bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Motor Performance and Cognitive, Linguistic, and Socioemotional Factors
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja , Karila Irma
Published: September 2011

The aim of the study was to create a health screening method for use in health care centres in evaluating children at the age of five years. The purpose was to predict on the basis of this screening test for five-year-old children, their motor, cognitive, and socioemotional development and school success at the age of eight. 207 5-yr.-old children (107 boys, 100 girls) were tested by a physician and nurses, and were followed. At the age of eight 188 children were tested by psychologists. The methods used on these 5-yr.-old children were the physician's evaluation of motor and central nervous system development (Bax test), evaluation by the public health nurse (interview with the child, the evaluation of the motor development, and a general survey of the child's stage of cognitive and linguistic development using Breuer-Weuffen test). The methods used with 8-yr.-old children were the physicians' motor evaluation with the Bax test, teachers' appraisals on reading, writing, and arithmetic., psychologists' administration of the WISC, the ITPA, the MVPT, the Frostig test, and the CAT. Motor disability (diadokokinesis, clumsiness, and kinaesthetic discrimination) is related to weaker school success (reading, writing, and arithmetic) and to poorer socioemotional responding.
Skull Asymmetry and Handedness in Adults: A Possibility of Their Association with Lateral Head Turning in Infancy
Authors: Myslobodsky Michael S. , Ingraham Loring J. , Weinberger Daniel R.
Published: September 2011

During the first two to three months after delivery infants when placed in the supine position commonly turn their heads laterally. This posture has been linked to the intrauterine orientation of the fetus. Skulls of adults were expected to bear a mark of this predominant head position in the form of occipital flattening. A blind examination of computerized axial tomography (CT) scans of 35 normal subjects assessed for handedness (20 right- and 15 mixed-handers) confirmed this prediction for the latter group only. Mixed-handers showed a slight, but reliable flattening of the tight occiput. Also, there was a small but significant inverse association between the size of the petrous ridge and handedness. Examining subtle variations in skull shape of adults may provide a glimpse into some aspects of pre- and early postnatal development.
Overt vs Covert Problem Solving, Transfer Effects and Programming Sequence: 2. Katona Squares
Authors: Tsai Loh Seng
Published: September 2011

80 college freshmen, in 4 equal groups, served in an experiment on overt vs covert solving of 2 successive Katona Squares. Problem A (changing 3 into 4 squares) turned out to be more difficult than Problem B (changing 4 into 5 squares). Method and sequential order of 2 problems were independent variables. Analysis of median time in seconds, the criterion of relative efficiency, shows that the overt method takes less time but yields more positive transfer; the more difficult problem also yields more positive transfer; and programming from the easy to the difficult task is superior to the opposite sequence when solving is covert, but not much better for the overt method of solving two perceptual reasoning problems in changing Katona Squares.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Profile of Mood States Using Visually Impaired Athletes
Authors: Mastro James V. , French Ron , Hall Margery M.
Published: September 2011

The test-retest reliabilities of the Profile of Mood States when items were read aloud on consecutive days to 15 nationally ranked visually impaired athletes ranged from .78 to .95, so the scale can be used with visually impaired athletes who cannot complete the profile in the traditional written manner.
Sleep-Cycle Influences on Retrieval from Semantic Memory at Different Times of Day?
Authors: Tilley Andrew , Dalton Louise
Published: September 2011

Fewer items were retrieved from specified semantic memory sources in the early afternoon compared to the morning or late afternoon. It is suggested that the effect may be related to a transitory increase in sleepiness (lowering of arousal) in the early afternoon.
Accuracy of Estimations of Body-Frame Size as a Function of Sex and Actual Frame Size
Authors: Hearns Joseph F. , Broida John P. , Gayton William F.
Published: September 2011

Body-frame size is an important factor in determining an optimal body weight for a given height. Previous studies have indicated that many individuals incorrectly estimate their body-frame size, and, as a result, incorrectly assess their ideal weight. The present study investigated the accuracy of estimation of body-frame size as a function of sex and actual frame size. The subjects were 66 men and 52 women participating in a community adult fitness program. Data indicated that medium-framed individuals were the most accurate in their estimations of body-frame size. Also, women were twice as likely to be accurate as were men. These results are interpreted to mean that most people assume they are medium-framed and that there is a sex difference in the way body-frame size is estimated.
Pilot Study for Objective Measurement of Pain: Method and Analyses of Basic Factors for Normative Data
Authors: Taniguchi Shunji , Satow Aiko
Published: September 2011

A plate-pushing task was devised to measure endogenous pain objectively. As normative data, performance of no-pain subjects sustaining a certain level of pressure by a hand over 5 min. was analyzed for sex, dominance of hands, transference to the opposite hand, and effect of repetition. Analysis indicated that order of dominance of hands was efficient and improvement along repetition of five times within three weeks was observed regarding the SD of 201 digits of pressure level. Also, analyses based on histograms of percents of deviation from a standard level and transitional profiles of pressure level were constructed. They were considered to be other useful aspects. Lastly, the case of a subject who had pain was studied. The task seems a promising means of objective measurement of pain to contrast performance accompanied by pain with one without pain.
Effects of Intimacy of Therapist's Self-Disclosure and Formality on Perceptions of Credibility in an Initial Interview
Authors: Carter Randi L. , Motta Robert W.
Published: September 2011

A therapist's expertness, trustworthiness, empathy, and attractiveness were evaluated by 300 subjects after viewing a 5-min. videotape of a therapist-client interaction. Therapist's level of self-disclosure and formality were the independent variables. Ratings of trustworthiness were highest when the therapist was informal. Therapist's high disclosure of depression yielded decreased ratings of attractiveness, empathy, and expertness in comparison with no disclosure by the therapist.
Cardiac and Behavioral Responses to Rocking Stimulations in One- and Three-Month-Old Infants
Authors: Malcuit Gérard , Pomerleau Andrée , Brosseau Nicole
Published: September 2011

Cardiac and behavioral reactions to lateral rocking stimulations were analysed at two different ages (1 and 3 months) and at two speeds of motion for the younger infants. Sixteen 1- and 3-mo.-old infants received 12 10-sec. trials of four complete cycles of vestibulokinesthetic stimulation (rapid rocking) and another group of 10 1-mo.-olds received one complete cycle in the same time period (slow rocking) provided by a motorized cradle. Stimulations were given when infants were in an alert state. Rapid and slow rocking induced similar cardiac responses in younger infants; these responses varied according to the type of motor reaction observed at stimulus onset. Cardiac acceleration was shown with motor activation and cardiac deceleration with motor quieting. In 3-mo.-olds, cardiac deceleration appeared with both types of motor reaction. A strong link between cardiac and behavioral responses in younger infants may prevent the occurrence of the usual simple cardiac index of orienting (heart-rate deceleration). In older infants, cardiac deceleration to rocking stimulation appeared even when it produced concomitant behavioral arousal. Vestibulokinesthetic stimulation is interpreted as having an important homeostatic effect on the young organism.
Relations of Basic Arithmetic and Motor Skills in Deaf Elementary School Children
Authors: Kohen-Raz Reuven , Masalha Maruan
Published: September 2011

3 segregated groups of Arab and Jewish deaf children of CA 10;9 ( n = 28) were compared with a group of hearing Arab first graders (CA = 6;10, n = 32) on tests of basic arithmetic, static balance control, and the ability to suppress synkinetic finger movements. The hearing-impaired performed as well on arithmetic tasks and on the tests of synkinetic control as their normal peers who were four years younger, while on static balance they were even inferior to the latter. Significant correlations were found between the basic airthmetic and motor skills, within the hearing as well as within the hearing-impaired groups; these remained significant even within the small subgroups of the latter. As these results cannot be accounted for by low intelligence and neurological disturbances, or by direct or indirect effects of deficient language development, the assumption is supported that some type of neurological immaturity, unrelated to hearing loss, interferes with the acquisition of numerical skills in deaf children.
“Blue Phenomenon”: Spontaneity or Preference?
Authors: Wiegersma Sjoerd , Van Der Elst Gerard
Published: September 2011

Recent studies of the “Blue Phenomenon” have shown that in some countries outside the USA not ‘blue’, but ‘red’ or ‘black’ is the predominant color choice. It is argued that the differences between countries, in addition to an explanation by cultural factors, might reflect different formulations of the question used to provoke a response. It is shown that in the Netherlands responses to the question to write ‘your favorite color’ are considerably different from responses to the question to write ‘the first color name that comes to mind.’ It is concluded that comparison of color-production phenomena over countries requires a better control over formulation of the question.
Dietary Pyridoxine Loadings Affect Incidence of “Spontaneous” Seizures among Magnesium-Deprived Mongolian Gerbils (Meriones Unguiculatus)
Authors: Harriman Arthur E.
Published: September 2011

The “spontaneous” tetanic attacks in magnesium (Mg) deficiency resemble those occurring in pyridoxine (Pyr) deficiency. A common mechanism may underlie both seizure patterns. Nine groups ( n = 10) of male Mongolian gerbils that were Mg-deprived, Pyr-deprived, or both were used to explore this possibility. The animals were tested for spontaneous seizing in an open field at four-day intervals over 40 days. By the end of the period, 70% of the gerbils that were both Mg- and Pyr-deprived had seized, and 90% had died. One fatality, but no seizures, occurred among Pyr-deprived groups given 500 to 2,000 ppm Mg in the food. No seizures occurred among the Mg-deprived groups fed 20 to 100 ppm Pyr, though several animals given 20 ppm Pyr died. Deaths and seizures occurred within Mg-deprived groups fed more than 100 ppm Pyr. A possible role of Pyr in Mg metabolism is discussed.
Interpersonal Lives in the Future: Projections of Undergraduate Women
Authors: McClam Tricia , Blinn Lynn M.
Published: September 2011

The present research provided description of interpersonal life projections based on responses to the Interpersonal Future Likelihood Inventory, an instrument for measuring future time perspective, which was administered to a sample of 140 female undergraduates from three majors (Human Services, Nursing, and Child and Family Studies). Female undergraduates do not perceive divorce or alternative lifestyles to be present in their future lives. The three majors, however, differed significantly in their predictions of the kinds of lives they would be living, with nursing students being most traditional.
Bilingualism and English Vocabulary: No Difference between Acadian-French and Anglophone Third Graders on the Ammonses' Quick Test
Authors: Kenyon John
Published: September 2011

A nonstandard group format of the Ammonses' Quick Test was administered to 40 third grade Acadian-French and 31 Anglophone children in Nova Scotia, Canada. The difference in mean scores for number of English words identified correctly was not statistically significant. The results are discussed in terms of the methodology of testing vocabulary and the additive value of English.
Rating Dispersions: Comparing Raters' Spans and Variances
Authors: Hurley John R. , Hurley Janet P.
Published: September 2011

This study reviewed relationships among and between four span and three variance measures of the dispersions of 36 persons' ratings of the interpersonal behavior of 6 to 8 small group peers and self. Indicating near functional equivalence, same-method, same-occasion span and variance measures correlated highly (mean r = .96). Separately derived from the 15 substantive scales and 140 items of Lorr and McNair's Interpersonal Behavior Inventory, these similar-method, same-occasion spans also correlated highly (.92). Each linked significantly but modestly with spans on a brief, eight-item survey of interpersonal conduct administered about two weeks earlier. Suggesting that such measures' generalizability may be quite limited, different-method, different-occasion span and variance measures correlated only modestly to faintly. Group leaders used wider spans than members, corroborating prior evidence linking larger dispersions with higher rater status and/or self-confidence.
A Repetitive Reasoning Task Based on Simple Spatial Relations
Authors: Dornic Stan , Laaksonen Tarja
Published: September 2011

This note describes a task that requires simple reasoning and can be used, e.g., in research on noise. The task includes a series of items of approximately equal difficulty. Each item consists of five geometric figures and a sentence that claims to describe spatial relations between the figures. The subject must decide whether the description is true. The task is short (3 1/2 min.) but can be extended at will.
Correlates of Privacy Regulation
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

The California Psychological Inventory and a Privacy Regulation Rating Scale were administered to 35 men and 40 women college students to estimate correlations between personality characteristics and attained privacy. The California Psychological Inventory measured 18 personality traits, and the rating scale assessed the amount of desired privacy actually achieved for six kinds of privacy: Reserve, Isolation, Solitude, Intimacy with Friends, Intimacy with Family, and Anonymity. Pearson product-moment correlations between the two sets of variables indicated distinct and meaningful personality profiles for people who were dissatisfied with their customary attainment of each kind of privacy. The profiles for men and women were dissimilar.
Auditory Psychophysical Scaling Exposure Effects: Magnitude Estimation and Cross-Modal Matching
Authors: Fucci Donald , Harris Daniel , Petrosino Linda , Randolph-Tyler Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to investigate possible effects of exposure upon suprathreshold psychological responses when auditory magnitude estimation and cross-modal matching with audition as the standard are conducted within the same experiment. Four groups of 10 subjects each whose over-all age range was 18 to 23 yr. were employed. During the cross-modal marching task the Groups 1 and 2 subjects adjusted a vibrotactile stimulus presented to the dorsal surface of the tongue and the Groups 3 and 4 subjects adjusted a vibrotactile stimulus presented to the thenar eminence of the right hand to match binaurally presented auditory stimuli. The magnitude-estimation task was conducted before the cross-modal matching task for Groups 1 and 3 and the cross-modal matching task was conducted before the magnitude-estimation task for Groups 2 and 4. The psychophysical methods of magnitude estimation and cross-modal matching showed no effect of one upon the other when used in the same experiment.
Abstractness and Emotional Values for French and Spanish Words
Authors: Campos Alfredo , Astorga Victor Manuel
Published: September 2011

This paper reports the correlations of abstractness and emotional values for French and Spanish words. We obtained a correlation −.12 between abstractness and emotion values. The correlation was .77 between abstractness values for French and Spanish words and .79 to emotional values.
The Role of Spectacles in Facial Memory: A Replication and Extension
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: September 2011

A total of 187 subjects in three conditions involving 1- or 3-sec. exposure times and 10-min. or 7-day delays were shown 20 photographs of faces, half of which were bespectacled, and then tested from a set of 40 consisting of the original 20 mixed up with 20 new ones, half of which were also bespectacled. Accuracy of recognition declined with shorter exposure and longer delay and was lower for faces with than without spectacles at the shorter delay. In all three conditions, there were more false-alarms for faces with than without glasses. It is concluded that eyeglasses did not serve as an efficient discriminating feature in recognition memory, and it is recommended that positive eyewitness identification of people wearing spectacles be treated with particular caution.
Factor Analysis of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory
Authors: Beene J. Morris , Zelhart Paul F.
Published: September 2011

Kirton (7) reported that the factor structure of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory involved three factors which were labeled, (a) originality, (b) efficiency, and (c) rule-group conformity. The present study is a replication of Kirton's study, using a sample of 249 American college students and 40 university administrators. The items found in each of the three factors replicated Kirton's original analysis in items placed in each factor. This result and the similarity of factor loadings of the original sample (from England) and the present one supports the cross-cultural factor stability of the inventory.
Additivity from Multiple Primes in Identifying Backward Written Words
Authors: Algarabel Salvador , Pitarque Alfonso , Soler Maria José
Published: September 2011

Activational theories of memory assume that activation from several sources adds up to an intersecting node. We tested this idea in one experiment where we kept constant the number of primes presented and we manipulated the number of different primes related to the target, the number of presentations of the same prime, or the same target, presented as a prime. We used a task in which the target was always a word, which appeared written backward and had to be identified. We found a strong effect of target repetition and diminished priming in the condition in which the target was repeated. We obtained additivity (greater activation) mainly in the condition in which we presented several different primes, replicating and extending past results.
In Defense of the Assimilation Theory of Visual Illusions
Authors: Pressey Alexander W.
Published: September 2011

It is argued that, contrary to Schiano's view (1986), assimilation theory does explain the nonmonotonic relationship between degree of distortion and size of context.
Hemisphericity and Problem-Solving Ability
Authors: Houtz John C. , Frankel Alan D.
Published: September 2011

149 freshmen undergraduates were administered the Higher Information Processing Scale and an anagram problem-solving task. Single-solution anagrams were chosen from lists of age-appropriate vocabulary words high in concrete imagery or low in imagery (abstract). Small but significant correlations were obtained between number of concrete anagrams solved and right- and integrated-hemispheric preference scores, respectively. Students categorized as “integrated preference” solved more high-imagery anagrams than any other group. Results lend support to the hypothesis that brain hemisphere specializations may exist but integration of the hemispheres may yield best performance.
Attitudes of Georgia Public School Teachers toward Teaching as a Profession
Authors: Ross George S. , Weller L. David , Brown Carvin L.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the professional aspects of teaching and assessed differences in the attitudes of 1,436 Georgia public school teachers in 88 rural and 55 urban schools at the elementary (K-5), middle (6–8), and secondary (9–12) levels. Significant differences in attitude were noted by school level but not location.
Eyeblinking during Autokinetic Movement Observed by a Subject Living in the up-down Inverted Visual World
Authors: Nakajima Yoshiaki
Published: September 2011

Eyeblinking during autokinetic movement observed by one subject living in the up-down inverted visual world, was investigated. The subject wore frame-spectacles (without prisms) for the first two days and then wore up-down inverting spectacles (with prisms) for the next four days, followed by the resumption of the former frame-spectacles for one day. Eyeblinks during autokinetic movement were measured by using vertical EOG. Analysis showed (1) the occurrence of eyeblinking during autokinetic movement was not influenced by living in the up-down inverted visual world; (2) the frequency of eyeblinking during autokinetic movement significantly decreased with successive days of observation.
Effect of Protective Eyewear on Reaction Time in the Horizontal Field of Vision
Authors: Dawson Mary L. , Zabik Roger M.
Published: September 2011

This study determined the effect of various models of protective eyewear on the reaction time in the horizontal field of vision. Five protective eye devices for racquet sports were selected based on design characteristics. Eyewear was presented to 64 subjects in a random order along with no eyewear. Each subject's reaction time was measured for the random presentation of the visual stimuli by releasing a depressed telegraphic key wired to a digital clock. Stimulus anticipation was controlled using an interval timer generating random time intervals. Significant differences were noted between lights, eyewear, and the interaction of lights by eyewear. No differences were found between dominant and nondominant sides or between trials. Reaction time was unaffected in the central portion of the horizontal field and affected with some of the eyewear in the peripheral portion. It was concluded that the configuration of the protective eyewear was a significant factor affecting reaction time in the horizontal field of vision.
Factor Structure of Newly Designed Verbal Tests
Authors: Persaud Gagindra , Salmon Hazel M.
Published: September 2011

The scores of 61 students on 7 newly constructed verbal tests were analysed using the methods of principal factor solution and varimax rotation. Two factors were extracted whose eigenvalues summed to 4.46 and accounted for 64% of the total variance. The convergent factor, which was responsible for 71% of the total common variance, was comprised of 5 tests, including a remote associates scale with significant loadings. The divergent factor accounted for the remaining 29% of the total common variance and was made up of 2 tests with significant loadings as well.
Effects of Telic Dominance and Metamotivational State on Squash Task Performance
Authors: Kerr John H. , Cox Tom
Published: September 2011

Measures of telic dominance and metamotivational state were obtained from 40 volunteer males grouped on the basis of their playing ability, before and after the performance of squash tasks. Utilising a mixed-blocks design, which controlled for order of task, subjects were required to perform two squash tasks of differing difficulty. Significant differences between groups on performance were obtained, confirming the ability classification, but no significant differences in telic dominance were found. Significant increases in mood response in the telic direction were found on pre- and posttask scores. A significant decrease in discrepancy scores (preferred arousal minus felt arousal) obtained pre- and posttask was noted, together with a significant interaction between skill level and in arousal discrepancy pre- and posttask. In all cases trends were least for the most skilled group.
An Hebrew Language Version of the Stroop Test
Authors: Ingraham Loring J. , Chard Frances , Wood Marcia , Mirsky Allan F.
Published: September 2011

We present normative data from a Hebrew language version of the Stroop color-word test. In this sample of college-educated Israeli young adults, 18 women and 28 men with a mean age of 28.4 yr. completed a Hebrew language Stroop test. When compared with 1978 English language norms of Golden, Hebrew speakers were slower on color-word reading and color naming, similar on naming the color of incongruently colored names of colors, and showed less interference. Slowed color-word reading and color-naming may reflect the two-syllable length of the Hebrew names for one-syllable length English language colors; reduced interference may reflect the exclusion of vowels in much Hebrew printing and subjects' ability to provide competing, nonconflicting words while naming the color of words in which the hue and the lexical content do not match.
Rapid Discrimination of Julesz's Texton Patterns in Patients with Cerebral Lesions
Authors: Saarinen Jukka , Laaksonen Ritva , Poutiainen Erja
Published: September 2011

Rapid visual discrimination in patients with unilateral cerebral lesions was investigated using a search task. Both the exposure duration of search arrays and the difference in the texton content between the target pattern and the background patterns were varied. Patients could detect the targets with a large texton difference more rapidly than the targets with a small difference.
Effects of Parental Styles on Anxiety and Type a Behavior Pattern
Authors: Essau Cecilia A. , Coates Mary Beth
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the effect of reported parental styles on 35 undergraduates' anxiety and the Type A behavior pattern. The modified version of Kelly and Goodwin's Parental Control-style Questionnaire, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the student version of the Jenkins Activity Survey were administered. Analysis showed that the subjects who had autocratic parents exhibited more Type A behavior pattern as well as having higher scores on the anxiety scales than those who had either permissive or democratic parents.
Lateral Asymmetry and Tactile Sensitivity
Authors: Kaplan-Solms Karen L. , Saling Michael M.
Published: September 2011

Weinstein found in 1963 that the left female breast is more sensitive to tactile stimulation than the right breast. Saling and Cooke in 1984 hypothesized that this asymmetry in breast sensitivity underlies the well-documented leftward bias in maternal cradling behaviour, which is independent of manual specialization. Our interest in the Saling and Cooke hypothesis led to an attempt to replicate Weinstein's 1963 study. His findings were not supported. Further, a review of the literature on the lateral distribution of cutaneous thresholds showed that there is little experimental support for the widely held belief that the left side of the body is uniformly more sensitive than the right.
Prediction of Fine Motor Skills of Children Having Language and Speech Disorders
Authors: Sommers Ronald K.
Published: September 2011

Relationships between the fine motor skills and linguistic abilities of 37 developmentally delayed children, ages 5 to 9 yr., were studied using a battery of expressive and receptive language tests, a measure of fine motor performance, a dichotic listening test, and individual intelligence tests. While IQs and MAs were not related to fine motor skills, both expressive and receptive language test scores showed moderate to moderately high correlations, the highest single relationship being the Test for the Auditory Comprehension of Language. In concert with CAs, a dichotic right-ear test score, the Auditory Comprehension Test, predicted fine motor-skill indices substantially; R = .80. Strong relationships appear between linguistic and fine motor skills in an age group not previously investigated and at higher levels than reported in studies of infants and very young children. Dichotic results were abnormal in a majority of the children.
Relation between Musical Aptitude and Intelligence among Mentally Retarded, Advantaged, and Disadvantaged Subjects
Authors: Braswell Charles , Decuir Anthony , Hoskins Carla , Kvet Edward , Oubre Giselle
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in scores of 59 mentally retarded adults (mild, moderate, severe, or profound), 133 advantaged, and 130 disadvantaged (low income) children in Grades 1, 2, 3 on the Primary Measures of Music Audiation. Test-retest reliabilities for the Tonal and Rhythm subtests were .81 and .86, respectively, for the retarded group. Analysis of variance indicated that the mildly retarded children performed significantly better than other groups of retarded children on these two tests. 2 × 3 analyses of variance indicated that third graders from both advantaged and disadvantaged groups performed significantly better than the first or second graders on both subtests and that advantaged children performed significantly better than the disadvantaged. However, disadvantaged children made greater gains, especially for third graders, than the advantaged.
Absorption and Appreciation of Visual Art
Authors: Combs Allan L. , Black Julia , O'Donnell Alan , Pope Ruth , Buckner Jerry , Crow Lisa , Ray Karen , Vandermeer Josef A.
Published: September 2011

For 37 participants, 16 men and 21 women, scores on the Tellegen Absorption Scale significantly correlated with liking for abstract paintings but not with liking for representational ones. After completing the scale, each participant viewed 20 paintings in quasirandom order, 10 of representational works and 10 of abstract ones. Each was rated on a scale from 1 for strongly disliked to 5 for strongly liked. The Pearson correlation of .48 for abstract paintings was significant, while that of .16 for representational ones was not.
The Horizontal-Vertical Illusion and Knowledge of Results
Authors: Brosvic Gary M. , Cohen Beth D.
Published: September 2011

The Horizontal-Vertical (HV) Illusion was examined in two studies in which subjects adjusted the vertical line in L-shaped and inverted-T figures or produced lines in the vertical and horizontal planes. On the adjustment tasks, vertical lines were made significantly shorter than horizontal comparison lines, especially for the inverted-T figure. On the production tasks, lines drawn in the vertical plane were significantly shorter than lines drawn in the horizontal plane. The adjusted and created lines of subjects receiving intertrial feedback on illusion magnitude were significantly more accurate and less variable than the estimations of control subjects. Performance on either task or figure type did not differ as a function of sex of subject. The present results show that the HV illusion exists in the absence of line bisection or a comparison line and results from the overestimation of vertical lines. These findings further clarify the relative contributions of the structural and strategy mechanisms in the formation of the Horizontal-Vertical Illusion.
Categories of Implicit Interpersonal Communication: Cross-Cultural Responses
Authors: York Michael W. , Wilderman Scott K. , Hardy Steven T.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to test responses of international students and American nationals to a set of eight interpersonal displays. These displays were intended to portray the eight interpersonal roles specified by Leary in 1957 and subjects' responses to these displays were consistent with those of our earlier studies. These findings suggest there is some cross-cultural consistency in responses to larger nonverbal behavioral units as well as in responses to smaller nonverbal behavioral units as documented by Ekman and his associates.
Reflections on Anonymity
Authors: Williams Robert
Published: September 2011

Experiences of anonymity and the trends of a brief survey of research findings are discussed. It is proposed that notions and experiences of anonymity ought to be thought, taught and written about much more than they are at present.
The Dictionary of Affect in Language as a Tool for the Assessment of Affective Tone in a Descriptive Task
Authors: Petrone Barbara , Whissell Cynthia
Published: September 2011

148 subjects were asked to describe the terms mathematics, physics, television, newspapers, biology, and technology in terms of a list of five additional words. Responses produced by subjects were scored for two dimensions of affective tone (activation, evaluation) by matching words to the Dictionary of Affect in Language that includes scores for the two dimensions for several thousand commonly used words. Clear differences in affective tone emerged from this scoring procedure: mathematics and physics received the least positive evaluative descriptions, while television was described in most active and rousing terms and biology in most inactive terms. Women gave more negative (lower evaluation) descriptions for mathematics than did men, which satisfied one of the a priori predictions of the study.
Measurement of Olfactory Signal Detectability Using an Air-Dilution Olfactometer
Authors: Fraser J. W.
Published: September 2011

The Cheesman air dilution olfactometer, although designed for group threshold measurements, was modified to allow individual testing of subjects. However, adaptation effects of olfactory stimuli precluded use of interstimulus intervals of less than 30 sec. so that 3-hr. testing sessions were necessary to obtain a single measurement of sensitivity. Four subjects were tested intensively with isopropyl alcohol (CH3CH(OH)CH3) at concentration levels determined by previous group threshold studies. In the first condition, one concentration only was presented in testing sessions, while in the second condition, six concentrations were presented and the limits of concentrations adjusted to allow subthreshold presentations. Signal detectability indices ( de') were calculated more frequently and more reliably in the second condition than in the first.
Formant Frequencies (F1, F2) of Jaw-Free versus Jaw-Fixed Vowels in Normal and Articulatory Disordered Children
Authors: De Jarnette Glenda
Published: September 2011

Formant frequency data were gathered for four English vowels /i, ae, a, u/ as produced by 15 male Caucasian subjects. There were 5 moderately articulatory disordered children aged 5.9 to 8.1 yr., 5 normal articulatory children aged 6.8 to 7.0 yr., and 5 normal adults aged 19.3 to 23.1 yr. All groups produced vowels under two conditions including with the mandible unconstrained in a normal or free condition and with the mandible fixed by a bite block. All subjects produced formant patterns within the ranges accepted for normal vowels in both jaw unconstrained and jaw fixed conditions. This finding suggests that articulation is a creative and context-sensitive behavior for normally matured, maturing, and developmentally immature systems. Also, it suggests that, if there are neurophysiological differences between groups, the vowel task is too simple to tease them out. The implication of these findings for consideration of tasks of motor equivalence is discussed.
How Business Students and Faculty Quantify Probability Expressions: Another Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: September 2011

This inquiry, using a set of codified human resource management expressions, suggests that both business students ( n = 148) and faculty ( n = 45) exhibit what might well be meaningful departures from established discipline norms.
Psychomotor Performance as a Function of Time of Day
Authors: Payne R. B.
Published: September 2011

Previously reported data on mirror tracking were reexamined for time-of-day (TOD) effects on performance and for the interaction of these effects with sex and practice effects. Analyses showed a significant linear decline of mean score from 0900 through 1300 hours, a sharp postlunch recovery at 1400 hours, and another significant linear decline from 1400 through 1700 hours. These effects were orthogonal to sex and practice effects. Discussion emphasized the importance of control for time of day in experimental design and suggested several hypotheses about the decremental effects of time of day.
Abnormal Optokinetic and Perceptual Span Parameters in Cerebellar-Vestibular Dysfunction and Related Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Levinson Harold N.
Published: September 2011

As prior studies indicated abnormal cerebellar-vestibular-based sensorimotor mechanisms and neurological and ENG diagnostic parameters in anxiety disorders and because ocular fixation and sequential scanning are cerebellar-vestibular-modulated, it appeared reasonable to measure these and related ocular functions in matched samples of anxiety-disordered and control subjects. In this study, the optokinetically-determined fixation, sequential scanning, and perceptual span capacities obtained by means of a newly revised blurring-speed method were significantly lower or impaired in 70 anxiety-disordered patients vs 70 controls. Such data supported further the hypothesis that there may be cerebellar-vestibular predispositions to anxiety disorders and the optokinetically-based tracking method may prove useful in separating a diverse array of CV-determined or related anxiety symptoms from those of other origins. However, independent validation as well as additional studies of anxiety disorders using larger samples vs random or “normal” controls are required before conclusions are justified.
Uncertainty and Visual Strategies in Table Tennis
Authors: Ripoll Hubert
Published: September 2011

Ball games are characterized by perceptual uncertainty and time-pressure. Of interest is the visual-search pattern carried out when these characteristics change. This is the case in table-tennis situations when comparing a drill situation, when one kind of stroke is constantly repeated, and a match situation, when the stroke is more often unpredictable. We analysed, during play, the visual-search pattern of five expert table tennis players to examine the effect of uncertainty on visual behavior. Direction of gaze was recorded by a video-oculographic recorder (NAC Eye Mark Recorder IV). Analysis showed that (i) visual fixations towards opponent player were only systematic in a match, contrary to drill where they occurred less frequently. (ii) Whatever the situation, only the first part of the ball's trajectory was visually tracked. This occurred immediately after the opponent's release of the ball. Nevertheless, visual tracking was more frequent and of longer duration in a match. (iii) Analysis of motor behavior showed that the duration of the movement preparation was longer in a match while the duration of the execution phase was unchanged.
Listening Rate and Comprehension as a Function of Preference for and Exposure to Time-Altered Speech
Authors: Gade Paul A. , Mills Carol Bergfeld
Published: September 2011

We conducted experiments on the effects of brief prior exposure to time-altered speech on preferred listening rate and the rate listeners would select when asked to listen to speech as fast as possible with good comprehension (induced listening rate). In Exp. 1, 48 participants were exposed either to normal rate speech or to speech compressed to twice-normal rate. Brief exposure to twice-normal rate speech led to a faster induced listening rate than exposure to normal rate speech. In Exp. 2, 31 participants were briefly exposed to normal rate speech, speech compressed to twice-normal rate, or speech expanded to half-normal rate. The faster the rate of the exposure speech, the faster the induced rate. Speech compressed to twice-normal rate led to a faster induced listening rate than exposure to speech expanded to half-normal rate. Normal rate speech was intermediate between twice-normal and half-normal rate and did not differ significantly from them. Induced listening rate was a linear combination of listening rate preference and recent forced exposure to time-altered speech.
Mood Profiles of Masters Track and Field Athletes
Authors: Ungerleider Steven , Golding Jacqueline M. , Porter Kay
Published: September 2011

In several studies attributing positive health benefits to running, the benefits include reduced depression, fatigue, anger, and increased vigor. Until now, little research has focused on Masters track and field athletes. The present study reports on 587 men and women Masters who participated in a mailed survey measuring mood states using the Profile of Mood States. In comparison to other groups of athletes, these Masters tend to be less depressed, less angry, and less fatigued. Attribution to lifestyle and maturity with their sport is discussed.
A Cognitive-Psychological Perspective on Gillespie's “Lights and Lattices”: Some Relations among Perception, Imagery, and Thought
Authors: Hunt H.
Published: September 2011

George Gillespie's valuable observations on light and lattice imageries are placed in the context of current research and theory on cognitive imagery (Kosslyn, Pylyshyn), ordinary and lucid dreaming, representational geometric imagery in scientific thought, the author's previous writings on altered states of consciousness, and Gibson's views on perception and imagery. Gillespie's reports show categories of imagery deconstruction and abstraction that link these areas and suggest an integrative model of the varieties of symbolic imagery.
Recognizing Faces in Bright and Dim Light
Authors: Dinardo Lisa , Rainey David
Published: September 2011

32 undergraduates viewed 10 photographs of faces for 3 sec. each in a brightly or dimly illuminated room. Then they viewed 40 photographs in the same light, including the original 10, and identified each photograph as new or old. Subjects recognized significantly more photographs in the bright illumination condition, possibly because that condition allowed for more processing of information.
Visual Demonstration and Movement Production: Effects of Timing Variations in a Model's Action
Authors: Williams John G.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether movement production during modelling would register timing changes communicated by a model during video-demonstration of a throwing action. 60 boys, 12 yr. of age, were placed in three groups and observed a computer-simulated, point-light demonstration of a darts-style movement used by a model to project a lightweight ball about 2.5 m in a forward direction. Only the relative motion of model's wrist, elbow, and shoulder were displayed. First, subjects were required to identify the action. Immediate response was 88% for the fastest demonstration (model's natural cadence with a wrist velocity of 3.5 rad./sec), 81% (1.45 rad./sec), and 65% (0.92 rad./sec). Second, 3 subjects (1 from each of the original groups) modelled the action when the directional change of the model's arm and its spatial arrangement were held constant but the timing of traverse of the arm was randomly varied (3 levels). Analysis showed that all subjects produced the correct sequence of movement. There were no differences in production of the spatial parameters of the demonstrations but significant differences in the modelling of the timing parameters. These findings are related to the use of visual demonstrations during motor skill instruction and, particularly, the communication of specific aspects of an action.
Beardedness as a Factor in Perceived Masculinity
Authors: Addison William E.
Published: September 2011

Male and female students ( N = 114) in introductory psychology rated pictures of bearded and nonbearded men on characteristics associated with masculinity. Bearded men were rated significantly higher on masculinity, aggressiveness, dominance, and strength. The results are discussed in light of apparently contradictory evidence which suggests that bearded men are seen as less desirable than nonbearded men.
Effects of Proactive Interference on Learning the Tennis Backhand Stroke
Authors: Eason Robert L. , Smith Theresa L. , Plaisance Emile
Published: September 2011

Proactive interference in motor skill acquisition occurs when a desired response is adversely affected by a previously learned skill. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of learning a forehand tennis groundstroke on the subsequent learning of a backhand. 96 subjects equally representing seventh and eighth grade boys and girls who had never played tennis were randomly assigned to two methods of instruction. This resulted in four groups of 24. The experimental groups received instruction and practice in a forehand skill. The experimental and control groups received backhand instruction and practice and both groups were tested on backhand. Results of a 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of variance indicated significant between-subjects main effects for sex and groups. There were significant within-subjects effects for days and group × days. These results suggest that learning the forehand independent of the backhand may interfere with learning the backhand.
Effects of Occurrence and Time Uncertainties on Reaction and Movement Times of Children
Authors: Ozmun John C. , Surburg Paul R. , Cleland Frances E.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the influence of catch trial (CT) occurrence and foreperiod variation on reaction time and movement time of children of different ages. 48 children were randomly assigned to a CT group or a no-CT group. All received randomly ordered foreperiods. The presence of CTs and varying foreperiods played an inhibitory role in the motor performance of children.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LVII. Terman-Binet Communication
Authors: Shephard Alfred H.
Published: September 2011

An attempt is made to reconcile some views on possible communication between Alfred Binet and Lewis M. Terman on the basis of a letter from Terman's papers.
Avoidance Training Using an Incremental Vertical Jump Response in Rats
Authors: King Cheri L. , Delay Eugene R. , Boyer William N. , Nornes Howard O.
Published: September 2011

A procedure is described for conditioning a vertical jump avoidance response in rats. Employing an auditory signal and gradually increasing the height of the response platform, rats showed rapid acquisition of a jump response to avoid shock. While the average maximum height of the jump response increased between original training and retraining 7 days later, retraining 40 days later resulted in stable responding that was consistent with the first retraining session.
Language and Motor Findings in Benign Megalencephaly
Authors: Lewis Barbara A. , Aram Dorothy M. , Horwitz Samuel J.
Published: September 2011

9 children between the ages of 5 and 12 yr. whose head circumferences were greater than the 98th percentile and showed negative CT scans and histories for disease associated with increased brain size were studied. A battery of language, articulation, intelligence, and motor tests were administered to subjects and in each case to a sibling whose head circumference was normal. Analysis showed few differences in intelligence and language comprehension between the megalencephalic children and their siblings. Significant differences were observed in motor proficiency, with over 50% of the megalencephalic children scoring below the 10th percentile for their age group. Three megalencephalic children displayed articulation errors. All subjects had at least one parent whose head circumference exceeded the 98th percentile. These results suggest a relationship between benign megalencephaly and developmental motor difficulties
Auditory Illusion Analogous to Baldwin Illusion Redux
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

Two tones, differing only in duration, were used to define an interval. The perceived midpoint of the interval was displaced towards the tone of longer duration.