bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of Dexmedetomidine in Infants and Children After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation
Authors: Damian Mihaela A. , Hammer Gregory B. , Elkomy Mohammed H. , Frymoyer Adam , Drover David R. , Su Felice
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND:

Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a sedative and analgesic medication that is frequently used postoperatively in children after liver transplantation. Hepatic dysfunction, including alterations in drug clearance, is common immediately after liver transplantation. However, the pharmacokinetics (PK) of DEX in this population is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the PK profile of DEX in children after liver transplantation.

METHODS:

This was a single-center, open-label PK study of DEX administered as an intravenous loading dose of 0.5 μg/kg followed by a continuous infusion of 0.5 μg/kg/h. Twenty subjects, 1 month to 18 years of age, who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit after liver transplantation were enrolled. Whole blood was collected and analyzed for DEX concentration using a dried blood spot method. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was used to characterize the population PK of DEX.

RESULTS:

DEX PK was best described by a 2-compartment model with first-order elimination. A typical child after liver transplantation with an international normalized ratio (INR) of 1.8 was found to have a whole blood DEX clearance of 52 L/h (95% confidence interval [CI], 31–73 L/h). In addition, intercompartmental clearance was 246 L/h (95% CI, 139–391 L/h), central volume of distribution was 186 L/70 kg (95% CI, 140–301 L/70 kg), and peripheral volume of distribution was 203 L (95% CI, 123–338 L). Interindividual variability ranged from 11% to 111% for all parameters. Clearance was not found to be associated with weight but was found to be inversely proportional to INR. An increase in INR to 3.2 resulted in a 50% decrease in DEX clearance. Weight was linearly correlated with central volume of distribution. All other covariates, including age, ischemic time, total bilirubin, and alanine aminotransferase, were not found to be significant predictors of DEX disposition.

CONCLUSIONS:

Children who received DEX after liver transplantation have large variability in clearance, which was not found to be associated with weight but is influenced by underlying liver function, as reflected by INR. In this population, titration of DEX dosing to clinical effect may be important because weight-based dosing is poorly associated with blood concentrations. More attention to quality of DEX sedation may be warranted when INR values are changing.
Bright Signals
Authors: Murray Susan
Published: September 2018

First demonstrated in 1928, color television remained little more than a novelty for decades as the industry struggled with the considerable technical, regulatory, commercial, and cultural complications posed by the medium. Only fully adopted by all three networks in the 1960s, color television was imagined as a new way of seeing that was distinct from both monochrome television and other forms of color media. It also inspired compelling popular, scientific, and industry conversations about the use and meaning of color and its effects on emotions, vision, and desire. In Bright Signals Susan Murray traces these wide-ranging debates within and beyond the television industry, positioning the story of color television, which was replete with false starts, failure, and ingenuity, as central to the broader history of twentieth-century visual culture. In so doing, she shows how color television disrupted and reframed the very idea of television while it simultaneously revealed the tensions about technology's relationship to consumerism, human sight, and the natural world.
The End of the Cognitive Empire
Authors: Santos Boaventura de Sousa
Published: September 2018

In The End of the Cognitive Empire Boaventura de Sousa Santos further develops his concept of the "epistemologies of the South," in which he outlines a theoretical, methodological, and pedagogical framework for challenging the dominance of Eurocentric thought. As a collection of knowledges born of and anchored in the experiences of marginalized peoples who actively resist capitalism, colonialism, and patriarchy, epistemologies of the South represent those forms of knowledge that are generally discredited, erased, and ignored by dominant cultures of the global North. Noting the declining efficacy of established social and political solutions to combat inequality and discrimination, Santos suggests that global justice can only come about through an epistemological shift that guarantees cognitive justice. Such a shift would create new, alternative strategies for political mobilization and activism and give oppressed social groups the means through which to represent the world as their own and in their own terms.
Differences in motor cortical control of the Soleus and Tibialis
Authors: Lauber Benedikt , Gollhofer Albert , Taube Wolfgang
Published: September 2018

The tibialis anterior (TA) and the soleus (SOL) are both ankle joint muscles with functionally very different tasks. Thus, differences in motor cortical control between the TA and the SOL have been debated. This study compared the activity of the primary motor cortex during dynamic plantar- and dorsiflexions and compared this with measures obtained during rest. Single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulations known as short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) were applied to the cortical representation of either the soleus or the tibialis muscle. The results show that the range of SICI from rest to activity is significantly greater in the TA compared with the SOL. Furthermore, when the TA acts as the agonist muscle during dorsiflexions of the ankle, SICI is almost absent (2.9%). When acting as the antagonist during plantarflexions, intracortical inhibition is significantly increased (28.7%). This task-specific modulation is far less pronounced in the SOL, which displayed higher levels of SICI when acting as agonist (10.9%) during plantarflexion, but there was no significant inhibition (6.5%) as antagonist during dorsiflexion. Furthermore, the cortical silent period (CSP) during plantarflexions was significantly longer in the SOL compared with the TA during dorsiflexions, accompanied by a greater corticospinal excitability in the TA. Thus, cortical control considerably differs between the SOL and the TA in a way that inhibitory cortical control (SICI and CSP) of the TA is task-specifically adapted in a broader range of movements, whereas inhibition in the SOL muscle is less specific and more limited in its magnitude of modulation.
Optimal Income Taxation Theory and Principles of Fairness
Authors: Fleurbaey Marc , Maniquet François
Published: September 2018

The achievements and limitations of the classical theory of optimal labor-income taxation based on social welfare functions are now well known. Even though utilitarianism still dominates public economics, recent interest has arisen for broadening the normative approach and making room for fairness principles such as desert or responsibility. Fairness principles sometimes provide immediate recommendations about the relative weights to assign to various income ranges, but in general require a careful choice of utility representations embodying the relevant interpersonal comparisons. The main message of this paper is that the traditional tool of welfare economics, the social welfare function framework, is flexible enough to incorporate many approaches, from egalitarianism to libertarianism. ( JEL D63, H21, H24, J24)
Sleep and BMI: Do (Fitbit) bands aid?
Authors: McDonald Laura , Mehmud Faisal , Ramagopalan Sreeram V.
Published: September 2018

Recent studies have used mainstream consumer devices (Fitbit) to assess sleep objectively and test the well documented association between sleep and body mass index (BMI). In order to further investigate the applicability of Fitbit data for biomedical research across the globe, we analysed openly available Fitbit data from a largely Chinese population. We found that after adjusting for age, gender, race, and average number of steps taken per day, average hours of sleep per day was negatively associated with BMI (p=0.02), further demonstrating the significant potential for wearables in international scientific research.
PENGARUH INDEPENDENSI AUDITOR, GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN, KOMITMEN ORGANISASI, DAN AKUNTABILITAS TERHADAP KINERJA AUDITOR Studi Empiris pada Auditor Pemerintah di BPK Jateng
Authors: Pramana Ahmad Aji , Yuliantoro Rohmad
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of auditor independence toward auditor's performance, leadership style toward audit performance, the organization's commitment and accountability auditor toward the performance of auditors. The object of this study was on the State Audit Board Representative of Central Java. The writer took the sampling by simple random sampling through questionnaires. Software used to test the instruments and hypothesis is SPSS version 16.0. The results of the first hypothesis in the independence of the auditor does not affect the performance of auditors, futhermore the results of the second hypothesis that leadership style does not also affect the performance of auditors. However, the results of the third hypothesis is the organizational commitment affect the performance of auditors but the results of the fourth hypothesis is accountability does not affect the performance of auditors. The results of this study should be able to provide additional information and material for relevant literature in the future.
PENGARUH TEKANAN KETAATAN DAN AUDIT INTERNAL TERHADAP PERILAKU KECURANGAN PELAPORAN KEUANGAN
Authors: Nafiati Lulu
Published: September 2018

This study examines the effect of obedience pressure and internal audit function on fraudulent financial reporting behavior. Realities and previous studies have shown the strong effect of obedience pressure on fraudulent financial reporting behavior. However, few studies that examine mitigation strategies on that effect. This study proposes internal audit function to mitigate the effect of obedience pressure on fraudulent financial reporting behavior.This study uses experimental design 2x2 between subjects with students as surrogate. Hypothesis were tested by using ANOVA test. The results of study show that obedience pressure effect fraudulent financial reporting behavior and the effect is not able to be mitigated by using internal audit.
Identifying the underlying cause of heart failure: new research to improve accuracy of diagnosis
Authors: Palmer Sarah Jane
Published: September 2018

In this monthly feature, Sarah Jane Palmer delves into topical news, the latest research and what the experts are saying on subjects related to cardiology and cardiac nursing practice.
Using text messages to support recovering substance misusers
Authors: McClelland Gabrielle Tracy , Duffy Paul , Davda Priya
Published: September 2018

Background:

The use of digital technology in health and social care is developing rapidly. It is promoted in UK policy and research which suggests varied results surrounding its implementation and outcomes.

Introduction:

This article aimed to test the implementation and outcomes of a short messaging service sent to a dedicated phone. The target cohort were drug treatment clients in two sites in Northern England.

Materials and methods:

Through staff focus groups and interviews with a small cohort of clients, the implementation and perceptions of the system were examined.

Results:

A total of 19 participants were recruited to site 1 (15 male, 4 female, average age=37.7 years) and 12 participants were recruited to site 2 (9 male, 3 female, average age=40.3 years). One outcome that was of interest was wellbeing in treatment which, in this study, was described as an overall sense of feeling better rather than just focusing on the rehabilitation aspect of the programme. Other outcomes included: the successful completion of treatment and for clients to report and instance of a relapse/re-presentation.

Discussion:

The system shows some evidence of its ‘social actor’ role; however, its implementation was hindered by staff citing that it called for increased resources. For future implementation, the use of clients' own phones may be considered which may help to embed the system more fully in recovery planning and targeting clients at a different treatment stage.

Conclusions:

Despite some indications of positive results for clients and a perception that the system may have value as an addition to existing clinical interventions, more evaluation is required to determine whether this system can be implemented in a drug treatment setting.
Addressing teamwork problems in healthcare: lessons learned from aviation and sport
Authors: Cahill Joan , Hurley Olivia , Caughan Cora Mc
Published: September 2018

Aim:

This article has three objectives: to review and analyse teamwork problems in healthcare, to present an evaluation of existing teamwork interventions in healthcare, and to assess teamwork approaches in aviation and sport, for the purpose of identifying recommendations in relation to addressing teamwork challenges in healthcare.

Background:

Teamwork and communication issues have been cited as root causes in adverse events in healthcare.

Methods:

An analysis of existing teamwork frameworks and approaches/interventions in aviation and sport was undertaken.

Results:

Teamwork problems in healthcare can be classified in relation to: managing staff well-being and workplace stress, situation awareness/information, fostering teamwork, workplace culture and attitudes, socio-political dimensions of teamwork, and the design of safety management systems. Healthcare research is actively addressing teamwork problems. Arguably, existing interventions in healthcare focus on a subset of teamwork problems and do not go far enough in terms of addressing the complexity of teamwork problems in healthcare.

Conclusions:

Teamwork problems are complex and exist at different levels. Teamwork does not happen naturally; it needs to be fostered at different levels (individual, team and organisational system). Recent systemic crew resource management based interventions in aviation might be considered. In tackling teamwork problems, existing approaches in sport which focus on the individual and enhancing mental preparation and resilience, along with developing a growth mind set might be considered.
Looking back, pushing forward: a personal reflection on the past 6 years
Authors: Rankin Andrew
Published: September 2018

Aesthetic nurses are increasingly admired and respected by their medical colleagues, but it was not always this way. Through dedication and professionalism, nurses have made waves in the sector, with many now working as trainers and key opinion leaders. Andrew Rankin explains why he feels these changes have taken place and outlines what nurses need to do to keep raising standards in aesthetics
Media and protest: Technological change and cultural disturbance
Authors: Strate Lance
Published: September 2018

In this revised version of a keynote address delivered at the Media, Protest and Social Change Symposium, sponsored by the College of Management and Academic Studies, Rishon LeZion, Israel, on 14 March 2012, the phenomenon of protest is explored based on a media ecology approach, in light of the understanding that innovations in media and technology result in cultural disturbances. Following a review of the disturbances associated with writing and literacy, the print revolution and the electronic media revolution, it is argued that contemporary protest takes place in three arenas: in real places, on mass media venues, and online, resulting in new forms of protest and unprecedented forms of cultural disturbance.
Autosomal dominant hypophosphataemic rickets is associated with mutations in FGF23 gene in child from Russia
Authors: Kulikova Kristina S. , Vasiliev Eugeny V. , Petrov Vasily M. , Tiulpakov Anatoly N.
Published: September 2018

Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR) is a rare disorder characterized of renal phosphate wasting and rickets/osteomalacia. ADHR is caused by mutations in a circulating peptide, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). The clinical manifestations depend on the age of patients and the importance of hypophosphatemia. In childhood, clinical manifestations are rickets with lower extremity deformities. In adult onset, it can cause osteomalacia, osteoporosis, bone pain, tiredness. ADHR displays incomplete penetrance and variability in age of onset of clinical features. Biochemical and hormonal markers of the disease are hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphaturia, increased alkaline phosphatase level and a normal level of 1,25(OH) 2D. We present the first report a baby with ADHR from Russia which one was found heterozygous for the R179Q mutation in FGF23 gene.
Think tanks, policy networks and education governance: The rising of new intra-national spaces of policy in Portugal
Authors: Viseu Sofia , Carvalho Luís Miguel
Published: September 2018

This article focuses on the role of think tanks in education governance in Portugal, We are interested in contributing to a literature that discusses the emergence of new intra-national spaces of policy, and examines how the actors operating in those spaces work and influence education policy. This article is based on an empirical study conducted by EDULOG, a think tank for education that has been operating since 2015. We mapped EDULOG’s activities, the information generation activities, organizations, and actors connected to EDULOG using a network ethnography and social network analysis. This study shows that a) this organization articulated a network of actors from different sectors, including the academy, business and government agencies; and b) EDULOG acts as a space of social and cognitive intermediation, committed to developing knowledge geared towards policy decision and problem solving.
Peran Kelompok Masyarakat dalam Rehabilitasi Ekosistem Mangrove di Pesisir Kota Semarang
Authors: Martuti Nana Kariada Tri , Susilowati Sri Mulyani Endang , Sidiq Wahid Akhsin Budi Nur , Mutiatari Ditha Prasisca
Published: September 2018

The coastal area of Semarang City has a strategic function for regional economic development. Due to land use change, the environmental quality of coastal area is damaged and declining. The environmental quality decline has affected the socio-economic quality of local community. This research aims to investigate the role of local community in sustainable environmental management in Semarang City coastal area. The study takes place in two kelurahans, namely Tugurejo and Mangunharjo, and applies a descriptive qualitative approach to figure out the local community role in the coastal environment rehabilitation. Data collection through a preliminary survey supported with a satellite imagery study covers up an appropriate ecosystem with the research substance. Then the following data analysis and interpretation uses Miles and Huberman interactive analysis method. The results show the significant role of the local community in coastal area quality management and improvement in Semarang City more effectively and efficiently. This relates to their active interactions in various community-based programs including wave-breaking instrument building and mangrove nursery and planting.
Stabilisasi Tanah Lempung Ekspansif dengan Menggunakan Campuran Soda Api (NaOH) pada Tanah Dasar di Daerah Godong - Purwodadi Km 50 Kabupaten Grobogan
Authors: Pardoyo Bambang , Wardani Sri Prabandiyani Retno , Partono Windu
Published: September 2018

Tinggi rendahnya tingkat kembang dan susut tanah lempung ekspansif ditentukan oleh kandungan montmorillonite yang sering menimbulkan masalah pada bangunan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisa komposisi campuran soda api yang terbaik untuk memperbaiki sifat ekspansif tanah lempung. Penelitian ini menggunakan larutan soda api (NaOH) sebagai stabilisator dengan melalui  proses pemadatan Modified Proctor. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada 25 x tumbukan, nilai dari indeks properties menunjukkan peningkatan, Uji UCS  menunjukkan penurunan, Uji CBR dengan perendaman 7 hari dengan campuran soda api 10% menunjukkan hasil yang terbaik, sedangkan nilai Tekanan Mengembang dan Potential Mengembang  mengalami penurunan yang signifikan.
Application of optical and spectroscopic technologies for the characterization of carious lesions in vitro
Authors: Tetschke Florian , Kirsten Lars , Golde Jonas , Walther Julia , Galli Roberta , Koch Edmund , Hannig Christian
Published: September 2018

The detection of the beginning demineralization process of dental hard tissue remains a challenging task in dentistry. As an alternative to bitewing radiographs, optical and spectroscopic technologies showed promising results for caries diagnosis. The aim of the present work is to give an overview of optical and spectroscopic properties of healthy and carious human teeth in vitro by means of Raman spectroscopy (RS), optical coherence tomography (OCT) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI). OCT was able to represent microstructural changes below the enamel surface and revealed increased scattering for white spot lesions and a white scattering trail for deeper lesions. HSI showed similar absorbance characteristics for healthy and demineralized enamel over the entire spectrum and a characteristic absorbance peak at 550 nm for discolored lesions. Already at early carious stages (white spot), we found a distinct loss of hydroxylapatite-related intensity at 959 cm−1 in demineralized regions with RS. Healthy and demineralized tooth surfaces can be distinguished at different signal levels by means of RS, OCT and HSI. The presented modalities provide additional information to the current clinical diagnosis of caries such as microstructural changes, quantification of the demineralization and imaging of caries-related chemical changes.
Biomimetic multilayer coatings deliver gentamicin and reduce implant-related osteomyelitis in rats
Authors: Grohmann Steffi , Menne Manuela , Hesse Diana , Bischoff Sabine , Schiffner René , Diefenbeck Michael , Liefeith Klaus
Published: September 2018

Implant-related infections like periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) are still a challenging issue in orthopedic surgery. In this study, we present a prophylactic anti-infective approach based on a local delivery of the antibiotic gentamicin. The local delivery is achieved via a nanoscale polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) coating that leaves the bulk material properties of the implant unaffected while tuning the surface properties. The main components of the coating, i.e. polypeptides and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) render this coating both biomimetic (matrix mimetic) and biodegradable. We show how adaptions in the conditions of the multilayer assembly process and the antibiotic loading process affect the amount of delivered gentamicin. The highest concentration of gentamicin could be loaded into films composed of polypeptide poly-glutamic acid when the pH of the loading solution was acidic. The concentration of gentamicin on the surface could be tailored with the number of deposited PEM layers. The resulting coatings reveal a bacteriotoxic effect on Staphylococcus cells but show no signs of cytotoxic effects on MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Moreover, when multilayer-coated titanium rods were implanted into contaminated medullae of rat tibiae, a reduction in the development of implant-related osteomyelitis was observed. This reduction was more pronounced for the multifunctional, matrix-mimetic heparin-based coatings that only deliver lower amounts of gentamicin.
Regeneration of spent mercury catalyst for the treatment of dye wastewater by the microwave and ultrasonic spray-assisted method
Authors: Jiang Xin , Shu Jianhua , Xia Hongying , Zhang Libo , Peng Jinhui
Published: September 2018

Large amounts of spent mercury catalyst (SMC) produced in producing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has a great influence on the environment. In this work, microwave and ultrasonic spray were applied to regenerate the carrier of SMC. The optimal experimental conditions were the regeneration temperature of 900°C and regeneration time of 60 min. Subsequently, the textures of pores and mercury content, morphology structure and surface functional groups of SMC and the regenerated activated carbon (RAC) were characterized by N2 adsorption and desorption isotherms, ICP, SEM, EDS and FTIR. Additionally, the adsorption behaviors of RAC on methylene orange (MO) and congo red (CR) were explored to study the mechanisms. The results of kinetics and isotherm showed that experimental data were fitted well with the pseudo second-order and Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. The maximum adsorptions of MO and CR were 529 and 301 mg/g at 323 K. The thermodynamic results illustrated that the adsorption MO and CR onto RAC was spontaneous and endothermic. The results demonstrated that RAC prepared from SMC by microwave heating and ultrasonic spray could realize the comprehensive utilization of waste resources.
Das Baby auf dem Kompost – Now Moments im Spiel einer Kinderanalyse
Authors: Hamburger Andreas , Bleimling Jasmin
Published: September 2018

In the following paper, Scenic Narrative Microanalysis (Hamburger 2015) is applied to a 50-minutes session of a long-term child psychoanalytic play therapy. The aim of the study was to extract Now Moments respectively Moments of Meeting (Stern 2004) in the playful interaction between the psychotherapist and her four-year-old girl-patient. Results of the individual ratings of the transcript, as well as the group’s consensus discussion are critically discussed and related to the psychodynamic content of the session itself and in addition to the results of the other chapters in this section.
Estimation of Permeability Function for Bulyanhulu Tailings
Authors: Zhang Feixia , Wilson G. Ward , Fredlund D. G.
Published: September 2018

The coefficient of permeability function and water storage function are two hydraulic property functions required for the numerical modeling of transient seepage problems of saturated–unsaturated soil systems. It has become a generally accepted geotechnical engineering practice to estimate hydraulic property functions through the use of the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC). Most methodologies available for the estimation of the unsaturated coefficient of permeability function are based on an assumption that the soil does not change volume as the soil suction is changed. This has resulted in the indiscriminate use of the SWCC in the estimation of hydraulic property functions. For soils that change volume during drying (e.g., Bulyanhulu tailings), it is important to independently consider the influence of the void ratio changes and degree of saturation changes. Experimental tests on Bulyanhulu tailings included shrinkage curve tests and SWCC tests. Laboratory results are presented, along with a revised interpretation methodology. The estimated hydraulic properties for Bulyanhulu tailings illustrate the influence of void ratio changes and degree of saturation changes.
Association between breakfast-eating habit and attention-concentration in primary school children: a cross-sectional study in Badung District
Authors: Sukmandari Ni Made Ari , Septarini Ni Wayan , Pinatih Gede Ngurah Indraguna
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackground and purpose: One of the main benefits of breakfast-eating habit for schoolchildren is to maintain the attention-concentration. The current trend shows a steady decline in the breakfast-eating habit among primary school children. This present study aims to examine the association between breakfast-eating habit and attention-concentration in primary school children. Â Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 160 primary school students year 5 and 6. Samples were selected from six public primary schools within two villages. There were a total of 16 classes of year 5 and 6 in these six schools, and five classes were selected randomly. All students from the selected classes included in the study. Attention-concentration was measured using a digit symbol test, and breakfast-eating habit and total calories intake were measured using the recall 24 hours and a standardised questionnaire. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression was employed to examine the association between breakfast-eating habit and attention-concentration.Results: The majority of students were found to have good concentration (60.63%), with breakfast-eating habit (75.00%), and consumed sufficient amount of calories (53.13%). Our multivariate analysis found a significant association between breakfast-eating habit and attention-concentration among schoolchildren (AOR=14.0; 95%CI: 4,9â€“67,8).Conclusions: Students with breakfast-eating habit tend to have a good attention-concentration. The total calories intake during breakfast is not associated with attention-concentration among primary school students in Badung District. Â
Early marriage practices and the health impacts on female adolescent health in Central Lombok: a qualitative study
Authors: Herliana Baiq Rizka , Utami Ni Wayan Arya , Kurniati Desak Putu Yuli
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackground and purpose: Early marriage through merariq or eloping tradition is a common practice in West Nusa Tenggara particularly in Central Lombok. Early marriage leads to several negative consequences on the reproductive health of female adolescents. This study aims to explore early marriage practices and its impacts on the reproductive health of female adolescents in Central Lombok.Methods: A qualitative study with a case study approach was conducted, and seven early married female adolescents purposively selected as the study participants. Interviews were also conducted with two family members of the female adolescents, one community leader, and a midwife who worked as an adolescent health coordinator at a public health centre. Data were analyzed using a thematic approach to map the reasons for early marriage and its impacts on the reproductive health of female adolescents.Results: Our in-depth interviews revealed that several reasons associated to early marriage practices were: lacking in knowledge regarding the effects of early marriages, perceived benefits of early marriages including perception on maturity and logical thinking, and social sanctions from the society because it considered a disgrace when the eloped girl returned home. Several negative consequences of early marriages emerged from this study were complicated pregnancy/delivery, low birth weight, and undernourished children. Our informants concerned about the psychological effects of early marriages which include fear, regret, and depression. Eloped female adolescents lose their agency for decision making including the right for further education.Conclusions: Early marriage practices bring negative health consequences to female adolescents. An active collaboration across health sector and community leaders is required to provide sufficient information regarding the harmful effects of early marriages. Also, a more effective communication strategy using a family-based approach is required to appropriately target female adolescents with health information associated with the impacts of early marriage.
Determinants of long-acting contraceptives use among reproductive-age couples in Tanjung Karang Public Health Centre Mataram City, West Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Aryati Widya , Wirawan Dewa Nyoman , Sari Komang Ayu Kartika , Sawitri Anak Agung Sagung
Published: September 2018

Background and purpose: The national family planning program prioritises the use of long-acting contraceptives which include intrauterine devices (IUD), tubectomy, vasectomy, and implant. However, the coverage of long-acting contraceptives in Indonesia remains low. This study aims to identify the determinants of long-acting contraceptives uptake among reproductive-age couples in Tanjung Karang Public Health Centre (PHC) Mataram City.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 169 reproductive age couples in Tanjung Karang PHC in 2016. Samples were selected from six sub-villages (dusun) in two villages using systematic random sampling. We selected 85 samples from coastal and 84 samples from non-coastal areas. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, perception, husband support, access to service, and information regarding long-acting contraceptives were collected through home interview. Analysis with logistic regression was applied to determine the factors influencing long-acting contraceptives uptake.Results: The majority of respondents aged 20â€“35 years-old, and most of them have a lower level of education and knowledge regarding long-acting contraceptives. Among all current users, as many as 37.0% use long-acting contraceptive methods. The respondents refused to use long-acting contraceptives due to prohibited by the husband (92.8%) and desire to have more children (38.7%). Multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed that the uptake of long-acting contraceptives was significantly associated with area of residence (non-coastal) with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=2.89 (95%CI; 1.39-6.01), employment status with AOR=0.40 (95%CI; 0.18-0.90), income at minimum wages and above with AOR=2.47 (95%CI; 1.16-5.26), and husband support with AOR=2.19 (95%CI; 1.18-3.41).Conclusions: The use of long-acting contraceptives are associated with husband support, living in non-coastal areas, and having a higher-income. Ongoing support from the husband, especially among those who live in coastal areas and from the lower socioeconomic background, is required to improve the coverage of long-acting contraceptives.
The Jaiminiya Mahabharata Mairavanacaritam & Sahasramukharavanacaritam: A Critical Edition with English Translation from the Grantha Script, by Pradip Bhattacharya and Shekhar Kumar Sen
Authors: Brockington John
Published: September 2018

The Jaiminiya Mahabharata Mairavanacaritam & Sahasramukharavanacaritam: A Critical Edition with English Translation from the Grantha Script, by Pradip Bhattacharya and Shekhar Kumar Sen. New Delhi: National Mission for Manuscripts and New Bharatiya Book Corporation, 2017. 2 vols., lvii + 747 pp., Rs. 1000 (hb). ISBN 978-9-380-82902-9 and 978-9-380-82948-7.
Let the Sadhus Talk
Authors: Bevilacqua Daniela
Published: September 2018

Based on extensive interviews and ethnographic fieldwork, this article presents understandings of yoga among sadhus in northern India. Despite the existence of several ethnographic studies on Indian ascetic communities, very few have described their practices of yoga, nor the self-understanding of these communities regarding yoga in the wider religious life. This article bridges the gap between modern, transnational forms of yoga, philological research on textual yoga traditions, and the understanding of yoga within ascetic communities, by providing a cross-section of yoga practice across a range of ascetic orders. This article presents initial findings of what will be a five-year, full-time research project on ascetic practitioners of yoga, as part of the Hatha Yoga Project, SOAS, London.
Yoga in Transition
Authors: Lefurgey Mayme
Published: September 2018

This article draws connections between the complexities of modern postural yoga practices and global peacebuilding efforts, exploring both tensions and possibilities. First, the article engages key yogic texts--such as Patanjali's Yogasastra, which demonstrates how yoga is historically rooted in social justice work and peacebuilding--in order to link yoga philosophy and peacebuilding theories. This is followed by an analysis of contemporary practice-based examples, which consider the theoretical tools of elicitive peacework and transrational peace research. Through an exploration of yoga as elicitive peacebuilding and conflict transformation, this article considers if yoga has the potential to shift societal notions of peacebuilding and questions the implications of this for peace theory and practice.
Say to the Sun, ‘Don’t Rise’, and to the Moon, ‘Don’t Set’, Two Oral Narratives from the Countryside of Maharashtra. Edited and translated by Anne Feldhaus with Ramdas Atkar and Rajaram Zagade
Authors: Khangai Ravi
Published: September 2018

Say to the Sun, ‘Don’t Rise’, and to the Moon, ‘Don’t Set’, Two Oral Narratives from the Countryside of Maharashtra. Edited and translated by Anne Feldhaus with Ramdas Atkar and Rajaram Zagade. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. xii +613 pp., $45.92. ISBN 978-0-199-35764-2 (hb).
THE ROLE OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY − TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY IN OPTIMIZING DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF THYROID DISEASES
Authors: Mikhina Margarita S. , Ioutsi Vitaliy A. , Troshina Ekaterina A.
Published: September 2018

Thyroid hormones play an integral role in growth, homeostasis, and maintenance of physiological functions and are necessary for normal development. Therefore, an accurate assessment of thyroid function is important for both diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders. Thyroid function is assessed by measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), total and free fractions. The concentration of thyroid hormones in patients without pathology of the thyroid gland remains constant and correlates with the level of hormones in tissues and their biological effects. However, most circulating hormones are bound to plasma proteins and only a small part is in free form, the most commonly used methods of immunoassay in this connection have limitations. The method of high performance liquid chromatography − tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) successfully copes with this problem, which allows improving the specificity and accuracy of measurement of thyroid hormones. High performance liquid chromatography − tandem mass spectrometry allows to achieve specificity, accuracy for reliable determination of the level of thyroid hormones, increasing diagnostic capabilities. This method is especially important in the presence of thyroid gland pathology and factors affecting the binding of hormones to the protein.
Everyday Uncertainty Work: Making Sense of Biosynthetic Menthol
Authors: Meckin Robert , Balmer Andrew
Published: September 2018

Although much public engagement with the field of “synthetic biology” has been conducted, there remains little work that develops an appreciation of how people make sense of this field and its concomitant promised futures from within their everyday lives. Using a case study, based on the compound “menthol” (a terpenoid from plants) which synthetic biologists have developed for production in E. coli, we explore how people make sense of uncertainties in promised or feared futures. Menthol is already an ingredient in many consumer products and the pre-existing use of such products may frame people’s everyday techniques for understanding biosynthetic menthol, with implications for their appreciation of synthetic biology more generally. We adopted a range of sensory methods, including “pop-up” stalls, sketch research, object elicitation interviews and home tours, to explore the everyday situations in which menthol already figures. Participants used a range of strategies, including deferring judgment, invoking other actors as mediators, using their own bodily experiences and using existing moral repertoires, to respond to biosynthetic possibilities. We deploy the concept of “everyday uncertainty work” and show that it is a useful one for understanding how people’s everyday epistemic cultures of uncertainty are routinely adapted to the anticipation of sociotechnical uncertainties, such as those that accompany promissory accounts of science. The implications for these findings for public engagement with technoscience and uncertainty are discussed.
biomechanical testing of repaired tendon v1
Authors: Yoneda Susumu
Published: September 2018

This protocol was used for biomechanical testing of repaired tendon.
Modified ZN Staining Protocol v2
Authors: AK Khan Asar , Shams Sumaira , Khan Saima , Iftikhar Khan Muhammad , Khan Sardar , Ali Abid
Published: September 2018

The Modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain (mZN stain)is a type of differential bacteriological stain used to identify acid-fast organisms, mainlyMycobacteria. Acid fast organisms are those which are capable of retaining the primary stain when treated with an acid (fast=holding capacity). Members of the Actinomycetes, genusNocardia(N.brasiliensisand N.asteroidesare opportunistic pathogens) are partially acid-fast. Oocysts of coccidian parasites, such asCryptosporidiumandIsospora, are also acid-fast. Hence they can also be detected and identified through mZN staining procedure.
DNA extraction protocol for Cryptosporidium spps in stool samples (Adapted from GF-1 Soil Sample DNA extraction Kit) v2
Authors: AK Khan Asar , Shams Sumaira , Khan Saima , Iftikhar Khan Muhammad , Khan Sardar , Ali Abid
Published: September 2018

The GF-1 Soil Sample DNA Extraction Kit is designed for the rapid and efficient purification of bacteria DNA from soil samples without the need for precipitation or organic extraction. The kit uses a high pure specially-treated silica-based material fixed into a column to efficiently bind DNA in the presence of high salt. The kit applies the principle of a minicolumn spin technology and the use of optimized buffers to ensure that only DNA is isolated while cellular protein, humic acid, metabolites, salts and other low molecular weight impurities are removed during the subsequent washing steps. We used this protocol for Cryptosporidium spp DNA extraction from stool samples with minor modifications and its working.
An Automatic Quantification of the Randomness of Answering Correctly in Taking Traditional Multiple-choice Tests
Authors: Gu Qingsong , Schwartz Michael W.
Published: September 2018

In taking traditional multiple-choice tests, random guessing is unavoidable yet nonnegligible. To uncover the “unfairness” caused by random guessing, this paper designed a Microsoft Excel template with the use of relevant functions to automatically quantify the probability of answering correctly at random, eventually figuring out the least scores a testee should get to pass a traditional multiple-choice test with different probabilities of answering correctly at random and the “luckiness” for passing it. This paper concludes that, although random guessing is nonnegligible, it is unnecessary to remove traditional multiple-choice items from all testing activities, because it can be controlled through changing the passing score and the number of options or reducing its percentage in a test.
A Discussion on the Curriculum Design of College English and Its Effective Implementation Based on the Need Analysis
Authors: Kong Yuan
Published: September 2018

Through interviews with the specific needs of English abilities of the graduates in the jobs of different industries and different units, this paper will understand whether their English ability really exceeds the post demand, and will reflect on the College English curriculum according to the actual needs of English in the work. At the same time, after summarizing the English skills required by the graduates in the interview, this paper will further understand the specific situation and implementation effect of the University's highly valued English curriculum, and understand whether it meets the needs of the individual development and social needs of undergraduate students through a questionnaire survey, and find out what problem that needs to be improved. Finally, based on the interview data and questionnaire data, we summarize the learning needs, implementation effects and curriculum problems of College English curriculum, and put forward specific policy recommendations for College English curriculum.
The Transition from Comprehensive to Analytical Characteristics of English Language
Authors: Li Xiaqing
Published: September 2018

English belongs to the Indo-European language family. It is a language that achieves meaning expression through its own form of inflection, focusing on form, and it is one kind of comprehensive language. Analytical language expresses grammatical meaning through function words, word order, and so on. With the development of language, English has a tendency to develop from comprehensive language to analytical language. In this study, it explains the transitional characteristics of English language from comprehensive characteristics to analytical characteristics from following aspects: reduces or even disappears of English  morphological change; the ability of English vocabulary meaning expansion; the multi-use of function words; the powerful grammatical function of the article; the fusion of English and Chinese language; the Chinese loanword in English;  the Syntactical phenomenon of English and Chinese language, the complexity of English word formation, the theme-highlight sentence pattern.
Thyroid Cancer: 20-Year Comparative Mortality and Survival Analysis of Six Thyroid Cancer Histologic Subtypes by Age, Sex, Race, Stage, Cohort Entry Time-Period and Disease Duration (SEER*Stat 8.3.2) A Systematic Review of 145,457 Cases for Diagnosis Years 1993–2013
Authors: Milano Anthony F.
Published: September 2018

Background.—Incidence and prognosis of cancers of the endocrine glands vary greatly by stage and histologic type, and, thyroid cancer accounts for most (92%) of the cancers of the endocrine glands. It is the 8th most common of cancers and has been rising in incidence since 1975. It remains a formidable health threat in the United States in 2016 with estimated cases of 64,300 and 1980 deaths.

Objective.—Provide 20-year comparative mortality analysis of thyroid cancer in a recent group of 145,457 staged cases (97.5%) of a total of 149,202 patients during the 1993-2013 entry time-period in six histologic subtypes by age, sex, race, stage and disease duration.

Methods.—Population-based data from SEER registries,1 1973-2013, (SEER*Stat 8.3.2.) were analyzed.

Results.—Tables 1-8 provide basic SEER epidemiologic, demographic, case-statistics, and comparative mortality follow-up data of 4 principal and 2 supplementary thyroid cancer oncotypes by age, sex, race, stage and disease duration of patients in the 1993-2013 time-period.Table 1.Thyroid Cancer Overview: Epidemiologic & Demographic Characteristics: SEER 1993-2013Table 2.Thyroid Cancer: Six Histologic Subtypes; Epidemiologic & Demographic Case Statistics, SEER 1993-2013Table 3.Papillary Adenocarcinoma, NOS, (ICD-O-3, 8260), 1993-2013, Age, StageTable 4.Follicular Adenocarcinoma, NOS, (ICD-O-3, 8330), 1993-2013, Age, StageTable 5.Papillary Carcinoma, Follicular Variant (ICD-O-3, 8340) Compared With Pap. & FollTable 6.Medullary, Papillary & Follicular Carcinoma 1993-13 Compared; All Stages CombinedTable 7.Thyroid Carcinoma, 1973-2013, Histology, All Ages, Race, Sex, Stage, Durations 0-5 & 5-10 YrsTable 8.Thyroid Carcinoma, 1973-2013, Histology, All Ages, Race, Sex, Stage, Durations 0-5 & 5-10 Yrs

Conclusions.—Thyroid cancer when localized has a very good prognosis, with no significant excess mortality after diagnosis in papillary and papillary follicular variant cancers (PFV). Because nearly two thirds of thyroid cancers are localized, and excess death rate (EDR) is small in patients with regional cancer under age 50, overall excess mortality for all ages also virtually disappeared after 10 years in papillary and follicular cancer. Overall, the 5-year survival rate is greater than 90% for papillary and follicular carcinomas. Nevertheless, because of the marked predominance of papillary carcinoma, the continued increase in its relative frequency and annual projected deaths, thyroid carcinoma remains a significant health concern in the current era.