bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linking Housing Changes to Crime
Authors: Murie Alan
Published: March 2003

Housing figures prominently in debates about crime in Britain. It has become commonplace to comment on the increasing associations between crime and council housing. This paper explores some of the issues which link housing and crime. It argues that it is important to recognize how the social base and geography of housing have changed and to understand processes which lead to an increasing concentration in council housing of those with least choice in the housing market and fewest resources elsewhere. At the same time there is a danger in overstating the associations between crime and council housing and neglecting other associations with housing, and homelessness. In view of the associations between crime and council housing, considerable effort has been expended on developing management and other responses designed to reduce crime. The general view is that a broad approach is required in such initiatives and the limited research evidence does not suggest that housing management action alone is effective in reducing crime. The association which exists between council housing and crime requires a policy response which relates to why the most deprived sections of the community are increasingly concentrated in parts of the housing market and exposed to increased risks, and one which relates to the pattern of opportunities and choices in the housing system and not just to housing management.
Postmodernity and Welfare: When Worlds Collide
Authors: Carter John
Published: March 2003

Social policy is just about the last social science subject to take the postmodern challenge, though we have seen a rash of contributions in recent months. These have proved catalytic but may have been presented in a manner that is careless as to the nature of welfare as a boundaried academic realm. These offerings have also illustrated the difficulties involved in splicing poststructural analysis with a historically structural subject. Equally, definitions of social policy generated within the welfare community may also act as a de facto barrier to the postmodern. Consequently we seem to have the makings of a non‐debate of incompatible analyses, making even the possibility of a "third position" a remote one. However, a sideways glance at the chronologically more advanced postmodernism–feminism debate offers some hope that a welfare‐adapted postmodernity may emerge in the future.
Excluding Children: Autonomy, Friendship and the Experience of the Care System
Authors: Ridge Tess , Millar Jane
Published: March 2003

The concept of social exclusion is increasingly important in policy and research but has rarely been addressed from a child‐centred perspective. Childhood is a social experience in itself, one that has its own norms and customs, and where the demands of participation and inclusion may be considerable, likewise the costs of exclusion. This paper explores the meaning and experience of social exclusion for children by focusing on a particular group of children and young people, those ‘looked after’ in the public care system. The sample involved children who had minimal contact with their parents, and who although not currently materially poor were vulnerable to a high future risk of experiencing poverty. They thus provided a valuable opportunity to explore some of the relational aspects of social exclusion. Using in‐depth interviews to explore the meaning of friendship in their lives, the study revealed the importance of social relationships for these children, andin particular the impact of the care system on their capacity to make and sustain social networks. The findings suggest that the relational aspects of poverty are not just consequences of material poverty but can have a dynamic of their own, one that may have a particular resonance for children. This has implications not just for children in the care system, but also for children in families, where family poverty and the restricted social and economic integration of parents may also have an impact on children’s capacity for developing social relationships and wider social networks.
From the State to the Market? Pension Reform Paths in Central–Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Müller Katharina
Published: March 2003

In Central–Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, the process of economic transformation has put great strain on the existing retirement systems. Interestingly, the paradigm choices made in post‐socialist pension reform reflect considerable diversity. Observable reform choices include parametric reforms of the existing public schemes, the introduction of notional defined contribution schemes, and the establishment of fully funded schemes on a voluntary or mandatory basis. The number of transition countries that have introduced far‐reaching systemic and parametric reforms is significant, when compared with the difficulties facing more modest pension reform attempts in Western industrialized countries. Yet some of the radical reforms recently enacted in post‐socialist countries still suffer from significant implementation problems. More significantly, a closer look reveals that by embarking on radical reform, the transition countries did not necessarily tackle the most pressing issues facing their pre‐reform pension schemes.
Challenging Professional Roles: Lay Carers’ Involvement in Health Care in the Community
Authors: Pickard Susan , Jacobs Sally , Kirk Susan
Published: March 2003

The bulk of care in the community is carried out by lay carers. Recent policy initiatives to support them in the United Kingdom are outlined. There remains evidence of significant gaps in support from professional health and social‐care workers including community nurses. This paper reports three studies of lay carers: those caring for older people, carers of technology‐dependent children, and home‐care workers involved in the “direct payments” scheme. Findings are reported in the areas of decisions about appropriate caring roles, the lay–professional boundary, training and respite opportunities and the expertise of lay carers. Recommendations for policy and practices are made.
Green Citizenship
Authors: Dean Hartley
Published: March 2003

This paper first describes the influence that environmentalism and ecologism have had upon thinking about citizenship before, second, moving on to discuss conventional models of citizenship and potential models of Green citizenship. The discussion focuses on the competing moral discourses that inform our understanding of citizenship and concludes by arguing in favour of an eco‐socialist citizenship model that would embrace, on the one hand, an ethic of co‐responsibility by which collectively to achieve the just distribution of scarce resources and, on the other, an ethic of care through which to negotiate the basis for human interdependency.
Social Participation and Family Welfare: The Money and Time Costs of Leisure in Australia
Authors: Bittman Michael
Published: March 2003

The concept of social exclusion has become a central organizing concept in social policy research. Indeed “social exclusion” has displaced many of the terms formerly in use, such as “inequality”, “deprivation” and “poverty”. Social exclusion is a multidimensional concept embracing economic, social and political deprivations, that alerts us to the significance of social identity, culture, agency and, ultimately, power relations. In contrast to some earlier research traditions, the perspective of social exclusion draws our attention to how people can be “shut out of society” by their inability to participate in customary leisure activities. The ability to participate in leisure is the product of both access to leisure goods and services, and a sufficient quantity of leisure time. An analysis of Australian Household Expenditure Survey data shows that the consumption of leisure goods and services is powerfully determined by income. Consequently, low income can lead to exclusion from leisure participation. However, analysis of Time Use Survey data also shows that access to time for leisure participation is most powerfully determined by hours of employment, family responsibilities and gender. After controlling for working hours, household income has no significant effect on available leisure time. A leisure‐time poverty line, based on half‐median leisure time, is used to show which groups are most excluded from leisure by time constraints. The paper concludes by considering a range of policies to alleviate social exclusion from leisure participation.
Constructing and Reconstructing Rural Women in Australia: The Politics of Change, Diversity and Identity
Authors: Grace Margaret , Lennie June
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the politics of change and the politics of identity evident in the recent history of Australian rural women’s organizations, including the blurring of the categories ‘farm women’ and ‘rural women.’ Drawing on various sources, including our own current research, we identify several different ways in which rural women’s identities are being constructed in feminist scholarship, in rural women’s own (various) discourses and in the mass media. Rural women’s diverse activities and identities are seen to cross boundaries. Contradictions and paradoxes inherent in these constructions and their implications for the politics of gendered social change are discussed. We argue that while a less urban‐centred approach to feminist theory is needed, rural women would benefit from a greater understanding of feminism. Online conversations involving rural and urban women are seen as a useful means of developing such new understandings.
Narratives of the Body and History: Illness in Judgement on the Soviet Past
Authors: Skultans Vieda
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on the narrative of a Latvian countrywoman. In so doing it explores the unstable relationship between history, memory and the body. In particular, it looks at the way in which certain historical events have come to be annexed to the body and are used to explain the development of psychological and mental illness. This account describes state‐perpetrated violence, and connects individual ills to a shared history and collective suffering. My informant offered her life story as testimony to the violence and injustice of past experience. The attempt to channel political discontent by the generous provision of medical diagnostic categories is unsuccessful. Rather, bodily experience plays a central role as a yardstick against which the unreasonableness of history is judged.
Genes as drugs: the social shaping of gene therapy and the reconstruction of genetic disease
Authors: Martin Paul A.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the utility of using concepts from the sociology of technology to investigate how new technologies and new disease concepts are co‐constructed. For researchers to introduce gene therapy into experimental clinical practice, they had to engage in a process of heterogeneous social‐technical engineering. This included: the construction of local networks of regulators, genes, firms, clinicians and patients; the social shaping of gene therapy technology as a novel form of drug delivery; the creation of a new industry; and the re‐conceptualisation of many common acquired diseases as being genetic in some way. These changes marked a shift from an account of genetic disease based on the inheritance of deleterious genes, to one which explained acquired conditions in terms of a ‘molecular pathology’, resulting from errors in the way genes are regulated. This process of socio‐technical change has resulted in the construction of a new type of ‘genetic body’.
Epistemology, evidence and experience: evidence based health care in the work of Accident Alliances
Authors: Green Judith
Published: March 2003

Evidence based health care has attracted considerable interest from NHS commissioners, public health specialists and sociologists as both a rational approach to decision making and as representing an ideological shift in health care. This paper explores the social construction of ‘evidence’ in one arena, that of the work of Accident Alliances. Interviews with key participants and observations of meetings suggest a high level of consensus that evidence was important for their work in terms of strategic decision making, operational planning and evaluation. However, evidence was framed differently across the professions and organisations involved in the alliances. Rather than being a neutral tool used to inform decision making, evidence was both constructed through professional practice and contributed to the construction of professional identity. The formal advocacy of evidence based interventions makes explicit a number of potential conflicts in inter‐agency working, and Accident Alliances provide an illuminating case study of how these are managed in day‐to‐day working in health care.
Finite sample properties of a simple LM test for neglected nonlinearity in error‐correcting regression equations
Authors: Swanson N. R.
Published: March 2003

The finite sample properties of LM‐type linearity tests based on the discussion in Granger (1995) are examined. The tests are constructed based on regression models which contain stationary linear and nonlinear functions of nonstationary variables, thus generalizing standard linear cointegrating equations. Power and size simulations are promising, suggesting that the tests are worthy of further examination, and an illustrative empirical example shows that some form of nonlinear error‐correction may be useful for explaining the evolution of U.S. money stock in a simple vector autoregression framework.
Robust estimation of scale of an exponential distribution
Authors: Gather U. , Schultze V.
Published: March 2003

We consider the standardized median as an estimator of scale for exponential samples which is most B‐robust in the sense of Hampel et al. (1986). This estimator is compared with two other estimators which were proposed to Rousseeuw and Croux (1993) but for a Gaussian model. All three estimators have the same breakdown point, but their bias curves are different. It is shown that under a gross error model the explosion bias curve of the most B‐robust estimator performs better than the bias curves of the other estimators. But this estimator is worse than the two estimators proposed by Rousseeuw and Croux (1993) if the implosion bias curve is considered.
Large balls left empty by a critical branching Wiener field
Authors: Révész P.
Published: March 2003

The particles distributed according to a Poisson random field execute independent critical branching Wiener processes. It looks natural that the largest empty ball around the origin becomes larger and larger with time. The asymptotic behaviour of the radius of the largest empty ball is studied.
overview of OR techniques for airline revenue management
Authors: Pak Kevin , Piersma Nanda
Published: March 2003

With the increasing interest in decision support systems and the continuous advance of computer science, revenue management is a discipline which has received a great deal of interest in recent years. Although revenue management has seen many new applications throughout the years, the main focus of research continues to be the airline industry. Ever since LITTLEWOOD (1972) first proposed a solution method for the airline revenue management problem, a variety of solution methods have been introduced. In this paper we give an overview of the solution methods presented throughout the literature.
Concomitant variables in finite mixture models
Authors: Wedel Michel
Published: March 2003

The standard mixture model, the concomitant variable mixture model, the mixture regression model and the concomitant variable mixture regression model all enable simultaneous identification and description of groups of observations. This study reviews the different ways in which dependencies among the variables involved in these models are accommodated. It is demonstrated that the standard and concomitant variable mixture models identify groups of observations and at the same time discriminate them analogous, respectively, to discriminant analysis and logistic regression. While the mixture regression model is shown to have limited use for classifying new observations. An extension of it, called the saturated mixture regression model, is shown to be more useful in that respect. Advantages of that model in model estimation when missing data are present and as a framework for model selection are also discussed.
Two kinds of reconstruction
Authors: Lechner Winfried
Published: March 2003

This essay addresses various issues concerning noun phrase interpretation in German. It is argued that the concept of Semantic Reconstruction (Cresti 1995, Rullmann 1995) can be fruitfully employed in the derivation of quantifier scope ambiguities in German. Semantic Reconstruction will be demonstrated to be an independently needed strategy of grammar, that is not parasitic on syntactic reconstruction as expressed by Copy Theory (Chomsky 1992). The basic difference between Semantic Reconstruction and syntactic reconstruction will be traced back to their asymmetric availability in scrambling chains: scrambling can be undone only by Semantic Reconstruction.
Who can become native‐like in a second language? All, some, or none?
Authors: Hyltenstam Kenneth , Abrahamsson Niclas
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses research that has been carried out on maturational constraints for SLA, specifically on the conceptualisation formulated in the critical period hypothesis (CPH). Our review shows that the positions taken by researchers are very diverse, something we believe has its basis in a lack of explicit hypothesis formulation and the use of insufficiently sensitive research instruments. Researchers disagree whether all, only some, or no learners can reach native‐like ultimate attainment in a second language. We conclude that there is strong support for maturational constraints, although the CPH itself cannot be maintained in its original formulation. We also propose a unitary interpretation of existing empirical results based on the observation that learners who have been identified as indistinguishable from native speakers characteristically exhibit non‐native features that are unperceivable except in detailed and systematic linguistic analyses.
The syntax of yes and no in Finnish
Authors: Holmberg Anders
Published: March 2003

In Finnish a yes/no‐question is normally answered by repeating the finite verb or auxiliary, optionally followed by a string of nonfinite verbs and certain adverbs. The claim is that these yes/no replies (YNRs) are derived by two movements: (1) movement of vP or a larger verb projection containing the subject to the spec of a Topic phrase, where it is either spelled out phonologically, or spelled out as null, resulting in ellipsis; (2) movement of the remnant Polarity phrase to the spec of a higher Focus phrase, where it is spelled out phonologically. This accounts for the syntactic as well as the semantic and distributional properties of YNRs. For example, it accounts for why they have no visible subject, although Finnish does not otherwise allow null subjects in the 3rd person. There is another form of YNR constructed with the subject. These are derived by vP‐ellipsis and head movement of Pol to Focus.
Convergence and Continuous Dependence for the Brinkman–Forchheimer Equations
Authors: Payne L. E. , Straughan B.
Published: March 2003

The Brinkman–Forchheimer equations for non‐slow flow in a saturated porous medium are analyzed. It is shown that the solution depends continuously on changes in the Forchheimer coefficient, and convergence of the solution of the Brinkman–Forchheimer equations to that of the Brinkman equations is deduced, as the Forchheimer coefficient tends to zero. The next result establishes continuous dependence on changes in the Brinkman coefficient. Following this, a result is proved establishing convergence of a solution of the Brinkman–Forchheimer equations to a solution of the Darcy–Forchheimer equations, as the Brinkman coefficient (effective viscosity) tends to zero. Finally, upper and lower bounds are derived for the energy decay rate which establish that the energy decays exponentially, but not faster than this.
Dynamics of Embedded Solitons in the Extended Korteweg–de Vries Equations
Authors: Yang Jianke
Published: March 2003

Embedded solitons are solitary waves residing inside the continuous spectrum of a wave system. They have been discovered in a wide array of physical situations recently. In this article, we present the first comprehensive theory on the dynamics of embedded solitons and nonlocal solitary waves in the framework of the perturbed fifth‐order Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) hierarchy equation. Our method is based on the development of a soliton perturbation theory. By obtaining the analytical formula for the tail amplitudes of nonlocal solitary waves, we demonstrate the existence of single‐hump embedded solitons for both Hamiltonian and non‐Hamiltonian perturbations. These embedded solitons can be isolated (existing at a unique wave speed) or continuous (existing at all wave speeds). Under small wave speed limit, our results show that the tail amplitudes of nonlocal waves are exponentially small, and the product of the amplitude and cosine of the phase is a constant to leading order. This qualitatively reproduces the previous results on the fifth‐order KdV equation obtained by exponential asymptotics techniques. We further study the dynamics of embedded solitons and prove that, under Hamiltonian perturbations, a localized wave initially moving faster than the embedded soliton will asymptotically approach this embedded soliton, whereas a localized wave moving slower than the embedded soliton will decay into radiation. Thus, the embedded soliton is semistable. Under non‐Hamiltonian perturbations, stable embedded solitons are found for the first time.
Inclusion for the difficult to include
Authors: Visser John , Cole Ted , Daniels Harry
Published: March 2003

In this article, John Visser and colleagues report findings from their DfEE funded study of mainstream schools’ practice in relation to pupils with emotional and behavioural difficulties (EBD). The article outlines some key features of schools which cater successfully for the needs of many pupils with EBD. This suggests that schools which foster a culture of caring, sharing and learning, as defined later in the article, are more effective in achieving inclusion for those pupils who are regarded as the most difficult to include. The full report on which this article is based (Daniels, Visser, Cole and de Reybekill, 1998) is available, as Research Report RR90, from the DfES.
Movement and Chains
Authors: Hornstein Norbert
Published: March 2003

A line of thought within the Minimalist Program proceeds as follows: the objects interpreted at the interface determine the units of syntactic manipulation. This paper argues that chains are not proper units for determining relative quantifier scope and so should not be thought of as proper syntactic objects. This conclusion is buttressed by the claim that once θ‐features are allowed into the theory, a conclusion independently required once control is considered, then chains are redundant objects that can be seen as violating the Inclusiveness Condition. The paper presents a theory that dispenses with chains. This requires syntactic innovations that are examined.
On the Syntax of Subnominal Clitics: Cliticization and Ellipsis
Authors: Pollock Jean‐Yves
Published: March 2003

This article uses the properties of the French subnominal clitic en as a probe to explore various issues in current syntactic theory. Section 2 presents some of its chief properties; section 3 deals with the way they relate to the VP‐internal hypothesis for subjects; section 4 discusses the intricate ways in which the null subject parameter interacts with the syntax of en/ne in French and Italian; section 5 analyzes the contrast between “adnominal en”— as in J’en ai lu le premier chapitre (I en‐have read the first chapter) — and “quantitative en”— as in J’en ai lu trois (I en‐have read three) — with respect to preverbal subjects, and explores the respective properties of “en‐cliticization” and nominal ellipses in French and English. It will be shown that a natural extension of Kayne’s (1994:8.6) analysis of de to en sheds light on mysterious properties of en. From a more theoretical perspective, the article can be read as a fresh attempt to vindicate the view that the parallelism between the internal structures of IP and DP is closer than traditionally believed.
Classroom and Worksheet Activities across the Curriculum
Authors: Connor Doreen , Holmes Peter
Published: March 2003

This article shows how teachers can create useful classroom activities to underpin data‐handling methods for pupils aged 7–19. We use the data base of responses from the UK CensusAtSchool project that are available for pupils and teachers.
A Probability Model for Golf Putting
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: March 2003

We derive a model, using trigonometry and the Normal distribution, for the probability that a golf putt is successful. We describe a class activity in which we lead the students through the steps of examining the data, considering possible models, constructing a probability model and checking the fit. The model is,of necessity, oversimplified, a point which the class discusses at the end of the demonstration.
Theological Education on the Web: A Case Study in Formation for Ministry
Authors: Graham Susan Lochrie
Published: March 2003

Theological education has traditionally required students to come together in real (and often residential) communities and to learn in classroom settings with face–to–face teaching. Until recently, this model alone has been thought to provide the opportunity for the development of personal knowledge and the formation of character necessary for those engaged in professional ministry. This paper outlines a research project on the use of the Web in theological education, using an introductory course in biblical studies, offered for the first time this year in an online environment through the University of Exeter. The course is designed to enable the creation of a virtual community where personal theological formation is fostered. This paper describes the design of the course, analyzing the complex competencies required in terms of goals and outcomes, and identifying issues for further research. It provides some preliminary results, with an eye to making recommendations for future curriculum development.
Examining Spatial Patterns in the Pace of Housing Commodification
Authors: Pawson Hal , Watkins Craig
Published: March 2003

The varying spatial and socio‐economic impact of large‐scale privatisation of the British housing system since 1980 is well documented. However, the effects of this policy extend beyond the initial privatisation of ownership. By 1995 over a fifth of the 300,000 public sector homes sold to sitting tenants in Scotland had been resold on the open market. In this paper, we show that the pace of commodification varies significantly between areas, and examine the factors that underlie this pattern. Our results suggest that significant influences include the characteristics of the initial purchasers, the nature of local housing markets and the vitality of the local economy, as well as the time series profile of initial sales. The process of commodification has the potential to make a major impact on the socio‐economic character of former public sector estates, changes set in train by the slow‐burning fuse of privatisation. It may also result in the restructuring of local housing markets. It is clear that the full effect of these changes will be felt in some areas before others.
The spatial order of European cities under conditions of contemporary globalisation
Authors: Taylor Peter , Hoyler Michael
Published: March 2003

Using the concept of world city formation to identify 53 European cities, a typology is produced through a principal components analysis of the locations of 46 global firms providing advanced producer services. The typology is based on grouping cities in terms of similar mixes of service firms. The geography of the typology defines a specific spatial order with two components measuring ‘spine cities’, minor and major respectively, and three components measuring outer regions, a ‘far east’ (ex‐Soviet bloc), a ‘far west’ (British Isles), and a triangular combination of north, south‐east and south‐west. This spatial order is related to previous similar depictions of the distribution of European cities; our contribution is in the derivation of the pattern through a theoretically‐informed, multivariate analysis. Among the findings is that London is neither very British nor very European. This relates to its global role and we conclude that while there is a spatial order to European cities there can be no ‘Europe of cities’ in any systemic sense under conditions of globalisation.
Finnish Socio‐Economic Grid Data, GIS and the Hidden Geography of Unemployment
Authors: Rusanen Jarmo , Muilu Toivo , Copaert Alfred , Naukkarinen Arvo
Published: March 2003

The use of georeferenced data in geographical research into unemployment reveals internal fluctuations and differences within localities. The observation unit in the present paper is a 1x1 km grid cell. The results obtained here indicate that the rate of unemployment in Finland during 1993–95 was highest in the most sparsely populated cells. The duration of unemployment in 1993 was longest in the centres and suburbs of major cities, and it was also very long in the most sparsely populated cells. In the largest ten cities, the areas with the highest unemployment rate mainly remained the same during 1989–96; more than 60% of the cells with the highest unemployment rates in 1989 also fell within the same quartile in 1996. Restricting the availability of grid‐based information would have a contrasting impact on analysis. If data on cells containing five people or fewer had not been available, it would have meant a loss of 42.3% of the total inhabited cells and a 2.4% loss in population.
Re‐imagining Borders: Malay Identity and Indonesian Migrants in Malaysia
Authors: Spaan Ernst , Van Naerssen Ton , Kohl Gerard
Published: March 2003

In multi‐ethnic Malaysia, the Malays are the politically dominant group, although they lag behind the Chinese and Indians in terms of the average income. Their dominant position explains why the question of Malay identity is an issue of national importance. This paper argues that the meaning of being Malay has gradually been changed, stressing Islamic religion more than language and customs. It implies that the Malays are more conscious of being part of the ummah, the worldwide Islamic community, and that Indonesians are increasingly seen as foreign Islamic nationals, just as Bangladeshi and Moro‐Filipinos, and not so much as Malay co‐ethnics. Being part of the ummah, however, does not mean that the national borders are open for co‐believers. In fact, Malaysian public opinion and policies concerning immigration has undergone a shift in emphasis and rhetoric. During the first decades after Independence, the government at the time welcomed Indonesian immigrants, who were considered as strengthening the position of the Malay. This led to a relatively unrestricted policy towards Indonesian immigration. However, due to massive clandestine immigration, intensifying popular dissent towards immigrant labour, the Asian economic crisis of 1997/98, and the less privileged position of the Indonesians in terms of identity identification, public discourse has changed. The Government now stresses nationality or Malaysianess in its migration policy. Fuelled by economic pressures, rising xenophobia and the stigmatisation of immigrants, Malaysia’s policy now emphasises nationality in its official rhetoric, translating it into a greater assertion of the sovereign nation‐state and national borders.
Regional inversion in the United States: The institutional context for the rise of the Sunbelt since the 1940s
Authors: Suarez–Villa Luis
Published: March 2003

The United States experienced a very radical process of regional change during the second half of the twentieth century. A process of regional inversion, whereby lagging areas displace predominant regions as the most important national sources of economic and political power, was a major characteristic of US regional change. This phenomenon involved much fragmentation and decentralisation, as local and regional areas pursued their own competitive interests in the search for resources and capital. This paper provides, first, an overview of the US institutional context and its relationship with regional development, considering its most important characteristics and the factors that shaped development efforts since the late 1940s. The rise of the US Sunbelt, the most important regional phenomenon of the past five decades, is subsequently addressed. Its rising national influence overshadowed the previously predominant position of the Northeastern and Midwestern regions. Two important but much neglected factors that helped provide a platform upon which the process of regional inversion occurred, infrastructure and human capital development, are reviewed and illustrated. Contrasts with the Western European context are also considered, to provide some perspective on the institutional characteristics that shaped the rise of the US Sunbelt.
The Use of Spatial Cognitive Abilities in Geographical Information Systems: The Map Overlay Operation
Authors: Albert William S. , Golledge Reginald G.
Published: March 2003

Spatial cognitive abilities play an important role in the use of GIS, although they have yet to be examined in a controlled experimental setting. This study aimed to develop an experimental design which measures spatial cognitive abilities in the use of GIS, specifically the map overlay operation. Subjects (n = 134) received three map overlay tests in which they were given two of the following: input map layers, logical operator(s), or output map layer(s). Subjects were required to select the correct logical operator for Test 1, to select the correct output map layer for Test 2, and to select the correct input map layers for Test 3. Each test contained a total of 16 questions, based on a 4 (‘and’, ‘or’, ‘xor’, ‘not’ operators) × 2 (one or two polygons per map layer) × 2 (three or five polygon edges) factorial design. Results indicated a significant main effect of logical operators and number of polygons on performance; however, there was no effect of the number of polygon edges on performance. Significant two‐way interactions revealed an effect of the number of polygon edges and the number of polygons using various logical operators on performance. In addition, performance was not significantly different between males and females or between GIS users and non‐users. Overall, results show that map overlays in which a visual correspondence can be made between the same polygons in the input and output map layers are cognitively less demanding than map overlays in which the shape of the polygons have been radically transformed between the input and output map layers. This study helps further develop our understanding of the spatial cognitive abilities which are required in the use of GIS, and whether certain sub‐populations differ in these cognitive abilities. These results may contribute to more effective and efficient GIS teaching and interface design by taking into account individual spatial cognitive abilities.
Modelling Watersheds as Spatial Object Hierarchies: Structure and Dynamics
Authors: Band Lawrence E. , Tague Christina L. , Brun Soren E. , Tenenbaum David E. , Fernandes Richard A.
Published: March 2003

The generation, transport and fate of non‐point source pollutants in surface water systems is recognized as a major threat to water supplies, aquatic and coastal ecosystems. The transformation and movement of water, carbon and nutrients through watersheds integrates a set of ecosystem processes along hydrologic flowpaths. Human individual and institutional interactions with these processes involve direct addition or abstraction of these substances, or the alteration of land cover and drainage systems. In natural and developed catchments, these processes often vary at granularities ranging from below the level of a hillslope, up through regional watersheds. This suggests the need for the development of hierarchical analysis tools that can address the integration of a set of biophysical, biogeochemical and socioeconomic processes over a spectrum of scales. We describe and illustrate the use of a watershed model implemented as a spatial object hierarchy, representing successively contained landform classes associated with class specific processes as member functions. The model has been linked in a range of looser and tighter couplings with GRASS and ArcView, supplemented by specific terrain analytical functions. We illustrate the data and model system for an instrumented catchment monitored as part of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES), a Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) site centering on integrated carbon, water and nutrient cycling.
AnnGIS: Integration of GIS and a Continuous Simulation Model for Non‐Point Source Pollution Assessment
Authors: Srivastava Puneet , Day Rick L. , Robillard Paul D. , Hamlett James M.
Published: March 2003

Non‐Point Source (NPS) models and monitoring data are often used to evaluate management practices and develop NPS pollution control plans. Application of a dynamic NPS model requires efficient input data acquisition, storage, organization, reduction, and analysis accompanied by manipulation, interpretation, reporting, and display of model outputs. A Geographic Information System (GIS) helps extract, store, and organize input data as well as manipulate and display model outputs. This paper illustrates the development of an integrated GIS system for a continuous simulation, pollutant‐loading model, AnnAGNPS (Annualized AGricultural Non‐Point Source Pollution). The integrated system, called AnnGIS, was developed using the ArcView GIS and related program extensions. Using AnnGIS, modeling studies and management plans can be efficiently and easily developed. AnnGIS helps store, organize, and manipulate spatial and tabular data, extract spatial input parameters, develop analysis scenarios, and visualize input and output data in spatial, tabular, and graphical forms. AnnGIS is generic in nature (not limited to a particular geographic location) and can be successfully used in regions for which AnnAGNPS is designed. AnnGIS's powerful graphical user interface and reference data sets facilitate efficient and informed decision‐making concerning agricultural non‐point pollution control and management.
The reinterpretation of the reflexive in Piedmontese: ‘impersonal’SE constructions
Authors: Parry Mair
Published: March 2003

The Latin reflexive pronoun SE has undergone extensive semantic and grammatical reinterpretation in some of the Romance languages, notably in Italian, but far less in French. Within a comparative Romance framework that also refers to other Northern Italian dialects, this paper examines the extent to which so‐called passive and impersonal SE structures exist in Piedmontese, and traces their development from the first vernacular attestations to modern usage.
Dvandva, Tatpurusa and Bahuvrhi: on the Vedic sources for the names of the compound types in Pānini’s grammar
Authors: Sadovski Velizar
Published: March 2003

In the paper, the Vedic sources of the basic terms for nominal compounds in the native Indian grammatical tradition are philologically and linguistically examined. Section 1 explores the development of dvandva–, Pānini’s term for the copulative compounds, outside grammatical literature, and its lexical use in the Veda. Section 2 deals with the occurrences of bahuvrhi– in Veda as part of the possessive compound bahuvrhiyavá– (Taittirya–Brāhmana, Śrautasūtras) and as the class name for the possessive compounds in Pānini. Section 3 accounts for tatpurusa– in Veda (and in the Vyākarana as denominating example for determinative compounds). The paper analyses the limited attestation of the words in Veda, their constellation in the Black YV (particularly the Taittirya school) and its implications for Pānini’s and his predecessors use of Vedic sources.
Verbal governing compounds (synthetics) in Early Irish and other Celtic languages
Authors: Uhlich Jürgen
Published: March 2003

The IE type of nominal composition under discussion contains a verbal element in second position which governs the first member, as e.g. in English truck driver. In examining those of its formal characteristics that are inherited into Celtic from IE, it is argued that the most suitable Celtic languages to provide material for this task are Old Irish and Gaulish. The paper is mainly concerned with classifying and analysing the evidence from these two languages, primarily from the appellative vocabulary but also including references to personal name formations. The ‘conclusions’ summarize observations concerning the ablaut grade of the second member.
Infrastructure Development and Regulatory Reform in Sub‐Saharan Africa: The Case of Air Transport
Authors: Goldstein Andrea
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the main policy issues raised by regulatory reform in air transport in sub‐Saharan Africa. Its basic premise is that improving ait infrastructure is of paramount importance for the region as it tries to integrate more thoroughly into the world economy. On the basis of the experience of OECD countries with privatisation, liberalisation, and regulatory design, the author analyses progress being made in sub‐Saharan Africa and identifies three important case studies: the restructuring of the regional airline of Francophone Western Africa, the sell‐off of the state‐owned airline of Kenya, and the overall reform process in South Africa, by far the largest market in the sub‐continent. The analysis highlights the importance of regional dynamics in the upgrading of the air transport industry in developing and emerging areas. Sub‐Saharan Africa has made smaller progress in this respect than, for instance, Central America. As the start of the Millennium Round and the first WTO air transport review approach, these issues will gain policy priority for all countries, and may become powerful bargaining tools for non‐OECD countries to press for more open access into OECD markets for the South's traditional exports.
On the Characterisation of the World Real Interest Rate
Authors: Lee Jong Eun
Published: March 2003

This paper characterises the world real interest rate as a common trend in real interest rates in Germany, Japan, and the United States even if there is scepticism in the existence of the world real interest. In theoretical terms, real interest parity is based on the presumed validity of uncovered interest parity and purchasing power parity, but the empirical evidence of these parity conditions is not strong and thus the presence of the world real interest rate. The significance of this paper is, therefore, to visualise the current level of international economic integration by characterising the approximate world real interest rate as a single common trend, taking full advantage of the fact that real interest rates in three large open economies have been moving together sharing a common component even if their levels are distinctively different. This single common trend has desirable properties as the world real interest rate. First, it is a parsimonious and monotonically increasing function of the real interest rates in three large open economies that can be world price or interest rate maker, in contrast with small open economies. Second, it is moving together with national real interest rates one for one. Hence, the deviations from the world rate are temporary because common trend represents the common driving force of national rates over the long run period. Third, it can explain as high a proportion as possible of the variances of national rates.
Trade Reform and Poverty: The Case of Mexico
Authors: Ianchovichina Elena , Nicita Alessandro , Soloaga Isidro
Published: March 2003

We use a two‐step computationally simple procedure to analyse the effects of Mexico's's potential unilateral tariff liberalisation on real incomes. First, we use the CGE model provided by the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) as the new price generator. Second, we apply the price changes to Mexican household data in order to assess the effects of the policy simulation on poverty and income distribution. Although Mexico widely liberalised most of its imports by the mid 90s, one salient feature is its membership in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with Canada and United States. By choosing GTAP as the price generator, we are able to model the differential tariff structure. Even starting with a low level of tariff protection, simulation results show that the impact of tariff reform on welfare will be positive in general for all expenditure deciles. We find that, when we assume non‐homothetic individual preferences, trade liberalisation benefits people in the poorer deciles more than those in the richer ones.
Genres, Registers and Sociolinguistics
Authors: Yunick Stanley
Published: March 2003

The 1990s have seen the rapid expansion of the use of genre analysis in educational contexts, especially in the teaching of English for Academic Purposes. In the aim of maintaining a dialogue between theory and application during this growth period, unities and distinctions between genre analysis and register analysis as practices, and between genre and register as constructs are critically overviewed, and issues for application of analytical practice to pedagogy are outlined. In doing so, this paper provides an evaluative survey of the state of the art of theoretical and applied resources in genre and register analysis.
Stress Variation in British and American English
Authors: Berg Thomas
Published: March 2003

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of lexical‐stress variation in British and American English. A comparison of the pronunciations of all 75,000 entries in Wells's dictionary yields 932 stress‐divergent words. This set is found to differ from the entire lexicon in three respects of which the first appears to be more important than the others. The average frequency of the words is lower and their average length is higher. Furthermore, proper nouns are overrepresented. Generally, main stress falls further to the left in British than in American English, with the latter variety accommodating stress more in the word edges than the former. Lexical type (proper vs. common nouns) and origin (French vs. non‐French) form categories which are differentially treated in the two dialects. Stress variation occurs in monomorphemic as well as polymorphemic words. Endings which play a variable role in the stress‐assignment process include 〈‐ate〉, 〈‐ess〉, 〈‐ist〉, 〈‐ive〉, 〈‐ly〉 and 〈‐ory〉. Variation can also be observed in compounds and zero‐derived items. In all these lexical sets, stress‐identical words outnumber stress‐divergent ones. With some reservation, a case is made for regarding British English as the more rhythmical of the two varieties. It is argued that frequency, or rather the lack thereof, weakens the memory trace for lexical items. This destabilization paves the way for variation by allowing different forces to act on the same words.