bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Strategy for a Sustainable Local Government: Are Participatory Governments More Efficient, Effective, and Equitable in the Budget Process?
Authors: Oh Youngmin , Jeong Seong-ho , Shin Heontae
Published: September 2019

Citizen participation in budget processes is an attractive governance strategy for creating sustainable local finance. In participatory governance, citizens are engaged in the governmental policy decision-making process for sustainable communities. Despite the importance of a participatory government, its instrumental benefits are uncertain and remain unexamined at the local level. No one has offered any extensive evidence based on large-N data to ascertain such benefits. This article fills this gap in the literature by testing the impacts of participatory budgeting on local financial outcomes. The results show that participatory governments are financially more effective and equitable without sacrificing efficiency. Advancing a more institutional perspective, this article explains the identified effects of participation mechanisms in the budget process on different local financial outcomes.
Seasonal Soybean Price Transmission between the U.S. and Brazil Using the Seasonal Regime-Dependent Vector Error Correction Model
Authors: Soon Byung Min , Whistance Jarrett
Published: September 2019

Soybean production and trade in the U.S. and Brazil are seasonal. Our research question is whether the seasonal tendencies cause the price relationship between U.S. and Brazilian soybean prices. Therefore, the objective is to test for seasonality in the price transmission between the U.S. and Brazil soybean prices using the seasonal regime-dependent vector error correction model (VECM). Our results show that the speed of the adjustment for the U.S. soybean price in the first half of the year is greater than the speed of the adjustment for the Brazilian soybean price. However, the pattern of their responses becomes the reverse in the second half of the year. The component share calculated by the result of the VECM with seasonal effects indicates that the U.S. dominates the world soybean market during the second half of the year while Brazil is dominant in the soybean market in the first half of the year. These results give us an important finding that we could not find using the VECM without seasonal effects. Finally, our results imply that the seasonal pattern of production in the U.S. and Brazil could cause the sustainability of the supply chain in the world soybean market.
The Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Logistics Enterprises in the Yangtze River Delta
Authors: He Meiling , Zeng Lei , Wu Xiaohui , Luo Jianqiang
Published: September 2019

With the deepening of economic globalization, the global freight volume has been constantly on the rise; and urban logistics space is gradually changing as well. Reorganization of urban logistics space is closely related to sustainable development. It has great influence on rational distribution of social resources, improvement of urban ecological environment, and balance of urban economic structure. This paper takes A-level logistics enterprises in the Yangtze River Delta as the object of study, aiming at revealing the spatial and temporal evolution of A-level logistics enterprises in Shanghai and Yangtze River Delta in 2005–2015 from the metropolitan and regional levels, respectively, and at providing reference for the rational planning of logistics space. The analysis result shows that the logistics sprawl occurs in various degrees in Shanghai and the Yangtze River Delta, and in the process of logistics enterprises moving from urban centers to the suburbs, the characteristics of logistics enterprises cluster keep emerging and gradually form a specific status. Then, we analyze the reasons underlying the formation of the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of logistics enterprises in light of relevant policies, geography and the sustainable development of economy, thus providing relevant suggestions for the government and logistics enterprises.
Investigating Dominant Trip Distance for Intercity Passenger Transport Mode Using Large-Scale Location-Based Service Data
Authors: Xiang Yun , Xu Chengcheng , Yu Weijie , Wang Shuyi , Hua Xuedong , Wang Wei
Published: September 2019

Intercity transport systems have been plagued by low efficiency and overutilization for a long time, due to unhealthy competition among multi-transport modes. Hence, this study aims to estimate the dominant trip distance of intercity passenger transport modes to optimize the allocation of intercity passenger transport resources and improve the efficiency of intercity transport systems. Dominant trip distance was classified into two types: Absolute dominant trip distance and relative dominant trip distance; and their respective models were developed using passenger transport mode share functions and fitting curves. Particularly, the big data of intercity passenger transport mode share rate of more than 360 cities in China was obtained using a network crawler and each passenger transport mode share function and their curves were proposed. Furthermore, the dominant trip distances estimation models of intercity passenger transport were developed and solved. The results show that there are significant differences in dominant trip distance between the transport modes. For example, the absolute and relative dominant trip distances of highway are 8–119 km and 8–463 km, respectively, while those of airway are 1594–3000 km and 2477–3000 km, respectively.
The Self-Organizing City and the Architecture of Metabolism: An Architectural Critique on Urban Growth and Reorganization
Authors: Eken Cemaliye , Alpar Atun Resmiye
Published: September 2019

Over decades, cities have undergone rapid urbanization and uncontrolled urban growth. The need for future cities to operate as adaptable complex systems has generated an interest in the self-organizing resilient city. The main aim of the study is to find ways of conceptualizing self-organizing the resilient city as an emerging field of research for urban design and architectural theory. Based on these assumptions, an integrated relationship between architecture and urban design are seen as potential catalysts for absorbing the uncertainty and disturbances of urban growth and preparing the structure, function, and identity of a city as a self-organizing system that can continuously and freely adapt to changes. The paper seeks to determine the role of architecture in urban design as a main key for facilitating a self-organizing system. A systematic theoretical research method was used to describe resilience theory and self-organizing systems within an adaptive cycle and hierarchical thinking across scales. The study then sought to identify the earliest point that architectural theory conceptualized future cities from the perspective of self-organizing systems. The Metabolism movement was chosen to provide a basis for the discussion of the study. Cities as self-organizing systems need to be considered through cross-scale interactions. For a self-organizing resilient city, the inter-reliance between architecture and urban design drive the main inputs to the system.
Assessing the Effects of Restoration Measures on Water Quality in a Large Shallow Reservoir
Authors: Gao Xueping , Zhang Shiyao , Sun Bowen , Li Na , Liu Yongpeng , Wang Yan
Published: September 2019

Large shallow reservoirs control flooding, supply water, and protect the ecological environment, which are vital functions for societal development. As the largest artificial plain reservoir in China, Suyahu Reservoir is suffering from significant sedimentation and water quality deterioration in recent years. A three-dimensional (3-D) hydrodynamic and water quality model was developed based on the Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC). The model was applied to seven scenarios for evaluating the response of in-reservoir hydrodynamics and water quality to the restoration measures, including expansion and sediment dredging project, external load reduction, and inflow regulation. The results show that: (1) the expansion and sediment dredging project has no notable improvement on the water quality of the reservoir; (2) the external load reduction can significantly improve the water quality of the reservoir; and (3) the optimal inflow condition occurred when the flows of Ru River’s two inlets were evenly distributed, and the hydrodynamics and water quality were best improved. Moreover, the increasing water exchange rate could not cause the same water quality improvement, showing that it may be unreliable to evaluate the effects of restoration measures using a single indicator. This study can provide useful information for developing and implementing effective restoration measures in large shallow reservoirs.
Evaluating Agricultural Sustainability Based on the Water–Energy–Food Nexus in the Chenmengquan Irrigation District of China
Authors: Liu Chang , Zhang Zhanyu , Liu Shuya , Liu Qiaoyuan , Feng Baoping , Tanzer Julia
Published: September 2019

Agriculture is one of the largest consumers of water and energy. This paper evaluated the agricultural sustainability of the Chenmengquan irrigation district of China based on the water–energy–food nexus. One objective weighting method and one subjective weighting method were integrated, based on game theory, and a matter–element model was constructed to evaluate agricultural sustainability for the research region. The sensitivity of each index to the evaluation class was also analyzed. The results showed that agricultural sustainability was moderate in 2006–2012 and high in 2012–2015. The indexes, which represent water-use efficiency and yield per unit area of crops, had higher sensitivities in the context of the present case study. The results also indicated that agricultural sustainability had a comparatively positive trend between 2012 and 2015, and that pesticide utilization was the most important issue for agricultural sustainability. The approach of using the combination of a weighting method, based upon game theory, and the use of the matter–element model provides a guide for the evaluation of agricultural sustainability.
A Study on Emissions from Drayage Trucks in the Port City-Focusing on the Port of Incheon
Authors: Lee Hyangsook , Pham Hoang Thai , Kim Chihoon , Lee Kangdae
Published: September 2019

As a result of growing international trade, port-related emission is a spreading issue for urban areas located near ports, especially, hub port cities where population density is concentrated. The awareness of rapidly increasing drayage trucks moving cargo between the port and its hinterland has motivated the necessity of a detailed look at negative environmental impacts of these truck fleets on the achievement of sustainability goals. This study analyzes emission inventory from trucking activities around the Port of Incheon (POI), especially focusing on major air pollutants, and suggests ideas to support establishing new policies in port area. Data on the number of truck, the year of production, the type of fuel, etc. during 2018 were collected from Incheon Port Security and Korea Transport Safety Authority. A bottom-up methodology is applied based on guideline from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). As results, the major role of drayage truck fleets to local air pollution was highlighted with the high contribution of CO and NOx emissions. Hence, this study suggested the establishment of Emission Control Area (ECA) and Affected Zone on the landside as well as implementing Integrated Information System and Truck Appointment System to reduce congestion at gate, limit the number of emissions and minimize negative impacts to local community.
Comparative Evaluation of Algorithms for Spatial Interpolation of Atmospheric State Parameters Based on a Dynamic Stochastic Model Taking into Account the Vertical Variation of a Meteorological Field
Authors: Popov Yuriy , Lavrinenko Andrey , Krasnenko Nikolay , Popova Avgustina , Popova Kseniya , Shelupanov Alexander
Published: September 2019

The paper presents a comparative analysis of two algorithms for the spatial interpolation of meteorological fields. Both algorithms are based on a four-dimensional low-order parametric dynamic stochastic model, taking into account the vertical variation of a meteorological field. The algorithms are characterized by different representations of the forecast model in state and observation space equations for the Kalman filter. The authors studied the accuracy of the spatial interpolation of temperature and wind fields for the developed algorithms. The results of the study are presented in this paper. Numerical simulation was conducted using long-term upper-air observations obtained for a typical mesometeorological range. The results of the study demonstrate that the accuracy of interpolation for the two considered algorithms is comparable.
Detection and Localization of Interference and Useful Signal Extreme Points in Closely Coupled Multiconductor Transmission Line Networks
Authors: Gazizov Ruslan R. , Gazizov Timur T. , Gazizov Talgat R.
Published: September 2019

This study highlights the importance of detecting and localizing useful and interference signal extreme points in multiconductor transmission lines (MCTL) by developing a new approach for detecting and localizing signal extreme points in MCTL networks of arbitrary complexity. A radio-electronic component is presented as a network consisting of a number of connected MCTL sections. Each MCTL section is divided into segments and the number of segments is set by the user. The approach is based on a quasi-static calculation of signal waveforms at any point (segment) along each conductor of an MCTL. The block diagrams of the developed algorithms are presented. Using the approach, a number of investigations have been done which include the following: the signal maximum detection and localization in the meander lines with one and two turns, the influence of ultrashort pulse duration on localization of its extreme points in the printed circuit board (PCB) bus of a spacecraft autonomous navigation system, the influence of ultrashort pulse duration on localization of crosstalk extreme points in the PCB bus, and the simulation of electrostatic discharge effects on the PCB bus. There are also some investigations with optimization methods presented. A genetic algorithm (GA) was used to optimize the influence of ultrashort pulse duration on localization of the pulse and crosstalk extreme points in the PCB bus. Furthermore, the GA was used to optimize the PCB bus loads by criteria of the peak voltage minimization. A similar investigation was carried out with the evolution strategy. The obtained results help us to argue that the signal extreme points can be detected both in structures with different configurations and applying different excitations.
Function of crzA in Fungal Development and Aflatoxin Production in Aspergillus flavus
Authors: Lim Su-Yeon , Son Ye-Eun , Lee Dong-Hyun , Eom Tae-Jin , Kim Min-Ju , Park Hee-Soo
Published: September 2019

The calcineurin pathway is an important signaling cascade for growth, sexual development, stress response, and pathogenicity in fungi. In this study, we investigated the function of CrzA, a key transcription factor of the calcineurin pathway, in an aflatoxin-producing fungus Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). To examine the role of the crzA gene, crzA deletion mutant strains in A. flavus were constructed and their phenotypes, including fungal growth, spore formation, and sclerotial formation, were examined. Absence of crzA results in decreased colony growth, the number of conidia, and sclerocia production. The crzA-deficient mutant strains were more susceptible to osmotic pressure and cell wall stress than control or complemented strains. Moreover, deletion of crzA results in a reduction in aflatoxin production. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CrzA is important for differentiation and mycotoxin production in A. flavus.
Dynamics of Electromagnetic Fields and Structure of Regular Rotating Electrically Charged Black Holes and Solitons in Nonlinear Electrodynamics Minimally Coupled to Gravity
Authors: Dymnikova Irina , Galaktionov Evgeny
Published: September 2019

We study the dynamics of electromagnetic fields of regular rotating electrically charged black holes and solitons replacing naked singularities in nonlinear electrodynamics minimally coupled to gravity (NED-GR). They are related by electromagnetic and gravitational interactions and described by the axially symmetric NED-GR solutions asymptotically Kerr-Newman for a distant observer. Geometry is described by the metrics of the Kerr-Schild class specified by T t t = T r r ( p r = − ρ ) in the co-rotating frame. All regular axially symmetric solutions obtained from spherical solutions with the Newman-Janis algorithm belong to this class. The basic generic feature of all regular objects of this class, both electrically charged and electrically neutral, is the existence of two kinds of de Sitter vacuum interiors. We analyze the regular solutions to dynamical equations for electromagnetic fields and show which kind of a regular interior is favored by electromagnetic dynamics for NED-GR objects.
Epidemiology of Deltacoronaviruses (δ-CoV) and Gammacoronaviruses (γ-CoV) in Wild Birds in the United States
Authors: Paim Francine C. , Bowman Andrew S. , Miller Lauren , Feehan Brandi J. , Marthaler Douglas , Saif Linda J. , Vlasova Anastasia N.
Published: September 2019

Porcine deltacoronavirus (δ-CoV) is the object of extensive research in several countries including the United States. In contrast, the epidemiology of δ-CoVs in wild birds in the US is largely unknown. Our aim was to comparatively assess the prevalence of δ- and γ-CoVs in wild migratory terrestrial and aquatic birds in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee and Wisconsin. A total of 1236 cloacal/fecal swabs collected during the period 2015–2018 were tested for γ- and δ-CoVs using genus-specific reverse transcription-PCR assays. A total of 61 (4.99%) samples were γ-CoV positive, with up to 29 positive samples per state. In contrast, only 14 samples were positive for δ-CoV (1.14%) with only 1–4 originating from the same state. Thus, unlike previous reports from Asia, γ-CoVs are more prevalent than δ-CoVs in the US, suggesting that δ-CoVs may spread in birds with lower efficiency. This may indicate δ-CoV emerging status and incomplete adaptation to new host species limiting its spread. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial N gene revealed that the newly identified δ-CoV strains were most closely related to the HKU20 (wigeon) strain. Further studies are necessary to investigate the role of aquatic bird δ-CoVs in the epidemiology of δ-CoVs in swine and terrestrial birds.
A Quest of Great Importance-Developing a Broad Spectrum Escherichia coli Phage Collection
Authors: Kaczorowska Joanna , Casey Eoghan , Neve Horst , Franz Charles M.A.P. , Noben Jean-Paul , Lugli Gabriele A. , Ventura Marco , Sinderen Douwe van , Mahony Jennifer
Published: September 2019

Shigella ssp. and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli are the most common etiological agents of diarrheal diseases in malnourished children under five years of age in developing countries. The ever-growing issue of antibiotic resistance and the potential negative impact of antibiotic use on infant commensal microbiota are significant challenges to current therapeutic approaches. Bacteriophages (or phages) represent an alternative treatment that can be used to treat specific bacterial infections. In the present study, we screened water samples from both environmental and industrial sources for phages capable of infecting E. coli laboratory strains within our collection. Nineteen phages were isolatedand tested for their ability to infect strains within the ECOR collection and E. coli O157:H7 Δstx. Furthermore, since coliphages have been reported to cross-infect certain Shigella spp., we also evaluated the ability of the nineteen phages to infect a representative Shigella sonnei strain from our collection. Based on having distinct (although overlapping in some cases) host ranges, ten phage isolates were selected for genome sequence and morphological characterization. Together, these ten selected phages were shown to infect most of the ECOR library, with 61 of the 72 strains infected by at least one phage from our collection. Genome analysis of the ten phages allowed classification into five previously described genetic subgroups plus one previously underrepresented subgroup.
A New High-Throughput Tool to Screen Mosquito-Borne Viruses in Zika Virus Endemic/Epidemic Areas
Authors: Moutailler Sara , Yousfi Lena , Mousson Laurence , Devillers Elodie , Vazeille Marie , Vega-Rúa Anubis , Perrin Yvon , Jourdain Frédéric , Chandre Fabrice , Cannet Arnaud , Chantilly Sandrine , Restrepo Johana , Guidez Amandine , Dusfour Isabelle , Vieira Santos de Abreu Filipe , Pereira dos Santos Taissa , Jiolle Davy , Visser Tessa M. , Koenraadt Constantianus J. M. , Wongsokarijo Merril , Diallo Mawlouth , Diallo Diawo , Gaye Alioune , Boyer Sébastien , Duong Veasna , Piorkowski Géraldine , Paupy Christophe , Lourenco de Oliveira Ricardo , de Lamballerie Xavier , Failloux Anna-Bella
Published: September 2019

Mosquitoes are vectors of arboviruses affecting animal and human health. Arboviruses circulate primarily within an enzootic cycle and recurrent spillovers contribute to the emergence of human-adapted viruses able to initiate an urban cycle involving anthropophilic mosquitoes. The increasing volume of travel and trade offers multiple opportunities for arbovirus introduction in new regions. This scenario has been exemplified recently with the Zika pandemic. To incriminate a mosquito as vector of a pathogen, several criteria are required such as the detection of natural infections in mosquitoes. In this study, we used a high-throughput chip based on the BioMark™ Dynamic arrays system capable of detecting 64 arboviruses in a single experiment. A total of 17,958 mosquitoes collected in Zika-endemic/epidemic countries (Brazil, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Suriname, Senegal, and Cambodia) were analyzed. Here we show that this new tool can detect endemic and epidemic viruses in different mosquito species in an epidemic context. Thus, this fast and low-cost method can be suggested as a novel epidemiological surveillance tool to identify circulating arboviruses.
Mucosal Immune Response to Feline Enteric Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Pearson Morgan , LaVoy Alora , Evans Samantha , Vilander Allison , Webb Craig , Graham Barbara , Musselman Esther , LeCureux Jonathan , VandeWoude Sue , Dean Gregg A.
Published: September 2019

Feline infectious peritonitis is a devastating, fatal disease of domestic cats caused by a pathogenic mutant virus derived from the ubiquitous feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Infection by FECV is generally subclinical, and little is known about the mucosal immune response that controls and eliminates the virus. We investigated the mucosal immune response against FECV in an endemically infected breeding colony over a seven-month period. Thirty-three cats were grouped according to FECV seropositivity and fecal virus shedding into naïve/immunologically quiescent, convalescent and actively infected groups. Blood, fecal samples and colon biopsies were collected to assess the mucosal and systemic immunologic and virologic profile. Results showed that cats with active FECV infections have strong systemic IgG and mucosal IgA responses that wane after virus clearance. Significant FECV-specific mucosal T cell IFNγ responses were not detected in any of the three groups. A shift toward an inflammatory state in the mucosa was suggested by increased IL17:FoxP3 expression. However, no histologic abnormalities were observed, and no shifts in lymphocyte subpopulation phenotype or proliferation were noted. Together, the results suggest that control of FECV is mediated by humoral mucosal and systemic responses and that perturbations in the primary reservoir organ (colon) are minimal.
Establishing Preferred Product Characterization for the Evaluation of RNA Vaccine Antigens
Authors: Poveda Cristina , Biter Amadeo B. , Bottazzi Maria Elena , Strych Ulrich
Published: September 2019

The preferred product characteristics (for chemistry, control, and manufacture), in addition to safety and efficacy, are quintessential requirements for any successful therapeutic. Messenger RNA vaccines constitute a relatively new alternative to traditional vaccine development platforms, and thus there is less clarity regarding the criteria needed to ensure regulatory compliance and acceptance. Generally, to identify the ideal product characteristics, a series of assays needs to be developed, qualified and ultimately validated to determine the integrity, purity, stability, and reproducibility of a vaccine target. Here, using the available literature, we provide a summary of the array of biophysical and biochemical assays currently used in the field to characterize mRNA vaccine antigen candidates. Moreover, we review various in vitro functional cell-based assays that have been employed to facilitate the early assessment of the biological activity of these molecules, including the predictive immune response triggered in the host cell. Messenger RNA vaccines can be produced rapidly and at large scale, and thus will particularly benefit from well-defined and well-characterized assays ultimately to be used for in-process, release and stability-indications, which will allow equally rapid screening of immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety without the need to conduct often lengthy and costly in vivo experiments.
Regulation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS) in Drinking Water: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Pontius Frederick
Published: September 2019

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) are receiving global attention due to their persistence in the environment through wastewater effluent discharges and past improper industrial waste disposal. They are resistant to biological degradation and if present in wastewater are discharged into the environment. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) issued drinking water Health Advisories for PFOA and PFOS at 70 ng/L each and for the sum of the two. The need for an enforceable primary drinking water regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is currently being assessed. The USEPA faces stringent legal constraints and technical barriers to develop a primary drinking water regulation for PFOA and PFOS. This review synthesizes current knowledge providing a publicly available, comprehensive point of reference for researchers, water utilities, industry, and regulatory agencies to better understand and address cross-cutting issues associated with regulation of PFOA and PFOS contamination of drinking water.
Understanding Groundwater Mineralization Changes of a Belgian Chalky Aquifer in the Presence of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Degradation Reactions
Authors: Boudjana Youcef , Brouyère Serge , Jamin Pierre , Orban Philippe , Gasparella Davide , Dassargues Alain
Published: September 2019

An abandoned industrial site in Belgium, located in the catchment of a chalk aquifer mainly used for drinking water, has been investigated for groundwater pollution due to a mixture of chlorinated solvents with mainly 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) at high concentrations. The observed elevated groundwater mineralization was partly explained by chemical reactions associated with hydrolysis and dehydrohalogenation (HY/DH) of 1,1,1-TCA in the chalky aquifer. Leaching of soluble compounds from a backfilled layer located in the site could also have influenced the groundwater composition. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate the hydrochemical processes controlling groundwater mineralization through a characterization of the backfill and groundwater chemical composition. This is essential in the context of required site remediation to define appropriate remediation measures to soil and groundwater. Groundwater samples were collected for chemical analyses of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, major ions, and several minor ones. X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and a leaching test according to CEN/TS 14405 norm were carried out on the backfill soil. δ34S and δ18O of sulphate in groundwater and in the backfill eluates were also compared. Both effects influencing the groundwater hydrochemistry around the site were clarified. First, calcite dissolution under the 1,1,1-TCA degradation reactions results in a water mineralization increase. It was assessed by geochemical batch simulations based on observed data. Second, sulphate and calcium released from the backfill have reached the groundwater. The leaching test provided an estimation of the minimal released quantities.
Transboundary Hydro-Governance: From Conflict to Shared Management: Book Review. Written by Jacques Ganoulis and Jean Fried. Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2018, 222 pages. ISBN 978-3-319-78624-7; eBook ISBN 978-3-319-78625-4
Authors: Simonovic Slobodan
Published: September 2019

This book came as a support of the UNESCO International Hydrological Programme (IHP) activities on the International Shared Aquifer Resources Management (ISARM) project launched in the year 2000, with the goal of developing wise practices and guidance tools for the shared management of groundwater resources and to contribute to the multifaceted efforts required for global water cooperation [...]
A Hybrid Computational Intelligence Approach to Groundwater Spring Potential Mapping
Authors: Tien Bui Dieu , Shirzadi Ataollah , Chapi Kamran , Shahabi Himan , Pradhan Biswajeet , Pham Binh , Singh Vijay , Chen Wei , Khosravi Khabat , Bin Ahmad Baharin , Lee Saro
Published: September 2019

This study proposes a hybrid computational intelligence model that is a combination of alternating decision tree (ADTree) classifier and AdaBoost (AB) ensemble, namely “AB–ADTree”, for groundwater spring potential mapping (GSPM) at the Chilgazi watershed in the Kurdistan province, Iran. Although ADTree and its ensembles have been widely used for environmental and ecological modeling, they have rarely been applied to GSPM. To that end, a groundwater spring inventory map and thirteen conditioning factors tested by the chi-square attribute evaluation (CSAE) technique were used to generate training and testing datasets for constructing and validating the proposed model. The performance of the proposed model was evaluated using statistical-index-based measures, such as positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), sensitivity, specificity accuracy, root mean square error (RMSE), and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUROC). The proposed hybrid model was also compared with five state-of-the-art benchmark soft computing models, including single ADTree, support vector machine (SVM), stochastic gradient descent (SGD), logistic model tree (LMT), logistic regression (LR), and random forest (RF). Results indicate that the proposed hybrid model significantly improved the predictive capability of the ADTree-based classifier (AUROC = 0.789). In addition, it was found that the hybrid model, AB–ADTree, (AUROC = 0.815), had the highest goodness-of-fit and prediction accuracy, followed by the LMT (AUROC = 0.803), RF (AUC = 0.803), SGD, and SVM (AUROC = 0.790) models. Indeed, this model is a powerful and robust technique for mapping of groundwater spring potential in the study area. Therefore, the proposed model is a promising tool to help planners, decision makers, managers, and governments in the management and planning of groundwater resources.
Potential of Documentary Evidence to Study Fatalities of Hydrological and Meteorological Events in the Czech Republic
Authors: Brázdil Rudolf , Chromá Kateřina , Řehoř Jan , Zahradníček Pavel , Dolák Lukáš , Řezníčková Ladislava , Dobrovolný Petr
Published: September 2019

This paper presents the potential of documentary evidence for enhancing the study of fatalities taking place in the course of hydrological and meteorological events (HMEs). Chronicles, “books of memory”, weather diaries, newspapers (media), parliamentary proposals, epigraphic evidence, systematic meteorological/hydrological observations, and professional papers provide a broad base for gathering such information in the Czech Republic, especially since 1901. The spatiotemporal variability of 269 fatalities in the Czech Republic arising out of 103 HMEs (flood, flash flood, windstorm, convective storm, lightning, frost, snow/glaze-ice calamity, heat, and other events) in the 1981–2018 period is presented, with particular attention to closer characterisation of fatalities (gender, age, cause of death, place, type of death, and behaviour). Examples of three outstanding events with the highest numbers of fatalities (severe frosts in the extremely cold winter of 1928/1929, a flash flood on 9 June 1970, and a rain flood in July 1997) are described in detail. Discussion of results includes the problem of data uncertainty, factors influencing the numbers of fatalities, and the broader context. Since floods are responsible for the highest proportion of HME-related deaths, places with fatalities are located mainly around rivers and drowning appears as the main cause of death. In the further classification of fatalities, males and adults clearly prevail, while indirect victims and hazardous behaviour are strongly represented.
Les résultats du Salon des Arts ménagers 1960
Authors: Bréas Jean
Published: September 2019

Troisième enquête réalisée auprès des exposants du Salon des Arts Ménagers ; les précédentes avaient eu lieu en 1958 et 1959. Le Salon 1960 a été meilleur que celui de l'an dernier qui avait été, il est vrai, le plus mauvais de ces dernières années. Le nombre d'entrées au Salon a été cette année supérieur de 8,5 % à celui de 1959 et a même légèrement dépassé le nombre d'entrées de 1958.

En plus des questions habituelles, les exposants ont été interrogés cette année sur l'activité de leur entreprise en dehors du Salon ces derniers mois. II apparaît que la demande dans les branches industrielles considérées a été relativement satisfaisante, sans être très substantielle.
Les intentions d'achats des ménages d'après une enquête réalisée en février 1960
Authors: Coste Hubert
Published: September 2019

Cette enquête est la quatrième d'une série d'enquêtes par sondage effectuées par l'I.N.S.E.E. dans le cadre de ses études de conjonctures. Elle a été effectuée fin février auprès d'un échantillon de 6.000 ménages représentatifs de la population française.

Les principaux résultats portent sur les achats récents et les intentions d'achats en automobiles, appareils électro- ménagers, vêtements et chaussures par les ménages, et sur quelques points d'ordre financier.

En ce qui concerne l'automobile, les livraisons (ou immatriculations) de voitures neuves sur le marché intérieur attendues entre mars et le début des grandes vacances 1960 seraient en forte hausse (de l'ordre de 25 %) sur celles annoncées l'an dernier pour la période correspondante de 1959.

Pour les appareils électro- ménagers, les achats du premier semestre 1960 devraient être en hausse sur ceux du premier semestre 1959, l'attitude des consommateurs étant, en effet, beaucoup plus favorable à l'achat que l'an dernier. On s'attend également à un résultat analogue, mais moins sensible, pour les achats de vêtements et chaussures.

D'autre part, d'après les questions financières, l'amélioration de la confiance dans les prix, qui s'était manifestée à travers les résultats de la précédente enquête est confirmée. Aussi, les ménages, dont la situation financière s'était dans l'ensemble récemment quelque peu dégradée, s'attendent-ils à une amélioration prochaine de ladite situation.
Les répercussions de la récession de 1958 sur les économies australienne et néo-zélandaise
Authors: Gayet Hélène
Published: September 2019

La récession de 1958 a eu des conséquences déflationnistes dans l'immédiat seulement en Australie. En Nouvelle-Zélande, au contraire, la pression inflationniste, déjà latente en raison de la conjoncture interne, s'est accentuée avec la crise.

Dans l'ensemble, on peut considérer que ces pays ont été relativement peu affectés grâce à leur prospérité et au crédit dont ils jouissent à l'étranger. La dernière récession et la conjoncture actuelle font cependant ressortir le caractère « dépendant » de ces pays qui, à l'instar des pays insuffisamment développés, tirent leurs principales ressources de l'exportation de produits primaires agricoles.
Les investissements dans les entreprises industrielles privées. Réalisations en 1960 et prévisions pour 1961
Authors: Gervaiseau Pierre , Coste Hubert
Published: September 2019

Cette enquête a été réalisée par correspondance en février-mars 1961 auprès de 2.000 chefs d'entreprises industrielles. Les investissements des secteurs couverts par l'enquête représentent plus des deux tiers du total des investissements de l'industrie publique et privée, et environ 25 % du total des investissements réalisés en France par l'ensemble des entreprises, des ménages et des administrations. Les principaux résultats concernent les investissements réalisés en 1960 et ceux prévus pour 1961. Des indications sont également fournies sur la nature, le mode de financement et les buts de ces investissements.

A partir des déclarations des chefs d'entreprises, les résultats une fois « redressés » (c'est-à-dire convenablement « pondérés ») peuvent se résumer de la façon suivante :

Les investissements des entreprises privées (secteur pétrole exclu) qui en volume avait baissé de 5 % en 1959 par rapport à 1958, ont augmenté de 11 % en 1960 par rapport à 1959. L'accrois- sèment des investissements a été en 1960 plus important pour les grosses entreprises que pour les petites. Les investissements en volume des différents secteurs ont d'autant plus augmenté en 1960 qu'ils avaient davantage baissé en 1959 et réciproquement. Toutefois, ce phénomène de compensation ne s'est pas produit dans la métallurgie, le verre et la chimie, le volume des investissements de ces secteurs n'ayant pas cessé de progresser entre 1958 et 1960. Au total, l'accroissement des capacités de production de l'industrie privée au cours de l'année 1960 a été de l'ordre de 10 %.

Les investissements prévus (secteur pétrole exclu) pour 1961 [seraient en volume en hausse de 12 % environ sur ceux de 1960. Cette hausse serait, comme en 1960, plus forte pour les grosses entreprises que pour les petites, et se produirait surtout dans les industries de la métallurgie, du verre, de la chimie, ainsi que dans le papier-carton. Un peu plus des deux tiers de ces investissements s'effectueraient sous forme d'acquisitions de matériel et d'outillage. Le financement serait assuré pour 70 % par des ressources propres à l'entreprise (autofinancement), le reste étant principalement financé par du crédit bancaire. L'étude met enfin en lumière la diversité des résultats obtenus suivant la taille de l'entreprise, le secteur d'activité, et également suivant que les investissements prévus présentent un caractère certain ou conditionnel.
Évolution et rôle des finances publiques en Allemagne occidentale
Authors: Simon C.
Published: September 2019

La situation des finances publiques d'un pays est en règle générale, un reflet de sa situation économique générale : la prospérité de l'Allemagne occidentale est donc en contradiction avec les déclarations, fréquemment pessimistes, sur l'évolution des budgets et plus spécialement du budget fédéral. L'objet de la présente étude est de montrer, dans une première partie, comment l'état réel est masqué par certaines apparences, principalement par la structure triangulaire — pour l'essentiel du moins — des finances publiques, qui se répartissent entre le Bund, les Lander, échelon régional et autonome de l'administration, et enfin les communes : on pourra constater alors que l'équilibre global des budgets publics n'est nullement compromis, bien au contraire — la faiblesse des charges improductives en est la principale raison — mais qu'une réforme des structures s'impose de plus en plus : seule sa réalisation peut donner lieu à des difficultés dans la mesure où elle entamera l'autonomie régionale.

La seconde partie est réservée à l'examen du budget fédéral, qui couvre approximativement 50 % des dépenses publiques et qui exerce, par conséquent, un rôle dominant dans la politique financière. C'est par l'intermédiaire de ce budget que l'on peut apprécier au mieux les rapports qui s'établissent entre l'État et l'évolution économique la plus récente, au moyen de ce que l'on dénomme les interventions conjoncturelles. La ligne de conduite du gouvernement fera apparaître, ici aussi, quelques contradictions entre les intentions formulées en matière de lutte contre les excédents de la balance des payements et les résultats obtenus, malgré les moyens puissants à sa disposition. En effet l'action de l'État au cours des dernières années a finalement donné priorité aux investissements et à l'expansion extérieure, principalement commerciale ; la modicité de l'aide gratuite aux pays sous-développés en est la meilleure illustration.
Aspects départementaux de la population active vivant dans les exploitations agricoles mais ne travaillant pas en permanence sur celles-ci, en 1953-1956
Authors: Lenco Michel
Published: September 2019

L'exploitation du recensement agricole de 1955-1956 permet d'établir les chiffres de la population vivant dans les exploitations agricoles et met en évidence au sein de celle-ci des catégories de travailleurs dont l'activité agricole est diverse. On tente, ici, d'analyser ces catégories et, plus particulièrement, l'activité des travailleurs à temps partiel. L'étude de l'implantation géographique de ces travailleurs, de leur localisation dans des exploitations de différentes dimensions ou dans des familles d'agriculteurs d'effectifs différents permet, à la lumière de quelques hypothèses formulées sur le comportement de ces catégories au regard de la migration, sinon de conclure, du moins de préciser une approche possible au problème des migrations et quelques orientations pour la recherche.
Le tourisme et le thermalisme en France en 1960
Authors: Sauvy Suzanne
Published: September 2019

Augmentation des arrivées des étrangers, principalement de Scandinavie, pour l'ensemble de la France, mais diminution des touristes sur la Côte-d'Azur. Sensible augmentation du nombre des voyageurs par voies aériennes. Importance accrue du tourisme social.
La productivité nationale en France de 1949 à 1961
Authors: Vincent L-A.
Published: September 2019

De 1949 à 1961, c'est-à-dire en 12 ans, le taux d'expansion de l'économie française peut se chiffrer comme suit, en moyenne annuelle : 4,7 % pour la production intérieure brute (importations déduites), 5,0 % pour la production finale brute (importations non déduites). Mais la productivité globale des facteurs n'a progressé qu'au rythme moyen de 3,6 %. D'ailleurs, production et productivité évoluent très différemment suivant les branches. Ainsi, dans l'agriculture, la production finale s'est accrue au taux moyen de 3,8 % contre 5,4 % pour l'économie non agricole. En revanche, la productivité globale a progressé plus vite dans l'agriculture (taux de 4,2 %) que dans l'économie non agricole (taux de 3,4 %).

Si l'accroissement de la production agricole a été modéré, il faut en voir la cause essentielle dans la faible élasticité de la demande des produits alimentaires. Ce qui est nouveau, c'est des progrès de la productivité agricole. Ce fait, combiné au précédent, explique l'ampleur prise par les problèmes agricoles, depuis la montée des excédents de production jusqu'au rythme de l'exode agricole.
La comptabilité économique trimestrielle. — Premières recherches
Authors: Vacher Jacques , Dubois P.
Published: September 2019

Depuis plus de dix ans des comptes économiques annuels sont élaborés en France, avec des méthodes et selon des principes maintenant bien définis, bien que des perfectionnements soient apportés dans les cadres comptables ou dans les évaluations statistiques. Jusqu'à présent les comptes de la Nation ont porté exclusivement, en France, sur l'année civile.

Cette étude expose le résultat de recherches entreprises afin de trimestrialiser les comptes annuels. L'intérêt de la confection de comptes trimestriels (déjà élaborés, depuis de nombreuses années parfois, dans d'autres pays) est multiple ; ces comptes peuvent devenir un des principaux instruments pour l'étude de la conjoncture et la prévision à court terme, un test presque continu de la réalisation des budgets économiques annuels et des tranches annuelles du plan ; ils pourraient apporter plus de précision et de souplesse dans l'analyse économique en permettant aux statistiques à court terme de prendre place dans le cadre cohérent de la comptabilité économique et aux comptes de la Nation d'être élaborés pour des périodes autres que l'année civile.

Mais il ne s'agit là encore que d'objectifs ; il faut auparavant montrer que l'élaboration de tels comptes ne pose pas de problèmes théoriques insolubles, voir ce qu'ils auront de spécifique par rapport aux comptes annuels et surtout montrer qu'une telle entreprise peut être risquée malgré l'insuffisance de la matière première statistique.

Aussi sont présentés dans cette étude :

1° Des réflexions méthodologiques et théoriques qui montrent la possibilité théorique des comptes trimestriels et indiquent la méthode à suivre à cet effet. Toutefois il semble que les concepts de valeur ajoutée, de résultat d'exploitation, de produit et de revenu national se vident d'une partie de leur signification au rythme trimestriel ;

2° Les premiers résultats statistiques, relatifs aux comptes simplifiés de biens et services de 1956 à 1959. Les résultats sont la preuve qu'il est possible malgré les lacunes des statistiques à court terme, mais au prix de beaucoup de hardiesse, de construire les comptes trimestriels de biens et services du passé. Mais l'édifice construit est encore fragile et on ne peut l'utiliser qu'avec une grande prudence. La comptabilité trimestrielle française a encore toutes les caractéristiques d'un nouveau né. La croissance de celui-ci dépend, au premier chef, des progrès dans l'élaboration des statistiques à court terme.
Quelques aspects de l'attraction américaine sur l'économie canadienne
Authors: Gayet Hélène
Published: September 2019

La prépondérance de l'économie des États-Unis dans le monde occidental exerce une attraction particulièrement forte sur le Canada en raison de sa situation géographique et de nombreux traits communs. Les investissements, la balance des payements et les syndicats constituent des domaines profondément pénétrés d'influence américaine. Le ralentissement éprouvé par l'économie canadienne depuis quelques années a mis en relief le rôle des investissements étrangers au Canada et, par là même, remis en question la politique de libéralisme pratiquée jusqu'ici à leur égard.
Activité récente et perspectives des commerces de détail d'après une enquête effectuée début avril 1962 par l'I.N.S.E.E. auprès des commerçants
Authors: Bréas Jean
Published: September 2019

Dans les commerces de détail de produits non alimentaires le ralentissement des ventes amorcé au printemps 1961 s'est prolongé, malgré une reprise en fin d'année 1961, jusqu'au début de 1962, où l'activité s'est située à un niveau plutôt modeste. De décembre 1961 à avril 1962 les prévisions de prix de vente des commerçants se sont améliorées : le « climat » est devenu nettement moins inflationniste.

Les ventes de produits d'alimentation générale qui avaient légèrement baissé à l'automne 1961 ont repris en fin d'année et se sont maintenues au même niveau au début de 1962. Les prévisions de prix de vente se sont également améliorées.