bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ENVIRONMENTAL AND THUNDERSTORM STRUCTURES AS SHOWN BY NATIONAL SEVERE STORMS PROJECT OBSERVATIONS IN SPRING 1960 AND 1961
Authors: STAFF MEMBERS
Published: March 2011

Some examples of National Severe Storms Project observations are described, showing certain typical structures of the mesoscale environment and of large thunderstorms in the Oklahoma-Texas-Kansas region.

The “dry-line” at the cT/mT boundary is shown to be characterized by an extremely abrupt gradient of water-vapor content and temperature, accompanied by a wind-shift zone with appreciable horizontal convergence. On the moist air side, there were pronounced wavelike perturbations in the moisture and temperature fields, connected with systematic variations of the vector wind velocity.

Special pilot-balloon observations show the low-level jet as a flat sheet of southerly winds, with maximum strength generally 300 to 500 m. above ground, and illustrate the great variations of wind speed associated with diurnal variability of stability in the surface layers. Appreciable streakiness of the velocity field is indicated by both pibal and aircraft measurements.

A description is given of a series of intense low-pressure systems observed at the surface, in association with the northwest sides of radar echoes. These depressions, which form at night, are warm and very dry relative to their surroundings, and are attended by strong, gusty surface winds.

High-level aircraft observations are illustrated, demonstrating particularly the significant disturbances of the wind field around cloud tops. An example of gust measurements in the upper portion of a thunderstorm (imbedded in strong vertical shear) shows that the lateral gust components, up to 30 m./sec., are of the same order as the vertica1 gusts.

Movements of thunderstorms as shown by radar, and certain aspects of the reflectivities of tornado-bearing storms, are discussed briefly. Finally, the three-dimensional forms of large thunderstorms are illustrated, with emphasis on the organized asymmetrical structures.
Seasonal Changes in a Vertical Thermal Structure Producing Stable Lower-Troposphere Layers over the Inland Region of the Indochina Peninsula
Authors: Nodzu Masato I. , Ogino Shin-Ya , Yamanaka Manabu D.
Published: March 2011

The authors performed a thermal budget analysis to understand the nature of seasonal changes in stable lower-troposphere layers over the inland region of the Indochina Peninsula, using atmospheric reanalysis data. The analysis focuses on subseasonal stable layers. Stability increase in the generation of stable layers is classified into three dominant thermal factors: vertical differences in horizontal potential temperature advection, vertical potential temperature advection, and their residual component Q1. The largest contributor to the stability increase is defined as the dominant thermal factor. Climatological typical heights where stable layers most frequently appear are the 850–700-, 700–600-, and 600–500-hPa levels in November–January, February–March, and April, respectively, according to a previous study. From November to January, most of the stable layers in the typical height are generated by vertical differences in horizontal potential temperature advection. Their generation (dissipation) is characterized by strong (weak) cooling due to horizontal advection below the stable layers. The strong cooling is related to cold surges in the winter monsoon. Generation of the stable layers in the typical height from February to April is characterized by vertical differences in Q1. Here, Q1 cooling below the stable layers is demonstrated in February and March. The authors propose a mixed boundary layer process in explaining the Q1 cooling. In April, the analyses demonstrate Q1 heating above the stable layers, coincident with a peak in the apparent moisture sink. The results indicate that the thermal processes of stable-layer generation change the height of the stable layer along the seasonal advance.
Multimodel Estimate of the Global Terrestrial Water Balance: Setup and First Results
Authors: Haddeland Ingjerd , Clark Douglas B. , Franssen Wietse , Ludwig Fulco , Voß Frank , Arnell Nigel W. , Bertrand Nathalie , Best Martin , Folwell Sonja , Gerten Dieter , Gomes Sandra , Gosling Simon N. , Hagemann Stefan , Hanasaki Naota , Harding Richard , Heinke Jens , Kabat Pavel , Koirala Sujan , Oki Taikan , Polcher Jan , Stacke Tobias , Viterbo Pedro , Weedon Graham P. , Yeh Pat
Published: March 2011

Six land surface models and five global hydrological models participate in a model intercomparison project [Water Model Intercomparison Project (WaterMIP)], which for the first time compares simulation results of these different classes of models in a consistent way. In this paper, the simulation setup is described and aspects of the multimodel global terrestrial water balance are presented. All models were run at 0.5° spatial resolution for the global land areas for a 15-yr period (1985–99) using a newly developed global meteorological dataset. Simulated global terrestrial evapotranspiration, excluding Greenland and Antarctica, ranges from 415 to 586 mm yr−1 (from 60 000 to 85 000 km3 yr−1), and simulated runoff ranges from 290 to 457 mm yr−1 (from 42 000 to 66 000 km3 yr−1). Both the mean and median runoff fractions for the land surface models are lower than those of the global hydrological models, although the range is wider. Significant simulation differences between land surface and global hydrological models are found to be caused by the snow scheme employed. The physically based energy balance approach used by land surface models generally results in lower snow water equivalent values than the conceptual degree-day approach used by global hydrological models. Some differences in simulated runoff and evapotranspiration are explained by model parameterizations, although the processes included and parameterizations used are not distinct to either land surface models or global hydrological models. The results show that differences between models are a major source of uncertainty. Climate change impact studies thus need to use not only multiple climate models but also some other measure of uncertainty (e.g., multiple impact models).
Impact of a Statistical Bias Correction on the Projected Hydrological Changes Obtained from Three GCMs and Two Hydrology Models
Authors: Hagemann Stefan , Chen Cui , Haerter Jan O. , Heinke Jens , Gerten Dieter , Piani Claudio
Published: March 2011

Future climate model scenarios depend crucially on the models’ adequate representation of the hydrological cycle. Within the EU integrated project Water and Global Change (WATCH), special care is taken to use state-of-the-art climate model output for impacts assessments with a suite of hydrological models. This coupling is expected to lead to a better assessment of changes in the hydrological cycle. However, given the systematic errors of climate models, their output is often not directly applicable as input for hydrological models. Thus, the methodology of a statistical bias correction has been developed for correcting climate model output to produce long-term time series with a statistical intensity distribution close to that of the observations. As observations, global reanalyzed daily data of precipitation and temperature were used that were obtained in the WATCH project. Daily time series from three GCMs (GCMs) ECHAM5/Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPI-OM), Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques Coupled GCM, version 3 (CNRM-CM3), and the atmospheric component of the L’Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace Coupled Model, version 4 (IPSL CM4) coupled model (called LMDZ-4)—were bias corrected. After the validation of the bias-corrected data, the original and the bias-corrected GCM data were used to force two global hydrology models (GHMs): 1) the hydrological model of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-HM) consisting of the simplified land surface (SL) scheme and the hydrological discharge (HD) model, and 2) the dynamic global vegetation model called LPJmL. The impact of the bias correction on the projected simulated hydrological changes is analyzed, and the simulation results of the two GHMs are compared. Here, the projected changes in 2071–2100 are considered relative to 1961–90. It is shown for both GHMs that the usage of bias-corrected GCM data leads to an improved simulation of river runoff for most catchments. But it is also found that the bias correction has an impact on the climate change signal for specific locations and months, thereby identifying another level of uncertainty in the modeling chain from the GCM to the simulated changes calculated by the GHMs. This uncertainty may be of the same order of magnitude as uncertainty related to the choice of the GCM or GHM. Note that this uncertainty is primarily attached to the GCM and only becomes obvious by applying the statistical bias correction methodology.
Propagating Subsurface Uncertainty to the Atmosphere Using Fully Coupled Stochastic Simulations
Authors: Williams John L. , Maxwell Reed M.
Published: March 2011

Feedbacks between the land surface and the atmosphere, manifested as mass and energy fluxes, are strongly correlated with soil moisture, making soil moisture an important factor in land–atmosphere interactions. It is shown that a reduction of the uncertainty in subsurface properties such as hydraulic conductivity (K) propagates into the atmosphere, resulting in a reduction in uncertainty in land–atmosphere feedbacks that yields more accurate atmospheric predictions. Using the fully coupled groundwater-to-atmosphere model ParFlow-WRF, which couples the hydrologic model ParFlow with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) atmospheric model, responses in land–atmosphere feedbacks and wind patterns due to subsurface heterogeneity are simulated. Ensembles are generated by varying the spatial location of subsurface properties while maintaining the global statistics and correlation structure. This approach is common to the hydrologic sciences but uncommon in atmospheric simulations where ensemble forecasts are commonly generated with perturbed initial conditions or multiple model parameterizations. It is clearly shown that different realizations of K produce variation in soil moisture, latent heat flux, and wind for both point and domain-averaged quantities. Using a single random field to represent a control case, varying amounts of K data are sampled and subsurface data are incorporated into conditional Monte Carlo ensembles to show that the difference between the ensemble mean prediction and the control saturation, latent heat flux, and wind speed are reduced significantly via conditioning of K. By reducing uncertainty associated with land–atmosphere feedback mechanisms, uncertainty is also reduced in both spatially distributed and domain-averaged wind speed magnitudes, thus improving the ability to make more accurate forecasts, which is important for many applications such as wind energy.
Multiday Circulation and Precipitation Climatology during Winter Rain Events of Differing Intensities in Central Chile
Authors: Barrett Bradford S. , Krieger Dominique Bastine , Barlow Caroline P.
Published: March 2011

The majority of precipitation in central Chile falls during austral winter with the passage of surface and upper-level low pressure systems and their associated surface fronts. Earlier studies have found the presence of a terrain-parallel, low-level barrier jet during cold front passage and low-level wind convergence in the region of heaviest precipitation. This study advances these findings by developing multiyear climatologies for a rainfall event in central Chile using a broad cross section of observational datasets: the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Global Surface Summary of the Day (GSOD), the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA), the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT), and the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis. For this study, a precipitation event was defined as daily rainfall exceeding a certain threshold at a Santiago observing station (Pudahuel). Climatologies were developed for a five-day period surrounding the precipitation event: the three days leading up to the day of precipitation at Pudahuel, the day of the precipitation itself, and the day after. Precipitation was found to move northeastward over the southeast Pacific toward central Chile and increase in intensity upon reaching reached the coast between 33° and 40°S. At middle levels, a pronounced 500-hPa trough moved eastward and amplified during the same period, and at the surface, an area of low pressure deepened and followed the same path to the east. In the boundary layer and lower troposphere, winds at 925 and 850 hPa became exclusively north-northwesterly, suggesting the existence of a low-level jet, and surface winds backed with time and increased in speed ahead of a well-defined cold front wind shift. As these winds became more northwesterly ahead of the upper-level trough and surface low, precipitable water values increased, and a tongue of high precipitable water air intersected the coast at the same location as the region of heaviest precipitation. These climatologies, based on hundreds of cases, together provide strong confirmation that forcing associated with an eastward-progressing upper-level trough, a terrain-parallel low-level wind maximum, and an advancing surface cold front together constitute the complex, complementary mechanisms for precipitation in central Chile.
Estimating Potential Evaporation from Vegetated Surfaces for Water Management Impact Assessments Using Climate Model Output
Authors: Bell Victoria A. , Gedney Nicola , Kay Alison L. , Smith Roderick N. B. , Jones Richard G. , Moore Robert J.
Published: March 2011

River basin managers concerned with maintaining water supplies and mitigating flood risk in the face of climate change are taking outputs from climate models and using them in hydrological models for assessment purposes. While precipitation is the main output used, evaporation is attracting increasing attention because of its significance to the water balance of river basins. Climate models provide estimates of actual evaporation that are consistent with their simplified land surface schemes but do not naturally provide the estimates of potential evaporation (PE) commonly required as input to hydrological models. There are clear advantages in using PE estimates controlled by atmospheric forcings when using stand-alone hydrological models with integral soil-moisture accounting schemes. The atmosphere–land decoupling approximation that PE provides can prove to be of further benefit if it is possible to account for the effect of different, or changing, land cover on PE outside of the climate model. The methods explored here estimate Penman–Monteith PE from vegetated surfaces using outputs from climate models that have an embedded land surface scheme. The land surface scheme enables an examination of the dependence of canopy stomatal resistance on atmospheric composition, and the sensitivity of PE estimates to the choice of canopy resistance values under current and changing climates is demonstrated. The conclusions have practical value for climate change impact studies relating to flood, drought, and water management applications.
Profiling Float Observations of the Upper Ocean under Sea Ice off the Wilkes Land Coast of Antarctica
Authors: Wong Annie P. S. , Riser Stephen C.
Published: March 2011

Multiyear under-ice temperature and salinity data collected by profiling floats are used to study the upper ocean near the Wilkes Land coast of Antarctica. The study region is in the seasonal sea ice zone near the southern terminus of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The profiling floats were equipped with an ice-avoidance algorithm and had a survival rate of 74% after 2.5 yr in the ocean. The data show that, in this part of Antarctica, the rate of sea ice decay exceeds the rate of sea ice growth. During the sea ice growth period, the water column is weakly stratified because of brine rejection and is only marginally stable. The average winter mixed layer temperature is about 0.12°C above the surface freezing point, providing evidence of entrainment of warmer water from the permanent pycnocline. The average mixed layer salinity increases by 0.127 from June to October. A one-dimensional model is used to quantify evolution of the winter mixed layer under a sea ice cover. The local winter entrainment rate is estimated to be 49 ± 11 m over 5 months, supplying a heat flux of 34 ± 8 W m−2 to the base of the mixed layer in winter. Model output gives a thermodynamic sea ice growth of 28 ± 15 cm over the same period. The winter ocean–atmosphere heat loss through leads and sea ice is estimated to be 14–25 W m−2 in this area, which is broadly in line with other winter observations from the East Antarctic region.
Vortex Merger in Oceanic Tripoles
Authors: Rodríguez-Marroyo Rocío , Viúdez Álvaro , Ruiz Simon
Published: March 2011

A new type of vortex merger is experimentally reported and numerically investigated. The merging process of two anticyclones under the influence of a cyclone (a three-vortex interaction) was observed in sea surface height (SSH) altimetry maps south of the Canary Islands. This three-vortex interaction is investigated using a process-oriented three-dimensional (3D), Boussinesq, and f-plane numerical model that explicitly conserves potential vorticity (PV) on isopycnals. The initial conditions consist of three static and inertially stable baroclinic vortices: two anticyclones and one cyclone. The vortex cores form a triangle in a configuration similar to that found south of the Canary Islands. The numerical results show, in agreement with SSH observations, that two corotating vortices, sufficiently close to each other and in presence of a third counterrotating vortex, merge, leading to a new elongated vortex, which couples with the counterrotating vortex, forming a dipole. Thus, the merging process occurred south of the Canary Islands is consistent with simplified vortex dynamics (basically PV conservation). The merging process depends on the initial PV density extrema, vertical extent, and the angle spanned by the corotating vortices. It is found that the presence of the third counterrotating vortex importantly affects the critical angle of merger and the processes of axisymmetrization and filamentation associated with the two corotating merging vortices. The torque exerted by the counterrotating vortex on the two corotating vortices delays, but does not prevent, their merger.
Estimate of the Predictability of Boreal Summer and Winter Intraseasonal Oscillations from Observations
Authors: Ding Ruiqiang , Li Jianping , Seo Kyong-Hwan
Published: March 2011

Tropical intraseasonal variability (TISV) shows two dominant modes: the boreal winter Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO). The two modes differ in intensity, frequency, and movement, thereby presumably indicating different predictabilities. This paper investigates differences in the predictability limits of the BSISO and the boreal winter MJO based on observational data. The results show that the potential predictability limit of the BSISO obtained from bandpass-filtered (30–80 days) outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), 850-hPa winds, and 200-hPa velocity potential is close to 5 weeks, comparable to that of the boreal winter MJO. Despite the similarity between the potential predictability limits of the BSISO and MJO, the spatial distribution of the potential predictability limit of the TISV during summer is very different from that during winter. During summer, the limit is relatively low over regions where the TISV is most active, whereas it is relatively high over the North Pacific, North Atlantic, southern Africa, and South America. The spatial distribution of the limit during winter is approximately the opposite of that during summer. For strong phases of ISO convection, the initial error of the BSISO shows a more rapid growth than that of the MJO. The error growth is rapid when the BSISO and MJO enter the decaying phase (when ISO signals are weak), whereas it is slow when convection anomalies of the BSISO and MJO are located in upstream regions (when ISO signals are strong).
Incest Avoidance: Oedipal and Preoedipal, Natural and Cultural
Authors: Paul Robert A.
Published: March 2011

Why do most people experience a subjective aversion to the idea of incestuous sexual relations? To help answer this question, recent strands of thinking in both cultural and evolutionary anthropology are considered together with psychoanalytic theories regarding incest avoidance. Coevolutionary theories that propose ways to think about genetic and cultural inheritance as partially independent of each other, evolutionary arguments about the reproductive advantages of incest avoidance, structuralist theory arguing for a kind of incest aversion unrelated to any possible Darwinian selective advantage, and other trends in biosocial research into the origins of the incest avoidance are considered. Finally, a synthesis is proposed that seeks to expand our understanding of the oedipal and preoedipal dynamics of the aversion as these are conceptualized in psychoanalytic theory.
The Singularity of Being: Lacan and the Immortal Within
Authors: Ruti Mari
Published: March 2011

Drawing on the work of Eric Santner, Slavoj Žižek, and Alenka Zupančič, this paper constructs a theory of subjective singularity from a Lacanian perspective. It argues that, unlike the “subject” (who comes into existence as a result of symbolic prohibition), or the “person” (who is aligned with the narcissistic conceits of the imaginary), the singular self emerges in response to a galvanizing directive arising from the real. This directive summons the individual to a “character” beyond his or her social and intersubjective investments. Consequently, singularity expresses the individual’s nonnegotiable distinctiveness, eccentricity, or idiosyncrasy at the same time as it prevents both symbolic and imaginary closure. It opens to layers of rebelliousness that indicate that there are components of human life that exceed the realm of normative sociality. Indeed, insofar as singularity articulates something about the “undead” pulse of jouissance, it connects the individual to a paradoxical kind of immortality. This does not mean that the individual will not die, but rather that he or she is capable of “transcendent” experiences, such as heightened states of creativity, that (always momentarily) reach “outside” the parameters of mortal life. Such experiences allow the individual to feel “real” in ways that fend off symbolic abduction and psychic death.
Toward Developing a Scale to Empirically Measure Psychotic Defense Mechanisms
Authors: Constantinides Prometheas , Beck Stephen M.
Published: March 2011

In recent years, research on psychological processes has greatly advanced our understanding of various psychopathologies. Defense mechanisms, for example, have been described as observable phenomena, and studies have shown meaningful relationships among these processes and other measurable dimensions of health and illness. Despite some notable exceptions, one area that has been overlooked is the empirical study of defenses in psychotic disorders. This is in part due to the lack of valid instruments measuring psychotic-level defenses. Propadeutic to creating an empirical scale for measuring psychotic defenses, the psychoanalytic and empirical literature on psychotic defenses is reviewed, after which the concept of psychotic defenses as measured by the P-DMRS (Psychotic-Defense Mechanism Rating Scales)—which can be used independently or in combination with the current DMRS (Defense Mechanism Rating Scales)—is operationalized. Finally, current research directions applying the P-DMRS to the clinical setting are presented, as well as its implications for guiding current clinical practice.
Mind the Gap: Revisioning Organization Development as Pragmatic Reconstruction
Authors: Hutton Chris , Liefooghe Andreas
Published: March 2011

This article identifies the possibilities for a revisioning of organization development (OD) in light of a resurgent debate within both OD and the wider field of organization studies. Scholar— practitioner, theory— practice, and relevance— rigor are terms within the debate that indicate what are seen as the challenges. In the context of this debate, the authors review the theory and practice of New OD and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) both as sources of insights into approaches to OD and organizational change and as pointers to the gaps along the way of seeking to address these challenges. The authors discuss what else can be learned from approaches that are based on concepts of organization practice. In light of this understanding, the authors argue for a revisioning of OD as a process of engaged inquiry that changes organizations by changing their practices.
Does Practice-Based Research on Strategy Lead to Practically Relevant Knowledge? Implications of a Bourdieusian Perspective
Authors: Splitter Violetta , Seidl David
Published: March 2011

It has often been argued by scholars adopting a practice approach that by focusing on “what people do in relation to strategy” their research would be particularly relevant to practitioners. In response to this assumption, this article draws on a Bourdieusian perspective to argue that most practice-based strategy scholars are unaware of their inevitably “scholastic view” which is the cause for the gap between strategy research and praxis. This unawareness leads to two related fallacies: epistemic doxa and scholastic ethnocentrism. In order to avoid these fallacies, strategy researchers need to develop a particular kind of reflexivity by engaging in what is known as “participant objectivation.” This enables the researcher to generate rigorous research that is conceptually relevant to practitioners—without dissolving the necessary differentiation between strategy research and praxis.
A Major Gene Effect Controls Resistance to Caries
Authors: Werneck R.I. , Lázaro F.P. , Cobat A. , Grant A.V. , Xavier M.B. , Abel L. , Alcaïs A. , Trevilatto P.C. , Mira M.T.
Published: March 2011

Despite recent advances revealing genetic factors influencing caries susceptibility, questions regarding the model of inheritance involved are yet to be addressed. We conducted a Complex Segregation Analysis on decayed teeth in a sample of homogenous, isolated families recruited from the Brazilian Amazon. A dominant, major gene effect controlling resistance to phenotype was detected. The frequency of the resistance allele “A” was 0.63; mean numbers of decayed teeth were 1.53 and 9.53 for genotypes AA/AB and BB, respectively. These results represent a step toward a description of the exact nature of the genetic risk factors controlling human susceptibility to caries.
Characterizing the performance of a single-layer fabric system through a heat and mass transfer model - Part II: Thermal and evaporative resistances
Authors: Dan Ding  , Tian Tang  , Guowen Song  , McDonald André
Published: March 2011

In Part I of this work, a heat and mass transfer model was developed to calculate the thermal and evaporative resistances of a single-layer fabric system. Using this model, the effects of environmental conditions, air gap, and material properties on the thermal and evaporative resistances have now been studied. The thickness of the air gap and that of the fabric layer were shown to contribute significantly to both the thermal resistance and evaporative resistance. The occurrence of natural convection in the air gap can cause decreases in thermal and evaporative resistances, and needs to be considered to determine the optimal air gap thickness. The porosity of the fabric layer has a distinct effect on the two resistances, and is an excellent property to help achieve both thermal protection and comfort. This work provides the fundamental basis for the optimization of garment fit and material properties to achieve good performance of the clothing system.
How Consistent Are Class Size Effects?
Authors: Konstantopoulos Spyros
Published: March 2011

Thus far researchers have focused on computing average differences in student achievement between smaller and larger classes. In this study, the author focus on the distribution of the small class effects at the school level and compute the inconsistency of the small class effects across schools. The author use data from Project STAR to estimate small class effects for each school on mathematics and reading scores from kindergarten through third grade. Then, all school estimates were combined to calculate an overall weighted average. The results revealed that a large proportion of the school-specific small class effects are positive, while a smaller proportion of the estimates are negative. Although students benefit considerably from being in small classes in many schools, in other schools being in small classes is either not beneficial or is a disadvantage. Small class effects were inconsistent and varied significantly across schools in all grades indicating a small class by school interaction.
Laser Stapedotomy Minus Prosthesis
Authors: Silverstein Herbert , Van Ess Mark J. , Alameda Yadiel A.
Published: March 2011

Objective

To evaluate long‐term hearing results following laser stapedotomy minus prosthesis (laser STAMP).

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Otologic referral center.

Subjects and Methods

From April 1995 to April 2009, 74 adult patients (77 ears; consecutive cases) underwent primary laser STAMP for otosclerosis limited to the fissula ante fenestram. Pure‐tone air, bone conduction thresholds, and word discrimination scores were obtained preoperatively, 1 month postoperatively, and yearly thereafter.

Results

One‐year minimum follow‐up data were available for 43 patients (44 ears; nonconsecutive cases). The average air‐bone gap (ABG) was closed from a mean of 23 dB to 6 dB at 6 weeks postoperatively. At a median of 33 (lower quartile, 20; upper quartile 46; range, 12‐140) months postoperatively, the mean ABG was 7 dB, indicating little evidence of refixation. Seven of 77 patients (9%) underwent revision surgery with stapedotomy and placement of prosthesis with good results. Four patients (5%) were revised within 1 year for other problems unrelated to stapes refixation. Refixation was noted in 3 patients (4%) undergoing revision surgery. Two of these patients (3%) were revised within 1 year, and 1 patient (1%) was revised after 12 years.

Conclusions

The laser STAMP is a minimally invasive procedure resulting in stable long‐term hearing improvement in those patients available for long‐term follow‐up. Success depends on proper candidate selection of patients with accessible anatomy and minimal otosclerosis confined to the fissula ante fenestram. Advantages of this procedure include preservation of stapes anatomy and stable long‐term, high‐frequency hearing improvement.
Medical and Surgical Interventions for Hearing Loss Associated with Congenital Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Shin Jennifer J. , Keamy Donald G. , Steinberg Evan A.
Published: March 2011

Background

Hearing loss associated with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection occurs in 0.2 to 0.6 per 1000 neonates.

Objective

The primary goal of this systemic review was to test the following null hypotheses: (1) antiviral therapy has no impact on congenital CMV‐related sensorineural hearing loss and (2) surgical therapy has no impact on congenital CMV‐related sensorineural hearing loss.

Data Sources

Computerized searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases through September 2010 were performed, supplemented with manual searches and inquiries to topic experts.

Review Methods

Studies were included based on review of 387 studies according to criteria developed a priori. Data extraction was performed by independent reviewers and focused on relevant audiologic measurements, study designs, and potential confounders.

Results

Criterion‐meeting studies (n = 19) included a total of 446 participants. The largest randomized controlled trial (RCT) suggested a significant protective effect of intravenous ganciclovir against deterioration of hearing in neonates with central nervous system manifestations of CMV infection. It also, however, suggested a 3‐fold increase in neutropenia. The second RCT suggested that there may be no significant benefit of intravenous ganciclovir for normal‐hearing infants with asymptomatic congenital CMV. Additional prospective and retrospective data evaluated the impact of oral therapy and cochlear implantation in affected patients.

Conclusion

Although results are mixed, the highest level of evidence suggests that antiviral therapy confers a protective benefit on neonates with hearing loss and symptomatic CMV. Cochlear implantation can result in advancement of speech and language skills, but there are mixed results compared with non–CMV‐infected patients.
What Are Thyroidectomy Patients Really Concerned About?
Authors: Abdul‐Sater Lara , Henry Melissa , Majdan Agnieszka , Mijovic Tamara , Franklin Jason H. , Brandt Michael G. , Black Martin J. , Hier Michael P. , Payne Richard J.
Published: March 2011

Objective

To better appreciate perioperative concerns affecting patients considering thyroidectomy and to understand how they may vary according to patient characteristics.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional analysis.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Subjects and Methods

The authors recruited patients scheduled for thyroid surgery at the McGill University Thyroid Cancer Center. A total of 148 patients completed the 18‐item Western Surgical Concern Inventory–Thyroid (WSCI‐T) questionnaire. Psychometrics of the WSCI‐T were assessed through a principal component analysis with varimax rotation and reliability analyses. Independent‐samples t tests and 2‐tailed Pearson correlations were ran, identifying areas of elevated concerns and their relationship to gender, age, and surgical procedure (total vs hemithyroidectomy).

Results

The principal component analysis revealed the presence of 3 domains of presurgical concerns on the WSCI‐T: Surgery‐Related Concerns, Psychosocial Concerns, and Daily‐Living Concerns. Reliability coefficients for the WSCI‐T Total and subscales were satisfactory. Responses on the WSCI‐T indicated on average a moderate overall level of concerns before thyroidectomy. Surgery‐Related Concerns was the highest domain of concerns, followed by Daily‐Living and Psychosocial Concerns, respectively. Patients were mainly worried about the nodule being cancerous, experiencing a change in voice, and surgical complications. Areas of minor concern included being judged or treated differently, becoming depressed, and feeling embarrassed. Women had higher overall levels of concern than men did. Although there were no significant differences in overall levels of concern according to age and surgical procedure, differences were noted at a subscale and item level.

Conclusion

This study establishes a mean that will permit adequate physician counseling and a better management of patients’ perioperative worries.
Efficacy of the Combination of Intraoperative Cold Saline‐Soaked Gauze Compression and Corticosteroids on Rhinoplasty Morbidity
Authors: Taskin Umit , Yigit Ozgur , Bilici Suat , Kuvat Samet Vasfi , Sisman Ayse Sezim , Celebi Saban
Published: March 2011

Objective

The basic aim of this study was to minimize intraoperative bleeding, postoperative eyelid edema, and periorbital ecchymosis and to reduce morbidity with a combination of cold saline‐soaked gauze compression and intraoperative single‐dose corticosteroids.

Study Design

The study was designed as a prospective, double‐blind, randomized controlled study. Three hundred patients who underwent septorhinoplasty were included.

Setting

A tertiary referral hospital in Turkey.

Subjects and Methods

Three hundred patients undergoing septorhinoplasty were divided into 2 groups. A single dose of 10 mg dexamethasone was intravenously administered in all cases at the beginning of the operation. In the study group, the nasal dorsum was continuously compressed with cold saline‐soaked gauze during the operation. In the control group, the nasal dorsum was compressed with dry gauze continuously during surgery. The operation time and amount of bleeding were recorded during surgery. Degree of eyelid edema and periorbital soft tissue ecchymosis was recorded at 24 hours and on postoperative days 2, 3, 5, and 7 by 2 investigators.

Results

The operation time was significantly shorter in the study group than in the control group. Eyelid edema and periorbital ecchymosis were significantly decreased in the study group at the following postoperative days 1, 3, 5, and 7 (P <. 05).

Conclusion

Bleeding, edema, and ecchymosis are the main morbidities of rhinoplasty. It is highly probable that cold compression and intraoperative corticosteroids have synergistic effects on these morbidities, especially by the intraoperative control of bleeding.
Human Papillomavirus in Metastatic Lymph Nodes from Unknown Primary Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Compton Andrew M. , Moore‐Medlin Tara , Herman‐Ferdinandez Lilantha , Clark Cheryl , Caldito Gloria C. , Wang Xiaohong Iris , Thomas Jaiyeola , Abreo Fleurette W. , Nathan Cherie‐Ann O.
Published: March 2011

Objective

Determine human papillomavirus (HPV) incidence in unknown primary squamous cell carcinomas (SCCa) of the head and neck and assess if HPV status influenced survival.

Study Design

Historical cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary care center.

Subjects

Patients with unknown primary SCCa despite a complete workup who underwent neck dissection or excisional biopsy and postoperative comprehensive ± chemoradiotherapy between 2002 and 2009.

Methods

HPV fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and p16INK4a immunohistochemistry (p16 IHC) were performed. Results were compared with survival, age, race, gender, tobacco use, alcohol use, and nodal stage.

Results

Twenty‐five patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 88% were >10 pack year tobacco users. Twenty‐eight percent were HPV positive defined by both p16+ and FISH+. Five‐year overall survival was 66.7% in HPV‐positive and 48.5% in HPV‐negative patients (P =. 35). Similarly, 5‐year disease‐free survival rates were 66.7% in HPV‐positive and 48.5% in HPV‐negative patients (P =. 54). All 3 HPV‐positive nonsmokers were survivors, but this was not significant because of the small sample size (P >. 05). No other characteristics were associated with survival (P >. 05).

Conclusion

Twenty‐eight percent of metastatic lymph nodes from occult primary tumors were HPV positive. There was no survival difference associated with HPV status. Most of the HPV‐positive patients in this study were tobacco users who had similar survival to HPV‐negative patients, so caution should be used in interpreting HPV status in these patients.
Neurobiological Determinism
Authors: Urbaniok Frank , Laubacher Arja , Hardegger Judith , Rossegger Astrid , Endrass Jérôme , Moskvitin Konstantin
Published: March 2011

Several authors have argued that criminal behavior is generally caused by neurobiological deficits. This assumption not only questions the concept of free will and a person’s responsibility for his or her own actions but also the principle of guilt in criminal law. When critically examining the current state of research, it becomes apparent that the results are not sufficient to support the existence of a universally valid neurobiological causality of criminal behavior. Moreover, the assumption of total neurobiological determination of human behavior and the impossibility of individual responsibility are characterized by both faulty empiricism and methodical misconceptions. The principle of relative determinism and the analysis of the offender’s behavior at the time of the offense thus remain the central and cogent approach to the assessment of criminal responsibility.
The Effectiveness of Interactive Journaling in Reducing Recidivism Among Substance-Dependent Jail Inmates
Authors: Proctor Steven L. , Hoffmann Norman G. , Allison Steve
Published: March 2011

The present study sought to evaluate the influence of interactive journaling on criminal recidivism and identify significant predictors of recidivism among a sample of 183 male inmates incarcerated in a local jail facility randomly assigned to either an interactive journaling condition or a control group. All participants met DSM-IV-TR criteria for substance dependence, had their current offense indicate substance involvement, and had a minimum of one previous arrest in the prior 12 months. The recidivism rate (51%), in terms of subsequent bookings within a 12-month period, for the journaling group was significantly lower than the recidivism rate (66%) for the control group, χ2(1, 183) = 4.13, p < .05. The three most significant independent predictors of subsequent bookings were severity of posttraumatic stress disorder, group assignment (journaling vs. placebo), and employment status. Interactive journaling appears to show promise as a brief treatment intervention strategy for substance dependence in local jail settings and may have the potential for reducing recidivism.
Individual-Level Risk Factors for Gun Victimization in a Sample of Probationers
Authors: Wells William , Chermak Steven
Published: March 2011

Interventions aimed at preventing the important problem of gun injuries could be improved with an understanding of whether there are unique factors that place individuals at an increased risk of gun victimization. Much remains to be known about the victims of gun violence. The purpose of this article is to assess whether there are individual-level variables uniquely related to the likelihood of experiencing a gun victimization in a sample of probationers, individuals already at a heightened risk for criminal victimization. Self-report data were collected from 235 felony probationers about, for instance, gun and nongun victimization, gang involvement, and drug sales. Results show different variables are related to nongun victimization and gun victimization. In the current sample, involvement in gun crimes are linked to an increased risk of gun victimization. Violent offending and residential stability are associated with an increased chance of crime victimization.
The Importance of Self-Beliefs on Relational Aggression of College Students
Authors: Weber Dana , Robinson Kurpius Sharon
Published: March 2011

This study examined the interrelationships among mattering to friends, self-esteem, spirituality, and perpetration of relational aggression in friendships among 457 college students. While the three self-belief variables were positively related to each other, only spirituality and mattering to friends discriminated between men and women. Women reported higher spirituality and mattering to friends, and men reported slightly higher self-esteem. Perpetration of relational aggression was negatively related to mattering to friends and self-esteem and was not related to spirituality. Findings are discussed in light of Erikson’s theory of adolescent development and Gilligan’s theory of interpersonal relationships.
Attitudes Toward Police Response to Domestic Violence
Authors: Sun Ivan Y. , Su Mingyue , Wu Yuning
Published: March 2011

Domestic violence has emerged as a worldwide concern since the 1970s. Although a substantial amount of efforts have been devoted to assessing various aspects of domestic violence, a relatively small number of studies have empirically examined factors that shape public attitudes toward police response to such incidents. Even rarer is investigating the topic from an international, comparative perspective. Based on survey data gathered from approximately 550 college students in China and the United States, this study analyzes the effects of background characteristics, personal and vicarious experiences of crime, and perceptions of gender roles and violence on attitudes toward proactive and traditional police response to domestic violence. Compared to their American counterparts, Chinese students were less likely to favor proactive response and more likely to support traditional response. Chinese and American students’ attitudes toward police response to domestic violence were shaped by some different and common factors. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
Commentary on Foubert, Godin, & Tatum (2010)
Authors: Tharp Andra Teten , DeGue Sarah , Lang Karen , Valle Linda Anne , Massetti Greta , Holt Melissa , Matjasko Jennifer
Published: March 2011

Foubert, Godin, and Tatum describe qualitative effects among college men of The Men’s Program, a one-session sexual violence prevention program. This article and the program it describes are representative of many sexual violence prevention programs that are in practice and provide an opportunity for a brief discussion of the development and evaluation of sexual violence prevention approaches. In this commentary, we will focus on two considerations for an evolving field: the adherence to the principles of prevention and the use of rigorous evaluation methods to demonstrate effectiveness. We argue that the problem of sexual violence has created urgency for effective prevention programs and that scientific and prevention standards provide the best foundation to meet this need.
Intimate Violence Among Underrepresented Groups on a College Campus
Authors: Porter Judy , Williams LaVerne McQuiller
Published: March 2011

Rape, sexual violence, psychological violence, and physical violence, among college students have been a concern. Lifetime events are often studied but not violence that specifically transpires while one is in college. Underrepresented groups such as Deaf and Hard of Hearing students, students who are gay, lesbian, and bisexual, and students who are members of racial and ethnic minorities have not been studied as extensively as White, heterosexual females. The authors used several measures to investigate the incidence of sexual violence, physical and psychological abuse among underrepresented groups in a random sample of 1,028 college students at a private, northeastern, technological campus in upstate New York, United States and analyzed victimization rates by gender, race/ethnicity, auditory status, and sexual orientation. Binary logistic regression analyses found that statistically significant differences are likely to exist between members of underrepresented groups and groups in the majority. The study found statistically significant associations between Deaf and Hard of Hearing students and students who were gay, lesbian, bisexual, or other sexual orientation with psychological abuse and physical abuse. Racial and ethnic minorities and gay, lesbian, bisexual, and other sexual orientation students were significantly more at risk for sexual abuse. Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and other sexual orientation students, students who were members of a racial or ethnic minority, and female students were significantly more likely to be raped. Female heterosexual students were more likely to be the victim of an attempted rape. Suggestions for further research and policy implications are provided.