bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Airborne in-situ observations of natural methane emissions in Scandinavia during MAGIC 202
Authors: Gottschaldt Klaus-Dirk , Crevoisier Cyril , Fiehn Alina , Fix Andreas , Hartung Kerstin , Huntrieser Heidi , Jöckel Patrick , Kern Bastian , Kostinek Julian , Markkanen Tiina , Mertens Mariano , Middleton Callum , Pühl Magdalena , Quatrevalet Mathieu , Wooster Martin , Roiger Anke
Published: February 2023

Wetlands in the high northern latitudes are a major, yet poorly known contributor to the global methane (CH4) budget. In wetlands, peat bogs and lakes, CH4 is produced by organic degradation processes. These natural emissions are affected by climate change though, e.g. by changing temperatures and permafrost thaw. A better understanding is essential also for discussing the human role in the budget of this important greenhouse gas and mitigation options.However, the data coverage in the region is still thin: accessibility is limited, satellite sensors struggle with the high solar zenith angle, difficult surface and thermodynamic conditions, or clouds. Corresponding emission inventories and models differ significantly, in the distribution as well as in the amount of emissions. Based in Kiruna/Sweden, the French MAGIC initiative addressed these knowledge gaps by bringing together a multitude of instruments on three research aircraft (Safire ATR-42, BAS Twin Otter, DLR Cessna) and various other platforms for measurements in northern Scandinavia in August 2021.Here we focus on airborne in-situ measurements with the DLR Cessna. The suite of instruments aboard the aircraft included a meteorological sensor package, a Picarro, and an Aerodyne QCLS, providing CH4,CO2, C2H6, 13C(CH4), temperature, H2O, 3d-wind, all along the flight track.The Cessna conducted 12 scientific flights in the region, which mostly targeted and scouted hotspots of CH4 emissions indicated by wetland emission inventories. The flights were coordinated as often as possible with other airborne, ground-based and satellite platforms to allow for intercomparisons and for providing ground truth for remote sensing instruments. Estimating CH4 emission fluxes is another major objective, which is challenging because of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of these area sources. To this end we tried a combination of different methods and flight patterns. We provide an overview of the measurements, discuss the different flight strategies and show first results of the analyses that are ongoing in the frame of the ESA MAGIC4AMPAC project.
Comparing the NFM potential of standard and optimised peat blocks used in peatland gully restoration
Authors: Johnston Adam , Shuttleworth Emma , Allott Tim , Evans Martin , Milledge David , Brown David
Published: February 2023

Extensive erosional gully networks are commonplace in degrading peatlands. Gullying produces local water table drawdown and the increase in drainage density associated with gully networks increases hydrological connectivity between hillslope and channel. Peatland restoration methods commonly involve blocking of gullies with peat or timber dams to limit further erosion and promote higher water tables. Blocking is also demonstrated to attenuate channel flow in peatland catchments, suggesting that gully blocks can provide Natural Flood Management (NFM) benefits. Block design can be further optimised for flood attenuation purposes, such as including an outlet pipe through the block to provide dynamic in-storm storage. This paper compares the hydrological functioning of standard peat dams and piped-peat dams optimised for NFM from neighbouring microcatchments (<2.5 ha) in the Peak District National Park, UK. Pre-restoration discharge was monitored for 12 months prior to installation of 6 standard peat dams in one microcatchment and 10 piped-peat dams in the other. Bottom of reach discharge and individual dam pool height was recorded for the following 12 months. The series of piped-peat dams are demonstrated to have a higher impact on catchment discharge than standard peat dams, reducing peak discharges and increasing lag times. Standard peat dams provide little storage volume during storm events compared to the dynamic storage provided by the outlet in piped-peat dams. However, the requirement for maintenance of pipe-peat dams is identified, with pipe blockages compromising dynamic storage. These findings have implications for understanding of NFM benefits from standard and NFM optimised peat dams. 
Size variability of suspended particulate matter and relation with sediment concentration, carbon content and discharge 
Authors: Martínez-Carreras Núria , Hohenstein Leon , Lake Niels F. , Sehgal Dhruv
Published: February 2023

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) flocculation occurs in fluvial systems due to the dominant role of organic matter. Flocculation controls the floc size and eventually the SPM settling velocity, both influencing the overall sediment transport. Information on SPM size and organic matter variability is thus important to better understand transport mechanisms, improve SPM transport models and ultimately maintain a good water and sediment quality of our water resources. In this study, we present long term high frequency SPM particle size, carbon content, sediment concentration and discharge data to elucidate the casual relationships between these parameters. Several sites across Luxembourg were instrumented with submersible spectrophotometers, laser diffraction particle size analysers and turbidimeters. Manual samples were collected using automatic water samplers and analysed in the laboratory. Mean particle size during storm runoff events depicted an initial increase during the rising limb of the hydrograph followed by a decrease before the discharge peak. However, different types of hysteretic patterns were found between particle size and discharge, suggesting changes in sediment sources or composition during consecutive events. Particle size flocculation was found to depend on carbon content and sediment concentration.
Optimizing simulated oxygen variability, circulation, and export in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean using BGC-Argo & ship-based observations
Authors: Moseley Lauren , McKinley Galen , Carroll Dustin , Dussin Raphael , Menemenlis Dimitris , Nguyen An
Published: February 2023

The subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA) transports surface-ocean properties deep into the interior via deep convection and is one of the most intense regions of air-sea gas exchange globally. Deep convection in the SPNA exports highly-oxygenated water masses to depth, which subsequently ventilate intermediate and deep waters throughout the North Atlantic. The SPNA thus plays a critical role in setting the oxygen inventory of the global ocean. Due to intensifying ocean warming, many climate models predict substantial global-ocean oxygen loss — albeit at magnitudes which vary widely by model. Therefore, there is a need to better understand the impacts of SPNA convective variability on oxygen saturation in intermediate and deep water masses. Here we use a physical-biogeochemical model, ASTE-BGC, which couples the Arctic Subpolar gyre sTate Estimate (ASTE) with the Biogeochemistry with Light, Iron, Nutrients, and Gas (BLING) model to quantify oxygen cycling and deep ventilation in the SPNA. ASTE utilizes the MIT General Circulation Model (MITgcm) and assimilates physical in-situ and satellite data using tools developed by the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) consortium. We use a Green’s Functions approach to optimize ASTE-BGC biogeochemistry using BGC-Argo and GLODAPv2 ship-based profiles of O2 and NO3. The Green’s Functions approach allows us to adjust the biogeochemical parameters of the BLING ecosystem towards O(106) in-situ data constraints over the 2002–2017 model period. We then evaluate the optimized simulation against independent data and construct an oxygen budget for the central Labrador Sea to assess the interannual variability of SPNA oxygen.
CAT4KIT: A cross-institutional data catalog framework for the FAIRification of environmental research data
Authors: Lorenz Christof , Hadizadeh Mostafa , Barthlott Sabine , Fösig Romy ,  Çayoğlu Uğur , Ulrich Robert , Bach Felix
Published: February 2023

A contemporary and flexible Research Data Management (RDM) framework is required to make environmental research data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) and, hence, provide the foundation for open and reproducible earth system sciences. While data-sets that accompany scientific articles are typically published via large data repositories like Pangaea or Zenodo, intermediate, day-to-day, or actively-used data (e.g., data from research projects or prototypical data) is still exchanged via simple cloud storage services and email. And while the FAIR principles require data to be openly findable and accessible, it is often only available within closed and restricted infrastructures and local file systems.Our research project Cat4KIT hence aims to develop a cross-institutional catalog and RDM framework for the FAIRification of such day-to-day research data. This framework is comprised of four modules / services for
providing access to data on storage systems through well-defined and standardized interfaces 

harvesting and transforming (meta)data into standardized formats

making (meta)data accessible to the public using well-defined and standardized catalog services and interfaces

enabling users to search, filter, and explore data from decentralized research data infrastructures.

We develop, implement and evaluate each of these four modules within an inter-institutional consortium consisting of scientists, software developers and potential end-users. This allows us to include a wide-range of research data from multi-dimensional climate model outputs to high-frequency in-situ measurements. We emphasize the application of existing open-source solutions and community standards for data interfaces (THREDDS, STA, S3), (meta)data schemes, and catalog services (Spatio-Temporal Assets Catalog - STAC) in order to ensure an easy integration of research data into the Cat4KIT-framework and a straightforward extension to further research data infrastructures.In our presentation, we demonstrate the current status of our Cat4KIT-framework as an inter-institutional research data management and catalog platform for the FAIRification of day-to-day research data.
Streamflow reconstruction and its long-term variation characteristics in Lhasa River Basin over the past 5 centuries (1473~2017)
Authors: Zeng Jue , Fu Xudong , Hu Hongchang
Published: February 2023

Historical streamflow reconstruction based on the pre-instrumental data for rivers in Tibet can provide long-term perspectives on the impact of the climate change in the Third Pole on Earth.  We use the VIC model to reconstruct the yearly, monthly and daily streamflow of Lhasa River during the past 5 centuries (1473~2017). Compared with the recent 60 years, the past 500 years have 11% more average annual runoff. Signals of long-term variations have been detected including a 60 years cycle and decades of continuous wet/dry years. The streamflow shows almost 50% higher annual and daily maximum runoff and highly variable in the 16th and 17th centuries, and decreased and more stable runoff thereafter till the present. These findings conform to the understanding of climate change in this area: the combined effects of Indian Summer monsoon and mid-latitude Westerlies, and confirms the potential of exploring the historical streamflow features using the VIC model and paleo-climate data. They also reveal the limitation of the recent instrumental records for understanding the long-term hydrological behavior of rivers in Tibet.
Reconstructing accumulation rates of the Greenland ice sheet using dated radiostratigraphy
Authors: Voigt Philipp Immanuel , Born Andreas
Published: February 2023

The stability of the Greenland ice sheet is poorly constrained even for benchmark periods such as the mid-Holocene or Eemian. Since ice stratigraphy holds a record of both surface mass balance (SMB) and ice dynamics, dated radiostratigraphy offer a potential route to improved reconstructions. Here we explicitly simulate isochrones and employ inverse methods to optimize the solution. The Englacial Layer Simulation Architecture (ELSA) coupled with a thermomechanical ice sheet model computes the isochrones or ice layers, which enable the direct comparison with the radiostratigraphy data. The accumulation rates force ELSA, and are adjusted until the model reproduces the observations within their uncertainties. We deploy the Ensemble Kalman Smoother for the data assimilation. This results in not only the reconstruction of the SMB; an optimized simulation of the ice sheet is obtained by solving the corresponding forward problem. Hence, the contribution to sea level change by Greenland over the same period can also be constrained.Here we present our initial approach and preliminary results of SMB reconstruction. Future plans and expansions of the work are also presented, involving the study of several model parameters such as basal traction.
O3as: Ozone trend visualisations and return dates developed within within EOSC-synergy
Authors: Kerzenmacher Tobias , Kozlov Valentin , Esteban Sanchis Borja , Cayoglu Ugur , Hardt Marcus , Braesicke Peter
Published: February 2023

The O3as service is a tool designed to support the assessment of atmospheric ozone levels and trends. It was developed as one of the thematic services of the EOSC-Synergy project. It allows for the analysis of large datasets from chemistry-climate models and presents the information in a user-friendly format for a broad range of users, including scientists, pupils, and interested citizens. The service utilizes a unified approach to process the data, employs CF conventions for homogenization, and generates figures that can be published or downloaded as csv files. It was developed as part of the EOSC-Synergy project, and it runs on a cloud-based, containerized architecture orchestrated by Kubernetes and HPC resources, and uses the Large Scale Data Facility (LSDF) at the KIT for data storage. The service is developed with best software practices, including quality assurance, continuous integration and delivery, and compliance with the FAIR principles. This presentation will focus in particular on the architecture and functionality of the O3as service, with an example demonstration of its usage.
Reconstructing GRACE-Like Time Series of High Mountain Glacier Mass Anomalies Based on A Statistical Model
Authors: Liu Bingshi , Zou XIancai , Yi Shuang , Sneeuw Nico , Li Jiancheng , Cai Jianqing
Published: February 2023

Although modern gravity satellites monitor glacier and snow (GS) on a global scale, the contemporary Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow−On (GRACE−FO) missions are only able to do so at coarse spatial resolutions and are restricted by their limited observation periods. Moreover, because of the complex mechanism behind a glacier’s mass balance, existing reconstruction methods for GRACE-like mass anomalies, including machine learning approaches and statistical models, cannot be applied to High mountain glaciers (HMGs). Here, we propose a precipitation and temperature data-driven statistical model combining hydrology and GS processes to reconstruct GRACE-like mass anomalies of HMGs, from which the hydrological and GS signals can be further separated. We reconstruct and evaluate the HMG mass anomaly time series in 14 representative high mountain regions. This method's prediction and reconstruction performance were consistent the GRACE/GRACE−FO observations (the median correlation coefficient/Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency: ~0.92/0.85). Additionally, the separated GS signals agreed with the independent satellite altimetry data used for comparison. Compared with the existing method for reconstructing GRACE-like time series of HMG mass anomalies based on machine learning, this method better reconstructed the long-term trend of GRACE-like mass anomalies, and the result from satellite laser range supports our conclusion. Our study provides an acceptable method for reconstructing and separating GRACE-like HMG mass anomaly time series, thereby assisting in the sustainable management and protection of water resources in their downstream areas.
Studying downward TGFs with the largest ground array of gamma-ray detectors
Authors: Colalillo Roberta , Dwyer Joseph , Smith David M. , Ortberg John ,   Pierre Auger Collaboration
Published: February 2023

The Pierre Auger Observatory, the largest cosmic-ray detector in the world, has beenobserving peculiar events which are very likely downward TGFs. Their experimentalsignature and their time evolution are very different from those of a shower producedby an ultra high energy cosmic ray. The TGF-like events happen in coincidence withlightning and low clouds and their deposited energy at the ground is compatible withthat of a standard downward TGF with the source at few kilometers above theground. The surface detector (SD) of the Auger Observatory consists of 1660 water-Cherenkov detectors (WCDs) spread over 3000 km2 in the Argentinian pampa. TheWCD height of 1.2 m makes them highly sensitive to gamma rays and the large areacovered with SD allows us to sample the TGF beam from different points. Thetiming shape of WCD signals can be very important to constrain different TGF sourcemodels. Cold runaway from the high fields near the leader tips or relativisticfeedback produce the same energy spectrum but predict a different rise and fall of thecounts versus time, and they could produce a different angular distribution.Comparisons between simulations and data will be shown.Moreover, first results from a preliminary analysis of the available meteorologicaldata at the time of Auger TGF-like events will be presented. Little is known about theTGF-producing storms. The characteristics of these thunderstorms are beinginvestigated by studying meteorological data in coincidence with upward TGFs. Asimilar analysis is important to better understand downward TGF productionmechanisms and investigate if are the same as those producing upward TGFs.
Global biodiversity patterns of woody and herbaceous flowering plants in space and time
Authors: Luo Ao , Xu Xiaoting , Liu Yunpeng , Li Yaoqi , Su Xiangyan , Li Yichao , Lyu Tong , Dimitrov Dimitar , Larjavaara Markku , Peng Shijia , Chen Yongsheng , Wang Qinggng , Zimmermann Niklaus , Pellissier Loïc , Schmid Bernhard , Wang Zhiheng
Published: February 2023

Plant biodiversity can be structured into different growth forms (i.e. woody vs. herbaceous) with divergent distributions, evolutionary histories, and relationships with climate thus they should be separately analyzed to better understand plant diversity. Flowering plants (angiosperms) are the most successful group of plants and have a diversity of growth forms that differs from other groups such as gymnosperms, all of which are woody species. However, there is still a gap in current growth form databases to cover most angiosperms. To fill the gap, this study collect data on growth forms of angiosperm species from published floras, online databases, and peer-reviewed journal articles and compiled a massive database of growth forms (woody and herbaceous, 300,750 species). Combined with distributions of 332,293 species, we mapped the current global geographical patterns in woody and herbaceous species as well as their relative proportion and assess their relationship with climate. This study also reconstructed ancestral states of growth forms through the angiosperm phylogeny to demonstrate the Cenozoic evolutionary dynamics of growth forms and explore the evolutionary transitions between the two growth forms.
Climate attribution for extreme events. A statistically based approach.
Authors: Bocchiola Daniele , Ferrarin Lucia
Published: February 2023

Weather data observed all over the world show an increase in the frequency of extreme events, leading to higher economical losses and numbers of victims. It is thus crucial to investigate causes of such trends, and future evolutions thereby. A method for climate attribution is to assess as to whether anthropogenic climate change affected either the probability of occurrence/or the magnitude of extreme events. Results thereby are fundamental to link extreme event impacts and global warming, and could potentially be used to assess responsible subjects, under the perspective e.g. of setup of compensation policies. Attribution studies so far have shown large uncertainty, especially concerning weather events affected by other drivers than temperature (e.g. precipitation, drought, snow-fall events). As a first step to perform an attribution study one has to identify/quantify a trend of one or more variable(s)/indexes affecting the event under analysis.Here, we applied statistical methods to identify potential trends, and to back-attribute them to global warming. Using synthetically generated a-priori known, trend-affected series of meteorological variables (P,T, etc..), we (try and) back-trace the presence/magnitude of trends, and try and verify measurable changes of the statistical (extreme values) distribution thereby, for the purpose of robust  climate attribution.  The goal is to quantify how much results of an attribution study depend upon data type (ground based, climate models, etc..), and accuracy thereby, and upon (robustness of) the trend detection method applied in the analysis.For an application to a real world case study, we selected variables of interest (precipitation/snowfall extremes) in the Alps of Italy, and we tested the results of the methodology, by assessing trend presence/magnitude of extreme events distributions’ parameters, and robustness thereby.  
Danube Valley - The Nexus between East and West: A Geoscience Approach
Authors: Giosan Liviu , Constantinescu Stefan , Filip Florin
Published: February 2023

The most important river of the European Union, the Danube, large sediment and nutrient influxes in the last millennium ultimately led to drastic morphological and ecological changes at the oceanic end of this system, the Black Sea. We suggested that these transformations are the result of the Ottoman Empire expansion into the Balkans between 1350 and 1450 A.D. Adoption of the Islamic cultural package in the region may have led to rapid deforestation of highlands for sheep farming at the expense of traditional small-scale cattle and pig farming. Alternative theories to explain this cascade of system-scale sedimentary changes are either agricultural - (a) the adoption of corn as the main staple from the Columbian exchange after 1500 AD, or climatic - (b) climate cooling during the Little Ice Age (LIA) after 1400 AD. In the case of Danube, such interdependencies between Nature and Culture are many. Searching for historical lessons, we review them starting from Homo sapiens’ and Neolithic agriculture expansions into Europe, ancient Greek and Roman engineering interventions long the river, the avant-la-lettre ecological management of the lower floodplain under Grigore Antipa, the catastrophic communist abuse of the combined natural-human system and explore their expression in the sedimentary architecture of the floodplain.
Modelling of Storm-Time Relative Total Electron Content using a Fully Connected Neural Network
Authors: Adolfs Marjolijn , Hoque Mainul , Shprits Yuri
Published: February 2023

During geomagnetic storms the total electron content (TEC) can dramatically change compared to quiet-time conditions. Therefore, it is still a challenging task for ionospheric models to predict accurately during storm times. In this work, the relative TEC with respect to the preceding 27-day median TEC is predicted, during storm time for the European region (with longitudes 30°W–50°E and latitudes 32.5°N–70°N) using machine learning techniques. A fully connected neural network (NN) is proposed that uses the 27-day median TEC (referred to as median TEC), latitude, longitude, universal time, storm time, solar radio flux index F10.7, global storm index SYM-H and geomagnetic activity index Hp30 as inputs and the output of the network is the relative TEC. The model was trained with storm-time relative TEC data, computed with UQRG global ionosphere maps (GIMs), from the time period of 1998 until 2019 (2015 is excluded) and contains 365 storms. The model was tested with unseen storm data from 33 storm events during 2015 and 2020. The storm-time relative TEC model’s predictions showed the seasonal behavior of the storms including positive and negative storm phases during winter and summer, respectively, and a mixture of both phases was seen during equinoxes. The relative TEC was converted to the actual TEC, using the median TEC, and was compared to the Neustrelitz TEC model (NTCM) and a NN-based quiet-time TEC model. The storm model outperforms the NTCM by 1.87 TEC units (TECU) and the quiet-time model by 1.34 TECU during storm time.
Data Management for PalMod-II – data workflow and re-use strategy
Authors: Gehlot Swati , Peters-von Gehlen Karsten , Lammert Andrea , Thiemann Hannes
Published: February 2023

German climate research initiative PalMod phase II (www.palmod.de) is presented here as an exclusive example where the project end-product is unique, scientific paleo-climate data. PalMod-II data products include output from three state-of-the-art coupled climate models of varying complexity and spatial resolutions simulating the climate of the past 130,000 years. In addition to the long time series of modeling data, a comprehensive compilation of paleo-observation data is prepared to facilitate model-model and model-proxy intercomparison and evaluation. Being a large multidisciplinary project, a dedicated RDM (Research Data Management) approach is applied within the cross-cutting working group for PalMod-II. The DMP (Data Management Plan), as a living document, is used for documenting the data-workflow framework that defines the details of paleo-climate data life-cycle. The workflow containing the organisation, storage, preservation, sharing and long-term curation of the data is defined and tested.  In order to make the modeling data inter-comparable across the PalMod-II models and easily analyzable by the global paleo-climate community, model data standardization (CMORization) workflows are defined for individual PalMod models and their sub-models. The CMORization workflows contain setup, definition, and quality assurance testing of CMIP61 based standardization processes adapted to PalMod-II model simulation output requirements with a final aim of data publication via ESGF2. PalMod-II data publication via ESGF makes the paleo-climate data an asset which is (re-)usable beyond the project life-time.The PalMod-II RDM infrastructure enables common research data management according to the FAIR3 data principles across all the working groups of PalMod-II using common workflows for the exchange of data and information along the process chain. Applying data management planning within PalMod-II made sure that all the data related workflows were defined, continuously updated if needed and made available to the project stakeholders. End products of PalMod-II which consist of unique long term scientific paleo-climate data (model as well as paleo-proxy data) are made available for re-use via the paleo-climate research community as well as other research disciplines (e.g., land-use, socio-economic studies etc.).1. Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (https://www.wcrp-climate.org/wgcm-cmip/wgcm-cmip6)2. Earth System Grid Federation (https://esgf.llnl.gov)3. Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable
Soil-plant system of pastures from an agrosilvopastoral system implemented on abandoned Fe–Mn mine
Authors: S. Santos Erika , Abreu Maria Manuela , Rossini-Oliva Sabina
Published: February 2023

In the Iberian Pyrite Belt there are several small Mn abandoned mines, where soils developed on contaminated materials as well as those adjacent to contaminated areas have been converted by the local population into traditional agrosilvopastoral systems without any evaluation of their environmental risk.
Although no visual symptoms of phytotoxicy have been observed in vegetation, there is no information about the potential environmental risk of these soils and vegetation, especially in the herbaceous cover grazed by domestic animals. The Fe–Mn mine located in Ferragudo (Portugal) was exploited between 1959 and 2001. Posteriorly this area was converted in an agrosilvopastoral system with Quercus ilex woodland with small tree density and cultivated grass species. In the present study a biogeochemical characterization of this abandoned mine area was done in order to evaluate the potential environmental risk of the grassland. Soil samples were collected in two depths until a maximum of 20 cm as well as the aerial part of grassland. Soils were analysed to potentially hazardous elements (PHE) concentrations in total and available fraction as well as to other classical parameters. In plants was also determined the PHE concentrations being these values compared to the maximum allowed value for domestic animals.
Soils had a pH close to neutral and a good fertility. The concentrations of some PHE (e.g. Mn and Fe) in total soil fraction were higher than the average concentrations in non-contaminated soils of the region. However, the available concentrations were small. The elements concentrations in plants depended on element. In general, this agrosilvopastoral system did not pose a significant environmental risk.
Temperature-related stresses as a unifying principle in ancient extinctions (TERSANE)
Authors: Kiessling Wolfgang ,   TERSANE consortium
Published: February 2023

Climate change is increasingly being recognized as a driver of modern ecological changes including local extinctions. However, global species extinctions are still rarely attributed to climate change. In contrast, the fossil record offers a rich suite of examples of climate-driven extinctions including mass extinctions. Temperature, oxygen and pH were the dominant climate-related extinction drivers in the marine realm.Over the last six years, the Germany-based TERSANE research unit with nine collaborating research teams has explored the role of climate changes over timescales ranging from hours to millions of years and genealogical scales from individual organisms to ecosystems. We focused empirically on physiological responses of bivalves, the abiotic and biotic changes across the end-Permian and Pliensbachian-Toarcian hyperthermals, and Phanerozoic-scale patterns focusing on extinction selectivity, body size changes, the role of climate history, and the vulnerability of reef systems across ancient warming events. This talk will summarize TERSANE’s accomplishments focusing on the relevance of results for current climate warming with special reference to different time scales.
Using nine years of Swarm magnetic field observations to estimate ionospheric electric current density through the curl-B technique
Authors: Tozzi Roberta , Alberti Tommaso , Coco Igino , De Michelis Paola , Giannattasio Fabio , Pezzopane Michael , Pignalberi Alessio
Published: February 2023

Besides the high resolution of measurements, one feature that distinguishes ESA Swarm mission from previous ones, also aimed at monitoring the Earth's magnetic field at Low Earth Orbit altitudes, is its configuration. We here take advantage of the nine years of geomagnetic field observations from Swarm satellites, to estimate the ionospheric F region current density. Specifically, we estimate the current density between Swarm A and B satellite altitudes, of about 510 and 460 km respectively, by calculating the curl of their Earth's magnetic field components.This technique was first used in 2015 on a dataset of only seven months of vector magnetic data; because it was not possible to cover the entire local time range at the time, the corresponding mapping of ionospheric current density  was limited to two local nighttime intervals: before and after midnight. Seven years after the first application of this technique, we now use it on a more reliable and larger dataset and map the amplitude of the radial, meridional, and zonal components, as well as the total intensity of the ionospheric current density at all local times.
SAR localization of passive RFID tags under snow and vegetation using a mobile reader antenna
Authors: Le Breton Mathieu , Charléty Arthur , Grunbaum Nicolas , Larose Éric , Baillet Laurent
Published: February 2023

Passive RFID tags are opening new capabilities of monitoring in geoscience [1], applied to landslide [2-3], snowpack [4] or riverine pebble monitoring. This study investigate the ability to localize passive RFID tags (working at 868 MHz) from the air in harsh conditions met in natural areas outdoors. The tags are localized with the synthetic aperture radar method (SAR)  with a mobile reader from above, installed on a rail and equiped with a differential GNSS. The tags are localized either directly on the ground, under a vegetal cover, or under a snow cover, and the localization accuracy is evaluated in each case. This technique opens the possibility to monitor ground displacement even under snow or vegetal coverage, that challenge most of existing displacement measurement techniques.  Related studies on the topic :[1] Le Breton, M., Liébault, F., Baillet, L., Charléty, A., Larose, É., Tedjini, S., 2022. Dense and long-term monitoring of earth surface processes with passive RFID—a review. Earth-Science Reviews 234, 104 225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104225[2] Charléty, A., Le Breton, M., Larose, E., Baillet, L., 2022. 2D Phase-Based RFID Localization for On-Site Landslide Monitoring. Remote Sensing 14, 3 577. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153577[3] Le Breton, M., Baillet, L., Larose, E., Rey, E., Benech, P., Jongmans, D., Guyoton, F., Jaboyedoff, M., 2019. Passive radio-frequency identification ranging, a dense and weather-robust technique for landslide displacement monitoring. Engineering Geology 250, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.12.027[4] Le Breton, M., Larose, É., Baillet, L., Lejeune, Y., van Herwijnen, A., 2022. Monitoring snowpack SWE and temperature using RFID tags as wireless sensors. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-7
Geodetic modeling of moderate-size foreshocks with mainshocks and the implication to earthquake trigger mechanisms
Authors: Luo Heng , Wang Teng
Published: February 2023

Foreshocks are commonly observed before the happening of earthquakes in seismic catalogs. They provide critical precursors to reveal the process for the nucleation and rupture of earthquakes. Two mechanisms, pre-slip and cascade triggering, are thought to be the main physical process to explain the foreshock sequences and the mainshock. However, different from the regular micro-magnitude foreshock sequences (e.g. M1.0-3.0), some moderate-size (e.g. ~M6) foreshocks are also found before the mainshock (e.g. the M6.4 foreshock before the 2017 M7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake). How these moderate-size foreshocks affect the happen of mainshocks as well as their possible triggering mechanisms are still ambiguous and less studied.In this study, fortunately, we obtain geodetic observations of moderate-size (M5.8 and M6.5) foreshocks for the 2020 M6.0 Turkey and 2022 M6.9 Taiwan earthquakes using Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. It is very rare for the geodetic observations of such foreshocks as they are very temporally close to the mainshocks within one day (i.e. ~10 hours and ~17 hours). We then invert for the fault geometries and slip distributions for these two earthquakes together with their moderate foreshocks constrained by these geodetic observations. Coulomb stresses on the fault planes of mainshocks produced by the moderate-size foreshocks are also calculated as well as the static stress drops of the mainshocks. Our study provides a unique opportunity to explore the possible triggering mechanism between moderate-size foreshocks and mainshocks as well as the conditions for the happening of earthquakes.
Multi-decadal changes in the Indian Ocean heat content from a grand ensemble perspective
Authors: Fiedler Lukas , Koul Vimal , Alastrué de Asenjo Eduardo , Brune Sebastian , Baehr Johanna
Published: February 2023

Ocean heat content observations in the Indian Ocean have revealed distinctive periods of significant multi-decadal trends — for example a cooling between 1990 and 1999 followed by an unprecedented warming between 2000 and 2009. However, a systematic assessment of the relative importance of anthropogenic forcings versus natural variability in driving such trends is still missing. Here, we utilise four state-of-the-art Single Model Initial- Condition Large Ensembles with MPI-ESM1.2-LR containing different factual and counterfactual forcing scenarios to address the problem. We are able to robustly attribute the unprecedented warming of the Indian Ocean between 2000 and 2009 to the increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Our results also reveal that the preceding cooling is likely to be intrinsic to Indian Ocean heat content variability, since none of the applied counterfactual scenarios exhibits such an observed decrease in Indian Ocean heat content. Furthermore, we trace the underlying reasons for the observed inherent cooling between 1990 and 1999 to a significant reduction in heat transported into the Indian Ocean from the Pacific Ocean by the Indonesian Throughflow. These results have implications for decadal predictions of Indian Ocean heat content.
Ecosystem impacts of Ocean Alkalization in an oligotrophic marine plankton community: A mesocosm study
Authors: Sánchez Nicolás , Goldenberg Silvan Urs , Brüggemann Daniel , Weichler Merlin , Dorssers Scott , Riebesell Ulf
Published: February 2023

In light of the climate crisis and the necessity to meet the Paris Agreement goal of staying well below the 2°C temperature increase whilst respecting other UN sustainable development goals, an array of technologies to absorb and store atmospheric , named Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) technologies, are being proposed, developed and researched. One such technologies is Ocean Alkalinization, or Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE), which stems from the natural process of rock weathering. Several alkalinity sources and deployment options have been proposed, each associated with differing biological drivers. Among these, a carbonate-based, dissolved, equilibrated addition stands as the most optimistic deployment scenario, both from a carbon sequestration verification and an ecosystem impact stand point.We decided to test this implementation in the first community-level mesocosm experiment to be done in the field. Pelagic mesocosms were deployed in Taliarte (Gran Canaria), enclosing 8 m³ of oligotrophic coastal waters with their associated natural plankton community. Nine OAE addition scenarios were simulated, increasing alkalinity (TA) in steps of 300 µeq/L from ambient levels up to its doubling, using a mixture of sodium carbonate and bicarbonate. Particular focus was placed on the impacts of enhanced TA on the ecosystem service (ES) of food production. This was addressed via zooplankton properties pertaining to ecosystem stability, food quantity and nutritional quality. Zooplankton diversity, functional composition, biomass, CN stoichiometry, population size structure, secondary production, trophic length, and a number of fatty acid nutritional indexes and trophic markers were monitored throughout the 33-day experiment.Here, only 4 out of the over 30 different stability, food quantity and quality proxies were significantly affected by enhanced TA. Out of these, two were interpreted as negative impacts: a shorter-term halving in small copepod production, coinciding with a halving in copepod nauplii biomass, with a doubling in TA. These responses could be partly explained by the halving in large microplankton, an assumed preferred food source for copepods, detected right after treatment. However, none of these were sustained until the end of the experiment, thus suggesting no longer-term consequences. All in all, this study provides evidence for a low impact risk of enhanced TA on zooplankton, and ultimately the ES of food production. These findings set a promising stage towards the safe implementation of CO2-equilibrated OAE in oligotrophic coastal waters.
Measurements of bubble size distribution underneath breaking waves
Authors: Mostaani Arsalan , Nordam Tor , Davies Emlyn
Published: February 2023

Entrainment of particles by breaking waves are an important process for several applications. For example, entrainment of air bubbles is relevant for air-sea gas exchange, which in turn is relevant for climate modelling. Entrainment of oil droplets in a marine oil spill will have an effect on the fate of the oil, and help determine environmental effects. Hence, being able to measure and model these entrainment effects are important.We are conducting experiments in a linear wave flume, with piston-type wave maker, looking at entrainment of air bubbles under breaking waves. Using a camera system with a uniform backlight and a telecentric lens, the SINTEF SilCam, we can image bubbles ranging in size from tens of micrometers, to cm scale. By accurately constraining the measurement volume, we can determine concentration of bubbles of different sizes. Taking images at high frequency, and repeating the same breaking wave many times, we are able to measure the time-development of the ensemble-average bubble size distribution.In this poster, we describe the camera system and the image analysis pipeline, and we present some preliminary results and discuss some of the inherent challenges in measuring bubble size distributions close to the surface underneath breaking waves.
Valuing environmental assets for flood exposure assessment
Authors: Caporali Enrica , Bertoli Gabriele , Arrighi Chiara
Published: February 2023

Environmental assets are critical to human well-being, ecosystem vitality and the equilibrium of natural processes. Despite their recognized importance in providing numerous ecosystem services, their value remains essentially intangible and difficult to monetize. For this reason, environmental assets are rarely included in flood exposure and impact assessments, despite being required by Directive 60/2006/EC. A common thinking is that floods are a natural phenomenon and as such they should not be detrimental for environmental assets. However, the literature identifies impacts on fish fauna, habitats, tree survival and plant reproduction. This work has the objectives of (i) identifying which environmental assets are to be included in the exposure analysis, (ii) analysing the environmental value based on objective parameters and based on the social value recognized by a group of users to whom an online test is administered. The developed methodology is based on three levels with increasing of detail (from regional/national to local analysis). In the first level, exposed environmental areas are evaluated based on the level of regulatory constraint. In the second, environmental areas are assigned their main ecosystem services, and in the third, the ecosystem service subcategory is further detailed. The level 1 and 2 methods are applied to the entire Tuscany Region (Italy) for low hydraulic hazard areas mapped by the Hydrographic District of the Northern Apennine, the level 3 methodology is applied to the Val d'Orcia and Val di Chiana catchments. The results particularly highlight at the regional level the exposure of wetlands of recognized international value, lakes and all water resources that provide numerous ecosystem services for supply and regulation, and UNESCO-recognized cultural landscapes.
Combined strategy in the management of industrial side streams - production of residual soil improvement in the mitigation of environmental burden
Authors: Hakalehto Elias , Juvonen Mika , Kivelä Jukka
Published: February 2023

Microbial multitudes maintain the cycles of nutritive elements in natural ecosystems. We have piloted organic residues of various processes including the food and forest industries as well as municipal waste management. This approach opens up avenues for combining economic and ecological objectives together, which has been evidenced in Finland e.g., in Tampere, Hiedanranta project in 2017 – 2022 with sedimented lake bottom deposits of cellulosic fibers, or in case of combined bioprocessing of meat industry wastes into biogas and organic fertilizers in Kitee (2020 – 2022). The chemical products in the processes include organic acids and sugar alcohols, such as mannitol, whose production was accomplished at record levels using patented technologies developed by Finnoflag Oy. The resulting organic fractions were processed into valuable biofertilizers.
Re-evaluating Caledonian magmatism and associated base metal mineralisation: a case study of the Black Stockarton Moor porphyry copper system
Authors: Gemmell Chloe , Currie David , Neill Iain , Einsle Josh , MacRae Careen
Published: February 2023

Following the British Geological Survey’s (BGS) 1970s – 1990s Mineral Reconnaissance Programme (MRP), there has been limited characterisation and quantification of base and precious metal mineralisation in the UK, with the notable exception of Au. Data gaps still exist regarding mineral paragenesis, geochronology, deportment of critical raw materials (CRM), and ore forming processes. With increased focus on CRM, NetZero, and supply risk we must improve our knowledge of deportment in base metal systems. The BGS Critical Minerals Intelligence Centre (CMIC) was recently established to aid the UK in meeting projected future CRM demand and will act as a nexus for industry and academia. Here, we establish a workflow and document a case study where academia and the CMIC have partnered to re-evaluate a potential mineral resource, a starting point for renewed studies elsewhere in the UK. 

The Black Stockarton Moor (BSM) post-subduction porphyry Cu system is thought to have formed by interaction of Devonian plutonic to sub-volcanic complexes with Silurian turbidites in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. No study of the BSM has been undertaken since the 1979 MRP report, thus whether it is of any modern value remains unproven. Field sampling and utilising the National Geological Repository at BGS will allow for optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to quantitatively establish paragenesis and primary mineralogy. Sites will then be identified for chemical mapping to quantify CRM deportment in base metals using SEM-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), with areas of particular interest further quantified by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Focused ion beam (FIB) nano-tomography will be used to identify the cm to nano-scale distribution of CRM. Finally, magmatism and mineralisation will be fully temporally constrained using U-Pb analysis of zircon, titanite, calcite and epidote and/or Re-Os analysis of sulphides as appropriate. On a large scale, this study will address one set of data gaps by re-invigorating our knowledge of the geology and geodynamic associations of mineralisation. However, by also identifying the quantities and associations of metals at the cm to micron scale, it addresses another, by constraining the extent and nature of processes responsible for the distribution of metals in such deposits. This workflow is to be refined for application to mineralisation elsewhere in the UK including work underway on the Strontian Caledonian granite and associated Pb-Zn mineralisation in the Northern Scottish Highlands.