bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First Examples of Chalcofluoride Rhenium Cluster Complexes with Cubane‐Like Anions [Re4Q4F12]4– (Q = S, Se)
Authors: Mironov Yuri V. , Yarovoi Spartak S. , Naumov Dmitry Y. , Kuratieva Natalia V. , Kozlova Svetlana G. , Simon Arndt , Fedorov Vladimir E.
Published: June 2005

Two rhenium tetrahedral cluster chalcofluoride compounds, K4[Re4S4F12]·3.4 H2O (1) and K4[Re4Se4F12]·6 H2O (2), have been synthesized for the first time by a reaction of Re4Q4(TeCl2)4Cl8 (Q = S, Se) with molten KHF2. Both compounds have been characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction methods. Compound 1 crystallizes in the trigonal space group R$\tilde {3}$ with 24 formula units per cell [a = b = 23.6503(3) Å, c = 25.2697(7) Å, V = 12240.6(4) Å3 (T = 293 K)]; compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P$\tilde {1}$ with four formula units per cell [a = 10.6451(3) Å, b = 14.6853(4) Å, c = 16.9349(5) Å, α = 66.8420(10)°, β = 84.8460(10)°, γ = 85.5740(10)°, V = 2421.69(12) Å3 (T = 293 K)]. Hydrophilic terminal fluoride ligands of cluster anions are included in the hydrogen bond systems of their hydrate shells. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A Structural and Magnetic Investigation of Ferromagnetically Coupled Copper(II) Isophthalates (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 12/2005)
Authors: Shen Wei‐Zheng , Chen Xiao‐Yan , Chen Peng , Yan Shi‐Ping , Zhai Bin , Liao Dai‐Zheng , Jiang Zong‐Hui
Published: June 2005

The cover picture shows how the isophthalate‐bridged jystructures are tuned by various polydentate ligands from tetradentate ligand tpa to tridentate ligand tpm to bidentate ligand bpm, which results in one dinuclear and two one‐dimensional complexes, [Cu2(tpa)2(m‐bda)](ClO4)2 (1), {[Cu2(tpm)2(m‐bda)2]·2CH3OH·4H2O}n (2) and {[Cu2(bpm)2(m‐bda)2(H2O)]·CH3CN·H2O}n (3). The variable‐temperature magnetic behavior reveals the existence of ferromagnetic interactions in them. Details of synthesis and characterization of these complexes are given in the article by P. Cheng et al. on p. 2297 ff.
The Synthesis of Novel p‐Quinone Methides: O‐Dealkylation of5‐(p‐Alkyloxyaryl)‐10,11‐dihydrodibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten‐5‐ols and Related Compounds
Authors: Taljaard Benjamin , Taljaard Jana H. , Imrie Christopher , Caira Mino R.
Published: June 2005

The synthesis of a series of novel tricyclic p‐quinone methides (p‐QMs) from 5‐(p‐alkyloxyaryl)‐10,11‐dihydrodibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten‐5‐ol and related substrates in moderate‐to‐good yields is reported. The reaction is proposed to proceed under mild acidic conditions by O‐dealkylation of the p‐alkoxy group on the p‐position of the pendant 5‐aryl ring on the B‐ring of the tricyclic system.The effect of different alkyl groups on the oxygen atom, as well as substituent groups on the phenyl ring flanking the O‐alkyl group has also been investigated The mechanism of the reaction is discussed in terms of the relatively high intermediate cation stabilities, the possible intermediacy of a hemiketal, as well as conformational effects. Various modifications to the central seven‐membered B‐ring to introduce more rigidity to the tricyclic system have been made and the scope of the reaction further elaborated. Furthermore, the single crystal structure of dienone 14 has been determined and the p‐quinone methide shown to be non‐planar, which would account for the relative conformational rigidity of these systems and their ability to accommodate the planar cyclohexa‐2,5‐dienone moiety and thus explain the stability of these systems relative to their 5‐ and six‐membered B‐ring counterparts. These compounds may be useful for the synthesis of novel dyes or compounds which may exhibit photochromic and thermochromic properties. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A Diels–Alder Reaction for the Total Synthesis of the Novel Antibiotic Antitumor Agent Mensacarcin
Authors: Tietze Lutz F. , Güntner Carlos , Gericke Kersten M. , Schuberth Ingrid , Bunkoczi Gabor
Published: June 2005

The antibiotic mensacarcin (1), which contains nine stereogenic centers and two epoxy functionalities, is a novel antitumor agent that was first isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp. Gö C4/4 found in a soil sample next to the northern cafeteria of the University of Göttingen. For the synthesis of 1 and related structurally simplified analogs, aDiels–Alder reaction of O‐methyljuglone (11) and the tetrasubstituted 1,3‐butadiene 22 was performed to give the cycloadduct rac‐28, which was transformed into the epoxides rac‐31 and rac‐33. The cytotoxicity of rac‐33 is only 53 times lower than the much more complex 1. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Cyanophenylation of Aromatic Nitriles by Terephthalonitrile Dianion: Is the Charge‐Transfer Complex a Key Intermediate?
Authors: Panteleeva Elena V. , Shchegoleva Lyudmila N. , Vysotsky Viktor P. , Pokrovsky Leonid M. , Shteingarts Vitalij D.
Published: June 2005

The interaction of terephthalonitrile (1) dianion (12–) with benzonitrile (2) or m‐tolunitrile (3) provides 4,4'‐dicyanobiphenyl (4) or 4,4'‐dicyano‐2‐methylbiphenyl (5), respectively. This result shows that dianion 12– serves as a reagent for p‐cyanophenylation of aromatic nitriles. Based on experimental data, such as the chemical trapping of the 4,4'‐dicyanobiphenyl precursor 4‐cyano‐1‐(p‐cyanophenyl)cyclohexa‐2,5‐dienyl anion (7) and the failure to obtain biphenyl 4 through the interaction of independently generated radical anions (RAs) 1·– and 2·–, as well as on the results of quantum‐chemical calculations, a mechanism is suggested that includes a charge‐transfer complex (CTC) between 12– and the aromatic nitrile as the key intermediate. The formation of this CTC is followed either by an intracomplex electron transfer (ET) and recombination of terephthalonitrile and aromatic nitrile RAs within an unequilibrated RA pair, or by synchronous ET and bonding of the ipso‐carbon atom of terephthalonitrile with the p‐carbon atom of the aromatic nitrile. The synthetic significance of p‐cyanophenylation of arenecarbonitriles by dianion 12– is illustrated by the high yield of biphenyl product 4 (approx. 90 %) as well as by the possibility of a one‐pot synthesis of 4‐butyl‐4'‐cyanobiphenyl and 4‐butyl‐4'‐cyano‐2‐methylbiphenyl by successive treatment of dianion 12– with nitrile 2 or 3 and butyl bromide. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis of Sterically Hindered Biaryls by Zr‐Mediated Co‐cyclotrimerization of Alkynes
Authors: Dufková Lenka , Kotorax Martin , Císařová Ivana
Published: June 2005

Treatment of zirconacyclopentadienes with ortho‐substituted arylpropynoates in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of CuCl or NiBr2(PPh3)2 represents a novel approach to the synthesis of biaryls, formed in good yields. The CuCl‐mediated reaction proceeded through two reaction mechanisms, also affording Dewar benzenes together with the corresponding biaryls. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A Simple Route to Prepare Monofunctionalised 21‐Thia‐, 21,23‐Dithia‐, and 21‐Thia‐23‐oxaporphyrins from Unsymmetrical Thiophene Diols and Their Use in the Synthesis of Covalently Linked Unsymmetrical Porphyrin Dimers
Authors: Punidha Sokkalingam , Agarwal Neeraj , Ravikanth Mangalampalli
Published: June 2005

A series of unsymmetrical thiophene diols has been prepared in two steps from thiophene in 16–46 % yields. The unsymmetrical thiophene diols containing functionalised aryl groups were then used as key synthons for the synthesis of a series of monofunctionalised 21‐thia (N3S), 21,23‐dithia (N2S2) and 21‐thia‐23‐oxaporphyrins (N2SO). Condensation of one equivalent of unsymmetrical diol with either two equivalents of aldehyde and three equivalents of pyrrole, one equivalent of symmetrical 16‐thiatripyrrane or one equivalent of symmetrical 16‐oxatripyrrane under standard porphyrin‐forming conditions resulted in monofunctionalised 21‐thia‐, 21,23‐dithia‐ or 21‐thia‐23‐oxaporphyrins in decent yields. This unsymmetrical diol method is simple, versatile and gives an access for the first time to any desired monofunctionalised porphyrins with N3S, N2S2 and N2SO porphyrin cores. The use of monofunctionalised N3S, N2S2 and N2SO porphyrins is further demonstrated by synthesising the first examples of three new covalently linked diarylethyne‐bridged unsymmetrical dimers containing two different porphyrin cores such as N2S2‐N4, N2S2‐N3S and N2S2‐N2SO. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Repetition‐induced changes in BOLD response reflect accumulation of neural activity
Authors: James Thomas W. , Gauthier Isabel
Published: June 2005

Recent exposure to a stimulus improves performance with subsequent identification of that same stimulus. This ubiquitous, yet simple, memory phenomenon is termed priming and has been linked to another widespread phenomenon called repetition suppression, which is a repetition‐induced reduction in human brain activation as measured using fMRI. Here, competing models of the neural basis of repetition suppression were tested empirically. In a backward masking paradigm, we found that effectively masked object stimuli showed repetition enhancement of brain activation instead of suppression. This finding is consistent with an Accumulation model, but is inconsistent with a Suppression model of neural activity. Enhanced activation and the improved behavioral performance usually associated with priming are both explained by a shift in peak latency of the population neural activity elicited during identification. Hum. Brain Mapping, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Work and family perspectives from research university faculty
Authors: Ward Kelly , Wolf‐Wendel Lisa E.
Published: June 2005

Having a child creates priorities, adds perspective, and helps women to be clear about what they can do (and what they are willing to do) to succeed as a faculty member.
The keys to effective IT auditing
Authors: Petterson Mark
Published: June 2005

Information technology (IT) and systems have become the backbone of almost every organization. So, good IT audits are essential to ensure proper controls, security, and efficient functioning. But it's not easy to implement an IT audit strategy that justifies its cost and promotes effective use of your information systems! What are the keys to doing that? The author of this article has some answers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Excel macros to quicken SOX auditing
Authors: Burnett Royce D. , Friedman Mark
Published: June 2005

Because of Sarbanes‐Oxley (SOX) and other factors, auditors are under tremendous pressure to produce quality testing effectively and efficiently. Often, auditors must manually filter and then copy/paste spreadsheet data. But this is slow and can cause errors. Is there a better way? Yes, say the authors of the article—and they give step‐by‐step instructions for automating the process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SOX ups the ante for environmental reporting
Authors: Berlin Joseph W. , Goldberg Stephen R.
Published: June 2005

Federal and state laws require environmental cleanup that's often either not recognized or understated in financial statements. But now, the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX) requires management to certify financial statements and internal controls. This makes management criminally liable for proper environmental cleanup reporting! So how should you identify, estimate, and report cleanup liabilities? The authors of this article offer some guidance. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Attaining exponential convergence for the flux error with second‐ and fourth‐order accurate finite‐difference equations. Part 3. Application to electrochemical systems comprising second‐order chemical reactions
Authors: Rudolph Manfred
Published: June 2005

This article demonstrates that exponential convergence of the flux error can be attained with second‐ and fourth‐order accurate finite difference equations even for such electrochemical kinetic‐diffusion systems where difficult‐to‐resolve solution structures occur on account of fast second‐order chemical reactions. Thus, as far as the flux is concerned, the simulation of some example models treated in the literature by means of more sophisticated adaptive grid techniques turns out to be as straightforward as the simulation of a simple system under diffusion control. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 1193–1204, 2005
Leuconostoc dextransucrase and dextran: production, properties and applications
Authors: Naessens Myriam , Cerdobbel An , Soetaert Wim , Vandamme Erick J
Published: June 2005

This review covers the production, properties and applications of the biopolysaccharide dextran; this biopolymer can be produced via fermentation either with Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains and other lactic acid bacteria or with certain Gluconobacter oxydans strains. The former strains convert sucrose into dextran with the dextransucrase enzyme whereas the latter convert maltodextrins into dextran with the dextran dextrinase enzyme. Emphasis is mainly focused on Leuconostoc strains as producer organisms of dextransucrase and dextran types. In addition to industrial fermentation processes producing the enzymes and/or the dextrans, biocatalysis principles are also being developed, whereby enzyme preparations convert sucrose or maltodextrins, respectively, into (oligo)dextrans. The chemical and physical properties of different dextrans are discussed in detail, together with the characteristics and molecular mode of action of dextransucrase. Subsequently, useful applications of dextran and some problems associated with undesirable formation of dextran are outlined. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Enzymatic esterification of DL‐menthol with propionic acid by lipase from Candida cylindracea
Authors: Lü Zhongxian , Chu Ying , Han Yuchun , Wang Yuanhong , Liu Jinglin
Published: June 2005

This work deals with the resolution of DL‐menthol with propionic acid by Candida cylindracea lipase (Ccl) in organic solvent reaction systems and a reverse micelles system of sodium 1,4‐bis (2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT). The activity and stability as well as enantioselectivity of the lipase in two systems were studied. The results indicate that the lipase showed higher stability in reverse micelles than in organic solvent, which proved that the reverse micelles system has potential application for maintaining the activity of the enzyme for a long time. This is because lipase molecules can be entrapped in water‐containing micro‐drops of reverse micelles, avoiding direct‐contract with unfavorable organic medium. The enantioselectivity (E > 30, eep = 92.5) in the two systems is relatively high, although the conversion is moderate. The influence of the characteristic parameters of the two systems, such as pH, temperature, w0 (molar ratio of water to AOT in reverse micelles systems) and water content (organic solvent) on the conversion of DL‐menthol was also investigated. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of a plasma‐column antenna using FDTD method
Authors: Lee Yoonjae , Ganguly Suman
Published: June 2005

This paper presents numerical analyses of a plasma‐column antenna using the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) technique. We have simulated simple plasma‐antenna configurations (monopoles) to demonstrate some of their properties. We have evaluated the field distribution around the plasma antenna, current distribution along the plasma column, radiated power, antenna pattern, and antenna impedance of the plasma column antenna. It has been demonstrated that the plasma antenna can operate with characteristics similar to a copper antenna. Furthermore, the alteration of the plasma properties enables the dynamic reconfiguration of the plasma antenna. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 46: 252–259, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20959
Covalent immobilization of albumin on micron‐sized magnetic poly(methyl methacrylate‐divinylbenzene‐glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres prepared by modified suspension polymerization
Authors: Ma Zhiya , Guan Yueping , Liu Xianqiao , Liu Huizhou
Published: June 2005

Micron‐sized magnetic poly(methyl methacrylate‐divinylbenzene‐glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres were prepared by a modified suspension polymerization in the presence of oleic acid‐coated magnetite nanoparticles. The magnetic microspheres were functionalized by reacting the epoxy groups with ammonia solution to provide amino groups. After activated with glutaraldehyde (GA), bovine serum albumin was covalently immobilized on these magnetic microspheres. The influence of initial protein concentration, pH and ionic strength of the protein solution on covalent immobilization was studied. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the magnetic microspheres had an average size of 6.4 µm and relative narrow size distribution. Magnetic measurement revealed the magnetic microspheres were superparamagetic with saturation magnetization of 7.32 emu/g. The successful amination of the magnetic microspheres was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New solvent scale applicable to microheterogeneous media
Authors: Batchelor Stephen N. , Oakes John
Published: June 2005

A simple alternative solvent scale is suggested using phenylazonaphthol azo dyes which exhibit azo–hydrazone tautomerism, e.g. Orange II, enabling nanopolarities to be measured by UV–visible spectrophotometry. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth of GaP1–xNx thin films by rf sputtering
Authors: Pulzara‐Mora A. , Meléndez‐Lira M. , Jiménez‐Sandoval S. , López‐López M.
Published: June 2005

We have deposited GaP1–xNx thin films on glass substrates by rf sputtering employing a nitrogen–argon atmosphere. The films properties were studied as a function of the growth temperature in the range of 420–520 °C. The films characterization was carried out by absorbance, X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The GaP1–xNx films have a cubic polycrystalline structure with a preferential orientation along the [111] direction; the structural properties of the films are improved by increasing the growth temperature up to 500 °C. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Use of empirical correction terms in calculating ionization constants
Authors: Ulander Johan , Broo Anders
Published: June 2005

We have investigated different protocols for calculation of pKa values for drug‐like organic molecules, using quantum mechanical methods. In particular, we examined the role of geometry optimization schemes and the use of empirical correction terms. A general parameterization, common for all compound classes, gave a mean unsigned error of 0.6 pKa units when applied to a test set containing 45 drug molecules. We also investigated the accuracy dependence of separate functional groups with respect to different geometry optimization methods. While heterocyclic compounds showed a consistent improvement with increasing theoretical rigor, other groups, such as amines or carboxylic acids, did not. We also investigated models using local atomic properties, rather than the free energy of solvation of the whole solute, by creating one‐component regression models using simple parameters calculated from the neutral ground state in vacuum. For some functional groups, these regression models showed similar performance as explicit titration calculations using continuum solvent models and explicit treatment of the ionized state. This finding indicates that the limiting factors for many protocols used to calculate pKa shifts may be dominated by noise from the conformational ensemble and inadequate description of the ionic solvated state. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
How do Obstetric Providers Discuss Referrals for Prenatal Genetic Counseling?
Authors: Bernhardt Barbara A. , Haunstetter Carrie Mastromarino , Roter Debra , Geller Gail
Published: June 2005

To investigate referrals of pregnant women to genetic counseling, we analysed transcripts from audiotaped first prenatal visits of 104 patients (72 actual patient visits and 32 simulated patient visits) with 32 providers (obstetricians and nurse‐midwives). All patients had at least one indication for referral. Only 10% of visits with actual patients included a genetic counseling referral. When genetic counseling was discussed, it was only briefly described, primarily as an information session. This study shows that the majority of pregnant women with an indication for referral for genetic counseling are not referred. In addition, obstetric providers’ inadequate descriptions of prenatal genetic counseling may result in women being poorly prepared for genetic counseling sessions.
Psychodynamic Theory and Counseling in Predictive Testing for Huntington's Disease
Authors: Tassicker Roslyn J.
Published: June 2005

This paper revisits psychodynamic theory, which can be applied in predictive testing counseling for Huntington's Disease (HD). Psychodynamic theory has developed from the work of Freud and places importance on early parent–child experiences. The nature of these relationships, or attachments are reflected in adult expectations and relationships. Two significant concepts, identification and fear of abandonment, have been developed and expounded by the psychodynamic theorist, Melanie Klein. The processes of identification and fear of abandonment can become evident in predictive testing counseling and are colored by the client's experience of growing up with a parent affected by Huntington's Disease. In reflecting on family‐of‐origin experiences, clients can also express implied expectations of the future, and future relationships. Case examples are given to illustrate the dynamic processes of identification and fear of abandonment which may present in the clinical setting. Counselor recognition of these processes can illuminate and inform counseling practice.
Identification of human fetal liver miRNAs by a novel method
Authors: Fu Hanjiang , Tie Yi , Xu Chengwang , Zhang Zhuoyuan , Zhu Jie , Shi Yingxu , Jiang Hong , Sun Zhixian , Zheng Xiaofei
Published: June 2005

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short 20–25 nucleotides RNA molecules that have been shown to regulate gene expressions in a variety of eukaryotic systems. miRNAs are widespread in eukaryotes and several hundred of miRNAs have been identified, but still a lot of miRNAs have not been detected in various eukaryotic organisms. However, it is not an easy work to clone miRNAs by traditional methods. Here, we describe the identification of 27 miRNAs from a human fetal liver cDNA library by a novel cloning method. Low molecular weight RNA fraction (⩽200 nt) from fetal liver tissue was extracted, and polyadenylated by poly(A) polymerase. A 5′ RNA adaptor was ligated to poly(A)‐tailed RNA using T4 RNA ligase. After reverse transcription, the cDNA was amplified by PCR with two adaptor primers. The PCR product with a size about 109 bp was recovered and cloned into T vector. After sequencing, database searching, and expression profiling, 5 novel miRNAs were discovered among other 22 known miRNAs in human fetal liver. These finding indicate that a large diverse population of miRNAs may function to regulate gene expression in hepatocyte.
Negative regulation of hypoxia inducible factor‐1α by necdin
Authors: Moon Hyo-Eun , Ahn Mee-Young , Park Jeong Ae , Min Kyung-Jin , Kwon Yoo-Wook , Kim Kyu-Won
Published: June 2005

Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1) is a master transcription factor that mediates cellular and systemic homeostatic responses to reduce O2 availability, such as erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, and glycolysis. Using the yeast two‐hybrid screening system, we found that the oxygen dependent degradation (ODD) domain of HIF‐1α interacts with necdin, a growth suppressor. The interaction of necdin with HIF‐1α was confirmed using coimmunoprecipitation with the overexpressed HIF‐1α. Biological effect of necdin on HIF‐1α showed that necdin reduces the transcriptional activity of HIF‐1 under hypoxia. Moreover, necdin decreased the level of the HIF‐1α protein, but not that of mRNA, implying a possibility of necdin‐mediated HIF‐1α degradation. Furthermore, necdin has an anti‐angiogenic activity in the tube formation assay and CAM assay, which might be due to the downregulation of HIF‐1α. Collectively, these results suggest that necdin can be a novel negative regulator of HIF‐1α stability via the direct interaction.
Characterization of a functional P2X7‐like receptor in cerebellar granule neurons from P2X7 knockout mice
Authors: Sánchez-Nogueiro Jesús , Marín-García Patricia , Miras-Portugal M. Teresa
Published: June 2005

The presence of ionotropic P2X7 receptor has been studied in mice brain from wild type and P2X7 receptor knockout animals. Western blot and immunocytochemical assays show the presence of a protein containing the P2X7 immunogenic epitopes in the brain of knockout model. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction experiments demonstrate the absence of the disrupted sequence, but other sequences of P2X7 specific mRNA expression have been detected. Functional calcium imaging experiments in cultured granule neurons from P2X7 knockout cerebella show the existence of a functional P2X7‐like receptor that keeps some of the properties of the genuine receptor.
Scheduling a Flexible, Open-Architecture Robotic Workstation under LabWindows
Authors: Bánki Zsolt , Báthor Miklós , Molnár László , Bielik Attila , Keserű György M.
Published: June 2005

Development of a flexible, open-architecture modular robotic workstation consisting of a Calipers' Twister II robotic arm, several Labsystems Multidrop dispensers, a Kendro Cytomat incubator, and a multimode BMG Polarstar Optima reader has been reported. Our new, fully functional scheduling software developed under LabWindows allows the integration of an unlimited number of devices from diverse suppliers using native communication protocols.
Evaluation of tRNA intergenic spacer length polymorphism analysis as a molecular method for species identification of streptococcal isolates from bovine mastitis
Authors: Zschöck Michael , Manhold-Maurer Sabine , Wescher Agnes , Merl Kristin , Khan Ishar , Lämmler Christoph
Published: June 2005

Sixty-nine bovine mastitis streptococci belonging to the species Str. agalactiae (n=13), Str. dysgalactiae (n=16), Str. canis (n=22), Str. uberis (n=20) and Str. parauberis (n=4) and six reference strains of the five streptococcal species were examined for their tRNA gene intergenic length polymorphism (tDNA-ILP) fingerprint pattern. Epidemiologically unrelated isolates from bovine mastitis cases were selected by macrorestriction analysis with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Their results were compared with those obtained from biochemical and serological studies and with those obtained by PCR-mediated identification amplifying species-specific gene segments of the five streptococcal species. According to the present results tDNA-ILP allowed a correct identification of all Str. agalactiae, Str. uberis and Str. parauberis strains investigated also including the reference strains of each species showing species-specific banding pattern. However, all Str. dysgalactiae ssp. dysgalactiae and all Str. canis strains appeared with an undistinguishable pattern which did not allow an identification of the species.
Polymorphisms in the goat β-lactoglobulin gene
Authors: Ballester Maria , Sánchez Armand , Folch Josep M
Published: June 2005

β-lactoglobulin polymorphisms have been reported in the milk of different goat breeds, although no genetic variants affecting the protein have been characterized. In the present study, we amplified and sequenced the proximal promoter and the first six exons containing the entire coding region for the β-lactoglobulin gene in eleven goat breeds from Spain, France, Italy, Switzerland, Senegal and Asia to identify genetic variants. Fifteen polymorphisms were detected, nine in the promoter region and six in the exons of the β-lactoglobulin gene. All polymorphisms were single nucleotide substitutions with the exception of one deletion/insertion in the promoter region. The polymorphisms in the coding region did not produce any amino acid change. In addition, pyrosequencing technology was used to genotype four polymorphisms in the promoter region in 200 goats belonging to eleven breeds. Differences in allelic frequencies for these polymorphisms between breeds are described and a specific polymorphism for the Italian populations was identified. Finally, the analysis of association between these four promoter point mutations was investigated resulting in five haplotypes, GCGC being the most frequent haplotype in all breeds analysed.
Kinetics of heat-induced whey protein denaturation and aggregation in skim milks with adjusted whey protein concentration
Authors: Oldfield David J , Singh Harjinder , Taylor Mike W
Published: June 2005

Microfiltration and ultrafiltration were used to manufacture skim milks with an increased or reduced concentration of whey proteins, while keeping the casein and milk salts concentrations constant. The skim milks were heated on a pilot-scale UHT plant at 80, 90 and 120 °C. The heat-induced denaturation and aggregation of β-lactoglobulin (β-lg), α-lactalbumin (α-la) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were quantified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Apparent rate constants and reaction orders were calculated for β-lg, α-la and BSA denaturation. Rates of β-lg, α-la and BSA denaturation increased with increasing whey protein concentration. The rate of α-la and BSA denaturation was affected to a greater extent than β-lg by the change in whey protein concentration. After heating at 120 °C for 160 s, the concentration of β-lg and α-la associated with the casein micelles increased as the initial concentration of whey proteins increased.
Security in Pension Provision: A Critical Analysis of UK Government Policy
Authors: RING PATRICK JOHN
Published: June 2005

The Labour government has often argued that it is attempting to find a ‘third way’ in politics, appearing to take its inspiration from Anthony Giddens and, in relation to Labour's pensions policy, Giddens' notion of ‘positive welfare’.

Noting that the government maintains that ‘pensions are all about security’, and that it has declared the importance of this position throughout its reform of UK pension provision, this article critically examines the nature of the ‘security’ its reform is likely to deliver. Using the work of Giddens, it notes the importance of the concept of ontological security, and the relevance of trust to security. From this basis, and drawing upon the work of both Giddens and Niklas Luhmann, it goes on to consider whether the government's reforms of the three pillars of pension provision in the UK – state provision, occupational provision and personal provision – are capable of delivering greater security in pension provision.

It concludes that, quite apart from the potential criticisms of the conception of positive welfare itself, the government's apparent adoption of such an approach has failed to appreciate adequately the importance of ontological security to any understanding of welfare. As a consequence, it is suggested that the practical outcome is reform that is likely to create much less security in pension provision than either Giddens' approach, or indeed regular government pronouncements, might suggest.
The Translation Perspective as an Alternative to the Policy Diffusion Paradigm: The Case of the Swedish Methadone Maintenance Treatment
Authors: JOHNSON BJÖRN , HAGSTRÖM BO
Published: June 2005

In the policy sciences the study of dissemination phenomena is usually connected to the concept of policy diffusion. In view of what has been produced using this perspective, there is every reason to develop alternative points of view. In this article we present the main features of one such alternative: the constructivist translation perspective. The translation perspective depicts policy diffusion as an imitation process, where meaning is constructed by disembedding policy ideas from their previous context and using them as models for altered political structures in a new context. The translation metaphor draws attention to the importance of a deepened problematisation of the policy concept, the personal character of the translation, and to the fact that translation processes are always tied to local contexts. Policy translation should be seen as an open, continuous process, never independent of the societal distribution of power. In this article the translation perspective is outlined and illustrated by a detailed case study of the Swedish methadone maintenance treatment programme.
Welfare Regimes and Poverty Dynamics: The Duration and Recurrence of Poverty Spells in Europe
Authors: FOUARGE DIDIER , LAYTE RICHARD
Published: June 2005

This article seeks to evaluate how well the different welfare states of Europe perform in terms of preventing recurrent and persistent income poverty and what household and individual characteristics influence poverty duration. Because we use cross-national data on longitudinal poverty, we are able to increase our understanding of the effect of the institutional context within which poverty occurs. We show that country welfare regimes strongly influence long-run poverty, with social democratic countries reducing the level of persistent and recurrent poverty. Liberal and Southern European regime countries have both higher rates and longer durations of poverty. Despite their dissimilar patterns of poverty duration, European welfare states display rather similar patterns of exit from poverty, once we control for duration. There is some evidence that high initial exit rates from poverty in social democratic and corporatist countries decrease quickly whereas those in liberal and Southern European countries remain high, which could suggest lower levels of incentives in the former.
Implementing the Community Care (Direct Payments) Act: Will the Supply of Personal Assistants meet the Demand and at what Price?
Authors: SCOURFIELD PETER
Published: June 2005

Direct payments are becoming an important means by which any disabled person can arrange their care in ways that give them more choice and control over how they are supported. A key part of this new freedom is the ability to employ personal assistants (PAs) on terms laid down by the direct payments user. While endorsing the basic principles underpinning direct payments, this article raises questions over whether the employment market in suitably skilled and competent PAs has been sufficiently well researched. For example, with demand set to grow, will there be an adequate supply of reliable workers to employ? It is possible that raised expectations will not be able to be met adequately. The article also raises questions about regulation and training, particularly in relation to how best to ensure that the needs of vulnerable people are met, that risk is managed effectively and that the principle of leaving key decision making with the employer is retained.
Dead Channel Surfing: the commonalities between cyberpunk literature and industrial music
Authors: COLLINS KAREN
Published: June 2005

This paper explores the similarities between industrial music and ‘cyberpunk’ science fiction literature. Besides the obvious instances where there are direct references to each other, there are further connections between music and literature that are explored here. Situating the two forms within the tradition of twentieth-century Western dystopias, the focus of the paper is on the similarity of themes (relationship to technology, control by a totalitarian elite, apocalyptic worlds, resistance groups), techniques (in language or structure), moods (the tones and attitudes), and imagery (through language or music) used to illustrate and enhance these themes.
Other Lives: rock, memory and oblivion in post-Franco fiction
Authors: STEENMEIJER MAARTEN
Published: June 2005

The functions and meanings of the global discourse of American and British rock in national literatures have hardly been studied so far. This article focuses on the very interesting case of Spanish literature after Franco. The central question is: How has rock functioned in the literature of the new Spain, both as intertext and as cultural memory? To be more specific, the main purpose of this contribution is to study the presence, functions and meanings of rock in the narratives of two leading authors of two generations of post-Franco novelists: Antonio Muñoz Molina (1956) and Ray Loriga (1967). Particular attention will be paid to the complicated processes of memory and oblivion articulated by explicit and implicit references to rock in the pivotal novels El jinete polaco (Muñoz Molina 1991) and Héroes (Loriga 1993), and to their functions and meanings in the historical-cultural process of memory and trauma in post-Franco Spain.
From Tomorrow’s Eve to High Fidelity: novel responses to the gramophone in twentieth century literature
Authors: SYMES COLIN
Published: June 2005

Music and literature have long-standing links. Music has drawn on literature, and vice versa. The advent of the phonograph transformed the condition of music in myriad ways. It made music more accessible and more portable. It also created a new industry of music makers: record producers and engineers, recording artists and record journalists. In this paper I examine the literary responses to the phonograph, and argue that novelists such as Jules Verne, Sinclair Lewis, Bram Stoker and Thomas Mann were among the first to respond to the phonograph, helping to demystify many of the fears that accompanied a machine that was able to preserve sound. I suggest that novelists and short stories, well in advance of phonographic historians and analysts, identified the ways in which records and recordings were incorporated into the day-to-day lives of individuals.
31 Songs and Nick Hornby's pop ideology
Authors: Laing Dave
Published: June 2005

31 Songs (re-titled Songbook in the United States) is ‘a little book of essays about songs I loved’ written in 2002 by Nick Hornby, author of the 1996 hit novel High Fidelity and latterly pop critic of the New Yorker. Hornby's assumption of the role of music critic echoed the wish of the protagonist of High Fidelity whose No. 1 in a list of ‘my five dream jobs’ was ‘NME (New Musical Express) journalist 1976–1979’.
The role of the psychiatrist in the care of women with breast cancer
Authors: Massie M. J.
Published: June 2005

Psychiatric consultation and supportive psychotherapy provide many benefits for women with breast cancer including an opportunity to address existential, physical, emotional, social, psychosexual and relationship (family and others) concerns. The psychiatrist is a source of meaningful information and helps the patient challenge pessimistic thoughts and consider life, health, family and career priorities. The management of psychiatric symptoms and the treatment of side effects helps promote adherence to cancer treatment.
Can Aggression Provide Pleasure?
Authors: Ramírez J. Martin , Bonniot-Cabanac Marie-Claude , Cabanac Michel
Published: June 2005

Abstract. We investigated the pleasurability of aggressive behavioral decisions. Four questionnaires (on hedonicity, decision making, justification of aggression, and impulsiveness) were given to 50 participants of both sexes, ranging from 16 to 80 years old. Most participants avoided unpleasant behaviors as part of a trend to maximize pleasure and to minimize displeasure. Mean hedonicity ratings followed a bell curve with increasing levels of aggressiveness (p < .0001). Thus, the participants chose neither passive nor highly aggressive responses to social conflicts, with both extremes receiving the most unpleasant ratings. The results offer empirical support for an interesting point: People may derive pleasure from aggression as long as it is exhibited on a low to medium level. More precisely, people associate pleasure with aggression up to a certain point: Aggressive responses of medium intensity were rated significantly less unpleasant than the most passive and most aggressive ones, which were associated with less pleasure. Conclusion: In social conflicts, behavior tends to maximize experienced pleasure; and aggression produces pleasure in the aggressor, except at extreme intensities. The point that mild to moderate aggression brings pleasure, whereas extreme or severe aggression does not, provides a perspective that may reconcile conflicting observations in the literature.
Interaction of sea ice sediments and surface sea water in the Arctic Ocean: Evidence from excess 210Pb
Authors: Baskaran M.
Published: June 2005

We measured the activities of 210Pb, 226Ra, 238U and 137Cs in a suite of ice‐rafted sediments (IRS) from the Arctic Ocean in an attempt to assess the interaction of sea ice sediments and surface water. The concentrations of these nuclides were compared to those of the benthic sediments in the coastal and shelf regions of the Arctic Ocean, which are believed to be the major source region for the IRS. The concentration factors (CF = activity of a nuclide in IRS/average activity in benthic sediments) are ∼1 and 4‐92 for 137Cs and 210Pb, respectively. The CF values for 137Cs are comparable to the values that can be obtained from the previously published data while we report the first set of high CF values of 210Pb. A major portion of 210Pb in some IRS samples is likely derived from surface waters and thus, the concentrations of 210Pb combined with another particle‐reactive radionuclide (such as 7Be, 234Th) in IRS might provide information on the residence time and transit time of sea ice‐laden sediments.
Slicing up the San Francisco Bay Area: Block kinematics and fault slip rates from GPS‐derived surface velocities
Authors: d'Alessio M. A. , Johanson I. A. , Bürgmann R. , Schmidt D. A. , Murray M. H.
Published: June 2005

Observations of surface deformation allow us to determine the kinematics of faults in the San Francisco Bay Area. We present the Bay Area velocity unification (BV, “bay view”), a compilation of over 200 horizontal surface velocities computed from campaign‐style and continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) observations from 1993 to 2003. We interpret this interseismic velocity field using a three‐dimensional block model to determine the relative contributions of block motion, elastic strain accumulation, and shallow aseismic creep. The total relative motion between the Pacific plate and the rigid Sierra Nevada/Great Valley (SNGV) microplate is 37.9 ± 0.6 mm yr−1 directed toward N30.4°W ± 0.8° at San Francisco (±2σ). Fault slip rates from our preferred model are typically within the error bounds of geologic estimates but provide a better fit to geodetic data (notable right‐lateral slip rates in mm yr−1: San Gregorio fault, 2.4 ± 1.0; West Napa fault, 4.0 ± 3.0; zone of faulting along the eastern margin of the Coast Range, 5.4 ± 1.0; and Mount Diablo thrust, 3.9 ± 1.0 of reverse slip and 4.0 ± 0.2 of right‐lateral strike slip). Slip on the northern Calaveras is partitioned between both the West Napa and Concord/Green Valley fault systems. The total convergence across the Bay Area is negligible. Poles of rotation for Bay Area blocks progress systematically from the North America‐Pacific to North America‐SNGV poles. The resulting present‐day relative motion cannot explain the strike of most Bay Area faults, but fault strike does loosely correlate with inferred plate motions at the time each fault initiated.
Study of stratospheric air density irregularities based on two‐wavelength observation of stellar scintillation by Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) on Envisat
Authors: Gurvich A. S. , Dalaudier F. , Sofieva V. F.
Published: June 2005

The scintillations of stars observed through the Earth's atmosphere are generated by random irregularities of air density. We propose the qualitative theory for description of coherency and correlations of optical scintillations measured at two wavelengths. It is based on a two‐component model of air density irregularities: One of the components corresponds to anisotropic irregularities, while the second one is generated by locally isotropic turbulence. The main conclusion of the developed theory is that chromatic aberration results in low coherency of isotropic scintillations. The scintillations measured by GOMOS fast photometers (FP) on board the Envisat satellite have confirmed the theoretical conclusions. The coherency of scintillation measurements at wavelength 672 and 499 nm visualize the regions of high coherency where the anisotropic irregularities dominate. Observations have allowed also the detection of layers with low coherence. They are located generally between altitudes of 30 and 40 km. The thickness of the layers and their altitude distribution depend on observation location. It is expected that the locally isotropic turbulence is strongly developed within these layers. We show that the low values of the cross‐correlation coefficient of two‐wavelength scintillations can be used as a qualitative indicator for the presence of layers with prevailing isotropic turbulence. The obtained results showed that the analysis of two‐wavelength coherency and cross‐correlation functions is a sensitive approach which will allow visualizing IGW breakdown in the stratosphere.
Effects of aggregation on scattering and radiative properties of soot aerosols
Authors: Liu Li , Mishchenko Michael I.
Published: June 2005

The superposition T‐matrix method is used to compute the scattering matrix elements and optical cross sections for a wide variety of fractal‐like soot aggregates in random orientation at a visible wavelength 0.628 μm. The effects of the fractal dimension and prefactor, the monomer radius, the number of monomers in the aggregate, and the refractive index on light scattering and absorption by aggregated soot particles are analyzed. It is shown that the configuration of the monomers can have a substantial effect and that aggregation can result in a significant enhancement of extinction and scattering relative to those computed from the Lorenz–Mie theory, assuming that there are no electromagnetic interactions between the monomers. Thus one must take the effects of soot agglomeration and cluster morphology into account in radiative transfer modeling and remote sensing applications.
Assessing controls on diffuse groundwater recharge using unsaturated flow modeling
Authors: Keese K. E. , Scanlon B. R. , Reedy R. C.
Published: June 2005

Understanding climate, vegetation, and soil controls on recharge is essential for estimating potential impacts of climate variability and land use/land cover change on recharge. Recharge controls were evaluated by simulating drainage in 5‐m‐thick profiles using a one‐dimensional (1‐D) unsaturated flow code (UNSAT‐H), climate data, and vegetation and soil coverages from online sources. Soil hydraulic properties were estimated from STATSGO/SSURGO soils data using pedotransfer functions. Vegetation parameters were obtained from the literature. Long‐term (1961–1990) simulations were conducted for 13 county‐scale regions representing arid to humid climates and different vegetation and soil types, using data for Texas. Areally averaged recharge rates are most appropriate for water resources; therefore Geographic Information Systems were used to determine spatial weighting of recharge results from 1‐D models for the combination of vegetation and soils in each region. Simulated 30‐year mean annual recharge in bare sand is high (51–709 mm/yr) and represents 23–60% (arid–humid) of mean annual precipitation (MAP). Adding vegetation reduced recharge by factors of 2–30 (humid–arid), and soil textural variability reduced recharge by factors of 2–11 relative to recharge in bare sand. Vegetation and soil textural variability both resulted in a large range of recharge rates within each region; however, spatially weighted, long‐term recharge rates were much less variable and were positively correlated with MAP (r2 = 0.85 for vegetated sand; r2 = 0.62 for variably textured soils). The most realistic simulations included vegetation and variably textured soils, which resulted in recharge rates from 0.2 to 118 mm/yr (0.1–10% of MAP). Mean annual precipitation explains 80% of the variation in recharge and can be used to map recharge.