bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
اتجاهات جديدة في السياسة المقارنة
Authors: المغيربي د. محمد زاهي
Published: January 2024

تمثل عملية المقارنة احد الاسس الرئيسية في البحث العلمي في مجال العلوم الاجتماعية ، وهي بذلك تتجاوز نطاق وحدود أي فرع من هذه العلوم او أي تخصص 

جانبي منها ۰۰۰ فالدراسات المقارنة هي احد المناهج التي تستعملها مختلف العلوم الاجتماعية مثل التاريخ والاجتماع وغيرها ..: وفي مجال علم السياسة نجد أن المقارنة هي احد المناهج المتبعة في مختلف فروع هذا العلم فنجد الدراسات المقارنة للاحزاب وللسياسات الخارجية للدول المختلفة وغيرها من الدراسات ۰۰۰ ولكن حقل او فرع النظم السياسية المقارنة يعتبر هو الحقل الوحيد ، ضمن حقول علم السياسة ، الذي يحمل ضمن اسمه المنهاج او الاسلوب المتبع في الدراسة داخل هذا الحقل وهو المنهاج المقارن ۰۰۰ وهذا يفترض أن عملية المقارنة او المنهاج المقارن يصبح من المستلزمات الاساسية الهامة في هذا الحقل . (۱)
Dirasat in Economics and Business MOTIVATION AND INCENTIVES A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Amer Dr. Abdulgader A.
Published: January 2024

The objective of this article is to examine how the free market system differs from the Third Universal Theory in deal ing with the problem of motivation and incentives. 

Some approaches to the motivation of producers in the 

free market system, such as profit-sharing, management throngh use of participation, management by objectives, and job enrichment are discussed.
A Framework for Accounting Theory
Authors: BAIT-ELMAL MOHAMED
Published: January 2024

Accounting was first originated to serve society. By society the writer means the environment surrounding the accounting profession; i.e. the management, investors, stockholders and the creditors, etc. When the accounting profession started, it served the function of describing only what had been done; accounting was then a study of methods, not causes.
حلقة التوزيع بالتجزئة في الأدب التسويقي المقارن
Authors: حودانة بن عيسى
Published: January 2024

إن المتتبع للأدب التسويقي المعاصر يلاحظ الإهتمام المتزايد الذي يوليه المعنيون بالعلوم الإدارية لموضوع التسويق المقارن وخاصة ما يتعلق منه بالدول النامية .

ومرد هذا الاهتمام يرجع إلى التوسع الكبير في عمليات المنشآت الدولية المعاصرة ورغبتها في فهم النظم التسويقية السائدة في الدول التي تعمل أو تنوي العمل فيها . بل إنه يمكن القول بأن نجاح أو فشل المنشات الدولية أو حتى المنشآت العاملة في مجال التصدير يتوقف على مدى فهمها للأسواق والممارسات التسويقية السائدة في الدول التي تقع ضمن نطاق أعمالها .

وقد وردت في الأدب التسويقي أسباب أكاديمية يحته لتزايد إهتمام علماء إدارة الأعمال بموضوع التسويق المقارن منها:

إن دراسة النظم التسويقية السائدة في الدولالمختلفة تثير فضول الأكاديميين الذين يحاولون ايجاد نظریات عامة وشاملة للإدارة والتسويق بغض النظر عن قربهم أو بعدهم من إكتشاف هذه النظريات.

إن تحليل النظام التسويقية المختلفة تساعد علىتعميق فهم النظم التسويقي المحلي للدولة الواحدة وادراك العوامل الإقتصادية والإجتماعية المؤثرة على نوعية النظام القائم . 

إن التحليل المقارن يسهم فيتحسين النظم التسويقية القائمة عن طريق إدراك الميزات والمساوي بالنسبة لكل نظام على حدة ، وبالتالي يمكن تبني بعض مظاهر النظم الأخرى . فقد يسهل على ليبيا مثلا إستيراد مصنع لأدوات الزينة من أمريكا ، ومن الممكن إنتاج هذه الأدوات بنفس المقاييس والجودة التي تنتج بها في أمريكا ، إلا أنه ليس من السهل إستيراد كافة الأدوات التسويقية المستخدمة في أمريكا وتطبيقها في ليبيا ، فالأوتار الإعلانية الشائعة الاستعال في السوق الأمريكية لتحريك وحث المستهلك على شراء مثل هذه السلع لا ينسجم مع القيم الأخلاقية والدينية والاجتماعية السائدة في المجتمع الليبي . 

وأخيرا فإن التعرض لدراسة النظم التسويقية المقارنة يخرجنا من الدائرة الإقليمية الضيقة في فهم إدارة الأعمال إلى آفاق النظريات العالمية الشاملة واستنادا إلى هذا المدخل الشمولي. للتسويق المقارن ، فإن إهتماماتنا في هذا المقال سوف لن تنصب على حلقة التوزيع  بالتجزئة في دولة بعينها بقدر ما هي إهتمامات لتجميع الخصائص الأساسية لهذه الحلقة في
مفهوم الأبرتهايد : ابعاده وخطورته
Authors: أبو قصة محمد
Published: January 2024

إن كلمة الأبرتهايد أو « التمييز العنصري» جاءت أصلا من كلمتين هما

 (Apart-Hate) بمعنى فصل أو عزل - وكره ، ومعناها الميز العنصري والتفرقة بين البشر في مختلف المجالات السياسية والاقتصادية والإجتماعية والثقافية مع العلم أنه وحتی اليوم ليس ثمة إتفاق أو إجماع على المعنى الحقيقى للأبرتهايد إلا أن سياسة الأبرتهايد في مفهومها العام وفي إطار جنوب أفريقيا العنصرية فإن هذا المصطلح يعني التمييز العنصري بكل أشكاله ، كما وأن المصطلح الجديد حتى بالنسبة للغة الإنجليزية هو عبارة عن سياسة التفرقة والتمييز السياسي والاقتصادي والاجتماعي والثقافي ضد الطوائف غير الأوربية الأصل والمتمثلة في الأغلبية الأفريقية كجماعات البانتو والملونين الآخرين الذين يقطنون جمهورية جنوب أفريقيا والذين يشكلون أكثر من ۷۳٪ من مجموع سكان البلاد البالغ تعدادهم (۲۷) مليون نسمة حسب التقديرات السكانية لعام ۱۹۷۷ . وتمشيا مع الأبرتهايد وسياسة تطبيقه فإن حكومة جنوب أفريقيا العنصرية إنتهجت سیاسة تهدف إلى تدعيم وضمان بقاء الكيان العنصري الأبيض ووعدت في نفس الوقت الأغلبية الأفريقية بتنمية منفصلة لمناطقهم بعيدين عن المناطق التي يقطنها البيض ويشتمل برنامج الأبرتهايد على عناصر معينة 

ومبادئ أساسية تسعى جاهدة من أجل تحقيق الأهداف التالية :

ضمان إستمرارية الأبرتهايد كايديولوجية قوميةللأقلية البيضاء في جنوب أفريقيا .

السيطرة الكاملة على حركة التوظيف وإستغلالالعالة الأفريقية وإستخدامها في تنمية قطاع الإقتصاد مقابل أجور زهيدة . 3

تنفيذ وتطبيق سياسة الإنفصال العنصري / فصل الأوروبي الأبيض عن الأفريقي الأسود في مختلف المجالات .

تطبيق سياسة التنمية الإقتصادية والإجتماعيةالمنفصلة بالنسبة للجماعات السوداء في جنوب القارة السمراء .

السعي من أجل خلق دولة بوليسية قوية بزعامة الأقلية البيضاء من أجل الهيمنة على الأغلبية السوداء وإخماد نشاطاتها المضادة بشتى الوسائل المتاحة.

إستمرار تنمية الشعور المتمثل في تفوق الجنس الأبيض على الجنس الأسود على مختلف المستويات .

إن كلمة الأبرتهايد كما شرحناها سابقة تؤكد أن هذا المصطلح بمعانية العنصرية كان قد استعمل تاريخيا.
تأثير القوانين على المحاسبة في ليبيا
Authors: الشريفه يونس
Published: January 2024

تلعب المحاسبة دورا مهما في النظام الإقتصادي ولا سها في اقتصادیات نامية كالإقتصاد الليبي فيدون المعلومات المحاسبية التي توفرها التقارير المحاسبية المختلفة . قرارات سليمة قد لا يتمكن الكثير من الأفراد والمؤسسات إتخاذ . ان الطوائف المختلفة كالمستثمرين والدائنين ورجال الإدارة وأجهزة الدولة تحتاج إلى المعلومات المالية الكافية التي تساعدها في أتخاذ العديد من القرارات اليومية التي تؤثر في مصير التنمية الإقتصادية والإجتماعية للبلاد . ومن هنا كان لزاما على المهتمين بالمحاسبة أن يعملوا على تطويرها وتقدمها حتى تفي بوظائفها الهامة في المجتمع .

ورغم التطور المستمر الذي شهدته المحاسبة بصفة عامة ومهنة المحاسبة بصفة خاصة في ليبيا إلا أنه هناك الكثير من النواقص في هذا المجال . فتعتبر المحاسبة كمهنة بكل ما تعنيه هذه الكلمة من معنى مولود جديد في ليبيا إذا ما قورنت بمهنة المحاسبة في العديد من دول العالم الأخرى. وأن صدور القانون رقم116 لسنة ۱۹۷۳ تعتبر أول محاولة لتنظيم مهنة المحاسبة في ليبيا وذلك بأنشاء جمعية المحاسبين والمراجعين الليبيين . ورغم أنه قد تم تكوين جمعية المحاسبين والمراجعين الليبيين إلا أن تلك الجمعية لم تلعب دورا يذكر من أجل تطوير مهنة المحاسبة والمراجعة في ليبيا.

 فلقد إقتصر عمل الجمعية حتى الآن على الإجراءات الإدارية الخاصة بتسجيل أعضائها ولا يزال المحاسب الليبي بدون قواعد السلوك المهني . ولم تقم الجمعية بدور فعال في مجالات مهنية متعددة كإعداد المبادئ المحاسبية ومستويات المراجعة واقامة برامج للتدريب والبحث العلمي وغيرها . إن الوقت قد حان لكل مهتم في مجال المحاسبة وخاصة المحاسبين والمراجعين الليبيين أن يقوم بدوره في مجالات تطوير وتنمية مهنة المحاسبة . وعلى العموم بالرغم من عدم وجود مبادي محاسبية ومستويات مراجعة متعارف عليها في ليبيا ، إلا أن القوانين الليبية تلعب دورا مهما في هذا المجال . وفي المقالة المنشورة باللغة الإنجليزية تم توضيح الأثر القانوني لكل من القانون التجاري الليبي وقانون ضرائب الدخل وقانون ولوائح النفط على المحاسبة في ليبيا . لقد أوضحت المقالة أن تلك القوانين ساهمت في أيجاد العديد من المبادئ التي تعالج أمور محاسبية هامة . كما ساهمت القوانين الليبية في حث الأفراد والمنشأت على الإهتمام بإمساك دفاتر محاسبية منتظمة وبإعداد التقارير المحاسبية المختلفة وزيادة الطلب على خدمات المحاسب القانوني في ليبيا .
التحديث وأزمة الشرعية في النظام السياسي الليبي قبل الثورة
Authors: المغيربي محمد
Published: January 2024

يمثل مفهوم التحديث ركنا أساسيا في الدراسات المتعلقة بالنظم السياسية المقارنة والتنمية السياسية، وتمثل ظاهرة التحديث، لدى أغلب هذه الدراسات، تغيرات جذرية وأساسية في العلاقات الأجتماعية والاقتصادية والسياسية بين أفراد المجتمع نتجت عن وجود ظاهرة تاريخية امتد أثرها وتأثيرها على العالم أجمع، وتتمثل هذه الظاهرة في التطورات العلمية والاتجاه بعيدا عن العلاقات والأوضاع التقليدية والاعتماد على التحليل العقلي العلمي،، وبمعنى آخر تمثل ظاهرة التحديث مرحلة الانتقال من المجتمع التقليدي إلى المجتمع المتمدن. 

وترتبط ظاهرة التحديث بظاهرة سياسية أخرى هي ظاهرة الشرعية. والشرعية تعني قبول أفراد المجتمع لقرارات وتصرفات السلطة الحاكمة، لاحساسهم بشرعية هذه القرارات وشرعية السلطات ذاتها في إتخاذ مثل هذه القرارات، ويستمد النظام السياسي شرعيته من عدة أسس فقد يكون أساسها عقائدي، أو شخصي، أو قد يكون مرتبطا ببنیات وعلاقات وقواعد محدده وترتبط أزمة الشرعية بظاهرة التحديث من واقع أن التحديث وما يصحبه من تغيرات قد تؤدي الى تعديل أو تغيير طبيعة العلاقات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والسياسية في المجتمع، وبالتالي قد تتعرض الأسس التي يستمد النظام منها شرعيته الى التخلخل بسبب هذه التغيرات التي تؤدي عادة إلى بروز فئات وجماعات مختلفة لها اتجاهات وأفكار تختلف عن إتجاهات وأفكار النظام القائم، وبذا يفقد النظام شرعيته لدى هذه الفئات والجماعات. ولقد تمثلت هذه العلاقة بين التحديث والشرعيه بوضوح في النظام السياسي الليبي قبل الثوره حيث أن شرعية النظام كانت مستمدة أساسا من الصفة الدينية للملك بحكم كونه رئيسا للطريقة السنوسية، ولم يكن هناك إرتباط عقائدي بين النظام وغالبية السكان، ولكن ظاهرة التحديث وما صاحبها من تغيرات إجتماعية مثل إنتشار التعليم، والهجرة من الريف إلى المدن وبروز فئات وجماعات جديدة ذات إتجاهات وآراء تختلف جذريا عن اتجاهات وآراء النظام القائم، أدت الى إنهيار أساس شرعية النظام ، وبالتالي فقد النظام مقومات بقائه وإستمراريته..
On the precision population projections with reference to Libyan data
Authors: Dr.A.H.Azzam  , Dr.M.Y.EL Bassiouni
Published: January 2024

Introduction 

population projection is a prediction of a random vector viable x which represents the population by age and sex in year t. for an illustration of the population projection for Libya, see Venkatacharya (1972), see also Appendix I). The population is assume med to be closed and to grow according to fixed schedules of birth and death probabilities. This can be viewed as a multi-type branching process (Schweder, 1971). 

There are three main causes for the deviations in the projection as pointed out by Schweder (1971), “ (a) The projection model is inadequate in that the dynamics of the population development is not correctly described by the given fixed schedules in all years 1, 2, ... , T. (b) Even if these schedules are constant throughout the projection period we should expect a deviation simply because we use their estimates. (c) Even if the model is adequate and the proper schedules are used we should still expect a non-vanishing deviation because the population development is stochastic and not deterministic in its nature.” 

Sykes (1969) has shown by a specific example that the branching process model does not account for any substantial part of the observed variability in the dynamics of actual populations, i.e.,
الشركات المتعددة الجنسية دراسة تمهيدية
Authors: بعيرة د. ابو بكر مصطفى
Published: January 2024

في كل حقبة من حقب تطور الادارة يغلب على الفكر الاداري نمط معين أو آخر، ولعل أهم ما تتسم به الادارة في هذا النصف الثاني من القرن العشرين هو الطابع الدولي. فحجم الصادرات الدولية قد زاد بشكل مهول مثلا ما بين ۱۹۵۰ و ۱۹۷۹ حيث ارتفع من ۱,۵۷ بليون دولار أمريكي الى ۱۵۰۷٫۲ بليون دولار. ولا بد لمثل هذا الحجم من التبادل التجاري الدولي على نطاق واسع من أداة تحسن استغلاله، وليس هناك وسيلة بطبيعة الحال لتحقيق في ذلك خير من الادارة الجيدة. ومن أجل تحقيق هذا الغرض برزت ظاهرة الشركات الدولية المتعددة الجنسية. وبطبيعة الحال فان شركة ما تصبح دولية بمجرد أن تعبر عملياتها الحدود الاقليمية لدولة من الدول، وإن كان البعض يرى بأن مثل هذا الشرط وحده لا يكفي لكي نعطي شركة ما الصفة الدولية، وانما ينبغي توفر عدد من الشروط.
Perancangan Sistem Kanban untuk Mengurangi Keterlambatan Komponen Rear Spar
Authors: Niken Ayu Pramudita  , Prasetio Murman Dwi , Suryadhini Pratya Poeri
Published: January 2024

Kanban literally means a visual note that usually takes the form of a card placed in a rectangular vinyl envelope and containing part information sent from one process to the previous process. The application of kanban is believed to optimize the production process. In this study, the kanban system was designed to reduce delays in Rear Spar components at PT. XYZ, a manufacturing company that produces aircraft, such as NC212 aircraft. The Rear Spar component on NC212 aircraft is often delayed. The main cause of Rear Spar delays is the unclear information and material flow so that operators on the Fabrication Line do not know when parts must be in the Assembly Line so that there is no priority for part work  and some parts are late to be delivered to the Assembly Line. The design  of the kanban system  is carried out using  the Constant-Quantity Withdrawal System method which consists of four stages, namely:  calculating the lead time, calculating the necessary number of parts during the lead time, calculating safety inventory, and calculating the number of kanban cards. After calculating the number of kanban cards, the number of Assembly Line kanban cards to the Assembly Store is one sheet of production kanban and one sheet of withdrawal kanban. As for the number of Assembly Store kanban cards to the Fabrication Line is one sheet of production kanban for each part. The design of the kanban system is continued with the design of the kanban card, kanban mechanism, and kanban post position. The results obtained after simulating the design results using the simulation scenario made by the author are that the part making process is reduced by 41 minutes.
Analisis Uji Performa Aplikasi Dari Hasil Implementasi Refactoring Arsitektur Monolitik Ke Mikroservis dengan Decomposition dan Strangler Pattern
Authors: Riyanto  , Irman Hermadi  , Yani Nurhadryani
Published: January 2024

The SmartCampus application is still built with a monolithic architecture, where all components are tightly integrated into one unit. The increasing complexity of user scalability and service demands within the information system with a monolithic architecture is evident in the application's declining performance. In this research, a performance analysis is conducted by implementing refactoring from a monolithic architecture to microservices using the decomposition and strangler patterns. The Decomposition pattern divides the monolithic application into several business domains based on their main service categories, while the strangler pattern breaks down the business domains into microservices by replacing specific functions with new services through the stages of transform, co-exist, and eliminate. Once the new functionalities are ready, the old components are deactivated, and the new services are put into operation. The application's feasibility and quality considerations are assessed using the ISO/IEC 25010 model, which comprises eight characteristics: functionality suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability, security, maintainability, and portability. The performance of the resulting microservices application is tested using different performance testing types, such as load testing, spike testing, stress testing, and soak testing. Microservices showing satisfactory performance improvements will be isolated using container technology to optimize application resource efficiency and anticipate long-term needs
Snack Bars as a Functional Snack Option for Individuals with Diabetes: A Review
Authors: Nidhi Chauhan  , Payal Mahajan
Published: January 2024

Snack bars can be a great example of functional foods, which are foods that provide health benefits beyond basicnutrition. By adding other functional ingredients such as nuts, seeds, fruits, and spices, snack bars can offer evenmore health benefits. For example, nuts and seeds are rich in healthy fats and can help lower cholesterol levels,while fruits and berries are high in antioxidants and can help boost the immune system. Spices like cinnamon andginger have anti-inflammatory properties and can help improve digestion.Moreover, snack bars can be a convenient and portable way to get the nutrition and energy needed throughoutthe day. They can be a great option for busy individuals who need a quick and easy snack on the go or for athleteswho need sustained energy during exercise.The demand of functional food increasing day by day as the threat of non-communicable diseases increasing suchas diabetes, CVD and obesity. From the ancient time the use of medicinal food such as seeds of chia, millets andmultigrain has been seen to get different health benefits. Currently seeds are widely used for numerous healthbenefits. Seeds are well known for there high content of PUFA mainly omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and fiber.These seeds are also rich source of polyphenols which further helps in protecting the body from free radicals.Furthermore, seeds are rich source of the fiber which helps in reducing cholesterol level, regulate bowel movementand reduce inflammation in the body. Demand for practical and convenient food increasing day by day due tobusy lifestyle. Food items that are convenient and can improve health are needed in today’s time. The seedsincorporated snack bar can be a convenient and practical food product with complete nutritional components.There are Some ingredients which can be used as the raw material to prepare an anti-diabetic snack bar. On thebasis of existing research, seed and modified cassava flour (MOCAF) can reduce blood sugar levels and that canreduce the risk of diabetes too.
An Epidemiological Study on Mucormycosis Patients Admitted in Tertiary Care Hospital of Central India
Authors: Neelam Anupama Toppo  , Aditya Thakur  , Deepali Soni  , Priyanka Dubey  , Sapna Tiwari
Published: January 2024

Introduction: The second wave of SAR Cov-2 Infection brought a new menace that was the escalation in thenumber of mucormycosis, which is a potentially life-threatening, opportunistic, invasive, fungal infectioncommonly called the “Black fungus”.Objective: To find out the factors responsible for occurrence of mucormycosis and the pattern that have emergedin the Post SARS – CoV-19 infected cases admitted in tertiary care hospital of Central India.Material and methods: This descriptive Cross-sectional study was conducted in Government Netaji SubhashChandra Bose Medical college and hospital of Central India from May 2021 to June 2021. 96 Confirmed cases ofmucormycosis were included in this study. The details about Demographical, Epidemiological, clinical data wereretrieved by us through interview with patient or his relative and by going through the case sheets of the cases.Results: The mean age for the mucormycosis was among male is 52.68 ±11.13 years and among female it is47.47±10.07years. 78% of study subjects were hospitalized for treatment while 22% received treatment at home.72.40% had steroid intake, Mean duration of steroid therapy was 10.15±5.71 days. Mean duration between steroidtherapy and appearance of mucormycosis as 14.21±9.1 while mean duration between Covid infection and mucormycosis was found to be 19.71±9.84 days.Conclusion: Immunosuppression during Covid -19 treatment had catalyst effect on the development ofmucormycosis. Early diagnosis and careful monitoring of immuno-compromised individuals is essential. Steroidand other immune- suppressive drugs should be given cautiously.
Reflections of Health Care Professionals During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Approach Towards Inclusiveness of Ethics in Medical Education
Authors: Jarina Begum  , Samhitha Gundakaram  , Syed Irfan Ali  , D Lakshmi Lalitha
Published: January 2024

Introduction: COVID19 pandemic has taught innumerable lessons of which ethical challenges have played amajor role. There are no strict guidelines for health care professionals concerning ethical practices in India, thepresent study highlights the perception, challenges in this aspect by reflecting on the pandemic situation.Objectives: 1.To identify and discuss the various challenges of ethical practice among health care professionals. 2.To evaluate the perceptions of health professionals towards ethical practices.Method: A mixed research was conducted to identify the challenges, evaluate the perception among health careprofessionals while practicing ethics through a semi structured questionnaire.Results: The mean age was 23.46 yrs. and majority 73% have faced challenges like ethical dilemmas duringthe pandemic. Around 88% of the participants have never attended any training on bioethics. Majority (92%)perceived the current teaching learning system inadequate for tackling dilemmatic situations. The ethicalreflections were analysed by thematic analysis with emergence of 8 themes which are - Informed consent, truthtelling, confidentiality, Communication, Doctor patient ratio, Leadership, Decision making, Conflict Management.Conclusion: Majority encountered various new challenges and perceived the current practice of ethics to beinadequate. Also recommends regular opportunities of ethical reflections, & continuous teaching, trainingprogram for effective ethical practices by health care professionals.
Laryngeal Mask Airway and Adenotonsillectomy
Authors: Grace Budhiraja  , Navjot Kaur  , Harsimrat Singh
Published: January 2024

Objective: To compare the use of flexible laryngeal mask airway (LMA) and endotracheal tube (ETT) in pediatricadenotonsillectomy.Design: Prospective randomized trial.Setting: Tertiary care hospital.Patients: One hundred thirty-one children (aged 2-12 years). Exclusion criteria were body mass index (calculatedas the weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared) greater than 35 and craniofacial anomalies.Obstructive sleep apnea was the most common indication for surgery.Intervention: Children undergoing adenotonsillectomy were randomized to use of an LMA or ETT. A standardizedanesthesia protocol was used.Main Outcome Measures: Primary outcome measure was laryngospasm. Secondary measures included anesthesia,operative, and recovery times.Results: Sixty children were randomized to the LMA group and 71 to the ETT group. There was no differencebetween groups with regard to age (P = .76), ethnicity (P = .75), body mass index (P = .99), or American Societyof Anesthesiologists grade (P = .46). Incidence of postoperative laryngospasm between LMA (12.5%) and ETT(9.6%) was similar (P = .77). In 10 patients, the LMA was changed to ETT intraoperatively owing to tube kinkingor difficulty with visualization. Mean (SD) surgical times for LMA and ETT groups were 33.35 (13.39) and 37.76(18.26) minutes, respectively (P = .15). Time from surgery end to extubation was significantly shorter in patientswho used LMA (P = .01) by 4.06 minutes. There were no differences (P = .49) in postanesthesia care unit recoverytimes.Conclusions: An LMA is an efficient alternative to ETT in pediatric adenotonsillectomy. When comparing LMAand ETT, there is no difference in rates of laryngospasm. Time to extubation is significantly shorter in patientsusing LMA. Before adopting the routine use of LMA in pediatric adenotonsillectomy, further study is needed toaddress visualization and kinking issues associated with this device.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices among Healthcare Professionals Regarding Hepatitis B Infection and Vaccination in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Suraj Sirohi  , Shivam Dixit  , A.K.Khatri  , Ayushi Shrivastava  , Shweta Goswami
Published: January 2024

Background: Hepatitis B infection is an occupational risk for Healthcare workers (HCWs).[3] They have a greaterrisk of acquiring HBV infection due to exposure to blood or bodily fluids. Compared to the general population, therisk is four times higher for this group of professionals. The present study was carried out to know the vaccinationstatus of Hepatitis B; assess knowledge and attitude towards Hepatitis B vaccination; and to assess the awarenessabout Hepatitis B infection among health care professionals.Methods and Materials: A cross sectional study was conducted in the MY Hospital, Indore for a period of 6months after getting approval from institutional ethics committee. The sample size of 210 healthcare professionalswas selected using simple random sampling technique. The data was collected by using a pre-designed, validatedsemi-structured questionnaire. Data collected through the questionnaires were coded, entered into a database andanalysed using a statistical software SPSS version 25(trial version).Results: 63.81% of HCWs knew about HBV infection. 43.81% were aware about its spread through saliva. 77.36%doctors, 74.78% nurses and 80.95% of the other health care workers never used PPE while handling blood andbody fluids. All the doctors, 54.78% nurses and 21.43 of others knew about the HBV vaccine (p-value<0.00001).88.68% doctors and 41.27% nurses and only 33.33% of the other staff knew that there were three doses of HBVvaccine. Majority of the doctors (83.02%) and nurses (53.04%) had received HBV vaccine, while 69.05% of otherhealth care workers did not receive any dose of HBV vaccine.Conclusion: The study shows that complete knowledge regarding the hepatitis B infection, its mode of transmission,preventive measures and screening is still lacking among the health care workers. Although doctors seem to be themost knowledgeable, there is a need to improve the knowledge and practices among the other workers as well.
Unusual Clinicopathological Presentations of Mature Cystic Teratoma: A case series
Authors: Rajashree Pradhan  , Madhumita Paul  , Arindam Bandopadhyay  , Sajeeb Mondal
Published: January 2024

Mature cystic teratomas also known as dermoid cyst are one of the most common benign tumors of the ovary.It is usually seen in young women in the reproductive age group. It comprises of mature elements derived fromall the three germ layers. In this case series we reported a series of 4 cases of mature cystic teratoma of the ovarywith uncommon clinicopathological presentations. First case was a rare entity of melanocytic nevus arising froma mature cystic teratoma. Second case was adipocyte rich teratoma, an uncommon lipomatous lesion of the ovary.Third case was rupture of dermoid cyst presenting as acute abdomen. Fourth case was mature cystic teratoma ina post-menopausal woman. To conclude, though dermoid cysts after surgical removal have an uneventful clinicalcourse, extensive sampling of the specimen for histopathological study should be done to identify rare pathologieswhich bears a clinical significance.
Spectrum of Lymph Node Lesions in Surgical Patients Diagnosed by FNAC and Histopathology
Authors: Manish Kumar Singh  , Ashutosh sanga
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Lymphadenopathy is seen commonly in patients attending the medical outpatient departments.FNAC is an easy and rapid diagnostic test. FNAC gives early direction to treatment protocol to be followed.Aim: To study the different cytological spectrum associated with various lymphadenopathy and different lesionswith respect to age and sex.Materials and Methods: In our study, all cases of peripheral lymphadenopathies who had come to the cytologydepartment for FNAC over a period of 3 years from 1st July 2020 to 1st July 2022 were included. It was a retrospectivestudy.Results: During a course of three years a total of 100 cases were received and were studied. Of these 6 cases wereinconclusive due to unsatisfactory and haemorragicsmears; 83 cases were benign and 11 cases were neoplastic.The ages of patients were from 6 months to 65 years. Males were 54 and females were 46 in number. Reactive (27cases), granulomatous (30 cases), Tuberculosis (4 cases), suppurative (14 cases), necrotic (5 cases), lymph nodewith filariasis (2 cases), metastasis (8 cases), lymphomas (3 cases).Conclusion: FNAC is an easy, quick and good test to offer rapid diagnosis for lymphadenopathies and guidetowards appropriate and timely treatment without the need of biopsy.
Devising A Nurse Led Care Program on Breast Cancer Prevention (NLCP): Awareness among South Indian Women regarding Breast Cancer and Its Prevention: Phase I Study
Authors: Jolly Daniel  , Abhilash Venunathan  , Aflah Abdullah  , Aliya Sherin  , Ameena Fiza  , Rabeeha Rahman  , Shibila
Published: January 2024

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in both developed and underdevelopedcountries, comprising 23%of all female cancers around the globe, with an estimated 1.15 million cases diagnosed in2002. The present study was aimed to explore the awareness of women regarding breast cancer and its prevention,with a plan to formulate A Nurse Led Care Program on Breast Cancer Prevention (NLCP) under the light of thestudy findings.Method: The present study research adopted a quantitative research approach. A cross sectional survey wasused to assess the knowledge and attitude of women regarding breast cancer and its prevention. The studywas conducted at selected communities of South India. The data was collected from 320 samples with a helpof awareness questionnaire prepared by the investigators and data was collected using Google forms. A quotasampling technique was adopted in the present study. The data were analysed with descriptive and inferentialstatistics.Results: The result of the study shows less than half of the (12.81%) sample had good level of awareness regardingbreast cancer. Majority (65%) of samples had average awareness. It shows, about 22.19% of samples had poorlevel of awareness about breast cancer. The study also indicated that there is a significant relationship betweenawareness regarding breast cancer and prevention with age, domicile, educational status, marital status and socialmedia influence.
Assessment of Community Accordance to the Essential Actions at School Level and Support for Reopening in Covid Era
Authors: Shruti Kardalkar  , Harsha B  , Mayur S Sherkhane  , Swetha  , Harikrishna B N
Published: January 2024

Background: The emergence of a novel strain of Coronavirus, now named SARS-CoV-2, in Wuhan city, China,in late 2019, resulted in a global pandemic that spread to every region of the world. Various measures like socialdistancing, wearing masks including closure of schools became the new normal. The decision to close schools is tobring stability between the risk associated with transmission in the school environment and the educational andwelfare impact upon children of shutting down education establishments. While countries in the region are atvarious phases of evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic, facing a combination of common and unique challenges,each has begun to prepare and effectuate the safe reopening of schools.Objective: To assess community accordance to the essential actions at school level and support for school reopeningin covid era and factors responsible for it.Methodology: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among adults who were parents/care takers/guardians of school children aged 5-15years residing in urban area. The proforma comprised ofsociodemographic profile and the 21 Actions at School level as per WHO recommendation. Data was collectedusing Google Forms. Responses were presented as frequencies, percentages and Chi-square test.Results: A total of 615 adults were enrolled for the study. 44.44% of study participants accepted the 21 actions atschool level and were in favour of school reopening. 60% were 32–45 years, 63.25% were literates and maximumwere females. Significant associations were observed with study participants with younger age (p<0.0001), residingin nuclear families and children enrolled in private schools (p<0.00001), were more in favour of accepting the 21actions at school level and willing to send the children back to school.Conclusion: There is a need to revaluate purpose, content and modes of delivery of education and to makeadjustments that in the future strengthen multiple flexible learning pathway introduce innovative pedagogicalmodels, and incorporate crisis-sensitive planning.
Coverage of Antenatal Care Services in a Rural Area of District Nuh, Haryana
Authors: Gaurav Bhati  , Neeraj Gour  , Pawan Kumar Goel  , Suraj Chawla  , Arpit Rustagi
Published: January 2024

Background: The district Nuh has been declared as the most backward district of Haryana state and is also listedamong the 108 most backward districts of India identified by the National Institute for Transformation of India(NITI) Aayog. National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4) conducted during 2015-16 reported that only 6.5% ofmothers utilize four antenatal check-ups in district Nuh. This study was carried out to estimate the coverage ofantenatal care services in district Nuh.Methods: A total of 300 pregnant women who were in their 1st trimester were recruited from the rural area ofPrimary Health Centre Nagina starting from January 2022 till December 2022. All eligible study participants wereinterviewed through house-to-house visits to assess the coverage of antenatal care received by them.Results: A total of 83 (27.6%) participants were primigravida, and 217 (72.3%) were multigravida. Only 25 (8.33%)participants reported receiving full antenatal care services which include early registration of pregnancy (within12 weeks), a minimum of four ANC visits, at least one dose of diphtheria-tetanus toxoid vaccine, and 100 days ofiron & folic acid supplementation.Conclusion: The coverage of antenatal care services received by pregnant women is low despite the availabilityof free government services.
Health Related Quality of Life and its Effective Factors in Tuberculosis Patients Receiving Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course (DOTS)
Authors: Priya Gangadharan  , Shivaramakrishna HR
Published: January 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and related factors among TBpatients receiving Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) in District Tuberculosis Centre, Vellore,Tamil Nadu.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the District Tuberculosis Centre, Vellore between Januaryand June, 2018. Health related quality of life was measured using the Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire whichmeasured HRQoL in 8 domains. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistics Package for Social Scientists(SPSS; Windows version 21.0). The nonparametric tests including Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis wereperformed to find out differences between different variables.Results: A total of 268 participants were recruited for the study. Highest HRQoL scores were observed in thedomain of physical functioning (67.19 + 7.31) followed by domain on limited physical activity due to physicalproblems (64.97 + 13.23).The lowest scores were in the domain of general health (58.89+ 17.07) followed by domain of bodily pain (59.45+ 13.24).Conclusion: The results of the study concluded that TB had negative impact on patients HRQoL with general healthbeing the most affected. The present study underscores the need for targeted, culturally relevant psychosocialsupport interventions for persons treated for TB disease, especially during the early months of treatment.
A Study of Complications of Infants of Diabetic Mothers in Babylon Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Pediatrics
Authors: Rebee Mohsin Al-Ithary
Published: January 2024

Background: Infants born to diabetic mothers are liable for a wide range of systemic & metabolic complications. Objectives: The aim of this study was to do early detection and early managements of signs and symptoms and complications that happened in infants of diabetic mothers. Also to show the outcome of infants of diabetic mothers. Materials and Method: Medical history, physical examination, and investigations (biochemical & radiological) were done on 100 infants of diabetic mothers over about 5 months period. Results: We found that 78% of cases delivered by caesarean section, and 55% of them have history of affected baby, 27% history of miscarriage & 9% chronic sibling morbidity & these results might be due to poor glycemic control, bad antenatal care, or maternal & social neglect. Macrosomia was 42%. Congenital anomalies include congenital heart disease 16%, Birth trauma occurs in 5% in form of fracture clavicle & brachial plexus injury. Hypoglycemia presented in 85%. Perinatal mortality, birth injuries, systemic, hematologic & metabolic complications are more encountered in infants born to diabetic mothers. Conclusion: Infants of diabetic mothers have a lot of risky complications and they need screening even in asymptomatic cases.
Effect of Different Levels of Coriandrum Sativum and Piper Nigrum and their Interaction on Production, Biochemical Parameter, Liver Enzymes, TSH and Growth Hormone for Broiler Chickens
Authors: S.G. Hussein1, H.Q. Baker
Published: January 2024

Abstract This study was conducted in Agri. Faculty field, University of Sumer De-Qar province for period from 10th of April 2019 to 14th of May 2019, they had fed 35 days. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effective of watery extraction of Coriander and Black pepper to (80) chickens, one day old, Strain Rose 308, unsexed birds and breed in four cages of batteries. This experiment was divided into four groups, three treatments with different levels and the fourth as a control. The results showed a significant increase of weekly body weight (BW), as well the treatments were improving feed consumption P < 0.05, furthermore there is increase in feed conversion ratio with significant result P<0.05. The study reported about biochemical parameters, It showed that a significant decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride (T.G.) P<0.05 incompared with the control and no significant difference with total protein. Liver enzymes activity after use medicinal herbs and spice for broiler chicks were recorded a significant reduction in GOT and GPT and no Significant effect on ALP, P<0.05. As well as the herbs and spice gave increase in growth hormone maybe that herbs contain mineral and vitamins which increased growth hormones P<0.05 the efficient of growth hormone (somatotrophin) was increase protein retention and glycogen deposited in the muscles, as well increase in TSH hormone that gave significant result P<0.05. Increased of TSH hormone secrete from pituitary gland and causes elevated in T3, T4 and increased the metabolism. The result indicated that there is significant differences between treatments for Immunological test of N.D. P<0.05 when compared with a control and no significant differences for I.B. test. It is concluded the extraction enhanced the performance and health situation with improvement antibody titer against N.D. but the medicinal herbs did not effect on infection bronchitis (IB) disease as well all the chickens were vaccinated with N.D. and No vaccine with IB
Risk Factors Associated with HIV Infection among Male to Transvestites in Five Cities in Indonesia in 2015
Authors: Udin Komarudin1, Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono
Published: January 2024

Transgender people are 49 times more likely to live with HIV than common people. In 2015 HIV prevalence in Indonesia increased from 2011. This study aims to determine the risk factors associated with HIV infection in transvestites. This study used a cross-sectional design, using data from the Indonesian Ministry of Health’s Integrated Biological and Behavior Survey in 2015, the study population was all transvestites in five cities in Indonesia, the sample was someone who was biologically male but behaved like a woman, aged ?15 years interviewed and have complete data. We investigate risk factors associated with HIV infection. Data analysis used the SPSS application, for p-value statistical tests <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: 64% of transvestites aged over 30 years, 57% had low education, 67% of transvestites had anal sex in the past week, 86% of transvestites used condoms during sex, the results of multivariate analysis showed that factors associated with HIV infection were having sex with male client at last week (OR=1.60, 95% CI: 1.04-2.45); age ?30 years (OR=1.61, 95% CI: 1.10-2.38) and had a history of symptoms of STIs in the last year (OR=1.88, 95% CI: 1.24-2.85). Risk factors associated with HIV infection among transvestites in five cities in Indonesia are having anal sex with male client in the past week; Age ?30 years; and have a history of symptoms of STIs in the past year.
Determinants of Under-Five Mortality in Southern Asia
Authors: Ankika Dutta
Published: January 2024

Under-five mortality is one of the important indicators for measuring the overall child health status of a country or region. One of the sub-goals of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs-2015) is reduction of under-five mortality rate to at least as low as 25 deaths per 1,000 live births by 2030. The present study aims at investigating the determinants of under-five mortality in Southern Asia. The results of the GLS Random Effects regression found adolescent fertility rate, measles immunization, basic drinking water services, prevalence of anemia among children and current health expenditure to be significant determinants of under-five mortality.
Association between Jordanian Ostomates’ Knowledge about Intestinal Ostomy Care and their Ostomy Health-Related Problems
Authors: Rami A. Elshatarat
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Patients with intestinal ostomy (IO) have several health-related problems and complications. This research is conducted to determine the correlation between the subjects’ knowledge about IO care and the frequency of health-related problems and complications. Method: A cross-sectional design and convenience sampling method were used to investigate 174 patients with IO (ostomates). Results: Almost all of the subjects had at least one IO health-related problem. About half of the subjects had more than three IO health-related problems. The subjects’ had low (poor) knowledge about IO care and management (mean±SD = 52.2±16.4, out of 100). The results showed negative correlation between ostomates’ knowledge about IO care and their frequency of IO health-related problems and complications (r = -0.54, p = 0.03). Conclusion: Continuing health eduaction and training programs are recommended to all patients with IO to imorove their knowledge about IO care and to prevent the negative health events and complications which are related to IO.
Comparison between Lord Dilitation Versus Lateral Internal Sphincterotomy for Management Post Hemorrhoidectomy Pain and Stenosis
Authors: Raisan Mahdi Shoramah Aljabery
Published: January 2024

Hemorrhoidectomy is usually associated with significant pain during the postoperative period. The spasm of internal sphincter seen to play an important role in the origin of pain. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of lateral internal sphincterotomy or Lord dilatation of anal sphincter after hemorrhoidectomy in regarding the maximum resting pressure of the anal canal, accelerating wound healing and decrease postoperative pain when resting and defication. The patients with profound or diagnosed hemorrhoid (n = 79), visited to the Alfayha teaching hospital during April 2016 to June 2017 were enrolled in the present study. The informed consent was taken from each patient before enrollment. Seventy nine patients were admitted in the hospital complaining from anal stenosis and pain after different method of hemorrhoidectomy. The patients underwent hemorrhoidectomy with unhealed wound and severe pain after defication one month ago. They were divided into the two groups viz. patients treated with lateral internal sphincterotomy (n = 40) or lord dilatation surgery (n = 39). In the present study the ratio of lateral internal sphincteroctomy to lords dilatation surgery were found to be 2.761. The occurrence of the hemorrhoid was found to be higher in male than females (2.95:1). The higher number of patients were from 21-30 age group. About 69.2% of male patients ere operated by lord dilatation, while 33 (82.5%) of male patients managed by lateral internal sphinctertomy. Around 12 females (30.8%) managed by lord dilatation and 7 (17.5%) female patients managed by lateral internal sphincterotomy. Out of total patients, 43 were suffering from diabetes mellitus where, 16 were operated by the lard dilation and 27 were operated with lateral internal sphincterotomy. Around 22 suffering steroid problem out of which 17 were operated by the lard dilation and 5 were operated with lateral internal sphincterotomy. About 3 patients were suffering malignancy (2 in lard dilation and 27 in lateral internal sphincterotomy surgery). The present study concluded that the lord dilatation is significant improve wound healing after hemorrhoidectomy and decrease pain.
Serum Ferritin Levels with Some Hematological Parameters in Women with Preterm Labour or PPROM
Authors: Lamia Ahmed Salih
Published: January 2024

Preterm labour is defined as the presence of uterine contractions of sufficient frequency and intensity to cause progressive effacement and dilation of the cervix prior to term gestation between (24- 37) weeks of gestation.Aim of current study aims at conducting and detecting the serum ferritin level could be use as predictor in women with preterm labour. So to decrease morbidity and mortality among the mother and her baby by predicting early labour .Patient and Method:The study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Tikrit Teaching Hospital,included 100(study and control)laboring women attending to hospital, patients included in the study were subdivided into two groups:fifty of them were preterm labour cases(gestational age between 24-37) and 50 of them had intact membranes and the other 50 were with preterm premature rupture of membranes.the second group consist of 100 patients with gestational age more than 37 weeks.all patient were subjected to the Hematological investigations(HB%,PCV,and serum ferritin). Results:In this study the patients were of comparable age with a mean age of the preterm labour group of 23.45+4.18 ranging from16-35 years, so gestational age distribution of both group, the preterm group women had a mean gestational age (34 weeks) which is significantly lower than those of the term pregnant women (38 weeks).All groups were comparable in terms of hemoglobin and PCV level (p>0.05), while there was higher serum iron and higher serum ferritin level in the preterm group compared to the control group (p<0.0001).only serum ferritin was higher in those PPROM(P<0.0001)while the other parameter were not significantly different in there level between the two groups.Preterm group showed significant higher of serum iron of preterm from control (P<0.0001)and preterm premature ruptured membranes PPROM from control (P<0.0001).The serum ferritin showed a significantly higher level in preterm labour from control (P<0.0001) and significantly higher level in preterm premature ruptured membranes PPROM than control group (P<0.0001).Conclusion Elevated serum ferritin level could be use as a predictor for prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery and PPROM at high risk of these complication, although it is worth mentioning that a larger study population .
Out of Pocket Spending for Natal Care Services: A Comparative Analysis among High and Less developed States in India
Authors: A.K. Ravisankar
Published: January 2024

In this paper attempt is made to assess the expenditure incurred on natal health care services in India at two different socio-economic settings. Data for the analyses are drawn from the 71st round of NSSO held in 2014. A logistic regression model used to assess the determinants such as socio-economic and demographic indicators on expenditure incurred for natal care services. It is found that a major proportion of respondents spent money for their natal care however a wide difference was noticed between high and low HDI states in India. The average amount spent from their pockets for natal care services was Rs.6,685/- for high HDI states. It was almost double times higher than the low HDI sates’ expenditure incurred for natal care (Rs. 3,400). The results of the logistic regression analysis on expenditure incurred for natal care is positively and significantly associated with all the socio-economic, demographic variables (except age, religion). In India, the natal health care services are offered free, yet many families’ average out of pocket natal health care expenditure incurred was relatively high, however, a wide variation is witnessed among high and low HDI states. Hence, it is suggested to increase the share of state’s expenditure on healthcare, especially those states which are socially and economically backward states, to reduce the state differences in the country on health outcomes.