bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gluteal Tendon Reconstruction in Association with Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Bajwa Ali S. , Middleton Fionna , Campbell David G. , Comely Andrew S. , Lewis Peter L.
Published: June 2011

We studied a prospective cohort of patients in whom gluteal tendon reconstruction was undertaken in association with hip arthroplasty. Over the course of 10 years, 24 patients had gluteal tendon reconstruction performed either at the time of hip arthroplasty or post-operatively, using the Ligament Augment and Reconstruction System (LARS), suture anchors, direct suture to bone, or a combination of these techniques. All patients were assessed clinically and by patient-centred outcome measures, including the hip disability and osteoarthritis score (HOOS). The mean post-operative HOOS was significantly better than pre-operative score (p < 0.05). The mean post operative score in the domains of symptoms, pain, activities of daily living (ADL), sports and quality of life (QoL) was 72 (SD 12.8), 73 (SD 15.9), 71 (SD 11.8), 54 (SD 22.6) and 57 (SD 21.76) respectively. There were two failures of gluteal tendon reconstruction which required revision using LARS. One patient died of an unrelated cause. Surgical intervention should be considered in gluteal tendinopathy at the time of hip arthroplasty or when symptoms occur following arthroplasty.
Vascular Access Cannulation in Hemodialysis Patients – A Survey of Current Practice and its Relation to Dialysis dose
Authors: Gauly Adelheid , Parisotto Maria Teresa , Skinder Aleksandra , Schoder Volker , Furlan Andreja , Schuh Erika , Marcelli Daniele
Published: June 2011

Purpose

The appropriate use of vascular access is of fundamental importance in the treatment of hemodialysis (HD) patients. This survey entailed collecting data on current practice of vascular access cannulation to assess its relation to dialysis dose.

Methods

This international, multicenter, observational, cross-sectional survey was performed in 171 dialysis centers of the European dialysis network of Fresenius Medical Care in Europe and South Africa during April 2009. Practice patterns of vascular access cannulations were documented by means of a 24-item questionnaire. Dialysis dose from the documented hemodialysis treatments was derived from the clinical database EuCliD®.

Results

In total, 10,807 cannulations in hemodialysis patients with either arteriovenous fistula (91%) or arteriovenous graft (9%) were documented. For the puncture, the area technique was applied most frequently using 15G and 16G needles. Blood flow rates were mostly between 300 and 400 mL/min and adjusted to the needle size used. In two-thirds of cases the arterial needle was placed first, mostly in an antegrade direction, with an average distance to the venous needle of 7.0±3.7 cm. More than two-thirds of the cannulations were performed by nurses with more than 5 years of experience in dialysis. A logistic regression model revealed a significantly higher odds ratio to attain Kt/V ≥ 1.2 for retrograde placement of the arterial needle, and for using needles with bigger diameter.

Conclusions

This survey covered a broad number of countries and centers and provides information on current practice of vascular access cannulation, their effect on dialysis dose, and serves as feedback to the dialysis centers for their quality management process.
Time to Move Away from Damage Control Strategy in Hemodialysis Vascular Access Management: A View from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Wahbi Abdullah Al
Published: June 2011

For the last 40 years, most of the research and publications on hemodialysis access, has focused on the management of its complications e.g. thrombosis, infection, aneurysms. In other words, a damage control strategy. While this is undoubtedly an important part of access management, it is a deficient reactive strategy that does not enhance a better quality of life for patients or help reduce the burden on health care resources. To achieve these objectives, efforts should be directed at ways which provide a longer access life with fewer complications. Such an approach would save costs and reduce the suffering of the patient. In this paper we will focus on hemodialysis management in Saudi Arabia, describe the reasons for the current unsatisfactory situation, and highlight possible remedies.
The Diplomacy of Universal Jurisdiction: The Political Branches and the Transnational Prosecution of International Crimes
Authors: Langer Máximo
Published: June 2011

Under universal jurisdiction, any state in the world may prosecute and try the core international crimes— crimes against humanity, genocide, torture, and war crimes—without any territorial, personal, or national-interest link to the crime in question whenit was committed.The jurisdictional claim is predicated on the atrocious nature of the crime and legally based on treaties or customary international law. Unlike the regime of international criminal tribunals created by the United Nations Security Council and the enforcement regime of the International Criminal Court (ICC), the regime of universal jurisdiction is completely decentralized.
The Kosovo Advisory Opinion: Conflict Resolution and Precedent
Authors: Falk Richard
Published: June 2011

The somewhat surprising majority view in the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) assessing Kosovo's declaration of independence has some bearingon prospects for an eventual end to the bitter conflict between Kosovo and Serbia. It may also have some relevance for a variety of political movements around the world whose leaders might be more inclined than previously to tempt fate by declaring their people and territory to be internationally independent of the sovereign state within which they are now geographically located. Significantly,the ICJ majority sidestepped the question put to it by the General Assembly, in a move objectionable to the four dissenting judges,recasting it in such a way as to limit its response to whether Kosovo's declaration of independence, issued on February 17,2008, was “in accordance with international law” to the rather bland assertion that the declaration did not violate international law. The Court did not say, and explicitly ruled out any interpretation suggesting, that Kosovo's declaration was acceptable under international law, although by Lotus reasoning, what a state is not expressly prohibited from doing is permitted.3 The majority also expressed its view that the declaration was not to be viewed as decidingupon Kosovo's final status in world diplomacy.
Electrical Impedance Spectroscopic Studies on Broiler Chicken Tissue Suitable for the Development of Practical Phantoms in Multifrequency EIT
Authors: Bera Tushar Kanti , Nagaraju J.
Published: June 2011

Phantoms are essential for assessing the system performance in Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT). Saline phantoms with insulator inhomogeneity fail to mimic the physiological structure of real body tissue in several aspects. Saline or any other salt solution is purely resistive and hence studying multifrequency EIT systems cannot be assessed with saline phantoms because the response of the purely resistive materials do not change over frequency. Animal tissues show a variable response over a wide band of signal frequency due to their complex physiological and physiochemical structures and hence they can be suitably used as bathing medium and inhomogeneity in the phantoms of multifrequency EIT systems. An efficient assessment of a multifrequency EIT system with a real tissue phantom needs a prior knowledge of the impedance profile of the bathing medium as well as the inhomogeneity. In this direction Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) studies on broiler chicken muscle tissue paste, muscle tissue blocks and fat tissue blocks are conducted over a wide range of signal frequency using impedance analyzers, and their impedance profiles are analyzed. Results show that the chicken muscle tissue paste is less resistive than the fat tissue and hence it can be used successfully as the bathing medium of the phantoms for impedance imaging in multifrequency EIT. Fat tissue is found more resistive than the muscle tissue which makes it more suitable for the inhomogeneity in phantoms of impedance imaging study. Moreover, as there is a large difference between the resistivities of muscle tissue and fat tissue they can be used as either inhomogeneity or background medium. EIS studies also show that the variations in the impedance parameters of a muscle tissue block are greater than in the tissue paste as the cell membrane structures are destroyed in tissue paste. Results also show that the α and β dispersions are visible in all the parameters of both the tissue samples, but both the dispersions are larger in the muscle tissue block. The Nyquist plot obtained for the muscle tissue block demonstrates that the equivalent electric model of the tissue sample contains Warburg impedance and a constant phase element.
Hindsight Bias: Self‐Flattery or Cognitive Error?
Authors: Connolly Terry , Bukszar Edward W.
Published: June 2011

Both motivational and cognitive accounts have been proposed for hindsight bias. In an experiment three groups of subjects analyzed a complex business case. One group received no outcome information. The other groups were told the outcome of the decisions made in the case. One group believed that the outcome they were given was real, the other saw the outcome generated by the toss of a coin. Both groups showed large and equal hindsight shifts on a post‐analysis questionnaire. This finding appears to weaken a self‐flattery explanation of hindsight shift, and gives support to a cognitive account.
Serotonin transporter binding after recovery from bulimia nervosa
Authors: Pichika Rama , Buchsbaum Monte S. , Bailer Ursula , Hoh Carl , DeCastro Alex , Buchsbaum Bradley R. , Kaye Walter
Published: June 2011

Objective:

Physiological and pharmacological studies indicate that altered brain serotonin (5‐HT) activity could contribute to a susceptibility to develop appetitive and behavioral alterations that are characteristic of bulimia nervosa (BN).

Method:

Eight individuals recovered from BN (REC BN) and eight healthy control women were scanned with [11C]DASB and positron emission tomography imaging of the 5‐HT transporter (5‐HTT). Logan graphical analysis was applied, and parametric binding potential (BPnondisplaceable (ND)) images were generated. Voxel‐by‐voxel t‐tests and a region of interest (ROI) analysis were conducted.

Results:

REC BN had significantly lower [11C]DASB BPND in midbrain, superior and inferior cingulate and significantly higher [11C]DASB BPND in anterior cingulate and superior temporal gyrus in the voxel‐based analysis. ROI analysis indicated lower [11C]DASB BPND in midbrain (p = .07), containing the dorsal raphe, in REC BN, consistent with our earlier studies.

Discussion:

These preliminary findings of a small‐scale study confirm and extend previous data suggesting that ill and recovered BN have altered 5‐HTT measures, which potentially contribute to BN symptomatology and/or differential responses to medication. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012;)
Morphometric analysis of aeolian bedforms in the Namib Sand Sea using ASTER data
Authors: Bullard Joanna E. , White Kevin , Livingstone Ian
Published: June 2011

The ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) has made elevation data at 30 m spatial resolution freely available, enabling reinvestigation of morphometric relationships derived from limited field data using much larger sample sizes. These data are used to analyse a range of morphometric relationships derived for dunes (between dune height, spacing, and equivalent sand thickness) in the Namib Sand Sea, which was chosen because there are a number of extant studies that could be used for comparison with the results. The relative accuracy of GDEM for capturing dune height and shape was tested against multiple individual ASTER DEM scenes and against field surveys, highlighting the smoothing of the dune crest and resultant underestimation of dune height, and the omission of the smallest dunes, because of the 30 m sampling of ASTER DEM products. It is demonstrated that morphometric relationships derived from GDEM data are broadly comparable with relationships derived by previous methods, across a range of different dune types. The data confirm patterns of dune height, spacing and equivalent sand thickness mapped previously in the Namib Sand Sea, but add new detail to these patterns. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schwelbrände im Gewebe
Authors: Schreiber Stefan
Published: June 2011

Entzündungen wirken heilsam, wenn sie eindringende Krankheitserreger abwehren – und zerstörerisch, wenn sie chronisch fortbestehen. Immer mehr Menschen werden krank, weil die Körperbarrieren in Darm, Haut oder Atemwegen dauerhaft entzündet sind. Ein Grund dafür könnten die Lebensbedingungen in der westlichen Welt sein.
Die große Last der seltenen Leiden
Authors: Klein Christoph
Published: June 2011

Viele tausend Erkrankungen sind heute bekannt, die jeweils nur sehr wenige Menschen betreffen. Deshalb standen sie lange Zeit im Abseits der Medizin. Ihre Erforschung ist nicht nur für die Patienten von großer Bedeutung, sie kann auch zu einem tieferen Verständnis der Vorgänge im Organismus insgesamt führen.
Zwischen Skalpell und Pipette
Authors: Unterstell Rembert
Published: June 2011

OP‐Saal und Immunlabor – Stefan Fichtner‐Feigl ist hier wie dort zu Hause. Als Forscher will er die Entstehung von Tumoren infolge chronisch entzündlicher Darmerkrankungen besser verstehen, als Chirurg sie effektiver behandeln. Eine Begegnung in Regensburg.
Die verkannte Seuche
Authors: Glebe Dieter
Published: June 2011

Aids, Tuberkulose und Malaria stehen im Zentrum der medialen Aufmerksamkeit. In ihrem Schatten droht eine weitere Infektionskrankheit weltweit auszuufern: Hepatitis B. Neue Impfstoffe ließen sich zwar entwickeln, doch die Industrie zeigt kaum Interesse. Schon läuft auch Europa Gefahr, dass hoch aggressive Hepatitisviren aus Risikogebieten eingeschleppt werden – und neue Epidemien auslösen.
Jenseits der Gene
Authors: Rudolph Cornelia
Published: June 2011

Lange Zeit galten Leiden wie Krebs als Erkrankungen der Gene. Inzwischen weiß man jedoch, dass die genetische Aktivität durch zusätzliche molekulare Mechanismen reguliert wird und möglicherweise durch unsere Lebensgewohnheiten direkt beeinflussbar ist. Krebs erweist sich somit als kompliziertes Wechselspiel von Erbgut und Umwelt.
Ticagrelor: new antiplatelet for prevention of thrombotic events
Authors: Wright Paul , Antoniou Sotiris
Published: June 2011

Antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin and clopidogrel are the cornerstone of atherothrombotic prevention in patients with ACS following percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting. However, due to variable response with these drugs many patients still experience atherothrombotic complications despite treatment. Ticagrelor (Brilique) reversibly and selectively inhibits adenosine diphosphate‐mediated platelet activation. Because it does not require metabolic activation in the liver, it has rapid onset and is less likely to exhibit interpatient variability.
Estimating the probability of CO2 plumes encountering faults
Authors: Jordan Preston D. , Oldenburg Curtis M. , Nicot Jean‐Philippe
Published: June 2011

One of the main concerns of CO2 storage in saline aquifers is leakage via faults. In the early stages of site selection, site‐specific fault (map) coverages are often not available for these saline aquifers. This lack of site‐specific data motivates development of a method that makes use of available regional fault data to estimate the probability of injected CO2 or the resulting pressure front encountering a fault, which is a necessary condition for leakage of CO2 or brine to occur via these pathways. The probability of encounter can be calculated from areal fault density statistics generated from available data, and CO2 plume or elevated pressure area dimensions generated by numerical simulation. Given a number of assumptions, the length of the plume or elevated pressure area perpendicular to a fault times the areal density of faults with offsets greater than some threshold of interest provides the probability of the plume or a pressure front of concern encountering such a fault. Application of this result to a previously planned, large‐scale pilot injection in the southern portion of the San Joaquin Basin yielded a 3% and 7% chance of the bulk phase CO2 plume encountering a fully and half‐seal offsetting fault, respectively. Subsequently available data provided a first test of this approach as a half‐seal offsetting fault was discovered at a distance from the injection well that implied a 20% probability of encounter for a plume sufficiently large to reach it. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The choice of detecting Down syndrome: does money matter?
Authors: Garrouste Clémentine , Le Jérôme , Maurin Eric
Published: June 2011

The prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome (amniocentesis) presents parents with a complex dilemma which requires comparing the risk of giving birth to an affected child and the risk of losing an unaffected child through amniocentesis‐related miscarriage. Building on the specific features of the French Health insurance system, this paper shows that variation in the monetary costs of the diagnosis procedure may have a very significant impact on how parents solve this ethical dilemma. The French institutions make it possible to compare otherwise similar women facing very different reimbursement schemes and we find that eligibility to full reimbursement has a largely positive effect on the probability of taking an amniocentesis test. By contrast, the sole fact of being labelled ‘high‐risk’ by the Health system seems to have, as such, only a modest effect on subsequent choices.

Finally, building on available information on post‐amniocentesis outcomes, we report new evidence suggesting that amniocentesis increases the risk of premature birth and low weight at birth. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benzodiazepine prescription among patients with severe mental illness and co‐occurring alcohol abuse/dependence in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Shih‐Chi , Chen Cheng‐Chung , Chen Yeng‐Hung , Chung Kung‐Shang , Lin Ching‐Hua
Published: June 2011

Objective

Because benzodiazepines (BZDs) may be abused, prescribing them is debatable. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prescription of BZDs to explore the current status of BZD use at discharge and at 4 months after discharge.

Methods

From 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2006, prescribed doses for BZDs at discharge and at 4 months after discharge were recorded for all discharged inpatients with schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder, and major depressive disorder. Two‐way analysis of variance was used to analyze the effects of severe mental illness and co‐occurring alcohol abuse/dependence on BZD doses at discharge and at 4 months after discharge.

Results

Patients with severe mental illness prescribed with significantly higher rates and higher doses of BZDs at discharge and at 4 months after discharge are more likely to have major depressive disorder and to have co‐occurring alcohol abuse/dependence problems. No significant interactions were found between severe mental illness and co‐occurring alcohol abuse/dependence.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that caution should be applied in prescribing BZDs to patients with severe mental illness, particularly those with major depressive disorder and co‐occurring alcohol abuse/dependence. Future studies require being conducted in many different mental health‐care systems in Taiwan to generalize the findings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study to evaluate the subjective abuse potential and cognitive effects of nabiximols oromucosal spray in subjects with a history of recreational cannabis use
Authors: Schoedel Kerri Alexandra , Chen Nancy , Hilliard Annie , White Linda , Stott Colin , Russo Ethan , Wright Stephen , Guy Geoffrey , Romach Myroslava K. , Sellers Edward M.
Published: June 2011

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the abuse potential and cognitive effects of nabiximols (Sativex®, GW Pharma Ltd. Salisbury, UK), an oromucosal spray primarily containing delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD).

Methods

This was a single‐dose, randomized, double‐blind, crossover study comparing nabiximols (4, 8, and 16 consecutive sprays: 10.8, 21.6, and 43.2 mg THC, respectively) with dronabinol 20 and 40 mg (synthetic THC: Marinol®, Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Brussels, Belgium) and matching placebos in 23 recreational cannabis users. Subjective and cognitive/psychomotor measures were administered over 24 h post‐dose.

Results

Dronabinol was significantly different from placebo on abuse potential measures, thereby confirming study validity. Nabiximols 10.8 mg was not significantly different from placebo on primary measures but was different on some secondary measures. Nabiximols 21.6 mg was significantly greater than placebo on some primary/secondary measures, whereas nabiximols 43.2 mg showed significant effects on most measures. Nabiximols 10.8 mg was significantly lower than dronabinol doses on most measures (p < 0.05). Dronabinol 20 mg effects were numerically higher than nabiximols 21.6 mg but were statistically significant only for some measures. Dronabinol 40 mg and nabiximols 43.2 mg were generally not statistically different.

Conclusions

Both dronabinol and nabiximols had significant abuse potential compared with placebo at higher doses. Nabiximols showed similar or slightly less abuse potential compared with dronabinol. Therefore, the abuse potential of nabiximols should be no higher than that of dronabinol. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial scale effect on the upper soil effective parameters of a distributed hydrological model
Authors: Barrios M. , Francés F.
Published: June 2011

Nonlinear dynamics and spatial variability in hydrological systems make the formulation of scaling theories difficult. Therefore, the development of knowledge related to scale effects, scaling techniques, parameterization and linkages of parameters across scales is highly relevant. The main purpose of this work is to analyse the spatial effect of the static storage capacity parameter Hu and the saturated hydraulic conductivity parameter ks from microscale (sub‐grid level) to mesoscale (grid level) and its implication to the definition of an optimum cell size. These two parameters describe the upper soil water characteristics in the infiltration process conceptualization of the TETIS hydrological model. At microscale, the spatial heterogeneity of Hu and ks was obtained generating random parameter fields through probability distribution functions and a spatial dependence model with pre‐established correlation lengths. The effective parameters at mesoscale were calculated by solving the inverse problem for each parameter field. Results indicate that the adopted inverse formulation allows transferring the nonlinearity of the system from microscale to the mesoscale via non‐stationary effective parameters. Their values at each cell and time step are in the range of zero to the mean value of the parameter at microscale. The stochastic simulations showed that the variance of the estimated effective parameters decreases when the ratio between mesoscale cell size and correlation length at microscale increases. For a ratio greater than 1, we found cell sizes having the characteristics of a representative elementary area (REA); in such case, the microscale variability pattern did not affect the system response at mesoscale. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal evaluation of rainfall estimation by four cumulus parameterization schemes and their sensitivity analysis
Authors: Ishak Asnor Muizan , Bray Michaela , Remesan Renji , Han Dawei
Published: June 2011

Sustainable water resources management require scientifically sound information on precipitation, as it plays a key role in hydrological responses in a catchment. In recent years, mesoscale weather models in conjunction with hydrological models have gained great attention as they can provide high‐resolution downscaled weather variables. Many cumulus parameterization schemes (CPSs) have been developed and incorporated into three‐dimensional Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR) mesoscale model 5 (MM5). This study has performed a comprehensive evaluation of four CPSs (the Anthes–Kuo, Grell, Betts–Miller and Kain–Fritsch93 schemes) to identify how their inclusion influences the mesoscale model's precipitation estimation capabilities. The study has also compared these four CPSs in terms of variability in rainfall estimation at various horizontal and vertical levels. For this purpose, the MM5 was nested down to resolution of 81 km for Domain 1 (domain span 21 × 81 km) and 3 km for Domain 4 (domain span 16 × 3 km), respectively, with vertical resolutions at 23, 40 and 53 vertical levels. The study was carried out at the Brue catchment in Southwest England using both the ERA‐40 reanalysis data and the land‐based observation data. The performances of four CPs were evaluated in terms of their ability to simulate the amount of cumulative rainfall in 4 months in 1995 representing the four seasonal months, namely, January (winter), March (spring), July (summer) and October (autumn). It is observed that the Anthes–Kuo scheme has produced inferior precipitation values during spring and autumn seasons while simulations during winter and summer were consistently good. The Betts–Miller scheme has produced some reasonable results, particularly at the small‐scale domain (3 km grid size) during winter and summer. The KF2 scheme was the best scheme for the larger‐scale (81 km grid size) domain during winter season at both 23 and 53 vertical levels. This scheme tended to underestimate rainfall for other seasons including the small‐scale domain (3 km grid size) in the mesoscale. The Grell scheme was the best scheme in simulating rainfall rates, and was found to be superior to other three schemes with consistently better results in all four seasons and in different domain scales. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of the spatial arrangement of land management practices on surface runoff for small catchments
Authors: Colin F. , Moussa R. , Louchart X.
Published: June 2011

Predicting the impact of land use changes on the hydrological response is crucial for water resource management. In the particular case of small catchments (1–10 km2), distributed models could provide useful answers regarding the effects of cultivation practices and man‐made works on water fluxes. However, the impacts of specific land use spatial arrangements are difficult to predict because of the prohibitive number of possible cases to consider. Focusing on surface runoff, this article describes a strategy based on a water particle tracking routine to be plugged‐in a distributed model that is designed to determine the spatial arrangements of land management practices that have the greatest impact on volume, peak discharge and lag time at the catchment outlet. A case study is described; the hydrological response of the Roujan catchment (Herault, France) is simulated with the MHYDAS model. The Roujan catchment contains a vineyard in a Mediterranean climate in a landscape in which weeding practices highly influence the partition between soil infiltration and runoff. Results showed that the proposed strategy is much more efficient than a random approach to design the spatial arrangements of the vineyard weeding practices with the greatest impact. Therefore, the proposed strategy may lead to innovative policies for the spatial planning of land management practices. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EVALUATION OF HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF DOWNSTREAM‐CONTROLLED MAIRA‐PHLC IRRIGATION CANALS UNDER CROP‐BASED IRRIGATION OPERATIONS
Authors: Munir Sarfraz , Schultz Bart , Suryadi F.X. , Bharati Luna
Published: June 2011

Demand‐based irrigation systems are operated according to crop water requirements. As crop water requirements remain variable throughout the growing season, the discharges in the canal also vary to meet demands. The irrigation system under study is a demand‐based semi‐automatic irrigation system, where flows in the main canal are automatically controlled and secondary canals manually operated. The main canal headworks have been equipped with the SCADA system with proportional integral (PI) discharge controllers and the canal itself has been provided with self‐regulating AVIS/AVIO downstream control gates for flow regulation in the canal. The secondary canals have manually operated sliding gates, which are opened or closed as per crop water requirements of the command area following a crop‐based irrigations operation (CBIO) schedule under which they remain closed for one week after one or several weeks open, depending upon water needs. The flow in the main canal is then automatically adjusted according to the number of open or closed secondary offtakes. These operations result in fluctuating flows in the main canal and if not properly planned can cause serious implications for canal safety and its hydrodynamic performance. The PI discharge controllers regulate discharge releases to the canal in order to satisfy demands. The proper selection of PI coefficients ensures system safety and efficient water delivery. The operation of the secondary canals also plays a key role in defining the performance of the automatic operations. The planned opening and closure of a cluster of offtakes ensures safety of the self‐regulating structures and stability of the flows in the main canal. In this paper various options have been tested using hydrodynamic modelling and we found some optimal values of PI coefficients and defined some rules for secondary canal operations to enhance the operational performance and sustainability of downstream‐controlled irrigation canals. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limitations to the structure‐based design of HIV‐1 vaccine immunogens
Authors: Van Regenmortel Marc H. V.
Published: June 2011

In spite of 25 years of intensive research, no effective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) vaccine has yet been developed. One reason for this is that investigators have concentrated mainly on the structural analysis of HIV‐1 antigens because they assumed that it should be possible to deduce vaccine‐relevant immunogens from the structure of viral antigens bound to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. This unwarranted assumption arises from misconceptions regarding the nature of protein epitopes and from the belief that it is justified to extrapolate from the antigenicity to the immunogenicity of proteins.

Although the structure of the major HIV‐1 antigenic sites has been elucidated, this knowledge has been of little use for designing an HIV‐1 vaccine. Little attention has been given to the fact that protective immune responses tend to be polyclonal and involve antibodies directed to several different epitopes. It is concluded that only trial and error, empirical investigations using numerous immunization protocols may eventually allow us to identify which mixtures of immunogens are likely to be the best candidates for an HIV‐1 vaccine. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of the 2006–2009 quartz crystal microbalance biosensor literature
Authors: Becker Bernd , Cooper Matthew A.
Published: June 2011

Since the publication of the original review of piezoelectric acoustic sensors in this series there has been a consistent, gradual expansion in the number of published papers using ‘quartz crystal microbalances’ (QCM). Between 2001 and 2009, the number of QCM publications per annum has increased from 49 to 273, with a two‐fold increase in papers per annum between 2004 and 2008. Within the field, comparing the time covered by the current to the previous review, there are trends towards increasing use of QCM in the study of protein adsorption to surfaces (93% increase), homeostasis (67% increase), protein–protein interactions (40% increase) and carbohydrates (43% increase). New commercial systems have been released that are driving the uptake of the technology for characterization of binding specificities, affinities, kinetics and conformational changes associated with a molecular recognition event. This paper highlights theoretical and practical aspects of the principles that underpin acoustic analysis, then reviews exemplary papers in key application areas involving small molecular weight ligands, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, bacteria, cells and membrane interfaces. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous topography and recognition imaging on endothelial cells
Authors: Chtcheglova L. A. , Hinterdorfer P.
Published: June 2011

Determining the landscape of specific binding sites on biological samples with high spatial accuracy (in the order of several nanometres) is an important task in many fields of biological science. During the past five years, dynamic recognition imaging (e.g. simultaneous topography and recognition (TREC) imaging) has proven to be a powerful technique in biophysical research. This technique becomes an indispensable tool for high‐resolution receptor mapping as it has been successfully demonstrated on different biomolecular model systems. In these studies, the topographical imaging of receptor molecules is combined with molecular recognition by their cognate ligands bound to the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip via a flexible and distensible tether. In this review, we describe the principles of TREC imaging and provide a flavour of its recent application on endothelial cells. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategy alignment boosts business results and employee satisfaction at Sandia National Laboratories
Authors: McCaughey Kathleen G. , Galaviz Maria E.
Published: June 2011

Faced with the challenge of meeting increased customer demands with a decreasing budget, the Responsive Neutron Generator Product Deployment Center of Sandia National Laboratories used a value‐creation process management system based on lean principles to cascade its strategic plan into lower‐level objectives, provide a means to monitor and control progress in a systematic way, and ensure a closed‐loop system for performing work. Over the past four years, the Center has improved performance and employee and customer satisfaction and significantly reduced operating expenses by aligning all work in the organization to its strategic objectives and developing a culture in which employees know how their work fits into the larger organizational context. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Labor‐management collaboration ensures sustainable change at MillerCoors
Authors: Semper Scott
Published: June 2011

In its quest to become a world‐class manufacturer, MillerCoors tapped into the lean philosophy to minimize waste and create an environment of empowerment. Realizing the importance of teamwork between management and union representatives, it also identified the critical success factors needed to forge a platform of trust throughout the organization. Both groups worked together to craft a collaborative leadership and change management approach to ensure that any changes they proposed would be mutually beneficial, as well as effective and sustainable. Its model can be used by organizations of any size that are seeking to manage the complexities of change. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Mid‐Brunhes Event and West Antarctic ice sheet stability
Authors: Holden P. B. , Edwards N. R. , Wolff E. W. , Valdes P. J. , Singarayer J. S.
Published: June 2011

The complex cyclical nature of Pleistocene climate, driven by the evolving orbital configuration of the Earth, is well known but not well understood. A major climatic transition took place at the Mid‐Brunhes Event (MBE), ca. 430 ka ago after which the amplitude of the ca.100 ka climate oscillations increased, with substantially warmer interglacials, including periods warmer than present. Recent modelling has indicated that while the timing of these warmer‐than‐present transient (WPT) events is consistent with southern warming due to a deglaciation‐forced slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, the magnitude of warming requires a local amplification, for which a candidate is the feedback of significant West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) retreat. We here extend this argument, based on the absence of WPTs in the early ice core record (450–800 ka ago), to hypothesize that the MBE could be a manifestation of decreased WAIS stability, triggered by ongoing subglacial erosion. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Milestones in PD genetics
Authors: Gasser Thomas , Hardy John , Mizuno Yoshikuni
Published: June 2011

Over the last 25 years, genetic findings have profoundly changed our views on the etiology of Parkinson's disease. Linkage studies and positional cloning strategies have identified mutations in a number of genes that cause several monogenic autosomal‐dominant or autosomal‐recessive forms of the disorder. Although most of these Mendelian forms of Parkinson's disease are rare, whole‐genome association studies have more recently provided convincing evidence that low‐penetrance variants in at least some of these, but also in several other genes, play a direct role in the etiology of the common sporadic disease as well. In addition, rare variants with intermediate‐effect strengths in genes such as Gaucher's disease–associated glucocerebrosidase A have been discovered as important risk factors. “Next‐generation” sequencing technologies are expected by some to identify many more of these variants. Thus, an increasingly complex network of genes contributing in different ways to disease risk and progression is emerging. These findings may provide the “genetic entry points” to identify molecular targets and readouts necessary to design rational disease‐modifying treatments. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Milestones in neuroimaging
Authors: Stoessl A. Jon , Brooks David J. , Eidelberg David
Published: June 2011

In the last 25 years there have been enormous advances in brain imaging. In addition to utility in diagnosis, these have led to novel insights into the pathogenesis of basal ganglia disease and the role of dopamine and the basal ganglia in normal health. The authors review highlights of this work, with a focus on advances in Parkinson's disease, the dystonias, Huntington's disease, and the role of dopamine in cognition and reward signaling. Emerging areas for future development include studies of functional connectivity, the analysis of default mode networks, studies of novel neurochemical pathways, methods to study disease pathogenesis, and the application of imaging techniques to investigate animal models of disease. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Milestones in atypical and secondary Parkinsonisms
Authors: Wenning Gregor K. , Litvan Irene , Tolosa Eduardo
Published: June 2011

During the last decades, atypical parkinsonian disorders such as multiple system atrophy, dementia with Lewy bodies, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration along with secondary parkinsonian disorders have been increasingly recognized as important causes of parkinsonism. Although treatment options are largely limited to date, remarkable progress has occurred through advances in the fields of molecular biology and diagnostic neuroimaging, resulting in intense preclinical drug discovery programs. Early‐investigation‐assisted clinical diagnosis has become more crucial than ever because disease‐modifying therapies will hopefully become available within this decade. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Milestones in movement disorders clinical trials: Advances and landmark studies
Authors: Olanow C. Warren , Wunderle Kathryn B. , Kieburtz Karl
Published: June 2011

Over the past 25 years clinical trials testing in movement disorders has evolved in order to more effectively and efficiently analyze the safety and efficacy of new interventions. Studies today regularly incorporate methods to decrease placebo and bias effects and to ensure more rigorous statistical analyses. Newer, standardized, and validated rating scales such as the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale are routinely employed in an effort to produce results that are comparable across different sites and studies. Several landmark studies in movement disorder research highlight these and other prominent procedural advances. The Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism trial pioneered the use of functional clinical end points, utilized a 2 × 2 factorial design to more efficiently analyze multiple interventions, and employed a washout design to assist in sorting putative neuroprotective from symptomatic effects. PRECEPT included neuroimaging as an outcome measure and highlighted the importance of futility studies in more efficiently directing resources. TEMPO and ADAGIO introduced the use of delayed‐start (or 2‐period) trials to try to identify disease‐modifying interventions. NET‐PD used futility studies to streamline the evaluation of potentially valuable treatments, followed by a large, long‐term simple study design to assess the clinical significance of a new intervention. There have also been advances in clinical trials testing new surgical interventions, with the introduction of blinded outcome assessments and sham‐surgery control groups. Collectively, methodological advances in clinical trials have permitted the safety and efficacy of new interventions to be tested more efficiently and economically and with a higher level of certainty that the potential benefits and adverse effects of interventions recommended for general use are well understood. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Schapira Anthony H. , Jenner Peter
Published: June 2011

The past 25 years have seen a major expansion of knowledge concerning the cause of Parkinson's disease provided by an understanding of environmental and genetic factors that underlie the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Based on the actions of toxins, postmortem investigations, and gene defects responsible for familial Parkinson's disease, there is now a general consensus about the mechanisms of cell death that contribute to neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, altered protein handling, and inflammatory change are considered to lead to cell dysfunction and death by apoptosis or autophagy. Ageing is the single most important risk factor for Parkinson's disease, and the biochemical changes that are a consequence of aging amplify these abnormalities in Parkinson's disease brain. What remains to be determined is the combination and sequence of events leading to cell death and whether this is identical in all brain regions where pathology occurs and in all individuals with Parkinson's disease. Focusing on those events that characterize Parkinson's disease, namely, mitochondrial dysfunction and Lewy body formation, may be the key to further advancing the understanding of pathogenesis and to taking these mechanisms forward as a means of defining targets for neuroprotection. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Classification of movement disorders
Authors: Fahn Stanley
Published: June 2011

The classification of movement disorders has evolved. Even the terminology has shifted, from an anatomical one of extrapyramidal disorders to a phenomenological one of movement disorders. The history of how this shift came about is described. The history of both the definitions and the classifications of the various neurologic conditions is then reviewed. First is a review of movement disorders as a group; then, the evolving classifications for 3 of them—parkinsonism, dystonia, and tremor—are covered in detail. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Milestones in magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial sonography of movement disorders
Authors: Berg Daniela , Steinberger Jonathan D. , Warren Olanow C. , Naidich Thomas P. , Yousry Tarek A.
Published: June 2011

Twenty‐five years ago, when this journal was initiated, imaging of movement disorders was in its infancy. Since that time, magnetic resonance imaging has become a standard technique that is routinely performed in patients with movement disorders in order to exclude secondary causes and in some instances to provide specific information that aids in making the diagnosis of a neurodegenerative condition. Transcranial sonography is a more recent advance and is now widely employed to aid in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and possibly in detecting individuals in the premotor phases of the disease. Investigations are currently under way to evaluate the value of this technique in other movement disorders. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Physical Activity Coaching of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Everyday Practice: A Long‐term Follow‐up
Authors: Sjöquist Emma S. , Brodin Nina , Lampa Jon , Jensen Irene , Opava Christina H. ,   the PARA study group
Published: June 2011

Objectives. To investigate the long‐term effects on perceived general health, disease activity, pain, activity limitation and cognitive behavioural factors of a one‐year coaching programme performed in ordinary physical therapy practice to promote the adoption of health‐enhancing physical activity in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods. A total of 228 patients with early RA, from 10 rheumatology clinics in Sweden, were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG; n = 94) or a control group (CG; n = 134). The IG was coached by physical therapists during the first year to adopt health‐enhancing levels of physical activity (30 minutes/day, moderately intensive, ≥4 days/week). No coaching was given during the subsequent year between post‐intervention and follow‐up. Follow‐up assessment consisted of a postal questionnaire on physical activity and of visual analogue scales for ratings of general health perception and pain. The Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ) and the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS 28) were collected at regular medical check‐ups.

Results. Sixty‐five (69%) participants in the IG and 92 (69%) in the CG completed the entire study period by filling in the follow‐up questionnaire on physical activity two years after baseline. The intervention seemed to lack any significant influence on long‐term outcome. However, different patterns of change in physical activity behaviour were observed in the two groups.

Conclusions. No long‐term improvement in perceived general health or other outcomes were found in the follow‐up. This may partly be because the intervention lacked several important behavioural elements for physical activity maintenance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.