bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One Health messaging about bats and rabies: how framing of risks, benefits and attributions can support public health and wildlife conservation goals
Authors: Lu Hang , McComas Katherine A. , Buttke Danielle E. , Roh Sungjong , Wild Margaret A. , Decker Daniel J.
Published: May 2017

Context
Improving awareness to prevent exposure to rabies from bats is a public health priority. However, messages about bats and rabies often sensationalise this issue and represent bats in a negative way, which can negatively affect support for bat conservation.

Aims
The conflicts between public health goals and conservation needs seem unavoidable but are not irreconcilable. Natural resource managers and public health officials can work together to ensure that the importance of preventing exposure to rabies from bats is effectively communicated while at the same time promoting public appreciation of bat species. One efficacious way of achieving this communication goal may be through careful design of message content. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of message design strategies in promoting rabies prevention and bat conservation.

Methods
This study tested messages in two USA National Park Service sites. Participants (n=480) were randomly assigned to one of four message conditions as part of a 2 (risk–benefit vs risk-only of bats)×2 (human blame vs bat blame for disease) between-subjects factorial design, or to a control (no message) condition.

Key results
The results show that all four messages were persuasive in promoting the rabies exposure prevention behaviour compared with the control condition. In addition, when participants were exposed to the bat-blame messages, more positive beliefs about bats were elicited if the messages included risk–benefit information rather than risk-only information.

Conclusions
Our study suggests that public health and wildlife conservation goals can be obtained simultaneously through careful message design.

Implications
For messages that focus on just the risk information about bats, we suggest at least mentioning anthropogenic factors contributing to the spread of diseases to avoid unintended negative consequences for bat conservation. If messages emphasise bats as the source for spreading diseases, mentioning the benefits of bats may generate more positive beliefs about bats. Both strategies require some modification of the mainstream messages about bats and rabies to meet both public health and conservation goals.
Translation of autobiography
Authors: Yun Susan XU
Published: May 2017

This book presents an interdisciplinary study that straddles four academic fields, namely, autobiography, stylistics, narratology and translation studies. It shows that foregrounding is manifested in the language of autobiography, alerting readers to an authorial tone with certain ideological affiliations. In refuting the presumed conflation between the author, narrator and character in autobiography, the study emphasizes readers’ role in constructing an implied author. The issues of implied translator, assumed translation and rewriting are explored through a comparative analysis of the English and Chinese autobiographies by Singapore’s founding father Lee Kuan Yew. The analysis identifies different foregrounding practices and attributes these differences to an implied translator. Further evidence derived from narrative-communicative situations in the two autobiographies underscores divergent personae of the implied authors. The study aims to establish a deeper understanding of how translation and rewriting have a far-reaching impact on the self- and world-making functions of autobiography. This book will be of special interest to scholars and students of linguistics, literature, translation and political science.
On the African origin(s) of Palenquero
Authors: Schwegler Armin
Published: May 2017

This article examines African influences on Palenquero, a creole language spoken in El Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia). The introduction offers an explanation as to why investigations into the (African) origins of Palenque and its creole have presented special challenges. The study then turns to the reigning hypothesis, according to which Kikongo is the sole substrate of Palenquero. Language-internal data (taken from the lexicon, phonology, and morphosyntax) as well as language-external information are examined to show that these are mutually complementary and confirm Kikongo as the dominant (if not sole) African substrate. Three fundamental conclusions will be reached: (1) Kikongo-speakers must indeed have been a dominant force in the early Palenque (ca. 1670–1725); (2) lacunae in our historical and linguistic knowledge are, however, so great that we should keep a guarded attitude toward the current substrate hypothesis; and (3) there are multiple reasons to be very optimistic about future attempts to refine substratist investigations into the creole. Part of that optimism rests on DNA research (based on comparison of the DNA of Palenqueros and Central West Africans), as well as on an astonishing turnaround of sociolinguistic attitudes in 21st-century Palenque. This turnaround has prompted a rapid re-evaluation and never-before seen appreciation of local Africanisms. At present, this enthusiasm is helping to reveal previously undocumented lexical Africanisms, which may soon shed additional light on Palenqueros’ Subsaharan provenance.
San Basilio de Palenque (Colombia)
Authors: Ferrari Ludmila
Published: May 2017

This article studies the configuration of representations of identity in San Basilio de Palenque (henceforth Palenque) by examining how the community has interacted with academia, international institutions (UNESCO), and the media. Such representations are typically organized around three main topics: “Palenque as the first free people in Latin America,” “Africa in America,” and “Palenque as a Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity” (UNESCO). The first part of the essay examines how the concept of intangible heritage serves as an observational “ground zero,” a locus from which “the world” is “recognized,” collected, and safeguarded. The study then proceeds to analyze recent processes of self-representation employed by the Palenquero community, and how these have been used to interact with official entities. I claim that such “performances” of self-representation subvert the interactions between the observer and the observed. Finally, the essay will demonstrate how the monument of Benkos Bioho, Palenque’s supposed founder, symbolically synthesizes relations of power and meaning in present-day Palenque.
Cultural Text, Aesthetic Resistance, and Oral Literature in San Basilio de Palenque (Colombia)
Authors: Maglia Graciela
Published: May 2017

This article offers an interdisciplinary approach to the oral tradition of San Basilio de Palenque (henceforth Palenque). Seeking to establish relationships between the oral literature and the culture of Palenque, this paper analyzes textual productions collected during fieldwork between 2008 and 2010. These texts are considered in terms of their cultural and geohistorical meanings, their locus of enunciation (eccentric, invisibilized, and exoticized by Colombia’s white/lettered discourse), as well as their relationship to Colombia’s national literary production and postcolonial Afrodiasporic discourses in the Americas. The study examines texts obtained by the author in Palenque. This corpus is complemented by secondary published sources in the fields of linguistics and literature. These include autobiographic testimonies, traditional stories, songs, as well as performances by native singers (popular songs). The article then studies how Palenque’s oral literature problematizes the canonic concept of Literature and Authorship, and how this literature can serve as an example of intellectual maroonage when local oral literature transgresses the colonial codes in an attempt to establish its own concept of freedom. This study also shows how certain aspects of peripheral Latin American modernity are superimposed on a basic pre-modern organization. It concludes by arguing that the oral literature of Palenque can be analyzed as a creolized expression of the colonial encounter. Palenque’s most visible cultural product is its unique Afro-Hispanic creole language – the vivid voice of a hybrid Latin America.
Intonation in Palenquero Creole and Palenquero Spanish (Colombia)
Authors: Correa José Alejandro
Published: May 2017

This paper compares the intonation of declarative utterances in Palenquero Creole and Palenquero Spanish (a local variety locally called Kateyano). A corpus of spontaneous speech is analyzed to describe the basic intonational contours of these two languages. The discussion pays special attention to four topics: (1) intonational correlates of narrow focus, (2) intonational phrases without downstep, (3) final downstepping, and (4) vowel lengthening of phrase-final words with penultimate stress (penultimate lengthening). The data show that there are no significant phonological differences between these two languages. However, when speakers use Kateyano, the intonational contours tend to be neutral (e.g., with a high plateau in declaratives) more often than when they speak Creole. From a phonological point of view, the intonation of Palenquero Creole and Palenquero Spanish (Kateyano) is very simple: they exhibit a monotonal pitch accent H* that can be produced with upstep (¡H*) or downstep (!H*), and a bitonal pitch accent L+H*, commonly used in narrow focus statements. At the end of intonational units, there are two possible boundary tones: L% and H%.
Palenques: Maroons and Castas in Colombia’s Caribbean Regions
Authors: Navarrete María Cristina
Published: May 2017

Basing itself on source materials obtained at the National Historical Archive of Madrid (Archivo Histórico Nacional) and the General Archive of the Indies (Archivo General de Indias) in Seville, Spain, this article examines the social relationships that peoples of African descent held in palenques (maroon communities) located in coastal Caribbean regions of Colombia, especially those of the province of Cartagena. The period examined principally covers the end of the 16th century and all of the 17th century. The most important palenques discussed are Limón (also known as Limonar), Matudere (also called El Tabacal), La Magdalena, San Miguel Arcángel (later renamed San Basilio de Palenque), and one additional palenque located in the Usiacurí district. This study takes the point of view that slaves were historical agents and active creators of culture, in spite of the fact that they were subjected to forced manual labor. Some slaves never accepted their status and courageously fled from their owners. Living in fortified establishments known as palenques, these maroons interacted with the Indians living in nearby communities or on haciendas. Such social relationships at times led to peaceful interactions and commercial exchanges; at other times, they ended in aggression and violence. Palenques were heterogeneous communities, composed of maroons born in various parts of Africa or in the New World. Those born in a palenque came to be known as criollos de la montaña or criollos del monte (lit. ‘Creoles of the mountains’ or ‘Creoles of the hills, Creoles of the hinterland’).” The inhabitants of these palenques exhibited individual cultural and ethnic traits, as African- and American-born individuals differed from each other in significant ways.
Orality and writing in the historiography of Afro-descendant slaves
Authors: Helg Aline
Published: May 2017

This article first compares the historiography of slavery in the United States to that of Latin America, and then examines historians’ recent accomplishments in their attempt to rescue the voices of slaves from mostly illiterate communities of colonial Iberian America. The study concludes by focusing on the author’s research on slave resistance in the Caribbean region of Cartagena, Colombia.
Conceptualizing learner characteristics in a complex, dynamic world
Authors: Dörnyei Zoltán
Published: May 2017

The complex dynamic systems turn in second language acquisition has raised several fundamental challenges to studying learner characteristics, because a systemic perception of mental functioning that is characterized by nonlinear relations undermines the traditional theoretical basis of individual differences as distinct and stable learner attributes. This being the case, how can we account for the widely observed learner differences? Based on McAdams and Pals’ (2006) personality construct, this chapter outlines a new, multi-layered model of learner characteristics which consists of a three-tiered framework: dispositional traits, characteristic adaptations, and integrative life narratives. The three levels of the construct treat learner variation in rather different ways, which is consistent with the intuitive belief that certain personality aspects are more entrenched than others. After describing the proposed framework, the chapter draws on anxiety research to illustrate the three types of system components and how they are compatible with the principles of Complexity Theory.
Complex Dynamic Systems Theory and L2 pedagogy
Authors: Verspoor Marjolijn
Published: May 2017

If we assume that language is a complex adaptive system, the learner is a complex adaptive system, and the teaching and learning is a dynamic process – in which all relevant cognitive, physical, and social systems interact over time – then we must attend to all these systems and their relevant sub-systems when we evaluate existing or newly created pedagogical models. Even though details may have changed over the last two decades since Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST) was introduced in SLA, the approach has implicitly or explicitly always viewed language itself as form-meaning-use mappings at all levels, and language learning and language teaching as dynamic processes. In this chapter I reflect on the main insights offered by CDST on L2 teaching and explore explicitly the links to Complexity and Dynamic Systems Theory, ending with a list of practical implications for good practices in language classrooms.
Language destabilization and (re-)learning from a Complexity Theory perspective
Authors: Opitz Conny
Published: May 2017

The growing interest in Complexity Theory (CT) within second language acquisition has refocused our attention on development and change, as exemplified by the non-linear processes of language destabilization and (re-)learning in multilingual systems. It is clear that this theoretical perspective has important implications for empirical research from design to analysis and interpretation. In this chapter, I take a first step towards applying the theoretical apparatus of CT to findings obtained in four different studies of multilingual development. I show how the findings can be interpreted using CT as a post-hoc theoretical prism and, in turn, how the findings support and explicate CT claims. The four studies involved multilingual adult second-language learners and users in Ireland and were designed to address different timescales ranging from weeks to years, and time windows from one year to decades. Thus, the study goes some way towards de Bot’s (2012, 2015) suggestion to investigate complex dynamic systems by focusing on adjacent timescales. Although the studies differ in their purpose and design, they partially overlap in methodology and analysis, and exemplify how, through convergence of methodological and analytical procedures, one may generalise from the particular.
Evaluation of the Effects of Marking Pacific Lamprey Ammocoetes with Visual Implant Elastomer, Coded Wire Tags, and Passive Integrated Transponders
Authors: Hanson Kyle C. , Barron James M.
Published: May 2017

Populations of Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus have declined in multiple portions of the Columbia River basin and some Pacific coastal rivers due to a variety of factors. Given the ecological and cultural significance of the species, federal, state, and tribal resource managers have increased conservation efforts, though a lack of basic information about the biology of wild lampreys hinders some of these actions. Multiple tagging technologies have been used to mark migrating metamorphosed juvenile lampreys for research, but these methods have not been experimentally tested for use on the smaller ammocoete stage. Lamprey ammocoetes (total length range = 29–83 mm) were assigned to groups marked with three common tags (visible implant elastomer [VIE], coded wire tags [CWT], and passive integrated transponders [PIT]) or to untagged controls, and mortality and tag retention were monitored. Growth and burrowing ability were also measured to determine the potential for sublethal effects of tagging. At the end of the 137‐d study, no mortality was measured in the VIE group and tag retention was 100%. Fish in the CWT group also exhibited no mortality, though tag retention was 64%. Fish in both of these groups did not exhibit any differences in growth or burrowing performance when compared with controls. The PIT group was the only group to experience mortality at a rate of 62.5%. While the larger fish within the PIT group displayed higher survival, the smallest fish that survived PIT implantation was 70 mm. Tag retention was 89% for surviving lampreys in the PIT group. All three techniques were successfully used to mark small ammocoetes, though researchers should carefully consider the benefits and potential effects on animal behavior when choosing which method to use.

Received September 29, 2016; accepted January 31, 2017 Published online May 1, 2017
Bioenergetics of Brown Bullhead in a Changing Climate
Authors: Hartman Kyle J.
Published: May 2017

Brown Bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus is a benthic‐oriented warmwater fish species distributed throughout the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, but widely released elsewhere. This study developed and validated a bioenergetics model for Brown Bullhead in the laboratory and then applied the model to evaluate potential changes in growth and distribution associated with climate change. The model performed very well in laboratory validations at two temperatures and two ration levels—within 4% between observed and predicted values. Modeling of a 4°C increase in water temperatures due to climate warming suggested increases in growth in the northern parts of the species’ natural range and declines or extirpation in the south. In addition to distribution shifts, the warmer temperatures could increase biometabolism of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or bioaccumulation at local scales that may lead to changes in population structure or consumption advisories of Brown Bullhead.

Received October 27, 2016; accepted February 2, 2017 Published online May 1, 2017
Condition Indices as Surrogates of Energy Density and Lipid Content in Juveniles of Three Fish Species
Authors: Schloesser Ryan W. , Fabrizio Mary C.
Published: May 2017

To guide the selection of condition indices for juvenile fishes, we compared the ability of several indirect condition indices (those based on length–mass relationships, the hepatosomatic index, and relative lipid estimates from the Distell fish fatmeter) to assess energy density and lipid content of Summer Flounder Paralichthys dentatus, Striped Bass Morone saxatilis, and Atlantic Croakers Micropogonias undulatus. These species use estuarine areas as nurseries, but they have different life history strategies and ecological niches that affect their energy storage strategies. We tested hypotheses that differences in the distribution and role of lipids as energy stores among species would influence the suitability of condition indices for estimating energy and lipid content. Length‐based indices were most suitable for estimating energy and lipid content of juvenile Summer Flounder and Striped Bass, suggesting that length‐based indices may be appropriate for juveniles that store energy as proteins (i.e., juveniles with low lipid content). The fatmeter suitably predicted energy and lipid content of Atlantic Croakers, indicating its potential for assessing condition of juveniles that store lipids for migration and that display a high range of observed lipid content. Even though a small size range was examined, fish length improved predictions of energy and lipid content for some of the indirect condition indices for Atlantic Croakers and Summer Flounder, suggesting that fish length should be considered when developing relationships among measures of condition. The selection of condition indices should be tailored to the life stage and species of interest based on the energy and lipid storage strategies used by the fish.

Received January 24, 2017; accepted April 24, 2017 Published online August 2, 2017
ETV2/ER71 regulates hematopoietic regeneration by promoting hematopoietic stem cell proliferation
Authors: Xu Can-Xin , Lee Tae-Jin , Sakurai Nagisa , Krchma Karen , Liu Fang , Li Daofeng , Wang Ting , Choi Kyunghee
Published: May 2017

Recent studies have established that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are quiescent in homeostatic conditions but undergo extensive cell cycle and expansion upon bone marrow (BM) transplantation or hematopoietic injury. The molecular basis for HSC activation and expansion is not completely understood. In this study, we found that key developmentally critical genes controlling hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) generation were up-regulated in HSPCs upon hematopoietic injury. In particular, we found that the ETS transcription factor Ets variant 2 (Etv2; also known as Er71) was up-regulated by reactive oxygen species in HSPCs and was necessary in a cell-autonomous manner for HSPC expansion and regeneration after BM transplantation and hematopoietic injury. We found c-Kit to be downstream of ETV2. As such, lentiviral c-Kit expression rescued Etv2-deficient HSPC proliferation defects in vitro and in short-term BM transplantation in vivo. These findings demonstrate that Etv2 is an important regulator of hematopoietic regeneration.
Rapid DNA Re-Identification for Cell Line Authentication and Forensics
Authors: Zaaijer Sophie , Gordon Assaf , Speyer Daniel , Piccone Robert , Erlich Yaniv
Published: May 2017

DNA re-identification is used for a broad range of applications, ranging from cell line authentication to crime scene sample identification. However, current re-identification schemes suffer from high latency. Here, we describe a rapid, inexpensive, and portable strategy to re-identify human DNA called MinION sketching. Using data from Oxford Nanopore Technologies’ sequencer, MinION sketching requires only 3min of sequencing and ∼91 random SNPs to identify a sample, enabling near real-time applications of DNA re-identification. This method capitalizes on the vastly growing availability of genomic reference data for individuals and cancer cell lines. Hands-on preparation of the samples can be reduced to <1 hour. This empowers the application of MinION sketching in research settings for routine cell line authentication or in forensics.

Software is available athttps://github.com/TeamErlich/personal-identification-pipeline
The Evolution of Covert Signaling
Authors: Smaldino Paul E. , Flamson Thomas J. , Mcelreath Richard
Published: May 2017

Human sociality depends upon the benefits of mutual aid and extensive communication. However, diverse norms and preferences complicate mutual aid, and ambiguity in meaning hinders communication. Here we demonstrate that these two problems can work together to enhance cooperation through the strategic use of deliberately ambiguous signals: covert signaling. Covert signaling is the transmission of information that is accurately received by its intended audience but obscured when perceived by others. Such signals may allow coordination and enhanced cooperation while also avoiding the alienation or hostile reactions of individuals with different preferences. Although the empirical literature has identified potential mechanisms of covert signaling, such as encryption in humor, there is to date no formal theory of its dynamics. We introduce a novel mathematical model to assess when a covert signaling strategy will evolve, as well as how receiver attitudes coevolve with covert signals. Covert signaling plausibly serves an important function in facilitating within-group cooperative assortment by allowing individuals to pair up with similar group members when possible and to get along with dissimilar ones when necessary. This mechanism has broad implications for theories of signaling and cooperation, humor, social identity, political psychology, and the evolution of human cultural complexity.
Oblique light-sheet tomography: fast and high resolution volumetric imaging of mouse brains
Authors: Narasimhan Arun , Venkataraju Kannan Umadevi , Mizrachi Judith , Albeanu Dinu F. , Osten Pavel
Published: May 2017

Present light sheet fluorescence microscopes lack the wherewithal to image the whole brain (large tissues) with uniform illumination/detection parameters and high enough resolution to provide an understanding of the various aspects of neuroanatomy. To overcome this, we developed an oblique version of the light sheet microscope (Oblique Light Sheet Tomography, OLST) that includes a high magnification objective and serial sectioning, for volumetric imaging of the whole mouse brain at high spatial resolution at constant illumination/detection. We developed a novel gelatin based re-embedding procedure that makes the cleared brain rigid so that it can sectioned using our integrated microtome. Here, we characterize OLST and show that it can be used to observe dendritic morphology, spines and follow axons over a few mm in the mouse brain.
Transcription factors orchestrate dynamic interplay between genome topology and gene regulation during cell reprogramming
Authors: Stadhouders Ralph , Vidal Enrique , Serra François , Stefano Bruno Di , Le Dily François , Quilez Javier , Gomez Antonio , Collombet Samuel , Berenguer Clara , Cuartero Yasmina , Hecht Jochen , Filion Guillaume , Beato Miguel , Marti-Renom Marc A. , Graf Thomas
Published: May 2017

Chromosomal architecture is known to influence gene expression, yet its role in controlling cell fate remains poorly understood. Reprogramming of somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells by the transcription factors (TFs) Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc offers an opportunity to address this question but is severely limited by the low proportion of responding cells. We recently developed a highly efficient reprogramming protocol that synchronously converts somatic into pluripotent stem cells. Here, we employ this system to integrate time-resolved changes in genome topology with gene expression, TF binding and chromatin state dynamics. This revealed that TFs drive topological genome reorganization at multiple architectural levels, which often precedes changes in gene expression. Removal of locus-specific topological barriers can explain why pluripotency genes are activated sequentially, instead of simultaneously, during reprogramming. Taken together, our study implicates genome topology as an instructive force for implementing transcriptional programs and cell fate in mammals.
Comparative genomics of two sequentialCandida glabrataclinical isolates
Authors: Vale-Silva Luis , Beaudoing Emmanuel , Tran Van Du T. , Sanglard Dominique
Published: May 2017

Candida glabratais an important fungal pathogen which develops rapidly antifungal resistance in treated patients. It is known that azole treatments lead to antifungal resistance in this fungal species and that multidrug efflux transporters are involved in this process. Specific mutations in the transcriptional regulatorPDR1result in upregulation of the transporters. In addition, we showed that thePDR1mutations can contribute to enhance virulence in animal models. We were interested in this study to compare genomes of two specificC. glabratarelated isolates, one of which was azole-susceptible (DSY562) while the other was azole-resistant (DSY565). DSY565 contained aPDR1mutation (L280F) and was isolated after a time lapse of 50 days of azole therapy. We expected that genome comparisons between both isolates could reveal additional mutations reflecting host adaptation or even additional resistance mechanisms. The PacbBio technology used here yielded 14 major contigs (sizes 0.18 Mb-1.6 Mb) and mitochondrial genomes from both DSY562 and DSY565 isolates that were highly similar to each other. Comparisons of the clinical genomes with the published CBS138 genome indicated important genome rearrangements, but not between the clinical strains. Among unique features, several retrotransposons were identified in the genomes of the investigated clinical isolates. DSY562 and DSY565 contained each a large set of adhesin-like genes (101 and 107, respectively), which exceed by far the number of reported adhesins (66) in the CBS138 genome. Comparison between DSY562 and DSY565 yielded 17 non-synonymous SNPs (among which the expectedPDR1mutation) as well as small size indels in coding regions (11) but mainly in adhesin-like genes. The genomes were containing a DNA mismatch repair allele ofMSH2known to be involved in the so-called hypermutator phenotype of this yeast species and the number of accumulated mutations between both clinical isolates is consistent with the presence of aMSH2defect. In conclusion, this study is the first to compare genomes ofC. glabratasequential clinical isolates using the PacBio technology as an approach. The genomes of these isolates taken in the same patient at two different time points were exhibiting limited variations, even if submitted to the host pressure.
Meiotic Genes in Colpodean Ciliates Support Secretive Sexuality
Authors: Dunthorn Micah , Zufall Rebecca A. , Chi Jingyun , Paszkiewicz Konrad , Moore Karen , Mahé Frédéric
Published: May 2017

Colpodean ciliates potentially pose a problem to macro-organismic theories of evolution: they are putatively asexual and extremely ancient, and yet there is one apparently derived sexual species. If macro-organismic theories of evolution also broadly apply to microbial eukaryotes, though, then most or all of the colpodean ciliates should merely be secretively sexual. Here we show using de novo genome sequencing, that colpodean ciliates have the meiotic genes required for sex and these genes are under functional constraint. Along with these genomic data, we argue that these ciliates are sexual given the cytological observations of both micronuclei and macronuclei within their cells, and the behavioral observations of brief fusions as if the cells were mating. The challenge that colpodean ciliates pose is therefore not to evolutionary theory, but to our ability to induce microbial eukaryotic sex in the laboratory.

Contact:dunthorn@rhrk.uni-kl.de
Three-dimensional Two-Photon Optogenetics and Imaging of Neural Circuitsin vivo
Authors: Yang Weijian , Carrillo-Reid Luis , Bando Yuki , Peterka Darcy S. , Yuste Rafael
Published: May 2017

We demonstrate a holographic system for simultaneous three-dimensional (3D) two-photon stimulation and imaging of neural activity in the mouse neocortexin vivowith cellular resolution. Dual two-photon excitation paths are implemented with independent 3D targeting for calcium imaging and precision optogenetics. We validate the usefulness of the microscope by photoactivating local pools of interneurons in awake mice visual cortex in 3D, which suppress the nearby pyramidal neurons’ response to visual stimuli.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: can genomics improve treatment options for a curable cancer?
Authors: Amin Amit Dipak , Peters Tara L. , Li Lingxiao , Rajan Soumya Sundara , Choudhari Ramesh , Puvvada Soham D. , Schatz Jonathan H.
Published: May 2017

Gene-expression profiling and next-generation sequencing have defined diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common lymphoma diagnosis, as a heterogeneous group of subentities. Despite ongoing explosions of data illuminating disparate pathogenic mechanisms, however, the five-drug chemoimmunotherapy combination R-CHOP remains the frontline standard treatment. This has not changed in 15 years, since the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab was added to the CHOP backbone, which first entered use in the 1970s. At least a third of patients are not cured by R-CHOP, and relapsed or refractory DLBCL is fatal in ∼90%. Targeted small-molecule inhibitors against distinct molecular pathways activated in different subgroups of DLBCL have so far translated poorly into the clinic, justifying the ongoing reliance on R-CHOP and other long-established chemotherapy-driven combinations. New drugs and improved identification of biomarkers in real time, however, show potential to change the situation eventually, despite some recent setbacks. Here, we review established and putative molecular drivers of DLBCL identified through large-scale genomics, highlighting among other things the care that must be taken when differentiating drivers from passengers, which is influenced by the promiscuity of activation-induced cytidine deaminase. Furthermore, we discuss why, despite having so much genomic data available, it has been difficult to move toward personalized medicine for this umbrella disorder and some steps that may be taken to hasten the process.
Derivatization and Gas Chromatography of Fatty Acids from Yeast
Authors: Knittelfelder Oskar L. , Kohlwein Sepp D.
Published: May 2017

Analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography (GC) is facilitated by the generation of volatile fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) derivatives. Here we describe the esterification procedure and a typical program for separating FAMEs using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector or a dual stage quadrupole-mass spectrometry detector. GC is a rather simple technique that provides quantitative information on cellular fatty acid content and composition by use of an internal fatty acid standard.
Quantitative Analysis of Yeast Phospholipids and Sterols by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Evaporative Light-Scattering Detection
Authors: Knittelfelder Oskar L. , Kohlwein Sepp D.
Published: May 2017

Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a standard method for separating the major lipid classes in an extract. Owing to the absence of a common property like light absorbance in the various lipid classes, evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD) is the method of choice for qualitative and quantitative lipid detection. In most cases, neutral lipids and polar lipids are separated by different solvent systems, making it necessary to perform multiple analyses. Compared with other techniques like thin-layer chromatography, normal-phase HPLC–ELSD has better reproducibility and allows a higher degree of automation. Here we describe a method for separating and quantifying yeast neutral lipids and glycerophospholipids in one analytical run.
Measuring Feedforward Inhibition and Its Impact on Local Circuit Function
Authors: Hull Court
Published: May 2017

This protocol describes a series of approaches to measure feedforward inhibition in acute brain slices from the cerebellar cortex. Using whole-cell voltage and current clamp recordings from Purkinje cells in conjunction with electrical stimulation of the parallel fibers, these methods demonstrate how to measure the relationship between excitation and inhibition in a feedforward circuit. This protocol also describes how to measure the impact of feedforward inhibition on Purkinje cell excitability, with an emphasis on spike timing.
The interpretation of the generalised derivative operator
Authors: Cooper G.R.J.
Published: May 2017

The Generalised Derivative Operator is an image‐processing tool for the enhancement of potential field data. It produces an amplitude‐balanced image of the derivative of a potential field in any direction in three‐dimensional space. This paper shows how, by using the correct inclination angle ϕ, the Generalised Derivative Operator can be used to produce images where its maxima/minima lie directly over dipping contacts and thin dykes with arbitrary magnetisation vectors. The dip of contacts and dykes can be found by varying ϕ until a symmetrical result is obtained (in the absence of unknown remanent magnetisation). Furthermore, the width of the peak of the Generalised Derivative Operator can then be used to determine the depth of the contact or dyke.
Rumination, event centrality, and perceived control as predictors of post‐traumatic growth and distress: The Cognitive Growth and Stress model
Authors: Brooks Matthew , Graham‐Kevan Nicola , Lowe Michelle , Robinson Sarita
Published: May 2017

Objectives

The Cognitive Growth and Stress (CGAS) model draws together cognitive processing factors previously untested into a single model. Intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination, present and future perceptions of control, and event centrality were assessed as predictors of post‐traumatic growth (PTG) and post‐traumatic stress (PTS).

Method

The CGAS model is tested on a sample of survivors (N = 250) of a diverse range of adverse events using structural equation modelling techniques.

Results

Overall, the best fitting model was supportive of the theorized relations between cognitive constructs and accounted for 30% of the variance in PTG and 68% of the variance in PTS across the sample.

Conclusions

Rumination, centrality, and perceived control factors are significant determinants of positive and negative psychological change across the wide spectrum of adversarial events. In its first phase of development, the CGAS model also provides further evidence of the distinct processes of growth and distress following adversity.

Practitioner points

Clinical implications

People can experience positive change after adversity, regardless of life background or types of events experienced.

While growth and distress are possible outcomes after adversity, they occur through distinct processes.

Support or intervention should consider rumination, event centrality, and perceived control factors to enhance psychological well‐being.

Cautions/limitations

Longitudinal research would further clarify the findings found in this study.

Further extension of the model is recommended to include other viable cognitive processes implicated in the development of positive and negative changes after adversity.
Reliability and validity of advanced theory‐of‐mind measures in middle childhood and adolescence
Authors: Hayward Elizabeth O. , Homer Bruce D.
Published: May 2017

Although theory‐of‐mind (ToM) development is well documented for early childhood, there is increasing research investigating changes in ToM reasoning in middle childhood and adolescence. However, the psychometric properties of most advanced ToM measures for use with older children and adolescents have not been firmly established. We report on the reliability and validity of widely used, conventional measures of advanced ToM with this age group. Notable issues with both reliability and validity of several of the measures were evident in the findings. With regard to construct validity, results do not reveal a clear empirical commonality between tasks, and, after accounting for comprehension, developmental trends were evident in only one of the tasks investigated.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Second‐order false belief tasks have acceptable internal consistency.

The Eyes Test has poor internal consistency.

Validity of advanced theory‐of‐mind tasks is often based on the ability to distinguish clinical from typical groups.

What does this study add?

This study examines internal consistency across six widely used advanced theory‐of‐mind tasks.

It investigates validity of tasks based on comprehension of items by typically developing individuals.

It further assesses construct validity, or commonality between tasks.
Prevalence of diabetes among patients diagnosed with periodontitis: A retrospective cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ziukaite L , Slot DE , Cobb CM , Coucke W , Van der Weijden GA
Published: May 2017

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of diabetes among patients with periodontitis and to evaluate whether diabetes is related to extent and severity of periodontitis.

Method

This is a retrospective study of data observed over a 10‐year period in patients referred to a specialized clinic for periodontology in the Netherlands. Patients received at the intake appointment a full‐mouth periodontal examination, and based on the clinical data, patients were classified with respect to extent and severity of periodontitis. In addition, the prevalence of diabetes was recorded, based on self‐report.

Results

A total of 5375 periodontitis patients were included in the study sample (mean age of 50 years). The prevalence of diabetes in this patient sample was 3.7% (n=192). No relation between diabetes and extent or severity of periodontitis could be established.

Conclusion

The prevalence of diabetes in a predominantly “controlled” diabetic population was not related to the extent and/or severity of periodontitis along with the finding that the prevalence was lower than the national diabetes prevalence in the Netherlands.
Ferroelectric and magnetic properties in (1−x)BiFeO3–x(0.5CaTiO3–0.5SmFeO3) ceramics
Authors: Liu Juan , Liu Xiao Qiang , Chen Xiang Ming
Published: May 2017

Multiferroic ceramics were prepared and characterized in (1−x)BiFeO3–x(0.5CaTiO3–0.5SmFeO3) system by a standard solid‐state reaction process. The structure evolution was investigated by X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectrum analyses. The refinement results confirmed the different phase assemblages with varying amounts of polar rhombohedral R3c and nonpolar orthorhombic Pbnm as a function of the substitution content. In the compositions range of 0.2≤x≤0.5, polar R3c and nonpolar Pbnm coexisted, which was referred to polar‐to‐nonpolar morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). According to the dielectric and DSC analysis results, the ceramics with x≤0.2 changed to diffused ferroelectric, and the ferroelectric properties were enhanced significantly. Two dielectric relaxations were detected in the temperature range of 200‐300 K and 500‐700 K, respectively. The high‐temperature dielectric relaxation was attributed to the grain‐boundary effects. While the low temperature dielectric relaxation obtained in the samples with x=0.3‐0.5 was related to the charge transfer between Fe2+ and Fe3+. The magnetic hysteresis loops measured at different temperature indicated the enhanced magnetic properties in the present ceramics, which could be attributed to the suppressed cycloidal spin magnetic structure by Ti ions. In addition, the rare‐earth Sm spin moments might also affect the magnetic properties at relatively lower temperature.
Tunability of form birefringence induced by femtosecond laser irradiation in anion‐doped silica glass
Authors: Shimotsuma Yasuhiko , Kubota Sho , Murata Atsushi , Kurita Torataro , Sakakura Masaaki , Miura Kiyotka , Lancry Matthieu , Poumellec Bertrand
Published: May 2017

Form birefringence originating from self‐assembly of the bulk nanograting structures in silica glass with various anion dopants (OH, Cl and F) was induced by the femtosecond laser pulses. Despite the almost similar nanostructure, the photo‐induced birefringence can be changed by the anion dopants in glass. Larger birefringence can be induced in silica glass doped with higher Cl ion concentration. Even if F‐doped silica glass indicates lower thermal stability, its lifetime could be evaluated to be at least several billion years.
Insulating characteristics of zinc niobium borate glass‐ceramics
Authors: Siva Sesha Reddy Annapureddy , Ingram Adam , Brik Mikhail G. , Kostrzewa Marek , Bragiel Piotr , Ravi Kumar Vandana , Veeraiah Nalluri
Published: May 2017

Zinc borate glasses with different concentrations of Nb2O5 were prepared and later were heat treated for prolonged times. Prepared samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, DSC, IR and optical transmission spectroscopy techniques. Later, dielectric properties viz., dielectric constant, loss tangent, electric modulii, electrical impedance and a.c. conductivity over wide ranges of frequency and temperature, were investigated as a function of Nb2O5 concentration. Finally, the dielectric breakdown strength was measured in air medium at ambient temperature. The results of characterization techniques viz., XRD, SEM and DSC indicated that multiple crystal grains (with sizes varying from 0.1 to 1 μm) are dispersed in the residual glass phase. The concentration of crystal grains found to increase with increase in Nb2O5 content. The XRD studies have further revealed that the bulk samples are composed of columbite ZnNb2O6 crystal phases. Using generalized gradient approximation (GGA) quantitative information on these crystal phases viz., the lattice parameters, optical band gap and band structure were evaluated. The analysis of results of IR spectral studies have indicated that there is an increasing degree of polymerization of glass network with increase in Nb2O5 content due to the increased connectivity between various structural groups in the glass network. The optical absorption spectra indicated an increase in optical transmittance of the bulk samples with increase in Nb2O5 content. The dielectric parameters are observed to decrease, whereas the dielectric breakdown strength is observed to increase to a large extent due to the crystallization of the glass with the Nb2O5. The increase is attributed to the formation of ZnNb2O6 crystalline phases that contain intertwined ZnO6 and NbO6 structural units. As a whole, zinc borate glasses exhibited a significant increase in the electrical insulating strength due to the crystallization with Nb2O5 as the crystallizing agent. Further, the value of dielectric constant is also found to be the optimal with no dispersion with frequency up to 450 K. Overall, the studied glass‐ceramics meet the necessary physical conditions to be used as insulating layers in the display panels and hence may be considered for such applications.
Electrical conductivity and defect disorder of tantalum‐doped TiO2
Authors: Alim Mohammad A. , Bak Tadeusz , Atanacio Armand , Plessis Johan Du , Zhou Meifang , Davis Joel , Nowotny Janusz
Published: May 2017

The present work reports the electrical properties of polycrystalline Ta‐doped TiO2 (0.39 at.% Ta) determined in situ at elevated temperatures (1173‐1323 K) in the gas phase of controlled oxygen activity (10−12 Pa to 105 Pa). The effect of oxygen activity on the electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power of TiO2 is discussed in terms of defect disorder, including (1) the intrinsic electronic disorder that is governed by electronic compensation in the strongly reducing regime, (2) the extrinsic electronic disorder that is governed by electronic charge compensation in the reducing regime, and (3) the extrinsic ionic disorder that is governed by ionic compensation in the oxidizing regime. It is shown that tantalum ions are incorporated into the titanium sublattice of TiO2 leading to the formation of donor‐type energy levels. The Arrhenius‐type plot of the electrical conductivity data leads to the determination of the formation enthalpy terms. The obtained results are considered in terms of the effect of tantalum and oxygen activity on the defect disorder and the associated key performance‐related properties in the light‐induced partial water oxidation.