bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Inhibition of the Growth of the Virus of Influenza in Embryonated Eggs
Authors: Rasmussen A. F. , Stokes Julia C.
Published: January 2023

Nitroakridin 3582, the related compound, rutenol, 2 nitro 5 aminoacridine, and cobaltous salts retarded and, in some instances, prevented the growth of small inocula of the viruses of influenza in embryonated eggs. In the case of nitroakridin, the most active compound in this respect, the inhibitory effect was most marked during the early phases of viral growth. Nitroakridin exerted little antiviral activity in vitro and it is suggested that the observed effect on viral growth was secondary to the effect of nitroakridin on the embryonated egg. Nitroakridin 3582 had no chemotherapeutic effect on infections with the viruses of influenza in mice.
Studies on Thermostable Antigens Extracted from Bacterium Tularense and from Tissues of Animals Dead of Tularemia
Authors: Larson Carl L.
Published: January 2023

Thermostable antigens may be extracted from suspensions of Bacterium tularense or from tissues of animals succumbing to infections with this organism. These react specifically with antitularense serum and cause production of specific agglutinins and precipitins when inoculated intravenously into rabbits. They are insoluble in 50 per cent acetone at a pH of 5.2 or lower. Thermostable antigens persist in tissues obtained from animals dead of tularemia and maintained at a temperature of 37 C for 14 days. The application of thermoprecipitin tests to clinical and epidemiological problems is discussed.
Mixed Infection of a Bacterium with Coli-Dysentery Phage T5 and a Serologically Related Salmonella Phage
Authors: Adams Mark H.
Published: January 2023

A comparison of closely related viruses will serve to distinguish those hereditary properties which are capable of undergoing change or mutation. Studies of this kind should eventually increase our understanding of the basic phenomena leading to the evolution of new viral types.

There is evidence that serological relationship in viruses is correlated with similarity in other properties, as is seen in the lymphogranuloma-psittacosis group. Therefore, search was instituted for additional viruses serologically related to one or another member of the T group of coli-dysentery phages.

This paper is a report of the properties of a bacterial virus attacking Salmonella paratyphi B (S. schottmuelleri) and a comparison with the corresponding properties of a serologically related virus, coli-dysentery phage T5.

Materials and Methods. Bacteriophage T5 and its host cell, Escherichia coli strain B, have been described by Demerec and Fano (1). The phage attacking S. paratyphoid B was obtained from Dr. I. N.
The Nature of the Combining Sites of Antibodies
Authors: Pressman David , Sternberger L. A.
Published: January 2023

It as been found that the antibody specific regions of antibodies homologous to the p-azobenzoate or p-azobenzenearsonate ions can be protected against destruction by iodination through combination with the homologous hapten. This protection phenomenon proves that there is a grouping within the specific region of the antibody which is altered by iodination and that the loss of antibody activity by iodination in the absence of a combining hapten is not due to an alteration of the part of the antibody molecule other than the specific combining site.

The protection phenomenon can be used to define more closely the nature of the combining sites of antibodies by using a variety of agents known to combine with definite chemical groupings.

Benzenearsonate ion was found to combine somewhat with antiserum homologous to the benzoate ion although such combination was not realized from hapten inhibition measurements. This indicates a possible use of the protection phenomenon to measure the combining powers of very weakly combining haptens.
A Mathematical Theory of Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Alberty Robert A. , Baldwin Robert L.
Published: January 2023

It has been shown that S-shaped plots of percent lysis versus complement concentration may be produced by probability effects alone in the case of a suspension of identical cells. It is assumed that lysis results when a certain critical number of substrate regions on the surface of the red cell have reacted with antibody and complement. In the case of identical cells with more than about 50 substrate regions the critical number of reactions required for lysis is about 10 since the slope of the von Krogh plot is 0.20 ± 0.02. The shape of the lysis plot is not very sensitive to heterogeneity if the number of reactions involved is this small. Equations are presented for treating heterogeneous mixtures of cells and plots of per cent lysis of partially lysed cells.
Statistical Methods in Immunology
Authors: Batson H. C.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The techniques employed in relation to statistical aspects of the experimental material presented in this report no doubt are unfamiliar to many immunologists. Actually, they are relatively simple but extremely useful tools provided by the statisticians. No doubt the statisticians will provide many more,—that is their proper mission. Judicious application of these techniques requires specialized knowledge of the field of inquiry and is the responsibility of the investigator. Statisticians rightfully can be expected to assist in testing hypotheses; in obtaining reliable answers to questions of concern to immunologists. They cannot be expected to frame those questions. Yet, the very framing of a question so that ultimate statistical treatment is applicable demands a certain understanding and appreciation of statistical methodology.

If the foregoing is granted, it appears self-evident that immunologists must learn to think and talk, at least in part, in terms of degrees of freedom, orthogonal comparisons and sigma squared. Perhaps when that time comes we will find that statisticians will lapse into the vernacular and think and talk, at least in part, in terms of “bugs”, mice and milligrams of antibody nitrogen.
Serological Group II of the Proteolytic Clostridia
Authors: Mandia James W.
Published: January 2023

A study was made of the heat-labile antigens of 26 cultures representing toxic and nontoxic strains of Clostridium parabotulinum, nontoxic organisms related to C. parabotulinum and strains designated as C. sporogenes. All cultures formed a serological group which is referred to as serological group II of the proteolytic clostridia.

Antigenic formulas were assigned to members of the group.
Factors Influencing the Agglutination Titration in Human Brucellosis
Authors: Feinberg Richard J. , Wright George G.
Published: January 2023

Antigens prepared from 22 genetically different smooth strains of Brucella were compared and gave similar agglutination titers with serums from established brucellosis and cross-reacting serums from cases of tularemia and from persons immunized against cholera. The temperature of incubation of the titrations and the method used for killing the antigen suspensions influenced the titers, especially in titrations of cross-reacting serums. Titers of cross-reacting serums with phenol-killed antigen suspension were much lower when titrations were incubated at 56 C than when they were incubated at 45 C or below; titers of brucellosis serums were essentially independent of incubation temperatures from 24 C to 60 C. The lower titers of cross-reacting serums at 56 C appeared to be due to a reversible inhibition of the non-specific agglutination. Titers with formalin-killed antigen suspension were influenced much less by incubation temperature; these antigens, however, favored the appearance of prozones, particularly with serums from recovered rather than from active brucellosis.

The authors are indebted to Dr. Werner Braun for helpful discussion and comment during the course of the work, and for providing the Brucella strains.
Experimental Streptococcal Pneumonia
Authors: Weinstein Louis , Colburn Charles G. , Seltser Raymond , Mallory G. Kenneth , Waring Geo. W.
Published: January 2023

Reports of the successful production of pneumonia in animals using beta-hemolytic streptococci of human origin are few. In those which have been published and which are reviewed below, studies of the cellular changes which take place in the very early periods following initiation of infection have not been carried out and only the pathologic features present 24 hours or longer after inoculation have been described. Although indirect evidence indicating the importance of the histiocyte in the defense against invasion by Streptococcus pyogenes has been obtained by Gay and his associates, direct proof that this cell is of prime importance in the cellular reaction in fatal or non-fatal streptococcal pneumonia and that the polymorphonuclear leucocyte plays a very minor role is still lacking.
Experimental Streptococcal Pneumonia
Authors: Weinstein Louis , Colburn Charles G. , Seltser Raymond , Mallory G. Kenneth
Published: January 2023

In the preceding paper in this series, evidence was presented indicating that the treatment of experimentally-produced streptococcal pneumonia with penicillin exerted little or no alterative effect on the natural history of the pattern of cellular reaction in the lung. In spite of the administration of antibiotic immediately after the inoculation of Streptococcus pyogenes into the bronchial tree and the continuation of intensive therapy in mild or severe infections, with rapid elimination of organisms from the lungs, the development of anatomic changes was not at all different qualitatively from that observed in untreated animals. Minor differences of a quantitative nature were present but these were not striking.

The failure of penicillin therapy to alter appreciably the characteristic features of the cellular response in streptococcal pneumonitis was unexpected since the speed with which the organisms were killed in many instances should have halted abruptly the development of anatomic changes.
The Effect of the Calcium Hydroxide-Calcium Aluminate Antibody Purification Procedure on the Physical Properties of Rabbit Gamma Globulin
Authors: Sternberger L. A. , Petermann M. L.
Published: January 2023

The calcium hydroxide-calcium aluminate treatment used for the purification of antiprotein antibody has been applied to rabbit gamma globulin, and its effect on molecular structure followed by electrophoretic, sedimentation and viscosity measurements. No appreciable alteration occurred when the treatment was carried out at pH 11.4; at pH 12.6 some unfolding of the molecule occurred.
Immunity Following Oral Administration of Poliomyelitis Virus to Monkeys
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Ledinko Nada
Published: January 2023

A study has been carried out on the development of antibodies and of immunity in cynomolgus monkeys following the ingestion of poliomyelitis virus (Y-SK strain). Thirty-one per cent of the animals developed paralysis after the feeding, and these animals were found to have developed antibodies by the first day of disease. In contrast no antibodies were detected on the first day of paralysis in 20 monkeys receiving virus by the intranasal route.

Further investigation was made of the immune status of animals which failed to develop disease following virus ingestion: 63 % (29 of 46) developed antibodies and of those challenged by the intranasal or intracerebral routes 18% (4 of 22 were susceptible). 37% (17 of 46) failed to produce antibodies and of those challenged, 73% (8 of 11) proved susceptible. 96% (30 of 32) of the control groups developed paralytic poliomyelitis.

There was a correlation between the level of antibodies in serum and the resistance to the challenge dose of virus.
Relationships Among Complement-Fixing Values, Infectious Endpoints, and Death Curves in Experimental Coxiella Burnetii Infection
Authors: Ormsbee Richard A. , Lackman David B. , Pickens Edgar G.
Published: January 2023

Under certain conditions, the time necessary for 50% of the chick embryos infected with Coxiella burnetii to die varies inversely and in a regular manner with the log of the complement-fixing value of the inoculum. The number of infectious doses of C. burnetii in a suspension, as titrated in chick embryos and confirmed in guinea pigs, varies directly with the complement-fixing value of the inoculum. Under certain conditions a predictable relationship exists with C. burnetii between complement-fixing power, number of infectious doses, and the 50% death point in chick embryos.
Precipitin Reactions with Soluble Antigens from Suspensions of Pasteurella Pestis or from Tissues of Animals Dead of Plague
Authors: Larson Carl L. , Philip Cornelius B. , Wicht W. C. , Hughes L. E.
Published: January 2023

The presence of water-soluble, heat-labile antigens in suspensions of Pasteurella pestis and in tissues of animals dead of plague has been confirmed. Antiserums from rabbits immunized against P. pestis or its products reacted in the precipitin test with soluble antigens from P. pseudotuberculosis and P. multocida. Absorption of these antiserums with heterologous antigens eliminates cross reactions. Specific reactions between soluble antigens from P. pestis and absorbed antiplague serums were obtained. Cross reactions occurring between antigens extracted from Bacterium tularense antiplague serums were noted. Precipitin tests performed with antigens obtained from tissues of animals dead of plague demonstrated the presence of soluble antigens in sufficient quantity to be of diagnostic value in tissues stored at 37 C for periods of at least 14 weeks.
The Hybridization of Coliphage T5 and Salmonella Phage PB
Authors: Adams Mark H.
Published: January 2023

It had long been supposed that new strains of viruses could be obtained only by the selection of spontaneously occurring variants. However a phenomenon discovered by Delbruck and Bailey (1) in 1946 furnished a powerful method of obtaining novel virus strains. When single bacterial cells are mixedly infected with two of the serologically related strains of phage, T2, T4 and T6, the virus progeny includes new hybrid types differing from both parental types. The new genotypes resulting from a recombination of parental characters persist through repeated subcultures. Genetic recombination in bacteriophages has been studied in mutants of T2 by Hershey and Rotman (2), in mutants of T1 by Hershey (3), and in hybrids of T2, T4 and T6 by Luria (4). What is undoubtedly the same phenomenon has been described by Burnet and Lind (5) with an animal virus.
Interference Between Mumps Virus and Pneumonia Virus of Mice (PVM). Fate of Mumps Virus in the Mouse Lung
Authors: Ginsberg Harold S. , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: January 2023

Multiplication of pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) is markedly restricted if preceded by the intranasal inoculation of mumps virus in the mouse. Multiplication of influenza A virus (PR8) in the mouse lung is unaffected by prior inoculation with mumps virus. Mumps virus disappears from the mouse lung at a rapid rate but reappears in low titer after 6 days and remains demonstrable until the 10th day. Relatively large amounts of mumps virus are needed to cause interference with the multiplication of PVM but the agent is effective for an interval of at least 4 days and against large inocula of PVM. These findings are discussed in relation to hypotheses of the mechanism of interference between viruses and of interruption of multiplication of PVM and mumps virus by capsular polysaccharides of Friedländer bacilli.
The in Vivo Stability of the I131 Protein Label of Rabbit Antibody in Guinea Pigs as Determined by the Quantitative Precipitin Reaction
Authors: Melcher L. R. , Masouredis S. P. , Reed Roswell , Miller Patricia
Published: January 2023

The fate and rate of degradation of I131 labelled rabbit antibody (antihuman albumin) was studied in the guinea pig. The labelled rabbit antibody recovered from guinea pig sera by specific precipitation was found to retain the same I131 activity per microgram of antibody nitrogen as was found in the iodinated antibody before injection into the guinea pigs. These findings indicate that the I131 label of trace-iodinated rabbit antibody did not have a metabolic fate independent of the protein molecule in the guinea pig serum. The appearance between the fifth and seventh day of circulating guinea pig antibody against the administered rabbit globulin was detected by a change in the I131/AbN ratio of the antibody recovered from the guinea pig sera at this time. The rate of disappearance of the labelled heterologous protein (rabbit antibody) from the circulation of the guinea pig was found to be an exponential function with a half-life of 107 to 113 hours. This was corroborated by the rate of disappearance of total radioactivity in the serum as well as by the rate of excretion of radioactivity. The results of the comparative precipitin reactions indicate that the I131 label and the labelled antibody are stable when heated at 56 C for 50 minutes to inactivate complement.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Makinodan Takashi , Wolfe Harold R. , Goodman Morris , Ruth Royal
Published: January 2023

The chicken was shown to be an excellent subject for studies of active anaphylaxis. Anaphylactic shock was best obtained by reinjection on the 6th, 7th, or 8th day following sensitization, and was best avoided by reinjection before the 4th day or after the 15th day. The optimal amounts of sensitizing antigen were 40 to 120 mg protein in animals of about 1500 g; optimal amounts of challenging antigen were 10 to 40 mg protein. A challenging injection of 5 mg was not satisfactory. The frequency of shock increased as the antibody content per ml increased and as the ratio of the antibody content per ml to the amount of challenging antigen increased. No variations in anaphylactic response clearly due to sex or breed were observed.
The Effect of Total Body X Irradiation on the Susceptibility of Mice to Influenza A Virus Infection
Authors: Beutler Ernest , Gezon Horace M.
Published: January 2023

This study was undertaken to determine whether or not x-ray irradiation will lower the resistance of mice to infection with a respiratory virus. Mice were irradiated with x-ray doses ranging from 200 to 700 r and a probit analysis of mortality rates was carried out. Inoculation of mice with a virus aerosol was found to be more reliable than inoculation by intranasal instillation. The incidence of spontaneous pneumonitis in mice inoculated with an aerosol of sterile medium was sufficiently small to be ignored. Groups of mice were given x-ray doses ranging from 50 to 600 r. Three days later they were inoculated with an aerosol of mouse- or egg-adapted PR8 influenza A virus. When mouse-adapted virus was used there was no difference between morbidity rates of irradiated animals and non-irradiated controls but the extent of lesions was significantly greater in the irradiated mice. When egg-adapted virus was used both the morbidity rate and extent of lesions was greater in the irradiated mice than in non-irradiated controls. Grossly inapparent infection, as judged by development of antibody titres, never developed in mice infected with mouse-adapted virus but did occur when egg-adapted virus was used. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures of the lungs of mice revealed that secondary infection was not an important factor in the increased susceptibility of irradiated mice. Irradiation depressed development of antibodies. There appeared to be no difference between the histopathological course of infection in irradiated and non-irradiated mice. The possibility of using irradiation as a means of increasing susceptibility of animals to viruses to which they are ordinarily immune is discussed.
Complement Fixation Tests with Homologous and Heterologous Types of Coxsackie Virus in Man
Authors: Kraft Lisbeth M. , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

The results of complement fixation tests in human sera using nine antigenically distinct Coxsackie, or C, viruses are presented. In five proven cases of C virus infection among laboratory personnel, homologous complement fixing (c.f.) antibodies were produced as a result of infection. At the same time, however, a variable number of heterologous c.f. antibodies also showed significant rises in titer together with the homologous type. In 42 patients with paralytic and nonparalytic poliomyelitis in Easton, Pennsylvania, in 1949, and in 32 such individuals in Cincinnati and Akron, Ohio, in 1947, it was found that the C virus antibody patterns could not be related to: Paralytic or nonparalytic type of illness. Success or failure to isolate Coxsackie viruses. Success or failure to isolate poliomyelitis virus. The relationship between complement fixing and neutralizing antibodies in man is not clear from this study. It is true that when a particular C virus is isolated from a patient, he shows immunologic evidence of the specific infection by both the c.f. and neutralization tests, even though heterologous c.f. antibodies may also appear. But when infection cannot be proved by virus isolation, then there appears to be no consistent correlation between the presence or absence of the two kinds of antibodies. Possible mechanisms of the rises in heterologous complement fixing antibodies are discussed.
The Response to the Intracutaneous Inoculation of BCG as an Index of Native Resistance to Tuberculosis
Authors: Lurie Max B. , Zappasodi Peter , Cardona-Lynch Eugenia , Dannenberg Arthur M.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The response of rabbits to the intracutaneous inoculation of BCG may serve as an index of native resistance and is useful as a method of selecting breeders of the desired resistance or susceptibility to tuberculosis. There is as yet no clear evidence that the response of human beings to the intracutaneous inoculation of BCG can serve as an index of their native resistance. The nodule at the site of intracutaneous injection in resistant rabbits grows rapidly, reaches its peak quickly, tends to ulcerate and heals soon. In the susceptible rabbit, this nodule grows slowly, reaches its peak tardily, does not usually ulcerate and heals much later. The BCG multiplies in the skin of the resistant rabbit for a shorter time and is subsequently more rapidly destroyed than in the susceptible rabbit. The associated histological host responses are accelerated in the resistant animal. Consequently, the development of allergic sensitivity to tuberculin and antibodies are enhanced in the resistant animal. As a result of the increased rate of development of allergic sensitivity in the resistant animal, its BCG nodule is at first larger than in the susceptible rabbit. Variations in native resistance are essentially variations in the rate of development of an increased capacity by the phagocytes to destroy tubercle bacilli. The degree of heightened resistance conferred by a given BCG inoculation is superimposed on, and determined by, the innate resistance of the individual vaccinated, so that the resistance to the genesis of primary pulmonary tubercles in the natively resistant rabbit may be increased several fold while that of the highly susceptible rabbit is hardly affected.
Studies on Certain Viruses Isolated in the Tropics of Africa and South America. Immunological Reactions As Determined by Cross Complement-Fixation Tests
Authors: Kerr J. Austin
Published: January 2023

Noninfectious, lipid-extracted, complement-fixing antigens, which were satisfactory for use with specific antisera prepared in guinea pigs and mice, have been made from the brains of mice infected with 27 different viruses or strains of virus. Lipids were extracted either by means of the acetone-ether extraction technique of Casals, or, in the case of 5 viruses, with benzene. There were no failures to secure an antigen when an attempt was made to do so. The sera used in this study were all obtained from guinea pigs and mice, no attempt having been made to examine human sera for the presence of complement-fixing antibody to any of the viruses under investigation.

The following viruses gave no cross reactions and are considered to be distinct entities: Bwamba, Bunyamwera, Zika, Wyeomyia, Anopheles A and Anopheles B.

Kumba virus is considered to be merely a strain of Semliki virus. Neither of these 2 viruses gave any other cross reactions.

West Nile virus in our hands gave no cross reactions, but we have no reason to doubt the validity of cross reactions previously observed by others.

Mengo virus gave no cross reactions with any of the other viruses studied, except for a one-way cross with several strains of the GDVII type of mouse encephalomyelitis—that is, by use of Mengo antiserum and GDVII type antigens.

Uganda S and yellow fever gave irregular, one-way cross reactions, as did Ntaya and Ilhéus.

Four viruses, namely Haemagogus A, Haemagogus B, Leucocelaenus and Sabethes, are shown to be strains of the GDVII type of mouse encephalomyelitis.
Principles Governing the Practical Application of Complement-Fixation Tests
Authors: De Almeida Jose O. , Silverstein Arthur M. , Maltaner Frank
Published: January 2023

Data on experiments with syphilitic serum and cardiolipin antigen are presented supporting a treatment of complement fixation based on the mass law under the assumption that the interaction between complement and immune complex is chemical in nature. Data are given showing good agreement with equations derived from the proposed assumptions. It is pointed out (19, 21) that such a model should serve as only an approximation on the road to a more adequate definition of this complex phenomenon.

The fixation of complement is a direct linear function of the amount of immune complex when the amount of antigen is adjusted to yield maximum fixation and an amount of complement is used just sufficient to leave a constant quantity of complement free in each test.

The correlation between the experimental data and the theoretical relationships presented lends support to the use of the linear relationship between complement and serum employed in the technic of Wadsworth, Maltaner and Maltaner for the determination of antibody titer.

The use of an endpoint based on the adjustment to leave approximately one unit of complement free in solution has been shown to have the advantage of allowing a simple estimation of complement free in solution.

The authors wish to express their appreciation to Dr. W. R. Thompson for valuable discussions and useful suggestions.
Studies on Hemagglutination by Columbia-SK Virus
Authors: Horvath Beni , Jungeblut Claus W.
Published: January 2023

An improved method for studying hemagglutination by Col-SK virus is described. A stoichiometric relationship is shown to exist between the amount of red cells and of hemagglutinin reacting at the endpoint. Human, rat and guinea pig erythrocytes agglutinate specifically with Col-SK virus in K-veronal buffer at 0 C. At 0 C 100% of the initial virus amount is adsorbed, at 20 C 88%, at 35 C 50%—at infinite time. There is no spontaneous elution. However, approximately 17% of the virus adsorbed at 0 C will elute at 35 C in veronal buffer. Hypertonic salt concentrations inhibit hemagglutination. Hemagglutination was inhibited by a comparatively slight increase in the Na concentration whereas a much more drastic increase in the K concentration is needed to produce the same effect. Both CaCl2 and MgCl2 inhibit hemagglutination above 0.01 M concentration. Adsorption proceeds at the same rate in CaCl2 as in NaCl. Evidence of identity of infectious agent and hemagglutinin includes data on: a) the amount of hemagglutinin and the infectivity titer of nervous tissue from different animal species, b) a definite correlation between hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization titer of specific immune sera, c) the similarity of physical and chemical properties of infectious and hemagglutinating principles.
The Hemagglutination Test for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Heller George , Jacobson Abraham S. , Kolodny Maxwell H. , Schuman Roslyn L.
Published: January 2023

The agglutinin titer of a mixture of sheep erythrocytes and the homologous agglutinin is significantly potentiated by the addition of certain animal sera including human. The magnitude of potentiation varies with different sera within species and is a function of dilution. The majority of the sera from patients with active peripheral rheumatoid arthritis potentiate the agglutinin titers to a higher degree than do the majority of sera from individuals with no evidence of this disease. The sera (85%) from patients with active peripheral rheumatoid arthritis are further and more specifically distinguished from the sera of other individuals. Combination of the sera of such rheumatoid patients with certain animal sera diluents, notably sheep, produce agglutinin titers significantly greater than those produced by the components of the mixture when tested alone in the same concentrations. The sera of a few individuals with other diseases (1.6%) also exhibit the phenomenon of potentiation in combination with sheep serum diluent. Procedures are described, based on potentiation of serum titers, which were found to have a high degree of sensitivity and specificity with sera from cases of active peripheral rheumatoid arthritis.
The Effect of Ultra-Violet Irradiation on the Reactivity of Antibody
Authors: Hanan Robert
Published: January 2023

Irradiation of antibody causes marked changes in the precipitin curve, at first causing a progressive increase in the antibody/antigen ratio of the specific precipitates and later rendering the antibody non-precipitable though it remains co-precipitable with unirradiated antibody. During these changes there is no decrease in the amount of antibody recoverable from irradiated solution. The sensitivity of irradiated antibody to antigen excess is greater than that of normal antibody, so much so that there may be less precipitate from a mixture of normal antibody, irradiated antibody and excess antigen, than from the same amount of normal antibody and antigen alone.

Irradiation of antigen affects the precipitin curve in a manner opposite in most respects to that occurring when antibody is irradiated.

It is shown that the ability of the irradiated antibody to produce passive anaphylaxis is considerably reduced while the precipitin reaction is as yet relatively little affected.

Changes in the ultraviolet absorption spectra of irradiated globulin solutions and the immune precipitates thereform have been observed and are discussed in relation to the changes in antibody and antigen reactivity.

The meaning of these findings in relation to the mechanism of the precipitin reaction is discussed.
Neutralizing Antibodies Against Certain Recently Isolated Viruses in the Sera of Human Beings Residing in East Africa
Authors: Smithburn K. C.
Published: January 2023

Mouse protection tests with 8 viruses isolated recently in Uganda were done on the sera of 297 indigenous residents of Uganda and Tanganyika. One hundred thirty-eight sera failed to neutralize any of the viruses; 91 neutralized one or other of the 8 but no more than 1; 68 sera neutralized more than 1 of the 8 agents.

Only 1% of the sera neutralized Mengo virus, and it is believed that this agent is probably not very important medically in the localities sampled. Neutralizing antibody against all the other viruses was present in sera from various localities and areas remote from the point where each was encountered. The approximate order of prevalence of infection in human beings with these agents in the areas covered is as follows: Bwamba fever, Ntaya, Zika, Uganda S, West Nile, Bunyamwera and Semliki Forest. The incidence of humoral immunity to the first four named agents among these 297 donors is sufficient to indicate that they attack man quite frequently.

Analysis of data pertaining to sera which neutralized more than one virus indicates that infection with Bwamba fever virus occurs without relation to infection with any of the others, but that infection with Ntaya, Zika, Uganda S or West Nile virus is, for one reason or another, likely to be associated with infection by one of more others of this group. It is possible that similar correlations may exist for Bunyamwera and Semliki Forest viruses, but the number of sera protective against these agents was too small to establish this with certainty.
Immunochemical Studies on the Specific Polysaccharide of Type II Pneumococcus
Authors: Beiser Sam B. , Kabat Elvin A. , Schor Joseph M.
Published: January 2023

Preparations of type II pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides have been studied with respect to their reactivity with homologous type II antiserum and their cross reaction with rabbit anti-Friedlander B. From their capacities to precipitate antibody, from methylpentose analyses on specific precipitates formed with excess antibody, and from supernatant tests, it was concluded that certain of these preparations had undergone degradation. A sample of SII was obtained which showed no evidence of degradation by any of the immunochemical criteria employed. The findings are discussed in relation to the value of immunochemical methods in defining criteria of purity of high molecular weight substances.
Anti-A Haemagglutinins in Seeds
Authors: Bird G. W. G.
Published: January 2023

Haemagglutinating substances specific for human red cells of group A have been extracted from certain beans (1–3). So far there has been no satisfactory explanation for this phenomenon.

The Forssman antigen is a serological concept embracing substances which when injected into rabbits produce haemolysins, but little or no agglutinins, for sheep's cells. Forssman antigens are present in the red cells of sheep, chickens and man (group A). They are absent from red cells but present in the tissues of many species, e.g., the guinea pig. Their distribution in nature has been tabulated by Boyd (4). They are not present in beans. It would be of considerable interest if beans were found to contain Forssman antibodies.

A fresh extract of the seeds of Dolichos biflorus was prepared by the method used by Boyd and Reguera (2) for small quantities of seeds. Fresh 2% suspensions of the well-washed red cells of various species were put up against this extract.
The Influence of Cortisone on the Passive Transfer of Tuberculin Hypersensitivity in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Cummings Martin M. , Hudgins Paul C.
Published: January 2023

The administration of cortisone to guinea pigs sensitized with Freund's adjuvant did not appear to influence the passive transfer of cellular tuberculin hypersensitivity. Cortisone administration to recipient guinea pigs which received the sensitized donor cells suppressed the tuberculin reaction.
Experimental Studies on Trichomoniasis
Authors: Kelly D. Richards , Schnitzer R. J.
Published: January 2023

Marked immunity towards an intramuscular reinfection with Trichomonas vaginalis was observed in mice previously infected with live trichomonad culture in the leg of the opposite side. Immunizing infections with a dose of 125,000 parasites are necessary to produce immunity within a 2 weeks' period. After an immunizing dose of 500,000 parasites per mouse immunity towards reinfection was observed after one week. The immunity lasted 10 weeks and showed only a slight decrease after 15 weeks. The presence of a well developed trichomonad abscess seemed essential for the immunity, the mechanism of which warrants further investigation.
Properties of Scarlet Fever Toxin of the NY5 Strain
Authors: Stock Aaron H. , Verney Ethel
Published: January 2023

Re-evaluation of the properties of scarlet fever toxin of the NY5 strain was made. The toxin was heat stable or heat labile depending on the method of preparation. The toxin was flocculated by most antitoxins. Its potency was found to be greater than predicted from the quantitative toxin-antitoxin floculation reaction.
Experiments with Teschen Disease (Virus Encephalomyelitis of Swine)
Authors: Horstmann Dorothy M. , Wydra Johanna , Kluge Brigitte
Published: January 2023

Experiments with Teschen disease have shown that the causative agent is a neurotropic virus of small size (no larger than 10–15 mμ), with a limited and unique host range. Although efforts to adapt it to a host other than the pig were unsuccessful, the virus apparently survived in tissue culture for 17 days, and there was a suggestion that it might have multiplied. The disease produced in pigs on intracerebral, intranasal, or oral inoculation was a severe encephalomyelitis with a characteristic clinical and pathological picture easily distinguishable from poliomyelitis, to which it has often been likened.

Animals which had been fed infected CNS were studied for the presence of viremia and for fecal excretion of virus. Viremia was found to occur early in the incubation period, as long as 10 and 12 days before the appearance of paralysis. The results were negative late in the incubation period and after onset of the disease. Virus was not demonstrated in the feces of orally infected animals. Attempts to develop a complement fixation test were unsuccessful and the intracerebral neutralization test in pigs proved unsatisfactory for demonstrating antibodies.

No antigenic relationship was demonstrated to the following neurotropic viruses with which the virus of Teschen disease was compared: Lansing and Y-SK strains of poliomyelitis, Theiler's TO, FA, and GD VII strains of mouse encephalomyelitis; St. Louis, eastern equine, western equine, and Japanese B encephalitis; louping ill; and Russian spring-summer encephalomyelitis. The attempt will not be made to establish the position of Teschen disease virus taxonomically among the so-called family of poliomyelitis viruses, in view of the evidence pointing to its exclusion from this family.
Immunochemical Studies on Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Malkiel Saul
Published: January 2023

Increasing amounts of tobacco-mosaic-virus antigen added to a constant volume of immune equine serum produces increasing amounts of precipitate which reach a maximum in the region of antigen excess. Maximal antibody precipitation occurs in the antibody-excess zone. The relationship is similar to that usually associated with rabbit antisera. The greater portion of the equine antibody is found to be concentrated in the water-soluble fraction of globulin.
Studies on the Cultivation of Poliomyelitis Viruses in Tissue Culture
Authors: Robbins Frederick C. , Weller Thomas H. , Enders John F.
Published: January 2023

Evidence has been presented that the three prototype strains of poliomyelitis virus (Brunhilde, Lansing and Leon) can be propagated without difficulty in roller cultures of a variety of human tissues. They include embryonic skin-muscle and fascia, mature uterus and kidney. These three types of tissue have in our hands proved most useful, although multiplication of the Lansing strain occurs readily in cultures of mature human testis and prepuce. The Leon and Lansing viruses have likewise been cultivated in roller-tube cultures of kidney tissue from rhesus monkeys and the Lansing strain, in confirmation of the results of other investigators, in cultures of the testicular tissue of this species.

The quantities of virus entering the fluid phase of the cultures approaches those encountered in the tissues of susceptible animals infected with these agents. In cultures composed of tissues from certain other mammalian species, embryonic and mature, no indication of viral multiplication has been observed.

The procedures employed for the propagation of these agents in human tissues have been described in detail and the effect of certain modifications in technique on the growth of the virus has been determined. The advantages and disadvantages of the roller culture as compared with the suspended cell culture for the propagation of poliomyelitis viruses have been discussed and it is concluded that for most purposes the former is to be preferred.
The Action of Various Metallic Salts on Hemolysis
Authors: Purdy Helen A. , Walbum L. E.
Published: January 2023

What has been examined in this study is the significance of the presence of small quantities of metallic salts on the hemolytic action of saponin on horses' blood-corpuscles, of staphylolysin on goats' blood-corpuscles, and of complement-amboceptor on sheep blood-corpuscles. By determining the minimal dose of the individual salts (in molecular solution) at which their action is demonstrable, it is possible to obtain a comparison between the action of the different salts. While some salts exert an inciting action on hemolysis, others exert an inhibitive one (positive and negative catalysis?); some show an inciting effect at one concentration and an inhibiting one at another (table 5).

On examining blood-corpuscles to which is bound as large a quantity of a metallic salt as can be bound thereto without acting perceptibly destructively, the stability of such blood-corpuscles towards the action of hemolytic substances will be found to vary greatly, to which fact the considerable experimental inconstancy in the experiments described should probably be assigned.

The anion in the salts seems to be without significance as regards their action in either favoring or inhibiting hemolysis.
An Allergic Reaction of the Tuberculous Uterine Horn
Authors: Smith G. H.
Published: January 2023

The reactivity of the uterus of the sensitized guinea-pig in the anaphylactic experiment has received much study and has contributed greatly to the understanding of the mechanism of specific allergic phenomena. The experiments recorded here are simply an application of the principle of specific reactivity between antigen and its homologous antibody, employing the sensitive uterus as an indicator.

Immediately after the publication by Weil (1) in 1917 of his results upon the reaction of the tuberculous guinea-pig uterus to Old Tuberculin, experiments were started with the idea of using this method to detect tubercle protein or specific products of tubercular metabolism in the urine of cases of tuberculosis. Such experiments were based in part upon the results of Blake (2) in reporting specific precipitinogen in the urine in pneumonia, and in part upon the intimate relationship which had been shown to exist between precipitin and anaphylactic antibody by Weil and others.
The Relationship of Lipoids and Proteins to Serum Reactions in Tuberculosis
Authors: Hodge W. Ray , Maclennan M. F.
Published: January 2023

While working with sera of tuberculous patients it became necessary to note the effect of (a) the removal of lipoids and (b) the precipitation of globulins on certain serum reactions. The results obtained seemed sufficiently clear cut for publication in the present paper.

Part A. Lipoids in Tuberculo Serum Reactions The relationship of lipoids to immunity reactions has been a subject of great interest in recent years. Krumwiede and NOble (1) have recently been unable to confirm the claim made by Stuber that agglutinins are lipoidal in nature. Levaditi and Yamanouchi (2) have claimed that the substances in syphilitic sera responsible for the Wassermann reaction, can be extracted with alcohol. Noguchi (3) was unable to confirm this observation; he concluded that the reacting substance in syphilitic serum was non-lipoidal in character. Kolmer and Pearce (4) found that ether and chloroform narcosis tended to diminish the concentration of non-specific fixation bodies in normal, inactivated dog and rabbit serum.
A Serological Study of the Gonococcus Group
Authors: Torrey John C. , Buckell George T.
Published: January 2023

An analysis by agglutinin absorption methods of the serological relationships of seventy-seven gonococcus strains, isolated from cases of acute and chronic gonorrhea and its complications, indicated that they may not be distributed among a number of clear-cut immunological types. These gonococcus strains were representative of those occurring in widely separated geographical localities. Although this investigation has not demonstrated the existence of distinct immunological types to each of which a considerable number of gonococcus strains might be referred, it was found feasible to classify our strains under the three general headings of (a) regular, (b) intermediate and (c) irregular strains. Evidence is submitted which indicates the existence of a marked tendency to antigenic lability on the part of the gonococcus. We believe that instability of antigenic constitution is a general characteristic of the gonococcus group and that the strains exhibiting this tendency may not logically be segregated in one particular type, as has been suggested by Hermanies. Among our regular strains, we have found certain ones which are highly generalized from the antigenic standpoint, and which appear to be representative of a large part of the gonococcus group. Cross absorption experiments have indicated clearly that no definite serological distinction may be drawn between strains isolated from vulvovaginitis cases in children and those from gonorrheal infections in adults. A few representative strains with generalized relationships and good antigenic properties have been designated as suitable for use in a stock vaccine, and also for the preparation of a polyvalent antiserum. A marked degree of correspondence was noted between strain affinities as revealed by agglutinin absorption and complement fixation tests. Two strains of gonococcus have been selected, each of which covers a large part of the group, and which may be used to advantage in preparing an antigen for complement fixation diagnostic tests. It is also suggested that a second antigen, prepared from a number of selected irregular strains, be employed in conjunction with the one prepared from the two generalized strains. By the use of the simple sterilizable media, which have been described, these strains may be carried in laboratories with limited bactrieological facilities and the antigens prepared quickly, whenever required.
Prophylactic Treatment for Rabies by Means of Standardized Glycerinated Virus
Authors: Phillips James McIlvaine
Published: January 2023

In a previous article (1) we compared the various antirabic methods, discussed their gradual evolution from the crude procedure employed by Pasteur to a much more accurate and, judging from our experience, more efficient technic—that is, the use of a “standardized” virus in such a form that it can be preserved with practically unchanged virulence, for a long period of time.

The Harris (2) method of desiccating and preserving fixed virus is almost ideal from the standpoint of therapeutic efficiency, but it is cumbersome and complicated by many manipulations which afford opportunities for accidental contamination of the virus during its preparation. The number of living infectious units in the finished product is also greatly affected by any variation in the rapidity of drying; as a result, after standardization and sterility tests have been made, much of the material prepared with so great effort, must be discarded.