bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liminal Citizenship
Authors: Roy Anupama
Published: June 2022

On 6 June 2015 the governments of India and Bangladesh entered into an agreement (Land Border Agreement Treaty 2015) to resolve long-standing disputes pertaining to demarcation of boundary and the exchange of enclaves and land in adverse possession of the two countries along the border states of West Bengal, Assam, and Tripura. This chapter is based on fieldwork conducted in five sites in Cooch Behar district in West Bengal—three transit camps for Indian ‘returnees’ in Dinhata, Mekhliganj, and Haldibari and two chhits with ‘new citizens’, Balipukhuri and Dhabalsati Mirgipur. This exchange did not entail an amendment in the Citizenship Act of India but offered the possibility of citizenship to Bangladeshi enclave dwellers to become Indian citizens under section 7 of the Citizenship Act of 1955. This meant that ‘aliens’, who otherwise ran the risk of being labelled illegal migrants and infiltrators, could be absorbed as Indian citizens along with territory. While the extension of citizenship in this context was largely seen as an effective resolution of a long-standing border problem, actual experiences of exchange—for those who continued to reside in India and became Indian citizens and those Indian citizens who were ‘displaced’ from what now became Bangladeshi territory—were replete with ambivalence of belonging and fragmentation of their lifeworld as citizens. This chapter seeks insights from the field to argue that the exchange of enclaves generated split-citizenship among both the returnees and the new citizens, which was expressed through idioms of loss and betrayal.
‘Trust is the foundation of things hoped for’
Authors: Morgan Teresa
Published: June 2022

This chapter argues that trust between God and humanity is a neglected theme in Christian theology, especially in comparison with the more complex concept ‘faith’, of which trust is part, and other aspects of faith, notably belief, knowledge, hope, or fideism. Following Morgan’s previous study Roman Faith and Christian Faith, it argues that relational trust, trustworthiness, faithfulness, and entrustedness form the core of very early Christian pistis and fides. Trust, though little theologized, has continued to be important throughout the tradition, and trust in God is important to many practising Christians today. Trust therefore deserves more exploration. This volume does not aim to create a ‘New Testament theology’ of trust in any comprehensive or systematic sense, but to draw out the theological implications of trust between God, Christ, and humanity as it is sketched in various New Testament writings. To help us to think about trust, it explores some of the wealth of recent work on trust in philosophy and psychology, using it to formulate a working definition and a series of questions about divine–human trust. It considers the relationship between the historical and theological study of the New Testament, arguing that neither can be based on the other. They are better seen as working in parallel and in dialogue, each offering the other questions and ideas and challenging each other’s models and metaphysical assumptions.
‘Because you have seen me, you have trusted’
Authors: Morgan Teresa
Published: June 2022

This chapter argues that, for all four canonical evangelists, signs, miracles, prophecy, and teaching, though reliable indicators of Jesus’ identity, cannot prove his identity and do not create trust, or lasting trust. Those who seek signs, moreover, or try to assess Jesus’ identity rather than responding to him with trust, are fundamentally untrusting. Even the appeal to scripture cannot prove Jesus’ trustworthiness, though it affirms that Jesus cares for creation as does Godself. Trust arises from personal encounter with Jesus, who is present or near, sees and is seen, calls and is heard. Jesus’ trust in God is also a model for his followers, and the trust that responds to him brings new life. For the final redactor of John, only those who have been pre-elected can trust in Jesus. The synoptic gospels and Acts, however, suggest that, in Jesus’ lifetime, no new or special revelation should have been needed for people to trust in him. He should have been recognizable, to both Jews and gentiles, as a man of God through whom God acted, and this should have been enough for the beginnings of trust. This, it is suggested, makes better sense of the theme, especially in Mark, that Jesus went unacknowledged by many people, than the now widely shared but, in the world of the first century, counterintuitive idea that a divine revelation went unrecognized. Finally, this chapter considers whether the gospels’ portrait of Jesus in his earthly life also acts as an image of the exalted Christ.
‘I trusted, therefore I spoke’
Authors: Morgan Teresa
Published: June 2022

This chapter draws together the main threads of the discussion and considers the pros and cons of offering a single, coherent account of trust in New Testament writings. It reflects on the much discussed ‘crisis of trust’ in the early twenty-first century, and compares the foundations, nature, and aims of trust in secular culture with those of Christian trust. In that light, it sums up the vision(s) of New Testament writers for a mode of human existence, and a divine‒human relationship, to which human beings might find it worth entrusting themselves and the future.
Introduction
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sekhar , Chaudhury Anasua Basu Ray
Published: June 2022

Caste as an analytical category is seldom introduced into the discussion of the Partition of India in 1947. In conventional narratives of Partition, the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress are presented as the two main players, and the Partition-related violence is assumed to be primarily between the Hindus and the Sikhs on one side and the Muslims on the other. All internal differentiations within these groups, based on gender, caste, or region, are collapsed to present the two contending groups as homogenous subcontinental categories representing two distinct social and political identities. If the gender imbalance in this historiography has now been rectified to some extent, many other voices remain silent. The role of the Scheduled Castes—or Dalit, as many of them would prefer to call themselves today—and their organisation, the All India Scheduled Castes Federation is either completely ignored or mentioned only in passing in this extant literature. Bengal witnessed powerful Dalit movements during the colonial period, resisting caste-based discriminatory practices, but we do not know why they almost completely disappeared after Partition. Was it because of Partition politics? Then after the Partition, we witnessed endless streams of refugees coming into West Bengal, and among them were many Dalit peasants. Their different experiences of migration and resettlement remain largely unrecognised. This book seeks to address this discursive absence of the caste question and the Dalit from the long history of Partition in Bengal.
Caste and Partition
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sekhar , Chaudhury Anasua Basu Ray
Published: June 2022

The chapter begins with a brief description of how the autonomous Scheduled Caste (SC) movement developed in colonial Bengal, spearheaded by two communities—the Rajbansis in the north and the Namasudras in the eastern districts. It looks critically at how space was important for their social mobilisation in the early twentieth century. When that cultural habitat was threatened by the Partition, they could hardly remain unaffected. It looks at how Partition politics affected and disrupted the organised SC movement in Bengal, taking the narrative through the election of 1946, the riots in Calcutta, Noakhali, and other parts of east Bengal, the Hindu mobilisation of the Dalit, and the Communist intervention through the Tebhaga movement. It looks critically at the question of Dalit identity on the eve of Partition and the division of Dalit leadership into two rival groups on the issue of Partition and alliance with the Muslim League. It concludes that we need to understand their participation in Partition politics within the context of a complex relationship between subalternity, religion, identity, space, and political mobilisation.
Epilogue: Riot, Massacre, and the Recovery of Self
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sekhar , Chaudhury Anasua Basu Ray
Published: June 2022

The period of study for this book ends in 1961, when the first phase of the Dandakaranya Project was completed and the refugee movement against the dispersal policy was withdrawn. But the struggle of the Bengali Dalit refugees did not end there; nor could their leaders again curve out spaces for themselves in provincial politics in West Bengal. In the post-1961 period, they faced two crises that profoundly affected their lives and identity—the Hazratbal riot of 1964 and the Marichjhanpi massacre of 1978–79. This short epilogue examines these two episodes and their aftermath to provide further evidence of injustice. This epilogue also briefly comments on the subsequent recovery of Dalit selfhood by these displaced people through the spectacular rise of the Matua Mahasangha, a heterodox religious sect through which the Namasudra caste movement had originally emerged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Through the efforts of its hereditary guru P.R. Thakur, in the 1980s, the Mahasangha offered a spiritual and social space where a geographically dispersed community could again relate to each other to recover a sense of home and identity. The other vehicle through which Dalit identity has again been able to redefine itself in contemporary West Bengal is an emergent literary movement, mostly contributed by Dalit refugee writers. They have emphatically asserted the centrality of Dalithood in the experiences of the East Bengali peasant refugees. The epilogue chapter briefly alludes to these recent developments in the story of the recovery of Dalit selfhood by the Bengali refugees.
Arjuna and Krishna: Friends Discuss the Family
Authors: Vanita Ruth
Published: June 2022

This chapter analyzes the Bhagavad-Gita.Responding to Arjuna’s anxieties about family, lineage and the protection of vulnerable bodies, especially women’s bodies, Krishna radically unsettles conventional ideas of gender, varṇa, and family. Krishna’s analysis of the self and of action logically proves that protecting and possessing family members is ultimately impossible and that one must oppose adharma within the family or what today would be termed abusive family relationships. Krishna elevates freely chosen and courageous friendship above biological kinship. Friendship between the human and the divine involves becoming the friend of all living beings, not just one’s own family.
Gender, Masculinity, and the Dharma of Parenting
Authors: Vanita Ruth
Published: June 2022

This chapter continues the discussion of masculinity, focusing on the context of parenting in the epics, with references to the Upanishads. This chapter also highlights discrimination against disabled people and young people. Issues of fathers teaching sons, adoption, and fatherlessness arise in several stories, including that of Ashtavakra’s complicated family structure. Overcoming the discrimination he faces on account of the physical disability inflicted by his father, Ashtavakra comments on how parents’ harsh words can scar a child. The stories of Somada, Kanva, and Kushabha highlight single parenting, while Dasharatha’s contemplation of his relationship with his son and wife illuminates the shared dharma of parenting.
Kindness to Animals: The Dharma Most Available to All
Authors: Vanita Ruth
Published: June 2022

Every major philosophical statement of dharma in the epics includes kindness to all beings. The Ramayana opens with the author’s lament for a bird and ends with a dog asking for justice. The Mahabharata opens with princes unjustly beating a dog and ends with a king protecting a dog. Powerless humans may not be able to perform other types of common (sāmānya) dharma but anyone can refrain from mistreating an animal, bird, or insect. This chapter analyses dialogues that provide animal perspectives, such as those of hunted birds and deer, mistreated cows and oxen, and compares three discussions of mistreating and eating animals—by a kṣatriya, a shūdra, and a vaishya. It concludes with what may be compared to a bacterium’s-eye-view of the universe.
Bhaktas Responding to the Epics: Kabir, Jnaneshwara, Raidas, Mira, Rahim, and Tulsidas
Authors: Vanita Ruth
Published: June 2022

This chapter demonstrates that bhakta poets, both saguṇa and nirguṇa, draw from the epics their critique of categories such as gender and varṇa, and their emphasis on love as the path to liberation. Bhaktas include epic characters in their devotional ancestry, and derive their philosophical frameworksand many of their idioms and images of knowledge and devotion from the epics. I analyse Tulsidas’s depiction of Kagabhushundi in the Ramcharitmanas as a rewriting of the Markandeya episode in the Mahabharata, and his Hanuman in the Chalisa as the embodiment of intellect, drawing on Valmiki’s similar portrayal. The chapter concludes with Raidas’s rewriting of an image from the Gita to construct a reciprocal idea of how individual selves and divine self may know one another.
Empire Unbound
Authors: Murray-Miller Gavin
Published: June 2022

European empires were typically represented in bright color-coded maps during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, conveying to viewers the expanse of European power across the globe. Despite this familiar image of a world divided up into neat imperial territories, the reality of empire-building often told a different story. Empire Unbound argues that European empires were never the bounded, stable entities that imperialists imagined. In examining Mediterranean empire-building in a comparative context, this book argues that the era of “new imperialism” fostered connections and synergies between regional powers that influenced the trajectories of imperial states in fundamental ways. Breaking with conventional national approaches, Gavin Murray-Miller traces the development of France’s North African empire, noting how empire-building relied upon transnational networks and cooperation with Muslim elites across borders just as much as military conquest. By looking at the interconnected relationships linking the French, British, Italian, and Ottoman empires from the 1880s through the First World War, Empire Unbound proposes a new spatial framework for imperial studies, noting how migrations, extraterritorial legal regimes, and cross-border interactions both abetted and frustrated imperial designs at the turn of the century.
Introduction
Authors: Murray-Miller Gavin
Published: June 2022

The introduction provides an overview of how European powers took control of the Mediterranean during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It argues that empires should not be examined as isolated political formations. Rather, imperial acquisition in the Mediterranean revealed the interconnected histories of the French, British, Ottoman, Italian, and Spanish empires. In taking note of these connections, the book calls for a re-examination of the familiar metropole–colony relationship, insisting that empires reflected various scales and genres of rule that defied neat, territorialized borders. These processes both abetted and frustrated empire-building in the region, revealing the tensions and dynamic relationships that guided imperial acquisition during the period.
Territorialization and Mobility in the Mediterranean
Authors: Murray-Miller Gavin
Published: June 2022

While imperial powers came to favor territorialized models of imperial rule in the late nineteenth century, the Muslim Mediterranean remained a highly mobile world that defied neat imperial jurisdictions. Chapter 2 traces the various social and cultural ties that bound Islamic societies together, noting how education, Sufi religious networks, pilgrimage, and migration all served to create an interconnected Muslim world that spanned borders. Colonial officials found that enforcing imperial forms of sovereignty required disciplining cross-border flows and revising existing legal and cultural identities that posed an obstacle to European imperium. This chapter examines the problems that Algerian émigré communities in the Ottoman Empire posed for French administrators. As Algerian politics migrated into Syria, French colonial authorities became conscious of the impact that anti-colonial criticism vocalized by émigrés could have on France’s reputation and standing in the Near East. While French authorities attempted to clamp down on migrations abroad, it was difficult to deny that the Algerian exodus had been one of French making. The government’s attempt to control Algerian Islam and restrict its scope of influence produced new trans-imperial movements that could be just as threatening to French imperial interests as Algerian natives relocated elsewhere and took up oppositional politics.
Fragile Empires
Authors: Murray-Miller Gavin
Published: June 2022

Trans-imperial activism could easily translate into forms of trans-politics, as Chapter 5 reveals. In the years after 1908, Pan-Islamism, Ottomanism, and imperial nationalism all brought into sharp relief the many cross-border connections linking the French Empire to territories beyond its frontiers. Moreover, these various movements generated ripple effects that rattled every part of the French Empire. Ottoman expatriate communities were invested in politics back home, entailing that the Young Turk revolution of 1908 was played out in Parisian newspaper offices and banquet halls as events unfolded in Istanbul. French military advances into Morocco occurring at the same time encouraged the formation of radical paramilitary organizations operating from Cairo to Fez that would increasingly spur Pan-Islamic platforms attractive to Algerians and Tunisians. Italy’s invasion of Ottoman Libya in 1911 produced a militarized conflict that spilled over into neighboring French colonies, generating humanitarian campaigns and political debates that were linked to wider international events. These details testified to the imperial and popular politics that grew out of cross-border connections forged through migration and Muslim social networks. The forms of trans-politics that emerged in the early twentieth century exposed the porous nature of imperial borders as well as the emotional and ideological ties that challenged territorialized notions of sovereignty and state jurisdiction. As movements converged and spread, France’s North African empire appeared to be unravelling.
Imagining French North Africa
Authors: Murray-Miller Gavin
Published: June 2022

In meeting the challenges posed by trans-imperial agitation, critics and colonial officials placed a greater emphasis on promoting ideas of a distinct “French North Africa” as a geographic and territorialized entity bounded by political borders. This vision of an integrated French space found expression in magazines and academic conferences during the early twentieth century, presenting an imaginative imperial geography that countered the cross-border ties and flows characterizing the Muslim Mediterranean. Imagining French North Africa proved, however, eminently easier than giving this entity administrative shape, as this chapter indicates. Internal power rivalries among colonial officials and competing opinions regarding how to govern North African populations presented insurmountable stumbling blocks. Although cross-border collaboration existed among Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, attempting to transform these informal relationships into an operative policy of colonial governance proved elusive, resulting in ambiguities as to what a “French North Africa” constituted.
Imperial Entanglements and the Making of the Post-Ottoman Mediterranean
Authors: Murray-Miller Gavin
Published: June 2022

The final chapter focuses on how France and Britain attempted to combat Pan-Islamic mobilization during the war years. French authorities carefully monitored the international situation and were inclined to work in conjunction with Britain to thwart anti-colonial movements. Officials employed journalists and local spokesmen to encourage imperial loyalties and reiterate the idea that France was indeed a “Muslim power” working in the interests of its colonial subjects. This chapter gives special attention to French efforts in Syria and the activities of the Syrian émigré community in Paris. Émigré activists played a definitive role in shaping French policy in the region as the Ottoman Empire crumbled. As they worked to secure a Syrian nation-state under French protection, it was evident that imperialists were coming to imagine a new territorial regime in the Mediterranean region, one which favored bounded nations and colonies that would subvert calls for Islamic unity. With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, France and Britain would establish mandate states in the eastern Mediterranean, finalizing the “re-spatialization” of the Muslim Mediterranean. Once a territory defined by forms of layered sovereignty and trans-bordered social and cultural ties, by 1924 the region was characterized by a new geopolitical landscape consisting of bounded imperial enclaves and nation-states. This transformation marked the end of a long process of empire-building in the region as European and Muslim powers attempted to impose new models of authority and sovereignty on a decentered, mobile world.
Seeing Like a Surveyor
Authors: Innes Joanna
Published: June 2022

Two of the founding fathers of ‘political arithmetic’, William Petty and Gregory King, trained and practised as surveyors. Surveyors’ practical experience, skills and organizational know-how all fitted them well to be social observers, in turn giving them a basis for positioning themselves as improvers or reformers. This chapter starts by considering some of the many ways in which surveyors contributed to social knowledge and schemes for improvement in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain. It then turns to the career of a surveyor of no great eminence, Matthew Phillips (c.1775–1850), who experimented with a variety of ways of pressing upon the great and powerful his vision of the predicament of the country, with some modest success (he founded with friends the society that ultimately became the reasonably influential Labourers’ Friend Society). His efforts illustrate both the opportunities open to surveyors in particular, and more generally the mix of opportunities and challenges facing middling-status would-be reformers in early nineteenth-century Britain.
Another Look at Victorian University Reform
Authors: Trainor Richard
Published: June 2022

Exeter College provides an appropriate case study for a reassessment of an important episode in nineteenth-century British reform: the attempted transformation of England’s ancient universities, long-time strongholds of religious exclusion, indifference to research and lackadaisical approaches to teaching. One of Oxford’s larger colleges by the start of Victoria’s reign, modestly endowed Exeter undertook a spectacular building programme in the 1850s. Yet Exeter appears at first to have had only modest intellectual ambitions and to have been a stronghold of the defence of clergy privilege. In the 1850s, Exeter forged ahead of more prominent Oxford colleges in statutory reform, with positive academic results. Although that lead concealed half-hearted enthusiasm for religious reform—an ambiguity which produced internal conflict in the 1870s—by the end of the century further changes in its statutes had facilitated Exeter’s emergence as one of Oxford’s centres of advanced secular research. Likewise, whilst paucity of scholarships and consequent limits to changing student social composition restricted improvements in student attainment in the College, teaching there was much more serious in Edwardian times than it had been in the early 1800s. The Exeter case suggests that, in Oxford and Cambridge, internal factors such as rising academic seriousness among Fellows played important parts, in producing reform, alongside external forces such as national political pressure, rising Nonconformist influence, and the social broadening of the public schools. Moreover, the large extent of change at Exeter College, despite its initial inhibitions and the lingering presence there of aspects of the old regime, indicates the substantial albeit incomplete nature of nineteenth-century reform in the ancient English universities.
J.B. Mays and Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: McKibbin Ross
Published: June 2022

J.B. Mays (1914–1987) was one of the most influential students of juvenile delinquency in Britain in the 1950s and early 1960s. Most of his work on delinquency was done on Merseyside, and especially Liverpool Riverside, the older heart of the city, first as a boy’s club leader, then as Warden of the Liverpool University Settlement, and eventually as an academic sociologist. He became the first Eleanor Rathbone Professor of Sociology at the University of Liverpool. This chapter considers the reasons for his influence but also the reasons why his work was not always enthusiastically received. It also suggests why Mays became increasingly pessimistic about the chances of ‘reforming’ delinquents who did not reform themselves; why he became increasingly a critic of British popular, that is, youthful working-class culture; and what were the consequences of this for his own work.
Ladies in a Lords’ House
Authors: Sutherland Duncan
Published: June 2022

Although the House of Lords excluded women as members until 1958, it has since been asserted that in many ways the Lords suits women better than the House of Commons. Yet women peers have received only minimal attention in the wealth of academic work on women in politics. This chapter provides the first examination of women’s experiences and contributions in Parliament’s Upper House over sixty years of their membership. It discusses what opportunities or challenges the House’s method of recruitment has offered women, explores how women have adapted to the House’s distinct culture (and vice-versa), and finally highlights areas where women peers have made a notable impact over the years. This chapter aims to complement both the author’s previous account of women’s admission to the Lords and Brian Harrison’s study of early women MPs, touching upon some of the same themes which the latter work considered.
‘An Evil Document’
Authors: May Alex
Published: June 2022

Between 1901 and 1961 the Football League enforced a maximum wage in football in England and Wales, alongside a contract system (‘retain-and-transfer’) which severely constrained professional footballers’ freedom to move between clubs. Several attempts to end these restraints were made, and ingenious ways to circumvent them were found, before in 1961 a well-orchestrated campaign by the Professional Footballers’ Association led to the abolition of the maximum wage. The campaign for greater freedom of contract was less successful, longer-lasting, and still incomplete. This chapter examines both the history of footballers’ contracts and some of the consequences of reform, including spiralling wages, a massive acceleration in differentiation between players and clubs, the erosion of competition, and the concentration of resources and talent in a handful of ‘big’ clubs.
Introduction
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: June 2022

Modern society is characterized by grandiose self-personifications and claims on a large scale. This applies to individuals, occupations, organizations, and political elites. The struggle for high professional status, conspicuous consumption, ‘world-class education’, ‘excellence’, etc. involves a zero-sum contest—a benefit for one individual or group is gained at the expense of another. Grandiose projects occupy an ever-increasing proportion of the time of various elite groups, such as politicians, media people, corporate executives, union leaders, and so on. However, also the lives of common people increasingly circle around grandiosity. There is an emphasis on illusion to back this up: CV improvement, title and grade inflation, organizations exhibiting impressive window-dressing through policy formulation and executive development programmes, and occupations re-launched as professions. This book focuses on the hollowness of such grandiosity and illusory projects, emphasizing the zero-sum games involved, and the destructive social and psychological consequences of such phenomena.
Consumption—the shortcomings of affluence
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: June 2022

Consumption development is strongly characterized by zero-sum games and the cultivation of grandiose notions and illusion. Consumption is about the satisfaction of needs, desires, and wishes, as well as the generation of those orientations. Given the enormous increase in consumption, particularly in economically advanced countries, one would expect people to have become more and more satisfied. But this is simply not the case. The chapter considers consumer culture, the increasing scope of consumption, and the apparently insatiable demand for additional goods and services, even in the richest countries and some common views about consumption and consumers. Can consumerism can be viewed as a major failure or at least a somewhat unsuccessful political and individual project? This chapter addresses the significance and effectiveness of efforts to control consumers and consumption.
Explaining the consumption paradox— why aren’t people (more) satisfied?
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: June 2022

Given an average of 2 per cent economic growth and a doubling of the material standard of living every 30–35 years, one would assume that most people would be more than satisfied, experience saturation, and not be particularly interested in greater consumption. However, this is hardly the case. Few, except a handful of ‘green’ activists portrayed as naïve and development-hostile, doubt the value of growth and increased consumption. Economic growth is broadly viewed as a self-evidently rational and positive objective, and any stagnation, or a mere 1 per cent growth, is viewed as problematic. This chapter reviews a number of theories and themes that cast doubt on the great consumption project: why does higher consumption, on the whole, not lead to greater satisfaction in life? The chapter addresses the significance of brands, making consumer satisfaction temporal and contingent upon living up to rising standards for what is acceptable before discussing the time aspect.
Organizational structures on the beauty parade—imitations and shop-window dressing
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: June 2022

Chapter 7 is concerned with the way in which organizations try to create legitimacy in relation to the predominant norms and ideas through formal structures signalling ‘the right practice’, without necessarily affecting the latter to any appreciable degree—in other words, an illusion. The idea is that organizations are increasingly devoting their time and energy to developing shop-window arrangements—designed to satisfy various groups interested in what is going on in a given organization, but without deeper insights into its workings. The chapter takes the phenomenon of imitation seriously. But even if the desire to keep up with norms and fashions and the fear of lagging behind other organizations has a role to play, how significant is it? It may only have a moderate impact, compared with efficiency concerns, for example. This chapter starts with the phenomenon of imitation and convergence between organizations. There are reasons to believe that imitation of ‘leaders’ and following fashion are far from insignificant.
A place in the sun—professionalization projects and other status and influence ambitions
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: June 2022

Chapter 8 discusses how various occupational groups are trying to advance their positions and gain status as professionals (experts) in line with ideas about the increased importance of knowledge and expertise. People who are not formally qualified are kept at bay. Many of the attempts to advance one group’s position take the form of launching and reinforcing such occupations by turning them into professions. Increased professionalization is broadly viewed as a good thing, for the specific occupation concerned as well as society as a whole. Scoring high on signs of being a ‘profession’ becomes an indicator of success. There is an increasing focus on regulating which occupational groups are to be entitled to do what, by applying statutory provisions and formal requirements for education and training. The general consensus is that a profession is better than a ‘non-profession’; professionalization is seen as a way to bring an occupation forwards in the battle for status, respect, influence, and attractive job positions.
The costs of grandiosity
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: June 2022

A critical reader might well ask at this point: Why is this author so worried about what most people see as positive things in life: increased consumption, more education, promises about a working life? The sceptical reader may want to pose the following critical questions: Why not just accept what people want? Isn’t it natural that people want more—and more? So what if there is a lot of higher education, even if all the graduates do not get jobs? Why not permit new and finer titles and labels? Why not make elites and others happy through using knowledge vocabulary to describe society, economy, and the population? And if university colleges, polytechnics, and other higher education institutions want to call themselves universities, why not be generous? What is wrong with the liberal awarding of titles like ‘marketing director’ and ‘professor’? Who cares about ‘real’ equality of opportunity for women and minorities if there are fine equal opportunity policies and programmes? These questions are critically addressed.
Introduction
Authors: Iwanek Krzysztof
Published: June 2022

The chapter outlines the primary subject of this study: the Vidya Bharati school network, an initiative managed by the Hindu nationalist organization, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. The author explains why this topic has been chosen, and what is its significance in the wider context of the general study of nationalism and with regards to research on schools ran by nationalists in particular. The introduction also presents a literature review, summarizes the research conducted by the author, outlines the general conclusions of the study, and briefly presents each of the following chapters.
Life of Schools
Authors: Iwanek Krzysztof
Published: June 2022

This chapter focuses on how Vidya Bharati schools function, how they are presented by their representatives, what challenges they face, and how do they infuse the ideology outside the curriculum. Apart from describing school life, the focus is on how its chosen elements serve the purpose of a nationalist ideological agenda. This is realized through means such as school assemblies, patrons, maps, and other accents. The chapter also looks at how Vidya Bharati presents itself (through websites and publications) and how this self-image corresponds to the way in which school representatives talk of their institutions. It further examines practical aspects, such as school fees, teacher salaries, but also teachers’ RSS membership. These statistics also provide the basis for the author’s general point that the organization occupies a middle-ground position between the free market and ideology.
Conclusions
Authors: Iwanek Krzysztof
Published: June 2022

The concluding chapter summarizes the organization’s strengths and weaknesses, as well as its primary objectives. At this juncture the author returns to one of his general conclusions: Vidya Bharati is a part of Hindu nationalists' ‘shallow-but-wide’ strategy. The organization is not meant to educate hard-core believers in Hindu nationalism or cadres for nationalist organizations. Its schools are to reach out as widely as they can, even if this means facing various compromises, and let the ideology of Hindu nationalism become a part of mainstream society thinking.
Introduction
Authors: Pfaff-Czarnecka Joanna , Thieme Susan , Kölbel Andrea
Published: June 2022

This volume captures dynamic transformations in the realm of higher education in South Asia by analysing student mobilities and mobilizations. It comprises empirically rich and analytically innovative inquiries by sociologists, anthropologists, geographers, and political science scholars engaged in interdisciplinary and multi-scalar approaches, comparisons, and theorizations. It is a first attempt to map out diverse kinds of mobilities—especially their spatial, social, and political dimensions—and to demonstrate how they challenge established constellations and manifold boundaries in the realm of higher education. This volume reveals that mobilities and mobilizations are closely intertwined and instigate social reconfigurations. It combines national and international perspectives with thorough observations of dynamics in localized university spaces while embedding them in global and transnational processes. The inquiries into ongoing transformations pay particular attention to inequality, power differentials, diversity, identity, and belonging. These challenges are analysed against the backdrop of democratic education, exclusionary forces, and students’ self-reflexivity.
Global visions, national students
Authors: Pradhan Uma
Published: June 2022

This chapter analyses Nepal’s first education policy to discuss the ways in which ideas of mobility are envisioned in the discursive spaces of policy narratives. This policy, outlined in the Report of the Nepal National Education Planning Commission (NNEPC), positioned education as a means of acquiring knowledge outside the boundaries of the nation-state. In doing so, the NNEPC imagined higher education as a site to transform both the individual and the nation. Such a policy narrative, on the one hand, located mobility as a foundation of modernity, replacing a world of stagnation. On the other hand, such a narrative is invariably connected with the imagination of ‘elsewhere’. The analysis presented in this chapter emphasizes the importance of a historical perspective to appreciate education-related mobility that continues to underpin higher education practices in contemporary Nepal. By investigating these connections, this chapter adds to the existing literature on the imagination of mobility in policies.
Untold stories of international students at Jawaharlal Nehru University
Authors: Baumann Claudia
Published: June 2022

This chapter adds insight into student mobility by looking at one university. It overcomes the fixation on data aggregated on national level and the obsession with major host and source countries. I first look at admission procedures for international students at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), showing how universities develop mechanisms to steer their global connectedness. I contrast this institutional setting with students’ perspectives highlighting the role that global imaginaries play. First, it becomes clear that with increasing student mobility, the university has become an important social arena where border transcending movements are continuously negotiated. Second, the place specific analysis of student mobility makes historical routes, unintended singularities, and new paths in student mobility visible. The chapter helps to understand the part that universities in the Global South play in shaping processes of reshuffling mobilities and mobilizations and processes of globalization at large.
Between knowledge, activism, and the global market
Authors: Reetz Dietrich
Published: June 2022

Against the background of a prominent role of Islam in the South Asian region, which also includes Afghanistan, this chapter looks at the engagement of international Muslim students, with the traditional and more conservative Islamic University, or Daru’l Uloom Deoband, in North India, on one side, and, the modernist and more political International Islamic University in Islamabad (IIUI), Pakistan, on the other. Their engagements are analysed from the perspectives of participation, motivation, and mobilization and their experiences during their studies. Enrolment and graduation of international students reflected their spatial and religious mobilities while their life experiences there contributed to their social and political mobilities. The students’ religious motivations drove them to come to South Asia to pursue their social and political projects based on particular interpretations of Islam. In addition, their religious and political mobilities contributed to transnational social and economic networking feeding into world-making from the ‘Global South’.
Democracy’s National Cornerstones
Authors: Cuttica Cesare
Published: June 2022

Chapter 5 shows, at great length and for the first time, the considerable relevance for English public discourse of the intertwined issues of parity and equality in Church and State. Parity and equality were identified with two quintessentially democratic precepts whose damaging repercussions on England were not just religious and political but broadly societal. The former—founded on the abolition of priesthood—led to the latter—premised on the removal of all financial and political distinctions as well as of differences of status and merit between people. These endeavours thrived on the populace’s discontent at being kept under the yoke of obedience by their superiors in what was still a patriarchal society. As in previous chapters, here too a common thread in the narrative is the constant and much variegated criticism addressed at the ‘many-headed multitude’ as democratic agent and major cause of serious troubles for national stability. Sundry writers criticized democracy for dismissing the traditional hierarchies informing relationships between prince and subject, rich and poor, master and servant, as well as man and woman. This redefinition of political, economic, social, and gender dynamics in anti-patriarchalist directions was an assault on all notions of superiority and inferiority within the societal universe of early modern England and Europe. In fact, democracy was portrayed as a reality where, amongst other things, nobles were slaughtered; plebeian mechanics from all walks of life were put in charge of political and ecclesiastical affairs; demagoguery flourished; and intellectual activities died.
Conclusion
Authors: Cuttica Cesare
Published: June 2022

Besides succinctly presenting the novel findings of the book, the Conclusion stimulates new considerations vis-à-vis anti-democracy both in the early modern context and afterwards. In particular, it argues how in Elizabethan and early Stuart England—despite the fact that almost nobody was a democrat—democracy was everywhere. Reflections on democracy conditioned people’s thinking about the common good; prompted much debate on the nature of political and ecclesiastical government as well as on individuals’ moral values and intellectual capacities; and produced a plethora of explanations as to why democracy had to be avoided if society was to be preserved. Discussions about democracy defined the constitutional landscape of State and Church in ways not recognized in the historiographical mainstream. Democracy was thus a major bugbear of the authorities and an important barometer of the ideological mood between the 1570s and the 1640s. The Conclusion underlines that a change occurred in the 1640s, when some authors began to view democracy in a more positive light. This situation was concomitant with the advancement of new notions of popular sovereignty, whereby democracy was associated with representation. Direct popular rule, though, remained the bane of political analysis: its procedures were now identified with those of the Polybian ‘ochlocracy’. Ultimately, the profound mistrust manifested towards the lower orders, which time and again blocked their access to politics, evinces a major feature of the history of Western democracy: its being a chronicle of the stuttered extensions with which new categories of individuals were by degree admitted to be part of the democratic ‘people’.
Across Ecosystems
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: June 2022

What is common across the four ecosystems? The drivers of innovation in the historical cases studies are summarized as: needs for change—war, disease, energy, or organizational challenges; opportunities for change—e.g., exploiting IP, telegraph, telemedicine; leadership—presidents but also other champions; and organization—abilities to execute and influence key stakeholders. The application of economic models across the four ecosystems is considered, emphasizing the need for integrated cross-cutting views of revenues, costs, and savings. Proposals for investments across the four ecosystems are outlined for data integration, knowledge management, interactive visualizations, and artificial intelligence. The need for shared metrics, methods, and tools is argued. Workforce implications are discussed as a central issue across the ecosystems.
Review
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan
Published: June 2022

“Review” contains material from algebra and trigonometry useful in calculus. In addition to a myriad of typical topics such as slope, distance, functions, equations of lines, and values of trig functions, the chapter ends with a multipart section called “Avoiding Common Errors.” Each common error is explained, and tips on avoiding the error are given, followed by exercises designed to help readers recognize the error and perform the calculations correctly. Common error topics covered include squaring a binomial, the square root of a sum, cancellation, polynomial equations, being careful with function arguments, trig notation, parentheses, and when not to distribute.
Derivatives
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan
Published: June 2022

“Derivatives” includes the definition of derivative, derivative rules, and some applications of the derivative, all from an infinitesimal perspective. The definition of derivative is derived by applying the slope formula to the point of tangency and a second point infinitely close to that point. A local linearity formula is presented early in the chapter and is the basis for calculation-style proofs of derivative rules, including a simple proof of the chain rule. All the customary derivative rules and formulas are presented, but note that this is not an “early transcendentals” text. The section on trig derivatives includes an approximation formula that simplifies the computation of many trigonometric limits. Applications include tangent lines, motion, and economics. Related rates are presented in two sections, first with Pythagorean relationships only and then for non-Pythagorean relationships, reducing the number of tasks a reader must learn concomitantly.
Applications of the Derivative
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan
Published: June 2022

“Applications of the Derivative” includes the usual topics of absolute extrema, the mean value theorem, local extrema, concavity, curve sketching, optimization, and Newton’s method. Infinitesimals make only a few appearances in this chapter, but feature prominently in the section on limits at infinity. Curve sketching is split into two sections, the first for polynomials and the second for more general functions. Hand-drawn graphs are presented in various stages of completion so that tips for a good sketch are easier to comprehend. Use of technology for curve sketching and for Newton’s method is also included.