bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experiences with a New Surgical Technique for Closure of Large Perforations of the Nasal Septum in 55 Patients
Authors: Teymoortash Afshin , Hoch Stephan , Eivazi Behfar , Werner Jochen A.
Published: May 2011

Background

The surgical closure of nasal septal perforation is still an unsolved clinical problem. In this study the experiences with a novel surgical technique for closure of large perforations of the nasal septum are presented.

Methods

A total of 55 patients with symptomatic nasal septal perforation measuring 23 ± 3 mm (range, 11–38 mm) at the widest point were enrolled in the study. The closure of the nasal septal perforation was performed with a new and simple surgical technique using a nasal mucosal flap consisting of the defect-corresponding mucosa of the floor of the nose, inferior nasal meatus, and inferior turbinate.

Results

A symptomatic improvement of nasal symptoms was noted in all treated patients. In only 3 of 55 cases was the perforation closing incomplete.

Conclusion

Our experience with this flap shows its reliability and safety in repairing large nasal septal perforations, with many advantages compared with other techniques for septal perforation repair.
Three-dimensional Volumetric Measurements and Analysis of the Maxillary Sinus
Authors: Deeb Robert , Malani Preeti N. , Gil Baljinder , Jafari-Khouzani Kourosh , Soltanian-Zadeh Hamid , Patel Suresh , Zacharek Mark A.
Published: May 2011

Background

Multiple chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) staging systems have been developed in an attempt to correlate symptoms with radiological imaging results. Currently, no perfect system exists. We sought to analyze the maxillary sinus (MS) using three-dimensional volumetric measurements and advanced high-resolution CT imaging.

Methods

We reviewed MS CT scans from 50 control subjects and 50 subjects with documented CRS involving at least one MS. The following measurements were recorded: (1) volume of MS free air, (2) MS mucosal thickening, and (3) MS lateral wall bony thickness. Average Hounsfield unit (HU) values for mucosal thickening among CRS subjects were also recorded. Values are expressed as mean ± SD and median. Values from the CRS patients were compared with healthy controls using Student's t-tests.

Results

Among controls (n = 50), volumes (mL) of right and left MS were 24.1 ± 9.7 and 24.7 ± 9.0, respectively. Among CRS patients (n = 50), the portion of mucosal disease to total sinus volume was 51.8% (right) and 50.7% (left). Mean bony thickness (mm) in controls was 0.98 ± 0.2 (right) and 1.0 ± 0.3 (left). CRS patients had significantly greater bony thickness 1.9 ± 0.8 (right) and 2.0 ± 0.9 (left; p = 0.0001). HU for diseased MS were 30.1 ± 18.7 (right) and 35.7 ± 22.1 (left).

Conclusion

Three-dimensional volumetric analysis combined with HU calculations and bony thickness measurements represents a new and unique way to evaluate CT scans in patients with CRS. Additional studies correlating symptoms with imaging findings as well as analysis of all paranasal sinuses is the next step toward a novel staging system.
Comparison of Outcomes of Simple Polypectomy plus Balloon Catheter Dilatation versus Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Nasal Polyposis: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Bozdemir Kazım , Kutluhan Ahmet , Çetin Hüseyin , Yalçiner Gökhan , Bilgen Akif Sinan
Published: May 2011

Background

The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) and simple polypectomy plus balloon catheter dilatation (BCD) in nasal polyposis.

Methods

Ten patients (six male and four female subjects) with nasal polyposis who underwent surgical treatment were included in this research. BCD was performed on one side of each patient's paranasal sinuses (after nasal polypectomy by microdebrider) while standard FESS was performed on the other side. Preoperatively, all patients were treated with oral methylprednisolone, 1 mg/kg per day, for 5 days, which was reduced and stopped on the 14th day. Pre-and postoperative endoscopic and radiological findings were compared. Endonasal endoscopic examination results were classified according to MacKay classification. Paranasal sinus computed tomography findings were evaluated according to Lund-MacKay classification.

Results

Pre- and postmedical treatment results of the patients were not significantly different according to MacKay classification. There was no significant difference between the results of FESS and BCD during 12-month follow-up period according to Lund-MacKay and MacKay classifications. There was significant improvement in the results obtained 1 and 12 months after FESS and BCD, respectively. The improvement was also radiologically evident.

Conclusion

At 1 year postsurgery, polypectomy plus BCD is as effective as FESS. Longer-term studies are necessary to validate this technique.
Repeated Intranasal Instillation with Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Induces Nasal Allergic Inflammation in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Tang Xinye , Sun Rong , Hong Suling , Hu Guohua , Yang Yang
Published: May 2011

Background

Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of allergic disease. However, no animal models have been reported to show nasal allergic inflammation by repeated inhalation with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in the absence of adjuvant. This study was designed to determine whether intranasal instillation of guinea pigs with SEB results in nasal allergic inflammation.

Methods

Guinea pigs were intranasally instilled with 40 μL of 4-μg SEB once every 4 days 11 times. For the control group, guinea pigs were prepared with saline instead of SEB. Sneezing and nasal scratching frequency were evaluated after each intranasal instillation. The production of antigen-specific antibodies including IgE, nasal eosinophilia, and cytokines in the nasal cavity lavage fluid (NCLF) were measured after the 11th intranasal immunization.

Results

In the model group, symptoms of sneezing and nasal scratching were induced at the 8th to 11th challenges. Intranasal immunization with SEB elicited a local nasal mucosa inflammatory response characterized by apparent eosinophil infiltration. In the NCLF, the expression of IL-4 but not interferon-gamma was increased after challenges. The serum levels of total and SEB-specific IgE and IgG1 were higher in model groups in comparison with the control groups (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

These results indicate that repeated intranasal instillation with SEB leads to Th2 immune response, allergic nasal inflammation, and increased antigen-specific IgE production that are characteristic of allergic rhinitis (AR). The model in this study could be valuable in analyzing the pathogenesis of AR infected with Staphylococcus aureus.
Postoperative Care with Chinese Herbal Medicine or Amoxicillin after Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study
Authors: Liang Kai-Li , Su Yi-Chang , Tsai Chen-Chen , Lin Jui-Shan , Jiang Rong-San , Su Mao-Chang
Published: May 2011

Background

A number of herbal preparations have been reported being used as adjunctive treatment of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). This study was designed to examine the efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) in the postoperative care of post-FESS patients.

Methods

Patients with CRS who underwent FESS were prospectively enrolled in the study. Before surgery, they were evaluated by various methods, including the Chinese version of the Rhinosinusitis Outcome Measure (CRSOM-31), nasal endoscopy, acoustic rhinometry, and computed tomography (CT). After surgery, they were randomized to take CHM (Tsang-Erh-San extract granules and Houttuynia extract powder) for 8 weeks, amoxicillin for 4 weeks, or placebo. They were revaluated by CRSOM-31, nasal endoscopy, and acoustic rhinometry at 8 weeks and by CT at 12 weeks after surgery.

Results

Ninety-seven patients (33 in the CHM group, 34 in the amoxicillin group, and 30 in the placebo group) completed the study. In the CHM group, CRSOM-31 and endoscopic scores significantly decreased, and the second minimal cross-sectional area of the nasal cavity measured by acoustic rhinometry significantly increased after treatment. In the amoxicillin and placebo groups, CRSOM-31, endoscopic, and CT scores significantly decreased after treatment. However, there were no significant differences in subjective and objective treatment outcomes among three groups of patients.

Conclusion

Our results showed there was no significant benefit of using CHMs (Tsang-Erh-San extract granules and Houttuynia extract powder) or oral amoxicillin in post-FESS care of CRS patients. Additional investigation is necessary for post-FESS care.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Korea
Authors: Kim Yoo Suk , Kim Na Hyun , Seong Sang Yeob , Kim Kyung Rok , Lee Gi-Bong , Kim Kyung-Su
Published: May 2011

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most common inflammatory diseases with multiple etiologies. Despite its high prevalence, risk factors influencing its prevalence have not been thoroughly revealed. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence and risk factors of CRS in Korea.

Methods

The 4098 subjects that participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in the study. Risk factors were categorized into sociodemographic and personal medical factors. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify significant risk factors of CRS. In addition, population attributable risks of the significant factors were calculated to estimate the effect on the population level.

Results

The prevalence of CRS in Korea was 6.95%. Among sociodemographic factors, male sex, old age, and heavy stress were significantly related with CRS. Influenza vaccination, septal deviation, and persistent allergic rhinitis were significant personal medical risk factors of CRS. Among these risk factors, persistent/moderate to severe allergic rhinitis was proven to be the most significant risk factor for CRS at the population level.

Conclusion

Although the prevalence and risk factors vary according to time, place, and diagnostic criteria, periodic epidemiological study on CRS is necessary to reduce socioeconomic expenditure and establish an improved national health care policy.
Effects of Microelectrical Current on Migration of Nasal Fibroblasts
Authors: Choi Hyuk , Cho Jung-Sun , Park Il Ho , Yoon Hu Geun , Lee Heung-Man
Published: May 2011

Background

Migration of fibroblasts is critical in wound healing. The question of how wounded electric fields guide migration of nasal fibroblasts remains to be elucidated. This study was designed to determine morphology, directedness, and migration rate of nasal fibroblasts during microcurrent application, which is simulated by an endogenous electric field at the vicinity of the wound.

Methods

Nasal fibroblasts were exposed to a microelectric field at 50, 100, and 250 mV/mm for 3 hours at 37°C. In this experiment, the field polarity was reversed for an additional 3 hours. During in vitro testing, the cells were incubated in a newly developed miniature, microcurrent generating chamber system, with 5% CO2, at 37°C; the media was circulated by a pump system. A wound was created by scratching a cell-free area (∼150 μm wide) into a confluent monolayer. The average migration speed was calculated as the distance traveled by the cell divided by time.

Results

A microelectric field of 100 mV/mm or more induced significant cell migration in the direction of the cathode. Trajectory speeds at 50, 100, and 250 mV/mm were 9.8 ± 0.3, 11.8 ± 0.3, and 13.5 ± 0.9 μm/mm, respectively. A significant difference was observed between migratory rate of controls and that of 50 mV/mm (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Microelectric fields appear to have a crucial role in control of nasal fibroblast activity in the process of wound healing.
Near-infrared Spectroscopy of Orbitofrontal Cortex during Odorant Stimulation
Authors: Kokan Norio , Sakai Nobuyuki , Doi Kiyoshi , Fujio Hisami , Hasegawa Shingo , Tanimoto Hitoshi , Nibu Ken-ichi
Published: May 2011

Background

For olfaction, several studies have reported near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) signal changes in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) during odor stimulation. However, the roles of human OFC in olfactory cognition are less well understood. This study was designed to better understand the roles of OFC for olfaction.

Methods

Hemodynamic responses for phenyl ethyl alcohol or citral in the OFCs were measured with NIRS. After the experiment, participants were asked to describe the characteristics of the odor and to rate odor intensity and hedonic valence.

Results

Statistical analysis of all participants’ data showed significant changes in the concentration of total hemoglobin in the left OFC during the trial (p = 0.04). The total hemoglobin signal increased significantly in the right OFC (p = 0.0008) of the participants who successfully identified the odorant stimulus.

Conclusion

Our findings showed that NIRS combined with a questionnaire is a useful method for studying the functional neuroanatomy of OFC in terms of olfaction.
The Hurt Locker: Cinematic Addiction, “Critique,” And the War on Terror
Authors: Bennett Bruce , Diken Bülent
Published: May 2011

The article approaches The Hurt Locker, an enthusiastically received “critical” film, as a symptom of today's prevailing cultural and political codes. First we dwell on the homologies between the state of exception and the narrative logic of the film, including its reflection on the banalization of exception. This is followed by a parallel between the biopolitical optic of the film and today's dominant ideology, which Badiou calls “democratic materialism.” We emphasize that, despite its critical credentials, The Hurt Locker is totally silent on the most crucial aspect of the war against terror, its depoliticizing effects. It is a depoliticized picture, in which the lack of antagonistic politics and subjectivities in today's democratic materialist constellation is countered with the inherent excess of the system, the protagonist's (self-)destructive passion for the Real. Following this discussion at the level of the narrative, we discuss the film in the context of what Deleuze conceptualized as “time-images.” Our point here is that with the The Hurt Locker we are within “the cinema of the seer,” within a nihilistic portrayal of nihilism from inside, on the basis of highly formalized time-images that do not become politicized. In other words, The Hurt Locker is trapped within what it describes.
Che and the Pre-Eminence of Culture in Revolutionary Cuba: The Pursuit of a Spontaneous, Inseparable Integrity
Authors: Kronenberg Clive W.
Published: May 2011

The triumphs and continuity of the Cuban revolution in large measure can be attributed to the close bond that exists between political and cultural practice on the island. Emblematic of Cuban politics, key aspects of Ernesto Che Guevara's revolutionary thought find expression in Cuban cultural theory and practices in the national, popular, and expressive arts domains. This process strikingly sustains the revolution's goals to bring about an equal and unified national community, a radical anti-imperialist, internationalist political ethos, and a deeply rooted universal arts tradition. In this sense, revolutionary Cuba embraces the dialectical concept of the “category of totality,” whereby the spiritual and the material sides of life are linked intrinsically to each other, thus pursuing, in the words of Lukács, “a spontaneous, inseparable integrity.”
A People of Seers: The Political Aesthetics of Postwar Cinema Revisited
Authors: Reid Julian
Published: May 2011

What are the politics of Gilles Deleuze's study of cinematic modernity? In film studies, the discipline that formally assumes cinema as its object, Deleuze's concepts have been used to explore the processes by which national identities have been historically constructed and deconstructed through aesthetic means as well as the political stances of particular films to the narratives through which particular national identities are still being written. Alternatively they have been used to explore how cinema invents discourses that function as the basis for collective enunciations of minorities that find themselves precariously positioned at the peripheries of national cultures. In both cases, the understanding of the political in Deleuze's studies has been reduced to the struggles between nations and their minorities. This paper argues in contrast that understanding and fulfilling the political potential of his works requires analyzing the importance of his account of the rupture between classical and modern cinema for his political concept of “a people.” The concepts of peoples, nations, and minorities are not the same, and it is to the detriment of film studies that its understanding of politics has by and large been reducible to the latter two. This article seeks to move beyond the impoverished state of the debate on Deleuze and “political cinema” by exploring how his works trace the changing relation of cinema to the historical development of a post-national politics of people-production, and especially his account of what it names “a people of seers.”
On the Political in the Wake: Carl Schmitt and James Joyce's Political Theologies
Authors: Keohane Kieran
Published: May 2011

Carl Schmitt and James Joyce, contemporaries, responding to the crisis of European civilization of the interwar years, are brought into conversation with one another through the mediation of Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy, Schmitt as representative and advocate of Apollonian logocentrism and Joyce of Dionysian muthos. Parallels as well as differences in these authors' works are examined to illuminate the figure of the dictator and the theme of political theology, and to reveal the deep affinity between Schmitt and totalitarianism on the one hand and Joyce and radical and plural democracy on the other.
The Politics of Transcendence
Authors: Wydra Harald
Published: May 2011

Modern politics dogmatically separates politics from religion, the state from promises of salvation. This article makes a case for the fundamentally political nature of transcendence. It argues that the changing relationships between authority and salvation depend on culturally crafted engagements of the spiritual and the temporal. In a first part, I examine four key configurations of the political in the history of the West, which can be grasped as extraordinary form of “absolute” politics. From the adoption of Christianity by Constantine, the Gregorian reform, Luther's Reformation, and the French Revolution, secular forms of territorial power are grounded in an engagement between the spiritual and the temporal. In a second part, I show how ultimate ends influenced the emergence of secular forms of power. Although they lack tangible immediate effects and appear impracticable, ultimate ends shaped meanings of secular politics. Ultimate ends have been ritualized in practices of the modern state and the modern self, making the return of religion an inherent pillar of political modernity. Finally, the politics of transcendence must go beyond the friend–enemy distinction by incorporating the potentiality of forms of nonviolent political action, where the ends are superior to the means.
Traveling Spies and Liminal Texts: Cold War Culture in Asian Spy Films
Authors: Yew Leong
Published: May 2011

Little has been written about Asian spy films and their relationship with Cold War cultural studies. While their Anglo-American counterparts could be discursively analyzed for the way they portrayed Western anxieties about communism, constructed own identities as opposed to the alterity of Russians and communists, these films defy easy categorization because they not only reproduced these cinematic tropes but also weaved in politics, themes, and conventions outside the mainstream Cold War narrative. In this article, I examine four spy/cop action films made by Filipino director, Bobby Suarez, and explore how a global cinematic circularity shapes the creative and industrial aspects of Asian spy films. While Suarez made these films explicitly for a Western/regional audience, they also imported cinematic styles like blaxploitation and the Hong Kong kung fu genre, while also adopting Asian culturalist positions that redrew conflict positions from that of capitalism versus communism to that of Asians versus Westerners. The two categories of transnationalism and sexuality are queried, and they demonstrate the pastiche and ambivalence inherent in the films, confronting Western notions of the Cold War with their local/regional anxieties of modernization, self-identity, and Western encroachment.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Kmn04-Oxidative Catalysed Condensation Reaction of L-Proline to a Diketopiperazine: Evidence for Delayed Autocatalytic Behaviour
Authors: Davari Mehdi D. , Bahrami Homayoon , Zahedi Mansour , Jadidi Khosrow
Published: May 2011

The kinetics and mechanism of the KMn04-oxidative catalysed condensation reaction of L-proline, as a cyclic secondary amino acid, has been investigated spectrophotometrically. Product analysis has revealed, that in contrast to the usual reaction of α-amino acids, which results in an aldehyde species, a valuable diketopiperazine, namely cyclo(L-pro-L-pro), is obtained as the main product, providing a cheap, simple, efficient, and novel method. Conclusive evidence has demonstrated delayed autocatalytic activity involving Mn2+ in this reaction, analogous to that shown by chain primary a-amino acids. It has been revealed that such activity can emerge when a certain concentration of Mn2 + is built up in the medium, to which we refer as the “critical concentration”. Moreover, the “critical concentration” for the appearance of “autocatalytic behaviour” in this oxidative process is affected by the nature of the amino acid used, as reported in previous studies, while the magnitude of the critical concentration depends on the sulfuric acid concentration. In considering “delayed autocatalytic behaviour” of Mn2+ ions, rate equations satisfying experimental data for both catalytic and non- catalytic routes have been presented. The reaction shows a first-order dependence on permanganate ion concentration, both in the catalytic and non-catalytic pathways, and an apparent first-order dependence on Mn2 + ions in the catalytic pathway. The correspondence of the pseudo-order rate constants of the catalytic and non-catalytic pathways to the Arrhenius and Eyring laws verified both the “critical concentration” and “delayed autocatalytic behaviour” concepts. The activation parameters associated with the reaction pseudo-rate constants k, and k2 are computed and discussed. Proposed mechanisms for both catalytic and non- catalytic routes include a diacyclperoxide intermediate, which leads to a C-2-symmetric chiral product having a diketopiperazine skeleton.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Permanganate-Induced Autocatalytic Dehydration Reaction of L-Y-Amino-N-Butyric Acid to Give 2-Pyrrolidone through a Radical Intermediate in Moderately Concentrated Acidic Medium
Authors: Bahrami Homayoon , Bigdeli Moghadas , Davari Mehdi D. , Zahedi Mansour , Moosavi-Movahedi Ali A.
Published: May 2011

The reaction kinetics and mechanism of the permanganate ion oxidation of L-y-amino-butyric acid (GABA) in moderately concentrated sulfuric acid medium has been investigated spectrophotometrically.

The product of this reaction is 2-pyrrolidone, which is a 5-membered lactam structure compound (gamma-butyrolactam). Conclusive evidence indicates autocatalytic activity for Mn(II) in this reaction, analogous to that of some a- amino acids. It has been shown that such activity appears when a certain concentration ratio of Mn(II) to GABA is built up in the medium, termed the “critical ratio”. The magnitude of this ratio depends on the sulfuric acid concentration. In considering the “delayed autocatalytic behaviour” of Mn(II) ions, rate equations satisfying our observations for both the catalytic and non- catalytic routes have been presented. The reaction shows a first-order dependence on permanganate ion concentration both in the catalytic and non-catalytic pathways, and an apparent first-order dependence on Mn2+ ions in the catalytic pathway. Also, it was found that the variation in the apparent rate constants of the catalytic and non-catalytic pathways versus the GABA concentration follows saturation curves. The correspondence of the pseudo-order rate constants of the catalytic and non-catalytic pathways to the Arrhenius and Eyring laws have verified the “critical ratio” as well as the “delayed autocatalytic behaviour” concepts.

The activation parameters associated with both pathways have been computed and discussed. Mechanisms for both catalytic and non-catalytic routes involving radical intermediates, as well as a product having a lactam skeleton, are reported.
Alkaline Fading of Triarylmethyl Carbocations in Self-Assembly Microheterogeneous Media
Authors: Astray G. , Cid A. , Manso J. A. , Mejuto J. C. , Moldes O. A. , Morales J.
Published: May 2011

This review reports on the alkaline fading of crystal violet and other related carbocations in the presence of different microheterogeneous media (micelles, microemulsions and vesicles).
Dft Study of Allylic Rearrangements (Cope Rearrangements) of Substituted Hexa-L,5-Dienes: Nbo and Nics Analysis
Authors: Aghaie Hossein , Zahedi Ehsan , Mohammadkhani Shima , Aghaie Mehran
Published: May 2011

Ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed on the [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of substituted hexa- 1,5-dienes (the Cope rearrangement) in the gas phase. The barrier heights calculated at the B3LYP/6-311G** level of theory were in a good agreement with experimental data. Optimized transition states at the B3LYP/6-311G** level were used to calculate nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) and also natural bond orbital analysis (NBO) at the same level. Our results indicate that the aromaticities of the transition states are controlled by the out-of-plane component and these reactions are controlled kinetically by the aromaticity of the transition states. Based on the NBO analysis, the greater resonance energy for σ →π* and σ →σ* delocalization in R2 (compared to R1 and R3) could facilitate the Cope rearrangement of R2. The greater σ*3-4 anti-bonding orbital occupancy and the lower σ3-4 bonding orbital occupancy in R1 could facilitate the Cope rearrangement of R1 compared to R3. Comparative examination between substituted and un-substituted hexa-1,5- dienes show that in these reactions, steric parameters play no significant rule in the general mechanism of the Cope rearrangement.
Kinetic Modelling of the Fenton-Like Oxidation of Maleic Acid Using a Heterogeneous Modified Polyacrylonitrile (Pan) Catalyst
Authors: Chi George T. , Nagy Zoltán K. , Huddersman Katherine D.
Published: May 2011

A kinetic model has been developed that expresses the oxidation of maleic acid in solution using a novel modified (polyacrylonitrile) PAN catalyst/hydrogen peroxide system. The novel modified PAN catalyst contains immobilised Fe3+and its reaction with hydrogen peroxide is thought to generate reactive hydroxyl radicals according to Fenton's reaction as well as another active iron oxo species. The model takes into account the presence of both hydroxyl radicals and active iron oxo species as well as hydroperoxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide in the oxidation process. Kinetic constants for the modified PAN/H2O2 system towards the decomposition of maleic acid were determined, and their sensitivity analysed. Predicted concentration profiles of the radical species (‘OH, HO2 O'2.-), as well as iron species (Fe(III), Fe(II) and FeO) helped in gaining a better understanding the oxidation process. This model, with the new set of kinetic parameters, provides a superior fit to the experimental data compared to kinetic constants from the literature.
When cyclopropenes meet gold catalysts
Authors: Miege Frédéric , Meyer Christophe , Cossy Janine
Published: May 2011

Cyclopropenes as substrates entered the field of gold catalysis in 2008 and have proven to be valuable partners in a variety of gold-catalyzed reactions. The different contributions in this growing research area are summarized in this review.
La crise ivoirienne et les migrants burkinabés
Authors: Courtin Fabrice , Fournet Florence , Solano Philippe
Published: May 2011

Résumé Environ un million de personnes ont migré suite au conflit qui a éclaté le 19 septembre 2002 en Côte d’Ivoire. Parmi elles, 550 000 se sont déplacées à l’intérieur de la Côte d’Ivoire et 360 000 Burkinabés se sont déplacés vers le Burkina Faso. Cet article analyse les conséquences de l’arrivée de ces migrants sur le peuplement et sur le paysage de deux zones d’accueil au sud-ouest distants de deux cents kilomètres. Il ouvre une perspective nouvelle sur les migrations internes africaines et montre des impacts très différenciés.
Entre « renaissance » africaniste et interrogations pour l'avenir
Authors: Gaulme François
Published: May 2011

Résumé Quel est l’état de la recherche sur l’Afrique en France ? Une volonté de renouveau traverse actuellement les milieux académiques africanistes, confrontés à un avenir incertain. Ce compte rendu donne à voir les débats engagés au cours du deuxième congrès des études africaines organisé à Bordeaux les 6, 7 et 8 septembre 2011. Cette grand-messe des africanistes témoigne de la vitalité des recherches africanistes et de l’affirmation de Bordeaux comme cœur des études africaines.
Culte du terrain à la rue Monsieur
Authors: Meimon Julien
Published: May 2011

Résumé Du ministère de la France d’outre-mer au ministère de la Coopération, rupture ou continuité ? La transition postcoloniale de cette administration est lue à travers les trajectoires de carrière de ses fonctionnaires qui partagent tous le « culte du terrain » construit au cours de la période coloniale. Issus en majeure partie de l’Enfom et dotés d’une formation d’expert et de technicien, ils se méfient d’une bureaucratie administrative classique naissante qu’ils jugent trop éloignée des réalités de terrain.
L'aide néerlandaise en Afrique dans les années 1960
Authors: Dierikx Marc
Published: May 2011

Résumé La signature du traité de Rome a conduit les Pays-Bas à participer à l’effort européen de coopération dans une région du monde qui leur était encore inconnue : l’Afrique. Conscient des limites des programmes européens et soucieux de faire valoir leurs intérêts propres, les Pays-Bas se désolidarisent en partie de la politique commune motivés par le soutien des intérêts de son secteur privé. À travers l’épopée de l’aide hollandaise en Afrique, cet article interroge la relation des intérêts nationaux avec les dispositifs d’aide de l’Europe.
L'aide des pays nordiques de l'après-guerre à 1989
Authors: Motte Constance
Published: May 2011

Résumé Les pays nordiques occupent une place particulière au sein des dispositifs internationaux d’aide publique au développement. Sans histoire coloniale, la Norvège, la Suède, la Finlande et le Danemark cultivent une réputation altruiste et humaniste dès l’après-Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Une histoire de l’aide nordique démontre cependant que leur politique publique en faveur des pays en développement est également influencée par des intérêts nationaux. Au-delà des ressemblances, chaque pays garde une conception propre de sa politique étrangère.
La politique française de coopération au développement
Authors: Balleix Corinne
Published: May 2011

Résumé La France a largement contribué à la naissance des aides publiques au développement au niveau européen. Ce rôle initiateur a en grande partie reposé sur son passé colonial et les relations étroites entretenues avec ses anciennes colonies qui ont contribué à l’émancipation des institutions européennes. Si la France a longtemps justifié son autonomie en matière d’aide publique, elle a dû ajuster ses méthodes aux directives européennes, conduisant bien souvent à des oppositions des instances nationales à l’intégration européenne en matière de développement.
Le « pauvre », l'aide et les politiques sociales
Authors: Morin Chloé
Published: May 2011

Résumé L’aide au développement n’a pas seulement un impact sur les pays bénéficiaires : par rétroaction, elle influence les politiques publiques des pays donateurs. En Grande-Bretagne et en France, respectivement sous l’ère Blair et Jospin, elle a offert un réservoir d’idées mobilisé par les gouvernements pour leurs politiques domestiques. En suivant la « circulation des politiques publiques » au cours des vingt dernières années, on remarque que la notion de « pauvre », utilisée antérieurement pour les pays en voie de développement, inspire les politiques sociales élaborées à l’échelon national.
Aplicación de algoritmos genéticos a la identificación de la estructura de enlaces en portales web
Authors: Martínez-Torres María del Rocío , Palacios-Florencio Beatriz , Toral-Marín Sergio L. , Barrero-García Federico José
Published: May 2011

Este trabajo explora la estructura de enlaces de los portales web considerándolos como grafos interconectados y analizando sus características como una red social. A partir de cada dominio raíz se extraerán dos redes: la primera, una red de dominios y la segunda, una red de páginas accesibles desde el dominio raíz. Sobre ambas redes se evaluarán una serie de parámetros desde la perspectiva del análisis de redes sociales para caracterizar la estructura del portal. El análisis factorial proporciona la metodología estadística adecuada para extraer los principales perfiles de portales web a partir de sus características como grafo. No obstante, y debido al gran número de indicadores que se pueden obtener, la búsqueda exploratoria de los factores latentes implicaría contemplar un número de posibilidades extremadamente elevado que imposibilitaría la obtención de una solución óptima. Por ello, en este trabajo se propone la utilización de una búsqueda genética sobre el conjunto de indicadores de partida. Los algoritmos genéticos son capaces de proporcionar un subconjunto de indicadores que optimizan una función objetivo. Los resultados obtenidos categorizan los portales webs corporativos en cuanto a su estructura de enlaces y destacan las posibilidades de los algoritmos genéticos como herramienta para descubrir nuevo conocimiento.
La medición de impacto y evaluación de programas de alfabetización en información para bibliotecas escolares
Authors: Marzal Miguel Ángel , Parra Pablo , Colmenero María Jesús
Published: May 2011

Se analiza el planteamiento teórico, desarrollo metodológico y aproximación a unos primeros resultados de un proyecto de investigación aplicada, financiado por el Ministerio de Educación, para la propuesta de un modelo de indicadores competenciales de alfabetización en información en bibliotecas escolares. A partir de la consideración de la alfabetización en información como competencia para conocer y saber en red y la biblioteca escolar como Centro de Recursos para la Enseñanza y el Aprendizaje (CREA), se plantean, siguiendo propuestas ya enunciadas, como objetivos el diseño de indicadores cualitativos para medir el progreso y la calidad de programas de alfabetización en información para bibliotecas escolares. Se presenta la formulación del modelo de indicadores, categorizado en destrezas, habilidades y competencias, plasmado luego en un cuestionario-tipo según niveles educativos y sobre unos recursos digitales seleccionados, que fue pre-testado para su aplicación en Asturias, Navarra y Madrid. Se describe su aplicación en las tres comunidades, la naturaleza de las cuestiones, el procesamiento de datos y una aproximación a un primer análisis interpretativo por niveles educativos. Se aborda, finalmente, la argumentación de unas primeras conclusiones a modo de desarrollos futuros del proyecto y recomendaciones para el desarrollo de la Sociedad del conocimiento, a partir de un eficaz plan de programas de alfabetización en información desde bibliotecas escolares transformadas en CREA.
El holograma como fuente documental y recurso particular de información
Authors: Pérez-Borges Aylén
Published: May 2011

Aborda aspectos teóricos y conceptuales de la holografía, y hace referencia a algunos antecedentes en la literatura que la vinculan con las Ciencias de Información, enfatizando en su uso desde esta perspectiva. Se analizan las particularidades del holograma como fuente de tipo documental desde distintas tipologías que se presentan como anexos, análisis que hasta el momento no se ha hecho en ninguno de los trabajos consultados. Se consideran las distinciones del holograma respecto a otros recursos y sistemas de almacenamiento de información además de la fotografía, que es el tipo de documento más similar a un holograma. Es un artículo que informa y orienta al profesional de la información sobre el adecuado uso de este recurso, y para que el mismo sea explotado por sus potencialidades en el almacenamiento y recuperación de información que cumplimentan la misión de bibliotecas, museos y centros de documentación en general.
El peer review de las revistas científicas en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales: políticas y prácticas editoriales declaradas
Authors: Tavares de Matos Cardoso María Manuela
Published: May 2011

Este artículo tiene como objetivo principal el análisis de las prácticas y las políticas editoriales de peer review de 79 revistas científicas internacionales de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, tomando como punto de partida las declaraciones que expresan estas revistas en sus propias páginas. Las fuentes de información consultadas para identificar y seleccionar cada revista fueron las bases de datos de Web of Science, en particular las bases de Arts & Humanities Citation Index y el Social Sciences Citation Index. El análisis comprueba la presencia de 30 parámetros informativos sobre el peer review que se extraen de los criterios de evaluación propuestos en la obra de referencia La edición de revistas científicas: directrices, criterios y modelos de evaluación. En general, las revistas estudiadas poseen un promedio bajo de parámetros informativos declarados. En todas las revistas analizadas que conforman el área de Humanidades, la media de parámetros informativos sobre prácticas editoriales de peer review mencionados es del 5,6 %. En cuanto a las Ciencias Sociales, se desprende que, en general, las 48 revistas que las componen no fueron, en promedio, más allá de 9,7 % parámetros mencionados. Concluimos este estudio ofreciendo una serie de medidas encaminadas a su mejora y a una mayor aproximación a los patrones de comunicación científica.
El papel de las bases de datos institucionales en el análisis de la actividad científica de las universidades
Authors: De Filippo Daniela , Sanz-Casado Elías , Urbano Salido Cristóbal , Ardanuy Jordi , Gómez-Caridad Isabel
Published: May 2011

Ante las dificultades que tienen las universidades para conocer con precisión la actividad científica que realizan, debido fundamentalmente a la ausencia de fuentes de información nacionales e internacionales que reúnan de manera exhaustiva toda su producción investigadora, se propone la utilización de las bases de datos institucionales producidas por la propia universidad. Para ello, se ha realizado una amplia encuesta a las universidades españolas, con el fin de conocer la existencia o no de estas bases de datos en cada una de ellas, así como determinar su interés y utilidad en aquellas universidades que ya las tenían. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis en profundidad de la información contenida en las bases de datos institucionales de dos universidades, la Universitat de Barcelona y la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Los resultados obtenidos han permitido conocer la situación de este tipo de recurso de información en el sistema universitario español, así como la capacidad que brinda para determinar con precisión las características de la investigación en las universidades y la posibilidad de realizar perfiles científicos de cada una de ellas. Finalmente se aporta una serie de recomendaciones para la mejora de este recurso institucional.
Productividad científica en España sobre las profesiones de comunicación entre 1971 y 2009
Authors: López-Berna Sonia , Papí-Gálvez Natalia , Martín-Llaguno Marta
Published: May 2011

A la luz de la Convergencia Europea, los títulos de grado en comunicación elaborados en España están fundamentados en las competencias requeridas para el ejercicio de cada una de las profesiones. Es necesario, pues, analizar al profesional de la Publicidad y las Relaciones Públicas, del Periodismo y de la Comunicación Audiovisual.
Este trabajo pretende conocer los estudios de investigación centrados en este tema. Realiza una revisión sistemática de los artículos, libros y tesis doctorales sobre las profesiones de comunicador desde la década de los setenta hasta 2009, en las bases de datos ISOC, ISBN y TESEO. Extrae indicadores bibliométricos y sigue los criterios de evaluación mantenidos por la CNEAI (Comisión Nacional Evaluadora de la Actividad Investigadora) y la ANECA (Agencia Nacional de Evaluación de la Calidad y Acreditación) para valorar las investigaciones.
Los resultados muestran que es la firma del Plan Bolonia lo que parece iniciar un ciclo de atención hacia las profesiones de comunicación. Periodismo es la profesión más estudiada. La mayoría de los estudios no cumplen con los criterios de calidad de las agencias evaluadoras.
En conjunto, se observa la necesidad de aumentar la cantidad y la calidad de las investigaciones para realizar planes de estudios «basados en evidencia», así como la pertinencia de fortalecer la formación de los investigadores en la metodología de la investigación social.
Calidad y visibilidad de las revistas científicas: el caso de PNA
Authors: Molina Marta , Gómez Pedro , Cañadas María C. , Gallardo Jesús , Lupianez Jose Luis
Published: May 2011

La difusión internacional de la investigación de calidad constituye uno de los principales retos al que se enfrentan los consejos editoriales de las publicaciones científicas. Entre ellas se encuentra PNA, una revista española especializada en investigación en Educación Matemática. En este trabajo presentamos una refl exión sobre esta problemática desde nuestra experiencia como integrantes del consejo editorial de PNA. Con la descripción del proceso seguido para dar visibilidad internacional a la revista y garantizar su calidad científica, aspiramos aportar algunos referentes operativos de utilidad para aquellas iniciativas recientes que buscan difundir la producción investigadora de calidad.
Body Mass Index Is Associated with Dietary Patterns and Health Conditions in Georgia Centenarians
Authors: Hausman Dorothy B. , Johnson Mary Ann , Davey Adam , Poon Leonard W.
Published: May 2011

Associations between body mass index (BMI) and dietary patterns and health conditions were explored in a population-based multiethnic sample of centenarians from northern Georgia. BMI ≤20 and ≥25 was prevalent in 30.9% and 25.3% of study participants, respectively. In a series of logistic regression analyses controlled for gender and place of residence, the probability of having BMI ≥25 was increased by being black versus white and having a low citrus fruit, noncitrus fruit, orange/yellow vegetable or total fruit and vegetable intake. The probability of having BMI ≤20 was not associated with dietary intake. When controlled for race, gender, residence, and total fruit and vegetable intake, BMI ≥25 was an independent risk factor for diabetes or having a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, whereas BMI ≤20 was a risk factor for anemia. Given the many potential adverse consequences of under- and overweight, efforts are needed to maintain a healthy weight, even in the oldest old.
Serrated Polyposis: An Enigmatic Model of Colorectal Cancer Predisposition
Authors: Rosty Christophe , Parry Susan , Young Joanne P.
Published: May 2011

Serrated polyposis has only recently been accepted as a condition which carries an increased personal and familial risk of colorectal cancer. Described over four decades ago, it remains one of the most underrecognized and poorly understood of all the intestinal polyposes. With a variety of phenotypic presentations, it is likely that serrated polyposis represents a group of diseases rather than a single entity. Further, neoplastic progression in serrated polyposis may be associated with premature aging in the normal mucosa, typified by widespread gene promoter hypermethylation. From this epigenetically altered field, arise diverse polyps and cancers which show a range of molecular features. Despite a high serrated polyp count, only one-third of colorectal cancers demonstrate aBRAFV600E mutation, the molecular hallmark of the canonical serrated pathway, suggesting that though multiple serrated polyps act as a marker of an abnormal mucosa, the majority of CRC in these patients arise within lesions other than BRAF-mutated serrated polyps.
Improving the Specificity of EEG for Diagnosing Alzheimer′s Disease
Authors: Vialatte François-B. , Dauwels Justin , Maurice Monique , Musha Toshimitsu , Cichocki Andrzej
Published: May 2011

Objective. EEG has great potential as a cost‐effective screening tool for Alzheimer′s disease (AD). However, the specificity of EEG is not yet sufficient to be used in clinical practice. In an earlier study, we presented preliminary results suggesting improved specificity of EEG to early stages of Alzheimer′s disease. The key to this improvement is a new method for extracting sparse oscillatory events from EEG signals in the time‐frequency domain. Here we provide a more detailed analysis, demonstrating improved EEG specificity for clinical screening of MCI (mild cognitive impairment) patients. Methods. EEG data was recorded of MCI patients and age‐matched control subjects, in rest condition with eyes closed. EEG frequency bands of interest were θ (3.5–7.5 Hz), α1 (7.5–9.5 Hz),
α2 (9.5–12.5 Hz), and β
(12.5–25 Hz). The EEG signals were transformed in the time‐frequency domain using complex Morlet wavelets; the resulting time‐frequency maps are represented by sparse bump models. Results. Enhanced EEG power in the θ
range is more easily detected through sparse bump modeling; this phenomenon explains the improved EEG specificity obtained in our previous studies. Conclusions. Sparse bump modeling yields informative features in EEG signal. These features increase the specificity of EEG for diagnosing AD.
Blood Loss through AV Fistula: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Saeed Fahad , Kousar Nadia , Sinnakirouchenan Ramapriya , Ramalingam Vijaya S. , Johnson Philip B. , Holley Jean L.
Published: May 2011

Little has been written about acute blood loss from hemodialysis vascular access. We describe a 57-year-old Caucasian male with an approximately 7 gm/dL drop in hemoglobin due to bleeding from a ruptured aneurysm in his right brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula (AVF). There was no evidence of fistula infection. The patient was successfully managed by blood transfusions and insertion of a tunneled dialysis catheter for dialysis access. Later, the fistula was ligated and a new fistula was constructed in the opposite arm. Aneurysm should be considered in cases of acute vascular access bleeding in chronic dialysis patients.
The Role of Antiviral Therapy for HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Yu Liang-He , Li Nan , Cheng Shu-Qun
Published: May 2011

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly prevalent and lethal cancer worldwide; despite the curative treatment for HCC, the rate of tumor recurrence after hepatectomy remains high. Tumor recurrence can occur early (<2 years) or late (>2 years) as metastases or de novo tumors. Several tumor factors were associated with HCC recurrence; high hepatitis B virus (HBV) load is the major risk factor for late recurrence of HCC after resection. Preoperative antiviral therapy improves liver function, and postoperative reduce HCC recurrence. In this paper, we focus on antiviral treatment to improve the liver function, prevent recurrence, and lengthen the overall survival for HBV-related HCC.