bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
К вопросу цитирования в Web of science и SCOPUS статей из российских журналов, имеющих переводные версии
Authors: Аксентьева Мария Сергеевна , Кириллова Ольга Владимировна , Москалева Ольга Васильевна
Published: June 2015

Детально проанализированы особенности представления и цитирования статей из российских научных журналов, которые переводятся на английский язык и индексируются в библиографических базах данных Web of Science и Scopus.
Показано изменение во времени (с 1960-х по 2013 гг.) политики учета цитирований российских публикаций в базе данных Web of Science. Рассмотрены аналогичные особенности базы данных Scopus. Выявлены значительные потери в учете реального цитирования статей из российских журналов, не позволяющие использовать данные, получаемые непосредственно в системах анализа цитирования этих БД, для 
оценки результатов научного труда как отдельных авторов, так и научных коллективов и российской науки в целом.
Только при помощи сложных специальных поисков по дополнительным опциям этих баз данных и после существенных пересчетов всех полученных данных можно достичь корректных показателей цитируемости публикаций из российских журналов. Решение задачи корректного учета ссылок на статьи из переводных российских журналов возможно на основе использования DOI, и такой подход уже успешно продемонстрирован в базе Math Net.
Трансформации в современной науке и развитие библиотечных сервисов для поддержки научных исследований
Authors: Дедик Павел Евгеньевич
Published: June 2015

С развитием компьютерных технологий и информационных сетей происходят существенные изменения в науке, процессе производства нового научного знания. Появляется множество организаций, предоставляющих доступ к научной информации и предлагающих услуги и сервисы, ориентированные на поддержку научных исследований. Научные и университетские библиотеки могут оказаться в стороне от основного направления развития науки. Для того, чтобы этого не случилось, следует подойти к задаче развития библиотечных сервисов целостно, имея в виду удовлетворение потребностей научных работников в течение всего цикла исследования: от зарождения и формулирования идеи и поисков источников финансирования до получения результатов и их распространения в научном сообществе. Такой целостный подход позволит наиболее полно использовать преимущества библиотек для их «выживания» в новых условиях. В статье описывается опыт зарубежных библиотек, в которых применяется такой подход. Российским библиотекам следует активно перенимать опыт своих зарубежных коллег.
Интервью с заместителем главного редактора журнала «БИОСФЕРА»
Authors: Голубев Алексей Георгиевич
Published: June 2015

Интервью.
Интервью с ответственным секретарем редакции журнала «Актуальные проблемы экономики и права»
Authors: Дарчинова Гульназ Язкаровна
Published: June 2015

Интервью.
От редакции
Authors: Абрамов Егор Геннадьевич
Published: June 2015

Редакционная статья
О переходе библиотечной системы СО РАН от традиционной подписки на зарубежные научные журналы к электронному доступу
Authors: Босина Лариса Викторовна , Шабурова Наталья Николаевна
Published: June 2015

Статья посвящена изучению вопроса, может ли в ближайшее время подписка на иностранные журналы в академических библиотеках Сибирского региона частично или полностью быть переведена на их подписку в электронном формате. Для этого рассмотрена структура подписки, представлены факторы, характеризующие использование научных электронных журналов в СО РАН, и приведен анализ результатов анкетирования ученых Красноярского научного центра и одного из НИИ Новосибирского научного центра СО РАН.
Ценообразование в типографии при печати цифровым способом
Authors: Авраменко Михаил Михайлович
Published: June 2015

В статье рассмотрены преимущества и недостатки печати книг и брошюр цифровым способом. Автор рассматривает его в сравнении с офсетным способом печати, приводит расчеты, наглядно показывающие разницу в цене и качестве печати.
Применение XML-разметки для научных статей, опубликованных в журналах на корейском языке
Authors: Хо Сон , Цой Тхэ Джин , Ким Со Хён
Published: June 2015

Республика Корея занимает четвертое место  по числу включенных в базу PubMed Central (PMC) журналов.  По состоянию на сентябрь 2013 в PMC включены 75 корейских журналов.  С 2013 года различные агентства, финансирующие исследования, результаты которых должны быть опубликованы в корейской научной периодике, начали создавать полнотекстовые  базы данных открытого доступа по медицине, естественным, социальным и гуманитарным наукам. В этих базах используется набор разметки журнальных статей (Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) 1.0),  так что статьи на корейском языке легко могут обрабатываться как полнотекстовые на языке расширяемой разметки (XML). Редакторы и издатели должны выпускать полнотекстовые XML-файлы на основе JATS 1.0. 
 Таким образом, статья освещает вопросы текущего применения JATS 1.0 в корейских научных журналах как на английском, так и на корейском языках, с упором на современные технологии, программы обучения и политику корейского правительства относительно общедоступного полнотекстового XML.
 Опыт Кореи может стать моделью для создания в других странах полнотекстовых баз данных открытого доступа, основанных на JATS 1.0  на национальном языке. Подчеркивается пригодность JATS для научных журнальных публикаций не только во всех областях, но и на всех языках. 

 

 

Работа выполнена при поддержке исследовательского гранта Национального исследовательского фонда Кореи (политические исследования-2013-003 ‒ продвижение академической инфраструктуры) и Корейской федерации научных и технических обществ (KOFST-2013) Правительства Республики Корея.
Гуманитарные научные журналы сегодня: проблемы и перспективы
Authors: Федорова Татьяна Сергеевна
Published: June 2015

Автор рассматривает проблемы издательской деятельности в области гуманитарных наук, их связь с актуальным состоянием отечественной науки и культуры, а также возможные стратегии развития научных журналов по культуре и искусству, расширение их аудитории и продвижения в глобальные научно-информационные системы.
Научные журналы Казахстана в интернете
Authors: Машакова Нургуль Садвакасовна
Published: June 2015

В статье представлен обзор научных журналов Казахстана, рекомендуемых Комитетом по контролю в сфере образования и науки Министерства образования и науки Республики Казахстан для публикации основных результатов научной деятельности, информация и основные сведения о которых представлены в интернете.
Отраслевые особенности и тенденции развития торгового предпринимательства
Authors: Кан Юлия Чончуниевна , Кунин Владимир Александрович
Published: June 2015

В статье рассмотрены и проанализированы основные показатели развития оптовой торговли, дан краткосрочный прогноз, выявлены отраслевые особенности и тенденции развития. Доказан параболический характер изменения оборота оптовой торговли с течением времени. Выявлены проблемы торгового предпринимательства, замедляющие развитие оптовой торговли. Проведен сравнительный анализ различных источников финансирования торгового предпринимательства и  показана ключевая роль дефицита финансовых ресурсов как основной проблемы развития торгового предпринимательства.
Computation of Three-Phase Capillary Pressure Curves and Fluid Configurations at Mixed-Wet Conditions in 2D Rock Images
Authors: Zhou Y.. , Helland J. O. , Hatzignatiou D. G.
Published: June 2015

In this study, we present a three-phase, mixed-wet capillary bundle model with cross sections obtained from a segmented 2D rock image, and apply it to simulate gas-invasion processes directly on images of Bentheim sandstone after two-phase saturation histories consisting of primary drainage, wettability alteration, and imbibition. We calculate three-phase capillary pressure curves, corresponding fluid configurations, and saturation paths for the gas-invasion processes and study the effects of mixed wettability and saturation history by varying the initial water saturation after primary drainage and simulating gas invasion from different water saturations after imbibition. In this model, geometrically allowed gas/oil, oil/water, and gas/water interfaces are determined in the pore cross sections by moving two circles in opposite directions along the pore/solid boundary for each of the three fluid pairs separately. These circles form the contact angle with the pore walls at their front arcs. For each fluid pair, circle intersections determine the geometrically allowed interfaces. The physically valid three-phase fluid configurations are determined by combining these interfaces systematically in all permissible ways, and then the three-phase capillary entry pressures for each valid interface combination are calculated consistently on the basis of free-energy minimization. The valid configuration change is given by the displacement with the most favorable (the smallest) gas/oil capillary entry pressure. The simulation results show that three-phase oil/water and gas/oil capillary pressure curves are functions of two saturations at mixed wettability conditions. We also find that oil layers exist in a larger gas/oil capillary pressure range for mixed-wet conditions than for water-wet conditions, even though a nonspreading oil is considered. Simulation results obtained in sandstone rock sample images show that gas-invasion paths may cross each other at mixed-wet conditions. This is possible because the pores have different and highly complex, irregular shapes, in which simultaneous bulk-gas and oil-layer invasion into water-filled pores occur frequently. The initial water saturation at the end of primary drainage has a significant effect on the gas-invasion processes after imbibition. Small initial water saturations yield more-oil-wet behavior, whereas large initial water saturations show more-water-wet behavior. However, in both cases, the three-phase capillary pressure curves must be described by a function of two saturations. For mixed-wet conditions, in which some pores are water-wet and other pores are oil-wet, the gas/oil capillary pressure curves can be grouped into two curve bundles that represent the two wetting states. Finally, the results obtained in this work demonstrate that it is important to describe the pore geometry accurately when computing the three-phase capillary pressure and related saturation paths in mixed-wet rock.
Factors to Consider in Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Nahabedian Maurice Y
Published: June 2015

Women considering breast ablative therapy are confronted with a variety of decisions that include the type of mastectomy (partial, total, skin sparing, nipple areolar sparing), the type of reconstruction (prosthetic, autologous, oncoplastic) and the need for adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy, radiation). The parameters for each are multifactorial and require significant thought and counseling. Therapeutic options are essentially individualized and dependent upon a variety of factors such as tumor size and location, lymph node involvement, comorbidities, expectations and body characteristics. The role of reconstructive surgery is now well appreciated and an integral component of the multidisciplinary care of the patient and is influenced by the opinions and recommendations of surgical, medical and radiation oncologists. This manuscript will review the role of reconstructive surgery and the many factors to consider.
Advanced Abdominal Ectopic Pregnancy: Lessons from Three Cases from Zimbabwe and a Literature Appraisal of Diagnostic and Management Challenges
Authors: Gidiri Muchabayiwa F , Kanyenze Miriam
Published: June 2015

We report three cases illustrating difficulties in diagnosis and challenges with management of the placenta in a low-resource country where ultrasound scanning, methotrexate, interventional radiology or blood products are often not accessible for the majority of patients. Even in situations where an ultrasound scan is available prenatally as in our three cases, the diagnosis is often missed. All the cases presented with vague abdominal symptoms, which are common in pregnancy anyway. Only one case was correctly diagnosed before surgery by ultrasound scan. For the two cases in the second trimester as expected the fetuses did not survive. The one advanced pregnancy had a good perinatal outcome. Maternal morbidity and mortality usually results from perioperative hemorrhage from the placental attachment site. The most important aspect of management is the management of the placenta. In the two cases with second trimester pregnancies, it was possible to remove the placentas, even though blood loss was significant, hemostasis was achieved at surgery. All three mothers recovered well and survived.
Gut Peptides Are Novel Regulators of Intestinal Lipoprotein Secretion: Experimental and Pharmacological Manipulation of Lipoprotein Metabolism
Authors: Xiao Changting , Dash Satya , Morgantini Cecilia , Adeli Khosrow , Lewis Gary F.
Published: June 2015

Individuals with metabolic syndrome and frank type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, partially due to the presence of lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities. In these conditions, the liver and intestine overproduce lipoprotein particles, exacerbating the hyperlipidemia of fasting and postprandial states. Incretin-based, antidiabetes therapies (i.e., glucagon-like peptide [GLP]-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) have proven efficacy for the treatment of hyperglycemia. Evidence is accumulating that these agents also improve fasting and postprandial lipemia, the latter more significantly than the former. In contrast, the gut-derived peptide GLP-2, cosecreted from intestinal L cells with GLP-1, has recently been demonstrated to enhance intestinal lipoprotein release. Understanding the roles of these emerging regulators of intestinal lipoprotein secretion may offer new insights into the regulation of intestinal lipoprotein assembly and secretion and provide new opportunities for devising novel strategies to attenuate hyperlipidemia, with the potential for cardiovascular disease reduction.
Cellular Senescence in Type 2 Diabetes: A Therapeutic Opportunity
Authors: Palmer Allyson K. , Tchkonia Tamara , LeBrasseur Nathan K. , Chini Eduardo N. , Xu Ming , Kirkland James L.
Published: June 2015

Cellular senescence is a fundamental aging mechanism that has been implicated in many age-related diseases and is a significant cause of tissue dysfunction. Accumulation of senescent cells occurs during aging and is also seen in the context of obesity and diabetes. Senescent cells may play a role in type 2 diabetes pathogenesis through direct impact on pancreatic β-cell function, senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)-mediated tissue damage, and involvement in adipose tissue dysfunction. In turn, metabolic and signaling changes seen in diabetes, such as high circulating glucose, altered lipid metabolism, and growth hormone axis perturbations, can promote senescent cell formation. Thus, senescent cells might be part of a pathogenic loop in diabetes, as both a cause and consequence of metabolic changes and tissue damage. Therapeutic targeting of a basic aging mechanism such as cellular senescence may have a large impact on disease pathogenesis and could be more effective in preventing the progression of diabetes complications than currently available therapies that have limited impact on already existing tissue damage. Therefore, senescent cells and the SASP represent significant opportunities for advancement in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes and its complications.
Predictors of Independent Walking in Young Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Begnoche Denise M. , Chiarello Lisa A. , Palisano Robert J. , Gracely Edward J. , McCoy Sarah Westcott , Orlin Margo N.
Published: June 2015

Background

The attainment of walking is a focus of physical therapy intervention in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and may affect their independence in mobility and participation in daily activities. However, knowledge of determinants of independent walking to guide physical therapists' decision making is lacking.

Objective

The aim of this study was to identify child factors (postural control, reciprocal lower limb movement, functional strength, and motivation) and family factors (family support to child and support to family) that predict independent walking 1 year later in young children with CP at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels II and III.

Design

A secondary data analysis of an observational cohort study was performed.

Methods

Participants were 80 children with CP, 2 through 6 years of age. Child factors were measured 1 year prior to the walking outcome. Parent-reported items representing family factors were collected 7 months after study onset. The predictive model was analyzed using backward stepwise logistic regression.

Results

A measure of functional strength and dynamic postural control in a sit-to-stand activity was the only significant predictor of taking ≥3 steps independently. The positive likelihood ratio for predicting a “walker” was 3.26, and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.74. The model correctly identified a walker or “nonwalker” 75% of the time.

Limitations

Prediction of walking ability was limited by the lack of specificity of child and family characteristics not prospectively selected and measurement of postural control, reciprocal lower limb movement, and functional strength 1 year prior to the walking outcome.

Conclusions

The ability to transfer from sitting to standing and from standing to sitting predicted independent walking in young children with CP. Prospective longitudinal studies are recommended to determine indicators of readiness for independent walking.
The Lure of the Other: Sheridan, Identity and Performance in Kingston and Calcutta
Authors: Wilson Kathleen
Published: June 2015

How did the American War affect ideas of nationality, identity, and belonging for the widely dispersed and varied British subjects? This article addresses this question through an examination of the performances of Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s comic opera The Duenna (1775) in Kingston, Jamaica, and his comedy The School for Scandal (1777) in Calcutta, Bengal. In each of these sites, theatrical performances enabled residents to embrace both the love of alterity and the longing for home that were each endemic to colonial life. Yet the comic figures of Jewish characters in each play suggested that Britishness and otherness were not far removed from each other, as theatrical performance, almost despite itself, began to sketch in more similarities than differences dividing us from them. In a moment when metropolitan anxieties about empire and colonial engagements with otherness had become entangled with practices and peoples that seemed to put British identity at risk, Sheridan’s two comedies hint that empire could make everyone an “other,” a “them.” Sheridan then attempted to diffuse that insight in his plays, inviting the audience to laugh at itself as it engaged in the pleasures, and pains, of real and imagined identifications.
Satire and Embodiment: Allegorical Romance on Stage and Page in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Ballaster Ros
Published: June 2015

Theatrical presentation of character relies on embodiment and mimesis where the novel constructs plausible character through the diegetic presentation of consciousness and action. This article argues that, with the introduction of stage censorship in the 1730s, allegorical prose romance mediates the transition from theatrical to novelistic modes of rendering plausible embodied character. Theatre and the novel in the mid-eighteenth century share a pre occupation with the relation of embodiment to allegorical abstraction, often represented in the figure of the Quixote, who mistakes one for the other. This essay charts the translation of techniques found in Henry Fielding’s satirical allegory in his short stage plays of the 1730s with three allegorical romances of 1736 that take Frederick, Prince of Wales, and his new bride, Princess Augusta of Saxa-Gothe-Altenburg, as the hero and heroine: Celenia and Hyempsal, The Adven tures of Prince Titi, and The Adventures of Eovaai. Discursive play with the magical rein carnation of “dead” figures in new forms of embodiment—puppets, ghosts, supernatural visitation—is central to these acts of generic transformation. Allegory, as we see in Sarah Fielding and Jane Collier’s The Cry (1754), has an unacknowledged afterlife in the mid-century novel.
Theatrical Tristram: Sterne and Hamlet Reconsidered
Authors: Anderson Emily Hodgson
Published: June 2015

Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy is one of many examples of how, throughout the eighteenth century, theatre exerted a tremendous influence on the rising novel. To examine this relation-ship at mid-century, I reconsider Sterne’s references to Hamlet. In Tristram Shandy, allusions to Shakespeare help Sterne highlight the theatre as a tool for memorialization. Not satisfied with the memorial capabilities of print, Sterne invokes Hamlet in his novel to explore how re-enactment, a strategy dependent on the very ephemerality it over comes, could offer the author of a novel the immortality he craved. Tristram Shandy’s reliance on this particularly theatrical strategy of re-enactment exposes as anachronistic a now intuitive opposition be tween print and performance and testifies to the deeply integrated nature of eighteenth-century novels and plays. It also explains why, while Sterne may have written Tristram Shandy as a novel, he made sure that it was such a theatrical one.
Best Management Practices for Low-Volume Forest Roads in the Piedmont Region
Authors: Aust W. Michael , Bolding M. Chad , Barrett Scott M.
Published: June 2015

Forest roads provide important access for forest management activities, yet those roads, skid trails, and stream crossings have repeatedly been reported as major sources of sediment. The passage of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 focused considerable research on the development of forestry best management practices (BMPs) for reducing sediment input from forest roads. Recent litigation in the U.S. Supreme Court has reemphasized the importance of enhancing BMPs for forest roads. This paper synthesizes and interprets two decades of applied research on BMPs for low-volume forest roads, with emphasis on research conducted on forest operations in the Virginia Piedmont region. BMP interpretations include (a) current BMP status for forest roads, skid trails, and stream crossings; (b) advantages of preharvest planning; (c) forest road design; (d) forest road closure; (e) recommended BMPs for legacy roads; (f) guidelines for minimizing area of forest roads; (g) deck and skid trail rehabilitation; (h) closure of bladed and overland skid trails; (i) alternative harvest systems; (j) permanent and temporary closure of the stream crossing; (k) selection of stream crossing types; and (l) recommendations for streamside management zones. Major conclusions from this synthesis are that forest roads, skid trails, and stream crossings continue to be ranked as problem sources of sediment, but forestry BMPs can be used to reduce sediment inputs from such areas. Problems with road and skid trails can generally be attributed to poor planning and insufficient quantity or quality of BMPs.
Overview of Amazon Basin Forest Roads Manual
Authors: Keller Gordon , Sherar James , Zweede Johan
Published: June 2015

A forest roads manual is being written to aid the Brazilian Forest Service in its tropical forestry operations and timber sale concessions in the Amazon basin. The objective of the manual is to develop standards, guidelines, and operational information that will help forest road operations meet best management practices. The manual includes information on transportation planning in conjunction with strategic and tactical timber sale planning; road design; road drainage considerations; roadway materials use; slope stabilization issues; road maintenance issues; and environmental issues, including water quality protection, erosion control, and pollution management. Discussion of each of these typical transportation system planning and design issues considers the unique circumstances and resources found in the Amazon basin. This project grew from the involvement of the Office of International Programs, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, and the newly created Brazilian Forest Service in the process of helping the new agency manage its large long-term logging concessions throughout the Amazon basin through use of prudent, sustainable management practices. Forest road design and operation are significant parts of overall forest management and major cost items. The manual development is based on many training courses that have been held over the past 10 years across the Amazon basin in the states of Pará, Acre, and Rondonia. In addition, many courses have been conducted and lessons learned in portions of the upper Amazon basin of Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru. This paper discusses the development of the Amazon Basin Forest Roads Manual and presents an overview of its content as well as many of the unique aspects of building roads in Amazon basin forests.
Dust Control Products at Hagerman National Wildlife Refuge, Texas
Authors: Kunz Bethany K. , Little Edward E.
Published: June 2015

Controlling fugitive dust while protecting natural resources is a challenge faced by all managers of unpaved roads. Unfortunately, road managers choosing between dust control products often have little objective environmental information to aid their decisions. To address this information gap, the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service collaborated on a field test of three dust control products with the objectives of (a) evaluating product performance under real-world conditions, (b) verifying the environmental safety of products identified as practically nontoxic in laboratory tests, and (c) testing the feasibility of several environmental monitoring techniques for use in dust control tests. In cooperation with refuge staff and product vendors, three products (one magnesium chloride plus binder, one cellulose, and one synthetic fluid plus binder) were applied in July 2012 to replicated road sections at the Hagerman National Wildlife Refuge in Texas. These sections were monitored periodically for 12 months after application. Product performance was assessed by mobile-mounted particulate-matter meters measuring production of fugitive dust and by observations of road conditions. Environmental safety was evaluated through on-site biological observations and leaching tests with samples of treated aggregate. All products reduced dust and improved surface condition during those 12 months. Planned environmental measurements were not always compatible with day-to-day refuge management actions; this incompatibility highlighted the need for flexible biological monitoring plans. As one of the first field tests of dust suppressants that explicitly incorporated biological endpoints, this effort provides valuable information for improving field tests and for developing laboratory or semifield alternatives.
The third genotypic clusters of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) found in Bangladesh
Authors: Jahan SMH , Lee KY , Howlader MIA
Published: June 2015

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci is a species complex that possessed several biotypes including different genotypic clusters within species, which may differ from each other genetically and physiologically but morphologically alike. This study was performed by molecular analysis for easy identification of whitefly and describes its biotype throughout Bangladesh. Whiteflies have been identified from different places of Bangladesh based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences analysis. The mtCOI sequences of BW3 (collected from eastern part of Bangladesh) whitefly were diverged by 14.5% and 15.1% compared with B and Q biotypes from Korea and it also diverged by 15.4% and 13.7% from each other compared to BW1 (collected from southern part of Bangladesh) and BW2 (collected from northern part of Bangladesh), respectively within the country. The 16S rRNA sequences of BW3 whitefly were more deviated by 41.5%, 10.7%, 42.7% and 12.6% compared with the country populations from BW1, BW2, B and Q biotypes, respectively. Moreover, it showed high divergences from indigenous whiteflies of southern and northern part of Bangladesh which clustered in a different clade on both mtCOI and 16S rRNA phylogeny. Therefore, till date three genotypic cluster of indigenous whitefly BW1, BW2 and BW3 are identified from Bangladesh.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 40(1): 1-16, March 2015
The Charismatic Adolescent in Rudyard Kipling's Kim
Authors: McCloskey Roisín
Published: June 2015

This article uses Max Weber's model of charismatic authority to analyse the role of the adolescent protagonist of Rudyard Kipling's Kim. Kim's charisma means that the radical instability he represents is highly appealing to the reader: Kim plays the Great Game for its own sake, rather than in support of English authority, and invites the reader similarly to enjoy reading Kim for its own sake, rather than for the meaning to be established at the end. However, this article argues that Kim's adolescence and what Weber calls the ‘routinization’ with which charisma must end imply an imagined end to Kim's potentially revolutionary energies. By representing radical potential in charismatic form, Kim is a highly attractive representation of the permanent process of colonialism and its instabilities; he also promises a ‘routinized’ adulthood in which his own radical potential, and the instabilities it represents, can be imagined to end.
Paulhan's Translations: Philosophy, Literature, History
Authors: Syrotinski Michael
Published: June 2015

Taking his cue from Jane Tylus in her additional box within the entry TO TRANSLATE, in which she discusses Leonardo Bruni's emphasis on writerly style in (re)translating the canonical philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome, and with reference to his own experience of translating the Dictionary of Untranslatables, the author draws together several disparate reflections on Jean Paulhan and translation. The article's working hypothesis is that, with untranslatability, the literary plays a pivotal role in between philosophical and historical considerations. The author looks in particular at three of the entries he translated: LOGOS, COMMONPLACE (LIEU COMMUN) and HOMONYM. Paulhan's various formulations and hard-won insights in different contexts are, the author proposes, so many ‘allegories of translation’, or, more appropriately, ‘allegories of untranslatability’.
Adapting Victorian Masculinities: Oliver Parker'sDorian Gray(2009) and Guy Ritchie'sSherlock Holmes(2009)
Authors: Boehm-Schnitker Nadine
Published: June 2015

This article explores the construction of masculinities in Guy Ritchie's Sherlock Holmes (2009) and Oliver Parker's Dorian Gray (2009) in the context of neo-Victorian adaptational strategies. Sherlock Holmes enacts a version of adaptation characterised by a recombination of citational fragments taken from Arthur Conan Doyle's stories. Character provides a unifying force, with Holmes and Watson acting as nodal points. Their latent homoeroticism negotiated via homosocial triangulations and the deferral of pleasure within male social bonds is a powerful means of ensuring consumer retention. In that it constitutes a reproduction of Wilde's novel with a difference, Parker's Dorian Gray lives up to a more traditional version of adaptation. It renders sex between men explicit, but tames Dorian's homosexuality in a psychodrama of childhood abuse and the ‘healing’ influence of the New Woman. Within different adaptational strategies, both films reconstruct late-Victorian masculinity by displaying the male characters' physicality, bodily sensuality, and libidinal energies.
Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks of Different Hawaiian Sugarcane Cultivars
Authors: Tirado-Corbalá Rebecca , Anderson Ray , Wang Dong , Ayars James
Published: June 2015

Sugarcane has been widely used as a biofuel crop due to its high biological productivity, ease of conversion to ethanol, and its relatively high potential for greenhouse gas reduction and lower environmental impacts relative to other derived biofuels from traditional agronomic crops. In this investigation, we studied four sugarcane cultivars (H-65-7052, H-78-3567, H-86-3792 and H-87-4319) grown on a Hawaiian commercial sugarcane plantation to determine their ability to store and accumulate soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) across a 24-month growth cycle on contrasting soil types. The main study objective establish baseline parameters for biofuel production life cycle analyses; sub-objectives included (1) determining which of four main sugarcane cultivars sequestered the most soil C and (2) assessing how soil C sequestration varies among two common Hawaiian soil series (Pulehu-sandy clay loam and Molokai-clay). Soil samples were collected at 20 cm increments to depths of up to 120 cm using hand augers at the three main growth stages (tillering, grand growth, and maturity) from two experimental plots at to observe total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrates (NO−3) using laboratory flash combustion for TC and TN and solution filtering and analysis for DOC and NO−3. Aboveground plant biomass was collected and subsampled to determine lignin and C and N content. This study determined that there was an increase of TC with the advancement of growing stages in the studied four sugarcane cultivars at both soil types (increase in TC of 15–35 kg·m2). Nitrogen accumulation was more variable, and NO−3 (<5 ppm) were insignificant. The C and N accumulation varies in the whole profile based on the ability of the sugarcane cultivar’s roots to explore and grow in the different soil types. For the purpose of storing C in the soil, cultivar H-65-7052 (TC accumulation of ~30 kg·m−2) and H-86-3792 (25 kg·m−2) rather H-78-3567 (15 kg·m−2) and H-87-4319 (20 kg·m−2) appeared to produce more accumulated carbon in both soil types.
Cardiovascular Complications of Energy Drinks
Authors: Higgins John , Yarlagadda Santi , Yang Benjamin
Published: June 2015

Energy drinks (EDs) are gaining popularity every year with a broad consumer base including athletes, amateur competitors, and even those experiencing work-related fatigue. Evidence indicates that a significant number of individuals who consume EDs experience resultant morbidity and/or mortality, with a preponderance of cases involving teenagers and young adults. Adverse effects of ED consumption may occur in healthy persons, however certain individuals may be particularly susceptible to complications. At-risk populations include those of young age, the caffeine-naïve, or caffeine-sensitive, pregnant women, competitive athletes, and those with underlying cardiovascular disease. This paper summarizes the cardiovascular complications associated with ED use and provides suggestions on consumption of these drinks in various populations.
The Perceived Social Burden in Celiac Disease
Authors: Ciacci Carolina , Zingone Fabiana
Published: June 2015

In the present paper, we discuss the change in celiac disease (CD) awareness and perception through patients’ concerns and the most recent literature. Nowadays CD has moved in the public awareness (both doctors and population) from a rare disease to a common one and the gluten free diet (GFD) is no longer the exclusive therapy for CD patients but is becoming a popular health choice for everybody. Gluten-free food, once hard to find and requiring home preparation, is now available at restaurants and grocery stores. However, the quality of life of those affected by CD seems to be still compromised and this is particularly true for those who find it difficult to adhere to a GFD and those who were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. Intervention at diagnosis and follow-up to improve the patients’ adaptation to the condition and its limitations should be implemented.
Information Geometry Formalism for the Spatially Homogeneous Boltzmann Equation
Authors: Lods Bertrand , Pistone Giovanni
Published: June 2015

Information Geometry generalizes to infinite dimension by modeling the tangent space of the relevant manifold of probability densities with exponential Orlicz spaces. We review here several properties of the exponential manifold on a suitable set Ɛ of mutually absolutely continuous densities. We study in particular the fine properties of the Kullback-Liebler divergence in this context. We also show that this setting is well-suited for the study of the spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation if Ɛ is a set of positive densities with finite relative entropy with respect to the Maxwell density. More precisely, we analyze the Boltzmann operator in the geometric setting from the point of its Maxwell’s weak form as a composition of elementary operations in the exponential manifold, namely tensor product, conditioning, marginalization and we prove in a geometric way the basic facts, i.e., the H-theorem. We also illustrate the robustness of our method by discussing, besides the Kullback-Leibler divergence, also the property of Hyvärinen divergence. This requires us to generalize our approach to Orlicz–Sobolev spaces to include derivatives.
Intransitivity in Theory and in the Real World
Authors: Klimenko Alexander
Published: June 2015

This work considers reasons for and implications of discarding the assumption of transitivity—the fundamental postulate in the utility theory of von Neumann and Morgenstern, the adiabatic accessibility principle of Caratheodory and most other theories related to preferences or competition. The examples of intransitivity are drawn from different fields, such as law, biology and economics. This work is intended as a common platform that allows us to discuss intransitivity in the context of different disciplines. The basic concepts and terms that are needed for consistent treatment of intransitivity in various applications are presented and analysed in a unified manner. The analysis points out conditions that necessitate appearance of intransitivity, such as multiplicity of preference criteria and imperfect (i.e., approximate) discrimination of different cases. The present work observes that with increasing presence and strength of intransitivity, thermodynamics gradually fades away leaving space for more general kinetic considerations. Intransitivity in competitive systems is linked to complex phenomena that would be difficult or impossible to explain on the basis of transitive assumptions. Human preferences that seem irrational from the perspective of the conventional utility theory, become perfectly logical in the intransitive and relativistic framework suggested here. The example of competitive simulations for the risk/benefit dilemma demonstrates the significance of intransitivity in cyclic behaviour and abrupt changes in the system. The evolutionary intransitivity parameter, which is introduced in the Appendix, is a general measure of intransitivity, which is particularly useful in evolving competitive systems.
Method and Case Study of Multiobjective Optimization-Based Energy System Design to Minimize the Primary Energy Use and Initial Investment Cost
Authors: Kong Dong-Seok , Jang Yong-Sung , Huh Jung-Ho
Published: June 2015

This study aimed to develop a building energy system design method to minimize the initial investment cost and primary energy use. As for the energy system, various combinations were generated depending on the type and capacity of the device used as well as the number of units, energy consumption, and efficiency of the building. Because the design process of energy systems is a critical step in determining the performance of the building throughout the lifecycle, an effective design method is necessary. The proposed method determines the energy system that can minimize the primary energy use and initial investment cost through a multiobjective optimization by calculating the cooling and heating energy consumptions of the building and initial investment cost of the energy system using the load profile by the design-day, and the information in the design phase of the building. This method can support the decision-making process by providing engineers with an alternative proposal for minimizing the initial investment cost and primary energy use by the Pareto analysis after reviewing the design combinations of various energy systems with limited information in the initial design phase. To verify the effectiveness of the methodology, a case study of the two buildings was performed, and the analysis results were compared to the conventional design alternatives. As shown in the case study results, using a method developed in comparison with the conventional result can provide the efficient alternative selection with 80% of initial investment cost and 86% of primary energy use, respectively. The results confirmed that the proposed methodology can provide various optimum results more effectively compared to the conventional design methods.
Properties of Cement Mortar by Use of Hot-Melt Polyamides as Substitute for Fine Aggregate
Authors: Yuan Xiongzhou , Xu Weiting , Sun Wei , Xing Feng , Wang Weilun
Published: June 2015

This paper presents an experimental study on use of hot-melt polyamide (HMP) to prepare mortar specimens with improved crack healing and engineering properties. The role of HMP in the crack repairing of cement mortar subjected to several rounds of heat treatment was investigated. Compatibility between HMP and hydraulic cement was investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) technology. Mortar specimens were prepared using standard cement mortar mixes with HMP at 1%, 3% and 5% (by volume) for fine aggregate substitute. After curing for 28 days, HMP specimens were subjected to heating at temperature of 160 °C for one, two, and three days and then natural cooling down to ambient temperature. Mechanical and durability properties of the heated HMP mortars were evaluated and compared with those of the corresponding mortars without heating. The microscopic observation of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) of HMP mortar was conducted through environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Results reveal that incorporation of HMP improves the workability of the HMP/cement binder while leading to decrease in compressive strength and durability. The heated HMP mortars after exposure to heating for one, two, and three days exhibit no obvious change in compressive strength while presenting notable increase in flexural strength and durability compared with the corresponding mortars without heating. The XRD, FTIR and ESEM analyses indicate that no obvious chemical reaction occurs between HMP and hydraulic cement, and thus the self-repairing for interfacial micro-crack in HMP/cement composite system is ascribed to the physical adhesion of HMP to cement matrix rather than the chemical bonding between them.
Individual Constituents from Essential Oils Inhibit Biofilm Mass Production by Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Espina Laura , Pagán Rafael , López Daniel , García-Gonzalo Diego
Published: June 2015

Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus represents a problem in both the medical field and the food industry, because the biofilm structure provides protection to embedded cells and it strongly attaches to surfaces. This circumstance is leading to many research programs seeking new alternatives to control biofilm formation by this pathogen. In this study we show that a potent inhibition of biofilm mass production can be achieved in community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive strains using plant compounds, such as individual constituents (ICs) of essential oils (carvacrol, citral, and (+)-limonene). The Crystal Violet staining technique was used to evaluate biofilm mass formation during 40 h of incubation. Carvacrol is the most effective IC, abrogating biofilm formation in all strains tested, while CA-MRSA was the most sensitive phenotype to any of the ICs tested. Inhibition of planktonic cells by ICs during initial growth stages could partially explain the inhibition of biofilm formation. Overall, our results show the potential of EOs to prevent biofilm formation, especially in strains that exhibit resistance to other antimicrobials. As these compounds are food additives generally recognized as safe, their anti-biofilm properties may lead to important new applications, such as sanitizers, in the food industry or in clinical settings.
Design of a Thermoacoustic Sensor for Low Intensity Ultrasound Measurements Based on an Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Xing Jida , Chen Jie
Published: June 2015

In therapeutic ultrasound applications, accurate ultrasound output intensities are crucial because the physiological effects of therapeutic ultrasound are very sensitive to the intensity and duration of these applications. Although radiation force balance is a benchmark technique for measuring ultrasound intensity and power, it is costly, difficult to operate, and compromised by noise vibration. To overcome these limitations, the development of a low-cost, easy to operate, and vibration-resistant alternative device is necessary for rapid ultrasound intensity measurement. Therefore, we proposed and validated a novel two-layer thermoacoustic sensor using an artificial neural network technique to accurately measure low ultrasound intensities between 30 and 120 mW/cm2. The first layer of the sensor design is a cylindrical absorber made of plexiglass, followed by a second layer composed of polyurethane rubber with a high attenuation coefficient to absorb extra ultrasound energy. The sensor determined ultrasound intensities according to a temperature elevation induced by heat converted from incident acoustic energy. Compared with our previous one-layer sensor design, the new two-layer sensor enhanced the ultrasound absorption efficiency to provide more rapid and reliable measurements. Using a three-dimensional model in the K-wave toolbox, our simulation of the ultrasound propagation process demonstrated that the two-layer design is more efficient than the single layer design. We also integrated an artificial neural network algorithm to compensate for the large measurement offset. After obtaining multiple parameters of the sensor characteristics through calibration, the artificial neural network is built to correct temperature drifts and increase the reliability of our thermoacoustic measurements through iterative training about ten seconds. The performance of the artificial neural network method was validated through a series of experiments. Compared to our previous design, the new design reduced sensing time from 20 s to 12 s, and the sensor’s average error from 3.97 mW/cm2 to 1.31 mW/cm2 respectively.
Tenure Insecurity, Climate Variability and Renting out Decisions among Female Small-Holder Farmers in Ethiopia
Authors: Akpalu Wisdom , Bezabih Mintewab
Published: June 2015

Land tenure arrangements in Africa are generally skewed in favour of males. Compared to males, female plot owners face complex sets of constraints and systemic high tenure insecurity which culminate in low yields. In order to obtain better returns, some females rent their plots to males, but risk losing the plots to their tenants. A model has been constructed to explain renting-out decisions of female small landholders, an issue largely ignored in the agricultural economics literature. The results, based on a survey of female landholders in Ethiopia, highlight the factors that explain renting-out decisions.