bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Burlaga L F
Published: November 2023

This book is concerned with the magnetohydrodynamic processes in the interplanetary medium, the region near the solar equatorial plane extending from approximately 0.5 AU to 40 AU. The interplanetary medium lies between the sun and the interstellar medium. The observations that are discussed in this book were made by instruments on spacecraft moving through the interplanetary medium. Thus, our view of the interplanetary medium based on these observations is that of one who is immersed in the medium that he seeks to understand. There is another view of the interplanetary medium, the view that would be seen by an observer standing far beyond the interplanetary medium, say two or three hundred astronomical units from the sun. This section provides a brief overview of the interplanetary medium from the latter point of view. The sun and the interstellar medium compete for control of the interplanetary medium. The sun that we see during the day has a sharp boundary, the photosphere, having a temperature of 4000 K. However, anyone who has seen a solar eclipse knows that the sun reaches out to at least 10 solar radii. The solar “corona” is hot, of the order of a million degrees (van de Hulst, 1953; Billings, 1959). One of the great unanswered questions is how the sun produces such a hot corona (Parker, 1961; Scudder, 1992). The interstellar medium is relatively cool, the temperature being only of 10,000 K. The matter in the corona is fully ionized, consisting primarily of protons and electrons. The local interstellar medium is only weakly ionized, consisting primarily of neutral hydrogen. The density of the solar corona is high, of the order of 108 cm-3• The density of the interstellar medium is low, of the order of 0.1 cm-3• The magnetic field in the corona is approximately 105 nT, while that in the interstellar medium is perhaps 0.5 nT.
Large-Scale Magnetic Field
Authors: Burlaga L F
Published: November 2023

The structures of the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field vary systematically over a period of 11 years in relation to the solar activity cycle. The solar activity cycle is traditionally measured by the sunspot number. The sunspot number from 1962 to 1993 is shown in Fig. 2.1. Four phases of the solar cycle can be identified: solar minimum, the ascending phase, solar maximum, and the descending phase. The three solar minima observed during the space age to date are shown in Fig. 2.1: 1964-65, 1976, and 1986. All the minima have similar values for the sunspot number. Three solar maxima observed during the space age to date are also shown in Fig. 2.1: a broad maximum centered around 1969, a larger maximum in 1979, and a comparable maximum in 1989. An ascending phase extends from a solar minimum to the following solar maximum, and the descending phases extends from a solar maximum to the following solar minimum.
Corotating Streams and Interaction Regions
Authors: Burlaga L F
Published: November 2023

In many cases, the existence of an object is inferred from its effects long before it is demonstrated by direct observations. The existence of corotating streams was inferred from their effects on geomagnetic activity (Maunder, 1905; Chapman and Ferraro, 1929; Chapman and Bartels, 1940; Parker, 1963) long before their existence was established by the in situ observations of Neugebauer and Snyder (1966). The inference of the existence of streams served as a hypothesis that guided theoretical work as well as observational studies. The early work of Parker (1958, 1963) is particularly significant. The existence of corotating stream was demonstrated by the observations of Neugebauer and Snyder (1966). More recent observations of recurrent streams were made by Helios and are reviewed by Schwenn (1990). Several fundamental characteristics of corotating streams are evident in Fig. 7.1. The corotating streams tend to recur with a period of 27 days. The density within a corotating stream tends to be relatively low, while that ahead of the stream and in the rising portion of the stream tends to be relatively high. The transition from high to low densities tends to occur abruptly, coincident with a rapid increase in the speed. The studies of corotating streams show that they tend to be relatively hot compared to the slow solar wind (Neugebauer and Snyder, 1966; Burlaga and Ogilvie, 1973; Schwenn, 1990) and that the magnetic field tends to be enhanced at the leading edge of the corotating stream, except in the inner heliosphere (Schwenn, 1990). The magnetic polarity is always essentially constant in a corotating stream. One or two corotating streams are embedded in a single magnetic sector; hence, the corotating streams presumably originate in a unipolar region at the sun. The early observations and gas dynamic models of corotating streams are reviewed in the book by Hundhausen (1972), by Pizzo (1983a; 1985), and in the recent overview of Schwenn (1990).
Heliospheric Vortex Street
Authors: Burlaga L F
Published: November 2023

One of the most surprising results from the plasma experiment on Voyager 2 is the discovery of a quasi-periodic meridional flow with a period of about 25.5 days between 20 AU and 25 AU from 1986 to early 1988 (Lazarus and Belcher, 1988; Lazarus et al., 1988; Lazarus and McNutt, 1990). The amplitude of the north-south flow deflections, shown as the θ  Ns(t) profile at the top of Fig. 10.1 is about ±5° north and south of the heliographic equator. There was no similar deflection of the flow in the east and west directions. The mean speed was approximately 400 km/s.
Introduction
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: November 2023

The Talmud, emphasizing the importance of each individual life, says, “If during the course of your own life, you have saved one life, it is as if you have saved all humankind.” Few occupations give us the opportunity of participating in the saving of a life. The everyday life of the child welfare worker is concerned with just that—reclaiming a child for life.
Development of the System
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: November 2023

Prior to the mid nineteenth century the practice of medicine was essentially non scientific, which is to say that the causes of most medical problems were unknown. It wasn’t until the last half of the nineteenth century that germs, viruses, and the host of genetic and functional causes of illness were discovered. Even the mechanisms associated with obvious traumas were known only in a very gross way: “broken bones heal correctly only if reset properly and immobilized.” The medical profession was, by and large, restricted to minor symptomatic treatment where that was possible, and palliative “supportive therapy” that consisted primarily of comforting and giving hope. Seriously ill people went to the hospital, such as it was, to die. The beds were arranged so the patients could see the altar and join in the celebration of daily mass. Instead of nurses, the hospital staff was comprised of nuns. The staff administered medicine made from herbs gathered from the wild or cultivated in the convent gardens to relieve the suffering of the patients in their final days.
Programs and Policies for Achieving Income Equity for Children
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: November 2023

In the U.S. today, there are nearly 9 million mothers with children whose fathers do not live with them. Only about 2 million of these families received their full child support payments in 1985. Another 1 million families received partial payments and almost 6 million received nothing. We can and should do better.
Poetics as repertory: The poetic traditions of the Indo-European world— Sources and texts
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

Historical linguists, and Indo-Europeanists in particular, pursue their study in two opposite but complementary directions. On the one hand they proceed back from the data of the languages compared to restore a common prototype. On the other hand they proceed from the established forms of the proto-language to follow their development in the individual languages-the emergent new and independent structures which result from the transformations of elements of the earlier system.
The Indo-European poet: His social function and his art
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

In chap. 3 we considered one of the two aspects of the study of Indo-European poetics, the formal question of the poet’s technique.The second, to which we now come, concerns the social function of poetry and the poet in Indo-European times: his purpose.Both must be looked at together, complementarily. For the art of the Indo-European poet is to say something wholly traditional in a new and interesting, but therefore more effectiveway. It is verbal activity, artistically elaborated, but directed toward a more or less immediate, concrete goal.
Saxa loquuntur: The first age of poetry in Italy Faliscan and South Picene
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

Historians speak of ‘the flowering of Italy’ in the Archaic Period (8th to 5th centuries B.C.)1 as a response to the waves of colonization spreading over the coastal areas, then penetrating slowly into the interior of the Mezzogiorno and Sicily. The single most important cultural manifestation was the spread of alphabetic writing. In the south it was direct, and local languages are written in the varieties of Greek alphabet their users were in contact with: Sikel, Messapic, the dialect of Bruttium, and a little later the Oscan of Lucania.
Strophic structures in Iranian
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

Narten does consider the YH to be prose, specifically ‘liturgical recitation prose’: her description is ‘elevated, artfully arranged prose which is close to poetry’ (p. 21). She goes on to a detailed enumeration of the stylistic figures exhibited in the YH, to which we shall return. The description is accurate enough; but the judgment of all these scholars that the YH is prose rests on the tacit assumption of a single binary opposition prose : poetry.
The Aśvamedha or Horse Sacrifice: An Indo-European liturgical form
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

Giraldus de Barri, called Cambrensis ‘of Wales’, was born in the castle of Manorbier, in Pembrokeshire around 1146, to a Norman father and a Welsh mother. He visited Ireland in 1183 and again in 1185; his family the fitzGeralds were important principals in the Norman conquest of Ireland in that century.
Orphic gold leaves and the great way of the soul: Strophic style, funerary ritual formula, and eschatology
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

We have no examples of early liturgical texts in Greek, and no principled way of knowing whether or not they involved the sort of non-metrical rhythmic/syntactic style which we have observed elsewhere. But we might suggest that in the syntactic and lexical responsionsof the non-syllable-counting strophic style in the traditions examined, we may find the background of the metrical, syllabic, and phonetic-echoic responsionswhich are the primary poetic feature of the fully developed strophe, antistrophe, and epode of Greek choral lyric.
The slayer slain: A reciprocal formula
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

In the model of the mythological theme presented heretofore the narrative action proceeds from left to right: it is the hero who kills the serpent. But there is always the real or potential danger that the serpent will slay the hero, or someone else. AV 6.56.1.
‘Like a reed’: The Indo-European background of a Luvian ritual
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

Ritual utterances are by their nature traditional, frozen, and enduring. Ritual and myth are furthermore inextricably linked, in ancient Anatolia as elsewhere, where the narration of a myth is itself usually a ritual act, a single action as a part of a larger whole. The pattern is familiar to us from other traditions within and outside the Indo-European world.
Latin tarentum, the ludi Saeculares, and Indo-European eschatology
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

Though not mentioned by Vetter-perhaps because it seemed evident to him-the meaning follows directly from the text, for Varro glosses the form tarentum Accas in the very next paragraph by sepulcrum Accae, modernizing both the lexical form and the old genitive singular feminine.
Aži Dahāka, Viśvarūpa, and Geryon
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

The poet Stesichorus, active from the latter seventh to the mid-sixth century, composed a mini-epic of over 1500 lines on this legend, the Geryoneis. The work is preserved only in a handful of fragments, fortunately augmented by extensive papyrus finds.6
From dragon to worm
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

It is in the language of charm that we find the basic mythographic formula in Old Irish. It is in one of the very few fragments of Old Irish preserved in an Old English manuscript (Harl. 585, late 11th cent.), in Old English context. The collection of “leechdoms and wortcunning”3 contains a charm against worms (wyrm gealdor) to be sung into the ear, right or left according as male or female, of a person or animal who has swallowed a worm in water.
Revolution
Authors: Valeri Mark
Published: November 2023

Bellamy’s sermon text on May 16, 1776, “as the clay is in the potter’s hand, so are ye in mine hand” (Jeremiah 18:6), provided him with yet another occasion to speak on the divine moral government and temporal history. He explained that providence enforced the moral law on nation-states: “[T]he divine administration towards Nations is suited to countenance vir-tue and destroy vice. God loves righteousness and hates iniquity.” Since “the governance of the world belongs to himself,” Bellamy reiterated, “God is able to do as he pleases with the nations of this world.
Figuring Fidelity in Homer’s Odyssey
Authors: Zeitlin Froma I
Published: November 2023

The Odyssey has an extraordinary capacity for creating memorable visual objects, signs, and symbols as focusing elements of a highly complex narrative structure. In a world ruled by uncertainty, suspension, disguise, and dimmed perception, such apparent tokens of a tangible reality emerge at critical interpretative junctures in the plot, often serving as means of prediction, identification, or proof. Generally speaking, all material objects in both the Iliad and the Odyssey are invested with psychological and cognitive resonances that go far beyond the details of their mere description to exemplify a typical and indispensable mode of charting social and mental experience.
Aspasia and the Socratic Tradition
Authors: Henry Madeleine M
Published: November 2023

The decline of Athens after the end of the Peloponnesian War would see the demise of tragedy as a viable art form and the movement of comedy from its major bases of surrealism and sexualized political invective to a greater focus on domestic drama and mythological travesty. The nascent form of philosophical dialogue adopted motifs from both tragedy and comedy in its use of historical and mythological characters to articulate and argue its own generic points of view. Many such dialogues were set in the heyday of Athens’ greatness; therefore, some of the same individuals who were historical actors and comic butts in the fifth century reappeared as participants in philosophical discourse.
The Iliad
Authors: MacDonald Dennis Ronald
Published: November 2023

The Acts of Andrew and Matthias in the City of the Cannibals (AAMt), originally located at the beginning of The Acts of Andrew,1 opens with the following scene: “At that time, all the apostles were gathered together at one place and divided the regions among themselves by casting lots, so that each would leave for his allotted share. The lot fell on Matthias to go to the region of the cannibals” (AAMt 1). Gregory’s epitome begins similarly but adds that the lot fell on Andrew to go to Achaea,2 and names the city of the cannibals Myrmidonia.3 The word “Myrmidonia” certainly appeared in the original story. A Latin translation of the AAMt, earlier than any extant Greek text by at least two centuries, names the city Mermedonia,4 and a Greek Andrean passion, like Gregory, sends Matthew (= Matthias) to “the city of Myrmenis.”5 Both Mermedonia and Myrmenis are variant spellings of Myrmidonia.
Mood and Its Meanings
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

Everyday moods are so ephemeral and illusive that it seems impossible to know where they come from, why they occur, and, perhaps more important, what we can do about them. But these daily variations in our feelings are actually easier to understand and manage than most people realize. Our moods are important for many reasons. For example, a good mood can help us carry out a disagreeable task-it has a way of improving our outlook.
Epicurean Poetics: Response and Dialogue
Authors: Sider David
Published: November 2023

The view that Epicurus was himself impervious to the charms of poetry, and that his charge to his disciples was to avoid it absolutely, both the listening and the composing, has become standard in handbooks and histories. Not everyone of course held to this extreme statement of his position, but it was easy enough to believe that anyone who wrote prose on so stylistically plain a level as Epicurus would, almost a fortiori, be insensitive to the charms of poetry. Moreover, that the most famous piece of Epicurean literature was itself a poem could be regarded as all the more interesting if Epicurus himself abjured the writing of poetry.
The Epicurean Philosopher as Hellenistic Poet
Authors: Sider David
Published: November 2023

Far from merely being a repository of lost Epicurean thought, Philodemus is also of interest for what may well be his own views on the nature of poetry. In the main, these demand our attention because their relation to Epicurus’ own views on poetry is unclear if not at first glance outright antithetical. In particular, how can someone who more than once alluded to himself as an orthodox Epicurean write poetry when Epicurus seems to have abjured this very activity,1 for, whether or not Philodemus’s treatises are orthodox in their adherence to Epicurus, they are significant documents in and of themselves. 2 Furthermore, in addition to their philosophical interest, they cannot help but be of interest to students of literary criticism and of Latin literature, for Philodemus had the good luck or good sense to locate himself in Rome and then, it would seem, in the Bay of Naples, where he, along with Siro, came to be regarded as spokesmen for Epicurean dogma by upper-class Romans, in particular L. Calpurnius Piso, the father-in-law of Julius Caesar.3 And where there are wealthy Romans
Reconstructing Philodemus’ On Poems
Authors: Janko Richard
Published: November 2023

When Aeneas requests an oracle from the Sibyl at Cumae, he asks her not to entrust her reply to the leaves on which her oracles were traditionally inscribed, in case the winds should blow them into confusion (Aeneid 6.74f.). Vergil might well have been describing the fate of the writings of his teacher, Philodemus of Gadara; for a very basic obstacle to understanding the philosopher’s writings has been that many sequences of detached fragments make no sense at all. Editors have usually arranged these in an arbitrary order according to apparent associations of ideas; this has often led them to emend, in order to create joins where there are none. This method was followed, for example, in the editions of the On Poems by F. Sbordone1 and M. L. Nardelli;2 yet it never gave the works as a whole any satisfactory structure. Others
Introduction: Death Penalty Abolitionism in America
Authors: Haines Herbert H
Published: November 2023

Capital punishmentis in decline as the twentieth century nears its end. Once a virtually universal practice, only about 100 of the world’s 180 or so nations still take the lives of those who commit serious violations of their laws (Amnesty International USA 1989a:259-262; Hood 1989:7-33). Executions have become especially rare among industrialized democracies. A few retain capital statutes dealing with extraordinary crimes such as treason, but only Japan, parts of the former Soviet Union, and the United States still carry out death sentences for “ordinary” crimes of violence.

But for at least the time being, the United States stands in stark contrast to the international trend. Capital punishment is flourishing here. After going without executions from 1967 through 1976, 38 states and the federal government have passed revised capital-sentencing statutes that meet the stiffer constitutional requirements the Supreme Court laid down between 1976 and 1983. By the time these words appear in print, at least two more states-Iowa and Wisconsin–may well have brought back the death penalty. Since 1983, the Court has removed a number of procedural impediments on the states, and the rate of electrocutions, gassings, and lethal injections has grown as a result. Thirty-eight persons were put to death in 1993, more than in any year since John F. Kennedy sat in the Oval Office. The number fell to 31 in 1994, but all indications point to a rising tide of harsh justice through the remainder of the decade. Nearly 3,000 convicts now await their dates with the executioner (see Table 1).
The Return of the Executioner: 1976–1982
Authors: Haines Herbert H
Published: November 2023

Assessing the meaning of the Supreme Court’s ruling in Gregg v. Georgia 10 days after it was announced, an ACLU document did not mince words:

. . . the overwhelmingly important first fact is that The Supreme Court has now rejected the major constitutional arguments against the death penalty which have stopped executions in the United States during the past ten years.. . . [The constitutional] attack has failed, and the resumption of executions-possibly in numbers unknown since the 1940’s-is imminent.

Death penalty opponents had good reason to be concerned. Almost 500 post-Furman death-sentenced inmates now resided in the prisons of 35 states, and there was no reason to expect those states to drag their feet in putting them to death now that they had permission to do so. But the long-dreaded (or eagerly awaited, depending on one’s point of view) “bloodbath” wasn’t truly imminent after all. The Supreme Court would spend the next several years fine-tuning the death-sentencing process it had allowed to reemerge. The nation would not see executions in significant numbers until the mid-1980s.
The Trinity and Worship
Authors: Thompson John
Published: November 2023

“It is in our worship that most of us become aware of the doctrine of the trinity. We all sing hymns that address each of the three persons in the one Godhead and in the more liturgical traditions, we end our recital of the Psalms and Canticles with a threefold ascription of glory to the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.”1 In this there is implied a coordinated relationship between a trinitarian doctrine of God and what we do when we worship him. The B.C.C. report states that the distinctive name for God is Father. Yet this has to be qualified in various ways, by stating, as the report does, that to say Father we must also speak of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.2 The Fatherhood of God has true meaning only in relation to Son and Spirit. For the New Testament God is conceived not simply as the Father in general to whom one adds Son and Spirit later. He is from eternity the Father of the Son by the Spirit. While we must make this affirmation of faith in relation to the Trinity, in practice a great variety of approaches is possible.

Thus worship can be offered to God the Father by the Spirit through the Son or directly to the Father, the Son, or the Spirit. The B.C.C. report sums this up as follows: “There are various ways in which the trinitarian character of worship is understood: as being offered to the Father through the Son and in the Spirit; or to the Father, to the Son and to the Spirit; or to the one triune God. But all alike witness to the reality of relationship, of communion.”
K
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

K. The letter “K” has been adopted in Breton and Cornish but not by the other Celtic languages. The letter “C” (always a hard “C”) is the form used. However, in some renditions, Anglicisers tend to use “K” for easier pronunciation.
Disposable Workers
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

Business power, technological change, and foreign competition have combined to transform the labor market. Few jobs are for life. Permanent employment with one company has also vanished, along with the likelihood of an employee getting internal promotions to ensure steady upward mobility. Instead, part-time and temporary work have spread through the labor force. Although many employees continue to have what are nominally permanent jobs, contract work has become the metaphor, if not the fact, for much of the labor market. Whether they sign up for a couple of weeks or a couple of years, more and more Americans know that their work at any particular job is timelimited, and their future probably includes a period of unemployment. Employees have always looked for jobs; employers have always done the hiring. Now, however, it is different. Search, hire, and fire; search, hire, and fire: not since the Great Depression has the constant churning of the U.S. labor market engendered such intense feelings of economic insecurity.
Education: Choice, Profit, And Democracy
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

Wages are stagnant or falling, and the job market is full of uncertainty. No wonder Americans have turned with unusual fierceness to the issue of education. In the past, when wages rose, and the job market was more stable, those with educational credentials could claim their right to upward mobility. Now employers complain about students’ inadequate preparation, and parents indict the schools for failing their historic role.
Democracy In The Workplace?
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

Americans want to renew their economic prospects. They want to regain a sense of possibility and recover a sense of control. Although market-based reforms of education, job training, and welfare are supposed to help realize these aspirations, they are highly unlikely to do so. This failure is sure to cause bitterness, because most Americans believe in the “free market,” and do not know how to respond when, in a very personal way, the market fails them. Having looked to market-based reforms to reverse their declining standard of living, they are ill-prepared to recognize that the new, global market channels most of its benefits toward the top fifth of the population. Not so incidentally, their inability to grasp this fact explains a good deal of recent political history. Campaigns against poor people, campaigns against gays, campaigns against women, immigrants, and racial minorities: over the last twenty-five years, Americans have expended an enormous amount of political energy feverishly searching for other culprits.
The Rhetoric of the Grotesque: monstrous Emblem
Authors: Snodgrass Chris
Published: November 2023

THE grotesque is, as Osbert Burdett noted, “the invention of a form that does not exist in nature” (113). It is an artificial, human-animal hybrid that has been used throughout history and in virtually all parts of the world, in both horrific and benign forms, to symbolize the desire to avert the powers of evil and channel the forces of good (Sheridan and Ross 21). It also became Beardsley’s favorite vehicle for representing not only the disparate impulses of his own personality, but also what he took to be the paradoxical nature of life itself. But whereas the satyrs of classical art worked to invoke a moral lesson, and the gargoyles and other grotesques of medieval art served as an equally moralistic reminder that death was “the universal leveller in a rigidly hierarchical society” (Lucie-Smith, Caricature28-31), Beardsley’s grotesques give no such reassurance of transcendental verities. In fact, set within his formalistically elegant (if perversely parodic) styles, they function as especially effective emblems of a world locked in paradox.
Introduction
Authors: Shriver Donald W
Published: November 2023

In the aftermath of the most destructive urban riot in American history, the man whose case ignited it all touched millions of Americans when he said: “People, I just want to say, you know, can we all get along? ... I mean, we’re all stuck here for a while. Let’s try to work it out.”In those simple words Rodney King was implicitly defining politics: how humans “get along” with each other in spite of their conflicts. So defined, the political is one of our most necessary and most fragile human achievements. From a million years back, we have been a fractious species. Fighting comes easily to us. But cooperation had to come too, or else we might not have survived our own combativeness. This is a book about how human enemies, some or all of whom have greatly harmed each other, can grope toward political association again; if they are not to be derailed from that goal, they will find themselves practicing a collective form of forgiveness. How necessary, and how lacking, forgiveness is in the ordinary push and pull of human politics has many contemporary illustrations, but none more graphic and horrible than the civil war in the former Yugoslavia. The world cringes at a Serb’s willingness to kill a Muslim in revenge for ancestors who fought the Battle of Kosovo in the year 1389; but in fact every nation has among its citizens those who have vast unresolved resentments against the descendants of some other group of citizens. The majority of us are apparently a long way from ceasing to hold the sins of the ancestors against their living children. Were the ancestors still living, we might be willing to refight our wars with them. In the early 1990s, one did not have to travel to Bosnia to find vivid examples of that truth in the life of the United States of America. As Euro-Americans prepared to celebrate the 500th anniversary of Columbus’s voyages, a mixed chorus of domestic voices rose in protest: “Our ancestors had nothing to celebrate in that landing. Neither do we.” It was one way of saying-if one were African American, Hispanic American, or Native American-that something more moral than Euro imperialism had better be at the base of a publicly shared memory capable of uniting the United States of America.
Enmity And Empathy: Japan And The United States
Authors: Shriver Donald W
Published: November 2023

Pain can sear the human memory in two crippling ways: with forgetfulness of the past or imprisonment in it. The mind that insulates the traumatic past from conscious memory plants a live bomb in the depths of the psyche-it takes no great grasp of psychiatry to know that. But the mind that fixes on pain risks getting trapped in it. Too horrible to remember, too horrible to forget: down either path lies little health for the human sufferers of great evil. The survivors of battlefields throughout history have known the struggle with these unhealthy choices, but neither their forgetting of their stories nor the compulsive retelling of them serves the next generation. That generation will probably resent the retelling more than the forgetting; like young Germans of the nineties, they are likely to be impatient with the insistence of a Wiesel or a von Weizslicker on the uncompromising, never flagging remembrance of evils past. Understandably, the young tire of that insistence: “We have our own problems, our own challenges; we have to get on with our own future, however instructive you may think your past is.” Who is more likely to speak thus than young Americans? To this complaint, the survivors of old evil have one very pragmatic reply: “The evils you face have some of their roots in the past. Our past in your present threatens your future.” This argument is basic to the themes of this book, which returns to it often. But a second, philosophic reply amounts to an assault on the self-confidence of an upcoming generation. An older one is likely to be shy about resorting to it: “If we were capable of such great evil, so also are you.”
The Committee on Missions, 1792-1797
Authors: Rohrer James R
Published: November 2023

Connecticut pastors had legitimate reasons to worry about the welfare of their townspeople in the new settlements. The isolation and loneliness experienced by many migrants was traumatic, and few licentiates or ordained clergymen were available to minister to their needs. During the 1780s the pressing demand for orthodox preachers in Vermont alone far exceeded the supply of missionaries. When central and western New York opened to settlement in the early 1790s the shortage of Congregational ministers quickly reached crisis proportions. By 1795, the Connecticut General Association estimated that there were already more than two hundred settlements in Vermont, New York, and Pennsylvania where Congregational migrants resided without any orthodox shepherd. Over the next several years, as emigration from New England accelerated, the number of vacant settlements dramatically increased.
Electric Force Microscopy
Authors: Sarid Dror
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes the principles of operation of electric force microscopy, which maps electrostatic forces across the surface of a sample. These forces, which are always attractive, act between a conducting tip supported by a lever and a conducting sample. We start with the basic theory of electrostatics and give several examples that are representative of relevant cases. These examples include a plane-parallel capacitor, a sphere and a plane, a line charge, a uniform surface charge distributed in a strip, a charged circular disk, and strips with alternate potentials. Next we develop the theory of operation of electric force microscopy for systems using a bimorph-driven lever, a sample-driven lever, and a voltage-driven lever. We derive general expressions that give the change in amplitude of vibration of the lever in terms of the parameters of the system and discuss the signal-to-noise ratio. We then present applications and experimental results of electric force microscopy related to topography, effective dielectric constant of a thin film, deposited charges, and potentials across a sample. We conclude with a summary that gives working equations for each practical case.
Kirkland Correctional Institution, South Carolina
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M
Published: November 2023

One of the lessons of previous chapters is that the same problems that lead to prison riots, such as a breakdown in communication between administration and staff, also make it more difficult to limit or terminate the riot. The Kirkland riot shows the opposite side of the coin; the prison was generally well managed before the disturbance, and so was the resolution.

Kirkland Correctional Institution, opened in 1975, is a medium-security facility located on the outskirts of the capital city of Columbia, South Carolina. Adjacent to it are the headquarters of the department of corrections. The prison was opened in 1975. It has a campus-type layout, with detached buildings spread across grass-covered grounds (see Figure 7-1). On the west side of the grounds are seven housing units; on the east side are an administration building, an inmate industries building, a cafeteria, an infirmary, and a psychiatric unit for mentally disturbed inmates. In a central location is a large multipurpose building with an inmate store, library, barber shop, and academic and vocational classrooms.
Epilogue
Authors: Auyang Sunny Y
Published: November 2023

The relation between knowledge and object, concept and experience, we and the world, is a central problem in philosophy and fascinates many people besides philosophers. The mind-body relation shows up in quantum interpretations, mainly through the writings of physicists. In many interpretations, the mind is conceived of as an observer that is peculiar for being beyond the laws of physics. They echo the philosophies in which the mind is an exotic object that is somehow affected by plain objects. These interpretations have been undermined by the research in the quantum measurement problem. We can find causal relations among objects, but these objects do not answer to the definitive qualities of observers; such qualities are outlawed in quantum theories.
Max Weber’s Sociology of Religion as a Sociology of Intellectuals
Authors: Sadri Ahmad , Vidich Arthur J
Published: November 2023

Like the theme of rationality in Weber’s works, the sociology of intellectuals is a pervasive motif, not a distinct aspect of his sociol­ ogy. Sociology of intellectuals is nevertheless a substantively rich and theoretically fecund region of Weber’s universe of discourse, and we hope to demonstrate this by reconstructing it in this book. The most salient feature of Weber’s sociology of intellectuals is its extraordinary lucidity exactly in the areas where alternative at­ tempts (namely those of the Marxist school) have produced only obscure or obscurantist formulations.
Women Categorized
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

The interplay between theory and practice is a subject of constant fascination in the Bavli. Some deliberations support a wide variety of theoretical approaches but do not suggest what consequences, if any, there might be in practice. Others, such as the sugya examined in chapter 6, are explicit in supporting the legitimacy of pluralistic practice. Still others, as we shall see, support the singular law of the Mishnah but let it be known that there are theoretical alternatives or near-alternatives. The rhetorical impact of the latter sort of deliberation, supporting decided law but revealing the theoretical multiplicity behind the singularity of the Mishnah, demands interpretation: Why uphold the Mishnah’s law but diminish its theoretical support?

The texts’ examined in this chapter tackle two forms of Mishnaic law-writing—list-making and categorization. Both forms are central to the world-organizing project of the Mishnah and both are commonly subjected, in the gemara, to testing and critique.
The Problem with Foreskin: Circumcision, Gender, Impurity, and Death
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

A category is a complex construct. As observed in contemporary critical theory, it is defined as much by what it is not as by what it is. Some elements of a category are more representative of/more central to the category than others. Its boundaries are often indistinct. The community in which the category is meaningful changes and, with it, so do definitions and interpretations.

Sensitivity to each of these factors is evident in the Bavli’s exploration of the category “Jewish male.” The definition of this category is, I will argue, the concern of the first sugya in the eighth chapter of tractate Yevamot (70a and following). It begins, as we shall see, by focusing on the “other,” that is, “the uncircumcised.” By probing the symbolic and practical valences of “the uncircumcised,” by suggesting or reinforcing associations of “the uncircumcised” with other “others,” by seeking to understand the essence of the disqualification of “the uncircumcised,” the Talmud reflects back upon the meaning of “the circumcised”—the Jewish male, as symbolized by the mark in his flesh.
On Human Suffering
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

As we have commented on numerous occasions, the Bavli stands at the end of a long and varied tradition. By the time of its composition, the rabbinic community had already produced the Mishnah, the Tosefta, halakhic midrashim on four of the Torah’s books, several major aggadic midrashim, and the Yerushalmi. In addition, rabbinic tradents continued to transmit teachings, attributed to sages of the third through fifth centuries, that had not yet found a home in a canonical context. Together, the documentary and traditional record formed a massive foundation on which the writers of the Bavli could build. In fact, in view of their self-perception as inheritors of and successors to that tradition, they had no choice but to build on what their predecessors had transmitted. Thus, though the final voice of the Bavli’s authorship contextualizes and shapes everything, the trace of the earlier rabbinic tradition is everywhere to be found in its pages.
Introduction
Authors: Peck John , Nisetich Frank
Published: November 2023

Orestes was the young man who killed his mother and got away with it. The matricide is first, the escape second, but the two belong together, particularly in Athens. Even an Athenian who had never heard of the theater would still be likely to know that Orestes, on his way to salvation, made a stop at Athens. His arrival there had not only been dramatized on the Athenian stage, it had also been enshrined from time immemorial in Athenian religious ritual. During the second day of the festival of the Anthesteria, the Athenians drank their wine in silence, commemorating the time when Orestes, polluted by the blood of his mother, Clytemnestra, was received into their midst but given a separate table and not spoken to-all out of fear of the contagion he bore. On that second day of the festival, everyone in Athens acted as if they, too, were contagious, as if they were, in a word, Orestes themselves. The young man who killed his mother and got away with it was also the son of Agamemnon, king of Argos, leader of the Greek host that conquered Troy. Agamemnon died the very day he returned in triumph from the Trojan War, stabbed to death in his homecoming bath by his own wife, who had taken up with her husband’s cousin during his absence. Wife and lover then usurped the Argive throne, reducing the dead king’,s alienated daughter, Electra, to servitude and sending his son, the potential avenger, into exile. Orestes, then, had reasons for killing his mother. She betrayed and murdered his father, married his father’s cousin, deprived him of his home and his inheritance. Reasons enough, in a situation less charged. Primordial custom made the next of kin responsible for avenging bloodshed, but when the blood had been spilled by the survivor’s own mother, what was to be done? The god Apollo, speaking from his oracle at Delphi, gave the answer: let the son kill the mother, come what may.
Psychoanalysis and Black Novels, Desire and the Protocols of Race
Authors: Tate Claudia
Published: November 2023

Although psychoanalytic theory is one of the most important and influential tools in contemporary literary criticism, to date it has had very little impact on the study of African-American literature and culture. Now, Claudia Tate argues that psychoanalytic paradigms can produce rich readings of African-American desire, alienation, and subjectivity. Tate summarizes the work of such figures as Freud and Lacan, with references to their contemporary literary proponents, and examines a series of texts by Emma Kelly, W.E.B. DuBois, Richard Wright, Zora Neale Hurston, and Nella Larsen. This provocative new book will serve as an introduction to psychoanalytic theory and its application for African-American literature and culture. Tate strikes unchartered territory, and her work will be of great interest to scholars and students in African-American studies.
The Islamic Revolution
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza
Published: November 2023

Ever since the Iranian revolution of 1978-1979, the West has been apprehensive about the possibility of an Islamic revolution, which it has assumed to be the hallmark of Islamic revivalism, the object of the Islamic state, and the culmination of the tajdid and islah of Islam. The role revolution is to play in Islamic revivalism is not as clear as the example of Iran or the scholarly reflections on Islamic revivalism since its advent suggest, however.
Prologue: An American Internationalist
Authors: Dallek Robert
Published: November 2023

ASIDE FROM HIS COUSIN Theodore, Franklin D. Roosevelt was the most cosmopolitan American to enter the White House since John Quincy Adams in 1825. The son of James and Sara Delano Roosevelt, Hudson River Valley aristocrats who habitually lived and traveled abroad, Franklin was introduced to Europe in 1885 at the age of three. His first memories, in fact, were of a lost jumping jack swept away by seawater that entered the family cabin on a return voyage from England in April of that year. Between the ages of seven and fifteen he spent a few months annually in Britain, France, and Germany, where his parents socialized with their European counterparts. During a typical stay abroad in 1889--<)o, the family first visited England, where “James had some good shooting with Sir Hugh” Cholmeley and “much riding and hunting” at “Belvoir, one of the most beautiful of the English castles, belonging to the Duke of Rutland.” After six weeks, they moved on to France, where Franklin played in the parks and gardens of Versailles and the Paris Tuileries, walked in the Champs-Elysees and the Bois, and accompanied his father to the “dizzying” top of the Eiffel Tower to marvel at “the great city, spread out like a map below.” The winter found them in Pan, a health spa in the south of France. There Franklin took bird-watching walks with Cecil Foljambe, an M.P., rode his pony for two hours every morning, listened to his father discuss naval affairs with Lord Clanwi1liam, Admiral of the Fleet, and attended a Christmas-day children’s party at “Lady Nugent’s.” In subsequent years, when James Roosevelt took his cures at Bad Nauhaim, Franklin bicycled through parts of Holland and Germany, attended the opera at Bayreuth, and climbed the Blauen in the Black Forest.
First Things First
Authors: Dallek Robert
Published: November 2023

IF HE WERE TO MAKE any progress toward international prosperity and peace during his first term, Roosevelt believed that he must begin by working out differences with Britain and France. As he had told an English journalist in the summer of 1932, if Britain and the United States could achieve “a complete identity of political and economic interests,” they would “... acquire the true leadership of the world.” “I am eager to get into personal contact with leading Englishmen, and to find out something at first hand of modern Britain and the new spirit in Europe,” he also told the reporter. By October, in fact, he had informed England’s Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald that he hoped to visit Europe during the interregnum, and he used an interview with a Paris newspaper to express similar feelings of friendship for the French.1Yet in spite of these hopes and plans, Roosevelt was under no illusion as to what must come first. Starvation, unemployment, business and financial collapse made foreign relations a secondary concern. “Our international trade relations, though vastly important,” he declared in his Inaugural Address, “are in point of time and necessity secondary to the establishment of a sound national economy. I favor as a practical policy,” he said, “the putting of first things first. I shall spare no effort to restore world trade by international economic readjustment, but the emergency at home cannot wait on that accomplishment.”