bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dimensions of Apparel Quality Influencing Consumers' Perceptions
Authors: Forsythe Sandra , Presley Ann Beth , Caton Karen Wilson
Published: August 2011

Given a lack of knowledge about the dimensions of apparel quality significant to consumers, manufacturers may mistakenly focus attention on product attributes which are not salient to consumers. Therefore, a better understanding of the quality dimensions perceived by consumers and of the intrinsic cues they use in making judgements of products' salient qualities is needed. In this study, 122 adult shoppers evaluated the quality of men's dress shirts. Three dimensions of perceived quality emerged which were defined as Sturdiness/ Durability (garment seams, stitching, fabric construction), Style/Aesthetics (garment design, styling and over-all appearance), and Lasting/Care (garment life and care required). Multiple regression showed that two of these factors, Style/Aesthetics and Sturdiness/Durability, predicted consumers' perceptions of apparel quality. Thus styling, design, and over-all appearance are combined with sturdiness and durability as integral components of consumers' perceptions of quality.
Principal Components Analysis of the Physical Self-Efficacy Scale for a Black Sample
Authors: Sumerlin John R. , Thompson Iola , Thaxton Nolan , Berretta S. A.
Published: August 2011

Principal components analysis of an intercorrelation matrix for the Physical Self-efficacy Scale in an all black sample of 320 mostly confirmed the original validation study of Ryckman, Robbins, Thornton, and Cantrell who used a wholly white sample; however, the analysis identified items with factor loadings at criterion on more than one factor, one item that loaded on a different subscale, and additional factors. It is unknown whether differences in this sample are attributable to race or other influences. Further investigation is suggested.
Relation of Light and Exercise to Seasonal Depressive Symptoms: Preliminary Development of a Scale
Authors: Groom Kevin N. , O'Connor Mary E.
Published: August 2011

The palliative effects of exercise on depression are neither generally accepted nor clearly understood. On the contrary, the efficacy of light exposure in the treatment of seasonal depressive symptoms is widely recognized. It is possible that the contradictory findings in the exercise and depression literatures are due to a failure to consider light exposure as a variable. 32 women who regularly exercised were administered a depression inventory and the Seasonal Light Inventory, a new measure composed of two 10-item subscales, Seasonality and Light Exposure. Seasonality assesses fluctuations of mood, appetite, sleep, and other activities occurring at similar times each year, and the Light Exposure subscale measures respondents' estimated exposure to outdoor and bright indoor light. Indeed, those exercisers whose habits exposed them to a relatively large amount of light reported fewer seasonal depressive symptoms than those whose habits exposed them to a relatively small amount of light. The results suggest that the puzzling relationship between exercise and depression might be delineated more clearly by considering light exposure as a confounding variable.
Inferred Hemispheric Style and Problem-Solving Performance
Authors: Albaili Mohamed A.
Published: August 2011

To examine the relationship between an inferred hemispheric style and problem-solving performance, 78 undergraduate students were classified as having preferences of Left-, Integrated-, or Right-hemispheric style by scores on Your Style of Learning and Thinking. The Tower of Hanoi was used as a measure of problem solving. Number of moves, total time, and number of illegal moves to solve the Tower of Hanoi task were the dependent measures of problem-solving performance. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the three inferred hemispheric-style groups on two of the three measures of problem solving. Further comparison indicated that students who scored as showing Left-hemispheric style reported more moves and a longer mean time to solve the task than did students scoring as Right-hemispheric style. No differences were observed among the three groups on the number of illegal moves.
Square-Root Formula for Choice Reaction Time
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: August 2011

The power law of choice reaction time, first proposed by Kvålseth (1980), is further discussed. It is shown that the so-called Hick-Hyman law is a special case of the power law. It is suggested that a particular square-root case provides a most concise and adequate formula lor predicting reaction time when the number of equiprobable stimulus-response pairs ranges from 1 to 10. A potential theoretical explanation is briefly discussed.
Effect of Instruction to Sing on Stuttering Frequency at Normal and Fast Rates
Authors: Glover Helen , Kalinowski Joseph , Rastatter Michael , Stuart Andrew
Published: August 2011

Singing as a fluency-enhancing mechanism is well-established. The fluency derived by singing has been attributed to a reduced speech rate, memorized material, semantically reduced content, and an imposed rhythm. In this study, we attempted to address each of these explanations. 12 participants who stuttered were instructed to read or sing each of four different passages under the following conditions: reading at a normal rate, reading at a fast rate, singing at a normal rate, and singing at a fast rate. Participants exhibited a statistically significant increase in disfluencies while reading, i.e., participants displayed a 75% reduction in disfluency in the singing condition relative to the reading condition. There was no difference in stuttering frequency with rate conditions. Current findings suggest that stutterers are capable of internally generating fluent speech production by imposing idiosyncratic melodic structures or some derivation of melody when asked simply to sing. There is no claim that these participants were singing, as skills and capabilities varied tremendously, only that participants achieved dramatic enhancement of fluency after they were just asked to sing. Thus, the only intervening variable was the instruction to sing, which suggests the attempt to follow the instruction, no matter how futile, generated fluent speech. Since fluency was maintained in both the normal and fast rates of production, alternate central mechanisms must be held accountable for these findings.
Long-Term Consequences of Subtle Stimuli during the First Twenty-Four Hours of Seizure-Induced Brain Injury
Authors: Cook Lisa L. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Chronically epileptic (induced by a single systemic injection of lithium and pilocarpine about 30 days before the experiment began) male rats were trained within a radial maze while they were administered either GABA-pentin (Neuron-tin), or prednisolone or given no treatment. There was no significant improvement in learning or memory between the groups. Numbers of trials per day were positively correlated with the time required to display the overt stereotyped forelimb clonus after the single pilocarpine injection. The numbers of correct trials completed during the first few days of acquisition were significantly greater for the rats that had received weak (1 μT) complex, pulsed magnetic fields over the right hemisphere during the first 24 hr. after seizure induction than for those who received the same field over the left hemisphere or that had been exposed to reference conditions. Implications of the enhanced sensitivity of limbic neurons to subtle electromagnetic interaction during electrical lability are discussed.
The Mortality of Attempted Suicides in Follow-up Studies of Male Suicide Attempters
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 11 follow-up studies of samples of male suicide attempters, the percentage who subsequently completed suicide was associated with the length of follow-up.
Only Visual Impressions are Almost Always Present in Long-Term Memories, and Reported Completeness, Accuracy, and Verbalizability of Recollections Increase with Age
Authors: Westman Alida S. , Orellana Cosette
Published: August 2011

In two studies, students answered questions about their earliest memories from childhood and either elementary school and high school or college and yesterday. Visual sensory impressions were present in all childhood and almost all later memories. Sound aspects were more frequent in memories from high school and college than in those from childhood. Earliest memories from yesterday almost always included internal sensations. Recollections were rated as more accurate, complete, and verbalizable as events occurred later in life. Memories from childhood, elementary, and high school were thought about, found useful, or shared equally frequently. Yesterday's events were less likely shared, but, if shared, enhanced social relationships.
National Hockey League Players from North America are More Violent than Those from Europe
Authors: Grossman Scott , Hines Terence
Published: August 2011

It is commonly believed by hockey fans that European hockey players rely more on skill while North American players are more violent. The number of penalty minutes garnered by European and North American players in the National Hockey League's 1995–1996 season was examined. When corrected for the low proportion of European players, North American players had significantly more penalty minutes than European players.
Measures of Anxiety among Tennis Players in Singles and Doubles Matches
Authors: Terry Peter C. , Cox Jennifer A. , Lane Andrew M. , Karageorghis Costas I.
Published: August 2011

Male and female tennis players ( N = 100) completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 about 1 hr. before playing singles and doubles matches. Multivariate analysis of variance of anxiety and self-confidence responses by match result indicated that winners of singles matches bad significantly lower scores on Cognitive Anxiety and higher ones on Self-confidence than losers. Winners of doubles matches had significantly higher Self-confidence scores than losers. Discriminant function analysis indicated that 72% of results for singles matches and 70% of results for doubles matches could be correctly classified from responses to the precompetition measures. A comparison of anxiety responses by playing condition indicated that, irrespective of the match outcome, scores on Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety were higher and scores on Self-confidence were lower before playing singles than before playing doubles. The findings suggest that precompetition scores on measures of anxiety provide significant indicators of performance in tennis but that responses vary for singles and doubles play.
MMPI Patterns of Physically and Psychologically Dependent Drug Abusers
Authors: Weybrew Benjamin B.
Published: August 2011

Comparison of the MMPI profiles of psychologically dependent ( N = 20) and physically dependent drug abusers indicated that as compared to control groups the former group were characterized by high anxiety scores and the latter group by low scores on the same MMPI scale. The MMPI subtest patterns also suggest that the major defense mechanisms of the psychologically dependent group were denial and repression whereas those of the physically dependent drug abusers were hypochondriacal and hypomanic in nature. Tentative evidence suggests that the former drug-abuse group tends to respond more favorably to psychotherapeutic intervention than does the latter group.
Computer Games and Information-Processing Skills
Authors: Yuji Hiroki
Published: August 2011

To assess the association of past use of computer games and parallel-processing skills as measured by tests of discrimination perception using computers 46 boys and girls in kindergarten, aged 4 to 6 years, were classified into 17 player and 17 nonplayer groups by their enthusiasm for computer games. There were no significant differences between the two groups in correct responses; however, RTs of players were significantly faster than those of nonplayers. RTs were different to color and shape. Experiences with computer games might develop information-processing skills.
Order Effects in the Administration of a Forced-Choice Procedure for Detection of Malingering in Disability Claimants' Evaluations
Authors: Guilmette Thomas J. , Hast Kathleen J. , Whelihan William M. , Sparadeo Frank R. , Buongiorno Gregg
Published: August 2011

100 disability claimants of the Social Security Administration referred for neuropsychological evaluation and 40 undergraduate college students asked to simulate brain damage were administered a measure for the detection of malingering, an abbreviated version of the Hiscock Forced-choice Procedure, and other neuropsychological tests. Half of each group was administered the Hiscock Procedure at the beginning of the battery; the other half was administered this test last. For both groups, the results indicated poorer performance on the earlier administration of the abbreviated Hiscock Forced-choice Procedure. Formal measures for detection of malingering should be an integral and early part of any neuropsychological evaluation in which the subject has a financial incentive to perform poorly.
The Familial Incidence of Symptoms of Scotopic Sensitivity/Irlen Syndrome
Authors: Robinson G. L. , Foreman P. J. , Dear K. B. G.
Published: August 2011

The familial incidence of Scotopic Sensitivity/Irlen Syndrome was investigated using parents of 751 children identified with symptoms. Children were identified by methods independent of their parents' symptoms or lack of symptoms. For these children, there was an 84% chance of either one or both parents showing similar symptoms, with similar numbers of mothers identified with symptoms as fathers. The data suggest that Scotopic Sensitivity/Irlen Syndrome may be a genetically based deficit in visual processing, but the simplest genetic models do not appear to fit.
Physical Self-Perceptions, Aerobic Capacity and Physical Activity in Male and Female Members of a Corporate Health and Fitness Club
Authors: Daley Amanda J. , Parfitt Gaynor
Published: August 2011

As physical activity and fitness are believed to influence esteem and self-perceptions positively, the purpose of the study was to examine the relationships among participation in physical activity, aerobic capacity, and physical self-perceptions in 40 men and 33 women, members of a British corporate health and fitness club. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated a significant linear relationship for men between scores on Physical Self-worth and composite scores on Participation in Physical Activity. Men's feelings regarding general physical self-worth may be an important determinant of their subsequent levels of physical exercise.
The Psychological Factors of a Premature Response Based on Contingent Negative Variation
Authors: Hiraku Shiho , Sakuma Haeuo
Published: August 2011

The psychological factors of a premature response on simple reaction-time tasks were examined by comparing the difference between control responses (33 samples) and premature responses (33 samples) using the index of Contingent Negative Variation (CNV). The first (warning) stimulus was a click, the second (imperative) stimulus was a colored circular figure presented on a CRT, and the interstimulus interval was set at 3 sec. 72 trials were administered to the 24 subjects, then 33 artifact-free CNV data in a premature response were shown. Analyses indicated that CNV amplitudes in the premature response were lower than those in the control response at frontal position. Especially in the premature response, CNV waveforms stayed around baseline toward S2 at F3 and F4. In the analyses of variance, every CNV component (early, late, and whole components) at F4 or Fz was significantly lower for the premature response. These results suggested that the optimal prediction, arousal, and attention do not seem to be maintained in a premature response.
Effect of Framing on Adolescents' Decision Making
Authors: Chien Yu-Chin , Lin Cindy , Worthley Joanna
Published: August 2011

92 young adolescents were tested using Tversky and Kahneman's (1981) decision problems for framing effects. A notable number of young adolescents tested were not influenced by the context of the decision problems, thus they selected the same response option for positively and negatively framed problems. Parallel information was not available in Tversky and Kahneman's study for adults because they used a between-subjects design. However, for present adolescents who selected different response options for different framing problems, the response pattern exhibited by them resembled the general pattern exhibited by the adults tested in Tversky and Kahneman's study—negative frames led them to accept risk to avoid certain loss; positive frames prevented them from risking what they were certain to gain. Boys and girls were similar in their susceptibility to framing effects as were honors students in mathematics as compared to nonhonors students. Although the positive vs negative framing only influenced some of the young adolescents tested in this study, because the influence was consistent, researchers and educators interested in adolescents' decisions involving risky choices might use framing principles to design and assess cognitive interventions for high-risk behaviors among young adolescents.
Time: Language and Substance
Authors: Kadlub Eugene A.
Published: August 2011

Concluding that every system (regardless of size and complexity) is the locus of its own space-time led to the development of a time construct that gives temporal measure to system entropic contribution.
Effects of Mood State and Favorability of Feedback on Reactions to Performance Feedback
Authors: Hammer Leslie B. , Stone-Romero Eugene F.
Published: August 2011

An experimental simulation involving 55 women assessed the main and interactive effects of experimentally induced mood state (positive vs negative) and favorability of performance feedback (positive vs negative) on the perceived accuracy of feedback. The study was conducted in two sessions. During Session I the subjects role-played the position of an advertising agent and worked on an advertising task. In Session II they were administered either a positive or negative mood induction, given positive or negative feedback on the advertising task, and completed a measure of the perceived accuracy of feedback. Regression analyses indicated support for hypothesized main and interactive effects, suggesting that mood state and favorability of feedback interactively affect the perceived accuracy of received feedback.
Depth Perception in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Mendez Mario F. , Cherrier Monique M. , Meadows Robert S.
Published: August 2011

Abnormal depth perception contributes to visuospatial deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Disturbances in stereopsis, motion parallax, and the interpretation of static monocular depth cues may result from neuropathology in the visual cortex. We evaluated 15 patients with mild Alzheimer's disease and 15 controls matched for age, sex, and education on measures of local stereopsis (stereoscopic testing), global stereopsis (random dots), motion parallax (Howard-Dolman apparatus), and monocular depth perception by relative size, interposition, and perspective. Compared to controls, the patients were significantly impaired in over-all depth perception. This impairment was largely due to disturbances in local stereopsis and in the interpretation of depth from perspective, independent of other visuospatial functions. Patients with Alzheimer's disease have disturbed interpretation of monocular as well as binocular depth cues. This information could lead to optic interventions to improve their visual depth perception.
Stimulus Alignment and Age in the Selection of Bigger Rectangles
Authors: Shimizu Masuharu
Published: August 2011

90 children (28 3-yr.-olds, 32 5-yr.-olds, and 30 8-yr.-olds) were presented pairs of quadrangles with the bases or the centers aligned and asked to select the bigger ones. 3- and 8-yr.-olds selected larger ones under both aligned conditions, while 5-yr.-olds selected the taller ones more often under the base- than under the center-aligned conditions. 5-yr.-olds selected the larger ones less often than 3- and 8-yr.-olds under the base-aligned condition. These results were discussed in relation to the attention given to height.
Logical and Psychological Reasoning
Authors: Rimoldi Horacio J. A. , de Libonatti Elsa Inés Bei
Published: August 2011

The performance of 30 subjects when solving problems built around logical connectives (Conjunction, Inclusive Disjunction, Exclusive Disjunction, Conditional, and Biconditional) was compared with the results obtained when the same logical connectives were presented using a multiple-choice approach. The processes followed by the subjects in solving 20 problems were evaluated in terms of information theory, making it possible to investigate (a) the processes followed by the subjects and (b) the quality of the final answer Analysis indicated that the problem-solving processes do not necessarily provide the same information as that obtained by the final answers. The knowledge obtained by examining the questions subjects ask is different from the knowledge obtained when examining the answers to multiple-choice items.
Effects on Contingent Negative Variation of Set Created by Anticipating Variable Foreperiods
Authors: Hiraku Shiho , Sakuma Haruo
Published: August 2011

The influence of set on a simple reaction time task was examined by comparing the differences of psychological factors between a group of subjects who expected and experienced a fixed foreperiod (Control condition: 12 subjects) and another group of subjects who were instructed to expect variable foreperiods but experienced the same fixed foreperiod (Instruction condition: 11 subjects), using the index of contingent negative variation (CNV). The foreperiod of simple reaction time cask in each condition was fixed at 3 sec. Subjects were required to respond to 2 blocks of 24 trials, and each instruction was presented between blocks. On the second block CNV amplitudes were higher in the instruction condition as was every CNV component (early, late, and whole components). The set created by anticipating variable foreperiods seems to increase cerebral activity, arousal, and attention during simple reaction time tasks.
Social Correlates of Suicide in the British Isles
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 1961, suicide rates in the British Isles were higher in the more urbanized and wealthy regions.
Gender Differences in WAIS–R Age-Corrected Scaled Scores
Authors: Arceneaux Janet M. , Cheramie Gail M. , Smith Caesarlyn W.
Published: August 2011

Analyses of variance were conducted on WAIS–R age-corrected scaled scores and global intelligence standard scores with gender as the independent variable. Significant differences between men and women were found on three subtests, Information, Arithmetic, and Block Design. For all three significant differences, the 115 men scored higher than the 115 women ( M age = 34.8; Range 16 to 71 years). The implications of these findings are discussed.
Exact Confidence Limits for Population Proportions Based on the Negative Hypergeometric Probability Distribution
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: August 2011

An algorithm and FORTRAN 77 subroutine are presented to calculate exact confidence limits for the number of successes in a finite population, given a random sample drawn without replacement. The limits are calculated recursively from the negative hypergeometric probability distribution. The use of an arbitrary initial value in the recursion eliminates the computation of factorial expressions.
Teenagers' Knowledge about Prenatal Exposure to Cocaine
Authors: Hall Cathy W. , Rouse Beverly D.
Published: August 2011

The current study indicated limited knowledge among 124 teenagers about prenatal exposure to cocaine. Given the widespread problem of substance abuse among teenagers as well as high incidence of teenage pregnancies, there is a need to make this information more readily available.
Cognitive Development of the Binary Operations for Standard and Nonstandard Logic
Authors: van den Daele Leland
Published: August 2011

The binary operations of standard logic, conjunction, implication, equality, not/both, exclusive/or, and inclusive/or disjunction are usually employed as a basis for the construction and evaluation of psychological theories of logical behavior. An additional 10 binary nonstandard operations are proposed. Together the standard and nonstandard operations comprise the operations of the extended logic. An axiom of developmental order proposes that extended operations with fewer valid cases are mastered before operations with more valid cases. The operations are discussed from the perspectives of developmental theory, model theory, pragmatic reasoning structures, and deontic, dialectic, and standard logic.
The Diagnostic Value of the Bene-Anthony Family Relations Test
Authors: Brand Handré J.
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to assess whether interning psychologists, who used the Bene-Anthony as an evaluation technique in the psychotherapeutic treatment of their clients, were of the opinion that the test results deepened their insight into the nature of their clients' family dynamics. Subjects were 32 children, ages 4 to 16 years, who were referred for evaluation for the presence of emotional or specific developmental disorders. The interns were of the opinion the Bene-Anthony significantly contributed to their understanding of the family dynamics. Family relationships appeared to be more complex after the application of the test than they seemed before, and the test also clarified the negative nature of the family relationships. The Bene-Anthony may be effectively used for evaluation of family systems in which dysfunctionality occurs.
Effects of Game Structure on Boys' Satisfaction and Participation
Authors: Heston Melissa L.
Published: August 2011

Inhabiting level is defined as the number of tasks to be performed in a setting in relation to the number of people who will perform those tasks and has been found to influence the behaviors and psychological experiences of participants. In this study, the structural organization of a children's game was manipulated to create three different levels of inhabiting. Boys ( n = 108) were classified as having low, medium, or high throwing skills. Teams consisting of one player from each skill level were created using stratified random sampling. Teams then played an underinhabited game (two ongoing tasks per player), an adequately inhabited game (one ongoing task per player), and an overinhabited game (one task rotated among three players). Satisfaction with each game was measured by a questionnaire following play. Observational rating scales were used to assess players' degree of involvement and affective expression during play. Boys reported significantly greater satisfaction and displayed significantly greater involvement and positive affect in the underinhabited game than in either one or both of the other games.
Achievement Motivation and Involvement in Sport Competitions
Authors: Thomassen Tor Oskar , Halvari Hallgeir
Published: August 2011

213 pupils ( M = 17.2 yr.) were tested on the motive to achieve success, the motive to avoid failure, future time orientation, perceived instrumentality of cognitive and physical tasks at school, and the involvement in sport competitions. Analysis shows a significant positive correlation between the scores on motive to achieve success and the amounts of competitive involvement in sport. Conversely, the motive to avoid failure was negatively correlated with the involvement in sport. Further, a positive significant correlation for the involvement in sport competitions with perceived instrumentality of physical or sport tasks at school appeared. The relations were similar for both girls and boys. An hypothetical model based on hierarchical regression of the data showed that all independent variables affected involvement in sport competitions directly or indirectly.
Effects of Mental Practice on Performance are Moderated by Cognitive Anxiety as Measured by the Sport Competition Anxiety Test
Authors: Halvari Hallgeir
Published: August 2011

45 subjects were assessed for cognitive anxiety on the Sport Competition Anxiety Test. Two months later they observed a person performing a new motor task which required high cognitive processing to be performed well. After this observation, 22 subjects were randomly assigned to a Mental Practice and 23 to a Control group. The former performed a cognitive rehearsal of the task, whereas the latter did not. None practiced the task physically before being tested. Analysis of variance showed that both errors and performance time interacted significantly with Mental Practice versus Control group scores and scores on the Sport Competition Anxiety Test. Among subjects who practiced mentally, those scoring low on cognitive anxiety performed significantly better than subjects who scored high. Further, the relationship between test scores of cognitive anxiety and performance for the total sample was analysed by different curvilinear regression models. The cubic model fitted the data better and accounted for a greater percent of variance on error performance explained by anxiety test scores ( R = .39) than the linear correlation ( r = .25). This cubic model formed a polynomial relationship between cognitive anxiety test scores and error in performance.
Voluntary Control of Breathing Pattern in Asthmatic Children
Authors: Blanc-Gras Nathalie , Benchetrit Gila , Gallego Jorge
Published: August 2011

15 asthmatic children and 15 healthy children were trained to adjust their breathing pattern to a target pattern displayed on a video screen by using visual feedback. The error scores in the two groups were not significantly different. These data did not support the hypothesis that voluntary control of respiratory muscles is impaired in asthmatics.
Correlates of Suicide in Italian Regions in 1864–1876
Authors: Lester David , Ausenda Giorgio
Published: August 2011

Across the regions of Italy in 1870, suicide rates were associated with the height of young men and the degree of literacy.
The Construct of Canalization and Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Kerbeshian Jacob , Burd Larry , Barth Amy
Published: August 2011

The construct of canalization reflects the resistance to variation of hereditary traits to genetic or environmental perturbations and appears useful when applied to the expression of Tourette syndrome and its common comorbidities.
Effects of the Similarity of Required Responses on Fractionated Reaction Time
Authors: Ito Masanobu
Published: August 2011

In a previous study, Ito (1990) who used a rapid two-element force-production task, found that the simple reaction time (RT) to initiate the second element was shorter when a sequence was made up of homogeneous elements than when a sequence was made up of heterogeneous elements. The purpose of the present study was to replicate and extend the earlier experiment by adding a control condition and by fractionating RT into premotor time and motor time. Simple RT, premotor time, and motor time to initiate the first element were not different across conditions, suggesting the possibility of distributed programming of the sequence elements. The homogeneous condition, however, produced shorter simple RT and premotor time to initiate the second element than did the heterogeneous and control conditions, which were not significantly different from each other. These findings were discussed in terms of different programming demand during the RT interval.
Characteristics of Postural Control and Locomotion of Patients with Vascular and Alzheimer-Type Dementias
Authors: Okuzumi Hideyuki , Tanaka Atsushi , Haishi Kouichi , Meguro Ken-Ichi , Yamazaki Hideki , Kobayashi Iwao , Nakamura Takashi
Published: August 2011

The postural control and locomotion of patients with Alzheimer-type senile dementia ( n = 20) or vascular dementia ( n = 20) were investigated. Patients with both types of senile dementia, especially patients with vascular dementia, generally showed lower scores than healthy old people ( n = 53). Moreover, deterioration of locomotion was more remarkable.
Single-Sex Groupings: A Solution for Sex Differences in Mathematics Learning?
Authors: Leder Gilah C. , Forgasz Helen J.
Published: August 2011

Data from an evaluation and a re-evaluation three years later of a Grade 10 single-sex mathematics program showed in 1996 significant differences on rating mathematics as a male domain, higher self-rating by boys of achievement in mathematics, and girls higher attribution for failure in mathematics to the task. Support for a single-sex program has lessened.
Clothing Style and Formation of First Impressions
Authors: Reid Amanda , Lancuba Vince , Morrow Bridget
Published: August 2011

A questionnaire was administered to 61 people on a university campus to study the influence of clothing style and sex on the formation of first impressions. Analysis showed that clothing style and sex of the subject influenced subjects' perceptions of others, in particular, that subjects rated others wearing similar clothing as themselves more positively and that the ratings of women were less harsh then those of men. Subjects also rated less common clothing styles in the university context more extremely.
Locus of Control, Latent Inhibition and Reaction Times in a Semantic (Left-Hemisphere) and Visuospatial (Right-Hemisphere) Stimulus Discrimination Task
Authors: De Brabander B. , Hellemans J.
Published: August 2011

Rank correlations on latent inhibition learning among internal scorers versus external scorers on Rotter's I-E locus of control scale were compared between trial numbers and speed of correct reactions in a left- and in a right-hemispheric discrimination task. On the basis of previous research and theorizing reviewed by De Brabander, Boone, and Gerits (1992) we expected latent inhibition effects to show mainly on the left-hemisphere task and more clearly among internal scorers on Rotter's I-E locus of control scale. The findings seem to confirm our expectations.
Isokinetic Eccentric Strength of the Ankle Evertors after Injury
Authors: Heitman Robert J. , Kovaleski John , Gurchiek Larry
Published: August 2011

Isokinetic tests for ankle eversion strength at 30 and 60 deg/sec. speeds for 9 patients with recurring ankle sprains detected no differences at 8 and 34 weeks postinjury.
Attitudes toward Euthanasia
Authors: Gilman Patricia Ann , Merrill Lex L. , Reid Jennifer Lea
Published: August 2011

A 72-item questionnaire regarding attitudes toward euthanasia was administered to 240 residents of Humboldt County, California, who ranged from 18 to 86 years of age. The relationships between their attitudes and their demographic characteristics including age, religion, and education were examined.
Measurement of Autobiographical Recall
Authors: White Richard T.
Published: August 2011

The finding by Huffman and Weaver (1996) of no support for the hypothesis that personal episodic recall involves visual imagery may be a consequence of their method of assessment. Further research which employs more measures than simply number of events recalled and which gives subjects longer time to respond is needed.
Pseudoneglect of Males and Females on a Spatial Short-Term Memory Task
Authors: Nalçaci Erhan , Çiçek Metehan , Kalaycioglu Canan , Yavuzer Sema
Published: August 2011

The effect of sex on the phenomenon of pseudoneglect was assessed in 60 male and 61 female right-handed subjects using a modified form of Corsi's block-tapping test. A significant right-lateralized pseudoneglect for both sexes was found, and the level of pseudoneglect strongly correlated with neglect in the right hemispace. Men were significantly more accurate in the left hemispace than women, whereas no difference was seen between the sexes in the right hemispace. Although we found some indirect evidence from which to infer that the men's brain may be functionally more lateralized than the women's for this spatial task, there was no significant difference between the sexes in correct responses for the left hemispace, i.e., right pseudoneglect. Therefore, the results suggest that pseudoneglect phenomenon can be partly explained by a functional asymmetric feature of the brain, and the other factors probably play a role in producing the similar patterns of asymmetric perception of space in males and females.
False Estrus in Human Females: Sexual Manipulation without Conception
Authors: Thiessen Del
Published: August 2011

Variations in human arousal independent of ovulation suggest that females use nonreproductive sex to manipulate interactions with males.
Strength Associated Motor Deficits following Stroke
Authors: Bohannon Richard W.
Published: August 2011

Many of the motor deficits that accompany stroke can be attributed to normal behavior on a foundation of muscle weakness.
Intermanual Differences on Motor and Psychomotor Tests in Alcoholics: No Evidence for Selective Right-Hemisphere Dysfunction
Authors: Kwon Lauren M. , Rourke Sean B. , Grant Igor
Published: August 2011

Some previous studies have suggested that alcoholics exhibit selective right-hemisphere dysfunction, based on alcoholics' poor performance on tests believed to subserve the right hemisphere. However, some of these experiments did not account adequately for differences in difficulty or novelty in putative right hemisphere tasks. This experiment was designed to evaluate and compare intermanual differences in grip strength, motor speed, fine-motor dexterity, and nonverbal problem-solving ability in 93 recently detoxified alcoholics, 54 long-term abstinent alcoholics, and 73 nonalcoholic controls. All subjects were right-handed men, matched for age and education, and both alcoholic groups had similar drinking histories. Using percent difference scores to assess intermanual differences, adjusted for demographics where appropriate, we found that, although recently detoxified alcoholics demonstrate some motor and psychomotor impairments, there is no evidence using these tests to suggest the right hemisphere is selectively more vulnerable to the effects of chronic alcohol abuse.
Contextual Interference Effects in Learning Novel Motor Skills
Authors: Pollatou E. , Kioumourtzoglou E. , Agelousis N. , Mavromatis G.
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the generalizability of contextual interference effects by extending previous laboratory and field research to novel movements controlled by different motor programs. 30 men and 33 women learned novel throwing and kicking tasks, practicing with blocked, serial, or random schedules. The subjects practiced the tasks four days a week for two weeks and then were given a postest. One week later subjects were given a retention test. Significant improvements in performance were found for all groups for both tasks; however, a significant effect for practice condition was found only for the throwing task during retention, for which the random practice schedule led to better learning than the blocked and the serial practice. These findings suggest that the blocked, serial, and random practice methods could be effectively used for tasks controlled by different motor programs but must be practiced in the same teaching session, without expecting one to be more effective in learning than any other.
Changes in Alpha Band Eeg Activity in the Frontal Area after Stimulation with Music of Different Affective Content
Authors: Iwaki Tatsuya , Hayashi Mitsuo , Hori Tadao
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the stimulating effects of music. Twelve-channel EEGs (Fp1, Fp2, F7, F8, Fz, C3, C4, Pz, T5, T6, O1, O2) were recorded on 10 students during periods of baseline, premusic rest, music (stimulating or calming), and postmusic rest. The amplitude of the alpha-2 (9.6 to 11.4 Hz) band was lower during the rest session than that during the baseline session. In the music period the amplitude of alpha-2 band increased during both the stimulating and calm music. The frontal interhemispheric coherence values (F7-F8) of the alpha-2 band increased during the stimulating music session, while the coherence values did not change during the calm music. These findings implied close relationships between the interhemispheric transmission of information in the frontal areas and positive attention to stimulating music.
Differential Entrainment of Electroencephalographic Activity by Weak Complex Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Persinger Michael A. , Richards Pauline M. , Koren Stanley A.
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis was tested that compensatory susceptibility to electro-encephalographic driving and entrainment by weak (1 microT) time-varying, externally applied complex magnetic fields would occur in normal subjects following successive stimulation by different patterns. 43% of the volunteers showed evidence of driving during the application of the complex magnetic fields and indications of resonance (entrainment) during the first 10 sec. following the cessation of the fields. The volunteers who exhibited driving and entrainment could be discriminated from those who did not by their more frequent reported experiences of fear and odd tastes during the stimulation. They were also more likely to have a preexposure history of a sense of presence and to experience intense meaningfulness when reading or writing prose or poetry.
The “Jump” and “Release” Effects: Some Observations on the Perception of Causality
Authors: Gyulai Elisabetta
Published: August 2011

Two experiments studied the “release” and “jump” effects. Suppose that—on a homogeneous background—a single object moving on a straight trajectory has a constant physical velocity along all its path except in the middle where this velocity is higher or lower for a short time. The release effect occurs when this velocity is lower and the jump effect when it is higher. In the release effect, the object appears to be released from something that held it back. In the jump effect, the object appears to make a jump forward. In line with Premack's 1990 view, these effects suggest a reclassification of causal phenomena in terms of the perceived origin of the change in movement. This origin is perceived as external in Michotte's launching effect and as both internal and external in the release effect and as internal in the jump effect.
Anomalous Anticipatory Response on Randomized Future Conditions
Authors: Bierman Dick J. , Radin Dean I.
Published: August 2011

Physiological baseline conditions preceding stimulus presentation are shown to depend on emotionality of stimulus content.
Interobserver Agreement of Perceived Intelligibility of |r̄| in Children
Authors: Carballo Gloria , Mendoza Elvira , Valencia-Naranjo Nieves
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to test whether independent listeners could correctly classify 162 stimuli (words) that started with a multiple trill, |r̄|, followed by a vowel |a|. The sounds were from 27 Spanish children between the ages of 3.0 and 6.6 years, pronouncing Spanish words current in their vocabulary. Twelve listeners were presented with the recordings of the children's |r̄| production and were instructed to rate the intelligibility of the pronounced sound as high, medium, or low. Inter-rater agreement ranged from 85 to 96%. Analyses of variance for each of the three production categories showed that there were significant differences, so it seems possible to classify the words starting with a trilled |r̄| based on auditory-perceptual features into three broad categories according to intelligibility.
Ratings of Stress by Rugby Referees
Authors: Rainey David W. , Hardy Lew
Published: August 2011

682 rugby referees from Wales, Scotland, and England rated their stress associated with refereeing on a 3-item scale. Mean ratings for the total sample and each group were between “very little” and “a moderate amount.” Results support earlier studies, suggesting that most sport officials do not experience much stress while officiating.
Organizing the Present and Planning the Future: Personal Projects of New Zealand Students
Authors: Payne Monica A.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 202 New Zealand students (81 men, 121 women) listed their short- and long-term “personal projects.” Most frequently mentioned were academic success, improved fitness, and financial well-being. Some characteristic differences were noted in the specific concerns of men and women.
Structuring of Perceived Interrelations among Life Events for College Students
Authors: Yamashita Toshiyuki
Published: August 2011

We attempted to structure a student's perceived interrelationships among major life events in an hierarchy by the use of the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method from paired-comparison data. Analysis suggested that, although the perception of the ages at which an individual will experience major life events is strongly influenced by age norm and is less variant among persons, the perception of the interrelationships among life events is more variant.
Sex Differences on Exercise Dependence for Men and Women in a Marathon Road Race
Authors: Pierce E. F. , Rohaly K. A. , Fritchley B.
Published: August 2011

Considerable research has documented a tendency towards exercise dependence among habitual exercisers; however, little research on possible differences in exercise dependence among men and women has been done. This question seems worthy of study given associations between exercise dependence and eating behavior problems and a greater incidence of eating disorders among women than men. Subjects, 18 men and 14 women competing in a marathon road race, completed an exercise dependence survey developed by Hailey and Bailey in 1982. There are 14 equally weighted items which focus exclusively on psychological rather than physiological aspects of exercise dependence. Analysis of variance indicated the women reported significantly higher scores (3.9±1.7) than men (3.7±1.2, p<.05) While the design does not allow assessment of mechanisms underlying the result, one may express concern about the motives for participation in athletic competition.
Consistency in the Expression of Aesthetic Preference in Line Partitioning
Authors: Macrosson W. D. K. , Strachan G. C.
Published: August 2011

In experimental enquiries into the aesthetic properties of the golden section, investigators have tended to employ tests which either require the subjects to generate an artifact or require the subjects to choose between artifacts shown to them. These researchers have assumed that the findings from each type of test are equally valid. This assumption was investigated and shown to be tenable for the partitioning of line segments. Experimental subjects ( N=57) expressed an aesthetic preference for the same line partitioning ratios irrespective of the type of test employed.
Measuring Chronic Pain in Children, an Exploration
Authors: Hunfeld J. A. M. , den Deurwaarder E. S. G. , van der Wouden J. C. , van Suijlekom-Smit L. W. A. , Hazebroek-Kampschreur A. J. J. M.
Published: August 2011

The study focused on the feasibility and validity of pain instruments and the optimal period of diary registration for measuring chronic pain intensity of 13 children. Highly positive associations were found between the registration of pain on a Visual Analogue Scale and on the Postoperative Pain Measure for Parents. For children under medical treatment for chronic limb pain a one-week diary registration suffices.