bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retrospective analysis of the efficacy and duration of botulinum toxin A injections in 30 patients with palmar hyperhidrosis
Authors: Farrell Joshua , Stewart Thomas , Singh Bhavneet , Singh Gurkirat , Rosen Robert
Published: September 2021

Palmar hyperhidrosis is a common disorder characterised by excessive sweating due to hyperfunction of the sweat glands. It can be classified as primary disease, or secondary to other causes. It has a high morbidity, and a range of treatment options. Botulinum toxin injections inhibit the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic receptors. It is an effective treatment; however, it is infrequently selected as only axillary hyperhidrosis currently attracts a Medicare subsidy. We conducted a retrospective review of 30 patients at a Sydney dermatology clinic who received botulinum toxin injections for palmar hyperhidrosis within the past 5 years. This study has the largest patient cohort with this condition in Australia. There was evidence for a median reduction in the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale, a qualitative self‐reported score, as well as an increasing duration of efficacy with repeated injections. There were minimal side‐effects of weakness and numbness. There is also an association between treatment of palmar disease and improvement in plantar disease, which suggests that treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis should be considered earlier and more frequently.
Assessing Bayesian Semi‐Parametric Log‐Linear Models: An Application to Disclosure Risk Estimation
Authors: Carota Cinzia , Filippone Maurizio , Polettini Silvia
Published: September 2021

We propose a method for identifying models with good predictive performance in the family of Bayesian log‐linear mixed models with Dirichlet process random effects for count data. Their wide applicability makes the assessment of model performance crucial in many fields, including disclosure risk estimation, which is the focus of the present work.

Rather than assessing models on the whole contingency table, we target the specific objective of the analysis and propose a two‐stage model selection procedure aimed at limiting a form of bias arising in the process of model selection. Our proposal combines two different criteria: at the first stage, a path in the model search space is identified through a strongly penalized log‐likelihood; at the second, a small number of semi‐parametric models is evaluated through a context‐dependent score‐based information criterion. Tested on a variety of contingency tables, our method proves to be able to identify models with good predictive performance in a few steps, even in the presence of large tables with many sampling and structural zeros. We carefully discuss the proposed method in the context of the literature on model assessment and contextualize the illustrative application in the recent debate on statistical disclosure limitation. Finally, we provide examples of further applications in different research areas.
A test of the centre–periphery hypothesis using population genetics in an East Asian Tertiary relict tree
Authors: Xu Wu‐Qin , Comes Hans P. , Feng Yu , Zhang Yong‐Hua , Qiu Ying‐Xiong
Published: September 2021

Aim

Several hypotheses are available to predict change in genetic diversity at expanding peripheral ranges. However, empirical evidence to test predictions of the centre–periphery hypothesis (CPH) at contracting range limits is scarce. To address this issue, we assessed spatial patterns of genetic variation, effective population size, and contemporary and historical gene flow in a widespread, Tertiary relict tree species from subtropical China.

Location

Warm‐temperate deciduous forests of subtropical China.

Taxon

Emmenopterys henryi (Rubiaceae)

Methods

We applied kernel density estimation to determine the centre of the species’ geographical range. Using microsatellite markers, we assessed genetic structure and diversity in 36 populations (503 individuals) sampled in the centre and periphery across the species’ range. We further examined both historical and contemporary gene flow. Finally, we applied coalescent methods to simulate population demography.

Results

In support of CPH predictions, the highest density of E. henryi coincided with the geographical centre of the species’ distribution range, and genetic diversity significantly declined with distance from this range centre. Historical migration from the core to the edge was significantly higher than in the opposite direction, whereas contemporary migration followed an opposite pattern. Central and peripheral populations had similar levels of genetic differentiation.

Main conclusions

Core‐to‐edge patterns of genetic diversity, but not genetic differentiation, were consistent with the CPH in E. henryi. Also in line with the CPH, historical (but not contemporary) migration from the core to the edge was significantly higher than in the opposite direction. Results suggest that the complex topography in subtropical China and population demographic processes may strongly influence whether CPH predictions are met in different population genetic parameters.
Generation of ‘designer erythroblasts’ lacking one or more blood group systems from CRISPR/Cas9 gene‐edited human‐induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Pandey Priyanka , Zhang Nanyan , Curtis Brian R. , Newman Peter J. , Denomme Gregory A.
Published: September 2021

Despite the recent advancements in transfusion medicine, red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization remains a challenge for multiparous women and chronically transfused patients. At times, diagnostic laboratories depend on difficult‐to‐procure rare reagent RBCs for the identification of different alloantibodies in such subjects. We have addressed this issue by developing erythroblasts with custom phenotypes (Rh null, GPB null and Kx null/Kell low) using CRISPR/Cas9 gene‐editing of a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) parent line (OT1‐1) for the blood group system genes: RHAG, GYPB and XK. Guide RNAs were cloned into Cas9‐puromycin expression vector and transfected into OT1‐1. Genotyping was performed to select puromycin‐resistant hiPSC KOs. CRISPR/Cas9 gene‐editing resulted in the successful generation of three KO lines, RHAG KO, GYPB KO and XK KO. The OT1‐1 cell line, as well as the three KO hiPSC lines, were differentiated into CD34+CD41+CD235ab+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and subsequently to erythroblasts. Native OT1‐1 erythroblasts were positive for the expression of Rh, MNS, Kell and H blood group systems. Differentiation of RHAG KO, GYPB KO and XK KO resulted in the formation of Rh null, GPB null and Kx null/Kell low erythroblasts, respectively. OT1‐1 as well as the three KO erythroblasts remained positive for RBC markers—CD71 and BAND3. Erythroblasts were mostly at the polychromatic/ orthochromatic stage of differentiation. Up to ~400‐fold increase in erythroblasts derived from HPCs was observed. The availability of custom erythroblasts generated from CRISPR/Cas9 gene‐edited hiPSC should be a useful addition to the tools currently used for the detection of clinically important red cell alloantibodies.
Long‐term prognosis of teeth with class III furcation involvement
Authors: Eickholz Peter , Runschke Maren , Dannewitz Bettina , Nickles Katrin , Petsos Hari , Kronsteiner Dorothea , Pretzl Bernadette
Published: September 2021

Objective

Evaluation of survival of teeth with class III furcation involvement (FI) ≥5 years after active periodontal treatment (APT) and identification of prognostic factors.

Methods

All charts of patients who completed APT at the Department of Periodontology of Goethe‐University Frankfurt, Germany, beginning October 2004 were screened for teeth with class III FI. APT had to be accomplished for ≥5 years. Charts were analysed for data of class III FI teeth at baseline (T0), at accomplishment of APT (T1), and at the last supportive periodontal care (T2). Baseline radiographic bone loss (RBL) and treatment were assessed.

Results

One‐hundred and sixty patients (age: 54.4 ± 9.8 years; 82 females; 39 active smokers; 9 diabetics, 85 stage III, 75 stage IV, 59 grade B, 101 grade C) presented 265 teeth with class III FI. Ninety‐eight teeth (37%) were lost during 110, 78/137 (median, lower/upper quartile) months. Logistic mixed‐model regression and mixed Cox proportional hazard model associated adjunctive systemic antibiotics with fewer tooth loss (26% vs. 42%; p = .019/.004) and RBL (p = .014/.024) and mean probing pocket depth (PPD) at T1 (p < .001) with more tooth loss.

Conclusions

Subgingival instrumentation with adjunctive systemic antibiotics favours retention of class III furcation‐involved teeth. Baseline RBL and PPD at T1 deteriorate long‐term prognosis.
HPV type‐specific distribution among family members and linen in households of cutaneous wart patients
Authors: Ghorzang E. , de Koning M.N.C. , Bouwes Bavinck J.N. , Gussekloo J. , Quint K.D. , Goeman J.J. , Feltkamp M.C.W. , Bruggink S.C. , Eekhof J.A.H.
Published: September 2021

Background

Common and plantar warts are caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV). Mode of transmission of wart HPVs within families is largely unknown.

Objective

To demonstrate similarity of HPV type(s) among wart cases, family members and household linen.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional study, swabs taken from 123 warts and foreheads of 62 index patients and 157 family members and from 58 kitchen towels and 59 bathroom mats were tested for DNA of 23 cutaneous wart‐associated HPV types. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to estimate the chance of detecting the same HPV type as was found in the index patients on the family contacts and on the kitchen towels and bathroom mats.

Results

HPV1, HPV2, HPV27 and HPV57 were the most prevalent types in the warts of the index patients. Altogether, 60 (42.3%) of the 142 family members without warts had HPV DNA on their foreheads. When HPV1 and HPV2 were found in the warts, these types were also frequently (>50%) found on the foreheads of index patients and their family members, as well as on the kitchen towels and the bathroom mats. HPV27 and HPV57 were less frequently found (<25%) on foreheads and linen. No associations were found for age, sex and site of HPV DNA presence.

Conclusion

Dissemination of skin wart‐causing HPV types, from wart cases to household contacts and linen, such as kitchen towels and bathroom mats, is more likely for HPV1 and HPV2 than for HPV27 and HPV57. The role of towels and bathroom mats in HPV transmission deserves further investigation.
O‐GlcNAcylation inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation
Authors: Li Rui , Ong Qunxiang , Wong Chi Chun , Chu Eagle S H , Sung Joseph J Y , Yang Xiaoyong , Yu Jun
Published: September 2021

Background and Aim

Protein O‐GlcNAcylation is a critical post‐translational modification regulating gene expression and fundamental cell functions. O‐GlcNAc transferase (OGT) emerged as a key regulator of liver pathophysiology and disease. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of OGT in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and its consequent role in liver fibrosis.

Methods

Primary HSCs were isolated from C57/B6 mice. Cell morphology and α­SMA immunofluorescence staining were observed under scanning confocal microscope. Transcriptomic profile was evaluated by RNAseq (Illumina). Promoter activity was examined by luciferase and β­‐Galactosidase reporter assays. Liver fibrosis mouse models were induced either by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 at 3 times/week for 4 weeks or by feeding with methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet for 4 weeks.

Results

OGT protein expression and protein O‐GlcNAcylation were significantly decreased in CCl4− or MCD diet‐induced liver fibrosis as compared with normal liver in mice. OGT expression and protein O‐GlcNAcylation were also decreased in primary HSCs isolated from liver with CCl4‐induced fibrosis compared with those from normal liver. RNA‐seq showed that OGT knockdown in HSCs modulated key signaling pathways involved in HSC activation. Promoter sequence analysis of the differentially expressed genes predicted serum response factor (SRF) as a key transcription factor regulated by OGT. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that OGT repressed activity of SRF to induce α‐SMA transcription. Mutations of specific O‐GlcNAcylation sites on SRF increased its transcriptional activity, validating negative regulation of SRF by OGT‐mediated O‐GlcNAcylation.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that OGT functions as a negative regulator of HSC activation by promoting SRF O‐GlcNAcylation to protect against liver fibrosis.
How physicians evaluate patients with dementia who present with shortness of breath
Authors: Ly Dan P. , Shekelle Paul G.
Published: September 2021

Background

Whether the presence of dementia in patients makes it difficult for physicians to assess the risk such patients might have for serious conditions such as pulmonary embolism (PE) is unknown. Our objective was to examine the differential association of four clinical factors (deep venous thrombosis (DVT)/PE, malignancy, recent surgery, and tachycardia) with PE testing for patients with dementia compared to patients without dementia.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional study of emergency department (ED) visits to 104 Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals from 2011 to 2018 by patients aged 60 years and over presenting with shortness of breath (SOB). Our outcomes were PE testing (CT scan and/or D‐dimer) and subsequently diagnosed acute PE.

Results

The sample included 593,001 patient visits for SOB across 7124 ED physicians; 5.6% of the sample had dementia, and 10.6% received PE testing. Three of the four clinical factors examined had a lower association with PE testing for patients with dementia. For example, after taking into account that at baseline, physicians were 0.9 percentage points less likely to test patients with dementia than patients without dementia for PE, physicians were an additional 2.6 percentage points less likely to test patients with dementia who had tachycardia than patients without dementia who had tachycardia. We failed to find evidence that any clinical factor examined had a differentially lower association with a subsequently diagnosed acute PE for patients with dementia.

Conclusions

Clinical factors known to be predictive of PE risk had a lower association with PE testing for patients with dementia compared to patients without dementia. These results may be consistent with physicians missing these clinical factors more often when evaluating patients with dementia, but also with physicians recognizing such factors but not using them in the decision‐making process. Further understanding how physicians evaluate patients with dementia presenting with common acute symptoms may help improve the care delivered to such patients.
Aetiology of permanent childhood hearing loss at a population level
Authors: Liddle Karen , Beswick Rachael , Fitzgibbons E Jane , Driscoll Carlie
Published: September 2021

Aim

To evaluate and describe results of aetiological investigations offered to a population level cohort of babies who had confirmed permanent hearing loss after they either (i) failed universal neonatal hearing screening or (ii) passed newborn screening but were detected with a permanent hearing loss in early childhood.

Methods

Descriptive analysis of results of investigations offered to neonates and young children in whom permanent hearing loss was detected as part of a statewide newborn hearing screening programme. A total of 306 285 newborns were screened between 2013 and 2017. The failed screening results were confirmed by a diagnostic audiological assessment battery. Medical evaluation for the identification of the cause of the hearing loss was performed by a paediatrician or otolaryngologist, investigations were ordered using a stepwise approach, and aetiology was assigned using a coding scheme.

Results

Permanent hearing loss was confirmed in 967 children (0.3%). Data were available for 873. An aetiological factor was identified or presumed in 61.3% of cases. Genetic causes were present in 26.8% and structural causes were present in 24.9% of cases. Congenital cytomegalovirus was present in 4.4%.

Conclusions

Use of a coding scheme is feasible at a population level and allows collation of data from multiple sites and will allow outcome mapping and service planning.
Dietary thiamin requirement of fingerling major carp Catla catla (Hamilton)
Authors: Mohd Khan Younis , Khan Mukhtar A.
Published: September 2021

Dietary thiamin requirement of fingerling Catla catla (3.5 ± 0.15 g) was evaluated by feeding casein–gelatin‐based iso‐nitrogenous (350 g/kg crude protein) and iso‐caloric (16.72 kJ/g GE) diets containing six graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 mg/kg dry diet) for 12 weeks. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (AWG), best feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein retention efficiency (PRE), RNA/DNA ratio and haematological indices were recorded in fish fed diet containing 0.8 mg/kg thiamin. Dietary thiamin supplementation improved transketolase activity (TKA) and maximum value was recorded in fish fed 0.8 mg/kg thiamin beyond which stagnation in TKA activity was evident. Liver thiamin concentration was found to be maximum in fish fed diet containing 1.6 mg/kg thiamin. A significant (p < 0.05) consistent reduction in the hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) activity was displayed with incremental concentration of thiamin up to 0.8 mg/kg, beyond which a reverse trend was evident. However, a significant (p < 0.05) improvement was noted in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity with the increasing level of dietary thiamin from 0 to 0.8 mg/kg. Broken‐line regression analysis of AWG, FCR, PRE and TKA estimated the requirement in the range of 0.74–0.79 mg/kg dry diet.
Enamel matrix derivative effects on palatal mucosa wound healing: Randomized clinical trial
Authors: Miguel Manuela Maria Viana , Mathias‐Santamaria Ingrid Fernandes , Rossato Amanda , Ferraz Laís Fernanda Ferreira , Rangel Thiago Perez , Casarin Renato Corrêa Viana , Tatakis Dimitris N. , Santamaria Mauro Pedrine
Published: September 2021

Background

This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical, immunologic, and patient‐centered outcomes of enamel matrix protein derivative (EMD) on excisional wounds in palatal mucosa.

Materials

Forty‐four patients in need of ridge preservation were randomly allocated into two groups: control group (n = 22): open palatal wound after free gingival graft (FGG) harvest and EMD group (n = 22): open palatal wound after FGG harvest that received 0.3 ml of EMD. Clinical and patient‐centered parameters were analyzed for 3 months post‐treatment. Wound fluid levels of inflammatory markers were assessed 3 and 7 days postoperatively.

Results

No significant inter‐group difference was observed in remaining wound area and re‐epithelialization. EMD and control groups achieved wound closure and re‐epithelialization 30 days postoperatively (p < .001), without inter‐group differences. Similarly, number of analgesics and Oral Health Impact Profile scores did not present significant inter‐group differences (p > .05). EMD appeared to selectively modulate wound fluid levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α, matrix metallopeptidase 9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐2.

Conclusion

Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that EMD application to excisional palatal wounds using the investigated protocol does not provide clinical healing benefits, despite an apparent modulation of selected inflammatory markers.
Clinical progression of cats with early‐stage chronic kidney disease fed diets with varying protein and phosphorus contents and calcium to phosphorus ratios
Authors: Schauf Sofia , Coltherd Jennifer C. , Atwal Jujhar , Gilham Matthew , Carvell‐Miller Laura J. , Renfrew Helen , Elliott Jonathan , Elliott Denise , Bijsmans Esther S. , Biourge Vincent C. , Watson Phillip , Bakke Anne Marie
Published: September 2021

Background

Dietary protein and phosphorus (P) restriction is the mainstay for nutritional management of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, adequate restriction levels for cats with early CKD remain unclear.

Objectives

To investigate responses in cats with early CKD to varying dietary protein, P, and calcium (Ca) : P ratio.

Animals

Nineteen research colony cats with International Renal Interest Society stages 1‐2 CKD.

Methods

In an opportunistic longitudinal case study, cats were fed a low protein (59 g/Mcal), low P (0.84 g/Mcal) dry diet (LP‐LP; Ca : P = 1.9) for 18 months and later transitioned onto a moderate protein (76‐98 g/Mcal), moderate P (1.4‐1.6 g/Mcal) dry‐wet diet regimen (MP‐MP; Ca : P = 1.4‐1.6) for 22 months. Fold‐changes in serum creatinine, total Ca (tCa) and P (primary outcomes) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) were assessed by linear‐mixed models.

Results

While feeding LP‐LP, mean serum creatinine decreased (0.87‐fold, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.81, 0.93, P < .001) to within reference range after 6 months, while increases in total Ca (tCa; 1.16‐fold, 95% CI 1.11, 1.22, P < .001) and FGF23 (2.72‐fold, 95% CI 1.72, 4.31, P < .001), but not in P (1.03‐fold, 95% CI 0.945, 1.124, P = .94), were observed after 17 months. On MP‐MP, mean creatinine, tCa and P remained within reference ranges and did not significantly change (P = .11, P = .98, and P = 1, respectively), while FGF23 significantly decreased (0.58‐fold, 95% CI 0.36, 0.95, P = .02) after 22 months.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Cats with early CKD developed hypercalcemia after long‐term feeding of a highly P‐restricted diet. Increasing dietary P and reducing Ca : P ratio maintained renal markers, while improving Ca‐P balance. Cats with early CKD could benefit from moderately protein‐ and P‐restricted diets.
Illegal unregulated and unreported fishing: Methods and increasing trends in Lake Naivasha, Kenya
Authors: Morara George N. , Njiru James M. , Getabu Albert M. , Omondi Reuben , Lewo Ruth , Obegi Beatrice , Mwangata Raymond
Published: September 2021

Illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing is a negative social vice that adversely affects global capture fishery production. The inadequate disclosure of IUU methods and trends in fishery waters hampers management actions to curb illegal fishing activities. Seldom have empirical studies been conducted on IUU methods and their trends in Lake Naivasha. Therefore, this study analysed data on the fisheries monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) during 2012 to 2018 to test for the significance of trends, and compare the enforcement plans to seizures of illegal fishing gear in the lake. The IUU fishing methods included both the types of equipment and the means used to perpetrate illicit capture or acquisition of fish from the lake. The results indicate a 37% reduction of MCS enforcement patrols during 2018 compared to 2012, and a 16% to 100% upsurge in the quantity of seized IUU fishing items. Illegal fishing boats potentially threaten the fishery of Lake Naivasha with an additional fishing effort of 22% above the 176 licensed boats. An average of 10,700 fishing nets seized per year has the potential fishing intensity of 74 gillnets/km2 against an ideal intensity of 12 gillnets/km2. The frequencies of MCS patrols in Lake Naivasha exhibit no particular trends and likely ineffective in deterring the upsurge of IUU activities, or the evolution of new illegal fishing methods. An increased seizure of illegal fishing boats, outboard engines and gillnets could imply their rampant use in IUU fishing activities. These findings merit a multi‐stakeholder participatory approach to identifying the MCS weaknesses and opportunities for sharing resources to strengthen the fishery management efforts in Lake Naivasha.
Status, ecological services and management of aquatic weeds of floodplain wetlands in India: An overview
Authors: Sarkar Smritikana , Sarkar Uttam Kumar , Ali Sajina , Kumari Suman , Puthiyotti Mishal
Published: September 2021

Floodplain wetlands of India are biologically rich and productive ecosystems that support unique aquatic flora and fauna. Covering an area of about 0.354 million ha, the floodplain wetlands are a major source of self‐recruiting small indigenous fish (SIF). They offer vast potential for both capture and culture‐based fisheries, securing livelihood and nutrition for a large section of the population. In addition to tremendous anthropogenic pressures and climatic variability, these resources have experienced a significant reduction in their geographical and areal extent. Aquatic macrophytes infestation in Indian floodplain wetlands is posing serious challenges to their ecological and economic functioning. Degradation and shrinkage of these important resources have been observed over the past few decades, attributable to the spread of aquatic weed infestation, warranting urgent attention in regard to their conservation and restoration to address their impending challenges. The present study compiled a total of 530 species under 103 families of aquatic macrophyte, representing four Indian states of the Ganga and Brahmaputra river basin. Among these 530 species, 85 species exhibit medicinal values and 30 species are edible, whereas some other species are used for basketry, cordage, fodder and as dye. Accordingly, the present study reviews the present status of the floodplain wetlands, their common aquatic weeds and their ecological services. It also synthesizes the latest knowledge and discusses the challenging issues of aquatic weed management and their control measures directed to the sustainable management of the aquatic resources.
Assessing the internal devaluation policy implemented in Greece in an empirical stock‐flow consistent model
Authors: Pierros Christos
Published: September 2021

Αn empirical stock‐flow consistent model is constructed aiming to investigate the impact of the internal devaluation policy on the real GDP, the unemployment rate and the sector financial balances. The private expenditure of the aggregate private sector is affected by functional income distribution, which in turn is determined by the minimum wage and flexible employment, among other factors. The model is then applied on the Greek economy. Findings suggest that the implementation of internal devaluation fueled the destabilizing dynamics at play and hindered the export capacity of the economy through a negative effect of lackluster demand on productivity.
When I say … everyday racism
Authors: Neville Patricia
Published: September 2021

In this ‘When I say …’ article, the concept of everyday racism is defined and explained as a useful theoretical and methodological tool to evidence the numerous ways in which the climate of medical school can adversely impact the social and educational achievements of ethnic minority students.
The global prevalence of dry eye disease: A Bayesian view
Authors: Papas Eric B
Published: September 2021

Purpose

To provide estimates for the prevalence of dry eye disease globally and in sub‐groups defined by: diagnostic criterion, sex, geographic location and age, using a Bayesian approach.

Methods

Modelling prevalence as a Beta distribution, estimates were inferred from Bayesian posterior distributions obtained by combing an uninformed prior with likelihood functions generated from all relevant studies reporting dry eye prevalence between 1997 and 2021.

Results

Global prevalence of dry eye disease was estimated at 11.59% (standard deviation (SD) = 0.04). For symptomatic disease, the estimate was 9.12% (SD = 0.04), with women 9.5% (SD = 0.05) and men 6.8% (SD = 0.06); prevalence was lowest in North America, 4.6% (SD = 0.03) and highest in Africa, 47.9% (SD = 1.8). For signs, prevalence was 35.2% (SD = 0.3), with woman 34.7% (SD = 0.7) and men 37.6% (SD = 0.7); North America showed the lowest regional prevalence, 3.5%, (SD = 0.4) with Eastern Asia the highest, 42.8% (SD = 0.4). Using TFOS DEWS II diagnostic criteria resulted in a global prevalence of 29.5% (SD = 0.8), with women 28.1% (SD = 1.2) and men 24.9% (SD = 1.4). Prevalence was lowest during the fifth decade, increasing approximately linearly with age thereafter. Estimates for other categories are given in accompanying tables.

Conclusion

A simple, flexible, yet powerful means of combining data from multiple sources to yield prevalence estimates across a range of circumstances is described, that is compatible with published guidelines for conducting meta‐analysis. Estimates can be readily updated as new information emerges, or according to need. Understanding the specific characteristics of studies chosen for inclusion is critical to the validity of the outcome. Although dry eye disease is evidently common, affecting about one in 11 people world‐wide, data are sparse for the young and all geographical locations except Eastern Asia.
Photoreaction of DNA Containing 5‐Halouracil and its Products†
Authors: Tashiro Ryu , Sugiyama Hiroshi
Published: September 2021

5‐Halouracil, which is a DNA base analog in which the methyl group at the C5 position of thymine is replaced with a halogen atom, has been used in studies of DNA damage. In DNA strands, the uracil radical generated from 5‐halouracil causes DNA damage via a hydrogen‐abstraction reaction. We analyzed the photoreaction of 5‐halouracil in various DNA structures and revealed that the reaction is DNA structure‐dependent. In this review, we summarize the results of the analysis of the reactivity of 5‐halouracil in various DNA local structures. Among the 5‐halouracil molecules, 5‐bromouracil has been used as a probe in the analysis of photoinduced electron transfer through DNA. The analysis of groove‐binder/DNA and protein/DNA complexes using a 5‐bromouracil‐based electron transfer system is also described.
Effect of Hypoxia on Photosystem II of Tropical Seagrass Enhalus acoroides in the Dark
Authors: Che Xingkai , Zhang Tie , Li Hu , Zhang Litao , Liu Jianguo
Published: September 2021

Hypoxia induced by eutrophication has become an important factor threatening the survival of coastal life such as Enhalus acoroides. The purpose of the current study was to explore the effect of hypoxia on photosystem II (PSII) of E. acoroides in the dark. The results showed that long‐term dark hypoxia damages PSII activity of E. acoroides. The lower the oxygen content and the longer the hypoxic duration, the more seriously PSII was damaged and the less light‐independent recovery parts of the damaged PSII. The damage to PSII caused by hypoxia was unrelated to ROS but related to respiration, because the respiration rate decreased with the decrease of oxygen content and PSII activity decreased significantly even at a normal oxygen content after the inhibition of aerobic respiratory pathway. Hypoxia reduced energy fluxes between the antennas and the RCs, and generated many inactive RCs, which significantly reduced the electron transfer efficiency of PSII. Severe hypoxia (2.65 mg L−1 oxygen content) caused chlorophyll degradation. The study demonstrated that hypoxia damages PSII of E. acoroides and inhibits PSII recovery in the dark. We suggested that hypoxia together with other environment stressors would be the key reason for the decline of E. acoroides meadows.
Aggregation Without Interpersonal Comparisons of Well‐Being
Authors: Nebel Jacob M.
Published: September 2021

This paper is about the role of interpersonal comparisons in Harsanyi’s aggregation theorem. Harsanyi interpreted his theorem to show that a broadly utilitarian theory of distribution must be true even if there are no interpersonal comparisons of well‐being. How is this possible? The orthodox view is that it is not. Some argue that the interpersonal comparability of well‐being is hidden in Harsanyi’s premises. Others argue that it is a surprising conclusion of Harsanyi’s theorem, which is not presupposed by any one of the premises. I argue instead that Harsanyi was right: his theorem and its weighted‐utilitarian conclusion do not require interpersonal comparisons of well‐being. The key to making sense of this possibility is to treat Harsanyi’s weights as dimensional constants rather than dimensionless numbers.
Impact of Competition from Open Source Software on Proprietary Software
Authors: Zhou Zach Zhizhong , Choudhary Vidyanand
Published: September 2021

The number and impact of open source projects is increasing. We examine the impact of competition from open source software (OSS) on proprietary software providers by analyzing three cases: (i) proprietary software as a monopoly, (ii) mixed duopoly competition between proprietary software provider and OSS, and (i) duopoly competition between two proprietary software providers. We use an analytical model to capture two important features of OSS: (i) its zero licensing price and (ii) its lower usability in comparison with proprietary software. Prior studies have shown that competition from OSS causes the proprietary software provider to produce software that is both lower quality and lower priced than software offered by a monopolist. In contrast, our paper shows that these results hold under certain conditions but are not always true. We find that competition from OSS can induce the proprietary software provider to increase its software quality and price relative to those of the monopolist when the proprietary software provider's cost of enhancing software quality is moderate. Surprisingly, we also find that competition from OSS can lead to a reduction in social welfare. Whereas prior research has shown this result in the context of network effects, we show that this can occur in the absence of network effects and offer a novel explanation.
A novel therapeutic diet can significantly reduce the medication score and pruritus of dogs with atopic dermatitis during a nine‐month controlled study
Authors: Watson Adrian , Rostaher Ana , Fischer Nina M , Favrot Claude
Published: September 2021

Background

Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a common chronic relapsing pruritic skin disease for which management commonly relies on life‐long use of immunomodulatory drugs. A number of the medications used are associated with adverse effects and the potential for complications during long‐term use.

Hypothesis

The goal of the study was to determine if a complete and balanced diet formulated for therapeutic benefit could contribute towards management of cAD. We hypothesised that the diet would reduce pruritus while also reducing the requirement for medication during the study period.

Animals, materials and methods

Forty privately owned dogs, having undergone a comprehensive diagnosis for cAD, were randomly allocated to two groups, each group being fed one of two diets (test or control) for up to nine months. We assessed pruritus, Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index‐(4th iteration) and medication score, the latter reflecting the medication required to maintain a satisfactory quality of life for the animal.

Results

Both diets were well‐accepted and ‐tolerated. There was a significant improvement in the pruritus score after three months of feeding the therapeutic diet (P = 0.0001). No such improvement was observed at any time point in the group of dogs given the control diet. There was a reduced drug requirement for dogs receiving the therapeutic diet after three months (P = 0.058), and that decrease was significant at six months (P = 0.021) and nine months (P = 0.018). No improvement was seen at any time point in the control group.

Conclusion

The results suggest that a novel therapeutic diet can assist in the management of cAD by helping to control pruritus and reducing reliance on medication.
Evaluation of the clinical value of routine radiographic examination during convalescence for tibial plateau‐leveling osteotomy
Authors: Olivencia‐Morell Pedro J. , Frederick Steven W. , Forbes Jessica N. , Cross Alan R.
Published: September 2021

Objective

To determine how frequently routine follow‐up radiographic findings would result in a change to the postoperative plan following tibial plateau‐leveling osteotomy (TPLO) in dogs.

Study design

Retrospective study

Sample population

Short‐term group: 100 cases; intermediate‐term group: 50 cases.

Methods

Medical records of 100 consecutive cases meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed (the short‐term group). The cases had no owner‐perceived issues and underwent routinely prescribed radiographic follow up between 40 and 60 postoperative days after TPLO performed by one experienced surgeon. Complications identified on physical examination (PE) and radiographic examination (RE) were recorded, along with any changes to the postoperative plan. Medical records of 50 consecutive cases that had short‐term and intermediate‐term (≥180 days) REs and PEs were reviewed similarly (intermediate‐term group).

Results

Fifty‐one cases in the short‐term group had no complications on PE or RE. Forty‐nine dogs were diagnosed with minor complications (patellar ligament desmitis, patella or fibula fracture, gait abnormalities): 42 on RE only; 6 on PE and RE; 1 on PE only. Exercise restriction was extended for 2 weeks in 2 cases with radiographic patellar ligament desmitis. Two cases in the intermediate‐term group had minor complications at intermediate‐term RE. No new PE or RE complications developed between short‐term and intermediate‐term evaluations.

Conclusion

At routine rechecks of dogs with no owner‐perceived issues after TPLO, 49% had minor complications but only 2% were deemed significant enough to alter patient management. The likelihood of new radiographic complications developing after short‐term evaluation is low.

Clinical significance

Routine radiographic recheck examinations rarely altered the postoperative plan in TPLO cases with unremarkable clinical recoveries.
Back Matter
Authors: Becht Charles
Published: September 2021

This back matter contains the Appendix I, Appendix II, Appendix III, Appendix IV, Appendix V, References and Index.
Nonmetallic Piping
Authors: Becht Charles
Published: September 2021

The rules for nonmetallic piping and piping lined with nonmetals are given in Chapter VII of ASME B31.3. The paragraphs in that chapter follow the same numbering as the base Code, Chapters I through VII, but start with the letter A. If requirements located elsewhere in the Code apply to these piping systems, they are referenced by a paragraph in Chapter VII.
Category M Piping
Authors: Becht Charles
Published: September 2021

The rules in Chapter VIII of ASME B31.3 are used when the owner designates a piping system to be in Category M Fluid Service. The owner is guided in the classification for the piping system by the definition of Category M Fluid Service in Chapter I of ASME B31.3. This definition is the Code rule relative to classification. A guide to the application of these rules is provided in ASME B31.3, Appendix M, which contains a flow chart to assist the owner in classifying fluid services.
Bellows Expansion Joints
Authors: Becht Charles
Published: September 2021

Prior to 1988, coverage of metallic bellows expansion joints in ASME B31.3 was very limited. Bellows were required to be designed in accordance with the rules for pressure design of unlisted components (par. 304.7.2) and the Standards of the Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association, Inc. (EJMA Standards). Appendix X was added in 1988, and has undergone several significant revisions in subsequent years. It provides specific Code coverage for metallic bellows expansion joints by adopting, with exceptions and additions, a widely used industry standard for expansion joints, the EJMA Standards.
Piston Aeroengines
Authors: Kollmann Karl , Douglas Calum E. , Gülen S. Can
Published: September 2021

There were a number of aircraft and engine manufacturers active in Germany in 1930s and 1940s. Some were quite well known, e.g., Messerschmitt (former Bayerische Flugzeugwerke), Focke-Wulf, Junkers, Dornier, etc. Some others were rather obscure, e.g., Hamburger Flugzeugbau, Klemmflugzeugbau, etc. The Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) had a rather convoluted designation system (they thought that it was an improvement over the older one, of course) to provide a (supposedly) simple and unambiguous identification of every German civilian and military aircraft and its corresponding airframe design. Manufacturers were represented by two letters: the first letter in upper case, the second usually in lower case. A selection of the most famous ones is listed in Table 12-1. It should be noted that a mass-production model by a certain manufacturer, say, Messerschmitt Bf 109, were manufactured in the factories of other manufacturers (e.g., Fieseler or Gotha) under license. This system was under the control of the RLM (later in the war, starting in early 1944, under the supervision of the Armament Ministry – see below).
The Pilots
Authors: Kollmann Karl , Douglas Calum E. , Gülen S. Can
Published: September 2021

The engines discussed in this book were deployed in legendary combat aircraft, which were flown by the best pilots that the world has ever seen. In order to reach the ‘ace’ status, a combat pilot has to score five (5) confirmed (not claimed) aerial victories1. A full victory required total loss of the enemy aircraft (not ‘killing’ the pilot, by the way; that is why the correct term is ‘victories’ and not ‘kills’ as in some references). In some cases, a single victory was claimed by two pilots simultaneously, i.e., the two of them contributed to the loss of the enemy aircraft. In that case, each was awarded by a half (0.5) victory (except the Luftwaffe).
Coupled numerical simulations of the structure and acoustics of a violin body
Authors: Yokoyama Masao
Published: September 2021

This study is aimed at predicting the characteristics of vibration and sound radiation of violins and understanding the relationships among the properties of its wood, vibration, and sound radiation. Numerical simulations of the vibration mode of a violin body are performed, and the sound radiated by it are analyzed using the finite element method. The geometry of a real violin is scanned using a micro-computed tomography scanner, and the orthotropic properties of spruce and maple, such as Young's modulus, rigidity modulus, and Poisson's ratio, are set as the parameters of the numerical simulation. The main vibration modes, such as A0 and center bout rotation, and the acoustic pressure level around the violin body are calculated. This paper describes the influence of the density and longitudinal stiffness on the eigenfrequencies and sound radiation.
Associations of Vigorous Gardening With Cardiometabolic Risk Markers for Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Authors: Kingsley Jonathan , Hadgraft Nyssa , Owen Neville , Sugiyama Takemi , Dunstan David W. , Chandrabose Manoj
Published: September 2021

This study investigates the associations of vigorous-intensity gardening time with cardiometabolic health risk markers. This cross-sectional study (AusDiab) analyzed 2011–2012 data of 3,664 adults (55% women, mean [range], age = 59.3 [34–94] years) in Australia. Multiple linear regression models examined associations of time spent participating in vigorous gardening (0, <150 min/week, ≥150 min/week) with a clustered cardiometabolic risk (CMR) score and its components, for the whole sample and stratified by age and gender. Of participants, 61% did no vigorous gardening, 23% reported <150 min/week, and 16% reported ≥150 min/week. In the whole sample, spending ≥150 min/week in vigorous gardening was associated with lower CMR (lower CMR score, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, and triglycerides) compared with no vigorous gardening. Stratified analyses suggested that these associations were almost exclusively observed for older adults and women. These findings suggest the public health potential of vigorous-intensity gardening in reducing CMR.
Gepotidacin Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics against Escherichia coli in the One-Compartment and Hollow-Fiber
In Vitro
Infection Model Systems
Authors: VanScoy Brian D. , Lakota Elizabeth A. , Conde Haley , Fikes Steven , Bhavnani Sujata M. , Elefante Philippa B. , Scangarella-Oman Nicole E. , Ambrose Paul G.
Published: September 2021

Gepotidacin is a novel, first-in-class triazaacenaphthylene antibiotic that inhibits bacterial DNA replication by a distinct mechanism of action with an
in vitro
spectrum of activity that includes
Escherichia coli
. Our objectives here were the following: (i) to identify the pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) index associated with efficacy for gepotidacin against
E. coli
; (ii) to determine the magnitude of the above-described PK-PD index associated with various bacterial reduction endpoints for
E. coli
; and (iii) to characterize the relationship between gepotidacin exposure and on-therapy
E. coli
resistance amplification.
Heightened Virulence of
Yersinia
Is Associated with Decreased Function of the YopJ Protein
Authors: Mares Chris A. , Lugo Fernando P. , Albataineh Mohammad , Goins Beth A. , Newton Irene G. , Isberg Ralph R. , Bergman Molly A.
Published: September 2021

Despite the maintenance of YopP/J alleles throughout the human-pathogenic
Yersinia
lineage, the benefit of YopP/J-induced phagocyte death for
Yersinia
pathogenesis in animals is not obvious. To determine how the sequence divergence of YopP/J has impacted
Yersinia
virulence, we examined protein polymorphisms in this type III secreted effector protein across 17
Yersinia
species and tested the consequences of polymorphism in a murine model of subacute systemic yersiniosis.
An AraC/XylS Family Transcriptional Regulator Modulates the Oxidative Stress Response of Francisella tularensis
Authors: Marghani Dina , Ma Zhuo , Centone Anthony J. , Huang Weihua , Malik Meenakshi , Bakshi Chandra Shekhar
Published: September 2021

The virulence mechanisms of category A select agent
Francisella tularensis
, the causative agent of a fatal human disease known as tularemia, remain largely undefined. The present study investigated the role of a transcriptional regulator and its overall contribution to the oxidative stress resistance of
F. tularensis
.
Supplemental Material: Jurassic–Cenozoic tectonics of the Pequop Mountains, NE Nevada, in the North American Cordillera hinterland
Authors: Zuza A.V. , al. et
Published: September 2021

Supplemental Text: Supplemental figures (i.e., structural data and topographic profile across Pleistocene fault) and argon domain diffusion (MDD) modeling methods and data table. Tables S1 and S2: Argon data. Table S3: Apatite fission-track (AFT) data. Table S4: Zircon data.
Supplemental Material: Detrital geochronology and lithologic signatures of Weddell Sea Embayment ice streams, Antarctica—Implications for subglacial geology and ice sheet history
Authors: Agrios Liana Marie , Licht Kathy J. , al. et
Published: September 2021

Description of rock samples chosen for U-Pb analysis, along with U-Pb and Ar-Ar data tables.
Unusual presentation of granular cell tumour of buccal mucosa
Authors: Toh Zhi Yon Charles , Cooper Thomas , Jessri Maryam , Chang Frank S-C
Published: September 2021

Granular cell tumour (GCT) is a rare soft tissue lesion which many consider to have malignant potential of yet unknown aetiopathogenesis. Oral GCT lesions may occur in an area of leucoplakia and are predominantly present on the tongue. This case study highlights an uncommon presentation of this condition located on the buccal mucosa and illustrates the need for meticulous evaluation of suspicious lesions. Due to the malignant risk associated with GCT lesions, it is important to make the correct diagnosis and ensure complete surgical excision for these cases. Ongoing long-term follow-up is also indicated to monitor for recurrence or malignancy.
Bilateral corneal endothelial failure following COVID-19 pneumonia
Authors: Jiang Li , Yang Yit , Gandhewar Jaishree
Published: September 2021

We describe a patient who developed acute bilateral corneal decompensation following COVID-19 pneumonia and prolonged intensive care unit ventilation. SARS-CoV-2 uses human ACE2 as the receptor for entry with subsequent downregulation of ACE2. ACE2 receptors are found in human ocular surface cells including cornea. Mouse models of ACE2 deficiency result in corneal haze, oedema and ocular surface inflammation due to upregulation of the inflammatory cascades. We therefore hypothesise that the cause of this patient’s corneal decompensation was viral endotheliitis due to direct infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.