bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The SIMI Gender ‘5 Ws’ Rule for the integration of sex and gender-related variables in clinical studies towards internal medicine equitable research
Authors: Raparelli Valeria , Santilli Francesca , Marra Alberto Maria , Romiti Giulio Francesco , Succurro Elena , Licata Anna , Buzzetti Elena , Piano Salvatore , Masala Maristella , Suppressa Patrizia , Becattini Cecilia , Muiesan Maria Lorenza , Russo Giuseppina , Cogliati Chiara , Proietti Marco , Basili Stefania ,   Italian Society of Internal Medicine (SIMI)
Published: August 2022

Biological sex and sociocultural gender matter when it comes to health and diseases. They have been both proposed as the undeniable gateways towards a personalized approach in care delivery. The Gender Working Group of the Italian Society of Internal Medicine (SIMI) was funded in 2019 with the aim of promoting good practice in the integration of sex and gender domains in clinical studies. Starting from a narrative literature review and based on regular meetings which led to a shared virtual discussion during the national SIMI congress in 2021, the members of the WG provided a core operational framework to be applied by internal medicine (IM) specialists to understand and implement their daily activity as researchers and clinicians. The SIMI Gender ‘5 Ws’ Rule for clinical studies has been conceptualized as follows: Who (Clinical Internal Medicine Scientists and Practitioners), What (Gender-related Variables—Gender Core Dataset), Where (Clinical Studies/Translational Research), When (Every Time It Makes Sense) and Why (Explanatory Power of Gender and Opportunities). In particular, the gender core dataset was identified by the following domains (variables to collect accordingly): relations (marital status, social support, discrimination); roles (occupation, caregiver status, household responsibility, primary earner, household dimension); institutionalized gender (education level, personal income, living in rural vs urban areas); and gender identity (validated questionnaires on personality traits). The SIMI Gender ‘5 Ws’ Rule is a simple and easy conceptual framework that will guide IM for the design and analysis of clinical studies.
Towards a systematical approach for wear detection in sheet metal forming using machine learning
Authors: Kubik Christian , Becker Marco , Molitor Dirk-Alexander , Groche Peter
Published: August 2022

Wear is one of the decisive factors for the economic efficiency of sheet metal forming processes. Thereby, progressive wear phenome lead on the one hand to a poor workpiece quality and on the other hand to tool failure resulting in high machine downtimes. This trend is intensified by processing high-strength materials and the reduction of lubricant up to dry forming. In this context, data-driven monitoring methods such as machine learning (ML) provide the potential of detecting wear at an early stage to overcome manual and cost-intensive process inspections. The presented study aims to provide a ML based inline quantification of wear states within sheet metal forming processes. The development of this monitoring approach is based on a procedure model the Knowledge Discovery in Time series and image data in Engineering Epplications (KDT-EA) which is validated on two forming processes, blanking and roll forming, that strongly differ in their physical process behavior and their acquired process data. The presented inline quantification allows an estimation of wear states with a deviation of less than 0.83% for the blanking process and 2.21% for the roll forming process from the actual wear state. Furthermore, it is shown that combining different feature extraction methods as well as a compensation of unbalanced data using data augmentation techniques are able to improve the performance of the investigated ML models.
Quality Improvement in Neurocritical Care: a Review of the Current Landscape and Best Practices
Authors: Karanjia Navaz , Dugyala Venkataditya , Olm-Shipman Casey , Lele Abhijit V.
Published: August 2022

Purpose of Review

The field of neurocritical care (NCC) has grown such that there is now a substantial body of literature on quality improvement specific to NCC. This review will discuss the development of this literature over time and highlight current best practices with practical tips for providers.

Recent Findings

There is tremendous variability in patient care models for NCC patients, despite evidence showing that certain structural elements are associated with better outcomes. There now also exist evidence-based recommendations for neurocritical care unit (NCCU) structure and processes, as well as NCC-specific performance measure (PM) sets; however, awareness of these is variable among care providers. The evidence-based literature on NCC structure, staffing, training, standardized order sets and bundles, transitions of care including handoff, prevention of bounce backs, bed flow optimization, and inter-hospital transfers is growing and offers many examples of successful performance improvement initiatives in NCCUs.

NCC providers care for patients with life-threatening conditions like intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhages, ischemic stroke, and traumatic brain injury, which are associated with high morbidity, complexity of treatment, and cost. Quality improvement initiatives have been successful in improving many aspects of NCC patient care, and NCC providers should continue to update and standardize their practices with consideration of this data. More research is needed to continue to identify high-risk and high-cost NCCU structures and processes and strategies to optimize them, validate current NCC PMs, and encourage clinical adoption of those that prove to be associated with improved outcomes.
Inhibition of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Maintains Stemness in Human Amniotic Epithelial Cells
Authors: Takano Chika , Horie Masafumi , Taiko Isamu , Trinh Quang Duy , Kanemaru Kazunori , Komine-Aizawa Shihoko , Hayakawa Satoshi , Miki Toshio
Published: August 2022

Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs), which are a type of placental stem cell, express stem cell marker genes and are capable of differentiating into all three germ layers under appropriate culture conditions. hAECs are known to undergo TGF-β-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); however, the impact of EMT on the stemness or differentiation of hAECs has not yet been determined. Here, we first confirmed that hAECs undergo EMT immediately after starting primary culture. Comprehensive transcriptome analysis using RNA-seq revealed that inhibition of TGF-β-dependent EMT maintained the expression of stemness-related genes, including NANOG and POU5F1, in hAECs. Moreover, the maintenance of stemness did not affect the nontumorigenic characteristics of hAECs. We showed for the first time that TGF-β-dependent EMT negatively affected the stemness of hAECs, providing novel insight into cellular processes of placental stem cells.

Graphical abstract
Applicability and usefulness of the Declaration of Helsinki for forensic research with human cadavers and remains
Authors: Scarpulla Valentina , Amadasi Alberto , Pelotti Susi , Ingravallo Francesca
Published: August 2022

Bodies of deceased persons and human remains and their specimens (i.e., organs, bones, tissues, or biological samples) are essential in forensic research but ad hoc worldwide-recognized ethical standards for their use are still lacking. Such standards are needed both to avoid possible unethical practices and to sustain research in the forensic field. Pending consensus within the forensic science community regarding this topic, with this article we aim to stimulate a debate as to the applicability and usefulness of the Declaration of Helsinki in the field of forensic research involving human cadavers and remains. Considering the fundamental differences compared to clinical research involving human beings and the different moral obligations involved, we focus on the risks, burdens, and benefits of research, ethics committee approval, and informed consent requirements. The Declaration of Helsinki framework allows forensic researchers to focus on substantial ethical principles promoting the consistency, integrity, and quality of research. Consensus regarding ethical standards and the adoption of national and supranational laws that clearly regulate the use of human cadavers and remains, including those from autopsies, continues to be of primary importance for the forensic science community.
Comparing parental distress and children’s difficulties between parents of children with rheumatic diseases and parents of healthy children in families facing the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Bramanti Sonia M. , Manippa Valerio , Babore Alessandra , Dilillo Anna , Marcellino Alessia , Martucci Vanessa , Mallardo Saverio , Isoldi Sara , Bloise Silvia , Sanseviero Mariateresa , Iorfida Donatella , De Luca Enrica , Trumello Carmen , D’Alleva Francesca , Ventriglia Flavia , Lubrano Riccardo , Del Giudice Emanuela
Published: August 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic could be a threat for the health status of children with a chronic condition. The present study aimed to explore parents’ and children’s psychological adjustment during the current pandemic, pursuing a triple objective: to compare the psychological adjustment of parents of children with pediatric rheumatic diseases (PRDs) and parents of healthy children; to analyze children’s psychological symptoms (emotional problems and hyperactivity) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and with or without a PRDs diagnosis; to explore the associations of children’s emotional problems and hyperactivity with parents’ psychological adjustment, parent–child interactions and belonging or not to families with PRDs. This cross-sectional study involved 56 parents of children with PRDs and 53 parents of healthy children. Self-report questionnaires about parents’ depression, anxiety, parenting stress, and children’s emotional symptoms and hyperactivity-inattention were administered. No differences were detected on psychological adjustment between parents of children with PRDs and parents of healthy children. Parents of children with PRDs reported statistically significant higher levels of children’s emotional problems and hyperactivity before the pandemic, compared to parents of healthy children; during COVID-19 pandemic, emotional symptoms increased for both groups, while hyperactivity-inattention symptoms increased only in the group of healthy children. Children’s emotional difficulties were associated with higher levels of parental anxiety, worse parent–child interaction and having PRDs; children’s hyperactivity symptoms were related to parent–child difficult interaction and higher levels of parental depression. Findings suggest the importance to target the children in relation to their parents, when approaching the psychological aspects of PRDs.
Podoplanin is Responsible for the Distinct Blood and Lymphatic Capillaries
Authors: Jeong Donghyun Paul , Hall Eva , Neu Erin , Hanjaya-Putra Donny
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Controlling the formation of blood and lymphatic vasculatures is crucial for engineered tissues. Although the lymphatic vessels originate from embryonic blood vessels, the two retain functional and physiological differences even as they develop in the vicinity of each other. This suggests that there is a previously unknown molecular mechanism by which blood (BECs) and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) recognize each other and coordinate to generate distinct capillary networks.

Methods

We utilized Matrigel and fibrin assays to determine how cord-like structures (CLS) can be controlled by altering LEC and BEC identity through podoplanin (PDPN) and folliculin (FLCN) expressions. We generated BECΔFLCN and LECΔPDPN, and observed cell migration to characterize loss lymphatic and blood characteristics due to respective knockouts.

Results

We observed that LECs and BECs form distinct CLS in Matrigel and fibrin gels despite being cultured in close proximity with each other. We confirmed that the LECs and BECs do not recognize each other through paracrine signaling, as proliferation and migration of both cells were unaffected by paracrine signals. On the other hand, we found PDPN to be the key surface protein that is responsible for LEC-BEC recognition, and LECs lacking PDPN became pseudo-BECs and vice versa. We also found that FLCN maintains BEC identity through downregulation of PDPN.

Conclusions

Overall, these observations reveal a new molecular pathway through which LECs and BECs form distinct CLS through physical contact by PDPN which in turn is regulated by FLCN, which has important implications toward designing functional engineered tissues.
Natural almost Hermitian structures on conformally foliated 4-dimensional Lie groups with minimal leaves
Authors: Andersdotter Svensson Emma , Gudmundsson Sigmundur
Published: August 2022

Let (G, g) be a 4-dimensional Riemannian Lie group with a 2-dimensional left-invariant, conformal foliation $$\mathcal {F}$$
F
with minimal leaves. Let J be an almost Hermitian structure on G adapted to the foliation $$\mathcal {F}$$
F
. We classify such structures J which are almost Kähler $$(\mathcal {A}\mathcal {K})$$

(
A
K
)

, integrable $$(\mathcal {I})$$

(
I
)

or Kähler $$(\mathcal {K})$$

(
K
)

. Hereby we construct several new multi-dimensional examples in each class.
An efficient bi-objective approach for dynamic economic emission dispatch of renewable-integrated microgrids
Authors: Gholami Khalil , Abbasi Maysam , Azizivahed Ali , Li Li
Published: August 2022

To overcome the challenges of conventional power systems, such as increasing power demand, requirements of stability and reliability, and increasing integration of renewable energy sources, the concept of microgrids was introduced and is currently one of the most important solutions for solving the mentioned problems. Generally, microgrids have two operating modes, namely grid-connected and islanded modes. Based on the literature and its unique characteristics, the islanded mode is more challenging than the other one. In this paper, a new self-adaptive comprehensive differential evolution (SACDE) algorithm is proposed for solving economic load dispatch (ELD) and combined economic emission dispatch (CEED) problems, achieving optimal power consumption in isolated microgrids. Initially, SACDE is employed for solving the ELD problem as a single-objective function, meaning that the operational cost is just considered as the objective function, and thereby, the resources are scheduled accordingly. Then, a multi-objective platform based on SACDE is also proposed to solve the CEED problem. It means two objective functions, including operational cost and emission, are simultaneously optimized. For evaluating the performance of the proposed method, three different scenarios under various cases are considered. According to the results, when SACDE is employed to solve the single objective function (cost minimization) problem, it has better performance than other methods. In terms of the bi-objective scheme (cost and emission minimization), SACDE is significantly superior to the price penalty factor technique which is frequently used in previous studies.
Evaluation of the Transfer of Training for a Sexual Assault Resistance Program Enhanced with Sexuality Education
Authors: Jeffrey Nicole K. , Senn Charlene Y. , Hobden Karen L. , Barata Paula C. , McVey Gail L. , Radtke H. Lorraine , Eliasziw Misha
Published: August 2022

Introduction

The Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, Act (EAAA) Sexual Assault (SA) Resistance Program is a theoretically sound, evidence-based program providing SA resistance education within a positive sexuality framework. It was shown to substantially reduce sexual assault victimization among university women who participate (Senn et al. in New England Journal of Medicine 372(24), 2326-2335, 2015). Staff training can either enhance or impede successful program scale-up and implementation. In this paper, we evaluate the transfer of training to implementation sites (i.e., postsecondary institutions) using a train-the-trainer model.

Methods

Using pre- and post-training surveys and post-training interviews conducted from 2016 to 2020 with 33 implementation staff members from multiple sites, we answered the following research questions:

1. Did the training meet its overall goal of preparing implementation staff?

2. What training components were perceived to contribute to training effectiveness and implementation staff preparedness?

Results

Results suggested that our model of training was effective. Competence, confidence, and knowledge and ability increased significantly after training, and most staff perceived the training to be highly useful and effective (especially for preparing them to address EAAA participant issues). Practice and feedback from trainers through active learning techniques were especially important. Although implementation staff reported being well prepared to deliver the training or program, they reported being less prepared for handling other implementation-related activities and issues (that the training was not necessarily designed to address in-depth).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest a need to enhance existing training on self-care and supporting program facilitators and for ongoing support and reminders from program purveyors to ensure that implementers are making use of existing resources. This study fills important gaps in the literature as few studies have examined the transfer of training for SA prevention programming.
An action framework for the participatory assessment of nature-based solutions in cities
Authors: van der Jagt Alexander P. N. , Buijs Arjen , Dobbs Cynnamon , van Lierop Martina , Pauleit Stephan , Randrup Thomas B. , Wild Tom
Published: August 2022

Impact assessment is a key step in mainstreaming urban nature-based solutions (NBS). Yet, it remains unclear if and how assessment frameworks influence urban planning, design and management. We contend that the potential of current NBS assessment frameworks is not fully exploited due to: (1) limited contextualisation of monitoring and assessment to place-specific contexts and (2) the depoliticisation of co-production. To address this, we present a practical five-step action framework to guide inclusive participation across different stages of monitoring and assessment of urban NBS, including indicator selection. Unlike previous approaches, applying selection criteria at the level of individual indicators, we also use criteria at the aggregate level of the indicator set. We conclude that participatory assessment contributes to mainstreaming urban NBS for sustainable and just cities, provided data is contextualised to local decision-making contexts and the process is designed to amplify marginalised voices.
Piloting Uncontrolled DCD Organ Donation in the UK; Overview, Lessons and Future Steps
Authors: Wu Diana A. , Oniscu Gabriel C.
Published: August 2022

Purpose of Review

We explore how to develop Maastricht category I and II donation in the UK. We discuss lessons learned from previous UK pilots and define future steps in the journey to establishing a sustainable uDCD programme in the UK.

Recent Findings

The emergence of normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) as a successful strategy in cDCD donation with excellent clinical results creates the optimal platform for the development of a uDCD programme. Coordinated logistics with ambulance services and ED departments, embedded donor coordination in ED, public acceptance and wider discussion on acceptable peri-mortem interventions are key for future developments.

A uDCD programme in the UK is feasible. Despite an increase in public awareness and recent changes in legislation, there remain several challenges. Recent advances in perfusion and preservation and an established national retrieval infrastructure, create the premises for future sustainable developments.
Microbial Interplay in Skin and Chronic Wounds
Authors: Sachdeva Chandni , Satyamoorthy Kapaettu , Murali Thokur Sreepathy
Published: August 2022

Purpose of Review

Microbial infections in chronic wounds can often lead to lower-limb amputation, decrease in quality of life, and increase in mortality rate, and there is an unmet need to distinguish between pathogens and colonisers in these chronic wounds. Hence, identifying the composition of healthy skin microbiota, microbes associated with chronic wound and healing processes, and microbial interactions and host response in healing wounds vs. non-healing wounds can help us in formulating innovative individual-centric treatment protocols.

Recent Findings

This review highlights various metabolites and biomarkers produced by microbes that have been identified to modulate these interactions, particularly those involved in host–microbe and microbe–microbe communication. Further, considering that many skin commensals demonstrate contextual pathogenicity, we provide insights into promising initiatives in the wound microbiome research.

The skin microbiome is highly diverse and variable, and considering its importance remains to be a hotspot of medical investigations and research to enable us to prevent and treat skin disorders and chronic wound infections. This is especially relevant now considering that non-healing and chronic wounds are highly prevalent, generally affecting lower extremities as seen in diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and pressure ulcers. Pathogenic bacteria are purported to have a key role in deferring healing of wounds. However, the role of skin microflora in wound progression has been a subject of debate. In this review, we discuss biomarkers associated with chronic wound microenvironment along with the relevance of skin microflora and their metabolites in determining the chronicity of wounds.
Modelling cropland expansion and its drivers in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya
Authors: Kipkulei Harison Kiplagat , Bellingrath-Kimura Sonoko Dorothea , Lana Marcos , Ghazaryan Gohar , Boitt Mark , Sieber Stefan
Published: August 2022

Population growth and increasing demand for agricultural production continue to drive global cropland expansions. These expansions lead to the overexploitation of fragile ecosystems, propagating land degradation, and the loss of natural diversity. This study aimed to identify the factors driving land use/land cover changes (LULCCs) and subsequent cropland expansion in Trans Nzoia County in Kenya. Landsat images were used to characterize the temporal LULCCs in 30 years and to derive cropland expansions using change detection. Logistic regression (LR), boosted regression trees (BRTs), and evidence belief functions (EBFs) were used to model the potential drivers of cropland expansion. The candidate variables included proximity and biophysical, climatic, and socioeconomic factors. The results showed that croplands replaced other natural land covers, expanding by 38% between 1990 and 2020. The expansion in croplands has been at the expense of forestland, wetland, and grassland losses, which declined in coverage by 33%, 71%, and 50%, respectively. All the models predicted elevation, proximity to rivers, and soil pH as the critical drivers of cropland expansion. Cropland expansions dominated areas bordering the Mt. Elgon forest and Cherangany hills ecosystems. The results further revealed that the logistic regression model achieved the highest accuracy, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.96. In contrast, EBF and the BRT models depicted AUC values of 0.86 and 0.77, respectively. The findings exemplify the relationships between different potential drivers of cropland expansion and contribute to developing appropriate strategies that balance food production and environmental conservation.
Investigation of spin rotators in CEPC at the Z-pole
Authors: Xia Wenhao , Duan Zhe , Gao Jie , Wang Yiwei
Published: August 2022

Purpose

Longitudinal polarization is an important design aspect of the future 100 km-scale Circular Electron Position Collider (CEPC). Spin rotators are needed in the CEPC collider rings to make the beam polarization along the longitudinal direction at the interaction points (IPs). This paper focuses on the design of spin rotators for CEPC at theZ-pole (45.6 GeV).

Methods

The design of spin rotators in the CEPC at theZ-pole is based on solenoid magnets and horizontal bending magnets sections. The coupling of transverse motion introduced by solenoids is compensated with quadrupole lenses. Adjustments have been made to the layout to implement the spin rotators into the collider rings.

Results

Longitudinal polarized beam can be achieved at the IPs with the spin rotators. High degree of polarization is attainable, while the effect of spin rotators on orbital motion is acceptable. The detailed simulation results will be presented.

Conclusion

A solenoid-based spin rotator configuration is designed and integrated into the CEPC collider ring lattice. According to the simulation results, the polarization requirements can be satisfied.
Fuzzy Pattern Tree Evolution Using Grammatical Evolution
Authors: Murphy Aidan , Ali Muhammad Sarmad , Mota Dias Douglas , Amaral Jorge , Naredo Enrique , Ryan Conor
Published: August 2022

A novel approach to induce Fuzzy Pattern Trees using Grammatical Evolution is presented in this paper. This new method, called Fuzzy Grammatical Evolution, is applied to a set of benchmark classification problems. Experimental results show that Fuzzy Grammatical Evolution attains similar and oftentimes better results when compared with state-of-the-art Fuzzy Pattern Tree composing methods, namely Fuzzy Pattern Trees evolved using Cartesian Genetic Programming, on a set of benchmark problems. We show that, although Cartesian Genetic Programming produces smaller trees, Fuzzy Grammatical Evolution produces better performing trees. Fuzzy Grammatical Evolution also benefits from a reduction in the number of necessary user-selectable parameters, while Cartesian Genetic Programming requires the selection of three crucial graph parameters before each experiment. To address the issue of bloat, an additional version of Fuzzy Grammatical Evolution using parsimony pressure was tested. The experimental results show that Fuzzy Grammatical Evolution with this extension routinely finds smaller trees than those using Cartesian Genetic Programming without any compromise in performance. To improve the performance of Fuzzy Grammatical Evolution, various ensemble methods were investigated. Boosting was seen to find the best individuals on half the benchmarks investigated.
Management of industrial slurries with a chemical catalyst: generation of organic sustainable solution
Authors: Plaza Tanya , Scott Ian , Vega Ivan , Chavez Viviana , Parodi Jorge
Published: August 2022

Slurries are a problem for the food-producing industry. They are comprised of solid and liquid wastes which must be precipitated and packed in polymers, and then disposed of in special landfills. A package of chemical substances (TCAS-CATA) has been developed to control the smell of this type of material. However, questions arose as to whether it would have any effect on nutrient bioavailability after eliminating the odors. To this end, slurries from animal processing plants were treated with TCAS-CATA in different conditions, and the parameters of this resulting solution were measured. Our results indicate that the catalyst can increase 100% nitrogenated compound concentration (400 mg/L of nitrites and 250 mg/L of Nitrate). This nutrient liberation depends on the slurry source, i.e., slurries with shells generate fewer nitrogenated compounds, but deliver more calcium to the solution. The solution also generates germination in some seed types and can stimulate development in some types of plants. Finally, the catalyst reduces odor 100% without reducing the capacity of the slurry to deliver nutrients. Our data suggest that TCAS-CATA may be catalyzing the bioavailability of the compound from the slurry without requiring microbiological processes, which will reduce odor and permit the use of this slurry as a biological remediation, similar to what is achieved in composting systems, but without the associated thermophilic processes. Future studies will allow for more knowledge of the mechanism and handling industrial material for agricultural processes.
Single-Cell Sequencing Reveals Clearance of Blastula Chromosomal Mosaicism in In Vitro Fertilization Babies
Authors: Gao Yuan , Zhang Jinning , Liu Zhenyu , Qi Shuyue , Guo Xinmeng , Wang Hui , Cheng Yanfei , Tian Shuang , Ma Minyue , Peng Hongmei , Wen Lu , Tang Fuchou , Yao Yuanqing
Published: August 2022

Although chromosomal mosaic embryos detected by trophectoderm (TE) biopsy offer healthy embryos available for transfer, high-resolution postnatal karyotyping and chromosome testing of the transferred embryos are insufficient. Here, we applied single-cell multi-omics sequencing for seven infants with blastula chromosomal mosaicism detected by TE biopsy. The chromosome ploidy was examined by single-cell genome analysis, with the cellular identity being identified by single-cell transcriptome analysis. A total of 1616 peripheral leukocytes from seven infants with embryonic chromosomal mosaicism and three control ones with euploid TE biopsy were analyzed. A small number of blood cells showed copy number alterations (CNAs) on seemingly random locations at a frequency of 0%−2.5% per infant. However, none of the cells showed CNAs that were the same as those of the corresponding TE biopsies. The blastula chromosomal mosaicism may be fully self-corrected, probably through the selective loss of the aneuploid cells during development, and the transferred embryos can be born as euploid infants without mosaic CNAs corresponding to the TE biopsies. The results provide a new reference for the evaluations of transferring chromosomal mosaic embryos in certain situations.
p-adic Differential Equations
Authors: Kedlaya Kiran S.
Published: August 2022

Now in its second edition, this volume provides a uniquely detailed study of $P$-adic differential equations. Assuming only a graduate-level background in number theory, the text builds the theory from first principles all the way to the frontiers of current research, highlighting analogies and links with the classical theory of ordinary differential equations. The author includes many original results which play a key role in the study of $P$-adic geometry, crystalline cohomology, $P$-adic Hodge theory, perfectoid spaces, and algorithms for L-functions of arithmetic varieties. This updated edition contains five new chapters, which revisit the theory of convergence of solutions of $P$-adic differential equations from a more global viewpoint, introducing the Berkovich analytification of the projective line, defining convergence polygons as functions on the projective line, and deriving a global index theorem in terms of the Laplacian of the convergence polygon.
Changes in Refractory Black Carbon (rBC) Deposition to Coastal Eastern Antarctica During the Past Century
Authors: Li Chuanjin , Ma Xiangyu , Dowdy Andrew , Wang Xiaoming , Ding Minghu , Du Zhiheng , Wang Xiaoxiang , Cui Xiaoqing , Gao Shaopeng , Liu Yan , Kang Shichang , Xiao Cunde
Published: August 2022

Refractory black carbon (rBC) is an important climate‐forcing agent emitted by biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion. Antarctica can receive rBC aerosols emitted in Southern Hemisphere (SH) and preserve the history of emissions and atmospheric transport. Here, we present a high‐resolution record of rBC in an ice core (CA2016‐75) acquired from the coastal Eastern Antarctica, which accumulated during the past 100 years (1915–2015). The rBC concentration (0.030 ng g−1) and flux (7.22 μg m−2 yr−1) are both among the lowest values in Antarctic snow and ice. The rBC concentration reaches higher values on average in the period aligned with the austral Winter. The rBC concentrations show a long‐term descending trend during the period between 1950s and mid‐1990s, followed by an ascending trend to 2015. Back trajectory analysis indicates that the emissions resulting from the biomass burning and anthropogenic biofuel consumption in Southern America and Australia were the main sources for the rBC deposition. Wavelet spectral analysis and temporal correlation analysis on rBC deposition and the atmospheric circulation indices (El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Southern Annular Mode and Antarctic Oscillation) confirmed that the atmospheric circulations have certain influences on the rBC deposition, likely by their direct effects on rBC transport and on weather conditions driving the occurrence of fires and subsequent emissions in source regions.
Anomalous Radial Anisotropy and Its Implications for Upper Mantle Dynamics Beneath South China From Multimode Surface Wave Tomography
Authors: Tang Qingya , Sun Weijia , Yoshizawa Kazunori , Fu Li‐Yun
Published: August 2022

The strength of radial anisotropy can effectively reveal vertical or horizontal material flow, which may provide significant dynamic implications. The South China Block (SCB) is a classic laboratory to study strong deformation under compression from the surroundings. We construct a radially anisotropic 3‐D shear‐wave model of the entire SCB using multimode surface wave tomography with a lateral resolution of 2.0°. Distinctive structural contrasts are revealed in the S‐wave velocity anomalies in the Cathaysia Block and the Yangtze Craton. In the Cathaysia Block, a low‐velocity anomaly becomes evident with increasing depth, particularly in the VSH model. The Yangtze Craton is, however, characterized by a high‐velocity anomaly, especially in the Sichuan Basin, where the high‐velocity feature can extend down to a depth of 300 km. Interestingly, an abrupt change in radial anisotropy is observed beneath the Sichuan Basin, with positive radial anisotropy (faster VSH) in the uppermost mantle and negative radial anisotropy (faster VSV) at depths from 80 to 250 km. The lower negative anisotropic layer may reflect the directional arrangement of constituent materials caused by eastward compression and erosion of mantle flow under the Tibetan Plateau. In addition, remarkable negative radial anisotropy is found in the asthenosphere beneath Hainan Island and its surroundings. The features beneath Hainan Island and its surroundings may be related to the Hainan mantle plume in the Cenozoic.
Multi‐Scale Kelvin‐Helmholtz Instability Dynamics Observed by PMC Turbo on 12 July 2018: 1. Secondary Instabilities and Billow Interactions
Authors: Kjellstrand C. Bjorn , Fritts David C. , Miller Amber D. , Williams Bifford P. , Kaifler Natalie , Geach Christopher , Hanany Shaul , Kaifler Bernd , Jones Glenn , Limon Michele , Reimuller Jason , Wang Ling
Published: August 2022

The Polar Mesospheric Cloud (PMC) Turbulence experiment performed optical imaging and Rayleigh lidar PMC profiling during a 6‐day flight in July 2018. A mosaic of seven imagers provided sensitivity to spatial scales from ∼20 m to 100 km at a ∼2‐s cadence. Lidar backscatter measurements provided PMC brightness profiles and enabled definition of vertical displacements of larger‐scale gravity waves (GWs) and smaller‐scale instabilities of various types. These measurements captured an interval of strong, widespread Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities (KHI) occurring over northeastern Canada on July 12, 2018 during a period of significant GW activity. This paper addresses the evolution of the KHI field and the characteristics and roles of secondary instabilities within the KHI. Results include the imaging of secondary KHI in the middle atmosphere and multiple examples of KHI “tube and knot” (T&K) dynamics where two or more KH billows interact. Such dynamics have been identified clearly only once in the atmosphere previously. Results reveal that KHI T&K arise earlier and evolve more quickly than secondary instabilities of uniform KH billows. A companion paper by Fritts et al. (2022), https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035834 reveals that they also induce significantly larger energy dissipation rates than secondary instabilities of individual KH billows. The expected widespread occurrence of KHI T&K events may have important implications for enhanced turbulence and mixing influencing atmospheric structure and variability.
Impact Assessment of COVID‐19 Lockdown on Vertical Distributions of NO2 and HCHO From MAX‐DOAS Observations and Machine Learning Models
Authors: Zhang Sanbao , Wang Shanshan , Xue Ruibin , Zhu Jian , Tanvir Aimon , Li Danran , Zhou Bin
Published: August 2022

Responses to the COVID‐19 pandemic led to major reductions on air pollutant emissions in modern history. To date, there has been no comprehensive assessment for the impact of lockdowns on the vertical distributions of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO). Based on profiles from 0 to 2 km retrieved by Multi‐AXis‐Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy observation and a large volume of real‐time data at a suburb site in Shanghai, China, four types of machine learning models were developed and compared, including multiple linear regression, support vector machine, bagged trees (BT), and artificial neural network. Ultimately BT model was employed to reproduce NO2 and HCHO profiles with the best performance. Predictions with different meteorological and surface pollution scenarios were conducted from 2017 to 2019, for assessing the corresponding impacts on the changes of NO2 and HCHO profiles during COVID‐19 lockdown. The simulations illustrate that the NO2 decreased in 2020 by 43.8%, 45.5%, and 44.6%, relative to 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. For HCHO, the lockdown‐induced situation presented the declines of 28.6%, 32.1%, and 10.9%, respectively. In the comparisons of vertical distributions, NO2 maintained decreasing at all altitudes, while HCHO decreased at low altitudes and increased at high altitudes. During COVID‐19 lockdown, the reduction of NO2 and HCHO from the variation of surface pollutants was dominated below 0.5 km, while the relevant meteorological factors played a more significant role above 0.5 km.
Mars Surface Pressure Oscillations as Precursors of Large Dust Storms Reaching Gale
Authors: Zurita‐Zurita S. , de la Torre Juárez M. , Newman C. E. , Viúdez‐Moreiras D. , Kahanpää H. T. , Harri A.‐M. , Lemmon M. T. , Pla‐García J. , Rodríguez‐Manfredi J. A.
Published: August 2022

Modeling and observations have long demonstrated that Martian dust storms strongly interfere with global circulation patterns and change the diurnal and semidiurnal pressure variability as well as oscillations with periods greater than one sol associated with planetary waves. As of early 2022, five Mars years of pressure data have been collected by the Curiosity Rover in Gale crater with the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS). A combination of signal filtering techniques is used to search for pressure signatures that might warn large‐scale dust storms reaching Gale. The analysis combines an exploration of changes in both baroclinic waves and thermal tides for the first time to our knowledge. Focusing on the periods preceding local opacity increases as detected by Curiosity's Mastcam observations, the pressure analysis shows changes in the coupling between the diurnal pressure tide and quasi‐diurnal Kelvin wave, as well as in the temporal evolution of baroclinic waves that are harbingers of the larger dust storms. Changes in the phasing between Kelvin waves and diurnal tides are found to be precursors for the growth phase of periods Z (defined here as Ls ∼ 120°–160°), A (Ls ∼ 190°–240°), and C (Ls ∼ 300°–335°) dust storms. Changes in multi‐sol pressure oscillations also help predict the occurrence of A, B (Ls ∼ 245°–295°), and C storms. The specific pressure oscillations preceding each storm period are likely to be signatures of the large‐scale circulation patterns that enable the growth and propagation of the storm fronts.
Improved Model‐Data Agreement With Strongly Eddying Ocean Simulations in the Middle‐Late Eocene
Authors: Nooteboom Peter D. , Baatsen Michiel , Bijl Peter K. , Kliphuis Michael A. , van Sebille Erik , Sluijs Appy , Dijkstra Henk A. , von der Heydt Anna S.
Published: August 2022

Model simulations of past climates are increasingly found to compare well with proxy data at a global scale, but regional discrepancies remain. A persistent issue in modeling past greenhouse climates has been the temperature difference between equatorial and (sub‐)polar regions, which is typically much larger in simulations than proxy data suggest. Particularly in the Eocene, multiple temperature proxies suggest extreme warmth in the southwest Pacific Ocean, where model simulations consistently suggest temperate conditions. Here, we present new global ocean model simulations at 0.1° horizontal resolution for the middle‐late Eocene. The eddies in the high‐resolution model affect poleward heat transport and local time‐mean flow in critical regions compared to the noneddying flow in the standard low‐resolution simulations. As a result, the high‐resolution simulations produce higher surface temperatures near Antarctica and lower surface temperatures near the equator compared to the low‐resolution simulations, leading to better correspondence with proxy reconstructions. Crucially, the high‐resolution simulations are also much more consistent with biogeographic patterns in endemic‐Antarctic and low‐latitude‐derived plankton, and thus resolve the long‐standing discrepancy of warm subpolar ocean temperatures and isolating polar gyre circulation. The results imply that strongly eddying model simulations are required to reconcile discrepancies between regional proxy data and models, and demonstrate the importance of accurate regional paleobathymetry for proxy‐model comparisons.
Building Resilience in the Face of a Dwindling Colorado River
Authors: Palmer Jane
Published: August 2022

Policymakers, industry and conservation professionals, and tribal members explore pathways to a sustainable future for the millions of people reliant on the “lifeblood of the American West.”
The Effects of Climate Change on U.S. Suicide Rates
Authors: Scammell Alexandra
Published: August 2022

Suicide incidence could increase by up to 1,660 cases annually, depending on how much the climate changes.
Predicting Safe Regions Within Lava Flows Over Topography
Authors: Saville Jack M. , Hinton Edward M. , Huppert Herbert E.
Published: August 2022

We present a shallow, isothermal, Newtonian model for the transient interaction of lava flows with topography. Numerical integrations and simple mathematical approximations are deployed to quantify how topography controls lava thicknesses and flow speeds. Considering idealized topographic features, we show that modest depressions thicken and accelerate the flow—even far downstream—whilst mounds have the opposite effect. However, deep ponds of lava form in depressions of sufficient amplitude, which introduces a long timescale for lava to fill the depression and hence the accelerated downstream flow may never be attained. Relatively large mounds completely divert the lava, providing protected lava‐free regions for homes and infrastructure. There can, however, be hazardous, deep, fast flow around the edges of the mound, owing to diversion. Additionally, we show that our model accurately predicts the lava‐free region that has been observed in the eruption 35 kyr ago at Marcath Volcano, Nevada.
Using Misorientation and Weighted Burgers Vector Statistics to Understand Intragranular Boundary Development and Grain Boundary Formation at High Temperatures
Authors: Fan Sheng , Wheeler John , Prior David J. , Negrini Marianne , Cross Andrew J. , Hager Travis F. , Goldsby David L. , Wallis David
Published: August 2022

During plastic deformation, strain weakening can be achieved, in part, via strain energy reduction associated with intragranular boundary development and grain boundary formation. Grain boundaries (in 2D) are segments between triple junctions, that connect to encircle grains; every boundary segment in the encircling loop has a high (>10°) misorientation angle. Intragranular boundaries terminate within grains or dissect grains, usually containing boundary segments with a low (<10°) misorientation angle. We analyze electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data from ice deformed at −30°C ( 0.9). Misorientation and weighted Burgers vector (WBV) statistics are calculated along planar intragranular boundaries. Misorientation angles change markedly along each intragranular boundary, linking low‐ (<10°) and high‐angle (10–38°) segments that exhibit distinct misorientation axes and WBV directions. We suggest that these boundaries might be produced by the growth and intersection of individual intragranular boundary segments comprising dislocations with distinct slip systems. There is a fundamental difference between misorientation axis distributions of intragranular boundaries (misorientation axes mostly confined to ice basal plane) and grain boundaries (no preferred misorientation axis). These observations suggest during progressive subgrain rotation, intragranular boundaries remain crystallographically controlled up to large misorientation angles (>>10°). In contrast, the apparent lack of crystallographic control for grain boundaries suggests misorientation axes become randomized, likely due to the activation of additional mechanisms (such as grain boundary sliding) after grain boundary formation, linking boundary segments to encircle a grain. Our findings on ice intragranular boundary development and grain boundary formation may apply more broadly to other rock‐forming minerals (e.g., olivine, quartz).
Ecosystem Gross Primary Productivity After Autumn Snowfall and Melt Events in a Mountain Meadow
Authors: Stoy P. C. , Khan A. M. , Van Dorsten K. , Sauer P. , Weaver T. , Brookshire E. N. J.
Published: August 2022

Vegetation productivity is increasing in the U.S. Northern Great Plains but decreasing in some nearby Northern Rocky Mountain grasslands due to increases in aridity. It is unclear if decreases to montane grassland productivity from drying autumns can be partly offset by late‐season green‐ups after precipitation events. These include the multiple snowfall and snowmelt periods that often characterize the summer‐to‐winter transition, but are difficult to observe due to logistical constraints. Here, we quantify changes to vegetation indices and ecosystem carbon uptake that occurs after snowfall and melt in climatological autumn in a montane grassland in Montana, USA using eddy covariance, phenological camera, and remote sensing analyses. Carbon dioxide flux follows a diurnal pattern after autumn snowmelt events despite overall ecosystem C loss, suggesting that post‐snowmelt photosynthesis helps dampen C loss during autumn and provides fresh photosynthate to support ecosystem functioning. Light‐saturated photosynthesis after three snow events was not statistically different than before snowfall (∼6 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 in 2016 and ∼2.5 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 in 2017). Observations are consistent with the notion that canopy photosynthesis is resistant, rather than resilient, to autumn snow. MODIS indicates that post‐snow greenups can occur, but not every year. Such events likely play a small role in the annual ecosystem carbon balance but may be disproportionately important for organisms faced with dwindling late‐season forage. Future efforts should seek to understand the community and ecosystem consequences of vegetation functioning during autumn as part of an expanded effort to understand phenological changes during this under‐studied and changing time of year.