bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Hewitt Nancy A.
Published: January 2019

The life of Amy Kirby Post reveals an egalitarian, interracial, and mixed-sex network of activists who worked across the nineteenth century to achieve a democratic vision of social justice. Ties of family, friendship, and faith solidified this network, which was forged by radical Quakers like the Posts and the Motts, and free and fugitive blacks, including Frederick Douglass, William C. Nell, and Sojourner Truth. Amy and her husband Isaac Post were integral to this network and incorporated their social justice ideals into their family life, household, and business. In promoting racial justice, religious liberty, and the rights of women, Indians, and workers, Amy Post served as a conductor across diverse movements, orchestrating events and meetings and transmitting resources, ideas and tactics from one campaign to another.
Rattlesnakes, Holiness, and the Nearness of the Holy Spirit
Authors: Hudnut-Beumler James
Published: January 2019

Although the outside image of southern Pentecostal Holiness is often sensationalized by associations with serpent handling believers, that actual practice is confined to roughly a thousand individuals in an Appalachian crescent in the South. The story of Wesleyan Holiness belief in the nineteen century transforming in the twentieth to a wide variety of Pentecostal bodies is an important one that gains importance in the contemporary era wherein the South’s growing number of “bapticostal” black churches and other churches effecting the prosperity gospel far outnumber the formal number of Pentecostal churches. Furthermore, the convictions that the Holy Spirit is nearby and waiting on believers’ calling have come to characterize even many mainline and evangelical churches’ practice to the point where one can speak of the Pentecostalization of southern Christianity.
Southern, Christian, and Gay
Authors: Hudnut-Beumler James
Published: January 2019

In no area is contemporary southern Christianity more deeply divided than over the issue of sexuality. Younger people (including many self-described Bible-believing Christians) do not think that being gay has anything to do with one’s status before God, nor should it have before the law or in the family of faith. Baby boomers may be the last generation to feel otherwise, but for now gender identity and sexuality is a battleground. This chapter, however, is not about the southern Christians who exclude and decry their LGBT neighbors. It is about the several million gay southerners who bear up under that pressure while often holding on to the Christian faith that supposedly drives those who would exclude them. The chapter focusses on the LGBT Christians in the South and their allies who in the contemporary period have decided to be quiet no longer but instead to be proudly Christian and gay, and the growing minority of congregations that have staked out a publicly affirming identity of welcome. For these LGBT people of faith and their allies, the Christian message has sometimes proved stronger and more redemptive than all the resistance they have encountered from other Christians because of their identities.
Introduction
Authors: Bergeson-Lockwood Millington W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the argument of the book that despite Black Bostonians’ attempts at independent politics, their faith in party politics was ultimately misplaced. It introduces the book’s major themes and interventions, and summarizes its organization.
An Atmosphere More Liberal, Although by No Means Unbiased
Authors: Bergeson-Lockwood Millington W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes the demographic and social landscape of Boston after the Civil War. It explores the Black community’s traditions of political activism and roots in the anti-slavery movement. It highlights the importance of voting to African American conceptions of citizenship and early fights for suffrage.
No Peace until the Suffrage Question Is Settled
Authors: Bergeson-Lockwood Millington W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on the post-civil war election of Massachusetts’ first black legislators and the debates over the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. It argues that in these early debates issues of black suffrage were central to visions of citizenship and that conflicts over the breadth of the amendments planted the seeds for future skepticism of the Republican Party. Following the passage of the amendments, portions of Boston’s black community remained unsure of Republicans’ commitment to civil rights protections.
You Will Find the Colored Voters on the Butler Ship This Fall
Authors: Bergeson-Lockwood Millington W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on black activism in and around Benjamin’s Butler’s campaigns as a Democrat for governor in the late 1870s and early 1880s. This campaign exposed fissures in the black political community over how best to achieve their political vision. One side advocated continued loyalty to the Republican Party. The other depended on partisan independence and the willingness of black voters to support Democratic candidates. Despite eventual defeat, black independents hardened their resolve and attracted new supporters best seen through the retrenchment of black independent politics in new organizations and their turn to national politics.
Let Us Grow Strong by Organization and Earnest Cooperation
Authors: Bergeson-Lockwood Millington W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on the formation of national civil rights organizations in Boston and how they confronted the rising tide of Jim Crow in the final decade of the nineteenth century. Through these organizations, black men and women merged local political concerns with a broader movement for racial equality. This chapter pays particular attention to the Boston black community’s response to the rise in southern lynching. In doing so, it expands the historical narrative that has focused on anti-lynching during the 1890s as a product of the actions of central national leaders.
Where There Is No Will There Is No Way
Authors: Bergeson-Lockwood Millington W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores Black Bostonians’ response to the deterioration of the national climate of race relations in the late 1890s. As the 1890s ended, black Bostonians questioned their previous trust in the two major parties and their faith in white allies. In their opposition, they enunciated a new political vision that advocated racial solidarity and rejected allegiance to the U. S. party system. By the beginning of the twentieth century, African Americans conceived a new political culture in which racial solidarity was paramount and partisan politics mistrusted.
F-You Aloha, I Love You
Authors: Teves Stephanie Nohelani
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides historical and political context to theorize the ways in which the state employs aloha to create an “aloha state apparatus” to discipline, manage, and encourage particular kinds of Hawaiian indigeneity. Drawing from Marxist, post-structuralist, and Native feminist analysis, this chapter deconstructs the discursive and ideological power of aloha to reimagine a necessary and innovative approach to affirming Hawaiian indigeneity.
Reopening the Western Trade
Authors: Sleeper-Smith Susan
Published: January 2019

Versailles had very little interest in the Ohio River valley until the beginning of the eighteenth century, when increased amounts of peltry found their way into English hands. Cadillac founded Detroit to divert the trade back to the French, but only when Detroit traders and merchants supplied what Indians most desired did this fort become a viable exchange post. The trade changed dramatically in the eighteenth century, as a large number of matrifocal households emerged along the western tributary rivers of the Ohio. These female-dominated households not only controlled the food supply but were the processors of peltry, thus allowing women to exert greater power over the exchange process. More than 70 percent of the trade goods shipped to Detroit consisted of cloth, and women’s work of transforming cloth into clothing transformed the dress and prosperity of the region. Although Detroit secured a greater share of the trade for New France, it intensified the conflict between France and England.
Leslie Marmon Silko’s Photo-Narratives
Authors: Wong Hertha D. Sweet
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores Laguna Pueblo writer Leslie Marmon Silko’s less discussed works: the photo-texts Storyteller and Sacred Water. The chapter shows how rather than using images to illustrate or explain the text, Silko uses uncaptioned, floating images to create a “field of vision for the reading of the text,” thus emphasizing structurally a Pueblo sense of cyclical time. Pueblo identity, Silko insists, is defined by a long historical connection to place. She reveals how human relationships with land, plants, and animals link past, present, and future into a web of interdependence, highlighting her notion of an ecocentric, rather than homocentric, subjectivity.
Art Spiegelman’s Graphic Memoir Maus
Authors: Wong Hertha D. Sweet
Published: January 2019

Art Spiegelman places transgenerational trauma at the center of his autobiographical comics Maus, revealing how he attempts to understand his parents’ Holocaust experiences and to comprehend the effects of that legacy that has been passed on to him. He depicts the challenges of extracting a coherent story from his father and shaping it into his book, of attempting to comprehend the haunting absence left by his mother’s suicide and the destruction of her journals, and of trying to represent what has been deemed “unrepresentable.” This chapter presents a close reading of Maus, emphasizing Spiegelman’s cinematic style, use of telling detail, mastery of moving between past and present, use of text as image, strategic choices about when to reproduce photographs and when to draw them, and his multiple conclusions that emphasize the impossibility of closure.
Carrie Mae Weems’s Photo-(Auto)biographies
Authors: Wong Hertha D. Sweet
Published: January 2019

African American photographer and folklorist Carrie Mae Weems examines in image and text the nature of memory and history, insisting on a critique of historical wrongs as part of a process of self-formulation. As a storyteller-artist, she envisions the artist as the “narrator of history.” This chapter explores the development of her photo-autobiographies from photo-text sequences hung on gallery walls to elaborate architectural installation pieces that require viewers to enter and navigate the narrative visual-verbal space with its many surfaces and interfaces. In the process of showing and telling through photographs and texts and reframing photographic archives, she represents the historical legacy of racial violence to provoke readers-viewers to become aware of injustice and the false narratives that enable it.
Hachivi Edgar Heap of Birds’s Artwork
Authors: Wong Hertha D. Sweet
Published: January 2019

Cheyenne conceptual artist Hachivi Edgar Heap of Birds makes word paintings, abstract paintings, and public art installations. This chapter considers Heap of Birds’s focus on memory, history, and community as central to his self and community-formulation. Through his artwork using image and text, he contributes to the ongoing project of decolonization: making visible a history of Native erasure and appropriating settler-colonial discourses of place and time, first steps in articulating a contemporary, collective, and sovereign Native identity.
We Can Keep All the Yankees Back That They Can Send
Authors: Ural Susannah J.
Published: January 2019

In the spring of 1864, Hood’s Texas Brigade was recovering from a difficult winter of desertions under the guidance of a junior officer corps who restored discipline in the ranks, furnished new uniforms and food, and oversaw the return of wounded, captured, or otherwise absent men. Morale in the ranks soared – as did the unit’s pride. But just as the brigade regained its strength, it embarked on one of the bloodiest periods of the war. The Overland Campaign’s devastating causalities left many to wonder if there were enough men to sustain the Texas Brigade. Through detailed portraits of individual soldiers and explorations of the Texas home front, Ural explains why the soldiers of this unit remained fiercely committed to Lee, the Army of Northern Virginia, and each other even as the Confederacy crumbled around them in the winter and spring of 1865.
We Were Not Paroled
Authors: Janney Caroline E.
Published: January 2019

Perhaps as much as one-third of the Army of Northern Virginia did not surrender at Appomattox. Some of the approximately 20,000 men absent from the surrender had dropped out of the ranks during the arduous push west, a significant portion of the cavalry and many artillerists had escaped the Union cordon on April 9, and still others had refused to await formal paroles after it was clear that the army had been defeated. While nearly 30,000 of Lee’s soldiers stacked their arms and awaited paroles at Appomattox, this essay tells the story of those who were not there – of those who insisted that the rebellion was not yet dead and hoped to continue the fight, of others who attempted to make their way home while avoiding Union lines, and of the thousands who ultimately decided it was in their best interest to turn themselves in to Union provost marshals throughout the region in order to receive paroles.
Sheridan’s Personal Memoirs and the Appomattox Campaign
Authors: Cushman Stephen
Published: January 2019

While Sheridan’s memoirs have not enjoyed the popularity of those written by Grant and William T. Sherman, Cushman argues that they revealed considerable literary merit offering readers “richly textured glimpses of moments and subjects that have no counterparts in Grant’s and Sherman’s accounts.” Equally important, Cushman considers Sheridan’s stylistic choices and highlights the striking ways the general’s leadership style shone through his prose. A close examination of the memoirs exposes Sheridan’s frank self-justification, critiques of his fellow officers, self-censorship, and firm but constant vigilance for the welfare of his men. Indeed, this window into Sheridan’s personality helps explain his choices during the Appomattox Campaign.
Introduction
Authors: Quintero Saravia Gonzalo M.
Published: January 2019

Since early spring 1781, a Spanish army had been laying siege to Pensacola in British West Florida. By May, after having repelled a fierce British counterattack against the Spanish advanced positions, General Bernardo de Gálvez confided to his good friend Francisco de Saavedra his worries about the slow progress of His Catholic Majesty’s arms against the British stronghold. Saavedra had been Gálvez’s classmate in the Royal Military Academy of Avila and was in Pensacola as the personal representative of the powerful minister of the Indies, José de Gálvez, Bernardo’s uncle....
Learning to Be an Officer and Tasting Defeat
Authors: Quintero Saravia Gonzalo M.
Published: January 2019

In 1774, Bernardo de Gálvez was briefly assigned as captain in the Seville Regiment garrisoned in Cadiz and later was selected to study at the Royal Military Academy of Avila were promising young officers were prepared to become not only future generals but also high ranking officials in the Spanish civil service. The following year, Bernardo de Gálvez volunteered for the Spanish attack against the city of Algiers. Although it was a complete failure, it allowed him to distinguish himself. During the retreat he refused to withdraw until the last of his men was evacuated, even though he was seriously injured. At his return to Spain he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and appointed as colonel of the Louisiana Fixed Infantry Regiment and acting governor of Spanish Louisiana.
Shifting Paradigms
Authors: Coggeshall John M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter places the story of Liberia in an academic context. A Prologue outlines the book’s major themes. A review of the historical, anthropological, sociological, philosophical, and critical black feminist theory literature contextualizes the story of Liberia for an academic audience. Liberia is an example of African American resistance, resilience, and agency -- a “freedom colony” similar to others in the US and world. The chapter also summarizes and critiques the methods and sources used for the book.
The Whites Got the Best
Authors: Coggeshall John M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents the story of Liberia during the early twentieth century, through the Depression and the world wars. As the nation’s economy changes, African Americans continue to abandon the region for better economic opportunities as they are also forced out by restrictive Jim Crow segregation and racialized attacks. Both Soapstone Baptist Church and Soapstone School continue, critical anchors for community identity. Some residents return to care for aging relatives. The story of Liberia is presented through the memories of elderly residents and some local historical sources, including obituaries.
It Really Wasn’t a Bad Life
Authors: Coggeshall John M.
Published: January 2019

Still segregated under Jim Crow restrictions, the Liberia community continues in this chapter as a semi-protected enclave, anchored primarily by one extended family. The story of Liberia includes the community’s survival as a farming region as desegregation gradually percolated into Upstate South Carolina and as racialized assaults continued. Soapstone Baptist Church persists, but Soapstone School eventually closes under rural (but still segregated) consolidation. The story of Liberia is presented primarily through the memories of contemporary residents, especially the community’s surviving matriarch and her extended family.
The Trouble with Minna
Authors: Hartog Hendrik
Published: January 2019

In this intriguing book, Hendrik Hartog uses a forgotten 1840 case to explore the regime of gradual emancipation that took place in New Jersey over the first half of the nineteenth century. In Minna’s case, white people fought over who would pay for the costs of caring for a dependent, apparently enslaved, woman. Hartog marks how the peculiar language mobilized by the debate—about care as a “mere voluntary courtesy”—became routine in a wide range of subsequent cases about “good Samaritans.” Using Minna’s case as a springboard, Hartog explores the statutes, situations, and conflicts that helped produce a regime where slavery was usually but not always legal and where a supposedly enslaved person may or may not have been legally free. In exploring this liminal and unsettled legal space, Hartog sheds light on the relationships between moral and legal reasoning and a legal landscape that challenges simplistic notions of what it meant to live in freedom. What emerges is a provocative portrait of a distant legal order that, in its contradictions and moral dilemmas, bears an ironic resemblance to our own legal world.
A Mere Voluntary Courtesy
Authors: Hartog Hendrik
Published: January 2019

This chapter traces how each of the judges in Force v. Haines dealt with questions of slavery and care raised in the case. It focuses on the longstanding legal problem of who is responsible for the costs of care of a dependent.
Inferences and Speculations
Authors: Hartog Hendrik
Published: January 2019

Chapter four returns to Minna’s case, in light of the analyses and explorations of the previous chapters. It draws out the possible significance of the story, reading against the grain of the judicial opinions.
Queen Cotton
Authors: Balachandran Orihuela Sharada
Published: January 2019

This chapter studies the language of President Lincoln’s naval blockade of Southern ports on April 19, 1861, which frames the South as a “rebellious state” and severely limits the lawful commercial activities that are allowed to take place in Southern coastal waters. This event catalyzes a long series of debates around diplomatic recognition, as well as revitalizes debates about property, sovereignty, and piracy. These debates taking place on an international stage, however, are expressions of anxieties regarding property and recognition (read: the recognition of the individual body as citizen) taking place in the South. This chapter reads Eliza McHatton Ripley’s From Flag to Flag: A Woman’s Adventures and Experiences in the South During the War, in Mexico, and in Cuba (1889) and Loreta Janeta Velazquez’s The Woman in Battle: A Narrative of the Exploits, Adventures, and Travels of Madame Loreta Janeta Velazquez (1876) alongside contemporaneous memoires that describe commercial during the blockade, to illustrate the pervasive anxieties regarding recognition and commercial life at this historical moment. In this case, the Confederacy’s lack of access to property, its isolation from international markets, and its deprivation of diplomatic recognition, is a reflection of the experiences of dispossession and lack of recognition endured at a personal scale by Southerners at this time period.
Reading the Diary
Authors: Stowe Steven M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter takes up the challenges and pleasures of reading the American Civil War diaries of southern slave-owning women. The rewards include discovering the immediate, first-draft, small-scale qualities of diaries, each in its own way bringing the past to us like no other text. The challenges grow from discovering how a woman’s diary is forever a fragment even when it comes to us untouched from her hands. Most diaries come to us from other hands, those of protective family members and ambitious editors who over the years changed the diary text in one way or another to make it more “readable,” “relevant,” and, in the end, less diary-like. Playing with the tension between the woman’s unruly diary text and the neat “historical source” others have made of it is one of the satisfactions of exploring diaries. It is one of the conditions of knowing past worlds as far as we are able, and a way to find if there is room for empathy with lives mostly unlike our own.
Men
Authors: Stowe Steven M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter picks up a question that runs through the Civil War diaries of southern women: what is the tie between men and war, and what will war reveal about men? The question was rich enough to develop into thoughts and speculations about the nature of men, “the harder sex,” and whether the men who opted for war would have an answer to what it meant and how it would end. Diarists reflect (and worry, and sometimes joke) about worldly men who now seemed to improvise far more than they let on. They wrote about duty and morality, and how war shook up how to meet men and what to say to them. And while diarists wrote about the men they knew, they also wrote with curiosity and attraction for new men, the men war brought. So diarists wrote about love, and whether love would stand up to war—a compelling question for women and men at war, though not one often explored by historians. Women’s diaries open a door to such exploration, and to the way a diary’s page captures “timeless” themes amid a diary’s time-bound days.
Resolute Motherhood
Authors: Martino Gina M.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 5 explores how local and regional historians in eighteenth and nineteenth-century New England appropriated memories of colonial women’s war making to help shape new gender ideologies, national identities, and westward expansion policies in the first decades of the American republic. As part of a larger trend that saw many Americans embrace ideas of separate, gendered public and private spheres and roles for women as republican mothers, historians writing a new national history for a new nation drew on stories of colonial heroines. To better fit their stories into increasingly popular ideas about women’s place in a private, domestic sphere, these authors reworked accounts of colonial women’s war making, transforming essential martial public actors into resolute mothers who served as the last line of defense of the home in historical memory.
The Boundaries of Faith
Authors: Dallal Ahmad S.
Published: January 2019

Both the older historiography and the revisionist accounts persist in using Wahhabism as a model for depicting Islamic activism and thought in the eighteenth century. This persistence, the chapter argues, is one reason for viewing the eighteenth century as a century of decline. In contrast, the chapter demonstrates that a majority of eighteenth century Muslim thinkers articulate views that are radically opposed to Wahhabi ideas. The chapter outlines the very rich discourse against takfir that prevailed in eighteenth century thought. It also argues that Wahhabism was the exception to eighteenth century thought, and that there is no connection between it and other intellectual trends in the eighteenth century.
Humanizing the Sacred
Authors: Dallal Ahmad S.
Published: January 2019

Another main idea in revisionist historiography is that hadith studies were revived in the eighteenth century and that hadith was used for socio-moral reconstruction. This last notion implies that the significance of hadith was in the practical ordering of social life and providing a blueprint for social behaviour, and not on intellectual grounds. In contrast, the book argues that some of the most original ideas were introduced in the course of academic/theoretical discussions of hadith, in particular the theory of hadith (‘ilm mustalah al-hadith). This chapter traces the development of two distinct schools of hadith studies in India and in Yemen, and teases out the implications of these very radical theories for notions of authority. The chapter proposes new ways of reading and analysing hadith, not just in terms of its social and cultural significance but also in relation to earlier traditions of hadith studies. In contrast to most contemporary critical studies of hadith, which focus primarily on the early period and on the question of authenticity, this chapter argues that these questions are not significant beyond the first three centuries of Islam, and that new techniques of analysis are needed for the study of this important body of literature.
Conclusion
Authors: Dallal Ahmad S.
Published: January 2019

Whether through a deliberate and conscious reconfiguring of choice juristic symbols and idioms, or through an academic attempt to order and classify the cumulative outcomes of a gradually emerging legal tradition, the legal writings of eighteenth century reformers were also historical writings that reflected on the historical contexts in which the law was articulated, and commented on the social and political crises of their times. As such, the legal writings of eighteenth-century reformers were sites in which traditional notions of authority were assessed, contested and restructured. This Chapter focuses on this aspect of eighteenth century legacy. It underscores the fact that the primary site of eighteenth century reform was in the fields of usul (theoretical principles). It also outlines the systematic arguments generated in the eighteenth century that limited the scope of religious law rather than extending it endlessly through legal analogy.
Making a Slave State
Authors: Quintana Ryan A.
Published: January 2019

How is the state produced? In what ways did enslaved African Americans shape modern governing practices? Ryan A. Quintana provocatively answers these questions by focusing on the everyday production of South Carolina’s state space—its roads and canals, borders and boundaries, public buildings and military fortifications. Beginning in the early eighteenth century and moving through the post–War of 1812 internal improvements boom, Quintana highlights the surprising ways enslaved men and women sat at the center of South Carolina’s earliest political development, materially producing the state’s infrastructure and early governing practices, while also challenging and reshaping both through their day-to-day movements, from the mundane to the rebellious. Focusing on slaves’ lives and labors, Quintana illuminates how black South Carolinians not only created the early state but also established their own extralegal economic sites, social and cultural havens, and independent communities along South Carolina’s roads, rivers, and canals. Combining social history, the study of American politics, and critical geography, Quintana reframes our ideas of early American political development, illuminates the material production of space, and reveals the central role of slaves’ daily movements (for their owners and themselves) to the development of the modern state.
Polarimetric radar characteristics of lightning initiation and propagating channels
Authors: Figueras i Ventura Jordi , Pineda Nicolau , Besic Nikola , Grazioli Jacopo , Hering Alessandro , van der Velde Oscar A. , Romero David , Sunjerga Antonio , Mostajabi Amirhossein , Azadifar Mohammad , Rubinstein Marcos , Montanyà Joan , Germann Urs , Rachidi-Haeri Farhad
Published: January 2019

Abstract. In this paper we present an analysis of a large dataset of lightning and polarimetric weather radar data collected in the course of a lightning measurement campaign that took place in the summer of 2017 in the area surrounding the Säntis mountain, in the northeastern part of Switzerland. For this campaign, and for the first time in the Alps, a lightning mapping array (LMA) was deployed. The main objective of the campaign was to study the atmospheric conditions leading to lightning production with particular focus on the lightning discharges generated due to the presence of the 124 m tall Säntis telecommunications tower. In this paper we relate LMA VHF sources data with co-located radar data in order to characterize the main features (location, timing, polarimetric signatures, etc.) of both the flash's origin and its propagation path. We provide this type of analysis first for the whole data and then we separate the datasets into intra-cloud and cloud-to-ground flashes (and within this category positive and negative flashes) and also upward lightning. We show that polarimetric weather radar data can be helpful in determining regions were lightning is more likely to occur but that lightning climatology and/or knowledge of the orography and man-made structures is also relevant.
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of leaves, litter, and soils of various ecosystems along an elevational and land-use gradient at Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Authors: Gerschlauer Friederike , Saiz Gustavo , Schellenberger Costa David , Kleyer Michael , Dannenmann Michael , Kiese Ralf
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Variations in the stable isotopic composition of carbon (δ13C)
and nitrogen (δ15N) of fresh leaves, litter, and topsoils were
used to characterize soil organic matter dynamics of 12 tropical
ecosystems in the Mount Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. We studied a total of
60 sites distributed along five individual elevational transects
(860–4550 m a.s.l.), which define a strong climatic and land-use gradient
encompassing semi-natural and managed ecosystems. The combined effects of
contrasting environmental conditions, vegetation, soil, and management
practices had a strong impact on the δ13C and
δ15N values observed in the different ecosystems. The relative
abundance of C3 and C4 plants greatly determined the
δ13C of a given ecosystem. In contrast, δ15N
values were largely controlled by land-use intensification and climatic
conditions. The large δ13C enrichment factors
(δ13Clitter − δ13Csoil) and low soil C∕N ratios observed
in managed and disturbed systems agree well with the notion of altered SOM
dynamics. Besides the systematic removal of the plant biomass characteristic of
agricultural systems, annual litterfall patterns may also explain the
comparatively lower contents of C and N observed in the topsoils of these
intensively managed sites. Both δ15N values and calculated
δ15N-based enrichment factors
(δ15Nlitter − δ15Nsoil) suggest the tightest nitrogen cycling at
high-elevation (> 3000 m a.s.l.) ecosystems and more open
nitrogen cycling both in grass-dominated and intensively managed cropping
systems. However, claims about the nature of the N cycle (i.e. open or closed)
should not be made solely on the basis of soil δ15N as other
processes that barely discriminate against 15N (i.e. soil nitrate
leaching) have been shown to be quite significant in Mount Kilimanjaro's forest
ecosystems. The negative correlation of δ15N values with soil
nitrogen content and the positive correlation with mean annual temperature
suggest reduced mineralization rates and thus limited nitrogen availability,
at least in high-elevation ecosystems. By contrast, intensively managed
systems are characterized by lower soil nitrogen contents and warmer
conditions, leading together with nitrogen fertilizer inputs to lower
nitrogen retention and thus significantly higher soil δ15N
values. A simple function driven by soil nitrogen content and mean annual
temperature explained 68 % of the variability in soil δ15N
values across all sites. Based on our results, we suggest that in addition to
land-use intensification, increasing temperatures in a changing climate may
promote soil carbon and nitrogen losses, thus altering the otherwise stable
soil organic matter dynamics of Mount Kilimanjaro's forest ecosystems.
Large-scale predictions of salt-marsh carbon stock based on simple observations of plant community and soil type
Authors: Ford Hilary , Garbutt Angus , Duggan-Edwards Mollie , Pagès Jordi F. , Harvey Rachel , Ladd Cai , Skov Martin W.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Carbon stored in coastal wetland ecosystems is of global relevance to climate
regulation. Broadscale inventories of this “blue” carbon store are
currently lacking and labour intensive. Sampling 23 salt marshes in the
United Kingdom, we developed a Saltmarsh Carbon Stock Predictor (SCSP) with
the capacity to predict up to 44 % of spatial variation in surface soil
organic carbon (SOC) stock (0–10 cm) from simple observations of plant
community and soil type. Classification of soils into two types (sandy or
not-sandy) explained 32 % of variation in SOC stock. Plant community type
(five vegetation classes) explained 37 % of variation. Combined
information on soil and plant community types explained 44 % of variation
in SOC stock. GIS maps of surface SOC stock were produced for all salt
marshes in Wales (∼4000 ha), using existing soil maps and
governmental vegetation data and demonstrating the application of the SCSP
for large-scale predictions of blue carbon stores and the use of plant
community traits for predicting ecosystem services.
Human Rights and Global Pharma Converge
Authors: Kirby AC CMG The Hon Michael
Published: January 2019

In this article, based on the annual public oration of the Australian Centre for Health Law Research at QUT, Michael Kirby explores the interaction between the discovery of life saving and health preserving pharmaceuticals and international intellectual property (IP) law. He explains the investigation of this topic in a number of transnational bodies in which he has worked. He outlines the specific benefits of antiretroviral medicines for treatment of HIV causing AIDS and HCV (Hepatitis C). He explains the advent of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 and his participation in a High Level Panel created by the UN Secretary General to ensure their attainment. The article closes with some suggested further directions in international IP law and health access.
Does a socially responsible prototypical leader exist in Spain?
Authors:   Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. C/Padre Julio Chevalier, nº 2. 47012. Valladolid (Spain). odiaz@uemc.es, Díaz Chica Óscar , Tapia Frade Alejandro ,   Departamento de Comunicación y Educación. Campus Sevilla. Energía Solar, 1. Edificios E, F y G. Sevilla (Spain). ajtapia@uloyola.es, de Diego Vallejo Raúl ,   Facultad de Educación y Trabajo Social. Departamento de Psicología. Pº de Belén, 1 - Campus Miguel Delibes. 47011 Valladolid (Spain). rdiego@psi.uva.es
Published: January 2019

This research is focused on reviewing whether the emergence of the phenomenon of social responsibility in Spain evident since the beginning of the twenty-first century, has been linked to a prototypic leader with characteristic traits. According to this objective, a quantitative study has been developed with a sample of 189 business leaders from small, medium and large companies who work in the Spanish market. Data has been collected through structured interviews, using three tools: the ARS19 scale to know the attitude of leaders towards Corporative Social Responsibility, the SPV questionnaire to evaluate their personal values next to generic competences, personal traits and behavioural characteristics and the LBA II questionnaire to analyse their leadership. The study results indicate that leaders with a most favourable attitude towards social responsibility are younger, working in sectors where there is a higher environmental impact (as the industrial) and are employed in large and I+D+i involved companies. Besides, these corporate executives show affinity for a support focused leadership style, along with an outstanding effectiveness in their role as leaders, and they stay away from a task oriented leadership style. They present a very high inclination for defined goals at work, a notable preference by challenges and a greater tune with post-materialist values as well. These findings suggest the existence of a prototype of leader closer to social responsibility.
Analysis of executive coaching effectiveness: a study from the coachee perspective
Authors:   Faculty of Industrial Relations. Bº Sarriena s/n. 48940 Leioa (Spain). eneka.albizu@ehu.eus, Albizu Eneka , Rekalde Izaskun ,   Faculty of Economics and Business Studies. Avda Lehendakari Agirre, 82. 48015. Bilbao (Spain). izakun.rekalde@ehu.eus, Landeta Jon ,   Faculty of Economics and Business Studies. Avda Lehendakari Agirre, 82. 48015. Bilbao (Spain). izakun. jon.landeta@ehu.eus, Fernández Ferrín Pilar ,   Faculty of Economics and Business Studies. C/ Comandante Izarduy 23, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain). pilar. fernandezf@ehu.eus
Published: January 2019

Executive coaching has become one of the principal leadership development strategies of our time. However, this is a field of HRD that has been discussed far more often in professional than academic literature and further research is required. This work analyses the relation existing between the main explanatory factors of executive coaching effectiveness and the different types of results that can be achieved. This study also provides an empirical test of the effectiveness of executive coaching using the first three levels of Kirkpatrick’s evaluation model (1975). Responses from 176 executives are analyzed, assessing their perceptions of their latest experience of executive coaching. Structural modelling is used to match factors affecting the success of executive coaching to its results. The resulting model highlights the influence exercised by the coach, and to a lesser extent the coachee and the process, on coachee satisfaction. It also shows how the coach influences the coachee’s learning. The results also suggest that there is a positive relationship between satisfaction, learning and behavioral change, as Kirkpatrick suggests. The development of a final focus group, in which human resources managers, coachees and coaches took part, contributed to improvements in the discussion and interpretation of the results. In the light of these results, the implications for the professional and academic area are considered.
‘It will Keep Circulating’: Loving and Letting Go of Things in Swedish Second-hand Markets
Authors: Bohlin Anna
Published: January 2019

Using the case of Sweden, this article examines the growing sector of reuse and second-hand activities from the perspective of how people express and practice their relationships to objects that they acquire from second-hand markets. Drawing on anthropological fieldwork in flea markets, second-hand shops, homes and recycling depots, it explores how people relate to and handle goods which, instead of becoming waste, enter new life cycles through reuse. It suggests that buying, using and passing on certain kinds of second-hand things involves particular forms of affection and ‘serial’ care for the objects as things-in-motion. At the same time, part of the attraction of these objects is how they enable the practising of a particular kind of subjectivity: that of an informed, moral and caring consumer. Part of such reuse subjectivity is the capacity to form close bonds with, and care for objects, but also to untie these bonds in order to carefully and responsibly let go of them. The article suggests that paying attention to the affective orientation and disposition that form part of such consumer subjectivity may provide keys to understanding what drives second-hand consumption and the accelerated circulation of goods it may entail. Offering an opportunity to examine assumptions of reuse and circulation as inherently ‘sustainable’, it also provides perspectives on practices of care.
On Materiality and Meaning: Ethnographic Engagements with Reuse, Repair & Care
Authors: Isenhour Cindy , Reno Joshua
Published: January 2019

The reimagination and revaluation of discarded goods, through repair and reuse is, for many, a quotidian and mundane element of everyday life. These practices are the historical precedent and continue to be the stuff of common sense for a significant portion of human society. And yet, reuse, repair and other elements of a ‘circular economy’ have recently emerged as a significant focus in environmental and economic policy. Proponents claim that reuse practices represent a potentially radical alternative to mainstream consumer culture and a form of carework that generates new social possibilities and personal affects. This essay explores the myriad dimensions of reuse as care, relational practice and as consumer alternative by examining these practices in their social context, lived experience and as embedded within larger political and economic structures of capitalist accumulation and abandonment. We argue that the study of reuse, in old and new forms, takes on added political significance in an era of environmental and economic crises, especially as a critical part of state-based approaches toward the circular economy that attempt to appropriate carework in new forms of value generation.
Conexión a la Comunidad: Latinx LGBT Feelings of Connectedness
Authors: Battle Juan , Peterson Robert B.
Published: January 2019

Over the past decade, progress among LGBT Americans has been impressive. However, are all subgroups experiencing that process equally? More specifically, for example, how connected to the larger/majority (white) LGBT community do Latinx LGBTs feel? Using a national sample of LGBT Latinx people (N=1,159), this article examines the relative importance of a variety of characteristics in understanding connectedness to the larger LGBT community. Hierarchical regression modeling reveals that racial salience and comfort in the LGBT community, LGBT activism, sexual orientation identity, nativity, and city residency all have a significant impact. The implications of these findings are discussed regarding future research with Latinx LGBT populations.
“White folks ain’t got hair like us”: African American Mother–Daughter Hair Stories and Racial Socialization
Authors: Wilson Ingrid-Penelope , Mbilishaka Afiya M. , Lewis Marva L.
Published: January 2019

Limited research focuses on the memories that shape African American mother–daughter bonds and racial socialization. Informed by Marva L. Lewis’s hair-combing interaction paradigm that emphasizes the role of hair in African American mother–daughter relationships, this study analyzes qualitative data from 13 African American female college students to explore mother–daughter dynamics, race, and hair. Multiple experiential themes emerged in the data: recognizing differences in hair texture, making doll choices, and daughters requesting permission from mothers to alter their hair chemically. Participants identified being between the ages of four to 14 years old during the experiences and expressed a range of feelings that centered on sadness, anger, and confusion. The findings address an indisputable void in understanding the internalized stories about hair that shape African American racial identity and racial socialization.
Percepções de cuidado e práticas de gênero das mulheres beneficiárias do Programa Bolsa Família a partir de um recorte geracional: mudanças e permanências
Authors: Souza Márcio Ferreira De , Mariano Silvana
Published: January 2019

Este artigo se dedica às análises sobre as percepções e as práticas de gênero das mulheres titulares do Programa Bolsa Família, tomando em consideração a dimensão geracional, com foco na questão do cuidado. Tratamos das percepções dessas mulheres em torno de suas experiências de vida e expectativas de futuro e refletimos sobre as comparações que elas fazem entre a sua condição e a de suas mães. Contrastamos percepções e práticas das mulheres, de acordo com os grupos de idade, no que diz respeito à vida doméstica e familiar. As análises consideram variáveis que tendem a afetar as dinâmicas dos grupos familiares, como a presença ou não de cônjuge, a presença ou não de crianças em idade de creche e o exercício ou não de trabalho pago. A pesquisa empírica foi constituída por dois grupos focais e também pela amostragem composta por 190 entrevistas estruturadas, realizadas em Curitiba (Paraná) e em Fortaleza (Ceará), nos anos de 2013 e 2014.
Cosmopolitização e construções identitárias nas fronteiras do estado-nação
Authors: Ferreira Santos Valdirene
Published: January 2019

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar como os processos de globalização do mundo contemporâneo que perpassam a vida cotidiana repercutem na construção das identidades individuais e coletivas a partir dos fenômenos que ocorrem entre as fronteiras interestatais, como a circulação e o controle dos fluxos de pessoas. Efetua uma revisão bibliográfica a qual prioriza, principalmente, algumas abordagens acerca da emergência de novas configurações identitárias e da intensificação do movimento de pessoas no âmbito das fronteiras territoriais, relacionando estas duas questões com a dimensão das leis de controle imigratório. A partir de uma interpretação apoiada em algumas perspectivas cosmopolitas, considera que tal contexto do espaço transnacional, no qual ocorrem múltiplas possibilidades de configuração identitária, é marcado por uma tensão entre a perspectiva nacionalista da política, a qual atua no domínio legal e institucionalizado, e a realidade das experiências e conflitos entre os vários mundos que se intercruzam.