bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Charles Darwin vs. Herbert Spencer on the Origins of Music
Authors: Piilonen Miriam
Published: January 2024

Chapter 2 compares Darwin’s and Spencer’s competing evolutionary accounts of music, as articulated in texts such as Spencer’s “The Origin and Function of Music” (1857) or Darwin’s The Descent of Man (1871). Whereas Darwin understood music as an proto-language that emerges alongside instinctual urges for domination, conquest, and sexual reproduction, Spencer described music as an advanced province of the human species, which alone possesses the emotional “force” and “variation” necessary for musical expression. This chapter highlights finer points of agreement and disagreement between these two. If Darwin and Spencer had a debate, who was the winner? This chapter is interested in resisting the “Darwin-ization” of music-evolutionist history: the tendency to treat Darwin as the only relevant historical figure. Rather than adjudicate Spencer and Darwin’s musical debate, this chapter demonstrates that their positions were mutually constitutive, and that ultimately their differences dissolved into a shared position that opposes a more historicized view.
How the Left Moved Right
Authors: Snegovaya Maria
Published: January 2024

Chapter 1 outlines the book’s key theoretical argument. This chapter also introduces the comparison between processes in Western and postcommunist party systems. In Western Europe, the rebranding of center-left parties as pro-market entities and their participation in neoliberal reforms became known as the Third Way. It contributed to the recent rise of populist right parties in the United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden, and other countries. This chapter then discusses the parallel trends in the postcommunist context. It demonstrates how the postcommunist center-left parties’ adoption of pro-market stances and participation in reforms arose from their desire to imitate Western European left practices and were fostered by the conditions imposed by the EU and IMF. Chapter 1 goes on to review the pro-market rebranding of ex-communist left parties in the Eastern European context, traces the subsequent decline of these parties, and explains how and why populist right parties became the primary beneficiaries of antiestablishment sentiment in the region.
How the Postcommunist Left Reformed and Lost
Authors: Snegovaya Maria
Published: January 2024

This chapter tests empirically how pro-market positions of left-wing parties in the region influence their support across various socioeconomic groups. It presents the results of a cross-country analysis of postcommunist European countries using data from the European Social Survey and the Chapel Hill Expert Survey. The quantitative cross-country analysis makes it possible to test for larger trends across a set of different countries and therefore extends the theoretical argument’s external validity. The findings reveal that the increasingly pro-market positions of left parties are associated with a decrease in electoral support. These effects are more pronounced among economically vulnerable voters, particularly working-class electorates. In countries with reform-oriented left parties, such groups are more likely to be incorporated by right-wing (conservative and radical) parties. Contrary to many studies arguing that positions on the sociocultural dimension largely determine the electoral fortunes of left-wing parties, this chapter presents empirical evidence that the economic axis has a stronger impact.
A Science of Human Nature?
Authors: Nathan Marco J.
Published: January 2024

Chapter 2 outlines some influential attempts to investigate human nature from an empirical standpoint. The survey kicks off with a primer of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. Next, the chapter moves on to sociobiology, which provides a gloomy portrait of humanity grounded in a simplistic story about how our heritable psychological traits must be encoded in the genes no less than our physical characteristics. Human sociobiology was harshly criticized in the 1980s, resulting in public distancing from its excesses. Then, in the 1990s, old stories came lurching back, repackaged as Darwinian anthropology, human behavioral ecology, and evolutionary psychology. The second part of the chapter sketches these revamped projects, together with cautionary voices. Regardless of whether we view these fields as a revolution or a red herring, one thing is clear. Science struggles no less than philosophy to provide a clear, cogent, and plausible account of human nature.
What Makes a Trait Innate?
Authors: Nathan Marco J.
Published: January 2024

Chapter 4 explores the issue of innateness, drawing connections to human nature. After brief stage-setting remarks, it considers what innateness is not. It surveys a handful of popular definitions and shows why, despite shedding light on their target, they all fall short of an adequate comprehensive analysis of innateness. Next, the focus is on arguments suggesting that we abandon the concept of innateness altogether. The final sections explore a different route. Instead of pursuing a definition of innateness directly, they review some evidence about the inborn human cognitive endowment, a feature referred to in developmental psychology as core knowledge. The central question, from our present standpoint, is whether innateness and cognate notions provide a surrogate for human nature, enabling an empirical analysis of who we are. The verdict is negative. Debates about innateness and inborn cognitive endowment presuppose a human nature rather than explain it.
Oppression or Emancipation? Part (i)
Authors: Nathan Marco J.
Published: January 2024

Chapter 6 focuses on human races, a loaded concept with deep social implications. After a preliminary overview of genetic variation, the bulk of the module presents three general stances concerning races. First, naturalism strives to establish the objective biological “reality” of races. Second, constructionism also conceives of races as “real.” However, unlike naturalism it treats these as social as opposed to natural groupings. Third, eliminativism treats races as fictions to be abandoned, like witches or ghosts. This chapter raises the overarching question of whether empirical and theoretical discoveries legitimize some concept of race and, if so, which one. It is also concerned with the deep connections between races and human nature. Specifically, it’s hard to see what could replace human nature as a baseline for a fair, egalitarian treatment of all people, regardless of race, ethnicity, or ancestry, whatever these notions turn out to be.
Can Science Explain Human Nature?
Authors: Nathan Marco J.
Published: January 2024

Human nature is central to the natural and social sciences, as well as philosophy and other fields of the humanities. Yet an adequate characterization eludes us. Why? Chapter 10 suggests that looking at science for an elucidation of human nature is a mistake. If human nature is something that science cannot explain, where else should an explanation be sought? Traditional humanistic approaches fared no better. How do we get out of this quagmire? The chapter begins by revisiting an influential debate between Chomsky and Foucault. Foucault quips that human nature constitutes an “epistemological indicator,” a designator of a specific kind of discourse. Sparked by Foucault’s intriguing remarks, the chapter develops a more systematic notion of epistemological indicator that captures why, although there can be no scientific explanation of human nature, the concept nonetheless remains central to scientific inquiry. The final section revisits one final time the ten philosophical questions tracing the book’s intellectual adventure.
Healthcare and Carbon Reduction
Authors: Richie Cristina
Published: January 2024

Healthcare directly impacts the environment through use of resources to cure, treat, and prevent diseases. Healthcare indirectly impacts the environment by extending lifespans, decreasing child mortality, and creating not only the possibility of new births (for instance, by preventing infertility and helping people to reach sexual maturity), but also actually creating new humans through reproductive technologies. The indirect environmental impact of healthcare resource use contributes to climate change and climate change health hazards. The direct environmental impact of healthcare puts pressure on earth’s carrying capacity and contributes to overpopulation. The carbon emissions of medical care have been underconsidered in part because of the belief that all medical care is clinically necessary and therefore carbon emissions are morally irrelevant. However, safe amounts of carbon in the atmosphere have been exceeded—in part because of medical lifestyles, which include both essential and elective treatments.
Purpose of Healthcare
Authors: Richie Cristina
Published: January 2024

In biomedical ethics, it is widely agreed that individuals have a right to healthcare, which includes access to clinicians, medicine, and medical services. However, this argument does not necessarily imply that individuals have a right to healthcare insurance. Subsidized healthcare was initially established to provide limited treatment of illnesses and make efforts to contain diseases. Today’s healthcare insurance often goes beyond basic medical needs and preventive and catastrophic care. Healthcare insurance often recognizes the low prioritization of MR by placing stricter limits on artificial fertilization than actual treatment or cure of infertility. Countries that subsidize MR provide a handout of a non-lifesaving treatment. Hence, there is ethical support for putting limitations on access to the treatments, just as policymakers may put limits on other elective healthcare offerings.
Rights and the Ethics of Sex and Procreation
Authors: Richie Cristina
Published: January 2024

Modern procreative ethics has divorced sexual intercourse from reproductive ethics due to the advent of effective, available contraception. Since sexual intercourse need not lead to procreation, the fields of sexual ethics and procreative ethics have distinct trajectories, with intersections at the point of reproductive sexuality. The birth control revolution provided the options of limiting the number of children born and of being childfree. With these options, procreation morphed from an inevitability to something within one’s control and children moved from being an obligation that must be accepted to being a managed commodity. As such, procreation became a matter of applied—and not merely speculative—ethics. As both an elective choice, outside of rights claims, and a parenting preference, MR is subject to the standards of biomedical and environmental ethics.
Making Sense of Polarization
Authors: Merrill III Samuel , Grofman Bernard , Brunell Thomas L.
Published: January 2024

Widely separated and internally homogeneous political camps, each responsible to its respective base, characterize American politics in the early 21st century. The resulting government is beset with gridlock, obstruction, and the inability to compromise to get things done. We focus on the difference between the mean ideological positions of the Democratic and Republican delegations in the US House, along with the intraparty variance within each of the delegations. Our theoretical model of polarization—driven by the feedback loop binding national party discipline to voting in Congressional districts and abetted by voter party loyalties and the influence of activists within each party—accounts for the inverse relationship between party separation and intraparty variance in Congress. We focus on processes that reinforce polarization operating “behind the scenes,” to which even the involved actors may be oblivious. We show that, once a polarization threshold is crossed, office-seeking parties and candidates gain from putting more emphasis on mobilizing their base rather than appealing to the middle.
Consequences of Polarized Politics
Authors: Merrill III Samuel , Grofman Bernard , Brunell Thomas L.
Published: January 2024

Polarization within Congress reduces the number of competitive districts, reduces split-ticket voting, and can increase even in the absence of polarization among voters. Whereas legislator-centric government is associated with partisan overlap and relatively stable policy outcomes keyed to the chamber median, party-centric government is associated with party separation and legislative outcomes that track the majority-party median and may oscillate greatly. If the minority party is sufficiently concentrated, the chamber median legislator can, during periods of significant partisan overlap, be ideologically closer to the minority party median than to the majority-party median. Striking policy reversals typically occur when unified control of government flips back and forth; whereas gridlock is likely in eras of divided government and increases substantially with polarization. In particular, change in party control affects not just the ideological location of legislators at the median but also super-majoritarian pivots; thus, a polarized environment can generate large increases in the range of issues facing gridlock.
Consciousness, the Human-Animal Foundational Distinction, and Ephemeral Connections to Humans
Authors: Evans John H.
Published: January 2024

This chapter provides the results of the analysis of the public’s views. While bioethicists and scientists are primarily concerned that an organoid or a neuro-chimera could acquire increased consciousness, the public does not appear to be greatly concerned with consciousness. Rather, evidence shows that the public is principally concerned about violating the foundational distinction between humans and animals. In its strongest form, this concern produces not only opposition to chimeras but a disgust-driven backlash against them, with the public suggesting that they be treated worse than others of their species. This chapter also shows that the public does indeed believe in ephemeral connections to disembodied human parts like organoids, and that such belief is associated with opposition to creating organoids.
Views of Nature, Religion, and the Cultural Authority of Science
Authors: Evans John H.
Published: January 2024

The public’s views of organoids and neuro-chimeras are not only structured by foundational cultural distinctions such as that between humans and animals. Different groups in society have distinct views of biotechnology in general. This chapter first examines the views of groups defined by their orientation toward the natural world and finds that those who see the natural world as existing independently of human uses are most opposed to these technologies. Groups who believe most strongly in the cultural authority of scientists are much more supportive of these technologies. Investigation of religious groups shows that religion is not as impactful as had been expected.
What Is to Be Done?
Authors: Evans John H.
Published: January 2024

This chapter begins by summarizing the conclusions of the empirical study of the public’s intuitions about human brain organoids and neuro-chimeric animals. It then turns to the question of why humanistic scholars have been so concerned with foundational distinctions like the human-animal distinction. The answer is that scholars think that removing the distinction will teach the public a new definition of what a human is, which will have pernicious effects on how we treat each other. The book’s findings suggest that these negative effects are possible but avoidable. The chapter finishes with an analysis of how to place socially powerful barriers on the slippery slope between consensually ethical medical uses of these technologies and the dystopian bottoms of each slope that all would want to avoid.
The (Al)lure of Narrative
Authors: Freeman Mark
Published: January 2024

This chapter addresses both the allure and lure of narrative in social and political discourse, focusing on the coronavirus. By “allure,” the author refers to the power of narrative to frame events. By “lure,” he refers to the way in which this power can be misused for nefarious political purposes, as has been manifested through Donald Trump’s extraordinary and dangerous power to deform reality in accordance with his own interests and wishes. The perspective offered herein, while fearful of the future, is not without hope. But the fact is that much of what has been happening in the sphere of narrative is scarily reminiscent of those strategies, ploys, and machinations frequently associated with reprehensible authoritarian regimes. It is thus imperative to identify these for what they are and work diligently to thwart them.
Stories of Crisis
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: January 2024

In The Plague, Albert Camus (1947) tells the story of a pathogen’s spreading uncontrollably through a small city on the Algerian coast. A close reading of Camus’s novel provides the interpretive frame for considering three different narratives that people may construct to make sense of the COVID-19 pandemic. In turn, these stories depict the virus as (1) the malevolent manifestation of a discrete episode in time, (2) the motivating adversary that prompts a long-term narrative of redemption, and (3) an enduring nemesis who must be managed within a story that bears honest witness to human suffering. In discussing these three narrative forms, the author draws widely from psychological research on narrative identity, generativity, and the redemptive self; wisdom and ego integrity; and a psychological biography of Donald J. Trump, who was president of the United States at the outset of the pandemic.
Dominant and Counteracting Narratives of “Crisis” in COVID Times
Authors: Squire Corinne
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines dominant COVID-19 narratives within mainstream UK government discourse, as well as counteracting narrative responses to COVID-19, during the first six months of the pandemic in 2020. The chapter also analyses counteracting narratives within the author’s research with people living with HIV within the new COVID-19 context. The chapter starts by considering the possibilities offered by a narrative approach that focuses on dominant and counteracting narrative forms. It describes “crisis” narratives generated in political discourse around pandemic spread and, later, economic recession, as well as counteracting narratives articulated in media and public discourse. It concludes by sketching out potential theoretical understandings of the power and effects of counteracting narratives of COVID-19, drawing on Hage’s concept of alter-politics within the contemporary context of interlinked emergencies of health, climate, and inequalities.
The Pandemic as a Crossroads
Authors: Meretoja Hanna
Published: January 2024

This chapter analyzes problems in the narrative of war that has dominated public imagination concerning the COVID-19 pandemic. The war narrative has been used to maintain a sense of agency and an illusion of control by casting in the role of soldiers, first, the coronavirus; second, healthcare professionals; third, patients; and, fourth, the public as a whole. The chapter shows why each of these ascriptions of agency is problematic. It then explores an alternative narrative of the pandemic and its aftermath as a historical crossroads that holds open the possibility that a new global awareness of mutual dependency could give rise to a new sense of solidarity necessary for building a more socially and environmentally just world for future generations. Thus, the chapter not only contributes to the study of the problematic aspects of narratives but also questions the dominant view of narratives as retrospective accounts of events and experiences.
Monitoring the Construction of the Global Community: Key Changes in Global Law and Governance
Authors: Capaldo Giuliana Ziccardi
Published: January 2024

This Editorial contains the General Editor’s own Note for the current edition of the Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence (Global Community YILJ or Yearbook). Apart from connecting an outline of the general contents with the Global Community YILJ’s aim and scope, Professor Emeritus Giuliana Ziccardi Capaldo provides a description and, in some cases, a succinct commentary for a particular section and/or contribution. The General Editor has allowed for an exception as regards the standard format—on account of the War in Ukraine. More precisely, a special “Overview” is accommodated. Furthermore, the General Editor captures the main ideas as well as their special significance on behalf of all the authors of individual or joint research essays and articles that, together, make up a thematic collection that spans several branches of public international law. The General Editor introduces the readership to the collection in a way that also accentuates the Yearbook’s overarching interest in global law and governance.
The Contribution of the UN Treaty Bodies to Business and Human Rights
Authors: Darcy Shane
Published: January 2024

The relationship between business and human rights has been the subject of considerable attention within the UN human rights system. The treaty monitoring bodies have played an important but insufficiently explored role in this context. This article discusses the contribution of the treaty bodies to business and human rights and argues for a deeper engagement by the treaty bodies in this sphere. It examines their influence on the development of the UN Guiding Principles and explores recent developments, including the adoption of specialised general comments. It addresses divergences between the treaty bodies’ understanding of state obligations and private sector responsibilities compared with those articulated in the UN Guiding Principles. The article reflects on the potential future contribution of the treaty bodies against the backdrop of continued but faltering efforts to implement the Guiding Principles at the national level and to develop a new treaty on business and human rights.
Introductory Note
Authors: Nieto-Navia Rafael
Published: January 2024

The International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals received four cases from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Until now, three of them have been decided and one is still pending. In 2021, the Appeals Chamber gave its judgement on the Mladić case. The Trial Chamber, on the other hand, resolved the Stanišić and Simatović case. This judgement, however, has been appealed and is pending on the Appeals Chamber. The initial indictment against Stanišić and Simatović was confirmed on 1 May 2003. The Trial Chamber acquitted the accused of all charges on 30 May 2013. However, the Appeals Chamber quashed this decision on 9 December 2015, and ordered a retrial of the accused. The decision on this retrial was issued on 15 August 2021, and is reviewed in this chapter. It is the longest case decided by the Tribunal.
Introductory Note
Authors: Pérez Manrique Ricardo C.
Published: January 2024

During 2021, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued twenty-four judgments on merits, and three on interpretation, as well as the record forty-seven orders on monitoring compliance with judgment and twenty-two orders on provisional measures. The Inter-American Court has been able to reaffirm the jurisprudence on several topics, such as violence against transwomen, as well as discrimination against and stigmatization of women human rights defenders. It has also developed new and very important standards in the area of sexual violence against women journalists and differentiated approach for measures of protection. The Court also expanded the standards with regard to disability as a category protected by the American Convention, besides developing jurisprudence on business and human rights. Apart from the judgments on merits, the Inter-American Court, by means of resolutions on provisional measures, enhanced protection in the access to vaccination programs against COVID-19, and continued developing economic, social, cultural, and environmental rights. The contentious cases and provisional measures in this edition of the Yearbook shed light on some of these advances in the Court’s jurisprudence.
Introductory Note
Authors: Teles Patrícia Galvão , Antunes João Gil
Published: January 2024

The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) provided administrative services in 204 proceedings in 2021, divided by 7 inter-state arbitrations, 115 investor-state arbitrations, 80 contract-based arbitrations, and 2 other proceedings of a different nature. These proceedings involved a diverse variety of actors, including sovereign states, intergovernmental organizations, and public or private entities. Of these proceedings, 40 were initiated in 2021. As for appointing authority services or related services, in 2021, the PCA received 49 requests in total, including requests that the Secretary-General of the PCA designate an appointing authority (27), act as an appointing authority for the appointment of an arbitrator (16), furnish a statement setting forth the basis for establishing fees of an arbitral tribunal (1), and act as an appointing authority to decide a challenge to an arbitrator (2). In 2021, only 1 award was public, namely that in Olympic Entertainment Group AS and Ukraine.
Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts from Selected Case Law
Authors: Fanni Simona
Published: January 2024

This chapter covers four cases heard by the United Nations Dispute Tribunal in 2021, including: (1) Paul Ories v. Secretary-General of the United Nations, Case No. 2020-1404, Judgment No. 2021-UNAT-1087, 19 March 2021; and (2) Banaj v. Secretary-General of the United Nations, Case No. UNDT/GVA/2019/031, Judgment No. UNDT/2021/030, 26 March 2021.
De-idealizing objective type externalism
Authors: Engelhardt Jeff
Published: January 2024

This chapter motivates and develops a de-idealization of objective type externalism. As developed by Sally Haslanger, Objective type externalism accepts that oppression can influence what one thinks a term refers to, but it doesn’t influence what terms in fact refer to. This chapter argues that oppression systematically influences both (i) the meanings, extensions, and contents of social kind terms and (ii) the processes that, according to objective type externalism, determine those meanings, extensions, and contents. That is, this chapter argues that Haslanger’s account of the theory idealizes away from the systemic influences of oppression, and thus it is systematically inaccurate. The chapter then outlines a de-idealized version of the theory that appeals to scholarship on oppression to correct for the relevant inaccuracies.
Creative Insecurity
Authors: Thafer Dania
Published: January 2024

The Middle East is experiencing the world’s most prominent youth bulge. Yet many MENA economies’ institutional designs, both formal and informal, favor the power of business elites, systematically discriminating against young people joining the workforce or opening businesses, and thus limiting their ability to contribute to innovation. Large youth populations can be a boon or a curse: nurtured and integrated, they can jumpstart stratospheric growth; but if alienated and confined, they can drain a society politically and economically. The Gulf Cooperation Council countries are no exception to this perilous dilemma. This book explores the problem through a new concept, ‘creative insecurity’: a state’s subjection to an institutional ecosystem that is suppressing opportunities for innovation--to the extent that it is causing economic and political vulnerabilities, which in turn threaten national security. Creative insecurity threatens the longevity of many states today. In this original, incisive study, Dania Thafer argues that GCC member-states should make it a national security imperative to cash in their demographic dividend, by averting the deleterious effects of ill-disposed elite politics. Investing in an innovation ecosystem that harnesses the talent of the youth majority will be crucial for the GCC’s successful transition to the post-oil era.
The Changing Political South
Authors: Bullock, III Charles S. , Mayer Jeremy D. , MacManus Susan A. , Rozell Mark J.
Published: January 2024

The phenomenal growth of minority populations in the South, particularly Latinos and Asians, is quickly transforming the region’s politics. As most political observers see a future rising Democratic Party in the region with Asian and Latino voters joining African Americans in supporting Democratic candidates, the analyses presented in this volume demonstrate little such certainty about the future competitiveness of the two major parties in the South. Whereas the volume substantiates the strong and persistent Democratic leanings of Black voters and a majority of women, the rising minority populations’ votes are increasingly “up for grabs” by the two major parties. How the two parties fare in the future of southern politics will be driven largely by their abilities to reach these new voters. This book describes and analyzes how the politics of the South is changing fast due to rising minority populations and the increasingly Democratic leanings of women voters. Although some argue that demography is destiny, ensuring future Democratic dominance in much of the region, the evidence presented here shows a much more fluid situation, with some minority populations in particular increasingly willing to vote for Republican Party candidates. This book will help readers understand how the politics of the South is changing fast and its national implications.
A Trickle to a Tsunami
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A , Mayer Jeremy D , Rozell Mark J
Published: January 2024

Asians have been largely absent from the South and its politics for most of American history, but their political power is now growing faster than that of any other racial or ethnic group in the region. Several Asian Americans have risen to political office in the South, including governors who have run or are running for president. An intriguing and unusual feature of Asians in southern politics is that their votes seem truly to be up for grabs to either political party, rare in this era of polarization. Will the vote of Asians in the South be drawn by the pro-immigration stance of the Democrats or by the law-and-order rhetoric of the Republicans? From a trickle to a tsunami, from a footnote to a chapter, soon no analysis of southern politics will be complete without at least some mention of Asian Americans.
Women’s Growing Clout Is Changing the South’s Political Landscape
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A , Mayer Jeremy D , Rozell Mark J
Published: January 2024

Over the past decade (2010–2020), women gained political clout in every southern state. Women’s clout is measured here by increased voter registration, turnout, candidacies, and electoral success in state legislative, executive, and judicial contests. Variations in state growth rates (high, low), racial/ethnic composition (White, Black, Hispanic, Asian), age, education (noncollege versus college), and party affiliation (Democrat, Republican, independent) help explain regional and state differences. Overall, women candidates, most notably women of color, did best in high-growth, partisan competitive states with infusions of more racially/ethnically diverse and college-educated populations from other states and countries. Reticence to running, while diminishing, persists among some southern women, ranging from sexist stereotyping, fundraising, and incumbent advantage to fears of violence on the campaign trail. Predictions for continued increases in women’s political clout are based on census projections of growth in the South’s non-White population through in-migration, generational replacement, and more multiracial births.
Conclusion
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A , Mayer Jeremy D , Rozell Mark J
Published: January 2024

Electoral success in the South is critical for both parties’ efforts to control Congress and the White House. Four growth states, Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina, and Florida, show signs of a Democratic Party renaissance. If the demographic changes described in this book boost Democratic fortunes, the implications for party control of the White House and Congress are national. The prospects for Democrats to supplant Republicans vary across states and are by no means certain. Democratic success will hinge on the ability to forge a coalition with strong support from the groups examined here coupled with a share of the White vote that varies by the racial composition of the state. To maintain their dominance in the region, Republicans must expand their coalition to include stronger support from one or more of the minority groups studied in this volume.
Democracy in Decline and Capitalism in Question
Authors: Kellerman Barbara
Published: January 2024

In the history of American democracy has there been such uncertainty about its viability. The same is true of American capitalism. It too is under scrutiny as it has not been since the Great Depression. There is of course a connection between the two. Failures of capitalism create uncertainties in democracies. And deficiencies in democracies raise concerns about capitalism. The chapter explores the two phenomena in tandem. It suggests that America’s leaders in both government and business have deprived the American people in at least two all-important ways. They have failed to successfully sustain American democracy by better maintaining trust in government. And they have failed successfully to sustain American capitalism by better maintaining trust in business. Nor are followers, we the American people, exempt from blame. By allowing our leaders to go from being relatively good to being more obviously bad we have contributed, unnecessarily, to the ills that now plague the American body politic.
Introduction
Authors: Kim Jihoon
Published: January 2024

This introduction offers readers a summary of the book’s seven chapters, while also presenting its object of investigation, methodologies, key arguments, and concepts. Surveying the forty-year development of South Korean documentary films and videos in the nongovernmental and noncorporate sectors from their foundational period (early 1980s) to the present at the intersection with documentary studies, Korean studies, and local documentary discourse, this book argues that what is unique and particular about their history is the intensive and compressed coevolution of activism (which includes social change documentaries aimed to engage social movements in the forms of alternative nonfiction media practice) and post-activism (a set of twenty-first-century documentaries whose formal and aesthetic experimentations gesture toward overcoming and renewing the activist tradition). This introduction provides definitions of the two tendencies, as well as their historical, sociopolitical, epistemological, and institutional contexts.
New Social Movements and Alternative Media Practices
Authors: Kim Jihoon
Published: January 2024

This chapter maps out an array of documentaries that engage feminist and LGBTQ movements and environmental activism as two noticeable twenty-first-century social movements that also attest to the coalition of tajung (multitude), a group of diverse subjects who differ in class, occupation, culture, gender, and sexual orientation but who share common interests, in contrast to minjung in the 1980s mass democratization movement premised on a unilateral class consciousness. It also explains alternative journalism documentary, migratory-grassroots activism, and issue-based omnibus documentary as innovations in the activist tradition of Korean documentary cinema in the context of twenty-first-century Korea, including the Candlelight Protests and the Sewol Ferry Disaster, which functioned as their common nodal point.
Introduction
Authors: Pitt David
Published: January 2024

The Introduction characterizes the phenomenal intentionality of thought thesis and situates it in the context of the Phenomenal Intentionality Research Program. It advocates for a metaphysically neutral approach to the study of mind, Analytic Phenomenology, in combination with agnosticism about the mind-body problem. The first section explains Analytic Phenomenology (analytic because it brings the ethos and methodology of analytic philosophy to bear on the study of experience per se; phenomenology because it is the study of experience from the first-person perspective). The second section presents a “plea for agnosticism” as a counsel of wisdom. Finally, the Introduction presents a plan of the book, presenting synopses of its seven chapters.
Indexical Thought
Authors: Pitt David
Published: January 2024

This chapter addresses another source of externalist intuitions regarding the individuation of intentional content, viz., David Kaplan’s theory of indexicals. It argues that the intuitions Kaplan appeals to concerning “what is said” are not inevitable. The chapter is concerned to defend a conception of indexical thought content that is entirely phenomenal and internalist; it develops an account of indexical concepts and thought consistent with the phenomenal intentionality of thought thesis. It also offers a critique of phenomenal concepts and the phenomenal concept strategy.
Conceptual Reference
Authors: Pitt David
Published: January 2024

This chapter takes up the phenomena of conceptual reference and extension in an uncompromisingly internalist context. Causal-informational-teleological theories have the advantage that the very relations that establish content also establish extension and reference. This is lost on the phenomenal approach. The chapter develops a Fregean view, on which concepts have in their extensions the objects that have the properties the concepts represent. The relation between a conceptual phenomenal property and the property it describes is primitive. This is just what conceptual phenomenology does, by its nature. The chapter shows that this assertion of primitiveness is not ad hoc.
Etymology, History, and Anthropology of Privacy
Authors: Véliz Carissa
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the genealogy of privacy through its etymology, history, and anthropology. Many of the misconceptions surrounding privacy that contribute to people not giving it the importance it deserves are sustained through a misrepresentation of historical and anthropological facts regarding privacy and surveillance. This chapter discusses the etymology of the term to give an idea of what privacy means. Although current uses of the term do not reflect all of the senses that it has carried in the past, many of these senses have been inherited, to varying degrees. This chapter then shows how practices designed to protect privacy are found in almost all societies, across time and geographies.
The Value of Privacy
Authors: Véliz Carissa
Published: January 2024

This chapter spells out in a condensed form why privacy matters. It first goes through the interests protected by privacy. In some cases, privacy is a necessary condition to achieve certain goods. For instance, some degree of privacy is necessary for autonomy. In some other cases, privacy might be a sufficient but not a necessary condition to achieve certain goods. Financial and physical security are among the benefits that can be achieved in more than one way. While some of the benefits that privacy can offer may be achieved through other means, ensuring privacy is often the most cost-effective way (morally and otherwise) to avoid certain harms people might suffer if they become accessed in certain ways. Other benefits, like avoiding public humiliation, can only be achieved through privacy. The chapter suggests that privacy protects our control over self-presentation, our reputation, autonomy, creativity, security, freedom, equality, wellbeing, and democracy. The chapter then discusses whether the value of privacy is only instrumental or also intrinsic.
Privacy vs Surveillance
Authors: Véliz Carissa
Published: January 2024

If privacy and surveillance are both valuable, how can we decide which is the more valuable in a particular situation? If both privacy and surveillance protect interests that arguably give rise to rights (e.g., the right to privacy and the right to security), how do we adjudicate between them when they are in conflict? This chapter attempts to tackle that difficult balance. Even though it is unlikely there is an overarching answer that will apply to every case, there is something to be said about how to balance privacy and surveillance, and the kinds of considerations that should come into play. Section 1 offers a sketch of how rights and values can conflict and how to balance them. It emphasizes the importance of paying attention to internal connections between the conflicting values. Section 2 argues that the internal connections between the values that privacy and surveillance protect are such that balancing them demands a process of “qualitative priority” as opposed to a quantitative analysis. Section 3 analyses some of the internal connections between privacy and surveillance. It uses the examples of security, accountability, and democracy to illustrate how surveillance has a tendency to undermine the values, objectives, and institutions it purports to protect. Section 4 argues that, because of the difficulties in noticing and measuring the negative effects of surveillance, we are blinded by the surveillance delusion: the mistaken belief that surveillance has no significant moral costs. Section 5 concludes the chapter by arguing that, although it is probably a good idea to have privacy as a default, there are important cases in which privacy should be surrendered.
Epilogue
Authors: Véliz Carissa
Published: January 2024

The epilogue offers some thoughts about academic philosophy and public policy, and reviews the practical significance of our philosophical views about privacy. Privacy is more fundamental to society than it can first appear. It is as old as humanity, universal, deeply entrenched in social norms, and vital to our wellbeing. As individuals, a culture of exposure cripples our autonomy and creativity. As social beings, it can flatten our social interactions into politically correct exchanges between public personae. A surveilled social setting in which everything can be on the record does not allow for unreservedness or true intimacy. Politically, surveillance threatens our civil liberties. Watching someone is a way of exercising power over them. The act of surveillance is not neutral—it pressures the surveilled into conformity. It is an act of domination. We may have come a long way from the savannahs we evolved in, but it is still the case that the stare of another turns us into potential prey.
Contrast or Continuum?
Authors: Kind Amy
Published: January 2024

Though traditional folk psychology treats imagination and belief as distinct kinds of mental states, recently a number of philosophers have suggested that this is mistaken (e.g., Schellenberg 2013; Egan 2008; Currie and Jureidini 2004). According to what’s often referred to as the continuum hypothesis, imagination and belief are best thought of as lying on a continuum, with at least some of the intermediary states along this continuum best thought of as imagination-belief hybrids. In support of the continuum hypothesis its defenders often argue that certain phenomena such as delusions and imaginative immersion can be best (or, perhaps, only) explained if we reject the view that there is a sharp division between imagination and belief. In this chapter, the author reviews the case for the continuum hypothesis and suggests that it is not as strong as its defenders would have us believe.
Believing in Stories
Authors: Levy Neil
Published: January 2024

People believe, or profess to believe, bizarre claims for many reasons. In this chapter, the author suggests that some of these cases may be explained by our disposition to entertain narratives. He argues that the mechanisms for processing narratives evolved for the offline consideration of counterfactuals, to improve decision-making. Since this machinery has the function of guiding action in the world, it disposes us to take the representations it generates as ways the world is or could be; as a consequence, its outputs feel real to us and we may endorse them, especially when nothing turns on their being true. Proto-narratives can be generated by very minimal cues, and this fact may help to explain why even those who decisively reject superstitions might feel uneasy at activity they count as unlucky. The author extends the account to explain, or partially explain, other bizarre claims like acceptance of conspiracy theories and monothematic delusions.
Why Do You Believe That?
Authors: Archer Sophie
Published: January 2024

Consider a case in which a man is deluded that his wife is unfaithful to him. When asked why he thinks this, he answers simply that the fifth lamp-post along on the left is unlit. He has no further story to tell about his friend sending him a signal via the lamp-post, or some such. The author argues that this man should not be classed as taking the state of the lamp-post to count in favour of the truth of the proposition that his wife is unfaithful to him, even mistakenly so. That is, he does not have a subjective epistemic reason on the basis of which to believe that his wife is unfaithful to him, let alone an objective one. But this does not debar him from believing that she is. There do seem to be beliefs held on the basis of no subjective epistemic reason. However, the author argues that this man does not believe that his wife is unfaithful to him insofar as he fails to give application to the relevant sense of the question, ‘Why do you believe that?’
Introduction
Authors: Patrin Maria
Published: January 2024

This chapter outlines the scope, the methodology, and the content of the book. It provides an overview of the main forms of institutional collegiality that have historically emerged, including adjudication in courts, political executives, and independent authorities. Against this background it explains the reasons behind the choice of a collegial setting for the Commission. Furthermore, the chapter lays out the book’s law-in-context methodology and interdisciplinary approach, arguing that the law of collegiality can only be fully understood based on the institutional procedures and practices that have developed along legal rules. Finally, it contains a chapter-by-chapter overview of the book’s arguments.
Origins and Evolution of Collegiality in the Commission
Authors: Patrin Maria
Published: January 2024

This chapter retraces the evolution of collegiality from its origins in the Paris Treaty to the present day. After an introductory section, Section 2 explains the reasons behind the choice of a collegial authority in the European Coal and Steel Community and examines how collegial governance was implemented during the early days of the High Authority. Section 3 outlines how the principle of collegiality has been accounted for by subsequent Treaty revisions, highlighting the progressive strengthening of the Commission President’s powers and of the democratic accountability of the college towards the European Parliament. Section 4 explores how collegiality has historically been implemented and translated into different organizational preferences and institutional practices. From the Hallstein Commission to the Von der Leyen college, it reviews the main critical junctures responsible for the evolution of the principle of collegiality.