bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Institute of Plea Bargain: Features of Legal Regulation
Authors: Demko Olga S. , Kolesnikova Valerya N. , Lesnikov Gennadij Yu. , Malimon Lyudmila A. , Spektor Lyudmila A.
Published: August 2017

The analysis of plea bargain criminal procedural institute in the prism of its legislative regulation development was carried out. It was concluded that the term "plea bargain" is expressed legally in the terms "agreement on pleading guilty", "the confession of guilt", "plea bargain", "request of one of the parties", "pre-trial cooperation agreement", and "conclusion of an agreement". With the legalization of the plea bargain institution, a sovereign approach is presented by the individual countries of North America, Europe, the post-Soviet space, based on legal and social realities.
ÁREA DE PRESERVAÇÃO PERMANENTE DE UM RIO E ANÁLISE DA LEGISLAÇÃO DE PROTEÇÃO DA VEGETAÇÃO NATIVA
Authors: Campagnolo Karla , Silveira Geraldo Lopes da , Miola Alessandro Carvalho , Silva Regis Leandro Lopes da
Published: August 2017

O Novo Código Florestal Brasileiro (NCF), que revoga a Lei n. 4.771/1965, antigo Código Florestal (ACF), regulamenta a definição de Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) das faixas marginais dos cursos d’água, sendo que atualmente sua delimitação deve ser feita a partir da borda da calha do leito regular (LR), diferentemente do ACF, que indicava o início da faixa de APP a partir do leito maior hidrológico (LMH) do rio. Objetivou-se comparar a aplicação no NCF em faixa ciliar de rio, frente ao antigo Código, bem como a diferença entre os mesmos, em uma bacia tipicamente rural. Utilizou-se como estudo de caso o Arroio Grande, definindo-se a extensão do LR, do LMH e respectiva faixa de APP, formando assim, a Faixa de Proteção Permanente (FPP). Dentro de cada faixa de proteção, foi realizada a análise do uso do solo e as dificuldades mais comuns encontradas para delimitação do leito definidor da APP. Por meio dos mapas obtidos, a APP do Arroio Grande deve ser de 50 metros a partir da calha do LR, que se trata da calha delimitada do rio, incluídas as praias e ilhas fluviais. O NCF traz como contribuição permitir aos proprietários a adequação das áreas degradadas com uma faixa menor de preservação e facilitar a definição do LR por meio de imagens de satélite.  Assim, podem-se comparar as legislações através dos mapas e concluir que o NCF trouxe alguns avanços, como a facilidade na demarcação da APP, mas é mais brando em relação ao tamanho de área protegida.
FITOSSOCIOLOGIA DA VEGETAÇÃO ARBÓREA DO PARQUE NACIONAL DO IGUAÇU
Authors: Souza Ronan Felipe de , Machado Sebastião do Amaral , Galvão Franklin , Figueiredo Filho Afonso
Published: August 2017

Fitossociologia da Vegetação Arbórea do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu - O Parque Nacional do Iguaçu está inserido no Bioma Mata Atlântica, sendo considerado o maior Parque extra-amazônico brasileiro. Apesar de sua importância e expressiva área de superfície florestal, poucos são os estudos científicos relacionados à sua vegetação. Com o objetivo de atender esta demanda foi realizado inventário fitossociológico da vegetação arbórea por meio de parcelas instaladas em diferentes condições ambientais, buscando a máxima representatividade ambiental possível. Na classificação da vegetação por meio da TWINSPAN as florestas foram separadas inicialmente em ambientes montanos e submontanos. Uma região de transição entre as florestas estacionais e ombrófilas foi observada no ambiente montano, com altitude acima de 700 m. A Floresta Estacional Montana foi observada em altitudes entre 600 a 700 m e a Floresta Estacional Submontana, imediatamente abaixo, foi separada em duas subformações devido às variações fisionômicas regidas pela geomorfologia e variabilidade hídrica existente. A vegetação arbórea do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu é, de acordo com os resultados encontrados, um remanescente de grande relevância para a preservação das espécies florestais no sul do Brasil, entre as quais, se destacam Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll. Arg., Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, Euterpe edulis Mart. e Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.
USO DO MÉTODO DA PREDIÇÃO DE PARÂMETROS PARA PROJETAR A DISTRIBUIÇÃO DIAMÉTRICA EM FLORESTAS NATIVAS COM A FUNÇÃO WEIBULL
Authors: Orellana Enrique , Figueiredo Filho Afonso
Published: August 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar o método da Predição dos Parâmetros da função Weibull 3P (Três Parâmetros) para a projeção da distribuição diamétrica de um Fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, comparando os resultados com projeções geradas pelos métodos Matriz de Transição e Razão de Movimentos. Os dados são oriundos de 100 parcelas permanentes de 2.500 m² (50 m x 50 m) instaladas na Floresta Nacional de Irati, Estado do Paraná e medidas nos anos de 2002, 2005, 2008 e 2011. Para o método da Predição dos Parâmetros foram ajustados modelos (pelo método stepwise) para projeção de 3, 6 e 9 anos cujas variáveis dependentes foram os parâmetros da função Weibull 3P b e c (o parâmetro a foi fixado em 10,02 cm, correspondente ao valor do diâmetro mínimo mensurado) e como variáveis independentes foram testadas o N.ha-1, G.ha-1, dg, dmin, diâmetros percentis (dP), dmax e suas transformações (inversa, logarítmica e quadrática). Um modelo de sobrevivência foi ajustado para projetar o número de árvores. As projeções obtidas pelo método da Predição dos Parâmetros para 2008 e 2011 foram comparadas com as projeções geradas pelos métodos da Matriz de Transição e Razão de Movimento utilizando-se o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) e o Índice de Reynolds (IR). O desempenho dos ajustes dos modelos foi avaliado pelo índice de Schlaegel (IA) e o erro padrão de estimativa em percentagem (SYX%). Os resultados indicaram bons ajustes para o método da Predição dos Parâmetros da função Weibull. Na comparação com o da Matriz de Transição e Razão de Movimento, o método testado apresentou os melhores resultados de acordo com o teste K-S, porém de acordo com IR, a melhor performance foi verificada pelo método da Matriz da Transição. Nos três métodos analisados houve aderência entre distribuições observadas e estimadas de acordo com o teste K-S.
Construction Engineering Management and its Assessment System Based on Green Building Methods
Authors: Chen Yongxia
Published: August 2017

In recent years, the construction industry has been searching for intra-industry development methods, developing new technologies as well as introducing new equipment and environment-friendly materials, etc., and the arising of green buildings has brought new opportunities to the development of construction industry. Therefore, this study was designed to analyze the engineering management system of green buildings, as well as explore the development mode, engineering design evaluation and construction management methods in the management of green buildings. The development of construction engineering is connected with the multiple relations among the government, developers and consumers. The government restrains behaviors of developers through policy control, thus to promote development activities. However, market promotion should be based on consumers’ demand and purchase intension. Therefore, according to the game analysis between the government and developers, this study discussed the development management mechanism of construction engineering; combining with the development status of Chinese construction industry, four kinds of designing schemes of construction engineering were established, and the optimal scheme was selected according to the evaluation criteria of engineering construction products, thus to lower the construction costs; finally, based on the static game analysis of incomplete information of contractors, the choice mechanism of green construction contractors was put forward.
Statistical Optimization of the Production of alpha-Amylase from Bacillus licheniformis MTCC 1483 Using Paddy Straw as Substrate
Authors: Kaur Palki Sahib , Kaur Sukhjeet , Kaur Hardish , Sondhi Sonica
Published: August 2017

?-Amylase has been in increasing demand in industries due to its hydrolytic nature. Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a cost effective method for increasing the enzyme production. In the present study, amylase from Bacillus licheniformis MTCC 1483 was produced in large quantity by solid state fermentation using paddy straw as substrate. Response surface methodology is a useful tool for optimizing many parameters at a time and is used for increasing the amylase production. 8523 IUg-1 of enzyme activity was obtained under optimized conditions which lead to 35 fold increase in the yield of amylase from unoptimized condition.
Product Hopping
Authors: Carrier Michael
Published: August 2017

One of the most pressing issues in antitrust law involves “product hopping.” A brand-name pharmaceutical company switches from one version of a drug (say, capsule) to another (say, tablet). The concern with this conduct is that some of these switches offer only a trivial medical benefit but significantly impair generic competition.The antitrust analysis of product hopping is nuanced. In the U.S., it implicates the intersection of antitrust law, patent law, the Hatch-Waxman Act, and state drug product selection laws. In fact, the behavior is even more complex because it involves uniquely complicated markets characterized by buyers (insurance companies, patients) who are different from the decision-makers (physicians).This article introduces the relevant U.S. laws and regulatory frameworks before exploring the five litigated cases.
Psychological functions of semiotic borders in sense-making: Liminality of narrative processes
Authors: De Luca Picione Raffaele , Valsiner Jaan
Published: August 2017

In this paper we discuss the semiotic functions of the psychological borders that structure the flow of narrative processes. Each narration is always a contextual, situated and contingent process of sensemaking, made possible by the creation of borders, such as dynamic semiotic devices that are capable of connecting the past and the future, the inside and the outside, and the me with the non-me. Borders enable us to narratively construct one’s own experiences using three inherent processes: contextualization, intersubjective positioning and setting of pertinence. The narrative process – as a subjective articulation of signs in a contingent social context – involves several functions of semiotic borders: separation, differentiation, distinction-making, connection, articulation and relation-enabling. The relevant psychological aspect highlighted here is that a border is a semiotic device which is required for both maintaining stability and inducing transformation at the same time. The peculiar dynamics and the semiotic structure of borders generate a liminal space, which is characterized by instability, by a blurred space-time distinction and by ambiguities in the semantic and syntactic processes of sensemaking. The psychological processes that occur in liminal space are strongly affectively loaded, yet it is exactly the setting and activation of liminality processes that lead to novelty and creativity and enable the creation of new narrative forms.
Mindfulness-based treatment for Bipolar Disorder: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Bojic Sanja , Becerra Rodrigo
Published: August 2017

Despite the increasing number of studies examining the effects of mindfulness interventions on symptoms associated with Bipolar Disorder (BD), the effectiveness of this type of interventions remains unclear. The aim of the present systematic review was to (i) critically review all available evidence on Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) as a form of intervention for BD; (ii) discuss clinical implications of MBCT in treating patients with BD; and (iii) provide a direction for future research. The review presents findings from 13 studies (N = 429) that fulfilled the following selection criteria: (i) included BD patients; (ii) presented results separately for BD patients and control groups (where a control group was available); (iii) implemented MBCT intervention; (iv) were published in English; (v) were published in a peer reviewed journal; and (vi) reported results for adult participants. Although derived from a relatively small number of studies, results from the present review suggest that MBCT is a promising treatment in BD in conjunction with pharmacotherapy. MBCT in BD is associated with improvements in cognitive functioning and emotional regulation, reduction in symptoms of anxiety depression and mania symptoms (when participants had residual manic symptoms prior to MBCT). These, treatment gains were maintained at 12 month follow up when mindfulness was practiced for at least 3 days per week or booster sessions were included. Additionally, the present review outlined some limitations of the current literature on MBCT interventions in BD, including small study sample sizes, lack of active control groups and idiosyncratic modifications to the MBCT intervention across studies. Suggestions for future research included focusing on factors underlying treatment adherence and understanding possible adverse effects of MBCT, which could be of crucial clinical importance.
Plant Upgrade Optimizes Grit Removal
Authors: Herrick Pat , Sherony Marcia
Published: August 2017

High‐performance grit removal technology improved wastewater treatment plant performance for a growing Great Plains city.
Duplicité ethnographique dans un dispositif thérapeutique d’accueil de demandeurs d’asile
Authors: Grin Claude
Published: August 2017

En février 2015, la Cour internationale de justice a rendu sa décision sur les deux plaintes déposées, l’une par la Croatie et l’autre par la Serbie, s’accusant l’une et l’autre d’avoir perpétré un génocide à l’encontre de leurs populations durant les guerres qui les opposèrent de 1991 à 1995. La Cour internationale de justice déclara qu’aucune des deux entités n’avait commis de génocide. Ces décisions me poussèrent à reprendre une recherche commencée en 1997 et intitulée « Migrants et réseaux de soins : pour une adaptation interculturelle ». Celle-ci était placée sous la direction de l’Université de Lausanne (Suisse). Cette étude avait pour objectif d’évaluer les effets induits par l’introduction, pour des patients non francophones, de traductions simultanées pendant les consultations médicales ou psychologiques. Or le protocole initial fut bouleversé par l’arrivée dans les consultations de demandeurs d’asile politique fuyant les zones de guerres fratricides des pays de l’ex-Yougoslavie. L’arrivée de ces requérants d’asile provoqua un basculement épistémologique de l’enquête. « Les gens de la guerre », comme ils furent nommés, n’étaient pas seulement des migrants mais des « Autres » (avec un A majuscule), porteurs de stigmates de violences indicibles, ils représentaient l’altérité absolue. Mon activité ethnographique, à travers le suivi régulier et quotidien des consultations pendant huit mois, fut pour moi particulièrement éprouvante. Effectuer, en 2015, un retour sur cette expérience existentielle et sur l’activité ethnographique qui en a résulté m’a incité à repenser la place de l’anthropologue et de l’anthropologie et leur apport à la compréhension globale de telles situations extrêmes, nécessairement labiles et éphémères.
Le théâtre-forum comme outil de recherche et d’intervention par et pour les jeunes issus de l’immigration
Authors: Bourassa-Dansereau Caterine
Published: August 2017

Nous montrons dans cet article comment le théâtre-forum peut devenir un outil de recherche et d’intervention auprès des jeunes issus de l’immigration. Plus spécifiquement, nous présentons différents « actes à poser » qui répondent aux enjeux liés à la reconnaissance et à l’expression de la complexité identitaire des jeunes en contexte de diversité. Pour ce faire, notre réflexion s’effectue en trois temps : après la présentation sommaire du théâtre-forum, nous montrons premièrement l’importance et les apports de ce type d’intervention en ce qui a trait aux actes posés par les jeunes eux-mêmes et associés à leur prise de parole, au développement d’un regard réflexif et à la conscientisation individuelle et collective. Nous soulignons comment ces actes s’articulent aux particularités de la recherche et de l’intervention auprès des jeunes issus de l’immigration. Dans un deuxième temps, nous illustrons ces actes grâce à une démarche de théâtre participatif particulière, ModÉgalité, dans laquelle le théâtre-forum a été utilisé comme outil principal d’intervention. Cette recherche-action a été menée auprès de jeunes adultes montréalais de 16 à 22 ans issus de l’immigration et portait sur leurs perceptions de l’égalité entre les femmes et les hommes. Ces exemples concrets nous permettent non seulement d’illustrer les actes posés par ces jeunes mais aussi d’aborder les actes à poser par les intervenants dans ce contexte. Nous soumettons finalement au lecteur nos réflexions concernant les défis liés à ces actes d’intervention lors de la mise en place d’une démarche mobilisant le théâtre-forum, notamment auprès des jeunes issus de l’immigration. En définitive, cet article met en lumière comment les « actes à poser » associés au théâtre-forum amènent à ne plus penser, parler et agir au nom des jeunes issus de l’immigration, mais plutôt par et pour ceux-ci.
L’ethnicité, l’intervention et l’interculturalité
Authors: Rhéaume Jacques
Published: August 2017

Nous présentons, à partir de quelques éléments de recherche sur les pratiques d'intervention et l'examen de la littérature sur l'interculturalité, une grille conceptuelle visant à articuler l'intervention comme pratique sociale et le contexte de pluriethnicité. Cette représentation schématique permet de poser plusieurs enjeux majeurs dans les rapports entre la pratique professionnelle, en particulier dans le domaine de la santé et des services sociaux, et l'ethnicité : les tensions entre des positions universalisantes et les particularités des différences culturelles et les tensions entre les politiques gouvernementales, celles des organisations, des institutions, des milieux de vie et la prise en compte de ces différences. Saisie dans une dynamique évolutive, l'interculturalité comme forme spécifique d'interaction sociale permet de jeter un regard critique sur d'autres stratégies d'interaction fréquentes dans la pratique et les rapports de pouvoir toujours présents dans les liens établis entre intervenants et interlocuteurs (usagers, patients, collaborateurs) d'une autre culture. Dans tous les cas, la rencontre de cultures différentes est une condition fondamentale de la qualité du vivre ensemble. L'agir professionnel est une des voies privilégiées pour favoriser cette rencontre, et l'un des lieux instituant de l'action sociale.
In memoriam : Gustav Jahoda
Authors: Dasen Pierre , Vermes Geneviève
Published: August 2017

Gustav Jahoda, pionnier de la recherche interculturelle comparative et fin critique des sources de notre savoir contemporain, est décédé le 12 décembre 2016 à l’âge de 96 ans. Cet article lui rend hommage.
Principles of cellular resource allocation revealed by condition-dependent proteome profiling
Authors: Metzl-Raz Eyal , Kafri Moshe , Yaakov Gilad , Soifer Ilya , Gurvich Yonat , Barkai Naama
Published: August 2017

Growing cells coordinate protein translation with metabolic rates. Central to this coordination is ribosome production. Ribosomes drive cell growth, but translation of ribosomal proteins competes with production of non-ribosomal proteins. Theory shows that cell growth is maximized when all expressed ribosomes are constantly translating. To examine whether budding yeast function at this limit of full ribosomal usage, we profiled the proteomes of cells growing in different environments. We find that cells produce excess ribosomal proteins, amounting to a constant ≈8% of the proteome. Accordingly, ≈25% of ribosomal proteins expressed in rapidly growing cells does not contribute to translation. Further, this fraction increases as growth rate decreases and these excess ribosomal proteins are employed when translation demands unexpectedly increase. We suggest that steadily growing cells prepare for conditions that demand increased translation by producing excess ribosomes, at the expense of lower steady-state growth rate.
In vivo experiments do not support the charge zipper model for Tat translocase assembly
Authors: Alcock Felicity , Damen Merel PM , Levring Jesper , Berks Ben C
Published: August 2017

The twin-arginine translocase (Tat) transports folded proteins across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and the plant thylakoid membrane. The Tat translocation site is formed by substrate-triggered oligomerization of the protein TatA. Walther and co-workers have proposed a structural model for the TatA oligomer in which TatA monomers self-assemble using electrostatic ‘charge zippers’ (Cell (2013) 132: 15945). This model was supported by in vitro analysis of the oligomeric state of TatA variants containing charge-inverting substitutions. Here we have used live cell assays of TatA assembly and function in Escherichia coli to re-assess the roles of the charged residues of TatA. Our results do not support the charge zipper model. Instead, we observe that substitutions of charged residues located in the TatA amphipathic helix lock TatA in an assembled state, suggesting that these charged residues play a critical role in the protein translocation step that follows TatA assembly.
Remote sensing and spatial statistical techniques for modellingOmmatissus lybicus(Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae) habitat and population densities
Authors: Al-Kindi Khalifa M. , Kwan Paul , R. Andrew Nigel , Welch Mitchell
Published: August 2017

In order to understand the distribution and prevalence ofOmmatissus lybicus(Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae) as well as analyse their current biographical patterns and predict their future spread, comprehensive and detailed information on the environmental, climatic, and agricultural practices are essential. The spatial analytical techniques such as Remote Sensing and Spatial Statistics Tools, can help detect and model spatial links and correlations between the presence, absence and density ofO. lybicusin response to climatic, environmental, and human factors. The main objective of this paper is to review remote sensing and relevant analytical techniques that can be applied in mapping and modelling the habitat and population density ofO. lybicus. An exhaustive search of related literature revealed that there are very limited studies linking location-based infestation levels of pests like theO. lybicuswith climatic, environmental, and human practice related variables. This review also highlights the accumulated knowledge and addresses the gaps in this area of research. Furthermore, it makes recommendations for future studies, and gives suggestions on monitoring and surveillance methods in designing both local and regional level integrated pest management strategies of palm tree and other affected cultivated crops.
DEMONSTRAÇÃO DO RESULTADO ABRANGENTE: DIVULGAÇÃO DE AJUSTES DE AVALIAÇÃO PATRIMONIAL E O EFEITO DESSE RESULTADO NA RENTABILIDADE DE EMPRESAS PERTENCENTES À BM&FBOVESPA
Authors: Colares Ana Carolina Vasconcelos , Ferreira Cássia De Oliveira , Mattar Patricia
Published: August 2017

Este artigo visa analisar o nível de divulgação dos ajustes de avaliação patrimonial por meio da Demonstração do Resultado Abrangente (DRA), bem como os efeitos desse resultado na rentabilidade de empresas pertencentes à BM&FBOVESPA. O estudo se caracteriza por ser descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa e aplicação de testes de diferença de médias, sendo analisadas as empresas do setor de metalurgia e siderurgia entre 2010 e 2013. Constatou-se que 57% das empresas publicaram a DRA, e que 38% divulgaram as variações do resultado abrangente por meio da DMPL. Foi possível verificar por meio do desvio padrão das médias que o resultado abrangente em relação ao resultado líquido apresentou maior volatilidade nos exercícios de 2012 e 2013. E que as diferenças aritméticas entre o resultado abrangente e o líquido, também apresentaram maiores valores nos anos de 2012 e 2013. Ainda, verificou-se que não há diferenças significativas entre os indicadores com resultado líquido e o abrangente.
On the secular changes in the tidal constituents inSanFranciscoBay
Authors: Rodríguez‐Padilla Isaac , Ortiz Modesto
Published: August 2017

Secular changes up to 7% in amplitude, as well as phase advances of 13 min of time per century in the diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents, have been found in previous investigations on the sea level record of San Francisco Bay, California. A numerical hydrodynamic model for barotropic tide is used to explore local causes that may contribute to the secular changes found in the tidal constituents. The results indicate that the morphological evolution of the seabed in the region of the ebb‐tidal delta is a major factor that contribute to explain the secular changes observed in the tidal constituents in San Francisco Bay, besides of minor contributions from river flow changes and sea‐level rise.
Representing agriculture in Earth System Models: Approaches and priorities for development
Authors: McDermid S. S. , Mearns L. O. , Ruane A. C.
Published: August 2017

Earth System Model (ESM) advances now enable improved representations of spatially and temporally varying anthropogenic climate forcings. One critical forcing is global agriculture, which is now extensive in land‐use and intensive in management, owing to 20th century development trends. Agriculture and food systems now contribute nearly 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions and require copious inputs and resources, such as fertilizer, water, and land. Much uncertainty remains in quantifying important agriculture‐climate interactions, including surface moisture and energy balances and biogeochemical cycling. Despite these externalities and uncertainties, agriculture is increasingly being leveraged to function as a net sink of anthropogenic carbon, and there is much emphasis on future sustainable intensification. Given its significance as a major environmental and climate forcing, there now exist a variety of approaches to represent agriculture in ESMs. These approaches are reviewed herein, and range from idealized representations of agricultural extent to the development of coupled climate‐crop models that capture dynamic feedbacks. We highlight the robust agriculture‐climate interactions and responses identified by these modeling efforts, as well as existing uncertainties and model limitations. To this end, coordinated and benchmarking assessments of land‐use‐climate feedbacks can be leveraged for further improvements in ESM's agricultural representations. We suggest key areas for continued model development, including incorporating irrigation and biogeochemical cycling in particular. Last, we pose several critical research questions to guide future work. Our review focuses on ESM representations of climate‐surface interactions over managed agricultural lands, rather than on ESMs as an estimation tool for crop yields and productivity.
Evaluating the Classical Versus an Emerging Conceptual Model of Peatland Methane Dynamics
Authors: Yang Wendy H. , McNicol Gavin , Teh Yit Arn , Estera‐Molina Katerina , Wood Tana E. , Silver Whendee L.
Published: August 2017

Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas that is both produced and consumed in soils by microbially mediated processes sensitive to soil redox. We evaluated the classical conceptual model of peatland CH4 dynamics—in which the water table position determines the vertical distribution of methanogenesis and methanotrophy—versus an emerging model in which methanogenesis and methanotrophy can both occur throughout the soil profile due to spatially heterogeneous redox and anaerobic CH4 oxidation. We simultaneously measured gross CH4 production and oxidation in situ across a microtopographical gradient in a drained temperate peatland and ex situ along the soil profile, giving us novel insight into the component fluxes of landscape‐level net CH4 fluxes. Net CH4 fluxes varied among landforms (p < 0.001), ranging from 180.3 ± 81.2 mg C m−2 d−1 in drainage ditches to −0.7 ± 1.2 mg C m−2 d−1 in the highest landform. Contrary to prediction by the classical conceptual model, variability in methanogenesis alone drove the landscape‐level net CH4 flux patterns. Consistent with the emerging model, freshly collected soils from above the water table produced CH4 within anaerobic microsites. Even in soil from beneath the water table, gross CH4 production was best predicted by the methanogenic fraction of carbon mineralization, an index of highly reducing microsites. We measured low rates of anaerobic CH4 oxidation, which may have been limited by relatively low in situ CH4 concentrations in the hummock/hollow soil profile. Our study revealed complex CH4 dynamics better represented by the emerging heterogeneous conceptual model than the classical model based on redox strata.
Stirring Up the Biological Pump: Vertical Mixing and Carbon Export in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Stukel Michael R. , Ducklow Hugh W.
Published: August 2017

The biological carbon pump (BCP) transports organic carbon from the surface to the ocean's interior via sinking particles, vertically migrating organisms, and passive transport of organic matter by advection and diffusion. While many studies have quantified sinking particles, the magnitude of passive transport remains poorly constrained. In the Southern Ocean weak thermal stratification, strong vertical gradients in particulate organic matter, and weak vertical nitrate gradients suggest that passive transport from the euphotic zone may be particularly important. We compile data from seasonal time series at a coastal site near Palmer Station, annual regional cruises in the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), cruises throughout the broader Southern Ocean, and SOCCOM (Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling) autonomous profiling floats to estimate spatial and temporal patterns in vertical gradients of nitrate, particulate nitrogen (PN), and dissolved organic carbon. Under a steady state approximation, the ratio of ∂PN/∂z to ∂NO3−/∂z suggests that passive transport of PN may be responsible for removing 46% (37%–58%) of the nitrate introduced into the surface ocean of the WAP (with dissolved organic matter contributing an additional 3–6%) and for 23% (19%–28%) of the BCP in the broader Southern Ocean. A simple model parameterized with in situ nitrate, PN, and primary production data suggested that passive transport was responsible for 54% of the magnitude of the BCP in the WAP. Our results highlight the potential importance of passive transport (by advection and diffusion) of organic matter in the Southern Ocean but should only be considered indicative of high passive transport (rather than conclusive evidence) due to our steady state assumptions.
Machine Learning Predicts Laboratory Earthquakes
Authors: Rouet‐Leduc Bertrand , Hulbert Claudia , Lubbers Nicholas , Barros Kipton , Humphreys Colin J. , Johnson Paul A.
Published: August 2017

We apply machine learning to data sets from shear laboratory experiments, with the goal of identifying hidden signals that precede earthquakes. Here we show that by listening to the acoustic signal emitted by a laboratory fault, machine learning can predict the time remaining before it fails with great accuracy. These predictions are based solely on the instantaneous physical characteristics of the acoustical signal and do not make use of its history. Surprisingly, machine learning identifies a signal emitted from the fault zone previously thought to be low‐amplitude noise that enables failure forecasting throughout the laboratory quake cycle. We infer that this signal originates from continuous grain motions of the fault gouge as the fault blocks displace. We posit that applying this approach to continuous seismic data may lead to significant advances in identifying currently unknown signals, in providing new insights into fault physics, and in placing bounds on fault failure times.
The Response of the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean) to the Extreme 2016–2017 Winter
Authors: Velaoras Dimitris , Papadopoulos Vassilis P. , Kontoyiannis Harilaos , Papageorgiou Dimitra K. , Pavlidou Alexandra
Published: August 2017

The exceptionally cold December 2016 over the Aegean Sea—one of the most important dense water formation areas of the eastern Mediterranean Sea—resulted in winter heat loss comparable to the peak Eastern Mediterranean Transient winters (1992–1993). Hydrological data sampled in March/April 2017 showed that newly produced dense waters ventilated the North Aegean deep basins up to density horizons of σθ ~ 29.35 kg/m3. The water column ventilation was unable to reach the bottom as the present upper thermohaline circulation of the eastern Mediterranean does not favor the salinity preconditioning of the Aegean Sea. In the southwest Aegean, the Myrtoan basin was ventilated by dense waters traceable farther south to the West Cretan Straits. Export of these masses from the Aegean Sea can potentially have a broader impact on the thermohaline circulation of the eastern Mediterranean.
GOCE Gradiometer Measurements Response to Ionospheric Dynamics
Authors: Ince E. Sinem , Pagiatakis Spiros D.
Published: August 2017

With the launch of dedicated satellite gravity missions, starting with CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) in 2000, with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) in 2002, and Gravity field and steady‐state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) in 2009, the accuracy and spatial resolution of the Earth's global gravity field models have been improved. Highly sensitive accelerometer measurements have not only been useful for gravity field modeling but have also been contributing to the studies of thermospheric dynamics. While improving the sensitivity of the accelerometer measurements, the new instrumentation used on board GOCE brings different challenges in understanding the data and developing sophisticated data processing. Our analyses reveal that the GOCE gravitational gradient measurements were affected by highly variable ionospheric dynamics that did not only degrade the quality of the GOCE Electrostatic Gravity Gradiometer (EGG) measurements but also proved that some characteristics of ionospheric dynamics can be measured by GOCE accelerometers and other Low Earth Orbiters. In this paper, we show how GOCE‐retrieved neutral winds respond to main ionospheric currents and we develop the impulse‐response relation between intense ionospheric dynamics (plasma drift) represented by Poynting energy flux and the gravity gradiometer tensor trace disturbances observed over the north geomagnetic polar region.
The Effect of Storm Driver and Intensity on Magnetospheric Ion Temperatures
Authors: Keesee Amy M. , Katus Roxanne M. , Scime Earl E.
Published: August 2017

Energy deposited in the magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms drives ion heating and convection. Ions are also heated and transported via internal processes throughout the magnetosphere. Injection of the plasma sheet ions to the inner magnetosphere drives the ring current and, thus, the storm intensity. Understanding the ion dynamics is important to improving our ability to predict storm evolution. In this study, we perform superposed epoch analyses of ion temperatures during storms, comparing ion temperature evolution by storm driver and storm intensity. The ion temperatures are calculated using energetic neutral atom measurements from the Two Wide‐Angle Imaging Neutral‐Atom Spectrometers (TWINS) mission. The global view of these measurements provide both spatial and temporal information. We find that storms driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) tend to have higher ion temperatures throughout the main phase than storms driven by corotating interaction regions (CIRs) but that the temperatures increase during the recovery phase of CIR‐driven storms. Ion temperatures during intense CME‐driven storms have brief intervals of higher ion temperatures than those during moderate CME‐driven storms but have otherwise comparable ion temperatures. The highest temperatures during CIR‐driven storms are centered at 18 magnetic local time and occur on the dayside for moderate CME‐driven storms. During the second half of the main phase, ion temperatures tend to decrease in the postmidnight to dawn sector for CIR storms, but an increase is observed for CME storms. This increase begins with a sharp peak in ion temperatures for intense CME storms, likely a signature of substorm activity that drives the increased ring current.
Sources of Ionospheric Variability at Mars
Authors: Mendillo Michael , Narvaez Clara , Vogt Marissa F. , Mayyasi Majd , Forbes Jeffrey , Galand Marina , Thiemann Edward , Benna Mehdi , Eparvier Francis , Chamberlin Phillip , Mahaffy Paul , Andersson Laila
Published: August 2017

During the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission's deep‐dip #2 campaign of 17–22 April 2015, spacecraft instruments observed all of the physical parameters needed to assess the photo‐chemical‐equilibrium (PCE) explanation for ionospheric variability at a fixed altitude (135 km) near the peak of the Martian ionosphere. MAVEN measurements of electron density, electron temperature, neutral CO2 density, and solar irradiance were collected during 28 orbits. When inserted into the PCE equation, the measurements of varying PCE drivers correlated with the observed electron density variations to within instrumental uncertainty levels. The dominant source of this positive correlation was the variability of CO2 densities associated with the longitudinal wave‐2 component of nonmigrating tides in the Martian thermosphere.
Fully Coupled Nonlinear Fluid Flow and Poroelasticity in Arbitrarily Fractured Porous Media: A Hybrid‐Dimensional Computational Model
Authors: Jin L. , Zoback M. D.
Published: August 2017

We formulate the problem of fully coupled transient fluid flow and quasi‐static poroelasticity in arbitrarily fractured, deformable porous media saturated with a single‐phase compressible fluid. The fractures we consider are hydraulically highly conductive, allowing discontinuous fluid flux across them; mechanically, they act as finite‐thickness shear deformation zones prior to failure (i.e., nonslipping and nonpropagating), leading to “apparent discontinuity” in strain and stress across them. Local nonlinearity arising from pressure‐dependent permeability of fractures is also included. Taking advantage of typically high aspect ratio of a fracture, we do not resolve transversal variations and instead assume uniform flow velocity and simple shear strain within each fracture, rendering the coupled problem numerically more tractable. Fractures are discretized as lower dimensional zero‐thickness elements tangentially conforming to unstructured matrix elements. A hybrid‐dimensional, equal‐low‐order, two‐field mixed finite element method is developed, which is free from stability issues for a drained coupled system. The fully implicit backward Euler scheme is employed for advancing the fully coupled solution in time, and the Newton‐Raphson scheme is implemented for linearization. We show that the fully discretized system retains a canonical form of a fracture‐free poromechanical problem; the effect of fractures is translated to the modification of some existing terms as well as the addition of several terms to the capacity, conductivity, and stiffness matrices therefore allowing the development of independent subroutines for treating fractures within a standard computational framework. Our computational model provides more realistic inputs for some fracture‐dominated poromechanical problems like fluid‐induced seismicity.
Spectral decomposition of internal gravity wave sea surface height in global models
Authors: Savage Anna C. , Arbic Brian K. , Alford Matthew H. , Ansong Joseph K. , Farrar J. Thomas , Menemenlis Dimitris , O'Rourke Amanda K. , Richman James G. , Shriver Jay F. , Voet Gunnar , Wallcraft Alan J. , Zamudio Luis
Published: August 2017

Two global ocean models ranging in horizontal resolution from 1/12° to 1/48° are used to study the space and time scales of sea surface height (SSH) signals associated with internal gravity waves (IGWs). Frequency‐horizontal wavenumber SSH spectral densities are computed over seven regions of the world ocean from two simulations of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and three simulations of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm). High wavenumber, high‐frequency SSH variance follows the predicted IGW linear dispersion curves. The realism of high‐frequency motions (>
) in the models is tested through comparison of the frequency spectral density of dynamic height variance computed from the highest‐resolution runs of each model (1/25° HYCOM and 1/48° MITgcm) with dynamic height variance frequency spectral density computed from nine in situ profiling instruments. These high‐frequency motions are of particular interest because of their contributions to the small‐scale SSH variability that will be observed on a global scale in the upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite altimetry mission. The variance at supertidal frequencies can be comparable to the tidal and low‐frequency variance for high wavenumbers (length scales smaller than ∼50 km), especially in the higher‐resolution simulations. In the highest‐resolution simulations, the high‐frequency variance can be greater than the low‐frequency variance at these scales.
A Comparison of the Ocean Microbarom Recorded on the Ground and in the Stratosphere
Authors: Bowman D. C. , Lees J. M.
Published: August 2017

The, ocean microbarom is an acoustic signal generated via nonlinear interaction of ocean surface waves. It can propagate for thousands of kilometers and represent a significant infrasonic noise source for ground infrasound stations across the globe. However, wind noise often compromises detections at ground stations. Furthermore, the microbarom may travel in elevated acoustic ducts that do not transmit enough energy for detections on ground stations. Here the presence of the ocean microbarom on two high‐altitude balloon flights is investigated. A spectral peak consistent with the microbarom was observed on sensors in the stratosphere but not on those deployed on the ground near the flight path of the balloon. This is probably due to an elevated acoustic duct and/or a superior signal‐to‐noise ratio in the stratosphere. Thus, microbarom activity quantified solely with ground‐based sensors may underestimate the occurrence of the phenomenon. However, high levels of interference from flight system electronics and/other other payloads may have obscured other microbarom episodes during the balloon deployments.
Reactive Uptake of Sulfur Dioxide and Ozone on Volcanic Glass and Ash at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Maters Elena C. , Delmelle Pierre , Rossi Michel J. , Ayris Paul M.
Published: August 2017

The atmospheric impacts of volcanic ash from explosive eruptions are rarely considered alongside those of volcanogenic gases/aerosols. While airborne particles provide solid surfaces for chemical reactions with trace gases in the atmosphere, the reactivity of airborne ash has seldom been investigated. Here we determine the total uptake capacity (NiM) and initial uptake coefficient (γM) for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) on a compositional array of volcanic ash and glass powders at ~25°C in a Knudsen flow reactor. The measured ranges of NiSO2 and γSO2 (1011–1013 molecules cm−2 and 10−3–10−2) and NiO3 and γO3 (1012–1013 molecules cm−2 and 10−3–10−2) are comparable to values reported for mineral dust. Differences in ash and glass reactivity toward SO2 and O3 may relate to varying abundances of, respectively, basic and reducing sites on these materials. The typically lower SO2 and O3 uptake on ash compared to glass likely results from prior exposure of ash surfaces to acidic and oxidizing conditions within the volcanic eruption plume/cloud. While sequential uptake experiments overall suggest that these gases do not compete for reactive surface sites, SO2 uptake forming adsorbed S(IV) species may enhance the capacity for subsequent O3 uptake via redox reaction forming adsorbed S(VI) species. Our findings imply that ash emissions may represent a hitherto neglected sink for atmospheric SO2 and O3.
Variability of Stratospheric Reactive Nitrogen and Ozone Related to the QBO
Authors: Park M. , Randel W. J. , Kinnison D. E. , Bourassa A. E. , Degenstein D. A. , Roth C. Z. , McLinden C. A. , Sioris C. E. , Livesey N. J. , Santee M. L.
Published: August 2017

The stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) dominates interannual variability of dynamical variables and trace constituents in the tropical stratosphere and provides a natural experiment to test circulation‐chemistry interactions. This work quantifies the relationships among ozone (O3), reactive nitrogen (NOy), and source gas N2O, and their links to the QBO, based on satellite constituent measurements and meteorological data spanning 2005–2014 (over four QBO cycles). Data include O3, HNO3, and N2O from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder and an NOx proxy derived from Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System NO2 measurements combined with a photochemical box model (= NOx*). Results are compared to simulations from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, version 4 incorporating a QBO circulation nudged to assimilated winds. Cross correlations and composites with respect to the QBO phase show coherent 180° out‐of‐phase relationships between NOy and N2O throughout the stratosphere, with the NOx/HNO3 ratio increasing with altitude. The anomalies in NOy species propagate coherently downward with the QBO. Ozone is anticorrelated with reactive nitrogen in the middle stratosphere above ~28 km due to NOx control of ozone catalytic loss cycles. Quantitative comparisons of nitrogen partitioning and O3 sensitivity to NOx show good overall agreement between satellite observations and model results (suggesting closure of the NOy budget), although the model results show larger (up to ~20%) N2O, NOx, and O3 variations near ~35 km compared to observations. These analyses serve to assess the consistency of diverse satellite‐based data sets and also to evaluate nitrogen partitioning and NOx‐dependent ozone chemistry in the global model.
Analysis of near‐surface biases in ERA‐Interim over the Canadian Prairies
Authors: Betts Alan K. , Beljaars Anton C. M.
Published: August 2017

We quantify the biases in the diurnal cycle of temperature in ERA‐Interim for both warm and cold season using hourly climate station data for four stations in Saskatchewan from 1979 to 2006. The warm season biases increase as opaque cloud cover decreases, and change substantially from April to October. The bias in mean temperature increases almost monotonically from small negative values in April to small positive values in the fall. Under clear skies, the bias in maximum temperature is of the order of −1°C in June and July, and −2°C in spring and fall; while the bias in minimum temperature increases almost monotonically from +1°C in spring to +2.5°C in October. The bias in the diurnal temperature range falls under clear skies from −2.5°C in spring to −5°C in fall. The cold season biases with surface snow have a different structure. The biases in maximum, mean and minimum temperature with a stable BL reach +1°C, +2.6°C and +3°C respectively in January under clear skies. The cold season bias in diurnal range increases from about −1.8°C in the fall to positive values in March. These diurnal biases in 2 m temperature and their seasonal trends are consistent with a high bias in both the diurnal and seasonal amplitude of the model ground heat flux, and a warm season daytime bias resulting from the model fixed leaf area index. Our results can be used as bias corrections in agricultural modeling that use these reanalysis data, and also as a framework for understanding model biases.