bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Typology of Approaches to Lean Production
Authors: Vidal Matt
Published: June 2022

This chapter presents descriptive findings showing that while some factories fully adopted one or both of the dominant institutional logics (the full House of Lean and substantive worker empowerment), others adopted them partially, implementing the most basic elements but not the more advanced, difficult practices. The result is four different approaches to lean, which it is suggested are stable types: high-involvement lean, lean standardization, autonomous lean, and lean enough. After developing and presenting the typology of four lean regimes, the chapter presents an exemplar case of each type, along with some indication of their performance on key metrics.
Workplace Regimes: Valorization Logics and Organizational Logics
Authors: Vidal Matt
Published: June 2022

This chapter explains the variation in approaches to lean organization. It begins with a case study of a supplier development project at Metalfab Plus, which provides an overview of a highly sophisticated value-stream mapping process. This is used as a comparison point for the analysis that follows. Establishments are matched on key factors in order to highlight schema-driven (top-down) and aspiration-driven (bottom-up) cognitive processes. The case of Tubefab illustrates a schema-driven process in which a fordist logic of maximizing machine uptime influences the manager’s approach. The cases of LV Gaskets and Hydraulic Systems illustrate an aspiration-driven process in which managers claimed that adopting true continuous flow was a poor fit for their factory due to its complexity, and further that regular use of value-stream mapping and formal programs for continuous improvement are too difficult given how busy there were trying to satisfy existing customers.
Catalonia and the Spanish State
Authors: McRoberts Kenneth
Published: June 2022

Catalan nationalism has also been fostered by Catalonia’s relationship with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula, most notably with Castile, which ultimately established political dominance. The chapter explores Catalonia’s relations with its neighbours on the Iberian Peninsula, tracing how political power ultimately was centralized in the Spanish state despite the fact that Catalonia, along with the Basque Country, remained the Spanish economy’s centre of development and innovation. The chapter also shows how within the Spanish state there developed the ideal of a single Spain nation that ultimately, under the Franco regime, engendered a comprehensive effort, amounting to ‘cultural genocide’, to eliminate not just Catalan nationalism but the Catalan nation itself.
The Transition to Democracy
Authors: McRoberts Kenneth
Published: June 2022

Spain’s transition has been widely celebrated as one of the few instances worldwide of a successful transition from dictatorship to democracy. However, as a ruptura pactada, it did not represent a full break with the Franco dictatorship; members of the regime were closely involved in negotiating the terms of the transition. While Francoists had little choice but to acquiesce to democratic institutions, they were able to prevent any serious recognition of Spain’s plurinationality. Thus, the 1978 constitution papered over fundamental differences between Spain’s three historical nations and the rest of Spain. The resulting mismatch between Spain’s political institutions and its underlying plurinationality ultimately led to the Catalan crisis of recent years.
The Break-down of ‘Nation-Building without a State’
Authors: McRoberts Kenneth
Published: June 2022

With turn of the century it became apparent to many Catalans that the ‘nation-building without a state’ model, which had so closely guided the Pujol Generalitat, was no longer viable. It had no legitimacy within conservative Spanish nationalism, which had survived the transition to democracy and was championed, in particular, by the Partido Popular (PP). Once the PP secured majority government, in 2000, it actively sought to rein in the Generalitat’s nation-building activities. Moreover, the Constitutional Court’s 2010 judgment put an end to the effort to secure a new Statute of Autonomy that would resolve the ambiguities of the 1978 constitution. In addition, the 2008 economic crisis undermined the fiscal position of the Catalan Generalitat and facilitated centralization by the Spanish state. The abrupt dismissal by the Spanish prime minister of Catalonia’s proposal for a new ‘fiscal pact’ reinforced the conversion of much of the Catalan nationalist leadership to independence.
From ‘Right to Decide’ to ‘Independence’
Authors: McRoberts Kenneth
Published: June 2022

An important secessionist movement emerged during the last decade, despite the relative absence of secessionism in Catalonia’s past. This development can best be understood in terms of the failings of the transition from the Franco dictatorship. It cannot be fully explained as a manifestation of right-wing populism or as a direct result of the 2008 economic crisis. Nor can it be properly seen as the last stage in a deliberate drive to secession over the last few decades on the part of Catalonia’s established leadership. Rather, it stems from the break-down of Catalonia’s ‘nation-building without a state’ model.
Seeking Independence
Authors: McRoberts Kenneth
Published: June 2022

The 2017 attempt of the Catalan Generalitat to secure independence on a unilateral basis failed outright. A referendum gave overwhelming support to independence but attracted the participation of only a minority of Catalans and a subsequent declaration of independence revealed entrenched obstacles to securing independence on a unilateral basis. The subsequent events revealed even more fully the rigidity of the Spanish state and the depth of the real obstacles to Catalan independence, which are in large part external to Spain itself. Beyond the opposition of the Spanish state and mobilization of opposition within Catalonia itself, the fundamental obstacles to independence are external to Spain: resistance of international corporate elites and financial interests and rejection by officials and government heads of the European Union.
International Copyright and Neighbouring Rights
Authors: Ricketson Sam , Ginsburg Jane
Published: June 2022

This book details the history and development of the major international agreements affecting copyright and related rights. In particular, it examines the interpretation and application of the following conventions: the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 1886–1970; the Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonogram and Broadcasting Organizations 1961; the WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties 1996; and the TRIPS Agreement (so far as it affects copyright and related rights). Doctrinal analysis exposes gaps and ambiguities in the current text of the Berne Convention and considers the extent to which subsequent international instruments have resolved those questions. Issues concerning new technologies and digital networks thus receive in-depth treatment. The book also addresses questions of subject matter coverage, copyright ownership, duration, nature and scope of rights, and exceptions and limitations to copyright protection. Moreover, it considers private international law matters, looking at problems of international jurisdiction and choice of law.
Origins of the Berne Convention
Authors: Ricketson Sam , Ginsburg Jane C
Published: June 2022

This chapter discusses the origins of the Berne Convention. Although the network of bilateral copyright arrangements in force prior to 1886 was extensive, the protection which this offered to authors in countries other than their own was far from comprehensive or systematic. Apart from the early treaties with the German and Italian states, multilateral copyright agreements in the true sense took time to emerge. Of these, the Berne Convention was to be the first, and the most important. However, the need for a more uniform and broader-based kind of international protection had been recognized some time before this by authors and artists. The chapter deals with this development, and the different stages by which this early recognition was eventually transformed into the Berne Convention.
Authorship and Ownership (Articles 7 and 15)
Authors: Ricketson Sam , Ginsburg Jane C
Published: June 2022

This chapter focuses on issues of signal importance to the international protection of works of authorship, but concerning which the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works is at best enigmatic. The Convention declares that its ‘protection shall operate for the benefit of the author and his successors in title’, but the Convention neither designates who is an ‘author’ nor establishes general rules concerning the transfer of title. As a result, it generally leaves the determination of authorship, ownership, and transfer of rights to national law. The chapter first explores the lacunae in the Conventional treatment of individual authors and joint works. It then addresses the special treatment the Convention reserves for the ‘makers’ of cinematographic works. The chapter considers the extent to which, despite the lack of explicit provisions on authorship, some definition of authorship may be inferred from the provisions on cinematographic works and from the treaty as a whole. Finally, it reviews questions of ownership and transfer of copyright, with particular attention to the elaborate rules set out for cinematographic works.
Works Protected by the Convention (Articles 2 and 2bis)
Authors: Ricketson Sam , Ginsburg Jane C
Published: June 2022

This chapter assesses the subject matter protected by the Berne Convention, that is, the meaning of the expression ‘literary and artistic works’. Understanding the reach of ‘literary and artistic works’ is crucial to treaty interpretation, because that characterization marks the threshold to national treatment and minimum rights. Member states incur no obligation to grant national treatment to claimants under the Convention if the work to be protected is not a ‘production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain’ in the sense of article 2. Similarly, no minimum rights attach to works falling outside the scope of ‘literary and artistic works’ within the meaning of the Convention, and the meaning of this expression is dealt with in both articles 2 and 2bis. The basic provision is to be found in article 2(1), while qualifications, as well as extensions, of the scope of the expression ‘literary and artistic works’, are to be found in the remaining paragraphs of article 2, and those of article 2bis.
Developing Countries (Paris Appendix, WIPO Development Agenda, Marrakesh VIP Treaty)
Authors: Ricketson Sam , Ginsburg Jane C
Published: June 2022

This chapter reviews the regime set out in the Appendix to the Paris Act of the Berne Convention which contains special provisions regarding developing countries. In essence, these allow those countries to adopt compulsory translation and reproduction licences, subject to certain conditions. Compliance with the Appendix is required as a condition of adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) under the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 1994 (TRIPs Agreement) as well as under the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty (WCT), regardless of whether the country in question is a Berne member. The chapter then looks at how the relationship between the Berne Convention and developing countries raises difficult and complex issues. It also considers the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who are Blind, Visually Impaired or Otherwise Print Disabled 2013 (the Marrakesh VIP Treaty or MT).
Private International Law Matters: Jurisdiction and Applicable Law
Authors: Ricketson Sam , Ginsburg Jane C
Published: June 2022

This chapter assesses the extent to which the Berne Convention does require or permit extrapolation of a supranational set of choice of law rules. In the absence of a Berne rule on legislative competence (jurisdiction to prescribe), it addresses general principles of private international law to inquire whether a de facto or customary set of choice of law rules applied by national courts exists or is in prospect. First, however, the chapter takes up the predicate question of judicial competence (jurisdiction to adjudicate): when does a national court have power to hear claims alleging infringement of copyright in other countries? This inquiry is of considerable practical importance for two reasons. First, effective enforcement (or defence) of copyright claims may turn on the ability to resolve a broad range of territorial infringements in a single action. Second, and relatedly, a court asked to enforce a foreign judgment usually will ascertain whether the rendering court exercised jurisdiction over the claim and over parties under rules consistent with fundamental fairness. Third, in the absence of a supranational rule on legislative jurisdiction, the forum will apply its own choice of law rules. If different forums have different choice of law rules, the determination of judicial jurisdiction may affect, or even dispose of, the outcome in the case.
Private Equity
Authors: Morgan Jamie
Published: June 2022

In this chapter, Jamie Morgan describes the logic at work in private equity (PE) firms and how they articulate hierarchy-type global wealth chains. Morgan explains how PE firms use leveraged buyouts to concentrate and accelerate heightened returns to the firm within defined time period. This involves the deployment of a series of strategies that have the effect of reducing taxable income of acquired firms. The key asset strategies here are temporally based. PE firms take acquisitions into private ownership by using huge amounts of debt to buy them. This debt becomes a wealth chain asset in that it is tax deductible. Returns to the PE firm can flow across multiple corporate entities. Further, returns to the PE partners are taxed at the lower capital gains rate rather than as income tax. Using case examples from the UK, Morgan elaborates on how PE firms exploit global wealth chains.
Transparency
Authors: Christensen Rasmus Corlin
Published: June 2022

In this chapter, Rasmus Corlin Christensen explores OECD efforts to upgrade international rules in the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) initiative. These efforts were prompted by the recognition that tax rules had become less useful in the face of corporate forms that can readily deploy international tax arbitrage. Christensen shows that regulatory responses are often a function of shared norms amongst actors in regulatory networks as to what is considered legitimate. Efforts to upgrade transfer pricing rules in the BEPS process followed this logic, with transfer pricing experts coalescing on the boundaries of the acceptable. Christenen explains how the technicization of the BEPS policy process constrained the post-crisis political momentum for expanded transparency of corporate forms in hierarchy and captive wealth chains. The chapter draws on evidence from qualitative content analysis of policy debates and extensive interviews with select informants involved in the policy process.
Legal Opinion
Authors: Quentin Clair
Published: June 2022

In this chapter, Clair Quentin documents how Queen’s Counsel can, in effect, supply deliberately false legal opinions to elite and corporate clients seeking tax savings. The authority of these opinions rests on claims to status in the United Kingdom legal market and the enactment of norms of distinction that fortify the privileged market position of this small coterie of barristers. This is a combination of a market and relational wealth chains. There is an open market for legal opinion for the deep-pocketed that is entwined with a relational wealth chain based on strong trust–status networks. Clients and suppliers are shown to be engaged in a form of “risk-mining,” with the magnitude of resulting tax savings a function of how far the client and supplier are willing to walk up the high wire of risk and return.
Introduction
Authors: Callard Caroline
Published: June 2022

The introduction reframes the history of ghosts within an enquiry launched by Max Weber at the beginning of the twentieth century on the theme of the disenchantment of the world. After briefly tracing the answers given by historians, the author proposes to detach the history of ghosts from the history of belief. By adopting a pragmatic approach, we no longer look at what ghosts are a symptom of (a religion, a culture or a ‘mentality’) but at what they produce, the actions they allow, the worlds they bring to life. This change of focus allows us to highlight a ‘spectral moment’ specific to early modern Europe, marked by great mortality and religious anguish, but also traversed by a specific social energy that allows the dead to continue their trade with the living. This book traces their history
Spectrography
Authors: Callard Caroline
Published: June 2022

This first chapter examines the sources available to the Renaissance historian for the study of ghosts: very few archival documents are available for the analysis of belief, but numerous printed works testify to a public taste for ghost stories. Can we conclude from this success in print that the belief in ghosts increased? This chapter attempts to answer this question by means of a case study, and then concludes that the question of belief is awkwardly asked. Instead of asking to what extent sixteenth-century men and women believed in ghosts, the question is what ghosts allowed them to say or do.
The Scientific Promotion of Spectres
Authors: Callard Caroline
Published: June 2022

Before dealing with the action of spectres, and in order to better understand their effectiveness and success in the sixteenth century, it is necessary to describe an important evolution in the economy of knowledge: ghosts become true objects of science. The argument follows three steps: first, in these times of religious controversy, the orthodoxy of spectral apparitions is tied to the authority of Saint Augustine, shared by Catholics and Protestants. The ghost could then emancipate itself from the theological matrix and benefit from the promotion of natural philosophy in the sixteenth century: it became a phenomenon whose operations not only were determined by the divinity but also conformed to the laws of nature. Finally, the culmination of this scholarly promotion constituted ghost stories as an autonomous discipline: psychology (Noël Taillepied) or the science of spectres (Pierre Le Loyer).
Haunting in Times of Panic
Authors: Callard Caroline
Published: June 2022

This chapter deals with the most spectacular action of ghosts in the sixteenth century: their appearance in haunted house trials. Haunted houses were undoubtedly a well-known phenomenon since antiquity, but what is new is that the courts took hold of the phenomenon, particularly in France, and especially at the time of the Wars of Religion. This chapter examines several trials that took place in Bordeaux, Tours and Paris in order to understand the reasons for this legal seizure. Courts are considered as a place where men and women, anguished by religious schism, the return of the plague, and endemic war, could give limits to their courage and find a place to express their fear. Ghosts emerged as an important topic in the history of emotions in the sixteenth century.
Familiar Ghosts
Authors: Callard Caroline
Published: June 2022

The context of global crisis and endemic war is not the only historical horizon in which encounters between the living and the dead take place. There are less visible ones which obey a broader, less chaotic temporality. This chapter focuses on the ghost as a member of the family group whose model was shaped in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Europe. The genealogical memory of the families of the nobility, but also of the urban societies, stretches along a vertical line that extends from the nuclear family to the grandparents and on to the ghosts of the ancestors. The apparitions of the early modern age are rarely anonymous: they bear a name, a history, a family and specific things to ask of their relatives. The aim here is to describe the theatre of these encounters in order to observe what is at stake: negotiating a forgotten inheritance or debt, recalling the memory of deceased spouses or tempering the excesses of parental mourning, within a carefully gendered division of the functions of each. Thus ghosts contribute to shaping the family of the early modern age.
Conclusion
Authors: Callard Caroline
Published: June 2022

The conclusion examines the end of the spectral moment that characterises the long Renaissance that ended in the second half of the seventeenth century. After this date, the ‘regime of spectrality’ as we have been able to identify it ceases to function: science gives up taking charge of the appearance and disappearance of spectres and the law refuses to receive in court questions concerning haunted houses. But does this mean that ghosts are deserting our modernity at the threshold of the Enlightenment? This conclusion wants to suggest that no, the regime of their appearance only metamorphoses, in order to keep them ready for other operations.
Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD): perspectives from bioarchaeology
Authors: Gamble Julia , Bentley Gillian
Published: June 2022

While most data on early-life plasticity originate from longitudinal, epidemiological or anthropological studies of living people, bioarchaeology can provide extensive insight into the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) from a deep time perspective. Human remains can yield information across the life course analogous to longitudinal analyses, considered the gold standard for studies of contemporary populations. This chapter reviews the history of DOHaD and provides an overview of how bioarchaeology can contribute to evolutionary medicine within the DOHaD framework. Using specific approaches and case studies, it explores the nature of individual frailty and stress responses as well as the influence of critical windows on growth and development on later-life health, including historical periods of famine, the Industrial Revolution in Europe (characterised by increasing socio-economic inequalities), and ways in which bioarchaeology can be used to examine life course patterns. It examines the nature of population responses to changing environmental conditions and provides a deep time perspective into how these responses have moulded past health experiences. In a world shaped by increasing socio-economic disparities, it demonstrates how the bioarchaeological record can inform our understanding of the social determinants of health. Finally, while critically evaluating both the strengths and limitations of bioarchaeological data for addressing early-life issues, it reveals the significant contributions that can be made to evolutionary medicine through examination of osteological remains from past populations, as well as the relevance of these contributions to current population adaptations.
Isotopic reconstruction of ancient human diet and health: implications for evolutionary medicine
Authors: Burt Nicole , Greenwald Alexandra M.
Published: June 2022

Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is a powerful tool for reconstructing life history trajectories, kinship patterns, migration, diet and health in ancient populations of anatomically modern humans and their predecessors. The elements that comprise bodily tissues are non-random, incorporated from food and drink and determined by isotope fractionation and tissue growth rates. To illustrate the diversity of ecological conditions and diets to which humans have adapted, this chapter focuses on isotopic data from prehistoric human diets cross-culturally and through evolutionary time, as well as accompanying skeletal indicators of morbidity and mortality. These data demonstrate the broad patterns of health and disease related to human diets and physical activity levels in our evolutionary past and provide insight into conditions that are prevalent today (e.g. obesity and diabetes) that arise from a mismatch between the mosaic ecological conditions to which humans adapted and our modern, industrialised environment. Our current biomedical models for understanding these conditions have not reduced poor health outcomes in our communities. We propose employing isotopic data from the remains of our ancestors and using a biocultural framework in medicine to move towards integrating evolutionary thought in public health policy. An anthropological framework that incorporates an understanding of dietary adaptations and evolved behavioural strategies is crucial for successful and culturally sensitive health interventions.
Developmental, evolutionary and behavioural perspectives on oral health
Authors: Smith Tanya M. , Warinner Christina
Published: June 2022

Teeth provide myriad information about human development, evolution and behaviour. This begins with birth—one of the most profound physiological shifts that we all record in our teeth. Subsequent daily records of enamel growth reveal the timing of developmental insults and infections during childhood. Nutrient deficiencies may also show up as structural defects in crowns and roots. Permanent microscopic marks and chemical records are important for understanding the health of past peoples, including our hominin ancestors, as is an understanding of the evolution and changing ecology of our oral microbiome. Scholars are also working to understand the developmental and evolutionary bases of dental diseases and disruptions, such as the failure of third molars to form or to erupt—both of which are common in recent humans, but less so during our deeper past. Evolutionary medicine holds that contemporary dental diseases such as caries and periodontal disease may relate to fundamental changes in our behaviour, especially our diet. Finally, hunter-gatherers give us important clues as to why our ancestors did not need orthodontic treatment as so many of us now do. Soft processed diets beloved by modern children and adults alike are insufficient to stimulate jaw growth, leading to skyrocketing rates of impacted wisdom teeth, dental crowding and possibly even novel speech production.
Palaeoecology: considering proximate and ultimate influences on human diets and environmental responses in the early Holocene Dnieper River region of Ukraine
Authors: Lillie Malcolm C. , Elton Sarah
Published: June 2022

Humans evolved in diverse and variable environments, so understanding health and disease from evolutionary perspectives must include this consideration. In our contribution, we present an overview of early Holocene human health in changing environments via a case study from archaeological sites in contemporary Ukraine. Central and eastern Europe has received little attention to date in the literature on dietary and health transitions. We thus examine demographic, palaeopathological and stable isotope data from early Holocene (Mesolithic) and Neolithic Mariupol type cemeteries from the Dnieper River region. We find that even over a few thousand years and in a small geographic region, populations had diets that varied within and between individuals and sites, with different proportions of terrestrial and aquatic resource exploitation. Human behaviour interacted with ecology to create different health outcomes, with more sedentary and fish-eating populations showing palaeopathological evidence for increased parasite load. Whether this resulted in different fitness outcomes is an open question but, although an evolutionary perspective over a long time span provides undeniably important context, we argue that we must not overlook the impact of changes on a small, proximate scale and their effects on the health of individuals. One key challenge for the future is to link proximate and evolutionary perspectives to improve our understanding of health in the past and to influence health status positively in contemporary populations.
Human resistance and the evolution of plague in Medieval Europe
Authors: Bos Kirsten , DeWitte Sharon N.
Published: June 2022

Yersinia pestis has co-existed with humans for millennia is regarded as the principal cause of at least three plague pandemics, one being the Black Death (~ 1346–1353 in Europe). Subsequent periodic outbreaks affected Eurasian populations for centuries. This model provides clues regarding disease emergence, resurgence, susceptibility and local eradication. The Black Death killed tens of millions of people in Europe alone, and precipitated important demographic, economic and socio-political changes. Ancient biomolecular evidence confirms Y. pestis as the cause of Black Death and evidence implicates this bacterium in human infections dating to the Neolithic. Today, plague has a near-global distribution, with natural foci on nearly every continent. The 2017 Madagascar plague outbreak killed hundreds and showed an unexpectedly high proportion of pneumonic cases (the most fatal form of the disease). We must clarify how plague has repeatedly affected human populations, why its epidemiology has apparently changed since the medieval period and improve our understanding of how humans and pathogens coevolve. This chapter explores palaeodemographic and palaeoepidemiological research on medieval burials, including plague victims. Medieval epidemic patterns of mortality can provide clues about those who died, and those who survived. It explores the genetic relationships of Y. pestis strains from a number of post-Black Death epidemic burials to clarify distribution and local evolution of plague, and competing hypotheses of past local plague reservoirs in Europe/its environs.
Leprosy is down but not yet out: new insights shed light on its origin and evolution
Authors: Roberts Charlotte , Scollard David M. , Fava Vinicius M.
Published: June 2022

Leprosy is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. It has a very long history and continues to challenge people and healthcare providers today in specific regions of the world. Affecting primarily the skin, peripheral nerves and other body tissues such as the skeleton, the disease is rapidly declining as a result of education, chemotherapy and other interventions. The Global Leprosy Strategy 2016‒2020 further aims to contribute to a leprosy-free world. Leprosy’s deep history has been documented in historical writings, artwork and in human remains from archaeological sites globally. In recent decades modern and ancient genetic analyses have contributed more to our understanding of the origin and evolution of the causative bacteria and the human immune response. In considering evidence from medicine, genetics, archaeology and history, this chapter provides insight to the evolution of this disease that continues to spark interest from both academics and the public.
Connecting palaeopathology and evolutionary medicine to cancer research: past and present
Authors: Marques Carina , Compton Zachary , Boddy Amy M.
Published: June 2022

Cancer has a significant impact on morbidity and mortality worldwide, with estimates reaching 18.1 million cases in 2018 alone. This chapter reviews the contributions of evolutionary medicine and palaeopathology to oncological research and addresses how these disciplines can conjointly develop models that evaluate how biological, ecological and sociocultural dynamics have prompted the development of cancer across deep time. It highlights that cancer has a long history affecting species across the tree of life, as well as being particularly pervasive in human populations today. While addressing recent advances in comparative oncology and palaeopathology, it discusses how novel environments may contribute to cancer risk in human and non-human populations under the light of the evolutionary and environmental mismatches. This work highlights the overlapping features of both disciplines with the aim to provide a new perspective on cancer.
Metabolic diseases in bioarchaeology: an evolutionary medicine approach
Authors: Wells Jonathan C. , Ling Nelissa , Stock Jay T. , Buckley Hallie , Leonard William R.
Published: June 2022

Evolutionary medicine portrays metabolic diseases as a problem of contemporary obesogenic lifestyles in a globalised world within the context of mismatch to past environments. Over a single generation, there has been a dramatic rise in the global rate of such diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity affecting high-, medium- and low-income countries. Relatively little attention has been paid, however, to evidence from prehistory that may document metabolic conditions or how to interpret them within a broader ecological context. While diabetes and obesity are very challenging to diagnose in the bioarchaeological record, two other metabolic conditions, gout and DISH, are easily identifiable and can yield useful information about the past, allowing inferences about the possible existence of T2DM in individuals. We present evidence from the bioarchaeological record for these conditions and how they have been used to reconstruct the health of past populations. We also provide an overview of ecological and life history models that can be used to contextualise bioarchaeological data in efforts to reconstruct the evidence for past metabolic diseases, particularly as subsistence patterns underwent major transitions. The evidence suggests that metabolic disorders are not restricted to our modern, industrialised world, but are likely have much deeper origins than are typically recognised in clinical, biomedical research. Continued use of bioarchaeological data can assist in reconstructing much more evidence for the conditions in which chronic non-communicable diseases were able to develop and afflict human populations.
Now you have read the book, what next?
Authors: Bentley Gillian , Roberts Charlotte A. , Elton Sarah , Plomp Kimberley A.
Published: June 2022

Prior to this volume, the principles and practices of evolutionary medicine (EM) and palaeopathology have rarely been considered together in research. This is surprising considering that both fields study evidence for the evolution of disease, as well as think about deep time and how long-term perspectives benefit interpretations of past and present health and well-being. While publications in both fields are prolific, they have typically remained separate in trying to address health problems. Researchers have worked for many years on successfully integrating the archaeological record with palaeopathological evidence, which has contributed considerably to the now-vibrant field of bioarchaeology. This focus may have distracted people from having productive debates and discussions about the integration of evolutionary theory within palaeopathology. The advantages to both EM and palaeopathology of working with each other should, however, be much clearer for those readers who have digested the contents of this book, or even skimmed lightly through its pages. There is much that each discipline can teach the other to the mutual benefit of both.
Introduction
Authors: Hall Nina
Published: June 2022

Digital advocacy organizations are a novel, significant addition to the international arena and international relations scholars should examine how they operate. Organizations such as MoveOn, Campact, and GetUp have millions of followers and derive power from their ability to mobilize members rapidly both online and offline. They are shaping public opinion on many issues including climate change, trade, and refugees. They are also influencing the tactics, strategies, and forms of other advocacy organizations. Although political communications scholars have illustrated their role in national politics, there has been no examination of how digital advocacy organizations campaign transnationally, nor how their model differs from conventional non-governmental organizations.
The Global Growth of Digital Advocacy Organizations
Authors: Hall Nina
Published: June 2022

Digital advocacy organizations have multiplied across the world over the past decade, owing to emulation and active propagation. The founders of these organizations were driven by a desire to push progressive politics and to emulate what they saw as an effective organizational model. At the same time, a former MoveOn staffer, Ben Brandzel, sought to spread and promote this specific form of advocacy organization. In 2013, Brandzel co-organized the first summit of digital advocacy organizations and cofounded the Online Progressive Engagement Network (OPEN). OPEN then supported dozens of activists around the world to set up their own digital advocacy organizations.
Campaigning
Authors: Hall Nina
Published: June 2022

Digital advocacy organizations rely on their members to take action and fund their campaigns. They can rapidly launch campaigns within hours of a breaking news story because they have less bureaucracy than most conventional non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Digital advocacy organizations engage in ‘analytic activism’: using digital tools to listen closely to their members’ interests and running tests to determine the optimal campaign messaging, formatting, tactics, and which campaigns to run (Karpf 2016). This chapter explores the strengths and weaknesses of this model, and examines whether digital advocacy organizations compete or cooperate with conventional NGOs.
Mobilizing for Climate Action
Authors: Hall Nina
Published: June 2022

Distributed campaigning is a key form of protest that has emerged in the past decade. The climate movement, in particular, has gained power and profile globally thanks to simultaneous, mass mobilizations on a large scale, which local groups of volunteers organize online and face-to-face. This chapter separates out four forms of transnational advocacy often conflated in international relations (IR) scholarship. Campaigns focused on the same issue can occur: (a) at the same time with same target; (b) at the same time with a different target; (c) at a different time with the same target; and (d) at a different time and with a different target. This analytical distinction highlights a form of protest not well recognized by IR scholars: actions which occur at the same time, but with different targets (‘distributed campaigning’). The chapter applies this framework to examine the Online Progressive Engagement Network’s (OPEN’s) climate campaigns.
Conclusion
Authors: Hall Nina
Published: June 2022

Digital advocacy organizations face challenges concerning their future growth and sustainability. They are limited to democratic countries and have typically attracted an older membership. To attract a younger generation, they need to expand into new digital platforms, such as TikTok and Instagram. They also face ethical questions, given their reliance on Facebook and the fact that they collect and store large amounts of data on individuals. Future scholarship could look at why the far right has not replicated the Online Progressive Engagement Network (OPEN) model, but opted for other organizational forms online. This is important, as groups on both the left and right are actively contesting the liberal international order and using digital platforms to do so.
Sykes’s Prison in Context
Authors: Haney Craig
Published: June 2022

This chapter places the prison that Gresham Sykes’s classic book made famous in a larger historical and political context. It both acknowledges the timeless insights Sykes offered about the pains of imprisonment but argues that, by ignoring the prison’s history and avoiding any focus on the prison’s harshest realities (present at the time he studied it), he rendered his account of prison life more palatable than it actually was. Despite having outwardly changed from its brutal 19th-century origins, Sykes’s mid-1950s maximum-security prison had much more in common with them than he recognized. It retained a fundamental cruelty at its core that he unwittingly seemed to sanitize.
Sykes’s Method in Context
Authors: Halsey Mark
Published: June 2022

This chapter examines the likely constraints and freedoms confronted by Sykes surrounding the collection of data for The Society of Captives. While Sykes would certainly have faced many key decisions concerning how best to immerse himself and sustain his presence within Trenton Prison, the chapter shows how the historical context (chiefly, lack of extensive external ethical oversight, provision of unfettered access to the field, and absence of a “publish or perish” mentality) enabled the successful completion of what remains one of the longest prison-based ethnographies. Finally, it addresses the question of whether and how “slow science” might survive in the current era.
Sykes’s Problem of Order in and out of Context
Authors: Sparks Richard
Published: June 2022

Sykes’s influence on sociological studies of prisons, and indeed many other institutions, has been profound and pervasive. This paper argues that whilst there are strong and continuing reasons for this ubiquity, the prestige and familiarity of certain field-defining classic texts can also serve to produce and sustain a certain set of limited, ‘standard’ readings. In the case of The Society of Captives, there is a risk that the very resonance of certain of his observations – perhaps especially his famous depiction of the ‘pains of imprisonment’ – may serve to divert attention from other aspects of his purpose. This paper proposes a re-reading of this classic text that refocuses on Sykes’s analysis of the prison as a ‘system of power’. Sykes’s understanding of power in prisons, it argues, is centrally informed by his preoccupations with totalitarian political regimes and with his concerns for the future of American democracy at the end of the 1950s. In this regard, Sykes’s view of prisons is much more intensely engaged with the social and political contexts of the time than the standard readings tend to acknowledge. Some of these themes, it argues, are also continuous with his later work on the policing of social protest during the civil rights movement, which by contrast with The Society of Captives is almost entirely unread today.
Beyond Deprivations
Authors: Crewe Ben
Published: June 2022

The central argument in The Society of Captives is that the prisoner social system is determined by, and serves to mitigate, the pains of confinement. The pains provide the “energy” for an elaborate and hierarchical social system – a set of collective norms and patterns of social interactions – that enable prisoners to offset the various assaults on selfhood that imprisonment entails. Sykes’s analysis is organized around the idea of “deprivation” i.e. what is taken away from the prisoner as a result of his (or her) confinement. This chapter argues that some pains of imprisonment cannot be characterized in such terms, and that our understanding of the nature and determinants of the prisoner society is advanced significantly if we also focus on two other kinds of pains: first, institutional demands and inducements that encourage prisoners to restrict their social relations, and reward them for pragmatically aligning their conduct with what the authorities desire; second, the forms of moral judgment that prisoners impose upon themselves – normally as a result of their offense, or their lifestyle in the community – which lead primarily to “disengagement” from the prisoner social world and a normative commitment to institutional aims.
“Just Don’t Wear Prison Issue!”
Authors: Gooch Kate
Published: June 2022

Drawing on ethnographic and qualitative research conducted across four prisons in England and Wales, this chapter revisits Sykes’ conceptualization of the “deprivation of material goods and services.” The chapter explores how such deprivation became more pronounced and acute over the course of the last decade (2011 onwards), and how prisoners adapted in ways that threatened rather than enhanced inmate solidarity. It analyzes how the illicit prison economy flourished and evolved, with economic imperatives serving to redefine forms of prisoner leadership, the “argot roles,” and the central tenants of the “inmate code.” The chapter argues that prisoner culture mirrors and reinforces the individualized nature of penal power with the effect that accessing material goods is not just a question of comfort, survival, or meaningful sentence progression, but represents crucial identity work. Status rests with those who can demonstrate their “material machismo” and “carceral capital” in ways that extend beyond the ability and willingness to use physical force when required to include the demonstrable ability to acquire material goods, consumer status symbols, and pecuniary advantage. Ultimately, it is argued that the evolving nature of the nature, dynamics, and culture of the prison society demonstrates how dynamic the prison is, and that it is this capacity for change that demands ongoing, careful, and immersive ethnographic research.
Sykes’s “Corruption of Authority” and the Sociology of Prison Corruption
Authors: Goldsmith Andrew
Published: June 2022

In the field of prison studies, it is difficult to find much written about the topic of corruption. While there are periodic scandals reported in the press regarding prison officers facilitating contraband traffic into prison and the conduct of improper relationships between staff and prisoners, these themes have attracted little scholarly attention. Gresham Sykes, as well as famously writing about the “pains of imprisonment,” also wrote about corruption in the form of corruption of authority, that is, the typically petty accommodations traded by staff with prisoners in order to avoid more serious conflict. This chapter re-examines this concept and seeks to relate it to more recent challenges to prison governance. Rather than seeing Sykes’s use of the term as at worst, a distraction or, at most, a facet of the “problem of order”, I will suggest that Sykes’s interest in corruption of authority also should prompt reconsideration of the relationship between the problem of order and forms of serious prison corruption. In particular, we need to better understand the ways in which corruptions of authority in Sykes’s sense, in aggregate or over time, also can sanction disorder and undermine other legitimate aspirations for the conditions of imprisonment. I present two case studies to explore this idea.
Dynamic Security or Corruption of Authority?
Authors: Scharff-Smith Peter
Published: June 2022

“Dynamic security” and “normalization” are important principles in Scandinavian prison systems where they are supported in penal law and promoted in key policy papers and administrative guidelines. In a sense, this means that central aspects of what Sykes calls the “corruption of authority” – what he terms “defects of total power” in the form of friendship, reciprocity, transfer of duties, etc., – are to some extent legally based policy aims in Scandinavian prisons. In other words, running a cellblock with both the stick and the carrot (Sykes, 1956) is not necessarily “corruption of authority” and hence Scandinavian prison policy might challenge Sykes’s understanding of that term. In reality, dynamic security and normalization are difficult principles to put into practice; sometimes prisoners are not interested in contact with prison officers, which can cause them significant problems vis-à-vis the prisoner community. In addition, a recent surge of penal populism has narrowed the scope considerably for practicing dynamic security and normalization within the Danish penal estate. New prison policies address drugs, illegal mobile phones, and the use of punitive solitary confinement. Based on empirical data from Danish prisons and concerning penal policy in Denmark this chapter analyzes the “corruption of authority” in a contemporary Nordic penal context. It argues that what is currently “corrupted” in Danish Prison Law and penal practice are the legal principles of dynamic security and normalization rather than the traditional more or less sovereign penal power that Sykes associate with “authority”.