bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agroecologia: estratégia de luta para fortalecimento e resistência da Juventude Camponesa
Authors: Souza Conceição Santos Lílian , Pereira Mubarack Garcia Rosineide
Published: October 2020

A Agroecologia é uma categoria teórica fundante para se pensar o campo brasileiro a partir do projeto de campo da classe trabalhadora. Enquanto o capitalismo agrário impõe uma relação devastadora sobre o campo, a Agroecologia constrói uma nova forma de fazer agricultura, que tem como centralidade a vida, fundamentada na agricultura camponesa, na socialização da propriedade da terra, na diversidade cultural, na preservação dos recursos naturais que servem de base à reprodução econômica e social dos camponeses, na produção de alimentos saudáveis, em sistemas de produção diversificados, na valorização do saber popular e articulação deste com o conhecimento científico, no estabelecimento de novas relações no campo que sejam socialmente justas, economicamente viável e culturalmente autêntica. Diante dos dois projetos que se apresentam em disputa no campo brasileiro, Agroecologia e Agronegócio, é imprescindível a formação dos jovens camponeses nessa importante categoria teórica, a Agroecologia. Este segmento que tem se mostrado cada vez mais importante na continuidade da luta dos trabalhadores do campo e na permanência do território camponês. Sendo assim, é preciso avançar na aproximação entre as escolas do campo e a Agroecologia diante da potencialidade e importância política, social, cultural e econômica deste tema. Neste contexto, este artigo tem como objetivo colocar em evidência a necessidade e a importância da formação da Juventude Camponesa em Agroecologia, um projeto da classe trabalhadora, que se constitui em um importante alicerce para a construção da agricultura camponesa capaz de confrontar o agronegócio, que tem gerado a destruição do território camponês.

Palavras-chave: Agroecologia; Educação do Campo; Juventude e Trabalho.
Passado, presente e futuro dos livros didáticos de História frente a uma BNCC sem futuro.
Authors: Miranda Sonia Regina , Almeida Fabiana Rodrigues de
Published: October 2020

Nosso objetivo com esse texto é refletir - à luz das pulsões do cenário particular em que vivemos, marcado por importantes retrocessos no caminho de construção democrática da sociedade brasileira – sobre as conexões entre a política para os livros didáticos de História e as proposições curriculares constituídas na esteira das formulações da Base Nacional Comum Curricular - BNCC. Partimos da compreensão de que tanto a formulação de documentos curriculares quanto o desenho de livros didáticos envolvem territórios em disputa e batalhas narrativas, sendo que a análise do tempo presente se impõe, de modo particular, para compreendermos o que se desponta no cenário da política educacional em suas interfaces diretas com o ensino de História.
História, História Oral e Ensino de História: práticas de percurso da trajetória de Marieta de Moraes Ferreira
Authors: Cavalcanti Erinaldo Vicente , Soares Fagno Da Silva
Published: October 2020

Entrevista com Marieta de Moraes Ferreira
Dityrosine Crossed-linked Amyloid-like Fibrils as Bionanomaterials
Authors: Kareem Al-Hilaly Youssra , Maina Mahmoud Bukar , Abdul-Sada Alaa , Serpell Louise
Published: October 2020

Bionanomaterials have great potential for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Recently, amyloid-like fibrils have been used in bionanomaterials preparation due to their stability and biocompatibility. Covalent dityrosine bond formation has been identified as a useful tool in the design of such bionanomaterials. In this study, two short amyloidogenic peptides containing tyrosine residues with the amino acid sequence HYFNIF and VIYKI, were used as a model system to investigate the effect of oxidation and their ability to form dityrosine cross-links. Using a range of biophysical techniques, we showed that both HYFNIF and VIYKI form dityrosine cross-linked fibrils using copper-catalysis, and phosphate buffer is more efficient in dityrosine formation. Dityrosine forms more rapidly in VIYKI fibrils compared to HYFNIF due to the fibrillar architecture. Dityrosine cross-linked HYFNIF and VIYKI fibrils could be useful to prepare bionanomaterials.
الجهود المُعاصرة للمدرسة المالكيّة الإماراتية في خدمة السُّنّة النّبوية
The contemporary efforts of the UAE Malikis in the service of the Sunnah
Authors: Abed Alrahman Maria Basssam Mohammed
Published: October 2020

جاءت هذه الدّراسة؛ محاولةً لإبراز الجهود المعاصرة للمدرسة المالكية الإماراتية في خدمة السُّنّة النّبوية من خلال أبرز أعلامها، (أحمد نور سيف المهيري)، بهدف التّعرف على جهوده في خدمة السُّنّة النبوية وأنواعها، وذلك باستقرائها ووصفها.
وقدّمت هذه الدّراسة تعريفًا بالمدرسة المالكيّة الإماراتية ببيان نشأتها وأبرز أعلامها على العموم، والتّعريف بالمهيري بوصفه أنموذجًا بارزًا في هذه المدرسة، وكشفت عن أهم جهوده المبذولة في السُّنّة النّبوية وأهم ملامح منهجه، والتنّوع في إنتاجه العلمي، مع حيازة السّبق في كثير من موضوعات السُّنّة النّبوية.
الكلمات المفتاحيّة: المدرسة المالكية، الإمارات، السُّنّة النبوية، الجهود المعاصرة، المهيري.
This study is an attempt to highlight the contemporary efforts of the UAE Malikis School in serving the Prophetic Sunnah through its most prominent flags, Dr. Ahmed Noor Saif Al Muhairi, in order to identify his efforts in serving the Prophetic Sunnah and its
types. The study presented a definition of the Malikian school of the UAE with a statement of its origin and the most prominent of its flags in general, and the introduction of Al-Muhairi as a prominent model in this school and revealed its most important efforts in the Prophetic Sunnah and the most important features of its methodology.
Keywords: Malik School, Emirates, Sunnah, Contemporary Efforts, Muhairi
Liderazgo por contingencia del director y rendimiento académico de estudiantes
Authors: Villasis Padilla María Julia
Published: October 2020

Este artículo es el resumen de una investigación que tuvo como propósito establecer si existe relación entre el liderazgo por contingencia del director y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes del I ciclo de la Escuela Profesional de Educación Primaria en la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán en la ciudad de Huánuco en el año 2017. El tipo de investigación es descriptiva correlacional, de corte transversal. El estudio se enmarca en docentes, personal administrativo y estudiantes del I ciclo de la Escuela Profesional de Educación Primaria en la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán en la ciudad de Huánuco. Como instrumento, se utilizaron un cuestionario de interrogantes y la hoja de recolección de datos (registros académicos). La validez de los instrumentos se realizó por medio del juicio de expertos. Entre las conclusiones más importantes se puede señalar que existe relación directa y significativa entre el liderazgo por contingencia del director y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes del I ciclo de la Escuela Profesional de Educación Primaria en la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán en la ciudad de Huánuco en el año 2017.
PROBLEMATIKA SISTEM EKONOMI ISLAM DI INDONESIA
Authors: Azmi Naelul
Published: October 2020

Islam provided a very wide space for the development of the economy. One of the basic principles in Islamic economics is the bermuamalah sistem . Namely that all the legal changes, unless there is an argument that forbids it, become the main driver of economic innovation that accelerates the growth of Islamic economics. However, many problems occur in the economic sistem in Indonesia, including the sistem of socialization, marketing, human resources that are less competent, Products produced from Islamic economics, Sharia Banks Turns Not Yet Sharia and the lack of attention of the Indonesian government in responding to the concept of Islamic Economics in Indonesia. This paper aims to find several solutions in socio-economic problems. It focuses on the concept of Islamic economics. The purpose of this study is to determine what obstacles are faced in the implementation of the Islamic economic sistem in Indonesia, how problems that arise and can be overcome so that they can be significantly solved. The method used in this research is library research with descriptive-analytic approach. With the results of the study show 

that the solutions in dealing with Islamic economic problems in Indonesia include Correlation of Educational Institutions in the Development of Sharia Banking, Attention from the Government, Show the Real Role of Sharia Economy, Implementation of Dinar and Dirham Currency, Office Network, Implementation of Firm and Sistematic Regulation, Improving the Quality of Human Resources that are Less Competent and Professional, Training / Education / Socialization to Employees and the Community, Innovative Marketing, Product Innovation, Reorientation to the Real Sector and Improving Services and Professionalism.
APLIKASI AKAD MURABAHAH PADA PRODUK KONSUMTIF DI BAITUL MAL WAT TAMWIL (BMT) AL-AMANAH CIAWI TASIKMALAYA
Authors: Hadi Wijaya Denden S , Nopendi Us Us Surya , Faisal Faisal
Published: October 2020

Sales-based Akad Murabahah is expected to be a system solution for the results that tend to be high risk. The issue arises more on disbursement of financing which leads to the authority to purchase goods buying and selling objects. The purpose of this research is to analyze the activities of the financial services developed and analyze the application of Akad Murabahah in BMT Al-Amanah Ciawi Tasikmalaya This research uses qualitative descriptive methods with the type of field research with inductive logic. Data collection is done by observation methods, interview methods, and documentation methods. The results of the research found that the financial services in BMT Al-Amanah Ciawi Tasikmalaya are: financial services and financial services financing. In the financing of consumptive products which in this case use the product of Ba'i al-Musawwamah which is an application of Akad Murabahah, there are some provisions regarding the desired product or needed. Because in general, all goods that are desired or required by the member can be facilitated financing by BMT Al-Amanah Ciawi Tasikmalaya. BMT Al-Amanah Ciawi Tasikmalaya implements the concept of trading contract (Murabahah) into 2 financing products namely Murabahah product which is a product of goods financing of business or productive and into the product of Ba'i Al-Musawwamah which is a financing product for consumptive goods
Parasitosis intestinal con predominio de flagelados comensales, en indígenas Waraos, estado Delta Amacuro, Venezuela
Authors: Traviezo Valles Luis , Moraleda Rivero Flor , Rivas Pinto Noelis
Published: October 2020

Las poblaciones de indígenas Waraos del Bajo Delta, adolecen de servicios sanitarios óptimos que le permitan diagnosticar y prevenir las enteroparasitosis.

Objetivo: determinar la Prevalencia de Parasitosis Intestinal (PPI), frecuencia y diversidad de especies de los enteroparásitos presentes, con énfasis en los flagelados comensales.

Métodos: se estudiaron 51 pacientes de la Etnia Warao (21 del sexo femenino y 30 masculino) con edades comprendidas entre los 2 meses y los 68 años, a los cuales se le realizaron exámenes coproparasitológicos, con las técnicas de la solución salina 0,85%, lugol y la técnica de Kato.

Resultados: se obtuvo un PPI del 100%, donde los protozoarios diagnosticados fueron: Endolimax nana (58,8% de las muestras analizadas), Blastocystis sp. (56,9%), Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar (41,2%), Entamoeba coli (29,4%), Iodamoeba butschlii (25,5%), Pentatrichomonas hominis/Trichomonas hominis (17,6%), Giardia lamblia /Giardia intestinalis (15,7%), Chilomastix mesnili (11,8%), Balantidium coli (2%) y Entamoeba hartmani (2%). Los helmintos encontrados fueron: Ascaris lumbricoides (25,5%), Trichuris trichiura (5,9%) y Uncinarias sp. (2%).

Conclusiones: la PPI y la frecuencia de Pentatrichomonas hominis y Chilomastix mesnili son de las más altas reportadas para Venezuela en los últimos años, indicadores de la difícil situación sanitaria de esta etnia.
Adaptación del mosquito Aedes aegypti a 2 550 m s.n.m. Cochabamba, Bolivia. Febrero 2016
Authors: Castillo-Quino Rubén , Vallejo-Castro Efraín , Camacho-Aliaga Abigail V. , Canelas-Urey Heidy I.
Published: October 2020

Objetivo: proporcionar datos de la adaptación del Aedes aegypti en altitudes superiores a los de su hábitat natural en el departamento de Cochabamba. Métodos: la notificación así como la vigilancia entomológica, permitieron caracterizar taxonómicamente y geográficamente la infestación por Aedes aegypti, en municipios del eje metropolitano del departamento de Cochabamba y observar el cambio de escenario epidemiológico producido. La utilización de materiales de investigación entomológica, además del estudio integral permitió identificar factores predisponentes para la colonización del vector.  Resultados: Se encontró la presencia del vector en diferentes altitudes geográficas y en varios municipios del departamento de Cochabamba, en los que anteriormente no se encontraba. Se observó una variación de temperatura inusitada y lluvia en el mes de enero de 2016, que proporcionó climáticas favorables para la proliferación de Aedes aegypti y otros vectores. Se identificó una mayor infestación en la zona sur de la ciudad de Cochabamba, además de ser el área que ha presentado más factores de riesgo como son la presencia de criaderos artificiales comunes y no comunes, con presencia incalculable de desechos inservibles intradomiciliarios. Conclusiones: Observar la presencia del vector en municipios grandes como Cercado, denota Riesgo de gran magnitud para la población por lo que representa un ESPII-ESPIN. El cambio climático como uno de los factores para la variación de los diversos nichos ecológicos, ha permitido que los Valles hayan brindado condiciones propicias para la colonización del Aedes aegypti y que este se adapte a altitudes mayores a 2 200 m s.n.m.
Eficacia del ondansetron en prevención de hipotensión materna posterior a anestesia raquídea
Authors: Alegre Andrade Patricia
Published: October 2020

La hipotensión materna es una complicación común de la anestesia raquídea durante la cesárea. El bloqueo de receptores de serotonina 5-HT podría reducir la incidencia de hipotensión y el uso de vasopresores.

Objetivo: eficacia del ondansetron como prevención de hipotensión materna posterior a anestesia raquídea.

Métodos: un total de 72 pacientes de forma aleatorizada, ensayo clínico y simple ciego. Se administró ondansetron 5 minutos antes del bloqueo anestésico. Grupo O4 (4 mg), grupo O8 (8 mg) y grupo P (placebo) en jeringa de 10 ml, se midió frecuencia cardiaca, presión arterial media, nivel de dermatoma alcanzado, las puntuaciones de Apgar y complicaciones maternas. Resultados: existe diferencia significativa entre los grupos en cuanto a la incidencia de hipotensión y se observó que el requerimiento de vasopresor fue menor en el grupo O8 (p= 0,000), los eventos adversos maternos (p= 0, 087), fueron menores cuando se aplica ondansetron. Las puntuaciones del APGAR fueron similares en los grupos (p= 0,373).

Conclusiones: se determina; que el uso de ondansetron atenúa la incidencia de hipotensión aunque no está claro la dosis exacta en las pacientes obstetras, además queda claro es que también disminuye el requerimiento de vasopresor, los efectos adversos como ser prurito, náuseas y vómitos. Limitaciones cantidad de pacientes de estudio y análisis gasométrico por falta de insumo en el hospital.
Factores de riesgo asociados al síndrome metabólico en conductores del transporte público en Cochabamba-Bolivia
Authors: Abasto Gonzales Deiby Susan , Mamani Ortiz Yercin , Luizaga Lopez Jenny Marcela , Pacheco Luna Sandra , Illanes Velarde Daniel Elving
Published: October 2020

Introducción: el Síndrome Metabólico es un desorden complejo que incrementa el riego de desarrollar Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 y Enfermedades cardiovasculares.

Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo asociados al síndrome metabólico en conductores del transporte público en Cochabamba-Bolivia. Métodos: estudio observacional, analítico de corte transversal, en una población de referencia de N=246 conductores de 6 líneas de transporte de la zona sud de Cochabamba-Bolivia; alcanzando una muestra de n=69 sujetos de estudio y aplicando la metodología STEPS de la OPS/OMS. Se utilizó Chi cuadrado (X2) para la asociación estadística con el sexo; regresión logística bi-variada y multivariada para la obtención del OR crudo y ajustado en relación a los factores de riesgo asociados al SM.

Resultados: las prevalencias de los factores de riesgo asociados a Síndrome Metabólico fueron: STEP-1: Tabaquismo 20,3%; consumo actual de alcohol 63,8%; bajo consumo de frutas y vegetales 94,2%; sedentarismo o bajo nivel de actividad física 66,7%. STEP-2: sobrepeso 47,8%; obesidad 37,7%; cintura de riesgo u obesidad abdominal 37,7% y presión arterial elevada en 36,4%. STEP3: Glicemia alterada en ayunas 43,9%; Resistencia a la Insulina 47,8%; colesterol total elevado 56,1%; Triglicéridos elevados 66,7% y HDL-colesterol reducido en el 60,6%.

Conclusión: el síndrome metabólico es altamente prevalente en la población de conductores del transporte público de la zona sud de la ciudad de Cochabamba (79,3%); asociado al tiempo de trabajo en el rubro, el incremento de edad, la ausencia de pareja y la situación de trabajo.
Caracterización del perfil epidemiológico del síndrome metabólico y factores de riesgo asociados. Cochabamba, Bolivia
Authors: Mamani Ortiz Yercin , Armaza Cespedes Ada , Medina Bustos Marcos , Luizaga Lopez Jenny Marcela , Abasto Gonzales Deybi Susan , Argote Omonte Melvy , Omonte Rocha Vania , Zambrana Vera Angela , Illanes Velarde Daniel Elving
Published: October 2020

Objetivo: caracterizar el perfil epidemiológico del Síndrome Metabólico y sus factores de riesgo asociados en población general mayor ,18 años en la ciudad de Cochabamba, Bolivia, durante la gestión II-2016.

Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico de corte transversal, en población general de 18 o más años, con una muestra de n=186 sujetos ajustados por grupo etario y sexo en base a la pirámide poblacional de Cochabamba-Bolivia. Se aplicó la metodología STEPS (pasos) de la OPS/OMS para la recolección de la información centrada en datos sociodemográficos, hábitos de vida, evaluación física y laboratorial. Se calcularon proporciones e intervalos de confianza al 95% conforme lo establecido en el manual de implementación de la metodología STEP; y regresión logística multivariada para la obtención del OR ajustado para el nivel de riesgo asociados al Síndrome Metabólico.

Resultados: la prevalencia global de Síndrome metabólico fue de 44,1%; la prevalencia de sus factores de riesgo asociados fue: STEP-1, Tabaquismo 11,29%; consumo actual de alcohol 63,44%; bajo consumo de frutas y vegetales 76,88%; sedentarismo o bajo nivel de actividad física 75,81%. STEP-2: sobrepeso 44,62%; obesidad 24,73%; obesidad abdominal 38,7% y presión arterial elevada en 35,14%. STEP3: Glicemia alterada en ayunas 36,02%; Insulina basal alterada 36,56%; colesterol total elevado 36,02%; Triglicéridos elevados 46,77% y HDL-colesterol reducido en el 66,67%. Los niveles de OR ajustado fueron >1 y estadísticamente significativas para las medidas físicas y laboratoriales.

Conclusión: el síndrome metabólico en altamente prevalente en la población general de la ciudad de Cochabamba y se asocia a niveles elevados de IMC, presión arterial elevada y perfil laboratorial alterado.
Síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible en preeclampsia grave
Authors: Torrez Morales L. Froilán , Llanos Elías Antonio
Published: October 2020

El síndrome de encefalopatía reversible posterior (PRES), es una entidad clínico radiológica caracterizada por déficit neurológico, convulsiones, pudiendo llegar a un estado de coma. Requiere diagnóstico por imagen para evidencia de edema vasogénico proceso fisiopatológico reversible, apoyados por tomografía computarizada o resonancia magnética, esta última con mayor sensibilidad para diferenciarla del edema citotóxico que es irreversible. Fisiopatológicamente está asociada a mala autorregulación cerebral secundaria varios factores, en este caso, preeclampsia grave, donde destaca el compromiso clínico e imagenológico del tronco encefálico. La instauración de un tratamiento adecuado y oportuno permite visualizar la regresión de las lesiones, que de no ser así terminaran infartándose.
Rectificación del Artículo Original titulado: Tácticas de fortalecimiento para la prevención del cáncer cervicouterino a través de la vacunación contra el virus del papiloma humano de agosto de 2017 a marzo de 2018
Authors: Aquino Rojas Evelin
Published: October 2020

A tiempo de saludarle, hago llegar la rectificación del Artículo Original titulado: Tácticas de fortalecimiento para la prevención del cáncer cervicouterino a través de la vacunación contra el virus del papiloma humano de agosto de 2017 a marzo de 2018 publicado en el Nº1 de Vol 42 de la Gaceta Médica Boliviana1, concretamente en el acápite de Discusión que se encuentra en la página 57.
Absceso Retrofaríngeo diagnosticado por Tomografía Computada
Authors: Herbas Bernal Rene Igoor , Vasquez Ortuño Maria Gabriela
Published: October 2020

A nivel de cuello derecho predominantemente suprahioideo con extensión infrahioideo en compartimiento carotídeo y retrofaríngeo ipsilateral existe la presencia de colección abscedada con cápsula semigruesa definida captante de contraste, de 42x20x48 mm de tamaño en sus diámetros longitudinal, anteroposterior y transversal respectivamente, con contenido líquido con burbujas de aire en su interior. Además, presenta sutil infiltración de la grasa mediastínica superior y datos de mediastinitis. Presentó focos múltiples de condensación en relación a neumonía multifocal, probablemente por broncoaspiración.
Impact of Auto-regressive (AR) Process in Bullwhip Analysis in a Multi-location Supply Chain Network
Authors: Mittal Prabhat
Published: October 2020

The present study is an attempt to quantify the Bullwhip Effect (BWE) -the phenomenon in which information on demand is distorted in moving up a supply chain. Assuming that the retailer employs an order-up-to level policy with auto-regressive process (AR), the paper investigates the influence of forecasting methods on bullwhip effect. Determining the order-up-to levels and the orders for the retailers’ demands in an isolated manner neglects the correlation of the demands and the relevant risk pooling effects associated with the network structure of the supply chains are disregarded. It is illustrated that the bullwhip effects are significantly reduced with consideration of potential correlation between the retailers’ demand.
La estructura temporal en la obra de Enric Miralles
Authors: Barrera Puigdollers Jose Manuel
Published: October 2020

La arquitectura de Enric Miralles ha sido analizada, principalmente, desde su proceso de dibujo, su método de trabajo, su dimensión de hipertexto y su secuencia imaginaria. Incluso, es posible que, en algunos trabajos, exista cierta indagación psicoanalítica, dado que en sus textos enlazan imaginario, fantasías o fantasmas. Sin embargo, el tiempo constituye la reflexión que integran todas estas variables y pocas investigaciones se han centrado en la compleja relación de su estructura conceptual y su estructura teórica discutidas paralelamente. Esta relación fue trabajada por Miralles en su tesis doctoral y experimentada a partir de la lectura de Michael Foucault, Gilles Deleuze y George Kubler. Todo ello sucedió en un difícil escenario para la historia de nuestra disciplina, momento en el que se afianzaban las teorías deconstructivistas con escaso rigor; marasmo del que Miralles pretendió alejarse a través de la prospección plástica extraída de Jordi Pericot, Georges Perec o David Hockney. Asumiendo la síntesis que afirma que el arquitecto empleaba el tiempo como materia de proyecto, este artículo realiza una investigación de su razón constitutiva. Así, siguiendo sus reflexiones de la mano de las estructuras teóricas y estéticas referidas, se reconstruye arqueológicamente las distintas dimensiones del tiempo experimentado por Miralles, identificado desde las heterotopía, los dispositivos temporales; analizando su pretensión de conformar máquinas transformadoras desde el imaginario evocado como germen productor de satisfacción, se comprobará la necesaria solidez conceptual que su arquitectura propone. 
Tiempos de Miralles
Authors: Moreno Sanz Joan
Published: October 2020

[En Blanco. Revista de Arquitectura] se suma a la conmemoración del veinte aniversario del fallecimiento del arquitecto Enric Miralles con un número especial dedicado a revisitar algunos de sus proyectos más significativos, y en donde el hormigón visto juega un papel determinante. Esta mirada retrospectiva se propone en dos tiempos: el primero basado en la obra proyectada y construida junto a la arquitecta Carme Pinós, y el segundo desarrollado en colaboración con la arquitecta Benedetta Tagliabue. Así pues, a través del número 29 de [En Blanco. Revista de Arquitectura] propone una reflexión sobre la materialidad del hormigón en el proyecto del espacio público, pero también sobre el papel del tiempo en la concepción, ejecución y apropiación cívica del proyecto arquitectónico en la obra de Miralles. 
Letter to the Editor: Exponential Increase in COVID-19 Related Publications Compared to Other Pandemic Diseases
Authors:   Neurology, Adventist Health White Memorial, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Liu Antonio
Published: October 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic is different from previous pandemic diseases in many ways. One of them relates to the literature. There is an exponential increase in the number of articles since April 2020. Also, and equally drastic, is how readily available they are to the general reader. It will be interesting to analyze (in the future) if advances in information age have played any significant role in the battle against our current pandemic.
Do Enhanced Collective Action Clauses Affect Sovereign Borrowing Costs?
Authors: Chung Kay , Papaioannou Michael
Published: October 2020

This paper analyzes the effects of including collective action clauses (CACs) and enhanced CACs in international (nondomestic law-governed) sovereign bonds on sovereigns’ borrowing costs, using secondary-market bond yield spreads. Our findings indicate that inclusion of enhanced CACs, introduced in August 2014, is associated with lower borrowing costs for both noninvestment-grade and investment-grade issuers. These results suggest that market participants do not associate the use of CACs and enhanced CACs with borrowers’ moral hazard, but instead consider their implied benefits of an orderly and efficient debt resolution process in case of restructuring.
Regional Economic Outlook, April 2020, Middle East and Central Asia
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
Published: October 2020

Countries of the Middle East and Central Asia region have
been hit by two large and reinforcing shocks, resulting in significantly weaker growth projections in 2020. In addition to the devastating toll on human health, the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in oil prices are causing economic turmoil in the region, with fragile and conflict affected states particularlyhard-hit given already large humanitarian and refugee challenges and weak health infrastructures. The immediate priority for policies is to save lives with needed health spending, regardless of fiscal space, while preserving
engines of growth with targeted support to households and hard-hit sectors. In this context, the IMF has been providing emergency assistance to help countries
in the region during these challenging times. Further ahead, economic recoveries should be supported with broad fiscal and monetary measures where
policy space is available, and by seeking external assistance where space is limited.
Brazil
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
Published: October 2020

The fiscal challenges of Brazil’s states and municipalities can have a significant impact on the economy and the provision of core public services. The subnational governments (SNGs) account for a large share of public expenditures, including public investment. As such, their fiscal problems can hamper the economic recovery and the public finances of the federal government. In recent years, many states and municipalities have been struggling with high debt or severe liquidity pressures. Some have already defaulted on part of their debt and are running payment arrears (wages and suppliers). The federal government has already provided a substantial package of financial support through debt service relief.
Demographic Transition and Pension Reforms
Authors: Carton Benjamin , Corugedo Emilio Fernández , Hunt Benjamin , Voigts Simon
Published: October 2020

The Global Integrated Monetary and Fiscal model (GIMF) is a multi-region, forward-looking, DSGE model developed at the International Monetary Fund for policy analysis and international economic research. This paper documents the incorporation of demographic features into the model. The analysis presented illustrates how these new features enable the model to estimate some of the macroeconomic consequences of changing demographics.
Monetary Policy and Intangible Investment
Authors: Döttling Robin , Ratnovski Lev
Published: October 2020

We contrast how monetary policy affects intangible relative to tangible investment. We document that the stock prices of firms with more intangible assets react less to monetary policy shocks, as identified from Fed Funds futures movements around FOMC announcements. Consistent with the stock price results, instrumental variable local projections confirm that the total investment in firms with more intangible assets responds less to monetary policy, and that intangible investment responds less to monetary policy compared to tangible investment. We identify two mechanisms behind these results. First, firms with intangible assets use less collateral, and therefore respond less to the credit channel of monetary policy. Second, intangible assets have higher depreciation rates, so interest rate changes affect their user cost of capital relatively less.
Non-Primary Home Buyers, Shadow Banking, and the US Housing Market
Authors: Alter Adrian , Dernaoui Zaki
Published: October 2020

This paper studies the US housing market using a proprietary and comprehensive dataset covering nearly 90 million residential transactions over 1998–2018. First, we document the evolution of different types of investment purchases such as those conducted by short-term buyers, out-of-state buyers, and corporate cash investors. Second, we quantify the contributions of non-primary home buyers to the housing cycle. Our findings suggest that the share of short-term investors grew substantially in the run-up to the global financial crisis (GFC), which amplified the boom-bust cycle, while out-of-state buyers propped up prices in some areas during the recession. An instrumental variable approach is employed to establish a causal relationship between housing investors and prices. Finally, we show that the recent rise of shadow bank lending in the residential market is associated with riskier mortgages, and explore its implications for non-primary home buyers and its effects on house prices and rents.
Socio-Economic Spillovers from Special Economic Zones
Authors: Brussevich Mariya
Published: October 2020

This study examines the socio-economic impact of special economic zones (SEZs) in Cambodia---a prominent place-based policy established in 2005. The paper employs a database on existing and future SEZs in Cambodia with matched household surveys at the district level and documents stylized facts on SEZs in a low-income country setting. To identify causal effects of the SEZ program, the paper (i) constructs an alternative control group including future SEZ program participants and districts adjacent to SEZ hosts; and (ii) employs a propensity score weighting technique. The study finds that entry of SEZs disproportionately benefits female workers and leads to a decline of income inequality at a district level. However, the findings also suggest that land values in SEZ districts tend to rise while wage levels remain largely unchanged relative to other districts. In addition, the paper tests for socio-economic spillovers to surrounding areas and for agglomeration effects associated with clusters of multiple SEZs.
Capital Flow Data – A Guide for Empirical Analysis and Real-time Tracking
Authors: Koepke Robin , Paetzold Simon
Published: October 2020

This paper provides an analytical overview of the most widely used capital flow datasets. The paper is written as a guide for academics who embark on empirical research projects and for policymakers who need timely information on capital flow developments to inform their decisions. We address common misconceptions about capital flow data and discuss differences between high-frequency proxies for portfolio flows. In a nowcasting “horse race” we show that high-frequency proxies have significant predictive content for portfolio flows from the balance of payments (BoP). We also construct a new dataset for academic use, consisting of monthly portfolio flows broadly consistent with BoP data.
Gabon
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: October 2020

Since the approval of the first RFI request on April 9, 2020 (IMF Country Report No 20/109), weaker external demand and a more pronounced impact of containment measures have further deteriorated growth prospects and worsened external and fiscal positions. The authorities are requesting a purchase under the Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI) of 50 percent of quota (SDR 108 million) to be used as budget support to help address urgent balance of payment (BoP) needs and mitigate the risk of disorderly fiscal or BoP adjustment. This additional request will bring the total purchases under the RFI to 100 percent of quota in 2020.
Republic of Madagascar
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: October 2020

A further deterioration of the global environment and a deepening of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have worsened the macroeconomic outlook significantly, with growth now projected to be negative in 2020. As a result, urgent balance of payments needs arising from the pandemic are now estimated at 4.2 percent of GDP (compared to 1.8 percent), and the authorities have requested an additional disbursement under the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF) of 50 percent of quota
(SDR 122.2 million) under the “exogenous shock” window of the RCF. This follows Board approval on April 3, 2020 of the authorities’ request for 50 percent of quota, which took place before the annual access of the RCF was doubled to 100 percent of quota on April 6, 2020. This additional request, if approved, will bring total disbursements under the RCF to 100 percent of quota in 2020. The authorities have also requested temporary debt servicing relief under the G-20 Debt Service Suspension Initiative, supported by the G-20 and Paris Club.
Review of the Public Financial Management Reform Strategy for Pacific Island Countries, 2010-2020
Authors: Allen Richard , El Rayess Majdeline , Doherty Laura , Goel Priya
Published: October 2020

This paper reviews the Public Financial Management (PFM) reform stategy for 16 Pacific Island Countries (PICs) during the period 2010-2020. The strategy was endorsed by the finance and economic ministers of the region (FEMM) in 2010. The paper analyzes more than 30 PEFA assessments carried out across the region. The region shares the generally slow pace of PFM reform that is also a feature of most developing countries. Some PICs have improved their PFM performance significantly, while others have done less well. PFM reforms have suffered from the small size and low capacity of many PICs, poorly designed PFM roadmaps, variable political suppport for reform, and vulnerability to natural disasters. The paper recommends that in the next five years, there should be a more granular and targeted approch to PEFAs. PICs should focus on basic PFM reforms and (where capacities allow) more transparent public finances, as well as better management of climate change considerations, public infrastructure, gender inequalities, and state-owned enterprises. Perseverance by countries in implementing reforms and leadership by finance ministries are critical. PFTAC’s advice is highly regarded across the region, and it could consider alternative modalities of CD delivery and stronger coordination with other development partners.
Information and Inequality in the Time of a Pandemic
Authors: Dizioli Allan , Pinheiro Roberto
Published: October 2020

We introduce two types of agent heterogeneity in a calibrated epidemiological search model. First, some agents cannot afford staying home to minimize their virus exposure, while others can. Our results show that these poor agents bear most of the epidemic’s health costs. Moreover, we show that having more agents who do not change their behavior during the pandemic could lead to a deeper recession. Second, agents are heterogeneous in developing symptoms. We show that diseases with higher share of asymptomatic cases, even if less lethal, lead to worse health and economic outcomes. Public policies such as testing, quarantining, and lockdowns are particularly beneficial in economies with a larger share of poor agents. However, lockdowns lose effectiveness when part of the agents take precautions to minimize virus exposure independent of government
actions.
Global Firms, National Corporate Taxes
Authors: Hebous Shafik
Published: October 2020

How did the rise of multinational enterprises (MNEs) put pressure on the prevailing international corporate tax framework? MNEs, and firms with market power, are not new phenomena, nor is the corporate income tax, which dates to the early 20th century. This prompts the question, what is distinctly new (about multinational enterprises)—if anything—that has triggered unprecedented recent concerns about vulnerabilities in international tax arrangements and the taxation of MNEs? This paper presents a set of empirical observations and a synthesis of strands of the literature to answer this question. A key message is that MNEs of the 21st century operate differently from prior periods and have evolved to become global firms—with important tax ramifications. The fragility of international tax arrangements was present at the outset of designing international tax rules, but the challenges have drastically intensified with the global integration of business, the increased trade in hard-to-price services and intangibles, and the rapid growth of the digital economy.
Republic of Korea
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: October 2020

Oversight of the Korean financial system is broadly effective. Korea’s Financial Services Commission (FSC) and Financial Supervisory Service (FSS) have in place regulatory and supervisory regimes in line with international standards with only a few remaining gaps. The authorities have addressed most of the recommendations of the previous FSAP and made good progress in benchmarking their frameworks with the Basel Core Principles (BCP), the Insurance Core Principles (ICP) and the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) Objectives and Principles for Securities Supervision (IOP).
Financial Amplification of Labor Supply Shocks
Authors: Biljanovska Nina , Vardoulakis Alexandros
Published: October 2020

We study how financial frictions amplify labor supply shocks in a macroeconomic model with occasionally binding financing constraints. Workers supply labor to entrepreneurs who borrow to purchase factors of production. Borrowing capacity is restricted by the value of capital, generating a pecuniary externality when financing constraints bind. Additionally, there is a distributive externality operating through wages. The planner’s allocation can be decentralized with two instruments: a credit tax/subsidy and a labor tax/subsidy. Labor shocks, such as the COVID-19 shock, amplify the policy responses, which critically depend on whether financing constraints bind or not.
Statement by the Managing Director on the Independent Evaluation Office Report on IMF Advice on Capital Flows Executive Board Meeting September 18, 2020
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: October 2020

As noted in the report, the adoption of the IV represented a major advance in the IMF’s
policy framework to provide advice on capital account liberalization and the management
of capital flows. Before the adoption of the IV, there was no consistent framework to guide
policy advice on these areas. The IV was a major step towards filling the gap existing at the
time. It welcomed the economic benefits of capital flows while recognizing the risks
associated with capital flow volatility, developed a playbook for safe capital account
liberalization, and incorporated capital flow management measures (CFMs) into the policy
toolkit. It also noted the importance of international cooperation on capital flow policies in
allowing countries to harness the benefits of capital flows safely, while minimizing
negative spillovers. It was a demonstration of the institution’s flexibility and willingness to
embrace theoretical advances and lessons from experience.
Rwanda
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: October 2020

COVID-19 has had a severe economic impact on Rwanda through the implementation of strict domestic measures to contain the spread of the virus and the related global spillovers. The authorities have responded by rolling out health and economic measures totaling USD 311 million (3.3 percent of GDP) to mitigate the impact on businesses and households. To help address the urgent balance of payments need arising from the pandemic, the Executive Board approved on April 2 and June 11, 2020 the authorities’ consecutive requests for emergency financing under the “exogenous window” of the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF) totaling SDR 160.2 million (IMF Country Reports No. 20/115 and No 20/207). This brings the total IMF COVID-19 support to Rwanda to 100 percent of quota, or USD 220.46 million.
Ecuador
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
Published: October 2020

On May 1, 2020, the Executive Board approved an RFI (US$643 million, 67.3 percent of quota), to support the urgent needs of the Ecuadorean economy in the wake of COVID-19 crisis, and the authorities cancelled the three-year Extended Fund Facility arrangement (US$ 4.2 billion, 435 percent of quota). The macroeconomic situation has since deteriorated, prompting the authorities to request a 27-month EFF of SDR 4.615 billion (about US$6.5 billion, 661 percent of quota), to help restore macroeconomic stability, support the most vulnerable groups, and advance the structural reform agenda initiated under the previous EFF.
Costa Rica
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Statistics Dept.
Published: October 2020

A technical assistance (TA) mission, conducted by CAPTAC-DR, took place during August 27 to September 7, in San Jose, Costa Rica, to assist the Central Bank of Costa Rica (CBCR) in compiling the non-financial and financial balance sheets. This TA mission was requested in the context of the rebasing project of the national accounts series to 2017, as follow-up of a previous mission conducted in March 2018.
This mission covered two purposes: 1) provide guidance to the CBCR in developing statistical methods to estimate the capital stock for the non-financial private sector
(NFPS), and 2) provide TA in compiling balance sheets, as part of the annual accounts by institutional sector (AAIS) of Costa Rica.
Toward an Integrated Policy Framework
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: October 2020

Policymakers often face difficult tradeoffs in pursuing domestic and external stabilization objectives. The paper reflects staff’s work to advance the understanding of the policy options and tradeoffs available to policymakers in a systematic and analytical way.
The paper recognizes that the optimal path of the IPF tools depends on structural characteristics and fiscal policies. The operational implications of IPF findings require careful consideration. Developing safeguards to minimize the risk of inappropriate use of IPF policies will be essential. Staff remains guided by the Fund’s Institutional View (IV) on the Liberalization and Management of Capital Flows.
The Managing Director’s Global Policy Agenda, Annual Meetings 2020
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: October 2020

The global economic outlook is improving, but
the recovery is partial, uneven, and uncertain. Policies must restore confidence, support
jobs, and boost growth. Now is the time to also build a more resilient
future. We must work together to support the most
vulnerable countries and people.
Progress Report to The IMFC On the Activities Of The Independent Evaluation Office Of The IMF
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Independent Evaluation Office
Published: October 2020

The IEO is advancing its work program while adapting to the challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic. While evaluation is not part of the frontline response that has dominated IMF activity over the past six months, independent evaluation remains a key function for learning from experience and drawing lessons for the Fund as it focuses on meeting members’ urgent and evolving needs. Since April, IEO engagement with the Executive Board has resumed, including formal discussion of the recently completed evaluation of IMF Advice on Capital Flows and an informal seminar on Bank-Fund collaboration on climate issues. Work continues on evaluations of adjustment and growth in IMF-supported programs and IMF engagement with small states, and a new evaluation is being launched on IMF capacity development.
Digital Money Across Borders
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department,   International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, &,   Review Department,   International Monetary Fund. Legal Dept.,   International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.
Published: October 2020

Rapid ongoing progress with digital technologies has increased the prospects for adoption of new forms of digital money for both domestic and international transactions. These include central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) and the so-called global stable coins (GSCs) proposed by large technological companies or platforms. This paper explores the complex interactions between the incentives to adopt and use CBDCs and GSCs across borders and discusses the potential macro-financial effects.
Poverty Reduction And Growth Trust - 2020 Borrowing Agreements With The National Bank Of Belgium, Banco Central Do Brasil, Banque De France, The Government Of Japan, De Nederlandsche Bank NV, The Norwegian Ministry Of Finance Representing The Kingdom Of Norway, The Bank Of Spain, The Sveriges Riksbank And The Government Of The United Kingdom
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: October 2020

This paper presents the first set of Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT) borrowing agreements that have been signed to respond to the unprecedented demand for concessional financing during the COVID-19 pandemic. A fast-track loan mobilization round has been instrumental to allow the Fund to raise access limits and scale up emergency financing to low-income countries (LICs). The new agreements and augmentations of existing agreements that have been finalized are from Belgium, Brazil, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Together, these agreements provide a total of SDR 10.6 billion in new PRGT loan resources for LICs.
FY2020 - Output Cost Estimates and Budget Outturn
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Office of Budget and Planning
Published: October 2020

The paper presents highlights from the FY 2020 budget, followed by a discussion of outputs based on the Fund Thematic Categories and of inputs.