bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seeing Sound, Hearing Movement— Music and Mirror Neurons
Authors: Svard Lois
Published: February 2023

Mirror neurons, brain cells that are activated for both action and perception, may be one of the most important discoveries in neuroscience in the past thirty years. They play a significant role in how we learn music, how we teach, and surprisingly, in how an audience member experiences a performance. Because imitation via mirror neurons is a primary way of learning, visual and auditory demonstration and imitation are crucial for teaching and learning. It is therefore important to model a healthy technique when teaching and to direct students to high-quality performances for listening. Their mirror neurons will be activated by what they see and hear. Because of mirror neurons, audience members respond to a performer’s passion, intensity, quality of movements, enjoyment, and confidence—referred to by some researchers as embodied simulation. As a performer, one should generate sound in the most healthy, authentic way possible because your listeners are simulating—mirroring—your movement and your emotions.
Regulation and Migrant Vulnerability
Authors: Boucher Anna K.
Published: February 2023

Ten temporary migrant workers from the Philippines were employed in a series of cafés and restaurants in the Northern Territory in Australia where they were underpaid and charged illegal recruitment fees. In Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v. Choong Enterprises Pty. Ltd. (2015), the Australian government litigated against the employer’s breach of the Migration Act, in particular the employer’s decision to pay less than was required under the particular visa used to import the workers into Australia. The case highlights some of the weaknesses in the design of temporary work visas and subsequent reforms to such visas. Using the example of Australia, where visa regulation is fine-grained and complex, this chapter explores some of these concepts of visa conditions and disaggregates visa types across countries. Temporary migrant workers bring a disproportionate number of legal claims, even when compared with their overrepresentation in immigration flow data.
Strategic or General Enforcement of Migrant Workplace Rights
Authors: Boucher Anna K.
Published: February 2023

In Fair Work Ombudsman v. Bento Kings Meadows Pty. Ltd. (2013), the Australian enforcement body, the Fair Work Ombudsman, brought an action against the sushi chain Bento Kings Meadows in Tasmania for significant underpayment of thirteen workers. A key issue for the court was the extent of penalties and whether a general deterrent effect should also be assumed in their imposition in addition to specific deterrence for the employer. How are penalties against employers for migrant workplace rights infringements enforced by government? There are different theories on enforcement, from self-regulation, guidelines, workplace inspections, strategic civil and criminal litigation. The six jurisdictions vary considerably in their approach to enforcement, which in turn reflects different attitudes. This chapter uses MWRD data to explore the use of different forms of enforcement and their strengths and weaknesses.
Celestial Inclinations
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie
Published: February 2023

Celestial Inclinations: A Life of Augustus provides a new perspective on the life and career of the first Roman emperor, Augustus (63 b.c.–a.d. 14) and presents the case that Augustus used his knowledge of the celestial sphere in various ways to confirm for himself and convey to others that the heavens supported his activities on Earth and his inevitable greatness. The book is based on fresh assessments of relevant ancient historical, literary, astronomical, astrological, and artistic sources for the years prior to and during the life of Augustus. The book combines these sources with astronomical sky maps and astrological diagrams to offer fresh interpretations of critical events in the life of Augustus at a time when the celestial sphere had come to play an important cultural and political role. Topics include the birth and death of Augustus; the identification of the celestial object that appeared at the ludi in honor of Caesar in 44 b.c.; the Battle of Actium; the iconography of the Tellus Relief Panel on the Ara Pacis Augustae; the Ludi Saeculares; Augustus’ major building projects in Rome; and Augustus’ interactions with major historical figures of the period, such as Cicero, Caesar, Agrippa, Antonius, and Tiberius.
Octavianus, Antonius, and the Banquet of the Twelve Gods
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie
Published: February 2023

In the early 30s b.c. when Octavianus and Antonius were on reasonably good terms and superficially allies, Octavianus held a private banquet that came to be known as the Banquet of the Twelve Gods. In the late 30s b.c. when Octavianus and Antonius were open enemies, Antonius used the banquet to attack Octavianus for extravagance and frivolity in an attempt to create a scandal and diminish Octavianus’ standing in the public’s eye. The significance of the banquet may be found in Octavianus’ declared family connection to the heavens and the celestial display that was visible at the time the banquet was held.
Introduction
Authors: Bull Anna , Scharff Christina
Published: February 2023

This editors’ introduction outlines the context of the volume’s publication, amid increasing attention to equity and diversity in the classical music profession internationally over recent years. It outlines the editors’ previous research and activism in this area, the scope of the book, and its limitations, in particular a focus on countries in the Global North. The editors describe how there now exists a vibrant field of activism in classical music, showcased by chapters outlining different modes of making change. It is argued that activists and academics in this area need to acknowledge structural inequalities while holding on to a sense of possibility of change, as demonstrated by chapters in the book that exemplify this tension. The introduction also explores the extent to which musical change is necessary for social change. Finally, the term “classical music studies” is introduced, drawing on theorizations of genre from popular music studies.
Class and Gender Inequalities in the Recruitment of Classical Musicians
Authors: Casula Clementina
Published: February 2023

As legitimized organizations for the vocational training of musicians, conservatoires are privileged sites for exploring inequalities and exclusions within the classical music profession. Drawing on the author’s research, this chapter discusses the case of Italian conservatoires, first contextualizing them in time and space, then focusing on the mechanisms adopted for student recruitment. Being virtually the only comprehensive opportunity for musical training within the Italian system of public education, for a long time conservatoires formally adopt meritocratic rules, but in practice they reproduce social inequalities naturalized over time within the classical canon. The data collected show the presence of a class divide in the selection process, taking the form of an urban-rural distinction, and of gender biases. In the recently reformed conservatoires, placed within the tertiary level of education, these patterns of inequalities have weakened, while new ones have emerged; beyond issues of efficiency, all of these should be a matter of concern for educational institutions, if they are to actively endorse more integrated and equitable labor markets and societies.
Planning and Paying for Highways between Cities in the Pre-Freeway Era
Authors: Taylor Brian D. , Morris Eric A. , Brown Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2023

In rural areas, state and federal highway engineers responded to pressure for better roads from bicyclists and later motorists. They began with piecemeal road improvements and then gradually turned to the development of interconnected rural and intercity highway systems. By the end of the 1920s a federally supported, but state administered, national system of rural and intercity highways emerged as the focus of rural highway builders. This system was built by ostensibly apolitical engineers to uniform standards and prioritized economical traffic service over the social objectives that had motivated some earlier rural highway advocates. Yet by the end of the 1920s, the finance system used to support these programs ran into difficulties due to the high costs involved. A solution was found with the move to user-based highway finance, centered on motor fuel taxes, which would become the focus of state and federal decision-makers in the years that followed.
Planning Highways in Cities in the Pre-Interstate Era
Authors: Taylor Brian D. , Morris Eric A. , Brown Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2023

During the 1920s, innovations in traffic regulation and the implementation of major traffic street plans greatly facilitated urban motor vehicle movement, but rising automobile ownership and usage, paralleled by a gradual, and then accelerating, decline in public transit patronage, resulted in a continuing flood of new motor vehicles on urban streets. Traffic congestion inevitably returned and intensified. Worried city officials and local business interests, particularly those situated in the downtowns of America’s cities, turned to transportation planning and engineering experts for solutions. One new potential solution was at hand, suggested by the recreational parkways designed for pleasure driving—the freeway. It ultimately was to sow the seeds of a revolution in urban highway construction. This revolution was enabled by the rise of state and federal motor fuel taxes. But access to this funding required a shift in control over metropolitan freeway development from cities to state highway engineers focused almost exclusively on the high-speed movement of urban traffic.
Planning and Financing Highways between Cities in the Pre-Interstate Era
Authors: Taylor Brian D. , Morris Eric A. , Brown Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2023

America’s response to the onset of the Great Depression dramatically reoriented politics and policy in many spheres: highway policy would prove no exception. Although plummeting property tax revenues hamstrung cities in their efforts to undertake dramatic new initiatives, particularly those involving urban freeways, New Deal policies extended federal financial support to some urban road building projects. In terms of roads between cities, the new spirit of government activism set off by the New Deal would, with the personal sanction of President Franklin Roosevelt, ultimately lead to dramatic advances in the quest to create a national highway system. Beginning with the report Toll Roads and Free Roads in 1939 and continuing through Interregional Highways proposal in 1944, the form of a future Interstate Highway System gradually emerged.
White unto Harvest
Authors: Peterson Joseph W.
Published: February 2023

Chapter Three tells the story of the Jesuit mission to Muslims in Constantine, the provincial capital of Eastern Algeria, and the Jesuits’ two star pupils there—baptized “Louis” and “Stanislas” Khoudja—who were sent to France for a religious education in the 1860s. When the boys returned to Algeria, however, they rejoined the Islamic faith of their family, symbolizing the larger rise and fall of the Jesuits’ hopes for Muslims in Algeria. The missionaries transformed their personal disappointment into generalized ethnographic reflections about the inconstancy and ingratitude of all Arabs. But Louis, the elder of the brothers, went on to become a lawyer and spokesman for colonial reforms and left some tantalizing glimpses of how he perceived the competing French modernities represented by missionaries and colonial administrators.
Conspiracy to Massacre
Authors: Peterson Joseph W.
Published: February 2023

Like chapter four, chapter five focuses on the Catholic charitable organization the Œuvre d’Orient which raised funds for the allegedly oppressed Christian minorities of the Ottoman Empire, and the milieu of liberal Catholic notables that animated that Œuvre. In the wake of the “massacres of Syria” in 1860, where Maronite Christians in Lebanon were killed by Druze rivals, the liberal Catholics of the Œuvre d’Orient, led by the Abbé Charles Lavigerie and the diplomat and orientalist Melchior de Vogüé, actively fomented anti-Islamic sentiment. Unlike the conservative admirers of Muslim religiosity, these liberal Catholics denigrated Islam precisely for its supposed religious fanaticism and its pre-secular, theocratic inability to distinguish between (private) religion and (public) politics. The Œuvre d’Orient was also at the forefront of those who stoked fears of pan-Islamic plots and expansion around the world.
Why We Forget and How To Remember Better
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A. , Schacter Daniel L.
Published: February 2023

Part 1 begins by explaining how memory is not actually a single ability but rather a collection of different conscious and nonconscious abilities. The authors explaining how each one of these systems works in your daily life. Part 2 focuses on the heart of memory: how we remember the events that make up our lives. The authors explain how we create, store, and retrieve memories of these events, and they review the impact of emotion on memory. They discuss whether you can actually control what you remember and what you forget and explain some of the circumstances in which memories can become distorted or just plain false. Part 3 begins with how different neurologic and medical disorders can disrupt memory. The authors also review how psychiatric and psychological problems, including medication side effects, can affect memory. Part 4 covers the changes to your lifestyle that can strengthen—or weaken—your memory. The authors provide the latest evidence regarding exercise, nutrition, alcohol, cannabis, drugs, sleep, social activities, music, mindfulness, as well as brain-training and other activities. Part 5 discusses different memory aids and strategies to help you remember everything from your shopping list to that presentation you need to memorize for work or the name of your colleague you haven’t seen in 10 years.
Collective memory
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

When you’re in unfamiliar territory without shared scaffoldings or schemas to guide you, it may take you a bit longer to get the hang of things before you begin to feel comfortable. Don’t be surprised if you and a friend remember different aspects of a shared experience if your background, knowledge, and expertise is different. There are benefits—and drawbacks—to remembering information together while working or studying. We recommend that you study both in groups and by yourself. This way you get the best of both approaches. Reminiscing with family, friends, and colleagues can boost your mood and help you feel connected with people even if you haven’t seen them in a long time. You are likely to fill in the gaps of your own memories with memories of someone you trust.
Those who remember everything
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

It’s important to keep in mind that remembering every detail or every daily experience is rarely a necessary or even useful goal; culling some of the details can be helpful for seeing the connections between experiences and for efficient decision-making. But nevertheless, there are important lessons we can learn from those with extraordinary memory. Gain expertise. Just like the chess players, or the calendar savants who came to their knowledge through hours spent analyzing the calendar system, we all can work to gain expertise in specific domains and use that expertise to enable better remembering. Be present. We all can remember better by staying in the present moment, and by embracing the information coming through our senses rather than distracting ourselves with our phones or mental to-do lists.
Remember names
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

You can improve your memory for names. Although few of us learn and retrieve names automatically and effortlessly, it isn’t that difficult to improve these abilities. It simply takes some direct effort. Pay attention. Spell the name. Repeat the name. Make a remark about the name. Make an association. Create an image. Find the facial feature. Connect your image to the facial feature. Add other connections. Repeat the connection. Effort is good and practice makes perfect. When retrieving someone’s name, relax. Minimize interference and blocking: Don’t keep saying the wrong name! Generate general retrieval cues. Think of when you were with them. Use the alphabet. Review names ahead of time. Still can’t recall their name? Just ask them!
Mitochondrial Replacement Techniques
Authors: Sparrow Robert , Koplin Julian , Mills Catherine
Published: February 2023

This chapter reviews the philosophical and ethical questions raised by mitochondrial replacement technologies (MRT). The authors argue that the therapeutic case for MRT is weak and that the involvement of a third party, in the form of the mitochondrial donor, establishes a genetic relationship between donor and child that calls into question the appropriateness of allowing donors of mitochondrial DNA to remain anonymous. MRT dedicates scarce resources to a relatively rare problem that might be addressed in other ways, involves unknown risks, and is likely to reinforce the ideal of genetic parenthood at the same time as it destabilizes it. However, in these, and in many other ways, MRT is very much akin to other assisted reproductive technologies. Insofar as, at least when used to create female embryos, MRT is a form of germline modification, legalization of MRT is also likely to have implications for social attitudes toward other technologies of germline modification.
Legalising MRT in the United Kingdom
Authors: Dimond Rebecca , Stephens Neil
Published: February 2023

This chapter explains how the United Kingdom became the first country to legalise mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT). The authors explore the UK historical context, the stringent yet liberal approach to supporting embryo research that enables scientific development and clinical application. They then consider how safety, ethics, and public opinion were assessed, with key institutions concluding that there was clear patient need, benefits outweighed the risks, and that MRT was appropriate to be considered for clinical use. In part these assessments involved mobilising an ‘interpretive package’ through which the techniques were given meaning and where those meanings were contested. The authors consider how the work of review and debate were significant as they contributed to the production of an ethical future for MRT by making it knowable, desirable, ethical, and sanctionable. The chapter concludes by considering the legacy of the MRT debates and how they might shape contestations around CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.
Future Technological Advancements
Authors: Doxzen Kevin
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the cutting edge of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), focusing on three key areas of innovation: genome engineering, in vitro gametogenesis, and artificial wombs. These technologies have steadily improved over decades in tandem with a growing understanding of reproductive biology and human genetics, bringing these ARTs closer to the clinic. This chapter covers the historical development of each technology, transitioning to current areas of active research and highlighting the latest proof-of-concept experiments. This chapter then discusses potential future applications of these technologies in human reproduction, ranging from broad use cases to hypothetical niche scenarios. Last, each section considers ethical and regulatory questions, suggesting ways in which a changing technological landscape may interact with current social paradigms and legal standings.
Ferruccio Busoni as Architect of Sound
Authors: Knyt Erinn E.
Published: February 2023

This book presents a broad view of Busoni’s compositional activities as not only connected to musical traditions of the past, especially the music of J. S. Bach and W. A. Mozart, but also as closely aligned with contemporary interest in experimentalism. Developments during the twentieth century included new means of pitch organization, the spatialization of sound, and the expansion of formal structures. Busoni helped pioneer these trends by writing pieces in which sound radiates from different directions, by creating montage formal structures, and by freely using all twelve pitches of the chromatic scale without avoiding consonances. In the process, the book brings Busoni’s music into discourse with recent multivalent accounts of modernism in music that move beyond notions of rupture with the past as well as beyond elitist esotericism. In addition, it reveals that many of Busoni’s innovations were rooted in interdisciplinary thinking that reconciled the spatial and the temporal in unique manners. While his abstract metaphysical notions of music transcended physical boundaries, the realization of his ideas was informed by an understanding of tangible architectural spaces and styles fostered by the study of buildings and floor plans. In addition, he engaged in a rich exchange of ideas with contemporary architects and artists, such as Henry Van de Velde and members of the Weimar Bauhaus. The book concludes by documenting ways Busoni’s spatialized architectural music left a lasting imprint on future generations of composers, artists, and early film pioneers, such as Hans Richter, Heinrich Neugeboren, Wladimir Vogel, Stefan Wolpe, and Edgard Varèse.
Busoni’s Liquid Architecture
Authors: Knyt Erinn E.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 4 documents the role Busoni’s architectural conceptions played in his reworking of the music of other composers. He arranged other composers’ pieces into monumental and multi-dimensional montages or sound structures, reshaping them through his idiosyncratic use of color, terraced phrasing, and formal restructuring. In annotated comments for his editions and to his students, he mentioned how architecture inspired his alterations, especially regarding how he modified formal structures. Busoni became known as a sound sculptor, creating monumental-sized sound structures to better fit the architectural spaces of the large and reverberant concert halls built during his lifetime. It is in these reworked sound structures, some created in real time, and some tied to Busoni’s responses to physical buildings and acoustics, that music, space, and time converged to create liquid architecture.
Beyond Busoni
Authors: Knyt Erinn E.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 5 documents the lasting impact of Busoni’s compositions, arrangements, and interdisciplinary ideas on his mentees. This chapter primarily traces his influence on the pupils he invited to the Bauhaus exhibition of 1923: Wladimir Vogel, Kurt Weill, Egon Petri, and Stefan Wolpe. This “field trip” proved to be a climactic moment for Busoni’s closest mentees, helping them solidify their understanding of Busoni’s teachings about metatonality, spatialized sound, and montage forms. Some of Busoni’s earlier composition mentees, such as Edgard Varèse, also assimilated Busoni’s ideas about spatialized sound, thereby revealing continuity in his teachings. In addition, Busoni’s ideas and music became catalysts for some visual artists and early cubist film creators, such as Hans Richter, who knew Busoni in Switzerland during World War I, and Henrik Neugeboren, who studied with Busoni in Berlin in the 1920s.
Rebellion and College for All
Authors: Morel Domingo
Published: February 2023

Chapter 1 introduces the central questions and puzzles that motivate and guide this book. Why did states create special college access programs for students of color in the 1960s? Since there is debate among scholars about the role of urban uprisings in the creation of college access opportunities, did the urban rebellions of the 1960s play a role in the creation of these programs, and if so, how? Moreover, since these programs were designed specifically for students of color, how are they part of the broader history of affirmative action policy in the United States? Finally, since many of the initiatives that led to greater college access for historically excluded groups in the 1960s—including affirmative action, student financial aid, and state support for higher education—have been significantly diminished, what political factors help explain the survival of a college access program for students of color?
Creating TD Nation
Authors: Morel Domingo
Published: February 2023

Chapter 2 introduces the in-depth case study of the Talent Development Program at the University of Rhode Island. The chapter begins with an historical analysis of the efforts by Black community organizations in Rhode Island to expand college access for Black students. Despite frustration with the lack of progress, the urban uprisings of the 1960s provided the political conditions that led to significant changes. In 1968, following two years of civil unrest in Providence and the nationwide urban uprisings following the assassination of Dr. King in April 1968, policymakers agreed to create a special college access program for “disadvantaged youth.” The chapter argues that community activists relied on the uprisings, and the threat of future uprisings, to convince policymakers to expand college access opportunities for Black students and other students of color, demonstrating how violent protest helped create the political conditions for policymakers to adhere to Black political demands.
Emergence of Hidden Forms of Restriction
Authors: Morel Domingo
Published: February 2023

Despite the program’s success, over time, Talent Development students have experienced difficulties graduating with degrees like business, education, and nursing. Chapter 5 shows that the challenge is not unique to Talent Development students, and that there is a growing gap between White students and students of color graduating with these majors across the country. Despite the belief that students have a “choice of major,” the chapter shows that the emergence of secondary admissions processes, which include higher grade point average requirements and/or higher standardized test scores to enter particular majors, presents a hidden barrier for students of color. Relying on an original national database, the chapter shows that most public colleges and universities have adopted some GPA requirement to enter at least one of the selected majors, and that having a college access program and increases in Black and Latino student enrollment, is associated with increasing GPA requirements to enter selected majors.
Shifting the Politics of College Access from the Public to Private Sphere
Authors: Morel Domingo
Published: February 2023

Chapter 6 asks why women and students of color, particularly Black students, are associated with increasing grade point average requirements to enter the selected majors. The chapter examines the historical and contemporary role of state governments as well as private foundations and professional associations in determining higher education policy. The chapter argues that the emergence of secondary admissions processes and increasing certification requirements to enter the professions were influenced by state governments working with private foundations and professional associations—credential cartels—to implement hidden forms of restriction in response to the expansion of opportunity to previously excluded groups. As a result, the political venue of denying access shifted from public officials to private credentialing organizations. The chapter argues that these hidden barriers represent a form of what Max Weber and other sociologists have referred to as “social closure,” the concept that organizations adopt restrictive policies to cut off access to new competitors.
A Developing Scholars Approach
Authors: Morel Domingo
Published: February 2023

If the credential cartels, working in conjunction with state governments, are preventing students from historically underserved populations from entering the marketplace by restricting access to the majors and the professions, how can higher education serve as a vehicle for addressing inequality? This concluding chapter argues that addressing inequality through higher education will require a “developing scholars” approach that expands college access and support to marginalized communities. The chapter also proposes a set of policies that can lead higher education to serve as vehicle of upward mobility, including subjecting the secondary admissions requirements and credential cartels to public political pressure and investing in an economy that is capable of creating pathways to upward mobility and meaningfully addressing inequality.
“Hey, but That’s Not Respectful!”
Authors: Jones Graham M.
Published: February 2023

Bergson’s remarks on politeness as a civic virtue came on the coattails of the Jules Ferry Laws of 1881-1882, which made public education in France free, mandatory, and secular. His vision of liberal education as a preparation for participation in civil society closely parallels Durkheim’s contemporaneous conception of the social sciences as a mode of both moral education and secular religion that could promote solidarity across differences of ethnicity and class. In this chapter, French Republican ideals of the public school as a site of egalitarian language socialization are shown to have been challenged in recent years, amidst conflicts of class, ethnicity, and religion. How are discourses of “lacking respect” mobilized in both moral panics about contemporary French adolescence and young people’s counter-hegemonic struggles against structural inequities? What is the cultural relationship, in short, between respect and politeness in contemporary French civil society? The failures of French public education, in an era of cultural pluralism, to live up to its nation-building ideals points to a broader crisis: in a world that is increasingly riven by intolerant, uncivil discourses, do the liberal arts and social sciences—and particularly linguistic anthropology—have a pedagogical role to play in the (re)generation of civil society? Drawing on the traditions of Bergson and Durkheim, how do ethical protocols of politeness connect with epistemological protocols of anthropological inquiry in—and beyond—the discursive space of the twenty-first-century classroom?
The Surface of Politesse
Authors: Russell Kamala
Published: February 2023

The importance of politesse in the mountains of the Dhofar region of Oman stretches beyond strategery and even altruistic grace. In the conventions of hospitality interactions, which echo through other more intimate and everyday face-to-face encounters in the home, interlocutors try to act ‘murtah’ (local Arabic and Shehret: ‘relaxed/comfortable’), to create a smooth and calm surface for others to see. As a form of talk and conduct, acting murtah is characterized by decontextualized, uninformative, and affable speech that is formulaic in form, topic, and expressive repertoire. Being murtah is both a way of appearing to, and a way of receiving others. Yet, acting murtah is spoken of as an ethical approach to the necessity and spiritual danger of social interaction to living, not only to produce ideally smooth relations with others. The surface it creates circumscribes the self away from those others: an operation of protecting an interior space, not of reforming connectivity. This space is a buffer against over-attachment to evaluation, figuration, and fulfillment through social others that allows for a focus on judgement in the afterlife. In its norms and phraseology, being murtah both bespeaks an openness of the heart, and somehow also refuses to speak of the heart at all. Rather than reforming the self to better accept another, a politesse of being murtah here suggests a different route between ideal images of sociality and the field of forces that is human community, in light of its encompassment by the Divine.
Failed and Incomplete Theories
Authors: Lincoln Don
Published: February 2023

The standard model and general relativity explain many experiments and observations, but they don’t explain everything. Because of this, scientists try to figure out additional connections between seemingly unrelated phenomena. The goal of this is to find a single theory which explains everything. Over the last century, scientists have used patterns they’ve observed to help work out unappreciated laws. These patterns led to the creation of the standard model in the 1960s. Similar approaches have been followed in the last half-century, hoping to extend the theory, but these attempts have failed. In addition, researchers have proposed the theories of superstrings and quantum gravity as candidate future theories. No theory proposed so far has succeeded in explaining everything, but this chapter explains the effort. It concludes with a metaphor that shows why hopes of a quick development of a theory of everything are likely to fail.
Telecommunications and American Empire
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: February 2023

Telecommunications proved essential to US imperialism. While posts and telegraphs helped forge a territorial empire, during the twentieth century US leaders erected an informal empire built partly around successive iterations of an “American system of international communications.” US networking dominance was beset by capitalist rivals, however, while anti-imperialism throughout the Global South focused increasingly on communications inequalities. The Nixon administration reset US policy to counter these threats, both by cultivating new data networking technologies and challenging the state-centered telecommunications regime. Subsequently, national telecommunications systems were privatized worldwide, while data networks were implemented across borders. One network—the internet—overtook its competitors. While the US trumpeted its ascendancy as a human rights triumph, the global internet was managed by US-based organizations, dominated by US business users, and led by US tech companies. It was the most fully realized cross-border telecommunications system ever devised: a network fitted to a US empire of capital.
The Role of Research in Music Education
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines the role that research plays in the music education profession and introduces several ways to categorize different types of research. Research in music education includes quantitative, qualitative, historical, philosophical, and action approaches to systematic inquiry. Each of these types of research has a unique contribution to make concerning music teaching and learning. Quantitative researchers gather numerical information to answer descriptive questions (e.g., What is . . . ?), questions of associations (e.g., How is variable x related to variable y?), and questions pertaining to cause and effect (e.g., What causes variable y to be the way that it is?). Qualitative researchers explore complex phenomena within naturalistic settings, foregrounding participants’ perspectives. The researcher generates text-based data sources such as interview transcripts, field notes, and artifacts and analyzes them to illuminate themes that emerge from the data. The resulting research report provides a detailed description of and supports theorization about the phenomenon of interest. Historical researchers examine original documents, artifacts, and testimony to answer questions, uncover facts, and draw meaningful conclusions related to the past and its effect on present conditions. Philosophical researchers use logical arguments and examples to investigate the assumptions underlying current music education practices and to imagine how attitudes and actions within the profession might be. Action researchers typically study their local contexts in order to take action within and as a result of their inquiries.
The Typical Components of Music Education Research
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth
Published: February 2023

This chapter introduces the typical components of a music education research article. Typically, researchers aim to (a) convince readers that the topic under study is important and relevant to music educators; (b) describe the conceptual or theoretical framework that informs their perspective on the problem; (c) persuade the readers that their research will fill a gap in the current literature and further our understanding of the topic; (d) specify the particular purpose, questions, and/or hypotheses that their study will address; (e) explain the methodological steps taken to conduct their research; (f) present the findings of their inquiry; and (g) describe how their research has contributed to and/or extended our collective knowledge on the topic at hand. Often, a research project begins with the description of a problem or a broad area of concern relevant to music teaching and learning. Opening sections of the paper would then typically shape the problem toward a specific purpose statement and set of research questions. Quantitative, qualitative, and action research articles often include a review of related literature, that is, a synthesis of the research studies that have already been published on the problem at hand. Methods sections identify the participants and the context of the study, the data being collected and analyzed, and the specific procedures followed. Results are reported, and a discussion or conclusion section places the findings into a broader context. Historical and philosophical research studies may contain some but not all of these sections.
Common Elements of Qualitative Research Reports
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides an overview of key methodological decisions to be made when undertaking a qualitative study, as well as ways that researchers commonly describe the methodological approaches they have taken in their published research reports. Participant selection in qualitative research is accomplished through purposeful sampling strategies, with individuals selected for their perspective on or experience with the central phenomenon. Among the most commonly used data generation techniques are interviewing, observing, and collecting documents and other artifacts. Qualitative data analysis features both inductive and deductive reasoning, with the balance between these varying according to the design used. The majority of approaches entail coding data; organizing codes into broader categories, themes, or second-order constructs; visually representing themes that emerge from analysis; and developing thematic representations. The process of interpretation, involving the extraction of larger meanings from codes and themes, is not a discrete step but underlies every phase of the research process. Researchers may position their role as a complete participant, participant as observer, nonparticipant observer, or complete observer. Rather than purporting to conduct their studies objectively, qualitative researchers recognize and manage their subjectivity through a variety of means. The chapter concludes with a discussion of possible rhetorical structures for presenting and discussing findings of a qualitative study.
Canon fodder
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: February 2023

This first of these theses rejects the myth of Athens as the birthplace of democracy. Instead, these theses show how the memory of democratic Athens was filtered through the imagination of the imperial British. As one might expect of in an imperial myth, this Athens was used not to support but to limit democracy. Athenian democracy excluded women so all democracies could exclude women. Athens excluded foreigners so all democracies could. Athens rested on slavery, any democracy might rest on slavery. Athens was tribal so all democracies should be tribal. Athens was also used to prove that democracies cannot last. The second thesis in this section argues that the canon of Western political philosophy is undemocratic to the core. The Western canon of political philosophy is said to be the well-spring of both democracy and critical thinking. However, canonical thinkers believed that democracy is a danger and an absurdity, contemporary liberal thinkers believe people are nothing but a problem to be managed. That canon -and contemporary theory- should not only be questioned but supplemented with works that show the origins and character of democracy among the people: in the interstices of the canon; in manifestos, poetry and practices.
Democratic divinity
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: February 2023

The theses in this section look at the sovereign people as incarnations of the divine. There is a discreet current in political philosophy that suggests the divinity of the people. One finds it in Machiavelli and Rousseau, but also in Islamic philosophy as ijma, and in the phrase “vox populi vox dei , the voice of the people is the voice of God.” The opening thesis discusses how people become divine in governing themselves. This political theology runs directly counter to that of Carl Schmitt and those who follow him. The final thesis affirms that the earth belongs to the living, who are given power and a duty.
Improvising Fugue
Authors: Mortensen John J.
Published: February 2023

This book lays out a gradual and clear method by which performers on piano, harpsichord, organ, or digital keyboards may learn to improvise fugues in eighteenth-century style. The first half of the book is a comprehensive course in Italian partimento, the pedagogical system that simultaneously trains musicians in harmony, counterpoint, keyboard style, improvisation, composition, and audiation. In order to teach partimento, the book draws upon the treatises of Italian masters such as Giovanni Furno, Fedele Fenaroli, and Francesco Durante. After building a foundation through partimento, the book presents a gradual approach to improvising fugues, drawing upon the fugue d’école (academic fugue) tradition of the Paris Conservatoire in the nineteenth century. Particular attention is paid to the fugue treatise of André Gedalge. Each concept is accompanied by practical exercises; readers will find detailed instruction at every level of their journey into improvisation. The book concludes with exercises in improvising complete fugues on a wide variety of musical themes.
Furno’s Ten Partimenti
Authors: Mortensen John J.
Published: February 2023

This chapter guides the reader through a comprehensive study of Giovanni Furno’s ten partimenti. The first and second partimenti are solved with Rule of the Octave. The third teaches cadences. The fourth and fifth explore modulations, also known as terminations. The sixth partimento demonstrates the bass motion Cascade. The seventh presents the bass motions Ascending 5-6 and Descending 7-6. The eighth teaches the bass motions C5 (circle of fifths) and Monte Romanesca (rising fifths). The ninth teaches the bass motion Tied Bass. Furno’s tenth partimento puts all the concepts from his treatise together in one piece.
Introduction to Improvised Fugue
Authors: Mortensen John J.
Published: February 2023

This chapter traces the history of improvised fugue and the fugue d’école (academic fugue) at the Paris Conservatoire in the nineteenth century. The chapter explains why organists kept alive a tradition of improvisation while pianists ceased improvising. The chapter covers the contributions of Henri Herz, Pierre-Joseph-Guillaume Zimmerman, Henri Benoist, Luigi Cherubini, André Gedalge, and many other musicians.
Improvising a First Fugue on Handel
Authors: Mortensen John J.
Published: February 2023

This chapter guides the reader through a systematic process of creating a simple fugue on a subject of Handel. Concepts of subject, answer, episode, and presentation are addressed. Many exercises allow the reader to internalize the skills of spontaneous fugue creation. Other techniques discussed include descending expositions, ascending expositions, staggered expositions, harmonic plans, and pedal points. The chapter concludes with guidance on improvising a complete fugue.
Exposition
Authors: Mortensen John J.
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents more detailed instruction on the creation of fugue episodes. Topics covered include subject, real and tonal answers, subdominant answers, order of entries, fixed and improvised countersubjects, codas, and chromatic subjects. Detailed guidance and exercises allow the reader to explore these concepts at the keyboard.
Bounce
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: February 2023

Resilience is an evergreen topic of interest. People are naturally drawn to information on how to improve self-care, create a richer circle of friends, develop and maintain a healthy perspective, and—especially now—the importance of seeing “alone time” not simply as forced isolation but a venue for new personality development. Such areas aid self-awareness and understanding as well as improve our emotional intellect so we don’t react but instead pause to reflect and process life as it unfolds. The original edition of Bounce addressed these areas, and much of what was contained in the book is still current and applicable. But then the appearance of Covid-19, intense political strife, and increased divisiveness within countries, families, communities, and even faith traditions occurred. Greeting, successfully adjusting to, and even benefiting from such unexpected and broad-reaching change, challenges, and stress is of even greater import now. In addition, styles of living which were taken for granted—that is, adults go out to work and children are educated in an actual classroom—were also radically impacted. As a result, adults were also expected to deal with the questions raised by the young about their own security and hoped-for normalcy. With updated information and a new chapter on posttraumatic growth, the second edition of Bounce is designed to enhance the search for balance and new meaning-making by enabling a better understanding of both chronic and acute stress, creating and tailoring your own self-care protocol, and knowing how to better debrief yourself after an intense day.
Navigating Life’s Rough Waters
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: February 2023

Chronic stress is like “psychological and spiritual carbon monoxide poisoning.” It can quietly slip up on us. Acute stress can be an emotional shock that may result in our not ever being the person we were again. Both types of distress need to be recognized, understood, and dealt with in ways that will minimize unnecessary impact and allow both a bouncing back from it and wisdom, which will enhance our resilience going forward. This requires an awareness of such factors as the following: the dangers of both toxic work and toxic people, the common causes and levels of burnout, the most helpful questions to ask to uncover vicarious posttraumatic stress in interacting with family, friends, and coworkers who have been traumatized, and the ability to determine our own “personal vulnerability profile” so we can respond in a more resilient fashion when faced with stress.
A Quarrel Among Friends
Authors: Braver Joshua
Published: February 2023

In Colombia, the process extraordinarily adapted the law on the state of emergency to create a progressive constitution that broke with the clientelist democracy of the past. This process met the first two conditions of legal exhaustion and popular vindication. However, the third of inclusion was only partially fulfilled, and agreement was relatively easy to achieve because the Marxist guerillas did not participate in the assembly. Their demands for justice were left unaddressed. Although the inclusion of multiple urban parties facilitated a democratic constitution, the rural peasants were still left in the crossfire of the army, guerillas, paramilitaries, and drug traffickers. Colombia is an important but flawed example of extraordinary adaptation.