bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medical Xenophobia: The Voices of Women Refugees in Durban, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Munyaneza Yvonne , Mhlongo Euphemia Mbali
Published: April 2019

Background

Women refugees are mostly affected due to their specific needs for reproductive health services. In their attempt to utilize reproductive health care services, women refugees face medical xenophobia by the health care professionals. Upon their arrival in South Africa, refugee women do not undergo any screening, and this exposes them to health risks making them more prone to all different types of diseases, as many of them are survivors of rape and other acts of sexual violence.

Objective

The aim of the study was to describe the voices of women refugees regarding reproductive health services in public health institutions in Durban KwaZulu-Natal

Methods

A qualitative, descriptive design was used. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews with eight women refugees living in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. Thematic content analysis guided the study.

Results

Two main themes emerged from the data: negative experiences/challenges, and positive experiences. The negative experiences included medical xenophobia and discrimination, language barrier, unprofessionalism, failure to obtain consent and lack of confidentiality, ill-treatment, financial challenges, internalised fear, religious and cultural domination, the shortage of health personnel and overcrowding of public hospitals. The positive experiences included positive treatment, care and social support.

Conclusion

The study concluded that discrimination and medical xenophobia remain a challenge for women refugees seeking reproductive health services in public health institutions in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal.
Adenine DNA methylation, 3D genome organization and gene expression in the parasiteTrichomonas vaginalis
Authors: Lizarraga Ayelen , O’Brown Zach Klapholz , Boulias Konstantinos , Roach Lara , Greer Eric Lieberman , Johnson Patricia J. , Strobl-Mazzulla Pablo H. , de Miguel Natalia
Published: April 2019

Trichomonas vaginalisis a common sexually transmitted parasite that colonizes the human urogenital tract causing infections that range from asymptomatic to highly inflammatory. Recent works have highlighted the importance of histone modifications in the regulation of transcription and parasite pathogenesis. However, the nature of DNA methylation in the parasite remains unexplored. Using a combination of immunological techniques and UHPLC, we analyzed the abundance of DNA methylation in strains with differential pathogenicity demonstrating that N6-methyladenine (6mA), and not 5-methylcytosine (5mC), is the main DNA methylation mark inT. vaginalis. Genome-wide distribution of 6mA reveals that this mark is enriched at intergenic regions, with a preference for certain super-families of DNA transposable elements. We show that 6mA inT. vaginalisis associated with silencing when present on genes. Interestingly, bioinformatics analysis revealed the presence of transcriptionally active or repressive intervals flanked by 6mA-enriched regions and results from chromatin conformation capture (3C) experiments suggest these 6mA flanked regions are in close spatial proximity. These associations were disrupted when parasites were treated with the demethylation activator ascorbic acid. This finding revealed a new role for 6mA in modulating 3D chromatin structure and gene expression in this divergent member of the Excavata.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT

Trichomonas vaginaliscauses the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection yet little is known about the regulation of gene expression in this eukaryotic parasite. We demonstrate that N6-methyladenine (6mA) is the main methylation mark in theT. vaginalisgenome. 6mA is widespread in DNA of eubacterial genera, but uncommon in genomes of most eukaryotes. Examination of the genome-wide distribution of 6mA reveals a preference for intergenic regions. Transcriptionally active or repressive intervals are found to be flanked by 6mA-enriched regions and data suggest 6mA flanked regions are in close 3D spatial proximity. Our findings describe for the first time the presence of DNA methylation inT. vaginalisand reveal a new role for 6mA in modulating 3D chromatin architecture.
A 4′-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,2′:6′,3′′-terpyridine-based luminescent cadmium(II) coordination polymer for the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol
Authors: Xu Bin , Luo Fuming , Tang Guodong , Zhang Jinfang
Published: April 2019

The title coordination polymer, poly[bis[μ3-4-(3,2′:6′,3′′-terpyridin-4′-yl)benzoato]cadmium(II)], [Cd(C22H14N3O2)2]
n
or [Cd(3-cptpy)2]
n
, (I), has been synthesized solvothermally and characterized by IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction. The structure is composed of 3-cptpy− ligands bridging Cd atoms, with each Cd atom coordinated by six ligands and each ligand coordinating to three Cd atoms. Each Cd atom is in a slightly distorted trans-N2O4 octahedral environment, forming a two-dimensional layer structure with a (3,6)-connected topology. Layers are linked to each other by π–π stacking, resulting in a three-dimensional supramolecular framework. The strong luminescence and good thermal stability of (I) indicate that it can potentially be used as a luminescence sensor. The compound also shows a highly selective and sensitive response to 2,4,6-trinitrophenol through the luminescence quenching effect.
Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and DFT study of (2Z)-2-(2,4-dichlorobenzylidene)-4-[2-(2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl)ethyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzothiazin-3-one
Authors: Hni Brahim , Sebbar Nada Kheira , Hökelek Tuncer , El Ghayati Lhoussaine , Bouzian Younes , Mague Joel T. , Essassi El Mokhtar
Published: April 2019

The title compound, C20H16Cl2N2O3S, is built up from a dihydrobenzothiazine moiety linked by –CH– and –C2H4– units to 2,4-dichlorophenyl and 2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidine substituents, where the oxazole ring and the heterocyclic portion of the dihydrobenzothiazine unit adopt envelope and flattened-boat conformations, respectively. The 2-carbon link to the oxazole ring is nearly perpendicular to the mean plane of the dihydrobenzothiazine unit. In the crystal, the molecules form stacks extending along the normal to (104) with the aromatic rings from neighbouring stacks intercalating to form an overall layer structure. The Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structure indicates that the most important contributions for the crystal packing are from H...H (28.4%), H...Cl/Cl...H (19.3%), H...O/O...H (17.0%), H...C/C...H (14.5%) and C...C (8.2%) interactions. Weak hydrogen-bonding and van der Waals interactions are the dominant interactions in the crystal packing. Density functional theory (DFT) optimized structures at the B3LYP/ 6–311 G(d,p) level are compared with the experimentally determined molecular structure in the solid state. The HOMO—LUMO behaviour was elucidated to determine the energy gap.
Na+[Me3NB12Cl11]−·SO2: a rare example of a sodium–SO2 complex
Authors: Jenne Carsten , van Lessen Valentin
Published: April 2019

In the title compound, Na+[Me3NB12Cl11]−·SO2 [systematic name: sodium 1-(trimethylammonio)undecachloro-closo-dodecaborate sulfur dioxide], the SO2 molecule is η
1-O-coordinated to the Na+ cation. Surprisingly, the SO2 molecule is more weakly bound to sodium than is found in other sodium–SO2 complexes and the SO2 molecule is essentially undistorted compared to the structure of free SO2. The Na+ cation has a coordination number of eight in a distorted twofold-capped trigonal prism and makes contacts to three individual boron cluster anions, resulting in an overall three-dimensional network. Although the number of known η
1-O-coordinated SO2 complexes is growing, sodium-SO2 complexes are still rare.
The nature and extent of healthy architecture: the current state of progress
Authors: Rice Louis
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The design of the built environment is a determinant of health. Accordingly, there is an increasing need for greater harmonization of the architectural profession and public health. However, there is a lack of knowledge on whether designers of the built environment are changing their practices to deliver healthier urban habitats. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The research uses a multi-method approach to data analysis, including: systematic mapping study, structured review and thematic analysis.

Findings

The research finds that there are almost no requirements for the compulsory inclusion of health across institutions and agencies that have the power to execute and mandate the scope of architectural profession, training, education, practice or knowledge. Despite the urgent need for action and the myriad entreatments for greater integration between architecture and health, there is very little evidence progress.

Practical implications

The research has implications for the architectural profession and architectural education. Health and well-being is not currently an integral part of the educational or professional training requirements for architects. University educational curriculum and Continuing Professional Development criteria need to better integrate health and well-being into their knowledge-base.

Social implications

The design of the built environment is currently undertaken by an architectural profession that lacks specialized knowledge of health and well-being. There is a risk to society of environments that fail to adequately protect and promote the health and well-being of its inhabitants.

Originality/value

The research evidences, for the first time, the lack of integration of “health and wellbeing” within the architecture profession training or education systems.
Recycling cooperation and buying status
Authors: Costa Pinto Diego , Maurer Herter Márcia , Rossi Patrícia , Meucci Nique Walter , Borges Adilson
Published: April 2019

Purpose

This study aims to reconcile previous research that has provided mixed results regarding motivation for sustainable behaviors: pure altruism (cooperation) or competitive altruism (status). Drawing on evolutionary altruism and identity-based motivation, the authors propose that a match between pure (competitive) altruism and individualistic (collectivistic) identity goals enhance consumers’ motivations to engage in recycling (green buying).

Design/methodology/approach

Three experimental studies show how pure and competitive altruism are associated with specific sustainable consumption (Study 1) and how altruism types should be matched with identity goals to motivate sustainable consumption (Studies 2 and 3).

Findings

Study 1 shows that pure altruism is associated with recycling but not with green buying. Studies 2 and 3 show that pure (competitive) altruism and individualistic (collectivistic) goals lead to higher recycling (green buying) intentions.

Research limitations/implications

The present research extends previous findings by showing that pure and competitive are indeed associated with specific sustainable behaviors. The authors suggest that the interaction between motives and identity goals can lead to a greater impact on recycling and green buying intentions.

Practical implications

Public policymakers and companies will benefit by better understanding how specific combinations of altruism types and identity goals can foster recycling or green buying intentions.

Originality/value

This research is the first to show how matches between pure and competitive altruism types and individualistic and collectivistic identity goals affect consumers’ motivations to engage in recycling and green buying.
The effect of morphological form variation on adult first language incidental vocabulary acquisition through reading
Authors: Reynolds Barry Lee
Published: April 2019

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the effects of word internal morphological form variation on adult first language (L1) (n= 20) incidental vocabulary acquisition through reading.

Design/methodology/approach

Participants were given a 37,611-token English novel containing pseudo words, placed throughout the text by the novelist. Two unexpected vocabulary assessments were administered at the completion of the reading task.

Findings

Results showed statistically significant effects for morphological form variation, with the readers having incidentally acquired more words whose tokens did not vary in form (i.e. no exposure to inflectional or derivational variants). However, a large effect size was present only for low-frequency words (two-four exposures).

Originality/value

Discussion of the results is given regarding the feasibility of enhancing adult L1 college readers’ morphological awareness through extensive reading and attention-drawing tasks.
Artisan, cultural and tourism entrepreneurship
Authors: Ratten Vanessa , Costa Carlos , Bogers Marcel
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to focus on emerging research avenues for artisan entrepreneurship. The key findings of the articles in the special journal issue are discussed in terms of potential research issues that need to be discussed in future work.

Design/methodology/approach

An overview of the main themes of artisan entrepreneurship in terms of cultural and tourism perspectives is undertaken. This helps to establish artisan entrepreneurship as a new and emerging field of entrepreneurship studies.

Findings

There is more interest in artisan entrepreneurship due to its role in revitalizing economies and placing emphasis on cultural heritage and traditions.

Originality/value

This paper will provide directions for future research on artisan, cultural and tourism entrepreneurship.
The relationship between investments in lean practices and operational performance
Authors: Onofrei George , Prester Jasna , Fynes Brian , Humphreys Paul , Wiengarten Frank
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Prior research has shown that operational intellectual capital (OIC) and investments in lean practices (ILP) lead to better operational performance. However, there have been no empirical studies on the synergetic effects between OIC components and ILP. More specifically, the question – can the efficacy of ILP be increased through OIC? – has not been studied. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to report the empirical results of potential synergetic effects between OIC, as a knowledge-based resource, and ILP.

Design/methodology/approach

The empirical data used for this study were drawn from the fifth round of the Global Manufacturing Research Group survey project (with data collected from 528 manufacturing plants). The hypotheses are empirically tested using three ordinary least square (OLS) models.

Findings

The authors’ findings highlight the importance of leveraging a system of complementary knowledge-based resources (OIC dimensions) and addresses the need for the reformulation of lean theory in terms of the emergent knowledge-based view of the firm. The results facilitate greater understanding of the complex relationship between ILP and operational performance. Building on the contribution of Menoret al.(2007), the authors argue that OIC represents a strategic knowledge-based resource that is valuable, hard to imitate or substitute and, when leveraged effectively, generates superior operational and competitive advantage.

Practical implications

From a managerial standpoint, this study provides guidelines for managers on how to leverage OIC to enhance the efficacy of ILP. The authors argue that firms consider investing in OIC to increase the return from ILP, which, in turn, will enhance their operational performance and provide competitive advantage. The authors findings provide strong evidence of the importance of human, social and structural capital to enhance the efficacy of ILP.

Originality/value

This is the first research paper that extends the application of the intellectual capital theory in lean literature, and argues that the OIC contributes to the efficacy of ILP. The analysis facilitates greater understanding of the complex relationship between OIC dimensions, ILP and operational performance.
The impact of ICT-diffusion on government effectiveness: what role for cultural practices?
Authors: Kalu Kalu N.
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Based on data collected over a 15 year period (2000–2015) for 89 countries selected across nine geopolitical regions of the world, the purpose of this paper is to explore the role of economic development and the Hofstede index of national cultures in influencing level of government effectiveness and ICT diffusion; as well as the impact of ICT diffusion on government effectiveness. The level of economic development and a country’s ranking on the E-government index were found significant in explaining ICT diffusion and level of government effectiveness, respectively. But the findings also indicate that only the cultural factors such as Indulgence and long-term orientation (LTO) were quite significant in explaining level of government of effectiveness and ICT diffusion, respectively. The findings conclude that while some cultural factors may provide partial explanations for a country’s level of government effectiveness or ICT diffusion, but for other cultural elements, the path of influence is still unclear and at best debatable. Hence, in light of the growing emphasis placed on it in the literature, the effect of culture is limited and may have been overstated. ICT diffusion, while a necessary tool for administrative efficiency, is only but one piece of a larger puzzle and should be developed in consideration of and in the context of a broader framework of economic development, institutional design and behavioral practices.

Design/methodology/approach

This study examines how existing ICT diffusion and infrastructures among a set of 89 countries spread across nine world geopolitical zones has been able to improve their government effectiveness – as measured by their relative scores or rankings on the global “government effectiveness index” over a 15 year period (2000–2015); and also how specific cultural factors may influence the level of ICT diffusion. Drawing data from the United Nations e-Government knowledge database, the United Nations Development Program, the GlobalEconomy.com, as well as other socio-demographic sources, I examine key and associated indicators that influence information technology diffusion and its contributory effects on level of government effectiveness; as well as the impact of national cultures on ICT diffusion.

Findings

Overall, the finding from this analysis point to the fact that only two of the Hofstede national culture variables were significant (LTO and Indulgence). The other four national culture variables (Power Distance, Individualism, Masculinity/Femininity and Uncertainty Avoidance) were not. Indulgence has a negative effect on level of government effectiveness, while LTO has a positive effect on ICT diffusion. The other culture variables were not significant in any of the regression models, but they seem to congregate much closer to or around the mean.

Originality/value

This is the only work of its kind that has utilized the seven Hofstede indicators to test for the relationship between culture and technology over a long period of 15 years.
Determinants of collaboration between digital volunteer networks and formal response organizations in catastrophic disasters
Authors: Park Chul Hyun , Johnston Erik
Published: April 2019

Purpose

When catastrophic disasters recently occurred, digital volunteer networks formed by the public emerged across the globe. They aggregated, analyzed and visualized disaster data. Those volunteer networks sometimes shared their data with formal response organizations. Such data sharing and integration increased the capacity of formal response organizations for dealing with disasters. However, despite the emergence and contributions of digital volunteer networks, the literature has been focused primarily on the role of formal response organizations such as emergency management agencies and the Red Cross. The purpose of this paper is to describe how technical and organizational factors influence collaboration between digital volunteer networks and formal response organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

This research employs a case study method, focusing on the 2015 Nepal earthquake.

Findings

This study found that information technology and a shared understanding of disaster situations and how to address disasters are key determinants of collaboration between digital volunteer networks and formal response organizations.

Originality/value

This research is expected to contribute to building an integrated emergency response system in the information age.
Numerical investigation of elastohydrodynamic contacts subjected to harmonic load variation
Authors: Abd Alsamieh Mohamed
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the behavior of elastohydrodynamic contacts subjected to forced harmonic vibrations including the effect of changing various working parameters such as frequency, load amplitude and entrainment speed.

Design/methodology/approach

The time-dependent Reynolds equation is solved using the Newton–Raphson technique. The film thickness and pressure distribution are obtained at every time step by simultaneous solution of the Reynolds equation and film thickness equation including elastic deformation.

Findings

The frequency of vibration, load amplitude and entrainment speed are directly related to the film thickness perturbation, which is formed during load increasing phase of the cycle. The film thickness formed during load increasing phase is larger than that formed during load decreasing phase with larger deviation at a higher frequency or load amplitude and vice versa for lower frequency or load amplitude. The entrainment speed of the contact has an opposite effect to that of the frequency of vibration or load amplitude.

Originality/value

Physical explanations for the behavior of elastohydrodynamic contact subjected to forced harmonic vibration are presented in this paper for various working parameters of frequency, load amplitude and entrainment speed.
Outsourcing of humanitarian logistics to commercial logistics service providers
Authors: Falagara Sigala Ioanna , Wakolbinger Tina
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to empirically explore the potential of outsourcing of humanitarian logistics activities to commercial logistics service providers (LSPs) throughout the different disaster phases. The authors identify incentives for initiating outsourcing of humanitarian logistics activities to commercial logistics providers, humanitarian logistics activities to be outsourced and selection criteria for partners.

Design/methodology/approach

This study is based on empirical data collected by interviewing 12 practitioners from commercial LSPs and 12 practitioners from humanitarian organizations (HOs). A review of related literature guided this research.

Findings

This research shows that incentives for initiating outsourcing engagements, partner selection criteria and activities to be outsourced are changing throughout the different disaster phases. A number of research propositions are presented.

Research limitations/implications

This research constitutes a first step towards the goal of a comprehensive analysis of humanitarian logistics outsourcing throughout the different disaster phases. The authors collected data from practitioners and large organizations based mainly in Europe and the USA. Hence, insights from national and local organizations of other parts of the world are missing.

Practical implications

This research provides a deeper understanding of outsourcing of humanitarian logistics activities. As the main implication for practice, the research suggests a strategic use of outsourcing during the three disaster phases. The authors acknowledge that business objectives, risks, stakeholder agendas and requirements, as well as costs play a vital and changing role for outsourcing decision-making during the three disaster stages. The managerial implications arising from the research can provide support to commercial LSPs and HOs that initiate or develop strategic outsourcing relationships.

Originality/value

This study covers the gap in the humanitarian literature related to context-specific factors of outsourcing in humanitarian logistics by empirically investigating the phenomenon. This is one of the first studies that empirically investigate the potential of outsourcing of humanitarian logistics activities throughout the disaster phases.
Redesigning the model of the initiation and evolution of inter-firm knowledge transfer in R&D relationships
Authors: Galati Francesco , Bigliardi Barbara
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Starting from the model of the initiation and evolution of inter-firm knowledge transfer in R&D relationships developed by Faems et al. (2007), the purpose of this paper is to refine and improve this model, assessing its reliability in a different and wider context and extending it according to the outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach

A multiple case-study approach was implemented, examining 34 dyadic inter-firm R&D relationships. This methodology suited the research goal of exploring the validity of a model in an area where little data or theory exists.

Findings

The theoretical model proposed by Faemset al.(2007) was improved, confirming the adequacy of the overall structure of their intuition and highlighting several differences in terms of factors that lead to the dissolution of R&D relationships. These differences mainly refer to partners’ similarities before starting R&D relationships, co-opetition situations, knowledge leakage/opportunistic behavior and reputation issues.

Originality/value

This work is the first to investigate two open research gaps related to the model of the initiation and evolution of inter-firm knowledge transfer in R&D relationships: the need for additional case studies in other contexts to develop a more general theory and the lack of research incorporating issues such as relational capital between partners, governance form and alliance scope in an integrated analysis.
Police perception of citizens and its impact on police effectiveness and behavior
Authors: Wu Guangzhen , Boateng Francis D.
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the similarities and differences in police officers’ attitudes toward citizens between China and Ghana, and explore the extent to which officers’ perceptions of citizens influence their effectiveness and behavior.

Design/methodology/approach

In total, 271 Chinese police officers were surveyed representing those attending in-service training program at a national police university in China in 2014, and a random sample of 145 Ghanaian police officers was surveyed in 2013, representing those from five police districts in the Accra region of Ghana Police service.

Findings

Results revealed significant perceptual variations across the two countries. While Ghanaian officers were found to have more favorable perceptions of citizens’ cooperation and recognition, Chinese officers reported greater levels of citizens’ compliance and disrespectfulness. Moreover, results indicated significant relationships between officers’ attitudes and their sense of effectiveness and behavior in the two countries.

Research limitations/implications

This study is based on a convenient sample of Chinese police officers, which restricts the generalizability of the results.

Practical implications

Findings offer insights for police administrators to reform the police with a focus on improving police perceptions of citizens.

Originality/value

Although there are a few comparative studies that compare police attitudes toward citizens between developing and developed countries, and between western democracies, there is a profound lack of studies comparing these attitudes between developing/transitional countries. This study is an initial attempt to identify variations in officers’ perceptions of the public between two developing/transitional countries.
Tree resprout dynamics following fire depend on herbivory by wild ungulate herbivores
Authors: LaMalfa Eric M. , Kimuyu Duncan M. , Sensenig Ryan L. , Young Truman P. , Riginos Corinna , Veblen Kari E.
Published: April 2019

Savanna tree cover is dynamic due to disturbances such as fire and herbivory. Frequent fires can limit a key demographic transition from sapling to adult height classes in savanna trees. Saplings may be caught in a ‘fire trap’, wherein individuals repeatedly resprout following fire top‐kill events. Saplings only rarely escape the cycle by attaining a fire‐resistant height (e.g. taller than the minimum scorch height) during fire‐free intervals.

Large mammalian herbivores also may trap trees in shorter size classes. Browsing herbivores directly limit sapling height, while grazing herbivores such as cattle facilitate sapling growth indirectly via grass removal. Experimental studies investigating how meso‐wildlife, megaherbivores and domestic livestock affect height of resprouts following fire are rare, but necessary for fully understanding how herbivory may reinforce (or counteract) the fire trap. In our study system, interactive fire–herbivore effects on transitions from sapling (<1 m) to adult tree (>1 m) height classes may be further influenced by plant defences, such as symbiotic ants.

We used the Kenya Long‐term Exclosure Experiment (KLEE) to investigate how post‐fire resprout size of a widespread monodominant East African tree, Acacia drepanolobium was influenced by (a) herbivory by different combinations of cattle, meso‐wildlife (15–1,000 kg) and megaherbivores (>1,000 kg) and (b) the presence of acacia–ant mutualists that confer tree defences. We sampled height, stem length and ant occupancy of resprouts exposed to different herbivore combinations before and after controlled burns.

Resprout height of saplings that were short prior to fire (<1 m) was reduced primarily by meso‐wildlife. Negative effects of elephants on post‐fire resprout height increased with pre‐fire tree size, suggesting that resprouts of the tallest trees (with the greatest potential to escape the fire trap cycle) were preferentially browsed and reduced in height by elephants. There were no significant cattle effects.

Synthesis. We provide experimental evidence for two potential pathways through which large herbivores exert control over sapling escape from the fire trap: (a) post‐fire meso‐wildlife browsing of short (<1 m) resprouts and (b) elephant browsing of the largest size class of resprouts, which would otherwise be most likely to escape the fire trap.
Effect of lymph node examined count on accurate staging and survival of resected esophageal cancer
Authors: Xia Wenjie , Liu Suyao , Mao Qixing , Chen Bing , Ma Weidong , Dong Gaochao , Xu Lin , Jiang Feng
Published: April 2019

Background

We examined the association between numbers of lymph nodes examined (LNEs) and accurate staging and survival to determine the optimal LNE count during esophagectomy using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry and the Department of Thoracic Surgery of a single institution (SI).

Methods

A total of 7356 EC patients met our inclusion criteria from the SEER database and 1275 patients from SI. We applied multivariate models to investigate the relationship between the LNE count and LN metastasis and cancer‐specific survival (CSS). Odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) generated by the multivariate models were fitted with Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing, and the structural breakpoints were determined by the Chow test.

Results

Higher numbers of LNEs were linked to a higher proportion of LN metastasis and better CSS in both cohorts. Cut‐point analysis determined a threshold of LNEs of 12 for adenocarcinoma and 14 for esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) considering accurate staging, and 15 for adenocarcinoma and 14 for ESCC considering OS. The cut‐points for CSS were examined in the SEER database and validated in the divided cohort from SI (all P < 0.05).

Conclusion

A greater number of LNEs are significantly associated with more accurate N staging and better survival in EC patients. We recommend 15 and 14 as the threshold LNE counts for adenocarcinoma and ESCC patients, respectively.
Inhibitory transmission in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in male and female mice following morphine withdrawal
Authors: Luster Brennon R. , Cogan Elizabeth S. , Schmidt Karl T. , Pati Dipanwita , Pina Melanie M. , Dange Kedar , McElligott Zoé A.
Published: April 2019

The United States is experiencing an opioid crisis imposing enormous fiscal and societal costs and driving the staggering overdose death rate. While prescription opioid analgesics are essential for treating acute pain, cessation of use in individuals with a physical dependence induces an aversive withdrawal syndrome that promotes continued drug use to alleviate/avoid these symptoms. Additionally, repeated bouts of withdrawal often lead to an increased propensity for relapse. Understanding the neurobiology underlying withdrawal is essential for providing novel treatment options to alleviate physiological and affective components accompanying the cessation of opiate use. Here, we administered morphine and precipitated withdrawal with naloxone to investigate behavioral and cellular responses in C57BL/6J male and female mice. Following 3 days of administration, both male and female mice demonstrated sensitized withdrawal symptoms. Since the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) plays a role in mediating withdrawal‐associated behaviors, we examined plastic changes in inhibitory synaptic transmission within this structure 24 hours following the final precipitated withdrawal. In male mice, morphine withdrawal increased spontaneous GABAergic signaling compared with controls. In contrast, morphine withdrawal decreased spontaneous GABAergic signaling in female mice. Intriguingly, these opposing GABAergic effects were contingent upon activity‐dependent dynamics within the ex vivo slice. Our findings suggest that male and female mice exhibit some divergent cellular responses in the BNST following morphine withdrawal, and alterations in BNST inhibitory signaling may contribute to the expression of behaviors following opioid withdrawal.
Whole blood transcriptome analysis reveals footprints of cattle adaptation to sub‐arctic conditions
Authors: Pokharel K. , Weldenegodguad M. , Popov R. , Honkatukia M. , Huuki H. , Lindeberg H. , Peippo J. , Reilas T. , Zarovnyaev S. , Kantanen J.
Published: April 2019

Indigenous cattle breeds in northern Eurasia have adapted to harsh climate conditions. The local breeds are important genetic resources with cultural and historical heritages, and therefore, their preservation and genetic characterization are important. In this study, we profiled the whole‐blood transcriptome of two native breeds (Northern Finncattle and Yakutian cattle) and one commercial breed (Holstein) using high‐throughput RNA sequencing. More than 15 000 genes were identified, of which two, 89 and 162 genes were significantly upregulated exclusively in Northern Finncattle, Yakutian cattle and Holstein cattle respectively. The functional classification of these significantly differentially expressed genes identified several biological processes and pathways related to signalling mechanisms, cell differentiation and host–pathogen interactions that, in general, point towards immunity and disease resistance mechanisms. The gene expression pattern observed in Northern Finncattle was more similar to that of Yakutian cattle, despite sharing similar living conditions with the Holstein cattle included in our study. In conclusion, our study identified unique biological processes in these breeds that may have helped them to adapt and survive in northern and sub‐arctic environments.
Surgical anatomy of the nasal and paranasal sinuses in Egyptian native sheep (Ovis aries) using computed tomography and cross sectioning
Authors: Awaad Ashraf Sayed , Abdel Maksoud Mohamed Kamal Merai , Fathy Mohamed Zaki
Published: April 2019

The present work aimed to describe the normal computed tomography (CT) and cross‐sectional anatomy of the nasal and paranasal sinuses in sheep and to correlate these features with the relevant clinical practices. Twenty apparent healthy heads of Egyptian native breed of sheep (Baladi sheep) of both sexes were used for studying these sinuses. CT images and their closely identical cross sections of the same head were selected and serially labelled in a progression from the rostral nasal region to the caudal aspect of the head using cheek teeth as landmarks. The current investigation reported seven sinuses in sheep, including maxillary, frontal, lacrimal and sphenoidal as paranasal, as well as dorsal and middle conchal and ethmoidal as nasal with unnoticeable palatine and ventral nasal conchal sinuses. The boundaries, extension, structure and communications of these sinuses were fully described. The current study provided anatomical guidelines for surgical interference in the frontal and maxillary sinuses during trephination, dehorning and sinuscopy. Also, an acceptable anatomical explanation was reported in this study for the high incidence of maxillary sinusitis than other sinuses. CT and cross‐sectional anatomy could be used as helpful database for diagnosis and clinical interference of the nasal and paranasal sinuses in sheep.
Development and Validation of a Tool to Assess Military Veterans' Status, Functioning, and Satisfaction with Key Aspects of their Lives
Authors: Vogt Dawne , Taverna Emily C. , Nillni Yael I. , Booth Bradford , Perkins Daniel F. , Copeland Laurel A. , Finley Erin P. , Tyrell Fanita A. , Gilman Cynthia L.
Published: April 2019

Background

We developed and validated the Well‐Being Inventory (WBI) to address the need for a tool that can provide a comprehensive assessment of key aspects of military veterans' lives. This multidimensional instrument assesses status, functioning, and satisfaction with regard to vocation, finances, health, and social relationships.

Methods

Two large multi‐phase studies (Study 1 Ns = 301, 286; Study 2 Ns = 9,566, 7,342) were conducted to develop and validate this tool among military veterans.

Results

Confirmatory factor analyses supported the proposed factor structure, with separate factors observed for all scales except the health functioning scale, which was best represented as three factors rather than a single factor. Cronbach's alphas were satisfactory, with an average alpha of 0.86. Most WBI measures discriminated among individuals with and without mental health conditions and demonstrated expected declines among those with a new mental health condition.

Conclusions

This study provides initial evidence for the reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change of the WBI. This tool can be used to provide insight into areas in which military veterans would benefit from additional support and inform efforts to promote the well‐being of this population. Given its broad focus, it may also prove useful with other civilian populations.
Potential prediction of formulation performance in paediatric patients using biopharmaceutical tools and simulation of clinically relevant administration scenarios of nifedipine and lorazepam
Authors: Van der Vossen Anna C. , Hanff Lidwien M. , Vulto Arnold G. , Fotaki Nikoletta
Published: April 2019

Aims

This study explores the impact of paediatric patient related factors and choice of formulation on the dissolution characteristics of nifedipine and lorazepam, 2 drug substances regularly applied in very young patients and in compounded formulations.

Methods

Dissolution experiments were designed to reflect clinical practice in a paediatric hospital, with respect to dosage forms, feeding regimens and methods of administration. Solubility studies addressed the influence of age and prandial state. Drug solubility and dissolution experiments were conducted in biorelevant media and adapted age‐specific (neonate and infant) media. Dissolution studies were performed with the mini‐paddle apparatus and the flow‐through cell apparatus.

Results

Dissolution of nifedipine formulations was not affected by age‐related changes of the fasted state simulated gastrointestinal fluids, and by disintegration of the formulation before administration. However, a significant difference in nifedipine's dissolution rate from commercial tablets and compounded capsules was observed. The dissolution of lorazepam tablets was affected by fasted‐ vs fed‐state media, but it was deemed less likely to be clinically relevant. The significant effect of fed‐state media on nifedipine's solubility was considered to have possible clinical relevance since very young patients are almost continuously in a fed state.

Conclusion

The in vitro results obtained from these studies reveal the potential of biorelevant solubility and dissolution studies reflecting clinical practice to predict drug performance in paediatric patients.
Inhibition of STAT3 activation mediated by toll‐like receptor 4 attenuates angiotensin II‐induced renal fibrosis and dysfunction
Authors: Xu Zheng , Zou Chunpeng , Yu Weihui , Xu Sujing , Huang Lan , Khan Zia , Wang Jingying , Liang Guang , Wang Yi
Published: April 2019

Background and Purpose

Hypertension adversely affects the kidney and is the second leading cause of kidney failure. Overproduction of angiotensin II greatly contributes to the progression of hypertensive kidney disease. Angiotensin II has recently been shown to activate STAT3 in cardiovascular cells. However, the underlying mechanisms of STAT3 activation by angiotensin II and downstream functional consequences in the kidneys are not fully understood.

Experimental Approach

C57BL/6 mice were treated with angiotensin II by subcutaneous infusion for 1 month to develop nephropathy. Mice were treated with either adeno‐associated virus expressing STAT3 shRNA or STAT3 inhibitor, S3I‐201. Human archival kidney samples from five patients with hypertension and five individuals without hypertension were also examined. In vitro, STAT3 was blocked using siRNA or STAT3 inhibitor S3I‐201 in the renal proximal tubular cell line, NRK52E, after exposure to angiotensin II.

Key Results

Angiotensin II activated STAT3 in kidney epithelial cells through engaging toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) and JAK2, which was independent of IL‐6/gp130 and angiotensin AT1 receptors. Angiotensin II‐mediated STAT3 activation increased fibrotic proteins and resulted in renal dysfunction. Both STAT3 inhibition by the low MW compound S3I‐201 and TLR4 deficiency normalized renal fibrosis and dysfunction caused by Ang II in mice, without affecting hypertension.

Conclusions and Implications

Our study reveals a novel mechanism of STAT3 activation, induced by angiotensin II, in kidney tissues and highlights a translational significance of a STAT3 inhibitor as potential therapeutic agent for hypertensive kidney disease.
OAGB vs BGBP: A retrospective comparative study of a cohort of patients who had bariatric surgery in 2012 at one centre by a single surgeon
Authors: Bhandari Mohit , Nautiyal Hemant K. , Mathur Winni , Kosta Susmit
Published: April 2019

Two modifications of Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB), one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) and Roux‐en‐Y banded gastric bypass (BGBP), are gaining popularity in use because the OAGB is reported to be a simpler operation, and the BGBP is reported to have sustained weight loss compared to standard RYGB. A retrospective review and analysis of data comparing outcomes up to 5 years after BGBP and OAGB from a prospectively maintained database of all bariatric metabolic operations in 2012 was performed. Eighty‐two patients underwent a BGBP and 90 an OAGB. The average age and body mass index were 44.12 and 43.97 and 43.57 and 45.79 in the BGBP and OAGB groups, respectively. Postoperative nutrient deficiencies were similar in both groups but were more prominent in the OAGB group. The % excess body weight loss (%EBWL) was 78% and 71.5% at 5 years in the OAGB and BGBP groups, respectively. The % total weight loss (%TWL) was also higher in OAGB compared to the BGBP group, 34.72% and 30.49%, respectively. Resolution of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) was significantly higher in the OAGB group, 79.16%, than in the BGBP group, 71.42%. The resolution of dyslipidaemia and hypertension were similar in both groups, but sleep apnoea resolution was higher in OAGB group. Both operations produced excellent weight loss in the intermediate term. The %EBWL and resolution of T2DM were significantly higher after the OAGB operation at the expense of increased incidence of nutrient deficiencies and hypoproteinemia. Quality of life improvement and patient satisfaction were high after both operations. Long‐term follow up and multicentre prospective studies are needed to confirm these intermediate outcomes.
Cutaneous mantle cell lymphoma histomorphologically mimicking subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma: Case report
Authors: Laggis Caroline , Miles Rodney , Stephens Deborah M. , Duffy Keith , Bowen Anneli , Wada David
Published: April 2019

Secondary cutaneous involvement by mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), an uncommon aggressive B‐cell malignancy, predominantly involves the dermis, with few reports of pannicular involvement. Lymphocytic infiltration of subcutaneous tissue is associated with inflammatory panniculitides and certain T‐cell lymphomas, primarily subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐Cell lymphoma (SPTCL), which is characterized by rimming of adipocytes by tumor cells. We report the case of a 69‐year‐old man with a history of systemic nodal MCL who presented with subcutaneous nodules on his lower extremities after receiving multi‐agent chemotherapy. Biopsies showed a dense infiltrate of atypical, mitotically active, monomorphic, medium‐sized lymphoid cells in the subcutaneous fat with prominent rimming of the adipocytes by the tumor cells. These features were not morphologically typical of MCL. Immunohistochemistry showed these cells to be CD20+, CD5+ B‐cells with strong cyclin D1 expression; fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was positive for t(11;14)(q13;32), confirming the diagnosis of secondary cutaneous involvement of MCL. This represents an exceptional report of cutaneous MCL presenting clinically and histologically with a panniculitis‐type pattern and adipocyte rimming, histomorphologically mimicking SPTCL. Noteworthy examples, such as this report, support the practice of utilizing clinical correlation, immunohistochemistry, and/or molecular cytogenetics to confirm the diagnosis of any case suspicious for cutaneous lymphoma.
Klinische Merkmale und Management oberflächlicher Fibromatosen
Authors: Kelenjian Shinorik , Mattjie Rebeca Assuncao , Franz Regina , Biedermann Tilo , Brockow Knut
Published: April 2019

Fibromatosen sind eine Gruppe von gutartigen Bindegewebstumoren, die sich durch eine aggressive infiltrative Proliferation gut differenzierter Fibroblasten auszeichnen und zu lokalen Rezidiven neigen. Innerhalb dieser heterogenen Gruppe von Erkrankungen zeigen die oberflächlichen Fibromatosen ein langsameres und weniger infiltratives Wachstum in das umgebende Gewebe als die tiefen Fibromatosen.

Zu den für die Dermatologie relevanten oberflächlichen Dermatosen gehören die Palmarfibromatose, die Plantarfibromatose, die Induratio penis plastica, die Fingerknöchelpolster, die Pachydermodaktylie und die infantile digitale Fibromatose. Klinisch manifestieren sich die oberflächlichen Dermatosen mit subkutanen Knötchen und/oder Strängen, die zu einer lokalen Infiltration und einer eingeschränkten Beweglichkeit der betroffenen Bereiche führen.

Die Therapieoptionen reichen vom „Beobachten und Abwarten“, über nichtinvasive Verfahren wie Radiotherapie und intraläsionale Kortikosteroid‐/Kollagenase‐Injektionen bis hin zu radikalen chirurgischen Eingriffen. Eine frühe Intervention kann ein Fortschreiten der Erkrankung aufhalten und möglicherweise sogar die Funktionsfähigkeit wiederherstellen. Die Erkrankungen sollten daher früh im Verlauf erkannt und behandelt werden.