bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Further studies on the asymmetry of chromosome 15 duplication in trisomic leukemias of heterozygous origin: Preferential status of the AKR chromosome
Authors: Wirschubsky Zvi , Wiener Francis , Bregula Ursula , Klein George
Published: February 2007

Four combinations of translocation heterozygotes with cytogenetically distinct chromosomes 15 were used to investigate whether the T‐cell leukemia‐associated preferential duplication of the AKR‐derived chromosome 15 (AKR‐15) is determined by factors within this chromosome, or is due to genes within the AKR genotype, but outside chromosome 15. Two of the four combinations were also used to determine whether the AKR‐15 duplication preference could be cancelled by MCF‐viremia in permissive F1 hybrids. Chemically and virally induced 15‐trisomic leukemias showed the same AKR‐15 duplication preference, which was due to some autonomous property of AKR‐15 itself. It was maintained in (C57BL 6;15 × C57BL) F1 leukemias, where 6;15 is the only AKR‐derived chromosome propagated on the C57BL/background. In the (C57BL 6;15 × AKR) F1 hybrid cross where both chromosomes 15 are of AKR origin, duplication occurred at random. To approach the second question, MCF viremia was induced by neonatal virus inoculation into permissive (AKR 6;15 × B6Fv‐1n) F1 hosts. The preferential duplication status of the AKR‐derived 6;15 remained unchanged.
Natural killer cell activity in women at “high risk” for breast cancer, with and without benign breast syndrome
Authors: Pross Hugh F. , Sterns Ernest , Macgillis Diane R.
Published: February 2007

This study is an analysis of natural killer cell (NK) function in 155 women repeatedly tested over a 5‐year period while attending breast screening clinics because of one or more of the following risk factors: family history breast cancer in a close female relative (relative risk = 1.2‐9); personal history ‐ early menarche, non‐parity, late menopause, etc (relative risk = 1.3‐3); clinical benign breast syndrome ‐ localized and diffuse (relative risk = 2‐4). Contrary to expectations, the high‐risk group as a whole had significantly higher than normal relative NK function vs K562 (1.21 ± 0.06 vs 1.00 ± 0.06) (p<0.02). Division into subgroups showed that the NK activities in patients with positive family histories, personal histories, or both, were exactly the same as normal values and that the increased NK function in the high‐risk group as a whole was due to those donors with benign breast syndrome (BBS). This group was also subdivided and the results were compared with the high‐risk patients with no BBS. The NK activity of the group having diffuse BBS (1.67 ± 0.05, n = 32) was significantly higher than that of the “No BBS” group (1.07 ± 0.07, n = 102) (p<0.025). A paired “ℓ”‐test performed on data from 7 patients who had no BBS and diffuse BBS at different times showed a significant difference of p<0.001, suggesting that the elevated NK activity is a reaction to the hormonal factors which cause this condition.
Evidence for extensive intermolecular disulfide bonds of the proteins of non‐ionic detergent high‐salt‐resistant skeletons of normal lymphocytes, and the altered structure in leukemia
Authors: Tas Sinan , Rodriguez Lewis V. , Drewinko Benjamin , Trujillo Jose M.
Published: February 2007

Normal and leukemic lymphocytes were subjected to lysis with a non‐ionic detergent and 2.0 M NaCl. The intact nuclear DNA and the associated molecules resulting from these lyses (the nucleoids) were then separated from DNA‐dissociated molecules and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Most of the proteins undissociable by 2.0 M NaCl from normal lymphocyte nuclear DNA or from DNA‐associated molecules appear to be intermolecularly S‐S linked. A distinct set of these proteins was either absent or only present in greatly decreased amounts in association with the leukemic lymphocyte nuclear DNA exposed to 2.0 M NaCl. On the other hand, the opposite relationship was found for a an MW 71,000 protein with leukemic lymphocytes of every patient studied regardless of the subtype of leukemia. Conversion of normal quiescent lymphocytes to cycling cells by lectin stimulation rendered them similar to leukemic cells in some respects but not in all. Our results show an altered nuclo(cyto)skeletal structure in leukemic cells; in general the proteins involved appear to be sulfhydryl proteins whose redox states and/or DNA association properties are modified by the neoplastic transformation of lymphocytes.
A case‐control study on lip cancer risk factors in ragusa (sicily)
Authors: Dardanoni Luigi , Gafà Lorenzo , Paternò Rosario , Pavone Giuseppina
Published: February 2007

Incidence rates of lip cancer in males in Ragusa (Sicily) are amongst the highest in Europe [age‐standardized rate (world) for 1980‐82: 7.5 per 100,000]. A case‐control study was conducted on 53 male cases and 106 controls matched for sex, age (± 2 1/2 years), residence and hospital from which cases had been drawn. Individual interviews were carried out for the evaluation of ethnic, environmental, pathologic and occupational risk factors. Lip cancer was significantly associated with: fair, brown, or red hair (relative odds = 2.3), blue eyes (r.o. = 5.3), fair skin (r.o. = 8.0), sensitivity to sunburns (r.o. = 4.1), working outdoors (r.o. = 4.9), coexistence of non‐specific lesions of exposed body parts (r.o. = 12,2), low socioeconomic status (r.o. = 15.8), farming (r.o. = 2.6) and working in greenhouses (r.o. = 12.0). Recall of recurrent Herpes labialis was not significantly associated; also association with tobacco smoking was not significant after adjustment for socioeconomic status. Risk increased exponentially with the number of ethnic characteristics of northern European populations.
Paired epstein‐barr virus‐carrying lymphoma and lymphoblastoid cell lines Burkitt's lymphoma patients: Comparative sensitivity to non‐specific and to allo‐specific cytotoxic responses in vitro
Authors: Rooney C. M. , Rickinson A. B. , Moss D. J. , Lenoir G. M. , Epstein M. A.
Published: February 2007

Paired Epstein‐Barr (EB) virus‐carrying cell lines have been established from Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) patients; one the BL‐cell line derived from the malignant cells of the tumour and bearing the relevant chromosomal translocation, the other the diploid lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) derived from the patient's normal B cells by experimental infection with the virus. Comparative studies have shown that both BL and LCL cells are relatively resistant to fresh NK cells but are more susceptible to in vitro‐activated NK cells; individual pairs differ as to whether the BL or LCL cells are more sensitive to such effectors. With most cell pairs studied, the two cell types were equally efficient at inducing NK‐cell activation in vitro. When the in vitro stimulation protocol was changed to favour the induction of allo‐specific responses, most BL cells were noticeably poorer stimulators than the corresponding LCL although both cell types induced a similar pattern of cytotoxicity; this appeared to be directed against HLA class I allo‐antigens and could be inhibited by class I antigen‐specific monoclonal antibodies. Most BL target lines, though susceptible to this allo‐specific lysis, were significantly less so than the corresponding LCL. However, only 1/7 BL‐cell lines tested vis‐à‐vis the LCL gave evidence of a gross reduction in HLA antigen expression and this was immediately apparent from both serological typing and cellular analysis.
Strong natural killer (NK) cell activity in bone marrow of myeloma patients: Accelerated maturation of bone marrow NK cells and their interaction with other bone marrow cells
Authors: Uchida Atsushi , Yagita Masato , Sugiyama Hiroyuki , Hoshino Takashi , Moore Michael
Published: February 2007

Bone marrow natural killer (NK) cell activity was studied in patients with multiple myeloma. Bone marrow mononuclear cells from myeloma patients expressed considerable levels of cytotoxicity against K562 in a 4 h 51Cr‐release assay, which was comparable to that of blood lymphocytes. In contrast, NK‐cell activity was markedly low or absent in bone marrow of normal donors and control patients. Fractionation of bone marrow cells from myeloma patients on linear bovine serum albumin gradients enriched NK effector cells in the upper, lymphocyte‐enriched fraction, with no reactivity in the middle fraction containing mainly myeloma cells. Treatment with either Leu‐7 or OKMI monoclonal antibody plus complement reduced or abrogated bone marrow NK‐cell activity of myeloma patients as well as blood NK‐cell activity. However, OKMI plus complement failed to reduce control bone marrow NK‐cell activity, although the activity was reduced by Leu‐7 plus complement. Overnight exposure to interferon (IFN) of bone marrow cells resulted in an augmentation of NK‐cell activity in myeloma patients, but not in controls. Furthermore, adherent bone marrow cells from controls suppressed IFN‐induced enhancement of NK‐cell activity of blood lymphocytes, whereas bone marrow of myeloma patients did not contain such suppressor cells. No cytotoxicity was induced in control bone marrow cells by coculti‐vatton with bone marrow myeloma cells. Bone marrow NK cells from myeloma patients were able to lyse control bone marrow cells in a 18 h assay and their lytic activity was augmented by IFN treatment. However, neither bone marrow cells nor blood lymphocytes were cytotoxic to autologous and allogeneic fresh myeloma cells even after activation with IFN. These results suggest that NK precursor cells differentiate into HNK‐1‐and OKMI‐positive mature NK cells in bone marrow of myeloma patients, but not in control bone marrow, and that these functional bone marrow NK cells may interact with other bone marrow elements.
Primary liver cancer and oesophageal basal cell hyperplasia in rats caused by fusarium moniliforme
Authors: Marasas Walter F. O. , Kriek Nicolaas P. J. , Fincham John E. , Van Rensburg Schalk J.
Published: February 2007

Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon is one of the most prevalent fungi associated with maize throughout the world. A correlation has been found between the incidence of F. moniliforme in home‐grown maize and the human oesophageal cancer rate in Transkei, southern Africa. Culture material on maize of F. moniliformestrain MRC 826, isolated from maize in a high‐risk area for oesophageal cancer in Transkei, was either freeze‐dried or oven‐dried and fed to groups of 20 inbred male BDIX rats on a life‐long basis. At a dietary level of 8%, both types of culture material were hepatotoxic and caused 100% mortality. Hepatic lesions in rats that died were characterized by cirrhosis, nodular hyperplasia and bile‐duct proliferation. At a dietary level of 4% for 286 days followed by 2% for the remainder of the experiment, both types of culture material were hepatocarcinogenic and caused hepatocellular carcinoma in 80% and ductular carcinoma of the liver in 63% of the rats surviving more than 450 days. Only one of 30 such rats did not have a primary hepatic carcinoma. No hepatocellular or ductular carcinomas occurred in the controls. Hepatocellular carcinomas in the experimental rats invariably developed in severely cirrhotic livers showing nodular hyperplasia. Adenofibrosis also developed concurrently with hepatocellular carcinoma. A higher incidence of basal cell hyperplasia occurred in the oesophageal epithelia of rats fed freeze‐dried than in those fed oven‐dried material. The chemical nature of the hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin(s) produced by F. moniliforme is unknown.
Biologic and biochemical differences between in vitro and in vivo passaged friend erythroleukemia cells. II. Changes in cell surface glycoproteins associated with a highly malignant phenotype
Authors: Amici C. , Ferrantini M. , Benedetto A. , Belardelli F. , Gresser I.
Published: February 2007

Friend erythroleukemia cells (FLC), serially passaged in vkroor by intraperitoneal injection in DBA/2 mice, exhibit markedly different tumorigenicity and capacity to metastasize. We have attempted to determine whether the differences in tumorigenicity between these two lines of FLC were correlated with any biochemical changes in their cell membranes. Although consistent modifications of FLC membrane gangliosides were detected after FLC multiplied in the peritoneum, the pattern of FLC gangliosides was not a stable characteristic and did not correlate with tumorigenicity. In contrast, analysis of FLC membrane glycoproteins by cell surface labelling techniques (i.e., galactose‐oxidase‐borohydride techniques and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis‐fluorography) or by metabolic labelling of glycoproteins with 3H‐galactose, revealed consistent differences in the high MW region of the gels between parental in vitro passaged FLC (either 745 or 3C1‐8 cells) and clones derived from in vivo passaged cells. No significant differences in the membrane proteins were detected between in vitro and in vivo passaged FLC when lactoperoxidase‐catalyzed iodination and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis‐autoradiography were used. It is seen that repeated in vivo passages of FLC resulted in the appearance of different patterns of membrane glycoproteins and that these changes appeared to be associated consistently with the capacity of these cells to grow as tumor ascites and to metastasize to the liver and spleen.
Studies on the polyoma‐virus‐induced tumor‐specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) ‐ does middle or large T‐antigen play a role?
Authors: Dalianis Tina , Ramqvist Torbjörn , Klein George
Published: February 2007

Mice and rats could be immunized against the polyoma‐virus‐induced tumor‐specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) by repeated inoculation of frozen or irradiated cells of an MT‐cDNA‐transformed rat cell line (2.8) that contains only the polyoma middle T‐antigen, or by cells that carried a host range mutant and expressed a full‐length large T‐antigen, but only non‐functional N‐terminal fragments of small and middle T. This shows that neither large T nor an intact middle T is necessary to elicit a polyoma tumor‐specific graft rejection response. Either one of them is sufficient by itself.
Exogenous hormone use and fibrocystic breast disease by histopathologic component
Authors: Berkowitz Gertrud S. , Kelsey Jennifer L. , Livolsi Virginia A. , Merino Maria J. , Holford Theodore R. , Hildreth Nancy G. , Ort Sharon , O'Connor Theresa Z. , White Colin
Published: February 2007

In a hospital‐based case‐control study of 590 women with biopsy‐proven fibrocystic breast disease and 1,018 control women with other surgical conditions, no linear relationship was evident between the use of oral contraceptives or of estrogen replacement therapy and the degree of epithelial atypia of the fibrocystic lesions. Case‐control and intracase comparisons suggested that oral contraceptive use might be associated with an increased occurrence of sclerosing adenosis among the premenopausal women and of gross cysts among the postmenopausal women. Estrogen replacement therapy, which was positively associated with fibrocystic breast disease as a whole among the postmenopausal women, was most frequently used among the cases whose biopsy specimens exhibited gross cysts, papillomatosis or papillary hyperplasia.
Differentiation of human myeloid leukemic cells by phorbol esters: Correlation with tumor promotion
Authors: Fibach Eitan , Agranat Israel , Rachmilewitz Eliezer A.
Published: February 2007

The effect of the plant diterpenes, phorbol derivatives and mezerein, on differentiation of various human myeloid leukemic cells to macrophages was determined. The results indicate that, within the group of phorbol esters tested, a correlation exists between the potency of the compounds as inducers of differentiation and their reported potency as tumor promoters. However, mezerein and 12‐O‐retinoylphorbol 13‐acetate, which promote tumors only weakly or not at all, were found to be efficient inducers. The efficiency of all the active phorbol derivatives, including the weak inducers, also known to be weak promoters, could be potentiated by pretreatment of the cells with retinoids, compounds which have been reported to inhibit tumor promotion. Similar results were obtained in 3 different established cell lines, as well as in short‐term cultures of cells obtained from patients with acute myeloid leukemia. The results suggest that the activities of the diterpenes as tumor promoters and inducers of differentiation are not necessarily linked. Moreover, certain conditions which are unfavorable for tumor promotion may not affect or even potentiate induction of differentiation.
Tumorigenicity of human lymphoblastoid cell lines, acquired during in vitro culture and associated with chromosome gains
Authors: Morten J. E. N. , Hay J. H. , Steel C. M. , Foster M. E. , De C. L. , Busuttil Angelis A.
Published: February 2007

Tumorigenicity of human lymphoma and lymphoblastoid B‐cell lines was assessed by their ability to form growing and transplantable masses on subcutaneous inoculation into neonatally thymectomized, Ara‐C‐protected, totalbody‐irradiated mice. By these criteria, 12 lines of known malignant origin were tumorigenic, 11 lymphoblastoid lines, tested after less than one year of in vitro growth, were non‐tumorigenic and 8/18 long‐established lymphoblastoid lines produced transplantable tumours. All of the long‐established lines had acquired karyotypic changes on prolonged culture, the predominant characteristic being a gain of whole chromosomes or of major chromosome segments. None showed the classical 8:14 translocation associated with Burkitt's lymphoma. Comparisons with nontumorigenic precursors (recovered from liquid nitrogen storage) and with other non‐tumorigenic but chromosomally abnormal, lymphoblastoid lines suggest that imbalance of the dosage of genes carried on chromosomes 7,8 and 9 may be important in determining the tumorigenic phenotype.
Isolation of a tumor‐associated transplantation antigen (TATA) from an SV40‐induced sarcoma. Resemblance to the TATA of chemically induced neoplasms
Authors: Dubois Garrett C. , Appella Ettore , Law Lloyd W.
Published: February 2007

A tumor rejection antigen (TATA), obtained from the cytosol of a BALB/c mKSA sarcoma induced by SV40 virus, has been partially purified. This partially purified antigen is strikingly immunogenic against mKSA, providing more than 90% inhibition of growth at levels of 10‐30 ũg. This antigen preparation does not protect against challenge with another SV40‐induced BALB/c sarcoma VLM which, however, shares a group‐specific TATA with mKSA. The antigen also does not immunize against challenge with the methylcholanthrene‐induced sarcomas of BALB/c mice, Meth A, CI‐4, CII‐7 and CII‐10, each of which has its own unique TATA. Binding assays, using ELISA, failed to detect any SV40 antigen in the antigen preparation despite the fact that the large T antigen of SV40 (or fragments of it) constitutes the immunodominant TATA of mKSA.
The differential expression of H‐2K versus H‐2D antigens, distinguishing high‐ metastatic from low‐ metastatic clones, is correlated with the immunogenic properties of the tumor cells
Authors: Eisenbach Lea , Hollander Nurit , Greenfeld Lea , Yakor Hadas , Segal Shraga , Feldman Michael
Published: February 2007

Two clones of the 3LL Lewis lung carcinoma, a low‐metastatic clone A9 and a high‐metastatic clone D122, were studied for MHC expression and immunogenic properties. Using monoclonal antibodies, we demonstrated that the A9 clone expresses both the H‐2Kb and the H‐2Db, whereas the D122 expresses only the H‐2Db, and lacks the expression of the H‐2Kb encoded molecules. Cells of the low‐metastatic clone A9 grew progressively in syngeneic (C57BL/6J) or in F1 mice, but were rejected in allogeneic recipients. The high‐metastatic D122 grew progressively in all mouse strains tested, yet metastases were formed only in syngeneic recipients. When H‐2 recombinant mice were used, the A9 again manifested a significantly greater immunogenic potency than the metastatic D122, which grew in all 4 recombinants tested. Metastases, however, were formed in B10HTG and to a lesser extent in B10A(4R), thus indicating that metastasis formation is restricted by both C57BL background and H‐2Db sub region. We subsequently tested whether the higher immunogenicity of the H‐2Kb‐positive A9 cells is expressed also in syngeneic mice, to examine whether this could account for its low metastatic phenotype. We found that immunization by A9 cells significantly inhibited the growth of a subsequent A9 graft and even of D122, yet D122 did not retard the growth of secondary D122 or A9 cells. The increased immunogenic effect was expressed also in the generation of syngeneic cytotoxic lymphocytes by A9 but not by D122 cells. We suggest that expression of H‐2K molecules on the 3LL clones, immunogenicity and the metastatic phenotype are causally related in this system.
Distribution of tumor‐sensitized cells during the induction of permanent tumor regression by chemoimmunotherapy: The use of glucose phosphate isomerase as a marker
Authors: Evans Robert , Duffy Theodore M.
Published: February 2007

Using a previously described tumor model system, in which permanent tumor eradication was induced by treatment with cyclophosphamide (CY) and adoptively transferred tumor‐sensitized (immune) spleen cells, we determined the distribution of the transferred cells in recipient mice. The experiments were carried out using the C57BL/ 6J (B6) sarcoma, MCA/76‐9, and B6 and congeneic B6, CAST.Gpi‐1a strains, which are homozygous for the glucose phosphate isomerase (Gpi) alleles 1b and 1a respectively. Thus, tumor‐bearing mice of the one strain were injected with CY (200 mg/kg) 10 days after implantation of tumor cells and 4 h later with an intravenous injection of 50 × 104 immune cells from presensitized mice of the other strain. It was observed that the donor‐type isozyme was expressed in the tumor within 24 h of injection and continuously up to the time at which the tumor mass had totally regressed (11 days). The tumor‐associated macrophage and neutrophil fractions were shown to express host‐type isozyme, while the lymphocyte fraction expressed isozyme of both host and donor type. The donor‐type isozyme did not appear in the blood until day 4 but persisted thereafter for long periods. The spleen and lymph nodes expressed donor‐type isozyme by 1 day after chemoimmunotherapy and remained positive for the duration of the experiments. The adoptive transfer of normal (non‐immune) spleen cells gave similar results, except that donor‐type isozyme did not persist at the tumor site. The conclusion reached was that the injection of either normal or immune donor spleen cells after CY treatment of B6 mice gave rise to chimeric mice, in which the distribution of normal and immune donor cells was basically similar in terms of overall isozyme expression. However, only immune donor cells resulted in the appearance of both donor and host T cells at the tumor site, suggesting amplification of both donor and host lymphocyte function either at the tumor site or in the lymphoid tissues.
Immunohistological evidence, obtained with monoclonal antibodies, of small intestinal brush border hydrolases in human colon cancers and foetal colons
Authors: Zweibaum Alain , Hauri Hans‐Peter , Sterchi Erwin , Chantret Isabelle , Haffen Katy , Bamat Jeanine , Sordat Bernard
Published: February 2007

The expression of small intestinal hydrolases associated with the enterocyte brush border membrane was studied in human colon cancers and foetal colons, by means of monoclonal antibodies against human small intestinal sucrase‐isomaltase (SI), maltase‐glucoamylase (MGA), lactase (L), aminopeptidase N (APN), and dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP‐IV). The enzymes were visualized by indirect immunofluorescence on cryostat sections of tumors developed in nude mice with 6 human colon carcinoma cell lines (HT‐29, Caco‐2, SW‐480, HRT‐18, HCT‐8R, and Co‐115), of 27 primary colorectal carcinomas from patients, and of human foetal (16 to 20 weeks of gestation) and normal adult small intestines and colons. All 5 monoclonals bound to the brush border of the adult small intestine, but not to that of the adult colon mucosa. Antibodies against SI, APN and DPP‐IV also bound to the brush border of the foetal colons, to apical borders in HT‐29 and Caco‐2 tumors in nude mice, and to brush border‐like structures in 7/27 tumors from patients. No binding was observed for MGA and L in either tumors or foetal colons. Binding of anti‐SI antibodies to the brush border of the juxta‐tumoral mucosal epithelium was observed in 9/11 samples tested. These data indicate that some colon tumors exhibit a typical pattern of enterocytic differentiation which is of foetal type and which involves at least 3 brush border membrane hydrolases. Monoclonal antibodies to small intestinal hydrolases may, therefore, be important tools for identification and characterization of some differentiated colonic tumors.
Alcohol, smoking, social and occupational factors in the aetiology of cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx
Authors: Elwood J. M. , Pearson J. C. G. , Skippen D. H. , Jackson S. M.
Published: February 2007

A case‐control study of 374 patients with primary epithelial cancers of the oral cavity, oro‐ and hypopharynx, and larynx is reported, the controls being patients with selected other cancers, matched for age and sex. Of all eligible patients, 93 % were interviewed. Increased risks were seen with alcohol consumption and, less strongly, with smoking, which for all sites could be adequately fitted by either a multiplicative or an additive model. However, the site‐specific relationships were different, alcohol consumption being significantly associated only with oral cavity, pharyngeal and extrinsic laryngeal tumours, and smoking only with intrinsic laryngeal tumours. Increased risks were associated with low socio‐economic status, the unmarried state, and poor dental care. No significant associations were seen with specific occupational exposures.
Early primary infection and high Epstein‐barr virus antibody titers in greenland eskimos at high risk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Melbye Mads , Ebbesen Peter , Levine Paul H. , Bennike Torbjørn
Published: February 2007

In a comparative study of populations at high and low risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), sera from 442 Eskimo and 770 Danish children and adolescents were tested for the presence of antibodies against Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV). Eskimo children in Greenland were seropositive at an early age and showed significantly higher titers of IgG antibody to the viral capsid antigen (VCA) (p<0.0001) and soluble (S) antigen (p<.005) than Danes matched for age and sex, but had similar levels of IgA antibody to VCA and IgG antibody to the early antigen (EA). The high geometric mean VCA (IgG) titers found in certain age groups of Eskimo children were as high as those previously reported from areas in Africa highly endemic for Burkitt's lymphoma. In Greenland, neither location nor household size was a determining factor for prevalence or titer of VCA (IgG). The high antibody titers among Eskimo children probably reflect exposure to a large inoculum of EBV at the time of primary infection, infection early in life and/or re‐exposure due to the higher incidence of EBV infection in Greenland. In view of the high incidence of NPC in Greenland and the known association of this tumor with EBV, we speculate that the time and quantitative aspects of the primary infection are also factors of relevance in the etiology of NPC.
Basal lamina redevelopment in tumours metastatic to brain: An immunoperoxidase study using an antibody to type‐iv collagen
Authors: McArdle John P. , KonradMüller H. , Roff Bruce T. , Murphy William H.
Published: February 2007

The basal lamina in a variety of metastatic tumours in brain was assessed with an antibody to type‐IV collagen and the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The antibody was raised in rabbits against type‐IV collagen isolated from human placental tissue. Basal lamina redevelopment was demonstrated around individual melanoma cells, between melanoma cells and cerebral parenchyma, and at the tumour‐stroma interface in both metastatic melanoma and metastatic carcinoma. At the periphery of metastatic carcinomatous deposits, no basal lamina was observed between tumour cells and the adjacent cerebral parenchyma. Basal lamina staining other than that of cerebral vessels was absent in deposits of poorly differentiated tumours which were unaccompanied by the development of a tumour stroma. It is concluded that metastatic tumours retain the ability to produce basal lamina and, in the case of metastatic epithelial tumours, the redevelopment of basal lamina is dependent on interaction with mesenchymal tissue. The stromal dependency of basal lamina formation by metastatic epithelial tumours suggests the reactivation of a control mechanism acting in normal tissue. Although basal lamina formation in metastatic melanoma can occur in the absence of mesenchymal tissue, there may be some interaction between tumour cells and stroma in the redevelopment of basal lamina at the tumour‐stroma interface.
Occupational formaldehyde exposure and increased nasal cancer risk in man
Authors: Olsen Jorgen H. , Jensen Sonja Plough , Hink Mogens , Faurbo Karl , Breum Niels Oluf , Jensen Ole Moller
Published: February 2007

A comprehensive data linkage system for the detailed investigation of occupational cancer has newly been established in the Danish Cancer Registry, providing employment histories back until 1964. Based on this system a study of 839 cases of cancer of the nasal cavities, sinuses and rhinopharynx and 2,465 cancer controls diagnosed in Denmark during the period 1970‐1982 was conducted. Histories of exposure to formaldehyde, wood‐dust and 10 other specified compounds or procedures, were assessed by industrial hygienists unaware of the case‐control status of the cancer patients under study. Some 4.2% of the male and 0.1% of the female controls had been exposed to formaldehyde. A statistically significant excess risk (p < 0.05) for carcinoma of the nasal cavity and sinuses among males with a history of exposure to formaldehyde (RR = 2.8), wood‐dust (RR = 2.5) and paint lacquer and glue (RR = 2.1) was found. When adjustment was made for wood‐dust exposure the relative risk associated with formaldehyde was reduced to 1.6, which is not significantly in excess of 1.0, although still compatible with a 3‐ to 4‐fold increase in risk using conventional 95% confidence limits. The joint action of exposure to wood‐dust and formaldehyde was in accordance with an additive effect. The excess risk of sino‐nasal cancer with exposure to paint, lacquer and glue remained statistically elevated after adjustment for contemporary exposure to wood‐dust and formaldehyde.
Antibodies to HTLV‐I p24 in sera of blood donors, elderly people and patients with hemopoietic diseases in France and in French West Indies
Authors: Schaffar‐Deshayes Laurence , Chavance Michel , Monplaisir Nicole , Courouce Anne‐Marie , Gessain Antoine , Blesonski Sylvie , Valette Inez , Feingold Nicole , Levy Jean‐Paul
Published: February 2007

Human T‐cell lymphoma/leukemia virus type I (HTLV‐I) is a type‐C retrovirus originally isolated from patients with leukemia or lymphoma involving mature T lymphocytes. Epidemiological studies have shown that HTLV‐I infection occurs not only in leukemic but also in normal people in at least two areas of the world: the Caribbean basin and the South‐West of Japan. We report here the results of a large seroepidemiological study of HTLV‐I infection in normal French blood donors, elderly subjects living in institutions and patients with various malignant hemopathies, obtained by the classical HTLV‐I p24 radioimmunoassay. We were unable to demonstrate antibodies to HTLV‐I in 510 sera from French volunteer blood donors born and living in continental France or in sera from 262 blood donors born in other countries (mainly in Europe and North Africa) and living in contintental France at the time of collection. In contrast, among 131 sera from blood donors born in French overseas territories (French Guiana, French West Indies, and Reunion) but living at the time of collection in continental France, 2 (1.5%) were found to possess anti‐HTLV‐I antibodies. In a sample of 2,597 blood donors from Martinique, 39 (1.5%) were positive. A positive correlation with age was observed whereas no statistical relationship was found between HTLV‐I antibodies and sex, red cell blood groups or the place of residence in Martinique. On the other hand, a very high level of positive values was observed in Martinique among old people living in institutions, 14% of those aged over 60 years being positive. HTLV‐I‐associated hematological malignancies have not been observed in patients born and living in continental France whereas a large number exist in the French West Indies. In the same area, the presence of anti‐HTLV‐I antibodies in 12% of patients with myeloma, a typical B‐cell disease, merits attention.
Carbohydrates as antigenic determinants of tumor‐associated antigens recognized by monoclonal anti‐tumor antibodies produced in a syngeneic system
Authors: Ito Masafumi , Suzuki Eiji , Naiki Masaharu , Sendo Fujiro , Arai Shigeru
Published: February 2007

Two monoclonal antibodies (KH‐1 and KH‐2) against a transplanted fibrosarcoma (KMT‐17) in WKA rats were produced by fusing a mouse myeloma (P3‐X63‐Ag8.653) with spleen cells from syngeneic rats hyperimmunized with KMT‐17. Both antibodies showed complement‐dependent cytotoxicity against KMT‐17. By absorption of cytotoxicity, KH‐1 reacted with homologous tumor, other syngeneic fibrosarcomas (KMT‐80 and KMT‐75), and lung and kidney from normal rats. However, KH‐2 reacted with many kinds of tumors and various normal tissues. Antigen specificity was tested by complement fixation and/or solidphase radioimmunoassay using glycolipids isolated from KMT‐17 cells and authentic glycolipids. KH‐1 reacted with globotriglycosyl ceramide which was not detected on KMT‐17 cells and in cross‐reacted weakly with IV3‐α‐galactosyl‐lactoneotetraglycosyl ceramide, one of the major glycolipids of KMT‐17. The immune reaction was inhibited by α‐methyl‐galactose. KH‐2 reacted with lactosyl ceramide and lactoneotetraglycosyl ceramide. The reaction was more potently inhibited by lactose than by β‐methyl‐galactose. Antibodies with similar specificity to either KH‐1 or KH‐2 were elevated in syngeneic rat sera after serial immunization with viable KMT‐17 cells.
Human tumor xenografts transplanted under the renal capsule of conventional mice. Growth rates and host immune response
Authors: Aamdal Steinar , Fodstad Øystein , Pihl Alexander
Published: February 2007

The growth of 29 different human tumor lines under the renal capsule of immunocompetent mice was investigated. The tumors, previously established in athymic mice, included malignant melanomas, colon carcinomas, soft‐tissue sarcomas, lung cancers and a mammary carcinoma. The growth rates of 17 tumors, measured repeatedly over a period of several years, were highly reproducible. The different grafts exhibited distinctly different and individual growth rates for up to 6 days. In animals pretreated with an immunosuppressive dose of cyclophosphamide, the growth rate was the same as in non‐pretreated animals, but the growth continued for several more days. In the case of 9 different grafts, the subrenal growth rates were compared with those observed when the same tumors were growing subcutaneously in athymic, nude mice. The relative growth rates of the different tumors were practically the same in the two systems. The results indicate that the growth conditions under the renal capsule permit the grafts to express their inherent growth potentials and that the subrenal grafts do not represent a selected sub‐population of the tumor cells. The extent of infiltration of the grafts by mouse inflammatory cells was measured by flow cytometry on single‐cell suspension as well as by quantitative analysis of serial histological sections. In most cases the mouse cells occupied 15‐25% of the total graft volume on day 6. The results indicate that the effect of mouse cell infiltration on the growth of established tumor lines is slight and that it is unneccessary to use athymic mice as host animals when testing new investigational drugs by the SRC assay. The use of established tumor lines in the SRC assay in immunocompetent mice may be useful also in the study of factors influencing the anti‐cancer activity of current drugs.
Eutopic expression of placental‐like alkaline phosphatase in testicular tumors
Authors: Jeppsson A. , Wahren B. , Brehmer‐Andersson E. , Silfverswärd C. , Stigbrand T. , Millén J. L.
Published: February 2007

Very high levels of placental‐like alkaline phosphatases (PLAP‐like enzymes) were observed in tissues from 13 typical seminomas. Four tumors with seminoma components contained these enzymes to varying degrees, and other testicular tumors had them in smaller or non‐detectable amounts. Analysis using monoclonal antibodies produced against the common placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) phenotypes and enzyme inhibition studies with amino acids and peptides showed the PLAP‐like enzymes present in seminoma to be similar to those PLAP‐like enzymes which are expressed in lower amounts in two embryonal carcinomas and in trace amounts in normal testicular tissue. These similarities suggest that the increased expression of PLAP‐like enzymes in seminomas results from enhanced eutopic expression of enzymes found in normal testis.
Detection of the tumour‐associated antigens recognized by the monoclonal antibodies hmfg‐1 and 2 in serum from patients with breast cancer
Authors: Burchell Joy , Wang Dennis , Taylor‐Papadimitriou Joyce
Published: February 2007

The levels of the human milk fat globule 1 and 2 antigens have been measured in the sera of patients with advanced breast cancer, using a “sandwich” type radioimmune assay which exploits the carbohydrate nature of the antigenic determinants. In the series studied, 30% of sera from advanced breast cancer patients contained elevated levels of the HMFG‐1 antigen as compared with 6% of sera from healthy control women, whereas 53% of the advanced breast cancer patients showed elevated levels of HMFG‐2 antigen compared with 16,6% of the controls. By means of the immune blotting technique, the components carrying the antigenic determinants in sera have been identified and compared for size with those molecules expressing the determinants in primary and secondary breast tumours. Both antibodies react with similar molecular weight components of 320kd and 280kd which are present in serum and tumour samples, although lower molecular weight bands of 230kd and 190kd can be seen in some tumours. These components are much smaller than the glycoprotein (>400kd) present in the human milk fat globule, which carries the antigenic determinants recognized by HMFG‐1 and 2.
Human tumor cell membrane glycoprotein associated with protein kinase activity
Authors: Seehafer Jutta , Longenecker B. Michael , Shaw Andrew R. E.
Published: February 2007

A mouse MAb3 50H.19 raised against the human melanoma cell line MEL‐T binds to carcinoma cell lines, carcinoma biopsy material, and certain epithelia of normal tissues. It immunoprecipitates two components from carcinoma cell lines, a major component of 22 kd which is Oglycosylated and a minor one of 24 kd which is additionally N‐glycosylated. The immunocomplexed 50H.19 antigen exhibits protein kinase activity with substrate‐specificity for casein and phosvitin, but not for histones. It phosphorylates on serine and threonine, but not tyrosine residues. Enzyme activity is cyclic AMP‐independent.
Effects of DL‐alpha‐tocopheryl succinate in combination with sodium butyrate and camp stimulating agent on neuroblastoma cells in culture
Authors: Rama Bhola N. , Prasad Kedar N.
Published: February 2007

The effect of dl‐alpha‐tocopheryl (vitamin E) succinate in combination with Prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) and sodium butyrate on mouse neuroblastoma cells (NBP2) in culture, according to the criteria of growth inhibition and morphological differentiation (neurite formation), was studied. Results showed that PGA2 and sodium butyrate inhibited the growth of NB cells in a dose‐dependent manner. The combined effects of vitamin E succinate with PGA2 or sodium butyrate, according to the criterion of growth inhibition, were additive. Vitamin E succinate by itself did not induce morphological differentiation, but it enhanced PGA2‐induced morphological differentiation. Sodium butyrate alone or in combination with vitamin E succinate did not significantly increase the level of morphological differentiation. Sodium succinate and an equal amount of solvent (ethanol) failed to modify the effect of PGA2 or sodium butyrate. This suggests that the effect of vitamin E succinate in modifying the response of PGA2 and sodium butyrate on NB cells is due to the effect of vitamin E rather than to that of succinate.
Establishment of the amsalem T‐cell line from a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Expression of E‐receptor‐associated antigens in cells incapable of forming E‐rosettes
Authors: Bassat H. Ben , Rabinowitz R. , Polliack A. , Hadar R. , Schlesinger M.
Published: February 2007

A new T‐cell line (Amsalem) was established from the peripheral blood of a patient with pre‐T leukemia. Amsalem cells are unique in that they possess antigenic determinants associated with the E‐receptor, yet fail to form rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Amsalem cells were found to possess morphological and cytochemical features characteristic of T‐lymphocytes, and were sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of rabbit antisera specific for T‐cell antigens. In immunofluorescent tests with monoclonal antibodies, Amsalem cells showed a strong reactivity with the OKT‐11A and A‐22 antibodies, specific for the E‐receptor. The cells were reactive with OKT‐4 and showed a very weak reactivity with OKT‐6 and OKT‐8. No reactivity was found with the OKT‐3, Leu 7, Leu II, and OKMI antibodies. Amsalem cells failed to form rosettes with SRBC; however, mouse anti‐Amsalem serum inhibited the formation of E‐rosettes. It is concluded that the Amsalem cell line is a line of pre‐T leukemia cells characterized by a dissociation between its inability to form E‐rosettes and the presence of antigenic constituents of the E‐receptor.
Independent regulation of myeloid cell growth and differentiation inducing proteins: In vivo regulation by compounds that induce inflammation
Authors: Lotem Joseph , Sachs Leo
Published: February 2007

Regulation of the in vivo production of myeloid cell growth‐inducing (MGI‐I) and differentiation‐inducing (MGI‐2) proteins has been studied in mice injected with the inflammation‐inducing compounds sodium caseinate, thioglycollate and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The results indicate that these inflammation inducing compounds can induce in vivo production of MGI‐1 and MGI‐2; that different inducing agents can cause a different body‐distribution of MGI‐1 and MGI‐2; and that there is a granulocyte growth‐inducing protein (MGI‐IG = G‐CSF) that is not identical to the differentiation‐inducing protein (MGI‐2). Resident peritoneal macrophages produce MGI‐1 and MGI‐2 in vitro, but inflammatory macrophages show a reduced ability to spontaneously produce these proteins after in vivo injection of caseinate or thioglycollate. The results thus also indicate that macrophage activation can affect the ability of macrophages to produce the myeloid cell regulatory proteins MGI‐1 and MGI‐2.
Effect of leukocyte activation on the formation of heterotypic tumor‐cell aggregates in vitro
Authors: Orr F. W. , Mokashi S.
Published: February 2007

Walker tumor cells (1 × 106 cells/ml) were incubated at 37° C in a stirred cuvette with rat peritoneal exudate cells (9 × 106 cells/ml) with or without the synthetic leukocyte chemo‐attractant fMLP (2 × 106M) or biologically active concentrations of the major endogenous chemo‐attractant, CSa. Aggregation, induced by the chemo‐attractants, was detected after 3 min by a platelet aggregometer and by studying cytocentrifuge preparations. The response was amplified in the presence of cytochalasin B (5μg/ml).Tumor cells could be identified in the aggregates by their morphology or by autoradiography after labelling with 3H‐thymidine. Although tumor cells were incorporated into the leukocyte aggregates, there was no appreciable change in the number of aggregates formed between tumor cells themselves. Levine III human breast tumor cells (1 × 106/ml) in heparinized human blood were incorporated into leukocyte aggregates within 30 min of adding 50 U cobra venom factor to activate complement. Aggregation correlated with a decrease in complement hemolytic activity (CH50). The aggregation reaction was not cytotoxic to tumor cells when evaluated by Trypan blue exclusion or by 51Cr release. We conclude that local tumor cells can be incorporated into aggregates formed when leukocytes are stimulated by chemo‐attractants. We postulate that intravascular activation of neutrophils might affect the localization of circulating tumor cells by incorporating them into microembolic cell aggregates and by causing damage to the pulmonary endothelium.
Use of irradiated mouse fibroblasts to improve the cloning and adaptation to culture of human melanoma cells
Authors: Vessiére‐Louveaux Franloise , Darville Martine , Knuth Alex , Boon Thierry
Published: February 2007

By using irradiated BALB/c 3T3 mouse fibroblasts as feeder cells, we obtained a marked increase in the cloning efficiency of the 9 human melanoma cell lines that were tested. Four of these melanoma lines had a cloning efficiency that was lower than 0.0007 in the absence of feeder cells. In the presence of irradiated 3T3 cells, their cloning efficiency ranged from 0.017 to 0.26. For most melanoma cell lines the growth rate of cultures that were seeded at a low cell density was also increased by the use of 3T3 feeder cells. In highdensity cultures, no effect was observed with most cell lines. The 3T3 effect was reversible. The pattern of surface antigens expressed by melanoma cells grown in the presence of 3T3 was similar to that observed without 3T3. The effect of feeder cells on the adaptation to culture of 5 primary melanomas was also tested. A definite improvement in cell yield was obtained with 4 of these melanomas.
Rat yolk‐sac antigen‐2 defined by monoclonal antibodies
Authors: van Hove L. , Sobis H. , Lu Y. L. , Vandeputte M.
Published: February 2007

The distribution of the rat yolk‐sac antigen‐2 (Rat YSA‐2) as defined by a monoclonal antibody raised against rat yolk‐sac carcinoma cells is described. The antigen is present on rat yolk‐sac carcinoma, on parietal yolk‐sac endoderm and on the epithelium of fetal and adult gut and of the adult proximal kidney tubules. It is not present on a variety of rat tumors other than yolk‐sac carcinomas and not detectable on preimplantation and post‐implantation embryos. Rat YSA‐2 differs from YSA‐1, other stage‐specific embryonic antigens, basement membrane antigens, intestinal and tubular antigens.