bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bearing fault diagnosis based on multi-scale permutation entropy and adaptive neuro fuzzy classifier
Authors: Tiwari Rohit , Gupta Vijay K , Kankar PK
Published: July 2013

The rolling element bearing is among the most frequently encountered component in a rotating machine. Bearing fault can cause machinery breakdown and lead to productivity loss. A bearing fault diagnosis method has been proposed based on multi-scale permutation entropy (MPE) and adaptive neuro fuzzy classifier (ANFC). In this paper, MPE is applied for feature extraction to reduce the complexity of the feature vector. Extracted features are given input to the ANFC for an automated fault diagnosis procedure. Vibration signals are captured for healthy and faulty bearings. Experiment results pointed out that proposed method is a reliable approach for automated fault diagnosis. Thus, this approach has potential in diagnosis of incipient bearing faults.
State Fiscal Rules and Composition Changes in Public Spending before the Election
Authors: Tsai Pi-Han
Published: July 2013

Political budget cycle models have been widely tested, but few studies consider different institutional contexts and different categories of public spending. This article uses data on disaggregated expenditures to estimate the effects of balanced budget requirements on electoral cycles. Using data of American states from 1977 to 2008, the analysis finds that prior to gubernatorial elections, politicians are likely to shift public spending toward more salient categories, such as corrections, security, and welfare expenditure, and away from education expenditure. This finding is consistent with the prediction of Rogoff’s signaling model. Yet, such effects are only significant in states with weak and medium carryover restrictions and are dampened as carryover restrictions become more stringent. Thus, balanced budget requirements constrain politicians’ ability to shift spending across different categories. Without considering the balanced budget requirements, the effects of political budget cycles may be overstated.
Peripheral artery disease and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease: Insights from the Heart and Soul Study
Authors: Grenon S Marlene , Vittinghoff Eric , Owens Christopher D , Conte Michael S , Whooley Mary , Cohen Beth E
Published: July 2013

Among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), those with peripheral artery disease (PAD) have a greater vulnerability to cardiovascular (CV) events than those with CAD alone. In a prospective cohort study of patients with CAD, we evaluated potential mechanisms that might explain the adverse CV outcomes associated with PAD. We performed a prospective cohort study of 1018 patients with stable CAD who were recruited from 2000 to 2002. Incident symptomatic PAD events were adjudicated during a follow-up period of 7.2 ± 2.6 years. We used Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the association between incident symptomatic PAD events and subsequent risk of CV events or death. Models were adjusted for demographics, traditional risk factors, inflammation, insulin resistance and health behaviors. Among the 1018 patients, 50 patients who did not report a history of PAD at baseline suffered incident symptomatic PAD events during the follow-up period. Those patients had a higher risk of subsequent CV events and death compared to those who did not develop PAD. After adjustment for traditional risk factors, symptomatic PAD events remained associated with a 70% increased risk of subsequent CV events (adjusted HR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0, 2.9; p = 0.04) and an 80% increased risk of death (adjusted HR 1.8; 95% CI 1.2, 2.7; p = 0.006). Inflammatory biomarkers were the strongest risk factor contributing to the excess risk. In a contemporary cohort of patients with CAD, incident symptomatic PAD events were associated with an increased risk for subsequent CV events. The increased vulnerability to CV events was partially explained by shared CV risk factors and inflammation.
The September 11 generation, hip-hop and human rights
Authors: Mohamed Nasir Kamaludeen
Published: July 2013

This article examines the global human rights activism of young Muslims through their participation in hip-hop culture. The increased awareness of their Muslim identity in the post-September 11 era inadvertently influences and permeates the consumption of popular youth culture. The article contends that there is an attempt by the hip-hop ummah to draw from the struggles of the African American experience to articulate the human rights concerns facing respective communities. The right to appropriate hip-hop as a means to express their predicaments also brings its young practitioners into conflict with moral entrepreneurs who act as gatekeepers to the religion. However, the human rights activism of young Muslims is bridging the seemingly irreconcilable gap between hip-hop and piety, serving not only as an important framework of social identity but also providing the space to forge generational and transnational solidarities.
‘What’s on your mind?’ Writing on Facebook as a tool for self-formation
Authors: Sauter Theresa
Published: July 2013

In the context of modern western psychologised, techno-social hybrid realities, where individuals are incited constantly to work on themselves and perform their self-development in public, the use of online social networking sites (SNSs) can be conceptualised as what Foucault has described as a ‘technique of self’. This article explores examples of status updates on Facebook to reveal that writing on Facebook is a tool for self-formation with historical roots. Exploring examples of self-writing from the past, and considering some of the continuities and discontinuities between these age-old practices and their modern translations, provides a non-technologically deterministic and historically aware way of thinking about the use of new media technologies in modern societies that understands them to be more than mere tools for communication.
A new enemy at the gate: Tackling Iran’s water super-crisis by way of a transition from government to governance
Authors: Yazdanpanah Masoud , Thompson Michael , Hayati Dariush , Zamani Gholam Hosein
Published: July 2013

Iran faces a water crisis so severe that much of its land has ceased to be productive. Since Iran has coped with water shortages for thousands of years, it would seem that something has been lost in the abandonment, over the past half-century or so, of traditional practices in favour of modern ones. A comparison of the socio-technical systems inherent in the traditional practices with those that accompany the modern ones reveals a striking loss of institutional plurality. It also suggests the remedy: a switch away from ‘government’ (in which state actors prescribe and firms, farms and households comply) to ‘governance’ (in which state actors are in two-way and constructive engagement with actors from both the market and civil society).
Deluge amidst conflict: Hydropower development and displacement in the North-east region of India
Authors: Chowdhury Arnab Roy , Kipgen Ngamjahao
Published: July 2013

In recent years, there has been a surge in hydropower projects in the North-east part of India, constructed under the aegis of the national state. Foregrounding this fact, our article conceptualizes North-east India as a ‘region’ that is not only physiographic in nature but also discursively constructed by history, culture and politics, in the colonial and postcolonial times. We argue that when large developmental projects such as hydropower projects are commissioned in this messy context of the North-eastern region in India, it gives rise to myriad problems of ethnic strife, cultural identity and indigenous rights that reflect a ‘regional pattern’. In tandem with these various dispossessions brought about by such developmental projects, there is a slowly emerging political consciousness at the regional level to counter these developmental projects. This is still in a very burgeoning stage. In this article, we have envisioned such a regional level collaboration among various ethnic identity based mobilizations, as a counterpart of civil society. Such an ethnic alliance is an imperative, to balance the ‘excesses’ of the ‘sovereign nation state’ and its notion of ‘development’.
Capabilities, conversion factors and institutions
Authors: Nambiar Shankaran
Published: July 2013

Sen’s capability approach emphasizes the importance of freedom and choice in leading the life that one values. In the capability approach, a person converts the vector of commodities into functionings. This conversion depends upon personal, social and environmental factors. These conversion factors are important because they constrain the capability achievement of individuals, a matter that is especially important for the poor. Using the case of a credit cooperative in Malaysia, this article seeks to demonstrate the importance of conversion factors and how it is possible to improve the capabilities of the poor.
A supplementary lighting and regulatory scheme using a multi-wavelength light emitting diode module for greenhouse application
Authors: Chang C-L , Hong G-F , Li Ying-Li
Published: July 2013

This study proposes a supplementary lighting and regulatory scheme for application in semi-closed crop production systems. This supplementary lighting control module is primarily based on fuzzy logic inference and an expert database. Under the hypothesis that the temperature and humidity conditions are consistent, the system will implement supplementary lighting of different wavelengths according to current solar spectral distribution conditions and plant growth patterns. Simulations demonstrate that under the condition of full sunlight, the system still provides supplementary light to compensate for insufficient light spectrum. Compared to traditional plant lamps that need to be lit for long periods of time, this system can randomly adjust light spectrum and intensity to achieve energy savings, and is therefore suitable for application in lighting control systems in future greenhouses.
Taking Stock of Unrealistic Optimism
Authors: Shepperd James A. , Klein William M. P. , Waters Erika A. , Weinstein Neil D.
Published: July 2013

Researchers have used terms such as unrealistic optimism and optimistic bias to refer to concepts that are similar but not synonymous. Drawing from 3 decades of research, we discuss critically how researchers define unrealistic optimism, and we identify four types that reflect different measurement approaches: unrealistic absolute optimism at the individual and group levels and unrealistic comparative optimism at the individual and group levels. In addition, we discuss methodological criticisms leveled against research on unrealistic optimism and note that the criticisms are primarily relevant to only one type: the group form of unrealistic comparative optimism. We further clarify how the criticisms are not nearly as problematic as they might seem, even for unrealistic comparative optimism. Finally, we note boundary conditions on the different types of unrealistic optimism and reflect on five broad questions that deserve further attention.
Advancing Science Through Collaborative Data Sharing and Synthesis
Authors:   NIMH Collaborative Data Synthesis for Adolescent Depression Trials Study Team including:, Perrino Tatiana , Howe George , Sperling Anne , Beardslee William , Sandler Irwin , Shern David , Pantin Hilda , Kaupert Sheila , Cano Nicole , Cruden Gracelyn , Bandiera Frank , Brown C. Hendricks
Published: July 2013

The demand for researchers to share their data has increased dramatically in recent years. There is a need to replicate and confirm scientific findings to bolster confidence in many research areas. Data sharing also serves the critical function of allowing synthesis of findings across trials. As innovative statistical methods have helped resolve barriers to synthesis analyses, data sharing and synthesis can help answer research questions that cannot be answered by individual trials alone. However, the sharing of data among researchers remains challenging and infrequent. This article aims to (a) increase support for data sharing and synthesis collaborations among researchers to advance scientific knowledge and (b) provide a model for establishing these collaborations using the example of the ongoing National Institute of Mental Health’s Collaborative Data Synthesis on Adolescent Depression Trials. This study brings together datasets from existing prevention and treatment trials in adolescent depression, as well as researchers and stakeholders, to answer questions about “for whom interventions work” and “by what pathways interventions have their effects.” This is critical to improving interventions, including increasing knowledge about intervention efficacy among minority populations, or what we call “scientific equity.” The collaborative model described is relevant to fields with research questions that can only be addressed by synthesizing individual-level data.
The past next door: Neighbourly relations with digital memory-artefacts
Authors: Schwarz Ori
Published: July 2013

How does digitization reshape people’s engagement with their past? As ever more moments and interactions are objectified as digital data (photos, e-mail, instant messaging protocols) stored in digital archives that are constantly available and used intensively as memory aids, people’s engagement with their past is increasingly mediated by databases and algorithms. The article explores how the non-narrative, paradigmatic structure of the database then remoulds memory. More specifically, it is suggested that once encounters of people with representations of the past from their personal archives are mediated by search and sorting algorithms, memories lose their status as docile objects. When memory objects can appear in unexpected places and times, their agency qua memory actants can no longer be blackboxed. Rather than relations of possession, people then have neighbourly relations with the memory objects that populate their digital environments.
Is side-viewing endoscope assisted balloon dilatation better for corrosive gastric outlet obstruction?
Authors: Katiyar Prashant , Nijhawan Sandeep , Saradava Vimal , Nagaich Neeraj , Gupta Gaurav , Mathur Amit , Nepalia Subhash
Published: July 2013

Background:

Endoscopic balloon dilatation (EBD) is an effective therapy for caustic-induced gastric outlet obstruction (GOO). Gaining access to the stricture site is the most important step. It is sometimes difficult to negotiate a balloon through the stricture with a front-viewing endoscope due to deformed anatomy of stomach. To overcome this technical difficulty, a side-viewing endoscope can be used. There is limited data regarding the use of side-viewing endoscopes in EBD. We here report on the short-term efficacy and safety of EBD in caustic-induced GOO. In technically difficult cases, a side-viewing endoscope was used for EBD and its efficacy and safety were assessed.

Methods:

The study included 25 patients with caustic-induced GOO. Patients underwent EBD using a through-the-scope balloon. Initial balloon dilatation was performed with a front-viewing endoscope. A side-viewing endoscope was used where negotiation across the stricture failed with a front-viewing endoscope. Dilatation was started at 8 mm diameter and was performed at 1-week intervals. The end point of dilatation was 15 mm diameter.

Results:

In 18 patients successful balloon dilatation was possible with a front-viewing endoscope. A side-viewing endoscope was used in six patients as negotiation across the stricture was not possible with a front-viewing endoscope. In all six patients negotiation across the stricture followed by successful dilatation was successful with a side-viewing endoscope. Of the 25 patients included in this study, 24 (96%) achieved procedural success (18 with a front-viewing endoscope and 6 with a side-viewing endoscope) in 3–9 sessions.

Conclusion:

Our results show that EBD is a safe and effective option for caustic-induced GOO and in difficult cases a side-viewing endoscope can be used to achieve technical success.
Axillary Artery Thrombosis in a Major League Baseball Pitcher
Authors: Zajac John M. , Angeline Michael E. , Bohon Tiffany M. , Loftus Michael , Potter Hollis G. , Weiland Andrew J. , Thompson Robert W. , Coleman Struan H. , Altchek David W.
Published: July 2013

This case study describes a Major League Baseball player who was diagnosed with an axillary artery thrombosis due to arterial compression from throwing. The purpose of this article is to create awareness as to the signs and symptoms associated with arterial positional compression and the rehabilitative implications to surgical intervention.
Mazabraud's syndrome: case report and literature review
Authors: Munksgaard Peter Svenssen , Salkus Giedrius , Iyer Victor V , Fisker Rune Vincents
Published: July 2013

Mazabraud's syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the association of single or multiple intramuscular myxomas with fibrous dysplasia. Here, we present the first case of Mazabraud's syndrome visualized on 18F-FDG PET/CT with histopathological confirmation of the myxoma. Our case demonstrates a slightly increased FDG uptake (SUVmax 2.1) within the myxomas and a moderately to highly increased tracer uptake (SUVmax 7.0) within the fibrous dysplastic lesions. The typical histological appearance of the intramuscular myxoma confirmed the radiological diagnosis. Further, we discuss the imaging findings and the histopathological features of this rare case with a review of the related literature.
The new standard of care in urology outpatients? A one-stop clinic improves efficiency and quality
Authors: Barrass Barnaby Jr , Wood Sarah J
Published: July 2013

Objective

The objective of this article is to determine retrospectively if a one-stop clinic for all new urology referrals improved the efficiency and quality of our outpatient pathway. We considered any improvement in productivity (e.g. waiting times) to indicate improved efficiency as resources were not increased. We considered any improvement in the level and continuity of specialist care to indicate improved quality as these factors have both been associated with measures of quality such as patient satisfaction.

Patients and methods

Quality and efficiency markers were recorded and compared for 100 consecutive urology referrals from 1 October before (2010) and after (2011) introduction of the clinic. Efficiency markers recorded were waiting times, discharge rate, number of dictated letters and clinic attendance. Quality markers recorded were grade and continuity of specialist care.

Results

The new appointment wait dropped from seven to two weeks. The commonest tests (flexible cystoscopy and ultrasound) were virtually all completed at first attendance. Median hospital visits before diagnosis dropped from two to one (p < 0.001). The discharge rate rose from 5/100 to 19/100 (p < 0.001). More patients (72/100 versus 42/100) were seen by a consultant and more cystoscopies (23/25 (92%) versus 1/28 (3.3%)) were performed by the urologist requesting them (p < 0.0001). The median number of dictated letters per diagnosis dropped from three to two in the one-stop clinic (p = 0.002).

Conclusion

The one-stop clinic significantly improved efficiency and quality markers for all new referrals, thereby improving access and reducing inequality. The clinic was inexpensive to introduce, and wider adoption of similar clinics could improve access to urological care.
Instrument for Assessing Disposition for Contextual Learning of Science of Students in East Africa
Authors: Nashon Samson Madera , Madera Ebby K.
Published: July 2013

Attempts to make classroom science relevant to the real worlds of students can be enhanced by understanding their ways of learning and knowing. This study, which investigated East African (EA) students’ ways of knowing in science discourses, discusses the development, validation, and application of an instrument to assess EA students’ disposition for contextual learning of science. The Instrument for Assessing Disposition for Contextual Learning of Science (I-ADCLOS) is intended to assist teachers and students to assess their degree of disposition for contextual teaching and learning of science. Exploratory factor analysis of student responses to a 36-item questionnaire developed from theory yielded a validated 31-item I-ADCLOS comprising three dimensions and six subdimensions: Personal Awareness of Influences on Learning Science and Limitations of Traditional Knowledge (PA_ILS_LTK); Attitudes Towards Science Learning in Local Contexts and Nature of Traditional Knowing (AT_SLiLC_NoTK); and Orientation Towards Collateral and Personal Learning Strategies (OTC_PLS). These dimensions were further explored and determined to each bear two subdimensions—PA_ILS_LTK: (a) independence of science learning from cultural influences and (b) metacognitive learning; AT_SLiLC_NoTK (a) instrumentalist–culturalist perspectives and (b) exam-centered, textbook/teacher reliant learning; and OTC_PLS (a) personal awareness of successful learning strategies and other ways of knowing and (b) privileging science and learning by rote.
Plzf drives MLL-fusion–mediated leukemogenesis specifically in long-term hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Ono Ryoichi , Masuya Masahiro , Nakajima Hideaki , Enomoto Yutaka , Miyata Eri , Nakamura Akihide , Ishii Satomi , Suzuki Kei , Shibata-Minoshima Fumi , Katayama Naoyuki , Kitamura Toshio , Nosaka Tetsuya
Published: July 2013

Key Points

MLL-ENL targets long-term HSCs exclusively to develop leukemia in a novel conditional transgenic mouse through upregulation of Plzf. Plzf is critically involved in the aberrant self-renewal program in HSCs induced by the MLL fusion gene.
Prospective study of factors influencing conditional discharge from a forensic hospital: the DUNDRUM-3 programme completion and DUNDRUM-4 recovery structured professional judgement instruments and risk
Authors: Davoren Mary , Abidin Zareena , Naughton Leena , Gibbons Olivia , Nulty Andrea , Wright Brenda , Kennedy Harry G
Published: July 2013

Background

We set out to examine whether structured professional judgement instruments DUNDRUM-3 programme completion (D-3) and DUNDRUM-4 recovery (D-4) scales along with measures of risk, mental state and global function could distinguish between those forensic patients detained in a secure forensic hospital (not guilty by reason of insanity or unfit to stand trial) who were subsequently discharged by a mental health review board. We also examined the interaction between these measures and risk, need for therapeutic security and eventual conditional discharge.

Methods

A naturalistic observational cohort study was carried out for 56 patients newly eligible for conditional discharge. Patients were rated using the D-3, D-4 and other scales including HCR-20, S-RAMM, START, SAPROF, PANSS and GAF and then observed over a period of twenty three months during which they were considered for conditional discharge by an independent Mental Health Review Board.

Results

The D-3 distinguished which patients were subsequently discharged by the Mental Health Review board (AUC = 0.902, p < 0.001) as did the D-4 (AUC = 0.848, p < 0.001). Item to outcome analysis showed each item of the D-3 and D-4 scales performed significantly better than random. The HCR-20 also distinguished those later discharged (AUC = 0.838, p < 0.001) as did the S-RAMM, START, SAPROF, PANSS and GAF. The D-3 and D-4 scores remained significantly lower (better) for those discharged even when corrected for the HCR-20 total score. Item to outcome analyses and logistic regression analysis showed that the strongest antecedents of discharge were the GAF and the DUNDRUM-3 programme completion scores.

Conclusions

Structured professional judgement instruments should improve the quality, consistency and transparency of clinical recommendations and decision making at mental health review boards. Further research is required to determine whether the DUNDRUM-3 programme completion and DUNDRUM-4 recovery instruments predict those who are or are not recalled or re-offend after conditional discharge.
Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole composites for amperometric glucose biosensors
Authors: Raicopol Matei , Prună Alina , Damian Celina , Pilan Luisa
Published: July 2013

This article reports an amperometric glucose biosensor based on a new type of nanocomposite of polypyrrole (PPY) with p-phenyl sulfonate-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs-PhSO3
−). An environmentally friendly functionalization procedure of the SWCNTs in the presence of substituted aniline and an oxidative species was adopted. The nanocomposite-modified electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activities towards the reduction or oxidation of H2O2. This feature allowed us to use it as bioplatform on which glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized by entrapment in an electropolymerized PPY/SWCNTs-PhSO3
− film for the construction of the glucose biosensor. The amperometric detection of glucose was assayed by applying a constant electrode potential value necessary to oxidize or reduce the enzymatically produced H2O2 with minimal interference from the possible coexisting electroactive compounds. With the introduction of a thin film of Prussian blue (PB) at the substrate electrode surface, the PPY/GOx/SWCNTs-PhSO3
−/PB system shows synergy between the PB and functionalized SWCNTs which amplifies greatly the electrode sensitivity when operated at low potentials. The biosensor showed good analytical performances in terms of low detection (0.01 mM), high sensitivity (approximately 6 μA mM−1 cm−2), and wide linear range (0.02 to 6 mM). In addition, the effects of applied potential, the electroactive interference, and the stability of the biosensor were discussed. The facile procedure of immobilizing GOx used in the present work can promote the development of other oxidase-based biosensors which could have a practical application in clinical, food, and environmental analysis.
Plasmodium falciparumencodes a conserved active inhibitor-2 for Protein Phosphatase type 1: perspectives for novel anti-plasmodial therapy
Authors: Fréville Aline , Cailliau-Maggio Katia , Pierrot Christine , Tellier Géraldine , Kalamou Hadidjatou , Lafitte Sophia , Martoriati Alain , Pierce Raymond J , Bodart Jean-François , Khalife Jamal
Published: July 2013

Background

It is clear that the coordinated and reciprocal actions of kinases and phosphatases are fundamental in the regulation of development and growth of the malaria parasite. Protein Phosphatase type 1 is a key enzyme playing diverse and essential roles in cell survival. Its dephosphorylation activity/specificity is governed by the interaction of its catalytic subunit (PP1c) with regulatory proteins. Among these, inhibitor-2 (I2) is one of the most evolutionarily ancient PP1 regulators. In vivo studies in various organisms revealed a defect in chromosome segregation and cell cycle progression when the function of I2 is blocked.

Results

In this report, we present evidence that Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the most deadly form of malaria, expresses a structural homolog of mammalian I2, named PfI2. Biochemical, in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that PfI2 binds PP1 and inhibits its activity. We further showed that the motifs 12KTISW16 and 102HYNE105 are critical for PfI2 inhibitory activity. Functional studies using the Xenopus oocyte model revealed that PfI2 is able to overcome the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint by inducing germinal vesicle breakdown. Genetic manipulations in P. falciparum suggest an essential role of PfI2 as no viable mutants with a disrupted PfI2 gene were detectable. Additionally, peptides derived from PfI2 and competing with RVxF binding sites in PP1 exhibit anti-plasmodial activity against blood stage parasites in vitro.

Conclusions

Taken together, our data suggest that the PfI2 protein could play a role in the regulation of the P. falciparum cell cycle through its PfPP1 phosphatase regulatory activity. Structure-activity studies of this regulator led to the identification of peptides with anti-plasmodial activity against blood stage parasites in vitro suggesting that PP1c-regulator interactions could be a novel means to control malaria.
Evidence for biphasic uncoating during HIV-1 infection from a novel imaging assay
Authors: Xu Hongzhan , Franks Tamera , Gibson Gregory , Huber Kelly , Rahm Nadia , De Castillia Caterina Strambio , Luban Jeremy , Aiken Christopher , Watkins Simon , Sluis-Cremer Nicolas , Ambrose Zandrea
Published: July 2013

Background

Uncoating of the HIV-1 core plays a critical role during early post-fusion stages of infection but is poorly understood. Microscopy-based assays are unable to easily distinguish between intact and partially uncoated viral cores.

Results

In this study, we used 5-ethynyl uridine (EU) to label viral-associated RNA during HIV production. At early time points after infection with EU-labeled virions, the viral-associated RNA was stained with an EU-specific dye and was detected by confocal microscopy together with viral proteins. We observed that detection of the viral-associated RNA was specific for EU-labeled virions, was detected only after viral fusion with target cells, and occurred after an initial opening of the core. In vitro staining of cores showed that the opening of the core allowed the small molecule dye, but not RNase A or antibodies, inside. Also, staining of the viral-associated RNA, which is co-localized with nucleocapsid, decays over time after viral infection. The decay rate of RNA staining is dependent on capsid (CA) stability, which was altered by CA mutations or a small molecule inducer of HIV-1 uncoating. While the staining of EU-labeled RNA was not affected by inhibition of reverse transcription, the kinetics of core opening of different CA mutants correlated with initiation of reverse transcription. Analysis of the E45A CA mutant suggests that initial core opening is independent of complete capsid disassembly.

Conclusions

Taken together, our results establish a novel RNA accessibility-based assay that detects an early event in HIV-1 uncoating and can be used to further define this process.
An M2e-based synthetic peptide vaccine for influenza A virus confers heterosubtypic protection from lethal virus challenge
Authors: Ma Ji-Hong , Yang Fu-Ru , Yu Hai , Zhou Yan-Jun , Li Guo-Xin , Huang Meng , Wen Feng , Tong Guangzhi
Published: July 2013

Background

Vaccination is considered as the most effective preventive method to control influenza. The hallmark of influenza virus is the remarkable variability of its major surface glycoproteins, HA and NA, which allows the virus to evade existing anti-influenza immunity in the target population. So it is necessary to develop a novel vaccine to control animal influenza virus. Also we know that the ectodomain of influenza matrix protein 2 (M2e) is highly conserved in animal influenza A viruses, so a vaccine based on the M2e could avoid several drawbacks of the traditional vaccines. In this study we designed a novel tetra-branched multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) based vaccine, which was constructed by fusing four copies of M2e to one copy of foreign T helper (Th) cell epitope, and then investigated its immune responses.

Results

Our results show that the M2e-MAP induced strong M2e-specific IgG antibody,which responses following 2 doses immunization in the presence of Freunds’ adjuvant. M2e-MAP vaccination limited viral replication substantially. Also it could attenuate histopathological damage in the lungs of challenged mice and counteracted weight loss. M2e-MAP-based vaccine protected immunized mice against the lethal challenge with PR8 virus.

Conclusions

Based on these findings, M2e-MAP-based vaccine seemed to provide useful information for the research of M2e-based influenza vaccine. Also it show huge potential to study vaccines for other similarly viruses.
Construction and characterization of an infectious replication competent clone of porcine endogenous retrovirus from Chinese miniature pigs
Authors: Xiang Silong , Ma Yuyuan , Yan Qipo , Lv Maomin , Zhao Xiong , Yin Huiqiong , Zhang Nian , Jia Junting , Yu Rong , Zhang Jingang
Published: July 2013

Background

Xenotransplantation from animals has been considered to be a preferable approach to alleviate the shortage of human allografts. Pigs are the most suitable candidate because of the anatomical and physiological similarities shared with humans as well as ethical concerns. However, it may be associated with the risk of transmission of infectious porcine pathogens. Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are of particular concern because they have been shown to infect human cells in vitro. To date, researches on the molecular characteristics and potential pathogenicity of PERV are still tenuous. In this report, an infectious replication competent clone of PERV from Wuzhishan pigs (WZSPs) in China was generated and characterized. This infectious clone will contribute to studies on PERV virology and control of PERV in xenotransplantation using Chinese miniature pigs.

Methods

The proviral DNA of PERV from WZSPs was amplified in two overlapping halves. Then the two fragments were isolated, subcloned and fused to generate pBluescriptαSK+-WZS-PERV recombinant clones. Screened with RT-PCR, a molecular clone of PERV designated as WZS-PERV(2) was selected. Its infectivity and replication competency were characterized in HEK293 cells by PCR, real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR, western blot, indirect immunofluorescence assay as well as sequence analysis.

Results

The ability of WZS-PERV(2) to infect human cells and produce infectious virions were shown after transfection of the clone into HEK293 cells and infection of PERV derived from this recombinant clone. The expression of Gag proteins were detected in HEK293 cells infected with the virus derived from the clone by the indirect immunofluorescence assay and western blot. The results of sequences analysis and comparison combined with the PCR based genotyping result demonstrated that the WZS-PERV(2) belonged to PERV-A subgroup. Compared with a previous proviral DNA clone of PERV (PERV-WZSP), G to A hypermutation occurred in the env gene of WZS-PERV(2) was found, whereas APOBEC proteins have the potential to inhibit the replication of a variety of retroviruses through a cDNA cytosine deamination mechanism, so we presumed these G to A hypermutation might be the contribution of porcine APOBEC3F.

Conclusions

Altogether, an infectious replication competent clone of PERV from Chinese miniature pigs (WZSPs) termed WZS-PERV(2) was generated, characterized and sequenced.
Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals
Authors: Yoshioka Miyako , Matsuura Yuichi , Okada Hiroyuki , Shimozaki Noriko , Yamamura Tomoaki , Murayama Yuichi , Yokoyama Takashi , Mohri Shirou
Published: July 2013

Background

Prions, infectious agents associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, are primarily composed of the misfolded and pathogenic form (PrPSc) of the host-encoded prion protein. Because PrPSc retains infectivity after undergoing routine sterilizing processes, the cause of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) outbreaks are suspected to be feeding cattle meat and bone meals (MBMs) contaminated with the prion. To assess the validity of prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease, which is produced in the industrial manufacturing process of MBMs, we pooled, homogenized, and heat treated the spinal cords of BSE-infected cows under various experimental conditions.

Results

Prion inactivation was analyzed quantitatively in terms of the infectivity and PrPSc of the treated samples. Following treatment at 140°C for 1 h, infectivity was reduced to 1/35 of that of the untreated samples. Treatment at 180°C for 3 h was required to reduce infectivity. However, PrPSc was detected in all heat-treated samples by using the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) technique, which amplifies PrPSc
in vitro. Quantitative analysis of the inactivation efficiency of BSE PrPSc was possible with the introduction of the PMCA50, which is the dilution ratio of 10% homogenate needed to yield 50% positivity for PrPSc in amplified samples.

Conclusions

Log PMCA50 exhibited a strong linear correlation with the transmission rate in the bioassay; infectivity was no longer detected when the log PMCA50 of the inoculated sample was reduced to 1.75. The quantitative PMCA assay may be useful for safety evaluation for recycling and effective utilization of MBMs as an organic resource.
The effect of rollover footwear on the rollover function of walking
Authors: Forghany Saeed , Nester Christopher J , Richards Barry
Published: July 2013

Background

Rollover footwear is assumed to provide an enhanced surface over which the body can roll more easily. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rollover footwear on the rollover function of walking.

Methods

Twenty subjects walked in three conditions: (i) a MBT shoe (Masai Barefoot Technology) characterized by a stiff sole rounded in the anterior–posterior direction; (ii) alternative rollover shoe (a prototype of Scholl STARLIT) characterized by a stiff sole rounded in the anterior–posterior direction; (iii) a flat control shoe. Data on the lower limb kinematics and ground reaction force were collected. The rollover function of walking was characterized using the radii of lower limb rollover shapes and duration of terminal double limb support. These data were compared between the three shoe conditions and the relationship between the radii of the curved shoe sole and the radii of the rollover shapes investigated.

Results

The radii of the whole and middle part of foot–shoe, ankle‐foot and knee–ankle–foot rollover shapes were significantly smaller (i.e. more curved) for MBT (ranging from 12% to 81% smaller) and the rollover shoe (ranging from 2% to 69% smaller) compared with flat shoe (p < 0.05). Double support time decreased significantly for MBT ~12% and rollover shoe ~7% compared to the flat shoe. For both MBT and rollover shoes, there were positive correlations (r = 0.42‐0.60) between the sole radii and radius of foot‐shoe rollover shape (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Wearing MBT and the rollover shoe resulted in more curved foot‐shoe, ankle‐foot and knee‐ankle‐foot rollover shapes and faster weight transfer. However, the results also indicate that static sole curve is not the only factor influencing the gait rocker function.
Protective effects of Scrophularia striata in Ovalbumin-induced mice asthma model
Authors: Azadmehr Abbas , Hajiaghaee Reza , Zohal Mohammad Ali , Maliji Ghorban
Published: July 2013

Background

Scrophularia striata Boiss. (Scrophulariaceae) is a plant growing in the northeastern part of Iran and being used as a traditional herb for various inflammatory disorders.

This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of the Scrophularia striata extract in Ovalbumin (OVA) induced-asthma mice model.

Methods

OVA-sensitized mice were intrapritonealy treated with two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) of the extract on days 8 to 14 separately. Broncoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) was collected 48 h after the final OVA challenge and then the number of eosinophils and other inflammatory cells were assessed by direct microscopic counting. In addition, total immunoglubolin (Ig) E and OVA-specific IgE levels in serum, IL-4 and IL-5 cytokines in BALF were determined by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Moreover, phytochemical assay by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and the 2, 2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were used to evaluate the main compounds and the antioxidant capacity of the plant extract, respectively.

Results

The results showed that the main components; including flavonoids, phenolic compounds and phenyl propanoids were presented in the S. striata extract. In addition, the treatment with extract significantly reduced the number of inflammatory cells and suppressed T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokines including IL-4 and IL-5 in BALF. Also, total IgE and OVA-specific IgE levels in the serum decreased.

Conclusion

Collectively, it is concluded that the extract has the potential to modulate the Th2 cytokines and could be used as immunomodulatory agent in the treatment of allergic asthma.
Does the effectiveness of forest protected areas differ conditionally on their type of governance?
Authors: Macura Biljana , Secco Laura , Pullin Andrew S
Published: July 2013

Background

In context of protected areas (PAs), governance can be defined as a set of processes, procedures, resources, institutions and actors that determine how decisions are made and implemented. Current governance modes of forest PAs are multilevel and complex, with a variety of actors, different levels of power sharing, various formal and informal rules and vested interests. However, there is no systematic information on how different local governance modes and day-to-day decision-making processes within forest PAs may cause a change in PA effectiveness in terms of producing desired conservation outcomes. In this review we aim to assess relative effectiveness of forest PAs worldwide with respect to different governance modes and linking them to the multiple outcomes in order to discern the effective governance strategies for biodiversity and forest conservation. We will evaluate effectiveness of forest protected areas by multiple outcome measures: 1) attitudes of local stakeholders towards forest protected area governance, 2) conservation-related behaviour of local stakeholders, 3) ecological parameters such as forest cover, biodiversity level, density, overall forest condition and/or health as well as 4) existence of local spillover effects defined as social, institutional and ecological effects in surrounding social-ecological systems.

Methods

To gather empirical evidence on the effectiveness and outcomes of different governance arrangements of forest protected areas, we will search electronic databases, organizational websites, use web search engines and perform a bibliographic search. Articles will be filtered by title, abstract and full text. To facilitate understanding of predictors and conditions for effective PAs, both qualitative and quantitative data from the relevant studies will be extracted and integrated. Multivariate statistical analyses will be performed to give insights into association between different governance modes, their characteristics and PA effectiveness. Finally, the review will report on data gaps and potential for future empirical research.
Role of biomarkers in the management of antibiotic therapy: an expert panel review: I – currently available biomarkers for clinical use in acute infections
Authors: Dupuy Anne-Marie , Philippart François , Péan Yves , Lasocki Sigismond , Charles Pierre-Emmanuel , Chalumeau Martin , Claessens Yann-Eric , Quenot Jean-Pierre , Guen Christele Gras-Le , Ruiz Stéphanie , Luyt Charles-Edouard , Roche Nicolas , Stahl Jean-Paul , Bedos Jean-Pierre , Pugin Jérôme , Gauzit Rémy , Misset Benoit , Brun-Buisson Christian ,   for the Maurice Rapin Institute Biomarkers Group
Published: July 2013

In the context of worldwide increasing antimicrobial resistance, good antimicrobial prescribing in more needed than ever; unfortunately, information available to clinicians often are insufficient to rely on. Biomarkers might provide help for decision-making and improve antibiotic management. The purpose of this expert panel review was to examine currently available literature on the potential role of biomarkers to improve antimicrobial prescribing, by answering three questions: 1) Which are the biomarkers available for this purpose?; 2) What is their potential role in the initiation of antibiotic therapy?; and 3) What is their role in the decision to stop antibiotic therapy? To answer these questions, studies reviewed were limited to recent clinical studies (<15 years), involving a substantial number of patients (>50) and restricted to controlled trials and meta-analyses for answering questions 2 and 3. With regard to the first question concerning routinely available biomarkers, which might be useful for antibiotic management of acute infections, these are currently limited to C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT). Other promising biomarkers that may prove useful in the near future but need to undergo more extensive clinical testing include sTREM-1, suPAR, ProADM, and Presepsin. New approaches to biomarkers of infections include point-of-care testing and genomics.
Proteolytic enzymes from Bromelia antiacantha as tools for controlled tissue hydrolysis in entomology
Authors: Macció Laura , Vallés Diego , Cantera Ana Maria
Published: July 2013

A crude extract with high proteolytic activity (78.1 EU/mL), prepared from ripe fruit of Bromelia antiacantha was used to hydrolyze and remove soft tissues from the epigyne of Apopyllus iheringi. This enzymatic extract presented four actives isoforms which have a broad substrate specificity action. Enzyme action on samples was optimized after evaluation under different conditions of pH, enzyme-substrate ratio and time (parameters selected based on previous studies) of treatment (pH 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 at 42°C with different amount of enzyme). Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate conditions resulting in complete digestion of epigyne soft tissues. Optimal conditions for soft tissue removal were 15.6 total enzyme units, pH 6.0 for 18 h at 42°C.
Modulation of monosodium urate crystal-induced responses in neutrophils by the myeloid inhibitory C-type lectin-like receptor: potential therapeutic implications
Authors: Gagné Valérie , Marois Louis , Levesque Jean-Michel , Galarneau Hugo , Lahoud Mireille H , Caminschi Irina , Naccache Paul H , Tessier Philippe , Fernandes Maria JG
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Monosodium urate crystals (MSU), the etiological agent of gout, are one of the most potent proinflammatory stimuli for neutrophils. The modulation of MSU-induced neutrophil activation by inhibitory receptors remains poorly characterized. The expression of the myeloid inhibitory C-type lectin-like receptor (MICL) in neutrophils is downregulated by several proinflammatory stimuli, suggestive of a role for this receptor in neutrophil function. We thus investigated the potential role of MICL in MSU-induced neutrophil activation.

Methods

The expression of MICL was monitored in human neutrophils by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis after stimulation with MSU. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation was also assessed by Western blot analysis and the production of IL-1 and IL-8 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Changes in the concentration of cytoplasmic free calcium were monitored with the Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester calcium indicator. MICL expression was modulated with an anti-MICL antibody in neutrophils and siRNA in the PLB-985 neutrophil-like cell line.

Results

MSU induced the downregulation of MICL expression in neutrophils. A diminution in the expression of MICL induced by antibody cross-linking or siRNA enhanced the MSU-dependent increase in cytoplasmic calcium levels, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and IL-8 but not IL-1 production. Pretreatment of neutrophils with colchicine inhibited the MSU-induced downregulation of MICL expression.

Conclusions

Our findings strongly suggest that MICL acts as an inhibitory receptor in human neutrophils since the downregulation of MICL expression enhances MSU-induced neutrophil activation. Since MSU downregulates the expression of MICL, MICL may play a pathogenic role in gout by enhancing neutrophil effector functions. In support of this notion, colchicine counteracts the MSU-induced loss of MICL expression. Our findings thus also provide further insight into the potential molecular mechanisms behind the anti-inflammatory properties of this drug.