bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generalized Monotone Incremental Forward Stagewise Method for Modeling Count Data: Application Predicting Micronuclei Frequency
Authors: Makowski Mateusz , Archer Kellie J.
Published: April 2015

The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay can be used to quantify micronucleus (MN) formation, the outcome measured being MN frequency. MN frequency has been shown to be both an accurate measure of chromosomal instability/DNA damage and a risk factor for cancer. Similarly, the Agilent 4 × 44k human oligonucleotide microarray can be used to quantify gene expression changes. Despite the existence of accepted methodologies to quantify both MN frequency and gene expression, very little is known about the association between the two. In modeling our count outcome (MN frequency) using gene expression levels from the high-throughput assay as our predictor variables, there are many more variables than observations. Hence, we extended the generalized monotone incremental forward stagewise method for predicting a count outcome for high-dimensional feature settings.
Explicit Form of Cassels’p-adic Embedding Theorem for Number Fields
Authors: Dubickas Arturas , Sha Min , Shparlinski Igor
Published: April 2015

In this paper, we give a general explicit form of Cassels’p-adic embedding theorem for number fields. We also give its reûned form in the case of cyclotomic fields. As a byproduct, given an irreducible polynomialfover ℤ, we give a general unconditional upper bound for the smallest prime numberpsuch thatfhas a simple root modulop.
Generating Some Symmetric Semi-classical Orthogonal Polynomials
Authors: Zaatra Mohamed
Published: April 2015

We show that ifvis a regular semi-classical form (linear functional), then the symmetric formudefined by the relationx2σu= -λv, where (σƒ)(x) = f (x2) and the odd moments ofuare 0, is also regular and semi-classical form for every complex λ except for a discrete set of numbers depending onv. We give explicitly the three-term recurrence relation and the structure relation coefficients of the orthogonal polynomials sequence associated withuand the class of the formuknowing that ofv. We conclude with an illustrative example.
Aerosol size distribution and new particle formation in western Yangtze River Delta of China: two-year measurement at the SORPES station
Authors: Qi X. M. , Ding A. J. , Nie W. , Petäjä T. , Kerminen V.-M. , Herrmann E. , Xie Y. N. , Zheng L. F. , Manninen H. , Aalto P. , Sun J. N. , Xu Z. N. , Chi X. G. , Huang X. , Boy M. , Virkkula A. , Yang X.-Q. , Fu C. B. , Kulmala M.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Aerosol particles play important roles in regional air quality and global climate change. In this study, we analyzed two-year (2011–2013) of measurements of submicron particles (6–800 nm) at a suburban site in western Yangtze River delta (YRD) of East China. The number concentrations (NCs) of particles in the nucleation, Aitken and accumulation modes were 5300 ± 5500, 8000 ± 4400, 5800 ± 3200 cm-3, respectively. Number concentrations and size distributions of submicron particles were also influenced by long-range and regional transport of air masses. The highest and lowest accumulation mode particle number concentrations were observed in air masses from YRD and coastal region, respectively. Continental air masses from inland had the highest concentrations of nucleation mode particles. New particle formation (NPF) events, apparent in 44% of the effective measurement days, occurred frequently in all the seasons except winter. Radiation and pre-existing particles were found to be the main factors influencing the occurrence of NPF events. The particle formation rate was the highest in spring (3.6 ± 2.4 cm-3 s-1), whereas the particle growth rate had the highest values in summer (12.8 ± 4.4 nm h-1). The formation rate was typically high in relatively clean air masses, whereas the growth rate tended to be high in the polluted YRD air masses. The frequency of NPF events and the growth rate showed a strong year-to-year difference. In the summer of 2013, associated with a multi-week heat wave and photochemical pollution, NPF events occurred more frequently and the growth rate was much higher than in the same period of 2012. The difference in the location and strength of sub-tropical High, which influences the air mass transport pathways and solar radiation, seems to be the driving cause for year-to-year differences. This study reported the longest continuous measurement records of submicron particles in the East China and gained a comprehensive understanding of the main factors controlling the seasonal and year-to-year variation of the aerosol size distribution and NPF in the East China. The work highlights the importance and need for long-term measurements in understanding the atmosphere system and the impact by human activities.
Four-year long-path monitoring of ambient aerosol extinction at a central European urban site: dependence on relative humidity
Authors: Skupin A. , Ansmann A. , Engelmann R. , Seifert P. , Müller T.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The ambient aerosol particle extinction coefficient is measured with the Spectral Aerosol Extinction Monitoring System (SÆMS) along a 2.84 km horizontal path at 30–50 m height above ground in the urban environment of Leipzig (51.3° N, 12.4° E), Germany, since 2009. The dependence of the particle extinction coefficient (wavelength range from 300–1000 nm) on relative humidity up to almost 100% was investigated. The main results are presented. For the wavelength of 550 nm, the mean extinction enhancement factor was found to be 1.75 ± 0.4 for an increase of relative humidity from 40 to 80%. The respective four-year mean extinction enhancement factor is 2.8 ± 0.6 for a relative-humidty increase from 40 to 95%. A parameterization of the dependency of the urban particle extinction coefficient on relative humidity is presented. A mean hygroscopic exponent of 0.463 for the 2009–2012 period was determined. Based on a backward trajectory cluster analysis, the dependence of several aerosol optical properties for eight air flow regimes was investigated. Large differences were not found indicating that local pollution sources widely control the aerosol conditions over the urban site. The comparison of the SÆMS extinction coefficient statistics with respective statistics from ambient AERONET sun photometer observations yield good agreement. Also, time series of the particle extinction coefficient computed from in-situ-measured dry particle size distributions and humidity-corrected SÆMS extinction values (for 40% relative humidity) were found in good overall consistency, which corroborates the applicability of the developed humidity parameterization scheme. The analysis of the spectral dependence of particle extinction (Ångström exponent) revealed an increase of the 390–881 nm Ångström exponent from, on average, 0.3 (at 30% relative humidity) to 1.3 (at 95% relative humidity) for the four-year period.
Atmospheric chemistry of nitrogenous aerosols in Northeast Asia: biological sources and secondary formation
Authors: Pavuluri C. M. , Kawamura K. , Fu P. Q.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. To better understand the sources of nitrogenous aerosols, particularly water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) and water-insoluble organic nitrogen (WION), in Northeast Asia, we measured total nitrogen (TN) and water-soluble total nitrogen (WSTN) as well as nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) of TN (δ15NTN) and WSTN (δ15NWSTN) in the total suspended particles (TSP) collected from Sapporo, northern Japan for one-year period. In general, WION was more abundant (126 ± 117 ng m−3) whereas WSON (89.7 ± 80.6 ng m−3), accounting for 14 ± 11% and 9.2 ± 7.3% of TN, respectively. WSON peaked in late autumn to winter (maximum 288 ng m−3) and WION peaked in mid spring to early summer (454 ng m−3). δ15NTN (21.9 ± 4.1‰) and δ15NWSTN (25.8 ± 8.2‰) showed peaks in summer with relatively high ratios in late autumn. Based on the seasonal variations of WSON and WION together with organic tracers, fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning are found to be two major sources of WSON whereas emissions of biological particles and secondary formation by reactions of biogenic secondary organic species (carbonyls) with NH3 are suggested as important source of WION. The seasonality of δ15NTN and δ15NWSTN, together with the comparisons to literature values, implies that chemical aging (including gas/particle partitioning) and biomass burning are the causes of the enhanced values in summer and autumn, respectively. This study demonstrates that contributions of aerosol N from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning dominate in autumn/winter whereas emission of terrestrial biological particles and secondary formation from biogenic hydrocarbons and subsequent chemical aging in the atmosphere are important in spring/summer in Northeast Asia.
Influence of aerosols and surface reflectance on satellite NO2 retrieval: seasonal and spatial characteristics and implications for NOx emission constraints
Authors: Lin J.-T. , Liu M.-Y. , Xin J.-Y. , Boersma K. F. , Spurr R. , Martin R. , Zhang Q.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Satellite retrievals of vertical column densities (VCDs) of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) normally do not explicitly account for aerosol optical effects and surface reflectance anisotropy that vary with space and time. Here, we conduct an improved retrieval of NO2 VCDs over China, called the POMINO algorithm, based on measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), and we test the importance of a number of aerosol and surface reflectance treatments in this algorithm. POMINO uses a parallelized LIDORT-driven AMFv6 package to derive tropospheric air mass factors via pixel-specific radiative transfer calculations with no look-up tables, taking slant column densities from DOMINO v2. Prerequisite cloud optical properties are derived from a dedicated cloud retrieval process that is fully consistent with the main NO2 retrieval. Aerosol optical properties are taken from GEOS-Chem simulations constrained by MODIS AOD values. MODIS bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) data are used for surface reflectance over land. For the present analysis, POMINO level-2 data for 2012 are aggregated into monthly means on a 0.25° long. × 0.25° lat. grid. POMINO-retrieved annual mean NO2 VCDs vary from 15–25 × 1015 cm−2 over the polluted North China Plain (NCP) to below 1015 cm−2 over much of west China. The subsequently-constrained Chinese annual anthropogenic emissions are 9.05 TgN yr−1, an increase from 2006 (Lin, 2012) by about 19%. Replacing the MODIS BRDF data with the OMLER v1 monthly climatological albedo data affects NO2 VCDs by up to 40% for certain locations and seasons. The effect on constrained NOx emissions is small. Excluding aerosol information from the retrieval process (this is the traditional "implicit" treatment) enhances annual mean NO2 VCDs by 15–40% over much of east China. Seasonally, NO2 VCDs are reduced by 10–20% over parts of the NCP in spring and over north China in winter, despite the general enhancements in summer and fall. The effect on subsequently-constrained annual emissions is (−5)–(+30) % with large seasonal and spatial dependence. The implicit aerosol treatment also tends to exclude days with high pollution, a potentially important sampling bias. Therefore an explicit treatment of aerosols is important for space-based NO2 retrievals and emission constraints.
Trajectory mapping of middle atmospheric water vapor by a mini network of NDACC instruments
Authors: Lainer M. , Kämpfer N. , Tschanz B. , Nedoluha G. E. , Ka S. , Oh J. J.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The important task to observe the global coverage of middle atmospheric trace gases like water vapor or ozone usually is accomplished by satellites. Climate and atmospheric studies rely upon the knowledge of trace gas distributions throughout the stratosphere and mesosphere. Many of these gases are currently measured from satellites, but it is not clear whether this capability will be maintained in the future. This could lead to a significant knowledge gap of the state of the atmosphere. We explore the possibilities of mapping middle atmospheric water vapor in the Northern Hemisphere by using Lagrangian trajectory calculations and water vapor profile data from a small network of five ground-based microwave radiometers. Four of them are operated within the frame of NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change). Keeping in mind that the instruments are based on different hardware and calibration setups, a height dependent bias of the retrieved water vapor profiles has to be expected among the microwave radiometers. In order to correct and harmonize the different datasets, the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite is used to serve as a kind of travelling standard. A domain-averaging TM (trajectory mapping) method is applied which simplifies the subsequent validation of the quality of the trajectory mapped water vapor distribution towards direct satellite observations. Trajectories are calculated forwards and backwards in time for up to 10 days using 6 hourly meteorological wind analysis fields. Overall, a total of four case studies of trajectory mapping in different meteorological regimes are discussed. One of the case studies takes place during a major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) accompanied by the polar vortex breakdown, a second takes place after the reformation of stable circulation system. TM cases close to the fall equinox and June solstice event from the year 2012 complete the study, showing the high potential of a network of ground-based remote sensing instruments to synthesize hemispheric maps of water vapor.
Intercomparing CO2 amounts from dispersion modeling, 1.6 μm differential absorption lidar and open path FTIR at a natural CO2 release at Caldara di Manziana, Italy
Authors: Queißer M. , Granieri D. , Burton M. , La Spina A. , Salerno G. , Avino R. , Fiorani L.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. We intercompare results of three independent approaches to quantify a vented CO2 release at a strongly non-uniform CO2 Earth degassing at Caldara di Manziana, central Italy. An integrated path differential absorption lidar prototype and a commercial open path FTIR system were measuring column averaged CO2 concentrations in parallel at two different paths. An Eulerian gas dispersion model simulated 3-D CO2 concentration maps in the same area, using in situ CO2 flux input data acquired at 152 different points. Local processes the model does not account for, such as small-scale and short-lived wind eddies, govern CO2 concentrations in the instrument measurement paths. The model, on the other hand, also considers atmospheric effects that are out of the field of view of the instruments. Despite this we find satisfactory agreement between modeled and measured CO2 concentrations under certain meteorological conditions. Under these conditions the results suggest that an Eulerian dispersion model and optical remote sensing can be used as an integrated, complementary monitoring approach for CO2 hazard or leakage assessment. Furthermore, the modeling may assist in evaluating CO2 sensing surveys in the future. CO2 column amounts from differential absorption lidar are in line with those from FTIR for both paths with a mean residual of the time series of 44 and 34 ppm, respectively. This experiment is a fundamental step forward in the deployment of the differential absorption lidar prototype as a highly portable active remote sensing instrument probing vented CO2 emissions, including volcanoes.
The Louvain-la-Neuve sea ice model LIM3.5: global and regional capabilities
Authors: Rousset C. , Vancoppenolle M. , Madec G. , Fichefet T. , Flavoni S. , Barthélemy A. , Benshila R. , Chanut J. , Levy C. , Masson S. , Vivier F.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. We present the new 3.5 version of the Louvain-la-Neuve sea ice model (LIM) integrated in NEMO 3.6. The main novelty is the improvement of model robustness and versatility for a wide range of applications, from global to regional scales. Several modifications to the code were required. First, the time stepping scheme of the model was changed from parallel to sequential (ice dynamics first, then thermodynamics). Such a scheme enables to diagnose the different physical processes responsible for exchanges through the air–ice–ocean interfaces, as well as the online inspection of mass, heat and salt conservation properties of the code. In the course of these developments, several minor conservation leaks were found and fixed, so that LIM3.5 is exactly conservative. Second, lateral boundary conditions for regional ice-covered configurations have been implemented. To illustrate the new capabilities, two simulations are performed. One is a global simulation at a nominal 2° resolution forced by atmospheric climatologies and is found reasonably realistic although no specific tuning was done. The other is a regional simulation at 2 km resolution around the Svalbard Archipelago in the Arctic Ocean, with prescribed conditions at the four boundaries including tides. The simulation is able to resolve small-scale features and transient events such as the opening and closing of coastal polynyas. The ice mass budgets for both simulations are illustrated and mostly differ by the strength of ice formation in open water. LIM3.5 now forms a solid base for future scientific studies and model developments.
The Explicit Wake Parametrisation V1.0: a wind farm parametrisation in the mesoscale model WRF
Authors: Volker P. J. H. , Badger J. , Hahmann A. N. , Ott S.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. We describe the theoretical basis, implementation and validation of a new parametrisation that accounts for the effect of large offshore wind farms on the atmosphere and can be used in mesoscale and large-scale atmospheric models. This new parametrisation, referred to as the Explicit Wake Parametrisation (EWP), uses classical wake theory to describe the unresolved wake expansion. The EWP scheme is validated against filtered in situ measurements from two meteorological masts situated a few kilometres away from the Danish offshore wind farm Horns Rev I. The simulated velocity deficit in the wake of the wind farm compares well to that observed in the measurements and the velocity profile is qualitatively similar to that simulated with large eddy simulation models and from wind tunnel studies. At the same time, the validation process highlights the challenges in verifying such models with real observations.
Using satellite-based estimates of evapotranspiration and groundwater changes to determine anthropogenic water fluxes in land surface models
Authors: Anderson R. G. , Lo M.-H. , Swenson S. , Famiglietti J. S. , Tang Q. , Skaggs T. H. , Lin Y.-H. , Wu R.-J.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Irrigation is a widely used water management practice that is often poorly parameterized in land surface and climate models. Previous studies have addressed this issue via use of irrigation area, applied water inventory data, or soil moisture content. These approaches have a variety of drawbacks including data latency, accurately prescribing irrigation intensity, and conservation of water volume for soil moisture approach. In this study, we parameterize irrigation fluxes using satellite observations of evapotranspiration (ET) against ET from a suite of land surface models without irrigation. We then apply this water flux into the Community Land Model (CLM) and use an iterative approach to estimate groundwater recharge and partition the water flux between groundwater and surface water. The ET simulated by CLM with irrigation matches the magnitude and seasonality of observed satellite ET well, with a mean difference of 6.3 mm month−1 and a correlation of 0.95. Differences between the new CLM ET values and observed ET values are always less than 30 mm month−1 and the differences show no pattern with respect to seasonality. The results reinforce the importance of accurately parameterizing anthropogenic hydrologic fluxes into land surface and climate models to assess environmental change under current and future climates and land management regimes.
Not A Self-Help Class: On Teaching Michael Pollan's In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto
Authors: Tonkovich Andrew
Published: April 2015

None
Occupy in One Classroom
Authors: Shor Ira
Published: April 2015

2011 was an historic year of global protests. Here in New York, the Capitol of Capital, Occupy Wall Street (OWS) sustained a rebel encampment for 59 days at now-famous Zuccotti Park in the financial district. Hundreds of other occupations erupted around the United States and abroad. Occupy activists declared “Another world is possible!” and set out to build it in a small concrete park.
Hip Hop, Critical Pedagogy, and Radical Education in a Time of Crisis
Authors: Tinson Christopher M. , McBride Carlos REC
Published: April 2015

This article introduces the special issue on Hip Hop and Critical Pedagogy and outlines some of the pertinent issues confronting contemporary Hip Hop scholar-activists.
Sampling an Inner DJ with Hip Hop Hopes: (Re)Writing Immigrant Identities for English Language Learners in Classroom Third Spaces
Authors: Hafner Andrew Habana
Published: April 2015

This study explores theoretical and pedagogical implications of hip hop culture in (re)negotiating identity for immigrant English Language Learners (ELLs) in secondary writing classrooms. Analysis focuses on how spoken and written language and discourse shape the production of third spaces in ways that (re)negotiate immigrant student identity in the ELL writing classroom. The theoretical framework draws on constructs of social space to reconsider the production of third space in an intermediate ELL writing classroom designed around developing academic and critical literacy grounded in the lived experiences of oppression of immigrant youth. Methods of ethnography and critical discourse analysis of critical spatial events and classroom texts center on a focal immigration unit in which students compose and share immigration narratives. Findings from ethnographic case study of one immigrant Latino male who aspires to become a hip hop DJ illustrate how hip hop discourses frame the chronotope of immigration and represent a classroom third space that promotes academic and critical literacy. This study draws implications for hip hop culture as valuable to curriculum and instruction rooted in the lived spaces of immigrant youth experience and for critical reflective practice for educators.
Craig, Todd. ""'Jackin’ for Beats'": DJing for Citation Critique." Radical Teacher [Online], 97 (2013): 20-29. Web. 19 Feb. 2014
Authors: Teacher Radical
Published: April 2015

Radical Teacher wishes to apologize to Todd Craig for misprinting the title of his article in RT 97 (Hip Hop and Critical Pedagogy).  Instead of   “’Jackin’ for Beats’”: DJing for Citation Critique, the title should have been “Jackin’ for Beats”: DJing for Citation Critique.
The Decline of the Professions: Introduction
Authors: Ohmann Richard , Schrecker Ellen
Published: April 2015

The professions are in trouble, owing chiefly to big historical forces.  How might radicals in the professions resist or build upon the changes of recent decades?
The “Transatlantic” and Late Nineteenth-Century American Women's Humor
Authors: Stetz Margaret D.
Published: April 2015

For many years, scholars wrongly characterized nineteenth-century American humor as having been an exclusively masculine preserve. When feminist historians corrected this error, they also introduced a new one, defining women's humor writing in too narrow a fashion—that is, as limited to the vernacular mode. Some late nineteenth-century American women's comic poetry and autobiographical fiction, however, also embraced a sophisticated voice that derived from and responded to British models. These works—by figures such as Ella Wheeler Wilcox, Frances Hodgson Burnett, Helen Gray Cone, and Carolyn Wells—positioned themselves as part of a transatlantic tradition of literary wit. Reviving and reconsidering these overlooked and unjustly neglected texts today will allow us to remap the landscape of American humor studies.
PASSOS PARA UMA ABORDAGEM EVOLUCIONÁRIA DO DIREITO
Authors: De Aguiar Julio Cesar
Published: April 2015

O artigo apresenta algumas ideias fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de uma abordagem evolucionária do direito, baseada no conceito behaviorista radical de sistema social como rede de padrões comportamentais entrelaçados. Depois de discutir os três níveis de seleção comportamental, a saber, filogenético, ontogenético e sociocultural, o artigo explica como a emergência de um sistema jurídico funcionalmente especializado baseado em organizações jurídicas foi capaz de internalizar o processo de evolução do direito por meio da seleção das normas jurídicas mediante contingências jurídicas de segundo grau.
O CARNAVAL DE RUA DO RIO DE JANEIRO COMO UMA POSSIBILIDADE DE EXERCÍCIO DO DIREITO À CIDADE
Authors: Siqueira Gustavo Silveira , Vasques Pedro Henrique Ramos Prado
Published: April 2015

O presente artigo pretende discutir como o carnaval da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, mais especificamente, o carnaval dos blocos de rua, que ocupa grande parte da cidade, pode ser encarado como um exercício do direito à cidade. Ao mesmo tempo que o carnaval reúne milhares de pessoas nas ruas, traz consigo sujeira, prejudica o trânsito e espalha uma espécie de caos na cidade. Por outro lado, traz também benefícios, como uma fruição maior do comércio, a expansão da cultura popular, o lazer aos foliões. Dessa forma, discutir o carnaval carioca torna-se tema essencial para entender o direito ao acesso à cidade. O carnaval nas ruas do Rio de Janeiro é um carnaval eminentemente popular. A festa é gratuita; a prefeitura proíbe a criação de espaços reservados ou de camarotes nas ruas da cidade. Logo, em teoria, qualquer um pode fazer parte da multidão. Com blocos patrocinados e outros mantidos pelos próprios foliões, o carnaval altera a cidade. A rua deixa de ser apenas uma via – passa a ser ocupada por pessoas. O barulho dos veículos é substituído por músicas, tradicionais na maioria das vezes. Logo, mesmo trazendo o caos junto com a música e a cultura, a vivência do carnaval, como festa popular tradicional brasileira, torna-se claramente uma prática pública do direito à cidade, uma vez que o processo de gentrificação é momentaneamente neutralizado e a intervenção dos poderes públicos deve ser limitada apenas no sentido de facilitar e possibilitar uma convivência pacífica, jamais para proibir.
Hospital resource utilization associated with pediatric gastrostomy devices
Authors: Richards Morgan K , McAteer Jarod P , Kotagal Meera , Shaw Dennis W , Wahbeh Ghassan T , Melzer Lilah , Goldin Adam B
Published: April 2015

Objective: Pediatric gastrostomy devices (GD) are associated with frequent planned and unplanned ongoing care. The objective was to examine the association between planned or unplanned repeat intervention and 1) the type of tube at initial placement and 2) the method of initial device placement: operative, endoscopic or image-guided.Methods: We performed a retrospective review from January 1, 2010 – December 31, 2011 of consecutive patients that received a GD or gastrojejunostomy device (GJ) at a freestanding pediatric hospital. We estimated the risk of hospital utilization in terms of repeat interventions or device-related emergency department visits for initial GJ versus GD placement and based on method of initial device placement.Results: Over the two year period, 275 (92.0%) GDs and 24 (8.0%) GJs were placed. One hundred forty-five (48.5%) were placed surgically, 113 (37.8%) endoscopically, and 41 (13.7%) with an image-guided technique. Repeat utilization occurred in 60.9% of patients. Multivariate Poisson regression estimated that GJs compared to GDs were 2.05 (95% CI: 1.01 - 4.16) times as likely to have repeat hospital utilization. Multivariate Cox regression estimated that endoscopic and image-guided placements were associated with higher rates of hospital utilization than surgical placement (HR 2.56; 95% CI: 1.73 - 3.79 and 2.07; 95% CI: 1.20 - 3.58, respectively).Conclusions: Resource utilization after GD/GJ placement is not equal relative to the method of initial placement. Process standardization requires further investigation to reduce this health care burden.
Passive electrical properties of Lupinus angustifolius L. stem TV. The core-conductor theory parametres: space constant λ and time constant τ
Authors: Zawadzki Tadeusz
Published: April 2015

On the basis of the core-conductor theory and the method described by Hodgkin and Rushton (1946) for the axon, the space constant K and the time constant T have been determined for the stem of Lupinus. Electrotonic potentials were recorded in the extrapolar region in the vicinity of the cathode along the longitudinal axis of the stem. Extracellular recording electrodes were applied. It was found that the steady-state distribution of potential along the stem surface is of exponential character. The calculated space constant K has a value of 2.0 to 2.4 mm (average 2.1 mm) and is almost identical with the X values for nerves and muscles (mean 1.5-2.0 mm). The values of the time constants ("half-time") of electrotonic potentials increase linearly with the distance from the cathode. The time constant τ calculated on this basis is on the average 5.2 sec and as compared with τ for nerves and muscles is 103 times higher. The phenomena observed in the Lupinus stem fulfill the equations of the core-conductor theory (Appendix). Their character is identical to that of the phenomena noted in nerves or muscles. It is probable that they occur on the membrane of excitable cells of the stem. The results here presented are a, convincing argument indicating that in higher plants an excitable system may exist, subjected to the same laws as that in animal organisms.
Vegetative and gametic flagellum membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Sikorski Aleksander F.
Published: April 2015

Differences were demonstrated in the composition, electrophoretic patterns of polypeptide chains and neutral sugar composition between vegetative and gametic flagellum membranes of two strains (89 and 90) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
Seasonal changes of pigments concentration in the leaves of Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium vitis-idaea and the influence of industrial emissions
Authors: Czuchajska Zuzanna , Strączek Teresa
Published: April 2015

The current-year leaves of both Vaccinium species show a similar chlorophyll o level iii summer, ca. 3.0 mg/g d.w., however, they differ in the earliest period of possible analysis. The Vaccinium myrtillus leaves showed at that time a level of ca. 6 mg/g d.w., decreasing by one half in mid June, i.e. in the period in which the fastest increase in leaf dry matter was noted. Autumn depression reaches about 20°/o. The pigment level in biennial leaves of Vaccinium vitis-idaea is rather constant and typical of the current year ones, in the triennial leaves it is lower by ca. 20%. Zinc-plant emissions influence differently the two species, both showing some defence reaction. Chlorophyll b level, in summer in the range of 1.6-1.9 mg/g d.w., shows seasonal changes rather similar to those of chlorophyll a.
Isovaleric Acidemia: A Novel Mutation with Mild Phenotype
Authors: Matalon K. , Lombardo R. , Fuller K. , Matalon R.
Published: April 2015

Isovaleric Acidemia (IVA) is considered a severe metabolic disorder with significant morbidity and mortality. It is caused by deficiency of the enzyme Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD). Early treatment with carnitine and glycine reduces the episodes of the severe metabolic crises. With the advent of neonatal screening, IVD deficiency has shown a spectrum of severity. We describe a novel homozygous mutation, R332L, in the IVD enzyme with a benign phenotype.
Temptations of theory, strategies of evidence: P. M. S. Blackett and the earth's magnetism, 1947–52
Authors: NYE MARY JO
Published: July 2002

In the late spring of 1947, the experimental physicist P. M. S. Blackett succumbed to the temptations of theory. At this time, Blackett (1897–1974) was fifty years old. He was a veteran of the Cavendish tradition in particle physics and he was on his way to an unshared award of the 1948 Nobel Prize for his experimental researches in nuclear physics and cosmic-ray physics. His photographs of cloud-chamber tracks of alpha particles, protons, electrons and positrons were well known to practitioners of particle physics, even as they now grace the pages of physics textbooks.

Blackett's turn toward theory in 1947 involved some risk for a well-established experimental physicist. The 3 May 1947 issue of Nature carried an announcement of his forthcoming lecture at the Royal Society:

Professor P. M. S. Blackett, Langworthy Professor of Physics in the University of Manchester, will deliver a lecture on ‘The Magnetic Field of Massive Rotating Bodies’ at a meeting of the Royal Society on May 15, at 4:30 p.m.

Blackett circulated a preliminary draft of his paper among colleagues in several different fields, including the geophysicist Sydney Chapman and the astrophysicist Harry Plaskett.
Introduction
Authors: HUNTER MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

One of the challenges for historical biographers is to decide how far it is appropriate
or legitimate to try to psychoanalyse their subject. On the face of it, such analysis might
seem an obvious part of the biographical enterprise in a twentieth-century context. We are all
heirs to the revolution in thought brought about by Freud's discovery of the unconscious
in the nineteenth century, since when it has become commonplace that beneath people's
conscious thoughts and statements lie deeper, more fundamental drives and motives, of
which they are not aware and which are not under their conscious control. Indeed,
speculation about such subconscious desires and impulses is normal in day-to-day
conversation: this reflects and is reflected by the fact that words that originated as
technical, psychoanalytical terms have become part of the general language, such as
‘neurotic’, ‘paranoid’, or even
‘death wish’ and ‘Oedipus complex’.
An Agency Cost Analysis of the Wrongful Trading Provisions: Redistribution, Perverse Incentives and the Creditors' Bargain
Authors: Mokal Rizwaan J.
Published: July 2002

Previous work on the wrongful trading provisions of the Insolvency Act 1986 (s. 214) has been content with description, or with statutory construction. This paper employs the tools of agency theory and the creditors' bargain heuristic to analyse the need for these provisions, their structure, role, and effect. It examines why those interested in the company's undertaking would demand and accept a s. 214-type duty. The analysis reveals that the duty would not be equally relevant for all types of companies, and that the influence of the market for managerial labour ensures most s. 214 actions are likely to be brought against directors of closely-held companies, and against shadow directors. The analysis, by pointing out that security plays a role similar to s. 214 itself, also justifies a recent Court of Appeal decision which precludes secured creditors from any recoveries under that section. Finally, the incentives created by the provisions for the managers of both healthy and distressed companies are examined. It is suggested that these incentives are generally socially efficient.
TRUST PROPERTY AND UNJUST ENRICHMENT: TRACING INTO THE PROCEEDS OF LIFE INSURANCE POLICIES
Authors: Rotherham Craig
Published: July 2002

FOSKETT v. McKeown [2000] 2 W.L.R. 1299 concerned the aftermath of a property development scheme in the Algarve marketed by one Mr. Murphy. 220 customers (“the purchasers”) entered into contracts which provided that after two years they would each be conveyed a specified plot of land or their money would be repaid with interest. Unless and until the purchasers’ money was used for the stated purposes it was to be held on trust. However, at the expiration of the specified period, it was discovered that the trust money had been misappropriated. While much of the trust money was untraceable, Murphy had applied around £20,000 of it to pay the fourth and fifth premiums of a life insurance policy that was settled in favour of his wife and children (“the beneficiaries”). In 1991, after his malfeasance was exposed, Murphy committed suicide. The insurance policy yielded a death benefit of £1,000,000. The question to be resolved was whether the use of the purchasers’ money to pay some of the premiums gave them any interest in the death benefit.
CHARGES OVER CUSTOMERS' DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS
Authors: ROTHERHAM CRAIG
Published: July 2002

A Bank that wishes to advance money to a customer who has an account in credit may wish to utilise that credit balance as security for the loan. Similarly, a bank might find it advantageous if a third party who is guaranteeing a loan has an account in credit at the bank so that, in the event of the principal debtor's failure, the bank is in a position to set-off any sums outstanding on the loan against its own obligations to repay the surety. Surety arrangements of this kind provided the background for two test cases examined in Re Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA (No. 8) [1997] 3 W.L.R. 909. The bank had given loans to companies secured by arrangements pursuant to which third parties with deposit accounts at the bank (the “depositors”), first, purported to grant charges over those accounts, and secondly, accepted that they were not entitled to repayment until the loans had been repaid in full.
LOCAL VILLAGE SEED SYSTEMS AND PEARL MILLET SEED QUALITY IN NIGER
Authors: Ndjeunga J.
Published: July 2002

Donors have invested more than US$45 million in seed production projects in Niger during the past two decades. These investments have largely failed. Public seed systems consistently supplied less than 2% of the total national seed planted by farmers. Through subsidies, seed prices represent less than one-third of the average cost of seed production. In contrast, at the village level, most farmers consistently obtain pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) seed from their own harvests, from neighbours or from village markets. Seed is of acceptable quality and a range of varieties is available. Village seed systems offer a cheaper and more efficient means of delivering seed to farmers. Future investment in seed systems development should target improvements in the capacity of village seed systems to maintain and distribute seed security stocks in drought years. Efficient seed producers or groups of farmers in each community should be identified and encouraged to become entrepreneurs tasked with the multiplication and distribution of new pearl millet varieties.
GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF A RANGE OF GRASSES IN A CONTINENTAL CLIMATE
Authors: Wilman D. , Dong K. H. , Jin Z. L.
Published: July 2002

The possibility of producing herbage of higher quality than that of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) in a continental climate with cold winters, hot summers and low precipitation was investigated, with and without irrigation, at Taigu, Shanxi, China. Tall fescue was compared with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) and perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue in field swards, managed by cutting, during the year of sowing and in the three subsequent years. Perennial ryegrass yielded well in the year of sowing, but was low yielding subsequently; perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue yielded well in the year of sowing and in the following year. Both of these grasses had high rates of leaf appearance and extension and a high proportion of cell content in the dry matter. Tall fescue yielded well, but was low in proportion of cell content.
Comparison of methods used for recovering the line origin of alleles in a cross between outbred lines
Authors: AULCHENKO Y. S. , TEUSCHER F. , SWALVE H. H. , GUIARD V.
Published: July 2002

Here, we introduce the idea of probabilities of line origins for alleles in general pedigrees as found in crosses between outbred lines. We also present software for calculating these probabilities. The proposed algorithm is based on the linear regression method of Haley, Knott and Elsen (1994) combined with the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method for estimating quantitative trait locus coefficients used as regressors. We compared the relative precision of our method and the original method as proposed by Haley et al. (1994). The scenarios studied varied in the allelic distribution of marker alleles in parental lines and in the frequency of missing marker genotypes. We found that the MCMC method achieves a higher accuracy in all scenarios considered. The benefits of using MCMC approximation are substantial if the frequency of missing marker data is high or the number of marker alleles is low and the allelic frequency distribution is similar in both parental lines.
Multitrait and multipopulation QTL search using
selective genotyping
Authors: MURANTY H. , GOFFINET B. , SANTI F.
Published: July 2002

Selective genotyping, i.e. increasing the size of
the population phenotyped and genotyping only
individuals from the high and low tails of the population,
can considerably improve the efficiency
of experiments aimed at detecting and locating quantitative
trait loci (QTLs) affecting a single
trait. In this paper we study how selective genotyping can
increase the efficiency of multitrait QTL
experiments. By selecting on an index combining the
variables of interest and having the maximum
correlation with each variable, the efficiency of QTL
detection is increased for each trait. The
efficiency of selective genotyping relative to random
selection strongly depends on the correlation
between the index and each variable. The optimum selection
rate that minimizes costs for a given
experimental power depends also on this correlation and on
the genotyping costs relative to
phenotyping costs. When the population segregating for
the quantitative traits and the markers is
not as simple as a backcross or an F2
population, but is composed of several connected or
unconnected families, selective genotyping can be used
to improve the efficiency of the QTL study.
In this case, the extreme individuals should be selected
within each family. A method is provided
to choose the selection rates within each family in order
to optimize the global power of the
experiment when the family sizes are unequal.
Geochemistry and isotopic evolution of the Mesoproterozoic Cape Meredith Complex, West Falkland
Authors: THOMAS ROBERT J. , JACOBS JOACHIM , EGLINGTON BRUCE M.
Published: July 2002

Whole-rock major and trace element geochemical and Rb–Sr/Sm–Nd isotopic data are presented
for the Mesoproterozoic (∼1.0 Ga) metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Cape Meredith
Complex, West Falkland. The data indicate that the oldest rocks, the ∼1.1 Ga supracrustal gneisses of
the Big Cape Formation, which form three petrographic and geochemical groups (mafic amphibolite,
quartz–plagioclase–biotite–hornblende intermediate gneiss and acid gneiss), probably represent a
juvenile calc-alkaline, basalt–andesite–rhyolite volcanic sequence, with epsilon (εNdT) values and
NdTDM ages of ∼+3 to +6 and ∼1100 to 1400 Ma respectively. It is argued on geochemical grounds that
these metavolcanics were extruded in an island-arc at around 1120 Ma. The Big Cape Formation was
intruded by granitoids during and after a collisional orogenic event at around 1090 Ma. The oldest,
foliated, (G1) granodiorite was emplaced as thin sheets at approximately 1090 to 1070 Ma and is characterized
by εNd values of ∼+1.5 to 4 (TDM = ∼1200 to 1400 Ma), showing its juvenile nature. The
∼1070 Ma (G2) syntectonic granitoid gneisses and ∼1000 Ma G3 post-tectonic granites also exhibit
juvenile characteristics (εNd = ∼0 to +5 and TDM = 2200 to 1200 Ma, respectively). The granitoids show
a time-composition evolution from Na-rich (G1) granodiorite to potassic, high-High Field Strength
Element granites (G3). The geochemical and isotopic characteristics and geological evolution of the
Cape Meredith Complex is comparable with that of the adjacent Gondwana crustal blocks in Natal
(SE Africa) and Dronning Maud Land (East Antarctica), supporting models that demonstrate these
areas evolved in a contiguous, juvenile arc environment prior to, and during, a major orogenic event at
∼1.1 Ga. These events were associated with the birth of the Rodinian supercontinent. The three areas
remained juxtaposed during Rodinia break-up and were subsequently incorporated into Gondwana in
the same relative positions.
Late Ordovician to earliest Silurian graptolite and brachiopod
biozonation from the Yangtze region, South China, with a global correlation
Authors: XU CHEN , JIAYU RONG , MITCHELL CHARLES E. , HARPER DAVID A. T. , JUNXUAN FAN , RENBIN ZHAN , YUANDONG ZHANG , RONGYU LI , YI WANG
Published: July 2002

Late Ordovician to earliest Silurian is an important geological period marked by large geological
and biological events. However, the strata and fossils of this interval are not complete in many
parts of the world. Based on studies of 43 sites in South China, in particular the continuous sections
on the Yangtze platform, we recognize a complete succession including seven graptolite zones and two
shelly faunas. In ascending order, the graptolite zones are the Dicellograptus complanatus,
Dicellograptus complexus, Paraorthograptus pacificus (including Lower Subzone, Tangyagraptus typicus
Subzone and Diceratograptus mirus Subzone), Normalograptus extraordinarius–Normalograptus
ojsuensis, Normalograptus persculptus, Akidograptus ascensus and Parakidograptus acuminatus zones.
The shelly faunas are the Foliomena–Nankinolithus and Hirnantia faunas, which may be correlated
with D. complanatus Zone and N. extraordinarius–N. ojsuensis to part of N. persculptus zones respectively.
The biozonation through this interval from the Yangtze region can be correlated with that of
other parts of the world such as Dob's Linn in Scotland, Spain and Portugal, Thuringia–Saxonia–Bavaria,
Bohemia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Kolyma, Malaya Peninsula, Yukon, Canadian Arctic Islands,
Nevada, Argentina, Niger and Victoria, Australia. The Hirnantian Substage, which has been proposed
by us recently, includes the N. extraordinarius–N. ojsuensis Zone, Hirnantia fauna and N. persculptus
Zone. The base of the Hirnantian Substage is marked by the First Appearance Data (FADs)
of N. extraordinarius and N. ojsuensis, which have been determined to be synchronous on a global
scale.
Neoproterozoic (Torridonian) alluvial fan succession, northwest Scotland, and its tectonic setting and provenance
Authors: WILLIAMS GEORGE E.
Published: July 2002

The presence of alluvial fan deposits in the lower Neoproterozoic Torridon Group in northwest
Scotland illuminates Torridonian basin development at the eastern Laurentian margin. The
450 m thick Cape Wrath Member of the Applecross Formation consists of alluvial fan conglomerate
and arkose succeeded by more distal, braidplain feldspathic sandstone. Palaeocurrent data comprising
>2650 measurements on trough cross-bedding are of low variability and show overall eastward flow.
The projection upcurrent of regionally divergent flow directions for the lower part of the member
indicates a fan of c. 50 km radius with its apex 30 km to the west near a basement (pre-Caledonian)
normal fault with downthrow to the east beneath the north Minch Basin. Extensional tectonics controlled
deposition of the Applecross Formation. Regional uplift, causing erosion of a youthful topography
on the Lewisian Gneiss, was followed by the development of the Applecross extensional basin in
two main stages. Uplift of a western source area by movement on basin-bounding normal faults
occurred first in the north and caused pediplanation and alluvial fan deposition in the Cape Wrath
area, with subsequent uplift of the source area for the main body of the Applecross Formation occurring
further to the west and south along the line of the Minch Fault. The bulk of the Applecross
Formation was derived from a weathered terrain of felsic crystalline and related supracrustal rocks
reaching from the Outer Hebrides region westward for up to c. 250 km onto what are now the continental
margins of the North Atlantic. The tectonic events may mark an early phase in the crustal
extension that led ultimately to the opening of the Iapetus ocean.