bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Permanence tsigane et politique de sédentarisation dans la France de l'après-guerre
Authors: Reyniers Alain , Williams Patrick , Guillaume Henri
Published: January 2014

Après avoir rappelé ce que furent les relations entre les pouvoirs publics et les Tsiganes depuis leur apparition en Europe occidentale, cet article examine, à partir d'un exemple particulier, les effets d'une politique concertée sur l'évolution des communautés tsiganes. L'exemple choisi est la réglementation du stationnement des nomades mise en place en France à la fin des années soixante. La comparaison entre des familles qui n'ont pas été touchées par cette politique et d'autres qui ont séjourné sur les "aires d'accueil" institutionnalisées montre les limites de l'action publique : si elle les a peut-être accélérées, elle n'a pas sensiblement modifié les évolutions suivies ici et là. Cet échec est dû tout autant aux dynamismes propres des communautés tsiganes qu'à la conception erronée du "nomadisme", qui a guidé les initiatives des pouvoirs publics.
Être Aborigène aujourd'hui. Migrations, sédentarisations et changements identitaires dans le Nord-Ouest de l'Australie
Authors: Moizo Bernard , Guillaume Henri
Published: January 2014

Being an Aborigène Today. Migrations, Sedentarizations and Identity Changes in the North-West of Australia

White settlement in Australia and various government policies have made contemporary Aboriginal people the way they are. In the North-West of Australia, Aboriginal groups have been forced to settle on cattle stations first, then newly started missions and the consequences of the Pastoral Award have attracted Aboriginal populations from various cattle stations towards urban centres. In order to answer the needs of these migrants, the Federal government has created urban-based Aboriginal settlements, which quickly became the only way for Aborigines to have access to funding, government programs and resources like housing. Through the case example of one of these urban based settlements, the author explores the successive changes Aboriginal people had to deal with and the emergence of community identities in the Kimberleys.
Le qat, planche de salut ou cancer de l'économie yéménite ?
Authors: Destremau Blandine
Published: January 2014

Khat, a source of salvation or of cancer for Yemen's economy ?

Especially since the 1960s and 1970s, when the number of emigrants sending earnings back home increased sharply, khat has become important in North Yemen's economy. Nearly half the population consumes it, nearly a third of farmers grow it - on the best land. By accounting for nearly a quarter of the income in rural areas, khat finances social infrastructures, hydraulic systems and transportation, and provides jobs for poor peasants. This Bmild" narcotic has its defenders in high places even though it is officially considered to be a bane. Replacing it calls for adopting other crops and developing other, profitable economic activities.
Paysage après la tempête. Les retombées d'une catastrophe naturelle : ordre et désordre dans le culturel
Authors: Prado Patrick
Published: January 2014

Landscape after a Storm. Aftereffects of a Natural Catastrophe : Order and Disorder in the Cultural Realm

What is eventful in a natural catastrophe is not the declarations, in public or in secret, of those who experienced it but rather the capacity to emit a message. For this reason, the gravity of a catastrophe depends on the power of the means of information. On the contrary, private language following a catastrophe (herein, a tempest in Brittany, France, in October 1987) temporarily modifies the signs of power. It reorganizes meaning following nature's disorganization. It anthropomorphizes : "Nature is wreaking vengeance." Catastrophes generate a spontaneous etiology which, often expressed in terms of excess and scarcity, represents a metaphorical interpretation of the disjunction between the individual and his collective destiny, between individual and social power. This "crisis language" seeks to be effective insofar as it reinforces images of one's self and identities that could never be better expressed than during tribulations.
L'usage des espaces péri-urbains. Une géographie régionale des conflits
Authors: Cadène Philippe
Published: January 2014

L'analyse des conflits sociaux et des rivalités paysannes pour l'utilisation des espaces situés à la périphérie de dix grandes agglomérations françaises montre l'importance des processus conflictuels dans la dynamique spatiale. La force et les formes du mouvement d'urbanisation péri-urbaine, qui caractérise ces espaces, dépendent en effet de l'issue de trois séries de conflits ayant pour thèmes l'aménagement du territoire régional, la maîtrise des espaces communaux et les conséquences de la gestion de ces espaces. Ces processus conflictuels répondent par ailleurs à des logiques spatiales et leur analyse permet de définir des aires conflictuelles homogènes dans les espaces péri-urbains, en fonction de facteurs d'ordre socio-économique, politico-administratif et socio-culturel, agissant à des échelles spatiales différentes. A travers cet exemple, une géographie régionale des conflits est ainsi proposée, qui reste toutefois à développer.
Droit et littoral en Europe
Authors: Calderaro Norbert
Published: January 2014

Law and the Coast in Europe

Sociologists and geographers have observed, in all lands of the world, a shift of populations and activities from inland toward the seaboard. In Europe, the law increasingly deals with the complexity of this phenomenon while taking into account the fragility of coastal areas. The new mandate for conserving these zones has been interpreted in four ways. At the international level, the notion of integrated coastal management has been developed ; and at the national level, laws have been passed about the seaboard. Everywhere, systems of public domain are being revived ; and private or public appropriations of coastal land for conservation purposes are increasingly common. National laws forbid building in certain zones and set aside areas of ecological interest.
L'huître de Marennes. Entre domaine public et espaces privés
Authors: Legué-Dupont Pascale
Published: January 2014

Plate, portugaise, japonaise ; estran/marais ; Marennes-Oléron. Voilà résumée en quelques mots clefs une région productrice d'huîtres où, en moins de cent ans, trois produits ont été successivement exploités dans deux espaces : le marais qui est sur propriété privée et l'estran qui fait partie du domaine public maritime. Le propos est ici de comprendre en quels termes d'hier à aujourd'hui se sont posées les questions de la conception, de la gestion et des usages de ces espaces d'exploitation et, de la plate à la japonaise, de saisir l'évolution des rapports privé/public. La distinction entre espace public et propriété privée permet en outre de percevoir le point de passage entre faits de nature et faits de culture et le mécanisme de leur articulation.
Aménager un site littoral. Entre politique et pragmatisme
Authors: Lafaye Claudette
Published: January 2014

Developing a Coastal Site : Between Politics and Pragmatism

Questions about the future of a coastal site guide this analysis of a decision-making process involving private and public actors. Public actions do not necessitate objectives and clearly formulated policies. In certain contexts, public decisions come out of a random process. Although actors' preferences are often uncertain, their choices are redefined and consolidated during action. Adopting a pragmatic perspective, this analysis also tries to delimit the strategic models of action as the model of justification.
Notas romances en gramáticas latinoespañolas del siglo xv
Authors: Ridruejo Emilio
Published: January 2014

No disponible.
The Influence of Personality Traits on Software Engineering and its Applications
Authors: Casado-Rivas Adrián , Archidona Manuel Muñoz
Published: January 2014

In Software Engineering, personality traits have helped to better understand the human factor. In this chapter, the authors give an overview of important personality traits theories that have influenced Software Engineering and have been widely adopted. The theories considered are Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Big Five Personality Traits, and Belbin Roles. The influence of personality traits has provided remarkable benefits to Software Engineering, especially in the making of teams. For software project managers, it is useful to know what set of soft skills correlates to a specific team role so as to analyze how personality traits have contributed to high performance and cohesive software engineering teams. The study of software engineers’ personality traits also helps to motivate team members. Creating teams that involve compatible individuals, each working on tasks that suit them, and having a motivated team improves team performance, productivity, and reduces project costs.
Some Key Topics to be Considered in Software Process Improvement
Authors: Cuevas Gonzalo , Calvo-Manzano Jose A. , García Iván
Published: January 2014

This chapter summarizes a set of relevant aspects that may have a strong influence on the effectiveness of software process improvement and, as a consequence, on the competitiveness of software companies. Also included are the results obtained from a survey carried out in large companies on their processing needs in order to be more competitive. The organizational structures seen in different projects highlight the relevance of suitable processes as well as a culture of individual and organizational commitment. With this focus in mind, this chapter provides detailed information about teams, their construction and performance so that they can be effective in developing and implementing the processes. Finally, the chapter provides information about successful change management as well as advice on qualification of the workforce and technological tendencies, which is of key importance to achieve the objectives of competitiveness and process improvement.
Towards Knowledge Management to Support Decision Making for Software Process Development
Authors: Muñoz Edrisi , Capón-García Elisabeth
Published: January 2014

The complexity of decision making in software process development and the need for highly competitive organizations require new supporting tools to coordinate and optimize the information flow among decision levels. Decision levels are related to strategic planning, tactical process management, and operational activities development and control. This chapter presents the theory for developing a framework that integrates the different decision levels in software development companies in order to reach their business objectives. Furthermore, the proposed framework coordinates the information exchange among the different modeling paradigms/conventions currently used.
A Method to Design a Software Process Architecture in a Multimodel Environment
Authors: Pesantes Mery , Becerra Jorge Luis Risco , Lemus Cuauhtémoc
Published: January 2014

In the multimodel improvement context, Software Organizations need to incorporate into their processes different practices from several improvement technologies simultaneously (i.e. CMMI, PSP, ISO 15504, and others). Over the last few years, software process architectures have been considered a means to harmonize these technologies. However, it is unclear how to design a software process architecture supporting a multimodel environment. In this chapter, an overview of the method to design a software process architecture is presented, identifying basic concepts, views, phases, activities, and artifacts. In addition, important aspects in the creation of this method are explained. This method will assist process stakeholders in the design, documentation, and maintenance of their software process architecture.
Learning to Innovate
Authors: Barrio Félix A. , Poy Raquel
Published: January 2014

Using a large sample of Spanish organizations, in this chapter, the authors empirically reveal the state of health of the Spanish software industry in terms of software process improvement, both in the monitoring of working methodologies and the usage of tools, and they provide the necessary information in order to understand the real skills and efforts to improve the quality of products and end-user services. Having found that a significant number of organizations do not have specific training programs or their own software quality department, it is an essential point of departure for professionals to increase awareness of the need to implement quality processes to improve the competitiveness of the company. The state of knowledge of the methodologies aimed at quality and existing national and international standards shows that these are barely known by professionals in Spanish companies, especially among SMEs and micro-enterprises. However, most Spanish small businesses and large enterprises think the CMMI model best suits their needs, both business and technical. This growing interest is the main reason behind the fact that Spain has almost 38% of the European CMMI certifications, including 22 new certifications since 2010, and is the fourth country in the world in terms of number of CMMI appraisals.
Attitudes and practices of infection control among senior dental students at college of dentistry, university of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Rahman Betul , Abraham Sheela Balu , Alsalami Amna Mohammed , Alkhaja Fatima Eisa , Najem Shaikha Ibrahim
Published: January 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate compliance, awareness and practices of infection control procedures among senior dental students at the College of Dentistry, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of 119 subjects of 4 th and 5 th year dental students. A questionnaire was developed with 25 open and closed-ended questions related to barrier techniques, vaccination status, infection control practices and awareness. This was distributed among the senior dental students and completed upon signing the consent form. Each questionnaire was coded to ensure the confidentiality of responses. Results: The questionnaire was distributed among 223 senior dental students at the University of Sharjah of which only 119 students (53%) responded. Compliance with the use of protective barriers was high with the exception of protective eye wear, utilized by a mere 27% of students. There was a significant difference between 4 th and 5 th year dental students′ attitudes (p < 0.05) regarding the treatment of patients with infectious diseases. Compared with 44.4% of the 5 th year students, 68.5% of the 4 th year students did not mind treating patients with infectious diseases. Owing to this, 61.9% of the 5 th year students suffered from non-sterile percutaneous and mucous membrane exposures compared with 44.6% of the 4 th year students (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Efforts are needed to improve attitudes, implement information and motivate students in the correct and routine use of infection control measures. With all infection control protocols already implemented in dental schools, the challenge remains on improving compliance with infection control recommendations.
Biocompatibility of glass ionomer cements with and without chlorhexidine
Authors: Iz Sultan Gulce , Ertugrul Fahinur , Eden Ece , Gurhan S. Ismet Deliloglu
Published: January 2014

Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the biocompatibility of glass ionomer cements (GICs) with and without chlorhexidine (CHX) as well as coated with varnish or not using in vitro cytotoxicity test. Materials and Methods: Biocompatibility of Fuji IX, Fuji IX with varnish, Fuji IX with 1% CHX diacetate and Fuji IX with 1% CHX diacetate with varnish was determined with in vitro cytotoxicity assay by using L929 mouse connective tissue fibroblasts. After 72 h, cell viabilities were evaluated by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay to determine the effects of the cements on the mitochondrial function and microscopic images were taken by scanning electron microscopy. Results: Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test at a significance level of P < 0.05. 72 h after treatment, there were statistically significant differences between Fuji IX and Fuji IX-CHX (p < 0.001). In addition, the reduction of the cytotoxicity by coating the GICs with varnish was indicative and increased the cell viability ratio (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Fuji IX coated with varnish was found to be the most biocompatible one among others. Thus adding CHX significantly reduced the cell viability, it is assumed that, due to the leakage of CHX and the other components of the GICs to the cell culture medium, the cell viabilities were decreased, so it is highly recommended to use varnish not only to reduce the water loss from the GICs, but also to reduce the cytotoxicity of the GICs.
Possible recurrence of keratocyst in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome: A review of literature
Authors: Tarakji Bassel , Baroudi Kusai , Hanouneh Salah , Azzeghaiby Saleh Naser , Nassani Mohammad Zakaria
Published: January 2014

This review will highlight some current areas of difficulty or controversy in diagnosis and treatment of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS). The odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) has significant growth capacity and recurrence potential and is occasionally indicative of the NBCCS. The objective of this study is to clarify the causes of the recurrence of OKC in NBCCS. A literature search was conducted using Medline, accessed via the National Library of Medicine PubMed interface, searching for articles relating to the cause of recurrence of keratocyst in NBCCS written in English. This study has described the previous and the current outcomes of the treatment of OKC (recurrent cause). A protocol was then agreed to search for the possible causes of keratocyst recurrence in NBCCS. The general treatment of other manifestation of NBCCS has excluded from this study. Studies describing cohort, case series and miscellaneous clinical reports were retrieved and evaluated from 2010 to 2012.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in endodontics
Authors: Mohammadi Zahed , Shalavi Sousan , Jafarzadeh Hamid
Published: January 2014

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a chelating agent can bind to metals via four carboxylate and two amine groups. It is a polyamino carboxylic acid and a colorless, water-soluble solid, which is widely used to dissolve lime scale. It is produced as several salts, notably disodium EDTA and calcium disodium EDTA. EDTA reacts with the calcium ions in dentine and forms soluble calcium chelates. A review of the literature and a discussion of the different indications and considerations for its usage are presented.
A global climatology of stratosphere–troposphere exchange using the ERA-Interim data set from 1979 to 2011
Authors: Škerlak B. , Sprenger M. , Wernli H.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. In this study we use the ERA-Interim reanalysis data set from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and a refined version of a previously developed Lagrangian methodology to compile a global 33 yr climatology of stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) from 1979 to 2011. Fluxes of mass and ozone are calculated across the tropopause, pressure surfaces in the troposphere, and the top of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). This climatology provides a state-of-the-art quantification of the geographical distribution of STE and the preferred transport pathways, as well as insight into the temporal evolution of STE during the last 33 yr. We confirm the distinct zonal and seasonal asymmetry found in previous studies using comparable methods. The subset of "deep STE", where stratospheric air reaches the PBL within 4 days or vice versa, shows especially strong geographical and seasonal variations. The global hotspots for deep STE are found along the west coast of North America and over the Tibetan Plateau, especially in boreal winter and spring. An analysis of the time series reveals significant positive trends of the net downward mass flux and of deep STE in both directions, which are particularly large over North America. The downward ozone flux across the tropopause is dominated by the seasonal cycle of ozone concentrations at the tropopause and peaks in summer, when the mass flux is nearly at its minimum. For the subset of deep STE events, the situation is reversed and the downward ozone flux into the PBL is dominated by the mass flux and peaks in early spring. Thus surface ozone concentration along the west coast of North America and around the Tibetan Plateau are likely to be influenced by deep stratospheric intrusions. We discuss the sensitivity of our results on the choice of the control surface representing the tropopause, the horizontal and vertical resolution of the trajectory starting grid, and the minimum residence time τ used to filter out transient STE trajectories.
Sensitivity of air pollution simulations with LOTOS-EUROS to the temporal distribution of anthropogenic emissions
Authors: Mues A. , Kuenen J. , Hendriks C. , Manders A. , Segers A. , Scholz Y. , Hueglin C. , Builtjes P. , Schaap M.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. In this study the sensitivity of the model performance of the chemistry transport model (CTM) LOTOS-EUROS to the description of the temporal variability of emissions was investigated. Currently the temporal release of anthropogenic emissions is described by European average diurnal, weekly and seasonal time profiles per sector. These default time profiles largely neglect the variation of emission strength with activity patterns, region, species, emission process and meteorology. The three sources dealt with in this study are combustion in energy and transformation industries (SNAP1), nonindustrial combustion (SNAP2) and road transport (SNAP7). First of all, the impact of neglecting the temporal emission profiles for these SNAP categories on simulated concentrations was explored. In a second step, we constructed more detailed emission time profiles for the three categories and quantified their impact on the model performance both separately as well as combined. The performance in comparison to observations for Germany was quantified for the pollutants NO2, SO2 and PM10 and compared to a simulation using the default LOTOS-EUROS emission time profiles. The LOTOS-EUROS simulations were performed for the year 2006 with a temporal resolution of 1 h and a horizontal resolution of approximately 25 × 25km2. In general the largest impact on the model performance was found when neglecting the default time profiles for the three categories. The daily average correlation coefficient for instance decreased by 0.04 (NO2), 0.11 (SO2) and 0.01 (PM10) at German urban background stations compared to the default simulation. A systematic increase in the correlation coefficient is found when using the new time profiles. The size of the increase depends on the source category, component and station. Using national profiles for road transport showed important improvements in the explained variability over the weekdays as well as the diurnal cycle for NO2. The largest impact of the SNAP1 and 2 profiles were found for SO2. When using all new time profiles simultaneously in one simulation, the daily average correlation coefficient increased by 0.05 (NO2), 0.07 (SO2) and 0.03 (PM10) at urban background stations in Germany. This exercise showed that to improve the performance of a CTM, a better representation of the distribution of anthropogenic emission in time is recommendable. This can be done by developing a dynamical emission model that takes into account regional specific factors and meteorology.
Systematic satellite observations of the impact of aerosols from passive volcanic degassing on local cloud properties
Authors: Ebmeier S. K. , Sayer A. M. , Grainger R. G. , Mather T. A. , Carboni E.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The impact of volcanic emissions is a significant source of uncertainty in estimations of aerosol indirect radiative forcing, especially with respect to emissions from passive degassing and minor explosions. Understanding the impact of volcanic emissions on indirect radiative forcing is important for assessing present day atmospheric properties and also to define the pre-industrial baseline to assess anthropogenic perturbations. We present observations of the time-averaged indirect aerosol effect within 200 km downwind of isolated island volcanoes in regions of low present-day aerosol burden using MODIS and AATSR data. Retrievals of aerosol and cloud properties at Kīlauea (Hawai'i), Yasur (Vanuatu) and Piton de la Fournaise (Réunion) are rotated about the volcanic vent according to wind direction, so that retrievals downwind of the volcano can be averaged to improve signal to noise ratio. The emissions from all three volcanoes, including those from passive degassing, strombolian activity and minor explosions lead to measurably increased aerosol optical depth downwind of the active vent. Average cloud droplet effective radius is lower downwind of the volcano in all cases, with the peak difference in effective radius of 4–8 μm at the different volcanoes. A comparison of these observations with cloud properties at isolated islands with no significant source of aerosol suggests that these patterns are not purely orographic in origin. This approach sets out a first step for the systematic measurement of the effects of present day low altitude volcanic emissions on cloud properties. Our observations of unpolluted, isolated marine settings may also capture processes similar to those in the pre-industrial marine atmosphere.
An introduction to FY3 GNOS instrument and its performace tested on ground
Authors: Bai W. , Sun Y. , Du Q. , Yang G. , Yang Z. , Zhang P. , Bi Y. , Wang X. , Cheng C. , Han Y.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The FY3 GNOS (GNSS Occultation Sounder) mission is a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) radio occultation mission of China for remote sensing of Earth's neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere. GNOS will use both the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Beidou navigation satellite systems on the China Feng-Yun-3 (FY3) series satellites. The first FY3-C was launched at 03:03 UTC, 23 September 2013. GNOS was developed by Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CSSAR). It will provide vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and humidity, as well as ionospheric electron density profiles on a global basis. These data will be used for numerical weather prediction, climate research, and ionospheric research and space weather. This paper describes the FY3 GNOS mission and the GNOS instrument characteristics. It presents simulation results of the number and distribution of GNOS occultation events with the Regional Beidou constellation and the full GPS constellation, under the limitation of the GNOS instrument occultation channel number. This paper presents the instrument performance as derived from analysis of measurement data in laboratory and mountain-based occultation validation experiments at Mt. Wuling in Hebei Province. The mountain-based GNSS occultation validation tests show that GNOS can acquire or track lower elevation radio signal for rising or setting occultation events. The refractivity profiles of GNOS obtained during the mountain-based experiment were compared with those from radiosondes. The results show that the refractivity profiles obtained by GNOS are consistent with those from the radiosonde. The RMS of the differences between the GNOS and radiosonde refractivities is less than 3%.
Correction of artificial jumps in the historical geomagnetic measurements of Coimbra Observatory, Portugal
Authors: Morozova A. L. , Ribeiro P. , Pais M. A.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The Coimbra Magnetic Observatory (International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy code COI) in Portugal has a long history of observation of the geomagnetic field, spanning almost 150 yr since the first geomagnetic measurements in 1866. These long instrumental geomagnetic records provide very important information about variability of geomagnetic elements and indices, their trends and cycles, and can be used to improve our knowledge on the sources that drive variations of the geomagnetic field: liquid core dynamics (internal) and solar forcing (external). However, during the long life of the Coimbra Observatory, some inevitable changes in station location, instrument's park and electromagnetic environment have taken place. These changes affected the quality of the data collected at COI causing breaks and jumps in the series of geomagnetic field components and local K index. Clearly, these inhomogeneities, typically shift-like (step-like) or trend-like, have to be corrected or, at least, minimized in order for the data to be used in scientific studies or to be submitted to international databases. In this study, the series of local K index and declination of the geomagnetic field are analysed: the former because it allows direct application of standard homogenization methods and the latter because it is the longest continuous series produced at COI. For the homogenization, visual and statistical tests (e.g. standard normal homogeneity test) have been applied directly to the local geomagnetic K index series (from 1951 to 2012). The homogenization of the monthly averages of declination (from 1867 to 2012) has been done using visual analysis and statistical tests applied to the time series of the first differences of declination values, as an approximation to the first time derivative. This allowed not only estimating the level of inhomogeneity of the studied series but also detecting the highly probable homogeneity break points. These points have been cross-checked with the metadata, and the COI series have been compared with reference series from the nearest geomagnetic stations and, in the case of declination series, from the recent geomagnetic field model COV-OBS to set up the required correction factors. As a result, the homogenized series measured in COI are considered to be essentially free of artificial shifts starting from the second half of the 20th century, and ready to be used by the scientific community.
“Save oure tonges difference”:
Authors: Gaston Kara
Published: January 2014

This article considers the relationship between translation and historical alterity in Troilus and Criseyde. Chaucer opens Book II of Troilus by admitting that the customs of the poem's ancient lovers might seem strange: culture, like language, changes over the centuries. This passage probably derives from Dante's Convivio, which argues that 1,000 years of linguistic change would render the vernacular of one's own city strange and foreign. In order to understand how such alterity can emerge in a translation like Troilus, this article considers Convivio's statements in the context of fourteenth-century Italian vernacular translations that emulate the syntax and lexicon of Latin source texts. These translations expand the expressive range of the vernacular, allowing linguistic change to be glimpsed as it happens. Similarly, in Troilus Chaucer exploits the transformative potential of translation, using close translation to create effects of linguistic—and hence historical—difference within his own lexicon.
Chaucerian Echoes in the Debate betweene Pride and Lowlines
Authors: Ransom Daniel J.
Published: January 2014

Brief remarks by Frederick Furnivall (1868), Eleanor Hammond (1908), Caroline Spurgeon (1925), and Jackson Campbell Boswell and Sylvia Wallace Holton (2004), indicate that the sixteenth-century poem entitled the Debate betweene Pride and Lowlines shows in its character descriptions the influence of Chaucer. But, apart from one particular case, no details of the matter have been brought to light. Examination of the poem reveals that such influence is definite, though not pervasive, and that Chaucer's effect on the Debate is rather more various than previous comments suggest. Beyond reminiscences of the General Prologue, one finds several echoes of language and motifs drawn from other parts of the Canterbury Tales, from Troilus and Criseyde, and from the dream visions.
Cultivating Deductive Thinking with Angle Chasing
Authors: Edwards Michael Todd , Quinlan James , Harper Suzanne R. , Cox Dana C. , Phelps Steve
Published: January 2014

This approach to determining measures of angles fosters stronger understanding of formal proof.
Squeezing Bubbles into Corners
Authors: Griffiths Martin
Published: January 2014

I always seek activities that might stretch my students yet would be accessible to them; that might require logical thought yet would contain counterintuitive elements; that might provide the opportunity to venture into new mathematical realms yet would have a simple starting point. This article and the activity that inspired it did indeed arise by way of a relatively straightforward problem that I proposed to one of my classes.
The Human Unit Circle
Authors: MacInnis Maureen
Published: January 2014

When each student has become part of an ordered pair, we go outside to the school parking lot, where I chalk the outline of a Cartesian plane.
O programa estúdio móvel da TV Brasil no Facebook
Authors: Rozados Helen Beatriz Frota , Corrêa Rochele Tonello Zago
Published: January 2014

Este artigo trata do uso do Facebook por programa de televisão pública. O objetivo geral é compreender com que finalidade o Estúdio Móvel da TV Brasil utiliza a rede social virtual Facebook, contextualizando a TV Pública Brasileira, a TV Brasil, o Núcleo Multimídia (NUMID) e o programa Estúdio Móvel. Apresenta o conceito de TV Social, convergência transmídia de conteúdos e o Estúdio Móvel no Facebook. Discute a metodologia aplicada e os resultados da pesquisa. Considera que os conteúdos compartilhados pelo Programa no Facebook abordam assuntos que vão além do que é exibido na TV, tendo, nesses espaços, ações que promovem a discussão em torno de um assunto comum, o que gera a concepção de uma TV Social.
Jornal impresso e eleições municipais: da opinião à informação nas páginas da Gazeta do Povo
Authors: Quadros Doacir Gonçalves de
Published: January 2014

O artigo apresenta parte dos dados obtidos no acompanhamento da cobertura eleitoral do jornal Gazeta do Povo (GP) sobre as eleições de 2000 a 2012 para prefeito de Curitiba, em particular sobre a tematização, o volume e o formato das matérias publicadas no jornal, procurando- se identificar alguns traços de seu padrão jornalístico. Os dados levantados sobre a cobertura do jornal a partir da variável volume permitiram constatar um padrão jornalístico em que o volume da cobertura é marcado pelo contexto político-eleitoral de cada disputa. Também se constatou, com base na análise dos formatos das matérias, uma mudança no tratamento dispensado pelo jornal ao tema eleições ao longo dos anos, passando de uma cobertura eleitoral com fortes traços opinativos para uma cobertura mais informativa sobre as eleições.
Comunicação e mobilização política na campanha Fora Ana de Hollanda
Authors: Prudencio Kelly , Leite Weslley Dalcol
Published: January 2014

Este artigo é resultado da observação do confronto político evidenciado na campanha Fora Ana de Hollanda no Twitter, uma mobilização que ocorreu em 2011 a partir dos grupos apoiados pelo programa Cultura Viva do Ministério da Cultura — os pontos de cultura — e a gestão da ministra Ana de Hollanda. Orientados pela teoria da mobilização política, mostramos que a mobilização foi organizada pela rede de comunicação preexistente dos pontos de cultura na internet, a qual propiciou a formação de um capital comunicacional aos ativistas; isso lhes permitiu identificar janelas de oportunidades políticas e criar condições para o confronto. Esse confronto se dá pelos enquadramentos da ação coletiva, entendidos como estratégias de enfrentamento. Para isso, foram analisadas 763 postagens da campanha (#foraana e #foranadehollanda) publicadas entre fevereiro e outubro de 2011 no microblog Twitter. A pesquisa identificou que a comunicação na internet funcionou, nesse caso, como fundamento da mobilização, cujo objetivo era manter a política pública, interrompida na gestão da ministra. A campanha campanha apresentou repertório de ações, que, embora não tenha culminado na queda imediata da ministra, colocou a política cultural no centro das discussões daquele período.
Functional Connections of Cortical Areas
Authors: Sherman S. Murray , Guillery R. W.
Published: January 2014

Two leading authorities on thalamocortical connections consider how the neural circuits of the brain relate to our actions and perceptions.

In this book, two leading authorities on the thalamus and its relationship to cortex build on their earlier findings to arrive at new ways of thinking about how the brain relates to the world, to cognition, and behavior. Based on foundations established earlier in their book Exploring the Thalamus and Its Role in Cortical Function, the authors consider the implications of these ground rules for thalamic inputs, thalamocortical connections, and cortical outputs.

The authors argue that functional and structural analyses of pathways connecting thalamus and cortex point beyond these to lower centers and through them to the body and the world. Each cortical area depends on the messages linking it to body and world. These messages relate to the way we act and think; each cortical area receives thalamic inputs and has outputs to motor centers. Sherman and Guillery go on to discuss such topics as the role of branching axons that carry motor instructions as well as copies of these motor instructions for relay to cortex under the control of the thalamic gate. This gate allows the thalamus to control the passage of information on the basis of which cortex relates to the rest of the nervous system.
Selbständiges Beweisverfahren (§ 485 Abs. 2 ZPO) – Mittel der Streitschlichtung und Schaffung eines Hemmungstatbestands
Authors: Fellner Christoph
Published: January 2014

Das selbständige Beweisverfahren gem. § 485 Abs. 2 ZPO, das nur vorprozessual durchgeführt wird, bietet den Verfahrensbeteiligten verschiedene Vorteile: Zunächst kann es ein Mittel der Streitschlichtung sein, wenn der Streitpunkt durch ein Sachverständigengutachten geklärt werden kann und die Verfahrensbeteiligten bereit sind, das Ergebnis des Sachverständigengutachtens zu akzeptieren. Unter diesen Umständen bietet das selbständige Beweisverfahren gem. § 485 Abs. 2 ZPO eine schnelle und relativ kostengünstige Streiterledigung durch einen Vergleich (vgl. § 492 Abs. 3 ZPO). Ein weiterer Grund für die Einleitung eines selbständigen Beweisverfahrens kann die Schaffung eines Hemmungstatbestands sein, wenn der Antragsteller noch nicht klagen will (vgl. § 204 Abs. 1 Nr. 7 BGB).

Der folgende Beitrag erläutert anhand von Beispielen die praxisrelevanten Gesichtspunkte des Verfahrens und geht auf die aktuelle Rechtsprechung (so BGH v. 24.9.2013 - VI ZB 12/13, MDR 2013, 1342 f. zum rechtlichen Interesse an einem selbständigen Beweisverfahren in Arzthaftungssachen) ein.
Calcite saturation, foraminiferal test mass, and Mg/Ca‐based temperatures dissolution corrected using XDX—A 150 ka record from the western Indian Ocean
Authors: Johnstone Heather J. H. , Kiefer Thorsten , Elderfield Henry , Schulz Michael
Published: January 2014

A record of deep‐sea calcite saturation
, derived from X‐ray computed tomography‐based foraminifer dissolution index, XDX, was constructed for the past 150 ka for a core from the deep (4157 m) tropical western Indian Ocean. G. sacculifer and N. dutertrei recorded a similar dissolution history, consistent with the process of calcite compensation. Peaks in calcite saturation (∼15 µmol/kg higher than the present‐day value) occurred during deglaciations and early in MIS 3. Dissolution maxima coincided with transitions to colder stages. The mass record of G. sacculifer better indicated preservation than did that of N. dutertrei or G. ruber. Dissolution‐corrected Mg/Ca‐derived SST records, like other SST records from marginal Indian Ocean sites, showed coolest temperatures of the last 150 ka in early MIS 3, when mixed layer temperatures were ∼4°C lower than present SST. Temperatures recorded by N. dutertrei showed the thermocline to be ∼4°C colder in MIS 3 compared to the Holocene (8 ka B.P.).
Crustal thickness and Moho character of the fast‐spreading East Pacific Rise from 9°42′N to 9°57′N from poststack‐migrated 3‐D MCS data
Authors: Aghaei Omid , Nedimović Mladen R. , Carton Helene , Carbotte Suzanne M. , Canales J. Pablo , Mutter John C.
Published: January 2014

We computed crustal thickness (5740 ± 270 m) and mapped Moho reflection character using 3‐D seismic data covering 658 km2 of the fast‐spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR) from 9°42′N to 9°57′N. Moho reflections are imaged within ∼87% of the study area. Average crustal thickness varies little between large sections of the study area suggesting regionally uniform crustal production in the last ∼180 Ka. However, individual crustal thickness measurements differ by as much as 1.75 km indicating that the mantle melt delivery has not been uniform. Third‐order, but not fourth‐order ridge discontinuities are associated with changes in the Moho reflection character and/or near‐axis crustal thickness. This suggests that the third‐order segmentation is governed by melt distribution processes within the uppermost mantle while the fourth‐order ridge segmentation arises from midcrustal to upper‐crustal processes. In this light, we assign fourth‐order ridge discontinuity status to the debated ridge segment boundary at ∼9°45′N and third‐order status at ∼9°51.5′N to the ridge segment boundary previously interpreted as a fourth‐order discontinuity. Our seismic results also suggest that the mechanism of lower‐crustal accretion varies along the investigated section of the EPR but that the volume of melt delivered to the crust is mostly uniform. More efficient mantle melt extraction is inferred within the southern half of our survey area with greater proportion of the lower crust accreted from the axial magma lens than that for the northern half. This south‐to‐north variation in the crustal accretion style may be caused by interaction between the melt sources for the ridge and the Lamont seamounts.
Observed influence of liquid cloud microphysical properties on ultraviolet surface radiation
Authors: Mateos D. , Pace G. , Meloni D. , Bilbao J. , di Sarra A. , de Miguel A. , Casasanta G. , Min Q.
Published: January 2014

Measurements of different UV quantities (UV index, ozone photolysis rates, global and diffuse irradiances, and actinic flux spectra) and cloud properties were collected during a field campaign carried out in Southern Italy in May–June 2010. Independent measurements of cloud liquid water path and optical depth allowed retrieving the cloud effective radius. The cloud modification factor (CMF) is used to investigate the influence of liquid cloud properties on the UV radiation under overcast conditions. CMF was also simulated using a 1‐D radiative transfer model. Experimental and simulated CMF values for UV index (under overcast conditions) show a normalized root‐mean‐square error around 11%. Clouds with small effective radius determine a higher UV radiation attenuation than clouds formed by large particles. The CMFs for the UV index and the global spectral irradiance show a very weak dependence on the solar zenith angle (SZA), while the CMFs for actinic flux (both integrated and spectral) and diffuse spectral irradiance show a variation with SZA. The irradiance is more effectively attenuated at low SZA, while the actinic flux at high SZA. These effects are due to the different weight given to the direct and the diffuse components.
Effectiveness and Safety of Infliximab in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Analysis From a Canadian Multicenter Prospective Observational Registry
Authors: Thorne Carter , Bensen William G. , Choquette Denis , Chow Andrew , Khraishi Majed , Atkins Christopher J. , Kelsall John T. , Lehman Allen J. , Shawi May , Khalil Hayssam , Nantel Francois , Rampakakis Emmanouil , Sampalis John S. , Otawa Susan
Published: January 2014

Objective

To describe the profile of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with infliximab in Canadian routine care and to assess the real‐world effectiveness and safety of infliximab.

Methods

Biologics‐naive RA patients from the Biologic Treatment Registry Across Canada were stratified based on their enrollment year. Effectiveness was assessed with the changes in clinical/laboratory parameters and patient‐reported outcomes and the achievement of minimal disease activity and remission. Safety was assessed with the incidence of treatment‐emergent adverse events (AEs).

Results

Among 628 patients, 45.9%, 34.6%, and 19.6% were enrolled between 2002–2005, 2005–2008, and 2008–2011, respectively. Patients recruited in more recent years had significantly lower Disease Activity Score with a 28‐joint count using the C‐reactive protein level (DAS28‐CRP), Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), swollen joint count in 28 joints, tender joint count in 28 joints, physician's global assessment of disease activity, patient's global assessment of disease activity, Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index, pain, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and CRP level (P < 0.01 for all). Patient management also changed with a trend to initiate infliximab after failure of fewer disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Six‐month treatment with infliximab resulted in statistically significant and clinically important improvements in all disease parameters examined, which were sustained over 36 months. The cumulative probability of achieving remission by 36 months, as defined by the DAS28, SDAI, and CDAI, was 56.2 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 47.8–64.8), 31.0 (95% CI 23.8–39.8), and 36.2 (95% CI 28.5–45.3), respectively, which was significantly greater in patients with lower baseline disease activity. The profile and incidence of AEs were comparable to data previously reported for tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors.

Conclusion

RA patient characteristics at infliximab initiation changed over time toward lower disease activity. Furthermore, a trend to treat patients with fewer DMARDs before initiation of infliximab was observed. However, treatment with infliximab was effective in significantly reducing disease activity independent of the treatment initiation year.
Injectable Cell Constructs Fabricated via Culture on a Thermoresponsive Methylcellulose Hydrogel System for the Treatment of Ischemic Diseases
Authors: Huang Chieh‐Cheng , Liao Zi‐Xian , Chen Ding‐Yuan , Hsiao Chun‐Wen , Chang Yen , Sung Hsing‐Wen
Published: January 2014

Cell transplantation via direct intramuscular injection is a promising therapy for patients with ischemic diseases. However, following injections, retention of transplanted cells in engrafted areas remains problematic, and can be deleterious to cell‐transplantation therapy. In this Progress Report, a thermoresponsive hydrogel system composed of aqueous methylcellulose (MC) blended with phosphate‐buffered saline is constructed to grow cell sheet fragments and cell bodies for the treatment of ischemic diseases. The as‐prepared MC hydrogel system undergoes a sol–gel reversible transition upon heating or cooling at ≈32 °C. Via this unique property, the grown cell sheet fragments (cell bodies) can be harvested without using proteolytic enzymes; consequently, their inherent extracellular matrices (ECMs) and integrative adhesive agents remain well preserved. In animal studies using rats and pigs with experimentally created myocardial infarction, the injected cell sheet fragments (cell bodies) become entrapped in the interstices of muscular tissues and adhere to engraftment sites, while a minimal number of cells exist in the group receiving dissociated cells. Moreover, transplantation of cell sheet fragments (cell bodies) significantly increases vascular density, thereby improving the function of an infarcted heart. These experimental results demonstrate that cell sheet fragments (cell bodies) function as a cell‐delivery construct by providing a favorable ECM environment to retain transplanted cells locally and consequently, improving the efficacy of therapeutic cell transplantation.