bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Health Risks
Authors: Johansson Per-Olov
Published: May 2011

A major problem in health economics is how to give a value to changes in health. This is the first book to examine all the money measures that are used in such evaluations. Changes in health might be caused by medical treatments, by public safety programmes and by anti-pollution programmes, and the cost-benefit analysis of such programmes involves the use of money measures. The author defines the properties of these money measures, examining them in both a certain and a risky world. He evaluates available empirical approaches for the assessment of the value of health changes, and considers measures such as quality-adjusted life years (qalys) and healthy-years equivalents (hyes). This book raises the important question of whether we are willing to pay the costs for our health care system. It will be of interest to advanced students of health economics and related disciplines, and will also be useful for professionals working on projects that affect human health.
The Animals Issue
Authors: Carruthers Peter
Published: May 2011

Do animals have moral rights? In contrast to the philosophical gurus of the animal rights movement, whose opinion has held moral sway in recent years, Peter Carruthers here claims that they do not. He explores a variety of moral theories, arguing that animals lack direct moral significance. This provocative but judiciously argued book will appeal to all those interested in animal rights, whatever their initial standpoint. It will also serve as a lively introduction to ethics, demonstrating why theoretical issues in ethics actually matter.
The Call to Personhood
Authors: McFadyen Alistair Iain
Published: May 2011

This book is an attempt to answer the question 'What is a person?'. Although the answer is given in largely theoretical terms, the author is concerned primarily with practice: what does it mean to live as a human person in community with others? What personal, social, and political practices are required by personal being? The central insight, that human identity is most productively understood in communicational terms, leads to an account of personhood which is both compassionate and which - at the same time - keeps sight of the particularity of each individual.
A Flora of Cambridgeshire
Authors: Perring Franklyn Hugh , Sell Peter D. , Walters Stuart Max , Whitehouse Harold Leslie Kerr
Published: May 2011

This flora, published in 1964, was the first comprehensive account of Cambridgeshire's plants since Babington's of 1860. Based on records to the end of 1962, it details 1509 species. These comprise 27 pteridophytes, 3 gymnosperms, 1223 angiosperms and 256 bryophytes. The following information is provided for each of the species: scientific name; well-known vernacular name, if any; first known record of the plant in the county; synonyms; habitat; notes on rare, difficult or interesting species; distribution by OS grid reference numbers. The introduction examines local topography, climate, the main geological areas and vegetation types, together with a history of botanical investigation in the county. Important localities are noted, highlighting key species that could then be found. Botanists, conservationists and naturalists will find this historic flora provides a valuable baseline for contemporary studies, including those focusing on biodiversity, extinction or the effects of climate change.
The Collected Mathematical Papers
Authors: Cayley Arthur
Published: May 2011

Arthur Cayley (1821–1895) was a key figure in the creation of modern algebra. He studied mathematics at Cambridge and published three papers while still an undergraduate. He then qualified as a lawyer and published about 250 mathematical papers during his fourteen years at the Bar. In 1863 he took a significant salary cut to become the first Sadleirian Professor of Pure Mathematics at Cambridge, where he continued to publish at a phenomenal rate on nearly every aspect of the subject, his most important work being in matrices, geometry and abstract groups. In 1883 he became president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Publication of his Collected Papers - 967 papers in 13 volumes plus an index volume - began in 1889 and was completed after his death under the editorship of his successor in the Sadleirian Chair. This volume contains 76 papers mostly published between 1876 and 1880.
Vom Roroima zum Orinoco
Authors: Koch-Grünberg Theodor
Published: May 2011

Theodor Koch-Grünberg (1872–1924) was a noted German ethnologist and explorer whose work on the indigenous peoples of Brazil and Venezuela is still consulted by anthropologists, ethnologists and linguists. His most important book is this five-volume account of his expedition of 1911–1913 from the sandstone mountains bordering Brazil, Venezuela and Guyana through uncharted territory westwards to the Orinoco. Volume 4 contains the linguistic data collected on the expedition, including a grammatical description of Taulipáng (Taurepan) with word lists and texts. Eighteen further languages and dialects, seven of them previously unknown, are also represented, mostly by word lists with phonetic transcriptions using the 'Anthropos' system. Three languages were already facing extinction, four were language isolates, and several had previously been described only briefly. This truly ground-breaking work provided a linguistic overview of the greater part of a large geographical area, and a foundation for much future research.
Fasti Romani
Authors: Clinton Henry Fynes
Published: May 2011

Henry Fynes Clinton (1781–1852) made an innovative contribution to classical scholarship with this history of the Roman Empire, published in two volumes in 1845 and 1850. Applying a scientific method of analysis to the study of ancient history, he organises the information chronologically in tables, demonstrating the connection between different spheres at various phases of development of the empire. Volume 2 contains appendixes to the first volume including genealogical tables of the emperors and of the Kings of Persia, indices for the authors (including abstracts from selected works), imperial documents, and an index of Christian bishops. Among his sources are chronicles, law codes, medals and coins, and classic literature, covering over five hundred years of the Roman Empire. The second volume also begins with the death of Augustus, but extends the chronological scope further, to the death of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius in 614 CE.
The Cults of the Greek States
Authors: Farnell Lewis Richard
Published: May 2011

Lewis Richard Farnell's five-volume The Cults of the Greek States, first published between 1896 and 1909, disentangles classical Greek mythology and religion, since the latter had often been overlooked by nineteenth-century English scholars. Farnell describes the cults of the most significant Greek gods in order to establish their zones of influence, and outlines the personality, monuments, and ideal types associated with each deity. He also resolutely avoids the question of divine origins and focuses instead on the culture surrounding each cult, a position which initially drew some criticism, but which allowed him more space to analyse the religious practices themselves. Written to facilitate a comparative approach to Greek gods, his work is still regularly cited today for its impressive collection of data about the worship of the most popular deities. Volume 3 focuses on the cults of Ge, Demeter, Hades, and Rhea.
Forschungen zur Alten Geschichte
Authors: Meyer Eduard
Published: May 2011

The German historian Eduard Meyer's two-volume work on ancient history was first published in 1892–1899. More than any other historian of his time Meyer (1855–1930) insisted on considering world history as a whole, even in the classical period, rather than adopting the traditional subdivision into Roman, Greek and Oriental categories. He was also convinced that a combination of philological and historical approaches was needed for an accurate interpretation of history. In Volume 2 (1899) Meyer focuses almost entirely on Greek history of the fifth century BCE, except for some discussion of the governments of the Persian and Spartan kings. Meyer traces the biography of the statesman Cimon, accounts for the history of Attica and evaluates the historical value of Thucydides' work. A remarkable feature of this volume is Meyer's almost constant dialogue with the findings and publications of other scholars working within the field.
Fichte's Social and Political Philosophy
Authors: James David
Published: May 2011

In this study of Fichte's social and political philosophy, David James offers an interpretation of Fichte's most famous writings in this area, including his Foundations of Natural Right and Addresses to the German Nation, centred on two main themes: property and virtue. These themes provide the basis for a discussion of such issues as what it means to guarantee the freedom of all the citizens of a state, the problem of unequal relations of economic dependence between states, and the differences and connections between the legal and political sphere of right and morality. James also relates Fichte's central social and political ideas to those of other important figures in the history of philosophy, including Locke, Kant and Hegel, as well as to the radical phase of the French Revolution. His account will be of importance to all who are interested in Fichte's philosophy and its intellectual and political context.
Aristotle on Time
Authors: Roark Tony
Published: May 2011

Aristotle's definition of time as 'a number of motion with respect to the before and after' has been branded as patently circular by commentators ranging from Simplicius to W. D. Ross. In this book Tony Roark presents an interpretation of the definition that renders it not only non-circular, but also worthy of serious philosophical scrutiny. He shows how Aristotle developed an account of the nature of time that is inspired by Plato while also thoroughly bound up with Aristotle's sophisticated analyses of motion and perception. When Aristotle's view is properly understood, Roark argues, it is immune to devastating objections against the possibility of temporal passage articulated by McTaggart and other 20th-century philosophers. Roark's novel and fascinating interpretation of Aristotle's temporal theory will appeal to those interested in Aristotle, ancient philosophy and the philosophy of time.
Commonplace Books and Reading in Georgian England
Authors: Allan David
Published: May 2011

This pioneering exploration of Georgian men and women's experiences as readers explores their use of commonplace books for recording favourite passages and reflecting upon what they had read, revealing forgotten aspects of their complicated relationship with the printed word. It shows how indebted English readers often remained to techniques for handling, absorbing and thinking about texts that were rooted in classical antiquity, in Renaissance humanism and in a substantially oral culture. It also reveals how a series of related assumptions about the nature and purpose of reading influenced the roles that literature played in English society in the ages of Addison, Johnson and Byron; how the habits and procedures required by commonplacing affected readers' tastes and so helped shape literary fashions; and how the experience of reading and responding to texts increasingly encouraged literate men and women to imagine themselves as members of a polite, responsible and critically aware public.
Meditation in Modern Buddhism
Authors: Cook Joanna
Published: May 2011

In contemporary Thai Buddhism, the burgeoning popularity of vipassanā meditation is dramatically impacting the lives of those most closely involved with its practice: monks and mae chee (lay nuns) living in monastic communities. For them, meditation becomes a central focus of life and a way to transform the self. This ethnographic account of a thriving Northern Thai monastery examines meditation in detail, and explores the subjective signification of monastic duties and ascetic practices. Drawing on fieldwork done both as an analytical observer and as a full participant in the life of the monastery, Joanna Cook analyzes the motivation and experience of renouncers, and shows what effect meditative practices have on individuals and community organization. The particular focus on the status of mae chee - part lay, part monastic - provides a fresh insight into social relationships and gender hierarchy within the context of the monastery.
Fast Algorithms for Signal Processing
Authors: Blahut Richard E.
Published: May 2011

Efficient signal processing algorithms are important for embedded and power-limited applications since, by reducing the number of computations, power consumption can be reduced significantly. Similarly, efficient algorithms are also critical to very large scale applications such as video processing and four-dimensional medical imaging. This self-contained guide, the only one of its kind, enables engineers to find the optimum fast algorithm for a specific application. It presents a broad range of computationally-efficient algorithms, describes their structure and implementation, and compares their relative strengths for given problems. All the necessary background mathematics is included and theorems are rigorously proved, so all the information needed to learn and apply the techniques is provided in one convenient guide. With this practical reference, researchers and practitioners in electrical engineering, applied mathematics, and computer science can reduce power dissipation for low-end applications of signal processing, and extend the reach of high-end applications.
Internet Jurisdiction and Choice of Law
Authors: Wang Faye Fangfei
Published: May 2011

The adoption of electronic commercial transactions has facilitated cross-border trade and business, but the complexity of determining the place of business and other connecting factors in cyberspace has challenged existing private international law. This comparison of the rules of internet jurisdiction and choice of law as well as online dispute resolution (ODR) covers both B2B and B2C contracts in the EU, USA and China. It highlights the achievement of the Rome I Regulation in the EU, evaluates the merits of the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreement at the international level and gives an insight into the current developments in CIDIP. The in-depth research allows for solutions to be proposed relating to the problems of the legal uncertainty of internet conflict of law and the validity and enforceability of ODR agreements and decisions.
Access to Asylum
Authors: Gammeltoft-Hansen Thomas
Published: May 2011

Is there still a right to seek asylum in a globalised world? Migration control has increasingly moved to the high seas or the territory of transit and origin countries, and is now commonly outsourced to private actors. Under threat of financial penalties airlines today reject any passenger not in possession of a valid visa, and private contractors are used to run detention centres and man border crossings. In this volume Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen examines the impact of these new practices for refugees' access to asylum. A systematic analysis is provided of the reach and limits of international refugee law when migration control is carried out extraterritorially or by non-state actors. State practice from around the globe and case law from all the major human rights institutions is discussed. The arguments are further linked to wider debates in human rights, general international law and political science.
Secured Finance Law in China and Hong Kong
Authors: Williams Mark , Lu Haitian , Ong Chin Aun
Published: May 2011

This book examines systematically the current systems of secured lending in China and Hong Kong, where companies or individuals offer personal property as security for credit advanced by a lender. Valid and enforceable security reduces the risk to the lender and so lowers the cost of credit to the borrower. However, the Hong Kong system, being largely derived from English law, is highly complex and in need of root-and-branch reform. The forces of inaction have triumphed and valuable opportunities to create a modern, rational and efficient system have been squandered. In China, on the other hand, a completely new system has been created in the last twenty years which, whilst it has various problems and defects, has some notable advantages over the common law equivalent found in Hong Kong.
Women on the Stage in Early Modern France
Authors: Scott Virginia
Published: May 2011

Focusing on actresses in France during the early modern period, Virginia Scott examines how the stereotype of the actress has been constructed. The study then moves beyond that stereotype to detail the reality of the personal and artistic lives of women on the French stage, from the almost unknown Marie Ferré - who signed a contract for 12 livres a year in 1545 to perform the 'antiquailles de Rome or other histories, moralities, farces, and acrobatics' in the provinces - to the queens of the eighteenth-century Paris stage, whose 'adventures' have overshadowed their artistic triumphs. The book also investigates the ways in which actresses made invaluable contributions to the development of the French theatre in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and looks at the 'afterlives' of such women as Armande Béjart, Marquise Du Parc, Charlotte Desmares, Adrienne Lecouvreur, and Hippolyte Clairon in biographies, plays, and films.
Sex, Power and Consent
Authors: Powell Anastasia
Published: May 2011

Sex, Power and Consent: Youth Culture and the Unwritten Rules draws on the real world stories and experiences of young women and young men - as told in their own words - regarding love, sex, relationships and negotiating consent. Judicious reference to feminist and sociological theory underpins explicit connections between young people's lived experience and current international debates. Issues surrounding youth sex within popular culture, sexuality education and sexual violence prevention are thoroughly explored. In a clear, incisive and eminently readable manner, Anastasia Powell develops a compelling framework for understanding the 'unwritten rules' and the gendered power relations in which sexual negotiations take place. Ultimately Sex, Power and Consent provides practical strategies for young people, and those working with them, toward the prevention of sexual violence.
A History of the Japanese Language
Authors: Frellesvig Bjarke
Published: May 2011

Bjarke Frellesvig describes the development of the Japanese language from its recorded beginnings until the present day as reflected by the written sources and historical record. Beginning with a description of the oldest attested stage of the language, Old Japanese (approximately the eighth century AD), and then tracing the changes which occurred through the Early Middle Japanese (800–1200), Late Middle Japanese (1200–1600) and the Modern Japanese (1600–onwards) periods, a complete internal history of the language is examined and discussed. This account provides a comprehensive study of how the Japanese language has developed and adapted, providing a much needed resource for scholars. A History of the Japanese Language is invaluable to all those interested in the Japanese language and also students of language change generally.
The Order of Public Reason
Authors: Gaus Gerald
Published: May 2011

In this innovative and important work, Gerald Gaus advances a revised and more realistic account of public reason liberalism, showing how, in the midst of fundamental disagreement about values and moral beliefs, we can achieve a moral and political order that treats all as free and equal moral persons. The first part of this work analyzes social morality as a system of authoritative moral rules. Drawing on an earlier generation of moral philosophers such as Kurt Baier and Peter Strawson as well as current work in the social sciences, Gaus argues that our social morality is an evolved social fact, which is the necessary foundation of a mutually beneficial social order. The second part considers how this system of social moral authority can be justified to all moral persons. Drawing on the tools of game theory, social choice theory, experimental psychology and evolutionary theory, Gaus shows how a free society can secure a moral equilibrium that is endorsed by all, and how a just state respects, and develops, such an equilibrium.
The Life and Thought of Herbert Butterfield
Authors: Bentley Michael
Published: May 2011

Once recalled only for The Whig Interpretation of History (1931) and Christianity and History (1949), Sir Herbert Butterfield's contribution to western culture has undergone an astonishing revaluation over the past twenty years. What has been left out of this reappraisal is the man himself. Yet the force of Butterfield's writings is weakened without some knowledge of the man behind them: his temperament, contexts and personal torments. Previous authors have been unable to supply a rounded portrait for lack of available material, particularly a dearth of sources for the crucial period before the outbreak of war in 1939. Michael Bentley's original, startling 2011 biography draws on sources never seen before. They enable him to present a new Butterfield, one deeply troubled by self-doubt, driven by an urgent sexuality and plagued by an unending tension between history, science and God in a mind as hard and cynical as it was loving and charitable.
Herder on Humanity and Cultural Difference
Authors: Sikka Sonia
Published: May 2011

Herder is often criticized for having embraced cultural relativism, but there has been little philosophical discussion of what he actually wrote about the nature of the human species and its differentiation through culture. This book focuses on Herder's idea of culture, seeking to situate his social and political theses within the context of his anthropology, metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, theory of language and philosophy of history. It argues for a view of Herder as a qualified relativist, who combined the conception of a common human nature with a belief in the importance of culture in developing and shaping that nature. Especially highlighted are Herder's understanding of the relativity of virtue and happiness, and his belief in the impossibility of constructing a single best society. The book will appeal to a wide range of readers interested both in Herder and in Enlightenment culture more generally.
Conflict and Housing, Land and Property Rights
Authors: Leckie Scott , Huggins Chris
Published: May 2011

Housing, land and property (HLP) rights, as rights, are widely recognized throughout international human rights and humanitarian law and provide a clear and consistent legal normative framework for developing better approaches to the HLP challenges faced by the UN and others seeking to build long-term peace. This book analyses the ubiquitous HLP challenges present in all conflict and post-conflict settings. It will bridge the worlds of the practitioner and the theorist by combining an overview of the international legal and policy frameworks on HLP rights with dozens of detailed case studies demonstrating country experiences from around the world. The book will be of particular interest to professors and students of international relations, law, human rights, and peace and conflict studies but will have a wider readership among practitioners working for international institutions such as the United Nations and the World Bank, non-governmental organizations, and national agencies in the developing world.
Complex-Valued Matrix Derivatives
Authors: Hjørungnes Are
Published: May 2011

In this complete introduction to the theory of finding derivatives of scalar-, vector- and matrix-valued functions with respect to complex matrix variables, Hjørungnes describes an essential set of mathematical tools for solving research problems where unknown parameters are contained in complex-valued matrices. The first book examining complex-valued matrix derivatives from an engineering perspective, it uses numerous practical examples from signal processing and communications to demonstrate how these tools can be used to analyze and optimize the performance of engineering systems. Covering un-patterned and certain patterned matrices, this self-contained and easy-to-follow reference deals with applications in a range of areas including wireless communications, control theory, adaptive filtering, resource management and digital signal processing. Over 80 end-of-chapter exercises are provided, with a complete solutions manual available online.
Civic Ceremony and Religion in Medieval Bruges c.1300–1520
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: May 2011

Public religious practice lay at the heart of civic society in late medieval Europe. In this illuminating study, Andrew Brown draws on the rich and previously little-researched archives of Bruges, one of medieval Europe's wealthiest and most important towns, to explore the role of religion and ceremony in urban society. The author situates the religious practices of citizens - their investment in the liturgy, commemorative services, guilds and charity - within the contexts of Bruges' highly diversified society and of the changes and crises the town experienced. Focusing on the religious processions and festivities sponsored by the municipal government, the author challenges much current thinking on, for example, the nature of 'civic religion'. Re-evaluating the ceremonial links between Bruges and its rulers, he questions whether rulers could dominate the urban landscape by religious or ceremonial means, and offers new insight into the interplay between ritual and power of relevance throughout medieval Europe.
Remembering Constantine at the Milvian Bridge
Authors: Van Dam Raymond
Published: May 2011

Constantine's victory in 312 at the battle of the Milvian Bridge established his rule as the first Christian emperor. This book examines the creation and dissemination of the legends about that battle and its significance. Christian histories, panegyrics and an honorific arch at Rome soon commemorated his victory, and the emperor himself contributed to the myth by describing his vision of a cross in the sky before the battle. Through meticulous research into the late Roman narratives and the medieval and Byzantine legends, this book moves beyond a strictly religious perspective by emphasizing the conflicts about the periphery of the Roman empire, the nature of emperorship and the role of Rome as a capital city. Throughout late antiquity and the medieval period, memories of Constantine's victory served as a powerful paradigm for understanding rulership in a Christian society.
Adaptation in Dynamical Systems
Authors: Tyukin Ivan
Published: May 2011

In the context of this book, adaptation is taken to mean a feature of a system aimed at achieving the best possible performance, when mathematical models of the environment and the system itself are not fully available. This has applications ranging from theories of visual perception and the processing of information, to the more technical problems of friction compensation and adaptive classification of signals in fixed-weight recurrent neural networks. Largely devoted to the problems of adaptive regulation, tracking and identification, this book presents a unifying system-theoretic view on the problem of adaptation in dynamical systems. Special attention is given to systems with nonlinearly parameterized models of uncertainty. Concepts, methods and algorithms given in the text can be successfully employed in wider areas of science and technology. The detailed examples and background information make this book suitable for a wide range of researchers and graduates in cybernetics, mathematical modelling and neuroscience.
Pressure-driven flow in a channel with porous walls
Authors: LIU QIANLONG , PROSPERETTI ANDREA
Published: May 2011

The finite-Reynolds-number three-dimensional flow in a channel bounded by one and two parallel porous walls is studied numerically. The porous medium is modelled by spheres in a simple cubic arrangement. Detailed results on the flow structure and the hydrodynamic forces and couple acting on the sphere layer bounding the porous medium are reported and their dependence on the Reynolds number illustrated. It is shown that, at finite Reynolds numbers, a lift force acts on the spheres, which may be expected to contribute to the mobilization of bottom sediments. The results for the slip velocity at the surface of the porous layers are compared with the phenomenological Beavers–Joseph model. It is found that the values of the slip coefficient for pressure-driven and shear-driven flow are somewhat different, and also depend on the Reynolds number. A modification of the relation is suggested to deal with these features. The Appendix provides an alternative derivation of this modified relation.
Four-dimensional turbulence in a plane channel
Authors: NIKITIN NIKOLAY
Published: May 2011

The four-dimensional (4D) incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are solved numerically for the plane channel geometry. The fourth spatial coordinate is introduced formally to be homogeneous and mathematically orthogonal to the others, similar to the spanwise coordinate. Exponential growth of small 4D perturbations superimposed onto 3D turbulent solutions was observed in the Reynolds number range from Re = 4000 to Re = 10000. The growth rate of small 4D perturbations expressed in wall units was found to be λ+4D = 0.016 independent of Reynolds number. Nonlinear evolution of 4D perturbations leads either to attenuation of turbulence and relaminarization or to establishment of a self-sustained 4D turbulent solution (4D turbulent flow). Both results on flow evolution were obtained at the lowest Reynolds number, depending on the grid resolution, pointing to the proximity of Re = 4000 as the critical Reynolds number for 4D turbulence. Self-sustained 4D turbulence appeared to be less intense compared with 3D turbulence in terms of mean wall friction, which is about 55% of that predicted by the empirical Dean law for turbulent channel flow at all Reynolds numbers considered. Thus, the law of resistance of 4D turbulent channel flow can be expressed as Cf = 0.04Re−0.25.
Dynamics of fingering convection. Part 2 The formation of thermohaline staircases
Authors: STELLMACH S. , TRAXLER A. , GARAUD P. , BRUMMELL N. , RADKO T.
Published: May 2011

Regions of the ocean's thermocline unstable to salt fingering are often observed to host thermohaline staircases, stacks of deep well-mixed convective layers separated by thin stably stratified interfaces. Decades after their discovery, however, their origin remains controversial. In this paper we use three-dimensional direct numerical simulations to shed light on the problem. We study the evolution of an analogous double-diffusive system, starting from an initial statistically homogeneous fingering state, and find that it spontaneously transforms into a layered state. By analysing our results in the light of the mean-field theory developed in Part 1 (Traxler et al., J. Fluid Mech. doi:10.1017/jfm.2011.98, 2011), a clear picture of the sequence of events resulting in the staircase formation emerges. A collective instability of homogeneous fingering convection first excites a field of gravity waves, with a well-defined vertical wavelength. However, the waves saturate early through regular but localized breaking events and are not directly responsible for the formation of the staircase. Meanwhile, slower-growing, horizontally invariant but vertically quasi-periodic γ-modes are also excited and grow according to the γ-instability mechanism. Our results suggest that the nonlinear interaction between these various mean-field modes of instability leads to the selection of one particular γ-mode as the staircase progenitor. Upon reaching a critical amplitude, this progenitor overturns into a fully formed staircase. We conclude by extending the results of our simulations to real oceanic parameter values and find that the progenitor γ-mode is expected to grow on a time scale of a few hours and leads to the formation of a thermohaline staircase in about one day with an initial spacing in the order of 1–2 m.
Charles Darwin's use of theology in the Origin of Species
Authors: DILLEY STEPHEN
Published: May 2011

This essay examines Darwin's positiva (or positive) use of theology in the first edition of the Origin of Species in three steps. First, the essay analyses the Origin's theological language about God's accessibility, honesty, methods of creating, relationship to natural laws and lack of responsibility for natural suffering; the essay contends that Darwin utilized positiva theology in order to help justify (and inform) descent with modification and to attack special creation. Second, the essay offers critical analysis of this theology, drawing in part on Darwin's mature ruminations to suggest that, from an epistemic point of view, the Origin's positiva theology manifests several internal tensions. Finally, the essay reflects on the relative epistemic importance of positiva theology in the Origin's overall case for evolution. The essay concludes that this theology served as a handmaiden and accomplice to Darwin's science.
Hypocholesterolaemic effect of water-insoluble fish protein from Alaska pollock in ovariectomised rats is not abolished by methionine addition
Authors: Kato Masaki , Ogawa Hiroshi , Kishida Taro , Ebihara Kiyoshi
Published: May 2011

The present study investigated whether the hypocholesterolaemic effect of water-insoluble fish protein (IFP) from Alaska pollock in ovariectomised (OVX) rats was affected by methionine (Met) addition. OVX rats (6 months old) were fed a cholesterol-free diet containing casein, IFP or IFP+Met as a protein source for 28 d. The ratio of Met:glycine was lower in the IFP and IFP+Met diets compared with the casein diet. Body-weight gain, food intake and liver lipids were not affected by the diet. Plasma total cholesterol concentration was lower in OVX rats fed the IFP diet compared with those fed the casein diet. The hypocholesterolaemic effect of the IFP diet was not abolished by Met addition. Amount of bile acids in the small-intestinal content and faecal excretion of bile acids were higher in OVX rats fed the IFP and IFP+Met diets compared with those fed the casein diet. Ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) mRNA level and faecal excretion of bile acids were significantly lower and higher, respectively, in OVX rats fed the IFP diet compared with those fed the casein diet, but not in those fed the IFP+Met diet. Thus, the hypocholesterolaemic effect of the IFP diet seems to be mediated by increased faecal excretion of bile acids coupled with decreased reabsorption of bile acids from the ileum through a decrease in IBAT and the change in cholesterol metabolism linked to the amino acid profile.
Effect of food form on postprandial plasma amino acid concentrations in older adults
Authors: Conley Travis B. , Apolzan John W. , Leidy Heather J. , Greaves Kathryn A. , Lim Eunjung , Campbell Wayne W.
Published: May 2011

To assess the effect of food form (FF) on postprandial (PP) plasma amino acid (AA) concentrations, ten older adults (five men and five women, age 72 (sem 2) years, BMI 26·0 (sem 0·9) kg/m2) consumed, on separate days, energy and macronutrient-matched test meal replacement products (MRP) (approximately 25 % of the subject's daily energy need; approximately 54 % carbohydrate, 21 % protein, 25 % fat) in beverage and solid form. Blood samples were taken during fasting and throughout the 4 h PP period; plasma AA concentrations were assessed using HPLC. Consumption of each MRP led to an increase in total AA, branched-chain AA (BCAA), essential AA (EAA), non-essential AA (NEAA) and leucine concentrations (4 h area under the curve, AUC) (time effect; P < 0·05). The beverage MRP resulted in a greater initial (i.e. 30 min) and sustained (4 h AUC) increase in total AA, BCAA, EAA, NEAA and leucine concentrations compared with the solid MRP (each effect of FF; P < 0·05). Although there was no effect of FF on PP insulin response, glucose concentration was greater 1 and 2 h after the solid MRP was consumed (FF × time interaction; P < 0·05). For all PP time points combined, total AA concentration was positively associated with plasma insulin (r 0·25) and glucose (r 0·24) concentrations for the solid MRP but not for the beverage MRP. In conclusion, older adults can achieve higher plasma AA concentrations when a protein-containing MRP is ingested in beverage form. The implications of the higher AA availability on anabolic processes warrant investigation.
Association between parenting styles and own fruit and vegetable consumption among Portuguese mothers of school children
Authors: Franchini Bela , Poínhos Rui , Klepp Knut-Inge , de Almeida Maria Daniel Vaz
Published: May 2011

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between parenting styles and own fruit and vegetable consumption among Portuguese mothers of school children. A cross-sectional study was performed in Portugal as part of the Pro Children cross-sectional European survey. Portuguese mothers (n 1601) of 11–13-year-old school children were included in the present study. A self-administered questionnaire was developed to assess fruit and vegetable consumption as well as the parenting styles. Fruit and vegetable consumption was assessed by a validated FFQ. Parenting styles based on two dimensions – strictness and involvement – were classified into authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent and neglectful. The higher mean intakes of fruit, vegetables and total fruit and vegetables were observed for mothers classified as indulgent, whereas the lower mean intakes were observed for mothers classified as neglectful. Differences in intake among parenting styles were significant for fruit, vegetables and total fruit and vegetables. When partial correlations were calculated between the two dimensions, strictness and involvement (controlled one for the other), and intakes, only involvement was positively associated with fruit, vegetables and total fruit and vegetable intake. Findings from the present study show that fruit and vegetable consumption of Portuguese mothers of school children seems to be related to their own parenting styles, especially with the dimension involvement. Future interventions to promote fruit and vegetable intake should take into account these variables.
Male wing fanning by the aphid parasitoidAphidius ervi(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) produces a courtship song
Authors: Villagra C.A. , Pinto C.F. , Penna M. , Niemeyer H.M.
Published: May 2011

We, herein, report evidence that wing fanning by the aphid parasitoidAphidius erviHaliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) constitutes a courtship song. Complete removal of the forewings or only the distal half of them reduced male copulation success in comparison to intact males. Males that achieved copulation within the observation period produced wing fanning at a higher rate than males that did not copulate. Playback of wing fanning sound altered the behaviour of virgin females, increasing the time they devoted to grooming, as compared with subjects that were exposed to silence or white noise. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the acoustic dimension of the sensory modalities employed by this aphid parasitoid in sexual signalling.
A quantitative comparison of frugivorous tephritids (Diptera: Tephritidae) in tropical forests and rural areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Virgilio M. , Backeljau T. , Emeleme R. , Juakali J.L. , De Meyer M.
Published: May 2011

Most of the current knowledge about African tephritids originates from studies performed in agricultural areas, while information about their distribution in pristine or moderately disturbed environments is extremely scarce. This study aims at (i) describing levels of spatial variability of frugivorous tephritids in tropical forests and small rural villages of the Congo River basin and (ii) verifying if human-mediated activities, such as small-scale agriculture and trade, can affect their distribution patterns. Four locations were sampled along a 250 km stretch of the Congo River. At each location, pristine and disturbed habitats (i.e. tropical forests and small rural villages, respectively) were sampled, with three replicate sites in each combination of habitat and location. Sampling with modified McPhail traps baited with four different attractants yielded 819 tephritid specimens of 29 species from seven genera (Bactrocera, Carpophthoromyia, Ceratitis, Dacus, Celidodacus, Perilampsis, Trirhithrum). The three most abundant species sampled (Dacus bivittatus, D. punctatifrons, Bactrocera invadens) showed significant variations in abundance across locations and sites and accounted for 98.29% of the overall dissimilarity between habitats. Assemblages differed among locations and sites while they showed significant differences between pristine and disturbed habitats in two out of the four locations. This study shows that frugivorous tephritids in central Congo have remarkably patchy distributions with differences among locations and sites representing the main source of variability. Our data show that, in rural villages of central Democratic Republic of Congo, human activities, such as small-scale agriculture and local commerce, are not always sufficient to promote differences between the tephritid assemblages of villages and those of the surrounding tropical forests.
Genetic differentiation among populations ofBrachytrupes portentosus(Lichtenstein 1796) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in Thailand and the Lao PDR: the Mekong River as a biogeographic barrier
Authors: Tantrawatpan C. , Saijuntha W. , Pilab W. , Sakdakham K. , Pasorn P. , Thanonkeo S. , Thiha  , Satrawaha R. , Petney T.
Published: May 2011

The Mekong River is known to act as a boundary between a number of terrestrial and freshwater species, including various parasites and their intermediate hosts as well as endangered mammal species. Little information is available, however, on the genetic differentiation between terrestrial invertebrates to the east and the west of this wide river. The genetic diversity among eight natural populations ofBrachytrupes portentosus(Lichtenstein, 1796) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) collected from Thailand and the Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) were analyzed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. The allelic profiles of 20 enzymes encoding 23 loci were analyzed. An average of 41% fixed differences was detected between the populations from Thailand and Lao PDR, which are separated by the Mekong River. The percent fixed differences ranged between 4% and 26% within the populations from Thailand and between 4% and 22% within the populations from Lao PDR. A phenogram shows that the eight populations fell into two major clusters based on the Thai and Lao sampling sites. The genetic distance between the samples within Thailand and within Lao PDR was related to the distances between sampling areas. The genetic variability between populations of this cricket indicates that genetic relationships are influenced by a natural barrier as well as by the geographical distance between these allopatric populations.
IMPROVING WHEAT YIELDS THROUGH N FERTILIZATION IN MEDITERRANEAN TUNISIA
Authors: COSSANI C. MARIANO , THABET CHOKRI , MELLOULI HAFEDH J. , SLAFER GUSTAVO A.
Published: May 2011

Rainfed wheat is frequently exposed to periods of water stress that generate low and variable grain yields. Field experiments (with studies in Tunisia and Morocco) carried out in the context of a European research project of co-operation with Mediterranean partner countries (WatNitMED) showed that nitrogen (N) fertilization may be a tool to increase productivity of rainfed wheat in Mediterranean environments. However, most farmers in Northern Africa do not fertilize their rainfed cereals. In the present study, we aimed to analyse whether the generally accepted positive yield response to N fertilization in rainfed Mediterranean conditions corresponds to actual advantages achieved in the fields of working farmers, attempting a further up-scaling of knowledge from field experiments to real fields. We attempted to apply research results to Tunisian working farmers’ fields by conducting a farm pilot experiment. The pilot experiment was conducted in two different regions (a low-yielding region and a relatively high-yielding region) of cereal production in Tunisia, where wheat production represents typical rainfed Mediterranean agro-ecosystems in North Africa. First, we compared the yield response to N fertilization against unfertilized conditions (a common situation for many of the farmers in North Africa), and secondly we compared what the farmers suggested as an optimal N fertilization practice in their fields against the WatNitMED's recommendation which was based on an N-fertilization scheme derived from field experiments from the European research project in Mediterranean conditions. The WatNitMED fertilization scheme suggested higher rates of fertilization than those considered optimal by farmers (on average 40 kg N ha−1higher). Unfertilized grain yield across both locations ranged from about 1 to 3.5 Mg ha−1(typical of farmers’ yields in the region), and fertilizing increased grain yields in most situations. Within the two alternative fertilization treatments, WatNitMED fertilization produced higher yields than the fertilization rate considered optimal by farmers. This trend was observed at the low-yielding location as well as at the high-yielding location. These responses demonstrated that fertilization in working farmers’ field conditions may be a reliable means of improving dryland wheat grain and straw yields. They also showed that rates of fertilization regarded as optimal by real farmers were below the optimum for these regions.
ANALYSIS OF DIFFUSION STRATEGIES IN NORTHEAST BRAZIL FOR NEW CASSAVA VARIETIES WITH IMPROVED NUTRITIONAL QUALITY
Authors: GONZALEZ CAROLINA , PEREZ SALOMON , CARDOSO CARLOS ESTEVAO , ANDRADE ROBERT , JOHNSON NANCY
Published: May 2011

Biofortified staple crops, amongst them cassava, are being developed to reduce problems of micronutrient malnutrition. In 2006 new cassava varieties with increased levels of provitamin A were released. For the purpose of enhancing adoption of the new cassava varieties, two strategies were used: (1) a participatory research approach and (2) public awareness raising activities. This paper attempts to evaluate the results of these two diffusion strategies. Within the first strategy, the factors found to enhance adoption rates were: awareness of the new varieties' advantages, public entities as the main information sources and involvement in participatory research. Within the second strategy, trends were found between adoption rates and producer characteristics including: ownership of land, middle-level income, advanced education level and use of information media, namely the Internet. In both strategies, a lack of seeds was one of the main factors limiting the adoption process.