bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensory evaluation of the odour of a sunflower oil emulsion throughout oxidation
Authors: Villière Angélique , Rousseau Florence , Brossard Chantal , Genot Claude
Published: January 2007

Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids is responsible for off‐flavours, often described as rancid flavours. This study was aimed at describing the evolution of the odour of a sunflower oil‐in‐water emulsion during oxidation at 50  °C in the dark. Appearance of an odour and occurrence of oxidation were first tested for at short‐time aging (0–4 h) by the triangle test and measurements of oxygen consumption, respectively. The odour of the emulsion oxidised for up to 240 h was then characterised by sensory profile, while volatiles issued from lipid oxidation were analysed in the headspace by SPME. From 1 h of aging, while oxygen consumption remained weak, a significant change of the odour was detected by the panel. Up to 21 volatile compounds were identified in the headspace of long‐time‐oxidised emulsions. Beyond the rancid attribute, seven attributes were chosen to describe the odour of oxidised emulsions, four of which referring to solutions of a single volatile oxidation compound. The contribution of the fresh oil attribute, initially dominant, was progressively overtaken from 6 to 24 h of aging by the deep‐fried attribute, which later declined in favour of the painty attribute, predominant after 100 h. Evolution of intensity scores and contribution to odour profiles of attributes could not be easily related to one reference volatile compound or another, confirming the complex relationship between the generated volatile compounds and the perceived odour.
Nonpeptide Integrin Antagonists: RGD Mimetics Incorporating Substituted Azabicycloalkanes as Amino Acid Replacements
Authors: Manzoni Leonardo , Bassanini Michele , Belvisi Laura , Motto Ilaria , Scolastico Carlo , Castorina Massimo , Pisano Claudio
Published: January 2007

Azabicyclo[4.3.0]alkanes appropriately substituted on both cycles have been synthesized as potential scaffold mimics of the RGD signaling motif of integrin. Two sets of functionalized azabicycloalkanes have been examined. In vitro assays established that21has a good affinity specifically for αvβ3. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Aging and brain activation with working memory tasks: an fMRI study of connectivity
Authors: Cook Ian A. , Bookheimer Susan Y. , Mickes Laura , Leuchter Andrew F. , Kumar Anand
Published: January 2007

Background

White matter changes in aging and neuropsychiatric disorders may produce disconnection of neural circuits. Temporal correlations in regional blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals may be used to assess effective functional connectivity in specific circuits, such as prefrontal cortex (PFC) circuits supporting working memory (WM) tasks. We hypothesized healthy older subjects would show lower connectivity than younger subjects.

Methods

Healthy younger (n = 9, 25.9 (SD 6.0) years) and older adults (n = 11, 68.3 (4.9) years) performed WM tasks during functional MRI. Subjects viewed images and were instructed to label them, either simultaneously or after a delay; BOLD responses with and without delay were contrasted to assess differential WM activation and connectivity. Two tasks were used: a semantic task, with line drawings categorized as ‘alive’ or ‘not living’, and an emotional task, with emotive faces as stimuli and subjects selecting the better emotional description.

Results

In both tasks, older subjects activated larger regions and had greater inter‐individual variability in extent of activation. In the semantic task, connectivity was lower in the older subjects for the amygdala/orbital PFC circuit (p = 0.04). Contrary to our predictions, older subjects exhibited higher connectivity than younger subjects in the circuit linking orbital and dorsolateral PFC in both semantic (p = 0.04) and emotional (p = 0.02) tasks.

Conclusions

Healthy subjects exhibited age‐dependent differences in connectivity in working memory circuits, but this may reflect effects of aging on white matter, compensatory mechanisms, and other factors. Volumetric determination of white matter hyperintensities in future studies may clarify the functional importance of structural damage. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depression and the risk for cardiovascular diseases: systematic review and meta analysis
Authors: Van der Kooy Koen , van Hout Hein , Marwijk Harm , Marten Haan , Stehouwer Coen , Beekman Aartjan
Published: January 2007

Background

Depression and cardiovascular diseases are both common among elderly. Depression is suspected to be an independent risk factor for the onset of coronary heart disease, yet it is not clear to what extent and if depression also is associated with the onset of other diseases of the circulatory system.

Aims

To estimate the risk of depression as an independent risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and explore the effects of heterogeneity and methodological quality.

Method

Meta‐analyses and meta‐regression analyses of longitudinal cohort and case‐control studies reporting depression at baseline and CVD outcomes at follow‐up.

Data sources

MEDLINE (1966–2005) and PSYCHINFO (1966–2005).

Results

Of the 28 studies that met the inclusion criteria, 11 were assesed as high quality studies. Although depressed mood increased the risk for a wide range of CVDs, heterogeneity was substantial in most cases. Only the overall combined risk of depression for the onset of myocardial infarctions (n=8, OR=1.60, 95%CI 1.34–1.92) was homogenous. Clinically diagnosed major depressive disorder was identified as the most important risk factor for developing CVD.

Conclusions

Depression seems to be an independent risk factor for the onset of a wide range of CVDs, although this evidence is related to a high level of heterogeneity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limits to international arbitrage: an empirical evaluation
Authors: Dewachter Hans , Smedts Kristien
Published: January 2007

This paper studies international financial integration by testing the law of one price across national borders. We use the distance between national discount factors as an integration measure and analyze the level of cross‐border mispricing. The empirical analysis shows that pricing differentials are relatively large in economic terms. This lack of international financial integration is subsequently analyzed in the market micro‐finance literature. We find that market characteristics explain a considerable part of the variance in our cross‐section of pricing differentials. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in color and staining of dental composite resins after wear simulation
Authors: Lee Yong‐Keun , Lu Huan , Oguri Makoto , Powers John M.
Published: January 2007

Objectives: The objectives were to measure the discoloration as well as the change in staining of composite resins after wear simulation. Methods: Generalized wear simulation was performed with a three‐body wear testing device for 400,000 cycles for six composite resins. A flat‐planed stylus made with polyacetal resin was loaded perpendicularly under a load of 76–80 N. Color of nonworn and worn areas was measured with a spectrophotometer before and after staining with 0.5% methylene blue solution. Nonworn surface served as a control. Differences in color between nonworn and worn surfaces were calculated to indicate the change in color due to wear. Color change after staining with 0.5% methylene blue solution for nonworn and worn surfaces was calculated to observe the changes in staining. Results: Color difference (ΔE) between nonworn and worn surfaces was in the range of 0.8–1.4 before staining, which increased to 1.1–3.9 after staining. Color change by staining with methylene blue in nonworn surface was 6.8–20.6, and that in worn surface was 5.2–17.8. Therefore, staining in nonworn surface was higher than that in worn surface (p < 0.05). Generalized wear simulation for ∼3 years of clinical service resulted in acceptable color change before staining (ΔE < 3.3). After staining, color difference between nonworn and worn surface increased to not‐acceptable value in one composite resin investigated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
In vitro study on high rotation deep removal of ceramic prostheses in dental surgery
Authors: Yin L. , Han Y. G. , Song X. F. , Li J. , Wang H.
Published: January 2007

In vitro study on high rotation (up to over 300,000 rpm) deep removal (up to 150 μm) of ceramic prostheses, made of a machinable ceramic, Vita Mark II, was performed in dental surgery using a high‐speed dental handpiece. Dental clinical removal relevance, including tangential and normal grinding forces, specific grinding energy, and surface roughness, was investigated to establish the relationships among the surgery parameters, chip geometry, and fracture mechanism. The results show that both the tangential and normal grinding forces increased with increases in both depth of cut and maximum undeformed chip thickness, but decreased with an increase in grinding speed. Specific grinding energy decreased with increase in the depth of cut and the maximum undeformed chip thickness, but increased with an increase in grinding speed. Surface roughness and morphology appeared to be independent of the increases in depth of cut, grinding speed, and maximum chip thickness. The limitation for deep removal using the dental handpiece was found that the operation at the depth of cut of 150 μm or beyond resulted in a huge normal force exertion of 3 N with a great variation. The microfracture, the lateral fracture, and the ductile microcutting were found to occur simultaneously in dental surgery to remove the ceramic prostheses. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Novel tricalcium silicate/monocalcium phosphate monohydrate composite bone cement
Authors: Huan Zhiguang , Chang Jiang
Published: January 2007

In this paper, we obtained a novel bone cement composed of tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5; C3S) and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM). The weight ratio of MCPM in the cement is 0, 10, 20, and 30%. The initial setting time was dramatically reduced from 90 min to 30 min as the content of MCPM reached 20%. The workable paste with a liquid/powder (L/P) ratio of 0.8 mL/g could be injected for 2–20 min (nozzle diameter 2.0 mm). The pH variation of the composite cement in simulated body environment was obviously lowered. The compressive strength of the composite cement after setting for 4–28 days was slightly lower than that of the tricalcium silicate paste. The in vitro bioactivity was investigated by soaking in simulated body fluid for 7 days. The result showed that the novel bone cement had good bioactivity and could degrade in tris‐(hydroxymethyl)‐aminomethane‐hydrochloric‐acid (Tris‐HCl) solution. Our result indicated that the Ca3SiO5/MCPM paste had good hydraulic properties, bioactivity, and degradability. The novel bone cement could be a potential candidate as bone substitute. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Deciphering the underlying genetic and epigenetic events leading to gastric carcinogenesis
Authors: Vogiatzi Paraskevi , Vindigni Carla , Roviello Franco , Renieri Alessandra , Giordano Antonio
Published: January 2007

Gastric cancer is a common aggressive malignancy. Although its incidence shows considerable variation among different countries, gastric cancer is still a major health problem worldwide. The causes of stomach cancer are not completely understood. What is clear is that gastric cancer is a multi‐stage process involving genetic and epigenetic factors. This review is an in‐depth study of the known genetic and epigenetic processes in the development of this tumor, and delineates possible approaches in gene and epigenetic therapy. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 287–295, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantum design of semiconductor active materials: laser and amplifier applications
Authors: Moloney J.V. , Hader J. , Koch S.W.
Published: January 2007

We present an overview of a novel first‐principles quantum approach to designing and optimizing semiconductor quantum‐well material systems for target wavelengths. Using these microscopic inputs as basic building blocks we predict the light‐current (LI) characteristic for a low power InGaPAs ridge laser without having to use adjustable fit parameters. Finally we employ these microscopic inputs to develop sophisticated simulation capabilities for designing and optimizing end packaged hi gh power laser structures. As an explicit example of the latter, we consider the design of a vertical external cavity semiconductor laser (VECSEL).
Cyclooxygenase‐2 deficiency increases epidermal apoptosis and impairs recovery following acute UVB exposure
Authors: Akunda Jacqueline K. , Chun Kyung‐Soo , Sessoms Alisha R. , Lao Huei‐Chen , Fischer Susan M. , Langenbach Robert
Published: January 2007

The cyclooxygenases, COX‐1 and COX‐2, are involved in cutaneous responses to both acute and chronic UV exposure. In the present study, wild‐type (WT), COX‐1−/− and COX‐2−/− mice were used to determine the influence of the individual isoform on mouse skin responses to acute UVB treatment. Immunohistochemistry and Western analysis indicated that COX‐2, and not COX‐1, was induced by UVB (2.5 or 5.0 kJ/m2), but that COX‐1 remained the major source of prostaglandin E2 production. UVB exposure significantly increased epidermal apoptosis in all genotypes compared to untreated mice. However, while the number of apoptotic cells in WT and COX‐1−/− mice were about equal, the number of apoptotic cells was 2.5‐fold greater in COX‐2−/− mice. Apoptosis in WT and COX‐2−/− mice peaked at 24 h post‐exposure. The increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation in COX‐2−/− mice resulted in about a 50% decrease in epidermal thickness at 24–48 h post‐exposure compared to about a 50% increase in epidermal thickness in WT mice. UVB‐induced cell replication, as measured by BrdU labeling, was reduced in COX‐2−/− compared to WT mice at 24–96 h. However, by 96 h post‐exposure, both WT and COX‐2−/− mice showed epidermal hyperplasia. The data indicate that COX‐2 induction initially protects against the acute sunburn effects of UVB, but that continuous induction of COX‐2 may contribute to skin cancer in chronic UVB exposure. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allosteric modifiers of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: New methods, new opportunities
Authors: Moaddel Ruin , Jozwiak Krzysztof , Wainer Irving W.
Published: January 2007

Allosteric, non‐competitive inhibitors (NCIs) of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been shown to produce a wide variety of clinically relevant responses. Many of the observed effects are desired as the nAChR is the therapeutic target, while others are undesired consequences due to off‐target binding at the nAChR. Thus, the determination of whether or not a lead drug candidate is an NCI should play an important role in drug discovery programs. However, the current experimental techniques used to identify NCIs are challenging, expensive, and time consuming. This review focuses on an alternative approach to the investigation of interactions between test compounds and nAChRs based upon liquid chromatographic stationary phases containing cellular fragments from cell lines expressing nAChRs. The development and validation of these phases as well as their use in drug discovery and pharmacophore modeling are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 27, No. 5, 723–753, 2007
Proposing a Pretwisted Bimorph Actuator
Authors: Dienerowitz Frank , Gaus Nicole , Seemann Wolfgang
Published: January 2007

Though only small strains are available in piezoceramic materials, bending actuators provide reasonable deflections. Due to beam kinematics bending actuators usually are slender beams having flat cross‐sections. This feature allows for maximum deflection in one direction. However, the axis orthogonal to it usually is not actuated. Instead of combining two straight bending actuators to overcome this problem we propose a bending actuator which is pretwisted. Controlling the pretwisted actuator segment‐wise provides bending in several independent directions as well.

Investigated is a pretwisted bimorph, similar to a helicoid. The active elements along the beam axis are subdivided and controlled separately, hence allowing independent control of the curvature of each section. Herein we give a first characterization of the pretwisted bimorph actuator. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An energy consistent hybrid space‐time Galerkin method for nonlinear thermomechanical problems
Authors: Groß Michael , Betsch Peter
Published: January 2007

In this paper, we present an energy consistent hybrid space‐time discretisation for thermomechanical coupled continuum dynamics, which is directly derived from the total energy itself. In comparison to a standard time approximation, we obtain the same advantages as for viscoelasticity [1], which are numerical stability and time step size independent balance laws as well as qualitative solutions. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical Simulation of Surface Scanning in an Atomic Force Microscope Environment
Authors: Helmich Tobias , Nackenhorst Udo
Published: January 2007

In this contribution a model for the numerical simulation of an atomic force microscope (AFM) is presented. A challenge of this goal is the treatment of the multiphysics phenomena on the microscopic length‐scale. Hence a coupled strategy is required to incorporate the different physically aspects and their interactions. The strategy is embedded in a nonlinear finite element formulation, where the different aspects are tackled by direct and weak coupling. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A 1D constitutive law for hysteresis effects in piezoceramics
Authors: Klinkel Sven
Published: January 2007

This paper is concerned with a macroscopic constitutive law for domain switching effects, which occur in piezoelectric ceramics. The thermodynamical framework of the law is based on two scalar valued functions: the Helmholtz free energy and a switching surface. In common usage, the remanent polarization and the remanent strain are employed as internal variables. The novel aspect of the present work is to introduce an irreversible electric field, which serves besides the irreversible strain as internal variable. The irreversible electric field has only theoretical meaning, but leads to advantages within the finite element implementation, where displacement and the electric potential are the nodal degrees of freedoms. A common assumption is a one‐to‐one relation between the irreversible strain and the polarization. This simplification is not employed in the present paper. To accomplish enough space for the polarization, resulting from an applied electric field, the irreversible strains are additively split and a special hardening function is introduced. This balances the amount of space and the domain switching due to polarization. The constitutive model reproduces the ferroelastic and the ferroelectric hysteresis as well as the butterfly hysteresis for piezoelectric ceramics and it accounts for the mechanical depolarization effect. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the numerical relaxation of single‐slip plasticity in finite strains
Authors: Carstensen Carsten , Conti Sergio , Orlando Antonio
Published: January 2007

The modeling of the elastoplastic behaviour of single crystals with infinite latent hardening leads to a nonconvex energy density, whose minimization produces fine structures. The computation of the quasiconvex envelope of the energy density is faced in this case with huge numerical difficulties caused by the clusters of local minima. By exploiting the structure of the problem, we present a fast and efficient numerical relaxation algorithm as alternative to global optimization techniques usually adopted in literature which are computationally more expensive. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Lamination Upper Bound to the Free Energy of Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Heinen Rainer , Hackl Klaus , Kotucha Gregor , Bartel Thorsten
Published: January 2007

Modeling the energetic behavior of materials showing martensitic phase transformations usually leads to non‐convex energy formulations. In a variety of models based on quasi‐convex analysis, the Reuß lower bound, which neglects the compatibility constraint for the deformation fluctuations, is used as an estimate for the so‐called energy of mixing.

We present an upper bound that is on the one hand based on thelamination mixture formula, which gives an estimate of the free energy of two‐variant materials and is extended to a specialized n‐variant case in our work. On the other hand, we rely on experimentally well established assumptions about the type of microstructure that forms in such alloys. More precisely, we restrict the set of physically admissible microstructures to the subset of second order laminated microstructres consisting of austenite and twinned martensites. We further refine our upper bound by taking into account the notion of twin‐compatibility.

For the physically relevant examples of 13‐ and 7‐variant Cu‐Al‐Ni shape memory alloys, striking congruence is obtained in the comparison of the Reuß lower and our upper bound for fixed volume fractions. Furthermore, we show results of global minimization of the energy obtained by each bound over the volume fractions of the variants. Similarities and differences in the energy‐minimizing volume fractions are discussed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Constitutive modeling and FEM for a nonlinear Cosserat continuum
Authors: Münch I. , Wagner W. , Neff P.
Published: January 2007

The choice of non‐standard material parameters in the presented micropolar continuum model leads to a highly nonlinear problem which calls also for a nonlinear numerical treatment. The model benefits in describing length scale effects as really non‐linear effects. The numerical torsion test is one example for the possibilities of our model. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modelling and sensitivity analysis for design of phononic crystals
Authors: Rohan Eduard , Miara Bernadette
Published: January 2007

The two‐scale homogenization is employed to study the band gaps in strongly heterogeneous periodic elastic media – the phononic crystals. It was observed that wave propagation can be suppressed for certain frequency intervals. Moreover, the gap distribution w.r.t. the incident frequencies can be modified by changing the shape of inclusions embedded in the matrix. The sensitivity analysis formulae were derived and implemented to obtain optimized microstructures of the phononic crystals. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
LES of Particle Settling in Homogeneous Turbulence
Authors: Henniger R. , Bosse T. , Kleiser L.
Published: January 2007

The feasibility of large‐eddy simulations (LES) of particle‐laden homogeneous turbulence is investigated for both one‐way and two‐way coupling using a high‐pass filtered Smagorinsky model. The LES results are compared with our recent direct numerical simulations (DNS) as well as data in the literature. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Using laser‐cantilever anemometry under various flow conditions
Authors: Hölling Michael , Barth Stephan , Peinke Joachim , Rüedi Jean‐Daniel
Published: January 2007

We present velocity measurements executed with the new laser‐cantilever anemometer (LCA) under various flow conditions. Previously, the basic principles and characteristics of the LCA were investigated. Measurements led to results comparable to common measurement techniques for turbulent flows, such as hot‐wire anemometry for air and hot‐film anemometry for water [1]. Here we present further experiments where the LCA was used in a snow wind tunnel to investigate the behavior of the cantilever under particle impact. In comparison to data collected with a hot‐film anemometer under same conditions, the times series of the LCA showed less pronounced impact characteristics than that of the hot‐film, i.e. a recovery time that is shorter and easier to identify. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Oscillation of Confined Jets in Continuous Casting Mold Flow
Authors: Javurek Mirko , Wincor Raimund , Brummayer Markus
Published: January 2007

In continuous slab casting, the liquid steel is introduced into the mould via a submergered entry nozzle. This nozzle usually has two opposed orifices on its side walls, generating two diametrically opposed turbulent jets that are declined about 20° to the horizontal axis. These jets interact with the surrounding walls of the mould, which leads to an unstable flow situation and a self induced oscillation of the jets. Although both mould and nozzle geometry have two perpendicular symmetry planes, the oscillations are asymmetric. The fluid flow inside the mold is calculated with a 3D finite volume solver using turbulence models based on Reynolds‐averaging. The massflow of the jets and the mould extensions are varied, and the numerical results are partially compared with PIV‐measurements at a 1:1 scaled watermodel of the mould. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical Solution of Newtonian and Non‐Newtonian Flows
Authors: Prokop V. , Kozel K. , Keslerová R.
Published: January 2007

This paper deals with the numerical solution of Newtonian and non‐Newtonian flows. The flows are supposed to be laminar, viscous, incompressible and steady. The model used for non‐Newtonian fluids is some variant of power‐law. Governing equations in this model are incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations. For numerical solution one could use artificial compressibility method with three stage Runge‐Kutta finite volume method in cell centered formulation for discretization of space derivatives. Following cases of flows are solwed: flow through a bypass connected to main channel in 2D and 3D and non‐Newtonian flow through branching channels in 2D. These results are presented for 2D and 3D case. This problem could have an application in the area of biomedicine. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On Boundary Layer Control Using Suction in the Wind Tunnels
Authors: Rašuo Boško
Published: January 2007

In this paper a closed‐form analysis of flow in a two‐dimensional transonic wind tunnel that uses sidewall distributed suction around the model to reduce sidewall boundary‐layer effects is presented. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Flow limitation in convective dominated open capillary channel flows
Authors: Rosendahl Uwe , Ohlhoff Antje , Grah Aleksander , Dreyer Michael E.
Published: January 2007

In this work the flow rate limitation of convective dominated flows in open capillary channels is investigated experimentally. Since irreversible flow losses are small in this type of flow, the flow variables are approximately symmetrical with respect to the middle of the channel. Therefore a very precise proof of the origin of the limitation is possible. A new technique for the determination of the key property, the speed index, is presented. The speed index confirms that also in convective dominated flows the flow limitation occurs due to a choking‐effect. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic structure, chemical bonding and elastic properties of the first thorium‐containing nitride perovskite TaThN3
Authors: Bannikov V. V. , Shein I. R. , Ivanovskii A. L.
Published: January 2007

The full‐potential linearized augmented plane wave method with the generalized gradient approximation for the exchange and correlation potential (LAPW‐GGA) is used to understand the electronic and elastic properties of the first thorium‐containing nitride perovskite TaThN3. Total and partial density of states, charge distributions as well as the elastic constants, bulk modulus, compressibility, shear modulus, Young modulus and Poisson ratio are obtained for the first time and analyzed in comparison with cubic ThN. The chemical bonding in TaThN3 is a combination of ionic Th–N and of mixed covalent–ionic Ta–N bonds. The cubic TaThN3 is semiconducting with the direct gap at about 0.65 eV. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanoscale resistive switching in SrTiO3 thin films
Authors: Szot K. , Dittmann R. , Speier W. , Waser R.
Published: January 2007

The local conductivity of SrTiO3 thin films epitaxially grown on SrRuO3‐buffered SrTiO3 single crystals has been investigated in detail with an atomic force microscope equipped with a conducting tip (LC‐AFM). These experiments demonstrate that the conductivity of SrTiO3 thin films originates from nanoscale well‐conducting filaments connecting the surface to the SrRuO3 bottom electrode. The electrical conduction of the filaments is shown to be reversibly modulated over several orders of magnitude by application of an appropriate electrical field. We analyze the resistive switching by addressing individual filaments with the AFM tip as well as by scanning areas up to the µm scale. Temperature dependent measurements reveal that resistive switching on a macroscopic scale can be traced down to the insulator‐to‐metal transition of the independently switchable filaments. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multivariate analysis of retention and distribution of aroma compounds in barrier dispersion coatings
Authors: Nestorson A. , Forsgren G. , Leufvén A. , Järnström L.
Published: January 2007

The influence of drying conditions, latex type, talc content and amount of added aroma compounds on the retention and distribution of aroma compounds in barrier dispersion coatings was explored using static headspace gas chromatography combined with multivariate data analysis. The model aroma system consisted of an alcohol, an ester, an aldehyde, a ketone and two terpenes. Four latex grades based on styrene‐acrylate and styrene‐butadiene were studied. It was found that non‐polar aroma compounds were retained best in styrene‐butadiene latex, while polar ones were retained more in the styrene‐acrylate latex. Talc increased the retention of all the aroma compounds. The retention of polar compounds was higher with shorter drying times, which is probably due to greater losses during the later steps of the film formation process when internal water was evaporated. Polarity and talc also affected the partition of the aroma compounds between air and film. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congenital myotonic dystrophy: prenatal ultrasound findings and pregnancy outcome
Authors: Zaki M. , Boyd P. A. , Impey L. , Roberts A. , Chamberlain P.
Published: January 2007

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess the maternal and prenatal ultrasound findings and outcome in pregnancies complicated by congenital myotonic dystrophy Type 1 (DM1).

Methods

A retrospective chart review of all patients with a diagnosis of DM1 and pregnancy presenting to the Oxford Radcliffe Hospital between 1990 and 2004 was undertaken. Obstetric case notes were reviewed and details of all pregnancies obtained. This included data on prenatal diagnostic tests and obstetric ultrasound scans performed as well as pregnancy complications and pregnancy outcome. Maternal and fetal CTG expansion size was also recorded where available. Maternal genetic case notes were reviewed for details of maternal grip myotonia.

Results

Sixty pregnancies among 26 couples in which one of the parents was a carrier of DM1 were identified during the study period. These resulted in 36 (60%) pregnancies affected by congenital DM1 and 19 (31.7%) unaffected pregnancies. There were four miscarriages and one termination of pregnancy for non‐medical reasons.

Nineteen of the 36 affected pregnancies ended in termination following the antenatal diagnosis of congenital DM1 by either chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis. In the remaining 17 affected pregnancies (16 singleton and one twin) there was one miscarriage of an affected fetus with co‐existing Down syndrome and eight perinatal deaths. The principal cause of perinatal death was respiratory failure in the early neonatal period. Antenatally noted clinical/sonographic abnormalities in these pregnancies included polyhydramnios (100%), talipes (26.6%) and borderline ventriculomegaly (13.3%). Uni‐ or bilateral talipes was noted at delivery in 10 of 16 (62.5%) neonates. Maternal grip myotonia was present in all but one of these cases.

Conclusion

The antenatal findings of polyhydramnios and talipes should prompt a search for maternal grip myotonia. If present, definitive testing for congenital DM1 should be considered. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of Liver X Receptor, Insulin and Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor α on in Vivo Desaturase Modulation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Authors: Montanaro Mauro A. , González María S. , Bernasconi Ana M. , Brenner Rodolfo R.
Published: January 2007

We examined the in vivo contribution of insulin, T090137 (T09), agonist of liver X receptor (LXR), fenofibrate, agonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR‐α) and sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1c (SREBP‐1c) on the unsaturated fatty acid synthesis controlled by Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases, compared with the effects on stearoylcoenzyme A desaturase‐1. When possible they were checked at three levels: messenger RNA (mRNA), desaturase protein and enzymatic activity. In control rats, only fenofibrate increased the insulinemia that was maintained by the simultaneous administration of T09, but this increase has no specific effect on desaturase activity. T09 enhanced SREBP‐1 in control animals and the mRNAs and activity of the three desaturases in control and type‐1 diabetic rats, demonstrating a LXR/SREBP‐1‐mediated activation independent of insulin. However, simultaneous administration of insulin and T09 to diabetic rats led to a several‐fold increase of the mRNAs of the desaturases, suggesting a strong synergic effect between insulin and LXR/retinoic X receptor (RXR). Moreover, this demonstrates the existence of an interaction between unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol metabolism performed by the insulin/SREBP‐1c system and LXR/RXR. PPAR‐α also increased the expression and activity of the three desaturases independently of the insulinemia since it was equivalently evoked in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Besides, PPAR‐α increased the palmitoylcoenzyme A elongase, evidencing a dual regulation in the fatty acid biosynthesis at the level of desaturases and elongases. The simultaneous administration of fenofibrate and T09 did not show additive effects on the mRNA expression and activity of the desaturases. Therefore, the results indicate a necessary sophisticated interaction of all these factors to produce the physiological effects.
Metabolism of glutathione in tumour cells as evidenced by 1H MRS
Authors: Grande S. , Luciani A.M. , Rosi A. , Palma A. , Giovannini C. , Sapora O. , Guidoni L. , Viti V.
Published: January 2007

1H MRS signals of glutathione and of free glutamate were examined in samples from cultured tumour cells, namely MCF‐7 from mammary carcinoma and TG98 from malignant glioma, with the aim of relating signal intensities to aspects of GSH metabolism. Spectra of cells harvested at different cell densities suggest that GSH and glu signal intensities are related to cell density and proliferation and their ratio is dependent on the activity of the γ‐glutamyl cysteine synthetase. The hypothesis is confirmed by experiments performed on cells treated with buthionine sulfoximine that inhibits the enzyme activity.
Adolescent age trends in primary personality factors measured in T‐data: a contribution to use of standardized measures in practice
Authors: Cattell Raymond B.
Published: January 2007

By measuring 1763 boys and girls from 11 to 20 years on 82 objective personality subtests in the OA (Objective Analytic) Battery, scores were assigned to each on 12 source traits. The source traits, from an oblique maximum simple structure factor analysis, were checked and identified as having significant congruence coefficients with patterns previously documented.

The batteries were found to have a mean concept validity (against each factor concerned) of 0·81. The standard deviation calculated for single year age groups, (averaged by pooling scores for all years after bringing to the same mean) was used as a unit for plotting change in the yearly means. All 12 factors show steady trends with age, but of diverse and characteristic natures. With one possible exception these age trends agree with findings in the only previous research on T‐data, as well as with secondary factors in Q‐data that have matched with the T‐data factors. The importance of age trend information in deciding among contending hypotheses as to the natures of the primary T‐data personality source traits is briefly illustrated, and the utility of the norms in educational counselling is indicated.
Policing the age of consent
Authors: Mawby R.I.
Published: January 2007

Adolescent sexual behaviour is an area of contention, especially with regard to intercourse between consenting parties where the age of one of those involved is such that a criminal act may be deemed to have been committed. One aspect of this which has raised controversy is related to the way in which girls under the age of 16 may be subject to care orders “for their own good” when their sexual behaviour is under scrutiny. Another aspect, which is covered in the present paper, relates to the ways in which the male “offenders” in these relationships are dealt with by the police, and data from Sheffield has been used to shed light on the ways in which the police decide how to handle these offenders, and the consequent effects of the law as it now stands.
Towards a fairer and more realistic grading of adolescents
Authors: Sharman Ivan M.
Published: January 2007

Chronological age is an irrational criterion for dividing adolescents into groups both for teaching purposes and sports participation. Because of the irregular onset of the adolescent growth spurt wide variations in body size and development occur within any one particular age group. In the field of sport especially the anomalous character of using chronological age as a basis for classifying competitors becomes apparent since it is possible to have athletes with very wide differences of physique competing against one another.

Physiological age, a criterion based on physical development, may well provide a more equitable basis for grading. Methods for the assessment of developmental age are described and some suggestions for instigating fairer criteria are considered. It is to be hoped that the avenues suggested for producing fairer competition will be further explored by those engaged in the organization of sporting activities for adolescents.
Words and deeds in the study of stealing
Authors: Farrington David P. , Knapp William S. , Erickson Bonnie E. , Knight Barry J.
Published: January 2007

Two studies were carried out to compare verbal and behavioural measures of stealing and to investigate the effects of costs and benefits on stealing. In the first, 25 youths were interviewed and given opportunities to steal. The 10 who stole were not significantly more likely to say that they would steal in a hypothetical situation. In the second study, the behavioural experiments of Farrington and Knight (1979) on stealing from a “lost” letter were described to 10 subjects as hypothetical situations. Once again, there was little relationship between the verbal and behavioural results. Furthermore, the verbal results of the first study (the effects of costs and benefits on stealing) were not the same as those of the second. It is concluded that valid information about stealing can only be obtained in experiments in which actual stealing behaviour is studied.
“Can there ever be enough for me?” Reparenting the young single parent
Authors: Cant Diana
Published: January 2007

This paper is concerned with group‐work with young single mothers and their children. It describes such a group which met regularly for two and a half years, and whose members, mainly West Indian late‐adolescents, had suffered a considerable degree of both social and emotional deprivation. Attention is paid, both to the group members as individuals, and to the group process as a whole, and these two strands are seen to place constant conflict and stresses upon the group. There is a sense in which the group can provide the opportunity for its members to regress and receive some primary caring; together with an opportunity to move from that position towards a growth of self‐esteem and self‐confidence. The concept of the group acting as both “good” and “bad” parents is examined, a model which reflects both individual members' life‐experience, and the life of the group.
Sources of sixth form stress
Authors: Dobson Clifford B.
Published: January 2007

A 50‐item questionnaire was used to investigate the sources of stress among 223 sixth formers in schools in the North of England. About two‐thirds of the students felt that being a student preparing for a public examination caused them either “a lot of stress” or “extreme stress”. Twenty‐nine sources of stress correlated with self‐reported student stress, and the item relating to “examination pressures” was consistently associated with high levels of stress. With the exception of only three items, there were no significant differences between males and females in their responses. A principal components analysis of the sources of stress produced 12 factors, suggesting that stress is not unidimensional but multidimensional. From the results obtained, it was considered that, after further research and development, the questionnaire might become a useful diagnostic instrument for use in the context of stress counselling.
Group work with late adolescent offenders
Authors: Machpherson Malcolm , Longley Helen
Published: January 2007

The writers are employed as Social Workers in a Scottish Local Authority and they describe working over a period of six months with a small group of adolescent offenders aged 17–21 years. The group members were all subject to a Compulsory Order, either a Probation Order or an After Care Licence. The objectives and underlying rationale of the group, together with some important themes raised in discussion are outlined. Consideration is given to the particular features of adolescent emotional development and to the use of the supervisory relationship as they affected the running of the group. The work appeared to have been more productive than individual counselling and indicates that this type of group work can be more effective with such clients.
The preventive and the penal: a comment on two models of intermediate treatment
Authors: Jones Ray
Published: January 2007

It is over 10 years since intermediate treatment received statutory recognition within the 1969 Children and Young Persons Act. During this decade there has been a change in social values and in the dominant political ideology, so that the control and containment of deprived young people is now stressed beyond and instead of their welfare. This has led to an attempt to redefine intermediate treatment, and the identification of two prevelent models of intermediate treatment. Following a review of some recent research on delinquency and deprivation, it is concluded that these models should not be seen as negating each other.
Runaway youth projects: comments on care programs for runaways and throwaways
Authors: Adams Gerald R.
Published: January 2007

As runaway youth centers have emerged there has been a gradual recognition that runaways need multiservices. Available research on runaways suggests that both psychological characteristics of the youth and family relationships are central factors associated with runaway behavior. Further evidence suggests school problems and deviant peer group pressures compound the problem. Agency efforts are thought to prosper by examining the various profiles of runaway typologies for clues concerning etiological factors. As an illustrative proposal seven typologies of runaways are briefly examined and intervention strategies are suggested for consideration.
Notes on the linkage between the sexually abused child and the suicidal adolescent
Authors: Anderson Luleen S.
Published: January 2007

Suicide now ranks second as the leading cause of death of adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 in the U.S.A. While 70 per cent of the actual suicides occur among boys, an estimated 90 per cent of all those who attempt suicide are girls

This article focuses on one particular set of experiences which we are coming to understand can lead teenagers to attempt suicide, namely sexual abuse inflicted upon them at an carly age

The sexual molestation of children has been described as the “last frontier” in child abuse. Using case illustrations and theoretical underpinnings, this article examines one of the consequences of such abuse: self‐destructiveness in adolescence. The focus is on motivating factors in suicidal attempts, treatment approaches and the goals of therapy for these adolescents. The occurrence of sexual abuse is documented and ways of recognizing symptoms of sexual abuse are discussed.
Ego stage and identity status development: A cross‐lag analysis
Authors: Adams Gerald R. , Fitch Steven A.
Published: January 2007

Based upon a “psychological causality” model, it was hypothesized that knowledge about an individual's identity status could be used to predict his or her ego stage development as efficiently as ego stage development could be used to predict identity status. Using a two‐point data collection strategy and cross‐lagged correlational analysis, it was observed that knowledge about either one was equally good in predicting the other
Patterns of relatedness in the Kudoidae with descriptions of Kudoa chaetodoni n. sp. and K. lethrini n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida)
Authors: BURGER M. A. A. , CRIBB T. H. , ADLARD R. D.
Published: January 2007

Two morphologically novel Kudoa species are characterized from brain tissue of fish, Kudoa chaetodoni n. sp. from Chaetodon unimaculatus (Chaetodontidae) and Kudoa lethrini n. sp. from Gymnocranius audleyi and Lethrinus harak (Lethrinidae). Additionally we characterized a 5-spore valve (SV) Kudoa species from the brain of Sillago ciliata (Sillaginidae). Intriguingly, its 18S rDNA sequence was identical to that of the 7 SV Kudoa yasunagai extracted from the brain of a paralichthyid halibut in Japan. These 2 species may either prove to be con-specific, even though morphology and distribution differ, or demonstrate the limit of specific resolution in the small subunit rDNA gene region. Small subunit rDNA sequences from these new species were used in molecular phylogenetic analyses of kudoids to examine congruence of phylogeny with tissue tropism, geographical distribution, and host specificity. There was significant correlation between tissue tropism in the form of well-supported brain and heart-infecting clades. Host specificity and geographical distribution showed some correlations with genotype.