bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PTSD Symptom Trajectories in Disaster Volunteers: The Role of Self‐Efficacy, Social Acknowledgement, and Tasks Carried Out
Authors: Thormar Sigridur B. , Sijbrandij Marit , Gersons Berthold P.R. , Van de Schoot Rens , Juen Barbara , Karlsson Thorlakur , Olff Miranda
Published: January 2016

Millions of volunteers respond after disasters, with a 24% to 46% risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is unclear which symptom trajectories develop and how they differ between core (volunteering before the disaster) and noncore volunteers (joining after the disaster) and which factors predict trajectories. Symptoms of PTSD were assessed at 6‐, 12‐, and 18‐months postearthquake in 449 volunteers in Indonesia. Demographics, previous mental health service use, self‐efficacy, social acknowledgment, and type of tasks were assessed at 6 months. In both core and noncore volunteers, 2 PTSD symptom trajectories emerged: a resilient trajectory (moderate levels of symptoms with a slow decrease over time; 90.9%) and a chronic trajectory (higher levels of symptoms with an increase over time; 9.1%). In both trajectories, core volunteers had fewer symptoms than noncore volunteers. Core volunteers in the chronic trajectory were characterized by having sought prior mental help, reported lower levels of self‐efficacy and social acknowledgment, and were more likely to have provided psychosocial support to beneficiaries (Cramér's V = .17 to .27, partial η2 = .02 to .06). Aid organizations should identify and follow up chronic PTSD trajectories in volunteers, including the noncore, who may be out of sight to the organization after the acute response phase.
Chromosome loci vary by juvenile myoclonic epilepsy subsyndromes: linkage and haplotype analysis applied to epilepsy and EEG 3.5–6.0 Hz polyspike waves
Authors: Wight Jenny E. , Nguyen Viet‐Huong , Medina Marco T. , Patterson Christopher , Durón Reyna M. , Molina Yolly , Lin Yu‐Chen , Martínez‐Juárez Iris E. , Ochoa Adriana , Jara‐Prado Aurelio , Tanaka Miyabi , Bai Dongsheng , Aftab Sumaya , Bailey Julia N. , Delgado‐Escueta Antonio V.
Published: January 2016

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), the most common genetic epilepsy, remains enigmatic because it is considered one disease instead of several diseases. We ascertained three large multigenerational/multiplex JME pedigrees from Honduras with differing JME subsyndromes, including Childhood Absence Epilepsy evolving to JME (CAE/JME; pedigree 1), JME with adolescent onset pyknoleptic absence (JME/pA; pedigree 2), and classic JME (cJME; pedigree 3). All phenotypes were validated, including symptomatic persons with various epilepsies, asymptomatic persons with EEG 3.5–6.0 Hz polyspike waves, and asymptomatic persons with normal EEGs. Two‐point parametric linkage analyses were performed with 5185 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms on individual pedigrees and pooled pedigrees using four diagnostic models based on epilepsy/EEG diagnoses. Haplotype analyses of the entire genome were also performed for each individual. In pedigree 1, haplotyping identified a 34 cM region in 2q21.2–q31.1 cosegregating with all affected members, an area close to 2q14.3 identified by linkage (Zmax = 1.77; pedigree 1). In pedigree 2, linkage and haplotyping identified a 44 cM cosegregating region in 13q13.3–q31.2 (Zmax = 3.50 at 13q31.1; pooled pedigrees). In pedigree 3, haplotyping identified a 6 cM cosegregating region in 17q12. Possible cosegregation was also identified in 13q14.2 and 1q32 in pedigree 3, although this could not be definitively confirmed due to the presence of uninformative markers in key individuals. Differing chromosome regions identified in specific JME subsyndromes may contain separate JME disease‐causing genes, favoring the concept of JME as several distinct diseases. Whole‐exome sequencing will likely identify a CAE/JME gene in 2q21.2–2q31.1, a JME/pA gene in 13q13.3–q31.2, and a cJME gene in 17q12.
Recent bioinspired applications of single‐chain nanoparticles
Authors: Latorre‐Sánchez Alejandro , Pomposo José A
Published: January 2016

Single‐chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) are polymeric soft nano‐objects constructed via individual chain compaction which are envisioned as versatile building blocks for the construction of future smart, biofunctional nanodevices. According to their morphology in solution, SCNPs can be classified as (i) sparse SCNPs resembling the morphology of intrinsically disordered proteins having local compact zones connected by flexible spacers and (ii) globular SCNPs having a morphology more akin to that found in native, compact proteins (i.e. enzymes). The objective of this mini‐review is to highlight recent bioinspired applications of SCNPs and to give an insight into the current trends of this rapidly evolving field. After a brief introduction to the main techniques employed to construct SCNPs and a clear description of how to tune the morphology in solution of SCNPs, very recent examples of the use of SCNPs as binding protein mimics, reductase‐, oxidase‐, aldolase‐, polymerase‐ enzyme and metalloenzyme mimics, as well as efficient biosensing elements are described. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of dynamic protein carbonylation in rice embryo during germination through AP‐SWATH
Authors: Zhang Hui , He Dongli , Yu Jianlan , Li Ming , Damaris Rebecca Njeri , Gupta Ravi , Kim Sun Tae , Yang Pingfang
Published: January 2016

Seed germination is an important aspect of the plant life cycle, during which, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulate. The accumulation of ROS results in an increase in protein oxidation of which carbonylation is the most canonical one. However, there is insufficient information concerning protein oxidation, especially carbonylation and its contribution to seed germination. In this study, biotin hydrazide labeled chromatography combined with sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra (SWATH) method was used to analyze the dynamic pattern of protein carbonylation in rice embryos during germination. A total of 1872 unique proteins were quantified, among which 288 carbonylated peptides corresponding to 144 proteins were determined based on the filtering through mass shifts of modified amino acids. In addition, 66 carbonylated proteins were further analyzed based on their carbonylation intensity in four stages of germination. These identified carbonylated proteins were mainly involved in maintaining the levels of ROS, abscisic acid and seed reserves. Remarkably, a peroxiredoxin was found with 23 unique carbonylated peptides, and the expression of which was consistent with its increased activity. This study describes the dynamic pattern of carbonylated proteins during seed germination, and may help to further understand the biochemical mechanisms on this process.
NlpC/P60 domain‐containing proteins of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis that differentially bind and hydrolyze peptidoglycan
Authors: Bannantine John P. , Lingle Cari K. , Adam Philip R. , Ramyar Kasra X. , McWhorter William J. , Stabel Judith R. , Picking William D. , Geisbrecht Brian V.
Published: January 2016

A subset of proteins containing NlpC/P60 domains are bacterial peptidoglycan hydrolases that cleave noncanonical peptide linkages and contribute to cell wall remodeling as well as cell separation during late stages of division. Some of these proteins have been shown to cleave peptidoglycan in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and play a role in Mycobacterium marinum virulence of zebra fish; however, there are still significant knowledge gaps concerning the molecular function of these proteins in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). The MAP genome sequence encodes five NlpC/P60 domain‐containing proteins. We describe atomic resolution crystal structures of two such MAP proteins, MAP_1272c and MAP_1204. These crystal structures, combined with functional assays to measure peptidoglycan cleavage activity, led to the observation that MAP_1272c does not have a functional catalytic core for peptidoglycan hydrolysis. Furthermore, the structure and sequence of MAP_1272c demonstrate that the catalytic residues normally required for hydrolysis are absent, and the protein does not bind peptidoglycan as efficiently as MAP_1204. While the NlpC/P60 catalytic triad is present in MAP_1204, changing the catalytic cysteine‐155 residue to a serine significantly diminished catalytic activity, but did not affect binding to peptidoglycan. Collectively, these findings suggest a broader functional repertoire for NlpC/P60 domain‐containing proteins than simply hydrolases.
Kilometre‐scale ensemble data assimilation for the COSMO model (KENDA)
Authors: Schraff C. , Reich H. , Rhodin A. , Schomburg A. , Stephan K. , Periáñez A. , Potthast R.
Published: January 2016

An ensemble Kalman filter for convective‐scale data assimilation (KENDA) has been developed for the COnsortium for Small‐scale MOdelling (COSMO) model. The KENDA system comprises a local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) and a deterministic analysis based on the Kalman gain for the analysis ensemble mean. The KENDA software suite includes tools for adaptive localization, multiplicative covariance inflation, relaxation to prior perturbations and adaptive observation errors. In the version introduced here, conventional data (radiosonde, aircraft, wind profiler, surface station data) are assimilated. Latent heat nudging of radar precipitation has also been added to the KENDA system to be applied to the deterministic analysis only or additionally to all ensemble members. The performance of different system components is investigated in a quasi‐operational setting using a basic cycling environment (BACY) for a period of six days with 24 h forecasts. For this period and an additional 28 day period, deterministic KENDA forecasts are compared with forecasts based on the observation nudging data assimilation scheme, which is currently operational at the German Weather Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD). For our experiments, lateral boundary conditions for the regional model are given by a global ensemble Kalman filter for the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model. The performance of the KENDA system proves overall to be superior to the forecast quality of the operational nudging scheme, in particular with regard to precipitation. Latent heat nudging improves precipitation forecasts in both systems and has slightly more benefit in combination with the LETKF than with observation nudging.
Offshore winds obtained from a network of wind‐profiler radars during HyMeX
Authors: Saïd F. , Campistron B. , Delbarre H. , Canut G. , Doerenbecher A. , Durand P. , Fourrié N. , Lambert D. , Legain D.
Published: January 2016

11 ultra‐high‐frequency (UHF) and very‐high‐frequency (VHF) wind‐profiler radars were in operation for 13–18 months during the international Hydrological Cycle in Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) field campaign, devoted to the study of the atmospheric and marine water cycle in the western Mediterranean basin. These profilers provided vertical profiles of wind vector, turbulence, precipitation and the height of the atmospheric boundary layer and tropopause. The inland three VHF profilers aimed to document the upstream or downstream synoptic flow conditions. Five UHF profilers for lower atmosphere description were deployed along the French Mediterranean coast and Corsica Island. They were used to retrieve the 3D atmospheric wind fields over the basin, by assuming linearity of the fields inside a limited spatial and temporal domain. The objective of this article is to establish to what extent the 3D wind fields derived from the coastline profiler network are representative of the offshore kinematics. This assessment is performed by comparing more than one year of continuous profiler observations during different weather conditions with balloon radiosoundings and in situ aircraft or boundary‐layer pressurized balloon measurements.
Use of noise in gene expression as an experimental parameter to test phenotypic effects
Authors: Liu Jian , François Jean‐Marie , Capp Jean‐Pascal
Published: January 2016

During the last decade, the molecular basis for gene expression noise has been mostly deciphered, helping understanding of how gene regulation is controlled and how the generation of cell–cell non‐genetic heterogeneity is modulated through noise. In the same period, the functional importance of phenotypic heterogeneity among cell populations has been recognized and widely involved in major biological phenomena. Surprisingly, only a few studies connect these two highly active research fields, most of them having been obtained using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This organism has long been the preferred model for studying many aspects of gene expression noise, especially revealing that evolution seems to act to either increase or decrease gene expression noise, depending on whether the associated phenotypic heterogeneity is beneficial or deleterious to the population. Nevertheless, direct evidences of phenotypic consequences of noise differences are often lacking, in spite of this evolutionary tendency. This rarity is probably due to the complex relationships between mean and noise levels, making the study of the sole effect of noise difficult, and also to problems caused by the detection of cell–cell expression variability of native functional proteins, allowing the testing of specific phenotypic effects. Despite these difficulties, the widespread use of gene expression noise as an experimental parameter at equal mean expression levels to test phenotypic consequences would often help to change explanations of cell population behaviour beyond the simple consideration of average expression levels, and constitute a major step towards single‐cell biology. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new approach for improving epothilone B yield in Sorangium cellulosum by the introduction of vgb epoF genes
Authors: Ye Wei , Zhang Weimin , Chen Yuchan , Li Haohua , Li Saini , Pan Qingling , Tan Guohui , Liu Taomei
Published: January 2016

Epothilone B has drawn great attention due to its much stronger anticancer activity and weaker side effects compared with taxol. The relative low yield of epothilone B limited its application. In this study, we report the successful introduction of the vgb gene and the epoF gene into Sorangium cellulosum So ce M4 by electroporation for the first time, which was demonstrated by Southern blot analysis. Results of qRT-PCR, SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis confirmed the transcription and expression of the vgb and epoF genes. LC–MS results showed that the epothilones B, A yields were improved and epothilones D, C yields were decreased. The yields of epothilone B were improved by 57.9 ± 0.3, 62.7 ± 0.8 and 122.4 ± 0.7 % through the introduction of vgb gene, epoF gene and both genes into strain So ce M4, respectively. Our study provides a new approach for improving epothilone B yield in S. cellulosum.
A xylanase from Streptomyces sp. FA1: heterologous expression, characterization, and its application in Chinese steamed bread
Authors: Xu Yang , Wu Jing , Zheng Kaixuan , Wu Dan
Published: January 2016

Xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) are hydrolytic enzymes that have found widespread application in the food, feed, and paper-pulp industries. Streptomyces sp. FA1 xynA was expressed as a secreted protein in Pichia pastoris, and the xylanase was applied to the production of Chinese steamed bread for the first time. The optimal pH and the optimal temperature of XynA were 5.5 and 60 °C, respectively. Using beechwood as substrate, the K  m and V  max were 2.408 mg mL−1 and 299.3 µmol min−1 mg−1, respectively. Under optimal conditions, a 3.6-L bioreactor produced 1374 U mL−1 of XynA activity at a protein concentration of 6.3 g L−1 after 132 h of fermentation. Use of recombinant XynA led to a greater increase in the specific volume of the CSB than could be achieved using commercial xylanase under optimal conditions. This study provides the basis for the application of the enzyme in the baking industry.
Genetic Counselors in Startup Companies: Redefining the Genetic Counselor Role
Authors: Rabideau Marina M. , Wong Kenny , Gordon Erynn S. , Ryan Lauren
Published: January 2016

Genetic counselors (GCs) have recently begun moving into non‐clinic based roles in increasing numbers. A relatively new role for GCs is working for startup companies. Startups are newly established companies in the phase of developing and researching new scalable businesses. This article explores the experiences of four GCs working at different startup companies and aims to provide resources for GCs interested in learning more about these types of roles. The article describes startup culture, including a relatively flat organizational structure, quick product iterations, and flexibility, among other unique cultural characteristics. Financial considerations are described, including how to understand and evaluate a company's financial status, along with a brief explanation of alternate forms of compensation including stock options and equity. Specifically, the article details the uncertainties and rewards of working in a fast‐paced startup environment that affords opportunities to try new roles and use the genetic counseling skill set in new ways. This article aims to aid GCs in determining whether a startup environment would be a good fit, learning how to evaluate a specific startup, and understanding how to market themselves for positions at startups.
Climate change induced rainfall patterns affect wheat productivity and agroecosystem functioning dependent on soil types
Authors: Tataw James Tabi , Baier Fabian , Krottenthaler Florian , Pachler Bernadette , Schwaiger Elisabeth , Wyhlidal Stefan , Formayer Herbert , Hösch Johannes , Baumgarten Andreas , Zaller Johann G.
Published: January 2016

Wheat is a crop of global importance that supplies carbohydrates to more than half of the worlds’ population. We examined whether climate change‐induced rainfall patterns, which are expected to produce less frequent but heavier rain events, will alter the productivity of wheat and agroecosystem functioning on three different soil types. Therefore, in a full‐factorial experiment, Triticum aestivum L. was cultivated in 3‐m2 lysimeter plots, each of which contained one of the following soil types: sandy calcaric phaeozem, gleyic phaeozem and calcic chernozem. Predicted rainfall patterns based on the calculations of a regionalised climate change model were compared with the current long‐term rainfall patterns, and each treatment combination was replicated three times. Future rainfall patterns significantly reduced wheat yield, leaf area index, and plant height at the earlier growth stages; it equally decreased the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonisation of roots and increased the stable carbon isotope signature (δ13C) of wheat leaves. Sandy soils with inherently lower mineralization potential negatively affected wheat growth, harvest index, and yield but stimulated early season root production. The interaction between rainfall and soil type was significant for the harvest index and early wheat development. Our results suggest that changes in rainfall intensity and frequency can significantly affect the functioning of wheat agroecosystems. Wheat production under future rainfall conditions will likely become more challenging as further concurrent climate change factors become prevalent.
Interactions Between a Sulfobetaine‐Type Zwitterionic Gemini Surfactant and Fatty Acid Alkanolamide in Aqueous Micellar Solution
Authors: Zheng Yancheng , Ren Zhaohua , Mei Ping , Yu Liwen
Published: January 2016

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 1,2‐bis[N‐methyl‐N‐(3‐sulfopropyl)‐alkylammonium]‐ethane betaine (GCS12) was measured using a tensiometric method in the presence of inorganic salts. Inorganic salt has a little impact on the surface tension and CMC of zwitterionic gemini surfactant. The CMC value of GCS12 is 0.07 mmol/L in distilled water, while all CMC values are around 0.04–0.05 mmol/L in the presence of 0.5 % NaCl, 2 % NaCl, and 2 % NaCl + 0.05 % CaCl2. The interactions between GCS12 and non‐ionic surfactant lauric acid diethanolamide (CDA) were investigated by measuring the CMC of their mixtures at different molar ratios. CDA and GCS12 form mixed micelles and exhibit synergism when the mole fraction of CDA is higher than 0.25. Both the steric effect of the head group and GCS12 charge affect the formation and stability of the mixed micelles. Small amounts of GCS12 with a lower CMC penetrate into the micelle of nonionic surfactant with a higher CMC and reduce its degree of hydration inducing an attractive interaction between the two surfactants.
Correlation of first‐trimester serum levels of pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A with small‐for‐gestational‐age neonates and preterm births
Authors: Gundu Shridevi , Kulkarni Mohan , Gupte Sanjay , Gupte Asmita , Gambhir Maitreyee , Gambhir Prakash
Published: January 2016

Objective

To analyze the relationship between first‐trimester levels of pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A (PAPP‐A) and small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonates and preterm births, and to assess predictive utility for these events.

Methods

A prospective study was conducted among women undergoing first‐trimester screening between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2013, at two centers in Pune, India. Serum PAPP‐A levels, pregnancy course, and outcome were assessed.

Results

Overall, 1474 women were included. An association was found between the lowest quintile of PAPP‐A levels (< 0.4 multiples of median) for both SGA (< 10th centile; 20.9% of cases in this PAPP‐A quintile) and preterm birth (< 37 weeks; 15.8%). Women in the lowest quintile of PAPP‐A concentration had a significantly increased risk of SGA (< 10th centile) than did those with higher concentrations (adjusted odds ratio 2.92, 95% confidence interval 2.00–4.27). Their risk of preterm birth (< 37 weeks) was also increased (adjusted odds ratio 1.84, 95% confidence interval 1.25–2.72). The predictive sensitivities of the lowest quintile of PAPP‐A were 35.85% for SGA (< 10th centile) and 27.92% for preterm birth (< 37 weeks).

Conclusion

Low levels of PAPP‐A were associated with SGA and preterm births; however, poor predictive sensitivity could restrict clinical utility of this marker when used alone.
Evidence from cluster surveys on the association between home‐based counseling and use of family planning in conflict‐affected Darfur
Authors: Adam Izzeldin F.
Published: January 2016

Objective

To examine the association between home counseling and awareness and use of modern family planning (FP) methods among women in internally displaced person (IDP) camps in conflict‐affected West Darfur, Sudan.

Methods

In a community‐based cross‐sectional study, two questionnaire‐based surveys were performed in three camps. Home‐based counseling had been introduced in March 2006. An initial survey (February 2007) and a follow‐up survey (April 2009) targeted women of child‐bearing age. A sample of 640 randomly selected women aged 15–49 years who had experienced pregnancy after joining the camp were interviewed for each survey.

Results

Overall, modern FP use increased from 10.9% (70/640) in 2007 to 21.6% (138/640) in 2009 (P < 0.001). As compared with the initial survey, women in the follow‐up survey were more likely to be aware of and to use any modern FP method (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.9–7.4; and aOR 2.8, 95% CI 2.0–4.1, respectively). Contraceptive pills were the most common modern method used. Home counseling and loss of a child under 5 years were the most significant predictors of awareness and use of modern FP methods.

Conclusion

After the introduction of home‐based FP counseling for couples and FP services in clinics, women's awareness and use of modern FP methods increased in a conflict‐affected setting.
Diabetes is associated with cerebrovascular but not Alzheimer's disease neuropathology
Authors: Abner Erin L. , Nelson Peter T. , Kryscio Richard J. , Schmitt Frederick A. , Fardo David W. , Woltjer Randall L. , Cairns Nigel J. , Yu Lei , Dodge Hiroko H. , Xiong Chengjie , Masaki Kamal , Tyas Suzanne L. , Bennett David A. , Schneider Julie A. , Arvanitakis Zoe
Published: January 2016

Introduction

The relationship of diabetes to specific neuropathologic causes of dementia is incompletely understood.

Methods

We used logistic regression to evaluate the association between diabetes and infarcts, Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage, and neuritic plaque score in 2365 autopsied persons. In a subset of >1300 persons with available cognitive data, we examined the association between diabetes and cognition using Poisson regression.

Results

Diabetes increased odds of brain infarcts (odds ratio [OR] = 1.57, P < .0001), specifically lacunes (OR = 1.71, P < .0001), but not Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Diabetes plus infarcts was associated with lower cognitive scores at end of life than infarcts or diabetes alone, and diabetes plus high level of Alzheimer's neuropathologic changes was associated with lower mini‐mental state examination scores than the pathology alone.

Discussion

This study supports the conclusions that diabetes increases the risk of cerebrovascular but not Alzheimer's disease pathology, and at least some of diabetes' relationship to cognitive impairment may be modified by neuropathology.
Effects of dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination on retrobulbar hemodynamics in pseudoexfoliative glaucoma
Authors: Eliacik Mustafa , Karaman Erdur Sevil , Baltepe Altıok Inci , Gulkilik Gokhan , Aslan Cemile Anil , Kaya Faruk
Published: January 2016

In our study we aimed to evaluate the short‐term effects of dorzolamide/timolol on ocular perfusion pressure and retrobulbar blood flow in patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PXG). This prospective observational cross‐sectional study enrolled 22 eyes of 22 newly‐diagnosed patients with PXG in a single center. All of the patients received a fixed combination of dorzolamide/timolol. Besides routine ophthalmologic examination, the retrobulbar hemodynamic parameters in the ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery, and short posterior ciliary arteries were measured in all participants at baseline and the 3rd month using color Doppler imaging. The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) was 22.3 ± 2.1 mmHg at baseline and reduced to 17.4 ± 2.3 mmHg at the 3rd month (p < 0.05). None of the retrobulbar parameters, except peak systolic velocity and resistive index in temporal short posterior ciliary arteries, changed significantly on therapy with dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination when the results were analyzed at Month 3. The drug significantly decreased the peak systolic velocity (p = 0.044) and reduced the resistive index in 0.04 units, 95% confidence interval 0.03–0.05, (p < 0.001) in the temporal short posterior ciliary arteries. This study reports that the retrobulbar hemodynamics might be affected less than expected by dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination in patients with PXG although the reduction of IOP was statistically significant.
P Wave Amplitude Decay Offers a Glimpse of Earth's Structure
Authors: Strelich Lily
Published: January 2016

Scientists look at deep earthquake signals to map how seismic waves lose energy in the upper mantle across the United States.
What Triggers Intraseasonal Oscillations in the Indian Ocean?
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: January 2016

A new modeling study suggests that the triggering of the Madden-Julian Oscillation is dominated by interactions with preceding events.
United States Still First in Science, Tech Research Spending
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2016

Although federal funding of science and engineering research has fallen behind inflation, private sector investment remains high, reports the U.S. National Science Board in its latest update.
Antarctic Ice May Harbor Huge Network of Canyons
Authors: Kelleher Shannon
Published: January 2016

Scientists saw hints in satellite data of dramatic geologic features under thousands of meters of ice in a little-probed part of East Antarctica. Now they are using airborne radar to explore further.
Novel compound heterozygous mutation in the CNGA1 gene underlie autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa in a Chinese family
Authors: Jin Xin , Qu Ling-Hui , Hou Bao-Ke , Xu Hai-Wei , Meng Xiao-Hong , Pang Chi-Pui , Yin Zheng-Qin
Published: January 2016

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) describes a group of inherited retinopathies that are characterized by the progressive degeneration of photoreceptor neurons, which causes night blindness, a reduction in the peripheral visual field and decreased visual acuity. More than 50 RP-related genes have been identified. In the present study, we analysed a Chinese family with autosomal recessive RP. We identified a compound heterozygous mutation, c.265delC and c.1537G>A, in CNGA1 using targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) of RP-causing genes. The mutations were validated in the family members by Sanger sequencing. The mutations co-segregated with the RP phenotype and were absent from ethnically-matched control chromosomes. The mutant (mut) CNGA1 p.(G513R) protein caused by the mis-sense novel mutation c.1537G>A was expressed in vitro. The mut CNGA1 p.(G513R) protein was largely retained inside the cell rather than being targeted to the plasma membrane, suggesting the absence of cGMP-gated cation channels in the plasma membrane would be deleterious to rod photoreceptors, leading lead to RP.
Epidemiology Profile of Traumatic Spine Injury of a Spinal Cord Service in the State of Espírito Santo
Authors: Scopel Gabriela , Jacob Júnior Charbel , Brazolino Marcus , Cardoso Igor , Batista Júnior José , Sogame Luciana , Maia Thiago , Debom Tadeu
Published: January 2016

Objective To analyze the epidemiological profile of patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) undergoing surgical procedures in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.

Methods A cross-sectional, descriptive study was performed based on the analysis of 70 medical records of patients who underwent surgery due to traumatic SCI in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.

Results Males comprised 79% of the patients. The average age of the occurrence of the traumatic SCI was 44 years; automobile accidents were the main cause of trauma (44%). Half of the patients had lesions in the cervical region, and 46% were classified as Frankel A, according to the Frankel scale. In the first 60 days after surgery, the main complication presented by the patients was urinary tract infection (UTI). Half of the patients were from the metropolitan area.

Conclusion Patients undergoing surgery for traumatic SCI in the state of Espírito Santo are predominantly men, with a mean age of 44 years, with cervical spine injury due to car accidents, from the metropolitan area, and whose main complication was UTI.
Total Esophageal Gastric Dissociation for the Failed Antireflux Procedure in a Child with Microgastria
Authors: Hattori Kengo , Bvulani Bruce , Numanoglu Alp , Cox Sharon , Millar Alastair
Published: January 2016

Microgastria is a very rare anomaly characterized by a very small tubular stomach that presents with severe gastroesophageal reflux disease due to the small reservoir capacity of the stomach. We present a patient with microgastria-related reflux and a failed fundoplication who was treated with total esophageal gastric dissociation (TEGD) resulting in an excellent outcome. In our experience with this good long-term result, we would suggest that TEGD be added to the armamentarium of procedures that can be used in the treatment of microgastria.
Preparation of Cu(In,Al)(Se,S)2 Thin Films by Low-Cost Non-vacuum Hybrid Process
Authors: Liu Zhao-fan , Xia Wei , Yuan Chen-chen , Luo Pai-feng
Published: January 2016

Cu(In,Al)(Se,S)2 thin films were successfully obtained through a simple low-cost non-vacuum process. The Cu(In,Al)Se2 raw material powder was firstly synthesized by a traditional solvothermal route. Then, the precursor coatings were prepared by drop-coating Cu(In, Al)Se2 slurry. Finally, the Cu(In,Al)Se2 and Cu(In,Al)(Se,S)2 films were achieved by the selenization and/or sulfuration process. Through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope, X-ray fluorescence, and absorption spectroscopy measurement, it was found that all the films show the single chalcopyrite phase structure and have the preferred (112) orientation. Meanwhile, after substituting selenium by sulfur, the main XRD peaks shift to higher 2θ degrees and the porous films become more compact. The energy band gap also increases to a suitable range for light absorption from 1.21 eV to 1.33 eV, which indicates that the additional sulfuration process is much more favorable for improving the quality of Cu(In,Al)(Se,S)2 films.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Fluorescence Sensor Property of Polyurethane/Ag2S Nanostrips
Authors: Wang Shan , Huang Yi , Yue Jian-she
Published: January 2016

A polyurethane/silver sulfide nanocomposite film was synthesized by a biomineralization simulated method. The effect of the Ag2S nanoparticles on the physical properties of the composite was studied by Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy. The thermal stability of the composite was measured by DSC. The fluorescence emission of the nanocomposite films was found to be very sensitive to Ni(II) ions, with a small amount of Ni(II) ions making the emissions increase dramatically. The films are predicted to have the potential to be developed into excellent sensing films of Ni(II) ions in the water.
First-Principles Study of La Doping Effects on the Electronic Structures and Photocatalytic Properties of Anatase TiO2
Authors: Huang Ping , Shang Bo , Li Ling-jie , Lei Jing-lei
Published: January 2016

The effects of doping concentration, position and oxygen vacancy defect on the stability, electronic and optical properties of La-doped anatase TiO2 have been investigated based on DFT+U method. The calculations indicated that the doping concentration and sites of La affected the stability and band gap of La-doped TiO2 significantly due to the lattice distortion, which obey the ionic Pauling's rules and crystal field theories; moreover, the simulated adsorption spectrum shows an obviously increase in the photocatalysis properties, which are in good agreement with recently experimental measurements. The oxygen vacancy defect will enhance the structural stability and the adsorption of visible light in La-doped TiO2 system, which is important in photocatalytic application.
Electronic Structure and Circular Dichroism of Natural Alboatisins Isolated from Aerial Parts of Isodon Albopilosus: DFT and TDDFT Study
Authors: Gou Gao-zhang , Zhou Bo , Shi Ling , Chi Shao-ming , Chen Xian-lan , Liu Wei
Published: January 2016

The stable conformations of a series of bioactive molecules, (−)-alboatisins A–C, are identified via Monte Carlo searching with the MMFF94 molecular mechanics force field. Then, the optical rotation (OR) values, vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra were calculated using the gradient-corrected density functional theory method. The vibrational and transition modes of molecular chirality were explored in terms of their microscopic origin. The calculated specific rotations are in agreement with the experimental values. From the OR analysis, it was concluded that optical rotation values are regulated by hydroxyl substitution. Vibrations occurring on the chiral skeleton may cause strong absorption in VCD spectra; VCD spectra are thus the spectral response to deformation vibrations on the chiral carbon skeleton. The lowest-energy negative Cotton effect is caused by σ → π* transition. Frontier molecular orbital analysis showed that strong ECD absorptions are produced when the dominant transition on the chiral skeleton is asymmetric; ECD spectra show the result of transitions lacking asymmetry on the chiral skeleton.
Pyrene Derivate Functionalized with Acetylene for Organic Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Liang Zuo-qin , Zhou Jie , Wang Xiao-mei , Tao Xu-tang
Published: January 2016

A new X-shaped compound (SiPy) functionalized with acetylene bonds in the 1-, 3-, 6-, and 8-positions of the pyrene core has been synthesized by Sonogashira coupling reactions. Its photophysical, thermal, and organic field effect transistor (OFET) properties as well as the film morphologies have been investigated. SiPy exhibits high stability which is evidenced by thermal gravimetric analysis. The atomic force microscopy images reveal that the morphology of thin films depends on the substrate temperature. The film OFET devices based on SiPy were constructed and exhibited p-type performances.
High-Sensitive Glucose Biosensor Based on Ionic Liquid Doped Polyaniline/Prussian Blue Composite Film
Authors: Yao Yao , Wu Shou-guo , Xu Hai-hong , Wang Li-wen
Published: January 2016

The Prussian blue/ionic liquid-polyaniline/multiwall carbon nanotubes (PB/IL-PANI/MWNTs) composite film was fabricated by using cyclic voltammetry. The ion liquid acting as a lubricating agent, could enhance the electron delocalization degree and reduce the structural defects of the polyaniline. The surface morphology of the composite film revealed that the PB nanoparticles have smaller size than that in pure PB film. Due to the introduction of ion liquid, the PB/IL-PANI/MWNTs composite film showed wonderful synergistic effect which can remarkably enhance sensitivity, expand linear range and broaden acidic adaptability for hydrogen peroxide detection. The composite film demonstrated good stability in neutral solution contrast to pure PB film, with a linear range from 2.5 µmol/L to 0.5 mmol/L and a high sensitivity of 736.8 µA·(mmol/L)−1·cm−2 for H2O2 detection. Based on the composite film, an amperometric glucose biosensor was then fabricated by immobilizing glucose oxidase. Under the optimal conditions, the biosensor also exhibits excellent response to glucose with the linear range from 12.5 µmol/L to 1.75 mmol/L and a high sensitivity of 94.79 µA·(mmol/L)−1·cm−2 for H2O2. The detection limit was estimated 1.1 µmol/L. The resulting biosensor was applied to detect the blood sugar in human serum samples without any pretreatment, and the results were comparatively in agreement with the clinical assay.
Theoretical Study on Inverse Sandwich Complexes [E-C5−nH5−nNn-E]+ and [E-C5−nH5−nPn-E]+ (n=1, 2, 3; E=Al, Ga, In, Tl)
Authors: Liu Nan-nan , Ding Yi-hong
Published: January 2016

The inverse sandwiches [E-C5−nH5−nNn-E]+ and [E-C5−nH5−nPn-E]+ (n=1, 2, 3; E=Al, Ga, In, Tl) with low-valent boron group elements are studied. The (η5, η5) coordinated inverse sandwich [E-C5−nH5−nNn-E]+ is unstable in energy or nonexistent. However, the (η5, η5) coordinated [E-C5−nH5−nPn-E]+ is not only stable in energy, but also stable against dissociation. The dissoction stability [E-C5−nH5−nPn-E]+ with the same E element decreases as the number n increases, while for the certain n number, the dissociation energies with different E elements are close to each other. [E-C4H4P-E]+ has similar dissocition stability to the well-known [E-C5H5-E]+. The inteaction between C5−nH5−nPn and low-valent E element is mainly ionic. Since lone pairs of electrons locate on both E and P atoms, the (η5, η5) coordinated inverse sandwich [E-C5−nH5−nPn-E]+ would act as multi electron-donors.
Reconstruction of Smoke Plume Concentration Peaks Based on Modified MAX-DOAS Tomography
Authors: Wei Min-hong , Tong Min-ming , Li Su-wen
Published: January 2016

Optical tomography system based on modified simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique is designed to real-time monitor spatial distribution and diffusion process of smoke plume in a power plant. Concentration profiles, rather than just a point value, of smoke plume concentrations are the goal of this method, and the tomography algorithm is analyzed. According to incomplete projection data in the process of reconstruction and exiting noise interference, the modified simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT) is adopted to extract the information of the trace gas concentration by a fan beam scanning and is compared to the conventional SIRT. Three evaluation indexes show that the reconstruction effect is the best by choosing proper relaxation factor, which reduces the index d to 0.044 from 0.435 and reduces the index r to 0.044 from 0.376 for 5500 iterations. Hence, the modified algorithm performs better in estimating the shape of the plume, this method is used to process the measured spectra in field campaign, the reconstruction results and the measured data are basically consistent, which is further confirmed by the experimental results.
Visualization of Melting of Antiferromagnetic Insulator Phase in Phase-Separated Manganite Film using Magnetic Force Microscopy
Authors: Zhou Hai-biao , Hou Yu-bin , Lu Qing-you
Published: January 2016

The phase separation and magnetic-field-induced transition of the antiferromagnetic charge-ordered insulator (AFI) phase into the ferromagnetic metal (FM) phase in an anisotropically-strained manganite thin film is directly imaged using a home-built magnetic force microscope (MFM). The MFM images at 10 K show that the two competing phases already coexist in zero magnetic field. Remarkably anisotropic distribution of the stripe-like phase domains are observed, which can qualitatively account for the anisotropic transport. Above 2.2 T, the AFI phase starts to transform into FM phase gradually. The melting of AFI phase is completed at 3.2 T. The FM phase can be retained after the magnetic field is removed, suggesting the metastable nature of the AFI phase at this temperature.
Effects of Sm Co-doping on Luminescent Properties of Sr4Al14O25:M (M=Mn4+, Cr3+) Phosphors
Authors: Xu Yu-dong , Peng Xu-dong , Wang Lei , Shi Min , Zhang Yuan , Wang Quan , Qi San , Ding Ning
Published: January 2016

The Sr4Al14O25:M and doped Sr4Al14O25:M+Sm3+ (M=Mn4+, Cr3+) phosphors were synthesized by a solid-state reaction method and their luminescent properties were investigated. The results showed that the co-doping of Sm ions did not change the positions of excitation band and emission band but significantly improved the luminescent properties of Sr4Al14O25:Cr3+ phosphors; whereas, the emission intensity of Sr4Al14O25:Mn4+ was reduced remarkably when Sm ions were co-doped. In addtion, a radiative-form energy transfer from Sm3+ to Cr3+ was observed for the first time in the Cr, Sm co-doped Sr4Al14O25 phosphors. The results indicated that Sm ions could significantly improve the emission intensity of Sr4Al14O25:Cr3+, making the Sm3+co-doped Sr4Al14O25:Cr3+ phosphor a promising candidate for the applications in display and solid state lightening.
Antireflective and Self-cleaning Properties of SiO2/TiO2 Double-Layer Films Prepared by Cost-Effective Sol-Gel Process
Authors: Zhang Hui , Fan Duo-wang , Yu Tian-zhi , Wang Cheng-long
Published: January 2016

SiO2/TiO2 double-layer films with antireflective and self-cleaning properties were prepared by dip-coating glass substrate into cost-effective SiO2 and TiO2 sol successively and subsequently being calcined at 500 °C. The optical and structural properties of films have been investigated by UV-visible spectrophotometer and field emission scanning electron microscope, respectively. At the same time, self-cleaning property generated from superhydrophilicity and photocatalysis was obtained. The results indicated that the as-prepared SiO2/TiO2 double-layer films show maximum transmittance of 95% and self-cleaning property.
Synthesis and Characterization of PEG Polymer Brushes via Cyclopolymerization of 1,2,3-Triazole Tethered Diacrylates
Authors: Zhao Xiao-ying , Liu He-wen
Published: January 2016

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromolecular brushes were synthesized directly via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization cyclopolymerization of diacrylate monomers bearing PEG functional groups through the formation of 11-member rings. The diacrylate monomers bearing PEG functional groups are the 1,2,3-triazole-tethered diacrylate macromolecular monomers with di erent PEG lengths synthesized via the so-called “click” chemistry. The bulky hindrance of PEG chains affected the polymerization behavior of the diacrylate macromolecular monomers, and the diacrylate monomers showed strong tendency to cyclopolymerization rather than crosslinking. NMR analysis and gel permeation chromatography profiles proved the high efficiency of cyclopolymerization without side reactions. The aqueous solutions of the obtained PEG macromolecular brushes were fluorescent under UV excitation. The fluorescence depended dramatically on the concentration of brush-like polymers due to the aggregation of cyclopolymer in water, and could be quenched by the addition of DNA.
TDDFT Study on Excited-State Hydrogen Bonding of 2′-Deoxyguanosine in H2O Solution
Authors: Li Dong-lin , Li Hui , Yang Yong-gang , Liu Yu-fang
Published: January 2016

The mono and dihydrated complexes of 2′-deoxyguanosine have been used to elucidate the importance of the 2′-hydroxy group in the hydration. Density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory methods were performed to investigate the ground-and excited-state hydrogen bonding properties of 2′-deoxyguanosine-water (2′-dG-W) and 2′-deoxyguanosine-2water (2′-dG-2W). Infrared spectra, geometric optimizations, frontier molecular orbitals and Mulliken charges have also been studied. The results demonstrated that the excited-state intramolecular hydrogen bonding dynamics of complexes 2′-dG-W and 2′-dG-2W behaves differently upon photoexcitation, while their intermolecular hydrogen bonding dynamics behaves similarly. Moreover, the significant weakening of the intermolecular hydrogen bond O4⋯H1–N1 and the formation of the new strong hydrogen bond O4⋯H3–N2 in the 2′-dG-2W upon photoexcitation were due to the geometric structure bending of guanine and the rigidity of related molecules. In addition, the charge transfer properties were theoretically investigated by analysis of molecular orbital.
First Principles Study of Uranium Solubility in Gd2Zr2O7 Pyrochlore
Authors: Chen Qing-yun , Shih Kai-min , Meng Chuan-min , Wang Lie-lin , Xie Hua , Wu Tao
Published: January 2016

Ab initio calculation is performed to investigate the uranium solubility in different sites of Gd2Zr2O7 pyrochlore. The Gd2Zr2O7 maintains its pyrochlore structure at low uranium dopant levels, and the lattice constants of Gd2(Zr2−yUy)O7 and (Gd2−yUy)Zr2O7 are generally expressed as being linearly related to the uranium content y. Uranium is found to be a preferable substitute for the B-site gadolinium atoms in cation-disordered Gd2Zr2O7 (where gadolinium and zirconium atoms are swapped) over the A-site gadolinium atoms in ordered Gd2Zr2O7 due to the lower total energy of (Gd2−yZry)(Zr2−yUy)O7.
Chemotaxis toward phytoplankton drives organic matter partitioning among marine bacteria
Authors: Smriga Steven , Fernandez Vicente I. , Mitchell James G. , Stocker Roman
Published: January 2016

Significance

Microscale interactions between bacteria and phytoplankton underpin ocean biogeochemistry and frequently involve bacterial chemotaxis to phytoplankton dissolved organic matter (DOM). Yet, it remains unclear how the effects of this interaction propagate to ecosystem scales. We address this gap through a hybrid approach where high-resolution observations of chemotaxis toward a diatom are directly used in a resource utilization model. We find that chemotactic bacteria consume most diatom DOM under resource-rich or bacteria-rich conditions, that DOM is partitioned among distinct populations based on diffusivity, and that consumption is skewed toward very few cells. Nonmotile oligotrophic bacteria dominate when productivity is low. Motile copiotrophs dominate during blooms. Ocean chemotaxis thus partitions resources spatially, by molecular size, and temporally through seasonal and episodic blooms.