bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ODE TO JOY: BEETHOVEN’S NINTH SYMPHONY IN CINEMATOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATIONS
Authors:   State Institute for Art Studies, KONONENKO NATALIA G.
Published: March 2024

The article examines the cinematic interpretations of Ludwig Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, specifically focusing on the theme written by the composer to Friedrich Schiller’s text, An die Freude (Ode to Joy). The motif known as the “Freudenmelodie” (“the melody of joy”) holds a prominent place among the most popular classical musical topoi in cinema. Its multilayered semantics has contributed to an extensive history of extramusical associations with Beethoven’s opus. Cinematic approaches to this musical motif vary, ranging from simple diegetic connotations in mainstream films to “catastrophic non-banality” and profound treatments in the context of auteur self-expression. This article is the first to explore the interaction between the composition’s complex synthetic spectrum of meanings and the visual structures employed in films. One aspect involves the visual representation of musical affects, expressive features, and emblematic figures. Such are, for example, graphic elements within the frame in Abel Gance’s Beethoven’s Great Love, mirroring effects in Tengiz Abuladze’s Repentance and Andrei Tarkovsky’s Nostalghia, visual “intonations” in Rainer Werner Fassbinder’s The Marriage of Maria Braun, and kitsch and visual clichés in Kira Muratova’s Passions. However, it is filmmakers’ treatment of musical time that indicates a truly comprehensive assimilation of the multidimensional semantic depth of the opus. Temporal structures in films correspond to the essence of Beethoven’s music through existential compression of montage rhythm (Ingmar Bergman), multilayered intraframe movement (Bernard Rose), mystical transformation of the onscreen space (Tarkovsky), super-speed object movement (Muratova), and the musicality of silent forms of motion (Tarkovsky, Muratova).
Proving the Concept: Deciding Where to Start (and End) a V1 Launch
Authors: Winograd Emily , Spivack Melanie
Published: March 2024

As service designers, we're constantly juggling; balancing the needs of end users with business objectives, while keeping an eye on equity and sustainability. When ‘fixing’ a mature service, we diagnose and address factors that have been previously overlooked. But when creating new services, or playing a larger, embedded role in implementation, how can we decide what to tackle first?
Implementation? Servicedesign alone is not the answer
Authors: Brierley Marianne , Evans Joanna , Nisbett Alex , Seacombe Isobel
Published: March 2024

As service designers, we might like to think that service design is all that’s needed to deliver great services. Of course the truth is that implementation is a ‘team sport’ and we cannot be effective without collaborating, challenging and even compromising with the many others we work with.
Resolving Implementation Conflicts in Service Design: The ‘Evaporating Cloud’ tool
Authors: Martins Ricardo
Published: March 2024

Service design, an interdisciplinary approach to creating and refining services, is a complex process involving various stakeholders with differing priorities and perspectives. During its application, conflicts are not uncommon, and they can significantly impede the implementation of service design projects.
Dimensão Técnico-Pedagógica das ações do Núcleo ampliado de Saúde da Família e Atenção Básica no Brasil: um Relato de Experiencia
Authors: Magalhães Bárbara Jéssyca , Melo Cynthia de Freitas
Published: March 2024

No sistema público de saúde brasileiro, a Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) oferece cuidado biopsicossocial comunitário, contando com suporte pedagógico de profissionais especializados do Núcleo Ampliado de Saúde da Família e Atenção Básica (NASF-AB), para aumentar a resolução de demandas. O presente estudo objetivou compreender a dimensão técnico-pedagógica das ações do NASF-AB da cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, de viés etnográfico, com observação participante de duas equipes do NASF-AB, cujo dados foram analisados por relato etnográfico. Os resultados sinalizam que o serviço impactou positivamente a saúde dos usuários, através do desenvolvimento de atividades grupais educativas. Entretanto, o apoio pedagógico à ESF ainda é limitado por dificuldade na relação entre as equipes dos dois serviços. Concluiu-se que, apesar da pouca relação pedagógica com as equipes da ESF, o NASF-AB apresentou progressos significativos no cuidado em saúde biopsicossocial e comunitário.
Ranunculus acris (Ranunculaceae), especie potencialmente invasora: confirmación de su presencia en Argentina y naturalización en Tierra del Fuego.
Authors: Selzer Luciano Javier , Mestre Luciana
Published: March 2024

Introducción y objetivos: la especie europea Ranunculus acris es invasora en el mundo, y ha sido citada para el noreste y sur de Argentina. Sin embargo, su presencia no es concluyente, no citándose en floras recientes del país. El objetivo del trabajo es confirmar la presencia de la especie R. acris en Argentina y su naturalización en Tierra del Fuego. Además, se propone analizar su morfología y su potencial comportamiento invasor en el nuevo ambiente.
M&M: Se estudiaron especímenes herborizados de R. acris y otras especies del género Ranunculus, y poblaciones en su ambiente natural, en zonas antropizadas de la ciudad de Ushuaia y alrededores, Tierra del Fuego. Se analizó de forma comparada la morfología y estableció la identidad taxonómica sobre la base del material tipo, y descripciones y claves previas. Para estudiar el potencial invasor de R. acris se utilizó una matriz de riesgo de invasión y bibliografía especializada.
Resultados: Se confirma la presencia de R. acris para Argentina, ampliando su rango de distribución en el extremo sur del país, y se reconoce como naturalizada en Tierra del Fuego. Sobre la base del análisis morfológico se identificó el receptáculo glabro, el hábito erecto y las hojas profundamente lobadas como caracteres de valor taxonómico. Según el análisis de la matriz de riesgo de invasión, se establece que R. acris posee un alto potencial invasor.
Conclusión: Las especies de Ranunculus para Tierra del Fuego se incrementan en nueve, siendo dos de ellas exóticas. Debería evaluarse la posibilidad de eliminar las poblaciones naturalizadas de R. acris en el extremo sur argentino debido a su alto potencial invasor.
Caracterización fotosintética y anatomía foliar de Chenopodium album y Ch. hircinum (Chenopodiaceae) en un valle de altura del Noroeste Argentino.
Authors: Buedo Sebastian Edgardo , Mercado María Inés , González Juan Antonio
Published: March 2024

Introducción y Objetivo: Chenopodium album (exótica) y Ch. hircinum (nativa) sonmalezas de distintos ambientes de Argentina tolerando diversos factores de stress y ofreciendo potencial para el mejoramiento de Ch. quinoa a ambientes tropicales.El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar la anatomía foliar y el comportamientofisiológico fotosintético de ambas especies a fin de identificar característicasdeseables para el mejoramiento de quinoa.
M&M: Se evaluaron los rasgos morfológicas y fisiológicas foliares en ambas especies, las cuales crecen espontáneamente en un valle de alta montaña (1.995m s.n.m., Tucumán, Argentina).
Resultados: Ch. hircinum exhibió mayor asimilación fotosintética neta, conductancia estomática, concentración interna de CO2, respiración nocturna ypunto de compensación lumínica. Ch. album presentó una mayor capacidad decarboxilación, eficiencia intrínseca en el uso del agua, una mayor cantidad depigmentos protectores y carotenoides y láminas foliares con células del mesófiloen empalizada isodiamétricas más pequeñas, con mayor porcentaje de espacios aéreos intercelulares y mayor densidad de glándulas de sal. Estas características otorgarían a Ch. album la capacidad de sobrevivir en ambientes de alta montaña.
Conclusión: Los atributos observados en ambas especies resultan interesantespara el mejoramiento dirigido de la quinoa.
Centennial changes in the standards of the Chinese curriculum for teaching writing: review and prospect
Authors: Wei Liu
Published: March 2024

The article discusses the standards of curricula for teaching writing to school students in the past hundred years. Therefore, the course objectives of “Writing in the new era” need to be improved in three aspects: to develop the types of discourse writing that meet the needs of students; pay attention to writing motivation, pay attention to “author expression” and “reader consciousness”; refine specific goals, develop goals ability level standards.
Research on the practical exploration and historical process of China’s common prosperity
Authors: Xian Zhiyong , Xu Jie
Published: March 2024

This article studied the exploration and development of China's common prosperity from the vertical perspective of historical development. The authors traced back to the four stages of the development of common prosperity in China and summarized its main experience.
The Impact of the Great Recession on Health Inequalities in Europe: Evidence from 29 Countries
Authors: Moawad Jad
Published: March 2024

There is ongoing debate regarding the impact of economic recessions on health outcomes. Additionally, prior research yields conflicting results on whether economic recessions widen the health disparity between highly educated and less educated individuals. We investigate this issue by examining the Great Recession and double-dip recessions using cross-classified multilevel models. Using longitudinal data from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) in 29 countries from 2005 to 2015, our results provide robust evidence that, on the whole, the Great Recession and the double-dip recession widened the health gap between the low-educated and the high-educated. On the other hand, the results show that austerity measures have narrowed the health gap between the high and low educated.
An Approach for Determining Exchange Rates: The Mixture of the Purchasing Power Parity Model and the Chartist Model
Authors: Kurihara Yutaka
Published: March 2024

In the medium- and long-run, prices rather than interest rates are thought to have an effect on exchange rates, and the purchasing power parity (PPP) theory, which posits as a determining factor in exchange rates, has been used not only in academic fields but also in practice. This study considers that exchange rates are determined by the mixture of past exchange rates and the PPP theory. On the other hand, it is often pointed out that the actual exchange rate diverges significantly from the exchange rate derived from the PPP theory. Moreover, this study hypothesizes that when the deviation becomes large, there will be a movement to correct the deviation. The empirical estimations show that when the deviation is large, such movement cannot be found and when the deviation is small, there is a movement toward correction.
The appeal of electoral autocracy: Assessing citizens' revealed societal preferences
Authors: Neundorf Anja , Dahlum Sirianne , Frederiksen Kristian Vrede Skaaning , Öztürk Aykut
Published: March 2024

Are citizens willing to trade democratic institutions and practices for more authoritarian alternatives? If so, what do they prioritize and why? We investigate this experimentally by exposing over 35,000 respondents from 32 different countries -- both democracies and autocracies -- to a series of hypothetical countries, asking them to choose the country they would prefer to live in. We vary the following attributes of the countries: the presence of (various) democratic practices, cultural-social characteristics, and economic and physical security. Based on this, we investigate expectations on how citizens may trade democracy against economic and physical security. We find that citizens are highly committed to free and fair elections. However, many citizens are willing to trade executive constraints to gain economic prosperity. These results are mostly uniform across various country- and individual-specific characteristics. Hence, citizens appear to value what the typical electoral autocrat claims to provide: elected leaders and (economic) safety.
Towards AGI: Causality-based World Simulation
Authors: Yu Xiaoyang
Published: March 2024

An AGI should be able to have that solid world in its mind. I mean, it knows what happens in the real world. The AGI should be able to imagine different worlds based on that solid world, for example, if a lady in that solid world loses her sunglasses, what will happen? Its imagination should be based on causalities an average human knows.
New Threat of Culture Wars? The Religious Roots of Public Opinion Polarization on Culture War Issues in Europe
Authors: Cely Tadeas
Published: March 2024

Cultural polarization divides European public opinion on moral issues, such as Italy’s refusal to register children of same-sex couples and abortion protests in Poland, rooted in historical church-state conflicts across different religious cultures. This polarization is particularly pronounced in Catholic countries compared to Protestant ones. Using data from 19 European democracies, I demonstrate a persistent gap between Catholic and Protestant countries, while finding limited effects of economic prosperity—developed countries no longer lead in moral issue divisions, with recent surveys showing no or even reversed differences. Furthermore, younger generations in Catholic contexts remain principled on moral issues, with cohort differences in polarization significantly increasing between 2008 and 2017, underscoring the enduring influence of religious traditions among younger cohorts.
prePrint An Exploration of Relationships between Associative and Non- Associative Measures of Inhibition
Authors: Brudan Ovidiu , Eisenbarth Hedwig , Glautier Steven
Published: March 2024

Conditioned inhibition and occasion setting are two examples of inhibitory associative phenomena that have traditionally been studied in isolation from non-associative inhibition. Non-associative inhibition has been assessed using a variety of measures (e.g. stop signal reaction time and impulsivity questionnaires) and weak non-associative inhibition has been linked to a variety of disorders including addiction. However, even though both associative and non-associative inhibition have a common core – both involve suppression of behaviour, there has been relatively little study of potential relationships between these different forms of inhibition. In the current investigation we carried out exploratory analyses to look for possible links between conditioned inhibition and occasion setting and four non-associative measures of inhibition namely, 1) stop signal reaction time, 2) delay discounting, and scores on 3) the Behaviour Inhibition System/Behaviour Activation System (Carver & White, 1994) and 4) Barratt Impulsivity (Patton et al., 1995) questionnaires. Despite the fact that we carefully selected data to minimise noise in the measurement of associative inhibition we found no clear evidence of links between associative and non-associative inhibition. We therefore conclude that whilst there may be superficial similarities between these different forms of inhibition they are likely to have different substrates.Published at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/17470218241310859
Advanced theory of consciousness
Authors: Roselli Carlo
Published: March 2024

The topic of this article is consciousness and, in it, I will theorize what consciousness is like and where it arises from. The work began to emerge and develop over time starting from my belief that consciousness is a physical self-referential phenomenon; thus, my attention was focused on the research for a self-referential process. I was confident that I could satisfy my curiosity through the reductionist method adopted by science. Unfortunately, neuroscientists and philosophers of mind realized that the attempts to explain consciousness with this method have all proved inconclusive. For this reason, they are now trying to address the problem of consciousness with non reductionist methods. As for me, I have always remained faithful to reductionism, but with the conviction that quantum mechanics, even though capable of making predictions with an extraordinary degree of accuracy, is a theory founded on wrong concepts. Thus, surprisingly, I have found a solution to the mystery of consciousness, perceiving a way to explain what it is like at its fundamental level in the field of quantum mechanics and, particularly, in one of its counterintuitive and generally less debated aspects among physicists today, but which aroused great interest in me: I am referring to the spin of the electron that will be described in this paper as a self-interacting process. This paper will also offer a rational explanation of the results obtainable in all experiments for measuring the spin of electrons through Stern-Gerlach magnets. In addition, my theory of consciousness is susceptible to experimental control.
Text Mining Algorithm Naive Bayes Classifier to Improve Quality Sentiment Analysis Passport Mobile Application
Authors: Syahrin M. Alvi , Wilonotomo  , Mulyawan Budy , Ryanindityo M , Triana Feni Yuli
Published: March 2024

Mobile Passport is an application that can be used as a digital service for people in Indonesia to apply for a new passport and an official online passport replacement from the Directorate General of Immigration replacing APAPO (Online Passport Service Application). User reviews of the Mobile Passport application are the output of big data generated as a result of the Internet of Things. The problem formulation in this research is how the implementation of the Naive Bayes text mining classifier algorithm can analyze the reviews contained in the Mobile Passport application as well as the accuracy, precision and recall values. This research uses the KDD (Knowledge Discovery and database) method which consists of data selection, data preprocessing, transformation, data mining, and evaluation using the R Studio tool. The resulting knowledge and information from this process is used as a useful knowledge base in decision making. The Naive Bayes classifier algorithm method in this research is used because of its reliability in handling data quickly and accurate predictions based on class probabilities, thus enabling research to obtain consistent and reliable results.
More than labels: Neural representations of emotion words are widely distributed across the brain
Authors: Lee Kent M. , Satpute Ajay
Published: March 2024

Although emotion words such as “anger”, “disgust”, “happiness”, or “pride” are often thought of as mere labels, increasing evidence points to language as being important for emotion perception and experience. Emotion words may be particularly important for facilitating access to the emotion concepts. Indeed, deficits in semantic processing or impaired access to emotion words interfere with emotion perception. Yet, it is unclear what these behavioral findings mean for affective neuroscience. Thus, we examined the brain areas that support processing of emotion words using representational similarity analysis of fMRI data (N = 25). In the task, participants saw 10 emotion words (e.g., “anger”, “happiness”) while in the scanner. Participants rated each word based on its valence on a continuous scale ranging from 0 (Pleasant/Good) to 1 (Unpleasant/Bad) scale to ensure they were processing the words. Our results revealed that a diverse range of brain areas including prefrontal, midline cortical, and sensorimotor regions contained information about emotion words. Notably, our results overlapped with many regions implicated in decoding emotion experience by prior studies. Our results raise questions about what processes are being supported by these regions during emotion experience.
Web-Based Interpretation Bias Training to Reduce Anxiety: A Sequential, Multiple-Assignment Randomized Trial
Authors: Eberle Jeremy William , Daniel Katharine E , Baee Sonia , Silverman Alexandra Lee , Lewis Elijah , Baglione Anna , Werntz Alexandra , French Noah J , Ji Julie Lin , Hohensee Nicola , Tong Xin Cynthia , Huband Jacalyn , Boukhechba Mehdi , Funk Dan , Barnes Laura , Teachman Bethany
Published: March 2024

Objective: Web-based cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I) can improve interpretation biases and anxiety symptoms but faces high rates of dropout. This study tested the effectiveness of web-based CBM-I relative to an active psychoeducation condition and the addition of low-intensity telecoaching for a subset of CBM-I participants. Method: 1,234 anxious community adults (M_age = 35.09 years, 81.2% female, 72.1% white, 82.6% not Hispanic) were randomly assigned at Stage 1 of a sequential, multiple-assignment randomized trial to complete five weekly sessions of CBM-I or psychoeducation on our team’s public research website. After the first session, for Stage 2, an algorithm attempted to classify CBM-I participants as higher (vs. lower) risk for dropping out; those classified as higher risk were then randomly assigned to complete four brief weekly telecoaching check-ins (vs. no coaching). Results: As hypothesized (https://doi.org/j2xr; Daniel, Eberle, & Teachman, 2020), CBM-I significantly outperformed psychoeducation at improving positive and negative interpretation biases (Recognition Ratings, Brief Body Sensations Interpretation Questionnaire) and anxiety symptoms (Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale, Anxiety Scale from Depression Anxiety Stress Scales–Short Form), with smaller treatment gains remaining significant at 2-month follow-up. Unexpectedly, CBM-I had significantly worse treatment dropout outcomes than psychoeducation, and adding coaching (vs. no coaching) did not significantly improve efficacy or dropout outcomes (notably, many participants chose not to interact with their coach). Conclusions: Web-based CBM-I appears effective, but supplemental coaching may not mitigate the challenge of dropout.
Underestimation of personal carbon footprint inequality in four socio-economically diverse countries
Authors: Nielsen Kristian Steensen , Bauer Jan Michael , Debnath Ramit , Emogor Charles Agbor , Geiger Sonja M , Ghai Sakshi , Gwozdz Wencke , Hahnel Ulf J.J.
Published: March 2024

Extensive research highlights global and within-country inequality in personal carbon footprints. However, the extent to which people are aware of this inequality remains unclear. This study examined perceptions of within-country carbon footprint inequality and their implications for climate policy support and the perceived fairness of actual carbon footprint inequality. We administered an online survey across four diverse countries – Denmark, India, Nigeria, and the United States (n = 4,003) – with 50% of participants sampled from the Top 10% income group. Our results reveal widespread underestimation of carbon footprint inequality, irrespective of participants’ country and income segment. We also find direct links between carbon footprint inequality perceptions and climate policy support and the perceived fairness of actual carbon footprint inequality but with significant variations observed across the four countries. These results underscore the urgent need to raise awareness about carbon footprint inequality and further unpack its implications for climate justice and policy.
Applying a Three-Component Approach to Motivational Regulation: Relations of Frequency, Situation-Specific Fit and Application Quality of Motivational Regulation Strategies with Students' Well-Being
Authors: von der Mülbe Sophie , Rinas Raven , Dresel Markus , Stockinger Kristina
Published: March 2024

While motivational regulation has been shown to predict study motivation and success, its relations with student well-being have received little attention. The few studies available indicate an interplay between motivational and emotional processes within self-regulated learning and the importance of motivational regulation for outcomes beyond achievement. Prior research has mostly focused on frequency of strategy use, but recent findings advocate for conceptually broader approaches to self-regulation. We adopted a three-component approach to motivational regulation differentiating between frequency of strategy use, situation-specific fit, and application quality, and examined their relations with perceived regulatory effectiveness as a proximal and well-being as a distal correlate in two studies with university students (N1 = 234; N2 = 890, representatively stratified quota sample). All three components contributed additively and, in part, interactively to effectiveness and well-being. Effectiveness was also related to greater well-being. The findings have implications for motivational regulation theories and well-being interventions.
Optimal Two-Time Point Longitudinal Models for Estimating Individual-Level Change: Asymptotic Insights and Practical Implications
Authors: Brandmaier Andreas Markus , Lindenberger Ulman , McCormick Ethan Michael
Published: March 2024

Based on findings from a simulation study, Parsons & McCormick (2024) argued that growth models with exactly two time points are poorly-suited to model individual differences in change in developmental studies. Their argument is based on an empirical investigation of the increase in precision to measure individual differences in change if studies are progressively extended by adding an extra measurement occasion after one unit of time (e.g., year) has passed. They concluded that two-time point models are inadequate to reliably model change at the individual level and that these models should focus on group-level effects. Here, we show that these limitations can be addressed by deconfounding the influence of study duration and the influence of adding an extra measurement occasion on precision to estimate individual differences in linear change. We use asymptotic results to gauge and compare precision of linear change models representing different study designs, and show that it is primarily the longer time span that increases precision, not the extra waves. Further, we show how the asymptotic results can be used to also consider irregularly spaced intervals as well as planned and unplanned missing data. In conclusion, we like to stress that true linear change can indeed be captured well with only two time points if careful study design planning is applied before running a study.
Understanding families’ anxieties about their child going through an online autism assessment
Authors: Bailey Kerri , May Merle , Kruja Dinora , Tamayo-Elizalde Miren , Bamford Ryan , Mushati David , Valentine Sophie , Plans David , Ponzo Sonia
Published: March 2024

Purpose: Online autism assessments are an effective way to help tackle the ever growing waitlist to be assessed. However, research has shown that families maintain a preference for face-to-face assessments. We examined families' anxieties both before and after having an online assessment to determine whether any initial concerns are due to a lack of exposure and information surrounding online assessments, as opposed to the quality of the assessment itself. We also aimed to understand how referral services can help families choose an online autism assessment for their child. Methods: 358 families with a child who received an online autism assessment through Healios rated their satisfaction with the service from the point of referral through to when they received the diagnostic outcome. Results: Upon entering the online assessment service, families tended to worry about the quality they expected to receive. However, after exiting the service, families held significantly higher expectations about the quality of future online autism assessments. Furthermore, families were highly satisfied throughout the entire service, except for at the point of referral. Conclusions: Our research shows families initially expect lower quality from online autism assessments, which is contrary to their high satisfaction levels upon completion. We emphasise the need for referral services to better educate families about the quality and the benefits of online autism assessments, and provide specific recommendations about what information families would like to receive to help ease their anxieties about their child receiving an online assessment.
Psychometric validation of the Hospital Stress Questionnaire
Authors: Ford Daniel Mark , Lawton Rebecca , Teale Elizabeth , O'Connor Daryl Brian
Published: March 2024

BackgroundPsychological stress experienced by inpatients has been shown to be associated with poorer post-hospital outcomes. Research that explores and intervenes to address in-hospital stress and ameliorate negative patient outcomes requires a valid measurement tool. The Hospital Stress Questionnaire (HSQ) was developed for this purpose. The aims of the current study were to psychometrically validate the HSQ, identify latent factors, reduce the number of items within the HSQ, and explore the psychometric properties of longer and shorter versions of the scale.MethodsA nationally representative sample of recent NHS hospital inpatients (N = 660; mean age = 54.0, range = 18–97) completed the HSQ within a survey of patient experiences; 32 of which completed the measure a second time two weeks later. Factor structure, convergent validity, known-groups validity, predictive validity, and test-retest reliability were assessed.ResultsSeven domains of in-hospital stress were identified: quality of care, away from home, inconvenienced, health anxiety, negative effects of treatment, ward environment, and disrupted patient experience. Long (55 items), medium (28 items), and short (10 items) versions of the measure were produced, all exhibiting excellent psychometric properties. The highest rated stressor was “poor sleep”.ConclusionThe HSQ is a valid and reliable tool, now available to be used by researchers and clinicians. It has potential to be used in intervention studies to reduce in-hospital stress, and to identify patients most at risk of the effects of post-hospital syndrome.
Evidence that Growth Mixture Model Results are Highly Sensitive to Scoring Decisions
Authors: Soland James , Cole Veronica , Tavares Stephen , Zhang Qilin
Published: March 2024

Interest in identifying latent growth profiles to support the psychological and social-emotional development of individuals has translated into the widespread use of growth mixture models (GMMs). In most cases, GMMs are based on scores from item responses collected using survey scales or other measures. Research already shows that GMMs can be sensitive to departures from ideal modeling conditions, and that growth model results outside of GMMs are sensitive to decisions about how item responses are scored, but the impact of scoring decisions on GMMs has never been investigated. We start to close that gap in the literature with the current study. Through empirical and Monte Carlo studies, we show that GMM results—including convergence, class enumeration, and latent growth trajectories within class—are extremely sensitive to seemingly arcane measurement decisions. Further, our results make clear that, because GMM latent classes are not known a priori, measurement models used to produce scores for use in GMMs are, almost by definition, misspecified because they cannot account for group membership. Misspecification of the measurement model then, in turn, biases GMM results. Practical implications of these results are discussed. Our findings raise serious concerns that many results in the current GMM literature may be driven, in part or whole, by measurement artifacts rather than substantive differences in developmental trends.
Every Trait Counts: Marginal Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Novel Multidimensional Count Data Item Response Models with Rotation or l1-Regularization for Simple Structure
Authors: Beisemann Marie , Holling Heinz , Doebler Philipp
Published: March 2024

The framework of multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) offers psychometric models for various data settings, most popularly for dichotomous and polytomous data. Less attention has been devoted to count responses. A recent growth in interest in count item response models (CIRM)---perhaps sparked by increased occurrence of psychometric count data, e.g., in the form of process data, clinical symptom frequency, number of ideas or errors in cognitive ability assessment---has focused on unidimensional models. A few recently proposed unidimensional CIRMs rely on the Conway-Maxwell-Poisson distribution as the conditional response distribution which allows to model conditionally over-, under-, and equidispersed responses. In this article, we generalize one of those CIRMs to the multidimensional case, introducing the Multidimensional Two-Parameter Conway-Maxwell-Poisson Model (M2PCMPM) class. Using the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm, we develop marginal maximum likelihood estimation methods, primarily for exploratory M2PCMPMs. The resulting discrimination matrices are rotationally indeterminate. We pursue the goal of obtaining a simple structure for them by (1) rotating and (2) regularizing the discrimination matrix. Recent IRT research has successfully used regularization of the discrimination matrix to obtain a simple structure (i.e., a sparse solution) for dichotomous and polytomous data. We develop an EM algorithm with lasso ($\ell_1$) regularization for the M2PCMPM and compare (1) and (2) in a simulation study. We illustrate the proposed model with an empirical example using intelligence test data.
Accuracy prompts protect professional content moderators from the illusory truth effect
Authors: Lin Hause , Savio Marlyn Thomas , Huang Xieyining , Steiger Miriah , Guevara Rachel L. , Szostak Dali , Pennycook Gordon , Rand David Gertler
Published: March 2024

Content moderators review problematic content for technology companies. One concern about this critical job is that repeated exposure to false claims could cause moderators to come to believe the very claims they are supposed to moderate, via the “illusory truth effect.” In a first field experiment with a global content moderation company (N = 199), we found that exposure to false claims while working as moderators did indeed increase subsequent belief among (mostly Indian and Philippine) employees. We then tested an intervention to mitigate this effect: inducing an accuracy mindset. In both general population samples (N_India = 997; N_Philippines = 1184) and a second field experiment with professional content moderators (N = 239), we replicate the illusory truth effect in the control condition, and find that inducing participants to consider accuracy when first exposed to the claims eliminates any effect of exposure on belief in falsehoods. These results show that both the illusory truth effect and the protective power of an accuracy mindset generalize to non-Western populations and professional content moderators. These results highlight the importance of accuracy mindset interventions for ensuring a healthy internet for everyone.
10-Point Sound Sleep Formula
Authors: Krishna Gopal
Published: March 2024

In this paper, the author explains 10-Point Sound Sleep Formula out of which 9 points are available on internet and one point is a meditation technique invented by the author to induce sound sleep very well.
Weighing the Genetic Risk: Associations Between Polygenic Risk Scores for Cardiometabolic Phenotypes and Adolescent Depression and Body Dissatisfaction
Authors: Ekberg Krista , Michelini Giorgia , Schneider Kristin , Docherty Anna , Shabalin Andrey , Perlman Greg , Kotov Roman , Klein Daniel , Waszczuk Monika
Published: March 2024

Adolescents with elevated body mass index (BMI) are at an increased risk for depression and body dissatisfaction. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an established risk factor for depression. However, shared genetic risk between cardiometabolic conditions and mental health outcomes remains understudied in youth. The current study examined associations between polygenic risk scores (PRS) for BMI and T2D, and symptoms of depression and body dissatisfaction, in a sample of 827 community adolescents (Mage=13.63, SDage=1.01; 76% girls). BMI, depressive symptoms, and body dissatisfaction were assessed using validated self-report questionnaires. PRS were calculated using summary statistics from the largest genome-wide association studies of BMI and T2D. Analyses included linear regressions and mediation models. BMI-PRS was associated with phenotypic BMI (β=0.24, p<0.001) and body dissatisfaction (β=0.17, p< 0.001), but not with depressive symptoms. The association between BMI-PRS and body dissatisfaction was significantly mediated by BMI (indirect effect=0.10, CI [0.07-0.13]). T2D-PRS was not associated with depression or body dissatisfaction. The results suggest phenotypic BMI may largely explain the association between genetic risk for elevated BMI and body dissatisfaction in adolescents. Further research on age-specific genetic effects is needed, as summary statistics from adult discovery samples may have limited utility in youth.
A Teacher’s Guide to Creating Materials That Support Efficient Learning: From Scientific Background to AI-based content creation
Authors: McCabe Nathan , van der Velde Maarten , Braam Myrthe , Wilschut Thomas
Published: March 2024

Research has shown that actively trying to retrieve information from memory, also known as retrieval practice, is an effective way to learn information. Compared to passive study techniques such as reading a textbook, questioning yourself is especially beneficial for promoting long-term information retention. Automated learning applications are a popular way to implement retrieval practice in the classroom. In this article we provide some practical guidelines for creating good content for retrieval practice, with an emphasis on (1) how to choose a suitable question type, (2) how to formulate questions and answer options, and (3) how to use generative artificial intelligence to speed up the process of creating content for retrieval practice.
Experience Modulates Visual Search Strategies and the Effectiveness of Information Pickup to Overcome the Inversion Effect in Biological Motion Perception
Authors: Wang Xiaoye Michael , Yang Mingming , Feng Zhichen , pan jing , Wilson Margaret A. , Zhu Qin
Published: March 2024

The inversion effect of biological motion suggests that presenting a point-light display in an inverted orientation would affect the observer’s ability to perceive the movement. This could be attributed to the observer’s general unfamiliarity with the dynamic characteristics of the movement after the inversion. A previous study showed that, compared to typical and non-dancers, vertical dancers were more sensitive to the artificial inversion of dance movements performed either in an upright or inverted orientation, when provided with dynamic information. This ability was attributed to vertical dancers’ unique visual and motor experience of performing movements upside down while hanging in the air. The current study aimed to replicate this finding and use eye-tracking data to identify the source of information that vertical dancers relied on to perform the judgment. Twenty dance movements were recorded either on the ground or in the air. Each pair of ground and air movements had similar forms to control the configural information. The movement was either presented as-is or inverted and the participants needed to determine whether the display was inverted. The results replicated the previous study and further showed that the higher sensitivity of vertical dancers in detecting the inverted movements was attributed to their longer and more frequent fixations on the lower torso area, where the harness was placed when performing the air movement. Although traditional dancers also attended to the lower torso area, their lack of experience with inverted movements limited their ability to interpret the observed motion for detection of the inversion.
Evaluating the Robustness of Parameter Estimates in Cognitive Models: A Meta-Analytic Review of Multinomial Processing Tree Models Across the Multiverse of Estimation Methods
Authors: Singmann Henrik , Heck Daniel W. , Barth Marius , Erdfelder Edgar , Arnold Nina Rebecca , Aust Frederik , Calanchini Jimmy , Gümüsdagli Fabian E. , Horn Sebastian S. , Kellen David , Klauer Karl Christoph , Matzke Dora , Meissner Franziska , Michalkiewicz Martha , Schaper Marie Luisa , Stahl Christoph , Kuhlmann Beatrice G. , Groß Julia
Published: March 2024

Researchers have become increasingly aware that data-analysis decisions affect results. Here, we examine this issue systematically for multinomial processing tree (MPT) models, a popular class of cognitive models for categorical data. Specifically, we examine the robustness of MPT model parameter estimates that arise from two important decisions: the level of data aggregation (complete pooling, no pooling, or partial pooling) and the statistical framework (frequentist or Bayesian). These decisions span a multiverse of estimation methods. We synthesized the data from 13,956 participants (164 published data sets) with a meta-analytic strategy and analyzed the magnitude of divergence between estimation methods for the parameters of nine popular multinomial processing tree (MPT) models in psychology (e.g., process dissociation, source monitoring). We further examined moderators as potential sources of divergence. We found that the absolute divergence between estimation methods was small on average (< .04; with MPT parameters ranging between 0 and 1); in some cases, however, divergence amounted to nearly the maximum possible range (.97). Divergence was partly explained by few moderators (e.g., the specific MPT model parameter, uncertainty in parameter estimation), but not by other plausible candidate moderators (e.g., parameter trade-offs, parameter correlations) or their interactions. Partial-pooling methods showed the smallest divergence within and across levels of pooling and thus seem to be an appropriate default method. Using MPT models as an example, we show how transparency and robustness can be increased in the field of cognitive modeling.
From the eye to the world: Spatial suppression is primarily coded in retinotopic coordinates but can be learned in spatiotopic coordinates
Authors: Chang Seah , Golomb Julie
Published: March 2024

Attention is multifaceted, with evidence for distinct mechanisms of attentional facilitation and suppression processes. Interestingly, much less is known about the spatial coordinate system of suppression compared to that of facilitation. The present study examined the coordinate system of spatial suppression by manipulating gaze position and distractor regularities, asking whether suppression is coded in retinotopic (eye-centered) and/or spatiotopic (world-centered) coordinates, and if this varies with more ecological and dynamic contexts. In the current study, we demonstrate that learned spatial suppression primarily transfers across gaze position in retinotopic coordinates; however, in more dynamic contexts favoring spatiotopic information, spatial suppression can be learned in spatiotopic coordinates. These results suggest that the default coordinate system of spatial suppression is retinotopic, but suppression can be rapidly learned in spatiotopic coordinates when a spatiotopic representation is beneficial in dynamic contexts.
An examination of the independent and interactive effects of autistic traits, bidialectalism and multilingualism in a general-population, adult sample
Authors: Antoniou Kyriakos , Spanoudis George Charilaos , Petinou Kakia
Published: March 2024

We examined the independent and interactive effects of autistic traits, different second-dialect (bidialectal) and additional-language (multilingual) experiences (age of onset of exposure to, proficiency in and use of a second/additional language/dialect, degree of dialect switching) on language and non-verbal cognition; specifically, on (second-dialect) vocabulary and non-verbal fluid intelligence. All variables were measured continuously in a neurotypical, predominantly bidialectal and young-adult sample. We found no evidence for an effect of autistic traits or of an interactive impact between autistic traits and bidialectalism/multilingualism on (second-dialect) vocabulary or fluid intelligence. Moreover, our results revealed a positive effect of second-dialect vocabulary proficiency on fluid intelligence. We interpret the latter finding as a relative, positive bidialectalism effect. However, future research should more carefully exclude alternative explanations of this effect which do not necessarily allude to a direct bidialectalism impact (e.g., that the effect may reflect a mediating, underlying ability factor that drives the development of language or any skill in general, including second-dialect/language proficiency). Additionally, our results suggest different effects of autistic traits in the general population compared to what is found in clinical ASD cases, with no detrimental impact on language and cognition in the former group. Finally, our findings suggest that autistic traits do not have a (larger) negative effect in bidialectals’ second and weaker language which is potentially more vulnerable to negative influences; and that bidialectalism/multilingualism effects do not differ (e.g., in the sense of a larger positive impact or exacerbated difficulties) as a function of degree of autistic traits (high versus low).
How Forgetting Aids Medical Diagnostic Decision Making
Authors: Bhowmick Moumita , Basu Amrita
Published: March 2024

Decision-making explores the processes underlying our myriad daily choices, from mundane personal decisions to critical ones made by governments and professionals. While the ideal decision-making model promotes comprehensive information analysis for optimal conclusions, cognitive constraints such as forgetting of information is often considered as obstacle to effective decision making. Paradoxically, this loss of information due to selective forgetting, can enhance decision efficiency, particularly in constrained scenarios. This paper examines whether forgetting in medical diagnosis serves as a potential pitfall when it leads to overlooking certain information, or as a boon that streamlines hypothesis verification by eliminating cognitive clutter. The exploration proposes that strategic forgetting may play a pivotal role in efficient clinical decision-making by preserving cognitive resources for the most relevant information.
Semantic Representations in Working Memory: A Computational Model
Authors: Kowialiewski Benjamin , Oberauer Klaus
Published: March 2024

Verbal Working Memory (WM) is supported by semantic knowledge. One manifestation of this is the rich pattern of semantic similarity effects found in immediate serial recall tasks. These effects differ from the effects of similarity on other dimensions (e.g., phonological similarity), which renders them difficult to explain. We propose a comprehensive mechanistic explanation of semantic similarity effects by extending a standard connectionist architecture for modeling immediate serial recall to incorporate semantic representations. Central to our proposal is the selective encoding of categorical features shared among multiple list-items. The selective encoding of shared semantic features is made possible via a tagging mechanism that enables the model to encode shared feature retrospectively. Through this category-encoding mechanism, our model accounts for the majority of semantic similarity effects. Our results imply that working memory represents semantic information in a more restricted way than phonological information.