bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In-Vitro-Investigations on the Influence of Baquiloprim/Sulfadimidine on Ruminal Fermentation by Three Different Systems
Authors: Höltershinken M. , Zipori G. , Schirmer M. , Rehage J. , Scholz H.
Published: March 2023

The effect of Baquiloprim/Sulfadimidine on the fermentation of rumen fluid was tested by three different models (short-time-system: 1. in vitro [n=25]; 2. in-vivo/in-vitro [n=lO]; 3. long-time-system: in-vitro [n=2]). all systems showed increased pH (1. model: 5 %; 2. model: 6 %; 3. model: 1 %), decreased glucose degradation (model 1 u. 2: -21 %), ureolysis (1. model: -5,3 %; 2. model: -14,7 %), as well as decreased production of L-(+)-lactate (1. model: -6 %; 2. model: - 87,6 %) and sVFA (1.model: -15 % ;2. model: -38,8 %; 3. model: -11 %). Different effects could be explained by different incubates, time of influence and different nutrients.
Studies on Abomaso-Ruminal Reflux in Milk Fed Dairy Calves
Authors: Jessen S. , Thorsen T. , Agerholm A. , Jørgensen R. J.
Published: March 2023

Gastro-intestinal disorders constitute the most important findings among an estimated 200.000 neonatal dairy calf mortalities in Denmark (5). Besides infectious diarrhoea, forestomach disturbances play an important role on its own or in combination with general weakness caused by, e.g., diarrhoea. Such disturbances may result from ruminal drinking, from abomaso-ruminal reflux or by forced feeding of weak calves with milk by stomach tube. In any case this leads to disturbed forestomach function, to poor milk utilisation and retarded growth.

Reflux may occur in single calves with intestinal obstruction. Management factors which may precipitate reflux are however unknown. In the present experiment the possible role of feeding irregular amounts of milk on the occurrence of reflux is examined in young bucket fed Jersey calves. The investigation was made possible by the recent development of a simple milk coagulation test (4), to be performed on rumen samples, as an indicator of the occurrence of reflux.
Impact of Modern Milk Replacer Formulations on Calf Health and Performance
Authors: Tomkins Trevor , Sowinski Janusz
Published: March 2023

Within the last ten years there have been major changes in the formulation of calf milk replacers in the United States. These have been brought about by changes in the world supply of milk based ingredients, milk processing technology, vegetable protein processing technology and knowledge of the calf's digestive system. Calf milk replacers manufactured in the 1950's and 1960's  contained high levels of skim milk powder as the primary protein source. Skim milk protein consists of approximately 80% casein protein and 20% whey proteins. Provided that the skim milk has not been severely heat treated during the drying process, casein in the milk replacers forms a firm clot or curd in the calf's abomasum. Severely heat treated skim milk does not clot and calves fed milk replacer containing such skim milk suffer from diarrhea and poor performance.

Today's modern milk replacers, in the United States, do not contain significant levels of skim milk powder, but either whey proteins or combinations of whey proteins and vegetable proteins, including isolated soy protein, soy protein concentrate, soy flour, isolated wheat protein or potato protein. These milk replacers do not clot in the abomasum and there has been speculation that such non clotting milk replacers may have a negative impact on calf health and performance.

Milk Specialties Company has undertaken a series of studies to investigate replacement of skim milk protein in calf milk replacers with whey proteins.
Survival of Haemophilus Somnus on Transport Swabs
Authors: Tanner A. C. , Hargis J. W.
Published: March 2023

Since its initial description (4), Haemophilus somnus has been implicated as an important opportunist pathogen of cattle and of particular relevance is its role in bovine respiratory disease (5). Recovery of the organism from field specimens is often difficult and a number of selective media have been described (1,2) which can enhance it, but the manner in which the specimen is taken and subsequently treated can significantly affect the likelihood of successful recovery of this bacterium. It has been shown experimentally that the length of survival of H. somnus following inoculation into both bovine secretions (3) and alginate swabs (1) is temperature dependent. Since swabs taken from field specimens may need to be sent some distance to a laboratory before primary culture we report here the effect of storage temperature and composition of the transport medium on the rate of recovery of H. somnus from experimentally inoculated laryngeal swabs.
Epidemiology and Control of L. Hardjo in the Netherlands
Authors: Franken P. , Van Wuijckhuise L. , Hartman E. G.
Published: March 2023

In 1984 infections with Leptospira hardjo were first detected in dairy cattle and man in the Netherlands. In 1988 a program to  monitor the infection status of dairy farms was started.Presented are our experiences with:- bulk milk monitoring of L. hardjo- the origin of detected new infections on farms- an experimental control program
Epidemiologic Investigation of Dairy Herd Lameness
Authors: Moore Dale A.
Published: March 2023

Lameness in dairy cattle can lead to weight loss, reduced milk production and reproductive problems. In an effort to investigate a lameness problem in a Pennsylvania dairy herd, a form was developed to objectively assess herd management and cow disease status that could be used to investigate the outbreak of herd lameness. Use of these forms, coupled with Dairy Herd Improvement Association production records and ration evaluations can be used to generate hypotheses for causes of herd lameness problems.
Recherche Sur La Signification Pronostique Des Variations De La Zincemie Au Cours D'Une Pneumonie Experimentale A Pasteurella Haemolytica Al Chez Le Veau
Authors: Espinasse J. , Schelcher F. , Valarcher J. -F. , Vidal J. , Saintagne J. , Chabanet D. , Madelenat A.
Published: March 2023

14 calves of the same breed and age were inoculated with a Pasteurella haemolytica Al (Phal) isolate as described in a previously published protocol. From the onset of the disease, 5 received an antibiotic treatment, 5 others a treatment combining the same antibiotic with a steroidal anti-inflammatory drug while 4 animals did not receive any treatment. A clinical examination was carried out twice a day to determine a mean disease score (MDS). After death or sacrifice the lungs were weighed, the extent of the lesions quantified in a score (mean lung score = MLS) based on combined inspection and palpation. A blood sample was taken each day from each calf with the usual precautions, and the plasma zinc content determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The observations were made over a period of 8 days. 88 zinc determinations were performed. The analysis of variance showed a significant difference (p ≤ 0,01) between the plasma zinc content of calves considered to be clinically normal (MDS < 1,5) and diseased calves (MDS > 1,5), also a significant difference (p ≤ 0,01) between the plasma zinc contents of calves in which MOS < 1,5 + MLS < 1,5 and those in which MDS > 1,5 + MLS > 1,5. The correlation coefficient between terminal zinc levels and lung score (p ≤ 0,01) and between terminal zinc levels and lung weight (p ≤ 0,05) in animals in which the plasma zinc content before death or sacrifice was < 0,96 mg/I, was also significant. These linkages were not apparent in animals with normal plasma zinc levels. In our respiratory disease model these results confirm the linkage between zinc content and the inflammatory reaction brought about by intratracheal inoculation with Phal. They also demonstrate a relationship between hypozincaemia and pulmonary lesions. They therefore have a certain prognosis value. For these different reasons the plasma zinc content could serve as an indicator and provide information about bovine respiratory disease complex evolution.

Article in French, English and Spanish summaries
Haemato-Biochemical, Surface Ultrascopy and Therapeutic Studies on Puerperal Haemoglobinuria in Dairy Animals
Authors: Randhawa S. S. , Joshi B. P. , Nauriyal D. C.
Published: March 2023

Post-parturient haemoglobinuria (PPH) also referred as nutritional haemoglobinuria is an acute haemolytic disease of high producing dairy animals observed mostly in advanced pregnancy or within a month after parturition. The disease is of major economic significance due to loss of milk production and high mortality rate. In India, the disease has been reported in buffaloes and the line of treatment advocated by various workers comprised of parenteral administration of sodium acid phosphate, ascorbic acid, antifibrinolytic agents and oral medication of copper sulphate with variable results1,2,3. The present study reports the results of haemato-biochemical alterations and the comparative efficacy of parenteral infusion of copper glycinate in haemoglobinuric cows and buffaloes. Scanning electron microscopic studies of erythrocytes were also conducted to record morphological changes .
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Infection (BRSV) in Cattle of Northern Germany
Authors: Heckert H. -P. , Steinhagen P. , Appel G. , Hofman W.
Published: March 2023

Infection diseases of the respiratory system nowadays are the most important disturbances of herd health in the bovine in Germany. Besides of enzootic bronchopneumonia, IBR (BHV - 1 - Infection) and BVD-dependent bronchopneumonia more and more infections caused by coronavirus and BRSV are registered. Symptoms, methods of diagnosis, therapy and prophylaxis are quite different from other maladies in the BRSV-complex. Own investigations, clinical, virological and other ones will be demonstrated, . Treatment and methods for eridication of the infection from the farms will be discussed.
Use of Diagnostic Laboratory Data to Monitor Mastitis
Authors: Sischo W. M. , Cloninger R. W.
Published: March 2023

The concept of disease monitoring in veterinary medicine has been discussed for decades. Its importance becomes more apparent as diseases that cause catastrophic illness are less prevalent and the main health challenge facing the animal production industry is low productivity. Disease monitoring schemes are proposed and discarded on a regular basis. In 1975, an international conference on disease monitoring was held. One of the participants, M.E. Hugh-Jones commented: "At any conference on disease monitoring there is usually one articulate, optimistic speaker who has the perfect system. This computerized philosopher's stone is not quite ready, but within a few months it will be working perfectly, turning mercury into gold. Little more is heard of these schemes, but occassionally an older and wiser man emerges to breifly describe his experiences."(1) With this caveat, the objective of this paper is to describe a system for mastitis monitoring. This system was developed using diagnostic laboratory data as the core information. These data integrate with other record systems to provide a method to monitor herd performance over time and allow interpretation of trends to suggest interventions to improve herd performance.
Étude Sur La Prevalence De Streptococcus Agalactiae et Staphylococcus Aureus Dans Les Troupeaux Du Quebec Par La Culture Séquentille Du Reservoir
Authors: Guillemette J. M. , Bouchard E. , Bigras-Poulin M. , Nadeau M.
Published: March 2023

This study was done on 325 dairy farms in Quebec, Canada to estimate S. agalactiae and S. aureus herd infection prevalence and their impact on milk production and quality. A maximum of 3 bulk tank milk sample were collected in each selected farm for bacteriology and somatic cell counting. A questionnaire for evaluation of farm management and mastitis control practices was administered during the first visit. The study reveals a herd infection prevalence for S. agalactiae and S. aureus of 43% and 93.4% respectively; 4.7% are negative to both bacteria. Adoption on a regular basis of teat dipping of all cows and blanket dry cow therapy is 60.8% and 34% respectively. The high prevalence results for S. agalactiae and S. aureus and the poor adoption of basic mastitis control practices give us a basis to improve upon with a mastitis control program.

Article in French, English and Spanish summaries on PDF
Encephalopathie Hepatique, Un Nouveau Syndrome Neonatal Chez Les Veaux
Authors: Ghergariu S. , Baba A. I. , Gorgan L. , Rotaru O. , Spinu O.
Published: March 2023

In a farm of dairy cows, during an outbreak of neonatal diarrhea, the following nervous disturbances were observed in 3 calves without diarrhea and in 1 calf with diarrhea: ataxia, recumbency, abnormal positions of the head, hyperexcitability, an unusual and persistent bellowing and finally a comatose status. No bacterial or virusological implications were confirmed.

The blood ammonia in 2 sick calves (6 hours and 3 days of age) was 134,3 and 200,6 ) μg/dl respectively; the levels obtained in 11 healthy newborn calves 6-24 hours of age in a farm free of neonatal diarrhea were comprised between 1,03 and 52,26 μg/dl. The hepatic vitamin A in the above mentioned calves was 65,72 and 49,29 i.u./g.

The necropsy performed in the 2 calves after euthanasy as well as in 2 other dead calves revealed hepatic steatosis and fibrosis and spongy transformation of the white matter in the brain, the brain stem, cerebellum and medulla oblongata.

A diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy was made as a result of the hyperammonaemia and the spongiosis of the white maiter of the C.N.S.

The possible involvement of an intrauterine exposition to the toxic effect of the high level of alcohols (16%) detected in the corn silage fed to the cows is suspected.

Article in French, English summary on PDF
Challenges Facing the Bovine Veterinarian in the 21st Century
Authors: Dunlop Robert H.
Published: March 2023

It is a tremendous thrill for me to see this Congress come to fruition after over six years of preparation. When, as Dean of Minnesota's College of Veterinary Medicine, I joined with the officers of AABP, Harold Amstutz and Eric Williams, during the tail-end of a hurricane in Dublin, Ireland in 1986, to make a bid for this 17th World Congress of Buiatrics to be held in the Twin Cities in 1992, certain commitments were made.
Looking Ahead in the Livestock Industry
Authors: Freeh Vern
Published: March 2023

It is indeed a pleasure for me to be here this morning -- and to have the opportunity to address you at this Plenary Session.

Even though I've spent a good part of my life traveling and working in over sixty countries of the world -- I haven't had many opportunities to be in such close association with people of your profession.

When I was growing up on a depression era farm in North Dakota, we usually didn't call the vet until our cow or horse was almost dead -- and so there was usually little reason for him to spend much time on our farm -- except to administer the last rites.

I remember after he left, my father and I would quickly skin the dead animal and sell the hide so we could pay his nominal fee.

In more recent years, it seems, the only times I've talked to veterinarians has usually been with dogs barking in the background and my own undisciplined dog straining at his leash.

So I quickly accepted when I was asked to address you, for I knew this would be a more favorable environment -- or at least I hoped it would be!

Today, I've been asked to look into my crystal ball and tell you what I see ahead for the livestock industry.
Control of BVDV
Authors: Dubovi Edward J.
Published: March 2023

Much progress had been made in defining BVDV in molecular terms. While this information has been useful in some aspects of BVDV pathogenesis, this information has not led to a significant decrease in concern expressed by practitioners regarding prevention and control of BVDV-induced disease. There are several factors which contribute to this continued uneasiness, but a major contributor may be the inability of research personnel to deliver a clear and concise message concerning BVDV. The most important aspect of control of BVDV is the prevention of the generation of persistently infected animals. Management is a significant factor and the management of heifers may be the most overlooked problem in BVDV control programs.
Vaccination
Authors: Cravens Ronald L.
Published: March 2023

In light of current U.S. beef cattle economics, there is heightened awareness and scrutiny of all expenses. As a line item, animal health expenditures represent a relatively small percentage of overall cost and are often viewed as non-essential or optional expenses. This is understandable when you recognize that money spent on prevention results in reduced losses as opposed to increased output. It is difficult to determine lost potential or the cost savings of disease avoidance. However, from a business perspective, it does not matter whether improved operating performance comes from reducing losses or increasing output. What is important is how much was spent versus what was gain.
Fescue Toxicity
Authors: Miksch Duane
Published: March 2023

An extensive list of potential toxicants extracted from endophyte-infected tall fescue has been compiled. Ergopeptine alkaloids, principally ergovaline, are believed responsible for the majority of fescue's adverse effects on cattle and other livestock.
Dehorning - Effects on Performance and Economics
Authors: Brazle Frank K.
Published: March 2023

There are many dehorning methods used today, from complete removal of the horn, to various degrees of tipping horns. The data presented in this paper will only deal with complete horn removal.

When should we castrate calves? Because bull calves grow faster than steer calves, one might be led to believe that the longer we wait to castrate a calf, the quicker he will get to slaughter. Research data at Iowa showed that calves castrated at birth to 3 months of age reach slaughter 11.6 days earlier than calves castrated at weaning.
Appalachian Adaptations
Authors: Painter Elaine A.
Published: March 2023

Just recently, I have read several articles that question the abilities of women that have chosen to specialize in bovine practice, especially small women. These articles have questioned the capabilities of small women handling cattle properly when approached by an uncooperative patient. Well, let me ease your minds. I know from personal experience that a small female can become a successful bovine expert.

Due to the poor economic status of eastern Kentucky, the Appalachian coal fields, the application of treating a family pet as well as a food producing animal is rewarding, and trying. There are few cow/calf type operations on reclaimed strip jobs in this area. Usually, there are 10-50 heads of cattle turned loose on these reclaimed strip jobs. By educating the owners on nutrition and handling facilities, I learned that the care of these animals does improve.
Teaching Dairymen to Use "QuickBooks" For Accurate Financial Analysis
Authors: Saltman Roger L.
Published: March 2023

My interest in the area of financial analysis has been growing for a number of years. Perhaps I can trace this interest back to my days on a poor hill farm in the Finger Lakes Region of New York. My goals at that time centered on becoming a successful dairyman. I was the "bookkeeper" in the partnership and, with the help of my CPA father, I took care of the books, taxes, etc.
Effect of Experimental Infection with Pasteurella haemolytica on Pulmonary Function in Feedlot Calves
Authors: Hare Jonathan E. , Tesarowski David B. , Shewen Pat , Viel Laurent
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of experimentally-induced pneumonia due to Pasteurella haemolytica on pulmonary function in feedlot calves.
Plasma Disposition of Ceftiofur and Metabolites After Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration of Ceftiofur Sodium to Calves of Various Ages
Authors: Brown Scott A. , Robb Edward J.
Published: March 2023

Find out what happens to ceftiofur (NAXCEL ® Sterile Powder) after you leave the barn when the drug, the bug and the calf take over. Just as that wet naveled little cutey grows up to be that cantankerous black baldy, some of its metabolic machinery matures as well. This study reviews the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium in calves as they mature from 7 days to 9 months of age.

The approved dosage regimes for ceftiofur sodium, 1.1-2.2 mg/kg (0.5-1.0 mg/pound) bodyweight administered intramuscularly once daily for up to five consecutive days, provides plasma concentrations of ceftiofur and metabolites above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90≤0.06μg/mL) for the bovine bacterial respiratory disease pathogens Pasteurella hemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus somnus. In this study plasma concentrations are maintained for a longer period of time in neonatal calves than in older calves. This update will review the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of ceftiofur in calves from 7 days to 9 months of age providing useful information for bovine practitioners.
Multiple Paths to Maximum Milk Production in Dairy Herds
Authors: Kinsel Mark L. , Marsh William E. , Reneau Jeffrey K.
Published: March 2023

Substantial effort has been invested in research strategies to maximize milk production on dairy farms. Nearly all of these approaches have focused on reaching target performance levels for the key components of milk production (milk per cow per day, calving interval, culling rate, etc.). Significant deviations from these targets have been viewed as suboptimal performance and a "problem" to correct through improved management.

However, research in our laboratory using large swine databases has shown that setting targets without regard to the underlying biological and mathematical relationships among performance parameters is imprudent. It inevitably results in a biologically impossible combination of values being set as targets.

In this study, we use production data from 152 dairy herds. We will describe the range of performance for the components of the milk production cycle that were achieved by the highest producing dairy herds in our database. These findings can be used by all dairy producers to set production targets for commonly used productivity measures that are biologically consistent with one another.
Is Off-Target Performance a Real Problem?
Authors: Marsh William E. , Soler Alvaro J. , Kinsel Mark L. , Reneau Jeffrey K.
Published: March 2023

The veterinary profession continues to make greater use of production databases in serving the dairy industry. Increasingly sophisticated database management systems allow producers and practitioners to consider the biological, statistical, and economic implications of management interventions. Frequency distributions and simple descriptive statistics can be very helpful in understanding patterns that underlie commonly used measures of dairy herd productivity.

Once underlying patterns are understood, statistics can be used to set feasible production targets and confidence intervals to accommodate the variability inherent in biology. This is particularly appropriate for smaller herds or when one wishes to analyze performance over short time periods. Confidence intervals and interference levels can be adjusted to lessen the chances of erroneous conclusions being drawn when sample sizes are small. Consequences of drawing the wrong conclusions are implementing changes when no intervention is warranted, or failing to act quickly enough in response to falling productivity.

Practicing veterinarians can apply these simple-to-use practical techniques which help avoid the trap of confusing normal variation with real changes in productivity.
Effect of Pasture Trace Mineral Supplementation on Liver Mineral Levels and Postweaning Health
Authors: Grotelueschen D. , Wohlers A. , Dewey C. , Rush I. , Braselton E. , Johnson B. , Pollreisz J.
Published: March 2023

The development of healthy, immune competent beef animals during the cow/calf phase of production can be important for successful transition of weaned calves to the feedlot. The objectives of this trial were to determine if differences are present in liver mineral levels, feedlot morbidity and mortality, weaning weights, and serological titers of calves nursing dams supplemented with and having access to one of three mineral supplements: sulfate-based trace minerals, metal-complexed trace minerals, and a control mineral. An additional objective was to determine if differences in liver mineral levels are present in cows fed one of the three minerals on a free choice basis.
Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Snider T. G. , Blas-Machado U. , Lemarchand T. X. , Luther D. G. , Jenny B. , Gonda M. A.
Published: March 2023

Following several years of serological surveys for antibody to bovine immunodeficiency virus, an unusual number of cattle diseases and deaths were noted at the Louisiana State University & A&M College Dairy.
Bovine papillomavirus type 4 DNA isolated from a skin lesion in a steer
Authors: Bloch N. , Breen M. , Irvin Z. V. , Spradbrow P. B.
Published: March 2023

A lesion on the head of a steer, defined histologically as an epithelial papilloma, yielded DNA which did not hybridise with any of the bovine papillomavirus DNAs usually associated with the formation of skin lesions.
Practical Application of MUN Analyses
Authors: Nelson Arden J.
Published: March 2023

Urea is the detoxified form of protein waste in the mammalian body. In the ruminant, excess rumen ammonia is absorbed from the rumen through the rumen wall to the blood stream. It is carried to the liver and is converted into urea by the liver. Urea can be recycled through the blood stream back to the rumen.

The protein waste, ammonia, originates either from the diet or from normal tissue breakdown throughout the cow's body. The high producing milking cow has most of this urea originate from un-used dietary protein. Ropstad, et.al.21 nicely showed the relationship between dietary protein, rumen ammonia, and milk urea in 21 adult and 7 first lactation Norwegian Red cows (Figures 1 and 2). The excess protein can be from any of the protein fractions. We tend to think only of soluble protein, but it can also originate from insoluble degradable, or undegradable protein.6 Urea is extremely water soluble and is carried by the blood into all tissues, including the lungs, kidney, rumen, small intestine, uterus and the mammary gland.

Blood and plasma and serum urea nitrogen (BUN, PUN, SUN) are synonyms for urea levels taken from blood samples. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) measures the level of urea in milk. Until recently, it was believed that milk urea nitrogen levels were about 85-90% of blood urea nitrogen. Very recent work done at the University of Pennsylvania1 (Figure 3) and Cornell University has demonstrated that milk urea nitrogen is nearly equal to blood urea nitrogen; MUN/BUN= .96-.98. The apparent difference in prior studies was due to improper sample preparation, with milk fat and/or milk protein interfering with the correct determination of milk urea level.

It is believed today that urea diffuses into and out of the mammary gland, and that urea in milk will equilibrate with blood in a short time span. Gustafsson and Palmquist11 showed that serum urea peaked 1.5-2.0 hrs after rumen ammonia peaked in cows fed once daily. Milk urea changes lagged behind serum urea changes by 1.0-2.0 hrs (Figure 4). When urea in serum was increasing, milk urea lagged and was lower; when serum urea was decreasing, milk urea lagged and was higher.
Evaluation of the effect of the fenbendazole sustained-release intraruminal device on the immunity of calves to lungworm
Authors: Jacobs D. E. , Hutchinson M. J. , Abbott E. M.
Published: March 2023

Each of 10 set-stocked calves was given a fenbendazole sustained-release intraruminal bolus at turnout for the control of parasitic bronchitis while a group of 10 similar calves was left untreated. The respiratory rates of the control calves were not greatly increased during the grazing season, but persistent coughing was evident from early July when they all had patent lungworm infections.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1996); 139, 60-63
Therapeutic Strategies for Contagious and Non-contagious Mastitis
Authors: Guterbock Walter M.
Published: March 2023

In recent years veterinarians and dairymen have reevaluated the advisability of treating clinical mastitis with antibiotics in herds where most of the clinical mastitis is caused by environmental pathogens. Most of the commercial antibiotic products available in the United States were tested against subclinical infections with contagious pathogens. A review of the current literature shows that antibiotics generally make no difference in the outcome of gram-negative intramammary infections. In gram-positive infections, the benefit of antibiotics depends on the pathogen. Streptococcus agalactiae infections respond well to therapy with any of the intramammary preparations available in the US. Staphylococcus aureus infections are generally refractory to antibiotic therapy according to the labels of the commercial tubes. The success of treatment may be increased by using antibiotics in conjunction with parenteral antibiotics or for longer durations than on the label. Coagulase-negative staphylococci generally cause mild mastitis in which antibiotic therapy makes little difference. The environmental streptococci are emerging as important and tough pathogens. Antibiotic therapy increases the success rate of treatment and may help prevent relapses and chronicity, but. more research is needed in this area.

No one protocol for treatment of clinical mastitis can be applied to all farms. Recommendations should be based on analysis of bulk tank and clinical samples and of the milking and management practices on the farm. Since clinical judgment and extralabel use of drugs is generally involved, the knowledge and advice of the veterinarian are essential in developing and evaluating treatment protocols. A suggested protocol for use in large herds that have little or no contagious mastitis will be presented.
BVD Vaccination, some common sense approaches
Authors: Cortese Victor S.
Published: March 2023

Our knowledge of the bovine virus diarrhea virus is still changing, even though we have known about the virus for many years. One of the things we have learned is that the virus has the ability to mutate readily. The "Veterinary Medicine" BVD review from October 1990 gives a good reference although it is already becoming outdated. The incidence of infected herds appears to be on the rise. This is seen primarily in the dairy herds and purebred beef herds. The BVD viruses appear to have the ability to be tissue specific. Different strains may affect certain organs in the body giving rise to a whole host of syndromes caused by the BVD virus.
Efficacy of Systemic and Oral Oxytetracycline for Control of a Herd Outbreak of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Eastman T. , George L. , Hird D. , Thurmond M.
Published: March 2023

The efficacy of a combination of parenterally administered and oral long-acting oxytetracycline formulation was compared to treatment with subconjunctivally administered penicillin in controlling a herd outbreak of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.
Epidemiologic Study Evaluating Therapies for Bovine Mastitis
Authors: Sischo W. M. , Rogers G. W. , Bieler L. I. , Cooper J. B.
Published: March 2023

Our study examined the utilization and effectiveness of different therapies for the treatment of naturally occurring mastitis.
Segregation or Use of Separate Milking Units for Staphylococcus aureus - Infected Dairy Cows
Authors: Wilson David J. , Gonzalez Ruben N. , Sears Phillip M.
Published: March 2023

Seventy six dairy herds with initial prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus IMI 3 10% were included in this study. Farm managers did not elect to change teat dipping or dry cow treatment practices, were not segregating cows that were positive for S. aureus at the initial visit, and did not cull >50% of those found positive on the initial visit.
Physiologic parameters to predict milk yield following clinical mastitis in dairy cattle
Authors: Moore D. A. , Sischo W. M. , Fedon J. C.
Published: March 2023

A cohort study was designed to evaluate the physiologic response of cows to naturally occurring coliform mastitis. In particular, the study was directed to determine: 1) the association of coliform (E. Coli and Klebsiella sp.) and gram positive (coagulase negative Staphylococcus and Streptococcus nonagalactiae) mastitis and subsequent liver cell damage by measuring serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), 2) the effect of coliform and gram positive mastitis on peripheral blood white blood cell counts (WBC) and packed cell volume (PCV), and 3) the value of physiologic parameters to predict the production outcome of a case of clinical mastitis.
Characterization of the immune response in calves vaccinated with novel Salmonella dublin vaccines
Authors: House John K. , Smith Bradford P. , Fewel Maaike , Kamiya Darin , Van Metre David C.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this study is to characterize the humoral, cellular, and mucosal immune responses of dairy calves to a subunit vaccine of Salmonella dublin.
development and testing of a vaccine for the prevention of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: O'Connell Kevin , George Lisle
Published: March 2023

We have purified, concentrated and stabilized the protein cytotoxin from Moraxella bovis. The toxin is concentrated on a filter with a 500,000 kDa molecular weight cut off. Small proteins are removed by extensive diafiltration on the same filter. The cytotoxin is concentrated approximately 500 fold, and remains active after 5 months of freezing. A vaccine trial for toxicity and efficacy were performed.
Novel Diagnostic Ready Reckoner for Animal Disease Diagnosticians, Practitioners and Pathologists
Authors: Samudralwar Jay
Published: March 2023

When in the field or reading a laboratory report, it is very important to consider normal levels before passing a judgment. I have designed a novel wheel device which has 540 essential data on the animal disease diagnostics. It is handy, portable and ready to use in field or office.
Livestock Identification, the Benefits of Regulatory Involvement Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Davis James P.
Published: March 2023

Livestock identification has played a vital role in our surveillance programs for the eradication of tuberculosis and brucellosis.
persistent activity of Ivermectin in cattle challenged daily with Nematodes
Authors: Wallace D. H. , Barth D. , Baggott D. , Cox J. L. , Ericsson G. F.
Published: March 2023

To investigate the persistent nematocidal activity of the injectable formulation of ivermectin under repeated challenge conditions, three studies were conducted in which the trial animals were administered infective larvae daily.
Productivity of cattle treated with the IVOMEC® SR Bolus
Authors: Jacobsen J. A. , Alva R. , Plue R. , Holste J. E. , Gross S. J. , Eagleson J. S.
Published: March 2023

The IVOMEC SR Bolus is designed to release 12 mg of ivermectin per day for 135 days, providing therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy against existing and acquired infections of gastrointestinal roundworms, lungworms and external parasites.
Salmonella Current Concepts
Authors: House John K. , Smith Bradford P.
Published: March 2023

Salmonella induces a wide spectrum of disease in cattle ranging from inapparent subclinical infections to acute fulminant bacteremia, endotoxemia, and death. The variable manifestations of disease reflect the virulence of different Salmonella serotypes and the influence of challenge dose and host immunity. Many salmonella infections reflect opportunistic infections of compromised hosts. Strategies to prevent and manage salmonella outbreaks should emphasize minimizing pathogen exposure and maximizing host immunity.
Whole Farm Analysis
Authors: Bell Robert
Published: March 2023

Data collection and historical data analysis has dominated agricultural software in the past. However, the future lies in utilizing on-farm data and historical analysis to accurately predict the future. This approach allows producers the opportunity to model and predict the impact of a proposed management technique prior to its implementation.
Bovine immunodeficiency-like virus
Authors: Venables C. , Lysons R. , Horigan M. , Stagg D. , Dawson M.
Published: March 2023

Bioassay was used to determine whether bovine immuno-deficiency-like virus (BIV) in milk was inactivated by pasteurisation.

 

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 275-277.
Ouch! My Back
Authors: Huot Bernard
Published: March 2023

As reported in the AABP newsletter, July 1996, repetition work can lead to professional or working diseases or syndromes. Besides the arm, shoulder and neck syndrome another repetitive work such as hoof trimming can cause severe backache problems. As dairy or bovine practitioners, we are more and more involved in hoof care and trimming and that is why we have modified an ordinary standing hoof trimming chute to avoid backaches.
SN Titer Response Comparisons Among Fourteen Diagnostic Laboratories for Antibodies Protecting Against IBR, BVD and BRSV Virus Following the Administration of Modified Live Vaccine to Weaning Aged Calves
Authors: Vaughn Michael
Published: March 2023

Eleven yearling calves were vaccinated with BRSVVac® 41. Serum samples collected 35 days after vaccination were sent to 14 different diagnostic laboratories around the United States for assay of IBR, BVD and BRSV antibodies. A great deal of lab to lab variation was encountered. This variation was due in part to the virus strain used, lab technique and cell culture line utilized.
Investigation into the Effect of Sampling Time, Cow Factors and Feeding Management Factors on Diurnal Variation in Milk Urea Nitrogen
Authors: Godden Sandra , Lissemore K. , Kelton D. , Leslie K. L. , Lumsden J. H. , Walton J.
Published: March 2023

As part of the process of developing criteria by which to accurately interpret milk urea nitrogen (MUN) measurements and correctly use this information in the nutritional management of dairy herds, it is important to understand how certain factors related to sample collection, sample type and sample handling may effect these measurements. Research by Gustaffson and Palmquist (J. Dairy Sci. 76:4 75-484) and by Carlsson and Bergstrom (Acta Vet. Scand. 35:67-77) has demonstrated that there may be considerable diurnal variation in MUN levels, with peak MUN levels being reached 3 to 5 hours post-feeding. Although feeding schedules were identified as a major factor influencing diurnal variation, it is possible that other factors may be involved. Herd level and cow level factors such as the rations fed, feeding frequency, feeding management system, stage of lactation, parity and level of production may each play a part in influencing diurnal variation in MUN levels.
Histological and bacteriological evaluation of digital dermatitis in cattle, with special reference to spirochaetes and Campylobacter faecalis
Authors: Döpfer D. , Koopmans A. , Meijer F. A. , Szakáll I. , Schukken Y. H. , Klee W. , Bosma R. B. , Corelisse J. L. , Van Asten A. J. A. M. , Ter Huurne A. A. H. M.
Published: March 2023

Tissue samples from the feet of slaughtered cattle exhibiting different stages of digital dermatitis were sectioned and stained with haematoxylin and eosin and silver staining techniques. Three morphological variationsof spirochaetes were observed, whereas control samples from feet which were marcroscopically negative for digital dermatitis were also negative for spirochaetes.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 620-623
Comparison of Doramectin and Ivermectin/Clorsulon for the Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes and Weight Gains in Stocker Cattle
Authors: Williams J. C. , DeRosa A. , Loyacano A. F. , Gurie J. , Coombs D. F. , Skogerboe T. L.
Published: March 2023

A 140-day grazing study (December 20, 1995-May 8, 1996) was conducted in Louisiana to compare the efficacy of doramectin (Dectomax®) injectable solution and ivermectin/clorsulon (Ivomec Plus®) injectable solution when administered to stocker beef cattle with naturally acquired nematode infections and grazing on liver fluke contaminated pastures.
Insemination of cattle with semen from a bull transiently infected with pestivirus
Authors: Kirkland P. D. , McGowan M. R. , Mackintosh S. G. , Moyle A.
Published: March 2023

When 73 heifers (60 of which were seronegative to pestivirus) were inseminated with pestivirus-contaminated semen from a transiently bull, the conception rate to a single insemination was found to be normal (65 percent). Only three animals became systemically infected, as determined by viraemia and seroconversion.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 124-127
Managing Milk Quality, a Training Course for Dairy Farmers
Authors: Lévesque Pierre , Bouchard E. , Marcoux R. , Baillargeon P. , Bouchard M. , Trépanier A.
Published: March 2023

Over the last three years, a training course on Milk Quality Management was developed for dairy farmers. In three years, over forty 20-hour sessions have been held. Clearly, the demand from dairy farmers for such sessions is on the rise, so we decided to train new instructors and make high quality educational material available to them.

Although dairy farmers can use the educational material at home, we recommend that groups be formed for a 15- to 25-hour training course, which provides participants with a unique opportunity to discuss the topics that most concern them.

During the winter of 1996-1997 over 80 groups averaging 20 dairy farmers have been trained in Quebec. In addition, a number of individuals and institutions have used this material.

A survey has been done on the impacts of this training on milking practices and management.
Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Among Veterinary Bacterial Pathogens
Authors: White David G.
Published: March 2023

Since the introduction of antimicrobials into veterinary medicine some 45 years ago, animal health and productivity has improved significantly.1,4,10,12 Despite considerable use, and some misuse, many antimicrobials continue to remain effective today. However, loss of efficacy through emergence of bacterial antibiotic resistance is always an ever present risk.1,2,3,6,14,15 Antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens in animals not only pose a problem with respect to animal health but are a growing concern regarding possible transmission to humans as foodborne pathogens.7,9,15,18 The dilemma of antibiotic resistance is worsened by the growing number of bacterial pathogens resistant to multiple, structurally unrelated drugs, and to the fact that few veterinary antimicrobials are likely to be available before the end of the decade.4,8,12 Accordingly, more attention is now being paid to the ease at which resistance can develop to both single and multiple antimicrobials among bacterial pathogens. If current trends continue, we may encounter bacterial pathogens which are resistant to all known antimicrobials. This situation is being addressed by both FDA and USDA which are currently implementing strategies to head off this potential threat.
Surgical Management of the Infertile Cow
Authors: Anderson David E.
Published: March 2023

Various solutions to common reproductive problems resulting in infertility, such as Urovagina, Unilateral Ovarian or Oviduct Pathology, Chronic Vaginal Prolapse, and Perineal Lacerations are discussed.
Role of infected, non-diseased badgers in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in the badger
Authors: Gallagher J. , Monies R. , Gavier-Widen M. , Rule B.
Published: March 2023

The lungs and kidneys of 15 badgers which had no visible lesions of tuberculosis but from which Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from pooled collections of lymph nodes were serially sectioned.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1998) 142, 710-714.
Risk Factors Associated With Fatal Fibrinous Pneumonia (Shipping Fever) in Feedlot Calves
Authors: Ribble Carl S. , Meek Alan H. , Shoukri Mohamed M. , Guichon P. Tim , Jim G. Kee
Published: March 2023

In this paper we pursue the development of a technique to predict which truckloads or pens of calves are at highest risk to FFP by building a series of multivariate models in which we incorporated some of the above mentioned risk factors measured at a feedlot over a period of three years. These predictive models were then used to examine the question of whether FFP acts as a truly contagious disease in the feedlot. If multivariate models containing only non-contagious factors could accurately predict where FFP would cluster, then perhaps only non-contagious factors work on particular feedlot pens or transport trucks to place calves in those groups at increased risk of developing FFP. If, however, models containing exclusively non-contagious factors were not effective at predicting where the disease clusters, this could mean that a "contagious factor"was missing from our models.
Effective Immunization of Cattle
Authors: Schultz R. D.
Published: March 2023

Development of highly effective and safe vaccines based on all of the best scientific information available will achieve little or nothing if the vaccines are not used appropriately.

Thus the challenges for vaccinologists into the 21st century will be to develop vaccines that are: 1) truly needed, 2) as safe as possible, to avoid immediate or future health problems for the vaccinees and non-vaccinated contacts, 3) effective in preventing disease in the vaccinees and possibly effective in reducing the threat of disease for non-vaccinated individuals, 4) cost effective (e.g. do not cause production losses that are greater than the savings expected from the vaccine) and, 5) stable and easily administered, so they readily reach the target population that will benefit by receiving them.
Practical Computerized Monitoring of Parlor Cow Flow
Authors: Stewart Steven C. , Eicker Steven W.
Published: March 2023

As dairies grow larger, efficient operation of the milking parlor becomes critical for many reasons. First, it is typically one of the largest capital investments on the dairy. Second, it is often the limiting resource to further expansion. Third, it requires a substantial percentage of the total labor force on the dairy. Fourth, it is often the place where disease detection occurs or cows are identified for other management needs. It is also often the actual site of treatment or sorting for further action. Therefore, constant monitoring of a parlor is necessary to keep it operating at peak efficiency.

Electronics in the form of automatic identification and electronic milk weighing meters, coupled with computers and herd management software, are increasingly being used to aid this monitoring. This area has much potential to allow better management control and decision making, but usually this potential (as well as the substantial investment for the electronics) is at best greatly under-utilized, if not wasted. This paper will discuss using electronically captured data to monitor and manage parlor performance.
Effect of hoof characteristics on the propensity of cattle to slip
Authors: Phillips C. J. C. , Coe R. , Colgan M. , Duffus C. , Ingoldby L. , Pond M. , Postlethwaite S.
Published: March 2023

Bovine hooves were assessed for their linear and volumetric characteristics and ranked in sets of four for hoof volume.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1998) 142, 242-245.
Effect of Fluid Volume Fed on the Serum Immunoglobulin in Calves
Authors: Adams C. S. , Taugher C. Y. , Jardon P. W.
Published: March 2023

Serum immunoglobulin in calves is highly correlated with the mass of immunoglobulin in colostrum fed in the first 24 hours of life. The immunoglobulin concentration of colostrum can be estimated by determining its specific gravity, using a hydrometer. When the specific gravity of colostrum is undetermined, feeding 3. 78 L of colostrum reportedly results in an adequate serum immunoglobulin concentration in calves. The objective of this study was to compare the serum immunoglobulin in calves fed the same mass of immunoglobulin in two different volumes of fluid.