bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sestrin2 and Sestrin3 protect spermatogenesis against heat-induced meiotic defects
Authors: Chen Wenhui , Wang Mengchen , Wang Huan , Jiang Yuqing , Zhu Jing , Zeng Xinxin , Xie Huihui , Yang Qingling , Sun Yingpu
Published: March 2024

Heat stress induces testicular oxidative stress, impairs spermatogenesis, and increases the risk of male infertility. Recent studies have highlighted the antioxidative properties of the Sestrins family in reducing cellular oxidative damage. However, the role of Sestrins (Sestrin1, 2, and 3) in the testicular response to heat stress remains unclear. Here, we found that Sestrin2 and 3 were highly expressed in the testis relative to Sestrin1. Then, the Sestrin2−/− and Sestrin3−/− mice were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 to investigate the role of them on spermatogenesis after heat stress. Our data showed that Sestrin2−/− and Sestrin3−/− mice testes exhibited more severe damage manifested by exacerbated loss of germ cells and higher levels of oxidative stress as compared to wild-type counterparts after heat stress. Notably, Sestrin2−/− and Sestrin3−/− mice underwent a remarkable increase in heat-induced spermatocyte apoptosis than that of controls. Furthermore, the transcriptome landscape of spermatocytes and chromosome spreading showed that loss of Sestrin2 and Sestrin3 exacerbated meiotic failure by compromising DNA double-strand breaks repair after heat stress. Taken together, our work demonstrated a critical protective function of Sestrin2 and Sestrin3 in mitigating the impairments of spermatogenesis against heat stress.
Does Education Affect Religiosity? Causal Evidence from a Conservative Emerging Economy
Authors: Özer Mustafa , Fidrmuc Jan , Mentzakis Emmanouil , Özkan Özcan
Published: March 2024

Does education make people more or less religious? The previous literature offers mixed findings on the relationship between education and religiosity. This may be due to endogeneity bias: education and religiosity can be caused by a third variable such as culture or upbringing. We instrument education by exposure to the 1997 education reform in Turkey which increased mandatory schooling from 5 to 8 years. The schooling reform increased the probability that young girls would complete 8 years of schooling and report lower religiosity later in life. The reform apparently did not influence such outcomes for boys. These effects are observed primarily in females growing up in strongly religious or poor areas.
Epicardial cavernous haemangioma; A case report of a unique incidental finding
Authors: Cheaban Rayan , Piran Misagh , Opacic Dragan , Gummert Jan F , Rojas Sebastian V
Published: March 2024

Background

Primary cardiac tumours are rare, accounting for only 0.002–0.03% at autopsy. Cardiac haemangiomas are benign vascular tumours and constitute for 0.28% of all primary cardiac tumours. Cavernous haemangiomas, capillary haemangiomas, and arteriovenous haemangiomas are three distinct types. Cardiac haemangiomas are often misdiagnosed as myxomas and must be differentiated from malignant angiosarcomas.

Case summary

We present a 44-year-old Mediterranean male patient with a cavernous haemangioma in the inferior vena cava and right atrium, detected on transthoracic echocardiography. The patient experienced palpitations and dyspnoea on exertion. Computed tomography (CT) angiography revealed a 7.5 × 6 × 5 cm mass suspected to be perfused by the distal right coronary artery. A watch-and-wait approach was suggested, leading to a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast 6 months later. T1 mapping exhibited a prolonged relaxation time and isointensity to the myocardium. T2 mapping revealed a homogenous hyperintense mass with heterogenous late enhancement. Surgical excision was performed using a bicaval cannulation technique on cardiopulmonary bypass. Intraoperatively, no connection to the coronaries was noted. At 1 year follow-up, the patient reported restored physical resilience, with no evidence of tumour recurrence.

Discussion

Clinical symptoms of cardiac cavernous haemangiomas are unspecific and become evident once the tumour grows. To investigate the nature and vascular involvement of the tumour, a contrast-enhanced CT angiography or MRI can be performed. Cardiac haemangiomas are often misdiagnosed and must be differentiated from malignant angiosarcomas. Clear guidelines for the treatment of cardiac haemangiomas in adult patients are lacking. Primary cardiac tumours require thorough investigation, and surgical intervention should be tailored to the individual’s case.
Single Cell RNAseq Analysis of Cytokine-Treated Human Islets: Association of Cellular Stress with Impaired Cytokine Responsiveness
Authors: Stancill Jennifer S , Kasmani Moujtaba Y , Cui Weiguo , Corbett John A
Published: March 2024

Pancreatic β-cells are essential for survival, being the only cell type capable of insulin secretion. While they are believed to be vulnerable to damage by inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interferon-gamma, we have recently identified physiological roles for cytokine signaling in rodent β-cells that include the stimulation of antiviral and antimicrobial gene expression and the inhibition of viral replication. In this study, we examine cytokine-stimulated changes in gene expression in human islets using single-cell RNA sequencing. Surprisingly, the global responses of human islets to cytokine exposure were remarkably blunted compared to our previous observations in the mouse. The small population of human islet cells that were cytokine responsive exhibited increased expression of IL-1β-stimulated antiviral guanylate-binding proteins, just like in the mouse. Most human islet cells were not responsive to cytokines, and this lack of responsiveness was associated with high expression of genes encoding ribosomal proteins. We further correlated the expression levels of RPL5 with stress response genes, and when expressed at high levels, RPL5 is predictive of failure to respond to cytokines in all endocrine cells. We postulate that donor causes of death and isolation methodologies may contribute to stress of the islet preparation. Our findings indicate that activation of stress responses in human islets limits cytokine-stimulated gene expression, and we urge caution in the evaluation of studies that have examined cytokine-stimulated gene expression in human islets without evaluation of stress-related gene expression.
An Intersectional Approach to Understanding the Psychological Health Effects of Combining Work and Parental Caregiving
Authors: Brady Samantha , Patskanick Taylor , Coughlin Joseph F
Published: March 2024

Objectives

Role theory suggests occupying simultaneous family caregiving and employment roles in midlife may exert positive and negative effects on psychological health. However, there is a lack of causal evidence examining the degree to which combinations of these roles influence psychological health at the intersection of gender and racial identity.

Methods

Longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (2004–2018) are used to estimate a series of individual fixed effects models examining combinations of employment status and parental caregiving situation on Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression Scale (CES-D) depression scores among Black and White men and women aged 50–65. Subsequent models were stratified by intensity of caregiving situation and work schedule.

Results

Individual fixed effects models demonstrate combining work, and parental caregiving is associated with greater depressive symptoms than only working, and with lower depressive symptoms than only caregiving, suggesting that paid employment exerts a protective effect on psychological health whereas parental caregiving may be a risk factor for depressive symptoms in later life. Analyses using an intersectional lens found that combining paid work with parental caregiving exerted a protective effect on CES-D scores among White women and men regardless of participants’ intensity of care situation or work schedule. This effect was not present for Black men and women.

Discussion

Accounting for intersectionality is imperative to research on family caregiving, work, and psychological health.
Rates of resistance and heteroresistance to newer β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales
Authors: Lin Christina K , Page Alex , Lohsen Sarah , Haider Ali A , Waggoner Jesse , Smith Gillian , Babiker Ahmed , Jacob Jesse T , Howard-Anderson Jessica , Satola Sarah W
Published: March 2024

Background

Heteroresistance (HR), the presence of antibiotic-resistant subpopulations within a primary isogenic population, may be a potentially overlooked contributor to newer β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor (BL/BLI) treatment failure in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) infections.

Objectives

To determine rates of susceptibility and HR to BL/BLIs ceftazidime/avibactam, imipenem/relebactam and meropenem/vaborbactam in clinical CRE isolates.

Methods

The first CRE isolate per patient per year from two >500 bed academic hospitals from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2021, were included. Reference broth microdilution (BMD) was used to determine antibiotic susceptibility, and population analysis profiling (PAP) to determine HR. Carbapenemase production (CP) was determined using the Carba NP assay.

Results

Among 327 CRE isolates, 46% were Enterobacter cloacae, 38% Klebsiella pneumoniae and 16% Escherichia coli. By BMD, 87% to 98% of CRE were susceptible to the three antibiotics tested. From 2016 to 2021, there were incremental decreases in the rates of susceptibility to each of the three BL/BLIs. HR was detected in each species–antibiotic combination, with the highest rates of HR (26%) found in K. pneumoniae isolates with imipenem/relebactam. HR or resistance to at least one BL/BLI by PAP was found in 24% of CRE isolates and 65% of these had detectable CP.

Conclusion

Twenty-four percent of CRE isolates tested were either resistant or heteroresistant (HR) to newer BL/BLIs, with an overall decrease of ∼10% susceptibility over 6 years. While newer BL/BLIs remain active against most CRE, these findings support the need for ongoing antibiotic stewardship and a better understanding of the clinical implications of HR in CRE.
Why do people think price fixing is unfair? An empirical legal study on public attitudes in the USA
Authors: Delvasto Carlos , Acevedo Ruben
Published: March 2024

The present article advances the understanding of antitrust law by providing theoretical considerations and empirical results of people’s attitudes towards price fixing, specifically within the context of fairness in US antitrust laws. Attitudes were obtained through experimental surveys on Amazon Mechanical Turk in the USA between 2018 and 2021. The empirical results suggest that perceptions of fairness influence public attitudes towards price fixing. Moreover, consumer reaction to price fixing will depend on how the consumer perceives the rules of fairness underlying the competitive market mechanism and the point used to set prices (dual entitlement theory). Results indicate that perceived outcomes and consequences of market transactions influence respondents’ judgment of price fixing. For example, public attitudes will be more lenient whenever a cost-increasing event outside firms’ control affects firms’ profit. The main implication of these findings is that antitrust authorities should not take for granted that people view price fixing as unfair and therefore consider how fairness considerations play out in their approach when dealing with price-fixing cases. The suggestion is for antitrust authorities to focus corporate compliance programmes on people’s attitudes to improve compliance to prevent cartel agreements.
Computational Drug Discovery in Diaphragm Dysfunction via Text Mining and Biomedical Database
Authors: Hailiang Bai , Xiafen Bai , Xingxia Hao , Jiake Chai , Yunfei Chi , Shaofang Han , Chen Chen , Yang Chang , Hongjie Duan
Published: March 2024

The diaphragm, which is crucial for ventilation, is the primary muscle responsible for inspiration. Patients with severe burns who experience diaphragmatic dysfunction have an increased risk of mortality. Unfortunately, there are currently no effective medications available to prevent or treat this condition. The objective of our study is to utilize bioinformatics to identify potential genes and drugs associated with diaphragmatic dysfunction. In this study, text-mining techniques were utilized to identify genes associated with diaphragmatic dysfunction and recovery. Common genes were then analyzed using GO and KEGG pathway analysis, as well as protein–protein interaction network analysis. The obtained hub genes were processed using Cytoscape software, and their expression levels in diaphragmatic dysfunction were validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in severe burn rats. Genes that were confirmed were then examined in drug–gene interaction databases to identify potential drugs associated with these genes. Our analysis revealed 96 genes that were common to both the “diaphragm dysfunction” and “functional recovery” text mining concepts. Gene enrichment analysis identified 19 genes representing 10 pathways. qRT-PCR showed a significant increase in expression levels of 13 genes, including CCL2, CCL3, CD4, EGF, HGF, IFNG, IGF1, IL17A, IL6, LEP, PTGS2, TGFB1, and TNF, in samples with diaphragmatic dysfunction. Additionally, we found that a total of 56 drugs targeted 5 potential genes. These findings provide new insights into the development of more effective drugs for treating diaphragmatic dysfunction and also present substantial opportunities for researching new target pharmacology and promoting drugs in the pharmaceutical industry.
Pathological response in resectable non–small cell lung cancer: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis
Authors: Waser Nathalie A , Quintana Melanie , Schweikert Bernd , Chaft Jamie E , Berry Lindsay , Adam Ahmed , Vo Lien , Penrod John R , Fiore Joseph , Berry Donald A , Goring Sarah
Published: March 2024

Background

Surrogate endpoints for overall survival in patients with resectable non–small cell lung cancer receiving neoadjuvant therapy are needed to provide earlier treatment outcome indicators and accelerate drug approval. This study’s main objectives were to investigate the association among pathological complete response, major pathological response, event-free survival and overall survival and to determine whether treatment effects on pathological complete response and event-free survival correlate with treatment effects on overall survival.

Methods

A comprehensive systematic literature review was conducted to identify neoadjuvant studies in resectable non–small cell lung cancer. Analysis at the patient level using frequentist and Bayesian random effects (hazard ratio [HR] for overall survival or event-free survival by pathological complete response or major pathological response status, yes vs no) and at the trial level using weighted least squares regressions (hazard ratio for overall survival or event-free survival vs pathological complete response, by treatment arm) were performed.

Results

In both meta-analyses, pathological complete response yielded favorable overall survival compared with no pathological complete response (frequentist, 20 studies and 6530 patients: HR = 0.49, 95% confidence interval = 0.42 to 0.57; Bayesian, 19 studies and 5988 patients: HR = 0.48, 95% probability interval = 0.43 to 0.55) and similarly for major pathological response (frequentist, 12 studies and 1193 patients: HR = 0.36, 95% confidence interval = 0.29 to 0.44; Bayesian, 11 studies and 1018 patients: HR = 0.33, 95% probability interval = 0.26 to 0.42). Across subgroups, estimates consistently showed better overall survival or event-free survival in pathological complete response or major pathological response compared with no pathological complete response or no major pathological response. Trial-level analyses showed a moderate to strong correlation between event-free survival and overall survival hazard ratios (R2 = 0.7159) but did not show a correlation between treatment effects on pathological complete response and overall survival or event-free survival.

Conclusion

There was a strong and consistent association between pathological response and survival and a moderate to strong correlation between event-free survival and overall survival following neoadjuvant therapy for patients with resectable non–small cell lung cancer.
Site-specific patterns of early-stage cancer diagnosis during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Kinslow Connor J , DeStephano David M , Neugut Alfred I , Taparra Kekoa , Horowitz David P , Yu James B , Cheng Simon K
Published: March 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic caused widespread disruptions in cancer care. We hypothesized that the greatest disruptions in diagnosis occurred in screen-detected cancers. We identified patients (≥18 years of age) with newly diagnosed cancer from 2019 to 2020 in the US National Cancer Database and calculated the change in proportion of early-stage to late-stage cancers using a weighted linear regression. Disruptions in early-stage diagnosis were greater than in late-stage diagnosis (17% vs 12.5%). Melanoma demonstrated the greatest relative decrease in early-stage vs late-stage diagnosis (22.9% vs 9.2%), whereas the decrease was similar for pancreatic cancer. Compared with breast cancer, cervical, melanoma, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancers showed the greatest disruptions in early-stage diagnosis. Uninsured patients experienced greater disruptions than privately insured patients. Disruptions in cancer diagnosis in 2020 had a larger impact on early-stage disease, particularly screen-detected cancers. Our study supports emerging evidence that primary care visits may play a critical role in early melanoma detection.
Social Functioning and Other Considerations for Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Kerns Connor M. , Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter looks at the section on Social Functioning and Other Considerations for Differential Diagnosis in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version, with Autism Spectrum Addendum (ADIS/ASA): Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). This section gathers information regarding the child’s social functioning, sensory sensitivity, and cognitive rigidity. The information gained here provides an important context for understanding the nature and severity of the child’s anxiety and help differentiate difficulties that may be due to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as opposed to those due to anxiety. Indeed, understanding the child’s interest in social interaction and bullying history is critical to evaluate the extent to which their social anxiety is maladaptive and interfering. Meanwhile, understanding a child’s sensory sensitivity and tendency to perseverate is critical to evaluate the extent to which these difficulties may play into possible Specific Phobias and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Finally, specific ratings also help to capture a distinct presentation of social anxiety in children on the autism spectrum, where the child may present as anxious in social situations but is not concerned about negative evaluation or judgment from others and may have limited interest in engaging socially.
Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child and Parent Version: Autism Spectrum Addendum (ADIS/ASA)
Authors: Kerns Connor M. , Silverman Wendy K. , Albano Anne Marie
Published: March 2024

This chapter outlines the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version: Autism Spectrum Addendum (ADIS/ASA). The ADIS/ASA is a version of the ADIS Parent Interview designed to facilitate differential diagnosis and assessment of anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) in children on the autism spectrum. It assesses for OCD as well as Separation Anxiety Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia), Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Specific Phobia. In addition, the ADIS/ASA queries for distinct expressions of anxiety that also commonly arise in children on the autism spectrum, such as anxiety associated with sensory sensitivities, executive functioning differences (e.g., difficulties shifting attention), repetitive and restricted behaviors, emotion recognition deficits, social immaturity, and theory-of-mind deficits. The ADIS/ASA is most relevant and useful for children ages 7 to 18 years for whom Autism Spectrum Disorder is suspected or already diagnosed. Moreover, the ADIS/ASA may be clinically useful for youth with more severe intellectual deficits or communications deficits.
School Refusal Behavior
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter focuses on the School Refusal Behavior section of the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version: Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). In this section, the interviewer should record as “No” those responses that reflect typical child school-related anxiety and record as “Yes” those responses that reflect excessive anxiety. If the child is homeschooled due to anxiety, the interviewer may inquire about the child's emotional status and reactions when they were last in school. Evidence of significant school refusal behavior warrants clarification and further examination within each of the DSM-5 diagnostic categories. School refusal is not a diagnostic category by itself but might be a behavioral manifestation of a clinical disorder.
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter looks at the section on Separation Anxiety Disorder in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version: Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). For the child to meet diagnostic criteria for Separation Anxiety Disorder, the parent must respond “Yes” to at least three symptoms from Questions 1–8, report duration greater than 4 weeks in Question 9, and report significant distress or interference in functioning. The interviewer should also inquire whether the child is in a current episode or not. It is important to evaluate the chronology of this disorder. Through the Feelings Thermometer, the interviewer should then measure how much the disorder interfered with the child's friendships, caused problems at school or at home, or stopped the child from doing the things they would like to do.
Interpersonal Relationships
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter highlights the section on Interpersonal Relationships in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version: Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). If the child/adolescent does not telephone, text, or use any social media, the interviewer may inquire about any family rules or limitations placed on these outlets. Meanwhile, Questions 11a–c are to probe for ways that anxiety interferes with the child taking on age-appropriate self-advocacy and engagement with others. The interviewer should consider the age and developmental level of the child in further inquiry concerning parent-initiated contact. If it appears that there is more contact than typical or necessary for the child's age, the interviewer may inquire for reasons why the parent(s) reach out to the child with stated frequency.
Agoraphobia
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses the section on Agoraphobia in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version: Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). If the parent's response to Question 2 suggests that they did not understand Question l, or if the parent's “Yes” response to Question l appears to be the result of another anxiety disorder; or if the parent cites an obvious nonagoraphobic situation, then it is important to review Question l, emphasizing, rewording, and clarifying the specifics with which the parent had difficulty. The interviewer may continue only if the parent reports the child experiencing a “true” Agoraphobic experience in response to Question 2 or after further probing. Otherwise, the interviewer may skip to the section on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. The next step is to measure how scared the child feels in certain situations by using the Feelings Thermometer. For situations that the parent endorses with a rating of 4 (Some) or greater, the interviewer should inquire about avoidance.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter details the section on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version: Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). In assessing for obsessions, persistence is first assessed, followed by distress and resistance. The interviewer should list and rate each obsession using the Feelings Thermometer. Diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder requires the presence of persistent obsessions, compulsions, or both (more than 1 hour each day) that are repetitive and difficult to control. In addition, the symptoms must cause marked distress or cause significant interference in functioning. If no evidence of obsessions or compulsions is obtained, the interviewer may skip to the section on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)/Acute Stress Disorder.
Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter looks at the section on Major Depressive Disorder in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version: Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). If the parent responds “Yes” to Question 1a and “No” to Question 1b (parent reports past depression but denies current episode), the interviewer should assess suicide risk (Questions 12a–12d) and then skip to the section on Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia). If the parent responds “Yes” to Question 12a, 12b, 12c, or 12d, the interviewer should obtain further details and assess the child's current risk of harm to self or others. It is important to inquire about the specifics of plan, time of occurrence, frequency of such thoughts, details of the attempt, current absence or presence of ideation, and so on, and take appropriate preventative action. Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder requires five “Yes” responses to Questions 4–12. At least one symptom must be depressed or irritable mood or loss of interest in usual activities. Also, the symptoms must occur together nearly every day for at least 2 weeks, and interference in functioning must be evident.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter focuses on the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) section of the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version: Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). For the child to meet criteria for a diagnosis of ADHD, the parent must respond “Yes” to at least six of Questions 1–9 in the Attention Deficit section or “Yes” to at least six of Questions 1–9 in the Hyperactivity-Impulsivity section. Also, the parent must have indicated that the problem has been going on for at least 6 months, began before age 12, and occurs in more than one setting. For ages 17 and older, at least five symptoms are required for the diagnosis. It is also important to measure interference through the Feelings Thermometer.
Conduct Disorder
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter looks at the section on Conduct Disorder in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version: Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). The interviewer should ask the parent whether the child break rules, steal, lie, act aggressively toward other people or animals, or destroy things that belong to others. Diagnosis of Conduct Disorder requires three or more of the criteria in Questions 1–16 in the past 12 months, with any one criterion present in the past 6 months. If criteria are met, evidence of interference in academic, social, or occupational functioning must also be assessed. The interviewer should then inquire whether the child or adolescent has displayed at least 2 of the following characteristics: lack of remorse or guilt; lack of empathy; unconcerned about performance; or shallow or deficient affect.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter highlights the section on Oppositional Defiant Disorder in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version: Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). The interviewer should first inquire whether the child has displayed any of the following characteristics: angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness. For these questions, the parent may only respond “Yes” if they mean “a lot more than would be appropriate for the child's age.” The interviewer should not count normal sibling rivalry and arguing as a “Yes” response. The next step is to inquire whether these behaviors have led to problems for the child or for others, at home, in school, or in the child's friendships. It is important to measure interference through the Feelings Thermometer.
Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorders
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter looks at the section on Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorders in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version: Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). Diagnosis for Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorders requires recurrent episodes of sleepwalking or sleep terrors. Amnesia for the episodes of sleepwalking or sleep terror must be present, and the child should have little or no dream imagery recalled. The next step is to measure interference through the Feelings Thermometer, inquiring how much the problem has interfered with the child's friendships, caused problems at school or at home, or stopped the child from doing the things they would like to do. If the child meets criteria for a sleep disorder, the interviewer should inquire about age of onset.
Screening Questions for Additional Childhood Disorders
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter highlights the section on Screening Questions for Additional Childhood Disorders in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child Version: Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). This section contains screening questions for additional disorders that the interviewer may wish to pursue. These include Autism Spectrum Disorder, Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder), Specific Learning Disorder, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Illness Anxiety Disorder, Somatic Symptom Disorder, Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Optional Interference Inquiry, and Developmental Questions. The questions here are provided for the purpose of gathering basic information, not for establishing full diagnostic criteria. Further clinical inquiry will be necessary to confirm the presence of any of these disorders. If responses to questions in these categories indicate the need for further inquiry, the interviewer should circle the question mark at the end of each set of questions in each diagnostic category.
Family and School History
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter details the Family and School History section of the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child and Parent Version: Child Interview Schedule (CIS), which contains some general questions about the child’s family and school attendance and performance. If the child does not attend school for any reason, the interviewer should restructure the format of the questions. For children and adolescents who are homeschooled, the interview should ask why they are homeschooled rather than attend a school in their community. This question is not meant to judge the merits or ideology of different approaches to education but rather to examine whether the homeschooling is due to the child’s anxiety or other mental health problem.
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses the Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) module in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child and Parent Version: Child Interview Schedule (CIS). The interviewer should first ask the child/adolescent how they feel in situations involving other people, such as at school, in the cafeteria, at camp, or during parties. The next step is to provide a list of some situations and measure the child’s discomfort in relation to the situations through the Feelings Thermometer. It is important to separate Social Anxiety Disorder symptoms from symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The interviewer may also use discretion in inquiring about age-relevant situations. If the anxiety is restricted to evaluation and performance situations, the interviewer should specify it as “performance only.”
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter focuses on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder module of the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child and Parent Version: Child Interview Schedule (CIS). This section contains some questions that have to do with worrying. As such, the interviewer should clarify the meaning of worrying. It is important to separate Generalized Anxiety Disorder symptoms from Social Anxiety Disorder symptoms. For each worry area to which the child responded “yes,” the interviewer should inquire about the severity of excessiveness and tension, and uncontrollability by using the Feelings Thermometer. To meet diagnostic criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder, the child must endorse excessive worry about a number of issues or situations, report difficulty controlling the worry, endorse one physical symptoms in Question 3, and report distress or impairment in functioning (interference) as indicated in the Interference section.
Panic Disorder
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter highlights the Panic Disorder module in the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child and Parent Version: Child Interview Schedule (CIS). The interviewer should make sure that any “yes” response is not simply caused by exposure to a certain situation or object (Specific Phobia), being the focus of attention (Social Anxiety Disorder/Social Phobia), being separated from parents (Separation Anxiety), and so on. If the child gives examples that are the result of another anxiety disorder, or elaboration of the response to Question 1b suggests that the child does not seem to understand Question 1a, then the interviewer may ask Question 1c to reassess presence of “unexpected” panic attacks. DSM-5 defines a panic attack as a discrete period of intense fear or discomfort, in which at least four of the symptoms listed develop abruptly and reach a peak within minutes of onset. To meet the criteria for Panic Disorder, the child must report recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, at least one of which has been followed for a month by one or more symptoms.
Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter focuses on the Substance Use Disorders module of the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child and Parent Version: Child Interview Schedule (CIS). This section is applicable if the respondent is 12 years old or older, or if the interviewer suspects the possibility of alcohol or other drug use in a younger child. The interviewer should inquire if the child/adolescent is currently using (past year) or has ever used any of the substances listed. It is important to specify particular substances of use and try to use (and make note of) the terms used by the child or teen to describe the substance. The next step is to inquire about frequency of usage and then ask about past use, indicating the time period over which the substance use occurred. If the child does not endorse symptoms, the interviewer may skip to the module on Tic Disorders. If the child does meet criteria for Substance Use, the interviewer may proceed to the Interference section.
ADIS-5 Child Interview Summary Form
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter presents the ADIS-5 Child Interview Summary Form. The interviewer should record the appropriate term for youth who self-report as transgender, gender-queer, or a different identity, but also inquire for gender assigned at birth (on birth certificate). In addition, the interviewer should inquire for which pronouns the child prefers for the interviewer to use during the interview as well as with their parents. It is important to note that some parents may not be aware of the youth's gender identity and/or sexual orientation. Meanwhile, the Child’s Interference Rating (0–8) indicates the level of distress and interference expressed by the child or adolescent reporter. The Confidence rating (0–100) is assigned by the clinician.
Chest medicine
Authors: Sinharay Rudy
Published: March 2024

Respiratory conditions are common, and the burden of morbidity on the general population is high. You only have to take part in a few general medical takes as a junior doctor to realize this. The questions in this chapter on chest medicine will test not only the common areas that present to practitioners, but also relevant issues such as knowledge of disease factors, ethics, and risk management. This chapter contains 55 questions that encompass all the important areas of this subject, with detailed explanations. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Gastroenterology
Authors: Sinharay Ricky
Published: March 2024

The aim of this chapter is to help you with your preparation with your medical school exams and raise awareness and your working practical knowledge of gastroenterology and hepatology. This chapter contains 45 questions that encompass many of the important areas of this subject, with detailed explanations. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Haematology
Authors: Furmedge Dan , Sinharay Rudy
Published: March 2024

Tackling haematology is never easy. Revision can be a struggle, as it may not always be obvious which topic areas will be directly relevant to clinical practice. We still, however, benefit from an understanding of these areas and an appreciation of how to do and interpret the basics and when more expertise is required. This chapter contains 38 questions that encompass all of the important areas of this subject, with detailed explanations. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Infectious diseases
Authors: Fink Doug
Published: March 2024

The practice of infectious diseases medicine necessarily demands an understanding of the person and the world in which they live. This chapter will emphasize the importance of context in assessing patients with infectious diseases. This chapter contains 24 questions that encompass all of the important areas of this subject, with detailed explanations. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Neurology
Authors: Paterson Ross , Sztriha Laszlo
Published: March 2024

The face of neurology in clinical practice is changing; neurology is no longer primarily a diagnostic specialty. History taking and clinical examination are the cornerstone of neurological investigation though neurophobia is a recognised phenomenon amongst medical students and doctors. The questions in this chapter will attempt to highlight some of the other specific presentations needed in assessing the neurology patient. This chapter contains 80 questions that encompass all of the important areas of this subject, with detailed explanations. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Surgery
Authors: Griffiths Shelly
Published: March 2024

The aim of this chapter is to raise your awareness and working practical knowledge of surgery. Surgery encompasses abdominal pain, lumps and bumps and complex operations. History taking and physical examination form the cornerstone of assessment. Much of the management of surgical patients occurs outside of the operating theatre, in the pre- and post-operative periods. This chapter contains 88 questions that encompass all of the important areas of this subject, with detailed explanations. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Eponymous syndromes
Authors: Sinharay Rudy , Fink Doug , Griffiths Shelly , Phylactou Maria , Sinharay Ricky , White Will , Vogel Dominik
Published: March 2024

Eponymous syndromes are diseases and syndromes which have been given names, usually those who identified or were associated with them. This chapter looks at eponymous syndromes where possible by using their generic features, rather than by focusing on their specific historical names which can be controversial or have little to do with the pathology underpinning the diseases coined. This chapter contains 13 questions that encompass all of the important areas of this subject, with detailed explanations. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Interprofessional Teamwork in Palliative Care
Authors: Portz Jennifer D. , Lakin Joshua R.
Published: March 2024

Interprofessional teams are foundational to good palliative care. In this chapter the authors examine the evidence base and conceptual foundations of interprofessional teamwork and assess the role, function, and impact of teamwork across the core domains of palliative care, as delineated by the 2018 updated National Consensus Project Clinical Practice Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care: (1) structure and process of care; (2) physical aspects of care; (3) psychological aspects of care; (4) social aspects of care; (5) spiritual, religious, and existential aspects of care; (6) cultural aspects of care; (7) end-of-life care; and (8) ethical and legal aspects of care.
Palliative Care
Authors: Altilio Terry , Seaman Jennifer
Published: March 2024

Palliative care has evolved into a specialty grounded in the concept of engaging with patients, from the time of diagnosis of serious illness and regardless of their place on the health-illness continuum, as whole people, interconnected with their families, caregivers, and communities. As the practice disciplines of modern hospice and palliative care emerged and evolved across the past 50 years, so too has the terminology used to describe what is now referred to as the specialty of palliative care. In addition to the terminology used in the world of professionals and the public, palliative care clinicians have integrated terms and descriptors that are part of the parlance of the specialty. Just as palliative care addresses all dimensions of a person’s life, it requires a team of diverse clinicians, each an expert in their domain, to provide comprehensive, coordinated, whole-person care. Because this specialty brings together professionals from varied educational backgrounds and care settings to work together under one tent—and because their population can include patients of any age, and with virtually any serious illness, there are naturally differences of opinion about the terms used and how practitioners understand them. This chapter explores the macro, meso, and micro landscapes of palliative care: its origin story, common definitions, linguistic controversies, and U.S. versus international perspectives; the language of teams, teamwork, and team terminology; and the ground-level terminology adopted by the specialty to define practitioners and practice, with the goal of setting a course for future work.
Hospice
Authors: Reese Dona J. , Bolton Amy Ruth
Published: March 2024

Palliative care is a holistic care model that originated with the hospice movement in England. Hospice care developed into an insurance benefit in the United States that focused on quality of life for people nearing end of life, delivered by an interprofessional team. This chapter reviews the history of palliative care, describing the origins of the interprofessional team, the development of hospice as the origin of interprofessional palliative care, the unique role of each interprofessional member of a hospice team, and benefits and challenges of interprofessional collaboration specific to the hospice setting. Barriers to full utilization of all disciplines are described, as well as best practices for successful interprofessional collaboration.
Looking Forward in Interprofessional Palliative Care
Authors: Wallace Cara L. , Saks Naomi Tzril , Donesky DorAnne , Milic Michelle M.
Published: March 2024

Though palliative care is considered an interprofessional approach, in application it is often taught in silos with little opportunity for clinicians to develop interprofessional competencies and skills. This chapter provides a road map for intentionally interprofessional palliative care, encompassing all levels of the field (i.e., education, practice, policy, research, national organizations, etc.), with particular emphasis on the roles of advocacy, diversity and inclusion, and research implementation. Intentionally interprofessional palliative care has the potential to address some of the most concerning issues currently facing the field, while transforming the provision of care for patients and caregivers, including sustainability for all who devote themselves to the fierce and loving accompaniment of the seriously ill and dying.
The Respiratory System
Authors: Leach Richard
Published: March 2024

Summary

This chapter reviews lung anatomy, including alveolar microanatomy, pulmonary mechanics, control of breathing, gas exchange, pulmonary circulation, and, although not directly related to the respiratory system, the transport of oxygen to the tissues. It examines lung ventilation–perfusion and heart–lung interactions, the impact of low atmospheric pressure and respiratory disease on these relationships. Finally, it briefly acknowledges the many other respiratory system functions, including chemical and drug clearance from the systemic circulation, breakdown of microthrombi, hormone activation (e.g. conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II), speech generation, and immune protection. The chapter is divided into the following sections: Introduction, Gross Anatomy of the Lungs and Respiratory Tract, Pulmonary Mechanics, Alveolar Microstructure and Micromechanics, Gas Exchange and Control of Breathing, Pulmonary Circulation, Oxygen Delivery, Heart–Lung Interactions, and Other Lung Functions.