bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Five Key Strategies for an “Upstream” Approach to Preventing Opioid Misuse and Addiction
Authors: Auerbach John , Miller Benjamin F.
Published: October 2019

In this chapter, executive leadership of Trust for America’s Health (TFAH) and Well Being Trust describe the need to move “upstream” in prevention efforts to address opioid and other drug-related deaths. This means addressing the broad social and economic factors that drive substance misuse and addiction, including racism and other forms of discrimination and poverty. TFAH and Well Being Trust’s National Resilience Strategy highlights the causes of “deaths of despair” and promotes prevention efforts that are aligned along a spectrum from early childhood throughout all stages of adulthood. This chapter highlight five major strategies for public health practitioners; focusing on children and their families, assisting adults who may be at elevated risk, incorporating routine screening in multiple settings, supporting community health and social service resource availability and promoting equity in broad terms.
Building Effective Public Health and Public Safety Collaborations to Prevent Opioid Overdose at the Local, State, and Federal Levels
Authors: Carroll Jennifer J. , Noonan Rita K. , Wolff Jessica
Published: October 2019

This chapter describes the public health role in the Overdose Response Strategy (ORS), a public health/public safety collaboration between the Office of National Drug Control Policy’s High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas program and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The mission of the ORS is to reduce opioid overdose incidents by developing and sharing information about heroin, fentanyl, and other opioids across state and federal agencies. In addition, the ORS supports states in implementing evidence-based strategies to combat the opioid overdose epidemic, especially where those strategies are informed by local data. Teams comprising one drug intelligence officer and one public health analyst work in each of the 24 ORS states. Challenges and opportunities of public health and law enforcement collaboration are described.
Ambivalent Religiosity
Authors: Hamidaddin Abdullah
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines the Saudi religious landscape, interrogating the widespread assumption that Saudi society and state are religious. It points to the main religious institutions of the country showing that while the authority they wield on the political and social landscape is much less than is widely thought to be. The chapter validates that Islam is important as a spiritual value, a source of legitimacy and an identity for both the Saudi state and Saudi society, but it also highlights the internal contradictions that have formed into an ambivalence of religiosity in Saudi society where sin is both rejected and accepted, and religion is both revered but also in some form neglected. The chapter demonstrates that those contradictions have created spaces for religious criticism, and that understanding the phenomenon of ambivalence of religiosity allows observers of Saudi Arabia to normalize religious criticism, instead of the widespread assumption that it is an anomaly.
Criticizing Religion on Twitter
Authors: Hamidaddin Abdullah
Published: October 2019

This chapter demonstrates the types of critical discussion on religion, showing that Saudis on Twitter have been critical of Islam in all its aspects, and that while critiques have stayed within the boundaries of orthodoxy Islam—albeit stretching that boundary—many others have crossed it into outright heresy. The chapter focuses on types of criticism that exhibit a tension between sensibilities shaped by modernity and traditional understandings of religion, demonstrating the effect of modernity on religion in Saudi Arabia. The chapter also briefly discusses the method of using Twitter hashtags as a source that exhibits various forms of discussions happening in Saudi Arabia, without claim about the extent of representation of the Saudi populace. The chapter also shows that criticism of religion has not been without antecedents, and that this public criticism can be seen as a new wave facilitated by the rise and ubiquity of social media, rather than as a novel phenomenon. In this chapter, most of the tweets here have been anonymized to protect the privacy of the tweeters but the hashtags from which those tweets were selected are available for further research.
Backlash
Authors: Hamidaddin Abdullah
Published: October 2019

This chapter explores the response of Saudi religious orthodoxy to the challenge of religious criticism and the ways in which it has sought to mobilize society against such a phenomenon and called on the state to repress various actors. It demonstrates through different historical cases in different places, how religious orthodoxy in general has used takfir as both a means to threaten, ostracize even eliminate those who threaten its authority and also as a means to reassert its authority vis-à-vis the state. It presents orthodoxy and heresy as political phenomena shaped by authority rather than by theological ideas and analyzes the methods of control employed by state and informal religious institutions and their underlying sociopolitical motivations. The chapter also discusses the ways social media has empowered religious orthodoxy, the reasons they are able to mobilize social support, and the state’s response to that power. Finally, it points to some of the consequences of that response on stifling public discussions on religion.
Evolution of Saudi Religion
Authors: Hamidaddin Abdullah
Published: October 2019

The final and concluding chapter summarizes the main points raised in the previous chapters confirming the presence of religious criticisms and disengagements while also emphasizing the difficulties in gaining an accurate knowledge of the extent those two phenomena are widespread in Saudi society. The chapter also highlights the layman’s criticism of religion and contrasts it with that of the intellectual, philosopher or theologian and states the need to pay more attention to the former as it is more representative of most religious criticisms, more indicative of the impact of modern sensibilities on the relationship between Muslims in general and their religiosity, and is motivated by different reasons least of which are ideas. The chapter states the main learnings gained about the phenomenon of criticizing religion in Saudi Arabia and its public emergence in virtual spaces, while also stressing the challenges of the migration of public virtual criticism into public dialogue in physical spaces. Moreover, it points to some of the learnings gained about disengagement from religion in terms of causes and outcomes. Finally, it points to some of the questions left unanswered that need further research.
The Crisis of Capitalism
Authors: Bromley Daniel W.
Published: October 2019

Why are the richest and most advanced economies facing political turmoil? Why have so many poor countries in the agrarian periphery continued to languish under defective governance that yields livelihoods of despair and vulnerability? Possessive individualism—a joint phenomenon growing out of the Enlightenment and the emergence of contemporary economics as the civic religion of modern life—is at the core of the emerging world disorder. The evolutionary pathway of capitalism has undermined the idea of personhood and left the modern household dependent on a fickle world of managerial capitalism in which money managers exercise profound control over the life prospects of millions. Possessive individualism thrives in a world of ubiquitous assertions about individual rights. Meanwhile, notions of civic obligations are considered quaint and impertinent. This is the crisis of capitalism, and it offers clarity about the reasons for the current world disorder.
The Isolated Periphery
Authors: Bromley Daniel W.
Published: October 2019

Possessive individualism afflicts countries at the periphery of the rich metropole that are also trapped by economic isolation, dysfunctional governance, and social alienation. Households in these countries are precariously isolated relative to the political and economic power of international commerce. Managerial capitalism has rendered millions of these households as little more than residual suppliers of cheap labor. Why are these poor countries unable to offer compelling livelihoods to their citizens? Their colonial past is a part of the explanation, but contemporary capitalism continues to bear down on their economic prospects. In the absence of meaningful work, there can be no mystery why sectarian conflict emerges. And then such conflict both encourages the emergence of authoritarian leaders and reinforces it. The political climate in many countries of the isolated periphery is a minor variant of what is now occurring in parts of western Europe, Great Britain, and the United States.
Trumping Politics as Usual
Authors: Boatright Robert G. , Sperling Valerie
Published: October 2019

Who is tougher? In many elections, candidates frame their appeals in gendered ways—they compete, for instance, over who is more “masculine.” This is the case for male and female candidates alike. In the 2016 presidential election, however, the stark choice between the first major-party female candidate and a man who exhibited a persistent pattern of misogyny made the use of gender—ideas about femininity and masculinity—more prominent than ever before. This book explores the Trump and Clinton campaigns’ use of gender as a political weapon, and how the presidential race changed the ways in which House and Senate campaigns were waged in 2016. The thesis of this book is that Donald Trump’s candidacy radically altered the nature of the 2016 congressional campaigns in two ways. First, it changed the issues of contention in many of these races by making gender more central to the general election campaigns of both Democrats and Republicans. Second, expectations that Trump would lose the election influenced how candidates for lower office campaigned and how willing they were to connect their fortunes to those of their party’s nominee. The fact that Trump was expected to lose—and was expected to lose in large part because of his sexist and other bigoted comments—caused both major parties to direct more of their resources toward congressional races, and led many Republican candidates—especially women—to distance themselves from Trump.
Self-Control Theory and Crime
Authors: Gottfredson Michael , Hirschi Travis
Published: October 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the self-control theory of crime and delinquency, including a critical review of research literature bearing on the validity of the theory. It discusses research on the origins of self control in the family and the relationships between levels of self control and delinquency and crime, school performance and misconduct, and other problem behaviors. General reviews of the theory in the literature and meta-analyses for self control, parenting and crime, and prevention studies focused on childhood are also discussed. In addition, the chapter reviews research on age and crime, generality effects, and self control over the life course. There is substantial research support for self-control theory and for the predictions it makes for the criminal justice system and for prevention of crime. Implications for global criminology, micro/macro integration of crime theory, and measurement of self control are discussed.
Multiple Causes and Multiple Factors in a Choice Theory of Crime
Authors: Gottfredson Michael , Hirschi Travis
Published: October 2019

Creating concrete operational indicators for narrative depictions of complex concepts, identifying and recruiting appropriate samples, and identifying designs permitting informed causal judgments in a largely nonexperimental field are among the most challenging intellectual achievements in the behavioral sciences. This chapter discusses misuses of self-control theory in research on crime and delinquency. It presents a critical evaluation of the “sole cause” and “spuriousness thesis” in depictions of self-control theory. Multiple factor and risk factor approaches as alternatives to general theories are discussed. In addition, the chapter examines how a choice theory integrates demographic factors and crime and the idea of family variables as a structural approach to crime theory. The integration of individual differences and sociological theory is also discussed.
Lulu and/or Geschwitz Idealized, in the symphonic pieces from “Lulu” and Elsewhere
Authors: Notley Margaret
Published: October 2019

This chapter treats an immediate context for censorship, here of Berg’s libretto for Lulu by authorities in Nazi Germany, and direct consequences of that action. The chapter discusses a current in Berg’s Lulu and reactions to it traceable to a particular interpretation of “fin-de-siècle decadence”: a tendency in the opera and its initial reception by a group of critics close to Berg—Willi Reich, Theodor Adorno, Willi Schuh, and Ernst Krenek—to turn Lulu into an idealized abstraction, a symbol of musical beauty in decay at the turn of the century, and to represent the music itself as absolute. This trend found necessary expression in the Symphonic Pieces from “Lulu” in 1934, which Berg arranged in response to the rejection of his libretto, but it is also discernible in a sketch that can be dated to the period of his earliest ideas about the opera.
Conclusion
Authors: Notley Margaret
Published: October 2019

The conclusion discusses three factors central to the book’s arguments: the status of Wedekind’s censored plays as palimpsests, Berg’s affinity for Liebestod effects in the music he composed for Lulu, and his decision to work with, indeed to augment, the discrepancies in the plays rather than flatten them as other dramaturges chose to do in the 1920s. In focusing on the impact of repeated censorship of Wedekind’s plays on Berg’s opera, the conclusion considers potential consequences if he had decided to set the five-act Lulu published in 1913 rather than the two versions he settled on instead. The 1913 Lulu would not have allowed two of the Liebestod effects and would have weakened the concluding Liebestod.
The Metric of Punishment Severity
Authors: Husak Douglas
Published: October 2019

The principle of proportionality, a cornerstone of retributive penal philosophy, requires (ceteris paribus) the severity of the punishments imposed to be a function of the seriousness of the crimes committed. This principle cannot be applied without a metric or common denominator to assess whether two impositions of punishment are equal or unequal in severity. To identify such a metric, we must first decide whether it is wholly objective or at least partly subjective, involving an essential reference to the psychological response of whoever is punished. Even when this issue is resolved, no single measure of punishment severity may exist. Instead, all we might be able to say is that a given instance of punishment is more severe along one dimension and less severe along another, with no clear means to specify which is more or less severe, all things considered. This conclusion has potentially grave implications for the adequacy of a retributive theory of punishment that takes desert and proportionality as central. No solution is readily available without a substantial retreat from ideal theory. Perhaps the best way forward is to adopt a deflationary role for proportionality and desert rather than to abandon them altogether.
The Time of Punishment
Authors: Roberts Julian V.
Published: October 2019

Increasingly, courts around the world are being required to sentence offenders for crimes committed years or even decades earlier. Prevailing conceptions of harm and culpability change over time. Policymakers concerned with punishment and sentencing should be sensitive to changes in the absolute and relative seriousness of crimes as well as the absolute and relative severity of punishments. Ordinal rankings of offenses have evolved over the past 50 years, as has our understanding of the impact of various sanctions. Issues raised by sentencing for crimes committed much earlier illustrate the need for a time-sensitive approach. Should defendants be sentenced according to standards prevailing at the time of the offense or according to current standards? In a just system, offenders would be judged by the standards prevailing when they took the decision to offend. A time-sensitive approach would apply the sentencing standards of the earlier time yet also consider time-relevant mitigation and aggravation in the subsequent period. The offender’s conduct and the victim’s suffering during the period are both relevant factors. Passage of time often changes our evaluation of the offense and the offender. When this occurs, the nature of the sentence should change. Likewise for long-serving prisoners, whose sentences should be reviewed after years have passed, in case they are no longer deemed proportionate.
The Time-Frame Challenge to Retributivism
Authors: Kolber Adam J.
Published: October 2019

Retributivists believe that criminal offenders should suffer or be punished in proportion to what they morally deserve. There is, however, an often-ignored debate about whether desert should be assessed across a person’s life (the whole-life view) or only for crimes that are the subject of a current sentencing proceeding (the current-crime view). Both options are unappealing. The whole-life view may be superior on theoretical grounds but is hopelessly impractical. The current-crime view is somewhat more practical but has no solid theoretical foundation. The lack of a suitable time frame in which to assess desert represents an important challenge to retributivist conceptions of proportionality. Even uncertainty about the proper time frame may itself be detrimental to some retributivists’ hopes of justifying the incarcerative sentences of particular offenders.
The Republic of Bees
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter details changes in American law from the eighteenth century onward, covering federal and state constitutions, judges, organization of courts, and civil procedure, and the law of evidence. The colonies declared themselves independent in 1776. However, American law continued to borrow from English law. English doctrines that were needed and appropriate were welcome. Between 1776, and the middle of the nineteenth century, there developed a true republic of bees; their flowers were the social and economic institutions that grew up in the United States. American conditions and ideas were the lawmakers that made American law a distinctive system: a separate language within the common-law family.
An American Law of Property
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses the history of American property law, covering the law of private land, the law of mortgages, succession, and intellectual property. In America, land was at first the basic form of wealth, in the colonies and also in the new land west of the coastal strip. After 1787, the vast stock of public land was both a problem and a great opportunity. The states transferred millions and millions of acres to the national government. The Louisiana Purchase brought millions more into national ownership. Much of this land did not clearly belong to the government—there were state claims, claims of native tribes, and early land grants. Untangling this mess was a serious, and long-lasting problem. Nonetheless, the federal domain, even taking all these conflicting claims into account, was vast.
The Law of Commerce and Trade
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses the history of American commercial law covering the admiralty and general commerce, sale of goods, bankruptcy and insolvency, and contract. American commercial law was deeply and persistently in debt to England. Theoretically, even national sovereignty was no barrier. The laws of admiralty, marine insurance, commercial paper, and sale of goods were not, supposedly, parochial law, English law; they were part of an international body of rules. The law of sales of goods developed greatly in the first half of the nineteenth century. Many, if not most, of the leading cases were English and were adopted in the United States fairly rapidly. Two strains of law—contract and the law merchant—each with a somewhat different emphasis, were more or less godparents of the law of sales.
Crime and Punishment: And a Footnote on Tort
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses the history of American criminal law, covering penal law and penal reform, prison, and tort. The criminal law is an important lever of power, for any government. The leaders of the American Revolution felt strongly that the British were trampling on American rights and were abusing criminal justice. The right to a fair criminal trial was a fundamental right, in their eyes. The Bill of Rights was a kind of minicode of criminal procedure. Moreover, in the late eighteenth century, scholars were rethinking the premises on which criminal law rested. Great reformers called for a more enlightened system of criminal law.
The Bar and Its Works
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses the bar, covering its organization, legal education, and the legal literature of the law. The bar was open to almost all men in a technical sense. But class and background did make a difference. Jacksonian ideology should not be taken at face value. The bar was, for one thing, somewhat stratified, even in the nineteenth century. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, there is a tremendous social distance between a Wall Street partner on the one hand, and on the other hand, lawyers who scrambled for a living at the bottom of the heap. Lawyers from wealthy or professional backgrounds were far more likely to reach the heights than lawyers from working-class homes. In 1800 and 1850, there were no large law firms, and hardly any firms at all.
Procedure and Practice: An Age of Reform
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses procedural reform in the second half of the nineteenth century, covering the Field Code, appellate courts, and codification and reform. The year 1848 is considered by some lawyers and historians as a time of procedural revolution, although perhaps a mild one. In that year, New York passed an “act to simplify and abridge the Practice, Pleadings, and Proceedings of the Courts.” This was a full-blown Code of Civil Procedure, radically new at least in appearance. The Code is often called the Field Code, after David Dudley Field, who did more than anyone else to devise it and get it enacted. The Field Code also served as a catalytic agent for procedural reform in other parts of the United States.
Commerce, Labor, and Taxation
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses the development of commerce, labor, and tax laws in the second half of the nineteenth century. It covers contracts, negotiable instruments, the law of sales, usury laws, insurance, bankruptcy, admiralty, labor and law, federal taxation, state and local tax, and death taxes. The law of contract occupies a special place in American law in the nineteenth century. The dominance of contract was one of the sovereign notions of the nineteenth century. By constitutional mandate, no state could “impair” the obligation of contracts. Contract law was also one of the basic building blocks of legal study.
The Legal Profession: At Work
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses changes in the legal profession in the second half of the nineteenth century covering the organization of the bar and admission to the bar. In 1850, there were an estimated 21,979 lawyers in the United States. The number grew very rapidly after the Revolution. In the last half of the century, there was even greater increase. The transformation of the American economy after the Civil War profoundly affected the demand for lawyers, and hence the supply. By 1880, there were perhaps 60,000 lawyers; by 1900, about 114,000. For most of the nineteenth century, no organization even pretended to speak for the bar as a whole, or any substantial part, or to govern the conduct of lawyers. Lawyers formed associations, mainly social, from time to time; but there was no general bar group until the last third of the century.
Crime and Punishment in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses changes in criminal law in the twentieth century, covering the decriminalization of sex and vice, defendants’ rights, the death penalty, and crime waves and the national response. As the federal government grew in size in the twentieth century, and as the federal statute book grew along with it, a whole new array of federal crimes came into existence. Income tax evasion or fraud was one of these—it was obviously no crime at all before the federal income tax law. Every regulatory law created a new federal crime: violating the food and drug law, or stock fraud under the SEC law, or killing a black-footed ferret, under the Endangered Species Act. Under J. Edgar Hoover, the Federal Bureau of Investigation became a major crime-fighter, at least with regard to crime that crossed state lines.
“Beyond Description”
Authors: Sheppard W. Anthony
Published: October 2019

Chapter one places music in the context of late 19th-century Euro-American japonisme. The focus is on American perceptions of and reactions to Japanese music encountered in Japan in the second half of the 19th century. Sources include published and unpublished correspondence and diaries of Americans (from Salem sailors to scholars to Gilded Age socialites) who traveled to Japan as well as travel books, scholarly journals, newspapers, and novels set in Japan. The chapter presents the earliest songs, musicals, and plays representing Japan and Japanese music to the American public. Bostonian Japanophiles are central as are American music educators who worked in Japan. The context in which Japanese music was first heard in the U.S., particularly at World Expositions, is explored. These early and primarily negative reports indirectly reveal contemporaneous American musical values and unintentionally marked Japanese music as an ideal model for later modernist composers.
An Exotic Enemy
Authors: Sheppard W. Anthony
Published: October 2019

The cinema was the most effective medium for anti-Japanese propaganda in the U.S. during World War II and was the site of music’s most important wartime role. From shortly after Pearl Harbor to the end of the U.S. occupation of Japan in 1952, Hollywood produced a large number of films offering negative depictions of the Japanese. Music assumed multiple roles in these anti-Japanese feature films and U.S. government documentaries. Never had Orientalist and racial politics been more clearly evident in music heard by so many as in these productions. These films marshaled preexistent European music, stereotypical Orientalist signs, and traditional Japanese music against the exotic enemy. Select sophisticated examples of musical propaganda are analyzed, offering new perspectives for the study of cross-cultural musical encounters. For many in the U.S., Hollywood film music continues to shape their impressions of Japan and their perceptions of Japanese music.
Conclusions? or, Contemporary Representations and Reception
Authors: Sheppard W. Anthony
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on examples of American japonisme and interactions with traditional Japanese culture from the past few decades, thereby revealing connections with older representational techniques and concerns. The chapter starts with an extended discussion of Stephen Sondheim’s Broadway musical Pacific Overtures and a brief discussion of films during the trade war period. The second section focuses on Weezer’s Pinkerton album as a continuation of Tin Pan Alley exoticism. In the early twenty-first century, multiple female pop stars (Madonna, Katy Perry) appropriated the geisha image in performance. The chapter then turns toward Asian American postmodern attempts to undermine Orientalism, as in David Henry Hwang’s M. Butterfly. Recently, organizations such as the Japan Society have commissioned numerous American composers to create works for Japanese instruments. In addition, numerous Americans have become professional shakuhachi players and teachers. The chapter concludes with recent examples of japonisme aimed particularly at children (animation, video games).
Cryptocurrencies and the Evolution of Banking, Money, and Payments
Authors: Geva Benjamin
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses cryptocurrencies in the context of a historical overview of the evolution of money, banking, and the payment system. The chapter is organized as follows. Section I introduces the topic. Section II addresses money, payment, and payment intermediation. Section III sets out the evolution of commercial banking to facilitate national and global networks for book-based payments. Section IV addresses both electronic banking as a form of payment intermediation and the availability to the public of central bank balances as a challenge to payment intermediation. Section V examines the challenge cryptocurrencies present to state-issued currency, payment intermediation, and the roles of banks in the payment systems. The conclusion points at an irony: even as a challenge to banking, cryptocurrencies emerged as an outgrowth of an enhancement to banking.
Casting Light on Central Bank Digital Currency
Authors: Mancini-Griffoli Tommaso , Peria Maria Soledad Martinez , Agur Itai , Ari Anil , Kiff John , Popescu Adina , Rochon Celine
Published: October 2019

Several central banks have begun actively investigating the possibility of issuing central bank digital currency (CBDC). This new central bank liability would be a widely accessible digital form of fiat money, intended as legal tender. This chapter aims to answer a simple question: Does CBDC offer benefits? On the demand side, would it satisfy end user needs better than other forms of money? And on the supply side, would issuing CBDC allow central banks to more effectively satisfy public policy goals, including financial inclusion, operational efficiency, financial stability, monetary policy effectiveness, and financial integrity? In short, is CBDC a desirable form of money given existing and rapidly evolving alternatives? The chapter includes a summary of pilot projects and studies from central banks exploring the possibility of issuing CBDC. The analysis is based on publicly issued materials and discussions with staff members at central banks and technology providers around the world.
Child Abuse and Neglect in Canada
Authors: Tufford Lea
Published: October 2019

Child Abuse and Neglect in Canada: A Guide for Mandatory Reporters offers a concise guide to mandatory reporting in provincial and territorial jurisdictions with specific attention to the context and unique realities of northern Canada. As an introduction to mandatory reporting, the book opens with an exploration of the historical rise of the child welfare system, mandatory reporters’ ethical duties around reporting, types of abuse and neglect, risk and protective factors, and the ascendancy of child abuse in an online environment. The latter half of the book first explores decision-making factors (legal, clinician, situational, professional, and relationship) to assist human service professionals with their decision-making. This section then explores the reporting process and offers relationship repair strategies (reporting, information, affect regulation, advocacy, resource, and cultural). The book culminates in a comprehensive, empirically based conceptual framework to assist human service professionals with decision-making and maintaining the relationship. Predicated on the author’s dissertation research Child Abuse and Neglect in Canada: A Guide for Mandatory Reporters offers students a comprehensive framework for fulfilling their professional, fiduciary obligations and provides educators with accessible teaching tools to further their students’ understanding of this area.
Typology and Incidence of Child Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Tufford Lea
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses the types of child abuse (physical, emotional, sexual, and intimate partner violence) and neglect. It begins by examining the varying definitions of child abuse and neglect around Canadian provinces and territories. It examines physical abuse versus corporal punishment and the impact of maltreatment into youth and adulthood. The effects of child abuse and neglect into adolescence and adulthood, as well as its neurological effects, are discussed. The chapter then explores the Canadian Incidence Study, which provides a picture of the occurrence of child abuse and neglect as well as professional and nonprofessional referral sources.
That Adorable Genius and a Prime Minister
Authors: James William , Balfour Arthur
Published: October 2019

William James offered several resources that a moral apologist can deploy. James saw it as irrational to embrace a rule of reasoning that precludes finding truth that’s really there to be found. He argued that the category of moral regret is a bad fit with a naturalistic worldview. Like other philosophers we’ve considered, his was an expansive empiricism that included considering the evidential value of relational, aesthetic, and ethical deliverances. Arthur Balfour similarly recognized the moral deficiencies of naturalism, though, more so than James, he thought reconcilable the religious and metaphysical accounts of theism. Balfour was particularly intent on underscoring the ways in which deflationary analyses of moral values and duties are better at explaining them away than actually explaining them. He didn’t think the moral argument was best thought of as a deduction; rather, he saw it as something closer to an inductive or abductive approach.
A Knightbridge Professor
Authors: Sorley William
Published: October 2019

William Sorley argued that God provides the best and most rational and unified view of reality, the ground of both the natural and moral orders. What a close look reveals is that Sorley’s approach, rather than dated, remains a lively, instructive, and powerful model to follow. Whether he was integrating or reconciling various pieces of natural theology—the causal and moral, is and ought, reality and value, life and work, finite and infinite goods, the temporal and transcendent, the moral law and evil, philosophy and poetry, or morality and metaphysics—his was an expansive and integrative mind and an open and capacious heart whose prescient insights have proven the test of time. He demonstrated what long and intimate acquaintance with the world of ideas can generate, and his enduring example can serve as an inspiration and corrective to much of what passes for apologetics today.
Re-visioning the Bible
Authors: Givens Terryl , Hauglid Brian M.
Published: October 2019

Joseph Smith considered his “re-translation” of the Bible (actually a revision) to be one of the most important “branches of his calling.” The most important product of this effort was a Mosaic narrative, utterly absent from Genesis, that described such new doctrines as the Christian gospel being taught to Adam and Eve, as well as their baptism—effectively collapsing and redefining Christian covenant theology. Smith also introduced a narrative of the prophet Enoch, who encounters a God weeping over humankind’s misery. His other edits to the Bible made significant changes to the presentation of original sin, predestination, and the nature of sin and salvation. Of equal importance, his work on the Bible prompted an outpouring of canonized revelations on a host of topics.
Sharing the Burden
Authors: Laderman Charlie
Published: October 2019

The destruction of the Armenian community in the Ottoman Empire was an unprecedented tragedy. Theodore Roosevelt was adamant that it was the “greatest crime” of the First World War. The mass killing of approximately one million Armenian Christians was the culmination of a series of massacres that Winston Churchill would recall had roused publics on both sides of the Atlantic and inspired fervent appeals to see the Armenians “righted.” This book explains why the Armenian struggle for survival became so entangled with the debate over the United States’ international role as it rose to world power at the turn of the twentieth century. In doing so, it provides a fresh perspective on the role of humanitarian intervention in US foreign policy, Anglo-American relations and the emergence of a new international order after World War One. The clash over the US responsibility to protect the Armenians encapsulated the nation’s conflict over its global position and was a central preoccupation of both Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. For American and British leaders, a US intervention in the Near East to secure an independent Armenia was key to establishing a revised international system and to their visions for the new League of Nations. The debate over safeguarding the Armenians reveals the values that animated American society during a pivotal period in its history. In forcing US politicians to grapple for the first time with atrocities on this scale, it also demonstrates dilemmas in humanitarian politics that continue to bedevil policymakers today.
The Rooseveltian Solution
Authors: Laderman Charlie
Published: October 2019

This chapter explores Theodore Roosevelt’s set of principles regarding the United States’ responsibility to intervene in response to “crimes against civilization,” a creed profoundly influenced by the 1894–1896 massacre of Ottoman Armenians. It also traces the evolution of Roosevelt’s thinking on an alliance with Britain, a significant feature of which was the prevention of extreme humanitarian atrocities and protection of peoples such as the Armenians. It explains why Roosevelt believed the nations that he considered most “civilized,” led by Britain and the United States, had a responsibility to censure injustices that offended the civilization of the day. It discusses Roosevelt’s most public articulation of these principles in his neglected Second Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. It also traces his diplomatic interventions, alongside Britain, for Eastern European Jews and in the Congo, and demonstrates the practical limits of Roosevelt’s attempts to intervene in the Armenian question and pursue a broader alliance with Britain.
Princes and Paupers
Authors: Cheng William
Published: October 2019

Chapter 2 examines a famous experiment conducted in the name of musical love and loss: journalist Gene Weingarten’s Pulitzer-winning Washington Post article, which narrated the 2007 undercover busking effort by famed violinist Joshua Bell. Playing beautiful classical repertoire, the disguised Bell attracted few eager listeners. Many readers declared their love of this story, lamenting its proof of how beauty gets drowned out in our busy lives. Other responses to Weingarten fell into traps of intellectual elitism, as people rushed to proclaim that “obviously” this article was hokum and that no reader would be gullible enough to buy what Weingarten was selling. A trio of themes emerges from my critiques of aesthetic and academic exceptionalism: how we mismeasure beauty and its scarcity, how we productively or harmfully imbue musicianship with humanizing values, and why lovable dreams of musical universalism (we are all musical, we are all musicians) may elude or even impede agendas of social justice.
Jordan Russell Davis
Authors: Cheng William
Published: October 2019

Chapter 6 closes the book with an extended investigation into how musical judgments can kill—how someone can be killed while listening to music he loves, and for refusing to turn it down when asked. In 2012, a forty-seven-year-old white man named Michael Dunn heard loud rap music coming from a nearby red car containing four black youths. He approached. Words were exchanged. A couple of minutes later, Dunn fired ten bullets at the car and killed one of its passengers, seventeen-year-old high school student Jordan Davis. Dunn claimed Davis had threatened him with a shotgun. No such gun was ever found. During the murder trial, Dunn’s lawyer, Cory Strolla, leveraged racist stereotypes of rap to paint dehumanizing (uncivilized, savage, criminal) and superhumanizing (formidable, fearsome, brawny) portraits of these youths. By contrast, Strolla depicted Dunn as someone who himself loved music, including “any type of hip-hop,” the stuff “that the kids listen to.” The chapter taps into various materials that were either purposely excluded from or inadvertently overlooked by media coverage: Michael Dunn’s jailhouse letters and phone calls, transcriptions of courtroom sidebars, pretrial documents, evidence technicians’ reports, and 911 records.
Introduction
Authors: Gallego Ángel J.
Published: October 2019

This introduction offers a summary of the antecedents, goals, and prospects of the present volume. On the one hand, it emphasizes the important role of this collection of papers. It’s the first attempt to provide a global characterization of the syntactic variation of Spanish dialects. This is a very rich, but largely unexplored, area of inquiry, a situation that is probably due to a combination of various factors: lack of theoretical tools, interest in more easily observable (lexical, phonetic, or morphological) differences, etc. On the other hand, it introduces chapters that show varying and complementary formal approaches to the study of the syntactic phenomena of both American Spanish and European Spanish dialects.
Dialectal Variation in Clitic Placement in Andalusian and Asturian Spanish Negative Infinitival Imperatives
Authors: Villa-García Julio
Published: October 2019

This chapter investigates a novel syntactic contrast regarding the placement of clitics in negative root infinitival sentences with imperative illocutionary force in two varieties of Iberian Spanish, (Lower) Andalusian and (Central) Asturian Spanish. Data reveals a stark difference in clitic directionality in second person plural imperatives with infinitives: whereas positive imperatives involve postverbal clitics in both dialects, negative imperatives involve enclisis in AndSp but proclisis in AsturSp, a phenomenon reminiscent of Italian negative singular imperatives. Under a PF-merger+copy-and-delete approach, imperatives involve an affixal null F head that must merge with a PF-adjacent host. This analysis allows for a uniform syntactic treatment of the relevant construction in the two dialects, the difference between the two varieties reducing to PF considerations. This approach also makes use of the same machinery employed to account for the infamous ban on negative imperatives operative in languages like Greek and Spanish, which provides novel crosslinguistic support for the analysis The evidence adduced here also has consequences for verb height and word order as well as for the architecture of the clausal left edge.
Free Traders
Authors: Fairbrother Malcolm
Published: October 2019

This book is about the political events and decisions in the 1980s and 1990s that established the global economy we have today. Different social scientists and other commentators have described the foundations of globalization very differently. Some have linked the rise of free trade and multinational enterprises to the democratic expression of ordinary people’s hopes and desires; others have said they were a top-down project requiring, if anything, the circumvention of democracy. This book shows that politicians did not decide to embrace globalization because of the preferences of the mass public. Instead, using comparative-historical case studies of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, this book shows that politicians’ decisions reflected the agendas and outlooks of various kinds of elites. On the basis of more than a hundred interviews, and analyses of materials from archives in all three countries, the book tells the story of how the three countries negotiated and ratified two agreements that substantially opened and integrated their economies: the 1989 Canada-US and trilateral 1994 North American Free Trade Agreements. Contrary to what many people believe, these agreements (like free trade elsewhere) were based less on mainstream, neoclassical economics than on the informal, self-serving economic ideas of businesspeople. This folk economics shaped the contents of the agreements, and helped bind together the elite coalitions whose support made them politically possible. These same ideas, however, have reinforced some harmful economic misunderstandings, and have even contributed to the recent backlash against globalization in some countries.
Explaining the Rise of Globalization
Authors: Fairbrother Malcolm
Published: October 2019

This chapter summarizes the main themes of this book, and the theory it proposes of why the governments of so many nations around the world decided to globalize their economies in the late 20th century. The book asks whether the foundations of globalization were democratic, in the sense that politicians’ decisions derived from public opinion and electoral incentives, and also whether globalization as based on mainstream economic ideas. As shown by the cases of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, and the ways they established free trade in North America, the book shows that globalization has been more of an elite than a democratic project, and one based on folk economics rather than expert ideas. Business has been the motor force in developed countries; in developing countries, states have acted more autonomously from domestic business, but they have been more subject to pressure from international financial institutions.
Does Business Exist?
Authors: Fairbrother Malcolm
Published: October 2019

Previous chapters argued that the private sector in all three countries was united in support of CUFTA and NAFTA. From some perspectives, this fact is puzzling: different industries have different interests, and some stand to lose out from free trade. How then was such broad-based business support for North American free trade possible? This chapter shows the business support followed from the national negotiators’ providing potential opponents with opportunities to shape the contents of the free trade agreements. The real possibility of winning meaningful concessions gave opponents a reason not to oppose free trade as a whole. But while these concessions served a purpose domestically, they also aggravated conflicts internationally. These conflicts reinforced nationalist understandings of trade that contradicted economists’ views, as discussed in Chapter 6.
Between the “Party Line” and the “Bottom Line”1
Authors: Henken Ted A.
Published: October 2019

Most past studies of Cuban entrepreneurship (referred to by the Cuban government as trabajo por cuenta propia or “self-employment”) to date have focused either on a single industry or set of industries such as private paladar restaurants, bed and breakfasts, or shoe manufacturing. This chapter describes and analyzes one of the relatively underexplored potentialities of Cuba’s emergent private enterprise sector: “entrepreneurial solidarity” (emprendimiento solidario), also known as “social entrepreneurship” or “socially responsible enterprise.”. Specifically, this chapter investigates this topic thorough a case study approach that focuses on a single Old Havana neighborhood (Santo Ángel), tracing the efforts of Papito Valladares’s grassroots community project there (Artecorte) to marry: (1) economic development (via private entrepreneurship as a licensed cuentapropista) with (2) social responsibility (via a variety of community development initiatives) and (3) cultural preservation (through an important alliance with Office of the City Historian). Artecorte embraces an ethic of contagion over competition, combining bottom-line-oriented private enterprise with neighborhood uplift, community outreach, and collaborative synergy—alternately independent from or in sync (and occasional partnership) with the government’s “party line.”