bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
At the World’s End: The British, Takao, and Southeast Asia, 1864–1895
Authors: Huang Sheng-Yu , Liu Te-Yen , Tien Cheng-Lun , Peleo Amador IV
Published: November 2020

This paper examines the history of the commercial maritime activities associated with the former British Consulate at Takao (1864–1895) by considering its role as a facilitator of trade and international relations, particularly with Southeast Asia. The Takao Consulate fostered international trade between Southern Taiwan and Southeast Asia through the trading firm Jardine Matheson and contributed to the favorable economic conditions that were further enhanced by the Japanese Empire’s colonial administration of Taiwan from 1895 to 1945. By drawing on Man-Houng Lin’s work on the development of Taiwan in the late 19th to early 20th century, examining the history of the Consulate, locating Taiwan in the nexus of commercial links spanning the Western Pacific rim, and analyzing the links between the implementation of state policies and the conduct of international business, we will provide a contextualisation of the prevailing foreign trade policies of the Taiwanese government.
Colloquium 1 The Authorship of the Pseudo-Simplician Neoplatonic Commentary on the De Anima
Authors: Gabor Gary
Published: November 2020

The traditional ascription of the Neoplatonic commentary on the De Anima to Sim­plicius has prominently been disputed by Carlos Steel and Fernand Bossier, along with J.O. Urmson and Francesco Piccolomini, among others. Citing problems with terminology, diction, cross-references, doctrine, and other features, these authors have argued that the commentary cannot have been composed by Simplicius and that Priscian of Lydia is a favored alternative. In this paper, I present some new arguments for why the traditional attribution to Simplicius is, in fact, the correct one. In particular, while addressing some of the terminological facts that have also been discussed by Christina Luna, Peter Lautner, Patricia Huby, and Philippe Vallat,1 among others, I offer a more secure basis for identifying the author of the De Anima commentary with Simplicius than has so far been proposed. In place of the disputes regarding terminology, which the debate has largely centered upon, I argue that certain unique and characteristic interpretive procedures, which one only finds in the undisputed Simplician works, allow us to identify the authorship of the De Anima commentary with Simplicius securely. Further, comparison of these methodological features with the extant works of Priscian rules out the possibility of his authorship of the commentary. I also provide some suggestions for resolving a few remaining issues of cross-reference between the De Anima commentary and the rest of Simplicius’s work. Finally, I conclude with some words on how that particular form of harmonization pursued by Simplicius’s contemporaries differs from both that of the De Anima commentary as well as his other works.
Colloquium 2 Commentary on Pearson
Authors: Curzer Howard J.
Published: November 2020

The Humean interpretation of Aristotle takes him to say that the goals of action are ultimately specified by desire. The Combo interpretation takes Aristotle to say that the goals of action are ultimately specified, sometimes by reason, other times by desire, and yet other times by both. I agree with Pearson that there are passages supporting each side and that the passages Pearson introduces into the debate support the Combo interpretation. To further support the Combo interpretation, I identify four features that Humeans want in a moral theory, and then show that a Humean interpretation of the passages bearing directly on the debate blocks the attribution of these features to Aristotle. A Humean interpretation may produce an Aristotle who is technically Humean, but this Aristotle will not accept the doctrines that make a Humean theory of motivation attractive to Humeans in the first place.
The One Excluded: Hugh Broughton and the King James Version of the Bible
Authors: Feingold Mordechai
Published: November 2020

Perhaps nothing better exemplifies the scholarly character of the King James Version of the Bible than the decision to exclude Hugh Broughton from among its rank of translators. Scholars have generally accounted for this omission by pointing out Broughton’s volatile personality, with some claiming that the integrity of the translation enterprise suffered owing to the exclusion of the eminent Hebraist. This essay offers a more nuanced evaluation of Broughton’s persona and scholarship. Taking his erudition as a given, it seeks to evaluate Broughton’s scholarly output and the route that brought him to advocate a Bible translation against the backdrop of his vehement efforts to defend his writings against critics and his incessant quest for patronage.
Edmund Gibson’s 1695 Britannia and Late-Seventeenth-Century British Antiquarian Scholarship
Authors: Roebuck Thomas
Published: November 2020

Drawing on the evidence of correspondence and draft papers preserved primarily in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, this essay gives a detailed account of the genesis and editing of one of seventeenth-century British antiquarianism’s foremost works: the revised version of William Camden’s Britannia, published in 1695. It pays particular attention to Edmund Gibson’s role as editor of the project and demonstrates the diversity of kinds of antiquarian scholarship to be found within the book (showing that William Camden offered a wide-ranging model for antiquarian practice). The article then situates the Britannia within the context of the religio-political divisions provoked by the Glorious Revolution, showing how Edmund Gibson attempted to navigate those divisions. It concludes by assessing the 1695 Britannia’s place within the history of antiquarian scholarship.
Moving between Mauritius and the World (or Not)
Authors: Arnold Markus
Published: November 2020

Contemporary literature from Mauritius, a heterogeneous multilingual production, is entangled within a complex transnational topology, where several increasingly recognized authors have deployed multiple identities through personal and editorial mobility. They benefit from (and participate in) the diversification of publishing structures, instances of dissemination, and audiences, while others hold very little symbolic capital. This paper discusses several key issues to understand the island’s multifaceted and unequal literary microcosm. It traces certain historical, linguistic and cultural predispositions of the Mauritian text today, addresses the reasons and implications of literary scale-shifting beyond the local, examines the modalities of trans/international recognition, and raises the issues at stake when translating these works. The island is hereby considered as a paradigmatic example of an emerging literary space on the postcolonial “periphery”, both contributing to challenging established canons, while remaining tributary to persisting hierarchies in the global literary system.
Globalising the West
Authors: Sievers Wiebke
Published: November 2020

Literary actors in Western countries have long ignored authors who came as immigrants or are members of ethnic minorities. This article discusses the upscaling of these authors in the West since the 1960s as an international process related to other processes of globalisation, namely the recognition of non-Western writers and the emergence of transnational literary fields. Moreover, it compares the effects of this process in the British and German literary fields. In Britain, the upscaling of immigrants is intertwined with the recognition of post-colonial writing in English worldwide as well as with the emergence of a transnational literary field in English. In Germany, by contrast, there were no direct links between the growing recognition of peripheralized authors, the growing connectivity between several literary fields operating in German, and the upscaling of immigrants. This explains why it took immigrants so much longer to gain recognition in Germany than it did in Britain.
Between Political Meritocracy and Participatory Democracy: Toward Realist Confucian Democracy
Authors: Jin Darren Yutang
Published: November 2020

In this article, I examine the textual underpinnings of participatory Confucian democracy and Confucian meritocracy and propose realist Confucian democracy as an alternative following a balanced reading of classic Confucianism. I argue that Confucian plebeian values do not square with the political meritocrats’ (Daniel A. Bell and Tongdong Bai) advocacy for meritocratic rule while Confucian elitist values undermine participatory democrats’ (Sor-hoon Tan and Stephen Angle) ardor for justifications of active democratic participation. A shared difficulty with both groups is that they tend to overuse one aspect of Confucianism while leaving the status of other elements in limbo. The discussion of participatory democracy and meritocracy is followed by the introduction of an eclectic reading that strikes a dynamic balance between elitist and plebeian values in Confucianism, and which points to the wide gamut of realist democracy that combines democratic election with strong leadership.
The Transnationality of the Secular
Authors: Six Clemens
Published: November 2020

This essay discusses in how far we can understand the evolution of secularism in South and Southeast Asia between the end of the First World War and decolonisation after 1945 as a result of transimperial and transnational patterns. In the context of the growing comparative literature on the history of secularisms around the globe, I argue for more attention for the mobility of ideas and people across borders. Conceptually, I suggest to capture the diversity of 20th century secularisms in terms of family resemblance and to understand this resemblance less as colonial inheritance but as the result of translocal networks and their circuits of ideas and practices since 1918. I approach these networks through a combination of global intellectual history, the history of transnational social networks, and the global history of non-state institutions. Empirically, I illustrate my argument with three case studies: the reception of Atatürk’s reforms across Asia and the Middle East to illustrate transnational discourses around secularism; the role of social networks in the form of translocal women’s circles in the interwar period; and private US foundations as global circuits of expertise. Together, these illustrations are an attempt to sustain a certain degree of coherence within globalising secularism studies while at the same time avoiding conceptual overstretch.
Envisioning ‘Freedom’: Liberated Gender Identities in Young Egyptian Women Artists’ Oral and Visual Narratives
Authors: Abdelrahman Rania
Published: November 2020

The 25 January revolution was a collective, popular movement that demanded improvement of life conditions on more than one level, such as social justice and better economic conditions, along with the call for freedom. Nevertheless, with the end of the demonstrations and the dispersal of the protestors, the spirit of the revolution and its demands continued to manifest on the level of the individual. The individualistic expressions of the demands were articulated by many individuals, each stressing one of the demands over the others. I argue that the freedom which inspired the 25 January revolution continues to inspire the aesthetic works of some contemporary Egyptian women painters. How is the ‘freedom’ which was one of the main mottos of the 25 January revolution reflected in these artists’ life stories and artworks? As independent artists, how do they negotiate their relationship with the different powers that control the art scene in Egypt? Their philosophy underlines their preoccupation with the liberation of identity, thus, the women they portray in their artworks enjoy a freedom similar to the one they aspire to. Their paintings reflect this preoccupation with women’s freedom – apparent in their clear commitment to women’s contemporary concerns, dilemmas and struggles against rigid societal norms and traditional gender roles/relations. The questions of subjectivity, memory, language and experience which are integral to oral history interpretation, and, according to Passerini, foreground ‘the peculiar specificity of oral material’ are looked at in relation to the artists’ artworks and oral histories.
Learning through Participation
Authors: Ke LIN
Published: November 2020

Social media play increasingly important roles in changing young people’s learning styles. The most significant implication for moral and citizenship education would be that young people nowadays are employing social media for cybercivic participation and learning, constructing to both online and offline communities. This paper, based on a virtual ethnographic study, examines how Chinese university students participate in civic discussions and activities by the use of online forums and social network sites. It further explores youth capabilities of learning to be responsible, reciprocal, and reflective citizens. The paper presents three potential learning paradigms, namely dutiful, actualising, and reflective cybercivic learning, and argues that each paradigm has its advantages and limitations in developing moral and civic knowledge, values, and skills. To integrate three learning paradigms into the institutional education system would be an innovation of moral and citizenship education in the age of social media.
Korean Social Welfare Reform during the Economic Crisis
Authors: Park Chanyong
Published: November 2020

This paper deals with the Korean welfare reform carried out due to the extremely unstable societal atmosphere, caused by the 1997 economic crisis. Introduction of the National Basic Livelihood Security Act and expansion of the coverage of social insurance are characterized as the projected reform. Nevertheless, the newly introduced public assistance program and the social insurance schemes still have room for improvement. For example, social insurance schemes had provided a protective umbrella in favor of regular workers, but it did not do the same for temporary contract-based workers or the self-employed. The government's efforts have not been sufficient to overcome these problems. This paper suggests some measures to resolve problems still existing in the Korean welfare system today.
Fluctuating Anti-Americanism and the Korea-U.S. Alliance
Authors: Lee Nae-Young , Jeong Han Wool
Published: November 2020

Rising anti-Americanism in the winter of 2002 despite the increasing security threats from North Korea, has led some to call the situation a crisis in the ROK-U.S. alliance. However, the opinion polls from June 2003 and February 2004 show that anti-Americanism in South Korea has substantially waned The main aim of this paper is to examine whether the recent wave of anti-Americanism has the content and intensity to threaten the legitimacy of the ROK-U.S. alliance. By analyzing the changes in public attitude and perception towards the U.S. over the past two years based on three survey data, this paper argues that anti-Americanism in South Korea has not posed any real threat to the alliance. However, the polarized public opinion towards the U.S. remains a potentially serious threat to the future of the ROK-U.S. alliance.
Equitable Growth and Poverty Alleviation: Lessons Learned from Korean Experience
Authors: Park Chanyong , Ikram Khalid
Published: November 2020

This case study analyzed how Korea achieved rapid economic growth with i.t1ere-JSing equity and poverty aJlcviarion. Korean GDP per capita increased 110 times and absolute poverty rate dccn.:ased from 48.3 percent to 9.8 percent l:x:tween 196 l and 2001. Ir is true to say in rhe Korean case that the most efiecrive measure in reduction of the absolute pwerty level has been to make the economic pie biggcr. It is called growth-firsr~istrihution-larcr principle and brought abJut economic success hy overcoming a sc:vere shortage of natural endowments.

TI1e Korean government prioritized certain development-led industries in order to accelerate economic μ;ro\\•th. It was called '"imbalanced development strate,gy" and assessed as being more effective than "balanced development strategy" within the limited budget for ernnomic development. Although income inequality became aggravated Jue to the grmvrh-first polity and imbalanced strate,gy, the sizl' of the economic pie increased drastically. The income levels of middle and low income households increased to such an extent that much income inequality could l:x: rolernted. le can be said that in Korea. rapid economic growth raised welfare levels during rhe period between the l 960s and the 1990s even as income inequality worsened.

Korea ran into serious economic difficulties in late 1997. The poverty rates rose sharply from 7.67 rercem in 19'-)7 to 14.28 pen:ent in ·19'-)8. TI1e Korean govemrnenr w1dertook various anti-poverty programs designed to ease the impan of ma-.s lay-offS by implementing a new public assistance program and expanded the coverage of sx·ial insuranu.c:. In addition, hwnan resource development programs \Vere intrOOuced thar enhanced the access of the vulnerable class to the labor market by laying stress on labor welfare, raking mea,ures to protect irregtUar employees, and extending the application of the minimum wage system to all industries. Thanks to these efforts of the government, the p.>verty rates have decreased since 1999.

1bis study has led us to six tentative but useful lessons learned from the Korean success to lx applied to ocher developing countries: establishment of a clear objective of development and. the cornmirmenr of authorities; r,crn.ptive sdt·ction of rtprcscntative kx:omotive engines for rapid economic gro¥.-th and properly designed management; lx.'St investment in human rt'Source development; fair land reform and rural development; job creation and expansion of employment; and building-up of country's capacity to implement plans and projects expeditiously within budgeted costs.
NAFTA's Impact on Korean Exports
Authors: Lee Kye Woo
Published: November 2020

Many Asian countries arc concerned that as the negotiations for the propa;el Free T rale Agreement of the Americas (FT AA) are concluded in 2005, it may erode their share of the largest trading market, North America. As a first step roward assessing the impact of the FTAA on Asian countries, rhis paper evaluates rhe effects of FTAA's predecessor, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), on Korean external trade. Analys.as of the shifi: in shares, rrade intensity indices, and gravity models are used to assess the impact at a macro level, while trade diversion aod crearion effects are tested at sub-industty levels. Some lessons for future action are also drawn.
US Policy Dilemma: Food Aid to an "Enemy State"? The Case of Communist China, 1961-1963, and North Korea, 1993-2000
Authors: Kang Jean S.
Published: November 2020

Both Communist China of the early 1960s and North Korea of the 1990s posed significant policy challenges to the United States revolving around the important question of food aid. The Clinton administration was faced with the task of responding to the height of the North Korean famine, which was estimated to have taken place between 1995-1998. Interestingly, the dilemma that confronted the Clinton administration of whether to provide US food assistance to a nation considered an "enemy state" was reminiscent of the circumstances faced by the Kennedy administration with regard to the famine that scoured Communist China in the early 1960s. Estimated to have claimed nearly 30 million lives, the details of the Chinese famine resulting from the Great Leap Forward of 1958 have only recently been examined, as foreigners were unable to gain access to the PRC until nearly twenty years after the events. Similarly, only time will bring to surface the details of the famine in North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, hereafter "DPRK") due to the country's present self-imposed isolation, comparable to that of the PRC in the 1960s.

This study will examine the policy dilemma that confronted the United States with regard to the famine in Communist China following the Great Leap Forward in the 1960s and again in North Korea from 1993-2000. The divergent responses of the Kennedy administration and that of the Clinton administration will be studied, with a focus on Congressional discussions regarding the donation of US food aid to an "enemy state."
Material Interests and Social Norms: Regional Economic Integration in Southeast Asia
Authors: Yoshimatsu Hidetaka
Published: November 2020

Ever since the early 1990s, the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have deepened regional economic integration, advancing the main programs from the creation of an ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) to the formation of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). This article identifies underpinning factors that have qualified ASEAN's such efforts for regional economic integration. In particular, it highlights the evolving perception of material interests due to external environments and socially shared norms as factors influencing ASEAN's efforts to promote economic integration. I argue that external threats deriving from moves towards stronger regionalism in other parts of the world or the rapid economic growth of the neighboring countries induced ASEAN members to strengthen their own regional economic cohesion. In addition, ASEAN's particular set of norms, such as consensus-building, flexible incrementalism, and informality, were effective in drawing willingness from members with diverse differences to participate in cooperative programs. However, in the process of shifting from AFT A to the AEC, ASEAN members reconsidered some of these norms by adopting more formal implementation methods, including stronger dispute settlement mechanisms.
Resource Complementarity and Performance in Technology-Intensive Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Woo Won-Seok
Published: November 2020

This paper examines the influence of complementarity between technological resources and functional resources in ex-post performance of mergers and acquisitions. While prior work has looked at complementarity as an indication of fit within a particular resource domain, this study focused on the complementarity between different resource domains. We specifically tested the performance impact associated with complementarity between the technological resources of the one merger partner and the functional resources of the other merger partner, including financial, marketing and operational resources. Performance was measured in both marker-based (i.e., ex ante stock market returns at announcement) and operational terms (i.e., ex post increases in sales revenues of the combined firm). Our results indicate that complementarities between a target’s technological resources and the acquirer’s financial and marketing resources produce positive effects on post-merger sales growth and ex-ante stock market returns. Surprisingly, our results also revealed that complementarity between the target's technological resources and the acquirer’s operational resources had a negative effect on posr merger sales growth. We discuss the implications of these findings for managers contemplating mergers and acquisitions.
Did Foreign Investors Destabilize the Korean Equity Market during the Asian Crisis?
Authors: Jo Gab-Je
Published: November 2020

This paper investigates the behavior of foreign equity investment in the Korean market over the period of 1995 through 2001. The main questions examined in this paper are: Is foreign equity investment is relatively more reversible than domestic investment in the wake of financial crisis? And do foreign equity investors tend to increase the volatility of the market more than domestic investors? The empirical results indicate that equity investment activity by foreigners was more reversible than domestic investment for the duration of financial crisis period. Furthermore, I have found evidence that foreign equity investors tend to cause higher volatility in the market than domestic investors.
The Korean Accountancy Market and Global Competition
Authors: Jung Nu Ri , Woo Wonseok
Published: November 2020

Among the professions, accountancy services play an especially critical role in the market economy today; thus, there have been many World Trade Organization (WTO) attempts, beyond the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), to liberalize the market for accountancy services. In response to this international demand, the Korean government announced the liberalization of its accounting market from 2007 and its full opening by 2011. This paper begins with an overview of the Korean accountancy market, including a SWOT analysis focused on the post-financial-crisis era. Next, it shows how the WTO pacts – especially the GATS and the Disciplines on Domestic Regulation in the Accountancy Sector (Disciplines) – and ‘Revised Conditional Offer on the Schedule of Specific Commitments’ for WTO services negotiations submitted by Korea on May 31, 2005 are used to eliminate these domestic regulatory barriers to international trade in accountancy services. Finally, the paper anticipates both the positive and the negative implications of accountancy market liberalization in Korea following from the removal of existing obstacles to cross-border trade. As the first sector to be disciplined under the GATS, the liberalized accountancy sector is likely to become the model for other professional services such as law, health, engineering and architecture. Hence this study can have significant implications that extend beyond the field of accounting.
An Interdisciplinary Assessment of South Korea's Post-2002 Real Estate Anti-Speculation Policies
Authors: Kim Jasper , Jun Hannah
Published: November 2020

What factors fuelled the South Korean property boom since 2002, and whar (if anything) can be done to prevent a U.S.-style subprime crisis in the local real estate markers? This issue has grown even more urgent given observations of a potential bubble and burst scenario following the U.S. sub-prime crisis. This paper aims to bring together these concerns, from an interdisciplinary regulatory, economic and socio-cultural per-spective, by (1) providing a comprehensive and current overview of housing market dynamics in Korea, (2) examining South Korea's real estate regulatory policies since 2002 with-statistical evidence from the Bank of Korea (BOK), and (3) providinga brief policy implication and suggestion sectionre-garding the Korean housing marker conditions in the post-subprime crisis era.
Decline of the Agricultural Welfare State?: An Assessment of Structural Reforms in Japan and Korea's Agricultural Sectors
Authors: Oh Jennifer S.
Published: November 2020

This paper attempts to explain the diverging patterns of structural reform in Japan and Korea's agricultural sectors from 1985 to 2009. Why has structural reform proceeded more extensively in Japan than in Korea? The nature of Japan and Korea's agricultural policy communities, specifically the extent to which farm interests are meaningfully represented in the agricultural policy community, is an important factor shaping the structural reform experiences of Japan and Korea's agricultural sectors. In Japan, the inclusion of farm interests in the agriculcural policy communities strengthens government capacity to implement difficult reforms. In contrast, the exclusion of Korean farmers from its agricultural policy community weakens the Korean government's ability to restructure the agricultural sector against the wishes of farmers.
Intellectual Property Rights, Imitative Ability and Export Performance: The Korean Experience
Authors: Heo Yoon , Doanh Nguyen K.
Published: November 2020

This paper investigates the impacts of IPR protection in foreign countries on Korea's export performance. The empirical analysis in this paper differs from those in previous studies in several respects. First, the impact of IPRs is firstly forced to be uniform across sectors and then is allowed to differ across sectors so that industry-specific evidence can be documented. Second, in order to analyze the impact of IPR protection on trade, we employ the random-effects model to incorporate differences between cross-sectional entities by allowing the intercept to change, but the amount of change is random. Third, the study is based on an analysis of the most recent panel data which allow the patent regime to change over time. Finally, this study provides new evidence regarding the linkage between IPRs and trade with a focus on Korea. Our major findings are summarized as follows. First, reinforced IPR protection in foreign countries has a positive effect on Korea's total exports, indicating the dominance of market expansion effects. Second, stronger protection of IPRs induces Korea's exports to all foreign countries regardless of their level of development. The effects are stronger in medium-income and high-income countries. Third, Korea tends to export more to countries with strong imitative ability when the IPR protection in those countries is strengthened. Finally, stronger protection of IPRs in foreign countries with weak imitative ability leads to an ambiguous reduction in Korea's exports. Efforts to increase the GDP, improve social infrastructure, accelerate domestic reforms (openness to trade), and strengthen IPR protection in foreign countries are suggested as a remedy for obstacles to Korea's exports. Importantly, strengthening of IPRs would have the greatest effect if foreign GDP also rose.
Shrimps between Whales or Small but Piquant Peppers?: Foreign Policy Choices of Korea and Poland
Authors: Kim Tae-Hyung , Kim Jiyoung
Published: November 2020

Recognizing that few scholars have explored the foreign policy of non-major powers, in this paper, we explore the patterns of non-major powers' foreign policy through a historical comparison of Korea and Poland. Despite substantial differences, the modern histories of Korea and Poland share significant similarities due mainly to their geographic locations between two great powers: Korea between China and Japan, and Poland between Germany and Russia. Their unfavorable locations have constantly forced the two nations to adjust and accommodate to changing external environments they cannot control. Through this comparative case study of Korea and Poland, we also highlight the limitations of the existing realist approach in explaining foreign policy behaviors of non-major powers.
Sustainable Management of a Korean Firm: Transformation of the Value Chain in Cheil Industries Inc.
Authors: Jun Woo
Published: November 2020

By using a new conceptual model of ‘Smile Curve’, this research strives to examine how Cheil Industries Inc. (CI) has been transforming its value chain to create its competitive advantage. According to the results, CI’s value-added structure in the past (conventional industrialization economy) was heavily reliant on the manufacturing sector, and therefore, the profit graph shaped an ‘Upside-down Shape of U’ indicating that production and manufacturing are the most value-added fields. However, CI’s current (knowledge-based economy) graph shows a ‘U with Fluent Curve’ indicating that R&D, human resources, corporate culture, firm infrastructure, manufacturing, logistics and marketing are simultaneously creating value-added for the company. This implies that CI’s value-added source is more diversified to fit with knowledge-based economy.
Growth Strategies in Foreign-Invested Enterprises through Stabilizing Industrial Relations: A Case Study on Oriental Brewery
Authors: Lee Changmin , Kang Hyoung-Goo , Yi Young-Sang
Published: November 2020

This paper suggests ways to develop healthy industrial relations at foreign-invested enterprises after M&A by studying Oriental Brewery Co., Ltd (“OBC”) case. OBC has the unique feature of being a foreign private-equity-fund (KKRKohlberg Kravis Roberts) invested company with dual unions. It is the only consumer product company in Korea that has regained the number one position in 2011 after 15 years of a continuous drop from the once dominant position with up to 70% of market share in the early 1990s. We have identified the contributing factors of such success from the perspective of union-management relationship before and after the M&A.
No End in Sight? US Policy on Targeted Killing by Aerial Drone Strikes: a Legal-Political Assessment
Authors: Maass Matthias
Published: November 2020

Recently, President Obama stated: “Our systematic effort to dismantle terrorist organizations must continue. But this war, like all wars, must end.” I investigate America’s legal basis, its claim to self-defense in response to 9/11, and conclude that this claim is weakening rapidly due to the passage of time and military successes. Similarly, the case for drone strikes as pre-emption is fading due to the damage drone strikes have done to Al Qaeda’s capabi-lities. I conclude that overall US drone strikes follow the rules set by International Humanitarian Law (IHL). How-ever, today America’s rationale for these missions is shi-fting away from defeating Al Qaeda towards deterring its members and sympathizers. In this case, the US would most likely be in breach of IHL. I complete the analysis by claiming that the recent recognition of Obama that “this war... must end” still lacks the need for a new legal framework for America’s counterterrorism efforts.
Changing Context, Persistent Frames: The United States and the Absence of Multilateral Institutions in Post-Cold War East Asia
Authors: Work Clint
Published: November 2020

After the Cold War, conditions appeared ripe for the formation of new multilateral institutions that would have more accurately reflected the altered distribution of power in East Asia. However, no new or robust institutions were established. Despite the value of certain historical and structural arguments, this study emphasizes the role of the United States in contributing to this outcome. Building upon critical historiography, this article sketches three frames of U.S. foreign policy held by U.S. elites (including: expansion, preponderance, and exceptionalism), traces their operation in the discourse and rationales behind U.S. policy during the post-Cold War interregnum, and argues that these frames worked against any attempt by the United States to establish new multilateral institutions.
Econophoria and the Power Constellation in East Asian Regionalism:Critical Leadership Question
Authors: Choo Jaewoo
Published: November 2020

East Asian regionalism is an on-going process,despite lacking much necessary "progress". A glimmer of hope from the rise of china is now being shed on the prospect of East Asian regionalism,thanks to states clustering economically to china in a process as economic "power constellation." Econophoria functions as a facilitator to the development process of East Asian regionalism. Given China'S reluctance and regional aspirations in building necessary institutions and requisite leadership,however, this paper infers some possible forms of leadership that the US can develop regarding institutional bargaining. The US is perceived to be a critical player in finalizing East Asian regionalism for it is the only country that can render necessary leadership and therefore institutional building capability. If, as a regional player, the US wishes to recover its lost credibility and undermined trust, then the time is ripe for proper action. The article will briefly review the notion of power aggregation and power constellations so as to provide an analytical framework. It will then examine the prospect of an emerging regional order in the aftermath of China's power aggregation. In the following section, the article will assess the US position on the question of regional leadership and East Asian regionalism. The paper will conclude with possible strategic choises for the US in realizing regional aspirations.
Enabling Conditions for Structures of Domination: Java’s Colonial Era “Cultivation System” and Indonesia’s Palm Oil Plantation System in Comparative Analysis
Authors: Curry Mark Stevenson
Published: November 2020

Historians of colonial-era Java have produced considerable debate about how the Dutch colonial era Cultivation System (1830-1870) brought prosperity to the Netherlands in contrast with the fortunes of Javanese societies under the imposition of mandatory production quotas. Separately, palm oil plantation agriculture in contemporary Indonesia, since the mid-1990s, has sparked a different debate on the state’s power to direct development over biodiversity and the rights and existence of Indigenous People. In comparative-historical analysis, the structures of domination in each era provide useful symmetries: the speed of implementation; the realization of extraordinary profits; the adverse incorporation of local communities; and environmental impacts. However, the enabling conditions that underpinned and sustained both the colonial era Cultivation System and the contemporary palm oil boom remain to be explored and applied to the paired agencies of investment capital and the developmental state. From historical accounts, four enabling conditions emerge: a catalyzing crisis; close control over information flows; maintaining an official monopoly over order and violence; and an official discourse intolerant of dissent or resistance. These symmetries in comparison permit an assessment of the state’s role as an agent for an antidevelopment double-action: what Harvey calls “Accumulation by Dispossession” and Santos (2007) calls “Epistemicide.”
Political Development in Hong Kong: The Failure of Democratization
Authors: Ortmann Stephan
Published: November 2020

Democratization in Hong Kong has come to a dead end following the rejection of an electoral reform proposal by the Legislative Council on June 18, 2015. The measure was voted down because pan-democrats had been deeply disappointed by the fact that the reform proposal by the Chinese government would have only allowed pre-screened candidates and thus denied Hong Kongers a true choice. This followed more than two months of street occupations in which protesters demanded real universal suffrage to no avail. This paper seeks to demonstrate how the “China factor” has inhibited the democratization process in four distinct phases of political development. Since World War II, one of the main reasons for the lack of democratization was opposition by the Chinese government. In the late 1980s, the prospect of political reforms in China raised hopes for political change in Hong Kong. This was, however, crushed in 1989, which empowered a democracy movement in Hong Kong. Since the transfer of power from Britain to China in 1997, despite protests for democracy, there has been very little progress toward meaningful democratization. Moreover, in recent years, there has even been a slow process from liberal to illiberal authoritarianism which is accompanied by growing conflicts and even violence as political freedoms are being curtailed.
The Myth of the Nuclear Taboo
Authors: Sherrill Clifton W.
Published: November 2020

Why have nuclear weapons not been used since 1945? Cold War studies of mutual deterrence have been challenged in recent years by constructivist notions of an evolutionary norm of nuclear non-use. Most famously characterized as the “nuclear taboo,” this argument asserts that the norm has become a constitutive component of civilized international society. Herein, I consider the underlying causal logic behind nuclear non-use, finding that it is more a product of rationalist security calculations (deterrence) and respect for the traditional norms of Just War Theory than it is an internalized redefinition of interest. With a new age of proliferation dawning, marked by both state and transnational actors who see value in shock for the sake of shock, I conclude that the norm of nuclear nonuse is under renewed threat.
Change and Continuity in China’s Soft Power Trajectory: From Mao Zedong’s “Peaceful Co-existence” to Xi Jinping’s “Chinese Dream”
Authors: Kang Jean S.
Published: November 2020

China’s trajectory over recent years displays a shift in its public diplomacy from traditional coercive measures under hard power toward a combination of both hard and soft power. As soft power signifies the diplomatic ability of a nation to attract others by projecting its internal values and policies, China has taken significant steps within the course of its political history to transition from an isolated authoritarian regime into a more engaged global stakeholder. In addition to analyzing China’s soft power and obligations within a global context, an internal examination of China’s public diplomacy is also required as the nature of the regime often serves to limit its capabilities in further attracting global actors. As China remains an authoritarian regime, activities related to public diplomacy are largely reserved for the state actors, including officials and state-owned enterprises. Although China has successfully shifted more towards practicing soft power from traditional hard power, areas of concern remain regarding its development, including a lack of attractiveness towards developed nations and limited use of civil society. China’s diplomatic agenda includes identifying methods for extending its soft power towards developed and developing countries.
Recent Innovations in Socially Responsible Investing (SRI): The Role of “Socially Responsible Bonds” in Spurring Sustainable Development
Authors: Jun Hannah , Kim Hyojin , Han Songhee
Published: November 2020

While it has become clear that the global community needs to utilize partnerships between the public and private sectors to achieve broader economic and development goals, there has been less discussion about the potential role of investors in shaping and participating in this movement. Part of this may be due to familiarity with traditional methods such as official development assistance (ODA) and relatively less understanding about recent innovations in socially responsible investing (SRI), including social impact bonds and development impact bonds. As economies like Korea have begun to show greater interest in harnessing various investment strategies to achieve broader social goals, we find it critical to better understand what financial tools are available within the context of encouraging sustainable development. As such, this paper highlights the potential role investors can play in contributing to broader social issues both at home and abroad through an examination of recent innovations in SRI – specifically, the category of so-called “socially responsible bonds.”
What’s So Peaceful about Asian Peace?
Authors: Hoffman Blake , Diehl Paul F , Owsiak Andrew , Goertz Gary , Gallegos Yahve
Published: November 2020

Previous work on an Asian peace has been imprecise on where, when, and why it occurs. This study examines different levels of state-based peace starting with the absence of war; unlike other treatments, however, we examine the incidence of civil war as well as the traditional interstate war. We then consider a more stringent threshold for peace, focusing on the absence or diminution of violent conflicts short of war, specifically incidents of militarized disputes and lesser conflicts. Finally, we look a broader conception of peace (“positive peace”) and examine all state relationships in Asia along a peace scale, which ranges from serious rivalries to negative peace to integrated security communities. Our findings indicate the strongest evidence for Asian peace with respect to avoiding interstate war. Nevertheless, there are significant conflicts involving violence and the threat of military force that persist in the region. A number of rivalries, many of them long-standing, continue to raise the specter of war. In addition, positive peace in Asia is rare for interstate relations and isolated to a few states for internal peace.
An East Asian Approach to Rural Development: A Comparative of the Saemaul Undong and FELDA Programs
Authors: Kamaruddin Nurliana
Published: November 2020

The study of East Asia has generally focused on its national development experience with emphasis given to industrial urban-based growth. However, the region has also been credited for impressive rural growth due to the Northeast Asian land reform and overall investment for a Green Revolution by states. Less emphasis has been given to a comparative exploration of different rural development programs that existed. Studies on rural development programs within the region have been diverse with case-specific perspectives, rather than in accordance with a unified conceptualization of what it means to have successful rural development. This article attempts to address that gap by evaluating two cases, the South Korean Saemaul Undong and the Malaysian Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA). It applies three different development perspectives; the neoliberal approach, the developmental state approach, and the humancentered approach, to determine the degree to which these programs can be considered successful. An East Asian conceptualization of successful rural development is identified based on an emphasis on government capacity, grassroots participation, a shared mentality for national development and a prioritization on building human capital.
The Tragedy of Conflict Irresolution: Peace Dialogue in Southernmost Thailand under Military Rule
Authors: Wheeler Matthew , Chambers Paul
Published: November 2020

This study examines the continuing failure of conflict resolution efforts in the case of Thailand’s Deep South or “Patani.” The introduction of an official peace-dialogue process in February 2013 raised hopes that the insurgency in southernmost Thailand might move toward a peaceful resolution. But under two different Thai governments, dialogue between Bangkok and Malay-Muslim militants has foundered. Factors inhibiting successful confidence-building and negotiations include the militants’ disunity and parochialism and the Thai junta’s reluctance to countenance international mediation or devolution of political power. Following Lederach (1997), the study at hand contends that where efforts at conflict resolution occur only at the elite level with no corresponding efforts at the middle and grassroots level, then dialogue is liable to fail, become one-sided or simply lapse into a public relations stunt. Moreover, drawing on interviews with officials and militants, it argues that the structure of the process, including the role of Malaysia as facilitator, must be adjusted for talks to progress. The study also examines political will as a determining factor; although capacity constraints and technical problems pose challenges to a fruitful peace dialogue, they are a less immediate obstacle than the conflict parties’ lack of determination to negotiate a settlement.
Sanctions, Security and Regional Development in Russia's Policies Toward North Korea
Authors: Rinna Anthony V.
Published: November 2020

In light of North Korean security provocations, the Kremlin has consistently supported the UN's punitive economic measures against Pyongyang; even as economic collaboration with the DPRK is part of a Russian bid to economically invigorate the Russian Far East. This paper argues that Moscow has faced a choice between pursuing its own interests in terms of bilateral relations with the DPRK and participating in a collaborative manner with other states involved in the Korean security debacle, opting for the latter. Even as North Korea is a crucial part of Russia's plans to economically develop its Asiatic territories, the Kremlin perceives that it cannot refuse to join other countries in implementing punitive measures against Pyongyang, even while inconveniencing its own economic interests.