bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The next mission: Inequality and service‐to‐civilian career transition outcomes among 50+ military leavers
Authors: Wang Wen , Bamber Matthew , Flynn Matt , McCormack John
Published: June 2022

We examine the Service‐to‐Civilian career transition for Military leavers aged 50 and above (50+). The exit age of our sampled group means that it is more likely that they hold senior‐ranked positions across both Officer and Soldier career pathways. Despite both groups having access to similar transition opportunities and resources, we find that their work‐lives are underpinned with economic, social, and structural inequality. This inequality has substantive effects on their employment transition outcomes. Our focus group data suggest that Soldiers have unequal access to formal (e.g., Career Transition Partnership programmes) and informal (e.g., social networks) transition support resources compared to Officers. Employing a structural equation modelling approach to analyse 183 survey responses, we found that Soldiers are more likely to apply for, and subsequently take, civilian work that is below their skills level. In turn, Soldiers are significantly less satisfied with their civilian work than Officers.
Cornus officinalis vinegar reduces body weight and attenuates hepatic steatosis in mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Cao Li , Wu Ying , Li Wenwen , Zhang Zengmiao , Niu Yaping , Li Chenchen , Gu Shaobin
Published: June 2022

This study aimed to determine the main bioactive components of Cornus officinalis vinegar (COV) and assess the effects of COV on the body weight (BW) and hepatic steatosis in a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mouse model. Seven‐week‐old KM female mice were divided into five treatment groups: (1) Normal control (NC) group, (2) high fat diet (HFD) group, (3) low concentration treatment group (3.5% COV), (4) medium concentration treatment group (5.0% COV), and (5) high concentration treatment group (6.5% COV). Mice in the NC group were fed with a normal chow diet, and those in the other four groups were fed with a HFD known for causing obesity for 10 weeks. Then, mice in the three COV treatment groups were orally administered with COV once a day for 6 weeks. Results showed that the contents of loganin and morroniside in COV reached 16.82 and 51.17 µg/ml, respectively, and COV also contained multiple organic acids. COV significantly reduced BW, abdominal fat weight, liver weight, and the levels of glucose, triglyceride, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol of serum and increased the levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol of serum (p < 0.05). COV also improved the liver function and anti‐oxidant activity of liver (p < 0.05). COV treatments increased the interleukin‐10 expression and reduced the tumor necrosis factor‐α expression in the liver tissue of NAFLD mice (p < 0.05). Histopathological observation revealed that COV suppressed hepatic lipid accumulation and steatosis. The results suggest that COV may contribute to the alleviation of NAFLD and obesity.
Fabrication of electrospun nanofibers with moisture‐triggered carvacrol release in fresh produce packaging
Authors: Wong Chun Hong , Tan Ming Yan , Li Xu , Li Dan
Published: June 2022

In this study, by incorporating polyethylene glycol (PEG) into the polylactic acid (PLA) nanofibers, a moisture‐controlled system was developed in the release of carvacrol to the food package headspaces. With the use of electrospinning technology, an optimized solution (80:20 [PLA:PEG] polymer mixture incorporated with a carvacrol content of 20% [w/w polymer]) generated nanofibers with excellent encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, and controlled release of carvacrol at different humidity levels. Carvacrol was prevented from release when the fibers were kept in dry states. When placed in food packaging with high humidity levels, the nanofibers manifested high and continuous release of carvacrol into the headspace. The shelf life of strawberries determined by visual inspection was extended for 2 extra days when packaged with the optimized nanofibers and had a significantly lower yeasts and mold counts (4.28 ± 0.34 log CFU/g) compared to strawberries packaged without nanofibers (5.22 ± 0.47 log CFU/g) 3 days after applying the nanofibers (p < 0.05).

Practical Application

The nanofibers with PEG content as developed in this study represent a step forward in practical application of the electrospinning technology to enhance food quality in food preservation.
Confronting our Agricultural Nonpoint Source Control Policy Problem
Authors: Stephenson Kurt , Shabman Leonard , Shortle James , Easton Zachary
Published: June 2022

Federal and state agricultural and environmental agencies have spent enormous sums since the 1990s to reduce nonpoint source (NPS) water pollution from agriculture. Yet, water quality problems are pervasive, and agriculture is a major cause. The lack of progress is often attributed to insufficient funding for pollution control practices relative to the scale of the problem. However, we attribute the lack of progress to shortcomings in agricultural NPS pollution control policy. We illustrate our argument after considering nearly four decades of federal, state, and local efforts to reduce agricultural NPS pollution to the Chesapeake Bay. Additional funding for current programs, absent fundamental program reform, is unlikely to produce reductions from agriculture needed to achieve desired water quality outcomes.
Ephemeral Stream Network Extraction from Lidar‐Derived Elevation and Topographic Attributes in Urban and Forested Landscapes
Authors: Metes Marina J. , Jones Daniel K. , Baker Matthew E. , Miller Andrew J. , Hogan Dianna M. , Loperfido J.V. , Hopkins Kristina G.
Published: June 2022

Under‐representations of headwater channels in digital stream networks can result in uncertainty in the magnitude of headwater habitat loss, stream burial, and watershed function. Increased availability of high‐resolution (<2 m) elevation data makes the delineation of headwater channels more attainable. In this study, elevation data derived from light detection and ranging was used to predict ephemeral stream networks across a forested and urban watershed in the Maryland Piedmont USA. A method was developed using topographic openness (TO) and wetness index to remotely predict the extent of stream networks. Predicted networks were compared against a comprehensive field survey of the ephemeral network in each watershed to evaluate performance. Comparisons were also made to the U.S. Geological Survey National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) and a flow accumulation approach where a single drainage area threshold defined channel initiation. Although the NHD and flow accumulation methods resulted in low commission errors, omission errors were highest in these networks. The TO‐based networks detected a larger number of ephemeral channels, but with higher commission error. Small ephemeral channels with less defined banks or originating at groundwater seeps were difficult to detect in all methods. Comparisons between forested and urban watersheds also highlight the difficulty of identifying headwater channels using topographic attributes in human‐modified landscapes.
Acute kidney injury in intensive care patients: Incidence, time course, and risk factors
Authors: Mo Skule , Bjelland Thor W. , Nilsen Tom I. L. , Klepstad Pål
Published: June 2022

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequent and influences the prognosis of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence, time‐course, risk factors, and mortality of AKI among unselected ICU patients.

Methods

All adult ICU patients admitted to the ICU at the University Hospital in Central Norway from 2010 to 2015 with a stay of 24 h or more were included in the study. AKI was defined according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines. All patients were followed with respect to reversal of AKI. Risk factors for AKI were analyzed using Cox regression.

Results

Among 2325 ICU patients, 1245 developed AKI during the ICU stay, corresponding to an incidence of 53.5 % (CI, 51.5–55.5). The incidence according to KDIGO AKI stages 1, 2, and 3 was 26.2, 11.7, and 15.7%, respectively. The median duration of AKI was 24 (CI 19–24), 32 (CI 26–39), and 101 (CI 75–164) hours for AKI KDIGO stage 1, 2, and 3, respectively. AKI was transient, persistent, or AKD in 73.4, 16.5, and 10.0% of the patients with a known outcome. AKI reversal was observed in 72.9% of all AKI patients. Independent risk factors for AKI in a multivariate analysis were hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, and higher body weight. Episodes of mean arterial pressure below 73 mmHg were associated with a higher risk of AKI.

Conclusions

In our material, the incidence of AKI was comparable to what has been reported previously. Risk factors for the development of AKI were a MAP below 73, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and higher body weight. Most AKI patients regain their kidney function during the ICU stay, particularly in the KDIGO AKI stages 1 and 2.
Randomised controlled trial of maternal infant‐directed reading among hospitalised preterm infants
Authors: Mayne Julia , McGowan Elisabeth C. , Chiem Adrian , Nwanne Ogochukwu , Tucker Richard , Vohr Betty R.
Published: June 2022

Aim

A randomised trial to study the impact of a maternal‐driven, infant‐directed reading intervention on preterm infant language compared with matched controls.

Methods

Infants born at 22–32 weeks in Women & Infants Neonatal Intensive Care were gestationally stratified to a reading intervention (n = 33) or standard care (n = 34). At 32‐, 34‐ and 36‐weeks postmenstrual age, 16‐h language recordings were obtained in the hospital. Bivariate group comparisons and regressions adjusting for gestational age and multiples were run to predict word counts and conversational turns. Longitudinal analyses were conducted by negative binomial models containing intervention, randomised gestation group, recording number (1–3), an intervention × recording number interaction term and multiple birth adjustment by generalised estimating equations.

Results

In adjusted analyses, by 36‐weeks postmenstrual age, infants in the reading group had twice the number of conversational turns as infants receiving standard care (Rate ratio 1.98, 95% CI 1.33–2.93, p < 0.05). In longitudinal analyses, only infants in the reading group had a significant increase in the conversational turns between 32‐ and 36‐weeks postmenstrual age (Rate ratio 2.45, 95% CI 1.45–4.14, p < 0.05).

Conclusions

A maternal infant‐directed reading curriculum in the hospital demonstrated a positive impact on interactive conversations by 36‐weeks postmenstrual age.
From Porto Rico to Puerto Rico: Citizenship, Race and the Politics of Worthiness
Authors: Barreto Amílcar Antonio
Published: June 2022

The English‐language text of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the accord conceding Puerto Rico to the United States, misspelled the island's name asPortoRico. The treaty's ratification entrenched the error in US law and prompted a decades‐long campaign to restore the territory's original name. More than a comedy of errors, this incident exposes conflicting interpretations of US citizenship and the worthiness of different sets of citizens. Puerto Ricans discovered that the statutory citizenship they acquired was attenuated by their perceived worthiness: a status limited by their membership of the so‐called Spanish race.
Planning experiments: Updated guidance on experimental design and analysis and their reporting III
Authors: Curtis Michael J. , Alexander Stephen P. H. , Cirino Giuseppe , George Christopher H. , Kendall David A. , Insel Paul A. , Izzo Angelo A. , Ji Yong , Panettieri Reynold A. , Patel Hemal H. , Sobey Christopher G. , Stanford S. Clare , Stanley Phil , Stefanska Barbara , Stephens Gary J. , Teixeira Mauro M. , Vergnolle Nathalie , Ahluwalia Amrita
Published: June 2022

Scientists who plan to publish in British Journal of Pharmacology (BJP) must read this article before undertaking a study. This editorial provides guidance for the design of experiments. We have published previously two guidance documents on experimental design and analysis (Curtis et al., 2015; Curtis et al., 2018). This update clarifies and simplifies the requirements on design and analysis for BJP manuscripts. This editorial also details updated requirements following an audit and discussion on best practice by the BJP editorial board. Explanations for the requirements are provided in the previous articles. Here, we address new issues that have arisen in the course of handling manuscripts and emphasise three aspects of design that continue to present the greatest challenge to authors: randomisation, blinded analysis and balance of group sizes.
Generalized pustular psoriasis: overview of the status quo and results of a panel discussion
Authors: Reich Kristian , Augustin Matthias , Gerdes Sascha , Ghoreschi Kamran , Kokolakis Georgios , Mößner Rotraut , Mrowietz Ulrich , Navarini Alexander A. , Pinter Andreas , Schäkel Knut , Staubach Petra , Sticherling Michael , Thaçi Diamant , Wilsmann‐Theis Dagmar
Published: June 2022

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare, severe, potentially life‐threatening, autoinflammatory, neutrophilic skin disease that may be accompanied by fever and leukocytosis. This paper describes the current state of knowledge on GPP in terms of classification, (differential) diagnosis and prevalence. We present a comparison of the genetics and pathoimmunology of GPP and psoriasis vulgaris with the central mechanisms of autoimmunology and autoinflammation. The currently available therapeutic options, expert recommendations for therapy, and data from early clinical trials investigating targeted therapies will be summarized. We present the results of our discussion with 13 experts for psoriasis vulgaris and GPP and give an integrated overview of indication and therapy based on our personal experience and present an outlook on further research questions. Collectively, this article highlights the high unmet need in GPP, as there exists no satisfactory method of diagnosis or treatment to date and new treatment options will be of great therapeutic benefit to those affected.
Financial cost and quality of life of patients with spinal muscular atrophy identified by symptoms or newborn screening
Authors: Dangouloff Tamara , Hiligsmann Mickael , Deconinck Nicolas , D'Amico Adèle , Seferian Andreea M. , Boemer François , Servais Laurent
Published: June 2022

Aim

To compare the societal financial costs and quality of life (QoL) of untreated patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and treated patients identified because they presented symptoms or were identified by early testing (sibling or newborn screening).

Method

Data from two different sources were used: data collected prospectively in untreated patients from 2016 to 2018 and data collected during a prospective follow‐up study from 2018 to 2021. Patients or their caregiver completed a questionnaire that included questions on direct medical and non‐medical costs, indirect non‐medical costs, and health‐related QoL.

Results

Data (median; range) were available for 149 patients (93 untreated – 10 years; 2 years–59 years), 42 patients (6 years 3 months; 9 months–58 years) treated after presenting with symptoms, and 14 patients (1 year 7 months; 5 months–2 years) treated after early diagnosis. Total costs were lower in untreated patients due to the high cost of drugs used in treated patients. Costs were lower for treated patients who were identified by early testing than for treated patients identified because they presented with symptoms. In all groups, patients with two SMN2 copies had higher costs than those with more copies.

Interpretation

Early patient identification and treatment offer the opportunity to reduce the total societal costs of SMA where treatments are available for presymptomatic and postsymptomatic patients.

What this paper adds

Untreated patients with spinal muscular atrophy had lower total financial costs than treated patients.

Total financial costs were lower for treated patients identified by early screening than for treated patients identified after symptom onset.

Direct financial costs excluding treatment were much lower in treated patients identified by early screening.

Hospitalization costs were much lower in patients identified by early screening.
Predictive models aren't for causal inference
Authors: Arif Suchinta , MacNeil M. Aaron
Published: June 2022

Ecologists often rely on observational data to understand causal relationships. Although observational causal inference methodologies exist, predictive techniques such as model selection based on information criterion (e.g. AIC) remains a common approach used to understand ecological relationships. However, predictive approaches are not appropriate for drawing causal conclusions. Here, we highlight the distinction between predictive and causal inference and show how predictive techniques can lead to biased causal estimates. Instead, we encourage ecologists to valid causal inference methods such as the backdoor criterion, a graphical rule that can be used to determine causal relationships across observational studies.
Assessing progress in data reporting by tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organizations
Authors: Heidrich Kristina N. , Juan‐Jordá Maria José , Murua Hilario , Thompson Christopher D. H. , Meeuwig Jessica J. , Zeller Dirk
Published: June 2022

Tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) are responsible for conservation and sustainable management of transboundary tuna resources in Exclusive Economic Zones and Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ). The data collected and analyses performed by tuna RFMOs are one of the main sources of scientific information supporting the management, sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity in the ABNJ. An understanding of the scope and availability of data provided by tuna RFMOs is timely, given the expected establishment of a new legally binding high seas agreement to protect marine biodiversity in the ABNJ. We examined official catch statistics and stock assessments that are accessible in the public domain for the five tuna RFMOs, and evaluated their taxonomic, spatial and temporal resolution. We found that the Atlantic and Indian Ocean tuna RFMOs report catches for a greater number of taxa compared to Pacific RFMOs. There are substantial gaps in the taxonomic resolution of sharks and rays and ‘other teleosts’, and only about half of the reported global catches are georeferenced, despite existing mandatory requirements. Additionally, the estimation and reporting of discards in all tuna RFMOs remains incomplete. Tuna RFMOs have made progress in implementing stock assessments for a wide range of taxa including targeted species with high economic value but also functionally important non‐target species with lower economic value. However, assessments should be expanded to cover other bycatch species. We emphasize the importance of accessible and accurate statistics, for supporting the research and societal oversight needed under any future ABNJ biodiversity treaty.
Ageing with HIV in the United States: Changing trends in inpatient hospital stays and comorbidities, 2003–2015
Authors: Siddiqi Khairul A. , Ostermann Jan , Zhang Jiajia , Khan M. Mahmud , Olatosi Bankole
Published: June 2022

Introduction

As people with HIV (PWH) age, they experience prolonged exposure to HIV and antiretroviral therapy, increased risks of developing age‐related HIV‐associated non‐AIDS (HANA) comorbidities and higher rates of hospitalization. Few studies have explored the ageing of PWH and its impact on hospital stays in the US. This study examined trends, characteristics and comorbidities associated with hospital stays with HIV (HSWH) as compared with hospital stays without HIV (HSWOH).

Methods

Thirteen years of pooled National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data from 2003 through 2015 were analysed to describe yearly trends. Trends were evaluated for eight major HANA conditions (cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, liver disease, bone loss, kidney disease, pulmonary disease and neurological disease) across four age groups (18–34, 35–49, 50–64, 65+ years).

Results

Although overall rates of hospitalization reduced across all age groups, the proportion of HIV‐related hospitalization increased among older Americans. The average number of chronic conditions was higher for HSWH among all age groups and disproportionately increased for older PWH. Although age‐adjusted rates of cardiovascular disease, cancer, bone loss and pulmonary disease were lower for HSWH relative to HSWOH, rates increased disproportionately over the study period. The prevalence of all major HANA conditions except cancer and diabetes increased among the elderly (65+), and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, cancer, bone loss, kidney disease and pulmonary disease also increased among patients aged 50–64 years.

Conclusions

Higher rates of hospitalizations and HANA comorbidities were observed among older HIV patients. The ageing of PWH suggests increased future hospital resource utilization for HSWH. Appropriate training of healthcare providers is essential to managing increased comorbidity burdens of older PWH during hospital stays in the US.
Cryobiopsy with radial‐endobronchial ultrasound (Cryo‐Radial) has comparable diagnostic yield with higher safety in comparison with computed tomography‐guided transthoracic biopsy for peripheral pulmonary lesions: an exploratory randomised study
Authors: Herath Samantha , Wong Conroy , Dawkins Paul , Veale Andrew , Yap Elaine , Williamson Jonathan , Low Irene , Mahajan Hema , Prvan Tania , Barnard Stuart , Hawkins Stewart , Cookson Dan , Singh Tushar , Ing Alvin
Published: June 2022

Background

Computed tomography‐guided transthoracic biopsy (CT‐TTB) is the ‘gold standard’ biopsy for lung nodules. Radial‐endobronchial ultrasound (R‐EBUS) bronchoscopy is another recommended biopsy but carries a lower diagnostic yield. Addition of cryobiopsy with R‐EBUS (Cryo‐Radial) has shown promising results. There are no studies comparing CT‐TTB with Cryo‐Radial biopsy.

Aim

The co‐primary aims were the diagnostic yeild and safety. The secondary aim: ability to test epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).

Methods

A randomised controlled, multicentre exploratory study was conducted at three tertiary hospitals. Patients with nodules >1 cm on CT of the chest were randomised to CT‐TTB or Cryo‐Radial. With Cryo‐Radial, patients had 1–3 cryo‐biopsies in addition to at least one R‐EBUS biopsy through the 2.6 mm guide sheath.

Results

Forty‐eight patients were randomised: 22 to CT‐TTB and 26 to Cryo‐Radial. Sixteen in the CT‐TTB and 20 in the Cryo‐Radial received the allocated biopsy. The diagnostic yield was CT‐TTB 93.8% (15/16) versus Cryo‐Radial 85% (17/20) P = 0.61 and the odds ratio was 0.37. For 5/13 (38%), a diagnosis was solely made on cryobiopsy. Eleven (78%) of 14 in CT‐TTB versus 7/10 (70%) Cryo‐Radial were suitable for EGFR testing P = 0.66, with odds ratio 0.63. Pneumothorax occurrence was 44% (7/16) in CT‐TTB versus 4.2% (1/24) in Cryo‐Radial. Two (12.5%) of 16 CT‐TTB required chest drain insertion.

Conclusion

Cryo‐Radial is comparable in diagnostic yield and ability to perform EGFR testing with a significantly lower risk of pneumothorax, compared with CT‐TTB. Cryo‐Radial has the additional advantage of mediastinal staging during the same procedure with Linear‐EBUS and is a promising first‐line tool in the diagnostic method of lung cancer.
Host immune responses in the central nervous system during fungal infections
Authors: Reyes Estefany Y. , Shinohara Mari L.
Published: June 2022

Fungal infections in the central nervous system (CNS) cause high morbidity and mortality. The frequency of CNS mycosis has increased over the last two decades as more individuals go through immunocompromised conditions for various reasons. Nevertheless, options for clinical interventions for CNS mycoses are still limited. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the host–pathogen interaction mechanisms in CNS mycoses for developing novel treatments. Although the CNS has been regarded as an immune‐privileged site, recent studies demonstrate the critical involvement of immune responses elicited by CNS‐resident and CNS‐infiltrated cells during fungal infections. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of fungal invasion in the CNS, fungal pathogen detection by CNS‐resident cells (microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons), roles of CNS‐infiltrated leukocytes, and host immune responses. We consider that understanding host immune responses in the CNS is crucial for endeavors to develop treatments for CNS mycosis.
High‐entropy yttrium pyrochlore ceramics with glass‐like thermal conductivity for thermal barrier coating application
Authors: Liu Hu‐Lin , Pang Sha , Liu Chang‐Qing , Wu Yuan‐Ting , Zhang Guo‐Jun
Published: June 2022

A2B2O7‐type oxides with low thermal conductivities are potential candidates for next‐generation thermal barrier coatings. The formation of high‐entropy ceramics is considered as a newly effective way to further lower their thermal conductivities. High‐entropy Y2(Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)2O7 (5HEO) and Y2(Ti0.25Zr 0.25Hf0.25Ta0.25)2O7 (4HEO) ceramics were prepared by in situ solid reaction sintering, considering the important roles of B‐site cations on thermal conductivities of the A2B2O7‐type oxides. Reaction process, phase structures, microstructures, and thermal conductivities of the as‐sintered ceramics were investigated. Lattice distortion effects on their thermal conductivities were also discussed by using the proposed criterion based on the supercell volume difference of the individual compounds. Near fully‐dense 5HEO and 4HEO ceramics were obtained after being sintered at 1600°C. The former one had a dual‐phase structure containing high‐entropy Y2(Ti0.227Zr0.227Hf0.227Nb0.136Ta0.182)2O7.318 pyrochlore oxide (5HEO‐P) and Y(Nb, Ta)O4 solid solution, while the latter one was a single‐phase pyrochlore oxide (4HEO‐P) with homogeneous element distribution. The formed 5HEO‐P oxide has larger lattice distortion than 4HEO‐P oxide due to the larger total amounts of Nb and Ta cations at B sites in the 5HEO‐P oxide. It results in lower thermal conductivity of 5HEO ceramics (keeping at 1.8 W·m–1·K–1) than those of 4HEO ceramics (ranging from 1.8 to 2.5 W·m–1·K–1) at temperatures from 25°C to 1400°C. Their glass‐like thermal conductivities were determined by the selection of B site cations and high‐entropy effects. These results provide some useful information for the material design of novel thermal barrier coating materials.
Double pyrovanadates CaMgV2O7: Formation mechanism, phase structure, and thermodynamic properties
Authors: Pei Guishang , Xiang Junyi , Huang Qingyun , Lv Xuewei
Published: June 2022

A double pyrovanadate CaMgV2O7 sample was synthesized via a facile solid‐state route under an air atmosphere. The nonequilibrium formation pathways of the CaMgV2O7 were investigated via powder X‐ray diffraction. A multistep reactions path (metavanadates–pyrovanadates–double pyrovanadate CaMgV2O7) was proposed to describe the formation of the CaMgV2O7 considering the thermodynamic and kinetic factors. The cell unit parameters of the CaMgV2O7 sample indicated the crystallization according to a monoclinic system with space group P12/c1(14), and the lattice parameters of a = 6.756 Å, b = 14.495 Å, c = 11.253 Å, β = 99.12, and V = 108.806 Å3. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy also confirmed the +5 oxidation state vanadium in CaMgV2O7. The endothermic effects at 1033 and 1143 K were related to the incongruent melting and liquidus temperatures of CaMgV2O7, respectively. The comprehensive thermodynamic properties of CaMgV2O7 were established in both low‐ and high‐temperature regions, utilizing a physical property measurement system and multi‐high‐temperature calorimetry (96 lines). The heat capacity (200 J mol K−1) and entropy (198 J mol K−1) at 298.15 K were computed based on the low‐temperature heat capacity values, and the enthalpy of formation at 298.15 K was also estimated. The fitted high‐temperature capacity can be used to obtain the changes in the enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. This study is part of building a reliable thermodynamic database of the CaO–MgO–V2O5 system.
Comparative efficacy of generic nifedipine versus brand‐name amlodipine for hypertension management in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Hao‐Wei , Huang Chin‐Chou , Leu Hsin‐Bang , Lin Yenn‐Jiang
Published: June 2022

The control rate of hypertension remains concerning, indicating the requirement for better management strategies. The calcium channel blockers brand‐name amlodipine and nifedipine with extended‐release formulations demonstrate similar clinical efficacy. However, the efficacy of generic nifedipine remains obscure. We compared the efficacy of generic nifedipine and brand‐name amlodipine in terms of cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. Patients prescribed generic nifedipine (SRFC CYH) or brand‐name amlodipine besylate (Norvasc, Pfizer) between August 1, 2017, and July 31, 2018, were enrolled; patients with CV events within 3 months were excluded. CV outcomes included CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), nonfatal ischemic stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, and composite endpoints of 3P‐ and 4P‐major adverse cardiac events (MACE). A total of 1625 patients treated with nifedipine (SRFC CYH) and 16 587 patients treated with Norvasc were included. After propensity score matching, there were 995 and 4975 patients in the nifedipine CYH and Norvasc groups, respectively. At a mean follow‐up period of 30.3 ± 6.4 months, nifedipine CYH was comparable to Norvasc in terms of CV death (P = .107), nonfatal MI (P = .121), nonfatal ischemic stroke (P = .453), hospitalization for heart failure (P = .330), 3P‐MACE (P = .584), and 4P‐MACE (P = .274). Cox regression analysis revealed that nifedipine CYH and Norvasc had similar efficacy in terms of 3P‐MACE (hazard ratio, 0.970; 95% confidence interval, 0.601–1.565, P = .900) and 4P‐MACE (hazard ratio, 0.880; 95% confidence interval, 0.628–1.233, P = .459). In conclusion, Nifedipine SRFC CYH and Norvasc have comparable clinical efficacy for hypertension management.
Moisture sorption isotherms and thermodynamic properties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L. Walp) stored in a chamber under controlled humidity and temperature
Authors: Karataş Mukaddes , Arslan Nurhan
Published: June 2022

The sorption process of cowpea stored in a chamber the relative humidity of which is controlled by an atomizing humidifier was studied in 25, 35, and 45°C over 0.1%–0.9% water activities. A type III (J‐shapes) behavior was observed for the sorption isotherms of cowpea. The temperature increase caused a decrease in the equilibrium moisture content (EMC). Hysteresis effect existed over the entire water activity range. The experimental sorption data were fitted to many well‐known isotherm equations (GAB, BET, Henderson, Oswin, Peleg, Smith, Caurie, Halsey, Ferro‐Fontan, Kuhn, Chung‐Pfost, White‐Eiring). Among models evaluated, the Peleg equation was selected as the model giving the best fit quality for predicting the sorption behavior of cowpea. The sorption isotherms data were used to estimate the thermodynamic functions (sorption isoteric heat and entropy, Gibbs free energy, net integral enthalpy and entropy) providing an understanding energy requirement. The sorption isosteric heat calculated using the Clausius‐Clapeyron equation and the net integral enthalpy decreased swiftly with increasing moisture content while an increase was observed in the net integral entropy. Thermodynamic approach showed that the sorption process for cowpea was the enthalpy‐controlled and nonspontaneous.

Practical Applications

Since the determination of the physicochemical relationship between water and food is very important for the continuity of food quality stability, many researches are carried out on this subject. The quality stability of foods is expressed in moisture sorption isotherms, which are the relationship between EMC and water activity at any temperature. Generally, data on equilibrium humidity were obtained using saturated salt solutions. No study was found on the moisture sorption isotherm data of cowpea stored in a chamber whose relative humidity is controlled by an atomized humidification system. It is thought that the data obtained with this system will achieve more successful results in equipment and process design since it is closer to the actual storage conditions.
Efficacy, safety and unmet needs of evolving medical treatments for carcinoid syndrome
Authors: Koumarianou Anna , Daskalakis Kosmas , Tsoli Marina , Kaltsas Gregory , Pavel Marianne
Published: June 2022

This review reports on the currently available medical treatment options for the control of symptoms due to carcinoid syndrome in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. The efficacy and adverse events (AEs) of approved drugs such as somatostatin analogues (SSA), telotristat ethyl (TE) and interferon‐alpha, are reviewed. Somatostatin analogues remain the standard treatment of carcinoid syndrome based on the high expression of somatostatin receptors and the resulting inhibition of secretion of bioactive compounds; their use is associated with relatively mild AEs, involving mainly the gastrointestinal system, and being usually transient. Although dose escalation of SSA remains an unapproved option, it is clinically implemented to alleviate symptoms in refractory carcinoid syndrome and supported by the most recent guidelines. The side effects associated with the increased dose are in general mild and consistent with standard dose of SSA. Telotristat ethyl, an oral inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, the rate‐limiting enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis, represents a rather novel innovative treatment option in patients with carcinoid syndrome suffering from diarrhea and complements the standard therapy of SSA. Given the low toxicity profile, TE may be considered an early add‐on treatment to SSA in patients with uncontrolled carcinoid syndrome. However, further prolonged follow‐up of patients treated with TE may be needed to exclude potential AEs, such as liver toxicity or depressed mood, in patients with long–term treatment. Interferon alpha is a cytokine with direct inhibitory effect on hormone secretion and tumor cell proliferation and an approved therapy in carcinoid syndrome but is associated with significant AEs in the majority of the patients requiring frequently dose reduction. The finding of a more favorable tolerability of pegylated interferon needs to be confirmed in a prospective study.
Untangling Goal Tensions in Family Firms: A Sensemaking Approach
Authors: Diaz‐Moriana Vanessa , Clinton Eric , Kammerlander Nadine
Published: June 2022

While economic and non‐economic goals may converge in the long term, they often lead to tensions for organizational decision‐makers in the short term, especially in family firms that place much emphasis on family‐related goals. We draw on a sensemaking approach to investigate such potential tensions in the decision‐making of family firms. Based on a qualitative analysis of 59 interviews, 501 items of archival data and 39 observations from eight private Irish firms, we explore the perceived goal tensions of family firm decision‐makers as they seek to balance economic and non‐economic goals. We identify three sensemaking mechanisms – ensuring continuity in the family firm, preserving family cohesion, and delegating responsibilities to trusted advisors – that assist family firm decision‐makers in managing these goal tensions. Moreover, we identify that sensegiving based on three different values – sense of commitment, community embeddedness, and family firm identity – helps family firm decision‐makers to justify and communicate their decisions. Our model contributes to a more granular understanding of the management of goal tensions and of decision‐making in family firms by going beyond the question of whether family firms prioritize economic or non‐economic; instead, it reveals concrete processes showing how firms balance and aim to incorporate both goals. Furthermore, we advance knowledge on sensemaking in family firms by revealing how sensemaking can explain idiosyncratic family firm behaviour and by showing how family firm decision‐makers use specific values when ‘giving sense’ to justify their decisions.
The role of MEK1/2 and MEK5 in melatonin‐mediated actions on osteoblastogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, bone microarchitecture, biomechanics, and bone formation
Authors: Munmun Fahima , Mohiuddin Omair A. , Hoang Van T. , Burow Matthew E. , Bunnell Bruce A. , Sola Veronica M. , Carpentieri Agata R. , Witt‐Enderby Paula A.
Published: June 2022

Melatonin, the primary hormone involved in circadian entrainment, plays a significant role in bone physiology. This study aimed to assess the role of MEK1/2 and MEK5 in melatonin‐mediated actions in mouse and human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and on bone using small‐molecule inhibitors and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout approaches. Consistent with in vitro studies performed in mMSCs and hMSCs, nightly (25 mg/kg, i.p., 45 days) injections with PD184352 (MEK1/2 inhibitor) or Bix02189 (MEK5 inhibitor) or SC‐1‐151 (MEK1/2/5 inhibitor) demonstrated that MEK1/2 and MEK5 were the primary drivers underlying melatonin's actions on bone density, microarchitecture (i.e., trabecular number, separation, and connectivity density), and bone mechanical properties (i.e., ultimate stress) through increases in osteogenic (RUNX2, BMP‐2, FRA‐1, OPG) expression and decreases in PPARγ. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of MEK1 or MEK5 in mMSCs seeded on PLGA scaffolds and placed into critical‐size calvarial defects in Balb(c) mice (male and female) revealed that treatment with melatonin (15 mg/L; p.o., nightly, 90 days) mediates sex‐specific actions of MEK1 and MEK5 in new bone formation. This study is the first to demonstrate a role for MEK1/2 and MEK5 in modulating melatonin‐mediated actions on bone formation in vivo and in a sex‐specific manner.
Re‐terrestrialization in the phylogeny of epiphytic plant lineages: Microsoroid ferns as a case study
Authors: Chen Chi‐Chuan , Hyvönen Jaakko , Schneider Harald
Published: June 2022

The fern family Polypodiaceae, with over 1600 species, is not only one of the most species‐rich families of ferns, but also a major contributor to the vascular epiphytic diversity throughout the tropics. Although the vast majority of species belonging to this family prefer to grow as epiphytes, several species colonize successfully rheophytic, lithophytic, and even terrestrial habitats. Here, we explore the hypothesis that non‐epiphytic habitat preferences, including terrestrial growth, evolved secondarily with epiphytes being the plesiomorphic habitat preference. The results of phylogenetic analyses, based on dense taxon sampling and four chloroplast DNA regions, were integrated with divergence time estimates and ancestral character state reconstructions to test these predictions. Both fossils and secondary calibration data were incorporated to obtain divergence time estimations. The results support the prediction of multiple transitions from epiphytic/lithophytic to terrestrial/rheophytic habitats occurring mainly in the Microsoreae lineage. The change in niche preferences coincides with niche colonization opportunities created by climatic fluctuations and geographical changes during the Oligocene and Miocene periods.
Pepper SUMO E3 ligase CaDSIZ1 enhances drought tolerance by stabilizing the transcription factor CaDRHB1
Authors: Joo Hyunhee , Lim Chae Woo , Lee Sung Chul
Published: June 2022

Small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO) conjugation (SUMOylation) is a reversible post‐translational modification associated with protein stability and activity, and modulates hormone signaling and stress responses in plants. Previously, we reported that the pepper dehydration‐responsive homeobox domain transcription factor CaDRHB1 acts as a positive modulator of drought response.

Here, we show that CaDRHB1 protein stability is enhanced by SUMO E3 ligase Capsicum annuum DRHB1‐interacting SAP and Miz domain (SIZ1) (CaDSIZ1)‐mediated SUMOylation in response to drought, thereby positively modulating abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and drought responses. Substituting lysine (K) 138 of CaDRHB1 with arginine reduced CaDSIZ1‐mediated SUMOylation, indicating that K138 is the principal site for SUMO conjugation.

Virus‐induced silencing of CaDSIZ1 promoted CaDRHB1 degradation, suggesting that CaDSIZ1 is involved in drought‐induced SUMOylation of CaDRHB1. CaDSIZ1 interacted with and facilitated SUMO conjugation of CaDRHB1. CaDRHB1, mainly localized in the nucleus, but also in the cytoplasm in the SUMOylation mimic state, suggesting that SUMOylation of CaDRHB1 promotes its nuclear export, leading to cytoplasmic accumulation.

Moreover, CaDSIZ1‐silenced pepper plants were less sensitive to ABA and considerably sensitive to drought stress, whereas CaDSIZ1‐overexpressing plants displayed ABA‐hypersensitive and drought‐tolerant phenotypes. Collectively, our data indicate that CaDSIZ1‐mediated SUMOylation of CaDRHB1 functions in ABA‐mediated drought tolerance.
Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in the oral cavity and mobile genetic elements that disseminate antimicrobial resistance: A systematic review
Authors: Brooks Laura , Narvekar Unnati , McDonald Ailbhe , Mullany Peter
Published: June 2022

The objective of this review was to assess the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in the oral cavity and identify mobile genetic elements (MGEs) important in disseminating them. Additionally, to assess if age, geographic location, oral site, bacterial strains and oral disease influence the prevalence of these genes. Three electronic databases (Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library) were used to search the literature. Journals and the grey literature were also hand searched. English language studies from January 2000 to November 2020 were selected. Primary screening was performed on the titles and abstracts of 1509 articles generated. One hundred and forty‐seven full texts were obtained to conduct the second screening with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Forty‐four final articles agreed with the inclusion criteria. Half of the studies were classed as low quality. tet(M) was the most prevalent gene overall and the conjugative transposon Tn916 the most common MGE associated with antibiotic resistance genes in the oral cavity. In babies delivered vaginally, tet(M) was more prevalent, whilst tet(Q) was more prevalent in those delivered by C‐section. Generally, countries with higher consumption of antibiotics had higher numbers of antibiotic resistance genes. Agricultural as well as medical use of antibiotics in a country should always be considered. Between healthy, periodontitis and peri‐implantitis subjects, there was no difference in the prevalence of tet(M); however, erm(B), tet(M) and tet(O) were higher in carious active children than the non‐carious group. Subjects with poor oral hygiene have more pathogenic bacteria that carry resistance genes compared to those with good oral hygiene. Enterococcus faecalis isolates demonstrated significant tetracycline resistance (tet(M) up to 60% prevalence in samples) and erythromycin resistance (erm(B) up to 61.9% prevalence in samples), periodontal pathogens showed significant beta‐lactam resistance with blaZ and cfxA present in up to 90%–97% of samples and the normal oral flora had a high level of erythromycin resistance with mef(A/E) present in 65% of Streptococcus salivarius isolates. The most common resistance gene was tet(M) in root canals, cfxA in subgingival plaque, erm(B) in supragingival plaque and tet(W) in 100% of whole saliva samples. The review highlights that although many studies in this area have been performed, 50% were classed as low quality. We advise the following recommendations to allow firm conclusions to be drawn from future work: the use of large sample sizes, investigate a broad range of antibiotic resistance genes, improved methodologies and reporting to improve the quality of genetic testing in microbiology and randomisation of subject selection.
The Many Guises of Populism and Crisis: Introduction to the Special Issue on Populism and Global Crises
Authors: Maher Paul J. , Lüders Adrian , Erisen Elif , Rooduijn Matthijs , Jonas Eva M.
Published: June 2022

Populism is a powerful social force that has reshaped the political landscapes of many nations since the turn of the 21st century. Much of the success of populist movements is attributed to various social crises and a deep dissatisfaction with political systems. In the present issue, we sought to find papers that investigate what drives the demand for populist politics during crises on a psychological level and, correspondingly, how populist rhetoric influences the way individuals think about, and respond, to crises. In this editorial, we introduce a multidisciplinary issue and summarize the key themes stemming from the articles included. The contributions addressed various forms of crises; from identity issues to global transformations, and various aspects of populism; from the antiestablishment attitudes of the public, to the populist rhetoric of political actors. There was also a key theme centered on the role of emotions. We believe that these topics are of great interest to political psychologists of any mold. We hope that this special issue can play a part in increasing our understanding of how populism thrives during crises and in driving future research on this topic.
Temporal and geographical variations in survival of children born with congenital anomalies in Europe: A multi‐registry cohort study
Authors: Santoro Michele , Coi Alessio , Pierini Anna , Rankin Judith , Glinianaia Svetlana V. , Tan Joachim , Reid Abigail , Garne Ester , Loane Maria , Given Joanne , Aizpurua Amaia , Astolfi Gianni , Barisic Ingeborg , Cavero‐Carbonell Clara , de Walle Hermien E. K. , Den Hond Elly , García‐Villodre Laura , Gatt Miriam , Gissler Mika , Jordan Sue , Khoshnood Babak , Kiuru‐Kuhlefelt Sonja , Klungsøyr Kari , Lelong Nathalie , Lutke Renée , Mokoroa Olatz , Nelen Vera , Neville Amanda J. , Odak Ljubica , Rissmann Anke , Scanlon Ieuan , Urhoj Stine Kjaer , Wellesley Diana , Wertelecki Wladimir , Yevtushok Lyubov , Morris Joan K.
Published: June 2022

Background

Congenital anomalies are a major cause of perinatal, neonatal and infant mortality.

Objectives

The aim was to investigate temporal changes and geographical variation in survival of children with major congenital anomalies (CA) in different European areas.

Methods

In this population‐based linkage cohort study, 17 CA registries members of EUROCAT, the European network for the surveillance of CAs, successfully linked data on 115,219 live births with CAs to mortality records. Registries estimated Kaplan–Meier survival at 28 days and 5 years of age and fitted Cox's proportional hazards models comparing mortality at 1 year and 1–9 years of age for children born during 2005–2014 with those born during 1995–2004. The hazard ratios (HR) from each registry were combined centrally using a random‐effects model. The 5‐year survival conditional on having survived to 28 days of age was calculated.

Results

The overall risk of death by 1 year of age for children born with any major CA in 2005–2014 decreased compared to 1995–2004 (HR 0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.53, 0.89). Survival at 5 years of age ranged between registries from 97.6% to 87.0%. The lowest survival was observed for the registry of OMNI‐Net (Ukraine) (87.0%, 95% CI 86.1, 87.9).

Conclusions

Survival of children with CAs improved for births in 2005–2014 compared with 1995–2004. The use of CA registry data linked to mortality data enables investigation of survival of children with CAs. Factors such as defining major CAs, proportion of terminations of pregnancy for foetal anomaly, source of mortality data and linkage methods are important to consider in the design of future studies and in the interpretation of the results on survival of children with CAs.