bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Getting older and living up to implicit followership theories: Implications for employee psychological health and job attitudes
Authors: Stegmann Sebastian , Braun Stephan , Junker Nina , van Dick Rolf
Published: January 2020

Age discrimination at work is a widespread destructive phenomenon that often takes subtle forms. Based on negative stereotypes about older employees, we argue that older employees often experience that they are perceived as less ideal followers than younger employees. We propose that older and younger employees do not differ in what they assume their supervisors expect of an ideal follower (implicit followership theories, IFTs). Thus, we hypothesize that older employees perceive that they compare less favorably to their supervisors' IFTs than younger employees (i.e., worse IFT‐fit). This should entail lower quality of the relationship between leader and follower (leader‐member‐exchange, LMX), which, in turn, should have detrimental effects on employees' health (i.e., burnout) and job attitudes (i.e., job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and identification). We tested our model in a field study with 379 employees. Results differed for ideal and counter‐ideal follower attributes. Concerning counter‐ideal follower attributes (e.g., being incompetent), age had the proposed negative effect on psychological health and job attitudes that mediated through IFT‐fit and LMX. Concerning ideal follower attributes (e.g., thinking ahead), older employees expected their supervisors not only to think less of them than of their younger colleagues, but also expected them to have less demanding IFTs—contrary to our expectations. Employee age was negatively related to psychological health and job attitudes, mediated through lower perceived IFTs, worse perceived appraisal of the actual employee and their joint effects on LMX.
Cyclin G2 regulates canonical Wnt signalling via interaction with Dapper1 to attenuate tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Zhao Chenyang , Gao Jinlan , Li Sen , Liu Qi , Hou Xiaoyu , Xing Xuesha , Wang Danning , Sun Manni , Wang Shusen , Luo Yang
Published: January 2020

Cyclin G2 (CCNG2) is an atypical cyclin that inhibits cell cycle progression and is often dysregulated in human cancers. Cyclin G2 in the occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy (DN), one of the most severe diabetic complications, has not been fully identified. In this study, we investigated the function and regulatory mechanism of cyclin G2 in DN. In vivo studies revealed that a deficiency of cyclin G2 significantly increased albuminuria and promoted tubulointerstitial fibrosis in established DN. Cyclin G2 regulated the expression of fibrosis‐related proteins via the canonical Wnt signalling pathway in renal tubular epithelial cells. Moreover, the binding of cyclin G2 to Dapper1 (Dpr1/DACT1), a protein involved in Wnt signalling, decreased the phosphorylation of Dpr1 at Ser762 by casein kinase 1 (CK1) and suppressed the Wnt signalling pathway. These findings reveal that cyclin G2 can protect against renal injury and fibrosis associated with DN and, thus, is a new target for the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications.
Notch1 protects against myocardial ischaemia‐reperfusion injury via regulating mitochondrial fusion and function
Authors: Dai Shao-hua , Wu Qi-cai , Zhu Rong-rong , Wan Xue-mei , Zhou Xue-liang
Published: January 2020

Mitochondrial fusion and fission dynamic are critical to the myocardial protection against ischaemia‐reperfusion injury. Notch1 signalling plays an important role in heart development, maturation and repair. However, the role of Notch1 in the myocardial mitochondrial fusion and fission dynamic remains elusive. Here, we isolated myocardial cells from rats and established myocardial ischaemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI) model. We modulated Notch1, MFN1 and DRP1 expression levels in myocardial cells via infection with recombinant adenoviruses. The results showed that Notch1 improves the cell viability and mitochondrial fusion in myocardiocytes exposed to IRI. These improvements were dependent on the regulation of MFN1 and DRP1. On the mechanism, we found that MNF1 is transcriptionally activated by RBP‐Jk in myocardiocytes. Notch1 also improves the mitochondrial membrane potential in myocardiocytes exposed to IRI. Moreover, we further confirmed the protection of the Notch1‐MFN1/Drp1 axis on the post‐ischaemic recovery of myocardial performance is associated with the preservation of the mitochondrial structure. In conclusion, this study presented a detailed mechanism by which Notch1 signalling improves mitochondrial fusion during myocardial protection.
Prenatal hypoxia inhibited propionate‐evoked BK channels of mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells in offspring
Authors: Zhang Wenna , Feng Xueqin , Zhang Yumeng , Sun Miao , Li Lingjun , Gao Qinqin , Tang Jiaqi , Zhang Pengjie , Lv Juanxiu , Zhou Xiuwen , Xu Zhice
Published: January 2020

As a common complication of pregnancy, gestational hypoxia has been shown to predispose offspring to vascular dysfunction. Propionate, one of short‐chain fatty acids, exerts cardioprotective effects via reducing blood pressure. This study examined whether prenatal hypoxia impaired propionate‐stimulated large‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (BK) channel activities in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of offspring. Pregnant rats were exposed to hypoxia (10.5% oxygen) and normoxia (21% oxygen) from gestational day 7‐21. At 6 weeks of age, VSMCs in mesenteric arteries of offspring were analysed for BK channel functions and gene expressions. It was shown firstly that propionate could open significantly BK single channel in VSMCs in a concentration‐dependent manner. Antagonists of G protein βγ subunits and inositol trisphosphate receptor could completely suppress the activation of BK by propionate, respectively. Gαi/o and ryanodine receptor were found to participate in the stimulation on BK. Compared to the control, vasodilation and increments of BK NPo (the open probability) evoked by propionate were weakened in the offspring by prenatal hypoxia with down‐regulated Gβγ and PLCβ. It was indicated that prenatal hypoxia inhibited propionate‐stimulated BK activities in mesenteric VSMCs of offspring via reducing expressions of Gβγ and PLCβ, in which endoplasmic reticulum calcium release might be involved.
Regulation of NMDA glutamate receptor functions by the GluN2 subunits
Authors: Vieira Marta , Yong Xuan Ling Hilary , Roche Katherine W. , Anggono Victor
Published: January 2020

The N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate the flux of calcium (Ca2+) into the post‐synaptic compartment. Ca2+ influx subsequently triggers the activation of various intracellular signalling cascades that underpin multiple forms of synaptic plasticity. Functional NMDARs are assembled as heterotetramers composed of two obligatory GluN1 subunits and two GluN2 or GluN3 subunits. Four different GluN2 subunits (GluN2A‐D) are present throughout the central nervous system; however, they are differentially expressed, both developmentally and spatially, in a cell‐ and synapse‐specific manner. Each GluN2 subunit confers NMDARs with distinct ion channel properties and intracellular trafficking pathways. Regulated membrane trafficking of NMDARs is a dynamic process that ultimately determines the number of NMDARs at synapses, and is controlled by subunit‐specific interactions with various intracellular regulatory proteins. Here we review recent progress made towards understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the trafficking of GluN2‐containing NMDARs, focusing on the roles of several key synaptic proteins that interact with NMDARs via their carboxyl termini.

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The effects of sarcopenic dysphagia on the dynamics of swallowing organs observed on videofluoroscopic swallowing studies
Authors: Miyashita Taishi , Kikutani Takeshi , Nagashima Keigo , Igarashi Kumi , Tamura Fumiyo
Published: January 2020

Objectives

The aim of the present study was (a) to determine the relationship of videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) findings of the swallowing musculature with the diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic dysphagia and (b) to examine the usefulness of VFSS for diagnosing sarcopenic dysphagia.

Methods

The participants were 132 patients (mean age, 80.4 ± 8.8 years). Their skeletal muscle mass, nutritional status and swallowing functions as assessed by VFSS findings were measured. Also, the relationship between the VFSS findings and sarcopenia was examined.

Results

Of all the participants, 20 men (mean age, 83.2 ± 6.9 years) and 27 women (mean age, 85.3 ± 6.9 years) were diagnosed with sarcopenia. In men, the amount of laryngeal upward movement (ALUM) was significantly lower and the pharyngeal area was significantly wider in the sarcopenia group than in the non‐sarcopenia group. In women, the pharyngeal area was significantly wider in the sarcopenia group than in the non‐sarcopenia group. In a logistic regression model, ALUM (odds ratio [OR] 1.135, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.037‐1.241, P = .006) and pharyngeal area (OR 0.028, 95% CI 0.001‐0.670, P = .027) was a significant independent factor for the presence or absence of sarcopenia.

Conclusions

The decline in swallowing function of sarcopenia patients was characterised by lower laryngeal movement and enlargement of the pharyngeal cavity due to decreased skeletal muscle mass and decreased muscle strength. The present study suggested the usefulness of measuring ALUM during swallowing and measuring the pharyngeal area with VFSS as indicators of decreased swallowing muscle function in sarcopenia.
Investigation of cell death mechanism and activity of esculetin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles on insulinoma cells in vitro
Authors: Karatug Kacar Ayse , Bahadori Fatemeh , Kepekci Tekkeli Serife Evrim , Topcu Gulacti , Bolkent Sehnaz
Published: January 2020

Aim

The purpose of this study was to prepare targeted cancer therapy formulation against insulinoma INS-1 cells and to study its effect on cell death with related mechanisms in vitro.

Methods

Polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) nano-micelles were used for preparation of esculetin nano-formulation (nano-esculetin). The cells were treated with nano-esculetin and free esculetin. Apoptotic and necrotic cell death percentages, cell proliferation, ATP and GTP reductions and insulin levels were investigated on insulinoma INS-1 cells for both free and nano-esculetin formulations.

Results

About 50 mg of PLGA was able to carry 20 mg esculetin in 20 ml of formulation. The obtained optimized formulation was 150 nm, with 92% encapsulation efficiency and a slow-release behaviour was observed during release studies. Nano-esculetin bearing 25, 50 and 100 μg esculetin and free esculetin in equivalent doses successfully decreased cell viability. The prevailing cell death mechanism was necrosis. Along with cell proliferation, intracellular insulin and the ratio of ATP and GTP were decreased even with 12.5, 25 and 50 μg esculetin bearing nano-formulation and its equivalent free esculetin.

Conclusions

The results revealed that esculetin is able to show its anti-tumor afficacy after loading to PLGA nano-micelles and nano-encapsulation intensifies its cytotoxic activity in vitro. Current study shows that esculetin and its nano formulations are promising agents in treatment of insulinoma.
Translation and psychometric testing of a decision‐making scale
Authors: Huang Chongmei , Plummer Virginia , Lam Louisa , Cross Wendy
Published: January 2020

Accessible summary

What is known about shared decision‐making?

There is increasing investigation of shared decision‐making in mental health services.

Exploration of shared decision‐making and relevant instrument is scant in China.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

In this study, the Clinical Decision‐making Involvement and Satisfaction (CDIS) was translated into Chinese and validated with patients and mental health professionals.

The Chinese version of the CDIS is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring perception of involvement and satisfaction with treatment decision for schizophrenia

What are the implications for practice?

Mental health nurses could use the CDIS patient‐rated and health professional‐rated versions to compare their perceptions of the decision‐making process.

Introduction

There is growing interest in shared decision‐making in Chinese mental health services. However, few specific instruments are available to measure decision‐making satisfaction and involvement.

Aim

To translate and validate Clinical Decision‐making Involvement and Satisfaction (CDIS) in a Chinese population.

Methods

The translation process was completed based on the Brislin translation method. Convenience sampling of 505 participants including 212 people diagnosed with schizophrenia and 293 mental health professionals for psychometric testing (e.g., content and construct validity, and test‐retest reliability).

Results

The CDIS Chinese version has good internal consistency and temporal stability. Factor analysis determined two factors including satisfaction and involvement subscales, explaining 60.08% of the total variance. The Cronbach's α was 0.70, and the intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.83 to 0.89. The composite reliability value was 0.85, and the average variance extracted was 0.50. Critical Ratio values ranged from 5.28 to 17.95, and item‐total correlation values ranged from 0.48 to 0.75.

Discussion

The CDIS Chinese version is a feasible and reliable instrument.
Physiological and Metabolic Responses of a Novel Dunaliella salina Strain to Myo‐inositol1
Authors: Lv Hexin , Wang Qiao‐e , Qi Bingbing , Liu Cuihua , Xiao Yupeng , Jia Shiru
Published: January 2020

Dunaliella salina is well known for its ability to accumulate large amounts of β‐carotene. Myo‐inositol (MI) enhances the biomass production of D. salina, but the underlying mechanisms were unclear. The present study showed that the concentration of exogenous MI decreased gradually and reached a constant level at the 4th day of cultivation. MI enhanced the contents of total colored carotenoids and the activity of photosystem II. Metabolic profiles were significantly changed after the addition of exogenous MI, as revealed by multivariate statistical analysis. The metabolites could be categorized into four groups based on the relative levels in different samples. Exogenous MI increased the levels of most detected sugars, amino acids, and total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Based on the physiological and metabolic analyses, a hypothetical growth‐promoting model that MI promotes the growth of D. salina TG by increasing the levels of key metabolites and possibly enhancing photosynthesis, was proposed. This study provides valuable information for understanding the growth‐promoting mechanisms of MI in D. salina from the metabolic perspective.
On the nature of canine aural haematoma and its treatment with continuous vacuum drainage
Authors: Lahiani Joachim , Niebauer Gert W.
Published: January 2020

Objectives

To evaluate continuous vacuum drainage from the convex side of the pinna for surgical treatment of aural haematoma in dogs. To investigate aural haematoma fluid and cartilage samples harvested during surgery in an attempt to elucidate the etiopathogenesis of the lesion.

Materials and Methods

Ten client‐owned dogs with aural haematoma were treated by convex‐side vacuum drainage using different types of vacuum drains and containers and were followed‐up for at least 6 months. Systemic blood samples and aural haematoma fluids were analysed for biochemical, haematologic and electrophoretic content. Cartilage samples were examined histologically.

Results

Nine of the 10 dogs were successfully treated without recurrence at 6 months postoperatively and with excellent cosmetic results. In one case, infection required early drain removal and delayed healing was associated with wrinkling of the pinna. Fluid sample analysis suggested that “aural haematoma” contains a transudate that accumulates within a cartilage‐lined cavity. Histologic examination of the tissue samples revealed clefts of the pinna cartilage, with the luminal surface often lined with granulation tissue. Fluids and cartilage lacked evidence of inflammation.

Clinical Significance

This technique was characterised by patient comfort, tolerance of drains, absence of dressings and good cosmetic outcome. The results of fluid analysis suggest that the term “aural seroma” would be more appropriate for this condition.
Evaluation of toceranib for treatment of apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma in dogs
Authors: Heaton Caitlin M. , Fernandes Arthur F. A. , Jark Paulo C. , Pan Xuan
Published: January 2020

Background

There is no widely accepted standard medical treatment for apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) in dogs. Targeted agents such as toceranib may be effective in treatment of AGASACA, but the number of clinical reports investigating its efficacy is limited.

Hypothesis/Aim

To evaluate the efficacy of toceranib treatment of AGASACA in dogs, and to assess prognostic factors in the study population. Our hypothesis was that toceranib would provide a clinical benefit in the treatment of dogs with AGASACA.

Animals

Thirty‐six client‐owned dogs with either a cytologic or histologic diagnosis of AGASACA that were treated with toceranib alone or in combination with surgery, nonconcurrent chemotherapy or both.

Methods

Retrospective study.

Result

The median progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival time (OST) for the study population was 313 days and 827 days, respectively. A clinical benefit from toceranib treatment was observed in 69% of dogs, with 20.7% of dogs experiencing partial response and 48.3% of dogs experiencing stable disease. Dogs that responded to toceranib treatment had significantly prolonged PFS and OST. Hypercalcemia was a negative prognostic factor for clinical outcomes.

Conclusions

Toceranib is effective in the treatment of AGASACA in dogs. Prospective, controlled clinical trials are needed to determine the efficacy of toceranib in comparison to other treatment protocols for dogs with AGASACA.
Bacterial infection before and after stent placement in dogs with tracheal collapse syndrome
Authors: Lesnikowski Sylvia , Weisse Chick , Berent Allyson , Le Roux Alexandre , Tozier Erik
Published: January 2020

Background

Dogs with tracheal stents often have positive airway bacterial cultures. The pathogenicity of these organisms and risk factors for infection have not been investigated.

Objective

Describe bacterial infection in dogs with tracheal collapse before and after tracheal stent placement.

Animals

Fifty‐three client‐owned dogs.

Methods

Retrospective review of medical records of dogs receiving tracheal stents with thoracic radiographs, tracheoscopy, and endotracheal lavage.

Results

There was no difference between the overall prevalence of dogs with positive bacterial cultures before (31/38; 82%) or after stent placement (24/31; 77%) (P = .67). An increased number of geriatric (17/28; 61%) and traditional‐type collapse (TTC) (16/26; 62%) dogs had positive pathogenic airway infections before stent placement, compared to young (8/25; 32%; P = .04) and malformation‐type collapse (MTC) dogs (9/27; 33%; P = .04). After tracheal stent placement, geriatric dogs had a 52% reduction in pathogenic bacteria infection frequency (P = .02) and dogs with TTC had a 56% reduction in pathogenic bacteria infection frequency (P = .01). Significant risk factors for pathogenic infection included a history of pneumonia (OR = 3.6; 95% CI, 0.28‐43.36) and cardiac disease (OR = 1.25; 95% CI, 0.16‐9.92) in geriatric dogs, and hepatomegaly in young dogs (OR = 1.5; 95% CI, 0.12‐19.44).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Tracheal stent placement does not increase the overall rate of pathogenic bacterial infection in dogs with tracheal collapse and can decrease the rate of subsequent pathogenic infections in geriatric dogs and dogs with TTC that require tracheal stenting. Airway culture and cytology should be performed in all dogs undergoing tracheal stent placement.
On the possible ecological roles of antimicrobials
Authors: Pishchany Gleb , Kolter Roberto
Published: January 2020

The Introduction of antibiotics into the clinical use in the middle of the 20th century had a profound impact on modern medicine and human wellbeing. The contribution of these wonder molecules to public health and science is hard to overestimate. Much research has informed our understanding of antibiotic mechanisms of action and resistance at inhibitory concentrations in the lab and in the clinic. Antibiotics, however, are not a human invention as most of them are either natural products produced by soil microorganisms or semisynthetic derivatives of natural products. Because we use antibiotics to inhibit the bacterial growth, it is generally assumed that growth inhibition is also their primary ecological function in the environment. Nevertheless, multiple studies point to diverse nonlethal effects that are exhibited at lower levels of antibiotics. Here we review accumulating evidence of antibiosis and of alternative functions of antibiotics exhibited at subinhibitory concentrations. We also speculate on how these effects might alter phenotypes, fitness, and community composition of microbes in the context of the environment and suggest directions for future research.
Clinical isolates of Trichophyton rubrum are completely inhibited by photochemical treatment with a γ‐cyclodextrin formulation of curcuminoids
Authors: Brasch Jochen , Beck‐Jendroschek Vera , Walther Grit , Rubbel Darian
Published: January 2020

Introduction

It was shown previously that dermatophytes can markedly be inhibited by a photochemical treatment with curcumin. This kind of photo‐inactivation needs to be improved, however, because curcumin is poorly water‐soluble. Therefore, a new water‐soluble γ‐cyclodextrin formulation of curcuminoids was tested for its photochemical inactivation of Trichophyton (T.) rubrum.

Materials and methods

Conidia were harvested from 6 typical strains of T rubrum and used to inoculate wells of microtiter plates. These wells were also filled with a γ‐cyclodextrin curcuminoid formulation with 0.1% DMSO and Sabouraud broth. The assays were then irradiated with visible light (wavelength 420 nm, 45 J/cm2). After 24 hours, curcuminoid was added once more, and irradiation was repeated. Fungal growth was monitored photometrically for 8 days and compared with controls.

Results

Growth of all 6 T rubrum strains was completely inhibited by the photochemical treatment with the γ‐cyclodextrin formulation of curcuminoids. The same curcuminoid formulation applied without irradiation had only a minor inhibitory effect.

Discussion

Photo‐inactivation of dermatophytes with a γ‐cyclodextrin formulation of curcuminoids plus visible light is a very promising procedure with potential for a new treatment of patients with superficial tinea.
Modeling control methods to manage the sylvatic plague in black‐tailed prairie dog towns
Authors: Elzinga David C. , Stowe Shelby R. , Leland Russell F.
Published: January 2020

Black‐tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) are a keystone species of shortgrass and midgrass prairies, and they are essential for successful reintroduction efforts of endangered black‐footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes). Sylvatic plague extirpates black‐tailed prairie dog colonies. We present a model to determine optimal control methods to sustain a black‐tailed prairie dog colony against the plague, including a recently developed vaccine. Our host submodel is a susceptible, exposed, infectious, vaccinated model, and our vector submodel is a susceptible, exposed, early‐stage and late‐stage infectious model with questing and on‐host vectors. Both submodels are hybrid ordinary differential and difference equation models to reflect the phenology of black‐tailed prairie dogs. Our model suggests vaccination efforts can substantially outperform previous control methods (e.g. reactive insecticidal dusting). Our model suggests that a vaccine that provides 18 months of immunity, administered annually, starting one year before an outbreak, can efficiently sustain a black‐tailed prairie dog colony against the plague.

Recommendations for resource managers

The current sylvatic plague vaccine, administered annually, is insufficient to protect a black‐tailed prairie dog colony against the sylvatic plague. Developing a vaccine with an immunity period of 18 months is critical for the persistence of a colony against the plague.

While insecticidal dusting appears unable to assist in helping a black‐tailed prairie dog colony recover from a plague outbreak, insecticidal dusting is still a critical prevention tool as plague transmission from the prairie dog flea is capable of causing a plague outbreak by itself.

Black‐tailed prairie dog colony recovery efforts appear sensitive to regularly administered culling. We recommend that colonies that are designated as part of the black‐footed ferret recovery program be protected from population losses from recreational hunting and poisoning.
Selenium: A sole treatment for erosive oral lichen planus (Randomized controlled clinical trial)
Authors: Qataya Passant O. , Elsayed Naguiba Mahmoud , Elguindy Nihal Mohamed , Ahmed Hafiz Marwa , Samy Wael Mahmoud
Published: January 2020

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic disease with immune‐mediated pathogenesis. Selenium (Se), an antioxidant, plays a role in modulating immunity. The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate two Se forms (novel topical hydrogel and oral capsules), solely, in treating erosive OLP based on clinical evaluation and salivary oxidative stress markers. Patients were allocated into one of three groups: group I, topical corticosteroids; group II, topical Se; and group III, systemic Se. Treatment lasted for 6 weeks; patients were clinically evaluated at baseline, 6, and 12 weeks. Biochemical analysis for salivary malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels at baseline and 6 weeks was performed. There was a significant reduction in signs and symptoms in response to all treatment modalities. However, there was no significant difference among the three groups at 6 weeks. At 12 weeks, group II had significantly lower pain scores compared with group I. Salivary MDA levels showed a significant decrease in patients of group I and group III. TAC levels showed no significant difference in response to treatment. Selenium can be proposed as a treatment for OLP. Salivary MDA levels can be a biomarker for OLP disease severity.
A prospective observational study of postoperative follow‐ups and outcomes at a nonprofit, internationally supported pediatric surgery center in Guatemala
Authors: Crockett Christy J. , Zeigler Laura N. , Kynes James M. , Lawson Katheryne C. , Figueroa Ligia I. , Hayes Caleb B. , Samen Christelle D. K. , McQueen Kelly A.
Published: January 2020

Background

Global surgical access is unequally distributed, with the greatest surgical burden in low‐ and middle‐income countries, where surgical care is often supplemented by nongovernmental organizations. Quality data from organizations providing this care are rarely collected or reported. The Moore Pediatric Surgery Center in Guatemala City, Guatemala, is unique in that it offers a permanently staffed, freestanding pediatric surgical center. Visiting surgical teams supplement the local permanent staff by providing a broad range of pediatric subspecialty surgical and anesthesia care.

Aim

The aim of this study was to collect and report the incidence of completed postoperative follow‐up visits and outcome measures at this nonprofit, internationally supported surgery center.

Methods

De‐identified demographic and postoperative outcome data were collected from each routinely scheduled, one‐week pediatric surgical mission trip and incorporated into an electronic data collection system. Emphasis was placed on identification of completed postoperative visits and associated perioperative complications. After 27 months of data collection, results were analyzed to identify and quantify trends in patient follow‐ups and postoperative outcomes.

Results

Over 27 months, 1639 pediatric surgical procedures were performed and included in data analysis. The percentage of completed postoperative day‐1 follow‐up visits was 99.1%, and seven complications were identified out of these 1624 cases (postoperative complication rate of 0.4%). The percentage of completed first postoperative visits after discharge was 93.3%, and 67 complications were identified out of these 1530 cases (postoperative complication rate of 4.4%).

Conclusion

Our data show a high rate of postoperative follow‐up visits completed and low perioperative complication rates similar to those of high‐income countries. Our data suggest that The Moore Surgery Center model of care offers an alternative to the short‐term visiting surgical model by incorporating the local system and allows for improved follow‐up, outcomes analysis, and high quality of care.
The genome of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) provides insights into bast fibre and leaf shape biogenesis
Authors: Zhang Liwu , Xu Yi , Zhang Xingtan , Ma Xiaokai , Zhang Lilan , Liao Zhenyang , Zhang Qing , Wan Xuebei , Cheng Yan , Zhang Jisen , Li Dongxu , Zhang Liemei , Xu Jiantang , Tao Aifen , Lin Lihui , Fang Pingping , Chen Shuai , Qi Rui , Xu Xiuming , Qi Jianmin , Ming Ray
Published: January 2020

Kenaf is an annual crop that is widely cultivated as a source of bast (phloem) fibres, the phytoremediation of heavy metal‐contaminated farmlands and textile‐relevant compounds. Leaf shape played a unique role in kenaf improvement, due to the inheritance as a single locus and the association with fibre development in typical lobed‐leaf varieties. Here we report a high‐quality genome assembly and annotation for var. ‘Fuhong 952’ with 1078 Mbp genome and 66 004 protein‐coding genes integrating single‐molecule real‐time sequencing, a high‐density genetic map and high‐throughput chromosome conformation capture techniques. Gene mapping assists the identification of a homeobox transcription factor LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY 1 (HcLMI1) gene controlling lobed‐leaf. Virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) of HcLMI1 in a lobed‐leaf variety was critical to induce round (entire)‐like leaf formation. Candidate genes involved in cell wall formation were found in quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fibre yield and quality‐related traits. Comparative genomic and transcriptome analyses revealed key genes involved in bast fibre formation, among which there are twice as many cellulose synthase A (CesA) genes due to a recent whole‐genome duplication after divergence from Gossypium. Population genomic analysis showed two recent population bottlenecks in kenaf, suggesting domestication and improvement process have led to an increase in fibre biogenesis and yield. This chromosome‐scale genome provides an important framework and toolkit for sequence‐directed genetic improvement of fibre crops.
Differences in outcomes between older community‐dwelling patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia with illness onset at young age
Authors: Liao Po‐Chiao , Chung Kuo‐Hsuan , Chen Pao‐Huan , Kuo Chian‐Jue , Huang Yu‐Jui , Tsai Shang‐Ying
Published: January 2020

Aim

Older community‐dwelling patients with severe mental illness (SMI), particularly those with illness onset at young age, constitute a group of survivors with unique long‐term care needs. Using an Asian sample in Taiwan, we attempted to find out the differences in outcomes related to physical health, cognition, and social functioning between older community‐dwelling adults with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia with early age onset.

Methods

Community‐dwelling patients aged >50 years with bipolar I disorder or schizophrenia whose illness developed before the age of 40 years were recruited. Clinical data were obtained by reviewing all available medical records and by interviewing the patients and their reliable family members. Medical morbidities, Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS‐G), and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores were compared between the two groups.

Results

In total, 113 bipolar patients and 104 schizophrenic ones (mean ages = 59.8 and 59.2 years, respectively) became the final subjects. The rates of cognitive impairment (MMSE score <24) were comparable in bipolar disorder (26.5%) and schizophrenia (24.0%) and the mean MMSE scores did not significantly differ from each other. The concurrence (54.9%) of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the bipolar group was also similar to 51.0% in the schizophrenic one. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, the bipolar group exhibited significantly higher CIRS‐G total scores (95% confidence interval (CI) for odds ratio (OR) = 1.01–1.27), body mass index (95% CI for OR = 1.02–1.21), and GAF scores (95% CI for OR = 1.04–1.14).

Conclusion

Given better social functioning and the same cognitive function in older community‐dwelling patients with bipolar disorder, they may remain at higher risk for obesity and medical morbidity than schizophrenic patients. Treatments targeting cognitive impairment and CVDs across their life span are both necessary to promote the health of community‐dwellers with SMI.
Altered hip control during a standing knee‐lift test is associated with increased risk of knee injuries
Authors: Leppänen Mari , Rossi Marko T. , Parkkari Jari , Heinonen Ari , Äyrämö Sami , Krosshaug Tron , Vasankari Tommi , Kannus Pekka , Pasanen Kati
Published: January 2020

A few prospective studies have investigated hip and pelvic control as a risk factor for lower extremity (LE) injuries. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether deficits in hip and lumbopelvic control during standing knee‐lift test are associated with increased risk of acute knee and LE injuries in youth team sports. At baseline, 258 basketball and floorball players (aged 12‐21 years) participated in a standing knee‐lift test using 3‐dimensional motion analysis. Two trials per leg were recorded from each participant. Peak sagittal plane pelvic tilt and frontal plane pelvic drop/hike were measured. Both continuous and categorical variables were analyzed. New non‐contact LE injuries, and match and training exposure, were recorded for 12 months. Seventy acute LE injuries were registered. Of these, 17 were knee injuries (eight ACL ruptures) and 35 ankle injuries. Risk factor analyses showed that increased contralateral pelvic hike was significantly associated with knee injury risk when using categorical variable (HR for high vs low group 4.07; 95% CI 1.32‐12.6). Furthermore, significant association was found between high lateral pelvic hike angles and ACL injury risk in female players (HR for high vs low group 9.10; 95% CI 1.10‐75.2). Poor combined sensitivity and specificity of the test was observed. In conclusion, increased contralateral pelvic hike is associated with non‐contact knee injury risk among young team sport players and non‐contact ACL injuries among female players. More research to determine the role of pelvic control as a risk factor for knee injuries is needed.
Pathways to gender equality: A configurational analysis of childcare instruments and outcomes in 21 European countries
Authors: Lauri Triin , Põder Kaire , Ciccia Rossella
Published: January 2020

The ability to produce desired outcomes represents an important basis of the legitimacy of social policies. Nonetheless, policy outcomes have not systematically figured in the analysis of childcare regimes despite growing political interest in issues such as female employment, gender wage gap, and men's involvement in childcare. In this article, we use fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to investigate the relationship between the configuration of policy instruments, attitudes toward childcare and outcomes in 21 European countries. Our results show that there is only one mix of policy instruments consistently linked with positive gender equality outcomes and this route has the quality of the universal caregiver model. It also demonstrates that both a combination of policy instruments and favorable attitudinal factors are necessary to produce desirable outcomes in the gender division of paid work and unpaid childcare.
Salvage heart transplantation for Mycoplasma hominis prosthetic valve endocarditis: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Givone Filippo , Peghin Maddalena , Vendramin Igor , Carletti Silvia , Tursi Vincenzo , Pasciuta Renée , Livi Ugolino , Bassetti Matteo
Published: January 2020

Heart transplantation (HT) has been rarely performed in patients with infective endocarditis (IE) and is considered a “last resort” procedure. Orthotropic HT with bicaval technique was performed in a man with culture‐negative endocarditis. Mycoplasma hominis was later detected using 16S ribosomal DNA PCR from surgically removed valve tissue. Literature review and previous results are summarized. HT may be considered as salvage treatment in selected patients with intractable IE. In cases when there is no growth in culture, 16S ribosomal DNA PCR sequencing can be used to identify the pathogen in excised valvular tissue. Mycoplasma spp. is extremely uncommon and difficult to diagnose cause of infective endocarditis (IE). There are no proposed or defined criteria for heart transplantation (HT) in patients with refractory IE, and HT has been rarely performed in this setting. We report a case of M hominis prosthetic valve endocarditis diagnosed by 16S ribosomal DNA PCR in a patient who underwent a salvage HT. We reviewed in the literature other cases of IE caused by Mycoplasma spp.
Endoplasmic reticulum‐mediated unfolded protein response is an integral part of singlet oxygen signalling in plants
Authors: Beaugelin Inès , Chevalier Anne , D'Alessandro Stefano , Ksas Brigitte , Havaux Michel
Published: January 2020

Singlet oxygen (1O2) is a by‐product of photosynthesis that triggers a signalling pathway leading to stress acclimation or to cell death. By analyzing gene expressions in a 1O2‐overproducing Arabidopsis mutant (ch1) under different light regimes, we show here that the 1O2 signalling pathway involves the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐mediated unfolded protein response (UPR). ch1 plants in low light exhibited a moderate activation of UPR genes, in particular bZIP60, and low concentrations of the UPR‐inducer tunicamycin enhanced tolerance to photooxidative stress, together suggesting a role for UPR in plant acclimation to low 1O2 levels. Exposure of ch1 to high light stress ultimately leading to cell death resulted in a marked upregulation of the two UPR branches (bZIP60/IRE1 and bZIP28/bZIP17). Accordingly, mutational suppression of bZIP60 and bZIP28 increased plant phototolerance, and a strong UPR activation by high tunicamycin concentrations promoted high light‐induced cell death. Conversely, light acclimation of ch1 to 1O2 stress put a limitation in the high light‐induced expression of UPR genes, except for the gene encoding the BIP3 chaperone, which was selectively upregulated. BIP3 deletion enhanced Arabidopsis photosensitivity while plants treated with a chemical chaperone exhibited enhanced phototolerance. In conclusion, 1O2 induces the ER‐mediated UPR response that fulfils a dual role in high light stress: a moderate UPR, with selective induction of BIP3, is part of the acclimatory response to 1O2, and a strong activation of the whole UPR is associated with cell death.
The Encrypted State
Authors: Nugent David
Published: January 2020

What is the state? How is it implicated in the reproduction of relations of domination? Theorists from Marx to Weber, from Durkheim to Gramsci, from Abrams to Foucault have pondered these questions. In The Encrypted State, anthropologist David Nugent sheds new light on these questions by focusing on disorder and delusion, rather than order and rationality. Nugent analyzes mid-century Peru, where the government experienced a crisis of rule. Officials believed that their efforts to govern were being systematically thwarted by an underground political party called APRA that remained largely invisible to the naked eye. APRA’s ability to disrupt official processes of rule produced deep paranoia among officials. They concluded that the party had established a vast subterranean polity of remarkable power and potency, to which virtually everyone secretly belonged. This episode of paranoia and delusion is especially puzzling because immediately prior everyday administration had been entirely normal and routine. In seeking to understand how irrationality and disorder could emerge out of rationality and order, Nugent finds that government projects had always been delusional. During periods of apparent order and rationality, however, officials had disguised their delusion—from themselves and others—by employing a series of bureaucratic and documentary mechanisms. The Encrypted State identifies these mechanisms and shows how they operated. The book also explores when these mechanisms succeeded in creating a facade of order and rationality and when they failed. In the process, the volume advances a radically new way of thinking about the state.
The Routine and the Remarkable in State Formation
Authors: Nugent David
Published: January 2020

The Introduction provides an overview of current theories of state formation and shows how the book contributes to those debates. It does so by developing a conceptual framework that incorporates crisis into theories of order. It treats crisis as something other than a temporary aberration from the normal operation of the state. Instead, it focuses on the ritual, bureaucratic and documentary practices undertaken in the name of the state that produce the illusion of the ordinary and the mundane. Chapter One also discusses why it is so important to maintain the illusion of the everyday and why it is so difficult to see behind the mask of the state. Central to the analysis are the mechanisms by which the delusional nature of state activity is rendered rational and routine. Equally important are the processes that undermine the effectiveness of these mechanisms.
Sacropolitics
Authors: Nugent David
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces concepts that are crucial to the analysis of The Encrypted State. The most important of these is “sacropolitics,” the politics of public mass sacrifice. This term identifies a form of sovereignty that is distinct from biopolitics, necropolitics and the state of exception. Sacropolitics differs from biopolitics in the sense that it is not about the management of life. It differs from necropolitics in that it is not about the subjugation of life to death. Sacropolitics is neither about managing nor taking life but rather animating it. It is about bringing to life dead, dying or moribund populations and social formations. Sacropolitical efforts call upon the entire population to engage in public performances of mass sacrifice. These performances are intended to contribute to the creation of new life worlds that can redeem poor countries from the profane state into which they have fallen.
The Descent into Madness
Authors: Nugent David
Published: January 2020

This chapter offers an in-depth exploration of the crisis of rule that unfolded in the Chachapoyas region circa 1950. At this time officials came to believe that they were incapable of carrying out even the most basic of government functions. Furthermore, officials came to believe that their efforts to govern the region were being thwarted by APRA, the party they themselves had forced underground. In accounting for the failure of their own efforts to govern, officials attributed to APRA a subterranean party apparatus with all the powers of state that their own regime lacked. Indeed, the political authorities came to view their administration as a pale imitation of a sophisticated, complex state structure located somewhere deeply underground. They could not actually see the subterranean party state to which they attributed such power and influence. As a result, they were left to imagine the contours of their invisible enemy.
The Consolidation of Casta Rule
Authors: Nugent David
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the consolidation of a new form of political organization in the Chachapoyas region in the early decades of the twentieth century. Circa 1920 changes in the national social structure brought a new national leader to power—Augusto Leguía. Drawing upon huge sums of money borrowed from US banks, Leguía provided unprecedented support to his elite clients in the Chachapoyas. In so doing, he changed the balance of power between longstanding elite factions and allowed one faction to prevail over the rest. By the time Leguía fell from power in 1930 his clients in the Chachapoyas region—the Pizarro-Rubio—had done something that had not formerly been possible. They had eliminated the region’s opposing elite factions. In so doing, they permanently transformed the region’s class structure. Leguía and his administration had sacropoliticial ambitions and plans.
Being (and Seeing) Like a State
Authors: Nugent David
Published: January 2020

This chapter analyzes the efforts of the Pizarro-Rubio casta to implement the central government’s sacropolitically-motivated plans to modernize the Chachapoyas region during the 1920s. The period is an interesting one for scholars of state formation because the developments of the 1920s provide a direct challenge to institutional understandings of the state. According to these views, state formation depends on the ability of central powers to eliminate violence-wielding competitors, who interfere with the monopoly on force the state seeks to establish. The ability of the central government to impose its will in Chachapoyas, however, was contingent not upon the elimination of violence-wielding actors but on their preservation. The fact that the Pizarro-Rubio had succeeded in eliminating all competing elite factions meant that the clients of the ruling casta were able to work together to ensure that government projects proceeded un a timely and efficient manner.
Glimpses of Danger and Subversion
Authors: Nugent David
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores official efforts to understand why state activities that had formerly been ordinary and routine (conscription) become increasingly difficult to carry out. It focuses on the police investigation of clandestine Aprista activities, and what this discovery suggests to the authorities about the existence of an extensive underground network of subversion. The chapter also traces the emergence in official circles of an explanation that resolves official anxieties, even as it displaces responsibility for problems that were of the government’s own making onto phantom forces that were regarded as hyper-real. The less the authorities were able to carry out everyday activities, the more extraordinary were the powers of subversion they attributed to these phantom forces. The most important of these forces was APRA.
Behind the Mask of the State
Authors: Nugent David
Published: January 2020

The Conclusion draws out the implications of the analysis for theories of sovereignty and state formation. The focus is on state ritual, bureaucratic and documentary practices that produce the illusion of ordinary, mundane rule, the mechanisms by which the delusional nature of state activity is rendered unremarkable, and the processes that undermine the effectiveness of these mechanisms. Central to the analysis is the notion of sacropolitics, a form of sovereignty that is based not on the management of life (biopolitics) or on the subjugation of life to death (necropolitics) but rather on the animation of life. Sacropolitics seeks to bring to life dead, dying or moribund social formations. It calls upon the entire population to engage in public performances of mass sacrifice, which are intended to help create new life worlds that can redeem poor countries from the profane state into which they have fallen.