bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Theory of Transitional Conjunctures and the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism in Western Europe
Authors: Resnick Stephen , Wolff Rick
Published: March 2007

This paper has two parts. The first presents what the authors understand as Marx's conceptual framework for analyzing social change, Marx's science. The second seeks to exemplify the analytical power of Marx's science by means of a discussion of the transition from feudalism to capitalism. The argu ments concerning the precise specification of Marx's science make extensive use of the work of Louis Althusser as it has evolved over the last twenty years. Argu ing that Marx's science rejects both empiricist and rationalist epistemological foundations and rejects essentialism — both "economist" and "humanist" — the authors contend that such theoretical positions have crucial implications for Marx's theory of social change. They develop these implications in a sketch of Marx's concepts of class relations and social formations. Having elaborated the meaning of the concept of "overdetermination" borrowed from Althusser, the paper's second part seeks to weave together the economic, political and cultur al/ideological determinants of the transition from feudalism to capitalism in a manner strictly consistent with the notion of Marx's science presented in the first part. Beyond exemplifying concretely the power of Marx's science, the second part seeks to move beyond, to resolve, the Marxian debates over the causes — ex ternal vs. internal — of the transition from feudalism to capitalism (Dobb, Sweezy, and recently Hilton, and Brenner).
An Analysis of the Empirical Evidence on the Origins of American Imperialism: 1871-1900
Authors: Seltzer Rick
Published: March 2007

This article examines four economic propositions that have been put forth by theorists of the origins of American imperialism: 1) American for eign investment began rapidly expanding after 1870 and particularly after 1893; 2) There was a falling rate of profit over this thirty year time span; 3) The American economy had recurrent realization crises over this time span; 4) There was a strong interaction between the beginning and ending of depressions and the export market. For each of these propositions questions are asked about what data would be needed to examine the proposition, what have been the results of analyses by economic historians which impinge upon that proposition, and the data that are available are discussed and analysed.
The New Economic Readjustment Policies: Implications for Chinese Urban Working Women
Authors: Dalsimer Marlyn , Nisonoff Laurie
Published: March 2007

This paper examines critically a cluster of recent economic policy initiatives in the People's Republic of China known as the New Economic Readjustment Policies, and analyzes their probable impacts on the equality differentials between Chinese women and men as broad categories of urban workers. After reviewing the post-Mao policy context and goals of the current modernization campaigns, the paper analyzes six aspects of the New Economic Readjustment Policies as they are likely to affect urban working women: (1) sex-segmentation in the work force; (2) wage differentials; (3) moral and material incentives; (4) older women in the work force; (5) management opportunities for women; and (6) consumerism and housework. This analysis is followed by the responses of the All-China Women's Federation to these concerns, and a discussion of the current political work of the All-China Women's Federation.
The Political Economy of Sexuality
Authors: Gottlieb Rhonda
Published: March 2007

This article describes and analyzes contemporary sexual practice and the social context in which it occurs. Heterosexual and homosexual relations are analyzed in a manner analogous to Marx's labor theory of value. It is concluded that heterosexual relations are characterized by patterns in which male gratification is promoted and achieved at the expense of female gratification. In contrast, sexual behavior among homosexuals is found to be mutually satisfying to both partners. To achieve an egalitarian sexual system heterosexual behavior patterns must be supplanted by a sexual practice in which intercourse is not defined as the central sex act.
Internationalization of Capital and the Semi-Idustrialized Countries: The Case of the Motor Industry
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: March 2007

The emergence in recent years of the semi-industrialized countries poses a number of questions for the analysis of the world economy and the internationalization of capital. These include the significance of industrial relocation, the factors underlying industrial growth in the semi-industrialized countries, the role played by transnational corporations and the impact on both the advanced capitalist countries and the semi-industrialized countries themselves. The paper examines these issues in the context of a study of the international motor industry.
Strategic Use of Pension Funds Since 1978
Authors: Ghilarducci Teresa
Published: March 2007

Through their pension funds, workers own, but do not control, most of the finance capital in the United States. Since 1978 the U.S. labor movement's defensive and offensive pension strategies have bolstered union bargaining power and provided funds to profitable and union-only construction projects. However, the role of unions in the U.S. industrial relations system, the structure of pension management and the competing uses of pension funds stymie labor's efforts to control pension funds. Moreover, labor's reliance on property rights and the market rate of return (to identify worthy projects) may, over time, contravene other labor goals. Challenging how finance capital is invested, rather than who owns the capital, is a strategy the labor movement should begin to consider.
National and Class Consequences of the Federal Debt
Authors: Barandall Phineas
Published: March 2007

The national debt is typically portrayed as a national problem without regard to how it affects different classes. There has been a great deal of recent debate over how destabilizing or dangerous the debt is to the U. S. economy, but little discussion of how the debt functions distributionally. This paper examines how the debt functions to widen existing inequalities-not only through the creation of an ongoing structural budget deficit, but also by subsidizing the investment opportunities for wealthy Americans. After a discussion of these issues, this paper uses regression analysis on data from the past 40 years and discovers a high level of correlation between income inequality and the proportion of national income that pays interest on the debt.
Rethinking Marxian Investment Theory: Keynes-Minsky Instability, Competitive Regime Shifts and Coerced Investment
Authors: Crotty James R.
Published: March 2007

This paper reformulates Marxian investment theory so that it can provide an explanation of key "stylized" facts describing capital accumulation in U.S. goods producing industries in the past fifteen years. This requires two theoretical innovations: a demonstration that Keynesian-Minskian ideas about uncertainty and financial fragility flow logically from Marx's core assumptions; and a reconceptualization of the contradictory relation between competition and investment in the accumulation process.
The Probable Impact of NAFTA on Non-Agricultural Employment in Mexico
Authors: Rendón Teresa , Salas Carlos
Published: March 2007

By analyzing the current employment situation in Mexico and identifying the most important changes in recent years, we argue that net job creation derived from U.S. foreign investment as a result of NAFTA will be almost nil and will not compensate for the lack of good quality employment opportunities during the eighties.
A Constructive Labor Strategy for Free Trade
Authors: Barkin David
Published: March 2007

The search for an effective strategy of labor solidarity in the context of the North American Free Trade Agreement involves more than a denunciation of violations of the rights of workers. It requires support for an alternative strategy of economic progress based on defending and strengthening the productive capabilities of workers and peasants to supply their own needs, and those of their communities. Economic integration in North America requires collaboration to promote broad-based development, social justice and a clean environment.
Socialist Labor Process Revisited
Authors: Yaghmaian Behzad
Published: March 2007

This paper is an attempt to analyze and contrast the model of the socialist labor process in Marx and Lenin. It demonstrates that Marx's theory of socialism is closely intertwined with his theory of liberation. For Marx, freedom is an act of self-emancipation, and socialism is the voluntary association of self-empowered producers. The liberation of the working class must rest on its own initiatives and creativity, and the socialist labor process is the negation of the capitalist labor process and workers' self-estrangement. I argue that, contrary to Marx's theory and practice, Lenin's theory of liberation and his model of the socialist labor process resulted in the continuation of workers' self-estrangement and not its negation after the October Revolution. The paper demonstrates that, it is in the philosophy of liberation that the roots of the differences between Marx and Lenin are to be sought. The Paris Commune, the Factory Committee Movement in the October Revolution, and the Workers' Council Movement during the 1979 Iranian Revolution are reviewed and analyzed as three distinct historical examples in support of my reading of the differences between Marx and Lenin.
Personal Transformations in the Group
Authors: Lear T. E.
Published: March 2007

The psychotherapy group is often portrayed with a maternal image and the conductor who relates to the group frequently has a maternal role. In the experience of group members, merging and separating and associated fears of annihilation resemble those of the mother—child couple in their individuation process. Structures and self-images change and in each context there may be fears of engulfment, intrusion or abandonment. This paper considers these psychosocial changes as having some analogy to changes in our physical and biological environment and reviews analogies in traditional shamanic practices and group primordial experience.
The Good Old Days: Extracts from Early Issues
Authors: Strich Sabina J.
Published: March 2007

Many months ago I volunteered to select some material from the early volumes of Group Analysis, then called GAIPAC (Group Analysis, International Panel and Correspondence). A hopeless task! The contributions are rich and varied, ranging from letters with responses, to lively and informative (and sometimes very funny) reports of meetings, to papers rich in experimental ideas and clinical material, to more or less polished papers. The book reviews are also illuminating. Because of the informal format, the personalities of the writers often come through in a touching way. Correspondents, worldwide, commented on each other's contributions, and there are many remarks by S. H. Foulkes among others.

I hope the snippets which I finally selected will encourage people to go back to the early issues of the journal. Now that we have a Cumulative Index `goal-directed' browsing is also possible. There are several contributions by Martin Grotjahn who obviously read every issue word for word and whose short essays reflected the concerns of contributors. Most items are reproduced in their entirety; any cuts are marked by ellipses.
Group Therapy for Women Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Hall Zaida M.
Published: March 2007

Sexual abuse of a child is a special form of trauma. As McCarthy (1986) has reported, it probably begins at a much younger age than the child remembers, so that he or she grows up accepting that this is part of life. It is an important part of the environment which affects the child's psychic development. It usually occurs against the background of a cold, sick or absent mother, and a family in which there is little true affection or understanding. It is often accompanied by physical abuse. There may also be an element of psychological abuse which has been called `soul murder' (Shengold, 1979; Miller,1983; Hall, 1987). But even without this-there will always be confusion in the child's mind, `How CAN he do this to me, when he is a grown-up, respected by the other grown-ups, and should love and protect me?' or, `How can my parent ALLOW him to do this to me?' The mystification is increased if the perpetrator is the one person in the family who has given the child any genuine affection.
Group Analysis and Religion: Is there a Common Ground? Ideas Arising from Paper by Gregory van der Kleij
Authors: Westcott Bernard
Published: March 2007

Psychoanalysis, group analysis and religion are paradoxical processes involving people and change. Itzig's principle of asking the horse not the rider is a good starting point in searching for connections between group analysis and religion, for this captures in metaphor some of the purposes of religious practices and the group analyst's work of assisting members of groups to be carried on their journeys by the transcendent or within the psychic envelope of the group matrix (Foulkes, 1973). The horse is symbolic of the life force, of the total Other (Buber, 1933), of the mass of humanness within which we are born, shaped and die, of the whole universe which carries us into the future together. It reminds me of the parabolic story of the Sower, which throws the listener into life and the fear of it, and of Balaam's Ass, who knows what lies ahead, while the man astride, unaware of his ignorance, slowly realizes this and is afraid. We do not know what the next paragraph will be or what will occur tomorrow. As van der Kleij says (this issue p. 27), it takes a daring `soul' to confront such inadequacy and then express it.
A Summary of Empirical Data from the Investigation of Two Psychoanalytic Groups by Means of Repertory Grid Technique
Authors: Catina Ana , Tschuschke Volker
Published: March 2007

Two inpatient psychoanalytic therapy groups were investigated by sequential applications of repertory grid technique (Kelly, 1955) and a method for rating interactive behaviour in groups (Orlik, 1986). Results concerning characteristics of construing at the beginning of therapy, and the process of change during therapy, discriminating successful patients from unsuccessful ones, are presented. Therapy process factors contributing to change of construing of the self in relation to significant others are suggested and the contribution of interactional behaviour in the group to the development of therapy process as well as to treatment outcome is considered.
Group-Analytic Therapy of Borderline Patients in a Day Hospital Setting
Authors: Mishan Joseph , Bateman Anthony
Published: March 2007

The authors discuss the treatment of borderline patients in a slow open group within a psychodynamically-informed Day Hospital. The patients formed an `anti-group', a pathological organization, thereby seeking to avoid paranoid-schizoid and depressive anxiety. Containment of staff in such a setting is essential if they in turn are to maintain their own containing function.
Taking Turns Before the Mirror II: Group Process
Authors: Kroll L. , Mikhailova E.
Published: March 2007

Part I dealt mainly with theoretical considerations of the `mirror portrait' as a group therapeutic technique. The authors now concentrate on the content of the process, on recurring reactions and topics and on some of the stages of this travel `through the looking-glass'.
The Creative Process of the Artist and Group Analyst
Authors: Rifkind Gabrielle
Published: March 2007

The author describes how as an artist she sets a frame or boundary around her work that acts as a container. She then searches for something familiar, perhaps of a derivative nature, before moving into a period of not knowing and potential chaos but finally into the creation of something new. Similarly in a group a boundary is created that creates sufficient safety for members to explore the familiar and cohesive before moving into a position of greater tension and unfamiliarity but ultimately into the possibility of reconstruction and coherence. Artist and analyst both hold the balance between known and unknown, tension and harmony.
Defence and Coping: The `Outsider' in the Group
Authors: Balmer Rudolf
Published: March 2007

This paper is based on clinical observations of how groups generate defence and coping mechanisms toward members who perceive themselves as totally different from the others and move towards an `outsider' position, expressing serious intentions of leaving the group. The individual background to this dynamic process is a severe narcissistic problem. The group process activates a conflict between intense needs and wishes for emotional exchange, for being recognized, held, integrated and loved, and fear of fusion with the group and loss of individuality. In such situations splitting phenomena and strong feelings of hate and aggression occur The group oscillates between integration and expulsion, identification with the `outsider' and projective defence of aggression. The concept of `coping' in such situations is discussed with respect to S.H. Foulkes's concept of `ego training in action'.
The Philosophy of S.H. Foulkes: Existential-Phenomenological Aspects of Group Analysis
Authors: Cohn Hans W.
Published: March 2007

Though S.H. Foulkes has not presented to us a detailed outline of a theory of group analysis, his philosophy (as he called it) can be found dispersed throughout his articles and books. This article attempts to gather various strands of his thinking about groups and show that many of his ideas have a strong affinity with certain aspects of existential phenomenology.
The Effects of War: External Reality as Experienced in the Group. The Overdependent Emigré
Authors: Rakic Vida , Vezmar Marija
Published: March 2007

The interplay between external and internal reality and its analysis is of the essence of psychoanalysis and therefore group analysis. The war situation in the former Yugoslavia offered the authors of this article the opportunity to observe the situation in group analysis at close quarters and by direct participation. By documenting the particular experiences of two patients, one drafted into the war the other the `overdependent emigre', the article focuses on the interplay of the psychopathology of the group members and the group at a certain stage of its development, with the external reality which confronts one or the other of the group members and its influence on the group processes.
The Couple in Group Therapy as a Source of Hate
Authors: Ancona Leonardo , Mangiarotti Angiola
Published: March 2007

Since love and hate are behavioural variables common to many of the interactions which take place in groups, they have always been an important focus of study within the field of group dynamics. This article outlines ways in which these two forces can be manifest together in group activity, and illustrates with a clinical vignette how they can combine with the creation of a double, which can prove to be a negative influence on the individual in the group, and in the group as a whole.
Professionalization theory, medical specialists and the concept of “national patterns of specialization”
Authors: Leeming William
Published: March 2007

Studies comparing particular medical specialties in different national settings have not appeared in the sociology of the profession's literature. Consequently, little is known about how local contexts actually affect the professionalization process and medical specialization. Are certain determinants of specialization active in some countries and not in others? Can some determinants be said to be always active? Two recent independent studies of medical geneticists in the UK and Canada present a unique opportunity to reflect on earlier social-theoretical discussions concerning the determinants of medical specialization in the context of country-specific organizational frameworks. Placed side by side, the two studies lend support to earlier research that emphasizes, first, conceptual and technological innovations in medicine as driving specialty formation, and, second, the dominant position of physicians in the resulting division of medical labour. Beyond this, however, each study highlights local influences as being important with respect to particular courses of action or inaction at the national and regional level. In the end, what appear to be coherent sets of diagnostic and counselling services from a unitary, global perspective can also be viewed as loose networks of resource dependencies, personnel, and organizations which can be re-configured within local health care delivery systems.
Industrial democracy in Europe revisited: summary and conclusions
Authors:   IDE - International Research Group
Published: March 2007

At the congress on Participation and Self-Management in Dubrovnik (then Yugoslavia), a group of some 25 social scientists from a dozen countries decided to conduct jointly an international comparative study on the impacts of rules and regulations on participation in companies. This international, interdisciplinary network: “Industrial Democracy in Europe (IDE) - International Research Group” has now cooperated in joint research for two decades. A first major study was conducted in 1975-7 (IDE, 1981). The following report covers a replication of that research “ten years on”. Some 80 publications resulted from the work of the IDE team (see IDE, 1992, in press). The first collective IDE report on theory, design and methods was published in this journal (IDE, 1976). Hence, with its present paper, the IDE group reaches the termination of a long-standing research cooperation.
The challenge of evolutionary biology
Authors: Meier Heinrich
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the challenge posed by Darwinian evolutionary theory in two respects. It aims to show that the challenge of evolutionary biology is not simply a matter of the history of science, but retains its seriousness and urgency for contemporary thought. This becomes clear from the discussion of the extent of the Darwinian challenge to religion, politics, philosophy and even evolutionary biology itself. The challenge to religion that proves to be most fundamental is rooted in the tension between reason and revelation. The challenge to politics is twofold: (1) insofar as political theories, ideologies and concepts are based on anthropological presuppositions; and (2) insofar as the findings of evolutionary biology stand to affect the opinions of citizens regarding religion, morality and politics.
Racism and Diasporas
Authors: Wieviorka Michel
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that contemporary diasporic identities provide a strong basis from which to oppose contemporary expressions of racism. Immigrant and mobile populations have been able to construct images of identity that are based neither on an assimilationist model, nor defensive strategies against assimilationism. Rather, the older, internal relation between racism and diasporization has been broken by the ability of groups to claim a diasporic status on the basis of a public and not private articulation of self-identity.
The Unfinished History of China's Future
Authors: Fitzgerald John
Published: March 2007

This paper traces the history of thinking about the `future' in China from the late 19th to the late 20th centuries with a view to identifying China's particular `end of history'. At the turn of this century, the future of New China was prefigured in a variety of scenarios - from statist to liberal - that implied competing goals and strategies for realizing the future. These strategies were shaped by a utopian vision of Great Harmony ( datong), which shaped in turn everyday forms of political and cultural practice. The paper explores what has become of this ideal at the close of the century, and what its demise implies for political and cultural practice.
Transcending Modernity? Individualism, Ethics and Japanese Discourses of Difference in the Post-War World
Authors: Clammer John
Published: March 2007

Intense debates have taken place in Japan about the country's role in the post-war world system and the question of whether Japan has achieved the modernity that makes it a member of and player in that system. These debates, however, have largely centred on a discourse of uniqueness, defined in cultural (and culturalist) terms. This domination of a single interpretative framework has suppressed alternative analyses of Japanese modernity. Some of the most significant of these alternative voices take the central question to be one not of culture, but of ethics. Some significant Japanese social theorists, including Maruyama Masao, a discussion of whose ideas forms the core of this paper, have argued that Japan has either not achieved true modernity or has only achieved a distorted version of it (and has certainly not attained to postmodernity), because as a civilization it has never evolved subjectivity understood as the appearance of the morally autonomous individual. Such ideas resonate interestingly with the ideas of some prominent western theorists of postmodernity and its ethics, especially with the work of Zygmunt Bauman. The debate between Bauman's characterization of `postmodern ethics' and Japan poses fresh ways of rethinking Japanese modernity and puts new questions to western Japanology.
The New Women and the Old Establishment
Authors: Epstein Cynthia Fuchs
Published: March 2007

From a position of virtual exclusion in the 1960s women lawyers began to enter Wall Street law firms in the 1970s, increasing their numbers from 40 to over 600 in 1979. The reasons for this are analyzed in this article and include the impact of the woman's movement, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, law suits brought against several major Wall Street firms setting a precedent for the profession, the activity of law school personnel in the recruitment process, and the changing attitudes toward women's competence and equality. Women not only entered the large firms, this study shows, but mdicated interest and competence in specialties formerly reserved for men, such as corporate work and litigation. They also demonstrated long-term career commitment and ambi tion toward rismg in the promotion system.
Changing Attitudes Toward Women's Nonfamily Roles
Authors: Spitze Glenna , Huber Joan
Published: March 2007

On the assumption that popular sex-role attitudes and beliefs change in response to long-term technologlcal, demographic, and economic trends, this research tests the extent to which attitude change first occurs among collectivities which benefit most, economically, from new conditions. The theory is tested using data on two questions related to women's status which have been replicated between 1938 and 1978 in AIPO, the GSS, and our own 1978 national probability telephone survey. The results provide some support for the theory, as well as evidence of large period effects. The increase in favorable responses in the 1970s appears more as a recovery from the 1960s than as a revolutionary leap forward.
Waitressing, Vulnerability, and Job Autonomy
Authors: Butler Suellen , Skipper James K.
Published: March 2007

The question for research is: what effect does job autonomy have on the sense of vulnerability expressed by those working for tips rather than for contracted wages? Vulnerability, the dependent variable, is a measure of the worker's perception of risk attached to working under such an arrangement. Autonomy, the independent variable, evaluates organizational conditions which permit or limit control over one's work. It is measured by restaurant procedures of surveillance and discipline. Sixty-one waitresses employed as the dining room staff of a stratified sample of 8 restaurants provided the data to test the relationship between autonomy and occupational vulnerability. A positive association was found between procedures of autonomy and the restaurant worker's expression of vulnerability. Study findings suggest that the less control restaurant management allows the waitress over the execution of her work, the more vulnerable and less satisfied she is with the tipping/wage arrangement. In addition, study findings suggest that autonomy is as critical a variable for women in their work as it has been reported to be in studies of the male labor force.
Police Perceptions and Job Satisfaction
Authors: TALARICO SUSETTE M. , SWANSON CHARLES R.
Published: March 2007

The literature includes analyses of the perceptions of the police regarding public, political, and institutional support, along with the consequences of such perceptions. Herein attention is focused on the perceptions of line officers assigned to field duty regarding supervisory and administrative support. Nine hundred questionnaires were distributed to 18 different-sized departments in 15 different states and a 72% return rate achieved. Using perceptions of supervisory and administrative support, separate multiple regression analyses were employed. It was found that sizable portions of police perceptions of the two kinds of support were accounted for by the independent individual and environmental level variables.
Women, Men, and Machines
Authors: FORM WILLIAM , McMILLEN DAVID BYRON
Published: March 2007

Though knowledge about sex segregation in the world of work is widespread, social scientists have not developed a systematic view of how machine technology abets sex stratification. Data from the first national study of technological change shows that proportionately more women than men operate machines, are more exposed to machines that have alienating effects, and suffer more from the negative effects of technological change. Despite this, sex differences are small with respect to attitudes toward technology, technological change, and job satisfaction, suggesting that the alleged link between worker-machine relations and alienation needs reexamination.
Location, Sex-Typing, and Salary among Academics
Authors: FOX MARY FRANK
Published: March 2007

This study focuses upon the effect of intra-university location as it influences the salaries of academics, as it differs for men and women, and as it relates to sex-typing of university locations. The findings indicate the greater importance of intra-university location in determining the salaries of academic men compared to women. However, certain patterns do emerge for both sexes. Namely, for some types of locations, the salary returns are dependent primarily upon attainment levels; for others, they are not; and in almost all cases these effects are more marked for men. Moreover, we discern a particular pattern of salary returns to sex-typed location. That is, for both sexes, certain same sex-typed locations are advantageous, and opposite sex-typed locations are generally disadvantageous, although again the effects are stronger for men than women. In conclusion, the article discusses implications that these observed patterns have for the operation of sex-disparity in salaries within the academic institution.
Art, Craft, and Art/Craft Segments among Craft Media Workers
Authors: NEAPOLITAN JERRY
Published: March 2007

There has been a great increase in the last twenty years in the creation and use of handcrafted objects. Preceding and accompanying growth are changes in the way craft media workers work and in the aesthetic conventions that guide their work. Some are still guided by traditional craft concerns, some by conventions of the contemporary art world, and some by both craft and art concerns. This research investigated whether craft media workers differentially identify themselves as artists and craftspersons, and whether distinct segments of craft media workers exist based on differential selfidentification. Results indicate three distinct segments exist that are distinguished from each other by differing work orientations and conventions. The results further show that the degree of difference in artist and craftsperson identities is largely explained by differing work orientations and conventions.
Gender Differences in Occupational Labor Market Structure
Authors: LORENCE JON
Published: March 2007

This research attempts to assess the validity of occupational labor market typologies utilized in the extant theoretical and empirical literature. Whereas previous studies only presume the general form and composition of occupational labor markets, the present study generates an empirically based typology using cluster analytic techniques. Analyses of occupational characteristics from 1970 U.S. Census Bureau data for males and females indicates occupational labor markets may be more differentiated and complex than suggested in the dual labor market literature. The findings also indicate that previous occupational labor market classification schemes have misspecified the correct labor market location of many detailed occupations. Additional analyses indicate the existence of separate and distinct occupational labor markets for males and females rather than the single isomorphic occupational structure commonly assumed in the literature.
The Emergence of an Occupation
Authors: BLUM TERRY C. , ROMAN PAUL M. , TOOTLE DEBORAH M.
Published: March 2007

In 1958, Hughes developed a theory of the elements accompanying occupational emergence. This article focuses on defining and measuring the emergence and existence of an occupation. Practitioners in our study sample purvey employee assistance programs to the workplace. The jobs of “occupational program consultants” (OPCs) were created largely with public funds during the 1970s. Now largely independent of public funding, the collectivity of OPCs offers an opportunity to examine Hughes's theory. We empirically test the occupation's existence by comparing job roles of persons who received distinctively different educational training, those with formal education in social work versus those trained in business administration. A high degree of similarity in job performance, professionalism, and job-related attitudes is revealed across the two groups, suggesting a new occupation has emerged.
Technological Change and the Division of Labor
Authors: WALSH JOHN P.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effects of technological changes on the division of labor and skill requirements for a craft occupation (meatcutter) in a service industry (retail food). The article defines skill as a multidimensional concept with three components (technical competence, scarcity, and high status) and emphasizes the importance of contextual factors on deskilling. The analysis suggests that deskilling is not a linear function of technological innovation. Rather, new technology can either increase or decrease workers' skills, and workers can have some control over which technology gets introduced. Deskilling technology is dependent on the ability to develop a market for standardized goods, which can be difficult, if not impossible, for certain structurally diverse markets.
The Order of Professionalization
Authors: ABBOTT ANDREW
Published: March 2007

Using data on local, state, and national events in American medicine, this article analyzes the order in which professionalization occurs. A variety of basic “events” in professionalization are investigated: control of work, development of schools and other knowledge institutions, creation of professionally dominated work sites, association, licensing, and scientific transformation. At the local level, the sequence of professionalization seems to be control, practical knowledge, dominated work sites, and scientific transformation, with association coming approximately contemporaneous with practical knowledge. At the state level, control and association begin the process, in that order, with efforts proceeding both at the state level and in a state's major city. Widespread local activity in control and association come only later. Practical knowledge, controlled work sites, and various forms of “tangential” knowledge follow these earlier events. The article argues for a model of professionalization as a multilevel, diffusion process.
Caring for the Organization
Authors: HEIMER CAROL A. , STEVENS MITCHELL L.
Published: March 2007

Though both sociologists of the professions and social workers themselves would predict that social work will be concentrated where there is social “trouble,” neither can fully account for variations in the allocation of social work and the mix of social work tasks we observed. Using our research in neonatal intensive care units, we offer an account of social work as organizationally based caring. We argue that social workers are interactional and legal shock absorbers, that they buffer their employing organizations' central processes and their most powerful personnel from the disruptions of social variability, and that they protect the hospital from legal liability.
Group Relations at Work
Authors: HODSON RANDY
Published: March 2007

The increased prevalence of team-oriented forms of production necessitates that we pay greater attention to the role of coworker relations in determining the nature and quality of work life. This article uses systematic analysis of the existing population of organizational ethnographies in conjunction with a more traditional telephone survey to generate new findings about coworkers and to verify these findings across research methods. The author finds that coworker conflict is negatively associated with both job satisfaction and good relations with management. Conversely, coworker solidarity generates high levels of job satisfaction. Somewhat surprisingly, coworker solidarity also is associated with better relations with management. The latter finding suggests that a significant component of positive vertical relations in the workplace rests on mutual support and solidarity among workers. These findings have implications for the development of team-oriented forms of production and suggest the need for renewed research on coworker relations as a foundation for understanding the contemporary workplace.
Explaining Changes in Mothers' Job Satisfaction Following Childbirth
Authors: HOLTZMAN MELLISA , GLASS JENNIFER
Published: March 2007

This study examines the determinants of changes in job satisfaction for childbearing women who return to their jobs following childbirth. By using longitudinal data, this research is able to determine the direction and causes of changes in satisfaction that accompany the return to work. We find first that declines in job satisfaction routinely accompany the birth of a child. However, several family and workplace characteristics help to alleviate the decline in job satisfaction. In addition, we find that the determinants of job satisfaction appear to change following childbirth, which will be key in future research examining this issue.
A Possible Use of Bounds on Effective Moduli of Composite Materials
Authors: Phan-Thien N. , Milton G.W.
Published: March 2007

We advocate the use of bounds on the effective moduli of two-phase com posites to deduce possible ranges of microstructural parameters from ex perimental measurements of the effective moduli. In particular we give ex plicit expressions for the bounds on the volume fractions a third-order cor relation parameter. The bounds on the volume fractions are accurate to second-order terms in δx = x2 — x1 and δμ = μ2 — μ2, where x2 and μ2 (i = 1,2) are the bulk and shear moduli of the phases. When the moduli ratios are of the order 10 or less, the second-order bounds on the volume fractions are tight enough to recommend their use in evaluating end products.
A Comparative Study of Failure Envelopes in Composite Laminates
Authors: Soni Som R.
Published: March 2007

On the basis of a recent survey conducted by AIAA composite structures subcom mittee, the failure criteria used by more than ninety percent design engineers have been considered in this study. These failure criteria are maximum stress, maximum strain and quadratic polynomial (Tsai Wu, Chamis, Hoffman and Hill) failure criteria. Failure envelopes for all these failure criteria are drawn for (0/90/±45)s laminate made of T300/5208 graphite epoxy material in stress space. For the first ply failure strength, we observe a great deal of difference in the predictions made by these failure criteria. Depending upon the failure criteria being compared, the maximum percentage dif ference ranges to 75%. Because of the criticality of failure criteria in structural design, for a better confidence in the predicted strength, it is necessary to undertake further theoretical and experimental studies in failure criteria. Computer aided optimum designs may not be optimum if the correct failure criteria is not considered.
The Influence of Plastic Constraint on the Cleavage Cracking Behavior in Dual Phase Steel Microstructure
Authors: Ishihara T.
Published: March 2007

A study was made of the theoretical analysis, strength and fracture of the ferritic phase in dual phase steels, in which the martensitic phase has encapsulted islands. The importance of a knowledge of micro-cleavages of ferrite grains under a monotonic loading test has been assessed, not only in the study of the influence of plastic con straint but also in the theoretical analysis of the occurence of cleavage cracking on fer rite grains by plastic constraint.
Thermally Induced Transverse Cracking in Graphite-Epoxy Cross-Ply Laminates
Authors: Adams Daniel S. , Bowles David E. , Herakovich Carl T.
Published: March 2007

Thermally induced transverse cracking in T300/5208 graphite-epoxy cross-ply laminates was investigated experimentally and theoretically. The six laminate configura tions studied were: [0/903] s, [02/902]s, [03/90] s, [90/03]s, [902/02] s, and [903/0]s. The thermal load required to initiate transverse cracking was determined experimentally and compared to theoretical prediction. Experimental results for the accumulation of transverse cracks, under cyclic thermal loading between —250°F and 250°F for up to 500 thermal cycles, are presented. The calculated in situ transverse lamina strength was deter mined to be at least 1.9 times the unidirectional lamina transverse tensile strength. All laminate configurations exhibited an increase in crack density with increasing thermal cycles.
Composite Leaf Spring for Tank Trailer Suspensions
Authors: Lo K.H. , Mccusker J.J. , Gottenberg W.G.
Published: March 2007

Composite leaf springs constructed of glass fiber reinforced polymeric materials have been recognized as viable replacements for steel springs. Experience gained in the use of composite leaf springs in passenger vehicles is encouraging and clearly demonstrates the utility of glass fiber reinforced composites for leaf spring applications. This paper dis cusses a study on the use of glass fiber reinforced composite leaf springs for commercial vehicles, particularly for heavy tank trailer suspension systems. A general discussion on the analysis and design of constant width, variable thickness composite springs is pre sented. An example is given for the design of a composite spring for one of a tank trailer fleet. This spring is three inches wide with a maximum thickness of about two inches. Several dozen springs were fabricated according to the design and road tested on tank trailers. In general, the road test results demonstrated the applicability of glass fiber rein forced composite springs for trailer suspensions. The composite leaf springs were well received by the trailer operators.
Refraction Caustics Measuring the Extent of the Mesophase Layers in Fibrous Composites
Authors: Theocaris P.S.
Published: March 2007

Detection and measurement of sub-micron boundary layers developed between phases in composites was achieved by using the method of caustics. These singular curves were detected on a reference screen receiving the refracted rays of a parallel-light beam at these boundary layers, which were recognized as possessing slightly different values of their re fractive indices due to constraints between phases.

Utilizing the theory of formation of caustics for substances with constant refractive in dices, but arbitrary and smooth boundary surfaces, the direct and inverse affinities be tween caustics and the refracting surfaces were established.

This theory was applied to the inverse problem of defining from the caustic the zone of variation of the refractive surface at the interfaces between main phases of composites. In this way the extent of the mesophase in a fiber composite may be accurately established. Experimental evidence is in agreement with existing theories of the existence and extent of mesophases.
Finite Element Plate Formulation Including Transverse Shear Effects for Representing Composite Shell Structures
Authors: Hamdallah Jamil M. , Engblom John J.
Published: March 2007

A finite element formulation for the analysis of thin to moderately thick laminated composite shell structures is presented. A plate type element is developed with shear effects included by relaxing the Kirchhoff-Love hypothesis and prescribing the neu tral surface displacements independently from the rotations. The in-plane layer stresses are calculated using the constitutive equations. Once the in-plane stress variation has been obtained, the equilibrium equations are integrated to obtain the transverse shear and nor mal stresses. Two example problems are considered herein. For symmetric angle-plied or unidirectional winding it has been found that a pressurized cylinder, in addition to expand ing radially, also rotates about its axis. This contradicts the assumption that a symmetri cally wound cylinder under pressure exhibits axisymmetric deformation; thus a full cylin der model must be analyzed to produce the actual deformation. Laminated circular cylindrical shells are also analyzed with both clamped and simply supported ends in order to observe the action of transverse interlaminar shear and normal stresses. It is confirmed that near a load or structural discontinuity (restrained end), interlaminar stresses of con siderable magnitude occur and thus must be taken into account if delamination is to be avoided.
Mechanical Response and the Design of Notched Composite Laminates Filled with a Reinforcement
Authors: Tan Seng C.
Published: March 2007

The stress-strain distributions of notched anisotropic composite laminates of symmetric layup filled with an elliptical reinforcement has been analyzed using a com plex variable method. The laminates are subjected to inplane combined loading. The result of this study shows that the stress concentrations in the base laminate can be reduced significantly using appropriate materials for the reinforcement. The ultimate strength of the laminates was predicted using the result of the stress analysis in conjunction with the Minimum Strength Model. Then a ranking method was utilized for the design and repair- ability analyses. The ranking was based on the predicted residual ultimate strength or the first-ply-failure strength of the laminates with or without a reinforcement. From this analy sis, the reusability of composite structures after suffering from damages can be judged from the strength recovery with plug repairs.
Mixed-Mode Fracture in Unidirectional Graphite Epoxy Composite Laminates with Central Notch
Authors: Binienda Wieslaw K. , Reddy E.S.
Published: March 2007

Mixed-mode matrix fracture in central notched off-axis unidirectional composite laminates was investigated. A limited number of unidirectional tensile type specimens with a central, horizontal, notch were tested. Crack initiation and propagation were examined under various local stress fields that were controlled by fiber orientations. The tested specimens were simulated using a two dimensional finite element method with constant strain loading. The strain energy release rates along the crack were evaluated via crack closure technique. The variation of critical strain energy rates with off-axis angle was studied. The results from single (one-sided) and double (two-sided) crack simulations were presented and compared.