bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micromechanical Modeling of Tensile Behavior of Short Fiber Composites
Authors: Meddad Abderrahmane , Azaiez Jalel , Ait-Kadi Abdellatif , Guenette Robert
Published: April 2003

A simple micromechanical constitutive model is developed for short fiber reinforced composites (SFRC) undergoing damage. The model is based on the Carman and Reifsnider approach for the prediction of mechanical properties of discontinuous fiber reinforced composites. The composite is modeled by a distributed representative element composed of concentric circular cylinders using a general 3D configuration. The micromechanical model is used to evaluate the elastic properties of SFRC, by varying the orientation distribution of the fiber, the length distribution of the fiber and the fiber–fiber interaction phenomena. The composite is assumed to behave as linearly elastic in absence of any debonding of fiber from the matrix and in the fully debonded stage. The stress–strain behavior of molded composite materials and the debonding are modeled using the Hsueh model to estimate the debonding stress for misaligned fibers. A good agreement between calculated and experimental data was achieved.
Process Modeling and Optimization of Resistance Welding for Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Colak Ziya Seyhan , Sonmez Fazil Onder , Kalenderoglu Vahan
Published: April 2003

Resistance welding is a suitable technique for joining thermoplastic composites. Like other fusion bonding processes, it involves heating, melting and cooling steps. Productivity depends on the time that passes during these steps. This is the first study that tries to increase the productivity of the process in a systematic way. The objective of the present study is to determine the optimum set of process parameters to minimize the processing time. In order to ensure that the resulting joint satisfied the requirements of quality, the relationship between process variables and quality of the welded joint was established through process modeling. First, a one-dimensional transient heat transfer analysis was carried out using a finite difference method to find the temperature profiles across the thickness of the welding stack. Then, the heat transfer analysis was coupled with a degradation kinetics model in order to determine whether the resulting part has undergone excessive thermal degradation, or not. Finally, a bonding model adapted to the resistance welding process was used to determine the degree of bonding between the laminates. The process model was eventually combined with an optimization algorithm to minimize the processing time without violating the quality requirements. The algorithm was based on a search method called Nelder–Mead. Finally, optimum process parameters were obtained for different thicknesses of APC-2 laminates.
Time- and Temperature-Dependent Failures of a Metal-to-Composites Bonded Joint with PMMA Adhesive Material
Authors: Sihn Sangwook , Miyano Yasushi , Nakada Masayuki , Tsai Stephen W.
Published: April 2003

A metal–composite bonded joint with a PMMA adhesive material was fabricated and tested under various loading conditions to help a short-term and long-term design of the bonded-jointed structures. The bonded joint is composed of a cast-iron rod and a GFRP composite pipe as adherends, and ductile PMMA as adhesive material (Plexus AO425). Tubular-lap bonded joints were fabricated conveniently and consistently with a devised mold and a curing condition to yield a reliable test data set. Experiment was performed to measure creep compliances of the PMMA material, andconstant strain rate (CSR) andfatigue strengths of the bonded joint under various loading and temperature conditions. We observed the CSR and fatigue strengths significantly depended on time and temperature, but little on direction of loadings and size of joints. The bonded joints failed under consistent damage mechanism in the combination of the cohesive and interfacial failure modes, which mainly occurred in the adhesive material and at the interface between the cast-iron rodandthe adhesive material, respectively.

In order to further substantiate the utility of the time–temperature superposition principle that has been extended to describe destructive behavior of composite materials, we made the first attempt to apply the superposition principle to failure behavior of the bonded joints. The superpostion principle yielded smooth master curves for the creep compliance of the adhesive material as well as the CSR and fatigue strengths of the bonded joint. Time–temperature shift factors of the non-destructive creep compliance of the adhesive material were closely related to destructive CSR strength of the bonded joint. The master curves that were created by shifting fatigue curves with shift factors of the CSR strength yielded an extended range of the long-term life prediction at any temperatures, frequencies and stress ratios. It was shown that the life prediction of the bonded joints by using the master curves made a good agreement with the experimental results.
Micro-hardness and Flexural Properties of Randomly-oriented Carbon Nanotube Composites
Authors: Lau Kin-Tak , Shi San-Qiang , Zhou Li-Min , Cheng Hui-Ming
Published: April 2003

The carbon nanotubes possess many unique mechanical and electrical properties, and have been appreciated as new advanced materials for nanocomposite structures, particularly for the development of nanocomposite films. Nanotubes may also be used as nano-reinforcements for matrix system for fibre-reinforced plastic structures in order to improve out-of-plane properties, thus increasing the delamination resistance. However, those properties are highly relied on the structural integrity and homogeneity of the nanotube composites. Unfortunately, only a little works have paid much attention on these issues recently. It has been obviously proved that the atomic architecture on the nanotube’s surface may be affected after the nanotubes were chemically reacted with polymer matrix. The weak bonding force among the different layers (bonded by a weak Van Der Waals attractive force) of multiwalled nanotubes may also cause a discontinuous stress transfer from the outer-shell to the inner of the composites. This paper reports the micro-hardness and flexural properties of nanotube composites with different amounts of nanotubes content. Experimental measurements and microscopic observations of the nanotube-epoxy composites before and after the tests are discussed in detail. The results show that the hardness of the nanotube composites varied with different nanotube weight fractions. The flexural strength decreased by 10% for a nanotube composite beam with 2 wt.% of nanotubes. The SEM images also revealed that all nanotubes were completely pulled out after the flexural strength test due to a weak-bonding strength between the nanotube and matrix.
Economic Growth, Civil Wars, and Spatial Spillovers
Authors: MURDOCH JAMES C. , SANDLER TODD
Published: April 2003

A neoclassical growth model is used to empirically test for the influences of a civil war on steady-state income per capita both at home and in neighboring countries. This model provides the basis for measuring long-run and short-run effects of civil wars on income per capita growth in the host country and its neighbors. Evidence of significant collateral damage on economic growth in neighboring nations is uncovered. In addition, this damage is attributed to country-specific influences rather than to migration, human capital, or investment factors. As the intensity of the measure used to proxy the conflict increases, there are enhanced neighbor spillovers. Moreover, collateral damage from civil wars to growth is more pronounced in the short run.
Investing in Conflict Management
Authors: GENICOT GARANCE , SKAPERDAS STERGIOS
Published: April 2003

Achieving peace and building the institutions that will make it last require much time and effort on the part of adversaries. While making this effort, the likelihood of peace is uncertain, and preparations for conflict are ongoing. Using a model that takes such considerations into account, adversaries divide their resources between “guns,”“butter,” and investments in conflict management. Even when all adversaries undertake sizable investments in conflict management, peace is uncertain. Results show that larger initial wealth increases the likelihood of peace, whereas the number of adversaries can have widely different effects. A larger number of adversaries in cases of international conflict tends to increase the likelihood of peace but has the opposite effect in cases of domestic conflict.
Israeli Military Actions and Internalization-externalization Processes
Authors: SPRECHER CHRISTOPHER , DeROUEN KARL
Published: April 2003

As a manifestation of its self-reliance doctrine, the state of Israel has acted unilaterally in the military realm throughout its history. Several scholars have also linked Israeli actions to elections and the economy in the context of diversionary theory. Hypotheses derived from earlier empirical work on internalization-externalization linkages and additional causal hypotheses are tested to enhance diversionary theory. Vector autoregression (VAR) is used to relax causal assumptions and test basic relationships in the Israeli case from 1948 to 1998. Findings suggest that Israel responds militarily to Arab military actions and domestic political protests. However, Israeli actions also lead to more domestic protests. The potential for this reciprocal relationship is typically ignored in the current diversionary research program. Arab military actions appear to be driven by Israeli military actions and seem to decrease in response to Israeli actions.
The Political Economy of Attitudes toward Peace among Palestinians and Israelis
Authors: NACHTWEY JODI , TESSLER MARK
Published: April 2003

This study evaluates the degree to which economic evaluations help to explain attitudes toward peace among Palestinians and Israelis in the years following the 1993 Oslo accords. It first applies insights from political science and economics to the Israeli-Palestinian context, deriving hypotheses that are then tested using survey data from Israel and Palestine (West Bank and Gaza) collected between 1996 and 2001. Findings show that economic orientations have both a direct and indirect impact on attitudes toward negotiations and compromise. On one hand, economic evaluations are directly related to foreign policy attitudes through what appear to be cost-benefit calculations regarding the expected economic consequences of peace. Economic judgments also influence attitudes toward peace indirectly by contributing to levels of confidence in political leaders, which in turn influence the way that citizens assess the peace negotiations in which their leaders are engaged.
Economic Geography, Trade, and War
Authors: BEARCE DAVID H. , FISHER ERIC O'N.
Published: April 2003

An agent-based model in which economic exchange and military conflict are emergent processes is used to explore the relationship between trade and war. The model of exchange is an applied analysis of the economics of trading networks. The model of conflict treats war as a breakdown in interstate bargaining due to incomplete information. The simulations explore how initial economic geography, state revisionism, defensive advantage, and technological advancement akin to globalization affect both trade and war. The results show that the relationship between trade and war depends on third factors, and an inverse relationship between trade and war emerges from compact geographies with revisionist states.
Democracy, Disputes, and Negotiated Settlements
Authors: DIXON WILLIAM J. , SENESE PAUL D.
Published: April 2003

The argument that democracies are less belligerent toward one another because of their experience with mediation, negotiation, and compromise at the domestic level suggests that negotiated dispute settlements are more likely between relatively democratic states than other conflicting pairs. Militarized Interstate Dispute data and Polity IIId and Freedom House ratings of democracy are used to examine the propensities of disputants to resolve their grievances through negotiated means. Findings suggest a strong positive influence for mutual democracy. Specifically, the more democratic the less democratic member of a conflictual dyad, the more likely it is their dispute will be resolved through a negotiated settlement. This finding also holds across varying degrees of dyadic relative power and supports existing literature that chronicles the pacific conditioning power of democratic norms for several areas of interstate relations.
Nonproportional Hazards and Event History Analysis in International Relations
Authors: Box-Steffensmeier Janet M. , Reiter Dan , Zorn Christopher
Published: April 2003

Event history models have become a dominant method of analysis in the study of international relations. Conventional event history models, however, retain the assumption that the effects of the covariates remain proportional to each other throughout the duration of the subject's phase. Nonproportional hazard (NPH) models are used, which allow for the effects of covariates to vary over time. These models are then applied to three previously established data sets on the duration of postwar peace, civil wars, and alliances. Results show that NPH analysis is a useful method for testing new hypotheses, as well as removing possible sources of bias from existing analyses.
Information and Economic Interdependence
Authors: Reed William
Published: April 2003

The pacifying effect of economic interdependence on conflict onset can be better understood in the context of "noisy" bargaining. Specifically, trading states bargain under less noisy conditions and, as a result, are unlikely to engage in militarized conflict. Noise is introduced into a generic take-it-or-leave-it bargaining game in the form of nonspecific asymmetric information about the defender's reservation value. Comparative statics show a positive monotonic relationship between variance in the noise term and the onset of militarized conflict. The relationships among economic interdependence, variance in the noise term, and conflict onset are evaluated with a Bayesian heteroskedastic probit model. Historical data are used to demonstrate that interdependence and uncertainty are related to each other and jointly related to the onset of militarized conflict. Uncertainty appears to be reduced by economic interdependence, and this leads to an enhanced probability of agreement short of a militarized clash.
U.S. Military Intervention in Crisis, 1945-1994
Authors: Butler Michael J.
Published: April 2003

One compelling aspect of U.S. foreign policy during the cold war was the propensity of policy makers to seek harmony between the pursuit of security objectives and a stated American belief in enduring values of peace and justice. One need look no further than campaign monikers such as "Operation Just Cause" and "Operation Restore Hope" or declarations of the existence of an "axis of evil" for more recent anecdotal evidence of the moral justifications for U.S. military actions. The question of whether this "rhetoric of justice," which has been pressed into service as a public rationale for U.S. military intervention, might consist of more than mere rhetoric is addressed. The historically grounded, yet timely, theory of the "just war" is applied to a set of U.S. military intervention decisions to assess conditions in which considerations of justice may have driven U.S. decisions to employ military force in international crisis.
A Comparison Of Depressive Symptons In African Americans And Caucasian Americans
Authors: Ayalon Liat , Young Michael A.
Published: April 2003

The study examined group differences in depressive symptomatology on the Beck Depression Inventory in 278 African Americans and 278 Caucasian Americans seeking psychotherapy. Relative to Caucasian Americans, African Americans reported less pessimism, dissatisfaction, self-blame, and suicidal ideation and more sense of punishment and weight change, but for reasons unrelated to depression. Self-dislike was a stronger manifestation of depression in Caucasian Americans, and sleep disturbance, loss of appetite, and loss of libido were stronger manifestations of depression in African Americans. Group differences were not accounted for by gender, marital status, age, or education. The study contributes to the understanding of sociocultural variants of self reported depression by distinguishing different ways in which symptomatology may differ.
Individualism, GNP, Climate, And Pronoun Drop
Authors: Kashima Yoshihisa , Kashima Emiko S.
Published: April 2003

Affluence and climate are related to individualism, suggesting the importance of the material environment on culture. However, the symbolic environment, as represented by language, may also play a significant role. The effects of gross national product (GNP) per capita, latitude, and pronoun drop (whether the subject of a sentence can be dropped) as variables that tap the material and symbolic environments on Hofstede's individualism were examined. GNP per capita and latitude had overall positive effects on individualism, but this was moderated by pronoun drop. The effect of economic affluence on culture was greater, but the effect of climate smaller, in the countries whose language does not permit pronoun drop than in those countries where pronouns can be dropped in utterances. A moderating effect of symbolic factors on the material environnment-culture relationship was discussed.
Communication In Intercultural Interaction
Authors: Pekerti Andre A. , Thomas David C.
Published: April 2003

This study examined the communication styles of East Asians and Anglo-European New Zealanders (Pakeha). Results indicated that in general, Asians exhibited more sociocentric communication behavior whereas Pakeha exhibited more idiocentric behavior. In intercultural interactions, both the frequency and intensity of these behavior styles were exacerbated. Results further indicated that task accomplishment required more time in the intercultural condition as compared to homogeneous conditions. Implications for international management research and practice are discussed.
The Individual And Joint Effects Of Race, Gender, And Family Status On Juvenile Justice Decision-Making
Authors: Leiber Michael J. , Mack Kristin Y.
Published: April 2003

Relying on interpretations of the symbolic threat thesis as a theoretical framework, in particular the emphasis on the perceptions of decision-makers and stereotyping, the authors examine the extent to which the effects of race on youth justice outcomes are influenced by gender and family status. They are especially interested in the individual and joint effects among the three. Although some studies in the adult literature have examined these variables, research on the influence of race, gender, and family status on juvenile justice decision-making is lacking. The inquiry is on four juvenile court jurisdictions in Iowa. The results from logistic regressions indicate that being African American affects justice outcomes, outcomes for Whites are conditioned by gender and family status, and decision-making should be viewed as a process involving both severe and lenient outcomes.
How Can Student Teachers Elicit Experienced Teachers’ Practical Knowledge?
Authors: Meijer Paulien C. , Zanting Anneke , Verloop Nico
Published: April 2003

In this article, two tools are described that student teachers can use to elicit their experienced mentor teachers’ practical knowledge: stimulated recall and concept mapping. The additional value of systematically examining experienced teachers’ practical knowledge by student teachers is that it, among other things, gives sight to the thoughts behind teachers’observable teaching. In addition, it provides opportunities to relate these underlying thoughts to theoretical and more abstract notions student teachers are confronted with in teacher education, and therefore it can lead to a more thorough understanding of other teachers’teaching and of their own (developing) practical knowledge. Suggestions are made as to how student teachers can use the tools in sessions with their mentor teachers.
“My Eyes have been Opened”
Authors: Johnson Lauri
Published: April 2003

A life history approach was used to examine the narratives of 6 White teachers of racially diverse classrooms who had been nominated as being “aware of race and racism” by a diverse panel of experts. The teachers’ responses to race were examined by semistructured interviews, a drawing of their racial identity, and a classroom visit that examined classroom artifacts and teacher-student interactions. Narrative analysis revealed that teachers’ perceptions of racial awareness were influenced by (a) perceived identity as “outsiders,” due to class background or sexual orientation, that enabled them to disidentify with the White mainstream; (b) living and working with individuals of other races in relationships that approximated “equal status” and exposed them to “insider” perspectives on race and racism; and (c) personal religious/philosophical beliefs that emphasized equality and social justice concerns. Implications for restructuring teacher education programs include revising candidate selection criteria, increasing the racial diversity of students and faculty, experiencing “immersion” in communities of color, and using autobiographical narrative as a pedagogical tool.
Comparing Bear Markets - 1973 and 2000
Authors: Davis E. Philip
Published: April 2003

In nominal terms, the fall in global share prices since 1999/2000 bears a close resemblance to that experienced worldwide in the years following 1972/3. This article seeks to compare the two periods of market weakness in the G-7 countries in terms not only of share prices but also focusing on macroeconomic trends, financial market developments, sectoral patterns of shareholding and potential wider economic consequences of falling share prices. It is shown that the earlier period was much more severe in terms of adverse economic developments, in particular high inflation. But the current situation also presents some risks, in particular a disruptive correction of US sectoral imbalances.
Business Cycles and Turning Points: A Survey of Statistical Techniques
Authors: Massmann Michael , Mitchell James , Weale Martin
Published: April 2003

The business cycle has an importance in the popular debate which can tend to run ahead of the problems in measuring it. This paper provides a survey of the main statistical techniques that are used to measure the cycle. An application to the UK illustrates that the choice of what measure, or measures, to use is more than a dry academic issue. Inference about the business cycle is potentially sensitive to measurement. Fortunately, however, there is an element of consensus.
Benchmarking Tools: An Application to Juvenile Justice Facility Performance
Authors: Nyhan Ronald C.
Published: April 2003

This article explores the use of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to compare technical efficiency among juvenile justice facilities in the state of Florida. Comparative analysis, sometimes called benchmarking, helps to improve efficiency and effectiveness of government service providers by identifying the present level of productivity, diagnosing deficiencies, identifying opportunities for improvement, and developing strategies for change. Making service comparisons has implications for budgeting, contracting, granting, and other resource allocation decisions in the public sector. Using data taken from a recent Florida Juvenile Justice Accountability Board report, DEA is used to assess the relative efficiency of 35 halfway house facilities operated by the state and under private contract. The article illustrates the use of DEA to determine efficiently operated facilities, estimate targets for improvement of inefficient facilities, and identify those facilities that are potential models for improvement. Finally, the relative performance of state-operated versus privately contracted halfway house facilities is evaluated.
Native American Identities Among Women Prisoners
Authors: Abril Julie C.
Published: April 2003

A specially constructed Native American Identity Questionnaire was distributed to women imprisoned in the Ohio Reformatory for Women (ORW) in Marysville, Ohio. More than 40% of the women responding to the questionnaire consider themselves to be, at least in part, Native American. These data conflict with official ORW demographic statistics, which drastically underestimate the number of Native Americans within the institution. Possible consequences of the underestimation of Native Americans in the official statistics are discussed.
Canadian Aboriginal Healing Lodges: A Model For The United States?
Authors: Nielsen Marianne O.
Published: April 2003

Native Americans are over-represented as incarcerated offenders, yet there are few effective programs available to them. Prisoners of Aboriginal ancestry are also over-represented in the Canadian correctional system. A number of culturally appropriate, innovative programs have been developed to effectively lower their recidivism rate in that country. This article explores one such initiative, the Aboriginal-operated healing lodges, by focusing on one institution: the Stan Daniels Healing Centre in Edmonton, Alberta, the largest and oldest in Canada. The history of the center is presented as well as data about its residents, staff, mandate, ideology, programs, and recidivism rates. A number of potential obstacles to the development of such a center in the United States are discussed, but it is concluded that this model might be very effective in some states with a sufficiently high Native American population.
Les Antinomies De La Raison Islamo-féministe
Authors: DIALMY Abdessamad
Published: April 2003

Each separate religious tradition combines in its own way elements which favour discrimination, and other elements which favour the equality of the sexes. Within a single religion, different currents of thought have taken different paths, and within each religion there are varying interpretations of the same texts. The status which a given religion assigns to women (and to men) depends upon the position which that religion occupies within a given society. In brief, always two poles, always two terms, always a duality, in the image of this sex, divided by definition in two, but constantly seeking unity. This oscillation promotes the notion of an antinomy to the rank of a concept, making of it the most adequate prism possible. Such a prism is in our sense the most apt for taking account of the internal tension which each religious tradition experiences with regard to the male-female duality.

Consequently, this text aims at identifying the principal antinomies which allow us to express the position of Islam with regard to the male-female duality. At the present stage of the development of our thought, we propose distinguishing five antinomies: an antinomy of history, a textual antinomy, a hermeneutic antinomy, a political antinomy, and a contextual antinomy.
Practice-based Evidence
Authors: Fox Nick J.
Published: April 2003

Studies of the application of research in policy and service delivery suggest that the translation of research findings into practice is not straightforward. Practitioners are criticized for failing to base actions on research evidence, while academic research is sometimes condemned as `irrelevant' to practice. This paper argues that this conflict derives in part from an academic model of research constructed in opposition to practice. Reflections on scientific logocentrism (claims to possess unmediated knowledge of reality) and `transgressive' action research provide a critique of traditional research and suggest an alternative, practice-based research model. Three propositions for generating `practice-based evidence' are identified. Firstly, the pursuit of knowledge should be acknowledged as a local and contingent process. Secondly, research activity should be constitutive of difference, questioning the legitimation and repression of particular aspects of the world. Finally, theory-building should be seen as an adjunct to practical activity. Together, these positions dissolve the researcher/researched and research/practice oppositions in traditional research and supply an ethically and politically engaged research. Practice-based research is explored in terms of four moments in the research process.
Writing Across The Curriculum
Authors: Lester Nancy , Bertram Corrine , Erickson Gregory , Lee Ernie , Tchako Abraham , Wiggins Kacy D. , Wilson James
Published: April 2003

This article describes a research project intended to yield data about the state of writing across the curriculum at one urban college campus site. The research included collecting writing from all courses of a random sample of freshmen-senior students during one college semester. Writing was coded and categorized according to audience and function. Data were analyzed, providing insight on, for example, audiences and functions by subject area and year and relationships between audiences and functions. Results indicate that teachers in the role of evaluators are the most prevalent audience for student writing and copied note taking, the most common writing function performed by students.Ultimately, the authors conclude by recommending a greater amount of writing to multiple audiences and for various functions.
School-Family Relations In Context
Authors: Lawson Michael A.
Published: April 2003

This study addressed teachers' and parents' perceptions of the meanings and functions of parent involvement. Twelve teachers and 13 parents participated in semistructured ethnographic interviews. All actors were either employed by or involved in an ethnically concentrated elementary school in a low-income, culturally diverse, urban community. Analyses revealed that teachers and parents have different perceptions of parent involvement. These different perceptions implicate diverse epistemologies,differential power, and some competing purposes. On the other hand, teachers and parents both claim that firm, mutually beneficial partnerships (or collaboration) between them are essential to children's learning, healthy development, and success in school. Perceived barriers need to be addressed for these partnerships to eventuate.
Comparing Poor, Minority Elementary Students' Interest And Background In Science With That Of Their White, Affluent Peers
Authors: Wenner George
Published: April 2003

Using survey data, poor, minority, inner-city elementary students were compared with White, affluent children regarding science information, science experiences, and personal preferences concerning science education. The students' perceptions of scientists, levels of disciplinary knowledge, sources of science information, voluntary science-related activities, and desired amounts of school science instruction were also investigated. The results, contrary to common expectations, indicated several areas where the two groups did not differ. The level of science knowledge was found to be higher among the White, affluent group. However, attitudes toward science were more positive, the current amount of instructional time devoted to science was greater, and a desire for more science instruction was evidenced among the inner-city, minority students.
A Profile of Visitors at Heritage Tourism Destinations in East Tennessee according to Plog’s Lifestyle and Activity Level Preferences Model
Authors: Chandler James A. , Costello Carol A.
Published: April 2003

Since the end of World War II, great progress has been made in developing methods for profiling consumers in many specialized businesses, including the tourism industry. The purpose of this study was to develop a profile of visitors to nationally significant heritage tourism destinations in East Tennessee that was based on demographics and lifestyle and activity level preferences. The psychographic measures were tested for reliability and then compared to and contrasted with the demographic data that were provided by study participants. Findings confirmed that visitors at all destinations were extremely homogeneous with regard to their demographics and their lifestyle and activity level preferences.
A Strategy for Designing Telescoping Models for Analyzing Multiway Contingency Tables Using Mixed Parameters
Authors: Ip Edward H. , Wang Yuchung J.
Published: April 2003

In the analysis of cross-classified data, sociologists often focus on building flexible models for the marginal distributions of a selected set of variables. One strategy for achieving flexible modeling is to design models for telescoping marginal distributions. As an illustration of telescoping distributions, consider a joint distribution of four crossclassifying variables: occupational attainment, education level, race, and gender. A set of telescoping distributions would be the univariate occupation distribution, the bivariate occupation by education, the trivariate occupation by education by race, and the entire joint distribution. A methodology that enables the telescoping modeling strategy is mixed parameterization, which has its roots in the statistics and sociology literatures. In this article, the authors develop a scheme of multilevel mixed parameterization that can be applied to a hierarchy of marginal distributions of reducing dimension. An example from the General Social Survey illustrates mixed parameters for telescoping models.
Sociolinguistic Individuality in a Remnant Dialect Community
Authors: Beckett Dan
Published: April 2003

This article argues that the recognition of individual variation is helpful for understanding sociolinguistic variables. While past researchers have argued that variables are comprehensible only if each individual in a social group uses variables at the same frequency as all other individuals, the author shows that this conception of the variable ignores crucial information in the social study of language: that social groups are composed of people with widely different interests and ideas of “self.” Data from the speech of fourteen young, African American residents of a rural community on the North Carolina coast are presented. The author demonstrates that there is considerable evidence for the existence of individual variation in speech, given that this variation is constrained by the linguistic structure used by the surrounding speech community. The sociolinguistic variable is thus a set of possibilities in speech rather than a statistical whole that reflects exactly its parts.
Human Rights, Natural Rights, And Europe’s Imperial Legacy
Authors: Pagden Anthony
Published: April 2003

The author argues the concept of human rights is a development of the older notion of natural rights and that the modern understanding of natural rights evolved in the context of the European struggle to legitimate its overseas empires. The French Revolution changed this by, in effect, linking human rights to the idea of citizenship. Human rights were thus tied not only to a specific ethical-legal code but also implicitly to a particular kind of political system, both of inescapably European origin. In both cases, however, being employed was an underlying idea of universality whose origins are to be found in the Greek and Roman idea of a common law for all humanity. He ends by arguing that to defend human rights against its non-Western critics, one must be aware of the genealogy of the concept and then be prepared to endorse an essentially Western European understanding of the human.
Colonial Violence And The Rhetoric Of Evasion
Authors: Welch Cheryl B.
Published: April 2003

Tocqueville’s contradictory writings on imperialism have produced interpretations that range from unrepentant realism to lapsed universalism. This essay considers the moral psychology that underlies his position. It argues that Tocqueville’s writings on colonialism exemplify his resort to apologia when his deepest apprehensions are aroused and offers a typology of Tocquevillean rhetorical evasions: the mechanisms by which he attempts to quell perceptions of moral dissonance. It also argues that Tocqueville’s evasion of the challenge of Algeria illustrates a particular kind of liberal failure and a peculiar liberal temptation. By avoiding rather than confronting the conflicting intuitions underlying his moral judgments, Tocqueville betrays the promise of his liberalism by failing to explore the tensions implicit in the practice of liberal democracy. These strategies to deaden awareness of complicity in colonial violence appear disturbingly familiar in a world in which national interests and universally acknowledged “human maxims” increasingly collide in the liberal conscience.
Cyclobenzaprine Pharmacokinetics, Including the Effects of Age, Gender, and Hepatic Insufficiency
Authors: Winchell Gregory A. , King Joyce D. , Chavez‐Eng Cynthia M. , Constanzer Marvin L. , Korn Scott H.
Published: April 2003

The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cyclobenzaprine, a widely used muscle relaxant, were investigated in four clinical studies, and the effects of age, gender, and hepatic insufficiency were characterized. Cyclobenzaprine plasma clearance was 689 ml/min, and the bioavailability of a 5 mg oral dose was 0.55. Following oral doses of 2.5 to 10 mg tid in healthy young subjects, cyclobenzaprine pharmacokinetics were linear, and plasma concentrations generally increased proportional to dose. There was about a fourfold accumulation of the drug in plasma on multiple dosing, corresponding to an effective half‐life of 18 hours. Steady‐state plasma concentrations of cyclobenzaprine in elderly subjects were twice as high as in young subjects following oral doses of 5 mg tid. Steady‐state plasma concentration also appeared to be up to two fold higher in subjects with mild hepatic insufficiency compared to healthy controls. The magnitude of any difference in steady‐state plasma concentration between males and females appears to be small relative to intersubject variability. A reduction in dose or dosing frequency should be considered in the elderly and in patients with liver disease.
Ketoprofen 75 mg qid versus Acetaminophen 1000 mg qid for 3 Days on Swelling, Pain, and Other Postoperative Events after Third‐Molar Surgery
Authors: Bjørnsson G. A. , Haanæs H. R. , Skoglund L. A.
Published: April 2003

A randomized, double‐blind, within‐patient, crossover study was carried out after bilateral “identical” surgical procedures using local anesthesia only. A 3‐day tablet regime of racemic ketoprofen 75 mg or acetaminophen 1000 mg qid (x 4) was given starting 3 hours after surgery. Ketoprofen reduced objectively measured swelling 27.8% (p < 0.04) better than acetaminophen 3 days after surgery and 70.8% (p < 0.02) better than acetaminophen 6 days after surgery. The pain intensity (PI) was lower after ketoprofen than after acetaminophen from 2 to 6 hours after the first drug intake (all p‐values = 0.03). Sum PI during the first (SUMPI3.5–6, p = 0.003) and second dose intervals (SUMPI6.5–9, p = 0.007) was lower for ketoprofen than for acetaminophen but not different for the third dose interval (SUMPI9.5–11, p = 0.53). Ketoprofen was a more effective analgesic than acetaminophen on the day of surgery (SUMPI3.5–11, p = 0.005). There was no difference (p > 0.05) between the treatments with respect to mouth opening, drug preference, global evaluation, or adverse reports. Adverse reports included stomach pain and diarrhea in both treatment groups. Ketoprofen 75 mg x 4 for 3 days reduces subjectively assessed pain and objectively measured swelling (i.e., anti‐inflammatory effect) following third‐molar surgery.
Interaction between Ketoconazole and Almotriptan in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Fleishaker Joseph C. , Herman Beth D. , Carel Barbara J. , Azie Nkechi E.
Published: April 2003

The interaction between almotriptan, a 5‐HT1B/1D agonist, and the potent CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole was examined in 16 healthy volunteers. Subjects received (A) 12.5 mg almotriptan orally on Day 2 of a 3‐day regimen of 400 mg ketoconazole once daily and (B) 12.5 mg almotriptan in a crossover design. Plasma and urine concentrations of almotriptan were measured by HPLC. Treatment effects on almotriptan pharmacokinetics were assessed by analysis of variance. Ketoconazole coadministration increased mean almotriptan AUC and Cmax from 312 to 490 ng h/mL and 52.6 to 84.5 ng/mL, respectively. Mean oral clearance was decreased from 40.7 to 26.2 L/h by ketoconazole, with an accompanying increase in the fraction of almotriptan excreted unchanged in the urine (40.6% to 53.3%) and a decrease in renal clearance (16.4 to 13.8 L/h). These effects were statistically significant. The effects of ketoconazole on almotriptan clearance were consistent with inhibition of the CYP3A4‐mediated metabolism and a slight effect on the active tubular secretion of almotriptan.
Motivations to Resolve Communication Dilemmas in Database-Mediated Collaboration
Authors: Kalman Michael E. , Monge Peter , Fulk Janet , Heino Rebecca
Published: April 2003

In organizational settings, a communication dilemma exists whenever the interests of a collective (i.e., team, organization, interorganizational alliance) demand that people share privately held information, but their individual interests insteadmotivate them to withholdit. This article develops andtests an expectancy model that predicts specific conditions under which collective benefits can be made to converge with private ones, thus resolving communication dilemmas and motivating voluntary contributions to a collectively shared database. In the model, motivation is a multiplicative function of individual-level attitudes and beliefs: (a) organizational commitment; (b) organizational instrumentality, an instrumentality that links successful collective information sharing to broader organizational gain; (c) connective efficacy, an expectation that information contributedto the database will reach other members of the collective; and(d) information self-efficacy, the self-perceivedvalue of a contributor's information to other database users. The model was tested by a survey administered to members of an intact work team using a discretionary database. The multiplicative model was significant and explained sizeable amounts of variance in the motivation to contribute discretionary information. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. The model can be readily extended to predict information sharing by means of other communication media.
Explicating Web Site Interactivity
Authors: Sundar S. Shyam , Kalyanaraman Sriram , Brown Justin
Published: April 2003

This study identifies two distinct conceptualizations of interactivity in the communication literature—the functional view and the contingency view. Although the functional view has predominated academic research on interactivity, this study operationalizes the contingency view in the context of an experiment designed to investigate the impression formation effects of interactivity in Web-based mass communication. A third of the participants in a between-participants experiment (N=60) were exposed to the lowinteractivity version (no hyperlinks) of a political candidate’s Web site, another third to the medium-interactivity version (a single layer of related links), and the remaining third to the high-interactivity version (two hierarchical layers of related links). The results indicate that the level of Web site interactivity influenced participants’ perceptions of the candidate as well as their levels of agreement with his policy positions. Implications for conceptual development of interactivity are discussed.
Satisfied Correctional Staff
Authors: Lambert Eric G. , Hogan Nancy Lynne , Barton Shannon M.
Published: April 2003

During the past decade, there has been increasing pressure on correctional agencies to attract and keep quality staff. Raising worker job satisfaction is seen as a fundamental way of decreasing turnover. There has been a considerable amount of research in the area of the possible causes of correctional staff job satisfaction and, to a lesser extent, the possible consequences of job satisfaction. However, due to the numerous studies, some with conflicting results, it is difficult to understand clearly the factors associated with job satisfaction. A review of the literature is presented to provide a better understanding of correctional staff job satisfaction. Based on this review, correctional administrators are urged to concentrate more on improving the work environment rather than focusing on correctional staff characteristics.
Personality Characteristics of Male Juvenile Offenders by Adjudicated Offenses as Indicated by the MMPI–A
Authors: Glaser Brian A. , Calhoun Georgia B. , Petrocelli John V.
Published: April 2003

The current investigation was designed to identify the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–Adolescent (MMPI–A) scales that discriminate between three general types of criminal offenses among male juvenile offenders and the degree to which selected scales discriminate. Seventy-two male juvenile offenders were classified according to type of offense: crime against person, crime against property, or drug/alcohol offense. Selected scales were examined as discriminant predictors of offense pattern in a descriptive discriminant analysis as well as a classification analysis. Two significant linear discriminant functions emerged. Classification analysis also demonstrated the utility of the MMPI–A in differentiating between type of juvenile offense by correctly classifying 79.2% of the cases. Implications for the use of the MMPI–A with male juvenile offenders are discussed.
A Comparison of Predictors of General and Violent Recidivism Among High-Risk Federal Offenders
Authors: Glover Anthony J. J. , Nicholson Diane E. , Hemmati Toni , Bernfeld Gary A. , Quinsey Vernon L.
Published: April 2003

The accuracy of 10 risk measures in predicting general and violent recidivism among 106 federally sentenced male offenders was compared. During an average period of opportunity to reoffend of 713 days ( SD = 601.38), 28 offenders recidivated nonviolently, and 34 recidivated violently. Common language effect sizes in discriminating violent recidivists from other offenders were .73 for the General Statistical Information on Recidivism–Revised and .72 for the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide. Effect sizes ranging from .58 to .68 were obtained for DSM-IV Conduct Disorder scored as a scale, the Violent Statistical Information on Recidivism–Revised, the Psychological Referral Screening Form, the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised total score and Factor 2, and the Childhood and Adolescent Taxon Scale. Effect sizes of .58 and .51 were obtained with the DSM-IV Antisocial Personality Disorder scored as a scale and the Psychopathy Checklist Factor 1, respectively.
Assessing Change With the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles
Authors: Walters Glenn D. , Trgovac Marie , Rychlec Mark , DiFazio Roberto , Olson Julie R.
Published: April 2003

The sensitivity of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) to psychotherapeutically assisted change was evaluated in a series of three studies. In the first study, a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant group (participant-waiting list) and time (pretest-posttest) effects, and a paired t test indicated significant reductions on the PICTS Current Criminal Thinking scale in group participants. In the second study, inmates from four different settings who were participating in programs of differing length and content achieved statistically significant temporal reductions on the Current and Historical Criminal Thinking scales. Results from the third study showed that significant pre-post reductions on the Current Criminal Thinking scale were specific to good-prognosis participants.