bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Media and Economic Inequality
Authors: Grisold Andrea , Theine Hendrik
Published: September 2020

Chapter 4 reviews a focused selection of the existing research which sheds light on the role that the media play in relation to the circulation of certain sets of ideas and discourses concerning inequality issues and redistribution policies (i.e., the shaping of inequality preferences and beliefs). The main aim in this chapter is to analyse prior empirical studies which explore how this is shaped and informed by media coverage and engagement. To do so, the authors first outline the findings of survey data analyses on individuals’ perception of inequality, and their related position towards the necessity of redistribution. After that, the chapter provides a systematic overview of contemporary empirical studies which examine the media coverage of economic inequality and redistribution policies, and thus debate the role mass media play as information providers. We assess the underlying assumptions and the methodological approaches guiding the respective empirical findings, highlight the merits of this body of work and identify open questions for further research. The last part of this chapter provides a discussion of (currently rather neglected) political economy theories that offer rich theoretical approaches to study media, power, and inequality, thus an enhanced theoretically informed understanding beyond the mere empiricism.
Social Semiotics and Journalistic Discourses on Economics and Inequality
Authors: Rieder Maria , Silke Henry
Published: September 2020

This chapter continues the review of research and discussion of key features of economic news and how economic ideas and practices are shaped by the media. The focus falls on communication channels and the various ways in which language is used to construct certain perceptions of society and the economy. In particular, it introduces social semiotics and critical discourse analysis as theories in the field of communication studies and linguistics. In tandem, these provide rich concepts and analytical tools to explore the communicative and meaning-making patterns that journalists, editors, and news agencies use when describing particular social or economic concepts. This chapter also addresses related issues such as journalistic blind spots and silences in public discourse. It provides an overview of social semiotic theory, followed by a discussion on some of the relevant key concepts. It then moves on to discuss discourse analysis and journalism, focusing on the text. Next the attention turns to journalistic texts, discourses and ideologies and the role they play in wider society. Here, we will contend that journalism cannot be seen as simply an objective and dispassionate observer but rather a part of the wider system of semiosis, that is the dialectical relationship between discourse and society often represented by ‘common sense’ ideas on how the world works, ideas that may go on to influence both macro and micro decision-making in the economic and wider world. Finally, the authors address the role of journalism in economic processes alongside journalistic representation of economics and economic processes.
Using Technology with Elementary Music Approaches
Authors: Burns Amy M.
Published: September 2020

Using Technology with Elementary Music Approaches is a comprehensive guide to how to integrate technology into the popular elementary music approaches of Dr. Feierabend’s First Steps, Kodály, and Orff Schulwerk. It also includes ideas of integrating technology with project-based learning (PBL). It is written for elementary music educators who want to utilize technology in their classrooms, or possibly fear using technology but are looking for ways to try. It can be used by new teachers, veteran teachers, teachers with very limited technology, teachers with 1:1 devices in their music classroom, and undergraduate and graduate students. Edited and authored by Amy M. Burns, this book contains ideas, lessons, a supplemental website for resources, and examples that are field-tested and utilized in her own elementary music classroom. Burns has successfully integrated technology into her elementary music classroom for over two decades. She is a sought-after presenter and keynote speaker for integrating technology into the elementary music classroom and has written three additional books and numerous articles on the subject. She has also won four music education awards at state and national levels. In addition, the summary of each approach was written by four excellent elementary music educators and experts in the approaches: Dr. Missy Strong (Feierabend), Glennis Patterson (Kodály), Ardith Collins (Orff Schulwerk), and Cherie Herring (project-based learning (PBL) with music technology).
The Feierabend Approach
Authors: Burns Amy M.
Published: September 2020

Dr. Missy Strong explains Dr. John Feierabend’s approach to what he calls his “30-Year Plan” for all students. With the right musical guidance in the elementary years, students will become tuneful, beautiful, and artful. Strong goes into detail about the eight-step workout found in Dr. Feierabend’s First Steps in Music for Preschool and Beyond to help students become fundamentally musical. Amy M. Burns offers ways to integrate technology into each step, giving music educators several ideas and lessons that can enhance the classroom when using Dr. Feierabend’s First Steps Approach. The lessons and ideas presented are ones educators can use for assessing their students, extending the lesson concepts, and sharing their music-making with others outside the classroom. The lessons can be used by educators who have limited technology or 1:1 classrooms, and those with novice to advanced technological skills.
Technology Integration with First Steps
Authors: Burns Amy M.
Published: September 2020

Amy M. Burns integrates technology into the 8-step workout offered in Dr. Feierabend’s First Steps in Music series. With the recent introduction of distance learning, these lessons not only can be used in a classroom setting but can also be used in an online format. With downloaded manipulatives from the supplemental website, elementary music educators can utilize these lessons with a variety of classroom settings, as well as with novice to advanced technological skills.
Technology Integration with the Kodály Approach
Authors: Burns Amy M.
Published: September 2020

Amy M. Burns integrates technology into the approach developed by Zoltán Kodály. With the current educational paradigm shifting to include more distance learning, these lessons demonstrate how to create online manipulatives that can be used in a classroom setting as well as an online platform. With the addition of a supplemental website that includes downloadable manipulatives, elementary music educators can successfully teach the approach in a variety of settings and scenarios with novice to advanced technological skills. In addition, the lessons can also be used for assessments, cross-curricular connections, higher order thinking skills, and sharing music making outside of the music classroom.
The Slaves of the Churches
Authors: Sommar Mary E.
Published: September 2020

This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. The story begins in the New Testament era, when the earliest Christian norms were established, and continues through the late Roman Empire, the Germanic kingdoms, and the Carolingian Empire, to the thirteenth-century establishment of a body of ecclesiastical regulations (canon law) that would persist into the twentieth century. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. The book stops in the thirteenth century, which was a time of great changes, not only in the history of the legal profession, but also in the history of slavery as Europeans began to reach out into the Atlantic. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon.
“Interests” and Elections
Authors: Charnock Emily J.
Published: September 2020

This empirical chapter draws on a series of congressional investigations into election campaigns and lobbying conducted between 1912 and 1957 (plus additional data on the early 1960s) to identify interest groups and related organizations—including early PACs—that participated in elections during this period. The major groups so identified—primarily business organizations, labor unions, and ideological groups—form the spine of the narrative throughout the book. This chapter highlights changes in their major organizational features and electoral practices over time. Furthermore, it explores the controversies surrounding both political parties and “special interests” in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, particularly concerning the influx of money into election campaigns, which prompted these congressional investigations in the first place. It also offers an overview of campaign finance legislation and reforms that Congress passed in response.
A Tale of Two Leagues
Authors: Charnock Emily J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter recounts a significant shift in interest group behavior during the 1930s, as the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt and his New Deal policies sparked intense political conflict over the power and reach of the federal government. Prominent labor and business groups took opposing sides in this conflict, which mobilized them politically in new ways. This chapter looks particularly at the 1936 election, when campaign groups associated with the labor and business communities—Labor’s Non-Partisan League (LNPL) and the Liberty League—squared off in the presidential contest. In key ways, these groups appear much like proto-PACs: they signaled a more assertive approach to elections and pumped large amounts of money into campaigns in support of opposing party nominees. Nonetheless, the LNPL and the Liberty League still tried to justify their electoral support in “nonpartisan” terms by emphasizing individual candidates rather than parties, reflecting lingering controversy over interest group electioneering.
Introducing P.A.C.
Authors: Charnock Emily J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the creation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations’ (CIO’s) political action committee or P.A.C. in 1943, following the collapse of Labor’s Non-Partisan League and passage of a new law restricting union money in elections. This was a critical point in the CIO’s embrace of a “dynamic partisan” electoral strategy. Through interventions in primary elections and the targeted provision of general election support to sympathetic Democratic candidates, P.A.C. sought to reshape the Democratic Party along more pro-labor and liberal lines. As this chapter reveals, P.A.C. leaders hoped to elect supportive lawmakers in the 1944 and 1946 elections, seeking out candidates who were strongly committed to labor’s goals. Despite public pronouncements of nonpartisanship, however, they chose not to look for allies on both sides of the aisle, instead favoring liberal Democrats over liberal Republicans—hoping to impress Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal vision onto the Democratic Party as a whole.
A Tale of  Two PACs
Authors: Charnock Emily J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the diffusion of the PAC concept from the left to the right of the political spectrum in the late 1950s, with the formation of conservative electoral groups such as the Americans for Constitutional Action (ACA) to counter liberal ones like the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA). By the early 1960s the business community had cast off its earlier resistance to overt electioneering, with the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) forming the Business-Industry Political Action Committee (BIPAC) to channel campaign resources to favored congressional candidates. Though they initially sought to bolster the conservative coalition, these groups soon embraced a dynamic partisan strategy focused on the Republican Party, seeking to shift it rightward much as labor and liberal groups sought to push the Democratic Party to the left. This reactive process culminated in the presidential election of 1964, a contest to which the roots of modern partisan “polarization” are often traced.
Conclusion
Authors: Charnock Emily J.
Published: September 2020

This conclusion highlights the importance of PACs in twentieth-century American political development. The emergence of partisan PACs, initially formed by major interest groups, played an important and neglected role in fostering the polarization of American politics—a phenomenon that has raised concern in recent decades. Seeking to reconfigure party politics around specific policy issues—more broadly, to realign the party system along an ideological dimension of conflict—these PACs helped make the parties more distinct and more deeply divided over time. They did so via electoral tools and tactics that are now ubiquitous in political life but are rarely probed in scholarship. A focus on PACs thus illuminates the very mechanisms through which party change was brought about, as much as its wider meaning. The book concludes with a consideration of contemporary US politics, in which PACs continue to play a prominent role.
Commercial approach to rivers
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul
Published: September 2020

Chapter 2 reviews the origin and spread of the Commercial approach to rivers. It explains the origin of this approach in the first Industrial Revolution, which provided human societies both the commercial motive and the machine power required to undertake large-scale frontal and lateral interventions in rivers. The chapter catalogues various types of frontal intervening structures—including dams, barrages, and weirs—that the Commercial approach deploys to achieve its purpose. The chapter then follows the spread of the frontal version of the Commercial approach across the world, beginning with the developed countries and then the developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The chapter ends by providing a statistical summary of the global picture regarding dams and barrages, which are the main instruments of the Commercial approach to rivers.
Application of the Commercial approach
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul
Published: September 2020

Chapter 4 provides a few case studies of rivers to illustrate the consequences of the Commercial approach. These rivers are: the Colorado River of the United States; the Murray-Darling river system of Australia; the Amu Darya and Syr Darya of the former Soviet Union; the Nile River of Africa; and the Indus River of South Asia. It shows that in each case, the application of the Commercial approach has led to river fragmentation and excessive withdrawal of water, leading to exhaustion of rivers, which in turn led to salinity intrusion and erosion, subsidence, and desiccation of the deltas. The ecology of the river basins has been damaged, including loss of aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity. In case of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya Rivers, this damage includes the destruction of the Aral Sea, once considered the second-largest inland waterbody of the world. In each case, the Commercial approach has led to conflicts among co-riparian countries.
India Tomorrow
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Shah Harsh
Published: September 2020

The next generation of political leaders will determine India’s future. We know their names, but not what lies behind what we hear or see in the event/news-focussed coverage in newspapers and television channels. For instance, what moves them? Who inspires them? What are their passions and interests outside of politics? Where do they stand on some of India’s most contentious political issues? Do they have any regrets about their political careers? How do they explain some of the inconsistencies in their words and actions? Have their career choices come with significant personal costs? We set out to write a book that would give readers a snapshot of contemporary Indian politics, and its future, through the stories of 20 of the country’s most prominent next-generation politicians, each of whom we would interview in person. The goal was simple—to understand their personalities and ideologies, and offer readers unique insights. This book does not focus much on the quotidian aspects of politics but rather attempts to unravel the personalities, aspirations, ideologies, interests, passions, and motivations of the leaders featured. In doing so, it explores issues and tensions that lie at the heart of contemporary India’s politics, including but not limited to divisions of caste and religion, institutional decline, federalism, and centre–state relations, integration of Jammu & Kashmir, dynastic politics, and women empowerment.
Taming the Megabanks
Authors: Wilmarth Jr. Arthur E.
Published: September 2020

This book demonstrates that universal banks—which accept deposits, make loans, and engage in securities activities—played central roles in precipitating the Great Depression of the early 1930s and the Great Recession of 2007–09. Universal banks promoted a dangerous credit boom and a hazardous stock market bubble in the U.S. during the 1920s, which led to the Great Depression. Congress responded by passing the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, which separated banks from the securities markets and prohibited nonbanks from accepting deposits. Glass-Steagall’s structural separation of the banking, securities, and insurance sectors prevented financial panics from spreading across the U.S. financial system for more than four decades. Despite Glass-Steagall’s success, large U.S. banks pursued a twenty-year campaign to remove the statute’s prudential buffers. Regulators opened loopholes in Glass-Steagall during the 1980s and 1990s, and Congress repealed Glass-Steagall in 1999. The United Kingdom and the European Union adopted similar deregulatory measures, thereby allowing universal banks to dominate financial markets on both sides of the Atlantic. In addition, large U.S. securities firms became “shadow banks” as regulators allowed them to issue short-term deposit substitutes to finance long-term loans and investments. Universal banks and shadow banks fueled a toxic subprime credit boom in the U.S., U.K., and Europe during the 2000s, which led to the Great Recession. Limited reforms after the Great Recession have not broken up universal banks and shadow banks, thereby leaving in place a financial system that is prone to excessive risk-taking and vulnerable to contagious panics. A new Glass-Steagall Act is urgently needed to restore a financial system that is less risky, more stable and resilient, and better able to serve the needs of our economy and society.
Our Shadow Immigration System
Authors: Cox Adam B. , Rodríguez Cristina M.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains how legal and institutional developments in immigration enforcement coincided with the dramatic acceleration of illegal immigration during the final third of the twentieth century. Together, these legal and demographic phenomena gave rise to a massive shadow immigration system that today operates alongside the formal immigration regime. This shadow system has rendered Congress’s intricate, detailed code of immigration rules increasingly less central to defining the content and character of the immigrant population. Instead, the Executive’s enforcement judgments—decisions about whom to target from the pool of deportable immigrants—have taken center stage. Indeed, the rise of the shadow system has effectively delegated vast screening authority to the President and other executive branch officials—authority that has culminated in events as dramatic as President Barack Obama’s Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). The large number of unauthorized immigrants living in the United States today amplifies the role of enforcement discretion and further entrenches the shadow immigration system.
Epilogue
Authors: Cox Adam B. , Rodríguez Cristina M.
Published: September 2020

This epilogue explores the justifications for a radical reimagination of the immigration system—for an immigration law and politics that shrinks the domain of enforcement and limits the scope of executive power exercised through coercion. In a reconstituted regime, the Executive should not be sidelined, but rather delegated a different set of authorities. The system of de facto delegation that has driven immigration policymaking for two generations should be brought above board, supplanted by a model of de jure delegation. Doing so would retain a central role for the President in setting immigration policy but would marginalize the enforcement imperative at the heart of the current regime and place presidential immigration law on a footing that more closely resembles other arenas of the modern regulatory state. In order to begin this process, Congress must first drastically decrease the number of people who live under the perpetual threat of enforcement. A reform strategy must therefore begin with a legalization initiative for the current unauthorized population.
Tree of Pearls
Authors: Ruggles D. Fairchild
Published: September 2020

The woman known as “Tree of Pearls” ruled Egypt in the summer of 1250. A rare case of a woman sultan, her reign marked the shift from the Ayyubid to the Mamluk dynasty, and her architectural patronage of two building complexes had a lasting impact on Cairo and on Islamic architecture. Rising to power from slave origins, Tree of Pearls—her name in Arabic is Shajar al-Durr—used her wealth and power to add a tomb to the urban madrasa (college) that had been built by her husband, Sultan Salih, and with this innovation, madrasas and many other charitably endowed architectural complexes became commemorative monuments, a practice that remains widespread today. This was the first occasion in Cairo in which a secular patron’s relationship to his architectural foundation was reified through the actual presence of his body. The tomb thus profoundly transformed the relationship between architecture and its patron, emphasizing and emblematizing his historical presence. Indeed, the characteristic domed skyline of Cairo that we see today is shaped by such domes that have kept the memory of their named patrons visible to the public eye. This dramatic transformation, in which architecture came to embody human identity, was made possible by the sultan-queen Shajar al-Durr, a woman who began her career as a mere slave-concubine. Her path-breaking patronage contradicts the prevailing assumption among historians of Islam that there was no distinctive female voice in art and architecture.
Sex in an Old Regime City
Authors: Hardwick Julie
Published: September 2020

Based on extensive archival research, the extraordinary stories of ordinary people’s lives in this book explore many facets of young people’s intimacy from meeting to courtship to the many occasions when untimely pregnancies necessitated a range of strategies. These might include marriage but could also be efforts to induce abortions, arrangements for out-of-wedlock delivery, charging the father with custody, leaving the baby with a foundling hospital, or infanticide. Clergy, lawyers, social welfare officials, employers, midwives, wet-nurses, neighbors, family, and friends supported young women and held young men responsible for the reproductive consequences of their sexual activity. These practices of intimacy reframe our understanding of multiple aspects of the Old Regime. Young people’s intimate experiences challenge the belief that disciplining female sexuality was a critical early modern goal of state formation and religious reformation. They suggest rethinking the history of a sexual double standard in local and long contexts, the history of marriage, and the role of law in the politics of communities and institutions. The lives of young people also reshape many more specific debates, for instance, about the history of emotions, infanticide, attitudes to illegitimacy, pre-modern workplaces, and the body. The book reveals the important role of the young people’s working communities, where the norm was local management of intimacy with a heavy emphasis on pastoral care and pragmatic acceptance of the inevitability of out-of-wedlock pregnancy.
Understanding 'Sectarianism'
Authors: Haddad Fanar
Published: September 2020

‘Sectarianism’ is one of the most over-discussed yet under-analysed concepts in debates about the Middle East. Despite the deluge of commentary, there is no agreement on what ‘sectarianism’ is. Is it a social issue, one of dogmatic incompatibility, a historic one or one purely related to modern power politics? Is it something innately felt or politically imposed? Is it a product of modernity or its antithesis? Is it a function of the nation-state or its negation? This book seeks to move the study of modern sectarian dynamics beyond these analytically paralyzing dichotomies by shifting the focus away from the meaningless '-ism' towards the root: sectarian identity. How are Sunni and Shi'a identities imagined, experienced and negotiated and how do they relate to and interact with other identities? Looking at the modern history of the Arab world, Haddad seeks to understand sectarian identity not as a monochrome frame of identification but as a multi-layered concept that operates on several dimensions: doctrinal, subnational, national and transnational. Far from a uniquely Middle Eastern, Arab, or Islamic phenomenon, a better understanding of sectarian identity reveals that the many facets of sectarian relations that are misleadingly labelled "sectarianism" are echoed in intergroup relations worldwide.
The Insidious Momentum of American Mass Incarceration
Authors: Zimring Franklin E.
Published: September 2020

The phenomenal growth of penal confinement in the United States in the last quarter of the twentieth century is still a public policy mystery. Why did it happen when it happened? What explains the unprecedented magnitude of prison and jail expansion? Why are the current levels of penal confinement so very close to the all-time peak rate reached in 2007? What is the likely course of levels of penal confinement in the next generation of American life? Are there changes in government or policy that can avoid the prospect of mass incarceration as a chronic element of governance in the United States? This study is organized around four major concerns: What happened in the 33 years after 1973? Why did these extraordinary changes happen in that single generation? What is likely to happen to levels of penal confinement in the next three decades? What changes in law or practice might reduce this likely penal future?
Scripts of Terror
Authors: Wilkinson Benedict
Published: September 2020

This book explores terrorism as a strategic choice-- one made carefully and deliberately by rational actors. Through an analysis of the terrorist groups of Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Yemen, this book charts a series of different strategic ‘scripts’ at play in terrorist behavior, from survival, to efforts in mobilizing a supporter base, through to the grinding attrition of a long terrorist campaign.
The theme that runs through all the organizations is the unbridgeable gap between their strategic vision, and what actually unfolds. Regardless of which script terrorists follow, they often fall short of achieving their political ambitions. And yet, despite its frequent failure, the terrorist strategy is returned to time and again-- people continue to join such groups, and to commit mindless acts of violence.
Scripts of Terror explores the reasons behind this. It asks why, if terrorism is so rarely successful and so hard to pull off, its approach remains an appealing one. And it examines how terrorists formulate their strategies, and how they envisage achieving their ambitions through violence. Most importantly, it explores why they so often fail.
Salafism in Pakistan
Authors: Abou Zahab Mariam
Published: September 2020

This chapter reviews the genealogy of Salafism in South Asia from the seventeenth century onwards. It focuses on Salafis that are known as Ahl-e Hadith in South Asia and have relatively few followers in Pakistan, where they have been active since the nineteenth century. The Salafis have maintained close ties with the Saudi religious establishment since the 1960s, ties which were reinforced when thousands of Arabs came to Pakistan after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The chapter also deliberates the Ahl-e Hadith movement and its jihadi expression in Kashmir. The Jama'at Ahl-e Hadith, an elitist politico religious movement aimed at islah, originated in the early 1870s.
‘It’s Just a Sunni-Shia Thing’
Authors: Abou Zahab Mariam
Published: September 2020

This chapter demonstrates that “rising sectarianism” is a direct offshoot of growing Talibanization, which suggests that both schools of thought began to overlap more and more. It talks about the evolution of sectarianism, which translated into mass violence that spilled over to the neighboring region of Orakzai and fostered by socio-economic factors. Sectarianism comes from the belief that the sect which one professes is the only true one and that the followers of other sects should be converted to one's own sect or exterminated. The chapter explains how sectarianism is often seen as the consequence of Zia-ul Haq's Islamization policy in the 1980s, which involved a state monopoly on religion and the dominance of a particular sect. Sectarian consciousness had always existed but it was mostly confined to theological debates and clashes during the month of Muharram.
Haṭhayoga’s Early History
Authors: Mallinson James
Published: September 2020

In India physical methods have been used for religious ends since at least 1000 bce. For two millennia these methods were simple techniques of privation in which the body was mortified, usually by holding a particular posture for long periods, in order to acquire tapas, ascetic power. The details of their performance were not transmitted in texts but, we must assume, passed on orally within lineages of renouncer ascetics. In the early part of the second millennium ce, a somatic soteriology whose physical methods are body-affirming appears in textual sources; some of its practices are depicted soon after in the material record. In certain Sanskrit texts these methods of yoga were classified as haṭha, which means “force”; haṭhayoga means “yoga by means of force”. In this chapter I shall analyse the history of the codification of haṭhayoga techniques up to the composition of the c. 1400 ce Haṭhapradīpikā, which became haṭhayoga’s locus classicus.
Legal Yoga
Authors: Kale Sunila S. , Novetzke Christian Lee
Published: September 2020

India is well known as the point of historical origin for the worldwide practices of yoga. In Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s first speech at the UN in September 2014, he described yoga as ‘an invaluable gift’ of India’s ‘ancient tradition’. Yoga thrives in India today across a broad social spectrum, from dreadlocked, naked yogis meditating deep in the Himalayan mountains, to hot yoga studios scattered throughout India’s many vibrant urban centres. In the US alone, 36 million people practise yoga regularly and fuel an industry in America that is currently worth $16 billion annually. Yoga today is a phenomenon produced in a complex transnational relationship between the US and India. This global interconnection of histories, practices, cultures, and economies linking two liberal secular democratic superpowers is a difficult weave to unravel. This chapter selects one strand that joins both the US and India and reflects their engagements with yoga in the context of their political structures as secular democratic states. It focuses on moments when yoga has entered into the legal systems of these two countries, with particular attention to the one question that has risen in prominence in both contexts: what is the place of yoga in public education?
Gurus in Contemporary Hindu Practice
Authors: Gold Daniel
Published: September 2020

Gurus as authoritative teachers have long played important roles in Hindu traditions, but in an increasingly globalized world these roles have taken some new turns. Modern transport and communications have let some gurus gain very large followings in India and abroad, which necessarily affects their relationships with individual disciples. Even while adapting to new situations, however, most still draw on specific religious traditions, which give them distinct identities and differentiate the teachings and practices they offer. Although they all tend to use a language of truth and knowledge to refer to spiritual reality, the quality of the reality to which each points seems to vary, coloured by different experiences of divine love and power. The guru’s often powerful presence, moreover, may be given different roles in any practical techniques they offer. This chapter examines three contemporary traditions of practice that highlight the figure of the guru in different ways.
Theories of humor and their levels
Authors: Attardo Salvatore
Published: September 2020

There are three major families of theories of humor: humor as release, humor as aggression, and humor as incongruity. They are reviewed along with neurolinguistic approaches, evolutionary theories of humor and a few mixed and partial theories that have been presented. An argument is made for the complementarity of the theories, which described different but not incompatible aspects of the phenomenon. Finally, an approach to evaluating competing theories is presented and bisociation theory is compared to modern linguistic approaches.
To Do, To Die, To Reason Why
Authors: Tadros Victor
Published: September 2020

To Do, To Die, To Reason Why is concerned with a wide range of issues about the ethics of war and the legal regulation of war. It is especially concerned with the conduct of individuals, including whether they are required to follow orders to go to war, what moral constraints there are on killing in war, what makes people liable to be killed in war, and the extent to which the laws of war ought to reflect the morality of war. It defends a largely anti-authority view about the morality of war, and defends familiar moral constraints on killing in war, such as the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing and a version of the Doctrine of Double Effect. However, it argues that a much wider range of people are liable to be harmed or killed in war than is normally thought to be the case, on grounds of both causal involvement and fairness, and it argues that the laws of war should converge much more closely with the morality of war than is currently the case.
Accountability for Wrongdoing in War
Authors: Tadros Victor
Published: September 2020

This chapter is about the institutional mechanisms for holding people accountable for wrongdoing in war. The main form of accountability that many people have in mind when they consider responsibility for serious wrongdoing in war is akin to the criminal model. But, it is argued, there is a much more limited role for criminal punishment, even though a great deal of wrongdoing in war is serious enough to warrant the criminal response. Other responses, which aim at capturing the range and scope of wrongdoing in war as a whole, provide at least as important a mechanism for ensuring that wrongdoing is responded to in an appropriate way.
Introduction
Authors: Robbins Joel
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that the time is right for an interdisciplinary dialogue between anthropology and theology that does not merely aid each discipline in achieving its traditional goals, but that seeks to transform their approaches to key issues around the nature of human experience and social life. The time is right because a rapid recent growth in interest in Christianity on the anthropological side has coincided with a burgeoning interest in world Christianity from the theological side. The chapter traces the development of these trends. It then shows that recent anthropological arguments in favour of ‘ethnographic theory’—the practice of using concepts drawn from the social life of others to create general theories—offers a foundation from which anthropologists can make productive theoretical use of theological concepts. It concludes by laying out the prospects for a transformative engagement between anthropology and theology that sets out from this starting point.
The Equations of Materials
Authors: Cantor Brian
Published: September 2020

This book describes some of the important equations of materials and the scientists who derived them. It is aimed at anyone interested in the manufacture, structure, properties and engineering application of materials such as metals, polymers, ceramics, semiconductors and composites. It is meant to be readable and enjoyable, a primer rather than a textbook, covering only a limited number of topics and not trying to be comprehensive. It is pitched at the level of a final year school student or a first year undergraduate who has been studying the physical sciences and is thinking of specialising into materials science and/or materials engineering, but it should also appeal to many other scientists at other stages of their career. It requires a working knowledge of school maths, mainly algebra and simple calculus, but nothing more complex. It is dedicated to a number of propositions, as follows: 1. The most important equations are often simple and easily explained; 2. The most important equations are often experimental, confirmed time and again; 3. The most important equations have been derived by remarkable scientists who lived interesting lives. Each chapter covers a single equation and materials subject. Each chapter is structured in three sections: first, a description of the equation itself; second, a short biography of the scientist after whom it is named; and third, a discussion of some of the ramifications and applications of the equation. The biographical sections intertwine the personal and professional life of the scientist with contemporary political and scientific developments. The topics included are: Bravais lattices and crystals; Bragg’s law and diffraction; the Gibbs phase rule and phases; Boltzmann’s equation and thermodynamics; the Arrhenius equation and reactions; the Gibbs-Thomson equation and surfaces; Fick’s laws and diffusion; the Scheil equation and solidification; the Avrami equation and phase transformations; Hooke’s law and elasticity; the Burgers vector and plasticity; Griffith’s equation and fracture; and the Fermi level and electrical properties.
Celestial Tapestry
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Celestial Tapestry places mathematics within a vibrant cultural and historical context, highlighting links to the visual arts and design, and broader areas of artistic creativity. Threads are woven together telling of surprising influences that have passed between the arts and mathematics. The story involves many intriguing characters: Gaston Julia, who laid the foundations for fractals and computer art while recovering in hospital after suffering serious injury in the First World War; Charles Howard, Hinton who was imprisoned for bigamy but whose books had a huge influence on twentieth-century art; Michael Scott, the Scottish necromancer who was the dedicatee of Fibonacci’s Book of Calculation, the most important medieval book of mathematics; Richard of Wallingford, the pioneer clockmaker who suffered from leprosy and who never recovered from a lightning strike on his bedchamber; Alicia Stott Boole, the Victorian housewife who amazed mathematicians with her intuition for higher-dimensional space. The book includes more than 200 colour illustrations, puzzles to engage the reader, and many remarkable tales: the secret message in Hans Holbein’s The Ambassadors; the link between Viking runes, a Milanese banking dynasty, and modern sculpture; the connection between astrology, religion, and the Apocalypse; binary numbers and the I Ching. It also explains topics on the school mathematics curriculum: algorithms; arithmetic progressions; combinations and permutations; number sequences; the axiomatic method; geometrical proof; tessellations and polyhedra, as well as many essential topics for arts and humanities students: single-point perspective; fractals; computer art; the golden section; the higher-dimensional inspiration behind modern art.
A Living Calf at Sinai?
Authors: Pregill Michael E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter re-evaluates major aspects of the Golden Calf story in the Qur’an, proposing a reading of the narrative that breaks with those of both traditional Muslim and Western scholarship and seeks to restore it to its proper historical, religious, and literary context in Late Antiquity. The qur’anic references to the image worshipped by the Israelites provided Muslim exegetes with a pretext for depicting the Calf as alive or at least possessing some semblance of life. However, the qur’anic Calf is better understood not as ? lowing image of a calf but rather an image of a lowing calf, a distinction of enormous significance for the exegesis of the story. In the absence of a conception of the Golden Calf as actually or seemingly animate, the Qur’an’s allusions to the creation of this entity must be reinterpreted as well. This chapter thus proposes alternative explanations of the major elements of the traditional portrayal of the narrative, especially the depiction of the “Samaritan” as an outside interloper who created and animated the Calf through supernatural means, with Moses subsequently imposing a sentence of exile on both him and his descendants, the Samaritan community, for all time. Instead, the major elements of the key passage in the Qur’an can be interpreted as allusions to various biblical subtexts; the qur’anic story originally posited, like its Jewish and Christian precursors, that it was Aaron—called by the unique epithet al-sāmirī here—who had made the Calf and led the Israelites into sin.
Conclusion
Authors: Pregill Michael E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter, the conclusion to the book, summarizes its major findings, particularly the necessity for the qur’anic Golden Calf narrative in the Qur’an—and other narratives like it—to be carefully re-evaluated in the light of late antique approaches to biblical stories, particularly as they reflect the apologetic and polemical dynamics informing Jewish and Christian scriptural interpretation in that era. At the same time, scholars must consider the continuing engagements of various communities—Jews, Christians, and now Muslims as well—over questions of chosenness and covenant as they are reflected in the interpretation of both Bible and Qur’an in the centuries after the rise of Islam. Although the Qur’an must be understood as a product of its time and not viewed solely through the lens of later Muslim commentary, Muslim approaches to the narratives of the Bible reinterpreted in the Qur’an must be considered integral to the later development of the larger biblical tradition alongside the Qur’an itself.
Mandelstam's Worlds
Authors: Kahn Andrew
Published: September 2020

Rightly appreciated as a ‘poet’s poet’, Mandelstam has been habitually read as a repository of learned allusion. Yet as Seamus Heaney observed, his work is ‘as firmly rooted in both an historical and cultural context as real as Joyce’s Ulysses or Eliot’s Waste Land’. Great lyric poets offer a cross-section of their times, and Mandelstam’s poems represent the worlds of politics, history, art, and ideas about intimacy and creativity. The interconnections between these domains and Mandelstam’s writings are the subject of this book, showing how engaged the poet was with the history, social movements, political ideology, and aesthetics of his time. The importance of the book also lies in showing how literature, no less than history and philosophy, enables readers to confront the huge upheaval in outlook that can be demanded of us; thinking with poetry is to think through the moral compromise and tension felt by individuals in public and private contexts, and to create out of art experience in itself. The book further innovates by integrating a new, comprehensive discussion of the Voronezh Notebooks, one of the supreme achievements of Russian poetry. Mandelstam’s controversial political poetry has been virtually a taboo topic (despite sporadic attempts at assessment). This book considers the full political dimension of works that explore the role of the poet as a figure positioned within society but outside the state, caught between an ideal of creative independence and a devotion to the original, ameliorative ideals of the revolution.
Are Human Rights Universal?
Authors: Biggar Nigel
Published: September 2020

Broadly speaking, a human right is the same as a natural right, insofar as it is the property of anyone participating in human nature. However, ‘human rights’ usually refers to those bodies of rights that have attracted international recognition by states since 1945. Rights subscribed to by states possess a special authority that derives from national recognition, is confirmed by some international consensus, and is reinforced by international courts. This legal authority endows a natural, moral claim with the characteristic force of ‘a right’. From the early 1970s, international human rights have provoked the complaint from non-Western societies that they embody ‘neo-imperialist’ assumptions about the intellectual and moral superiority of Western culture. This chapter examines that complaint. It concludes that the human goods that rights seek to protect are universal, and it is therefore unlikely that any society has ever existed without establishing customary or legal rights that enjoy some security. Moreover, there is empirical evidence that some non-Western societies have in fact established rights, many of them familiar to Westerners. There are, however, different ways in which a good can be protected by a legal right, and the way chosen by a particular society will be shaped by its historical, cultural, and other circumstances. Therefore, while the good to be protected is universal, and while the means of protecting it by establishing a right is very probably universal, the specific form of the protective right will not be universal.
Linear piezoelectricity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents the elements of linear piezoelectricity including mechanical and electrostatic balance laws and coupled mechanical electrical constitutive relations. The thermodynamically consistent constitutive relations are determined from a coupled electromechanical energy balance argument and expressions are given alternately considering the electric field and the electric displacement as independent fields. Appropriate electrical boundary conditions are also discussed. The theory is also specialized to poled piezoceramics. A chapter appendix provides a brief discussion of Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetics and energy transport in the quasi-static limit. A second chapter appendix discusses the properties of third order tensors.
Rigid-perfectly-plastic materials. Two extremal principles
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces the notion of rigid-perfect plasticity, and provides proofs of the extremum principles of applied loads and velocities. The variational principles are applied to generate the upper- and lower-bound theorems for collapse loads in rigid-perfect plasticity models. The method of sliding rigid blocks is presented for the solution of practical problems in forming operations and structural collapse. To facilitate such modelling the hodograph graphical device is also discussed.