bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Riluzole Reverses Blood–Testis Barrier Loss to Rescue Chemotherapy–Induced Male Infertility by Binding to TRPC
Authors: Huang Rufei , Xia Huan , Lin Wanqing , Wang Zhaoyang , Li Lu , Deng Jingxian , Ye Tao , Li Ziyi , Yang Yan , Huang Yadong
Published: December 2024

Cancer treatments, including cytotoxic therapy, often result in male infertility, necessitating the development of safe and effective strategies to preserve male reproductive potential during chemotherapy. Notably, our study uncovers the potential of repurposing riluzole, an FDA-approved drug for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), in enhancing spermatogenesis. Hence, this research aims to explore the feasibility of utilizing riluzole to alleviate male infertility induced by busulfan (BSF), a commonly used chemotherapy drug. We established a BSF-induced oligospermia model in 4-week-old male mice and found that riluzole could effectively counter the detrimental effects of BSF on sperm production in mice with oligospermia. By restoring blood–testis barrier (BTB) functionality, riluzole improves sperm quality and reduces testicular atrophy. Through transcriptomic and molecular docking analyses, we identify transient receptor potential canonical subfamily member 5 (TRPC5) as a potential target for riluzole-mediated regulation of blood–testis barrier function. These findings propose riluzole as a promising therapeutic option for chemotherapy-induced male infertility, thereby addressing the fertility challenges associated with cancer treatments. Moreover, repurposing riluzole could streamline the drug development process, providing a cost-effective approach with reduced risk compared to developing entirely new drugs.
Ion Channels as Potential Drug Targets in Dry Eye Disease and Their Clinical Relevance: A Review
Authors: Harrell Carl Randall , Volarevic Vladislav
Published: December 2024

Dry eye disease (DED) is a common multifactorial disorder characterized by a deficiency in the quality and/or quantity of tear fluid. Tear hyperosmolarity, the dysfunction of ion channel proteins, and eye inflammation are primarily responsible for the development and progression of DED. Alterations in the structure and/or function of ion channel receptors (transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and 4 (TRPV1 and TRPV4)), and consequent hyperosmolarity of the tears represent the initial step in the development and progression of DED. Hyperosmolarity triggers the activation of ion channel-dependent signaling pathways in corneal epithelial cells and eye-infiltrated immune cells, leading to the activation of transcriptional factors that enhance the expression of genes regulating inflammatory cytokine production, resulting in a potent inflammatory response in the eyes of DED patients. A persistent and untreated detrimental immune response further modifies the structure and function of ion channel proteins, perpetuating tear hyperosmolarity and exacerbating DED symptoms. Accordingly, suppressing immune cell-driven eye inflammation and alleviating tear hyperosmolarity through the modulation of ion channels in DED patients holds promise for developing new therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms responsible for the inflammation-induced modification of ion channels leading to tear hyperosmolarity and immune cell dysfunction in DED patients. We also emphasize the therapeutic potential of the newly designed immunomodulatory and hypo-osmotic solution d-MAPPS™ Hypo-Osmotic Ophthalmic Solution, which can activate TRPV4 in corneal epithelial cells, stabilize the tear film, enhance natural cytokine communication, and suppress detrimental immune responses, an important novel approach for DED treatment.
The Effect of Doping rGO with Nanosized MnO2 on Its Gas Sensing Properties
Authors: Alouani Mohamed Ayoub , Casanova-Chafer Juan , de Bernardi-Martín Santiago , García-Gómez Alejandra , Salehnia Foad , Santos-Ceballos José Carlos , Santos-Betancourt Alejandro , Vilanova Xavier , Llobet Eduard
Published: December 2024

Manganese dioxide (MnO2) has drawn attention as a sensitiser to be incorporated in graphene-based chemoresistive sensors thanks to its promising properties. In this regard, a rGO@MnO2 sensing material was prepared and deposited on two different substrates (silicon and Kapton). The effect of the substrate nature on the morphology and sensing behaviour of the rGO@MnO2 material was thoroughly analysed and reported. These sensors were exposed to different dilutions of NO2 ranging from 200 ppb to 1000 ppb under dry and humid conditions (25% RH and 70% RH) at room temperature. rGO@MnO2 deposited on Kapton showed the highest response of 6.6% towards 1 ppm of NO2 under dry conditions at RT. Other gases or vapours such as NH3, CO, ethanol, H2 and benzene were also tested. FESEM, HRTEM, Raman, XRD and ATR-IR were used to characterise the prepared sensors. The experimental results showed that the incorporation of nanosized MnO2 in the rGO material enhanced its response towards NO2. Moreover, this material also showed very good responses toward NH3 both under dry and humid conditions, with the rGO@MnO2 sensor on silicon showing the highest response of 18.5% towards 50 ppm of NH3 under 50% RH at RT. Finally, the synthetised layers showed no cross-responsiveness towards other toxic gases.
Investigating Child Abuse in Sports: An Ecological Systems Perspective
Authors: Güler Damla , Güler Yağmur , Cengiz Caner , Tuncel Semiyha , Karayiğit Raci
Published: December 2024

Background: This study examines child abuse in sports environments through Ecological Systems Theory, revealing the multifaceted nature of abuse and the impact of environmental factors at various levels. Methods: With a study design using the phenomenology approach, a qualitative research method, data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 11 Turkish participants, including 5 athletes, 4 coaches, and 2 academics with coaching experience in Sports Sciences. Thematic analysis was used to evaluate the data, categorizing findings into four levels: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. Results: Findings show that at the microsystem level, children are exposed to physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, as well as neglect, largely through interactions with coaches and teammates. Physical abuse includes non-contact forms, like dehydration and forced training, and contact abuse, such as violence from coaches and peers. Emotional abuse manifests through psychological pressures and verbal attacks, creating a toxic environment. At the mesosystem level, excessive parental trust in coaches reduces oversight, leaving children vulnerable. In the exosystem, inadequate supervision of coaches and a lack of response to abuse cases by sports clubs worsen the issue. At the macrosystem level, cultural norms and societal attitudes normalize abuse, especially affecting female athletes. Conclusions: The study highlights the need for comprehensive interventions, including family awareness, stricter coach oversight, and robust policies within sports organizations to protect children. By emphasizing the interaction of individual, familial, and societal factors, this research underscores the importance of collective efforts to ensure safer sports environments.
Perceptions and Barriers to Accessing Myopia Management in the UK
Authors: Kearney Stephanie , Coverdale Sophie , Saunders Cheralynn , Day Mhairi , Rountree Lindsay , Webber Kathryn , Mallen Edward A. H. , Ghorbani-Mojarrad Neema
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Perceptions and barriers to myopia management (MM) in childhood have not been fully explored within some countries, including the UK, where there is minimal public health education on myopia. Methods: The aim of this mixed-methods study was to explore perceptions of myopia and MM interventions using focus groups and a survey to obtain qualitative and quantitative data. Topics included the understanding of myopia, perceptions of MM, considerations when initiating MM, lifestyle risk factors, and barriers to uptake of intervention. Results: Parent awareness and understanding of myopia and MM is limited. Many parents felt that they had not been provided with sufficient explicit advice about their child’s diagnosis or treatment. Despite this, parents were aware of some of the protective lifestyle behaviours which may slow myopia progression. The common belief was that myopia can affect a child’s quality of life. The most common reason that MM had been recommended to parents by practitioners was to reduce disease risk. Conclusions: The cost and lack of public awareness that MM interventions are available were the main barriers to the uptake of MM. There is a need to improve practitioner communication of myopia and its management and, subsequently, improve the standard of children’s eyecare.
Evaluating the Impact of Environmental Factors on Bacterial Populations in Riverine, Estuarine, and Coastal Sediments
Authors: Selvarajan Ramganesh , Yang Ming , Ogola Henry J. O. , Sibanda Timothy , Abia Akebe Luther King
Published: December 2024

Aquatic ecosystems, including rivers, estuaries, and coastal environments, are crucial for maintaining biodiversity, regulating nutrient cycles, and supporting human livelihoods. However, these ecosystems are increasingly being threatened by urbanization, making it essential to understand their microbial communities and their ecological roles. This study employed high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize the bacterial communities within the riverine, estuarine, and coastal sediments of Adyar Creek, Chennai, India. Proteobacteria were the dominant phylum across most samples, with proportions ranging from 39.65% to 72.09%. Notably, the estuarine environment exhibited a distinct taxonomic profile characterized by a significant abundance of Firmicutes (47.09% of the bacterial population). Distinct bacterial classes were observed across sediment types: Alphaproteobacteria (30.07–34.32%) in riverine sediments, Bacilli dominated estuarine sediments (40.17%), and Gammaproteobacteria (15.71–51.94%) in coastal sediments. The most significant environmental factors influencing the bacterial community composition across these samples were pH, salinity, phosphate, and nitrate. LEfSe (Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size) analysis identified specific genera within the estuary, including Bacillus (20.26%), unclassified_Paenibacillus (12.87%), Clostridium (3.81%), Gailella (3.17%), Paenibacillus (3.02%), Massilia (1.70%), Paraburkholderia (1.42%), and Pantoea (1.15%), as potential biomarkers for habitat health. Functional analysis revealed an elevated expression of the genes associated with ABC transporters and carbon metabolism in the estuary, suggesting a heightened nutrient cycling capacity. Furthermore, co-occurrence network analysis indicated that bacterial communities exhibit a strong modular structure with complex species interactions across the three sediment types. These findings highlight bacterial communities’ critical role and the key drivers in estuarine ecosystems, establishing a baseline for further investigations into the functional ecology of these vulnerable ecosystems.
A Data Storage, Analysis, and Project Administration Engine (TMFdw) for Small- to Medium-Size Interdisciplinary Ecological Research Programs with Full Raster Data Capabilities
Authors: Grigusova Paulina , Beilschmidt Christian , Dobbermann Maik , Drönner Johannes , Mattig Michael , Sanchez Pablo , Farwig Nina , Bendix Jörg
Published: December 2024

Over almost 20 years, a data storage, analysis, and project administration engine (TMFdw) has been continuously developed in a series of several consecutive interdisciplinary research projects on functional biodiversity of the southern Andes of Ecuador. Starting as a “working database”, the system now includes program management modules and literature databases, which are all accessible via a web interface. Originally designed to manage data in the ecological Research Unit 816 (SE Ecuador), the open software is now being used in several other environmental research programs, demonstrating its broad applicability. While the system was mainly developed for abiotic and biotic tabular data in the beginning, the new research program demands full capabilities to work with area-wide and high-resolution big models and remote sensing raster data. Thus, a raster engine was recently implemented based on the Geo Engine technology. The great variety of pre-implemented desktop GIS-like analysis options for raster point and vector data is an important incentive for researchers to use the system. A second incentive is to implement use cases prioritized by the researchers. As an example, we present machine learning models to generate high-resolution (30 m) microclimate raster layers for the study area in different temporal aggregation levels for the most important variables of air temperature, humidity, precipitation, and solar radiation. The models implemented as use cases outperform similar models developed in other research programs.
The Occurrence and Risk Factors of Black Triangles Between Central Incisors After Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Jung Ji-Song , Lim Ho-Kyung , Lee You-Sun , Jung Seok-Ki
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: To assess the incidence of and risk factors for black triangles between the central incisors after orthodontic treatment; Methods: Ninety-seven post-treatment patients (29 men and 68 women; mean age, 22.7 years) were retrospectively divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of black triangles, using intraoral photographs. Based on the Jemt Index, the black triangle occurrence group was further classified into mild, moderate, and severe groups. Parameters from periapical radio graphs, lateral cephalograms, and study models were compared between the occurrence and the non-occurrence groups by using independent t-tests. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors for black triangles; Results: The incidence of black triangles between the central incisors was 51% and 64% in the maxilla and in the mandible, respectively. The factors significantly associated with the occurrence of black triangles were age, treatment duration, the lingual inclination of the maxillary incisors in the maxilla, and age in the mandible (p < 0.05); Conclusions: This study showed the diverse risk factors associated with black triangles between central incisors after orthodontic treatment and revealed that the formation of black triangles is relatively common. Considering these risk factors during orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning can help minimize the occurrence of black triangles.
Diabetic Mastopathy: A Monocentric Study to Explore This Uncommon Breast Disease
Authors: Mariano Luciano , Nicosia Luca , Scolari Sofia , Pasi Sara , Netti Sofia , Mazzarol Giovanni , Latronico Antuono , Cassano Enrico
Published: December 2024

Background: Diabetic Mastopathy (DMP) is an uncommon benign fibro-inflammatory condition that occurs in women with long-standing diabetes mellitus (DM), particularly type 1. It often mimics breast cancer (BC) in clinical and imaging presentations, leading to diagnostic challenges. Methods: A retrospective monocentric study was conducted, analyzing clinical, radiologic, and pathological data from 28 women diagnosed with DMP over 10 years at the European Institute of Oncology. Data on DM type, age at DMP diagnosis, associated autoimmune conditions, imaging features, and surgical outcomes were collected and compared with the existing literature. Results: The majority (82%) of the patients had type 1 DM, with most diagnosed with DMP before age 40. Common complications included retinopathy (46%) and neuropathy (35%). Imaging often suggested malignancy, necessitating core needle biopsies for diagnosis. Surgical intervention occurred in 55% of cases, with a recurrence rate of 32%. One case of BC was observed. Conclusions: DMP remains challenging due to its resemblance to BC. Conservative management is typical, but the recurrence rate post-surgery highlights the importance of ongoing monitoring. Although DMP does not significantly increase BC risk, caution is advised, especially for immunocompromised patients. Further studies are needed to comprehensively understand DMP’s relationship with BC.
Entropic Order Parameters for Categorical Symmetries in 2D-CFT
Authors: Molina-Vilaplana Javier , Saura-Bastida Pablo , Sierra Germán
Published: December 2024

In this work, we propose an information theoretic order parameter able to characterize the presence and breaking of categorical symmetries in (1+1)-d rational conformal field theories (RCFTs). Specifically, we compute the quantum relative entropy between the ground states of RCFTs representing the critical point of phase transitions between different symmetry-broken phases of theories with categorical symmetries, and their symmetrized versions. We find that, at leading order in the high temperature limit, this relative entropy only depends on the expectation values of the quantum dimensions of the topological operators implementing the categorical symmetry. This dependence suggests that our proposal can be used to characterize the different broken phases of (1+1)-d theories with categorical symmetries.
Requirements for a Basic Student Course in Robotics and Human–Robot Interaction—A User-Centered Approach
Authors: Güntert Marie , Birkle Jonas , Wagner-Hartl Verena
Published: December 2024

Due to an increasing number of robots in the working world, the interaction between humans and robots will become more and more frequent. Hence, the research field of human–robot collaboration is becoming progressively relevant and should therefore be included in students’ education as early as possible. This paper deals with the requirements of a basic course for university students of interdisciplinary studies like Engineering Psychology or Human Factors. The goal of the course is to provide an adequate training for the students in order to gain a technical basis to design human–robot collaboration in a user-centered way in their future working life. Following a user-centered approach a narrative description and analysis of the context of use with contextual interviews were conducted. Overall, 12 subjects of the identified user groups (1) students studying Engineering Psychology, (2) students with knowledge in robotics and (3) graduates of the Engineering Psychology program participated in the contextual interviews. With these interviews, 47 user and stakeholder needs and 39 user requirements were derived. Based on the results, relevant content of a basic student course was defined, structured and prioritized. The requirements and demands are summarized in a recommendation for action and further steps are presented.
Analysis of the Impact of Turn Signal Usage at Roundabouts on CO Emissions and Traffic Flows
Authors: Ziemska-Osuch Monika , Osuch Dawid
Published: December 2024

In contemporary times, one of the challenges in road traffic is the failure of drivers to adhere to traffic regulations. While the use of turn signals may seem trivial, the studies presented in this article demonstrate the significant impact that this practice can have on road traffic, both in terms of urban network capacity and fuel consumption, which consequently affects the emission of exhaust gases into the natural environment. A common example of the failure to use turn signals is when drivers navigate roundabouts. The example presented here analyzes an existing road network configuration consisting of two roundabouts and an intersection between them. The method of microsimulation was employed using the PTV Vissim 25 software. This study examined a scenario where the percentage of drivers adhering to the use of turn signals increased by 10% in each successive simulation version. The results clearly indicate that the capacity of the network, as well as the emissions of road pollutants, depend not only on traffic volume but also, most importantly, on traffic flow efficiency.
Chemical Structure of Lean and Stoichiometric Laminar Flames of Methylcyclohexane at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Matyushkov Vladislav , Chernov Anatoly , Dmitriev Artëm , Shmakov Andrey
Published: December 2024

Methylcyclohexane (MCH, C7H14) is a typical component in hydrocarbon fuels and is frequently utilized in surrogate fuel mixtures as a typical representative of alkylated cycloalkanes. However, comprehensive experimental studies on speciation during its combustion remain limited. This research investigates for the first time the chemical structure of laminar premixed flames of lean and stoichiometric mixtures (φ = 0.8 and 1.0) of MCH/O2/Ar under atmospheric pressure. Using probe-sampling molecular-beam mass spectrometry (MBMS), the spatial distribution of 18 compounds, including reactants, products, and intermediates, in the flame front was measured. The obtained results were compared with numerical simulations based on three established chemical–kinetic models of MCH combustion. The comparative analysis demonstrated that while the models effectively describe the profiles of reactants, primary products and key intermediates, significant discrepancies were observed for various C2–C6 compounds. To indicate the roots of the discrepancies, a rate of production (ROP) analysis was performed in each simulation. ROP analyses revealed that the primary cause for the discrepancies could be attributed to the overprediction of the rates of initial stages during MCH decomposition. Particularly, the role of non-elementary reactions was emphasized, indicating the need for refinement of the mechanisms based on new experimental data.
Functioning of the Energy Sector Under Crisis Conditions—A Polish Perspective
Authors: Florek Joanna , Staniszewski Ryszard , Czerwińska-Kayzer Dorota , Kayzer Dariusz
Published: December 2024

In the context of the coronavirus pandemic and the armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine, energy security is essential to economic challenges nowadays. The basis for the proper operating of the energy sector is to ensure a stable supply of energy to end users and to secure finances of energy companies, so that they can operate sustainably in times of uncertainty. In our studies, we have addressed this issue with the main objective of assessing the state of energy security from the perspective of the stability of the financial situation of energy sector companies in the context of the global energy crisis and a sustainable energy future. Financial indicators and a canonical variable analysis were used to examine the financial situation of companies in the energy sector and to describe links between selected groups of energy companies. Such companies operating during political and economic instability did not record worse financial results than in the year 2018. It was found that in case-studied firms, total debt decreased and moreover, liquidity and return on assets improved. Companies have focused on securing their financial health and ensuring the stability of their energy supplies and the issue of the environmental impact of energy production has unfortunately become a secondary concern. Nevertheless, in the event of further crises, it is reasonable to assume that a focus on maintaining liquidity and generating profits for energy companies will be more important to companies than environmental challenges and the fight against climate change.
Heat Transfer Mechanism Study of an Embedded Heat Pipe for New Energy Consumption System Enhancement
Authors: Cheng Yuanlin , Yu Hu , Zhang Yi , Zhang Shu , Shi Zhipeng , Xie Jinlin , Zhang Silu , Liu Changhui
Published: December 2024

Aiming at the demand for new energy consumption and mobile portable heat storage, a gravity heat pipe with embedded structure was designed. In order to explore the two-phase heat transfer mechanism of the embedded heat pipe, CFD numerical simulation technology was used to study the internal two-phase flow state and heat transfer process of the embedded heat pipe under different working conditions. The evolution law of the internal working medium of the heat pipe under different working conditions was obtained. With the increase in heating power, it is easier to form large bubbles and large vapor slugs inside the heat pipe. When the heating power increases to a certain extent, the shape of the vapor slugs can no longer be maintained at the bottom of the adiabatic section, and the vapor slugs begin to break and merge, forming local annular flow. When the filling ratio (FR) is relatively low, the bubble is easy to break through the liquid level and rupture, unable to form a vapor slug. With the increase in FR, the possibility of projectile flow and annular flow in the heat pipe increases. Under the same heating power, the temperature uniformity of the heat pipe becomes stronger with the increase in heating time. The velocity distribution in the heat pipe is affected by the FR. The heating power has almost no effect on the distribution of the velocity field inside the heat pipe, but the maximum velocity is different. At an FR of 30%, there are two typical velocity extremes in the tube near positions of 120 mm and 160 mm, respectively, and the velocity in the tube is basically unchanged above a position of 200 mm. There are also multiple velocity extremes at an FR of 70%, with the maximum velocity occurring near 240 mm.
An Overview About Second-Life Battery Utilization for Energy Storage: Key Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Song Hua , Chen Huaizhi , Wang Yanbo , Sun Xiang-E
Published: December 2024

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the potential challenges and solutions of second-life batteries. First, safety issues of second-life batteries are investigated, which is highly related to the thermal runaway of battery systems. The critical solutions for the thermal runaway problem are discussed, including structural optimization, parameter identification, advanced BMS, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based control strategies. Furthermore, the cell inhomogeneity problem of second-life battery systems is analyzed, where the passive balancing strategy and active balancing strategy are reviewed, respectively. Then, the compatibility issue of second-life batteries is investigated to determine whether electrical dynamic characteristics of a second-life battery can meet the performance requirements for energy storage. In addition, date security and protection methods are reviewed, including digital passport, smart meters and Internet of Things (IoT). The future trends and solutions of key challenges for second-life battery utilization are discussed.
Non-Invasive Techniques for Monitoring and Fault Detection in Internal Combustion Engines: A Systematic Review
Authors: Torres Norah Nadia Sánchez , Lima Jorge Gomes , Maciel Joylan Nunes , Gazziro Mario , Filho Abel Cavalcante Lima , Souto Cicero Rocha , Salvadori Fabiano , Ando Junior Oswaldo Hideo
Published: December 2024

This article provides a detailed analysis of non-invasive techniques for the prediction and diagnosis of faults in internal combustion engines, focusing on the application of the Proknow-C and Methodi Ordinatio systematic review methods. Initially, the relevance of these techniques in promoting energy sustainability and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions is discussed, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of Agenda 2030 and the Paris Agreement. The systematic review conducted in the subsequent sections offers a comprehensive mapping of the state of the art, highlighting the effectiveness of combining these methods in categorizing and systematizing relevant scientific literature. The results reveal significant advancements in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and digital signal processors (DSP) to improve fault diagnosis, in addition to highlighting the crucial role of non-invasive techniques such as the digital twin in minimizing interference in monitored systems. Finally, concluding remarks point towards future research directions, emphasizing the need to develop the integration of AI algorithms with digital twins for internal combustion engines and identify gaps for further improvements in fault diagnosis and prediction techniques.
Response of Morphological Plasticity of Quercus variabilis Seedlings to Different Light Quality
Authors: Wang Zhengning , Luo Hang , Liu Baoxuan , Song Shangwen , Zhang Xiao , Song Yushuang , Liu Bo
Published: December 2024

This experiment explores the regulatory mechanisms of various light qualities on the phenotypic plasticity of Quercus variabilis seedlings during their growth. The light conditions included blue light (BL), red light (RL), far-red light (FrL), a blend of RL and FrL with a ratio of 1:1 (RFr1:1L), and a blend of RL and FrL with a ratio of 1:2 (RFr1:2L), alongside a broad-spectrum white light (WL) as the control. Each treatment was maintained at a consistent photosynthetic photon flux density of 400 µmol·m−2·s−1. Results indicate significant morphological variations in Q. variabilis seedlings under different light qualities. Compared to white light treatment, all light quality treatments enhance seedling height, with the FrL treatment exhibiting the most pronounced effect. Seedling ground diameter elongation is stimulated by all light quality treatments, except for the BL treatment. Although the BL treatment promotes leaf morphology in Q. variabilis seedlings, it inhibits root growth, leading to reduced biomass accumulation and a lower root-to-shoot ratio. FrL can mitigate the effects of RL. Under the FrL treatment, Q. variabilis seedlings exhibit a greater increase in plant height and a higher height-to-diameter ratio. While the leaf morphology of RFr1:1L treatment does not show significant advantages, it demonstrates substantial root growth, resulting in the highest biomass accumulation. Quercus variabilis displays the strongest morphological plasticity in its root system, showing greater sensitivity to variations in light quality compared to leaf morphology and biomass accumulation. Strategically optimizing light spectrum and wavelength can significantly boost economic yields and improve the quality of forestry products.
Phylogenetic Relationships Plays a More Important Role than Environmental Factors in Influencing Leaf Si and Ca Stoichiometry Along the Elevation Gradient in a Chinese Subtropical Forest
Authors: Chen Yifei , Huang Haifeng , Xue Kexin , Cai Siying , Li Zhihui , Lai Zhengxuan , Li Peiyao , Li Yuru , Wei Wenhai , She Chuangshuai , Dong Jing , Liao Xiaoli , Jin Shaofei , Zheng Dexiang
Published: December 2024

Silicon (Si) and calcium (Ca), as elements abundant in the Earth’s crust, are closely related to plant growth and stress resistance and have similar roles. Understanding the stoichiometry of Si and Ca can provide more insight into the mechanical and stress resistance of plants, as well as their preferences for the absorption and use of Si and Ca. Here, we measured the content of Si and Ca in the leaves of the dominant tree species located in the Mount Wuyi National Park, with an elevation ranging from 800 m to 1700 m, in an attempt to reveal changes in the Si and Ca content and ratio in the leaves along the altitude, as well as their possible relationships with environmental factors and phylogeny. The results indicated that the leaf Si and the leaf Si/Ca decreased, while the leaf Ca increased significantly with the increase in elevation. Changes in environmental factors induced by variations in elevation affected the silicon and calcium stoichiometry characteristics of the leaves, either directly or indirectly. Specifically, the mean annual precipitation, soil available silicon, soil organic matter, and soil bulk density accounted for most of the variations in leaf silicon and calcium. The leaf silicon and calcium stoichiometry was phylogenetically conservative, suggesting more similar characteristics among closely related tree species. Structural equation modeling and variation partitioning indicated that phylogeny might be more important than environmental factors in influencing leaf Si and Ca stoichiometry. Additionally, the shared effects of environmental factors and taxonomic levels indicated changes in the forest community, and the differential responses of different functional types due to elevation variation also affected the altitudinal patterns of leaf Si and Ca stoichiometry.
Exploring the Possibility of Ionic Liquid as a Dimensional Stabilizer for Well-Preserved Waterlogged Archaeological Wood
Authors: Zhou Yihang , Zhang Zhiguo , Wang Kai , Jin Tao , Feng Yi , Wu Mengruo , Han Xiangna , Han Liuyang , Wang Jiajun
Published: December 2024

Dehydration is the principal conservation process for waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW), with the aim of preventing shrinkage and cracking. For well-preserved WAW, shrinkage mainly takes place when the moisture content is below the fiber saturation point. Here, we conduct a new trial using ionic liquid as a dimensional stabilizer to maintain a stable swollen state of WAW. Molecular dynamics simulation (MD), shrinkage measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) were adopted to investigate the interactions and effects of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim][Cl]) on WAW (Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus sp. with a maximum moisture content of 80.3%) in comparison with the conventional material polyethylene glycol (PEG). The results show that [Bmim][Cl] and its water mixtures have a comparable or slightly greater ability to swell amorphous cellulose than does water at room temperature, while crystalline cellulose is left intact. The samples treated with [Bmim][Cl] show less shrinkage than the PEG 300- and PEG 2000-treated samples at all tested concentrations after air-drying. The best dimension control was achieved by 40 wt% [Bmim][Cl], with volumetric shrinkage reduced from 5.03% to 0.47%. DVS analysis reveals that [Bmim][Cl] reduces moisture contents at moderate and low relative humidity (<80%) when the concentration is at or below 20 wt%, which suggests that good dimensional stability was not achieved by simply preserving the moisture content but possibly through the interaction of the ionic liquid with the wood polymers.
A Novel Six-Dimensional Chimp Optimization Algorithm—Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Optimization Scheme for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Energy Harvesting in Batteryless IoT Networks
Authors: Shoeibi Mehrdad , Oskouei Anita Ershadi , Kaveh Masoud
Published: December 2024

The rapid advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) networks has revolutionized modern connectivity by integrating many low-power devices into various applications. As IoT networks expand, the demand for energy-efficient, batteryless devices becomes increasingly critical for sustainable future networks. These devices play a pivotal role in next-generation IoT applications by reducing the dependence on conventional batteries and enabling continuous operation through energy harvesting capabilities. However, several challenges hinder the widespread adoption of batteryless IoT devices, including the limited transmission range, constrained energy resources, and low spectral efficiency in IoT receivers. To address these limitations, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) offer a promising solution by dynamically manipulating the wireless propagation environment to enhance signal strength and improve energy harvesting capabilities. In this paper, we propose a novel deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm that optimizes the phase shifts of RISs to maximize the network’s achievable rate while satisfying IoT devices’ energy harvesting constraints. Our DRL framework leverages a novel six-dimensional chimp optimization algorithm (6DChOA) to fine-tune the hyper-parameters, ensuring efficient and adaptive learning. The proposed 6DChOA-DRL algorithm optimizes RIS phase shifts to enhance the received power of IoT devices while mitigating interference from direct and RIS-cascaded links. The simulation results demonstrate that our optimized RIS design significantly improves energy harvesting and achievable data rates under various system configurations. Compared to benchmark algorithms, our approach achieves higher gains in harvested power, an improvement in the data rate at a transmit power of 20 dBm, and a significantly lower root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.13 compared to 3.34 for standard RL and 6.91 for the DNN, indicating more precise optimization of RIS phase shifts.
Effect of Malvaviscus arboreus Flower and Leaf Extract on the Functional, Antioxidant, Rheological, Textural, and Sensory Properties of Goat Yogurt
Authors: Pontes Edson , Viera Vanessa , Silva Gezaildo , Silva Neto Manoel da , Mendes Bianca , Tome Anna , Almeida Renata , Santos Newton C. , Gusmão Rennan de , Lisboa Hugo , Gusmão Thaisa
Published: December 2024

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of incorporating different concentrations (1% and 2%) of Malvaviscus arboreus flower (FE) and leaf (LE) extracts as functional ingredients in goat milk yogurt. This study analyzed the impact of these formulations (YFE1%, YFE2%, YLE1%, and YLE2%) on the physicochemical, bioactive, antioxidant, rheological, textural, and sensory properties of goat yogurt over a 28-day storage period. Including FE and LE extracts significantly enhanced the yogurt’s antioxidant activity, reaching up to 10.17 µmol TEAC/g, and strengthened its ability to inhibit lipid oxidation during storage. This study also observed a reduction in the viability of lactic acid bacteria, particularly L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, suggesting that the extracts may have antimicrobial properties. Notably, using FE, especially at a concentration of 2% (YFE2%), improved both antioxidant and textural properties while reducing syneresis by the end of the storage period. Sensory evaluations showed positive results for YFE1% and YFE2% formulations. These findings suggest that FE has significant potential as a functional food ingredient. This research lays the groundwork for future studies exploring the integration of Malvaviscus arboreus-based ingredients into functional food products, opening new possibilities for innovation in this field.
Two Novel Biallelic Variants in the FARSA Gene: The First Italian Case and a Literature Review
Authors: Lomuscio Sonia , Cocciadiferro Dario , Petrizzelli Francesco , Liorni Niccolò , Mazza Tommaso , Allegorico Annalisa , Ullmann Nicola , Novelli Giuseppe , Cutrera Renato , Novelli Antonio
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: The FARSA gene encodes for the catalytic α subunit of Cytoplasmic phenylalanine-tRNA synthetase (FARS1), an essential enzyme for protein biosynthesis in transferring its amino acid component to tRNAs. Biallelic pathogenic variants have been associated with a multisystemic condition, characterized by variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. Here, we report the case of an 11 year-old girl presenting interstitial lung disease, supratentorial leukoencephalopathy with brain cysts, hepatic dysfunction, hypoalbuminemia, skin and joint hyperlaxity, growth retardation, and dysmorphic features. In addition, our patient also developed two clinical features never reported before: hypergammaglobulinemia and myopic chorioretinitis. Methods: NGS analysis of the patient’s skin-derived DNA revealed two novel biallelic variants in FARSA gene (NM_004461.3) never described before: the maternal nonsense variant, c.799C>T [p.(Gln267Ter)], and the paternal missense variant, c.737T>C [p.(Met246Thr)], both predicted as deleterious. Results: From a therapeutic perspective, this young girl has been enrolled in a clinical trial with Nintedanib, in order to treat the severe pulmonary fibrosis, with interesting initial results. Conclusions: Our findings expand the clinical and molecular spectrum of the FARSA-related phenotype and introduce new cues on lung fibrosis treatment in pediatric age.
RRM2 Regulates Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression Through Activation of TGF-β/Smad Signaling and Hepatitis B Virus Transcription
Authors: Wu Dandan , Sun Xinning , Li Xin , Zuo Zongchao , Yan Dong , Yin Wu
Published: December 2024

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality. Untimely treatment and high recurrence are currently the major challenges for HCC. The identification of potential targets of HCC progression is crucial for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Methods: Bioinformatics analyses have been employed to discover genes that are differentially expressed in clinical cases of HCC. A variety of pharmacological methods, such as MTT, colony formation, EdU, Western blotting, Q-PCR, wound healing, Transwell, cytoskeleton F-actin filaments, immunohistochemistry (IHC), hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining, and dual-luciferase reporter assay analyses, were utilized to study the pharmacological effects and potential mechanisms of ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2 (RRM2) in HCC. Results: RRM2 expression is significantly elevated in HCC, which is well correlated with poor clinical outcomes. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that RRM2 promoted HCC cell growth and metastasis. Mechanistically, RRM2 modulates the EMT phenotype of HCC, and further studies have shown that RRM2 facilitates the activation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. SB431542, an inhibitor of TGF-β signaling, significantly inhibited RRM2-induced cell migration. Furthermore, RRM2 expression was correlated with diminished survival in HBV-associated HCC patients. RRM2 knockdown decreased the levels of HBV RNA, pgRNA, cccDNA, and HBV DNA in HepG2.2.15 cells exhibiting sustained HBV infection, while RRM2 knockdown inhibited the activity of the HBV Cp, Xp, and SpI promoters. Conclusion: RRM2 is involved in the progression of HCC by activating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. RRM2 increases HBV transcription in HBV-expressing HCC cells. Targeting RRM2 may be of potential value in the treatment of HCC.
Rethinking Modern Process Thought: A Brief Historiographical Survey
Authors: Flannery Michael A.
Published: December 2024

By all accounts, Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947) is virtually synonymous with process thought, including its more specific expressions as process philosophy and theology. This is most often assumed with little regard for the origins of modern process thought itself. Nicholas Rescher, reflecting on this fact, has called the pluralization of the field the “cardinal task” of all process proponents. This charge, given nearly thirty years ago, remains unfulfilled. Despite the fact that other candidates are available, the preeminence of this singular figure, and subordinately his later interpreter Charles Hartshorne (1897–2000), has led to what may be called “The Whitehead/Hartshorne Factor” in virtually all aspects of process thought. This has functioned as a limiting factor in the promotion of processual ideas, a phenomenon noted during the earliest years of modern process history. This historiographical review will outline the features of these limitations and suggest a broader process approach that works to the benefit of its theological branch in particular. This paper dares to ask the “heretical” question, what would process philosophy and theology look like without Whitehead? Ironically, with the most recent analysis of Whitehead scholarship, the answer is hidden in plain sight.
A Review of Bandgap Engineering and Prediction in 2D Material Heterostructures: A DFT Perspective
Authors: Oh Yoonju , Song Seunghyun , Bae Joonho
Published: December 2024

The advent of two-dimensional (2D) materials and their capacity to form van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures has revolutionized numerous scientific fields, including electronics, optoelectronics, and energy storage. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of bandgap engineering and band structure prediction in 2D vdW heterostructures utilizing density functional theory (DFT). By combining various 2D materials, such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), transition metal dichalcogenides, and blue phosphorus, these heterostructures exhibit tailored properties that surpass those of individual components. Bandgap engineering represents an effective approach to addressing the limitations inherent in material properties, thereby providing enhanced functionalities for a range of applications, including transistors, photodetectors, and solar cells. Furthermore, this study discusses the current limitations and challenges associated with bandgap engineering in 2D heterostructures and highlights future prospects aimed at unlocking their full potential for advanced technological applications.
The Effects of a Grape Seed Procyanidin Extract on Cytochrome P450 3A4 Activity and Inflammatory Mediators in the Lungs of Heavy Active and Former Smokers
Authors: Xue Bingye , Qualls Clifford , Lanthiez Alexander , Lu Qing-Yi , Yang Jieping , Lee Ru-Po , Neis Patricia , Mao Jenny T.
Published: December 2024

Grape seed procyanidin extract (GSE) is widely used to promote cardiovascular health and has purported anti-inflammatory properties. Chronic inflammation in the lungs caused by environmental toxins such as tobacco smoking plays a pivotal role in lung cancer development. In a modified phase I lung cancer chemoprevention study conducted in heavy active and former smokers using leucoselect phytosome (LP), a standardized grape seed procyanidin extract complexed with soy phospholipids to enhance bioavailability, three months of LP treatment favorably modulated a variety of surrogate endpoint biomarkers, including markers of cell proliferation. In this correlative study, we further analyzed the effects of LP on cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activities by comparing the endogenous conversions of cortisol and cortisone to 6-beta-hydroxycortisol and 6-beta-hydroxycortisone, respectively, before and after LP treatment and the anti-inflammatory effects of LP in the lung microenvironment of these participants by comparing a profile of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in matched pre- and post-treatment bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids. LP treatment did not significantly alter CYP3A4 activity, and three months of LP treatment significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor (TNF), C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 (CCL3) and granzyme B in BAL fluids. Furthermore, post-LP-treatment BAL fluids significantly reduced migration/invasion of various human lung neoplastic cells in vitro. Our findings support the anti-inflammatory effects of GSE/LP in the lung microenvironment and its potential utility for reducing cancerizing forces, as well as driving forces for other common respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, in the lungs of heavy former and active smokers.
Development of Primer Panels for Amplicon Sequencing of Human Parainfluenza Viruses Type 1 and 2
Authors: Mansour Oula , Fadeev Artem V. , Perederiy Alexander A. , Danilenko Daria M. , Lioznov Dmitry A. , Komissarov Andrey B.
Published: December 2024

Human parainfluenza viruses (hPIVs) are major contributors to respiratory tract infections in young children worldwide. Despite their global significance, genomic surveillance of hPIV1 and hPIV2 had not previously been conducted in Russia. This study aimed to develop a robust amplicon-based sequencing protocol for these viruses. The designed primer sets were tested on clinical samples containing hPIV RNA to evaluate their performance and efficiency. Sequencing results demonstrated high-quality genome data and efficient amplification across various Ct values. As a result, 41 hPIV1 and 13 hPIV2 near-complete genome sequences were successfully obtained from clinical specimens collected in Saint Petersburg (Russia). Phylogenetic analysis of the HN gene sequences showed that Russian hPIV1 strains clustered into clades II and III, while hPIV2 strains were distributed between clusters G1a and G3. The whole-genome-based trees confirmed the same distribution of the strains. These findings highlight the potential of our primer panels and contribute to a better understanding of the molecular characteristics and phylogenetic diversity of circulating hPIV strains. Notably, this study presents the first evolutionary analysis of hPIVs in Russia.