bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPACT OF FOLIAR FERTILIZATION ON PRODUCTIVITY OF NEW INTRODUCED CULTIVARS OF PADDY RICE
Authors: TOROMANOVA Ivanka , GEORGIEVA Tonya
Published: April 2018

The interest to the introduced rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) is explained by thesearch for more suitable varieties with good adaptability and high yield to begrown under the agro-climatic conditions in Bulgaria. The new foliar treatmentproducts on the market - Folur, Amalgerol and Lithovit, have also provoked ourinterest. The survey was carried out in 2013 - 2015, applying the two-factor fieldexperiment following the split plot method. Two Turkish - Osmanchik 97 andGala, along with four Italian cultivars – Lince, Cameo, Puma and Brio were set asfactor one. The foliar product Folur (2 l/da), Amalgerol (1.2 l/da) and Lithovit(0.300 kg/da) were set as factor two. The following factors were studied:phenological development of the cultivars, productive tillering capacity and yield.It has been specified that Osmanchik 97 and Gala had a shorter vegetative period.Lince stood out against the 6 tested cultivars by highest tillering results – 4.70number of tillers/plant and was sharply outlined from the standard – Osmanchik97, Puma and Brio. The tested products Folur and Lithovit had proven their effecton the formation of more productive tillering capacity – by 7.7% and 13.1%respectively. The highest yield was observed with Cameo (954.5 kg/da) and Brio(949.1 kg/da), which surpassed the Osmanchik 97 (control) by 8.6% and 8%respectively. The Amalgerol treatment proved to have the strongest positive impacton productivity and increased the average yield of the tested cultivars by 11.3%.
SIMULTANEOUS SELECTION OF MOST STABLE AND HIGH YIELDING GENOTYPES IN BREEDING PROGRAMS BY NONPARAMETRIC METHODS
Authors: SABAGHNIA Naser , HATAMI-MALEKI Hamid , JANMOHAMMADI Mohsen
Published: April 2018

Explaining genotype by environment (GE) interaction is important in breedingprograms because environmental effects are very often greater than genotypiceffects in multi-environment trials. Statistical methods that select for high yield andstability have been proposed, but have not been compared for their usefulnessespecially for nonparametric methods. We compared fourteen nonparametricmethods used for analyzing GE interaction at a set of experimental lentil data (11genotypes at 20 environments). Nonparametric methods consist of six Huehn’sstatistics (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6), four Thennarasu’s statistics (NP1, NP2, NP3and NP4), tow Sabaghnia’s statistics (NS1 and NS2), Kang’s RS andnonparametric method of Fox et al. (1990). Considering mean yield versusnonparametric stability values via their plotting in a plot, indicated four differentsections as A, B, C and D. The genotype fall in the section D were the mostfavorable genotypes due to high mean yield as well as high stability performance.Plot of the most nonparametric methods showed that genotypes G1 (1.21 t ha-1), G2(1.34 t ha-1) and G5 (1.38 t ha-1) were the most favorable genotypes and so thesegenotypes considered both yield and stability simultaneously. Although, most ofthe nonparametric methods have static (biological) concept of stability and measurethe real concept of stability but plotting them versus mean yield and selecting thegenotypes of section D, could identify relatively the high mean yield genotypes asthe most stable ones.
COMPARISON OF WATERMARK SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT WITH SELYANINOV HYDROTHERMAL COEFFICIENT
Authors: TAPARAUSKIENE Laima , MISECKAITE Otilija
Published: April 2018

Agricultural producers to determine irrigation scheduling practices for crop‘s waterrequirement better when the soil water content of their fields is known. SelyaninovHydrothermal Coefficient (HTC) coefficient is used for identifying droughts duringthe active vegetation period, based on the water balance equation. For farmers tomake measurements of soil moisture is simply with humidity sensors, for exampleWatermark type. Soil humidity values established using Watermark type humiditysensors, value interpretations are based on manufacture indications, however theyhave not been adapted to Lithuanian conditions. Soil moisture was measured withWatermark soil moisture sensors placed at 20 and 50 cm depths. After analysingthe values taken throughout the whole period and summarizing the results it hasbeen identified that plant growth condition period evaluation according to HTC andfactual soil humidity reserves (W) differs by 20%. HTC meaning dependenciesduring vegetation period using Watermark measured humidity, strong or averagelystrong interrelation is determinate, in most cases – statistically significant. Whenevaluating soil humidity reserves based on soil texture, it is recommended to keepthe critical Watermark level in light texture soil (sands) at 80 cbar, and in all othertypes of soil - at 150 cbar. The results clearly indicate that soil composition couldbe factors limiting the success of identifying droughts in agriculture carried byWatermark type humidity sensors.
DETERMINATION OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS L. TRUNK DIAMETER BASED ON STUMP DIAMETER IN DIFFERENT BOREAL CONIFEROUS FOREST CONDITIONS OF PERMSKII KRAI (RUSSIA)
Authors: ROMANOV Aleksandr , BUTORINA Victoria
Published: April 2018

Sometimes there are situations when it is necessary to determine the size of cutlogs in the logging area in its absence. Mostly such situations arise in the detectionof illegal logging. They can also occur in the case legal harvesting, when the tenantof a forest plot does not receive the scheduled volumes of timber for which he paidthe money. In this case, the diameters of the felled trees are determined by the treestumps. Recalculation of diameters is carried out on special tables developed in theearly 20th century. Studies conducted in Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Bryansk(Russia), Gomel (Belarus), showed the need to refine the data of scaling tables forlocal conditions. Large discrepancies between actual and tabular trees appear withthe increasing diameter of the tree. Studies of the relation of the formation of thebutt log of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Perm region was carried out in 2015-2016. Forest plots were selected in different forest types of the middle taiga(Nirobskii forestry) and southern taiga (Perm urban forestry). Measurement of treeswas carried out in pure pine stands at the age of 75-130 years. The stand density ofthe plantings was of 0.6-0.8. In each forest type the replication of studies wasthreefold. Studies have shown that trunks of pines formed a fuller bole in the Permregion, than the established scaling tables. For trees 40cm in diameter,recalculation leads to underestimation of the pine tree trunk diameter by 1-2diameter class. That is understating the actual volume of felled tree by (16-20 %).There were no significant differences in the formation of the pine bole between theforest zones or by the corresponding types of forest. Also, there were no significantdifferences between forest types, which allows using a single conversion scale forthe taiga part of the Perm Territory. Due to the fact that the relative completenessof the comparative stands were close, the influence of the distance between thetrees on the development of the butt of pine trunks was not detected.
EFFECTS OF TILLAGE SYSTEMS AND FERTILIZATION LEVEL ON THE WEEDINESS OF WINTER WHEAT
Authors: KOVAČEVIĆ Dušan , OLJAČA Snežana , DOLIJANOVIĆ Željko , MILIĆ Vesna , GRŠIĆ Nemanja , KOVAČEVIĆ Aleksandar
Published: April 2018

This paper deals with results of the effects of three tillage systems and differentnitrogen fertilizer level on floristic composition of weed community in winterwheat in investigated period on the chernozem-luvic soil type. The trial was carriedout on the estate experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture - Zemun"Radmilovac" near Belgrade in Serbia. Tillage systems and fertilization withnitrogen fertilizers have a big influence on weed control and floristic composition,number of species and individuals and biomass of weeds in winter wheat. Theweed community in winter wheat crops was composed of 14 weed species in bothyear of investigation, respectively, with dominancy of terophytes. The obtainedresults showed that the dominant weed species were Avena fatua L., Papaverrhoeas L., Sinapis arvensis L. and Stellaria media (L.) Vill. from annuels and.Convolvulus arvensis L. from perennials prevailed in the weed community inwinter wheat crops.Conventional tillage system with nitrogen level in top dressing120 kg ha-1 had better effect in weed control than both of both investigatedconservation tillage systems (MTS and NTS) had. However, mulch tillage has notlagged behind the conventional tillage increased total weed number of individualsannual and perennial species especially fresh biomass. No-tillage system makesweed control difficult.
Mitochondrial genomes organization in alloplasmic lines of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) with various types of cytoplasmic male sterility
Authors: Makarenko Maksim , Kornienko Igor , Azarin Kirill , Usatov Alexander , Logacheva Maria , Markin Nicolay , Gavrilova Vera
Published: April 2018

Background. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a common phenotype in higher plants, which often is associated with rearrangements in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and is widely used to produce hybrid seeds in a variety of valuable crop species. The CMS phenomenon investigations are also promote understanding of a fundamental issue of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions in the ontogeny of higher plants. In the present study, we analyzed the structural changes in mitochondrial genomes of three alloplasmic lines of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The investigation was focused on CMS line PET2, as there are very few reports about its mtDNA organization.

Methods. The NGS sequencing, de novo assembly, and annotation of sunflower mitochondrial genomes were performed. The comparative analysis of mtDNA of HA89 fertile line and two HA89 CMS lines (PET1, PET2) occurred.

Results. The mtDNA of the HA89 fertile line was almost identical to the HA412 line (NC_023337). The comparative analysis of HA89 fertile and CMS (PET1) analog mitochondrial genomes revealed 11852 bp inversion, 4732 bp insertion, 451 bp deletion and 18 variant sites. In mtDNA of HA89 (PET2) CMS line 77 kb translocation, 711 bp and 3780 bp deletions, as well as 1558 bp, 5050 bp, 14330 bp insertions were determined. There are also revealed 83 polymorphic sites sites in the PET2 mitochondrial genome, as compared with the fertile line

Discussion. Among the revealed rearrangements the 1558 bp insertion resulted in new open reading frames formation - orf228 and orf246. The orf228 and orf246 could be the main reason for the development of PET2 CMS phenotype, whereas the role of other mtDNA reorganizations in CMS formation is negligible.
The effect of protection and wave-exposure of two marine protected areas have opposite trends on macroalgae invasiveness.
Authors: Blanco Cartagena Andreu , Souza Troncoso Jesús , Olabarria Celia , Loureiro Lemos Marco Filipe
Published: April 2018

Negative impacts of marine invasions include loss of genetic diversity, ecosystem functions/processes, and/or community structure and, consequently, a threat to global biodiversity through biotic homogenization. Recent studies indicate that invasive macroalgae make up a significant proportion of marine invasive species. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been proved to have positive effects on marine biodiversity conservation; however, their role in preventing biological invasions, especially macroalgae, is still poorly understood. In this context, we studied the effects of protection and wave exposure on the abundance of six invasive macroalgae (Grateloupia turuturu, Asparagopsis armata, Colpomenia peregrina, Sargassum muticum, Undaria pinnatifida, and Codium fragile ssp. fragile) at two MPAs of the western Iberian Peninsula, one located along the Spanish coast (Illas Atlánticas) and the other on the Portuguese coast (Berlangas). The results showed opposite effects of protection and wave-exposure at the two MPAs. Greater biomass of invasive macroalgae was found at semiexposed areas outside the reserve in the Spanish MPA, whereas in the Portuguese reserve, biomass (especially of A. armata) was significantly greater inside the reserve, mainly at semiexposed sites. These differences highlight the importance of understanding the functioning of reserves to apply proper conservation management policies in order to preserve the MPAs resilience.
Routinely quantifying single cell proteomes: A new age in quantitative biology and medicine
Authors: Specht Harrison , Slavov Nikolai
Published: April 2018

Many pressing medical challenges -- such as diagnosing disease, enhancing directed stem cell differentiation, and classifying cancers -- have long been hindered by limitations in our ability to quantify proteins in single cells. Mass-spectrometry (MS) is poised to transcend these limitations by developing powerful methods to routinely quantify thousands of proteins and proteoforms across many thousands of single cells. We outline specific technological developments and ideas that can increase the sensitivity and throughput of single cell MS by orders of magnitude and usher in this new age. These advances will transform medicine and ultimately contribute to understanding biological systems on an entirely new level.
Sea ice biota: Excerpts from the State of the Arctic Marine Biodiversity Report by the Sea Ice Biota Expert Network/CBMP
Authors: Hop Haakon , Bluhm Bodil A. , Melnikov Igor A. , Poulin Michel , Vihtakari Mikko , Collins R. Eric , Gradinger Rolf , Juul-Pedersen Thomas , von Quillfeldt Cecilie
Published: April 2018

Sea ice is an important Arctic habitat that supports a high diversity of species—with over 1276 protist taxa alone. Multi-year sea ice is being replaced by first-year ice and open water, which will cause shifts in ice algal communities with cascading effects on the ice-associated ecosystem. Documentation of ice biota composition, abundance and natural variability is critical for evaluating responses to the decline in Arctic sea ice. The Sea-ice Biota Expert Network, therefore, aggregated and reviewed data on status and trends of ice-associated Bacteria, Archaea, microalgae, meiofauna, and under-ice macrofauna Focal Ecosystem Components (FECs) across eight Arctic Marine Areas as well as current monitoring. Sea ice biota monitoring has occurred most frequently in the central Arctic, Svalbard area, Barrow (Alaska) and the Canadian Arctic, with recent sites in northern Greenland. Sea ice algal community structure has possibly changed in the central Arctic between the 1980s and 2010s, and ice-amphipod abundance and biomass have declined in the Svalbard area since the 1980s. Consistent monitoring protocols, equipment and methodology should be implemented. The presentation also evaluates dominant drivers of observed trends, and knowledge and monitoring gaps.
Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Bilgi Kaynakları / Knowledge Sources of University Students
Authors: Acun İsmail , Yücel Cemil , Demirhan Gökhan
Published: April 2018

Abstract

The aim of the study is to examine university students' preferred sources of knowledge. A survey design was employed. A measurement instrument consisting of 18 items and 6 dimensions, named "authority", "social media", "religion", "science", "tradition" and "experience" was applied to 2253 university students from 12 public universities at different regions, Turkey. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and variance tests. It is found out that the most preferred sources of knowledge for university students are "experience" and "authority, and the least preferred sources of knowledge are "religion" and "social media". In addition, it is determined that the knowledge source preferences of university students differ significantly in some sub-dimensions according to gender, grade average, socio-economic level and political views.

 

Öz

Üniversite öğrencilerinin tercih ettikleri bilgi kaynaklarını incelemeyi amaçlayan bu çalışmada, nicel betimsel tarama deseni kullanılmıştır. Bilgi kaynaklarını tespit etmek amacıyla geliştirilen 18 maddelik, “otorite”, “sosyal medya”, “din”, “bilim”, “gelenek” ve “tecrübe” olmak üzere 6 boyuttan oluşan ölçme aracı Türkiye’nin farklı bölgelerinden 12 devlet üniversitesinde öğrenim gören 2253 üniversite öğrencisine uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler betimsel istatistikler ve varyans testleri kullanılarak çözümlenmiştir. Üniversite öğrencilerinin en çok tercih ettikleri bilgi kaynaklarının “tecrübe” ve “otorite” olduğu, en az tercih edilen bilgi kaynaklarının ise “din” ve “sosyal medya” olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, üniversite öğrencilerinin bilgi kaynağı tercihlerinin bazı alt boyutlarda cinsiyet, not ortalaması, sosyo-ekonomik seviye ve siyasi görüşlerine göre anlamlı bir şekilde farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. 
İhtidanın Bedeli: Etiyopya Kralı Iyasu Örneği (1913-1916) / The Price of the Conversion to Islam: The Case of Iyasu, the King of Ethiopia (1913-1916)
Authors: Hassen Ibsa Ahmed , Erşahin Seyfettin
Published: April 2018

Abstract

The reign of Lij Iyasu was one of the most controversial periods in the history of Ethiopia. Iyasu came to power because of an absence of a direct male line from the reigning King, Menelik (1889-1913). He was the product of the crisis of the last quarter of the 19th century. He was the son of Michael, the ex-Muslim, who was converted to Christianity by force after the council of Boru Meda in 1878. He was the descendant of the two largest ethnic groups in the country, the Oromo, and Amhara. His background was helpful to stop the creeping inequality developing in the country at that time, however; it was the same background that contributed to the demise of Iyasu. He was also involved in the politics of the First World War. He had a good relationship with the Ottoman and the Somali nationalist, Sayyid Abdalle Hassen. His relation to the Ottoman and conversion to Islam irritated the European powers. Those factors contributed greatly to his downfall. This article will put light on the period of Lij Iyasu including the question of his conversion to Islam and political events based on available oral and written sources.

Öz

Lic Iyasu’nun dönemi (1913-1916) Etiyopya tarihinin en tartışmalı dönemlerinden birisidir. Iyasu, hükümdar olan Kral Menelik’in (1889-1913) bir erkek evladı olmaması sebebiyle iktidar şansını elde etti. Bu sebeple de kendisi 19. yüzyılın son çeyreğindeki Etiyopya kraliyetindeki taht krizinin bir parçası oldu. Iyasu, daha önceden Müslüman iken 1878 yılındaki Boru Meda Konseyi’nden sonra zorla Hristiyanlığa geçirilen Michael’in oğluydu. Iyasu, ülkedeki en büyük iki etnik grup olan Oromoların ve Amharaların soyundan geliyordu. Kökeni, bir yandan o zamanlar ülkede büyümekte olan eşitsizliği durdurması için yardımcı olurken, bir yandan da tahttan indirilmesine sebep olmuştu. Iyasu aynı zamanda Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na da siyaseten müdahil olmuştu. Osmanlılarla ve Somalili milliyetçi Seyyid Abdallah Hassan ile iyi ilişkileri vardı. Bu durum Avrupalı güçler için son derece rahatsız edici bir durumdu. Iyasu’nun bu teşebbüslerini etkisiz kılmak için Avrupalı güçler, Iyasu karşıtı Etiyopyalı yerel güçlere destek vererek onu tahttan indirdiler. Bu makale, sözlü ve yazılı kaynaklara dayanarak Iyasu’nun İslamiyet’e geçişi dâhil olmak üzere, dönemin siyasi olaylarına ve yönetimine ışık tutmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğrenenlerin Duygusal Algı Becerilerinin Değerlendirilmesi / Assessment of Emotional Literacy Levels of Students Learning Turkish as a Foreign Language
Authors: Uzan M. Furkan , Kana Fatih
Published: April 2018

Abstract

The aim of this research is to determine the level of emotional literacy skills of learners who learn Turkish as a foreign language and to examine them according to various variables. For this purpose, emotional literacy general and subscale skills levels of the students learning Turkish as a foreign language have been determined. It was investigated whether the emotional literacy skills of the students who learned Turkish as a foreign language showed a statistically significant difference according to the variables of sex, nationality and Turkish Language acquisition level. After this process, students who learned Turkish as a foreign language were interviewed and their views on emotional literacy were taken and interpreted. As a result of the research, it was determined that the general skill levels of emotional literacy of the students who learned Turkish as a foreign language were in the medium level. It has been determined that students who learn Turkish as a foreign language have difficulties in expressing their feelings and understanding the expressed emotions. And also it has been determined that they are weak in terms of vocabulary. It has been achieved that students who learn Turkish as a foreign language thinking emotional literacy skills are necessary for language teaching.

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenen öğrencilerin duygusal algı (duygusal okuryazarlık) becerisi düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve çeşitli değişkenlere göre incelenmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenen öğrencilerin duygusal okuryazarlık becerisi genel ve alt boyut beceri düzeyleri belirlenmiş ve bu düzeyler arasında cinsiyet, uyruk ve Türkçe öğrenim seviyesi değişkenlerine göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılığın olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Bu işlemin ardından yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenen öğrencilerle görüşme yapılmış ve duygusal okuryazarlık becerisine ilişkin görüşleri alınmış ve yorumlanmıştır.  Araştırma sonucunda yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenen öğrencilerin duygusal okuryazarlık becerisi genel düzeylerinin orta seviyede olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenen öğrencilerin duygularını ifade etmekte ve ifade edilen duyguları anlamakta zorlandıkları, özellikle de bu konuda kelime bilgisi yönünden zayıf oldukları saptanmıştır. Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenen öğrencilerin duygusal okuryazarlık becerilerini dil öğretiminde gerekli gördüğü sonucuna da ulaşılmıştır.
An Urban/Modern Version of Tribe: “The Kalenderi/Hiyyi Association” / Aşiretin Kentsel/Modern Bir Versiyonu Olarak Kalenderi/Hiyyi Derneği
Authors: Karadeniz Sıtkı
Published: April 2018

This article focuses on an “existing tribe” (regarded as a pre-modern social organization representing rural society) to reorganize/transform itself as a civil society organization (the “ideal” organization of modern society and urban life). The efforts and strategies of tribes for reviving and sustaining themselves in urban life are analyzed over the narratives of the “well educated, skilled and urban” members of the Executive Board of “The Kalenderi/Hıyyi Association” (KHA). In big cities, the establishment of associations by the migrants coming from the same ethnic/religious community or the same locale is a common thing. But KHA is not a migrant solidarity association, it is located in its “homeland”. A well-educated group of tribesmen put a special emphasis on the preservation of former relations and traditions in modern urban life and establish the KHA. During the research, it is observed that other urban tribesmen (from all world) effectively uses cyber space, while respond the call for “unity” from their “relatives”. The association regards “all tribe, as a community of broader relatives” and utilizes technology effectively to contact these “broader relatives”. This type of organizational behavior brings a unique and effective perspective on organizational pattern of tribes. The article argues that new forms of tribes such as “cyber tribes” could emerge in future (for instance, tribes ruled by “elected” leaders or tribes reorganized in different modern forms ranging from solidarity associations, pressure groups, corporations or else). In all these “modern” forms, the prerequisite of membership will be “traditional” (being a “member” of “the tribe”). The cyber space also may give birth to its own leaders and these “cyber leaders” (especially of social online platforms) may gather new generation tribesmen around themselves and challenge the “traditional leadership”.
Interval Coded Scoring: a toolbox for interpretable scoring systems
Authors: Billiet Lieven , Van Huffel Sabine , Van Belle Vanya
Published: April 2018

Over the last decades, clinical decision support systems have been gaining importance. They help clinicians to make effective use of the overload of available information to obtain correct diagnoses and appropriate treatments. However, their power often comes at the cost of a black box model which cannot be interpreted easily. This interpretability is of paramount importance in a medical setting with regard to trust and (legal) responsibility. In contrast, existing medical scoring systems are easy to understand and use, but they are often a simplified rule-of-thumb summary of previous medical experience rather than a well-founded system based on available data. Interval Coded Scoring (ICS) connects these two approaches, exploiting the power of sparse optimization to derive scoring systems from training data. The presented toolbox interface makes this theory easily applicable to both small and large datasets. It contains two possible problem formulations based on linear programming or elastic net. Both allow to construct a model for a binary classification problem and establish risk profiles that can be used for future diagnosis. All of this requires only a few lines of code. ICS differs from standard machine learning through its model consisting of interpretable main effects and interactions. Furthermore, insertion of expert knowledge is possible because the training can be semi-automatic. This allows end users to make a trade-off between complexity and performance based on cross-validation results and expert knowledge. Additionally, the toolbox offers an accessible way to assess classification performance via accuracy and the ROC curve, whereas the calibration of the risk profile can be evaluated via a calibration curve. Finally, the colour-coded model visualization has particular appeal if one wants to apply ICS manually on new observations, as well as for validation by experts in the specific application domains. The validity and applicability of the toolbox is demonstrated by comparing it to standard Machine Learning approaches such as Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machines for several real-life datasets. These case studies on medical problems show its applicability as a decision support system. ICS performs similarly in terms of classification and calibration. Its slightly lower performance is countered by its model simplicity which makes it the method of choice if interpretability is a key issue.
Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number of diphtheria: a case study of a Rohingya refugee camp in Bangladesh, November–December 2017
Authors: Matsuyama Ryota , Akhmetzhanov Andrei R. , Endo Akira , Lee Hyojung , Yamaguchi Takayuki , Tsuzuki Shinya , Nishiura Hiroshi
Published: April 2018

Background

A Rohingya refugee camp in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh experienced a large-scale diphtheria epidemic in 2017. The background information of previously immune fraction among refugees cannot be explicitly estimated, and thus we conducted an uncertainty analysis of the basic reproduction number,R0.

Methods

A renewal process model was devised to estimate theR0and ascertainment rate of cases, and loss of susceptible individuals was modeled as one minus the sum of initially immune fraction and the fraction naturally infected during the epidemic. To account for the uncertainty of initially immune fraction, we employed a Latin Hypercube sampling (LHS) method.

Results

R0ranged from 4.7 to 14.8 with the median estimate at 7.2.R0was positively correlated with ascertainment rates. Sensitivity analysis indicated thatR0would become smaller with greater variance of the generation time.

Discussion

EstimatedR0was broadly consistent with published estimate from endemic data, indicating that the vaccination coverage of 86% has to be satisfied to prevent the epidemic by means of mass vaccination. LHS was particularly useful in the setting of a refugee camp in which the background health status is poorly quantified.
Seletividade de associações e doses de herbicidas em pós emergência do trigo
Authors: Piasecki Cristiano , Bilibio Marcos Ivan , Fries Henrique , Cechin Joanei , Schmitz Maicon Fernando , Henckes Jonas Rodrigo , Gazola Juliano
Published: April 2018

As principais plantas daninhas encontradas na cultura do trigo são o nabo e o azevém, e seu controle em pós-emergência é baseado em herbicidas inibidores da enzima acetolactato sintase (ALS) e acetil coenzima A carboxilase (ACCase) que, em função da resistência, limita as opções de controle. Associações de herbicidas têm sido utilizadas em pós-emergência do trigo, porém, seus efeitos na cultura são pouco conhecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade de associações de herbicidas e doses aplicados em pós-emergência do trigo. Foram realizados três experimentos a campo em sistema de semeadura direta, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos municípios de Santa Bárbara do Sul-RS, Cruz Alta-RS e Tupanciretã-RS. Foram estudadas doses e associações entre os herbicidas 2,4-D, metsulfuron-methyl, iodosulfuron, piroxsulam e saflufenacil aplicados no perfilhamento do trigo. As variáveis avaliadas foram fitotoxicidade aos sete, 14, 21 e 35 dias após a aplicação (DAA), rendimento de grãos (kg ha-1) e peso hectolitro dos grãos de trigo (PH), sendo os dados dos três experimentos analisados de forma conjunta. Aos 35 DAA as maiores fitotoxicidades foram observadas para metsulfuron-methyl na dose de 9 g i.a. ha-1 e para saflufenacil associado ao metsulfuron-methyl. Os resultados de rendimento de grãos demonstraram que a associação entre 2,4-D e metsulfuron-methyl, saflufenacil isolado ou associado à metsulfuron-methyl e o iodosulfuron-methyl foram seletivos para o trigo. O aumento da dose de metsulfuron-methyl (6 e 9 g i.a. ha-1) e a dose de registro de piroxsulam causaram redução significativa na rendimento de grãos de grãos de trigo na média dos três experimentos. O PH dos grãos de trigo não foi influenciado pelos herbicidas estudados.
Archaeal and eukaryal translation initiation factor 1 differ in their RNA interacting loops
Authors: Gogoi Prerana , Kanaujia Shankar Prasad
Published: April 2018

The archaeal translation initiation factor 1 (aIF1) is reported to be functionally homologous to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1 (eIF1). However, lack of a structural comparison between aIF1 and eIF1 has limited our understanding of the structural (dis)similarities. Herein, we have determined the three‐dimensional crystal structure of an open reading frame PH1771.1 encoding aIF1 in Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3. Results reveal that although aIF1 has low sequence similarity with eIF1, high structural homology exists between the two proteins. Nonetheless, notable critical differences between aIF1 and eIF1 could still be perceived at the β1–β2 basic loop, the acidic loop and the solvent‐exposed surface. These differences might lead to a slightly divergent mode of action of aIF1 during archaeal translation initiation.
Global Character of Latent Heat Release in Oceanic Warm Rain Systems
Authors: Nelson Ethan L. , L'Ecuyer Tristan S.
Published: April 2018

Warm rain plays an important role in Earth's water and energy cycles. Little is known, however, about the global character of latent heat release from warm rain regimes owing to a lack of satellite observations with sufficient sensitivity to this often light, sometimes isolated, precipitation. The Wisconsin Algorithm for Latent heating and Rainfall Using Satellites (WALSRUS) utilizes CloudSat's W‐band Cloud Profiling Radar to estimate vertical profiles of latent heating, surface rainfall rate, and related processes across all oceanic warm rain regimes. This study examines a 4‐year climatology of monthly mean WALRUS estimates to document the global character of latent heating in oceanic warm rain and quantify the sensitivity of underlying condensation and evaporation processes to bulk properties of the large‐scale environment. Warm rain is found to make up 9.2% of oceanic global rainfall and 13.9% of oceanic tropical rainfall. Convective warm rain contributes 36% of rain accumulation and 50% of column latent heating even though its occurrence frequency is only 11%. Net pressure‐weighted column‐integrated latent heating from warm rain condensation averages 0.15 K day−1 of atmospheric heating, with nearly equal contribution from convective and shallow warm rain. While warm rain is found throughout the globe, the Intertropical Convergence Zone is a notable warm rain hot spot peaking near 1 K day−1. The mean height of the maximum condensation in warm rain is 1.5 ± 0.6 km and found to be generally invariant to atmospheric stability. On the other hand, the depth of the entrainment cooling layer decreases with increasing inversion strength.
Ensemble Optimization Retrieval Algorithm of Hydrometeor Profiles for the Ice Cloud Imager Submillimeter‐Wave Radiometer
Authors: Liu Yuli , Buehler S. A. , Brath M. , Liu Heguang , Dong Xiaolong
Published: April 2018

In this paper, we propose an ensemble optimization algorithm to retrieve the hydrometeor profiles for the upcoming Ice Cloud Imager submillimeter‐wave radiometer. The algorithm combines the database approach with local optimization under a framework of Bayesian Monte Carlo methodology. It first builds a retrieval database with atmospheric parameters obtained from prior information, and then it conducts ensemble optimization to minimize the cost function when too few database cases match the observations. The ensemble approach does not use the gradient information. Instead, it learns what the optimum's posterior distribution looks like, and then tries to estimate this distribution directly. The algorithm represents the unknown continuous posterior distribution with an ensemble of discrete cases, and it iteratively decreases the estimate uncertainties by generating a new ensemble from the learned distribution. Once the termination criterion is met, retrieval results and uncertainties are derived by integration over the final ensemble. We conduct retrieval experiments using simulated noisy brightness temperatures. Retrieved profiles are compared to the true values, and the results are statistically analyzed. The ensemble optimization algorithm is demonstrated to be an effective objective value minimization technique that avoids the complexity of gradient radiative transfer calculations. The algorithm also shows a satisfactory water content profile retrieval performance for frozen hydrometeors.
Controls on Yardang Development and Morphology: 1. Field Observations and Measurements at Ocotillo Wells, California
Authors: Pelletier Jon D. , Kapp Paul A. , Abell Jordan , Field Jason P. , Williams Zachary C. , Dorsey Rebecca J.
Published: April 2018

Yardangs are streamlined hills formed in part by the erosive action of wind and wind‐blown sediments. Here we examine the controls on yardang development and morphology using the Ocotillo Wells State Vehicular Recreation Area (OWSVRA), California, as a study site. We measured the compressive strengths, strikes, and dips of bedrock strata, eolian sediment fluxes (including their vertical profiles and spatial variations around yardangs), and erosion rates derived from geologic constraints and multitemporal Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS). We used a combination of TLS‐based and airborne lidar‐based Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to test the applicability of an asymmetric Gaussian function for characterizing yardang form and quantify the relationships among yardang lengths, widths, heights, spacings, and their controlling factors. Yardang aspect ratios are controlled by bedrock structural attributes, specifically by the tangent of the dip and the angle between the strike and the prevailing wind direction. Yardang spacings scale linearly with yardang width. Yardang heights increase as the square root of width such that larger yardangs tend to have gentler side slopes. Sediment fluxes reach a maximum in the troughs among yardangs, consistent with the hypothesis that yardang development involves the focusing of wind and wind‐blown sediments into troughs. The vertical distribution of eolian sediment flux follows a power law with an exponent of −2.5, a result consistent with an advection‐diffusion‐settling model of transport near the saltation‐suspension transition. Erosion rates are several mm/yr over time scales of ~100 and ~106 years.
One or Two Early Cretaceous Arc Systems in the Lhasa Terrane, Southern Tibet
Authors: Li Shi‐Min , Wang Qing , Zhu Di‐Cheng , Stern Robert J. , Cawood Peter A. , Sui Qing‐Lin , Zhao Zhidan
Published: April 2018

Spatial and temporal variations of arc‐related magmatism are key to determining the subduction polarity of incompletely preserved arc systems. Petrographic, geochronological, geochemical, and isotope data of Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks from the northern Lhasa Terrane around Yanhu indicate south dipping subduction of the Bangong Tethys. Two distinct calc‐alkaline magmatic successions are recognized: older medium‐K basalts and Mg‐rich andesites (131–116 Ma), and younger high‐K basalts and trachyandesites (116–110 Ma). The medium‐K basalts exhibit a typical arc signature, whereas the medium‐K andesites show higher MgO contents relative to arc andesites. The medium‐K series are interpreted as partial melting of a metasomatized mantle wedge source at lower pressure and greater water activity in generating the Mg‐rich andesites. The high‐K series are characterized by enrichments in highly incompatible elements and are considered as low‐degree partial melting of asthenosphere mantle source that was previously metasomatized. All samples show arc‐related signatures, which indicate the development of what we term the Baingoin‐Yanhu arc in the northern Lhasa Terrane. This observation, in combination with the distribution of Early Cretaceous arc magmatism across the Lhasa Terrane, which prior to subsequent deformation had a width of at least 600 km, requires the existence of two arc systems flanking the Lhasa Terrane and related to opposed oceanic plate subduction: north dipping subduction of the Neo‐Tethys and south dipping subduction of the Bangong Tethys. Compositional change from medium‐K to high‐K calc‐alkaline volcanism around Yanhu records changing mantle geodynamics, which we infer to reflect rollback and breakoff of the south dipping Bangong Tethyan slab.
An Indoor Path Loss Prediction Model Using Wall Correction Factors for Wireless Local Area Network and 5G Indoor Networks
Authors: Obeidat H. A. , Asif R. , Ali N. T. , Dama Y. A. , Obeidat O. A. , Jones S. M. R. , Shuaieb W. S. , Al‐Sadoon M. A. , Hameed K. W. , Alabdullah A. A. , Abd‐Alhameed R. A.
Published: April 2018

A modified indoor path loss prediction model is presented, namely, effective wall loss model. The modified model is compared to other indoor path loss prediction models using simulation data and real‐time measurements. Different operating frequencies and antenna polarizations are considered to verify the observations. In the simulation part, effective wall loss model shows the best performance among other models as it outperforms 2 times the dual‐slope model, which is the second best performance. Similar observations were recorded from the experimental results. Linear attenuation and one‐slope models have similar behavior, the two models parameters show dependency on operating frequency and antenna polarization.
Formation of Aldehydes and Ketones by Rearrangements
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Dubrovskiy Anton V. , Markina Nataliya A.
Published: April 2018

Isomerization

Epoxides

Vinylic Ethers

Pinacol and Related Rearrangements

Ring Rearrangement

Ring Opening

Ring Contraction

Ring Expansion

Electrocyclic Rearrangements

Miscellaneous Rearrangements
Formation of Aldehydes and Ketones by Condensation Reactions
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Dubrovskiy Anton V. , Markina Nataliya A.
Published: April 2018

Acetoacetic Ester

Acyloin and Related Reactions

Benzoin and Related Reactions

Dieckmann and Related Reactions

Mannich

Michael

Thorpe–Ziegler

Aldol and Related Reactions

Other Condensation Reactions
Formation of Aldehydes and Ketones by Carbonylation and Related Reactions
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Dubrovskiy Anton V. , Markina Nataliya A.
Published: April 2018

Alkanes

Free Radicals

Organolithium Compounds

Organoboron Compounds

Organoindium Compounds

Organosilicon Compounds

Organotin Compounds

Organobismuth Compounds

Organotitanium Compounds

Organozirconium Compounds

Organochromium Compounds

Organomolybdenum Compounds

Organotungsten Compounds

Organomanganese Compounds

Organoiron Compounds

Organoruthenium Compounds

Organocobalt Compounds

Organorhodium Compounds

Organoiridium Compounds

Organonickel Compounds

Organopalladium Compounds

Organoplatinum Compounds

Organocopper Compounds

Organozinc Compounds

Organomercury Compounds

Organosamarium Compounds

Hydroformylation

Hydroacylation and Related Reactions
Formation of Aldehydes and Ketones by Nucleophilic Acylation
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Dubrovskiy Anton V. , Markina Nataliya A.
Published: April 2018

Cyanohydrin Derivatives

Isonitriles

Iron Carbonyl Reagents

Allylic Amides

Allylic Ethers and Carbamates

Vinylic Ethers

Other Metallated Ethers

Benzotriazole Derivatives

Miscellaneous Nucleophilic Acylation Reactions
Formation of Nitriles, Carboxylic Acids, and Derivatives by Reduction
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Yao Tuanli
Published: April 2018

This article has no abstract.
Formation of Nitriles, Carboxylic Acids, and Derivatives by Carbonylation, Carboxylation, and Related Reactions
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Yao Tuanli
Published: April 2018

Carboxylic Acids

Acid Halides

Esters

Lactones

Acid Anhydrides

Amides

Lactams

Imides

Nitriles
Conjugate Addition to α,β‐Unsaturated Nitriles, Carboxylic Acids, and Derivatives
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Yao Tuanli
Published: April 2018

This article has no abstract.
Susceptibility‐weighted and diffusion kurtosis imaging to evaluate encephalomalacia with epilepsy after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Li Wenbin , Wang Xuan , Wei Xiaoer , Wang Mingliang
Published: April 2018

Objective

Encephalomalacia after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the factors leading to epilepsy. In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to explore the brain image features of epilepsy after traumatic encephalomalacia, and to provide objective evidence for predicting the possible occurrence of epilepsy after traumatic encephalomalacia.

Methods

Two‐hundred‐fifty‐two patients with traumatic encephalomalacia were prospectively enrolled in the study. All patients underwent MRI after discharge from the hospital. At the 1‐year follow‐up, participants were divided into epilepsy and nonepilepsy groups. All participants underwent MRI including conventional imaging, susceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI), and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI). The lesion volume, iron deposition, mean diffusion (MD), and mean kurtosis (MK) around the lesions were calculated for each group and compared using t‐tests. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Sixty patients with epilepsy and 91 without epilepsy were reported. There were no significant differences in Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), lesion volume, encephalomalacia, or MD values between the two groups. Iron deposition was significantly higher in the epilepsy group (P < 0.05). The MK values were significantly different (P < 0.05).

Interpretation

Advanced MRI is an important means of evaluating risk of developing epilepsy at 1 year due to encephalomalacia in patients with TBI. SWI and DKI could be used to assess the microstructural changes around the encephalomalacia, and therefore be used to evaluate risk of developing epilepsy at 1 year.
An image‐based model of brain volume biomarker changes in Huntington's disease
Authors: Wijeratne Peter A. , Young Alexandra L. , Oxtoby Neil P. , Marinescu Razvan V. , Firth Nicholas C. , Johnson Eileanoir B. , Mohan Amrita , Sampaio Cristina , Scahill Rachael I. , Tabrizi Sarah J. , Alexander Daniel C.
Published: April 2018

Objective

Determining the sequence in which Huntington's disease biomarkers become abnormal can provide important insights into the disease progression and a quantitative tool for patient stratification. Here, we construct and present a uniquely fine‐grained model of temporal progression of Huntington's disease from premanifest through to manifest stages.

Methods

We employ a probabilistic event‐based model to determine the sequence of appearance of atrophy in brain volumes, learned from structural MRI in the Track‐HD study, as well as to estimate the uncertainty in the ordering. We use longitudinal and phenotypic data to demonstrate the utility of the patient staging system that the resulting model provides.

Results

The model recovers the following order of detectable changes in brain region volumes: putamen, caudate, pallidum, insula white matter, nonventricular cerebrospinal fluid, amygdala, optic chiasm, third ventricle, posterior insula, and basal forebrain. This ordering is mostly preserved even under cross‐validation of the uncertainty in the event sequence. Longitudinal analysis performed using 6 years of follow‐up data from baseline confirms efficacy of the model, as subjects consistently move to later stages with time, and significant correlations are observed between the estimated stages and nonimaging phenotypic markers.

Interpretation

We used a data‐driven method to provide new insight into Huntington's disease progression as well as new power to stage and predict conversion. Our results highlight the potential of disease progression models, such as the event‐based model, to provide new insight into Huntington's disease progression and to support fine‐grained patient stratification for future precision medicine in Huntington's disease.
Automated verbal credibility assessment of intentions: The model statement technique and predictive modeling
Authors: Kleinberg Bennett , van der Toolen Yaloe , Vrij Aldert , Arntz Arnoud , Verschuere Bruno
Published: April 2018

Recently, verbal credibility assessment has been extended to the detection of deceptive intentions, the use of a model statement, and predictive modeling. The current investigation combines these 3 elements to detect deceptive intentions on a large scale. Participants read a model statement and wrote a truthful or deceptive statement about their planned weekend activities (Experiment 1). With the use of linguistic features for machine learning, more than 80% of the participants were classified correctly. Exploratory analyses suggested that liars included more person and location references than truth‐tellers. Experiment 2 examined whether these findings replicated on independent‐sample data. The classification accuracies remained well above chance level but dropped to 63%. Experiment 2 corroborated the finding that liars' statements are richer in location and person references than truth‐tellers' statements. Together, these findings suggest that liars may over‐prepare their statements. Predictive modeling shows promise as an automated veracity assessment approach but needs validation on independent data.