bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Families created by assisted reproduction: Parent–child relationships in late adolescence
Authors: Owen Lucy , Golombok Susan
Published: November 2008

This paper presents the findings of the third phase of a longitudinal study of families created by assisted reproduction. The quality of parent–child relationships was examined close to the adolescent's 18th birthday in 26 in vitro fertilization (IVF) families and 26 donor insemination (DI) families in comparison with 38 adoptive families and 63 natural conception families matched for demographic characteristics. A significantly higher level of mother–adolescent warmth was found between the assisted reproduction and the adoptive families, between the DI and natural conception families and between the DI and IVF families. IVF mothers showed significantly greater disciplinary indulgence than natural conception mothers, and significantly lower disciplinary aggression than DI mothers. No differences were identified between fathers for warmth or conflict. Only 2 DI children were aware of their donor conception.
New data on the correlation of skarn and gold mineralization at the Tardan deposit (northeastern Tuva)
Authors: Gas’kov I.V.
Published: November 2008

Gold mineralization of the Tardan deposit is of different spatial occurrences and is related to different hydrothermal-metasomatic formations, the main ones being skarn-magnetite bodies, metasomatites of mineralized crush zones, and metasomatites of argillizitic-rock association. The formation of gold mineralization was a multistage process related to the repeated magmatism of the Tannu-Ola complex. It took place in a wide temperature range (400–150 °C), which determined the diversity of produced mineral assemblages. The gold mineralization associated with magnetite bodies shows a spatial correlation with magnesian and calcareous skarns and is localized in plagiogranites and gabbro-diorites of the Tannu-Ola complex intruded in the Late Ordovician. Gold mineralization that occurs in crush zones and along the fault sutures in moderate- and low-temperature hydrothermal-metasomatic rocks (propylites, beresites, serpentinites, and argillizites) formed somewhat later than skarns as a result of the intrusion of granite dike bodies. Comparative analysis of different types of gold mineralization showed both a change of mineral assemblages of the gold mineralization during the ore formation and some geochemical difference between gold and gold-bearing ores. In passing from early to late occurrences of native gold, its fineness decreases, the contents of admixtures correspondingly increase, and the gold composition changes. Gold of high-temperature rocks is rich in Cu (up to 17%), and gold of low-temperatures rocks has higher contents of Ag and Hg.
Modeling the mantle-crust ore-magmatic systems of the Siberian traps
Authors: Sharapov V.N. , Mazurov M.P. , Perepechko Yu.V.
Published: November 2008

We consider the applications of existing mathematical models to heat and mass transfer dynamics in different zones of mantle-crust magmatic systems and discuss problems concerning quantitative modeling of mineralization associated with fractional crystallization of mafic melts in magma chambers, with or without crustal contamination.
Heat flow in the Altai-Sayan Area: new data
Authors: Sokolova L.S. , Duchkov A.D.
Published: November 2008

Eleven new estimates of heat flow (q) from the southern Altai-Sayan Folded Area (ASFA) have provided update to the heat flow map of Gorny Altai. Measured heat flow in the area varies from 33 to 90 mW/m2, with abnormal values of >70 mW/m2 at four sites. The anomalies may have a deep source only at the Aryskan site in the East Sayan (q = 77 mW/m2) while high heat flows of 75–90 mW/m2 obtained for the Mesozoic Belokurikha and Kalguty plutons appear rather to result from high radiogenic heat production in granite, which adds a 25–30 W/m2 radiogenic component to a deep component of 50–60 mW/m2. The latter value is consistent with heat flow estimates derived from helium isotope ratios (54 mW/m2 in both plutons). Heat flow variations at other sites are in the range from 33 to 60 mW/m2. The new data support the earlier inferences of a generally low heat flow over most of ASFA (average of 45–50 mW/m2) and of a “cold” Cenozoic orogeny in the area (except for southeastern ASFA), possibly driven by shear stresses associated with India indentation into Eurasia.
Quasi-periodic geomagnetic secular variation (from 1985–2005 world observatory data)
Authors: Ladynin A.V. , Popova A.A.
Published: November 2008

We have discovered a 2–4 year periodicity in geomagnetic secular variation (SV) from data of 110 world magnetic observatories. The periodicity in the horizontal component (H) is most prominent and appears to be globally uniform in different regions, on all continents, and in both hemispheres. The quasi-periodic short-wavelength variations show up in the vertical component (Z) as well but locally superpose on long-wavelength regional anomalies. We presume that the short-period fluctuations may be produced by instability of the eccentric dipole (ED) axis proceeding from the analysis of the SV field and optimization modeling of the dipole field with varied ED parameters.
Normative quartz as an indicator of the mass transfer intensity during the postmagmatic alteration of the Botuobinskaya pipe kimberlites (Yakutia)
Authors: Vasilenko V.B. , Tolstov A.V. , Minin V.A. , Kuznetsova L.G. , Surkov N.V.
Published: November 2008

The intensity of postmagmatic processes in the Botuobinskaya pipe kimberlites was estimated from the calculated content of normative secondary quartz (Q). Several simple algorithms are proposed to calculate the Q content from chemical analyses of kimberlites. Ten groups of altered kimberlites have been recognized from the Q contents. The contents of MgO, some trace elements, and LREE in the groups, the contents of Cr and Ca of crimson garnets, the diamond contents of kimberlites, and the average weight of diamonds decrease as the Q content increases. It is shown that the negative SiO2–MgO correlation is the most effective indicator of the postmagmatic alteration of kimberlites. As the degree of their secondary alteration increases, the kimberlites transform into an assemblage of quartz and clay minerals enriched in some trace elements and almost completely lacking REE and diamonds.
Short stature of mothers from an area endemic for undernutrition is associated with obesity, hypertension and stunted children: a population-based study in the semi-arid region of Alagoas, Northeast Brazil
Authors: Ferreira Haroldo S. , Moura Fabiana A. , Cabral Júnior Cyro R. , Florêncio Telma M. M. T. , Vieira Regina C. , de Assunção Monica L.
Published: November 2008

The objectives of the study were to investigate whether the health conditions of mothers with short stature differed from those with normal stature, and to establish if these aspects were associated with the health of the offspring. Data relating to health and socio-economic, demographic and anthropometric conditions were collected from a probabilistic sample population consisting of 1180 mothers and 1511 children ( < 10 years) living in the semi-arid region of the State of Alagoas, Brazil. Mothers were categorised according to stature, with those in the 1st quartile being defined as of short stature and those in the 4th quartile being defined as of normal stature and serving as a reference for the comparison of variables of interest. Following verification that maternal stature fulfilled parametric assumptions, its associations with the other variables were determined by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients. After excluding strongly self-correlated variables (r ≥ 0·70), the remaining variables were analysed by multiple linear regression. The results showed that low maternal stature was independently associated with obesity (percentage body fat ≥ 30; P = 0·045), abdominal adiposity (waist:hip ratio ≥ 0·85; P = 0·007) and high systolic blood pressure ( ≥ 140 mmHg; P = 0·006). Short maternal stature was associated with low birth weight ( < 3000 g; P = 0·01) and stunting (height-for-age Z score < − 2; P = 0·019) in the offspring. Thus, in the semi-arid region of Alagoas, women of short stature presented a higher prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases and produced less healthy children than women of normal stature.
FIFTY YEARS OF THE HISTORICAL JOURNAL
Authors: GOLDIE MARK
Published: November 2008

The half-centenary of the Historical Journal is here used as an opportunity not for celebration but for historical analysis. How well does the journal's claim to publish ‘on all aspects of history’ stand up to scrutiny? Do its contents and contributors reflect the state of the profession, or are they skewed? These questions are explored both conceptually and quantitatively. The notion of a ‘general’ historical journal is examined, as also the distinction between a journal's research and pedagogic functions. Some implications of the HJ's origins in the period of high modernism are suggested. Finally, current dilemmas are examined, especially in the new era of electronic access.
EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLISH DEBATES ON A DOG TAX
Authors: TAGUE INGRID H.
Published: November 2008

A tax on dogs was passed in 1796 because it seemed to address both the government's need for revenue and other serious social and economic problems. Arguments for and against a dog tax throughout the eighteenth century engaged with issues not raised in discussions of other kinds of taxes because of the unique place of dogs in human society; positions on the question of a dog tax depended largely on assumptions about the purpose that dogs served, or ought to serve. Proponents often argued that a dog tax would decrease the population of nuisance dogs, whilst also preventing poaching. Other tax advocates presented a dog tax as a luxury tax, but there was no agreement about which kinds of dogs were luxuries, and which were necessities that should be exempt from the tax. By the time a bill was debated in parliament in 1796, the terms of the debate had shifted because of new attitudes toward animals. The tax that was ultimately passed largely ignored the interests of the primary advocates of a tax throughout the century, instead treating the pets of the poor as necessities that merited exemption.
WORK CAMPS, COMMERCE, AND THE EDUCATION OF THE ‘NEW MAN’ IN THE ROMANIAN LEGIONARY MOVEMENT
Authors: HAYNES REBECCA
Published: November 2008

This article explores two aspects of the Romanian legionary movement's organization in the 1930s, namely work camps and commerce. These are placed in the context of the Legion's attempts to construct a ‘parallel society’ that challenged the hegemony of the state and the dominant class of Romanian politicians and Jewish capitalists. The Legion's work camps and commercial ventures played a crucial educational role within the movement. The work camps were regarded as ‘schools’ in which the legionary ‘New Man’ was to be created and nurtured. Through its commercial ventures, the Legion aimed to educate a new generation of ‘Christian’ entrepreneurs to win back the economic position which the Romanians had allegedly lost to Jewish traders. This new elite would thus replace the decadent Romanian political and commercial classes which the Legion regarded as devoid of national awareness. The success of the Legion's ‘parallel society’ provoked government counter-measures which culminated in the murder of the movement's leader, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, in 1938, and the fragmentation of the Legion. The article draws upon hitherto unused Romanian archival sources, as well as legionary memoirs and articles.
WHAT IS THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS? RECENT STUDIES IN AUTHORSHIP, PUBLISHING, AND READING IN MODERN BRITAIN AND NORTH AMERICA
Authors: HOWSAM LESLIE
Published: November 2008

Historical and literary studies of the history of the book and of reading habits in modern Anglo-American history tend to approach their subject either from the perspective of readers and publishers or from that of authors. The former works constitute a nascent historiography, addressing the problem of how the material book was used to create and replicate culture; the latter studies are more concerned with how literary authors used texts to influence and negotiate culture. This article critically reviews the two bodies of scholarship and identifies the importance of copyright and reprinting; it comments on the value of transnational or other broad studies as opposed to specific investigations of a particular canonical text or local publishing/reading community.
Some newLecanoraspecies from western and central Europe, belonging to theL. salignagroup, with notes on related species
Authors: van den BOOM Pieter P. G. , BRAND A. Maarten
Published: November 2008

A revision of theLecanora saligna-group is provided, based on specimens mainly from western and central Europe. Four newLecanoraspecies related toL. salignaare described:L. calabrica,L. coppinsii,L. pseudosarcopidoidesandL. subsaligna, as well as a new variety,L. albellulavar.macroconidiata. The species treated have in common relatively short and ± curved or bacilliform conidia and/or isousnic acid as a secondary metabolite. Species without isousnic acid, containing exclusively filiform conidia are excluded. Notes on various types of conidia (macroconidia, microconidia, mesoconidia and leptoconidia), morphology, ecology, chemistry and distribution are given and a key to the treated species is provided. Detailed descriptions are presented for eight related species in order to highlight the distinguishing characters.
Contributions toward a new taxonomy of Central European freshwater species of the lichen genusThelidium(Verrucariales, Ascomycota)
Authors: THÜS Holger , NASCIMBENE Juri
Published: November 2008

The morphological circumscription of selected Central European freshwater species in the lichen genusThelidiumwas re-examined against the background of a molecular phylogeny based on ITS sequences. Molecular data reveal a close relationship betweenThelidium methorium,T. pertusatiiandVerrucaria latebrosacontradicting the traditional separation ofVerrucariaandThelidiumby ascospore septation.Thelidium methoriumandT. pertusatiiare closely related species. The distinction ofThelidium methoriumandT. submethoriumwas supported both by differences in ITS sequences and morphology.Thelidium minutulum,T. pluviumandT. zwackhiiform a distinct clade with small perithecia and a thin or absent involucrellum.Thelidium rehmiiandT. minutulumdiffer morphologically only in larger variability of ascospore length and the arrangement of photobiont cells, but are clearly separated by their ITS sequences as well their ecological requirements. An identification key for epilithic freshwater species ofThelidiumin Central Europe is given, a lectotype forT. pertusatiiis chosen, and detailed remarks for each species are provided.
Three new species of Caloplaca from India
Authors: JOSHI Yogesh , UPRETI Dalip K. , SATI Suresh C.
Published: November 2008

Three new species of the lichen genus Caloplaca (Teloschistaceae) from India are described. Caloplaca jatolensis belongs to the Triophthalmidium section, while C. pseudisteroides and C. subleptozona belong to the Sideritis group.
NewRinodinaspecies from the Cape Verde Islands, with notes on some additional species
Authors: GIRALT Mireia , van den BOOM Pieter P. G.
Published: November 2008

Examination ofRinodinaspecimens from the Cape Verde Islands revealed three new species, which are described here:Rinodina capeverdeanaGiralt & van den Boom,R. inspersoparietataGiralt & van den Boom andR. polymorphaesporaGiralt & van den Boom. Additional information is given for six further species, of which five are new records for the archipelago.Rinodina punctosorediataAptroot & Sparrius was found to be conspecific withR. sticticaSheard & Tønsberg.
14C/C measurements support Andreev's internode method to determine lichen growth rates inCladonia stygia(Fr.) Ruoss
Authors: HOLT Emily A. , BENCH Graham
Published: November 2008

Growth rates and the ability to date an organism can greatly contribute to understanding its population biology and community dynamics. 1n 1954, V. N. Andreev proposed a method to date regularly branched members ofCladonia, a fruticose lichen, using total thallus length and number of internodes. No research, however, has demonstrated the reliability of this technique or compared its estimates to those derived by other means. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of14C/C ratios to determine lichen age and growth rate inCladonia stygia(Fr.) Ruoss collected from north-western Alaska, USA. The average growth rate using14C/C ratios was 6·5 mm yr−1, which was not significantly different from growth rates derived by Andreev's internode method (average = 6·2 mm yr−1); thus, suggesting the reliability of Andreev's simple field method for dating lichens.
On the implications of the virtual storyteller’s point of view
Authors: Ibáñez Jesús , Aylett Ruth , Delgado-Mata Carlos , Molinuevo Beatriz
Published: November 2008

This paper deals with the implications of showing the storyteller’s perspective when telling stories in virtual environments. The paper proposes an open and reusable architecture for the construction of virtual guides who tell stories about the worlds they inhabit from their own perspective. The system consists of two main components: the structure of a knowledge base to code the narrative knowledge about the worlds and a novel hybrid algorithm for the generation of narratives showing the storyteller’s viewpoint. The complete architecture has been developed. Furthermore, we carried out a study with users in order to both validate the implemented storytelling system and test whether the users consider it significantly better or worse (in terms of several aspects related to believability) adding the virtual guide perspective (as both text and animations showing emotions) to the guide discourse. The interesting results are discussed.
Art applications for crowds
Authors: Rudomin Isaac , Millán Erik , Hernández Benjamín , Díaz Marissa , Rivera Daniel
Published: November 2008

We have developed two different art applications as a way of guiding and testing of our technical work in crowd simulation and interface devices. In this paper, we describe both of them as well as the systems used to implement them. ‘Crowds’ is an immersive art installation with stereo projection based on our development of the specification of crowd behavior using XML and images, a proprietary tangible wind interface, and interactive real-time navigation. ‘UnderCrowds’ deals with large crowds, implemented in the graphics processor, and uses a crowd sensor to make the size of the virtual crowd proportional to the number of spectators crossing in front of the said sensor.
Portraiture, precedence and politics amongst the London liveries c. 1540–1640
Authors: TITTLER ROBERT
Published: November 2008

Portraiture has accurately been identified as one of the many harmony-inducing, commemorative devices employed in the celebratory culture of the London liveries in the century after the Reformation. But a closer examination of the developing tradition of livery company portraiture shows its use to be considerably more complex, and sometimes more divisive, than previously recognized.
Symbols of civic pride, national history or European tradition? City halls in Scandinavian capital cities
Authors: KOLBE LAURA
Published: November 2008

Using case studies of city halls in Copenhagen, Stockholm and Oslo, this article contributes towards the creation of an iconographic reading of this building type. This article argues that the symbolic aim of the city hall was to express the burgher's pride and values, and to symbolize the local and national history. To understand the multifaceted architecture of a city hall in a capital city, one must also understand the ideas behind nation-building in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. The second part of the article analyses how European, national and local narratives were used in the city halls.
Slavery in colonial New York City
Authors: GOODFRIEND JOYCE D.
Published: November 2008

Manhattan's landscape contains few material reminders of its colonial past. Traces of the Native Americans who frequented the island, the Dutch who planted New Amsterdam at its tip and the various European and African peoples who populated the city renamed New York by the English in 1664 are few and far between. Though the obliteration of the tangible remains of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century city dwellers speeded the transformation of Manhattan into a vibrant twentieth-century metropolis, the dearth of visible signs of this era has complicated historians' efforts to fabricate enduring images of the men and women of this early urban society. Their stories, though dutifully rehearsed by schoolbook writers and museum curators, have rarely become etched in memory.
Liverpool: past, present and future
Authors: POOLEY COLIN G.
Published: November 2008

Liverpool's designation as European Capital of Culture for 2008, together with the 800th anniversary of the founding of the borough in 2007, has (unsurprisingly) generated a number of books dealing with different aspects of the city's history. The five volumes reviewed here represent just a small selection of those available, ranging from the deliberately academic to much more popular publications. Together they provide much of interest for urban historians. If these books have a common theme it is the argument (or assumption) that for much of its history, and in many different respects, Liverpool was (and remains) in various ways different from other British cities. The celebration of difference lies very much at the heart of Liverpool's Capital of Culture activities, and these books provide additional perspectives on Liverpool's demographic, social, cultural, sporting and architectural distinctiveness.
THE OBLIGATION OF A STATE UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW TO PROTECT MEMBERS OF ITS OWN ARMED FORCES DURING ARMED CONFLICT OR OCCUPATION
Authors: Rowe Peter
Published: November 2008

The article considers whether a state owes any obligation under international humanitarian law or under human rights law to its own soldiers killed or injured during an armed conflict or an occupation of territory. Whether a soldier's own state can beacause (in conjunction with the acts of enemy forces) of his death during combat is explored through situations such as poor training, equipment, and leadership and of specific issues such as ‘friendly fire’ incidents. It marks out a distinction between causation and the responsibility of a state. Whilst there may be political, or even national law, pressures upon a government which is at fault to some degree in causing casualties amongst its own soldiers this article suggests that, in certain limited circumstances, a duty may crystallise under customary international humanitarian law or arise under human rights law on a state to prevent it beingacause of the death or wounding of its own soldiers. It concludes that soldiers are, perhaps, the last group involved in an armed conflict to be recognised as individuals who should be owed some obligation of protection, in this case, by their own state under international law.
THE TARGETING OF CIVILIAN CONTRACTORS IN ARMED CONFLICT
Authors: Stephens Dale , Lewis Angeline
Published: November 2008

The modern Law of International Armed Conflict is principally framed upon a linear notion of warfare. It classically anticipates massed armies engaging one another upon the battlefield where victory is achieved by way of decisive military defeat of one side by the other. The targeting philosophy underpinning this paradigm is that civilians are to be spared to the greatest extent possible during the course of the conflict. Concomitantly, military force is to be applied in a surgical and economic manner mainly against the sovereign forces of the enemy as well as defined ‘military objectives’, with the law being relatively comprehensive as to the character of each of these categories. Under the prevailing philosophy, the law nonetheless acknowledges that where civilians vitiate their protected status and elect to participate directly in hostilities, then they might also be targeted. The paucity of legal prescription in this area strongly suggests, however, that this is regarded as a somewhat exceptional phenomenon.
TARGETED KILLING OR LESS HARMFUL MEANS? – ISRAEL'S HIGH COURT JUDGMENT ON TARGETED KILLING AND THE RESTRICTIVE FUNCTION OF MILITARY NECESSITY
Authors: Melzer Nils
Published: November 2008

In November 2000, a few weeks after the outbreak of a major uprising in the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, the Israeli government officially acknowledged it was operating a policy of targeted killing against selected Palestinian militants. On 14 January 2002, an Israeli (PCATI) and a Palestinian (LAW) human rights group jointly submitted a petition to the Israeli High Court to halt the policy and to issue an interim order suspending its implementation. The Court subsequently refused to issue the requested interim order and, when it finally delivered its judgment in the case on 14 December 2006, at least 213 targeted persons and 137 bystanders had been killed and hundreds of others injured in operations of targeted killing. In its judgment, the Court neither banned nor justified the state policy as a whole, but ruled that the lawfulness of targeted killings must be examined separately for each operation.
THE EXECUTION OF SADDAM HUSSEIN – A LEGAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Blinderman Eric H.
Published: November 2008

On December 30, 2006, Saddam Hussein was led into a dank execution chamber in Baghdad, Iraq. A heavy noose was slipped around his neck while several guards in the room began hurling sectarian taunts at him. Saddam Hussein stared ahead, mocking his guards before reciting the most sacred of Islamic prayers-"There is no God but God, and Muhammed is his prophet." The trap door beneath Saddam Hussein swung open at 6:10 a.m. Saddam Hussein never finished his prayer. This article analyzes the legal rules governing Mr. Hussein's last moments of life. In particular, this article sets forth the legal requirements that govern implementation of the death penalty in Iraq and opines that the Iraqi government did not follow these rules when carrying out Saddam Hussein's capital sentence. To accomplish this goal, the article (1) analyzes whether the Iraqi government had legal authority to execute Saddam Hussein and (2) sets forth abstractly the procedural steps that apply to implementation of a capital sentence in Iraq; and (3) applies these abstract procedural steps to the specific facts of Saddam Hussein's execution. The purpose of this exercise is to understand more broadly what went wrong in the days leading to Saddam Hussein's execution so that legal scholars and policy makers can draw broader conclusions about what this event might mean about the rule of law in Iraq.
DIVISION I / WORKING GROUP NOMENCLATURE FOR FUNDAMENTAL ASTRONOMY
Authors: Capitaine Nicole , Andrei Alexandre H. , Calabretta Mark R. , Dehant Véronique , Fukushima Toshio , Guinot Bernard R. , Hohenkerk Catherine Y. , Kaplan George H. , Klioner Sergei A. , Kovalevsky Jean , Kumkova Irina I. , Ma Chopo , McCarthy Dennis D. , Seidelmann P. Kenneth , Wallace Patrick T.
Published: November 2008

The IAU Division I Working Group onNomenclature for Fundamental Astronomy(NFA) was established by the IAU XXV General Assembly with the task of providing proposals for new nomenclature associated with the implementation of the IAU XXIV GA resolutions (2000) and to make related educational efforts for bringing the issue to the notice of scientists in the community.
DIVISION II: SUN AND HELIOSPHERE
Authors: Webb David F. , Melrose Donald B. , Benz Arnold O. , Bogdan Thomas J. , Bougeret Jean-Louis , Klimchuk James A. , Martinez-Pillet Valentin
Published: November 2008

Division II provides a forum for astronomers studying a wide range of problems related to the structure, radiation and activity of the Sun, and its interaction with the Earth and the rest of the solar system.
DIVISION II / WORKING GROUP INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION IN SPACE WEATHER
Authors: Webb David F. , Gopalswamy Nat , Liu William , Sibeck David G. , Schmieder Brigitte , Wang Jingxiu , Wang Chi
Published: November 2008

The IAU Division II WG on International Collaboration in Space Weather has as its main goal to help coordinate the many activities related to space weather at an international level. The WG currently includes the international activities of the International Heliospheric Year (IHY), the International Living with a Star (ILWS) program, the CAWSES (Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System) Working Group on Sources of Geomagnetic Activity, and Space Weather Studies in China. The coordination of IHY activities within the IAU is led by Division II under this working group. The focus of this half-day meeting was on the activities of the IHY program. About 20 people were in attendance. The Chair of the WG, David F. Webb, gave a brief introduction noting that the meeting would have two parts: first, a session on IHY activities emphasizing IHY Regional coordination and, second, a general discussion of the other programs of the WG involving international Space Weather activities.
DIVISION III / COMMISSION 15 / WORKING GROUP PHYSICAL STUDY OF MINOR PLANETS
Authors: Huebner Walter F. , Cellino Alberto , Tedesco Edward F. , Bockelee-Morvan Dominique , Ma Yuehua , Jenniskens Petrus M. M. , Lupishko Dmitrij F. , Reitsema Harold J. , Tancredi Gonzalo , Shulz Rita M.
Published: November 2008

The meeting of the Physical Properties of the Minor Planets Working Group of IAU Commission 15 took place on 24 August, and was devoted to purely scientific matters, since other topics (organization of the Minor Planet WG, need of a new web page, election of the new chairman) had been already discussed during the business meeting of Commission 15, on 22 August. A brief summary of the talks given during the meeting is given in what follows.
COMMISSION 16: PHYSICAL STUDY OF PLANETS AND SATELLITES
Authors: Consolmagno Guy J. , Courtin Regis , Cruikshank Dale P. , Blanco Carlo , Cruikshank Dale P. , Ksanfomality Leonid V. , McGrath Melissa A. , Morrison David , Morrison David , Noll Keith S. , Owen Tobias C. , Roos-Serote Maarten C. , Spencer John R. , Tejfel Victor G.
Published: November 2008

Commission 16 held its business meeting during the General Assembly in Prague, on Wednesday August 23, 2006, with nine members present. The meeting was called to order at 14:00 hr by president Guy Consolmagno. A moment of silence was observed in memory of those Commission (or Division) members deceased since the last General Assembly. They are Joseph W. Chamberlain, Michel Festou, Thomas Gold, Cornell H. Mayer, Vasilij I. Moroz, William M. Sinton, Willem Wamsteker, James A. Westphal, and Fred L. Whipple.
COMMISSION 22: METEORS, METEORITES AND INTERPLANETARY DUST
Authors: Spurný Pavel , Watanabe Jun-ichi , Mann Ingrid , Baggaley William J. , Borovička Jiří , Brown Peter G. , Consolmagno Guy J. , Jenniskens Peter , Pellinen-Wannberg Asta K. , Porubčan Vladimír , Williams Iwan P. , Yano Hajime
Published: November 2008

Present were the members Abe, Babadzhanov, Baggaley, Borovička, Bowell, Ceplecha, Consolmagno, Jenniskens, Kolomiets, Koten, Marsden, Porubčan, Spurný, Valsecchi, Watanabe, and Williams.
COMMISSION 51: BIOASTRONOMY
Authors: Meech Karen J. , Boss Alan P. , Bowyer C. Stuart , Capaccioni Fabrizio , Ehrenfreund Pascale , Eiroa Carlos , Hubbard William B. , Latham David W. , Martín Eduardo L. , Mayor Michel , Morrison David , Norris Raymond P. , Tarter Jill C.
Published: November 2008

Commission 51 met on 18 August 2006. President Karen Meech chaired the meeting and there were 16 members present, including vice-president Alan Boss, and OC member David Morrison.
DIVISION IV: STARS
Authors: Dravins Dainis , Spite Monique , Barbuy Beatriz , Corbally Christopher , Dziembowski Wojciech , Hartkopf William I. , Sneden Christopher
Published: November 2008

Division IV organizes astronomers studying the characterization, interior and atmospheric structure of stars of all masses, ages and chemical compositions.
DIVISION IV / WG: ABUNDANCES IN RED GIANTS
Authors: Lattanzio John C. , Denissenkov Pavel A. , Gallino Roberto , Hron Josef , Jorgensen Uffae G. , Kahane Claudine , Kwok Sun , van Loon Jacobus Th. , Smith Verne V. , Tout Christopher , Wing Robert F. , Zinner Ernst
Published: November 2008

Unfortunately the Business Meeting clashed with interesting sessions on stellar convection theory that were very relevant to most members of this Working Group. Hence the attendance was very small, and some preliminary discussions were later followed up by email among the Organising Committee members.
DIVISION IV-V / WG: ACTIVE B-TYPE STARS
Authors: Owocki Stanley P. , Štefl Stanislav , Aerts Conny , Barbuy Beatriz , Fabregat Juan , Gies Douglas R. , Guinan Edward F. , Henrichs Hubertus F. , Peters Geraldine J. , Porter John M. , Rivinius Thomas , Štefl Stanislav
Published: November 2008

The meeting of the Working Group on Active B-type Stars consisted of a business meeting followed by a scientific meeting containing invited and contributed talks. The titles of the talks and their presenters are listed below. We plan to publish a series of articles containing summaries of these talks in Issue No. 39 of the Be Star Newsletter.
COMMISSION 26: BINARY AND MULTIPLE STARS
Authors: Hartkopf William I. , Allen Christine , Scarfe Colin D. , Davis John , Fekel Francis C. , Lampens Patricia , Ling Josefina F. , Oblak Edouard , Oswalt Terry D.
Published: November 2008

The Business Meeting of Commission 26 took place on 17 August 2006, during the IAU XXVI General Assembly in Prague. It was chaired by its outgoing president, William Hartkopf, and was attended by the following members and guests: H. Abt, C. Allen, W. van Altena, R. Argyle, G. van Belle, D. Bisikalo, A. Bradley, T. ten Brummelaar, D. Cline, T. Corbin, R. Costero, J. Davis, H. Dickel, J. Docobo, J. Echevarria, F. Fekel, E. Griffin, P. Harmanec, W. Hartkopf, P. Lampens, O. Malkov, B. Mason, H. McAlister, T. Oswalt, D. Pourbaix, A. Poveda, D. Raghavan, W. Sanders, C. Scarfe, W. Tango, A. Tokovinin, S. Urban, R. Wilson, and H. Zinnecker.
DIVISION V: VARIABLE STARS
Authors: Christensen-Dalsgaard Jørgen , Giménez Alvaro , Guinan Edward F. , Aerts Conny , Balona Luis A. , Sahade Jorge
Published: November 2008

Division V provides a joint forum for the study of stellar variability in all its manifestations, whether due to pulsation, surface inhomogeneities, evolutionary changes, or to eclipses and other phenomena specifically related to double and multiple stars.
COMMISSION 27: VARIABLE STARS
Authors: Aerts Conny , Kawaler Steven D. , Christensen-Dalsgaard Jørgen , Bedding Timothy R. , Cacciari Carla , Cottrell Peter L. , Cunha Margarida , Handler Gerald , Martinez Peter , Sasselov Dimitar D. , Somasundaram Seetha , Welch Douglas L.
Published: November 2008

The meeting started at 16h00. The president welcomed the 24 participants to the business meeting of Commission 27. After the approval of the agenda, she gave an overview of the activities of Commission 27 of the past three years.
DIVISION IX: OPTICAL AND INFRARED TECHNIQUES
Authors: Sterken Christiaan L. , Hearnshaw John B. , Landolt Arlo U. , Cullum Martin , Dennefeld Michel , Kudritzki Rolf-Peter , Landolt Arlo U. , Lawson Peter R. , Martinez Peter , Nordström Birgitta , Ding-qiang Su , Tokovinin Andrei A. , Udry Stéphane
Published: November 2008

Division IX provides a forum for astronomers engaged in the innovation, development and calibration of optical instrumentation and observational procedures including data processing.
DIVISION IX / COMMISSION 25 / WORKING GROUP INFRARED ASTRONOMY
Authors: Milone Eugene F. , Young Andrew T. , Bell Roger A. , Bessell Michael S. , Cohen Martin , Garrison Robert F. , Glass Ian S. , Graham John A. , Hillenbrand Lynne A. , Kurucz Robert L. , Mountain Matthew , Rieke George H. , Schiller Stephen J. , Simons Douglas A. , Skrutskie Michael F. , Stagg C. Russell , Sterken Christiaan L. , Thompson Roger I. , Tokunaga Alan T. , Volk Kevin
Published: November 2008

The WG-IR was created following a Joint Commission Meeting at the IAU General Assembly in Baltimore in 1988, a meeting that provided both diagnosis and prescription for the perceived ailments of infrared photometry at the time. The results were summarized in Milone (1989). The challenges involve how to explain the failure to systematically achieve the milli-magnitude precision expected of infrared photometry and an apparent 3% limit on system transformability. The proposed solution was to redefine the broadband Johnson system, the passbands of which had proven so unsatisfactory that over time effectively different systems proliferated although bearing the sameJHKLMNQdesignations; the new system needed to be better positioned and centered in the atmospheric windows of the Earth's atmosphere, and the variable water vapour content of the atmosphere needed to be measured in real time to better correct for atmospheric extinction.
DIVISION X: RADIO ASTRONOMY
Authors: Rodriguez Luis F. , Nan Ren-Dong , Padrielli Lucia , Diamond Philip J. , Dubner Gloria M. , Garrett Michael , Goss W. Miller , Green Anne , Ishiguro Masato , Rao A. Pramesh , Taylor Russell A. , Torrelles Jose M. , Turner Jean L.
Published: November 2008

Division X provides a common theme for astronomers using radio techniques to study a vast range of phenomena in the Universe, from exploring the Earth's ionosphere or making radar measurements in the Solar System, via mapping the distribution of gas and molecules in our own Galaxy and in other galaxies, to study the vast explosive processes in radio galaxies and QSOs and the faint afterglow of the Big Bang itself.
DIVISION XI / WG: ASTRONOMY FROM THE MOON
Authors: Baliunas Sallie L. , Kondo Yoji , Kaifu Norio , Engvold Oddbjorn , Kaifu Norio , Okuda Haruyuki , Terzian Yervant , Wamsteker Willem
Published: November 2008

The Business Meeting opened with a recall of the memory of a member of the Organizing Committee, Willem Wamsteker. N. Kaifu, past president of the Working Group, was thanked for his outstanding service.
DIVISION XII / COMMISSION 41 / WORKING GROUP HISTORICAL INSTRUMENTS
Authors: Pigatto Luisa , Il-Seong Nha , Hamel Jürgen , Johnson Kevin , Kochhar Rajesh , Nakamura Tsuko , Il-Seong Nha , Orchiston Wayne , Pettersen Bjrn R. , Schechner Sara J. , Yunli Shi
Published: November 2008

The Working Group Historical Instruments (WG-HI) was founded by the members of Commission 41 at the 2000 Manchester IAU XXIV General Assembly, with the main objectives to assemble a bibliography of existing publications relating to such instruments, and to encourage colleagues to carry out research and publish their results. Membership of the WG-HI has increased from three to nine people since its foundation. This clearly demonstrates the IAU members increasing interest in safeguarding old astronomical instruments and buildings as witness to their own country's cultural heritage and scientific progress.
COMMISSION 46: ASTRONOMY EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Pasachoff Jay M. , Jones Barrie W. , Hearnshaw John B. , Gerbaldi Michèle , Christensen Lars Lindberg , Tolbert Charles R. , Percy John R.
Published: November 2008

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) was founded in 1922 to “promote and safeguard astronomy . . . and to develop it through international co-operation”. The IAU is funded through its National Members. Almost all of the funds supplied from the dues are used for the development of astronomy.
DIVISION XII / COMMISSION 46 / PROGRAM GROUP WORLD-WIDE DEVELOPMENT OF ASTRONOMY
Authors: Hearnshaw John B. , Batten Alan H. , Alsabti A. Athem , Batten Alan H. , Fierro Julieta , Gray Richard O. , Hemenway Mary Kay M. , Kozai Yoshihide , Levato Hugo , Malasan Hakim L. , Martinez Peter , Narlikar Jayant V. , Wentzel Donat G. , White James C.
Published: November 2008

The Program Group for the World-wide Development of Astronomy (PG-WWDA) is one of nine Commission 46 program groups engaged with various aspects of astronomical education or development of astronomy education and research in the developing world. In the case of PG-WWDA, its goals are to promote astronomy education and research in the developing world through a variety of activities, including visiting astronomers in developing countries and interacting with them by way of giving encouragement and support.
DIVISION XII / COMMISSION 46 / PROGRAM GROUP INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS FOR YOUNG ASTRONOMERS
Authors: Gerbaldi Michèle , Guinan Edward F.
Published: November 2008

The programmeInternational Schools for Young Astronomers, hereafter named ISYA, is organized by IAU COMMISSION 46 onAstronomy Education & Developmentsince 1967. We present here a brief history of the development of this programme since its creation till 2006. Much more data can be found in theTransactions of the IAU, either Vol. A or B, as well as in two papers published in proceedings of meetings; the references of these publications are given at the end of this report.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE WORKING GROUP YOUNG ASTRONOMERS EVENTS
Authors: Gerbaldi Michèle , De Greve Jean-Pierre , Dovčiak Michal , Engvold Oddbjørn , Guinan Edward F. , Hearnshaw John B. , Johnston-Hollitt Melanie , Pasachoff Jay M. , Percy John R. , Ribas Ignasi , White James C. , Dovčiak Michal , Goosmann René , Pecháček Tomáš , Stoklasová Ivana
Published: November 2008

At the IAU XXV General Assembly in Sydney, 2003, a questionnaire on the perception of participation of “young astronomers” at IAU meeting was distributed. Following the conclusions from the analysis of this questionnaire, the IAU EC recommended in 2004 that the “young astronomers” concept at the next GA in Prague should be worked out with specific activities.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE WORKING GROUP WOMEN IN ASTRONOMY
Authors: Green Anne J. , Maddison Sarah T. , Andersen Johannes , Dluzhnevskaya Olga B. , Dubner Gloria M. , Dupree Andrea K. , Griffin R. Elizabeth , Goss W. Miller , Kontizas Mary , Nordström Birgitta , Primas Francesca , Peimbert Sylvia Torres , Wang Yiping , Yousef Shahinaz M.
Published: November 2008

The second Women in Astronomy Lunchtime Meeting was held on Monday 21 August 2006, with more than 250 participants. The meeting was hosted by the EC Working Group for Women in Astronomy, established at the 2003 IAU General Assembly, and was attended by the current President, the Presidents-Elect for this and the next General Assembly, the General Secretary and Vice-Presidents, many senior astronomers, as well as students and young astronomers. It was a particular pleasure to welcome and congratulate the incoming President, Dr Catherine Cesarsky, the first woman to hold the position.
Impact of land use and land cover change on the water balance of a large agricultural watershed: Historical effects and future directions
Authors: Schilling Keith E. , Jha Manoj K. , Zhang You‐Kuan , Gassman Philip W. , Wolter Calvin F.
Published: November 2008

Over the last century, land use and land cover (LULC) in the United States Corn Belt region shifted from mixed perennial and annual cropping systems to primarily annual crops. Historical LULC change impacted the annual water balance in many Midwestern basins by decreasing annual evapotranspiration (ET) and increasing streamflow and base flow. Recent expansion of the biofuel industry may lead to future LULC changes from increasing corn acreage and potential conversion of the industry to cellulosic bioenergy crops of warm or cool season grasses. In this paper, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to evaluate potential impacts from future LULC change on the annual and seasonal water balance of the Raccoon River watershed in west‐central Iowa. Three primary scenarios for LULC change and three scenario variants were evaluated, including an expansion of corn acreage in the watershed and two scenarios involving expansion of land using warm season and cool season grasses for ethanol biofuel. Modeling results were consistent with historical observations. Increased corn production will decrease annual ET and increase water yield and losses of nitrate, phosphorus, and sediment, whereas increasing perennialization will increase ET and decrease water yield and loss of nonpoint source pollutants. However, widespread tile drainage that exists today may limit the extent to which a mixed perennial‐annual land cover would ever resemble pre‐1940s hydrologic conditions. Study results indicate that future LULC change will affect the water balance of the watershed, with consequences largely dependent on the future LULC trajectory.
Detrital input, productivity fluctuations, and water mass circulation in the westernmost Mediterranean Sea since the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Jimenez‐Espejo F. J. , Martinez‐Ruiz F. , Rogerson M. , González‐Donoso J. M. , Romero O. E. , Linares D. , Sakamoto T. , Gallego‐Torres D. , Rueda Ruiz J. L. , Ortega‐Huertas M. , Perez Claros J. A.
Published: November 2008

By presenting sea surface temperatures, planktonic oxygen isotope profiles, and bulk geochemical composition of core sediments, we offer a multiparameter reconstruction of Western Mediterranean oceanography from the Last Glacial Maximum until the Middle Holocene (20,000–5000 cal years B. P.). Sediments from Ocean Drilling Program Site 975 in the Algero‐Balearic basin have been compared with three Alboran basin cores (TTR‐300G, TTR‐302G, and TTR‐304G), all of them investigated at high resolution. This multiproxy approach has allowed two different modes of circulation to be recognized: (1) during the LGM and from ∼8.0 cal. ka B. P. onward, no surface gradient in δ18OG. bulloides is found associated with low productivity, in close analogy to modern conditions; (2) during the Bølling‐Allerød and early Holocene, significant surface isotopic gradients are found with periods probably indicating an unstable water column, associated with enhanced productivity and low bottom oxygen conditions. The close synchrony between the occurrence of the surface isotopic offset and organic rich layer formation implicates that the origin of these features is linked, probably via shoaling of the regional thermohaline circulation. Paleo‐SSTs, derived from planktonic foraminifer assemblages, indicate abrupt changes in surface conditions during the analyzed time interval. Fluctuations in marine productivity based on Ba and total organic carbon are related to water column stability and atmospheric conditions. A sharp warming and δ18OG. bulloides excursion at the end of the Younger Dryas is probably linked to glacial meltwater influence. The riverine input has been reconstructed using the Mg/Al ratio, and Mg/Al peaks during arid periods (Greenland Stadial‐2a and Younger Dryas) related to “bypass” margin processes.