bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cholestasis in Infancy
Authors: Andrianov Melissa G. , Azzam Ruba K.
Published: December 2016

Jaundice is a key manifestation of hepatobiliary disease in all age groups. Jaundice is a common finding in the first 2 weeks after birth, occurring in 2.4% to 15% of newborns. The neonatal liver is at increased susceptibility to cholestasis, with an incidence ranging from 1 in 2,500 to 1 in 5,000 live births. Etiologies vary, but the most common is biliary atresia. In 2004, the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition published guidelines for the evaluation of cholestasis that clearly stated any infant with jaundice persisting beyond age 2 weeks (3 weeks in breast-fed infants with an otherwise normal history and physical examination) should be evaluated with a fractionated serum bilirubin level. Prompt evaluation, diagnosis, and intervention are vital to optimize timely intervention and improve clinical outcomes. This article discusses the etiology, diagnosis and evaluation of cholestatis in infants.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2016;45(12):e414–e419.]
Pediatric Liver Transplantation: An Update for the Pediatrician
Authors: Capone Kristin , Amirikian Karine , Azzam Ruba K.
Published: December 2016

Pediatric liver transplantation is a state-of-the-art treatment for children with end-stage liver disease. Over the past few decades, the advent of new surgical techniques using split liver grafts and living donors has drastically increased the organ availability for pediatric patients, while advances in immunosuppression have improved overall outcomes. The pediatrician is a key player in the multidisciplinary team that cares for these children starting with the timely referral of children who require liver transplantation to the active participation in optimizing the child's overall health before and after transplantation.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2016;45(12):e439–e445.]
Acute Liver Failure
Authors: Newland Catherine D.
Published: December 2016

Pediatric acute liver failure (ALF) is a complex and rapidly progressive syndrome that results from a variety of age-dependent etiologies. It is defined by the acute onset of liver disease with no evidence of chronic liver disease. There must be biochemical or clinical evidence of severe liver dysfunction as defined by an international normalized ratio (INR) ≥2. If hepatic encephalopathy is present, INR should be ≥1.5. Unfortunately, due to the rarity of ALF in pediatric patients, there is a paucity of diagnostic and management algorithms and each patient must have an individualized approach.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2016;45(12):e433–e438.]
A propaganda document in support of the 19th century Caliphate of Ḥamdallāhi: Nūḥ b. al-Ṭāhir al-Fulānī’s “Letter on the appearance of the twelfth caliph” (Risāla fī ẓuhūr al-khalīfa al-thānī ʻashar)
Authors: Nobili Mauro
Published: December 2016

The Caliphate of Ḥamdallāhi, located in the modern Republic of Mali, was founded by Aḥmad Lobbo in 1818 and left behind a huge corpus of Arabic correspondence and dispatches that is mainly unexplored by historians. This corpus, composed of documents related to the internal administration of the state as well as its relations with other contemporary political entities, is the result of the extensive spread of literacy in Arabic in the territories controlled by the Ḥamdallāhi central authority and its effort to establish itself as a legitimate regional power in West Africa. Among these documents is the Risāla fī ẓuhūr al-khaliīfa al-thānī ʻashar (“Letter on the appearance of the twelfth caliph”) written by Aḥmad Lobbo’s close counselor Nūḥ b. al-Ṭāhir. This document, briefly introduced by Felix Dubois in the late 19th century, has been neglected by scholars, who have discarded it because it includes an obvious forgery. The letter comprises extensive quotes from the Tārīkh al-Fattāsh, allegedly written in the early 16th century by the Timbuktu-based scholar Maḥmūd Kaʻti but actually composed by Nūḥ b. al-Ṭāhir himself. The purpose of the document is to provide political legitimacy to Aḥmad Lobbo through a prophecy that identifies him as the legitimate and supreme Muslim authority for West Africa, by virtue of being the inheritor of the late 15th century–early 16th century Songhay king Askiyà al-ḥājj Muḥammad, the twelfth caliph mentioned by the Prophet Muḥammad in a famous ḥadīth, and mujaddid, or the “renewer” of Islam. With this article, I edit and translate Nūḥ b. al-Ṭāhir’s Risāla and discuss it in the context of the tension between the Caliphate of Ḥamdallāhi and Sokoto. I also discuss the importance of this document in understanding the complex history of the Tārīkh al-Fattāsh.
Bioclimatologie des infections cutanées mycosiques à Sfax (Centre-Est de la Tunisie)
Authors: Jarraya Mounir
Published: December 2016

Les infections mycosiques constituent un problème majeur de santé publique à Sfax (Centre-Est de la Tunisie), puisqu’elles affectent une population vulnérable. L’étude de la répartition temporelle des consultations pour mycose durant la période 2009-2013 a permis de détecter un pic printanier et un pic automnal. Les analyses montrent une relation entre d’une part, les caractéristiques climatiques (température et taux d’humidité relative (thermo-hygrométrie)), qui instaurent un certain inconfort et d’autre part, l’augmentation des cas d’infections mycosiques dans la population étudiée.
Les concours de l’enseignement : s’y préparer et réfléchir aux passerelles didactiques entre géographie scolaire et géographie scientifique
Authors: Bresc-Litzler Sophie
Published: December 2016

Cet article vise à établir une synthèse sur les exigences du nouveau concours de l’enseignement (CAPES) d’histoire-géographie ainsi que sur de nouvelles méthodes pour s’y préparer. Les attentes au concours ont évolué avec le temps ; il faut donc aussi bien en comprendre les fondamentaux que réfléchir à la méthode, aux connaissances et au suivi de l’actualité afin de construire des schématisations, une culture générale réactualisée et acquérir une bonne connaissance des programmes du secondaire, qui sont des plus-values aux épreuves du concours de l’enseignement. Nous aimerions ainsi proposer des analyses de documents, des schémas, et des débats d’actualité sur les questions de géographie au programme (Mers et océans, la France des marges). Il s’agit de comprendre parallèlement la démarche de travail et les attentes de la réflexion géographique en identifiant les passerelles didactiques entre la géographie scolaire et la géographie scientifique universitaire : cela passe ainsi par la maîtrise des travaux scientifiques des principaux auteurs des questions mais aussi des échelles, des acteurs et des enjeux afin de les transmettre à de jeunes publics. Ces prolégomènes cherchent donc à fournir aux étudiants une méthode de travail efficace pour acquérir certaines compétences essentielles, nécessaires à la préparation des concours et attendues aux épreuves pour enseigner une discipline scientifique.
An uncommon case of late-onset chylothorax in blunt thoracic trauma in the emergency department
Authors: Ferri Enrico , Ianni Angelo , Magrini Laura , De Dominicis Chiara , Di Somma Salvatore
Published: December 2016

Blunt chest trauma is a rare cause of chylothorax because thoracic duct is well protected by the spine posteriorly and mediastinal contents anteriorly. Ribs or vertebral fractures are often associated but isolated chylothorax has been described. Thoracic duct injury may be due to stretching over the spine, or to shearing of the duct by the right crus of the diaphragm. Chylothorax can be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality and early diagnosis is of paramount importance in order to adequate and prompt therapy. Chilothorax is well distinguishable in CT scan but the diagnosis must be confirmed by analysis of the pleural fluid. The optimal treatment for traumatic chylothorax is unclear and a challenging clinical problem. In this article, we describe the clinical manifestations, radiologic findings, and successful medical treatment of a patient with post traumatic chylothorax diagnosed in an emergency setting.
Pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery mimicking a solid lesion
Authors: Pezzilli Raffaele , Cevenini Monica , Mosconi Cristina , Pagano Nico , Renzulli Matteo , Golfieri Rita
Published: December 2016

A 64-year-old man presented to the hospital because of hematemesis; on admission, he had weakness and pale skin, tachycardia and hypotension. Laboratory tests revealed severe anemia (hemoglobin 7.8 g/dL); liver, renal and pancreatic function tests were normal. An upper digestive endoscopy revealed a gastric ulcer of the cardia, treated with metallic clips and adrenalin injection. The patient was treated with fluids and was transfused with three units of red blood cells. In the previous two months, due to the presence of bloating and diarrhea, associated with abdominal distension, a colon-computed tomography (CT) revealed a large retroperitoneal hypodense mass, 53x37 mm in size, without contrast enhancement localized between the body and the tail of the pancreas and the stomach, near the splenic artery and without signs of infiltration. To better define the mass, endoscopic ultrasound and biopsy were performed; however histopathology of multiple biopsies was not diagnostic, because of the presence of necrotic tissue and inflammatory cells. Since hematemesis recurred, the patient underwent a second upper digestive endoscopic examination, but no source of bleeding was found. Then a new contrast enhanced CT was performed that showed a size reduction of the mass, the presence of blood in the stomach and a small pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery. Because of these findings an angiograpghic study was carried out; angiography confirmed a splenic artery pseudoaneurysm that was successfully embolized with metal microcoils.
An unusual abdominal pain in the emergency department: a delayed presentation of diaphragmatic injury
Authors: Paolillo Ciro , Siragusa Valentina
Published: December 2016

We present a case of delayed traumatic diaphragma rupture. The patient complained of a vague abdominal pain and left shoulder pain. Only the relevance of a remote trauma aroused the suspicion.
Evidence for cost-effectiveness of ultrasound in evaluation of blunt trauma patients
Authors: Lane Bennett H.
Published: December 2016

The evaluation of the blunt trauma patient frequently includes the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) exam. Additional point-of-care applications for ultrasound in blunt trauma patients are emerging. Ultrasound is a noninvasive diagnostic technique generally considered to be relatively inexpensive, offering the potential for improved outcomes and lower costs. However, formal evaluation of ultrasound’s effect on cost-effectiveness has occurred in a piecemeal fashion. The aim of this review is to evaluate the available evidence regarding whether ultrasound is cost-effective for evaluation of blunt trauma patients, and what factors may affect its cost-effectiveness.
Assessment of disturbance at three spatial scales in two large tropical reservoirs
Authors: Morais Letícia , Sanches Bárbara De Oliveira , Santos Gilmar B. , Kaufmann Philip R. , Hughes Robert M. , Molozzi Joseline , Callisto Marcos
Published: December 2016

Large reservoirs are an increasingly common feature across tropical landscapes because of their importance for water supply, flood control and hydropower, but their ecological conditions are infrequently evaluated. Our objective was to assess the range of disturbances for two large tropical reservoirs and their influences on benthic macroinvertebrates. We tested three hypotheses: i) a wide variation in the level of environmental disturbance can be observed among sites in the reservoirs; ii) the two reservoirs would exhibit a different degree of disturbance level; and iii) the magnitude of disturbance would influence the structure and composition of benthic assemblages. For each reservoir, we assessed land use (macroscale), physical habitat structure (mesoscale), and water quality (microscale). We sampled 40 sites in the littoral zones of both Três Marias and São Simão Reservoirs (Minas Gerais, Brazil). At the macroscale, we measured cover percentages of land use categories in buffer areas at each site, where each buffer was a circular arc of 250 m. At the mesoscale, we assessed the presence of human disturbances in the riparian and drawdown zones at the local (site) scale. At the microscale, we assessed water quality at each macroinvertebrate sampling station using the Micro Disturbance Index (MDI). To evaluate anthropogenic disturbance of each site, we calculated an integrated disturbance index (IDI) from a buffer disturbance index (BDI) and a local disturbance index (LDI). For each site, we calculated richness and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates, Chironomidae genera richness, abundance and percent Chironomidae individuals, abundance and percent EPT individuals, richness and percent EPT taxa, abundance and percent resistant individuals, and abundance and percent non-native individuals. We also evaluated the influence of disturbance on benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages at the entire-reservoir scale. The BDI, LDI and IDI had significantly greater average scores at São Simão than at Três Marias Reservoir. The significantly greater differences in IDI scores for São Simão Reservoir were reflected in 10 of the 13 Ekman-Birge dredge biotic metrics and in 5 of 13 of the kick-net biotic metrics. We also observed clear ranges of disturbances within both reservoirs at macro (BDI) and mesoscales (LDI) and in water quality, but an insignificant range in MDI results. However, we found no significant relationship between the benthic macroinvertebrate metrics and the BDI, LDI, and IDI among sites within a single reservoir. Hence, we believe that benthic macroinvertebrate distributions in those reservoirs were influenced by other factors or that reservoir macroinvertebrates (dominated by chironomids) were poor indicators of disturbance at the site scale.
Is the impact of eutrophication on phytoplankton diversity dependent on lake volume/ecosystem size?
Authors: Baho Didier L. , Drakare Stina , Johnson Richard K. , Allen Craig R. , Angeler David G.
Published: December 2016

Research focusing on biodiversity responses to the interactions of ecosystem size and anthropogenic stressors are based mainly on correlative gradient studies, and may therefore confound size-stress relationships due to spatial context and differences in local habitat features across ecosystems. We investigated how local factors related to anthropogenic stressors (e.g., eutrophication) interact with ecosystem size to influence species diversity. In this study, constructed lake mesocosms (with two contrasting volumes: 1020 (shallow mesocosms) and 2150 (deep mesocosms) litres) were used to simulate ecosystems of different size and manipulated nutrient levels to simulate mesotrophic and hypertrophic conditions. Using a factorial design, we assessed how the interaction between ecosystem size and nutrients influences phytoplankton diversity. We assessed community metrics (richness, diversity, evenness and total biovolumes) and multivariate community structure over a growing season (May to early November 2011). Different community structures were found between deep and shallow mescosoms with nutrient enrichment: Cyanobacteria dominated in the deep and Charophyta in the shallow mesocosms. In contrast, phytoplankton communities were more similar to each other in the low nutrient treatments; only Chlorophyta had generally a higher biovolume in the shallow compared to the deep mesocosms. These results suggest that ecosystem size is not only a determinant of species diversity, but that it can mediate the influence of anthropogenic effects on biodiversity. Such interactions increase the uncertainty of global change outcomes, and should therefore not be ignored in risk/impact assessment and management.
Endoscopic management of foreign bodies from the upper gastrointestinal tract in the hills of Himachal Pradesh, India: A 5-year tertiary care experience
Authors: Sharma Brij , Raina Sujeet , Sharma Neetu , Sharma Rajesh , Grover Neelam , Sood Ashwani , Sodhi Surinder S.
Published: December 2016

Background and Aim: Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a common clinical problem in medical practice. Endoscopy is the therapeutic method of choice for the management of FBs with minimal complications. The aim of this study is to report our experience and outcome in a 5-year period in dealing with FBs in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) using upper endoscopy. Materials and Methods: The records of all the patients who presented to the Department of Gastroenterology and who underwent endoscopic management between January, 2010, and December, 2014, were reviewed with details on age, sex, type of FBs and its anatomical location, treatments, and outcomes. Results: A total of 59 patients were analyzed. Their age ranged from 2 years to 87 years. A male predominance was noticed (59.4%). Coins and chicken bone shared the most commonly encountered FBs. Esophagus was the most common site of trapping (49/59). Upper endoscopy successfully resolved the problem by FB removal in all patients, thus the overall success rate was 100%. No complications or mortalities due to FB ingestion or removal were observed throughout the study. Conclusion: In our experience, endoscopic management of FBs in upper GIT is a safe and highly effective procedure.
Hepatoduodenal fistula: A rare complication of liver abscess
Authors: Kumar Ravikant , Kumar Pavan , Saxena K. N. , Dwivedi Manisha
Published: December 2016

Common complications of amebic liver abscess (ALA) include rupture into the peritoneum, thorax, and pericardium. Rupture into the duodenum is extremely rare. We report a case of ALA rupturing into the duodenum, forming a fistulous tract. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fifth endoscopically and radiologically proven case of hepatoduodenal fistula caused by liver abscess.
Natural vector multi-agents geo-inspired in environmental management
Authors: Millán Rojas Edwin Eduardo , Pérez Castillo José Nelson
Published: December 2016

Environmental management requires new models to minimize or control the effects of environmental problems on the population. The complexity of environmental problems requires conducting studies to develop models to adjust the environment’s dynamics. The proposed geo-inspired model of natural vector multi-agents (Multi-AVNG) allows for the computational observation of the dynamism of the environmental entity studied. This model is based on the theory of vector agents, changing its structure to include the environmental dynamic aspect using only two behaviors, the natural and the induced, through the vector model in geographic information systems and a function which will control the progression of the environmental entity according to the model’s defined parameters.
ePrescribing: Reducing Costs through In-Class Therapeutic Interchange
Authors: Stenner Shane , Chakravarthy Rohini , Johnson Kevin , Miller William , Olson Julie , Wickizer Marleen , Johnson Nate , Ohmer Rick , Uskavitch David , Bernard Gordon , Neal Erin , Lehmann Christoph
Published: December 2016

Introduction Spending on pharmaceuticals in the US reached $373.9 billion in 2014. Therapeutic interchange offers potential medication cost savings by replacing a prescribed drug for an equally efficacious therapeutic alternative.

Methods Hard-stop therapeutic interchange recommendation alerts were developed for four medication classes (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, serotonin receptor agonists, intranasal steroid sprays, and proton-pump inhibitors) in an electronic prescription-writing tool for outpatient prescriptions. Using prescription data from January 2012 to June 2015, the Compliance Ratio (CR) was calculated by dividing the number of prescriptions with recommended therapeutic interchange medications by the number of prescriptions with non-recommended medications to measure effectiveness. To explore potential cost savings, prescription data and medication costs were analyzed for the 45,000 Vanderbilt Employee Health Plan members.

Results for all medication classes, significant improvements were demonstrated – the CR improved (proton-pump inhibitors 2.8 to 5.32, nasal steroids 2.44 to 8.16, statins 2.06 to 5.51, and serotonin receptor agonists 0.8 to 1.52). Quarterly savings through the four therapeutic interchange interventions combined exceeded $200,000 with an estimated annual savings for the health plan of $800,000, or more than $17 per member.

Conclusion A therapeutic interchange clinical decision support tool at the point of prescribing resulted in increased compliance with recommendations for outpatient prescriptions while producing substantial cost savings to the Vanderbilt Employee Health Plan – $17.77 per member per year.

Therapeutic interchange rules require rational targeting, appropriate governance, and vigilant content updates.

Citation: Stenner SP, Chakravarthy R, Johnson KB, Miller WL, Olson J, Wickizer M, Johnson NN, Ohmer R, Uskavitch DR, Bernard GR, Neal EB, Lehmann CU. eprescribing: reducing costs through in-class therapeutic interchange.
Ethnicity and (Dis)advantage: Exchanging Cultural Capital in UK International Education and Graduate Employment
Authors: Sin I Lin
Published: December 2016

This article investigates the under-researched role of ethnicity in the conversion of cultural capital linked to UK international education into life chance privileges and disadvantages. It reports findings from qualitative interviews with Malaysian international students and graduates who pursued their UK education in the UK and/or in Malaysia. It moves beyond a heavy focus on class in existing literature to delayer further complexities in distinction influenced by ethnicity and made more visible by new modes of international education alongside the traditional mode. I highlight how ethnicity influenced the participants’ higher education choices, and their accumulation and activation of knowledge, skills, dispositions and networks. I show how ethnicity shaped their sense of appropriate graduate work and their perceived value of a UK education in relation to economic opportunities and constraints. The participants tended to study, interact and work most with members of their ethnic group, reflecting Malaysia's distinctive majority-minority divide across higher education and employment. While linked to ethnicity, relevant participants regarded nationality as a more significant factor for exclusion in the UK labour market. The findings have implications for the development of Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital, and the advancement of equity and inclusiveness within and beyond international education. I conclude that more recognition is needed of the heterogeneity of the foreign student and graduate middle-class to explore the exchangeability of cultural capital across stratified geographical and socio-relational contexts.
Concept-Formation, Complexity and Social Domains: Investigating Emotion(S) in a Prison Setting
Authors: Knight Victoria , Layder Derek
Published: December 2016

This article reports on an ethnographic study focusing on the impact of in-cell television on prison life in a male adult prison in the UK. Layder's social domains model (1997; 2006) and his adaptive analysis (1998; 2014), were used to give shape, meaning and organization to data from interviews with prisoners and staff and also television-use diaries. The research highlighted how television is adopted for its care-giving qualities ( Knight 2015 ; 2016). This article focuses primarily on what prisoners do and what prison does, with emotions. The paper focuses on examining and developing theoretical and methodological conceptual links between self, emotions and control in the prison setting.
Ambivalent Professionalisation and Autonomy in Workers’ Collective Projects: The Cases of Sex Worker Peer Educators in Germany and Sexual Assistants in Switzerland
Authors: Geymonat Giulia Garofalo , Macioti P.G.
Published: December 2016

Drawing on participant methodologies this article examines two cases of workers’ self-organised projects oriented to improving the quality of sex work and to ‘professionalisation’. The first case is a group of sexual assistants for people with disabilities, who have organised meetings and training for sexual assistants in a medium-sized city in Switzerland. The second is a group of peer sex worker educators offering workshops to people who sell sex in various industry sectors in a large German city. We argue that these activist interventions may represent a resource for identifying crucial aspects of work-quality and professionalisation in sex work and for making sense of some apparent contradictions of sex workers’ organising. Indeed, through ongoing conversations and recommendations about working practices and ethics, our participants develop situated views of what is better sex work and they originally engage with key conceptual areas, such as consent, autonomy, standardisation, income and professional identity. They do so by comparing a variety of experiences in sex industries, as well as discussing similarities with other jobs such as body work, care work, and psychotherapy.
Getting the Green Light: Experiences of Icelandic Mothers Struggling with Breastfeeding
Authors: Símonardóttir Sunna
Published: December 2016

The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, with continued breastfeeding up to two years of age or beyond. This policy has been adopted by the Nordic countries, including Iceland, where there has been an upward trend towards higher breastfeeding rates and duration. The high breastfeeding rates in Iceland indicate that the idea that all women should breastfeed is culturally very strong. Exclusive breastfeeding is constructed as a pillar of successful bonding and absolutely paramount when it comes to promoting the close primary relationship between mother and child. Previous research on breastfeeding from a socio-cultural point of view remains very much rooted in an Anglo-American context and has mostly been conducted in countries where breastfeeding rates remain relatively low and the cultural context of breastfeeding similar. This paper addresses that particular knowledge gap by making visible the identity work that Icelandic mothers perform in order to be able to construct themselves as “good” responsible mothers and how dominant biomedical discourses on infant feeding and ‘good mothering’ discursively position women as powerless and unable to make decisions on breastfeeding cessation. The reaction that they experience from their immediate surroundings indicates that their ‘failures’ in breastfeeding can rarely be constructed as anything other than a personal shortcoming. Whilst the surveillance that they come to expect from other mothers and the general public results in them having to account for their ‘lack’ of breastfeeding in order to avert the hostile gaze of others.
Arctic aerosol net indirect effects on thin, mid-altitude, liquid-bearing clouds
Authors: Zamora Lauren M. , Kahn Ralph A. , Eckhardt Sabine , McComiskey Allison , Sawamura Patricia , Moore Richard , Stohl Andreas
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Aerosol indirect effects have uncertain, but potentially large, impacts on the Arctic energy budget. Here, we have reduced uncertainty in current-day Arctic net aerosol indirect effects on the surface by better constraining various physical and microphysical characteristics of optically thin, liquid-containing clouds in clean, average and aerosol-impacted conditions using a combination of CALIPSO and CloudSat data and model output. This work provides a foundation for how future observational studies can evaluate previous model estimates of the aerosol indirect effect. Clouds over sea ice and open ocean show large differences in surface and meteorological forcing, including a near doubling of multi-layer cloud presence over the open ocean compared to sea ice. The optically thin cloud subset is susceptible to aerosols, and over sea ice we estimate a regional scale maximum net indirect effect on these clouds during polar night equivalent to ~ 0.6–0.8 W m−2 at the surface. Aerosol presence is related to reduced precipitation, cloud thickness, and radar reflectivity, and may be associated with an increased likelihood of cloud presence in the liquid phase. The observations are consistent with a thermodynamic indirect effect hypothesis and are inconsistent with a glaciation indirect effect.
Efficient bulk mass accommodation of N2O5 into neutral aqueous aerosol
Authors: Gržinić Goran , Bartels-Rausch Thorsten , Türler Andreas , Ammann Markus
Published: December 2016

Abstract. An isotope exchange experiment with the short-lived radioactive tracer 13N is used to trace N2O5 uptake into nitrate containing aqueous aerosol particles. While uptake of 13N labelled N2O5 to deliquesced Na2SO4 aerosol is consistent with previous studies, in presence of aerosol phase nitrate efficient exchange of labeled nitrate with the non-labeled nitrate pool was observed. The experiments provide direct evidence for efficient bulk mass accommodation of N2O5 into aqueous solution with an accommodation coefficient >0.4 at room temperature, as well as for the fast disproportionation into nitronium and nitrate. While for experimental reasons this study is limited to non-acidic aerosol, it is likely that mass accommodation is not limiting N2O5 uptake also under wider ranges of conditions.
Advancing land surface model development with satellite-based Earth observations
Authors: Orth Rene , Dutra Emanuel , Trigo Isabel F. , Balsamo Gianpaolo
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The land surface forms an essential part of the climate system. It interacts with the atmosphere through the exchange of water and energy and hence influences weather and climate, as well as their predictability. Correspondingly, the land surface model (LSM) is an essential part of any weather forecasting system. LSMs rely on partly poorly constrained parameters, due to sparse land surface observations. With the use of newly available land surface temperature observations, we show in this study that novel satellite-derived datasets help to improve LSM configuration, and hence can contribute to improved weather predictability. We use the Hydrology Tiled ECMWF Scheme of Surface Exchanges over Land (HTESSEL) and validate it comprehensively against an array of Earth observation reference datasets, including the new land surface temperature product. This reveals satisfactory model performance in terms of hydrology, but poor performance in terms of land surface temperature. This is due to inconsistencies of process representations in the model as identified from an analysis of perturbed parameter simulations. We show that HTESSEL can be more robustly calibrated with multiple instead of single reference datasets as this mitigates the impact of the structural inconsistencies. Finally, performing coupled global weather forecasts we find that a more robust calibration of HTESSEL also contributes to improved weather forecast skills. In summary, new satellite-based Earth observations are shown to enhance the multi-dataset calibration of LSMs, thereby improving the representation of insufficiently captured processes, advancing weather predictability and understanding of climate system feedbacks.
The Lagrange form of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation for low-vorticity
waves in deep water: rogue wave aspect
Authors: Abrashkin Anatoly , Pelinovsky Efim
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS equation) describing weakly rotational wave packets in an infinity-depth fluid in the Lagrangian coordinates is derived. The vorticity is assumed to be an arbitrary function of the Lagrangian coordinates and quadratic in the small parameter proportional to the wave steepness. It is proved that the modulation instability criteria of the low-vorticity waves and deep water potential waves coincide. All the known solutions of the NLS equation for rogue waves are applicable to the low-vorticity waves. The effect of vorticity is manifested in a shift of the wave number in the carrier wave. In case of vorticity dependence on the vertical Lagrangian coordinate only (the Gouyon waves) this shift is constant. In a more general case, where the vorticity is dependent on both Lagrangian coordinates, the shift of the wave number is horizontally heterogeneous. There is a special case with the Gerstner waves where the vorticity is proportional to the square of the wave amplitude, and the resulting non-linearity disappears, thus making the equations of the dynamics of the Gerstner wave packet linear. It is shown that the NLS solution for weakly rotational waves in the Eulerian variables can be obtained from the Lagrangian solution by the ordinary change of the horizontal coordinates.
Why the Coriolis force turns a wind farm wake clockwise in the
Northern Hemisphere
Authors: van der Laan Maarten Paul , Sørensen Niels Nørmark
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The interaction between the Coriolis force and a wind farm wake is investigated by Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations, using two different wind farm representations: a high roughness and alternatively by 5 × 5 actuator disks. Surprisingly, the calculated wind farm wake deflection is opposite in the two simulations. A momentum balance in the cross flow direction shows that the interaction between the Coriolis force and the 5 × 5 actuator disks is complex due to turbulent mixing of veered momentum from above into the wind farm, which is not observed for the interaction between the Coriolis force and a roughness change. An additional simulation of a single actuator disk, operating in a shallow atmospheric boundary layer, confirms that the Coriolis force indirectly turns a wind turbine wake clockwise, as observed from above, due to the presence of a strong wind veer.
Environmental Scan of Weight Bias Exposure in Primary Health Care Training Programs
Authors: Russell-Mayhew Shelly , Nutter Sarah , Alberga Angela , Jelinski Susan , Ball Geoff D C , Edwards Alun , Oddie Scott , Sharma Arya M , Pickering Barbara , Forhan Mary
Published: December 2016

Negative attitudes and beliefs about individuals with obesity (also known as weight bias) have negative consequences for physical and mental health for individuals with obesity and impact the quality of care provided by health professionals. A preliminary environmental scan of college and university training programs was conducted consisting of 67 degree and diploma granting programs from 22 institutions in Alberta, targeting programs training future health professionals. Publicly available online course descriptions were examined for weight-related keywords. Keyword frequency was used to determine the extent that coursework addressed weight-related issues. The results suggested that courses are structured to include learning about general health promotion as well as lifestyle factors that may contribute to obesity but may not systematically include learning about weight bias or its potential impact. Our findings highlight the need for further in-depth investigations as well as the need to enhance current curricula in higher education by including information related to weight, obesity and weight bias.
Les attitudes et les croyances négatives concernant les personnes obèses (également connues comme partialité contre les obèses) ont des conséquences négatives sur la santé physique et mentale des personnes obèses et affectent la qualité des soins qui leur sont prodigués par les professionnels de la santé. Nous avons mené une étude environnementale préliminaire des programmes de formation universitaires et collégiaux qui a porté sur 67 programmes menant à un certificat ou à un diplôme dans 22 établissements d’Alberta, et nous avons principalement visé les programmes de formation de futurs professionnels de la santé. Les descriptions de cours en ligne accessibles au grand public ont été examinées et les mots clés faisant référence aux problèmes de poids ont été identifiés. Les résultats suggèrent que les cours sont structurés de manière à inclure l’apprentissage de la promotion de la santé en général ainsi que les facteurs relatifs au style de vie qui peuvent contribuer à l’obésité mais ils n’incluent pas l’apprentissage systématique de la partialité contre les obèses ou ses effets potentiels. Nos résultats illustrent le besoin de mener des enquêtes approfondies ainsi que celui de renforcer les programmes de cours actuels en enseignement supérieur pour y inclure des informations relatives au poids, à l’obésité et à la partialité contre les obèses.
Entre el autogobierno y el Estado. Las instituciones y el desarrollo económico
Authors: Gallego Domingo
Published: December 2016

En este trabajo se pretende ofrecer una imagen general de las distintas tendencias de la economía institucional. El objetivo es mostrar sus complementariedades, es decir, en qué medida ha ido surgiendo un cuerpo general coherente y relevante para el análisis histórico. Se han seleccionado las propuestas de un amplio grupo de autores y se han intentado engarzar argumentalmente. Se trata sucesivamente de la capacidad de autogobierno de las sociedades, es decir de la acción individual y de la colectiva, y también de la acción pública. Se muestran las interacciones entre ellas y sus respectivos problemas y potencialidades. El hilo argumental del trabajo vincula las instituciones con la selección, producción y mantenimiento de bienes públicos y colectivos y a través de ellos con los modos de cooperar y el desarrollo económico.
De la economía política a la economía pública: José Canga Argüelles
Authors: Carmagnani Marcello
Published: December 2016

El objetivo de este estudio es ilustrar cómo la economía clásica contribuyó al nacimiento de una nueva doctrina liberal relativa a las finanzas públicas gracias a los escritos teóricos y al empeño como funcionario público de José Canga Argüelles entre los últimos decenios del siglo XVIII y el primer tercio del siglo XIX.Los vínculos entre la economía, la moral y la política permitieron a Canga Argüelles articular la economía política con la hacienda pública. Fue la era en que nació una nueva definición de las finanzas públicas que toma en cuenta la relación que se establece entre la riqueza y el gasto público facilitando la reorganización de la imposición fiscal. Esta nueva relación entre los gastos e los ingresos redefinió también a su vez el crédito público a través el reconocimiento de todas las deudas de la nación que permite establecer una nueva relación de confianza entre el Estado, los acreedores y los ciudadanos.
A DISTRIBUIÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA DOS APORTES DO BNDES PARA A INDÚSTRIA DO PLÁSTICO, DA BORRACHA E DA QUÍMICA NO BRASIL - DOI 10.5216/bgg.v36i3.44553
Authors: Henrique Schlickmann Paulo
Published: December 2016

Resumo Nos últimos 13 anos, a economia brasileira vivenciou um período de euforia com o que se convencionou chamar de “o sucesso das políticas nacionais desenvolvimentistas aplicadas pelo governo petista” (2003 – 2016). O Banco Nacional do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES) desempenhou um importante papel no desdobramento dessas políticas através de aportes financeiros a diversos grupos empresariais. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar detalhadamente as características dos aportes financeiros destinados à indústria do plástico e da borracha e à indústria química brasileira. Primeiramente, são apresentados os dados gerais levantados do portal Transparência BNDES. Posteriormente, esses dados são especificados por gênero industrial, empresa, localização e objetivo dos projetos demandantes. Observou-se uma aparente conexão entre a disponibilização dos recursos e as empresas denominadas “campeãs nacionais”. Finalmente, lançamse algumas questões referentes a esse modelo de financiamento. Palavras-chave: desenvolvimento, financiamento, política econômica, Geografia Econômica.
ANÁLISE ESPAÇO-TEMPORAL DA COBERTURA VEGETAL NA ÁREA DE PROTEÇÃO AMBIENTAL DO CARIRI, PARAÍBA, BRASIL - DOI 10.5216/bgg.v36i3.44558
Authors: Andrea Cortes Ballén Lorena , Israel de Souza Bartolomeu , Rodrigues Viana de Lima Eduardo
Published: December 2016

A Caatinga está inserida na região semiárida do Nordeste e caracteriza-se por floras adaptadas que vivem com a semiaridez e o ritmo sazonário do clima e da hidrologia. Apresenta uma longa história de uso e ocupação que tem transformado consideravelmente as coberturas de vegetação natural que ocorrem neste bioma. Na atualidade, com a disponibilidade das tecnologias de sensoriamento remoto é possível avaliar as mudanças espaço-temporais nas diversas paisagens por meio da modelagem de vários parâmetros biofísicos da vegetação. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar as mudanças espaço-temporais da cobertura vegetal na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) do Cariri por meio dos índices NDVI e SAVI a partir do processamento de imagens do sensor TM Landsat 5 dos anos 1989, 2005 e 2010. Seis classes de cobertura foram encontradas na APA, sendo quatro delas correspondentes com as fitofisionomias de Caatingas com maior e menor nível de antropização. Os resultados mostram um declínio progressivo das Caatingas mais densas no período analisado. O NDVI teve uma resposta mais próxima às condições reais da vegetação da área de estudo. Os índices de vegetação analisados representam um indicador da qualidade ambiental da área para um futuro planejamento ambiental.Palavras-chave: Caatinga, sensoriamento remoto, índices de vegetação.
DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPACIAL DO ENTEROPARASITISMO EM USUÁRIOS DO SISTEMA ÚNICO DE SAÚDE, EM LIMOEIRO DO NORTE, CEARÁ, BRASIL, ENTRE 2009 E 2014 - DOI 10.5216/bgg.v36i3.44559
Authors: Vangerre de Almeida Maia Carlos , Souza Valladares Gustavo , Cabral Hassum Izabella
Published: December 2016

O enteroparasitismo é um agravo de amplitude global, possuindo relação com as condições ambientais, guardando diferenças inter- e intrarregionais. Os Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG) podem auxiliar o planejamento que almeje seu controle. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi espacializar a prevalência enteroparasitária em usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brasil. Foram utilizados dados secundários, oriundos do Hospital Regional Dr. Deoclécio Lima Verde (HRDDLV), referente aos anos 2009 a 2014, realizando análise descritiva, mediante técnicas estatísticas com intervalo de confiança de 95%. A prevalência vem sendo reduzida ao longo dos anos (p < 0,01); as mulheres foram as mais acometidas (p < 0,05), constatou-se maior prevalência das infecções protozoárias (p < 0,01); o evento foi mais frequente entre aqueles que habitam a zona rural (p < 0,01), em especial, os pacientes residentes no território adstrito da Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) denominada Serra (p < 0,01). O uso do SIG, mediante produção de mapa temático, mostrou ser de grande valia para a identificação de áreas de risco, sendo, uma ferramenta que pode auxiliar a gestão no planejamento visando o controle dessa infecção. Palavras-chave: parasitoses intestinais, geoprocessamento, áreas de risco.
O pensamento complexo e suas repercussões na gestão em enfermagem e saúde
Authors: Copelli Fernanda Hannah Da Silva , Oliveira Roberta Juliane Tono De , Oliveira Claudia Manuela Siqueira De , Meirelles Betina Höner Schlindwein , Melo Ana Lúcia Schaefer Ferreira De , Magalhães Aline Lima Pestana
Published: December 2016

Objetivo: evidenciar el conocimiento científico sobre la teoría de la complejidad en las publicaciones científicas sobre gestión en enfermería y salud. Método: revisión integrativa que se realizó en mayo del 2014, en las bases de datos LILACS, BDENF y PubMed por medio de la combinación de las siguientes palabras clave: teoría de la complejidad, pensamiento complejo, Edgar Morin, enfermeros, enfermería, organización, administración, gestión y gerencia. Se incluyeron diez artículos, publicados entre 2004 y 2013. Resultados: se evidenció el crecimiento de la producción científica sobre el pensamiento complejo en la gestión de enfermería y salud. Todos eran artículos originales; siete de abordaje cualitativo. Interpretación: se construyeron dos categorías temáticas: “Pensamiento complejo que sostiene las prácticas de la gerencia del cuidado” y “Administración compleja en la perspectiva de las organizaciones de enfermería y salud”. Conclusiones: el pensamiento complejo es un paradigma relacionado a la integralidad, multidisciplinariedad, atención a las redes de apoyo y articulación de los saberes. Se ha usado como modelo de gestión en organizaciones vivas e imprevisibles para promover la organización de los sistemas complejos adaptativos. Este estudio contribuye con la aproximación del referencial de la complejidad con los conceptos de gestión en enfermería y salud, dando mayor visibilidad para futuras publicaciones.
Indicios de profesionalización de la enfermería en España en el siglo XVII, según los estatutos de hospitales de Sevilla
Authors: Calvo-Calvo Manuel-Ángel
Published: December 2016

Objetivo: conocer los rasgos de profesionalización de enfermeras/os que ejercían en hospitales de Sevilla (España), en el siglo XVII. Método: investigación cualitativa de tipo histórico, abordada desde la microhistoria, mediante el análisis de contenido de los estatutos que regían en el siglo XVII en los hospitales sevillanos de las Cinco Llagas, del Espíritu Santo, de la Santa Caridad y de los Venerables Sacerdotes. También se aportaron dos pinturas de esa época. Resultados y discusión: en las enfermeras que ejercieron en hospitales sevillanos en el siglo XVII se identificaron seis rasgos de profesionalización, pues se constató que la actividad enfermera era regulada por las autoridades hospitalarias; algunos hospitales exigían a los enfermeros requisitos académicos y formativos para ejercer; se impartía formación a enfermeras; la actividad cuidadora tenía un alto reconocimiento social; había enfermeros que además de cuidar asumían tareas de gestión del contexto hospitalario y supervisaban oficios paramédicos, y también había enfermeras remuneradas a cambio de su trabajo. El único rasgo de profesionalización no constatado fue la regulación de los contenidos curriculares formativos de los enfermeros. La ausencia de este importante rasgo impedía culminar definitivamente el proceso de profesionalización de las enfermeras.
The Effect of Content Feedback and Reading Strategies on Reading Comprehension: Extroverted and Introverted Learners
Authors: Shabani Karim , Samarghandi Samaneh , Bakhshi Elahe Mashayekh
Published: December 2016

The current study aims to consider the effectiveness of content feedback (CF) along with reading strategies on L2 learners' reading comprehension ability based on the extrovert/introvert personality type. So, 35 pre-intermediate learners studying in a private language institute in Chaloos, Mazandaran, Iran participated in the study and were divided into experimental groups and control one. In order to answer the research question regarding the effectiveness of utilizing content feedback and reading strategies, eight treatment sessions were applied and the pre- post- and delayed post- tests were analyzed through SPSS software (version 20). The results revealed the positive effect of CF on the learners’ reading comprehension ability and also the extroverted learners outperformed the introverted ones. In order to mention the implication side, the study suggests that teaching reading skill by using effective strategies along with content feedback can improve the learners’ reading comprehension ability.