bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stiff-PDEs and Physics-Informed Neural Networks
Authors: Sharma Prakhar , Evans Llion , Tindall Michelle , Nithiarasu Perumal
Published: February 2023

In recent years, physics-informed neural networks (PINN) have been used to solve stiff-PDEs mostly in the 1D and 2D spatial domain. PINNs still experience issues solving 3D problems, especially, problems with conflicting boundary conditions at adjacent edges and corners. These problems have discontinuous solutions at edges and corners that are difficult to learn for neural networks with a continuous activation function. In this review paper, we have investigated various PINN frameworks that are designed to solve stiff-PDEs. We took two heat conduction problems (2D and 3D) with a discontinuous solution at corners as test cases. We investigated these problems with a number of PINN frameworks, discussed and analysed the results against the FEM solution. It appears that PINNs provide a more general platform for parameterisation compared to conventional solvers. Thus, we have investigated the 2D heat conduction problem with parametric conductivity and geometry separately. We also discuss the challenges associated with PINNs and identify areas for further investigation.
Abbreviated lipid guidelines for clinical practice
Authors: Maher Vincent , Gallagher Joe , Agar Ruth , Griffin Damian , Colwell Niall , O’Connor Patricia , McAdam Brendan , Tomkin Gerald , Owens Daphne , Ryan Mary , Tormey William , Durkan Maeve
Published: February 2023

Background

Lipid disorders are now considered causal for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) which remains one of the most important contributors to morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Identification and early treatment of lipid disarrays remains the cornerstone of good clinical practice to prevent, halt and even reverse ASCVD. Guidelines for lipid management are imperative to help promote good clinical practice. Given the detail involved in comprehensive guidelines and the multiple areas of knowledge required by clinical practitioners, abbreviated, easy to understand, practical versions of guidelines are required to ensure dissemination of the most important information. The recent ESC lipid guidelines 2019 and the ESC guidelines on CVD prevention in clinical practice 2021 (1,2), provide an excellent detailed summary of all the latest evidence supporting lipid interventions that reduce ASCVD.

Method

We therefore developed a single-page document with hyperlinks to help practitioners gain easy access to practical information on lipid management. It has been developed for future electronic use in clinical practice.

Conclusion

It is presented here in a tabular format together with printable versions of the associated hyperlinks that provide the additional information required in decision making. It is hoped to audit the impact of this approach to help guide future ways of disseminating the latest clinical guideline updates.
Arsenic and Boron in Felsic Rocks: A Review
Authors: Mueller Barbara
Published: February 2023

Despite the fact that arsenic contamination of groundwater used as drinking water in various countries in South East Asia leads to adverse health effects there is so far hardly any evidence found where this highly poisonous element originally is derived from. So far, basic or ultrabasic rocks found in the Himalayas have been outlined as a possible source of As. However, an other possible source found ubiquitously in the Himalayas have been completely underestimated as a source of As: Felsic and peraluminous rocks often being formed during uplift. Hence As analyzed in ground-water (with the focus on the Terai of Nepal) is mostly conjoined with boron, it appears obvious to look for a common source. Owing to this observation that this two trace elements (among others) reflect the origin of the As and B in the high Himalayas, it seems clearly warranted to review the origin of both elements regarding their origin in felsic rocks.
Avalanche Hazards Around Kedarnath Temple, Mandakini River Valley, Uttarakhand – A Case Study
Authors: Sain Kalachand , Mehta Manish , Kumar Vinit
Published: February 2023

The Shri Kedarnath town is located in the western extremity of the Central Himalaya (30°44'6.7" N; 79°04'1"E) in the Mandakini River valley. This has a total catchment area of ~67 km2 (up to Rambara), out of which 23% area is covered by glaciers. In September 2022, avalanches were observed repeatedly in the mountains to the north of Kedarnath town. Based on aerial survey and ground observations of the area around Kedarnath, we found that the avalanches initiated ~6 km (Aerial distance) uphill of the Kedarnath Temple from the peaks of the Mahalaya Parvat (5970 m asl) of the Companion Glacier adjacent to the Chorabari Glacier. The Companion Glacier does not have a well-defined accumulation zone but receives accumulation mostly from the avalanches. The run-out and deposition zones of the avalanches are located ~5 km uphill of the Kedarnath Temple. The avalanche activity thus poses no threat to the Kedarnath Temple and township. In addition, fifteen avalanche sites (A1-A15) have been identified based on slope morphology, grass clearing, the presence of snow drifts, and debris cones in the area. We observed that the Temple of Shri Kedarnath Complex is located at a reasonably safe place as far as avalanche hazards are concerned.
Evolution and Evaluation of Coal-bed Methane in Cambay Basin, Western India: Insights from Stable Isotopic and Molecular Composition
Authors: Ojha Sanjay , Punjrath Naresh K. , Chakraborty Amitava , Singh Prakash K.
Published: February 2023

Owing to a rapid rate of depletion of conventional energy resources and to keep pace with the ever increasing energy demand, scientists all over the world are looking for some alternate source. Coal bed methane (CBM) is one of them. With the discovery of coalbed gas from an oil and gas producing basin- the San Juan basin in Colorado and New Mexico by AMOCO in early 1980’s, the attention of world-wide hydrocarbon industry shifted to evaluation of CBM potential of Tertiary basins. The Tertiary Cambay basin in Gujarat is a known onland hydrocarbon province of India and has been producing oil since 1958. During drilling for petroleum, thick Eocene coal seams are encountered at varied depths in Mehsana area and further north. In 2004, few coalbed methane (CBM) blocks were awarded in northern Cambay basin and contagious Barmer Basin. The present paper entails the results of investigation carried out for CBM in the deep-seated coals of Sanchore and Tharad area in north Cambay basin. The methane content of the desorbed gases varies from 20-68%. The stable carbon isotope study (δ13C) shows that the desorbed gas is dominantly biogenic but the compositional analysis of desorbed gas reveals significant fractions of ethane (C2) and butane (C3) indicating the gases to be of mixed origin. Further, presence of high CO2 content is observed which varies from 20-45% of the total volume of desorbed gas. The estimated mean CBM resource of the study area is ~ 46 billion cubic meters.
Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and Surface Water Quality Assessment in and around Selected Dams of Jharkhand using Water Quality Index (WQI) and Geographic Information System (GIS)
Authors: Pandey Soumya , Kumari Neeta , Al Nawajish Shah
Published: February 2023

Surface water quality deterioration is mainly occurring due to anthropogenic activities at an alarming rate in developing countries. Jharkhand has been undergoing exponential urbanisation and mining, causing immense surface water pollution and water stress. The state is heavily dependent on artificial dams for its daily water supply demands. Therefore, an effort is made to monitor and ascertain the surface water quality and the influence of nearby land use pattern on water quality, in the selected five dams, namely, Hatia dam, Kanke dam, Getalsud dam, Galudih barrage, and Chandil dam are done. These dams are built on the Subarnarekha river basin, located in the Jharkhand state on a seasonal basis and associated land use land cover (LULC) changes, changes in vegetation cover using normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and water body changes using normalised difference water index (NDWI) that have occurred in a 5-year gap i.e. 2016 and 2021. The secondary data for the year 2016 was obtained from the Jharkhand pollution control board report published by the government of Jharkhand, India. For the year 2021, the samples were collected from sampling sites for pre, post and monsoon seasons. The chemical analysis of collected water samples was done in the laboratory for parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total calcium and magnesium, hardness, total dissolved and suspended solids, alkalinity, chlorine etc. and compared with the standard values prescribed by world health organisation (WHO) and Indian standards (IS) 10500:2012. The seasonal water quality status was analysed using the water quality index (WQI) for the pre, post and monsoon seasons of 2016 and 2021. Then, the use of supervised classification method for land use land cover (LULC), normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalised difference water index (NDWI) was opted to understand the relation between the change in water quality and quantity concerning its land use and land cover, by comparison of results from the year 2016 to 2021. LULC were found using the supervised maximum likelihood classification method in ArcGIS and its accuracy was checked using the kappa accuracy method, which was found to be varying from 87 to 95% for all sites. The results showed that the overall water quality varied from good to poor indicating that it can be used for human activities but may need pre-treatment before drinking. NDWI showed a massive increase in severe drought areas for Hatia, Kanke, Chandil and Galudih barrage, whereas moderate drought regions increased for Hatia, Getalsud, and Kanke. NDVI showed dense and moderate vegetation both decreased massively for all the dam sites indicating an alarming situation and the need to adopt better land management practices.
Probiotics and Prebiotics: Any Role in Menopause-Related Diseases?
Authors: Barrea Luigi , Verde Ludovica , Auriemma Renata Simona , Vetrani Claudia , Cataldi Mauro , Frias-Toral Evelyn , Pugliese Gabriella , Camajani Elisabetta , Savastano Silvia , Colao Annamaria , Muscogiuri Giovanna
Published: February 2023

Purpose of Review

The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the menopause-related changes in microbiota and their role in the pathogenesis of menopause-related diseases. In addition, evidence on probiotic supplementation as a therapeutic strategy is discussed.

Recent Findings

The human microbiota is a complex community that lives in a mutualism relationship with the host. Menopause is associated with dysbiosis, and these changes in the composition of microbiota in different sites (gut, vaginal, and oral microbiota) might play a role in the pathogenesis of menopause-related diseases (i.e., osteoporosis, breast cancer, endometrial hyperplasia, periodontitis, and cardiometabolic diseases).

The present review highlights the pivotal role of microbiota in postmenopausal women health, in particular it (a) may increase intestinal calcium absorption thus preventing osteoporosis, (b) is associated with reduced risk of breast cancer and type 1 endometrial hyperplasia, (c) reduces gingival inflammation and menopausal periodontitis, and (d) beneficially affects multiple cardiometabolic risk factors (i.e., obesity, inflammation, and blood glucose and lipid metabolism). However, whether oral probiotic supplementation might be used for the treatment of menopause-related dysbiosis requires further clarification.
A Vulnerability Assessment Framework for Cultural Heritage Sites: The Case of the Roman Ruins of Tróia
Authors: Ravan Marvin , Revez Maria João , Pinto Inês Vaz , Brum Patrícia , Birkmann Joern
Published: February 2023

This article contributes to developing an indicator-based vulnerability assessment framework for cultural heritage sites. It provides a vulnerability index for heritage sites potentially exposed to multiple hazards, including sudden-onset and slow-onset hazards, while considering climate change influences. Through determining particular criteria and indicators, the Cultural Heritage Vulnerability Index incorporates structural and non-structural factors of the heritage site and its local and national settings. The assessment procedure was applied to the case of the Roman Ruins of Tróia in Portugal. The findings highlight those areas of sensitivity (e.g., the existing deterioration patterns and types of foundation) and coping and adaptive capacities (e.g., institutional setting and response plan) that significantly contribute to the level of vulnerability and risk. The results of vulnerability assessment will further enable determining priorities and developing risk mitigation and preparedness measures, in particular reducing structural sensitivity and promoting coping capacities.
Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate Change Adaptation and Their Linkages with Sustainable Development over the Past 30 Years: A Review
Authors: Wen Jiahong , Wan Chengcheng , Ye Qian , Yan Jianping , Li Weijiang
Published: February 2023

The severe damage and impacts caused by extreme events in a changing climate will not only make the sustainable development goals difficult to achieve, but also erode the hard-won development gains of the past. This article reviews the major impacts and challenges of disaster and climate change risks on sustainable development, and summarizes the courses and linkages of disaster risk reduction (DRR), climate change adaptation (CCA), and sustainable development over the past 30 years. Our findings show that the conceptual development of DRR actions has gone through three general phases: disaster management in the 1990s, risk management in the 2000s, and resilient management and development in the 2010s. Gradually, CCA has been widely implemented to overcome the adverse effects of climate change. A framework is proposed for tackling climate change and disaster risks in the context of resilient, sustainable development, indicating that CCA is not a subset of DRR while they have similarities and differences in their scope and emphasis. It is crucial to transform governance mechanisms at different levels, so as to integrate CCA and DRR to reduce disaster and climate change risks, and achieve safe growth and a resilient future in the era of the Anthropocene.
Naked Singularities in the Einstein-Euler System
Authors: Guo Yan , Hadzic Mahir , Jang Juhi
Published: February 2023

In 1990, based on numerical and formal asymptotic analysis, Ori and Piran predicted the existence of selfsimilar spacetimes, called relativistic Larson-Penston solutions, that can be suitably flattened to obtain examples of spacetimes that dynamically form naked singularities from smooth initial data, and solve the radially symmetric Einstein-Euler system. Despite its importance, a rigorous proof of the existence of such spacetimes has remained elusive, in part due to the complications associated with the analysis across the so-called sonic hypersurface. We provide a rigorous mathematical proof. Our strategy is based on a delicate study of nonlinear invariances associated with the underlying non-autonomous dynamical system to which the problem reduces after a selfsimilar reduction. Key technical ingredients are a monotonicity lemma tailored to the problem, an ad hoc shooting method developed to construct a solution connecting the sonic hypersurface to the so-called Friedmann solution, and a nonlinear argument to construct the maximal analytic extension of the solution. Finally, we reformulate the problem in double-null gauge to flatten the selfsimilar profile and thus obtain an asymptotically flat spacetime with an isolated naked singularity.
Trends and impacts of demographic disparity on JMP ladders for drinking water and sanitation services: further analysis of the Ethiopian demographic and health surveys
Authors: Alemu Zinabu Assefa , Adugna Ermias Alemayehu , Likasa Badasa Wagari , Mekonnen Andualem , Alemu Tadesse , Girmay Aderajew Mekonnen
Published: February 2023

Access to water and sanitation are a major issues for many countries, especially for low- and middle-income nations like Ethiopia. The study aims to identify trends in the use of drinking water and sanitation services using Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) ladders and to assess the impact of demographic factors on that use. A time trend analysis for water and sanitation services was carried out using JMP ladders using household data from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Likewise, factors affecting the coverage of water and sanitation service ladders were also determined using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. According to a recent survey, the basic drinking water service trend increased significantly from 18% in 2000 to 57% in 2019 by 217%. In contrast, surface water use declined from 31% in 2000 to 12% in 2019 by 61%. Despite the overall coverage of basic sanitation services grew by 900% (or nine times) from 1% in 2000 to 10% in 2019, the coverage of basic sanitation services decreased by 25% from 8% in 2011 to 6% in 2016. Furthermore, the practice of open defecation decreased by 67% from 81% in 2000 to 27% in 2019. In this study, the availability of drinking water and sanitation services are influenced by many demographic factors. The wealth quantile was used as an example since it has a major impact on the water and sanitation service ladders. Similarly, the age of households’ heads difference significantly affects sanitation but has little effect on water service. The essential trend of water and sanitation services increased significantly. Several factors influencing the progression of water and sanitation service ladders have been discovered. As a result, households should replace the unimproved sanitation facilities with improved sanitation facilities and encourage hand-washing habits to reduce health risks associated with poor sanitation. Furthermore, the effect of demographic factors should be considered in the development of strategies to increase access to drinking water and sanitation services.
A flexible hydrogen-electricity coproduction system through the decoupling of units with different dynamic characteristics
Authors: Wang Chaowei , Wei Yanbing , Gao Lin
Published: February 2023

Regarding the carbon neutrality target, the proportion of renewable energy in global energy sources is predicted to increase to 50% by 2050, and the increment in penetration requires fossil fuel power plants to play a key role in grid peak regulation. The integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is a promising peak-regulating method for power grids. However, due to the strong coupling between units, the flexibility of gas turbines cannot be fully utilized in response to power demand. This paper proposed a novel polygeneration system integrating syngas storage, hydrogen production, and gas turbines for power. Through syngas storage, the dynamic characteristic of each unit can be decoupled to take advantage of the flexibility of the gas turbine. Compared to the general IGCC system, the load change rate of the new system could be increased from 0.5%/min to 3-5%/min without altering the dynamic characteristics of the original equipment. The design capacity of the syngas storage tank could be reduced by decreasing the ramp rate of the power generation unit or increasing the load change rate of the gasification and hydrogen production units. For the new 300-MW system, the required syngas storage tank capacity reached only approximately 1872 m3 under storage conditions of 35 bar and 25 °C. Furthermore, the investment in the syngas storage tank only accounted for approximately 6.6% of the total investment cost. In general, the novel system can be more flexibly operated under variable loads with low carbon emissions, which can help to increase the penetration of renewable energy in the power grid.
Large-scale ecosystem carbon stocks and their driving factors across Loess Plateau
Authors: Yang Yang , Liu Liangxu , Zhang Pingping , Wu Fan , Wang Yunqiang , Xu Chan , Zhang Liankai , An Shaoshan , Kuzyakov Yakov
Published: February 2023

The large-scale vegetation restoration project on the Loess Plateau increased the ecosystem carbon (C) stocks and affected C budget in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. The specific details affecting the C stocks, their distribution, and dependence on land use and climate were never presented and generalized. We assessed the effects of climate factors and soil properties on ecosystem C stocks through field investigation across the Loess Plateau. The total C stocks in the four ecosystems: forestlands [0.36], shrublands [0.24], grasslands [1.18], and farmlands [1.05] was 2.84 Pg (1 Pg = 1015 g), among which 30% were stored in topsoil (0–20 cm), 53% in above-ground biomass, and 17% in roots. The total ecosystem C density decreased according to the climate from the southeast (warm dry) to the northwest (cold moist) of the Loess Plateau. The ecosystem C density decreased with increasing temperature (from 5 to 15 °C), but increased with precipitation (from 200 to 700 mm). Variation partitioning analysis and structural equation models indicated that ecosystem C density was more explained by climate compared with soil properties. This supports the theory and empirical findings that large scale pattern of ecosystem C density is predominantly regulated by climate on the Loess Plateau. Our results highlight that grasslands are more predestined to store C compared with the other ecosystems, and the C stored in roots is substantial and should be considered when assessing C stocks and strongly contributes to soil organic matter formation. We suggest that investing in roots can be an effective strategy for meeting part of Loess Plateau C reduction goals to mitigate climate change, which is necessary for validating and parameterizing C models worldwide.
The East Asian Electronics Sector
Authors: Thorbecke Willem
Published: February 2023

The lion's share of smartphones, computers, televisions, semiconductor devices, and other electronics goods is made in East Asia. Final electronics goods are assembled in China, and sophisticated parts and components (P&C) such as semiconductor chips, image sensors, and ceramic filters in upstream Asian economies such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. How did Asia become the center of electronics manufacturing? How did learning take place that allowed Asian workers to produce cutting-edge products? Are there lessons for countries like the US that seek to reshore manufacturing of semiconductors, flat-panel displays, and related products? This Element addresses these issues.
Sensitivity and historic behavior for continuous maps on Baire metric spaces
Authors: CARVALHO MARIA , COELHO VINICIUS , SALGADO LUCIANA , VARANDAS PAULO
Published: February 2023

We introduce a notion of sensitivity with respect to a continuous real-valued bounded map which provides a sufficient condition for a continuous transformation, acting on a Baire metric space, to exhibit a Baire generic subset of points with historic behavior (also known as irregular points). The applications of this criterion recover, and extend, several known theorems on the genericity of the irregular set, in addition to yielding a number of new results, including information on the irregular set of geodesic flows, in both negative and non-positive curvature, and semigroup actions.
Structural stability for fibrewise Anosov diffeomorphisms on principal torus bundles
Authors: ZHANG DANYU
Published: February 2023

We show that a fibre-preserving self-diffeomorphism which has hyperbolic splittings along the fibres on a compact principal torus bundle is topologically conjugate to a map that is linear in the fibres.
Electric-field-mediated morpho-dynamic evolution in drop–drop coalescence phenomena in the inertio-capillary regime
Authors: Behera Nalinikanta , Chakraborty Suman
Published: February 2023

When two drops collide, they may either exhibit complete coalescence or selectively generate secondary drops, depending on their relative sizes and physical properties, as dictated by a decisive interplay of the viscous, capillary, inertia and gravity effects. Electric field, however, is known to induce distinctive alterations in the topological evolution of the interfaces post-collision, by influencing a two-way nonlinear coupling between electro-mechanics and fluid flow as mediated by a topologically intriguing interfacial deformation. While prior studies primarily focused on the viscous-dominated regime of the resulting electro-coalescence dynamics, several non-intuitive features of the underlying morpho-dynamic evolution over the intertio-capillary regime have thus far remained unaddressed. In this study, we computationally investigate electrically modulated coalescence dynamics along with secondary drop formation mechanisms in the inertio-capillary regime, probing the interactions of two unequal-sized drops subjected to a uniform electric field. Our results bring out an explicit mapping between the observed topological evolution as a function of the respective initial sizes of the parent drops as well as their pertinent electro-physical property ratios. These findings establish electric-field-mediated exclusive controllability of the observed topological features, as well as the critical conditions leading to the transition from partial to complete coalescence phenomena. In a coalescence cascade, an electric field is further shown to orchestrate the numbers of successive stages of coalescence before complete collapse. However, an increase of the numbers of cascade stages with the electric field strength and parent droplet size ratio is non-perpetual, and the same is demonstrated to continue until only a threshold number of cascade stages is reached. These illustrations offer significant insights into leveraging the interplay of electrical, inertial and capillary-driven interactions for controllable drop manipulation via multi-drop interactions for a variety of applications ranging from chemical processing to emulsion technology.
State Support for Religion and Government Legitimacy in Christian-Majority Countries
Authors: FOX JONATHAN , BRESLAWSKI JORI
Published: February 2023

Most assume that when governments support a religion, they do so in the hope that they will increase their legitimacy. However, a growing literature implies that support for religion may decrease a government’s legitimacy for three reasons. First, political secularism, an ideology mandating the separation of religion and state or state restrictions on religion, is increasingly popular. Second, state support for religion can undermine religious vitality. Third, support for religion entails an element of government control over religion which can undermine the perceived authenticity of a religion. We test this support–legitimacy relationship in Christian-majority countries from 1990 to 2014 using the Religion and State and World Values Survey data, comprising 54 countries and 126 country years. We find that state support for religion is associated with lower levels of individual confidence in government. We posit this has important implications for our understanding of the underpinnings of legitimacy.
Micro-Segregation and the Jewish Ghetto: A Comparison of Ethnic Communities in Germany
Authors: Ruef Martin , Grigoryeva Angelina
Published: February 2023

This study introduces the concept of micro-segregation as an alternative to ghettoization in order to understand residential patterns in historical Jewish communities. The process of ghetto formation is associated with the spatial separation of a minority group as a result of racial stigma and poverty. It operates at a large scale and posits that ghetto boundaries will be rigidly policed. By contrast, the process of micro-segregation is associated with the separation of a minority group as a result of marginalized legal status. It operates at a smaller scale and posits that the boundaries of ethnic communities are porous, offering sites of economic value. To assess the conceptual utility of micro-segregation, we apply it to four Jewish communities in the German states before the 20th century. Spatial analysis suggests that the communities varied in their degree of micro-segregation, but consistently offered economic opportunity at the boundaries of Christian and Jewish worlds.
The architecture of transcendence: John Webster and Dietrich Bonhoeffer on divine agency, Christology and theological method
Authors: Clark-Howard Andrew
Published: February 2023

John Webster and Dietrich Bonhoeffer are two theologians invested in prioritising certain conceptions of divine transcendence within their respective theological projects. Specifically, both appeal to conceptions of divine transcendence and agency amidst what they understand to be the problematic naturalisation of theological discourse in modern Protestant theology, particularly within its liberal German traditions. The way they understand transcendence, however, and the doctrinal loci they choose to affect it, leads to different conceptualisations of the possibilities, scope and organisation of systematic theology. Where Webster (especially in his later work) seeks to prioritise God's immanent perfection and aseity through theology proper, Bonhoeffer instead emphasises God's freedom pro me within the person of Jesus Christ. These differences in first theological foundations have important consequences for the shape of theological method and doctrinal architecture within the practice of contemporary systematic theology.
Bureaucracy and the everyday practices of contested state diplomacy: The paradigmatic case of Kosovo
Authors: Wille Tobias
Published: February 2023

The representatives of contested states – that is, territories whose claim to sovereign statehood is not, or is not fully, recognised by the international society of states – often make significant efforts to engage in diplomacy. Two literatures have recently begun to explore these diplomatic activities, one focusing on the ‘rebel diplomacy’ of insurgents and secessionist movements, the other on ‘liminal actors’ in global politics. However, these two literatures have defined the phenomenon in very different ways, namely, as either instrumental action or cultural performance, and study it largely without regard to each other's insights. My argument in this article is that contested state diplomacy can be better understood if we appreciate the nature of modern diplomacy as a set of bureaucratic practices. As a routinised process within a bureaucratic organisation, modern diplomacy both gives rise to specific decisions and sustains the reality of the state as the locus of legitimate power. The representatives of contested states therefore have strong reasons to set up more or less rudimentary bureaucracies for their diplomacy. I use the history of Kosovo's foreign policy institutions as a paradigmatic case to demonstrate how everyday bureaucratic practices fuse instrumental action and cultural performance and further theorise the interplay of ‘political’ and ‘technical’ conduct in contested state diplomacy.
Parentese in infancy predicts 5-year language complexity and conversational turns
Authors: FERJAN RAMÍREZ Naja , WEISS Yael , SHETH Kaveri K. , KUHL Patricia K.
Published: February 2023

Parental input is considered a key predictor of language achievement during the first years of life, yet relatively few studies have assessed its effects on longer-term outcomes. We assess the effects of parental quantity of speech, use of parentese (the acoustically exaggerated, clear, and higher-pitched speech), and turn-taking in infancy, on child language at 5 years. Using a longitudinal dataset of daylong LENA recordings collected with the same group of English-speaking infants (N=44) at 6, 10, 14, 18, 24 months and then again at 5 years, we demonstrate that parents’ consistent (defined as stable and high) use of parentese in infancy was a potent predictor of lexical diversity, mean length of utterance, and frequency of conversational turn-taking between children and adults at Kindergarten entry. Together, these findings highlight the potential importance of a high-quality language learning environment in infancy for success at the start of formal schooling.
Conservation narratives and bibliogrammatic networks in the conservation landscape
Authors: Troumbis Andreas Y , Sideropoulos Haralambos , Gialeli Maria , Vasios Georgios K
Published: February 2023

The analysis of conservation narratives primarily resides in the methods and techniques of social sciences, focusing mainly on uncovering advocacy versus critical lines of thought in the complex mosaic of arguments around institutional actors and the public. Researchers have previously proposed an archetypal scheme in which the core conservation narratives and their conceptual interrelations are classified. This report explores the feasibility of coupling such a traditional method with techniques emanating from quantitative linguistics, network analysis and bibliometry. The neologic metaphor of the Anthropause is purposely added to long-established narratives to examine its potential effects on the conservation narratives landscape. The results show that this metaphor reorganizes the mentally constructed connections between flag narratives and symbolic lexical units.
Structural priming of code-switches in non-shared-word-order utterances: The effect of lexical repetition
Authors: Berghoff Robyn , Gullberg Marianne , Kootstra Gerrit Jan
Published: February 2023

Code-switching is generally dispreferred at points of non-shared word order across a bilingual's two languages. In priming studies, this dispreference persists even following exposure to a code-switched non-shared-word-order utterance. The present study delves deeper into the scope of code-switching priming by investigating whether lexical repetition across target and prime, a factor known to boost structural priming, can increase code-switching at points of word order divergence. Afrikaans–English bilinguals (n=46) heard prime sentences in which word order, lexical repetition, and switch position were manipulated and subsequently produced code-switched picture descriptions. The results show that lexical repetition boosts the priming of code-switching in a non-shared word order. The findings demonstrate that code-switching in production is affected by a dynamic interplay between factors both language-internal (i.e., word order) and language-external (i.e., priming, and specifically lexical repetition).
Delegating violence in democracies: embedded developmentalism and persistence of labor repression in South Korea
Authors: Porteux Jonson N. , Kim Sunil
Published: February 2023

We address how democracy has influenced the ways in which the Korean state has managed the issue of labor-based collective action and suppression thereof. During the authoritarian period, the state, through specialized riot police, frequently, and violently, cracked down on protest movements and other forms of collective action. During democratization and post-democratic consolidation, private specialists in violence, operating with the consent of the state, began to replace public forces on the front lines, while working in concert out of the view of the public. Although such state/non-state collaboration in the market for oftentimes illegal violence has been addressed in scholarship elsewhere, we demonstrate through detailed evaluation that the extant explanations are largely incomplete, as they fail to capture the effects of changing relative levels of state-based autonomy from societal and corporatist influence.
Law of the Forest: Early Legal Governance in Bosnia-Herzegovina during the Inter-Imperial Transition between Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Rule, 1878–1901
Authors: Lučić Iva
Published: February 2023

This article investigates the capacity and quality of governance through the prism of forest use regulation in Bosnia-Herzegovina during the inter-imperial transition between Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian rule. It does so by bringing the question of access to natural resources into the frame of imperial governance formation, which is analyzed from the perspective of legal regulation of ownership and usage rights of forests. The analytical focus is set on the early phase of Austro-Hungarian occupation in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which was marked by political uncertainties and a legal arena where multiple and often conflicting norms coexisted. It shows how the consolidation process of legal arrangements and administration apparatuses did not follow any linear, teleological development towards a strong imperial state or homogenous Rechtsstaat that simply arrived and set up its governing institutions. Instead, governing bodies soon found their interests clashing with those of other local parties. Bureaucracy developed through time- and place-bound practices, which often had to adjust to complex social and environmental realities. During this process multiple attempts failed, while certain practices were implemented unevenly. In the process of asserting its own interests, the imperial administration relied on Ottoman legislation, which gradually became modified, resulting in legal pluralism and entangled imperial legacies.
Effect of depth of flooding on growth and fecundity of fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum)
Authors: Chiruvelli Venkatanaga Shiva Datta Kumar Sharma , Sandhu Hardev S. , Cherry Ron , Odero D. Calvin
Published: February 2023

Fall panicum is the most prevalent and problematic weed in rice in Florida. Outdoor studies were conducted in 2021 to determine the effect of flooding on fall panicum growth and its ability to produce and develop panicles. Fall panicum at the two- to four-leaf and four- to six-leaf stages of development were flooded in stock tanks maintained at flooding depths of 0, 10, 15, 20, and 30 cm for 56 d. Plant height, number of tillers and leaves, leaf area, shoot biomass, root biomass, and panicle branches for both fall panicum leaf stages of development decreased with increasing flooding depth. Fall panicum flooded at the two- to four-leaf stage survived flood depth of 15 cm, whereas plants flooded at the four- to six-leaf stage survived and emerged from a flood depth of up to 20 cm. The 10-cm flood depth resulted in the tallest plants with more leaves, tillers, and leaf area for both growth stages. The probability of fall panicum survival and ability to produce panicles decreased as flood depth increased. Flood depth required for 50% survival for four- to six-leaf-stage plants was estimated to occur at 14 cm, whereas that for plants at the two- to four-leaf stage occurred at 12 cm. The flood depth required to reduce panicle branch production by 50% was estimated to be 15 and 20 cm for two- to four-leaf, and four- to six-leaf-stage plants, respectively. These results show that flooding >10 cm is required to significantly reduce fall panicum survival and ability to produce panicles. Since flood level in rice is usually maintained at an average of 10 cm, chemical weed control will be important to supplement flooding for effective control of fall panicum in rice.
Canada’s Cannabis Legalization with Strict Public Health Control
Authors: Rehm Jürgen , Sornpaisarn Bundit
Published: February 2023

Abstract: Aims: To describe the impact of the legalization of cannabis for recreational use under strict public health control in 2018 on the following outcomes: cannabis use and use patterns, attributable harm, economic considerations. Methodology: Narrative review based on government documents, surveys, and published literature. Results: The 12-month prevalence increased after legalization and has decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Little change in prevalence for adolescents. Persons with daily use remained stable. No rigorous studies on changes in attributable health harm, but some indication that harm, as measured in prevalence of cannabis use disorders, treatment rate, and attributable traffic injury remained stable. No data yet available for cancer. Cannabis attributable emergency visits increased, including among children (poisoning). Cannabis-related offences decreased as biggest public health gain. Economic predictions were not realized, and there is some pressure from cannabis industry to loosen public health regulations in order to increase use. Conclusions: Overall, while not achieving its main objectives of more youth protection and decreases in cannabis-attributable health harm, legalization with strict public health control resulted in less cannabis-related offences and up to now did not seem to increase cannabis-attributable disease burden.
In aller Munde? Zur Verbreitung von Cannabis, Cannabiskonsum und Behandlungsnachfrage
Authors: Neumeier Esther , Hoch Eva
Published: February 2023

Zusammenfassung: Cannabis ist die am weitesten verbreitete (noch) illegale Substanz in Deutschland und Europa. Sie macht mit 39 % den größten Anteil am illegalen Endverbrauchermarkt aus, der konservativ geschätzte jährliche Verkaufswert liegt bei 11.6 Mrd. €. Der THC-Gehalt, insbesondere von Cannabis-Harz, hat in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen, bei nur moderaten Preissteigerungen. Die 12-Monats-Konsumprävalenzen von Jugendlichen wie Erwachsenen sind in den letzten Jahren gestiegen. Jungen und Männer konsumieren dabei häufiger als Mädchen und Frauen. Etwa 600.000 erwachsene Personen in Deutschland weisen Cannabiskonsumstörungen auf, diese Zahl ist in den letzten Jahren etwa stabil. Behandlungen wegen Cannabis machen unter allen in der Deutschen Suchthilfestatistik dokumentierten Suchtbehandlungen wegen illegaler Substanzen den größten Anteil aus. Dieser hat in den letzten zwanzig Jahren stark zugenommen. Dennoch werden mit etwas über 30.000 Behandlungsepisoden pro Jahr wesentlich weniger Personen behandelt, als eine Cannabiskonsumstörung aufweisen.
Evaluation der Umsetzung nicht-pharmakologischer Massnahmen zur Delirprävention und -behandlung
Authors: Blättler Nadia , Schaffert Bianca , Schubert Maria
Published: February 2023

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Ein Delir wirkt sich auf die Betroffenen und deren Angehörigen, das Spitalpersonal und Gesundheitswesen belastend aus. Die Prävention eines Delirs mit multikomponenten Interventionen ist wesentlich. Ziel: Eine Untersuchung der Umsetzung der nicht-pharmakologischen, präventiven und unterstützenden Maßnahmen bei Patient_innen mit einem erhöhten Delirrisiko und/oder Delir gemäß Handlungsanleitungen des Studienspitals. Methode: In dieser Beobachtungsstudie wurden routinemäßig erfasste Daten von 175 hospitalisierten Patient_innen eingeschlossen. Die Angaben zur Delirprävention/-behandlung und Vorliegen eines Delirs wurden aus der Patient_innenakte extrahiert und mittels geeigneter statistischer Methoden analysiert. Gruppenvergleiche wurden zwischen der medizinischen und operierenden Klinik sowie den Gruppen Delir/kein Delir getätigt. Ergebnisse: Von 175 Patient_innen wiesen 31 ein Delir auf. Zur Delirprävention wurden am häufigsten Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Sauerstoffversorgung, Ausscheidung, Schmerzen und Mobilität durchgeführt und am seltensten Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Wahrnehmung und Kommunikation. Bei einem Delir wurden am häufigsten Maßnahmen zur Modifikation der Risikofaktoren, Gewährleistung der Sicherheit und Prophylaxen angewendet. Zwischen den zwei Kliniken sowie den Gruppen Delir/kein Delir zeigten sich signifikante Unterschiede in der Durchführungshäufigkeit. Schlussfolgerung: Die Unterschiede in der Durchführungshäufigkeit liefern erste Hinweise dafür, dass klinikspezifische Delirprävention, -früherkennung und -behandlung notwendig sein können.
Marine Warm Cloud Fraction Decreases Monotonically With Rain Rate for Fixed Vertical and Horizontal Cloud Sizes
Authors: Liu Jihu , Zhu Yannian , Wang Minghuai , Rosenfeld Daniel , Cao Yang
Published: February 2023

Precipitation has been hypothesized to play a key role in the determination of cloud fraction (CF). The relationships between CF and rain rate (R) in marine boundary layer clouds were studied based on long‐term satellite retrievals. We find that both CF and R increase with cloud geometric width (CGW) and thickness (CGT). Increased CGW causes increased R even without cloud deepening, but increasing CGW beyond 15 km leads to a slight decrease in R. Coincident change in CF and R with increased CGW causes a spurious positive CF‐R relationship. When fixing CGT and CGW, CF generally decreases monotonically with increasing R, and the dependence generally weakens with warmer sea surface temperature and thinner, larger clouds. This finding supports well the hypothesis that aerosols could increase cloudiness by suppressing precipitation. This study also emphasizes the importance of cloud morphology in marine boundary layer cloud studies connected to precipitation processes.
Tectonic Forcing of the Extreme Aridification of the East Asian Interior at Around 900 ka–Insights From the Spatially Inconsistent Magnetization of Chinese Loess
Authors: Gao Xinbo , Hao Qingzhen , Jin Chunsheng , Deng Chenglong , Peng Shuzhen , Han Long , Fu Yu , Wu Xuechao
Published: February 2023

The upper sandy loess unit L9 on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) corresponds to marine isotope stages 22–24, and it represents aeolian deposition under conditions of extreme aridification. However, the forcing mechanism remains controversial. Numerous paleomagnetic studies in the eastern CLP show that the coarsest part of L9 is remagnetized and has a normal geomagnetic polarity. However, our results show that in loess sections in the western CLP the coarsest part of L9 records a primary reverse polarity. This spatially inconsistent magnetization pattern originates mainly from the different magnetic carriers of the characteristic remanent magnetization (hematite in the western CLP and magnetite in the eastern CLP), which suggests a different dust provenance between the western and eastern CLP. We ascribe this spatial contrast in dust provenance to the episodic uplift of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, which also led to the extreme aridification of the East Asian interior at ∼900 ka.
The 2021 Mw 7.3 Madoi, China Earthquake: Transient Supershear Ruptures on a Presumed Immature Strike‐Slip Fault
Authors: Cheng Chuang , Wang Dun , Yao Qiang , Fang Lihua , Xu Shiqing , Huang Zihao , Liu Tonghui , Wang Zhifeng , Huang Xiaolin
Published: February 2023

We used seismic data recorded at local and teleseismic distances to analyze the May 22, 2021 Mw 7.3 Madoi, China earthquake sequence, which occurred along a low‐slip‐rate (0.3–1.0 mm/yr) and small‐cumulative‐displacement (4–5 km) fault—the Kunlun Mountain Pass‐Jiangcuo Fault (KMPJF). We first restored the clipped waveforms recorded at local distances, and obtained more accurate phase arrivals for relocating the earthquake sequence. The relocated earthquakes illuminate a ∼170 km‐long complex northwest‐southeast (NW‐SE) striking ruptured fault with apparent bifurcated ends at both tips and variations in dip angles along strike. We further performed backprojection analyses to image the rupture process of the mainshock using seismic data recorded at four teleseismic arrays (Europe, Australia and Southeast Asia, Japan, and Alaska). The results show that the earthquake propagated bilaterally in the NW and SE directions with maximum rupture speeds of ∼4.0 km/s. This observation was further refined by multiple array backprojections onto the fault that was determined by the fine relocations of the earthquake sequence. Synthetic and realistic tests validated the resolutions of the backprojection analyses (within 5–20 km). The fast supershear rupture speeds were only transient but exhibited spatial correlation with the geometric complexities of the KMPJF. This suggests that the transient supershear ruptures are due to the varying geometry of the KMPJF, which is likely an immature fault. Our results suggest that the potential for supershear ruptures along immature strike‐slip faults should be emphasized in earthquake hazard assessment.