bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the efficiency of exoskeletons in physical strain reduction by biomechanical simulation with AnyBody Modeling System
Authors: Fritzsche Lars , Galibarov Pavel E. , Gärtner Christian , Bornmann Jonas , Damsgaard Michael , Wall Rudolf , Schirrmeister Benjamin , Gonzalez-Vargas Jose , Pucci Daniele , Maurice Pauline , Ivaldi Serena , Babič Jan
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Recently, many industrial exoskeletons for supporting workers in heavy physical tasks have been developed. However, the efficiency of exoskeletons with regard to physical strain reduction has not been fully proved, yet. Several laboratory and field studies have been conducted, but still more data, that cannot be obtained solely by behavioral experiments, are needed to investigate effects on the human body.

Methods

This paper presents an approach to extend laboratory and field research with biomechanical simulations using the AnyBody Modeling System. Based on a dataset recorded in a laboratory experiment with 12 participants using the exoskeleton Paexo Shoulder in an overhead task, the same situation was reproduced in a virtual environment and analyzed with biomechanical simulation.

Results

Simulation results indicate that the exoskeleton substantially reduces muscle activity and joint reaction forces in relevant body areas. Deltoid muscle activity and glenohumeral joint forces in the shoulder were decreased between 54 and 87%. Simultanously, no increases of muscle activity and forces in other body areas were observed.

Discussion

This study demonstrates how a simulation framework could be used to evaluate changes in internal body loads as a result of wearing exoskeletons. Biomechanical simulation results widely agree with experimental measurements in the previous laboratory experiment and supplement such by providing an insight into effects on the human musculoskeletal system. They confirm that Paexo Shoulder is an effective device to reduce physical strain in overhead tasks. The framework can be extended with further parameters, allowing investigations for product design and evaluation.
Relationship Between Wavenumber 4 Pattern of Sporadic E Layer Intensity and Eastward Propagating Diurnal Tide With Zonal Wavenumber 3 in Low Latitude Region
Authors: Niu J.
Published: June 2021

Ionospheric sporadic E layers are irregularities with enhanced plasma density which occur in the ionosphere E region. In the present work, we have focused on an interesting wavenumber 4(WN4) pattern of sporadic E layer based on the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate radio occultation S4 indices observation. It is found that amplitude of WN4 pattern has a significant seasonal dependency with the maximum appearing in summer/autumn and minimum in winter. The seasonal variation of the WN4 pattern is basically consistent with the eastward propagating diurnal tide with zonal wavenumber 3 (DE3) tide features. Inconsistencies, mainly an anomalous weak amplitude during the summer in southern hemisphere and propagation direction (speed), are also found. By removing the zonal ion drift factor effect, WN4 pattern of sporadic E layers exhibits a closer relation with the DE3 tide with larger amplitude in the northern hemisphere and ∼90° shift in longitude on average during autumn in the southern hemisphere. In general, it is reasonable to conclude that DE3 tide greatly contributes to this WN4 pattern of sporadic E layers.
Carbonate Fault Mirrors With Extremely Low Frictional Healing Rates: A Possible Source of Aseismic Creep
Authors: Park Yohan , Hirose Takehiro , Ree Jin‐Han
Published: June 2021

Frictional healing of faults is a key mechanism controlling fault strength recovery, which enables the development of repeating earthquake cycles. Carbonate fault rocks are commonly characterized by shiny mirror‐like surfaces, sometimes referred to as fault mirrors. Despite the prevalence of fault mirrors in both natural and experimental fault rocks, their frictional healing behavior has not yet been studied. We measured frictional healing rates of experimentally simulated carbonate fault mirrors and found them to be an order of magnitude lower than those of other carbonate fault rocks. Microstructurally, the fault zone of fault mirror specimens is characterized by densely packed sintered nanogouges. We infer that this tight nanograin structure hinders the chemical and physical processes that cause frictional healing. Fault mirrors showing extremely low frictional healing rates are likely to creep aseismically.
Evaluating Friction and Inertial Losses From Slug Tests Conducted in a Multilevel System
Authors: Hommersen J. D. , Quinn P. M. , Parker B. L.
Published: June 2021

Engineered multilevel systems (MLS) are one of the few viable options for collecting spatial and temporal datasets in 3‐D complex groundwater flow systems. However, these monitoring systems present challenges for hydraulic testing due to small port tubing diameters. In this study, an equipment was developed to enable a pneumatic slug testing of a G360 MLS, fitted with 1/2‐inch ID open tubes that extend from the monitoring ports to the surface. Of the eight ports tested, four exhibited overdamped slug test responses, while underdamped responses were observed in the remaining four ports. It is expected that friction in the small diameter tubing is not negligible, and additional flow constrictions are introduced when installing a transducer in the tubing, effectively changing the open tube geometry to an annulus around the transducer body and around the transducer cable. Steady flow models for annular flow, widely available in the literature, were used to assess tube friction for the overdamped tests. However, for underdamped tests that oscillate quickly, a mathematical solution for unsteady oscillatory flow through an annulus was derived. The results of this study show that it is important to account for frictional and inertial losses to obtain good transmissivity (T) estimates from slug tests conducted in small diameter tubing. Assuming steady flow through small annuli will not introduce an appreciable error when calculating the water level; however, if steady flow through the open tube below the transducer is assumed when calculating the formation head, T values can be underestimated by as much as 80%.
Synthesis and dissociation of soliton molecules in parallel optical-soliton reactors
Authors: He Wenbin , Pang Meng , Yeh Dung-Han , Huang Jiapeng , Russell Philip. St. J.
Published: June 2021

Mode-locked lasers have been widely used to explore interactions between optical solitons, including bound-soliton states that may be regarded as “photonic molecules”. Conventional mode-locked lasers normally, however, host at most only a few solitons, which means that stochastic behaviours involving large numbers of solitons cannot easily be studied under controlled experimental conditions. Here we report the use of an optoacoustically mode-locked fibre laser to create hundreds of temporal traps or “reactors” in parallel, within each of which multiple solitons can be isolated and controlled both globally and individually using all-optical methods. We achieve on-demand synthesis and dissociation of soliton molecules within these reactors, in this way unfolding a novel panorama of diverse dynamics in which the statistics of multi-soliton interactions can be studied. The results are of crucial importance in understanding dynamical soliton interactions and may motivate potential applications for all-optical control of ultrafast light fields in optical resonators.
Observing quantum coherence from photons scattered in free-space
Authors: Sajeed Shihan , Jennewein Thomas
Published: June 2021

Quantum channels in free-space, an essential prerequisite for fundamental tests of quantum mechanics and quantum technologies in open space, have so far been based on direct line-of-sight because the predominant approaches for photon-encoding, including polarization and spatial modes, are not compatible with randomly scattered photons. Here we demonstrate a novel approach to transfer and recover quantum coherence from scattered, non-line-of-sight photons analyzed in a multimode and imaging interferometer for time-bins, combined with photon detection based on a 8 × 8 single-photon-detector-array. The observed time-bin visibility for scattered photons remained at a high 95% over a wide scattering angle range of −450 to +450, while the individual pixels in the detector array resolve or track an image in its field of view of ca. 0.5°. Using our method, we demonstrate the viability of two novel applications. Firstly, using scattered photons as an indirect channel for quantum communication thereby enabling non-line-of-sight quantum communication with background suppression, and secondly, using the combined arrival time and quantum coherence to enhance the contrast of low-light imaging and laser ranging under high background light. We believe our method will instigate new lines for research and development on applying photon coherence from scattered signals to quantum sensing, imaging, and communication in free-space environments.
Development of priorities for a Canadian strategy to advance activity-based therapies after spinal cord injury
Authors: Musselman Kristin E. , Walden Kristen , Noonan Vanessa K. , Jervis-Rademeyer Hope , Thorogood Nancy , Bouyer Laurent , Chan Brian , Donkers Sarah , Ho Chester , Jeji Tara , Kaiser Anita , Klassen Tara D. , Zariffa José , Grant Christopher , Masani Kei , Zbogar Dominik , Athanasopoulous Peter ,   and the Canadian ABT Summit Attendees
Published: June 2021

Study Design

Participatory design.

Objectives

Activity-based therapies (ABT) have physical and psychosocial benefits for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). A Canadian ABT summit was held to: (1) identify methods used in stroke rehabilitation that may be appropriate for SCI; (2) understand the current state of ABT activities in Canada; and (3) identify priorities for ABT research and care for the next five years.

Setting

Stakeholder-engaged meeting at a tertiary rehabilitation hospital.

Methods

Thirty-nine stakeholders, including individuals with SCI, frontline clinicians, healthcare administrators, researchers, funders and health policy experts, attended. Two participants were note-takers. Priority identification occurred through input from stakeholder groups, followed by individual voting. Conventional content analysis was used to synthesize the information in the meeting notes.

Results

The strengths of ABT in stroke rehabilitation included clear and clinically feasible definitions, measurements and interventions, and recognized requirements for implementation (e.g. behavior change, partnerships). Knowledge gaps concerning ABT activities in Canada were identified for acute and community settings, non-traumatic populations, and the interventions, equipment and standardized measures (i.e. upper limb, activity levels) used. Five priorities for ABT across the continuum of care were identified: (1) Identify current ABT activities; (2) Create a network to facilitate dialog; (3) Track engagement in ABT activities; (4) Develop and implement best practice recommendations; and (5) Study optimal timing, methods, and dose of ABT. Working groups were formed to address priorities 1–3.

Conclusions

The priorities will guide SCI research and care activities in Canada over the next five years.

Sponsorship

Praxis Spinal Cord Institute.
Molecular mechanisms of cell death in neurological diseases
Authors: Moujalled Diane , Strasser Andreas , Liddell Jeffrey R.
Published: June 2021

Tightly orchestrated programmed cell death (PCD) signalling events occur during normal neuronal development in a spatially and temporally restricted manner to establish the neural architecture and shaping the CNS. Abnormalities in PCD signalling cascades, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cell death associated with autophagy as well as in unprogrammed necrosis can be observed in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases. These cell deaths can be activated in response to various forms of cellular stress (exerted by intracellular or extracellular stimuli) and inflammatory processes. Aberrant activation of PCD pathways is a common feature in neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, resulting in unwanted loss of neuronal cells and function. Conversely, inactivation of PCD is thought to contribute to the development of brain cancers and to impact their response to therapy. For many neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers current treatment strategies have only modest effect, engendering the need for investigations into the origins of these diseases. With many diseases of the brain displaying aberrations in PCD pathways, it appears that agents that can either inhibit or induce PCD may be critical components of future therapeutic strategies. The development of such therapies will have to be guided by preclinical studies in animal models that faithfully mimic the human disease. In this review, we briefly describe PCD and unprogrammed cell death processes and the roles they play in contributing to neurodegenerative diseases or tumorigenesis in the brain. We also discuss the interplay between distinct cell death signalling cascades and disease pathogenesis and describe pharmacological agents targeting key players in the cell death signalling pathways that have progressed through to clinical trials.
Multi‐omics analysis reveals the interaction between the complement system and the coagulation cascade in the development of endometriosis
Authors: Yu Liang , Shen Huaji , Ren Xiaohan , Wang Anqi , Zhu Shu , Zheng Yafeng , Wang Xiuli
Published: June 2021

Endometriosis (EMS) is a disease that shows immune dysfunction and chronic inflammation characteristics, suggesting a role of complement system in its pathophysiology. To find out the hub genes and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of EMs, three raw microarray datasets were recruited from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO). Then, a series of bioinformatics technologies including gene ontology (GO), Hallmark pathway enrichment, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and gene co-expression correlation analysis were performed to identify hub genes. The hub genes were further verified by the Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western Blot (WB). We identified 129 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in EMs, of which 78 were up-regulated and 51 were down-regulated. Through GO functional enrichment analysis, we found that the DEGs are mainly enriched in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix remodeling, chemokine regulation, angiogenesis regulation, epithelial cell proliferation, et al. In Hallmark pathway enrichment analysis, coagulation pathway showed great significance and the terms in which included the central complement factors. Moreover, the genes were dominating in PPI network. Combined co-expression analysis with experimental verification, we found that the up-regulated expression of complement (C1S, C1QA, C1R, and C3) was positively related to tissue factor (TF) in EMs. In this study, we discovered the over expression complement and the positive correlation between complement and TF in EMs, which suggested that interaction of complement and coagulation system may play a role within the pathophysiology of EMS.
Diurnal preference and depressive symptomatology: a meta-analysis
Authors: Norbury Ray
Published: June 2021

Eveningness, a preference for later sleep and rise times, has been associated with a number of negative outcomes in terms of both physical and mental health. A large body of evidence links eveningness to Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). However, to date, evidence quantifying this association is limited. The current meta-analysis included 43 effect sizes from a total 27,996 participants. Using a random-effects model it was demonstrated that eveningness is associated with a small effect size (Fisher’s Z = − 2.4, 95% CI [− 0.27. − 0.21], p < 0.001). Substantial heterogeneity between studies was observed, with meta-regression analyses demonstrating a significant effect of mean age on the association between diurnal preference and depression. There was also evidence of potential publication bias as assessed by visual inspection of funnel plots and Egger’s test. The association between diurnal preference and depression is small in magnitude and heterogenous. A better understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings linking diurnal preference to depression and suitably powered prospective studies that allow causal inference are required.
Neurological improvement is associated with neck pain attenuation after surgery for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament
Authors: Koda Masao , Yoshii Toshitaka , Egawa Satoru , Sakai Kenichiro , Kusano Kazuo , Nakagawa Yukihiro , Hirai Takashi , Wada Kanichiro , Katsumi Keiichi , Kimura Atsushi , Furuya Takeo , Maki Satoshi , Nagoshi Narihito , Watanabe Kota , Kanchiku Tsukasa , Nagamoto Yukitaka , Oshima Yasushi , Ando Kei , Nakashima Hiroaki , Takahata Masahiko , Mori Kanji , Nakajima Hideaki , Murata Kazuma , Matsunaga Shunji , Kaito Takashi , Yamada Kei , Kobayashi Sho , Kato Satoshi , Ohba Tetsuro , Inami Satoshi , Fujibayashi Shunsuke , Katoh Hiroyuki , Kanno Haruo , Takahashi Hiroshi , Fujii Kengo , Miyagi Masayuki , Inoue Gen , Takaso Masashi , Imagama Shiro , Kawaguchi Yoshiharu , Takeshita Katsushi , Nakamura Masaya , Matsumoto Morio , Okawa Atsushi , Yamazaki Masashi
Published: June 2021

Although favourable surgical outcomes for myelopathy caused by cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) have been reported, factors significantly associated with post-operative neck pain attenuation still remain unclear. The primary aim of the present study was to determine factors significantly associated with post-operative neck pain attenuation in patients with cervical OPLL using a prospective multi-centre registry of surgically treated cervical OPLL. Significant postoperative neck pain reduction (50% reduction of neck pain) was achieved in 31.3% of patients. There was no significant difference in neck pain attenuation between surgical procedures. Statistical analyses with univariate analyses followed by stepwise logistic regression revealed neurological recovery as a factor having a significant positive association with post-operative neck pain attenuation (p = 0.04, odds ratio 5.68 (95% confidence interval: 1.27–22.2)). In conclusion, neurological recovery was an independent factor having a significant positive association with post-operative neck pain attenuation in patients with cervical myelopathy caused by OPLL who underwent cervical spine surgery.
Impact of poor glycemic control upon clinical outcomes after radical prostatectomy in localized prostate cancer
Authors: Lee Hakmin , Byun Seok-Soo , Lee Sang Eun , Hong Sung Kyu
Published: June 2021

To evaluate the clinical impact of preoperative glycemic status upon oncological and functional outcomes after radical prostatectomy in patients with localized prostate cancer, we analyzed the data of 2664 subjects who underwent radical prostatectomy with preoperative measurement of hemoglobin A1c within 6 months before surgery. The possible association between high hemoglobin A1c (≥ 6.5 ng/dL) and oncological/functional outcomes was evaluated. Among all subjects, 449 (16.9%) were categorized as the high hemoglobin A1c group and 2215 (83.1%) as the low hemoglobin A1c group. High hemoglobin A1c was associated with worse pathological outcomes including extra-capsular extension (HR 1.277, 95% CI 1.000–1.630,p = 0.050) and positive surgical margin (HR 1.302, 95% CI 1.012–1.674,p = 0.040) in multi-variate regression tests. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed statistically shorter biochemical recurrence-free survival in the high hemoglobin A1c group (p < 0.001), and subsequent multivariate Cox proportional analyses revealed that high hemoglobin A1c is an independent predictor for shorter BCR-free survival (HR 1.135, 95% CI 1.016–1.267,p = 0.024). Moreover, the high hemoglobin A1c group showed a significantly longer incontinence-free survival than the low hemoglobin A1c group (p = 0.001), and high preoperative hemoglobin A1c was also an independent predictor for longer incontinence-free survival in multivariate Cox analyses (HR 0.929, 95% CI 0.879–0.981,p = 0.008). The high preoperative hemoglobin A1c level was independently associated with worse oncological outcomes and also with inferior recovery of urinary continence after radical prostatectomy.
Establishment of in-hospital clinical network for patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 in Nagoya University Hospital
Authors: Nishida Yoshihiro , Ikuta Kunihiro , Natsume Atsushi , Ishihara Naoko , Morikawa Maki , Kidokoro Hiroyuki , Muramatsu Yukako , Nonobe Norie , Ishizuka Kanako , Takeichi Takuya , Kanbe Miki , Mizuno Seiji , Imagama Shiro , Ozaki Norio
Published: June 2021

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic multisystem disorder. Clinicians must be aware of the diverse clinical features of this disorder in order to provide optimal care for it. We have set up an NF1 in-hospital medical care network of specialists regardless of patient age, launching a multidisciplinary approach to the disease for the first time in Japan. From January 2014 to December 2020, 246 patients were enrolled in the NF1 patient list and medical records. Mean age was 26.0 years ranging from 3 months to 80 years. The number of patients was higher as age at first visit was lower. There were 107 males (41%) and 139 females. After 2011, the number of patients has increased since the year when the medical care network was started. Regarding orthopedic signs, scoliosis was present in 60 cases (26%), and bone abnormalities in the upper arm, forearm, and tibia in 8 cases (3.5%). Neurofibromas other than cutaneous neurofibromas were present in 90 cases (39%), and MPNST in 17 cases (7.4%). We launched a multidisciplinary NF1 clinic system for the first time in Japan. For patients with NF1, which is a hereditary and systemic disease associated with a high incidence of malignant tumors, it will be of great benefit when the number of such clinics in Japan and the rest of Asia is increased.
Unexpected localization of AQP3 and AQP4 induced by migration of primary cultured IMCD cells
Authors: Rose Ralph , Kemper Björn , Schwab Albrecht , Schlatter Eberhard , Edemir Bayram
Published: June 2021

Aquaporin-2–4 (AQP) are expressed in the principal cells of the renal collecting duct (CD). Beside their role in water transport across membranes, several studies showed that AQPs can influence the migration of cells. It is unknown whether this also applies for renal CD cells. Another fact is that the expression of these AQPs is highly modulated by the external osmolality. Here we analyzed the localization of AQP2–4 in primary cultured renal inner medullary CD (IMCD) cells and how osmolality influences the migration behavior of these cells. The primary IMCD cells showed a collective migration behavior and there were no differences in the migration speed between cells cultivated either at 300 or 600 mosmol/kg. Acute increase from 300 to 600 mosmol/kg led to a marked reduction and vice versa an acute decrease from 600 to 300 mosmol/kg to a marked increase in migration speed. Interestingly, none of the analyzed AQPs were localized at the leading edge. While AQP3 disappeared within the first 2–3 rows of cells, AQP4 was enriched at the rear end. Further analysis indicated that migration induced lysosomal degradation of AQP3. This could be prevented by activation of the protein kinase A, inducing localization of AQP3 and AQP2 at the leading edge and increasing the migration speed.
Quantitative spectrofluorometric assay detecting nuclear condensation and fragmentation in intact cells
Authors: Majtnerova Pavlina , Capek Jan , Petira Filip , Handl Jiri , Rousar Tomas
Published: June 2021

At present, nuclear condensation and fragmentation have been estimated also using Hoechst probes in fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. However, none of the methods used the Hoechst probes for quantitative spectrofluorometric assessment. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a spectrofluorometric assay for detection of nuclear condensation and fragmentation in the intact cells. We used human hepatoma HepG2 and renal HK-2 cells cultured in 96-well plates treated with potent apoptotic inducers (i.e. cisplatin, staurosporine, camptothecin) for 6–48 h. Afterwards, the cells were incubated with Hoechst 33258 (2 µg/mL) and the increase of fluorescence after binding of the dye to DNA was measured. The developed spectrofluorometric assay was capable to detect nuclear changes caused by all tested apoptotic inducers. Then, we compared the outcomes of the spectrofluorometric assay with other methods detecting cell impairment and apoptosis (i.e. WST-1 and glutathione tests, TUNEL, DNA ladder, caspase activity, PARP-1 and JNKs expressions). We found that our developed spectrofluorometric assay provided results of the same sensitivity as the TUNEL assay but with the advantages of being fast processing, low-cost and a high throughput. Because nuclear condensation and fragmentation can be typical markers of cell death, especially in apoptosis, we suppose that the spectrofluorometric assay could become a routinely used method for characterizing cell death processes.
Propionic acid produced by Cutibacterium acnes fermentation ameliorates ultraviolet B-induced melanin synthesis
Authors: Kao Hsin-Jou , Wang Yan-Han , Keshari Sunita , Yang John Jackson , Simbolon Shinta , Chen Chun-Chuan , Huang Chun-Ming
Published: June 2021

Ultraviolet irradiation induces melanin accumulation, which can be reduced by the use of chemical whitening products. However, the associated safety concerns of such products have prompted the search for natural and harmless alternatives. This study aimed to identify a natural acidic formulation to reduce skin pigmentation. The metabolite propionic acid (CH3CH2COOH, PA) was the most abundant fatty acid in the filtrate from Pluronic F68 (PF68) fermentation of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) and reduced the DOPA-positive melanocytes by significantly inhibiting cellular tyrosinase activity via binding to the free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2). Moreover, 4 mM PA treatment did not alter melanocyte proliferation, indicating that it is an effective solution for hyperpigmentation, causing no cellular damage. The reduced DOPA-positive melanocytes and tyrosinase activity were also observed in mice ear skin tissue injected with a mixture of C. acnes and PF68, supporting that the inhibition of melanogenesis is likely to be mediated through fermentation metabolites from C. acnes fermentation using PF68 as a carbon source. Additionally, PA did not affect the growth of its parent bacteria C. acnes, hence is a potent fermentation metabolite that does not disrupt the balance of the skin microbiome.
Cellulose nanofibrils manufactured by various methods with application as paper strength additives
Authors: Zeng Jinsong , Zeng Zhanting , Cheng Zheng , Wang Yu , Wang Xiaojun , Wang Bin , Gao Wenhua
Published: June 2021

Recycled paper and some hardwood paper often display poorer mechanical properties, which hinder its practical applications and need to be addressed. In this work, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) obtained by a combined process of enzymatic hydrolysis and grinding (EG-CNFs), grinding and microfluidization (GH-CNFs) or TEMPO-mediated oxidation and grinding (TE-CNFs) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Moreover, CNFs were made into films on which some characterizations including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–Vis transmittance spectroscopy were implemented. Results showed that CNF fibrillation was promoted as times of passes increased in microfluidization, and CNFs pretreated by enzyme possessed shorter length. Crystallinity of CNFs was related to CNF manufacturing methods, while CNF films’ transparency was correlated to CNF diameter distributions. Moreover, CNFs were applied with different dosages on recycled and hardwood paper. Lengths of CNFs, strength of CNF network, and pulp properties were critical factors affecting the mechanical strength of CNFs-enhanced paper. GH-CNFs showed better strengthened effect on tensile strength of paper than TE-CNFs and EG-CNFs. The best overall improvement was achieved at GH-CNF10 dosage of 5.0 wt% on hardwood paper. The increment of tensile index, burst index, and folding endurance were 108.32%, 104.65%, and 600%, respectively. This work aims to find out the relationship between production methods and morphologies of CNFs and how the morphological characteristics of CNFs affecting the mechanical performance of paper when they are added as strength additives.
Inductively tuned modified split ring resonator based quad band epsilon negative (ENG) with near zero index (NZI) metamaterial for multiband antenna performance enhancement
Authors: Moniruzzaman Md , Islam Mohammad Tariqul , Misran Norbahiah , Samsuzzaman Md , Alam Touhidul , Chowdhury Muhammad E. H.
Published: June 2021

An inductively tuned modified split-ring resonator-based metamaterial (MTM) is presented in this article that provides multiple resonances covering S, C, X, and Ku-bands. The MTM is designed on an FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.5 mm and an electrical dimension of 0.063λ × 0.063λ where wavelength, λ is calculated at 2.38 GHz. The resonator part is a combination of three squared copper rings and one circular ring in which all the square rings are modified shaped, and the inner two rings are interconnected. The resonance frequency is tuned by adding inductive metal strips in parallel two vertical splits of the outer ring that causes a significant shift of resonances towards the lower frequencies and a highly effective medium ratio (EMR) of 15.75. Numerical simulation software CST microwave studio is used for the simulation and performance analysis of the proposed unit cell. The MTM unit cell exhibits six resonances of transmission coefficient (S21) at 2.38, 4.24, 5.98, 9.55, 12.1, and 14.34 GHz covering S, C, X, and Ku-bands with epsilon negative (ENG), near-zero permeability, and near-zero refractive index (NZI). The simulated result is validated by experiment with good agreement between them. The performance of the array of the unit cells is also investigated in both simulation and measurement. The equivalent circuit modeling has been accomplished using Advanced Design Software (ADS) that shows a similar S21 response compared to CST simulation. Noteworthy to mention that with the copper backplane, the same unit cell provides multiband absorption properties with four major absorption peaks of 99.6%, 95.7%, 99.9%, 92.7% with quality factors(Q-factor) of 28.4, 34.4, 23, and 32 at 3.98, 5.5, 11.73 and 13.47 GHz, respectively which can be applied for sensing and detecting purposes. The application of an array of the unit cells is investigated using it as a superstrate of an antenna that provides a 73% (average) increase of antenna gain. Due to its simple design, compact dimension with high EMR, ENG property with near-zero permeability, this multiband NZI metamaterial can be used for microwave applications, especially for multiband antenna gain enhancement.
Effective inactivated influenza vaccine for the elderly using a single-stranded RNA-based adjuvant
Authors: Bang Yoo-Jin , Hong So-Hee , Park Hyo-Jung , Kwak Hye Won , Lee Yu-Sun , Kim Jae-Yong , Park Hyeong-Jun , Bae Seo-Hyeon , Kim Hye-Jung , Kim Yun-Hee , Ko Hae Li , Park Sang-In , Kim Hun , Park Gyeongjoo , Park Man-Seong , Chang Jun , Nam Jae-Hwan
Published: June 2021

There is an unmet need for new influenza vaccine strategies that compensate for impaired vaccine responses in elderly individuals. Here, we evaluated the effectiveness of a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) as an adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in mouse models. Immunization with the ssRNA along with IIV reduced viral titers as well as pathological and inflammatory scores in the lungs after influenza challenge in aged mice. ssRNA induced balanced Th1/Th2 responses with an increase in IgA titers. Moreover, the ssRNA adjuvant markedly increased the frequency of influenza HA-specific T cells and IFN-γ production along with the expression of genes related to innate and adaptive immune systems that could overcome immunosenescence in aged mice. Our findings indicate that ssRNA is an efficient vaccine adjuvant that boosts cellular and humoral immunity in aged mice, demonstrating its potential as a novel adjuvant for currently available influenza virus vaccines for elderly individuals.
Effect of antioxidant treatment with n-acetylcysteine and swimming on lipid expression of sebaceous glands in diabetic mice
Authors: Santos Geovane Ribeiro , Cunha Marcelo Rodrigues , Caldeira Eduardo José , Galdeano Ewerton Alexandre , Prudente Raphael Cruz Seabra , Pinto Clóvis Antonio Lopes
Published: June 2021

The sebaceous gland (SG) is involved in different inflammatory, infectious and neoplastic processes of the skin and can be related to specific diseases, e.g., diabetes mellitus. Sometimes, the histological diagnosis requires complementary tests due to the ability of diseases to mimic other tumors. We evaluated the sebaceous gland density in Non-obese diabetic mice to analyze the N-acetylcystein effects and swimming exercise treatment in sebaceous glands healing, using specific staining in histochemistry and immunohistochemistry reactions in the identification of the lipid expression in the sebaceous gland. We investigated the intracytoplasmic lipid expression and analysis of gland density from SG in dorsal skin samples from the Non-obese diabetic (NOD mice) and diabetic animals submitted to antioxidant treatment and physical exercise. For histological analysis of the sebaceous glands, specific staining in histochemistry with sudan black and immunohistochemistry reaction with adipophilin were used in the evaluation. Statistical analysis showed significant proximity between the values of the control group and the diabetic group submitted to the swimming exercise (DS group) and similar values between the untreated diabetic group (UD group) and diabetic group treated with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (DNa group), which did not prevent possible differences where p < 0.01. Adipophilin (ADPH) immunohistochemistry permitted more intense lipid staining in SGs, the preservation of the SG in the control group, and a morphological deformed appearance in the UD and DNa groups. However, weak morphological recovery of the SG was observed in the DS-Na group, being more expressive in the DS group. In conclusion, the groups submitted to physical exercises showed better results in the recovery of the analyzed tissue, even being in the physiological conditions caused by spontaneous diabetes.
Msn2/4 transcription factors positively regulate expression of Atg39 ER-phagy receptor
Authors: Mizuno Tomoaki , Irie Kenji
Published: June 2021

Selective autophagy requires the autophagy receptor specifically localizing to the target for degradation. In the budding yeast, Atg39 and Atg40 function as an autophagy receptor for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-selective autophagy, referred to as ER-phagy. The expression level of the ATG39 gene is increased in response to ER stress and nitrogen starvation. Under unstressed conditions, ATG39 transcription is repressed by Mig1/2 repressors. ER stress activates Snf1 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which negatively regulates Mig1/2 and consequently derepresses ATG39 transcription. However, ATG39 expression is still induced by ER stress and nitrogen starvation in the absence of Snf1, suggesting that additional molecules are involved in regulation of ATG39 expression. Here, we identify Msn2/4 transcription factors as an activator of ATG39 transcription. Not only ATG39 promoter activity but also ER-phagy are downregulated by loss of Msn2/4 and disruption of Msn2/4-binding consensus sequences located in the ATG39 promoter. We also find that the cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway is involved in Msn2/4-mediated transcriptional regulation of ATG39. Our results suggest that yeast ER-phagy is appropriately controlled through modulation of the expression level of the ER-phagy receptor involving multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors.
Ibrutinib does not prevent kidney fibrosis following acute and chronic injury
Authors: Belliere Julie , Casemayou Audrey , Colliou Eloïse , El Hachem Hélène , Kounde Clément , Piedrafita Alexis , Feuillet Guylène , Schanstra Joost P. , Faguer Stanislas
Published: June 2021

Recent studies suggested that ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, developed for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, may prevent NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages, IL-1β secretion and subsequent development of inflammation and organ fibrosis. The role of NLRP3 has been underlined in the various causes of acute kidney injury (AKI), a pathology characterized by high morbimortality and risk of transition toward chronic kidney disease (CKD). We therefore hypothesized that the BTK-inhibitor ibrutinib could be a candidate drug for AKI treatment. Here, we observed in both an AKI model (glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis) and a model of rapidly progressive kidney fibrosis (unilateral ureteral obstruction), that ibrutinib did not prevent inflammatory cell recruitment in the kidney and fibrosis. Moreover, ibrutinib pre-exposure led to high mortality rate owing to severer rhabdomyolysis and AKI. In vitro, ibrutinib potentiated or had no effect on the secretion of IL-1β by monocytes exposed to uromodulin or myoglobin, two danger-associated molecule patterns proteins involved in the AKI to CKD transition. According to these results, ibrutinib should not be considered a candidate drug for patients developing AKI.
Concentration of cadmium and lead in vegetables and fruits
Authors: Rusin Monika , Domagalska Joanna , Rogala Danuta , Razzaghi Mehdi , Szymala Iwona
Published: June 2021

Chemical contamination of foods pose a significant risk to consumers. A source of this risk is due to the consumption of products contaminated with heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The aim of the study was to research the levels of Cd and Pb contamination of selected species of vegetables and fruits in the form of fresh, frozen, dried and processed products. The goal was to verify which of these food groups was more contaminated with heavy metals. The study covered 370 samples of fruits and vegetables including apples, pears, grapes, raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, as well as beetroots, celeries, carrots and tomatoes. The content of Cd and Pb was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Quantitative results were analyzed using statistical models: analysis of variance, outlier analysis, post-hoc multiple comparison Tukey test. The tests showed that the levels of Cd and Pb concentration in samples of fresh, processed, frozen and dried fruits and vegetables varied substantially. The highest concentrations were recorded in dried products. Several fruit and vegetable samples exceeded the maximum permissible concentrations of Cd and Pb. The contamination of these products could be a significant source of consumer exposure to heavy metals when these products are a part of the diet.
A cell-free assay implicates a role of sphingomyelin and cholesterol in STING phosphorylation
Authors: Takahashi Kanoko , Niki Takahiro , Ogawa Emari , Fumika Kiku , Nishioka Yu , Sawa Masaaki , Arai Hiroyuki , Mukai Kojiro , Taguchi Tomohiko
Published: June 2021

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is essential for the type I interferon response induced by microbial DNA from virus or self-DNA from mitochondria/nuclei. In response to emergence of such DNAs in the cytosol, STING translocates from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, and activates TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) at the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Activated TBK1 then phosphorylates STING at Ser365, generating an interferon regulatory factor 3-docking site on STING. How this reaction proceeds specifically at the TGN remains poorly understood. Here we report a cell-free reaction in which endogenous STING is phosphorylated by TBK1. The reaction utilizes microsomal membrane fraction prepared from TBK1-knockout cells and recombinant TBK1. We observed agonist-, TBK1-, “ER-to-Golgi” traffic-, and palmitoylation-dependent phosphorylation of STING at Ser365, mirroring the nature of STING phosphorylation in vivo. Treating the microsomal membrane fraction with sphingomyelinase or methyl-β-cyclodextrin, an agent to extract cholesterol from membranes, suppressed the phosphorylation of STING by TBK1. Given the enrichment of sphingomyelin and cholesterol in the TGN, these results may provide the molecular basis underlying the specific phosphorylation reaction of STING at the TGN.
Author Correction: Effect of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs on major cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Thanigaimani Shivshankar , Phie James , Krishna Smriti Murali , Moxon Joseph , Golledge Jonathan
Published: June 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Bioinspired and Bioinstructive Surfaces to Control Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Witte K. , Luo J. , Walker M. , Cantini M. , Seib F. P. , Salmeron-Sanchez M.
Published: June 2021

Life is a dynamic event, and cells represent its smallest structural and functional units that can exist on their own. Cells and the surrounding extra cellular matrix are in a constant flux of change imposed by each other. The aim of this chapter is to look into the complex interplay of physical and chemical factors imposed on cells, in particular mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), via their microenvironment and how such factors influence MSCs response. Some of the defined and independently varied factors such as surface chemistry, modulus and topography are reviewed in this chapter, with a focus on cell physicochemical memory formation. Acknowledging the importance of mechanical and chemical stimuli experienced by cells and their polarity, while investigating the interdependent relationship between them, will not only help develop more fitting culture systems, for instance to maintain stem cell multipotency, but advance the understanding of how such extracellular stimuli are understood and acted upon by cells during their lifetime.
Biomimetic Surface Modifications of Biomaterials Using a Layer-by-layer Technique
Authors: Anouz R. , Groth T.
Published: June 2021

The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural and mechanical support for cells as well as delivering them with necessary biochemical cues for development, homeostasis and regeneration of tissues and organs. Medical treatment to repair defects of tissues due to trauma, disease, surgical resection and aging is often based on use of implants made of synthetic biomaterials like ceramics, metals and polymers lacking any biospecific cues that may result in complications such as poor integration, infection or immune rejection. Hence, surface modification techniques have been developed to overcome such complications. In this regard, the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique shows promising results when it is used to mimic several ECM properties by application of matrix components such as polysaccharides and proteins, but also tailoring mechanical properties of such implant coatings. This chapter summarizes the properties of the ECM and their interaction with cells, provides a brief survey on biomaterial-related problems of implantation and several approaches to modify surfaces. We also describe the basis of the LbL technique and provide several examples on its application to modify implant materials including the use of components of the ECM.
Well-defined surface tungstenocarbyne complex through the reaction of [W(CtBu)(CH2tBu)3] with CeO2: a highly stable precatalyst for NOx reduction with NH3
Authors: Larabi Cherif , Chen Cuirong , Merle Nicolas , Charlin Marc , Szeto Kai C. , De Mallmann Aimery , Benayad Anass , B. Meziane Karima , Kaddouri Akim , Nguyen Hai P. , Taoufik Mostafa
Published: June 2021

A highly-efficient NH3-SCR single site catalyst W(CtBu)(CH2tBu)3/CeO2–200, was prepared by surface organometallic chemistry approach. This catalyst showed high catalytic activity and stability with a broad operational temperature window.
Label-free E. coli detection based on enzyme assay and a microfluidic slipchip
Authors: Cai Gaozhe , Wu Wenshuai , Feng Shilun , Liu Yuanjie
Published: June 2021

Schematic of the label-free E. coli detection method based on enzyme assay and a microfluidic slipchip.
Colorimetric recognition of lanthanide ions with a complexometric indicator array
Authors: Zhang Tiantian , Zhuo Xiuzhi , Shi Guoyue , Zhang Min
Published: June 2021

A colorimetric sensor array based on complexometric indicators is proposed for pattern recognition of 14 lanthanide ions.
Field induced displacement reactions with proton bound dimers of organophosphorus compounds in a tandem differential mobility spectrometer
Authors: Fowler Peter E. , Pilgrim Jacob Z. , Menlyadiev Marlen , Eiceman Gary A.
Published: June 2021

Endothermic displacement reactions between proton bound dimers of organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) and isopropanol (IPA) were enabled in air at ambient pressure with tandem differential mobility spectrometry (DMS).
Detection of parallel and antiparallel DNA triplex structures in living human cells using in-cell NMR
Authors: Sakamoto Tomoki , Yamaoki Yudai , Nagata Takashi , Katahira Masato
Published: June 2021

The formation of parallel and antiparallel triplex structures in living human cells is proven for the first time.
Unexpected three-state hydrochromism of a donor–acceptor self-complex with fluctuations in relative humidity
Authors: Sun Zhimin , Wang Zhenzhen , Ni Yanhai , Xi Lihui , Roch Loïc M. , Nour Hany F. , Olson Mark A.
Published: June 2021

Atmospheric water adsorbed hygroscopically with changes in relative humidity mediates competing n → π* and π → π* donor–acceptor charge transfer interactions leading to unexpected three-state hydrochromic switching in the solid state.
A quinone electrode with reversible phase conversion for long-life rechargeable aqueous aluminum–metal batteries
Authors: He Jinjun , Shi Xin , Wang Chengsheng , Zhang Haozhe , Liu Xiaoqing , Yang Zujin , Lu Xihong
Published: June 2021

The implementation of tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (TCQ) as a high-energy cathode for aqueous aluminum–metal batteries is demonstrated for the first time, delivering a high capacity of 206.7 mA h g−1 and good cycling stability.
Enhancement of the photoluminescence efficiency of hybrid manganese halides through rational structural design
Authors: Pan Hong-Mei , Yang Qian-Lu , Xing Xin-Xin , Li Jia-Peng , Meng Fan-Lei , Zhang Xin , Xiao Pan-Chao , Yue Cheng-Yang , Lei Xiao-Wu
Published: June 2021

Five new zero-dimensional hybrid manganese halides based on discrete [MnCl4]2− tetrahedrons were prepared and used as highly efficient green-light emitters.
Gene/drug-embedded nanoscale metal azolate framework-7 for the reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance
Authors: Li Xiangli , He Yiming , Yang Lin , He Zhimei , Zhu Jun-Jie
Published: June 2021

Gene/drug-encapsulating, ATP-responsive, and cofactor self-sufficient biomineralized materials for enhanced chemotherapy: a valuable platform for biomacromolecule delivery and drug-resistant cancer therapy.
A simple method to assay tumor cells based on target-initiated steric hindrance
Authors: Pan Yanhong , Lu Bing , Peng Ying , Wang Minghui , Deng Ying , Yin Yongmei , Yang Jie , Li Genxi
Published: June 2021

We have proposed a simple electrochemical method in this work for the assay of tumor cells through their own steric hindrance effect.
Photo-induced synthesis of β-sulfonyl imides from carboxylic acids
Authors: Zeng Linwei , Jin Jian , He Jixiao , Cui Sunliang
Published: June 2021

A novel photo-induced synthesis of β-sulfonyl imides from carboxylic acids in the presence of ynamides has been developed.