bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community based actions save Yellow-spotted river turtle (Podocnemis unifilis) eggs and hatchlings flooded by rapid river level rises
Authors: Norris Darren , Michalski Fernanda , Gibbs James P.
Published: September 2020

The conservation and recovery of increasingly threatened tropical freshwater turtle populations depends on effective management plans and actions. Here we show that community-based actions saved Yellow-spotted river turtle (Podocnemis unifilis) eggs submerged by unseasonal flooding and ensured the release of hatchlings. We recovered 926 eggs and 65 premature hatchlings from 74 submerged nests at 16 flooded nesting areas along 75 km of waterways. The rescued eggs were transferred to a rearing center and incubated. Hatchlings emerged from eggs that had remained underwater for up to two days. Hatchlings were maintained in 250–500 L nursery tanks until yolk sac scars had closed. Healthy hatchlings were then immediately released around the original nesting areas. We released 599 hatchlings (60.4%) from 991 submerged eggs and hatchlings. Egg survival (61.7% (571/926)) was substantially less than hatchling survival (94.2% (599/636)) but within the expected range of values reported for this species. These findings suggest that Yellow-spotted river turtle eggs and embryos are resistant to short-term submersion, which could help explain the widespread distribution of this species across highly seasonal Amazonian rivers. Management plans should take the possible survival of submerged eggs into consideration as part of species conservation and recovery actions.
Seasonal variations in leaf and branch trace elements and the influence of a 3-yr 100% rainfall exclusion on Pinus massoniana Lamb
Authors: Lin Tian , Zheng Xuanmei , Zheng Huaizhou
Published: September 2020

Background

Trace elements are essential for the growth and survival of plants, and their concentrations and distributions in plants are effective reflections of ecological adaptation strategies. However, this aspect has seldom been addressed.

Method

Changes in the leaf and branch trace elements of Pinus massoniana Lamb, induced by seasonal dynamics and in response to a 3-yr 100% rainfall exclusion, were evaluated.

Results

The results showed that the concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni and Cr in leaves of P. massoniana in the control group had high seasonal resolution. There were three groups according to their patterns over the growing season: (1) nutrient elements (Cu, Zn, Ni and Cd), which continuously decreased in concentration during the growing season, with the highest concentration in spring and the lowest in autumn; (2) accumulating element (Cr), which increased in concentration from spring to autumn; and (3) indifferent element (Fe), which increased in concentration from spring to summer and decreased in concentration from summer to autumn. The concentrations of trace elements in leaves and branches showed no significant differences with mild drought stress, except for Fe and Cr in leaves and Cr in branches, which significantly increased (p < 0.05) under the result of self-selection under mild drought stress. Therefore, the resultant seasonal and drought effects on trace element cycling in P. massoniana could provide theoretical support to respond to future climate change.
An empirical examination of sample size effects on population demographic estimates in birds using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data
Authors: McLaughlin Jessica F. , Winker Kevin
Published: September 2020

Sample size is a critical aspect of study design in population genomics research, yet few empirical studies have examined the impacts of small sample sizes. We used datasets from eight diverging bird lineages to make pairwise comparisons at different levels of taxonomic divergence (populations, subspecies, and species). Our data are from loci linked to ultraconserved elements and our analyses used one single nucleotide polymorphism per locus. All individuals were genotyped at all loci, effectively doubling sample size for coalescent analyses. We estimated population demographic parameters (effective population size, migration rate, and time since divergence) in a coalescent framework using Diffusion Approximation for Demographic Inference, an allele frequency spectrum method. Using divergence-with-gene-flow models optimized with full datasets, we subsampled at sequentially smaller sample sizes from full datasets of 6–8 diploid individuals per population (with both alleles called) down to 1:1, and then we compared estimates and their changes in accuracy. Accuracy was strongly affected by sample size, with considerable differences among estimated parameters and among lineages. Effective population size parameters (ν) tended to be underestimated at low sample sizes (fewer than three diploid individuals per population, or 6:6 haplotypes in coalescent terms). Migration (m) was fairly consistently estimated until <2 individuals per population, and no consistent trend of over-or underestimation was found in either time since divergence (T) or theta (Θ = 4Nrefμ). Lineages that were taxonomically recognized above the population level (subspecies and species pairs; that is, deeper divergences) tended to have lower variation in scaled root mean square error of parameter estimation at smaller sample sizes than population-level divergences, and many parameters were estimated accurately down to three diploid individuals per population. Shallower divergence levels (i.e., populations) often required at least five individuals per population for reliable demographic inferences using this approach. Although divergence levels might be unknown at the outset of study design, our results provide a framework for planning appropriate sampling and for interpreting results if smaller sample sizes must be used.
Assessing turbine passage effects on internal fish injury and delayed mortality using X-ray imaging
Authors: Mueller Melanie , Sternecker Katharina , Milz Stefan , Geist Juergen
Published: September 2020

Knowledge on the extent and mechanisms of fish damage caused by hydropower facilities is important for the conservation of fish populations. Herein, we assessed the effects of hydropower turbine passage on internal fish injuries using X-ray technology. A total of 902 specimens from seven native European fish species were screened for 36 types of internal injuries and 86 external injuries evaluated with a previously published protocol. The applied systematic visual evaluation of X-ray images successfully detected skeletal injuries, swim bladder anomalies, emphysema, free intraperitoneal gas and hemorrhages. Injuries related to handling and to impacts of different parts of the hydropower structure could be clearly distinguished applying multivariate statistics and the data often explained delayed mortality within 96 h after turbine passage. The internal injuries could clearly be assigned to specific physical impacts resulting from turbine passage such as swim bladder rupture due to abrupt pressure change or fractures of skeletal parts due to blade-strike, fluid shear or severe turbulence. Generally, internal injuries were rarely depicted by external evaluation. For example, 29% of individuals with vertebral fractures did not present externally visible signs of severe injury. A combination of the external and internal injury evaluation allows quantifying and comparing fish injuries across sites, and can help to identify the technologies and operational procedures which minimize harm to fish in the context of assessing hydropower-related fish injuries as well as in assessing fish welfare.
Evaluation of Influence of Archachatina marginata Mucin on the Body Weight and Some Gastric Secretions of Wistar Rats Induced with Gastric Ulcer
Authors: Ansari Rizwan, A. , Rabiu Karimah, Mohammad , Omolabake Oludunni Otanwa , Uche Elendu Melford
Published: September 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of A. marginata mucin on the gastric secretions and body weight of wistar rats induced with gastric ulcer. Thirty (30) adult male wistar rats were divided into six groups of five rats each. Group I (normal control) was administered with 2ml/kg distilled water, while Groups II III, IV and V were induced with ulceration via oral administration of 120mg/kg indomethacin. After ulceration had been confirmed successfully induced, while Group II was left untreated with mucin, III, IV and V were treated with 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mgl/kg mucin respectively. Meanwhile, Group VI was administered with 20mg/kg omeprazole (standard drug). Body weight of rats was determined after induction (initial) and after treatment (final).  The values recorded for free acidity (FA), total acidity (TA), pepsin activity (PA) and acid output (AO) for the untreated ulcer rats (Group II) were significantly high (63.20±7.66mEq/L), (91.40±6.34mEq/L), (1.63±0.09μEq/L/4hr) and (0.43±0.04μg/ml) respectively. However, significant reduction in the aforementioned parameters was established with mucin treatment in a dose dependent manner, such that Group V administered with 800mg/kg manifested the lowest level of FA (47.40±7.19 mEq/L), TA (72.00±6.36), PA (1.39±0.07 μg/ml) and AO (0.16±0.05 μg/ml) which was not significantly different from the values recorded for Group VI treated with the standard drug (omeprazole).The values recorded on the body weight of Group II reduced with the induction of gastric ulcer. However, a dose dependent increase was observed in all treated groups. In conclusion, through this study, it has been established that A. marginata mucin could be explored for the development of anti-ulcer therapy.
Master Program in Physical Cardiochemistry
Authors: Kunyima Anaclet B. , Lusamba Séraphin N. , Kunyima Papy K.
Published: September 2020

Background: The heart acting analysis leads to necessity of total energy quantization needful for its life from the cellular metabolism (Keith Flack node).

This energy is mainly distributed to make possible the cardiac muscle acting (Electrocardiogram) and to circulate the blood in aorta to be ultimately poured out the small circulation in upstream of general circulation, distribution obeying Lusamba diagram. A model has been elaborated to choose a thermodynamic system (KUNYIMA Chart) on which the needful energy of blood flow has been assessed. It stays to quantify the vital energy for the electrification of cardiac muscle (ECG) in order to have a definitive idea on total energy from Keith Flack node. Each heart failure demands energetic knowledge of Keith Flack node and the energetic repartition of ventricles shrinkages.

Aim and Objective: Presentation master program in cardiochemistry (new discipline) and Lusamba diagram to scientific world.

Methodology: Observation, documentary research and calculations have been used.

Results: Physico-chemical and thermoexergetic grounds of heart acting have been published elsewhere and allowed thus to conceive this program.

Conclusion: Physical Cardiochemistry (PCC) is therefore a set of physico-chemical and thermoexergetic grounds of heart acting. It backs up the bio-medical sciences and helps in one sense to the comprehension of certain energetic phenomena occurring in the cardiac system. Therefore, this large knowledge will help physicians to efficient prescriptions for an effective energetic and appropriate supplying. It is supposed evidently that future cardiac healing will essentially be energetic.
Health and Disease among Primary School Children: A Snapshot from Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Farooq Md. Abdullah Al , Haq Mohammad Nazmul , Tajreen Tania , Sajid Md. Minhajuddin , Chowdhury Tanvir Kabir
Published: September 2020

Aims: There is scarcity of research on the health and disease status of primary school children in Bangladesh. This study aimed at assessing prevalence of medical diseases and surgical conditions among rural primary school children.

Materials and Methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted in 2018 on 2 public and 2 private primary school children in Bakila and Gogra village of Chandpur district. History of immunization, deworming, major current or previous illness, allergy, trauma, surgery and drug history were recorded. Anthropometric measurements, milestones of development, body build and nutritional status; and other general and systemic examinations were carried out. Comparison was made between the public and private primary school students.

Results: 227 primary school children (99 public school students and 128 private school students), were evaluated. Median age was 7 years and male to female ratio was 1.39:1. At least one medical disease or surgical condition was present in 146 (64.3%) students. Medical disease was present in 114 (50.2%) and surgical condition was present in 40 (17.6%) children. About 96.48% children completed immunization and 76.65% children were having regular deworming. Overall, 19.38% children were underweighted and 24.23% children were stunted. Bronchial asthma was the most common medical disease (11.89%), followed by rhinitis (8.37%) and food allergy (5.73%). Dental caries was the most common surgical condition, followed by tonsillitis (4.41%) and chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), 2.64%.

Conclusion: A diverse medical diseases and surgical conditions were prevalent among primary school children and most of these are preventable. These did not vary significantly between public and private schools.
Comparing the Growth Performance and Yield Parameters of Two Cowpea Varieties (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.) under Different Sowing Densities
Authors: Nestor Gore Bi Boh , Hélène Koffi Ahébé Marie , Anzara Kadio Gnigouan , Sélastique Akaffou Doffou
Published: September 2020

Cowpea is a food legume very popular for its seeds and leaves in Côte d’Ivoire. This plant constitutes a significant source of financial income for vulnerable populations in rural areas. However, it production remains low in the growing areas because of the traditional practice of this food. In other words, the cultivation technique adopted for this plant is not appropriate, in particular the sowing density. To solve this problem, research work has been undertaken in 2019 and 2020 with the aim of improving the production of this crop. The first year consisted of identifying the most productive variety in a complete random arrangement with three replicates. During the second, the trials concerned the optimization of the production of this variety by controlling the seed density. For this purpose, the sowing was carried out according to three sowing densities: low density (40.000 plants/ha), middle density (134.444 plants/ha) and high density (280.000 plants/ha) in a complete random device with three repetitions. The parameters collected from sowing to harvest and after harvest were subjected to statistical analysis. Thus, it emerges from this analysis that the creeping variety recorded the best values of the growth parameters. This variety could be used as fodder for animal feed. For variables related to production, the highest values were obtained with the upright variety. The yield of this variety is doubled when cultivated at low density.  Thus, for the financial and food empowerment of cowpea producers, they will have to take an interest in the upright variety and cultivate it in low density.
Microbial Load of Domestic Water Sources Treated with Moringa oleifera and Jatropha curcas Seed Powder
Authors: Ekeleme U. G. , Ansari R. A. , Osaribie N. A. , Rabiu K. M.
Published: September 2020

Aim: Microbial load of domestic water sources treated with Moringa oleifera and Jatropha curcas seed powder.

Study Design: The container test method was used for the treatments. One gram (1.0 g) each of the plant seed (Moringa oleifera and Jatropha curcas seeds) powder was weighed and added separately into 1000 ml of water sample. The mixture was stirred rapidly for 3 minutes and allowed to stand undisturbed for 1 hour and 3 hours, after which the top water was decanted.

Place and Duration of Study: Advanced Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Gregory University Uturu, from May to September 2017.

Methodology: Tenfold serial dilutions were used for processing of the domestic water samples, after which 0.5 ml of the water sample was cultured on the media using the spread plate method. This was incubated appropriately and other standard microbiological methods were employed to determine microbial loads and characterize the isolates.

Results: The microbial counts were generally high, 0.6×101 – 2.5×102 cfu/ml (borehole), 0.8×101 – 6.3×103 cfu/ml (well), 2.0×101 – 1.4×104 cfu/ml (stream), while the total potential pathogenic bacteria counts (TPPBC) were the least in occurrence. Treatment with Moringa oleifera and Jatropha curcas seed powders showed a significant decrease in the microbial load. After treatment with 1.0g of the seed powder for one hour, an apparent decrease in the microbial load was noticed. When allowed for three hours (3 hrs), the counts further reduced to no growth for potential pathogenic bacteria (TPPBC) especially for water samples that had low counts.

Conclusion: Moringa and Jatropha seeds powder showed efficiency as a biocoagulant and thus can be used for water treatment. Moringa seed powder had a greater potential to serve as an alternative coagulant for water treatment. The intervention improved the quality of water and will provide significant benefits to the health of the consumer rural populace.
Antimicrobial Activities of Moringa, Neem and Ginger Plant Extracts against Bacteria Associated with the Spoilage of Fruit Juice
Authors: Nwokafor Chibuzo V. , Udensi Chukwuma G. , Ogbonna Henry N. , Udekwu Chinedu E. , Nwankpa Ugonna D. , Amanze Emmanuel K. , Chibuzor Wisdom N. , Okeke Kenechukwu C.
Published: September 2020

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Moringa, Neem, and Ginger plant extracts on the bacteria species isolated from fruit juice samples.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria, between October 2019 and November 2019.

Methods: The fruit juice sample was prepared and cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB), Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA), and Blood Agar using streak plate techniques. Four (4) bacteria species were isolated and identified from the fruit juice sample. These organisms served as the test isolates. Two (2) solvents (methanol and water) were used to get a comparative result. Disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial effects of the Moringa, Neem, and Ginger on the test organisms.

Results: The methanolic extract of Moringa, Neem and Ginger was found to exhibit high degrees of antibacterial activities against the test isolates. This was shown by the clear zones of inhibition produced by the methanolic extract on the test microorganisms. The highest in-vitro antibacterial activity is 16 mm, which was exhibited by the methanolic extract of Moringa at the highest concentration of 200 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus. In comparison, the Methanolic extract exhibited no antibacterial activity (0.0 mm) at the lowest concentration of 50 mg/ml against all the test organisms. The minimum bactericidal concentration from this study revealed that methanolic and aqueous extract was active against Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella species, Bacillus species, and Escherichia coli. However, the water extract of Moringa demonstrated more significant antibacterial activity on Shigella species, Bacillus species, and Escherichia coli with the range of 200 mg/ml each. In contrast, methanol extract of neem demonstrated antibacterial activity on Shigella species alone, with the range of 200 mg/ml each.

Conclusion: Moringa, Neem, and Ginger extract had both a bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity when tested in vitro using methanolic and aqueous preparation of Moringa, Neem, and Ginger extract. Therefore, these plants may be used successfully for treating illness caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Effect of thermal environment on sleep quality in actual bedroom in summer by sleep stages analysis
Authors: Akiyama Yuichi , Miyake Emika , Matsuzaki Riho , Ogata Masayuki , Tsuzuki Kazuyo , Tanabe Shin‐ichi
Published: September 2020

This field survey was conducted during summer in actual bedrooms and used polysomnography to evaluate the effect of thermal environment on sleep quality by analyzing electroencephalogram, electro‐oculogram, and electromyogram signals, which were continuously measured during sleep. It was found that the effect of the thermal environment (ie, air temperature, air velocity, and air turbulence) on sleep quality varied according to the sleep cycle and stages. The effect of air turbulence depended mainly on the air temperature. At low or neutral temperatures, air turbulence had negative effects on sleep quality, whereas under warm temperatures, air turbulence had negligible effects on sleep quality.
Near‐Infrared Triggered Cascade of Antitumor Immune Responses Based on the Integrated Core–Shell Nanoparticle
Authors: Cheng Qian , Gao Fan , Yu Wu‐Yang , Zou Mei‐Zhen , Ding Xing‐Lan , Li Min‐Jie , Cheng Si‐Xue , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: September 2020

The clinical application of antitumor immunotherapy still faces severe challenges related to efficacy. Here, a light‐triggered core–shell nanosystem is designed to boost antitumor immune response via controlled release of anti‐PD‐L1 (αPD‐L1) antibodies and enhanced antigen presentation. The nanosystem (AZ‐P@P) is constructed via integrating gold nanorods (AuNRs) as a photothermal core and zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) as a shell for aPD‐L1 delivery, and further PEGylating. In the nanosystem, the ZIF‐8 shell protects αPD‐L1 antibody from the complex physiological environment and hyperthermia. Once accumulated at the tumor site, AZ‐P@P under near‐infrared (NIR) light‐triggered heating induces tumor cell deaths releasing tumor‐derived protein antigens (TDPAs) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Thereafter, the released ATP degrades the ZIF‐8 shell to expose the AuNRs, which can promote intratumoral T cell infiltration by capturing TDPAs and transporting them to dendritic cells (DCs). Concurrently, a large amount of αPD‐L1 is released in situ to reinvigorate T cell activity. Mechanistic studies reveal that AZ‐P@P promotes the maturation of DCs and the infiltration of activated T cells, thus eliciting a robust antitumor immunity. It is demonstrated that AZ‐P@P triggered by NIR light can significantly destroy primary tumors and suppress metastasis. This multiple immunoregulatory system provides a promising tool for tumor treatment.
Strain‐Engineering of Contact Energy Barriers and Photoresponse Behaviors in Monolayer MoS2 Flexible Devices
Authors: Pak Sangyeon , Lee Juwon , Jang A‐Rang , Kim Seungje , Park Kyung‐Ho , Sohn Jung Inn , Cha SeungNam
Published: September 2020

Flexible electronics and optoelectronics based on monolayered, semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) channel have recently received attention as the 2D structure possess superior mechanical, optical, and electrical properties. However, there is a lack of understanding of strain‐dependent electrical and photoelectrical properties in the electrode‐TMDC channel system. Here, two‐terminal flexible device is fabricated and strain‐engineered contact barrier modulation between monolayer MoS2 channel and Au electrode is shown. It is found experimentally through in situ strain electrical and kelvin probe force microscope measurements that tensile strain lowers the contact energy barriers between MoS2 and Au, in which the changes in the contact barriers is attributed to the strain‐induced increase of the electron affinity in MoS2 monolayer. Furthermore, the strain‐induced barrier modulation is also shown to affect photoresponse behaviors in a MoS2 flexible photodetectors through bending of energy bands that affect photogenerated carrier transport and electron‐hole recombination. These findings present important pathway toward designing flexible devices based on 2D TMDCs.
Biomimetic Nanostructures Fabricated by Nanoimprint Lithography for Improved Cell‐Coupling
Authors: Nowduri Bharat , Schulte Steven , Decker Dominique , Schäfer Karl‐Herbert , Saumer Monika
Published: September 2020

Since the advent of biosensing, structuring of electrode surfaces for the improvement of cell‐coupling and electrophysiological properties has been extensively investigated. Most of these methods result in structures with predefined dimensions and regular organization. Nevertheless, natural adhesion surfaces of the cells are hardly uniform. Therefore, this study focusses on fabricating randomly organized nanostructures mimicking the irregular distribution of natural collagen fibers coated on a planar surface. Fiber geometries are replicated by using a spin‐coating process followed by thermal nanoimprint lithography and gold electroplating. Microscopic studies reveal the width of these biomimetic collagen‐like gold nanostructures ranging between 200 nm and 5 µm, with a uniform height of ≈35 nm. In comparison to unstructured gold surfaces, nanostructured surfaces display a decrease in impedance magnitude by 50% for frequencies below 1 kHz and show an increase in critical free surface energy by 35%, the latter translating to an increased surface wettability. Culturing enteric neurons from postnatal mice, a relative hard to handle type of neurons, results in an improved spreading of the neural networks on the nanostructured surfaces.
Cell Migration and Breast Cancer Metastasis in Biomimetic Extracellular Matrices with Independently Tunable Stiffness
Authors: Vasudevan Jyothsna , Lim Chwee Teck , Fernandez Javier G
Published: September 2020

The mechanics of the extracellular matrix (ECM) have long been known to have important implications for cancer metastasis and cell migration. An atypical increase in tumor ECM stiffness occurs because of the heightened deposition of ECM proteins and increased crosslinking density of fibrillar collagen. This tissue stiffening is an essential contributor to disease progression; however, its precise role remains mostly unidentified. Recent advances in synthetic ECM analogs have enabled the concurrent exploration of the effects of crosslinking density, ligand concentrations, matrix stiffness, and pore sizes on tumor cell invasion. However, this convolution of parameters prevents an understanding of the independent contribution of each separate parameter to tumorigenesis. Here, the use of a precisely adjusted degree of methacryloyl substitution in gelatin‐based hydrogel to capture the heterogeneity in cancer cell behavior in response to matrix stiffness is characterized and demonstrated. The proposed ECM model and biomimetic stiffening mechanism are used to produce complex 3D environments with physiological characteristics and independently tunable stiffness. Two populations of invasive and noninvasive human breast adenocarcinoma are embe dded in these matrices and monitored by computer vision, enabling the reproduction and characterization of distinct cell migratory patterns as a result of differences in matrix stiffness and cell metastatic potential.
Networks of High Aspect Ratio Particles to Direct Colloidal Assembly Dynamics and Cellular Interactions
Authors: Finbloom Joel A. , Demaree Benjamin , Abate Adam R. , Desai Tejal A.
Published: September 2020

Injectable colloids that self‐assemble into 3D networks are promising materials for applications in regenerative engineering, as they create open systems for cellular infiltration, interaction, and activation. However, most injectable colloids have spherical morphologies, which lack the high material‐biology contact areas afforded by higher aspect ratio materials. To address this need, injectable high aspect ratio particles (HARPs) are developed that form 3D networks to enhance scaffold assembly dynamics and cellular interactions. HARPs are functionalized for tunable surface charge through layer‐by‐layer electrostatic assembly. Positively charged chitosan‐HARPs have improved particle suspension dynamics when compared to spherical particles or negatively charged HARPs. Chit‐HARPs are used to improve the suspension dynamics and viability of MIN6 cells in 3D networks. When combined with negatively charged gelatin microsphere (GelMS) porogens, chit‐HARPs reduce GelMS sedimentation and increase overall network suspension, due to a combination of HARP network formation and electrostatic interactions. Lastly, HARPs are functionalized with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) to highlight their use for growth factor delivery. FGF2‐HARPs increase fibroblast proliferation through a combination of 3D scaffold assembly and growth factor delivery. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the development and diverse uses of high aspect ratio particles as tunable injectable scaffolds for applications in regenerative engineering.
Construction of Aptamer‐siRNA Chimera/PEI/5‐FU/Carbon Nanotube/Collagen Membranes for the Treatment of Peritoneal Dissemination of Drug‐Resistant Gastric Cancer
Authors: Chen Wen , Yang Sainan , Wei Xia , Yang Zailin , Liu Dongxu , Pu Xin , He Silian , Zhang Yong
Published: September 2020

Due to extensive metastasis, poor blood supply, and drug‐resistant, there is still no effective clinical means to treat peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer. Here, an aptamer‐siRNA chimera (Chim)/polyethyleneimine (PEI)/5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)/carbon nanotube (CNT)/collagen membrane is constructed, which could be divided into 15 layers with a thickness of 70–100 µm. Sustained release experiments show that the collagen membranes can control 5‐FU release for more than 2 weeks. Aptamer‐siRNA chimera can specifically bind to gastric cancer cells, enabling targeted delivery of 5‐FU and silencing drug‐resistant gene. In vitro experiments demonstrated that Chim/PEI/5‐FU/CNT nanoparticles promoted the apoptosis of 5‐FU‐resistant gastric cancer cells, inhibited their invasion and proliferation. Animal experiments show that Chim/PEI/5‐FU/CNT/collagen membrane significantly inhibits the expression of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), and effectively treats peritoneal dissemination of 5‐FU‐resistant gastric cancer. Compared with siRNA/PEI/5‐FU/CNT group, ki‐67 proliferation index, and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) expression are significantly decreased in the Chim/PEI/5‐FU/CNT group, while the proportion of apoptotic cells is markly increased. In conclusion, a chimera/PEI/5‐FU/CNT/collagen membrane is constructed, which can effectively treat peritoneal dissemination of drug‐resistant gastric cancer. The study provides a new therapeutic approach for relevant clinical treatment.
Versatile Types of Cyclodextrin‐Based Nucleic Acid Delivery Systems
Authors: Xu Chen , Yu Bingran , Qi Yu , Zhao Nana , Xu Fu‐Jian
Published: September 2020

Nowadays, nucleic acid therapy has become a promising way for the treatment of various malignant diseases. Cyclodextrin (CD)‐based nucleic acid delivery systems have attracted widespread attention due to the favorable chemical structures and excellent biological properties of CD. Recently, a variety of CD‐based nucleic acid delivery systems has been designed according to the different functions of CD for flexible gene therapies. In this review, the construction strategies and biomedical applications of CD‐based nucleic acid delivery systems are mainly focused on. The review begins with an introduction to the synthesis and properties of simple CD‐grafted polycations. Thereafter, CD‐related supramolecular assemblies based on different guest components are discussed in detail. Finally, different CD‐based organic/inorganic nanohybrids and their relevant functions are demonstrated. It is hoped that this brief review will motivate the delicate design of CD‐based nucleic acid delivery systems for potential clinical applications.
Enabling MedTech Translation in Academia: Redefining Value Proposition with Updated Regulations
Authors: Letourneur Didier , Joyce Kieran , Chauvierre Cédric , Bayon Yves , Pandit Abhay
Published: September 2020

Academic institutions are becoming more focused on translating new technologies for clinical applications. A transition from “bench to bedside” is often described to take basic research concepts and methods to develop a therapeutic or diagnostic solution with proven evidence of efficacy at the clinical level while also fulfilling regulatory requirements. The regulatory environment is evolving in Europe with transition and grace periods for the full enforcement of the Medical Device Regulation 2017/745 (MDR), replacing the Medical Device Directive 93/42/EEC (MDD). These new guidelines increase demands for scientific, technical, and clinical data with reduced capacity in regulatory bodies creating uncertainty in future product certification. Academic translational activities will be uniquely affected by this new legislation. The barriers and threats to successful translation in academia can be overcome by strong clinical partnerships, close‐industrial collaborations, and entrepreneurial programs, enabling continued product development to overcome regulatory hurdles, reassuring their foothold of medical device development.
Catalyst‐ and Additive‐Free Decarboxylative C‐4 Phosphorylation of Coumarin‐3‐Carboxylic Acids at Ambient Conditions
Authors: Brahmachari Goutam
Published: September 2020

A catalyst‐ and additive‐free practical and green synthetic strategy for decarboxylative C‐4 phosphorylation of coumarin‐3‐carboxylic acids, for the first time, has been accomplished to access a series of substituted 4‐(diarylphosphoryl)chroman‐2‐ones at ambient conditions. The developed protocol is successfully applied to large‐scale synthesis.

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In‐Situ Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study on the Air Degradation of PEDOT:PSS in Terms of Electrical and Thermoelectric Properties
Authors: Yun Dong‐Jin , Jung Jaemin , Sung Young Mo , Ra Hyemin , Kim Jung‐Min , Chung JaeGwan , Kim Se Yun , Kim Yong‐Su , Heo Sung , Kim Ki‐Hong , Jeong Yong Jin , Jang Jaeyoung
Published: September 2020

Despite excellent electrical and mechanical properties, practical application of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polymerized with poly(4‐styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) face the challenge of ensuring air stability in electronic industry. Here, degradation mechanism of PEDOT:PSS‐based films in air is clearly demonstrated through X‐ray/ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS/UPS) and its depth‐profiling technique. As the duration of air‐exposure increases, the PEDOT:PSS‐based films alter molecular structures with the formation of SOx bond in PEDOT and CNx bond growth, changing ratios of insulating part (PSS−, PSSH, oxidized PEDOT) to conducting part and deteriorating their electrical conductivities. These transition behaviors are similar in all PEDOT:PSS‐based films regardless of additives such as dopant or multi‐walled carbon nanotube. Additionally, methanol treatment to various PEDOT:PSS‐based films for inducing conformational change between PEDOT and PSS molecules, partly restore the electrical properties of the denatured PEDOT:PSS films. Finally, thermoelectric properties of the PEDOT:PSS‐based films are characterized by investigating the effects of air‐aging and methanol treatment on electrical conductivities, Seebeck coefficients, and power factors. To sum up, this study provides a useful guideline for establishing a strategy to ensure air stability of PEDOT:PSS‐based films by clarifying the degradation mechanism and property recovery methods.
Digit ratio (2D:4D) is not related to cardiovascular diseases or their risk factors in menopausal women
Authors: Fischer Pedersen Josefine K. , Klimek Magdalena , Galbarczyk Andrzej , Nenko Ilona , Sobocki Jakob , Christensen Dirk L. , Jasienska Grazyna
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Digit ratio (2D:4D) is widely used as a biomarker of prenatal hormonal environment linked to the growing number of adult health and disease‐related characteristics. It has been suggested that 2D:4D is a good predictor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk among men, but results in women are still inconclusive. Here we test the relationship between 2D:4D and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and their risk factors in Polish, rural women.

Methods

The participants were 410 women age 50 and older. Structured questionnaire was used to gather personal and medical data, including the history of CVD diagnosed by a medical doctor. Anthropometric measurements of body height, weight, and finger lengths were performed. Right‐hand and left‐hand 2D:4D, mean 2D:4D, Dl‐r, and BMI were calculated afterward. For a subgroup of participants (n = 329) fasting blood sample was collected (in order to assess the lipid profile and glucose levels) and blood pressure was measured. Age, education level and BMI were included as potential covariates.

Results

No statistically significant association was observed between 2D:4D markers and the incidence of CVD (eg, heart attack, stroke) or CVD risk factors (dyslipidaemia, dysglycaemia or hypertension), when controlled for age, education and BMI.

Conclusions

The results of our study add to the growing number of studies investigating the sex‐difference of the association between 2D:4D and cardiac health. We conclude that from a public health perspective 2D:4D may not be a valuable biomarker of elevated risk of CVDs in women.
Insights into the regulatory molecules involved in glaucoma pathogenesis
Authors: Moazzeni Hamidreza , Khani Marzieh , Elahi Elahe
Published: September 2020

Glaucoma is an important cause of irreversible blindness, characterized by optic nerve anomalies. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and aging are major risk factors. Retinal ganglion cells and trabecular meshwork cells are certainly involved in the etiology of glaucoma. Glaucoma is usually a complex disease, and various genes and functions may contribute to its etiology. Among these may be genes that encode regulatory molecules. In this review, regulatory molecules including 18 transcription factors (TFs), 195 microRNAs (miRNAs), 106 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and two circular RNAs (circRNAs) that are reasonable candidates for having roles in glaucoma pathogenesis are described. The targets of the regulators are reported. Glaucoma‐related features including apoptosis, stress responses, immune functions, ECM properties, IOP, and eye development are affected by the targeted genes. The targeted genes that are frequently targeted by multiple regulators most often affect apoptosis and the related features of cell death and cell survival. BCL2, CDKN1A, and TP53 are among the frequent targets of three types of glaucoma‐relevant regulators, TFs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs. TP53 was itself identified as a glaucoma‐relevant TF. Several of the glaucoma‐relevant TFs are themselves among frequent targets of regulatory molecules, which is consistent with existence of a complex network involved in glaucoma pathogenesis.
Troubles in Tuva: Patterns of perimortem trauma in a nomadic community from Southern Siberia (second to fourth c.CE)
Authors: Milella Marco , Caspari Gino , Kapinus Yulija , Sadykov Timur , Blochin Jegor , Malyutina Anna , Keller Marcel , Schlager Stefan , Szidat Sönke , Alterauge Amelie , Lösch Sandra
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Warfare is assumed to be one of the defining cultural characteristics of steppe nomads in Eastern Eurasia. For the first‐centuries CE, a period of political turmoil in Northern China and Southern Siberia, relatively few data are, however, available about the degree and variability of violence in these communities. Here, we provide new data on violence among steppe nomads during the first‐centuries CE by analyzing the type, anatomical distribution, and demographic distribution of perimortem trauma at Tunnug1 (Tuva, Southern Siberia—second to fourth c. CE).

Materials and Methods

Perimortem traumas were assessed on 87 individuals representing both sexes and different age classes. The timing of the lesions was assessed based on morphological criteria, including the absence and presence of bone reactive processes and the relative plasticity of the bone at the moment of impact. The distribution by age, sex, and anatomical location of trauma was analyzed by means of logistic models, Fisher's exact tests, and 3D visualizations.

Results

A total of 130 perimortem traumas, including chop marks, slice marks, penetrating lesions, and blunt traumas were identified on 22 individuals. Chop marks were mostly at the level of the skull and vertebrae and were likely caused by bladed weapons. Slice marks were found on the cervical vertebrae and cranium and may be the result of throat slitting and scalping by means of smaller bladed implements. Traumas were more frequent in males, and their presence is not correlated with age.

Discussion

This study adds new data to the few available regarding violence among steppe nomadic cultures and provides new insights about the effects of political instability on the life of the people inhabiting Eastern Eurasia during the early centuries CE.
Self‐Assembly of Photoresponsive Molecular Amphiphiles in Aqueous Media
Authors: Chen Shaoyu , Costil Romain , Leung Franco King‐Chi , Feringa Ben L.
Published: September 2020

Amphiphilic molecules, comprising hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties and the intrinsic propensity to self‐assemble in aqueous environment, sustain a fascinating spectrum of structures and functions ranging from biological membranes to ordinary soap. Facing the challenge to design responsive, adaptive, and out‐of‐equilibrium systems in water, the incorporation of photoresponsive motifs in amphiphilic molecular structures offers ample opportunity to design supramolecular systems that enables functional responses in water in a non‐invasive way using light. Here, we discuss the design of photoresponsive molecular amphiphiles, their self‐assembled structures in aqueous media and at air–water interfaces, and various approaches to arrive at adaptive and dynamic functions in isotropic and anisotropic systems, including motion at the air–water interface, foam formation, reversible nanoscale assembly, and artificial muscle function. Controlling the delicate interplay of structural design, self‐assembling conditions and external stimuli, these responsive amphiphiles open several avenues towards application such as soft adaptive materials, controlled delivery or soft actuators, bridging a gap between artificial and natural dynamic systems.
Superaufgelöste Erkennung räumlicher Nähe mit Proximity‐PAINT
Authors: Schueder Florian , Lara‐Gutiérrez Juanita , Haas Daniel , Beckwith Kai Sandvold , Yin Peng , Ellenberg Jan , Jungmann Ralf
Published: September 2020

Die Visualisierung funktionaler Interaktionen von Biomolekülen wie Proteinen und Nukleinsäuren ist der Schlüssel zum Verständnis zellulären Lebens auf molekularer Ebene. Räumliche Nähe wird oft stellvertretend für die direkte Interaktion von Biomolekülen angesehen. Aktuelle Techniken zur Visualisierung räumlicher Nähe sind jedoch entweder durch die erreichbare Auflösung, den dynamischen Bereich oder einen Mangel an Einzelmolekülsensitivität begrenzt. Wir haben Proximity‐PAINT (pPAINT) entwickelt, eine Variante des superauflösenden Mikroskopieverfahrens DNA‐PAINT. pPAINT verwendet eine geteilte DNA‐PAINT‐Bindestelle, um räumliche Nähe mit hoher Empfindlichkeit, wenig Fehlern und präzise einstellbaren Detektionsabständen zu erkennen. Wir testen und optimieren pPAINT mit Hilfe von DNA‐Nanostrukturen und demonstrieren die zelluläre Anwendbarkeit, indem wir die räumliche Nähe von Alpha‐ und Beta‐Tubulin in Mikrotubuli in Zellen superaufgelöst visualisieren.
The Metaphosphite (PO2−) Anion as a Ligand
Authors: Abbenseth Josh , Wätjen Florian , Finger Markus , Schneider Sven
Published: September 2020

The utilization of monomeric, lower phosphorous oxides and oxoanions, such as metaphosphite (PO2−), which is the heavier homologue of the common nitrite anion but previously only observed in the gas phase and by matrix isolation, requires new synthetic strategies. Herein, a series of rhenium(I–III) complexes with PO2− as ligand is reported. Synthetic access was enabled by selective oxygenation of a terminal phosphide complex. Spectroscopic and computational examination revealed slightly stronger σ‐donor and comparable π‐acceptor properties of PO2− compared to homologous NO2−, which is one of the archetypal ligands in coordination chemistry.
Hydromagnesiation of 1,3‐Enynes by Magnesium Hydride for Synthesis of Tri‐ and Tetra‐substituted Allenes
Authors: Wang Bin , Li Yihang , Pang Jia Hao , Watanabe Kohei , Takita Ryo , Chiba Shunsuke
Published: September 2020

A protocol for regio‐controlled hydromagnesiation of 1,3‐enynes was developed using magnesium hydride that is generated in situ by solvothermal treatment of sodium hydride (NaH) and magnesium iodide (MgI2) in THF. The resulting allenylmagnesium species could be converted into tri‐ and tetra‐substituted allenes by subsequent treatment with various carbon‐ and silicon‐based electrophiles with the aid of CuCN as a catalyst.
Synthesis of 5‐substituted 1H‐tetrazoles and oxidation of sulfides by using boehmite nanoparticles/nickel‐curcumin as a robust and extremely efficient green nanocatalyst
Authors: Jani Muhammed Ali , Bahrami Kiumars
Published: September 2020

Nickel‐anchored curcumin‐functionalized boehmite nanoparticles (BNPs@Cur‐Ni) as a robust and versatile nanocatalyst was synthesized and well‐characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX), X‐ray mapping, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES). The synthesis of 5‐substituted 1H‐tetrazoles and the oxidation of sulfides were conducted by BNPs@Cur‐Ni with excellent turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) outcomes. Also, the catalyst was reused for several sequential runs without Ni leaching or decreasing in reaction yield. Utilizing the curcumin and boehmite with a natural source as well as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a solvent in this simple protocol can be based on green chemistry rules.
Development of rapid gold nanoparticles based lateral flow assays for simultaneous detection of Shigella and Salmonella genera
Authors: Yahaya Mohammad Lukman , Zakaria Nor Dyana , Noordin Rahmah , Abdul Razak Khairunisak
Published: September 2020

Salmonella and Shigella genera are common pathogens that contaminate foods and beverages. Lateral flow assays (LFA) are commonly used to detect these pathogens. However, most of the developed LFAs are for single detection. Simultaneous detection of pathogens is required to reduce cost and time. In this work, 40 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using the seeding growth method as labeling agent. The AuNPs were characterized and conjugated with mouse anti‐Gram negative endotoxin antibody. The nitrocellulose membrane HF135 was immobilized with anti‐mouse IgG antibody as a control line and two separate test lines with either anti‐Shigella or anti‐Salmonella antibody, respectively. Color intensity of test lines was observed for positive samples. A milk sample was used as proof of concept to mimic actual contamination. The limit of detection of the LFA was 3.0 × 106 CFU/mL for multiplex detection of Shigella flexneri and Salmonella Typhi and for both single detections. The result was comparable with the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. The produced LFA could differentiate between Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Salmonella Typhi. The developed LFA was able to identify Shigella flexneri and Salmonella Typhi with good sensitivity in milk samples, thus, beneficial to ensure the safety of food before entering the market.