bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ottoman Archaeology of the Middle Nile Valley in the Sudan
Authors: ELZEIN INTISAR
Published: February 2012

This chapter aims to provide an outline of the archaeological remains reflecting the Ottoman presence on the Middle Nile, with preliminary interpretation and suggestions for areas in which future research could most profitably concentrate. The Nubian frontier region of the Ottoman Empire is one of its least-known areas. It raises numerous questions relating to both Sudanese and Ottoman history, as well as the nature of relations between the Ottomans and the Funj, in which the Ottoman garrisons on the Middle Nile must have played an intermediary role. While Sai is traditionally thought of as marking the southernmost extremity of Ottoman rule, the evidence of some of the sites above suggests that Ottoman rule extended further south, towards Hannek.
‘A Popish priest is a certain seducer’:1 Catholics and Anti-Catholicism
Authors: Hinds Peter
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the activities of Parliament in relation to Catholics during the first few months following the plot revelations. One section looks at the representations of Catholics and Catholicism in pamphlet discourse. Many tropes of anti-Catholicism during the late seventeenth century that impacted upon the credibility of Oates' Popish Plot are taken into account. The importance of the representation of Catholics and Catholicism and how this representation could work to stimulate and sustain belief in the Popish Plot are discussed.
The Modern City
Authors: DAVIS DIANE E.
Published: February 2012

What constitutes modern Mexico? Is there a clear distinction between the historic and modern Mexico City? And if there are, does this distinctions hold up throughout the twentieth century, when what is apparent is a mix of legacies coexisting overtime? This chapter discusses the semiotics of history and modernity. It discusses the struggle of the Mexico City to find its own image including its struggle to preserve historic buildings amidst the differing political alliances that either promote change or preserve the past. However, past is not a single entity, hence if the preservation of the rich history of Mexico is pursued, the question arises as to what periods of history represented in the city are to be favoured in its future development. In this chapter, the focus is on the paradoxes of the Torre Bicentenario and on the pressures to preserve Mexico’s past, the ways they have been juxtaposed against the plans for its future and how the balance of these views has shifted over time. It determines the key actors and the institutions who have embraced history as opposed to progress, identifies the set of forces that dominated in the city’s twentieth-century history, and assesses the long-term implications of the shifting balance for the social, spatial and built environmental character of the city. The chapter ends with a discussion on the current role played by the cultural and historical authorities in determining the fate of the city.
The Axis Factor: Fascist Overtures
Authors: Dueck Jennifer M.
Published: February 2012

This chapter focuses on the Italian and German presence in the Levant in the pre-war period. It examines how German and Italian cultural activities became a forum in which links were forged and fashioned between French, foreign, and local cultural players. After providing an overview of German and Italian interests in the Middle East, the Italian and German networks are dealt with individually. Although Italy and Germany shared the desire to diminish Franco–British influence in the Middle East, they both faced obstacles to implementing a programme of active penetration. As political or military avenues of agitation were not feasible, cultural projects took on greater significance than would otherwise have been the case. Both nations wanted to encourage anti-French agitation without provoking direct international confrontation or appearing politically power-hungry in the eyes of the local population.
Conclusion
Authors: Dueck Jennifer M.
Published: February 2012

The last decade of French Mandate rule in Syria and Lebanon bears witness to the prominence of culture in a politically contested region. Flanking the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, these two states proved a crucible of international strategic interests, attracting French, Anglo–Saxon, Italian, and German notice. The participants in the cultural networks that operated in Syria and Lebanon belonged to many different nations. They shared the conviction that cultural institutions could serve a variety of political ends by shaping people's language, values, and identity. Despite what often amounted to a dearth of measurable political results, the confidence in culture as a sphere of political action perpetuated itself with remarkable momentum. Once culture became an accepted means with which to fight one's political rivals, no established or ascendant authority could afford to ignore it.
Community, authority, and parochial realms
Authors: Gleadle Kathryn
Published: February 2012

Within their communities, women could act as authoritative public figures in ways that were strikingly at odds with the highly feminized modes of action with which they were associated in the wider ‘public sphere’ of national campaigns. Gender was always central to individual identity and social interaction, yet in these contexts it was a less obvious predictor of public engagement. Studying the multifarious constructions of women's local personas enables us to focus upon the varying salience of gender in the experiences and representations of publicly active women. This chapter explores the various sites of the ‘parochial realm’, a term used to denote situations characterized by daily, local interaction and personal communication. It focuses on three themes in particular: female economic agency, women's cultural activities, and female philanthropy. Finally, it discusses women's economic activities and local profiles, female philanthropy in relation to politics and community, cultural authority and civic identity, and the significance of female householders as political agents.
‘Doing good by wholesale’: women, gender, and politics in the family network of Thomas Fowell Buxton
Authors: Gleadle Kathryn
Published: February 2012

This chapter focuses on a family network and considers how the various sites of political engagement — the ‘public’ sphere, the parochial realm, and the family — functioned together in the construction of subjectivities and political experience. It examines the conceptualization of female influence, the gendered complexities of collaborative authorship, the construction of corporate family identities, the problematic position of women within the civic sphere (as compared to the parochial sphere), and the significance of gendered space for the constitution of female political subjectivity. Since the publication of Clare Midgley's acclaimed study of female anti-slavery activism, the involvement of women in the campaign to liberate slaves in Britain's colonial territories has become a firmly established feature of our understanding of nineteenth-century political culture. This chapter analyses the family network involved in one particular anti-slavery organization: the Society for the Extinction of the Slave Trade and the Civilization of Africa (African Civilization Society), whose founder and leading light, Thomas Fowell Buxton, presented the famous ladies' anti-slavery petition to parliament in 1833.
Bede’s Chronica Maiora: Early Insular History in a Universal Context
Authors: Scully Diarmuid
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the early insular history of Bede's Chronica Maiora in a universal context. It considers Bede's treatment of salvation history in the Chronica Maiora's account of the archipelago in the era of the Roman conquest and the barbarian invasions, viewed within the context of contemporary world history. The chapter explains that the Chronica Maiora is located in Bede's magisterial survey of divine and human time and traces the providential unfolding of universal history through the six ages of this world.
The Anglo-Saxon Connection: Irish Metalwork, ad 400–800
Authors: Ó Floinn Raghnall
Published: February 2012

This chapter evaluates that evidence for the connection between Anglo-Saxon England and Ireland can be inferred from discovered Irish metalwork dated around 400 to 800 AD. It discusses the factors that revolutionised the understanding of interactions across the Irish Sea, including excavation of a number of important sites in western Britain and Ireland such as the Dunadd and the Mote of Mark. Current evidence suggests that the experimentation by Celtic metalworkers, beginning in the seventh century, was carried out at secular rather than ecclesiastical sites.
Cemetery Settlements and Local Churches in Pre-Viking Ireland in Light of Comparisons with England and Wales
Authors: Carragáin Tomás Ó
Published: February 2012

This chapter re-examines the evidence for local ecclesiastical and other burial sites in pre-Viking Ireland. It compares local churches and cemetery settlements in pre-Viking Ireland with those found in England and Wales. The chapter describes the density of the pre-Viking ecclesiastical sites in Ireland, church density and social structure in Anglo-Saxon England, and the local ecclesiastical sites in Cornwall and Wales.
Deacon's Dilemma: The Problem of Pair-bonding in Human Evolution
Authors: Dunbar Robin
Published: February 2012

Humans have an unusual mating system — nominally monogamous pair-bonds set within multimale/multifemale communities. In the context of large, dispersed communities, this inevitably places a significant stress on mating strategies, especially for males for whom paternity uncertainty is a real problem. This chapter discusses the nature of this bonding process in terms of the proximate mechanisms that make it possible, and then asks why such a phenomenon might have evolved. It suggests that the evidence for the importance of biparental care is weak, and a more likely explanation is that females attached themselves to males in order to reduce the risks of harassment and infanticide from other males. Finally, the discussion examines when pair-bonds of this kind might have evolved during the course of hominin evolution, and suggests that it might have been quite late.
When Individuals Do Not Stop at the Skin
Authors: Barnard Alan
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines contemporary hunter-gatherer societies in Africa and elsewhere in light of the social brain and the distributed mind hypotheses. One question asked is whether African hunter-gatherers offer the best model for societies at the dawn of symbolic culture, or whether societies elsewhere offer better models. The chapter argues for the former. Theoretical concepts touched on include sharing and exchange, universal kin classification, and the relation between group size and social networks. The chapter offers reinterpretations of classic anthropological notions such as Wissler's age-area hypothesis, Durkheim's collective consciousness and Lévi-Strauss's elementary structures of kinship. Finally, the chapter outlines a theory of the co-evolution of language and kinship through three phases (signifying, syntactic and symbolic) and the subsequent breakdown of the principles of the symbolic phase across much of the globe in Neolithic times.
The Socio-religious Brain: A Developmental Model
Authors: Finkel Daniel N. , Swartwout Paul , Sosis Richard
Published: February 2012

Evolutionary approaches to religion and the social brain hypothesis are ripe for functional integration. One conceptual link for such integration lies in recognizing the artificially imposed distinction between religion and most other aspects of culture found in band-level societies. This chapter argues that throughout most of human evolution, religion has organized the patterns of belief and behaviour in which the social brain operates. Religious beliefs, myths, symbols and rituals are the means by which emotional bonding, enculturation and identification with an in-group occur. The chapter presents a developmental account of socio-religious enculturation in order to clarify the unique role religion plays in social cognition. It proposes that the particulars of religious systems are introduced and practised during childhood, sealed in adolescence, reinforced throughout reproductive adulthood and transmitted by post-reproductive adults.
Some Functions of Collective Forgetting
Authors: Connerton Paul
Published: February 2012

Coerced forgetting — forgetting as repressive erasure — has been a hallmark of many of the totalitarian regimes of the 20th century. However, the act of forgetting is not always negative. This chapter discusses three kinds of forgetting: prescriptive forgetting, or forgetting as an act of common good; forgetting as constitutive of the formation of a new identity; and forgetting as annulment, a response to a surfeit of information. Far from representing failures, all of these processes may play significant roles in the establishment and enhancement of social bonds.
Firing Up the Social Brain
Authors: Gowlett John
Published: February 2012

The mastery of fire is a great human achievement which has helped shape our species. This chapter addresses the wider importance of fire, arguing that it is part of a fundamental motor of human evolution, deeply tied into our biology as well as economy and technology, and indeed a motor of the social brain. It seems likely that fire was involved in this nexus from a very early period, probably back to the time of increases in human brain size in the early Pleistocene, and indeed that it may have been a necessity for the subsequent physical evolutionary and social developments in Homo. Fire may be associated so strongly with imagery, imagination and symbolism in the modern world as a result of its primary role in effecting transformation of materials, and acting to link various strands of material culture.
A Technological Fix for ‘Dunbar's Dilemma’?
Authors: Barham Lawrence
Published: February 2012

A comparison of the archaeological evidence for symbol-based behaviours with the predictions of the social brain hypothesis has created ‘Dunbar's dilemma’. The dilemma lies in a disjuncture between evidence and theory, marked by a long chronological gap between the predicted cognitive potential for syntactic language (500 ka), communal religion (200 ka), and the earliest accepted archaeological evidence for these symbol-based behaviours (135 ka). One possibility is that the predictions of the social brain hypothesis may simply be wrong and these cognitively demanding behaviours developed with later populations of Homo sapiens. Alternatively, the social brain hypothesis may indeed be correct and the dilemma arises from the limited conceptual vision of how to interpret the material record. The resultant narrowing of the evidential gaps that comprise Dunbar's dilemma highlights the potential analytical insight that can be gained from an integrated approach involving evolutionary psychology, neurobiology and archaeology.
Fragmenting Hominins and the Presencing of Early Palaeolithic Social Worlds
Authors: Chapman John , Gaydarska Bisserka
Published: February 2012

This chapter introduces the fragmentation premise — the idea that the deliberate breakage of a complete object and the re-use of the resultant fragments as new and separate objects ‘after the break’ was a common practice in the past. It also summarizes the main implications of the fragmentation premise for the study of enchained social relations and of the creation and development of personhood in the past. Enchained relations connect the distributed elements of a person's social identity using material culture. These concepts of fragmentation, enchainment and fractality are used to think through some of the earliest remains of objects in the world. Following the philosopher David Bohm, the discussion supports the co-evolution of fragmentation in both consciousness and in objects, and compares Bohm's three-stage ideas to Mithen's model of cognitive evolution and Donald's model of external symbolic storage.
Maurice Warwick Beresford 1920–2005
Authors: Glasscock Robin
Published: February 2012

Maurice Warwick Beresford (1920–2005), a Fellow of the British Academy, was an economic and social historian born in Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire to Harry Bertram Beresford and Nora Elizabeth Jefferies. He was ill at ease in the social fabric of Jesus College in the late 1930s. Still, Beresford flourished academically under the guidance of an understanding Tutor, Bernard Manning, and a supportive Director of Studies, Charles Wilson. Social work of various kinds was to remain a major interest throughout his life. In the autumn of 1942, Beresford moved to Rugby to take up a residential post as Sub-Warden (and later Warden, 1943–1948) of the Percival Guildhouse, an adult education centre. By early 1946, he had applied for posts in history at Glasgow and economic history at Nottingham. While settling in at the University of Leeds in 1948, several papers resulting from his archival and fieldwork in the midlands were published. But before moving to Leeds, Beresford trespassed into archaeology for the first time. Beresford retired from Leeds in 1985.
John Macquarrie 1919–2007
Authors: Ward Keith
Published: February 2012

John Macquarrie (1919–2007), a Fellow of the British Academy, was the foremost Anglican systematic theologian of the twentieth century. His many books cover a wide range of topics, from studies of existentialist philosophy to expositions of systematic Christian theology, writings on mysticism and world religion, and analyses of ethical thought. Macquarrie was always a theologian of the church, using a philosophical vocabulary that united philosophical idealism, existentialism, and Anglo-Saxon analytical philosophy in an original and fruitful way. His masterpiece was the 1966 Principles of Christian Theology, which works through almost every aspect of Christian doctrine in the light of the concepts of human nature and of God that he had forged from idealism, from Martin Heidegger, and from an increasingly sacramental and mystical approach to Christian faith. In 1970, Macquarrie was offered, without his prior knowledge, the Lady Margaret Chair of Divinity at Christ Church, University of Oxford. He received various honours that testify to the high regard in which he was held both in America and in Britain.
Ending the Russian Revolution: Reflections on Soviet History and its Interpreters
Authors: FITZPATRICK SHEILA
Published: February 2012

This lecture presents the text of the speech about the ending of the Russian Revolution delivered by the author at the 2008 Elie Kedourie Memorial Lecture held at the British Academy. It addresses the problems for historians in determining the meaning and moral of a revolution. The lecture analogizes the French and Russian Revolution and suggests that the Russian Revolution and its historiography has always been to some extent in the shadow of the French.
The Transnational Turn in Migration Studies and the Afghan Social Networks
Authors: Monsutti Alessandro
Published: February 2012

Since the 1980s, migration has undergone various developments that have changed the understanding of the concept of migration. The former understanding of migration as the integration of the migrant in the host society or the return of the migrant to the society of origin was proceeded by complex migrations and multiple social relations across boundaries. This migration trend paved the way for the term ‘transnationalism’. This term suggests that sociocultural groups are no longer territorially defined but rather are defined through migrations, and a global ethnography has been created. This chapter illustrates the broad potential of the transnational approach by analysing Afghan refugees and migrants, particularly the Hazaras who originated in the mountainous region of Afghanistan. These refugees were a result of the 1978 communist coup and the 1979 Soviet intervention in Afghanistan. Afghan refugees form the largest displaced population. This exodus of the Afghans was not entirely dictated by war, insecurity and poverty but as well as the nomadic nature of their life where mobility is seen as a planned strategy. In migration and exile, the process of integration and definitive return are seldom achieved as movement and mobility is continuous.
There Go the Neighbourhoods: Policy Effects vis-à-vis Iraqi Forced Migration
Authors: Al-Tikriti Nabil
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the emergence of sectarianism in Iraq. Sectarian identities have long persisted in Iraq. And although they tend to cause violence, sectarian violence did not persist as a social constant; rather, outbreaks of sectarian violence only happened on specific occasions. For some observers, Iraq is divided into three distinct ethno-sectarian regions: the Shi’i Arab in southern Iraq, the Sunni Arab in central Iraq, and the Sunni Kurdish in northern Iraq. These geographic divisions are seen within the tripartite ‘no-fly zone’ borders of 1991 to 2003. While this portrayal does bear some resemblance to reality, it is insufficient in defining Iraqi society. However in the wake of the 2003 Anglo-American invasion, the occupation authorities formed policies which encouraged gradual, progressive and incessant increases in social chaos and a sectarianism that eventually led to the violent geographic consolidation of Iraq’s ethno-sectarianism mapping.
Introduction: Defectiveness: Typology and Diachrony
Authors: Baerman Matthew , Corbett Greville G.
Published: February 2012

A defective word is defined by paradigm as incomplete compared with the major class it belongs to. Defectiveness signifies the unwanted intrusion of morphological idiosyncrasy into syntax. Although this phenomenon has been a constant subject of studies, it has been ill incorporated into the theories of language. This present volume brings together scholars from various theoretical schools for an overdue typological view of defectiveness. It concentrates on some samples of idiosyncratic gaps which are assumed as indicative of the phenomenon of defectiveness. Before delving into the specified topics of each chapter, this introductory chapter presents a typology of defective paradigms. It discusses terms used to describe defectiveness in synchronotic terms, and the possible diachrony of defective paradigms.
‘A Generall Reformation of Common Learning’ and its Reception in the English-Speaking World, 1560–1642
Authors: Hotson Howard
Published: February 2012

This chapter provides a synthesis of the ‘Reformation of Common Learning’, which progressively developed from Peter Ramus’s pedagogy in the mid-sixteenth century to the work of the Moravian Comenius in the mid-seventeenth. The essay stretches the traditional periodisation and disciplinary boundaries often applied to reformation studies. By implication, it calls into question the understanding of a seventeenth-century ‘post-reformation’ era, a point underscored by mid-seventeenth-century writers such as Milton who spoke of reform as a continuous process. The wider intellectual currents that were contemporaneous to sixteenth- and seventeenth-century theological developments become essential to understanding the reception of reformation.
Milton: Literature and Life
Authors: Worden Blair
Published: February 2012

In 1660, upon the Restoration of Charles to the English throne, John Milton went into hiding. His treatises Eikonoklastes and Defensio were condemned and burned. Milton faced the prospect of public execution, but escaped with a brief imprisonment. Three-quarters of a century later, the Milton once vilified for his political polemics was embraced by the public for his verses, which had risen high in England's favour. This chapter discusses Milton's purposes and priorities. The ideal of teaching is, according to Milton, through the ‘delight’ of poetry; for him poetry must function to deplore the general Relapses of Kingdoms and States from justice and God's true worship. Just as with poetry, he looked at prose to instruct the readers by affording them delight, and by calming the perturbation of mind that can impede their reception of truth. Milton believed that just as poetry can impart virtue through charm and smoothness of sounds, prose draws on eloquence to charm the multitude to love what is truly good. In his writings, he pursued the conception of liberty, the strife between good and evil, the principle of free choice, and the sinfulness of the popery. Milton tailored his Restoration poems as bulwarks against the wickedness of the court and nation. His poems served as sharp checks and sour instructions, in the absence of which, many people would have been lost if they were not speedily reclaimed. Some of Milton's works of enlightenment and corrections were Paradise Lost, The Reason of Church Government, and History of Britain.
Milton and the Poetry of the Fall
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: February 2012

Setting aside his concern with political and theological principles, Milton's most distinctive contribution in culture is his poetry, where he thinks through the consequences of the principles in poetic language, which is more humanly complex than the combative polemics of his prose. This chapter examines Milton's thinking about the Fall of Man. His conception of the Fall is predominantly a meditation on egoism and disobedience, on selfishness and self-sacrificial love, on blindness and recognition. The chapter aims to elucidate some of the poetic means by which Milton draws his reader into the narrative of the Fall. Milton's poetry of the Fall is inter alia the fall of couples to individuals who enclose themselves in self-seeking forms of selfhood; and the fall of reason into modes of self-deception, exemplified by the recourse to the rhetorical questions that close off true reasoning and substitute human wishful thinking for the obedience to divine commands.
The Lombard League, 1167–1225
Authors: Raccagni Gianluca
Published: February 2012

The Lombard League was an association created by the city republics of northern Italy in the 12th century in order to defend their autonomy and that of the papacy in a struggle against the German Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. The League has enjoyed an iconic status, and in the nineteenth century was glorified as a precursor of the Italian struggle for independence in political and historical pamphlets as well as in paintings, novels, and even operas. The League played a crucial role in the evolution of Italy’s political landscape, but it did more than ensure its continued fragmentation. Historiography, in fact, has overlooked the collegial cooperation among the medieval Italian polities and this volume examines the League’s structure, activity, place in political thought, and links with regional identities. Using documentary evidence, histories, letters, inscriptions, and contemporary troubadour poems as well as rhetorical and juridical treatises, the book argues that the League was not just a momentary anti-imperial military alliance, but a body that also provided collective approaches to regional problems, ranging from the peaceful resolution of disputes to the management of regional lines of communication, usurping, in some cases, imperial prerogatives. Yet the League never rejected imperial overlordship per se, and this book explains how it survived after the end of the conflict against Frederick I, one of its most lasting legacies being the settlement that it reached with the empire, the Peace of Constance, which became the Magna Carta of the northern Italian polities.
Introduction
Authors: Raccagni Gianluca
Published: February 2012

Between 1164 and 1167, most of the northern Italian city communes, but also smaller communities and some lords, coalesced into the Societas Lombardie, the Lombard League, frustrating the attempts of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa to enhance his control over the Italian peninsula during one of the main clashes between empire and papacy. A very similar contest took place in the thirteenth century at the time of Emperor Frederick II. This monograph aims to provide the first broad assessment of the League, examining its structure, the transmission of its documentary sources and involvement in economic issues, its role in the resolution of disputes as well as the connection with regional identities, the role of lords and smaller communities in an association dominated by city communes, the activity of the League in military and diplomatic events, and its place in contemporary juridical and political thought.
The Lombard League/Milanese Party (1200–1225)
Authors: Raccagni Gianluca
Published: February 2012

This chapter describes the Lombard League and the Milanese Party from 1200 to 1225. The first section examines the traces of the League in the first quarter of the thirteenth century. The second section describes the Milanese party. Documentation concerning the League drastically decreased in the first quarter of the thirteenth century. References to the League can be found in a second commitment by Otto of Brunswick to Pope Innocent III from around 1201 and in some papal letters related to them. The main reason behind the renewal of 1208 was again linked to the empire, since it probably derived from the rising fortune of Philip of Swabia. In the first quarter of the thirteenth century the Lombard League evolved into and was replaced by the Milanese party.
Rabbinic Literature and the History of Judaism in Late Antiquity: Challenges, Methodologies and New Approaches
Authors: LAVEE MOSHE
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the methodologies, new approaches, and challenges in the use of rabbinic literature to study the history of Judaism in late antiquity. It provides some examples that demonstrate some of the issues concerning the applicability of rabbinic literature to the study of Judaism in late-Roman Palestine. It concludes that rabbinic literature can serve as a historical source, especially when read indirectly and through the lens of well-defined theoretical frameworks, and when perceived as a rabbinic cultural product that reflects delicate, sophisticated and hardly recoverable relationships between text and reality.
Michael David Kighley Baxandall 1933–2008
Authors: Onians J.
Published: February 2012

Michael Baxandall was probably the most important art historian of his generation, not just in Britain but in the world. In a series of books published between 1971 and 2003 he kept expanding the frontiers of the discipline, introducing new topics, new ways of writing, and new explanatory models, always demanding of himself and his readers an undissembling clarity of thought and expression. If art history is now a field that can hold its own with more established areas of the humanities, it is largely because Baxandall had a talent to transmit to others through the printed page the powerful intellectual resources he had built up through tireless inward reflection. These resources he applied with equal engagement to Italian Renaissance art criticism, German wood sculpture, the understanding of shadows in the 18th century, the planning of the Forth Bridge, and the functions of the neural structure of the retina.
John Nicolas Coldstream 1927–2008
Authors: Johnston Alan
Published: February 2012

Nicolas Coldstream was a tall but not lofty person. His manner indeed was that of a quiet and thoughtful member of the old-school type, and this certainly was occasionally misinterpreted. Coldstream tended to couch his disagreements in terms well known from the Yes Minister repertoire: ‘I am not quite sure that I can follow you completely on that’. His deliberate and seemingly at times slow responses were however always to the point, and couched in readily understandable terms; his students always valued the meticulous detail that he could bring to their work, as he did in his publications. Academically Coldstream concentrated on the essentials of gathering physical evidence and interpreting them in historical terms, be they art-historical or broadly political. He regarded both his basic books, Greek Geometric Pottery: a Survey of Ten Local Styles and their Chronology and Geometric Greece as historical contributions; certainly nobody working in the field can afford to ignore either.
Utilization of All Hydrothermally Synthesized Red, Green, Blue Nanophosphors for Fabrication of Highly Transparent Monochromatic and Full‐Color Plasma Display Devices
Authors: Song Woo‐Seuk , Lee Ki‐Heon , Do Young Rag , Yang Heesun
Published: February 2012

Visible transparency is one of the attributes pursued in the advancement of display devices. Such a transparency can be realized in a plasma display device simply by applying Y(V,P)O4:Eu red‐, Y(V,P)O4:Tm blue‐, and LaPO4:Ce,Tb green‐emitting nanophosphors with a controlled particle size and reasonable luminescence. The nanophosphors of three primary colors are all hydrothermally synthesized and annealed at appropriate conditions. Highly transparent, uniform emissive layers are deposited by screen‐printing the nanophosphor pastes. Using respective screen‐printed nanophosphor layers of red, blue, and green, monochromatic transparent test panels of plasma display are fabricated and characterized. Ultimately, a white‐luminescing full‐color transparent panel is successfully demonstrated by line‐patterning the individual nanophosphor layers. Furthermore, for an effort to extract more photons and thus improve the brightness of the test panel, polystyrene monolayer‐based 2D photonic crystal is introduced as a scattering medium on the outer surface of the panel and its usefulness was proved.
Flow regime maps and optimization thereby of hydrodynamic cavitation reactors
Authors: Kumar Peeush , Khanna Swati , Moholkar Vijayanand S.
Published: February 2012

Hydrodynamic cavitation reactors are known to intensify diverse physical and chemical processes. In this article, flow regime maps have been proposed that give an overview of the operation of hydrodynamic cavitation reactor for different combinations of design and process parameters. These maps are based on simulations of cavitating flow using mathematical model that couples continuum mixture model with diffusion limited model. Specific flow regimes have been identified depending on the energetics of the collapse of cavitation bubble as sonophysical, sonochemical, and stable oscillatory (no physical or chemical effect). The radial motion of the bubble in the cavitating flow is governed by the mean and turbulent pressure gradients, which in turn, are decided by the design parameters. An analysis of variations in the pressure gradients in the cavitating flow with design parameters has been given. The flow regime maps form a useful tool for identification of most optimum set of design parameters for hydrodynamic cavitation reactor for a physical or chemical process. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 3858–3866, 2012
Moderation of adult depression by the serotonin transporter promoter variant (5‐HTTLPR), childhood abuse and adult traumatic events in a general population sample
Authors: Grabe Hans Jörgen , Schwahn Christian , Mahler Jessie , Schulz Andrea , Spitzer Carsten , Fenske Kristin , Appel Katja , Barnow Sven , Nauck Matthias , Schomerus Georg , Biffar Reiner , Rosskopf Dieter , John Ulrich , Völzke Henry , Freyberger Harald Jürgen
Published: February 2012

The impact of the promoter polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter (5‐HTTLPR) on mood has been studied by two‐way interaction models comprising one environmental factor and genotype variants. However, childhood abuse is assumed to be associated with different psychobiological long‐term effects than adult traumatic events. Both types of trauma may interact on an individual basis throughout the lifespan moderating the impact of the 5‐HTTLPR s allele on depressive disorders. Therefore, the hypothesis of a three‐way interaction among the 5‐HTTLPR, childhood abuse and adult traumatic experience was tested. Caucasian subjects (1,974) from the general population in Germany (Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)) were analyzed. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI‐II). Childhood abuse was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Adult traumatic events were derived from the SCID interview (DSM‐IV) on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Global three‐way interactions among the 5‐HTTLPR, adult traumatic experiences and childhood abuse (P = 0.0007) were found. Carriers of the ss or sl genotypes who had been exposed to childhood abuse and to more than two adult traumatic events had higher mean BDI‐II scores (16.0 [95% CI 8.4–23.6]) compared to those carrying the ll genotype (7.6 [4.5–10.7]). These results were supported using a second, more severe definition of childhood abuse (P = 0.02). No two‐way interactions were observed (P > 0.05). Childhood abuse and adult traumatic events may act synergistically in interaction with the s allele of the 5‐HTTLPR to increase the risk for depressive symptoms independently from the lifetime diagnosis of PTSD. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Support for involvement of glutamate decarboxylase 1 and neuropeptide y in anxiety susceptibility
Authors: Donner Jonas , Sipilä Tessa , Ripatti Samuli , Kananen Laura , Chen Xiangning , Kendler Kenneth S. , Lönnqvist Jouko , Pirkola Sami , Hettema John M. , Hovatta Iiris
Published: February 2012

Genetic mapping efforts have identified putative susceptibility genes for human anxiety disorders. The most intensively studied genes are involved in neurotransmitter metabolism and signaling or stress response. In addition, neuropeptides and targets of anxiolytics have been examined. It has become apparent that gene × environment interactions may explain individual variation in stress resilience and predisposition to mental disorders. We aimed to replicate previous genetic findings in 16 putative anxiety susceptibility genes and further test whether they modulate the risk for developing an anxiety disorder in adulthood after childhood stress exposure. We tested 93 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for genetic association to anxiety disorders in the Finnish population‐based Health 2000 sample (282 cases and 575 matched controls). In addition, we examined by logistic regression modeling whether the SNP genotypes modified the effect of the number of self‐reported childhood adversities on anxiety disorder risk. The most significant evidence for association was observed in glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) with phobias (P = 0.0005). A subsequent meta‐analysis (N = 1985) incorporating previously published findings supported involvement of a single GAD1 risk haplotype in determining susceptibility to a broad range of internalizing disorders (P = 0.0009). We additionally found that SNPs and haplotypes in neuropeptide Y (NPY) modified the effect of childhood adversities on anxiety susceptibility (P = 0.003). In conclusion, we provide further support for involvement of mainly GAD1, but also NPY in determining predisposition to anxiety disorders. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early pleistocene human humeri from the gran dolina‐TD6 site (sierra de atapuerca, spain)
Authors: Bermúdez de Castro José María , Carretero José Miguel , García‐González Rebeca , Rodríguez‐García Laura , Martinón‐Torres María , Rosell Jordi , Blasco Ruth , Martín‐Francés Laura , Modesto Mario , Carbonell Eudald
Published: February 2012

In this report, we present a morphometric comparative study of two Early Pleistocene humeri recovered from the TD6 level of the Gran Dolina cave site in Sierra de Atapuerca, northern Spain. ATD6‐121 belongs to a child between 4 and 6 years old, whereas ATD6‐148 corresponds to an adult. ATD6‐148 exhibits the typical pattern of the genus Homo, but it also shows a large olecranon fossa and very thin medial and lateral pillars (also present in ATD6‐121), sharing these features with European Middle Pleistocene hominins, Neandertals, and the Bodo Middle Pleistocene humerus. The morphology of the distal epiphysis, together with a few dental traits, suggests a phylogenetic relationship between the TD6 hominins and the Neandertal lineage. Given the older geochronological age of these hominins (ca. 900 ka), which is far from the age estimated by palaeogenetic studies for the population divergence of modern humans and Neandertals (ca. 400 ka), we suggest that this suite of derived “Neandertal” features appeared early in the evolution of the genus Homo. Thus, these features are not “Neandertal” apomorphies but traits which appeared in an ancestral and polymorphic population during the Early Pleistocene. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rates of malignancy associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and its treatment
Authors: Beukelman Timothy , Haynes Kevin , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Xie Fenglong , Chen Lang , Bemrich‐Stolz Christina J. , Delzell Elizabeth , Saag Kenneth G. , Solomon Daniel H. , Lewis James D. ,   Safety Assessment of Biological Therapeutics Collaboration
Published: February 2012

Objective

To determine the relative rates of incident malignancy among children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) with respect to treatment as compared to children without JIA.

Methods

Using national Medicaid data from 2000 through 2005, we identified cohorts of children with JIA and without JIA according to the diagnosis codes used by their physicians and the medication prescriptions that were dispensed. Study followup began after a 6‐month lag period to exclude prevalent and misdiagnosed malignancies. Treatment with methotrexate (MTX) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors was categorized as ever exposed or never exposed. Malignancy outcomes were identified using an adapted version of a previously validated algorithm. Incident malignancies were categorized as possible, probable, or highly probable based on a comprehensive review of all claims. Malignancy rates were standardized to the age, sex, and race distribution of the overall JIA cohort. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated using children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (n = 321,821) (one of two comparator groups included) as the referent group.

Results

The JIA cohort included 7,812 children with a total followup time of 12,614 person‐years; 1,484 of these children contributed 2,922 person‐years of TNF inhibitor exposure. For all children with JIA versus children without JIA, the SIR was 4.4 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.8–9.0) for probable and highly probable malignancies. For those taking MTX without TNF inhibitor use, the SIR was 3.9 (95% CI 0.4–14). Following any use of TNF inhibitors, no probable or highly probable malignancies were identified (SIR 0 [95% CI 0–9.7]).

Conclusion

Children with JIA appeared to have an increased rate of incident malignancy compared to children without JIA. The treatment for JIA, including TNF inhibitors, did not appear to be significantly associated with the development of malignancy.
A novel role for retrograde transport of microtubules in the axon
Authors: Baas Peter W. , Mozgova Olga I.
Published: February 2012

Short microtubules move within the axon in both directions. In the past, it had been assumed that all of the short moving microtubules are oriented with their plus‐ends distal to the cell body, regardless of their direction of movement. The anterogradely moving microtubules were posited to play critical roles in the establishment, expansion, and maintenance of the axonal microtubule array. There was no known function for the retrogradely moving microtubules. In considering the mechanism of their transport, we had assumed that all of the short microtubules have a plus‐end‐distal polarity orientation, as is characteristic of the long microtubules that dominate the axon. Here we discuss an alternative hypothesis, namely that the short microtubules moving retrogradely have the opposite polarity orientation of those moving anterogradely. Those that move anterogradely have their plus‐ends distal to the cell body while those that move retrogradely have their minus ends distal to the cell body. In this view, retrograde transport is a means for clearing the axon of incorrectly oriented microtubules. This new model, if correct, has profound implications for the manner by which healthy axons preserve their characteristic pattern of microtubule polarity orientation. We speculate that pathological flaws in this mechanism may be a critical factor in the degeneration of axons during disease and injury, as well as in neuropathy caused by microtubule‐active drugs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Druckfestigkeit von Ziegelmauerwerk – aktuelle Auswertungen zur Festlegung von charakteristischen Mauerwerkdruckfestigkeiten in DIN EN 1996
Authors: Brameshuber Wolfgang , Graubohm Markus , Meyer Udo
Published: February 2012

Das Institut für Bauforschung der RWTH Aachen (ibac) hat im Auftrag der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mauerziegel in mehreren Projekten die in Deutschland vorliegenden Versuchsergebnisse zur Druckfestigkeit von Ziegelmauerwerk auf der Grundlage der aktuell definierten Randbedingungen neu ausgewertet. Für Hochlochziegel HLzB mit Normalmauermörtel zeigte die Auswertung rund 10 % höhere Werte als bislang in DIN 1053 definiert. Für Planziegel nach E DIN 105‐6:2011‐04 wurden erstmalig Werte vorgeschlagen, die die Basis für die Aufnahme dieser Produkte bei der nächsten Überarbeitung der DIN EN 1996 bilden werden.

Compressive strength of clay unit masonry – current evaluations concerning the definition of characteristic masonry compressive strength values in DIN EN 1996. By order of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mauerziegel, the Institute of Building Materials Research (ibac) of RWTH Aachen University has evaluated the available German results of clay masonry compressive strength tests based on the current boundary conditions. The evaluation for hollow clay units (HLzB) combined with general purpose mortar resulted in about 10 % higher values compared to the regulations in DIN 1053. For high precision clay units according to E DIN 105‐6:2011‐04, compressive strength values were proposed for the first time, which will be the basis for the consideration of these products within the revision of DIN EN 1996.
Dynamic regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores by stromal interaction molecule 1 and sarcolipin during muscle differentiation
Authors: Seth Malini , Li Tianyu , Graham Victoria , Burch Jarrett , Finch Elizabeth , Stiber Jonathan A. , Rosenberg Paul B.
Published: February 2012

During muscle development, the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) undergoes remodeling to establish a specialized internal Ca2+ store for muscle contraction. We hypothesized that store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is required to fill Ca2+ stores and is, therefore, critical to creating a mature SR/ER. Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) functions as a sensor of internal Ca2+ store content and an activator of SOCE channels. Myocytes lacking STIM1 display reduced SR Ca2+ content and altered expression of key SR proteins. Sarcolipin (SLN), an inhibitor of the SR calcium pump, was markedly increased in the muscle of mutant STIM1 mice. SLN opposes the actions of STIM1 by limiting SOCE, reducing SR Ca2+ content and delaying muscle differentiation. During mouse muscle development SLN is highly expressed in embryonic muscle, while the expression of STIM1 is up‐regulated postnatally. These results suggest that SOCE regulates SR/ER specialization and that SLN and STIM1 act in opposing fashions to govern SOCE during myogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 241:639–647, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.