bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and Opinions of General Education Teachers on the effectiveness of Differentiated Teaching in Children with Dyslexia
Authors: Tsiakalou Kalliopi
Published: July 2023

The purpose of this research is to investigate the knowledge and opinions of general education teachers in primary education regarding the effectiveness of differentiated teaching for children with Dyslexia. Initially, the study refers to Learning Difficulties and specifically to Dyslexia, where this disorder and its characteristics are analyzed. After this, the research questions follow with further analysis of Dyslexia, differentiated teaching and bibliographic review of previous surveys related to the topic. Afterwards, the design of the research, the methodology and the strategies that we used are analyzed. In this particular research a closed type of questionnaire sampling will be conducted through Likert scale, and it will be posted to groups of primary education teachers on the internet. After information on validity, reliability, and ethical issue the research findings will be analyzed and compared with the already mentioned studies of the literature review according to which the teachers of the previous surveys have quite a lot in common with the present research as regards their views, their knowledge, the implementation of differentiated teaching which are at a good level and their further training. A key element is the fact that a high percentage of teachers consent to further training either at the workplace or at university. Finally, the study closes with the conclusions.
The Anthropocene as a civil time unit
Authors: Stange Ulrich
Published: July 2023

Geologists are currently finalizing the specification of a new geological time unit, the Anthropocene Epoch, characterized by the Earth's response to humans driving geological change. Once it is ratified we can use it also as a civil time unit. The standard for time reckoning used worldwide today is the Gregorian calendar, introduced in 1582. As a calendar of the Catholic church, it is structured around supernatural events and indeterminate religious dates. Astronomical year numbering has long fixed the arcane arithmetic and religious notations of the Gregorian calendar, but the origin of its time scale perpetuates the links to religious and supernatural dates. If we shift the origin of the astronomical time scale to the onset of the Anthropocene, we can update the calendar with a science based time scale that is anchored by real world data and events. Such a time scale would be better suited as a culturally inclusive standard in a multi-cultural world.
Is erring (only) human? A review of experimental evidence on how human likeness in failures affects sensorimotor signaling, intentionality attribution, and social inclusion of the iCub robot
Authors: Ciardo Francesca , Wykowska Agnieszka
Published: July 2023

When performing shared tasks with robots, expectations about potential failures play a crucial role and they can impact critical aspects of our performance. Here we provide an overview of our previous studies showing that human-likeness in the content of errors displayed by the humanoid iCub robot affects both low-level and high-order social cognitive mechanisms. Our results highlight the complex interplay between expectations driven by the physical appearance of the robot and the human likeness of the failures in HRI.
PEMELIHARAAN ALLAH BAGI UMAT PILIHANNYA
Authors: Harahap Ramli
Published: July 2023

Minggu ini kita akan memasuki Minggu Keenam Setelah Trinitatis. Dalam Minggu ini kita akan membahas tema “Pemeliharaan Allah bagi Umat Pilihan-Nya”. Tema ini menarik untuk kita ulas sebab kita semua umat manusia butuh pemeliharaan Allah. Jika membaca dan mendalami Mazmur 65:1-9, maka kita akan menemukan bawhwa mazmur ini adalah salah satu mazmur dalam Alkitab yang mengungkapkan pujian dan syukur kepada Allah atas pemeliharaan-Nya terhadap umat-Nya yang dipilih. Mazmur ini mencerminkan latar belakang sejarah dan keyakinan keagamaan pada masa penulisannya.Latar belakang sejarah Mazmur ini tidak diketahui dengan pasti karena tidak ada informasi spesifik tentang siapa penulisnya atau kapan tepatnya ditulis. Namun, secara umum, Mazmur termasuk dalam kumpulan puisi dan lagu-lagu yang digunakan dalam ibadah Yahudi di Bait Suci di Yerusalem. Mereka dipercaya ditulis oleh raja-raja atau penyair-penyair terkenal dalam sejarah Israel seperti Daud, Salomo, atau Asaf.
Tác động của trải nghiệm khách hàng đến lòng trung thành: Trường hợp nghiên cứu tại các hãng hàng không giá rẻ trên địa bàn Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh
Authors: Vuong Bui Nhat
Published: July 2023

Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này là để xác định các yếu tố của trải nghiệm khách hàng ảnh hưởng đến lòng trung thành của khách hàng. Bên cạnh đó, vai trò trung gian của sự hài lòng của khách hàng cũng sẽ được xem xét. Dữ liệu đã được thu thập từ khảo sát 696 hành khách sống tại TP. HCM đã từng sử dụng dịch vụ bay với hàng hàng không giá rẻ tại Việt Nam. Kết quả nghiên cứu từ mô hình phương trình cấu trúc bình phương nhỏ nhất một phần cho thấy sáu yếu tố của trải nghiệm khách hàng đã tác động tích cực đến lòng trung thành của khách hàng theo thứ tự giảm dần như sau: Chất lượng tiếp viên hàng không, Dịch vụ làm thủ tục/hành lý, Dịch vụ đặt vé trực tuyến, Lịch trình chuyến bay thuận tiện, Phòng chờ, và Độ tin cậy của dịch vụ. Thêm vào đó, các mối quan hệ này đã được trung gian toàn phần bởi sự hài lòng của khách hàng. Nghiên cứu cũng đã đề xuất một số hàm ý quản trị nào nhằm xây dựng trải nghiệm dịch vụ tốt hơn tại các hãng hàng không giá rẻ trên địa bàn TP. Hồ Chí Minh để gia tăng lòng trung thành của khách hàng.
On the Mechanics of NFT Valuation: AI Ethics and Social Media
Authors: Zhang Luyao , Sun Yutong , Quan Yutong , Cao Jiaxun , Tong Xin
Published: July 2023

As CryptoPunks pioneers the innovation of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) in AI and art, the valuation mechanics of NFTs has become a trending topic. Earlier research identifies the impact of ethics and society on the price prediction of CryptoPunks. Since the booming year of the NFT market in 2021, the discussion of CryptoPunks has propagated on social media. Still, existing literature hasn't considered the social sentiment factors after the historical turning point on NFT valuation. In this paper, we study how sentiments in social media, together with gender and skin tone, contribute to NFT valuations by an empirical analysis of social media, blockchain, and crypto exchange data. We evidence social sentiments as a significant contributor to the price prediction of CryptoPunks. Furthermore, we document structure changes in the valuation mechanics before and after 2021. Although people's attitudes towards Cryptopunks are primarily positive, our findings reflect imbalances in transaction activities and pricing based on gender and skin tone. Our result is consistent and robust, controlling for the rarity of an NFT based on the set of human-readable attributes, including gender and skin tone. Our research contributes to the interdisciplinary study at the intersection of AI, Ethics, and Society, focusing on the ecosystem of decentralized AI or blockchain. We provide our data and code for replicability as open access on GitHub.
Mengadopsi Sistem Pendidikan Terbuka Jarak Jauh (PTJJ) Universitas Terbuka Sebagai Sistem Pembelajaran Program Perkuliahan Karyawan (P2K) di Universitas Mpu Tantular
Authors: Kodoati Michael Carlos
Published: July 2023

Program Perkuliahan Karyawan atau disebut P2K jika ditelusuri dari ragamnya program perkuliahan di kampus-kampus tentu berbeda dengan perkuliahan reguler. Perbedaan itu salah satunya terletak pada kelonggaran waktu bagi mahasiswa. P2K diracik sebagai program khusus yang memungkinkan mereka yang bekerja dan ingin studi. Waktu yang tidak tersedia banyak menjadi perhatian P2K untuk memungkinkan kelompok karyawan ini mendapatkan pendidikan yang mereka inginkan. Berhadapan dengan pandemi Covid-19 yang melanda dunia hampir dua tahun terakhir, mengubah lanskap pembelajaran, bukan saja P2K, tetap secara global, pendidikan dilakukan daring dengan pembatasan-pembatasan di area normal. Perkuliahan tidak lagi tatap muka, tetapi dilakukan di ruang privat yang difasilitasi internet. Perubahan lanskap ini memicu beberapa pertanyaan, salah satunya yang paling mendasar: apakah ilmu pengetahuan mampu tersampaikan dengan baik dari dosen kepada peserta didik? Tetapi perubahan lanskap belajar ini juga memunculkan peluang efektivitas yang sesungguhnya dicari oleh kelompok karyawan: tersedianya waktu yang efisien untuk belajar, karena perkuliahan tidak harus ditempuh dengan upaya mobilitas dari tempat bekerja ke lokasi kampus. Telah ditelusuri bagaimana dinamika pembelajaran daring di masa pandemi (studi kasus pada kelompok P2K), kebutuhan mahasiswa karyawan, regulasi-regulasi Indonesia dalam penyelenggaraan kelas daring untuk pendidikan tinggi, dan yang terakhir, dapatkan pembelajaran jarak jauh (dengan sistem daring) diadopsi sebagai sistem pakem untuk P2K?
PREDIKSI KOMPUTASI SENYAWA OBAT TRADISIONAL JAWA TENGAH Annona muricata Linn SEBAGAI SENYAWA BIOAKTIF ANTI KANKER
Authors: Nur Muhammad Rezki
Published: July 2023

Sirsak (Annona muricata L) merupakan sebuah tanaman buah yang asal asal Karibia, Amerika Tengah, dan Amerika Selatan, serta telah lama dipergunakan pada pengobatan tradisional pada Indonesia. Kanker merupakan sekelompok penyakit yang ditandai oleh pertumbuhan dan perkembangan sel-sel yang tidak terkontrol dan abnormal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui senyawa dan potensi bioaktivitasnya menggunakan pendekatan database melalui website http://kanaya.naist.jp/knapsack_jsp/top.html dan http://www.way2drug.com/. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah terdapat senyawa yang terkandung dalam tanaman temmate yaitu Coreximine yang termasuk dalam senyawa alkaloid. Berdasarkan penapisan potensi bioaktivitas, ditemukan 6 potensi yang meliputi antineurosis, anticancer, antimalaria, antiinflamasi, anti-asam, dan antidiabetic. Oleh karena itu, Annona muricata Linn memiliki potensi yang besar untuk dikembangkan di bidang farmasi berbasis kearifan lokal masyarakat jawa tengah.
Edge coloring of graphs of signed class 1 and 2
Authors: Turowski Krzysztof , Janczewski Robert , Wróblewski Bartłomiej
Published: July 2023

Recently, Behr [1] introduced a notion of the chromatic index of signed graphsand proved that for every signed graph (G, σ) it holds that ∆(G) ≤ χ′(G, σ) ≤ ∆(G) + 1,where ∆(G) is the maximum degree of G and χ′ denotes its chromatic index.In general, the chromatic index of (G, σ) depends on both the underlyinggraph G and the signature σ. In the paper we study graphs G for which χ′(G,σ) does not depend on σ. To this aim we introduce two new classes of graphs,namely 1± and 2±, such that graph G is of class 1± (respectively, 2±) if andonly if χ′(G, σ) = ∆(G) (respectively, χ′(G, σ) = ∆(G) + 1) for all possiblesignatures σ.We prove that all wheels, necklaces, complete bipartite graphs Kr,t withr 6 = t and almost all cacti graphs are of class 1±. Moreover, we give sufficientand necessary conditions for a graph to be of class 2±, i.e. we show that thesegraphs must have odd maximum degree and give examples of such graphs witharbitrary odd maximum degree bigger than 1
Discriminating between autonomous and human remote control in human-robot interaction: the role of sensorimotor adaptation
Authors: Ciardo Francesca , Radice Marta , Russo Nicola Severino , De Tommaso Davide , Wykowska Agnieszka
Published: July 2023

Sensorimotor Synchronization (SMS) plays a crucial role in social interactions. The present study aimed to investigate whether SMS facilitates users in disentangling between autonomous or human remote controllers during HRI. Specifically, we focused on temporal adaptation mechanisms underlying SMS. To this end, we developed an interactive task in which users were asked to synchronize with the iCub robot to play a melody of four tones. The robot was either run autonomously or remotely controlled by a human confederate. The task was administered during the 2022 Science Fair held in Genoa (Italy). The results revealed that specific SMS parameters, such as phase correction and Inter-tap interval, affect the probability of correctly discriminating between autonomous and human remote controllers. The study highlights the importance of considering the level of temporal adaptation displayed by robots during HRI to allow users to correctly identify how the robot is controlled.
Climate Resilience of small-town water utilities in Eastern Ethiopia
Authors: Geremew Abraham , Nijhawan Anisha , Mengistie Bezatu , Mekbib Dinku , Howard Guy
Published: July 2023

Building a resilient water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) system is more important than ever since climate change threatens WASH, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The Government of Ethiopia stresses climate-resilient WASH through its One WASH National Program, albeit it may be challenging to ascertain the resilience due to the absence of an easy-to-use monitoring tool. The “How tough is WASH” framework is a recently developed framework to monitor the community-managed rural water supply resilience to climate change. We investigated whether this framework might be used to assess the resilience of small-town water utilities by choosing 10 communities in eastern Ethiopia. The How Tough is WASH framework considers resilience along six domains: supply chain, institutional support, management and governance, community role and feedback, infrastructure, and catchment using a five-scale measurement. Due to its complexity to apply using a five-scale measure, we modified the framework into a simpler 3-point scale —low, medium, and high—to assess the climate change resilience of urban water utilities. Accordingly, the town water utilities rated moderately resilient, with primary failures including insufficient government support, a lack of flood protection, seasonal variation in yield, and leakage in the distribution system. Fixing the identified failures is essential for resilient services in the study towns. The current finding using the How Tough is WASH framework revealed the framework’s versatility in determining the climate resilience of WASH, therefore, should be included and integrated into a WASH monitoring tool.
Regenerative Agriculture the Veganic Way: A Seven-year Research Study in Increasing Soil Organic Matter (SOM) and Crop Yields
Authors: Videle Jimmy , Seymour Mona , Carter Nicholas
Published: July 2023

Agriculture is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and biodiversity loss, mostly through deforestation for the cultivation of animal feeds; enteric fermentation from ruminants like cattle, fertilizers and manure; and soil degradation from intensive farming practices. There is currently a push to transform our farming systems to attempt to alleviate the almost-assured catastrophic burden of increasing amounts of atmospheric carbon. Many forms of agriculture claim they have evolved to follow a more regenerative form of agriculture by increasing soil organic matter (SOM), thus capturing said carbon in their soils. This study reports SOM results from one veganic agriculture (VA) farm from a study period of seven years. There was an observed increase of SOM from 5.2% to 7.2%, equating to an increase of 38.46% over the study’s duration, suggesting that VA is an effective farming mechanism for increasing soil organic matter utilizing 100% plant-based regenerative practices and materials to nourish the soil. The VA farm also realized respectable yields per hectare, reporting a 46% increase in total crop production. This was all achieved by growing a diversity of plant-based crops, implementing four-year crop rotations, building soil fertility through plant-based inputs, cover cropping, and leaving the farm’s fields covered as often as possible. Additionally, by its processes, the VA farm fully eliminated the industrial chain of animal agriculture and associated land use and methane emissions, suggesting VA to be a holistically regenerative form of agriculture, in comparison to animal-based forms of any other system.
A Bully-to-Leader Developmental Shift in the Allocation of Epistemic Trust
Authors: Margoni Francesco , Nava Elena , Surian Luca
Published: July 2023

From early toddlerhood, children distinguish between respect-based power exerted by a leader and fear-based power exerted by a bully. Here, we tested if and from what age children rely on this ability to allocate their epistemic trust. Children aged 1.5 to 10 years (n = 337) were presented with a leader-character and a bully-character who both used the same novel word (“zaffo”) to label each a different novel object. Next, children were asked to select the zaffo. Results revealed that toddlers trusted the bully-character (i.e., when asked to select the zaffo from a number of objects, they tended to pick up and pass the object labeled as zaffo by the bully-character). At 3 years the opposite tendency emerged (i.e., children tended to select the object previously labeled as zaffo by the leader-character) and it is not until the age of 8 years that children also displayed a clear distrust for bullies (i.e., only a handful of children selected the object labeled as zaffo by the bully-character). These results show that early in life learning is affected by the type of social power displayed by informants and that an adult-like tendency to selectively learn from respected leaders emerges gradually after an initial shift.
Responsibility Gaps and Self-interest Bias: People Attribute Moral Responsibility to AI for Their Own but not Others' Transgressions
Authors: Dong Mengchen , Bocian Konrad
Published: July 2023

In the last decade, the ambiguity and difficulty of responsibility attribution to AI and human stakeholders (i.e., responsibility gaps) has been increasingly relevant and discussed in extreme cases (e.g., autonomous weapons). On top of related philosophical debates, the current research provides empirical evidence on the importance of bridging responsibility gaps from a psychological and motivational perspective. In three pre-registered studies (N = 1259), people judged themselves (versus others; Studies 1 and 2) and ingroup (versus outgroup; Study 3) members more leniently for identical transgressions. Moreover, such self-interest bias in hybrid transgressions was accounted for by the flexible responsibility attribution to AI (i.e., ascribing more responsibility to AI when judging the self rather than others; Studies 1 and 2). The findings suggest that people may dynamically exploit the moral “wiggle room” in hybrid moral situations and reason about AI's responsibility to serve their self-interest.
Maternal Question Use Relates to Syntactic Development in Children at School-Entry
Authors: Buckalew Grace , Ramirez Alexus Guadalupe , Schneider Julie M.
Published: July 2023

Purpose: This study examined how mothers’ question-asking behavior relates to their child’s syntactic development. One important aspect of maternal question-asking behaviors is the use of complex questions when speaking to children. These questions can differ based on both their purpose and structure. The purpose may be to seek out information, to teach, or to get a simple yes/no response. Structurally, questions can include a WH- word (who, what, when, etc.) or not, but these WH- questions are important because they elicit utterances from the child and support vocabulary development. Despite WH-questions eliciting a response from children, it remains unknown how these questions relate to children’s syntactic development. Method: Thirty-four parent-child dyads participated in a 15-minute semi-naturalistic play session. The Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation assessment was used to measure syntactic knowledge in children. Using the Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (SALT), questions were categorized based on structure (WH- versus non-WH) and purpose (information-seeking, pedagogical, or Y/N and rhetorical questions). Results: When controlling for total parent utterances, results revealed that mothers asked more non-WH and rhetorical questions overall; however, when asking WH- questions, they were predominantly information-seeking. This is important, as the use of information-seeking WH- questions was positively associated with children’s syntactic knowledge. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings suggest maternal use of WH- questions aids syntactic knowledge, likely because they require a more syntactically complex response on the child’s behalf.
Assessing the effects of “native speaker” status on classic findings in speech research
Authors: Strand Julia Feld , Brown Violet Aurora , Lin Yuxin , Sewell Katrina
Published: July 2023

It is common practice in speech research to only sample participants who self-report being “native English speakers.” Although there is research on differences in language processing between native and non-native listeners (see Lecumberri et al., 2010 for a review), the majority of speech research that aims to establish general findings (e.g., testing models of spoken word recognition) only includes native speakers in their sample. Not only is the “native English speaker” criterion poorly defined, but it also excludes historically underrepresented groups from speech perception research, often without attention to whether this exclusion is likely to affect study outcomes. The purpose of this study is to empirically test whether and how using different inclusion criteria (“native English speakers” vs. “non-native English speakers”) affects several well-known phenomena in speech perception research. Five hundred participants completed word (N = 200) and sentence (N = 300) identification tasks in quiet and in moderate levels of background noise. Results indicate that multiple classic findings in speech perception research—including the effects of noise level, lexical density, and semantic context on speech intelligibility—persist regardless of “native English” speaking status. However, the magnitude of some of these effects (and the interactions among them) differed across participant groups.
Qualia Structure Proposal (English version)
Authors: Tsuchiya Naotsugu , Saigo Hayato , Phillips Steven , Taguchi Shigeru , Ishihara Yuko , Moriguchi Yusuke , Nakano Tamami , Koizumi Ai , Yamada Makiko , Oizumi Masafumi , Horii Takato , Taniguchi Tadahiro , Saji Noburo
Published: July 2023

Summary: Establishing Qualia Structure Paradigm.?Do subjective conscious experience and objective brain matters belong to completely different worlds? How are qualia, the contents of consciousness, related to the brain? The question of consciousness and the brain is not only of scientific interest, but it is also directly related to the problems associated with difficulties in understanding human feelings in the real world. Because qualia are difficult to even define in objective terms, conventional studies of consciousness have attempted to explore their neural correlates by fixing perceptual stimuli and reducing experience to binary judgments, such as seen vs. not seen. Recently, we have established a new paradigm to characterize the structure of qualia by measuring the similarity between visual qualia on a large scale, and to reveal their neural correlates and their information structure. The Qualia Structure project will further employ various research methods, including phenomenology, development, and constructivism, in order to estimate structures of qualia from perceptual to emotional domains. The outcome of this field is the creation of a new interdisciplinary research program that will have impacts to the general society, such as understanding the consciousness of others and the consciousness of animals and artificial intelligence.
Actively Participating in Live Events as an Avenue for Social Connection
Authors: Brand Daisi R. , Proctor Andrew Scot , Harvey Michael , Slatcher Richard B. , Holt-Lunstad Julianne
Published: July 2023

Numerous studies document the benefits of social connection for both psychological and physical health, but less research exists on how social connection can be fostered in people’s day-to-day lives. One potential way people might build connection is through attending live events (e.g., going to a concert, wine tasting, book reading, fitness class, etc.). This project used machine learning to identify which characteristics of live events reliably predict feelings of social connectedness following event attendance. Across 1,551 longitudinal surveys of event-specific characteristics and experiences across a variety of event types, the strongest predictors of feeling socially connected were events that were in-person (versus virtual), involved active participation (versus passive participation), and those that were attended with others (versus alone), above and beyond baseline reports of socioemotional factors (e.g., loneliness, subjective happiness) and other individual differences (e.g., demographics, personality). These findings suggest that attending in-person, engaging events is a promising pathway through which people may build social connection with others.
Why Life Outcomes are Hard to Predict
Authors: Liou Gloria , Bailey Drew H , Baldwin Chayce R. , Duckworth Angela Lee , Tay Louis
Published: July 2023

Small effect sizes in even the most well-executed of longitudinal studies raise the question of how good social science will ever be at predicting important life outcomes. Here, we elaborate on Lewin (1936) and propose that life outcomes (L) are determined by the cumulative effects of the person (P) and their environment (E): Life Outcomes L = f(P, E) + e. Using this model, we propose that there are at least four reasons why life outcomes are inherently hard to predict: (1) the dynamic nature and the plurality of both personal characteristics and their environmental circumstances (i.e., P and E change over the life course and are themselves multiply determined); (2) complex interactions between P and E; (3) the substantialness of e due to different types of errors; and (4) the low base rates and range restriction in certain life outcomes. Understanding the theoretical limitations in predicting life outcomes is crucial for the interpretation and advancement of social science.
The metacognitive abilities of narcissists: Individual differences between grandiose and vulnerable subtypes
Authors: Littrell Shane , Fugelsang Jonathan Albert , School Cognitive Offloading Autumn
Published: July 2023

Understanding individual differences in metacognitive ability is vital to gaining a better understanding of how we think about our own thinking. Past research has shown that individual differences in grandiose and vulnerable narcissism are related to overconfidence and self-reported metacognitive insight. Building off this work, we present results from an online study of 208 adults (recruited from the U.S. and Canada) examining the relations of trait grandiose and vulnerable narcissism with metacognitive variables related to memory and intelligence. Results indicate that while grandiose and vulnerable narcissism are similarly related to performance on tasks measuring recall, verbal intelligence, and numeracy, only grandiose narcissism was significantly related to metacognitive performance. Specifically, trait grandiose narcissism was positively associated with overconfidence (bias) for performance on memory and verbal intelligence tasks and negatively associated with the ability to discern correct from incorrect responses on the verbal intelligence task (i.e., discrimination index). Our findings suggest that the two types of narcissism differ not only dispositionally but metacognitively in important ways and provide a deeper understanding of the extent to which individual differences in personality attributes may be related to metacognitive abilities.
Qualia Structure Proposal (Japanese version)
Authors: Tsuchiya Naotsugu , Saigo Hayato , Phillips Steven , Taguchi Shigeru , Ishihara Yuko , Moriguchi Yusuke , Nakano Tamami , Koizumi Ai , Yamada Makiko , Oizumi Masafumi , Horii Takato , Saji Noburo , Taniguchi Tadahiro
Published: July 2023

主観意識と客観的な物質としての脳は、全く異なる世界に属すのだろうか? 意識の中身であるクオリアと脳はいかに関係しているのか? 意識と脳の問題は、科学的な興味に留まらず、現実社会における人の気持ちの理解の困難に伴う問題にも直接関わる。意識のクオリアは、客観的な言語で定義することすら難しいため、従来の意識研究では、知覚刺激を固定し、経験を「見えた・見えない」という二値的な判断に還元し、その神経相関の探求を試みた。近年、我々は視覚クオリア間の類似度を大規模に計測することでクオリアの構造を特徴づけ、その神経相関とその情報構造を明らかにする新パラダイムを確立した。本領域は、現象学・発達・構成論を加え、知覚と感情クオリアに集中することで、クオリア構造学を創成する。本領域の成果は、他者意識の理解や、動物や人工物の意識理解など、一般社会へも広く還元されうる答えを生み出す新融合領域の創成である。
A confidence framing effect: Flexible use of evidence in metacognitive monitoring
Authors: Sakamoto Yosuke , Miyoshi Kiyofumi
Published: July 2023

Human behavior is flexibly regulated by specific goals of cognitive tasks. One notable example is goal-directed modulation of metacognitive behavior, where logically equivalent decision-making problems can yield different patterns of introspective confidence depending on the frame in which they are presented. While this observation highlights the important heuristic nature of metacognitive monitoring, computational mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain elusive. We confirmed the confidence framing effect in two-alternative dot-number discrimination and in previously published preference-choice data, demonstrating distinctive confidence patterns between “choose more” or “choose less” frames. Formal model comparisons revealed a simple confidence heuristic behind this phenomenon, which assigns greater weight to chosen than unchosen stimulus evidence. This computation appears to be based on internal evidence constituted under specific task demands rather than physical stimulus intensity itself, a view justified in terms of ecological rationality. These results shed light on the adaptive nature of human decision-making and metacognitive monitoring.
Aesthetic Motivation Impacts Judgments of Others’ Prosociality and Mental Life
Authors: Agrawal Tanushree , Schachner Adena
Published: July 2023

The ability to infer others’ prosocial vs. antisocial behavioral tendencies from minimal information is core to social reasoning. Aesthetic motivation (the value or appreciation of aesthetic beauty) is linked with prosocial tendencies, raising the question of whether this factor is used in interpersonal reasoning and trait attribution. We propose and test a model of this reasoning, predicting that evidence of others’ aesthetic motivations should impact judgments of others’ prosocial (and antisocial) tendencies by signaling a heightened capacity for emotional experience. In a series of four pre-registered experiments (total N=1440), participants saw pairs of characters (as photos/vignettes), and judged which in each pair showed more of a trait of interest. Distractor items prevented participants from guessing the hypothesis. For one critical pair of characters, both characters performed the same activity (music listening, painting, cooking, exercising, being in nature, doing math), but one was motivated by the activities’ aesthetic value, and the other by its functional value. Across all activities, participants robustly chose aesthetically-motivated characters as more likely to behave compassionately (Exp. 1; 3), less likely to behave selfishly/manipulatively (Exp. 1; 3), and as more emotionally sensitive, but not more intelligent (Exp. 2; 3; 4). Emotional sensitivity best predicted compassionate behavior judgements (Exp. 3). Aesthetically-motivated characters were not reliably chosen as more helpful; intelligence best predicted helpfulness judgements (Exp. 4). Evidence of aesthetic motivation conveys important social information about others, impacting fundamental interpersonal judgments about others’ mental life and social behavior.
Prosopagnosia is highly comorbid in individuals with probable developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
Authors: Maw Katherine , Burns Edwin James , Beattie Geoffrey
Published: July 2023

Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) is characterised by difficulties in motor control and coordination from early childhood. While problems processing facial identity are often associated with neurodevelopmental conditions, such issues have never been directly tested in adults with DCD. We tested this possibility through a range of tasks, and assessed the prevalence of developmental prosopagnosia (i.e., lifelong difficulties with faces), in a group comprising individuals who self-reported a diagnosis of, or suspected that they had, DCD. Strikingly, we found 56% of this probable DCD group met recently recommended criteria for a diagnosis of prosopagnosia, with 22% acquiring a diagnosis using traditional cognitive task-based methods. Moreover, their problems with faces were apparent on both unfamiliar and familiar face memory tests, as well as on a facial perception task (i.e., could they tell faces apart). Positive correlations were found between self-report measures assessing movement and coordination problems, and objective difficulties on experimental face identity processing tasks, suggesting widespread neurocognitive disruption in DCD. Importantly, some issues in identity processing in our probable DCD group remained even after excluding participants with comorbid conditions traditionally associated with difficulties in face recognition, i.e., autism and dyslexia. We recommend that any diagnostic test for DCD should include an assessment for prosopagnosia. Given the high prevalence of prosopagnosia in our probable DCD group, and the positive correlations between DCD and prosopagnosia symptoms, there may be a stronger link between movement and facial identity abilities than previously thought.
The Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health and Wellbeing of Children with Special Education Needs and Disabilities: A Systematic Review
Authors: Castle Victoria Ellen , Sideropoulos Vasileios , Jones Cat Lucy , Zhang Dixiao , Van Herwegen Jo , Palikara Olympia
Published: July 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted greatly the mental health of children with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND). We performed a systematic review to investigate whether the impact of the pandemic was universal or restricted to specific groups. Following PRISMA guidelines, of 2500 search results, 66 studies were included in our analysis as they met our inclusion criteria concerning: a) children with SEND; b) focus on COVID-19; c) longitudinal or cross-sectional design; d) quantitative or qualitative measures; and e) mental health or wellbeing outcomes. Our review suggests that there was a negative change in mental health and wellbeing universally for children with SEND.
Natural Gas Vehicles: Consequences to Fuel Markets and the Environment
Authors: Pessoa Joao Paulo , Santos Roberto Amaral , Chimeli Ariaster
Published: July 2023

Policies to adopt cleaner fuels have become increasingly important, but their impacts on incumbent fuel prices and resulting greenhouse gas emissions are unclear. We use a panel dataset on weekly prices at the gas station level in a large Brazilian state to study how the growth of natural gas, a cheaper and less carbon-intensive alternative to traditional fuels, affected retail prices and profit margins of gasoline and ethanol. Applying an IV strategy, we estimate that prices and margins have fallen. The intensified competition in the fuel market boosted fuel demand, leading to higher emissions of GHGs and other pollutants.
Democracy and Markets in a Partially Globalized World: Local and Global Financial Market Responses to Elections in Developing Countries
Authors: Cunha Raphael
Published: July 2023

Global market responses to elections are at the core of debates about financial globalization in developing countries. While existing research focuses on the ability of global markets to reward and punish national governments, much less is known about the role of domestic finance. I argue that domestic financial markets (1) react more strongly to elections than global markets due to excessive exposure to political risk at home and (2) lead global market responses to elections where domestic investors have an information advantage. I find support for these hypotheses using data on country fund pricing for major emerging markets between 1988–2015. The results show swifter and more dramatic reactions by domestic investors, which are transmitted to international markets. The findings underscore the underappreciated role of domestic investors in state-market relations under limited globalization.
Deep-Seabed mining in the Common Heritage of Humankind
Authors: Wiessing Roos
Published: July 2023

Replacing our fossil fuel dependency with renewable energy requires scarce metals found on the deep-seabed floor in areas beyond national jurisdiction. These can be obtained through deep-seabed mining (henceforth referenced to as DSM). However, significant biodiversity can be found here, which produce ecosystem services that are critical to the health of the oceans. Although there is limited knowledge on the short-term and long-term effects of DSM on biodiversity, initial research has shown it to be detrimental to biodiversity and result in permanent habitat destruction. Therefore, the International Seabed Authority (ISA) is mandated to organize and regulate all forthcoming deep-seabed-related activities whilst ensuring that the marine environment is protected from harmful effects that may arise from it. However, the ISA’s legtitimacy and accuntability should systematically be reviewed to ensure good and effective governance practises over DSM in areas that are common heritage of humankind. This research seeks to invevstigate this by interviewing 10 relevant stakeholders and asking questions in line with the following sub-criteria: input legitimacy, throughput legitimacy, output legitimacy, information disclosure and addressing concerns. According to the interviewees, the ISA scored medium in most sub-criteria and low in information disclosure. Thus, although improved, it was found that relevant stakeholders do not yet perceive legitimacy and accountability as satisfactory with regards to DSM, which is severe given that the ISA is charged to act on behalf of humankind. Many reasons and accompanying examples were given for the low scores. These included inadequate quality of the website and DeepData database, bias of the Secretariat and secrecy surrounding the procedures of the Legal and Technical Commission. This means that the ISA is under capacitated and in need of reform. Especially considering the differing societal needs and scientific information available regarding biodiversity in the deep-sea since the ISA’s set-up in 1982. These findings indicate and explain the ISA’s shortcomings which provides optimal opportunities for reform of the ISA. Also, this research fuels current debates in a positive manner, which might make people more aware of this complex yet crucial sustainability issue that will partially determine future energy transitions.
The impact of economic cooperation projects on Iraq's regional status
Authors: Awad Prof. Dr . Amer Hashim
Published: July 2023

The research discusses the issue of economic cooperation between Iraq and its regional environment and the impact of these projects on the future of Iraq. The success of these projects will increase that status, and divides these projects into investment projects inside Iraq and joint service projects such as electrical or railway linkage projects.The world is changing very quickly, and Iraq is required to move to catch up with change, at least, if it cannot keep up with it. However, catching up requires economic policies based on openness to all the regional environment with which we do not live in a state of hostility and to employ the oil wealth money to invest in finding alternative opportunities to support our economy in case oil prices will decline in the future.The research will be divided into four paragraphs, the first dealing with the importance of Iraq’s position towards regional cooperation projects, the second paragraph will deal with Iraqi-Saudi cooperation projects, the third paragraph will discuss the (New East) project: Iraqi-Egyptian-Jordanian cooperation, and the research will conclude in its fourth paragraph with the Iraqi Iranian cooperation projects.
Secular and Islamic Iranian Feminism: Goals and Achievements
Authors: Razzaq Assistant Professor Dr. Faten Muhammad
Published: July 2023

The Iranian feminist movement came to express its rejection of the reality based on male discrimination and the treatment of women as second-class citizens. Iranian feminism was influenced by the first Western feminist wave that called for equality between the sexes, the right to work and education, and the issues of hijab and veils, which were considered among the basic issues of Iranian feminism during the Shah’s era, especially after he followed the Westernization regime. It was natural for Iranian feminism in that era to come up with goals, proposals, and practices similar to Western liberal feminism. However, after the establishment of the Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979, the scales shifted due to the impact of the revolution, so that Iranian feminism would be affected by its reality, to take the form of traditional and reformist Islamic feminism, approaching the demands of Western movements in the issue of political rights in particular, but rejecting the Shah’s regime and the issues it raised concerning women and the derogation of their rights, especially after the veil was banned in public places, in addition to issues of women’s political and social rights. Therefore, the goals and achievements of the two movements differed due to their influence on internal and external variables. Accordingly, our study represents a comparison of the eras of two different regimes: a secular one and an Islamic one, which was reflected in the nature, forms, goals, and achievements of Iranian feminism.
The Desired Political Reform: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Ias Prof. Dr. Rashid Emara , Ahmed Mustafa Othman
Published: July 2023

Although the achievement of political reform is the demand put forward on the political and societal arena in general, this concept is controversial for many, whether they are leaders, thinkers, or the masses. That is because its circumstances and motives are shrouded in ambiguity and there is a lot of division around them, which impedes the chances of achieving political reform. This study examines the nature of political reform and its theoretical and conceptual foundations in order to clarify these issues and remove the ambiguity surrounding the reform process advocated by peoples and states at the same time.
Challenges of rebuilding the Russian state under President Vladimir Putin
Authors: Saadoon Assist. Prof. Dr. Ammar , Abdullah Fatima Aqeel
Published: July 2023

The process of rebuilding the Russian state under President Vladimir Putin faced a set of internal and external challenges that had negative and serious repercussions and effects on the future of Russia. This study proceeds from the hypothesis that the effective political leadership of President Putin is the main pillar in the process of rebuilding the Russian state, and the main driver that helped the state to get out of the phase of failure and collapse to the phase of success and stability. This study aims to show the possibility and ability of the Russian state to overcome crises and challenges in order to assume the position of the superpower, and the need to face challenges which represent danger and negative effects on society. This study used a variety of methodologies such as the descriptive analytical approach and the case analysis approach to address and acquire knowledge in all aspects related to the topic. The study concluded that the Putin experience is a unique and distinctive experience at the global level because it caused great developments in the Russian power despite the internal and external challenges. Moreover, it is considered as an approved approach in the Russian leadership which affects the internal and external policies.
Women's Movement in Bihar Politics, 1990-2020
Authors: Verma Mukul Bihari , Kumar Sandeep
Published: July 2023

The presented research article tries to look at the politics of Bihar from the point of view of women's movements within the long period from 1990 to 2020. Whether it is a movement by women's unions of different political parties or a spontaneous movement, everyone's contribution has been important in strengthening the claim of women in Bihar's politics. Bihar has been at the first place in the country in implementing 50 percent reservation for women in Panchayats of Bihar and there is no doubt that the government had to implement it only because of the tremendous movement of women at the grassroots level. Be it the question of minimum and equal wages for women in Bihar, or the prohibition movement, women have actively participated in all and forced the government to implement it. This article explores all these aspects in detail.

 

Abstract in Hindi Language:

प्रस्तुत शोध आलेख १९९० से लेकर २०२० तक के लम्बे कालखंड के भीतर बिहार की राजनीति को महिला-आन्दोलनों की नज़र से देखने की कोशिश करता है. चाहे विभिन्न राजनीतिक दलों के महिला संघों द्वारा किया गया आंदोलन हो या फिर स्वतःस्फूर्त आन्दोलन हो , बिहार की राजनीति में महिलाओं की दावेदारी मज़बूत करने के लिए सभी का योगदान महत्वपूर्ण रहा है. बिहार के पंचायतों में महिलाओं के लिए ५० फीसदी आरक्षण को लागू करने में बिहार देश भर में पहले स्थान पर रहा है और इसमें कोई दो राय नहीं है कि जमीनी स्तर पर महिलाओं के जबरदस्त आन्दोलन के कारण ही सरकार को इसे लागू करना पड़ा है. बिहार में महिलाओं के लिए न्यूनतम और सामान मजदूरी का सवाल हो, या फिर शराबबंदी का आन्दोलन हो सभी में महिलाओं ने बढ-चढकर हिस्सा लिया है और शासन को इसे लागू करने के लिए मजबूर किया है. यह आलेख इन सभी पहलुओं की विस्तृत पड़ताल करता है.

Keywords: राजनीति, भागीदारी, अधिकार, जातिगत भेदभाव, महिला आन्दोलन
A Comparative Study on selected Physical Fitness Components between State Level Kho-Kho Players and Professional Chhau Dancers
Authors: Mahato Mousumi , Datta Uma
Published: July 2023

Objectives: The main purpose of the study was to compare the selected Physical Fitness components (Agility, Flexibility and Muscular Endurance) between state level Kho-Kho players and professional Chhau Dancers. Methodology: To accomplish these study total 70 female subjects (35 Kho-Kho players & 35 Chhau Dancers) were randomly selected for this study. Kho-Kho players who participated in state level competition from different districts of West Bengal were selected for this study as subjects. Chhau Dancers were selected as subject from Purulia District and they were 5 years practitioner. The ages of the subjects were ranges between 18 to 25 years. Selected Physical Fitness component (Agility, Flexibility and Muscular Endurance) were the criterion measured for this study. All Selected criterion were measured through different standard test. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard divination) and independent t – test was used for data analysis and interpretation. Significant differences were considered at > 0.05 level of confidence. Results: Statistical calculation of the gathered data showed that there were no significant differences between State Level Kho-Kho Players and Professional Chhau Dancers in relation to Agility, Flexibility and Muscular Endurance   at 0.05 level of significance. Conclusions: It was concluded that in respect of Agility and Flexibility Chhau Dancers were better in compare to Kho-Kho players. But in case of Muscular Endurance Kho-Kho players were better than Chhau Dancers.