bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term effect of physical activity on energy balance and body composition
Authors: Westerterp Klaas R. , Meijer Gerwin A. L. , Janssen Eugene M. E. , Saris Wim H. M. , Hoor Foppe Ten
Published: September 2005

We studied the effect of an increase in physical activity on energy balance and body composition without interfering with energy intake (EI). Sixteen women and sixteen men, aged 28–41 years, body mass index 19.4–26.4 kg/m2, not participating in any sport before the start of the experiment, prepared to run a half-marathon competition after 44 weeks. Measurements of body composition, EI and energy expenditure (EE) were performed before (0 weeks), and 8, 20, and 40 weeks after the start of training. Body composition was measured with hydrodensitometry and isotope dilution, and EI with a 7 d dietary record. EE was measured overnight in a respiration chamber (sleeping metabolic rate (SMR)) and in a number of subjects over 2-week intervals with doubly-labelled water (average daily metabolic rate (ADMR)). ADMR showed an average increase of 30% in both sexes from the start of training onwards while SMR tended to decrease. EI showed a tendency to drop from week 20 to week 40 in the men and a tendency to increase from week 20 to week 40 in the women. Body mass (BM) did not change in both sexes until the observation at 40 weeks when the median value of the change in men was –1.0kg (P < 0.01; Wilcoxon signed-rank) while the corresponding change of –0.9 kg in the women was not statistically significant. Body composition changes were most pronounced in men as well. Based on changes in BM, body volume and total body water, men lost 3.8 kg fat mass (FM) (P < 0.001; Wilcoxon signed-rank) and gained 1.6 kg protein mass (P < 0.01; Wilcoxon signed-rank) while the corresponding changes in women were 2.0 kg (P < 0.05; Wilcoxon signed-rank) and 1.2 kg (P < 0.05; Wilcoxon signed-rank). In men the loss of FM was positively correlated with the initial percentage body fat (Pearson r 0.92, P < 0.001). In conclusion, body fat can be reduced by physical activity although women tend to compensate for the increased EE with an increased EI, resulting in a smaller effect on BM and FM compared with men.
Different effects of casein and soyabean protein on gastric emptying of protein and small intestinal transit after spontaneous feeding of diets in rats
Authors: Hara Hiroshi , Nishikawa Hiroyuki , Kiriyama Shuhachi
Published: September 2005

The effects of dietary casein and soyabean-protein isolate (SPI) on gastric emptying and small intestinal transit were observed in rats fed on an 80 g casein or 80 g SPI/kg diet. After a 24 h fast, rats were given 2 g of both the test diets containing 10 g guanidinated casein/kg diet as a marker protein. The amounts of the marker protein remaining in the stomach of the rats fed on the casein or SPI diet were similar and decreased to about 50% after 20min. The emptying rate then slowed, especially in the casein group, so that the amount leaving the stomach after 1 h in the SPI group was slightly higher (P< 0.05). The small intestinal transit of chyme was estimated by a bolus injection of colloidal carbon suspension or of colloidal carbon and3H-labelled polyethylene glycol through an implanted duodenal catheter 6 min before death. The average value of transit at 12, 20, 40 and 60 min after feeding of SPI diet was about 25% faster than that after casein diet. The transit velocity of the SPI group was also faster than that of the non-protein group 40 min after feeding. These findings reveal that SPI enhances the small intestinal transit of the liquid phase of chyme. There was no correlation between the gastric emptying of homoarginine and small intestinal transit. This result suggests that the small intestinal transit of lumen contents is controlled by the dietary protein regardless of the gastric emptying of protein.
Relationship between structure and function of dietary fibre: a comparative study of the effects of three galactomannans on cholesterol metabolism in the rat
Authors: Evans A. J. , Hood R. L. , Oakenfull D. G. , Sidhu G. S.
Published: September 2005

Male adult rats were fed on diets containing 80 g/kg galactomannans with different galactose (G): mannose (M) ratios/kg. The galactomannans were compared with purified cellulose (Solkaflok) and the animals were also fed on a basal diet free from fibre. All diets contained cholesterol (10 g/kg) and sodium cholate (2 g/kg). The three galactomannans were fenugreek gum (1G:1M), guar gum (1G:2M) and locust-bean gum (1G:4M). In comparison with the fibre-free and Solkaflok diets, all three galactomannans lowered the concentrations of cholesterol in both liver and blood plasma. The galactomannans also decreased the rate of hepatic synthesis of cholesterol. Dietary galactomannans increased caecal volatile fatty acids, particularly propionic, increased the weight of the caecum and its contents and increased the amount of water in the faeces. The increase in propionic acid production was significantly related to a decrease in caecal pH, but not to changes in plasma cholesterol or hepatic cholesterol synthesis. These effects were significantly influenced by chemical composition and structure of the galactomannan; they were most evident when the proportion of galactose in the galactomannan was highest (i.e. fenugreek gum). The three galactomannans also differed markedly in their effects on the viscosity of the digesta, but the galactomannan which gave the highest viscosity was least effective in lowering plasma cholesterol. A separate experiment with perfused loops of small intestine in vivo showed that the most effective galactomannan, fenugreek gum, had no direct effect on cholesterol absorption.
Effects of repeated gestation and lactation on milkn-6 fatty acid composition in rats fed on a diet rich in 18:2n-6 or 18:3n-6
Authors: Huang Yung-Sheng , Redden Peter R. , Horrobin David F. , Churchill Sandra , Parker Barbara , Ward Ron P. , Mills David E.
Published: September 2005

The present study examined the effect of repeated gestation and lactation on the levels of long-chainn-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat milk fat, and examined whether such levels might be modulated by supplementing the diet of the lactating dams with either (g/kg) 50 safflower oil (SFO; containing 800 g 18:2n-6/kg), or 50 evening primrose oil (EPO; containing 720 g 18:2n-6 and 90 g 18:3n-6/kg). The milk was collected at three different times (days 1, 8 and 15) in each given lactation period from female Sprague-Dawley rats which were successively bred for four pregnancies and lactations. Results showed that dietary fat and breeding frequency had no significant effects on milk triacylglycerol content, but they modified the pattern of milk fatty acids in both triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions. After three or four successive breedings rats fed on EPO produced milk containing less saturated but more monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with those fed on SFO. During the course of lactation the levels ofn-6 metabolites, e.g. 18:3n-6, 20:3n-6 and 20:4n-6, in milk fat declined progressively. However, they were consistently higher in the EPO group than in the SFO group. These findings suggest that the levels of long-chainn-6 metabolites in the milk fat may be increased through supplementing the maternal diet with 18:3n-6.
Markers to measure immunomodulation in human nutrition intervention studies
Authors: Albers Ruud , Antoine Jean-Michel , Bourdet-Sicard Raphaëlle , Calder Philip C. , Gleeson Michael , Lesourd Bruno , Samartín Sonia , Sanderson Ian R. , Van Loo Jan , Vas Dias F. Willem , Watzl Bernhard
Published: September 2005

Normal functioning of the immune system is crucial to the health of man, and diet is one of the major exogenous factors modulating individual immunocompetence. Recently, nutrition research has focused on the role of foods or specific food components in enhancing immune system responsiveness to challenges and thereby improving health and reducing disease risks. Assessing diet-induced changes of immune function, however, requires a thorough methodological approach targeting a large spectrum of immune system parameters. Currently, no single marker is available to predict the outcome of a dietary intervention on the resistance to infection or to other immune system-related diseases. The present review summarises the immune function assays commonly used as markers in human intervention studies and evaluates their biological relevance (e.g. known correlation with clinically relevant endpoints), sensitivity (e.g. within- and between-subject variation), and practical feasibility. Based on these criteria markers were classified into three categories with high, medium or low suitability. Vaccine-specific serum antibody production, delayed-type hypersensitivity response, vaccine-specific or total secretory IgA in saliva and the response to attenuated pathogens, were classified as markers with high suitability. Markers with medium suitability include natural killer cell cytotoxicity, oxidative burst of phagocytes, lymphocyte proliferation and the cytokine pattern produced by activated immune cells. Since no single marker allows conclusions to be drawn about the modulation of the whole immune system, except for the clinical outcome of infection itself, combining markers with high and medium suitability is currently the best approach to measure immunomodulation in human nutrition intervention studies. It would be valuable to include several immune markers in addition to clinical outcome in future clinical trials in this area, as there is too little evidence that correlates markers with global health improvement.
The effects of a diet enriched with α-lactalbumin on mood and cortisol response in unmedicated recovered depressed subjects and controls
Authors: Merens Wendelien , Booij Linda , Markus Rob , Zitman Frans G. , Onkenhout Willem , Van der Does A.J. Willem
Published: September 2005

α-Lactalbumin is a tryptophan-rich protein fraction. A diet enriched with α-lactalbumin increases the ratio of tryptophan to the other large neutral amino acids, which may in turn increase brain serotonin content. In stress-vulnerable individuals, α-lactalbumin improved mood and attenuated the cortisol response after experimental stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an α-lactalbumin-enriched diet on mood and stress response in recovered depressed subjects and healthy controls. Forty-three subjects (twenty-three recovered depressed and twenty healthy subjects) received α-lactalbumin and casein (placebo) on separate days, in a double-blind randomised crossover design. On both occasions, subjects underwent a stress test (an unsolvable mental arithmetic task with loud noise). The stress test affected mood in both conditions. Although the α-lactalbumin diet led to the expected rises in tryptophan and tryptophan:large neutral amino acids ratio, only minimal effects were found on mood and cortisol response to experimental stress. The results were the same for recovered depressed patients and controls. A 1 d diet enriched with α-lactalbumin is not sufficient to prevent a stress-induced mood deterioration or a cortisol response in unmedicated, recovered depressed subjects. Future studies may investigate the effects of longer-term diets or may investigate different samples (e.g. medicated patients).
Dietary proteins with high isoflavone content or low methionine–glycine and lysine–arginine ratios are hypocholesterolaemic and lower the plasma homocysteine level in male Zucker fa/fa rats
Authors: Gudbrandsen Oddrun A. , Wergedahl Hege , Liaset Bjørn , Espe Marit , Berge Rolf K.
Published: September 2005

It has previously been demonstrated that soya protein, which contains isoflavones and low methionine–glycine and lysine–arginine ratios, has a hypocholesterolaemic effect. In the present study, the hypocholesterolaemic effects of an isoflavone-enriched casein diet (HDI) and a single-cell protein-based diet (SCP) devoid of isoflavones but with low methionine–glycine and lysine–arginine ratios were investigated in obese Zucker rats after 6 weeks of feeding. The control diet contained casein, which has high ratios of methionine–glycine and lysine–arginine. HDI and SCP feeding reduced the concentrations of total cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in plasma and liver, and changed the fatty acid composition of the hepatic cholesteryl esters. Faecal cholesterol and bile acid levels were markedly higher in SCP-fed rats than in controls, whereas HDI feeding had only minor effects. However, both HDI and SCP feeding increased the hepatic gene expression of cholesterol 7α hydroxylase. In contrast, the hepatic acyl-CoA synthetase and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activities and the gene expression of the LDL receptor were increased by HDI, but not by SCP feeding. The present results suggested that the cholesterol-lowering effect of SCP was related to the enterohepatic circulation, whereas HDI seemed to lower the plasma cholesterol via the circulation. Plasma homocysteine level was reduced in rats fed HDI and SCP compared to rats fed casein. In summary, diets enriched in isoflavones or containing proteins with low methionine–glycine and lysine–arginine ratios lowered the plasma cholesterol and homocysteine levels, changing the plasma profile from atherogenic to cardioprotective.
Irradiation of poultry feed II. Effect on nutrient composition
Authors: Leeson S. , Marcotte M.
Published: September 2005

Irradiation offers a potential method for effective microbial control of poultry feed. Birds fed such irradiated diets are not adversely affected and radiation status of the diet is unchanged. While radiation at 25–35 kGy is likely to raise feed temperature by only 5°C during processing, there seems to be loss in potency of certain nutrients. Most reports indicate loss in potency of all fat-soluble vitamins, and there are less consistent reports regarding thiamine and pyridoxine. At 25–35 kGy irradiation there will be around 15% loss of potency of these vitamins. Irradiation also causes increased peroxidation of fats, although this effect can be controlled by appropriate inclusion of antioxidants. There are no consistent reports of irradiation having any effect on protein quality or amino acid status of diets.
Cryopreservation of poultry semen: a review
Authors: Bellagamba F. , Cerolini S. , Cavalchini L.G.
Published: September 2005

Although still in the experimental phase, the technique of freezing domestic fowl semen may prove of interest and value to the industry. Various stages of the application of this method of preservation still need to be improved. One of the most critical aspects is the choice of cryoprotectant and its use during the process of freezing and thawing. While glycerol has a better cryopreservative action than other cryoprotectants in domestic fowl semen, it exerts a widely demonstrated contraceptive action, the mechanism of which has not yet been clarified. Thus the use of glycerol as a cryoprotectant must be accompanied by its complete removal before insemination.

The fertilizing capacity of semen preserved by freezing is notably less than that of fresh (non-preserved) material and has been evaluated as 1.6% and 19.7%. Genetic influences appear to affect spermatozoan response and tolerance to thermal treatments resulting in differences in subsequent fertility. Most studies using fowl semen report final freezing temperatures between –79°C and –196°C, a cooling rate of 1–10°C/minute and a thawing rate of 50–70°C/minute.

Straws have been found to be more satisfactory containers than glass vials or ampoules for preserving semen from domestic fowl.
Ostrich (Struthio camelus var. domesticus) skin and leather: a review focused on southern Africa
Authors: Cooper Ross G.
Published: September 2005

Ostrich skin when tanned forms distinctive and exclusive leather which is much sought after in the fashion industry. Promotion and marketing are focused on its distinctive quill pattern, durability and suppleness. The leather commands a high price by comparison with other livestock leather. The industry in southern Africa is currently export focused with the highest number of tanned skins being exported from South Africa principally to Japan. There are currently many debates on the optimum age for slaughter, skin size being dependent on buyer demand. Skins are subjected to strict grading criteria. Many factors need to be considered to maximise skin yield and quality including adequate nutrition, preventing on-farm scarring and bruising during transport, preventing feather pecking and treating birds for parasitic and arthropod infestations. Stringent conditions during the processing of the skins at the abattoirs and tanneries are crucial in preventing damage and subsequent downgrading. Environmental impacts of tanning are crucial and harmful by- products, including trivalent chromium, must be extracted from the effluent. The establishment of a strategy that ensures improvements in both the local ostrich and skin industry, and in the export market is necessary if southern Africa is to become a global player.
Epididymal Sperm Granuloma Induced by Chronic Administration of 2-Methylimidazole in B6C3F1 Mice
Authors: Tani Yoshiro , Foster Paul M. , Sills Robert C. , Chan Po C. , Peddada Shyamal D. , Nyska Abraham
Published: September 2005

Two-year mouse and rat bioassay studies of 2-methylimidazole (2-MI) conducted by the National Toxicology Program revealed that epididymal sperm granuloma(SG)s occurred only in male B6C3F1 mice in a dose-related manner. The present study characterized 2-MI-induced SGs in these epididymides. Groups of 50 male B6C3F1 mice were fed diets containing 0, 625, 1250, or 2500 ppm 2-MI for 105 weeks; the doses were equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 13, 40, or 130 mg/kg. Testes and epididymides were histopathologically reexamined. 2-Methylimidazole increased the incidence of epididymal SGs (0%, 0%, 6%, 12%, respectively). Histologically, most of the SGs exhibited rupture of epididymal ducts with focal aggregations of macrophages in interstitia. Lesions occurred in the proximal caput of the epididymis and/or efferent ducts, not in the corpus and cauda. In the testis, incidences of germinal epithelial atrophy (GEA) increased dose-relatedly (2%, 8%, 16%, 28%, respectively). All mice with epididymal SG developed testicular GEA. The grading scores of testicular GEA tended to be more severe in mice with SGs than those without. No epididymal SG or testicular GEA was observed in 6-month-interim-sacrificed mice. The results imply that 2-year treatment of B6C3F1 mice with 2-MI can induce epididymal SGs, primarily followed by more severe testicular GEA. The potential mechanism of SG induction by 2-MI is discussed.
Neuropathological Studies of Rats Following Multiple Exposure to Tri-Ortho-Tolyl Phosphate, Chlorpyrifos and Stress
Authors: Jortner Bernard S. , Hancock Sandra K. , Hinckley Jonathan , Flory Lisa , Colby Lesley , Tobias Lynn , Williams Laird , Ehrich Marion
Published: September 2005

Adult male Long-Evans rats were exposed to 2 neurotoxic organophosphates in a setting of chronic stress, over a 63-day period. The organophosphates were tri- ortho-tolyl phosphate (TOTP) administered in 14 gavage doses of 75, 150 or 300 mg/kg, and chlorpyrifos, given in two 60 mg/kg subcutaneous exposures. Corticosterone was added to the drinking water at 400 μg/ml, to model aspects of chronic stress. These compounds/dosages were administered individually and in combination, with appropriate controls, giving rise to 16 experimental groups. The major neuropathologic change was the presence of axonal degeneration progressing to myelinated fiber degeneration, mainly in distal regions of selected fiber tracts and peripheral nerve, seen in animals sacrificed on experimental day 63. The cervical spinal cord and medullary levels of the sensory gracile fasciculus were most prominently affected. This axonopathy/fiber degeneration was TOTP dose-related at the 300 and 150 mg/kg levels. There was association of this lesion with inhibition of the enzyme neurotoxic esterase in hippocampal tissue from TOTP-treated rats. Such an association categorizes this disease process as organophosphate ester-induced delayed neuropathy. Neither chlorpyrifos nor corticosterone appeared to contribute to the neuropathic events or the enzyme inhibition. A cohort of rats was maintained on the corticosterone dosing, but without additional exposure to TOTP or chlorpyrifos, for an additional 27 days. When these rats were examined on day 90, the nerve fiber degeneration had progressed in all experimental groups administered the 300 mg/kg dose of TOTP (lower doses were not studied at the 90-day interval), although hippocampal neurotoxic esterase had returned to control values.
An Investigation of the Effects of Late-Onset Dietary Restriction on Prostate Cancer Development in the TRAMP Mouse
Authors: Suttie Andrew W. , Dinse Gregg E. , Nyska Abraham , Moser Glenda J. , Goldsworthy Thomas L. , Maronpot Robert R.
Published: September 2005

In our previous work we showed that dietary restriction initiated at puberty reduced prostate cancer development in the TRAMP mouse model. The current study was conducted to ascertain whether a dietary restriction regime would similarly reduce lesion development if imposed once tumor development was well established. Male TRAMP mice were maintained on an ad libitum diet until 20 weeks of age when proliferative prostate lesions are clearly evident. Mice were then subjected to a 20% restriction in dietary calories compared to matched controls, which were continued on ad libitum feeding. Mice were sacrificed at 20, 24, 32, and 39 weeks of age and proliferative epithelial lesions of the prostate were assessed using an established grading scheme. In this study, although dietary restriction reduced mean sex pluck weight (prostate and seminal vesicles), and mean grade of epithelial proliferative lesions in the dorsal and lateral lobes of the prostate, the effect was not as pronounced as was the case with dietary restriction from puberty. There was no relationship between serum insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) and prostate lesion grade. Additionally, we also report the relationship between lobe specific lesion development and SV40 immunostaining and, the occurance of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in the ventral prostate and urethra of the TRAMP mouse. NETs stained with high specificity and sensitivity for the neuroendocrine markers, synaptophysin and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), less for serotonin, but not for chromogranin A. NETs did not stain for cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) nor androgen receptor (AR). SV40 positive tubulo-acinar tumors seen occasionally in the kidney, did not stain for synaptophysin nor NSE.
Surface Modifying Substances that Reduce Apparent Yeast Cell Hydrophobicity
Authors: Colling Lisa , Essmann Michael , Hollmer Cara , Larsen Bryan
Published: September 2005

Objective. To determine whether several topical compounds and other chemical entities are able to diminish the surface hydrophobicity of yeast cells.

Method. Hydrophobicity of yeast cells was determined by binding styrene microspheres to the surface of untreated yeast or yeast pre‐incubated with various substances with potential for cell surface modification. The degree of microsphere adherence to yeast cells was measured by flow cytometry.

Results. A significant reduction in cell surface hydrophobicity was observed when yeast was incubated in protein‐containing media. Other compounds that effectively reduced microsphere binding were various formulations of K‐Ymml ®
and heparin. Divalent cations (Ca++, Mg++, Zn++, Cu++)
were also potent inhibitors of microsphere adherence. It was possible to remove substances contributing to microsphere binding by chemical extraction of the yeast. Yeast having reduced microsphere binding activity also showed diminished binding of concanavalin A.

Conclusions. Several commercially available compounds were able to block binding of styrene microspheres to yeast. Some of the binding activity appeared to be attributable to mannose‐containing surface components. These findings have implications for formulating therapeutic products that might block yeast binding to tissues.
Outcomes of Hysterectomy in HIV‐Seropositive Women Compared to Seronegative Women
Authors: Franz Jennifer , Jamieson Denise J. , Randall Hugh , Spann Cyril
Published: September 2005

Objective. To compare the postoperative complication rates after hysterectomy between HIV‐infected patients and HIV‐uninfected patients.

Study design. We conducted a retrospective study of 24 human immunodeficiency virus‐infected patients who underwent hysterectomy between January 1, 2000 and April 2, 2003 at Grady Memorial Hospital. Postoperative complications rates
among HIV‐infected women were compared to those rates among HIV‐uninfected women. Data were analyzed t‐tests for continuous variables and chi‐squared tests for categorical variables.

Results. The HIV‐infected women were more likely to report smoking and recreational drug use. In addition, a higher proportion of the HIV‐infected women were co‐infected with hepatitis, with more than one‐quarter of HIV‐infected women
being hepatitis B or C seropositive. Although the study was limited due to small sample size, no significant differences in complication rates were found among HIV‐infected women compared with uninfected women.

Conclusion. As HIV‐infected women are living longer, healthier lives we anticipate that increased numbers of HIV‐infected women will be undergoing hysterectomy for benign gynecologic conditions. It will be important, therefore, to carefully
document any potential differences in operative risks.
Automated Method for Tracking Individual Red Blood Cells Within Capillaries to Compute Velocity and Oxygen Saturation
Authors: JAPEE SHRUTI A. , PITTMAN ROLAND N. , ELLIS CHRISTOPHER G.
Published: September 2005

Objective: The authors present a new method to track individual red blood cells (RBCs) as they move through capillaries. This method uses a recently developed Measurement and Analysis System for Capillary Oxygen Transport (MASCOT) and the concept of space–time images to track RBCs between consecutive frames of video recordings of the microcirculation.

Methods: A space–time image displays in a single static image for a single capillary the location of all RBCs as a function of time. Analysis is performed on video tapes of RBC flow through capillaries to obtain velocity of individual cells as they traverse the capillary of interest. A space–time image is generated to track RBCs from one frame to the next and their velocities are computed. Based on the optical density values of each cell obtained from synchronized videotapes at two wavelengths, the oxygen saturation of a cell can be determined. In this manner, oxygen saturation can be tracked for the same cells as they move through the capillary.

Results and Conclusions: These measurements, taken together, allow one to determine how much and how fast oxygen is being delivered to the surrounding tissue. This method provides, for the first time, a way to track individual RBCs flowing through capillary networks and study their RBC dynamics and oxygenation.
Sediment quality and quantity issues related to the restoration of backwater lakes along the Illinois River waterway
Authors: Machesky Michael L. , Slowikowski James A. , Cahill Richard A. , Bogner William C. , Marlin John C. , Holm Thomas R. , Darmody Robert G.
Published: September 2005

Sedimentation has severely impacted backwater lakes along the Illinois River. The State of Illinois and the US Army Corps of Engineers are currently involved in a joint effort to address ecosystem degradation within the Illinois River Basin, and excessive sedimentation of backwater lakes and side channels is a primary cause of that degradation. Necessary parts of the overall restoration effort are to adequately characterize both the quality and quantity of backwater lake sediments prior to implementing any restoration efforts, and to identify potential beneficial reuses of dredged sediments. This paper summarizes some of our efforts in these areas with an emphasis on Peoria Lake which has received the most attention to date. Sediment characterization has included detailed bathymetric surveys, sediment dating with 137Cs, chemical and mineralogical characterization of sediments to three meters depth, analysis of recent sediments (to 30 cm depth) for acid-volatile sulfide and simultaneously extracted metals, and analysis of ammonia and toxic metals in sediment pore waters. Dredged sediments have also been used in various trial projects to demonstrate potential handling and beneficial reuse strategies.

Some significant findings of these studies are: 1) Long-term sedimentation rates are high, and average 1–3 cm y−1; 2) total concentrations of several trace metals (e.g., Pb, Cd, Ni) and PAH compounds sometimes exceed consensus-based probable effect levels for sensitive sediment-dwelling organisms; 3) pore water dissolved ammonia concentrations in Peoria Lake are potentially toxic to sensitive sediment-dwelling species; and 4) weathered sediments can make productive agricultural soils.
A review of the impacts of aquaculture and artificial waterways upon coastal ecosystems in the Gulf (Arabian/Persian) including a case study demonstrating how future management may resolve these impacts
Authors: Al-Jamali F. , Bishop J. M. , Osment J. , Jones D. A. , LeVay L.
Published: September 2005

Preliminary calculations indicate that western Gulf intertidal mud and sand flat habitats such as those found in Kuwait may contribute some 30 percent of the gross marine productivity for this state, more than double that of any other intertidal biotope. Mud flats are dominated by a microbial mat system; recent application of the stable isotope ratio technique confirms a link between mat production and commercial fish and shrimp species. These findings demonstrate the importance of intertidal productivity so that dredging and coastal reclamation represent one of the most serious impacts on the Gulf environment. In addition, Gulf fish stocks are now fully exploited and many Gulf countries are placing further stress on coastal ecosystems through the development of aquaculture.

Most of these countries now have coastal management plans with zoning of areas for conservation, recreation and development and future planning prioritization should ensure sustainability of marine biodiversity, fisheries, aquaculture, aesthetic and recreational values for coastal habitats during development. Recent coastal construction projects in Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait demonstrate that even within development zones it is possible to mitigate impact and even expand areas of marine productivity. Key factors are multidisciplinary approaches to design, which promote good water circulation, avoid stagnation, prevent salinity rise due to evaporation and sustain water of bathing quality. It is suggested that artifically created lagoons and waterways could be managed to provide nursery areas suitable for fishery stock enhancement.
Is sediment or pseudofaeces toxicity responsible for the decline of the amphipod Diporeia hoyi in Lakes Erie and Ontario?
Authors: Dermott R. , Munawar M. , Carou S. , Bonnell R. , Niblock H.
Published: September 2005

The deepwater amphipod Diporeia hoyi has disappeared from Lake Erie and much of Lake Ontario at depths < 80 m. This amphipod had supplied 20 percent of the fisheries energy budget in the Great Lakes. The exotic mussel Dreissena bugensis now forms most of the benthic biomass above 60 m depth, but Diporeia is absent over large areas where Dreissena are rare. The filamentous bacterium Thioploca ingrica is now common at many sites between 30 and 40 m where Diporeia has disappeared. Fisheries and Oceans, Canada, investigated the causes of the decline by examining the sediment chemistry, bacterial production and conducted sediment bioassays using Diporeia, Hyalella and Microtox® Microtox® showed no evidence of toxicity in sediments now devoid of Diporeia. Amphipod survival and growth was greatest in sediment that rapidly lost its Diporeia population in 1993. Presence of Thioploca had no effect on Diporeia survival. Hyalella was more sensitive than Diporeia to test sediments and to filtered water from mussel cultures. Sediment from sites with dense Dreissena populations had lower Diporeia survival. A diet of mussel pseudofaeces caused significantly lower survival in both Hyalella and Diporeia. The exact mechanism causing lower survival is currently unknown and may be related to a nutritional problem or associated waste metabolites.
Counsellors' experiences of changing their practice: Learning the psychodynamic‐interpersonal model of therapy
Authors: Mackay Hannah C. , West William , Moorey James , Guthrie Elspeth , Margison Frank
Published: September 2005

Seven counsellors were interviewed about their experiences of learning and applying a new approach to therapy: the psychodynamic‐interpersonal model. These interviews were analysed using grounded theory — a qualitative approach. Under the core category of ‘changing counselling practice: applying the PI model of therapy’, the material was organised into 10 major categories: difficult feelings; new awareness; therapeutic identity; identifying reasons for choosing how to work; experiencing difficulties in adherence; attributing causes of difficulties; ways through the difficulties; understanding how change in practice occurs; changing interventions; and specific other inputs. Examples from the interviews are used to cast light on the difficulties experienced by counsellors in the process of changing their practice.
TRAF7 Sequesters c-Myb to the Cytoplasm by Stimulating Its Sumoylation
Authors: Morita Yutaka , Kanei-Ishii Chie , Nomura Teruaki , Ishii Shunsuke
Published: September 2005

Small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMOs) are proteins that are posttranslationally conjugated to diverse proteins. The c-myb proto-oncogene product (c-Myb) regulates proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. PIASy is the only known SUMO E3 ligase for c-Myb. Here, we report that TRAF7 binds to c-Myb and stimulates its sumoylation. TRAF7 bound to the DNA-binding domain of c-Myb via its WD40 repeats. TRAF7 has an E3 ubiquitin ligase activity for self-ubiquitination, but TRAF7 also stimulated the sumoylation of c-Myb at Lys-523 and Lys-499, which are the same sites as those used for PIASy-induced sumoylation. TRAF7 inhibited trans-activation induced by wild-type c-Myb, but not by the sumoylation site mutant of c-Myb. The expression of both c-myb and TRAF7 was down-regulated during differentiation of M1 cells. Endogenous TRAF7 localized to both the cytoplasm and nucleus of M1 cells. Consistent with this, significant amounts of sumoylated c-Myb were found in the cytoplasm of M1 cells, whereas nonsumoylated c-Myb was found predominantly in the nucleus. Overexpressed TRAF7 was localized in the cytoplasm of CV-1 cells, and sequestered c-Myb and SUMO1 in the cytosol, whereas PIASy was localized in the nucleus. Thus, TRAF7 negatively regulates c-Myb activity by sequestering c-Myb to the cytosol via sumoylation.
Advances in Bayesian Time Series Modeling and the Study of Politics: Theory Testing, Forecasting, and Policy Analysis
Authors: Brandt Patrick T. , Freeman John R.
Published: September 2005

Bayesian approaches to the study of politics are increasingly popular. But Bayesian approaches to modeling multiple time series have not been critically evaluated. This is in spite of the potential value of these models in international relations, political economy, and other fields of our discipline. We review recent developments in Bayesian multi-equation time series modeling in theory testing, forecasting, and policy analysis. Methods for constructing Bayesian measures of uncertainty of impulse responses (Bayesian shape error bands) are explained. A reference prior for these models that has proven useful in short- and medium-term forecasting in macroeconomics is described. Once modified to incorporate our experience analyzing political data and our theories, this prior can enhance our ability to forecast over the short and medium terms complex political dynamics like those exhibited by certain international conflicts. In addition, we explain how contingent Bayesian forecasts can be constructed, contingent Bayesian forecasts that embody policy counterfactuals. The value of these new Bayesian methods is illustrated in a reanalysis of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict of the 1980s.
Defluvicoccus vanus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel Gram-negative coccus/coccobacillus in the ‘Alphaproteobacteria’ from activated sludge
Authors: Maszenan A. M. , Seviour R. J. , Patel B. K. C. , Janssen P. H. , Wanner J.
Published: September 2005

A novel Gram-negative coccus/coccobacillus, strain Ben 114T, growing in tetrads, clusters or aggregates, was isolated from activated sludge by micromanipulation. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that it belonged to the ‘Alphaproteobacteria’, with no close relatives among cultured bacterial isolates. On the basis of phylogenetic data, this organism is considered to belong to a new genus, Defluvicoccus, represented by the species Defluvicoccus vanus sp. nov., a name chosen because of the distinctive staining properties of this organism; only the cell wall stained strongly with a wide range of stains, giving the cell a hollow and empty appearance. No intracellular polyphosphate granules could be detected after staining, but poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate inclusions were detected using Nile blue A staining. Because of its taxonomic distance from its closest relatives among the ‘Alphaproteobacteria’, namely members of the genera Azospirillum, Phaeospirillum, Rhodospirillum, Rhodocista, Magnetospirillum and Rhodospira, D. vanus is considered to represent a new phylogenetic lineage within subgroup 1 of the ‘Alphaproteobacteria’, the D. vanus subgroup. The type strain is Ben 114T (=NCIMB 13612T=CIP 107350T).
Gordonia otitidis sp. nov., isolated from a patient with external otitis
Authors: Iida Soji , Taniguchi Hiroko , Kageyama Akiko , Yazawa Katsukiyo , Chibana Hiroji , Murata Shota , Nomura Fumio , Kroppenstedt Reiner M. , Mikami Yuzuru
Published: September 2005

The taxonomic positions of two clinically isolated actinomycetes were established using a polyphasic approach. The two strains, IFM 10032T, isolated from ear discharge of a 28-year-old Japanese female patient with external otitis, and IFM 10148, isolated from pleural fluid of a 60-year-old Japanese male patient with bronchitis, possessedmeso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic amino acid, MK-9(H2) as the predominant menaquinone and mycolic acids ranging from 58 to 64 carbons. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the two strains were most closely related to those ofGordonia aichiensis,Gordonia sputiand ‘Gordonia jacobaea’. Differences in several phenotypic characteristics together with genotypic distinctiveness distinguish strains IFM 10032Tand IFM 10148 from these three species. DNA–DNA hybridization results and the combination of genotypic and phenotypic data showed that the two strains belong to a single species, and merit recognition of a novel species within the genusGordonia. The name proposed for this taxon isGordonia otitidissp. nov.; the type strain is IFM 10032T(=DSM 44809T=JCM 12355T=NBRC 100426T).
Bacillus litoralis sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea in Korea
Authors: Yoon Jung-Hoon , Oh Tae-Kwang
Published: September 2005

A Gram-variable, motile, endospore-forming, slightly halophilic bacterial strain, designated SW-211T, was isolated from a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea in Korea, and was characterized taxonomically by using a polyphasic approach. The organism grew optimally at 37 °C and in the presence of 2–3 % NaCl. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain SW-211Tforms a distinct phylogenetic lineage within the radiation of the cluster comprisingBacillusspecies. Strain SW-211Thad cell-wall peptidoglycan based onmeso-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0(34·8 %), iso-C15 : 0(15·6 %), iso-C16 : 0(12·5 %) and iso-C14 : 0(10·0 %). The DNA G+C content was 35·2 mol%. Strain SW-211Texhibited levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of <96·2 % with respect to the type strains of recognizedBacillusspecies. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain SW-211T(=KCTC 3898T=DSM 16303T) was classified in the genusBacillusas the type strain of a novel species, for which the nameBacillus litoralissp. nov. is proposed.
Sanguibacter marinus sp. nov., isolated from coastal sediment
Authors: Huang Ying , Dai Xin , He Liang , Wang Ya-Nan , Wang Bao-Jun , Liu Zhiheng , Liu Shuang-Jiang
Published: September 2005

A Gram-positive, coryneform bacterium, strain 1-19T, was isolated from coastal sediment from the Eastern China Sea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the organism formed a robust clade with the type species of the genusSanguibacterand displayed less than 97 % gene sequence similarity. Phenotypic characteristics supported the assignment of this organism to the genusSanguibacter. A range of biochemical features distinguished it from all otherSanguibacterspecies with validly published names. On the basis of a polyphasic taxonomical analysis, it is proposed that this bacterium is a novel species ofSanguibacter, for which the nameSanguibacter marinussp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1-19T(=CGMCC 1.3457T=JCM 12547T).
Quadrisphaera granulorum gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-positive polyphosphate-accumulating coccus in tetrads or aggregates isolated from aerobic granules
Authors: Maszenan Abdul Majid , Tay Joo-Hwa , Schumann Peter , Jiang He-Long , Tay Stephen Tiong-Lee
Published: September 2005

A Gram-positive bacterium, designated strain AG019T, was isolated by micromanipulation from aerobic granules obtained from a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor. This isolate grew axenically as cocci clustered predominantly in tetrads, and was morphologically similar to the dominant organisms observed in the biomass. The morphology also resembled that of the tetrad-forming organisms commonly seen in activated sludge samples. Strain AG019Twas found to be an oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, non-motile aerobe that does not reduce nitrate and grows at temperatures between 15 and 40 °C, with an optimum at 37 °C. The pH range for growth was 5·0–9·0, with an optimum at pH 7·5. Strain AG019Tcontained a peptidoglycan with directly cross-linkedmeso-diaminopimelic acid (type A1γ) and lacked mycolic acids. The G+C content of the DNA was 75 mol%. Menaquinone MK-8(H2) was the major isoprenoid quinone. The bacterium stained positively for intracellular polyphosphate granules but not for poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates. It produced capsular material and showed autoaggregation ability. Phenotypic and 16S rRNA gene analyses showed that the bacterium differed sufficiently from its closest phylogenetic relatives, namely members of the suborderFrankineae, which includes the generaGeodermatophilus,Blastococcus,Frankia,Sporichthya,AcidothermusandMicrosphaera, that it is proposed that it be placed in a novel genus,Quadrisphaera, asQuadrisphaera granulorumgen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is AG019T(=ATCC BAA-1104T=DSM 44889T).
Mitsuaria chitosanitabida gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic, chitosanase-producing member of the ‘Betaproteobacteria’
Authors: Amakata Daiki , Matsuo Yasuhiro , Shimono Kumiko , Park Jae Kweon , Yun Choong Soo , Matsuda Hideyuki , Yokota Akira , Kawamukai Makoto
Published: September 2005

Four strains (3001T, 2, 12 and 13), which were isolated as chitosanase-producing bacteria from soil from Matsue city (Japan), were studied phenotypically, genotypically and phylogenetically. Based on sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes, DNA G+C content (67·4–69·2 mol%), quinone type (UQ-8), major fatty acid composition (3-OH 10 : 0, 3-OH 14 : 0) and other phylogenetic studies, strains 3001T, 12 and 13 were found to occupy a separate position in the ‘Betaproteobacteria’. Roseateles depolymerans, Rubrivivax gelatinosus and Ideonella dechloratans were their closest neighbours (93–95 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The 16S rRNA gene sequence and other characteristics suggested that strain 2 belonged to the genus Flavobacterium. DNA–DNA hybridization experiments supported the conclusion that strains 3001T, 12 and 13 were of the same species (72–78 % DNA hybridization) and only distantly related to I. dechloratans and R. gelatinosus. It is proposed that strains 3001T, 12 and 13 represent a novel genus and species for which the name Mitsuaria chitosanitabida gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Mitsuaria chitosanitabida is 3001T (=IAM 14711T=ATCC BAA-476T).
Paenibacillus motobuensis sp. nov., isolated from a composting machine utilizing soil from Motobu-town, Okinawa, Japan
Authors: Iida Ken-ichiro , Ueda Yasuichi , Kawamura Yoshiaki , Ezaki Takayuki , Takade Akemi , Yoshida Shin-ichi , Amako Kazunobu
Published: September 2005

A novel bacterial strain, MC10T, was isolated from a compost sample produced in a composting machine utilizing soil from Motobu-town, Okinawa, Japan. The isolate was Gram-negative, but produced endospores. These conflicting characters prompted a taxonomic study of the isolate. The isolate was examined using a combination of phenotypic characterization, cellular fatty acid analysis, DNA base composition determination and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, placed strain MC10Twithin the genusPaenibacillus. As in otherPaenibacillusspecies, the isolate contained anteiso-C15 : 0as the major fatty acid and the DNA G+C content was 47·0 mol%. However, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of less than 95·6 % were found between this isolate and all members of the genusPaenibacillus. Based upon these results, strain MC10T(=GTC 1835T=JCM 12774T=CCUG 50090T) should be designated as the type strain of a novel species within the genusPaenibacillus,Paenibacillus motobuensissp. nov.
Isoptericola halotolerans sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from saline soil from Qinghai Province, north-west China
Authors: Zhang Yu-Qin , Schumann Peter , Li Wen-Jun , Chen Guo-Zhong , Tian Xin-Peng , Stackebrandt Erko , Xu Li-Hua , Jiang Cheng-Lin
Published: September 2005

A Gram-positive, non-motile actinobacterium, designated strain YIM 70177T, was isolated from a saline soil sample from Qinghai Province, north-west China. Phylogenetic analysis of this organism based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed 98·3 % similarity toIsoptericola variabilisDSM 10177T. Chemotaxonomic data determined for the isolate, such as the peptidoglycan type A4α, variationl-lys–d-Asp, supported the placement of strain YIM 70177Twithin the genusIsoptericola. Galactose was detected as cell wall sugar. Phospholipids identified were phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol, and the predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H2). The major fatty acids were ai-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, ai-C17 : 0and i-C15 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 72·8 mol%. The low level of DNA–DNA relatedness (27·4 %) toI. variabilisDSM 10177Tin combination with differentiating chemotaxonomic and physiological data demonstrated that the isolate YIM 70177Tshould be classified as representing a novel species of the genusIsoptericola. The nameIsoptericola halotoleranssp. nov. is proposed, with strain YIM 70177T(=DSM 16376T=KCTC 19046T) as the type strain.