bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Independent Relationship Between Heart Rate Recovery and C‐Reactive Protein in Older Adults
Authors: Vieira Victoria J. , Valentine Rudy J. , McAuley Edward , Evans Ellen , Woods Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2007

OBJECTIVES: To examine the independent effect of parasympathetic tone (PST), assessed here according to heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise, on circulating levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP) in 132 elderly participants.

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional analysis using baseline data from an ongoing trial assessing the effects of exercise on immune function.

SETTING: Champaign/Urbana, Illinois, vicinity.

PARTICIPANTS: Community‐living older adults who had been sedentary for 6 months or longer. Major exclusion criteria were current use of medications that could interfere with immunity, severe arthritis, history of cancer or inflammatory disease, recent illness or vaccination, and smoking.

MEASUREMENTS: Participants were assessed for serum CRP (using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay), cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen intake (VO2)), HRR, percentage body fat (using dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry), physical activity level (according to the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE)), fasting plasma glucose, kidney function (creatinine level), and perceived stress.

RESULTS: Mean CRP level±standard deviation was 3.81±2.7 mg/L, placing this group in a high‐risk category. After adjusting for the effects of body fat (34.6%±7.4%), aspirin use, VO2 peak (19.5±3.9 mL oxygen/kg per minute), PASE, sex (64% women), and perceived stress, HRR was the only independent predictor of CRP (β=−0.257, P=.003, change in coefficient of determination=0.060).

CONCLUSION: HRR after exercise appears to be independently associated with lower CRP in older sedentary individuals, suggesting that the parasympathetic nervous system is involved in regulating chronic inflammation in older adults. Improvements in PST, as a result of regular physical exercise, may contribute to the antiinflammatory effects of exercise, independent of physical fitness or fatness.
Optimal Sensed Atrio‐Ventricular Interval Determined by Paced QRS Morphology
Authors: VAN GELDER BERRY M. , BRACKE FRANK A. , VAN DER VOORT PEPIJN H. , MEIJER ALBERT
Published: April 2007

Background: In cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), the atrio‐ventricular (AV) and interventricular (VV) intervals have to be optimized. For maximal optimization, the paced and sensed AV intervals have to be determined. We hypothesized that the morphology of the paced QRS complex at the optimal paced AV interval (PAV) can be used to determine the optimal sensed AV (SAV) interval in patients with normal AV conduction.

Patients and Methods: In 16 patients with implanted CRT devices, the optimal PAV and V‐V interval were determined by invasive measurement of left ventricle (LV) dP/dtmax. A 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded at the optimum setting. Subsequently, during atrial sensing ventricular pacing, the SAV interval was changed until the QRS morphology was identical to the morphology at the optimal PAV interval. The optimal SAV interval was verified by repeated measurement of LV dP/dtmax.

Results: By optimization of the PAV and VV interval, the LV dP/dtmax increased from 639 ± 204 to 789 ± 223 mmHg/s (+23%; P = 0.0000002). The optimized PAV was 149 ± 19 ms; the optimized SAV was 100 ± 20 ms and the corresponding LV dP/dtmax at this interval was 774 ± 204 ms (+21%; P = 0.000004). LV dP/dtmax at optimized SAV − 20 ms and optimized SAV + 20 ms was 747 ± 213 mmHg/s (P = 0.00004) and 751 ± 203 mmHg/s (P = 0.0000003), respectively. The mean difference in optimized PAV and optimized SAV was 49 ± 17 ms, ranging from 20 to 80 ms.

Conclusions: The QRS morphology at optimized PAV can be used as a template to determine the optimal SAV, provided that the patient has normal AV conduction.
Influence of Comorbidities and Medication Use on Tilt Table Test Outcome in Elderly Patients
Authors: PAUL BIJU , GIEROBA ZBIGNIEW , MANGONI ARDUINO A.
Published: April 2007

Background: The tilt table test (TTT) is a useful diagnostic tool in people with unexplained syncope, dizziness, and falls. However, preexisting comorbidities and medications affecting hemodynamic response might affect TTT outcome (i.e. presence or absence of vasomotor syncope). We studied the influence of these compounding factors on TTT outcome.

Methods: One hundred and sixty‐four elderly patients with a mean (±SD) age of 80.0 ± 6.1 years (M:F 104:60) underwent TTT. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded continuously using a noninvasive device (Task Force Monitor™, CNS systems, Graz, Austria). Predictors of TTT outcome in a backward regression analysis included age, gender, comorbidities (chronic heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, and cerebrovascular disease), and drugs (β‐blockers, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, digoxin, opioids, antidepressants, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents).

Results: TTT was positive in 30 patients (18.3%). None of the above factors were a significant predictor of TTT outcome. The use of calcium channel blockers predicted a drop in systolic blood pressure after 2 minutes of TTT (P = 0.048, R2= 0.018). However, this was not associated with significant changes in heart rate and did not influence TTT outcome.

Conclusion: The TTT outcome was not influenced by comorbidities or medications. TTT is a reliable diagnostic tool in a population characterized by significant comorbidities and polypharmacy.
Transvenous Implantation of a Coronary Sinus Lead for Left Ventricular Pacing After Cutting Balloon Angioplasty
Authors: LOPEZ J. ALBERTO , HERNANDEZ EDUARDO
Published: April 2007

We describe a patient in whom a localized proximal vein stenosis at the only possible target vein precluded placement of a coronary sinus lead for left ventricular (LV) pacing. After multiple attempts to perform venoplasty with both compliant and noncompliant balloons, a cutting balloon relieved the obstruction, and an LV pacing lead was successfully placed in the midportion of this lateral vein.
Dislodgement of Atrial Lead of the CRT‐D System and Its Migration into the Pocket Presenting as Its Absence on Chest X‐Ray
Authors: BHARGAVA KARTIKEYA , KLER TARLOCHAN SINGH
Published: April 2007

Lead dislodgement and migration is a known complication after implantation of cardiac rhythm devices. We present a case of dislodgement of atrial lead of the CRT‐D system and its migration into the device pocket. The device itself had rotated by 90° but the right and left ventricular leads were not at all affected. The case is unique because the lead had coiled up and was lying behind the device in the pocket and hence was not even seen on a chest x‐ray.
Effect of Aging on Glaze Suspensions Rheology
Authors: Rasteiro Maria G. , Simões Ema , Jorge Albano , Gassman Tiago
Published: April 2007

The rheological behavior of glaze suspensions has to be closely controlled to obtain an adequate final product. In this work, we have studied glaze suspensions produced with a range of industrial frits. The main objective was to establish a correlation between changes in rheological behavior with aging and modifications in the ionic composition of the liquid phase, as a consequence of frit dissolution. Suspension rheology was followed through flow and dynamic oscillatory tests. It was found that frits releasing Ca2+, B3+, and Pb2+ can pose handling problems. To better understand the effect of cations' presence on glaze rheology, industrial glazes were compared with simulated glazes produced with inert silica and several cations. These suspensions reproduced the behavior of the industrial glazes and may be used in the future in stabilization tests.
Spherical Rhabdophane Sols. II: Fiber Coating
Authors: Boakye E. E. , Hay R. S. , Mogilevsky P.
Published: April 2007

A rhabdophane (LaPO4·nH2O) sol with fine spherical particles was used to coat Nextel™ 720 fiber tows continuously with monazite (LaPO4). The coatings are compared with those made previously from rod‐shaped particles. The coated fibers were heat‐treated at 1000°–1300°C for 1, 10, and 100 h. The effect of heat treatment temperature and time on coating microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and the strengths of the coated fibers were measured after coating and heat treatment. Grain shapes and grain growth rates were measured. Coating thickness uniformity was quantified by a fit to a truncated extreme‐value distribution. Coating hermeticity was evaluated by analysis of grain growth rates. The spherical particles promote more rapid coating densification and local hermeticity, but introduce problems with sintering shrinkage cracking that are not present in coatings derived from rod‐shaped particles.
Spherical Rhabdophane Sols. I: Rheology and Particle Morphology
Authors: Hay R. S. , Boakye E. E. , Mogilevsky P.
Published: April 2007

The particle morphology, weight loss, and rheology of rhabdophane (LaPO4·nH2O) sols with either spherical or rod‐shaped particles were characterized and compared. Some spherical particle sols were doped with aluminum. Particle size was characterized by light scattering and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The additives that promote spherical particle formation also cause greater high temperature weight loss than similar rod‐shaped particle sols. As expected, the shear‐rate dependence of sol viscosity was much weaker for spherical particle sols. The viscosity for sols with both types of particles was modeled using particle aspect ratios and bound water layer thicknesses as variables. A bound water layer thickness of 3–5 nm was suggested by modeling, except in aluminum‐doped sols, where a much larger thickness was suggested. Modeled aspect ratios were larger than those observed by TEM. Weakly bound agglomerates may be present in both types of sols.
Low‐Dielectric Loss Characteristics of Nd(Co1/2Ti1/2)O3 Ceramics at Microwave Frequencies
Authors: Tseng Ching‐Fang , Huang Cheng‐Liang , Hsu Cheng‐Hsing
Published: April 2007

The microwave dielectric properties and the microstructures of Nd(Co1/2Ti1/2)O3 (NCT) ceramics using starting powders of Nd2O3, CoO, and TiO2 prepared by the conventional solid‐state route have been researched. The dielectric constant values (ɛr) saturated at 24.8–27. Quality factor (Q×f) values of 37 900–140 000 (at 9 GHz) and the measured τf values ranging from −45 to −48 ppm/°C can be obtained when the sintering temperatures are in the range of 1410°–1500°C. The ɛr value of 27, the Q×f value of 140 000 (at 9 GHz) and the τf value of −46 ppm/°C were obtained for NCT ceramics sintered at 1440°C for 4 h. For applications of high selective microwave ceramic resonator, filter, and antenna, NCT is proposed as a suitable material candidate.
Lower‐Temperature Hot‐Pressed Dy‐α‐Sialon Ceramics with an LiF Additive
Authors: Xue Junming , Liu Qian , Gui Linhua
Published: April 2007

Hot‐pressed Dy‐α‐sialon ceramics, using LiF as a sintering additive, were fabricated at lower temperatures (≤1650°C). Some of the densified samples possessed higher hardness and fracture toughness up to 19.00–20.00 GPa and 4.00–6.00 MPa·m1/2, respectively. The amount of LiF had a strong effect on the densification behavior in sialon preparation. As one of the experimental results, the sample with 0.1 wt% of LiF additive sintered at 1600°C produced an optical translucence of about 50% in the range of 1.5–5.0 μm wavelengths. The maximum infrared transmission reached ∼60% at a wavelength of 2.4 μm. It is inferred that these more easily sintered materials would be practical for optical applications in certain fields.
Diamond Growth on a Si Substrate With Ceramic Interlayers
Authors: Li Y. S. , Xiao C. , Hirose A. , Yang Q. , Shimada S.
Published: April 2007

Deposition of diamond films on Si substrates precoated with a series of ceramic intermediate layers was examined. The interlayers containing SiC, SiNx, SiCN, TiSiN, and TiAlSiN were prepared by a liquid injection plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method using alkoxide solution precursors. The subsequent diamond synthesis on these coatings was carried out by microwave plasma‐assisted CVD (MPCVD) using a H2–1%CH4 mixture. A higher nucleation density of diamond was obtained on these intermediate layers than on the as‐polished Si wafer, along with a nonuniform surface distribution of diamond. Diamond powder scratching pretreatment of these interlayers enhanced the nucleation density and promoted the formation of fully uniform diamond films. Particularly, nanocrystalline diamond films were directly generated on TiSiN and TiAlSiN layers under an identical deposition condition that had favored the formation of microcrystalline diamond films on Si wafers and the Si(C,N) interlayers. The mechanism for this difference is attributed primarily to a higher amount of residual amorphous carbon in TiSiN and TiAlSiN layers than that inside Si(C,N) layers.
Effect of Calcination Conditions and Excess Alkali Carbonate on the Phase Formation and Particle Morphology of Na0.5K0.5NbO3 Powders
Authors: Bomlai Pornsuda , Wichianrat Pattraporn , Muensit Supasarute , Milne Steven J.
Published: April 2007

Sodium‐potassium niobate [Na0.5K0.5NbO3] powders were prepared following the conventional mixed oxide method. An orthorhombic XRD pattern, consistent with single‐phase Na0.5K0.5NbO3, was obtained after calcination at 900°C for 6 h. Introducing 5 mol% excess Na2CO3 and K2CO3 into the starting mixture allowed milder calcination conditions to be used, for example 800°C for 2 h. Primary particles in 5 mol% excess samples were cuboid, with maximum sizes of ∼2.5 μm. Equiaxed 0.3–0.4‐μm particles were formed for non‐excess powders, and also for powders prepared with 1 and 3 mol% excess alkali carbonates. The results suggest liquid formation during calcination of the excess 5‐mol% starting powders.
Mechanical Properties of Cr2AlC Ceramics
Authors: Tian Wu‐bian , Wang Pei‐ling , Zhang Guo‐jun , Kan Yan‐mei , Li Yong‐xiang
Published: April 2007

Dense and predominantly single‐phase samples of Cr2AlC, together with a trace amount of Cr7C3, were fabricated by hot pressing of a mixture of chromium, aluminum, and graphite powders at 1400°C for 1 h. The hardness, Young's modulus, flexural strength, and compressive strength of Cr2AlC samples were 5.2, 288 GPa, 483±29, and 1159±23 MPa, respectively, which are comparable with those of Ti3AlC2 and Nb2AlC. The material exhibits good damage tolerance. For indentation loads up to 50 N, the post‐indentation flexural strengths decrease by approximately 10% and by 31% for a load of 100 N. The flexural strengths of Cr2AlC samples quenched from 300°C to room temperature decrease from 483 to 455 MPa, while the retained strengths decrease quickly to 199 MPa when the quench temperature increases to 500°C. A further increase in quench temperature to 700°, 900°, and 1100°C results in a small reduction of strength.
Calcineurin inhibitors and rapamycin: cancer protection or promotion?
Authors: Weischer Maren , Röcken Martin , Berneburg Mark
Published: April 2007

Abstract: Since the introduction of cyclosporin A (CsA) in the early 1980s, the use of immunosuppressants has markedly increased. Already established drugs have proved effective in the treatment of a wide range of diseases outside transplantation medicine and new immunosuppressants have been developed for more specific indications such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Patients in transplantation medicine as well as in dermatology have benefited significantly from systemic and topical application of both new and established drugs. But are these drugs without risks? Cancer‐protecting effects have been reported for some of the available immunosuppressants. Conversely, other publications and the issue of a black box warning by the US Food and Drug Administration have increased concerns about cancer‐promoting effects. Knowledge of the specific effects as well as adverse effects is paramount to ensure an application that is safe and beneficial for the patient. Here we review the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential, and critically review recent literature with respect to possible carcinogenic side effects of systemic and topical CsA, tacrolimus, pimecrolimus and rapamycin.
Melatonin prevents the estrogenic effects of sub‐chronic administration of cadmium on mice mammary glands and uterus
Authors: Alonso‐González C. , González A. , Mazarrasa O. , Güezmes A. , Sánchez‐Mateos S. , Martínez‐Campa C. , Cos S. , Sánchez‐Barceló E. J. , Mediavilla M. D.
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal classified as a human carcinogen. Occupational exposure, dietary consumption and cigarette smoking are sources of Cd contamination. Cd‐induced carcinogenicity depends on its oxidative and estrogenic actions. A possible role of Cd in breast cancer etiology has been recently suggested. Melatonin, because of its antioxidant and antiestrogenic properties could counteract the toxic effects of this metalloestrogen. Our aim was both to determine the effects of relevant doses of Cd on mice mammary glands and uterus and to test whether melatonin would counteract its effects. Female mice of different ages and estrogenic status (prepuberal, adult intact, adult ovariectomized) were treated with CdCl2 (2–3 mg/kg, i.p.), melatonin (10 μg/mL in drinking water), CdCl2 + melatonin, or diluents. Whereas in prepuberal animals Cd disturbs mammary ductal growth and reduces the number of terminal end buds, in adults, regardless of the steroidal milieu, Cd exerts estrogenic effects on mammary glands, increasing lobuloalveolar development and ductal branching. Uterine weight also increased as a result of Cd treatment. The effects of Cd are partially inhibited by melatonin. In adult ovariectomized mice, Cd concentration in blood of animals treated with CdCl2 + melatonin was lower than in mice receiving only Cd; the opposite effects were found in non‐castrated animals. As Cd mimics the effect of estrogens, the high incidence of breast cancer in tobacco smokers and women working in industries related with Cd could be explained because of the properties of this metal. The effects of melatonin point to a possible role of this indoleamine as a preventive agent for environmental or occupational Cd contamination.
Melatonin influences the proliferative and differentiative activity of neural stem cells
Authors: Moriya Takahiro , Horie Nobutaka , Mitome Masato , Shinohara Kazuyuki
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  Though melatonin has a wide variety of biological functions, its effects on the neural stem cells (NSCs) is still unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of melatonin at either physiological (0.01–10 nm) or pharmacological concentrations (1–100 μm) on the proliferation and neural and astroglial differentiation of NSCs derived from the mouse embryo striatum using an in vitro culture system. We found that melatonin at pharmacological concentrations, but not at physiological concentrations, suppressed epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐stimulated NSC proliferation (increment of viable cells, DNA synthesis and neurosphere formation) in a concentration‐dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment with melatonin at a pharmacological concentration during the proliferation period facilitated 1% FBS‐induced neural differentiation of NSCs without affecting the astroglial differentiation. In contrast, the treatment with melatonin at pharmacological concentrations during the differentiation period decreased the neural differentiation of the NSCs. As with melatonin, MCI‐186, an antioxidant, suppressed EGF‐stimulated NSC proliferation and facilitated the subsequent neural differentiation of NSCs. These results suggest that melatonin exerts potent modulatory effects on NSC functions including the suppression of the proliferation and facilitation of neuronal differentiation, likely via its antioxidant activity. As neurogenesis is thought to play an important role in ameliorating the deficit in neurodegenerative diseases, melatonin might be beneficially used for the treatment diseases such as cerebral infarction.
Variations in Cervical IL‐10 and IL‐8 Concentrations Throughout Gestation in Normal Pregnancies
Authors: Mondestin‐Sorrentino Myriam , Smulian John C. , Vintzileos Anthony M. , Sorrentino David , Ananth Cande V. , Sharma Surendra , Hanna Nazeeh N.
Published: April 2007

Problem

Data regarding cervical interleukin 18 (IL‐8) and IL‐10 concentrations during pregnancy is limited.

Method of study

This was a cross sectional study of healthy pregnant women. Specimens were collected from the cervical os secretions. IL‐8 and IL‐10 levels were measured by using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Median (range) cytokine concentrations were derived for each trimester and compared across trimesters. The relationship between gestational age and cytokine levels was assessed by regression analysis. The mean of the ratios of IL‐8 to IL‐10 was compared in each trimester using anova.

Results

The median (range) IL‐8 concentrations in cervical secretions were in pg/mL: 1562 (1210–4100), 2460 (1047–4688), 3660 (1451–4748) (P < 0.0021); the median (range) IL‐10 concentrations in cervical secretions were in pg/mL: 38.3 (6.8–227.9), 10.9 (0–263.3), 9.5 (0–35.6); the mean IL10/IL‐8 × 100 (+/− standard deviation) concentrations were: 3.33 ± 0.65, 1.47 ± 0.41, 0.38 ± 0.52 (P = 0.0035) during the first, second and third trimesters, respectively.

Conclusion

The patterns of cervical IL‐8 concentration is inversely related to gestational age, and the ratio of IL‐10/IL‐8 decreases with advancing gestation.
SEPARATION OF TOCOPHEROL SUCCINATES FROM DEODORIZER DISTILLATE
Authors: LIN KUO‐MIN , ZHANG XIAOYAN , KOSEOGLU SEFA S.
Published: April 2007

Isolation of tocopherol succinates from sterol‐removed, succinated deodorizer distillate (DOD) mixture by crystallization was investigated. Membrane technology was also evaluated for its effectiveness to separate tocopherol succinates from mixtures containing sterols and tocopherols. Crystallization was conducted at −20C for 24 h with different solvents, including hexane, petroleum ether, and a mixture of acetone and methanol (4:1, v/v). The crystallization results showed that recovery of tocopherol succinates from the cake fraction was poor with all solvents tested, with less than 10% of original tocopherol succinates in the raw material being crystallized under conditions employed. Among the solvents tested, hexane was better for the recovery of non‐α‐tocopherol succinates in the cake fraction. Furthermore, a high properties of free fatty acids (FFA) was co‐crystallized along with tocopherol succinates for all solvents used, leading to tocopherol succinates contents in the cake fractions lower than that in the raw material. Two nanofiltration membranes (DS‐7 and AP01) were also examined using hexane or petroleum ether as a solvent. The recovery of tocopherol succinates was over 60%. However, their concentration was increased only by 6%. A combined process was then evaluated that included crystallization before succinylation, succinylation, first stage membrane separation, and second stage membrane separation. The final tocopherols concentration derived from this combined process was mice as much as that of the original DOD.
MODIFICATION OF FISH OIL BY LIPOZYME TL IM TO PRODUCE STRUCTURED LIPID
Authors: YAMAGUCHI I. , AKOH C. C. , LAI O. M.
Published: April 2007

Stearic acid methyl esters was enzymatically interesterified with fish oil (EPAX 5500) containing 44.5 and 32.6 mol% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n‐3), respectively. Lipozyme TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus was used to produce structured lipids (SL) that may be suitable for margarine or shortening application. Interesteri‐fication was performed in hexane. Fish oil: stearic acid methyl ester levels ranging from 1 to 5 mole ratio was used. The effect of incubation time, substrate ratio and incubation temperature were also studied. Generally, as incubation time and substrate ratio increased, so did the mol % incorporation of stearic acid. After 24 h incubation in hexane, there was a 49.4 mol% incorporation of stearic acid into fish oil, while the mol% of EPA and DHA were reduced to 15.0 and 13.0 mol%, respectively. Time course studies also indicated that the highest stearic acid incorporation occurred at 72 h while 1:Sjish oil to stearic acid mole ratio gave the highest stearic acid incorporation. The data suggests that Lipozyme Ti5 IM could be used to produce SL.
FISH OIL WITH ESSENCE OF CHICKEN DECREASES SERUM AND HEPATIC TRIACYLGLYCEROL IN HAMSTERS FED AN ATHEROGENIC DIET
Authors: HSU GUOO‐SHYNG W. , FANG YA‐CHING , TSI DANIEL , LU YI‐FA
Published: April 2007

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a mixture of dietary chicken essence and fish oil on possible lowering of blood and hepatic lipids in hamsters. Forty male hamsters were randomly divided into four groups and fed a chow diet, high fat/cholesterol diet (HFC), HFC diets containing 4% (HFC4) or 8% (HFC8) fish oil with essence of chicken for 42 days. The experimental diets contained 10% (w/w) fat. Hamsters fed HFC diets containing either 4 or 8% fish oil with essence of chicken showed significantly decreased serum triacylglycerols (TG) compared to hamsters fed HFC diets. In addition, hamsters fed HFC8 diets exhibited significantly reduced hepatic TG than those fed HFC diet. However, hamsters fed HFC4 or HFC8 diets significantly increased low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) when compared with those on HFC diet. These results suggest that 4% (or more) fish oil with essence of chicken might significantly lower serum TG and hepatic TG in hamsters, but seem to increase serum cholesterol levels on HFC diets.
LIPASE‐CATALYZED ACIDOLYSIS OF ALGAL OILS WITH CAPRIC ACID: OPTIMIZATION OF REACTION CONDITIONS USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLGY
Authors: HAMAM FAYEZ , SHAHIDI FEREIDOON
Published: April 2007

Lipase‐assisted acidolysis of algal oils, arachidoinc acid single cell oil (ARASCO), docosahexaenoic acid single cell oil (DHASCO) and a single cell oil rich in both docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, n‐6) known as OMEGA‐GOLD, with a medium‐chain fatty acid (capric acid) was studied. Response surface methodology was used to obtain a maximum incorporation of CA into algal oils. The process variables studied were the amount of enzyme (2–6%), reaction temperature (35–55C) and incubation time (12–36 h). The amount of water added and mole ratio of substrate (algal oil to CA) were kept at 2% and 1:3, respectively. All experiments were conducted according to a face‐centered cube design. Under optimum conditions (12.3% of enzyme; 45C; 29.4 h), the incorporation of CA was 20.0% into ARASCO, 22.6% into DHASCO (4.2% enzyme; 43.3C; 27.I h) and 20.7% into the OMEGA‐GOLD oil (2.5% enzyme, 46.6C; 25.2 h).
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PHENOLIC FRACTIONS OF WHITE BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS)
Authors: KARAMAĆ M. , AMAROWICZ R. , WEIDNER S. , SHAHIDI F.
Published: April 2007

An extract from white bean seeds was prepared using 80% (v/v) acetone. Four fractions (I‐IV) ‐were separated from the crude extract on a Sephadex LH‐20 column using methanol as the mobile phase. The antioxidant activity of fractions was investigated in a β‐carotene‐linoleate model system. For individual fractions, IV spectra were recorded and the content of total phenolics was determined. Fractions were also characterized based on the number of phenolic compounds, and their antioxidant activity determined by TLC analysis. The presence of caffeic, p‐coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids in the form of free and estrified compounds was found in fraction IV. One dominant phenolic compound was present in fraction III after acid hydrolysis with a maximum absorption at 278 nm. Results of the β‐carotene‐linoleate model system indicated that antioxidant activity of separated fractions did not correlate exactly with their content of total phenolic compounds and were in the order of IV>III>II>I. Individual fractions contained several phnolic compounds as noted by TLC. Spots on the plates sprayed with a solution of p carotene‐linoleate indicated that these compounds can act as natural antioxidants. Absorption maxima in the W spectra showed that jlavonoids, and not phenolic acids, were the main phenolic compounds present in the separated fractions.
USE OF PEDIOCIN (ALTATM2341) FOR CONTROL OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES ON FRANKFURTERS
Authors: CHEN CHIH‐MING , SEBRANEK JOSEPH G. , DICKSON JAMES S. , MENDONCA AUBREY F.
Published: April 2007

Frankfurters were surfaced‐inoculated with a 5‐strain mixture of Listeria monocytogenes (3.40 or 5.20 log CFU/g) and vacuum‐packaged (as one link, 5 links or 10 links per package) after treatments with 3,000 AU or 6,000 AU of pediocin (in ALTATM2341) per link. Treatments were evaluated for L. monocytogenes counts initially and during storage (4C, 10C and 25C)for up to 12 weeks. The populations of L. monocytogenes were reduced by addition of pediocin but were unaffected by the number of frankfurters per package. Treatments stored at 4C with pediocin effectively prolonged the time prior to growth of L. monocytogenes for 7 weeks and reduced the growth of L. monocytogenes for up to 12 weeks.
PARTICLE SIZE AND NONMEAT ADJUNCT EFFECTS ON THE PROTEIN FUNCTIONALITY OF BONELESS CURED PORK FORMULATED WITH PSE AND RFN RAW MATERIAL
Authors: SCHILLING M.W. , ALVARADO C.Z. , MARRIOTT N.G.
Published: April 2007

A randomized complete block design with six replications was utilized to test the treatment effects of adjuncts (no adjuncts (C), 2% soy protein concentrate (SPC), and 2% SPC + 1.5% modified food starch (SPC + MFS)) and raw material size (2.54 ± 2.54 cm (CF) and 10 ± 10 cm (SF)) on the protein functionality in boneless cured pork produced from a combination of 25% PSE and 75% red, firm, and nonexudative (RFN) semimembranosus muscle. Utilization of the smaller raw material size, CF decreased (P < 0.05) expressible moisture, CIE L*, and CIE b*values and also decreased (P < 0.001) protein‐protein bind. SPC and SPC + MFS were effective in decreasing (P < 0.05) cooking loss in the CF product. Formulations utilizing smaller particle size in a chunked and formed product demonstrate the potential to improve the water holding capacity and cooked color in deli ham rolls formulated from a combination of 25% PSE and 75% RFN pork.
GROWTH OF PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI IN ASEPTICALLY‐PREPARED FRESH GROUND BEEF1
Authors: SUN YI‐MEI , OCKERMAN H.W.
Published: April 2007

The interaction of growth patterns between Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli in aseptically‐prepared ground beef were evaluated. Zero, 2 logs and 4 logs of Pseudomonas were combined with same levels of E. coli and stored at 4C for 14 days or 25C for 30 h for a better understanding of bacterial interaction during storage. The results indicated Pseudomonas was still the dominant strain at both storage temperatures (4C and 25C). E. coli counts decreased until Day 10 and then increased at Day 14 when stored at 4C, but increased until hour 25 then decreased at hour 30 when stored at 25C. Higher Pseudomonas inoculation levels had higher E. coli counts when stored at 25C, but no effect of Pseudomonas on E. coli was observed when stored at 4C during 14 days of storage.
EFFECT OF VITAMIN E SUPPLEMENTATION ON INTRA‐ AND INTERMUSCULAR FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF AWASSI LAMBS
Authors: AKSU MUHAMMET RFAN , ÜNSAL MAHMUT , KAYA MÜKERREM , MACIT MUHLS
Published: April 2007

This research was carried out to determine the effects of vitamin E supplementation on inter‐ and intramuscular fatty acid composition in meat of Awassi lambs. Lambs were divided into two groups, control (CG) and experimental (VG), at the beginning of the fattening period. The CG and VG lambs were fed the same concentrate and hay. The VG also received a supplement of 45 mg vitamin E (DL‐α tocopheryl acetate) per lamb per day for the 75‐day fattening period prior to slaughter. After slaughtering, carcasses were stored at 4
0.5C for 24 h. Then, M. longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles were excised from carcasses, and the intra‐ and intermuscular fats from LD muscles were used as study material. Results showed that vitamin E supplementation had no significant effect on fatty acid composition in intra‐ and intermuscular fats (P < 0.05). Fatty acid content in intramuscular fats were different than those in intermuscular fats (P < 0.01) except for lauric (C12), linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3) acids (P < 0.05). Total saturated fatty acids in the intramuscular fats were lower than in intramuscular fats (P < 0.01). In addition, the majority of fatty acids, both intramuscular and intermuscular, in Awassi lambs were oleic (C18:1), palmitic (C16 and stearic (C18) acids.
THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING ELEVATED LEVELS OF VITAMINS D3 AND E ON BEEF QUALITY
Authors: RENTFROW G. , BREWER M.S. , CARR T.R. , BERGER L.A. , McKEITH F.K.
Published: April 2007

Yearling (12 Angus, 12 Wagyu≥Angus) and 2‐year old heifers (12 Angus, 12 Wagyu≥Angus) were fed elevated levels of Vitamin D3and/or Vitamin E to evaluate beef quality. Warner‐Bratzler shear force (WBS) and sensory characteristics were determined on steaks from the Longissimus lumborum (LL) aged 21 days and on steaks from the Gluteus medius (GM) and Psoas major (PM) aged 7 days. Steaks were cut from all muscles, displayed for 5 days then L*value and hue angle were determined. Vitamin E supplemented heifers received the highest sensory tenderness and juiciness scores, while no differences were observed among other treatments. D3+E supplemented Angus LL had higher WBS values than other treatments and breeds. Display time affected both color measures for all muscles, but especially hue angles of GM and PM. Vitamin treatment affected LL and GM color measures in yearlings to a greater extent than in 2‐year olds.
PROTEIN‐BASED MICROARRAY FOR THE DETECTION OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA1
Authors: GEHRING ANDREW G. , ALBIN DAVID M.
Published: April 2007

Microarrays have been used for gene expression and protein interaction studies, but recently, multianalyte diagnostic assays have employed the microarray platform. We developed a microarray immunoassay for bacteria, with biotinylated capture antibodies on streptavidin slides. To complete the fluorescent sandwich immunoassay following capture of bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7), a fluorescein‐labeled antibody was used to label antibody‐bound bacteria. The assay time was less than 4 h. As this method was developed, it became apparent that several methodological factors markedly affected the results. Therefore, a series of experiments was conducted to investigate methodological factors that affected the assay, including analysis of variation in normal printing, use of a coverslip to contain sample exposure to the microarrayed antibodies, surface chemistries of capture antibody immobilization/attachment and assay reaction time. The use of a coverslip during immunological reactions reduced the fluorescent signal by approximately 50% compared with the use of an uncovered, hydrophobic barrier that was also used to contain sample solution during exposure to the microarray. Also, when protein G was used for capture antibody attachment, a lower signal was generated than when biotinylated capture antibody was used. At high bacterial concentrations (108 or 109 cells/mL), the assay could be shortened to less than 20 min. Antibody microarrays were effectively used to detect bacteria, but assay parameters markedly affected the results and required careful design.
DEVELOPING A FLUORESCENT LATEX MICROPARTICLE IMMUNOASSAY USING ALEXA FLUOR 568 FOR DETECTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN A1
Authors: MEDINA MARJORIE B.
Published: April 2007

Staphylococcus aureus produces heat‐stable toxins that cause major foodborne gastroenteritis. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is the most recovered toxin in staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks. A sensitive method for the detection of SEA is needed for food safety and food defense monitoring. The objectives of this study were to develop a fluorescent immunoassay for the detection of SEA below the toxic level of 1 ng/mL and to minimize sample preparation. An affinity‐purified anti‐SEA was covalently linked to polystyrene microparticles. The SEA toxin was labeled with Alexa Fluor 568 (A568). The concentrations of these reagents were optimized for the detection of SEA in buffer and spiked hotdogs. SEA in samples was captured by the anti‐SEA linked to the latex, followed by the binding of the SEA–A568 tracer. The latex–anti‐SEA complex, bound with SEA and SEA–A568, was separated by centrifugation, and the fluorescent density of the supernatant was measured. SEA was detected at 0.25–10 ng/mL in buffer and in spiked hotdogs (ng/g). This fluorescent latex particle immunoassay can be utilized for the detection of SEA in a multitoxin detection system.
A LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES‐SPECIFIC PHAGE‐DISPLAYED ANTIBODY FRAGMENT RECOGNIZES A CELL SURFACE PROTEIN WHOSE EXPRESSION IS REGULATED BY PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS1
Authors: PAOLI GEORGE C. , BREWSTER JEFFREY D.
Published: April 2007

We recently selected a phage‐displayed single‐chain antibody that detects several strains of Listeria monocytogenes and does not cross‐react with any of the other five species of Listeria. The efficacy of a phage‐displayed anti‐L. monocytogenes single‐chain antibody as a detection reagent was examined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay using L. monocytogenes grown at different temperatures and in a variety of media commonly used for the isolation of L. monocytogenes from food. The best results were observed when cells were grown in supplemented Fraser enrichment broth. The antigen detected by the phage‐displayed antibody was present on the surface of the cells grown between 20 and 42C, but was not present on the cell surface when cells were grown at or below 15C. As determined by Western blot analysis, the antibody bound to a protein with apparent molecular mass of approximately 90 kD. Identification of the protein antigen would allow a more rational approach to the development of an antibody‐based method for the specific detection of L. monocytogenes.
EVALUATION OF ENRICHMENT MEDIA FOR DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 IN GROUND BEEF USING IMMUNOMAGNETIC‐ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE1
Authors: FEDER INGRID , WIJEY CHANDI , PAOLI GEORGE C. , TU SHU‐I
Published: April 2007

Various enrichment media were evaluated in developing a process for the rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef samples using an immunomagnetic separation (IM)/electrochemiluminescent (ECL) procedure. Ground beef was inoculated with different levels of E. coli O157:H7 and enriched in either brilliant green bile (BGB) 2% broth, modified E. coli broth with novobiocin (mEC), mEC without novobiocin (mEC w/o N) or Gram‐negative (GN) broth, Hajna containing vancomycin, cefixime and cefsuludin at 37C for 6 h. Following enrichment, boiled samples were filtered, concentrated by IM and assayed using ECL. Using this process, the presence of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef spiked at a level of 1 cfu/10 g could be detected by IM‐ECL in samples that had been enriched in BGB, mEC or mEC w/o N. IM‐ECL assays that were performed on samples enriched in GN broth were inconsistent, even with inocula as high as 100 cfu of E. coli O157:H7. The boiled samples prepared after enrichment with mEC or mEC w/o N required considerable filtration time to remove particulate material; however, the boiled samples prepared after enrichment in BGB could be filtered rapidly. Thus, BGB enrichment coupled with an IM‐ECL procedure allowed a more facile, and potentially more rapid, method for the detection of low numbers of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef samples.
WHAT FEATURES DRIVE RATED BURGER CRAVEABILITY AT THE CONCEPT LEVEL?
Authors: BECKLEY JACQUELINE , ASHMAN HOLLIS , MAIER ANDREA , MOSKOWITZ HOWARD
Published: April 2007

This paper deals with the analysis of drivers for self‐defined craveability assessed in an Internet‐based, conjoint analysis task. The stimuli comprised 36 descriptions of restaurant hamburgers, including product features, benefits, restaurant names, and emotional reactions that might ensue after eating the hamburger. Elements were combined into concepts by experimental design, and the resulting concepts evaluated by 145 respondents, on the attribute of craveability. Models relating the presence/absence of concept elements to ratings revealed that statements about the hamburger itself were the most powerful, but that no single element was highest across all the respondents. Segmentation of the 145 individuals by the pattern of their individual utilities revealed four key segments. These are Elaborates who may be sensory‐oriented and respond strongly to product descriptions; Classics who like the notion of a grilled hamburger; Imaginers who respond to restaurant name and advertising copy; and Emotionals who respond to statements about food to descriptions how the eater feels after consumption.
MIND‐SETS OF THE WINE CONSUMER
Authors: HUGHSON ANGUS , ASHMAN HOLLIS , DE LA HUERGA VICTORIA , MOSKOWITZ HOWARD
Published: April 2007

This paper presents the results from a study of consumer reactions to different attributes of red and white wine, with stimuli presented in the form of small, experimentally designed, test concepts (conjoint measurement). The results show that possibly four consumer mind‐sets exist, with each mind‐set comprising a different set of communication drivers for concept acceptance. Most subjects fit into one of three key categories; “Classics” (who want their wines to be traditional), “Imaginers” (who want to get into the drinking experience through knowing details about their wines) or “Elaborates” (who want their wines to produce many sensations and flavors). A fourth group (No Frills), were interested in simple and safe wines without any detail of flavor or origin. This segment was found in the red wine study, but not in the white wine study.
COMPARISON OF NEW AND EXISTING METHODS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF INDIVIDUALS ACCORDING TO 6‐N PROPYLTHIOURACIL (PROP) TASTER STATUS
Authors: DITSCHUN TANYA L. , GUINARD JEAN‐XAVIER
Published: April 2007

We developed an alternative method for the determination of 6‐n propylthiouracil (PROP) taster status that is based on the comparison of intensity ratings of PROP solutions with intensity ratings of visual, tactile, and kinesthetic (physical) stimuli. We then compared the classification obtained with this method to those derived from traditional approaches. One hundred and forty‐two subjects rated the perceived intensity of 0.000032, 0.00018, 0.00032, 0.0018, and 0.0032 M PROP, and 0.01, 0.032, 0.1, 0.32, and 1.0 M NaCl, as well as five levels each of perceived roughness of sandpaper, grayness of shades, and thickness of honey and water mixtures on the Labeled Magnitude Scale (LMS). Ratings for 0.00032 M PROP and 0.1 M NaCl were also compared in a one solution test. Subjects were classified as PROP nontasters, tasters or supertasters by all three procedures. Seventy‐six percent of panelists were classified in a similar way by the physical stimuli and NaCl procedures, while 70% percent of panelists were classified similarly by the physical stimuli procedure and the one solution test, as well as by the NaCl procedure and the one solution test. Only 65% of panelists were classified similarly by all three procedures. Further, in replicate ratings of PROP solutions, supertasters’ evaluations of PROP at all concentration levels decreased significantly (P < 0.01) from the first to the second rating. It is evident from these findings that the method used to determine PROP taster status can greatly influence the outcome of any investigation of PROP taster status on other phenotypes.
EFFECTS OF SAMPLING CONDITIONS ON TEMPORAL PERCEPTION OF BITTERNESS IN YERBA MATE (ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS) INFUSIONS
Authors: CALVIÑO AMALIA , FRAGA SOL GONZÁLEZ , GARRIDO DELIA
Published: April 2007

Time‐intensity (TI) methodology and a trained panel were used to characterize the perceived bitterness of Yerba mate (YM) Ilex paraguariensis infusions. Two sampling procedures (sip and spit; sip and swallow) and two conditions for residence time in mouth (free or fixed duration of 5 s until spit or swallow) were evaluated.

At a fixed duration the maximum bitterness as well as the time to reach it showed a significant YM concentration dependence. No change on bitterness was observed by swallowing or spitting YM infusions except a larger rate of decay of the response (vr) at spit condition. Dynamic bitterness at free sampling time showed that the decision period to spit or swallow the YM infusion approximately duplicated the fixed one of 5 s.
INDUCTION OF SCALING ERRORS
Authors: PARK JAE‐YEON , JEON SEON‐YOUNG , O'MAHONY MICHAEL , KIM KWANG‐OK
Published: April 2007

Judges were required to rate the total intensity of NaCl solutions using a variety of unstructured category and line scales under a ‘rank‐rating’ protocol and a traditional protocol that did not allow retasting or the reviewing of scores. The various scales and protocols induced two types of scaling errors. The first type was named a different‐stimulus error. This involved a judge rating a stronger stimulus as equal to or less than a weaker stimulus. The second type was named a same‐stimulus error. This involved a judge giving different ratings to two stimuli of equal concentration. For all scales, judges made a higher proportion of same‐stimulus errors than different‐stimulus errors. ‘Rank‐rating’ only reduced the proportion of different‐stimulus errors. It was hypothesized that a category scale with fewer categories would induce a higher level of different‐stimulus errors but lower level of same‐stimulus errors. These trends were noted but not always significantly. For line scales, the equivalent hypotheses regarding line length were either weak or not supported. It would appear that increasing the length of a line scale is not always equivalent to increasing the number of categories in a category scale.
PANEL PERFORMANCE AND NUMBER OF EVALUATIONS IN A DESCRIPTIVE SENSORY STUDY
Authors: PAGÈS JÉRÔME , PÉRINEL EMMANUEL
Published: April 2007

The assessor performance is a key point in a sensory evaluation. In particular, at the end of a session, a decrease of the performance can be feared. We propose to analyze this performance with various criteria: usual ones as the main product effect or the error variance; a new one measuring the perceived products variability. The performance can then be studied all along the session from two points of view: in taking into account the only products tested at a given instant (named instantaneous); in taking into account all the products tested up to a given instant (named cumulative). In the presented example, in spite of the large number of products successively tested by each assessor, the instantaneous performance of the panel shows no significant deterioration. Furthermore, when the number of products tested by each assessor increases, more significant product effects can be obtained thanks to the accumulation of the amount of data. This shows that the number of products that can be reasonably studied by one assessor during one session is generally underestimated.
Searching for the ‘Popular’ and the ‘Art’ of Popular Art
Authors: Gracyk Theodore
Published: April 2007

Philosophy of art presupposes differences between art and other cultural activity. Philosophers have recently paid more attention to this excluded activity, particularly to the range of cultural production known as popular art. Three issues have dominated these discussions. First, there is debate about the basis of the distinction. Some philosophers contend that fine art is essentially different from popular art, but others hold that the distinction is entirely social in origin. Second, philosophers disagree on the degree of continuity or discontinuity that holds between fine and popular art. Third, there is controversy about the relative value of the two, and about the basis for the supposed superiority of fine art.