bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prosody and Gender in Workplace Interaction: Exploring Constraints and Resources in the Use of Japanese
Authors: Ohara Yumiko
Published: November 2023

Many previous studies of the Japanese language have made a distinction between the speech used by women and men (e.g., Ide 1979, Jugaku 1979, Shibamoto 1985, Shibatani 1990). One of the primary bases for this distinction has been the observation that the Japanese language includes certain gentler linguistic items that are used by women (e.g., the first-person pronoun atashi and the sentence-final forms wa and no yo) and certain rougher items that are used by men (e.g., the first-person pronoun ore and the sentence-final particles zo and ze). It is frequently assumed that it is socially unacceptable for women and men to cross these boundaries and use linguistic forms inappropriate for their gender. In other words, social expectations about language in Japan work as constraints that control, or at least influence, how women and men actually use language.
A World of Uncertainties and Change; A World of Certainties and Stability
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

Our human destiny has always been to live in a world of contra dictions. On one hand, that world brims with daily uncertainties and endless change. Elmer Hankies describes it as an “alien” world, full of unknowns and dangers-seen and unseen.1 Uncertainties and change stream into our lives, spreading a layer of “situational fears” over our deeply repressed existential anxiety.
Leadership in Crisis: The Dangers of Creating God
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

Searching for leaders to guide us through turmoil is perfectly understandable, but we followers tend to want much more than mere guidance. We want leaders who will forthwith slay the dragons that beset us so that we can once again sleep peacefully in our beds. We desire nothing less than leaders who can swiftly whip turmoil and confusion into order and omniscience. In short, we, like the ancient Greeks, want superhuman, divine leaders, albeit in human form.
Detecting the Early Signs of Toxicity in Leaders and Their Noble Visions
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

When the toxicity of a leader is full-blown, we easily recognize it. In many cases, we can avoid these obvious characters. Escaping the magnetic pull of more subtle toxic leaders or those in the early stages of toxicity is far more difficult, for they attract us with challenges and visions that excite and entrap us before we perceive their negative potential. In this chapter, let’s explore how we might detect the nascent signs of toxicity in leaders and their noble visions.
Defining “Creole” as a Synchronic Term
Authors: Mcwhorter John h.
Published: November 2023

It has often been claimed that there are no synchronic features distinguishing creole languages from other ones, such that the term creole is in the strict sense solely a socio historical one, referring to certain languages born as lingua francas amidst heavy contact between two or more languages (Kihm 1980a: 212, Mufwene 1986a, Chaudenson 1992: 135, Corne 1995a: 121). This idea, however, has rarely been subjected to close scrutiny from a typological perspective. In this paper, I will explore the hypothesis of what I have called the Creole Prototype more closely.
The Paleobiology of the Pavlovian People
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Svoboda Jiří A
Published: November 2023

These paleoanthropological considerations of the human remains from the sites of Dolní Věstonice I and II and Pavlov I, in their archeological and taphonomic contexts, provide a modest window into the biocultural patterns of these Pavlovian or central European early Gravettian human populations. Even though the sample size remains small and a number of the elements sustained significant postmortem modification, their detailed analysis and the ongoing analyses of their associated archeological re- mains make it possible to make a few observations concerning these populations. Given their proximity in time and, especially, space, it is likely that these human remains are a sampling of a regional lineage of early Gravettian human populations occupying and exploiting the central European landscape between approximately 27,000 and 25,000 radiocarbon years b.p., with the majority of the more complete remains from burials dating to between 26,000 and 25,000 years b.p. (Chapter 3). Only the direct date on the isolated and unprovenienced Dolní Věstonice 35 femur falls outside of these ranges, and it remains uncertain to what extent that later date is due to contamination. The populations were generally very mobile but, as the evidence of large settlements shows, were also suited to periods of sedentary life.
The Bubble and the Media
Authors: Dyck Alexander , Zingales Luigi
Published: November 2023

A growing body of literature (e.g., La Porta et al., 1997) compares corporate governance systems across countries by comparing the set of rules and regulations in these countries. Almost invariably the United States comes atop of such rankings. In fact, the United States is often considered the champion of the shareholders’ value model and the example other countries should follow. At least, this was true until recent corporate scandals and the ensuing bankruptcy of corporate giants such as Enron and WorldCom.
Institutions, Corporate Governance, and Crises
Authors: Acemoglu Daron , Johnson Simon
Published: November 2023

The prevailing view among economists, international policymakers, and business people is that economic crises are largely the result of mismanaged macroeconomic policies. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), for example, focuses its atten-tion on persuading countries to change these macroeconomic policies. Edwards (1989) analyzes the 34 IMF programs with high conditionality between 1983 and 1985, and provides a breakdown of the typical requirements. Four of the five most common conditions required by the IMF are: control of credit to public sector, control of monetary aggregates, devaluation, and control of public expenditures.
That Man As Politician
Authors: Jackson Robert H
Published: November 2023

The Chief Magistrate does not succeed merely by being magisterial. He will fail as President if he fails as politician. He is not merely the head of state. He is the head of the prevailing political party. The cohesive power of its loyalties and organization is an instrument of government. His office is a political office under the necessity of policymaking, which calls for leader­ ship. He occupies the office that represents the whole nation, not one state or district. If the President does not bring to it the elusive and variable qualities that add up to leadership, he loses much of the influence, if not the legal power, of his office. And in our system, influence on public opinion is the very substance of power.

Roosevelt’s aptitude for political leadership had little chance to develop during his governorship, where he inherited a smoothly running and well­ organized state government. His capacity as a purely political leader also was obscured in the war period of his presidential administrations because the normal tendency to oppose and resist leadership falters in wartime. Hence the real political leader showed himself only between his accession to the Presidency and the outbreak of the war. But this was a longer period than most Presidents enjoy.
That Man As Economist
Authors: Jackson Robert H
Published: November 2023

Many of The Litigations and other matters that presented legal aspects were also economic matters. It always seemed to me that the President was at his weakest in dealing with economic or business problems. He had not engaged in business as my law practice had compelled me to do, and he had no personal knowledge of its methods or its problems. He tended to think of economic matters as personal rather than impersonal forces. He was much inclined to think about economic matters in terms of rights and wrongs. He was inclined to think that we were prosecuting a group of businessmen because they had done some moral wrong, and that if he talked to them and made them see that their course was morally wrong, they would do something about it.

When we were considering the commencement of Department of Justice actions in 1937 to dissolve the motion picture combines, I went to the President and told him that I wanted to start an action against them. The President said, “Well now, of course, they’ve been doing wrong, but do you really need to sue these men? If you would bring them in here and let me talk with those fellows, don’t you think they would change their practices? I think they can be straightened out.” My answer, of course, was that these men were in a sense victims of their practices as well as perpetrators of them. It was a system that had grown up to where no one man or group could break it up without the intervention of government. Even if they all decided they ought to break it up, they could not do it. It was not a moral problem. It was not a right and wrong problem. It was a social and antisocial problem that did not reach moral concepts. What the President found difficult to envision was that they were caught up in a course of business practices that they were as powerless to escape from individually as if they were prisoners.
A Rule Obligatory upon Every Department the origins of judicial review
Authors: Kramer Larry D
Published: November 2023

The foregoing description of eighteenth-century constitutionalism is misleading in one respect: it privileges a version embraced by American Whigs. Their understanding was at one time close to that held by Whigs in England, but Englishmen and Americans faced different problems and had to address their problems in different institutional settings. Not surprisingly, they came over time to see the customary constitution through different lenses. The concept of fundamental law in the mother country and in the colonies diverged, evolving gradually in England into the system of legislative sovereignty so famously celebrated by Blackstone. This development was by no means unheeded or unopposed, and pockets of resistance could be found even in London well into the nineteenth century. But holdouts were few in number, and by the middle of the eighteenth century the orthodox view in England located sovereignty in Parliament rather than in the people out-of-doors. And with this development, the tradition of constitutional- ism described earlier began to lose its grip, particularly the idea of “legal” resistance to unconstitutional legislative measures. This is why many in England were genuinely puzzled, and not merely angered, by the rebellion in America.
The Power under the Constitution Will Always Be in the People the making of the constitution
Authors: Kramer Larry D
Published: November 2023

“The Supreme Law of the Respective States” The delegates to the Federal Convention brought this whole range of attitudes and ideas with them to Philadelphia. During the course of the deliberations, a number of delegates assumed or openly supported a power of judicial review. A few just as openly opposed it—the most forthright statement to this effect coming from John Francis Mercer, whose brother James had been one of the judges to affirm the power in Caton. Still others admitted to being uncertain, while most of the delegates had probably not given the matter much thought. Of course, only a minority of the delegates, no more than ten out of fifty-five, are recorded as having expressed any sentiments at all. Further complicating matters, there was no comprehensive or direct discussion of judicial review at any point in the proceedings, only a series of comments made during debates on other topics. Nevertheless, the record we have does support a few conclusions.
To Preserve the Constitution, as a Perpetual Bond of Union the lessons of experience
Authors: Kramer Larry D
Published: November 2023

The idea of judicial supremacy, as we have already seen, never disappeared entirely. Federalists and former Federalists did not all change their minds simply because they lost the election of 1800 and suffered the repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801. Some did, perhaps, but more than a few diehards clung to views about the judiciary formed in the 1790s, including the belief that federal courts were principally, and finally, responsible for the law of the Constitution. They even picked up an occasional convert along the way, like Joseph Story—an ostensible Republican, appointed to the Supreme Court by Madison and branded an “insidious democrat” by the high priest of High Federalism, Timothy Pickering.
Investment Grade Corporate Bonds: Option Adjusted Spreads
Authors: Ho Thomas S Y , Lee Sang Bin
Published: November 2023

Corporations borrow money by issuing bonds, which are debts. They can be bank loans or short-term funding, including commercial paper. Or they can be medium term notes or private placements in which debts are issued to a restricted group of lenders. However, in this book, corporate bonds refer to public bond issues, available for any investor to buy and sell. This chapter will keep the discussion on credit risk to a minimum. The impact of the firm’s likelihood of default on the bond’s value will be discussed at greater length in chapter 9.
Modern Growth Theory
Authors: Meier Gerald M
Published: November 2023

New growth issues now go beyond dual sector models (as discussed previously in chapter 4) to quantitative accounting for the sources of growth, emphasis on total factor productivity (TFP), and introduction of the new growth theory. These issues expand the relationship between capital and development to incorporate a more generalized interpretation of capital that recognizes not only physical capital but also the importance of human capital, knowledge capital, and social capital. Correspondingly, there are new public policy implications for development.
Finding the Right Mix of Business Designs
Authors: Barabba Vincent P
Published: November 2023

Enterprises compete with each other for their share of known markets. The most successful firms have intelligent sensing systems that provide them early warning of changing consumer requirements and attitudes. The successful enterprises have designed adaptive product and service development processes that allow them to change their products and services efficiently and effectively.
Combining Imagination and Market Knowledge
Authors: Barabba Vincent P
Published: November 2023

Although the quotations that introduce this chapter appear to place two distinguished thinkers apart, the extent to which these thinkers do disagree can be tempered by putting their comments into the contexts from which they were extracted.
Why Did Legal Enforcement Fail to Stem the Avalanche of Fraud?
Authors: Frankel Tamar
Published: November 2023

There is enough law on the books. Why did legal enforcement fail to stem the avalanche of dishoneshty during the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s? To be sure, as the materials in chapters 7–10 have shown, the rules that imposed barriers to temptations were relaxed in the past three decades. But there are sufficient prohibitions on abuse of trust, and even more recent tougher federal punishment guidelines to stem the tide. Criminal and civil sanctions are attached to the regulation of the stock market and distribution of securities.1 In addition, some elements of fraudulent activities, standing alone, were made crimes long ago. For example, sending false advertising; money laundering;2 posting fraudulent materials through the mails;3 and obtaining money under false pretenses are all crimes.4 There are still many institutions and individuals to enforce the laws.
Noah Webster and the Demoralization of the Body Politic
Authors: Daniel Marcus
Published: November 2023

In 1841, the eminent British geologist Charles Lyell visited the New Haven home of the equally eminent author of An American Dictionary of the English Language, Noah Webster. During his visit, Lyell expressed great interest in the work of the aging lexicographer, and as he was leaving asked Webster how many words he had personally contributed to the language he had taken such pains to document and define. Only one, replied Webster, “to wit, demoralize,” a word he had first used in a pamphlet on the French Revolution published “about the year 1793.” Webster was eighty-three years old at the time, but his memory was sharp. He had first used the word “demoralize” in his pamphlet The Revolution in France, published in New York in 1794. But although he was the first writer to use the word in English, the term demoralize was an anglicization of the French verb demoraliser, a neologism coined in France in the 1790s and recognized by the Academie Français in 1798. Webster probably ran across the word in the many French pamphlets and newspapers that crossed his desk at the American Minerva, the newspaper he edited in New York. But why did this particular word catch his eye, and why did he use it in his essay on the French Revolution?

By the time Webster wrote The Revolution in France at the end of 1793, he was profoundly disillusioned by events in France, and although he still expressed support for revolutionary principles, he had become sharply critical of revolutionary practices.
Judgment Concerning the Legality of the General Security Service’s Interrogation Methods (September 6, 1999)
Authors: Israel Supreme Court of
Published: November 2023

The State of Israel has been engaged in an unceasing struggle for both its very existence and security, from the day of its founding. Terrorist organizations have established as their goal Israel’s annihilation. Terrorist acts and the general disruption of order are their means of choice. In employing such methods, these groups do not distinguish between civilian and military targets. They carry out terrorist attacks in which scores are murdered in public areas, public transportation, city squares and centers, theaters and coffee shops. They do not distinguish between men, women and children. They act out of cruelty and without mercy.
Can the War against Terror Justify the Use of Force in Interrogations?
Authors: Gur-Arye Miriam
Published: November 2023

In 1987, after the public in Israel found out that the Israeli General Security Services (GSS) had used force in interrogating Palestinians suspected of “hostile terrorist activity,” a commission of inquiry chaired by former Supreme Court president Moshe Landau (hereinafter the Landau Commission) was established. The Commission held that the use of moderate force by the GSS in interrogating terrorist’s suspects is permissible by virtue of the criminal law defense of necessity. A special Public Committee against Torture in Israel was established following the Landau Commission report. The Committee, as well as other human rights groups in Israel, consistently publicized detailed reports on the GSS’ methods of interrogations, and challenged the legality of these methods before the Israeli Supreme Court. In 1999 the Israeli Supreme Court ruled that the coercive methods used by the GSS following the Landau Commission’s recommendations are illegal. The Israeli Supreme Court ruling should be read as a response to the ongoing protests against the Landau Commission’s conclusion permitting the use of moderate force in interrogating suspects of terrorist activities.
The European Convention on Human Rights and Its Prohibition on Torture
Authors: Aoláin Fionnuala Ní
Published: November 2023

As is well known, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) prohibits torture and inhuman and degrading treatment. The European Court is generally lauded for its extensive and detailed jurisprudence interpreting article 3 of the Convention, with the predictable caveat of academic and policy quibbles around individual decisions. The Court has moved from an early jurisprudential tentativeness to a liberal interpretation of the requirements of proof for torture and an expansion of multiple institutional and individual contexts in which the prohibition is applicable. More-over, recent decisions suggest a significant move toward a “horizontal” application of the torture prohibition, which means that states are held responsible for a failure to curb or prevent the actions of private parties that lead to the experience of torture or inhuman or degrading treatment.
Loose Professionalism, or Why Lawyers Take the Lead on Torture
Authors: Weisberg Richard H
Published: November 2023

Others in this symposium have amply demonstrated that the practice of torture through the years—apart from the physical and psychic pain visited on the victims—has been fraught with risks to those who inflict it as well. The torturer through history can be characterized as naive (in his hope that confession or disclosure will be accurate) or as cynical (in his indifference to the inaccuracy that usually follows from the practice), or as self-absorbed (in his need for the torture victim to utter formulas that support the torturer’s worldview) or as sadomasochistic (in his literal brutality, often tempered by the phrase “this hurts me more than it hurts you”). None of these descriptions reflects well on the torturer or the society condoning the practice. Against these risks, periodically, apologists for the practice invoke special emergency conditions (whether spiritual or geopolitical), as though the world had never before seen such conditions.
Introduction: The Most Democratic Branch
Authors: Rosen Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

In March 2005, for the first time in history, Congress ordered the federal courts to reexamine a case involving the right to die. The case involved Terri Schiavo, a young woman who collapsed from a heart attack in 1990 and whose brain suffered a severe oxygen loss that left her in a coma. In 1998, after winning a malpractice suit against the doctors who failed to diagnose Terri’s eating disorder, her husband, Michael, argued in court that she would have wanted her feeding tube to be removed. Her parents responded that Terri would have wanted to stay alive, insisting that Michael, who had become engaged to another woman, was not a reliable representative of Terri’s wishes. A state judge agreed with Michael Schiavo that Terri would have wanted to refuse treatment, based on her statements to her husband and relatives; and after two other state courts affirmed the decision, he ordered the tube to be removed in 2001. After further legal wrangling, the Florida legislature passed court order in Terri’s case; nearly a year later, the Florida Supreme Court unanimously struck down “Terri’s law” as an unconstitutional attempt by the legislature to delegate judicial powers to the executive branch. Another year of legal fights ensued, and in February 2005, the state judge once again ordered Terri’s feeding tube to be removed.
Civil Liberties
Authors: Rosen Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Since September 11, 2001, American and other Western democracies have debated the proper balance between liberty and security. A widespread assumption, in Europe and the United States, is that only courts can protect basic liberties—such as free speech and freedom from unlawful detention—against the encroachments of an overzealous executive. When the U.S. Supreme Court imposed slight restrictions on the president’s power to designate enemy combatants and to detain them indefinitely, for example, the justices were widely hailed for performing what many commentators assumed was a traditional function of the courts: defending liberty in the face of indifference or hostility from the president and Congress. When Congress at the end of 2005 overturned a related Supreme Court decision allowing suspected enemy combatants held at Guantanamo Bay to challenge their detention, the notion that judges defend liberty while legislatures eviscerate it became a form of conventional wisdom, even though, in the same law, Congress also was moved to ban torture over the president’s objections. And when the president insisted, with growing stridency, that unilateral executive authority should be essentially unchecked during wartime by the courts or Congress, civil libertarians focused their energies on persuading the courts, not Congress, to assert themselves.
Implementing Containment
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: November 2023

Attempts to establish relationships between individuals, ideas, and events are hazardous in the best of circumstances—all the more so when the individual involved expresses himself eloquently but elliptically, when he resists any systematic exposition of his ideas, and when there is a vigorous debate over how those ideas affected the events associated with them. These problems all exist in attempting to evaluate Kennan’s influence on the foreign and military policies of the Truman administration. Kennan himself has underestimated his role: with a degree of modesty unusual in writers of memoirs, he has insisted that the views he put forward during the late 1940’s “made only a faint and wholly inadequate impression on official Washington.”* Others have overestimated his influence but have misunderstood his views, relying too heavily on the conspicuous but misleading “X” article.2 Still others have pointed out that Kennan was only one of several key advisers on international affairs during the Truman administration, and that it is easy to be beguiled by the gracefulness of his prose into an exaggerated impression of its actual influence.
Implementing Détente
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: November 2023

The extent to which Kissinger’s strategy succeeded had become the subject of sharp debate, though, by the time the Ford administration left office. Critics in the intellectual-academic community, never quite prepared to forgive Kissinger’s association with the distasteful Nixon, charged him with conceptual inconsistency, a proclivity for show over substance, and a tendency to view the world from a “Sovietocentric” perspective. Leading Democrats, eager to find an issue with which to regain the White House, accused Kissinger of having allowed American military strength to decline, on the one hand, and of insensitivity to human rights on the other. Rightwing Republicans echoed the same complaints, and even managed to in-corporate them into their 1976 platform, over the objections of their narrowly selected nominee, Gerald Ford.3 Détente was very much on the defensive, therefore, when Kissinger relinquished the direction of American foreign policy early in 1977. As had so often been the case in the past, criticisms developed during the campaign would become, in large part, the basis upon which the new administration of Jimmy Carter would define its approach to the world in the years that followed.
The Epidemiology of Human Cancer
Authors: Ruddon Raymond W
Published: November 2023

Long-range trends in the incidence of various cancers in different populations provide clues to the causes of cancer. Because of the long latency period between the first exposure to carcinogenic agents and the appearance of clinically detectable cancer, which may be up to 20 or 30 years, current trends probably reflect carcinogen exposure that began decades earlier. Genetic predisposition plays a role here in that individuals carrying genetic susceptibility genes may develop cancer more rapidly or at an earlier age. Another major factor that affects the overall incidence of cancer is the change in the average age of the population. The average age at the time of diagnosis (averaged for all tumor sites) is 67, and as a higher proportion of the population reaches age 60 and above the incidence of cancer will go up as a result of this factor alone. Moreover, with the long-term downward trends in other causes of death, primarily infectious and cardiovascular diseases, more people live to an age when the risk of developing cancer becomes high.
Molecular Genetics of Cancer
Authors: Ruddon Raymond W
Published: November 2023

In 1914, Boveri formulated the somatic mutation hypothesis of the origin of cancer. He thought that the origin of the cancer cell was due to a “wrongly combined chromosome complex,” occurring in a somatic cell (rather than a germ cell) and that this caused abnormal cell proliferation. He believed further that this defect was passed on to all cellular descendants of the original cancer cell. He also thought that a single abnormal chromosome combination could account for the malignant character of a cancer cell. It is now well established that some human cancers have a familial distribution (see Chapter 3) and that certain chromosomal rearrangements are associated with human malignant neoplasia.
The Invention of Inflation-Indexed Bonds in Early America
Authors: Shiller Robert J
Published: November 2023

The world’s first known inflation-indexed bonds were issued by the Commonwealth of Massa chusetts in 1780 during the Revolutionary War. They were issued to U. S. soldiers as deferred compensation for their service, and were called depreciation notes or soldiers’ depreciation notes. While there are earlier examples of measures to compensate people for their money’s loss of purchasing power, this appears to be the first time that a debt contract specified payments formally linked to a price index, and in this historic bond it was a consumer price index.
Marriage Love Or Care?
Authors: Tronto Joan C
Published: November 2023

Mary Shanley makes a convincing case for choosing a middle way between the exclusionary conceptions of marriage offered by traditionalists and the overly permissive (and potentially inegalitarian) conceptions offered by pure contractualists. Yet while Shanley may have steered clear of Scylla and Charybdis here, these comments are written with an eye on the shoals up ahead. After all, the aspect of marriage that interests the liberal state (or any state) is not the intimate relationship between two consenting individuals but the more complex relationships among the generations that result from marriages, whether in producing children or caring for the elderly. Love and care are not the same, yet both affect our individual and collective interests, in both the short and the long term, in marriage.
A Communitarian Position For Civil Unions
Authors: Etzioni Amitai
Published: November 2023

Professor Shanley’s argument is compelling, powerful, and well grounded in communitarian arguments. However, when all is said and done she does not directly address the question of whether gay and lesbian unions should be accorded the same legal status as heterosexual ones. I could go on and on about why I so strongly agree with her analysis, as far as it goes. Marriages indeed are not private events; they are occasions in which a couple comes before a community to make a commitment that falls in line with the values of that community. They are also the coming together of two families, not just two individuals. Above all the commitment is not contractual but open ended. There is a world of difference between an agreement to exchange services—you will take out the garbage and I will cook, you will take care of the children on even days and I on odd days, you will care for me when I am sick and I for you when you are sick—and a commitment to be together through thick and thin. No one in her right (“rational”) mind would stick to a contract when the other partner has advanced cancer, AIDS, or dementia. There is no return to be expected, and the burden is overwhelming. If marriage were a contract and these circumstances arose, one would look for ways to wiggle out of the contract or accept the penalty and move on. However, most marriage partners stay put in such circumstances because the marriage “contract” (a very misleading term) contains a moral obligation that is much more binding than contracts. It is indeed a covenant.
Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Yokoyama Yuji , Ninomiya Shinsuke , Narahara Koji
Published: November 2023

The patients were brothers, aged 2 years 9 months and 1 year 8 months, and were referred to our hospital for evaluation of developmental delay.
Intractable partial epilepsy of left frontal lobe origin related to focal cortical dysplasia
Authors: Cascino Dr. Gregory D
Published: November 2023

Pathologic examination of the epileptic brain tissue showed focal cortical dysplasia. The patient has been seizure-free and asymptomatic for more than 5 years after resection. There were no operative complications. The patient’s behavior and neurocognitive performance have improved markedly, and he is now employed and does not require supervision. Also, there has been a pronounced reduction in the adverse effects of antiepileptic drug medication. Partial or localization-related epilepsy is the most common seizure disorder. Approximately 90% of the adult incident cases of epilepsy have recurrent and unprovoked partial seizures. An estimated 20% of patients with epilepsy have an intractable seizure disorder, that is, pharmacoresistant seizures that are physically and socially disabling. Coexisting comorbid conditions associated with an intractable seizure disorder often include cognitive impairment, behavioral problems, psychosocial isolation, and the inability to operate a motor vehicle or to be gainfully employed. Patients with medically refractory seizures may also require a supervised living situation or caregiver. A prognostic indicator for an unfavorable response to antiepileptic drug therapy is the identification of a structural lesion as the cause of the seizure disorder. Potential alternative forms of therapy for patients with intractable epilepsy include the use of newer antiepileptic drug medications, surgical treatment, and vagus nerve stimulation.
Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH)
Authors: Dodick Dr. David W
Published: November 2023

CPH is an indomethacin-responsive short-lasting trigeminal-autonomic cephalgia. Although trigeminal-autonomic cephalgias share a clinical phenotype—pain in the distribution of the first (ophthalmic) division of the trigeminal nerve and cranial autonomic features—they differ in the frequency and duration of individual attacks and in the differential response to indomethacin. The dramatic response to indomethacin is the clinical hallmark of CPH and reliably distinguishes it from cluster headache.
Angelman’s syndrome
Authors: Mack Dr. Kenneth J
Published: November 2023

If a child presents with hypotonia, myoclonic seizures, and lactic acidosis, a mitochondrial disorder should be strongly considered. However, the results of laboratory tests that often confirm the diagnosis of a mitochondrial disorder, such as muscle biopsy, mitochondrial DNA studies, and magnetic resonance imaging, were normal in this patient. When these tests failed to confirm a diagnosis, additional testing for identifiable causes of autism was undertaken. Autism is a condition that is identified in infancy and consists of poor social interaction, abnormal language, and unusual behavior, as in the child presented here. Autism can be associated with a long list of causes, but in 94% of patients, the cause is not identifiable. Special chromosome studies are some of the most informative tests in seeking a cause for autism (Figure). As many as 3% of autistic children are fragile X-positive. Fragile X syndrome is a trinucleotide repeat disease caused by expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeat in the promoter region of the gene for the fragile X mental retardation protein. This X-linked syndrome can affect either boys or girls. This elongated repeat results in methylation of the gene promoter, and methylation results in a transcriptional silencing of the gene.
Myeloneuropathy due to copper deficiency (caused by chronic excessive oral intake of zinc)
Authors: Kumar Dr. Neeraj
Published: November 2023

For more than two decades, the patient ingested 15 to 30 times the recommended daily allowance of zinc (recommended daily allowance, 15 mg). Neurologic examination was remarkable for spastic myelopathy and peripheral neuropathy. He stopped taking zinc and started receiving oral copper supplementation (copper, 2 mg/d). Six weeks later, the paresthesias had resolved and gait had improved markedly. The serum level of ceruloplasmin normalized to 32.5 mg/dL, as did serum copper (1.08 μg/mL). The serum level of zinc returned to normal at 0.95 μg/mL. The 24-hour copper excretion was again normal, and although 24-hour zinc excretion decreased markedly, it was still slightly elevated at 971 μg. The median somatosensory evoked potentials improved, and tibial evoked potentials were obtainable, albeit abnormal.
Intermittent angle-closure glaucoma
Authors: Swanson Dr. Jerry W
Published: November 2023

Although transient monocular visual loss lasting minutes has several causes, including ischemia of the retina or optic nerve, related to different processes and intraocular conditions, the diagnosis of acute intermittent angle-closure glaucoma can be suspected on the basis of the history and confirmed on examination (Figure). On slit-lamp examination, the patient was found to have shallow anterior chambers. Baseline intraocular pressure was normal (16 mm Hg) but increased in the left eye to 32 mm Hg after dilatation with tropicamide 0.5%.
Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy
Authors: Renaud Dr. Deborah L
Published: November 2023

The differential diagnosis of optic neuropathy is broad. Ischemic vascular forms of optic neuropathy are more common in older patients. Pain generally accompanies the visual loss in cases of inflammatory optic neuritis. Compressive or infiltrative lesions that affect the optic nerve, such as optic glioma or optic nerve sheath meningioma, may present with painless unilateral visual loss. Neoplastic and non-neoplastic causes of compression of the intracranial optic nerve and optic chiasm frequently present with visual field defects. Slowly progressive, symmetric, central visual loss suggests a possible toxic or nutritional cause. Hereditary optic neuropathies generally are classified by their mode of inheritance: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or mitochondrial (maternal) inheritance. Symptoms may be confined to the visual system or be accompanied by other neurologic or systemic signs and symptoms. Optic neuropathy can also be a manifestation of inherited metabolic and degenerative diseases.
Posterior sacral meningocele
Authors: Mokri Dr. Bahram
Published: November 2023

In adults, a posterior lumbosacral meningocele is typically a posttraumatic or postsurgical development. They rarely occur spontaneously. They are meningeal herniations through defects in the posterior vertebral compartments that may or may not contain neural elements. They can be small or large and symptomatic or asymptomatic. Additional anatomic or pathologic abnormalities may sometimes be associated with lumbosacral meningoceles. The patient reported here had a large posterior sacral meningocele, likely traumatic in origin, and an asymptomatic, associated tethered cord. The stereotypical mode of provocation of symptoms (lying supine, leaning back with pressure against the dorsal lumbosacral area) strongly suggests that the symptoms were related directly to quick displacement of CSF from the meningocele sac into the thecal sac, with a subsequent increase in intracranial pressure. This would lead to a secondary increase in cerebral venous pressure, which in turn could result in decreased cerebral blood flow. Decreased cerebral blood flow would explain the episodes of loss of consciousness. Increased cerebral venous pressure was likely responsible for the retinal hemorrhages.
Schwannoma originating from cranial nerve X or XII, suggesting a high-grade glioma or metastasis
Authors: Uhm Dr. Joon H
Published: November 2023

Histopathologic examination demonstrated that the tumor was a schwannoma. Although these tumors are associated more commonly with peripheral nerves, they account for approximately 8% of intracranial tumors. The cranial nerve classically associated with schwannomas is VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve), with bilateral involvement being pathognomonic for neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). In contrast, schwannomas affecting the lower cranial nerves (IX, X, XI) in the absence of NF2 are rare, constituting less than 3% of all intracranial schwannomas (less than 0.24% of all primary intracranial neoplasms). Moreover, even in rare instances in which lower cranial nerves are affected, most of the tumors involve the jugular foramen. In our patient, the tumor was located more proximally along cranial nerve X in the cerebellomedullary cistern. This is an extremely rare location for schwannomas, and fewer than 15 such cases in the absence of NF2 have been reported.
Prisoner Of The Caucasus
Authors: Jack Andrew
Published: November 2023

As Actors In 19405 Aviators’ Uniforms began the second act of the cult musical Nord-Ost with a tap dance, the real combatants moved into action. A minibus drew up at the Theatrical Centre on Dubrovka, close to the heart of Moscow, and within minutes, Chechen fighters in modern camouflage armed with kalashnikovs were on the stage. Women in black with explosives strapped to their bodies filled the aisles. The world’s attention had been shifting to Iraq, but the audacious siege on the evening of 23 October 2002 was soon dominating international bulletins and headlines, bringing to Russia a rare and unwelcome spotlight not seen since the Kursk submarine tragedy more than two years before.
Autumn Of The Oligarchs
Authors: Jack Andrew
Published: November 2023

Leaning Forward Earnestly As he spoke, Boris Berezovsky lamented the state of Russia under Vladimir Putin: freedom of speech had been crushed, political opposition all but eliminated, the country was returning to totalitarianism. An excitable man with a trophy wife half his age in tow, he made an unlikely dissident. It was July 2001 and we were sitting in Berezovsky’s own Challenger jet, in deep white leather armchairs, en route to Paris before he headed on to Tokyo for a weekend trip. His chauffeur had driven us to Nice airport in a Mercedes from his luxurious estate which dominated the tip of the Cap d’Antibes in southern France. His three portable telephones lay on the table in front of us. For once cut off from a ground signal, they were not all ringing simultaneously. He hinted that his wealth came to several billion dollars - not bad for someone who little more than a decade earlier had been an obscure, impoverished academic sharing a rusting Zhiguli car with a colleague.
The Price Of Reform
Authors: Jack Andrew
Published: November 2023

As The Moscow Winter Headed towards its frosty depths in late December 2002, Vladimir Putin summoned a group of key officials to his dacha for a crisis meeting. The harsh climate was a powerful warning of the need for urgent reform of Russia’s crumbling energy infrastructure. In the weeks ahead, hundreds of people would die and thousands more would be left shivering as power blackouts triggered heating failures in several regions. Pipes and radiators burst, making the problems still worse. But an ambitious restructuring plan for the electricity sector proposed two years earlier - designed to attract new investment into power stations some of which pre­ dated the Bolshevik Revolution - was still awaiting parliamentary approval.
Towards Liberal Authoritarianism
Authors: Jack Andrew
Published: November 2023

In September 1973, Stig Fredrikson received a curious early morning call in his apartment on Kutuzovsky Prospekt. The Swedish journalist lived in a Moscow block allocated by the Soviet authorities to foreigners, where they could be kept under close observation. The phone rang before his secretary, who doubled as a KGB informant, had arrived for work. To those who were eavesdropping, the brief conversation sounded like a banal wrong number. But the voice was unmistakable to the 27-year-old, who had developed an elaborate system for secret meetings with Alexander Solzhenitsyn, the dissident writer. ‘We carried everything in our heads, never wrote anything down, never communicated by phone and never met in apartments,’ he recalled thirty years later, sitting in his office at Swedish Television’s headquarters in Stockholm.
Myocardial Stem Cells
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy
Published: November 2023

Adult cardiomyocytes are considered to be postmitotic, and the heart is thought to possess a relatively constant number of myocytes from just after birth to adulthood and into senescence. It has been proposed that cardiomyocytes can be replenished endogenously by proliferation of a small population of adult myocytes or regeneration by differentiation of stem cell progenitors endogenous to the heart. Because neither acute insult, such as that caused by ischemia, nor chronic disease, represented by cardiomyopathy, is associated with significant cardiomyocyte regeneration, these processes are most likely relatively inefficient. On the other hand, during the last 10 years it has been recognized that myocytes might be recruited from several extracardiac stem cell populations. However, these processes are insufficient to overcome cardiomyocyte death in the acutely or chronically damaged heart. Thus, current stem cell research is directed toward repopulating myocardium from engineered stem cell populations introduced into damaged heart muscle. The most promising stem cells are embryonic stem (ES) cells because of their multipotentiality; however, because of political controversy over the production and use of human stem cells, the complication of rejection, and the potential for formation of teratomas by ES cells, a great deal of attention is focused on autologous or hostderived adult stem cells.
Why Corporate Social Responsibility?: Why Now? How?
Authors: Mcmillan Jill J
Published: November 2023

There may have been a time when “social responsibility” meant truly caring in both symbolic and material ways for one’s fellow human beings—across the backyard fence, at the community center, in church, or at the bowling ally—but a realistic review of history suggests that those communal ties have been uneven and unstable now, and in fact, we may simply be witnessing what Bellah, Madsen, Sullivan, Swidler, and Tipton (1985) describe as the “latest phase of that process of separation and individuation that modernity seems to entail” (p. 275). Certainly, America was colonized by those who had “come loose” from the old European structures, and yet the colonists brought with them notions of social obligation and group formation that served to ground communal life in the new land.
How to Read Milton Friedman
Authors: Aune James Arnt
Published: November 2023

Scholars of rhetoric and organizational communication (Aune, 2001; Cheney, Christensen, Conrad, & Lair, 2004) have drawn our attention to the role of communication in constituting a range of economic discourses that enable or constrain organizational actions. The dominant economic discourse in Western democracies since the mid-1970s emphasizes the power of unregulated markets to deliver prosperity.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Public Policy Making
Authors: Conrad Charles , Abbott JéAnna
Published: November 2023

A second voice simultaneously celebrates these developments but tells a more cautionary tale. It suggests that voluntary moves toward corporate social responsibility (CSR) and social democracy (SD) often seem to be fleeting (see Deetz, chapter 18; Breen, chapter 20; Peterson & Norton, chapter 24; Samkin & Lawrence, chapter 19).
Postwar
Authors: Hockenos Paul
Published: November 2023

When Joschka Fischer entered the world in April 1948, the Federal Republic of Germany didn’t exist. In fact, at the time no German state did—nor had one since Nazi Germany�s unconditional surrender in May 1945. The territory that would become the western republic in just over a year’s time was still divided into occupation zones, controlled by French, British, and U.S. forces, and under the law of their military administrations. Three years after the defeat of the Third Reich, the inhabitants of the western zones and, in eastern Germany, the Soviet-occupied zone, were still struggling to pick up the pieces of their shattered lives and rebuild their war-ravaged towns and cities. The terms of survival for many Germans remained precarious, but if they had survived until then, they had made it through the worst.