bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermomagnetic Correlation in La0.85-xBixNa0.15MnO3 Soft Ferromagnet due to Nonmagnetic Bi3+ Substitution
Authors: Mendonca Lozil Denzil , Murari M. S. , Daivajna Mamatha D.
Published: June 2021

We report the structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of Bismuth (Bi)-substituted manganite La0.85-xBixNa0.15MnO3 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3). X-ray diffraction data implicates the rhombohedral structure with $$ R\overline{3}c $$
R

3
¯

c
space group. Bi2O3 has helped in ensuring phase pure, densified compounds even at low sintering temperature and hence avoiding the evaporation of volatile sodium. The increase in grain size and decrease in magnetic transition temperature (TC) are due to the Bi chemical activity and electronic structure. The samples have shown indirect magnetic transformation from soft ferromagnet to canted ferromagnet/antiferromagnet with Bi. Griffiths phase-like behavior in the inverse magnetic susceptibility was observed for x=0.1; with further increase in Bi, the samples are found to develop the antiferromagnetic competing phase. The phenomenological model was used to model the thermomagnetic behavior of all the samples. The sample with x=0.1 shows an increase in magnetic entropy change upon Bi substitution and the maximum of magnetic entropy change is seen at 275K emphasizing its potential in room temperature magnetic refrigeration.
Time-Non-Local Pearson Diffusions
Authors: Ascione Giacomo , Leonenko Nikolai , Pirozzi Enrica
Published: June 2021

In this paper we focus on strong solutions of some heat-like problems with a non-local derivative in time induced by a Bernstein function and an elliptic operator given by the generator or the Fokker–Planck operator of a Pearson diffusion, covering a large class of important stochastic processes. Such kind of time-non-local equations naturally arise in the treatment of particle motion in heterogeneous media. In particular, we use spectral decomposition results for the usual Pearson diffusions to exploit explicit solutions of the aforementioned equations. Moreover, we provide stochastic representation of such solutions in terms of time-changed Pearson diffusions. Finally, we exploit some further properties of these processes, such as limit distributions and long/short-range dependence.
Differential insulin sensitivity of NMR-based metabolomic measures in a two-step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp study
Authors: Wang Wenyi , van Dijk Ko Willems , Wijsman Carolien A. , Rozing Maarten P. , Mooijaart Simon P. , Beekman Marian , Slagboom P. Eline , Jukema J. Wouter , Noordam Raymond , van Heemst Diana
Published: June 2021

Background

Insulin is the key regulator of glucose metabolism, but it is difficult to dissect direct insulin from glucose-induced effects. We aimed to investigate the effects of hyperinsulemia on metabolomic measures under euglycemic conditions in nondiabetic participants.

Methods

We assessed concentrations of 151 metabolomic measures throughout a two-step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp procedure. We included 24 participants (50% women, mean age = 62 [s.d. = 4.2] years) and metabolomic measures were assessed under baseline, low-dose (10 mU/m2/min) and high-dose (40 mU/m2/min) insulin conditions. The effects of low- and high-dose insulin infusion on metabolomic measures were analyzed using linear mixed-effect models for repeated measures.

Results

After low-dose insulin infusion, 90 metabolomic measures changed in concentration (p < 1.34e−4), among which glycerol (beta [Confidence Interval] =  − 1.41 [− 1.54, − 1.27] s.d., p = 1.28e−95) and three-hydroxybutyrate (− 1.22 [− 1.36, − 1.07] s.d., p = 1.44e−61) showed largest effect sizes. After high-dose insulin infusion, 121 metabolomic measures changed in concentration, among which branched-chain amino acids showed the largest additional decrease compared with low-dose insulin infusion (e.g., Leucine, − 1.78 [− 1.88, − 1.69] s.d., P = 2.7e−295). More specifically, after low- and high-dose insulin infusion, the distribution of the lipoproteins shifted towards more LDL-sized particles with decreased mean diameters.

Conclusion

Metabolomic measures are differentially insulin sensitive and may thus be differentially affected by the development of insulin resistance. Moreover, our data suggests insulin directly affects metabolomic measures previously associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk.
Exploring the relations between teachers’ cue-utilization, monitoring and regulation of students’ text learning
Authors: van de Pol Janneke , van den Boom-Muilenburg Selia N. , van Gog Tamara
Published: June 2021

This study investigated teachers’ monitoring and regulation of students’ learning from texts. According to the cue-utilization framework (Koriat, in Journal of Experimental Psychology, 126, 349–370, 1997), monitoring accuracy depends on how predictive the information (or cues) that teachers use to make monitoring judgments actually is for students’ performance. Accurate monitoring of students’ comprehension is considered a precondition for adaptive regulation of students’ learning. However, these assumptions have not yet been directly investigated. We therefore examined teachers’ cue-utilization and how it affects their monitoring and regulation accuracy. In a within-subjects design, 21 secondary education teachers made monitoring judgments and regulation decisions for fifteen students under three cue-availability conditions: 1) only student cues (i.e., student’s name), 2) only performance cues (i.e., diagrams students completed about texts they had read), and 3) both student and performance cues (i.e., student’s name and completed diagram). Teachers’ absolute and relative monitoring accuracy was higher when having student cues available in addition to diagram cues. Teachers’ relative regulation accuracy was higher when having only performance cues available instead of only student cues (as indicated by a direct effect). Monitoring accuracy predicted regulation accuracy and in addition to a direct effect, we also found and indirect effect of cue-availability on regulation accuracy (via monitoring accuracy). These results suggest that accurate regulation can be brought about both indirectly by having accurate monitoring judgments and directly by cue-utilization. The findings of this study can help to refine models of teacher monitoring and regulation and can be useful in designing effective interventions to promote teachers’ monitoring and regulation.
How the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic changed the patterns of healthcare utilization by geriatric patients and the crowding: a call to action for effective solutions to the access block
Authors: Savioli Gabriele , Ceresa Iride Francesca , Novelli Viola , Ricevuti Giovanni , Bressan Maria Antonietta , Oddone Enrico
Published: June 2021

The geriatric population constitutes a large slice of the population of Western countries and a class of fragile patients, with greater deaths due to COVID-19. The patterns of healthcare utilization change during pandemic disease outbreaks. Identifying the patterns of changes of this particular fragile subpopulation is important for future preparedness and response. Overcrowding in the emergency department (ED) can occur because of the volume of patients waiting to be seen, delays in patient assessment or treatment in the ED, or impediments to leaving the ED once the treatment has been completed. Overcrowding has become a serious and growing issue globally, which represents a serious impediment to healthcare utilization. To estimate the rate of ED visits attributable to the outbreak and guide the planning of strategies for managing ED access or after the outbreak of transmittable respiratory diseases. This observational study was based on a retrospective review of the epidemiological and clinical records of patients aged > 75 years who visited the Foundation IRCCS Policlinic San Matteo during the first wave of COVID-19 outbreak (February 21 to May 1, 2020; pandemic group). The analysis methods included estimation of the changes in the epidemiological and clinical data from the annual baseline data after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Outcome measures and analysis: Primary objective is the evaluation of ED admission rate change and ED overcrowding. Secondary objectives are the evaluation of modes of ED access by reason and triage code, access types, clinical outcomes (such as admission and mortality rates). During the pandemic, ED crowding increased dramatically, although the overall number of patients decreased, in the face of a percentage increase in those with high-acuity conditions, because of changes in patient management that have prolonged length of stay (LOS) and increased rates of access block. Overcrowding during the COVID-19 pandemic can be attributed to the Access Block. Access Block solutions are hence required to prevent a recurrence of crowding to any new viral wave or new epidemic in the future.
The Toxicological Risk Assessment of Cu, Mn, and Zn as Essential Elemental Impurities in Herbal Medicinal Products with Valerian Root (Valeriana officinalis L., radix) Available in Polish Pharmacies
Authors: Jurowski Kamil , Fołta Maria , Tatar Barbara , Berkoz Mehmet , Krośniak Mirosław
Published: June 2021

The toxicological risk assessment (TRA) of elemental impurities (EI) in especially herbal medicinal products (HMP) is a significant challenge for pharmaceutical industry. In Europe, very popular are traditional HMP with valerian root (Valeriana officinalis L., radix) for relief of mild symptoms of mental stress and to aid sleep. The aim of our unique article is the comprehensive TRA of Cu, Mn, and Zn as EI in HMP with V. officinalis L., radix available in Polish pharmacies. This article is a continuation of our previously conducted studies about TRA of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in these same samples. Investigated elements were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F AAS). The values of the correlation coefficients (R > 0.998) confirm the linearity of the applied instrument for precision and accuracy of results. The recoveries, LOD and LOQ values were acceptable. Our results show that all investigated HMP with valerian root available in Polish pharmacies contain Cu (0.16–0.23 mg/L), Mn (0.11–0.76 mg/L), and Zn (0.22–0.48 mg/L) at a very low level. Based on our estimation of EI including single dose (µg/20 mL) and estimated daily intake (µg/day), our results confirm the safety of all pharmaceuticals. To the best of our knowledge, the Cu, Mn, and Zn impurity profile in HMP with V. officinalis L., radix is described for the first time. The applied methodology and results are extremely important from regulatory toxicology point of view (ICH Q3D elemental impurities guideline for pharmaceuticals).
Existence of weak solutions to SPDEs with fractional Laplacian and non-Lipschitz coefficients
Authors: Nakajima Shohei
Published: June 2021

We prove existence of solutions and its properties for a one-dimensional stochastic partial differential equations with fractional Laplacian and non-Lipschitz coefficients. The method of proof is eatablished by Kolmogorov’s continuity theorem and tightness arguments.
Interactive analysis notebooks on DESY batch resources
Authors: Reppin J. , Beyer C. , Hartmann T. , Schluenzen F. , Flemming M. , Sternberger S. , Kemp Y.
Published: June 2021

Batch scheduling systems are usually designed to maximise fair resource utilisation and efficiency, but are less well designed for demanding interactive processing, which requires fast access to resources while low upstart latency is only of secondary significance for high throughput of high performance computing scheduling systems. The computing clusters at DESY are intended as batch systems for end users to run massive analysis and simulation jobs enabling fast turnaround systems, in particular when processing is expected to feed back to operation of instruments in near real-time. The continuously increasing popularity of Jupyter Notebooks for interactive and online processing made an integration of this technology into the DESY batch systems indispensable. We present here our approach to utilise the HTCondor and SLURM backends to integrate Jupyter Notebook servers and the techniques involved to provide fast access. The chosen approach offers a smooth user experience allowing users to customize resource allocation tailored to their computational requirements. In addition, we outline the differences between the HPC and the HTC implementations and give an overview of the experience of running Jupyter Notebook services.
Structure determination of clinofibrate photoproducts generated by ultraviolet-light irradiation in aqueous media
Authors: Kawabata Kohei , Akimoto Shiori , Inagaki Masanori , Nishi Hiroyuki
Published: June 2021

Photodegradation of clinofibrate, which is one of the fibrate drugs, was evaluated and chemical structures of its photoproducts were determined. Clinofibrate in aqueous media was photodegraded gradually by the UV light emission with the generation of several photoproducts. The result of HPLC analysis indicated that some photoproducts were more photostable compared with the parent compound. After 14 days irradiation, clinofibrate was degraded completely while several photoproducts were remained in the test solution. Structure determination of nine photoproducts was performed by means of ESI-LC/MS/MS analysis. Main photoproduct of clinofibrate was 2-(4-(1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)phenoxy)-2-methylbutanoic acid. Structure determination of clinofibrate photoproducts made it possible the estimation of the photodegradation pathway. It was tempting to speculate that the main photoproduct was generated by the elimination of 2-methylbutanoic acid and other photoproducts were generated through several photochemical reactions including further elimination of 2-methylbutanoic acid and decarboxylation. The obtained results will be helpful for the further research focused on the evaluation of biological activities of clinofibrate photoproducts, photostability of clinofibrate in commercial tablets and changed formulations, and the photostabilization of them.
Glycoproteogenomics: Setting the Course for Next-Generation Cancer Neoantigen Discovery for Cancer Vaccines
Authors: Ferreira José Alexandre , Relvas-Santos Marta , Peixoto Andreia , M.N. Silva André , Lara Santos Lúcio
Published: June 2021

Molecular-assisted precision oncology gained tremendous ground with high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS), supported by robust bioinformatics. The quest for genomics-based cancer medicine set the foundations for improved patient stratification, while unveiling a wide array of neoantigens for immunotherapy. Upfront pre-clinical and clinical studies have successfully used tumor-specific peptides in vaccines with minimal off-target effects. However, the low mutational burden presented by many lesions challenges the generalization of these solutions, requiring the diversification of neoantigen sources. Oncoproteogenomics utilizing customized databases for protein annotation by mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool toward this end. Expanding the concept toward exploring proteoforms originated from post-translational modifications (PTMs) will be decisive to improve molecular subtyping and provide potentially targetable functional nodes with increased cancer specificity. Walking through the path of systems biology, we highlight that alterations in protein glycosylation at the cell surface not only have functional impact on cancer progression and dissemination but also originate unique molecular fingerprints for targeted therapeutics. Moreover, we discuss the outstanding challenges required to accommodate glycoproteomics in oncoproteogenomics platforms. We envisage that such rationale may flag a rather neglected research field, generating novel paradigms for precision oncology and immunotherapy.
Princesses Mary and Elizabeth Tudor and the Gift Book Exchange
Authors: Schutte Valerie
Published: June 2021

This is the first book to offer a comparison of these two famous Tudor queens as princesses, suggesting that their early lives need to be more closely examined together. It offers a detailed case study of the four extant dedications that Elizabeth Tudor wrote to accompany manuscript translations that she gave to Henry VIII, his then wife, Katherine Parr, and to Elizabeth's brother Edward (VI of England) as New Year's gifts from 1545 to 1548. Additionally, it seeks to compare Elizabeth with her sister Mary, beginning with pre-accession dedications given to each of them, exploring two of Mary's own translations, moving to their typical patterns of New Year's gift giving, and ending on the textual transmission of their translations that were later published in 1548. It argues that Elizabeth's dedications to her family, while participating in the tradition of giving books, were unique and in the dedications she intended not only to represent her loyalty but also to stabilize her position within the royal family.
Schubert's Mature Instrumental Music
Authors: Beach David
Published: June 2021

Probing analyses, from the renowned music theorist, of Schubert's great, yet still little-studied piano-solo, chamber, and symphonic masterpieces.
The Politics of Place
Authors: Bandoch Joshua
Published: June 2021

A critical reexamination of Montesquieu's political science, revealing the primacy of place in the development of the best political order.
Plebeian Modernity
Authors: Gerasimov Ilya
Published: June 2021

Deciphers typical social practices as a hidden language of communication in urban plebeian society.
Security and Illegality in Cuba's Transition to Democracy
Authors: Romero Vidal
Published: June 2021

How can an environment be created in Cuba in which safety is not sacrificed for more open markets and politics?
The Welfare Cost of Vaccine Misallocation, Delays and Nationalism
Authors: Gollier Christian
Published: June 2021

I calibrate an eco-epidemiological age-structured Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model of the B.1.1.7 covid variant on the eve of the vaccination campaign in France, under a stop-and-go lockdown policy. Three-quarters of the welfare benefit of the vaccine can be achieved with a speed of 100,000 full vaccination per day. A 1-week delay in the vaccination campaign raises the death toll by approximately 2500, and it reduces wealth by 8 billion euros. Because of the large heterogeneity of the rates of hospitalization and mortality across age classes, it is critically important for the number of lives saved and for the economy to vaccinate older people first. Any departure from this policy has a welfare cost. Prioritizing the allocation of vaccines to the most vulnerable people save 70,000 seniors, but it also increases the death toll of younger people by 14,000. Vaccine nationalism is modeled by assuming two identical Frances, one with a vaccine production capacity and the other without it. If the production country vaccinates its entire population before exporting to the other, the global death toll would be increased by 20 %. I also measure the welfare impact of the strong French anti-vax movement, and of the prohibition of an immunity passport.
Nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia: A call to action
Authors: Munro Shannon C. , Baker Dian , Giuliano Karen K. , Sullivan Sheila C. , Haber Judith , Jones Barbara E. , Crist Matthew B. , Nelson Richard E. , Carey Evan , Lounsbury Olivia , Lucatorto Michelle , Miller Ryan , Pauley Brian , Klompas Michael
Published: June 2021

Executive Summary

In 2020 a group of U.S. healthcare leaders formed the National Organization to Prevent Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (NOHAP) to issue a call to action to address non–ventilator-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia (NVHAP). NVHAP is one of the most common and morbid healthcare-associated infections, but it is not tracked, reported, or actively prevented by most hospitals. This national call to action includes (1) launching a national healthcare conversation about NVHAP prevention; (2) adding NVHAP prevention measures to education for patients, healthcare professionals, and students; (3) challenging healthcare systems and insurers to implement and support NVHAP prevention; and (4) encouraging researchers to develop new strategies for NVHAP surveillance and prevention. The purpose of this document is to outline research needs to support the NVHAP call to action. Primary needs include the development of better models to estimate the economic cost of NVHAP, to elucidate the pathophysiology of NVHAP and identify the most promising pathways for prevention, to develop objective and efficient surveillance methods to track NVHAP, to rigorously test the impact of prevention strategies proposed to prevent NVHAP, and to identify the policy levers that will best engage hospitals in NVHAP surveillance and prevention. A joint task force developed this document including stakeholders from the Veterans’ Health Administration (VHA), the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), The Joint Commission, the American Dental Association, the Patient Safety Movement Foundation, Oral Health Nursing Education and Practice (OHNEP), Teaching Oral-Systemic Health (TOSH), industry partners and academia.
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. U.A.E.) (I.C.J.)
Authors: Keane David
Published: June 2021

On February 4, 2021, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered its judgment on the preliminary objections raised by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates). It upheld by eleven votes to six the first preliminary objection raised by the UAE and found that it has no jurisdiction to entertain the application filed by Qatar. The case was referred to the Court under Article 22 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), and relates to measures taken on June 5, 2017 by the UAE, along with Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Egypt, to cut diplomatic ties with Qatar and impose a blockade, including expelling all Qatari residents and visitors.
Beyond Newgrange: Brú na Bóinne in the later Neolithic
Authors: Davis Stephen , Rassmann Knut
Published: June 2021

The Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site, Ireland is best known for its megalithic monuments, in particular the great developed passage tombs of Knowth, Dowth, and Newgrange, and its abundance of megalithic art. However, our understanding of the wider Brú na Bóinne landscape has changed beyond all recognition in the last decade owing to the application of modern, non-invasive survey technologies – in particular LiDAR and large-scale geophysical survey – and most recently as a result of the hot, dry summer of 2018 which revealed a series of remarkable cropmarks between Newgrange and the River Boyne. Despite a lack of excavation it can be argued, based on their morphological characteristics, that many of the structures revealed belong within the corpus of late Neolithic ritual/ceremonial structures, including earthen henges, square-in-circle monuments, palisaded enclosures, and pit/post-alignments. These display both extraordinary diversity, yet also commonality of design and architecture, both as a group and with the passage tombs that preceded them. This paper provides an up-to-date survey of the late Neolithic and presumed late Neolithic landscape of Brú na Bóinne. It provides new evidence and new insights from ongoing survey campaigns, suggesting parallels within the British Neolithic but also insular development within some monument classes.
Dietary share of ultra-processed foods and its association with vitamin E biomarkers in Brazilian lactating women
Authors: Amorim Natália C. M. , Silva Ana G. C. L. da , Rebouças Amanda S. , Bezerra Danielle S. , Lima Mayara S. R. , Medeiros Jeane F. Pires , Liberalino Laura Camila P. , Dimenstein Roberto , Ribeiro Karla D. da S.
Published: June 2021

Despite evidence showing that the intake of ultra-processed food has a negative impact on health, diet quality and dietary vitamin E, its impact on vitamin E nutritional status and breast milk remains unknown. This study aimed to assess the influence of the consumption of ultra-processed foods on vitamin E biomarkers of lactating women. A cross-sectional study was performed with 294 lactating women. Food consumption was obtained by 24-h dietary recall, and foods were grouped according to the NOVA classification. Levels ofα-tocopherol were analysed by HPLC. Breast milk vitamin E (BMVE) adequacy was based on the quantity of the vitamin in the estimated intake volume. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the tertiles and linear regression to association between ultra-processed food consumption and biomarkers. Ultra-processed foods accounted for 16 % of energy intake and vitamin E intakes by all women were considered low. Serumα-tocopherol was 26·55 (sd7·98) µmol/l, 5 % (n11) showed inadequate vitamin E (< 12 µmol/l) and 78 % had an inadequate BMVE content (< 4 mg/780 ml). The regression showed that a higher dietary share of ultra-processed foods was associated with lower concentrations of serumα-tocopherol (β= –0·168, 95 % CI –0·047, 0·010,P= 0·003) and inadequate BMVE content (β= –0·144, 95 % CI = –0·505, 0·063,P= 0·012) (adjustment for income and maternal age). Thus, higher dietary shares of ultra-processed foods had an impact on vitamin E biomarkers, suggesting that inadequate dietary intake practices during lactation may reduce the supply of vitamin E to women and breast milk.
Design of a wheeled wall climbing robot based on the performance of bio-inspired dry adhesive material
Authors: Li Hongkai , Sun Xianfei , Chen Zishuo , Zhang Lei , Wang Hongchao , Wu Xing
Published: June 2021

Inspired by gecko’s adhesive feet, a wheeled wall climbing robot is designed in this paper with the synchronized gears and belt system acting as the wheels by considering both motion efficiency and adhesive capability. Adhesion of wheels is obtained by the bio-inspired adhesive material wrapping on the outer surface of wheels. A ducted fan mounted on the back of the robot supplies thrust force for the adhesive material to generate normal and shear adhesion force whilemoving on vertical surfaces. Experimental verification of robot climbing on vertical flat surface was carried out. The stability and the effect of structure design parameters were analyzed.
TEST FOR ZERO MEDIAN OF ERRORS IN AN ARMA–GARCH MODEL
Authors: Ma Yaolan , Zhou Mo , Peng Liang , Zhang Rongmao
Published: June 2021

Because the ARMA–GARCH model can generate data with some important properties such as skewness, heavy tails, and volatility persistence, it has become a benchmark model in analyzing financial and economic data. The commonly employed quasi maximum likelihood estimation (QMLE) requires a finite fourth moment for both errors and the sequence itself to ensure a normal limit. The self-weighted quasi maximum exponential likelihood estimation (SWQMELE) reduces the moment constraints by assuming that the errors and their absolute values have median zero and mean one, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to test zero median of errors before applying the SWQMELE, as changing zero mean to zero median destroys the ARMA–GARCH structure. This paper develops an efficient empirical likelihood test without estimating the GARCH model but using the GARCH structure to reduce the moment effect. A simulation study confirms the effectiveness of the proposed test. The data analysis shows that some financial returns do not have zero median of errors, which cautions the use of the SWQMELE.
Behaviors in kindergarten are associated with trajectories of long-term welfare receipt: A 30-year population-based study
Authors: Vergunst Francis , Tremblay Richard E. , Vitaro Frank , Nagin Daniel , Park Jungwee , Algan Yann , Beasley Elizabeth , Côté Sylvana M.
Published: June 2021

This study examines the link between behavior in kindergarten and adult-life welfare receipt. Teacher-rated behavioral assessments were obtained for inattention, hyperactivity, aggression–opposition, anxiety, and prosociality when children (n=2960) were aged 5–6 years and linked to their tax return records from age 18–35 years. We used group-based based trajectory modeling to identify distinct trajectories of welfare receipt and multinomial logistic regression models to examine the association between behaviors and trajectory group membership. The child's sex, IQ, and family background were adjusted for. Four trajectories of welfare receipt were identified: low (n = 2,390, 80.7%), declining (n = 260, 8.8%), rising (n = 150, 5.2%), and chronic (n = 160, 5.4%). Relative to the low trajectory, inattention and aggression–opposition at age 6 years were associated with increased risk of following a declining, rising, and chronic trajectory of welfare receipt, independent of hyperactivity and anxiety. Prosocial behaviors were independently associated with a lower risk of following a chronic trajectory. This study shows that kindergarten children exhibiting high inattention and aggression–opposition and low prosocial behaviors may be at increased risk of long-term welfare receipt in adulthood. The implications for early screening, monitoring, and prevention are discussed.
IS BIGGER MORE EFFECTIVE? SHOCK SIZE AND THE EFFICACY OF MONETARY POLICY
Authors: Shirota Toyoichiro
Published: June 2021

This study empirically examines whether shock size matters for the US monetary policy effects. Using a nonlinear local projection method, I find that large monetary policy shocks are less powerful than smaller monetary policy shocks, with the information effect being the potential source of the observed asymmetry in monetary policy efficacy.
A robust random coefficient regression representation of the chain-ladder method
Authors: Badounas Ioannis , Bozikas Apostolos , Pitselis Georgios
Published: June 2021

It is well known that the presence of outliers can mis-estimate (underestimate or overestimate) the overall reserve in the chain-ladder method, when we consider a linear regression model, based on the assumption that the coefficients are fixed and identical from one observation to another. By relaxing the usual regression assumptions and applying a regression with randomly varying coefficients, we have a similar phenomenon, i.e., mis-estimation of the overall reserves. The lack of robustness of loss reserving regression with random coefficients on incremental payment estimators leads to the development of this paper, aiming to apply robust statistical procedures to the loss reserving estimation when regression coefficients are random. Numerical results of the proposed method are illustrated and compared with the results that were obtained by linear regression with fixed coefficients.
Prognostic interaction between age and sex on outcomes following	carotid endarterectomy
Authors: D’Oria Mario , Ziani Barbara , Damiano Pipitone Marco , Manganotti Paolo , Mucelli Roberta Pozzi , Gorgatti Filippo , Riccitelli Francesco , Zamolo Francesca , Fisicaro Maurizio , Lepidi Sandro
Published: June 2021

Summary: Background: The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic interaction between age and sex on peri-operative and follow-up outcomes following elective carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid stenosis. Patients and methods: A retrospective review of all patients admitted to a single vascular unit who underwent elective CEA between January, 2015 and December, 2019 was performed. The primary endpoints of the study were overall survival (from index operation) and cumulative stroke rate at thirty days. Results: A total of 383 consecutive patients were included in this study; of these 254 (66.4%) were males. At baseline, males were younger (mean age 73.4±11 vs. 76.3±10 years, p=.01) and with lower proportion of octogenarians (20.4% vs. 28.7%, p=.05). The rate of stroke in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (males vs. females) were as follows: a) whole cohort 1.9% vs. 2% (p=1.00) and 2.7% vs. 1.3% (p=.66), respectively; b) ≥80 years old 3.7% vs. 0% (p=1.00) and 4% vs. 5.9% (p=1.00), respectively; c) <80 years old 1.2% vs. 3.3% (p=.47) and 2.5% vs. 0% (p=.55), respectively. The 3-year survival estimates were significantly lower for males (84% vs. 92%, p=.03). After stratification by age groups, males maintained inferior survival rates in the strata aged <80 years (85% vs. 97%, p=.005), while no differences were seen in the strata aged ≥80 years (82% vs. 79%, p=.92). Using multivariate Cox proportional hazards, age (HR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.29–3.3, p=.002) and male gender (HR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.16–5.5, p=.02) were associated with increased hazards of all-cause mortality. Conclusions: In this study of elective CEA for asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid stenosis, similar peri-operative neurologic outcomes were found in both males and females irrespective of age. Despite being usually older, females have superior long-term survival rates.
Unravelling Surface Seawater DMS Concentration and Sea‐To‐Air Flux Changes After Sea Ice Retreat in the Western Arctic Ocean
Authors: Zhang Miming , Marandino Christa. A. , Yan Jinpei , Wu Yanfang , Park Keyhong , Sun Heng , Gao Zhongyong , Xu Suqing
Published: June 2021

The receding of the seasonal ice cover in the Arctic due to climate change has been predicted by models to increase climate‐active biogenic trace gas emissions, specifically those of dimethylsulfide (DMS). However, insufficient DMS measurements are currently available to either support or refute this hypothesis and to fully understand the various responses of oceanic DMS in a rapidly changing Arctic Ocean environment. Here, we present high‐resolution surface water DMS data collected in the summer of 2014 in combination with a suite of ancillary variables including sea ice cover, salinity, and nutrients. We show that surface seawater DMS concentrations, generally below 0.5 nmol L−1, remained unchanged in the Canada Basin after sea ice retreat probably due to insufficient nutrients supply to the upper mixed layer and resulting low primary production. Moreover, in the Chukchi shelf region, DMS concentrations decreased following a phytoplankton bloom due to the rapid depletion and slow resupply of nutrients. Although the DMS sea‐to‐air fluxes were not high from a global perspective, they increased by a factor of 4‐fold after sea ice retreat in the Arctic Ocean high latitudes. This increase in DMS flux was mainly driven by increased wind speed. This work provides unique observations and insights on how surface seawater DMS and flux to the atmosphere may change in the future Arctic Ocean.
On the Origin of Discrepancies Between Observed and Simulated Memory of Arctic Sea Ice
Authors: Giesse Céline , Notz Dirk , Baehr Johanna
Published: June 2021

To investigate the inherent predictability of sea ice and its representation in climate models, we compare the seasonal‐to‐interannual memory of Arctic sea ice as given by lagged correlations of sea‐ice area anomalies in large model ensembles (Max Planck Institute Grand Ensemble and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6) and multiple observational products. We find that state‐of‐the‐art climate models significantly overestimate the memory of pan‐Arctic sea‐ice area from the summer months into the following year. This cannot be explained by internal variability. We further show that the observed summer memory can be disentangled regionally into a reemergence of positive correlations in the perennial ice zone and negative correlations in the seasonal ice zone; the latter giving rise to the discrepancy between observations and model simulations. These findings could explain some of the predictability gap between potential and operational forecast skill of Arctic sea‐ice area identified in previous studies.
A Pronounced Spike in Ocean Productivity Triggered by the Chicxulub Impact
Authors: Brugger Julia , Feulner Georg , Hofmann Matthias , Petri Stefan
Published: June 2021

There is increasing evidence linking the mass‐extinction event at the Cretaceous‐Paleogene boundary to an asteroid impact near Chicxulub, Mexico. Here we use model simulations to explore the combined effect of sulfate aerosols, carbon dioxide and dust from the impact on the oceans and the marine biosphere in the immediate aftermath of the impact. We find a strong temperature decrease, a brief algal bloom caused by nutrients from both the deep ocean and the projectile, and moderate surface ocean acidification. Comparing the modeled longer‐term post‐impact warming and changes in carbon isotopes with empirical evidence points to a substantial release of carbon from the terrestrial biosphere. Overall, our results shed light on the decades to centuries after the Chicxulub impact which are difficult to resolve with proxy data.
Detection and Tracking of Chattonella spp. and Skeletonema spp. Blooms Using Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) in Ariake Sea, Japan
Authors: Feng Chi , Ishizaka Joji , Saitoh Katsuya , Mine Takayuki , Zhou Zhenjia
Published: June 2021

Algal blooms dominated by the raphidophyte Chattonella spp. and diatom Skeletonema spp. are a regular summer‐time phenomenon in the Ariake Sea (Japan). Given its high‐temporal frequency, the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) affords us the extraordinary ability to investigate short‐temporal scale dynamic of these blooms. Here we present a bloom detection method and classification criteria named Normalized Difference Red Peak Index (NDRI), which relies on a combination of data from the red wavebands of GOCI, with the spectral shape of remote sensing reflectance ((λ)) around 490 nm [SS(490)] to distinguish bloom pixels from nonbloom pixels. Diurnal changes in the bloom distribution and intensity were successfully captured by the new method with GOCI data. In the next step, an optical discrimination method was developed to differentiate Chattonella spp. from Skeletonema spp. blooms. Specifically, the backscattering at 555 nm of bloom waters was retrieved from a bio‐optical algorithm, , based on the satellite of green and red bands. Combined with the NDRI, bloom species were successfully differentiated in the featured distribution of . Further validations using GOCI images series and local observations indicate that the newly developed algorithm yields robust classification results. Moreover, transitions in Skeletonema spp. and Chattonella spp. blooms were captured in a 20 days time series of daily composite GOCI for July 2018. The successful application of the classification approach to GOCI opens up the possibility of understanding the factors influencing daily changes of harmful blooms in Ariake Sea, which at present is limited by the paucity of field observations.
Taking the Pulse of Salt‐Detached Gravity Gliding in the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Evans Sian L. , Jackson Christopher A.‐L. , Oppo Davide
Published: June 2021

Despite having a profound impact on the structural evolution of salt‐influenced basins, spatial and temporal variations in rates of salt flow, and their key controls, remain largely unconstrained. We investigate early stage salt‐detached gliding using a 3D seismic data set from the Levant Margin in the Eastern Mediterranean, where gravitational instability due to margin uplift has caused north‐westward translation of the Messinian salt sheet and its overburden. Large base‐salt anticlines mean that basinward translation is recorded by the development of supra‐salt ramp syncline basins (RSBs) and fluid escape pipes, the latter forming due to the leakage of fluid from the anticline crests. The trails of pipes provide kinematic vectors of transport direction, while the stratigraphic record of the RSBs not only constrains the relative ages of the pipes, but allows us to quantify the magnitude and approximate rate of translation. We correlate intra‐RSB horizons across the margin to analyze lateral variations in translation rate, and how these vary through time. We show that translation rates are broadly uniform on the length‐scale of individual anticlines (c. 10 km), but that there is significant margin‐scale (c. 100 km) lateral variability in both the direction and magnitude of translation. We attribute temporal variations in local rates of translation to cyclical “pulses” of salt flow due to volumetric flux imbalances across the anticlines, while the distribution of elastic strain in the overburden modulates the overall basin‐scale trend. These results demonstrate the importance of local stresses in controlling the local direction and rate of salt flow, and further our understanding of salt and overburden rheology.
Spatially and Geochemically Anomalous Arc Magmatism: Insights From the Andean Arc
Authors: Rosenbaum Gideon , Caulfield John T. , Ubide Teresa , Ward Jack F. , Sandiford Dan , Sandiford Mike
Published: June 2021

While most volcanic arcs show a distinctive spatial relationship to subducting plates, there are many examples where volcanoes occur in anomalous locations. These are commonly also geochemically anomalous relative to the composition of more typical subduction‐related rocks. Using Holocene volcanoes in South America as a case study, we document the spatial and geochemical patterns along the Andean volcanic belt. To determine whether spatial variations are also geochemically anomalous, we assess a series of geochemical indices that provide information on the depth and degree of melting, and the role of metasomatic subduction inputs in melt generation. We use these parameters to develop a scoring system, with the lowest and highest scores indicating “typical” and “anomalous” arc melting processes, respectively. Typical arc magmatism is defined as melts generated in the sub‐arc mantle wedge through slab‐derived fluid metasomatism, with or without contributions from subducted sediments. In contrast, we show that anomalous volcanism in South America appears to relate to geometric anomalies in the subducting Nazca plate (e.g., beneath Sumaco, Laguna Blanca and Payun Matru), or to areas affected by variations in mantle flow due to the proximity to the slab edge (Crater Basalt Volcanic Field). By establishing relationships between anomalous magmatism and slab structure, we propose that similar geochemical fingerprints could be used to explore the magmatic response to slab deformation and/or tearing in older arc systems, particularly in cases where the three‐dimensional slab structure is no longer detectable.
Revisiting Global Vegetation Controls Using Multi‐Layer Soil Moisture
Authors: Li Wantong , Migliavacca Mirco , Forkel Matthias , Walther Sophia , Reichstein Markus , Orth René
Published: June 2021

The productivity of terrestrial vegetation is determined by multiple land surface and atmospheric drivers. Water availability is critical for vegetation productivity, but the role of vertical variability of soil moisture (SM) is largely unknown. Here, we analyze dominant controls of global vegetation productivity represented by sun‐induced fluorescence and spectral vegetation indices at the half‐monthly time scale. We apply random forests to predict vegetation productivity from several hydrometeorological variables including multi‐layer SM and quantify the variable importance. Dominant hydrometeorological controls generally vary with latitudes: temperature in higher latitudes, solar radiation in lower latitudes, and root‐zone SM in between. We find that including vertically resolved SM allows a better understanding of vegetation productivity and reveals extended water‐related control. The deep(er) SM control for semi‐arid grasses and shrubs illustrates the potential of deep(er) rooting systems to adapt to water limitation. This study highlights the potential to infer sub‐surface processes from remote sensing observations.
Effects of Geophony and Anthrophony on the Underwater Acoustic Environment in the East Siberian Sea, Arctic Ocean
Authors: Han Dong‐Gyun , Joo Jongmin , Son Wuju , Cho Kyoung Ho , Choi Jee Woong , Yang Eun Jin , Kim Jeong‐Hoon , Kang Sung‐Ho , La Hyoung Sul
Published: June 2021

As Arctic warming accelerates, the underwater acoustic environment in the Arctic Ocean is rapidly changing. We present the first results of passive acoustic monitoring in the marginal ice zone of the East Siberian Sea (ESS). A high sea ice concentration (SIC) and seasonal variations in ice cover make the ESS an ideal region to verify how ambient sound levels respond to natural physical processes and anthropogenic activities during summer. Our observations show that the sound level in the ESS exhibits a strong negative correlation with SIC, and the sound level in September, which was higher than that in other months, was 16 dB higher than the annual average. This increase resulted from geophony and anthrophony with the reduction in the SIC, and sound level increased by 13 dB without anthrophony. Our results indicate that ambient sound level in the Arctic Ocean may increase as climate change accelerates sea ice melting.
On Rates of Isopycnal Dispersion at the Submesoscale
Authors: Rossby T. , Omand M. , Palter J. , Hebert D.
Published: June 2021

Past studies of dispersion with float‐pairs have indicated that they may remain close together for much longer when they equilibrate on the same isopycnal, presumably due to the reduced influence of vertical shear. To examine this question more closely, we use a set of 13 and 15 float pair combinations that equilibrated within 0.1 °C (∼σθ = 0.01 kg m−3) of each other on two density surfaces in the main thermocline in a Lagrangian dispersion study. Their average rate of separation after launch was 0.0021 ± 0.0014 ms−1 (∼5.5 km after 30 days). Relative dispersion is accurately expressed by  = 4•106 exp (t/10.8) m2 from start to about 30 days. Relative diffusivity (K) versus separation dropped well below the classical 4/3rds power law settling out at about 2–3 m2s−1 for separations less than ∼6 km, far lower than results from other float studies, but in accord with dye dispersion estimates.
Tidal‐Driven Submarine Groundwater Discharge and Its Influences on the Carbonate System of a Coastal Coral Reef in the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Jiang Zong‐Pei , Lv Jiacheng , Li Quanlong , Dai Minhan , Kao Shuh‐Ji , Zheng Nan , Fan Wei
Published: June 2021

The driving mechanisms of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in Sanya Bay in the northern South China Sea were investigated using a combination of time‐series observation and modeling, as well as the influences of SGD on the carbonate system of a coastal coral reef. SGD flux, characterized by high variability on flood‐ebb and spring‐neap tidal cycles, was found to be mainly driven by tidal pumping. SGD posed more significant impacts on coastal water at the ebb phase during the spring tide (higher SGD flux and extended offshore reach of SGD impact), with nearshore water to be more heavily affected. Under the influence of SGD, the diurnal ranges of the carbonate variables observed in the coral reef system were 124 – 313 μmol kg−1 for dissolved inorganic carbon, 29 – 101 μmol kg−1 for total alkalinity, 179 – 717 μatm for partial pressure of CO2, and 0.20 – 0.45 for pH. The variations of the CO2 system were dominated by the enhanced SGD input during the spring tide, while biological metabolism of coral reef played a predominant role during the neap tide. The intensified SGD input resulted in higher diurnal variations of the carbonate variables, enhanced acidification, and oceanic CO2 emission during the spring tide. The SGD‐associated inorganic carbon flux is an additional stressor influencing coastal acidification in the context of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide.