bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Minicurso de Vapor 3.2.0 NCAR ministrado através do Ensino a Distância: atividade do grupo PET-Meteorologia
Authors: Santos Vinicio Lima , Alves Letícia Prechesniuki , Perleberg Bruna Rossales , Nunes Andre Becker
Published: February 2021

O minicurso do software Vapor 3.2.0 foi elaborado pelo Grupo PET-Meteorologia para manter os conhecimentos em relação a ferramentas operacionais e de pesquisas ativos durante o período da pandemia. Esse modelo alternativo tem como objetivo, habilitar aos alunos ao uso de técnicas de estatística, construções de gráficos, programação e táticas visuais através do manuseio de renderizadores e funções disponibilizadas pelo software, utilizando ferramentas de comunicação virtual como o Google Meet e o Web Conferência (UFPEL). Foram obtidas respostas através de um formulário. A partir dos resultados, verificou-se que o minicurso foi suficiente como uma maneira alternativa para o ensino remoto.
Poces promena pravnog statusa lezbejki i homoseksualaca u Evropi i kod nas
Authors: Mršević Zorica
Published: February 2021

Proces širenja nekog domena ljudskih prava neophodno je praćeno određenim političkim zbivanjima. Proglašenje Manifesta ILGA-e od 7. decembra 1998. kao dela proslave Manifesta ILGA-e kojim se proglašavaju lezbejska i prava homoseksualaca kao ljudska prava, deo je takvih zbivanja. 1. "Čovečanstvo je bilo u stanju da ukine ropstvo i da uspostavi određena osnovna prava za žene u gotovo svim delovima sveta. Mi smo razvili demokratske institucije i građanska društva. Poštovanje ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda je preduslov uspešnog društvenog i političkog života u svim društvima. Mi moramo priznati jednakost i poštovati raznolikost. Na 50-tu godišnjicu Univerzalne deklaracije ljudskih prava mi pozivamo na jačanje pažnje ljudi i društava na ljudska prava. Osnovni deo ljudskih prava u naše vreme je priznavanje prava pojedinca na razvitak svojih ličnih identiteta i seksualnosti, slobodne od prinude i diskriminacije. Mi osuđujemo diskriminaciju i opresiju koja nastavlja da postoji u mnogim državama, uključujući krivične sankcije i čak i smrtnu kaznu. Zahtevamo punu jednakost pred zakonom za homoseksualne muškarce, lezbejke i biseksuace kao i transseksualne osobe. Zahtevamo kraj ma kakvom krivičnom kažnjavanju. Zahtevamo zakone koji zabranjuju diskriminaciju. Zahtevamo puno i potpuno jednako priznanje odnosa. Nadamo se uključivanju jednakih prava bez obzira na seksualnu orijentaciju u nacionalno zakonodavstvo i međunarodne instrumente ljudskih prava. Mi zajedno možemo da učinimo život boljim jedne za druge i za buduće generacije. Prava lezbejki i homoseksualaca su ljudska prava."
Type of crime as a determinant factor of the physiognomy of criminal proceedings: The case of commercial crime
Authors: Brkić Snežana
Published: February 2021

The author points out the need to adapt the physiognomy of criminal proceedings to the changes in the scope and structure of crime and to characteristics of facts and evidence. The specific substantive features of cases may also be used as a basis of procedural differentiation. One such criterion is the special nature (kind) of crime, as illustrated on the example of commercial crime.
Law as (non)-tolerance: Paradoxes
Authors: Hasanbegović Jasminka
Published: February 2021

The author indicates the well-known paradoxes related to freedom, democracy and tolerance and describes the attempts at finding solutions for them in law. She recognizes that legal solutions may be subject to abuse and concludes that one is dealing with values which are always set in advance. There must be constant human effort at sustaining, and possibly developing such values. This is true for societies in which such values already exist, and even more so for societies which aspire towards developing freedom, tolerance and democracy.
The primary fear and special conditions which excuse fear like a part of arrest reason in criminal procedure (acording to criminal procedure from 1976-1985): Law standards like a limitation of right of defense
Authors: Mamula Đorđe
Published: February 2021

The author analyzes the legal solutions about arrest which consist of the primary fear and special conditions which excuse fear, like a part of arrest reason. He think that such legal standards are not clear, because that is no facts, and it is not possible to contest such "reasons" like personal fear. Author means that Criminal Procedure oblige in general principles Court to establish a facts and truth about arrest.
About possibility to expanding and simplification of the summary criminal process
Authors: Brkić Snežana
Published: February 2021

The author points out the need to adapt the physiognomy of criminal proceedings to the changes in the scope and structure of crime and to characteristics o f facts and evidence. Solution to that problem is the deep procedural differentiation in a basis o f creation more special simplifying forms. It is suggested and justified such two new forms in the frame of our summary process: expanding the elements of summary process in a trial phase to the criminal offences with provided imprisonment no more of five years, and simplification of the summary process in a basis of full confession of the defendant
The repeated crime in criminal law
Authors: Jovašević Dragan
Published: February 2021

The persons against whom the regular criminal penalties have not proven to be effective, justified and appropriate, present a special danger to the society. It is an open issue whether the society should apply more severe penalties against them, or some other penal measures in addition to or instead of the existing penalty. The answer to this question has been different in the criminal practice of different countries depending on the character and features of the criminal law system of a particular country' and its needs for application of adequate measures of protection from all kinds and forms of criminal behaviour.
The legal thinking of Valtazar Bogišić
Authors: Bogićević Čedomir
Published: February 2021

The author depicts life story of the great legal thinker and writer, Valtazar Bogišić, analyzes his scientific and spiritual reinforcements, his language and style, relation between habit and law, unity of law and moral and his methods of codification.
Dedication to law and justice
Authors: Čavoški Kosta
Published: February 2021

The author gives a short survey of the role of lawyers in the creation, interpretation and defense of law. Then, he marks dedication to law and justice as a fundamental quality of a lawyer. He points out examples of departure front this quality in the latest history and current practice of the Yugoslav judiciary, but also examples of its affirmation and resistance to attempted abuse of court by individual members of the law profession. The author also analyzes the problem of incongruity of the old and repressive provisions of certain laws with liberal provisions of the Constitution and advocates a direct application of the Constitution, which is, according to him, a legal and moral obligation of a judge.
NEW 3,5-DISUBSTITUTED 2,6-DICYANOANILINES CONTAINING 3,4-ETHYLENEDIOXYTHIOPHENE FRAGMENTS: SYNTHESIS AND FURTHER TRANSFORMATION
Authors: Ignashevich Anna N. , Mayorova Olga A. , Abashev Georgy G. , Shavrina Tatyana V. , Shklyaeva Elena V.
Published: February 2021

Some novel 3,5-disubstituted 2,6-dicyanoanilines incorporating 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) fragment were prepared and investigated. Two different synthetic procedures have been applied for this purpose. One of them consists in the cyclization of chalcones with the malononitrile excess, another one relies on the one-pot three-component strategy. Condensation of thus prepared 3,5-disubstituted 2,6-dicyanoanilines with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-2-carboxaldehyde (EDOT-CHO) has successfully given rise to the corresponding Schiff bases. UV absorption and fluorescence spectra were recorded for the chloroform solutions of the synthesized compounds. The influence of the changes in the compounds’ molecular structure on the UV absorption and fluorescence maxima as well as on the absorption edge position has been analyzed. It has been revealed that the π-conjugation chain elongation results in the red shift of the UV absorption and fluorescence maxima (λmax). The absorption red edge values (λonset) of the Schiff bases’ solutions were found to be crucially shifted to the longwave region if compared with the ones obtained for the solutions of the initial 2,6-dicyanoanilines (142 and 170 nm). The strong bathochromic shifts were also detected for their fluorescence maxima (72 and 114 nm). The optical bandgaps (Egopt) calculated on the basis of the λonset values were found to be less than 2.5 eV for all prepared compounds. Cyclic voltammetry method was used to study the electrochemical behavior of the Schiff bases, as a result the values of the onset oxidation potentials (Eoxonset) were determined and used for calculation of such important characteristics of molecules as the frontier orbital energies (EHOMO и ELUMO). The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis and by IR and 1H NMR spectral data.
MICROFRAGMENTATION OF CAST MICA-CRYSTALLINE MATERIAL UNDER DYNAMIC COMPRESSION
Authors: Ignatova Anna M. , Yudin Мaxim V. , Ignatov Мikhail N. , Sokovikov Мikhail А. , Chudinov Vasiliy V.
Published: February 2021

The study aimed at assessing the prospects of using mica-crystalline material of the fluorophlogopite type (the main phase corresponds to the compound KMg3(Si3AlO10)F2) for use in the manufacture of armored products. To carry out such an assessment, the study established the features of the deformation of cast mica-crystalline material of the fluorophlogopite type under dynamic compression by the method of the split Hopkinson-Kola rod. It was revealed that the destruction of cast mica crystalline material at an average strain rate of 250-1500 s-1 occurs with the formation of finely divided fragments. The exposure rate was chosen by analogy with the well-known tests of materials of a similar purpose with a glass crystal structure. For a quantitative assessment of the fracture intensity, the fractional composition of the fracture fragments was analyzed by analyzing the images obtained by scanning electron microscopy. In the course of the analysis of the experimental data, it was found that a characteristic indicator in the analysis of the fractional composition of fracture fragments is the proportion of those whose size is from 1 to 100 μm in the total mass of fragments up to 1000 μm (larger fragments are not considered, since they are formed again as fragments destruction arising after the formation of main cracks), for the material studied, this indicator under the specified exposure conditions ranged from 83 to 87%, which, based on a comparison with similar materials used in the manufacture of elements of armored products, allows us to evaluate it as a material promising in this field of application, since in addition to the optimal indicators of fractional fracture upon impact, this material has a lower density in comparison with analogues and products from it may have a lower mass, which is a competitive advantage.
APPLICATION OF KEGGIN TYPE PHOSPHOTUNGSTOVANADIC HETEROPOLY ACID AS SENSITIVE MATERIAL FOR CARBON MONOXIDE SENSOR
Authors: Feofanova Mariana A. , Nikolskiy Viktor M. , Radin Alexander S. , Krylov Anatolii A. , Malysheva Yulia A.
Published: February 2021

The possibility of using Keggin-type wolframvanadium heteropoly acid with the formula H5[PW10V2O40] as a sensitive material for the development of thin-film resistometric sensors for carbon monoxide is considered. In order to test the applicability of the selected heteropoly acid to solve the problem, thin films were obtained from an aqueous solution of the above-mentioned heteropoly acid by irrigation. Heteropolyacid films were formed on a dielectric citall substrate with metal interpenetrating nickel electrodes. To determine the sensitivity of a film consisting of heteropolyacid to carbon monoxide gas, a change in the electrical resistance of the film was recorded depending on the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air. An approximate alarm threshold was determined when the concentration of carbon monoxide approaches the maximum permissible concentration of the working zone, which is 20 mg/m3, in order to assess the possibility of developing signaling devices based on resistometric sensors, where the selected heteropoly acid can be used as a sensitive reagent. The conditions of interaction of carbon monoxide with the selected heteropoly acid are determined. These conditions consist in activation of a sensitive film consisting of heteropoly acid by ultraviolet radiation in the wavelength range from 230 to 290 nm. The proposed mechanism of interaction of heteropolyacid with carbon monoxide is considered and an explanation of the change in the number of charge carriers in a film consisting of heteropolyacid is proposed. The principal possibility of using a Keggin-type heteropoly acid with the formula H5[PW10V2O40] as a sensitive material for creating resistometric sensors for carbon monoxide without using catalytically active elements based on platinum, palladium or rare scattered elements is proved.
DIAMETER OF SODIUM DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL)PHOSPHATE AND SODIUM DODECYLSULFATE REVERSE MICROEMULSION DROPLETS: EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND CALCULATION METHODS
Authors: Polyakova Anastasia S. , Murashova Nataliya M.
Published: February 2021

The article is concerned with study of diameters of reverse microemulsion droplets depending on the water content in sodium bis-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate – decane – water and sodium dodecylsulfate – butanol-1 – decane – water systems. Hydrodinamic diameters of microemulsion droplets were determined by the method of dynamic light scattering. It increases from 5.9 to 9.7 nm with an increase in the molar ratio of water and sodium bis-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate from 5.0 to 20.0 in the sodium bis-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate – decane – water microemulsion. Diameter of microemulsion droplets in the sodium dodecylsulfate – butanol-1 – decane – water system increases from 2.4 to 8.6 nm with an increase in the molar ratio of water and dodecylsulfate from 7.5 to 30.0. It was shown that the dependence of the diameter (d) on the water content (W) is linear. The applicability of the experimental data on the area per surfactant molecule at the "water-oil" interface and literature data on the values of molar volumes of microemulsion components to calculate the diameter of microemulsion droplets was analyzed. It was shown that the equation of the form d = kW + b is suitable for describing the dependence of the diameter of microemulsion droplets on the water content in the sodium dodecyl sulfate-butanol – 1-decane-water system. Parameters k and b of this equation are calculated using the value of the area per surfactant molecule at the "water-oil" interface, which can be obtained from experimental data on interfacial tension. Values of the diameter of microemulsion droplets calculated using the proposed equation differ by no more than 1 nm from the values obtained by dynamic light scattering. Values of the droplet diameter of microemulsion in the DEHPA – decane – water system calculated using this equation are underestimated by 1.0-2.5 nm relative to the experimental values, while the slope of the lines obtained from the experimental data and during the calculation is almost the same.
Celestina: Documento bibliográfico (suplemento número 33)
Authors: Paolini Devid
Published: February 2021

N/A
Las abreviaturas en cuatro ediciones tempranas de la Celestina: Toledo 1500, Burgos 1499-1502 (?), Zaragoza 1507 y Valencia 1514. Catalogación, cuantificación y consecuencias editoriales
Authors: Sánchez Sánchez-Serrano Antonio
Published: February 2021

Este artículo pretende contribuir al estudio de la transmisión textual de Celestina en el marco de la materialidad del libro antiguo y los primeros tiempos de la imprenta. Se muestra analítica y cuantitativamente, por una parte, cómo el uso de las abreviaturas, además de constituir un recurso de los cajistas para ajustar líneas y planas, conllevaba un considerable ahorro de papel y por consiguiente un abaratamiento nada despreciable de las ediciones; y, por otra parte, cómo el irregular o regular tratamiento de las abreviaturas en los nombres de los personajes en las cuatro ediciones refleja un interés progresivo por facilitar la lectura y subsanar deficiencias anteriores. Por último, las numerosas irregularidades que concurren en la edición de Toledo inducen a pensar que ésta partía de un original de imprenta manuscrito, incluso acaso con correcciones o expurgos, lo que implica la dificultad de admitir que en la imprenta toledana hubieran podido colacionar su fuente con la edición de Burgos.
Notas sobre el Manuscrito de Palacio II-1520, adiciones marginales y controversias filológicas
Authors: Cantalapiedra Erostarbe Fernando
Published: February 2021

Tras señalar la evolución en los últimos años de la percepción crítica sobre la autoría de LC, el presente artículo se fija en los dos subconjuntos que configuran el Manuscrito de Palacio, Mp-a y Mp-b, centrándose en el primero de ellos y en algunas de las modificaciones textuales del segundo copista. Establece que derivan de modelos distintos, y que las glosas marginales son adiciones del segundo amanuense que terminan incorporándose al texto impreso, y que este mismo proceso se aplicó a los doce actos de la comedia terenciana. Propone asimismo algunas sugerencias como solución a los problemas textuales planteados por Minerva, el can, el simio, el cuchillo y los huevos cocidos.
Laura Mier Pérez, Motivos amorosos del teatro renacentista: la «Égloga de Plácida y Vitoriano» de Juan del Encina y la anónima «Comedia Serafina». Vigo, Academia del Hispanismo, 2017
Authors: Sánchez-Hernández Sara
Published: February 2021

N/A
A novel perceptual two layer image fusion using deep learning for imbalanced COVID-19 dataset
Authors: Elzeki Omar M. , Abd Elfattah Mohamed , Salem Hanaa , Hassanien Aboul Ella , Shams Mahmoud
Published: February 2021

Background and Purpose

COVID-19 is a new strain of viruses that causes life stoppage worldwide. At this time, the new coronavirus COVID-19 is spreading rapidly across the world and poses a threat to people’s health. Experimental medical tests and analysis have shown that the infection of lungs occurs in almost all COVID-19 patients. Although Computed Tomography of the chest is a useful imaging method for diagnosing diseases related to the lung, chest X-ray (CXR) is more widely available, mainly due to its lower price and results. Deep learning (DL), one of the significant popular artificial intelligence techniques, is an effective way to help doctors analyze how a large number of CXR images is crucial to performance.

Materials and Methods

In this article, we propose a novel perceptual two-layer image fusion using DL to obtain more informative CXR images for a COVID-19 dataset. To assess the proposed algorithm performance, the dataset used for this work includes 87 CXR images acquired from 25 cases, all of which were confirmed with COVID-19. The dataset preprocessing is needed to facilitate the role of convolutional neural networks (CNN). Thus, hybrid decomposition and fusion of Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform (NSCT) and CNN_VGG19 as feature extractor was used.

Results

Our experimental results show that imbalanced COVID-19 datasets can be reliably generated by the algorithm established here. Compared to the COVID-19 dataset used, the fuzed images have more features and characteristics. In evaluation performance measures, six metrics are applied, such as QAB/F, QMI, PSNR, SSIM, SF, and STD, to determine the evaluation of various medical image fusion (MIF). In the QMI, PSNR, SSIM, the proposed algorithm NSCT + CNN_VGG19 achieves the greatest and the features characteristics found in the fuzed image is the largest. We can deduce that the proposed fusion algorithm is efficient enough to generate CXR COVID-19 images that are more useful for the examiner to explore patient status.

Conclusions

A novel image fusion algorithm using DL for an imbalanced COVID-19 dataset is the crucial contribution of this work. Extensive results of the experiment display that the proposed algorithm NSCT + CNN_VGG19 outperforms competitive image fusion algorithms.
Genome size versus geographic range size in birds
Authors: Grzywacz Beata , Skórka Piotr
Published: February 2021

Why do some species occur in small, restricted areas, while others are distributed globally? Environmental heterogeneity increases with area and so does the number of species. Hence, diverse biotic and abiotic conditions across large ranges may lead to specific adaptations that are often linked to a species’ genome size and chromosome number. Therefore, a positive association between genome size and geographic range is anticipated. Moreover, high cognitive ability in organisms would be favored by natural selection to cope with the dynamic conditions within large geographic ranges. Here, we tested these hypotheses in birds—the most mobile terrestrial vertebrates—and accounted for the effects of various confounding variables, such as body mass, relative brain mass, and geographic latitude. Using phylogenetic generalized least squares and phylogenetic confirmatory path analysis, we demonstrated that range size is positively associated with bird genome size but probably not with chromosome number. Moreover, relative brain mass had no effect on range size, whereas body mass had a possible weak and negative effect, and range size was larger at higher geographic latitudes. However, our models did not fully explain the overall variation in range size. Hence, natural selection may impose larger genomes in birds with larger geographic ranges, although there may be additional explanations for this phenomenon.
Novel Coronavirus-In the light of Epidemiological Findings
Authors: Setu Yachna , Sulania Anika , Goel Shelesh Kumar
Published: February 2021

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2/Novel Coronavirus (nCov), a newly identified strain in 2019, with different strains (SARS-CoV-1 or SARS-CoV) coronavirus earlier had caused respiratory illnesses like Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012 and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2004. For COVID-19, initially virus was identified in Wuhan city of China when 27 Pneumonia cases of unknown origin were found. The number of confirmed cases was increased up to 9000 in Wuhan city and 98 people were also diagnosed positive in 18 different countries, including United States. On 30 January 2020, World Health Organisation (WHO) has declared the Coronavirus outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). The case fatality rate is high (2%), as globally 376,320 deaths from 6,194,533 confirmed cases were reported and still it is increasing. This review describes about the current updates with regard to COVID-19 burden, history, transmission agent, host factors, environment, reservoir and source, routes of transmission, pathogenesis and clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and prevention and its management.
Multiple Ossicular Dislocation Including Stapediovestibular Dislocation Presenting with Conductive Hearing Loss
Authors: Lee Geonho , Kim Yoonjoong , Kim Bong Jik
Published: February 2021

Temporal bone trauma can cause hearing loss and in case of prolonged conductive hearing loss, traumatic ossicular injury should be considered. Separation of the incudostapedial joint is the most common lesion, and stapediovestibular dislocation is relatively rare but can easily cause perilymphatic fistula. Here, we report a very rare case of external stapediovestibular dislocation after trauma, ending up with successful surgical outcome. A 27-year-old man with non-progressive hearing loss on the right side since childhood visited the clinic. Audiogram showed a conductive hearing loss with air-bone gap of 55 dB on the right side. Temporal bone CT revealed the disruption of ossicular chain. An exploratory tympanotomy identified multiple ossicular disruptions including external stapediovestibular dislocation with shiny fibrous membrane sealing the oval window. Ossicular chain reconstruction was performed using the total ossicular replacement prosthesis of titanium. A postoperative audiogram showed a recovery of air-bone gap less than 10 dB. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of external long-standing stapediovestibular dislocation, with oval window completely sealed with fibrous membrane, ending up with successful hearing recovery by surgery. This case would help dealing with such condition which can be encountered in the clinic.
Application of Date Seeds Powder as Growth Additive for Callus Induction in vitro Using Vigna radiata Hypocotyl Seedling Explant
Authors: Reddy Salla Hemadri , Maskari Ibtihal Sultan Al , Alrubkhi Shaima Eid , Alkindi Shamsa Sulaiman
Published: February 2021

Date seeds (Phoenix dectylifera) are one of the seeds that is not usable and always end to be disposed. The present study describes date seeds as an additive on callus induction in vitro from hypocotyl explants of Vigna radiata. The objective is to explore the usage of date seed powder as growth additive to promote in plant tissue culture media thereby it can be utilized as fertilizer in vivo for sustainable agriculture. 1% concentrations of date seed powder under controlled conditions highly influenced the callus induction. MS media supplied with different auxins is prepared for callus induction. The highest degree of callus weight was observed in MS media supplemented with (5mg/L) 2, 4-D + (0.5 mg/L) Kn (0.437±0.1). MS media supplied with different concentrations of date seed powder + (5mg/L) 2,4-D + (0.5 mg/L) Kn are prepared for callus induction under controlled conditions (16hrs light and 8hrs dark, 3000 lux light intensity,60% humidity and 25±20c) in a plant growth chamber.  MS media supplied with 1% date seed + 3% sucrose + 0.5 mg/l of Kn +5 mg/l of 2,4D gave the highest stimulation of callus growth. Results show that date seed is not replacing sucrose as a carbon source, but it acts as a good additive to promote induction callus. Quantitative nutritional analysis of date seed powder was carried out. The results show date seed powder contains a high amount of elements like: Ca (2994.33), k (1712.33), Si (456.33), Mg (687.33), which plays a major role in callus formation.
Association between bullying victimization and e‐cigarette use among German students
Authors: Hansen Julia , Morgenstern Matthis , Isensee Barbara , Galimov Artur , Hanewinkel Reiner
Published: February 2021

This study examined the association between bullying victimization and e‐cigarette use. Data from a 2019–2020 German student survey were used (N = 16,476). The target population consisted of students enrolled in grades 5–10, with a mean age of 13.1 years (SD = 1.8), and equal gender distribution (49.5% female). Mixed‐effect multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between bullying victimization (attacked physically, assaulted verbally, experienced relational bullying, sexual harassment, cyberbullying) and current e‐cigarette use. The multivariable analysis controlled for age, sex, sensation‐seeking, socioeconomic status, school performance, type of school attended, and substance use (current cigarette smoking, hookah smoking, and alcohol drinking). Overall 510 (3.7%) students reported current use of e‐cigarettes. The odds for using e‐cigarettes increased each step of being bullied from “never,” “rarely,” “sometimes,” “once a week,” to “several times a week” by 2.03 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.81, 2.29) in the unadjusted model, and by 1.46 (95% CI: 1.24, 1.71) in the covariate‐adjusted model. Data indicate an empirical association between victimization and e‐cigarette use among German students. Design limitations prevent the conclusion of a causal relationship, calling for well‐designed longitudinal studies to investigate the temporal sequence between victimization and e‐cigarette use.
Depression and Nigral Neuron Density in Lewy Body Spectrum Diseases
Authors: Saari Laura , Heiskanen Lauri , Gardberg Maria , Kaasinen Valtteri
Published: February 2021

Parkinson's disease and other Lewy body spectrum diseases (LBDs) are associated with a specific risk for clinical depression. In the present clinicopathological study with 73 patients with LBD, we observed that the substantia nigra pars compacta dopamine neuron density was markedly lower in patients who had comorbid depression antemortem than in nondepressed patients (1.52 vs 2.32 n/mm2, p = 0.004). There were no differences in cognition, motor disease severity, antiparkinsonian medications, or disease duration between groups. The results implicate the substantia nigra as an important psychomotor modulatory area of mood in patients with Lewy body disorders. ANN NEUROL 2021;;89:1046–1050
Synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity of new binuclear complexes of 2,2′‐malonylbis(N‐phenylhydrazine‐1‐carbothioamide)
Authors: El‐Gammal Ola A. , Abdel‐Latif Ehab , Farag Mona G. , Abdel‐Rhman Mohamed H.
Published: February 2021

The bimetallic complexes of 2,2′‐malonylbis(N‐phenylhydrazine‐1‐carbothioamide) have been prepared and characterized by elemental and spectral analyses. The free ligand exists in keto‐thione form, whereas in complexes it chelated to the metal ion in binegative tetradentate and neutral tetradentate manners. The electronic spectra and magnetic moment measurements showed that all the complexes have an octahedral geometry except the [Cu2(H2L)(OAc)2]EtOH complex which has square planar structure supported by the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectral data. In addition, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) carried out to clarify thermal stability of the ligand and its complexes. The optical band gap (Eg) was calculated using Tauc's equation and compared with their HOMO‐LUMO gap obtained from DFT quantum chemical calculations. Furthermore, the in vitro cytotoxic activity against Hela (Epitheliod Carcinoma) and WISH (Human amnion) cell lines of isolated compounds were examined. The data indicated that the ligand has very strong activity against Hela cell line and moderate activity against WISH cell line. Accordingly, the metal complexes showed more potent effect against Hela than WISH cell lines.
Successful transcatheter treatment for very late migration of a transcatheter aortic valve into the left ventricular outflow tract
Authors: Hale Seth M. , Jessen Michael , Banerjee Subhash , Kumbhani Dharam J.
Published: February 2021

Although rare, embolization or migration of transcatheter aortic valves into the left ventricle has been described. We report a case of very late migration of an Edwards Sapien XT (Edwards Lifescience Corporation, Irvine, California) valve that was placed 4 years prior to the development of recurrent severe aortic stenosis with the transcatheter heart valve situated below the native stenotic aortic valve in the left ventricular outflow tract. The management options in this scenario, and outline how they successfully treated this challenging case with transfemoral TAV‐in‐TAV have also been discussed.
Bipolar Redox‐Active Molecules in Non‐Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries: Status and Challenges
Authors: Li Min , Case Julia , Minteer Shelley D.
Published: February 2021

In this Review, recent advances in the development of organic bipolar redox‐active molecules (BRMs) for redox‐flow batteries (RFBs) are discussed, with special emphasis on their utilization in non‐aqueous systems. BRMs are single molecules that can be used as both anolyte and catholyte. Their unique redox chemistry enables identical components to be present in RFBs, which has distinct advantages in storage, mitigating crossover and compound degradation. Recent scientific innovations have uncovered three main strategies in preparing these bipolar species: developing stable radicals that are capable of both positive and negative redox reactions, covalently bridging electron donor‐acceptor motifs on one single molecule, and forming biredox eutectic mixtures through physically mixing active components. These approaches not only enabled symmetric flow battery design, but also resulted in electroactive materials with improved properties such as solubility, stability, and cell voltage. Nevertheless, much is still to be done. Importantly, developing BRMs that are competitive with vanadium RFBs in all performance indicators (e. g. solubility >1.0 M, voltage output >2.0 V, and cycling longevity >10 000 cycles) remains a challenge. Mechanistic studies including molecular dynamics, plausible degradation processes, and electrode/solution interface are necessary to peer into key parameters that dominate their battery performance. Accordingly, we review the current status and suggest future opportunities in these areas.
Antimicrobial Dose Selection under the Animal Rule
Authors: Wu Kunyi , Choi Su‐Young , Bergman Kimberly , Seo Shirley
Published: February 2021

The Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) “Animal Rule” provides a unique regulatory pathway for drugs and biologics intended to treat serious or life‐threatening conditions caused by exposure to lethal or permanently disabling chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear agents when human efficacy studies are not ethical and field trials are not feasible. Human dose selection under the Animal Rule is based on integrating the totality of clinical pharmacology evidence collected in in vitro, animal, and human studies. This review discusses the necessary pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information and methods for determining the effective human dose of antimicrobials under the Animal Rule and presents case studies illustrating the utility of a totality of evidence approach for different methods.
Hybrid Photocathodes for Carbon Dioxide Reduction: Interfaces for Charge Separation and Selective Catalysis
Authors: Garcia Osorio Dora Alicia , Neri Gaia , Cowan Alexander J.
Published: February 2021

Light‐driven carbon dioxide reduction at photocathodes was first reported over 40 years ago, however the efficiency and stability of the state‐of‐the‐art lies behind water splitting photocathodes and photoanodes. Issues have included the low selectivities towards carbon dioxide reduction (versus hydrogen evolution) and short charge separation lifetimes. “Hybrid” photocathodes, where a light absorbing semiconductor is used with a selective molecular electrocatalyst, are now emerging as a promising way to address these issues. Here we provide a review of hybrid photoelectrodes reported for CO2 reduction. Focusing on the semiconductor/molecular catalyst interface, we evaluate the operating principles and design features of the materials reported to date and propose new directions for the field.
Early life stress sensitizes youth to the influence of stress‐induced cortisol on memory for affective words
Authors: Kuhlman Kate R. , Mayer Stefanie E. , Vargas Ivan , Lopez‐Duran Nestor L.
Published: February 2021

Early life stress (ELS) is a well‐established risk factor for psychopathology across the lifespan. Cognitive vulnerability to stress‐induced cortisol may explain risk and resilience. The current study aimed to elucidate a psychobiological pathway linking stress to altered memory for affective words among youth with and without exposure to ELS. One hundred and fifteen youth (ages 9–16, 47% female) were randomized either to a psychosocial stressor or a control condition. Immediately following the stress or control condition, participants completed a memory task for affective words. Change in salivary cortisol from immediately before to 25 min after stress onset were used to predict memory for affective words. Exposure to the acute laboratory stressor led to activation of the HPA axis. Greater cortisol reactivity was associated with less accurate recognition of negative valence words. Among youth exposed to ELS, greater cortisol reactivity to acute stress was associated with poorer recognition of dysphoric and neutral words. Acute increases in cortisol may interfere with negatively‐valenced information processing that has implications for memory. Youth exposed to high ELS may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of cortisol, which may explain one pathway through which stress leads to psychopathology among at‐risk youth.
Variation in disturbance to a foundation species structures the dynamics of a benthic reef community
Authors: Detmer A. Raine , Miller Robert J. , Reed Daniel C. , Bell Tom W. , Stier Adrian C. , Moeller Holly V.
Published: February 2021

Disturbance and foundation species can both have strong impacts on ecosystem structure and function, but studies of their interacting effects are hindered by the long life spans and slow growth of most foundation species. Here, we investigated the extent to which foundation species may mediate the impacts of disturbance on ecological communities, using the kelp forest ecosystem as a study system. Giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) grows rapidly and experiences wave disturbance from winter storms. We developed and analyzed a model of the effects of variable storm regimes on giant kelp population dynamics and of the cascading effects on kelp‐mediated competition between benthic community members in kelp forests. Simulations of severe storm regimes resulted in a greater abundance of understory macroalgae and a lower abundance of sessile invertebrates than did milder regimes. Both the cascading effects of periodic loss of giant kelp as well as the degree to which storms directly impacted the benthos (in the form of scouring) influenced the outcome of competition between benthic community members. The model’s qualitative predictions were consistent with empirical data from a 20‐yr time series of community dynamics, suggesting that interannual variability in disturbance that affects giant kelp abundance can have strong consequences for benthic community structure. Our findings point to the value of long‐term studies in elucidating the interacting effects of disturbance and foundation species.
Gas Generation Mechanism in Li‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhao Huajun , Wang Jun , Shao Huaiyu , Xu Kang , Deng Yonghong
Published: February 2021

Gas generation induced by parasitic reactions in lithium‐metal batteries (LMB) has been regarded as one of the fundamental barriers to the reversibility of this battery chemistry, which occurs via the complex interplays among electrolytes, cathode, anode, and the decomposition species that travel across the cell. In this work, a novel in situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry is constructed to differentiate the speciation and source of each gas product generated either during cycling or during storage in the presence of cathode chemistries of varying structure and nickel contents. It unambiguously excludes the trace moisture in electrolyte as the major source of hydrogen and convincingly identifies the layer‐structured NCM cathode material as the source of instability that releases active oxygen from the lattice at high voltages when NCM experiences H2 → H3 phase transition, which in turn reacts with carbonate solvents, producing both CO2 and proton at the cathode side. Such proton in solvated state travels across the cell and becomes the main source for hydrogen generated at the anode side. Mechanisms are proposed to account for these irreversible reactions, and two electrolyte additives based on phosphate structure are adopted to mitigate the gas generation based on the understanding of the above decomposition chemistries.
An improved batch fluidized drying experimental design based on digital sensors and a minicomputer
Authors: Cui Lin , Peng Yong , Ding Li , Lu Diannan
Published: February 2021

In most undergraduate programs of chemical engineering in Chinese universities, the batch fluidized bed drying (BFBD) experiment is commonly adopted as a part of the experimental course of chemical engineering unit operation. In those BFBD experiments, the students should dry the material in a dryer, repeatedly sample and measure it outside to get its moisture content. In most cases, each sampling and measuring operation needs more than 5 min. The BFBD drying experiment conducted in that manner cannot obtain adequate, accurate data, making it difficult for the student to perform proper calculation and data analysis. In this article, the authors build a small BFBD prototype equipment and mount a set of digital temperature/humidity sensors. Then they use a Raspberry Pi 3, a kind of mini‐computer, to automatically measure and record the process parameters values online. Aided by those modern information process methods, the data accuracy and amount are all enhanced. Based on the gotten big data set, the student can get much more accurate results and do a more thorough analysis. The data analysis based on the old BFBD equipment is too straightforward and simple because it only needs the mass balance calculations. On the contrary, although the new BFBD equipment adopts an indirect way to measure the drying process, it obtains much more accurate results than before. The students must also apply more theories to get the results, such as mass transmission, the thermal balance, which makes the experiment more comprehensive. That is meaningful and helps to achieve the objectives of the chemical engineering experiments.
Monitoring of hepatitis E virus RNA during treatment for chronic hepatitis E virus infection after renal transplantation
Authors: Affeldt Patrick , Di Cristanziano Veronica , Grundmann Franziska , Wirtz Maike , Kaiser Rolf , Benzing Thomas , Stippel Dirk , Kann Martin , Kurschat Christine
Published: February 2021

Background

Recently, chronic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections gained increasing attention as a possible cause for elevated liver enzymes of unknown origin and liver cirrhosis in solid organ transplant recipients. Reduction of immunosuppressive therapy and/or use of antiviral drug ribavirin have been established as possible treatment strategies.

Methods

The efficacy of dose reduction of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and ribavirin therapy was retrospectively analyzed in eight renal transplant patients of our outpatient clinic who were diagnosed with HEV infection by detection of specific antibodies (immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G) and/or positive RNA in blood and stool. In four patients serial HEV viral loads in blood were measured.

Results

Only one patient reached HEV clearance after reduction of immunosuppressive therapy (predominantly reduction of MPA daily dose) alone, whereas six patients were treated with ribavirin after reduction of immunosuppressive therapy due to persistent virus replication. Four of six patients reached HEV clearance after 3 months of ribavirin therapy. HEV clearance was observed after 34–42 days. Two patients, both treated with rituximab within the last 12 months before diagnosis of HEV infection, needed prolonged ribavirin therapy due to persistent viral replication.

Conclusion

Reduction of daily dose of MPA therapy alone in transplant patients with chronic HEV infection may not be sufficient to control viral replication. HEV clearance under ribavirin therapy shows interindividual variability. Therefore, serial viral monitoring may be useful to personalize treatment duration. Rituximab therapy is a risk factor for complicated‐to‐treat chronic HEV infection.
SiO2 stimulates macrophage stress to induce the transformation of lung fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and its relationship with the sphingomyelin metabolic pathway
Authors: Liu Jing , Guan Lan , Wang Erjin , Schuchman Edward H. , He Xingxuan , Zeng Ming
Published: February 2021

Silicosis is a serious occupational disease with the highest incidence in China. However, its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Studies have shown that the sphingomyelin signaling pathway may play an important role in different fibrotic diseases but its role in silicosis‐mediated fibrosis is still unclear. In this study, the supernatant of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell line (THP‐1)‐derived macrophages exposed to silica (SiO2) was used to stimulate the transformation of human embryonic lung fibroblast cell line (HFL‐1) into myofibroblasts, and the intervention effect of recombinant human acid ceramidase (rAC) was observed. The results showed that SiO2 stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde in the supernatant of THP‐1‐derived macrophages and increased the secretion of TGF‐β1, TNF‐α, and IL‐8. In addition, we found that the expression levels of α‐SMA, FN, Col I, and Col III in HFL‐1 cells increased. Meanwhile, the activities of ASMase and ACase and the expression levels of Cer, Sph, and S1P were increased. Intervention by rAC can suppress these changes to different degrees. In conclusion, the present study shows that SiO2 dust poisoning may stimulate HFL‐1 cell differentiation into myofibroblasts by inducing oxidative stress in THP‐1‐derived macrophages, thereby promoting the secretion of a variety of inflammatory factors and activating the sphingolipid signaling pathway in HFL‐1 cells. Exogenous rAC can effectively interfere with the stimulation of HFL‐1 cells by silica in vitro.
Discounting of food and water in rats shows trait‐ and state‐like characteristics
Authors: Haynes Jeremy M. , Galizio Ann , Frye Charles C. J. , Towse Caroline C. , Morrissey Kailey N. , Serang Sarfaraz , Odum Amy L.
Published: February 2021

Delay discounting is the loss in value of an outcome as a function of its delay. The present study focused on examining a trait‐like characteristic of delay discounting in a preclinical animal model. Specifically, we were interested in whether there was a positive relation between discounting of 2 different outcomes in rats. That is, would rats that discount delayed food steeply also discount delayed water steeply? In addition, we examined how session‐to‐session variability in discounting could be attributed to differences between subjects (trait variability) and to differences within subjects (state variability). Finally, we measured discounting from early‐ to mid‐adulthood, allowing us to examine changes in discounting as a function of age. Overall, we found a moderate, positive correlation between discounting of food and discounting of water in rats, providing further evidence that the relative consistency with which individuals discount different outcomes is a trait‐like characteristic. In addition, we found a high degree of within‐subject variability in discounting, indicating strong state‐like differences from session to session. Finally, overall, discounting decreased as a function of age; however, individual‐subject data showed variability in how discounting changed across time. Overall, our results show that differences in delay discounting between individuals reflect variability in both trait‐ and state‐like characteristics.