bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LCAO-based theoretical study of PbTiO3 crystal to search for parity and time reversal violating interaction in solids
Authors: Skripnikov L. V. , Titov A. V.
Published: August 2016

An experiment towards the search for the interaction of the Schiff moment (S) of the 207Pb nuclei with electrons in PbTiO3 crystal which violates the time reversal (T) and space parity (P) symmetries was proposed by Mukhamedjanov and Sushkov [Phys. Rev. A 72, 034501 (2005)]. The interpretation of the experiment in terms of the Schiff moment requires knowledge of an electronic density gradient parameter (usually designated as X) on the Pb nucleus in the crystal, which is determined by the electronic structure of the crystal. Here we propose a theoretical approach to calculate the properties in solids which are directly sensitive to the changes of valence electron densities in atomic cores but not in the valence spatial regions (Mössbauer parameters, hyperfine structure (HFS) constants, parameters of T,P-odd Hamiltonians, etc. [L. V. Skripnikov and A. V. Titov, Phys. Rev. A 91, 042504 (2015)]). It involves constructing the crystalline orbitals via the linear combination of atomic orbitals and employs a two-step concept of calculating such properties that was earlier proposed by us for the case of heavy-atom molecules. The application of the method to the PbTiO3 crystal results in the energy shift, Δε=0.82×106S(207Pb)eaB3eV, due to the T,P-odd interactions. The value is compared to the corresponding parameter in diatomic molecules (TlF, RaO, PbO), which have been proposed and used in the past decades in the search for the nuclear Schiff moment. We also present the calculation of the electric field gradient at the Pb nucleus in PbTiO3 for the comparison with other solid-state electronic structure approaches.
Large, tunable microwave permittivity in a liquid doped with anisotropic particles
Authors: Livesey K. L. , Camley R. E.
Published: August 2016

The effective microwave permittivity of a composite comprising anisotropic particles suspended in a liquid (also known as an artificial Kerr material) is calculated using a numerical scheme. The results are compared to those calculated using analytic effective medium expressions. Several composite materials are predicted to have permittivity that can be tuned over a greater range than liquid crystals, which are currently used in many tunable microwave devices such as phase-shifters and modulators. Estimates for the static electric field required to tune such materials are provided and show that such materials are realistic.
Effect of quantum correction on nonlinear thermal wave of electrons driven by laser heating
Authors: Nafari F. , Ghoranneviss M.
Published: August 2016

In thermal interaction of laser pulse with a deuterium-tritium (DT) plane, the thermal waves of electrons are generated instantly. Since the thermal conductivity of electron is a nonlinear function of temperature, a nonlinear heat conduction equation is used to investigate the propagation of waves in solid DT. This paper presents a self-similar analytic solution for the nonlinear heat conduction equation in a planar geometry. The thickness of the target material is finite in numerical computation, and it is assumed that the laser energy is deposited at a finite initial thickness at the initial time which results in a finite temperature for electrons at initial time. Since the required temperature range for solid DT ignition is higher than the critical temperature which equals 35.9 eV, the effects of quantum correction in thermal conductivity should be considered. This letter investigates the effects of quantum correction on characteristic features of nonlinear thermal wave, including temperature, penetration depth, velocity, heat flux, and heating and cooling domains. Although this effect increases electron temperature and thermal flux, penetration depth and propagation velocity are smaller. This effect is also applied to re-evaluate the side-on laser ignition of uncompressed DT.
Observation of propane cluster size distributions during nucleation and growth in a Laval expansion
Authors: Ferreiro Jorge J. , Chakrabarty Satrajit , Schläppi Bernhard , Signorell Ruth
Published: August 2016

We report on molecular-level studies of the condensation of propane gas and propane/ethane gas mixtures in the uniform (constant pressure and temperature) postnozzle flow of Laval expansions using soft single-photon ionization by vacuum ultraviolet light and mass spectrometric detection. The whole process, from the nucleation to the growth to molecular aggregates of sizes of several nanometers (∼5 nm), can be monitored at the molecular level with high time-resolution (∼3 μs) for a broad range of pressures and temperatures. For each time, pressure, and temperature, a whole mass spectrum is recorded, which allows one to determine the critical cluster size range for nucleation as well as the kinetics and mechanisms of cluster-size specific growth. The detailed information about the size, composition, and population of individual molecular clusters upon condensation provides unique experimental data for comparison with future molecular-level simulations.
A high speed compact microwave interferometer for density fluctuation measurements in Sino-UNIted Spherical Tokamak
Authors: Zhong H. , Tan Y. , Liu Y. Q. , Xie H. Q. , Gao Z.
Published: August 2016

A single-channel 3 mm interferometer has been developed for plasma density diagnostics in the Sino-UNIted Spherical Tokamak (SUNIST). The extremely compact microwave interferometer utilizes one corrugated feed horn antenna for both emitting and receiving the microwave. The beam path lies on the equatorial plane so the system would not suffer from beam path deflection problems due to the symmetry of the cross section. A focusing lens group and an oblique vacuum window are carefully designed to boost the signal to noise ratio, which allows this system to show good performance even with the small-diameter central column itself as a reflector, without a concave mirror. The whole system discards the reference leg for maximum compactness, which is particularly suitable for the small-sized tokamak. An auto-correcting algorithm is developed to calculate the phase evolution, and the result displays good phase stability of the whole system. The intermediate frequency is adjustable and can reach its full potential of 2 MHz for best temporal resolution. Multiple measurements during ohmic discharges proved the interferometer’s capability to track typical density fluctuations in SUNIST, which enables this system to be utilized in the study of MHD activities.
Dissipative dust-acoustic shock waves in a varying charge electronegative magnetized dusty plasma with trapped electrons
Authors: Bacha Mustapha , Tribeche Mouloud
Published: August 2016

The combined effects of an oblique magnetic field and electron trapping on dissipative dust-acoustic waves are examined in varying charge electronegative dusty plasmas with application to the Halley Comet plasma (∼104 km from the nucleus). A weakly nonlinear analysis is carried out to derive a modified Korteweg-de Vries-Burger-like equation. Making use of the equilibrium current balance equation, the physically admissible values of the electron trapping parameter are first constrained. We then show that the Burger dissipative term is solely due to the dust charge variation process. It is found that an increase of the magnetic field obliqueness or a decrease of its magnitude renders the shock structure more dispersive.
Multi-region relaxed Hall magnetohydrodynamics with flow
Authors: Lingam Manasvi , Abdelhamid Hamdi M. , Hudson Stuart R.
Published: August 2016

The recent formulations of multi-region relaxed magnetohydrodynamics (MRxMHD) have generalized the famous Woltjer-Taylor states by incorporating a collection of “ideal barriers” that prevent global relaxation and flow. In this paper, we generalize MRxMHD with flow to include Hall effects, and thereby obtain the partially relaxed counterparts of the famous double Beltrami states as a special subset. The physical and mathematical consequences arising from the introduction of the Hall term are also presented. We demonstrate that our results (in the ideal MHD limit) constitute an important subset of ideal MHD equilibria, and we compare our approach against other variational principles proposed for deriving the partially relaxed states.
Photocurrent microscopy of contact resistance and charge carrier traps in organic field-effect transistors
Authors: Liewald C. , Reiser D. , Westermeier C. , Nickel B.
Published: August 2016

We use a pentacene transistor with asymmetric source drain contacts to test the sensitivity of scanning photocurrent microscopy (SPCM) for contact resistance and charge traps. The drain current of the device strongly depends on the choice of the drain electrode. In one case, more than 94% of the source drain voltage is lost due to contact resistance. Here, SPCM maps show an enhanced photocurrent signal at the hole-injecting contact. For the other bias condition, i.e., for ohmic contacts, the SPCM signal peaks heterogeneously along the channel. We argue from basic transport models that bright areas in SPCM maps indicate areas of large voltage gradients or high electric field strength caused by injection barriers or traps. Thus, SPCM allows us to identify and image the dominant voltage loss mechanism in organic field-effect transistors.
Membrane filtration: An unconventional route for fabrication of the flexible and dissolvable, polymer microneedle patches
Authors: Juang Yi-Je , Deng Yu-Luen , Lee I-Chi
Published: August 2016

Utilization of dissolvable, polymer microneedles (MNs) for transdermal drug delivery offers many advantages such as being painless to patients, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and active and controlled drug release. There are many different approaches for fabrication of such MNs; however, most of them still suffer from tedious procedures, stringent fabrication conditions, expensive equipment, or substantially long processing time. In this work, we applied membrane filtration to fabricate dissolvable, polymer MNs. The polydimethylsiloxane mold having pyramidal wells with through holes was constructed and placed on top a filter membrane. The polymer solution was then dispensed on top of the mold, followed by turning on the vacuum for filtration. It was found that, when using 22% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution with molecular weight of 360 000 g/mol, the PVP MNs were obtained within 1 h, which is relatively short time compared to the conventional methods like casting in conjunction with vacuum or centrifugation. Moreover, the MNs as fabricated possessed the similar mechanical strength compared to those by conventional methods and were able to penetrate the rat ear skin with a high insertion ratio. The proposed technique provides an attractive alternative to fabricate dissolvable and flexible, polymer MNs with a simple setup and easy procedures.
Toward the realization of erbium-doped GaN bulk crystals as a gain medium for high energy lasers
Authors: Sun Z. Y. , Li J. , Zhao W. P. , Lin J. Y. , Jiang H. X.
Published: August 2016

Er-doped GaN (Er:GaN) is a promising candidate as a gain medium for solid-state high energy lasers (HELs) at the technologically important and eye-safe 1.54 μm wavelength window, as GaN has superior thermal properties over traditional laser gain materials such as Nd:YAG. However, the attainment of wafer-scale Er:GaN bulk or quasi-bulk crystals is a prerequisite to realize the full potential of Er:GaN as a gain medium for HELs. We report the realization of freestanding Er:GaN wafers of 2-in. in diameter with a thickness on the millimeter scale. These freestanding wafers were obtained via growth by hydride vapor phase epitaxy in conjunction with a laser-lift-off process. An Er doping level of 1.4 × 1020 atoms/cm3 has been confirmed by secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements. The freestanding Er:GaN wafers exhibit strong photoluminescent emission at 1.54 μm with its emission intensity increasing dramatically with wafer thickness under 980 nm resonant excitation. A low thermal quenching of 10% was measured for the 1.54 μm emission intensity between 10 K and 300 K. This work represents a significant step in providing a practical approach for producing Er:GaN materials with sufficient thicknesses and dimensions to enable the design of gain media in various geometries, allowing for the production of HELs with improved lasing efficiency, atmosphere transmission, and eye-safety.
Ultralow wear of gallium nitride
Authors: Zeng Guosong , Tan Chee-Keong , Tansu Nelson , Krick Brandon A.
Published: August 2016

Here, we reveal a remarkable (and surprising) physical property of GaN: it is extremely wear resistant. In fact, we measured the wear rate of GaN is approaching wear rates reported for diamond. Not only does GaN have an ultralow wear rate but also there are quite a few experimental factors that control the magnitude of its wear rate, further contributing to the rich and complex physics of wear of GaN. Here, we discovered several primary controlling factors that will affect the wear rate of III-Nitride materials: crystallographic orientation, sliding environment, and coating composition (GaN, InN and InGaN). Sliding in the ⟨12¯10⟩ is significantly lower wear than ⟨11¯00⟩. Wear increases by 2 orders of magnitude with increasing humidity (from ∼0% to 50% RH). III-Nitride coatings are promising as multifunctional material systems for device design and sliding wear applications.
Magnetic, ferroelectric, and spin phonon coupling studies of Sr3Co2Fe24O41 multiferroic Z-type hexaferrite
Authors: Raju N. , Shravan Kumar Reddy S. , Ramesh J. , Gopal Reddy Ch. , Yadagiri Reddy P. , Rama Reddy K. , Sathe V. G. , Raghavendra Reddy V.
Published: August 2016

The magnetic, Raman, ferroelectric, and in-field 57Fe Mössbauer studies of polycrystalline multiferroic Sr3Co2Fe24O41 are reported in this paper. From the magnetization studies, it is observed that the sample is soft magnetic in nature with low temperature magnetic spin transitions like longitudinal to transverse conical structure around 130 K and change in magnetic crystalline anisotropy from conical to planar structure at 250 K. Ferroelectric studies of the sample exhibit the spontaneous polarization at low temperature. Strong spin phonon and spin lattice coupling is observed through low temperature Raman spectroscopy. From the in-field 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, spin up and spin down site occupations of Fe ions are calculated in the unit cell.
Burrow fumigation versus trapping for pocket gopher (Thomomys spp.) management: a comparison of efficacy and cost effectiveness
Authors: Baldwin Roger A. , Meinerz Ryan , Orloff Steve B.
Published: August 2016

Context
Pocket gophers (Geomyidae) cause extensive damage to many crops throughout western North America. A variety of methods are available to manage these populations, but data are often lacking on their efficacy and especially their cost effectiveness. Additionally, little peer-reviewed data are available that compare multiple methods simultaneously.

Aims
We tested aluminum phosphide and pressurised exhaust using the Pressurised Exhaust Rodent Controller (PERC) as burrow fumigants, and compared them to trapping to determine which approach was most efficacious and cost effective.

Methods
We assessed the efficacy of aluminum phosphide, the PERC machine, and trapping through the use of the open-hole monitoring method after single and multiple treatments over multiple years. We determined material and labour costs for each treatment type and amortised this cost over 1250 days of application to determine which treatment type was most cost effective.

Key results
Aluminum phosphide had the shortest time for application, but we were able to make far more applications per day using the PERC machine, given our ability to treat multiple burrow systems at once with this machine. Trapping and aluminum phosphide were more efficacious than was the PERC machine. When costs were amortised over time, trapping was the most cost-effective approach even with longer application times, given high efficacy. Multiple treatment applications were needed to maximise the efficacy of management programs.

Conclusions
For small-scale management efforts, aluminum phosphide was a cost-effective and efficacious option. For a greater number of treatments, trapping was the most successful and cost effective. However, a modest increase in efficacy could make the PERC machine a preferred tool as well. We also stress that regardless of the management approach, multiple treatment applications will generally be needed to manage pocket gopher populations.

Implications
The present study provides growers with information needed to determine efficient and cost-effective methods for managing pocket gophers. This information can be used to craft an integrated pest-management approach to manage damaging pocket gopher populations.
Spatial organization of bacterial transcription and translation
Authors: Castellana Michele , Hsin-Jung Li Sophia , Wingreen Ned S.
Published: August 2016

Significance

Protein synthesis is a mechanism of fundamental importance for life. The molecular components involved in this process are macromolecules called mRNAs and ribosomes. Here, we combine a theoretical and experimental analysis, and show that mRNAs congregate with ribosomes away from the nucleoid, namely at the cell poles. Overall, our model provides an understanding of the role of spatial localization in bacteria, providing potential insights on how such localization mechanisms may be useful to perform specific biological functions.
Dishevelled is a NEK2 kinase substrate controlling dynamics of centrosomal linker proteins
Authors: Cervenka Igor , Valnohova Jana , Bernatik Ondrej , Harnos Jakub , Radsetoulal Matej , Sedova Katerina , Hanakova Katerina , Potesil David , Sedlackova Miroslava , Salasova Alena , Steinhart Zachary , Angers Stephane , Schulte Gunnar , Hampl Ales , Zdrahal Zbynek , Bryja Vitezslav
Published: August 2016

Significance

Wnt signaling is an important orchestrator of embryonic development. We provide evidence that Wnt scaffolding protein Dishevelled (DVL) contributes to the dissolution of centrosomal linker, preceding separation of centrosomes. We show that DVL accumulates toward mitosis, and its centrosomal function is controlled by NEK2. Our data demonstrate that DVL is required for the removal of linker proteins from centrosome, an event necessary for the correct formation of a bipolar spindle and cell cycle transition. This surprising function of DVL creates a mechanistic basis for the novel crosstalk between Wnt signaling pathways and the centrosome cycle.
Erasure of DNA methylation, genomic imprints, and epimutations in a primordial germ-cell model derived from mouse pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Miyoshi Norikatsu , Stel Jente M. , Shioda Keiko , Qu Na , Odajima Junko , Mitsunaga Shino , Zhang Xiangfan , Nagano Makoto , Hochedlinger Konrad , Isselbacher Kurt J. , Shioda Toshi
Published: August 2016

Significance

Whether acquired epigenetic changes can escape the genome-wide epigenetic erasure in the primordial germ cells, which are the embryonic precursors of all types of germline cells and gametes, resulting in transgenerational transfer has been under debate. We have shown that an in vitro cell culture model of mouse primordial germ cells effectively recapitulates the process of germline epigenetic erasure, including DNA demethylation at both physiologically methylated and abnormally hypermethylated imprinting control regions. We also have identified examples of genomic repetitive sequences characterized by significant resistance to the genome-wide DNA demethylation process in mouse primordial germ cells and their cell culture models. Our study paves the way for mechanistic studies of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance using a cell culture model.
Downstream Passage and Impact of Turbine Shutdowns on Survival of Silver American Eels at Five Hydroelectric Dams on the Shenandoah River
Authors: Eyler Sheila M. , Welsh Stuart A. , Smith David R. , Rockey Mary M.
Published: August 2016

Hydroelectric dams impact the downstream migrations of silver American Eels Anguilla rostrata via migratory delays and turbine mortality. A radiotelemetry study of American Eels was conducted to determine the impacts of five run‐of‐the‐river hydroelectric dams located over a 195‐km stretch of the Shenandoah River, Virginia–West Virginia, during fall 2007–summer 2010. Overall, 96 radio‐tagged individuals (mean TL = 85.4 cm) migrated downstream past at least one dam during the study. Most American Eels passed dams relatively quickly; over half (57.9%) of the dam passage events occurred within 1 h of reaching a dam, and most (81.3%) occurred within 24 h of reaching the dam. Two‐thirds of the dam passage events occurred via spill, and the remaining passage events were through turbines. Migratory delays at dams were shorter and American Eels were more likely to pass via spill over the dam during periods of high river discharge than during low river discharge. The extent of delay in migration did not differ between the passage routes (spill versus turbine). Twenty‐eight American Eels suffered turbine‐related mortality, which occurred at all five dams. Mortality rates for eels passing through turbines ranged from 15.8% to 40.7% at individual dams. Overall project‐specific mortality rates (with all passage routes combined) ranged from 3.0% to 14.3%. To protect downstream‐migrating American Eels, nighttime turbine shutdowns (1800–0600 hours) were implemented during September 15–December 15. Fifty percent of all downstream passage events in the study occurred during the turbine shutdown period. Implementation of the seasonal turbine shutdown period reduced cumulative mortality from 63.3% to 37.3% for American Eels passing all five dams. Modifying the turbine shutdown period to encompass more dates in the spring and linking the shutdowns to environmental conditions could provide greater protection to downstream‐migrating American Eels.

Received October 16, 2015; accepted April 3, 2016 Published online August 3, 2016
Hematological and Histological Changes in Prussian Carp Carassius gibelio Infected with Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2
Authors: Lu Jun , Lu Hongda , Cao Genping
Published: August 2016

Outbreaks of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) disease, also known as herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis, among cultured Prussian Carp Carassius gibelio has occurred each year in Jiangsu province, China, since 2009. In autumn 2014, hematological, blood biochemical, and histological changes in naturally infected moribund Prussian Carp were investigated after CyHV-2 was confirmed as the sole etiologic agent by etiological analyses. Total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, and thrombocyte count were significantly reduced (P < 0.01), whereas erythrocyte osmotic brittleness was significantly increased (P < 0.01) in infected fish compared with control fish. In addition, monocyte count was higher (P < 0.01) and lymphocyte count was lower (P < 0.01) in diseased fish than in control fish. The blood biochemical analyses indicated significant increases (P < 0.01) in the activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase as well as in the levels of total protein, globulin, total bilirubin, creatinine, and urea along with significant decreases (P < 0.01) in glucose and albumin in the diseased group. Histopathological examinations indicated that the kidneys and spleens of moribund Prussian Carp were the most severely lesioned organs, followed by the gills and hearts. Hypertrophied nuclei with marginated chromatin also appeared in the hearts and renal tubular epithelia from diseased fish. Pathological analysis of blood cells showed that approximately 78% of erythrocytes and 94% of leukocytes were lesioned with different levels of degeneration and necrosis in the diseased group. These previously unreported observations may be useful in the diagnosis of CyHV-2 disease.

Received May 11, 2015; accepted March 24, 2016 Published online August 2, 2016
Influences of Sex and Age on the Hematological Profile of the Jundiá (Silver Catfish) Rhamdia quelen
Authors: Nascimento Nivaldo Ferreira , Nakaghi Laura Satiko Okada , Hilbig Cleonice Cristina , Ventura Arlene Sobrinho , Azevedo Ana Carolina Barni , Dean Andressa Fierli , Bombardelli Robie Allan
Published: August 2016

In this study, sex and age influenced the hematological profiles of Jundiá (Silver Catfish) Rhamdia quelen. Females showed lower levels of hemoglobin, young fish increased lymphocyte counts, and older fish increased hematocrit values. These results indicate that, depending on age and sex, the fish have disparate hematological profiles. For this reason, it is important to consider the sex and age of an R. quelen when examining the impact of environmental and management factors on this species in terms of their hematological profiles.

Received May 24, 2015; accepted March 24, 2016 Published online August 2, 2016
Improved Broth Microdilution Method for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Francisella Noatunensis Orientalis
Authors: Soto Esteban , Halliday-Simmonds Iona , Francis Stewart , Fraites Trellor , Martínez-López Beatriz , Wiles Judy , Hawke John P. , Endris Richard D.
Published: August 2016

In this project we optimized a minimal inhibitory concentration testing protocol for Francisella noatunensis orientalis. Thirty-three F. noatunensis orientalis isolates recovered from different fish species and locations were tested, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was used as a quality control reference strain. A modified cation-adjusted Mueller Hinton broth supplemented with 2% IsoVitalex and 0.1% glucose (MMH) was tested at a pH of 6.4 ± 0.1, 7.1 ± 0.1, and 7.3 ± 0.1. Growth curves generated for F. noatunensis orientalis indicated that MMH at a pH of 6.4 ± 0.1 provided optimal growth. There were no significant differences in the growth curves obtained from isolates recovered from different fish species or from fresh or marine water. The pH of 6.4 ± 0.1 in the MMH media interfered with the inhibitory properties of the potentiated sulfonamides (ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) when using the E. coli ATCC reference strain. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of eight antimicrobials (gentamicin, enrofloxacin, ampicillin, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, florfenicol, flumequine, and oxolinic acid) were similar for all F. noatunensis orientalis isolates. The in vitro susceptibility data provided here can provide a baseline for monitoring the development of antimicrobial resistance among F. noatunensis orientalis isolates, as well as provide valuable data in the development of potential therapeutics.

Received October 27, 2015; accepted April 13, 2016 Published online August 2, 2016
Microstructure and fatigue properties of linear friction welded TC4 titanium alloy joints
Authors: Wang S. Q. , Ma T. J. , Li W. Y. , Wen G. D. , Chen D. L.
Published: August 2016

The welded joints are often subjected to cyclic stresses and high-strain-rate deformation resulting in worrisome fatigue failure. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the fatigue resistance and cyclic deformation characteristics of these weldments. Ti–6Al–4V–0.3Fe–0.1C–0.05N–0.015H–0.2O (TC4) titanium alloy joints were produced via linear friction welding and a sound joint was obtained. It was observed that fine subgrains formed in the weld zone where the hardness became higher. The strain ratio had a strong effect on the cyclic deformation characteristics of the joint, with hysteresis loops being different at different strain ratios. However, the difference of fatigue life of the joint was small with varying strain ratios. The stress amplitude of linear friction welded TC4 joint showed essentially cyclic softening until failure at all strain ratios. Fatigue cracks initiated from the near-surface of base metal and propagated by the formation of fatigue striations together with secondary cracks.
Foraging behaviour in East Asian desert rodents and its implications on coexistence
Authors: Shuai Ling-Ying , Song Yan-Ling , Kotler Burt P. , Embar Keren , Zeng Zhi-Gao
Published: August 2016

We studied the foraging behaviour of two sympatric rodents (Meriones meridianus and Dipus sagitta) in the Gobi Desert, Northwestern China. The role of the foraging behaviour in promoting species coexistence was also examined. We used giving-up densities (GUDs) in artificial food patches to measure the patch use of rodents and video trapping to directly record the foraging behaviour, vigilance, and interspecific interactions. Three potential mechanisms of coexistence were evaluated (1) microhabitat partitioning; (2) spatial heterogeneity of resource abundance with a tradeoff in foraging efficiency vs. locomotion; and (3) temporal partitioning on a daily scale. Compared to M. meridianus, D. sagitta generally possessed lower GUDs, spent more time on patches, and conducted more visits per tray per capita, regardless of microhabitat. However, M. meridianus possessed advantages in average harvesting rates and direct interference against D. sagitta. Our results only partly support the third mechanism listed above. We propose another potential mechanism of coexistence: a tradeoff between interference competition and safety, with M. meridianus better at interference competition and D. sagitta better at avoiding predation risk. This mechanism is uncommon in previously studied desert rodent systems.
Comparing the non-lethal and lethal effects of predation risk ‬on goldfish anti-predatory behavior
Authors: Wacht Katz Merav , Abramsky Zvika , Kotler Burt P. , Rosenzweig Michael L , Altstein Ofir , Roth Inbar , Klimovitsky Constantine
Published: August 2016

Little egrets (Egretta garzetta) and common goldfish (Carassius auratus) interacted in experimental theaters that challenge them with a behavioral game. We studied the behavioral tactics of both players. The experimental theaters consist of three equally spaced pools, each with a shelter in its center. The fish can take shelter in a safe but foodless habitat, or swim exposed in the open that contains food. The egrets can move among the pools to catch the exposed fish. We investigated the importance of non-lethal effects versus lethal effects on predator–prey interactions. We created a variance in predation pressure by keeping the number of egrets fixed but varying the number of pools of the experimental theater between 1 and 3 pools. In all treatments, even when the egret was present, individual goldfish emerged from protected cover occasionally, exposing at least their heads and sometimes their entire bodies in apparent disregard for the possibly lethal consequences. We assumed that this behavior stems from the fish's constant need to collect information about its surroundings. The fish responded appropriately to the variations in predation pressure by changing their activity level outside the cover, i.e., the fish drastically and significantly reduced their exposure outside the cover, as well as the rate of peeping, as predation pressure increased. The results demonstrate the importance role of non-lethal effects, and how they drive the behavior of prey in response to predation risk, which in turn, drives the action of the predator in an asymmetric two-player game of stealth and fear.
Habitat selection reveals state-dependent foraging trade-offs in a temporally autocorrelated environment
Authors: Bannister Allison E. , Morris Douglas W.
Published: August 2016

We use theories of risk allocation to inform trade-offs between foraging in a rich and risky habitat versus using a poor but safe alternative. Recent advances in the theory predict that the length of exposure to good or bad conditions governs risk allocation, and thus habitat choice, when patterns of environmental risk are autocorrelated in time. We investigate the effects of these factors with controlled experiments on a small soil arthropod (Folsomia candida). We subjected animals to nine temporally autocorrelated 16-day feeding treatments varying in both the proportion (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) and duration (short, medium and long intervals) of time when food was present and absent. We assessed foraging trade-offs by the animals' choice of occupying a risky dry habitat with food (rich) versus a safe moist habitat with no food (poor). Irrespective of autocorrelation in conditions, the proportion of time spent with no food primarily determined habitat selection by these collembolans. Our results imply an energetic threshold below whichF. candidaare forced to forage in rich and risky habitat despite the possibility of mortality through desiccation. The link to energetic thresholds suggests the possibility of employing state-dependent habitat selection as a leading indicator of habitat change.
Biological maturity‐associated variance in peak power output and momentum in academy rugby union players
Authors: Howard Sean M. A. , Cumming Sean P. , Atkinson Mark , Malina Robert M.
Published: August 2016

The study aimed to evaluate the mediating effect of biological maturation on anthropometrical measurements, performance indicators and subsequent selection in a group of academy rugby union players. Fifty‐one male players 14–17 years of age were assessed for height, weight and BMI, and percentage of predicted mature status attained at the time of observation was used as an indicator of maturity status. Following this, initial sprint velocity (ISV), Wattbike peak power output (PPO) and initial sprint momentum (ISM) were assessed. A bias towards on‐time (n = 44) and early (n = 7) maturers was evident in the total sample and magnified with age cohort. Relative to UK reference values, weight and height were above the 90th and 75th centiles, respectively. Significant (p ≤ .01) correlations were observed between maturity status and BMI (r = .48), weight (r = .63) and height (r = .48). Regression analysis (controlling for age) revealed that maturity status and height explained 68% of ISM variance; however, including BMI in the model attenuated the influence of maturity status below statistical significance (p = .72). Height and BMI explained 51% of PPO variance, while no initial significant predictors were identified for ISV. The sample consisted of players who were on‐time and early in maturation with no late maturers represented. This was attributable, in part, to the mediating effect of maturation on body size, which, in turn, predicted performance variables.
Force supplementary comparison EURAMET.M.F-S3 (1 kN, 2 kN, 5 kN, and 10 kN)
Authors: Knott A , Machado R R
Published: August 2016

This report describes EURAMET supplementary comparison EURAMET.M.F-S3, a comparison between the 20 kN force standard machine of NPL and the 10 kN force standard machine of INMETRO, at generated forces of 1 kN, 2 kN, 5 kN, and 10 kN, in both tension and compression, with both incremental and decremental loading. Two different transducers were used and the force-time profile was strictly controlled, to minimise effects of creep. At all four force levels, the results demonstrate that there is no evidence that either machine fails to generate forces in accordance with its CMC.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Force Euramet supplementary comparison EURAMET.M.F-S4 (Euramet Project 1311)10 kN and 20 kN
Authors: Averlant P , Duflon C
Published: August 2016

This report details the results of a bilateral force comparison carried out between the KIM-LIPI (Indonesia) and the LNE (France), for force values of 10 kN and 20 kN.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Progress of the ELISE test facility: towards one hour pulses in hydrogen
Authors: Wünderlich D. , Fantz U. , Heinemann B. , Kraus W. , Riedl R. , Wimmer C.
Published: August 2016

In order to fulfil the ITER requirements, the negative hydrogen ion source used for NBI has to deliver a high source performance, i.e. a high extracted negative ion current and simultaneously a low co-extracted electron current over a pulse length up to 1 h. Negative ions will be generated by the surface process in a low-temperature low-pressure hydrogen or deuterium plasma. Therefore, a certain amount of caesium has to be deposited on the plasma grid in order to obtain a low surface work function and consequently a high negative ion production yield. This caesium is re-distributed by the influence of the plasma, resulting in temporal instabilities of the extracted negative ion current and the co-extracted electrons over long pulses. This paper describes experiments performed in hydrogen operation at the half-ITER-size NNBI test facility ELISE in order to develop a caesium conditioning technique for more stable long pulses at an ITER relevant filling pressure of 0.3 Pa. A significant improvement of the long pulse stability is achieved. Together with different plasma diagnostics it is demonstrated that this improvement is correlated to the interplay of very small variations of parameters like the electrostatic potential and the particle densities close to the extraction system.
First measurements of error fields on W7-X using flux surface mappinga
Authors: Lazerson Samuel A. , Otte Matthias , Bozhenkov Sergey , Biedermann Christoph , Pedersen Thomas Sunn
Published: August 2016

Error fields have been detected and quantified using the flux surface mapping diagnostic system on Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X). A low-field ‘

ι

=
1

/

2

’ magnetic configuration (

ι

=
ι

/

2
π

), sensitive to error fields, was developed in order to detect their presence using the flux surface mapping diagnostic. In this configuration, a vacuum flux surface with rotational transform of n/m  =  1/2 is created at the mid-radius of the vacuum flux surfaces. If no error fields are present a vanishingly small n/m  =  5/10 island chain should be present. Modeling indicates that if an n  =  1 perturbing field is applied by the trim coils, a large n/m  =  1/2 island chain will be opened. This island chain is used to create a perturbation large enough to be imaged by the diagnostic. Phase and amplitude scans of the applied field allow the measurement of a small

∼

0.04

m intrinsic island chain with a

130

°

phase relative to the first module of the W7-X experiment. These error fields are determined to be small and easily correctable by the trim coil system.
Impact of pressure anisotropy on magnetic configuration and stability
Authors: Layden B. , Qu Z.S. , Fitzgerald M. , Hole M.J.
Published: August 2016

A number of tools have recently been developed to study equilibrium and stability in tokamaks with pressure anisotropy. Here we apply these tools to a Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak (MAST) discharge to calculate equilibrium, Alfvén continua and eigenmodes, through to linear growth and nonlinear saturation of a toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE); this is the first study of wave growth and saturation for anisotropic equilibria. Comparisons with the standard tools which assume an isotropic pressure reveal various differences in equilibrium and modes: the safety factor profile in the isotropic reconstruction is reversed shear while the anisotropic reconstruction gives normal shear; the isotropic TAE gap is much narrower than the anisotropic gap; and the TAE radial mode structure is wider in the anisotropic case. These lead to a modification in the resonant regions of fast-ion phase space, and produce a 35% larger linear growth rate and an 18% smaller saturation amplitude for the TAE in the anisotropic analysis compared to the isotropic analysis.
Packet structure and paramodular forms
Authors: Schmidt Ralf
Published: August 2016

We explore the consequences of the structure of the discrete automorphic spectrum of the split orthogonal groupSO⁡(5)\operatorname {SO}(5)for holomorphic Siegel modular forms of degree22. In particular, the combination of the local and global packet structure with the local paramodular newform theory forGSp⁡(4)\operatorname {GSp}(4)leads to a strong multiplicity one theorem for paramodular cusp forms.
Classification of modules for infinite-dimensional string algebras
Authors: Crawley-Boevey William
Published: August 2016

We relax the definition of a string algebra to also include infinite-dimensional algebras such as

k
[
x
,
y
]

/

(
x
y
)

k[x,y]/(xy)

. Using the functorial filtration method, which goes back to Gelfand and Ponomarev, we show that finitely generated modules and artinian modules (and more generally finitely controlled and pointwise artinian modules) are classified in terms of string and band modules. This subsumes the known classifications of finite-dimensional modules for string algebras and of finitely generated modules for

k
[
x
,
y
]

/

(
x
y
)

k[x,y]/(xy)

. Unlike in the finite-dimensional case, the words parameterizing string modules may be infinite.
Price Density Forecasts in the U.S. Hog Markets: Composite Procedures
Authors: Trujillo‐Barrera Andres , Garcia Philip , Mallory Mindy L.
Published: August 2016

We develop and evaluate quarterly out‐of‐sample individual and composite density forecasts for U.S. hog prices. Individual density forecasts are generated using time series models and the implied distributions of USDA and Iowa State University outlook forecasts. Composite density forecasts are constructed using linear and logarithmic combinations of the individual forecasts and several weighting schemes. Density forecasts are evaluated on predictive accuracy (sharpness), goodness of fit (calibration), and their economic value in a hedging simulation. Logarithmic combinations using equal and mean square error weights outperform all individual density forecasts and are modestly better than linear composites. Comparison of the outlook forecasts to the best composite demonstrates the usefulness of the composite procedure, and identifies the economic value that more accurate expected price probability distributions can provide to producers.
NET-GE: a web-server for NETwork-based human gene enrichment
Authors: Bovo Samuele , Di Lena Pietro , Martelli Pier Luigi , Fariselli Piero , Casadio Rita
Published: August 2016

Motivation: Gene enrichment is a requisite for the interpretation of biological complexity related to specific molecular pathways and biological processes. Furthermore, when interpreting NGS data and human variations, including those related to pathologies, gene enrichment allows the inclusion of other genes that in the human interactome space may also play important key roles in the emergency of the phenotype. Here, we describe NET-GE, a web server for associating biological processes and pathways to sets of human proteins involved in the same phenotype

Results: NET-GE is based on protein–protein interaction networks, following the notion that for a set of proteins, the context of their specific interactions can better define their function and the processes they can be related to in the biological complexity of the cell. Our method is suited to extract statistically validated enriched terms from Gene Ontology, KEGG and REACTOME annotation databases. Furthermore, NET-GE is effective even when the number of input proteins is small.

Availability and Implementation: NET-GE web server is publicly available and accessible at http://net-ge.biocomp.unibo.it/enrich.

Contact:  gigi@biocomp.unibo.it

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
No Evidence of Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus Among Patients Treated With Ledipasvir-Sofosbuvir for Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Sulkowski Mark S. , Chuang Wan-Long , Kao Jia-Horng , Yang Jenny C. , Gao Bing , Brainard Diana M. , Han Kwang-Hyub , Gane Edward
Published: August 2016

Postmarketing cases of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation during hepatitis C treatment have been reported. We analyzed serum samples from patients in a clinical trial of ledipasvir-sofosbuvir in Taiwan and Korea. Of the 173 patients enrolled, 103 (60%) had been previously infected with HBV. None showed evidence of HBV reactivation.
Infrequent Clinical Assessment of Chronic Hepatitis B Patients in United States General Healthcare Settings
Authors: Spradling Philip R. , Xing Jian , Rupp Loralee B. , Moorman Anne C. , Gordon Stuart C. , Teshale Eyasu T. , Lu Mei , Boscarino Joseph A. , Trinacty Connie M. , Schmidt Mark A. , Holmberg Scott D. ,   for the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study (CHeCS) Investigators, Holmberg Scott D. , Teshale Eyasu H. , Spradling Philip R. , Moorman Anne C. , Xu Fujie , Xing Jim , Zhong Yuna , Gordon Stuart C. , Nerenz David R. , Lu Mei , Lamerato Lois , Li Jia , Rupp Loralee B. , Akkerman Nonna , Oja-Tebbe Nancy , Zhou Yueren , Zhang Talan , Boscarino Joseph A. , Daar Zahra S. , Smith Robert E. , Lewis Meredith , Trinacty Connie Mah , Daida Yihe G. , Wong Carmen P. , Schmidt Mark A. , Donald Judy L. , Keast Erin M.
Published: August 2016

Among 2338 chronic hepatitis B patients followed during 2006–2013 in the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study, 78% had ≥1 alanine aminotransferase and 37% had ≥1 hepatitis B virus DNA level assessed annually. Among cirrhotic patients, 46% never had hepatic imaging. Patients in this cohort were insufficiently monitored for disease activity and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Partially incorrect fossil data augment analyses of discrete trait evolution in living species
Authors: Puttick Mark N.
Published: August 2016

Ancestral state reconstruction of discrete character traits is often vital when attempting to understand the origins and homology of traits in living species. The addition of fossils has been shown to alter our understanding of trait evolution in extant taxa, but researchers may avoid using fossils alongside extant species if only few are known, or if the designation of the trait of interest is uncertain. Here, I investigate the impacts of fossils and incorrectly coded fossils in the ancestral state reconstruction of discrete morphological characters under a likelihood model. Under simulated phylogenies and data, likelihood-based models are generally accurate when estimating ancestral node values. Analyses with combined fossil and extant data always outperform analyses with extant species alone, even when around one quarter of the fossil information is incorrect. These results are especially pronounced when model assumptions are violated, such as when there is a trend away from the root value. Fossil data are of particular importance when attempting to estimate the root node character state. Attempts should be made to include fossils in analysis of discrete traits under likelihood, even if there is uncertainty in the fossil trait data.
Trait-mediated indirect interactions of ant shape on the attack of caterpillars and fruits
Authors: Dáttilo Wesley , Aguirre Armando , De la Torre Pedro Luna , Kaminski Lucas A. , García-Chávez Juan , Rico-Gray Víctor
Published: August 2016

Mainly owing to their high diversity and abundance, ants are formidable as predators and defenders of foliage. Consequently, ants can exclude both invertebrate and vertebrate activity on plants via direct and indirect interactions as already shown in many previous studies. Here we present empirical evidence that objects resembling ant shape on dummy caterpillars were able to repel visually oriented predators. Moreover, we also show that rubber ants on dummy fruits can repel potential fruit dispersers. Our results have direct implications on the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of interactions in ant-based systems, as ant presence could affect the fitness of its partners. In short, our study highlights the importance of visual cues in interspecific interactions and opens a new way to study the effects of ant presence to test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses.