bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An affective cartography of choice, aspiration and belonging; mapping students’ feelings during an Australian rural student science exchange program
Authors: Wolfe Melissa Joy
Published: October 2022

The capacity to aspire for young people is significant, as they cannot choose to be what they cannot experience or imagine becoming. Student exchange programmes that expand experiences of STEM may increase opportunities, interests, and participation for rural young people in the STEM subject field. This paper creates a cartography with data created from self-reported Year 10 students’ affective responses to experiences undergone during a three-week rural exchange (RE) programme. Students reported increased feelings of belonging to both school and STEM subjects during and after participating in the RE programme. The data created with students during this study provided a deep insight into the positive affective impact of the experiences undergone. Students’ increased aspirations and motivation to continue in STEM fields were reported as sustained on return to their home rural school.
Influence of Embedment Conditions on Long-Term Basement Heave in Over-Consolidated Clay
Authors: Chan Deryck , Madabhushi Gopal , Walford Corin , Solera Sergio , Williamson Michael
Published: October 2022

Deep excavations in over-consolidated clays lead to swelling of the clay, which can exert large swell pressures on the basement slabs. In this paper, four prototype scenarios of basement construction in over-consolidated clay were investigated using both centrifuge modelling and finite element modelling. The main aim was to discern the effects of two aspects of embedment on long-term heave behaviour when relatively flexible and relatively stiff slabs were employed. The extension of diaphragm side walls below the formation level and the presence of a drainage layer between the slab and the clay were investigated. The results confirm that the use of a drainage layer would shorten the time of consolidation as expected. The variations in embedment conditions would also cause some redistribution of heave displacements, though the magnitude of such redistribution is relatively small, both when compared to the overall magnitudes of heave displacement and when compared to the effect of varying base slab stiffness on heave displacement.
Practical Aspects of Instantaneous Magnetization Power Functions of Silicon Iron Laminations
Authors: Pfützner Helmut , Shilyashki Georgi , Bengtsson Claes , Huber Emanuel
Published: October 2022

Magnetic energy loss P of SiFe steel represents a key factor for the efficiency of soft magnetic machine cores. Traditionally, they are operated with 50 Hz (or 60 Hz), a frequency value that yields rather balanced portions of hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. In equivalent circuits of transformers, P tends to be represented by a magnetic power resistance RM, as a constant. For the most important case of sinusoidal induction B of 50 Hz, this would correspond to an instantaneous magnetization power function p(t) that is sinusoidal as well, however, with 100 Hz (or 120 Hz). On the other hand, from complex, non-linear mechanisms of hysteresis, it is obvious that p(t) should be strongly non-sinusoidal, even for exactly sinusoidal B(t). So far, almost all corresponding instantaneous investigations were restricted to calculated modelling of loss portions and transient modelling. On the other hand, for the first time, the present study was focussed on functions p(t) as measured at IEC-standardized samples of industrially relevant steel. Practical evaluations are discussed with respect to the revealed “history” of magnetization processes, as well as for product characterization. For these tasks, a novel digitized “Low-mass Single Sheet Tester” was developed that was applied for both non-oriented steel (NO) and grain-oriented steel (GO), for 50 Hz. Interpretations proved to be favoured by relating p(t) to total P, according to an instantaneous power ratio. As a result, both steel types revealed strongly non-sinusoidal power functions, with short durations of negative p. Negative p proved to be most pronounced for NO steel, as a measure for the onset of reversible turns of atomic moments. As a consequence, p(t) comprises strong upper harmonics of 200 Hz and even 300 Hz. Based on theoretical considerations, we split p(t) in a dissipative loss power function pL(t) and in a potential energy power function pP(t). Finally, we used p(t) to determine the corresponding power resistance RM(t) that proves to be a distinctly nonlinear function as well. It resembles a rectified co-sinus, also exhibiting short negative spikes that reflect the crystallographic dis-orientation of the polycrystalline material.
Ori-Finder 2022: A Comprehensive Web Server for Prediction and Analysis of Bacterial Replication Origins
Authors: Dong Mei-Jing , Luo Hao , Gao Feng
Published: October 2022

The replication of DNA is a complex biological process that is essential for life. Bacterial DNA replication is initiated at genomic loci referred to as replication origins (oriCs). Integrating the Z-curve method, DnaA box distribution, and comparative genomic analysis, we developed a web server to predict bacterial oriCs in 2008 called Ori-Finder, which is helpful to clarify the characteristics of bacterial oriCs. The oriCs of hundreds of sequenced bacterial genomes have been annotated in the genome reports using Ori-Finder and the predicted results have been deposited in DoriC, a manually curated database of oriCs. This has facilitated large-scale data mining of functional elements in oriCs and strand-biased analysis. Here, we describe Ori-Finder 2022 with updated prediction framework, interactive visualization module, new analysis module, and user-friendly interface. More species-specific indicator genes and functional elements of oriCs are integrated into the updated framework, which has also been redesigned to predict oriCs in draft genomes. The interactive visualization module displays more genomic information related to oriCs and their functional elements. The analysis module includes regulatory protein annotation, repeat sequence discovery, homologous oriC search, and strand-biased analyses. The redesigned interface provides additional customization options for oriC prediction. Ori-Finder 2022 is freely available at http://tubic.tju.edu.cn/Ori-Finder/ and https://tubic.org/Ori-Finder/.
La Interpelación en Clave Feminista al Sistema Binario de Protección de Derechos Humanos en América Latina
Authors: Alterio Ana Micaela
Published: October 2022

En marzo de 2021, la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (en adelante, “Corte IDH”) resolvió el caso Vicky Hernández y otras vs. Honduras, en el que se condenó al Estado hondureño por el asesinato de Vicky Hernández, una mujer trans defensora de derechos humanos1. Esta sentencia es muy relevante para el sistema interamericano por ser la primera que a nivel internacional aplica un tratado específico de protección de derechos humanos de las mujeres para proteger a una mujer trans. De allí que permite analizar la interpelación que el debate feminista viene haciendo al sistema binario de protección de derechos en la región y en el mundo. En este ensayo, defenderé la decisión mayoritaria de la Corte frente a sus votos disidentes, sosteniendo que el sujeto político de los derechos humanos (incluido el feminista) es dinámico y emergente y, en consecuencia, el derecho y los derechos positivizados están a la retaguardia de las luchas por el reconocimiento y, por tanto, sometidos a constante interpelación y necesidad de cambio. Por esta razón, se requieren interpretaciones evolutivas e incluyentes de los derechos, que empujen a la desestabilización del sistema jurídico binario y, con ello, a su transformación en clave igualitaria e interseccional.
El Derecho Internacional Latinoamericano y el Pueblo Afrodescendiente
Authors: Antón Sánchez John Herlyn
Published: October 2022

Luego de la Tercera Conferencia Mundial contra el Racismo, la Discriminación Racial, la Xenofobia y las Formas Relacionadas con la Intolerancia, realizada por las Naciones Unidas en Durban, Sudáfrica, en 2001, surgió un importante movimiento. Las comunidades de la diáspora africana en las Américas —o “afrodescendientes”, como prefieren autoidentificarse— comenzaron a buscar reconocimiento legal en el contexto del Derecho internacional de los derechos humanos, y especialmente dentro del sistema interamericano de derechos humanos. El progreso ha sido notable, incluidos distintos fallos de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, los cambios en los sistemas constitucionales y legales de los países de América Latina y el proyecto de las Naciones Unidas de la Declaración Internacional de los Derechos de los Afrodescendientes, como parte del Decenio Internacional de los Afrodescendientes (2015–2024). Sin embargo, todavía existen cuestiones conceptuales, técnicas y doctrinarias en la definición y estatus jurídico de los afrodescendientes bajo el Derecho internacional. ¿Quiénes son afrodescendientes en términos legales? Y, ¿cómo entendemos “afrodescendencia” dentro del contexto de los pueblos indígenas y tribales? En este ensayo, explico cómo diferentes organismos regionales en América Latina han interpretado progresivamente los derechos indígenas para superar la marginación de los afrodescendientes y describo algunos temas importantes que siguen sin estar claros a pesar de esta bienvenida evolución.
WANG MANG 王莽 (c. 45 b.c.e.–23 c.e.) AND CLASSICAL LEARNING AS PATH TO SUPREME POWER
Authors: L'Haridon Béatrice
Published: October 2022

This article inquires into the ideological circumstances behind Wang Mang's 王莽 seizure of power, to examine how he built legitimacy at every stage of his career, by establishing a political and symbolic continuum between the role of the minister and that of the sovereign, rather than suddenly wresting power from the Liu clan. His classical learning in general and his references to Zhougong 周公 in particular were fundamental to the success of the process, which took place in three important stages: first, the offering of a white pheasant to the court; second, the bestowal of “Nine Conferrals” 九錫, and third, the composition of “Wang Mang's declaration” 莽誥. However, although the Classics constituted common references for Wang Mang and the scholars supporting him, the Classics were also used by some opponents objecting to the concentration of power in the hands of Wang Mang.
The radio source in Abell 980: A Detached-Double-Double Radio Galaxy?
Authors: Gopal-Krishna  , Paul Surajit , Salunkhe Sameer , Sonkamble Satish
Published: October 2022

It is argued that the new morphological and spectral information gleaned from the recently published LoFAR Two metre Sky Survey data release 2 (LoTSS-2 at 144 MHz) observations of the cluster Abell 980 (A980), in combination with its existing GMRT and VLA observations at higher frequencies, provide the much-needed evidence to strengthen the proposal that the cluster’s radio emission comes mainly from two double radio sources, both produced by the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in two major episodes of jet activity. The two radio lobes left from the previous activity have become diffuse and developed an ultra-steep radio spectrum while rising buoyantly through the confining hot intra-cluster medium (ICM) and, concomitantly, the host galaxy has drifted to the cluster centre and entered a new active phase manifested by a coinciding younger double radio source. The new observational results and arguments presented here bolster the case that the old and young double radio sources in A980 conjointly represent a ‘double-double’ radio galaxy whose two lobe pairs have lost colinearity due to the (lateral) drift of their parent galaxy, making this system by far the most plausible case of a ‘Detached-Double-Double Radio Galaxy’ (dDDRG).
Older people's intention to use medical apps during the COVID-19 pandemic in China: an application of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model and the Technology of Acceptance Model (TAM)
Authors: Ma Yin , Luo Muyuan
Published: October 2022

Previous studies on older adults' intention to adopt medical apps during irregular circumstances like the COVID-19 outbreak are still in its infancy. In order to fill this knowledge gap, we developed a theoretical framework based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model and the Technology of Acceptance Model (TAM) to explain Chinese older people's willingness to use medical apps during the COVID-19 pandemic. We collected 1,318 online questionnaires during the first wave of the pandemic in China in early 2020. We employed structural equation modelling to analyse the data, and the results show that (a) attitudes towards using apps influence older people's intention to use apps significantly; (b) only two factors, perceived usefulness and facilitating conditions, which were proposed in the UTAUT model, significantly predicted the older adults' intention to use apps, but not others; and (c) perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm and facilitating conditions all significantly impact attitudes towards using apps. Further mediation analysis found that attitudes towards using apps significantly mediated the paths suggested in the original UTAUT model. Due to the online survey method we used, older people who do not use the internet were excluded from our sampling process. However, our timely research contributes to the existing literature by showcasing older people's usage of eHealth technology in public health emergencies. It also builds on the broader discussions on technology use by combining the TAM and the UTAUT model, highlighting the vital role of people's attitude towards using technology in shaping their intention to use it.
Between the living and the dead: use, reuse, and imitation of painted portraits in Late Antiquity
Authors: Stafford Grace
Published: October 2022

Painted portraits on wood and cloth were common in the ancient world and prized as authentic and lifelike images. Affordable, portable, and desirable, they were an important form of representation, but rarely survive in the archaeological record outside Egypt. This article approaches the study of painted portraiture in a way that does not necessitate the survival of the images themselves. It analyzes evidence for the use, reuse, and imitation of painted portraits in the catacombs of 4th-c. Rome by examining the remains of settings and attachments for portraits, the shadows left by them on walls, and portraits in other media which imitate panel paintings. The article considers why painted portraits were so effective in funerary contexts and what connection they may have had to domestic portraiture. It also explores the development of panel portrait imitation through the phenomenon of the “square nimbus.”
“A Most Valuable Curiosity”: Music Manuscripts, Authorship, Composition, and Gender at the Ephrata Cloister in Eighteenth-Century Pennsylvania
Authors: Herbert Christopher
Published: October 2022

The 1746 Ephrata Codex, a 972-page music manuscript in the Library of Congress, is the central document of this study, which locates and identifies several eighteenth-century composers who were solitary sisters and brothers of the Ephrata Cloister in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Ephrata was an insular, mainly celibate, Pietist, Sabbatarian, ascetic community, which, at its height in the 1740s and 1750s, was home to approximately 300 individuals. Like many German diaspora societies in colonial Pennsylvania, it produced devotional prints and manuscripts. Ephrata is unique because most of its spiritual texts and music were written by and for its inhabitants. More than 130 extant Ephrata music manuscripts in libraries, archives, and collections in the United States and United Kingdom comprise a corpus of over 1,500 hymns, composed according to rules mandated in an original music theory treatise. The concept of authorship at Ephrata was complicated: Communal creative activity frequently existed alongside calls for individual recognition, evidenced by name attributions found in printed hymnals and music manuscripts. The solitary sisters’ agency and creative activity at Ephrata brings an added nuance to the discussion of authorship and credit, drawing attention to the contributions of women as creators, a notable exception to the male-dominated sieve of music history. The 2020 release ofVoices in the Wilderness, an album of new Ephrata hymn transcriptions, is connected to this article. Recorded in the Ephrata Meetinghouse, or “Saal,” the room for which the music was composed, it provides a new perspective on Ephrata's composers, compositional methods, and performance practice.
Manifestos as constituent power: Performing a feminist revolution
Authors: Houghton Ruth , O’Donoghue Aoife
Published: October 2022

Women use a multiplicity of forms and methods to articulate harms and claim political spaces. Among these are manifestos.1Women’s manifestos are concomitant with both political convulsion and the enduring, mundane inequalities faced by women; they play a key role in feminist attempts to achieve political and legal ends.2Manifestos are overtly political acts of legal/political performance; they are in dialogue with each other, with counter and anti-manifestos, and with the legal-political infrastructures they inhabit.3Manifestos seek to fracture traditional understanding and practices of law, often in the guise of claiming constituent power and political space.
Mindfulness and Character Strengths: A Practical Guide to Flourishing
Authors: Niemiec Ryan M.
Published: October 2022

Looking for the latest research and practices on character strengths and mindfulness? Curious about how character strengths can supercharge your mindfulness practice? Or how mindfulness can help you deploy your best qualities? Look no further – the answers are in this book! At the core of this hands-on resource for psychologists and other practitioners, including educators, coaches, and consultants, is Mindfulness-Based Strengths Practice (MBSP), the first structured program to combine mindfulness with the character strengths laid out in the VIA Institute’s classification developed by Drs. Christopher Peterson and Martin Seligman. This 8-session program systematically boosts awareness and application of character strengths, helping people flourish and lead more fulfilling lives. The author’s vast experience working with both mindfulness and character strengths is revealed in his sensitive and clear presentation of the conceptual, practical, and scientific elements of this unique combined approach. It is not only those who are new to mindfulness or to character strengths who will appreciate the detailed primers on these topics in the first section of the book. And the deep discussions about the integration of mindfulness and character strengths in the second section will benefit not just intermediate and advanced practitioners. The third section then leads readers step-by-step through each of the 8 MBSP sessions, including details of session structure and content, suggested homework, 30 practical handouts, as well as inspiring quotes and stories and useful practitioner tips. An additional chapter discusses the adaption of MBSP to different settings and populations (e.g., business, education, individuals, couples). The mindfulness and character strengths meditations on the accompanying CD support growth and development. This highly accessible book, while primarily conceived for psychologists, educators, coaches, and consultants,is suitable for anyone who is interested in living a better and improved life.
Observation of Source Plasma and Field Variations of a Substorm Brightening Aurora at L ∼ 6 by a Ground‐Based Camera and the Arase Satellite on 12 October 2017
Authors: Chen L. , Shiokawa K. , Miyoshi Y. , Oyama S. , Jun C.‐W. , Ogawa Y. , Hosokawa K. , Inaba Y. , Kazama Y. , Wang S. Y. , Tam S. W. Y. , Chang T. F. , Wang B. J. , Asamura K. , Kasahara S. , Yokota S. , Hori T. , Keika K. , Kasaba Y. , Kumamoto A. , Tsuchiya F. , Shoji M. , Kasahara Y. , Matsuoka A. , Shinohara I. , Imajo S. , Nakamura S. , Kitahara M.
Published: October 2022

Auroral brightening is one of the most common phenomena that occur during substorm onset and is usually recognized as a projection of the substorm‐associated magnetospheric plasma dynamics to the ionosphere. However, electromagnetic fields and plasma features associated with the substorm brightening arc have not been well understood. In this study, we present a comprehensive observation of the source plasma and field variations of a substorm brightening aurora in the inner magnetosphere. We performed a unique conjugate observation of a substorm brightening auroral arc observed by a ground‐based camera and by the Arase satellite in the magnetospheric source region at L ∼ 6. The event was observed at Tromsø (69.6°N, 19.2°E), Norway, on 12 October 2017. The brightening arc indicates east‐west structures with longitudinal scales of ∼0.5°–2.0°. Field‐aligned bi‐directional electrons with an energy range between 66 and 1,800 eV were detected by the satellite, simultaneously with the appearance of the brightening arc in the camera. These electrons were probably supplied from the auroral brightening region in the ionosphere, indicating that the satellite was on the same field line of the brightening aurora. The magnetic and electric field data show characteristic fluctuations and earthward Poynting flux around the time that the satellite crossed the aurora. Anti‐phase oscillations between the thermal pressure and the magnetic pressure are also reported. Based on these observations, we suggest the possibility that a ballooning instability occurred in the source region of the substorm brightening arc in the inner magnetosphere at L ∼ 6.
Newly Formed Dawnside, Duskside, and Nightside Subauroral Flows Developed During Magnetically Active Times
Authors: Horvath Ildiko , Lovell Brian C.
Published: October 2022

We study the newly formed (with an upper limit of ∼101 min) subauroral flows in the topside ionosphere. These include the dawnside subauroral flows observed at ∼5–6 magnetic local time (MLT), the duskside sub‐auroral polarization streams (SAPS) at ∼15 MLT, and the nightside sub‐auroral ion drifts (SAID) at ∼19–20 MLT. We employ the same types of observations for investigating the various underlying magnetospheric processes related to the development of the newly formed subauroral flows. These processes include (a) the stretching of magnetic field lines (leading to plasma density dropouts) due to the unfolding magnetotail reconnection, (b) the dawnside and nightside diversions of the magnetotail‐reconnection—related earthward plasma flows, (c) the ongoing particle injections, and (d) the trapping of ring current protons at subauroral and auroral latitudes. Based on these processes (a–d), we found strong similarities in the development of the newly formed dawnside and duskside/nightside subauroral flows investigated. At the dawnside plasmapause in the inner magnetosphere equatorial plane, the outward and duskward electric (E) field components provide observational evidence that the newly formed dawnside rapid narrow subauroral flows were SAID developing in the dawn sector. Evidence shows that the newly formed dawnside broad subauroral flow channel was associated with upward Region 2 (R2) field‐aligned currents (FACs) and equatorward subauroral polarization E field, and thus, was the dawnside equivalent of the duskside SAPS associated with downward R2 FACs and poleward subauroral polarization E field. Further evidence includes the inner magnetosphere observations of the hot zone both on the dusk/nightside and on the dawnside.
Optimizing Earthquake Nowcasting With Machine Learning: The Role of Strain Hardening in the Earthquake Cycle
Authors: Rundle John B. , Yazbeck Joe , Donnellan Andrea , Fox Geoffrey , Ludwig Lisa Grant , Heflin Michael , Crutchfield James
Published: October 2022

Nowcasting is a term originating from economics, finance, and meteorology. It refers to the process of determining the uncertain state of the economy, markets or the weather at the current time by indirect means. In this paper, we describe a simple two‐parameter data analysis that reveals hidden order in otherwise seemingly chaotic earthquake seismicity. One of these parameters relates to a mechanism of seismic quiescence arising from the physics of strain‐hardening of the crust prior to major events. We observe an earthquake cycle associated with major earthquakes in California, similar to what has long been postulated. An estimate of the earthquake hazard revealed by this state variable time series can be optimized by the use of machine learning in the form of the Receiver Operating Characteristic skill score. The ROC skill is used here as a loss function in a supervised learning mode. Our analysis is conducted in the region of 5° × 5° in latitude‐longitude centered on Los Angeles, a region which we used in previous papers to build similar time series using more involved methods (Rundle & Donnellan, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EA001097; Rundle, Donnellan et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA001757; Rundle, Stein et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/abf893). Here we show that not only does the state variable time series have forecast skill, the associated spatial probability densities have skill as well. In addition, use of the standard ROC and Precision (PPV) metrics allow probabilities of current earthquake hazard to be defined in a simple, straightforward, and rigorous way.
A Method for Assimilating Pseudo Dewpoint Temperature as a Function of GLM Flash Extent Density in GSI‐Based EnKF Data Assimilation System—A Proof of Concept Study
Authors: Pan Sijie , Gao Jidong
Published: October 2022

In this study, a new lightning data assimilation (LDA) scheme using Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) flash extent density (FED) is developed and implemented in the National Severe Storms Laboratory Warn‐on‐Forecast System (WoFS). The new LDA scheme first assigns a pseudo relative humidity between the cloud base and a specific layer based on the FED value. Then at each model layer, the pseudo relative humidity is converted to pseudo dewpoint temperature according to the corresponding air temperature. Some sensitivity experiments are performed to investigate how to assign and use GLM/FED in an optimum way. The impact of assimilating this pseudo dewpoint temperature on a short‐term severe weather forecast is preliminarily assessed in this proof‐of‐concept study. A high‐impact weather event in Kansas on 24 May 2021 is used to evaluate the performance of the new scheme on analyses and subsequent short‐term forecasts. The results show that the assimilation of additional FED‐based dewpoint temperature observations along with radar, satellite radiance, and cloud water can improve short‐term (3‐hr) forecast skill in terms of quantitative and qualitative verifications against the observations. The improvement is primarily due to the direct and indirect adjustment of dynamic and thermodynamic conditions through the LDA process. More specifically, the assimilation of FED‐based dewpoint temperature, in addition to the other observations currently used in WoFS, tends to enhance the ingredients required for thunderstorm formation, namely moisture, instability, and lifting mechanism.
Using an Iterative Algorithm to Predict Topography From Vertical Gravity Gradients and Ship Soundings
Authors: Xu Huan , Yu Jinhai
Published: October 2022

With the help of the analytical expression of the vertical gravity gradient (VGG) generated by a rectangular prism, an analytical algorithm for predicting seafloor topography using the VGG data has been studied. Nevertheless, ship sounding data are an essential constraint in solving the seafloor topography. This paper combines ship sounding data with VGG anomaly to predict the seafloor topography. The main research contents include the following: Using the ship soundings and VGG data in the study area, the observation equations about sea depth are established, and the stability of the equations are studied; furthermore, considering the influence of seafloor topography outside the study area on the observation equations, these effects are divided into boundary effects and far‐field effects, and different processing methods are proposed. Finally, the method is tested on the East Pacific Rise, only using VGG anomaly and adding the mean value to fix the boundary region, the RMS error of the results is 108.8 m; SIO's model is added to the boundary region and the seven maximum absolute errors are replaced by ship sounding data, the RMS error of the results can reach 94.2 m and the accuracy improvement is 13.42%.
Temperature Dependence of Clumped Isotopes (∆47) in Aragonite
Authors: de Winter Niels J. , Witbaard Rob , Kocken Ilja J. , Müller Inigo A. , Guo Jingjing , Goudsmit Barbara , Ziegler Martin
Published: October 2022

Clumped isotope thermometry can independently constrain the formation temperatures of carbonates, but a lack of precisely temperature‐controlled calibration samples limits its application on aragonites. To address this issue, we present clumped isotope compositions of aragonitic bivalve shells grown under highly controlled temperatures (1–18°C), which we combine with clumped isotope data from natural and synthetic aragonites from a wide range of temperatures (1–850°C). We observe no discernible offset in clumped isotope values between aragonitic foraminifera, mollusks, and abiogenic aragonites or between aragonites and calcites, eliminating the need for a mineral‐specific calibration or acid fractionation factor. However, due to non‐linear behavior of the clumped isotope thermometer, including high‐temperature (>100°C) datapoints in linear clumped isotope calibrations causes them to underestimate temperatures of cold (1–18°C) carbonates by 2.7 ± 2.0°C (95% confidence level). Therefore, clumped isotope‐based paleoclimate reconstructions should be calibrated using samples with well constrained formation temperatures close to those of the samples.
On the Ridging of the South Atlantic Anticyclone Over South Africa: The Impact of Rossby Wave Breaking and of Climate Change
Authors: Ivanciu Ioana , Ndarana Thando , Matthes Katja , Wahl Sebastian
Published: October 2022

Ridging South Atlantic Anticyclones contribute an important amount of precipitation over South Africa. Here, we use a global coupled climate model and the ERA5 reanalysis to separate for the first time ridging highs (RHs) based on whether they occur together with Rossby wave breaking (RWB) or not. We show that the former type of RHs are associated with more precipitation than the latter type. The mean sea level pressure anomalies caused by the two types of RHs are characterized by distinct patterns, leading to differences in the flow of moisture‐laden air onto land. We additionally find that RWB mediates the effect of climate change on RHs during the twenty‐first century. Consequently, RHs occurring without RWB exhibit little change, while those occurring with RWB contribute more precipitation over the southern and less precipitation over the northeastern South Africa in the future.
Hamiltonian Monte Carlo Probabilistic Joint Inversion of 2D (2.75D) Gravity and Magnetic Data
Authors: Zunino Andrea , Ghirotto Alessandro , Armadillo Egidio , Fichtner Andreas
Published: October 2022

Two‐dimensional modeling of gravity and magnetic anomalies in terms of polygonal bodies is a popular approach to infer possible configurations of geological structures in the subsurface. Alternatively to the traditional trial‐and‐error manual fit of measured data, here we illustrate a probabilistic strategy to solve the inverse problem. First we derive a set of formulae for solving a 2.75‐dimensional forward model, where the polygonal bodies have a given finite lateral extent, and then we devise a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithm to jointly invert gravity and magnetic data for the geometry and properties of the polygonal bodies. This probabilistic approach fully addresses the nonlinearity of the forward model and provides uncertainty estimation. The result of the inversion is a collection of models which represent the posterior distribution, analysis of which provides estimates of sought properties and may reveal different scenarios.
Steady Long‐Term Slip Rate on the Blue Cut Fault: Implications for Strain Transfer Between the San Andreas Fault and Eastern California Shear Zone
Authors: Guns K. A. , Bennett R. , Blisniuk K. , Walker A. , Hidy A. , Heimsath A.
Published: October 2022

The Eastern Transverse Ranges (ETR) province of California contains a system of E‐W‐trending left‐lateral faults accommodating clockwise block rotation between the San Andreas Fault (SAF) system in the Coachella Valley and the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ) in the Mojave Desert. Building upon established geometric relationships, we estimate that this rotation across the ETR may transfer right‐lateral strain from the SAF to the ECSZ at a time‐averaged rate of ∼4.3–7.7 mm/yr. Through geomorphic mapping and the analysis of 3810Be surface exposure samples, we derive a long‐term slip rate of 1.26 ± 0.50 (2σ) mm/yr over the late Pleistocene, yet analysis of the displacement record indicates a rate decrease ∼71 kya. While a rate change on this fault could have implications for possible plate boundary reorganization in this area, we argue that this slip rate variability more likely reflects routine fluctuation about a steady lifetime slip rate.
Mapping Phyllosilicates on the Asteroid Bennu Using Thermal Emission Spectra and Machine Learning Model Applications
Authors: Breitenfeld L. B. , Rogers A. D. , Glotch T. D. , Kaplan H. H. , Hamilton V. E. , Christensen P. R.
Published: October 2022

Bennu, the target of the OSIRIS‐REx mission, is an asteroid with compositions analogous to low petrologic type CI, CM, CR, and/or ungrouped carbonaceous chondrites. Asteroids like Bennu provide information about the building blocks of the early Solar System. Analysis of the mid‐infrared remote sensing data informs mineral quantification. We apply a phyllosilicate specific model, developed by Breitenfeld et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021je007035) that distinguishes between Mg and Fe serpentines, to Baseball Diamond 1 (BBD1), equatorial station 3 (EQ3), and touch‐and‐go OSIRIS‐REx thermal emission spectrometer data. The average total phyllosilicate predictions are 73 (BBD1) and 72 vol% (EQ3). We observe higher Fe‐cronstedtite and lower Mg‐rich serpentine content in the equatorial region of Bennu than average. Mid‐infrared spectral variability may be explained by sorting effects through mass movement.
Hybrid Simulations of the Cusp and Dayside Magnetosheath Dynamics Under Quasi‐Radial Interplanetary Magnetic Fields
Authors: Ng J. , Chen L.‐J. , Omelchenko Y. , Zou Y. , Lavraud B.
Published: October 2022

Under quasi‐radial interplanetary magnetic fields (IMF), foreshock turbulence can have an impact on the magnetosheath and cusps depending on the location of the quasi‐parallel shock. We perform three‐dimensional simulations of Earth's dayside magnetosphere using the hybrid code HYPERS, and compare northward and southward quasi‐radial IMF configurations. We study the magnetic field configuration, fluctuations in the magnetosheath and the plasma in the regions around the northern cusp. Under northward IMF with Earthward Bx, there is a time‐varying plasma depletion layer immediately outside the northern cusp. In the southward IMF case, the impact of foreshock turbulence and high‐speed jets, together with magnetopause reconnection, can lead to strong density enhancements in the cusp.
Regulation of Bacterial Metabolic Activities and Community Composition by Temperature in a Fringing Coral Reef
Authors: Hu Xin , Li Xiangfu , He Maoqiu , Long Aimin , Xu Jie
Published: October 2022

In coral reefs, heterotrophic bacteria play an important role in driving carbon cycle and sustaining coral health. Bacterial production (BP), bacterial respiration (BR) and bacterial community composition (BCC) were determined in the Luhuitou fringing reef and the surrounding ocean in the northern South China Sea on a seasonal basis, in order to examine bacterial metabolic activity and effect of temperature on bacterial community in the fringing coral reef. Our results showed that higher BP (3.52–12.45 μg C L−1 d−1) and bacterial growth efficiency (0.16–0.28) and lower cellular BR (8.34–31.73 fg C cell−1 d−1) in the Luhuitou fringing reef than the surrounding ocean was more likely attributed to substrate availability. Enhanced dissolved organic nitrogen availability preferentially triggered the growth of bacteria with high nucleic acid content (HNA bacteria), which was most possibly responsible for high BP in the coral reef. Heterotrophic bacteria were more sensitive to temperature in the highly productive Luhuitou fringing reef than the surrounding ocean. Temperature shaped BCC by mediating enzymatic activity in the coral reef, likely triggering opportunistic infections. Warming might not only promote the growth of HNA bacteria and shift BCC in the coral reef, which was partly responsible for coral disease, but also reduce oxygen replenishment from the surface due to stratification and elevate the oxygen consumption owing to high BR, consequently threatening the survival of corals. Our findings helped to better understand how heterotrophic bacteria mediated the survival of corals in response to fluctuations of temperature.
Color-selective three-dimensional polarization structures
Authors: Intaravanne Yuttana , Wang Ruoxing , Ahmed Hammad , Ming Yang , Zheng Yaqin , Zhou Zhang-Kai , Li Zhancheng , Chen Shuqi , Zhang Shuang , Chen Xianzhong
Published: October 2022

Polarization as an important degree of freedom for light plays a key role in optics. Structured beams with controlled polarization profiles have diverse applications, such as information encoding, display, medical and biological imaging, and manipulation of microparticles. However, conventional polarization optics can only realize two-dimensional polarization structures in a transverse plane. The emergent ultrathin optical devices consisting of planar nanostructures, so-called metasurfaces, have shown much promise for polarization manipulation. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate color-selective three-dimensional (3D) polarization structures with a single metasurface. The geometric metasurfaces are designed based on color and phase multiplexing and polarization rotation, creating various 3D polarization knots. Remarkably, different 3D polarization knots in the same observation region can be achieved by controlling the incident wavelengths, providing unprecedented polarization control with color information in 3D space. Our research findings may be of interest to many practical applications such as vector beam generation, virtual reality, volumetric displays, security, and anti-counterfeiting.
Identification of phenocopies improves prediction of targeted therapy response over DNA mutations alone
Authors: Bakhtiar Hamza , Helzer Kyle T. , Park Yeonhee , Chen Yi , Rydzewski Nicholas R. , Bootsma Matthew L. , Shi Yue , Harari Paul M. , Sharifi Marina , Sjöström Martin , Lang Joshua M. , Yu Menggang , Zhao Shuang G.
Published: October 2022

DNA mutations in specific genes can confer preferential benefit from drugs targeting those genes. However, other molecular perturbations can “phenocopy” pathogenic mutations, but would not be identified using standard clinical sequencing, leading to missed opportunities for other patients to benefit from targeted treatments. We hypothesized that RNA phenocopy signatures of key cancer driver gene mutations could improve our ability to predict response to targeted therapies, despite not being directly trained on drug response. To test this, we built gene expression signatures in tissue samples for specific mutations and found that phenocopy signatures broadly increased accuracy of drug response predictions in-vitro compared to DNA mutation alone, and identified additional cancer cell lines that respond well with a positive/negative predictive value on par or better than DNA mutations. We further validated our results across four clinical cohorts. Our results suggest that routine RNA sequencing of tumors to identify phenocopies in addition to standard targeted DNA sequencing would improve our ability to accurately select patients for targeted therapies in the clinic.
Life expectancy changes since COVID-19
Authors: Schöley Jonas , Aburto José Manuel , Kashnitsky Ilya , Kniffka Maxi S. , Zhang Luyin , Jaadla Hannaliis , Dowd Jennifer B. , Kashyap Ridhi
Published: October 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered an unprecedented rise in mortality that translated into life expectancy losses around the world, with only a few exceptions. We estimate life expectancy changes in 29 countries since 2020 (including most of Europe, the United States and Chile), attribute them to mortality changes by age group and compare them with historic life expectancy shocks. Our results show divergence in mortality impacts of the pandemic in 2021. While countries in western Europe experienced bounce backs from life expectancy losses of 2020, eastern Europe and the United States witnessed sustained and substantial life expectancy deficits. Life expectancy deficits during fall/winter 2021 among people ages 60+ and <60 were negatively correlated with measures of vaccination uptake across countries (r60+ = −0.86; two-tailed P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval, −0.94 to −0.69; r<60 = −0.74; two-tailed P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval, −0.88 to −0.46). In contrast to 2020, the age profile of excess mortality in 2021 was younger, with those in under-80 age groups contributing more to life expectancy losses. However, even in 2021, registered COVID-19 deaths continued to account for most life expectancy losses.
An optimized method for purifying, detecting and quantifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA from sputum for monitoring treatment response in TB patients
Authors: Zainabadi Kayvan , Lee Myung Hee , Walsh Kathleen Frances , Vilbrun Stalz Charles , Mathurin Laurent Daniel , Ocheretina Oksana , Pape Jean William , Fitzgerald Daniel W.
Published: October 2022

Diagnostics that more accurately detect and quantify viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in the sputum of patients undergoing therapy are needed. Current culture- and molecular-based tests have shown limited efficacy for monitoring treatment response in TB patients, either due to the presence of viable sub-populations of Mtb which fail to grow under standard culture conditions (termed differentially detectable/culturable Mtb, DD Mtb) or the prolonged half-life of Mtb DNA in sputum. Here, we report an optimized RNA-based method for detecting and quantifying viable Mtb from patient sputum during the course of therapy. We first empirically derived a novel RNA extraction protocol from sputum that improves recovery of Mtb RNA while almost completely eliminating contamination from Mtb DNA and host nucleic acids. Next, we identified five Mtb 16S rRNA primer sets with varying limits of detection that were capable of distinguishing between live versus dead H37Rv Mtb. This combined protocol was then tested on sputa from a longitudinal cohort of patients receiving therapy for drug sensitive (DS) or drug resistant (DR) TB with first-line or second-line regimens, respectively. Results were compared with that of culture, including CFU, BACTEC MGIT, and a limiting dilution assay capable of detecting DD Mtb. The five 16S rRNA primer sets positively identified nearly all (range 94–100%) culture positive sputa, and a portion (19–37%) of culture negative sputa. In comparison, ten highly expressed Mtb mRNAs showed positivity in 72–86% of culture positive sputa, and in 0–13% of culture negative sputa. Two of the five 16S rRNA primer sets were able to positively identify 100% of culture positive sputa, and when tested on culture negative sputa from the DS cohort at 2 months post-initiation of therapy, identified 40% of samples as positive; a percentage that is in line with expected treatment failure rates when first-line therapy is discontinued early. These two primer sets also detected 16S rRNA in 13–20% of sputa at 6 months post-initiation of therapy in the DR cohort. Cycle threshold values for 16S rRNA showed a strong correlation with Mtb numbers as determined by culture (R > 0.87), including as Mtb numbers declined during the course of treatment with first-line and second-line regimens. The optimized molecular assay outlined here may have utility for monitoring treatment response in TB patients.
Generalizable deep learning model for early Alzheimer’s disease detection from structural MRIs
Authors: Liu Sheng , Masurkar Arjun V. , Rusinek Henry , Chen Jingyun , Zhang Ben , Zhu Weicheng , Fernandez-Granda Carlos , Razavian Narges
Published: October 2022

Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease plays a pivotal role in patient care and clinical trials. In this study, we have developed a new approach based on 3D deep convolutional neural networks to accurately differentiate mild Alzheimer’s disease dementia from mild cognitive impairment and cognitively normal individuals using structural MRIs. For comparison, we have built a reference model based on the volumes and thickness of previously reported brain regions that are known to be implicated in disease progression. We validate both models on an internal held-out cohort from The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and on an external independent cohort from The National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC). The deep-learning model is accurate, achieved an area-under-the-curve (AUC) of 85.12 when distinguishing between cognitive normal subjects and subjects with either MCI or mild Alzheimer’s dementia. In the more challenging task of detecting MCI, it achieves an AUC of 62.45. It is also significantly faster than the volume/thickness model in which the volumes and thickness need to be extracted beforehand. The model can also be used to forecast progression: subjects with mild cognitive impairment misclassified as having mild Alzheimer’s disease dementia by the model were faster to progress to dementia over time. An analysis of the features learned by the proposed model shows that it relies on a wide range of regions associated with Alzheimer's disease. These findings suggest that deep neural networks can automatically learn to identify imaging biomarkers that are predictive of Alzheimer's disease, and leverage them to achieve accurate early detection of the disease.