bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal differences between juveniles and adults increased over time in European forest trees
Authors: Caron Maria Mercedes , Zellweger Florian , Verheyen Kris , Baeten Lander , Hédl Radim , Bernhardt‐Römermann Markus , Berki Imre , Brunet Jörg , Decocq Guillaume , Díaz Sandra , Dirnböck Thomas , Durak Tomasz , Heinken Thilo , Jaroszewicz Bogdan , Kopecký Martin , Lenoir Jonathan , Macek Martin , Malicki Marek , Máliš František , Nagel Thomas A. , Perring Michael P. , Petřík Petr , Reczyńska Kamila , Pielech Remigiusz , Schmidt Wolfgang , Świerkosz Krzysztof , Teleki Balázs , Wulf Monika , De Frenne Pieter
Published: August 2021

Woody species' requirements and environmental sensitivity change from seedlings to adults, a process referred to as ontogenetic shift. Such shifts can be increased by climate change. To assess the changes in the difference of temperature experienced by seedlings and adults in the context of climate change, it is essential to have reliable climatic data over long periods that capture the thermal conditions experienced by the individuals throughout their life cycle.

Here we used a unique cross‐European database of 2,195 pairs of resurveyed forest plots with a mean intercensus time interval of 37 years. We inferred macroclimatic temperature (free‐air conditions above tree canopies—representative of the conditions experienced by adult trees) and microclimatic temperature (representative of the juvenile stage at the forest floor, inferred from the relationship between canopy cover, distance to the coast and below‐canopy temperature) at both surveys. We then address the long‐term, large‐scale and multitaxa dynamics of the difference between the temperatures experienced by adults and juveniles of 25 temperate tree species.

We found significant, but species‐specific, variations in the perceived temperature (calculated from presence/absence data) between life stages during both surveys. Additionally, the difference of the temperature experienced by the adult versus juveniles significantly increased between surveys for 8 of 25 species. We found evidence of a relationship between the difference of temperature experienced by juveniles and adults over time and one key functional trait (i.e. leaf area). Together, these results suggest that the temperatures experienced by adults versus juveniles became more decoupled over time for a subset of species, probably due to the combination of climate change and a recorded increase of canopy cover between the surveys resulting in higher rates of macroclimate than microclimate warming.

Synthesis. We document warming and canopy‐cover induced changes in the difference of the temperature experienced by juveniles and adults. These findings have implications for forest management adaptation to climate change such as the promotion of tree regeneration by creating suitable species‐specific microclimatic conditions. Such adaptive management will help to mitigate the macroclimate change in the understorey layer.
Relating sinking and suspended microbial communities in the California Current Ecosystem: digestion resistance and the contributions of phytoplankton taxa to export
Authors: Valencia Bellineth , Stukel Michael R. , Allen Andrew E. , McCrow John P. , Rabines Ariel , Palenik Brian , Landry Michael R.
Published: August 2021

We used 16S, 18S, plastid and internal transcribed spacer (for Synechococcus strains) sequencing to quantify relative microbial abundances in water‐column samples and on sediment‐trap‐collected particles across an environmental gradient in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) spanning a > 60‐fold range of surface chlorophyll. Most mixed‐layer dominant eukaryotes and prokaryotes were consistently underrepresented on sinking particles. Diatoms were the only phototrophic taxa consistently overrepresented. Even within this class, however, one genus (Thalassiosira) was a particle‐enriched dominant, while a similarly abundant species was poorly represented. Synechococcus was significantly enriched on sinking particles at only one of four sites, but clade I was disproportionately abundant on sinking particles throughout the region compared with clade IV, the euphotic‐zone co‐dominant. The most abundant microbes on particles across the CCE were organisms with distributional maxima close to the sediment‐trap depth (rhizarians), microbes associated with metazoans or sinking particles as a nutritional habitat (certain alveolates, Gammaproteobacteria) and organisms that resist digestive degradation of their DNA (Thalassiosira, Synechococcus). For assessing taxon contributions of phytoplankton to carbon export, our results highlight the need for sequence‐based quantitative approaches that can be used to integrate euphotic‐zone abundances, compute rates and account for taxon differences in preservation of sequence markers through trophic processing.
Mary McLeod Bethune's Feminism: Black Women as Citizens of the World
Authors: Warren Kim Cary
Published: August 2021

This article focuses on the particular moment of the 1945 United Nations charter meeting as a catalyst for a shift in Mary McLeod Bethune's feminist thought. The meeting, where Bethune served as the only African American female delegate, signalled a change in Bethune's thinking about equality for black women, so she used the founding of the United Nations as a platform to promote black women's alliances with other women of colour. Her idea was to reframe black women as citizens of the world, thus putting them in a numerical and ideological majority rather than keeping them in a minority position. Bethune has often been viewed as a reformer of race and gender issues in the early twentieth century, but a focus on her activism has hidden the intellectual contributions that she made to a form of black feminism that emerged out of her work with other clubwomen and through the United Nations in the 1920s through the 1950s. Specifically, this article argues that Bethune's intellectual work created a framework for African American women's feminism that emphasised anti‐colonialism and their global alliance with other women of colour throughout the world.
Assessing methotrexate intolerance and its prevalence in rheumatoid arthritis: Development and validation of the MISA questionnaire
Authors: Vijaykumar Deeksha , Dhir Varun , Jain Siddharth , Pai Venkatesh , Kaur Jaswinder , Naidu Godasi SRSNK , Sharma Aman , Khanna Sharma Shefali , Jain Sanjay
Published: August 2021

Objective

Methotrexate (MTX) intolerance refers to unpleasant symptoms that accompany use of MTX. Although a validated questionnaire on MTX intolerance exists for children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, it is lacking for adult rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.

Methods

A 10‐item questionnaire called Methotrexate Intolerance and Severity assessment in Adults (MISA) was developed to assess MTX intolerance. On receiver operating characteristic analysis, its predictive ability was compared to Methotrexate Intolerance Severity Score (MISS), a validated questionnaire for children. Subsequently, prevalence and associations of intolerance were assessed in 414 RA patients. After 1 year, discontinuation of MTX was compared between patients with and without MTX intolerance.

Results

MISA score had a good predictive ability (area under the curve [AUC] of 0.904), with sensitivity and specificity of 91.4% and 84.3% (cut‐off ≥1) to correctly classify MTX intolerance and was better than MISS score (AUC of 0.823). Among 414 RA patients, 159 (38.4%) had MTX intolerance, with common symptoms being nausea, lethargy, irritability and loss of appetite. On multivariable analysis, age (odds ratio 0.972) and body mass index (odds ratio 1.061) were significant predictors of MTX intolerance. At 1 year, a higher proportion of patients with intolerance than without intolerance had discontinued MTX (odds ratio 2.4, P = 0.02). To classify severity of intolerance, another score, MISA‐cross‐product, was developed and validated, with an AUC of 0.899.

Conclusions

The newly developed MISA questionnaire and score had good predictive ability to diagnose MTX intolerance. Intolerance to MTX was common, being found in one‐third of RA patients. Patients with intolerance were twice more likely to discontinue MTX at 1 year.
Public Money Talks Too: How Public Campaign Financing Degrades Representation
Authors: Kilborn Mitchell , Vishwanath Arjun
Published: August 2021

Does public campaign financing improve representation by reducing politicians' reliance on wealthy donors as advocates claim, or does it worsen representation by expanding the candidate marketplace to give extreme and nonrepresentative candidates an electoral boost? We conduct a novel analysis of public financing programs in Arizona, Connecticut, and Maine to causally identify the effect of a legislator's funding status on how closely she represents constituent preferences. Using multiple identification strategies, we show that candidates who exclusively use public campaign financing are more extreme and less representative of their districts than nonpublicly financed candidates. Our findings add new evidence to the electoral reform debate by demonstrating how replacing private campaign donations with public financing can actually damage substantive representation. We also advance the scholarship on how institutions affect substantive representation and candidate positioning as they respond to new campaign financing structures.
Neonatal sepsis prediction through clinical decision support algorithms: A systematic review
Authors: Persad Emma , Jost Kerstin , Honoré Antoine , Forsberg David , Coste Karen , Olsson Hanna , Rautiainen Susanne , Herlenius Eric
Published: August 2021

Aim

To systematically summarise the current evidence of employing clinical decision support algorithms (CDSAs) using non‐invasive parameters for sepsis prediction in neonates.

Methods

A comprehensive search in PubMed, CENTRAL and EMBASE was conducted. Screening, data extraction and risk of bias were performed by two authors. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using GRADE. PROSPERO ID: CRD42020205143.

Results

After abstract and full‐text screening, 36 studies comprising 18,096 infants were included. Most CDSAs evaluated heart rate (HR)‐based parameters. Two publications derived from one randomised‐controlled trial assessing HR characteristics reported significant reduction in 30‐day septicaemia‐related mortality. Thirty‐four non‐randomised studies found promising yet inconclusive results.

Conclusion

Heart rate‐based parameters are reliable components of CDSAs for sepsis prediction, particularly in combination with additional vital signs and demographics. However, inconclusive evidence and limited standardisation restricts clinical implementation of CDSAs outside of a controlled research environment. Further experimentation and comparison of parameter combinations and testing of new CDSAs are warranted.
Synchrotron microtomography‐based osteohistology ofGansus yumenensis: new data on the evolution of uninterrupted bone deposition in basal birds
Authors: Monfroy Quentin T. , Kundrát Martin , O’Connor Jingmai K. , Hai‐Lu You , Marone Federica , Stampanoni Marco , Šmajda Beňadik
Published: August 2021

Many studies of the limb bones from birds of the major clades reveal a mosaic evolution in morphological characters. From this, we assume that uninterrupted compact bone evolved independently multiple times outside of the crown group. We hypothesise that there are key intraskeletal changes in the osteohistological features, such as the organisation of the vascular network. To test these hypotheses, we analysed and described the osteohistological features of five different midshaft samples ofGansus yumenensis, a non‐ornithurine Euornithes from China, based on virtual models obtained from synchrotron microtomography scans, a less invasive method that the traditional physical cross section. We performed quantitative analyses with volume, surface area and estimated ratios. The osteohistological features ofGansus yumenensiswere compared with those of stem and crown birds. From our analyses, we discuss the pros/cons of using synchrotron microtomography scans compared to traditional physical cross section. Our analyses demonstrate thatGansus yumenensisis the fourth described extinct Euornithes to exhibit uninterrupted bone deposition in all bone samples, providing further support for multiple origins of this feature outside of the bird crown group. Finally, our osteohistological investigation ofGansus yumenensisprovides future study avenues regarding the evolution and development of bone tissue in fossil birds.
Aphidophagous ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and climate change: a review
Authors: Sloggett John J.
Published: August 2021

I here review the potential effects of climate change on aphidophagous ladybirds and their future diversity. Aphidophagous ladybirds face challenges arising directly from climatic change and indirect challenges due to the effect of climate on their aphid prey and other organisms with which they interact.

Ladybirds show at least some potential to respond to changes of climate through genetic change or phenotypic plasticity, notably through changes in colour pattern, dormancy and voltinism but also through thermal physiology and microhabitat or habitat plasticity.

Phenological changes will likely occur in many aphidophagous species arising from relations with their prey. Changes in aphid abundance may lead to changes in ladybird prey associations over the season. The tendency to prey on multiple aphid species will insulate many ladybird predators from decline resulting from changes in the abundance of particular aphids.

Like other insects, the geographic ranges of aphidophagous ladybird species will change as they track the climate. This is evidenced by the fossil record of ladybirds and by recent changes in ladybird biogeography. Such changes may be accompanied by a degree of thermal or phenological adaptation.

It is likely that cold‐adapted ladybirds and some island species will go extinct. Specialised species may also be threatened. A problem in assessing the threat to the latter is the minimal amount of research carried out on specialised species.

In summary, aphidophagous ladybirds exhibit some potential resilience against climate change, but future climatic effects on their overall biodiversity are not fully clear.
2021 update of the 2012 ICSH Recommendations for identification, diagnostic value, and quantitation of schistocytes: Impact and revisions
Authors: Zini Gina , d'Onofrio Giuseppe , Erber Wendy N. , Lee Szu‐Hee , Nagai Yutaka , Basak Grzegorz W. , Lesesve Jean‐François ,   International Council for Standardization in Hematology (ICSH)
Published: August 2021

In 2012, the International Council for Standardization in Hematology (ICSH) published recommendations for the identification, quantitation, and diagnostic value of schistocytes. In the present review, the impact of these recommendations is evaluated. This work is based on citations in peer‐reviewed papers published since 2012. The first 2012 ICSH Recommendations have also been revised to incorporate newly published data in the literature and current best laboratory practice. Recommended reference ranges have been proposed for healthy adults and full‐term neonates of 1% or less schistocytes. More than 1% of morphologically identified schistocytes on the blood film are considered suspicious for thrombotic microangiopathy. For preterm infants, a normal level of 5% or less is recommended. The fragment red cell count (FRC) generated by some automated hematological analyzers provides a valuable screening tool for the presence of schistocytes. Specifically, the absence of FRCs can be used as a valuable parameter to exclude the presence of schistocytes on the blood film. The validity and usefulness of microscope schistocytes and automated FRCs, respectively, are discussed in the context of the laboratory diagnostic tests used for thrombotic microangiopathies.
Impact of COVID‐19 restrictions on pathology service utilisation
Authors: Gillam Marianne H. , Roughead Elizabeth , Tavella Rosanna , Dodd Tom , Beltrame John , Ryan Richard , O'Loughlin Peter
Published: August 2021

Background

Isolation and social distancing restrictions due to COVID‐19 have the potential to impact access to healthcare services.

Aims

To assess the use of pathology services during the COVID‐19 pandemic initial restrictions.

Methods

Repeated cross‐sectional study of pathology tests utilisation during a baseline time period early in 2020 compared with pre‐lockdown and lockdown due to COVID‐19 in South Australia. The outcome measure was changed in a number of pathology tests compared to baseline period, particularly change in the number of troponin tests to determine potential impacts of lockdown on urgent care presentations.

Results

In the community setting, the ratio of a number of pathology tests pre‐lockdown and post‐lockdown versus baseline period decreased from 1.02 to 0.53 respectively. The exception was microbiology molecular tests, where the number of tests was more than three times higher in the lockdown period. The number of troponin tests in emergency departments decreased in the lockdown period compared to the baseline time period; however, there was no evidence of an association between tests result (positive vs negative) and time period (odds ratio (OR) 1.09; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97–1.22). There was an inverse relationship between age and time period (OR 0.995; 95% CI 0.993–0.997), indicating that fewer troponin tests were conducted in older people during the lockdown compared with the baseline period.

Conclusion

COVID‐19 restrictions had a significant impact on the use of pathology testing in both urgent and non‐urgent care settings. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect on health outcomes as a result of the COVID‐19 restrictions.
Regional integration and environmental sustainability during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Evidence from South Asia
Authors: Jain Panika , Rakshit Bijoy , Raina Bisma , Bardhan Samaresh
Published: August 2021

South Asia, a sub‐region with nearly a third of the world's population living in extreme poverty and hunger, has been affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic in an unprecedented way. The pandemic has undermined the progress achieved by the subregion towards attaining sustainable development goals. This study argues that fostering environmental sustainability in the South Asian region is crucial to “Building Back Better” while taking cognisance of future climate‐related risks. With the low level of preparedness, the collapse of global supply chains, and restrictive regional integration, the individual country in the region lacks the fiscal and technical capacity to implement sustainable development goals effectively. Therefore, based on the analytical approach to regional integration, this paper explores the potential role of regional integration in ensuring environmental sustainability in South Asia. Additionally, this study illustrates how the COVID‐19 pandemic has affected several environmental aspects at the regional level, such as clean energy, disaster risk reduction, and waste management, and shows how regional cooperation can address these challenges post pandemic. While previous studies mainly focus on regional integration in the European Union, this study targets the crucial importance of regional cooperation in South Asia in achieving environmental sustainability.
CCAT1/FABP5 promotes tumour progression through mediating fatty acid metabolism and stabilizing PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Chen Jing , Alduais Yaser , Zhang Kai , Zhu Xiaoli , Chen Baoan
Published: August 2021

Long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) colon cancer associated transcript 1 (CCAT1) has been identified as an oncogene in many cancers, but its role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains to be further investigated. We identified the upregulation of CCAT1 in LUAD tissues and LUAD cells. Through RNA pull‐down and mass spectrometry analysis, we obtained the interacting proteins with CCAT1 and discovered their functional relation with ‘signal transduction’, ‘energy pathways’ and ‘metabolism’ and revealed the potential of CCAT1 on fatty acid (FA) metabolism. For mechanism exploration, we uncovered the mediation of CCAT1 on the translocation of fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) into nucleus by confirming their interaction and localization. Also, CCAT1 was discovered to promote the formation of the transcription complex by RXR and PPARγ so as to activate the transcription of CD36, PDK1 and VEGFA. Moreover, we found that CCAT1 regulated the activity of AKT by promoting the ubiquitination of FKBP51 through binding with USP49. Subsequently, cell function assays revealed the enhancement of CCAT1 on LUAD cell proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, CCAT1 regulated cell proliferation and angiogenesis through regulating FA metabolism in LUAD, providing a novel target for LUAD treatment.
NEDD9 overexpression: Prognostic and guidance value in acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Hua Shenghao , Feng Tao , Yin Lei , Wang Qi , Shao Xuejun
Published: August 2021

It has been demonstrated that neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein (NEDD) plays crucial roles in tumorigenesis and may serve as potential biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, few studies systematically investigated the expression of NEDD family members in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). We systemically determined the expression of NEDD family members in AML and determined their clinical significance. We identified that NEDD9 expression was the only member among NEDD family which was significantly increased in AML. NEDD9 overexpression was more frequently classified as FAB‐M4/M5 (p = 0.008 and 0.013, respectively), hardly as FAB‐M2/M3. Moreover, NEDD9 overexpression was significantly associated with complex karyotype and TP53 mutation. The significant association between NEDD9 overexpression and survival was also observed in whole‐cohort AML and non‐M3 AML patients. Notably, AML patients with NEDD9 overexpression may benefit from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), whereas those cases without NEDD9 overexpression did not. Finally, a total of 822 mRNAs and 31 microRNAs were found to be differentially expressed between two groups. Among the microRNAs, miR‐381 was also identified as a microRNA that could direct target NEDD9. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that NEDD9 overexpression is associated with genetic abnormalities as well as prognosis and might act as a potential biomarker guiding the choice between HSCT and chemotherapy in patients with AML after achieving complete remission.
Effects of passive integrated transponder tags on short‐term feeding patterns in European perch (Perca fluviatilis)
Authors: Chrysafi Anna , Jepsen Niels , del Villar‐Guerra Diego , Larsen Martin H. , Skov Christian
Published: August 2021

We tested the feeding behaviour of small European perch (Perca fluviatilis) in a laboratory study during the first 24 h after handling and 23 mm passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag implantation. Feeding commenced almost immediately following tagging and overall feeding patterns were unaffected by tagging. However, untagged perch had more feeding events than PIT‐tagged individuals. This discrepancy could be attributed to post‐tagging effects or/and reduced room for food due to the presence of the tag in the body cavity.
Annotated checklist of ponyfishes (Perciformes: Leiognathidae) from Bangladesh, the northern Bay of Bengal
Authors: Sharifuzzaman S.M. , Rubby Istiuk Ahammed , Habib Kazi Ahsan , Kimura Seishi , Rasid Md. Harun , Islam Md. Jayedul , Neogi Amit Kumer , Hossain M. Shahadat
Published: August 2021

Information on the taxonomy of ponyfishes (Leiognathidae Gill 1893) from Bangladesh was hitherto inadequate and details of some species were lacking. Based on specimens, the present study reports 12 species of ponyfishes from the coasts of Bangladesh with short descriptions of their diagnostic characters. Six of these species, Aurigequula longispina (Valenciennes 1835), Deveximentum megalolepis (Mochizuki & Hayashi 1989), Equulites leuciscus (Günther 1860), Eubleekeria rapsoni (Munro 1964), Gazza rhombea Kimura, Yamashita & Iwatsuki 2000 and Karalla daura (Cuvier 1829), constitute the first records in Bangladesh. The present specimens of D. megalolepis represent the westernmost distribution of this species in the Indo‐Pacific region.
Bilateral adrenal metastases of endometrial cancer with adrenal insufficiency
Authors: Shiraishi Tetsuro , Kisu Iori , Nakamura Kanako , Iijima Moito , Matsuda Kiyoko , Hirao Nobumaru
Published: August 2021

Adrenal metastasis from endometrial cancer is extremely rare and has a poor prognosis, especially for bilateral adrenal metastases. It is usually asymptomatic without any adrenal hormonal abnormalities. A 50‐year‐old postmenopausal woman presented with acute right‐sided back pain and history of occasional abnormal uterine bleeding. She was diagnosed with endometrial cancer with ruptured bilateral adrenal metastases. She underwent total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy, and the pathological findings revealed dedifferentiated carcinoma. After three courses of adjuvant chemotherapy, the bilateral adrenal metastases had increased in size, with worsening back pain and adrenal hormone insufficiency. The patient died 6 months after the identification of adrenal tumors. Acute back pain may lead to the identification of a ruptured adrenal metastasis. The possibility of gradual adrenal insufficiency should be considered in bilateral adrenal metastases. Although the prognosis is poor, tumor debulking surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy could be suggested to improve the prognosis.
Balanced polymorphism fuels rapid selection in an invasive crab despite high gene flow and low genetic diversity
Authors: Tepolt Carolyn K. , Grosholz Edwin D. , de Rivera Catherine E. , Ruiz Gregory M.
Published: August 2021

Adaptation across environmental gradients has been demonstrated in numerous systems with extensive dispersal, despite high gene flow and consequently low genetic structure. The speed and mechanisms by which such adaptation occurs remain poorly resolved, but are critical to understanding species spread and persistence in a changing world. Here, we investigate these mechanisms in the European green crab Carcinus maenas, a globally distributed invader. We focus on a northwestern Pacific population that spread across >12 degrees of latitude in 10 years from a single source, following its introduction <35 years ago. Using six locations spanning >1500 km, we examine genetic structure using 9376 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We find high connectivity among five locations, with significant structure between these locations and an enclosed lagoon with limited connectivity to the coast. Among the five highly connected locations, the only structure observed was a cline driven by a handful of SNPs strongly associated with latitude and winter temperature. These SNPs are almost exclusively found in a large cluster of genes in strong linkage disequilibrium that was previously identified as a candidate for cold tolerance adaptation in this species. This region may represent a balanced polymorphism that evolved to promote rapid adaptation in variable environments despite high gene flow, and which now contributes to successful invasion and spread in a novel environment. This research suggests an answer to the paradox of genetically depauperate yet successful invaders: populations may be able to adapt via a few variants of large effect despite low overall diversity.
Inter‐ and intraspecific spatial distributions, spatial segregation by dominants and emergent neutrality in understorey plants
Authors: Ulrich Werner , Olszewski Piotr , Puchałka Radosław , Sewerniak Piotr , Koprowski Marcin
Published: August 2021

Tradeoffs between intra and interspecific distances of individual plants determine the spatial distributions of local plant communities and small‐scale community assembly. Here we use an individual based approach and null model standardization to compare intra‐ and interspecific nearest neighbour distances of plant ramets as well as mean differences in functional trait expression to nearest heterospecifics within local communities of temperate forest understorey plants in northern Poland. We found a general tendency towards clustered intraspecific and segregated interspecific ramet distributions. Spatial distribution patterns of understorey plants differed considerably between two nearby forest sites that mainly differed in the age structure of trees. Individuals of clonal species tended to have significantly smaller intraspecific and larger interspecific nearest neighbour distances than seed dispersing species. Our results indicate a major influence of dominant plant species on the spatial distributions of subdominants. Trait expressions related to plant growth (specific leaf area and leaf mass) and reproduction (seed mass) were significantly segregated in comparison to the spatial distribution of conspecific individuals and less so in comparison to heterospecific individuals. We argue that spatially explicit analyses of plant community assembly need to consider respective distributions of important traits and that the tradeoffs of contrasting trait distributions trigger small scale plant community composition and species distributions. We present a general framework for the analysis of plant community assembly based on the spatial distributions of individual plants and functional traits.
Coordinating Installation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations between Governments and Automakers
Authors: Yu Jiayi Joey , Tang Christopher S. , Li Musen Kingsley , Shen Zuo‐Jun Max
Published: August 2021

Accessibility of electric vehicle (EV) charging stations is an important factor for adoption of EV, which is an effective green technology for reducing carbon emissions. Recognizing this, many governments are contemplating ideas for achieving EV adoption targets, such as constructing extra EV charging stations directly or offering subsidies to entice automakers to construct more EV charging stations. To achieve these targets, governments need to coordinate with automakers to ensure that the total number of charging stations is planned optimally. We study this coordination problem by considering the interactions among the government, automakers, and consumers, our equilibrium analysis yields three major results. First, both the government and the automaker should build extra EV charging stations when their construction costs are independent. Simultaneously, the government should offer a per‐station subsidy to the automaker only when the adoption target and the construction cost are both high. However, when the construction costs are dependent, the government should delegate the construction to the automaker by offering a per‐station subsidy. Second, when the government considers consumer purchase subsidy as an extra lever, we find that the purchase subsidy for consumers is more cost‐effective than offering a per‐station subsidy to the automaker. Third, the structure of the optimal government policy remains the same regardless of whether the government's goal is to improve EV adoption or consumer welfare. Our results can serve as guidelines for governments when contemplating coordination with automakers for the construction of EV charging stations to improve EV adoption as well as consumer welfare further.
Restoration ecology of arid lands (RE‐AL)
Authors:   The Society for Ecological Restoration
Published: August 2021

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The Lagged Environmental Consequences of Demographic and Economic Change
Authors: Clement Matthew Thomas , Pino Nathan W. , York Richard , De Waard Jack , Dede‐Bamfo Nathaniel , McGee Julius
Published: August 2021

Quantitative sociologists conducting environmental research often use temporally lagged variables to estimate the social drivers of ecological change. To highlight the relevance of temporal lags for this scholarship, we specifically look at the longitudinal relationship between demographic and economic change and two different environmental outcomes: land development and carbon emissions. For land development, we run longitudinal spatial regression models to assess whether increasing the lag time changes the slope estimates for in‐migration and out‐migration at the county level across the contiguous United States (n = 3,026). For carbon emissions, we use cross‐national data in Prais–Winsten models to assess changes in the lagged estimates for GDP, urbanization, and age structure (n = 146). Results from these analyses indicate that the slope estimates continue to be statistically significant, but the magnitudes of these coefficients change with increased lag time. We propose that scholars use a more systematic approach when assessing the temporal duration of socio‐ecological change.
Long distance plutonic relationships demonstrate 33 million years of strain partitioning along the Denali fault
Authors: Regan Sean P. , Benowitz Jeffrey A. , Waldien Trevor S. , Holland Mark E. , Roeske Sarah M. , O’Sullivan Paul , Layer Paul
Published: August 2021

We identify two piercing point pairs along a ~500 km transect of the arcuate strike‐slip Denali fault to document long‐term slip partitioning. Geochemical and isotopic similarity between Foraker and Panorama‐Schist Creek‐Nenana Plutons suggest ~155 km of right‐lateral displacement on the western Denali fault since 37 Ma at a rate of ~4.2 mm/year. The eastern Denali fault Maclaren‐Cottonwood Terrane geochronology correlation establishes ~305 km of displacement on the eastern Denali fault since 33 Ma at a rate of ~9.2 mm/year. The ratio of Pleistocene‐Holocene slip rates between the western (5.3 mm/year) and eastern (12.9 mm/year) Denali fault is 0.41 and our new constraints yield a Late Eocene‐Holocene ratio of 0.46. Hence, we interpret that the overall arcuate geometry of the Denali fault master strand was established by 33 Ma. We infer that the persistent long‐wave geometric stability of the Denali fault and other highly slip partitioned fault systems are related to long‐term highly oblique transpressive environs.
Endogenous transport price, R&D spillovers, and trade
Authors: Takauchi Kazuhiro , Mizuno Tomomichi
Published: August 2021

Efficient distribution has a considerable influence on the sales volume of firms, and thus affects the firms’ research and development (R&D) activities. This paper analyses the relationship between competition in the transport sector and the R&D of firms using the transportation services. We consider a two‐region reciprocal market in which firms invest in cost‐reducing R&D and use carriers that engage in price competition to supply their products to the foreign market. We show that, corresponding to the degree of R&D spillover, a transport cost (or price) reduction because of an increase in the number of carriers can increase or decrease the firms’ R&D investments. This result is consistent with the finding in previous studies that trade liberalisation can hinder R&D. Because inefficient firms lead to high prices in the market, an increase in the number of carriers may reduce consumer surplus. We further discuss the case in which firms have monopsony power in transportation services and show that our main results are robust to the extension.
Assessment of prehospital care in canine trauma patients presented to Veterinary Trauma Centers: A VetCOT registry study
Authors: Vegas Comitre Maria D. , Palmer Lee , Bacek Lenore M. , Kuo Kendon W. , Keys Deborah
Published: August 2021

Objective

To analyze the epidemiology of veterinary care in canine trauma patients prior to presentation to a Veterinary Trauma Center (VTC).

Design

Retrospective observational cross‐sectional study.

Methods

 Retrospective descriptive analysis from 22,998 canine case records from the Veterinary Trauma Registry from September 2013 through April 2018. Analysis was focused on the type of injury, care provider, and care provided prior presentation to a VTC (pre‐VTC care). A log‐likelihood ratio test was used to test for association of outcome and pre‐VTC care. Mann–Whitney U tests were used to compare modified Glasgow Coma Scale and Animal Trauma Triage (ATT) scores between pre‐VTC and non‐pre‐VTC care groups.

Measurements and Main Results

Pre‐VTC care was provided in 5636 out of 22,998 dogs (24.5%) by veterinarians (81%), owners (19.6%), and first responders (0.03%). The most common nonveterinary interventions included wound care and bandaging in 42% and 39% of the patients, respectively. Mortality was higher in the pre‐VTC care group (8.7% vs 7.5%); dogs receiving pre‐VTC care were 1.5 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15–1.88) more likely to die and 1.2 times (95% CI, 1.07–1.37) more likely to be euthanized. The ATT scores were significantly higher in dogs receiving pre‐VTC care (mean = 2.53 vs 1.78; p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Our data demonstrate that the majority of more severely injured dogs receiving pre‐VTC care obtained care by a veterinarian. Dogs receiving pre‐VTC care possessed a greater mortality rate but also a greater ATT score; therefore, mortality rate is more likely related to severity of trauma rather than reception of pre‐VTC care. We propose that these data should prompt further research and education about prehospital care in veterinary medicine.
Bulk calibration method of micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) microphones
Authors: Chan Martin , Baker Christian , Simmons Daniel , Goldsmith Mike
Published: August 2021

In recent years, there has been rapid growth in demand for precision grade micro-electromechanical system microphones (MEMSMs). While new applications are increasingly demanding in terms of MEMSM performance, research and development of the technology is thus far keeping pace. To calibrate all these new MEMSMs, a reliable and cost-efficient method for bulk calibration of MEMSMs is urgently required. This paper describes a pilot version of such a method, carried out at the United Kingdom's National Physical Laboratory. The method was intended for use by MEMSM manufacturers themselves for bulk calibration. It may also be usable by manufacturers of devices that incorporate multiple MEMSMs for bulk calibration of these MEMSMs, provided that they are detachable from the devices' circuit-boards. The uncertainty of the method has been compared to that of the coupler comparison calibration which is a technique for acoustic pressure calibration of precision microphones. It is concluded that the pilot method is promising as the basis of a method for the bulk calibration of precision MEMSMs.
Seabed classification from merchant ship-radiated noise using a physics-based ensemble of deep learning algorithms
Authors: Escobar-Amado Christian D. , Neilsen Tracianne B. , Castro-Correa Jhon A. , Van Komen David F. , Badiey Mohsen , Knobles David P. , Hodgkiss William S.
Published: August 2021

Merchant ship-radiated noise, recorded on a single receiver in the 360–1100 Hz frequency band over 20 min, is employed for seabed classification using an ensemble of deep learning (DL) algorithms. Five different convolutional neural network architectures and one residual neural network are trained on synthetic data generated using 34 seabed types, which span from soft-muddy to hard-sandy environments. The accuracy of all of the networks using fivefold cross-validation was above 97%. Furthermore, the impact of the sound speed and water depth mismatch on the predictions is evaluated using five simulated test cases, where the deeper and more complex architectures proved to be more robust against this variability. In addition, to assess the generalizability performance of the ensemble DL, the networks were tested on data measured on three vertical line arrays in the Seabed Characterization Experiment in 2017, where 94% of the predictions indicated that mud over sand environments inferred in previous geoacoustic inversions for the same area were the most likely sediments. This work presents evidence that the ensemble of DL algorithms has learned how the signature of the sediments is encoded in the ship-radiated noise, providing a unified classification result when tested on data collected at-sea.
Daily Physical Education Linked to Higher Youth Aerobic Fitness Levels: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Hughey Sarah Morgan , Reed Julian A. , King Sarah B.
Published: August 2021

Purpose: Physical education (PE) provides opportunities for youth physical activity during the school day, yet daily PE policies remain low. This study investigated whether daily PE was linked to youth aerobic capacity across a 4-year period in Greenville (South Carolina). Methods: Youth in grade levels second to eighth at 2 schools providing daily PE and 2 schools that did not provide daily PE participated in the study (N = 466). The 2 schools used as comparisons provided standard PE outlined by South Carolina, which included one 50-minute session per week (elementary) and daily PE for one semester (middle school). Aerobic fitness was measured using the FITNESSGRAM® Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run test (May 2011–2015). Number of Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run laps completed, age, gender, ethnicity, body composition, and school attended were included in multilevel linear regression analyses. Results: Across the sample, aerobic fitness increased with age. Throughout the study, males demonstrated growth in aerobic fitness compared with a slight decline for females (P < .001). Youth participation in daily PE was linked to increases in aerobic fitness compared with youth who did not receive daily PE (P < .001). Conclusions: Findings suggest that exposure to daily PE may contribute to increased aerobic fitness in youth.
The Association Between Pupil-Related Psychological Factors and Academic Achievement in Physical Education
Authors: Vist Hagen Ruben , Lorås Håvard , Sigmundsson Hermundur , Haga Monika
Published: August 2021

Purpose: Physical education (PE) teachers’ assessments are often based on continuous observations of pupils. As certain psychological factors may mediate pupils’ learning behaviors relevant to the PE context, they may also influence academic achievement in PE. Thus, this study’s aim was to explore the association between pupil-related psychological factors and academic achievement in PE. Methods: Eighty-nine boys and 111 girls (12–16 years old) in lower secondary school participated in this study, responding to a questionnaire containing previously validated scales measuring pupils’ grit, mindset, self-perceptions, and situational motivation. The pupils’ final grade in PE was collected at the end of the school year. Results: A multiple regression model significantly explained 33% of the variance in grade. The self-perception domains—scholastic competence, athletic competence, and physical appearance—acted as unique predictors, explaining a small portion of the variance in academic achievement. Discussion/conclusion: These results support the importance of positive self-perceptions in relation to academic achievement in PE.
Long-term brain network reorganization predicts responsive neurostimulation outcomes for focal epilepsy
Authors: Khambhati Ankit N. , Shafi Alia , Rao Vikram R. , Chang Edward F.
Published: August 2021

Responsive neurostimulation designed to abort seizures induces brain plasticity that might predict clinical outcomes in the first year of therapy.
Development of a Multiplex Bead Assay To Detect Immunoglobulin G Antibodies to
Babesia duncani
in Human Serum
Authors: Wang Yong , Aderohunmu TaLesa , Bishop Henry , McAuliffe Isabel , Rivera Hilda N. , Smith Darlyne , Wilkins Patricia P. , Bowden Katherine E. , Reed Matthew S. , Svoboda Pavel , Stuchlik Olga , Pohl Jan , Wiegand Ryan E. , Handali Sukwan
Published: August 2021

Babesia duncani
is the causative agent of babesiosis in the western United States. The indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) assay is the diagnostic test of choice for detection of
B. duncani
-specific antibodies.
Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein B Mutations Define Structural Sites in Domain I, the Membrane Proximal Region, and the Cytodomain That Regulate Entry
Authors: Fan Qing , Longnecker Richard , Connolly Sarah A.
Published: August 2021

The nine human herpesviruses are ubiquitous and cause a range of diseases in humans. Glycoprotein B (gB) is an essential viral fusion protein that is conserved in all herpesviruses.
Water-Soluble Humic Materials Modulating Metabolism and Triggering Stress Defense in Sinorhizobium fredii
Authors: Qiu Xiaoqian , Gao Tongguo , Yang Jinshui , Wang Entao , Liu Liang , Yuan Hongli
Published: August 2021

Sinorhizobium fredii
CCBAU45436 is a highly effective, fast-growing rhizobium that can establish symbiosis with multiple soybean cultivars. However, it is difficult to maintain the high-density effective viable cells in the rhizobial inoculant for the stressful conditions during production, storage, transport, and application.
Prognostic Performance of Peripheral Blood Biomarkers in Identifying Seropositive Individuals at Risk of Developing Clinically Symptomatic Chagas Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Choudhuri Subhadip , Bhavnani Suresh K. , Zhang Weibin , Botelli Valentina , Barrientos Natalia , Iñiguez Facundo , Zago Maria Paola , Garg Nisha Jain
Published: August 2021

There is a lack of validated biomarkers for diagnosis of
T. cruzi
-infected individuals at risk of developing heart disease. Of the seven potential biomarkers that were screened, vimentin, 8-OHdG, copeptin, and endostatin exhibited excellent performance in distinguishing the clinical severity of Chagas disease.
Kinetic Analysis of Acanthamoeba castellanii Infected with Giant Viruses Quantitatively Revealed Process of Morphological and Behavioral Changes in Host Cells
Authors: Fukaya Sho , Takemura Masaharu
Published: August 2021

Quantitative analysis of the infection process is important for a better understanding of viral infection strategies and virus-host interactions. Here, an image analysis of the phase-contrast time-lapse movies displayed quantitative differences in the process of cytopathic effects due to the four giant viruses in
Acanthamoeba castellanii
, which were previously unclear.
Clinical Impact of the Expanded BioFire Blood Culture Identification 2 Panel in a U.S. Children’s Hospital
Authors: Graff Kelly E. , Palmer Claire , Anarestani Toraj , Velasquez Darcy , Hamilton Stacey , Pretty Kristin , Parker Sarah , Dominguez Samuel R.
Published: August 2021

The BioFire BCID2 panel is an accurate panel that is equivalent to the BioFire BCID panel compared to standard culture. The BioFire BCID2 panel offers several advantages over the BioFire BCID panel, including enterococcal species identification, Gram-negative resistance gene detection,
Salmonella
identification, and the added
mecA
/
mecC
and MREJ target for better
Staphylococcus aureus
and coagulase-negative
Staphylococcus
(CoNS) differentiation.
Cold Regulation of Genes Encoding Ion Transport Systems in the Oligotrophic Bacterium Caulobacter crescentus
Authors: de Araújo Hugo L. , Martins Bianca P. , Vicente Alexandre M. , Lorenzetti Alan P. R. , Koide Tie , Marques Marilis V.
Published: August 2021

Low-temperature stress is an important factor for nucleic acid stability and must be circumvented in order to maintain the basic cell processes, such as transcription and translation. The oligotrophic lifestyle presents further challenges to ensure the proper nutrient uptake and osmotic balance in an environment of slow nutrient flow.
Intestinal obstruction caused by encircling fallopian tube
Authors: Lohani Ravi , Mathur Poorvi
Published: August 2021

A 50-year-old woman was admitted to our emergency surgery department with 1-week history of abdominal pain, distension, vomiting and constipation. On examination, she has a distended abdomen with sluggish bowel sounds, but no clinical signs of peritonitis. Blood tests were normal except for the increased white cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). CT scan with oral as well as intravenous contrast demonstrated the small bowel obstruction without any insight into the aetiology of the disease. Intraoperatively, the right fallopian tube was found to encircle the terminal ileum. A right salpingo-oophorectomy was performed to release the bowel. This case report describes a rare cause of the small bowel obstruction in female patients.