bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Greek Rationalization of Nature
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

Unfortunately, except for occasional hints, the Greek classics, such as Euclid’s Elements, Apollonius’ Conic Sections, and the geometrical works of Archimedes, give no indication of why these authors investigated their subjects. They give only the formal, polished deductive mathematics. In this respect, the Greek texts are no different from modern mathematics textbooks and treatises. Such books seek only to organize and present the mathematical results that have been attained and so omit the motivations for the mathematics, the clues and suggestions for the theorems, and the uses to which the mathematical knowledge is put.
The Mathematics of the Hindus and Arabs
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

The successors of the Greeks in the history of mathematics were the Hindus of India. Though Hindu mathematics became significant only after it was influenced by Greek achievements, there were earlier, indigenous developments that are worth noting.
Arithmetic and Algebra in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

The first major new European mathematical developments took place in arithmetic and algebra. The Hindu and Arabic work had put practical arithmetical calculations in the forefront of mathematics and had placed algebra on an arithmetic instead of a geometric basis. This work also attracted attention to the problem of solving equations.
Coordinate Geometry
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

Fermat and Descartes, the two men primarily responsible for the next major creation in mathematics, were, like Desargues and his followers, concerned with general methods for studying curves. But Fermat and Descartes were very much involved in scientific work, keenly aware of the need for quantitative methods, and impressed with the power of algebra to supply that method. And so Fermat and Descartes turned to the application of algebra to the study of geometry. The subject they created is called coordinate, or analytic, geometry; its central idea is the association of algebraic equations with curves and surfaces. This creation ranks as one of the richest and most fruitful veins of thought ever struck in mathematics.
The Creation of the Calculus
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

Following hard on the adoption of the function concept came the calculus, which, next to Euclidean geometry, is the greatest creation in all of mathematics. Though it was to some extent the answer to problems already tackled by the Greeks, the calculus was created primarily to treat the major scientific problems of the seventeenth century.
Algebra in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

Though algebra and analysis were hardly distinguished from each other in the eighteenth century because the significance of the limit concept was still obscure, it is desirable from our modern point of view to separate the two fields of activity. In the seventeenth century, algebra was a major center of interest; in the eighteenth century it became subordinate to analysis, and except in the theory of numbers the motivation for work in it came largely from analysis.
Non-Euclidean Geometry
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

Amidst all the complex technical creations of the nineteenth century the most profound one, non-Euclidean geometry, was technically the simplest. This creation gave rise to important new branches of mathematics but its most significant implication is that it obliged mathematicians to revise radically their understanding of the nature of mathematics and its relation to the physical world. It also gave rise to problems in the foundations of mathematics with which the twentieth century is still struggling. As we shall see, non-Euclidean geometry was the culmination of a long series of efforts in the area of Euclidean geometry. The fruition of this work came in the early nineteenth century during the same decades in which projective geometry was being revived and extended. However, the two domains were not related to each other at this time.
Terms
Authors: Huang Chichung
Published: November 2023

“The road one walks on, composed of ‘zhi’ (to walk) and ‘shou’ (head), signifying ‘that by which one walks all the way to one’s destination’”; hence, a road or a way. From this root meaning is derived the connotation “a theory, doctrine, or body of principles upheld and followed by a group of believers.” The English word “way” fits both the literal and the metaphorical meaning of the Chinese character nicely.
Shared Territory
Authors: Himley Margaret
Published: November 2023

Shared Territory brings together Patricia Carini’s concept of the developing child as a ‘maker of works’ and Bakhtin’s theory of language as dialogism in order to re-examine our assumptions about how to define written language development and how to understand it. Centring on Carini's claim that projects and artefacts of all kinds, from crayon drawings by children to letters and diaries by adults, are the objectified workings of the human mind enabled by and through cultural practices of signification, Himley argues that children’s texts are a ‘shared territory’, in which writer, reader, and language itself all dwell and participate in the making of meaning.
Introduction: Studying Cognition in Context
Authors: Flower Linda
Published: November 2023

This study began as a classroom experiment that surprised both_me and my students. Concerned with the task of reading-to-write, we wanted to understand the complex interaction that occurs when students are reading to create texts of their own. As the study took shape through a series of collaborative explorations with students and colleagues, we became impressed with the complexity of this familiar academic task. It surprised students by showing them how they had represented this reading-to-write task to themselves, showing, for instance, how each had negotiated the socially weighted decision to take or relinquish authority over their sources.
Negotiating Academic Discourse
Authors: Flower Linda
Published: November 2023

In many ways this study is the story of students’ success. It is a study of writers in the act of entering a university-level academic discourse, who come with an impressive range of abilities that are fundamental to academic writing: the ability to summarize, to get the gist, to see key points and connections, and not least, to execute moves that make an essay seem coherent and on topic. The interviews and protocols show students who are also working and struggling with this assignment, wanting to appear smart, trying to say something “interesting,” wanting this paper to show what they can do.
The Mind of the Talmud
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

This book traces the development of the literary forms and conventions of the Babylonian Talmud, or Bavli. The Bavli, which evolved between the third and sixth centuries in Sasanian Iran (Babylonia), is one of the most comprehensive of all documents produced by rabbinic Jews in late antiquity. It became the authoritative legal force for medieval Judaism and for some its opinions remain definitive today.
On Writing an Intellectual History of the Bavli
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

As I suggested in the introduction, what follows is intended to be an intellectual (or ideological) history of a literary document-the Bavli. The premise that justifies combining “literary” with “ideological” is simply this: given the fact that a variety of forms are always theoretically available to an author-though practical constraints might limit the choices that are genuinely available-the selection of a particular form to express one’s ideas must be understood to be a value judgment (even if the pragmatic choice is made), an expression of ideology.
A History of Amoraic Literary Expression
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

A literary history of amoraic traditions must begin with a delineation of the criteria by which that corpus can be described. What features are salient in such a history? Because the text that immediately precedes the amoraim, both chronologically and logically, is the Mishnah (and perhaps its related texts, such as the Tosefta), the question that most obviously stands before us is the extent to which amoraic traditions resemble that document.
Introduction: Reading Life
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

The period of Romantic medicine has existed as a hiatus in the history of science. Unified in its intellectual concerns yet conceptually distinct, and spanning the three decades of a recognized era, Romantic medicine has been ignored at once by historians of medicine whose studies end around 1794 with the triumph of French mechanism and semiotics in the newly established clinics of the late eighteenth century and by the chroniclers of modern medicine who begin their studies with the invention of the high-resolution doublet lens microscope in 1829 that permitted Robert Brown’s discovery of cell nuclei, Theodor Schwann’s cell theory, and Rudolf Virchow’s description of cellular pathology.
The Ambiguity of Snakes
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

The pharmacopoeia of Keats’s poetry is compounded everywhere by the fluid presence and subtle, essential ambiguity of snakes. Beddoes’s protagonist in “Death’s Jest-Book” likens the action of thoughts born of spoken words in transforming a countenance to the imperceptible dissolution of “sugar melting in a glass of poison”;’ and Shelley’s Jupiter in Prometheus Unbound recalls both Hamlet’s yearning for self-slaughter and Sabellus’s liquid fate upon being bitten by a seeps when he feels dissolved “Like him whom the Numidian seeps did thaw I Into a dew with poison.” A reciprocity prevails between all poisons: “Night-shade with the woodbine kissing; Serpents in red roses hissing; / Cleopatra, regal driest, I With the aspics at her breast”-these lines from “Welcome joy, and welcome sorrow” (14-17) carry both the natural philosopher’s awareness that a transforming power is the attribute shared by all toxicities, as well as the familiar Keatsian paradox of joy and sorrow symbolized by the pharmakon itself. Poisons, whether vegetable or animal, melt, dissolve, and transform primary essences; nowhere is this characteristic mark of toxicity better exemplified than in the seemingly mysterious way in which the simple bite of a venomous creature (bee or snake) transforms completely the physiological composition of a complex and larger body.
Feverous Love
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

Isolde, the prudent Queen, was brewing in a vial a love-drink so subtly devised and prepared, and endowed with such powers, that with whomever any man drank it he had to love her above all things, whether he wished it or no, and she love him alone. They would share one death and one life, one sorrow and one joy. We all desire our amorous fancies and wish to keep company with Love. No, Love is not such as we make her for one another in the spurious way we do! We do not look facts in the face: we sow seeds of deadly nightshade and wish it to bear lilies and roses! Believe me, this is impossible.
Apollo’s Power of Life: Sympathetic Genius
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

Apollo, the “fore-seeing God” of poetry and medicine in legend, who is to replace the Titans’ peremptory force in Hyperion with the “untremendous might” of “a youngling arm,” asks a very different question to Saturn’s query of force. He asks not the aggressive “Who had power?” but “Where is power” Whose hand, whose essence, what divinity Makes this alarum in the elements, While I here idle listen on the shores In fearless yet in aching ignorance (Hyp., Ill, I 03-7) The passive and receptive young god does not assume power or perfection as Saturn did; he does not seek predatory might or the conquest of other life: it is not his pestilential or appropriating energy that precipitates the “alarum in the elements” leading to the downfall of Hyperion’s mammoth breed, nor does his physician’s hand inflict the “dull pain” that the Titans feel as they fall.
Television in the Soviet Media System
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: November 2023

In 1940 there were only 400 television sets in the Soviet Union. By 1950 there were 10,000; a decade later, some 4.8 million. Then in the five years between 1965 and 1970 the availability of television sets more than doubled. With a crash program, the production of television sets had jumped in the 1970s, and by 1976 Soviet industry was producing seven million sets annually. The economic plan projects the production of television sets at between 10 and 11 million in 1990 and between 12.5 and13 million in the year 2000. In 1960 only 5 percent of the Soviet population could watch television,<sup but by 1986 fully 93 percent of the population were viewers, and they were living in areas comprising more than 86 percent of the territory of the U.S.S.R.
Looking Outward: International News and the Changing Soviet Television Scene
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: November 2023

Leading character in the Soviet hit movie Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears is a trendy young man, and true to the thesis of the film, which catalogues current social trends in the Soviet Union, he works in television. Toward the end of the movie he tells an enthralled young woman that in the future there will be only television-no books, no plays. Hardly less grandiose, and much more serious, were the remarks of a deputy director of Soviet television and radio who ascribed to the influence of television some remarkable effects. He said that television was responsible for lowering the rate of migration away from remote settlements, particularly from the eastern regions of the country, where labor is badly needed for economic development.
Dimensions of News and Their Setting
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: November 2023

Sometimes bears a heavy load. This “freight” is the weight of opinion, the biases and views, of the broadcaster. It is the temperature of emotion. The history of American newsgathering is well known-as it moved through “yellow journalism” to value objective, impersonal reporting, whose sway was to be challenged in the sixties by the new reporting that put emotion and an often ideologized context back in the picture. The dominant mode is still the appearance of objectivity. I say appearance, because every news program must be selective in what it chooses from the millions of events that happen out there” in the world.
Prime Time as Political Territory
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn C
Published: November 2023

In the months prior to its broadcast, The Day After sparked unprecedented public debate and political controversy. Scheduled to air one month before NATO’s deployment of its first intermediate-range missiles in Europe, the film became a rallying point for nuclear freeze advocates. To promote their cause, the activists orchestrated a national campaign around The Day After, involving more than 1000 grassroots organizations. Spending over $300,000, they distributed hundreds of bootlegged videotapes of the movie; created provocative TV spots; set up an 800-number hotline; and ran ads in newspapers and magazines across the country.
Battle over Beulah Land
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn C
Published: November 2023

But this was not a social gathering. It was the first meeting of the Media Forum, a newly formed black activist group. Funded by the Brotherhood Crusade, the Media Forum was organized to bring public attention to the status of blacks in the entertainment industry. Focused on such issues as employment, media ownership, and elimination of stereotypes, the group’s primary strategy was to hold a series of public meetings with leaders from government and industry. This was the first such meeting, and Charles Ferris, chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, had been invited to be the featured speaker.
Reconstructing the Past, Imagining the Future: Defining the Domain of Relevance in Lawyer-Client Interaction
Authors: Sarat Austin , Felstiner William L F
Published: November 2023

The negotiation of meaning and exercise of power between lawyers and clients occur within a framework of legal rules. While rules do not determine the nature of the meanings negotiated or the structure of the power exercised, they do provide a framework in which both take place. The rules define the realm of the legally relevant, and thus set an initial agenda for lawyer-client interaction (Gilkerson, 1992). The rules also provide a set of conventions that help to establish the nature of the legally persuasive story (Bennet and Feldman, 1981). As Gilkerson puts it (1992: 871–72), such stories

assign characteristics and roles to people, constructing the positions from which they speak. [They] have the power to close off dialogue by locating certain substantive inquiries outside of the law. By restricting ways of framing questions and arguments, . . . the law thus constrains and limits possible stories a lawyer can tell. . . . [T]he law and its institutions establish form and substance requirements for stories that claim rights or express needs. Elements include a specified vocabulary for invoking claims, a paradigm of argumentation, formulae for proof, and narrative conventions for restricting individual and collective stories.
The Reorganization of Princeton and the Birth of Westminster
Authors: Longfield Bradley J
Published: November 2023

The appointment of a special committee to study the “conditions affecting the welfare of Princeton Seminary’’ and the concurrent suspension of a decision on Machcn’s appointment to the chair of apologetics and Christian ethics was but the culmination of the tensions growing at the seminary ince 1920. Differences within the faculty, manifested in disagreements over the 1920 Plan of Union, the van Dykl’. incident, the League of Evangelical Students, and the controvcn y in the church at large, threatened to undo the institution. Despite efforts to reconcile the parties. internal strife had, by 1926, reached such a pitch that many of the trustee!:. and directors of Princeton had requested the 1926 as assembly appoint a committee to address the situation.”
The Marketplace of Ideas Concept
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

As long as the sport of British government was played by the rules of patronage, personality, and power, freedom of the press had an unsteady foundation. Printers practiced evasion, politicians changed principles, and journalists appeared opportunistic. Still, the cause of free expression had a vitality which ran deeper than the “court” and “country” distinction or the expedients of political controversy. The notion of democracy may have had little relevance in a system that rewarded greed, partisan loyalty, and electoral manipulations, but liberty had a talismanic quality which pervaded the political culture. The English civil war began ostensibly as an attempt to recover ancient freedoms, and the cry of the mobs in the 1760s was “Wilkes and Liberty.”
And fades into the light of common day.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

Then Dora cried, for she found herself bound hand and foot, and wondered how it could possibly be. She felt herself utterly incapable of the effort that Maria recommended. She would not believe in the possibility of any amelioration. In vain Maria reminded her that he might be a rough jewel, and possibly would turn out to be both kindly and conscientious, and she must not make matters worse by rebellion and provocation. The repetition of this counsel at last frightened Dora. “They know better than I do what it will be,” she said to herself.
“Their words are sweet as honey, but the poison of Asps is Under Their Lips”
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

Miss BELL was agreeably disappointed with the behaviour of her strange pupil. Full of interest and eagerness, she worked hard, as young people labour at what they like. The idle hours that generally hinder the progress of day scholars .gave her opportunity to get on the faster; she acquired a large new vocabulary from books and teaching, as she paid attention and remembered what she heard. Miss Bell told her a good deal, all which she made her own, and turned to use as occasion offered. In a few weeks’ time all the girls spoke civilly to her, and many courted her acquaintance. Foremost among them was Sophy Eldon, as untidy, as loud, and as idle as ever, but coaxing, affectionate, and false. She got a good deal of help from Sarah, and some outspoken scoldings besides. At these she sulked, and would leave her in peace for a day or two, and then come back again, and get confidential, then regret it, and quarrel again.
The tumult of the people.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

To most people of these younger days, it will seem as if the description of misery and famine here given was exaggerated and sensational, but the older generation will recollect well enough how often such times came half a century ago, when a bad harvest could bring poverty to the most careful and industrious, and for the greater number there was no prospect but the workhouse, or actual famine. There was a time when one-sixth of the population of Leeds were “on the rates,” when small thefts of food were severely punished on the express ground that the severity was necessary, to protect property from the starving people; when few people could thrive and not many keep their position, and for women to earn their living was almost impossible; when the phrase, “relapsing fever,” was invented, or became common, for an illness that arose oftenest from want, and when the cases in the Edinburgh Hospital, usually about two hundred or two hundred and fifty a year, rose to over three thousand.
“Wir menschen werden wunderbar gepriift. Wir konnten’s nicht ertragen hät’ uns nicht, Dir schone leichtsinn die natur verliehen.”
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

Stunned and feeble when she learnt the full extent of the misfortune that had befallen Repton, and its consequences to herself, Maria sat down to write to Dora and make her acquainted with the destruction of all the hopes that they had begun to indulge of being together.
In two minds.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

It was not till Sarah had been at home a few days that she found out how completely she had turned a corner during her two years’ life in Baumforth. She had left her home a brave, self-confident girl, and she returned to it a reserved, cautious, almost suspicious woman.
An evil genius.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

Another incident happened to show to Sarah that the glory of her childhood was fading; the world she had believed in was disappearing, and what was left was a dangerous, unknown desert. Was there any firm ground in it at all?-any place of safety?She met on the road that evil genius, Sophy Eldon. The two had not seen each other lately; Sarah thought she knew why. It was Sophy’s custom to take offence and ignore Sarah altogether, until “she bethought her,” and then to renew the acquaintance as if it had never been interrupted. This time, however, Sarah saw at the distance of several yards that Sophy was decidedly ill-tempered, and yet was resolved to speak.
Death comes to all.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

Sammy was in the valley of the shadow, and how to save himself he knew not. He had entered into his new position full of hearty hope and good resolves. He knew that there was much that could be improved in the management of Turner’s mill, and that the work entrusted to the sons had been neglected, or ill done, and the overburdened father could not always supply their place. He trusted to Turner’s word that he would soon indoctrinate him with the book-keeping, & c., in which he was inexperienced; but this had not happened. At first the young man was respectful, and almost reverent to his unfortunate elder. As time wore on, and his patience got exhausted, his suspicions were roused, and he began to see that there was an attempt to keep him in ignorance. At this he at once rebelled, and began to maintain his own opinion.
If we can’t help ourselves we can help one another !
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

Something like this motto came into Maria’s mind when she was left to herself after Dora’s departure, though she knew nothing of its reckless composer. She was not happy. She did not like thinking, for the smiling future that used to occupy her forward-looking eyes was vanished out of sight. She was almost guilty of the fatuity of wishing something to happen, and soon her wish was gratified, though, as usual when we get our wishes, not after the manner she would have liked.
As the morning spread upon the mountains,
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

Daylight was visible to Sammy Sykes, though he still walked in the darkness of the valley below. But he looked round and saw no opening for his willing labour. “Who would take me for an overlooker?” he asked, “after such a failure? I must just take to wool sorting, and stick to work. There is nothing else for it.” His father hoped for better things with time, but Sammy saw that better men than he were seeking work and finding none. Those were not times in which men could hope. Men were thankful if they could get a living from the surrounding poverty, and he had a load of debt to bear besides !

As he stood by the fire with his hands in his pockets he became aware of a gentleman standing at the house door, and went towards him.
Religion and Social Order in Colonial Albany
Authors: Hackett David G
Published: November 2023

In 1609, Henry Hudson went up the river that bears his name in search of a northwest passage to the Far East. Hudson’s explorations on behalf of the Netherlands took place two years after the English settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, and eleven years before the arrival of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock. His journey ended at the river’s headwaters, not far from the present Albany, New York, where he found Indians willing to barter their beaver furs.
The Twilight of Calvinism
Authors: Hackett David G
Published: November 2023

On a Sunday morning in 1813, the Presbyterian minister Arthur Stansbury addressed a congregation of Yankee merchants, master craftsmen, and their families in First Presbyterian Church. These Calvinist leaders of the Albany community believed that God controlled their world. Since the end of the Revolution, however, both they and their community had experienced a disturbing amount of economic, social, and political change that undermined their position as God’s moral shepherds over an increasingly godless multitude.
The Changing Meaning of Nationalism in the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: Hackett David G
Published: November 2023

The meaning of nationalism was changing at the same time that new political and religious ideologies were emerging to challenge the world view of colonial Calvinism. As a local solution for transcending particular ethnic and religious differences that might otherwise divide society, the ideological unity of Albany’s inhabitants as Americans and Christians was sufficient to carry them through the Revolution.
The Use of Scripture in the Desert
Authors: Burton-Christie Douglas
Published: November 2023

The apparent paucity of explicit biblical citations in the Sayings, the general reticence toward speaking about or commenting on Scripture found there, the high level of illiteracy among the monks, and the firm resistance on the part of many monks to reading or owning books have raised questions about how deeply Scripture penetrated the early eremetical movement. Indeed, some commentators have concluded that, apart from the proclamation of the Word at the weekly synaxis or gathering, the monks would have had hardly any contact with or knowledge of Scripture at all.1 However, a closer look at the literature reveals that while Scripture certainly provoked diverse and ambivalent responses from the monks, it was nevertheless central to their spirituality.
Eschatology, Penthos, and the Struggle against Evil
Authors: Burton-Christie Douglas
Published: November 2023

How did the desert fathers actually interpret Scripture? In the previous chapters we considered the broad presuppositions which shaped the way in which words—both the words of Scripture and those of the elders—were interpreted in the desert. It is time now to turn from this general consideration of the attitudes and presuppositions the governed the monks’ approach to Scripture to a more precise examination of what it meant for the monks to interpret particular texts. In this and the following chapters, I want to articulate the content of the “conversation” which occurred between the desert fathers and Scripture. By examining the particular questions which the monks put to Scripture, and the manner and substance of their response to these questions, we can bring into sharper relief the “worlds” of meaning opened up by their encounter with Scripture.
Poems Cold and Passionate as the Dawn
Authors: Langenbach James
Published: November 2023

When Pound and Yeats wrote war poems at Stone Cottage, their goal was nobility-not only of attitude but of diction too. For Pound, the struggle to find an idiom for modem poetry became inextricably entwined with the struggle to set down “real war emotion.” So at the same time that he thought deeply about the war in France, he continued his own attack on American poets who neglected theircraft.
Theatre Business
Authors: Langenbach James
Published: November 2023

The recognition of the greatness of a work of art, says Frank Kermode, is “the work of opinion, never to be observed without its shadow, ignorance.” In making this statement, Kermode is thinking about the ninteenth-century rediscovery of Botticelli by Pater and Swinburne-critics who knew almost nothing about the painter, what little they did know being the product of their generation’s vagaries of taste. Had they not been similarly ignorant, Pound and Yeats would never have rediscovered the Noh drama for themselves.
Ismail R. al-Faruqi: Muslim Scholar-Activist
Authors: Esposito John L
Published: November 2023

On May 24, 1986, the Muslim world and the academic community lost one of its most energetic, engaging, and active colleagues-Ismail al-Faruqi. I think he would be pleased by the characterization of his life as that of a mujahid, one who struggled in the path of Allah. Such a designation might well be applied to all faithful believers, but it seems especially fitting for one who struggled from his early years both as a Palestinian refugee and later as an Islamic activist. Certainly it would be fair to say that he saw himself as a scholar-activist in the service of Islam. His Palestinian roots, Arab heritage, and Islamic faith made the man and informed the life and work of the scholar. Issues of identity, authenticity, acculturation, and Western political and cultural imperialism, which are so significant today, were continual themes in his writing, though he addressed them differently at different stages in his life. As we will see, his early emphasis on Arabism as the vehicle of Islam was tempered by a later centrality accorded to the doctrine of tawhid (divine unity) as the foundation for faith, knowledge, and society.
Seyyed Hossein Nasr: Defender of the Sacred and Islamic Traditionalism
Authors: Smith Jane I
Published: November 2023

I accepted the invitation to reflect on the scholarly contributions of Seyyed Hossein Nasr not only because he is a long-time colleague and friend, but because I greatly appreciate his perspective and the seriousness with which he analyzes the spiritual poverty of much of contemporary society. It is true that as a non-Muslim trained in the schools of modern Western academia I inevitably represent much of the orientation against which Hossein Nasr maintains vigilant defense. However, I find myself in real agreement with Nasr’s obvious sense of alarm about the way modern man (to use his recurrent phrase) has wandered into very dangerous territory and seems to have lost, for the most part, the means for appropriation of the sacred. Thus, to the extent to which I can respond to and appreciate much of what Nasr describes, I may do some measure of justice to an analysis of the thoughts of one of the most articulate, influential, and prolific Muslims teaching and writing in this country today. Perhaps a place to begin is with how Nasr sees his own task. His basic message is that modern man has lost sight of the essential, the eternal, in his quest for the trappings of modernity.
Introduction
Authors: Carafiol Peter
Published: November 2023

Since 1980, when I began the work that has become this book, the field of American Literary Scholarship has come alive with self-criticism. After two centuries during which a belief in an idealized national identity sustained popular and scholarly discourse about American writing, and inspired the establishment of American Literary Scholarship as an academic institution, the ideal of’’ America’’ has become an easy target. The ascendancy of poststructuralist thinking in the profession over the past fifteen years has made it almost obligatory, even for Americanists, to dismiss as “myth” or repressive ideology what had hitherto been the unquestioned credo of their field. Like Scripture under the scrutiny of eighteenth-century German biblical criticism, “America” has lost its privileged status as a transcendent signifier and become an “other.” It is no longer shocking for a scholar who has specialized for years in American literary history to say that “America” is, in several senses, pass a thing of the past, a (long-term) fashion become old-fashioned, an object of scrutiny now firmly located in history, a product of historical motives subject to historical analysis and critique.
Time and Textuality
Authors: Carafiol Peter
Published: November 2023

As the conflicts within the critical narrative tradition suggest, Transcendentalism does not provide the theory about which the classic American writing organized itself. It does not symbolize the birth of a truly American character, or represent a coherent literary and social movement with lines of influence reaching down to Gandhi and modem environmentalism.
American Literary Scholarship for the Twentieth Century
Authors: Carafiol Peter
Published: November 2023

Although it may seem a bit late in the day to be looking forward to an American Literary Scholarship for the twentieth century, our persisting need for that project reflects the degree to which scholarship still works within the nineteenth-century vocabularies that writers like Emerson and Thoreau revised. As I have tried to show, the problem with the way American Literary Scholarship is generally practiced is not, as recent critiques have claimed, merely that its canon is erected on prejudice. On the contrary, the whole project of describing a peculiarly ‘‘American’’ literature, including its recent Neohistoricist revisions, depends on the language of Romantic idealism that dominated cultural discourse when the profession of American literary studies was being invented. Scholar ship needs to catch up by abandoning the old rhythmic swing between literature and culture before it can jump ahead.
Access and Consent in Public Photography
Authors: Henderson Lisa
Published: November 2023

Framed as an aspect of photographic practice, the issue of consent in public photography occurs at the juncture of at least two sets of contingencies; the first includes features of social interaction between photographers and their subjects, and the second, organizational constraints on doing photographic work-for example, those imposed by the division of labor in newspaper production. In the discussion of consent that follows I concentrate on the first, social interaction in photographic encounters, drawing from research on the strategies both amateur and professional photographers use to take pictures of people unknown to them in public places.
Hollywood Markets the Amish
Authors: Hostetler John A , Kraybill Donald B
Published: November 2023

On March 3, 1984, the Wall Street Journal carried an article entitled “Hollywood Today Is All Over the Place As States Lure Films.” The author remarked, “States are winning movie business because they offer fresh and authentic things to film as well as lower costs, far less red tape, cooperative communities and a great deal of help in finding suitable locations.”
Bushido: The Samurai Ethos
Authors: King Winston L
Published: November 2023

For whatever reasons—island and mountainous terrain, strong family and clan structures, or mode of historical development—Japanese society has been highly class conscious for a long time. From the Heian court artistocracy down even to those of pariah status, each class and occupational group tended to emphasize and cherish its own distinctive character, in some cases defensively. But it was in the samurai-ruled society of the Tokugawa era that the warrior’s class consciousness achieved its tightly controlled “perfection” and was made into an actionable philosophy of life and government.
Voice and Ventriloquy in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Authors: Eilenberg Susan
Published: November 2023

The ordinary tale of the supernatural is like the magician ‘s trick of pulling a rabbit out of a hat. It depends upon a false bottom, an illusion of sourcelessness. Bad metaphysics, it exploits our confusion about the relationship between cause and effect, appearance and reality, body and soul. The supernatural of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner pulls not rabbits out of hats but voices out of voices. It makes its home in the space between speaker and spoken, motivation and action, intention and meaning. Instead of pretending there is no source, it pretends there is one, that behind the Mariner-as-dummy there is a ventriloquist, a figure or language or system of meanings in the context of which the tale that comes out of the Mariner’s mouth makes sense.
The Impropriety of the Imagination
Authors: Eilenberg Susan
Published: November 2023

If Volume I of the Biographia reads at times like a confusion of voices, Volume II, focusing upon literary heterogeneity and homogeneity, can be read as both a critique and a purification of vocal confusion. The discussion of the basis of “a legitimate poem,” the analysis of Wordsworth ‘s theory of poetic language, and the description of the characteristics of Wordsworth’s poetry all reflect Coleridge’s desire to protect literary virtue from contamination by the arbitrary, the unconnected, and the uninterpretable. As in Volume I, Coleridge is trying to understand the relationship be¬ tween the mind and the external world or (not necessarily the same thing) between meaning and necessity. At the same time that they express his delight in the freedom of the mind, Coleridge’s remarks express a horror of the merely accidental or arbitrary, and this horror extends to the heterogeneous, the casually related, and the strange. But-lest it appear that Coleridge feels the same way as Wordsworth, whose attitudes might be similarly summarized-the reader must understand that for Coleridge it is the familiar, matter of-fact, and insignificant rather than the out-of-the-way or the overly portentious that threaten poetry with strangeness of the unmeaning or the incoherent.
Indi’n Humor
Authors: Lincoln Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Lincoln’s study of Native American humour moves from tribal culture to interethnic literature. He covers the traditional Trickster of origin myths, historical ironies (speeches, treatises, as-told-to life stories), Euroamericans ‘playing Indian’, Feminist Indian home humour, contemporary painters and playwrights reinventing Coyote, popular mixed-blood music and Red English, and three Native American novelists, Louise Erdrich, James Welch, and N. Scott Momaday, as well as a bicultural novel, The Northern Lights, by Howard Norman.
Playing Indian
Authors: Lincoln Kenneth
Published: November 2023

While Freud and Huizinga collate the constants of joking and play, closer to home Lame Deer and Vine Deloria detail the “precious gift” and pan-tribal “cement” of Indian humor. The contemporary writings of Native Americans take shape as we deduce, define, and refine the particulars and parameters of tribal humor: culture-specific in time and place, textually detailed, contextually grounded. Where non-Indian theorems break down or blur, tribal paradigms rethread a doubly woven translation that interfaces cultures. Lionel Bordeaux’s fable about the late-migrating bird tells us much about the straight-on, seminomadic Sioux, while “Tumbleweeds” says something about non-Indians looking at Indians as totemic natives ignobly cartooned. It is informative to look at Indians watching non-Indians watch Indians. The comic lens warps both ways, as we see ourselves framed in seeing “others.”
Old Tricks, New Twists
Authors: Lincoln Kenneth
Published: November 2023

For Europeans, no less than Americans, Caliban reemerged a chthonic shaman shrouded in vines of rhetoric, recently Don Juan of the desert courtesy of Carlos Castaneda. “By the shores of Gitchic Gurnee,” Longfellow metered Schoolcraft’s Algonkian narratives to Finnish Kalevala rhythms, as he silted Iroquois heroic myths into Ojibwa cycles. Mary Austin, with “Amerindian” insights in The American  Rhythm (1923), argued for a primal American earthbeat that pulsed with mystic savagery in twentieth-century art. In reference to the new verslibrists and Imagists, Austin prefaced George Cronyn’s The Path on the  Rainbow (1918), among the earliest anthologies of Indian song-poems: “the discovery that the first free movement of poetic originality in America finds us just about where the last Medicine Man left off.” Americans instinctively reached “for a deeper footing in their native soil,” Austin thought, and Indian song-poems struck bedrock. Natives held an Edenic balance with nature that Western man longed to recapture, if indeed paradise ever was his province.
Music and the Silent Film
Authors: Marks Martin Miller
Published: November 2023

Most people’s view of silent film music is of a pianist playing old warhorse scores while watching the flickering screen. This innovative book shows that there was much more to silent film music and that often it was planned from the start as an integral part of the film. The first of three volumes investigating film music, this book devotes one chapter to films before 1900 and Camille Saint-Saëns’s score for L’Assassinat du Duc de Guise (1908). Another chapter looks closely at film scores composed by Walter Cleveland Simon for several films of 1912. The two main chapters are devoted to significant films of the silent period, D.W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation (1915) and René Clair’s Entr’acte (1924). Breil’s Birth of a Nation score was a compilation of many sources, but, when played by an orchestra accompanying the film in a theatre showing, it often matched the epic nature of the film and was one source of its great popularity.
Points of Departure: Fuller, Thoreau, and Parkman
Authors: Maddox Lucy
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1843, Margaret Fuller set off for a tour of the region of the Great Lakes. Three years later, in 1846, Francis Park- man and Henry David Thoreau also set off on excursions; Parkman’s trip took him west on the newly opened Oregon Trail into what is now eastern Wyoming, and Thoreau’s took him north to Mt. Ktaadn in Maine. All three travelers were New Englanders, all starting out from the part of the United States that Margaret Fuller confidently described as “a chief mental focus of the New World,“ the place where “what is to be acted out in the country at large is most frequently indicated, as all the phenomena of the nervous system in the fantasies of the brain. . . Z’1 All three made their forays out of New England with their pencils firmly in hand, and all returned with the collections of notes they would turn into the published accounts of their travels.
Religion and Marital Adjustment
Authors: Hansen Gary L
Published: November 2023

Marital adjustment, which is used almost synonymously with satisfaction, happiness, and quality, has been one of the major research foci of family social science for more than half a century (Adams, 1988).1 In the process, religion has consistently been identified as a factor associated with adjustment. This chapter reviews the research in this area and outlines possible explanations for the observed trends.
Religion and Substance Use
Authors: Benson Peter L
Published: November 2023

A considerable body of literature on the relationship between personal religiousness and substance use has emerged since the mid 1970s, when Gorsuch and Butler (1976) briefly reviewed this area of inquiry. This more recent research has added depth to explaining how and when religion functions to inhibit substance use, with additional efforts aimed at disentangling the effect of religiousness from its demographic, social, and psychological correlates.
Introduction
Authors: Mcconnell Frank
Published: November 2023

Early on in the Mahabharata, the great Hindu epic and arguably the greatest of all epics, the monk Utanka announces that “whatever is found in this story may be found somewhere else; but nothing found anywhere else will not be found in this story.’’

It is an astonishing claim-”I am the book of books”-and an unprecedented one. A book, for once, not only admits that it is a book, but announces itself to be the book of books, the compendium and summary of all the stories of mankind. Where else do we find such arrogance?

In the Koran, maybe. The second chapter or sura of the Koran the first sura being merely a traditional, ritual prayer to Allah begins, “This book is not to be doubted.” Nowhere-not even in the Mahabharata-do we come across such an unmediated assertion by the text itself of its own holiness. Indeed, later on the Koran will promulgate the doctrine of the Jaz: that is, the article of faith that the style of the Koran is inimitable, a doctrine that has exercised a permanent (and not altogether felicitous) influence upon Islamic poetry.
The Gospels as Narrative
Authors: Robinson James M
Published: November 2023

The bulk of the New Testament consists of narrative. This has not been considered up until very recent times as of any particular relevance. Christian theology proceeded by and large to prefer the syllogism, or to debase the particular as but an instance at the bottom of the pyramid leading via species to genera and upward and onward to the universal, ultimately leading to being itself or to the Supreme Being.

With the rise of romanticism and historicism we did become more aware of biblical history as perhaps in some way significant as history or narrative in distinction from metaphysics. And yet the initial attempts to do anything about it were often such as to lead more sober minds to shy away, as in the case of a purported difference between the Jewish-Christian mentality as linear and temporal in an invidious contrast to the pagan mind as circular or spatial, or in the case of a “holy history” that is or should be exempt from the critical methods of secular historiography.
The Nature and Purpose of Renunciation
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

In examining the contents of the Saqmyasa UpaniĀsads, the first, and possibly the most significant, issue I want to explore is the Brahmalnical self-understanding of the meaning and nature of renunciation. What is the purpose of renunciation? What theological definition of a renouncer’s status does the Brahmalnical tradition provide? How does that definition affect other significant elements of the Brahmanical religious world? The Sarµnyasa UpaniĀsads do not deal with these issues explicitly. A well-developed theology of renunciation, however, underlies their discussions of such central issues as the rite of renunciation and the rules governing a renouncer’s life. It is this theology that I want to explore in this section, drawing on information provided by these and other Brahmanical texts.