bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Between politics and common sense: The epistemological and symbolic boundaries of sociology during National Socialism
Authors: Grüning Barbara
Published: January 2020

This article aims at exploring the complex interplay between sociology and politics during the Nazi Regime by looking at how some nationalist and national-socialist ideas were incorporated in the works of sociologists. In order to do so, I shall focus on the production and dissemination of sociological knowledge, interlacing two levels of analysis. The first level examines the manners in which sociologists linguistically and epistemologically appropriated some key concepts of nationalist thought and national-socialist ideology. The second level considers the pragmatical use of sociological concepts and methods for investigating and recording the daily life of different groups within the Third Reich’s territory. For this purpose, I will first draw an overall picture of the social and symbolic spaces of the sociological field in the interwar period, looking at how some nationalist key concepts gained different meanings over time. I will then analyse the intellectual/scientific trajectories of two sociologists, Adolf Gunther and Erich Rothacker, who began their careers in the second decade of the twentieth century. I argue that, in both cases, the academic/intellectual habitus each author developed before 1933 played a crucial role in determining their rise or decline as sociologists and, broadly speaking, as intellectual figures during the Nazi regime.
How Do Military Family Caregivers Who Completed a Supportive Intervention Differ From Those Who Dropped Out?
Authors: Wilcox Sherrie , Girasek Deborah
Published: January 2020

Background. To create efficacious interventions for military family caregivers (MFCs), it is important to understand the characteristics and predictors of completers and dropouts of newly developed supportive interventions. Aim. The purpose of this study was to examine completion patterns in MFCs enrolled in an educational intervention feasibility study. Method. Baseline data are presented from MFC completers ( n = 64) and dropouts ( n = 60) of a national feasibility study for an innovative intervention. Measures include depression (Patient Health Questionnaire–2), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7), somatic symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire–15), quality of life (World Health Organization Quality of Life–Brief), relationship satisfaction (Relationship Assessment Scale), and military care recipient number of injuries. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate differences between completers and dropouts and logistic regression was used to identify predictors of intervention completion. Results. Results indicated that MFCs with greater anxiety, χ2(3) = 10.33, p = .02; depression, χ2(1) = 8.18, p = .004; somatic symptoms, F(1, 106) = 6.26, p = .01; care recipient number of injuries, F(1, 118) = 16.31, p < .001; lower general satisfaction with treatment, F(1, 96) = 4.34, p = .04; and lower satisfaction with accessibility and convenience with treatment, F(1, 89) = 4.18, p = .04, were significantly more likely to complete the intervention. After multivariate analysis, the sole predictor of intervention completion was the number of care recipients’ injuries, χ2(6) = 14.89, N = 77, p < .05. Conclusions. Overall, findings indicate that MFCs who were more “at risk” were more likely to complete the intervention. Findings present patterns of intervention completion and provide insight on areas in need of further investigation on intervention development supporting the needs of MFCs.
Anatomical and Functional Characterization in Children With Unilateral Cerebral Palsy: An Atlas-Based Analysis
Authors: Ferre Claudio L. , Carmel Jason B. , Flamand Véronique H. , Gordon Andrew M. , Friel Kathleen M.
Published: January 2020

Background. Variability in hand function among children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP) might reflect the type of brain injury and resulting anatomical sequelae. Objective. We used atlas-based analysis of structural images to determine whether children with periventricular (PV) versus middle cerebral artery (MCA) injuries might exhibit unique anatomical characteristics that account for differences in hand function. Methods. Forty children with UCP underwent structural brain imaging using 3-T magnetic resonance imaging. Brain lesions were classified as PV or MCA. A group of 40 typically developing (TD) children served as comparison controls. Whole brains were parcellated into 198 structures (regions of interest) to obtain volume estimates. Dexterity and bimanual hand function were assessed. Unbiased, differential expression analysis was performed to determine volumetric differences between PV and MCA groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed and the top 3 components were extracted to perform regression on hand function. Results. Children with PV had significantly better hand function than children with MCA. Multidimensional scaling analysis of volumetric data revealed separate clustering of children with MCA, PV, and TD children. PCA extracted anatomical components that comprised the 2 types of brain injury. In the MCA group, reductions of volume were concentrated in sensorimotor structures of the injured hemisphere. Models using PCA predicted hand function with greater accuracy than models based on qualitative brain injury type. Conclusions. Our results highlight unique quantitative differences in children with UCP that also predict differences in hand function. The systematic discrimination between groups found in our study reveals future questions about the potential prognostic utility of this approach.
How do clinical research coordinators learn Good Clinical Practice? A mixed-methods study of factors that predict uptake of knowledge
Authors: Mozersky Jessica T , Antes Alison L , Baldwin Kari , Jenkerson Michelle , DuBois James M
Published: January 2020

Background:

Good Clinical Practice is an international standard for the design and conduct of clinical trials to ensure ethical and scientific integrity. Recent National Institutes of Health policy mandates Good Clinical Practice training for all investigators and staff involved in National Institutes of Health–funded clinical trials, yet approaches to Good Clinical Practice training vary widely. There are limited data on Good Clinical Practice knowledge among the clinical trial workforce and no evidence regarding effective methods to learn Good Clinical Practice.

Methods:

We used an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design. We conducted 18 exploratory qualitative interviews with clinical research coordinators to help inform the development of the quantitative survey. We then administered a validated 32-item, multiple-choice test of Good Clinical Practice knowledge with a survey of work and training experiences to 625 clinical research coordinators at three academic medical centers in the United States. Variables that were significantly associated with Good Clinical Practice knowledge were entered into a multiple regression analysis to identify unique predictors of Good Clinical Practice knowledge. We controlled for verbal–numerical reasoning and learning orientation.

Results:

During qualitative interviews, clinical research coordinators reported that formal Good Clinical Practice training had value but they simultaneously emphasized the importance of experience, day-to-day practice, and observing colleagues and mentors as essential to supplement formal training. In our quantitative survey, five variables predicted a total of 22% of variance in Good Clinical Practice knowledge scores: years of experience as a clinical research coordinator, working on diverse types of trials, supporting industry-funded trials, being certified in clinical research coordination, and aggregated hours of online and face-to-face training (in that order).

Conclusion:

The duration and richness of experience as a clinical research coordinator were the strongest predictors of Good Clinical Practice knowledge, a finding consistent with our exploratory qualitative interview results. Our findings suggest that formal online and face-to-face training has a minimal influence on Good Clinical Practice knowledge. The type of training—whether online or face to face—does not make a significant difference in Good Clinical Practice knowledge scores. Much of the variance in Good Clinical Practice knowledge remains unexplained, calling for further research in this area.
Effect of telephone calls from a centralized coordinating center on participant retention in a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Glassman Adam R , Beaulieu Wesley T , Stockdale Cynthia R , Beck Roy W , Bressler Neil M , Labriola Leanne T , Melia Michele , Oliver Kristina , Sun Jennifer K
Published: January 2020

Background/Aims:

In clinical trials, participant retention is critical to reduce bias and maintain statistical power for hypothesis testing. Within a multi-center clinical trial of diabetic retinopathy, we investigated whether regular phone calls to participants from the coordinating center improved long-term participant retention.

Methods:

Among 305 adults in the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Retina Network Protocol S randomized trial, 152 participants were randomly assigned to receive phone calls at baseline, 6 months, and annually through 3 years (annual contact group) while 153 participants were assigned to receive a phone call at baseline only (baseline contact group). All participants could be contacted if visits were missed. The main outcomes were visit completion, excluding deaths, at 2 years (the primary outcome time point) and at 5 years (the final time point).

Results:

At baseline, 77% (117 of 152) of participants in the annual contact group and 76% (116 of 153) in the baseline contact group were successfully contacted. Among participants in the annual contact group active at each annual visit (i.e. not dropped from the study or deceased), 85% (125 of 147), 79% (108 of 136), and 88% (110 of 125) were contacted successfully by telephone around the time of the 1-, 2-, and 3-year visits, respectively. In the annual and baseline contact groups, completion rates for the 2-year primary outcome visit were 88% (129 of 147) versus 87% (125 of 144), respectively, with a risk ratio of 1.01 (95% confidence interval: 0.93–1.10, p = .81). At 5 years, the final study visit, participant completion rates were 67% (96 of 144) versus 66% (88 of 133) with a risk ratio of 1.01 (95% confidence interval = 0.85–1.19, p = .93). At 2 years, the completion rate of participants successfully contacted at baseline was 89% (202 of 226) versus 80% (52 of 65) among those not contacted successfully (risk ratio = 1.12, 95% confidence interval = 0.98–1.27, p = .09); at 5 years, the completion percentages by baseline contact success were 69% (148 of 213) versus 56% (36 of 64; risk ratio = 1.24, 95% confidence interval = 0.98–1.56, p = .08).

Conclusion:

Regular phone calls from the coordinating center to participants during follow-up in this randomized clinical trial did not improve long-term participant retention.
Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations: Rehabilitation, Recovery, and Community Participation following Stroke. Part Two: Transitions and Community Participation Following Stroke
Authors: Mountain Anita , Patrice Lindsay M , Teasell Robert , Salbach Nancy M , de Jong Andrea , Foley Norine , Bhogal Sanjit , Bains Naresh , Bowes Rebecca , Cheung Donna , Corriveau Helene , Joseph Lynn , Lesko Dana , Millar Ann , Parappilly Beena , Pikula Aleksandra , Scarfone David , Rochette Annie , Taylor Trudy , Vallentin Tina , Dowlatshahi Dar , Gubitz Gord , Casaubon Leanne K , Cameron Jill I
Published: January 2020

The sixth update of the Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations for Transitions and Community Participation following Stroke is a comprehensive set of evidence-based guidelines addressing issues faced by people following an acute stroke event. Establishing a coordinated and seamless system of care that supports progress achieved during the initial recovery stages throughout the transition to the community is more essential than ever as the medical complexity of people with stroke is also on the rise. All members of the health-care team engaged with people with stroke, their families, and caregivers are responsible for partnerships and collaborations to ensure successful transitions and return to the community following stroke. These guidelines reinforce the growing and changing body of research evidence available to guide ongoing screening, assessment, and management of individuals following stroke as they move from one phase and stage of care to the next without “falling through the cracks.” It also recognizes the growing role of family and informal caregivers in providing significant hours of support that disrupt their own lives and responsibilities and addresses their support and educational needs. According to Statistics Canada, in 2012, eight million Canadians provided care to family members or friends with a long-term health condition, disability, or problems associated with aging. These recommendations incorporate aspects that were previously in the rehabilitation module for the purposes of streamlining, and both modules should be reviewed in order to provide comprehensive care addressing recovery and community reintegration and participation. These recommendations cover topics related to support and education of people with stroke, families, and caregivers during transitions and community reintegration. They include interprofessional planning and communication, return to driving, vocational roles, leisure activities and relationships and sexuality, and transition to long-term care.
Investigation of the antibacterial activity of new quinazoline derivatives against methicillin and quinolone resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Patel Amit B
Published: January 2020

A series of 1,3,4-oxadiazole-fused and piperazine-fused quinazoline derivatives is synthesized and evaluated as antibacterial agents. The synthetic protocol involves an efficient Suzuki C–C cross-coupling reaction on the quinazoline ring followed by formation of 1,3,4-oxadiazole intermediates. These are further treated with piperazine bases in the presence of formalin in methanol to furnish the final N-Mannich products. The majority of these compounds show potent antibacterial activities against several different strains of Gram-positive bacteria including multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. The cytotoxic activity assay demonstrates that the synthesized compounds do not affect cell viability on Human cervical (HeLa) cells at their minimum inhibitory concentrations. The newly synthesized compounds are characterized by infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis.
A new tetracyclic diterpenoid from the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris
Authors: Ma Lie-Feng , Zhang Yue , Zhang Xuan , Chen Meng-Jia , Zhan Zha-Jun , Shan Wei-Guang
Published: January 2020

Eupholathone, a minor diterpenoid with an unusual tetracyclic skeleton, was obtained from the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris, along with two known lathyrane diterpenoids, euphorbia factors L2 and L3. The structure of eupholathone was elucidated by detailed interpretation of its spectroscopic data, especially two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of cationic aniline dyes from the Technical University of Dresden Historical Collection of Dyes
Authors: Plater Michael John , Raab Andrea , Hartmann Horst
Published: January 2020

Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry has been used to analyse a range of cationic aniline dyes from the 19th century. Mauveine from the Chandler museum is used as a standard for comparison. This consists of a typical W. H. Perkin mixture of mauveine A and B. Mauveine from a historic collection in Dresden is different and consists of mainly mauveine A and a monomethyl mauveine chromophore. Possible synthetic routes and its significance are discussed. Three samples of phenylated rosanilines have been analysed, and a list of 19 possible components compiled. An analysis by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry works well on this complex mixture giving clear information on retention times and accurate mass molecular weights. Mono-, di- and triphenylrosanilines are present in two samples, and a third sample has mainly monophenylrosaniline. In each sample, a small amount of higher molecular weight homologues appear. The thin-layer chromatography plate, from left to right, has fuchsin or rosaniline then mono-, di- and triphenylrosaniline. The two spots on the right-hand side are blue, and the two spots on the left-hand side are red.
Cordyceps militaris Exerts Antitumor Effect on Carboplatin-Resistant Ovarian Cancer via Activation of ATF3/TP53 Signaling In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Jo Eunbi , Jang Hyun-Jin , Yang Kyeong E. , Jang Min S. , Huh Yang H. , Yoo Hwa-Seung , Park JunSoo , Jang Ik-Soon , Park Soo J.
Published: January 2020

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Cordyceps militaris extract on the proliferation and apoptosis of carboplatin- resistant SKOV-3 and determine the underlying mechanisms for overcoming carboplatin resistance in human ovarian cancer. We cultured the carboplatin-resistant SKOV-3 cells in vitro until the exponential growth phase and then treated with different concentrations of C. militaris for 24, 48, and 72 hours. We performed cell proliferation assay, cell morphological change assessment using transmission electron microscopy, apoptosis assay, and immunoblotting to measure the protein expression of caspase-3 and -8, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1, B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, and activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3)/TP53 signaling-related proteins. As a result, C. militaris reduced the viability of carboplatin-resistant SKOV-3 and induced morphological disruptions in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The gene expression profiles indicated a reprogramming pattern of the previously known and unknown genes and transcription factors associated with the action of TCTN3 on carboplatin-resistant SKOV-3 cells. We also confirmed the C. militaris-induced activation of the ATF3/TP53 pathway. Immunoblotting indicated that cotreatment of C. militaris and carboplatin-mediated ATF3/TP53 upregulation induced apoptosis in the carboplatin-resistant SKOV-3 cells, which are involved in the serial activation of pro-apoptotic proteins, including Bcl-2, Bax, caspases, and PARP-1. Further, when the ATF3 and TP53 expression increased, the CHOP and PUMA expressions were upregulated. Consequently, the upregulated CHOP/PUMA expression activated the positive regulation of the apoptotic signaling pathway. In addition, it decreased the Bcl-2 expression, leading to marked ovarian cancer cells sensitive to carboplatin by enhancing apoptosis. We then corroborated these results using in vivo experiments. Taken together, C. militaris inhibits carboplatin-resistant SKOV-3 cell proliferation and induces apoptosis possibly through ATF3/TP53 signaling upregulation and CHOP/PUMA activation. Therefore, our findings provide new insights into the treatment of carboplatin-resistant ovarian cancer using C. militaris.
Use of Technology in Managing Diabetes in Youth, Part 1: Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Information and Tips for the School Nurse
Authors: Berget Cari , Wyckoff Leah
Published: January 2020

Glucose monitoring is an essential component of type 1 diabetes (T1D) treatment. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems measure glucose levels every few minutes and provide valuable trend information about the direction and speed glucose levels are changing. Use of CGM is increasing rapidly in youth with T1D and consistent use of CGM is associated with improved glycemic control. School nurses are a vital part of the care team for a student with T1D, and therefore, must be comfortable using CGM to support their students at school. This is the first article in a three-part series on the use of technology in managing diabetes in youth. The purpose of this article is to describe CGM devices, including calibration requirements and interpretation of trend arrows and provide tips for school nurses in incorporating CGM into the student’s individualized healthcare plan. Part 2 in this series will focus on insulin pumps and Part 3 will focus on special considerations and problem solving when using diabetes technology in the school setting.
Mechanical thrombectomy for acute stroke in pregnancy
Authors: Kular Saminderjit , Ram Ramya , Balian Vartan , Tse George , Coley Stuart , Jivraj Shenaaz , Nagaraja Sanjoy
Published: January 2020

Several recent randomised control trials have shown adjunctive endovascular mechanical thrombectomy to be an effective and safe treatment for acute stroke superior to medical therapy alone. Despite this, questions remain over certain groups of patients that have been excluded from these studies, such as pregnant women. We believe this is a topic of increasing clinical significance with minimal data in the literature. In this article we discuss stroke in pregnancy and highlight the important technical considerations of endovascular mechanical thrombectomy, including minimising radiation exposure to the mother and fetus.
Influence of maternal ethnic–racial identity on children’s internalizing symptom trajectories
Authors: Lazarevic Vanja , Toledo Geneva , Wiggins Jillian Lee
Published: January 2020

We investigate the impact of maternal ethnic–racial identity on child internalizing trajectories in immigrant and U.S.-born Latinx families. Data from N=1,076 Latinx mothers’ reports at child ages 1, 3, 5, and 9 years were used. For children of U.S.-born mothers, but not immigrant mothers, greater levels of maternal ethnic–racial identity were associated with lower levels of internalizing symptoms at age 3, yet attenuated decreases in internalizing symptoms over time. Thus, mother’s ethnic–racial identity was a protective factor for children at preschool age but became less protective through school age. Our results suggest that incorporating ethnic–racial identity elements, particularly for U.S.-born mothers of toddlers to preschoolers, may be an important consideration when designing interventions for Latinx families.
A new brain CT reference line: the lower eyelid to the inner occipital base line closely parallels the Talairach–Tournoux line
Authors: Ishizaka Hiroshi , Naka Minoru , Nagase Hiroyuki , Yanagisawa Katsumi , Kubota Toshio , Morita Hideo , Tsushima Yoshito
Published: January 2020

Background

There is no standardized brain computed tomography (CT) reference line that can be determined on both scout and reformatted sagittal CT images. Here, a tangential line from the anterior edge of the lower eyelid to the inner table of the occipital base (LEL/O line) appears nearly parallel to the Talairach–Tournoux (T/T) line, which shows a consistent intracranial anatomical relationship among subjects, and acts as a standard reference line for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.

Purpose

To quantitatively validate the LEL/O line as a new standard brain CT reference line.

Material and Methods

We measured: angle 1 = the LEL/O line on scout images from the LEL/O line on parasagittal CT images (n=93); and angle 2 = the LEL/O line on scout images from the T/T line on high resolution midsagittal MR images (n=97). Angles in a clockwise direction were defined as positive and were expressed as mean±SD with the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the SD. Angle 2 was measured independently by two observers and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated.

Results

Angle 1 was –0.4°±1.2° (95% CI of SD 1.1°–1.5°); angle 2 was –0.4°±2.0° (95% CI of SD, 1.8°–2.4°). The ICC in the angle 2 measurement was 0.780 ( P<0.001), which indicated high inter-observer reliability.

Conclusion

The LEL/O lines on scout and parasagittal CT images show practically the same gradient, and these LEL/O lines are almost parallel to the T/T line. Use of the LEL/O line either for direct scanning or reformation can minimize intra- and inter-subject variations on CT images and mismatch between CT and MR images.
Dilemma of Natural Resource Abundance: A Case Study of Kuwait
Authors: Aljarallah Ruba A. , Angus Andrew
Published: January 2020

There is a lively debate about the relationship between a nation’s natural resource abundance and economic growth. Some view natural resource abundance as a curse, whereas others view it as a blessing. This study examines the economic, social, and political effects of resource abundance in an oil-rich country, Kuwait, using data from 1984 to 2014. This study analyzes the short- and long-run impacts of resource rents on per capita gross domestic product (GDP), productivity, human capital, and institutional quality. The study reveals through autoregressive distributed lag modeling and error correction modeling that resource rents increase per capita GDP merely in the short-run; however, resource rents deteriorate productivity, human capital, and institutional quality in both the short and the long-run. These results indicate that, for Kuwait, the overreliance on its natural resources has been detrimental over the long-run. The study suggests that there is a need to improve the quality of institutions and enhance the level of human capital to get economic sustainability and development over time.
Has the Belt and Road Initiative Brought New Opportunities to Countries Along the Routes to Participate in Global Value Chains?
Authors: Wu Zhiheng , Hou Guisheng , Xin Baogui
Published: January 2020

Using the data of 40 host countries during 2010 to 2017, we investigate whether the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has brought new opportunities to countries along the routes to participate in global value chains (GVCs). We employ a difference-in-differences (DID) method with propensity score matching (PSM) to solve the self-selection bias problem. The results indicate that BRI has a significant positive effect on promoting the countries along the routes to participate in GVCs, and the effect is lagging and fluctuant. Specifically, we find that the promotion effects are particularly significant in the second year of the BRI’s implementation. The heterogeneity analysis of Belt and Road (BR) countries shows that there remains a significant positive effect on developing BR countries as before, while the opposite is true for developed BR countries.
Language, Terminology, and Inclusive Education: A Case of Kazakhstani Transition to Inclusion
Authors: Makoelle Tsediso Michael
Published: January 2020

Kazakhstan has adopted the idea of inclusive education. The country has embarked on transforming its education at all levels of schooling to reflect the ethos of equity and inclusion. Tremendous success has been registered so far; however, the language used in the realm of its special/inclusive education has not changed much, as it still bears the hallmarks of the past Soviet vocabulary. Therefore, this article provides an analytic perspective on exclusive terminology and vocabulary still being used, which in one way or another perpetuates misconceptions and stereotypes about diversity and difference. The researcher of this study interviewed school principals, teachers, professionals, and parents in 12 inclusive schools. Reviewed literature includes Kazakhstani education policies, research papers, and speeches delivered by education administrators, politicians, educationists, and experts in the field of special/inclusive education. The implications of the use of language and terminology are discussed in the context of transforming education toward an inclusive education system. Lessons are drawn from the empirical study and literature review, thus making recommendations on how to move forward with the language and terminology change process within the emerging discourse of inclusive education in Kazakhstan.
Taming Consumer Resistance for Taboo Products: The Case of PeeBuddy
Authors: Jain Ruchi , Tandon Anushree , Khandelwal Ruchi
Published: January 2020

Changes in business environments continually create opportunities for entrepreneurs to target specific emerging needs of their customers. The first disposable female urination device (FUD) PeeBuddy was launched in the Indian market in response to the emergent need among the urban women for a product facilitating safe usage of public washrooms, especially during travel. PeeBuddy is among the many social innovations (Alvord et al., 2004, p. 262), making prominent appearances in emerging economies battling resource constraints (Austin et al., 2006).

The purpose of this case is to understand the ideation and execution of this social innovation in the context of countries like India where cultural traditions and subjective norms are held in high regards. In India, issues surrounding women’s personal hygiene are considered taboo for public communiqué. This case explores the use of social media marketing approaches used to circumvent extant cultural barriers hindering the adoption of PeeBuddy, which may be considered as a taboo product in the context of the Indian market.

This case is aimed at students undertaking advanced marketing management and consumer behaviour courses to sensitize them about subjective norms and their deep integration within culturally dominated communities. It will establish the need for adopting innovative methods for marketing taboo products and how creativity can be used to retail such products.
Contracting Outcomes with Communication and Learning
Authors: Banerjee Priyodorshi , Srikant P. , Chakravarty Sujoy
Published: January 2020

We show that allowing communication can increase optimal choices and efficiency in a multitask, incomplete contracting, principal–agent setting. We study two simple communication protocols, one allowing for one or more requests on non-contractible choices, and the other allowing for a request, promise and ex post payment. The protocol where principals are asked to communicate requests to the agent regarding non-contractible choices promotes better learning of optimal strategies on the part of the principals, but shows no tendency for coordination to superior outcomes. The benefits accrue mainly due to changes in the choices of principals, who issue communication, rather than those of agents. Coordination is promoted, and learning subdued, when the protocol permits promises and ex post payments, in addition to allowing a request. This protocol also increases efficiency, with the efficiency gains equal across the protocols.

JEL Codes: L14, C91
Is It Discrimination, or Fair and Deserved? How Beliefs about Work, Family, and Gender Shape Recognition of Family Responsibilities Discrimination
Authors: O’Connor Lindsey Trimble , Kmec Julie A.
Published: January 2020

Why do some label employers’ actions discrimination, while others do not? We explore whether beliefs about work, family, and gender are associated with labeling an employer’s denial of a promotion because of parental leave-taking—an illegal form of family responsibilities discrimination—discriminatory. Data from 702 respondents who evaluated a fictitious transcript of a supervisor-employee conversation show that the stronger one’s beliefs that good workers prioritize work over family, that employers do not owe workers job security, and that men are best-suited to work and women to care-taking, the less discriminatory one finds the supervisor’s promotion denial. Mediation analyses reveal that these relationships are primarily due to the association between these beliefs about gender, work, and family and perceptions that the supervisor’s promotion denial is deserved and, to a lesser extent, fair. Findings hold net of respondent knowledge of discrimination law, gender, and caregiver status.
Educational Expectations among Immigrant Youth: Links to Segmented Assimilation and School Context
Authors: Diaz Christina J.
Published: January 2020

Although schools are important socialization venues for all children, they also serve as sites of acculturation for immigrant youth. According to segmented assimilation theory, first- and second-generation students experience divergent trajectories of incorporation, in part, because they are exposed to school contexts that support or stifle their attainment. I argue that such a process must have social-psychological underpinnings, which I examine by relating children’s educational expectations to their school environment during adolescence. Specifically, I use the National Education Longitudinal Study to assess differences in expectations by school context among immigrant and U.S.-origin youth between eighth and 12th grades. Results indicate that students in comparably disadvantaged school environments report lower expectations, though this relationship is driven by household resources and student characteristics. I also find that most students exhibit increases in their educational expectations, and that such changes are not systemically patterned by school context. This article sheds light on the goals of immigrant youth and the extent to which these plans transform from childhood to adolescence.
Postcolonialism, Racial Political Fields, and Panethnicity: A Comparison of Early “Asian American” and “Hispanic” Movements
Authors: Mora G. Cristina , Okamoto Dina G.
Published: January 2020

Recent work has called for sociologists to incorporate postcolonial theory into their toolkits to better understand the mechanics of race in the United States. The authors answer this call by showing how postcolonial and field theories can be bridged to explain how movements of the 1970s developed distinct visions of panethnicity. Drawing on published case studies, as well as a unique data set of pioneering “Asian American” and “Hispanic” movement magazines from the 1970s, the authors systematically compare how community leaders framed panethnic identities before they became widely institutionalized. The authors show that although Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans could have developed a panethnic narrative centered on American imperialism, it was Asian Americans who constructed a postcolonial panethnic politics. In contrast, “Hispanic” stakeholders of the 1970s framed panethnicity more conservatively and at times patriotically. The authors contend that the different visions of panethnicity reflect the distinct colonial and imperial history of Asians and Hispanics in the United States as well as the position of Asian American and Hispanic panethnic leaders within and across the racial fields of the 1970s. This study suggests that panethnicity as a mobilizing identity narrative is politically flexible and amenable to different visions of racial equality. Moreover, the authors show how postcolonialism and field theory can be further synthesized to advance the study of panethnicity.
Applying the Chronic Care Model to Improve Patient Activation at a Nurse-Managed Student-Run Free Clinic for Medically Underserved People
Authors: Saude Jason , Baker Mary L. , Axman Linnea M. , Swider Susan M.
Published: January 2020

This article describes a practice change intended to improve patient activation, also described as self-care management, in a sample of uninsured and underinsured patients with one or more chronic diseases who received care at a nurse-managed student-run free clinic project. Chronic diseases are the leading causes of death and disability in the United States. Individuals with chronic illnesses may be uninsured or underinsured and often do not receive adequate medical management, resulting in complications and unnecessary hospitalizations. Lack of knowledge related to self-care has been identified as one risk factor associated with poor health outcomes in medically underserved populations. Student-run free clinics have emerged to provide care to groups that would otherwise not receive health care while simultaneously providing experiential learning for healthcare students. Guided by the Chronic Care Model, an intervention was designed to improve patients' self-care management and chronic disease care delivery offered by the family nurse practitioner and baccalaureate nursing students. The evaluation plan for the Patient Activation Intervention utilized a pretest–posttest design. The Patient Activation Measure tool was administered at the beginning and end of the intervention. Additional outcomes were evaluated using a chart audit tool. A total of 19 unique patients, representing 42 free clinic visits, were evaluated during the intervention period. The mean Patient Activation Measure score was 60.95 (standard deviation ± 12.03) and was indicative of a good foundational understanding of chronic illness and working toward self-management. Chi-square and Fischer’s exact test statistics demonstrated a statistically significant ( p <  .05) difference in the documentation of medication reconciliation, patient-centered goals, and self-management education from baseline to post intervention follow-up appointments. The evidence-based Patient Activation Intervention demonstrated promise as an effective method to increase patient’s self-care management and improve patient-centered outcomes for underserved patients when delivered at a nurse-managed student-run free clinic.
Measuring Students’ Perceptions of the Medical School Learning Environment: Translation, Transcultural Adaptation, and Validation of 2 Instruments to the Brazilian Portuguese Language
Authors: Damiano Rodolfo F , Furtado Aline O , da Silva Betina N , Ezequiel Oscarina da S , Lucchetti Alessandra LG , DiLalla Lisabeth F , Tackett Sean , Shochet Robert B , Lucchetti Giancarlo
Published: January 2020

Background:

Although learning environment (LE) is an important component of medical training, there are few instruments to investigate LE in Latin American and Brazilian medical schools. Therefore, this study aims to translate, adapt transculturally, and validate the Medical School Learning Environment Scale (MSLES) and the Johns Hopkins Learning Environment Scale (JHLES) to the Brazilian Portuguese language.

Method:

This study was carried out between June 2016 and October 2017. Both scales have been translated and cross-culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese Language and then back translated and approved by the original authors. A principal components analysis (PCA) was performed for both the MSLES and the JHLES. Test–retest reliability was assessed by comparing the first administration of the MSLES and the JHLES with a second administration 45 days later. Validity was assessed by comparing the MSLES and the JHLES with 2 overall LE perception questions; a sociodemographic questionnaire; and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21).

Results:

A total of 248 out of 334 (74.2%) first- to third-year medical students from a Brazilian public university were included. Principal component analysis generated 4 factors for MSLES and 7 factors for JHLES. Both showed good reliability for the total scale (MSLES α = .809; JHLES α = .901), as well as for each subdomain. Concurrent and convergent validity were observed by the strong correlations found between both scale totals ( r = 0.749), as well as with both general LE questions: recommend the school to a friend (MSLES: r = 0.321; JHLES: r = 0.457) and overall LE rating (MSLES: r = 0.505; JHLES: r = 0.579). The 45-day test–retest comparison resulted in a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.697 for the JHLES and 0.757 for the MSLES.

Conclusions:

Reliability and validity have been demonstrated for both the MSLES and the JHLES. Thus, both represent feasible options for measuring LE in Brazilian medical students.
The end of the cooperative model (as we knew it): Commoning and co-becoming in two Nicaraguan cooperatives
Authors: Fisher Joshua B , Nading Alex M
Published: January 2020

Cooperatives produce commons, but how they do so—and what kinds of commons they produce—cannot be known in advance. Two cooperatives in Ciudad Sandino, Nicaragua illustrate how distinct cooperative assemblages actually take shape through particular patterns of commoning. First, members of a women’s sewing cooperative called the Fair Trade Zone refuse open-membership. Claiming kinship as the logic of their membership, they describe the cooperative as “like their child”. Second, members of Ciudad Sandino’s Recycling Cooperative defy cooperative principles for rules-in-use, maintain a flexible and fluid membership, and refer to their collective organization as their “ant-hill” ( hormiguero), reflecting its adaptability to changing conditions. These two case studies highlight the diverse subjects, practices, socioecological relations, political-ethical reasonings, and other resources from which cooperatives and commons are assembled. They also illustrate the multiplicity of organizational forms that communing can produce. Ultimately, the two case studies show that cooperative models are not recipes but historically generated and immanent projects that shape particular cooperativisms. Institutional approaches to commons and cooperatives fail when they impose a single form. We do not know what commoning and cooperating will become. In order to develop a language for expressing diverse modes of cooperating, then, we must start not with the recipe but with the concerns that particular cooperators find relevant.
BCL-W is dispensable for the sustained survival of select Burkitt lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines
Authors: Diepstraten Sarah T. , Chang Catherine , Tai Lin , Gong Jia-nan , Lan Ping , Dowell Alexander C. , Taylor Graham S. , Strasser Andreas , Kelly Gemma L.
Published: January 2020

Dysregulated expression of BCL-2 family proteins allows cancer cells to escape apoptosis. To counter this, BH3-mimetic drugs that target and inhibit select BCL-2 prosurvival proteins to induce apoptosis have been developed for cancer therapy. Venetoclax, which targets BCL-2, has been effective as therapy for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and MCL-1–targeting BH3-mimetic drugs have been extensively evaluated in preclinical studies for a range of blood cancers. Recently, BCL-W, a relatively understudied prosurvival member of the BCL-2 protein family, has been reported to be abnormally upregulated in Burkitt lymphoma (BL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and Hodgkin lymphoma patient samples. Therefore, to determine if BCL-W would be a promising therapeutic target for B-cell lymphomas, we have examined the role of BCL-W in the sustained growth of human BL- and DLBCL-derived cell lines. We found that CRISPR/CAS9-mediated loss or short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of BCL-W expression in selected BL and DLBCL cell lines did not lead to spontaneous apoptosis and had no effect on their sensitivity to a range of BH3-mimetic drugs targeting other BCL-2 prosurvival proteins. Our results suggest that BCL-W is not universally required for the sustained growth and survival of human BL and DLBCL cell lines. Thus, targeting BCL-W in this subset of B-cell lymphomas may not be of broad therapeutic benefit.
Evaluation of cyclin A1–specific T cells as a potential treatment for acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Leung Wingchi K. , Workineh Aster , Mukhi Shivani , Tzannou Ifigeneia , Brenner Daniel , Watanabe Norihiro , Leen Ann M. , Lulla Premal
Published: January 2020

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is the only curative option for relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, more than half ultimately experience disease relapse that is associated with a dismal median survival of just 6 months, highlighting the need for novel therapies. In the current study we explore the therapeutic potential of targeting cyclin A1 (CCNA1), a cancer-testis antigen that is overexpressed in malignant blasts and leukemic stem cells. We demonstrate the immunogenicity of this antigen to native T cells, with >90% of donors screened mounting a specific response. The expanded cells were Th1 polarized, polyfunctional, and cytotoxic toward CCNA1+/HLA-matched tumor cell lines. Furthermore, these cells were exquisitely specific for CCNA1 and exhibited no reactivity against other cyclin family members, including CCNA2, which shares 56% homology with CCNA1 and is ubiquitously expressed in dividing cells. Lastly, the detection of CCNA1-specific T cells in AML patients post-HSCT was associated with prolonged disease remission, suggesting the protective potential of such endogenous cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the feasibility of targeting CCNA1 and the potential for therapeutic benefit associated with the adoptive transfer of reactive cells.
American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for sickle cell disease: transfusion support
Authors: Chou Stella T. , Alsawas Mouaz , Fasano Ross M. , Field Joshua J. , Hendrickson Jeanne E. , Howard Jo , Kameka Michelle , Kwiatkowski Janet L. , Pirenne France , Shi Patricia A. , Stowell Sean R. , Thein Swee Lay , Westhoff Connie M. , Wong Trisha E. , Akl Elie A.
Published: January 2020

In July 2022, these guidelines were reviewed by an expert work group convened by ASH. Review included limited searches for new evidence and discussion of the search results. Following this review, the ASH Committee on Quality agreed to continue monitoring the supporting evidence rather than revise or retire these guidelines at this time. Limited searches and expert review will be repeated annually going forward until these guidelines are revised or retired.

Background: Red cell transfusions remain a mainstay of therapy for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), but pose significant clinical challenges. Guidance for specific indications and administration of transfusion, as well as screening, prevention, and management of alloimmunization, delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions (DHTRs), and iron overload may improve outcomes.

Objective: Our objective was to develop evidence-based guidelines to support patients, clinicians, and other healthcare professionals in their decisions about transfusion support for SCD and the management of transfusion-related complications.

Methods: The American Society of Hematology formed a multidisciplinary panel that was balanced to minimize bias from conflicts of interest and that included a patient representative. The panel prioritized clinical questions and outcomes. The Mayo Clinic Evidence-Based Practice Research Program supported the guideline development process. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to form recommendations, which were subject to public comment.

Results: The panel developed 10 recommendations focused on red cell antigen typing and matching, indications, and mode of administration (simple vs red cell exchange), as well as screening, prevention, and management of alloimmunization, DHTRs, and iron overload.

Conclusions: The majority of panel recommendations were conditional due to the paucity of direct, high-certainty evidence for outcomes of interest. Research priorities were identified, including prospective studies to understand the role of serologic vs genotypic red cell matching, the mechanism of HTRs resulting from specific alloantigens to inform therapy, the role and timing of regular transfusions during pregnancy for women, and the optimal treatment of transfusional iron overload in SCD.