bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le quatuor à cordes : une géométrie sociale
Authors: Merkel Clemens , Huetz de Lemps Hélène
Published: February 2014

Dans cet article, le violoniste Clemens Merkel, membre du Quatuor Bozzini, parle des caractéristiques propres de cette formation musicale à nulle autre pareille, qui existe depuis 250 ans : le quatuor à cordes. Il en décrit le caractère immuable (toujours les quatre mêmes instruments, et jamais un de plus) et démocratique, en l’opposant notamment à d’autres formations issues du passé, comme l’orchestre symphonique, à la structure hiérarchique lourde et socialement dépassée. Après un survol de la symbolique du chiffre quatre, Merkel entreprend un bref historique, avec un détour obligé par le père de la tradition, Beethoven, et les grands innovateurs du xxe siècle. À la faveur d’une discussion sur l’éclatement des normes, avec les Kagel et autres Crumb, il conclut sur la bonne santé de la formation et ses chances de survie pour les 250 prochaines années.
« Donner le temps » : entretien avec Lorraine Vaillancourt
Authors: Goldman Jonathan
Published: February 2014

Lors d’un entretien, Lorraine Vaillancourt, fondatrice et directrice artistique du Nouvel Ensemble Moderne (nem), raconte sa formation musicale de Québec à Montréal en passant par Paris, l’origine et le développement de l’ensemble, le choix du répertoire et les enjeux de l’avenir.
L’Échelle québécoise de comportements adaptatifs au Maroc
Authors: Daoudi Hassan , Haelewyck Marie-Claire
Published: February 2014

Les personnes handicapées sont beaucoup plus prédisposées à vivre des difficultés au niveau de l’intégration scolaire que la population ordinaire. De plus, elles ont tendance à ne pas être diagnostiquées par les professionnels qui les encadrent. Au Maroc, l’évaluation de ces personnes est considérée actuellement comme le principal point faible. Le présent article répond à deux objectifs : l’adaptation au contexte scolaire marocain de l’Échelle québécoise de comportements adaptatifs – version scolaire et un essai de validation sociale, auprès des parents et des enseignants. Il ressort que cet outil adapté au contexte marocain est intéressant, répond à la demande du milieu et reçoit un accueil positif. Il peut donner une base de travail, éclairer les équipes éducatives sur les compétences acquises par chaque enfant et contribuer à l’élaboration d’un projet pédagogique individualisé.
INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS AND COOPERATION IN SLOVENIA
Authors: Meško Maja , Pungeršek Maja , Sulkan Jana , Meško Štok Zlatka
Published: February 2014

Population ageing and the current crisis require a new solidarity betweengenerations. With low birth rate and the prolongation of life, the classic intergenerationalrelationships in Slovenia are quickly changing, therefore it is demandedfrom policymakers, that in cooperation with experts and civil society, they re-definethem. The purpose of the research is to study and analyse intergenerationalconnectedness by way of reviewing the current situation. The prevalence of oldergeneration is increasing more and more. Older people often encounter problems likeloneliness, depression, loss of motor and functional abilities. They are also prone tovarious illnesses. For elderly, loneliness especially can represent a common problemwhich makes their past rich lives empty and unworthy. On the basis of the surveyconducted, activities that could bring together different generations are suggested.The study focuses on two groups: the young and the old generation. Thequestionnaires were designed for each of these groups separately. Thus we managedto compile the needs and wishes of both target groups. The complementaryknowledge of our study contributes to a new level of quality in the field ofintergenerational cooperation and health improvement. Moreover, it contributes to a better integration of lonely elderly people as well as young people deprived ofphysical social integration due to the negative influence of advanced technologies.
ISKUSTVO PRETPRISTUPNIH FONDOVA // EXPERIENCE WITH PRE-ACCESSION FUNDS
Authors: Knežević Sanja , Kulaš Anita , Stanić Milan
Published: February 2014

Prije ulaska u Europsku uniju ključno je stvoriti interne kapacitete kojima jeosnovni cilj iskorištavanje financijskih i poslovnih prilika koje se otvaraju kroz EUfondove. Svaka država koja je na putu prema članstvu u Europsku uniju od trenutkapotpisivanja ugovora o pristupanju ima mogućnosti dobiti financijsko-tehničkupomoć od Europske unije. Na taj način joj se želi olakšati proces pridruživanja. To seostvaruje pretpristupnim fondovima, čija je ključna uloga smanjenje gospodarskih isocijalnih razlika na zajedničkom europskom području. Pored toga, pretpristupnifondovi bi trebali pomoći državama brži i djelotvorniji rast i razvitak, olakšatiprivlačenje novih investicija, povećati izvoz, smanjiti zaduženost, itd. Iskustva uiskorištavanju predpristupnih fondova pružaju drugim državama dobru podlogu ipriliku da se na vrijeme pripreme i za ostale instrumente regionalne politike u kojimaće ravnopravno sudjelovati kada postanu punopravne države članice Europske unije.Cilj rada je na konkretnom primjeru izrađenog i odobrenog projekta u sklopu IPA IVmodela koji se financira sredstvima Europske unije prikazati tok najvažnijihkomponenti projekta te način kako se najvažnije komponente povezuju u jedanzajednički projekt koji ima preduvjete da bude prihvaćen od strane Europskekomisije. Projekt je rađen za područje obrazovanja i to naglasak na povezivanjuformalnog i neformalnog obrazovanja sa radom u praksi. // Before entering the European Union it is essential to create internal capacitywhich the main objective is the utilization of financial and business opportunitiesarising through EU funds. Each country which is on the path to membership in theEuropean Union since the signing the Accession Treaty has the possibility to getfinancial and technical assistance from the European Union. In this way, it simplifiesthe process of accession. This is accomplished by pre-accession funds, whose key roleis reducing economic and social disparities in the European Common Area. Inaddition, pre-accession funds should help countries faster and more efficient growthand development, to facilitate attraction of new investment, increase exports, reducedebt, etc. Experiences in using pre-accession funds provide a good basis to othercountries and the opportunity to prepare in time for the other instruments of regionalpolicy in which they will participate equally when they become full members of theEuropean Union. The aim of this paper is on a concrete example, created andapproved project under IPA IV model, which is financed by European Union fundsshow the flow of the most important components of the project and the way how themost important components are connected in joint project that has the prerequisites tobe accepted by the European Commission.
DETERMINING THE COST OF EQUITY IN THE CONDITIONS OF CRISIS
Authors: Paździor Artur
Published: February 2014

Changes on financial markets caused by subprime crisis in the United States andrelated problems in the real sphere of many European economies have initiated adiscussion on the factors of business value, also in the area of methods of determiningthe cost of equity. Known and commonly used, especially on poorly developedmarkets, methods in the period of a traditional business cycle required manyadjustments. This situation could have caused increase in the role of subjective factorsin business valuation. The article, apart from known methods, presents a new conceptof determining the cost of equity, adequate to the present turbulent market conditions.It allows determining more precisely the cost of equity of companies operating in theconditions of unstable economies. In these economies the use of known methods ofcalculating the cost of equity is either impossible or requires the application of manyadjustments that often do not guarantee correct result. An advantage of the presentedmethod over other models (even Bond Yield Plus) is that risk premium, related toinvestments in equity, is determined in a manner preventing discretional adoption ofits amount. The previous practice indicates that often the amount of this premium wasdetermined at a level expected by the customers. The proposed method limits impactof subjective factors on business value, which often distort the actual business value.
Small molecule-mediated refolding and activation of myosin motor function
Authors: Radke Michael B , Taft Manuel H , Stapel Britta , Hilfiker-Kleiner Denise , Preller Matthias , Manstein Dietmar J
Published: February 2014

The small molecule EMD 57033 has been shown to stimulate the actomyosin ATPase activity and contractility of myofilaments. Here, we show that EMD 57033 binds to an allosteric pocket in the myosin motor domain. EMD 57033-binding protects myosin against heat stress and thermal denaturation. In the presence of EMD 57033, ATP hydrolysis, coupling between actin and nucleotide binding sites, and actin affinity in the presence of ATP are increased more than 10-fold. Addition of EMD 57033 to heat-inactivated β-cardiac myosin is followed by refolding and reactivation of ATPase and motile activities. In heat-stressed cardiomyocytes expression of the stress-marker atrial natriuretic peptide is suppressed by EMD 57033. Thus, EMD 57033 displays a much wider spectrum of activities than those previously associated with small, drug-like compounds. Allosteric effectors that mediate refolding and enhance enzymatic function have the potential to improve the treatment of heart failure, myopathies, and protein misfolding diseases.
The bathymetry of a Titan sea
Authors: Mastrogiuseppe Marco , Poggiali Valerio , Hayes Alexander , Lorenz Ralph , Lunine Jonathan , Picardi Giovanni , Seu Roberto , Flamini Enrico , Mitri Giuseppe , Notarnicola Claudia , Paillou Philippe , Zebker Howard
Published: February 2014

We construct the depth profile—the bathymetry—of Titan's large sea Ligeia Mare from Cassini RADAR data collected during the 23 May 2013 (T91) nadir‐looking altimetry flyby. We find the greatest depth to be about 160 m and a seabed slope that is gentler toward the northern shore, consistent with previously imaged shoreline morphologies. Low radio signal attenuation through the sea demonstrates that the liquid, for which we determine a loss tangent of 3 ± 1·10−5, is remarkably transparent, requiring a nearly pure methane‐ethane composition, and further that microwave absorbing hydrocarbons, nitriles, and suspended particles be limited to less than the order of 0.1% of the liquid volume. Presence of nitrogen in the ethane‐methane sea, expected based on its solubility and dominance in the atmosphere, is consistent with the low attenuation, but that of substantial dissolved polar species or suspended scatterers is not.
Summertime maximum and minimum temperature coupling asymmetry over Australia determined using WRF
Authors: Hirsch A. L. , Pitman A. J. , Seneviratne S. I. , Evans J. P. , Haverd V.
Published: February 2014

Using the Weather and Research Forecasting model we derive the first estimates for intraseasonal soil moisture‐atmosphere coupling strength for the Australian summer climate using methodology adapted from the Global Land‐Atmosphere Coupling Experiment. We examine the variations in coupling strength by perturbing the background climate (dry versus wet year) and the model physics (planetary boundary layer or cumulus scheme). For all choices of model physics, results identify Australia as a “hot spot” of soil moisture‐atmosphere coupling for both mean and maximum temperatures. For the wet case, results are consistent for maximum temperature for all physics choices. Results diverge more for maximum temperature in the chosen dry year. The coupling of soil moisture with minimum temperature is weaker but consistent for all choices of model physics or whether a wet or dry year is used. Coupling strength for precipitation is weak and not statistically significant irrespective of the choice of model physics.
Detection and characterization of 0.5–8 MeV neutrons near Mercury: Evidence for a solar origin
Authors: Lawrence David J. , Feldman William C. , Goldsten John O. , Peplowski Patrick N. , Rodgers Douglas J. , Solomon Sean C.
Published: February 2014

Data from the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) Neutron Spectrometer (NS) have been used to identify energetic neutrons (0.5–8 MeV energy) associated with solar events that occurred on 4 June 2011. Multiple lines of evidence, including measurements from the NS and the MESSENGER Gamma‐Ray Spectrometer, indicate that the detected neutrons have a solar origin. This evidence includes a lack of time‐coincident, energetic (>45 MeV) charged particles that could otherwise create local neutrons from nearby spacecraft material and a lack of proton‐induced gamma rays that should be seen if energetic protons were present. NS data cannot rule out the presence of lower‐energy ions (<30 MeV) that can produce local neutrons. However, the ion spectral shape required to produce the measured neutron count rate locally is softer than any known ion spectral shape. The neutron energy spectrum shows a relative enhancement in the energy range 0.8–3 MeV compared with cosmic‐ray‐generated neutrons from the spacecraft or Mercury. The spectral shape of the measured neutron fluence spectrum is consistent with a previously modeled fluence spectrum of neutrons that originate at the Sun and are propagated through the MESSENGER spacecraft to the NS. These measurements provide strong evidence for a solar origin of the detected neutrons and suggest that a large number of low‐energy threshold ion evaporation reactions were taking place on the Sun during the neutron event.
Coronal electron temperature in the protracted solar minimum, the cycle 24 mini maximum, and over centuries
Authors: Schwadron N. A. , Goelzer M. L. , Smith C. W. , Kasper J. C. , Korreck K. , Leamon R. J. , Lepri S. T. , Maruca B. A. , McComas D. , Stevens M. L.
Published: February 2014

Recent in situ observations of the solar wind show that charge states (e.g., the O7+/O6+and C6+/C5+abundance ratios) evolved through the extended, deep solar minimum between solar cycles 23 and 24 (i.e., from 2006 to 2009) reflecting cooler electron temperatures in the corona. We extend previous analyses to study the evolution of the coronal electron temperature through the protracted solar minimum and observe not only the reduction in coronal temperature in the cycles 23–24 solar minimum but also a small increase in coronal temperature associated with increasing activity during the “mini maximum” in cycle 24. We use a new model of the interplanetary magnetic flux since 1749 to estimate coronal electron temperatures over more than two centuries. The reduction in coronal electron temperature in the cycles 23–24 protracted solar minimum is similar to reductions observed at the beginning of the Dalton Minimum (∼1805–1840). If these trends continue to reflect the evolution of the Dalton Minimum, we will observe further reductions in coronal temperature in the cycles 24–25 solar minimum. Preliminary indications in 2013 do suggest a further post cycle 23 decline in solar activity. Thus, we extend our understanding of coronal electron temperature using the solar wind scaling law and compare recent reductions in coronal electron temperature in the protracted solar minimum to conditions that prevailed in the Dalton Minimum.
Triggering and modulation of geyser eruptions in Yellowstone National Park by earthquakes, earth tides, and weather
Authors: Hurwitz Shaul , Sohn Robert A. , Luttrell Karen , Manga Michael
Published: February 2014

We analyze intervals between eruptions (IBEs) data acquired between 2001 and 2011 at Daisy and Old Faithful geysers in Yellowstone National Park. We focus our statistical analysis on the response of these geysers to stress perturbations from within the solid earth (earthquakes and earth tides) and from weather (air pressure and temperature, precipitation, and wind). We conclude that (1) the IBEs of these geysers are insensitive to periodic stresses induced by solid earth tides and barometric pressure variations; (2) Daisy (pool geyser) IBEs lengthen by evaporation and heat loss in response to large wind storms and cold air; and (3) Old Faithful (cone geyser) IBEs are not modulated by air temperature and pressure variations, wind, and precipitation, suggesting that the subsurface water column is decoupled from the atmosphere. Dynamic stress changes of 0.1−0.2 MPa resulting from the 2002 M‐7.9 Denali, Alaska, earthquake surface waves caused a statistically significant shortening of Daisy geyser's IBEs. Stresses induced by other large global earthquakes during the study period were at least an order of magnitude smaller. In contrast, dynamic stresses of >0.5 MPa from three large regional earthquakes in 1959, 1975, and 1983 caused lengthening of Old Faithful's IBEs. We infer that most subannual geyser IBE variability is dominated by internal processes and interaction with other geysers. The results of this study provide quantitative bounds on the sensitivity of hydrothermal systems to external stress perturbations and have implications for studying the triggering and modulation of volcanic eruptions by external forces.
Deep‐water dynamics and boundary mixing in a nontidal stratified basin: A modeling study of the Baltic Sea
Authors: Holtermann Peter L. , Burchard Hans , Gräwe Ulf , Klingbeil Knut , Umlauf Lars
Published: February 2014

Recent results from a tracer release experiment have shown that, similar to many lakes and ocean basins, deep‐water mixing in the Baltic Sea is largely determined by mixing processes occurring in the energetic near‐bottom region. Due to the complexity and small vertical extent of this region, however, previous modeling studies of the Baltic Sea have so far not been able to provide a numerically and physically sound representation of boundary mixing. Here we discuss first results from a nested high‐resolution simulation of the central Baltic Sea that aims at a realistic description of the turbulent bottom boundary layer with the help of new numerical techniques (adaptive coordinates) and state‐of‐the‐art turbulence modeling. Using a comprehensive data set from the Baltic Sea Tracer Release Experiment, we show that the model is able to reproduce the key dynamical processes (near‐inertial waves, topographic waves, and a rim current) with excellent accuracy. Boundary mixing triggered by these processes was found to result in simulated basin‐scale mixing rates in close agreement with observations, including a seasonal variability that has been emphasized in previous studies. These results may be relevant also for the description of mixing in large lakes and other stratified basins.
Wave‐induced light field fluctuations in measured irradiance depth profiles: A wavelet analysis
Authors: Wei Jianwei , Lewis Marlon R. , Van Dommelen Ronnie , Zappa Christopher J. , Twardowski Michael S.
Published: February 2014

Rapid variations in the intensities of light are commonly observed in profiles of downwelling plane irradiance in the ocean. These fluctuations are often treated as noise and filtered out. Here an effort is made to extract the pertinent statistics to quantify the light field fluctuations from vertical profiles of irradiance measured under clear skies. The irradiance data are collected in oceanic and coastal waters using a traditional free‐fall downwelling plane irradiance sensor. The irradiance profiles are transformed into time‐frequency domain with a wavelet technique. Two signatures including the dominant frequency (<3.5 Hz) and the coefficient of variation of irradiance fluctuations along the water column are identified from the variance spectrum. Both the dominant frequency and the amplitude decrease as the inverse square root of depth, consistent with simple models of wave focusing and data from other studies. Mechanisms contributing to the observed variations and the observational uncertainties are discussed.
Global inventory and characterization of pyroclastic deposits on Mercury: New insights into pyroclastic activity from MESSENGER orbital data
Authors: Goudge Timothy A. , Head James W. , Kerber Laura , Blewett David T. , Denevi Brett W. , Domingue Deborah L. , Gillis‐Davis Jeffrey J. , Gwinner Klaus , Helbert Jörn , Holsclaw Gregory M. , Izenberg Noam R. , Klima Rachel L. , McClintock William E. , Murchie Scott L. , Neumann Gregory A. , Smith David E. , Strom Robert G. , Xiao Zhiyong , Zuber Maria T. , Solomon Sean C.
Published: February 2014

We present new observations of pyroclastic deposits on the surface of Mercury from data acquired during the orbital phase of the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) mission. The global analysis of pyroclastic deposits brings the total number of such identified features from 40 to 51. Some 90% of pyroclastic deposits are found within impact craters. The locations of most pyroclastic deposits appear to be unrelated to regional smooth plains deposits, except some deposits cluster around the margins of smooth plains, similar to the relation between many lunar pyroclastic deposits and lunar maria. A survey of the degradation state of the impact craters that host pyroclastic deposits suggests that pyroclastic activity occurred on Mercury over a prolonged interval. Measurements of surface reflectance by MESSENGER indicate that the pyroclastic deposits are spectrally distinct from their surrounding terrain, with higher reflectance values, redder (i.e., steeper) spectral slopes, and a downturn at wavelengths shorter than ~400 nm (i.e., in the near‐ultraviolet region of the spectrum). Three possible causes for these distinctive characteristics include differences in transition metal content, physical properties (e.g., grain size), or degree of space weathering from average surface material on Mercury. The strength of the near‐ultraviolet downturn varies among spectra of pyroclastic deposits and is correlated with reflectance at visible wavelengths. We suggest that this interdeposit variability in reflectance spectra is the result of either variable amounts of mixing of the pyroclastic deposits with underlying material or inherent differences in chemical and physical properties among pyroclastic deposits.
The atypical generation mechanism of Titan's Schumann resonance
Authors: Béghin Christian
Published: February 2014

The observation of a presumed Schumann resonance (SR) during the landing of the Huygens Probe in Titan's atmosphere on January 2005 was subsequently reported and interpreted by Béghin et al. (2007, 2009, 2010, 2012) as being generated through the interaction of Saturn's magnetosphere with Titan's ionosphere rather than from the lightning activity that prevails on Earth. Beyond this atypical behavior, the existence of a single mode instead of the usual multimodal structure of terrestrial SRs and a comprehensive analysis of the physical generation mechanism remained to be investigated. The purpose of the present work is to draw up the baselines of a global model reconciling the Huygens data and the proposed generation mechanism. Based upon relevant observations obtained after several tenths of Titan's flybys by the Cassini orbiter, the modeling involves macro plasma physics processes as well as a global analysis of the mechanisms at the moon's scale. The clue to the SR's generation mechanism is shown to be the low‐frequency modulation of the Pedersen current sheets that are induced in the ionopause region by the corotating Saturn's magnetosphere. The modulation principle involves a wave coupling between the ion‐acoustic instabilities driven by the longitudinal current sheets and the electromagnetic quasi‐transverse whistler mode. The spectral distribution of the sole second eigenmode seen by the Huygens Probe is found to comply with the ionopause plasma parameters measured by Cassini during the bipolar configuration of Titan‐Saturn interaction that is thought to have occurred during the probe descent in the atmosphere.
Impacts of glacially recharged groundwater flow systems on talik evolution
Authors: Scheidegger J. M. , Bense V. F.
Published: February 2014

Most currently permafrost‐covered landscapes underwent fundamental shifts in the hydrogeological and the thermal regime as a result of deglaciation after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The transient effects of heat and fluid flow associated with retreating ice sheets are important to consider for the present‐day hydrogeology of these regions. In this paper, we use numerical models to evaluate the evolution of taliks underneath proglacial lakes during deglaciation. In our models, the hydrological and thermal boundary conditions at the lake site are constraint by the hydrogeological impacts of ice sheet dynamics since the LGM. During the LGM, the ground surface was insulated from air temperatures, and as a result, there was no permafrost underneath the wet‐based ice. Subsequently, ice sheet retreat led to an exposure of a proglacial area to subzero air temperatures and the formation of permafrost. Where proglacial lakes form, discharge of deeper groundwater becomes focused. In this scenario, subpermafrost groundwater flow is driven by a combination of direct subglacial recharge and elevated hydraulic heads preserved in that part of the aquifer. Advective heat flow can delay or prevent through taliks from freezing as function of aquifer properties. The presence and evolution of through taliks in thick permafrost can create complex and transient hydrogeological phenomena.
A vertically integrated treatment of ice stream and ice shelf thermodynamics
Authors: Sergienko O. V.
Published: February 2014

The extremely small vertical shear in ice stream and ice shelf flow simplifies the equations, which govern their thermodynamic evolution. Complemented by the widely used shallow shelf approximation used to simplify the ice flow momentum balance, a vertically integrated formulation of heat transfer presented here reduces the dimensionality of the thermodynamic problem from three to two (plan view) dimensions and thus significantly reduces the computational cost of treating ice stream and ice shelf thermodynamics in models. For realistic conditions, errors in ice stiffness parameter, ice thickness, and speed caused by the vertically integrated treatment of heat transfer are less than 5% of magnitudes of these values compared to the standard three‐dimensional thermomechanical computations. In addition, for the specific case of ice shelves with strong bottom melting, the governing equation describing evolution of the vertically integrated ice stiffness parameter is derived, which further reduces computational cost. The presented error analysis and formulations of ice stream and ice shelf thermodynamics in terms of the vertically integrated temperature allow the thermodynamic effects on ice deformation to be easily incorporated into studies that traditionally disregard them.
In‐flight calibration of STEREO‐B/WAVES antenna system
Authors: Panchenko M. , Macher W. , Rucker H. O. , Fischer G. , Oswald T. H. , Cecconi B. , Maksimovic M.
Published: February 2014

The STEREO/WAVES (SWAVES) experiment on board the two STEREO spacecraft (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory) launched on 25 October 2006 is dedicated to the measurement of the radio spectrum at frequencies between a few kilohertz and 16 MHz. The SWAVES antenna system consists of 6 m long orthogonal monopoles designed to measure the electric component of the radio waves. With this configuration direction finding of radio sources and polarimetry (analysis of the polarization state) of incident radio waves is possible. For the evaluation of the SWAVES data the receiving properties of the antennas, distorted by the radiation coupling with the spacecraft body and other onboard devices, have to be known accurately. In the present context, these properties are described by the antenna effective length vectors. We present the results of an in‐flight calibration of the SWAVES antennas using the observations of the nonthermal terrestrial auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) during STEREO roll maneuvers in an early stage of the mission. A least squares method combined with a genetic algorithm was applied to find the effective length vectors of the STEREO Behind (STEREO‐B)/WAVES antennas in a quasi‐static frequency range (Lantenna≪λwave) which fit best to the model and observed AKR intensity profiles. The obtained results confirm the former SWAVES antenna analysis by rheometry and numerical simulations. A final set of antenna parameters is recommended as a basis for evaluations of the SWAVES data.
The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation as a dominant factor of oceanic influence on climate
Authors: Chylek Petr , Klett James D. , Lesins Glen , Dubey Manvendra K. , Hengartner Nicolas
Published: February 2014

A multiple linear regression analysis of global annual mean near‐surface air temperature (1900–2012) using the known radiative forcing and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation index as explanatory variables account for 89% of the observed temperature variance. When the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) index is added to the set of explanatory variables, the fraction of accounted for temperature variance increases to 94%. The anthropogenic effects account for about two thirds of the post‐1975 global warming with one third being due to the positive phase of the AMO. In comparison, the Coupled Models Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) ensemble mean accounts for 87% of the observed global mean temperature variance. Some of the CMIP5 models mimic the AMO‐like oscillation by a strong aerosol effect. These models simulate the twentieth century AMO‐like cycle with correct timing in each individual simulation. An inverse structural analysis suggests that these models generally overestimate the greenhouse gases‐induced warming, which is then compensated by an overestimate of anthropogenic aerosol cooling.
Thermal Management Material: Graphite
Authors: Inagaki Michio , Kaburagi Yutaka , Hishiyama Yoshihiro
Published: February 2014

Graphite has pronounced anisotropy in its properties. Thermal conductivity of graphite crystal is extremely high along its layer plane, as high as 2000 Wm−1 K−1, much higher than metals, and very low across its layer plane, as low as 7 Wm−1 K−1. This anisotropy gives high possibility for graphite as thermal management materials. Here, graphite membranes with high thermal conductivity along the surface for heat dissipation and with low conductivity perpendicular to the surface for heat insulation, in addition to graphite foams as container of phase change materials for heat energy storage, are reviewed, particularly referring to the preparations of various graphite materials. Thermal conductivity of diamond crystal is also high, 2500 Wm−1 K−1, but it is very sensitive for structural defects, but that of graphitic materials is less sensitive for structural defects, suggesting that the latter is more practical for thermal management than the former.
Anomalous Behavior of Load‐Dependent Friction on Ultra‐Nanocrystalline Diamond Film
Authors: Radhika Ramadoss , Kumar Niranjan , Dash Sitaram , Tyagi Ashok K. , Lin I‐Nan
Published: February 2014

Load dependent anomalous behavior of friction coefficient in ultra‐nanocrystalline diamond (UNCD) film was investigated while sliding against SiC ball. At low and high loads, the friction coefficient was quite high. However, at intermediate loads, ultra‐ low friction coefficient 0.002 was measured. Raman analysis of sliding interfaces showed evolution of high fraction of a‐C/sp2CC bonding at low and high loads. This invariably results in occurrences of unsaturated carbon atoms which chemically forms strong bonding. However, wear rate does not follow the trend of friction coefficient and found to increase with load. Such a behavior indicates that friction coefficient depends on the nature of chemical bonding present at sliding interfaces.
The Bottom Up Approach is Not Always the Best Processing Method: Dense α‐Al2O3/NiAl2O4 Composites
Authors: Taylor Nathan J. , Pottebaum Andrew J. , Uz Veli , Laine Richard M.
Published: February 2014

The bottom up approach suggests that atomic scale mixing should permit optimal control of processing for many types of materials in terms of densification rates, final and average grain sizes; and, thereafter, global properties thereby minimizing processing conditions, capital equipment requirements, and energy consumption. The literature indicates that, to date, this axiom has not been tested although numerous researchers have whole‐heartedly adopted the concept. Liquid‐feed flame spray pyrolysis (LF‐FSP) provides atomically mixed NiO·3Al2O3 nanopowders(30–40 nm average particle size, APS) that are a single phase, spinel solid solution. Sintering 56 ± 1 wt% CIPped pellets to 95 ± 1% theoretical density using two different heating schedules produces α‐Al2O3/NiAl2O4 composites with grain sizes of 0.9 ± 0.2 µm. For comparative purposes, ball milled Al2O3 are synthesized from both highly atomically‐mixed single phase metastable spinel nanopowders and NiAl2O4 30–40 nm APS pellets of the same composition with a submicro­meter length scale mixing and similar green densities are also sintered to 95 ± 2% TD. In both instances, the same microstructures are realized despite the great difference in length scale of mixing. This contrasts greatly with the expectation that the atomically mixed materials would give finer grain sizes at the same densities and with faster sintering times, suggesting that the bottom up approach is not always valid.
In‐Situ Switching from Barrier‐Limited to Ohmic Anodes for Efficient Organic Optoelectronics
Authors: Tan Zhi‐Kuang , Vaynzof Yana , Credgington Dan , Li Cheng , Casford Mike T. L. , Sepe Alessandro , Huettner Sven , Nikolka Mark , Paulus Fabian , Yang Le , Sirringhaus Henning , Greenham Neil C. , Friend Richard H.
Published: February 2014

Injection and extraction of charges through ohmic contacts are required for efficient operation of semiconductor devices. Treatment using polar non‐solvents switches polar anode surfaces, including PEDOT:PSS and ITO, from barrier‐limited hole injection and extraction to ohmic behaviour. This is caused by an in‐situ modification of the anode surface that is buried under a layer of organic semiconductor. The exposure to methanol removes polar hydroxyl groups from the buried anode interface, and permanently increases the work function by 0.2–0.3 eV. In the case of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PBDTTT‐CT:PC71BM/Al photovoltaic devices, the higher work function promotes charge transfer, leading to p‐doping of the organic semiconductor at the interface. This results in a two‐fold increase in hole extraction rates which raises both the fill factor and the open‐circuit voltage, leading to high power conversion efficiency of 7.4%. In ITO/PEDOT:PSS/F8BT/Al polymer light‐emitting diodes, where the organic semiconductor's HOMO level lies deeper than the anode Fermi level, the increased work function enhances hole injection efficiency and luminance intensity by 3 orders of magnitude. In particular, hole injection rates from PEDOT:PSS anodes are equivalent to those achievable using MoO3. These findings exemplify the importance of work function control as a tool for improved electrode design, and open new routes to device interfacial optimization using facile solvent processing techniques. Such simple, persistent, treatments pave the way towards low cost manufacturing of efficient organic optoelectronic devices.
Beam‐Induced Fe Nanopillars as Tunable Domain‐Wall Pinning Sites
Authors: Franken Jeroen H. , van der Heijden Mark A. J. , Ellis Tim H. , Lavrijsen Reinoud , Daniels Carsten , McGrouther Damien , Swagten Henk J. M. , Koopmans Bert
Published: February 2014

Focused‐electron‐beam‐induced deposition (FEBID) is employed to create freestanding magnetic nanostructures. By growing Fe nanopillars on top of a perpendicular magnetic domain wall (DW) conduit, pinning of the DWs is observed due to the stray fields emanating from the nanopillar. Furthermore, a different DW pinning behavior is observed between the up and down magnetic states of the pillar, allowing to deduce the switching fields of the pillar in a novel way. The implications of these results are two‐fold: not only can 3‐dimensional nano‐objects be used to control DW motion in applications, it is also proposed that DW motion is a unique tool to probe the magnetic properties of nano‐objects.
Continuous Band‐Filling Control and One‐Dimensional Transport in Metallic and Semiconducting Carbon Nanotube Tangled Films
Authors: Shimotani Hidekazu , Tsuda Satoshi , Yuan Hongtao , Yomogida Yohei , Moriya Rieko , Takenobu Taishi , Yanagi Kazuhiro , Iwasa Yoshihiro
Published: February 2014

Field‐effect transistors that employ an electrolyte in place of a gate dielectric layer can accumulate ultrahigh‐density carriers not only on a well‐defined channel (e.g., a two‐dimensional surface) but also on any irregularly shaped channel material. Here, on thin films of 95% pure metallic and semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), the Fermi level is continuously tuned over a very wide range, while their electronic transport and absorption spectra are simultaneously monitored. It is found that the conductivity of not only the semiconducting but also the metallic SWNT thin films steeply changes when the Fermi level reaches the edges of one‐dimensional subbands and that the conductivity is almost proportional to the number of subbands crossing the Fermi level, thereby exhibiting a one‐dimensional nature of transport even in a tangled network structure and at room temperature.
MoO2/Mo2C Heteronanotubes Function as High‐Performance Li‐Ion Battery Electrode
Authors: Zhang Hao‐Jie , Wang Kai‐Xue , Wu Xue‐Yan , Jiang Yan‐Mei , Zhai Yu‐Bo , Wang Cheng , Wei Xiao , Chen Jie‐Sheng
Published: February 2014

Instead of carbon, Mo2C is used to modify the MoO2 material for the first time. The presence of highly conductive and electrochemical inactive Mo2C decreases the resistance of the charge transport and enhances the structural stability of MoO2 nanoparticles upon lithiation and delithiation, ensuring the superior cycling stability and high rate capability of the heteronanotubes. Cycled at 200 and 1000 mA g−1 for 140 cycles, the discharge capacities of the MoO2/Mo2C heteronanotubes remain to be 790 and 510 mAh g−1, respectively. This work demonstrates the potential of the novel heteronanotubes for application as an electrode material for high‐performance Li‐ion batteries.
Lung Deposition and Cellular Uptake Behavior of Pathogen‐Mimicking Nanovaccines in the First 48 Hours
Authors: Ross Kathleen A. , Haughney Shannon L. , Petersen Latrisha K. , Boggiatto Paola , Wannemuehler Michael J. , Narasimhan Balaji
Published: February 2014

Pulmonary immunization poses the unique challenge of balancing vaccine efficacy with minimizing inflammation in the respiratory tract. While previous studies have shown that mice immunized intranasally with F1‐V‐loaded polyanhydride nanoparticles are protected from a lethal challenge with Yersinia pestis, little is known about the initial interaction between the nanoparticles and immune cells following intranasal administration. Here, the deposition within the lung and internalization by phagocytic cells of polyanhydride nanovaccines encapsulating F1‐V are compared with that of soluble F1‐V alone or F1‐V adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). Encapsulation of F1‐V into polyanhydride nanoparticles prolonged its presence while F1‐V administered with MPLA is undetectable within 48 h. The inflammation induced by the polyanhydride nanovaccine is mild compared with the marked inflammation induced by the MPLA‐adjuvanted F1‐V. Even though F1‐V delivered with saline is detected in the lung 48 h after administration, it is known that this regimen does not elicit a protective immune response. The prolonged F1‐V presence in the lung in concert with the mild inflammatory response provided by the nanovaccine provides new insights into the development of protective immune responses with a single intranasal dose.
The Active Layer Morphology of Organic Solar Cells Probed with Grazing Incidence Scattering Techniques
Authors: Müller‐Buschbaum Peter
Published: February 2014

Grazing incidence X‐ray scattering (GIXS) provides unique insights into the morphology of active materials and thin film layers used in organic photovoltaic devices. With grazing incidence wide angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) the molecular arrangement of the material is probed. GIWAXS is sensitive to the crystalline parts and allows for the determination of the crystal structure and the orientation of the crystalline regions with respect to the electrodes. With grazing incidence small angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS) the nano‐scale structure inside the films is probed. As GISAXS is sensitive to length scales from nanometers to several hundred nanometers, all relevant length scales of organic solar cells are detectable. After an introduction to GISAXS and GIWAXS, selected examples for application of both techniques to active layer materials are reviewed. The particular focus is on conjugated polymers, such as poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT).
Scaling Rules of SERS Intensity
Authors: Nishijima Yoshiaki , Hashimoto Yoshikazu , Rosa Lorenzo , Khurgin Jacob B. , Juodkazis Saulius
Published: February 2014

An intricate relationship is revealed between the intensity of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and the optical extinction. The unusual trends of SERS intensity decrease while the extinction increases observed in experiments is fully explained for the first time. The SERS intensity is well known to be strongly correlated with the extinction at excitation and Stokes wavelengths, but the dependence is more involved than the simple product of the two extinction enhancements. The radiative and nonradiative losses, different for different Stokes wavelengths, strongly affect the relationship between SERS and extinction. Dye molecules are shown experimentally and numerically to experience different local field enhancements for the different Raman modes, and a simple qualitative analytical description of this universal phenomenon is provided here.
How common are myeloproliferative neoplasms? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Titmarsh Glen J. , Duncombe Andrew S. , McMullin Mary Frances , O'Rorke Michael , Mesa Ruben , De Vocht Frank , Horan Sarah , Fritschi Lin , Clarke Mike , Anderson Lesley A.
Published: February 2014

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases including polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary(idiopathic) myelofibrosis (PMF). In this systematic review, we provide a comprehensive report on the incidence and prevalence of MPNs across the globe. Electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Web of Science) were searched from their inception to August 2012 for articles reporting MPN incidence or prevalence rates. A random effects meta‐analysis was undertaken to produce combined incidence rates for PV, ET, and PMF. Both heterogeneity and small study bias were assessed. Thirty‐four studies were included. Reported annual incidence rates ranged from 0.01 to 2.61, 0.21 to 2.27, and 0.22 to 0.99 per 100,000 for PV, ET, and PMF, respectively. The combined annual incidence rates for PV, ET, and PMF were 0.84, 1.03, and 0.47 per 100,000. There was high heterogeneity across disease entities (I2 97.1–99.8%) and evidence of publication bias for ET and PMF (Egger test, P = 0.007 and P ≤ 0.001, respectively).The pooled incidence reflects the rarity of MPNs. The calculated pooled incidence rates do not reflect MPN incidence across the globe due to the high unexplained heterogeneity. Improved, widespread registration of MPNs would provide better information for global comparison of the incidence and prevalence of MPNs. Am. J. Hematol. 89:581–587, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, Structure, and Spectral and Electrochemical Properties of Meso‐Tetraaryl‐27‐Thiasapphyrins
Authors: Ganapathi Emandi , Lee Way‐Zen , Ravikanth Mangalampalli
Published: February 2014

An alternate synthetic route was developed for tetraaryl 27‐thiasapphyrins by condensation of meso‐aryl dipyrromethanes with 2,5‐bis(p‐tolylhydroxymethyl)thiophene under acid‐catalyzed conditions. Previously, 27‐thiasapphyrins have been prepared by a multistep synthesis using 2,2′‐bipyrrole as the key precursor. In our strategy, the pyrrole–pyrrole bond was generated to form 27‐thiasapphyrins by oxidative coupling of meso‐aryl dipyrromethane and 2,5‐bis(p‐tolylhydroxymethyl)thiophene, and the desired 27‐thiasapphyrins were isolated in 8–12 % yields. The crystal structure of one of the 27‐thiasapphyrins indicates that the macrocycle is almost planar and the thiophene sulfur atom is in the plane whereas the four pyrrole nitrogen atoms slightly deviate from the plane defined by four meso carbon atoms. Absorption spectroscopy showed four well defined Q bands in 590–770 nm and one strong Soret band in 470–480 nm region for 27‐thiasapphyrins. The 27‐thiasapphyrins are stable under redox conditions and undergo two‐to‐three reversible oxidations and one‐to‐two reversible reductions. The macrocycles are weakly fluorescent with low quantum yields and singlet state lifetimes.
Bioarchaeological investigation of ancient Maya violence and warfare in inland northwest Yucatan, Mexico
Authors: Serafin Stanley , Lope Carlos Peraza , Uc González Eunice
Published: February 2014

This study investigates evidence of changes and continuities in ancient Maya violence and warfare in inland northwest Yucatan, Mexico from the Middle Preclassic (600–300 BC) to the Postclassic (AD 1050–1542) through bioarchaeological analysis of cranial and projectile trauma. It is hypothesized that the frequency of violence increases before the Classic Maya collapse and remains high during the Postclassic period. It is also hypothesized that the flat, open terrain was conducive to warfare and resulted in higher trauma frequencies than in other parts of the Maya area. Results show that the frequency of cranial trauma decreases before the Classic collapse and increases in the Postclassic, partially matching the expected chronological trends. The frequency of cranial trauma does not differ significantly from other Maya regions but the pattern does: for all periods, males have more healed injuries than females and they are concentrated on the left side of the anterior of the skull. Some injuries appear to be from small points hafted in wooden clubs. In addition, projectile trauma is evident in a scapula with an embedded arrowhead tip, the first such case reported in a Maya skeleton. Overall, these results suggest greater reliance on open combat and less on raids in this region compared with other parts of the Maya area, possibly due to the flat, open terrain, though the identification of perimortem trauma in both women and men indicates surprise raids on settlements were also practiced. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:140–151, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the uniqueness of the Dirac theory in curved and flat spacetime
Authors: Gorbatenko Mikhail V. , Neznamov Vasily P.
Published: February 2014

In this work a number of examples are used to illustrate uniqueness of physical prediction of the Dirac theory in a curved and a flat spacetime. Dirac Hamiltonians in arbitrary, including time‐dependent, gravitational fields uniquely determine physical characteristics of quantum‐mechanical systems irrespective of the choice of the tetrad fields. Direct spin‐rotation coupling that occurs with a certain choice of tetrads does not manifest itself in final physical characteristics of the systems and therefore does not represent a physically relevant effect.
Uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in epitaxial α‐Fe() films
Authors: Wang Yutian , Lv Fengzhen , Brandt Oliver , Herfort Jens , Gao Cunxu , Xue Desheng
Published: February 2014

The magnetic anisotropy of epitaxial, high‐index Fe() films is investigated. The strength of the in‐plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy increases monotonically with the inclination angle φ between Fe(001) and Fe(). This increase is demonstrated to be caused by the cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy and not by surface‐ or interface‐related effects.