bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Refractory Sexual Arousal Subsequent to Sacral Neuromodulation
Authors: Zoorob Dani , Deis Amanda S. , Lindsay Kathryn
Published: April 2019

Background. Sacral neuromodulation has become a widely used treatment for lower urinary tract symptom and dysfunction. It has been observed to benefit sexual function in the domains of arousal and desire. Studies have yet to report markedly increased arousal symptoms as an adverse effect.Case. We present the case of a 57-year-old woman who developed symptomatic persistent genital arousal following implantation of a neuromodulator. Despite device reprogramming, a trial of the device being shut off, and eventual device removal, she continued to have residual new-onset undesired genital hyper-arousal symptoms.Conclusion. Our patient demonstrated markedly increased and persistent arousal symptoms that may be the result of upregulated or alternative activation of sacral nerve pathways. While other case reports describe improvement in persistent genital arousal disorder symptoms through neuromodulation, no studies mention hyperarousal symptoms as an adverse side effect after sacral neuromodulator placement nor persistence despite removal of the implant.
Use of a Novel, Reinforced, Low Immunogenic, Porcine Small Intestine Submucosa Patch to Repair a Supraspinatus Tendon Defect in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Zhang Xuancheng , Fang Zhaoyi , Cho Eunshinae , Huang Kai , Zhao Jinzhong , Jiang Jia , Huangfu Xiaoqiao
Published: April 2019

Background. Repairs of large to massive rotator cuff tears have a high failure rate. We investigated the efficacy of a novel, reinforced, low immunogenic, porcine small intestine submucosa (SIS) patch to repair a supraspinatus tendon defect in a rabbit model. We hypothesized that the histological and biomechanical results of SIS patch repair would be comparable with those of autologous fascia lata (FL) repair. Methods. The study mainly comprised two parts. First, the characteristics of the SIS patch were evaluated, including its micromorphology, mechanical properties, and immunogenic properties. Second, a supraspinatus tendon defect model was created in 36 rabbits (72 shoulders). The bilateral shoulders were randomly chosen to undergo repair using either a SIS patch (SIS group) or autologous FL (FL group). At 4, 8, and 12 weeks, histological analysis was performed using four shoulders from each group, and biomechanical tests were performed using eight shoulders from each group. Results. The SIS patch was a three-dimensional construct mainly composed of collagen fibers. The mean single and double suture retention loads of the SIS patch were 48.6 ± 5.8 N and 117.9 ± 2.7 N, respectively. The DNA content in the SIS patch was 53.9 ± 10.9 ng/mg dry weight. Both the histological score and ultimate load to failure increased in a time-dependent manner in both groups, with no significant differences between the SIS and FL groups at 12 weeks. Conclusion. Repair of a large supraspinatus tendon defect using a reinforced, low immunogenic, SIS patch achieves similar effects as autologous FL in a rabbit model. This novel patch might be useful to be employed as a structural tissue replacement in medical activities.
Cytokine-Regulated Phosphorylation and Activation of TET2 by JAK2 in Hematopoiesis
Authors: Jeong Jong Jin , Gu Xiaorong , Nie Ji , Sundaravel Sriram , Liu Hui , Kuo Wen-Liang , Bhagat Tushar D. , Pradhan Kith , Cao John , Nischal Sangeeta , McGraw Kathy L. , Bhattacharyya Sanchari , Bishop Michael R. , Artz Andrew , Thirman Michael J. , Moliterno Alison , Ji Peng , Levine Ross L. , Godley Lucy A. , Steidl Ulrich , Bieker James J. , List Alan F. , Saunthararajah Yogen , He Chuan , Verma Amit , Wickrema Amittha
Published: April 2019

Even though the Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes catalyze the generation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosines required for lineage commitment and subsequent differentiation of stem cells into erythroid cells, the mechanisms that link extracellular signals to TET activation and DNA hydroxymethylation are unknown. We demonstrate that hematopoietic cytokines phosphorylate TET2, leading to its activation in erythroid progenitors. Specifically, cytokine receptor–associated JAK2 phosphorylates TET2 at tyrosines 1939 and 1964. Phosphorylated TET2 interacts with the erythroid transcription factor KLF1, and this interaction with TET2 is increased upon exposure to erythropoietin. The activating JAK2V617F mutation seen in myeloproliferative disease patient samples and in mouse models is associated with increased TET activity and cytosine hydroxymethylation as well as genome-wide loss of cytosine methylation. These epigenetic and functional changes are also associated with increased expression of several oncogenic transcripts. Thus, we demonstrate that JAK2-mediated TET2 phosphorylation provides a mechanistic link between extracellular signals and epigenetic changes during hematopoiesis.

Significance:

Identification of TET2 phosphorylation and activation by cytokine-stimulated JAK2 links extracellular signals to chromatin remodeling during hematopoietic differentiation. This provides potential avenues to regulate TET2 function in the context of myeloproliferative disorders and myelodysplastic syndromes associated with the JAK2V617F-activating mutation.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 681
Tumor Neurobiology and the War of Nerves in Cancer
Authors: Faulkner Sam , Jobling Phillip , March Brayden , Jiang Chen Chen , Hondermarck Hubert
Published: April 2019

Nerves are emerging regulators of cancer progression. Cancer cells induce the outgrowth of nerves in the tumor microenvironment through the release of neurotrophic factors, and in return nerves liberate neurotransmitters that activate cancer growth and dissemination. Although sympathetic nerves drive tumor angiogenesis via the liberation of noradrenaline, sensory and parasympathetic nerves stimulate cancer stem cells. Interestingly, recent evidence indicates that parasympathetic nerves can eventually inhibit tumor progression, suggesting a yin–yang type of regulation of cancer by nerves. From a broader perspective, the question of a higher level of control of cancer development by the central nervous system should be raised.

Significance:

Nerves are emerging regulators of cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. Here, we review the evidence to date and explore the basic and clinical ramifications of these findings.
Storage Iron Turnover from a New Perspective
Authors: Saito Hiroshi
Published: April 2019

Background/Aims: Storage iron turnover has remained poorly understood since 1953. In addition, errors in measurements of the storage iron turnover rate (SIT) by ferrokinetics have been detected and the causes of those errors need to be elucidated. Methods: A new, computer-assisted method, “serum ferritin kinetics,” was introduced for the quantitation of ferritin iron and hemosiderin iron. Ferrokinetics and non-ferrokinetic methods were used to determine the body iron turnover rate. Results and Conclusion: Using serum ferritin kinetics, patients with normal iron stores and iron overload were found to have 2 iron pathways between ferritin and hemosiderin: recovery of ferritin taking iron from hemosiderin in iron mobilization and iron transformation from ferritin to hemosiderin in iron deposition. In addition, underestimation of the SIT by ferrokinetics was confirmed by comparing SIT by ferrokinetics with the standard SIT as the sum of SIT of 3 major iron-storing cells. This underestimation was caused by extra radio-iron fixation to red cells. Ferrokinetics does not give the actual body iron turnover due to the behavioral difference between radio-iron and pre-existing body iron. Recent findings on ferritin and hemosiderin iron turnover will be a potential tool for the diagnosis and therapy of hematological disorders.
Predilution On-Line Hemodiafiltration Improves Albumin Redox in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Shigematsu Takeshi , Kuragano Takahiro , Kamimura Takenobu , Kawada Sayuri , Imamura Rie , Nishian Yoshihiko , Miyamoto Miki , Miyamoto Takashi , Nakanishi Takeshi
Published: April 2019

Background/Aim: In this study, we compared the dialysis efficiency, oxidative stress, and nutritional conditions between predilution on-line hemodiafiltration (pre-OL-HDF) and conventional hemodialysis (HD) using a super-flux dialyzer (CHD). Method: This was a crossover study of 38 maintenance HD patients. All patients were treated with CHD for the first 4 months (1st CHD period), then were switched to pre-OL-HDF for 4 months (pre-OL-HDF period), and were returned to CHD for the next 4 months (2nd CHD period). Results: We found no significant difference in the removal ratio of small uremic substances or the indices of inflammation or nutritional states between the pre-OL-HDF and CHD periods. However, we found higher removal of β2 micro-globulin in the pre-OL-HDF period, and the human mercapto-albumin (Alb)/human serum Alb ratio was significantly higher in the pre-OL-HDF period. Conclusion: Treatment with pre-OL-HDF enabled enhanced removal of middle molecule uremic toxins and better Alb redox than did CHD.
Association between the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index and Diabetes Mellitus-Related Peripheral Arterial Disease in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Furuya Fumihiko , Motosugi Ai , Haraguchi Kazutaka , Hanai Shunichiro , Ishii Toshihisa , Yamaguchi Yasuno , Kitamura Kenichiro
Published: April 2019

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has increased in association with the increase in the numbers of patients with kidney disease or diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of PAD in hemodialysis patients with diabetes. Methods: To examine the usefulness of the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) to screen for the presence of PAD, cross-sectional studies of 100 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis were performed. The CAVI and other inflammatory markers were evaluated. Results: The CAVI was markedly elevated in patients with a history of PAD or cardiovascular disease. When dialysis patients were classified on the basis of CAVI quartiles, increased CAVI was associated with other risk factors for PAD. Conclusion: The prevalence of PAD is high in elderly diabetic patients on hemodialysis. The present findings suggest that the CAVI can be a useful index that predicts the occurrence of macrovascular complications in dialysis patients with diabetes.
Analysis of Extracellular Fluid Volume in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients before and after Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Sakai Ken , Hyoudou Youji , Nihei Hiroshi , Kawamura Takeshii
Published: April 2019

Background/Aims: To examine the relationship of extracellular fluid (ECF) volume and osmotic excess with treatment modality, we retrospectively analyzed spontaneous body weight loss and osmotic excretion versus true body weight after kidney transplantation in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and preemptive transplant recipients compared with hemodialysis (HD) patients. We also examined maximum bladder volume in other transplant recipients on PD. Methods: From 2005 to 2011, 42 PD patients underwent kidney transplantation at our institution. Patients aged <12 years and cadaveric transplantations were excluded; we enrolled 27 PD patients (PD group; age 35.7 ± 14.4 years at transplantation; dialysis duration 36.5 ± 31.2 months) and 14 adult preemptive kidney transplant patients (preemptive group; age 31.7 ± 15.7 years; estimated glomerular filtration rate 8.26 ± 1.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 at transplantation). From 2005 to 2006, 29 adult living-related donor kidney transplant recipients on HD support (HD group) were enrolled as controls (age 36.4 ± 11.3 years; dialysis duration 37.5 ± 55.2 months). Results: Percentage body weight loss at 1 month after transplantation was 5% from ideal body weight for the PD group (51.2 ± 14.3 to 48.6 ± 13.0 kg, p = 0.002), 5.1% for the preemptive group (56.7 ± 17.4 to 53.8 ± 16.5 kg, p = 0.0005), and 1% for the HD group (52.9 ± 12.4 to 52.1 ± 12.5 kg, p = 0.079); post-transplantation 24-h osmotic excretion was greater in the PD and preemptive groups (387.3 ± 175.7 mOsm) groups than in HD (250 ± 124 mOsm; p = 0.006. Another 69 adult living-related donor kidney transplant recipients (PD and HD support) with dialysis duration ≤5 years were examined. Mean dialysis duration differed in the HD (17.5 ± 13.1 months) and PD (29.6 ± 20.4 months, p = 0.015) groups; mean urine volume and maximum desire to void (MDV) were similar. Conclusion: ECF volume and osmotic excess occurred in the PD and preemptive groups compared with the HD group pre-transplantation. Although PD maintains MDV and residual and total urine volume, ECF volume and osmotic excess should be monitored before transplant; pre-transplant HD support should always be considered in PD and preemptive transplant patients.
Strategies for the Super-Aged Dialysis Population: Survival Benefits or Alternative Goals?
Authors: Sakurai Satoko , Hanafusa Norio , Nomura Takanobu , Tsuchiya Ken , Nitta Kosaku , Nangaku Masaomi
Published: April 2019

Background/Aims: Japan’s aging population has prominent epidemiological and patient characteristics. The number of hemodialysis patients aged ≥70 years is increasing. Age-adjusted mortality is improving, but some cause-specific mortalities remain unchanged, including infectious disease and malignancy, requiring combative strategies. However, survival trends for patients aged 90 years or older are not known. Methods: We examined annual data reported by the ­Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy Renal Data Registry for the period 1987–2014 to determine survival trends. Results: Survival in the super-aged group (≥90 years) is still mostly unimproved. In terms of cause-specific survival, especially death due to heart failure differs distinctly between this group and the remaining elderly patients, indicating that improving their survival is difficult. Alternative dialysis goals could therefore be considered. The major dialysis objective in this population could be to maintain quality of life and limit functional impairment. Conclusion: Survival of the super-aged population has not improved in the last 2 decades. Thus, withholding or withdrawing dialysis and providing conservative management without dialysis treatment could be an important option for patients aged 90 years or older.
Prevalence of Carnitine Deficiency and Decreased Carnitine Levels in Patients on Hemodialysis
Authors: Hatanaka Yoshinari , Higuchi Terumi , Akiya Yurie , Horikami Tomomi , Tei Ritsukou , Furukawa Tetsuya , Takashima Hiroyuki , Tomita Hyoe , Abe Masanori
Published: April 2019

Background: Patients on hemodialysis (HD) are known to be at risk of carnitine deficiency. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of carnitine deficiency in patients on dialysis and to compare the likelihood of a reduction in the serum carnitine level on HD with that on hemodiafiltration (HDF). Methods: The prevalence of carnitine deficiency, defined as a serum free carnitine level < 20 μmol/L, and that of carnitine insufficiency, defined as an acyl/free carnitine ratio > 0.4, was investigated in 150 patients on dialysis. The reduction rate of serum carnitine was then compared between HD and HDF. Results: The prevalence of carnitine deficiency and that of carnitine insufficiency was 25.3 and 86.7%, respectively. Patients at high risk of carnitine deficiency accounted for 64.7%. Multivariate regression identified an association of duration of dialysis with the free serum carnitine level. The reduction rates of serum free carnitine in HD and HDF were 64 ± 4 and 75 ± 7%, respectively (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The prevalence rates of carnitine deficiency and carnitine insufficiency were high in patients on dialysis. The serum carnitine reduction rate was greater with HDF than with HD.
Administration of Curcumin Alleviates Neuropathic Pain in a Rat Model of Brachial Plexus Avulsion
Authors: Xie Wenji , Xie Wenqin , Kang Zhenming , Jiang Changcheng , Liu Naizhen
Published: April 2019

Background/Aims: Brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) generally causes a chronic persistent pain that lacks efficacious treatment. Curcumin has been found to possess anti-inflammatory abilities. However, little is known about the mechanisms and effects of curcumin in an animal model of BPA. Methods: Mechanical withdrawal thresholds (MWT) were examined by von Frey filaments. Cold allodynia was tested by the acetone spray test. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in rat spinal cords were analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the expression levels of c-Fos and nerve growth factor (NGF) were measured by Western blot. The expression level of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was observed by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Results: After curcumin treatment, the MWT showed a significant increase when compared to the BPA group on both hind paws. A remarkable decrease of paw-withdrawal response frequency was observed compared with the BPA group. In addition, curcumin treatment significantly decreased the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in rat spinal cords that were exceedingly upregulated in the BPA group. The protein levels of c-Fos and NGF were decreased by treatment with curcumin compared with the corresponding protein levels in the BPA group. Besides, curcumin reduced the number of GFAP positive cells and GFAP expression. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that curcumin significantly extenuates the BPA-induced pain and inflammation by reducing the expression level of proinflammatory cytokines and pain-associated proteins and inhibiting the activity of astrocytes.
Epicutaneous Exposure to Peanut Oil Induces Systemic and Pulmonary Allergic Reaction in Mice
Authors: Benor Shira , Shani Nir , Etkin Sara , Bondar Ekaterina , Kivity Shmuel , Langier Sheila
Published: April 2019

Background: The prevalence of peanut allergy (PA) is constantly on the rise. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a major risk factor for developing food allergy. Some bath oils and skin creams used for treating AD contain peanut oil, and it has been suggested that exposure to peanut allergens through a disrupted skin barrier is a potential cause of PA. Our aim was to investigate whether application of peanut oil to irritated skin causes a systemic or respiratory allergic response to peanuts in an animal model. Methods: BALB/c mice underwent epicutaneous sensitization with either peanut oil (PM, n = 9) or phosphate buffered solution (controls, n = 9) daily for 5 consecutive days. Ten days after the last exposure the mice were challenged with intranasal peanut protein for 5 consecutive days. Bronchial alveolar lavage fluid was collected for cellular studies and measurement of cytokine levels. Sera were collected for immunoglobulin E (IgE) measurement. Results: Epicutaneous peanut oil sensitization increased leukocyte and eosinophil counts and interleukin-13 levels (p = 0.003, p = 0.0006 and p = 0.03, respectively), in addition to increasing total serum IgE (p = 0.03). Conclusions: The results suggest that topical application of peanut oil may play a role in the etiology of PA.
Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma Recognized following Acute Traumatic Injury
Authors: Curfman Karleigh R. , Morrissey Shawna L.
Published: April 2019

Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma (ESOS), a rare entity accounting for less than 2% of all soft tissue sarcomas. Known risk factors for development include: middle aged and elderly patients, a history of radiation, and a controversial link to trauma. The typical presenting symptoms, if any, are tenderness and swelling. In trauma patients, these symptoms often mask the ESOS diagnosis and are assumed to be hematoma or other traumatic diagnosis. Easy misinterpretation of what appears to be obvious traumatic injury, can lead to delays in accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatments.
Endoscopic and Conservative Management of Chronic Pancreatitis and Its Complications
Authors: Waldthaler Alexander , Valente Roberto , Arnelo Urban , Löhr J.-Matthias
Published: April 2019

Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive inflammatory disease of the pancreas potentially giving rise to several complications. For this reason, patients need long-term care and treatment by medical, interventional, and sometimes surgical measures. This article reviews current state-of-the-art strategies and guidelines for treating chronic pancreatitis with conventional and endoscopic measures.
Two new species of the copepod Hatschekia Poche, 1902 (Siphonostomatoida: Hatschekiidae) from angelfishes (Pisces: Perciformes: Pomacanthidae) collected during the KUMEJIMA 2009 Expedition
Authors: UYENO DAISUKE , NAGASAWA KAZUYA
Published: April 2019

Two new species of Hatschekia Poche, 1902 (Siphonostomatoida: Hatschekiidae) are described based on specimenscollected during the KUMEJIMA 2009 Expedition carried out at Kumejima Island, Ryukyu Islands, an area getting strongKuroshio current influence in the East China Sea, Japan. Female Hatscekia triannuli n. sp. and female and male H.sumireyakko n. sp. were removed from Centropyge heraldi Woods & Schultz and C. venusta (Yasuda & Tominaga),respectively. The two new species shares a unique dorsal frame on the cephalothorax that is absent on other congeners. These two species can be differentiated from each other by the shape and proportion of the cephalothorax, trunk, and leg 2.
Taxonomic and bionomic notes on Arma chinensis (Fallou)
Authors: ZOU DEYU , WANG MENGQING , ZHANG LISHENG , ZHANG YING , ZHANG XIAOJUN , CHEN HONGYIN
Published: April 2019

The male genitalia and other important morphological characters of Arma chinensis are redescribed and illustrated. Some bio-logical characters of this stink bug, such as the predatory behavior, mating, oviposition, hatching, molting, emergence, colonization, and cannibalism are noted.
Giustizia e legge nello “Spaccio de la Bestia Trionfante”
Authors: Palumbo Domenico
Published: April 2019

Lo Spaccio de la Bestia Trionfante, pubblicato da Giordano Bruno nel 1584 a Londra, non compare mai citato nei Costituti del Nolano. Come opera squisitamente morale, essa presenta la riforma del cielo così come ratificata da Giove, in consesso con gli altri Numi. Il primo riferimento esplicito dell’opera è dunque Lutero e la sua Riforma. Contro di lui il Nolano propone con urgenza la necessità di una “riforma” dell’animo umano: l'obiettivo è la “comunione de gli uomini e la civile conversazione” che presuppongono la giustizia e la ragione. Il che esclude non solo la concezione luterana della “iustitia sola fide”, ma anche quella del Cristianesimo di Paolo: per il Nolano la Scrittura mira alla legge, non alla verità. Pertanto la “renovatio mundi” proposta da Bruno presuppone la “renovatio” del concetto di giustizia, con la conseguente riscoperta del vincolo esistente tra la giustizia divina, umana e naturale: ciò porta il Nolano alla formulazione di un concetto di “legge” che ha caratteristiche moderne.
What is related to the well-being of the siblings of patients with schizophrenia: An evaluation within the Lazarus and Folkman’s Transactional Stress and Coping Model
Authors: Avcıoğlu Muazzez Merve , Karanci Ayşe Nuray , Soygur Haldun
Published: April 2019

Background:

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness that strongly affects not only the patients with schizophrenia, but also their families and close relatives. So far, family research on patients with schizophrenia has mainly focused on parents, but has neglected siblings.

Aim:

This study aims to evaluate the well-being of 103 siblings of patients with schizophrenia within the Lazarus and Folkman’s Transactional Coping and Stress Model.

Materials:

A Sociodemographic Information Form, Subjective Well-being Scale, Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale, Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, Ways of Coping Scale and Shortened Perceived Parental Rearing Styles Form were administered to the siblings of patients with schizophrenia.

Results:

The results of this study revealed that well-being was associated with perceived mother overprotection, perceived social support, problem-focused coping and indirect coping. Social support moderated the relationship between burden and well-being as a buffering factor.

Conclusion:

Therefore, siblings of patients with schizophrenia should be given access to social support and their problem-focused coping strategies should be strengthened. Besides, parents should be supported to provide suitable care for the siblings of patients with schizophrenia.
Double Jeopardy? Stigma of Identity and Affirmative Action
Authors: Deshpande Ashwini
Published: April 2019

This article seeks to understand stigma faced by students from groups who enter higher educational institutions on the basis of affirmative action. The article uses the theoretical insights from the “stereotype content model” which disentangles the social-psychological mechanisms of “externalization” and “internalization.” The data are from a primary survey administered to university students in India to understand the channel of stigma associated with caste-based affirmative action (AA). The article finds that despite a significant gap in entry scores at admission, there are no significant differences in the effort and academic attitudes between AA and non-AA students. Yet, there are clear and significant differences between caste groups that reveal the presence of stigma through the “externalization” mechanism, that is, upper caste peers tend to evaluate beneficiary performance prejudicially, indicating the prevalence of discriminatory attitudes toward students who are admitted through AA. However, there is no compelling evidence of “internalization”: that is, students from beneficiary groups do not necessarily internalize their peers’ low evaluation of their own competence. These findings suggest the need for establishing an antidiscriminatory apparatus inside higher educational institutions to counter stigmatizing attitudes and microaggressions against AA admits.
Disambiguating the southern urban critique: Propositions, pathways and possibilities for a more global urban studies
Authors: Lawhon Mary , Truelove Yaffa
Published: April 2019

Scholarship engaging with (northern) urban theory from the south has troubled the core of urban studies. At this critical juncture, we argue that it is important to clarify core propositions and call attention to points of convergence and dissonance amongst advocates of ‘the southern urban critique’. We briefly review foundational arguments for this scholarly community, then outline three distinct iterations of the source of this critique: the south is empirically different; EuroAmerican hegemony works to displace a diversity of intellectual traditions; and the postcolonial encounter requires the critical interrogation of research practices. We then consider whether the southern urban critique is an argument for the study of a distinct southern urbanism, an ontological position about the socio-spatial contingency of all theorisation or a tactical strategy for calling attention to marginalised places and ideas to be superseded by an urban studies of a world of cities. We hope our efforts contribute to further conversation and greater analytical clarity, enabling more rigorous and robust articulations of the precise objects and objectives of the southern urban critique in particular, and urban studies more generally.
The relation of toddy (palm wine) intake to amoebic liver abscess in a predominantly toddy-drinking population: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Kumar Jha Ashish , Jha Praveen , Chaudhary Madhur , Kumar Shailesh , Prakash Vidyut , Mohan Dayal Vishwa
Published: April 2019

The role of toddy (palm wine) as an independent risk factor for amoebic liver abscess (ALA) is not clear. In a cross-sectional study, the clinico-demographic profiles of inpatients with ALA were examined. Microscopy examination of toddy (n = 43) samples was performed. A total of 198 patients with ALA were enrolled, most of whom were: admitted during the May–August months (48%); chronic alcoholic (85% [70% toddy]); malnourished (85%); and of low socioeconomic status (88%). Clinical and laboratory parameters were comparable between toddy and distilled alcohol drinkers. None of the toddy samples revealed presence of cysts and trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica.
Diabetes and anxiety symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Amiri Sohrab , Behnezhad Sepideh
Published: April 2019

Although some studies have been conducted on the association between diabetes and anxiety symptoms, the data on this association remain controversial. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the association between diabetes and anxiety symptoms. The authors systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases until July 2018. After the screening process, 23 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Stata-14 was used for meta-analyzing. Forest plot was calculated for the whole 23 studies and subgroups, and publication bias was also examined. Overall, diabetes was positively associated with anxiety; pooled odds ratio was equal to1.48; 95% confidence interval was 1 .27–1.74. In cross-sectional study, the result was odds ratio = 1.50; 95% confidence interval = 1.26–1.77, and in prospective-cohort study, the result was odds ratio = 1.34; 95% confidence interval = 1.21–1.49. There was small evidence of publication bias. Overall, our findings indicate that diabetes is a risk factor for anxiety symptoms. Therefore, having a healthy medical condition can be an anxiety prevention agent.
Numerical simulation of lignocellulosic biomass gasification in concentric tube entrained flow gasifier through computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Maitlo Ghulamullah , Unar Imran Nazir , Mahar Rasool Bux , Brohi Khan Mohammad
Published: April 2019

Thermochemical conversion of biomass is an encouraging way for the production of syngas. In the present research, four different biomass materials were used for gasification which includes rice husk, cotton stalks, sugarcane bagasse, and sawdust. These biomass sources were selected because they are common Pakistani feedstocks. Gasification of selected biomasses was performed using concentric tube entrained flow gasifier. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model was used to investigate the impacts of kinetic rate and diffusion rate on the gasification performance. The Euler–Lagrange method was used for the development of entrained flow biomass gasifier using commercial computational fluid dynamics code ANSYS FLUENT®14. Discrete phase model was used to predict the movement of particles, whereas the gas phase was treated as the continuous phase with a standard k–ε turbulent model to predict the behavior of gas phase flow. Finite rate/Eddy dissipation model was applied for the calculation of homogenous and heterogeneous reaction rates. Oxygen was used as a gasifying agent. Cotton stalks and sugarcane bagasse produced higher mole fractions of hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) than sawdust and rice husk. Regarding carbon conversion efficiency, cold gas efficiency, and higher heating value cotton stalks and sugarcane bagasse produced better syngas quality as compared to sawdust and rice husk. The oxygen/fuel (O/F) ratio is a key operating parameter in the field of gasification and combustion. The O/F ratio above 0.42 favored combustion reactions and increased mole fraction of water vapor (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in syngas composition, whereas gasification reactions dominated below 0.42 O/F ratio, resulting increased mole fraction of H2 and CO in syngas composition.
Stapes Surgery for Profound Hearing Loss Secondary to Otosclerosis
Authors: Dwyer-Hemmings Louis , Manjaly Joseph G. , Nash Robert , Mukherjee Abir , Lavy Jeremy A.
Published: April 2019

The objective of this study is to evaluate stapes surgery in patients with otosclerosis and “profound” hearing loss. This means they meet hearing threshold criteria for cochlear implantation (CI). We performed a retrospective study and patient questionnaire. The results from 33 patients (35 ears) were recorded (mean age: 63.6, range: 40-85). The primary outcome measure was hearing thresholds recorded before and after surgery at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 kHz. Hearing thresholds at 2 and 4 kHz were also analyzed. Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI) was used in 21 patients to assess life quality changes. Hearing thresholds improved in 80% of ears (mean improvement, 26.3 dB), were unchanged in 11.4%, and worsened in 8.6%. Mean GBI score was +20.7. Hearing aid use decreased in 23.8% and ceased in 28.6%. One patient subsequently underwent CI. For patients with profound otosclerosis, stapes surgery provides a quantitative improvement in hearing thresholds and improvement in quality of life, with reduced reliance on hearing aids. This avoids CI, auditory rehabilitation, and a change in quality and tonality of sound.
Multidisciplinary Tracheotomy Teams: An Analysis of Patient Outcomes and Resource Allocation
Authors: Holmes Timothy R. , Cumming Benjamin D. , Sideris Anders W. , Lee Jennifer W. , Briggs Nancy E. , Havas Thomas E.
Published: April 2019

We sought to establish the effect of introducing a multidisciplinary tracheotomy management team (MDT). Tracheotomies are high-cost interventions with potentially devastating complications. Multidisciplinary teams have been introduced in many hospitals with the aim of reducing complications, however, data supporting them are lacking. There is currently insufficient evidence to conclude MDTs reduce length of hospital or intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and there is little information on cost analysis. A chart review identified patients who had a tracheotomy inserted at a major metropolitan teaching hospital with an acute spinal medicine service 2 years before and after the MDT was implemented. The primary outcome was time to decannulation. Other outcomes included tracheotomy complications, the proportion of patients decannulated, length of ICU and hospital stay, and admission cost. Our search identified 174 (78 prior and 96 post-MDT) patients. Baseline demographics were similar between groups. There was no difference in time to decannulation, the decannulation rate, or the length of hospital or ICU stay. Complication rates were low in both groups. There was an increase in the proportion of patients who received speaking valves and a reduction in cost of admission in a subgroup of patients who did not undergo head and neck surgery. There is insufficient evidence to support the widespread introduction of tracheotomy MDTs. Institutions considering introducing a tracheotomy team should carefully consider their case-mix, volume, and available resources as well as the structure and responsibilities of the team, and the timing of its activities within the working week. The potential benefits of MDTs including teaching of staff, and collaboration of teams should be acknowledged. Given the potentially significant implications for cost to the health system, a randomized trial is needed to guide policy in this area.
Gender identity in childhood: A review of the literature
Authors: Perry David G. , Pauletti Rachel E. , Cooper Patrick J.
Published: April 2019

We review theory and research on the assessment, development, and consequences of individual differences in gender identity, as studied among ordinary school children. Gender identity encompasses children’s appraisals of compatibility with, and motivation to fit in with, gender collectives; it is a multidimensional construct. Five dimensions of gender identity are considered in depth: felt same-gender typicality, felt other-gender typicality, gender contentedness, felt pressure for gender conformity, and intergroup bias. A host of cognitive, affective, social, and defensive processes contribute to these forms of gender identity, all of which in turn affect children’s psychosocial adjustment. Felt same-gender typicality promotes self-esteem and protects children from harmful effects of stressors, but it is associated with negative attitudes toward other-gender peers and activities unless children feel at least somewhat similar to the other gender as well. Felt other-gender typicality distresses children who do not also feel same-gender–typical. The other three gender identity variables encourage self-serving behavior (e.g., dominance) if children view it as appropriate for their gender. Children who feel gender-atypical or discontent with their gender suffer considerable distress if they feel pressure for gender conformity. Gender contentedness may be a particularly powerful contributor to children’s adoption of gender-typed behavior.
Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting in India: A Study of SENSEX Companies
Authors: Maqbool Shafat , Zamir M. Nasir
Published: April 2019

This study examines the corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure of Indian firms in the wake of the Companies Act, 2013. The annual reports of SENSEX companies for 2016–2017 were scanned to observe the dominant field of CSR reporting related to ‘community development’, ‘environmental activities’, ‘human resources’, ‘products & customer relations’ and ‘fair business practices’. Analysis of annual reports reveals that ‘fair business practices’ received most attention followed by ‘community development’ and ‘environmental activities’. Likewise, the most reported items have been ‘education’, ‘health’ and ‘energy conservation’. The results show that the CSR disclosure is pronouncedly communicated by ‘mining and mineral’ companies followed by ‘power sector’ companies.
The effect of early-life harshness and unpredictability on intimate partner violence in adulthood: A life history perspective
Authors: Szepsenwol Ohad , Zamir Osnat , Simpson Jeffry A.
Published: April 2019

According to life history theory, exposure to harshness and/or unpredictability early in life should promote a fast life history strategy. Such a strategy entails, among other traits, elevated aggression and impaired relationship functioning. While detrimental under safe and stable conditions, these characteristics become more evolutionary adaptive in a harsh and/or ever-changing environment in which risks are uncertain and the future is difficult to predict. Hence, individuals who experienced harshness and/or unpredictability in their early home environment should grow up to have more conflictual relationships and be at greater risk for experiencing or perpetrating intimate partner violence (IPV). We tested this hypothesis on 179 participants in the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation, an ongoing prospective longitudinal study that has followed individuals from before they were born into adulthood. IPV was assessed by the Conflict Tactics Scale at ages 23, 26, and 32. As expected, experiencing more unpredictability during the first 5 years of life (indexed by frequent changes in parents’ employment status, cohabitation status, and residence) prospectively predicted both perpetrating and being the victim of IPV between ages 20 and 32. Experiencing harshness during the first 5 years of life (indexed by low socioeconomic status) only predicted being the victim of IPV. The early unpredictability effect on IPV perpetration was partially mediated by having more conflictual friendships during adolescence (assessed by a coder-rated friendship interview at age 16). These findings highlight the roles of early-life harshness and unpredictability both in promoting interpersonal conflict and violence and in impairing the capacity of individuals to maintain satisfying romantic relationships.
Anesthetic management of radical nephrectomy in patients with renal cell carcinoma involving renal vein or inferior vena cava
Authors: Chen Kun , Wang Juan , Dai Jinzhen , Luo Ailin , Tian Yuke , Guan Zhonghui , Wang Xueren
Published: April 2019

Objective:

To investigate the perioperative anesthetic management of patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) metastasized into the renal vein or inferior vena cava (IVC) after undergoing radical nephrectomy to provide clinical evidence for rational anesthetic interventions.

Methods:

A total of 81 patients with RCC extending into the renal vein or IVC, aged 17–73 years, undergoing radical nephrectomy were recruited. Preoperative status, intraoperative management, average operation time, average estimated blood loss, postanesthesia outcomes, and postoperative complications were retrospectively analyzed.

Results:

The mean operation time was 288 minutes (range 146–825 minutes). The mean estimated blood loss was recorded as 1905 mL (range 200–7000 mL). Among 81 cases, 9 patients (11.1%, 1 level II, 3 level III, and 5 level IV) were switched to undergo cardiopulmonary bypass. Significant hemodynamic fluctuations were observed in 39 patients who presented with level II–IV of tumor thrombus. One patient had pulmonary embolism and died of active cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 12.8 days. Twenty-five cases with level III–IV tumor thrombus were transferred to the intensive care unit with endotracheal intubation due to massive intraoperative blood loss. The remaining 55 cases were transferred to the postanesthesia care unit 2 hours before being transferred to the ward. One patient had postoperative acute coronary syndrome and was discharged after effective interventions.

Conclusion:

Anesthetic management and intensive postoperative care play a pivotal role in the success of complete resection of RCC that metastasize into the IVC.
What Is a Face? Critical Features for Face Detection
Authors: Omer Yael , Sapir Roni , Hatuka Yarin , Yovel Galit
Published: April 2019

Faces convey very rich information that is critical for intact social interaction. To extract this information efficiently, faces should be easily detected from a complex visual scene. Here, we asked which features are critical for face detection. To answer this question, we presented non-face objects that generate a strong percept of a face (i.e., Pareidolia). One group of participants rated the faceness of this set of inanimate images. A second group rated the presence of a set of 12 local and global facial features. Regression analysis revealed that only the eyes or mouth significantly contributed to faceness scores. We further showed that removing eyes or mouth, but not teeth or ears, significantly reduced faceness scores. These findings show that face detection depends on specific facial features, the eyes and the mouth. This minimal information leads to over-generalization that generates false face percepts but assures that real faces are not missed.
Current Attitudes among Transportation Professionals with Respect to the Setting of Posted Speed Limits
Authors: Fitzpatrick Kay , McCourt Randy , Das Subasish
Published: April 2019

A recent survey conducted by the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices Task Force explored current and potential approaches to the setting of posted speed limits. The survey was distributed in the spring of 2018 and gathered 740 responses. The survey found that many states and local agencies have their own laws or criteria for the setting of speed limits (many are very detailed). Professionals who perform posted speed limit studies rarely only use the 85th percentile speed. It is clear from the survey that analysts who establish speed zones utilize many factors beyond the 85th percentile in their studies, including the context, that is, where the street is and what function it serves. The use of the 85th percentile for rural roads or interstate/freeways is different from urban streets (on urban streets, the 85th percentile plays a less significant role). The industry knowledge and use of USLIMITS2 are very limited. USLIMITS2 is a web-based tool designed to help practitioners set speed limits and is maintained by the Federal Highway Administration. Setting of reasonable speed zones requires consideration of many factors that are currently not well defined in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). These factors are best defined as part of national guidance/research or local policy documents and do not need to be defined in the MUTCD as they can involve state/local interpretation.
Clinical and Radiological Predictors of Functional Outcome After Isolated Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction at Midterm Follow-up
Authors: Neri Thomas , Parker David Anthony , Putnis Sven , Klasan Antonio , Trombert-Paviot Beatrice , Farizon Frederic , Philippot Remi
Published: April 2019

Background:

Isolated medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (iMPFLR) is increasingly used for the surgical treatment of recurrent patellofemoral instability.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical and radiological predictors that can significantly influence the functional outcomes after an iMPFLR.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

A total of 107 patients (112 ligament reconstructions) who underwent iMPFLR were evaluated with a mean ± SD follow-up of 59 ± 33 months (range, 12-123 months). Functional International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Kujala scores were assessed preoperatively and every 12 months. Radiological assessment of patellar height and tilt (Laurin angle, Merchant angle, Maldague classification) and computed tomography (CT) scan measurement of patellar tilt (contracted and relaxed quadriceps) and tibial tubercle–trochlear groove distance were performed preoperatively and at 6 months. Femoral tunnel position was assessed following the criteria formulated by Schöttle. The amount of femoral tunnel widening was measured by means of 3-dimensional CT scan at 6 months. Predictors were determined from univariate and multivariate regression analyses integrating clinical and radiological criteria pre- and postoperatively. The dependent variable was defined as the difference between pre- and postoperative scores.

Results:

Between pre- and postoperative measurement at last follow-up, a significant improvement for IKDC and Kujala functional scores was observed (Kujala: 57 ± 11.3 to 87 ± 12.9, P < .001; IKDC: 47.8 ± 13.1 to 79 ± 15.8, P < .001). Demographics (age, body mass index, sex), dislocation characteristics (number of dislocations, time between first dislocation and surgery, age at first dislocation, mechanism of first dislocation, knee side), clinical data (frontal limb alignment, hyperlaxity, recurvatum, pre- and postoperative range of motion), and complications (quadriceps atrophy, complex regional pain syndrome) did not influence functional scores. The predictors of lower improvement in functional scores included small correction of the patellar tilt reported on the CT scan measurement, malpositioning of the femoral tunnel, and a widening of this tunnel near the medial cortex. Malpositioning of the femoral tunnel was correlated with tunnel widening, and patients with anterior and proximal malpositioning experienced stiffness in flexion.

Conclusion:

Overall, iMPFLR demonstrated good outcomes. Predictors influencing the functional results were identified. Less improvement in clinical outcome was reported for patients with a high preoperative patellar tilt and only a small correction in tilt and for those who had femoral tunnel malpositioning, which was correlated with tunnel widening.