bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Barium/Lead‐Rich High Permittivity Glass–Ceramics for Capacitor Applications
Authors: Rangarajan Badri , Jones Beth , Shrout Tom , Lanagan Michael
Published: February 2007

Dielectric properties of glass–ceramics containing barium/lead‐based sodium niobates and barium titanate‐based silicates were evaluated for capacitor applications. The glasses were formed by melt‐rolling the respective constituents which were then crystallized by reheating them at higher temperatures. Crystallization schedules were formulated based on differential thermal analysis results. X‐ray diffractometer patterns indicated that the samples were highly crystallized. Microstructure and microchemistry of samples were studied by transmission electron micropscopy. Perovskite, tungsten–bronze and fresnoite phases developed during crystallization have a strong effect on the resulted dielectric properties with permittivities ranging from 20 to 700. Resistivity measurements were done to study conduction mechanisms in samples and the resistivity values for glass–ceramics were found to be between 1011 and 1013Ω·cm at 150°C. MnO2 additions were made to improve the electrical resistivity of glass–ceramics.
Evaporation‐Induced Self‐Assembly of Amino‐Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Thin Films by Sol–Gel Process
Authors: Zhang Xueao , Wu Wenjian , Wang Jianfang , Liu Changli
Published: February 2007

Microporous and mesoporous materials have found great utility as catalysts and adsorption media because of their large internal surface area. Since the discovery of surfactant‐templated mesoporous silica materials in 1992, the new developing periodic mesoporous organosilica material (PMO) has received much attention. In this present work, a PMO material, amino‐functionalized mesoporous silica thin films with 3D hexagonal structure, were synthesized by self‐assembly co‐condensation of tetraethoxy silane (TEOS) and 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysiliane (APTES) precursors in various ratios, in the presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide acting as the structure‐directing agent. The thin films were characterized by small‐angle X‐ray diffraction, grazing incidence small angle X‐ray scattering, Fourier transform infrared, transmission electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, and N2 adsorption. Results show that when the APTES/(TEOS+APTES) ratio was 0.10, the mesoporous organosilica thin film has high degree of order, an average pore size of 2.16 nm, a large BET‐specific surface area of 1560 m2/g and a large pore volume of 0.76 cm3/g.
Assessment of Walkway Tribometer Readings in Evaluating Slip Resistance: A Gait‐Based Approach
Authors: Powers Christopher M. , Brault John R. , Stefanou Maria A. , Tsai Yi‐Ju , Flynn Jim , Siegmund Gunter P.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT:The purpose of this study was to assess the viability of using slip risk (as quantified during human subject walking trials) to create a reference standard against which tribometer readings could be compared. First, human subjects (N=84) were used to rank objectively the slipperiness of three different surfaces with and without a contaminant (six conditions). Second, nine tribometers were used to independently measure and rank surface slipperiness for all six conditions. The slipperiness ranking determined from the walking trials was considered the reference against which the tribometer measurements were compared. Our results revealed that only two of the nine tribometers tested (Tortus II and Mark III) met our compliance criteria by both correctly ranking all six conditions and differentiating between surfaces of differing degrees of slipperiness. These findings reinforce the need for objective criteria to ascertain which tribometers effectively evaluate floor slipperiness and a pedestrian's risk of slipping.
Planned and Unplanned Complex Suicides: A 5‐year Retrospective Study
Authors: Racette Stéphanie , Sauvageau Anny
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: The notion of planned and unplanned complex suicides first appeared in 1974 by Marcinkowski and, since then, no systematic study of complex suicides has been published in the English forensic literature. Here, the authors present a 5‐year retrospective study of complex suicides. Nineteen complex suicides were reviewed: five unplanned and 14 planned, including the first case of an unplanned complex suicide in a woman. All cases were analyzed in terms of gender, age, methods of suicide, the presence of a suicide note, and past suicide attempts, and statistically compared with a 50‐case sample of simple suicides. A further comparison was established with compiled data from the literature. Similarities were revealed regarding incidence of complex suicides, male gender predominance, and types of methods used. In contrast, results showed a higher average age for planned complex suicide victims. Finally, the authors discuss the application of the complex suicide definition.
Possible Role of Pseudoephedrine and Other Over‐the‐Counter Cold Medications in the Deaths of Very Young Children
Authors: Wingert William E. , Mundy Lisa A. , Collins Gary L. , Chmara Edward S.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: The Philadelphia Medical Examiners Office has reported a series of 15 deaths between February 1999 and June 2005 of infants and toddlers 16 months and younger in which drugs commonly found in over‐the‐counter (OTC) cold medications were present. A total of 10 different drugs were detected: pseudoephedrine, dextromethorphan, acetaminophen, brompheniramine, carbinoxamine, chlorpheniramine, ethanol, doxylamine and the anticonvulsants, phenobarbital, and phenytoin. The drugs were confirmed and quantified by gas chromatography (GC)‐mass spectrometry, with the exception of ethanol, which was analyzed by headspace GC and of phenobarbital and phenytoin that were quantified by GC with a nitrogen phosphorus detector. The most predominant drug was pseudoephedrine, which was found in all of the cases (blood concentration, n=14, range=0.10–17.0 mg/L, mean=3.34 mg/L) and was the sole drug detected in three cases. Acetaminophen was detected in blood from each of the five cases with sufficient sample. Other drugs (with frequency of detection) were dextromethorphan (five cases), carbinoxamine (four cases), chlorpheniramine (two cases) and brompheniramine, doxylamine, and ethanol (one case each). In the majority of the cases, toxicity from drugs found in easily available OTC medications was listed either as the direct cause of death or as a contributory factor. The manner of death was determined to be natural in only two of the cases. This postmortem study supports previous evidence that the administration of OTC cold medications to infants may, under some circumstances, be an unsafe practice and in some cases may even be fatal. The treating physicians and the general public need to be made more aware of the dangers of using OTC cold medications to treat very young children so that these types of tragedies might be avoided.
Population Data for a Novel, Highly Discriminating Tetra‐Local Y‐Chromosome Short Tandem Repeat: DYS503
Authors: Hanson Erin K. , Ballantyne Jack
Published: February 2007

POPULATION: Population samples for gene diversity studies were obtained from the Virginia Division of Forensic Science (bloodstains), Richmond, VA. Ninety‐eight Caucasian and 100 African American samples were included in this study.
Haplotype Frequencies of Eight Y‐Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats Loci in Four Amerindian Populations (State of Hidalgo, Mexico)
Authors: Barrot Carme , Simili Carmelo , Sánchez Cristina , Brandt‐Casadevall Conxita , González‐Martín Antonio , Xifró Alexandre , Ortega Montserrat , Huguet Emili , Corbella Jacint , Gené Manuel
Published: February 2007

POPULATION: Amerindian populations: Huastecos (n=97), Otomies de la Sierra (n=41), Otomies del Valle (n=40), and Tepehuas (n=13).
A practice‐based study on stepwise excavation of deep carious lesions in permanent teeth: a 1‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Bjørndal Lars , Thylstrup Anders
Published: February 2007

Abstract –

This study reports results from a practice‐based study in which deep carious lesions were treated by general dental practitioners using stepwise excavation. The material comprised 94 teeth with deep carious lesions which the clinicians considered would result in pulp perforation if treated by a single and terminal excavation. At therst visit excavation of the peripheral dentine was completed. The outermost part of the central and necrotic dentine was gently removed with a sharp excavator. Standardized assessments of the dentine colour and consistency were made before application of a calcium hydroxide‐containing base material and temporarylling. Thenal excavation was completed after a treatment interval ranging from 2 to 19 months, with a median of 6 months. Reassessments of the dentine colour and consistency were made before complete removal of demineralized dentine. The central dentine was signicantly browner and less softened after the sealing period. After removal of the dark‐brownish dentine during thenal excavation, the colour and consistency of the exposed central dentine was found to resemble that of the completely excavated peripheral dentine. Onlyve cases resulted in pulp perforation during thenal excavation. The high success rate of teeth surviving thenal treatment without pulp exposure after 1 year of observation shows that it was possible for dentists in general practice to administer and manage the treatment of deep carious lesions, a process which may prolong tooth survival compared with conventional endodontic techniques.
Estimation of optimal concentration of fluoride in drinking water under conditions prevailing in Chile
Authors: Villa Alberto E. , Guerrero Sonia , Villalobos Jaime
Published: February 2007

Abstract– The purpose of this comparative study of caries and dental fluorosis experience in Chilean children was to estimate the optimal range of fluoride concentration in tap water under conditions currently prevailing in Chile. The sample included 2431 schoolchildren 7, 12 and 15 years old, life‐long residents of five communities with fluoride concentrations in their tap water in the range 0.07–1.1 mg/L. The study population received an oral clinical examination including caries experience and an enamel fluorosis evaluation of the permanent dentition (Dean's scoring system). For 15‐year‐old children, the DMFT index changed from 5.06 to 2.60, and for 12‐year‐olds it changed from 3.10 to 1.36 when fluoride water concentration changed from 0.07 to 1.10 mg/L. For 7‐year‐old children the dmft index correspondingly changed from 3.67 to 1.59. The relationship between DMFT for 12‐year‐olds and water fluoride concentration was best fitted by a logarithmic function (r2=0.98). The Community Fluorosis Index (CFI) was used to assess enamel fluorosis in the study population, and it showed a linear relationship (r2=0.983) with increasing fluoride concentration of water for the 12‐year‐old group. Results obtained suggest that under current Chilean conditions, the optimal range of fluoride concentration in potable water should lie in the 0.5–0.6 mg/L range.
Catastrophizing, anxiety and pain during dental hygiene treatment
Authors: Sullivan Michael J. L. , Neish Nancy R.
Published: February 2007

Abstract –

Objectives: This study examined the relations between catastrophizing, dental anxiety, and pain during dental hygiene treatment. Methods: Participants were 78 (32 men, 46 women) consecutive referrals to the Dalhousie University Dental Clinic. All patients were scheduled for a scaling procedure performed by senior dental hygiene students. Following treatment, patients completed the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and the Dental Anxiety Scale – Revised, and were asked to rate the degree of pain they experienced during the scaling procedure. Results: Regression analyses revealed that age and the rumination subscale of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale were signicant predictors of pain, even when controlling for gender, and oral hygiene status. Conclusions: Thendings suggest that excessive focus on pain sensations may be one of the mechanisms by which catastrophizing leads to increased pain. The clinical challenges will be to develop cost‐ and time‐effective means of identifying individuals who catastrophize and to implement interventions to reduce their level of distress.
Prevention and reversal of dental caries: role of low level fluoride
Authors: Featherstone John D. B.
Published: February 2007

Abstract –

Dental caries is a bacterially based disease that progresses when acid produced by bacterial action on dietary fermentable carbohydrates diffuses into the tooth and dissolves the mineral, that is, demineralization. Pathological factors including acidogenic bacteria (mutans streptococci and lactobacilli), salivary dysfunction, and dietary carbohydrates are related to caries progression. Protective factors which include salivary calcium, phosphate and proteins, salivary flow, and fluoride in saliva can balance, prevent or reverse dental caries. Fluoride works primarily via topical mechanisms which include (1) inhibition of demineralization at the crystal surfaces inside the tooth, (2) enhancement of remineralization at the crystal surfaces (the resulting remineralized layer is very resistant to acid attack), and (3) inhibition of bacterial enzymes. Fluoride in drinking water and in fluoride‐containing products reduces tooth decay via these mechanisms. Low but slightly elevated levels of fluoride in saliva and plaque provided from these sources help prevent and reverse caries by inhibiting demineralization and enhancing remineralization. The level of fluoride incorporated into dental mineral by systemic ingestion is insufficient to play a significant role in caries prevention. The effect of systemically ingested fluoride on caries is minimal. Fluoride “supplements” can be best used as a topical delivery system by sucking or chewing tablets or lozenges prior to ingestion.
Atopy and other risk factors for UK dentists reporting an adverse reaction to latex gloves
Authors: Field E. Anne
Published: February 2007

A study was conducted to assess the significance of a personal history of atopy and other risk factors for UK dentists reporting an adverse reaction to natural rubber latex (NRL) gloves. 2535 dentists completed a self‐administered questionnaire and, of these, 1034 (group 1) reported an adverse reaction to NRL gloves and 1501 (group 2) did not. Risk factors investigated were: sex, years in clinical practice, exposure to gloves and a history of atopy or food allergy. The signs and symptoms reported by group 1 dentists were recorded. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify a set of risk factors that produced the most discrete model for a dentist reporting an adverse reaction to NRL gloves. A personal history of atopy was a significant risk factor. Dentists with a history of eczema and hand eczema in childhood were most likely to report an adverse reaction to NRL gloves.
Photocontact dermatitis from ketoprofen and tiaprofenic acid: cross‐reactivity study in 12 consecutive patients
Authors: Le Coz Christophe J. , Bottlaender Anne , Scrivener Jean‐Nicolas , Santinelli Frederic , Cribier Bernard J. , Edouard Ernest Heid , Grosshans M.
Published: February 2007

The arylpropionic acid derivatives (APADs) ketoprofen and tiaprofenic acid can provoke photoallergic dermatitis. Possible cross‐reactivity between APADs is of importance in patients using nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Because of the similarities in chemical structures, we investigated patients with photoallergy to ketoprofen or tiaprofenic acid, in order to study cross‐reactivity between APADs and a possible pattern of cross‐reactivity between benzophenone‐containing molecules, so as to determine the molecular basis of photoallergy to ketoprofen or tiaprofenic acid. 10 patients with photoallergy to topical ketoprofen, 2 with photoallergy to oral tiaprofenic acid, and 15 control subjects with no history of contact dermatitis from APADs, nor from benzophenone‐containing molecules, were photopatch tested in triplicate with ketoprofen, tiaprofenic acid, other APADs (alminoprofen, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen and naproxen), benzophenone‐containing molecules (fenofibrate, oxybenzone, sulisobenzone), and unsubstituted benzophenone. 1 set was irradiated with UVA light, 1 with solar‐simulated irradiation and 1 dark control. Tests were read at 2, 3 and 4 days. Patients reacted to both ketoprofen and tiaprofenic acid (12/12), fenofibrate (8/12), oxybenzone (3/12) and unsubstituted benzophenone (11/12), but not to other APADs, nor to sulisobenzone. Tests remained negative in control patients. Photoallergy is due to the benzophenone moiety of ketoprofen, or to the very similar thiophene‐phenylketone of tiaprofenic acid, but not to their arylpropionic function. This induces cross‐reactivity to fenofibrate and oxybenzone but not to APADs without a benzophenone moiety, which may therefore probably be used in such patients. Unsubstituted benzophenone should be added to standard phototesting series.
Allergic contact dermatitis from Basic Red 46 in flame‐retardant work clothing
Authors: Scheman Andrew J.
Published: February 2007

A 55‐year‐old man presented with a 6‐month history of widespread erythema and itching, involving the entire body except for the head, hands, feet, and the axillary vault, since beginning a job that required him to wear flame‐retardant clothing made of red Nomex® fabric. His problem tended to disappear when he was removed from his work environment. There was no personal or family history of atopy.
Contact dermatitis due to 2,2′‐azobis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride: an outbreak in production workers
Authors: Takiwaki H. , Arase S. , Nakayama H.
Published: February 2007

2,2′‐azobis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) is an azo compound which has been used as a radical chain initiator. The purpose of this study was to confirm contact sensitivity to AAPH in individuals who were engaged in the production of AAPH, and presented with prolonged eczematous eruptions mainly on exposed areas. Patch testing was carried out with AAPH (1 and 5% aq.) on 8 patients and 6 healthy volunteers who had never been exposed to this chemical. All patients showed a strong positive patch test reaction to this agent, while all control subjects showed negative results. Because this chemical has recently been used for studies on the oxidation of biological materials, not only production workers in the chemical industry but also medical researchers should avoid prolonged exposure to this agent.
Predictive washing test for evaluation of individual eczema risk
Authors: Gehring W. , Gloor M. , Kleesz P.
Published: February 2007

It was the aim of our studies to estimate predictively the individual eczema risk for persons due to repetitive contact with washing‐active substances, by a barrier function test on clinically healthy skin over 2 weeks. Within the scope of the study 3 groups with different atopy scores were compared. As washing solutions, 0.1m SLS and a slightly acid soap‐free washing emulsion were used in comparison to tap water. Prior to the 1st washing procedure, on days 3, 5, 8, 10, and 12, the transepidermal water loss, the horny layer moisture, and the skin blood flow were measured as parameters of barrier function, as well as the inflammatory reaction. The results prove that the atopy score has only limited validity as a predictive method for the acceptance of washing‐active substances. The repetitive washing test, however, seems to be more adequate for evaluating the individual barrier function as well as the eczema risk. Irritation by a washing procedure may be greatly influenced by choice of the washing solution.
Contact dermatitis from cetyl pyridinium chloride in latex surgical gloves
Authors: Steinkjer Bjarte
Published: February 2007

Surgical and household gloves, both latex and non‐latex, all contain potential allergens (1). Cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC), found in Biogel ® latex gloves, has been reported to cause allergic contact dermatitis (2).
Contact sensitivity and systemic reaction to pseudoephedrine and lignocaine
Authors: Downs Anthony M. R. , Lear John T. , Wallington Tim B. , Sansom Jane E.
Published: February 2007

There are 4 cases reported of generalized erythema, joint swelling, tachycardia and rigors with oral pseudoeph‐edrine (1–3), many cases of non‐purpuric fixed drug eruption from oral pseudoephedrine (3); and 2 cases of positive patch tests to pseudoephedrine, 1 after a fixed drug eruption (3), and 1 after a generalized eczema (4). There are reports of adverse reactions to lignocaine fol‐lowing its use as a subcutaneous injection, deep dental infiltration, and as a topical application (5). Adverse re‐actions to lignocaine are quite common, but immune pathology cannot usually be demonstrated. Adverse re‐actions that are mediated by the immune system are generally of the immediate type (Type I), whilst delayed allergy is rare (6).
Contact urticaria from roe deer meat and hair
Authors: Geyer E. , Kränke B. , Derhaschnig J. , Aberer W.
Published: February 2007

The roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) belongs to the deer (Cervidae) family and its habitat is widespread throughout Europe, the Middle East and Northern Asia. It is reddish‐brown in summer, greyish in winter, with a white rump patch, and known for its nimble‐ness and grace.
Proper statistical analysis of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements in bioengineering studies
Authors: Kuss Oliver , Diepgen Thomas L.
Published: February 2007

In irritancy studies, measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is a widely used technique to assess barrier function. Using inappropriate statistical methods, however, leads to loss of information and misinterpretation of results. In this paper, we discuss some problems and pitfalls when using a suitable statistical technique for most designs in bioengineering studies, analysis of variance (ANOVA): multiple comparisons, choice of sample size and violation of statistical assumptions. For clarification of these points, a practical example will be given. Using the proposed adequate statistical methods correctly will, although accompanied by increased complexity, increase the efficiency of bioengineering studies.
Nickel release from tools on the Swedish market
Authors: Lidén C. , Röndell E. , Skare L. , Nalbanti A.
Published: February 2007

Nickel allergy in women has been thoroughly studied: its prevalence, the most important sources of sensitization, and risk factors for elicitation of dermatitis. Preventive measures have also been introduced. Nickel allergy in men has not, however, been equally focused on. Based on clinical experience, some publications indicating that tools may be a risk factor for nickel allergy and hand eczema in men, and the fact that large occupational groups regularly use tools, we decided to carry out a study, of the prevalence on the market of tools that release nickel. 27% of 565 hand‐held tools with metal parts that come into contact with the skin were found to be dimethylglyoxime (DMG) test positive. Release of nickel and other metals into artificial sweat and composition of metals on the surface and in the base alloy were also studied. It is suggested that tool producers should consider nickel allergy and avoid nickel‐releasing materials, and that analytical methods, relevant for nickel release from tools, should be further developed.
Immediate skin and mucosal symptoms from pot plants and vegetables in gardeners and greenhouse workers
Authors: Paulsen E. , Skov P. Stahl , Andersen K. E.
Published: February 2007

Short‐lived occupational skin symptoms of irritant or urticarial nature were commonly reported among 253 attendants in a clinical study on occupational dermatitis in Danish gardeners and greenhouse workers. Aimed prick or scratch‐patch testing for immediate skin and mucosal symptoms was performed in 105 persons with plants as is. 35 persons (33%) had at least 1 positive reaction and a family history of, or personal, atopy was significantly more prevalent among these compared to attendants with negative reactions. Positive histamine release tests made immunologic etiology probable in Schlumbergera cacti, Stephanotis floribunda, Euphorbia pulcherrima and Gerbera reactions. Other new species implicated in immediate‐type reactions included Ficus pumila, Gardenia jasminoides, Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis, Campanula, Columnea, Epipremnum aureum, Pelargonium and Primula vulgaris. Because of the high prevalence of short‐lived skin symptoms and because contact urticaria may present itself as a dermatitis, it is recommended that one supplement patch tests with tests for immediate reactions.
An in vitro study of the use of chelating agents in cleaning nickel‐contaminated human skin: an alternative approach to preventing nickel allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Healy J. , Johnson S. , Little M. C. , Neil S. Mac
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of organic ligands in cleaning human skin contaminated with nickel. 4 ligands were investigated, 5‐chloro‐7‐iodoquinolin‐8‐ol (either as HL1 or NaL1), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (either as H4L2 or Na2H2L2), sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaL3) and ‐histidine (HL4). The cytotoxicity of these ligands was assessed using HaCaT cells (a transformed human keratinocyte cell line). The cytotoxicity order of the ligands was NaL1 > Na2H2L2 > NaL3 > HL4. An in vitro methodology for examining nickel removal from viable human skin was developed. This methodology was then used to compare the efficiency of the ligands in removing nickel from skin, both alone and in combination with soap solutions. HL1 and NaL3 were no more effective than control solutions in removing nickel over the pH range 2–11. In contrast, both H4L2 and HL4 removed between 74 and 87% (mean=82±3%) of nickel from human skin over the same pH range. Nickel removal from skin by sodium lauryl ethoxy sulfate (SLES, the active ingredient in most liquid skin cleansers) was independent of concentration and no more effective than phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). The amount of nickel removed by PBS solutions of Na2H2L2 and HL4 was significantly greater than the amount removed by SLES and was concentration dependent. An evaluation of nickel removal from skin by commercial solid soap, liquid soap and PBS, both alone and with added Na2H2L2 or HL4, was conducted. Commercial liquid soap with added HL4 was more effective than the untreated soap. PBS with either added Na2H2L2 or HL4 was more effective than PBS alone.
Correlation between percutaneous penetration of methyl nicotinate and sensitive skin, using laser Doppler imaging
Authors: Issachar N. , Gall Y. , Borrel M. T. , Poelman M.‐C.
Published: February 2007

Cutaneous penetration of methyl nicotinate has been investigated in 20 women divided into reactors and non‐reactors on the basis of response to 10% aqueous solution of lactic acid. The vasodilation induced was measured using a laser Doppler perfusion imager (LDPI) every 5 min for 1 h after application of methyl nicotinate. The intensity and duration of inflammation generated by methyl nicotinate were used to assess penetration of this chemical in persons with sensitive skin compared to those with normal skin. Significant differences were found between reactors and non‐reactors. Reactors showed a significantly increased intensity of response to methyl nicotinate as early as 5 min after application, and for 30 min afterwards, though the duration of inflammation in these 2 groups was the same. Correlation between increased penetration of methyl nicotinate and skin response to lactic acid may suggest increased penetration of water‐soluble chemicals in individuals with sensitive skin.
Fragrances and other materials in deodorants: search for potentially sensitizing molecules using combined GC‐MS and structure activity relationship (SAR) analysis
Authors: Rastogi S. C. , Lepoittevin J.‐P. , Johansen J. D. , Frosch P. J. , Menne T. , Bruze M. , Dreier B. , Andersen K. E. , White I. R.
Published: February 2007

Deodorants are one of the most frequently‐used types of cosmetics and are a source of allergic contact dermatitis. Therefore, a gas chromatography ‐ mass spectrometric analysis of 71 deodorants was performed for identification of fragrance and non‐fragrance materials present in marketed deodorants. Futhermore, the sensitizing potential of these molecules was evaluated using structure activity relationships (SARs) analysis. This was based on the presence of 1 or more chemically reactive site(s), in the chemical structure, associated with sensitizing potential. Among the many different substances used to formulate cosmetic products (over 3500), 226 chemicals were identified in a sample of 71 deodorants. 84 molecules were found to contain at least 1 structural alert, and 70 to belong to, or be susceptible to being metabolized into, the chemical group of aldehydes, ketones and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, ketone or esters. The combination of GC‐MS and SARs analysis could be helpful in the selection of substances for supplementary investigations regarding sensitizing properties. Thus, it may be a valuable tool in the management of contact allergy to deodorants and for producing new deodorants with decreased propensity to cause contact allergy.
Routine patch testing with the sesquiterpene lactone mix in Europe: a 2‐year experience A multicentre study of the EECDRG
Authors: Paulsen E. , Andersen K. E. , Brandão F. M. , Bruynzeel D. P. , Ducombs G. , Frosch P. J. , Goossens A. , Lahti A. , Menné T. , Shaw S. , Tosti A. , Wahlberg J. E. , Wilkinson J. D. , Wrangsjô K.
Published: February 2007

To test the screening value of the sesquiterpene lactone (SL) mix in Europe today and describe epidemiological and clinical features of Compositae‐sensitive patients, the SL mix 0.1% pet. was included in the standard patch test series in 11 European clinics. 10,695 patients were tested, and 106 (1%) had positive reactions, 74% of which were of current or old relevance. The prevalence of positive reactions varied between 0.1 and 2.7% in different centres. The median age of the 66 females was 51.5 years, and 55.2 in the 40 males. The 20 occupationally sensitized had a higher % of males and a median age of 43 years, whereas 7 UV‐sensitive patients had a median age of 72 years. Garden plants were the major suspected sensitizers and the clinical patterns were partly, in accordance with plant dermatoses in general, involving hands, forearms and face, and partly widespread eczema in a large proportion of the patients. More than 1/3 were positive to perfume and/ or colophony, possibly reflecting cross‐reactivity. With only 1 case of active sensitization and no irritant reactions, the SL mix is a safe allergen and the overall prevalence of positive reactions supports its continued use in the standard patch test series.
An epidemic of occupational contact dermatitis from an immersion oil for microscopy in laboratory personnel
Authors: Le Coz Christophe‐J. , Coninx Dagmar , Van Rengen Annik , El Aboubi Suzane , Ducombs Georges , Benz Marie‐Hélène , Boursier Sylvie , Avenel‐Audran Martine , Verret Jean‐Luc , Erikstam Ulrika , Bruze Magnus , Goossens An
Published: February 2007

Since November 1997, 14 successive cases of occupational contact dermatitis were observed in 13 laboratory technicians and 1 physician, working in a genetics laboratory in Leuven (Belgium) in 3 laboratories of bacteriology in Strasbourg, Montbéliard and Angers, and in the laboratory of hematology in Bordeaux (France). The dermatitis, located on the hands, forearms and face, relapsed after each exposure to an immersion oil for microscopy. Patch tests performed in 10 patients were positive to epoxy resin (ER) in the European standard series (10/10 patients) and to newly formulated Leica® immersion oil (7/7), 1 patient testing negatively with the former oil. A breakdown performed in 2 patients with the oil's ingredients confirmed sensitization to liquid modified ER components, contained at >80% concentration in the oil. The presence of DGEBA was demonstrated by HPLC analysis at a ±30% rate. Although the safety data sheet indicated a revision of the formula, nobody was alerted to the risk of sensitization and the need for skin protection. ERs, as a source of occupational allergy, can provoke epidemics of contact dermatitis in industry. This report of epidemic contact dermatitis from ERs, used for their optical properties in an immersion oil for microscopy, emphasizes the need for perpetual vigilance in occupational medicine and the usefulness of multicentre contacts in dermato‐allergology.
Regulatory classification of substances oxidized to skin sensitizers on exposure to air
Authors: Karlberg Ann‐Therese , Basketter David , Goossens An , Lepoittevin Jean‐Pierre
Published: February 2007

Regulatory classification of substances in the European Union (EU) is intended to identify their hazardous toxicological properties in a formal and harmonized manner. In the regulatory work, a specific chemical with its molecular structure is classified as a skin sensitizer. This implies that the compound is stable throughout its lifetime. The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the problem of skin sensitizing oxidation/degradation products formed by air exposure of various materials or substances with very low allergenic activity. In regulatory classification work on skin sensitizers, the intrinsic suspectibility of a chemical to air oxidation (autoxidation) should be taken into consideration. We give examples of natural terpenoid materials, but the concept of allergens formed by air oxidation can apply to other materials widely used in industrial products. If a positive classification is made for a substance with a known chemical structure, a note should indicate that the primary chemical structure of the notified substance is not a skin sensitizer, but that (some of) its oxidation products are. Complex mixtures which inevitably contain sensitizing oxidation products should (on the basis of sufficient evidence) be classified as skin sensitizing.
The flare‐up reactions after systemic provocation in contact allergy to nickel and gold
Authors: Möller Halvor , Ohlsson Kjell , Linder Carina , Björkner Bert , Bruze Magnus
Published: February 2007

In a controlled double‐blind experimental study, patients with contact allergy to nickel or gold were exposed systemically to their contact allergen. Nickel sulfate was given orally, gold sodium thiomalate intramuscularly, and placebo by both routes. Clinical reactions including body temperature were followed and 7 plasma cytokines and acute phase reactants were assayed before and 24 h after provocation. Clinical flare‐up, with reactivation of healing patch tests and/or toxicoderma‐like reactions, was observed in patients receiving their specific allergen. A transient fever was noted in patients allergic to gold when exposed to gold, not in others. There was a significant increase in plasma tumour necrosis factor‐α, soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 1, inter leukin‐1 receptor antagonist, and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin in patients allergic to gold when exposed to gold allergen. Furthermore, in patients allergic to nickel exposed to nickel allergen there was a highly significant increase in plasma soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 1. Interferon‐gamma, interleukin‐4, and C‐reactive protein did not increase in any of the patient groups. Clinical reactions during flare‐up in contact allergy are accompanied by release in the blood of several cytokines. This release is not a consequence of a toxic effect or bound to a particular allergen. Instead, the cytokine release should be considered a general phenomenon characteristic of the flare‐up in contact allergy.
Allergic contact dermatitis in children and adolescents
Authors: MORTZ CHARLOTTE G. , ANDERSEN KLAUS E.
Published: February 2007

From a clinical point of view, the prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) among children and adolescents seems to be low. However, many children have dermatitis, most often atopic dermatitis. In selected cases, ACD is suspected, and the child is tested. The question remains, whether the prevalence of ACD in children really is low or whether the possibility of ACD is not sufficiently considered. During the last decade, reports have appeared on series of children and adolescents with contact allergy and ACD. Few cases have been reported in infants, but the development of contact allergy and ACD increases with age. Most studies include selected groups of children and adolescents with suspected ACD. Few studies have examined unselected populations, and most consider only the prevalence of contact allergy without evaluating the clinical relevance, e.g., the prevalence of ACD. Furthermore, no follow‐up studies exist. Therefore, the incidence and prevalence of contact allergy and ACD in children and adolescents is largely unknown.
In vitro lymphocyte reactivity to gold compounds in the diagnosis of contact hypersensitivity
Authors: VAMNES JAN S. , GJERDET NILS R. , MORKEN TORE , MOE GRETE , MATREs ROALD
Published: February 2007

The use of the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) in the diagnosis of contact hypersensitivity to gold was studied in 8 patients who had positive patch tests to gold salts, and in 8 control subjects who were negative to such patch tests. Gold sodium thiosulfate and gold chloride were added to cultures of lymphocytes, which were labeled by 3H‐thymidine after 96 h. The lymphocyte stimulation index was calculated as the β‐counts in stimulated cultures divided by those in control cultures. The index was statistically significantly higher for the patient group (p= 0.005–0.04) than for the control group. Levels of interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) were determined for the supernatants of the lymphocyte cultures. An index IFN‐γ, which is dened as the level of IFN‐γ in stimulated cultures divided by that in control cultures, was statistically significantly higher for the patient group (p= 0.01–0.006). The LTT stimulation index showed specificity and sensitivity between 67 and 80%, the respective values for Index IFN‐γ being between 73 and 100% when the patch test was used as a reference method. Evaluation of lymphocyte reactivity might be of future interest in the diagnosis of allergic reactions to gold if the sensitivity and specificity can be improved.
Oral health‐related quality of life of periodontal patients
Authors: Cunha‐Cruz J. , Hujoel P. P , Kressin N. R.
Published: February 2007

Background and Objective:  The purpose of this study was to assess the oral health‐related quality of life of patients presenting to a periodontal specialist by means of six questions, and to assess the perceived oral health by means of one question. Self‐assessments of oral health were associated with clinical characteristics.

Material and Methods:  Logistic regression models were used to associate self‐assessments with clinical characteristics in a cross‐sectional study.

Results:  On the six‐item questionnaire, close to 20% (295/1480) of the patients reported that teeth, gums or dentures had an impact fairly often or very often on one or more items (eating, relaxing, avoiding going out, feeling self‐conscious, pain or discomfort). On the single question requesting a self‐assessment of oral health, 42% (628/1468) rated their oral health as fair or poor. Both common oral health‐related quality of life problems and worse perceived oral health were associated with having more than eight teeth with >5 mm periodontal pockets (odds ratio = 1.45, 95% confidence interval = 1.01–2.08; and odds ratio = 2.83, 95% confidence interval = 2.08–3.84, respectively), compared with patients who had fewer than three teeth with >5 mm periodontal pockets.

Conclusion:  Oral health‐related problems in patients presenting to a periodontal specialist office negatively affect their quality of life. If some of the findings of this study can be confirmed in other studies, it could change the perception of chronic periodontitis as a silent disease.
Objective evaluation of skin prick test reactions using digital photography
Authors: Vieira dos Santos Rosaly , Titus Richard G. , Cavalcante Lima Hermênio
Published: February 2007

Background: The skin prick test has been used worldwide to determine IgE‐mediated hypersensitivity. However, the most current method to record this reaction has problems with accuracy and precision.

Objective: To demonstrate a new approach to measure the skin prick reaction and its kinetics with precision.

Methods: The skin prick test was induced using histamine or Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigen in 80 volunteers aged 4 and 67 years who had different skin colors. Digital photographs were obtained at 0, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min. The mean wheal and erythema area as well as the erythema intensity were determined using Adobe Photoshop® software. The accuracy and precision of this approach were also evaluated.

Results: The digital photographic analysis measured the wheal and erythema sizes independent of the antigen or skin color with precision. In addition, a new variable of this test, the skin erythema intensity, could be determined objectively using the chromaticity of reflected light.

Conclusions: Digital photographic analysis is a precise and objective method to evaluate the skin prick test reaction, which can be used independent of the patient's skin color in clinical or research settings.
Relationships between visual and tactile features and biophysical parameters in human facial skin
Authors: Ambroisine Laurence , Ezzedine Khaled , Elfakir Anissa , Gardinier Sophie , Latreille Julie , Mauger Emmanuelle , Tenenhaus Michel , Guinot Christiane
Published: February 2007

Background/purpose: Skin properties, such as colour, hydration and texture, can be studied on a qualitative basis by a clinical assessment or on a quantitative basis using techniques that measure biophysical properties of the skin. The aim of this study was to explore the links between facial skin features and a range of skin biophysical parameters using multivariate methods.

Methods: A study was conducted on 256 female volunteers from Ile‐de‐France with apparent healthy skin, aged between 20 and 50, under controlled environmental conditions (mean±standard deviation: room temperature 22.9±0.3°C; relative humidity 48.5±2.3%). The study included a medical questionnaire and a clinical examination of the skin performed by a dermatologist, and a biophysical evaluation of the skin properties. Seventy visual and tactile skin features were assessed on the forehead and the cheek using ordinal variables illustrated by photographic scales. Twenty‐eight biophysical measurements were taken in the same areas using the following equipment: Chromameter®, Evaporimeter®, Corneometer®, Skicon®, Sebumeter®, Sebutape®, skin thermometer, skin pH‐meter and Silflo®. In order to group the variables illustrating a same unimodal phenomenon, a typology of the skin features and a typology of the biophysical parameters were carried out using a clustering method. Then, the relationships between each group of clinical features and each group of biophysical parameters were studied using a series of partial least squares (PLS) regressions.

Results: From eight groups of clinical features and three groups of biophysical parameters that were identified, 12 significant PLS regression models were built. Our findings suggest that differences in chromametric measurements express not only differences in skin colour but also differences in skin surface properties, such as skin vascularity status, thickness, and existence of wrinkles, and also demonstrate that the level of sebum excretion can affect other aspects of the skin surface.

Conclusion: Some skin features assessed clinically do not appear to be linked to any biophysical parameter. This finding confirms that certain phenomena evaluated on the basis of visual or tactile skin features are not assessed on the basis of the biophysical properties of the skin measured by our bioengineering techniques. Indeed, visual skin features mainly appreciate the skin surface aspect, contrary to some biophysical surrogate markers known to provide information on underlying epidermal structures. Therefore, both clinical and biophysical assessments must be associated to supply a relevant and accurate approach for skin aspect characterisation.
Application of optical non‐invasive methods in skin physiology: a comparison of laser scanning microscopy and optical coherent tomography with histological analysis
Authors: Lademann Juergen , Otberg Nina , Richter Heike , Meyer Lars , Audring Heike , Teichmann Alexa , Thomas Steven , Knüttel Alexander , Sterry Wolfram
Published: February 2007

Background/purpose: Optical, non‐invasive methods, such as fluorescence laser scanning microscopy (LSM) and optical coherent tomography (OCT), have become efficient tools for the characterization of the skin structure in vivo, as well as real‐time investigation of distribution and penetration of topically applied substances.

Methods: In the present paper, the results obtained with both non‐invasive methods – OCT and LSM – were compared to conventional light microscopy of histological sections. Skin structure and the distribution of topically applied particulate and non‐particulate substances on the skin surface and in the epidermis were analyzed.

Results: None of the methods used are suitable for the realization of all diagnostic tasks, however, each method has advantages for particular applications. Fluorescence LSM is well suited for the investigation of the upper 150 μm of the skin as well as for the investigation of the kinetics of substances applied onto or into the epidermis. OCT can be applied for the investigation of vertical cross‐sections of the skin up to a depth of 2 mm, albeit at lower resolution than achieved by LSM or conventional light microscopy. Conventional light microscopy of histological sections of biopsy specimens produces familiar high‐resolution images of deeper tissue layers. However, the analysis of the kinetic processes is limited in this case.

Conclusions: LSM‐ and OCT‐measurements are efficient non‐invasive tools for the characterization of morphological structures of the skin. On the one hand, the optical methods have a clear advantage in the case of kinetic measurements. On the other hand, histological investigations are characterized by a high information density and a high resolution, also in deep tissue layers. The selection of the best method for the analysis of the skin morphology depends on the target and the task of the investigation.
Skin phosphocreatine
Authors: Zemtsov Alexander
Published: February 2007

Background/purpose: The skin has the unique ability to survive ischemia associated with skin grafts, flaps and hair transplantation procedures. Spectroscopic data later confirmed by chromatography, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology techniques identified the presence of large quantities of phosphocreatine in human skin. Phosphocreatine molecules regenerate ATP cellular reserves during ischemia. This reaction is mediated by creatine phosphokinase enzymes that were also isolated and studied in normal and diseased skin.

Methods: Literature search revealed important contributions by US, Swiss, German, French, Scandinavian and Japanese investigators in the development and understanding of this research field.

Results: Serum creatine phosphokinase levels are elevated in burn victims and patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis. Phosphocreatine concentration and creatine phosphokinase activity are elevated in psoriatic skin and in non‐melanoma malignancies in comparison with normal skin. Furthermore, skin phosphocreatine and creatine phosphokinase enzymes are localized almost exclusively within the epidermis and in hair follicles. Finally, phosphocreatine and creatine phosphokinase enzymes help to protect skin from UV damage.

Conclusions: Clearly, this research area is only starting to be appreciated by the scientific community. Topical and systemic phosphocreatine administration appears to reverse photodamage and improve wound healing. Spectroscopic monitoring of phosphocreatine and related phosphometabolites can be potentially used to monitor disease activity and respond to therapy in psoriasis, leg ulcers, skin malignancies and other skin conditions.