bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationships and Community Risk Factors for Elder Abuse and Neglect: Findings from the First National Prevalence Study on Elder Maltreatment
Authors: Jordanova Peshevska Dimitrinka , Markovik Marijana , Sethi Dinesh , Serafimovska Eleonora
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to mesaure the 12-months prevalence of elder abuse and neglect in private huousehold and to examine the relationship and community level risk factors for elder abuse and neglect.METHOD: Total of 960 respondents aged 65 years and above in private households, from all eight statistical regions participated in the study.Â  Nationally stratified quota sampling procedure was applied, through four stages. Information was collected in face-to face interview on socio-demographic, healthy life style, physical and mental health, and abuse and neglect types characteristics of elder population. Data were examined using descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression, and odd ratios (OR). Statistical significance was set up at p < 0.05.RESULTS: The respondents reported prevalence of psychological abuse 25.7%, followed by financial abuse 12 %, neglect 6.6%, physical abuse 5.7%, physical injury 3.1%, and sexual abuse 1.3% (reported only in female respondents) in the previous 12-months. Living with close relatives, dissatisfaction with the household income, less equipped households, lacking property of house/flat are associated risk factors for elder maltreatment on relationship level. Living in the northeast, southeast, and Polog region are associated risk for elder maltreatment.CONCLUSION: Study findings emphasised the previous data obtained with regards to the community and relationships risk factors for elder maltreatment.
The Significance of Imunohematology Research in Relation to Menagement of Hemolitical Diseases of the Newborn in Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Velkova Emilija
Published: October 2015

AIM: Prompt discovery of allosensibilisation to RBCâ€™s antigens during pregnancy and successful management of HDFN in Republic of Macedonia, in order to decrease morbidity and mortality of the fetus and the newborn.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprises in total 23,800 patients, 14,858 pregnant women and 8,842 newborn babies.RESULTS: The screening and identification of anti RBCâ€™s antibodies detected in total 216 alloantibodies, out of which 81% (175) had a clinical significance. Out of the above mentioned 164 alloantibodies (65.9%) belong to the Rh system. The most often reason for a severe hemolytic disease is the anti-D antibody. The HDFN symptoms of mild and moderate degree demonstrated 32.5%, and 18.9% had symptoms of severe fetal suffering, and almost half of them (48%) were with or with mild HDFN and had no need of therapy. In 15% it was about alloantibodies of other Rg antigens: anti-C, anti-E and anti-c, at which in most cases there were no signs of HDFN, or it showed weak symptoms (89%), just one case of anti-c ended with intrauterine death.CONCLUSIONS: Anti D antibody represents the most often reason for severe HDFN and displays a need of intrauterine transfusion and exsangvino transfusion. Anti-c is the only antibody that demonstrated the same potential for severe HBN as the anti-D. The most often reason for alloimmunisation of the mother is the lack of RhIG prophylaxis (97.8): postnatal, antenatal and in case of possible sensible conditions during pregnancy. Thus, there is a need and an outmost importance of elaboration and adoption of the National programe for RhIG prophylaxis in Republic of Macedonia.
Compression of the Seventh Cervical Vertebra Following C6-7 and C7-T1 Discectomy, PEEK Cage Implantation in these Intervertebral Spaces, and Management of this Complication in a Patient with Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Gulsen Salih
Published: October 2015

PatientsÂ Â  with multiple myeloma suffer from bone pain, and spontaneous spinal and appendicular bone fractures due to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis occurs as a result of the following 2 factors: 1. Plasma cells secrete macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, which induces osteoclastic activity; 2. Use of corticosteroids.Â  The incidence of osteoporotic fractures and other complications of multiple myeloma are well described in the literature, but the management of cervical disc herniation and its associated complications has not been reported to date.Herein we present a case that we think exemplifies the management of cervical disc herniation and its complications. Consecutive multilevel cervical discectomy and placement of PEEK cages between the intervertebral cervical disc spaces may cause compression fracture of the vertebrae located between the PEEK cages in osteoporotic patients under continuous corticosteroid treatmentÂ¾whether or not theyÂ  have MM; therefore, we recommend use of an anterior plate to prevent this complication.
Sudden Bilateral Choroidal Detachment in a Patient with Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome
Authors: Pavicic-Astalos Jasna , Vatavuk Zoran , Bencic Goran , Andrijevic-Derk Biljana , Kuna Krunoslav
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Pre-eclampsia is one of the most important causes of a rare cliniconeuroradiological entity called posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. The syndrome is characterized by headacke, visual disturbances, seizures, altered mental status and radiological findings of edema in the white matter of the brain areas perfused by the posterior brain circulation.CASE REPORT: Here we present a patient with sudden bilateral visual loss and deafness in early postnatal period without any other neurological deficits, but with affiliated ophthalmological pathology. The correct diagnosis was made 3 days after the Cesarean section.The patient was diagnosed with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and bilateral choroidal detachment.CONCLUSION: Vascular changes in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome can cause visual disturbances not only by brain edema, but combined brain and ocular pathology.
Strengthening of the Blood Safety System in the National Blood Transfusion Service - Implementation of the European Union IPA Project - at the Institute for Transfusion Medicine of the Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Grubovic Rada M. , Velkova Emilija , Rozman Primoz , Reesink Henk W.
Published: October 2015

The Safety of the Blood Supply in any country is of utmost importance to safeguard patients from serious adverse events of blood transfusion. Implementation of a Quality System in the Blood Transfusion Service, with support of Government and Ministry of HealthÂ is a key element to guarantee safe blood. The IPA TAIB 2009 project - Strengthening of the Blood Safety System executed in 2013/14 provided theÂ means to start implementing a Quality System in the Institute for Transfusion Medicine of the Republic of Macedonia. This project aimed to ultimately bring the Blood Transfusion Service to European Union standards, allowing the exchange of blood components and all other types of collaboration with other European Union countries in future. The project put the basis for unification of blood transfusion standards and operating procedures in the whole country as well as set up essential education of blood transfusion personnel.
Lifestyle and Health Risk Behaviours among Elbasan Students
Authors: Cela Dashuri , Kuneshka Loreta , Pulluqi Polikron
Published: October 2015

AIM: The purpose of this study is: (1) to help monitor the Albanian studentsâ€™ lifestyle, the way they spend their free time, the weight that studying, networks, screens and sports have in their life; (2) to assess their health risk behaviours, such as tobacco and drug use, weapon carrying and sports betting; (3) to identify differences in behaviour by gender, grade, socioeconomic and demographic status; (4) to understand the influence of parents on their children.METHOD:Â  The study was conducted in May 2013, as a classroom survey of students in urban and rural schools of Elbasan. A questionnaire was distributed to the 8thÂ Â  to 12th grade students to be completed by them anonymously.RESULT:Â  There are a low number of the students that are interested to books and study and meantime, a large number of them spend their free time in front of a screen or hanging out in bars with friends. Moreover, a considerable number of them are engaged in health risk behaviours.CONCLUSION: In studentsâ€™ lifestyle exist serious problems and these data also provide inside into ways to shape a public health response. We need to change the way society views and treats these problems.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Authors: Plavsic Aleksandra , Miskovic Rada , Raskovic Sanvila , Bogic Mirjana , Bonaci Nikolic Branka
Published: October 2015

Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disorder defined as association of vascular thrombosis and/or pregnancy complications with presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin and anti-Î²2 glycoprotein I). It is the most common cause of acquired thrombophilia, and can occur as an independent entity or in relation with other diseases, especially systemic lupus erythematosus. Presence of antiphospholipid syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus is additional vaso occlusive factor in already present inflammation, bringing further risk for thrombotic events. Clinical and serological manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus are very similar, so possible connection for these two autoimmune disorders is assumed.
Breast Evaluation Findings in Calabar, Nigeria
Authors: Ikpeme Anthonia , Akintomide Akintunde , Inah Grace , Oku Afiong
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Â X-ray and sonomammography constitute a significant option in the early detection and management of breast diseases in the developed world. Unfortunately these modalities became available in Nigeria, only in the past few decades.AIM: The aim of this audit is therefore to document the imaging findings, in the past three years in a developing facility in Nigeria relating them with the demograghic features.METHODS: We prospectively studied the x-ray and sonomammography in all patients, presenting over a three year period, for breast evaluation with the hope of discerning the epidemiologic pattern of breast lesions in this environment.RESULTS: One hundred and forty-five females and four males. Median was 38 years (IQR=30-48). The commonest reason for evaluation was screening. Patients that were below 38 years showed no significant difference in frequency and type of lesion compared with patients over 38 years. The commonest breast pattern was fatty replaced. The upper outer quadrant was the commonest site.CONCLUSION: Patients presenting for breast evaluation in Calabar do so for screening mainly. Patients below 38 are nearly equally affected by malignant breast disease as their older counterparts. The commonest breast pattern was fatty replaced. Digital mammography should be available in all tertiary institutions.
Increased Serum B Cell Activating Factor and a Proliferation-inducing Ligand Are Associated with Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Authors: Kobayashi Norimoto , Kobayashi Ichiro , Mori Masaaki , Sato Shinji , Iwata Naomi , Shigemura Tomonari , Agematsu Kazunaga , Yokota Shumpei , Koike Kenichi
Published: October 2015

Objective.

Rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RP-ILD) is an intractable and fatal complication of juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). This study evaluated serum levels of B cell activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) in JDM patients with complicating ILD, and their association with ILD phenotypes, clinical variables, and anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5).

Methods.

We measured the levels of BAFF, APRIL, and anti-MDA5 in the sera of 23 JDM patients with ILD [8 in the RP-ILD group and 15 in the chronic ILD (C-ILD) group], 17 JDM patients without ILD (non-ILD group), and 10 age-matched controls, using the ELISA method. ILD was identified by high-resolution computed tomography.

Results.

Serum BAFF titers were significantly higher in the JDM patients with RP-ILD versus those with C-ILD (p = 0.011) and in healthy controls (p = 0.0004). The C-ILD group had significantly higher levels of BAFF versus controls (p ≤ 0.0001). Serum APRIL was markedly elevated in the RP-ILD group as compared with the C-ILD group (p = 0.003) and controls (p = 0.006). In patients with ILD, both BAFF and APRIL levels were correlated with serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 and interleukin 18. Subjects with high titer anti-MDA5 (> 200 U) had higher levels of BAFF and APRIL than those with low titer anti-MDA5 (< 100 U; p = 0.019 and p = 0.0029, respectively), which may have been due to a relationship between RP-ILD and high anti-MDA5 titer.

Conclusion.

Our findings of markedly elevated levels of BAFF and APRIL in patients with RP-ILD JDM suggest the potential importance of these cytokines in the diagnosis and treatment of RP-ILD accompanying JDM.
Applying the ACR/EULAR Systemic Sclerosis Classification Criteria to the Spanish Scleroderma Registry Cohort
Authors: Sáez-Comet Luis , Simeón-Aznar Carmen Pilar , Pérez-Conesa Mercedes , Vallejo-Rodríguez Carmen , Tolosa-Vilella Carles , Iniesta-Arandia Nerea , Colunga-Argüelles Dolores , Egurbide-Arberas Maria Victoria , Ortego-Centeno Norberto , Vargas-Hitos José Antonio , Freire-Dapena Mayka , Rubio-Rivas Manuel , Ríos-Blanco Juan José , Trapiella-Martínez Luis , Fonollosa-Pla Vicent ,   The RESCLE Investigators
Published: October 2015

Objective.

To compare American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) classification criteria for systemic sclerosis (SSc) with previous American Rheumatology Association (ARA) criteria.

Methods.

This was a cross-sectional multicenter study comparing sensitivity of both criteria in the cutaneous subsets in the Spanish scleroderma registry (RESCLE) cohort.

Results.

In 1222 patients with SSc, the most prevalent items were Raynaud phenomenon (95%), skin thickening (91%), and abnormal capillaroscopy (89%). ARA criteria classified as SSc 63.5% of all patients, and 63%, 100%, 11.2%, and 0% in the limited, diffuse, sine, and pre-SSc subsets, respectively. ACR/EULAR criteria classified 87.5% of all patients and 98.5%, 100%, 41.8%, and 15.9% in the same subsets, respectively.

Conclusion.

ACR/EULAR criteria are more sensitive than ARA criteria, especially in limited, sine, and pre-SSc subsets.
Assessing Elementary Lesions in Gout by Ultrasound: Results of an OMERACT Patient-based Agreement and Reliability Exercise
Authors: Terslev Lene , Gutierrez Marwin , Christensen Robin , Balint Peter V. , Bruyn George A. , Delle Sedie Andrea , Filippucci Emilio , Garrido Jesus , Hammer Hilde B. , Iagnocco Annamaria , Kane David , Kaeley Gurjit S. , Keen Helen , Mandl Peter , Naredo Esperanza , Pineda Carlos , Schicke Bernd , Thiele Ralf , D’Agostino Maria Antonietta , Schmidt Wolfgang A.
Published: October 2015

Objective.

To test the reliability of the consensus-based ultrasound (US) definitions of elementary gout lesions in patients.

Methods.

Eight patients with microscopically proven gout were evaluated by 16 sonographers for signs of double contour (DC), aggregates, erosions, and tophi in the first metatarsophalangeal joint and the knee bilaterally. The patients were examined twice using B-mode US to test agreement and inter- and intraobserver reliability of the elementary components.

Results.

The prevalence of the lesions were DC 52.8%, tophus 61.1%, aggregates 29.8%, and erosions 32.4%. The intraobserver reliability was good for all lesions except DC, where it was moderate. The best reliability per lesion was seen for tophus (κ 0.73, 95% CI 0.61–0.85) and lowest for DC (κ 0.53, 95% CI 0.38–0.67). The interobserver reliability was good for tophus and erosions, but fair to moderate for aggregates and DC, respectively. The best reliability was seen for erosions (κ 0.74, 95% CI 0.65–0.81) and lowest for aggregates (κ 0.21, 95% CI 0.04–0.37).

Conclusion.

This is the first step to test consensus-based US definitions on elementary lesions in patients with gout. High intraobserver reliability was found when applying the definition in patients on all elementary lesions while interobserver reliability was moderate to low. Further studies are needed to improve the interobserver reliability, particularly for DC and aggregates.
Certified Nurse Aides and Scope of Practice: Clinical Outcomes and Patient Safety
Authors: McMullen Tara L. , Resnick Barbara , Hansen Jennie Chin , Miller Nancy , Rubinstein Robert
Published: October 2015

To understand the impact of scope of practice and allowable certified nurse aide (CNA) tasks across states, the current study compared clinical outcomes in states with a basic scope of practice versus those that allowed for an expanded scope. The current study used data from the Minimum Data Set as well as staffing data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Clinical outcomes included: (a) percent of residents whose need for help with daily activities has increased, (b) percent of high-risk residents with pressure ulcers, (c) percent of residents who self-report moderate to severe pain, (d) percent of residents experiencing one or more falls with major injury, and (e) CNA staffing hours. There was no difference in clinical outcomes between states with expanded or basic scopes. Many factors influence clinical outcomes among residents and additional staffing and facility characteristics should be considered in future studies. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 41
(12), 32–39.]
Two-Year Anatomical and Functional Outcomes After Macular Hole Surgery: A Prospective, Controlled Study
Authors: Thinda Sumeer , Shah Rohan J. , Kim Stephen J.
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To determine 2-year anatomical and functional outcomes after macular hole (MH) surgery.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

The surgical eye (SE) and fellow eye (FE) of 10 patients undergoing MH surgery were examined preoperatively and at 3, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), external limiting membrane (ELM), inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) junction, cone outer-segment tips (COST) line, and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness were analyzed on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

RESULTS:

Inferior peripapillary RNFL was thinner in the SE at 110 ± 12.2 versus 123 ± 9.82 for FE (
P
< .05). Defect size in ELM (r = 0.61;
P
< .001), IS/ OS (r = 0.67;
P
< .001) junction, and COST (r = .67;
P
< .001) line correlated with visual recovery. Average GCIPL was thinner in SE compared to FE (
P
< .05).

CONCLUSION:

Eyes after MH repair demonstrated inferior RNFL and GCIPL thinning. Defect size in ELM, IS/OS junction, and COST line predicted visual recovery.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Imaging Lasers Retina
. 2015;46:926–934.]
Retinal Disease in Marfan Syndrome: From the Marfan Eye Consortium of Chicago
Authors: Rahmani Safa , Lyon Alice T. , Fawzi Amani A. , Maumenee Irene H. , Mets Marilyn B.
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To study the prevalence of peripheral retinal disease in patients with Marfan Syndrome (MFS).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

In this observational, cross-sectional case series, patients with MFS were recruited by the Marfan Eye Consortium of Chicago during the National Marfan Foundation’s annual conference. Patients underwent a fully dilated exam by vitreoretinal specialists in addition to ultra-widefield fundus photography using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope (Optos 200Tx; Optos PLC, Dunfermline, Scotland, United Kingdom).

RESULTS:

Clinical examination revealed posterior segment pathology in 18% of eyes with increased incidence to 70% in patients with a subluxed lens. In six out of 10 subjects in whom the clinical exam was suboptimal (young age, small pupil, and limited cooperation), the Optos provided a superior view of the peripheral retina compared to clinical exam alone.

CONCLUSION:

Clinical exam of MFS patients revealed similar posterior segment pathology as noted in previous literature, with improved detection of peripheral retinal disease with the use of ultra-widefield imaging.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2015;46:936–941.]
Capsular Block Syndrome Following Combined Cataract and Vitrectomy Surgery in a Patient With Intraocular Gas
Authors: Goodwin Diamond M. , Casey Richard , Tsui Irena
Published: October 2015

The aim of this report is to describe the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the rare complication of capsular block syndrome following combined cataract and vitrectomy surgery in a patient with intraocular gas.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2015;46:980–982.]
Rapid Development of Corneal Hydrops in a Septic Infant who Received Diode Laser for Aggressive Posterior Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Kabatas Emrah Utku , Ozer Pinar Altiaylik , Kurtul Bengi Ece , Beken Serdar , Zenciroglu Aysegul , Okumus Nurullah
Published: October 2015

A premature baby who was hospitalized with the diagnosis of sepsis was treated with diode laser photocoagulation for aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity. Diffuse corneal ectasia and corneal hydrops developed in the right eye, and hyphema and corneal hydrops developed on the left eye on postoperative day 12. The patient died because of cardiovascular collapse and hemodynamic instability. Sepsis may be a contributory factor to the clinical susceptibility of the patient for the postoperative corneal effects of the laser. This situation has not been previously reported in the literature.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2015;46:984–985.]
Being on the Safe Side
Authors: Gundogan M. Banu
Published: October 2015

Transparency, a term usually associated with not hiding anything, is also used in computing for things or actions which take place without any visible effect. Since e-learning relies mainly on computing, the term transparency within this context can arouse a conflict; it can both be a threat and a credibility issue. It can be a threat if invisible digital actions aim to harm or misuse the e-learning system, and it can be a credibility issue when all parties involved are able to see and follow what is happening and how. This chapter approaches the term transparency as in its basic definition implying clearness and visibility within the framework of intellectual property issues regarding student works. Although e-learning institutions may reveal their codes of conduct encompassing these issues, prospective and current students may need more information on how their rights in terms of submitted original works or any work product would be protected. This chapter proposes various virtual platform arrangements to assist transparency on handling intellectual property issues for students.
Metaphors in Interface Design of E-Learning
Authors: Firat Mehmet , Yurdakul Işıl Kabakçi
Published: October 2015

It is quite important to effectively benefit from e-learning tools and environments which have dynamic structures in order to meet the learning needs of distance learners. E-Learning provides independence of time and space, student-centered, learner-controlled, flexible learning environments and equal educational opportunities. However, this flexibility has increased learners' self-cognition, self-control and self-responsibility for learning. In order for learners to cope with these issues, it is important to use metaphorical interfaces made up of metaphors as structures that provide clues to understand a new and complex concept, system or model. In this study, three main issues are discussed. These issues are e-learning and distance education, interface designs for distance education and metaphors in interface design. In the last part of the study, the advantages and disadvantages of metaphorical interface design in distance education are discussed. Based on these discussions, some important recommendations provided. The main purpose of this study is to discuss three main issues. These issues are e-learning and distance education, interface designs for distance education and metaphors in interface design. In the last part of the study, the advantages and disadvantages of the metaphorical interface design in distance education and e-learning environments will be discussed. Based on these discussions, some important recommendations will be provided.
Cyber Transparency as a Possibility of Modern Agora
Authors: Kaya Ozlem Duva
Published: October 2015

The digital age we are living in allows the knowledge to enter the market more efficient than ever, and the cyber-transparency has provided people more possibilities to attain and spread the knowledge. The new digital technologies have also created more democratic spaces for dialogue, along with e-learning possibilities they provide. There are many risks about cyber-transparency, but it also provides to establish a dialogue like the Socratic method. Socrates distinguishes knowledge and wisdom and he believes that true knowledge can be obtained by wisdom and wisdom needs the dialogical and argumentative method. In our age, cyber space presents us with variable forms of knowledge especially in cyber transparency. Cyber-transparency provides an “agora” for people in the modern age. In this chapter I will analyze cyber space as an agora and I will try to reach some possibilities for the democratization of education.
Game Changers for E-Learning Systems in Connected Society
Authors: Dogan Murat Ertan , Ozan Ozlem , Ozarslan Yasin
Published: October 2015

As learning moves into an informal, networked, technology-enabled realm, new game changers for e-learning systems has begun to pop. In this chapter, these game changers will be discussed. Firstly; what is e-learning, components of e-learning systems, and learning trends vs. technology is given briefly. Secondly, concept of connected society is examined. After that, Social Media Learning, Open Access to Education, Assessment of Prior Learning, Talent Management and Cyber Transparency will be discussed respectively as game changers for e-learning systems in a connected society.
Organizational Code of Cyber Transparency in E-Learning Environments
Authors: Dogan Tulay Goru
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this chapter is to develop a framework for distance education institutions focusing on organizational code of cyber transparency in e-learning environments. The background of the study is based on the transparency concept as cyber transparency concept is derived from concepts of the cyber and transparency. In this sense, the cyber transparency framework points out two dimensions for distance education institutions as (1) internal transparency and (2) external transparency. The chapter explains these two dimensions in detail in terms of information share with people and amount of information shared. As a consequence, the cyber transparency framework can highlight the promotion of internal and external transparency in e-learning environments. On the other hand, this framework can be developed, customized and updated by the institutions, experts or researchers for different situations.
Internet Related Current Issues of E-Learner and Recommended Practical Strategies
Authors: Firat Mehmet
Published: October 2015

The complexity of the Internet has increased the requirement of learner's self-cognition, self-control and self-responsibility when using Internet to learn. Thus, responsibility of e-learner to decide on the validity, reliability and meaningfulness of the information steadily increased. This situation has caused internet related issues such as problematic Internet use, Internet addiction, cognitive overload, disorientation, continuous partial attention and information pollution on the Internet. The purpose of this study is to provide practical strategies for e-learners' Internet related current issues. This study presented in three steps. At the first step, problematic Internet use and addiction, cognitive overload, disorientation, continuous partial attention and Internet information pollution was discussed as Internet related current issues of e-learners. At the second step, increase of Internet literacy, Internet search strategies, using computational knowledge engines, and benefit from Semantic Web presented as practical strategies for e-learners. At the end of study related conclusions provided.
Lipopolysaccharide Regulation of Intestinal Tight Junction Permeability Is Mediated by TLR4 Signal Transduction Pathway Activation of FAK and MyD88
Authors: Guo Shuhong , Nighot Meghali , Al-Sadi Rana , Alhmoud Tarik , Nighot Prashant , Ma Thomas Y.
Published: October 2015

Gut-derived bacterial LPS plays an essential role in inducing intestinal and systemic inflammatory responses and have been implicated as a pathogenic factor in necrotizing enterocolitis and inflammatory bowel disease. The defective intestinal tight junction barrier was shown to be an important factor contributing to the development of intestinal inflammation. LPS, at physiological concentrations, causes an increase in intestinal tight junction permeability (TJP) via a TLR4-dependent process; however, the intracellular mechanisms that mediate LPS regulation of intestinal TJP remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the adaptor proteins and the signaling interactions that mediate LPS modulation of intestinal tight junction barrier using in vitro and in vivo model systems. LPS caused a TLR4-dependent activation of membrane-associated adaptor protein focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in Caco-2 monolayers. LPS caused an activation of both MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways. Small interfering RNA silencing of MyD88 prevented an LPS-induced increase in TJP. LPS caused MyD88-dependent activation of IL-1R–associated kinase 4. TLR4, FAK, and MyD88 were colocalized. Small interfering silencing of TLR4 inhibited TLR4-associated FAK activation, and FAK knockdown prevented MyD88 activation. In vivo studies also confirmed that the LPS-induced increase in mouse intestinal permeability was associated with FAK and MyD88 activation; knockdown of intestinal epithelial FAK prevented an LPS-induced increase in intestinal permeability. Additionally, high-dose LPS–induced intestinal inflammation was dependent on the TLR4/FAK/MyD88 signal transduction axis. To our knowledge, our data show for the first time that the LPS-induced increases in intestinal TJP and intestinal inflammation were regulated by TLR4-dependent activation of the FAK/MyD88/IL-1R–associated kinase 4 signaling pathway.
Cholesterol-Independent Suppression of Lymphocyte Activation, Autoimmunity, and Glomerulonephritis by Apolipoprotein A-I in Normocholesterolemic Lupus-Prone Mice
Authors: Black Leland L. , Srivastava Roshni , Schoeb Trenton R. , Moore Ray D. , Barnes Stephen , Kabarowski Janusz H.
Published: October 2015

Apolipoprotein (Apo)A-I, the major lipid-binding protein of high-density lipoprotein, can prevent autoimmunity and suppress inflammation in hypercholesterolemic mice by attenuating lymphocyte cholesterol accumulation and removing tissue-oxidized lipids. However, whether ApoA-I mediates immune-suppressive or anti-inflammatory effects under normocholesterolemic conditions and the mechanisms involved remain unresolved. We transferred bone marrow from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-prone Sle123 mice into normal, ApoA-I–knockout (ApoA-I−/−) and ApoA-I–transgenic (ApoA-Itg) mice. Increased ApoA-I in ApoA-Itg mice suppressed CD4+ T and B cell activation without changing lymphocyte cholesterol levels or reducing major ApoA-I–binding oxidized fatty acids. Unexpectedly, oxidized fatty acid peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ ligands 13- and 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid were increased in lymphocytes of autoimmune ApoA-Itg mice. ApoA-I reduced Th1 cells independently of changes in CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells or CD11c+ dendritic cell activation and migration. Follicular helper T cells, germinal center B cells, and autoantibodies were also lower in ApoA-Itg mice. Transgenic ApoA-I also improved SLE-mediated glomerulonephritis. However, ApoA-I deficiency did not have the opposite effects on autoimmunity or glomerulonephritis, possibly as the result of compensatory increases in ApoE on high-density lipoprotein. We conclude that, although compensatory mechanisms prevent the proinflammatory effects of ApoA-I deficiency in normocholesterolemic mice, increasing ApoA-I can attenuate lymphocyte activation and autoimmunity in SLE independently of cholesterol transport, possibly through oxidized fatty acid peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligands, and it can reduce renal inflammation in glomerulonephritis.
LRRC59 Regulates Trafficking of Nucleic Acid–Sensing TLRs from the Endoplasmic Reticulum via Association with UNC93B1
Authors: Tatematsu Megumi , Funami Kenji , Ishii Noriko , Seya Tsukasa , Obuse Chikashi , Matsumoto Misako
Published: October 2015

Compartmentalization of nucleic acid (NA)–sensing TLR3, 7, 8, and 9 is strictly regulated to direct optimal response against microbial infection and evade recognition of host-derived NAs. Uncoordinated 93 homolog B1 (UNC93B1) is indispensable for trafficking of NA-sensing TLRs from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to endosomes/lysosomes. UNC93B1 controls loading of the TLRs into COPII vesicles to exit from the ER and traffics with the TLRs in the steady state. Ligand-induced translocation also happens on NA-sensing TLRs. However, the molecular mechanism for ligand-dependent trafficking of TLRs from the ER to endosomes/lysosomes remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that leucine-rich repeat containing protein (LRRC) 59, an ER membrane protein, participated in trafficking of NA-sensing TLRs from the ER. Knockdown of LRRC59 reduced TLR3-, 8-, and 9-mediated, but not TLR4-mediated, signaling. Upon ligand stimulation, LRRC59 associated with UNC93B1 in a TLR-independent manner, which required signals induced by ligand internalization. Endosomal localization of endogenous TLR3 was decreased by silencing of LRRC59, suggesting that LRRC59 promotes UNC93B1-mediated translocation of NA-sensing TLRs from the ER upon infection. These findings help us understand how NA-sensing TLRs control their proper distribution in the infection/inflammatory state.
Enhancing the Quality of Antibodies to HIV-1 Envelope by GagPol-Specific Th Cells
Authors: Storcksdieck genannt Bonsmann Michael , Niezold Thomas , Temchura Vladimir , Pissani Franco , Ehrhardt Katrin , Brown Eric P. , Osei-Owusu Nana Yaw , Hannaman Drew , Hengel Hartmut , Ackerman Margaret E. , Streeck Hendrik , Nabi Ghulam , Tenbusch Matthias , Überla Klaus
Published: October 2015

The importance of Fc-dependent effector functions of Abs induced by vaccination is increasingly recognized. However, vaccination of mice against HIV envelope (Env) induced a skewed Th cell response leading to Env-specific Abs with reduced effector function. To overcome this bias, GagPol-specific Th cells were harnessed to provide intrastructural help for Env-specific B cells after immunization with virus-like particles containing GagPol and Env. This led to a balanced Env-specific humoral immune response with a more inflammatory Fc glycan profile. The increased quality in the Ab response against Env was confirmed by FcγR activation assays. Because the Env-specific Th cell response was also biased in human vaccinees, intrastructural help is an attractive novel approach to increase the efficacy of prophylactic HIV Env-based vaccines and may also be applicable to other particulate vaccines.
Cytosolic Low Molecular Weight FGF2 Orchestrates RIG-I–Mediated Innate Immune Response
Authors: Liu Xin , Luo Deyan , Yang Ning
Published: October 2015

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2,which is one of the 22 members of the FGF family, functions as an extracellular molecule involved in canonical receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. It has been implicated in angiogenesis and the development of the CNS. In this article, we reveal that cytosolic low m.w. isoform (LMW) FGF2 (18 kDa), not its secreted form, plays an unexpected role in the innate immune response. Cytosolic LMW FGF2 directly associated with inactivated RIG-I under physiological conditions, which enhanced RIG-I protein stability, thereby maintaining basal RIG-I levels. However, during RIG-I activation induced by viral RNA, cytosolic FGF2 bound to the caspase recruitment domains of activated RIG-I, which blocked RIG-I–MAVS complex formation. LMW FGF2 deficiency increased type I IFN production, whereas the overexpression of LMW FGF2 exerted the opposite effect. Cytosolic LMW FGF2 functions as a negative regulator in RIG-I–mediated antiviral signaling. This work provides insight into the role of FGF2 in innate immune response.
Direct-Forcing Immersed Boundary Method for Mixed Heat Transfer
Authors: Chern Ming-Jyh , Noor Dedy Zulhidayat , Liao Ching-Biao , Horng Tzyy-Leng
Published: October 2015

A direct-forcing immersed boundary method (DFIB) with both virtual force and heat source is developed here to solve Navier-Stokes and the associated energy transport equations to study some thermal flow problems caused by a moving rigid solid object within. The key point of this novel numerical method is that the solid object, stationary or moving, is first treated as fluid governed by Navier-Stokes equations for velocity and pressure, and by energy transport equation for temperature in every time step. An additional virtual force term is then introduced on the right hand side of momentum equations in the solid object region to make it act exactly as if it were a solid rigid body immersed in the fluid. Likewise, an additional virtual heat source term is applied to the right hand side of energy equation at the solid object region to maintain the solid object at the prescribed temperature all the time. The current method was validated by some benchmark forced and natural convection problems such as a uniform flow past a heated circular cylinder, and a heated circular cylinder inside a square enclosure. We further demonstrated this method by studying a mixed convection problem involving a heated circular cylinder moving inside a square enclosure. Our current method avoids the otherwise requested dynamic grid generation in traditional method and shows great efficiency in the computation of thermal and flow fields caused by fluid-structure interaction.
Multiphysics Modeling of Liver Tumor Ablation by High Intensity Focused Ultrasound
Authors: Solovchuk Maxim , Sheu Tony Wen-Hann , Thiriet Marc
Published: October 2015

High intensity focused ultrasound is a rapidly developing technology for the ablation of tumors. Liver cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Since liver has a large number of blood vessels, blood flow cooling can reduce the necrosed volume and may cause regeneration of the tumor to occur. All cancer cells should be ablated without damaging of the critical tissues. Today, treatment planning tools consider liver as a homogeneous organ. This paper is a step towards the development of surgical planning platform for a non-invasive HIFU tumor ablative therapy in a real liver geometry based on CT/MRI image. This task requires coupling of different physical fields: acoustic, thermal and hydrodynamic. These physical fields can influence each other. In this paper we illustrate how a computational model can be used to improve the treatment efficiency. In large blood vessel both convective cooling and acoustic streaming can change the temperature considerably near blood vessel. The whole tumor ablation took only 30 seconds in the considered simulation case, which is very small comparing with the current treatment time of several hours. Through this study we are convinced that high ultrasound power and nonlinear propagation effects with appropriate treatment planning can sufficiently reduce the treatment time.
High-Order Conservative Asymptotic-Preserving Schemes for Modeling Rarefied Gas Dynamical Flows with Boltzmann-BGK Equation
Authors: Diaz Manuel A. , Chen Min-Hung , Yang Jaw-Yen
Published: October 2015

High-order and conservative phase space direct solvers that preserve the Euler asymptotic limit of the Boltzmann-BGK equation for modelling rarefied gas flows are explored and studied. The approach is based on the conservative discrete ordinate method for velocity space by using Gauss Hermite or Simpsons quadrature rule and conservation of macroscopic properties are enforced on the BGK collision operator. High-order asymptotic-preserving time integration is adopted and the spatial evolution is performed by high-order schemes including a finite difference weighted essentially non-oscillatory method and correction procedure via reconstruction schemes. An artificial viscosity dissipative model is introduced into the Boltzmann-BGK equation when the correction procedure via reconstruction scheme is used. The effects of the discrete velocity conservative property and accuracy of high-order formulations of kinetic schemes based on BGK model methods are provided. Extensive comparative tests with one-dimensional and two-dimensional problems in rarefied gas flows have been carried out to validate and illustrate the schemes presented. Potentially advantageous schemes in terms of stable large time step allowed and higher-order of accuracy are suggested.
Compostos químicos em teca
Authors: Da Silva Leonardo Fernanda Viana , Rocha Henrique Figueiredo , Hurtado de Mendoza Zaira Morais dos Santos
Published: October 2015

Os compostos quinônicos, em sua grande parte, são gerados na fração extrativos das madeiras, em um sistema biológico complexo e variável. Por não fazerem parte da parede celular, eles recebem o nome de compostos secundários. Na literatura tem indicações de uso em diversos segmentos, que vão desde a indústria alimentícia até a indústria farmacêutica. Dentro da área de utilização industrial da madeira, eles são pouco desejáveis, visto que são tratados apenas como substâncias acidentais nas cadeias produtoras de celulose, papel, carvão vegetal e serraria. Apesar de sua pouca quantidade em relação aos outros compostos químicos chamados de fundamentais, essas substâncias vem recebendo atenção especial dos pesquisadores, revelando uma gama diversificada de ofertas para o mercado de produtos têxteis, fármacos, corantes, polímeros e outros compostos. As quinonas são encontradas em fungos, liquens e, em sua grande maioria, nos vegetais superiores. A Tectona grandis, vulgarmente conhecida como teca, é capaz de biossintetizar antraquinonas, composto quinônico, que lhe confere resistência natural. Esta espécie fornece madeira bastante valorizada no setor moveleiro, podendo também ser explorado os seus metabólitos, tanto para suprir o mercado em compostos quinônicos de uso comercial como para desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, agregando valor aos plantios dessa espécie dentro do nosso País.
Produtividade de clones de eucaliptos em diferentes sistemas de manejo para fins energéticos
Authors: Gadelha Fernando Henrique de Lima , Aleixo da Silva José Antônio , Caraciolo Ferreira Rinaldo Luiz , Dos Santos Rubeni Cunha , Tavares José Alves
Published: October 2015

 A região do polo gesseiro do Araripe, em Pernambuco, é a maior produtora de gesso do Brasil, e tem como principal fonte energética para produção de gesso a lenha proveniente da Caatinga, que por sua vez não oferece material lenhoso suficiente para atender à demanda energética da indústria do gesso, resultando em desmatamentos que comprometem a sustentabilidade da região. Uma opção para atender essa demanda é a implantação de florestas de rápido crescimento. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desenvolvimento volumétrico de três clones de Eucalyptus spp. conduzidos sob os sistemas de manejo de alto fuste e de talhadia, plantados no espaçamento 3m x 2 m. O experimento foi implantado na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, em Araripina, PE. Foram mensuradas altura e circunferência a 1,30 m do solo de todas as árvores a cada seis meses nas idades de 24 a 42 meses, e os volumes foram calculados considerando-se um fator de forma de 0,51. Os dados foram avaliados por análises multivariadas de medidas repetidas. O clone C39 (híbrido de E. urophylla, cruzamento natural) foi o mais produtivo nos dois sistemas de manejo.
Natural new particle formation at the coastal Antarctic site Neumayer
Authors: Weller R. , Schmidt K. , Teinilä K. , Hillamo R.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. We measured condensation particle (CP) concentrations and particle size distributions at the coastal Antarctic station Neumayer (70°39´ S, 8°15´ W) during two summer campaigns (from 20 January to 26 March 2012 and 1 February to 30 April 2014) and during the polar night between 12 August and 27 September 2014 in the particle diameter (Dp) range from 2.94 to 60.4 nm (2012) and from 6.26 to 212.9 nm (2014). During both summer campaigns we identified all in all 44 new particle formation (NPF) events. From 10 NPF events, particle growth rates could be determined to be around 0.90 ± 0.46 nm h−1 (mean ± SD; range: 0.4–1.9 nm h−1). With the exception of one case, particle growth was generally restricted to the nucleation mode (Dp < 25 nm) and the duration of NPF events was typically around 6.0 ± 1.5 h (mean ± SD; range: 4–9 h). Thus, in the surrounding area of Neumayer, particles did not grow up to sizes required for acting as cloud condensation nuclei. NPF during summer usually occurred in the afternoon in coherence with local photochemistry. During winter, two NPF events could be detected, though showing no ascertainable particle growth. A simple estimation indicated that apart from sulfuric acid, the derived growth rates required other low volatile precursor vapours.
An examination of the long-term CO records from MOPITT and IASI: comparison of retrieval methodology
Authors: George M. , Clerbaux C. , Bouarar I. , Coheur P.-F. , Deeter M. N. , Edwards D. P. , Francis G. , Gille J. C. , Hadji-Lazaro J. , Hurtmans D. , Inness A. , Mao D. , Worden H. M.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a key atmospheric compound that can be remotely sensed by satellite on the global scale. Fifteen years of continuous observations are now available from the MOPITT/Terra mission (2000 to present). Another 15 and more years of observations will be provided by the IASI/MetOp instrument series (2007–2023 >). In order to study long-term variability and trends, a homogeneous record is required, which is not straightforward as the retrieved quantities are instrument and processing dependent. The present study aims at evaluating the consistency between the CO products derived from the MOPITT and IASI missions, both for total columns and vertical profiles, during a 6-year overlap period (2008–2013). The analysis is performed by first comparing the available 2013 versions of the retrieval algorithms (v5T for MOPITT and v20100815 for IASI), and second using a dedicated reprocessing of MOPITT CO profiles and columns using the same a priori information as the IASI product. MOPITT total columns are generally slightly higher over land (bias ranging from 0 to 13 %) than IASI data. When IASI and MOPITT data are retrieved with the same a priori constraints, correlation coefficients are slightly improved. Large discrepancies (total column bias over 15 %) observed in the Northern Hemisphere during the winter months are reduced by a factor of 2 to 2.5. The detailed analysis of retrieved vertical profiles compared with collocated aircraft data from the MOZAIC-IAGOS network, illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of a constant vs. a variable a priori. On one hand, MOPITT agrees better with the aircraft profiles for observations with persisting high levels of CO throughout the year due to pollution or seasonal fire activity (because the climatology-based a priori is supposed to be closer to the real atmospheric state). On the other hand, IASI performs better when unexpected events leading to high levels of CO occur, due to a larger variability associated with the a priori.