bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tuning of Fuzzy Sharpening Filters for Biomedical Image Enhancement
Authors: Kukal Jaromir , Sireis Abduljalil , Krbcova Zuzana
Published: April 2019

Various approaches are used for image smoothing and sharpening. The class of fuzzy filters is widely used in the case of spiky noise due to their non–linear behavior. A lot of popular fuzzy filters are realizable in Lukasiewicz algebra with square root. Frequently applied low-pass fuzzy filters were selected from literature and used for the image sharpening with dyadic weights. The first aim of the paper is to find the optimum sharpening with the best Signal–to–Noise Ratio criterion for various noise types and offer general suggestions for fuzzy filter selection. Our results are directly applicable to tomographic images from MRI, PET and SPECT scanners.
Usability Evaluation of Randomly Generated Fonts for Bubble Captcha
Authors: Bostik Ondrej , Horak Karel , Klecka Jan
Published: April 2019

A Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA), is the wide-spread concept of systems suited to secure the web services from automated SPAM scripts. The most common CAPTCHA systems benefit from imperfections of Optical Character Recognition algorithms. This paper presents our ongoing work focused on the development of a new CAPTCHA scheme based on a human perception. The goal of this work is to evaluate the usability of randomly generated fonts used in Bubble Captcha scheme with both humans and OCR classifiers.
Production Planning and Control as Routing in Manufacturing Networks
Authors: Bach Terje , Jæger Bjørn , Hoff Arild
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we explore the use of network routing for production planning and control in manufacturing of complex industrial products. Such a product is the result of a joint effort of many manufacturing companies; each considered a collection of work centre nodes connected by transportation links forming a company-wide manufacturing network. Each company is, in turn considered a manufacturing node connected to other manufacturers by transportation links forming a distributed manufacturing network that produces the final product. We model the manufacturing network as a distribution network where the incoming and outgoing inventories of products are distinct nodes in addition to the work centre nodes. Production planning and control are done by minimizing the cost of handling all products in all work centre nodes. This formulation provides a scalable and flexible production planning and control scheme adhering to the networked structure of manufacturing of complex products. We apply the model to a company-wide manufacturing network as a first approach. A case study using the model demonstrates production planning using network routing at a manufacturer of ship propulsion engines.
WECIA Graph: Visualization of Classification Performance Dependency on Grayscale Conversion Setting
Authors: Skrabanek Pavel , Yayilgan Sule Yildirim
Published: April 2019

Grayscale conversion is a popular operation performed within image pre-processing of many computer vision systems, including systems aimed at generic object categorization. The grayscale conversion is a lossy operation. As such, it can signicantly in uence performance of the systems. For generic object categorization tasks, a weighted means grayscale conversion proved to be appropriate. It allows full use of the grayscaleconversion potential due to weighting coefficients introduced by this conversion method. To reach a desired performance of an object categorization system, the weighting coefficients must be optimally setup. We demonstrate that a search for an optimal setting of the system must be carried out in a cooperation with an expert. To simplify the expert involvement in the optimization process, we propose a WEighting Coefficients Impact Assessment (WECIA) graph. The WECIA graph displays dependence of classication performance on setting of the weighting coefficients for one particular setting of remaining adjustable parameters. We point out a fact that an expert analysis of the dependence using the WECIA graph allows identication of settings leading to undesirable performance of an assessed system.
Using Artificial Intelligence to Determine the Type of Rotary Machine Fault
Authors: Zuth Daniel , Marada Tomas
Published: April 2019

The article deals with the possibility of using machine learning in vibrodiagnostics to determine the type of fault of rotating machine. The data source is real measured data from the vibrodiagnostic model. This model allows simulation of some types of faults. The data is then processed and reduced for the use of the Matlab Classication learner app, which creates a model for recognizing faults. The model is ultimately tested on new samples of data. The aim of the article is to verify the ability to recognize similarly rotary machine faults from real measurements in the time domain.
Differential Evolution and Deterministic Chaotic Series: A Detailed Study
Authors: Senkerik Roman , Viktorin Adam , Zelinka Ivan , Pluhacek Michal , Kadavy Tomas , Kominkova Oplatkova Zuzana , Bhateja Vikrant , Satapathy Suresh Chandra
Published: April 2019

This research represents a detailed insight into the modern and popular hybridization of deterministic chaotic dynamics and evolutionary computation. It is aimed at the influence of chaotic sequences on the performance of four selected Differential Evolution (DE) variants. The variants of interest were: original DE/Rand/1/ and DE/Best/1/ mutation schemes, simple parameter adaptive jDE, and the recent state of the art version SHADE. Experiments are focused on the extensive investigation of the different randomization schemes for the selection of individuals in DE algorithm driven by the nine different two-dimensional discrete deterministic chaotic systems, as the chaotic pseudorandom number generators. The performances of DE variants and their chaotic/non-chaotic versions are recorded in the one-dimensional settings of 10D and 15 test functions from the CEC 2015 benchmark, further statistically analyzed.
Particle Swarm Optimization with Distance Based Repulsivity
Authors: Pluhacek Michal , Zelinka Ivan , Senkerik Roman , Viktorin Adam , Kadavy Tomas
Published: April 2019

In this study, we propose a repulsive mechanism for the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm that improves its performance on multi-modal problems. The repulsive mechanism is further extended with a distance-based modification. The results are presented and tested for statistical significance. We discuss the observations and propose further directions for the research.
Raced Repetition: Perpetual Paralysis or Paradoxical Promise?
Authors: Stevens Garth
Published: April 2019

This article engages with key contemporary questions about the extent to which
the obstinacy of racial formation processes, as well as the apparent global
resurgence of raced thinking, represent a paralysis of the global anti-racist
project or signal an important analytic opportunity for revitalising critical
race scholarship and anti-racist praxis. To this end, it is incumbent upon
critical race scholars and practitioners to take stock of their historical,
current and future contributions to addressing the vexing nature of race and
racism. The article mobilises three main illustrative arguments in this regard.
First, we have to deploy our analytic tools more thoughtfully and robustly in
the service of understanding the current historical period in which race seems
to have an infinite elasticity globally as such analyses have a great deal to
offer us in thinking through the contemporary relationships between race,
materiality, histories, politics and populism. Second, writing from South
Africa, the article focuses on the historically racialised nature of the social
formation as an exemplar of how the deployment of race and resistance to it did
not simply reflect an unprocessed repetition compulsion of the raced binary over
time but actually represented incremental gains for a productively antagonistic
and adversarial anti-racist political project. Third, the article also surfaces
alternative ways of approaching the question of race today, by examining
elements of the post-race paradigm, raced embodiment and affectivity, and more
diverse conceptions of what it means to be human as part of the anti-racist
project. The article concludes that thoughtful analyses of the histories of
anti-racist praxis, contemporary manifestations of race and racism, and an
openness to new approaches to addressing the histories and continued legacies of
race are paradoxically promising and hopeful in a seemingly despairing time when
race thinking seems to be on the ascension once more.
Diagnosis of Hemoglobinopathy and β-Thalassemia by 21 Tesla Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry and Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Hemoglobin from Blood
Authors: He Lidong , Rockwood Alan L , Agarwal Archana M , Anderson Lissa C , Weisbrod Chad R , Hendrickson Christopher L , Marshall Alan G
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND

Hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias are the most common genetically determined disorders. Current screening methods include cation-exchange HPLC and electrophoresis, the results of which can be ambiguous because of limited resolving power. Subsequently, laborious genetic testing is required for confirmation.

METHODS

We performed a top-down tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) approach with a fast data acquisition (3 min), ultrahigh mass accuracy, and extensive residue cleavage by use of positive electrospray ionization 21 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance–tandem mass spectrometry (21 T FT-ICR MS/MS) for hemoglobin (Hb) variant de novo sequencing and β-thalassemia diagnosis.

RESULTS

We correctly identified all Hb variants in blind analysis of 18 samples, including the first characterization of homozygous Hb Himeji variant. In addition, an Hb heterozygous variant with isotopologue mass spacing as small as 0.0194 Da (Hb AD) was resolved in both precursor ion mass spectrum (MS1) and product ion mass spectrum (MS2). In blind analysis, we also observed that the abundance ratio between intact δ and β subunits (δ/β) or the abundance ratio between intact δ and α subunits (δ/α) could serve to diagnose β-thalassemia trait caused by a mutation in 1 HBB gene.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that 21 T FT-ICR MS/MS provides a benchmark for top-down MS/MS analysis of blood Hb. The present method has the potential to be translated to lower resolving power mass spectrometers (lower field FT-ICR mass spectrometry and Orbitrap) for Hb variant analysis (by MS1 and MS2) and β-thalassemia diagnosis (MS1).
Smoking Cessation Skills: The Role of the Respiratory Registrar
Authors: Chung Steven
Published: April 2019

One of the first things I teach students about tobacco use is that it is best considered a disease, not a risk factor (Stephen Hamann, 2004).
Health Care Providers Discussions of Tobacco Use, Advice to Quit and Patient Satisfaction at College Health Centres
Authors: Burke Michael V.
Published: April 2019

The prevalence of cigarette smoking among young people is a cause for concern. College health care providers (HCPs) can provide evidence-based interventions but frequently do not, in part, because of concerns that tobacco interventions might alienate their young patients. Six hundred and eighty-four college student patients were interviewed as they exited a college health centre. The patients were asked about smoking status, about discussions with their provider regarding tobacco and to rate their satisfaction with the visit. Of the students who smoked, 48.6% reported the HCP discussed tobacco use and 38.6% reported that the HCP provided advice to quit. Mean ranked satisfaction was significantly higher among students who received tobacco discussions and/or advice to quit. This study should encourage college providers to intervene with smoking college students without fear that this will alienate patients.
PENGELOLAAN SISTEM SOSIAL MARGA DI SUMATERA SELATAN: Telaah atas Kontribusi Teori Fungsionalisme Struktural Parsons
Authors: Syawaludin Mohammad
Published: April 2019

Before colonial periode, community forms have been found in certain region to take traditions, Example owning selected self governance, arranging its rural citizen of law compiled. In referred such as Bali community, Banjar, in South Sumatra named as Marga, Minangkabau called Nagari. Countryside, Clan, Nagari, Marga or Kampong, often called as community and in which the right to manage region (sovereignty) which recognized customary right for land or region . It’s mean social custom communities have organization to arrange many aspects of governance, leadership structure, decision mechanism, and management of internal conflct.
Pengantar Volume 11/2
Authors: Jurnal Pegantar
Published: April 2019

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ISLAM DAN POSFEMINISME : Wajah Posfeminisme Dalam Komodikasi Agama di Media
Authors: Sofyan M Ali
Published: April 2019

The relationship between masculine and feminine is collectively constructed. Both narrative and discourse of feminism has long emerged up to the third-wave. As Foucault has been pointed out that feminism itself has constructed discourse on inequality since it departs from patriarchy. Meanwhile, patriarchy has produced a threat even though it is under the pretext of feminism. The term postfeminism is thus arises after feminism, where there are no sources of oppression that originate from patriarchy.In fact, however, the interpretation of religious arguments (Islam in particular) does not subordinate women. But on the contrary, the religious argument actually wants to make women equal to men in the society. This article offers an analysis of the relation between Islam and postfeminism based on the perspective of religious commodification. It was noted that social media played a pivotal role in raising religion to engage on a global scale.Women from the perspective of postfeminism are seen as independent subjects. Freedom, gender equality, and pluralistic representation are the starting points for postfeminist women. Soft Power owned by social media contextualizes religion (Islam) and disseminates ideas including femininity in a new method, where the religious consumption can be enjoyed every second.Indonesian (Muslim) women campaign for gender equality and postfeminism awareness that is free in all things through social media (Instagram and YouTube). This is usually done in various ways such as lectures and fashion. Religious commodification, in this case is seen when religious understanding is capitalized. This perspective finally bringing Muslim women to say that "I am beautiful for myself". Although some argue that capitalizing religion appear to be less precise, when the commodification of religion can support women's freedom.
España, Asia, Filipinas: un nuevo horizonte en la política exterior española
Authors: Elizalde María Dolores
Published: April 2019

Asia y el Pacífico tradicionalmente han sido los grandes olvidados de la política exterior española. Sin embargo, en los últimos veinte años el Gobierno español ha mostrado un nuevo interés por esta área, traducido en la elaboración de varios planes de actuación, la creación de diversos foros bilaterales y el incremento de las relaciones políticas, económicas, culturales y de cooperación. En ese contexto, además de China, India, Corea y Japón, ha destacado la nueva importancia que se le ha concedido a Filipinas, colonia española durante más de trescientos años. No es fácil restablecer relaciones con un antiguo territorio colonial con el que se rompieron los lazos hace muchas décadas. No obstante, se ha hecho un esfuerzo notable por definir nuevas bases sobre las que sustentar las relaciones, potenciar los temas que aún nos unen y determinar las áreas fuertes para la colaboración. Desde esa perspectiva, en este trabajo se realiza un análisis de las nuevas relaciones entabladas con Asia en general y con Filipinas en particular durante los Gobiernos de la democracia.
“Contra viento y marea”. La mediación del Conseil national du Patronat Français en defensa de la entrada de España en el Mercado Común (1976-1986)
Authors: García Crespo Guillermo
Published: April 2019

Este artículo es una aproximación desde el ámbito historiográfico al estudio de la influencia de los actores no gubernamentales –organizaciones empresariales– en el campo de las relaciones internacionales. De manera particular, aquí se analiza la intervención de la principal organización empresarial de Francia, el Conseil national du patronat français (CNPF), actual MEDEF , en el proceso negociador abierto entre la Comunidad Europea y España para la adhesión de este país a la CEE (1977-1986). La posición favorable del patronato galo a la integración española en un contexto hostil a esta estrategia ofrece una visión alternativa de la política francesa en relación con España en el marco de la segunda ampliación comunitaria.
Bilingual children as “laboratories” for studying contact outcomes: Development of perfective aspect
Authors: Szeto Pui Yiu , Matthews Stephen , Yip Virginia
Published: April 2019

This paper examines the close parallels between the contact phenomena in Cantonese-English bilingual children and Southeast Asian creoles, especially in the domain of perfective aspect marking. ‘Already’ is a cross-linguistically common lexical source of perfective aspect markers given its conceptual link with the sense of perfectivity. In contact scenarios involving a European lexifier and Southeast Asian substrates, the development of ‘already’ into a perfective marker is further triggered by the incompatibility between the verbal morphology of the former and the isolating typology of the latter. Adopting an ecological approach to language transmission and creole genesis we discuss how the transient grammaticalization phenomena in the bilingual children can be compared to decreolization, and how the study of bilingual acquisition can contribute to contact linguistics. Despite the prevalence of unpredictable factors in contact scenarios, we argue that bilingual children can still serve as powerful “laboratories” for studying contact outcomes at the communal level.
Intersubjectivity and engagement in Ku Waru
Authors: Rumsey Alan
Published: April 2019

Following Evans et al. (2018a, 2018b), I use “engagement” to refer to grammatical encoding of the relative accessibility of an entity or state of affairs to the speaker and addressee. I refer to what is thereby encoded as the “engagement function”. How neatly does that function map on to grammatical categories of particular languages? Here I address that question with respect to the Papuan language Ku Waru, focusing on spatial and epistemic demonstratives, and definiteness and indefinite marking. I show that forms within each of those word/morpheme classes do serve engagement functions, but in cross-cutting and partial ways. I show how the engagement function is also achieved through poetic parallelism, prosody, gaze direction and other aspects of bodily comportment. In the examples considered, the engagement function is realised through interaction between those extra-linguistic features and the grammatical ones. The main thing that is added by grammatical engagement marking is an explicit signalling of the intersubjective accord that has been achieved on other bases. I hypothesize that that is true of engagement overall, and conclude by suggesting some ways to test that hypothesis and to advance the understanding of engagement more generally.
Relationship Between Velocity Loss and Repetitions in Reserve in the Bench Press and Back Squat Exercises
Authors: Rodríguez-Rosell David , Yáñez-García Juan Manuel , Sánchez-Medina Luis , Mora-Custodio Ricardo , González-Badillo Juan José
Published: April 2019

Rodríguez-Rosell, D, Yáñez-García, JM, Sánchez-Medina, L, Mora-Custodio, R, and González-Badillo, JJ. Relationship between velocity loss and repetitions in reserve in the bench press and back squat exercises. J Strength Cond Res 34(9): 2537–2547, 2020—This study aimed to compare the pattern of repetition velocity decline during a single set to failure performed against 4 relative loads in the bench press (BP) and full back squat (SQ) exercises. After an initial test to determine 1 repetition maximum (1RM) strength and load-velocity relationships, 20 men performed one set of repetitions to failure (MNR test) against loads of 50, 60, 70, and 80% 1RM in BP and SQ, on 8 random order sessions performed every 6–7 days. Velocity against the load that elicited a ∼1.00 m·s−1 (V1 m·s−1 load) was measured before and immediately after each MNR test, and it was considered a measure of acute muscle fatigue. The number of repetitions completed against each relative load showed high interindividual variability in both BP (coefficient of variation [CV]: 15–22%) and SQ (CV: 26–34%). Strong relationships were found between the relative loss of velocity in the set and the percentage of performed repetitions in both exercises (R
2 = 0.97 and 0.93 for BP and SQ, respectively). Equations to predict repetitions left in reserve from velocity loss are provided. For a given magnitude of velocity loss within the set (15–65%), the percentages of performed repetitions were lower for the BP compared with the SQ for all loads analyzed. Acute fatigue after each set to failure was found dependent on the magnitude of velocity loss (r = 0.97 and 0.99 for BP and SQ, respectively) but independent of the number of repetitions completed by each participant (p > 0.05) for both exercises. The percentage of velocity loss against the V1 m·s−1 load decreased as relative load increased, being greater for BP than SQ. These findings indicate that monitoring repetition velocity can be used to provide a very good estimate of the number (or percentage) of repetitions actually performed and those left in reserve in each exercise set, and thus to more objectively quantify the level of effort incurred during resistance training.
Recovery of Inflammation, Cardiac, and Muscle Damage Biomarkers After Running a Marathon
Authors: Bernat-Adell María D. , Collado-Boira Eladio J. , Moles-Julio Pilar , Panizo-González Nayara , Martínez-Navarro Ignacio , Hernando-Fuster Bárbara , Hernando-Domingo Carlos
Published: April 2019

Bernat-Adell, MD, Collado-Boira, EJ, Moles-Julio, P, Panizo-González, N, Martínez-Navarro, I, Hernando-Fuster, B, and Hernando-Domingo, C. Recovery of inflammation, cardiac and muscle damage biomarkers after running a marathon. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 626–632, 2021—Physical endurance sports conditions the increase of blood biomarkers responsible for the acute inflammatory response. The purpose of this study was to observe the impact of intense physical exercise on these biomarkers and detect their recovery pattern. This is an experimental study of repeated measures (pre-post marathon). The biomarkers lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TNT), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were analyzed in a total of 86 runners, 24 hours before the marathon, immediately after finishing the race and at 24, 48, 96, and 144 postrace hours. The comparative analyses were performed using the Friedman and Wilcoxon tests. The correlations between dependent and independent variables were analyzed using Spearman correlations. The data were processed through the IBM SPSS package, version 23. Significant value was p ≤ 0.05. The LDH increased and showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) for all times, compared with the initial LDH value, normalizing after 192 hours (p = 0.667) (effect size [ES], r = 0.807). The CK increased and showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) (ES, r = 0.975) up to 96 hours afterward, normalizing after 144 hours. The hs-TNT presented an increase and showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) between the pre-post race times, 24 and 48 hours, normalizing after 96 hours, although it showed a new significant value at 192 hours (p ≤ 0.001) (ES, r = 0.519). The CRP increased and showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) between the pre-post race times, at 24, 48, 96, 144, and 192 hours after race. The recovery after alterations produced by the marathon varies according to the biomarker. Blood levels of biomarkers decrease with longer race times. Greater energy expenditure increases the blood levels of LDH, CK, and hs-TNT.
Effect of Different Types of Loads on the Force-Velocity Relationship Obtained During the Bench Press Throw Exercise
Authors: Cosic Marko , Knezevic Olivera M. , Nedeljkovic Aleksandar , Djuric Sasa , Zivkovic Milena Z. , Garcia-Ramos Amador
Published: April 2019

Cosic, M, Knezevic, OM, Nedeljkovic, A, Djuric, S, Zivkovic, MZ, and Garcia-Ramos, A. Effect of different types of loads on the force-velocity relationship obtained during the bench press throw exercise. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2401–2406, 2021—This study aimed (a) to evaluate the degree of linearity of the force-velocity (F-V) relationship across different types of loads, (b) to compare the magnitude of the F-V relationship parameters (maximum values of force [F
0], velocity [V
0], and power [Pmax]) between the different types of loads, and (c) to explore the concurrent validity of F
0 with traditional measures of maximal strength. The F-V relationships of 15 physically active men (age: 20.9 ± 2.0 years, bench press 1 repetition maximum relative to body mass: 1.20 ± 0.10 kg·kg−1) were determined during the bench press throw exercise using predominantly gravitational (W), inertial (I), and combined (W + I) loads. The bench press maximal isometric force (Fiso) and the 1RM were also assessed. The individual F-V relationships were highly linear regardless of the type of load considered (median r [range] = 0.98 [0.94, 1.00]). The W + I load provided the largest value of F
0 (972 ± 45 N; 6.0 and 14.6% higher than W and I, respectively), the I load the largest value of V
0 (2.99 ± 0.34 m·s−1; 40.4 and 20.1% higher than W and W + I, respectively), and the W load the lowest value of Pmax (501 ± 46 W; −22.7 and −17.1% lower than I and W + I, respectively). The F
0 obtained from the W load presented the highest association with Fiso and 1RM values (r > 0.90). The W + I load and the I load should be recommended to work closer to the F
0 and V
0 capacities, respectively. However, the W load should be recommended to assess maximal strength capacity through the value of F
0.
Intercluster Link Management for Quality of Service Development by Mitigating the Hidden Node Problem in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Ravi Rohini , Samikannu Ravi , Venkatachary Sampath Kumar , Diarra Bakary
Published: April 2019

A hidden node problem occurs when two different cluster heads communicate with each other. The cluster head may always establish bidirectional connections to achieve another node in a different cluster from the first nongroup node. In the correspondence between two unique clusters, the occurrence of a hidden node cannot be recognized. The intercluster link management problem occurs in the system because of the hidden node. The intercluster grouping method is proposed to eliminate the hidden node problem when there is correspondence between two unique clusters. The cluster head initiates the proposed method by the grouping method. The Group Join Request (GJREQ) is sent by each cluster head to the other cluster, which is the nongroup member. The GJREQ is received by the nongroup member in the cluster, which promotes the request to other bidirectional nodes. This request is sent until it comes to the cluster head. The cluster head assigns a response in the affirmative and sends the information to the source node. The neighbor groups are points of interest that are used for sending and receiving the information between the clusters.
On the Use of Cox Regression for Statistical Analysis of Fatigue Life Results
Authors: Narynbek Ulu K. , Huneau B. , Verron E. , Béranger A. S. , Heuillet P.
Published: April 2019

The presence of scatter is inherent to fatigue life studies of materials and structures; a wide variety of statistical tools exists for analysis. Among them, Cox (proportional hazards) regression is widely encountered in survival studies of medical sciences, but has not found frequent use in fatigue of materials. Of interest is the ability to treat scatter in both applied load and fatigue life as well as censored measurements of the latter. In the present work, this statistical approach is adapted for fatigue life studies. For ease of its application, it is numerically implemented as a Python module and provided for permissive free use. The module allows us to carry out Cox regression on raw fatigue life results. Survival estimates, which provide a relationship between the probability of failure and fatigue duration, can be additionally plotted with the module. Finally, the module allows us to plot probabilistic Wöhler (S-N) curves, which leads to a more accurate representation of scatter in fatigue life results.
CTOA Testing of Thick DWTT Specimens: Experiment and FEA Simulation for Development of an Annex for ASTM E3039
Authors: Xu S. , Simha C. H. M. , Williams B. W. , Tyson W. R.
Published: April 2019

ASTM E3039-16, Standard Test Method for Determination of Crack-Tip-Opening Angle of Pipe Steels Using DWTT Specimens (superseded), is limited to drop-weight tear test (DWTT) specimens with thickness B in the range 6–20 mm. There is a trend in the pipeline industry toward heavier wall pipe in the range of 25-mm thickness; hence, there is a need to test thicker DWTT specimens for crack propagation resistance. To address this need, proportionally larger DWTT geometry is proposed to allow a larger steady-state region with the same analysis procedure as in ASTM E3039. To support the development of an E3039 Annex, tests of an X70 pipe steel with B = 26.8 mm were performed at quasistatic and intermediate rates. The critical crack-tip-opening angle (CTOAB/2) of 15.0° ± 1.7°, estimated according to ASTM E3039, was close to the CTOA of 14.7° measured at midthickness sections. The effect on CTOA of varying the loading rate between 5 × 10−5 m/s and 0.1 m/s was found to be negligible. Fracture surfaces of specimens interrupted during testing showed severe crack tunneling. Finite element analysis simulations of crack propagation using a damage-mechanics model were performed on standard and proportionally large DWTT specimens to derive and compare CTOAs. These results show that ASTM E3039 can be applied successfully with proportionally scaled specimens to measure CTOA for steels of thicknesses significantly larger than 20 mm.
Dramatically Amplified Thoracic Sympathetic Postganglionic Excitability and Integrative Capacity Revealed with Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp Recordings
Authors: McKinnon Michael Lee , Tian Kun , Li Yaqing , Sokoloff Alan Joel , Galvin Meredith Lucy , Choi Mi Hyun , Prinz Astrid , Hochman Shawn
Published: April 2019

Thoracic paravertebral sympathetic postganglionic neurons (tSPNs) comprise the final integrative output of the distributed sympathetic nervous system controlling vascular and thermoregulatory systems. Considered a non-integrating relay, what little is known of tSPN intrinsic excitability has been determined by sharp microelectrodes with presumed impalement injury. We thus undertook the first electrophysiological characterization of tSPN cellular properties using whole-cell recordings and coupled results with a conductance-based model to explore the principles governing their excitability in adult mice of both sexes. Recorded membrane resistance and time constant values were an order of magnitude greater than values previously obtained, leading to a demonstrable capacity for synaptic integration in driving recruitment. Variation in membrane resistivity was the primary determinant controlling cell excitability with vastly lower currents required for tSPN recruitment. Unlike previous microelectrode recordings in mouse which observed inability to sustain firing, all tSPNs were capable of repetitive firing. Computational modeling demonstrated that observed differences are explained by introduction of a microelectrode impalement injury conductance. Overall, tSPNs largely linearly encoded injected current magnitudes over a broad frequency range. Thus, whole-cell recordings reveal tSPNs have more dramatically amplified excitability than previously thought, with greater intrinsic capacity for synaptic integration and with the ability for maintained firing to support sustained actions on vasomotor tone and thermoregulatory function. Rather than acting as a relay, these studies support a more responsive role and possible intrinsic capacity for tSPNs to drive sympathetic autonomic function.
Thinking Algorithmically
Authors: Tatarchenko Ksenia
Published: April 2019

Cold War competition shaped the process of computerization in both East and West during the second half of the twentieth century. This article combines insights from Science and Technology Studies, which brought the analysis of Cold War technopolitics beyond the context of the nation-state, with approaches from Critical Algorithm Studies, to question the algorithm’s role in the global “computer revolution.” It traces the algorithm’s trajectory across several geographical, political, and discursive spaces to argue that its mutable cultural valences made the algorithm a universalizing attribute for representing human-machine interactions across the ideological divide. It shows that discourses about the human capacity to devise algorithms, a practice central to computer programming, became a space for negotiating different versions of modern subjectivity. This article focuses on two related episodes to demonstrate how the notion of “algorithmic thinking” became explicitly associated with a range of politicized agendas, each claiming the algorithm’s power. On one hand, the coupling of “algorithm” and “thinking” was used to describe a naturalized cognitive capacity shared among the members of the international scientific community and projected backward to the medieval scholar Al-Khwarizmi. On the other hand, the universal spread of “algorithmic thinking” became the educational goal of a late Soviet computer literacy campaign under the slogan of “Programming, the Second Literacy,” a metaphor and a political vision conceived to bring about the Socialist “Information Age.”
“The Feller Sez”
Authors: Dorrance Thomas
Published: April 2019

Fred Ross trained a dizzying array of community organizers. His organizing strategies proved most influential in the Mexican-American community in California. Ross led voting drives in Los Angeles before travelling north to San Jose where he recruited Cesar Chavez to join the Community Service Organization (CSO) and began to instruct Chavez in techniques of community organizing. This article focuses on the development of Ross’s organizing techniques while working with dust bowl migrants in camps for migratory farmworkers funded by the Farm Security Administration. The New Deal, for Ross, provided an opportunity for community mobilization as he combined economic and cultural populism into a critique of California’s “factory farm” agricultural system.
The 1930s Origins of California’s Farmworker-Church Alliance
Authors: Olmsted Kathryn S.
Published: April 2019

In the 1930s, Social Gospel ministers in the Los Angeles area organized to help farmworkers in Southern California. The reformist pastors worked across class, denominational, and racial lines and transcended language barriers as they built urban, coastal support for immigrant farmworkers in interior valleys. In the end, they failed, largely because employers were able to use the Communist affiliations of the farmworker union leaders to Red-bait and intimidate the ministers. Only when a later generation of labor leaders distanced their movement from Communism and grounded it in Christian rhetoric and imagery would this religious-labor alliance achieve victory.
Cyclin C Regulated Oxidative Stress Responsive Transcriptome in Mus musculus Embryonic Fibroblasts
Authors: Stieg David C , Chang Kai-Ti , Cooper Katrina F , Strich Randy
Published: April 2019

The transcriptional changes that occur in response to oxidative stress help direct the decision to maintain cell viability or enter a cell death pathway. Cyclin C-Cdk8 is a conserved kinase that associates with the RNA polymerase II Mediator complex that stimulates or represses transcription depending on the locus. In response to oxidative stress, cyclin C, but not Cdk8, displays partial translocation into the cytoplasm. These findings open the possibility that cyclin C relocalization is a regulatory mechanism governing oxidative stress-induced transcriptional changes. In the present study, the cyclin C-dependent transcriptome was determined and compared to transcriptional changes occurring in oxidatively stressed Mus musculus embryonic fibroblasts. We observed a similar number (∼2000) of genes up or downregulated in oxidatively stressed cells. Induced genes include cellular repair/survival factors while repressed loci were generally involved in proliferation or differentiation. Depleting cyclin C in unstressed cells produced an approximately equal number of genes (∼2400) that were repressed by, or whose transcription required, cyclin C. Consistent with the possibility that cyclin C nuclear release contributes to transcriptional remodeling in response to oxidative stress, we found that 37% cyclin C-dependent genes were downregulated following stress. Moreover, 20% of cyclin C- repressed genes were induced in response to stress. These findings are consistent with a model that cyclin C relocalization to the cytoplasm, and corresponding inactivation of Cdk8, represents a regulatory mechanism to repress and stimulate transcription of stress-responsive genes.
Quantifying the Power and Precision of QTL Analysis in Autopolyploids Under Bivalent and Multivalent Genetic Models
Authors: Bourke Peter M , Hackett Christine A , Voorrips Roeland E , Visser Richard G F , Maliepaard Chris
Published: April 2019

New genotyping technologies, offering the possibility of high genetic resolution at low cost, have helped fuel a surge in interest in the genetic analysis of polyploid species. Nevertheless, autopolyploid species present extra challenges not encountered in diploids and allopolyploids, such as polysomic inheritance or double reduction. Here we investigate the power and precision of quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in outcrossing autopolyploids, comparing the results of a model that assumes random bivalent chromosomal pairing during meiosis to one that also allows for multivalents and double reduction. Through a series of simulation studies we found that marginal gains in QTL detection power are achieved using the double reduction model when multivalent pairing occurs. However, when exploring the effect of variable genotypic information across parental homologs, we found that both QTL detection power and precision require high and uniform genotypic information contents. This effect far outweighed considerations regarding bivalent or multivalent pairing (and double reduction) during meiosis. We propose that autopolyploid QTL studies be accompanied by both marker coverage information and per-homolog genotypic information coefficients (GIC). Application of these methods to an autotetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) mapping population confirmed our ability to locate and dissect QTL in highly heterozygous outcrossing autotetraploid populations.
Lietuvos mokytojo socialinio aktyvumo raidos bruožai
Authors: Poškus Kazys
Published: April 2019

Socialinis mokytojo aktyvumas apibrėžiamas ir kaip asmeninė, ir kaip integrali visuomenės nario savybė, apimanti daugelį bruožų - idėjiškumą, pilietiškumą, humaniškumą, tautiškumą, kūrybiškumą ir t.t., ir realizuojama visuomeninėje, politinėje, kultūrinėje, profesinėje ir kitose sferose. Straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti mokytojų socialinio aktyvumo raišką įvairiomis istorinėmis aplinkybėmis. Aptariama mokytojų pasipriešinimas polonizacijai ir Rusijos caro represijoms XIX a. - XX a. pradžioje, aprašoma slaptųjų lietuviškų mokyklų mokytojų, vadinamųjų daraktorių, veikla. Vieni aktyviausių visuomenės atstovų mokytojai išliko ir nepriklausomos Lietuvos laikotarpiu (1918-1940 m). Pirmosios sovietinės okupacijos metu (1940-1941 m.) nemažai mokytojų įvardinti kaip „kenkėjiški” ir politiškai nepatikimi. Jie buvo tremiami, atleidžiami iš darbo. Represijos tęsėsi ir pokario metais. Ilgainiui daugumos mokytojų socialinis aktyvumas itin sumažėjo. Dalis mokytojų tapo įrankiu sovietinės ideologijos sklaidai.
S. Šalkauskio filosofinė pedagogika
Authors: Paulauskas Rolandas
Published: April 2019

Straipsnyje apžvelgiami pagrindiniai Stasio Šalkauskio filosofijos bruožai, nagrinėjamos filosofijos sąsajos su ugdymu. Čia sekama paties profesoriaus mintimi, kad pedagogika yra praktiškai pritaikyta filosofija. Būtent iš filosofijos išplaukia S. Šalkauskio „pilnutinio ugdymo sistema”. Šioje sistemoje išskiriamos pagrindinės ugdymo funkcijos (auginimas, globojimas, lavinimas, auklėjimas), ugdymo sritys (fizinė, kultūrinė, religinė), principai (universalumo, harmonijos, subordinacijos), lygiai (individualus, visuomeninis, tautinis, tarptautinis) ir t.t. Straipsnyje taip pat aptariami ugdymo veikėjai ir veiksniai, kuriuos S. Šalkauskis skirsto į prigimtinius - „pašauktus iš prigimties” ir paskirtinius - „pašauktus iš paskirties”. Pirmiesiems priklauso šeima, valstybė ir Bažnyčia, antriesiems - ugdymo įstaigos ir jaunimo organizacijos. Plačiau straipsnyje nagrinėjama S. Šalkauskio tautinio auklėjimo koncepcija. Šioje koncepcijoje nors ir akcentuojama patriotinis auklėjimas, ypatingos sąsajos su tautine kultūra, sykiu pabrėžiama tarptautiškumo svarba. Tarptautinis auklėjimas papildo tautinį auklėjimą, suteikia jam kokybiškai aukštesnę prasmę ir vertę.
Pasaulietinio ugdymo tikslai
Authors: Jovaiša Leonas
Published: April 2019

Nepasiteisinus marksistine ideologija pagrįstiems ugdymo tikslams, labiausiai orientuotiems į ekonomikos poreikių tenkinimą, vienu didžiausių iššūkių nepriklausomos Lietuvos mokykloms tapo ugdymo tikslų paieška. Pagrindinėmis ugdymo tikslų gairėmis turėtų būti žmogus ir jo prigimties traktavimas, žmogaus sąveika su empirinėmis aplinkos vertybėmis ir žmogaus sąveika su idealinėmis ir dvasinėmis vertybėmis. Tačiau siekiant išvengti vienašališkumo ugdymo tikslus reikėtų kildinti ne vien iš žmogaus asmenybės sampratos, ne vien iš sociologinių doktrinų ar kultūros filosofijos, ne vien iš religinių ar ateistinių interesų, bet iš visybinio požiūrio į tikrovę ir ugdymo procesą. Bendrą ugdymo tikslą galima apibrėžti taip: padėti žmogui realinėmis ir idealinėmis vertybėmis plėtoti prigimties duomenų visumą, kad gebėtų išmintingai, kūrybingai ir dorai veikti gyvenime. Kalbant apie tikslus, žodis „padėti” ypač akcentuotinas. Pagalba mokiniui turėtų pakeisti įsigalėjusį vadovavimą. Mokytojui padedant mokinys turėtų pats sau kelti tikslus, apmąstytų, kaip juos pasiekti ir imtųsi praktinių veiksmų.
Aktyviosios mokyklos atstovų kritinis požiūris į Herbarto mokyklą
Authors: Valatkienė Stasė
Published: April 2019

XIX a. pab.- XX a. pr. esama pedagoginė teorija ir mokykla negalėjo patenkinti naujų gyvenimo poreikių. Ši mokykla vis labiau buvo kritikuojama už atotrūkį nuo gyvenimo, už vaiko prigimties, interesų nepaisymą. Atsiranda nemažai reformistinių srovių bei teorijų: darbo, veiklos mokykla, veiksmo, eksperimentinė, asmenybės, pragmatistinė, estetinio auklėjimo ir kt. pedagogika. Nors kiekviena jų turėjo savas pozicijas, visos jos skyrė daug dėmesio vaikui, jo prigimčiai, interesams. Daugelį šių srovių sutelkė vadinamoji aktyvioji mokykla. Straipsnyje išsamiau gilinamasi į tradicinės pedagogikos atstovo Johanno Friedricho Herbarto ir aktyviosios pedagogikos atstovo Johno Dewey idėjas. Pastebima, kad nors J. F. Herbarto teorija aktyviosios mokyklos atstovų buvo smarkiai kritikuojama, vis tik atskiri šios teorijos teiginiai prasiskverbė į pačių kritikų teorijas, jiems patiems to nesiekiant ir nesuvokiant. Beveik visoje aktyviosios mokyklos teorijoje jaučiamas klasikinės teorijos poveikis. Tiesa, taikant teoriją praktikoje, šios įtakos beveik nelieka.
Modulinio mokymo galimybės
Authors: Jucevičienė Palmyra
Published: April 2019

Teorinėje straipsnio dalyje pateikiami modulinio mokymo, kaip vienos perspektyviausių didaktinių sistemų apibrėžimai, pristatoma trumpa modulinio mokymo istorija, parodomos pritaikymo galimybės, išsamiai aptariami pagrindiniai modulinio mokymo principai. Empirinėje straipsnio dalyje pristatomi formuojančio pedagoginio eksperimento, kai modulinis mokymas buvo taikomas aukštojoje mokykloje rezultatai. Remiantis jais, galima teigti, kad: 1) Modulinis mokymas yra kompleksinė sistema, padedanti siekti realių paritetinių santykių tarp pedagogo ir ugdomojo; 2) Modulinis mokymas sudaro sąlygas kompleksiškai individualizuoti mokymo procesą; 3) Modulinių programų ir atskirų modulių taikymas mokymo procese padeda pasiekti didelio ugdomųjų savarankiškumo; 4) Modulinis mokymas įgalina daug efektyviau formuoti žinių ir mokėjimų sistemą profesinio rengimo procese; 5) Modulinio mokymo efektyvumas pagal įvairius rodiklius daug didesnis negu tradicinių didaktinių sistemų.
Permainos VU pedagogikos katedroje
Authors: Jovaiša Leonas
Published: April 2019

Glausta VU pedagogikos katedros kronika nuo 1971 iki 1990, pateikiamas katedros darbuotojų sąrašas.
Dvasingumas ir pedagogika
Authors: Poškus Kazys
Published: April 2019

Ugdymas sovietiniais metais buvo nudvasintas, todėl atkūrus nepriklausomą Lietuvą, pirmiausiai aktualizuojamas dvasingumas, kuris iš esmės turėtų keisti pedagogikos mokslo sampratą ir jo metodologiją. Išskleidžiant dvasingumo fenomeną pažymėtina, kad didžiausios įtakos jam turi dorovė ir dorovinis auklėjimas. Dvasingumui taip pat yra svarbios sąvokos „kūrybiškumas“, „kūryba“. Esamoje situacijoje ne ką mažiau svarbu ir tautiškumas. Būtent šiomis savybėmis turi pasižymėti ir mokinys, ir mokytojas. Pedagogo dvasingumui taip pat itin reikšmingas yra profesinis kryptingumas: kilnus gyvenimo tikslas, aukštos kultūros poreikis, humaniški interesai, teisinga dorovinė ir vertybinė orientacija, tvirta pasaulėžiūra. Pedagogo dvasingumui nesvetimi ir organizaciniai bei komunikaciniai mokėjimai. Kita vertus, sovietiniais metais dvasingumui dėmesio bemaž neskirta, o dažnai pedagogika buvo totalitarinio partokratinio ugdymo teorija ir pagrindas, tad šiandien tenka atsakyti į daugelį klausimų: Ar mokytojai yra patys pakankamai dvasingi, kad galėtų ugdyti savo mokinių dvasingumą?; Ar įmanoma ugdyti dvasingumą be religijos pagalbos?; Koks turėtų būti ugdymo turinys? ir t.t.
F.V.Foersterio etinių-pedagoginių idėjų esmė ir aktualumas
Authors: Aramavičiiite Vanda
Published: April 2019

Turit omenyje, kad pagrindinis mokyklos uždavinys yra visapusiškos asmenybės ugdymas, daugiau dėmesio turėtų būti skiriama doroviniam auklėjimui. Tam pasitarnauti gali ir vieno žymiausių dorovės pedagogų F.V. Foersterio idėjos, apie dorovės svarbą civilizacijos ir kultūros raidai, taip pat apie dorovinio auklėjimo vaidmenį. Foersteris dorovinį auklėjimą laikė religiniu, socialiniu ir psichologiniu reiškiniu. Aptardamas auklėjimo tikslus ir uždavinius, galimybes ir metodus, Foersteris ypač daug dėmesio skyrė charakterio formavimui, valios lavinimui, individualiam priėjimui prie vaiko, atsižvelgimui į lyties ypatumus, taip pat tikėjimui vaiku. Ypač tai aktualu auklėjant pedagogiškai apleistus, elgesio sutrikimų turinčius vaikus. Auklėtojo vaidmuo ne tik skatinti ir bausti, bet pirmiausiai akcentuoti pozityvius, sveikus vaiko palinkimus, vaizdžiai tariant, auklėtojas privalo įkvėpti vaikui drąsos ištraukti patį save iš purvo.