bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Behavior of Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)Cobalt Complex in Some Ionic Liquids
Authors: Katayama Yasushi , Nakayama Shota , Tachikawa Naoki , Yoshii Kazuki
Published: September 2016

The electrode reaction of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)cobalt complex, [Co(bpy)3]3+/2+, has been investigated in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (BMPTFSA) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIBF4). Diffusion of [Co(bpy)3]2+ and [Co(bpy)3]3+ was affected by the viscosity and the charge densities of the complex and the anion of ionic liquid. The large change of the electron configurations of [Co(bpy)3]2+ and [Co(bpy)3]3+ is considered to cause the slow charge transfer and large reaction entropy change.
Reduction of TiS2 by OS Process in CaCl2 Melt
Authors: Suzuki Nobuyoshi , Tanaka M , Noguchi H , Natsui S , Kikuchi T , Suzuki Ryosuke O.
Published: September 2016

TiS2 was reduced using molten salt electrolysis. At 1173 K in CaCl2-0.5mol% CaS melt, the concentration of sulfur initially decreased significantly. 0.043 mass% S was obtained when the stoichiometric electric charge Q0 was supplied, and 0.01 mass% S was achieved when Q = 4Q0. Only α-Ti was identified by XRD at Q ≥ Q0. Metallic Ti and its lower oxides were identified at Q = Q0, but no lower sulfide could be found. It is possible to achieve excellent sulfur removal to a minimum concentration at a larger Q, and the use of TiS2 is promising for a new process for titanium refining.
CO Gas Production by CO2 Gas Decomposition in Molten Salt Electrolysis
Authors: Suzuki Ryosuke O. , Matsuura Fumiya , Natsui Shungo , Kikuchi Tatsuya
Published: September 2016

After complete decomposition of CO2 gas, carbon and oxygen can be used in the steel plant. In addition, CO gas may be used as an effective fuel with easy handling. The preferential decomposition to CO gas is examined by using a combination of CaCl2-CaO melt as a media and ZrO2-8mol% Y2O3 solid-state electrolyte as anode. At a higher electrolysis temperature, CO2 gas is preferentially converted to CO gas. The conversion ratio approached the maximum value of 88.2% at 1273 K. The highest CO concentration was generated at cell voltage of 2.55 V, which is slightly lower than the theoretical decomposition voltage of CaO. Therefore, CO2 decomposes preferentially via the decomposition reaction of carbonate ions. Namely CO2 gas dissolves to form CO3
2- with coexistence of CaO in the melt, CO3
2- precipitates carbon or CO gas bubbles on the cathode, and a part of carbon reacts with the blown CO2 gas to form CO gas.
Transport Properties of Ionic Liquid Mixtures Containing Heterodications
Authors: Lall-Ramnarine Sharon , Fernandez Eddie , Rodriguez Chanele , Wei Sujun , Dhiman Surajdevparkash , Wishart James F.
Published: September 2016

We report here on the transport properties of ionic liquid mixtures that incorporate a series of asymmetrical dications, including heterodications. The dicationic ILs combine either triphenylphosphonium and trimethylammonium cationic sites that are bridged to methylimidazolium or methylpyrrolidinium cationic sites. Mixtures were made of the dicationic bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ionic liquids with N-ethoxyethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide. The IL mixtures were characterized for their transport properties (temperature dependent conductivity and viscosity) and thermal properties (melting point and glass transition point).
Conductivity Maxima Vs. Temperature: Grotthuss Conductivity in Aprotic Molten Salts
Authors: Aravindakshan Nikhil P. , Kuntz Colin , Gemmell Kyle , Johnson Keith , East Allan
Published: September 2016

The phenomenon of electrical conductivity maxima of molten salts versus temperature during orthobaric (closed-vessel) conditions is further examined. First, we summarize results from density-functional-based molecular dynamics simulations of molten SnCl2 and HgBr2, which provided structural information but also succeeded in reproducing (i) previously published experimental conductivities to within an order of magnitude, and (ii) the conductivity maxima. The “hopping” mechanism we previously proposed is now termed a Grotthuss mechanism, which became quite clear in the simulations of the molecular liquid HgBr2 which exhibited Grotthuss chains of bromide transfers. Second, we fit the experimental conductivities of 12 different molten salts with the equation , which fits well in most cases, and mapped the density-dependent Arrhenius equation onto it in a particular way, generating A and Ea curves for each molten salt for physical insight.
Lithium Ion Conduction in Single Lithium Perfluorosulfonylamides
Authors: Kubota Keigo , Matsumoto Hajime
Published: September 2016

A lithium molten salt, which is a liquid electrolyte containing only the lithium cation and counter anion, has interesting properties for use a lithium secondary battery, such as an extremely high lithium cation concentration. An equimolar anion-mixture of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide and lithium fluorosulfonyl-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide is a “low-melting” lithium molten salt. Its melting point (50 ºC) is the lowest among the lithium molten salts to the best of our knowledge. Its viscosity is 105 orders higher than a conventional organic electrolyte, but its conductivity is super ionic. Its conductive nature of lithium cations is similar to a solid electrolyte.
Anodic Dissolution of Tungsten from Super Hard Alloys in Molten Sodium Hydroxide
Authors: Oishi Tetsuo
Published: September 2016

Anodic dissolution of tungsten in a molten sodium hydroxide bath was investigated at 723K in order to simplify tungsten recycling process from secondary resources like used super hard alloy tools. Cyclic voltammograms suggested that tungsten is easily oxidized and dissolves into the melt. Cobalt, which is used as binder metal, was also oxidized and formed passive film having certain solubility in the melt. When water vapor was introduced into the system, the obtained cyclic voltammograms changed with the partial pressure of water vapor. Based on the above mentioned results, anodic dissolution was carried out at constant cell voltage using throw-away tips as an actual super hard alloy tool. When water vapor was introduced into the system, the cell voltage and duration required to dissolve whole the tips were reduced.
Red-Ox Reactions in Ionic Liquids and Their Impact on Electrodeposition of Metals and Alloys
Authors: Freydina Evgeniya , Abbott Joshua G.
Published: September 2016

In the absence of water, there are fewer restrictions on the nature of ionic metal species that can exist in an electrolyte. Ions with high valencies can comproportionate with low valent species to form stable intermediate oxidation states. In the case of alloy electrodeposition, the initial oxidation states of the metals in the system may change spontaneously if a red-ox reaction between different ions is possible. Without the passivating effects of oxygen or water, the surface of the anode remains chemically active and can be attacked by ions with more positive reduction potentials. H+ ions, if present, can participate in the oxidation of some species, forming hydrogen gas that leaves the system. Examples of red-ox reactions in selected ionic liquid electrolytes and some proposed methods of taking these processes into account are discussed.
Electrochemical Deposition of Aluminum and Aluminum-Manganese Alloys in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Ispas Adriana , Vlaic Codruta Aurelia , Camargo Magali Karina , Bund Andreas
Published: September 2016

Aluminum and aluminum-manganese alloys were electrodeposited from chloroaluminate ionic liquids on low carbon steel substrates. The properties of the deposited films were analyzed, with regard to their morphology, structure, composition and corrosion behavior in neutral 3.5% NaCl solution. The effect of the deposition time and of the current density chosen on the above mentioned properties of the deposits was systematically investigated. Both the Al and the Al-Mn layers showed excellent corrosion protection to the steel substrates.
Combining Mechanical Tension with Natural-Fiber-Welding Treatments of Cellulose Yarns
Authors: Fahey Patrick J , Fox Eric T , Durkin David P. , De Long Hugh C , Trulove Paul C
Published: September 2016

Understanding the combined effect of applied tension and polymer mobilization is vital both for controlling sample contraction during “natural-fiber welding” (NFW) experiments as well as for designing scaled-up NFW processes that rely upon tension for pulling yarn and cloth stocks through a continuous treatment apparatus. A preliminary set of tests evaluated the effect of applying tension in the axial dimension during NFW treatments of yarns. These tests with a ~0.4 mm diameter two-ply linen yarn show that when compared to untreated yarn, NFW combined with tension increases Young’s modulus by a factor of 1.68 while NFW alone increases Young’s modulus by a factor of 1.44. Any effects of either NFW combined with tension or NFW alone were not observed with a ~0.2 mm diameter three-ply mercerized cotton yarn.
Homogeneous Functionalization of Biopolymers Utilizing Ionic Liquids
Authors: Reichert William Matthew , Anderson Edward
Published: September 2016

Diethylaminoethyl-cellulose (DEAE-cellulose) is widely used as the stationary phase in ion-exchange chromatography, where it functions as an anion exchanger. The addition of the DEAE branch to the cellulose backbone also increases its ability to chelate with metals in solution. The effectiveness of DEAE-cellulose to perform these functions is determined by its degree of substitution (DS). One way to increase the DS of the DEAE-cellulose is to functionalize the cellulose in a homogeneous solution. Historically, this has been difficult due to the harsh solvents required to dissolve cellulose. Ionic liquids may offer a solution to this problem as they can be used as green alternatives to traditionally harsh biopolymer solvents. This research will focus on the modification of cellulose into DEAE-cellulose using a homogeneous ionic liquid solution. The success of the cellulose modification will be determined by calculating the DS from titration data.
VOC-Sensing Properties of Adsorption/Combustion-Type Micro Gas Sensors Using Mesoporous Alumina Co-Loaded with Pt and Metal Oxide
Authors: Nagae Kazunori , Ueda Taro , Sasahara Takahiko , Nakagoe Osamu , Tanabe Shuji , Hyodo Takeo , Shimizu Yasuhiro
Published: September 2016

Mesoporous (mp-) Al2O3 powders loaded with n wt% MO (Bi2O3, CeO2, Fe2O3, NiO, RuO2 or ZrO2 (n = 1, 5, 10)) and/or 1 wt% Pt nanoparticles (1.0Pt/nMO-mp-Al2O3) were synthesized by an impregnation or a sonochemical reduction method. The sensor-signal profiles typically consist of one large dynamic response and subsequent static response, which originate from the flash catalytic combustion of these adsorbates and general catalytic combustion, respectively, during the pulse heating. The 1.0Pt/nCeO2-mp-Al2O3 sensor showed the largest static response to all target VOCs (ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, benzene and toluene), probably due to the largest specific surface area (ca. 187 m2 g-1) among the sensors examined. In addition, the sensor also showed the largest dynamic response to most of target VOCs except for toluene. On the other hand, 1.0Pt/10Bi2O3-mp-Al2O3 sensor showed the largest dynamic response to toluene and the dynamic response speed of the 1.0Pt/10Bi2O3-mp-Al2O3 sensor to toluene was faster than that of the 1.0Pt/10CeO2-mp-Al2O3 sensor. This is probably because of more accelerated catalytic combustion behavior and the adsorption property of toluene over 1.0Pt/10Bi2O3-mp-Al2O3 than those over 1.0Pt/10CeO2-mp-Al2O3.
Sniff-Cam (Bio-Fluorometric Gas-Imaging System) for Breath Acetaldehyde after Drinking
Authors: Iitani Kenta , Naisierding Munire , Sato Toshiyuki , Toma Koji , Arakawa Takahiro , Mitsubayashi Kohji
Published: September 2016

We developed Sniff-cam (bio-fluorometric gas-imaging system) for visualization of breath acetaldehyde (ACE) which is produced by ethanol metabolism in liver after drinking. Sniff-cam employed an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) immobilized cotton mesh with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) for imaging of gaseous ACE distribution. NADH is consumed by ADH-mediated reduction of ACE, and its concentration and that of ACE are correlated. Therefore, imaging of gaseous ACE distribution was achieved by exciting NADH with an ultraviolet light-emitting diode array (340 nm wavelength) and recording the emitted fluorescence from NADH (490 nm wavelength) by a high sensitive camera. Decrement of fluorescence at around the gas outlet was observed when ACE vapor was introduced. This result demonstrates that the Sniff-cam could be applied for imaging of breath ACE.
Improvement in Response/Recovery Characteristics of Mixed-Potential-Type Zirconia-Based CO Sensor Using ZnCr2O4 Added with Au Particles-Sensing Electrode
Authors: Fujio Yuki , Anggraini Sri Ayu , Ikeda Hiroshi , Terasaki Nao , Miura Norio
Published: September 2016

The response/recovery characteristics to CO for a mixed-potential-type yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)-based sensor using a ZnCr2O4 and Au nanoparticles composite sensing electrode (ZnCr2O4 (+nano-Au)-SE) were improved by tuning the size of the added Au particles. Among SEs tested, the sensor using ZnCr2O4 (+subμ-Au)-SE, which is ZnCr2O4-SE added with submicrometer-sized Au particles, exhibited faster response to 800 ppm CO than that of ZnCr2O4 (+nano-Au)-SE at 550ºC under the wet condition. From the results of polarization curve measurements, the addition of Au nanoparticles into the ZnCr2O4-SE layer was found to decrease the catalytic activity to the cathodic reaction of O2, responsible for the slow response/recovery characteristics. After investigating the additive amount of subμ-Au particles aiming at the enhancement of the CO response, it can be concluded that an appropriate additive amount is 5 wt.%. The 90% response/recovery times of the present sensor were significantly improved, and they were less than 30 s.
Blackening in Zirconia-Based Electrochemical Oxygen Sensor at High Pumping Potentials
Authors: Soltis Richard E , McQuillen Michael , Surnilla Gopichandra
Published: September 2016

By varying the control voltages of commercially available zirconia-based automotive exhaust gas oxygen sensors, other oxygen-containing molecules such as H2O and CO2 can be measured. The measurement method involves increasing the potential across the pumping cell to dissociate oxygen-containing molecules to create free oxygen. At these elevated potentials, oxygen can be removed from the zirconia lattice resulting in blackening of the ceramic resulting in sensor degradation. Techniques to detect early onset of blackening, along with methods for protecting against blackening, are considered.
Determination of Low Concentration of Multi-Target Gas Species Exhaled with the Breath
Authors: Nakamura Kunihiko , Hosokawa Teppei , Morita Yukihiro , Nishitani Mikihiko , Sadaoka Yoshihiko
Published: September 2016

We present a direct (online) multi-target breath analysis method for determining the concentration of gases at the ppm level or lower. We focus on determining the concentrations of acetone and carbon monoxide (CO), which are important indices used in the monitoring of health. The purpose of the present report is to investigate the feasibility of using commercially available sensors for such clinical and daily use. A preliminary discrimination between acetone and interfering ethanol is investigated using artificial breath. We evaluate the effectiveness of the sensors and the method for determining low concentrations of gases, and their applicability to the second target gas, CO.
Amperometric Gas Sensors: From Classical Industrial Health and Safety to Environmental Awareness and Public Health
Authors: Carter Michael T , Stetter Joseph R , Findlay Melvin W , Meulendyk Bennett J. , Patel Vinay , Peaslee David
Published: September 2016

KWJ Engineering and SPEC Sensors LLC have been working to develop and commercialize a new class of amperometric gas sensor, the screen-printed electrochemical sensor (SPEC), for the past several years. These new, tiny, ultralow power sensors and device built around them are making in-roads in a diverse set of endeavors. Much of this potential has arisen in the explosion of interest and activity in sensor technologies driven by our increasingly connected world (e.g., Internet of Things). The advent of tiny form factors like the SPEC sensor has opened up new possibilities in applications requiring portability, wearability and self-powered or long-term unattended and mobile battery operation. This paper will review several recent results in next-generation gas sensor development and environmental applications at KWJ Engineering, with a focus on air quality monitoring.
Estimation of Gas Source Location from Fluctuating Readings of Gas Sensors and Anemometer on Mobile Robot in Outdoor Environment
Authors: Wada Yuta , Matsukura Haruka , Ishida Hiroshi
Published: September 2016

Here we report on a new method for robotic gas source localization. In the method proposed in this series of work, a mobile robot equipped with gas sensors and an anemometer is used to measure the gas concentration and airflow direction at various locations in the area under consideration. The location of the gas source is estimated by applying a turbulent diffusion model of a gas plume to the sensor data collected by the mobile robot. In the previous version of the method, the value of the turbulent diffusion coefficient in the model needs to be properly adjusted to obtain appropriate estimation results. Therefore, the model is replaced with the one that requires no empirical parameter. The estimation results are presented to show that the proposed method can provide a map showing the area in which a gas source is likely to be found.
Quantitative Decoding of Complex Gas Mixtures Using Mixed-Potential Sensor Arrays
Authors: Ramaiyan Kannan Pasupathikovil , Kreller Cortney R , Brosha Eric L. , Mukundan Rangachary , Javed Unab , Morozov Alexandre V
Published: September 2016

An array of mixed potential electrochemical sensors is used to determine the individual concentrations of NOx, NH3 and C3H8 gases in a mixture containing oxygen. The sensors comprise a dense La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 or AuPd sensing electrode and dense Pt electrode with porous YSZ electrolyte. Bayesian model training is used to analyze the data and to find the composition of the gas mixture. The model is successfully demonstrated for predicting binary gas mixtures with less than 10% error. Ternary and quaternary gas mixture analysis is underway to test the reliability of this model to predict the gas composition with accuracy. This work aims to provide robust and accurate NOx sensing for vehicle on board applications.
(Invited) Rapid Formation of Single-Cell Pairs for Hybrid Cells
Authors: Yasukawa Tomoyuki , Mizutani Fumio
Published: September 2016

The attractive force of positive dielectrophoresis has been used to form the pairs of different types of cells rapidly and simply. Two different types of cells were successively directed into the individual wells fabricated on the microwell array electrodes. The width (16 μm) and depth (25 μm) of the microwells restricted the size to two vertically aligned cells. Mouse myeloma cells stained in blue were trapped within 1 s in the microwells by p-DEP by applying an alternating current voltage. The cells were retained inside the wells even after switching off the voltage and washing with a fluidic flow. K562 cells stained in green were then trapped in the microwells occupied by the myeloma cells to form the vertical cell pairing in the microwells. Two types of cells were paired within only 1 min and a pairing efficiency of 53% was achieved.
High-Content Analysis of Single Cells Using a Wide-Field Imaging Sensor
Authors: Tanaka Tsuyoshi , Yoshino Tomoko , Maeda Yoshiaki , Saeki Tatsuya , Negishi Ryo , Iwata Reito , Kogiso Atsushi , Dobashi Hironori , Matsunaga Tadashi
Published: September 2016

Electrochemical sensing systems have been utilized in biosensors because it is easy to integrate the electrodes and electric circuits on miniaturized devices. In contrast, it was hard to integrate photo-sensing systems consisting of advanced optical components (e.g., condensing lenses and optical filters) in small devices due to the difficulties in miniaturization and cost-cutting of those optical components. However, recent efforts overcame this technical barrier, and thus a huge number of two-dimensional (2D) photosensors are equipped in digital cameras and smartphones, and widely used around the world. Technical development of such photosensors led to creation of novel biosensing systems enabling rapid, sensitive, and easy detection of biomolecules and microorganisms. This article summarized our recent achievement on wide-field imaging-based biosensors in which complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors were used for detection of various biological objects. In particular, high content analysis of single cells based on the developed photo-biosensing systems is introduced.
Development of a Catalytic Combustion Type Gas Sensor with Low Power Consumption
Authors: Hadano Hironori , Miyagi Atsuko , Okuno Tatsuyuki , Nagawa Yoshiharu , Ishiguro Yoshiaki
Published: September 2016

A catalytic combustion type methane gas sensor with super low power consumption using MEMS technology was developed for a battery drive type gas alarm. In this study, it is reported the actions of improvement for methane gas selectivity and sensitivity of the sensor from a viewpoint of the reliability satisfaction for practical use. As the method of improving gas selectivity, it was made to offset with constituting a reference element from a Platinum loaded catalyst. For the improvement of methane sensitivity, the amount of loaded Palladium was made to optimize in order to increase gas reactive sites on catalyst. And slit-shaped through-holes were formed on micro heater, as taking advantage of air bridge structure for promoting the gas contact from the heater backside. Methane sensitivity has improved drastically by these complex improvement effects.
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Sensing Based on DNA Elongation by Site-Selective Surface Plasmon (SP) Field Heating toward Ultra-High Sensitive Detection of Single Pathogenic Particles
Authors: Kawahara Yuki , Ishida Akito
Published: September 2016

In this study, site-selective enzymatic DNA elongation from gold surface at 25°C was induced by the damping heat of propagating surface plasmon (SP), using an 808 nm laser. A multispot immunoassay, based on this concept, has been demonstrated. The primer-immobilized analyte-bound ligand spot was selectively heated by the SP field, and effective DNA elongation on the surface using rolling circle amplification produced an intense fluorescence spot on the surface after staining. The key feature of this method is the temperature contrast on the surface. We have estimated the surface temperature by comparison of the yield and chain length of the amplicons from SP heating to those from controlled thermal reactions at a series of temperatures.
Evaluation of Acetylcholine Release and Hold Electrochemical Device by CCD Type Ion Image Sensor
Authors: Kageyama Itsuki , Kato Ryo , Sawada Kazuaki , Hattori Toshiaki
Published: September 2016

Acetylcholine (ACh) is well known as one of the important neurotransmitters. Imaging the dynamics of ACh in realtime is essential for the understanding of neuronal communication. The meaningful observation of living cells requires also developments of tools to manipulate cells and to add stimuli, not only development of the imaging method. As a method of local chemical stimulation, in this study, we developed an ACh release and hold electrochemical device. The device consists of three layers; PVC membrane including ACh and tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pheny]borate (TFPB), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophen) (PEDOT) layer, and a glassy carbon electrode. The device was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. Amount of ACh released from the device applied at constant potential was monitored by CCD type ACh image sensors. It was demonstrated that the device can release and hold of ACh, and the device can be recharged by application of negative potential.
Fabricating a QCM Device with the Nanostructures Using the AAO Template
Authors: Asai Naoto , Ito Takeshi , Shimizu Tomohiro , Shingubara Shoso
Published: September 2016

The nano structure derived from Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) is controllable by the anodizing conditions such as voltage, anodizing time, and the acid solutions. Regularly arranged nano–pores were fabricated with high aspect ratio. We tried to use the nano structure as a template to build nanowire array on the quartz crystal to enlarge the surface area bond to analyte. Evaluating the shape of the nanowire, average of the height and the diameter of the nanowire were 1 μm and 50 nm, respectively. In this case, high aspect ratio more than 20 was achieved. We fabricated nanowires on the electrode of the QCM chip and tried to detect the antigen-antibody reaction.
Fabrication of Ca2+-K+ Image Sensor Using an Inkjet Method and Its Application to Living Cells
Authors: Matsuba Sota , Sato Hikaru , Kato Ryo , Sawada Kazuaki , Matsuda Tomoki , Nagai Takeharu , Hattori Toshiaki
Published: September 2016

Ca2+, Na+ and K+ are very important ions in cells in which several ion channels and ion pumps maintain the concentration of their ions. The dynamic analysis of cells requires the monitor of plural ions rather than only one ion. In this paper, we developed simultaneous Ca2+-K+ image sensor. The change in Na+ concentration is hard to detect because of the high concentration (145 mM) in extracellular fluid. The sensing membranes were prepared with plasticized PVC membranes using an inkjet method. The Ca2+-K+ image sensor had fast and good response in the salt aqueous solution including 145 mM of sodium ion. The real-time bio-images for Hela cells stimulated by Amphotericin B were captured by the multi-ion image sensor. As a result of simultaneous K+ and Ca2+ images, the increase in the K+ concentration was observed without the change in the Ca2+ concentration.
Optimization of GaN-Based HEMTs for Chemical Sensing: A Simulation Study
Authors: Sciullo Madeline , Choudhury Mohua , Patrick Erin , Law Mark E
Published: September 2016

Understanding the influence of device parameters on optimization of GaN-based High-Electron-Mobility Transistors (HEMT)s is crucial for development of effective and power-efficient sensors. This research provides a simulation study that shows trends for optimum sensor performance with regard to drain bias and gate length. TCAD simulations model a pH sensor as a general example.
Fiber Optic Sensors Based on Fiber Bragg Gratings for Methanol Steam Reforming Temperature Monitoring
Authors: Trudel Elizabeth , Peppley Brant A. , Wild Peter
Published: September 2016

The feasibility of using a fiber optic sensor based on fiber Bragg gratings for temperature monitoring in a methanol steam reforming reactor is demonstrated. Three fiber Bragg gratings are placed along the length of the catalyst plate of a test reactor and methanol is pumped through the reactor to react with steam and form hydrogen. The temperature changes at different locations along the length of the reformer are measured for a variety of flow rates. These are in good agreement with the reference thermocouples and the theoretical behaviour of an endothermic chemical reaction. These findings indicate the potential to use fiber Bragg gratings to monitor the temperature profile inside methanol steam reforming reactors.
Piezoelectric Bending Motion Sensor for Simultaneous Detection of Bending Curvature and Speed
Authors: Chung Sung Yun , Lee Hwa -Jin , You Duck-Jae , Cho Sanghun , Nam Buil , Lee Tae Il , Kim Youn Sang
Published: September 2016

Development of portable and flexible bending motion sensor has been recently flourished for a variety of devices involving integration with wearable electronics, human artificial skin, and biomimetic robots. Self-powered system might be significant for portable and environmentally compatible and persistent use in various applications. In this regard, adopting piezoelectric bending element is desirable for active sensing system as well as the superiority for ultra-flexible properties for wearable manufacturing. Here, a self-powered piezoelectric bending motion sensor has been developed for simultaneous detection of bending curvature and speed during mechanical bending throughout analysis of ratiocinative algorithm.
Cd (II) Ion-Selective Electrode Based on 2 –Acetylthiophene Semicarbazone in Polymeric Membrane
Authors: Mohan Chandra , Sharma Kusum , Chandra Sulekh
Published: September 2016

A new PVC membrane sensor for Cd+2 ions has been prepared using 2–acetylthiophene Semicarbazone ligand as an ionophore and dibutylphthalate (DBP) as a plasticizing agent. The best performance was recorded with a membrane composition of PVC: DBP: Ionophore: NaTPB as 31: 64: 3.2: 1.8 (w/w %). The sensor exhibits a Nernstian response for Cd+2 ions over a wide concentration range (1.0 ×10–5 to 1.0 ×10–1 M) with a slope of 29.4 ± 0.2 mV decade–1. It has a fast response time of ˂ 10 s and can be used for at least 5 weeks without any divergence in potential. The electrode can be used in the pH range from 3.4 to 7.6. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for the direct determination of Cd+2 in solutions and, as an indicator electrode, in potentiometric titration of cadmium ions using EDTA as titrant.
(Invited) Cantilever-Based Resonant Chemical Microsensors
Authors: Brand Oliver , Getz Patrick , Carron Christopher
Published: September 2016

This paper reviews cantilever-based resonant chemical microsensors, which detect an analyte of interest via a change of the resonance frequency of a characteristic vibration mode, caused by the added mass upon sorption of the analyte into a sensing film deposited on the cantilever surface. While the focus of the paper is on silicon-based, hammer-like resonant sensors that comprise a head region suspended by a cantilever support structure, the results can be applied to other material systems and resonator geometries as well. The cantilever vibrations are excited electrothermally and sensed using four piezoresistors arranged in a Wheatstone bridge. Approaches to address the three ‘S’ metrics of chemical sensors, i.e., sensitivity, selectivity, and stability are highlighted. In particular, the benefits of localized deposition of the sensing film and the analysis of signal transients are explored.
Sensor Based Low Cost Agriculture Monitoring System Using Polymeric Hydrogel
Authors: Kabir M. Hasnat , Ahmed Kumkum , Furukawa Hidemitsu
Published: September 2016

Polymeric superabsorbent hydrogels are a kind of gels, obtained by chemically synthesized with hydrophilic polymers in a form of 3D-network structure. This hydrogels have been extensively used in agriculture over the last two decades as an absorbent. The aim of this work is to use the polymeric hydrogel for increasing the water holding properties of growing media such as soil and will develop a low cost system for monitoring. Two types of polymeric hydrogels were prepared and the swelling ratio was determined. Three times higher swelling ratio is observed at DMAA (90 wt%) than that of SMG (30 wt%) even though both samples have the same cross-linker (MBAA). The mechanical and swelling results suggest that the DMAA based hydrogel is suitable for agriculture. The sensor based monitoring system was developed which indicates the merit of the system.
Study of Alcohol Sensing Devices Using DMFC Technology
Authors: Soundrapandian Muthuraja , Chittur Krishnaswamy Subramaniam
Published: September 2016

Sensors for alcohols can be fabricated using Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) technology. The designed and fabrication of the sensor is by means of micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication technology with microfludic interconnects and with the electrochemical inputs using a standard DMFC cell arrangement. An amperometric detection technique will be employed. The accuracy will be determined by the accurate detection of electric current or changes in electric current. Using a passive mode design protocol in COMSOL Multiphysics, we have optimized the overall power density and hence the sensitivity of the sensor. This was achieved using various physical parametric functions, and interfacing Darcy’s law of fluidic flow through a porous medium, under specific pressure and temperature. This involved the fabrication of fluid flow diffusion layers using carbon matrix for electrodes. Pt-Sn was chosen as the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) catalysts. The cell outputs have been discussed.
The chromatin-binding protein Smyd1 restricts adult mammalian heart growth
Authors: Franklin Sarah , Kimball Todd , Rasmussen Tara L. , Rosa-Garrido Manuel , Chen Haodong , Tran Tam , Miller Mickey R. , Gray Ricardo , Jiang Shanxi , Ren Shuxun , Wang Yibin , Tucker Haley O. , Vondriska Thomas M.
Published: September 2016

All terminally differentiated organs face two challenges, maintaining their cellular identity and restricting organ size. The molecular mechanisms responsible for these decisions are of critical importance to organismal development, and perturbations in their normal balance can lead to disease. A hallmark of heart failure, a condition affecting millions of people worldwide, is hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes. The various forms of heart failure in human and animal models share conserved transcriptome remodeling events that lead to expression of genes normally silenced in the healthy adult heart. However, the chromatin remodeling events that maintain cell and organ size are incompletely understood; insights into these mechanisms could provide new targets for heart failure therapy. Using a quantitative proteomics approach to identify muscle-specific chromatin regulators in a mouse model of hypertrophy and heart failure, we identified upregulation of the histone methyltransferase Smyd1 during disease. Inducible loss-of-function studies in vivo demonstrate that Smyd1 is responsible for restricting growth in the adult heart, with its absence leading to cellular hypertrophy, organ remodeling, and fulminate heart failure. Molecular studies reveal Smyd1 to be a muscle-specific regulator of gene expression and indicate that Smyd1 modulates expression of gene isoforms whose expression is associated with cardiac pathology. Importantly, activation of Smyd1 can prevent pathological cell growth. These findings have basic implications for our understanding of cardiac pathologies and open new avenues to the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and failure by modulating Smyd1.
Fluid mechanics of human fetal right ventricles from image-based computational fluid dynamics using 4D clinical ultrasound scans
Authors: Wiputra Hadi , Lai Chang Quan , Lim Guat Ling , Heng Joel Jia Wei , Guo Lan , Soomar Sanah Merchant , Leo Hwa Liang , Biwas Arijit , Mattar Citra Nurfarah Zaini , Yap Choon Hwai
Published: September 2016

There are 0.6–1.9% of US children who were born with congenital heart malformations. Clinical and animal studies suggest that abnormal blood flow forces might play a role in causing these malformation, highlighting the importance of understanding the fetal cardiovascular fluid mechanics. We performed computational fluid dynamics simulations of the right ventricles, based on four-dimensional ultrasound scans of three 20-wk-old normal human fetuses, to characterize their flow and energy dynamics. Peak intraventricular pressure gradients were found to be 0.2–0.9 mmHg during systole, and 0.1–0.2 mmHg during diastole. Diastolic wall shear stresses were found to be around 1 Pa, which could elevate to 2–4 Pa during systole in the outflow tract. Fetal right ventricles have complex flow patterns featuring two interacting diastolic vortex rings, formed during diastolic E wave and A wave. These rings persisted through the end of systole and elevated wall shear stresses in their proximity. They were observed to conserve ∼25.0% of peak diastolic kinetic energy to be carried over into the subsequent systole. However, this carried-over kinetic energy did not significantly alter the work done by the heart for ejection. Thus, while diastolic vortexes played a significant role in determining spatial patterns and magnitudes of diastolic wall shear stresses, they did not have significant influence on systolic ejection. Our results can serve as a baseline for future comparison with diseased hearts.
Searching for better animal models of BPD: a perspective
Authors: Ambalavanan Namasivayam , Morty Rory E.
Published: September 2016

There have been many efforts to develop good animal models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) to better understand the pathophysiology and mechanisms underlying development of BPD as well as to test potential strategies for its prevention and treatment. This Perspectives summarizes the features of common animal models of BPD and the strengths and limitations of such models. Potential optimal approaches to development of animal models are indicated, with the underlying concepts that require emphasis.
IGFBP2 Activates the NF-κB Pathway to Drive Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Invasive Character in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Gao Song , Sun Yan , Zhang Xuebin , Hu Limei , Liu Yuexin , Chua Corrine Yingxuan , Phillips Lynette M. , Ren He , Fleming Jason B. , Wang Huamin , Chiao Paul J. , Hao Jihui , Zhang Wei
Published: September 2016

The molecular basis underlying the particularly aggressive nature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) still remains unclear. Here we report evidence that the insulin-like growth factor–binding protein IGFBP2 acts as a potent oncogene to drive its extremely malignant character. We found that elevated IGFBP2 expression in primary tumors was associated with lymph node metastasis and shorter survival in patients with PDAC. Enforced expression of IGFBP2 promoted invasion and metastasis of PDAC cells in vitro and in vivo by inducing NF-κB–dependent epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistic investigations revealed that IGFBP2 induced the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of the p65 NF-κB subunit through the PI3K/Akt/IKKβ pathway. Conversely, enforced expression of PTEN blunted this signaling pathway and restored an epithelial phenotype to PDAC cells in the presence of overexpressed IGFBP2. Overall, our results identify IGFBP2 as a pivotal regulator of an EMT axis in PDAC, the activation of which is sufficient to confer the characteristically aggressive clinical features of this disease. Cancer Res; 76(22); 6543–54. ©2016 AACR.
How to Deal with Interval-Censored Data Practically while Assessing the Progression-Free Survival: A Step-by-Step Guide Using SAS and R Software
Authors: Dugué Audrey Emmanuelle , Pulido Marina , Chabaud Sylvie , Belin Lisa , Gal Jocelyn
Published: September 2016

We describe how to estimate progression-free survival while dealing with interval-censored data in the setting of clinical trials in oncology. Three procedures with SAS and R statistical software are described: one allowing for a nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation of the survival curve using the EM-ICM (Expectation and Maximization-Iterative Convex Minorant) algorithm as described by Wellner and Zhan in 1997; a sensitivity analysis procedure in which the progression time is assigned (i) at the midpoint, (ii) at the upper limit (reflecting the standard analysis when the progression time is assigned at the first radiologic exam showing progressive disease), or (iii) at the lower limit of the censoring interval; and finally, two multiple imputations are described considering a uniform or the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation (NPMLE) distribution. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5629–35. ©2016 AACR.
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres in Primary Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Is Associated with Aggressive Clinical Behavior and Poor Survival
Authors: Kim Joo Young , Brosnan-Cashman Jacqueline A. , An Soyeon , Kim Sung Joo , Song Ki-Byung , Kim Min-Sun , Kim Mi-Ju , Hwang Dae Wook , Meeker Alan K. , Yu Eunsil , Kim Song Cheol , Hruban Ralph H. , Heaphy Christopher M. , Hong Seung-Mo
Published: September 2016

Purpose: Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT), a telomerase-independent telomere maintenance mechanism, is strongly associated with ATRX and DAXX alterations and occurs frequently in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNET).

Experimental Design: In a Korean cohort of 269 surgically resected primary PanNETs and 19 sporadic microadenomas, ALT status and nuclear ATRX and DAXX protein expression were assessed and compared with clinicopathologic factors.

Results: In PanNETs, ALT or loss of ATRX/DAXX nuclear expression was observed in 20.8% and 19.3%, respectively, whereas microadenomas were not altered. ALT-positive PanNETs displayed a significantly higher grade, size, and pT classification (all, P < 0.001). ALT also strongly correlated with lymphovascular (P < 0.001) and perineural invasion (P = 0.001) and the presence of lymph node (P < 0.001) and distant metastases (P = 0.002). Furthermore, patients with ALT-positive primary PanNETs had a shorter recurrence-free survival [HR = 3.38; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.83–6.27; P < 0.001]. Interestingly, when limiting to patients with distant metastases, those with ALT-positive primary tumors had significantly better overall survival (HR = 0.23; 95% CI, 0.08–0.68; P = 0.008). Similarly, tumors with loss of ATRX/DAXX expression were significantly associated with ALT (P < 0.001), aggressive clinical behavior, and reduced recurrence-free survival (P < 0.001). However, similar to ALT, when limiting to patients with distant metastases, loss of ATRX/DAXX expression was associated with better overall survival (P = 0.003).

Conclusions: Both primary ALT-positive and ATRX/DAXX-negative PanNETs are independently associated with aggressive clinicopathologic behavior and displayed reduced recurrence-free survival. In contrast, ALT activation and loss of ATRX/DAXX are both associated with better overall survival in patients with metastases. Therefore, these biomarkers may be used as prognostic markers depending on the context of the disease. Clin Cancer Res; 23(6); 1598–606. ©2016 AACR.
AZ1366: An Inhibitor of Tankyrase and the Canonical Wnt Pathway that Limits the Persistence of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Following EGFR Inhibition
Authors: Scarborough Hannah A. , Helfrich Barbara A. , Casás-Selves Matias , Schuller Alwin G. , Grosskurth Shaun E. , Kim Jihye , Tan Aik-Choon , Chan Daniel C. , Zhang Zhiyong , Zaberezhnyy Vadym , Bunn Paul A. , DeGregori James
Published: September 2016

Purpose: The emergence of EGFR inhibitors such as gefitinib, erlotinib, and osimertinib has provided novel treatment opportunities in EGFR-driven non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, most patients with EGFR-driven cancers treated with these inhibitors eventually relapse. Recent efforts have identified the canonical Wnt pathway as a mechanism of protection from EGFR inhibition and that inhibiting tankyrase, a key player in this pathway, is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of EGFR-driven tumors.

Experimental Design: We performed a preclinical evaluation of tankyrase inhibitor AZ1366 in combination with multiple EGFR-inhibitors across NSCLC lines, characterizing its antitumor activity, impingement on canonical Wnt signaling, and effects on gene expression. We performed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiling of AZ1366 in mice and evaluated its therapeutic activity in an orthotopic NSCLC model.

Results: In combination with EGFR inhibitors, AZ1366 synergistically suppressed proliferation of multiple NSCLC lines and amplified global transcriptional changes brought about by EGFR inhibition. Its ability to work synergistically with EGFR inhibition coincided with its ability to modulate the canonical Wnt pathway. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiling of AZ1366-treated orthotopic tumors demonstrated clinically relevant serum drug levels and intratumoral target inhibition. Finally, coadministration of an EGFR inhibitor and AZ1366 provided better tumor control and improved survival for Wnt-responsive lung cancers in an orthotopic mouse model.

Conclusions: Tankyrase inhibition is a potent route of tumor control in EGFR-dependent NSCLC with confirmed dependence on canonical Wnt signaling. These data strongly support further evaluation of tankyrase inhibition as a cotreatment strategy with EGFR inhibition in an identifiable subset of EGFR-driven NSCLC. Clin Cancer Res; 23(6); 1531–41. ©2016 AACR.
Prognostic Utility of a New mRNA Expression Signature of Gleason Score
Authors: Sinnott Jennifer A. , Peisch Sam F. , Tyekucheva Svitlana , Gerke Travis , Lis Rosina , Rider Jennifer R. , Fiorentino Michelangelo , Stampfer Meir J. , Mucci Lorelei A. , Loda Massimo , Penney Kathryn L.
Published: September 2016

Purpose: Gleason score strongly predicts prostate cancer mortality; however, scoring varies among pathologists, and many men are diagnosed with intermediate-risk Gleason score 7. We previously developed a 157-gene signature for Gleason score using a limited gene panel. Using a new whole-transcriptome expression dataset, we verified the previous signature's performance and developed a new Gleason signature to improve lethal outcome prediction among men with Gleason score 7.

Experimental Design: We generated mRNA expression data from prostate tumor tissue from men in the Physicians' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (N = 404) using the Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST microarray. The Prediction Analysis for Microarrays method was used to develop a signature to distinguish high (≥8) versus low (≤6) Gleason score. We evaluated the signature's ability to improve prediction of lethality among men with Gleason score 7, adjusting for 3 + 4/4 + 3 status, by quantifying the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC).

Results: We identified a 30-gene signature that best distinguished Gleason score ≤6 from ≥8. The AUC to predict lethal disease among Gleason score 7 men was 0.76 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.67–0.84] compared with 0.68 (95% CI, 0.59–0.76) using 3 + 4/4 + 3 status alone (P = 0.0001). This signature was a nonsignificant (P = 0.09) improvement over our previous signature (AUC = 0.72).

Conclusions: Our new 30-gene signature improved prediction of lethality among men with Gleason score 7. This signature can potentially become a useful prognostic tool for physicians to improve treatment decision making. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1); 81–87. ©2016 AACR.

See related commentary by Yin et al., p. 6