bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A mobile telehealth program for behavioral treatment of urinary incontinence in women veterans: Development and pilot evaluation of MyHealtheBladder
Authors: Goode Patricia S. , Markland Alayne D. , Echt Katharina V. , Slay Laurie , Barnacastle Susan , Hale Galen , Wright M. Kate , Lane T. Renea , Burgio Kathryn L.
Published: November 2019

Aim

To develop and pilot test an interactive mobile telehealth program (mHealth) for behavioral treatment of women veterans with urinary incontinence (UI).

Methods

We developed an evidence‐based 8‐week behavioral mHealth program, MyHealtheBladder, with input from women veterans, behavioral medicine and health education experts, and clinical providers treating UI in the VA system. The program was story‐based and included pelvic floor muscle exercises, bladder control strategies, fluid management, risk factor reduction, and self‐monitoring. Participants were women veterans seeking outpatient treatment for UI occurring at least twice weekly. The primary efficacy estimate was the change in UI frequency, volume and impact on the quality of life as measured by the validated International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire‐Short Form (ICIQ‐SF; range: 0‐21, 2.5 points for minimal clinically important difference [MCID]).

Results

We enrolled 29 women veterans (ages 29‐77 years; mean = 54.4 ± 10.4), including 15 (52%) African‐American women, 13 (45%) women with high school education, and 16 (55%) with a college degree. Twenty of 29 women (69%) completed all 8 weeks of the intervention with a 97% adherence rate to the daily sessions among completers. We found reductions in ICIQ‐SF scores from a mean 12.6 ± 3.9 at baseline to 10.4 ± 4.11 at 5 weeks, to 8.7 ± 4.0 at the end of the 8‐week intervention.

Conclusions

Women veterans using an 8‐week behavioral mHealth program for the treatment of UI had symptom improvements that exceeded the MCID for the ICIQ‐SF. Our next step involves comparing the effectiveness of MyHealtheBladder to usual care in a larger clinical trial.
Development of an app for lung cancer survivors (iEXHALE) to increase exercise activity and improve symptoms of fatigue, breathlessness and depression
Authors: Henshall Catherine , Davey Zoe
Published: November 2019

Objective

Exercise‐based self‐management interventions are recommended for lung cancer survivors and can provide physical, psychosocial and emotional relief. Mobile health technologies can encourage self‐management; however, currently, no cancer‐related app addresses exercise‐specific needs of lung cancer survivors. This paper details the design, development and testing of an exercise app for lung cancer survivors (iEXHALE), which aims to increase exercise activity and improve symptoms.

Methods

The research had two stages: (1) focus groups with healthcare professionals, patients and family members (n=21) and (2) app development and usability study with lung cancer survivors (n=6). The Capability, Opportunity, Motivation‐Behaviour model was used as a theoretical framework; data were thematically analysed.

Results

Focus group findings identified many helpful exercises for managing lung cancer survivors' symptoms. These findings, alongside relevant literature, informed iEXHALE's content and design. The usability study found that lung cancer survivors valued iEXHALE's self‐management capabilities but identified potential modifications including improved self‐monitoring diaries and navigation.

Conclusions

iEXHALE's development has been theoretically and empirically informed, showing value as a self‐management tool. Next, we will test its effectiveness, acceptability and cost‐effectiveness.
Modeling Hot Spot Experiments on Shocked Octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐Tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐Tetrazocine
Authors: Springer H. Keo , Bassett Will P. , Bastea Sorin , Stekovic Svjetlana , Tarver Craig M.
Published: November 2019

For the first time, mesoscale simulations of shocked explosives are validated with hot spot temperature data. Following recent experiments, we simulate a 25 μm aluminum flyer impacting a powder bed of octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) with an initial speed of 1.4 to 3.6 km s−1. The powder bed has a density of 0.56 g cm3, or 29 % crystal density, and an average grain size of 4 
m. Simulations are performed in the multi‐physics code, ALE3D. We employ a comprehensive HMX material model that accounts for the chemistry, unreacted and product equation‐of‐states (EOSs), elastic‐plastic response, as well as melting and melt viscosity. Simulations show compaction, reaction, and gas jetting during the initial stages of shock in the powder bed. Shock reflection at the glass window interface increases hot spot temperatures in HMX product gas in excess of 7000 K at higher impact speeds which is readily observable using pyrometry techniques. We extract a temperature histogram from simulations at discrete times, using it to calculate an effective emission spectrum and effective temperature, Teff, for comparison to data. Simple T‐ and T4‐based methods inadequately weight the higher temperature regions and result in a low Teff that is in poor agreement with data. However, calculating Teff based on Planck's Law with a gray body assumption demonstrates good agreement with hot spot temperature data. A modified Arrhenius model is fit to the normalized reaction rates predicted by mesoscale simulations and inferred temperatures range from 1544 K to 1779 K; these temperatures are approximately 4x lower than the peak hot spot temperatures but 2‐3x higher than the bulk shock temperatures. The agreement with experimental results validates our mesoscale simulations as useful tools for elucidating the role of hot spot mechanisms in the shock initiation of heterogeneous explosives.
Favoured cycles and other features of anomalous forecast uncertainty as revealed by time series of TIGGE data
Authors: McLay J. G. , Hodyss D. , Reynolds C. A.
Published: November 2019

The time evolution of forecast uncertainty for a given lead time is examined using 9 years of daily ensemble data from the TIGGE archive and a classical time‐series approach, with a focus on anomalies in the ensemble variance of T+120h 500 hPa geopotential height averaged over select regions. Spectral analysis suggests the presence of favoured cycles in the anomaly time series, manifested by strong peaks in the spectra at certain periods between 10 and 40 days. Such favoured cycles imply that the time evolution of the forecast uncertainty has some element of predictability. Coincident with these cycles are episodes of two‐week to monthly time‐scale local trends (“ramp ups” and “ramp downs”) in the variance anomaly series. A correlation analysis with typical flow indices is carried out to gauge what physical processes might influence the behaviour of the variance anomaly time series. From the broadest perspective, the Eady index is clearly the most influential of the indices and it is inferred that low‐frequency peaks in anomalously positive Eady index presage low‐frequency peaks in anomalously positive variance. Considering particular regions and conditioning on season and MJO phase helps reveal the influences of the other indices. There are also indications that anomalously high forecast uncertainty preferentially occurs during specific changes in sign of the indices. Nonetheless, the correlation analysis suggests that much of the behaviour of the variance anomaly time series remains to be explained. Principal component analysis and k‐means cluster analysis identify a leading mode of variability in which the variance is jointly elevated or suppressed across the hemisphere (with concentration in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans storm tracks).
Improved three‐filament thermal ionization mass spectrometry ion source for isotope ratio determination of two samples
Authors: Pacek Adrian , Pieńkos Tomasz , Czarnacki Maciej , Hałas Stanisław , Pelc Andrzej
Published: November 2019

Rationale

In order to make a single‐filament thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) instrument more versatile and efficient in element isotope analysis, a multifilament ion source has to be employed. In the currently used three‐filament ion sources, the same sample must be loaded on all the evaporator filaments, because of the possibility of cross‐contamination.

Methods

The elimination of cross‐contamination in a TIMS three‐filament ion source was achieved by installation of a wide ionizer filament (ribbon shape) perpendicular to the extracting slit plane between two parallel evaporators. In such a configuration, the ionizer filament serves also as a screen separating two evaporator filaments on which two different samples can be loaded.

Results

The lack of cross‐contamination (on a measurement uncertainty 1σ level of 0.3‰) has been demonstrated by measurements of the isotope ratios of a potassium chloride sample (39K/41K = 13.7801 ± 0.0023) versus a spike (39K/41K = 1.5670 ± 0.0003). The reproducibility of the isotope ratios for potassium 41K/39K and lithium 7Li/6Li is about 600 ppm (1σ).

Conclusions

The small change of the ionizer filament configuration significantly improves the functionality of the ion source. The proposed modification enables us to perform alternating isotope analyses under the same working conditions for two different samples (e.g. studied sample and standard).
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization behavior of neat linear and cyclic poly(L‐lactide)s and their blends
Authors: Weidner Steffen M. , Kricheldorf Hans R.
Published: November 2019

Rationale

Numerous new tin catalysts that enable the synthesis of cyclic polylactides with broad variation in their molecular mass were recently developed. The abundance of cyclics in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectra is, however, frequently reported to greatly exceed that of linears. Thus, the MALDI ionization behavior of various end‐capped linear poly(L‐lactide)s and one cyclic poly(L‐lactide) was investigated and compared.

Methods

Neat compounds and various blends of cyclic and linear species were prepared and studied under identical conditions with regard to sample preparation and instrumental condition, except for the laser power. For this purpose, two different MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometers were applied.

Results

Our results reveal that cyclics indeed show a slightly better ionization in MALDI, although their ionization as a neat compound seems to be less effective than that of linear polylactides. The ionization of most linear polylactides investigated does not depend on the end group structure. However, linear polylactides containing 12‐bromododecyl end groups reveal an unexpected saturation effect that is not caused by fragmentation of the polymer or the end group, or by electronic saturation of the detector digitizer. Furthermore, polylactides with a 2‐bromoethyl end group did not show such a saturation effect.

Conclusions

An overestimation of cyclic species in MALDI‐TOF mass spectra of poly(L‐lactide)s must be considered, but the commonly assumed peak suppression of linear polymers in mixtures of both structures can be excluded.
Risk assessment methodology for trajectory planning in keyhole neurosurgery using genetic algorithms
Authors: Villanueva‐Naquid Iván , Soubervielle‐Montalvo Carlos , Aguilar‐Ponce Ruth M. , Tovar‐Arriaga Saúl , Cuevas‐Tello Juan C. , Puente‐Montejano Cesar A. , Mejia‐Carlos Marcela , Torres‐Corzo Jaime G.
Published: November 2019

Background: Preoperative assessment to find the safest trajectory in keyhole neurosurgery can reduce post operative complications.

Methods: We introduced a novel preoperative risk assessment semiautomated methodology based on the sum of N maximum risk values using a generic genetic algorithm for the safest trajectory search.

Results: A set of candidates trajectories were found for two surgical procedures. The trajectories search is done using a risk map considering the proximity of voxels within risk structures in multiple points and a genetic algorithm to avoid an exhaustive search. The trajectories were validated by a group of neurosurgeons.

Conclusions: The trajectories obtained with the proposal method were shorter in 5% and have greater distance from the voxels within the blood vessels in 4.7%. The use of genetic algorithm (GA) speeds up the search for the safest trajectory, decreasing in 99.9% the time required for an exhaustive search.
Considerations in the application of two dimensional shear wave elastography in muscle
Authors: Mackintosh S. , Young A. , Lee A. , Sim J.
Published: November 2019

There is hope that the development of 2D shear wave elastography (2D‐SWE) technology will enhance clinical assessment of muscles. In addition to structural information obtained from traditional sonography, knowledge of muscle biomechanical properties may add diagnostic value in the investigation of pathological processes and functions of the musculoskeletal system. 2D‐SWE offers benefits over traditional biomechanical testing tools and may be adapted to assess muscle at rest, or in contracted or lengthened states.

To date, disparate research methodologies and proprietary technological differences limit comparison of research findings. Consensus guidelines exist for clinical utilisation of elastography in fields such as liver, breast and thyroid imaging. Presently, no such consensus has been reached for 2D‐SWE muscle utilisation. This paper explores the current literature to describe the technical considerations and challenges of 2D‐SWE in the assessment of skeletal muscle.
The urological management of renal trauma
Authors: Rintoul‐Hoad Sophie , Makanjuola Jonathan , Brown Christian
Published: November 2019

Serious knife attacks make the headlines all too frequently these days and kidney injury can be the result of such trauma. The authors describe their work in one of London's four major trauma centres, documenting the types of injury managed and the impact of knife crime on the workload of these centres.
Journal watch
Authors: Kirby Mike
Published: November 2019

Mike Kirby, Editor on Trends in Urology and Men's Health, picks some interesting recent papers and highlights the ‘take‐home’ message.
Asymptotic charges, large gauge transformations and inequivalence of different gauges in external current QED
Authors: Dybalski Wojciech , Wegener Benedikt
Published: November 2019

Abstract

In this paper we consider external current QED in the Coulomb gauge and in axial gauges for various spatial directions of the axis. For a non-zero electric charge of the current, we demonstrate that any two different gauges from this class correspond to quantum theories which are not unitarily equivalent. We show that the spacelike asymptotic flux of the electromagnetic field is the underlying superselected quantity. We also express the large gauge transformation linking two distinct axial gauges by the Wilson loop over a contour limited by the two axes. Thus the underlying physical mechanism appears to be related to the Aharonov-Bohm effect.
CircDUSP16 promotes the tumorigenesis and invasion of gastric cancer by sponging miR-145-5p
Authors: Zhang Zizhen , Wang Chaojie , Zhang Yeqian , Yu Site , Zhao Gang , Xu Jia
Published: November 2019

Background

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) as a novel subgroup of non-coding RNAs act a critical role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC). However, the underlying mechanisms by which hsa_circ_0003855 (circDUSP16) contributes to GC are still undocumented.

Materials

The differentially expressed circRNAs were identified by GEO database. The association of circDUSP16 or miR-145-5p expression with clinicopathological features and prognosis in GC patients was analyzed by FISH and TCGA-seq data set. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments as well as a xenograft tumor model were performed to assess the role of circDUSP16 in GC cells. circDUSP16-specific binding with miR-145-5p was confirmed by bioinformatic analysis, luciferase reporter, and RNA immunoprecipitation assays.

Results

The expression levels of circDUSP16 were markedly increased in GC tissue samples and acted as an independent prognostic factor of poor survival in patients with GC. Knockdown of circDUSP16 repressed the cell viability, colony formation, and invasive potential in vitro and in vivo, but ectopic expression of circDUSP16 reversed these effects. Moreover, circDUSP16 possessed a co-localization with miR-145-5p in the cytoplasm, and acted as a sponge of miR-145-5p, which attenuated circDUSP16-induced tumor-promoting effects and IVNS1ABP expression in GC cells. MiR-145-5p had a negative correlation with circDUSP16 expression and its low expression was associated with poor survival in GC patients.

Conclusions

CircDUSP16 facilitates the tumorigenesis and invasion of GC cells by sponging miR-145-5p, and may provide a novel therapeutic target for GC.
Towards a Better Understanding of Cognitive Deficits in Absence Epilepsy: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Fonseca Wald Eric L. A. , Hendriksen Jos G. M. , Drenthen Gerald S. , Kuijk Sander M. J. V. , Aldenkamp Albert P. , Vles Johan S. H. , Vermeulen R. Jeroen , Debeij-van Hall Mariette H. J. A. , Klinkenberg Sylvia
Published: November 2019

Cognition in absence epilepsy (AE) is generally considered undisturbed. However, reports on cognitive deficits in AE in recent years have suggested otherwise. This review systematically assesses current literature on cognitive performance in children with AE. A systematic literature search was performed in Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science. All studies reporting on cognitive performance in children with AE were considered. In total 33 studies were eligible for inclusion. Neuropsychological tests were classified into the following domains: intelligence; executive function; attention; language; motor & sensory-perceptual examinations; visuoperceptual/visuospatial/visuoconstructional function; memory and learning; achievement. Random-effect meta-analyses were conducted by estimating the pooled mean and/or pooling the mean difference in case-control studies. Full-scale IQ in children with AE was estimated at 96.78 (95%CI:94.46–99.10) across all available studies and in case-control studies IQ was on average 8.03 (95%CI:-10.45- -5.61) lower. Verbal IQ was estimated at 97.98 (95%CI:95.80–100.16) for all studies and 9.01 (95%CI:12.11- -5.90) points lower in case-control studies. Performance IQ was estimated at 97.23 (93.24–101.22) for all available studies and 5.32 (95%CI:-8.27–2.36) points lower in case-control studies. Lower performance was most often reported in executive function (cognitive flexibility, planning, and verbal fluency) and attention (sustained, selective and divided attention). Reports on school difficulties, neurodevelopmental problems, and attentional problems were high. In conclusion, in contrast to common beliefs, lower than average neurocognitive performance was noted in multiple cognitive domains, which may influence academic and psychosocial development.
A survey on data provenance in IoT
Authors: Hu Rui , Yan Zheng , Ding Wenxiu , Yang Laurence T.
Published: November 2019

Internet of Things (IoT), as a typical representation of cyberization, enables the interconnection of physical things and the Internet, which provides intelligent and advanced services for industrial production and human lives. However, it also brings new challenges to IoT applications due to heterogeneity, complexity and dynamic nature of IoT. Especially, it is difficult to determine the sources of specified data, which is vulnerable to inserted attacks raised by different parties during data transmission and processing. In order to solve these issues, data provenance is introduced, which records data origins and the history of data generation and processing, thus possible to track the sources and reasons of any problems. Though some related researches have been proposed, the literature still lacks a comprehensive survey on data provenance in IoT. In this paper, we first propose a number of design requirements of data provenance in IoT by analyzing the features of IoT data and applications. Then, we provide a deep-insight review on existing schemes of IoT data provenance and employ the requirements to discuss their pros and cons. Finally, we summarize a number of open issues to direct future research.
Co-created visual narratives and inclusive place branding: a socially responsible approach to residents’ participation and engagement
Authors: Rebelo Cátia , Mehmood Abid , Marsden Terry
Published: November 2019

This paper discusses the importance of co-created visual narratives in developing participatory and inclusive place branding. We refer to the need for a socially responsible approach when considering place branding policies and practices. For this purpose, we develop and empirically apply a novel framework with four interconnected phases comprising place-based contextualization, re-appreciation, re-positioning, and consolidation of residents’ perceptions, experiences and aspirations to develop and initiate inclusive place branding processes. Using participatory research and collaborative visual methods, we worked with a group of residents in Carvalhal de Vermilhas, Portugal. This work stimulated the co-development of collective agency to consider narratives, values and identities to be articulated for creating and promoting more inclusive representation of place in a (hypothetical) branding exercise. The framework application as well as its challenges and limitations, particularly in co-creation processes, were critically deliberated at all phases. Collaborative visual techniques from our analysis emerge as valuable participatory tools for researchers towards improving residents’ participation in place branding, and therefore contributing towards a more inclusive form of this practice. However, we are also aware of the perils associated with communities’ opening up their pristine heritage to touristic ventures, and hence suggest considering the importance of sustainable place-shaping in all branding decisions.
Macro- and Micromechanical Behavior of 316LN Lattice Structures Manufactured by Electron Beam Melting
Authors: Roos Stefan , Botero Carlos , Danvind Jonas , Koptioug Andrei , Rännar Lars-Erik
Published: November 2019

This work focuses on the possibility of processing stainless steel 316LN powder into lightweight structures using electron beam melting and investigates mechanical and microstructural properties in the material of processed components. Lattice structures conforming to ISO13314:2011 were manufactured using varying process parameters. Microstructure was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Compression testing was used to understand the effect of process parameters on the lattice mechanical properties, and nanoindentation was used to determine the material hardness. Lattices manufactured from 316L using EBM show smooth compression characteristics without collapsing layers and shear planes. The material has uniform hardness in strut shear planes, a microstructure resembling that of solid 316LN material but with significantly finer grain size, although slightly coarser sub-grain size. Grains appear to be growing along the lattice struts (e.g., along the heat transfer direction) and not in the build direction. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis reveals boundary precipitates with increased levels of chromium, molybdenum and silicon. Studies clearly show that the 316LN grains in the material microstructure are elongated along the dominating heat transfer paths, which may or may not coincide with the build direction. Lattices made from a relatively ductile material, like 316LN, are much less susceptible to catastrophic collapse and show an extended range of elastic and plastic deformation. Tests indicate that EBM process for 316LN is stable allowing for both solid and lightweight (lattice) structures.
A hybrid phytoremediation system for contaminants in groundwater
Authors: Martino Louis , Yan Eugene , LaFreniere Lorraine
Published: November 2019

Impacted groundwater at hazardous waste release sites often contain mixtures of contaminants. It can be relatively easy to treat some compounds ex situ. However, mixtures of some compounds can be difficult to treat. A method to extract and treat complex mixtures of contaminants of concern using phytotechnology is proposed in this paper. A specific case study is described wherein a hybrid phytoremediation system is compared and contrasted with conventional groundwater and phytoremediation technologies. Nitrate is used as an exemplar co-contaminant since nitrate contamination is (1) widespread in the United States, and (2) difficult and expensive to treat. The approach involves using contaminated groundwater as a source of irrigation water for a phytoremediation grove. Groundwater would be extracted using conventional groundwater extraction methods. Groundwater then would be pumped to multiple irrigation zones under the control of an autonomous irrigation system. Each zone would consist of a number of trees. The root system for each tree would be modified to function as a confined treatment cell that facilitates contaminated water uptake. The irrigation controller would optimize the amount of groundwater that can be extracted and treated while preventing surface water runoff away from the phyto component.
A neural network algorithm for queue length estimation based on the concept of k-leader connected vehicles
Authors: Emami Azadeh , Sarvi Majid , Asadi Bagloee Saeed
Published: November 2019

This paper presents a novel method to estimate queue length at signalised intersections using connected vehicle (CV) data. The proposed queue length estimation method does not depend on any conventional information such as arrival flow rate and parameters pertaining to traffic signal controllers. The model is applicable for real-time applications when there are sufficient training data available to train the estimation model. To this end, we propose the idea of “k-leader CVs” to be able to predict the queue which is propagated after the communication range of dedicated short-range communication (the communication platform used in CV system). The idea ofk-leader CVs could reduce the risk of communication failure which is a serious concern in CV ecosystems. Furthermore, a linear regression model is applied to weigh the importance of input variables to be used in a neural network model. Vissim traffic simulator is employed to train and evaluate the effectiveness and robustness of the model under different travel demand conditions, a varying number of CVs (i.e. CVs’ market penetration rate) as well as various traffic signal control scenarios. As it is expected, when the market penetration rate increases, the accuracy of the model enhances consequently. In a congested traffic condition (saturated flow), the proposed model is more accurate compared to the undersaturated condition with the same market penetration rates. Although the proposed method does not depend on information of the arrival pattern and traffic signal control parameters, the results of the queue length estimation are still comparable with the results of the methods that highly depend on such information. The proposed algorithm is also tested using large size data from a CV test bed (i.e. Australian Integrated Multimodal Ecosystem) currently underway in Melbourne, Australia. The simulation results show that the model can perform well irrespective of the intersection layouts, traffic signal plans and arrival patterns of vehicles. Based on the numerical results, 20% penetration rate of CVs is a critical threshold. For penetration rates below 20%, prediction algorithms fail to produce reliable outcomes.
An autocorrelation and a discrete spectrum for dynamical systems on metric spaces
Authors: LENZ DANIEL
Published: November 2019

We study dynamical systems$(X,G,m)$with a compact metric space$X$, a locally compact,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$-compact, abelian group$G$and an invariant Borel probability measure$m$on$X$. We show that such a system has a discrete spectrum if and only if a certain space average over the metric is a Bohr almost periodic function. In this way, this average over the metric plays, for general dynamical systems, a similar role to that of the autocorrelation measure in the study of aperiodic order for special dynamical systems based on point sets.
PUNISHMENT, FORGIVENESS, AND MERCY
Authors: Murphy Jeffrie G.
Published: November 2019

Forgiveness and mercy are often thought of as acts that we perform or gifts that we bestow. In this essay the author focuses on character and explores the implications for punishment if one focuses on having a character that is merciful and forgiving in disposition. He argues that the tension that is often thought to exist between justice, on the one hand, and forgiveness and mercy, on the other, is lessened by focusing on the virtue of having a forgiving and merciful character.
The positive duty of prevention in the common law and the Convention
Authors: Burin Achas K
Published: November 2019

Twenty years after the Human Rights Act 1998 came into force, where are we in our understanding of the relationship between tort and human rights? This paper argues that we are not as far along in our understanding as we could be. The reason for that has been the methodology we used to understand the relationship, focused as it was around remedies, limitation and causation. This paper proposes a new approach, based around the right rather than the remedy. It aims to theorise one particular cause of action – the duty in Osman v United Kingdom – to exemplify this approach. For English lawyers, who have historically used the framework of the forms of action to understand our own law, it is argued that this a good way to comprehend the European jurisprudence.
The “Slovakization” of 19th-Century Migrants from Upper Hungary to the United States: A Case Study in the Politics of Language Use
Authors: O’Donnell Stephen
Published: November 2019

Use of the Slovak literary language was central to the Slovak nationalist political movement in the Kingdom of Hungary before 1918. Yet beyond a Slovak nationalist intelligentsia of just 1,000 or so individuals, this idea had little purchase among the claimed nation of two million Slovak-speakers living in “Upper Hungary”—who Slovak nationalists typically understood as lacking sufficient “national consciousness” to support their political aims. As mass, transatlantic migration led to nearly half a million Slovak-speakers leaving Upper Hungary for the United States between 1870 and 1914, these linked issues of language use and “national consciousness” were carried over to the migrant colony. Rather than being a widely held sentiment among migrants from Upper Hungary, this article shows how Slovak national consciousness was generated within the Slovak American community in the final decades of the 19th century. This case study shows how a small group of nationalist leaders consciously promoted literary Slovak as the “print language” of the migrant colony to instill the idea of a common, Slovak nationhood among migrants living on the other side of the Atlantic—a project that helped in turn to create a Slovak national homeland in central Europe after the First World War.
Russian Nationalist Veterans of the Donbas War
Authors: Yudina Natalia , Verkhovsky Alexander
Published: November 2019

Among the Russian citizens who fought in eastern Ukraine on the side of the separatists are representatives of Russian nationalist groups and organizations. After briefly reviewing the details of their participation in the war, this article looks at the various paths open to former militants upon their return from the war. This article identifies such options as continued military training and organization of military camps, participation in the war in Syria, participation in attacks on political opponents in Russia, racially tinged vigilantism, and attempts to return to political activities. Nationalist fighters who have returned from the war found themselves with limited options given the current decline of the radical far-right in Russia. The following three important conclusions can be made: (1) the return of deeply disappointed militants from the Donbas, especially those who had previously participated in radical groups, was perceived as a significant threat, but this threat has not yet materialized; (2) their return had no significant effect on the nationalist movement as a whole; and (3) some groups of former militants nevertheless remain potentially dangerous in the event of political destabilization.
Insight into Western Pacific Circulation from South China Sea Coral Skeletal Radiocarbon
Authors: Hirabayashi Shoko , Yokoyama Yusuke , Suzuki Atsushi , Miyairi Yosuke , Aze Takahiro , Siringan Fernando , Maeda Yasuo
Published: November 2019

The trajectory of the Kuroshio, the western boundary current in the north Pacific, influences regional climate. It intrudes into the South China Sea (SCS) through the Luzon Strait, resulting in the exchange of water, nutrients, heat, and salt between the Pacific and SCS. It has been reported that the trajectory of the Kuroshio has varied with decadal climate changes. However, there has been no report of an observation-based estimate of the variation in the Luzon Strait transport. Here, a 50-year, high-resolution coral skeletal radiocarbon (Δ14C) dataset from 1946 to 1994 is reported from Currimao, northwest of Luzon Island. Δ14C has been used as a sensitive tracer of seawater, and our data indicates a significant increase in Δ14C from 1946 to 1994 related to atmospheric nuclear bomb testing, with more rapid increase in the SCS than in the Pacific. The unusual, rapid Δ14C increase in the 1950s found in our SCS corals together with seasonal variation in Δ14C will helps constrain physical oceanographic models for the western Pacific, including the SCS.
Crude extract of Camellia oleifera pomace ameliorates the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via decreasing fat accumulation, insulin resistance and inflammation
Authors: Yeh Wan-Ju , Ko Jung , Huang Wen-Chih , Cheng Wei-Yi , Yang Hsin-Yi
Published: November 2019

Consumption of a high-fat diet increases fat accumulation and may further lead to inflammation and hepatic injuries. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of Camellia oleifera seed extract (CSE) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). After a 16-week NAFLD-inducing period, rats were assigned to experimental groups fed an NAFLD diet with or without CSE. At the end of the study, we found that consuming CSE decreased the abdominal fat weight and hepatic fat accumulation and modulated circulating adipokine levels. We also found that CSE groups had lower hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β protein expressions. In addition, we found that CSE consumption may have affected the gut microbiota and reduced toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) expression and proinflammatory cytokine concentrations in the liver. Our results suggest that CSE may alleviate the progression of NAFLD in rats with diet-induced steatosis through reducing fat accumulation and improving lipid metabolism and hepatic inflammation.
Collective criminality and sexual violence: Fixing a failed approach
Authors: SáCouto Susana , Sadat Leila Nadya , Sellers Patricia Viseur
Published: November 2019

International criminal tribunals have developed a number of legal theories designed to hold individuals responsible for their role in collective criminal conduct. These doctrines of criminal participation, known as modes of liability, are the subject of significant scholarly commentary. Yet missing from much of this debate, particularly as regards the International Criminal Court, has been an analysis of how current doctrine on modes of liability responds to the need to hold collective perpetrators criminally responsible for crimes of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). Indeed, many writings in this area of the law address perceived shortcomings in the theoretical underpinnings of modes of liability doctrine in the abstract but ignore the application of this doctrinein concreto. As a result, facially neutral writings on modes of liability may in fact be gendered in application, either because they fail to account for the specific characteristics of sexual and gender-based violence or because they are applied in a manner that requires higher thresholds for finding culpability for the commission of SGBV crimes. This article fills the gap between theory and practice, examining past and present doctrine, and suggesting ways in which the treatment of modes of liability by international criminal courts and tribunals can both properly respond to the need for personal culpability and the dangers of collective criminal activity, particularly as regards SGBV crimes.
Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in South Korea: a strong association with M. pneumoniae type 1
Authors: Lee Hye-Young , Choi Sang-Ho , Chang Jeonghyun , Kim Mi-Na , Yu Jinho , Sung Heungsup
Published: November 2019

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a main pathogen causing community-acquired pneumonia in children and young adults. Since the emergence of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae in the early 2000s in Japan, it has been increasingly reported worldwide as a growing problem in treatment for children. With increasing macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae and limited data regarding its characterization and molecular analysis, we investigated the dominant M. pneumoniae strains during the recent outbreak in South Korea, and evaluated if there was an association between a specific type and macrolide resistance. Between October 2014 and December 2016 in South Korea, 249 respiratory specimens obtained from patients with confirmed M. pneumoniae pneumonia were genotyped the P1 adhesin gene, and the mutations associated with resistance (A2063G and A2064G) were tested by sequencing the targeted domain V regions of the 23S ribosomal RNA gene. Results revealed that M. pneumoniae type 1 were predominant, which was strongly associated with macrolide-resistance during the whole study period. This is the first study assessing whether M. pneumoniae subtype is related to macrolide resistance during the outbreak of M. pneumoniae.
Mixing the stimulus list in bilingual lexical decision turns cognate facilitation effects into mirrored inhibition effects
Authors: Vanlangendonck Flora , Peeters David , Rueschemeyer Shirley-Ann , Dijkstra Ton
Published: November 2019

To test the BIA+ and Multilink models’ accounts of how bilinguals process words with different degrees of cross-linguistic orthographic and semantic overlap, we conducted two experiments manipulating stimulus list composition. Dutch–English late bilinguals performed two English lexical decision tasks including the same set of cognates, interlingual homographs, English control words, and pseudowords. In one task, half of the pseudowords were replaced with Dutch words, requiring a ‘no’ response. This change from pure to mixed language list context was found to turn cognate facilitation effects into inhibition. Relative to control words, larger effects were found for cognate pairs with an increasing cross-linguistic form overlap. Identical cognates produced considerably larger effects than non-identical cognates, supporting their special status in the bilingual lexicon. Response patterns for different item types are accounted for in terms of the items’ lexical representation and their binding to ‘yes’ and ‘no’ responses in pure vs mixed lexical decision.
The Shoah Memorial: A history retraced from the Drancy site
Authors: Lefeuvre Annaïg
Published: November 2019

Between the inauguration of the Tomb of the Unknown Jewish Martyr in 1956 in Paris and the opening of the Shoah Memorial in Drancy in 2012, the narration of the Shoah in France has evolved through the use of archives, discussions, commemorations and exhibitions. In the immediate post-war period, a small group of people worked on the construction of a dedicated place to document the genocide of Jews in Europe in order to ensure that the memory of the Shoah would be impregnated into the collective consciousness. This project, which later evolved into the Paris and Drancy Shoah Memorials, could be seen as an expression of what remembrance is in France today.
The role of experience and the place of history in the writings of ICRC presidents
Authors: Cotter Cédric
Published: November 2019

Presidents of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) occupy a special position: they are not only direct witnesses to the march of history, but they also participate in it given their prominent role in the humanitarian sphere. This dual status becomes particularly salient when they write about the organization they run. By reviewing the published writings of ICRC presidents, this article analyzes how these individuals combine their personal experience with the organization's history, and the role this history plays in their writing.
Studienwahlmotivation von Lehramtsstudierenden und Aspekte ihrer professionellen Kompetenz
Authors: Dörrenbächer-Ulrich Laura , Biermann Antje , Brünken Roland , Perels Franziska
Published: November 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Studienwahlmotivation angehender Lehrpersonen stellt einen wichtigen Prädiktor für professionsbezogene Kompetenzmerkmale dar. Es lassen sich intrinsische und extrinsische Motivationskomplexe unterscheiden, wobei sich eine intrinsische Studienwahlmotivation positiv auf studien- und berufsrelevante Variablen auswirkt. Personenzentrierte Untersuchungen deuten auf unterschiedliche Motivationsprofile bei angehenden Lehrpersonen hin. Die vorliegende Studie analysiert diese Profile weitergehend auch bezüglich Unterschieden in professionsrelevanten Merkmale wie Lehrerselbstwirksamkeit (allgemein, heterogenitätsbezogen), Einstellung zur Inklusion, selbstreguliertes Lernen sowie Professionswissen. Latente Profilanalysen mit den Ausprägungen der Studienwahlmotivation von N = 312 Lehramtsstudierenden, resultierten in einer Viergruppenlösung (vorrangig intrinsisch,vorrangig extrinsisch, ausgewogen hoch/niedrig motiviert). Es zeigten sich hypothesenkonforme Unterschiede in der Lehrerselbstwirksamkeit und dem selbstregulierten Lernen mit Vorteilen für die intrinsische und ausgewogen hoch motivierte Gruppe. In Bezug auf das Professionswissen zeigten sich keine Unterschiede. Implikationen für weitere Forschung in Bezug auf die Studienwahlmotivation und Konsequenzen für Lehre und Studienberatung werden diskutiert.
Crustal Cracks and Frozen Flow in Oceanic Lithosphere Inferred From Electrical Anisotropy
Authors: Chesley Christine , Key Kerry , Constable Steven , Behrens James , MacGregor Lucy
Published: November 2019

Geophysical observations of anisotropy in oceanic lithosphere offer insight into the formation and evolution of tectonic plates. Seismic anisotropy is well studied but electrical anisotropy remains poorly understood, especially in the crust and uppermost mantle. Here we characterize electrical anisotropy in 33 Ma Pacific lithosphere using controlled‐source electromagnetic data that are highly sensitive to lithospheric azimuthal anisotropy. Our data reveal that the crust is ∼18–36 times more conductive in the paleo mid‐ocean ridge direction than the perpendicular paleo‐spreading direction, while in the uppermost mantle conductivity is ∼29 times higher in the paleo‐spreading direction. We propose that the crustal anisotropy results from subvertical porosity created by ridge‐parallel normal faulting during extension of the young crust and thermal stress‐driven cracking from cooling of mature crust. The magnitude of uppermost mantle anisotropy is consistent with recent experimental results showing strong electrical anisotropy in sheared olivine, suggesting its paleo‐spreading orientation results from sub‐Moho mantle shearing during plate formation.
New Evidence of ‘Anomalous' Vertical Movements along the Hinterland of the Atlantic NW African Margin
Authors: Gouiza M. , Bertotti G. , Charton R. , Haimoudane K. , Dunkl I. , Anczkiewicz A. A.
Published: November 2019

Low‐temperature thermochronology studies revealed major exhumation events affecting domains in the hinterland of the Central Atlantic margins, where Palaeozoic and/or Precambrian basement is exposed. Thus, domains traditionally assumed to be stable since at least the Variscan and juxtaposed to subsiding Meso‐Cenozoic basins, appear to be affected by km‐scale vertical movements during the Atlantic rifting and after the Early Jurassic breakup in the Central Atlantic. In this contribution, we investigate the extent and the magnitude of these motions along the NW African margin by presenting the first low‐temperature thermochronology data from west Mauritania. The analysed 22 samples were collected along the Mauritanides, a N‐S trending Variscan Belt separating the cratonic Taoudeni Basin in the east from the Atlantic coastal basin in the west. The obtained apatite fission track (AFT) ages range between 236 and 90 Ma, with mean track lengths between 11.22 and 12.81 μm and Dpar comprised between 1.6 and 2.1 μm. The uncorrected (U‐Th‐Sm)/He (AHe) ages vary between 261 and 33 Ma. Inverse thermal modelling of the AFT and AHe data indicates that the hinterland of the Mauritanian Atlantic margin experienced (i) burial between the Permian and the Late Triassic, (ii) km‐scale exhumation during Middle‐Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, (iii) burial during the Palaeogene–early Miocene, and (iv) exhumation between mid‐Miocene and present‐day. We argue that these vertical movements are primarily driven by the tectonic evolution of the Atlantic rift and the subsequent geodynamic evolution of the Central Atlantic Ocean and the African plate.
Effect of Anisotropic Pressure on Electron Acoustic Oscillatory and Monotonic Shocks in Superthermal Magnetoplasma
Authors: Singh Kuldeep , Saini N. S.
Published: November 2019

Nonlinear oscillatory and monotonic electron acoustic shock waves in dissipative magnetorotating electron‐positron‐ion plasmas containing cold dynamical electrons, superthermal electrons, and positrons have been analyzed in the stationary background of massive positive ions. The Korteweg de‐Vries‐Burgers equation which describes the dynamics of the nonlinear shock structures is derived by using amplitude reductive perturbation technique. The quantitative analysis of impact of different physical parameters on the shock structures is presented here. The electron fluid viscosity plays a pivotal role for the transition of electron acoustic (EA) monotonic to oscillatory shocks and vice versa. It is remarkable that the shock structures are sensitive to the Coriolis force, obliqueness, electron temperature, and the positrons concentration. The present work may be employed to explore and to understand the formation of electron acoustic shock structures in the space and laboratory plasmas with superthermal electrons and positrons under magnetorotating effects, especially in auroral zone, Van Allen radiation belts, planetary magnetospheres, pulsars, black‐hole magnetospheres, etc.