bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Progressive Gaze Stability Exercises on Balance and Gait in Vestibular Neuritis Patients: A Quasi-experimental Study
Authors: Chauhan Priya , Shahanawaz SD , Kapoor Gaurav
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Gaze stability exercises are the exercises that are used effectively to improve gaze stability during head movement in various vestibular disorders patients, and to improve balance in in static and dynamic movements the same. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of progressive gaze stability exercises to improve balance and gait in patients with vestibular neuritis. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted at Outpatient Department of SGT hospital, Gurugram, Haryana, India, from November 2018 to March 2019. A total of 26 subjects were randomly assigned into two groups, Group A received progressive gaze stability exercises with conventional therapy (n=13) and Group B received conventional therapy (n=13). Group A received Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy (VRT) for 25 minutes a day 5 times a week for 4 weeks. Group B conventional training which consisted of balance exercises. Participants were assessed with Mini Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest) and dizziness handicap inventory to access the performance of balance and functional limitation, respectively. Data was analysed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for statistical analysis. A level of significance was set at p-value <0.05. Results: The finding of the study showed no significant change for baseline parameters between the experimental and conventional groups with respect to age (p-value=0.097), gender (p-value=0.573), height (p-value=0.682), weight (p-value=0.945), duration of illness (p-value=0.579). Both the groups showed significant improvement with in group, when measured using dependent t-test for Mini-BESTest and Wisconsin Gait Scale. The comparison of postintervention scores of Mini-BESTest and WGS between Group A and Group B showed significant difference (p-value=0.001) and (p-value=0.002) respectively. Conclusion: The present study has provided preliminary evidence that progressive gaze stability exercises when coupled with conventional balance exercises may improve gait and balance in patients with vestibular neuritis.
The Trident in the Brain- A Case of Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome Secondary to Alcohol Withdrawal
Authors: Bawiskar Nipun , Acharya Sourya , Kumar Sunil
Published: March 2022

Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (ODS) is characterised by demyelination of pons and is also called as central pontine myelinolysis. It has been observed in patients with alcohol dependence, although hyponatraemia remains the most common cause. It should be suspected in chronic alcoholics and especially in those with protracted delirium tremens. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the modality of choice to diagnose this condition with a trident or pig snout appearance of pons being the characteristic finding. This publication discusses the case of a 27-year-old male who reported to the casualty ward in a delirious state following an episode of tonic clonic seizures and was diagnosed with alcohol withdrawal with pontine myelinolysis.
Xanthoma of Fallopian Tube in Young Female- An Uncommon Entity
Authors: Edupuganti Hima Sree , Nikhil PV , Minal Jessica , Shetty Archana , Sandhyarani Kanna
Published: March 2022

Xanthomas or xanthelasmas are rare benign tumours characterised by localised lipid deposits within an organ system which can be an important sign of systemic disease. These tumours have a predilection for skin and subcutaneous tissue, the most common visceral site being the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Xanthoma in female genital tract is a rare finding and should be considered as a differential diagnosis for abdominal pain in a reproductive age group. This is an unusual case of xanthoma of fallopian tube in a 27- year-old female presenting with lower abdominal pain and Ultrasonography (USG) revealed right hydrosalpinx. The histopathological examination of fallopian tube showed sheets of foamy macrophages with peripherally placed nucleus and abundant vacuolated cytoplasm in the lamina propria which was positive for Cluster of Differentiation 68 (CD68) and negative for Cytokeratins (CK). A final diagnosis of xanthoma of right fallopian tube was made. Fallopian tube xanthomas must be distinguished from xanthogranulomatous salpingitis, which is associated with an inflammatory cell infiltrate, often including giant cells and plasma cells.
CUSTOMER WILLINGNESS TO PAY APLIKASI MUSIK JOOX REGULER DI INDONESIA
Authors: Lee Marvin , Harjanti Dhyah
Published: March 2022

Penelitian ini menguji peran attitude toward paying bersama-sama dengan subjective norm dan perceived behavioral control terhadap customer willingness to pay pengguna aplikasi musik Joox di Indonesia. Data penelitian ini diperoleh dengan mendistribusikan kuesioner pada 394 responden, lalu diolah menggunakan Partial Least Square (PLS). Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa perceived benefit, perceived sacrifice, dan free mentality berpengaruh terhadap attitude toward paying. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa attitude toward paying, subjective norm, dan perceived behavioral control membentuk kesedian konsumen untuk membayar aplikasi music Joox.
Abstract:
This study examined the role of attitude toward paying, along with subjective norms and perceived behavioral control, to form the willingness of Indonesian consumers to pay Joox music application. Data were gathered by disseminating questionnaires to 394 respondents, then were analysed using Partial Least Square (PLS). The findings confirmed that perceived benefit, perceived sacrifice, and free mentality had a significant influence on attitude toward paying. The results also showed that attitude toward paying, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on customer willingness to pay.
ANALISA PENGARUH PERCEIVED EASE OF USE DAN MELALUI PERCEIVED ENJOYMENT TERHADAP BEHAVIOR INTENTION PADA DIGITAL PAYMENT
Authors: Monica Feliana , Japarianto Edwin
Published: March 2022

The development of information technology in the country of Indonesia continues to experience progress so that the emergence of various breakthroughs in the financial sector. Electronic payment facilities (e-wallet) as one of the developments in the field of financial technology has experienced a rapid increase and is a trend for the people of Indonesia. The various conveniences offered to make everyone very dependent on technology, so e-wallet applications have become a basic necessity for everyone. This study aims to analyze the effect of perceived ease of use on behavioral intention through perceived enjoyment  as an intervening variable on digital payments. The final results obtained in this study indicate that perceived ease of use has a positive effect on behavioral intention, perceived ease of use also has a positive effect on perceived enjoyment, as well as perceived enjoyment has a positive effect on behavior intention.
Abstrak:
Perkembangan teknologi informasi di negara Indonesia terus mengalami kemajuan sehingga munculnya berbagai terobosan baru di bidang finansial. Sarana pembayaran elektronik (e-wallet) sebagai salah satu perkembangan di bidang financial technology telah mengalami peningkatan pesat dan menjadi kecenderungan bagi masyarakat Indonesia. Berbagai kemudahan yang ditawarkan membuat semua orang sangat bergantung pada teknologi, sehingga aplikasi-aplikasi e-wallet sudah menjadi kebutuhan dasar untuk semua orang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh dari perceived ease of use terhadap behavior intention melalui perceived enjoyment sebagai variabel intervening pada digital payment. Hasil akhir yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perceived ease of use memiliki pengaruh yang positif terhadap behavior intention, perceived ease of use juga memiliki pengaruh yang positif terhadap perceived enjoyment, begitu juga dengan perceived enjoyment memiliki pengaruh yang positif terhadap behavior intention.
Electrochemistry of Organocobalt Compounds
Authors: Buriez Olivier , Labbe Eric
Published: March 2022

This chapter deals with the electrochemical preparation and reactivity of electrogenerated alkyl‐ and aryl‐cobalt complexes. Alkylcobalts have originally been obtained from the electrochemical reduction of square planar cobalt(II) complexes, mimicking the ability of vitamin B12 to reversibly form cobalt–carbon bonds. In this respect, the electrosynthetic processes involving alkyl halides and Schiff‐base or porphyrin cobalt complexes have been extensively developed on various substrates, allowing reductive dehalogenation of the alkyl halides, their cyclization, carboxylation, etc. The reduction waves of both the cobalt(II) precursors and the alkylcobalt(III) complexes that result from the reaction of electrogenerated cobalt(I) on alkyl halides are observed in the [−1 V vs. SCE/−1.4 V vs. SCE] region, making accurate mechanistic predictions difficult from simple electrolyses. However, thorough electroanalytical investigations have provided robust reaction frameworks, namely, on the stability and reactivity of the alkylcobalt(III) intermediates.

The activation of C(sp
2
)–X bonds (aromatic halides) has been observed from mono‐ or bi‐dentate electrogenerated cobalt(I) complexes like those obtained in DMF or acetonitrile mixed with pyridine as cosolvent. In such media, the oxidative addition of cobalt(I) on the C(sp
2
)–X bond competes with the disproportionation of very instable electrogenerated cobalt(I). Aromatic iodides, bromides, and chlorides undergo cobalt‐catalyzed electroreductive coupling with, namely, allyl and vinyl acetates, allyl ethers, olefins. The preparation of stable arylzinc compounds is also achieved in mild conditions. The mechanistic aspects of the reactions between aromatic halides and electrogenerated cobalt(I) have been extensively explored by electroanalytical techniques. The oxidative addition between ArX and cobalt(I) yields arylcobalt(III) intermediates which are immediately reduced into arylcobalt(II) complexes, which are the species responsible for the transmetalation with Zn(II) salts in the formation or arylzincs, or undergo an additional reduction step to yield arylcobalt(I), prone to engage in a new oxidative addition.
Ferrocene: From the Perspective of Molecular Electronics
Authors: Bennett Troy L.R. , Long Nicholas J.
Published: March 2022

Ferrocene has long been an object of fascination for organometallic chemists. Exhibiting high stability, interesting geometries, and exceptionally well‐defined redox chemistry, ferrocene has been adapted for a wide range of applications that span the breadth of the chemical sciences. This article specifically focuses on reviewing research where ferrocene has been applied in the field of molecular electronics. This begins with a discussion pertaining to the use of ferrocene in the formation of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) and their applications in switching, rectification, sensors, and the construction of memory devices. Following this, a brief overview is provided on the lesser developed work performed to elucidate the properties of single ferrocene‐containing molecules. This article provides the reader with an overview of work that has been performed toward the understanding and development of ferrocene‐containing molecular electronic devices.
Probing Extradiol Dioxygenase Mechanism in NAD
+
Biosynthesis by Viewing Reaction Cycle Intermediates
Authors: Davis Ian , Liu Aimin
Published: March 2022

Mononuclear, nonheme iron enzymes are known for their ability to mediate the oxidation of organic molecules in primary and secondary metabolism. One class of such enzymes is the diol dioxygenases that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of aromatic molecules. They come in two varieties, intradiol and extradiol, that add molecular oxygen symmetrically or asymmetrically, respectively. 3‐Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4‐dioxygenase (HAO) is a type III extradiol dioxygenase found in metabolic pathways related to breaking down tryptophan 2‐nitrobenzoic acid. The product of HAO is unstable and either nonenzymatically cyclizes to quinolinic acid (QUIN), an endogenous neurotoxin and the universal precursor for NAD(P) biosynthesis, or is enzymatically processed, ultimately being fully oxidized to CO
2
in the citric acid cycle. Elevation of QUIN is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, making HAO biomedically relevant. This article summarizes the history and current state of knowledge of the biochemistry of HAO. Recent studies that utilized X‐ray crystallography of the
in crystallo
reactions coupled with various spectroscopies and activity measurements to elucidate much of the chemical mechanism catalyzed by HAO are highlighted.
tRNA‐Monooxygenase EnzymeMiaE
Authors: Carpentier Philippe , Fontecave Marc , Atta Mohamed
Published: March 2022

MiaE is a diiron‐containing monooxygenase that catalyzes the O2‐dependent posttranscriptional allylic hydroxylation of a hypermodified nucleotide 2‐methylthio‐N6‐(4‐hydroxyisopentenyl)‐adenosine‐37 at position 37 of selected tRNA molecules to produce 2‐methylthio‐N6‐(4‐hydroxyisopentenyl)‐adenosine‐37. The structure of MiaE consists of a four α‐helix bundle fold housing a catalytic diiron domain. A positively charged surface patch bordering the active site entrance is likely to be involved in the early contacts with the tRNA substrate. A docking model of the MiaE/tRNA complex combined with site‐directed mutagenesis andin vivoactivity reveals the importance of a flexible noncanonical region of MiaE for substrate tRNA recognition. A hydrophobic tunnel, conserved among the MiaE enzymes of different organisms, is described to be the pathway that transports the oxygen molecule from solvent to the diiron cluster. The active site consists of two bridged iron ions in diferric state [FeIIIOFeIII] with an octahedral coordination.
A Three‐Dimensional Confined Crystallization Strategy Toward Controllable Growth of High‐Quality and Large‐Area Perovskite Single Crystals
Authors: Sun Yuye , Liu Xinyue , Deng Wei , Zhang Xiujuan , Lu Zhengjun , Chang Zhizhen , Fang Xiaochen , Wu Di , Jie Jiansheng
Published: March 2022

Large‐area organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHP) single crystals have attracted intensive interest for diverse device applications. However, conventional growth methods usually suffer from limited and disordered mass transport in the crystal growth process, making the large‐area fabrication of OIHP single crystals with controllable thickness remain a formidable challenge. Here, for the first time, a three‐dimensional confined crystallization (3DCC) strategy is reported to achieve centimeter‐scale growth of a OIHP single‐crystal array with tunable thickness. The 3D geometrical channels can not only induce an oriented capillary flow to enhance the mass transport by up to 100 folds, but also can effectively confine the crystal crystallization in both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane directions, thereby remarkably improving the crystallinity and thickness control of the crystals. Furthermore, a self‐driven lateral‐structured photodetector is demonstrated based on the resultant OIHP single‐crystal array with significant long‐term stability (>36 days, maintaining 80% of the initial performance) and outstanding device performance (linear dynamic range of 73 dB). The ability of the 3DCC strategy to scale up the growth of high‐quality perovskite single crystals opens a pathway for large‐scale and integrated optoelectronic applications.
Room Temperature Fabrication of SnO2 Electrodes Enabling Barrier‐Free Electron Extraction for Efficient Flexible Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Zhong Jun‐Xing , Wu Wu‐Qiang , Zhou Yecheng , Dong Qingshun , Wang Pengfei , Ma Hongru , Wang Zhiyong , Yao Chan‐Ying , Chen Xi , Liu Geng‐ling , Shi Yantao , Kuang Dai‐Bin
Published: March 2022

Room temperature‐processed electron transport layers (RT‐ETLs) demonstrate vast potential to be used in fabricating high‐performance flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in an energy‐saving manner. However, the RT‐ETL normally suffers from inferior crystallinity, mismatched energy level, and high surface trap‐state density, which would result in under‐optimized interfacial electron extraction and undesirable interfacial charge recombination at ETL/perovskite interface, thus limiting the device performance. Herein, a novel strategy is demonstrated to prepare annealing‐free RT‐ETL based on precrystalline metal ion‐modified SnO2 nanocrystals, which perfectly optimizes the interfacial energy level alignment between ETL and perovskite layer, achieving nearly zero‐barrier charge transfer at the interface. As a result, the charge extraction has been remarkably accelerated and the interfacial charge recombination has been largely suppressed, leading to a ≈26% enhancement in device efficiency. The best‐performing flexible PSCs achieve efficiencies up to 19.3%, accompanied by outstanding mechanical strength under repeated bending cycle tests, which, to the best of the knowledge, is one of the highest reported values for the flexible perovskite photovoltaics fabricated with RT‐ETLs.
Dexter‐Type Exciton Transfer in van der Waals Heterostructures
Authors: Zheng Shu‐Wen , Wang Hai , Wang Lei , Wang Hai‐Yu
Published: March 2022

Van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures (HSs) built on 2D materials provide an ideal platform for research of energy migration at the nanoscale. However, the underlying charge transfer mechanism in type II vdW HSs is still not well understood. Here, ultrafast exciton dynamics are investigated in trilayer‐WS2‐MoS2‐WSe2 and trilayer‐MoS2‐WSe2‐WS2 HSs by broadband pump‐probe spectroscopy. A two‐step process of exciton transfer in trilayer‐WS2‐MoS2‐WSe2 is directly observed when the band edge exciton of WSe2 is excited. The electrons in WSe2 are initially transferred to the high lying electronic state of MoS2‐WS2 on a time scale of tens of femtoseconds, and then electrons eventually relax into the conduction band minimum of MoS2 within 1 ps. Furthermore, the transfer of interlayer excitons is observed for the first time in trilayer‐MoS2‐WSe2‐WS2. Both transfer processes can be better understood by the Dexter charge exchange model. Due to the nature of Dexter type transfer that the exchange rate exponentially depends on the donor−acceptor distance, the interlayer exciton transfer rate is nearly a hundred times slower than that of exciton transition in bilayer HSs. The results deepen the understanding of charge transfer in 2D vdW HSs and also indicate that the exciton effect and orbital hybridization make HS a strong coupling system.
Synergic Reaction Kinetics over Adjacent Ruthenium Sites for Superb Hydrogen Generation in Alkaline Media
Authors: He Qun , Zhou Yuzhu , Shou Hongwei , Wang Xinyu , Zhang Pengjun , Xu Wenjie , Qiao Sicong , Wu Chuanqiang , Liu Hengjie , Liu Daobin , Chen Shuangming , Long Ran , Qi Zeming , Wu Xiaojun , Song Li
Published: March 2022

Ruthenium (Ru)‐based electrocatalysts as platinum (Pt) alternatives in catalyzing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are promising. However, achieving efficient reaction processes on Ru catalysts is still a challenge, especially in alkaline media. Here, the well‐dispersed Ru nanoparticles with adjacent Ru single atoms on carbon substrate (Ru1,n‐NC) is demonstrated to be a superb electrocatalyst for alkaline HER. The obtained Ru1,n‐NC exhibits ultralow overpotential (14.8 mV) and high turnover frequency (1.25 H2 s‐1 at −0.025 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode), much better than the commercial 40 wt.% Pt/C. The analyses reveal that Ru nanoparticles and single sites can promote each other to deliver electrons to the carbon substrate. Eventually, the electronic regulations bring accelerated water dissociation and reduced energy barriers of hydroxide/hydrogen desorption on adjacent Ru sites, then an optimized reaction kinetics for Ru1,n‐NC is obtained to achieve superb hydrogen generation in alkaline media. This work provides a new insight into the catalyst design in simultaneous optimizations of the elementary steps to obtain ideal HER performance in alkaline media.
Scission of 2D Inorganic Nanosheets via Physical Adsorption on a Nonflat Surface
Authors: Sakai Nobuyuki , Suzuki Masahiko , Sasaki Takayoshi
Published: March 2022

Secondary processing of 2D nanosheets is an important technique for fabrication of devices and modulation of properties. However, methods for the secondary processing have not been well developed yet, particularly for the scission along crystallographic orientation. In the present paper, it is reported that titania nanosheets can be orthogonally sectioned into substantially rectangular‐shaped fragments when deposited on a nonflat substrate surface via spin‐coating their suspension. Such events occur for all the nanosheets on the substrate surface. In the deposition process, nanosheets float and stay flat on top of the solvent surface, and adsorb on the substrate with conforming to the bumpy surface by following the descending solvent level. Because the nanosheet area is smaller than the actual area of the bumpy surface having the same projected area, the nanosheet experiences tensile stress along its lateral direction. The tensile stress originates from the intermolecular forces acting between the nanosheet and the substrate surface upon the adsorption on the substrate. Due to the high 2D anisotropy, the integrated intermolecular forces can be large enough to cleave the chemical bonds, leading to the scission of the nanosheet. This interesting finding may offer a new processing technique for cutting and shaping various 2D materials.
Mechanical Fatigue Resistance of Polydiketopyrrolo‐Pyrrole‐Dithienylthieno[3,2‐b]thiophene‐Based Flexible Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Kubik Paweł , Waliszewski Witold , Nosal Andrzej , Tomczyk Mariusz , Adamski Adrian , Gazicki‐Lipman Maciej , Blom Paul W. M. , Marszalek Tomasz , Pisula Wojciech
Published: March 2022

Mechanical durability is one of the main obstacles of flexible organic electronic devices. In this work, the fatigue behavior of flexible field‐effect transistors based on a diketopyrrolo‐pyrrole‐dithienylthieno[3,2‐b]thiophene polymer is reported. An especially for that purpose designed bending setup allows to perform precise multiple deformation cycles of the transistor channel area while monitoring the device behavior. The transistors show high operational stability upon 100 bending cycles at a radius of 500 µm. Bending at smaller radius of 100 µm leaves the functionality of the parylene dielectric intact but induces serious mechanical fractures in the semiconducting film. Despite macroscopic defects, the transistors still reveal good reliability including high charge carrier mobility, due to presence of sufficient pathways for the charge carrier transport and to a low gate leakage. It is also observed that thinner polymer films are more sensitive to the deformation‐induced defects leading to a larger decrease in device performance, especially during the initial bending cycles. In thicker DPP‐DTT films, the crack propagation less affects the semiconductor/dielectric interface, at which the main charge carrier transport take place, resulting in a more stable device operation. Therefore, the work provides fundamental understanding of the fatigue behavior of flexible transistors based on semiconducting polymers.
Nonlinear Light Amplification Governed by Structural Asymmetry
Authors: Shen Shaoxin , Gao Renxian , Sun Guoya , Yang Zhilin
Published: March 2022

Maneuvering the structural asymmetry in metasurfaces plays an essential role in nonlinear nanophotonics, particularly in sub‐wavelength‐scale harmonic generation. Here, a highly efficient and reproducible plasmon‐enhanced second‐harmonic generation platform for exploring these quantitative contributions of structural asymmetries to the amplification of inherently weak nonlinear responses is experimentally designed. It is discovered that such structural asymmetries can not only quantitatively alter the well‐characterized surface susceptibility, but also contribute to the spectral matching and the spatially symmetrical transition of optical resonant modes in plasmon‐enhanced nonlinear polarizations. Furthermore, this study strives to establish a theoretical model to quantify these structural asymmetry‐induced modifications, indicating the consistency with proposed experimental results. These studies may offer a strategy to the design of efficient nonlinear optical nanodevices with extending applications.
Brillouin Light Scattering of Halide Double Perovskite
Authors: Pang Simin , Liu Xinbao , Luo Jiajun , Xie Yaru , Tang Jiang , Meng Sheng , Tan Ping‐Heng , Zhang Jun
Published: March 2022

Cs2Ag1−x
Na
x
In1−y
Bi
y
Cl6 with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and broadband emission due to self‐trapped excitons (STEs) is one of the promising candidates for single‐emitter‐based white light–emitting materials and devices. Considering fundamental physical mechanisms, structure design and performance optimization of devices, comprehensive knowledge of the elasticity, and thermal properties are imperative to understand the formation of STEs in Cs2Ag1−x
Na
x
In1−y
Bi
y
Cl6 and minimize thermomechanical stresses induced device failure, respectively. However, its elastic and thermal properties are still poorly understood. Herein, the first angle‐resolved Brillouin light scattering (BLS) measurements study for a bulk Cs2Ag0.4Na0.6InCl6:0.04%Bi3+ crystal is reported, and the first‐principles calculations of phonon dispersions are used to further validate our experimental results. Using the measured Brillouin frequency shifts, we evaluate the low elasticity of Cs2Ag0.4Na0.6InCl6:0.04%Bi3+: C
11 = 38.63, C
12 = 16.11, and C
44 = 10.20 GPa, which supports the thesis that STEs exist in semiconductors with excitons and a soft lattice. Additionally, an ultralow‐acoustic Debye temperature (87 K) and lattice thermal conductivity (1.03 W m−1 K−1) along the [111] direction of Cs2Ag0.4Na0.6InCl6:0.04%Bi3+, which indicates the weak interatomic interactions and elasticity are estimated. Furthermore, a general approach is also provided to investigate the elastic and thermal properties of materials with different crystal structures utilizing angle‐resolved BLS spectroscopy.
Utilization of Nanoparticles, Nanodevices, and Nanotechnology in the Treatment Course of Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Hartmann Thomas , Perron Rebecca , Razavi Mehdi
Published: March 2022

Melanoma is a highly lethal form of skin cancer caused by rapid proliferation of melanocytes, pigment‐producing cells of the skin. Despite continued advancements, current diagnostic and treatment techniques have been inadequate in decreasing the global health burden of this disease. Therefore, increased research has gone into solving these hindrances to treatment, with nanomedicine offering many promising solutions. In this review, different subtypes of nanomedicine will be discussed along with their clinical utility in relation to melanoma. First, risk factors, pathogenesis, and current therapeutic techniques relating to melanoma will be summarized and discussed. Then, the main types of nanomedicine and their use in treating melanoma will be discussed including nanoparticles, nanodevices, and nanotechnological tools in drug delivery and diagnosis.
A Dual Functional Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based Conjugated Polymer as Single Component Semiconducting Photoresist by Appending Azide Groups in the Side Chains
Authors: Gao Chenying , Shi Dandan , Li Cheng , Yu Xiaobo , Zhang Xisha , Liu Zitong , Zhang Guanxin , Zhang Deqing
Published: March 2022

Molecular systems that can function as photoresists are essential for the fabrication of flexible electronics through all‐photolithographic processes. Most of the reported molecular systems for photo‐patterning of polymeric semiconductors contain binary or multi‐components. In comparison, single component semiconducting photoresist is advantageous since it will circumvent the optimization of phase separation and ensure the patterned semiconducting thin films to be more uniform. In this paper, a single component semiconducting photoresist (PDPP4T‐N3) by incorporating azide groups into the branching alkyl chains of a diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based conjugated polymer is reported. The results reveal that i) the azide groups make the side chains to be photo‐cross‐linkable; ii) uniform patterns with size as small as 5 µm form under mild UV irradiation (365 nm, 85 mW cm−2) at ambient conditions; iii) such photo‐induced cross‐linking does not affect the inter‐chain packing; iv) benefiting from the single component feature, field‐effect transistors (FETs) with the individual patterned thin films display satisfactorily uniform performances with average charge mobility of 0.61 ± 0.10 cm2 V–1 s–1 and threshold voltage of 3.49 ± 1.43 V. These results offer a simple yet effective design strategy for high‐performance single component semiconducting photoresists, which hold great potentials for flexible electronics processed by all‐photolithography.
Unraveling the Conversion Evolution on Solid‐State Na–SeS2 Battery via In Situ TEM
Authors: Zhang Ziqi , Wang Zaifa , Zhang Long , Liu Di , Yu Chuang , Yan Xinlin , Xie Jia , Huang Jianyu
Published: March 2022

All‐solid‐state (ASS) Na–S batteries are promising for a large‐scale energy‐storage system owing to numerous merits. However, the high conversion reaction barrier impedes their practical application. In this work, the basic mechanism on how Se catalyzes the conversion reaction in the Na–S batteries is unraveled. The sodiation/desodiation of Na–SeS2 nanobatteries are systematically evaluated via in situ transmission electron microscopy (in situ TEM) with a microheating device. The real‐time analyses reveal an amorphous Na–SexSy intermediate phase appears during the direct conversion from SeS2 to Na2S, and a reverse reaction succeeds at 100 °C with a prior formation of Se. The absence of polysulfides and a much lower desodiation temperature in contrast to Na–S nanobatteries demonstrate that the Se incorporation significantly lowers the conversion reaction barrier. According to these findings, the ASS SeS2 batteries using a Na3SbS4 solid electrolyte (SE) are assembled using various SE:C ratios in the composite cathodes to investigate the effect of the ion and electron transport on the electrochemical properties, including the effective transport properties, MacMullin number, and the tortuosity factor. The obtained results in turn confirm the findings from the in situ TEM. These findings are applicable to optimize other S‐based active materials and improve their utilization.
Elimination of Interfacial Lattice Mismatch and Detrimental Reaction by Self‐Assembled Layer Dual‐Passivation for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Jiaqi , Yang Jia , Dai Runying , Sheng Wangping , Su Yang , Zhong Yang , Li Xiang , Tan Licheng , Chen Yiwang
Published: March 2022

Interfacial lattice mismatch and adverse reaction are the key issues hindering the development of nickel oxide (NiOx)‐based inverted perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). Herein, a p‐chlorobenzenesulfonic acid (CBSA) self‐assembled small‐molecule (SASM) is adopted to anchor NiOx and perovskite crystals to endow dual‐passivation. The chlorine terminal of SASMs can provide growth sites for perovskite, leading to interfacial strain release. Meanwhile, the sulfonic acid group from SASMs can passivate surface defects of NiOx, conducive to charge carrier extraction. In addition, the self‐assembled layer inhibits the adverse interfacial reaction by preventing NiOx contact with perovskite. Therefore, the NiOx/CBSA‐based PVSCs obtain a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.8%. Of particular note, the unencapsulated devices can retain above 80% of their initial PCE values after storage in a nitrogen atmosphere for 3000 h, in air with a relative humidity of 50–70% for 1000 h, and heating at 85 °C for 800 h, respectively.
Extrinsic Doping of Ink‐Based Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2‐Absorbers for Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Suresh Sunil , Rokke David J. , Drew Amandine A. , Alruqobah Essam , Agrawal Rakesh , Uhl Alexander R.
Published: March 2022

The addition of cesium into Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2‐short CIGSSe‐absorber layers (fabricated via vacuum deposition methods), has most recently culminated in devices with record power conversion efficiencies up to 23.4%. However, research is increasingly being devoted to the development of ink deposition routes to prepare high‐quality CIGSSe thin films while requiring only a fraction of the processing costs. Such non‐vacuum deposition routes must compete with efficiencies of incumbent technologies to find adoption on a wide scale. At present, the performance of ink‐based devices still fall short of their vacuum counterparts with certified champion cell efficiencies up to 17.7%. The recent performance progression for vacuum‐processed CIGSSe exemplifies the importance of controlling the concentration of extrinsic impurities and serves as an inspiration for gains (e.g., morphological, optoelectronic) for devices with ink‐based absorber layers. This article reviews extrinsic doping concepts for CIGSSe‐type absorbers fabricated by ink‐based deposition routes (both nanoparticle dispersions and molecular inks), provides a performance comparison of select high‐efficiency ink‐based devices, and offers an outlook for future process development in general. It is suggested that the mechanisms by which dopant atoms diffuse, interact, and alter the properties of an ink‐based absorber are fundamentally different than those fabricated from vacuum‐based processes, and require further investigation.
Li2CO3/LiF‐Rich Heterostructured Solid Electrolyte Interphase with Superior Lithiophilic and Li+‐Transferred Characteristics via Adjusting Electrolyte Additives
Authors: Wu Daxiong , He Jian , Liu Jiandong , Wu Mingguang , Qi Shihan , Wang Huaping , Huang Junda , Li Fang , Tang Dongliang , Ma Jianmin
Published: March 2022

The structure and components of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is crucial to direct the growth of lithium particles. However, it is hard to have control over them. Herein, an SEI that shares the properties of Li2CO3‐rich and LiF‐rich types is realized by using different fluorine phenylphospines, and constructing a Li2CO3/LiF‐rich heterostructured SEI by using tris(4‐fluorophenyl)phosphine (TFPP) as the electrolyte additive. The well‐balanced SEI formed in TFPP‐containing electrolyte has the fast Li+ transport kinetics of Li2CO3, good electron insulator capability of LiF, and strong affinity toward Li+. It can effectively guarantee fast, uniform Li+ flux through the SEI while preventing electrons from the Li anode entering into SEI, and thus realizes uniform and dense Li deposition at the SEI/Li interface. As expected, the Li anode with TFPP‐containing electrolyte achieves a stable Li plating/stripping over 400 h at 1mA cm−2 while the full cell with a high‐voltage LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode also enables long‐term stability with a capacity retention (87.8% after 200 cycles) at 0.1 A g−1 and excellent rate performance.
How Much Technological Progress is Needed to Make Solar Hydrogen Cost‐Competitive?
Authors: Schneidewind Jacob
Published: March 2022

Cost‐effective production of green hydrogen is a major challenge for global adoption of a hydrogen economy. Technologies such as photoelectrochemical (PEC) or photocatalytic (PC) water splitting and photovoltaic + electrolysis (PV+E) allow for sustainable hydrogen production from sunlight and water, but are not yet competitive with fossil fuel‐derived hydrogen. Herein, open‐source software for techno‐economic analysis (pyH2A) along with a Monte Carlo‐based methodology for modelling of technological progress are developed. Together, these tools allow for the study of required technological improvement to reach a competitive target cost. They are applied to PEC, PC, and PV+E to identify required progress for each and derive actionable research targets. For PEC, it is found that cell lifetime improvements (>2 years) and operation under high solar concentration (>50‐fold) are crucial, necessitating systems with high space‐time yields. In the case of PC, solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency has to reach at least 6%, and lowering catalyst concentration (<0.2 g L−1) by improving absorption properties is identified as a promising path to low‐cost hydrogen. PV+E requires ≈two or threefold capital cost reductions for photovoltaic and electrolyzer components. It is hoped that these insights can inform materials research efforts to improve these technologies in the most impactful ways.
Chitogel following endoscopic sinus surgery promotes a healthy microbiome and reduces postoperative infections
Authors: Megow Anna , Alsuliman Yazeed , Bouras George , Menberu Martha , Vyskocil Erich , Vreugde Sarah , Wormald Peter‐John
Published: March 2022

Background

Postoperative infections following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) impair wound healing and lead to poor outcomes. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of Chitogel to reduce postoperative infections and restore a healthy microbiome following ESS.

Methods

In this double‐blinded randomized control trial, 25 patients undergoing ESS were prospectively recruited. At the end of surgery, patients were randomized to receive Chitogel to one side of the sinuses (allowing the other side to serve as control). Patients underwent routine follow‐up with nasoendoscopies performed at 2, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Sinus ostial measurements, microbiology, and microbiome swabs from bilateral sides were collected intraoperatively and at 12 weeks postoperatively. Additional swabs were collected if infection was present.

Results

Improved endoscopic appearance of the sinuses (p = 0.03) and ostial patency were noted on the Chitogel side compared with control at 12 weeks (p < 0.001). A significant decrease in infections on the Chitogel side (12.0%) compared with control (52.0%) (p = 0.005) was evident. Following the use of Chitogel, there was a significant increase in the combined relative abundance of commensals Corynebacterium and Cutibacterium (Propionibacterium) from 30.15% at baseline to 46.62% at 12 weeks compared with control (47.18% to 40.79%) (p.adj = 0.01).

Conclusion

Chitogel significantly improved both the nasoendoscopic appearance of the sinuses and sinus ostial patency at 12 weeks postoperatively. Chitogel used following ESS helps restore an improved microbiome resulting in an increase in the relative abundance of commensals Corynebacterium and Cutibacterium (Propionibacterium). A significant decrease in postoperative infections was noted following use of Chitogel.
Exponentially Enhanced Single‐Photon Cross‐Kerr Nonlinearity in Quantum Optomechanics
Authors: Xie Ji‐Kun , Ma Sheng‐Li , Li Xin‐Ke , Ren Ya‐Long , Cao Ming‐tao , Li Fu‐Li
Published: March 2022

Strong cross‐Kerr nonlinearity at the single‐photon level is crucial for various quantum applications, but usually very difficult to achieve. In this work, an efficient method to generate and exponentially enhance the cross‐Kerr nonlinearity in quantum optomechanics of two optical cavities coupled to a common mechanical resonator is proposed. Through periodically modulating the mechanical spring constant, a nonlinear two‐phonon drive can be acquired to amplify the mechanical zero‐point fluctuations. As a result, the exponentially enhanced cross‐Kerr interaction between the two optical modes can be realized via the amplified mechanical motion. The distinct feature of this scheme is that a true enhancement of cross‐Kerr nonlinearity can be achieved at the single‐photon level. As intriguing applications, it is also also proposed to generate anticorrelated photon blockade and stabilize one‐photon Fock state based on the enhanced nonlinearity. The present work may provide an appealing way for creating strong cross‐Kerr coupling.
Rheology—Composition relationship of vitrimers based on polyethyleneimine
Authors: Jarach Natanel , Dodiuk Hanna , Kenig Samuel , Naveh Naum
Published: March 2022

The effect of chemical composition on the rheology of a reversible covalent bond containing polyethyleneimine (RCBP) was studied. RCBPs, also known as vitrimers, exhibit thermoplastic‐like processability, but unlike thermoplastic polymers, their behavior is not driven by disentanglement, and all the bonds undergo transformation (almost) simultaneously at constant average crosslink density. Therefore, no lower plateau was observed in a viscosity‐shear rate plot. Transimination, the principal mechanism that imparts flowability, consists of two mechanisms—imine exchange and imine metathesis. Metathesis is only activated by heat, while imine exchange is activated also by stress. Imine metathesis provides low viscosity values at higher crosslink density. A lower viscosity (1092 compared to 22,986 at 100 Hz) was accomplished by adding 4 wt% triethylenetetramine (TETA). An Arrhenius‐type behavior is shown via relaxation tests with three distinct regions—up to 125°C (only imine exchange), between 125°C and 160°C (imine exchange and imine metathesis) and above 160°C (imine reduction to amine). Imine metathesis seems to promote flow at intermediate temperatures, and at around 150°C, the material behaves as a viscous fluid, otherwise at higher or lower temperatures the dynamic behavior is that of an elastic solid.
Envy and extreme violence
Authors: Knoll James L. , White Stephen G. , Meloy J. Reid
Published: March 2022

Envy is an emotion capable of producing distorted perceptions and cognitions. Intense envy is associated with adverse states such as shame, depression, inferiority, isolation, anxiety, paranoia, and even violent criminal behavior. The false logic of envy asserts that one has an unfavorable disadvantage, while obscuring the relative nature of advantage, so that the other appears enhanced while one feels diminished. This position generates resentment toward the other. There may come a point at which the envious person's goal is to harm the other's ability to enjoy the perceived advantages—the wish to destroy goodness as formulated by Melanie Klein. The psychodynamics are discussed by which destructive envy produces or enhances a persecutory mindset and desire for revenge so powerful that lethal violence is chosen as an option. The concepts ofobliterative envyandpseudo‐spiritual transformationare introduced, and forensic case examples are used to demonstrate how envy produces persecutory cognitions and facilitates the desire to “obliterate” what is perceived as an unjust, intolerable reality. This psychodynamic process follows an instructive pattern that may benefit forensic and other clinical mental health professionals, as well as practitioners of the increasingly recognized specialty of threat assessment and violence risk mitigation. To this end, the proximal and distal risk indicators of the Terrorist Radicalization Assessment Protocol (TRAP‐18), a validated structured professional judgment instrument for assessing the risk of lone actor terrorist attacks, are identified that correlate with the stages of progression toward obliterative envy and pseudo‐spiritual transformation.
How do properties of data, their curation, and their funding relate to reuse?
Authors: Hemphill Libby , Pienta Amy , Lafia Sara , Akmon Dharma , Bleckley David A.
Published: March 2022

Despite large public investments in facilitating the secondary use of data, there is little information about the specific factors that predict data's reuse. Using data download logs from the Inter‐university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), this study examines how data properties, curation decisions, and repository funding models relate to data reuse. We find that datasets deposited by institutions, subject to many curatorial tasks, and whose access and preservation is funded externally, are used more often. Our findings confirm that investments in data collection, curation, and preservation are associated with more data reuse.
Metalloenzymes for Fatty Acid‐Derived Hydrocarbon Biosynthesis: Nature's Cryptic Catalysts
Authors: Iqbal Tabish , Chakraborty Suryadeep , Murugan Subhashini , Das Debasis
Published: March 2022

Waning resources, massive energy consumption, ever‐deepening global warming crisis, and climate change have raised grave concerns regarding continued dependence on fossil fuels as the predominant source of energy and generated tremendous interest for developing biofuels, which are renewable. Hydrocarbon‐based ′drop‐in′ biofuels can be a proper substitute for fossil fuels such as gasoline or jet fuel. In Nature, hydrocarbons are produced by diverse organisms such as insects, plants, bacteria, and cyanobacteria. Metalloenzymes play a crucial role in hydrocarbons biosynthesis, and the past decade has witnessed discoveries of a number of metalloenzymes catalyzing hydrocarbon biosynthesis from fatty acids and their derivatives employing unprecedented mechanisms. These discoveries elucidated the enigma related to the divergent chemistries involved in the catalytic mechanisms of these metalloenzymes. There is substantial diversity in the structure, mode of action, cofactor requirement, and substrate scope among these metalloenzymes. Detailed structural analysis along with mutational studies of some of these enzymes have contributed significantly to identifying the key amino acid residues that dictate substrate specificity and catalytic intricacy. In this Review, we discuss the metalloenzymes that catalyze fatty acid‐derived hydrocarbon biosynthesis in various organisms, emphasizing the active site architecture, catalytic mechanism, cofactor requirements, and substrate specificity of these enzymes. Understanding such details is essential for successfully implementing these enzymes in emergent biofuel research through protein engineering and synthetic biology approaches.
Differentiator‐based time delay control for uncertain robot manipulators
Authors: Wang Huan , Su Yuxin
Published: March 2022

High‐quality acceleration signal plays a significant role in fast and precise trajectory tracking of robot manipulators via time delay control (TDC). This paper proposes a fast transient tracking differentiator (FTD) for obtaining the noise‐less time derivative from a noisy measurement within the framework of tracking differentiator (TD) design methodology. Global asymptotic convergence of the proposed FTD is proven by Lyapunov's direct method and TD theory. The proposed FTD is cascaded to construct an acceleration estimation and is integrated with the commonly used TDC for an improved trajectory tracking of robot manipulators in the presences of parametric uncertainties and bounded disturbances. Numerical simulations and real‐time experimental validation comparisons demonstrate that the proposed approach provides an easy‐going model‐free improved design for fast and accurate trajectory tracking of robot manipulators with position measurement only.
Eukaryotic cellular intricacies shape mitochondrial proteomic complexity
Authors: Hammond Michael , Dorrell Richard G. , Speijer Dave , Lukeš Julius
Published: March 2022

Mitochondria have been fundamental to the eco‐physiological success of eukaryotes since the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). They contribute essential functions to eukaryotic cells, above and beyond classical respiration. Mitochondria interact with, and complement, metabolic pathways occurring in other organelles, notably diversifying the chloroplast metabolism of photosynthetic organisms. Here, we integrate existing literature to investigate how mitochondrial metabolism varies across the landscape of eukaryotic evolution. We illustrate the mitochondrial remodelling and proteomic changes undergone in conjunction with major evolutionary transitions. We explore how the mitochondrial complexity of the LECA has been remodelled in specific groups to support subsequent evolutionary transitions, such as the acquisition of chloroplasts in photosynthetic species and the emergence of multicellularity. We highlight the versatile and crucial roles played by mitochondria during eukaryotic evolution, extending from its huge contribution to the development of the LECA itself to the dynamic evolution of individual eukaryote groups, reflecting both their current ecologies and evolutionary histories.