bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A galactose‐specific sugar: phosphotransferase permease is prevalent in the non‐core genome of Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Zeng L. , Xue P. , Stanhope M.J. , Burne R.A.
Published: January 2013

Three genes predicted to encode the A, B and C domains of a sugar : phosphotransferase system (PTS) permease specific for galactose\(EIIGal) were identified in the genomes of 35 of 57 recently sequenced isolates of Streptococcus mutans, the primary etiological agent of human dental caries. Mutants defective in the EIIGal complex were constructed in six of the isolates and showed markedly reduced growth rates on galactose‐based medium relative to the parental strains. An EIIGal‐deficient strain constructed using the invasive serotype f strain OMZ175 (OMZ/IIGal) expressed significantly lower PTS activity when galactose was present as the substrate. Galactose was shown to be an effective inducer of catabolite repression in OMZ175, but not in the EIIGal‐deficient strain. In a mixed‐species competition assay with galactose as the sole carbohydrate source, OMZ/IIGal was less effective than the parental strain at competing with the oral commensal bacterium Streptococcus gordonii, which has a high‐affinity galactose transporter. Hence, a significant proportion of S. mutans strains encode a galactose PTS permease that could enhance the ability of these isolates to compete more effectively with commensal streptococci for galactose in salivary constituents and the diet.
Dispersion and domestication shaped the genome of bread wheat
Authors: Berkman Paul J. , Visendi Paul , Lee Hong C. , Stiller Jiri , Manoli Sahana , Lorenc Michał T. , Lai Kaitao , Batley Jacqueline , Fleury Delphine , Šimková Hana , Kubaláková Marie , Weining Song , Doležel Jaroslav , Edwards David
Published: January 2013

Despite the international significance of wheat, its large and complex genome hinders genome sequencing efforts. To assess the impact of selection on this genome, we have assembled genomic regions representing genes for chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D. We demonstrate that the dispersion of wheat to new environments has shaped the modern wheat genome. Most genes are conserved between the three homoeologous chromosomes. We found differential gene loss that supports current theories on the evolution of wheat, with greater loss observed in the A and B genomes compared with the D. Analysis of intervarietal polymorphisms identified fewer polymorphisms in the D genome, supporting the hypothesis of early gene flow between the tetraploid and hexaploid. The enrichment for genes on the D genome that confer environmental adaptation may be associated with dispersion following wheat domestication. Our results demonstrate the value of applying next‐generation sequencing technologies to assemble gene‐rich regions of complex genomes and investigate polyploid genome evolution. We anticipate the genome‐wide application of this reduced‐complexity syntenic assembly approach will accelerate crop improvement efforts not only in wheat, but also in other polyploid crops of significance.
A retrospective, dual‐isotope approach reveals individual predispositions to winter‐drought induced tree dieback in the southernmost distribution limit of Scots pine
Authors: VOLTAS JORDI , CAMARERO JESÚS JULIO , CARULLA DAVID , AGUILERA MÒNICA , ORTIZ ARACELI , FERRIO JUAN PEDRO
Published: January 2013

Winter‐drought induced forest diebacks in the low‐latitude margins of species' distribution ranges can provide new insights into the mechanisms (carbon starvation, hydraulic failure) underlying contrasting tree reactions. We analysed a winter‐drought induced dieback at the Scots pine's southern edge through a dual‐isotope approach (Δ13C and δ18O in tree‐ring cellulose). We hypothesized that a differential long‐term performance, mediated by the interaction between CO2 and climate, determined the fates of individuals during dieback. Declining trees showed a stronger coupling between climate, growth and intrinsic water‐use efficiency (WUEi) than non‐declining individuals that was noticeable for 25 years prior to dieback. The rising stomatal control of water losses with time in declining trees, indicated by negative Δ13C‐δ18O relationships, was likely associated with their native aptitude to grow more and take up more water (suggested by larger tracheid lumen widths) than non‐declining trees and, therefore, to exhibit a greater cavitation risk. Freeze‐thaw episodes occurring in winter 2001 unveiled such physiological differences by triggering dieback in those trees more vulnerable to hydraulic failure. Thus, WUEi tightly modulated growth responses to long‐term warming in declining trees, indicating that co‐occurring individuals were differentially predisposed to winter‐drought mortality. These different performances were unconnected to the depletion of stored carbohydrates.
PAS‐G supports platelet reconstitution after cryopreservation in the absence of plasma
Authors: Johnson Lacey , Reid Samantha , Tan Shereen , Vidovic Diana , Marks Denese C.
Published: January 2013

Background

Platelet (PLT) concentrates frozen in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) can be stored for extended periods at −80°C. PLTs are frozen in a hyperconcentrated state to avoid postthaw washing and minimize residual DMSO. Consequently, PLTs require reconstitution upon thawing. Although plasma, saline, and PLT additive solutions (PASs) have been used to reconstitute frozen PLTs, a comparison to define an optimal solution for PLT recovery has not been performed.

Study Design and Methods

DMSO (5% final concentration) was added to buffy coat–derived PLTs, followed by centrifugation to concentrate and freezing at −80°C. Cryopreserved PLTs (n = 12 per group) were thawed at 37°C, reconstituted in a unit of thawed frozen plasma, SSP+, or PAS‐G. In vitro PLT quality was examined before freezing, immediately after thawing, and 6 and 24 hours after thawing.

Results

After thawing and reconstitution, PLTs in plasma and PAS‐G displayed similar recovery (69 and 73%, respectively), while PLT recovery in SSP+ was lower (62%). All PLTs maintained an acceptable pH and metabolic activity during postthaw storage. Frozen PLTs were activated, although the extent differed depending on the reconstitution solution, with PLTs in PAS‐G retaining better aggregation responses than PLTs in plasma or SSP+.

Conclusion

Thawing cryopreserved PLTs in PAS‐G, without plasma supplementation, resulted in PLTs with similar recovery and in vitro quality indicators as those suspended in plasma. Importantly, using PAS‐G enables the PLTs to be ready for use significantly faster than when having to thaw frozen plasma, which may be beneficial in trauma situations.
Long‐term clinical outcomes after Streptococcus bovis isolation in asymptomatic blood donors in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee C.K. , Chan H.M.H. , Ho P.L. , Wong H.K. , Leung J.N.S. , Tsoi W.C. , Lin C.K.
Published: January 2013

Background

Risk of transfusion‐transmitted bacterial sepsis has been substantially reduced by a bacterial surveillance program (BST). However, new problems emerge as asymptomatic bacteremia is detected in blood donors. Streptococcus bovis bacteremia, which is known to associate with infective endocarditis and colonic carcinoma, is an example.

Study Design and Methods

A retrospective study was conducted to examine the demographic and clinical outcome of this group of donors. All confirmed culture‐positive cases under the BST were retrieved and those donors with S. bovis bacteremia were contacted for follow‐up. Viable culture samples were sent for detailed microbiologic analysis.

Results

From 1998 to 2012, a total of 16 donors were found to have S. bovis bacteremia, giving an estimated prevalence of 1 in 110,800 donations. They consisted of nine men and seven women with median age of 43.5 years. Eight donors had undergone colonoscopy with colonic carcinoma detected in two and benign adenoma in four. Five of the 16 isolates could be retrieved for 16S DNA sequencing. Four were identified as S. gallolyticus ssp. pasteurianus and one as S. gallolyticus ssp. gallolyticus. The two patients with colonic carcinoma had one each of subspecies pasteurianus and gallolyticus.

Conclusion

The findings highlight a close association of S. bovis and colonic carcinoma. We recommend prompt donor follow‐up if S. bovis bacteremia is detected. Besides, all confirmed S. bovis should be fully characterized by molecular technique.
Intravascular immune hemolysis caused by the contrast medium iomeprol
Authors: Mayer Beate , Leo Albrecht , Herziger Angela , Houben Philipp , Schemmer Peter , Salama Abdulgabar
Published: January 2013

Background

Immune‐mediated hemolysis is not included in the list of adverse reactions related to contrast medium (CM). Here, we report on a patient who developed immune hemolytic anemia (IHA) related to iomeprol, a nonionic CM.

Study Design and Methods

A 34‐year‐old female patient developed massive hemolysis during infusion of 50 mL of iomeprol. Serologic studies were performed using standard techniques.

Results

Before hemolysis, the patient's serum was weakly positive with e+ red blood cells (RBCs; autoanti‐e) and the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was negative. After hemolysis, the patient's serum samples became significantly reactive with e– RBCs in the presence of iomeprol but not in the presence of two other similar CM. The DAT became strongly positive only with anti‐C3d.

Conclusion

Initially, an allergic reaction was suggested, and as the hemolysis became obvious, a toxic hemolysis was suspected. However, serologic reexamination revealed an iomeprol‐dependent antibody. IHA related to CM has yet only been described in one patient in 1991. The hemolysis in that patient was related to Isopaque, an older ionic CM. Here, we describe an additional patient and recommend that CM should be considered as a rare risk in the development of IHA.
Trade and Climate Policies: Do Emissions from International Transport Matter?
Authors: Vöhringer Frank , Grether Jean‐Marie , Mathys Nicole A.
Published: January 2013

This paper provides orders of magnitude of the importance of CO2 emissions from international freight transport activities under a variety of scenarios regarding trade and climate policies. It is based on a stylised multiregion, multisector CGE model that includes the four modes of international transport (air, water, road and rail) and where choices regarding the energy mix and transport modes have been endogeneised. A separate decomposition of emission changes into the well‐known scale, composition and technique effects is provided. Scale effects turn out to be roughly double in international transport than in exports, while technique effects are weaker due to less substitutability between energy inputs. As a result, international transport represents half of the world increase in global emissions when trade liberalisation is considered in isolation. When trade liberalisation is coupled with a carbon tax limited to rich countries, the change in international transport emissions represents roughly one‐eighth of the carbon leakage effect.
Comparison of systemic atracurium, retrobulbar lidocaine, and sub‐Tenon's lidocaine injections in akinesia and mydriasis in dogs
Authors: Ahn Jaesang , Jeong Manbok , Park Youngwoo , Lee Yesran , Lee Euiri , Kim Soohyun , Lee Inhyung , Seo Kangmoon
Published: January 2013

Objective

To compare the effect of sub‐Tenon's lidocaine injections (ST) on akinesia and mydriasis to those of systemic atracurium (AT) and retrobulbar lidocaine injections in dogs.

Animal studied

Ten healthy beagle dogs without apparent ocular disease.

Procedures

Three treatments were performed on 10 beagle dogs with a minimum 7‐day washout period: intravenous injection of AT (0.2 mg/kg, AT group); retrobulbar (RB) injection of 2% lidocaine (2.0 mL, RB group) in one eye; and sub‐Tenon's injection of 2% lidocaine (2.0 mL, ST group) in the opposite eye. When the akinesia was not obtained within 10 min, an additional 1 mL of lidocaine was administered in the RB and the ST groups.

Results

Onset of akinesia in the AT (1.5 ± 0.9 min) and the ST (3.8 ± 5.8 min) groups was significantly shorter than that in the RB group (9.0 ± 6.5 min). Duration of akinesia in the ST group (116.2 ± 32.8 min) was longer compared to the AT (60.6 ± 23.6 min) and the RB (89.0 ± 52.8 min) groups, even though there was only a significant difference between the AT and the ST groups. Mydriasis was achieved in five eyes in the RB group and nine eyes in the ST group. There was no significant difference in onset (3.6 ± 3.1 and 2.9 ± 2.3 min, respectively) or duration (91.4 ± 31.9 and 102.1 ± 35.8 min, respectively) of mydriasis between the groups.

Conclusions

Sub‐Tenon's lidocaine injections provide excellent akinesia and mydriasis compared to systemic AT and retrobulbar lidocaine injections. Therefore, sub‐Tenon's anesthesia could be an alternative to the systemic administration of neuromuscular blockers and retrobulbar anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery in dogs.
A Nonlinear Finite Element Framework for Viscoelastic Beams Based on the High-Order Reddy Beam Theory
Authors: Payette G. S. , Reddy J. N.
Published: January 2013

A weak form Galerkin finite element model for the nonlinear quasi-static and fully transient analysis of initially straight viscoelastic beams is developed using the kinematic assumptions of the third-order Reddy beam theory. The formulation assumes linear viscoelastic material properties and is applicable to problems involving small strains and moderate rotations. The viscoelastic constitutive equations are efficiently discretized using the trapezoidal rule in conjunction with a two-point recurrence formula. Locking is avoided through the use of standard low-order reduced integration elements as well through the employment of a family of elements constructed using high-polynomial order Lagrange and Hermite interpolation functions.
A New Constitutive Equation to Predict Single Peak Flow Stress Curves
Authors: Shafiei E. , Ebrahimi R.
Published: January 2013

In this study a new constitutive equation, using the extrapolation of dynamic recovery (DRV) flow stress curve and kinetic equation for dynamic recrystallization (DRX), has been developed. This model is expressed in terms of characteristic points such as critical stress, critical strain, DRX steady state stress, and DRV saturation stress. Moreover, this analysis was done for the stress-strain curves under hot working condition for Ti-IF steel, but it is not dependent on the type of material and can be extended for any condition that a single peak dynamic recrystallization occurs. The results indicate that the stress-strain curves predicted by this model are in a good agreement with experimentally measured ones at all deformation conditions.
Design Curve Construction Based on Tolerance Limit Concept
Authors: Wei Zhigang , Dogan Bilal , Luo Limin , Lin Burt , Konson Dmitri
Published: January 2013

Design curves, such as fatigue design S-N curves, are usually constructed by analyzing test data, which often exhibit large scatter. There are several methods available to construct a design curve and some of these methods, with varying degrees of conservativeness, accuracy, and simplicity, have been adopted by engineering standards, codes and guidelines, such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Code. However, to meet increasing engineering demands, a simplified and user-friendly engineering method with rigorous mathematical and physical basis is still urgently needed to accurately manage the margin of safety and decrease the cost. In this paper, the current engineering practices for constructing a design curve are briefly reviewed, followed by the introduction of the tolerance limit concept because of its ability to relate the design curve well to sample size, failure probability, and confidence level. Recognizing the physical unsoundness of the hyperbolic shape of the design curves constructed with the Owen's tolerance limit approach, a new simple design curve construction method is developed based on the “equal partition principle.” Finally, the predicted results from various methods are compared and the advantage of the new method is demonstrated with several worked examples.
An Actin-Dependent Step in Mitochondrial Fission Mediated by the ER-Associated Formin INF2
Authors: Korobova Farida , Ramabhadran Vinay , Higgs Henry N.
Published: January 2013

Masterminding Mitochondrial Fission

Mitochondria are highly dynamic and undergo fusion and fission and they move in cells. Defects in mitochondrial dynamics are implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. Recent findings have suggested that mitochondrial fission occurs preferentially at endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact sites, with ER circumscribing mitochondria and possibly promoting the constriction of mitochondria during fission.

Korobova
et al.

(p.
464
) now suggest that an ER-localized formin, INF2, is required for mitochondrial fission and that INF2-mediated actin polymerization facilitates mitochondrial constriction.
Keeping an Eye on Biology
Authors: Singer Susan R. , Schwarz Jodi A. , Manduca Cathryn A. , Fox Sean P. , Iverson Ellen R. , Taylor Benjamin J. , Cannon Steven B. , May Gregory D. , Maki Sonja L. , Farmer Andrew D. , Doyle Jeffrey J.
Published: January 2013

Genomics Explorers, an IBI prize–winning module, engages students with bioinformatics and molecular research.
Response to Comment on "Radiative Absorption Enhancements Due to the Mixing State of Atmospheric Black Carbon"
Authors: Cappa Christopher D. , Onasch Timothy B. , Massoli Paola , Worsnop Douglas R. , Bates Timothy S. , Cross Eben S. , Davidovits Paul , Hakala Jani , Hayden Katherine L. , Jobson B. Tom , Kolesar Katheryn R. , Lack Daniel A. , Lerner Brian M. , Li Shao-Meng , Mellon Daniel , Nuaaman Ibraheem , Olfert Jason S. , Petäjä Tuukka , Quinn Patricia K. , Song Chen , Subramanian R. , Williams Eric J. , Zaveri Rahul A.
Published: January 2013

Jacobson argues that our statement that "many climate models may overestimate warming by BC" has not been demonstrated. Jacobson challenges our results on the basis that we have misinterpreted some model results, omitted optical focusing under high relative humidity conditions and by involatile components, and because our measurements consist of only two locations over short atmospheric time periods. We address each of these arguments, acknowledging important issues and clarifying some misconceptions, and stand by our observations. We acknowledge that Jacobson identified one detail in our experimental technique that places an additional constraint on the interpretation of our observations and reduces somewhat the potential consequences of the stated implications.
The Human THAP9 Gene Encodes an Active
P
-Element DNA Transposase
Authors: Majumdar Sharmistha , Singh Anita , Rio Donald C.
Published: January 2013

Mobilizing Transposable Elements

Transposable elements are parasitic DNA elements that can jump around the genome. They make up large portions of eukaryotic genomes (up to 50% of the human genome). In the short term, transposable elements can generate mutations and cause large-scale damage; but, in the long term, they can drive evolution.

Majumdar
et al.

(p.
446
) show that the human THAP9 gene (hTh9), which contains a THAP DNA binding domain also found in the
Drosophila P
-element transposase, is capable of mobilizing
P
-elements in
Drosophila
cells. The hTH9 gene also caused the excision of plasmid-borne
Drosophila P
-elements in human cells. Furthermore, hTh9 is able to nick
P
-element DNA and direct its transposition into the human genome.
Chaperones That SNARE Neurotransmitter Release
Authors: Hughson Frederick M.
Published: January 2013

A new model for neurotransmitter release may be relevant for membrane fusion reactions in general.

[Also see Research Article by

Ma
et al.

]
Soot Is Warming the World Even More Than Thought
Authors: Kerr Richard A.
Published: January 2013

A new study finds that soot is warming the climate about twice as fast as scientists had estimated.
Eating Was Tough For Early Tetrapods
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: January 2013

How did tetrapods swallow food after their transition from sea to land?
Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Streptococcus canis Confirms the Zoonotic Origin of Human Infections and Reveals Genetic Exchange with Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp.equisimilis
Authors: Pinho M. D. , Matos S. C. , Pomba C. , Lübke-Becker A. , Wieler L. H. , Preziuso S. , Melo-Cristino J. , Ramirez M.
Published: January 2013

Streptococcus canisis an animal pathogen that occasionally causes human infections. Isolates recovered from infections of animals (n= 78, recovered from 2000 to 2010 in three European countries, mainly from house pets) and humans (n= 7, recovered from 2006 to 2010 in Portugal) were identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods and characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), andemmtyping.S. canisisolates presented considerable variability in biochemical profiles and 16S rRNA. Resistance to antimicrobial agents was low, with the most significant beingtet(M)- andtet(O)-mediated tetracycline resistance. MLST analysis revealed a polyclonal structure of theS. canispopulation causing infections, where the same genetic lineages were found infecting house pets and humans and were disseminated in distinct geographic locations. Phylogenetic analysis indicated thatS. caniswas a divergent taxon of the sister speciesStreptococcus pyogenesandStreptococcus dysgalactiaesubsp.equisimilisand found evidence of acquisition of genetic material byS. canisfromS. dysgalactiaesubsp.equisimilis. PFGE confirmed the MLST findings, further strengthening the similarity between animal and human isolates. The presence ofemm-like genes was restricted to a few isolates and correlated with some MLST-based genetic lineages, but none of the human isolates could beemmtyped. Our data show thatS. canisisolates recovered from house pets and humans constitute a single population and demonstrate that isolates belonging to the main genetic lineages identified have the ability to infect the human host, providing strong evidence for the zoonotic nature ofS. canisinfection.
Invasive Sino-Orbital Mycosis in an Aplastic Anemia Patient Caused by Neosartorya laciniosa
Authors: Malejczyk Kathy , Sigler Lynne , Gibas Connie Fe C. , Smith Stephanie W.
Published: January 2013

We report the first case of
Neosartorya laciniosa
invasive sinusitis involving the orbit in an immunocompromised male with aplastic anemia. Treatment included surgical debridement with enucleation of the eye and combination voriconazole and micafungin therapy followed by voriconazole alone. The fungus was identified using sequencing of partial
benA
and calmodulin genes.
Rapid and Simultaneous Detection of Genes Encoding Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase (
bla
KPC
) and New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase (
bla
NDM
) in Gram-Negative Bacilli
Authors: Cunningham Scott A. , Noorie Tabassum , Meunier Daniele , Woodford Neil , Patel Robin
Published: January 2013

We present a duplex, real-time PCR assay for detection of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
carbapenemase (
bla
KPC
) and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (
bla
NDM
) genes. Accuracy was assessed with 158 Gram-negative bacillary isolates, including 134 carbapenemase producers. The assay had 100% sensitivity and specificity compared with reference methods and a turnaround time of 90 min.
The Orchestrated Functions of Innate Leukocytes and T Cell Subsets Contribute to Humoral Immunity, Virus Control, and Recovery from Secondary Poxvirus Challenge
Authors: Tahiliani Vikas , Chaudhri Geeta , Eldi Preethi , Karupiah Gunasegaran
Published: January 2013

A pivotal role for antigen-specific recall responses to secondary virus infection is well established, but the contribution of innate immune cells to this process is unknown. Recovery of mice from a primary orthopoxvirus (ectromelia virus [ECTV]) infection requires the function of natural killer (NK) cells, granulocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), T cells, and B cells. However, during a secondary challenge, resolution of infection is thought to be dependent on antibody but not T cell function. We investigated the contribution of NK cells, granulocytes, and pDC to virus control during a secondary virus challenge in mice that had been primed with an avirulent, mutant strain of ECTV. Mice depleted of NK cells, granulocytes, or pDC effectively controlled virus, as did mice depleted of both CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets. However, mice concurrently depleted of all three innate cell subsets had elevated virus load, but this was significantly exacerbated in mice also depleted of CD4 and/or CD8 T cells. Increased viral replication in mice lacking innate cells plus CD4 T cells was associated with a significant reduction in neutralizing antibody. Importantly, in addition to T-dependent neutralizing antibody responses, the function of CD8 T cells was also clearly important for virus control. The data indicate that in the absence of innate cell subsets, a critical role for both CD4 and CD8 T cells becomes apparent and, conversely, in the absence of T cell subsets, innate immune cells help contain infection.
Susceptibility of Human Iris Stromal Cells to Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Entry
Authors: Baldwin John , Park Paul J. , Zanotti Brian , Maus Erika , Volin Michael V. , Shukla Deepak , Tiwari Vaibhav
Published: January 2013

Ocular herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection can lead to multiple complications, including iritis, an inflammation of the iris. Here, we use human iris stroma cells as a novel
in vitro
model to demonstrate HSV-1 entry and the inflammatory mediators that can damage the iris. The upregulated cytokines observed in this study provide a new understanding of the intrinsic immune mechanisms that can contribute to the onset of iritis.
Cervical spine arterio venous malformation
Authors: Parla Giridhar , Ameh Victor
Published: January 2013

We present an unusual case of a young patient who presented to our emergency department with a history of sudden onset of pain on the left side of the neck and numbness to the left arm after lifting a small weight. Patient continued to work as normal for approximately 30 min after the event and then attended the emergency department as numbness in the left arm was not resolving. On examination there was no sensorymotor deficit in the lower limbs but neurological deficits were found in the upper limbs which made us suspect a diagnosis of cervical spine injury/brachial plexus. The patient then rapidly developed numbness in both upper and lower limbs and eventually became aphasic and developed a rapid, shallow respiration and was unable to maintain the airway. The patient was then intubated and ventilated. The patient was then transferred to a neurosurgical centre after the relevant investigations was found to have an arteriovenous malformation of spinal cord.
Fungal interface keratitis byCandida orthopsilosisfollowing deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty
Authors: Wessel Julia M , Bachmann Björn O , Meiller Ralph , Kruse Friedrich E
Published: January 2013

A 39-year-old male patient underwent uncomplicated deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty due to keratoconus. On day 5 after surgery, small whitish infiltrates developed in the corneal interface. The diagnosis of fungal keratitis was made when the culture medium of the graft grewCandidaafter the surgical intervention. Despite intensive antimycotic treatment and irrigation of the interface, the infiltrates persisted and eventually enlarged. Therefore, revision surgery with penetrating keratoplasty was performed. Microbiological analysis showedCandida orthopsilosisin the culture of the excised graft button. Histopathological staining of the excised graft showed periodic acid–Schiff-positive and Grocott methenamine silver-positive clusters of yeast between Descemet's membrane and the deep corneal stroma with focal perforations through Descemet's membrane. The treatment of mycotic keratitis caused byC orthopsilosisis challenging. Antimycotic treatment was unsuccessful in this case. Progression of the keratitis and perforation of Descemet's membrane suggest that early surgical intervention by penetrating keratoplasty is required.
The utility of cone beam volume CT in the evaluation of thrombosed intracranial aneurysms in subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Shah Shreyansh , Murthy Santosh B , Hannawi Yousef , Rao Chethan P Venkatasubba
Published: January 2013

Thrombosed aneurysms are difficult to visualize with digital subtraction angiography. We report a case of subarachnoid hemorrhage from a thrombosed ruptured aneurysm which was undetected on digital subtraction angiography but was visualized with cone beam volume CT. To our knowledge, this is the first report highlighting the utility of cone beam volume CT in identifying such aneurysms.
Influence of hormone replacement therapy and aerobic exercise training on oxygen uptake kinetics in postmenopausal women
Authors: Stathokostas Liza , Kowalchuk John H. , Paterson Donald H.
Published: January 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of aerobic exercise training on the adjustment of pulmonary oxygen (O2) uptake ([Formula: see text]O2p) kinetics in postmenopausal women in 2 groups: those using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (HRT group) (n = 7, aged 56 ± 4 years) and those not using HRT (nonHRT group) (n = 8, aged 60 ± 5 years). The influence of training (cycle-ergometer 3 times per week for 6 weeks) on step transitions to both moderate-intensity (80% of the gas exchange threshold) and heavy-intensity (Δ50) cycling exercise was studied. Breath-by-breath [Formula: see text]O2p data were collected using a mass spectrometer. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the HRT and nonHRT groups. Moderate-intensity exercise [Formula: see text]O2p kinetics were significantly speeded (p < 0.05) with the τ[Formula: see text]O2p decreasing from 46 ± 8 s before training to 32 ± 4 s after training. Similarly, during the heavy-intensity exercise, on-transient phase 2 τ[Formula: see text]O2p was reduced from before training (48 ± 7 s) to after training (38 ± 6 s). The use of HRT did not influence the effect of the endurance exercise training on τ[Formula: see text]O2p during moderate or heavy exercise in healthy postmenopausal women. To provide insight into the mechanism of adjustment, knee extension exercise was studied, and the [Formula: see text]O2p kinetics were significantly speeded (p < 0.05), with the τ[Formula: see text]O2p of the knee extension exercise decreasing from 62.2 ± 18.3 s before training to 48.0 ± 16.2 s after training. Thus, 6 weeks of exercise training resulted in appreciably faster cycling phase 2 [Formula: see text]O2p kinetics during moderate and heavy exercise in older women, independent of HRT use.
Fourier transform spectroscopy of the OD-bending band of CH3OD
Authors: Lees R.M. , Xu Li-Hong , Billinghurst B.E.
Published: January 2013

The infrared Fourier transform spectrum of the OD-bending fundamental band of the CH3OD isotopologue of methanol has been investigated and analyzed in the 745–945 cm−1 region. The OD-bend is of hybrid a–b type, with predominantly parallel a-type character plus a small admixture of perpendicular b-type structure. The K-structure in the central Q-branch region is unusually well resolved and shows substantial shading to higher wavenumber. Sub-bands have been assigned for the vt = 0 ground torsional state from K = 0 to 13 for both A and E torsional species, as well as a number of sub-bands in the vt = 1, 2 excited torsional states. Upper-state term values have been determined from the observations and fitted to J(J + 1) power-series expansions to explore the torsion–K-rotation energy structure of the excited OD-bending state. A simple Fourier model for the energy structure gives a wavenumber of 863.246 cm−1 for the vt = 0 origin of the OD-bending band. The K = 0 torsional (E − A) splitting of 2.456 cm−1 found for the vt = 0 OD bend is 5.6% smaller than that of the ground state, and would correspond to a 9.9 cm−1 increase in the torsional barrier height, V3, to a value of approximately 376.2 cm−1 if other parameters do not change.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) decreases sodium-phosphate cotransporter type IIa (NpT2a) mRNA stability
Authors: Murray Rebecca D. , Holthouser Kristine , Clark Barbara J. , Salyer Sarah A. , Barati Michelle T. , Khundmiri Syed J. , Lederer Eleanor D.
Published: January 2013

The acute inhibitory effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on proximal tubule Na+-K+-ATPase (Na-K) and sodium-dependent phosphate (NaPi) transport have been extensively studied, while little is known about the chronic effects of PTH. Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, a condition characterized by chronic elevations in PTH, exhibit persistent hypophosphatemia but not significant evidence of salt wasting. We postulate that chronic PTH stimulation results in differential desensitization of PTH responses. To address this hypothesis, we compared the effects of chronic PTH stimulation on Na-Picotransporter (Npt2a) expression and Na-K activity and expression in Sprague Dawley rats, transgenic mice featuring parathyroid-specific cyclin D1 overexpression (PTH-D1), and proximal tubule cell culture models. We demonstrated a progressive decrease in brush-border membrane (BBM) expression of Npt2a from rats treated with PTH for 6 h or 4 days, while Na-K expression and activity in the basolateral membranes (BLM) exhibited an initial decrease followed by recovery to control levels by 4 days. Npt2a protein expression in PTH-D1 mice was decreased relative to control animals, whereas levels of Na-K, NHERF-1, and PTH receptor remained unchanged. In PTH-D1 mice, NpT2a mRNA expression was reduced by 50% relative to control mice. In opossum kidney proximal tubule cells, PTH decreased Npt2a mRNA levels. Both actinomycin D and cycloheximide treatment prevented the PTH-mediated decrease in Npt2a mRNA, suggesting that the PTH response requires transcription and translation. These findings suggest that responses to chronic PTH exposure are selectively regulated at a posttranscriptional level. The persistence of the phosphaturic response to PTH occurs through posttranscriptional mechanisms.
Multimodal representation of limb endpoint position in the posterior parietal cortex
Authors: Shi Ying , Apker Gregory , Buneo Christopher A.
Published: January 2013

Understanding the neural representation of limb position is important for comprehending the control of limb movements and the maintenance of body schema, as well as for the development of neuroprosthetic systems designed to replace lost limb function. Multiple subcortical and cortical areas contribute to this representation, but its multimodal basis has largely been ignored. Regarding the parietal cortex, previous results suggest that visual information about arm position is not strongly represented in area 5, although these results were obtained under conditions in which animals were not using their arms to interact with objects in their environment, which could have affected the relative weighting of relevant sensory signals. Here we examined the multimodal basis of limb position in the superior parietal lobule (SPL) as monkeys reached to and actively maintained their arm position at multiple locations in a frontal plane. On half of the trials both visual and nonvisual feedback of the endpoint of the arm were available, while on the other trials visual feedback was withheld. Many neurons were tuned to arm position, while a smaller number were modulated by the presence/absence of visual feedback. Visual modulation generally took the form of a decrease in both firing rate and variability with limb vision and was associated with more accurate decoding of position at the population level under these conditions. These findings support a multimodal representation of limb endpoint position in the SPL but suggest that visual signals are relatively weakly represented in this area, and only at the population level.
Up states are rare in awake auditory cortex
Authors: Hromádka Tomáš , Zador Anthony M. , DeWeese Michael R.
Published: January 2013

The dynamics of subthreshold membrane potential provide insight into the organization of activity in neural circuits. In many brain areas, membrane potential is bistable, transiting between a relatively hyperpolarized down state and a depolarized up state. These up and down states, which have been proposed to play a number of computational roles, have mainly been studied in anesthetized and in vitro preparations. Here, we have used intracellular recordings to characterize the dynamics of membrane potential in the auditory cortex of awake rats. We find that long up states are rare in the awake auditory cortex, with only 0.4% of up states >500 ms. Most neurons displayed only brief up states (bumps) and spent on average ∼1% of recording time in up states >500 ms. We suggest that the near absence of long up states in awake auditory cortex may reflect an adaptation to the rapid processing of auditory stimuli.
Acquisition of the Metastatic Phenotype Is Accompanied by H2O2-Dependent Activation of the p130Cas Signaling Complex
Authors: Hempel Nadine , Bartling Toni R. , Mian Badar , Melendez J. Andres
Published: January 2013

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as cellular signaling molecules and are implicated in metastatic disease by their ability to drive invasion and migration. Here, we define the signaling adaptor protein p130Cas (Crk-associated substrate) as a key redox-responsive molecular trigger that is engaged in highly invasive metastatic bladder tumor cell lines. Endogenous shifts in steady-state hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that accompany the metastatic phenotype increase p130Cas phosphorylation, membrane recruitment and association with the scaffolding protein Crk, and subsequent Rac1 activation and actin reorganization. Both enzymatic and nonenzymatic scavenging of H2O2 abrogates p130Cas-dependent signaling and the migratory and invasive activity of the metastatic bladder tumor cells. Disruption of p130Cas attenuates both invasion and migration of the metastatic variant (253J-BV). 253J-BV cells displayed an increase in global thiol oxidation and a concomitant decrease in total phosphatase activity, common target proteins of active-site cysteine oxidation. The dependence of phosphatases on regulation of p130Cas was highlighted when depletion of PTPN12 enhanced p130cas phosphorylation and the migratory behavior of a noninvasive parental bladder tumor control (253J). These data show that the metastatic phenotype is accompanied by increases in steady-state H2O2 production that drive promigratory signaling and suggest that antioxidant-based therapeutics may prove useful in limiting bladder tumor invasiveness. Mol Cancer Res; 11(3); 303–12. ©2013 AACR.
A nanobody-based method for tracking factor XII activation in plasma
Authors: de Maat Steven , van Dooremalen Sanne , Groot Philip G. , Maas Coen
Published: January 2013

The physiological role of the plasma protein factor XII (FXII), as well as its involvement in human pathology, is poorly understood. While FXII is implicated in thrombotic pathology as a coagulation factor, it can contribute to inflammatory conditions without triggering coagulation. We recently generated nanobodies against the catalytic domain of activated FXII (FXIIa). Here, we describe two of these nanobodies, A10 and B7, both of which do not recognise FXII. Nanobody A10 recognises the catalytic domain of purified β-FXIIa (80 kDa), but not that of purified α-FXIIa (28 kDa), whereas nanobody B7 recognises both. This suggests minute differences in the catalytic domain between these isoforms of FXIIa. The detection of FXIIa by these nanobodies in plasma can become compromised through inactivation by serine protease inhibitors. This effect can be efficiently countered through the addition of the small-molecular protease inhibitor PPACK. Finally, we show that our nanobody-based assays in vitro distinguish various activation products of FXII that differ with the type of activator present: whereas procoagulant activators solely trigger the formation of a species that is captured by B7, proinflammatory activators first generate a species that is recognised by B7, which is later converted into a species that is recognised by A10. These findings suggest that a progressive proteolysis of FXIIa results in the generation a non-procoagulant form of FXIIa, whereas retention of intermediate forms triggers coagulation. Moreover, our findings indicate the development of nanobodies against activated enzymes offers improved opportunities to investigate their contribution to health and disease.
One Bow or Another? A Study of the Bow in Genesis 9:8-17
Authors: van Wolde Ellen
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Because Gen. 9:8-17 uses the wordqĕšĕtin relation to the deity and to the clouds, the inference has been made in biblical scholarship that the text refers to a rainbow. The plausibility of this inference is tested in this article. Attention is given to the various linguistic aspects of this word in the Hebrew Bible and to the specific textual composition of Gen. 9:8-17 as well as to the broader ancient Near Eastern framework established by comparative literary and iconographic evidence. The conclusion is reached that the wordqĕšĕtdesignates in Gen. 9:8-17 a warrior’s bow which represents both the deity’s might and power as well as his willingness to transfer his power over the earth to those living on it.
Weeping in the Psalms
Authors: Bosworth David A.
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The motif of weeping in the Psalter has not been a subject of previous study. Scientific study of weeping indicates that crying is a behavior motivated by the need for relationship and care-giving and that tears generate powerful reactions in those who witness them. In the Psalms, speakers draw on the powerful non-verbal eloquence of weeping by mentioning their tears in the contexts of their prayers in order to motivate God to help. This article describes how the motif of weeping functions in the Psalms and analyzes its distribution in the Psalter.
Integrin activation by P-Rex1 is required for selectin-mediated slow leukocyte rolling and intravascular crawling
Authors: Herter Jan M. , Rossaint Jan , Block Helena , Welch Heidi , Zarbock Alexander
Published: January 2013

Key Points

P-Rex1 is involved in E-selectin-mediated slow leukocyte rolling. P-Rex1 mediates Mac-1-dependent intravascular crawling.
Antimicrobial activity, antibiotic susceptibility and virulence factors of Lactic Acid Bacteria of aquatic origin intended for use as probiotics in aquaculture
Authors: Muñoz-Atienza Estefanía , Gómez-Sala Beatriz , Araújo Carlos , Campanero Cristina , del Campo Rosa , Hernández Pablo E , Herranz Carmen , Cintas Luis M
Published: January 2013

Background

The microorganisms intended for use as probiotics in aquaculture should exert antimicrobial activity and be regarded as safe not only for the aquatic hosts but also for their surrounding environments and humans. The objective of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial/bacteriocin activity against fish pathogens, the antibiotic susceptibility, and the prevalence of virulence factors and detrimental enzymatic activities in 99 Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) (59 enterococci and 40 non-enterococci) isolated from aquatic animals regarded as human food.

Results

These LAB displayed a broad antimicrobial/bacteriocin activity against the main Gram-positive and Gram-negative fish pathogens. However, particular safety concerns based on antibiotic resistance and virulence factors were identified in the genus Enterococcus (86%) (Enterococcus faecalis, 100%; E. faecium, 79%). Antibiotic resistance was also found in the genera Weissella (60%), Pediococcus (44%), Lactobacillus (33%), but not in leuconostocs and lactococci. Antibiotic resistance genes were found in 7.5% of the non-enterococci, including the genera Pediococcus (12.5%) and Weissella (6.7%). One strain of both Pediococcus pentosaceus and Weissella cibaria carried the erythromycin resistance gene mef(A/E), and another two P. pentosaceus strains harboured lnu(A) conferring resistance to lincosamides. Gelatinase activity was found in E. faecalis and E. faecium (71 and 11%, respectively), while a low number of E. faecalis (5%) and none E. faecium exerted hemolytic activity. None enterococci and non-enterococci showed bile deconjugation and mucin degradation abilities, or other detrimental enzymatic activities.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first description of mef(A/E) in the genera Pediococcus and Weissella, and lnu(A) in the genus Pediococcus. The in vitro subtractive screening presented in this work constitutes a valuable strategy for the large-scale preliminary selection of putatively safe LAB intended for use as probiotics in aquaculture.
Clinical features and phylogenetic analysis of Coxsackievirus A9 in Northern Taiwan in 2011
Authors: Huang Yi-Chuan , Chu Ying-Hsia , Yen Ting-Yu , Huang Wen-Chan , Huang Li-Min , Cheng Ai-Ling , Wang Hurng-Yi , Chang Luan-Yin
Published: January 2013

Background

Coxsackievirus A9 (CA9) was one of the most prevalent serotype of enteroviral infections in Taiwan in 2011. After several patient series were reported in the 1960s and 1970s, few studies have focused on the clinical manifestations of CA9 infections. Our study explores and deepens the current understanding of CA9.

Methods

We analyzed the clinical presentations of 100 culture-proven CA9-infected patients in 2011 by reviewing their medical records and depicted the CA9 phylogenetic tree.

Results

Of the 100 patients with culture-proven CA9 infections, the mean (SD) age was 4.6 (3.4) years and the male to female ratio was 1.9. For clinical manifestations, 96 patients (96%) had fever and the mean (SD) duration of fever was 5.9 (3.4) days. Sixty one patients (61%) developed a skin rash, and the predominant pattern was a generalized non-itchy maculopapular rash without vesicular changes. While most patients showed injected throat, oral ulcers were found in only 19 cases (19%), among whom, 6 were diagnosed as herpangina. Complicated cases included: aseptic meningitis (n=8), bronchopneumonia (n=6), acute cerebellitis (n=1), and polio-like syndrome (n=1). Phylogenetic analysis for current CA9 strains is closest to the CA9 isolate 27-YN-2008 from the border area of mainland China and Myanmar.

Conclusions

The most common feature of CA9 during the 2011 epidemic in Taiwan is generalized febrile exanthema rather than herpangina or hand, foot, and mouth disease. Given that prolonged fever and some complications are possible, caution should be advised in assessing patients as well as in predicting the clinical course.