bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic Desensitization as a Component for Treatment of Alopecia Areata: A Case Study
Authors: Stowe Judith E. , Goldenberg Edward
Published: September 2011

Systematic desensitization and relaxation were employed to examine their effects on hair growth in a 20-yr.-old male with a 4-yr. history of alopecia areata. Six bald scalp patches were photographed over 6 mo.; 2 ordered hierarchies involving interpersonal and compulsive themes were presented in 8 treatment sessions. Results indicated nearly complete hair regrowth over the 6 mo., with no new appearances of bald patches. Both rate and duration of growth exceeded that reported in dermatological literature, suggesting that autonomic activity associated with anxiety and nervousness are correlated with physiological changes precipitating hair loss.
Effects of Muscle Tone and Changes in Autonomic Balance on Cognitive Style
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Mazza Pia
Published: September 2011

To study the relationship between cognitive style and psychophysiological variables, the Embedded Figures Test of Witkin was given to an experimental group of 25 students and to a matched control group. The experimental group was then submitted for 3 mo. to the exercises of Schultz's autogenic training. The control group had no treatment on the embedded figures. Retest showed for both groups an improvement toward greater field-independence. However, improvement was significantly greater for the trained group than for the control group. These results support the view that the cognitive style is partially dependent on the psychophysiological information in the body, in such way that changes in body-experience may modify some aspects of cognitive style.
Gender, Sex-Role Identity and Avoidance-Confrontation of Existential Issues for Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Phillips Walter M. , Phillips Anne M.
Published: September 2011

Viewing at least the beginnings of personality development beyond culturally stereotypic sex-roles as theoretically related to the openness to confront existential issues in general, the confrontation-avoidance of existential issues for 32 male and 32 female psychiatric inpatients was investigated. Subjects were grouped for analysis of variance by gender and by median splits of Bern Sex-role Inventory scores for masculinity and femininity. Although both male and female stereotypic sex-role groups evidenced the greatest avoidance of existential issues, the only statistically significant trend was found for the interaction of gender by masculinity which was attributable to the endorsement of masculine adjectives by females being associated with the most existential confrontation. Discussed in view of Bern's similar findings regarding flexibility and females' scores for masculine adjective endorsement, the results were viewed as supporting our model for female patients but not for males.
Comparison of Group Therapy and Behavioral Modification with Children
Authors: Berry Kenneth K. , Turone Richard J. , Hardt Patricia
Published: September 2011

24 children exhibiting disruptive classroom behaviors were assigned either to a self-concept psychotherapy group or to a behavioral modification group. Measures of self-esteem and disruptive or “deviant” behaviors were made before and after treatment. The self-concept therapy group showed the greater changes on behavioral measures. The self-esteem measures were not significantly changed.
Differences in Self-Monitoring of Expressive Behavior in Depressed and Nondepressed Individuals
Authors: Rahaim Sara , Waid Lewis R. , Kennelly Kevin J. , Stricklin Ann
Published: September 2011

Recent research has indicated an association between depression and lack of social skill. The present investigation sought to extend these findings to the self-monitoring of expressive behavior by administering Snyder's (1974) Self-monitoring Scale and Beck's (1967) Depression Inventory to samples from two very different populations, community-residing women volunteers and psychiatric patients. It was predicted that nondepressed subjects would tend to be high in self-monitoring their expressive behavior, while depressed subjects would tend to monitor their expressive behavior less. Data from both samples supported this hypothesis and were discussed as evidence for the validity of the self-monitoring scale.
Social Variables Affect Maternal Behavior in Lactating Female Hooded Rats
Authors: Bauer J. H.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of social factors on pup-directed activities by Long-Evans hooded rats. Maternal responsiveness was measured by placing virgin and lactating animals or pairs of lactating rats in an open field. The animals were separated from 6- to 9-day-old pups by a barrier of plastic screening. Virgin-lactator pairings produced a high incidence of aggression whereas pairs of maternal animals co-operated in removal of the obstacle and pup care. The study suggests that the rat's maternal behavior can be modified by social facilitation
Comments on “Comments on the Reliability of a Personality Questionnaire Used in Physical Education and Sport Research”
Authors: Bolton Brian
Published: September 2011

The issue addressed concerns critical statements about the reliability of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and related instruments made without benefit of appropriate statistical significance tests. The position argued is that such conclusions are unwarranted.
Counterconditioning, Hierarchy, and CS Exposure in Extinction of Human Avoidance Responding
Authors: Dua Jagdish K.
Published: September 2011

Eight groups of subjects were trained to make a button-press avoidance response and were then given 15 treatment trials before being tested for extinction. Subjects in the Flooding group were exposed to the 2000-Hz tone (CS) for 20.0 sec. irrespective of their responding. In six other groups subjects were treated according to a 2 × 3 design. They were either exposed to the original CS (CS groups) or a hierarchy of tone stimuli leading to the CS (Graded CS groups). Subjects were asked either to imagine nothing (CS-only and Graded CS-only), imagine neutral events (CS-neutral and Graded CS-neutral), or imagine pleasant events (CS-pleasant and Graded CS-pleasant). A Yoked-flooding group in which CS durations were identical to the CS durations in the CS-pleasant group was also tested. Testing during extinction showed that avoidance responding was most resistant to extinction in the CS-only, Graded CS-only, and Neutral groups and least in the Flooding group. The Pleasant groups showed quicker extinction than the Neutral, CS-only, and Graded CS-only groups. The CS-pleasant group was quicker to extinguish than the Yoked-flooding group. Although flooding was the most effective procedure, the results showed that not all the effects of response competition, through imagination of pleasant experiences, could be explained through the CS-exposure hypothesis.
Frequency of Alarm Barks in Two Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Towns
Authors: Motiff James P.
Published: September 2011

The frequency of alarm barks of prairie dogs was found to increase as the distance from an observer to the prairie dog decreased. This orderly relationship occurred in both a town heavily visited by tourists and in an isolated town. However, the frequency of barking, the distance at which barking began, and the distance between the observer and the prairie dog before the prairie dog retreated into its burrow were all greater for the prairie dogs in the isolated town.
Organizational Conditions Affecting Withdrawal Intentions and Decisions as Moderated by Work Experience
Authors: La Rocco James M. , Jones Allan P.
Published: September 2011

Numerous studies of withdrawal from work organizations have considered demographic and other personal history characteristics of leavers. Relatively few of these studies have incorporated dynamic situational characteristics in their designs. In the present effort, the relationship between perceived characteristics of the work environment and stated intentions to reenlist were examined for two groups of first-term Navy enlistees: 198 with less than one year of active duty and less than six months of sea duty, and 516 personnel with more than one year of active duty and more than six months of sea time. It was hypothesized that: (a) the relationship between organizational conditions and intent to reenlist would be weaker for new members than for experienced men, (b) that new personnel would be most likely to change their intentions over time, and (c) that new personnel would quickly assimilate the beliefs, values, and perspectives of their more experienced co-workers. Hypothesis 1 was not supported although the pattern of relationships was in the predicted direction. Hypotheses 2 and 3 were supported. The authors discuss the need for research which emphasizes the impact of initial expectation and organizational socialization on the withdrawal decision process.
Phase of the Moon and Seizure Activity
Authors: Fitzhugh Loren C. , Mulvaney Dallas E. , Hughes Lawson H.
Published: September 2011

The number of seizures for 50 chronically hospitalized patients during each of the four basic phases of the moon were recorded over a 5-yr.-period. The results indicated that phase of the moon was not related to the occurrence of seizures for years, weekdays or weekends, or sex. It was found that females had more seizures than males.
Distant Interpersonal Spacing and Psychological Distance
Authors: Ford J. Guthrie , Hoebeke Sara
Published: September 2011

A recent line of research in the personal space area addresses the subject's experiential state of social spacing. One such study has reported that under close spacing, subjects experience the distance as significantly closer than the actual distance. This paper investigated the phenomenology of distant spacing. Females were moved beyond their preferred distance to another person and their judgments of the distant spacing were measured. Such a condition led to a significant overestimation of the actual personal space. The deductive base for this research was sensory-tonic theory, and the results were discussed within a cognitive-distance model of interpersonal spacing.
Locus of Control in a Delinquent Adolescent Population
Authors: Kumchy C. I. G. , Sayer L. A.
Published: September 2011

The present research explored attitudinal responsibility of 42 juvenile delinquents for life situations, both general and achievement-oriented. It was hypothesized that delinquent adolescents would show reduced measures on achievement motivation and general locus of control compared to normative samples. Significant findings using the achievement motivation scale were related to previous research which suggested that delinquency may be related to a limited ability to learn societal norms and consequences of behavior. The general and specific locus of control scores for the sampled group were more external than those for a comparable aged norm group; scores resembled a chronologically younger population.
Preliminary Evidence on Use of DRL Schedules in Treating Childhood Enuresis: A Case Study VIA Parental Consultation
Authors: Gresham Frank M.
Published: September 2011

The effects of a treatment package used within the context of three DRL schedules of reinforcement (DRL 40%, DRL 20%, and DRL 0%) were evaluated with an 8½-yr.-old boy who evidenced regressive enuresis. Although it could not be concluded that the DRL schedules per se were responsible for the elimination of enuretic behavior, the data suggest that the total package of procedures eliminated this behavior. The advantages of consultation with parents were discussed and better-controlled research using DRL schedules to treat enuresis was advised.
Locus of Control and the Denial of Anxiety
Authors: Molinari Victor , Khanna Prabha
Published: September 2011

Houston (1972) noted, although internal and external locus of control subjects reported the same amount of anxiety in stressful skill and chance situations, internal subjects actually manifested more physiological arousal. He interpreted this finding as evidence for the use of denial among internal subjects. We argue that methodological problems preclude this conclusion, and a modification of Houston's experiment was designed to test the idea that internal subjects do not interpret their arousal as anxiety because their arousal facilitates performance, while defensive external subjects interpret their arousal as anxiety because it hinders performance. Results did not confirm Houston's (1972) findings of significant differences in heart rate between internal and external subjects (30 men and 30 women) under stress. Although internal subjects performed significantly better than defensive external subjects in the non-stressful skill condition, the hypothesized relationships between facilitating anxiety, debilitating anxiety, physiological arousal, and performance on a skillful task did not hold.
Effect of Characteristics of the Candidate on Voter's Preference
Authors: Patton Gary W. R. , Kaericher Cathleen E.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that political candidates who are more (a) credible, (b) likeable, (c) demographic-ally similar, and (d) similar in issue stands to the electorate than their opponents will gain more votes in an election. In Exp. 1 an initial survey of 55 students in general psychology was employed to gain information about students' demographic characteristics, their attitudes about issues, and traits which students felt likeable and credible people possessed. From this information, written descriptions of four pairs of fictional student candidates were produced. The candidate pairs differed in either (a) credibility, (b) likeability, (c) demographic similarity with the electorate, or (d) similarity in issue stands with the electorate. These four descriptions were then distributed in approximately equal numbers among 726 students in general psychology under the guise that an election of a student representative was taking place. The student was asked to vote for one of the two candidates described. Exp. 2 was similar to Exp. 1, except that the initial survey to gain information was conducted among 93 registered voters residing in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, and candidates descriptions requiring a choice of candidate were collected from another 130 Indiana County voters. Statistical analysis of the election results showed that for both college students and registered voters, the more credible, likeable, and attitudinally similar candidates won significantly more votes. Further statistical analysis indicated that for college students, attitudinal similarity was the most powerful determinant of voting, followed by credibility and then likeability. By contrast, no differences were found among the four factors in their ability to determine the votes of registered voters. Finally, candidates' likeability had a significantly greater effect on the votes of registered voters than those of college students.
Two-Factor Model of Managers' Work Orientation and its Predictions
Authors: Neumann Yoram
Published: September 2011

This study develops a model which explains the role of specific and global work orientations in predicting extrinsic and intrinsic work attitudes. Four hypotheses were derived from the model, based on the congruence between extrinsic work attitudes and specific orientation on one hand, and between intrinsic work attitudes and global orientation on the other hand. These hypotheses were tested and verified for managers.
Components of Self-Reinforcing Events
Authors: Mizes J. Scott , Schuldt W. John
Published: September 2011

This research was designed to assess the independent effects of two elements of self-reinforcing events, self-imposition of achievement standards and self-administration of rewards ( ns = 16/group). Achievement standards, in the absence of rewards, and self-administration of rewards increased performance. Subjects who selected achievement standards did not differ significantly from subjects who had such standards imposed by an experimenter. No significant interaction was found between achievement standards and rewards.
Expectational Composition and Development of Group Cohesiveness across Time Periods
Authors: Peteroy Edward T.
Published: September 2011

Effects of members' and leaders' expectations on development of group cohesiveness were studied. The relationship between gain in cohesiveness and the use of certain learning mechanisms also was assessed. Subjects were 41 students enrolled in an introductory class in group counseling. Students participated twice weekly as members of a growth group (3 hr. per week) for 25 sessions. Leaders for these groups were six advanced graduate students in counseling psychology. Members and leaders were assigned randomly to groups on the basis of an expectation scale, with three types of member groups (high, moderate, low) being conducted by leaders with high and low expectations. Gain in cohesiveness was measured during early and late periods. Analysis indicates that varying group members' expectations affects development of cohesiveness and that within early and late periods gain in cohesiveness changes depending on the group's expectational composition. A significant relationship between gain in cohesiveness and interpersonal learning mechanisms also was found. Implications are discussed in terms of pretraining of members' expectations.
Effects of Follow-up Procedures on Survey Results
Authors: Roth Aleda , Klassen Deidre , Lubin Bernard
Published: September 2011

The Depression Adjective Check List was used as part of an initial interview and as a follow-up interview for measuring changes in depressed mood over time in a community survey. Four procedures were utilized in collecting the follow-up data, (1) leaving the questionnaire with the respondent, (2) mailing the questionnaire, (3) telephone interview, and (4) personal interview. Comparisons of the four procedures showed the telephone interview yielded significantly lower scores on depression than the other procedures. The results indicate potential problems from the use of the telephone interview. Possible confounding factors are discussed.
Values in Parochial and Public Schools: Alike or Different?
Authors: Brown Nina W. , Lawson Richard
Published: September 2011

Rokeach's Value Survey Scale was administered to seventh and eighth grade students attending Catholic ( n — 61), Episcopalian ( n — 113), Friends ( n = 29), and Public ( n — 40) Schools. The four-group stepwise discriminant function carried out found that seven value rankings maximized the minimum Mahalanobis distance between group pairs: self-controlled, salvation, social recognition, national security, courageous, equality, and obedience. Two statistically significant functions were derived, Concern for Eternal Life and Recognition Reliability and Acceptance. The scale correctly classified 56% of the students in all groups with 70.5% of the Catholic, 46.9% of the Episcopalian, 47.5% of the public school and 75.9% of the Friends students correctly classified. The composite rankings were then compared with the 13-yr.-old age-group rankings reported by Rokeach.
“Cumulative Deficit,” a Longitudinal Analysis of Scores on McCarthy Scales
Authors: Ernhart Claire B. , Landa Beth
Published: September 2011

Preschool testing of 80 black disadvantaged children with the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities was followed 5 yr. later with reexamination with the same Scales. The attrition rate was only 15%. Published norms were used for 27 children (primary group). Extrapolated norms were used for a supplementary group of 41 older children for whom published norms were not appropriate. A performance drop in the General Cognitive Index, predicted from reports of “cumulative deficit,” was not obtained. For the primary group, no significant decreases on the subscales were obtained. Scores of the supplementary group on the Quantitative and Memory Scales decreased significantly; this may have been due to the extrapolation of norms. Over-all, the data are not consistent with the hypothesis of progressively poorer test performance for black children.
2 × 2 Primitive Games
Authors: Schellenberg James A.
Published: September 2011

A “primitive game” is understood to be any situation of interdependence in which outcomes are represented simply as positive, neutral, and negative. A total of 1,049 strategically distinct 2 × 2 (2 persons with 2 choices each) primitive games have been identified; their main characteristics are briefly summarized.
Intended and Actual Moves on River-Crossing Problems
Authors: Best John
Published: September 2011

The study investigated the ability of 39 subjects to indicate their own future moves on a problem-solving task. Subjects solved the Hobbits-Orcs problem until they reached a criterion of two errorless consecutive attempts. The errors that were made by subjects in predicting their own future moves can be well accounted for by a computer simulation which assumes a fixed order of the desirability of all possible moves. It was concluded that there is no compelling evidence to suggest that humans have any need to look ahead in order to solve the Hobbits-Orcs problem.
Physical and Perceptual Analysis in Consumer Research: Comparison of Sizzlean to Hormel Black Label and Armour Star Bacon
Authors: Hull Kathy Nicholson , Kroth Jerome A.
Published: September 2011

Sizzlean, Hormel Black Label, and Armour Star bacon were compared using a kitchen cooking process to verify Swift & Co. claims that its bacon product was 50% leaner than average bacon. Two procedures were utilized to test this hypothesis. Results showed a physical analysis of the three bacons verifying Swift & Co. claims; a second taste procedure indicated Sizzlean to be perceived as significantly leaner than Hormel but not significantly more flavorful. Armour Star bacon was not evaluated in the gustatory testing.
Relationship of Fear of Success to Perceived Parental Attitudes toward Success and Autonomy in Men and Women
Authors: Miller Julie R.
Published: September 2011

This exploratory study investigated patterns of perceived parental response to success or autonomy strivings by sons and daughters and to determine the relationships, if any, between these patterns and the presence or absence of fear of success. Male and female undergraduates completed a Fear of Success Scale and also wrote stories about parental responses to story-stems depicting successful or autonomous desires and activities of a son or daughter. 60 female subjects depicted their mothers as significantly less approving of such moves than their fathers, whereas for 60 men, both parents were seen as fairly approving as were the fathers of the women. There was no correlation between perceived parental response and fear of success for men, whereas there was a significant correlation for the female subjects between fear of success and projected response of both fathers and mothers. Notable, however, for the female subjects, was the high correlation between projected maternal response and fear of success. Theoretical implications were discussed.
Parental Behavior and Self-Esteem in Children
Authors: Growe Glenn A.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between parental behavior and children's self-esteem was examined. Greater parental support and milder punishments were related to higher self-esteem in 123 children from Grades 5 and 6. The correlations between self-esteem and three dimensions of parental behavior differed significantly for boys and girls. Parental behavior was more highly related to boys' than to girls' self-esteem.
Values and Volunteers: Axiology of Altruism in a Crisis Center
Authors: Mahoney John , Pechura Constance M.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the values of volunteers for a crisis center “hotline” telephone service. The volunteers (19 males, 23 females) were compared to an aggregately sex-matched control group of 42 evening college students at a major urban regional university. Both groups completed a Rokeach Value Survey. A total of 12 values discriminated between the volunteer and control groups. Results suggest that, in contrast to control subjects, volunteers for crisis-intervention centers are demonstrably more altruistic, with more highly developed interests in social activity and an increased need for inner-direction. A subsequent value comparison of the 23 volunteers who remained for at least 2 mo. beyond the training period with 19 who dropped out disclosed only 2 minor differences. Value differences appear to be critical in volunteer selection but are generally unrelated to retention.
Evaluation of the Health Locus of Control for Obesity Treatment
Authors: Chavez Ernest L. , Michaels Ann Crampton
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to evaluate the efficacy of the Health Locus of Control Questionnaire on predicting success in a behavioral treatment program for obesity. 31 internal subjects lost significantly more weight than did 12 external subjects. Other comparisons of external with internal individuals are also discussed.
Validation of Donating to Charity as a Measure of Children's Altruism
Authors: Rushton J. Philippe , Wheelwright Mary
Published: September 2011

Data are presented on the validity of donating tokens to a charity as a measure of altruism in 45 girls aged 6 to 10 yr. Such measures are shown to relate significantly positively to both teachers' ratings of children's generosity and to sharing candies with a best friend.
Cognitive Modification of Obsessive Thinking in a Rape Victim: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Forman Bruce D.
Published: September 2011

The use of cognitive restructuring in treating multiple behavior problems of a 22-yr.-old female is reported. Thought-stopping was applied to reduce production of obsessive ruminations. The positive results were interpreted as illustrating the validity of symptom-specific treatment for victims in advanced phases of post-rape adjustment.
Strategies for Rating Emotion Used by Adolescents Who Show Conduct Problems
Authors: Lueger Robert J.
Published: September 2011

30 adolescents who showed many conduct problems used more extreme rating categories and fewer of the available categories than 30 adolescents with few conduct problems when they rated their enjoyment of audiovisual stimuli. Contrary to the predictions of Cleckley's motivation-deficit theory, the strategies for rating emotion used by 15 adolescents with conduct problems were not changed by exposure to a highly arousing stimulus. An alternative explanation of cognitive differentiation is discussed.
Adjective Generation Technique: Assessment Measure for Training in Progressive Relaxation
Authors: Fox Robert , Oitker Donald
Published: September 2011

The sensitivity of the Adjective Generation Technique to changes in anxiety following a progressive relaxation session was described for 13 undergraduates who reported significantly less anxiety following a relaxation procedure. Scores correlated .79 with the Spielberger State Anxiety Scale. The advantages of using the adjective technique for assessing the effectiveness of relaxation training were discussed.
Contributions of Individual Differences to Subjective Intoxication
Authors: Stark-Adamec Cannie , Pihl R. O. , Adamec Robert E.
Published: September 2011

Our previous research has demonstrated that the statistical relationships between personality and drug history are not particularly impressive, but that background, drug history and expectancy are related to specific aspects of the marihuana intoxication experience. The present research explored the relationships between individual difference variables (personality, background, and drug history) and subjective level of intoxication on coltsfoot, placebo, and marihuana in 24 male volunteers. Pearson product-moment correlations were strongest on coltsfoot and placebo. Pro-social dimensions of personality and experience with LSD were most strongly related to subjective level of intoxication.
Cognitive Tempo and Intellectual Performance in College Students
Authors: Larsen William W.
Published: September 2011

24 college students were given the adult version of Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test and the Advanced Progressive Matrices (1962), Set II. Neither errors nor latencies on the Matching Familiar Figures Test were significantly correlated with scores on the Advanced Progressive Matrices. These data suggest that the relationship between intellectual performance and scores on the Matching Familiar Figures Test for college students is different than that relationship for children.
Consequences of Reverse Discrimination
Authors: Johnson Stephen D.
Published: September 2011

62 white subjects participated in an experiment to assess reactions to reverse discrimination. After losing to a black confederate on two tests of ability either because the confederate had more ability or because the confederate was black (reverse discrimination), the subjects' reactions to the black were assessed. Reverse discrimination was considered more unjust and this could possibly be viewed as a violation of three principles, equity, equality, and need. Furthermore, reverse discrimination produced some tendency to feel one had less control over rewards in life. However, reverse discrimination did not increase aggression or prejudice toward blacks or a tendency to believe in an unjust world Possible reasons were given for why a feeling of injustice in reaction to reverse discrimination did not lead to overt aggression toward the black confederate.
Effects of Input Order and Category Cues on Serial Recall
Authors: Winzenz David , Johnson Kenneth
Published: September 2011

To investigate the degree to which category labels served as retrieval cues to facilitate learning of successive lists of nouns, eight lists of 12 nouns each were constructed with one instance from each of 12 categories on each list. The lists were constructed with the category instances either in fixed, rotating, or random serial order. Three related experiments were conducted that showed (a) only lists constructed with categories in a fixed serial order displayed facilitation effects across the learning of several lists, (b) telling the learners about the method of list construction so they could then utilize category labels to aid recall did not eliminate the fixed order vs random and rotating order difference, and (c) the differences in recall for the three types of list construction were eliminated when category cues were provided at input and output. The results were interpreted as supporting a mediational view of learning.
Stability and Distinctiveness in Interaction of Mother and Neonate
Authors: Frankel Daniel G. , Arbel Tali , Mendrovski Leah
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the stability and distinctiveness of interactions of mothers and neonates. Behaviors were coded while neonates were observed in a semi-structured situation in the hospital three days after birth with their true mothers as well as with strange mothers who had had parenting experience similar to that of the true mothers. These same infants were then observed in their homes 10 days after birth but only with their true mothers. Interactions between true mothers and infants differed little from the interactions between strange mothers and infants. True mothers' performances, though, proved to be better than strange mothers' performances for predicting Day 10 behaviors of infants while interacting with-their true mothers. Mothers and infants both evidenced much stability across the observations on Days 3 and 10.
Male-Female Differences in Conceptions of Romantic Love Relationships
Authors: Morais Robert J. , Tan Allen L.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to determine what 60 male and 60 female undergraduates considered the ideal romantic love relationship. Analysis indicated that females were more concerned than males that their independence be respected and prescribed more warmth and sensitivity from males than males thought they should exhibit. Males thought women should show more sensitivity and be more absorbed and dependent upon their partners than women prescribed for themselves.
Physical Attractiveness and Occupational Prestige among Male College Graduates
Authors: Sparacino Jack
Published: September 2011

A set of archival data was used to test the hypothesis that physical attractiveness is positively associated with socioeconomic status among men. Consistent with earlier research, more attractive men earned equivalent grades while undergraduates. They were also no more likely to have subsequently earned a graduate degree or to have held jobs characterized by higher status as indexed by Duncan (1961) prestige scores. Attractiveness itself was stable over the 25 yr. for those initially judged to be intermediate in attractiveness. Those who were initially most and least attractive were judged to have declined and increased, respectively, over the period in question, providing evidence for a regression toward the mean.
Mobile Children: An American Tragedy?
Authors: Goebel Barbara L.
Published: September 2011

Relationships between mobility patterns and sex, socioeconomic status, and intelligence were investigated using a sample of 586 high school students (278 males, 308 females). Analysis shows higher rates of mobility during preschool and lower rates during adolescence are associated with higher socioeconomic status at adolescence and that, regardless of social status, highly intelligent adolescents report this mobility pattern. The trend seems more pronounced for males than females.
Silverstein's Nonparametric Many-One Test for a One-Way Design: A Monte Carlo Study
Authors: Church James D. , Wike Edward L.
Published: September 2011

A Monte Carlo study was done to find the Type I error rates for three nonparametric procedures for making k − 1 many-one comparisons in a one-way design. The tests ( t) were the Silverstein and Steel many-one ranks tests and the two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test, k = 3, 5, 7, and 10 treatments were crossed with n = 7, 10, and 15 replicates with 1000 simulations per k, n combination. Analyses of four Type I error rates showed that: (1) The Wilcoxon test had the best comparisonwise error rates; (2) none of the tests functioned well as protected tests; and (3) the Silverstein test had the best experimentwise error rates and was the recommended procedure for many-one tests for a one-way layout.
Intercorrelations among Scale Scores of the Personal Orientation Inventory for Nursing Students
Authors: Martin John D. , Blair Garland E. , Rudolph Linda B. , Melman B. Steven
Published: September 2011

The present study estimated intercorrelations among the scales of the Personal Orientation Inventory for 89 first- and second-year nursing students—79 women and 10 men, ranging in age from 18 to 52 yr. (mean of 27 yr.)—and compared these with those reported in the test manual. Age, sex, and year-in-program were not related to scores on the inventory. Generally, correlations were larger than those reported in the manual and by others.
Egocentrism in Elementary School Children: Validity and Application of Assessment Techniques
Authors: Champion Dennis W. , Lowe Roland C. , Cavior Norman
Published: September 2011

Scores on a newly constructed measure of social egocentrism were correlated with those on measures of spatial egocentricity and communicative egocentricity and with two measures of school-related behaviors, popularity with peers and academic achievement, for 12 boys and 12 girls at each grade/age. At the kindergarten level, visual-motor skills and auditory skills correlated significantly with social egocentricity, .43 ( p < .01), and .49 ( P < .01), respectively. Correlations of academic achievement and egocentricity at Grades 2, 4, and 6 were all low and non-significant. Similarly, all correlations between egocentricity and popularity were low with only one correlation of .18 for communicative egocentrism and popularity being significant. The three measures of egocentricity intercorrelated moderately, the highest between spatial and communicative egocentrism ( r = .45, p < .01).
Relationship between Stability of Cognition and Stability of Depressive Mood
Authors: Bierman Karen L.
Published: September 2011

Subjects were assessed for depression at two points in time, and classified as 32 stable depressives, 30 unstable depressives, or 25 stable nondepressives. Cognitions were also assessed during both periods to determine the existence of a positive or negative bias in self-evaluation. Stable depressives expressed a stable negative bias in self-evaluation; unstable depressives became somewhat more positive as their depression lifted, and stable nondepressives significantly increased in positive bias over time.
Effects of Interpersonal Attraction and Type of Behavior on Attributions
Authors: Baglan Thomas
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of interpersonal attraction for another and the type of behavior performed by another on attributions made about that other's behavior. 80 subjects interacted with either someone to whom they were attracted or with an experimental confederate, who performed either typical, expected behavior or atypical, unexpected behavior. Analysis indicated that attributions were significantly affected by an interaction between interpersonal attraction and type of behavior. In explaining atypical behavior, subjects tended to make more external attributions under conditions of high attraction. In explaining typical behavior, subjects tended to make more internal attributions under conditions of high attraction.
Effects of a Laughing versus a Nonlaughing Model on Humor Responses in College Students
Authors: Brown Gary E. , Brown Dana , Ramos Joan
Published: September 2011

The generality of the role of imitation learning with respect to humor responses was examined in 48 college students. The students were exposed to either no model, a laughing model, or a nonlaughing model before reading magazine cartoons alone. The students who had observed a laughing model laughed more than the students who had observed a nonlaughing model or no model.
Comparison of Six Lengths of Rating Scales: Students' Attitudes toward Instruction
Authors: Neumann Lily , Neumann Yoram
Published: September 2011

The characteristics of rating scales are very important in questionnaires on attitudes and satisfaction. In the construction of a rating scale, one is often concerned about the number of rating categories. Effects of scale length on relationships among variables are explored through a study of students' satisfaction with college instruction. Six rating scales of length n are compared, for n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10. The results indicate that deviations of actual averages from the theoretical means increase as the number of choice points increase. Also, Pearson's correlations and etas generally increase with scale length.
Structured Skill Test in Physical Examination
Authors: Ber Rosalie , Moore M. , Osterweil D. , Alroy G.
Published: September 2011

To evaluate 52 fourth-year medical students' skills in giving physical examinations, a list of 89 skills was composed and distributed to students and instructors of a course in introduction to clinical medicine. During the test students were given 10 min. to demonstrate their skills on 10 randomly selected tasks. Three examiners independently evaluated each of the 10 performances. It was demonstrated that such a procedure results in an efficient test which possesses content validity. In the absence of well defined criteria for grading, the inter-judge reliability of the scores was rather low.
Varying Levels of Marijuana Use by Adolescents and the Amotivational Syndrome
Authors: Creason Christopher R. , Goldman Morton
Published: September 2011

The amotivational syndrome hypothesis states that marijuana use decreases the users' activity level and will to achieve. The syndrome is a consistent feature of the clinical studies that dominate the marijuana literature, but the experimental studies have produced equivocal results. The present study used an objective measure of motivation to determine the effect of various levels of marijuana usage on motivation. The subjects were 55 high-school age adolescents who were categorized into four marijuana usage groups: non-users, casual users, heavy users, and heavy users who were now ex-users. The results showed that the heavy- and ex-users were significantly lower on the measure of motivation than the casual and non-users. The conclusion was that a third factor, such as boredom or peer-group association, produces both an increased likelihood of heavy marijuana use and lowered motivation.
Achievement, Self-Confidence, Personality Traits, and Leadership Ability: A Review of Literature on Sex Differences
Authors: White Michael C. , De Sanctis Gerardine , Crino Michael D.
Published: September 2011

This manuscript reviews the adjustment of women managers to the managerial role. The primary focus of the paper is on sex differences in relation to self-confidence, achievement and fear of success, leadership ability, and personality characteristics. In addition, career tactics and career strategies managers utilize to achieve success are discussed. Deficiencies in research, the need for a systematic theoretical framework, and possible future trends are also presented.
What Does the Phenocopy Copy?
Authors: Oyama Susan
Published: September 2011

The concept of the phenocopy is examined from the point of view of psychology. Two main uses are described: to refer to artificially induced versions of phenotypes usually associated with mutant genes and to designate naturally occurring alternate phenotypes which appear in different environments. It is argued that the traditional definition, an environmentally produced copy of a genetic character, perpetuates the misleading and invalid assumption that some phenotypic characters are programmed and formed by the genes, while others are formed by the environment. An alternate view rejects this developmental dichotomy (which is to be distinguished from the legitimate description of specific sources of variation under restricted experimental conditions), instead taking the notion of multiple developmental pathways as central. The value of this latter idea extends far beyond the phenocopy itself, emphasizing as it does the coaction, not just interaction as it is conventionally construed, of genome and environment in ontogenesis. In the light of this coaction the concept of genetic potential is scrutinized and found inadequate to the often unpredictable multiplicity of development.
The System Ilia: Teaching Useful Nonexpressible Understanding in Psychology
Authors: Shelly Maynard W. , Hoyle Lawrence , Whitacre Tamara
Published: September 2011

A computerized system, called ILIA, for teaching a useful non-expressible understanding of complex natural phenomena is briefly described. The applications to teaching psychology to persons without a technical background is stressed, and use in a particular course outlined. Through attempting to teach people about the complex behavior of natural systems without having to learn detailed analytic dynamics, this type of system may have many uses outside of the university. A simple analysis of students' reactions suggests that ILIA may be reasonably effective in achieving its goal.
Defensive Repressors and Empathic Impairment
Authors: Nielsen Lawrence E. , Fleck J. Roland
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine whether an inverse relationship exists between defensive repression and empathy. Defensive repression was assessed by scores of 16 male and 28 female freshmen of a religious college on the Byrne Repression-Sensitization Scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Empathy was assessed by Carkhuff's rating procedures for empathy and four scales of the Personal Orientation Inventory. Defensive repressors were significantly less empathic than nondefensive repressors on written responses. Defensive repressors scored significantly lower on the Feeling Reactivity scale and the Acceptance of Aggression scale of the Personal Orientation Inventory. The Existentiality and Capacity for Intimate Contact scales did not discriminate between the two groups. 43800 Biola Ave., La Mirada, CA 90639.
Psychologists' Attitudes about Prescribing Medications
Authors: Bascue Loy O. , Zlotowski Martin
Published: September 2011

A sample of 143 psychologists practicing independently were surveyed regarding both their contact with clients using medication and also their attitudes about the possibility of psychologists prescribing medications.
Response Patterns of Children to Interrogatives with Differing Syntactical Complexities
Authors: Leder Steven B. , Egelston Richard L.
Published: September 2011

This study systematically varied the syntactical complexity of 15 interrogative types by using adult and telegraphic syntax patterns. Different surface structures were generated but the same deep structure was maintained. 25 male and 25 female children between the ages of 34 and 72 mo. served as subjects. The purposes of this study were (a) to determine the hierarchy of response rate by children with normal and delayed language development and (b) to determine whether adult or Telegraphic syntax was responded to with greater accuracy by children with normal and delayed language development. The language-delayed group appeared to follow the same developmental hierarchy of interrogative acquisition as the normally developing group for both adult and telegraphic speech syntax. The normal group performed significantly better than the delayed group regarding types and syntactical complexity of interrogates answered appropriately. In addition, evidence was obtained for the preference of using syntax of adult speech over telegraphic speech syntax when interrogating a child whose language is delayed or normally developing.
Relationship between Life Change and Illness in Coping versus Sensitive Persons
Authors: Cooley Eric J. , Keesey James C.
Published: September 2011

A linear regression equation for the relationship between life change and illness for 281 college students was used to select subjects from the quartile showing less illness than predicted (coping subjects, n = 34) and from the quartile showing more illness than predicted (sensitive subjects, n = 20). Comparisons between groups on the number and use of social supports and on the K, 1, 2, and 3 scales of the MMPI showed no significant differences in social support. The sensitive subjects were higher on scales 1 and 3 of the MMPI but not different on K or 2. The results were discussed in terms of strategies for dealing with stress which are reflected in a 1, 3 elevation on the MMPI.
Empirical Statistics: III. Changes in Use of Statistics in Psychology
Authors: Moore Michael
Published: September 2011

A survey of statistical methods used in 1979 by eight journals of psychology was carried out. Results were compared to those of an identical survey in 1971. Of 76 different methods employed, only nine appeared in at least 5% of the articles. Compared to the previous survey, there was a slight decrease in the use of non-parametric techniques, a moderate increase in the use of correlational techniques and analyses of variance, and a large increase in the use of multivariate techniques.
Influence of Family, Peers, and School on Senegalese Adolescents
Authors: Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

From responses to a 6-item questionnaire, given to 815 secondary school students, were inferred interactions of authority exerted by parents, school staff, and friends on students. Generally the influence of teachers on decisions made by students outside school is as important as that exerted by peers, while parents' authority remains strongest. Scarcity of affective teacher-student contacts led to less reliance on them for advice than on parents and friends.