bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: The Influence of Phosphane Ligands on the Versatility of Ruthenium—Indenylidene Complexes in Metathesis.
Authors: Broggi Julie , Urbina‐Blanco Cesar A. , Clavier Herve , Leitgeb Anita , Slugovc Christian , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Nolan Steven P.
Published: December 2010

Five novel Ru‐indenylidene complexes (Ia‐e) are prepared and investigated as pre‐catalysts in ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) of dienes and enynes, ring‐rearrangement metathesis (RRM), cross metathesis (CM) and ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP, not shown).
ChemInform Abstract: A Practical and Highly Efficient Hydroacylation Reaction of Azodicarboxylates with Aldehydes in Water.
Authors: Zhang Qianying , Parker Erica , Headley Allan D. , Ni Bukuo
Published: December 2010

The process can be easily carried out at room temperature without a catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Sonogashira Coupling of Aryl Mesylates and Tosylates.
Authors: Choy Pui Ying , Chow Wing Kin , So Chau Ming , Lau Chak Po , Kwong Fuk Yee
Published: December 2010

First time, the present new and general method for Sonogashira coupling reactions of (hetero)aryl tosylates is successfully applied to aryl mesylates.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Aminophenols Containing Electron‐Withdrawing Groups from N‐Aryl Hydroxylamines.
Authors: Porzelle Achim , Cooper Anthony W. J. , Woodrow Michael D. , Tomkinson Nicholas C. O.
Published: December 2010

Treatment of various hydroxylamines with either sulfonyl chlorides or Tf2O under the conditions shown results in formation of rearranged 2‐aminophenol derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of α‐Amino Imides from Tertiary Amines: Ugi‐Type Three‐Component Assemblies Involving Direct Functionalization of sp3 C—Hs Adjacent to Nitrogen Atoms.
Authors: Ye Xin , Xie Chunsong , Pan Yuanyuan , Han Laihong , Xie Tian
Published: December 2010

The title compounds are suitable for a broad field of applications.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Highly Efficient Procedure for Conversion of Aldoximes to Nitriles Using N‐(p‐Toluenesulfonyl) Imidazole.
Authors: Rad Mohammad Navid Soltani , Khalafi‐Nezhad Ali , Behrouz Somayeh , Amini Zohreh , Behrouz Marzieh
Published: December 2010

The efficient, stable, neutral and cheap reagent allows high‐yield conversions of aldoximes to nitriles.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnesium Chloride‐Catalyzed Thiolysis of Epoxides: Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy Sulfides.
Authors: Rani Rashmi , Pattanayak Shankha , Agarwal Jyoti , Peddinti Rama Krishna
Published: December 2010

A mild and efficient method for the preparation of the title compounds (III) and (V) using a nontoxic, stable and inexpensive catalyst is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Protocol for Stereoselective Epoxidation of Cinnamic Esters Using TsNBr2.
Authors: Saikia Indranirekha , Kashyap Bishwapran , Phukan Prodeep
Published: December 2010

The method is also suitable for the epoxidation of styrenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Palladium‐Catalyzed Carboamination Reactions for the Synthesis of Enantiomerically Enriched 2‐(Arylmethyl)‐ and 2‐(Alkenylmethyl)pyrrolidines.
Authors: Mai Duy N. , Wolfe John P.
Published: December 2010

Enantioselectivities up to 93% e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Fused Tricyclic Pyrrolizinones that Exhibit Pseudo‐Irreversible Blockade of the NK1 Receptor.
Authors: Morriello Gregori J. , et al. et al.
Published: December 2010

A new class of hNK1antagonist is synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 5‐Substituted 2,3‐Diphenyl and 5‐Substituted 1‐Aryl‐2,3‐diphenyl Imidazoles Using Polyethylene Glycol.
Authors: Das Biswanath , Sudhakar Chithaluri , Srinivas Yallamalla
Published: December 2010

The procedure is carried out in a biologically tolerable, inexpensive and ecofriendly polymer without an additional catalyst and solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Organocatalytic Michael Addition of Azlactones to cis‐1,2‐Bis(phenylsulfonyl)ethene. A Simple Entry to Quaternary α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Bravo Natalia , Alba Andrea‐Nekane R. , Valero Guillem , Companyo Xavier , Moyano Albert , Rios Ramon
Published: December 2010

A new, practical and enantioselective entry to direct precursors of quaternary α‐alkyl‐α‐amino acids is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Heterocycles on the Basis of Products of Arylation of Unsaturated Compounds. Part 22. 3‐Aryl‐2‐chloropropanal in the Synthesis of N‐Aryl‐5‐(R‐benzyl)‐1,3‐thiazole‐2‐amines
Authors: Matiychuk V. S. , Obushak N. D. , Pidlypnyi N. I. , Ostapiuk Yu. V. , Voloshchuk R. M.
Published: December 2010

15 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclization vs. Elimination Reactions of 5‐Aryl‐5‐hydroxy 1,3‐Diones: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐2,3‐dihydro‐4H‐pyran‐4‐ones.
Authors: Khera Rasheed Ahmad , Ahmad Rasheed , Ullah Ihsan , Abid Obaid‐Ur‐Rahman , Fatunsin Olumide , Sher Muhammad , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: December 2010

An efficient procedure is elaborated for the synthesis of dihydropyranones (III) from readily available diketones (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Enhanced Synthesis of 2,3,6‐Trisubstituted Pyridazines: Application to Four‐Step Synthesis of Gabazine (SR‐95531).
Authors: Gavande Navnath , Johnston Graham A. R. , Hanrahan Jane R. , Chebib Mary
Published: December 2010

An efficient and versatile protocol for the synthesis of diversified 2,3,6‐trisubstituted pyridazines under microwave irradiation is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot, Three‐Component Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones Using p‐Toluenesulfonic Acid—Paraformaldehyde Copolymer as an Efficient and Reusable Catalyst.
Authors: Saffar‐Teluri Ali , Bolouk Shiva
Published: December 2010

The title catalyst can be recycled and reused for several runs without any decrease in its efficiency.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Some New 1,3‐Thiazolyl‐6‐bromoquinazolin‐4(3H)ones.
Authors: Patel N. B. , Patel J. N.
Published: December 2010

A variety of the title quinazolinone derivatives (V) (15 examples) is synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of trans‐Aryl‐ and ‐Heteroaryl‐Substituted Cyclopropylboronates by Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Reactions of Allylic Phosphates with a Diboron Derivative.
Authors: Zhong Chongmin , Kunii Shun , Kosaka Yuki , Sawamura Masaya , Ito Hajime
Published: December 2010

The title reaction of the (Z)‐configurated allylic phosphates (I) to give the trans‐configurated cyclopropanes (III) shows excellent diastereoselectivity and good functional group compatibility.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Domino Silylative Aldol Reaction Leading to Stereocontrolled Chiral Quaternary Carbons.
Authors: Welle Alexandre , Petrignet Julien , Tinant Bernard , Wouters Johan , Riant Olivier
Published: December 2010

A copper‐catalyzed domino silylation—aldol reaction is presented between enoyloxazolidinones (I) and (VII), various aromatic aldehydes and silylboronate (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Tellurium‐Containing Heterocycles. Part 32. Regioselective Electrophilic Cyclization of o‐Ethynylbenzyl Phenyl Selenides to (Z)‐1‐Methylidene‐2‐phenyl‐1,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[c]selenophenium Salts.
Authors: Sashida Haruki , Nakabayashi Shoko , Suzuki Hirokazu , Kaname Mamoru , Minoura Mao
Published: December 2010

The reaction of selenium substrates proceeds under mild conditions to give (Z)‐isomers as sole or main products.
ChemInform Abstract: Search for New Natural Leads. Part 10. Cytotoxic Cycloartane Triterpene and Rare Isomeric Bisclerodane Diterpenes from the Leaves of Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula.
Authors: Sashidhara Koneni V. , Singh Suriya P. , Kant Ruchir , Maulik Prakas R. , Sarkar Jayanta , Kanojiya Sanjeev , Kumar K. Ravi
Published: December 2010

Longitriol (I), a rare bisclerodane imide, longimide A (II) and previously known longimide B are isolated from the leaves of Polyalthia longifolia var.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalized N‐Propargylanabazine Derivatives.
Authors: Mavrov M. V. , Zlotin S. G.
Published: December 2010

A variety of functionalized N‐propargylanabasine derivatives, useful precursors of new biologically active anabasine‐based compounds, is synthesized by three‐component condensation reactions of anabazine hydrochloride (I) with paraformaldehyde and terminal alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Color Chemosensors Based on Azo Dyes for Possible Application in Opioid Pharmacology.
Authors: Genady Afaf R.
Published: December 2010

Coupling of morphine and 6‐acetylmorphine with aromatic diazonium salts gives novel azo dye derivatives (I) and (II) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: New Nonadride Analogues from a Freshwater Isolate of an Undescribed Fungus Belonging to the Order Pleosporales
Authors: Hosoe Tomoo , Gloer James B. Gloer James B. , Wicklow Donald T. , Raja Huzefa A. , Shearer Carol A.
Published: December 2010

isolation, structure elucidation and antifungal activities of three new nonadride derivatives (I) and two new compounds, waquafranone A (II) and B (III)
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Insecticidal Evaluation of Novel Pyrazolecarboxamides Containing Cyano Substituted N‐Pyridylpyrazole.
Authors: Liu Zhili , Feng Qi , Xiong Lixia , Wang Mingzhong , Li Zhengming
Published: December 2010

Title compounds (I) are prepared by classical synthetic methods and screened for insecticidal activity against the oriental armyworm (Mythimna separata).
ChemInform Abstract: Cl—W
Authors: Okamoto H.
Published: December 2010

Review: complete binary phase diagram; 5 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fe—Mg—O (Iron‐Magnesium‐Oxygen)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: December 2010

Review: 10 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic Interactions Between and Through Covalently Bonded Polymetallic Complexes
Authors: Low Paul J. , Brown Neil J.
Published: December 2010

Review: 205 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Adamantyl‐1 and Adamantyl‐2 Imidazoles and Benzimidazoles. Methods of Synthesis, Properties and Biological Activity
Authors: Zurabishvili D. S. , Lomidze M. O. , Trapaidze M. V. , Samsoniya Sh. A.
Published: December 2010

Review: 134 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoromethylation of Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Boechat N. , Bastos M. M.
Published: December 2010

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Progress in Organic Synthesis Through Organic Electron Transfer Chemistry
Authors: Nishiguchi Ikuzo
Published: December 2010

Review: about 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of the Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis Utilizing Characteristic of Chiral Auxiliary
Authors: Ozeki Minoru , Node Manabu
Published: December 2010

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Regioselective Arylation and Vinylation of Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro
Published: December 2010

Review: ca. 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Integrity in Organic Synthesis. Practical Limits of Determining Isolated Product Yields and Ratios of Stereoisomers: Reflections, Analysis, and Redemption
Authors: Wernerova Martina , Hudlicky Tomas
Published: December 2010

Review: 29 refs.
Adsorptive Water Removal from Organic Solvents in the ppm‐Region
Authors: Pahl Christoph , Pasel Christoph , Luckas Michael , Bathen Dieter
Published: December 2010

Highly pure organic solvents gain more and more importance in optical, electronical, pharmaceutical and chemical industry. In this context the removal of water in the lower ppm‐ and ppb‐range is a major challenge since water is always present, e. g., air humidity, and leads to catalyst poisoning and undesired side reactions. One technique to remove water is by adsorption on zeolites, silica gels or aluminas. Despite single technical solutions already existing, systematic measurements of influencing parameters are still missing. The research project adresses the adsorption of water from different organic solvents. In the following experiments with linear primary alcohols and acetic acid esters are discussed as these solvents are often used in industry in low water content qualities.
Colour scheme supporting technique based on hierarchical scene structure for exterior design of urban scenes in 3D
Authors: Chin Seongah
Published: December 2010

In this article, we propose a method for supporting colour schemes for the exterior colour design of an urban scene in 3D and report on a user study for validating the proposed scheme. The realized simulator allows users to develop harmonized colouring schemes for an urban colour design in 3D with the selection of a dominant colour and subcolours automatically. The technical aspects include designing a colour scheming table based on a colour guideline, extracting the façade colour from an image collected from a real scene, and conducting colour scheming on a 3D scene. The proposed method enhances efficiency with respect to reducing processing cost as providing automatic colour scheme in 3D. In addition, the 3D simulator makes the proposed method interactive, which in turn increases the flexibility for manipulation of 3D simulated scenes by changing viewpoints by rotating, zooming, and navigating the simulator. The experimental results and a user study are presented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010.
Novel automated three‐dimensional genome scanning based on the nuclear architecture of telomeres
Authors: Klewes Ludger , Höbsch Clemens , Katzir Nir , Rourke David , Garini Yuval , Mai Sabine
Published: December 2010

Telomeres, the end of chromosomes, are organized in a nonoverlapping fashion and form microterritories in nuclei of normal cells. Previous studies have shown that normal and tumor cell nuclei differ in their 3D telomeric organization. The differences include a change in the spatial organization of the telomeres, in telomere numbers and sizes and in the presence of telomeric aggregates. Previous attempts to identify the above parameters of 3D telomere organization were semi‐automated. Here we describe the automation of 3D scanning for telomere signatures in interphase nuclei based on three‐dimensional fluorescentin situhybridization (3D‐FISH) and, for the first time, define its sensitivity in tumor cell detection. The data were acquired with a high‐throughput scanning/acquisition system that allows to measure cells and acquire 3D images of nuclei at high resolution with 40× or 60× oil and at a speed of 10,000–15,000 cells h−1, depending on the cell density on the slides. The automated scanning, TeloScan, is suitable for large series of samples and sample sizes. We define the sensitivity of this automation for tumor cell detection. The data output includes 3D telomere positions, numbers of telomeric aggregates, telomere numbers, and telomere signal intensities. We were able to detect one aberrant cell in 1,000 normal cells. In conclusions, we are able to detect tumor cells based on 3D architectural profiles of the genome. This new tool could, in the future, assist in patient diagnosis, in the detection of minimal residual disease, in the analysis of treatment response and in treatment decisions. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Ring‐Opening Reaction of Vinylidenecyclopropanediesters Catalyzed by Re2(CO)10 or Yb(OTf)3
Authors: Wu Lei , Shi Min
Published: December 2010

Ring‐opening reaction of vinylidenecyclopropanediesters catalyzed by Re2(CO)10 or Yb(OTf)3 afforded 2H‐pyran‐2‐one derivatives or α,β‐unsaturated ketones in moderate to good yields through a highly regioselective carbon–carbon bond cleavage pathway. The substituents at the cyclopropane mainly determine the regioselectivity of the carbon–carbon bond cleavage, providing different products of tandem ring‐opening and rearrangement reactions.
Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐3‐cyano‐4H‐chromene‐4‐carboxamide Derivatives by an Isocyanide‐Based Domino Conjugate Addition/O‐Trapping Rearrangement Sequence
Authors: Gyuris Márió , Madácsi Ramóna , Puskás László G. , Tóth Gábor K. , Wölfling János , Kanizsai Iván
Published: December 2010

An efficient, one‐pot domino synthesis of new 2‐amino‐3‐cyano‐4H‐chromene‐4‐carboxamide derivatives has been developed by the acid‐induced conjugate addition of isocyanides to 2‐imino‐2H‐chromene‐3‐carboxamides, followed by an intramolecular O‐trapping rearrangement, with yields up to 92 %. This newly established protocol was also used in multicomponent (3CR) mode.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) photonic microbioreactors based on segmented waveguides for local absorbance measurement
Authors: Demming Stefanie , Vila‐Planas Jordi , Aliasghar Zadeh Sobehir , Edlich Astrid , Franco‐Lara Ezequiel , Radespiel Rolf , Büttgenbach Stephanus , Llobera Andreu
Published: December 2010

We present the development of microbioreactors (MBRs) based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) segmented waveguides (SWG) for local absorbance measurements. Two different MBRs were studied, either using symmetric or asymmetric SWG (being defined as MBR‐S and MBR‐A, respectively). Their optical and fluidic performances were numerically analyzed, showing robustness from an optical point of view and distinct fluid flow profile. The optical characterization was done in two steps. Initially, the experimental limit of detection (LOD) and the sensitivity were determined for two different analytes (fluorescein and methylorange). With both systems, a similar limit of detection for both analytes was obtained, being in the micromolar level. Their sensitivities were 20.2±0.3 (×10−3) A.U./μM and 5.5±0.2 (×10−3) A.U./μM for fluorescein and methylorange, respectively. Once validated its applicability for local absorbance measurements, a continuous cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was done to test the viability of the proposed systems for photonic MBRs. Concretely, the cell growth was locally monitored inside the MBR during 33 h. Spectral analysis showed that the determination of the culture parameters were wavelength dependant, with a growth rate of 0.39±0.02 h−1 and a doubling time of 1.65±0.09 h at an optimal wavelength of 469.9±0.3 nm. Besides the easy and monolithic integration of the SWG into poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic systems, the results presented here are very promising for the application in any disposable photonic lab‐on‐a‐chip systems used for online analysis or photonic MBRs.
Historical channel narrowing along the Rio Grande near Albuquerque, New Mexico in response to peak discharge reductions and engineering: magnitude and uncertainty of change from air photo measurements
Authors: Swanson Benjamin J. , Meyer Grant A. , Coonrod Julie E.
Published: December 2010

Over the last century, geomorphic processes along the Middle Rio Grande have been altered by flood control and bank stabilization projects, intensified land and water use, and climate change. In response to potential risks to infrastructure and ecological integrity, recent (1985–2008) adjustment was investigated and historic (1918–1985) changes in Rio Grande channel planform through the Albuquerque, New Mexico, area were reviewed, especially in relation to changes in annual peak discharge and river engineering measures. Using a GIS, channel characteristics were digitized from georeferenced photographs and analyzed with particular attention to quantifying potential measurement error and its propagation. Error associated with average channel widths and channel area ranged between 4 and 13%. For smaller polygons, e.g. islands, error was higher (11 to 40% for width and >200% for area) because width error is large relative to polygon width. Between 1918 and 1963, average channel widths decreased 8 m/yr, from 516 ± 67 m to 176 ± 7 m, mostly due to decreasing peak flows and the implementation of flood control and other engineering measures. From 1985 to 2008, widths decreased 0·7 m/yr, from 176 ± 23 m to 146 ± 5 m, accompanied by an increase in vegetated island area which largely coincided with low flow periods. Narrowing was concentrated at tributary inputs and in the upstream part of the reach, where bedload trapping by Cochiti Dam has caused degradation. Bank protection structures and dense vegetation limit bank erosion in the reach, but erosion is significant where expanding islands, incision, and increased meandering force water against banks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the relationship between damage of oil‐impregnated insulation paper and evolution of phase‐resolved partial discharge patterns
Authors: Liao Ruijin , Yan Jiaming , Yang Lijun , Zhu Mengzhao , Liu Bin
Published: December 2010

This paper studied the relationships between evolution of phase‐resolved partial discharge (PRPD) patterns and damaging characteristics, such as surface topography, surface roughness, and surface conductivity, and the constitution of gas within cavity for oil‐impregnated insulation paper during the damaging process caused by partial discharge (PD). According to PRPD patterns, the damaging process can be divided into five stages. At each of the stages, surface conditions of insulation were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and high‐resistance meter. Gas constitution was analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, as well. Meanwhile, PRPD patterns of different gas constitution were compared, and analyzed, as well as those of different surface‐damaging conditions. Results reveal that during the damaging process, the percentage content of electronegative gases descends and ascends alternately, and discharging types alternate between pseudo‐glow (or glow) and spark. PRPD pattern of pseudo‐glow‐type discharge chiefly depends on the properties of weak electronegative gases generated during PD. PRPD patterns of spark‐type discharge are chiefly determined by surface damage conditions. PRPD patterns of spark‐type discharge manifest different levels of “rabbit‐ear” and periodical features. The level of “rabbit‐ear” feature is mostly determined by surface conductivity, while the level of periodical feature generally depends on surface trap density. In addition, surface roughness does not change shapes of PRPD patterns; however, the amount of discharge increases as the value of surface roughness declines. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design methods investigation for residential microgrid infrastructure
Authors: Zhang Xianjun , Karady George G. , Guan Yonggang
Published: December 2010

In this study a residential community in Phoenix was selected as the basis to develop design methods for a residential microgrid. A microgrid model was built using computer based software. Photovoltaic (PV) modules, microturbines, and fuel cells were chosen as the distributed energy resources (DERs) for the model. The optimal residential microgrid system configuration was sorted out according to the least net present cost (NPC), and the least cost of energy (COE) of the designed microgrid system. The results indicate that the COE of the designed microgrid in island mode is expensive, although it is more environmentally friendly compared to the grid. The purpose of combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) is achieved by utilizing the exhaust heat from microturbines to provide daily hot water consumption while cooling demand is achieved through the connection of adsorption chillers to microturbines. Sensitivity analysis shows that natural gas price escalation and price reduction of DERs significantly impact COE and NPC. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and control of isolated hybrid system using wind driven DFIG and hydro driven SCIG
Authors: Goel Puneet K. , Singh Bhim , Murthy S. S. , Kishore Navin
Published: December 2010

This paper deals with design and control of a new isolated wind‐hydro hybrid generation system employing a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) driven by a variable speed wind turbine and a constant speed squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) driven by a constant power hydro turbine feeding three‐phase four‐wire local loads. The proposed hybrid energy conversion system is using back to back connected pulse width modulated (PWM) insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) based voltage source converters (VSCs) with a battery energy storage system (BESS) at their dc link. The ac terminals of one VSC (rotor side converter) are connected to the rotor terminals of DFIG for the maximum power tracking (MPT) through its rotor speed control. The ac terminals of the other VSC (stator side converter) are connected to the stator terminals of DFIG and SCIG and load terminals through a delta‐star transformer. The stator side converter is used for the voltage and frequency control (VFC) at the stator terminals of the DFIG and SCIG. The proposed electro‐mechanical system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB using simulink and sim power systems (SPS) set toolboxes. The performance of the proposed wind‐hydro hybrid system is presented to demonstrate its capability of MPT, stator voltage and frequency control, harmonic elimination, load balancing, and load leveling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal controls on DOC dynamics in nested upland catchments in NE Scotland
Authors: Dawson Julian J. C. , Tetzlaff Doerthe , Speed Mark , Hrachowitz Markus , Soulsby Chris
Published: December 2010

Spatial and temporal variability of hydrological responses affecting surface water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations are important for determining upscaling patterns of DOC export within larger catchments. Annual and intra‐annual variations in DOC concentrations and fluxes were assessed over 2 years at 12 sites (3·40–1837 km2) within the River Dee basin in NE Scotland. Mean annual DOC fluxes, primarily correlated with catchment soil coverage, ranged from 3·41 to 9·48 g m−2 yr−1. Periods of seasonal (summer–autumn and winter–spring) DOC concentrations (production) were delineated and related to discharge. Although antecedent temperature mainly determined the timing of switchover between periods of high DOC in the summer‐autumn and low DOC in winter‐spring, inter‐annual variability of export within the same season was largely dependent on its associated water flux. DOC fluxes ranged from 1·39 to 4·80 g m−2 season−1 during summer–autumn and 1·43 to 4·15 g m−2 season−1 in winter–spring.Relationships between DOC areal fluxes and catchment scale indicated that mainstem fluxes reflect the averaging of highly heterogeneous inputs from contrasting headwater catchments, leading to convergent DOC fluxes at catchment sizes of ca 100 km2. However, during summer–autumn periods, in contrast to winter–spring, longitudinal mainstem DOC fluxes continue to decrease, most likely because of increasing biological processes. This highlights the importance of considering seasonal as well as annual changes in DOC fluxes with catchment scale. This study increases our understanding of the temporal variability of DOC upscaling patterns reflecting cumulative changes across different catchment scales and aids modelling of carbon budgets at different stages of riverine systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐stationarity in rainfall and temperature in the Murray Darling Basin
Authors: Kamruzzaman M. , Beecham S. , Metcalfe A. V.
Published: December 2010

Two analyses, one based on multiple regression and the other using the Holt–Winters algorithm, for investigating non‐stationarity in environmental time series are presented. They are applied to monthly rainfall and average maximum temperature time series of lengths between 38 and 108 years, from six stations in the Murray Darling Basin and four cities in eastern Australia. The first analysis focuses on the residuals after fitting regression models which allow for seasonal variation, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). The models provided evidence that rainfall is reduced during periods of negative SOI, and that the interaction between PDO and SOI pronounces this effect during periods of negative PDO. Following this, there was no evidence of any trend in either the PDO or SOI time series. The residuals from this regression were analysed with a cumulative sum (CUSUM) technique, and the statistical significance was assessed using a Monte Carlo method. The residuals were also analysed for volatility, autocorrelation, long‐range dependence and spatial correlation. For all ten rainfall and temperature time series, CUSUM plots of the residuals provided evidence of non‐stationarity for both temperature and rainfall, after removing seasonal effects and the effects of PDO and SOI. Rainfall was generally lower in the first half of the twentieth century and higher during the second half. However, it decreased again over the last 10 years. This pattern was highlighted with 5‐year moving average plots. The residuals for temperature showed a complementary pattern with increases in temperature corresponding to decreased rainfall. The second analysis decomposed the rainfall and temperature time series into random variation about an underlying level, trend and additive seasonal effects and changes in the level; trend and seasonal effects were tracked using a Holt–Winters algorithm. The results of this analysis were qualitatively similar to those of the regression analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thymosin β4 activates integrin‐linked kinase and decreases endothelial progenitor cells apoptosis under serum deprivation
Authors: Zhao Yanbo , Qiu Fuyu , Xu Shengjie , Yu Lu , Fu Guosheng
Published: December 2010

Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) has been suggested to regulate multiple cell signal pathways and a variety of cellular functions such as cell migration, proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis. Here, we investigated the effect of Tβ4 on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) apoptosis induced by serum deprivation and the corresponding signal transduction pathways involved in this process. Circulating EPCs, isolated from healthy volunteers, were cultured in the absence or presence of Tβ4 and various signal cascade inhibitors. Apoptosis was evaluated with Annexin V immunostaining and cytosolic cytochrome c expression. Incubation of EPCs with Tβ4 caused a concentration dependent increase in cell viability and proliferation activity. It also caused an inhibitory effect on EPCs apoptosis, which was abolished by PI3K inhibitors (either LY294002 or Wortmannin) or JNK MAPK inhibitor SP600125. In addition, the expression and activity of caspase‐3 and ‐9 were decreased by Tβ4, which markedly increased the Bcl‐2/Bax ratio within EPCs. Furthermore, Tβ4 was immunoprecipitated with integrin‐linked kinase (ILK), accompanied by augmentation of ILK activity. Transfection of EPCs with ILK‐siRNA resulted in abolishment of the activation of ILK‐Akt and the ameliorative effect on apoptosis by Tβ4. Together, Tβ4 mediated inhibitory effect on EPCs apoptosis under serum deprivation can be attributed, at least in part, to ILK‐Akt activation. The activation of JNK MAPK might also be involved in this process. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 2798–2806, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trends in Solar Cell Technologies and Laser Manufacturing
Authors: Werthen Jan‐Gustav
Published: December 2010

This article gives a brief overview of the current technological players in photovoltaic solar‐energy solutions – crystalline wafers, thin‐films, and multijunction concentrator cells – and how lasers play important roles in their manufacture. Then, we discuss a technology on the horizon: high‐efficiency crystalline thin film deposited onto inexpensive substrates to provide cost‐effective, high‐output solar panels.
Increasing Photovoltaic Efficiency on the Production Floor
Authors: Oesterlin Peter , Büchel Andreas
Published: December 2010

Driven by a more and more competitive market, manufacturers of photovoltaic cells are seeking for cell concepts and production processes to reduce costs and increase cell efficiency. Many laboratory developments find their way into mass production. Among them are many laser applications which have been proven on a small scale to achieve the desired goals. One of the most promising of these developments is laser doping or laser diffusion of selective emitters.
Direct Fabrication of Periodic Structures on Surfaces
Authors: Lasagni Andrés F. , Bieda Matthias , Roch Teja , Langheinrich Denise
Published: December 2010

This report introduces a recently developed method for the direct fabrication of 2D and 3D structures. The technique involves the modulation of the laser beam intensity by generating interference patterns. By using high power lasers it is possible to directly modify the material's surface obtaining micro‐ and submicrometer periodic arrays with controlled spatial modulation. Some examples of fabricated structures on metals, polymers as well as ta‐C layers are discussed.
Equivalent continuum modeling for non‐linear wave propagation in jointed media
Authors: Vorobiev Oleg , Antoun Tarabay
Published: December 2010

This paper describes a methodology to build equivalent continuum (ECC) models to represent jointed media for non‐linear wave propagation. In the present work, we study the response of randomly jointed rock media both to quasi‐static and dynamic loadings. We have found that, unlike in the quasi‐static case where no relaxation is observed, during dynamic loading, the deviatoric stress drops in the plastic wave after reaching its peak. Such stress relaxation phenomenon is calculated in jointed media, although the model used for intact rock blocks is rate‐independent. This is a strong indication that EC models for jointed rock should include some rate‐dependence when used in wave propagation simulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zukunft der antiviralen Therapie der chronischen Hepatitis C. Direkt antiviral wirksame Medikamente
Authors: Lange Christian M. , Sarrazin Christoph , Zeuzem Stefan
Published: December 2010

Zahlreiche direkt antiviral wirksame Medikamente befinden sich derzeit in präklinischer und klinischer Entwicklung zur Behandlung der chronischen Hepatitis C. Obwohl wegen des hohen Risikos der viralen Resistenzentwicklung eine Monotherapie mit diesen Substanzen nicht möglich sein wird, belegen große Phase‐II‐Studien dass mit den Protease‐Inhibitoren Telaprevir (PROVE‐1‐ und PROVE‐2‐Studie) und Boceprevir (SPRINT‐1‐Studie) in Kombination mit pegyliertem Interferon‐alfa und Ribavirin das dauerhafte virologische Ansprechen gegenüber der Standardtherapie bei HCV‐Genotyp‐1‐Patienten beträchtlich gesteigert werden kann. Dies gilt sowohl für therapienaive Patienten, als auch für Non‐Responder und Relapser auf eine vorangegangene Standardtherapie mit pegIFN‐alfa und Ribavirin. Darüber hinaus erlauben zumindest Telaprevir‐basierte Regime für einen Teil der HCV‐infizierten Patienten deutlich verkürzte Therapiedauern. Allerdings sind Triple‐Therapien mit Protease‐Inhibitoren mit zusätzlichen Nebenwirkungen wie Anämie oder Hautausschlag (und zusätzlichen Kosten) verbunden, weswegen die Frage aufkommen wird, welche Patienten eine Triple‐Therapie benötigen. Neu entdeckte genetische Polymorphismen im Bereich des IL28B‐Gens erlauben eine zuverlässige Prädiktion des Therapieerfolges einer konventionellen Interferon‐basierten Therapie und könnten in Zukunft für diese Fragen herangezogen werden. Im Gegensatz zu Protease‐Inhibitoren weisen HCV‐Polymerase‐Inhibitoren und Inhibitoren von zellulären Proteinen im Allgemeinen eine geringere antivirale Aktivität auf. Insbesondere nukleosidische Polymerase‐Inhibitoren zeichnen sich durch eine breitere Wirksamkeit gegen verschiedene HCV‐Genotypen aus als NS3‐Protease‐Inhibitoren. Des weiteren werden zukünftige Studien zeigen, inwieweit mit einer Interferon‐freien, oralen Kombinationstherapie dieser Substanzen eine dauerhafte Elimination des HCV möglich ist.
Electrochemical detection of honokiol and magnolol in traditional Chinese medicines using acetylene black nanoparticle‐modified Electrode
Authors: Yang Xiaofeng , Gao Miaomiao , Hu Haidong , Zhang Huajie
Published: December 2010

Introduction – Honokiol and magnolol are the active components of Magnolia officinalis, which is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine. Their simultaneous analysis is, therefore, important for the quality control of the product.

Objective – To establish a simple, sensitive and rapid electrochemical method for the simultaneous detection of honokiol and magnolol based on the remarkable enhancement effect of acetylene black nanoparticle (AB).

Methodology – The AB‐modified electrode was prepared via solvent evaporation. The electrochemical response of honokiol and magnolol was investigated using cyclic voltammetry. The simultaneous detection was performed with differential pulse voltammetry. The method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy.

Results – The linear range for honokiol is 0.5–300 µg/L, and the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.25 µg/L (9.4 × 10−10 mol/L). For magnolol, the linear range is 10–250 µg/L, and the LOD is 5 µg/L (1.88 × 10−8 mol/L).

Conclusion – The new method was successfully used to determine honokiol and magnolol in a traditional Chinese medicine called Ageratum liquid. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The quantification of ellagic acid in the crude extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Dhooghe Liene , Meert Hans , Cimanga Richard K. , Vlietinck Arnold J. , Pieters Luc , Apers Sandra
Published: December 2010

Introduction – Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae), already well known for its antiviral, antihyperglycaemic and antihepatotoxic effects, is also investigated for its antimalarial activity. The major constituent of the crude extract of the whole plant was isolated and identified in this research to be ellagic acid, for which antiplasmodial activity already has been reported.

Objective – Because of the potential of the plant and the interesting properties of ellagic acid, an analytical method can be useful for the standardisation of the extracts to allow further biological and pharmacological investigations. In order to obtain an easily performable and inexpensive method, an HPLC analysis was developed and validated.

Methodology – The samples were dissolved in DMSO, ultrasonicated for 15 min, and diluted with 50% methanol. Analysis was performed using water and methanol containing 0.06% TFA and the peaks were detected at 254 nm.

Results – Ellagic acid showed a linear relationship in the range of 1.74–20.91 µg/mL and a single‐point calibration was allowed. The method was shown to be precise with respect to time (RSD of 1.84%, 3 days, n = 6) and concentration (RSD of 2.54%, 3 levels, n = 6). The overall mean content of ellagic acid was 2.06%. A recovery experiment was performed and it showed an accuracy of 100.4%.

Conclusion – Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the newly developed method is suitable for its purpose, namely the determination of ellagic acid in the crude extract of P. amarus. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ein Offizier auf akademischen Abwegen
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: December 2010

Das Standardmodell der Physik kennt heute vier Grundkräfte. Für den Gesuchten stellt sich die Lage viel unübersichtlicher dar: Er unterscheidet Schwerkraft, magnetische Anziehungskraft und elektrische Kräfte und hätte sicher noch mindestens eine weitere Schublade für andere “mechanische” Kräfte aufgemacht, in der er etwa Torsion oder Reibung untergebracht hätte.
Impact of PCR for respiratory viruses on antibiotic use: Theory and practice
Authors: van de Pol Alma C. , Wolfs Tom F.W. , Tacke Carline E.A. , Uiterwaal Cuno S.P. , Forster Johannes , van Loon Anton M. , Kimpen Jan L.L. , Rossen John W.A. , Jansen Nicolaas J.G.
Published: December 2010

Rationale for the study

Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for respiratory viruses is more sensitive, yet more expensive, than conventionally used direct immunofluorescence (DIF). We determined the impact of real‐time PCR, additional to DIF, on antibiotic prescription in ventilated children with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) at admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

Methods

First, a multicenter survey study was performed. Subsequently, in a prospective study, children (≤5 years) with LRTI were tested at admission by DIF and PCR. Positive DIF results were reported at the end of the first working day. PICU physicians reported antibiotic treatment on the second working day. After informing them of the PCR result antibiotic treatment was reevaluated.

Results

The multicenter survey study (94 respondents) showed that PCR decreased antibiotic use (P < 0.001). In the prospective study 38 children were included, of which 19 (50%) were DIF positive. Of the 19 DIF negative patients 12 (63%) were treated with antibiotics before revealing the PCR result; the PCR test was positive in 9 out of 12. Revealing PCR results did not alter antibiotic treatment. In 7 DIF negative patients antibiotics not given, the PCR test was positive.

Conclusion

In contrast to their responses to the survey study, in real‐life PICU physicians did not let their antibiotic prescription be influenced by respiratory real‐time PCR in children ventilated for LRTI. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:428–434. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effective Gene Silencing by Multilayered siRNA‐Coated Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Lee Seung Koo , Han Myung Shin , Asokan Subashini , Tung Ching‐Hsuan
Published: December 2010

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been widely proposed to treat various diseases by silencing genes, but its delivery remains a challenge. A well controlled assembly approach is applied to prepare a protease‐assisted nanodelivery system. Protease‐degradable poly‐L‐lysine (PLL) and siRNA are fabricated onto gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), by alternating the charged polyelectrolytes. In this study, up to 4 layers of PLL and 3 layers of siRNA (sR3P) are coated. Due to the slow degradation of PLL, the incorporated siRNA is released gradually and shows extended gene‐silencing effects. Importantly, the inhibition effect in cells is found to correlate with the number of siRNA layers.
The road to culturally relevant science: Exploring how teachers navigate change in pedagogy
Authors: Johnson Carla C.
Published: December 2010

In this study, two middle‐school teachers who participated in a professional development program utilizing the transformative professional development (TPD) model are followed as they embarked upon becoming culturally relevant science teachers of Hispanic students. Using Ladson‐Billings (1994) theory of culturally relevant pedagogy, teacher interviews, focus groups, journals, and field notes are examined to reveal aspects of culturally relevant pedagogy that the participants translate into their daily science instructional practice in this longitudinal case study. Findings revealed TPD enabled participants to transform their practice to focus on culturally relevant science pedagogy resulting in a more effective instructional environment for their Hispanic students. Implications for further research on professional development and other supports for teachers integrating culturally relevant pedagogy are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., J Res Sci Teach 48: 170–198, 2011
An empirical investigation of scheduling performance criteria
Authors: De Snoo Cees , Van Wezel Wout , Jorna René J.
Published: December 2010

Planning and scheduling significantly influence organizational performance, but literature that pays attention to how organizations could or should organize and assess their planning processes is limited. We extend planning and scheduling theory with a categorization of scheduling performance criteria, based on a three‐stage survey research design. Particularly, the results show that, next to schedule quality, the planning process factors timeliness, flexibility, communication, and negotiation are important performance criteria, and especially so in organizations that are faced with high levels of uncertainty. The results suggest that organizational and behavioral aspects of planning and scheduling cannot be mitigated with advanced models and software that solely focus on good schedules. Rather, high quality schedules and high quality scheduling processes need to be facilitated simultaneously to attain high planning and scheduling performance.
Dynamic response of the Chamousset rock column (Western Alps, France)
Authors: Lévy C. , Baillet L. , Jongmans D. , Mourot P. , Hantz D.
Published: December 2010

This paper investigates the variation of the first resonance frequency of the Chamousset limestone column (21,000 m3, Vercors, French Alps) before its collapse in November 2007. The site was instrumented with seismometers and extensometers during a 4‐month period with some gaps in the measurements. Experimental results and numerical modeling showed that the resonance frequency of a prone‐to‐fall column can be derived from the spectra of continuous seismic noise records. At the Chamousset site, the evolution of the resonance frequency appeared to be strongly controlled by the temperature. When temperatures were positive, slight resonance frequency variations correlated well with thermal fluctuations. Irreversible damage can occur during freeze‐thaw cycles and to a lesser extent during strong wind. It coincided with a significant drop in resonance frequency, which was interpreted as the result of rock bridge breakage. This hypothesis is supported by fresh rupture observations after the collapse, seismic event records, and numerical modeling. This study suggests that seismic noise recording could be used for assessing the potential failure of unstable columns in rigid rocks.
Magnetostratigraphic constraints on two‐stage eruptions of the Emeishan continental flood basalts
Authors: Zheng Liandi , Yang Zhenyu , Tong Yabo , Yuan Wei
Published: December 2010

Temporal and spatial variations of high and low contents of Ti basalts in the Permian Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) of southwest China and Vietnam are crucial for modeling of continental basalt formation and the nature of mantle‐lithosphere interaction. A combined geochemical and magnetostratigraphic study was carried out at Yanyuan in the inner zone of the ELIP. Geochemical results indicate that the basalts are low‐Ti (LT) basalts (Ti/Y ∼ 484.2–511.4) in the Luomapu section and high‐Ti (HT) basalts (Ti/Y ∼ 558.2–658.9) in the Gongmushan section. Systematic paleomagnetic sampling and stepwise thermal demagnetization demonstrate that the higher temperature component shows two distinct characteristic remanent magnetizations with northeasterly upward and SWW downward directions. These results indicate a simple magnetostratigraphic normal and reversed polarity pattern from the lower and upper parts of the section, respectively. By comparing with available magnetostratigraphic and paleomagnetic data carried out in the ELIP, these results imply that the eruption of the Emeishan basalts can be divided into early (normal polarity subchron) and late (reversal subchron) stages. The early stage included LT basalts in the inner zone and most of the HT basalts in the intermediate and outer zones, and the late stage contained a part of LT and HT basalts in the upper parts of the sections in the inner zone and a few in the intermediate zone of the ELIP. Correlating with available Middle‐Late Permian magnetostratigraphy and the Permian magnetic time scale, the new magnetic polarity sequence result suggests that the ELIP formed over a very short time interval (<1 Myr).
Interannual to decadal variability of outflow from the Labrador Sea
Authors: Fischer Jürgen , Visbeck Martin , Zantopp Rainer , Nunes Nuno
Published: December 2010

A decade of weak convection in the Labrador Sea associated with decreasing water mass transformation, in combination with advective and eddy fluxes into the convection area, caused significant warming of the deep waters in both the central Labrador Sea and boundary current system along the Labrador shelf break. The connection to the export of Deep Water was studied based on moored current meter stations between 1997 and 2009 at the exit of the Labrador Sea, near the shelf break at 53°N. More than 100 year‐long current meter records spanning the full water column have been analyzed with respect to high frequency variability, decaying from the surface to the bottom layer, and for the annual mean flow, showing intra‐ to interannual variability but no detectable decadal trend in the strength of the deep and near‐bottom flow out of the Labrador Sea.