bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Get the most from real statistical process control
Authors: Kendrick Malcolm
Published: February 2008

Thanks to the development of the small, inexpensive, but powerful computer and a wide range of inspection and control equipment which can be linked to it, it is very easy to collect a mass of information about the end results of any production cycle. All of this information can be printed out numerically or graphically and, in itself, is quite impressive.
Testing for crashworthiness
Authors: Davis Roy
Published: February 2008

The development of safety systems for aircraft is currently benefiting from technology and skills originally proven in automotive applications. This article considers testing and technology for airliner passenger seating, civil and military helicopter crew safety and the possible use of airbags.
EDM — the key to total traceability
Authors: Kane Susan
Published: February 2008

The planning, design, manufacture, operation and maintenance of systems inside the aircraft and aerospace industries can generate literally millions of documents ranging from drawings and associated information, to memos, notes, and informal records on a variety of media, both electronic and traditional. This article explains how the Cimage Document Management System not only shortcuts the retrieval time to access the huge amount of information but applies stringent control over the authorization of changes and security of access.
HUMS for rotorcraft
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

Reports on a recent review of service experience relating to health and usage monitoring of rotorcraft transmission systems. Describes trials of integrated HUMS on military helicopters and an operator's experience using EuroHUMS on Super Puma helicopters. Informs on the vibration monitoring role of integrated HUMS. Notes the values of usage monitoring as distinct from health monitoring.
ANVIL 5000 — a tool in aerospace design and development
Authors: Illias Mustafa S.
Published: February 2008

Reports on the use of ANVIL 5000 for computer aided design in the aerospace industry. Notes the advantages of ANVIL 5000 and informs on its use in areas such as taking profiles of wing cross‐sections and structural areas including mechanical, electrical and water systems. Also its use with regard to concept weapons systems.
Repair and overhaul of aircraft heat exchangers
Authors: Andreae Mike
Published: February 2008

Explains how IMI Marston repairs heat exchangers in aircraft. Shows that the entire process can take up to 20 working days, and is therefore safe, reliable and cost‐effective.
VEGA's computerized aircraft training systems: maintenance techniques and procedures for the twenty‐first century
Authors: Watson Stafford
Published: February 2008

Introduces a new technology developed by VEGA, known as equipment emulation. Describes this as a computer alternative to training on real‐life equipment or simulators, which is cost‐effective and easy to use. Looks at the Sea Harrier maintenance trainer and the computer aircraft training systems and their successful application in the aerospace industry.
Networked Airbus planning
Authors: Hertzog Reinhart
Published: February 2008

Faced with the fierce competition prevailing in the world's aircraft market, Daimler‐Benz‐Aerospace Airbus GmbH has developed a highly complex, internationally used planning system (APC) for Airbus Industrie in Toulouse, France. This IBM client/server solution was implemented to improve customer satisfaction, reliability and punctuality, while at the same time cutting costs and making use of synergistic effects.
Fuel control system of the future
Authors: Hutchinson John
Published: February 2008

Argues that new military aircraft will benefit from a fuel control system that is technically superior to that of the present day, and is also geared to match the yet‐to‐be‐introduced maritime patrol aircraft, Nimrod 2000's aircraft‐engine combination. Charts the case of RoSEC, a company formed in 1993 to provide complete full‐authority digital engine control systems. Claims that the new “total responsibility” approach will bring significant fuel system advantages in the commercial and military aerospace sector.
The structural design of an advanced short take‐off vertical landing combat aircraft — part 1
Authors: Smith Howard
Published: February 2008

Reports on the MSc group design project of students at the College of Aeronautics, aerospace vehicle design in 1995. The students worked on advanced short take‐off and vertical landing of a combat aircraft. Details the project showing aircraft dimensions and design. Full assessment of the results is pending, but outlines a number of problems faced by the students.
Differential GPS brings new precision to surveys by helicopter in Australia
Authors: Eastaugh Paul
Published: February 2008

Reports on the improvements made to surveying by helicopter in Australia through the use of GPS (global positioning system) services. Explains how the service was adapted for use with helicopters and describes the service itself, highlighting areas most affected.
Mending grown‐ups' plastic planes
Authors: Healey Andrew
Published: February 2008

Looks at the increasing use of composites in aircraft manufacture and how this will affect UK workshops’ capabilities when such structures need repair and/or overhaul. Believes there is opportunity here for in‐house maintenance providers, as the airlines seem slow at taking the required skills and facilities on board. Examines the successful operation of FLS Aerospace's composite shop. Puts forward the view that nowadays lack of a modern composite workshop compromises a maintenance company's ability to maintain large, modern commercial aircraft.
Fixed routes and areas for delivery operations
Authors: CHRISTOFIDES NICOS
Published: February 2008

In many cases it is not appropriate to utilise a system of daily route scheduling. This paper looks at the situation where a fixed route system is required and the demand characteristics of the customers must be matched to the system.
A vehicle fleet costs more
Authors: Eilon S. , Watson‐Gandy C.D.T. , Heilbron A.
Published: February 2008

The growing interest in recent years in the use of operational research methods in fleet management probably stems from the realization that the cost of distribution of goods and services constitutes in some cases a significant proportion of the sales value of items. It is not surprising, therefore, to find many studies concerned with the problems of fleet management: What size should the fleet be? What replacement policy for the purchase of new vehicles should be adopted? What maintenance policy is best? How should the fleet be used to deliver goods in response to customer demand?
An illustration of the principles of domestic market channel choice by reference to the British machine tool industry
Authors: WHITE J.G.
Published: February 2008

A reconciliation of channel theory with the observed practice of one sector of UK industry
Logistics: a new era of competition
Authors: RIDER GRAHAM W. , OSTROM LONNIE L.
Published: February 2008

In this article the authors suggest that a major change in business orientation — the adoption of the logistics concept — is about to occur.
To own or lease—which way for container operations?
Authors: HUNTER PETER
Published: February 2008

The decision to own or lease is complicated by the varying descriptions alloted to the container as an entity in itself and as an instrument of physical distribution … up to the point of acceptance in many quarters as part of the ship itself. The variety of descriptions is reminiscent of the old tale resulting from an examination of an elephant by three blind men.
The PDM Concept: partially fulfilled and in need of expansion
Authors: FISCHER PAUL M.
Published: February 2008

The total systems cost concept of PDM can be made fully operable through a cost behaviour oriented accounting system. Accounting analysis can also promote the profitable use of PD services.
High resolution electron microscopy of carbons and polymers
Authors: Ban L.L. , Hess W.M.
Published: February 2008

This is the first officially‐released account following studies conducted at Columbian's recently‐opened laboratory
Surfactant adsorption from aqueous solutions
Authors: Kessick M.A. , McEwan I.H. , Zacharewicz H.W.
Published: February 2008

Dispersant and surfactant additives, although used in minor amounts, exert a major influence in latex paints, controlling, for example, long‐term and freeze‐thaw stability in the can, application properties, and the opacity, gloss, and scrub resistance of the dry film. In such complicated multiphase systems, exact knowledge of the role played by these dispersants and surfactants and their distribution is vital to optimum formulation. For instance, the amount of dispersant required to ensure pigment deaggregation during ‘grinding’, and to ensure stability of the resultant mill base, has been one of the principal concerns of paint formulators. Several techniques to determine this have been reported‐i.e., Daniels Flow Point measurements in resin or dispersant solutions, or Brookfield viscosity measurements at various dispersant levels after dispersion, and titration of pigment with dispersant solutions with a Brabender Plastigraph‐type sigma blade mixer.
Road‐marking paints of today
Authors: Machunsky F.D.
Published: February 2008

The reason for having road marking paints is clear to anyone who has travelled at night or during bad weather on a motorway without centre road markings. These markings are subjected to numerous stresses and, therefore, only have a limited life. In this article, a comparison is made of the basic types from the point of view of durability and application properties.
Polymer emulsions for wallpapers
Authors: Bax J. , Sauntson B.J.
Published: February 2008

Synthetic polymers were first introduced to the wallpaper trade about twenty‐five years ago. Until that time natural polymers, such as casein and starch, were the only suitable binders available, and it was necessary to insolubilise them with alum or glyoxal in order to afford some degree of water resistance to the prints. The only smear‐proof washable papers were those supercoated with a film of varnish. This varnish supercoat was the first to be replaced by a synthetic polymer emulsion.
Daylight fluorescent pigments and colours
Authors: Ryan P.J.
Published: February 2008

The fluorescence of organic dyes is associated with the individual molecules of the dyes, and in order for them to fluoresce efficiently, they must be molecularly dissolved and in fairly low concentrations from about 1 to 4%. In the pure solid state or in very concentrated solutions the dyes have almost no fluorescence and appear as dark or dirty red, yellow and green powders or solutions. The individual molecules of the dyes are so close together that they simply quench or reabsorb their own fluorescent light. Since the dyes are organic in nature it is necessary to have a medium or carrier in order to put them into solution, and to have a pigment it is necessary that this medium be a solid. The type of material which meets these requirements for the dyes is an organic resin, and daylight fluorescent pigments are actually transparent organic resin particles containing dyes in solution which are capable of fluorescing.
Organic pigments‐available forms
Authors: Moon W.R.
Published: February 2008

The growth in the usage throughout industry of organic pigments has inevitably resulted in the availability of these raw materials in a variety of forms, designed to facilitate their incorporation into the specific media involved, and to minimise the problems associated with handling and processing.
Bronze powders in paints, plastics and inks
Authors: Rink P.J.
Published: February 2008

The name ‘bronze powder’ is a misnomer as the metal itself cannot be used for bronze powder production at all. Bronze powders are produced from pure copper, and from various copper/zinc alloys and from aluminium. By varying the copper and zinc content of the alloy, different shades of gold can be produced. Bronze powders are of a flaky character; however fine they are the particle structure remains flaky. To retain this structure only the highest grades of electrolytic copper and zinc are used. With even a lead content of as low as 0·05% the powder would form into granules long before the desired state of thinness had been reached. It can therefore be said that bronze powders, by the very nature of their structure, can not contain lead or metals of a similar character, other than in traces. Being composed from pure copper, zinc and aluminium, they are anti‐toxic and harmless to health.
The powder explosion — the current state
Authors: Shaw Rogers Bryan
Published: February 2008

Powder technology has spread like the proverbial wildfire in the space of a few short years from Europe, where it all began, to North America, Africa, Japan, Australia, Eastern Europe, and beyond. This coating revolution has been accompanied by an information explosion of such magnitude that there is no segment of our industry which is still unaware of the existence of powder coating. Just five years ago, I couldn't have said that. Indeed, two years ago, the North American Finishing Industry was still largely unaware of the existence of powder, let alone the fantastic advantages offered by it.
High accuracy spectrophotometer
Authors: National Bureau of Standards U.S.
Published: February 2008

A spectrophotometer that has achieved new levels of precision and accuracy, and is expected to have a significant impact on spectrophotometry both as a model for improved instruments and through the improvement of standard calibration filters, has been designed and constructed at the National Bureau of Standards, Institute for Basic Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Modern adhesives
Authors: Edwards P.B.
Published: February 2008

A great deal has been written about the uses of adhesives in industrial and domestic applications, and much progress has been made in recent years in the technology of this important and interesting segment of polymer chemistry. In this article it is not proposed to dwell on the well‐established (and equally well‐documented) adhesives, but rather to highlight newer developments, and particularly those areas in which rapid growth is anticipated or is already taking place.
Flame proofing plastics
Authors: Edwards P.B.
Published: February 2008

The very rapid growth of plastics uses in recent years has lead to new demands being made for the safer application of these materials. In particular, the necessity to manufacture plastic products which have fire‐resistant properties has become of great importance in the textile and construction fields, where more and more synthetic fibres and building composites incorporating plastics are being employed.
Corrosion and water diffusion through paint films
Authors: Kresse Peter
Published: February 2008

On the basis of earlier studies, an investigation is made into the function of inert and active pigments in anti‐rust paints. Satisfactory explanation of the pigment effect is shown to be impossible without due consideration of the surrounding medium and, if necessary, the substrate. The significance of metal soaps is their increase in the mechanical and chemical resistance of the dried film of binder. This, in turn, results in a reduction of water diffusion through the film in the case of a high PVC and, hence, in an increase in the anti‐corrosive effect.
Steel Corrosion Fighters — Water based acrylic coatings conclusions
Authors: Washburn R.N.
Published: February 2008

Eight years of testing and excellent field results confirm that paints made with Primal MV‐1 acrylic emulsion offer metal surfaces outstanding protection against corrosion.
An evaluation of non‐aqueous dispersion
Authors: Quick Harold
Published: February 2008

Of the mass production industries, the Automobile Industry is perhaps the leader in demanding a high standard of finish appearance and finish performance for its product. This is to be expected, considering the prestigious nature of the product and cost of the motor car, and the increasing impact of consumerism in all the major markets of the world.
Titanium and its importance today
Authors: Rechmann Heinz
Published: February 2008

Over the last 50 years the element titanium has been steadily gaining in importance. The major interests range from titanium metal, which combines good resistance to corrosion with high strength and low specific gravity, to the white pigment, titanium dioxide, and titanium tetrachloride, a chemical intermediate. This paper reviews the manufacture of these materials and particularly deals with the properties and applications of titanium dioxide, which, by reason of its high refractive index, possesses outstanding lightening and hiding power, making it the first choice among white pigments.
Large Batches from Small Wet Grinder
Authors: Jarvis James
Published: February 2008

Material recirculation is the idea behind a small wet‐grinding system used to reduce comparatively large process batches down to size.
The development of modern roll milling
Authors: Woodward Alan
Published: February 2008

About 20 years ago the imminent death of the three roll mill was being forecast by many authorities. Their arguments were good. For the previous 50 years the technology of the three roll mill was virtually unchanged and the new sand mills, high speed dissolvers etc, were opening a new dimension to pigment dispersion. It was this that caused roll mill manufacturers, who, up until that time had concentrated on bettering the engineering aspects of their mills to consider how they could improve their customers' products in the various fields of paint, ink, soap, cosmetic and chocolate dispersing. A new era dawned for three roll mills, instead of simply improving their old mills the manufacturers hired dispersion experts. Chemists and technicians from the ink, chocolate and other industries joined the mill manufacturers and it very soon became apparent that many improvements could be made, so much so that leading mill manufacturers set up complete research laboratories separated into the various industries involved. Improvements rapidly followed. One of the first was static hydraulic pressure in place of the mechanical screw system. This soon gave way, on the more expensive mills, to dynamic hydraulic pressure. The difference being that in the latter system a pump is continually operating to maintain a constant pressure on the hydraulic oil and thereby on the rolls. And so was born a three roll mill which for the first time did not need constant re‐adjustment to maintain steady pressure regardless of the temperature when working.
Recovery and recycling of vegetable oils and phthalate plasticisers
Authors: McDonald W.G.
Published: February 2008

Recovery and recycling is a comparatively recent innovation into our more prominent every day industrial phraseology. This, as we are all well aware, has been brought about by the sudden and urgent need to protect our environment from man's shortsighted and haphazard disposal of waste products.
Centralised and standardised packing of paint cans
Authors: Palle Olsen Svend
Published: February 2008

It all started in 1972 when the company of Färg AB International of Gothenburg after a study by AB Pack‐konsult decided to change their packaging method and modernize the can handling and packaging procedure such as had been done in other industries, eg breweries and pet food plants, where highly effective lines are installed.
Pneumatics for efficient filling and dispensing
Authors: Dunlop Malcolm C.
Published: February 2008

Paints and printing inks come in a variety of containers — metal or plastics, by assorted sizes. How they get into these containers may not concern the end user; but it can be quite a problem for the manufacturer.
Effect of environmental and economic factors in development of high speed dispersion equipment
Authors: English R.W.
Published: February 2008

The rapidly changing industrial conditions in all industries including surface coatings has had a significant effect on the design of new equipment. Some of the pressures can be summarised under the following headings:—
The ABC's of white hiding power
Authors: Stieg Fred B.
Published: February 2008

Much that has been written on the subject of white hiding power has been considerably less useful to the average paint laboratory than it was intended to be, simply because it has been excessively complicated by a complex theory better suited to the research laboratories of pigment producers.
Effect of temperature on rates of permeation of chloride ions and water vapour through alkyd coatings —
Authors: Vittal Rao R. , Yaseen M.
Published: February 2008

Organic Coatings are used for protection of metallic structures from corrosion. However they fail to isolate the substrate from corrosive materials present in the surroundings because the amount of water absorbed in coatings facilitates the movement of corrosive ions and gases through them, which in turn corrode the metal. The present studies illustrate the relative degree of permeation of chloride ions and water vapour through a variety of alkyd coating formulations.
Colour measurements in the iron oxide pigments industry
Authors: Zeller Robert C.
Published: February 2008

The author's company uses colour measurements in all phases of its iron oxide business, including production, quality assurance, marketing, and research.
A tung oil substitute for printing ink
Authors: Nitidandhaprabhas Ovart
Published: February 2008

The oil from the fruit of Parinari anamense Hance, a tree indigenous of Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam, is a practical substitute for tung oil for making quality printing inks. In Thailand, the tree grows wild in the north‐eastern part of the country, where the ripened fruits that fall down dry to a hard nut. The nuts are collected by the natives and sold to the processing factory where the oil is extracted from the kernels by pressing.
Commercial printing ink pigmentation Part 3: pigmentation of selected ink systems
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

Printing inks fall into two more or less distinct rheological classes—highly viscous inks formulated for letterpress, offset, and typographical printing versus relatively fluid inks formulated for flexographic and rotogravure printing.
Polyblends of polystyrene glycol and alkyd in surface coatings
Authors: Pasari Suman , Chandra S.
Published: February 2008

Polystyrene glycol was prepared and incorporated into linseed alkyd. Compatibility of polystyrene glycol and alkyd was investigated. It was found that 20 per cent polystyrene glycol could successfully be blended with linseed alkyd. Film properties of these blends were examined and compared with those of plain alkyd. It was observed that polystyrene glycol modified linseed alkyds were superior, in film properties, to the plain alkyd except in solvent resistant property.
Studies on blends of polystyrene glycol and alkyds in surface coatings
Authors: Pasari Suman , Chandra Sushil
Published: February 2008

Polystyrene glycol was prepared and incorporated into nigerseed oil and castor oil alkyds representing semi‐drying and non‐drying type alkyds respectively. Compatibility of polystyrene glycol with these alkyds was investigated. It was found that 11 to 12 per cent polystyrene glycol could successfully be blended with these alkyds. In order to determine usefulness of these polyblends, film properties were examined and compared with those of plain alkyds. It was observed that polystyrene glycol modified alkyd blends were superior in film properties as compared to plain alkyds.
Gas chromatography procedures and equipment for the paints and inks industry: Part I
Authors: Walton Anne J.
Published: February 2008

For the separation and isolation of simple chemical compounds, the molecular weights of which in general do not exceed 600, gas chromatography offers one of the most flexible and adaptable analytical techniques available in the modern laboratory. It is only just over 25 years ago that the first successful applications of this technique were reported by James and Martin, yet modern commercial gas chromatographs exhibit a high degree of refined engineering applied to the separation procedures themselves which, when combined with microprocessor control and other recent developments in the field of electronic data handling, offer to the analyst considerable scope for the examination of even the most intractable samples. In the paint industry the facilities offered by gas chromatography are being fully exploited in the analysis of raw materials, notably solvents, monomers, oils and fats; in the analysis of finished paints and in the control of the working environment as demanded by present‐day health and safety regulations. This article presents a review of the analytical procedures that are possible using modern gas chromatography techniques.
High‐solids, one‐component paints based on saturated polyester resins: Part I
Authors: Stoyle Dieter , Dörffel Jörg
Published: February 2008

Saturated polyesters or so‐called oil‐free alkyd resins have gained increasing importance in recent years for the manufacture of solvent‐contain‐ing stoving paints. Coatings of high industrial use value can be produced from these on metallic objects by crosslinking with melamine/formaldehyde resins. The coatings are hard, scratch‐proof, elastic, stain‐resistant,firmly adherent and resistant to weathering — a combination of properties possessed by only a few other binders. These saturated polyesters are linear or branched condensation products of dibasic or polybasic carboxylic acids and polyalcohols, they carry mainly terminal hydroxyl groups and possess mean molecular weights between about 1,500 and 4,000 (1) (2) (3).
High‐solids one‐component paints based on saturated polyester resins: Part 2
Authors: Stoye Dieter , Dörffel Jörg
Published: February 2008

The dependence of the absolute solution viscosity on the concentration by weight shows that the viscosity contribution 1[?], which is to be ascribed to oligomer/solvent interactions, is not the sole deciding factor in selecting solvents in practice. This is shown in Figure 6.
Organotin antifouling coatings: today and tomorrow
Authors: King Sandra
Published: February 2008

Since the dawn of history, when man first put to sea, he has been fighting a constant battle: waged not against a powerful adversary or even the elements, but against an array of seemingly insignificant sea creatures. These organisms create the nuisance of marine fouling.
Applications of gas chromatography in the paint & allied industries. Part 4: Binder resins
Authors: Walton Anne J.
Published: February 2008

Aromatic polyimides, polyamides and polyamide‐imides, as well as imide monomers, have been subjected to the alkali fusion technique of Schleuter and Siggia (164) using molten potassium hydroxide reagent. The volatile reaction products were concentrated in a cold trap as previously mentioned (c.f. alkyd resins and polyesters) prior to separation via GC. The identity of the monomer/polymer was determined from a study of the amine or diamine fragmentation products obtained, whilst the amount of each compound thus identified served as the basis for quantitative work. The isomeric 2,2′‐, 2,4′‐ and 4,4′‐ oligomers of diaminophenylmethane in aniline‐formaldehyde copolymers were identified individually by GC using 10% SE30 deposited on Chromaton N‐AW‐DMCS according to Krasnova et al (111).
Magnesium stearate: A review of its uses in paints, plastics, adhesives and related industries
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

Magnesium stearate (Mg (C12H33O2)2) is a fine white odourless bulky powder, probably the finest of the metallic stearates, with a very high covering capacity. It has rounder particle shape than does, say, zinc stearate and is a muctuous soapy powder adherent to the skin, and is rated as dermatologically innocuous being neither a sensitizer nor a primary irritant. It can be decomposed by acids, and can exist as the hydrate. Its physical characteristics have been examined closely.
Zinc stearate: its properties and uses
Authors: Lower E.S.
Published: February 2008

Zinc stearate (Zinc distearate) is a fine white soft and muctuous odourless bulky powder, molecular weight 632. Its outstanding characteristic is the extremely small particle size of the top quality material, which can be less than one micron in diameter, giving it a high specific surface e.g. the order of 25,000 sq.cm. per gram.
Acronal 290 D: a binder for textured finishes
Authors: Kossmann Heribert
Published: February 2008

In 1964, BASF developed ®Acronal 290 D, an aqueous acrylic/styrene dispersion for emulsion paints and textured finishes. At that time, very few people could predict what an impact this dispersion would have on the European market. In the 18 years that have since elapsed, Acronal 290 D has become synonymous with quality and technological progress and is now the popular choice for architectural finishes, indoor paints, textured finishes and anti‐corrosion paints. A report on the experience that we have gained in formulating and applying Acronal 290 D in textured finishes will be presented in this paper.
Replacements for inorganic pigments
Authors: UK Ltd. Hoechst
Published: February 2008

Legislation in various parts of the world is making life difficult for those engaged in the process of coloration, whether they are in the paint, printing ink or plastics industries. Traditionally one has used organic pigments where high colour strength, bright shade and transparency were required, while using inorganic pigments for opaque full shades and good heat stability.
Fire hazards of polymers used in conduit and cable systems
Authors: Kirby R.J.
Published: February 2008

The outstanding memory of the Falklands War will undoubtedly be the devastation caused by fire on Royal Navy ships, with its tragic loss of life as well as five ships. The intensity of the fires seemed to surprise many observers, and in all cases the fires were rapidly fed and sometimes spread by polymer materials from adjacent conduit and cable systems, bunk coverings, bulkhead coverings, and the like.
Prospects for water‐based inks and coatings
Authors: Hutchinson G.H.
Published: February 2008

Some ten years ago, industry world‐wide entered a period of economic shortages and rising prices of petroleum, a situation making it essential for economy to be exercised in the use of organic solvents. This led to an upsurge of interest in water‐based products for use in printing and packaging. Interest was further stimulated by the increasing pressures from health and safety legislation and growing concern about environmental pollution problems. There were possibilities to develop alternative water‐based products to many solvent based inks, varnishes, lacquers and adhesives and quite a number of commercial successes were achieved and sustained. The following recession of the mid 1970's and depressed economic climate of recent years has done little to advance progress in water‐based inks. There were subsequently no major problems in availability of organic solvents and from this aspect no urgent needs to evaluate alternative water‐based products, unless real economic or technical advantages could be demonstrated.
Pigments for packaging and speciality printing
Authors: Rök H.
Published: February 2008

Producers of printing inks are undoubtedly more experienced in the formulation of packaging and speciality printing inks than we are. Nevertheless we have chosen the topic of “Pigments for packaging and speciality printing” because we believe that only through close co‐operation with the printing ink manufacturer can we, the pigment producer, continue to supply product advancements that will meet present and future pigment needs.
A method for measuring the agglutination of ball‐point ink in a narrow brass tube
Authors: Rabah M.A. , Eldighidy S.M. , Aboukhashaba A.A.
Published: February 2008

Ball‐point ink is a heterogeneous, viscous multi‐phase fluid. It consists of resins, solvents, diluents together with solid pigment and filler. The fluid is contained in a thin polyethylene tube which acts as a fluid reservoir continuously supplying the ink to a narrower brass tube. The latter has an inner diameter of about 0.8 mm and holds a small ball at its tip. During storage for long periods, agglutination of the ink takes place in the brass tube and around the ball as well. The rate of such agglutination is strongly related to the environmental conditions. In the present work, a technique is developed to measure the thickness of the agglutinated ink film by means of a microscopic examination. Hence the thickness of the deposited solid layer on the internal periphery of the brass tube will be estimated. Furthermore, factors affecting the agglutination process will be investigated and methods to decrease or even to eliminate that phenomenon will be put forward.
A review of bright metallic powders for inks and paints
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

This topic covers a range of pigments and powders primarily developed to give lustre and brightness, and yet which have additional properties that enhance their appeal for a wide range of applications. They can be produced in many colours which are based on either nickel, aluminium, bronze or stainless steel.
Computer colour matching of printing inks
Authors: Holman R.J.
Published: February 2008

Computer Colour Matching of printing inks may be introduced by the simple definition:
Web offset inks
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: February 2008

WEB OFFSET printing has recently received a boost with the growth of the holiday advertising industry, and so the demand for better art work at competitive prices has increased. Consequently there has been a demand for low temperature waterless inks. These low‐energy saving inks have been found useful in offsetting some of the problems caused by water in the process. The use of low temperature inks has meant less drying out of the web and the need for remoisturising; it is also less costly in energy demands. Web temperatures have been considerably reduced. Also blistering problems resulting from moisture/solvent trappings between two impervious ink films can be eliminated. There is also a reduction in solvent emission proportionately together with the need for blanket washes due to reduced blanket piling.
A brief general history of the UK paint industry
Authors: Roon Hannah
Published: February 2008

Rioting and looting can take several forms and can be enacted at different levels of society and be subjected to a range of criteria; war is a form of looting and rioting, but is blessed with, and condoned by, every institution of the State. Commercial looting and rioting — although devoid of flame and physical violence — has much in common with its other sisters and also tends to gather impetus at specific times; further, it can manifest itself in areas lacking sophistication. As we write, the country is in partial recession and a new technical epoch is dawning; the Government (quite rightly) is persisting with its crusade against inflation and we live at a period in which we are actually encouraged to flaunt our impediments (commercial and personal) for money. Contemplating this hotch‐potch of phenomena the commercial entrepreneur, his more staid institutional brethren and the imperative technical arms in support of them both, must harness all their joint talent if they are to remain solvent. But for what purpose? The paint revenue cake — perhaps a little stale at this point — is still here for those eager to slice it.
A brief general history of the UK paint industry
Authors: Boon Hannah
Published: February 2008

Deed of Partnership 1766 ........ do covenant and agree with each other to be in partnership for the full term of 7 years to commence from this date hereof—to do our utmost to make a certain blue colour for paints a secret only known to Mr. Fredk. Rapp and Mr. Louis Steigenberger, in consideration of which Mr. John Stalder is to allow a room wherever we all dwell, and work for their colours, to keep the colours and other materials in. And the said Mr. John Stalder must not want to come into said room, nor at any time obstruct his two partners, nor give abusive language by reason of his not being made acquainted with the secret of making said blue for paint and not be allowed to know the cost of the stuff.
Atmospheric exposure testing of barium metaborate based paints
Authors: El‐Sawy S.M. , Abou‐Khalil M.A.
Published: February 2008

Barium metaborate as a new less toxic anti‐corrosive pigment was tested for protection against corrosion in an atmospheric exposure testing station set in Egypt on Alexandria seashore. Seventy paints were prepared, based on six grades of laboratory prepared barium metaborate pigments. The paints could be classified into three groups according to the type of the binder; each group comprises seven subgroups according to the pigment grade used. The paints were tested first in the laboratory and then in actual environment. Commercial barium metaborate (Busan 11‐M1) based paints were prepared and used as a blank. High corrosion protection properties are obtained for up to nine years exposure. Results showed that mixing barium metaborate pigments with neutral binder gave better results than mixing them with acidic binder. Laboratory prepared pigments gave better results than the commercial one. It was also found that corrosion protection of these pigments increases with the increase of pigment modification.
Bronze powders for paints and inks
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: February 2008

There is currently an ever increasing demand, particularly in the United States and Europe for paints and inks made from this powder. A very strong appeal for this powder, from its earliest use, whether in paint or ink applications has been due to the close resemblance it bears to gold. Its rich deep colour conveys a feeling of security and stability in an ever changing society. Bronze powder is in reality powdered brass and appears to have been used for the first time in Germany during the eighteenth century and was later introduced into Britain by Bessemer.
A brief general history of the UK paint industry
Authors: Roon Hannah
Published: February 2008

In 1949, Eric Blair published Nineteen Eightf‐Four, his last novel; shortly afterwards he died of tuberculosis, say the myth‐makers. Smoking up to sixty black‐shag cigarettes a day which he rolled himself, who really knows what took him? Anyway, in his novel he quite seriously prophesised all sorts of nasty things with which the sophisticated readers of these columns will be familiar. In reality 1984 saw those of us prepared to take Boxer's advice, in reasonable individual clover; moreover, those unable (for any reason) to get up and go or too idle to compete, were doled to new heights. Agreed the miners were thumping their fellows and the police. Even so, without the violence, it amounted to nothing more than a series of little local difficulties, well contained by the best peacetime government since Disraeli's last administration.
Paint testing: a survey of some modern techniques
Authors: Boxall J
Published: February 2008

Paints are dynamic systems which are in an almost constant state of change throughout their whole life. These changes are evident from the time of manufacture and througout storage when the liquid paint can undergo major rheological changes due to binder adsorption, crosslinking or, with waterborne systems, biological attack, as well as associated problems such as pigment instability. When in service the dried film also exhibits progressive changes. These occur in both surface properties by erosion, loss of gloss colour change, and also in bulk properties by, for example, embrittlement. Both are often due to structural changes within the cured film and can be due to a variety of external causes such as solar radiation, oxidation or chemical attack.
A brief general history of the UK paint
Authors: Roon Hannah
Published: February 2008

During the long lotus years of Pax Britannica we had serried steel ranks of Dreadnoughts to glorify the nation; now we have Boy George. Just as corrosive of traditional elements, we have the Boys from the Blackstuff, who would do everyone some good by being buried in it. Then there is that incorrigible element who, as a result of subsidised travel, visit a foreign playing‐field intent on rampage. On the other hand, thank God, there are the workers, blue collar, white collar or chauffeur driven. And to you ivory‐tower philosophers who keep telling us it is not natural for human being to work, we know, but who is paying you? It really is time for the real workers of the world to unite, and there is some evidence they are adopting such a course — particularly down at ‘paint mill’.
Business form inks
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: February 2008

The ever increasing range of business form paper and the demand for these forms to be in a wider range of colours presents a considerable challenge to ink technologists.
The development of the Mastermix systems concept
Authors: Boulton Alan J.
Published: February 2008

As manufacturing methods have improved and control standards have become more critical, so it has become necessary to consider more than the installation of a simple unit machine for mixing, dispersion or size reduction.
Paint testing: a review of some modern techniques
Authors: Boxall J
Published: February 2008

The rheological properties of a coating are important determinants of storage, application and flow characteristics and, as such, the need for its accurate measurement is an important requirement in formulation development. Measurement of rheology is also an important phase of quality control testing, though frequently less sophisticated, more rapid, characterisation techniques may sometimes be used here. This article will consider some of the literature concerned with techniques of measuring coating rheology.
A brief general history of the UK paint industry
Authors: Roon Hannah
Published: February 2008

Those of us who live with hope in our hearts will surely die fasting; how much better to make things happen and live a prosperous life as we work toward making sand‐castles that endure. We have seen in this history how an industry as old as civilisation has brought to man both good fortune and happiness. Commercial ladies and gentlemen, worthy of the name, don't hope for the best, they create a tangible opportunity of wide parameter and invite all aboard; the UK paint industry has created such a band‐waggon from which every human being in this wide world draws benefit. This it will continue to do until the gods divine otherwise. Look sharp; step up and be seated and we shall take you forward in spirit to the year 2000 AD.
The use of micaceous iron oxide in longterm‐corrosion protection
Authors: Schmid Eric V.
Published: February 2008

If a weather‐beaten structural steelwork, protected by a full system of anticorrosive coatings, will show a lifetime of over 20 years without any maintenance during this time, we will speak of a ‘longterm Corrosion Protection.’ These 20 years often seem to be too long, but many case‐histories of structural steelworks over the whole of Europe, such as bridges, tankfarms, cranes etc. will prove it. By the way, the German Railway Administration foresees a major repainting of their objects only every 20 years, the Swiss Federal Railway Administration only after 25–30 years. The most parts of these protective coatings are pigmented with Micaceous Iron Oxide (MIO), a pigment with the highest life expectance.
The Popular Media and the Chemical Industry
Authors: Roon Hannah
Published: February 2008

Thou shalt not raise a false report. Exodus xxiii.i. Ever since primitive man sat round a camp‐fire in his loincloth, he has relished a good story. The first story‐teller related facts, as facts preceded everything. Soon however, he found embellishment or distortion rewarding, as this development generated a larger audience; fiction was born. Later the best story‐tellers became local heroes and found they could make a very decent living by representing fiction as fact, juggling context, engaging in both character enhancement or assassination. With the advent of the written the story‐teller's future became even more secure; the profession of journalist came into being. When the ether was harnessed to the cause, the transnational conveyance of news stones amplified market demand to new heights, and the element of topicality brought new momentum. The spoken word, book, newspaper, gramophone record, radio, film, tape and television have not known obsolescence or supersedence as is common in other fields. Indeed, all of them hug together in a priceless ball known as The Media, a greater power‐base for radiating both good and evil. It is with these factors in mind, we intend not only to examine the conduct of the media but, where necessary, recommend counter‐measures — all within the context of the UK chemical industy in general.
The metallic soaps of naphthenic acids — Part 1
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

Substantial quantities of naphthenic acid are used in the form of metallic salts (metallic soaps) e.g. as driers in paints, as pigment grinding and dispersing aids, as preservatives and mildewproofing agents for textiles, paper, film, and leather and cellulose materials i.e. additive, catalysts etc. These soaps are usually plastic substances, except calcium, which resembles a hard fibrous material.
The metallic soaps of naphthenic acids — Part 2
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

The milling properties of polybutadienes have been improved and scorch time decreased by the use of aluminium naphthenate, which can also be employed to ensure homogenous distribution of pigments in polyesters. Aluminium secbutoxide/naphthenic acid reaction products are useable in the preparation of cellular polyurethanes and mixtures of the material with polyethylene have been applied to textile fabrics. The naphthenate possesses rubber‐like properties to a certain extent and was in fact used as a rubber extender during the First World War. Mixtures of naphthenates and pentachlorophenol compounds have been utilised to preserve wood. Alum naphthenate has been used to produce poly (naphthenaluminophenyl siloxanes), polymers containing radicals f naphthenic acid chemically bound with aluminium atoms in the side chains. The product contains 9% silicon, 4.52% aluminium, approximate molecular weight 1600, and are easily soluble in benzene, toluol, carbon tert, and ether, giving stable film‐forming transparent solutions, whose films have an electrical volume resistency of 3.1 x 1015 ohms‐cm, a tongent of dielectric loss angle of 0.0082, an electric strength of 68.3 kv/mm and a dielectric constant of 2.9. Although the mechanical strength of these films is not high it can be increased by heating 10 hours at 120°C. When added to other silicon‐organic or organic polymers these products accelerate their drying gelatinization and hardening.