bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Semantic classification of neologisms-conversions
Authors: Xасанова Акида
Published: May 2024

Amorphological-syntactic method of word production known as conversion involves the emergence of new words without altering the fundamental structure ofthe starting word. In addition to being included into anew paradigm, anew word created by conversion also gains anew lexical meaning and grammatical structure, as well as adifferent syntactic function and compatibility. Additionally, there is atypcof homophony that occurs between the primary forms of the derived word and the derived (original) term. This occurs when language units develop that are similar inappearance, sound, and spelling but differ in their typical meaning and belong to separate regions of speech. Though the kind of the consistent sickness is significant,it should be remembered that they can occasionally be confusing and converting. For example, drawdown (n), delay (n), close (n), start (n), suction (n), transfer (n), pass (n). Sometimes the components of verb phrases and talks are connected at the same time. With the conversion ofthe transition connected with the transition fromthe lexico-grammatical class of the verb to the lexico-grammatical class of the current one, the noun gets an integral form as aconsequence of compounding.”. [ 1 ] However, according to studies, the converted units only make about 3% of all neologisms
Научное наследие Казанской тюркологической школы и современные направления исследований
Authors: Галиуллина Гульшат
Published: May 2024

Казанская тюркологическая научная школа признана во веем мире как один из известных центров изучения истории и современного состояния тюркских языков и литератур. Формирование школы связано с открытием в 1804 году Казанского императорского университета. По первому уставу университета, подписанному 5 ноября 1804 года, был определен штат одного лектора татарского языка. На эту должность был назначен Ибрагим Хальфин, талантливый и образованный учитель Казанской гимназии, хорошо знающий турецкий, арабский и персидский языки, тюрко-татарские письменные памятники. В университете преподавались арабский, персидский, турецкий и татарский языки, что в конечном итоге сыграло определяющую роль в формировании российской тюркологии [3: 2016].
The investigation of phraseology in Karakalpak linguistics
Authors: Адимова Нилуфар
Published: May 2024

Every country possesses its own unique set of phraseological units, which serve as a valuable repository of language reflecting the history, culture, and lifestyle of its people. These figurative and expansive language units vividly capture the human experience, imbuing the language with distinctiveness and conveying symbolic and associative meanings deeply ingrained in the consciousness of native speakers.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FILM COATED TABLETS CONTAINING ACECLOFENAC AND PARACETAMOL
Authors: Yadav Swati , Tomar Mahendra Singh , Choukse Raju
Published: May 2024

oral drug delivery was carried out. As it was immediate release dosage form, it required the drug which having better absorption in the stomach that means the pKa valve of the drug should be in acidic range. The literature survey about the NSAID and treatment available was done .The combination of drug to control pain was selected. The marketed product was analyzed for physical and chemical characteristic. And formula was developing to match these characteristic. Development of formulation was completed with the final formula. That the stability batches were taken to see the effect of temperature and humidity Initial observations of stability formulations for physical characterization had shown that, all of them comply with the specifications as per the marketed product. Stability study was conducted on tablets of Batch 09 and batch 10 as per the ICH guidelines. Tablets evaluated for in-vitro dissolution measurement and invitro release profile, after one month. No significant changes were observed in any of the studied parameters during the study period, thus it could be concluded that formulation was stable. The stability study revealed that there was not significant change in dissolution profile.
Evaluation of the Pharmacological Potential of Nyctanthes Arbor-Tristis Flowers Extract against Milk Induced Asthmatic Disorder in Swiss Albino Mice
Authors: Lodhi Indrapal , Gour Rekha , Patel Anant K. , Dubey P. K.
Published: May 2024

Asthma disease and its complications remain the cause of significant morbidity worldwide, representing a major burden for health care resources. Although potent anti-asthmatic drugs are available, most of them produce several toxicities, thus emphasizing the need to search for new alternatives. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the anti-asthmatic activity of flowers extract of Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis using milk induced leucocytosis and eosinophilia in mice. Hydro-ethanolic extract of dried flower of Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis was prepared by maceration and used in the dose of 100 mg/kg and 200mg/kg; (p.o.). In-vivo model milk induced leucocytosis and eosinophilia mice were used for evaluating anti-asthamatic activity of the drug. The total leucocyte and eoisinophil count in disease control group was significantly higher as compared to hydro ethanolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis group IV, group V and Standard treatment group III with Mepyramine (< 0.05). Hydro ethanolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis at dose of 200mg/kg and Standard treatment with Mepyramine at dose of 8 mg/kg, p.o. shown statistical significant and positive inhibition was seen with leukocyte count 1640±142, 1230±175 and eosinophil count 68.83±1.22, 57±18.35. However, hydro-ethanolic extract of the drug showed a significant inhibition was observed in milk induced leucocytosis and eosinophilia. Thus, hydro-ethanolic extract of dried flower of Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis have significant anti-asthmatic activity.
Grammatical Ability Assessment Software for ESL Students with Limited English Proficiency
Authors: Paulin Mr. Thomas Eric C.
Published: May 2024

The birth of the K to 12 curriculum in the Philippine education system adds the inclusion of English as core subjects in Senior High School. However, these English subjects redirect their focus away from the extensive teaching of grammar. Despite recent trends on the teaching of English in the communicative approach, various literatures agree that grammar is still the foundation of a second language acquisition. In order to determine the specific contents of a remediation program among the limited English SHS students of the locale, a grammatical ability assessment software is developed. Subscribing to the concept of weighted average, students’ frequency of errors in the different word classes serve as the basis for the assignment of weight transmutation used in the automated computation features of the software. Among the elected 100 limited English students of Lyceum of Alabang Inc., it is found out that their common mistakes are on verbs followed by adverbs. In average, the students also find difficulties in noun, adjective, preposition, and conjunction usages. Their least common errors are pronouns. The values assigned in the automated checking, recording, and reporting features of the software are based from these results. These inputs direct the development of the software. Later on, bugs and other software issues are fixed and finalized. After the software’s development, it is presented to the English faculty members of the locale the students as users to-be, and IT specialists, who then provided their evaluation. Results show that the software exhibits a highly satisfactory mean score with suggestions focusing on the adaptability of the software to mobile devices. Likewise, the results on the students’ taxonomy of errors in grammar manifest the recommendations for the content of remediation programs in English.
Analysis of X (Formerly Twitter) Users’ Perceptions towards the Election of Jolidee Matongo as Mayor of Johannesburg
Authors: Makaruke Kumbirai , Munthali Akim
Published: May 2024

This paper presents a study on the analysis of X (formerly Twitter) users’ perceptions towards the election of Jolidee Matongo as mayor of Johannesburg, South Africa in 2021. This election was significant because it was the first time that a person of Zimbabwean descent had been elected mayor of Johannesburg. Given the vast amount of user-generated content on Twitter, analysing tweets can serve as a valuable proxy for capturing public opinion. However, to date, there appears to be a notable research gap concerning the wide adoption of tweet analysis for understanding public opinion. The study used 4324 tweets that were collected from X (Twitter) via the Twitter application programming interface (API) over a period of one week after the election. Sentiment analysis and topic modelling were used to analyse the results. The results suggested that social media platforms can be used to gain valuable insights into public opinion and the different perspectives. Social media platforms can also be used to spread xenophobia. Cognitive biases, specifically the confirmation bias has been found to influence Twitter users’ perception towards the election of Matongo. A significant number of negative tweets expressed xenophobic views due to Matongo’s Zimbabwean roots. However, the average sentiment score of 0.10 suggested that the overall sentiment of the tweets was slightly positive.
A characterization of some types of Cayley graphs and addition Cayley graphs and their total chromatic numbers
Authors: Momrit Puttipong , Promsakon Chanon
Published: May 2024

Let n be the set of integer modulo n. The Cayley graph on n is an undirected graph whose vertex set is n and two vertices a, b are adjacent if and only if \{0}. n a − b∈S ⊆  The addition Cayley graph on n is a graph whose vertex set is n and two vertices a, b are adjacent if and only if . n a + b∈A ⊆  In this paper , we characterize Cayley graphs and addition Cayley graphs of even orders. Their basic properties of them are investigated. We also give exact values for the total chromatic numbers of Cayley graphs and addition Cayley graphs where their orders are even integers. Moreover, we provide examples to illustrate these results.
On permutation and complete permutation binomials and trinomials from linearized polynomials over finite fields
Authors: Singh Manpreet , Gupta Shalini , Sharma P. L.
Published: May 2024

In recent years, researchers have shown considerable interest in linearized polynomials and permutation polynomials over finite fields primarily because of their wide-ranging applications in fields such as cryptography, coding theory and communications theory. With their compact algebraic form and remarkable properties, permutation binomials and trinomials find extensive applications in the realms of mathematics and engineering. In this paper, we present a class of linearized polynomials over finite fields to construct permutation and complete permutation binomials and trinomials over pn  subject to certain conditions.
ECG Arrhythmia Classification using Deep Learning
Authors: Tejas Shinde  , Shubham Tawade  , Parth Tawde  , Dr. Nita Patil
Published: May 2024

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a painless, noninvasive way to help diagnose numerous common heart problems. ECG plays an important role in diagnosing various Cardiac ailments. In recent years, Deep learning techniques have shown remarkable promise in achieving accurate and automated ECG arrhythmia classification. The primary goal of the system is to develop a robust and accurate system for the automated detection and classification of arrhythmias in electrocardiogram (ECG) data. By leveraging state-of-the-art techniques such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), we analyze pattern recognition within ECG signals to detect arrhythmias. Furthermore, we address the challenge of dataset scarcity by augmenting the data through nine different image cropping methods during the training phase. The implementation of techniques like Batch Normalization and data augmentation will further enhance the model's adaptability to diverse data sources, making it an invaluable tool for healthcare professionals. The CNN will be trained and tested using the ECG Dataset obtained from the MIT-BIH Database and from it, seven types of signals of arrhythmia will be classified. These seven signals are Premature Ventricular contractions (PVC), Paced beat (PAB), Right bundle branch block beat (RBB), Left bundle branch block beat (LBB), Atrial premature contraction (APC), Ventricular escape beat (VEB) and Normal beat. This system bridges the gap between advanced technology and healthcare, offering a transformative approach to ECG arrhythmia classification that has the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes and reduce the burden of manual diagnosis
Medicinal Plant Identification using Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Dr Rebekha R  , Eswaran S  , Hariharan L  , Manoj A
Published: May 2024

In the recent days automated plant species recognition systems are developed to help the ordinary people in identification of the different species. But the automatic analysis of plant species by the computer is difficult as compared to the human interpretation. The research has been carried out in this field for the better recognition of plant species. Still these approaches lack with exact classification of the plant species. The problem is due to the inappropriate classification algorithm. Especially when we consider the recognition of medicinal plant species, the accuracy will be the primary criteria. The proposed system in this research adopts the deep learning method to obtain the high accuracy in classification and recognition process using computer vision techniques. This system uses the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and the machine learning algorithms for deep learning of medicinal plant images. This research work has been carried out on the leaf dataset of FLAVIA from source forge website. This data is fed as the training dataset for the CNN and machine learning based proposed system. An accuracy of 98% has been achieved in the recognition of the medicinal plant species
Sustainable Production of Self Compacting Concrete by using Fly Ash and Granite Waste
Authors: Mr. Md. Azam  , B. Kiran  , B. Vijayabai  , G. Kamalakar  , B. Saikiran
Published: May 2024

The development of sustainable concrete has gained plenty of awareness in recent years. Researchers have conducted many experimental investigations for the manufacture of different forms of concrete by using numerous low carbon footprint materials, such as granite waste and fly ash. The using of low carbon footprint materials in construction industry will minimize the exploitation of natural raw materials and promote sustainability in construction industry. This research thus aimed to investigate the influence of granite waste (GW) and fly ash on the production of self-compacting concrete (SCC). The preliminary investigation was carried out for finding the maximum adding percentage of GW and fly ash in the successful production of SCC. The GW was used in the proportion of 10,20 and 30% as an alternative to fine aggregate (i.e. sand) by weight, while, fly ash was substituted with cement in the proportion of 10,20 and 30% by weight. The fresh characteristics (slump flow, V-funnel, and L-box), mechanical characteristics (compressive strength) were evaluated. The findings revealed that the combined use of GW (up to 30%) and fly ash (up to 30%) in SCC has the potential to considerably enhance the fresh and water absorption properties (without adversely affecting strength characteristics
Percepção da gestão ambiental no Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul conforme a Agenda Ambiental da Administração Pública (A3P)
Authors: Santana Michelle Nunes , Costa Cristiano Cunha , Bento Wellington Rodrigo de Lima
Published: May 2024

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a percepção ambiental de acordo com a Agenda Ambiental na Administração Pública como um meio de avaliar a realidade do gerenciamento administrativo sustentável em unidades do Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Mato Grosso do Sul (CBMMS). A metodologia utilizada envolveu a aplicação de questionário para levantamento de dados quali-quantitativos junto a uma amostra do efetivo, buscando conhecer a percepção acerca da gestão sustentável relativa aos 06 eixos temáticos da A3P. Os resultados indicaram uma percepção ambiental dos militares da unidade que apresenta-se como boa e muito boa e um interesse em elevar o patamar sustentável da instituição, o que deve ser alcançado com Educação Ambiental bem como um planejamento do Sistema de Gestão Ambiental, analisando-se e se adotando possíveis mudanças nos quesitos com resultados menos favoráveis do questionário que foram o uso moderado de copos descartáveis, o desperdício de água e a durabilidade e qualidade do material utilizado. Portanto, são apresentadas sugestões de possíveis melhorias na gestão dos recursos naturais ou de recursos que dependem destes para existirem, pois essas boas práticas ambientais serão exemplos a serem adotadas por aquelas Unidades e Corporações irmãs que não atingiram um patamar de excelência em relação à preservação do meio ambiente.
IMPACTOS DE MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS PARA A FISIOLOGIA E MORGOLOGIA VEGETAL E À SOCIEDADE
Authors: Alves Flávio Antônio Fernandes , Bezerra Iracema Raquel Santos , Lima Thiago Fernandes , Souza Shirley Macedo de , Nunes Ana Cláudia , Brandão Eduarda Jesus
Published: May 2024

Diante dos expressivos desequilíbrios climáticos observados atualmente, torna-se uma necessidade revisar os impactos destas mudanças nas plantas, abordando os efeitos fisiológicos e morfológicos decorrentes de alterações nas condições atmosféricas. O aumento gradativo de gases de efeito estufa lançados diariamente na atmosfera, que se fez maior no período pós revolução industrial, afeta a fotossíntese e o crescimento das plantas, além de trazer problemas como o aumento da temperatura ao redor do mundo e crises hídricas que assolam os mais diversos países e biomas. Podemos ressaltar ainda, que o impacto de fenômenos climáticos como El Niño aflige as mais diversas culturas agrícolas, causando doenças nas plantas e perda de qualidade dos grãos. Além disso, o aumento da temperatura afeta a produtividade das plantas, enquanto a seca intensa altera ecossistemas e biomas, podendo levar à desertificação. A partir disso, foi elaborada uma revisão de literatura, com o objetivo de discutir fatores científicos que destacam a conexão intrínseca existente entre as mudanças climáticas e os seus resultados sob a biodiversidade e qualidade de vida urbana. Com isso, o estudo visa destacar a necessidade de mais pesquisas para enfrentar os desafios iminentes e garantir a sustentabilidade ambiental e alimentar. E por fim, o presente artigo pode concluir que há uma necessidade de ações urgentes, tanto biotecnológicas quanto políticas, que atuem de maneira eficaz sobre o meio ambiente visando mitigar os impactos das mudanças climáticas e preservar a biodiversidade.
First versus second drop of capillary blood for monitoring blood glucose: A meta-analysis and systematic review
Authors: Dong Xiaowan , Zhang Chen , Wu Tiantian , Zhu Baimei
Published: May 2024

Introduction

The accuracy of first or second drop of capillary blood for blood glucose monitoring remains unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to compare and evaluate the accuracy of first or second drop of capillary blood for blood glucose monitoring, to provide evidence for the clinical blood glucose monitoring and nursing care.

Material and methods

Two authors searched PubMed, Clinical trials, Cochrane Library, Clinical Evidence, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang and Weipu database for relevant literatures about the comparison of blood glucose values of the first capillary blood from the establishment of each database until November 10, 2023. After screening, extracting data and evaluating the quality of the literature, Revman 5.4 software was used for meta-analysis.

Results

23 studies involving a total of 3121 patients were finally included in this meta-analysis. There was no significant difference in the measured value of blood glucose between the first drop and the second drop of capillary blood [MD= -0.01, 95% CI (- 0.04, 0.03), P = 0.73]. There was no publication bias in the synthesized outcome tested by Begg's regression analysis (P = 0.152). The result of subgroup analysis showed that there was no difference in the blood glucose values of the first two drops of blood measured by different blood glucose meters and different cleaning methods (all P>0.05).

Conclusions

Current evidence suggests that when using capillary blood to monitor blood glucose, the first drop of capillary blood can be directly used to measure blood glucose.
Whole Body Water Mass and Osteoarthritis:A Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Qi Qu , Jiang Rui , Chen Yizhou , Zhang Zheng , Zhu Wensheng
Published: May 2024

Introduction

This study aims to elucidate the potential impact of whole body water mass on osteoarthritis at the genetic prediction level through a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.

Material and methods

Using summary data from genome-wide association studies, we obtained information on whole body water mass and various forms of osteoarthritis, including knee and hip Osteoarthritis, knee osteoarthritis, and hip osteoarthritis from a large-scale genome-wide association study. MR analysis used inverse variance weighting, weighted median, MR-Egger, simple mode, and weighted estimation. Sensitivity analyses, including the MR-Egger method, MR-PRESSO, Cochran's Q-test, and leave-one-out assessment, were performed to assess the reliability of the results.

Results

In the inverse variance weighting model, increased genetic susceptibility to whole body water mass was significantly associated with knee and hip Osteoarthritis, knee osteoarthritis, and hip osteoarthritis (OR=1.45, 95% CI:1.27–1.65, p=3.24×10-08; OR=1.53, 95% CI:1.30–1.79, p=2.18×10-07; OR=1.25, 95% CI:1.04-1.50, p=0.02). These results indicate a positive causal relationship between whole body water mass and osteoarthritis. The MR-Egger intercept and Cochran's Q-test indicated the absence of heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy in the analyses of whole body water mass and knee and hip Osteoarthritis, knee osteoarthritis, and hip osteoarthritis.

Conclusions

The MR analysis suggests a positive correlation between whole body water mass and the risk of osteoarthritis.
Postharvest Quality of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) as Influenced by Salinity Stress
Authors: Lacostales Leonardo E. , Lacostales Janeth L.
Published: May 2024

Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses and one of the major constraints to plant growth, development, productivity, postharvest quality, and nutrition. Plant responses to high salinity affects its morphological and developmental aspects of growth as well as its physiological and biochemical processes. Lettuce is an important crop for human diet; however, it is moderately sensitive to salinity stress. Hence, this study was conducted to examine the response of lettuce to different salinity levels. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times with five sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations as treatments. This includes the control (water); 500 parts/million (ppm); 1,000 ppm; 5,000 ppm; and10,000 ppm. Results show that salinity stress did not significantly influence on yield, leaf moisture content, color deterioration, percent weight loss, wilting, texture, and Visual Quality Rating (VQR) of harvested lettuce. Furthermore, it also did not significantly influence on some biochemical properties specifically on initial pH and initial titratable acidity (TA), final total soluble solids (TSS) and TA, leaf chlorophyll, sugar, and starch content. Lettuce planted on potting media with various levels of salinity during it growth and development until harvesting significantly obtained a significantly lower initial TSS during postharvest analysis than those lettuce planted in potting media without any added salt content. Therefore, lettuce can still survive when planted in soil containing up to 10,000 ppm NaCl without impairing its growth, yield, physical characteristics, and some biochemical properties of harvested lettuce specifically on TA, chlorophyll, sugar, and starch content.
Screening of Syphilis Using the Reverse Algorithm and its Trends Among Healthy/Asymptomatic Blood Donors: A Regional Transfusion Centre Study from Northern Pakistan
Authors: Ghafoor Tahir , Sabir Nargis , Mahmood Asad , Lodhi Rehan , Muhammad Ali  , Fatimah Sarah
Published: May 2024

Objective: To determine the syphilis trends by using the reverse algorithm in healthy/asymptomatic blood donors from Northern Pakistan.
Study Design: Perspective longitudinal study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Institute of Transfusion (AFIT), Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jan to Sep 2022.
Methodology: After taking a complete history from potential donors, an appointed blood bank doctor performed a general physical examination. Potential donors’ blood samples were tested for syphilis by the Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA) method followed by reflexively testing of CMIA reactive blood samples with Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR), and results were interpreted as positive or negative.
Results: A total of 56122 donors donated blood over nine months, including 55742(99.3%) males and 380(0.7%) females. Blood donors ranging from 18-65 years with a mean age of 28.82±7.1 were included in the study. Out of 56122 blood donor samples submitted, 487(0.87%) turned out to be syphilis positive by CMIA method, comprising 485(99.59%) males and 02(0.41%) females. Of 487 CMIA-positive serum samples, 216(44.3%) were RPR-positive, all male donors.
Conclusion: A higher latent syphilis trend was observed in replacement non-voluntary young male donors between 18 and 40 years of age. The majority of the syphilis positives donors were male, while females made up a negligible percentage.
The Impact of Hidden Curriculum in Clinical Learning Environment: Exploring Resident’s Perceptions
Authors: Akhtar Aisha
Published: May 2024

Objective: To explore and identify residents' perceptions regarding the hidden curriculum in dermatology practice and make it explicit.
Study Design: Phenomenology Qualitative study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dermatology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan Aug to Oct 2021.
Methodology: Data was gathered from one focus group discussion and five face-to-face semi-structured interviews and analyzed by thematic analysis of the generated themes.
Results: Residents described a hierarchical and competitive atmosphere in the department. Positive and negative role models were identified. Organized teaching and approachable seniors were appreciated, whereas favouritism and a lack of empathy were undervalued.
Conclusion: This study highlights the hidden curriculum in dermatology and attempts to recognize its important aspects. A continuous effort should be made to unravel it and align its positive aspects with the formal curriculum. This will lead to ethical and professional doctors and better health care.
Impact of Haemoglobin and Haematocrit on the Incidence of Thrombosis in the Individuals Exposed to High-Altitude
Authors: Ahmer Muhammad , Saeed Hassan , Iftikhar Raheel , Satti Shahzeb , Tariq Hira , Saeed Farrukh
Published: May 2024

Objective: To investigate the association among high haemoglobin (Hb), high hematocrit (HCT), and thrombosis in individuals exposed to high-altitude (HA) environments, contributing to our understanding of haematological changes and thrombotic risk associated with HA exposure.
Study Design: Retrospective longitudinal study
Place and Duration of Study: High Altitude Medical and Research Cell (HALMARC) Pakistan, from Jan 2021 and Dec 2022.
Methodology: The total number of 91 participants who were exposed to high-altitude were included. All age groups were included. Participants were categorized based on altitude, stay duration, Hb, and HCT levels. All types of thrombotic events were recorded.
Results: Participants were exposed to altitudes ranging from less than 15,000 feet to greater than 18,000 feet, with varying durations of stay. The majority of the male participants were non-smokers. The mean Hb was 16.76±2.03 g/dl, and the mean HCT was 52.17±6.1%. More than half (53%) of the participants experienced thrombosis, with most cases involving brain thrombosis. However, there was no significant effect of elevated Hb (p=0.10) or HCT (p=0.75) on the incidence of thrombosis.
Conclusion: Extended stays at high altitudes were associated with elevated hematocrit levels. However, no direct association was found between high Hb and HCT levels and the incidence of thrombosis. Thrombotic events at high altitudes are likely influenced by multifactorial factors beyond haematological parameters, including individual variations in blood coagulation, genetics, and environmental influences.
Evaluation and Comparison of the Preventive Role of Nebivolol and Alpha- Tocopherol in Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats
Authors: Akbar Waheed  , Mehmood Malik Sikandar , Shabana Ali  , Arooj Shahid  , Uzma Naeem
Published: May 2024

Objective: To evaluate and compare the preventive role of Nebivolol and Alpha Tocopherol on testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats.
Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology and Pathology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, in collaboration with National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad Pakistan, from Dec 2021 to Jun 2022.
Methodology: One hundred fifty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were procured from the NIH, Islamabad. They were placed into five groups, each with 30 rats.
Results: Out of a total 150 sample of five groups, the mean prostatic index in Group-A, Group-B, Group-C, Group-D, and Group-E were 1.49±0.09, 2.35±0.48, 1.87±0.11, 1.72±0.04 and 1.68±0.08 respectively (p-value< 0.001). Mean Prostate Specific Antigen in Group-A, Group-B, Group-C, Group-D and Group-E was 0.19±0.02, 0.23±0.01, 0.18±0.02, 0.18±0.02 and 0.16±0.02 respectively (p-value< 0.001). On gross examination, in Group-A, all (100%) prostate samples were normal-sized. In Group-B, all (100%) prostate samples were enlarged. In Group-C, 53.3% were mild, and 47.7% of samples were moderately enlarged. In Group-D, 73.3% of samples were mildly enlarged, and 26.7% were moderately enlarged. In Group E, 26.7% of samples were normal, and 73.3% were mildly enlarged (p-value< 0.001).
Conclusion: Prostatic index is markedly declined following treatment with the combination of Nebivolol and Alpha-Tocopherol. There is also a declining trend in Prostate Specific Antigen following treatment with a combination of Nebivolol and Alpha-Tocopherol.
Pakistan Vision 2025 and Social Health Determinants
Authors: Ahmed Masood
Published: May 2024

Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age that impact their health outcomes. These determinants are shaped by various social, economic,political, environmental, and cultural factors. Pakistan Vision 2025 aims for a society where every Pakistani can have a quality life. The UNDP Human Development Report 2013 ranked Pakistan 146th out of 187 countries on the HDI ranking, which measures health, education and standard of living.1 Pakistan is currently facing serious challenges on various fronts. Social indicators reflect serious deficiencies in education, health and population, gender equity a
Evaluation of Self-Esteem Levels in Patients Desiring Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Shah Tooba Ishtiaq , Jan Abdullah , Mehmood Sundas , Ahsan Zoyia , Adnan Nasira , Qammar Ridaa
Published: May 2024

Objective: To evaluate the effects of dental crowding and protrusion on the self-esteem levels of patients desiring orthodontic treatment.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Aug 2019 to Mar 2020.
Methodology: One hundred and ten patients were included in the study. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used to evaluate self-esteem levels, and the scores were correlated with the severity of malocclusion. Dental crowding and lip protrusion were evaluated on study casts and lateral cephalograms, respectively, taken during clinical examination of the patients. All the measurements were taken twice by the same operator.
Results: The mean self-esteem (SE) score was highest in patients with no crowding (22.20±5.14) and lowest in cases with severe crowding (16.75±3.23). The self-esteem among various categories of crowding was statistically significant (p=0.003). No statistically significant difference in self-esteem levels was seen for lip protrusion, age, or gender.
Conclusion: Patients with severe crowding had significantly lower self-esteem, while patients with nil or mild crowding had significantly higher self-esteem. This finding indicates that while being important for oral health, functional and esthetic reasons, orthodontic treatment may also have strong psychosocial benefits.
Supra-Therapeutic Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (Ssri) Dosesfor Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Case Report
Authors: Zafar Syed Faraz , Michelle Ahmed
Published: May 2024

response to standard first-line treatments. We report a case of treatment-refractory OCD that was successfully treated with the pharmacological strategy of using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the above-licensed doses. Patient, a 26-year-old male, had failed to respond to multiple trials of SSRIs inside the licensed dose range and augmentation with antipsychotic medication when he was started on high-dose escitalopram(40mg/day). His clinical condition improved greatly after 12 weeks on this regimen, as demonstrated by a significant decrease in the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (from 33 to 12). This case provides additional support to a small body of evidence that suggests the utility of using higher doses of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
A study of Electroencephalography Findings and its Prognostic Value in Severe COVID-19 Patients Admitted at Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Ahmad Fawad , Alamgir Wasim , Ahmad Imran , Shafait Saima , Pervaiz Anusha , Baig Zahid Farooq
Published: May 2024

Objective: To study electroencephalography patterns in COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care unit and find the association of these patterns with outcome.
Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Intensive Care Unit, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Nov 2020 to Mar 2021.
Methodology: Eighteen electroencephalograms in COVID-19 patients with Encephalopathy were recorded using a 10-20 electrode system. The duration of each recording was 30 minutes. Traces were analysed by a neurologist for delta slowing, epileptiform discharges, and posterior dominant rhythm. Generalised slowing was classified as mild (background slowing), moderate (intermittent slowing) and severe (continuous slowing).
Results: A total of 18 COVID-19 patients, with a mean age of 63±16.02 years, underwent electroencephalography recording of 30 min duration. Diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease were the most common co-morbidity (7, 38.9%), followed by CKD. Non-specific generalised slowing was observed in all EEGs. No epileptiform discharges or focality were seen. Posterior Dominant Rhythm has been related to a good outcome. At the same time, severe Encephalopathy (Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale of -3 to -5) was associated with poor outcomes (p-value<0.05).
Conclusion: Patients with Posterior Dominant Rhythm had more chances of having good outcomes, while patients with severe encephalopathy findings on EEG were more at risk of poor outcomes.
Frequency of Hyperlipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Microalbuminuria
Authors: Maeda Jabeen  , Sehrish Kanwal  , Jamal Waris  , Asad Sufain Azeem  , Kahlid Ibrahim Ahktar  , Amna Nasar
Published: May 2024

Objective: To evaluate the frequency of hyperlipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with microalbuminuria attending a tertiary care hospital.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Jhelum Pakistan, from Jan 2020 to Feb 2021.
Methodology: All patients aged 30 years or above with type 2 DM mellitus presented with or without microalbuminuria were consecutively enrolled. Hyperlipidemia was defined based on the presence of an elevated lipid profile. This information, along with baseline and other predicting factors, was noted.
Results: Of 236 patients, hyperlipidemia was observed in 107(45.3%) patients with type 2 DM having microalbuminuria. The odds of hyperlipidemia were 53% less likely among patients aged ≤59 years than that of patients aged>59 years [aOR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.27-0.85], 47% less likely among patients with ≤7 years of diabetes duration as compared to >7 years of duration of diabetes [aOR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.29-0.96], and 75% less likely among patients with ≤140 mm Hg SBP as compared to the patients with >140 mm Hg SBP [aOR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.14-0.46].
Conclusion: In the current study, hyperlipidemia was observed to be considerably higher in patients with type 2 DM having microalbuminuria. Moreover, elderly patients, longer diabetes duration, and elevated blood pressure are some of the risk factors reported in our patients.
Statins and its Effects on Lipids and Glycemic Status: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Authors: Sikandar Hayat Khan  , Rahat Shahid  , Hafeez Ayesha , Gillani Mehreen , Qureshi Zeeshan Ali , Hafeez Javeria
Published: May 2024

Objective: To measure changes in lipid and glucose parameters after initiating statin therapy.
Study Design: Quasi-experimental study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pathology and Medicine, Naval Hospital, Islamabad Pakistan, from Nov 2018 to Oct 2020.
Methodology: Thirty-nine male individuals participated in the study after a detailed explanation and consenting procedure. At the outset of the study, baseline testing of fasting plasma glucose and lipid parameters was done. Participants were then started with 10 mg of Atorvastatin/day for six weeks, with visits every two weeks for testing for lipids and glucose.
Results: The mean age of participants was 42.47+11.65 years. %Δ (change) in mean (X) from baseline to result of last reading at six weeks for various evaluated parameters were as: %ΔX Fasting plasma glucose = +91.45, %ΔX total cholesterol=-139.63, %ΔX fasting triglycerides=-1.04%ΔX LDLc= -150.49 and %ΔXHDLc= -105.25. For HDLC, 14/31 showed a rise in levels compared to 17/31, who demonstrated a downward trend after starting statin therapy, indicating a differential response among subjects taking statin therapy.
Conclusion: Mean glucose levels increased from baseline to six weeks, whereas the mean of all lipid indices (including HDLc) declined in subjects on statin therapy.
Comparison of Phenylephrine Infusion Versus Boluses for Management of Blood Pressure in Elective Caesarean Section
Authors: Riaz Muhammad Mohsin , Syed Qasim Ali Shah  , Muhammad Saad Sikander  , Waqas Tariq
Published: May 2024

Objective: To compare the efficacy of intravenous phenylephrine infusion versus boluses for blood pressure management in elective caesarean sections.
Study Design: Quasi-experimental study.
Place and Duration of Study: Anaesthesia Department, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Feb to Jul 2022.
Methodology: Three hundred ninety patients requiring elective caesarean section were divided into an Infusion Group (n=195) and a Bolus Group (n=195). The Infusion Group received phenylephrine with 100 mcg/ml titration immediately after spinal anaesthesia as per weight and height at a 1 ml/minute rate and continued for 5 minutes. Infusion stopped if MAP at 5 minutes was above baseline and restarted if dropped below baseline in subsequent readings. In the case of bradycardia, 600mcg of Glycopyrrolate was administered. Parameters recorded at 1, 5, 10 and 15-minute intervals. In the bolus group, total numbers of 100mcg boluses at the end of fifteen minutes were recorded. Protocol for bradycardia and data record intervals was the same. The primary variables were mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate(HR), the total dose of phenylephrine used, and nausea and vomiting.Results: Primary outcome variables showed consistent improvement in maintaining MAP in the Infusion Group versus the Bolus Group (p<0.05). A similar trend was seen with heart rate between both groups (p<0.05). However, the infusion group had an average fall in heart rate compared to the bolus group at all-time intervals.Conclusion: Phenylephrine infusion offers better hemodynamic stability, requiring less ephedrine support than when given in boluses.
Factors Affecting the Development of Speech in Children After Cochlear Implant
Authors: Safoor Iqra , Hakim Abdul , Iqbal Shahid , Niazi Sohail Babar , Khurshid Nawal , Khurshied Saleh
Published: May 2024

Objective: To determine the odds of different factors for developing poor speech intelligibility in pre-lingually deaf children who have undergone cochlear implantation.
Study Design: Case-control study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of ENT, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, Jan 2020 to Aug 2022.
Methodology: This study was based on a sample of 60 patients: 30 cases with cochlear implants placed before two years of age, with a total time of using a cochlear implant of ≥1 year, and 30 controls. Both groups consisted of both genders aged between 3 and 12 years. All patients underwent assessment using the Speech Intelligibility Rating system and were documented for var-ious factors influencing speech development.
Results: The mean age of the sample at the time of the study was 6.37±3.17 years. A total of 34(56.7%) participants were male. Factors associated with poorer speech outcomes were male gender (OR0.44[CI 95% 0.15–1.30]), no peers in the household (OR 0.53 [CI 95% 0.15–1.84]), higher maternal literacy (OR 0.42[CI 95% 0.13–1.30]). Factors associated with improved speech devel-opment included primarily oral form of communication (OR 2.14[CI 95%0.41–11.17]), less than one-year age at implantation (OR 1.29 [CI 95% 0.24–6.96]), a total duration of speech therapy less than two years (OR 1.70[CI 95% 0.32–8.74]) and the pres-ence of unilateral implants, (OR 6.33[CI 95% 1.00–40.07]).
Conclusion: Earlier cochlear implantation with frequent verbal skill exercise appears essential to developing good speech in-telligibility in pre-lingually deaf children. Keywords: Children, Cochlear Implantation, Pre-Lingual Deafness, Speech intelligibility
Endoscopic Findings and Correlation with Outcome in Oesophagal Battery Button Ingestion in Children
Authors: Muhammad Salman Khoso  , Saeed Anjum , Anjum Muhammad Nadeem , Fayyaz Zafar , Alvi Muhammad Arshad , Kokab Hiba , Rehman Hooria
Published: May 2024

Objective: To determine the endoscopic findings and its correlation with outcome in oesophageal battery button ingestion in children.
Study Design: Cross sectional study.
Place and duration of study: Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Children’s Hospital and University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore Pakistan, from Jul 2021 to Jun 2022.
Methodology: We recruited children with button battery ingestion over a period of one year. Data of the patients’ demographics, symptoms, time from ingestion to admission, oesophagal location and size of the battery, grade of mucosal injury, management, complications, and follow-up outcome were recorded.
Results: Forty-one children with a mean age of 3.6±1.76 years (range: 1-9 years) were enrolled over one year. The most common site of battery impaction was the lower end of the oesophagus (22, 53.7%). The median time from ingestion to admission was 7.2 hours, with vomiting and chest pain being the most common admission symptoms noted in 24 (58.5%) cases. According to Zargar’s classification, Grade II mucosal injury was most frequent in 21 (51.2%) patients, followed by Grade III in 11 (26.8%) children, and 9 (22%) cases developed oesophagal strictures later on. Regarding the size of the battery, we could measure the diameter, and the median was 18.0 mm (range, 18–20 mm). Three patients had severe complications other than strictures, in one case each (2.4%), and these children could not survive and died due to complications of fistulas and massive bleeding.
Conclusion: Button-battery ingestion is a frequently noticed problem in developing countries like Pakistan. Immediate recognition and endos
Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Substituted with Insulin Degludec Aspart from Premixed Insulin Therapy: a Quasi Experimental Study
Authors: Malik Komal Mumtaz , Zafar Sadia , Ali Shabana , Noor Mudassir , Ishaq Noaman
Published: May 2024

Objective: To determine whether Insulin Degludec Aspart is associated with a reduced risk of hypoglycemia as compared to premixed Insulin aspart therapy in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Study Design: Quasi-experimental study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi and Department of Medicine, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Sep to Dec 2021.
Methodology: One hundred twenty participants with documented type 2 diabetes, taking premixed Insulin Aspart therapy, were enrolled in the study. The participants were divided into two groups. Group-A participants were continued on Premixed Insulin Aspart therapy, and Group-B participants were substituted with Insulin Degludec Aspart. The symptomatic hypoglycemic episodes were recorded for 12 weeks as confirmed hypoglycemia, nocturnal hypoglycemia, and severe hypoglycemia.
Results: Among the Premixed Insulin Aspart-Group, 49(81.6%) participants and in the Insulin Degludec Aspart-Group, 26(43.3%) participants reported 160 and 40 episodes of confirmed total hypoglycemia, respectively (p-value<0.001). 43(71.6%) participants in the Premixed Insulin Aspart-Group and 11(18.3%) participants in the Insulin Degludec Aspart-Group reported 73 and 12 episodes of confirmed nocturnal hypoglycemia, respectively (p-value<0.001). No severe hypoglycemic episodes were recorded in both groups after 12 weeks.
Conclusion: The use of Degludec Aspart is associated with a reduced incidence of hypoglycemia, offering improved treatment compliance among the Pakistani population with type 2 diabetes.