attitudes toward genetically modified (GM) food are associated with audiences’ intention to consume nano-enabled food. The results of a nationally representative survey with 1,000 respondents found general support for the IPMI from media attention to behavioral intentions, through attitude and social norms. Further, a multigroup analysis of the IPMI provided evidence for differences in the IPMI effects between the audiences with favorable and unfavorable pre-existing attitudes toward GM food. These results contribute to a stronger theoretical understanding of the IPMI in terms of how pre-existing attitudes toward a preceding food technology can have a spillover effect on how audiences make decisions regarding a newer food technology.
The Politics of Legitimation in International Organizations
Authors: Binder Martin , Heupel Monika
Published: July 2020

To govern effectively, international organizations (IOs) crucially depend on legitimation and support from their member states. But which states claim legitimacy for IOs, which challenge their legitimacy, and why? We address this gap in the literature by analyzing the legitimation strategies that states use in institutionalized discursive spaces within IOs. Specifically, we examine how United Nations (UN) member states seek to legitimate or delegitimate the UN Security Council in public debates in the UN General Assembly. We formulate a set of hypotheses that link specific state characteristics to evaluative statements on the Council’s legitimacy. We test these hypotheses on an original dataset using a non-linear regression model. In line with our theoretical expectations, we find that legitimation strategies are driven by a state’s membership of the Council and by its attitudes towards the United States. Contrary to our theoretical expectations, economically powerful states and states that are willing to delegate authority to supranational organizations are more likely to challenge the Council’s legitimacy. Furthermore, we provide evidence that states’ legitimacy claims resonate among fellow states, that is, among the Council’s primary audience. More generally, our findings suggest that making public claims about the Security Council’s legitimacy is not an empty diplomatic exercise, and that states do not make these claims at random. Legitimation strategies follow discernible patterns that can be explained by specific state characteristics.
Bartholin’s gland hyperplasia with dysplastic changes: a rare case report
Authors: Yahaya James J
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this paper is to report unusual, rarest and interesting case of a patient with nodular hyperplasia of Bartholin's gland with dysplastic changes. The case of a 30-year old female with right-sided Bartholin’s gland hyperplasia with dysplastic changes, which was confirmed histopathologically, is presented in this paper. The patient reported increased swelling of the right major labium when she became sexually aroused with intermittent dyspareunia during intercourse. Surgical excision of the swelling was done under general anaesthesia. Healing of the surgical scar was complete and she reported no any discomfort or dyspareunia during sexual intercourse. Bartholin’s gland swellings with firm consistency require complete excision due to possibility of being neoplastic rather than just inflammation, cyst or obstructed gland particularly in postmenopausal women. Diagnosis of nodular hyperplasia of Bartholin’s gland with areas of dysplastic changes in the present case is of great interest and requires further investigation.
Dormancy cycling is accompanied by changes in ABA sensitivity in Polygonum aviculare seeds
Authors: Laspina Natalia Verónica , Batlla Diego , Benech-Arnold Roberto Luis
Published: July 2020

Polygonum aviculare seeds show high levels of primary dormancy (PD). Low winter temperatures alleviate dormancy and high spring temperatures induce seeds into secondary dormancy (SD), naturally establishing stable seedbanks cycling through years. The objective of this work was to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved in PD expression and release, and in SD induction in these seeds, and the extent to which abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAs) are part of these mechanisms. Quantification of endogenous ABA both prior to and during incubation, and sensitivity to ABA and GAs, were assessed in seeds with contrasting dormancy. Expression analysis was performed for candidate genes involved in hormone metabolism and signaling. It was found that endogenous ABA content does not explain either dormancy release or dormancy induction; moreover, it does not seem to play a role in dormancy maintenance. However, dormancy modifications were commonly accompanied by changes in ABA sensitivity. Concomitantly, induction into SD, but not PD, was characterized by a increased PaABI-5 and PaPYL transcription, and a rise in GA sensitivity as a possible counterbalance effect. These results suggest that dormancy cycling in this species is related to changes in embryo sensitivity to ABA; however, this sensitivity appears to be controlled by different molecular mechanisms in primary and secondary dormant seeds.
Contact Lens Wear, Corneal Complications, and U.S. Service Member Readiness
Authors: Flanagan Gerald , Velez Tom , Gu Weidong , Singman Eric
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Ulcerative keratitis (UK), or corneal ulcer, is a sight-threatening and readiness-lowering medical condition that begins with a corneal infiltrative event (CIE). Contact lens (CL) wear poses a particular risk for a CIE and therefore is restricted for most active duty service members (SMs). In this study, we explored a large Department of Defense/Veterans Affairs (DoD/VA) database to estimate the prevalence of UK and CIE and their association with CL wear.

Materials and Methods

The DoD/VA Defense and Veterans Eye Injury Vision Registry, an initiative of the DoD/VA Vision Center of Excellence, was explored using natural language processing software to search for words and diagnostic codes that might identify cornea injuries and CL wear. The effect of UK and CIE on readiness was explored by evaluating the duration between the first and final visits noted in the database.

Results

A total of 213 UK cases were identified among the 27,402 SMs for whom data were recorded in Defense and Veterans Eye Injury Vision Registry. The odds ratios of UK and CIE being associated with CL wear were 13.34 and 2.20, respectively. A less specific code (superficial corneal injury) was found to be the most commonly used diagnosis in the database, and the odds ratio of CL wearers having that diagnosis was 2.25. CL-wearing patients with corneal disease also required more clinic encounters than those who did not wear CLs.

Conclusions

This study supports the current restriction on CL wear among nonpilot active duty SMs and quantifies the significantly enhanced risk of developing corneal ulcers posed by that habit.
Developing molecular-level models for organic field-effect transistors
Authors: Li Haoyuan , Brédas Jean-Luc
Published: July 2020

Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are not only functional devices but also represent an important tool for measuring the charge-transport properties of organic semiconductors (OSs). Thus, efforts to understand the performance and characteristics of OFET devices are not only useful in helping achieve higher device efficiencies but also critical to ensuring accuracy in the evaluations of OS charge mobilities. These studies rely on OFET device models, which connect the measured current characteristics to the properties of the OSs. Developing such OFET models requires good knowledge of the charge-transport processes in OSs. In device active layers, the OS thin films are either amorphous (e.g. in organic light-emitting diodes and organic solar cells) or crystalline (e.g. those optimized for charge transport in OFETs). When the electronic couplings between adjacent OS molecules or polymer chain segments are weak, the charge-transport mechanism is dominated by hopping processes, which is the context in which we frame the discussion in this Review. Factors such as disorder, mobility anisotropy, traps, grain boundaries or film morphology all impact charge transport. To take these features fully into account in an OFET device model requires considering a nano-scale, molecular-level resolution. Here, we discuss the recent development of such molecular-resolution OFET models based on a kinetic Monte Carlo approach relevant to the hopping regime. We also briefly describe the applicability of these models to high-mobility OFETs, where we underline the need to extend them to incorporate aspects related to charge delocalization.
Effects of caloric restriction on human physiological, psychological, and behavioral outcomes: highlights from CALERIE phase 2
Authors: Dorling James L , van Vliet Stephan , Huffman Kim M , Kraus William E , Bhapkar Manjushri , Pieper Carl F , Stewart Tiffany , Das Sai Krupa , Racette Susan B , Roberts Susan B , Ravussin Eric , Redman Leanne M , Martin Corby K ,   the CALERIE Study Group
Published: July 2020

Caloric restriction (CR) is a strategy that attenuates aging in multiple nonhuman species. The Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) trials are part of a research program aiming to test the effects of CR on aging and longevity biomarkers in humans. Building on CALERIE phase 1, CALERIE phase 2 (CALERIE 2) was the largest study to date to assess sustained CR in healthy humans without obesity. In a 24-month randomized controlled trial comprising 218 participants at baseline, CALERIE 2 showed that moderate CR, 11.9% on average, induced improvements in aging-related biomarkers without adversely affecting psychological or behavioral outcomes. The objectives of this report are to summarize and review the highlights of CALERIE 2 and report previously unpublished results on eating disorder symptoms and cognitive function. This article specifically summarizes the physiological, psychological, aging, behavioral, and safety results of the trial. Also provided are research directions beyond CALERIE 2 that highlight important opportunities to investigate the role of CR in aging, longevity, and health span in humans.
The Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Noncarbapenemase-Producing Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: A Case-Case-Control Matched Analysis
Authors: Bouganim Ruth , Dykman Liana , Fakeh Omar , Motro Yair , Oren Rivka , Daniel Chen , Lazarovitch Tzilia , Zaidenstein Ronit , Moran-Gilad Jacob , Marchaim Dror
Published: July 2020

Background

Risk factors and outcomes associated with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) acquisitions are derived primarily from cohorts consisting of carbapenemase-producing (CP) strains. Worldwide epidemiology of non-CP-CRE is evolving, but controlled epidemiological analyses are lacking.

Methods

A matched case-case-control investigation was conducted at Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Israel, on November 2014–December 2016. Noncarbapenemase-producing CRE (as defined by the US Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Standards) carriers were matched to patients with non-CRE Enterobacterales and to uninfected controls (1:1:1 ratio). Matched and nonmatched multivariable regression models were constructed to analyze predictors for acquisition and the independent impact of carriage on multiple outcomes, respectively. Representative isolates were whole genome sequenced and analyzed for resistome and phylogeny.

Results

Noncarbapenemase-producing CRE carriers (n = 109) were matched to the 2 comparative groups (overall n = 327). Recent exposure to antibiotics (but not specifically to carbapenems), prior intensive care unit admission, and chronic skin ulcers were all independent predictors for non-CP-CRE acquisition. Acquisitions were almost exclusively associated with asymptomatic carriage (n = 104), and despite strong associations per univariable analyses, none were independently associated with worse outcomes. Genomic analyses of 13 representative isolates revealed polyclonality, confirmed the absence of carbapenemases, but confirmed the coexistence of multiple other genes contributing to carbapenem-resistance phenotype (multiple beta-lactamases and efflux pumps).

Conclusions

Noncarbapenemase-producing CRE acquisitions are primarily associated with asymptomatic carriage, specifically among prone populations with extensive recent exposures to antibiotics. The prevalent mode of acquisition is “emergence of resistance” (not “patient-to-patient transmission”), and therefore the role of stewardship interventions in reducing the spread of these therapeutically challenging pathogens should be further explored.
Micro-elimination of Chronic Hepatitis C by Universal Screening plus Direct Acting Antivirals for Incarcerated Persons in Taiwan
Authors: Yang Tsung-Hua , Fang Yu-Jen , Hsu Shih-Jer , Lee Ji-Yuh , Chiu Min-Chin , Yu Jian-Jyun , Kuo Chia-Chi , Chen Chien-Hung
Published: July 2020

Background

Incarcerated persons are a special population with higher hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence and should be prioritized for micro-elimination. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence and to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy in the custodial settings.

Methods

Incarcerated persons in Yunlin Prison were recruited to receive anti-HCV antibody screening. Patients with positive HCV ribonucleic acid (HCV RNA) were treated with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB) in our special chronic hepatitis C (CHC) clinic in prison. The primary endpoint was sustained virologic response at week 12 off therapy (SVR12).

Results

A total of 1402 incarcerated persons were invited to anti-HCV screening and 824 (58.7%) accepted. The prevalence of anti-HCV positivity was 33.5% (276/824) and the viremic rate (detectable HCV RNA) was 69.2% (191/276). According to FIB-4 index, patients with F3 stage were six (3.1%), but none met the criteria of F4 stage. However, six (3.1%) had liver cirrhosis with splenomegaly, confirmed by findings of ultrasonography. The median log10 HCV RNA level at baseline was 6.235 (2.394-7.403). Genotype (GT) 6 was predominant (39.3%), followed by GT 1a (22.0%) and 1b (14.1%). Mixed genotype HCV infection accounted for 3.6% of total infections. In total, 165 patients received GLE/PIB therapy. The overall SVR12 rates were 100%.

Conclusions

DAA therapy is highly effective and safe for incarcerated patients in Taiwan. Our special prison-based CHC clinic, linking universal screening to medical care, can serve as a model for micro-elimination of HCV in custodial settings.
347. Hepatic Steatosis in People Living with HIV: Effect of Sex and Race/Ethnicity
Authors: Bedimo Roger , Gillman Jason , Ayers Colby , Jody Rogers Deanna , Rogers Lauren , Mckenrick Ryne , Romo-Sikes Carla , Mulosia Katie
Published: July 2020

Background

Recent studies have shown increased weight gain and visceral adiposity in people living with HIV (PLWH) treated with integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI), mostly among women, Blacks and Hispanics. A potential association of INSTI with hepatic steatosis (HS)—which has been associated with increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk in the general population—has never been evaluated. We sought to evaluate the prevalence of HS among PLWH on ART, its association with race/ethnicity and INSTI exposure and its association with ASCVD risk.

Methods

All patients on stable ART in a large urban clinic were included in the analysis. We calculated Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI = 8 × (ALT/AST ratio)+BMI (+2, if female; +2, if diabetes mellitus) in all patients and Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) score in a subset that underwent transient elastography. The effects of ART class, race and ethnicity on HSI and CAP were examined using linear regression models adjusting for age. We also correlated HSI with CAP and with ASCVD risk score.

Results

Among the 3122 patients analyzed, 84.6% were male, 45.1% Black (B), 22.5% Hispanic (H), and 30.0% non-Hispanic Whites (NHW). Mean age was 42 years. ART regimens were INSTI-based (n = 1777), PI (n = 723) or NNRTI (n = 302). A subset of 77 patients underwent transient elastography. There was no significant difference in mean BMI between INSTI (27.87), PI (27.70) and NNRTI (28.26) recipients (P = 0.49). However, HSI was lower for PI (35.99) than for INSTI (36.73) and NNRTI (37.46) groups (P = 0.02). Age is also significantly associated with his (P < 0.01). Mean HSI was higher for H (37.54) than non-Hispanics (36.56 for B and 36.19 for NHW); P = 0.001. HSI was highly correlated with ASCVD risk score (R=0.1; P < 0.001). There was also a strong correlation between HSI and CAP (R=0.45; P < 0.001), and a trend toward high CAP for H vs. B and W (P = 0.11).

Conclusion

HSI increased with age and was significantly associated with ASCVD risk score, suggesting that HS in PLWH might predict higher ASCVD risk. Hispanics had higher HSI and higher CAP than Blacks and Whites. We did not observe an increased BMI or HS with INSTI exposure in this cohort. PI use was associated with lower risk of HS.

Disclosures

All authors: No reported disclosures.