bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time‐varying exposure and the impact of stressful life events on onset of affective disorder
Authors: Wainwright Nicholas W. J. , Surtees Paul G.
Published: September 2002

Stressful life events are now established as risk factors for the onset of affective disorder but few studies have investigated time‐varying exposure effects. Discrete (grouped) time survival methods provide a flexible framework for evaluating multiple time‐dependent covariates and time‐varying covariate effects. Here, we use these methods to investigate the time‐varying influence of life events on the onset of affective disorder. Various straightforward time‐varying exposure models are compared, involving one or more (stepped) time‐dependent covariates and time‐dependent covariates constructed or estimated according to exponential decay. These models are applied to data from two quite different studies. The first, a small scale interviewer‐based longitudinal study (n = 180) concerned with affective disorder onset following loss (or threat of loss) event experiences. The second, a questionnaire assessment as part of an ongoing population study (n = 3353), provides a history of marital loss events and of depressive disorder onset. From the first study the initial impact of loss events was found to decay with a half‐life of 5 weeks. Psychological coping strategy was found to modify vulnerability to the adverse effects of these events. The second study revealed that while men had a lower immediate risk of disorder onset following loss event experience their risk period was greater than for women. Time‐varying exposure effects were well described by the appropriate use of simple time‐dependent covariates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kappa coefficients in medical research
Authors: Chmura Kraemer Helena , Periyakoil Vyjeyanthi S. , Noda Art
Published: September 2002

Kappa coefficients are measures of correlation between categorical variables often used as reliability or validity coefficients. We recapitulate development and definitions of the K (categories) by M (ratings) kappas (K×M), discuss what they are well‐ or ill‐designed to do, and summarize where kappas now stand with regard to their application in medical research. The 2×M(M⩾2) intraclass kappa seems the ideal measure of binary reliability; a 2×2 weighted kappa is an excellent choice, though not a unique one, as a validity measure. For both the intraclass and weighted kappas, we address continuing problems with kappas. There are serious problems with using the K×M intraclass (K>2) or the various K×M weighted kappas for K>2 or M>2 in any context, either because they convey incomplete and possibly misleading information, or because other approaches are preferable to their use. We illustrate the use of the recommended kappas with applications in medical research. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exposure misclassification: bias in category specific Poisson regression coefficients
Authors: Veierød Marit B. , Laake Petter
Published: September 2002

In epidemiologic studies of the association between exposure and disease, misclassification of exposure is common and known to induce bias in the effect estimates. The nature of the bias is difficult to foretell. For this purpose, we present a simple method to assess the bias in Poisson regression coefficients for a categorical exposure variable subject to misclassification. We derive expressions for the category specific coefficients from the regression on the error‐prone exposure (naive coefficients) in terms of the coefficients from the regression on the true exposure (true coefficients). These expressions are similar for crude and adjusted models, if we assume that the covariates are measured without error and that it is independence between the misclassification probabilities and covariate values. We find that the bias in the naive coefficient for one category of the exposure variable depends on all true category specific coefficients weighted by misclassification probabilities. On the other hand, misclassification of an exposure variable does not induce bias in the estimates of the coefficients of the (perfectly measured) covariates. Similarities with linear regression models are pointed out. For selected scenarios of true exposure–disease associations and selected patterns of misclassification, we illustrate the inconsistency in naive Poisson regression coefficients and show that it can be difficult to intuitively characterize the nature of the bias. Both the magnitude and the direction of the bias may vary between categories of an exposure variable. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A closer look at combining data among a small number of binomial experiments
Authors: Malec Donald
Published: September 2002

In a regulatory environment, the regulators and the regulated may not be able to agree on the use of subjective prior information for a clinical trial. The use of a data‐based prior offers a greater possibility for agreement, however, the degree of importance given to the prior data may still be contentious. The use of a hierarchical model to link the prior data and the current trial is shown to provide a relatively objective method for assigning weight to the prior data. Using a series of examples combining two binomial experiments, the effect of a hierarchical model on estimating rates, on the degree to which data is combined and on hypothesis testing is illustrated. In addition, the phenomenon in which combining data reduces the precision is explained. Simpler models based on finite mixtures of beta distributions are shown to work as well as the more computationally intensive, continuous mixtures. Lastly, an example combining three concurrent studies is illustrated. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Randomization at the level of primary care practice: use of pre‐intervention data and random effects models
Authors: Nixon R. M. , Duffy S. W. , Fender G. R. K. , Day N. E. , Prevost T. C.
Published: September 2002

The Anglia menorrhagia education study tests the effectiveness of an education package for the treatment of menorrhagia given to doctors at a primary care level. General practices were randomized to receive or not receive the package. It is hoped that this intervention will reduce the proportion of women suffering from menorrhagia that are referred to hospital. Data are available on the treatment and referral of women in the practices in the education and control groups, both pre‐ and post‐intervention. We define and demonstrate a random effects logistic regression model that includes pre‐intervention data for calculating the effectiveness of the intervention. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A concept‐oriented belief revision approach to domain knowledge recovery from source code
Authors: Li Yang , Yang Hongji , Chu William
Published: September 2002

Domain knowledge is the soul of software systems. After decades of software development, domain knowledge has reached a certain degree of saturation. The recovery of domain knowledge from source code is beneficial to many software engineering activities, in particular, software evolution. In the real world, the ambiguous appearance of domain knowledge embedded in source code constitutes the biggest barrier to recovering reliable domain knowledge. In this paper, we introduce an innovative approach to recovering domain knowledge with enhanced reliability from source code. In particular, we divide domain knowledge into interconnected knowledge slices and match these knowledge slices against the source code. Each knowledge slice has its own authenticity evaluation function which takes the belief of the evidence it needs as input and the authenticity of the knowledge slice as output. Moreover, the knowledge slices are arranged to exchange beliefs with each other through interconnections, i.e. concepts, so that a better evaluation of the authenticity of these knowledge slices can be obtained. The decision on acknowledging recovered knowledge slices can therefore be made more easily. Our approach, rooted as it is in cognitive science and social psychology, is also widely applicable to other knowledge recovery tasks. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Futures thinking by middle managers: a neglected necessity
Authors: Sales Michael
Published: September 2002

Systemic forces result in chronic underutilization of the knowledge and insight of middle management. This hypothesis is explored through a case study, which recounts both the efforts of a group of technical managers to affect R&D policy and staffing in their company and the negative reaction of their superiors to this initiative. The management group used various ‘futures thinking’ technologies as a backdrop to their proposals and these are described. The case data are then interpreted through the lens of Barry Oshry's organizational theory, with a particular focus on the difficulties of acting in a concerted fashion from the ‘middle’ of an organization. Some of Oshry's antidotes to the organizational pathologies impacting middle managers are discussed, including recommendations for executives who want to deploy their subordinates strategically. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronic cocaine increases κ‐opioid receptor density: Lack of effect by selective dopamine uptake inhibitors
Authors: Collins Stephanie L. , Kunko Paul M. , Ladenheim Bruce , Cadet Jean‐Lud , Carroll F. Ivy , Izenwasser Sari
Published: September 2002

Continuous infusion of cocaine or the selective dopamine uptake inhibitors GBR 12909 or RTI‐117 increases locomotor stimulation, to which partial tolerance occurs. In addition, all three drugs produce significant decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens core, suggesting a decreased dopaminergic tone. An interaction between cocaine and opioids has long been documented. Chronic cocaine significantly increases μ‐ and κ‐opioid receptors and treatment with a κ‐opioid agonist markedly reduces the behavioral effects of cocaine. In addition, chronic cocaine, but not GBR 12909, increases prodynorphin gene expression in caudate putamen. To further understand the interaction between cocaine and the κ‐opioid system, the effects of a chronic continuous infusion for 14 days of cocaine or one of the selective dopamine uptake inhibitors GBR 12909 or RTI‐117 via osmotic minipump were examined on κ‐opioid receptors using the selective κ‐opioid ligand [3H] U‐69593. [3H] U‐69593 binding density was significantly increased in caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens shell, claustrum, and endopiriform nucleus after cocaine, while neither GBR 12909 nor RTI‐117 had any effect. The increased κ‐opioid receptor densities observed following cocaine are likely not related to dopamine uptake inhibition, since they were not produced by selective dopamine uptake inhibitors. These findings suggest that regulation of κ‐opioid receptors by cocaine may be via inhibition of serotonin or norepinephrine uptake, by a combination of effects on two or three monoamine transporters, or by a mechanism unrelated to transporter inhibition. Synapse 45:153–158, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Repeated ventral tegmental area amphetamine administration alters dopamine D1 receptor signaling in the nucleus accumbens
Authors: Hu Xiu‐Ti , Koeltzow Timothy E. , Cooper Donald C. , Robertson George S. , White Francis J. , Vezina Paul
Published: September 2002

Neuroadaptations of the mesoaccumbens dopamine (DA) system likely underlie the emergence of locomotor sensitization following the repeated intermittent systemic administration of amphetamine (AMPH). In the nucleus accumbens (NAc), such neuroadaptations include enhanced DA overflow in response to a subsequent AMPH challenge as well as increased sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of D1 DA receptor (D1R) activation and an altered profile of D1R‐dependent induction of immediate early genes (IEGs). Previous results indicate that AMPH acts in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to initiate those changes leading to sensitization of the locomotor activity and NAc DA overflow produced by systemic administration of this drug. These observations are intriguing, given that acute infusion of AMPH into the VTA does not stimulate locomotor activity or, as we report presently, increase extracellular NAc DA concentrations. Two experiments, therefore, assessed the ability of repeated VTA AMPH to produce adaptations in D1R signaling in the NAc. Rats were administered three bilateral VTA infusions of saline or AMPH (2.5 μg/0.5 μl/side, one every third day). In the first experiment, in vivo extracellular electrophysiological recordings revealed that previous exposure to VTA AMPH enhanced the sensitivity of NAc neurons to the inhibitory effects of iontophoretic application of the D1R agonist SKF 38393. This effect was observed early (2–3 days) and at 1 month of withdrawal, but not after 2 months. Similarly, in the second experiment it was found that the D1R‐dependent induction by AMPH of Fos, FosB, and JunB, but not NGFI‐A, in the NAc was enhanced in rats exposed 1 week earlier to repeated VTA AMPH. These findings indicate that repeated VTA AMPH administration initiates relatively long‐lasting adaptations in D1R signaling in the NAc that may, together with presynaptic adaptations affecting DA overflow, contribute to the expression of locomotor sensitization by this drug. Synapse 45:159–170, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
5‐HT6 receptor binding sites in schizophrenia and following antipsychotic drug administration: Autoradiographic studies with [125I]SB‐258585
Authors: East Simon Z. , Burnet Philip W.J. , Leslie Ronald A. , Roberts Jennifer C. , Harrison Paul J.
Published: September 2002

The 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT; serotonin)‐6 receptor (5‐HT6R) is a putative target of atypical antipsychotic drugs and its mRNA expression is altered in schizophrenia. [125I]SB‐258585 is a selective 5‐HT6R antagonist which has been well characterized for use in the rat brain. The present study evaluated its suitability for receptor autoradiography in the human brain and its application to quantitative studies. The affinity (Kd ∼1.2 nM) and relative distribution of binding sites (striatum ≫ cortex ∼ hippocampus) were similar to the rat. The distribution of [125I]SB‐258585 binding in these regions was also consistent with that of 5‐HT6R mRNA, determined in parallel using in situ hybridization. [125I]SB‐258585 binding site densities were measured in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of 20 patients with chronic schizophrenia and compared with 17 normal subjects. No differences were seen between groups. Neither were [125I]SB‐258585 binding site densities affected in the frontal cortex or striatum of rats following 2 weeks' administration of the antipsychotic drugs haloperidol, chlorpromazine, olanzapine, risperidone, or clozapine. In summary, [125I]SB‐258585 is a suitable radioligand for studies of human brain 5‐HT6R binding sites and shows that their distribution is broadly similar to that of the rodent. The lack of effect of schizophrenia or antipsychotic drug administration on [125I]SB‐258585 binding suggests that an altered receptor density does not contribute to any involvement which the 5‐HT6R may have in the disease or its treatment. Synapse 45:191–199, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal exposure to cocaine reduces the number and enhances reactivity of A10 dopaminergic neurons to environmental stress
Authors: Morrow Bret A. , Elsworth John D. , Roth Robert H.
Published: September 2002

Prenatal exposure to cocaine has been shown to result in poor cognitive performance in the resulting offspring in humans and laboratory animals. The underlying biochemical changes that contribute to these behavioral effects are not known but have been proposed to involve changes in dopaminergic function. In these studies, we exposed rats to cocaine in utero using the clinically relevant intravenous model and report a mean loss of 24.8% of the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive, presumed dopaminergic, neurons in the A10, but not A9 and A8, cell groups of the young adult offspring. Additionally, in prenatal cocaine‐exposed rats dopaminergic neurons in the ventral, midline A10, and lateral A9 regions demonstrated a hyperreactivity to environmental stress, as measured by activation of the immediate‐early gene, Fos. Mild, intermittent footshock did not further increase the number of dopamine neurons expressing Fos in prenatal cocaine‐exposed rats, as it did in the prenatal saline controls. Because the exposure to cocaine took place during development, other potential changes in dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neuronal systems could result from the cocaine‐induced reduction in numbers of A10 dopamine neurons. We hypothesize that a perinatal loss of A10 dopamine neurons, and subsequent developmental changes, contributes to a dysregulation of the adult mesoprefrontal system, resulting in the reported cognitive deficits. Synapse 41:337–344, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulation of voltage‐dependent calcium currents by serotonin in acutely isolated rat amygdala neurons
Authors: Lin Chih‐Hung , Huang Ya‐Chun , Tsai Jing‐Jane , Gean Po‐Wu
Published: September 2002

The modulation of voltage‐dependent calcium currents (ICa) by serotonin (5‐HT) was studied in rat acutely dissociated amygdala neurons using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recording techniques. 5‐HT inhibited ICa in a concentration‐dependent manner with a ED50 of ∼1 μM and a maximal inhibition of ∼50%. The inhibition was mimicked by the selective 5‐HT1A agonist 8‐hydroxy‐dipropylaminotetralin (8‐OH‐DPAT) and was reduced by the 5‐HT1A antagonist NAN‐190, indicating its mediation by 5‐HT1A receptors. Pretreatment of neurons with the alkylating agent N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM) or pertussis toxin (PTX) markedly reduced the action of 5‐HT. The modulation was partially reversed by strong depolarization and was not seen in cell‐attached patches when the agonist was applied outside the recorded patch, suggesting a membrane‐delimited, G‐protein‐mediated signaling pathway. Nimodipine (1 μM) reduced the ICa by ∼30% without reducing inhibition of current by 5‐HT significantly, ruling out L‐type channels as the target of modulation. 5‐HT‐mediated inhibition after exposure to ω‐conotoxin‐GVIA (ω‐CgTX, 1 μM) or ω‐agatoxin‐IV (ω‐AgTX, 200 nM), which blocked 26% and 21% of the total ICa, respectively, was significantly decreased, suggesting involvement of the N‐ and P/Q‐type channels. In the combined presence of ω‐CgTX and ω‐AgTX, 5‐HT still caused a small but significant reduction of ICa, suggesting a possible involvement of R‐type channels. Stimulation of β‐adrenergic receptor with isoproterenol (Iso) or activation of adenylyl cyclase with forskolin resulted in an enhancement of ICa. 5‐HT caused the same degree of inhibition with or without Iso or forskolin pretreatment. On the other hand, application of 8‐OH‐DPAT inhibited ICa and blocked Iso‐ and Sp‐cAMPS‐induced enhancement. These results provide the first evidence showing a dominant effect of 5‐HT‐mediated inhibition over Iso‐mediated enhancement of ICa. Synapse 41:351–359, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial distribution and developmental appearance of postjunctional P2X1 receptors on smooth muscle cells of the mouse vas deferens
Authors: Liang Simon Xun , Motin Leonard , Moussa Charbel E.H. , Lavidis Nickolas A. , Phillips William Donald
Published: September 2002

P2X1‐type purinoceptors have been shown to mediate fast transmission between sympathetic varicosities and smooth muscle cells in the mouse vas deferens but the spatial organization of these receptors on the smooth muscle cells remains inconclusive. Voltage clamp techniques were used to estimate the amplitudes of spontaneous excitatory junction currents (SEJCs) in cells of the vas deferens longitudinal smooth muscle layer. These currents involved the activation of about 6% of the P2X‐type channels present on the cell, as compared to whole cell currents produced when isolated smooth muscle cells were exposed to maximal concentrations of either ATP or α,β‐MeATP. Immunofluorescence staining of the vas deferens with antibodies against P2X1 receptor showed a diffuse, grainy distribution over the entire membrane of each smooth muscle cell. Anti‐P2X1 staining was not markedly clustered beneath anti‐SV2‐stained sympathetic varicosities. Similar results were obtained for cells in the urinary bladder. During development, P2X1 mRNA was detected as early as embryonic day 15 (E15). Increasing intensities of diffuse immunostaining for P2X1 were observed in the walls of the bladder, tail artery, and aorta from E15 until 6 weeks postnatal. The vas deferens showed increasing intensities of diffuse staining of its smooth muscle layers between 2 and 6 weeks postnatal, consistent with the time‐course of development of fast purinergic transmission described previously. Together, the results suggest that the response of smooth muscle of the vas deferens to ATP released from sympathetic varicosities relies on rapidly desensitizing P2X1 receptors, distributed diffusely across the smooth muscle cell surface. Synapse 42:1–11, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABAergic neurotransmission at the nucleus tractus solitarii in the suppression of reflex bradycardia by parabrachial nucleus
Authors: Len Wen‐Bin , Chan Julie Y.H.
Published: September 2002

We investigated the role of GABAergic neurotransmission at the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) in the suppression of cardiac baroreceptor reflex (BRR) response induced by parabrachial nucleus (PBN) complex in adult Sprague‐Dawley rats maintained under pentobarbital anesthesia. Based on in vivo microdialysis coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography‐fluorescence detection for γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), we found that electrical stimulation of the ventrolateral regions and Koelliker‐Fuse (KF) subnucleus of PBN complex resulted in a site‐specific increase in GABA concentration in the dialysate collected from the NTS. The temporal increase in extracellular GABA concentration in the NTS coincided with the time course of PBN‐induced cardiac BRR inhibition. In addition, the PBN‐induced cardiac BRR suppression was reversed by microinjection bilaterally into the NTS of a GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline methiodide (5 pmol), or a GABAB receptor antagonist, 2‐OH saclofen (500 pmol). Blockade of neuronal activity in the ventrolateral regions and KF subnucleus of PBN complex with lidocaine (5%) elicited an enhancement of the same reflex response. The time course of this facilitatory effect of lidocaine correlated positively with the temporal decrease in extracellular GABA concentration in the NTS. Anatomically, Fast Blue‐labeled neurons were identified in the same subnuclei of the PBN complex after microinjection of the retrograde transport tracer into the NTS. Some of these Fast Blue‐labeled neurons were also immunoreactive to glutamic acid decarboxylase. These results suggest that a direct GABAergic descending projection from the KF subnucleus and surrounding areas of the PBN complex to the NTS may inhibit cardiac BRR response by activating GABAA and GABAB receptors at the NTS. Synapse 42:27–39, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Warping analysis of concrete cores
Authors: Mendis Priyan
Published: September 2002

When a substantial torsional moment is present, the magnitude of the longitudinal stresses on the core walls due to warping and the header beam forces are quite significant and those actions are too large to be neglected. Many methods developed for warping analysis of concrete cores are either not applicable for complex core structures or difficult to adopt in normal design offices because they are not versatile enough for practical applications. Also, models based on either open sections or completely closed sections may be grossly inaccurate for partially‐closed core sections. A simple method of analysis for estimating the longitudinal stresses on walls and header beam forces for torsionally loaded concrete cores is presented in a manner suitable for use in design offices. In this method, an open section with the header beams is converted to an appropriate continuous continuum through an equivalent thickness element. This method of analysis is found to be very versatile and may be used in both preliminary and final design stages. In order to illustrate the application of the proposed model, and to evaluate the contribution of the parameters involved, a case study is presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional association of bending moment and shear force deformable panels
Authors: Mancini Eddie , Savassi Walter
Published: September 2002

In a previous paper, by using the continuous medium technique, the present authors showed that every plane panel, used to brace tall building structures acted upon by horizontal forces, is approximately equivalent to another panel composed of a shear wall joined to a two‐column frame by pinned horizontal bars. In this paper, the three‐dimensional association of such panels is considered. A simple example structure shows the advantage of the formulation, wherein very few parameters are needed to describe the whole structural behavior. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elementary student teachers' science content representations
Authors: Zembal‐Saul Carla , Krajcik Joseph , Blumenfeld Phyllis
Published: September 2002

This purpose of this study was to examine the ways in which three prospective teachers who had early opportunities to teach science would approach representing science content within the context of their student teaching experiences. The study is framed in the literature on pedagogical content knowledge and learning to teach. A situated perspective on cognition is applied to better understand the influence of context and the role of the cooperating teacher. The three participants were enrolled in an experimental teacher preparation program designed to enhance the teaching of science at the elementary level. Qualitative case study design guided the collection, organization, and analysis of data. Multiple forms of data associated with student teachers' content representations were collected, including audiotaped planning and reflection interviews, written lesson plans and reflections, and videotaped teaching experiences. Broad analysis categories were developed and refined around the subconstructs of content representation (i.e., knowledge of instructional strategies that promote learning and knowledge of students and their requirements for meaningful science learning). Findings suggest that when prospective teachers are provided with opportunities to apply and reflect substantively on their developing considerations for supporting children's science learning, they are able to maintain a subject matter emphasis. However, in the absence of such opportunities, student teachers abandon their subject matter emphasis, even when they have had extensive background and experiences addressing subject‐specific considerations for teaching and learning. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 443–463, 2002
Japanese multinationals: How different are they?
Authors: Sullivan Jeremiah J.
Published: September 2002

Encarnation, D.J. (Ed.). (1999). Japanese Multina‐tionals in Asia, Regional Operations in Comparative Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 301 pages, ISBN 0‐19‐512065‐5. Beamish, P.W., Delios, A., & Lecraw, D.J. (Eds.). 1997. Japanese Multinationals in the Global Economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 352 pages, ISBN 1‐85898‐720‐2. Beechler, S.L., & Bird, A. (Eds.). (1999). Japanese Multinationals Abroad, Individual and Organizational Learning. New York: Oxford University Press, 283 pages, ISBN 0‐19‐511925‐8.
Quasi‐legal commerce in southeast asia: Evidence from myanmar
Authors: Reid David Mchardy , Walsh John , Yamona Ma
Published: September 2002

The historical absence of formal political borders in the mainland Southeast Asian region, combined with the nature of the geography, mean that unofficial and illegal forms of crossborder movement and economic activities are pervasive and significant throughout the region. This is particularly true in Myanmar (formerly Burma), where pressure on international firms to comply with a boycott of the country, togeth‐er with the covert activities of the government conspire to make border trade a viable form of international business. Although illegal trade such as smuggling is perhaps a universal feature of international economic activities, what is more interesting is the phenomenon of quasi‐legal trade, which includes such activities as parallel importing and reimporting, and advertising by proxy. In many cases, there is evidence that multinational firms collude with distributors, quasi‐legal importers, and government officials to enable the continuation of the marketing of their brands within a country in which this would otherwise be prohibited. This article reports on research conduct‐ed in Myanmar during 1997 and 1998 concerning this issue. The study included a wide‐ranging program of qualitative research with in‐depth interviews of leading overseas executives, intermediaries, and government officials. This research in Myanmar is unique, and it was conducted under considerable difficulties and extreme need for security and provision of confidentiality. In describing the role of multinational companies and others in pursuing quasi‐legal border trade, the article makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the business environment in Myanmar and, more generally, in Southeast Asia. The wider implications of this for international marketing are also described. � 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
U.s. Multinational staffing practices and implications for subsidiary performance in the u.k. And thailand
Authors: Richards Malika
Published: September 2002

This study addresses two questions about the U.K. and Thai subsidiaries of U.S. multinationals: (1) What is the relationship between a company's staffing policy and subsidiary performance? and (2) When are companies more likely to use an expatriate rather than a local manager? The study concludes that local managers are most effective in subsidiaries located in a developing country, subsidiaries that rely on a local customer base, and subsidiaries with marketing themes similar to the themes used at their U.S. headquarters. Expatriates are more likely to be in charge of larger subsidiaries and those with a marketing theme similar to that of the headquarters. � 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Myanmar
Authors: Lwin May , Lan Luh Luh
Published: September 2002

Myanmar is one of the few remaining Southeast Asian nations that is seeking to re‐establish itself as an economic force in the region. To achieve this, many of the economic reforms in the 1990s were directed toward the opening up of its economy and allowing the market forces to work. We look at some of the present conditions facing foreign businesses and the unique market of Myanmar. The nation's background, economic conditions, and the market conditions facing both the consumers and businesses are discussed. � 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The federal role in international business education
Authors: Beaton Sarah
Published: September 2002

Rapid global change, driven especially by the telecommunications, computing, and biotechnology industries, are rapidly transforming the international economic, social, and cultural landscape. Affected are both urban and rural businesses that face intense competition at home and abroad. If the United States is to continue to main‐tain a competitive advantage in the global marketplace, educational institutions must prepare the next generation of leaders for a pluralistic world in which multi‐culturalism dominates and international business education is multidimensional. This article addresses the role that the U.S. federal government has played in prepar‐ing international business graduates. It examines the contributions of two federal grant programs: the Business and International Education program and the Centers for International Business program, both authorized under the Higher Education Act of 1965 as amended. � 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Simulations of Si(Li) x‐ray detector response
Authors: Campbell J. L. , McDonald Leonard , Hopman Theodore , Papp Tibor
Published: September 2002

Si(Li) lineshapes are generated using a model that incorporates Monte Carlo simulation of the interactions of the incident photon, a very simple approach to energy deposition by the primary (Auger and photo‐) electrons, and an analytical approximation for diffusion of thermalized secondary electrons. The aim of the work is illustrative rather than quantitative. Interactions in the metal contact produce various spectrum artefacts, and interactions in the silicon produce a low‐energy shelf structure with well‐defined steps that have recently been observed experimentally but that are not mentioned in previous Monte Carlo simulation work, although they are to be expected on the basis of electron transport. Details of this structure are strongly influenced by pulse processing time in the electronic system. Artefacts arising from a silicon dead layer can enhance the escape peak intensity, and can assist in estimating this layer's thickness. Inclusion in the simulation of Goto's model for secondary electron diffusion, incorporating reflection at the metal–Si interface, results in a truncated low‐energy shelf, whose threshold energy is determined by the reflection coefficient; its intensity can also be predicted from an earlier, simple, analytical model that combines finite, primary, electron range effects with carrier losses in a region of incomplete charge collection whose thickness is well defined. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ID18F: a new micro‐x‐ray fluorescence end‐station at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF): preliminary results
Authors: Somogyi A. , Drakopoulos M. , Vincze L. , Vekemans B. , Camerani C. , Janssens K. , Snigirev A. , Adams F.
Published: September 2002

A new user end‐station is under construction at the ESRF with collaboration between the Micro‐Fluorescence, Imaging and Diffraction beamline (ID22) and the Micro and Trace Analysis Center (MITAC) of the University of Antwerp. The new end‐station is dedicated to quantitative micro‐fluorescence measurements. The analytical characteristics (degree of polarization of the incoming beam, absolute and relative detection limits) of the new set‐up were investigated during preliminary experiments by using a temporary experimental set‐up. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lithium K‐edge XANES spectra for lithium compounds
Authors: Tsuji Junichi , Nakamatsu Hirohide , Mukoyama Takeshi , Kojima Kazuo , Ikeda Shigero , Taniguchi Kazuo
Published: September 2002

Lithium K‐edge x‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectra of Li metal, Li2S, Li2O, LiOH·H2O, Li2CO3, Li3PO4, Li2SO4·H2O and LiNO3 were studied by the total electron yield method. Peaks were observed at 59.9, 60.3 and 61.4 eV in the XANES spectra of Li3PO4, Li2SO4·H2O and LiNO3, respectively. The peak of the each sample was assigned as the core exciton. In the XANES spectra of Li2O, Li2S, Li metal, LiOH·H2O and Li2CO3, there were shoulder structures at the same energy. To clarify the origin of each peak, the XANES spectra were examined with the discrete variational (DV)–Xα molecular orbital method. Comparing the measured spectra with the calculated wavefunction, the shoulder structures at 61.8 eV (Li2O) and 60.4 eV (Li2S) in the XANES spectra were assigned as the core excitons, which appeared as remarkable exciton peaks in the lithium halide spectra. The spectrum of each lithium compound could be classified according to the shape of the core exciton peak, namely either a sharp or a shoulder structure. The strength of the ionic bond determined which of these shapes a core exciton peak assumed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray absorption fine structure studies of some copper(II) mixed‐ligand complexes with glutamic acid as primary ligand
Authors: Katare R. K. , Joshi S. K. , Shrivastava B. D. , Patel R. N. , Pandeya K. B. , Mishra A.
Published: September 2002

X‐ray absorption fine structure studies at the K‐absorption edges of four mixed‐ligand copper(II) complexes with glutamic acid as primary ligand were carried out. The secondary ligands used in the complexes were water (H2O), pyridine (py), imidazole (imH) and benzimidazole (bz‐imH). It was observed that none of these complexes show any splitting of the K‐edge, indicating that the complexes exist in a single valence state of copper atom i.e. +2. The basic dependence of chemical shift ΔE on effective nuclear charge Zeff of the central metal ion was utilized to explain the linear variation of the EXAFS bonding parameter α1 with effective nuclear charge Zeff by introducing systematic changes in the secondary ligands in the complexes. This finding was further substantiated by plotting α1 against bond distance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequencing and functional analysis of the Hansenula polymorpha genomic fragment containing the YPT1 and PMI40 genes
Authors: Woong Kim Moo , Agaphonov Michael O. , Kim Jeong‐Yoon , Ki Rhee Sang , Ah Kang Hyun
Published: September 2002

A 6.0 kb genomic DNA segment was isolated by its ability to rescue the temperature‐sensitive growth defect and the hypersensitivity to sodium deoxycholate of a spontaneous vanadate‐resistant mutant derived from Hansenula polymorpha DL‐1. The genomic fragment contains four open reading frames homologous to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes YPT1 (which codes for a GTP‐binding protein; 75% amino acid identity), PMI40 (encoding phosphomannose isomerase; 61% identity), YLR065c (30% identity) and CST13 (28% identity). The H. polymorpha YPT1 homologue (HpYPT1) was found to be responsible for the complementation of the temperature‐sensitive phenotype and the sodium deoxycholate sensitivity of the mutant strain. Disruption of the H. polymorpha PMI40 homologue (HpPMI40) resulted in the auxotrophic requirement for D‐mannose. The heterologous expressions of HpYPT1 and HpPMI40 were able to complement the temperature‐sensitive phenotype of S. cerevisiae ypt1‐1 mutant and the mannose auxotrophy of S. cerevisiae pmi40 null mutant, respectively, indicating that the H. polymorpha genes encode the functional homologues of S. cerevisiae YPT1 and PMI40 proteins. The nucleotide sequence has been submitted to GenBank under Accession No. AF454544. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) in glucose‐dependent mRNA decay
Authors: de la Cruz Bernard J. , Prieto Susana , Scheffler Immo E.
Published: September 2002

When S. cerevisiae are grown with glucose, SDH2 mRNA encoding the iron protein of the succinate dehydrogenase complex is unstable and present at low level. In yeast grown without glucose, SDH2 mRNA is stable and its level rises. Addition of glucose to a glucose‐limited culture causes the SDH2 mRNA level to fall rapidly with a half‐life of ∼5–7 min. Previously the 5′UTR of the mRNA of SDH2 was shown to be necessary and sufficient to destabilize it in glucose (Lombardo et al., 1992). We now show that the SDH1 and SUC2 5′UTRs are capable of conferring glucose‐sensitive mRNA instability. We also examine how changes in the SDH2 5′UTR affect glucose‐triggered degradation. Finally, we show that changes in mRNA stability are correlated with changes in translational efficiency for these transcripts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular genetics of 6‐phosphofructokinase in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Edelmann Anke , Bär Jörg
Published: September 2002

Previously, studies on glucose‐induced microautophagy in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris provided evidence that the glucose‐induced selective autophagy‐1‐protein is the α‐subunit of 6‐phosphofructokinase (Pfk), a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. In our work, we could clearly demonstrate that two types of subunits of Pfk exist in P. pastoris. Investigating the yeast cell‐free extract by Western blot analysis, two distinct signals of Pfk were obtained. In addition, we isolated a DNA sequence containing the complete ORF of PpPFK2 encoding the β‐subunit of Pfk from P. pastoris with a deduced molecular mass of 103.7 kDa. On the basis of these results, a hetero‐oligomeric structure of Pfk in P. pastoris became obvious. Because the molecular and kinetic properties of a homo‐oligomeric yeast Pfk appear to be more similar to those of mammalian Pfk, as described in the literature, our results are of interest for the growing number of studies on P. pastoris as a heterologous production system. Furthermore, the 3′‐ and 5′‐non‐coding regions of PpPFK2 were isolated and several putative binding sites for regulatory factors could be identified in the promoter region. The sequence has been deposited in the GenBank data library under Accession No. AF395078. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of noninvasive methods for the evaluation of female reproductive condition in a large viviparous lizard, Tiliqua nigrolutea
Authors: Gartrell Brett D. , Girling Jane E. , Edwards Ashley , Jones Susan M.
Published: September 2002

We compared the diagnostic value of three noninvasive methods (radiography, ultrasound, and palpation) of evaluating reproductive status in females of a large viviparous skink, the blotched blue‐tongued lizard (Tiliqua nigrolutea). Radiography could be used to identify postovulatory females during the periovulatory period. However, in early to mid‐gestation, radiography did not allow differentiation of the relatively homogenous structures within the abdomen. In late gestation, once calcification of the embryonic skeleton had occurred, gestation could be diagnosed and embryos counted. Ultrasound allowed differentiation between preovulatory, postovulatory, and nonreproductive females during the periovulatory period. Ultrasound also allowed visualisation of follicles during the early and middle stages of gestation. However, the level of operator experience, and the misdiagnosis of artefacts limited the accuracy of diagnosis. In the later stages of gestation, ultrasound did allow the detection of identifiable features of the developing foetal unit (fluid‐filled foetal membranes, independent movement of the embryo, and visualisation of the heartbeat). Colour Doppler imaging could be used to visualise embryonic blood flow. Ultrasonography was not useful in detecting the number of embryos present. Palpation during the periovulatory period could be used to detect follicles and determine whether ovulation had occurred. However, during the remainder of the gestation period, palpation was unable to differentiate reproductive condition. This study provides a basis for the diagnosis of reproductive condition and problems in viviparous reptiles. Each of the diagnostic techniques is useful at different stages of gestation, and the use of a combined approach will give the most information throughout the reproductive cycle. Zoo Biol 21:253–268, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Notes on the long‐term transport of the scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini)
Authors: Young Forrest A. , Kajiura Stephen M. , Visser Gerard J. , Correia João P.S. , Smith Mark F.L.
Published: September 2002

The capture and transport of scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini Griffith and Smith, 1834) historically has represented a difficult, expensive, and uncertain undertaking for the public aquarium community. In this study, techniques were developed to improve the successful long‐term transport of S. lewini by mitigating some of the deleterious effects associated with hyperactivity and impaired swimming patterns. The relationship between the transport vessel size and shark sizes, numbers, and swimming behavior was considered when formulating the transport regime. By balancing these factors and adopting a comprehensive water treatment method, it was possible to extend the duration of a successful transport by up to 60 hr. Implications for the future transport of S. lewini and other free‐swimming sharks are discussed. Zoo Biol 21:243–251, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of crude protein intake and growth response in captive subadult giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
Authors: Liu Xuanzhen , Yu Jianqiu , Li Mingxi , Yang Zhi , Li Guanghan
Published: September 2002

Feeding trials were conducted on seven subadult giant pandas (1.5–4.7 years old). The giant pandas consumed diets with 20 various levels of crude protein (CP): 132.9, 186.8, 206.0, 233.1, 251.4, 255.2, 288.5, 290.8, 299.1, 334.6, 370.7, 378.7, 379.9, 399.2, 372.6, 411.4, 436.1, 484.4, 509.3, and 563.7 g/day. According to the differences in the body weight (BW) gain (weight/month (W/M)) and the amounts of ingested CP, subadult giant pandas are divided into at least three age groups: 1.5–2.0, 2.5–3.9, and 4.0–4.7 years. Although there apparently is no direct relationship between the ΔW/M and the CP consumed by all the giant pandas, a linear relationship existed between the square root of CP ingested (g) per unit BW (W0.75, Kg) and weight gain per month (ΔW/M, Kg/M) of giant pandas aged 1.5–2.0 years. No such relationship existed in the giant pandas aged 2.5–4.7 years, but ΔW/M decreased with the increasing CP per unit gross energy (GE) consumed (CP/GE). For the 1.5–2.0‐year‐old giant pandas, CP for maintenance was determined at 3.6576 g/Kg W0.75/day when ΔW/M was 0, and CP for growth was 1.7541 g/Kg W0.75/day when ΔW/M was equal to 1 Kg/M; thus, suitable intake of total CP is 9.95 g/Kg W0.75/day. The average value of ingested CP was 13.54 ± 3.01 g/KgW0.75/day for 2.5–3.9‐year‐old pandas, and 12.25 g/KgW0.75/day for 4.5–4.7‐year‐old pandas. Zoo Biol 21:223–232, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polysomnographic phenotypes in developmental disabilities
Authors: Harvey Mark T. , Kennedy Craig H.
Published: September 2002

People with developmental disabilities express a number of unique behavioral patterns that have both phylogenetic and ontogenetic origins. Researchers have identified distinct behavioral phenotypes among developmental disabilities expressed as language development, cognitive profiles, adaptive behavior, and self‐injury/aggression. In this article, we discuss evidence for the presence of polysomnographic phenotypes in developmental disabilities. Researchers using behavioral and/or electrophysiological measures have identified differences in sleep architecture among people with autism, Down syndrome, and fragile X syndrome. In general, the greater the level of mental retardation, the less time spent in rapid eye movement sleep. The presence of autism or Down syndrome is associated with fewer and briefer bouts of rapid eye movement sleep, and total sleep time. Autism is also associated with greater levels of undifferentiated sleep. These findings for autism and Down syndrome contrast with fragile X syndrome whose sleep architecture anomalies appear to be a function of mental retardation level.
Modulation of neuronal calcium signaling by neurotrophic factors
Authors: McCutchen Mary Eve , Bramham Clive R. , Pozzo‐Miller Lucas D.
Published: September 2002

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophin (NT) family, is emerging as a key mediator of activity‐dependent modifications of synaptic strength in the central nervous system. Because of the well‐established role of post‐synaptic elevations in concentrations of free Ca2+ ions ([Ca2+]i) in synaptic plasticity, we investigated the hypothesis that BDNF exerts its neuromodulatory effects on hippocampal pyramidal neurons by enhancing dendritic [Ca2+]i transients mediated by voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) during the firing of back‐propagating action potentials. Simultaneous whole‐cell recording and microfluorometric Ca2+ imaging were performed in CA1 pyramidal neurons from hippocampal organotypic slice cultures treated with BDNF for 2–4 days in vitro. Our observations indicate that long‐term exposure to BDNF does not affect [Ca2+]i transients in apical dendrites mediated by influx through L‐type VDCCs during trains of back‐propagating action potentials evoked by direct depolarizing current injections. These results suggest that, despite BDNF's profound effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and of L‐type Ca2+ channels on neuronal gene transcription, the role of BDNF in cellular models of hippocampus‐dependent learning and memory does not involve modulation of voltage‐gated dendritic Ca2+ signaling mediated by L‐type channels in apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons.