bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of interpenetrating polymer network based on sodium alginate and methacrylic acid and potential application for immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Lučić Škorić Marija , Milosavljević Nedeljko , Radetić Maja , Šaponjić Zoran , Radoičić Marija , Kalagasidis Krušić Melina
Published: June 2015

An interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) based on the sodium alginate (A) and partially neutralized poly(methacrylic acid) (MAA) was prepared by free radical polymerization followed by additional cross‐linking of sodium alginate with calcium ions. Obtained material (A/MAA IPN) was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and rheological measurements. Swelling behavior of synthetized IPN has been also investigated. TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) were immobilized onto A/MAA IPN by dip‐coating method and obtained TiO2/IPN nanocomposite was used for removal of the methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The photodegradation (under illumination) and sorption (in the dark) processes for dye removal were monitored through decrease of dye concentration in the solution by UV/VIS spectrometer. The TiO2/IPN nanocomposite sorbed approximately 93% of the MB from a 10 mg L−1 MB solution in the dark, but no degradation occurred. Likewise, more than 93% of dye was removed after 8 h of illumination. However, after 24 h of illumination, the samples were discolored indicating that dye molecules were successfully degraded. Thus, the TiO2/IPN nanocomposite could be utilized in the photodegradation–sorption process for the abatement of pollutants in water. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:2511–2518, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Biocompatible amphiphilic conetwork based on crosslinked star copolymers: A potential drug carrier
Authors: Wang Haiye , Qin Aiwen , Li Xiang , Zhao Xinzhen , Liu Dapeng , He Chunju
Published: June 2015

A series of amphiphilic conetworks (APCNs) is synthesized through crosslinking of well‐defined tri‐arm star diblock copolymers via atom transfer radical polymerization. A new three‐arm initiator is synthesized to initiate the polymerization of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) via “core‐first” method. The resulting star HEMA homopolymers with well‐defined molecular weight and narrow polydispersity are used as macroinitiator to incorporate allyl methacrylate to get the star diblock copolymers. Then, the precursors with allyl pendant groups are fully crosslinked with polyhydrosiloxanes through hydrosilylation. The so‐prepared APCNs exhibit unique properties of microphase separation of hydrophilic (HI) and hydrophobic (HO) phases with small channel size, a variable swelling capacity, excellent biocompatibility, and outstanding mechanical strength (2 ± 0.5 MPa). The properties of APCNs depend on the ratio of HI to HO, which can be regulated via precise synthesis of the star diblock copolymers. The APCNs show well‐controlled drug release to choline theophyllinate, suggesting a promising intelligent drug carrier for controlled release. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 2537–2545
Risk patterns in drug safety study using relative times by accelerated failure time models when proportional hazards assumption is questionable: an illustrative case study of cancer risk of patients on glucose‐lowering therapies
Authors: Ng Edmond S.‐W. , Klungel Olaf H. , Groenwold Rolf H. H. , van Staa Tjeerd‐Pieter
Published: June 2015

Observational drug safety studies may be susceptible to confounding or protopathic bias. This bias may cause a spurious relationship between drug exposure and adverse side effect when none exists and may lead to unwarranted safety alerts. The spurious relationship may manifest itself through substantially different risk levels between exposure groups at the start of follow‐up when exposure is deemed too short to have any plausible biological effect of the drug. The restrictive proportional hazards assumption with its arbitrary choice of baseline hazard function renders the commonly used Cox proportional hazards model of limited use for revealing such potential bias. We demonstrate a fully parametric approach using accelerated failure time models with an illustrative safety study of glucose‐lowering therapies and show that its results are comparable against other methods that allow time‐varying exposure effects. Our approach includes a wide variety of models that are based on the flexible generalized gamma distribution and allows direct comparisons of estimated hazard functions following different exposure‐specific distributions of survival times. This approach lends itself to two alternative metrics, namely relative times and difference in times to event, allowing physicians more ways to communicate patient's prognosis without invoking the concept of risks, which some may find hard to grasp. In our illustrative case study, substantial differences in cancer risks at drug initiation followed by a gradual reduction towards null were found. This evidence is compatible with the presence of protopathic bias, in which undiagnosed symptoms of cancer lead to switches in diabetes medication. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationships among school climate, school safety, and student achievement and well‐being: a review of the literature
Authors: Kutsyuruba Benjamin , Klinger Don A. , Hussain Alicia
Published: June 2015

School climate, safety and well‐being of students are important antecedents of academic achievement. However, school members do not necessarily experience school climate in the same way; rather, their subjective perceptions of the environment and personal characteristics influence individual outcomes and behaviours. Therefore, a closer look at the relationship between school climate, safety, well‐being of students and student learning is needed. This review of the literature explores the relationship among school climate, school safety, student academic achievement and student well‐being. Using a systematic review approach, we conducted an overview of empirically based research findings and technical reports that address the following aspects: (a) school climate as a social construct and its connection with school safety; (b) the conditions that contribute to an environment in which students feel safe; (c) the characteristics of particular groups of students who feel unsafe; and (d) the impact of a negative school environment (e.g. a school environment where bullying, victimisation and violence are prevalent) on student achievement, ultimately, secondary school completion and student well‐being. We summarise the state of school climate research, discuss the implications for school policies and practices in the areas of school climate, safety and student success, and provide recommendations for future research.
Context and Implications Document for: Relationships among school climate, school safety, and student achievement and well‐being: a review of the literature
Authors: Kutsyuruba Benjamin , Klinger Don A. , Hussain Alicia
Published: June 2015

This guide accompanies the following article: Benjamin Kutsyuruba, Don A. Klinger and Alicia Hussain, Relationships among school climate, school safety, and student achievement and well‐being: a review of the literature, Review of Education, DOI:10.1002/rev3.3043
Surface ultrastructure and mechanical properties of three different white‐coated NiTi archwires
Authors: Ryu Seong‐Hee , Lim Byung‐Suh , Kwak Eun Joo , Lee Gi‐Ja , Choi Samjin , Park Ki‐Ho
Published: June 2015

The recent trend in orthodontic treatment is to apply esthetic materials to orthodontic appliances with adequate clinical performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the ultrastructure (surface roughness) and mechanical properties (load‐deflection curve) of three as‐received, white‐coated superelastic nickel‐titanium (NiTi) archwires using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and modified three‐point bending test assessments, respectively. Three representative esthetic NiTi archwires were used, silver‐platinum‐ and polymer‐coated NiTi Natural Dany (Dany group), epoxy resin‐coated Orthoforce Ultraesthetic™ (Ultra group), and Teflon®‐coated Perfect (Perfect group). Uncoated metallic areas of each wire were used as controls. The diameter of the Perfect archwire was significantly larger than that of other archwires. The Dany and Ultra groups showed more deflection than the Perfect group. The hysteresis area of the Dany and Ultra groups showed approximately two‐ and fourfold increases compared to the control and the Perfect group. The Dany group (2037.5 ± 527.3 nm) had the highest peak‐to‐peak surface roughness in the coated areas, followed by the Ultra group (811.1 ± 407.5 nm) and the Perfect group (362.7 ± 195.8 nm). However, reverse nanostructural changes in the surface roughness were observed in the uncoated metallic areas. The results suggested that the load‐deflection properties and the surface roughness of superelastic NiTi archwires were affected directly by the coating materials. Although the efficiency of orthodontic treatment was affected by various factors, when only considering the frictional force and mechanostructural properties, the epoxy resin‐coated Orthoforce Ultraesthetic™ archwires were the most effective for orthodontic treatment. SCANNING 37:414–421, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation between three‐dimentional surface topography and color stability of different nanofilled composites
Authors: Öztürk Elif , Güder Gizem
Published: June 2015

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the 3‐dimensional (3D) surface topography and color stability of four different resin composites after immersion in different soft‐beverages. Materials and methods: One hundred sixty disk‐shaped specimens (diameter: 10 mm, and thickness: 2 mm) were made from four different resin composites (i.e., Filtek Z550, Tetric N‐Ceram, Clearfil Majesty Esthetic, and Cavex Quadrant Universal LC). Each specimen was cured under mylar strips for 20 sec for both top and bottom surfaces. All of the specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 h at 37°C. Surface measurements were carried out using a noncontact 3D‐optical‐profilometer in terms of surface topography (Ra values). Color measurements of each specimen were performed with Vita Easy Shade system. All the measurements were performed at baseline and after 30 days of immersion in the selected soft‐beverages (Redbull, Coca‐Cola and Dimes‐Lemonade). Control groups were stored in distilled water during the study. Ra values and color changes (ΔE values) of the groups were recorded. The data were statistically analyzed using a one way ANOVA and Tukey's post‐hoc tests (SPSS 18.0). Results: The tested soft‐beverages in the present study caused color changes at a 30‐day evaluation period for the tested resin composites (p < 0.05). However, 3D surface topography of resin composites was not influenced by the tested soft‐beverages (p > 0.05). There was no significant interaction between the composite and beverage type on the Ra values of the resin composites (p > 0.05). Conclusions: No correlation was found between color stability and 3D surface topography of the resin composites. Color stability of resin composites may be affected by soft beverages. SCANNING 37:438–445, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rejection, Humiliation, and Parole: A Study of Parolees' Perspectives
Authors: Pogrebin Mark R. , Stretesky Paul B. , Walker Alexandra , Opsal Tara
Published: June 2015

Research on status rejection has developed considerably over the past two decades and is applied in a number of different settings to better understand criminal and deviant behavior. Our research contributes to that body of work by examining the ways in which status rejection may create a potentially humiliating dynamic for individuals on parole. Specifically, we use in‐depth interviews with parolees to illustrate how the parolee identity can promote the experience of status rejection and simultaneously foster conditions for humiliation—an emotional state that may impede one's ability to both (re) construct a conventional identity and reintegrate back into one's community.
Giving Literacy, Learning Literacy
Authors: Walker Anne B.
Published: June 2015

Service‐learning can provide a range of literacy learning experiences for children as they work to solve real world problems and engage in inquiry, collaboration and reflection. Rather than being an extracurricular activity, service‐learning projects are designed to meet standards and align with existing curriculum. This article explores how teachers can engage their students in literacy‐based service learning using the example of a book drive that supported literacy and children's libraries in Ethiopia. The article draws on both scholarly research and personal experience and provides practical information and resources.
Measurement and modeling of coronary blood flow
Authors: Sinclair Matthew D. , Lee Jack , Cookson Andrew N. , Rivolo Simone , Hyde Eoin R. , Smith Nicolas P.
Published: June 2015

Ischemic heart disease that comprises both coronary artery disease and microvascular disease is the single greatest cause of death globally. In this context, enhancing our understanding of the interaction of coronary structure and function is not only fundamental for advancing basic physiology but also crucial for identifying new targets for treating these diseases. A central challenge for understanding coronary blood flow is that coronary structure and function exhibit different behaviors across a range of spatial and temporal scales. While experimental studies have sought to understand this feature by isolating specific mechanisms, in tandem, computational modeling is increasingly also providing a unique framework to integrate mechanistic behaviors across different scales. In addition, clinical methods for assessing coronary disease severity are continuously being informed and updated by findings in basic physiology. Coupling these technologies, computational modeling of the coronary circulation is emerging as a bridge between the experimental and clinical domains, providing a framework to integrate imaging and measurements from multiple sources with mathematical descriptions of governing physical laws. State‐of‐the‐art computational modeling is being used to combine mechanistic models with data to provide new insight into coronary physiology, optimization of medical technologies, and new applications to guide clinical practice. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2015, 7:335–356. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1309

This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods

Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models
Understanding ethanol versus methanol formation from insulating paper in power transformers
Authors: Rodriguez-Celis E. M. , Duchesne S. , Jalbert J. , Ryadi M.
Published: June 2015

The life of an electrical transformer is mainly determined by that of its cellulosic solid insulation. The analysis of the chemical markers of cellulose degradation dissolved in oil is a simple and economical way to indirectly characterize the insulating paper. Methanol, a marker that is intimately linked to the rupturing of 1,4-β-glycosidic bonds of cellulose, has been observed together with ethanol during laboratory ageing experiments. Regardless of the simulated ageing conditions (temperature, humidity, air), the ratio of methanol to ethanol concentration is always higher than one (unity). However, in approximately 10 % of transformer oil samples, the ethanol generation is higher than that of methanol. In this study, thermal degradation by pyrolysis is coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to assess the volatile by-products generated at high temperatures with emphasis on methanol/ethanol generation. Some cellulose model compounds were also pyrolyzed and thermally aged in oil. The results showed that the generation of ethanol from paper pyrolysis is always smaller than for methanol, but it only occurs at temperatures higher than 300 °C. However, thermal ageing of levoglucosan in oil generates a massive amount of ethanol compared to methanol regardless of the conditions (temperature, humidity, air, nitrogen, acidity). The hypothesis that ethanol is a by-product of cellulose degradation through levoglucosan as an intermediary in power transformers is proposed. The presence of ethanol during transformer oil analysis is of high interest because it can be related to a thermal fault or hot spot within the solid insulation.
Phase II study of tivantinib (ARQ 197) in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Tolaney Sara M. , Tan Sally , Guo Hao , Barry William , Van Allen Eliezer , Wagle Nikhil , Brock Jane , Larrabee Katherine , Paweletz Cloud , Ivanova Elena , Janne Pasi , Overmoyer Beth , Wright John J. , Shapiro Geoffrey I. , Winer Eric P. , Krop Ian E.
Published: June 2015

Background MET expression and activation appear to be important for initiation and progression of triple-negative breast cancer. Tivantinib (ARQ 197) is an orally administered agent that targets MET, although recent preclinical data suggests the agent may have mechanisms of action that are independent of MET signaling. We conducted a phase 2 study of tivantinib monotherapy in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Methods Patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer who had received 1 to 3 prior lines of chemotherapy in the metastatic setting were enrolled into this two-stage, single arm phase 2 study. Treatment consisted of twice daily oral dosing of tivantinib (360 mg po bid) during a 21-day cycle. Patients underwent restaging scans at 6 weeks, and then every 9 weeks. Tumor biomarkers that might predict response to tivantinib were explored. Results 22 patients were enrolled. The overall response rate was 5 % (95 % CI 0–25 %) and the 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) was 5 % (95 % CI 0–25 %), with one patient achieving a partial response (PR). Toxicity was minimal with only 5 grade ≥3 adverse events (one grade 3 anemia, one grade 3 fatigue, and 3 patients with grade 3/4 neutropenia). Conclusion This study represents the first evaluation of tivantinib for the treatment of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. These results suggest that single agent tivantinib is well tolerated, but did not meet prespecified statistical targets for efficacy.
Responding to plagiarism using reflective means
Authors: Dalal Nikunj
Published: June 2015

Academic integrity violations have become widespread and pervasive in the university. The manner in which we respond to such violations is important. The prevalent approaches based on procedures, policies, appeals, and sanctions are seen as inadequate and may often be viewed as punitive or disciplinary. Even if they may bring about desired changes in behavior, it is not clear whether the behavioral changes are based on fear of punishment or due to transformative inner learning. Drawing upon reflective learning theories, this paper reports and reflects on the exploratory use of reflective means in two courses over four semesters to deal with students who had plagiarized on their class assignments. As there is little prior work in terms of methodology or research or practice addressing reflective approaches dealing with plagiarism, the goal of this study is to explore the feasibility and promise of integrally combining two reflective practices – an initial dialogue between instructor and student and a reflective essay subsequently written by the student. (Anti-plagiarism software was used to help detect plagiarism.) The main finding of this study is that such an approach is sensible, feasible, and promising. The reflective approach calls for mindfulness, empathy, and skillful dialogue on the part of the instructor and appears to encourage critical self-reflection in the student. Innovative reflective approaches warrant further research for inclusion as significant elements of a wise and holistic institutional response to academic integrity violations. Self-reflection may not only reduce the incidence of plagiarism and other academic integrity violations but may also be conducive to the growth of practical wisdom and inner change that spills over into other dimensions of integrity. Implications for institutional practices and further research are discussed.
Chronic hypoxia facilitates Alzheimer's disease through demethylation of γ‐secretase by downregulating DNA methyltransferase 3b
Authors: Liu Hui , Qiu Hongyan , Yang Juan , Ni Jun , Le Weidong
Published: June 2015

Introduction

Environmental factors and epigenetic mechanisms are believed to contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously documented that prenatal hypoxia aggravated the cognitive impairment and neuropathology in offspring mice. Here, we investigate the chronic hypoxia‐induced epigenetic modifications in AD.

Methods

The 3‐month‐old APPswe/PS1dE9 mice were exposed to hypoxic environment 6 hour/day for 30 days, followed by learning and memory tests and biochemical and neuropathology measurement at the age of 4, 6, and 9 months.

Results

We found hypoxia exaggerated the neuropathology and cognitive impairment in AD mice. Chronic hypoxia induced demethylation on genomic DNA and decreased the expression of DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b) in vivo. We further found that DNMTs inhibition elevated the protein levels of amyloid precursor protein, β‐ and γ‐secretases, whereas overexpression of DNMT3b suppressed the levels of them in vitro.

Discussion

Our study suggests chronic hypoxia can aggravate AD progression through demethylation of genes encoding γ‐secretase components by downregulation of DNMT3b.
Solidarity No More? Democratization and the Transformation of State–Social Movements Relations
Authors: Grodsky Brian
Published: June 2015

When some members of yesterday’s opposition organizations enter the state upon democratic breakthrough, does this empower or weaken the mission of the organizations left behind? While little research has been directed at this important element of democratization, I leverage the existing interdisciplinary social movement literature to create a series of forward-reaching arguments, based on identities, networks and opportunity structures. In the context of current studies, each of these factors should provide advantage to organizations with colleagues now in the state. By contrast, I argue that identities and personal networks developed during the struggle provide movement activists with opportunities to influence minor issues, but that new and differing institutional pressures create schisms on broader policy that turn prior bonds into a liability rather than an asset. I use elite interviews and media analyses in the case of post-democratic breakthrough Poland to evaluate three competing arguments, focused on identities, networks and institutions.
Local interfacial stability near a zero vorticity point
Authors: Tseng Yu-Hau , Prosperetti Andrea
Published: June 2015

It is often observed that small drops or bubbles detach from the interface separating two co-flowing immiscible fluids. The size of these drops or bubbles can be orders of magnitude smaller than the length scales of the parent fluid mass. Examples are tip-streaming from drops or coaxial jets in microfluidics, selective withdrawal, ‘skirt’ formation around bubbles or drops, and others. It is argued that these phenomena are all reducible to a common instability that can occur due to a local convergence of streamlines in the neighbourhood of a zero-vorticity point or line on the interface. When surfactants are present, this converging flow tends to concentrate them in these regions weakening the effect of surface tension, which is the only mechanism opposing the instability. Several analytical and numerical calculations are presented to substantiate this interpretation of the phenomenon. In addition to some idealized cases, the results of two-dimensional simulations of co-flowing jets and a rising drop are presented.
Plasma glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with major depressive disorder: a preliminary study
Authors: Lee Bun-Hee , Hong Jin-Pyo , Hwang Jung-A , Na Kyoung-Sae , Kim Won-Joong , Trigo Jose , Kim Yong-Ku
Published: June 2015

Background

Some clinical studies have reported reduced peripheral glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) level in elderly patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). We verified whether a reduction in plasma GDNF level was associated with MDD.

Method

Plasma GDNF level was measured in 23 healthy control subjects and 23 MDD patients before and after 6 weeks of treatment.

Results

Plasma GDNF level in MDD patients at baseline did not differ from that in healthy controls. Plasma GDNF in MDD patients did not differ significantly from baseline to the end of treatment. GDNF level was significantly lower in recurrent-episode MDD patients than in first-episode patients before and after treatment.

Conclusions

Our findings revealed significantly lower plasma GDNF level in recurrent-episode MDD patients, although plasma GDNF levels in MDD patients and healthy controls did not differ significantly. The discrepancy between our study and previous studies might arise from differences in the recurrence of depression or the ages of the MDD patients.
Rapid changes in key ruminal microbial populations during the induction of and recovery from diet-induced milk fat depression in dairy cows
Authors: Rico D. E. , Preston S. H. , Risser J. M. , Harvatine K. J.
Published: June 2015

The ruminant provides a powerful model for understanding the temporal dynamics of gastrointestinal microbial communities. Diet-induced milk fat depression (MFD) in the dairy cow is caused by rumen-derived bioactive fatty acids, and is commonly attributed to the changes in the microbial population. The aim of the present study was to determine the changes occurring in nine ruminal bacterial taxa with well-characterised functions, and abundance of total fungi, ciliate protozoa and bacteria during the induction of and recovery from MFD. Interactions between treatment and time were observed for ten of the twelve populations. The total number of both fungi and ciliate protozoa decreased rapidly (days 4 and 8, respectively) by more than 90 % during the induction period and increased during the recovery period. The abundance ofStreptococcus bovis(amylolytic) peaked at 350 % of control levels on day 4 of induction and rapidly decreased during the recovery period. The abundance ofPrevotella bryantii(amylolytic) decreased by 66 % from day 8 to 20 of the induction period and increased to the control levels on day 12 of the recovery period. The abundance ofMegasphaera elsdeniiandSelenomonas ruminantium(lactate-utilising bacteria) increased progressively until day 12 of induction (>170 %) and decreased during the recovery period. The abundance ofFibrobacter succinogenes(fibrolytic) decreased by 97 % on day 4 of induction and increased progressively to an equal extent during the recovery period, although smaller changes were observed for other fibrolytic bacteria. The abundance of theButyrivibrio fibrisolvens/Pseudobutyrivibriogroup decreased progressively during the induction period and increased during the recovery period, whereas the abundance ofButyrivibrio hungateiwas not affected by treatment. Responsive taxa were modified rapidly, with the majority of changes occurring within 8 d and their time course was similar to the time course of the induction of MFD, demonstrating a strong correlation between changes in ruminal microbial populations and MFD.
IMPLICATIONS OF THE INDUS WATER KISHENGANGA ARBITRATION FOR THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF WATERCOURSES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Moussa Jasmine
Published: June 2015

On 19 February 2013, a Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)-administered Court of Arbitration issued a Partial Award on the dispute between Pakistan and India regarding the use of the waters of the Kishenganga/Neelum, a tributary of the Indus system of rivers. This article examines the tribunal's decision, which was mainly limited to interpreting the 1960 Indus Water Treaty (IWT), and its contribution to international environmental law and the law of non-navigational uses of international watercourses. After briefly discussing the dispute's factual context and procedural history, the article critiques the tribunal's methodology, which was based on an inconsistent application of the principles of treaty interpretation. The Award's contribution is therefore mixed: despite its almost complete disregard for the principle of ‘equality of right’, it has contributed to clarifying the criteria for determining ‘existing uses’ of a watercourse and reaffirmed both the substantive obligation to refrain from causing transboundary harm and the procedural duty to carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment under international environmental law.
Molecular identification and seasonal infections of species of Fasciola in ruminants from two provinces in China
Authors: Yuan W. , Liu J.-M. , Lu K. , Li H. , Duan M.-M. , Feng J.-T. , Hong Y. , Liu Y.-P. , Zhou Y. , Tong L.-B. , Lu J. , Zhu C.-G. , Jin Y.-M. , Cheng G.-F. , Lin J.-J.
Published: June 2015

We determined the prevalence and seasonality of infections by Fasciola of goats and bovine species (cattle and water buffalo) in Hubei and Anhui provinces of China. Faecal samples were collected at 2- to 3-month intervals from 200 goats in Hubei province and from 152 bovine species in Anhui province. All faecal samples were examined for the presence of parasites. We determined the nucleotide sequences of the first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of 39 Fasciola worms from Anhui province. The prevalence of Fasciola infection in goats ranged between 3.5 and 37.0%, with mean eggs per gram (EPG) ranging between 29.0 and 166.0. Prevalence and EPG exhibited downward trends over time with significant differences. The prevalence of Fasciola infection in cattle ranged between 13.3 and 46.2% (mean EPG, 36.4–100.0), and that of water buffalo ranged between 10.3 and 35.4% (mean EPG, 25.0–89.6), with a higher prevalence of infection and EPG from June to October compared with December to March. Analysis of ITS-1 and ITS-2 sequences revealed that F. hepatica and F. gigantica were present in all bovine species of Anhui province and that F. gigantica mainly infected water buffalo. This is the first demonstration of Fasciola infection in Hubei province and detection of F. hepatica and F. gigantica in Anhui province. The present study of Hubei province shows that mass treatment of livestock with closantel sodium injections in April and August/September controlled Fasciola infection effectively.
Levels of Ancylostoma infections and phylogenetic analysis of cox 1 gene of A. ceylanicum in stray cat faecal samples from Guangzhou, China
Authors: Hu W. , Yu X.G. , Wu S. , Tan L.P. , Song M.R. , Abdulahi A.Y. , Wang Z. , Jiang B. , Li G.Q.
Published: June 2015

Ancylostoma ceylanicum is a common zoonotic nematode. Cats act as natural reservoirs of the hookworm and are involved in transmitting infection to humans, thus posing a potential risk to public health. The prevalence of feline A. ceylanicum in Guangzhou (South China) was surveyed by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). In total, 112 faecal samples were examined; 34.8% (39/112) and 43.8% (49/112) samples were positive with hookworms by microscopy and PCR method, respectively. Among them, 40.8% of samples harboured A. ceylanicum. Twelve positive A. ceylanicum samples were selected randomly and used for cox 1 sequence analysis. Sequencing results revealed that they had 97–99% similarity with A. ceylanicumcox 1 gene sequences deposited in GenBank. A phylogenetic tree showed that A. ceylanicum isolates were divided into two groups: one comprising four isolates from Guangzhou (South China), and the other comprising those from Malaysia, Cambodia and Guangzhou. In the latter group, all A. ceylanicum isolates from Guangzhou were clustered into a minor group again. The results indicate that the high prevalence of A. ceylanicum in stray cats in South China poses a potential risk of hookworm transmission from pet cats to humans, and that A. ceylanicum may be a species complex worldwide.
Metazoan parasites of blue jack mackerelTrachurus picturatus(Perciformes: Carangidae) from Portuguese mainland waters
Authors: Hermida M. , Pereira A. , Correia A.T. , Cruz C. , Saraiva A.
Published: June 2015

Blue jack mackerel,Trachurus picturatus,is a carangid fish which constitutes an important commercial resource in the north-east Atlantic. Its metazoan parasite community from Portuguese mainland waters was investigated here for the first time. Nine parasite taxa were found, most of which are common parasites ofTrachurusspp. The parasite community was broadly similar to that of the Atlantic horse mackerel,T. trachurus, from the same region, but two digenean species were detected in blue jack mackerel,Monascus filiformisandTergestiasp., which did not occur in horse mackerel from this region. A comparison with the two previous studies ofT. picturatusparasite communities shows that continental-shelf regions are characterized by higher prevalences of digenean trematodes and an absence of trypanorhynch cestodes, in contrast with oceanic regions.
Show or Tell? Instruction and Representation in Govardhanram’sSaraswatichandra
Authors: ASHAR MEERA
Published: June 2015

Govardhanram Tripathi wrote the four-volume novelSaraswatichandraas an ‘instruction manual’ for a people facing fundamental social and political change during colonial rule. This article examines a shift in the conception of instruction as the text progressed through its instalments—from a notion of learning as a process of deliberation about, and experimentation with, imitable actions, to the idea of education through the representation of action—a transformation that is made conspicuous by the discordance between the widely debated and highly influential initial volumes and the largely ignored final volume. It situates this shift in broader changes in the idea of instruction in Indian society, and investigates it in order to better understand the strains involved in attempting to codify or theorize certain types of domains.
Superlinear elliptic problems under the non-quadraticity condition at infinity
Authors: Furtado Marcelo F. , Silva Edcarlos D.
Published: June 2015

We present some sufficient conditions to obtain compactness properties for the Euler–Lagrange functional of an elliptic equation. As an application, we extend some existence and multiplicity results for superlinear problems.
Olmsted's Police
Authors: Thacher David
Published: June 2015

The urbanization of nineteenth century America led to enormous changes in American criminal justice, as the rise of this dramatically more complex kind of human settlement posed new problems for legal regulation. Some of those problems are familiar. Many reformers emphasized the way cities eroded traditional controls on predatory crime, and they viewed modern police forces, public prosecution, and the modern penitentiary as a means of substituting formal social control for the informal controls of the past. But cities posed a different problem as well. In the city people made their homes in dense mixed-use environments that had not yet been sorted out and segregated along the lines of the modern metropolis, and when they ventured out of them they came together in the crowded streets, squares, and parks that proliferated in the nineteenth century. This complex environment made new demands on their behavior, as conduct that would have bothered no one in sparsely occupied rural spaces became problematic in the densely shared environments of the city. This change did not involve the collapse of old strategies for controlling familiar forms of bad behavior; it involved a shift in what sort of behavior counted as “bad” in the first place. The continued evolution of the urban environment, in turn, depended upon the ability of criminal justice institutions to grapple with these challenges. Shared environments require those who use them to develop and enforce rules to regulate the sharing.
Outcome of Intensive Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in a Residential Setting for People with Severe Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Large Open Case Series
Authors: Veale David , Naismith Iona , Miles Sarah , Childs Grace , Ball Jack , Muccio Francesca , Darnley Simon
Published: June 2015

Background: There is little data to inform the treatment of severe obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in an inpatient or residential setting. Aims: This paper aimed to: a) describe treatment outcomes at a residential unit over 11 years; b) investigate whether treatment was successful for a subset of severe treatment refractory residents; c) compare an intensive treatment programme to a “standard” treatment programme; and d) find predictors of self or early discharge from the unit. Method: We compared treatment outcomes for (i) a minimum 12-week treatment (hereafter “standard”) programme versus a 2-week intensive programme and (ii) for severe treatment refractory cases on the standard programme. We identified 472 residents with OCD admitted to the Anxiety Disorders Residential Unit at the Bethlem Royal Hospital between 2001 and 2012. Outcomes were measured with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (OCI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) obtained throughout treatment and up to one year after discharge. Results: Although residents had very severe OCD on admission, sequential assessment with the Y-BOCS, OCI, BAI and BDI demonstrated that scores on all outcome measures significantly decreased from pre to posttreatment and were generally maintained at follow-up. There was no significant difference between those on the standard or the 2-week intensive programme. Sixty-nine per cent of residents with OCD made significant improvements, with at least a 25% reduction on the Y-BOCS. There were predictors of self or early discharge but none for outcome on the Y-BOCS. Conclusions: The data support the principle of stepped care for severe OCD.
Making Good People … Rather than Making People Good?
Authors: Platten Stephen
Published: June 2015

The paper investigates the roots of a virtue-based ethics within Anglicanism starting with the Caroline tradition in the seventeenth century. In the twentieth century there was a rebirth of ‘Anglican Moral Theology’ with the work of Kenneth Kirk, Robert Mortimer and Lindsay Dewar. Issues of perfectibility are examined. The recovery of the Orthodox tradition of deification at the present time and the rebirth of virtue ethics through the work of Alasdair McIntyre are explored. Anglicanism is rooted in an approach where grace is already present in the natural order but which is enhanced by an integralist approach to theology bringing together doctrinal, ascetic and moral theology in one compass.
First record of Cavernularia pusilla (Anthozoa: Pennatulacea) from the Sea of Marmara, Turkey basin
Authors: Sezgin Murat , Yüksek Ahsen
Published: June 2015

The occurrence ofCavernularia pusillais reported for the first time from the Sea of Marmara, extending the range of the species in the eastern Mediterranean and providing the first report of the species from Turkish waters.
Ethische Führung
Authors: Block Christina , Bormann Kai C. , Rowold Jens
Published: June 2015

Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, ein Instrument zur Erfassung ethischer Führung ins Deutsche zu übertragen und zu validieren. Der Ethical Leadership at Work Questionnaire (ELW; Kalshoven, Den Hartog & De Hoogh, 2011 ) umfasst 38 Items über sieben Facetten ethischer Führung (Fairness, Machtteilung, Rollenklärung, Mitarbeiterorientierung, Integrität, Ethische Anleitung und Interesse an Nachhaltigkeit). Die Testung der faktoriellen Binnenstruktur erfolgte anhand einer Beschäftigtenstichprobe (N1 = 550). Konfirmatorische Faktoranalysen bestätigten die postulierte siebenstufige Faktorstruktur. Darüber hinaus zeigen sich Zusammenhänge zwischen den Facetten ethischer Führung und weiteren Führungskonstrukten. Die Überprüfung der Kriteriumsvalidität erfolgte mittels eines multi-source Datensatzes (N2 = 368). Es ergaben sich bedeutsame Zusammenhänge zu sämtlichen Kriteriumsvariablen (Arbeitszufriedenheit, affektives Commitment und illegitime Arbeitsaufgaben). Zusammenfassend steht mit dem übersetzten ELW-D nun ein verlässliches und multidimensionales Instrument zur Verfügung, um ethisches Verhalten auch im deutschsprachigen Raum differenziert abbilden zu können.
Trauma- und belastungsbezogene Störungen
Authors: Rosner Rita , Hagl Maria , Petermann Ulrike
Published: June 2015

Mit der Einführung des DSM-5 wurden die Traumafolgestörungen in einem neuen Kapitel „Trauma- und belastungsbezogene Störungen” gruppiert. Außerdem sollte einer Entwicklungsperspektive mehr Rechnung getragen werden, z. B. mit der Einführung spezifischer Kriterien für die posttraumatische Belastungsstörung bei Kindern unter sechs Jahren. Auch in der geplanten elften Auflage der ICD wird es ein derartiges Kapitel geben, wobei hier aller Voraussicht nach neue Diagnosen inkludiert werden, nämlich die komplexe posttraumatische Belastungsstörung und die anhaltende Trauerstörung. Neben der weiteren Adaption dieser Diagnosen auf Kinder und Jugendliche sollten die zukünftigen Forschungsbemühungen verstärkt spezielle Patientengruppen berücksichtigen und die Dissemination der als wirksam evaluierten traumafokussierten Therapieverfahren vorantreiben.
Ein Schritt nach vorne?
Authors: Rousseau Cécile
Published: June 2015

In diesem Artikel wird die Berücksichtigung der Entwicklungsperspektive bei den trauma- und belastungsbezogenen Störungen im DSM-5 und im Entwurf der ICD-11 erläutert. Es wird diskutiert, inwiefern die allgemeinen Kriterien der vorgeschlagenen Diagnosen auf Kinder und Jugendliche zutreffen. Darüber hinaus werden altersspezifische Erscheinungsformen dargestellt und erörtert. Die Einführung eines altersspezifischen Subtyps für Kinder bis zu sechs Jahren im DSM-5 und der Vorschlag einer neuen Diagnose, der Komplexen Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (KPTBS), in der ICD-11 könnten sich als wichtige Schritte in Richtung einer stärkeren Berücksichtigung der Entwicklungsperspektive bei der Diagnosestellung erweisen. Es besteht jedoch weiterhin Forschungsbedarf, um mehr Klarheit über altersspezifische Unterschiede bei den trauma- und belastungsbezogenen Störungen zu schaffen und um die Wechselwirkungen zwischen diesen Störungsbildern zu verstehen. Schließlich treten belastende Erfahrungen, Traumatisierungen, Trauerfälle und emotionale Vernachlässigung im Kindesalter sehr häufig zusammen auf.
Psychosoziale Risikoindikatoren regelmäßiger und riskanter Glücksspielnutzung im Jugendalter
Authors: Rehbein Florian , Hayer Tobias , Baier Dirk , Mößle Thomas
Published: June 2015

Mit der vorliegenden Studie werden die regelmäßige, riskante und problematische Glücksspielnutzung sowie psychosoziale Risikoindikatoren des Glücksspielkonsums im Jugendalter untersucht. Datengrundlage bildet eine für Niedersachsen repräsentative Dunkelfeldbefragung mit 11 003 Neuntklässlern. Zur Klassifikation wurde der Glücksspiel-Screen DSM-IV-MR-J eingesetzt. Auf Basis theoretisch abgeleiteter Risikoindikatoren aus den Bereichen Soziodemographie, Person, Freizeit-, Problemverhalten, Familie, Peers und Schule/Nachbarschaft wurden binär logistische Mehrebenen-Regressionsanalysen zur Vorhersage regelmäßiger und riskanter Glücksspielnutzung durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Glücksspielverhalten bei Jugendlichen von kommerziellen Angeboten dominiert wird. 3.5 % der Jugendlichen weisen eine regelmäßige, 1.1 % eine riskante und 0.3 % eine problematische Glücksspielnutzung auf. Jungen sind in allen glücksspielaffinen Gruppen deutlich stärker vertreten. Bedeutsame Prädiktorvariablen für regelmäßige und riskante Glücksspielnutzung sind neben dem Geschlecht und dem Migrationshintergrund, eine erhöhte Gewaltakzeptanz und eine Sportvereinsmitgliedschaft. Alkohol- und Drogenkonsum sowie insbesondere der Freundeskreis prädizieren ein regelmäßiges Glücksspielverhalten, während Gewalttäterschaft sowie Variablen aus dem Bereich Schule/Nachbarschaft ein riskantes Glücksspielverhalten vorhersagen.
MICHI–eine Gruppen-Kurzzeitpsychotherapie zur Behandlung von Depressionen bei Jugendlichen
Authors: Straub Joana , Plener Paul L. , Keller Ferdinand , Fegert Jörg M. , Spröber Nina , Kölch Michael G.
Published: June 2015

Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie (KVT) gilt als Mittel der Wahl bei der Behandlung von Depressionen im Jugendalter wobei bis dato noch kein deutsches Behandlungsmanual in einem randomisierten, kontrollierten Design untersucht wurde. 38 depressive Jugendliche (M=15,86, SD=±1,70 Jahre alt; 78,9 % weiblich) wurden randomisiert entweder der Kontrollgruppe (KG), die Behandlung wie üblich erhielt (TAU), oder Interventionsgruppe (IG), welche an einer ambulanten Gruppen-Kurzzeit-KVT (MICHI-Manual) teilnahm, zugeordnet. Als Effektivitätsmaße dienten die CDRS-R und das BDI-II. Die Interaktion aus Gruppe und Messzeitpunkt war sowohl für die CDRS-R (p=,02), mit einer mittleren Effektstärke (dkorr=,75), als auch für den BDI-II (p=,04), mit einer kleinen Effektstärke (dkorr=,39), signifikant. Die Gruppen-Kurzzeit-KVT entsprechend dem MICHI Manual ist verglichen mit TAU wirksam.
Lack of Trust in the Health-Care System After Losing a Child to Suicide
Authors: Pettersen Rossana , Omerov Pernilla , Steineck Gunnar , Titelman David , Dyregrov Atle , Nyberg Tommy , Nyberg Ullakarin
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Background: Lack of trust in the health-care system after losing a child to suicide may prevent bereaved parents from seeking professional treatment when needed, thus diminishing their chances of recovery. Aims: This is the first large study to aim at evaluating the incidence of lack of trust in the health-care system and associated variables in suicide-bereaved parents. Method: This nationwide population-based survey included 569 parents who lost a child to suicide 2-5 years earlier and a matched comparison group of 326 nonbereaved parents. Using a study-specific questionnaire, we asked bereaved and nonbereaved parents if they trusted the health-care system and measured psychological and background variables. Results: Prevalence of lack of trust in the health-care system differed between the bereaved (46.5%) and the nonbereaved parents (18.3%), giving a relative risk of 2.5 (95% CI = 2.0-3.3). After multivariable modeling, high scores of depression, living in big cities, and being single were identified as variables associated with lack of trust in suicide-bereaved parents. Conclusion: Suicide-bereaved parents show lack of trust in the health-care system. We present possible effect modifiers that may be considered in professional interventions aiming at influencing suicide-bereaved parents' level of trust.
Why People Fail on the Fluid Intelligence Tests
Authors: Chuderski Adam
Published: June 2015

The study examined the patterns of errors in a specially designed test of analogical reasoning. The results indicated that those patterns strongly depended on participants’ ability level that was measured by another two fluid intelligence tests. Relatively good reasoners made analogy-making errors primarily resulting from not binding a single relational element to the complete solution. This fact indicates that they properly carried out a reasoning process, but missed just one reasoning step. In contrast, poor reasoners more often chose erroneous options that missed several relational elements, but were perceptually similar to target analogs, what suggests that those reasoners did not follow the necessary rules. Moreover, the reasoning scores of poor reasoners depended more strongly on measures of working memory capacity than did scores of good reasoners. The results are interpreted in terms of several seminal theories of fluid intelligence.