bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progressive alignment of inhibitory and excitatory delay may drive a rapid developmental switch in cortical network dynamics
Authors: Romagnoni Alberto , Colonnese Matthew T. , Touboul Jonathan D. , Gutkin Boris S.
Published: February 2020

Relying on a generalization of the Wilson–Cowan model, which allows a solid analytic foundation for the understanding of the link between maturation of inhibition and network dynamics, we propose a potential explanation for the role of developing excitatory/inhibitory synaptic delays in mediating a sudden switch in thalamocortical visual activity preceding vision onset.
Reaching decisions during ongoing movements
Authors: Michalski Julien , Green Andrea M. , Cisek Paul
Published: February 2020

Neurophysiological studies suggest that when decisions are made between concrete actions, the selection process involves a competition between potential action representations in the same sensorimotor structures involved in executing those actions. However, it is unclear how such models can explain situations, often encountered during natural behavior, in which we make decisions while were are already engaged in performing an action. Does the process of deliberation characterized in classical studies of decision-making proceed the same way when subjects are deciding while already acting? In the present study, human subjects continuously tracked a target moving in the horizontal plane and were occasionally presented with a new target to which they could freely choose to switch at any time, whereupon it became the new tracked target. We found that the probability of choosing to switch increased with decreasing distance to the new target and increasing size of the new target relative to the tracked target, as well as when the direction to the new target was aligned (either toward or opposite) to the current tracking direction. However, contrary to our expectations, subjects did not choose targets that minimized the energetic costs of execution, as calculated by a biomechanical model of the arm. When the constraints of continuous tracking were removed in variants of the task involving point-to-point movements, the expected preference for lower cost choices was seen. These results are discussed in the context of current theories of nested feedback control, internal models of forward dynamics, and high-dimensional neural spaces.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Current theories of decision-making primarily address how subjects make decisions before executing selected actions. However, in our daily lives we often make decisions while already performing some action (e.g., while playing a sport or navigating through a crowd). To gain insight into how current theories can be extended to such “decide-while-acting” scenarios, we examined human decisions during continuous manual tracking and found some intriguing departures from how decisions are made in classical “decide-then-act” paradigms.
Mechanically stimulating the lumbar region inhibits locomotor-like activity and increases the gain of cutaneous reflexes from the paws in spinal cats
Authors: Merlet Angèle N. , Harnie Jonathan , Macovei Madalina , Doelman Adam , Gaudreault Nathaly , Frigon Alain
Published: February 2020

Mechanically stimulating the dorsal lumbar region inhibits locomotion and reduces weight support during standing in rabbits and cats. However, how this inhibitory effect from the lumbar skin is mediated is poorly understood. Here we evaluated the effect of mechanically stimulating (vibration or pinch) the dorsal lumbar region on short-latency (8- to 13-ms onset) cutaneous reflex responses, evoked by electrically stimulating the superficial peroneal or distal tibial nerves, in seven adult cats with a low thoracic spinal transection (spinal cats). Cutaneous reflexes were evoked before, during, and after mechanical stimulation of the dorsal lumbar region. We found that mechanically stimulating the lumbar region by vibration or manual pinch abolished alternating bursts of activity between flexors and extensors initiated by nerve stimulation. The activity of extensor muscles was abolished bilaterally, whereas the activity of some ipsilateral flexor muscles was sustained during vibration/pinch. Mechanically stimulating the lumbar region increased ipsilateral and contralateral short-latency excitatory responses evoked by cutaneous inputs, a phenomenon that was generalized to muscles crossing different joints and located in different limbs. Our results indicate that the inhibitory effect on locomotion and weight support is not mediated by reducing cutaneous reflex gain and instead points to an inhibition of central pattern-generating circuitry, particularly the extensor component. The results provide greater insight into interactions between different types of somatosensory inputs within spinal motor circuits.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Vibration or pinch of the lumbar region in spinal-transected cats abolished alternating bursts of activity between flexors and extensors initiated by nerve stimulation. Mechanically stimulating the lumbar region increased ipsilateral and contralateral short-latency excitatory responses evoked by cutaneous inputs in hindlimb muscles. Sensory inputs from mechanoreceptors of the lumbar region do not mediate their inhibitory effect on locomotion and weight support by reducing the gain of short-latency excitatory cutaneous reflexes from the foot.
Predicting Nonlinear Stiffness, Motion Range, and Load-Bearing Capability of Leaf-Type Isosceles-Trapezoidal Flexural Pivot Using Comprehensive Elliptic Integral Solution
Authors: Zhang Aimei , Gou Yanjie , Yang Xihui
Published: February 2020

A leaf-type isosceles-trapezoidal flexural (LITF) pivot consists of two leaf springs that are situated in the same plane and intersect at a virtual center of motion outside the pivot. The LITF pivot offers many advantages, including large rotation range and monolithic structure. Each leaf spring of a LITF pivot subject to end loads is deflected into an S-shaped configuration carrying one or two inflection points, which is quite difficult to model. The kinetostatic characteristics of the LITF pivot are precisely modeled using the comprehensive elliptic integral solution for the large-deflection problem derived in our previous work, and the strength-checking method is further presented. Two cases are employed to verify the accuracy of the model. The deflected shapes and nonlinear stiffness characteristics within the range of the yield strength are discussed. The load-bearing capability and motion range of the pivot are proposed. The nonlinear finite element results validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed model for LITF pivots.
Server-Aided Revocable Attribute-Based Encryption from Lattices
Authors: Dong Xingting , Zhang Yanhua , Wang Baocang , Chen Jiangshan
Published: February 2020

Attribute-based encryption (ABE) can support a fine-grained access control to encrypted data. When the user’s secret-key is compromised, the ABE system has to revoke its decryption privileges to prevent the leakage of encrypted data. Although there are many constructions about revocable ABE from bilinear maps, the situation with lattice-based constructions is less satisfactory, and a few efforts were made to close this gap. In this work, we propose the first lattice-based server-aided revocable attribute-based encryption (SR-ABE) scheme and thus the first such construction that is believed to be quantum resistant. In the standard model, our scheme is proved to be secure based on the hardness of the Learning With Errors (LWE) problem.
Increased DHEAS and Decreased Total Testosterone Serum Levels in a Subset of Men with Early-Onset Androgenetic Alopecia: Does a Male PCOS-Equivalent Exist?
Authors: Cannarella Rossella , Condorelli Rosita A. , Dall’Oglio Federica , La Vignera Sandro , Mongioì Laura M. , Micali Giuseppe , Calogero Aldo E.
Published: February 2020

Background. Increased dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels have been reported in men with early-onset (<35 years) androgenetic alopecia (AGA). It has been suggested that a male polycystic ovarian syndrome- (PCOS-) equivalent, defined as an endocrine syndrome with a metabolic background and a PCOS-like hormonal pattern, predisposing to type II diabetes mellitus (DM II), cardiovascular and prostate diseases later in life, may occur in at least a part of these men. The gonadal function, including sperm parameters and total testosterone (TT) levels, has been investigated in a low number of these men. Objective. The aim of the study was to assess gonadal and adrenal function in a subset of men with early-onset AGA and controls. Methods. 43 men with early-onset AGA and 36 controls were screened for DHEAS, TT, glycaemia, insulin, gonadotropins, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17αOH-P), testicular volume (TV), fat mass percentage, and sperm conventional parameters. Among men with AGA, we identified Group 1 (n = 21), as those with at least one of the following parameters: body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m2, insulin resistance (IR), and/or SHBG <25 nmol/l. Results. Patients with early-onset AGA had higher mean (±SD) BMI (25.5 ± 3.8 vs. 23.7 ± 3.0 kg/m2; P<0.05) and 17αOH-progesterone (2.1 ± 0.9 vs. 1.5 ± 0.6 ng/ml; P<0.05) compared to controls. Group 1 had higher BMI (27.9 ± 3.8 vs. 23.7 ± 3.8 ml; P<0.05), fat-mass percentage (17.5 ± 4.1 vs. 13.2 ± 5.3; P<0.05), HOMA index (2.5 ± 1.8 vs. 1.5 ± 0.7; P<0.05), DHEAS (323.3 ± 112.6 vs. 257.8 ± 107.1 μg/dl; P<0.05), seminal fluid volume (4.2 ± 2.8 vs. 2.8 ± 1.3 ml; P<0.05), lower TT (5.16 ± 1.70 vs. 6.47 ± 4.30 ng/ml; P=0.016), and left TV (12.3 ± 2.8 vs. 15.0 ± 4.3 ml; P<0.05) compared to controls. Conclusion. Men with early-onset AGA and at least one among BMI >25 kg/m2, IR, and SHBG <25 nmol/l have increased DHEAS levels and a worse gonadal steroidogenesis. They might have a greater risk to develop gonadal dysfunction later in life. These criteria may be used to define male PCOS-equivalent.
The Existence of Zero Waves for Nonsimplified Chromatography System
Authors: Lin Maozhou , Guo Lihui , Bai Yinsong
Published: February 2020

In this paper, we mainly consider Riemann problem for the widely used nonsimplified chromatography system with initial data consisting of three pieces of constant states. Through phase plane analysis, the solutions of the nonsimplified chromatography system are established. When the different initial data tend to −1 from the right side, the existence of zero shock wave, zero delta shock wave, and zero rarefaction wave is obtained via analyzing its wave interaction. Finally, the correctness of the main conclusions is verified by numerical simulation, and the numerical results are in good agreement with the theoretical solutions of several experimental cases.
Norepinephrine Induces Lung Microvascular Endothelial Cell Death by NADPH Oxidase-Dependent Activation of Caspase-3
Authors: Chignalia Andreia Z. , Weinberg Guy , Dull Randal O.
Published: February 2020

Norepinephrine (NE) is the naturally occurring adrenergic agonist that is released in response to hypotension, and it is routinely administered in clinical settings to treat moderate to severe hypotension that may occur during general anesthesia and shock states. Although NE has incontestable beneficial effects on blood pressure maintenance during hypotensive conditions, deleterious effects of NE on endothelial cell function may occur. In particular, the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NADPH oxidase (Nox) on the deleterious effects of NE on endothelial cell function have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the effects of NE on ROS production in rat lung microvascular endothelial cells (RLMEC) and its contribution to cell death. RLMEC were treated with NE (5 ng/mL) for 24 hours and ROS production was assessed by CellROX and DCFDA fluorescence. Nox activity was assessed by NADPH-stimulated ROS production in isolated membranes and phosphorylation of p47phox; cell death was assessed by flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation. Caspase activation was assessed by fluorescent microscopy. Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 mRNA expression was assessed by real-time PCR. NE increased ROS production, Nox activity, p47phox phosphorylation, Nox2 and Nox4 mRNA content, caspase-3 activation, and RLMEC death. Phentolamine, an α1-adrenoreceptor antagonist, inhibited NE-induced ROS production and Nox activity and partly inhibited cell death while β-blockade had no effect. Apocynin and PEGSOD inhibited NE-induced caspase-3 activation and cell death while direct inhibition of caspase-3 abrogated NE-induced cell death. PEG-CAT inhibited NE-induced cell death but not caspase-3 activation. Collectively, these results indicate that NE induces RLMEC death via activation of Nox by α-adrenergic signaling and caspase-3-dependent pathways. NE has deleterious effects on RLMECs that may be important to its long-term therapeutic use.
Experimental Study on Vacuum Grouting in Silty Sand Stratum
Authors: Li Zuo-chun , Wang Gui-he , Li Jiong , Lv Zhen-fei
Published: February 2020

Vacuum grouting is a new grouting method to control the groundwater in geotechnical engineering, which is often used in the strata where penetration grouting is difficult to reach an expected slurry diffusion radius, such as sand and silt strata. There are some theoretical studies about the influence of the vacuum field on the law of the slurry diffusion. However, the research on soil properties is rare. In this paper, through a self-designed grouting device, grouting in the silty sand after vacuum field action is studied. The test results indicate that with the increase in vacuum degree, the grouting capacity has an obvious improvement. When the vacuum degree is −15 kPa, the grouting capacity increased by 45.9% compared with the blank control group (0 kPa). Then, through the thermogravimetric analyzer and zeta potential meter the change of bound water and electric double layer in the silty sand after the effect of the vacuum field through a small device is studied. The results show that the effect of the vacuum field could make an influence on free water and loosely bound water, but the change of firmly bound water is unnoticeable. With the change of the vacuum degree, the variation of the water is increased. When the vacuum degree is −15 kPa, compared with the blank control group, the variable weight of free water is 5.79% and loosely bound water is 2.86%. As the bound water has a relationship with the effective void ratio, it can be inferred that the vacuum field may have an effect on the permeability coefficient of silty sand. These conclusions provide a reference for the theoretical study of vacuum grouting.
Cerebral Venous Infarction due to Internal Jugular Vein Thrombosis: A Case Study and Review of Literature
Authors: Kodikara Iroshani , Gamage Dhanusha , Kalubowila Janaka
Published: February 2020

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is an uncommon disease entity. In contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance venography (MRV) images of the brain, CVST usually manifests as a filling defect of the dural venous sinuses. Brain parenchymal involvement in CVST can be ranged from parenchymal oedema to haemorrhagic infarctions. Though the most frequent cause of haemorrhagic infarction in brain is CVST, other rare causes such as cerebral venous outflow obstruction due to neck vein pathology have been reported. We report a rare case of haemorrhagic brain infarctions secondary to bilateral internal jugular vein thrombosis in a 17-year-old woman, who has presented with worsening headache and seizures. She had high susceptibility of getting venous thrombosis for being a young female on oral contraceptive pills. While reporting a rare cause of cerebral haemorrhagic infarctions, this case report highlights the need for having a high degree of suspicion to diagnose CVST. Further, this case report emphasises the value of prompt and adequate imaging of neck veins if the haemorrhagic infarction presents with patent cerebral venous sinuses.
Enhancement of Antibacterial Activity of Paludifilum halophilum and Identification of N‐(1‐Carboxy‐ethyl)‐phthalamic Acid as the Main Bioactive Compound
Authors: Frikha-Dammak Donyez , Fakhfakh Jawhar , Belhaj Dalel , Bouattour Emna , Ayadi Houda , Chaabouni Moncef , Ayadi Habib , Maalej Sami
Published: February 2020

The aim of this study was to determine the combined effect of fermentation parameters and enhance the production of cellular biomass and antibacterial compounds from Paludifilum halophilum SMBg3 using the response surface methodology (RSM). Eight variables were screened to assess the effects of fermentation parameters on growth and metabolite production by Taguchi experimental design. Among these, the initial pH, temperature, and the percentage of MgSO4·7H2O in the medium were found to be most influential. The Box–Behnken design was applied to derive a statistical model for the optimization of these three fermentation parameters. The optimal parameters were initial pH: 8.3, temperature growth: 44°C, and MgSO4·7H2O: 1.6%, respectively. The maximum yield of biomass and metabolite production were, respectively, 11 mg/mL dry weight and 15.5 mm inhibition zone diameter against Salmonella enterica, which were in agreement with predicted values. The bioactive compounds were separated by the thick‐layer chromatography technique and analyzed by GC/MS, NMR (1D and 2D), and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). In addition to several fatty acids, N‐(1‐carboxy‐ethyl)‐phthalamic acid was identified as the main antibacterial compound. This element exhibited a potent activity against the ciprofloxacin‐resistant Salmonella enterica CIP 8039 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value range of 12.5–25 μg/mL. Results demonstrated that P. halophilum strain SMBg3 is a promising resource for novel antibacterial production due to its high‐level yield potential and the capacity for large‐scale fermentation.
Testing Positive and Disclosing in Pregnancy: A Phenomenological Study of the Experiences of Adolescents and Young Women in Maseru, Lesotho
Authors: Madiba Sphiwe , Putsoane Mamorapeli
Published: February 2020

The routine antenatal screening through the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services results in pregnancy being often the point at which an HIV diagnosis is made. Disclosure to partners presents particular complexities during pregnancy. However, research on the pattern and experiences of disclosure in pregnancy is limited in Lesotho, despite the high prevalence of HIV among pregnant women. The aim of this study was to explore and describe the disclosure experiences of adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) after receiving a positive HIV test result during pregnancy. Methods. Descriptive phenomenology using semistructured in-depth interview was used to collect data from AGYM sampled purposively from PMTCT sites located in urban areas of Maseru, Lesotho. Data analysis was inductive and followed the thematic approach. Findings. There were 15 AGYW involved in this study with the mean age of 20 years. Fourteen reported being pregnant with their first child and perceived HIV testing in antenatal care as compulsory. Ten AGYM disclosed their HIV status in the immediate posttesting period to protect their partners from HIV infection. The narratives revealed that the AGYM hoped that after disclosing, the partner would be tested for HIV. Furthermore, the AGYM disclosed because they wanted freedom to take their medication. Their experience of disclosure was relief, as they did not have to hide their HIV status. The AGYM reported being supported to adhere to medication and clinic attendance by their partners who also provided emotional support to them to deal with being HIV positive and pregnant. Conclusion. The AGYM recounted an overall positive experience of disclosure to their partners who agreed to test for HIV and adopted safe sex practices. This has positive implications for the PMTCT programme and the involvement of men in reproductive health. Therefore, there is need to integrate disclosure and partner testing interventions in the cascade of services in PMTCT programmes.
High-Dose Toremifene as a Promising Candidate Therapy for Hormone Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer with Secondary Resistance to Aromatase Inhibitors
Authors: Fushimi Atsushi , Tabei Isao , Fuke Azusa , Okamoto Tomoyoshi , Takeyama Hiroshi
Published: February 2020

There are currently no established second- and later-line therapies for postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive advanced or metastatic breast cancer. We examined the efficacy of high-dose toremifene (HD-TOR) for this patient group and whether aromatase inhibitor (AI) resistance influences HD-TOR treatment outcome. This retrospective analysis investigated the outcomes of 19 women with postmenopausal hormone-sensitive recurrent or metastatic breast cancer who received HD-TOR, defined as 120 mg daily from 2012 to 2016. The median follow-up duration was 9.67 months. The overall response rate (ORR) and clinical benefit rate (CBR) were compared between various clinical subgroups, including patients exhibiting primary or secondary AI resistance as defined by the timing of recurrence or progression. Time to treatment failure (TTF) was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared between subgroups by the log-rank test. The overall ORR was 21.1%, and the CBR was 31.6%. CBR was significantly higher for patients without liver metastasis (50% vs. 0%, p=0.044). Nine cases exhibited primary and eight cases secondary AI resistance. Both ORR and CBR were higher in patients with secondary AI resistance (25% vs. 0%, p=0.087; 38% vs. 11%, p=0.29). The median TTF was 6.2 months in the entire AI-resistant group (n=17) and was longer in the secondary resistance subgroup than in the primary resistance subgroup (8.40 vs. 4.87 months; log-rank: p=0.159). High-dose TOR appears to be most effective for postmenopausal breast cancer cases with secondary resistance to AIs, cases without prior AI treatment, and cases without liver metastasis. The detailed mechanisms of AI resistance and the clinical features of responsive cases need to be further clarified to identify the best candidates for HD-TOR.
Mechanical Properties of Tunnel Muck with Fly‐Ash Geopolymer
Authors: Yang Dong , Xi Zhiqin , Chen Qiang , Li Shuisheng
Published: February 2020

The tunnel muck has a great potential to be used as a recyclable engineering material in transit and other civil work projects instead of being deposited as construction waste. In this work, the geopolymer is generated by alkali‐activated fly ashes, which act as cementitious materials to strengthen the tunnel muck. The tunnel muck has to be dehydrated, grinded, and screened before being treated by alkali‐activated fly ash. The effect of the mass ratio between fly ash and tunnel muck (Mfa/Mtm), the mass ratio between Na2SiO3 solution and NaOH solution (), the ratio between liquid and solid (Mliquid/Msolid), and molarity of NaOH on the strength of geopolymer were systematically studied by conducting the uniaxial compression experiments. The experimental results indicate that the liquid‐to‐solid ratio is the most important parameter to the geopolymer strength after the alkali‐activated fly ash treatment. On the contrary, molarity of NaOH is less effective on the geopolymer strength. Moreover, the optimum scheme is concluded according to the experimental results as follows: the mass ratio between tunnel muck and fly ash, the mass ratio between Na2SiO3 solution and NaOH solution, the ratio between liquid and solid, and molarity of NaOH are 1 : 2, 1.8, 0.18, and 10 mol/L, respectively. Meanwhile, the SEM images indicate that flocculence from the active substance in fly ash is a crucial component as the cementing material.
Alkaloids from Plants with Antimalarial Activity: A Review of Recent Studies
Authors: Uzor Philip F.
Published: February 2020

Malaria is one of the major health problems in developing countries. The disease kills a large number of people every year and also affects financial status of many countries. Resistance of the plasmodium parasite, the causative agent, to the existing drugs, including chloroquine, mefloquine, and artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT), is a serious global issue in malaria treatment and control. This warrants an urgent quest for novel compounds, particularly from natural sources such as medicinal plants. Alkaloids have over the years been recognized as important phytoconstituents with interesting biological properties. In fact, the first successful antimalarial drug was quinine, an alkaloid, which was extracted from Cinchona tree. In the present review work, the alkaloids isolated and reported recently (2013 till 2019) to possess antimalarial activity are presented. Several classes of alkaloids, including terpenoidal, indole, bisindole, quinolone, and isoquinoline alkaloids, were identified with a promising antimalarial activity. It is hoped that the reports of the review work will spur further research into the structural modification and/or development of the interesting compounds as novel antimalarial drugs.
The First Solution for the Helical Flow of a Generalized Maxwell Fluid within Annulus of Cylinders by New Definition of Transcendental Function BNrrn
Authors: Wang Fang , Liu Jinling
Published: February 2020

Most articles choose the transcendental function B1rrn to define the finite Hankel transform, and very few articles choose B0rrn. The derivations of B0rrn and B1rrn are also considered the same. In this paper, we find that the derivative formulas for the transcend function BNrrn are different and prove the derivative formulas for B0rrn and B1rrn. Based on the exact formulas of B0rrn and B1rrn, we keep on studying the helical flow of a generalized Maxwell fluid between two boundless coaxial cylinders. In this case, the inner and outer cylinders start to rotate around their axis of symmetry at different angular frequencies and slide at different linear velocities at time t=0+. We deduced the velocity field and shear stress via Laplace transform and finite Hankel transform and their inverse transforms. According to generalized G and R functions, the solutions we obtained are given in the form of integrals and series. The solution of ordinary Maxwell fluid has been also obtained by solving the limit of the general solution of fractional Maxwell fluid.
Study on Properties of Cold‐Sprayed Al‐Zn Coating on S135 Drill Pipe Steel
Authors: Lv Dongli , Zhang Tao , Gong Feiyang
Published: February 2020

With the gradual depletion of shallow resources, the petroleum industry is developing toward ultradeep wells and high‐speed drillings, and the problems of corrosion and erosion failure of drill pipe materials are becoming more and more serious. On the basis of not destroying the excellent mechanical properties of S135 drill pipe steel, three kinds of coatings, 20% Al‐80% Zn, 30% Al‐70% Zn, and 40% Al‐60% Zn, are cold sprayed on S135 steel. The morphology of the coating is observed, and the bonding strength, porosity, hardness, and corrosion resistance of the coating are tested. Results show that the bonding mechanism between the powder particles and the substrate of the three coatings is mainly mechanical occlusion. From the substrate to the coating surface, the hardness value decreases gradually. With the increase of Al powder content, coating bonding strength increases, coating becomes more compact, and porosity decreases. Corrosion test results show that three coatings can protect the substrate. The density of corrosion products on the coating surface increased with the increase of the Al content. Corrosion potential of the three coatings is lower than that of the substrate, and the corrosion rate of the three coatings is lower than that of the substrate.
Synergistic Antifungal Activity of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles and Epoxiconazole against Setosphaeria turcica
Authors: Huang Weidong , Yan Minhui , Duan Haiming , Bi Yaling , Cheng Xinxin , Yu Haibing
Published: February 2020

It is urgent to develop highly efficient and eco-friendly antimicrobial agents for integrated control of phytopathogens. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by Ligustrum lucidum leaf extract. UV-vis spectrum showed that there was a strong absorbance at 438 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images displayed that synthesized nanoparticles were near spherical with an average size of 13 nm. The antimicrobial effect of AgNPs was evaluated through methods of paper disk diffusion, colony growth, conidia germination, and in vitro inoculation. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of AgNPs against Setosphaeria turcica was 170.20 μg/mL calculated by SPSS 13.0. In addition, it displayed a significant synergistic antifungal effect when AgNPs were combined with epoxiconazole at the ratios of 8 : 2 and 9 : 1. The results of this study provide a novel fungistat not only for comprehensive control of plant fungi but also for reducing chemical pesticides use and avoiding drug-resistant phytopathogen generation.
Relationships between the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio and a Panel of Exposure and Effect Biomarkers: Findings from Two Studies of U.S. Commercial Cigarette Smokers
Authors: Carroll Dana M. , Murphy Sharon E. , Benowitz Neal L. , Strasser Andrew A. , Kotlyar Michael , Hecht Stephen S. , Carmella Steve G. , McClernon Francis J. , Pacek Lauren R. , Dermody Sarah S. , Vandrey Ryan G. , Donny Eric C. , Hatsukami Dorothy K.
Published: February 2020

Background:

We examined the nicotine metabolite ratio's (NMR) relationship with smoking intensity, nicotine dependence, and a broad array of biomarkers of exposure and biological effect in commercial cigarette smokers.

Methods:

Secondary analysis was conducted on two cross-sectional samples of adult, daily smokers from Wave 1 (2013–2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco Use and Health (PATH) Study and baseline data from a 2014–2017 randomized clinical trial. Data were restricted to participants of non-Hispanic, white race. The lowest quartile of NMR (<0.26) in the nationally representative PATH Study was used to distinguish slow from normal/fast nicotine metabolizers. NMR was modeled continuously in secondary analysis.

Results:

Compared with slow metabolizers, normal/fast metabolizers had greater cigarettes per day and higher levels of total nicotine equivalents, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, volatile organic componds, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A novel finding was higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers among normal/fast metabolizers versus slow metabolizers. With NMR modeled as a continuous measure, the associations between NMR and biomarkers of inflammation were not significant.

Conclusions:

The results are suggestive that normal/fast nicotine metabolizers may be at increased risk for tobacco-related disease due to being heavier smokers, having higher exposure to numerous toxicants and carcinogens, and having higher levels of inflammation when compared with slow metabolizers.

Impact:

This is the first documentation that NMR is not only associated with smoking exposure but also biomarkers of biological effects that are integral in the development of tobacco-related disease. Results provide support for NMR as a biomarker for understanding a smoker's exposure and potential risk for tobacco-related disease.
Insights from Adopting a Data Commons Approach for Large-scale Observational Cohort Studies: The California Teachers Study
Authors: Lacey James V. , Chung Nadia T. , Hughes Paul , Benbow Jennifer L. , Duffy Christine , Savage Kristen E. , Spielfogel Emma S. , Wang Sophia S. , Martinez Maria Elena , Chandra Sandeep
Published: February 2020

Background:

Large-scale cancer epidemiology cohorts (CEC) have successfully collected, analyzed, and shared patient-reported data for years. CECs increasingly need to make their data more findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable, or FAIR. How CECs should approach this transformation is unclear.

Methods:

The California Teachers Study (CTS) is an observational CEC of 133,477 participants followed since 1995–1996. In 2014, we began updating our data storage, management, analysis, and sharing strategy. With the San Diego Supercomputer Center, we deployed a new infrastructure based on a data warehouse to integrate and manage data and a secure and shared workspace with documentation, software, and analytic tools that facilitate collaboration and accelerate analyses.

Results:

Our new CTS infrastructure includes a data warehouse and data marts, which are focused subsets from the data warehouse designed for efficiency. The secure CTS workspace utilizes a remote desktop service that operates within a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)– and Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA)–compliant platform. Our infrastructure offers broad access to CTS data, includes statistical analysis and data visualization software and tools, flexibly manages other key data activities (e.g., cleaning, updates, and data sharing), and will continue to evolve to advance FAIR principles.

Conclusions:

Our scalable infrastructure provides the security, authorization, data model, metadata, and analytic tools needed to manage, share, and analyze CTS data in ways that are consistent with the NCI's Cancer Research Data Commons Framework.

Impact:

The CTS's implementation of new infrastructure in an ongoing CEC demonstrates how population sciences can explore and embrace new cloud-based and analytics infrastructure to accelerate cancer research and translation.

See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, “Modernizing Population Science.”
Accuracy of Self-reported Colonic Polyps: Results from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Screening Trial Study of Colonoscopy Utilization
Authors: Wiseman Kara P. , Silver Michelle I. , Klabunde Carrie N. , Buckman Dennis , Wright Patrick , Hickey Thomas P. , Schoen Robert E. , Doria-Rose V. Paul
Published: February 2020

Background:

Colonoscopy follow-up recommendations depend on the presence or absence of polyps, and if found, their number, size, and histology. Patients may be responsible for conveying results between primary and specialty care or providing medical information to family members; thus, accurate reporting is critical. This analysis assessed the accuracy of self-reported colonoscopy findings.

Methods:

3,986 participants from the Study of Colonoscopy Utilization, an ancillary study nested within the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Screening Trial, were included. Self-reports of polyp and adenoma were compared to medical records, and measures of sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Correlates of accurate self-report of polyp were assessed using logistic regression and weighted to account for study sampling.

Results:

The sensitivity and specificity of self-reported polyp findings were 88% and 85%, respectively, and for adenoma 11% and 99%, respectively. Among participants with a polyp, older age was associated with lower likelihood while polyp severity and non-white race were associated with increased likelihood of accurate recall. Among participants without a polyp, having multiple colonoscopies was associated with lower likelihood while family history of colorectal cancer was associated with increased likelihood of accurate recall. Among both groups, longer time since colonoscopy was associated with lower likelihood of accurate recall.

Conclusions:

Participants recalled with reasonable accuracy whether they had a prior polyp; however, recall of histology, specifically adenoma, was much less accurate.

Impact:

Identification of strategies to increase accurate self-report of colonic polyps are needed, particularly for patient–provider communications and patient reporting of results to family members.
Risk of Leukemia after Dengue Virus Infection: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Chien Yu-Wen , Wang Chia-Chun , Wang Yu-Ping , Lee Cho-Yin , Perng Guey Chuen
Published: February 2020

Background:

Infections account for about 15% of human cancers globally. Although abnormal hematologic profiles and bone marrow suppression are common in patients with dengue, whether dengue is associated with a higher risk of leukemia has not been investigated.

Methods:

We conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study by analyzing the National Health Insurance Research Databases in Taiwan. Laboratory-confirmed dengue patients between 2002 and 2011 were identified; five matched non-dengue controls were randomly selected for each patient. Follow-up ended on December 31, 2015. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to evaluate the effect of dengue virus infection on the risk of leukemia. Cancers other than leukemia were used as falsification endpoints to evaluate the validity of this study.

Results:

We identified 12,573 patients with dengue and 62,865 non-dengue controls. Patients with dengue had a higher risk of leukemia [adjusted HR, 2.03; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.16–3.53]. Stratified analyses by different follow-up periods showed that dengue virus infection was significantly associated with a higher risk of leukemia only between 3 and 6 years after infection (adjusted HR, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.25–8.32). There was no significant association between dengue and the risk of other cancers.

Conclusions:

This study provides the first epidemiologic evidence for the association between dengue virus infection and leukemia.

Impact:

Considering the rapidly increasing global incidence of dengue and the burden of leukemia, further studies are required to verify this association and to unravel the potential mechanisms of pathogenesis.
Prognostic Significance of HPV DNA and p16INK4a in Anal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Urbute Aivara , Rasmussen Christina Louise , Belmonte Federica , Obermueller Theresa , Prigge Elena-Sophie , Arbyn Marc , Verdoodt Freija , Kjaer Susanne K.
Published: February 2020

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies evaluating survival in patients with anal cancer, according to human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, p16INK4a, and combined HPV DNA/p16INK4a status. We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies published in English until July 25, 2018, directly providing or allowing estimation of survival of patients with anal cancer according to the presence of HPV DNA and/or overexpression of p16INK4a. We estimated pooled HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for overall survival (OS) using a random-effects model. We included 16 studies, comprising 1,724 patients with anal cancer tested for HPV DNA (65% positive), and 567 patients tested for p16INK4a (87% positive). The pooled HR for OS was 0.54 (95% CI, 0.33–0.89) for HPV DNA positive versus negative, 0.37 (95% CI, 0.24–0.57) for p16INK4a positive versus negative, and 0.36 (95% CI, 0.22–0.58) for HPV DNA positive/p16INK4a positive versus HPV DNA positive/p16INK4a negative patients with anal cancer. Patients with HPV DNA or p16INK4a positive anal cancer have significantly better OS compared with HPV DNA or p16INK4a negative. This points to the possible value of HPV DNA and/or p16INK4a testing when planning the management and follow-up strategy for patients diagnosed with anal cancer.
Applying Tobacco, Environmental, and Dietary-Related Biomarkers to Understand Cancer Etiology and Evaluate Prevention Strategies
Authors: Peterson Lisa A. , Balbo Silvia , Fujioka Naomi , Hatsukami Dorothy K. , Hecht Stephen S. , Murphy Sharon E. , Stepanov Irina , Tretyakova Natalia Y. , Turesky Robert J. , Villalta Peter W.
Published: February 2020

Many human cancers are caused by environmental and lifestyle factors. Biomarkers of exposure and risk developed by our team have provided critical data on internal exposure to toxic and genotoxic chemicals and their connection to cancer in humans. This review highlights our research using biomarkers to identify key factors influencing cancer risk as well as their application to assess the effectiveness of exposure intervention and chemoprevention protocols. The use of these biomarkers to understand individual susceptibility to the harmful effects of tobacco products is a powerful example of the value of this type of research and has provided key data confirming the link between tobacco smoke exposure and cancer risk. Furthermore, this information has led to policy changes that have reduced tobacco use and consequently, the tobacco-related cancer burden. Recent technological advances in mass spectrometry led to the ability to detect DNA damage in human tissues as well as the development of adductomic approaches. These new methods allowed for the detection of DNA adducts in tissues from patients with cancer, providing key evidence that exposure to carcinogens leads to DNA damage in the target tissue. These advances will provide valuable insights into the etiologic causes of cancer that are not tobacco-related.

See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, “Environmental Carcinogenesis: Pathways to Prevention.”
Chronic Therapy with Sucroferric Oxyhydroxide Does Not Affect Iron and Anemia Markers in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Lioulios Georgios , Stangou Maria , Sarafidis Pantelis A. , Tsouchnikas Ioannis , Minasidis Ilias , Vainas Andreas , Faitatzidou Danai , Sampani Erasmia , Papagianni Aikaterini
Published: February 2020

Introduction: Sucroferric oxyhydroxide (SOH) is an iron-based phosphate binder (PB), and its use has been widely expanded since its initial approval in 2014. Based on the existing data, however, it remains yet unclear whether its long-term administration is followed by iron overload in dialysis patients. The purpose of this observational study was to evaluate the longstanding effects of SOH on the anemia and iron indices in patients on dialysis. Methods: A total of 110 patients from 3 dialysis centers were included in the study; 49 were under chronic treatment with SOH (cohort A), while 61 were either receiving other PB or no treatment for hyperphosphatemia (cohort B). We initially compared the hematologic profile of patients in 2 cohorts (phase I), and subsequently, we evaluated modifications of the above parameters in the SOH treated patients over a period of 6 months (phase II). Results: There were no statistically significant differences between 2 cohorts in terms of hemoglobin (Hb; 11.4 ± 1.3 vs. 11.6 ± 0.9 g/dL, p = 0.375), ferritin (473 ± 230 vs. 436 ± 235 ng/mL, p = 0.419) and transferrin saturation (TSAT;26.6 ± 13.2 vs. 26.5 ± 10.6%, p = 0.675), serum phosphate concentration (4.57 ± 1.05 vs. 4.3 ± 0.96 mg/dL, p = ns), and intact PTH (286 ± 313 vs. 239 ± 296 pg/mL, p = ns). Marginally, but significantly higher calcium levels were found in cohort A compared to cohort B (9.18 ± 0.58 vs. 8.9 ± 0.51 mg/dL, respectively, p = 0.008). In phase II, no significant changes were observed in hematological parameters after a 6-month treatment with SOH (Hb: from 11.5 ± 1.1 to 11.4 ± 1.3 g/dL, p = 0.4, serum ferritin levels: from 475 ± 264 to 473 ± 230 ng/mL, p = 0.951, TSAT: from 26.5 ± 16.7 to 26.6 ± 13.2%, p = 0.933). There were also no significant changes in the administration of iron supplements or erythropoietin dose during this period. Conclusions: SOH is an effective PB, and its long-term use is not complicated by iron overload.
Reversible Focal Dystonia Secondary to Giant Perivascular Spaces
Authors: De Schlichting Emmanuel , Zaldivar-Jolissaint Julien Francisco , Castrioto Anna , Reyns Nicolas , Chabardès Stephan
Published: February 2020

Giant perivascular spaces (PVS) are rare, CSF-filled, dilated cavities lined by the pia mater that are most often asymptomatic radiological findings but can sometimes cause neurological symptoms. We present two exceptional cases of secondary focal dystonia induced by the mass effect on the basal ganglia caused by giant diencephalic PVSs. In both cases, we chose a surgical stereotactic drainage approach as a treatment strategy that allowed controlling the movement disorders. The beneficial therapeutic effect was sustained at long-term follow-up. We believe that similar cases could be addressed successfully with this method.
Effective Management of Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Hydrothorax in a Child: A Case Report
Authors: Ambarsari Cahyani Gita , Bermanshah Evita Karianni , Putra Muhammad Arza , Rahman Farhan Haidar Fazlur , Pardede Sudung Oloan
Published: February 2020

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) confers many advantages, including a better quality of life for children with end-stage renal disease; however, the procedure is associated with several complications, including pleuroperitoneal leaks. Here, we report an unusual case of hydrothorax caused by long-term PD in a child, which was further complicated by pneumonia. A 9-year-old boy who had received CAPD for 22 months presented with dyspnea, swelling, and increased body weight. Chest tube drainage yielded 500 mL of transudative fluid. Computed tomography peritoneography revealed increased outflow from the peritoneum to the pleural cavity. PD was suspended, and hemodialysis (HD) was initiated. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was performed; however, because the patient had pneumonia during hospitalization, pleural adhesions with a septated appearance occurred. This resulted in difficulties identifying pleuroperitoneal fistula (PPF). Right pleural effusion resolved following pleurodesis using bleomycin. Regular HD was performed for 10 weeks, and PD was subsequently reinitiated. There was no recurrence of hydrothorax during long-term follow-up. We suspect that the underlying mechanism of hydrothorax in our patient was associated with a PPF that formed either due to a congenital diaphragmatic defect or an acquired defect, resulting in dialysate leakage. Our case demonstrates that a temporary switch from PD to HD, accompanied by pleurodesis, may help resolve hydrothorax that occurs as a complication of long-term PD.
HEALTHY POPULATION STUDY – OPPORTUNITIES TO DEVELOP GLOBAL CITIZENS AND HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS
Authors: Fedoniuk L. Ya. , Burgess-Pinto E. , Yastremska S. , Shumka C.
Published: February 2020

The aim of the work. Cooperation between MacEwan University and I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University in the realization of the educational programme of Public Health.

Materials and Methods. 23 students of the MacEwan University Nursing Faculty (including Canada, Ghana, Nigeria, and India) spent one week at I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University (TNMU). The work of students and teachers was focused on interactive learning of questions of global/planetary health issues and included flipped classroom format, seminars, team-based learning and field clinics coordinated by MacEwan faculty members in partnership with the TNMU members.

Results and Discussion. Cooperation between TNMU and MacEwan University corresponds to the strategy of the MacEwan University Nursing Faculty: Nurses making a difference in the health of global communities and mission: transformative learning in nursing education and professional practice. The educational course was organized to the students to align with three essential components of planetary health: relationality, sustainability, and ways of knowing. Through interactive learning in an international setting, students developed a shared understanding of how people relate to each other and to their environments, compared Canadian and Ukrainian approaches to the Sustainable Development Goals, and created space for understanding different ways of knowing and how these enhance health and wellbeing. Students visited a variety of health care facilities, including pediatric clinics, mental health hospital, HIV clinic, perinatal centre, orphanages, and rehabilitation centres.

Conclusions. Co-creation of the program, and involving Ukrainian students offers opportunities to examine and change nursing education and professional practice. The face-to-face format of the trip is invaluable in enhancing emotional and informal learning as well as developing capacity as global citizens. The course provides an excellent foundation for students who wish to pursue graduate studies in global health either in Nursing or in Public Health.