bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffusiophoresis of a highly charged soft particle normal to a conducting plane
Authors: Wu Yvonne , Lee Eric
Published: April 2021

Diffusiophoresis of a soft particle in electrolyte solutions normal to a conducting solid plane is investigated theoretically in this study, focusing on the highly charged particle in particular. A pseudo‐spectral method based on Chebyshev polynomial is adopted to solve the resultant governing electrokinetic equations. It was found, among other things, that the closer the soft particle is to the plane, the faster it moves in general, provided only the chemiphoresis component of the diffusiophoresis is involved, i.e., no diffusion potential is present. The presence of the conducting plane is found to have three effects upon the particle motion nearby: the geometric boundary confinement effect, the electrostatic mirror‐image force analog effect, and the hydrodynamic retarding effect. The enhancement of the double layer polarization by the first two effects leads to the seeming intriguing observation mentioned above. The particle always moves away from the plane in chemiphoresis. If a diffusion potential is present, however, then it is possible to drive the particle toward the plane. The results have potential applications in drug delivery.
How Does Climate Change Affect Emergent Properties of Aquatic Ecosystems?
Authors: Staudinger Michelle D , Lynch Abigail J , Gaichas Sarah K , Fox Michael G , Gibson-Reinemer Daniel , Langan Joseph A , Teffer Amy K , Thackeray Stephen J , Winfield Ian J
Published: April 2021

Emergent properties of ecosystems are community attributes, such as structure and function, that arise from connections and interactions (e.g., predator–prey, competition) among populations, species, or assemblages that, when viewed together, provide a holistic representation that is more than the sum of its individual parts. Climate change is altering emergent properties of aquatic ecosystems through component responses, a combination of shifts in species range, phenology, distribution, and productivity, which lead to novel ecosystems that have no historical analog. The reshuffling, restructuring, and rewiring of aquatic ecosystems due to climate impacts are of high concern for natural resource management and conservation as these changes can lead to species extinctions and reductions in ecosystem services. Overall, we found that substantial progress has been made to advance our understanding of how climate change is affecting emergent properties of aquatic ecosystems. However, responses are incredibly complex, and high uncertainty remains for how systems will reorganize and function over the coming decades. This cross-system perspective summarizes the state of knowledge of climate-driven emergent properties in aquatic habitats with case studies that highlight mechanisms of change, observed or anticipated outcomes, as well as insights into confounding non-climate effects, research tools, and management approaches to advance the field.
Allicin regulates Treg/Th17 balance in mice with collagen‐induced arthritis by increasing the expression of MEKK2 protein
Authors: Zhang Yuling , Gong Yufang
Published: April 2021

To study the role of Allicin in regulating Treg/Th17 ratio in splenic lymphocyte by increasing the expression of MEKK2 protein in MAPK signaling pathway, and to explore the mechanism of immune response in mice with collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA). Mouse CIA model was induced by chicken collagen type II, and experimental mice were randomly divided into NC group, Model group, and Allicin group. HE staining was used to compare the degree of joint pathological damage in mice of each group, and Masson staining to observe the proliferation of collagen tissue in each group. Flow cytometry detected Treg/Th17 ratio in splenic lymphocytes. Furthermore, RT‐PCR and WB were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of related transcription factors and inflammatory factors Foxp3, ROR‐γt, and IL‐17A, as well as MEK2 protein expression in splenic lymphocytes. The results showed that Allicin treatment could reduce the severity of arthritis and the proliferation of collagen fibers on the surface of cartilage and bone joints in CIA mice. Compared with NC group, Treg decreased and Th17 increased in spleen lymphocyte of Model group (p < .01); after Allicin treatment, Treg increased while Th17 decreased significantly (p < .01). Meanwhile, MEKK2 protein expression in spleen lymphocyte of Model group decreased compared to that in NC group (p < .01), and MEK2 protein expression increased significantly after Allicin treatment (p < .01). To sum up, the present study suggests that MEKK2 protein plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CIA model. In terms of mechanism, Allicin may play a therapeutic role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by increasing the expression of MEKK2 protein and affecting Treg/Th17 ratio.
Cluster of Differentiation 44 Promotes Liver Fibrosis and Serves as a Biomarker in Congestive Hepatopathy
Authors: Osawa Yosuke , Kawai Hironari , Tsunoda Tomoyuki , Komatsu Haruki , Okawara Miku , Tsutsui Yuriko , Yoshida Yuichi , Yoshikawa Shiori , Mori Taizo , Yamazoe Taiji , Yoshio Sachiyo , Oide Takashi , Inui Ayano , Kanto Tatsuya
Published: April 2021

Congestive hepatopathy (CH) with chronic passive congestion is characterized by the progression of liver fibrosis without prominent inflammation and hepatocellular damage. Currently, the lack of reliable biomarkers for liver fibrosis in CH often precludes the clinical management of patients with CH. To explore fibrosis biomarkers, we performed proteome analysis on serum exosomes isolated from patients with CH after the Fontan procedure. Exosomal cluster of differentiation (CD)44 levels were increased in patients with CH compared to healthy volunteers and was accompanied by increases in serum levels of soluble CD44 and CD44 expression in the liver. To address the roles of CD44 in CH, we established a mouse model of chronic liver congestion by partial inferior vena cava ligation (pIVCL) that mimics CH by fibrosis progression with less inflammation and cellular damage. In the pIVCL mice, enhanced CD44 expression in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and deposition of its ligand hyaluronan were observed in the liver. Blood levels of soluble CD44 were correlated with liver fibrosis. The blockade of CD44 with specific antibody inhibited liver fibrosis in pIVCL mice and was accompanied by a reduction in S100 calcium‐binding protein A4 expression following activation of HSCs. Conclusion: Chronic liver congestion promotes fibrosis through CD44. This identifies CD44 as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target of liver fibrosis in patients with CH.
Hall and ion‐slip effects on mixed convection flow of Williamson nanofluid over a nonlinear porous stretching sheet with variable thermal conductivity
Authors: Ibrahim Wubshet , Anbessa Temesgen
Published: April 2021

The intent of this investigation is to analyze the Williamson nanofluid stream past a nonlinearly broadening surface through a leaky medium in the existence of mixed convection, Hall, ion‐slip, thermal radiation, and viscous dissipation impacts. Suitable similitude changes give joined nonlinear differential schemes, which were numerically explained via spectral relaxation method. Effectiveness of various physical parameters on velocity ingredients, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration distributions alongside the physical quantities of interests was uncovered graphically. It is found that both velocity profiles increment with an expansion in the Hall parameter. Also, the opposite behavior is noticed for the primary and auxiliary velocity profiles as the ion‐slip parameter rises. Moreover, it is observed that the primary velocity and concentration profiles expand with an expansion in the velocity power index parameter, however, the secondary velocity profile reduces. Further, it was showed that the fluid velocities decay while temperature distribution advances by the superior values of the Williamson fluid parameter. Finally, the authenticity of the outcomes was confirmed by contrasting them with prior outcomes under some limited presumptions and discovered to be in terrific understanding.
An experimental study of forced convective heat transfer for fully developed Al2O3–water nanofluid in an annulus tube
Authors: Ghanbari Khalil , Golneshan Ali Akbar , Yazdani Mohsen , Moghadasi Hesam , Malekian Navid
Published: April 2021

Nanofluids have been known as practical materials to ameliorate heat transfer within diverse industrial systems. The current work presents an empirical study on forced convection effects of Al2O3–water nanofluid within an annulus tube. A laminar flow regime has been considered to perform the experiment in high Reynolds number range using several concentrations of nanofluid. Also, the boundary conditions include a constant uniform heat flux applied on the outer shell and an adiabatic condition to the inner tube. Nanofluid particle is visualized with transmission electron microscopy to figure out the nanofluid particles. Additionally, the pressure drop is obtained by measuring the inlet and outlet pressure with respect to the ambient condition. The experimental results showed that adding nanoparticles to the base fluid will increase the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and average Nusselt number. In addition, by increasing viscosity effects at maximum Reynolds number of 1140 and increasing nanofluid concentration from 1% to 4% (maximum performance at 4%), HTC increases by 18%.
Biological and behavioral responses of European honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies to perfluorooctane sulfonate exposure
Authors: Sonter Carolyn A. , Rader Romina , Stevenson Gavin , Stavert Jamie R. , Wilson Susan C.
Published: April 2021

Bees provide pollination services to managed and wild ecosystems but are threatened globally due to multiple stressors, including exposure to contaminants. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a widely detected and persistent contaminant that accumulates and biomagnifies in food chains. In this exposure effect study, small whole colonies of Apis mellifera (1000 bees) were exposed to PFOS using a purpose-built cage system over a 4-week period. The PFOS exposure concentrations were provided to bees in sugar syrup at concentrations detected in the environment, ranging from 0 to 1.6 mg L−1. A range of biological and behavioral responses were monitored. Bee tissue, honey, and fecal matter were analyzed using isotope dilution combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry adapted for bee and honey matrix analysis. Bee mortality increased significantly with PFOS exposure at 0.8 mg L−1 or greater, and brood development ceased entirely at 0.02 mg L−1 or greater. Colony activity, temperament, hive maintenance, and defense were adversely affected in all PFOS exposure treatments compared with the control, even at the lowest PFOS exposure of 0.02 mg L−1. Perfluorooctane sulfonate was detected in bee tissue with a mean bioaccumulation factor of 0.3, and it was also identified in honey and in feces collected from the hive cages. These findings provide the first evidence that PFOS exposure adversely affects honey bee colonies and may transfer to honey. With PFOS contaminating thousands of sites worldwide, our study has implications for exposed bee populations under natural conditions, pollination services, the honey industry, and human health. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:673–683. © 2021 SETAC

KEY POINTS

The first evidence that PFOS exposure adversely affects honey bee colonies with significant impacts observed in brood production, worker bee mortality, behavior, and temperament. Evidence that PFOS accumulates in honey bee tissue and may transfer to honey when bees are exposed through diet.
Assessing South Africa's institutional adaptive capacity to maize production in the context of climate change: Integration of a socioeconomic development dimension
Authors: Akanbi Remilekun T. , Davis Nerhene , Ndarana Thando
Published: April 2021

The deployment of adaptation plans to limit the threat of climate change often hinges on the capacity of various national and local institutions. An observed decline in South Africa's maize production over the last few decades has raised questions about the capacity of institutions responsible for providing climate change-related adaptive support to maize farmers in the country. This study assessed the adaptive capacity of management institutions in South Africa supporting maize producers, using a combination of literature review, document analysis, and in-depth interviews applied in the adaptive capacity wheel (ACW) assessment tool. On the basis of the results obtained from this analysis, the adaptive capacity of South African institutions responsible for climate change response processes was scored as medium. Findings from the research suggest that the advances made to date in South Africa in terms of climate change-related policy development, resource allocation, and capacity development could be inadequate, given the extent of identified institutional weaknesses, capacity constraints, knowledge, and information limitations. The study concludes that an inability to address current institutional limitations, considering the threats associated with climate change, may result in intensified social and economic challenges in the maize production sector. The study recommends the consistent revision and capacitation of these institutions to enable them to provide the type of support that will ensure effective adaptive responses for farmers involved in maize production in the country. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:1056–1069. © 2021 SETAC

KEY POINTS

Using an expanded adaptive capacity wheel, this paper evaluates the ability of South Africa's climate response institutions to stimulate maize farmers' adaptive actions. Outcome suggests a medium adaptive capacity. Study recommends urgent reform to address identified weaknesses.
Low‐dose aspirin treatment improves endometrial receptivity in the midluteal phase in unexplained recurrent implantation failure
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxin , Guo Feng , Wang Qiaohong , Bai Wenxin , Zhao Aimin
Published: April 2021

Objective

To compare endometrial receptivity in patients with and without unexplained recurrent implantation failure (URIF) and the benefits of low‐dose aspirin treatment in women with URIF.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted at Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai, from January 2014 to January 2017. Endometrial thickness, pulsatility index (PI), resistive index (RI), and systolic‐to‐diastolic ratio (S/D) values of endometrial and uterine perfusion were recorded and compared between women with and without URIF. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive accuracy of the risk of URIF. Ultrasonography examination was repeated after 2 months of treatment with low‐dose aspirin.

Results

PI, RI, and S/D values for endometrial blood flow were significantly higher in URIF patients than the control group (P < 0.001). The predictive indexes were 0.833, 0.857, and 0.839, respectively. Differences between the groups for endometrial thickness and impedance of uterine perfusion were not significant (P > 0.05). After low‐dose aspirin treatment, endometrial and uterine arterial blood flow resistance in URIF patients was significantly lower than before treatment (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

URIF patients had inappropriate endometrial blood flow. Doppler parameters are promising for predicting women at high risk of URIF. Low‐dose aspirin treatment can improve endometrial receptivity.
Training human service staff to implement behavioral skills training using a video‐based intervention
Authors: Erath Tyler G. , DiGennaro Reed Florence D. , Blackman Abigail L.
Published: April 2021

The current study evaluated the efficacy of a video‐based training to teach 4 staff working in a human service setting to use behavioral skills training (BST) to teach job‐related skills to others. Low levels of BST integrity were observed during baseline. Immediately after viewing a 13‐min training video, 2 participants implemented BST at mastery (i.e., 100% integrity). The remaining 2 participants required brief supplemental performance feedback to reach criterion performance. The effects of the training generalized to training 2 novel skills and maintained in follow‐up probes conducted 1 to 4 weeks posttraining. A social validity measure indicated high levels of satisfaction with the video‐based training and high acceptability of BST. Implications of these findings for organizational training practices and directions for future research are discussed.
Synthesis and characterization of a photo‐cross‐linked bioactive polycaprolactone‐based osteoconductive biocomposite
Authors: Razazpour Fateme , Najafi Farhood , Moshaverinia Alireza , Fatemi Seyyed Mostafa , Sima Shahabi
Published: April 2021

In this study, a light cross‐linkable biocomposite scaffold based on a photo‐cross‐linkable poly (propylene fumarate) (PPF)‐co‐polycaprolactone (PCL) tri‐block copolymer was synthesized and characterized. The developed biodegradable scaffold was further modified with β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) bioceramic for bone tissue engineering applications. The developed biocomposite was characterized using H nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, the bioceramic particle size distribution and morphology were evaluated using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties and biodegradation of the scaffolds were also evaluated. Cytotoxicity and mineralization assays were performed to analyze the biocompatibility and bioactivity capacity of the developed biocomposite. The characterization data confirmed the development of a biodegradable and photo‐cross‐linkable PCL‐based biocomposite reinforced with β‐TCP bioceramic. In vitro analyses demonstrated the biocompatibility and mineralization potential of the synthesized bioceramic. Altogether, the results of the present study suggest that the photo‐cross‐linkable PCL‐PPF‐PCL tri‐block copolymer reinforced with β‐TCP is a promising biocomposite for bone tissue engineering applications. According to the results, this newly synthesized material has a proper chemical composition for further clinically‐relevant studies in tissue engineering.
Vaccination for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Relationship to Osteoporosis Care: Current Evidence and Suggested Approaches
Authors: Tsourdi Elena , Yu Elaine W. , Jan de Beur Suzanne M. , Drake Matthew T.
Published: April 2021

The development of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines has proceeded at an unprecedented pace, with numerous trials conducted simultaneously across the world as a result of massive technological and financial resource expenditures. With multiple vaccines having now received regulatory approval, public health efforts to promote widespread vaccine dissemination are currently underway. There has been particular emphasis placed on vaccination of older populations, the age group in which COVID-19 infection has been most lethal. However, such widespread vaccination approaches have necessarily raised important questions related to potential interactions with underlying diseases and concomitant treatments among persons to be vaccinated. Osteoporosis is a chronic condition marked by reduced bone strength and an associated increased risk for fracture that generally requires sustained medical intervention(s). Osteoporosis is neither associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 infection nor by more pronounced disease severity following infection, such that individuals with osteoporosis need not be more highly prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination. Osteoporosis therapies do not interfere with the efficacy or side effect profiles of COVID-19 vaccines and should not be stopped or indefinitely delayed because of vaccination. Depending on the specific drug profile within an anti-osteoporosis medication category, minor adjustments to the timing of drug administration may be considered with respect to the patient's COVID-19 vaccination schedule. Herein we provide practical recommendations for the care of patients requiring treatment for osteoporosis in the setting of COVID-19 vaccination. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Controversies in radiotherapy for pancreas cancer
Authors: Nehlsen Anthony D. , Goodman Karyn A.
Published: April 2021

The management of pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains an area of controversy and ongoing discovery. Despite advances in surgical and radiation techniques, as well as chemotherapeutic agents, outcomes of patients diagnosed with this devastating malignancy remain poor. This article aims to review the available literature evaluating the efficacy of adjuvant, neoadjuvant, and definitive radiation therapy. We will also highlight areas of ongoing research efforts being carried out to improve outcomes in this patient population.
A review of response in neoadjuvant therapy for exocrine pancreatic cancer
Authors: Vitello Dominic J. , Bentrem David J.
Published: April 2021

Despite overall advances in cancer therapy, patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma continue to have a poor prognosis. While adjuvant therapy is still considered standard, there is mounting evidence that neoadjuvant therapy confers similar benefits in patients with locally advanced disease. The primary measures of response are radiographic, biochemical, margin status, and pathologic. Given overall low response rates and the need for new treatment strategies, standard metrics remain important to the investigation of new systemic agents.
History of preoperative therapy for pancreatic cancer and the MD Anderson experience
Authors: Gaskill Cameron E. , Maxwell Jessica , Ikoma Naruhiko , Kim Michael P. , Tzeng Ching‐Wei , Lee Jeffrey E. , Katz Matthew H. G.
Published: April 2021

Systemic chemotherapy improves the survival of patients who undergo pancreatectomy, but whether chemotherapy should be delivered before or after surgery remains debated. At The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, localized pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has been preferentially treated with preoperative therapy—a practice supported by a robust history of institutional and national trials. In the following review, we discuss the historical use of perioperative therapy, our experience with it at MD Anderson Cancer Center and internationally, and the future of treatment and trials for PDAC.
Multidisciplinary management of locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Biology is King
Authors: Attiyeh Marc A. , Amini Arya , Chung Vincent , Melstrom Laleh G.
Published: April 2021

The annual incidence of pancreatic cancer is nearly 50,000 patients. The 5‐year overall survival is only 9%, and there remains a great need for better therapy. A subset of these patients presents with locally advanced disease. Multidisciplinary therapy has evolved to include some combination of systemic chemotherapy, locoregional radiation, and surgery in select patients with excellent biology. This review will address the thoughtful evidence‐based and individualized approach to these patients.
CO2 methanation on Na‐promoted Ni/ZrO2 catalysts: Experimental characterization and kinetic studies
Authors: Zhang Fanying , Sun Peiqin
Published: April 2021

Carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation to methane (CH4) can not only reduce the greenhouse effect but also provide a recyclable source of hydrocarbon fuel. However, traditional Ni‐based catalysts have poor low‐temperature activity and the kinetic reaction mechanism for CO2 methanation is not well understood. This work investigates the effects of Na promoter on the catalytic performance, kinetics, and mechanism of Ni/ZrO2 catalysts for the CO2 methanation reaction. Herein, a series of Ni/ZrO2 catalysts with different Na content (0–5 wt%) are prepared by the hydrogel method and used for CO2 methanation. The experimental results show the CO2 reaction rate and Na content have a strong correlation. The addition of Na increases the basic sites and oxygen vacancies, which greatly improves the catalytic activity and selectivity to CH4. Of the studied catalysts, NiNa2.5/ZrO2 exhibits the highest catalytic performance, revealing that a CO2 reaction rate of ∼0.33 moL·gNi–1·h–1, a CH4 selectivity of ∼100% at 300°C, 0.1 MPa, a high GHSV of 30,000 mL·g–1·h–1 are achieved. Kinetic experiments were performed with samples of Ni/ZrO2 and NiNa2.5/ZrO2 at 300°C. These studies suggest that the higher performance of NiNa2.5/ZrO2 is attributed to its lower reaction activation energy. The structure–activity relationships observed herein could provide useful guidance in the design of highly active industrial catalysts.
Evolution of scientific collaboration on COVID‐19: A bibliometric analysis
Authors: Duan Dezhong , Xia Qifan
Published: April 2021

This paper considers the pattens of international collaboration by analysing publications on COVID‐19 published in the first 6 months of the pandemic. The data set comprised articles on COVID‐19 indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoS CC) downloaded four times between 1 April 2020 and 1 June 2020. The analysis of 5,827 documents revealed that 128 countries, 23,127 authors, and 6,349 institutes published on the pandemic. The data reveal that the three main publishing countries were the USA, China, and England with Italy closely following. Although publication was widely spread, most of the institutions with the highest volume of output were in China. Network analysis showed growth in international cooperation with an average degree of country/region cooperation rising to 23.06 by 1 June. There was also a clear core‐periphery structure to international collaboration. Institutional collaboration was shown to be highly regionalized. The data reveal a high and growing incidence of international collaboration on the pandemic.
Hyperlactacidemia as a risk factor for intensive care unit‐acquired weakness in critically ill adult patients
Authors: Yang Tao , Li Zhiqiang , Jiang Li , Xi Xiuming
Published: April 2021

Introduction/Aims

Intensive care unit‐acquired weakness (ICUAW) is a severe neuromuscular complication of critical illness. Serum lactate is a useful biomarker in critically ill patients. The relationship between serum lactate level and ICUAW remains controversial. This study evaluated whether hyperlactacidemia (lactate level >2 mmol/L) was an independent risk factor for ICUAW in critically ill adult patients.

Methods

An observational cohort study was performed in a general multidisciplinary intensive care unit (ICU). Sixty‐eight consecutive adult critically ill patients without preexisting neuromuscular disease or a poor pre‐ICU functional status whose length of ICU stay was 7 or more days were evaluated. Patients were screened daily for signs of awakening. Muscle strength assessment using the Medical Research Council score was performed on the first day a patient was considered awake. Patients with clinical muscle weakness were considered to have ICUAW.

Results

Among the 68 patients who achieved a satisfactory state of consciousness, the diagnosis of ICUAW was made in 30 patients (44.1%). After multivariate analysis, hyperlactacidemia (P = .02), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (P = .04), duration of mechanical ventilation (P = .02), and the use of norepinephrine (P = .04) were found to be significantly associated with the development of ICUAW in critically ill patients.

Discussion

This study shows a number of risk factors to be significantly associated with the development of ICUAW in critically ill adults. These factors should be considered when building early prediction models or designing prevention strategies for ICUAW in future studies.
Cancer now the leading cause of death with diabetes
Authors: Shaw Ken
Published: April 2021

As total mortality rate with diabetes declines, deaths from cancer now exceed those from vascular disease, and dementia‐related deaths are rising exponentially.
A physician's approach and experience of managing patients with diabetes during COVID‐19
Authors: Ruslan Aliya , Williams David M , Purnell Oliver , Edwards Rhodri , Peter Raj , Stephens Jeffrey W , Chudleigh Richard
Published: April 2021

Since the start of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the vulnerability of people with diabetes has been recognised with a greater risk of morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. The outcomes associated with diabetes may be a consequence of an impaired immune response, presence of composite comorbidities or the multi‐organ infectivity of SARS‐CoV‐2 affecting the pancreas. Emerging evidence suggests that both acute and chronic hyperglycaemia can exacerbate the clinical consequences of COVID‐19. Thus, the role of health care professionals in the observation and management of glucose control is increasingly recognised in people with diabetes in both the acute and chronic setting. In this review, we highlight the key biological implications of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in people with diabetes, the clinical outcomes of COVID‐19 in people with diabetes and management principles with respect to glucose control including our local experiences. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Diabetic hemiballismus in the context of euglycaemia
Authors: Majeed Muhammad Shakeel , May Julie , Ahmed Fahad Wali , Chakera Ali J
Published: April 2021

An 84‐year‐old white British woman with a background history of type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's dementia, gout and hypothyroidism presented with a four‐day history of sudden, involuntary left arm and left leg movements. She had venous blood glucose of 4.4mmol/L with normal pH on admission. She had normal inflammatory markers with no signs of acute infection. Initial computed tomography brain imaging showed a known stable meningioma with no acute haemorrhage or infarct. Of note she had an admission, six weeks prior, with falls and raised capillary blood glucose readings. On that admission, her HbA1c was noted to have increased to 146mmol/mol having been 57mmol/mol six months earlier. Her oral hypoglycaemic agents were up‐titrated. There was no documented episode of hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state.

Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI with contrast) showed right striatal T1 high signal typical of diabetes‐related hemiballismus. She was treated with tetrabenazine for two weeks which was stopped before discharge as there was complete resolution of involuntary arm and leg movements.

Hemiballismus is a rare but well‐known complication of diabetes. It is typically seen in the setting of hyperglycaemia. Our patient presented with hemiballismus while euglycaemic in the setting of recent hyperglycaemia. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Adapting strategies to promote implementation reach and equity (ASPIRE) in school mental health services
Authors: Gaias Larissa M. , Arnold Kimberly T. , Liu Freda F. , Pullmann Michael D. , Duong Mylien T. , Lyon Aaron R.
Published: April 2021

Despite evidence that school mental health can enhance access to care for students from marginalized racial/ethnic groups, disparities remain in the appropriateness, quality, effectiveness, and outcomes of school mental health services. Implementation strategies hold some promise for addressing the disparities that emerge as result of inequitable implementation of mental health services. However, without explicitly examining implementation strategies through an equity lens, it is unclear the extent to which they will promote equitable implementation or student outcomes. Thus, the goal of the current paper is to describe the Adapting Strategies to Promote Implementation Reach and Equity framework, a generalizable process for adapting implementation strategies to explicitly center the goal of reducing disparities in implementation and service recipient outcomes. We outline a three‐step process for incorporating an equity lens into implementation strategies and provide examples of how this framework can be applied to implementation strategies in school mental health. We also discuss examples of projects where implementation strategies were intentionally paired with school mental health programs to enhance racial equity. Implications and recommendations for school mental health and implementation research and practice are discussed.
Microcrystalline PETN Prepared Using Microfluidic Recrystallization Platform and Its Performance Characterization
Authors: Yang Zhi , Zhu Peng , Zhang Qiu , Shi Jin‐yu , Wang Ke , Shen Rui‐qi
Published: April 2021

The particle size of explosives plays a key role in the short‐duration pulse shock initiation, and explosives with small grain size and large specific surface area (SSA) generally have preferable sensitivity properties. We have constructed a high‐throughput microfluidic recrystallization platform, aiming to prepare ultrafine pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN, C(CH2NO3)4) via a precisely controllable solvent/nonsolvent recrystallization process. Through this platform, the recrystallized PETN was produced with a particle size of about 2 μm, and its SSA was above 70‐fold that of the raw PETN. The X‐ray diffraction results indicated that the raw and microcrystalline PETN had a similar diffraction spectrum. The thermal analysis demonstrated that compared with the raw PETN, the microcrystalline PETN revealed better decomposition performances. Importantly, the short‐duration pulse shock initiation sensitivity of microcrystalline PETN pellets was evaluated when subjected to an exploding foil initiator. The shock initiation threshold results were as follows: 50 % initiation voltage U (50 %)=1332 V, the corresponding capacitor storage energy was 195.2 mJ. Furthermore, the calculated shock pressure and shock duration imparting to the pellets were 9.61 GPa and 12.53 ns respectively, corresponding to the 3162 m/s threshold velocity. Finally, the enhanced sensitivity during the shock‐to‐detonation transition was further explained with the hot spot‐based mechanism.
Evaluation of global reanalysis winds and high‐resolution regional model outputs with the 205 MHz stratosphere–troposphere wind profiler radar observations
Authors: Sivan C. , Rakesh V. , Abhilash S. , Mohanakumar K.
Published: April 2021

A stratosphere–troposphere (ST) wind profiler radar operating at a high VHF range (205 MHz) installed at Cochin (10.03°N, 76.33°E), India, provides high‐resolution winds in time and altitude extending from 315 m to 20 km. We evaluated the horizontal and vertical winds obtained from atmospheric global reanalyses (ERA5, ERA‐Interim, MERRA‐2 and NCEP) data and the high‐resolution regional model (WRF) output winds with the ST radar (STR) wind observations at Cochin. The data for one whole year, from 1 August 2018 to 31 July 2019, for 0600 UTC and 1200 UTC were used. Wind data appraisal has been carried out at 24 levels from 315 m to 18.5 km altitude for the reanalyses datasets and 29 levels for model‐simulated winds in different seasons. Vertical profiles of horizontal winds from reanalysis and model‐simulated data somewhat catch the major changes observed from STR. The zonal winds match very well with the STR, whereas meridional winds show moderate similarity. Higher correlations in zonal winds are found during the summer monsoon, whereas meridional winds show apparent likeness during winter. The ERA5, ERA‐Interim, and model‐simulated winds have better agreement with the STR winds. Observed vertical winds from STR displays large fluctuations, while the estimated vertical winds in reanalysis are highly smoothed. Vertical profiles of vertical winds from the reanalysis datasets are not uniform. The reliability of vertical winds in reanalysis and WRF model output values are dubious compared to that of the directly observed winds from STR. The study indicates that improved quality of vertical and meridional winds in reanalysis data is needed by assimilating directly observed data from the available advanced facilities.
Phase II process monitoring for the balanced one‐way random effects model
Authors: Yao Yuhui , Chakraborti Subhabrata
Published: April 2021

Statistical process control (SPC) and monitoring techniques are useful in a variety of applications. In this paper, we consider prospective (Phase II) process monitoring for the balanced random effects (variance components) model with Shewhart‐type charts when parameters are estimated from a Phase I study. Such a model is a nonstandard application of control charts and arises in a number of situations in practice. Effects of parameter estimation need to be accounted for or there maybe too many false alarms that will disrupt the monitoring regime. To this end, two types of corrected (adjusted) control limits are proposed, based on two perspectives, namely the unconditional and the conditional, as recommended in the recent literature. Results and derivations are provided along with tabulations and illustrations with real data. Robustness of the charts is examined and a summary and recommendations are given. An accompanying R package is provided for deploying the methodology. Other Phase II charts such as the EWMA and the CUSUM can be considered along similar lines and will be presented elsewhere.
Elucidation of glycosylation sites of kaempferol di‐O‐glycosides from methanolic extract of the leaves of Prunus domestica subsp. syriaca
Authors: Beszterda Monika , Frański Rafał
Published: April 2021

Rationale

Flavonol glycosides containing the glycosylation patterns 3,4′‐di‐O and 4′,7‐di‐O are rare in nature and they have not yet been studied in detail by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS(+/−), in contrast to the flavonol glycosides containing the glycosylation pattern 3,7‐di‐O.

Method

The leaves from Prunus domestica L. subsp. syriaca were extracted with pure methanol or, in order to perform hydrolysis and extraction simultaneously, with a 5% methanolic solution of hydrochloric acid. The high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ESI‐MS(+/−) analyses were performed using a Waters model 2690 HPLC pump and a Waters/Micromass ZQ2000 mass spectrometer.

Results

Three kinds of kaempferol di‐O‐glycosides have been identified, namely kaempferol‐3‐O‐hexoside‐7‐O‐rhamnosides, kaempferol‐3‐O‐pentoside‐4′‐O‐rhamnosides and kaempferol 4′,7‐di‐O‐rhamnoside. The identification was performed on the basis of the abundances of the respective Y‐type product ions.

Conclusions

The abundances of [Yn0 − H]−·, Yn0− and Yn0+ product ions were of crucial importance for the determination of glycosylation patterns. The obtained results can be useful for HPLC/ESI‐MS identification of rare flavonol‐di‐O‐glycosides.
COVID‐19 pneumonia and an indelible ground‐glass nodule
Authors: Yamanaka Sumitaka , Ota Shinichiro , Yoshida Yukihiro , Shinkai Masaharu
Published: April 2021

Key message

When a chest computed tomography (CT) scan is performed in the diagnosis and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pneumonia, the possibility of lung neoplasm should be kept in mind if the ground‐glass nodule (GGN) shows features that are non‐specific for viral infection, such as solitary nature, relative roundness, well‐defined borders, and distance from the pleura.
The choice of value‐based strategies under rivalry: Whether to enhance value creation or bargaining capabilities
Authors: Almeida Costa Afonso , Zemsky Peter
Published: April 2021

Research Summary

The value‐based perspective emphasizes the importance of both value creation and bargaining for firm performance. While formal theoretical work has focused on value creation strategies, empirical evidence suggests that substantial performance differences also arise from heterogeneity in bargaining. We develop a model where rival firms choose value‐based innovation strategies to enhance either value creation or bargaining capabilities. We show a tendency for homogeneous strategy choices, with coordination on bargaining promoting firm value capture at the expense of overall industry value creation. We identify conditions for strategic heterogeneity, wherein a firm that enhances its bargaining capability risks the sustainability of its competitive advantage. Our model incorporates a natural distinction between incremental and radical value‐creating innovations, which influences the risk‐return tradeoffs faced by firms in their strategies.

Managerial Summary

A critical strategy choice for a firm's management is where to focus innovation efforts. Should it be on increasing the value the firm creates with other players, or on enhancing the firm's ability to bargain for a greater share of existing value creation? We develop a theory to inform such choices among rival firms. We show that there can be opportunities for rival firms to enhance their performance by coordinating innovation efforts on bargaining rather than on a race for value creation. However, the ability to coordinate on bargaining is undermined when value‐creating innovations allow firms to disrupt extant market structures, in which case the pursuit of high‐risk, high‐return value‐creating innovations may become attractive to individual firms even at the expense of overall industry profitability.
Antioxidant Additive with a High Dielectric Constant for High Photo‐Oxidative Stabilization of Organic Solar Cells without Almost Sacrificing Initial High Efficiencies
Authors: Oh Jiyeon , Lee Sang Myeon , Jung Sungwoo , Lee Jungho , Park Geunhyung , Kang So-Huei , Cho Yongjoon , Jeong Mingyu , Lee Byongkyu , Kim Seoyoung , Yang Changduk
Published: April 2021

Apart from power conversion efficiency (PCE) being the most important feature that requires improvement for organic solar cells (OSCs), their long‐term stability is another key factor for their successful commercialization. In fact, the lifetime of OSCs is severely limited by photoinduced oxidation, which occurs because of light radiation and the ingress of moisture (H2O) and oxygen (O2) within an ambient atmosphere. Herein, dibutylhydroxytoluene (BHT)‐based nonvolatile antioxidant additives with polar cyanide (CN) and perfluorinated alkyl chains (designated as BHT–CN and BHT–PF) are developed, demonstrating that the OSCs will have significantly improved long‐term stability by using them when exposed to the combined action of all the aforementioned stresses. In particular, the use of BHT–PF in the various given test‐bed OSC systems can remarkably enhance the long‐term stability, as well as the high initial PCEs similar to the maximized values obtained from the highly optimized OSCs with each well‐known suitable solvent additive. The promising results are attributed to the simultaneously enhanced dielectric and radical scavenging properties induced by the BHT–PF embedded in the active‐layer matrices. Taking its easy applicability into consideration, the BHT–PF is very useful in fabricating OSC modules that should be stable under severe photo‐oxidation conditions.
Sunlight‐Responsive Photothermochromic Fabric with Reversible Color Changing Based on Photothermal Conversion
Authors: Ge Fangqing , Yu Weidong , Zhang Wan , Yin Yunjie , Wang Chaoxia
Published: April 2021

Intelligent color‐changing textiles have attracted increasing attention due to their potential application in healthcare monitoring and artificial intelligence. To realize the active modulation of color via sunlight, the photothermochromic fabric that adjusts its color based on the photothermal conversion performance of the sunlight‐responsive heating layer under irradiation of solar is fabricated by double‐side coating. Depending on the light absorption at 350–2500 nm, the sunlight‐responsive photothermochromic fabric (SPTCF) exposed under the irradiation power density of 500 W m−2 for 4 min displays efficient photothermal conversion, resulting in the increase in temperature from room temperature (23.0 °C) to above 47.0 °C. Simultaneously, the color of SPTCF changes from blue to white and returns to blue once the light is turned off for 3 min, indicating the sensitive and reversible photothermochromic property of the SPTCF. Compared with the contrast layer, the sunlight‐responsive heating layer exhibits a rapid photothermal conversion speed and high optical contrast under the same irradiation condition. The heating/cooling curves show steady signals after mechanical deformations and 150 cycles, revealing the favorable durability of the SPTCF under the solar irradiation. The sensitive photothermochromic properties promote the application of the SPTCF in smart wearable fields.
Effect of Al on the Solid Reaction between 3CaO·Al2O3 Oxide and Fe–S–O–Al Alloy at 1373 K
Authors: Wang Yi , Zhang Lifeng , Ren Ying , Li Zushu
Published: April 2021

Diffusion couples of 3CaO·Al2O3 and Fe–S–O–(Al) alloys are prepared to investigate the transformation of calcium aluminate reacting with solid sulfur‐containing alloys. Diffusion behaviors and solid reaction between the alloy phase and the slag phase under 1373 K are studied. Product layers of 12CaO·7Al2O3 and CaS are formed at the interface. After heating for 10 h, the average thickness of CaS layer in samples with and without Al in the alloy phase is 2.10 and 0.71 μm, respectively, while it increases to 3.76 and 1.75 μm after 50 h heating. Aluminum in the alloy makes the solid reaction at the interface easier to happen, meanwhile inhibits the formation of CaS layer by promoting the formation of 12CaO·7Al2O3 layer and suppresses the diffusion of sulfur.
Modeling dynamic loads on oscillating airfoils with emphasis on dynamic stall vortices
Authors: Mohamed Ayman , Wood David H.
Published: April 2021

We present a modified version of the ONERA dynamic stall model for improving the prediction of the unsteady forces and load overshoots generated by the shedding of dynamic stall vortices. The modifications include modeling the chord‐axis forces instead of the wind‐axis forces used originally. A novel approach for defining the onset of a dynamic stall is based on the behavior of the chordwise force without correlating the onset empirically. Overshoots in the unsteady aerodynamic loads caused by vortex shedding are modeled by sine‐shaped functions added to the normal force and moment. The onset and duration of these pulses are empirically described in the time domain for convenient use in time‐marching simulations. The modified dynamic stall model is calibrated using a genetic algorithm and compared to experimental data of different airfoils relevant to wind turbine applications. The results show an excellent correlation with the experimental data, particularly in deep dynamic stall, which are characterized by large fluctuations in the aerodynamic loads.
First‐Row Transition Metals Complexes with Fused Oxazolidine (FOX) Ligands
Authors: Nachtigall Olaf , VanderWeide Andrew I. , Brennessel William. W. , Jones William D.
Published: April 2021

In this comprehensive study, we report the syntheses and crystal structures of 6 fused oxazolidine (FOX) bicycles and 22 complexes with FOX ligands. The structures are compared to the few FOX complexes found in literature. For our investigations, we developed synthetic strategies to selectively synthesize chiral or achiral FOX bicycles with pyridyl substituents. The coordination chemistry of the chiral and achiral FOX compounds with first‐row transition metals is discussed in an in‐depth analysis of the crystal structures. We found that the binding modes of the ligands are dependent on the configuration of the FOX backbone and on the steric demand of the substituents which were introduced to the pyridyl groups. The configuration of the FOX ligands is retained during the coordination of metal(II) ions such as Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+. Reactions of these metal ions with chiral FOX ligands lead to the formation of chiral complexes. In contrast, stronger Lewis acidic metal(III) ions, such as Fe3+ or Al3+, induce an isomerization of the chiral FOX ligands to their achiral diastereomers.