bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF INTERMEDIATES PRODUCED IN SULFURIC ACID GLASS BY GAMMA IRRADIATION PART 1, REACTIVITIES OF MOBILE ELECTRONS WITH INORGANIC IONS
Authors: SASAKI TEIKICHI
Published: March 2016

Die Ausbeute eingefangener H‐Atome Ht, die in einer Matrix aus gefrorener 6m H2SO4 bei 77 Kerzeugt werden, nimmt in Gegenwart eines Elektronenfängers ab.
ChemInform Abstract: DETERMINATION OF THE RATE CONSTANT FOR THE REACTION OH+H2S BY A PULSED PHOTOLYSIS ‐ RESONANCE FLUORESCENCE METHOD
Authors: STUHL F.
Published: March 2016

Mittels einer gepulsten Photolyse‐Resonanzfluoreszenzmethode wird das kinetische Verhalten von OH‐Radikalen in Gegenwart eines großen H2S ‐Überschusses untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON PREPARATION OF HIGH PURITY SULFUR PART 4, EFFECT OF THE DISTILLATION WITH ADSORBENT AND SILVER ON THE REMOVAL OF THE IMPURITIES IN SULFUR
Authors: SUZUKI HIROSHI , HIGASHI KUNISHIGE , MIYAKE YOSHIZO
Published: March 2016

Durch die beschriebene Destillationsmethode werden As, Se, Te, Cund übliche Verunreinigungen aus Sentfernt.
ChemInform Abstract: ON DIHYDROPYRIDINES PART 29, CONDENSATION REACTIONS OF BENZOYLACETONITRILE
Authors: KUTHAN J. , PALECEK J. , VAVRUSKA L.
Published: March 2016

Die Kondensation der Ketone (I) mit Benzoylacetonitril (II) liefert die Dihydropyridine (III); als Nebenprodukt entsteht das 2H‐Pyran (IV), das auch durch thermische (190‐200°C) oder basenkatalysierte (Ammoniumacetat) Autokondensation von (II) gebildet wird.
ChemInform Abstract: PINAKOLIN‐UMLAGERUNG DITERTIAERER GLYKOLE DER CHINUCLIDIN‐REIHE
Authors: MIKHLINA E. E. , YANINA A. D. , TURCHIN K. F. , FILIPPENKO T. YA. , ERMAKOV A. I. , SHEINKER YU. N. , YAKHONTOV L. N.
Published: March 2016

Die bei der Dehydratisierung der Chinuclidinglykole (I) mit H2SO4 neben den Acylchinuclidinen (II) entstehenden Ketone werden H‐NMR‐ und massenspektrometrisch als die Pinakolin‐Umlagerungsprodukte (III) identifiziert.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE DIANIONEN VON 1,7‐ UND 1,6‐METHANO‐(12)ANNULEN NEUE AROMATISCHE 14PI‐ELEKTRONENSYSTEME
Authors: OTH JEAN F. M. , MUELLEN KLAUS , KOENIGSHOFEN HEINRICH , MANN MAX , SAKATA YOSHITERU , VOGEL EMANUEL
Published: March 2016

Die Methanoannulene (I) und (III) lassen sich elektrochemisch oder mit Li (oder Na) in deuteriertem THF zu den Dianionen (II) bzw. (IV) reduzieren (bei der Elektroreduktion entstehen daneben Radikalanionen).
ChemInform Abstract: FORMATION OF 1,3,4,5,6‐PENTACHLORO‐4‐METHOXY‐CYCLOHEXENE FROM THE CHLORINE CHLORINATION OF 4‐CHLORO‐ANISOLE
Authors: WATSON W. D. , HEESCHEN J. P.
Published: March 2016

Die Chlorierung von Anisol (I) liefert über das auch unabhängig eingesetzte 4‐Chloranisol (II) die Verbindung (III), aus der das Pentachlor‐methoxy‐cyclohexen (IV) entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKYLATED DISULFIDES, A DEGENERATE REARRANGEMENT
Authors: KIM JHONG K. , CASERIO MARJORIE C.
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktion des Sulfoniumsalzes (I) mit Dimethylsulfid (IIa) führt zur Bildung der Produkte (IIIa) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTIONEN MIT PHENYLAMINOALUMINIUM 3. MITT. UMSETZUNG VON (N‐ALKYLPHENYLAMINO)ALUMINIUM MIT ALDIMINEN
Authors: HOBERG HEINZ
Published: March 2016

Die Phenylaminoaluminium‐Derivate (I) reagieren mit den Aldiminen (II) durch Anlagerung der C=N‐Gruppe an das ortho‐Wasserstoffatom der Phenylgruppe unter Bildung der Benzhydrylidenaniline (III).
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF DIAZO PHENYL SULFIDES, KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF THE DIAZO COUPLING REACTION OF P‐NITROBENZENEDIAZO PHENYL SULFIDE WITH BETA‐NAPHTHOL UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS
Authors: SAKLA ALFY BADIE , MASOUD NABIL KHALIL , SAWIRIS ZAKI , EBAID WAGIH SADIK
Published: March 2016

Die aus den diazotierten Arylaminen (I) mit Thiophenol (II) bei schwach saurem pH erhaltenen Diazophenylsulfide (III) kuppeln mit β‐Naphthol zu den Azofarbstoffen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: ISOXAZOLES PART 22, A NEW SYNTHESIS OF 4‐ISOXAZOLINES AND THEIR THERMAL CONVERSION INTO PYRROLES
Authors: ADACHI I. , HARADA K. , MIYAZAKI R. , KANO H.
Published: March 2016

Die Isoxazoliumperchlorate (I) reagieren mit Grignardverbindungen zu den 4‐Isoxazolinderivaten (II) sowie zu den Ringöffnungsprodukten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND SYNTHETIC USES OF (2‐(ARYLAZO)PHENYL)‐MERCURIALS
Authors: CROSS R. J. , TENNENT N. H.
Published: March 2016

o‐Nitrobenzolsulfenylhalogenide (III), die durch Halogenierung des Disulfids (I) in Tetrachlorkohlenstoff zugänglich sind, setzen sich mit Anilinen (IV) zu o‐Nitrobenzolsulfenaniliden (V) und den Anilinhydrohalogeniden (VI) um.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF ANIONIC ORGANOALUMINIUM COMPOUNDS PART 4, THE FORMATION OF ALKALI METAL TETRAMETHYLALUMINATES AND THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF RB(AL(CH3)4)
Authors: ATWOOD J. L. , HRNCIR D. C.
Published: March 2016

Die Thermolyse oder Photolyse der Azido‐Komplexe (I) bei 180°C in aromatischen Lösungsmitteln liefert in quantitativen Ausbeuten die Alkalimetall‐tetramethylaluminate (II) und die Organo‐Aluminiumderivate (III).
ChemInform Abstract: DITERTIARY ALKYLPHOSPHINE DERIVATIVES OF THE GROUP VI METAL CARBONYLS AND THEIR OXIDATION WITH IODINE
Authors: CONNOR JOSEPH A. , MCEWEN GERALD K. , RIX COLIN J.
Published: March 2016

Die Darstellung der Tris‐[diphosphin]‐Dimeren (I) erfolgt durch Umsetzung von Tricarbonylcycloheptatrien‐Mo bzw. ‐Cr oder Tricarbonyl‐tris‐[acetonitril]‐Wmit dem Diphosphin.
ChemInform Abstract: A Matrix Isolation and Computational Study of Molecular Palladium Fluorides: Does PdF6 Exist?
Authors: Wilson Antony V. , Nguyen Timothy , Brosi Felix , Wang Xuefeng , Andrews Lester , Riedel Sebastian , Bridgeman Adam J. , Young Nigel A.
Published: March 2016

Binary palladium fluorides from PdF to PdF6 are investigated by matrix‐isolation methods using thermal evaporation and laser ablation to generate Pd atoms for reaction with F2‐doped Ar and Ne matrices as well as neat F2 matrices.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of the Thermal Stability of NdxScyZr1‐x‐yO2‐δ Materials Proposed for Inert Matrix Fuel Applications.
Authors: Hayes John R. , Grosvenor Andrew P. , Saoudi Mouna
Published: March 2016

The thermal stability and local and long‐range structures in the title series of materials (obtained by a coprecipitation method) are characterized by powder XRD, SEM, and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Pb4(OH)4(BrO3)3(NO3): An Example of SHG Crystal in Metal Bromates Containing π‐Conjugated Planar Triangle.
Authors: Kong Fang , Hu Chun‐Li , Liang Ming‐Li , Mao Jiang‐Gao
Published: March 2016

Single crystals of Pb4(OH)4(BrO3)3(NO3) (I) are prepared by hydrothermal reaction of aqueous Pb(NO3)2, KBrO3, and KOH in the molar ratio of 1:2:0.5 (autoclave, 100 °C, 3 d, 10% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Ferromagnetism Induced by Substitution of the Iron(IV) Ion by an Unusual High‐Valence Nickel(IV) Ion in Antiferromagnetic SrFeO3.
Authors: Seki Hayato , Hosaka Yoshiteru , Saito Takashi , Mizumaki Masaichiro , Shimakawa Yuichi
Published: March 2016

SrFe1‐xNixO3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5) with unusual high‐valence FeIV and NiIV ions are obtained by calcining stoichiometric amounts of Fe2O3 and NiO in air (1273 K, 1 d) followed by hot press sintering of the latter with appropriate amounts of SrO2 and KClO4 (Pt capsule in multianvil apparatus, 1273 K, 10 GPa (x = 0—0.2) or 15 GPa x = 0.4 and 0.5).
ChemInform Abstract: Dodecanuclear 3d/4f‐Metal Clusters with a ′Star of David′ Topology: Single‐Molecule Magnetism and Magnetocaloric Properties.
Authors: Alexandropoulos Dimitris I. , Cunha‐Silva Luis , Lorusso Giulia , Evangelisti Marco , Tang Jinkui , Stamatatos Theocharis C.
Published: March 2016

Compounds (IIIa‐f) are characterized by single crystal XRD and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of Nanocrystalline π‐SnS — A New Cubic Phase of Tin Sulfide.
Authors: Abutbul R. E. , Segev E. , Zeiri L. , Ezersky V. , Makov G. , Golan Y.
Published: March 2016

Cubic π‐SnS nanoparticles are precipitated by melting tin ethylxanthate as precursor and octadecylamine (120 °C, 30 min) after which (Tms)2NH is added under further heating to 220 °C (2 h) before being transferred to a 1:1 mixture of CHCl3 and MeOH.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Structural Characterization, and Catalytic Properties of Di‐ and Trinickel Polyoxometalates.
Authors: Guo Weiwei , Lv Hongjin , Bacsa John , Gao Yuanzhe , Lee Je Seong , Hill Craig L.
Published: March 2016

The sandwich‐type polyoxometalate Na8Li12 [Ni2(P2W15O56)2] ·74H2O (I) is obtained by slow evaporation of a solution containing NiCl2 and Na3PO4 in 4 M LiCl at pH 8 to which Na12[α‐P2W15O56] is added (60 °C, 1 h, 40% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties of A2Cu5(TeO3)(SO4)3 (OH)4 (A: Na, K): The First Compounds with a 1D Kagome Strip Lattice.
Authors: Tang Yingying , Guo Wenbin , Xiang Hongping , Zhang Suyun , Yang Ming , Cui Meiyan , Wang Nannan , He Zhangzhen
Published: March 2016

Single crystals of the title compounds are prepared by hydrothermal reaction of 1.5:0.5:2 molar mixtures of CuSO4, TeO2, and NaOH or KOH (autoclave, 190 °C, 5 d; cooling rate of ≈3 °C/h).
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐Solution Alloying of Immiscible Metals at the Nanoscale: Ir and Au.
Authors: Park Sun Hwa , Park Hyun Min , Han Sang Soo , Han Sang Yun , Song Jae Yong
Published: March 2016

Nanoscale solid solutions of Ir and Au over a wide compositional range and a layer thickness of 80 nm are obtained by electrochemical deposition using a 90 nm sputtered Au film on a Si wafer substrate as working electrode in an aqueous electrolyte containing IrCl3 (25 μM) and HAuCl4 (12.5 μM) at 323 K.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by trans‐4‐Hydroxy‐(S)‐prolinamide in Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Yadav Geeta Devi , Singh Surendra
Published: March 2016

The direct aldol reaction of aryl aldehydes (I) with cyclohexanone (II) affords the anti‐aldol products (III) in high yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Amberlite IR‐120H: An Efficient and Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines and 5′H‐Spiro[indoline‐3,4′‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoxalin]‐2‐ones.
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Babu Korrapati Suresh , Kovvuri Jeshma , Manasa Vindravath , Ravikumar A. , Alarifi Abdullah
Published: March 2016

Amberlite‐catalyzed reactions of pyrrole (II) with aldehydes or isatine derivatives allow the synthesis of the title species under mild conditions in the absence of an oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible‐Light‐Catalyzed Direct Benzylic C(sp3)—H Amination Reaction by Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling.
Authors: Pandey Ganesh , Laha Ramkrishna
Published: March 2016

A novel photolytic cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of Weinreb amides with benzylic C(sp3)—H compounds is developed to yield N‐allylated‐N‐methoxy amides.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical N‐Cyanation of Sulfoximine Through Acetonitrile C—CN Cleavage.
Authors: Hu Weiming , Teng Fan , Peng Haibo , Yu Jintao , Sun Song , Cheng Jiang , Shao Ying
Published: March 2016

The N‐cyanation also works well with guanidine (IVa) whereas benzophenone imine gives the target product in only low yield.
ChemInform Abstract: HBF4‐Catalyzed Nucleophilic Substitutions of Propargylic Alcohols.
Authors: Barreiro Elena , Sanz‐Vidal Alvaro , Tan Eric , Lau Shing‐Hing , Sheppard Tom D. , Diez‐Gonzalez Silvia
Published: March 2016

The catalytic activity of aqueous HBF4 in propargylation reactions is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Endoperoxides by Domino Reactions of Ketones and Molecular Oxygen.
Authors: Novkovic L. , Trmcic M. , Rodic M. , Bihelovic F. , Zlatar M. , Matovic R. , Saicic R. N.
Published: March 2016

The title reactions afford cyclic hydroperoxy acetals.
ChemInform Abstract: Suzuki—Miyaura C—C Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by a Homogeneous and Nanosilica Supported Palladium(II) N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complex Derived from 3,5‐Di(1‐imidazolyl)pyridine.
Authors: Pahlevanneshan Zari , Moghadam Majid , Mirkhani Valiollah , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Rezaei Saghar
Published: March 2016

Biphenyls (III) are synthesized by Suzuki—Miyaura C—C coupling reactions between aryl halides (I) and phenylboronic acid (II) in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Hauser—Heck: Efficient Synthesis of γ‐Aryl‐β‐ketoesters en Route to Substituted Naphthalenes.
Authors: Wagner Frederic , Harms Klaus , Koert Ulrich
Published: March 2016

A wide range of the title ketoesters is easily accessible in one step from various aryl bromides and bis(trimethylsilyl) enol ethers using a novel Hauser—Heck combination.
ChemInform Abstract: Bismuth‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Anthracenes via Cycloisomerization of O‐Alkynyldiarylmethane.
Authors: Park Jungmin , Choi Hyuck , Lee Deug‐Chan , Lee Kooyeon
Published: March 2016

This novel method is advantageous with regards to operational simplicity, mild reaction conditions, and short reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: tert‐Butoxide‐Mediated Arylation of 1‐Acetylindolin‐3‐ones with Diaryliodonium Salts.
Authors: Zhang Yanxia , Han Jianwei , Liu Zhen‐Jiang
Published: March 2016

Compound (IIIa) can be further alkylated by using allyl or benzyl bromide to give the corresponding disubstituted products.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereodivergent Dual Catalytic α‐Allylation of Protected α‐Amino‐ and α‐Hydroxyacetaldehydes.
Authors: Sandmeier Tobias , Krautwald Simon , Zipfel Hannes F. , Carreira Erick M.
Published: March 2016

The iridium‐ and amine‐catalyzed substitution of racemic allylic alcohols with in situ generated chiral enamines affords useful γ,δ‐unsaturated aldehyde building blocks.
ChemInform Abstract: A Palladium‐ and Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Dihydro[1,2‐b]indenoindole‐9‐ol and Benzofuro[3,2‐b]indolines: Metal‐Controlled Intramolecular C—C and C—O Bond‐Forming Reactions.
Authors: Boominathan Siva Senthil Kumar , Wang Jeh‐Jeng
Published: March 2016

Starting from the same precursors, indenoindole derivatives are conveniently obtained by palladium‐catalyzed tandem α‐arylation/nucleophilic addition, whereas the copper‐catalyzed cascade approach involving a nucleophilic addition/Ullman‐type C—O coupling affords benzofuroindolines.
ChemInform Abstract: New Life for Diazoacetonitrile (N2CHCN): In situ Generation and Practical Synthesis of CN‐Pyrazoles.
Authors: Mykhailiuk Pavel K.
Published: March 2016

The required title reagent is generated from amine (II) and NaNO2 in situ.
ChemInform Abstract: Fe3O4@SiO2·HM·SO3H as a Recyclable Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst for the Microwave‐Promoted Synthesis of 2,4,5‐Trisubstituted Imidazoles under Solvent Free Conditions.
Authors: Naeimi Hossein , Aghaseyedkarimi Dorsa
Published: March 2016

A simple, highly versatile, and efficient synthesis of imidazoles (III) is achieved through a three‐component one‐pot reaction catalyzed by an ionic liquid coated nano magnetic catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Free Pd/C‐Catalyzed One‐Pot, Three‐Component Synthesis of Aryl‐Substituted Benzimidazoles by Hydrogen‐Transfer and Suzuki Reactions in Water.
Authors: Xu Chen , Xiao Zhi‐Qiang , Li Hong‐Mei , Han Xin , Wang Zhi‐Qiang , Fu Wei‐Jun , Ji Bao‐Ming , Hao Xin‐Qi , Song Mao‐Ping
Published: March 2016

An efficient protocol is developed for the ligand‐free and heterogeneous Pd‐C‐catalyzed one‐pot, three‐component synthesis of aryl‐substituted benzimidazoles from benzyl alcohols by using water as the solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Allylaminothiazole and 2‐Allylaminodihydrothiazole Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Bioactivity.
Authors: Studzinska Renata , Karczmarska‐Wodzka Aleksandra , Kozakiewicz Anna , Kolodziejska Renata , Paprocka Renata , Wroblewski Marcin , Augustynska Beata , Modzelewska‐Banachiewicz Bozena
Published: March 2016

2‐Allylaminodihydrothiazole derivatives (III) are synthesized by condensation of allylthiourea (I) with haloesters (II) in alkaline medium, whereas 2‐allylaminothiazole derivatives (V) are obtained by condensation of (I) with chlorooxoesters (IV) via acetal as intermediate compound, both of them with good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc(II)‐Mediated Generation of 5‐Amino Substituted 2,3‐Dihydro‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoles and Their Further ZnII‐Catalyzed and O2‐Involving Transformations.
Authors: Smirnov Andrey S. , Yandanova Ekaterina S. , Bokach Nadezhda A. , Starova Galina L. , Gurzhiy Vladislav V. , Avdontceva Margarita S. , Zolotarev Andrey A. , Kukushkin Vadim Yu.
Published: March 2016

Oxadiazole derivatives [(III) and (V)] are selectively synthesized through a one‐step route under mild conditions by Zn(II)‐activated reaction of N‐alkyl ketonitrones (I) with cyanamides (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Me3N‐Promoted Synthesis of 2,3,4,4a‐Tetrahydroxanthen‐1‐one: Preparation of Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives, Their Solid State Self‐Assembly and Antimicrobial Properties.
Authors: Hameed Aminah , Shafiq Zahid , Yaqub Muhammad , Hussain Mazhar , Hussain Muhammad Ajaz , Afzal Muhammad , Tahir Muhammad Nawaz , Naseer Muhammad Moazzam
Published: March 2016

The title compound (III) is synthesized in high yield by Me3N‐promoted domino Baylis—Hillman/oxa‐Michael reaction sequence and smoothly converted into xanthene‐based thiosemicarbazones (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated Remote C—H Bond Chalcogenation of Quinolines on the C5 Position.
Authors: Zhu Longzhi , Qiu Renhua , Cao Xin , Xiao Song , Xu Xinhua , Au Chak‐Tong , Yin Shuang‐Feng
Published: March 2016

8‐Aminoquinoline substrates can be readily substituted at the 5‐position in the presence of CuBr2.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct C—H Allylation of N‐Acyl/Sulfonyl Tetrahydroisoquinolines and Analogues.
Authors: Yan Changcun , Liu Yuxiu , Wang Qingmin
Published: March 2016

The method is successfully applied to the total synthesis of (.+‐.)‐crispine A (XIV).
ChemInform Abstract: A Catalytic Route to Dibenzodiazepines Involving Buchwald—Hartwig Coupling: Reaction Scope and Mechanistic Consideration.
Authors: Peixoto Daniela , Locati Abel , Marques Carolina S. , Goth Albertino , Ramalho J. P. Prates , Burke Anthony J.
Published: March 2016

The key step of the title synthesis is Pd‐catalyzed C—N coupling of o‐bromoaldimines with o‐bromoanilines.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular, Pd/Cu‐Co‐Catalyzed P—C Bond Cleavage and Addition onto an Alkyne: A Route to Benzophospholes.
Authors: Zhou Yang , Gan Zhenjie , Su Bo , Li Jun , Duan Zheng , Mathey Francois
Published: March 2016

Benzophospholes are obtained by intramolecular cyclization reactions of phosphinophenylalkynes involving a C—P bond cleavage and arylphosphination of the CC bond using a Pd(OAc)2/CuI bimetallic catalyst system.
ChemInform Abstract: DES as a Green Solvent to Prepare 1,2‐Bis‐organylseleno Alkenes. Scope and Limitations.
Authors: Lopes Eric F. , Goncalves Loren C. , Vinueza Julio C. G. , Jacob Raquel G. , Perin Gelson , Santi Claudio , Lenardao Eder J.
Published: March 2016

The use of choline chloride/urea as a deep eutectic solvent (DES) in the synthesis of vinyl selenides is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Netamines O—S, Five New Tricyclic Guanidine Alkaloids from the Madagascar Sponge Biemna laboutei, and Their Antimalarial Activities.
Authors: Gros Emmanuelle , Martin Marie‐Therese , Sorres Jonathan , Moriou Celine , Vacelet Jean , Frederich Michel , Aknin Maurice , Kashman Yoel , Gauvin‐Bialecki Anne , Al‐Mourabit Ali
Published: March 2016

Netamines O (I) and Q (III) are found to be moderately cytotoxic, whereas Netamines O, P (IIa) and Q exhibit antiplasmodial activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Hot Electron Surface Chemistry at Oxide‐Metal Interfaces: Foundation of Acid‐Base Catalysis
Authors: Park Jeong Young , Somorjai Gabor A.
Published: March 2016

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carboranes as a Tool to Tune Phosphorescence
Authors: Li Xiang , Yan Hong , Zhao Qiang
Published: March 2016

Review: [design strategies and synthetic procedures leading to carborane‐functionalized phosphorescent transition metal complexes, the influence of carboranes on the optical properties of these complexes and the promising optical applications of this interesting class of phosphorescent materials; 23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Axially, Planar, and Helical Chiral Compounds
Authors: Shirakawa Seiji , Liu Shiyao , Kaneko Shiho
Published: March 2016

Review: [51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Nanoparticles in the Catalysis of Coupling Reactions
Authors: Bej Ansuman , Ghosh Koena , Sarkar Amitabha , Knight David. W.
Published: March 2016

Review: [56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Peroxide: A Novel Methylating Reagent
Authors: Dai Qiang , Jiang Yan , Yu Jin‐Tao , Cheng Jiang
Published: March 2016

Review: [34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Deep Eutectic Solvents: The Organic Reaction Medium of the Century
Authors: Alonso Diego A. , Baeza Alejandro , Chinchilla Rafael , Guillena Gabriela , Pastor Isidro M. , Ramon Diego J.
Published: March 2016

Review: [140 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Side‐Chain Modified Polypeptides
Authors: Deming Timothy J.
Published: March 2016

Review: 149 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Methods for Aromatic C—H Amination: An Ideal Strategy for Nitrogen‐Based Functional Molecules
Authors: Jiao Jiao , Murakami Kei , Itami Kenichiro
Published: March 2016

Review: 339 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Pharmacological Perspective on the Use of Brazilian Red Propolis and Its Isolated Compounds Against Human Diseases
Authors: Freires Irlan Almeida , de Alencar Severino Matias , Rosalen Pedro Luiz
Published: March 2016

Review: 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: High Performance Electrochemical Capacitor Materials Focusing on Nickel Based Materials
Authors: Li Bing , Zheng Mingbo , Xue Huaiguo , Pang Huan
Published: March 2016

Review: 285 refs.
Application of ultrasound Doppler technique for in‐line rheological characterization and flow visualization of concentrated suspensions
Authors: Kotzé Reinhardt , Wiklund Johan , Haldenwang Rainer
Published: March 2016

Ultrasonic velocity profiling (UVP) is a technique that can measure an instantaneous one‐dimensional velocity profile in a fluid containing particles across the ultrasonic beam axis or measurement line. A method for in‐line rheometry combining the UVP technique with pressure difference (PD) measurements (UVP + PD), was developed and improved at SP − Technical Research Institute of Sweden and the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa. The UVP + PD methodology allows measurements that are not possible with common rheometers such as radial velocity profiles and yield stress directly in‐line and under true dynamic process conditions. Furthermore, it has advantages over commercially available process rheometers and offline instruments in being non‐invasive, applicable to opaque and concentrated suspensions, and having small sensor dimensions. It has been evaluated for several potential industrial applications including paper pulp, foods, transient flows, and model mineral suspensions. Similarly, the UVP technique can be applied to an open‐channel flow by combining flow depth measurements to obtain rheological properties in‐line. Industrial fluids, such as thickened pastes, commonly found in tailings transportation exhibit wide particle size distributions, large particle sizes, and very high viscosities. These industrial fluids cause strong attenuation of the ultrasound energy, which can significantly distort velocity profiles measured with the UVP technique or even make it impossible to conduct flow measurements. Initial results obtained in concentrated cement pastes and grouts (bentonite and kaolin clay) showed that UVP is a feasible and promising technique for flow characterization in viscous fluids.
A new deadlock resolution protocol and message matching algorithm for the extreme‐scale simulator
Authors: Engelmann Christian , Naughton Thomas
Published: March 2016

Investigating the performance of parallel applications at scale on future high‐performance computing (HPC) architectures and the performance impact of different HPC architecture choices is an important component of HPC hardware/software co‐design. The Extreme‐scale Simulator (xSim) is a simulation toolkit for investigating the performance of parallel applications at scale. xSim scales to millions of simulated Message Passing Interface (MPI) processes. The xSim toolkit strives to limit simulation overheads in order to maintain performance and productivity criteria. This paper documents two improvements to xSim: (1) a new deadlock resolution protocol to reduce the parallel discrete event simulation overhead and (2) a new simulated MPI message matching algorithm to reduce the oversubscription management cost. These enhancements resulted in significant performance improvements. The simulation overhead for running the NASA Advanced Supercomputing Parallel Benchmark suite dropped from 1,020% to 238% for the conjugate gradient benchmark and 102% to 0% for the embarrassingly parallel benchmark. Additionally, the improvements were beneficial for reducing overheads in the highly accurate simulation mode of xSim, which is useful for resilience investigation studies for tracking intentional MPI process failures. In the highly accurate mode, the simulation overhead was reduced from 37,511% to 13,808% for conjugate gradient and from 3,332% to 204% for embarrassingly parallel. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectacular Rate Enhancement of the Diels–Alder Reaction at the Ionic Liquid/n‐Hexane Interface
Authors: Beniwal Vijay , Manna Arpan , Kumar Anil
Published: March 2016

The use of the ionic liquid/n‐hexane interface as a new class of reaction medium for the Diels–Alder reaction gives large rate enhancements of the order of 106 to 108 times and high stereoselectivity, as compared to homogeneous media. The rate enhancement is attributed to the H‐bonding abilities and polarities of the ionic liquids, whereas the hydrophobicity of ionic liquids was considered to be the factor in controlling stereoselectivity.
Tuning the Activation Wavelength of Photochromic Oxazines
Authors: Swaminathan Subramani , Garcia‐Amorós Jaume , Thapaliya Ek Raj , Nonell Santi , Captain Burjor , Raymo Françisco M.
Published: March 2016

The activation wavelength of a photochromic oxazine can be shifted bathochromically with the introduction of a methoxy substituent on the chromophore responsible for initiating the photochemical transformation. This structural modification permits switching under mild illumination conditions, enhances the photoisomerization quantum yield and ensures outstanding fatigue resistance. Thus, these results can guide the design of new members of this family of photoresponsive molecular switches with improved photochemical and photophysical properties.
Molecular Electrostatic Potentials from Invariom Point Charges
Authors: Wandtke Claudia M. , Lübben Jens , Dittrich Birger
Published: March 2016

A set of look‐up point charges for generating molecular electrostatic potentials is provided. The set relies on atom classification of the invariom database, which has already been applied to assign aspherical scattering factors in single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The focus of the investigation is on improving the accuracy of electrostatic potentials calculated by using tabulated point charges. In this respect, the performance of invariom point charges is compared with 1) those from a restrained fit to the electrostatic potential directly following quantum‐chemical DFT computations, 2) semi‐empirical AM1‐bcc charges, and 3) conceptually similar TPACM4 look‐up charges. Invariom classification gives charges that perform better than those from TPACM4, although tabulated charges remain inferior to those from molecule‐specific computations. Point‐charge electrostatic potentials also agree favorably with those from charge‐density studies on the basis of X‐ray experiments, without requiring the considerable effort of the latter.
Liquid‐Phase Epitaxially Grown Metal–Organic Framework Thin Films for Efficient Tandem Catalysis Through Site‐Isolation of Catalytic Centers
Authors: Beyzavi M. Hassan , Vermeulen Nicolaas A. , Zhang Kainan , So Monica , Kung Chung‐Wei , Hupp Joseph T. , Farha Omar K.
Published: March 2016

A functional metal–organic framework (MOF) composed of robust porphyrinic material (RPM) based on the pillared‐paddlewheel topology is prepared with large 3 D channels, and is used to perform a tandem epoxidation/CO2 insertion reaction. The designated system benefits from two metalloporphyrins: 1) a Mn‐porphyrin, which catalyzes the epoxidation of an olefin substrate, and 2) a Zn‐porphyrin, which catalyzes the epoxide opening. By using an automated liquid‐phase epitaxial growth system, the RPM‐MOF is also prepared in layer‐by‐layer fashion as an ultrathin film on a self‐assembled‐monolayer‐coated silicon platform. Deployed as a tandem catalyst, the film version yields a substantially higher catalytic turnover number for tandem methoxy‐styrene epoxidation followed by CO2 insertion than the bulk crystalline MOF samples.
Catalytic Isomerization of Biomass‐Derived Aldoses: A Review
Authors: Delidovich Irina , Palkovits Regina
Published: March 2016

Invited for this month's cover are Irina Delidovich and Regina Palkovits from RWTH Aachen University. The mini‐installation of sugar cubes and granulated sugar with chemical equations of isomerization reactions written on it represents a renewable feedstock for producing a broad range of valuable products. Our Review summarizes recent advances on chemocatalytic isomerization. The Review itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201501577.
Expression of death receptor 3 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells differes in adult IBD patients and children with newly diagnosed IBD
Authors: Slebioda Tomasz J. , Bojarska‐Junak Agnieszka , Cyman Marta , Landowski Piotr , Kaminska Barbara , Celinski Krzysztof , Kmiec Zbigniew
Published: March 2016

Background

Interaction between TL1A and death receptor 3 (DR3) is associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), although their role in the development of this disease remains not fully explained. Some studies showed elevated expression of TL1A and DR3 in inflamed intestinal tissue but currently there are no reports concerning expression of DR3 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of IBD patients which was the subject of our study.

Methods

We performed flow cytometry analysis of DR3 expression on CD4(+), CD8(+), CD11c(+), CD14(+) or CD20(+) PBMCs of adults and children with IBD and healthy volunteers with respect to C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels in blood. Blood samples were collected from pediatric patients before the beginning of therapy, whereas adults patients were undergoing anti‐inflammatory IBD treatment and had much lower CRP levels.

Results

With regard to appropriate healthy volunteers, children with IBD had elevated percentage of DR3‐expressing CD4(+), CD8(+), CD11c(+) and CD20(+) PBMCs which, with the exception of DR3(+) CD11c(+) cells in children with ulcerative colitis, was correlated with CRP level in blood. Adult patients had increased frequency of DR3(+) CD8(+) and CD20(+) PBMCs and their CRP levels correlated only with DR3(+) CD8(+) cells.

Conclusions

In comparison to healthy volunteers, untreated children with IBD have higher percentage of DR3(+) PBMCs than adults with IBD undergoing anti‐inflammatory treatment. In most of the investigated PBMCs populations, the frequency of DR3(+) cells is correlated with the level of CRP. We suggest anti‐inflammatory treatment may lead to reduction in the frequency of DR3(+) PBMCs. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Temporal dynamics of arousal and attention in 12‐month‐old infants
Authors: Wass S. V. , Clackson K. , de Barbaro K.
Published: March 2016

Research from the animal literature suggests that dynamic, ongoing changes in arousal lead to dynamic changes in an individual's state of anticipatory readiness, influencing how individuals distribute their attention to the environment. However, multiple peripheral indices exist for studying arousal in humans, each showing change on different temporal scales, challenging whether arousal is best characterized as a unitary or a heterogeneous construct. Here, in 53 typical 12‐month‐olds, we recorded heart rate (HR), head movement patterns, electrodermal activity (EDA), and attention (indexed via look duration) during the presentation of 20 min of mixed animations and TV clips. We also examined triggers for high arousal episodes. Using cross‐correlations and auto‐correlations, we found that HR and head movement show strong covariance on a sub‐minute scale, with changes in head movement consistently preceding changes in HR. EDA showed significant covariance with both, but on much larger time‐scales. HR and head movement showed consistent relationships with look duration, but the relationship is temporally specific: relations are observed between head movement, HR and look duration at 30 s time‐lag, but not at larger time intervals. No comparable relationships were found for EDA. Changes in head movement and HR occurred before changes in look duration, but not for EDA. Our results suggest that consistent patterns of covariation between heart rate, head movement and EDA can be identified, albeit on different time‐scales, and that associations with look duration are present for head movement and heart rate, but not for EDA. Our results suggests that there is a single construct of arousal that can identified across multiple measures, and that phasic changes in arousal precede phasic changes in look duration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 623–639, 2016.
Simultaneous detection of xenon and krypton in equine plasma by gas chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry for doping control
Authors: Kwok Wai Him , Choi Timmy L. S. , So Pui‐Kin , Yao Zhong‐Ping , Wan Terence S. M.
Published: March 2016

Xenon can activate the hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs). As such, it has been allegedly used in human sports for increasing erythropoiesis. Krypton, another noble gas with reported narcosis effect, can also be expected to be a potential and less expensive erythropoiesis stimulating agent. This has raised concern about the misuse of noble gases as doping agents in equine sports. The aim of the present study is to establish a method for the simultaneous detection of xenon and krypton in equine plasma for the purpose of doping control. Xenon‐ or krypton‐fortified equine plasma samples were prepared according to reported protocols. The target noble gases were simultaneously detected by gas chromatography‐triple quadrupole mass spectrometry using headspace injection. Three xenon isotopes at m/z 129, 131, and 132, and four krypton isotopes at m/z 82, 83, 84, and 86 were targeted in selected reaction monitoring mode (with the precursor ions and product ions at identical mass settings), allowing unambiguous identification of the target analytes. Limits of detection for xenon and krypton were about 19 pmol/mL and 98 pmol/mL, respectively. Precision for both analytes was less than 15%. The method has good specificity as background analyte signals were not observed in negative equine plasma samples (n = 73). Loss of analytes under different storage temperatures has also been evaluated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of algal food quality on sexual reproduction of Daphnia magna
Authors: Choi Jong‐Yun , Kim Seong‐Ki , La Geung‐Hwan , Chang Kwang‐Hyeon , Kim Dong‐Kyun , Jeong Keon‐Young , Park Min S. , Joo Gea‐Jae , Kim Hyun‐Woo , Jeong Kwang‐Seuk
Published: March 2016

The objective of our study was to investigate sexual reproduction of Daphnia magna associated with mating behaviors and hatching rates, according to different algal food sources. Since a diatom is known to contain more abundant long‐chain poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), we hypothesized that the diatom‐consuming D. magna would exhibit more successful reproduction rates. Upon the hypothesis, we designed three experiments using two algal species, a green alga (Chlorella vulgaris) and a diatom (Stephanodiscus hantzschii). From the results, we found that the mating frequency and copulation duration increased in the treatment with S. hantzschii, resulting in a significant increase of hatching rates of resting eggs. In the other two repetitive mating strategies (e.g., one female vs. multiple males, and one male vs. multiple females), we found that the hatching rates of resting eggs were greater in the S. hantzschii treatment. In addition to the mating strategy, male body size significantly increased in the diatom treatment, hence average diameter of penis was also statistically different among the treatments (greater diameter in the S. hantzschii treatment). To examine the effect of algal food quality, we estimated quantity of fatty acids in the two algal species. Our result showed that S. hantzschii had a higher proportion of long‐chain PUFAs than C. vulgaris. Furthermore, a stable isotope analysis revealed that carbon and nitrogen originated from S. hantzschii were more assimilated to D. magna. In summary, our study manifested that diatom consumption of D. magna leads to more successful sexual reproduction. We then discussed how the diatom consumption of zooplankton influences food web dynamics in a freshwater ecosystem.
A multi‐criteria BS switching‐off algorithm for 5G heterogeneous cellular networks with hybrid energy sources
Authors: Suárez Luis , Nuaymi Loutfi , Grace David , Rehan Salahedin , Bonnin Jean‐Marie
Published: March 2016

In this paper, we study base station (BS) switching‐off and offloading for the next‐generation 5G‐heterogeneous (macro/femto) networks supplied with hybrid energy sources. This type of network will form the basis of the high‐data rate energy‐efficient cellular networks in the years to come. A novel generalised‐multimetric algorithm is presented. Our proposal is conceived to operate in highly heterogeneous radio access network environments, as expected for 5G, where BSs with different characteristics of coverage, radio resources and power consumption coexist. The approach uses a set of metrics with a modifiable priority hierarchy in order to filter, sort and select the BS neighbours, which receive traffic during redistribution and offloading of the BSs to be put into sleep mode. In our analysis, we study the impact of BS power model trends for active, idle and sleep modes on the BS switching‐off. We highlight how the continuous evolution of BS components and the introduction of renewable energy technologies play a significant role to be considered in the decision‐making. The multimetric approach proposed makes it possible to define and accomplish defined network performance goals by adding specific emphasis on aspects like QoS energy savings or green equipment utilisation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Removing Forecasting Errors with White Gaussian Noise after Square Root Transformation
Authors: Yang Zheng‐Ling , Liu Ya‐Di , Zhu Xin‐Shan , Chen Xi , Zhang Jun
Published: March 2016

An analytical model has been developed in the present paper based on a square root transformation of white Gaussian noise. The mathematical expectation and variance of the new asymmetric distribution generated by white Gaussian noise after a square root transformation are analytically deduced from the preceding four terms of the Taylor expansion. The model was first evaluated against numerical experiments and a good agreement was obtained. The model was then used to predict time series of wind speeds and highway traffic flows. The simulation results from the new model indicate that the prediction accuracy could be improved by 0.1–1% by removing the mean errors. Further improvement could be obtained for non‐stationary time series, which had large trends. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian Assessment of Dynamic Quantile Forecasts
Authors: Gerlach Richard , Chen Cathy W. S. , Lin Edward M. H.
Published: March 2016

Bayesian methods for assessing the accuracy of dynamic financial value‐at‐risk (VaR) forecasts have not been considered in the literature. Such methods are proposed in this paper. Specifically, Bayes factor analogues of popular frequentist tests for independence of violations from, and for correct coverage of a time series of, dynamic quantile forecasts are developed. To evaluate the relevant marginal likelihoods, analytic integration methods are utilized when possible; otherwise multivariate adaptive quadrature methods are employed to estimate the required quantities. The usual Bayesian interval estimate for a proportion is also examined in this context. The size and power properties of the proposed methods are examined via a simulation study, illustrating favourable comparisons both overall and with their frequentist counterparts. An empirical study employs the proposed methods, in comparison with standard tests, to assess the adequacy of a range of forecasting models for VaR in several financial market data series. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wnt/β‐catenin signaling mediates the seizure‐facilitating effect of postischemic reactive astrocytes after pentylenetetrazole‐kindling
Authors: Yang Jialei , Zhang Xiufen , Wu Yin , Zhao Bo , Liu Xunyuan , Pan Yuanhang , Liu Yonghong , Ding Yuqiang , Qiu Mengsheng , Wang Ya‐Zhou , Zhao Gang
Published: March 2016

Ischemia not only leads to tissue damage, but also induces seizures, which in turn worsens the outcome of ischemia. Recent studies have revealed the impaired homeostatic functions of reactive astrocytes, which were thought to facilitate the development of seizures. However, how this phenotype of reactive astrocytes is regulated remains unclear. Here, using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)‐kindling model, we investigated the roles of reactive astrocytes and their intracellular Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in the ischemia‐increased seizure susceptibility. Our data showed that somatosensory cortical ischemia significantly increased the susceptibility to PTZ‐induced seizure. Genetic ablation of Nestin‐positive reactive astrocytes significantly decreased the incidence and severity of seizures. By using a Wnt signaling reporter mice line Topgal mice, we found that Wnt/β‐catenin signaling was upregulated in reactive astrocytes after ischemia. Depletion of β‐catenin in reactive astrocytes significantly decreased the susceptibility of seizures and the expression of c‐Fos induced by PTZ in the ischemic cortex. Overexpression of β‐catenin in reactive astrocytes, in contrast, significantly increased seizure susceptibility and the expression of c‐Fos. Furthermore, the expression of aquaporin‐4 (AQP‐4) and inwardly rectifying K+ channel 4.1 (Kir4.1), two molecules reportedly associated with seizure development, was oppositely affected in reactive astrocytes with β‐catenin depletion or overexpression. Taken together, these data indicated that astrocytic Wnt/β‐catenin signaling accounts, at least partially, for the ischemia‐increased seizure susceptibility. Inhibiting Wnt/β‐catenin signaling may be utilized in the future for preventing postischemic seizures. GLIA 2016;64:1083–1091
The development of Attitudes of People from Ethnic Minorities to Help‐Seeking for Dementia (APEND): a questionnaire to measure attitudes to help‐seeking for dementia in people from South Asian backgrounds in the UK
Authors: Hailstone Julia , Mukadam Naaheed , Owen Tamsin , Cooper Claudia , Livingston Gill
Published: March 2016

Background

People from South Asian backgrounds present to dementia services relatively late, often responding to crises. We aimed to devise and validate a theory of planned behaviour questionnaire to measure attitudes that predict medical help‐seeking for UK‐based South Asian people, to assess the effectiveness of future interventions promoting earlier help‐seeking.

Methods

We used focus groups to establish the content validity of culturally relevant questionnaire items, then asked participants to complete the questionnaire. We analysed reliability and validity and established the concurrent validity of questionnaire attitudes through correlation with willingness to seek help from a doctor for memory problems. We also correlated the scale with knowledge of dementia.

Results

The strongest predictor of willingness to seek help was perceived social pressure from significant others around help‐seeking; these attitudes were associated with beliefs about the views of family members and embarrassment around help‐seeking. Willingness to seek help was also strongly associated with attitudes about the benefits of seeing a doctor for memory problems, attitudes that were related to specific beliefs about what doctors can do to help. Attitudes in the questionnaire predicted 77% of variance in willingness to seek help, but no relationship was found with dementia knowledge.

Conclusions

We present the Attitudes of People from Ethnic Minorities to Help‐Seeking for Dementia (APEND) questionnaire, a valid and reliable measure of attitudes that influence help‐seeking for dementia in people from South Asian backgrounds, which could assess the impact of intervention studies. We suggest that interventions target attitudes specified here, rather than dementia knowledge. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sleep disturbances are key symptoms of very early stage Alzheimer disease with behavioral and psychological symptoms: a Japan multi‐center cross‐sectional study (J‐BIRD)
Authors: Kabeshita Yasunobu , Adachi Hiroyoshi , Matsushita Masateru , Kanemoto Hideki , Sato Shunsuke , Suzuki Yukiko , Yoshiyama Kenji , Shimomura Tatsuo , Yoshida Taku , Shimizu Hideaki , Matsumoto Teruhisa , Mori Takaaki , Kashibayashi Tetsuo , Tanaka Hibiki , Hatada Yutaka , Hashimoto Mamoru , Nishio Yoshiyuki , Komori Kenjiro , Tanaka Toshihisa , Yokoyama Kazumasa , Tanimukai Satoshi , Ikeda Manabu , Takeda Masatoshi , Mori Etsuro , Kudo Takashi , Kazui Hiroaki
Published: March 2016

Background

Sleep disturbances in Alzheimer disease (AD) may affect behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Our aim was to elucidate the associations between sleep disturbances and other BPSD at different stages of AD.

Methods

This investigation was part of a multicenter‐retrospective study in Japan (J‐BIRD). Eligible for final analyses were 684 AD patients. Global severity of dementia was estimated using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale. BPSD were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). We analyzed the relationships between sleep disturbances and BPSD at different stages of AD according to the CDR score.

Results

Among the 684 AD patients, 146 (21.3%) had sleep disturbances. Patients with very early AD (CDR 0.5) and sleep disturbances had significantly more BPSD than those without sleep disturbances, as indicated by the higher prevalence of the following four NPI items: anxiety, euphoria, disinhibition, and aberrant motor behavior. In AD at CDR 2, (moderate AD) only one NPI item (irritability) was affected, while none was affected at CDR 1 (mild AD) and 3 (severe AD). Multiple regression analyses were performed in those with AD having various CDR scores. At CDR 0.5, the presence of sleep disturbances was associated with a high total NPI score (β = 0.32, p < 0.001). However, other factors, including cognitive decline, age, gender, and years of education, were not significantly associated with the NPI score. At CDR 1 and 2, no factor was significantly related to BPSD.

Conclusion

Sleep disturbances were strongly associated with other BPSD in the very early stage of AD. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.