bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women's Movement,LatinAmerica
Authors: Hernández Berenice
Published: September 2017

The story of women's political participation in Latin America is a long one. Latin American women not only have been involved as pioneers and activists in various social movements, but also have been constructing, via national and international alliances, their own movement as women: Latin American feminism. It is a movement so wide‐ranging and diverse that it converges in many others. Along with the indigenous and black movements, it is a fundamental bastion of the struggles and political practices taking place in Latin America at the beginning of the twenty‐first century.
Women's Movement,SovietUnion
Authors: Marik Soma
Published: September 2017

Women played a number of significant roles in the Soviet Union. They participated politically, fought in the revolution itself, and pushed for their own rights in areas such as reproduction and sexual liberation. They also took part in resisting the counterrevolution.
Women's Movement,
U
nited
S
tates, 16th–18th Centuries
Authors: Adkins Lucille A.
Published: September 2017

Traditional history locates the birth of the women's rights movement in the nineteenth century, coinciding with the development of a women's political rights movement. Viewing any woman's written expression or individual action that strayed from the traditional patriarchal definition of female roles and behavior, however, feminist historians have broadened this scope in the last thirty years. They have shown that, though women's resistance to patriarchal dominance has not always been a movement, a level of consciousness, a firm stance, and an attitude of confidence, has done just as much as the organized, collective effort in challenging oppression. The oppositional efforts of women in the United States began with isolated radical insights and sparks of feminist consciousness expressed through the actions of individual women long before the nineteenth‐century birth of the women's rights movement.
Women's Movement,
V
enezuela
Authors: Fischer‐Hoffman Cory
Published: September 2017

Women have been active, not only in support roles, but as organizers and combatants in all social struggles throughout Venezuela's history. Women were leaders and participants in early indigenous resistance, slave rebellions, and independence movements. The first large slave rebellion in Venezuela's history took place in 1553, under the spiritual leadership of Princess Guiomar. Guiomar led enslaved men and women into battle, at the Rebellion of the Mines of Buría, which is often noted as being instigated by her husband, Negro Miguel. Around 1769 in the coastal region of Barlovento, Juana Francisca, an Afro‐descendant woman enslaved by Bernardo Llanos, fled with her lover Guillermo to the Cumbé de Ocoyta. Francisca was noted as one of the most rebellious of the cimaronas. María de la Concepción was a leader in numerous slave rebellions in 1794 and 1795.
Workers' Self‐Management,
Y
ugoslavia
Authors: Kanzleiter Boris
Published: September 2017

The proclamation of workers' self‐management in June 1950 shaped Yugoslavia's “own way,” independent of the Soviet Union, to socialism. In a basic law, the Yugoslav communists transferred the management of a series of state economic enterprises in key sectors like mining, transport, agriculture, and trade into the hands of working collectives. Through a system of workers' councils, workers would manage the factories. According to the program of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) from 1958, workers' self‐management would create “new social relationships” without “class contradictions” and “exploitation of man by man.” The new system should elevate not only the “degree of material wealth” but also the “degree of true freedom of the individual.” Interpersonal and social relationships should develop a “new humanistic quality” in a “socialist democracy.”
World Trade Organization (
WTO
) Protests,
D
oha, 2001
Authors: Hardstaff Peter
Published: September 2017

The 2001 World Trade Organization (WTO) ministerial meeting in Doha, Qatar tends to be remembered purely for the fact that it resulted in the launch of a new round – the “Doha Round” – of trade talks. Yet Doha marked an important point in the evolution of the global justice movement and also in the ongoing tension between northern and southern governments in the WTO.
World Trade Organization (WTO) protests, Quebec Anti‐CorporateFTAA, 2001
Authors: Carroll William K.
Published: September 2017

“Amid an explosion of tear gas and the zing of rubber bullets they signed a ‘democracy clause’ in Quebec City. The irony of doing so behind a four‐kilometre‐long perimeter fence – known as the ‘wall of shame’ – probably went over the heads of the Heads of State…. Again and again the more militant protesters tried to storm the fence. They breached it and tore it down on several occasions. In a week of heavy symbolism, this was a symbolic defeat for the forces of order”.
World Trade Organization (
WTO
) Protests,
S
eattle, 1999
Authors: Whitney Jennifer
Published: September 2017

The protests against the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Seattle, Washington, from November 29 to December 4, 1999, are often referred to as the global justice movement's “coming out party.” Over 75,000 people took to the streets, 10,000 of them taking direct action which shut down the summit's opening ceremonies. Protesters converged from over 700 different organizations to participate in marches, teach‐ins, and direct actions that occupied both the city's streets and the worldwide web for over a week, forever changing the national and international debate on the WTO, which, until that time, operated largely unnoticed by people in the global North.
Wright, Frances “Fanny” (1795–1852)
Authors: Goff Richard
Published: September 2017

Frances Wright was a Scotch‐American political radical and social reformer, feminist, humanist, and political radical of the early nineteenth century. Ahead of her time in many respects, she defied gender norms by openly opposing slavery, racism, and sexism before such ideas were publicly acceptable. Wright's radical egalitarianism and willingness to speak on divisive issues made her one of the more controversial figures of antebellum America.
Wright, Richard (1908–1960)
Authors: Zeitler Michael
Published: September 2017

Born into poverty on a plantation outside of Natchez, Mississippi, the grandson of slaves and son of a sharecropper, Richard Wright battled economic deprivation and racism to become one of the twentieth century's most celebrated novelists. The 1940 publication of his most famous work,
Native Son
, a tense, dramatic story of a young black male's struggle against the racism, poverty, and injustices institutionalized throughout the economic, political, legal, and social structures of white America, catapulted Wright to instantaneous fame as a writer and set an agenda of protest literature for a generation of black novelists to follow.
Y
oruba Wars, 19th Century
Authors: Adeniran Adebusuyi I.
Published: September 2017

The Yoruba nation of nearly three hundred ethnic groups is one of the three largest in Nigeria, with a population of well over 40 million indigenes. The populace is spread over 10 of the 36 states in Nigeria: Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Ondo, Ekiti (Southwest); Delta, Edo (South); Kwara and Kogi (Middle‐belt). Yorubas can also be found in Benin Republic, Brazil, Cuba, and Trinidad and Tobago. The ethnic group is renowned for its bravery and entrepreneurship, and in contemporary Nigeria for its educational achievements and advancement.
Yugoslavia, Resistance to Cominform, 1948
Authors: Kanzleiter Boris
Published: September 2017

Yugoslavia's break with the USSR represents the first major split in the communist world movement after World War II. On June 28, 1948, the Information Bureau of the Communist and workers' Parties (Cominform), after months of conflict, issued a resolution expelling the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY), then under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito. The Stalin‐led alliance of the major communist parties in Europe accused the Yugoslavs of “deviation from Marxism Leninism,” “unfriendly politics” against the Soviet Union, and the “abolishment of the position of the working class.” According to the resolution the errors of the CPY had led to the growth of “capitalist elements” especially amongst the farmers, the negation of the “leading role” of the Communist Party as well as “nationalism” in the CPY's foreign policies.
Zambian Nationalism and Protests
Authors: Larmer Miles
Published: September 2017

International understanding of Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia) is usually framed by a regional southern African perspective, dominated by first President Kenneth Kaunda (who ruled from 1964 to 1991, from 1973 as the leader of a one‐party state) and his morally informed stand against settler colonialism and apartheid South Africa. However, a more compelling theme in the country's domestic history is the consistent influence of the crowd on national affairs.
Z
apatismo
Authors: Holloway John
Published: September 2017

Zapatismo represents an important break with the tradition of revolutionary thought. When the Zapatistas rose up in Chiapas in the southeast of Mexico on January 1, 1994, they took the world by surprise. This was not just because they revolted when the age of rebellion seemed to have passed, but because they spoke a new language and expressed new ideas that broke sharply with the received language and ideas of the revolutionary tradition.
Zasulich, Vera (1849–1919)
Authors: Vesela Pavla
Published: September 2017

Vera Ivanovna Zasulich is remembered primarily for her 1878 attempt to assassinate the governor of St. Petersburg, General Fyodor F. Trepov, and for her subsequent trial. Zasulich went on to become an important figure in the Russian exile community, where she joined efforts to foment revolution from abroad. Although Zasulich's writings never attained the profound influence of her contemporaries Vladimir Lenin, Georgi Plekhanov, or Julius Martov, she was an exceptionally skilled propagandist and organizer and a crucial figure in the formation of Russian Marxism.
Zhang Wentian (1900–1976)
Authors: Pantsov Alexander V.
Published: September 2017

Zhang Wentian, whose real name was Zhang Ying, was an important early leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He was born in Nanhui County, now a part of Shanghai, Jiangsu Province, on August 30, 1900. He studied at the Nanjing Engineering Institute. In 1919 he took part in the May 4th movement, a sustained anti‐imperialist mass mobilization that aimed at combating Japan's occupation of Chinese territories and the West's collusion with that occupation. It also opposed the reactionary Beijing warlord regime that had failed to resist Japan's encroachments. The movement began in Beijing but soon involved hundreds of thousands of young patriots throughout the country. Around this time Zhang joined Shaonian Zhongguo (Young China), a patriotic society. He went abroad to study in the United States and then returned to China.
Zhu De (1886–1976)
Authors: Pantsov Alexander V.
Published: September 2017

Zhu De, whose real name was Zhu Daizhen, was one of the principal military leaders of the Chinese Revolution of 1949. He is commonly credited with having founded the Red Army (precursor of the People's Liberation Army) in the prerevolutionary period.
Zionism
Authors: McCullough Shellie K.
Published: September 2017

Zionism is an international movement comprising political, cultural, and social ideologies which calls for the return of Jewish people to a homeland. The term “Zion” is derived from ancient biblical sources and embodies a yearning for a return to a lost place of origin: “Weeping, we sat by the rivers of Babylon, thinking of Zion” (Psalms 137:1). With that said, the actual term “Zionism” was not coined until 1890, when Nathan Birnbaum began to formulate ideas concerning “political” Zionism which he felt were the direct result of anti‐Semitism.
Žižek, Slavoj (b. 1949)
Authors: Kirn Gal
Published: September 2017

Born in Ljubljana, Slovenia, Slavoj Žižek was awarded a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy and sociology in 1971, a Master of Arts in philosophy in 1975, and a Doctor of Arts in philosophy in 1981 at the Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts, Ljubljana. In 1985, at the University of Paris‐VIII, he received his second PhD, this time in psychoanalysis.
Zwane, Ambrose Phesheya (1922–1998)
Authors: Kanduza Ackson M.
Published: September 2017

Ambrose Phesheya Zwane was born into a relatively privileged family background and had bright prospects in Swaziland's traditional political system. However, he chose to strive instead for fundamental social reform, taking a path that placed him at loggerheads first with the British colonial power, then with the Swazi traditional authorities, and finally with the postcolonial regime.
Zwingli, Huldrych (1484–1531)
Authors: Ballor Jordan J.
Published: September 2017

Born in the Swiss town of Wildhaus, Huldrych Zwingli was a first‐generation leader along with Martin Luther in what would later be known as the Protestant Reformation. His first public writings expressing clear sympathies for the Reformation date to 1522, although in the years prior he had taken steps sympathetic with the position of Luther. Zwingli dates his decisive shift to the year 1516, when he decided to preach the gospel directly from the scriptures. For the next decade Zwingli would be a major figure in the spread of the Reformation among the Swiss cantons, particularly in Zurich, where he had been called to minister in 1519. He spoke out against medieval church practices such as tithes, indulgences, and invocation of saints.
Delesalle, Paul (1870–1948)
Authors: Bantman Constance
Published: September 2017

Paul Delesalle was among the most influential figures of pre‐World War I anarchosyndicalism in France. Born into a family of manual workers, he became a specialist steelworker. In the early 1890s he frequented Parisian anarchist groups. He was also assistant editor of the anarchist–communist paper
Les Temps nouveaux
. By the mid‐1890s he played an important part in French syndicalism. In 1896 Delesalle attended the London Congress of the Second International. The following year, his motion in favor of the general strike was adopted by the French trade union federation, the Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT).
Gilmore, Mary Jean (1865–1962)
Authors: Corfield Justin
Published: September 2017

A teacher, writer, and poet, Mary Jean Gilmore was a radical who joined William Lane in his establishment of New Australia in Paraguay in 1893. She later worked in Patagonia, then returned to Australia where she wrote for radical newspapers and composed poetry until she was well into her nineties.
Godin, Noël (b. 1945)
Authors: Vitale Alfred
Published: September 2017

Noël Godin is a Belgian anarchist author, actor, social commentator, and pie‐thrower (or
entarteur
). He has made a reputation as a subversive trickster humorist and an opponent of political power, moral order, and “depressing laws.” Since 1969, when he threw a cream pie at French writer Marguerite Duras, Noël Godin has targeted public figures preoccupied with their own self‐importance and lacking any discernible sense of humor. He has even coined a term for his actions (
l'entartage
), declaring that “there are a thousand forms of subversion, all of them interesting. But few, in my opinion, can equal the convenience and immediacy of the cream pie” (Chalmers 1995). Among his many targets, he has successfully entarted Jean‐Luc Godard, Nicolas Sarkozy, and on more than one occasion, French philosopher Bernard‐Henri Lévy. In 1998 Godin received worldwide attention for throwing a pie at Microsoft CEO Bill Gates, after which it is claimed Godin shrugged, “My work here is done.”
Goodman, Paul (1911–1972)
Authors: Shantz Jeffrey
Published: September 2017

Paul Goodman was perhaps the most influential anarchist in the US, at least outside of anarchist circles, over the last half of the twentieth century. Born in New York City in 1911, Goodman gained international attention as a poet, novelist, social critic, and urban planner before his death in 1972.
Havel, Hippolyte (1869–1950)
Authors: Antliff Allan
Published: September 2017

Raised in the Bohemian town of Burowski and educated in Vienna, anarchist militant Hippolyte Havel was expelled from Austria‐Hungary, Germany, and France in quick succession before departing for the United States in 1900. Settling in New York City, he wrote for Emma Goldman's
Mother Earth
journal and edited three publications in quick succession:
The Social War
(1913),
Revolutionary Almanac
(1914), and
Revolt
(1916). Havel argued that the cultural avant‐garde had an important role to play in the revolutionary struggle and his publications featured contributions from many artists (Antliff 2001: 95–104). Indeed, his ties to art were ubiquitous: he frequented Alfred Steiglitz's avant‐garde 291 Gallery, played a role in the founding of the Provincetown Players, and occasionally lectured on modernism.
Ijesha‐Yoruba Women's Emancipation
Authors: Adeniran Adebusuyi Isaac
Published: September 2017

The Ijesha society is located on the western flank of the present‐day southwestern region of Nigeria, largely inhabited by members of the Yoruba ethnic group. The people are believed to have migrated there around the tenth century from an unspecified location in the Middle East. Ijeshaland is spread across six Local Government Areas of Nigeria – Ilesha West, Ilesha East, Atakunmosa West, Atakunmosa East, Oriade, and Obokun. The city of Ilesha is the capital of the region.
Indian Freedom Struggle, Working Class and Communists
Authors: Chattopadhyay Kunal
Published: September 2017

British colonial rule brought about a degree of industrialization in India. The war years, however, saw a rapid growth of Indian textile mill production, import reduction, and employment in organized industries and plantations. The end of World War I signified the transformation of Indian capital, which no longer had to remain subservient to the rulers. But industrial expansion was also accompanied by a rise in strikes from 1918. In Bombay, a strike at the Century Mills spread to the entire textile industry by January 1919. The Madras Labor Union was the first organized union launched in April 1918. Many of the early unionists were nationalists, sometimes even loyalists. But mounting pressure from below led to the formation of All‐India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) in November 1920, representing 125 unions.
Lallemant, Germán Avé (1836–1910)
Authors: de Laforcade Geoffroy
Published: September 2017

Germán Avé Lallemant, born in Lübeck, Germany, in 1836, was an engineer, natural scientist, statistician, and journalist. He settled permanently in San Luis, Argentina, in 1868, where he became a leading Marxist activist.
Merlino, Francesco Saverio (1856–1930)
Authors: Shantz Jeffrey
Published: September 2017

Francesco Saverio Merlino was a militant anarchist activist in Italy and the United States from 1877 to 1897. During the 1890s he was imprisoned by the Italian government for “conspiracy” and spent most of three years in jail. A prolific writer and editor, he produced numerous articles, pamphlets, and books on anarchism, with a particular focus on economic and organizational questions. As a lawyer he defended anarchists throughout his life, including the Matese Band insurgents (which included Carlo Cafiero and Errico Malatesta) and Gaetano Bresci, the assassin of King Umberto I. Merlino's courageous defense of Bresci argued that his act was a necessary outcome of the state's own cruel repression and violence. Despite this history, Merlino broke with anarchism over what he saw as its turn toward individualism and anti‐organizationalism, which he denounced as “atomism” and “amorphism” (Nettlau 1996: 171).
H
adj, Messali (1898–1974) and Algerian Nationalism
Authors: de Laforcade Geoffroy
Published: September 2017

On May 8, 1945, demonstrators in the town of Sétif, located in the Constantinois region of Algeria, celebrated the victory against Nazism in World War II. The capitulation of France to Germany in 1940, and the Allied landing of 1942 during which the “Atlantic Charter” – a document containing an explicit condemnation of colonialism – had been distributed throughout North Africa, had eroded the prestige of France internationally. Messali Hadj, the radical founder of the independence movement and leader of the Party of the Algerian People (Parti du Peuple Algérien, PPA), had recently been deported by the colonial authorities to Brazzaville, in French Equatorial Africa; but his followers were active in the ranks of the Friends of the Manifesto and of Liberty (Amis du Manifeste et de la Liberté, AML), founded in 1943 by a disillusioned former assimilationist, Ferhat Abbas. The outcome of the war created immense hopes among the people of Algeria, who had contributed to the resistance to fascism and to the Vichy regime, that freedom was around the corner.
Mexico, Casa del Obrero Mundial
Authors: Crider Gregory S.
Published: September 2017

Never a formal trade union or a labor confederation, the Casa del Obrero Mundial (House of the Worker) was an important clearinghouse in Mexico City for the exchange of ideas, where anarchists and labor organizers plotted strategy during the early years after the fall of the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. In general terms, ideology did not drive the Mexican Revolution, but anarchist leadership of the Casa defined a clear set of ideas, goals, and strategies that would influence debates and direction of the new regime.
Morocco, Western Sahara, Green March, 1975
Authors: Ness Immanuel
Published: September 2017

The Green March was a mass trek of 350,000 Moroccans into Western Sahara (former Spanish Sahara) on November 6, 1975 to claim the mostly desert territory from a regional insurgency and to declare control over the territory as a contiguous and connected subset of a “Greater Morocco.” The “march” allowed the Moroccan state to triumph over countries in the Western Sahara region, which was contested by the Polisario Front, an acronym for the Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el‐Hamra and Río de Oro (Frente Popular de Liberación de Saguía el Hamra y Río de Oro), a national liberation organization formed by Moroccan students of Sahrawi descent. While neighboring Algeria and Mauritania claimed the territory, the Green March proved decisive in consolidating a large territory of 103,000 square miles with fewer than 500,000 people composed of Sahrawi and Moroccan descendants.
Naturism
Authors: Boni Stefano
Published: September 2017

In 1974 the XIV Congress of the International Naturist Federation defined naturism as “a lifestyle in harmony with nature, expressed through social nudity, and characterized by self‐respect of people with different opinions and of the environment.” What is currently called the naturist movement is largely commercialized, lacks a clear political stance, and is principally aimed at practicing, advocating, and defending social nudity in private and public spaces, as well as promoting harmony with nature through yoga, physical exercise, healthy food, and abstinence from or moderate use of alcohol, meat, tobacco, and drugs.
N
iger, Protest and Revolution, 1900–2000s
Authors: de Laforcade Geoffroy
Published: September 2017

The name “Niger” is derived from the name of the Niger River, “Eguerew n'eguerew” – “the river of rivers” – in Tamacheq, the language of the Tuareg people. As a modern territorial polity, Niger is a recent creation of French colonialism with a history that begins roughly in 1900. It unites under a single denomination those frontier areas of Hausaland that were left out of the Islamic Sokoto caliphate in 1804; the borderlands separating the Aïr Tuareg from their Kel Ahaggar counterparts in Algeria, and the western Iwillimidden (Kel Dinnik) Tuareg from the Mali‐based eastern Iwillimidden or Kel Attaram; the Upper Volta region at the point where the westernmost extension of the medieval Songhay empire ended; and colonial borders separating the French colony of Niger from those of Dahomey to the south and Chad to the east. What distinguishes Niger from other regions of West Africa is that its nomadic and sedentary peoples have historically inhabited loosely federated, often isolated fringes of more articulated polities with centers that were located elsewhere.
Perera, Selina Margaret (1909–1986)
Authors: Ervin Charles Wesley
Published: September 2017

Selina Margaret Perera was a leader of socialist women in Sri Lanka and India. Born in 1909 into a prominent landowning family in Badulla, Selina Margaret Peiris attended Musaeus College in Colombo and then the University of London, where she was exposed to socialist and communist influences. Returning in 1935, she became the first principal of a Buddhist girls' school and joined the nationalist Youth League, where she met the fiery Trotskyist Philip Gunawardena. In December 1935, Gunawardena and his followers launched the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP), which became one of the most successful Trotskyist organizations in the world. A founding member of LSSP, Selina was also the party's first secretary.
Puente Amestoy, Isaac (1896–1936)
Authors: Lee Andrew H.
Published: September 2017

Isaac Puente Amestoy was a doctor who became one of Spain's leading anarchist theoreticians. He published a number of medical guides for a popular audience, especially on sanitation and sexual questions, and was a regular contributor to the anarchist journals
Iniciales
and
Estudios
. A participant in the founding of the World League for Sexual Reform in 1928, he left it as too reformist. During 1929 Federica Montseny and Puente had a polemic over his criticisms of her novels. In 1930, he was made a regional delegate by the dictatorship, which did not allow refusal, and consequently was accused by Juan García Oliver of having become a reformist. As secretary of the regional section of the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (Iberian Anarchist Federation, FAI) he was an organizer of the 1933 revolt in Aragón. He wrote
El comunismo libertario
(
Libertarian Communism
), the seminal pamphlet that became the basis for the discussions of the future society at the 1936 Zaragoza conference of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Labor Confederation, CNT). There he served on a conference committee that swung the delegates over to the collectivization of rural lands. In 1936 Puente was captured soon after the military revolt and executed without a trial by the Francoists.
Queer Anarchy
Authors: Chiang Howard H.
Published: September 2017

The introduction of “queer” to the politics of sexuality has its roots in the North American gay and lesbian movement that took on an unprecedented public presence in the 1970s, a decade to which many have attributed the birth of a “sexual revolution.” The movement was later joined by bisexuals and transgender individuals (including transsexuals) to form what, by the 1980s, would be called an umbrella “GLBT” movement. “Queer theory” began to take shape during the transition from the 1980s to the 1990s, the critical historical juncture when the field was inspired by (and eventually consolidated around) the simultaneous publication of such foundational texts as David Halperin's
One Hundred Years of Homosexuality
, Judith Butler's
Gender Trouble
, and Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's
The Epistemology of the Closet
. Subsequently, the concept of “queer” was appropriated outside academia as a more inclusive term that denotes a non‐predetermined way of contesting and challenging the social, political, and cultural discursiveness of heteronormativity.
Reclus, Paul (1858–1941)
Authors: Bantman Constance
Published: September 2017

Coming from a lineage of distinguished academics and militants, Paul Reclus is an eminent representative of the humanist and intellectual anarchism typical of the pre‐World War I movement. Trained as an engineer in the prestigious École Centrale in Paris, Reclus also became an important anarchist journalist and activist. He frequented anarchist groups from the late 1880s onwards and wrote in
Les Temps nouveaux
, in which he advocated the controversial practice of the reprise individuelle in 1891.
Rüdiger, Helmut (a.k.a. Rodriguez, Ivar Bergegren; Dashar, Stefan Stralsund) (1903–1966)
Authors: Müller Stefan
Published: September 2017

Born in Frankenberg, Saxonia, in 1903, Helmut Rüdiger grew up in Chemnitz and studied German literature and art history in Leipzig and Munich. The German Revolution of 1918–19 led him to an intense study of Gustav Landauer's writings. In 1922 he joined the anarchosyndicalist Freie Arbeiter‐Union Deutschlands (Free Workers' Union of Germany, FAUD). In 1928, following Augustin Souchy, he became first editor of the FAUD newspaper
Der Syndikalist
. Elected head of the organization's executive commission in 1932, Rüdiger left Germany for Spain that same year in frustration at internal disputes.
Schwarzbard, Shalom (1886–1938)
Authors: Buelinckx Erik
Published: September 2017

Shalom Schwarzbard (a.k.a. Sholom, Samuel, Shvartsbard, Schwartzbard), born in Bessarabia (then part of the Russian empire) in 1886, a poet, writer, socialist, anarchist, and Jewish activist, is remembered most for the assassination of Symon Petliura. He became active in the early 1900s in the radical socialist movement in Russia and was a member of the Jewish self‐defense units during the pogroms of 1905–7. Forced to leave Russia, he arrived in Paris, where he worked as a watchmaker.
Sharkey, Lawrence Louis (1898–1967)
Authors: Corfield Justin
Published: September 2017

The leader of the Communist Party of Australia (CPA) for many years, Lawrence Louis Sharkey was the public face of a movement that closely allied itself with the Soviet Union under Stalin. Although membership of the party was small, communists were powerful in certain sectors of the economy, notably on the wharfs and in the iron and coal industries.
Tucker, Benjamin R. (1854–1939)
Authors: Wilbur Shawn P.
Published: September 2017

Described in his day as “the chief American exponent of anarchism” (Vizetelly 1911: 15), Benjamin Ricketson Tucker was a writer, orator, translator, publisher, and controversialist associated with the individualist school of anarchism. He synthesized the mutualist philosophies of Josiah Warren, Pierre Joseph Proudhon, William Batchelder Greene, and Joshua King Ingalls with the egoism of Max Stirner, and derived from these a “plumb‐line” anarchism that emphasized resistance to four key monopolies – in the domains of money and banking, land, tariffs, and patents – and non‐violent social transformation.
Vigné d'Octon, Paul (1859–1943)
Authors: Buelinckx Erik
Published: September 2017

Paul Vigné d'Octon was an anti‐colonialist journalist and novelist, a radical parliamentarian, and later in life, an individualist anarchist. Better known by hisnom de plumeVigné d'Octon, Paul Vigné was born in the south of France to a fervent republican father, a baker, and a pious Catholic mother. In 1880 he enlisted as a medical officer in the navy to pay for his studies, shipping out for Guadeloupe. Vigné d'Octon spent almost four of his seven years of colonial service in western Africa. On his return, he began publishing articles about his experiences; while not really critical of the idea of colonialism, and retaining a paternalistic view of the African people, his first‐hand, emotional literary accounts of atrocities committed by the colonial powers placed him in conflict with his superiors, and he resigned in 1887.
Carbonell,Walterio (1920–2008)
Authors: de Laforcade Geoffroy
Published: September 2017

Walterio Carbonell, a communist activist in Cuba since the 1940s through the early twenty‐first century, joined the French Communist Party in the 1950s where he was active in the movement to support the decolonization of Africa. He developed ties to “Négritude” scholars Léopold Sédar Senghor and Aimé Césaire, who were critical of European imperialism and supported independence. From exile he supported the 26th of July Movement in Cuba against both the Batista dictatorship and its orthodox Marxist detractors. A close friend and collaborator of Fidel Castro, Raúl Castro, and Ernesto “Ché” Guevara in the early stages of the Cuban Revolution, Carbonell wrote for the newspaperRevolución, worked for the ministry of foreign affairs, covered the US Bay of Pigs invasion as a war correspondent, and served briefly as Cuba's ambassador to Tunisia.
Green Anarchist
Authors: Franks Benjamin , Stott Paul
Published: September 2017

Green Anarchist (GA)
is the title of a periodical that takes magazine and newspaper formats and the term “green anarchism” signifies the political position of a wider radical environmentalist movement. The periodical's first editorial team formed after the 1984 London anarchist Stop the City (STC) demonstration. The early editions of
Green Anarchist
followed non‐violent and liberal themes of the range of mainstream ecological authors.
Yu Ja‐Myung (1884–1985)
Authors: Oh Jang‐Whan
Published: September 2017

Yu Ja‐Myung, a Korean anarchist activist, theorist, and agronomist, participated in many secret political parties from China to liberate his country from Japanese colonial rule. He imparted anarchist theory to the terrorist group Eu‐yul‐dan (“Band of Heroes”), formed at Kirin Province in Manchuria, via Sin Chai‐Ho. In 1924, he helped to organize the Jae‐jung‐kuk jo‐sun mu‐jung‐bu ju‐eu‐ja yun‐meng (Korean Anarchist Federation in China).
Joyeux, Maurice (1910–1991)
Authors: Buelinckx Erik
Published: September 2017

Activist and thinker Maurice Joyeux played a major role in the twentieth‐century French anarchist movement. At the age of 17, he came into contact with anarchism, never to leave it until his death in 1991. Beginning with a three‐year sentence during his military service, he served a total of ten years in prison, during which he had time to study the anarchist classics and occasionally organize mutinies. Joyeux was unemployed and sometimes homeless during the 1930s. His activism, radicalism, and sense of solidarity with prisoners and workers brought him into contact with syndicalism, and in 1936 he joined the Anarchist Union.
Li Jung‐Kyu (1897–1986)
Authors: Oh Jang‐Whan
Published: September 2017

Li Jung‐Kyu, the younger brother of Li Eul‐Kyu, was also an anarchist theorist and revolutionary activist. In 1922, through contacts with Chinese anarchists in Beijing, he was won over to anarchism, becoming an active member of the Je‐jung‐kuk jo‐sun mu‐jung‐bu ju‐eu‐ja yun‐meng (Korean Anarchist Federation in China). In 1926, he published his translations of several English‐language anarchist pamphlets produced by Freedom Press in London. Together with Li Eul‐Kyu, Yu Ja‐Myung, Jung Hwa‐Am, Baik Jung‐Gi, and Li Hoe‐Young, he participated in the preparatory committee of the National Labor University in Shanghai, which was proposed by the Chinese anarchists. In June of 1927, he participated in the Chung‐Yung People's Training Center in collaboration with Chinese anarchists. At this moment, Li, the keenest junior theorist and activist in the group, was arrested by the Japanese police and sent back to Korea in 1928. After the liberation of Korea in 1945, he was active in the Ja‐yu sa‐hoi gun‐sul‐ja yun‐meng (League of Free Social Constructors). He organized the Kun‐min mun‐wha yun‐gu‐so (National Culture Research Institute) in 1966 and started the university students’ village movement.
Kácha, Michal (1874–1940)
Authors: Melis Rachel
Published: September 2017

Michal Kácha (1874–1940), a Czech anarchist, journalist, editor, translator, and publisher, had a great influence on young writers of his time. In 1904, along with the poet, activist, and co‐editor of
Červen
(
June
), S. K. Neumann, Kácha founded the Česká anarchistická federace (Czech Anarchist Federation, or ČAF) and the Česká federace va̧ech odborů (Czech Federation of All Unions, or ČFVO). In the decade of their existence, these organizations were ineffective in bringing social and political change. This led to anarchocommunist Bohuslav Vrbenský's call, in 1914, for the ČAF and ČFVO to merge, forming an Anarchist Communist Party.
Ha Ki‐Rak (1912–1997)
Authors: Oh Jang‐Whan
Published: September 2017

The political life of Ha Ki‐Rak, a Korean anarcho‐pacifist academic, writer, and philosopher, began in 1929, when he participated in student demonstrations in Kwangju (Gwangju Uprising), predating the mass student demonstrations in 1980 by 51 years. While a student at Waseda University in Japan, during the Japanese occupation of Korea, Ha Ki‐Rak was an anti‐imperialist activist and joined the Tokyo Dong‐hung No‐dong Dong‐meng (workers' League of Tokyo). After the liberation from Japan in 1945, he helped form the first Korean anarchist organization, Ja‐yoo sa‐hoi kun‐sul‐ja yun‐meng (League of Free Social Constructors), authoring its founding declaration and political program.
Lewis, John L. (1880–1969)
Authors: Lubitz Leonard H.
Published: September 2017

John L. Lewis, leader of the United Mine Workers Union, consolidated the workers' movement in mass production industries of the early twentieth century and emerged as leader of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), becoming the most influential figure in organized labor in the United States during the 1930s and 1940s. He was born in 1880 in the small village of Cleveland, Iowa, to immigrant parents from South Wales, both families having left their lives in the coal‐mining principality of Great Britain in search of better lives in America. The details of Lewis's life immediately after leaving high school are unclear. Over the next decade, he tried numerous jobs including coal mining and managing a small theater (where he also performed on occasion); he also made an unsuccessful run for mayor, and tried and failed at business.
M
azzocchi,
T
ony (1926–2002)
Authors: Lubitz Leonard H.
Published: September 2017

Born Anthony Mazzocchi in Brooklyn in 1926, this future labor leader, activist, and environmental activist grew up in a terribly poor family headed by his father, a union garment worker whose wages were so low that his three children had to share one bed. Mazzocchi's mother died when he was 6, and her medical bills forced the family to lose their home. At the age of 16, he dropped out of school and lied about his age to join the army. After basic training, he was shipped to Europe where he fought in three campaigns, including the Battle of the Bulge. Upon returning from the war, he got a job as an autoworker for Ford in New Jersey, earned his high school diploma, and then went to work for Helena Rubenstein, Inc., in a cosmetics factory.
S
tirner,
M
ax (1806–1856)
Authors: Lubitz Leonard H.
Published: September 2017

Born in 1806 in Bavaria, Max Stirner, a leading precursor of what became known as anarchism, was born Johann Kaspar Schmidt. Two years after the death of Stirner's father in 1807, his mother, a pharmacist, relocated her family to West Prussia, where Stirner lived until going to Berlin at age 20 to study philosophy, theology, and philology at the university there. As a student at the University of Berlin, he attended lectures by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, which was the seminal moment in Stirner's life. Stirner was a mediocre student, and upon graduation became a teacher. He also worked as a journalist and translator. His personal life swung between the tragic and the mundane. His first wife died giving birth to a still‐born child, while his second wife left him. He spent his first wife's inheritance so irresponsibly that he had two stays in debtors’ prisons, and was often forced to move in order to evade creditors. He died at the age of 50 after being stung by an insect.
T
ruong
C
hinh (1907–1988)
Authors: Corfield Justin
Published: September 2017

A leading theoretician in the Vietnamese Communist Party and the head of state of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam from 1981 until 1987, Dang Xuan Khu, as Truong Chinh was originally called, was born February 9, 1907, into a scholar‐gentry family in Ha Nam Ninh Province, Vietnam, and grew up in the nearby town of Nam Dinh, where he first came across the Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League of Hô Chi Minh. He attended the Lycée Albert Sarraut in Hanoi and took part in demonstrations against the French in 1928, which led to his expulsion from school.
US
T
ea
P
arty (2009–), Neoliberal Capitalism, and Right‐Wing Intolerance
Authors: Maddern Stacy Warner , Ness Immanuel
Published: September 2017

In November 2008, the United States celebrated the election of its first black president – Barack Obama – in what appeared a rare moment of national unity, with widespread support for a program of political and economic reform during the height of the Great Recession. Obama's appeal to consensus politics undercut the power of the conservatives in the Republican Party, who won through appeals to national chauvinism, nativism, and capitalist individualism. To be sure, Republicans had tried to mobilize opposition to Obama, but his obeisance to finance capital sealed his victory.
Yu‐Rim (1898–1961)
Authors: Oh Jang‐Whan
Published: September 2017

Yu‐Rim, a Korean anarchist leader, organized the first anarchist group in the Korean peninsula, the Jo‐sun gong‐san mu‐jung‐bu ju‐eu‐ja yun‐meng (Korean Anarchist–Communist Federation), in 1929, and became a leader of Korean anarchists living in exile in China. Arrested in Manchuria by the Japanese in 1931, Yu‐Rim was repatriated and sentenced to five years’ imprisonment in Korea. After serving his term, he returned to China.
Grain Refinement through Shear Banding in Severely Plastic Deformed A206 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Teymoory Parya , Zarei‐Hanzaki Abbas , Farabi Ehsan , Monajati Hossein , Abedi Hamid Reza
Published: September 2017

The present work is conducted to study the microstructure and texture evolutions in an as‐cast A206 aluminum alloy after applying severe plastic deformation. Toward this end, the material is severely deformed through accumulative back extrusion (ABE) technique at 200 °C and followed by assessing the room temperature mechanical properties of the products. The macro shear‐bands formation in the highly strained regions can result in grain refinement through the geometric dynamic recrystallization mechanism. A significant refinement is also characterized within the micro shear‐bands; this is attributed to the intensified substructure development and the occurrence of continuous dynamic recrystallization. The corresponding inverse pole figure maps show similar orientation for these newly refined grains with the parent ones. A random texture is produced through sub‐grain rotation to dissimilar orientation at the intersection of micro‐bands. The assessment of mechanical properties of the processed materials reveal significant increase in both yield and ultimate tensile strength values. The hardness profiles also demonstrate a relatively homogenous microstructure after three and five ABE passes holding a mean hardness value of 183 Vickers.
Tuning of a Vertical Spin Valve with a Monolayer of Single Molecule Magnets
Authors: Cucinotta Giuseppe , Poggini Lorenzo , Pedrini Alessandro , Bertani Federico , Cristiani Nicola , Torelli Martina , Graziosi Patrizio , Cimatti Irene , Cortigiani Brunetto , Otero Edwige , Ohresser Philippe , Sainctavit Philippe , Dediu Alek , Dalcanale Enrico , Sessoli Roberta , Mannini Matteo
Published: September 2017

The synthesis and the chemisorption from solution of a terbium bis‐phthalocyaninato complex suitable for the functionalization of lanthanum strontium manganite (LSMO) are reported. Two phosphonate groups are introduced in the double decker structure in order to allow the grafting to the ferromagnetic substrate actively used as injection electrode in organic spin valve devices. The covalent bonding of functionalized terbium bis‐phthalocyaninato system on LSMO surface preserves its molecular properties at the nanoscale. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the integrity of the molecules on the LSMO surface and a small magnetic hysteresis reminiscent of the typical single molecule magnet behavior of this system is detected on surface by X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism experiments. The effect of the hybrid magnetic electrode on spin polarized injection is investigated in vertical organic spin valve devices and compared to the behavior of similar spin valves embedding a single diamagnetic layer of alkyl phosphonate molecules analogously chemisorbed on LSMO. Magnetoresistance experiments have evidenced significant alterations of the magneto‐transport by the terbium bis‐phthalocyaninato complex characterized by two distinct temperature regimes, below and above 50 K, respectively.
Fabrication of Trabecular Bone‐Templated Tissue‐Engineered Constructs by 3D Inkjet Printing
Authors: Vanderburgh Joseph P. , Fernando Shanik J. , Merkel Alyssa R. , Sterling Julie A. , Guelcher Scott A.
Published: September 2017

3D printing enables the creation of scaffolds with precisely controlled morphometric properties for multiple tissue types, including musculoskeletal tissues such as cartilage and bone. Computed tomography (CT) imaging has been combined with 3D printing to fabricate anatomically scaled patient‐specific scaffolds for bone regeneration. However, anatomically scaled scaffolds typically lack sufficient resolution to recapitulate the <100 micrometer‐scale trabecular architecture essential for investigating the cellular response to the morphometric properties of bone. In this study, it is hypothesized that the architecture of trabecular bone regulates osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. To test this hypothesis, human bone‐templated 3D constructs are fabricated via a new micro‐CT/3D inkjet printing process. It is shown that this process reproducibly fabricates bone‐templated constructs that recapitulate the anatomic site‐specific morphometric properties of trabecular bone. A significant correlation is observed between the structure model index (a morphometric parameter related to surface curvature) and the degree of mineralization of human mesenchymal stem cells, with more concave surfaces promoting more extensive osteoblast differentiation and mineralization compared to predominately convex surfaces. These findings highlight the significant effects of trabecular architecture on osteoblast function.
The Role of Rubidium in Multiple‐Cation‐Based High‐Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yadav Pankaj , Dar M. Ibrahim , Arora Neha , Alharbi Essa A. , Giordano Fabrizio , Zakeeruddin Shaik Mohammed , Grätzel Michael
Published: September 2017

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on cesium (Cs)‐ and rubidium (Rb)‐containing perovskite films show highly reproducible performance; however, a fundamental understanding of these systems is still emerging. Herein, this study has systematically investigated the role of Cs and Rb cations in complete devices by examining the transport and recombination processes using current–voltage characteristics and impedance spectroscopy in the dark. As the credibility of these measurements depends on the performance of devices, this study has chosen two different PSCs, (MAFACs)Pb(IBr)3 (MA = CH3NH3+, FA = CH(NH2)2+) and (MAFACsRb)Pb(IBr)3, yielding impressive performances of 19.5% and 21.1%, respectively. From detailed studies, this study surmises that the confluence of the low trap‐assisted charge‐carrier recombination, low resistance offered to holes at the perovskite/2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐9,9‐spirobifluorene interface with a low series resistance (Rs), and low capacitance leads to the realization of higher performance when an extra Rb cation is incorporated into the absorber films. This study provides a thorough understanding of the impact of inorganic cations on the properties and performance of highly efficient devices, and also highlights new strategies to fabricate efficient multiple‐cation‐based PSCs.