bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Time Interval from the Initiation of the P‐Wave to the Start of Left Atrial Appendage Ejection Flow: Does It Reflect İnteratrial Conduction Time?
Authors: Karaca Mustafa , Kinay Ozan , Nazli Cem , Biceroglu Serdar , Vatansever Fahriye , Ergene A. Oktay
Published: May 2007

Recurrence of atrial fibrillation is more common in patients with atrial conduction delay. In the present study, we evaluated whether findings obtained from transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), a semi‐invasive method, correlate with those from an invasive method, electrophysiologic study (EPS), in measuring interatrial conduction time. Methods and Results: We compared two methods of calculating interatrial conduction time in a group of 33 patients. The origin of the P‐wave on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) was taken as the onset of atrial activation. The time interval from this point to the commencement of the left atrial appendage ejection flow (P‐LAA) was measured by TEE. Meanwhile, simultaneous recordings of the left atrial appendage were obtained with a catheter positioned in the LAA, and an invasive interatrial conduction time was measured from the origin of the surface's earliest P‐wave (I‐IACT). The mean I‐IACT (46.27 ± 13.25 ms) correlated strongly with the mean P‐LAA (49.91 ± 12.72 ms; r = 0.839, P < 0.0001). Conclusion: The interatrial conduction time can be estimated with a relatively noninvasive method using P‐LAA measurements. This technique can be applied widely in predicting AF recurrence, and appropriate therapy may be applied.
Assessing the Adequacy of Variance Function in Heteroscedastic Regression Models
Authors: Wang Lan , Zhou Xiao‐Hua
Published: May 2007

SummaryHeteroscedastic data arise in many applications. In heteroscedastic regression analysis, the variance is often modeled as a parametric function of the covariates or the regression mean. We propose a kernel‐smoothing type nonparametric test for checking the adequacy of a given parametric variance structure. The test does not need to specify a parametric distribution for the random errors. It is shown that the test statistic has an asymptotical normal distribution under the null hypothesis and is powerful against a large class of alternatives. We suggest a simple bootstrap algorithm to approximate the distribution of the test statistic in finite sample size. Numerical simulations demonstrate the satisfactory performance of the proposed test. We also illustrate the application by the analysis of a radioimmunoassay data set.
Supermarkets, wholesalers, and tomato growers in Guatemala
Authors: Hernández Ricardo , Reardon Thomas , Berdegué Julio
Published: May 2007

The article shows the asset‐related determinants and the impacts of the participation of small farmers in supermarkets versus traditional market channels in Guatemala. Compared to farmers selling only to the traditional market channels, farmers selling to supermarket channels are larger (but are in the upper tier of the “small farmer” category), have more capital, and are much more specialized in commercial horticulture in general and in tomatoes in particular. While they have higher yields, they also have higher input use, including use of chemicals. In fact, they severely overuse pesticides and fungicides. Moreover, these greater input expenditures mean that their profit rates are roughly similar to those of farmers in the traditional market channel. Supermarket‐channel farmers prefer the more demanding wholesale‐supermarket channel because it offers lower risks and lower transaction costs to market, a variety of quality grades of tomatoes, all year long. In turn, the supermarkets, who do not buy direct but rather source from a few specialized‐dedicated wholesalers, rely on this year‐round supply, lower transaction costs, and consistency of quality.
Testing errors, supplier segregation, and food safety
Authors: Starbird S. Andrew
Published: May 2007

Diagnostic tests provide valuable information to buyers about credence attributes such as food safety and GMO content. Errors in testing, however, can mislead buyers and lead to problems such as adverse selection. The ability to segregate suppliers who can deliver safe food from suppliers who cannot depends on the accuracy of the test procedure. In this article we examine the effect of test sensitivity, specificity, and sampling error on the ability to segregate safe and unsafe suppliers. We find that there is a maximum level of error below which unsafe suppliers are deterred from accepting a utility maximizing buyer's bid price. The maximum error depends on the probability that a supplier's production is unsafe and the cost of producing an unsafe lot, among other things. Understanding this relationship makes it possible to design contracts and government regulations that discourage unsafe suppliers from trading.
Increased vitreous levels of hydroimidazolone in type 2 diabetes patients are associated with retinopathy: a case‐control study
Authors: Fosmark Dag S. , Bragadóttir Ragnheid̄ur , Stene‐Johansen Ingar , Berg Jens P. , Berg Tore J. , Lund Terje , Sandvik Leiv , Hanssen Kristian F.
Published: May 2007

Purpose:  As advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and the vitreous body are both considered to be involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy and hydroimidazolone is one of the most prominent AGEs, we compared vitreous and serum hydroimidazolone in diabetes patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) to levels in non‐diabetes controls, co‐measuring vitreous albumin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

Methods:  In a cross‐sectional case‐control study design, we used immunoassays to compare vitreous and serum hydroimidazolone and VEGF levels in 23 consecutive type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with a median known diabetes duration of 12 years (range 1–38 years) with those in 32 non‐diabetes age‐matched controls undergoing vitrectomy.

Results:  Vitreous hydroimidazolone was increased in the PDR group (median 1.3 U/ml, range 0.5–3.3 U/ml) compared with controls (median 0.8 U/ml, 0.5–2.5 U/ml) (p = 0.026). Hydroimidazolone levels in serum and vitreous correlated (r = 0.49, p = 0.019). In PDR, vitreous VEGF levels were increased (median 1600 pg/ml, range 20–14 700 pg/ml) compared with controls (median 7 pg/ml, range 2–500 pg/ml) (p < 0.001). Similarly, vitreous albumin concentration was increased in PDR (median 1.6 g/l, range 0.7–3.0 g/l) compared with controls (median 0.3 g/l, range 0.08–1.9 g/l) (p < 0.001). Albumin could not explain the differences in vitreous VEGF levels in a logistic regression analysis. No correlation was found between vitreous levels of VEGF and hydroimidazolone (r = 0.12, p = 0.59).

Conclusions:  Increased vitreous hydroimidazolone is associated with diabetic retinopathy, possibly due to a blood–retinal barrier breakdown. Irrespective of origin, it may add to the ocular damage and needs further causal investigation. Increased VEGF in diabetic vitreous is probably of intraocular origin. It is not associated with vitreous hydroimidazolone.
Tumour necrosis factor‐α in conjunctivae affected by ocular cicatricial pemphigoid
Authors: Coma Miguel Cordero , Yilmaz Taygan , Foster C. Stephen
Published: May 2007

Purpose:  The presence of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in conjunctivae affected by ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) was investigated.

Methods:  Biopsy specimens from the conjunctivae of eight patients with OCP, three patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) and two normal subjects were studied for the expression of TNF‐α by immunohistochemistry. Two independent, masked investigators evaluated the specimens. All samples were similarly processed by a third investigator.

Results:  No TNF‐α was discerned in the normal conjunctival sections; small amounts of TNF‐α were observed in the atopic keratoconjunctivitis specimens. TNF‐α was present in substantial amounts in conjunctival sections of patients with OCP. The expression of TNF‐α was detected in both epithelial and stromal cells of conjunctivae from OCP patients.

Conclusions:  The presence of TNF‐α in conjunctivae affected by OCP may indicate that this cytokine plays an important role in the production and maintenance of conjuctival inflammation response and subsequent conjunctival scarring in patients with OCP. Further studies clarifying this potential role are warranted.
Impact of triamcinolone acetonide on retinal endothelial cells in a retinopathy of prematurity mouse model
Authors: Akkoyun Imren , Yilmaz Gursel , Oto Sibel , Kahraman Burcu , Haberal Nihan , Akova Yonca A.
Published: May 2007

Purpose:  To evaluate the efficacy of different concentrations of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on retinal endothelial cell proliferation in a retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) mouse model.

Methods:  A total of 24 C57BL/J6 mice were exposed to 75% oxygen from postnatal day 7 to day 12. On day 12, 10 mice (group B) were injected with 20 µg intravitreal TA (IVTA) and 14 mice (group C) were injected with 40 µg IVTA in one eye. The contralateral eyes were injected with isotonic saline (control group = group A). Four non‐exposed mice served as negative controls (group D). The mice were killed on day 17 and the eyes removed for quantitative analysis of preretinal neovascularization. Neovascularization was quantified by counting the endothelial cell nuclei on the vitreal side of the inner limiting membrane of the retina.

Results:  The endothelial cell count per histological section was lower in groups B (1.4 ± 1.7 cells; p < 0.00001) and C (0.9 ± 1.4 cells; p < 0.000001) compared with the control group (group A, 17.0 ± 4.8 cells). However, there was no significant difference in cell count between groups B and C (p = 0.430).

Conclusions:  Triamcinolone acetonide suppresses endothelial cell proliferation in an ROP mouse model in vivo. There is no difference between dosages of 20 µg and 40 µg IVTA in experimental use in the suppression rates of endothelial cell proliferation.
The third‐millennium tombs and settlement at Mowaihat in the Emirate of Ajman, U.A.E.
Authors: Phillips Carl
Published: May 2007

Evidence of a settlement located near two late third‐millennium tombs excavated at Mowaihat in the Emirate of Ajman is presented in order to complete the documentation of this site. Although the settlement evidence is only slight, especially when compared with the substantial architecture of the tombs, it is not atypical of contemporary sites in this region. A possible interpretation is, therefore, proposed in an attempt to explain the various third‐millennium tomb and settlement associations that have been reported from the Gulf coast of the United Arab Emirates.
The decline of eastern Arabia in the Sasanian period
Authors: Kennet Derek
Published: May 2007

This paper lists and reviews the archaeological evidence for the Sasanian period in eastern Arabia (third–seventh centuries AD). Much of the published evidence is shown to be either erroneous or highly doubtful, leaving very little evidence that is reliable. It is argued that the paucity of evidence in comparison to the Hellenistic/Parthian period indicates that this was a time of marked and continuing decline in the number and size of settlements, the number of tombs and the amount of coinage in circulation, all of which probably result from a population that was both declining in size and participating less in the types of production and consumption that leave discoverable traces in the archaeological record. This is in contrast to the historical evidence, which, although patchy, is stronger for the Sasanian period than it is for the Hellenistic/Parthian period. The argument for decline challenges some generally accepted historical views of eastern Arabia at this time, which see the region as undergoing a notable period of growth. In conclusion, some brief consideration is given to the possible causes of the decline.
Synovial mast cells: role in acute and chronic arthritis
Authors: Nigrovic Peter A. , Lee David M.
Published: May 2007

Summary: Mast cells reside in the normal synovium and increase strikingly in number in rheumatoid arthritis and other joint diseases. Given the broad spectrum of activity of this lineage, it has for decades been considered probable that mast cells are involved in the pathophysiology of synovitis. Recent work in murine arthritis has substantiated this suspicion, showing that mast cells can contribute importantly to the initiation of inflammatory arthritis. However, the role of the greatly expanded population of synovial mast cells in established arthritis remains unknown. Here we review the current understanding of mast cell function in acute arthritis and consider the potentially important influence of this cell on key processes within the chronically inflamed synovium, including leukocyte recruitment and activation, fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, matrix remodeling, and injury to collagen and bone. We also consider recent evidence supporting an immunomodulatory or anti‐inflammatory role for mast cells as well as pharmacologic approaches to the mast cell as a therapeutic target in inflammatory arthritis.
The role played by key transcription factors in activated mast cells
Authors: Carmi Irit , Razin Ehud
Published: May 2007

Summary:  The network of transcription factors in mast cells has not been investigated as widely as it has been in other differentiated hematopoietic cells. There are still many mechanisms of transcriptional regulation that need to be fully elucidated to understand how mast cell external stimuli lead to the appropriate physiological responses. Such information could be used to determine potential therapeutic targets for the control of mast cell activation in inflammatory diseases, allergy, and asthma. The aim of this article is to review hallmark studies in the field of transcription factor regulation in mast cells. We elaborate especially on several transcription factors studied in our laboratory in the past decade, including activator protein‐1, microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor, upstream stimulating factor‐2, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3.
Mast cells and eicosanoid mediators: a system of reciprocal paracrine and autocrine regulation
Authors: Boyce Joshua A.
Published: May 2007

Summary: When activated by specific antigen, complement, or other transmembrane stimuli, mast cells (MCs) generate three eicosanoids: prostaglandin (PG)D2, leukotriene (LT)B4, and LTC4, the parent molecule of the cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs). These diverse lipid mediators, which are generated from a single cell membrane‐associated precursor, arachidonic acid, can initiate, amplify, or dampen inflammatory responses and influence the magnitude, duration, and nature of subsequent immune responses. PGD2and cysLTs, which were originally recognized for their bronchoconstricting and vasoactive properties, also serve diverse and pivotal functions in effector cell trafficking, antigen presentation, leukocyte activation, matrix deposition, and fibrosis. LTB4is a powerful chemoattractant for neutrophils and certain lymphocyte subsets. Thus, MCs can contribute to each of these processes through eicosanoid generation. Additionally, MCs express G‐protein‐coupled receptors specific for cysLTs, LTB4, and another eicosanoid, PGE2. Each of these receptors can regulate MC functionsin vivoby autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. This review focuses on the biologic functions for MC‐associated eicosanoids, the regulation of their production, and the mechanisms by which eicosanoids may regulate MC function in host defense and disease.
The role of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in mast cell‐dependent inflammatory processes
Authors: Swindle Emily J. , Metcalfe Dean D.
Published: May 2007

Summary:  Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen oxide species (RNOS), including nitric oxide, are produced in cells by a variety of enzymatic and non‐enzymatic mechanisms. At high levels, both types of oxidants are used to kill ingested organisms within phagocytes. At low levels, RNOS may diffuse outside cells where they impact the vasculature and nervous system. Recent evidence suggests that low levels of ROS produced within cells are involved in cell signaling. Along with these physiological roles, many pathological conditions exist where detrimental high‐level ROS and RNOS are produced. Many situations in which ROS/RNOS are associated also involve mast cell activation. In innate immunity, such mast cells are involved in the immune response toward pathogens. In acquired immunity, activation of mast cells by cross‐linking of receptor‐bound immunoglobulin E causes the release of mediators involved in the allergic inflammatory response. In this review, we describe the principle pathways for ROS and RNOS generation by cells and discuss the existence of such pathways in mast cells. In addition, we examine the evidence for a functional role for ROS and RNOS in mast cell secretory responses and discuss evidence for a direct relationship between ROS, RNOS, and mast cells in mast cell‐dependent inflammatory conditions.
Mast cells in the promotion and limitation of chronic inflammation
Authors: Metz Martin , Grimbaldeston Michele A. , Nakae Susumu , Piliponsky Adrian M. , Tsai Mindy , Galli Stephen J.
Published: May 2007

Summary:  Observations of increased numbers of mast cells at sites of chronic inflammation have been reported for over a hundred years. Light and electron microscopic evidence of mast cell activation at such sites, taken together with the known functions of the diverse mediators, cytokines, and growth factors that can be secreted by appropriately activated mast cells, have suggested a wide range of possible functions for mast cells in promoting (or suppressing) many features of chronic inflammation. Similarly, these and other lines of evidence have implicated mast cells in a variety of adaptive or pathological responses that are associated with persistent inflammation at the affected sites. Definitively characterizing the importance of mast cells in chronic inflammation in humans is difficult. However, mice that genetically lack mast cells, especially those which can undergo engraftment with wildtype or genetically altered mast cells, provide a means to investigate the importance of mast cells and specific mast cell functions or products in diverse models of chronic inflammation. Such work has confirmed that mast cells can significantly influence multiple features of chronic inflammatory responses, through diverse effects that can either promote or, perhaps more surprisingly, suppress aspects of these responses.
Role of β‐chemokines in mast cell activation and type I hypersensitivity reactions in the conjunctiva: in vivo and in vitro studies
Authors: Beer Frederick , Kuo Chuan‐Hui , Morohoshi Kei , Goodliffe James , Munro Peter , Aye Cho Cho , Dawson Maria , Richardson Ricardo M. , Jones Limei H. , Ikeda Yoshifumi , Nakamura Takao , Toda Masako , Flynn Tom , Ohbayashi Masaharu , Miyazaki Dai , Ono Santa Jeremy
Published: May 2007

Summary:  Chemokines have a clearly defined role in mobilizing the recruitment of leukocytes to both healthy and inflamed tissues. This review details work from our and other laboratories, indicating that β‐chemokines may play important roles (i) in driving the terminal differentiation of mast cell precursors in mucosal tissues and (ii) in providing priming or costimulatory signals required for mast cell activation, leading to an antigen‐driven inflammatory response. These data stem from in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro studies. Data are also presented that suggest that FcɛRI:chemokine receptor cross talk may involve spatiotemporal dynamics that may control the strength and nature of the complex activating signals controlling mast cell effector function.
Inhibition of pathologic inflammation by leukocyte Ig‐like receptor B4 and related inhibitory receptors
Authors: Katz Howard R.
Published: May 2007

Summary:  Leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)‐like receptor B4 (LILRB4)(previously termed gp49B1) is a member of the Ig superfamily expressed constitutively on the surface of mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. LILRB4 inhibits IgE‐dependent activation of mast cells in vitro through its two immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) that recruit the src homology domain type‐2‐containing tyrosine phosphatase 1 into the cell membrane. Accordingly, Lilrb4−/− mice exhibit greater incidence and severity of IgE‐ and mast cell‐dependent anaphylactic inflammation compared with mice that express LILRB4. In addition, mast cell‐dependent inflammation induced by the interaction of stem cell factor (SCF) with its receptor Kit is also more severe in Lilrb4−/− mice, indicating that the counterregulatory function of LILRB4 extends beyond inflammation induced by Fc receptors, which signal through ITIMs, to responses initiated through a receptor tyrosine kinase. Indeed, pathologic inflammatory responses induced by activation of neutrophils with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or with tissue‐specific autoantibodies are greatly exacerbated in Lilrb4−/− mice. The rapid upregulation of LILRB4 expression on neutrophils in Lilrb4+/+ mice in response to LPS suggests it is an innate counterregulatory response designed to reduce pathologic inflammation. Nevertheless, LILRB4 also serves a similar purpose for inflammation induced by the humoral adaptive immune response that is manifested through effector cells bearing Fc receptors.
External cephalic version of the term breech baboon (Papio sp.) fetus
Authors: Barrier Breton F. , Joiner Laura Lee Rihl , Jimenez Joe B. , Leland M. Michelle
Published: May 2007

Background  Breech presentation in baboons may be associated with head entrapment and stillbirth during vaginal delivery. For this reason, pregnant dams at our institution typically undergo cesarean delivery for known breech presentation, leading to problems with maternal–infant bonding and increased nursery utilization.

Methods  This paper describes a simple, non‐invasive technique called external cephalic version (ECV) that effectively converts the baboon breech fetus into a cephalic presentation.

Results  ECV was successful in each of seven attempted cases, with the consistent development of contractions and vaginal bleeding leading to the delivery of a healthy liveborn infant within 72 hours.

Conclusions  ECV may offer a safe and effective alternative to cesarean section for delivery of the breech baboon fetus.
The trans‐Golgi Network Golgin, GCC185, is Required for Endosome‐to‐Golgi Transport and Maintenance of Golgi Structure
Authors: Derby Merran C. , Lieu Zi Zhao , Brown Darren , Stow Jennifer L. , Goud Bruno , Gleeson Paul A.
Published: May 2007

Four mammalian golgins are specifically targeted to the trans‐Golgi network (TGN) membranes via their C‐terminal GRIP domains. The TGN golgins, p230/golgin‐245 and golgin‐97, are recruited via the GTPase Arl1, whereas the TGN golgin GCC185 is recruited independently of Arl1. Here we show that GCC185 is localized to a region of the TGN distinct from Arl1 and plays an essential role in maintaining the organization of the Golgi apparatus. Using both small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), we show that depletion of GCC185 in HeLa cells frequently resulted in fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus. Golgi apparatus fragments were dispersed throughout the cytoplasm and contained both cis and trans markers. Trafficking of anterograde and retrograde cargo was analysed over an extended period following GCC185 depletion. Early effects of GCC185 depletion included a perturbation in the distribution of the mannose‐6‐phosphate receptor and a block in shiga toxin trafficking to the Golgi apparatus, which occurred in parallel with the fragmentation of the Golgi ribbon. Internalized shiga toxin accumulated in Rab11‐positive endosomes, indicating GCC185 is essential for transport between the recycling endosome and the TGN. In contrast, the plasma membrane–TGN recycling protein TGN38 was efficiently transported into GCC185‐depleted Golgi apparatus fragments throughout a 96‐h period, and anterograde transport of E‐cadherin was functional until a late stage of GCC185 depletion. This study demonstrated (i) a more effective long‐term depletion of GCC185 using miRNA than siRNA and (ii) a dual role for the GCC185 golgin in the regulation of endosome‐to‐TGN membrane transport and in the organization of the Golgi apparatus.
Enlargeosome Traffic: Exocytosis Triggered by Various Signals Is Followed by Endocytosis, Membrane Shedding or Both
Authors: Cocucci Emanuele , Racchetti Gabriella , Podini Paola , Meldolesi Jacopo
Published: May 2007

Enlargeosomes are cytoplasmic organelles discharged by regulated exocytosis, identified by immunofluorescence of their membrane marker, desmoyokin/Ahnak, but never revealed at the ultrastructural level. Among the numerous enlargeosome‐positive cells, the richest and most extensively characterized are those of a PC12 clone, PC12‐27, defective of classical neurosecretion. By using ultrastructural immunoperoxidase labeling of formaldehyde‐fixed, Triton‐X‐100‐permeabilized PC12‐27 cells, we have now identified the enlargeosomes as small vesicles scattered in the proximity of, but never docked to, the plasma membrane. Upon stimulation, these vesicles undergo exocytosis [rapid after the Ca2+ ionophore, ionomycin, much slower after either the phorbol ester, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), or ATP, working through a P2Y receptor], with appearance in the plasma membrane of typical desmoyokin/Ahnak (d/A)‐positive, Ω‐shaped and open profiles evolving into flat patches. Postexocytic removal of the exocytized d/A‐positive membrane occurs by two processes: generation of endocytic vesicles, predominant after ionomycin and ATP 100–500 μM; and shedding of membrane‐bound cytoplasmic bodies, predominant after PMA and 1 mM ATP, containing little or no trace of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, endo/lysosomes and also of a plasma membrane marker. Depending on the stimulation, therefore, the cell‐surface expansion by enlargeosome exocytosis is not always recycled but can induce release of specific membranes, possibly important in the pericellular environment.
The BEACH Protein LvsB Is Localized on Lysosomes and Postlysosomes and Limits Their Fusion with Early Endosomes
Authors: Kypri Elena , Schmauch Christian , Maniak Markus , Lozanne Arturo De
Published: May 2007

The Chediak–Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a genetic disorder caused by the loss of the BEACH protein Lyst. Impaired lysosomal function in CHS patients results in many physiological problems, including immunodeficiency, albinism and neurological problems. Dictyostelium LvsB is the ortholog of mammalian Lyst and is also important for lysosomal function. A knock‐in approach was used to tag LvsB with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and express it from its single chromosomal locus. GFP‐LvsB was observed on late lysosomes and postlysosomes. Loss of LvsB resulted in enlarged postlysosomes, in the abnormal localization of proton pumps on postlysosomes and their abnormal acidification. The abnormal postlysosomes in LvsB‐null cells were produced by the inappropriate fusion of early endosomal compartments with postlysosomal compartments. The intermixing of compartments resulted in a delayed transit of fluid‐phase marker through the endolysosomal system. These results support the model that LvsB and Lyst proteins act as negative regulators of fusion by limiting the heterotypic fusion of early endosomes with postlysosomal compartments.
Diabetes modulates gene expression in the gingival tissues of patients with chronic periodontitis
Authors: Duarte PM , Neto JBC , Casati MZ , Sallum EA , Nociti FH
Published: May 2007

Aim:  This study evaluated whether diabetes modulates gene expression [interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐1ra, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10; tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α; interferon (IFN)‐γ, receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG)] in sites with periodontitis.

Materials and Methods:  Gingival biopsies were harvested and divided into three groups – Control group: systemically and periodontally healthy subjects (n = 10); Periodontitis group: systemically healthy subjects diagnosed with chronic periodontitis (n = 20); Diabetes group: type 1 diabetic subjects, diagnosed with chronic periodontitis (n = 20). Total RNA was obtained and analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results:  Data analysis demonstrated that, except for OPG, mRNA levels for all factors were increased by inflammation (P < 0.001). Interleukin‐1β, IL‐1ra, IL‐6, IL‐8, IFN‐γ, and RANKL mRNA levels were higher in the diabetic group when compared with the control non‐periodontitis group (P < 0.05), whereas IL‐10 and OPG were lower (P < 0.05). No difference was observed for TNF‐α between diabetic and control groups (P > 0.05). Diabetes lowered IL‐1β, IL‐8, IL‐10, TNF‐α, RANKL, and OPG mRNA levels in sites with comparable type of periodontitis (P < 0.001). Moreover, increased RANKL:OPG and IL‐6:IL‐10 ratios were found.

Conclusion and clinical relevance:  Taken together, these data suggest that decreased levels of IL‐10 and OPG may play an important role in the periodontal breakdown in diabetic patients.
The effects of up to 240 days of tacrolimus therapy on the gingival tissues of rats – a morphological evaluation
Authors: Nassar CA , Nassar PO , Andia DC , Guimarães MR , Spolidorio LC
Published: May 2007

Background:  Tacrolimus, an immunosuppressive drug used in organ transplantation, has been reported not to induce gingival overgrowth. However, prevalence studies are limited, and the methods used for assessing gingival overgrowth varies among studies.

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of up to 240 days of tacrolimus therapy on gingival tissues of rats.

Materials and methods:  Rats were treated for 60, 120, 180 and 240 days with daily subcutaneous injections of 1 mg/kg body weight of tacrolimus. After histological processing, the oral and connective tissue, volume densities of fibroblasts (Vf), collagen fibers (Vcf) and other structures (Vo) were assessed in the region of the lower first molar.

Results:  After 60 and 120 days of treatment with tacrolimus, gingival overgrowth was not observed. The gingival epithelium, connective tissue, as well as the values for Vf, Vcf, and Vo were similar to those of the control rats (P > 0.05). After 180 and 240 days of the treatment, gingival overgrowth was associated with a significant increase in the gingival epithelium and connective tissue as well as an increase in the Vf and Vcf (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  Within the limits of the experimental study, it may be concluded that the deleterious side effects of tacrolimus on the gingival tissues of rats may be time‐related.
Estimation of nutritive value and dry matter intake of forage
Authors: ABE Akira
Published: May 2007

Since the 1900s, proximate analysis has been the mainstream method of feed analysis. In addition to this method, the detergent method, which was developed in the 1960s, has become a popular methodology for feed composition and nutritive value evaluation. One fundamental characteristic of this method is that fractionated carbohydrates are classified as either the fiber of feed in terms of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or non‐fiber carbohydrates (NFC), which include sugar and starch. Meanwhile, in Japan another method, the enzymatic method, has been developed. The characteristic of this method is that fractionated carbohydrates are classified as either the fiber contained in feed in terms of organic cell wall (OCW) or nitrogen‐cell wall free extracts (NCWFE, non‐structural carbohydrates). One important fraction of feed nutrition is digestible carbohydrates, which are the sum of digestible non‐structural carbohydrates and the digestible fiber. The content of digestible non‐structural carbohydrates is obtained based on the nutritional uniformity of NFC and NCWFE in the detergent and enzymatic method, individually. The digestible fiber is obtained in the detergent method from the potential digestibility of NDF and lignifications, and obtained in the enzymatic method from the highly digestible organic a fraction and the poorly digestible organic b (Ob) fraction. The amount of digestible carbohydrates obtained by these two methods of analysis is sometimes significantly different. The Ob fraction obtained by the enzymatic method shows a significant negative correlation, and a 1% increase in the Ob content of hay dry matter suppresses the dry matter intake of dairy cattle by 0.17 kg.
The novel polymorphism of the beta 3‐adrenergic receptor gene and its distribution in domestic pigs and wild boars in Asia
Authors: TANAKA Kazuaki , IWAKI Yoshiatsu , TAKIZAWA Tatsuya , MURAKAMI Masaru , MANNEN Hideyuki , MAEDA Yoshizane , KUROSAWA Yaetsu , DANG Vu‐Binh , CHHUM PHITH Loan , BOUAHOM Bounthong , YAMAMOTO Yoshio , DAING Than , NAMIKAWA Takao
Published: May 2007

The beta 3‐adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) is a G protein‐coupled receptor that is involved in regulating energy homeostasis. We have studied DNA sequences of porcine ADRB3 to find candidate genetic polymorphisms for economically important growth and performance traits in pigs. Five novel haplotypes derived from the three In/dels and 44 SNPs were identified among domestic pigs and wild boars. Three of them encode non‐synonymous amino acid sequences by five missense polymorphisms and a frameshift by a thymine insertion. The amino acid polymorphic sites were distributed as follows: one substitution was in extracellular loop 1, three substitutions were in intracellular loop3 and one substitution and the deletion of two amino acids were at the carboxyl‐terminal. There was no polymorphism in the transmembrane domains. In addition, we surveyed the allelic frequency of the thymine insertion that cause frameshift in South‐east Asian local pigs, including some commercial breeds and wild boars. This thymine insertion was distributed widely in the domestic pigs and wild boars. The frequencies of this allele were relatively low in Western improved breeds, while they were very common in Asian breeds and wild boars in Asia. This result indicates that this insertion originally occurred in ancient Asian wild boars and then circulated among Asian domestic pigs. This allele also spread over Western breeds, probably through the introgression of Asian pigs into European stocks during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Effect of presence of rumen protozoa on degradation of cell wall constituents in gastrointestinal tract of cattle
Authors: KASUYA Natsuki , WADA Itsuko , SHIMADA Mimune , KAWAI Hiroshi , ITABASHI Hisao
Published: May 2007

The cell wall constituents of feces from three faunated and three defaunated (without ruminal ciliate protozoa) cattle fed on a Sudangrass hay and concentrate mixture (8:5) were analyzed. There was little difference in digestibility of dry matter between the faunated and defaunated cattle. Analysis of the fecal sugar residues revealed that the digestibilities of arabinose and galactose, derived from pectic and hemicellulosic substances located within the compound middle lamella, were higher in the defaunated cattle than the faunated cattle (P < 0.05), whereas the digestibilities of glucose and xylose, derived mainly from cellulose and xylan, were unchanged by the removal of protozoa. The digestibility of lignin was not different between the faunated and defaunated cattle, but those of mannose and p‐coumaric acid were lower in the defaunated than in the faunated animals (P < 0.05). The ratio of primary cell wall to secondary cell wall in fecal plant materials was lower for the defaunated than for the faunated cattle. The results in this study suggested that the defaunation enhanced the microbial degradation of the thin cell walls, but depressed the degradation of developed cell walls.
Effects of different weaning programs on growth of Saanen kids
Authors: UGUR Feyzi , ATASOGLU Cengiz , TOLU Cemil , DIKEN Figen , PALA Akin
Published: May 2007

The aim of the study reported here was to compare the performances of kids reared according to three different weaning programs. In the first program (T1), the dams were not milked in the evening and the kids accompanied their dams from 17.00 hours until the next morning. In the second program (T2), the dams of the kids were milked at 17.00 hours and then the kids accompanied their dams until the next morning, being separated from their dams at 08.00 hours. In the third program (T3), the kids were subjected to the T1 program for the first 4 weeks of the study, and to the T2 program for the last 4 weeks of the study. The kids in all the groups were weaned at 8 weeks of age. The weaning programs had significant effects on average daily weight gains (ADG) of the kids during weeks 1–4 and weeks 1–8 of the study (P < 0.05). In the weeks 1–8 period, the kids on the T1 program had a higher ADG than those on the T2 program (P < 0.05). However, the kids on T1, T2 and T3 programs had similar ADG post‐weaning. The dry matter intake of the starter feed of the kids of the T3 program was higher than that of the kids of the T1 and T2 programs. The results of the present study indicated that the three weaning programs did not result in any significant effect on the growth of Saanen kids. Hence, the T3 program can be used if the starter feed intake is desirable.
Behavior, physiology, performance and physical condition of layers in conventional and large furnished cages in a hot environment
Authors: SHIMMURA Tsuyoshi , HIRAHARA Satoshi , EGUCHI Yusuke , UETAKE Katsuji , TANAKA Toshio
Published: May 2007

The aim of the present study was to compare old layers' level of welfare and performance between conventional and large furnished cages under hot environmental conditions. At the age of 80 weeks, 104 Boris Brown layers were divided into two groups: 12 conventional cages (two hens/cage) and four large furnished cages (20 hens/cage, 240 cm wide × 62 cm deep). The room temperature was set to fluctuate between 25 and 33°C in a day. The hens' behavior, immune response, performance and physical condition were measured. Aggression and moving were more frequent in furnished than in conventional cages (P < 0.05 for both items). Egg production (P < 0.05), egg mass (P < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.01) were better in conventional cages than in furnished cages. No significant differences were found in the birds' immune responses or physical condition between the cage designs. In conclusion, under a hot environment, the performance of old layers in large furnished cages was lower compared with that in small conventional cages, which might be due to their greater aggressive interactions. However, it was not evident that welfare level was lower in large furnished cages compared with conventional cages. Hereafter, additional studies about large furnished cages using young layers over a long term should be performed.
Isolation and characterization of sulfur oxidizing bacteria from cattle manure compost
Authors: ASANO Ryoki , SASAKI Takako , NAKAI Yutaka
Published: May 2007

Hydrogen sulfide causes offensive odors. We attempted to isolate sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) from cattle manure compost. A most probable number assay could not detect SOB by using a Cha medium which had been applied in order to isolate the SOB from active sewage. Cultivation using a Cha plate medium revealed 5.75 × 107 colony forming unit/g of bacteria. A single strain of SOB was isolated from a colony formed on the plates and identified as Halothiobacillus neapolitanus. This is the first report that H. neapolitanus has been found in cattle manure compost.
Biomechanical properties of native basement membranes
Authors: Candiello Joseph , Balasubramani Manimalha , Schreiber Emmanuel M. , Cole Gregory J. , Mayer Ulrike , Halfter Willi , Lin Hai
Published: May 2007

Basement membranes are sheets of extracellular matrix that separate epithelia from connective tissues and outline muscle fibers and the endothelial lining of blood vessels. A major function of basement membranes is to establish and maintain stable tissue borders, exemplified by frequent vascular breaks and a disrupted pial and retinal surface in mice with mutations or deletions of basement membrane proteins. To directly measure the biomechanical properties of basement membranes, chick and mouse inner limiting membranes were examined by atomic force microscopy. The inner limiting membrane is located at the retinal‐vitreal junction and its weakening due to basement membrane protein mutations leads to inner limiting membrane rupture and the invasion of retinal cells into the vitreous. Transmission electron microscopy and western blotting has shown that the inner limiting membrane has an ultrastructure and a protein composition typical for most other basement membranes and, thus, provides a suitable model for determining their biophysical properties. Atomic force microscopy measurements of native chick basement membranes revealed an increase in thickness from 137 nm at embryonic day 4 to 402 nm at embryonic day 9, several times thicker that previously determined by transmission electron microscopy. The change in basement membrane thickness was accompanied by a large increase in apparent Young's modulus from 0.95 MPa to 3.30 MPa. The apparent Young's modulus of the neonatal and adult mouse retinal basement membranes was in a similar range, with 3.81 MPa versus 4.07 MPa, respectively. These results revealed that native basement membranes are much thicker than previously determined. Their high mechanical strength explains why basement membranes are essential in stabilizing blood vessels, muscle fibers and the pial border of the central nervous system.
The Efficacy and Safety of Vardenafil in East Asian Men with Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Chen Kuang-Kuo , Paick Jae-Seung , Ishii Nobuhisa ,   on behalf of the Vardenafil Study Group
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Previous clinical studies assessing the efficacy and safety of vardenafil, an oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, in men with erectile dysfunction (ED) have consisted mostly of Caucasian patients.

Aim

The aim of this article is to describe the efficacy and safety of vardenafil in men of East Asian ethnicity with ED.

Methods

Data were pooled from two 12-week, double-blind studies that included 306 East Asian men randomized to placebo or 10 mg of vardenafil.

Main Outcome Measures

Efficacy variables included the International Index of Erectile Function-erectile function (IIEF-EF) domain score, questionnaires of Sexual Encounter Profile (SEP2 and SEP3), and a Global Assessment Question (GAQ). Safety assessments included laboratory tests, vital signs, 12-lead electrocardiogram recordings, and patients' reporting of adverse events.

Results

A total of 306 East Asian men with ED were treated with placebo (N=151) or vardenafil (N=155). Mean baseline IIEF-EF domain scores (placebo, 13.4; vardenafil, 14.2) were consistent with moderate ED. At end point, the patients treated with vardenafil had a significantly greater increase in IIEF-EF domain score compared with placebo (24.2 vs. 15.9; P <0.0001). The average per patient penetration (SEP2) success rate was significantly higher in the vardenafil group compared with placebo (88% vs. 58%; P <0.0001). Moreover, the average per patient intercourse completion (SEP3) success rate was significantly higher in the vardenafil group compared with placebo (69% vs. 23%; P <0.0001). Positive GAQ responses were reported by 85% of patients receiving vardenafil, compared with 33% of those receiving placebo. The most frequent adverse events were vasodilatation (primarily facial flushing), rhinitis, and headache, all of which were of mild intensity.

Conclusion

Vardenafil is an effective, well-tolerated oral drug for the treatment of East Asian men with moderate ED of broad-spectrum etiology.
Controversies in Sexual Medicine: Penile Rehabilitation Should Become the Norm for Radical Prostatectomy Patients
Authors: Mulhall John P. , Morgentaler Abraham
Published: May 2007

Introduction

The Journal of Sexual Medicine (JSM) held a debate at the annual fall meeting of the Sexual Medicine Society of North America (SMSNA). The motion was “Penile Rehabilitation Should Become the Norm for Radical Prostatectomy Patients.” At the suggestion of several SMSNA members, it was requested that this debate might be of interest to JSM readers in the form of a published controversy.

Methods

Two debate speakers with expertise and/or strong opinions in the area of penile rehabilitation submitted their literature-review, evidence-based opinions on the topic.

Main Outcome Measure

Literature review of laboratory basic science and clinical research studies on penile rehabilitation.

Results

Penile rehabilitation involves prophylactic procedures designed to improve oxygen delivery to penile erectile tissues, aimed at preserving erectile tissue health and minimizing erectile tissue damage that otherwise occurs during the period of neural recovery to the autonomic cavernosal nerve following radical prostatectomy. There are several studies in the sexual medicine literature on penile rehabilitation after radical prostatectomy, and the positive results appear to support this concept, the rationale, and mechanism. The use of prophylactic penile rehabilitation programs has not been fully elucidated, nor have the results been replicated in large multicenter placebo-controlled trials.

Conclusion

Penile rehabilitation may be performed along with counseling with the couple, vacuum erection therapy, and vacuum erection device therapy if it is the patient and partner's preference, provided that it is undertaken in a safe and effective manner and is monitored closely.
Immunohistochemical Description of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Isoenzymes in the Human Labia Minora
Authors: Ückert Stefan , Oelke Matthias , Albrecht Knut , Stief Christian , Jonas Udo , Hedlund Petter
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Up until now, only minimal research has been carried out on those female genital organs known to contribute to the normal cycle of sexual arousal and orgasm. Some findings indicated that there might be a significance of cyclic nucleotide-mediated pathways in the control of the normal function of female genital tissues.

Aim

To elucidate, by means of immunohistochemistry, the distribution of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes 1, 3, 4, 5, 10, and 11 in the human labia minora.

Main Outcome Measures

The amount of immunohistochemical staining specific for cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)- and/or cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-degrading PDE isoenzymes was detected.

Methods

Human labial tissue was obtained from four female cadavers (age at death: 18–42 years). Vibratome sections prepared from formaldehyde-fixated tissue specimens were incubated with primary antibodies directed against the respective PDE isoenzymes. Sections were then incubated with fluorochrome (fluorescein isothiocyanate, Texas Red)-labeled secondary antibodies. Visualization was commenced by means of a laser fluorescence microscope.

Results

Immunostaining indicating the expression of PDE4 and PDE5 was abundantly observed in the smooth musculature of vessels interspersing the tissue. Immunoreactions specific for PDE3 were recognized in epithelial and subepithelial layers, sebaceous glands, and interstitial or neuroendocrine-like single cells located in the epithelium. Signals related to PDE10 and PDE11 were limited to the epithelium or glandular-like structures, respectively.

Conclusion

Our results, for the first time, demonstrate the presence of cAMP- and cGMP-PDE isoenzymes in the human labia minora and give a hint to a significance of PDE4 and PDE5 in the control of labial vascular tissue function.