bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) and the microhabitat distribution of fungi in declining pine trees in a locale in Korea
Authors: Oh In‐Jae , Ju Wan‐Taek , Kim Young‐Ju , Jung Woo‐Jin , Kim Kil‐Yong , Park Ro‐Dong
Published: May 2014

A total of 33 pine trees with symptoms of decline were collected in Jeonnam Province, South Korea, and were examined for the presence of nematodes. About 20% of the trees sampled were positive with Bursaphelenchus species. All Bursaphelenchus species were found in recently dead or dying trees. Based on morphological observations, the nematode extracted from the declining pine trees was identified as B. mucronatus. The highly pathogenic pine wood nematode B. xylophilus was not found in any pine trees sampled. B. mucronatus was easily reared on fungus Botrytis cinerea. Twenty one fungal isolates were isolated from dead trees, fallen twigs, and healthy pine trees. The fungal isolates belonged to Trichoderma genus and were dominant in the wood of partially declining pines. The blue‐stain fungi transmitted by the Monochamus beetle were not detected. The B. mucronatus population decreased markedly on Auxarthron reticulatum DY‐2 isolated from soils. The number of nematodes also reduced on Verticillium saksenae A‐1, a nematophagous fungus, and Beauveria bassiana, an entomopathogenic fungus. This observation suggested the fungal production of nematicidal activity against B. mucronatus. When the fungal culture filtrates were also used for nematicidal activity on B. mucronatus, the culture filtrates of A‐1, DY‐2 and B. bassiana showed over 50% mortality within 48 h exposure. The fungi BC4, BC5 and BC6 isolated from declining pine trees inhibited the reproduction of B. mucronatus, and their culture filtrates also expressed nematicidal activity, indicating a possible interaction between the fungi in pine trees and nematodes at microhabitat level.
Early Helicobacter pylori eradication is associated with a reduced risk of recurrent peptic ulcers in cirrhotic patients
Authors: Chang Shen‐Shong , Hu Hsiao‐Yun
Published: May 2014

Obiective

The study aimed to investigate whether early Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication therapy in cirrhotic patients caused a dramatic reduction of recurrent peptic ulcers compared with those treated with a late eradication.

Methods

We identified cirrhotic patients using the International Classifications of Diseases, Revision 9 (ICD‐9‐CM). Decompensated cirrhotic patients can apply for a catastrophic illness card and were identified via the ICD‐9‐CM codes 571.2, 571.5 and 571.6. Compensated cirrhotic patients were identified via the ICD‐9‐CM codes 571.2, 571.5 and 571.6, after excluded decompensated cirrhotic patients. We categorized patients into early (time lag ≤365 days after peptic ulcer diagnosis) and late (time lag >365 days) H. pylori eradication therapy groups. The end‐point was the occurrence of recurrent peptic ulcers. Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs).

Results

Altogether, 154 cirrhotic patients were included in the early H. pylori eradication group and 103 in the late H. pylori eradication group. Cirrhotic patients had a higher risk of recurrent peptic ulcers in the late H. pylori eradication group (HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.09–2.28, P = 0.015). However, the risk of recurrent peptic ulcers in alcoholic cirrhotic patients in both groups (HR 1.47, 95% CI 0.77–2.83, P = 0.247) was similar.

Conclusions

Early H. pylori eradication is associated with a lower risk of recurrent peptic ulcers in cirrhotic patients. H. pylori eradication is the mainstay for treating cirrhotic patients who have contracted peptic ulcers.
Incidence and risk factors of lower extremity amputations in people with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan, 2001–2010 2001–2010年台湾糖尿病患者的下肢截肢发生率及其相关危险因素的研究
Authors: Lai Yun‐Ju , Hu Hsiao‐Yun , Lin Ching‐Heng , Lee Shih‐Tan , Kuo Shih‐Chieh , Chou Pesus
Published: May 2014

Background

Diabetic patients have an increased risk of lower extremity amputations (LEAs). In the present study we analyzed the incidence of LEA in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Taiwan from 2001 to 2010, and determined risk factors for LEA.

Methods

Data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database collected between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2010 were analyzed. First, the incidence of LEA in the diabetic population was calculated. Subsequently, patients with new‐onset T2DM during the study period were selected, and Cox's proportional hazards model was used to identify factors associated with LEA. The characteristics of patients who underwent major and multiple amputations were also analyzed.

Results

From 2001 to 2010, 1588 non‐traumatic LEAs were performed among the study subjects; 776 (48.9%) were minor and 812 (51.1%) were major LEAs. Over the period in question, the incidence of LEAs decreased from 3.08 to 1.65 per 1000 person‐years. Factors associated with LEA included peripheral arterial occlusive disease (hazard ratio [HR] 4.134; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.72–6.29), diabetic neuropathy (HR 2.34; 95% CI 1.62–3.38), diabetic retinopathy (HR 2.07; 95% CI 1.12–3.82), heart failure (HR 2.13; 95% CI 1.45–3.15), male gender (HR 1.64; 95% CI 1.24–2.18), and adult onset diabetes (HR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01–1.04). Patients with a history of stroke were more likely to undergo major and multiple amputations (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively).

Conclusions

The incidence of LEA in the Taiwan diabetic population decreased over the study period. The results indicate that efforts to improve diabetic care should be supported and sustainable, especially for those at high risk.
At home with the birds:Kalahari tree skinks associate with sociable weaver nests despiteAfrican pygmy falcon presence
Authors: Rymer Tasmin L. , Thomson Robert L. , Whiting Martin J.
Published: May 2014

The way in which animals use habitat can affect their access to key resources or how they are buffered from environmental variables such as the extreme temperatures of deserts. One strategy of animals is to modify the environment or take advantage of structures constructed by other species. The sociable weaver bird (Philetairus socius) constructs enormous colonial nests in trees. These nests are frequented by Kalahari tree skinks (Trachylepis spilogaster) and the two species coexist over a large portion of theKalahariDesert inSouthAfrica. We tested whether skinks were more abundant in trees containing sociable weaver nests and asked whether the physical features of trees were important predictors of skink abundance. We then focused on potential costs of this association by examining the relationship between skink abundance and the presence of a potential predator, the pygmy falcon (Polihierax semitorquatus), which exclusively uses weaver nest colonies for roosting and nesting. Finally, we simulated a predatory threat to determine if skinks assess risk differently if a weaver nest is present. We found a significant positive association between the presence of weaver nests and skink abundance. In the absence of nests, the type of tree did not influence skink abundance. Skinks used weaver nests and were more likely to perch on the nest than the tree. When threatened with predation, skinks preferred to take refuge in nests. Surprisingly, the presence of nesting pygmy falcons in nests did not influence skink abundance, perhaps because of the abundance of nearby refuges within nests, tree crevices, or in debris at the tree base. We suggest that sociable weaver nests provide multiple benefits to skinks including lowered predation risk, thermal refuges and greater prey availability, although this requires experimental testing. In the current era of global climate change, sociable weaver nests may become a crucial resource for skinks seeking refuge as theKalahari climate warms.
Conducting animal censuses amongst abrupt topography; aGIS‐based alternative toDistance
Authors: O'Kane Christopher A. J. , Page Bruce R. , Macdonald David W.
Published: May 2014

Management often bases decisions on estimates of animal density and population size. Aerial sampling is expensive whilst current ground methods, noticeablyDistancesampling, assume a single detection function for each habitat and that visibility in a given habitat type declines in a smooth, increasing manner with distance from the observer. If the visibility within a habitat varies widely or is suddenly cut off, as amongst abrupt topography, these assumptions are invalidated. We present an affordable, accessible and accurate method for conducting repeated annual censuses on large herbivores in such terrain. We used aGIShabitat‐based approach. Monthly, over a two year period, we conducted repeated road transects inIthalaGameReserve,SouthAfrica, usingGPSto record the geographic position of each sighting. These records (n = 8742) were then imported into aGISand overlaid onto an existing habitat‐typeGISlayer. With the sampled area thus defined as an irregular polygon in theGISencompassing all records, we calculated densities of each herbivore species by habitat type and extrapolated total population size estimates. Estimates of maximum population size for wildebeest and zebra correlated (±15%) with management's estimates based on aerial surveys, walked transects and experience. White rhino are individually counted in the reserve and our estimates (year 1: 52; year 2: 57) matched these known numbers (year 1: 50; year 2: 53). Our method also yielded realistic numbers for impala, but unrealistic numbers for kudu and warthog. OurGIS‐based census technique produced realistic maximum population estimates for abundant grazing and mixed‐feeder mesoherbivores and for scarce, but highly visible, megaherbivores, but not for cryptic species. With the increasing availability ofGISdata, the technique is recommended to those working in abrupt terrain frustrated by the inability of current ground census techniques, principallyDistancesampling, to produce realistic population estimates.
Implementing a structured Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol reduces length of stay after abdominal hysterectomy
Authors: Wijk Lena , Franzen Karin , Ljungqvist Olle , Nilsson Kerstin
Published: May 2014

Objective

To study the effects of introducing an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol, modified for gynecological surgery, on length of stay and complications following abdominal hysterectomy.

Design

Observational study.

Setting

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Örebro University Hospital, Sweden.

Population

Eighty‐five patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy for benign or malignant indications between January and December 2012, with or without salpingo‐oophorectomy. Outcomes were compared with all consecutive patients who had undergone the same surgery from January to December 2011, immediately before establishing the ERAS protocol (n = 120).

Methods

The ERAS protocol was initiated in January 2012 as part of a targeted implementation program. Data were extracted from patient records and from a specific database.

Main outcome measures

Length of stay and the proportion of patients achieving target length of stay (2 days).

Results

Length of stay was significantly reduced in the study population after introducing the ERAS protocol from a mean of 2.6 (SD 1.1) days to a mean of 2.3 (SD 1.2) days (p = 0.011). The proportion of patients discharged at 2 days was significantly increased from 56% pre‐ERAS to 73% after ERAS (p = 0.012). No differences were found in complications (5% vs. 3.5% in primary stay, 12% vs. 15% within 30 days after discharge), reoperations (2% vs. 1%) or readmission (4% vs. 4%).

Conclusions

Introducing the ERAS protocol for abdominal hysterectomy reduced length of stay without increasing complications or readmissions.
Noise inGuangzhou: the cultural politics of underground popular music in contemporaryGuangzhou
Authors: Liu Chen
Published: May 2014

Popular music inGuangzhou can be considered as a noise that applies social and political power to challenge the mainstream aesthetics and ideologies, rather than a low culture that lacks aesthetics. The main purpose of this article is to examine the cultural politics of underground popular music in contemporaryGuangzhou, drawing on the analysis of its lyrical and sonic meanings through three genres: campus rock/pop,Canton‐rock and urban folk songs. Different types of underground popular music inGuangzhou engender different spaces/places through the lyrical and sonic power, and map out the non‐commercial popular music in southChina. These findings not only respond to the previous music geographical studies on lyrics and sounds/voices, but also extend the research areas ofChinese popular music.
What Women Want: Lead Considerations for Current and Future Applications of Noninvasive Prenatal Testing in Prenatal Care
Authors: Farrell Ruth M. , Agatisa Patricia K. , Nutter Benjamin
Published: May 2014

Background

Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) will change the delivery of prenatal care for all women, including those considered low risk for fetal chromosomal abnormalities. This study investigated pregnant women's attitudes, informational needs, and decision‐making preferences with respect to current and future applications of NIPT.

Methods

A survey instrument was used to identify aspects of the decision‐making process for NIPT among low‐risk and high‐risk populations.

Results

Both low‐risk and high‐risk women (n = 334) expressed interest in incorporating NIPT as a screening test into their prenatal care. Information specific to NIPT's detection rate (86%), indications (77%), and performance in comparison with conventional screens and diagnostic tests (63%) were identified as lead factors when considering its use. The future availability of NIPT as a diagnostic test increased women's willingness to undergo testing for fetal aneuploidy, cancer susceptibility, and childhood‐onset and adult‐onset diseases. Despite its noninvasive aspects, participants expressed the need for a formal informed consent process (71%) to take place before testing.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that NIPT will introduce new challenges for pregnant women and their health care practitioners who will be charged with supporting informed decision making about its use. It is critical that obstetric professionals are prepared to facilitate a patient‐centered decision‐making process as its clinical application rapidly changes.
A cross‐cultural examination of the impact of social, organisational and individual factors on educational technology acceptance between British and Lebanese university students
Authors: Tarhini Ali , Hone Kate , Liu Xiaohui
Published: May 2014

This paper examines the social, organisational and individual factors that may affect students' acceptance of e‐learning systems in higher education in a cross‐cultural context. A questionnaire was developed based on an extended technology acceptance model (TAM). A total sample of 1173 university students from two private universities in Lebanon and one university in England participated in this study. After performing the satisfactory reliability and validity checks, the hypothesised model was estimated using structural equation modeling. The findings of this study revealed that perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), social norms (SNs), perceived quality of work life (QWL), computer self‐efficacy (SE) and facilitating conditions (FC) are significant determinants of behavioural intentions (BIs) and usage of e‐learning system for the Lebanese and British students. QWL, the newly added variable, was found the most important construct in explaining the causal process in the model for both samples. Differences were found between Lebanese and British students with regard to PEOU, SN, QWL, FC, SE and actual usage; however, no differences were detected in terms of PU and BI. Overall, the proposed model achieves acceptable fit and explains for 69% of the British sample and 57% of the Lebanese sample of its variance which is higher than that of the original TAM. Our findings suggest that individual, social and organisational factors are important to consider in explaining students' BI and usage of e‐learning environments.
Baseline characteristics predict risk of progression and response to combined medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Authors: Kozminski Michael A. , Wei John T. , Nelson Jason , Kent David M.
Published: May 2014

Objective

To better risk stratify patients, using baseline characteristics, to help optimise decision‐making for men with moderate‐to‐severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) through a secondary analysis of the Medical Therapy of Prostatic Symptoms (MTOPS) trial.

Patients and Methods

After review of the literature, we identified potential baseline risk factors for BPH progression. Using bivariate tests in a secondary analysis of MTOPS data, we determined which variables retained prognostic significance. We then used these factors in Cox proportional hazard modelling to: i) more comprehensively risk stratify the study population based on pre‐treatment parameters and ii) to determine which risk strata stood to benefit most from medical intervention.

Results

In all, 3047 men were followed in MTOPS for a mean of 4.5 years. We found varying risks of progression across quartiles. Baseline BPH Impact Index score, post‐void residual urine volume, serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, age, American Urological Association Symptom Index score, and maximum urinary flow rate were found to significantly correlate with overall BPH progression in multivariable analysis.

Conclusions

Using baseline factors permits estimation of individual patient risk for clinical progression and the benefits of medical therapy. A novel clinical decision tool based on these analyses will allow clinicians to weigh patient‐specific benefits against possible risks of adverse effects for a given patient.
Significance of c‐MET overexpression in cytotoxic anticancer drug‐resistant small‐cell lung cancer cells
Authors: Ozasa Hiroaki , Oguri Tetsuya , Maeno Ken , Takakuwa Osamu , Kunii Eiji , Yagi Yoshitaka , Uemura Takehiro , Kasai Daishi , Miyazaki Mikinori , Niimi Akio
Published: May 2014

The c‐MET receptor tyrosine kinase is the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor. Recently, activation of the c‐MET/hepatocyte growth factor signaling pathway was associated with poor prognosis in various solid tumors and was one of the mechanisms of acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, gefitinib. But the link between c‐MET activation and the cytotoxic anticancer drug has not been fully examined. Here, we found that the enhanced expression and activation of c‐MET in cytotoxic anticancer agent‐resistant small‐cell lung cancer cells. Downregulation of c‐MET expression by siRNA against the c‐MET gene or inhibition of c‐MET activation by SU11274, a c‐MET inhibitor, in the resistant cells altered resistance to the cytotoxic anticancer agent. These results indicated that c‐MET overexpression might play an important role in acquired resistance to cytotoxic anticancer drugs. Furthermore, the number of c‐MET gene loci was increased in the resistant cells compared to the parental cells. In conclusion, increased c‐Met expression through an increase in the number of c‐MET gene loci is one of the mechanisms of acquired resistance to cytotoxic anticancer drugs. Our results add a new strategy, the targeting of c‐MET, for overcoming resistance to cytotoxic agents in small‐cell lung cancer.
Life satisfaction, coping, self‐esteem and suicide ideation in Chinese adolescents: a school‐based study
Authors: Yao Y‐S. , Chang W‐W. , Jin Y‐L. , Chen Y. , He L‐P. , Zhang L.
Published: May 2014

Purpose

To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of suicidal ideation (SI) among junior, senior high and college school students.

Methods

A total of 5249 students in Anhui Province of China participated in a self‐administered anonymous survey.

Results

Females were more likely to report SI than males (32.1% vs. 20.6%). Using binary logistic regression analysis, we found that being female, passive coping, lower family satisfaction, lower school satisfaction, lower living environment satisfaction and higher self‐esteem were associated with an increased risk of SI.

Conclusions

This study suggested that SI was common among Chinese adolescents. Being female, high score of passive coping, lower family satisfaction, lower school satisfaction, lower living environment satisfaction and higher self‐esteem were significantly associated with an increased risk of SI. There is an urgent need to take effective measures reducing the rate of SI among adolescents through collaboration among families, schools and society.
Mathematical modelling of spatio‐temporal cell dynamics in colonic crypts following irradiation
Authors: Murano T. , Kagawa Y. , Tsuneda S.
Published: May 2014

Objectives

Modelling the apoptotic process is essential for simulating and understanding tumour growth, as most tumour tissues carry mutations in apoptotic signalling pathways. Thus here, we have aimed to construct a mathematical model of colonic crypts that explicitly incorporates the apoptotic mechanism.

Methods

A murine colonic crypt was described as being a two‐dimensional rectangular surface model. In this system, three types of cells with different proliferating and differentiating potentials migrate. Apoptosis was described as a process activated by irradiation that progresses in a stepwise manner. Parameter values in the model were determined to be consistent with experimental data for changes in the apoptotic cell ratio within murine transverse colonic crypts following irradiation.

Results

First, we constructed a model reproducing cell proliferation dynamics in normal murine colonic crypts; next, we applied the apoptotic mechanism to this model. As a result, we succeeded in simultaneous reproduction of both spatial and temporal changes in distribution of apoptotic cells in murine colonic crypts by determining parameter values in numerical simulations. Through this adjustment process, we were able to predict that stem cells and transit amplifying (TA) cells in each generation must react distinctly from each other, to apoptosis‐inducing stimuli.

Conclusions

We constructed a mathematical model with which we could quantitatively describe cell proliferative and apoptotic dynamics in a murine colonic crypt. Using this model, we were able to make novel predictions that sensitivity to apoptosis‐inducing stimuli is dependent on cell type.
Combination therapy of infantile hemangiomas with pulsed dye laser and Nd:YAG laser is effective and safe
Authors: Kaune Kjell M. , Lauerer Peter , Kietz Silke , Eich Christoph , Thoms Kai‐Martin , Schön Michael P. , Zutt Markus
Published: May 2014

Background

Infantile hemangiomas (IH) can cause severe complications such as obstruction, ulceration or heart failure. Therefore, in certain difficult‐to‐treat areas, or when there is no sign of involution, early and effective therapy is required. In rare instances, systemic treatments, like the beta‐blocker propranolol and oral corticosteroids, can cause serious side effects. Effective and well‐tolerated local treatment options are thus desirable as additive or alternative methods.

Patients and Methods

In this retrospective interdisciplinary study, 38 children with 77 IH were treated with pulsed dye laser (PDL) (595 nm) and Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm). The treatment success and side effects were evaluated according to objective and subjective parameters, including hemangioma thickness measured by ultrasound and the parents’ evaluation of treatment.

Results

All 77 treated IH responded to the therapy, of which 52.8 % healed after the end of treatment and 47.2 % had only minimum residual components. The success of treatment was assessed by the parents in 92.6 % as very good or good. Transient blistering occurred as the main side effect in 45.9 %.

Conclusions

Combination therapy with PDL and Nd:YAG laser represents an effective local method for IH with minimal side effects.
Diffusion tensor imaging of the brainstem in children with achondroplasia
Authors: Bosemani Thangamadhan , Orman Gunes , Carson Kathryn A , Meoded Avner , Huisman Thierry A G M , Poretti Andrea
Published: May 2014

Aim

The aims of this study were to compare, using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the brainstem, microstructural integrity of the white matter in children with achondroplasia and age‐matched participants and to correlate the severity of craniocervical junction (CCJ) narrowing and neurological findings with DTI scalars in children with achondroplasia. This study also aimed to assess the potential role of fibroblast growth factor receptor type 3 on white matter microstructure.

Method

Diffusion tensor imaging was performed using a 1.5T magnetic resonance scanner and balanced pairs of diffusion gradients along 20 non‐collinear directions. Measurements were obtained from regions of interest, sampled in each pontine corticospinal tract (CST), medial lemniscus, and middle cerebellar peduncle, as well as in the lower brainstem and centrum semiovale, for fractional anisotropy and for mean, axial, and radial diffusivity. In addition, a severity score for achondroplasia was assessed by measuring CCJ narrowing.

Result

Eight patients with achondroplasia (seven males, one female; mean age 5y 6mo, range 1y 1mo–15y 1mo) and eight age‐ and sex‐matched comparison participants (mean age 5y 2mo, range 1y 1mo–14y 11mo) were included in this study. Fractional anisotropy was lower and mean diffusivity and radial diffusivity were higher in the lower brainstem of patients with achondroplasia than in age‐matched comparison participants. The CST and middle cerebellar peduncle of the participants showed increases in mean, axial, and radial diffusivity. Fractional anisotropy in the lower brainstem was negatively correlated with the degree of CCJ narrowing. No differences in the DTI metrics of the centrum semiovale were observed between the two groups.

Interpretation

The reduction in fractional anisotropy and increase in diffusivities in the lower brainstem of participants with achondroplasia may reflect secondary encephalomalacic degeneration and cavitation of the affected white matter tracts as shown by histology. In children with achondroplasia, DTI may serve as a potential biomarker for brainstem white matter injury and aid in the care and management of these patients.
Modes of delivery in preventive intervention studies: a rapid review
Authors: Beall Reed F. , Baskerville Neill , Golfam Mohammad , Saeed Sara , Little Julian
Published: May 2014

Background

This review was commissioned to generate broad discussion about how to select intervention delivery modes when designing a complex, preventive intervention aimed at chronic disease through the promotion of physical activity, healthy diet and/or medication adherence. In this context, we asked, what are the delivery modes? What are the important design considerations? And how do these compare (e.g. strengths, limitations)?

Materials and methods

This review utilized the methods of rapid review, an emerging methodology arising from health technology assessment. The search strategy was applied in Embase and MEDLINE. A qualitative, narrative synthesis was performed on included articles.

Results

After screening, 21 articles remained for synthesis (10 systematic reviews, including 1 review of reviews; four trials or studies; three commentaries or conference proceedings; and 2 were scoping projects). Our synthesis determined that major categories of design considerations when selecting intervention delivery modes include attention to the (i) candidate mode types, (ii) settings and social environment, (iii) intensity and timing, (iv) provider, (v) study population and participants, (vi) cost, (vii) behaviour change technique and (viii) theoretical basis.

Conclusion

An array of modes of delivery is available for each of the intervention strategies under consideration (i.e. physical activity, dietary change and medication adherence). No single delivery mode was clearly more appropriate or more effective than another, each having unique strengths and limitations. Delivery mode decisions that take the above‐mentioned factors (i–viii) into account will be more fit‐for‐purpose than those that do not.
Hepatic steatosis and PNPLA3 I148M variant are associated with serum Fetuin‐A independently of insulin resistance
Authors: Rametta Raffaela , Ruscica Massimiliano , Dongiovanni Paola , Macchi Chiara , Fracanzani Anna L. , Steffani Liliana , Fargion Silvia , Magni Paolo , Valenti Luca
Published: May 2014

Background & Aims

Fetuin‐A is a liver‐derived peptide associated with insulin resistance. Aim of this cross‐sectional study was to evaluate whether Fetuin‐A is increased in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) vs. healthy subjects without metabolic abnormalities and the association with insulin resistance and liver damage. To investigate the causal relationship between fatty liver and Fetuin‐A, we also analysed whether the inherited I148M PNPLA3 variant modulates Fetuin‐A.

Methods

In 137 patients with histological NAFLD, complete metabolic characterization, PNPLA3 genotype, and in 260 healthy subjects without metabolic alterations, Fetuin‐A was measured by enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay.

Results

Serum Fetuin‐A was higher in NAFLD patients than in controls (P < 0·0001), independently of age, sex, BMI, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, adiponectin, PNPLA3 I148M and ALT levels (OR 1·006 95% CI 1·003–1·11; P = 0·003). In NAFLD patients, Fetuin‐A was associated with steatosis severity (P = 0·03) and metabolic syndrome features, but not with hepatic inflammation. At multivariate analysis, Fetuin‐A levels were associated with BMI, triglycerides, hyperglycemia and PNPLA3 I148M (P = 0·034) independently also of age, sex and ALT levels. As PNPLA3 I148M is a strong and inherited determinant of liver fat without affecting insulin resistance and lipid levels, these data suggest that steatosis has a causal role in determining serum Fetuin‐A levels.

Conclusions

Liver fat accumulation and the I148M variant of PNPLA3 are associated with serum Fetuin‐A levels independently of insulin resistance. Fetuin‐A may be implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic complications associated with NAFLD.
CONTRACTS AS RENT‐SEEKING DEVICES: EVIDENCE FROM GERMAN SOCCER
Authors: Feess Eberhard , Gerfin Michael , Muehlheusser Gerd
Published: May 2014

Recent theoretical research has identified many ways how contracts can be used as rent‐seeking devices vis‐à‐vis third parties, but there is no empirical evidence on this issue so far. To test some basic qualitative properties of this literature, we develop a theoretical and empirical framework in the context of European professional soccer where (incumbent) teams and players sign binding contracts which, however, are frequently renegotiated when other teams (entrants) want to hire the player. Because they weaken entrants in renegotiations, long‐term contracts are useful rent‐seeking devices for the contracting parties. However, they reduce the likelihood of (mutually beneficial) transfers, which generates a trade‐off in the spirit of Aghion and Bolton (1987). Using a data set from the German “Bundesliga,” our model predictions are broadly confirmed. (JEL L14, J63, L40, L83)
Failure of predator conditioning: an experimental study of predator avoidance in brown trout (Salmo trutta)
Authors: Petersson Erik , Valencia Ana Camargo , Järvi Torbjörn
Published: May 2014

Many studies have documented that hatchery‐reared salmonids generally have inferior survival after being stocked compared with wild conspecifics, hatchery and wild salmonids have been observed to differ in their antipredator responses. The response of brown trout (Salmo trutta) juveniles (0+) of differing backgrounds to a live predator was compared in two experiments. First, the antipredator behaviour of predator‐naïve hatchery‐reared brown trout and wild‐exposed brown trout were assessed in behavioural trials which lasted for eight days. Second, predator‐naïve and predator‐conditioned hatchery‐reared brown trout were assessed in identical behavioural trials. Brown trout were ‘predator‐conditioned’ by being held in a stream‐water aquarium with adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and adult brown trout for two days prior to behavioural trials. Predator‐conditioned hatchery‐reared brown trout spent more time in shelters in the trial aquaria than predator‐naïve hatchery‐reared fish, but did not differ in time spent in the predator‐free area. Predator conditioning may account for the increased time spent in the shelter, but does not appear to have affected time spent in the predator‐free area. However, even if significant alteration in behaviour can be noted in the laboratory, the response might not be appropriate in the wild.
A validation of the new definition of drug‐resistant epilepsy by the International League Against Epilepsy
Authors: Téllez‐Zenteno Jose F. , Hernández‐Ronquillo Lizbeth , Buckley Samantha , Zahagun Ricardo , Rizvi Syed
Published: May 2014

Objective

To establish applicability, the recently proposed International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) consensus on drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE) requires testing in clinical and research settings. This study evaluates the reliability and validity of these criteria in a clinical population.

Methods

In phase I, two independent evaluators reviewed 97 randomly selected medical records of patients with epilepsy at two separate intervals. Both ILEA consensus and standard diagnostic criteria were employed. Kappa, weighted kappa, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to determine interobserver and intraobserver variability. In phase II, ILAE consensus criteria were applied to 250 patients with epilepsy to determine risk factors associated with development of DRE and to calculate point prevalence.

Results

The interobserver agreement of the four definitions was as follows: Berg (0.56), Kwan and Brodie (0.58), Camfield and Camfield (0.69), and ILAE (0.77). The intraobserver agreement of the four definition was as follows: Berg (0.81), Kwan and Brodie (0.82), Camfield and Camfield (0.72), and ILAE (0.82). The prevalence of DRE was the following: with the Berg's definition was 28.4%, Kwan and Brodie 34%, Camfield and Camfield 37%, and with ILAE was 33%.

Significance

This is first study to establish reliability and validity of ILAE criteria for the diagnosis of DRE. This new definition compares favorably with previously established constructs, which continue to retain clinical significance.
Knowledge and attitudes towards homeopathic research: the perspective of new graduates and postgraduate trainees – an Indian scenario
Authors: Koley Munmun , Saha Subhranil , Arya Jogendra Singh , Choubey Gurudev , Ghosh Aloke , Saha Sangita , Ghosh Shubhamoy , Ganguly Subhasish
Published: May 2014

Background

Homeopathic research conducted by new graduates [i.e. house staff (HS)] and postgraduate trainees (PGTs) in India remains seriously compromised.

Objective

To assess HS and PGT knowledge and attitudes towards homeopathic research and to identify the barriers to conducting research.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted in four government homeopathic schools in West Bengal, India. A total of 118 HS and 54 PGTs were interviewed using a validated and pilot‐tested self‐administered questionnaire. Bivariate analyses were performed to look for putative associations between different variables and the knowledge and attitude scores.

Results

The survey response rate was 43%. Mean scores ± standard deviation on the knowledge and attitude scales were 31.35% ± 15.27 and 47.3% ± 18.2, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the knowledge (P=0.234) and attitude scores (P=0.304) of HS and PGTs. Males had significantly better knowledge of (P=0.020) and attitude towards (P=0.033) research in comparison with females. Constraints in infrastructure (23%), research training (20%) and statistical support (15%) were the major hurdles to pursuing research.

Conclusion

Homeopathic HS and PGTs demonstrate inadequate knowledge, while having moderate attitudes towards research. Research training needs to undergo major transformation to encourage meaningful research.
Allosteric control of the exportin CRM1 unraveled by crystal structure analysis
Authors: Monecke Thomas , Dickmanns Achim , Ficner Ralf
Published: May 2014

Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking in eukaryotic cells is a highly regulated and coordinated process which involves an increasing variety of soluble nuclear transport receptors. Generally, transport receptors specifically bind their cargo and facilitate its transition through nuclear pore complexes, aqueous channels connecting the two compartments. Directionality of such transport events by receptors of the importin β superfamily requires the interaction with the small GTPase Ras‐related nuclear antigen (Ran). While importins need RanGTP to release their cargo in the nucleus and thus to terminate import, exportins recruit cargo in the RanGTP‐bound state. The exportin chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) is a highly versatile transport receptor that exports a plethora of different protein and RNP cargoes. Moreover, binding of RanGTP and of cargo to CRM1 are highly cooperative events despite the fact that cargo and RanGTP do not interact directly in crystal structures of assembled export complexes. Integrative approaches have recently unraveled the individual steps of the CRM1 transport cycle at a structural level and explained how the HEAT‐repeat architecture of CRM1 provides a framework for the key elements to mediate allosteric interactions with RanGTP, Ran binding proteins and cargo. Moreover, during the last decade, CRM1 has become a more and more appreciated target for anti‐cancer drugs. Hence, detailed understanding of the flexibility, the regulatory features and the positive binding cooperativity between CRM1, Ran and cargo is a prerequisite for the development of highly effective drugs. Here we review recent structural advances in the characterization of CRM1 and CRM1‐containing complexes with a special emphasis on X‐ray crystallographic studies.
Productive induced metastability in allosteric modulation of kinase function
Authors: Montes de Oca Joan , Rodriguez Fris Ariel , Appignanesi Gustavo , Fernández Ariel
Published: May 2014

Allosteric modulators of kinase function are of considerable pharmacological interest as blockers or agonists of key cell‐signaling pathways. They are gaining attention due to their purported higher selectivity and efficacy relative to ATP‐competitive ligands. Upon binding to the target protein, allosteric inhibitors promote a conformational change that purposely facilitates or hampers ATP binding. However, allosteric binding remains a matter of contention because the binding site does not fit with a natural ligand (i.e. ATP or phosphorylation substrate) of the protein. In this study, we show that allosteric binding occurs by means of a local structural motif that promotes association with the ligand. We specifically show that allosteric modulators promote a local metastable state that is stabilized upon association. The induced conformational change generates a local enrichment of the protein in the so‐called dehydrons, which are solvent‐exposed backbone hydrogen bonds. These structural deficiencies that are inherently sticky are not present in the apo form and constitute a local metastable state that promotes association with the ligand. This productive induced metastability (PIM) is likely to translate into a general molecular design concept.
A cascade of warming impacts brings bluefin tuna to Greenland waters
Authors: MacKenzie Brian R. , Payne Mark R. , Boje Jesper , Høyer Jacob L. , Siegstad Helle
Published: May 2014

Rising ocean temperatures are causing marine fish species to shift spatial distributions and ranges, and are altering predator‐prey dynamics in food webs. Most documented cases of species shifts so far involve relatively small species at lower trophic levels, and consider individual species in ecological isolation from others. Here, we show that a large highly migratory top predator fish species has entered a high latitude subpolar area beyond its usual range. Bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus Linnaeus 1758, were captured in waters east of Greenland (65°N) in August 2012 during exploratory fishing for Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus Linnaeus 1758. The bluefin tuna were captured in a single net‐haul in 9–11 °C water together with 6 tonnes of mackerel, which is a preferred prey species and itself a new immigrant to the area. Regional temperatures in August 2012 were historically high and contributed to a warming trend since 1985, when temperatures began to rise. The presence of bluefin tuna in this region is likely due to a combination of warm temperatures that are physiologically more tolerable and immigration of an important prey species to the region. We conclude that a cascade of climate change impacts is restructuring the food web in east Greenland waters.
Functional traits, land‐use change and the structure of present and future bird communities in tropical forests
Authors: Newbold Tim , Scharlemann Jörn P. W. , Butchart Stuart H. M. , Şekercioğlu Çağan H. , Joppa Lucas , Alkemade Rob , Purves Drew W.
Published: May 2014

Aim

Habitat loss continues to cause loss of biodiversity. To quantify the effects of land‐use change on the diversity and composition of ecological communities – in terms of functional groups – we make modelled estimates of the impact of past and future (to 2050) land‐use change on the overall diversity and dietary guild structure of tropical forest bird communities.

Location

Tropical and subtropical forests (40° S to 40° N).

Methods

Using a likelihood‐based model, we project the impact of land‐use intensity on the diversity and functional structure of tropical forest bird communities, including an estimation of uncertainty. To explore the extent to which predicted impacts are determined by the inherent sensitivity of communities because of the traits possessed by the species present, we quantify communities in terms of trait composition and explore relationships between trait composition and diversity/guild loss.

Results

We estimate that habitat loss has led to an average decrease of 4% in total abundance, but with marked differences across different guilds, leading to substantial changes in community composition: an 11.4% loss of frugivores, 7.8% loss of nectarivores and 7.3% loss of insectivores, and a 4.0% gain of other herbivores. Projected land‐use change is predicted to result in average future losses of 1% of total abundance, 1% of each of frugivores, nectarivores and insectivores, but no average change in the abundance of other herbivores. Past and future changes have varied substantially across the biome, owing to variation in land‐use change and in the initial trait composition of communities.

Main conclusions

We predict that marked changes in community structure have occurred in the past and will occur in the future, with disproportionate losses of frugivores, nectarivores and insectivores compared with other species; these species are known to provide important ecosystem services. In the past, South America has been particularly strongly affected, while Southeast Asia will experience the strongest impacts in the future.
Master of puppets: sculpting ancient worlds
Authors: Eriksson Mats E.
Published: May 2014

Some extraordinary people have dedicated their lives to making art pieces out of long dead organisms. One of them is Esben Horn, founder of model shop 10 Tons Studios on the outskirts of Copenhagen, Denmark. A bona fide ‘master of puppets’, he makes jaw‐dropping replicas for museums around the world, with the utmost respect for science and organismal anatomy. Recently, our joint efforts resulted in the exhibition ‘Heavy Metal and Punk Fossils’—a novel, albeit perhaps unconventional, forum for scientific outreach.
Sustainable Intensive Thermal Use of the Shallow Subsurface—A Critical View on the Status Quo
Authors: Vienken T. , Schelenz S. , Rink K. , Dietrich P.
Published: May 2014

Thermal use of the shallow subsurface for heat generation, cooling, and thermal energy storage is increasingly gaining importance in reconsideration of future energy supplies. Shallow geothermal energy use is often promoted as being of little or no costs during operation, while simultaneously being environmentally friendly. Hence, the number of installed systems has rapidly risen over the last few decades, especially among newly built houses. While the carbon dioxide reduction potential of this method remains undoubted, concerns about sustainability and potential negative effects on the soil and groundwater due to an intensified use have been raised—even as far back as 25 years ago. Nevertheless, consistent regulation and management schemes for the intensified thermal use of the shallow subsurface are still missing—mainly due to a lack of system understanding and process knowledge. In the meantime, large geothermal applications, for example, residential neighborhoods that are entirely dependent up on shallow geothermal energy use or low enthalpy aquifer heat storage, have been developed throughout Europe. Potential negative effects on the soil and groundwater due to an intensive thermal use of the shallow subsurface as well as the extent of potential system interaction still remain unknown.
Socio‐legal Studies in Aotearoa/New Zealand
Authors: Economides Kim
Published: May 2014

This article reviews the development and impact of the socio‐legal field in New Zealand. It begins by assessing the socio‐legal presence within teaching and research conducted across New Zealand's law faculties before analysing factors likely to inhibit future growth of the sub‐discipline in this remote jurisdiction. Having examined how New Zealand's legal scholars map and influence national legal behaviour, without always recognizing contradictions between these objectives or categorizing their research as ‘socio‐legal’, the article goes on to examine how the next generation of socio‐legal researchers might exert stronger influence over the law curriculum and new areas of legal policy. In conclusion, it argues for a distinctive New Zealand approach toward socio‐legal studies and notes that future prospects appear encouraging, and in certain respects more promising than those in the United Kingdom, particularly when considering research impact.
Combating Child Sex Tourism in South‐east Asia: Law Enforcement Cooperation and Civil Society Partnerships
Authors: Curley Melissa
Published: May 2014

Many states have enacted extra‐territorial child sex tourism (CST) offences. Despite the existence of these offences, some states, including Australia and the United Kingdom, continue to privilege territorial competence as the basis of criminal jurisdiction. However, many destination countries for CST in South‐east Asia lack the capacity to support prosecutions in this crime. This article explores the utility of partnerships between local and international law enforcement agencies and NGOs to facilitate prosecution in the jurisdiction of the offence. Through a case study of Cambodia, the article argues that such partnership arrangements provide the resources and integration required to enable sexual offences against children, by foreign offenders, to be prosecuted. NGOs undertake complex strategies to address the immediate needs of exploited children, while seeking to maintain their capacity to influence government policy. The risks, challenges, and sustainability of such partnerships are discussed, along with wider implications for South‐east Asia.