bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trasgressive, ribelli e perdute: frammenti di periferie reali e immaginarie nella narrativa urbana turco-tedesca contemporanea
Authors: Giovansana Sara
Published: July 2022

This paper focuses on the representation of German urban peripheries in Turkish-German contemporary urban fiction. Through the analysis and comparison of two novels written by contemporary German novelists with Turkish origins – Der die Träume hört (2019) by Selim Özdogan and Hawaii (2020) by Cihan Acar – this contribution is aimed at investigating how the Turkish-German community deals with life in real and fictional German urban margins as spaces where new forms of citizenship and ways of urban living take shape and how the geographical-literary depictions of this urban peripheral framework are related to issues such as feelings of loss, exclusion, abandonment, desire to escape, personal redemption and racial hatred.
Non-Hermitian critical dynamics and its application to quantum many-body systems
Authors: Zhang Xi-Zheng , Wang Peng , Zhang Kun-Liang , Yang Xue-Min , Song Zhi ,   College of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China,   School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China,   School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China,   Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, China
Published: July 2022

In recent years, two independent research fields, i.e. non-Hermitian andstrongly correlated systems have been merged, forming an important researchfield in physics. The progress of relevant theories and experiments hasreshaped our understanding of matter. In this field, the research object isnot limited to the influence of non-Hermiticity on the energy spectrum andthe eigenstate properties of many-body systems. Researchers have paid more attentionto the manipulation of quantum states. It is universally received that the exceptional point is the most significant featurethat distinguishes non-Hermitian quantum mechanics from Hermitian quantum mechanics. In addition to the recent advances in non-Hermitian topological band theory and quantum sensing around the exceptional points, this paper concentrates on the non-Hermitian critical dynamical phenomenon and its application to the quantum many-body system. When the system has an exceptional point, an arbitrary initial state belonging to the coalescent subspace will be projected on the coalescent state. Based on the directionality of the evolved quantum state, this paper reviews our several representative researches in recent years, including local-field-induced dynamical magnetization, quantum phase transition in transverse field, Ising model at non-zero temperature, quantum mold casting in the center-environment system, as well as superconducting state preparation in the non-Hermitian strongly correlated system. We also focus on the new preparation methods and detection schemes of non-equilibrium quantum states related to exception points.
A scalable and modular automated pipeline for stitching of large electron microscopy datasets
Authors: Mahalingam Gayathri , Torres Russel , Kapner Daniel , Trautman Eric T , Fliss Tim , Seshamani Shamishtaa , Perlman Eric , Young Rob , Kinn Samuel , Buchanan JoAnn , Takeno Marc M , Yin Wenjing , Bumbarger Daniel J , Gwinn Ryder P , Nyhus Julie , Lein Ed , Smith Steven J , Reid R Clay , Khairy Khaled A , Saalfeld Stephan , Collman Forrest , Macarico da Costa Nuno
Published: July 2022

Serial-section electron microscopy (ssEM) is the method of choice for studying macroscopic biological samples at extremely high resolution in three dimensions. In the nervous system, nanometer-scale images are necessary to reconstruct dense neural wiring diagrams in the brain, so -calledconnectomes. The data that can comprise of up to 108individual EM images must be assembled into a volume, requiring seamless 2D registration from physical section followed by 3D alignment of the stitched sections. The high throughput of ssEM necessitates 2D stitching to be done at the pace of imaging, which currently produces tens of terabytes per day. To achieve this, we present a modular volume assembly software pipelineASAP(Assembly Stitching and Alignment Pipeline) that is scalable to datasets containing petabytes of data and parallelized to work in a distributed computational environment. The pipeline is built on top of theRenderTrautman and Saalfeld (2019) services used in the volume assembly of the brain of adultDrosophila melanogaster(Zheng et al. 2018). It achieves high throughput by operating only on image meta-data and transformations. ASAP is modular, allowing for easy incorporation of new algorithms without significant changes in the workflow. The entire software pipeline includes a complete set of tools for stitching, automated quality control, 3D section alignment, and final rendering of the assembled volume to disk. ASAP has been deployed for continuous stitching of several large-scale datasets of the mouse visual cortex and human brain samples including one cubic millimeter of mouse visual cortex (Yin et al. 2020); Microns Consortium et al. (2021) at speeds that exceed imaging. The pipeline also has multi-channel processing capabilities and can be applied to fluorescence and multi-modal datasets like array tomography.
Benign Esophageal Stricture
Authors: Lim Hyun
Published: July 2022

Benign esophageal strictures, characterized by fibrotic narrowing of the esophageal lumen, are frequently encountered in clinical practice. Benign esophageal strictures are associated with a multifactorial etiology and may occur across various age and population groups. Common causes of benign esophageal strictures include gastroesophageal reflux disease (peptic stricture), esophageal injury secondary to surgery (anastomotic strictures), radiotherapy, caustic agent ingestion, or endoscopic resection. Benign esophageal strictures are categorized into simple and complex types based on their size, area involved, surface features, extent of luminal narrowing, and margins. Esophageal strictures often present clinically with dysphagia and may lead to severe complications. Regardless of the underlying cause, therapy is aimed at relief of dysphagia and prevention of stricture recurrence. Benign esophageal strictures are commonly treated using endoscopic balloon or bougie dilation, followed by disease-specific approaches to treat underlying inflammation. However, based on the underlying cause, the risk of recurrence of benign esophageal strictures is 10~30%. Therapeutic options for refractory or recurrent esophageal strictures include endoscopic incisional therapy, esophageal stent placement, or intralesional injection of steroids or mitomycin C. The pathophysiology of esophageal strictures is complicated, and thorough understanding and patient cooperation are important for optimal management. Physicians should familiarize themselves with the various dilation strategies available and their application for management of specific types of stenotic lesions. In this article, we review the evaluation and management of patients with esophageal strictures.
Luke’s use of a Departure-Arrival Formula in the Book of Acts
Authors: Wilson Mark Wayne
Published: July 2022

When Saul began to persecute the believers in Jerusalem after Stephen’s martyrdom, everyone except the apostles was scattered throughout Judea and Samaria. Among those who began to preach the word was Philip, who went to Samaria proclaiming Christ. Significant to the opening verses of this pericope is Luke’s first use of a departure-arrival formula in Acts. This formula, featuring verbal doublets with stock elements, also introduces several other journeys that involve other characters in later chapters. This article will discuss the characteristics of this formula and the texts in Acts where it is used. It will suggest literary precedents for the formula in the Septuagint. Finally, it will discuss other pericopae in Acts where travel is divinely directed and why the formula is not used in them. Keywords: Acts of the Apostles, Travel narrative, Arrival-departure formula, Septuagint
Alarming Rise in Secondary Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance in COVID-19 Patients Admitted at a Tertiary Care Centre in Dehradun, Northern India
Authors: Singh Rajender , Koul Nupur , Mittal Manish , Kakati Barnali , Mittal Garima
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Secondary infections are emerging as a serious threat among hospitalised patients of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Overuse of antibiotics and inadequate infection control practices due to COVID-19 patients’ workload leads to a sudden upsurge of Multidrug Resistance (MDR) pathogens in healthcare settings attributing to higher mortality rates among the same. Aim: To detect the secondary infection rate among COVID-19 patients admitted to the hospital ward and Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and report the impact on antimicrobial resistance and patient outcome. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted for a period of three months of the second COVID-19 wave from 15th April 2021 to 14th july 2021 in the Department of Microbiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences (HIMS), Swami Rama Himalayan University (SRHU), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. All clinical samples of Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RTPCR) positive cases of COVID-19 received in the laboratory were cultured and identified using the Vitek-2 automated system and conventional fungal culture. Relevant demographic, characteristics, and clinical outcome data were obtained from records of the patient and recorded in reporting forms and were analysed for the study. Results were analysed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 and Microsoft Excel 2019. Results: Overall secondary infection rate of 135 (13.6%) was found among COVID-19 admitted patients. The most commonly isolated bacterial pathogens were Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (18.52%) and Enterococcus species (8.89%). Whereas the most common fungal isolates were Candida species (20.75%) and Rhizopus (8.15%). In the present study, 60.5% of bacterial pathogens isolated were Multidrug-resistant Organisms (MDRO). Mortality among COVID-19 patients with secondary infection was reported as 53% which was higher than the overall mortality rate of 36% in the same. Conclusion: A high secondary infection rate, MDRO isolation rate, and high mortality among COVID-19 with secondary infection were reported. This shows the urgent need for reinforcement of infection control practices and strict antimicrobial stewardship policies.
Farmers’ Brand Preference and Brand Loyalty towards Maize Hybrid Seeds in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Kowsalya J. , Murugananthi D. , Kumar M. Chandra , Selvi R. Pangayar
Published: July 2022

A good quality seed is considered as a primary vital farm input among all agricultural farm inputs. Since it directly helps to a good crop productivity, which further makes farmer to generate income by marketing the surplus to consumers. Farmers are finding it difficult to select a high-quality seed brand for cultivation because numerous seed brands have been introduced to the market by the public and private companies. As maize is one of the most profitable crops, most farmers opt for commercial cultivation. The present study was conducted to learn the farmers’ brand preferences and brand loyalty while purchasing Maize hybrid in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. Data were gathered from 90 sample farmers by choosing two mandals in the district through random sampling approach. Top eight brands of maize seed was taken for the study and ranking was determined using simple weighted average method. It was found that, majority of the farmers preferred NK 7884 and NMH 8352 Winner followed by KMH 8333. Also, the study concluded that, there would be repetitive purchase of the same brands and the farmers would purchase preferred branded seeds, regardless of considering the cost of seed.
Characteristics of Rural Community Savings Systems and Impacts on Rural Livelihood in Selected Districts of Sierra Leone
Authors: Ngegba Mohamed Paul , Kamara James , Koroma Muctar Foday
Published: July 2022

This study attempted to investigate the characteristics of rural community savings systems and their impacts on rural livelihood in selected districts of Sierra Leone. The researchers adopted three objectives, (1) identify the personal and socio-demographic characteristics of rural dwellers (savings members and non-savings members) that influence participation in rural community savings systems, and (2) identify the factors, operational conditions and modalities of the savings systems, and (3) assess the impact of the rural community savings systems on the livelihood of rural dwellers in selected districts of Sierra Leone. The study adopted a cross-sectional design. The population consists of savings members and non-savings in Bo, Bombali and Kenema Districts. The population size was 897, of which 810 savings with an equivalent of 810 non-savings, giving a sample size of 1,620 rural dwellers. Two sets of pretested questionnaires and focus group guides with a reliability of 0.75 were administered using KoBoCollect v.1.14.0a software; analysed data using simple frequencies, logit regression and propensity score match models. Participation in the savings program positively impacted various rural community welfare indicators. The recommendations include conducting basic training or in-service training on savings and financial management and guiding characteristics of the operations of the savings system.
An Economic Analysis of Marketing Costs, Price Spread and Marketing Efficiency of Milk in the Visakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Bhargav Pyla Srinivas , Maurya Mukesh Kumar , Paul Anupriya , Rani Rekha
Published: July 2022

The present study was undertaken to know the Marketing cost and margins, Price spread, Marketing efficiency of Buffalo and Cow milk. The study has been undertaken in the Paravada block of Visakhapatnam district. A total of 100 sample respondents are analyzed. Among these 55 are small farmers, 34 are medium farmers and 11 are large farmers. For buffalo milk, in channel-I, the overall average net price received by the producer is Rs. 49.43, and the consumer purchase price is Rs.56.07. In channel-II, The overall average net price received by the producer is Rs. 46.34, and the consumer purchase price is Rs.58.55. In channel-III, the net price received by the producer is Rs. 39.23, and the consumer purchase price is Rs.60. For cow milk, in channel-I, the overall average net price received by the producer is Rs. 36.50, and the consumer purchase price is Rs.45.22. In channel-II, The overall average net price received by the producer is Rs.33.93, and the consumer purchase price is Rs.48.87. In channel-III, the net price received by the producer is Rs.30.50, and the consumer purchase price is Rs.50. Market efficiency revealed that for buffalo milk Market efficiency of channel-I is high with 8.4, market efficiency revealed that for cow milk Market efficiency of channel-I is high with 5.18. Farmers should focus on the marketing channels where there are fewer intermediaries and can attain maximum profits. There is a need for an up gradation of the dairying technologies like for milking, usage of milking machines is more sophisticated than following the traditional methods.
Challenges and Constraints Faced by Potato Growers Regarding Farm Credit Acquisition
Authors: Meitei N. Chinglen , Dutta Jayanta
Published: July 2022

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), widely considered as 'The king of vegetables', has been the most commonly cultivated food crop after rice, wheat and maize [1]. Potato growers were unable to meet the large expenses for cultivation from their own sources and they are bound to take credit from different sources due to high capital intensive nature of the crop [2]. They borrow credit in cash and kind from a number of sources. Coochbehar –II block has been selected purposively and a total of 100 potato growers were selected randomly from 5 villages. Primary data were collected using a pre-tested structured schedule. Ranking method and Garrett Ranking method were adopted to determine the problems and challenges encountered by potato growers with regards to farm credit acquisition. Among the institutional borrowers the main challenge is the unavailability of farm credit on time followed by insufficient credit limit, high interest rates charged by the financial institutes and delay in loan approval/disbursement, respectively. From the study area it was found that still lots of small and marginal farmers meet their credit needs from the non institutional sources and they are forced to pay a very high interest rate. For non institutional borrowers the major challenge is the fear of repayment/becoming defaulter followed by no proper land records, Small land holdings/no extra income source and collateral issues, respectively. The study suggests that financial institutes should come forward to meet the credit constraints and challenges faced by the potato farmers. Necessary steps must be taken care to reduce the rate of over-dependence on non-institutional sources by expanding its outreach to the corner most villages. The co-operative societies need to be expanded and strengthen to achieve maximum outreach to the small and marginal farmers. Repayment behavior needs to be inculcated to the borrowers to reduce willful default. Banks and co-operatives must regularly render counseling to the distressed farmers, which could sort out many of their constraints.
Composition and Catch Rate of Purse Seine Fishery Unit at the Tegal Fish Landing, Central Java
Authors: Nazarullah Ikhlas , Maulina Ine , Dewanti Lantun Paradhita , Khan Alexander M. A.
Published: July 2022

Purse seine fishing gear is one of the fishing gear used by the fisherman at the Tegal Fish Landing to catch pelagic fish. This study aims to analyze the composition of purse seine catches and catch rates based on the number of catches and trips to sea, determine the selectivity of purse seine fishing gear base on the number and species. The research method used survey methods and data in quantitative analysis, the analysis of the composition of the catch is secondary to the volume of purse seine catches at Tegal Fish Landing throughout September to November 2019. The capture rate was calculated using secondary data on the number of trips and the total production of purse seine at the Tegal Fish Landing from 2014 to 2018. Selectivity of puse seine fishing gear using primary data includes the number and weight of catches, identification of fishing gear, work equpment, safety equipment, supplies, navigation tools, accident history. The dominant variety of catch species was small pelagic fish, namely Decapterus macrosoma, Sardinella lemuru, and Rastrelliger kanagurta. The largest percentage of catches in September was 52% Decapterus macrosoma, 13% Sardinella lemuru, and Rastrelliger kanagurta. The location of the fishing grounds is in the WPP area 712 and 713 the average CPUE purse seine per year at Tegal Fish Landing was 26.710 kg or 26,7 tons per trip for each vessel. This shows that purse seine capture productivity was still quite low when compared to the size of Gross Tonnage. Purse seine gear for five fishing vessels that landed at Tegal Fish Landing selectively. During the study the proportion of the amount and weight of the five vessels was more thant 60%.
Effect of Physico-chemical Properties on Spore Density and Root Colonization of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Industrial Wastelands in Kota, Rajasthan
Authors: Rajpurohit Suresh S. , Jaiswal Poonam
Published: July 2022

This study was conducted in selected industrial waste dump sites in the Kota district of Rajasthan, India to investigate the impact of various edaphic factors on spore density and root colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The current research shows that AMF root colonization rates were insignificantly negatively correlated with EC, soil temperature, P, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn but significantly positively correlated with soil pH, soil moisture, and insignificantly positively correlated with N and OC (P < 0.05). Spore density of mycorrhiza was insignificant and negatively correlated with soil moisture (P < 0.05), EC, soil temperature, P, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn but significantly positively correlated with soil pH and insignificantly positively correlated with N and OC.

Edaphic factors may influence the root colonization and spore density of mycorrhiza differentially. Except for pH and soil moisture, almost all other parameters have a very insignificant influence on mycorrhizal root colonization and spore density in industrial wastelands.
Evaluation of Foliar Nutrition for Yield Maximization in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica)
Authors: Pavithran Anushka , Krishnan R. , Somasundaram E. , Chandrasekhar C. N.
Published: July 2022

A study was carried out in foxtail millet regarding the effect of various foliar treatments in combination with recommended dose of fertilizer on the growth and yield of the crop at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during the summer of 2021. Eight treatments in combinations with 100% of the Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. Foliar treatments applied were viz., 3% panchagavya along with recommended dose of fertilizer (T1), 3% vermiwash along with recommended dose of fertilizer (T2), 3% TNAU maize maxim along with recommended dose of fertilizer (T3), 1% urea along with recommended dose of fertilizer (T4), 1% KCl along with recommended dose of fertilizer (T5), 0.5% zinc sulphate along with recommended dose of fertilizer (T6), 0.5% iron sulphate along with recommended dose of fertilizer (T7) and recommended dose of fertilizers alone (T8). Each treatment was applied at the active vegetative growth stage and panicle initiation stage of the crop. The application of full dose of fertilizer along with a foliar spray of 3% maize maxim resulted in higher plant height (132.38 cm), number of tillers (2.37), leaf area index (1.37), dry matter production (5937.74 kg/ha), productive tillers per plant (1.95), panicle length (23.59 cm), panicle weight (15.29 g), grain yield (2130.20 kg/ha) and straw yield (4108.14 kg/ha). The plots treated with recommended fertilizer alone had the lowest level of all parameters. Treatments with foliar spray of 3% panchagavya and 3% vermiwash were statistically on par with maize maxim application. The result of the experiment implies that foliar treatment of 3% TNAU maize maxim had a significant effect on growth and yield attributes of foxtail millet.
Effect of Organic Manures and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. italica L.) cv. Green Magic
Authors: Varsha P. , Prasad Vipin M. , Topno Samir E. , Bahadur Vijay
Published: July 2022

The present investigation was carried out with title “Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of Broccoli (Brassica oleracear var. italica L.) cv.Green Magic” at the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higgin bottom University of Agriculture Technology and Science, Prayagraj (UP) During October 2021 to February 2022. The experiment was laid out in RBD with 8 treatments with 3 replications. The results revealed that Treatment T6 (50% RDF+ 25% Vermicompost + 25% Poultry Manure) – performed the best in terms of days to Plant Height (55.17), No. of Leaves (21.25), Leaf width (18.76), leaf area (238.17), leaf area index (19.16), days to initiation (56.83), Head weight (308.33), Head yield per plot (3.03), Head yield per hectare (11.36), Head diameter (15.5), TSS Brix (13), Vitamin C (103.97), B:C Ratio (3.04:1). Therefore, the Treatment T6 (50% RDF + 25% Vermicompost + 25% Poultry Manure) is the best when compared to other treatments. As, the highest benefit costratio was observed in treatment T6 (50% RDF + 25% Vermicompost + 25% Poultry Manure) i.e., (3.04:1) which states that it is economically profitable compared to all other treatments.
Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Evaluation of Hip and Groin Sports-Related Injuries
Authors: Shahin Hager Yasser , Younes Rasha Lotfy , Tantawy Ahmad El Sayed El , Salama Alsiagy A
Published: July 2022

Background: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) proved to be highly accurate imaging modality allows clear differentiation of the normal anatomic features of the hip. In addition to that it allows clear differentiation of the individual component of the normal joint from one another. The purpose of this work was to diagnose sports-related injuries of hip and groin using MR imaging with different sequences.

Methods: This prospective study was carried out on59 athletic subjects presented clinically with different hip or groin joint complaints, both sexes within adult age. All patients were subjected to clinical examination, imaging (conventional radiography of both hips were performed mostly in antero-posterior and lateral views to detect fractures, dislocations, bony lesions or soft tissue swelling), MRI examinations and image analysis.

Results: There was significant difference between MRI type of injuries and different age groups of studied sportive patient. MRI show lesion in 59 cases in comparison to X-ray which has less sensitivity as 46 case has negative results show lesions in MRI.

Conclusions: MRI of the hip has established to be the gold standard for the diagnosis of sports-related hip and groin injuries in the setting of negative radiographs, also it can determine early signs of stress fracture before it appear in X-ray. so, more details about different lesions can be obtained from MRI and This help in accurate diagnosis, rapid treatment of different athlete lesions and determine time plane of returning to the sport by follow up imaging.
Use of Liquid Pharmaceutical Forms and Correct Handling of Solid Forms in the Dysphagic Patient
Authors: Marovino Edoardo , Morgillo Amelia , Mazzarella Marcello , Randazzo Maria Francesca
Published: July 2022

Introduction: The presence of dysphagia is a rather common event, both physiologically in elderly people and the presence of neurological, maxillofacial, or upper digestive pathologies. Many drugs are routinely taken in solid form for the convenience of use, however, in such patients, it becomes difficult to swallow tablets or capsules and it is important to both have liquid alternatives and possibly handle the solid forms correctly. In this article, we want to describe the correct handling of solid pharmaceutical forms or the transition to liquid ones where present.

Methodology: the article was written by integrating one's knowledge of pharmacology and pharmaceutical techniques with printed material and online articles extracted from databases google scholar and PubMed.

Discussion and Conclusions: The liquid forms, where they exist, are important in the management of drug therapy in the dysphagia patient. In the absence of therapeutic alternatives or liquid forms of the same principle, the solid forms can be manipulated within certain limits, paying attention to the interactions with nutritional mixtures and other drugs and above all not obstructing the probe and not compromising the kinetic and dynamic characteristics of the active ingredient.
Design and Construction of a Small Scale Combined Weighing and Non-Weighing Lysimeter
Authors: Dumkhana Beabu Bernard , Emmanuel Godstime Ogechi , Ntesat Unyeawaji Brownson , Ayotamuno Josiah Miebaka
Published: July 2022

A field experiment was conducted to study the consumptive use of water leaf (Talinum triangulare) on a constructed small scale combined weighing and non-weighing Lysimeter. This study considered the design and construction of a small scale lysimeter that combined the characteristics of a weighing and non-weighing. The main components of the lysimeter facility are mild steel, load cell, Arduino nano, micro secure digital (Micro SD) card, liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, real time clock (RTC) with model DS1307, moisture sensor, inner cylinder and outer cylinder. The installation depth of 0.4572 m with a known rectangular floor was constructed to house the outer cylinder height of 167.8 mm with a diameter 309.4 mm, inner cylinder height of 355.6 mm with a diameter 304.8 mm and a hole of 2 mm perforated at the bottom of the inner cylinder for easy drainage. The results on the data logged shows how much water is required for plant root extraction at various irrigation rates. The combined weighing and non-weighing lysimeter serve the purposes of determining the soil-water balance and water consumptive use of crops.
Collegia
Authors: Gibbs Matt
Published: July 2022

Collegia
were groups of individuals who were collectively organized, based on one or more underlying motivations. Notably the term was used for the four major Roman priesthoods. In the context of the economy, however, the
collegia
were groups of individuals who were collectively organized and identified typically by occupation. They offered their members a range of economic and social benefits. These groups, however, could also be used to the state's advantage.
Horrea
Authors: Brown Kimberly M.
Published: July 2022

Horrea(sg.horreum) designates rooms where items may be safely and securely stored. In the Roman world,horreagenerally refers to the thousands of known public and private warehouses in urban and rural settings used for the storage of goods and commodities. Though several types ofhorreaare described in Roman texts, their most important use was to house and store grain.
Demography, Late Antiquity
Authors: Horden Peregrine
Published: July 2022

Across the ancient world there were probably fewer people in 700cethan there had been in 300ce. If there was “decline and fall,” it was demographic. However, there precision and agreement end. Since we cannot reliably estimate the aggregate population in any period of antiquity, we cannot give a rough order of magnitude to the decline, and estimates vary greatly (50 percent or more at the pessimistic end of the spectrum).
Chresis
Authors: Banfi Antonio
Published: July 2022

Chresis
is a contract typical of ancient Greek law, and bears some similarities to the Roman
commodatum
. Its characteristics have still to be precisely determined through a systematic survey of Greek papyri.
Privilegium
, of legal forum
Authors: Banfi Antonio
Published: July 2022

The
privilegium
of legal forum (
privilegium fori
) was a privilege, granted to specific classes of individuals, of being tried by special courts, which operated under particular jurisdictions. In particular, the issue of a
privilegium fori
for the church and for ecclesiastical people was widely debated starting from the fourth century
ce
.
Oracles, Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: MOORE TERESA
Published: July 2022

From the mid‐18th Dynasty onwards, the Egyptian tradition of oracular consultation is attested by a wide variety of sources, both royal and private; petitioners of all stations presented queries requiring an affirmative or negative answer or read a list from which a god would choose. The deity's decision was expressed through the perceived movements of the sacred image by priests who bore it in procession. Although the possibility of falsification was recognized, the public nature of the oracle and its oversight by community leaders encouraged confidence in the practice, which endured down to Greco‐Roman times.
Papyrus
Authors: Espinel Andrés Diego
Published: July 2022

Papyrus (
Cyperus papyrus
) grows in quiet and shallow river waters in Africa, the Mediterranean basin, and the Near East. During the Pharaonic and Greco‐Roman periods, this reed was common along the Nile Valley. It was a versatile plant that had many uses, the most notable of which was its use as a writing material.
Piazza Armerina
Authors: Wilson R. J. A.
Published: July 2022

Piazza Armerina is a luxury Roman villa in Sicily probably built in the second quarter of the fourth century, although some date it either in part or in whole to the late fourth century. It has nearly 4000 sq m of mosaic floors, both figured and geometric, and one marble‐paved hall, as well as several fountains, two bath suites, and fragments of marble statues. The figured mosaics include genre scenes (marine displays), mythological compositions, and autobiographical pavements (featuring games in Rome put on by the owner as magistrate). An earthquake terminated elite life here in the fifth century.
Vetera (Birten, Germany)
Authors: Wilson R. J. A.
Published: July 2022

Vetera is the ancient name of Roman legionary fortresses near the village of Birten, to the south of Xanten, on the Rhine in Germany. Vetera I is the site of a group of successive double fortresses (for two legions) from Augustan times until 70ce, built first in earth and timber and then ca. 60cein stone. It was replaced by Vetera II, a single legion fortress further east, now lost to erosion by the Rhine.
Colonia Ulpia Traiana (Xanten, Germany)
Authors: Wilson R. J. A.
Published: July 2022

Xanten is the nearest modern town to the site of the Roman town ofColonia Ulpia Traiana, founded in ca. 99ce. It was previously, for all of the first centuryce, a settlement of the local Ciberni tribe. Excavation has revealed much about the defenses and some of the public and private buildings within, including classical‐style and Romano‐Celtic temples, a large bath, and an amphitheater. Its heyday was in the second century; it was damaged in third‐century barbarian attacks and a late Roman fort (?) was erected around the central part of the town in the late third century.
Imperialism in the Roman Empire (east)
Authors: Erskine Andrew , Mitchell Stephen
Published: July 2022

In 229bce, when Roman forces first crossed the Adriatic Sea to fight the Illyrians, the eastern Mediterranean was a Greco‐Macedonian domain. Dynasties that traced their origin back to Macedon ruled in kingdoms based in Egypt, Syria, and Macedon itself. In mainland Greece there were also two influential confederations, the Aitolian League and the Achaian League. By the end of the first centurybcethis whole power structure had been overthrown. In its place were Roman governors, Roman taxes, and Roman garrisons. Instead of kingdoms there were Roman provinces.
Atellane farce
Authors: Panayotakis Costas
Published: July 2022

Despite its significant presence in Roman culture from at least the third century
bce
, the origins, development, and characteristics of the type of drama which, since the first century
bce
, has been conventionally known as Atellane comedy (
fabula Atellana
) are unclear. This article gives an overview of the evidence of the sources (and of their problems) arranged chronologically to cover the various stages in the history of Atellane farce from an improvised non‐Roman spectacle to its transformation into a Latin literary form of entertainment that was metrical, witty, provocative, uncouth, and long‐lasting.
Ashur
Authors: Frahm Eckart
Published: July 2022

Ashur (modern Qal‛at Širqāṭ, located 110 km south of Mosul on the right bank of the Tigris) was the religious, and for much of its history, the political center of the land of Assyria. The city's beginnings can be traced back to the third millennium
bce
. Ashur suffered major destruction by Median troops in 614
bce
but remained an important local town until the Sasanian conquest.
Tiglath‐pileser III
Authors: Frahm Eckart
Published: July 2022

Tiglath‐pileser III ruled Assyria from 745 to 727
bce
. His massive territorial gains and implementation of a well‐organized system of new provinces mark the beginning of Assyria's transformation into a true empire.
Burgundians
Authors: Grose Becca
Published: July 2022

Groups named Burgundians are attested in Roman accounts of Eastern Europe from the first centurybce, and, by the second centuryce, Burgundians are attested on the Roman Rhineland frontiers. The best‐attested Burgundians are the barbarian group that were settled near Lake Geneva in a region of Gaul named Sapaudia in the fifth centuryce, and extended their hegemony down the Rhone valley. Burgundian territorial control diminished during the rules of Gundobad and Sigismund before the last ruler, Godomar, was deposed by the Franks in 534. Relationships between these Burgundian groups are debated, as is the veracity of their reception in later epics.
DEA issues a revised manual for OTPs incorporating new concepts
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: July 2022

Last month the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) issued revised guidance for opioid treatment programs (OTPs) referred to as Narcotic Treatment Programs (NTPs) by the DEA. These programs are the only facilities allowed to prescribe and dispense methadone for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD).
No rise in methadone OD deaths with new take‐home rules
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: July 2022

A new report from the federal government, based on death data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), found that the liberalized take‐home policies for methadone instituted in March 2020 to reduce transmission of COVID‐19 did not result in an increase in overdose deaths.
Polymer Skulls With Integrated Transparent Electrode Arrays for Cortex‐Wide Opto‐Electrophysiological Recordings
Authors: Donaldson Preston D. , Navabi Zahra S. , Carter Russell E. , Fausner Skylar M. L. , Ghanbari Leila , Ebner Timothy J. , Swisher Sarah L. , Kodandaramaiah Suhasa B.
Published: July 2022

Electrophysiology and optical imaging provide complementary neural sensing capabilities – electrophysiological recordings have high temporal resolution, while optical imaging allows recording of genetically‐defined populations at high spatial resolution. Combining these two modalities for simultaneous large‐scale, multimodal sensing of neural activity across multiple brain regions can be very powerful. Here, transparent, inkjet‐printed electrode arrays with outstanding optical and electrical properties are seamlessly integrated with morphologically conformant transparent polymer skulls. Implanted on transgenic mice expressing the Calcium (Ca2+) indicator GCaMP6f in excitatory neurons, these “eSee‐Shells” provide a robust opto‐electrophysiological interface for over 100 days. eSee‐Shells enable simultaneous mesoscale Ca2+imaging and electrocorticography (ECoG) acquisition from multiple brain regions covering 45 mm2of cortex under anesthesia and in awake animals. The clarity and transparency of eSee‐Shells allow recording single‐cell Ca2+signals directly below the electrodes and interconnects. Simultaneous multimodal measurement of cortical dynamics reveals changes in both ECoG and Ca2+signals that depend on the behavioral state.
Amyloid‐Mediated Remineralization in Pit and Fissure for Caries Preventive Therapy
Authors: Yang Xiaoxue , Guo Jing , Hu Bowen , Li Zihan , Wu Meiling , Guo Hao , Huang Xiaoyao , Liu Xuemei , Guo Xiaohe , Liu Peisheng , Chen Yuan , Li Shijie , Gu Yang , Wu Hong , Xuan Kun , Yang Peng
Published: July 2022

The pits and fissures of teeth have high caries susceptibility, and sealing these areas is considered as an effective method to prevent caries. However, long‐term caries prophylaxis cannot be maintained because of the negative effects derived from the technical sensitivity and disadvantages of sealing materials. Herein, a new strategy is proposed to occlude fossae by amyloid‐mediated biomimetic remineralization. In contrast to conventional inward blocking from the outside of fossae, amyloid‐mediated biomimetic mineralization delivers an amyloid‐like protein nanofilm into the deepest zone of the fossae and induces the formation of remineralized enamel inside. Such assembly from lysozyme conjugated with poly (ethylene glycol) enriches the interface with strongly bonded ionsand directs in situ nucleation to achieve enamel epitaxial growth. Not only is the structure of the enamel‐like crystalline hydroxyapatite layer but also its mechanical stability is similar to that of natural enamel. Furthermore, the layer shows good biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. On the basis of the findings, it is demonstrated that amyloid‐like protein aggregation may provide an enamel remineralization strategy to modify the current clinically available methods of pit and fissure sealing and shows great promise in preventing caries.
Herpesvirus‐Mimicking DNAzyme‐Loaded Nanoparticles as a Mitochondrial DNA Stress Inducer to Activate Innate Immunity for Tumor Therapy
Authors: Zhao Xiu , Wang Yiyang , Jiang Wenxiao , Wang Qiongwei , Li Jun , Wen Zhiyang , Li Airong , Zhang Kaixiang , Zhang Zhenzhong , Shi Jinjin , Liu Junjie
Published: July 2022

Virus‐based immunotherapy is a promising approach to treat tumor. Closely mimicking the structure and sequential infection processes of natural viruses is highly desirable for effective tumor immunotherapy but remains challenging. Here, inspired by the robust innate immunity induced by herpesvirus, a herpesvirus‐mimicking nanoparticle (named Vir‐ZM@TD) is engineered for tumor therapy by mimicking the structure and infection processes of herpesvirus. In this biomimetic system, DNAzyme‐loaded manganese‑doped zeolitic imidazolate framework‑90 (ZIF‐90) nanoparticles (ZM@TD) mimic the virus nucleocapsid containing the genome; the erythrocyte membrane mimics the viral envelope; and two functional peptides, RGD and HA2 peptides, resemble the surface glycoprotein spikes of herpesvirus. Vir‐ZM@TD can both effectively evade rapid clearance in the blood circulation and closely mimic the serial infection processes of herpesvirus, including specific tumor targeting, membrane fusion‐mediated endosomal escape, and TFAM (transcription factor A, mitochondrial) deficiency‐triggered mitochondrial DNA stress, as well as the release of manganese ions (Mn2+) from organelles into the cytosol, ultimately effectively priming cGAS‐STING pathway‐mediated innate immunity with 68% complete regression of primary tumors and extending by 32 days the median survival time of 4T1‐tumor‐bearing mice.
Effect of Bi Nanoprecipitates on the Thermoelectric Properties of Bi‐Sb‐Te/Sb2O3 Nanocomposites
Authors: Pakdel Amir , Khan Atta Ullah , Pawula Florent , Hébert Sylvie , Mori Takao
Published: July 2022

BiSbTe‐based nanocomposites hybridized with ceramic nanoparticles have recently revealed their higher efficiency as thermoelectric materials for near room‐temperature applications, as compared to the traditional BiTe‐SbTe alloys. Herein, the incorporation of ultra‐small Bi nanoprecipitates into the microstructure of a Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3/Sb2O3 nanocomposite and the consequential effects on the thermal and electrical transport properties of this three‐phase hybrid system is reported. Electron microscopy characterization and systematic analysis of the thermoelectric properties of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3/Sb2O3/Bi nanoprecipitate samples suggest that the minute Bi nanoprecipitates increase the charge carrier concentration of the nanocomposites, act as effective scattering sites throughout the microstructure, and shift the maximum Seebeck coefficient values to higher temperatures.
Soft, All‐Polymer Optoelectronic Tactile Sensor for Stick‐Slip Detection
Authors: Han Michael Seokyoung , Harnett Cindy K.
Published: July 2022

The mechanoreceptors of the human tactile sensory system contribute to natural grasping manipulations in everyday life. However, in the case of robot systems, attempts to emulate humans’ dexterity are still limited by tactile sensory feedback. In this work, a soft optical lightguide is applied as an afferent nerve fiber in a tactile sensory system. A skin‐like soft silicone material is combined with a bristle friction model, which is capable of fast and easy fabrication. Due to this novel design, the soft sensor can provide not only normal force (up to 5 Newtons) but also lateral force information generated by stick‐slip processes. Through a static force test and slip motion test, its ability to measure normal forces and to detect stick‐slip events is demonstrated. Finally, using a robotic gripper, real‐time control applications are investigated where the sensor helps the gripper apply sufficient force to grasp objects without slipping.
A Facile Strategy to Densify Aligned CNT Films with Significantly Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Strength
Authors: Wu Yongdong , Ma Qiangqiang , Liang Ting , Yao Yimin , Li Junhong , Zeng Xiaoliang , Xu Jian‐Bin , Sun Rong
Published: July 2022

Aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) films with outstanding thermal and mechanical properties are promising for thermal management in electronics and mechanical enhancement in composites. One main challenge toward aligned CNT films is the loose stacking and unsatisfactory orientation of individual CNTs within the macroscopic assemblies, resulting in unsatisfactory performance. In this study, a facile strategy to densify commercial aligned CNT films with nearly doubled stacking density increasing from 0.63 to 1.17 g·cm−3, where the densification process involves infiltration of ethanol, CNT protonation along with mechanical stretching, is proposed. The densification strategy makes CNTs compactly aligned at the macro level, and enables CNTs to undergo spatial reorganization at the microscopic level simultaneously, contributing to a 125.9% and 680% enhancement of in‐plane thermal conductivity (357.1 W·m−1·K−1) and tensile strength (281.7 MPa) in densified CNT films, respectively. The densified CNT films also exhibit synchronous temperature variations with the heat source and excellent reliability in harsh environments, showing great potential in thermal management applications. This study provides effective route for driving commercial CNT films in thermal management, and contributes new ideas for the performance regulation of other carbon‐based macroscopic assemblies.
Bismuth‐Noble Metal Alloy Nanostructures Prepared by Colloidal Chemical Routes for Use in Hydrogen Evolution and Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis: Bi‐Pt Versus Bi‐Pd
Authors: Mourdikoudis Stefanos , Regner Jakub , Gusmão Rui , Sofer Zdeněk
Published: July 2022

Compositional and morphological tuning of bismuth‐based nanomaterials is crucial to improve and broaden the application of such structures in a range of electrocatalytic reactions. Nanostructures composed of Pt‐Bi and Pd‐Bi alloys in different elemental proportions and shapes are produced by solvothermal and hydrothermal chemical routes at moderate temperatures. The alloying of cost‐effective bismuth with platinum is found to be much more efficient than that with palladium for the boosting of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Interestingly, Pt‐rich Pt‐Bi structures with irregular‐shaped thin morphologies are more suitable for HER, whereas cubic‐like Pt‐Bi nanostructures prove to be better catalysts for the ORR. The higher mass activity of Pt‐Bi alloys in ORR than that of pure Bi and Pd‐Bi alloys as well as the low HER overpotentials, which are comparable with benchmark 10% Pt/C catalysts, are attributed to synergistic effects, due to the coexistence and satisfactory degree of alloying between both metals.
CoV‐LDH‐Derived CoP2 Active Sites and ZnxCd1−xS Solid‐Solution Ingeniously Constructed S‐Scheme Heterojunction for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Guo Xin , Chang Cancan , Wang Guorong , Hao Xuqiang , Jin Zhiliang
Published: July 2022

Establishing efficient charge‐transfer channels that provide sufficient active sites to enhance the activity of photocatalysts remains a challenging problem. In this work, n‐type CoP2 semiconductors as one of the main active components for efficient hydrogen evolution are obtained from bulk P‐CoV‐LDH. The emergence of CoP2 semiconductors not only enriches the active sites but also carries a large amount of negatively charged P, which can act as a base to seize more protons, thereby accelerating the precipitation of hydrogen. To achieve oriented control of carrier migration, the ZnxCd1−xS solid solution is effectively combined with P‐CoV‐LDH for the first time to synthesize a highly efficient and stable S‐scheme heterojunction photocatalyst. The best P‐CoV‐LDH/ZnxCd1−xS 30% composite has a hydrogen evolution rate of 1244.3 µmol without noble metal additives, which is 6.4 times more than ZnxCd1−xS. S‐scheme heterojunctions exhibit remarkable photocarrier separation efficiency and low interfacial migration resistance.