bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is it the Right Revolution? On Tushnet'sThe Rights Revolution in The Twentieth Century
Authors: Weill Rivka
Published: March 2012

This is yet another manuscript by one of the most interesting and prolific American constitutional law professors that the Critical Legal Studies movement has produced. Mark Tushnet has written extensively and influentially in the fields of both American and comparative constitutional law. He is a known expert on twentieth century American legal history, bringing this expertise to bear in writing his ambitious and most recent book,The Rights Revolution in the Twentieth Century.

This review of an early draft of the book will consist of three parts. The first portrays Tushnet's descriptive enterprise in a nutshell. The second discusses the historical dimensions of Tushnet's work. The last evaluates its contribution to legal theory along the lines suggested by Alon Harel.
Judicial Review in Central and Eastern Europe: Rationales or Rationalizations?
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech
Published: March 2012

Constitutional judicial review in Central and Eastern Europe has become an entrenched and powerful factor in the politics and constitutional life of these countries; indeed, it would be impossible to give even a rough account of these new democracies without bringing constitutional courts into the picture. For all their importance and activism, their introduction had not been preceded by any thorough debate concerning the merits and demerits of the model transplanted from Western Europe—especially, from Germany—and the developing jurisprudence of the courts was strangely silent about the grounds and the limits of the courts ‘legitimacy, especially when replacing parliamentary choices on rights implicating matters with the courts’ own views about the proper articulation of vague rights-provisions. This Article explores some of the reasons and consequences of this silence.
“Otherness” as the Underlying Principle in Israel's Asylum Regime
Authors: Kritzman-Amir Tally
Published: March 2012

This Article aims to provide the first thorough description of the developing asylum system in the State of Israel. It argues that despite the inherent moral and doctrinal differences between asylum and immigration regimes, the Israeli asylum system is essentially an extension of Israel's immigration and citizenship regime, which excludes the non-Jewish refugees and frames the refugee as the “other;” with the Palestinians and other enemy nationals facing maximum exclusion. While this phenomenon is not uncommon in today's world, which suffers from “compassion fatigue,” diluted protection, and adherence to national self-interest, the Israeli example is exceptional for a number of reasons: 1) it came into being only decades after the rest of the democratic developed countries developed their asylum systems; 2) it is rooted in challenging—albeit not exceptional—geo-political conditions; and 3) it works against the background of a very unique immigration law.
Multilateral Versus Unilateral Exercises of Universal Criminal Jurisdiction
Authors: d'Aspremont Jean
Published: March 2012

This Article draws a distinction between two types of exercise of universal criminal jurisdiction with a view to demonstrating that one of them is deeply detrimental to domestic IHL enforcement mechanisms, and especially zeroes in on contemporay unilateral exercises of universal criminal jurisdiction, arguing that their unilateral character deprives domestic enforcement procedures of their legitimacy and efficacy. It begins by distinguishing between unilateral and multilateral uses of criminal universal jurisdiction. It then explains why unilateral exercises of universal jurisdiction and the absence of conventional basis do not, per se, stir any problems of legality. Its last part shows that unilateral exercises of universal jurisdiction, while not generating any problem of legality, fuel problems of legitimacy because of the discourse that generally accompanies such proceedings as well as the impossibility to relate such exercises to the consent of the State of nationality of the accused or that where the crime was committed. On this occasion, it is shown that the perceived illegitimacy of unilateral exercises of jurisdiction can prove harmful to the legitimacy and efficacy of domestic IHL enforcement procedures as a whole.
Ensuring Respect: The European Union's Guidelines on Promoting Compliance With International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Breslin Andrea
Published: March 2012

The European Union as a prominent regional organization is increasingly expected to contribute positively in terms of the promotion of certain values, both by European Union citizens and by the international community. These values include the promotion and development of international law, including international humanitarian law. The focus of this Article is on the influence, actual and potential, of the European Union in terms of promoting humanitarian law externally, and on ensuring respect of humanitarian law by third States. It briefly discusses the evolution of the duty to ensure respect and outlines the relevance of international humanitarian law to the external action of the European Union. The European Union Guidelines on Promoting Compliance with International Humanitarian Law are introduced and the background, content, and potential are explored. While not constituting binding law, these guidelines represent the position of the European Union in relation to promoting humanitarian law externally and reflect the responsibilities of European Union Member States with regard to ensuring respect for humanitarian law.
Before the Abyss: Reshaping International Humanitarian Law to Suit the Ends of Power
Authors: Diamond Eitan
Published: March 2012

In the increasingly legalized landscape in which armed conflicts are now waged, international humanitarian law has become an integral and ever more central part of military strategy. States can and do use it to gain advantage over their adversaries, but must also contend with challenges that arise when it is wielded against them. In their efforts to respond to these challenges official and unofficial advocates of State powers have advanced modes of argumentation which question the fundamental structure of international humanitarian law. This Article takes issue with one such argument that mobilizes the theologico-political principle of the “lesser-evil” to conclude that acts which are absolutely prohibited under international humanitarian law should nevertheless be deemed legally permissible when their foreseen consequences are less harmful than lawful alternatives. The Article demonstrates that this argument threatens to blur IHL's sharp boundaries and expand its zone's of elasticity thereby undermining its structural principles. More specifically, the Article maintains that the argument in question rests on exaggerated faith in the judgment of belligerent parties, that it fails on its own utilitarian logic and that it ignores deontological reasoning fundamental to international humanitarian law. The Article contends that accepting this argument would severely compromise IHL's capacity to limit violence and preserve human dignity and therefore advocates that it be rejected.
Some Reflections on Israel's Temporary Legislation on Unification of Families
Authors: Lapidoth Ruth , Friesel Ofra
Published: March 2012

In 2003 Israel adopted the Nationality and Entry into Israel (Provisional Measure) Law, 5763-2003. The Provisional Measure deals generally with entry into Israel; at first it dealt only with entry into Israel of residents of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and later it was extended also to nationals and residents of Iran, Iraq, Lebanon and Syria. It is particularly relevant for cases of unification of families and immigration for the purpose of marriage.

The following article offers a short summary of the law as it has been amended in 2005 and 2007, as well as its interpretation by the government (since 2008) and then examines its conformity with international law. The Provisional Measure involves a clash between the right of the individual to marry the person of his choice and establish a family on the one hand, and the right of the state to regulate freely immigration and entry into its territory on the other hand. Since international law has not established a right to family unification nor to immigration for the purpose of marriage, the right of the state prevails in this matter. Yet, the Provisional Measure deviates from international law in a different aspect, as it leads to a de facto discrimination, mostly of Israeli Arabs. This discrimination is not permitted by the Convention for the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination, to which Israel is a party. It is recommended that Israel amends the law in order to bring it into conformity with international law.
Human Trafficking and Legal Culture
Authors: Nelken David
Published: March 2012

This Article discusses the Palermo Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons. In the first part it offers a critical discussion of what is entailed by speaking of a “shortfall” of enforcement in dealing with the social problem of human trafficking. It then goes on to show that there are two competing narratives of this problem and of the way it is being responded to, and explains why we need to learn more about the interests and values that condition the “law in action.” In the last section the Article discusses the potential relevance of the idea of the “legal culture” for explaining the patterns of “law in action” in different countries and different agencies. The Article's overall aim is to show the existence of a link between the manner in which the problem of trafficking is socially defined in practice, and the role of legal culture in shaping this link.
The Israeli Supreme Court and the Incremental Expansion of the Scope of Discretion under Belligerent Occupation Law
Authors: Harpaz Guy , Shany Yuval
Published: March 2012

On December 29, 2009, the Israeli Supreme Court, sitting as the High Court of Justice, delivered its judgment inAbu Safiya v. The Minister of Defense,annulling an order issued by an Israeli Military Commander, which completely barred Palestinians from travelling on Route 443, a major road in the West Bank. This note criticizes theAbu Safiyajudgment as indicative, notwithstanding its specific outcome, of the Supreme Court's ongoing willingness to expand theratione materiaeandratione personaeof occupation law and to allow the military authorities to protect the interests of Israelis in the West Bank, even at the expense of the stronger rights conferred upon the local Palestinian population by thelex specialis—the laws of belligerent occupation.
Nutrition and sarcopenia: evidence for an interaction
Authors: Millward D. Joe
Published: March 2012

Nutritional interventions that might influence sarcopenia, as indicated by literature reporting on sarcopeniaper seas well as dynapenia and frailty, are reviewed in relation to potential physiological aetiological factors, i.e. inactivity, anabolic resistance, inflammation, acidosis and vitamin D deficiency. As sarcopenia occurs in physically active and presumably well-nourished populations, it is argued that a simple nutritional aetiology is unlikely and unequivocal evidence for any nutritional influence is extremely limited. Dietary protein is probably the most widely researched nutrient but only for frailty is there one study showing evidence of an aetiological influence and most intervention studies with protein or amino acids have proved ineffective with only a very few exceptions. Fish oil has been shown to attenuate anabolic resistance of muscle protein synthesis in one study. There is limited evidence for a protective influence of antioxidants and inducers of phase 2 proteins on sarcopenia, dynapenia and anabolic resistance in human and animal studies. Also fruit and vegetables may protect against acidosis-induced sarcopenia through their provision of dietary potassium. While severe vitamin D deficiency is associated with dynapenia and sarcopenia, the evidence for a beneficial influence of increasing vitamin D status above the severe deficiency level is limited and controversial, especially in men. On this basis there is insufficient evidence for any more specific nutritional advice than that contained in the general healthy lifestyle–healthy diet message: i.e. avoiding inactivity and low intakes of food energy and nutrients and maintain an active lifestyle with a diet providing a rich supply of fruit and vegetables and frequent oily fish.
Sleeping with the enemy? On Hayek, constructivist thought, and the current economic crisis
Authors: KESSLER OLIVER
Published: March 2012

The current economic crisis challenges the constitutive rules of global finance. Despite its various roots, dynamics, and consequences, the current reform debate is surprisingly limited in scope: it focuses on possible changes of Basle II and thus banking regulation only. This article suggests that the reason for this ‘gap’ can be found in the idea of asymmetric information. The idea that the asymmetric dispersion of information is the ‘real’ cause of the crisis is reiterated constantly in public documents. However, the argument rests upon two assumptions: that crises are exogenous to otherwise efficient and stable markets, and that finance is an autonomous field where the primary focus of the current reform can then concentrate on its laws. It is thought that it is enough to reform financial markets to stabilise the global economy. This article suggests that this belief is utterly misguided and argues that a more comprehensive picture of the current turmoil needs to abandon exactly these two assumptions. To pursue such an avenue, this article provids an interpretation of Hayek's social theory.
On the Maximum Number of Edges in a Triple System Not Containing a Disjoint Family of a Given Size
Authors: FRANKL PETER , RÖDL VOJTECH , RUCIŃSKI ANDRZEJ
Published: March 2012

In 1965 Erdős conjectured a formula for the maximum number of edges in a k-uniform n-vertex hypergraph without a matching of size s. We prove this conjecture for k = 3 and all s ≥ 1 and n ≥ 4s.
A Pair of Forbidden Subgraphs and 2-Factors
Authors: FUJISAWA JUN , SAITO AKIRA
Published: March 2012

In this paper, we consider pairs of forbidden subgraphs that imply the existence of a 2-factor in a graph. Ford≥ 2, letdbe the set of connected graphs of minimum degree at leastd. LetF1andF2be connected graphs and letbe a set of connected graphs. Then {F1,F2} is said to be a forbidden pair forif every {F1,F2}-free graph inof sufficiently large order has a 2-factor. Faudree, Faudree and Ryjáček have characterized all the forbidden pairs for the set of 2-connected graphs. We first characterize the forbidden pairs for2, which is a larger set than the set of 2-connected graphs, and observe a sharp difference between the characterized pairs and those obtained by Faudree, Faudree and Ryjáček. We then consider the forbidden pairs for connected graphs of large minimum degree. We prove that if {F1,F2} is a forbidden pair ford, then eitherF1orF2is a star of order at mostd+ 2. Ota and Tokuda have proved that every$K_{1, \lfloor\frac{d+2}{2}\rfloor}$-free graph of minimum degree at leastdhas a 2-factor. These results imply that fork≥d+ 2, no connected graphsFexcept for stars of order at mostd+ 2 make {K1,k,F} a forbidden pair ford, while for$k\le \bigl\lfloor\frac{d+2}{2} \bigr\rfloor$every connected graphFmakes {K1,k,F} a forbidden pair ford. We consider the remaining range of$\bigl\lfloor\frac{d+2}{2} \bigr\rfloor < k < d+2$, and prove that only a finite number of connected graphsFmake {K1,k,F} a forbidden pair ford.
Homeomorphically Irreducible Spanning Trees in Locally Connected Graphs
Authors: CHEN GUANTAO , REN HAN , SHAN SONGLING
Published: March 2012

A spanning tree T of a graph G is called a homeomorphically irreducible spanning tree (HIST) if T does not contain vertices of degree 2. A graph G is called locally connected if, for every vertex v ∈ V(G), the subgraph induced by the neighbourhood of v is connected. In this paper, we prove that every connected and locally connected graph with more than 3 vertices contains a HIST. Consequently, we confirm the following conjecture due to Archdeacon: every graph that triangulates some surface has a HIST, which was proposed as a question by Albertson, Berman, Hutchinson and Thomassen.
Critical Probabilities of 1-Independent Percolation Models
Authors: BALISTER PAUL , BOLLOBÁS BÉLA
Published: March 2012

Given a locally finite connected infinite graphG, let the interval [pmin(G),pmax(G)] be the smallest interval such that ifp>pmax(G), then every 1-independent bond percolation model onGwith bond probabilityppercolates, and forp<pmin(G) none does. We determine this interval for trees in terms of the branching number of the tree. We also give some general bounds for other graphsG, in particular for lattices.
The Maximum Number of Triangles in C2k+1-Free Graphs
Authors: GYŐRI ERVIN , LI HAO
Published: March 2012

Upper and lower bounds are proved for the maximum number of triangles in C2k+1-free graphs. The bounds involve extremal numbers related to appropriate even cycles.
Corrádi and Hajnal's Theorem for Sparse Random Graphs
Authors: BALOGH JÓZSEF , LEE CHOONGBUM , SAMOTIJ WOJCIECH
Published: March 2012

In this paper we extend a classical theorem of Corrádi and Hajnal into the setting of sparse random graphs. We show that ifp(n) ≫ (logn/n)1/2, then asymptotically almost surely every subgraph ofG(n,p) with minimum degree at least (2/3 +o(1))npcontains a triangle packing that covers all but at mostO(p−2) vertices. Moreover, the assumption onpis optimal up to the (logn)1/2factor and the presence of the set ofO(p−2) uncovered vertices is indispensable. The main ingredient in the proof, which might be of independent interest, is an embedding theorem which says that if one imposes certain natural regularity conditions on all three pairs in a balanced 3-partite graph, then this graph contains a perfect triangle packing.
Monochromatic Cycles in 2-Coloured Graphs
Authors: BENEVIDES F. S. , ŁUCZAK T. , SCOTT A. , SKOKAN J. , WHITE M.
Published: March 2012

Li, Nikiforov and Schelp [13] conjectured that any 2-edge coloured graph G with order n and minimum degree δ(G) > 3n/4 contains a monochromatic cycle of length ℓ, for all ℓ ∈ [4, ⌈n/2⌉]. We prove this conjecture for sufficiently large n and also find all 2-edge coloured graphs with δ(G)=3n/4 that do not contain all such cycles. Finally, we show that, for all δ>0 and n>n0(δ), if G is a 2-edge coloured graph of order n with δ(G) ≥ 3n/4, then one colour class either contains a monochromatic cycle of length at least (2/3+δ/2)n, or contains monochromatic cycles of all lengths ℓ ∈ [3, (2/3−δ)n].
ESSENTIAL STATE SURFACES FOR KNOTS AND LINKS
Authors: OZAWA MAKOTO
Published: March 2012

We study a canonical spanning surface obtained from a knot or link diagram, depending on a given Kauffman state. We give a sufficient condition for the surface to be essential. By using the essential surface, we can deduce the triviality and splittability of a knot or link from its diagrams. This has been done on the extended knot or link class that includes all semiadequate, homogeneous knots and links, and most algebraic knots and links. In order to prove the main theorem, we extend Gabai’s Murasugi sum theorem to the case of nonorientable spanning surfaces.
Quantifying diffuse and discrete venting at the Tour Eiffel vent site, Lucky Strike hydrothermal field
Authors: Mittelstaedt Eric , Escartín Javier , Gracias Nuno , Olive Jean‐Arthur , Barreyre Thibaut , Davaille Anne , Cannat Mathilde , Garcia Rafael
Published: March 2012

The relative heat carried by diffuse versus discrete venting of hydrothermal fluids at mid‐ocean ridges is poorly constrained and likely varies among vent sites. Estimates of the proportion of heat carried by diffuse flow range from 0% to 100% of the total axial heat flux. Here, we present an approach that integrates imagery, video, and temperature measurements to accurately estimate this partitioning at a single vent site, Tour Eiffel in the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field along the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. Fluid temperatures, photographic mosaics of the vent site, and video sequences of fluid flow were acquired during the Bathyluck'09 cruise (Fall, 2009) and the Momarsat'10 cruise (Summer, 2010) to the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field by the ROV Victor6000 aboard the French research vessel the “Pourquoi Pas”? (IFREMER, France). We use two optical methods to calculate the velocities of imaged hydrothermal fluids: (1) for diffuse venting, Diffuse Flow Velocimetry tracks the displacement of refractive index anomalies through time, and (2) for discrete jets, Particle Image Velocimetry tracks eddies by cross‐correlation of pixel intensities between subsequent images. To circumvent video blurring associated with rapid velocities at vent orifices, exit velocities at discrete vents are calculated from the best fit of the observed velocity field to a model of a steady state turbulent plume where we vary the model vent radius and fluid exit velocity. Our results yield vertical velocities of diffuse effluent between 0.9 cm s−1 and 11.1 cm s−1 for fluid temperatures between 3°C and 33.5°C above that of ambient seawater, and exit velocities of discrete jets between 22 cm s−1 and 119 cm s−1 for fluid temperatures between 200°C and 301°C above ambient seawater. Using the calculated fluid velocities, temperature measurements, and photo mosaics of the actively venting areas, we calculate a heat flux due to diffuse venting from thin fractures of 3.15 ± 2.22 MW, discrete venting of 1.07 ± 0.66 MW, and, by incorporating previous estimates of diffuse heat flux density from Tour Eiffel, diffuse flux from the main sulfide mound of ∼15.6 MW. We estimate that the total integrated heat flux from the Tour Eiffel site is 19.82 ± 2.88 MW and that the ratio of diffuse to discrete heat flux is ∼18. We discuss the implication of these results for the characterization of different vent sites within Lucky Strike and in the context of a compilation of all available measurements of the ratio of diffuse to discrete heat flux.
In situ observations of the “preexisting auroral arc” by THEMIS all sky imagers and the FAST spacecraft
Authors: Jiang Feifei , Strangeway Robert J. , Kivelson Margaret G. , Weygand James M. , Walker Raymond J. , Khurana Krishan K. , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Donovan Eric
Published: March 2012

Auroral substorms were first described more than 40 years ago, and their atmospheric and magnetospheric signatures have been investigated extensively. However, because magnetic mapping from the ionosphere to the equator is uncertain especially during active times, the magnetospheric source regions of the substorm‐associated features in the upper atmosphere remain poorly understood. In optical images, auroral substorms always involve brightening followed by poleward expansion of a discrete auroral arc. The arc that brightens is usually the most equatorward of several auroral arcs that remain quiescent for ∼30 min or more before the break‐up commences. In order to identify the magnetospheric region that is magnetically conjugate to this preexisting arc, we combine auroral images from ground‐based imagers, magnetic field and particle data from low‐altitude spacecraft, and maps of field‐aligned currents based on ground magnetometer arrays. We surveyed data from the THEMIS all sky imager (ASI) array and the FAST spacecraft from 2007 to April 2009 and obtained 5 events in which the low altitude FAST spacecraft crossed magnetic flux tubes linked to a preexisting auroral arc imaged by THEMIS ASI prior to substorm onset. The observations show that, in each of the five cases: 1) the precipitating electrons associated with the preexisting arc are accelerated by a field‐aligned potential drop, with characteristic energy ranging from a few hundred eV to a few keV. 2) The preexisting arc is located 1°∼2° poleward of the equatorward edge of the 1 keV electron plasma sheet in the ionosphere, and it maps to equatorial locations within the electron plasma sheet and tailward of its inner edge. 3) The preexisting arc is located at or very near the boundary between the Region 1 and Region 2 field‐aligned currents. The localization relative to the Region 1/Region 2 current is confirmed by comparison with maps of field‐aligned currents inferred from ground magnetometer data.
Variation of the first cut‐off frequency of the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide observed by DEMETER
Authors: Toledo‐Redondo S. , Parrot M. , Salinas A.
Published: March 2012

More than four years of VLF electric field data recorded by DEMETER have been analyzed, in order to monitor the first cut‐off frequency (QTM1) of the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide, at around 1.6–1.8 kHz. Since losses in a waveguide are maximized right at the cut‐off frequency, DEMETER (∼700 km orbit) can detect the minimum of energy of the leaking fields coming from the waveguide. This measurement permits to draw a global map of its value (f1), which is directly related to the effective height of the ionosphere (h) by the relation f1 = c/2h (c is the speed of light). It enables the remote sensing of the D region, which is one of the less known layers of the ionosphere, because it is too low for satellites to orbit inside it and too high for balloons to reach it. The effective height depends mainly on the electron density (Ne) and neutral density (Nn) profiles, which determine the plasma frequency and the electron mobility. The effective height shifts downward 5–10 km in southern warm season in the South Pacific Ocean. Another effect is observed in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans; the effective height decreases its value twice a year, in the area of roughly ±15° from the geomagnetic equator. The main causes for the changes on the effective reflection height are the solar radiation and the thunderstorm activity. However, the observed shifts are more prominent over the oceans, and a possible explanation for this difference could be attributed to i) less polluted conditions above the oceans (aerosols change the atmospheric conductivity and then the global atmospheric electric circuit), ii) the effect of the current associated to the thunderclouds on the bottom of the ionosphere because thunderstorms are much more numerous above land, or iii) ionization by elves because their occurrence is larger above oceans.
Large‐scale current systems and ground magnetic disturbance during deep substorm injections
Authors: Yang J. , Toffoletto F. R. , Wolf R. A. , Sazykin S. , Ontiveros P. A. , Weygand J. M.
Published: March 2012

We present a detailed analysis of the large‐scale current systems and their effects on the ground magnetic field disturbance for an idealized substorm event simulated with the equilibrium version of the Rice Convection Model. The objective of this study is to evaluate how well the bubble‐injection picture can account for some classic features of the substorm expansion phase. The entropy depletion inside the bubble is intentionally designed to be so severe that it can penetrate deep into geosynchronous orbit. The results are summarized as follows: (1) Both the region‐1‐sense and region‐2‐sense field‐aligned currents (FACs) intensify substantially. The former resembles the substorm current wedge and flows along the eastern and western edges of the bubble. The latter is connected to the enhanced partial ring current in the magnetosphere associated with a dipolarization front earthward of the bubble. In the ionosphere, these two pairs of FACs are mostly interconnected via Pedersen currents. (2) The horizontal ionospheric currents show a significant westward electrojet peaked at the equatorward edge of the footprint of the bubble. The estimated ground magnetic disturbance is consistent with the typical features at various locations relative to the center of the westward electrojet. (3) A prominent Harang‐reversal‐like boundary is seen in both ground ΔH disturbance and plasma flow pattern, appearing in the westward portion of the equatorward edge of the bubble footprint, with a latitudinal extent of ∼5° and a longitudinal extent of the half width of the bubble. (4) The dramatic dipolarization inside the bubble causes the ionospheric map of the inner plasma sheet to exhibit a bulge‐like structure, which may be related to auroral poleward expansion. (5) The remarkable appearance of the westward electrojet, Harang‐reversal‐like boundary and poleward expansion starts when the bubble reaches the magnetic transition region from tail‐like to dipole‐like configuration. We also estimate the horizontal and vertical currents using magnetograms at tens of ground stations for a deep injection substorm event occurred on April 9, 2008, resulting in a picture that is qualitatively consistent with the simulation. Based on the simulations and the observations, an overall picture of the ionospheric dynamics and its magnetospheric drivers during deep bubble injections is obtained.
Quantification of salt dust pathways from a groundwater‐fed lake: Implications for solute budgets and dust emission rates
Authors: Zlotnik Vitaly A. , Ong John B. , Lenters John D. , Schmieder Jens , Fritz Sherilyn C.
Published: March 2012

Emissions of salt dust from the shores of saline lakes significantly impact lake chemistry, air quality, transportation, human health, and climate. Quantitative methods for assessing these emissions, however, are still in the developmental stage. We investigate salt pathways from groundwater to dust using an approach that takes advantage of opportune conditions at a groundwater‐fed, saline lake in the Nebraska Sand Hills region. The mass of salt in the lakeshore surface crust and soil was measured, as well as in the dust on the surrounding dune field. These data, together with information on the lake hydrology, show that dust emission is an important mechanism controlling lake salinity, even though a mere fraction of the salt crust is deflated each year under extant climatic conditions. Wind data collected at the lake site indicate high wind speeds capable of dust mobilization. Therefore, the physical and chemical bonding of salts in the crust is offered as the primary limiting factor for dust emission rates.
Modeling the daytime, equatorial ionospheric ion densities associated with the observed, four‐cell longitude patterns in E × B drift velocities
Authors: Araujo‐Pradere Eduardo A. , Fang Tzu‐Wei , Anderson David N. , Fedrizzi Mariangel , Stoneback Russell
Published: March 2012

Previous studies have quantified the longitude gradients in E × Bdrift associated with the four‐cell tidal structures and have confirmed that these sharp gradients exist on a day‐to‐day basis. For this paper, we incorporate the Ion Velocity Meter (IVM) sensor on the Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System satellite to obtain the daytime, verticalE × B drift velocities at the magnetic equator as a function of longitude, local time, and season and to theoretically calculate the F region ion densities as a function of altitude, latitude, longitude, and local time using the Global Ionosphere Plasmasphere model. We compare calculated ion densities assuming no longitude gradients in E × Bdrift velocities with calculated ion densities incorporating the IVM‐observedE × Bdrift at the boundaries of the four‐cell tidal structures in the Peruvian and the Atlantic longitude sectors. Incorporating the IVM‐observedE × B drift velocities, the ion density crests rapidly converge to the magnetic equator between 285 and 300°E geographic longitude, are absent between 300° and 305°, and move away from the magnetic equator between 305° and 340°. In essence, the steeper the longitude gradient in E × B drifts, the steeper the longitude gradient in the equatorial anomaly crest location.
Honors
Authors: Anonymous
Published: March 2012

Elizabeth Ambos is the new executive officer of the Council on Undergraduate Research, an international not‐for‐profit organization focused on increasing undergraduate research opportunities. Most recently, Ambos has served as Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research Initiatives and Partnerships for the California State University Chancellor's Office. Anthony Beasley has been appointed as the next director of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, a facility of the National Science Foundation (NSF), operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. Beasley has served as chief operating officer and project manager of the National Ecological Observatory Network, an NSF‐funded continental‐scale observatory designed to detect ecological change and enable forecasting of its impacts.
International coordination to improve studies of changes in Arctic sea ice cover
Authors: Perovich Donald K. , Eicken Hajo , Meier Walter
Published: March 2012

Climate and Cryosphere Arctic Sea Ice Workshop; Boulder, Colorado, 31 October to 2 November 2011 The Arctic sea ice cover is undergoing tremendous changes. The end‐of‐summer ice extent is decreasing, the ice is thinning, and there is a fundamental shift from perennial to seasonal ice. These changes have important implications for both the Arctic and the global climate system. This importance creates a need to observe and understand the ongoing changes and to predict future changes in the Arctic sea ice cover
Shaw receives 2011 James R. Holton Junior Scientist Award: Citation
Authors: Robock Alan
Published: March 2012

Tiffany A. Shaw received the James R. Holton Junior Scientist Award at the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting, held 5–9 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes outstanding research contributions by a junior atmospheric scientist within 3 years of his or her Ph.D.
Magnetospheric source of auroras tracked down by satellite fleet
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: March 2012

Prebreakup arcs (PBAs), thin, faint tendrils of glowing gas stretching thousands of kilometers in either direction, are very different from the multicolored lights typically associated with auroras. PBAs develop a few minutes before the onset of the full display, brightening and expanding (“breaking up”) to form the more prominent auroras. Previous research has shown that the PBA breakup can be tied to brief pulses of energetic particles (auroral substorms) flowing into the upper atmosphere from the nightside of Earth's magnetic field, but the PBA generation mechanism has largely remained a mystery. Understanding the formation of PBAs would be an important step toward answering one of the most longstanding and pressing questions in space physics research: How do substorms form
Molecular oxygen ions confirm exosphere at Saturn's moon Dione
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: March 2012

The Cassini spacecraft flew by Dione, one of Saturn's icy moons, on 7 April 2010. During that flyby, instruments detected molecular oxygen ions around the moon.Tokar et al. used those measurements to estimate the density of the molecular oxygen ions to be in the range of 0.01–0.09 ion per cubic centimeter. These molecular oxygen ions are produced when neutral molecules are ionized; the measurements confirm that a neutral exosphere surrounds Dione. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL050452, 2012
Crustal thickness and earthquake distribution south of the Logachev Seamount, Knipovich Ridge
Authors: Jokat W. , Kollofrath J. , Geissler W. H. , Jensen L.
Published: March 2012

During RV Polarstern cruise ARK‐XXIV/3 (2009), a geophysical study along the ultraslow spreading Knipovich Ridge was conducted. The survey, located in the rift valley south of the Logachev Seamount (∼76°36′N), provides a crustal thickness of ∼4.5 km in the amagmatic parts and 5.7 km underneath the seamount itself. The velocity‐depth function indicates the presence of a thick oceanic layer 2 (4.5 km), but no indication for a thick oceanic layer 3. The only exception is the area underneath the Logachev Seamount, where velocities higher than 6 km/s are detected. This indicates a stronger and focussed melt supply underneath the seamount. Local seismicity was analysed for two days. In total, 191 quakes were identified in the vicinity of the rift valley with magnitudes up to ML = 2.6. At least 48 of them are located in the upper mantle (up to 18 km below sea level), supporting models predicting a cold mantle or conductive cooling underneath ultraslow ridges to explain the reduced melt supply.
Identification of transcription regulation associated proteins in plants and stramenopiles
Authors: Riaño Pachón Diego Mauricio , Restrepo Silvia , Mueller-Roeber Bernd , Buitrago Florez Francisco
Published: March 2012

The generation of biodiversity is tied to the evolution and re-wiring of gene regulatory networks (GRNs). One component of these GRN are transcription factors and other transcriptional regulators. We have devised a pipeline for the identification of TFs and TRs, exploiting the domain architecture of these proteins. Currently we have a set of rules, representing 138 proteins families, that we have applied to the identification of ~20 different plant species and several species of Stramenopiles, where important plant pathogens are found. Results for plant species are available at http://plntfdb.uniandes.edu.co/; we are now developing a newer interface for Stramenopiles.
Seminal Plasma Proteins
Authors: Perumal P
Published: March 2012

The ejaculated semen consists of two major components viz. sperm cells (spermatozoa) and the fluid part obtained after centrifugation called seminal plasma. The spermatozoa originate from the semniferous tubule and are suspended in the seminal plasma. The seminal plasma is composed of secretions contributed by the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles, ampullae, prostate and bulbourethral glands. About 60-80 % of the ejaculated semen of the bull originates from these sources. Seminal plasma is a highly complex biological fluid containing proteins, amino acids, enzymes, fructose and other carbohydrates, lipids, major minerals and trace elements. Seminal plasma proteins partly originates from the blood plasma by exudation through the lumen of the male genital tract and partly are synthesized and secreted by various reproductive organs and are known as seminal plasma specific proteins. Several seminal plasma proteins of blood origin viz. prealbumin, albumin, globulin, transferring, α-antitrypsin, β-lipoprotein, β-glycoprotein, orsomucoid, kininogen, Peptide hormones, IgG, IgA and IgM have been identified and characterized. These proteins are involved in regulation of osmotic pressure and pH of seminal plasma, transport of ions, lipid and hormones. A major part of seminal plasma proteins originate from the testis, epididymis, vas deference, prostate, seminal vesicle and bulbourethral glands. The biosynthesis and secretion of these proteins is regulated by testosterone levels in the blood.
Nonlinear kinetic modeling of stimulated Raman scattering in a multidimensional geometry
Authors: Bénisti D. , Morice O. , Gremillet L. , Friou A. , Lefebvre E.
Published: March 2012

In this paper, we derive coupled envelope equations modeling the growth of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in a multi-dimensional geometry and accounting for nonlinear kinetic effects. In particular, our envelope equations allow for the nonlinear reduction of the Landau damping rate, whose decrease with the plasma wave amplitude depends on the rate of side-loss. Account is also made of the variations in the extent of the plasma wave packet entailed by the collisionless dissipation due to trapping. The dephasing between the electron plasma wave (EPW) and the laser drive, as well as the self-focussing of the plasma wave, both induced by the EPW nonlinear frequency shift, are also included in our envelope equations. These equations are solved in a multi-dimensional geometry using our code dubbed BRAMA, whose predictions regarding the evolution of Raman reflectivity as a function of the laser intensity are compared against previously published particle in cell results, thus illustrating the ability of BRAMA simulations to provide the correct laser threshold intensity for SRS as well as the right order of magnitude of Raman reflectivity above threshold.
Electromigration analysis of solder joints under ac load: A mean time to failure model
Authors: Yao Wei , Basaran Cemal
Published: March 2012

In this study, alternating current (ac) electromigration (EM) degradation simulations were carried out for Sn95.5%Ag4.0%Cu0.5 (SAC405- by weight) solder joints. Mass transport analysis was conducted with viscoplastic material properties for quantifying damage mechanism in solder joints. Square, sine, and triangle current wave forms ac were used as input signals. dc and pulsed dc (PDC) electromigration analysis were conducted for comparison purposes. The maximum current density ranged from 2.2×106A/cm2 to 5.0×106A/cm2, frequency ranged from 0.05 Hz to 5 Hz with ambient temperature varying from 350 K to 450 K. Because the room temperature is nearly two-thirds of SAC solder joint’s melting point on absolute temperature scale (494.15 K), viscoplastic material model is essential. Entropy based damage evolution model was used to investigate mean time to failure (MTF) behavior of solder joints subjected to ac stressing. It was observed that MTF was inversely proportional to ambient temperature T1.1 in Celsius and also inversely proportional to current density j0.27 in A/cm2. Higher frequency will lead to a shorter lifetime with in the frequency range we studied, and a relationship is proposed as MTF∝f-0.41. Lifetime of a solder joint subjected to ac is longer compared with dc and PDC loading conditions. By introducing frequency, ambient temperature and current density dependency terms, a modified MTTF equation was proposed for solder joints subjected to ac current stressing.
Excited Li and Na in Hen: Influence of the dimer potential energy curves
Authors: Dell’Angelo David , Guillon Grégoire , Viel Alexandra
Published: March 2012

The X2Σ ground and the A2Π and B2Σ first two excited states of Li-He and Na-He are determined using high level complete active space self-consistent field-multireference configuration interaction ab initio method. The obtained potentials differ from the ones proposed by Pascale [Phys. Rev. A 28, 632 (1983)]10.1103/PhysRevA.28.632, more strongly for the ground than for the excited states. Quantum diffusion Monte Carlo studies of small Li*Hen and Na*Hen with n ⩽ 5 are performed using a diatomics-in-molecule approach to model the non-pair additive interaction potential. The sensitivity of our results to the A2Π and B2Σ potentials used is assessed by an analysis of the structure and of the energetics of the clusters. For these small clusters, the physical conclusions are essentially independent of the diatomic curves employed.
Environment-dependent surface structures and stabilities of SnO2 from the first principles
Authors: Xu Canhui , Jiang Yong , Yi Danqing , Sun Shunping , Yu Zhiming
Published: March 2012

We have employed density functional theory to investigate the (110), (101), (100), and (001) surfaces of SnO2 within the pseudopotential, plane-wave method. Based on a thermodynamic defect model, the surface stabilities were evaluated as functions of oxygen partial pressure and temperature. Calculations showed that, below 600 K, the stoichiometric (110) has the lowest surface energy for a wide range of oxygen partial pressures, followed by the (100), (101), and (001). At higher temperatures, the stability transition from the stoichiometric to a Sn-rich termination tends to occur on all these surfaces (except the (001)) at ultrahigh vacuum. Such transitions may shift to higher pressures with increasing temperature. An equilibrium surface phase diagram was then developed to illustrate the environment dependence of these surfaces. The electronic structure of the stoichiometric (110) was also analyzed based on the electron density of states and differential charge density distribution.
Reducing the data: Analysis of the role of vascular geometry on blood flow patterns in curved vessels
Authors: Alastruey Jordi , Siggers Jennifer H. , Peiffer Véronique , Doorly Denis J. , Sherwin Spencer J.
Published: March 2012

Three-dimensional simulations of blood flow usually produce such large quantities of data that they are unlikely to be of clinical use unless methods are available to simplify our understanding of the flow dynamics. We present a new method to investigate the mechanisms by which vascular curvature and torsion affect blood flow, and we apply it to the steady-state flow in single bends, helices, double bends, and a rabbit thoracic aorta based on image data. By calculating forces and accelerations in an orthogonal coordinate system following the centreline of each vessel, we obtain the inertial forces (centrifugal, Coriolis, and torsional) explicitly, which directly depend on vascular curvature and torsion. We then analyse the individual roles of the inertial, pressure gradient, and viscous forces on the patterns of primary and secondary velocities, vortical structures, and wall stresses in each cross section. We also consider cross-sectional averages of the in-plane components of these forces, which can be thought of as reducing the dynamics of secondary flows onto the vessel centreline. At Reynolds numbers between 50 and 500, secondary motions in the directions of the local normals and binormals behave as two underdamped oscillators. These oscillate around the fully developed state and are coupled by torsional forces that break the symmetry of the flow. Secondary flows are driven by the centrifugal and torsional forces, and these are counterbalanced by the in-plane pressure gradients generated by the wall reaction. The viscous force primarily opposes the pressure gradient, rather than the inertial forces. In the axial direction, and depending on the secondary motion, the curvature-dependent Coriolis force can either enhance or oppose the bulk of the axial flow, and this shapes the velocity profile. For bends with little or no torsion, the Coriolis force tends to restore flow axisymmetry. The maximum circumferential and axial wall shear stresses along the centreline correlate well with the averaged in-plane pressure gradient and the radial displacement of the peak axial velocity, respectively. We conclude with a discussion of the physiological implications of these results.
Kinetic energy release in fragmentation processes following electron emission: A time-dependent approach
Authors: Chiang Ying-Chih , Otto Frank , Meyer Hans-Dieter , Cederbaum Lorenz S.
Published: March 2012

A time-dependent approach for the kinetic energy release (KER) spectrum is developed for a fragmentation of a diatomic molecule after an electronic decay process, e.g., Auger process. It allows one to simulate the time-resolved spectra and provides more insight into the molecular dynamics than the time-independent approach. Detailed analysis of the time-resolved emitted electron and KER spectra sheds light on the interrelation between wave packet dynamics and spectra.
Ultra compact multitip scanning tunneling microscope with a diameter of 50 mm
Authors: Cherepanov Vasily , Zubkov Evgeny , Junker Hubertus , Korte Stefan , Blab Marcus , Coenen Peter , Voigtländer Bert
Published: March 2012

We present a multitip scanning tunneling microscope (STM) where four independent STM units are integrated on a diameter of 50 mm. The coarse positioning of the tips is done under the control of an optical microscope or scanning electron microscopy in vacuum. The heart of this STM is a new type of piezoelectric coarse approach called KoalaDrive. The compactness of the KoalaDrive allows building a four-tip STM as small as a single-tip STM with a drift of less than 0.2  nm/min at room temperature and lowest resonance frequencies of 2.5  kHz (xy) and 5.5  kHz (z). We present as examples of the performance of the multitip STM four point measurements of silicide nanowires and graphene.