bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protective effect of conditioner agents on hair treated with oxidative hair dye
Authors: da Gama Robson M , França‐Stefoni Simone A , Sá‐Dias Tânia C , Bedin Valcinir , Baby André R , Velasco Maria Valéria R
Published: January 2018

Background

Hair coloring is broadly used by women and men either to change their natural hair color or to delay the onset of gray hair. Oxidative dyes may damage the hair, as chemical and physical processes are required to convert the fiber structure and, consequently, alterations in its mechanical and surface properties.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of silanetriol (and) Panthenol, PEG‐12 dimethicone, and hydrolyzed silk (and) hydrolyzed milk protein (and) lactose as conditioner agents on hair treated with oxidative hair dye by protein loss, combability, and breaking strength.

Methods

In this research, we analyzed the untreated hair (sample I) and the effect of oxidative hair dye emulsions, with or without conditioner agents (sample II) silanetriol (and) Panthenol (sample III), PEG‐12 dimethicone (sample IV), and hydrolyzed silk (and) hydrolyzed milk protein (and) lactose (sample V) on Caucasian hair. The hair samples were submitted to protein loss quantification, breaking strength, and combing analysis.

Results

For protein loss, the results were: IIa = Va > IVb > IIIc > Id. For the breaking strength: Ie = IIe = IIIe = IVe = Ve. For the combing analysis for wet and dry hair, the results were, respectively: IIa > IIIb = IVb > Vc > Id and IIA > IIIb = Vb > IV c= Ic. Data classified by different letters presented statistically significant alterations, α = 5, P ≤ . 05, n = 15.

Conclusions

Based on these results, the incorporation of conditioner agents into emulsion blond color decreased the damage caused by the coloring process.
Prevention of pressure ulcers in patients undergoing subacute rehabilitation after severe brain injury: An observational study
Authors: Sachs Marianne Brostrup , Wolffbrandt Mia Moth , Poulsen Ingrid
Published: January 2018

Aims and objectives

To uncover efforts made by healthcare professionals to prevent pressure ulcers in patients with severe brain injury undergoing treatment at a subacute rehabilitation department.

Background

Pressure ulcers are a major burden for patients and also generate considerable healthcare costs. Pressure ulcers are, nevertheless, prevalent in both secondary care and primary care.

Design

In this qualitative study, we performed 24‐hour observation on four patients undergoing rehabilitation for severe brain injury. An observation guide was developed inspired by the Braden Scale and Spradley's theory and methods. Observations were analysed using content analysis. Patricia Benner's aspects of clinical grasp were employed in the interpretation of the observations.

Findings

One overarching theme was identified: “Professionalism expressed by preventing intervention, involving the patient, employing clinical grasp and professional pride.” Seven subcategories were summed up into the following three categories: organisation of clinical practice, professional assessment and interactions with the patient.

Conclusion

The healthcare professionals’ actions to prevent pressure ulcers consisted of attaining the necessary knowledge about pressure ulcer care and performing the activities. However, our observations revealed one important additional aspect: a very distinct impression that the healthcare professionals were committed to learning about the patients’ former life and actively used this knowledge in their planning and provision of daily patient care. We believe this commitment has a very positive effect on prevention of pressure ulcers.

Relevance to clinical practice

Professional knowledge about prevention of pressure ulcer is a necessary requisite, but is not sufficient to ensure effective treatment. To transfer knowledge into practice, we recommend that patients’ rehabilitation days be planned in such a manner that activities, mobilisation and training are conducted throughout the day and evening. We also recommend that professional staff are encouraged to seek information about the former life of patients with severe brain injury.
Bilateral tubo‐ovarian abscesses presenting with huge pelvic mass after repeated intrauterine inseminations in a woman with severe endometriosis
Authors: Vichinsartvichai Patsama
Published: January 2018

A 32‐year‐old woman consulted for an evaluation of pelvic pain following intrauterine insemination (IUI). Vaginal and abdominal sonography, septic workup were performed and laparoscopic surgery was scheduled after failure to respond to a course of antibiotics. During laparoscopic surgery, bilateral tubo‐ovarian abscesses arising on the endometriotic cysts of both ovaries were identified with a vast amount of brownish peritoneal fluid under the adhesion of the greater omentum. Bilateral ovarian cystectomy, right salpingectomy and lysis adhesion were performed. Pathologic organisms were not detected in any of the specimen cultures. Pelvic infection is an uncommon complication following IUI. Endometriosis might be a risk factor predisposing the pelvic organ to be susceptible to such infection. Performing IUI in a patient with endometriosis should be done with great vigilance.
Uncovering the potential of CD44v/SYNE1/miR34a axis in salivary fluids of oral cancer patients
Authors: Shah Kavan , Patel Shanaya , Modi Bansri , Shah Franky , Rawal Rakesh
Published: January 2018

Objectives

Late‐stage diagnosis is one of the major confounders for poor prognosis of patients with oral cancer owing to lack of a biomarker to diagnose this disease at an early stage. Moreover, till date, invasive biopsies are the only option to assess disease occurrence and progression in this malignancy. Thus, this study aims to identify and assess potential salivary markers in OSCC patients in order to open newer avenues in the field of non‐invasive biopsies.

Methodology

Bioinformatic‐based analysis was performed to identify potential biomarkers that could be assessed in OSCC patients. The expression patterns of CD44v and its genetic and epigenetic modulators were assessed in saliva of OSCC patients, leukoplakia, and controls using real‐time and methylation‐specific PCR. Statistical analysis was conducted to understand the significance of these markers in terms of their clinical relevance.

Results

CD44v/SYNE1/miR34a axis was identified using bioinformatic analysis, and the expression profile of these markers was assessed in saliva of OSCC patients. CD44v6 and CD44v10 demonstrated a significantly increased expression, whereas SYNE1 and miR34a depicted a significantly decreased expression in OSCC patients. Statistical analysis suggested a probable role of CD44v6, SYNE1, and miR34a in early stages of the malignancy, whereas a strong association was observed between CD44v6, CD44v10, and miR34a expression with locoregional aggressiveness and histopathological conditions.

Conclusion

Collectively, these findings suggested a plausible role of CD44v/SYNE1/miR34a axis as non‐invasive salivary biomarkers to diagnose this disease at an early stage and predict the early onset of metastasis.
Is it really “all in their heads”? How self‐esteem predicts partner responsiveness
Authors: Cortes Kassandra , Wood Joanne V.
Published: January 2018

Objective

Having a responsive partner is important for the well‐being of relationships. Unfortunately, people with low self‐esteem (LSEs) perceive their partners to be less responsive than do people with high self‐esteem (HSEs). Although the common assumption has been that LSEs' negative partner perceptions are “all in their heads”—a reflection of their negative self‐projection—we argue that LSEs' views of lower partner responsiveness are, in fact, warranted.

Method

Across two studies (NStudy1 = 122 couples, Mage = 22.28, 50% female; NStudy2 = 73 couples, Mage = 19.96, 51% female), we examined LSEs' and HSEs' perceptions of their partners' responsiveness to their negative self‐disclosures, comparing them with partners' reports (Study 1) and ratings from objective coders following a negative experience created in the lab (Study 2).

Results

Consistent with our hypothesis, partners of LSEs were less responsive than partners of HSEs to disclosers' negative self‐disclosures, as rated by disclosers, listeners, and objective observers. Study 3 (N = 99, Mage = 33.19, 54% female) explored possible mechanisms behind these self‐esteem differences.

Conclusions

The finding that partners of LSEs (vs. HSEs) are less responsive may contribute to LSEs' poorer relationships.
Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of Ptilophora (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) with descriptions of P. aureolusa, P. malagasya, and P. spongiophila from Madagascar
Authors: Boo Ga Hun , Gall Line Le , Hwang Il Ki , Miller Kathy Ann , Boo Sung Min
Published: January 2018

The genus Ptilophora currently includes 16 species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats of the Indo‐Pacific Ocean, but its global diversity and biogeography are poorly understood. We analyzed mitochondrial cox1, plastid rbcL and plastid psbA sequences from specimens collected in southern Madagascar during the 2010 Atimo Vatae expedition and studied their morphologies. Both morphological and molecular data sets demonstrated the presence of five species in southern Madagascar: Ptilophora hildebrandtii, P. pterocladioides, and three new species described here, P. aureolusa, P. malagasya, and P. spongiophila. Ptilophora aureolusa is distinguished by its compound pinnae with uniformly spaced pinnules. Ptilophora malagasya has an indistinct midrib and irregularly spaced pinnules. Ptilophora spongiophila, heavily coated with sponges, has cylindrical to flattened main axes, lateral and surface proliferations, and spatulate tetrasporangial sori. The species of Ptilophora found in Madagascar are endemic, except P. hildebrandtii, which also occurs in eastern Africa. Ptilophora comprises four phylogenetic groups that map to eastern Australia, Japan, western Australia/Southeast Asia/Madagascar/eastern Africa, and Madagascar/eastern Africa/Aegean Sea. Biogeographical analysis revealed that the ancestor of Ptilophora originated in Australia, but most of the species radiated from Madagascar.
Integrating Bayesian genomic cline analyses and association mapping of morphological and ecological traits to dissect reproductive isolation and introgression in a Louisiana Iris hybrid zone
Authors: Sung Cheng‐Jung , Bell Katherine L. , Nice Chris C. , Martin Noland H.
Published: January 2018

Hybrid zones provide unique opportunities to examine reproductive isolation and introgression in nature. We utilized 45,384 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci to perform association mapping of 14 floral, vegetative and ecological traits that differ betweenIris hexagonaandIris fulva,and to investigate, using a Bayesian genomic cline (BGC) framework, patterns of genomic introgression in a large and phenotypically diverse hybrid zone in southern Louisiana. Many loci of small effect size were consistently found to be associated with phenotypic variation across all traits, and several individual loci were revealed to influence phenotypic variation across multiple traits. Patterns of genomic introgression were quite heterogeneous throughout the Louisiana Iris genome, withI. hexagonaalleles tending to be favoured over those ofI. fulva. Loci that were found to have exceptional patterns of introgression were also found to be significantly associated with phenotypic variation in a small number of morphological traits. However, this was the exception rather than the rule, as most loci that were associated with morphological trait variation were not significantly associated with excess ancestry. These findings provide insights into the complexity of the genomic architecture of phenotypic differences and are a first step towards identifying loci that are associated with both trait variation and reproductive isolation in nature.
Transcriptomics in the wild: Hibernation physiology in free‐ranging dwarf lemurs
Authors: Faherty Sheena L. , Villanueva‐Cañas José Luis , Blanco Marina B. , Albà M. Mar , Yoder Anne D.
Published: January 2018

Hibernation is an adaptive strategy some mammals use to survive highly seasonal or unpredictable environments. We present the first investigation on the transcriptomics of hibernation in a natural population of primate hibernators: Crossley's dwarf lemurs (Cheirogaleus crossleyi). Using capture–mark–recapture techniques to track the same animals over a period of 7 months in Madagascar, we used RNA‐seq to compare gene expression profiles in white adipose tissue (WAT) during three distinct physiological states. We focus on pathway analysis to assess the biological significance of transcriptional changes in dwarf lemur WAT and, by comparing and contrasting what is known in other model hibernating species, contribute to a broader understanding of genomic contributions of hibernation across Mammalia. The hibernation signature is characterized by a suppression of lipid biosynthesis, pyruvate metabolism and mitochondrial‐associated functions, and an accumulation of transcripts encoding ribosomal components and iron‐storage proteins. The data support a key role of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme 4 (PDK4) in regulating the shift in fuel economy during periods of severe food deprivation. This pattern of PDK4 holds true across representative hibernating species from disparate mammalian groups, suggesting that the genetic underpinnings of hibernation may be ancestral to mammals.
Consequences of multiple mating‐system shifts for population and range‐wide genetic structure in a coastal dune plant
Authors: López‐Villalobos A. , Eckert C. G.
Published: January 2018

Evolutionary transitions from outcrossing to selfing can strongly affect the genetic diversity and structure of species at multiple spatial scales. We investigated the genetic consequences of mating‐system shifts in the North American, Pacific coast dune endemic plantCamissoniopsis cheiranthifolia(Onagraceae) by assaying variation at 13 nuclear (n) and six chloroplast (cp) microsatellite (SSR) loci for 38 populations across the species range. As predicted from the expected reduction in effective population size (Ne) caused by selfing, small‐flowered, predominantly selfing (SF) populations had much lowernSSRdiversity (but not cpSSR) than large‐flowered, predominantly outcrossing (LF) populations. The reduction innSSRdiversity was greater than expected from the effects of selfing onNealone, but could not be accounted for by indirect effects of selfing on population density. Although selfing should reduce gene flow,SFpopulations were not more genetically differentiated thanLFpopulations. We detected five clusters ofnSSRgenotypes and three groups of cpSSRhaplotypes across the species range consisting of parapatric groups of populations that usually (but not always) differed in mating system, suggesting that selfing may often initiate ecogeographic isolation. However, lineage‐wide genetic variation was not lower for selfing clusters, failing to support the hypothesis that selection for reproductive assurance spurred the evolution of selfing in this species. Within three populations whereLFandSFplants coexist, we detected genetic differentiation among diverged floral phenotypes suggesting that reproductive isolation (probably postzygotic) may help maintain the striking mating‐system differentiation observed across the range of this species.
A new defence of doxasticism about delusions: The cognitive phenomenological defence
Authors: Clutton Peter
Published: January 2018

Clinicians and cognitive scientists typically conceive of delusions asdoxastic—they view delusions as beliefs. But some philosophers have countered with anti‐doxastic objections: delusions cannot be beliefs because they fail the necessary conditions of belief. A common response involves meeting these objections on their own terms by accepting necessary conditions on belief but trying to blunt their force. I take a different approach by invoking a cognitive‐phenomenal view of belief and jettisoning the rational/behavioural conditions. On this view, the anti‐doxastic claims can be rejected outright, and doxasticism can be defended. I call this the cognitive phenomenological defence of doxasticism.
Development and feasibility of Mandarin‐language bone health scales for adolescents with cancer in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Wei‐Wen , Liu Chieh‐Yu , Jou Shiann‐Tarng , Hung Giun‐Yi , Liang Shu‐Yuan
Published: January 2018

Cancer during adolescence increases the risk for bone mass deficiency later in life. Adolescents with cancer must learn to improve their bone health to avoid osteoporosis. In the present cross‐sectional study, we developed and tested scales to assess the bone health self‐efficacy and beliefs of adolescents with cancer in Taiwan. Test development followed three stages: item generation and scale formatting, examination of content validity, and validation of psychometric properties with a sample of 100 adolescents with cancer. Through the validation process, this research generated the seven‐item Bone Health Self‐Efficacy Scale and the 13‐item Bone Health Belief Scale. Multiple indices demonstrated construct validity. Cronbach's alphas (0.809 and 0.705) demonstrated internal consistency. No items caused a drop in Cronbach's alpha of 10%, all inter‐item correlations were <0.800, and the factor loadings for all items reached 0.400, demonstrating item appropriateness. The present study provides initial evidence of the scales’ accessibility and feasibility for adolescents with cancer who speak Mandarin. These scales might also help clinical nurses evaluate the effectiveness of bone health education provided to adolescents with cancer.
A basis for customising perimetric locations within the macula in glaucoma
Authors: Alluwimi Muhammed S. , Swanson William H. , Malinovsky Victor E. , King Brett J.
Published: January 2018

Purpose

It has been recognised that the 24‐2 grid used for perimetry may poorly sample the macula, which has been recently identified as a critical region for diagnosing and managing patients with glaucoma. We compared data derived from patients and controls to investigate the efficacy of a basis for customising perimetric locations within the macula, guided by en face images of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) bundles.

Methods

We used SD‐OCT en face montages (www.heidelbergengineering.com) of the RNFL in 10 patients with glaucoma (ages 56–80 years, median 67.5 years) and 30 age‐similar controls (ages 47–77, median 58). These patients were selected because of either the absence of perimetric defect while glaucomatous damage to the RNFL bundles was observed, or because of perimetric defect that did not reflect the extent and locations of the glaucomatous damage that appeared in the RNFL images. We used a customised blob stimulus for perimetric testing (a Gaussian blob with 0.25° standard deviation) at 10‐2 grid locations, to assess the correspondence between perimetric defects and damaged RNFL bundles observed on en face images and perimetric defects. Data from the age‐similar controls were used to compute total deviation (TD) and pattern deviation (PD) values at each location; a perimetric defect for a location was defined as a TD or PD value of −0.5 log unit or deeper. A McNemar's test was used to compare the proportions of locations with perimetric defects that fell outside the damaged RNFL bundles, with and without accounting for displacement of ganglion cell bodies.

Results

All patients but one had perimetric defects that were consistent with the patterns of damaged RNFL bundles observed on the en face images. We found six abnormal perimetric locations of 2040 tested in controls and 132 abnormal perimetric locations of 680 tested in patients. The proportions of abnormal locations that fell outside the damaged RNFL bundles, with and without accounting for displacement of the ganglion cell bodies were 0.08 and 0.07, respectively. The difference between the two proportions did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.5 for a one‐tailed test).

Conclusions

We demonstrated that it is effective to customise perimetric locations within the macula, guided by en face images of the RNFL bundles. The perimetric losses found with a 10‐2 grid demonstrated similar patterns as the damaged RNFL bundles observed on the en face images.
Solar UV light regulates flavonoid metabolism in apple (Malus x domestica)
Authors: Henry‐Kirk Rebecca A. , Plunkett Blue , Hall Miriam , McGhie Tony , Allan Andrew C. , Wargent Jason J. , Espley Richard V.
Published: January 2018

Ultraviolet‐B light (UV‐B) is one environmental signal perceived by plants that affects the flavonoid pathway and influences the levels of anthocyanins, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins. To understand the mechanisms underlying UV exposure, apple trees were grown under spectral filters that altered transmission of solar UV light. Fruit analysis showed that UV induced changes in physiology, metabolism, and gene expression levels during development over a season. These changes were sustained after storage. Under low UV, ripening was delayed, fruit size decreased, and anthocyanin and flavonols were reduced. Expression analysis showed changes in response to UV light levels for genes in the regulation and biosynthesis of anthocyanin and flavonols. Transcription of flavonol synthase (FLS), ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), MYB10, and MYB22 were down‐regulated throughout fruit development under reduced UV. Functional testing showed that the FLS promoter was activated by HY5, and this response was enhanced by the presence of MYB22. The MYB22 promoter can also be activated by the anthocyanin regulator, MYB10. As ambient levels of UV light vary around the globe, this study has implications for future crop production, the quality of which can be determined by the response to UV.
Activation of seminal root primordia during wheat domestication reveals underlying mechanisms of plant resilience
Authors: Golan Guy , Hendel Elisha , Méndez Espitia Gabriel E. , Schwartz Nimrod , Peleg Zvi
Published: January 2018

Seminal roots constitute the initial wheat root system and provide the main route for water absorption during early stages of development. Seminal root number (SRN) varies among species. However, the mechanisms through which SRN is controlled and in turn contribute to environmental adaptation are poorly understood. Here, we show that SRN increased upon wheat domestication from 3 to 5 due to the activation of 2 root primordia that are suppressed in wild wheat, a trait controlled by loci expressed in the germinating embryo. Suppression of root primordia did not limit water uptake, indicating that 3 seminal roots is adequate to maintain growth during seedling development. The persistence of roots at their primordial state promoted seedling recovery from water stress through reactivation of suppressed primordia upon rehydration. Our findings suggest that under well‐watered conditions, SRN is not a limiting factor, and excessive number of roots may be costly and maladaptive. Following water stress, lack of substantial root system suppresses growth and rapid recovery of the root system is essential for seedling recovery. This study underscores SRN as key adaptive trait that was reshaped upon domestication. The maintenance of roots at their primordial state during seedling development may be regarded as seedling protective mechanism against water stress.
Pityriasis lichenoides: Long‐term follow‐up study
Authors: Zang Julie B. , Coates Sarah J. , Huang Jing , Vonderheid Eric C. , Cohen Bernard A.
Published: January 2018

Background/Objectives

Pityriasis lichenoides is an uncommon papulosquamous disorder of unknown etiology. The objective of this study was to review the clinical features and treatment responses of individuals with pityriasis lichenoides seen at a tertiary referral center.

Methods

Seventy‐five patients diagnosed with pityriasis lichenoides between 1997 and 2013 were reviewed, and 46 had long‐term follow‐up via telephone interviews.

Results

Fifty (67%) patients were diagnosed with pityriasis lichenoides chronica, 22 (29%) with pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta, and 3 (4%) with mixed pityriasis lichenoides chronica and pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta features. Mean ± standard deviation age at onset was 12 ± 13 years (median 8 years). Disease duration was significantly shorter for patients with pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (35 ± 35 months) than for those with pityriasis lichenoides chronica (at least 78 ± 48 months). At long‐term follow‐up, 23 of 28 (82%) patients with pityriasis lichenoides chronica and 3 of 16 (19%) with pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta had active disease. None progressed to lymphomatoid papulosis or cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Ten of 23 active pityriasis lichenoides chronica cases had residual pigmentary change independent of race and lasted at least 35 ± 20 months. The most effective treatments were phototherapy (47% response rate), heliotherapy (33%), topical corticosteroids (27%), and antibiotics (25%).

Conclusion

Pityriasis lichenoides is a predominantly pediatric disorder. The time course of pityriasis lichenoides chronica is significantly longer than that of pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta. Pityriasis lichenoides chronica may persist with pigmentary alterations in the absence of other signs of active inflammation. Treatment response is often limited, particularly for patients with pityriasis lichenoides chronica.
Mood changes with methotrexate therapy for dermatologic disease
Authors: Bhat Trisha , Coughlin Carrie C.
Published: January 2018

Neurotoxicity and cognitive effects of low‐dose methotrexate for rheumatologic disease have often been described, but the neuropsychiatric effects of low‐dose methotrexate for cutaneous disease have been underreported in the dermatology literature. We describe two children who experienced mood changes with methotrexate treatment for lichen sclerosus with morphea overlap and psoriasis, with rapid resolution of these symptoms after methotrexate cessation. We also detail possible mechanisms underlying psychiatric changes with methotrexate therapy.
E‐cigarettes unlikely to raise significant health concerns in airways disease – Reply
Authors: Peters Matthew J.
Published: January 2018

See Letter
The Use of a Three-LevelM-Quantile Model to Map Poverty at Local Administrative Unit 1 in Poland
Authors: Marchetti Stefano , Beręsewicz Maciej , Salvati Nicola , Szymkowiak Marcin , Wawrowski Łukasz
Published: January 2018

A three-level M-quantile model for small area estimation is proposed. The methodology represents an efficient alternative to prediction by using a three-level linear mixed model in the presence of outliers and it is based on an extension of M-quantile regression. A modified method of the traditional M-quantile (two-level) approach for poverty estimation is also proposed. In addition, an estimator of the mean-squared prediction error is described, which is based on a bootstrap procedure. The methodology proposed, as well as the three-level empirical best predictor, are applied to Polish European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions and census data to estimate poverty at local administrative unit 1 level in Poland, i.e. the level for which the Central Statistical Office of Poland has not published any official estimates to date.
WD40‐REPEAT 5a represses root meristem growth by suppressing auxin synthesis through changes of nitric oxide accumulation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Liu Wen‐Cheng , Zheng Si‐Qiu , Yu Zhen‐Dong , Gao Xiang , Shen Ran , Lu Ying‐Tang
Published: January 2018

Although nitric oxide (NO) is known to regulate root growth, the factor(s) modulating NO during this process have not yet been elucidated. Here, we identified Arabidopsis WD40‐REPEAT 5a (WDR5a) as a novel factor that functions in root growth by modulating NO accumulation. The wdr5a‐1 mutant accumulated less NO and produced longer roots than the wild type, whereas the WDR5a overexpression lines had the opposite phenotype. The role of NO was further supported by our observation that the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and the NO scavenger 2‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide (cPTIO) rescued the root meristem growth phenotypes of the wdr5a‐1 and WDR5a overexpression lines, respectively. The regulation of root growth by WDR5a was found to involve auxin because the auxin levels were similar in SNP‐treated wdr5a‐1 and wild‐type roots, but higher in untreated wdr5a‐1 roots than in wild‐type roots. In addition, the wdr5a‐1 mutant had higher production and activity levels of the auxin biosynthetic enzyme TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS1 (TAA1), in contrast to its reduced expression and activity in the WDR5a overexpression lines, and the increased root meristem growth in wdr5a‐1 was suppressed by treatment with l‐kynurenine, which inhibits TAA1, as well as by mutating TAA1. WDR5a therefore functions in root meristem growth by maintaining NO homeostasis, and thus TAA1‐mediated auxin biosynthesis.
Transcriptome‐based analyses of phosphite‐mediated suppression of rust pathogens Puccinia emaculata and Phakopsora pachyrhizi and functional characterization of selected fungal target genes
Authors: Gill Upinder S. , Sun Liang , Rustgi Sachin , Tang Yuhong , von Wettstein Diter , Mysore Kirankumar S.
Published: January 2018

Phosphite (Phi) is used commercially to manage diseases mainly caused by oomycetes, primarily due to its low cost compared with other fungicides and its persistent control of oomycetous pathogens. We explored the use of Phi in controlling the fungal pathogens Puccinia emaculata and Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agents of switchgrass rust and Asian soybean rust, respectively. Phi primes host defenses and efficiently inhibits the growth of P. emaculata, P. pachyrhizi and several other fungal pathogens tested. To understand these Phi‐mediated effects, a detailed molecular analysis was undertaken in both the host and the pathogen. Transcriptomic studies in switchgrass revealed that Phi activates plant defense signaling as early as 1 h after application by increasing the expression of several cytoplasmic and membrane receptor‐like kinases and defense‐related genes within 24 h of application. Unlike in oomycetes, RNA sequencing of P. emaculata and P. pachyrhizi did not exhibit Phi‐mediated retardation of cell wall biosynthesis. The genes with reduced expression in either or both rust fungi belonged to functional categories such as ribosomal protein, actin, RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase. A few P. emaculata genes that had reduced expression upon Phi treatment were further characterized. Application of double‐stranded RNAs specific to P. emaculata genes encoding glutamate N‐acetyltransferase and cystathionine gamma‐synthase to switchgrass leaves resulted in reduced disease severity upon P. emaculata inoculation, suggesting their role in pathogen survival and/or pathogenesis.
A hybrid QFD-AHP methodology and an application for heating systems in Turkey
Authors: Ozdemir Yavuz , Alcan Pelin , Basligil Huseyin , Cakrak Dursun
Published: January 2018

Selection of the heating system is based on many characteristics from the customer side. Operating cost, comfort, ease of use and aesthetic of the systems are some of the most important ones of these characteristics. In this article, data is collected primarily for the implementation of quality house. With these data, customer requirements are listed and defined in terms of degree of importance from the customer side. Then, the relationship between customer requirements and technical requirements are described. Also, column weights are calculated according to the defined relations. Finally, the results obtained using a quality house is integrated with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology for system selection. Then results are interpreted. The main contribution of this paper is to determine the best heating system selection using the relationship between customer and technical requirements. To the authors’ knowledge, this will be the first study which uses the integrated QFD-AHP method for heating system selection.
Major influence of a ‘smoke and mirrors’ effect caused by wave reflection on early diastolic coronary arterial wave intensity
Authors: Mynard Jonathan P. , Penny Daniel J. , Smolich Joseph J.
Published: January 2018

Key points

Coronary wave intensity analysis (WIA) is an emerging technique for assessing upstream and downstream influences on myocardial perfusion.

It is thought that a dominant backward decompression wave (BDWdia) is generated by a distal suction effect, while early‐diastolic forward decompression (FDWdia) and compression (FCWdia) waves originate in the aorta.

We show that wave reflection also makes a substantial contribution to FDWdia, FCWdia and BDWdia, as quantified by a novel method. In 18 sheep, wave reflection accounted for ∼70% of BDWdia, whereas distal suction dominated in a computer model representing a hypertensive human.

Non‐linear addition/subtraction of mechanistically distinct waves (e.g. wave reflection and distal suction) obfuscates the true contribution of upstream and downstream forces on measured waves (the ‘smoke and mirrors’ effect).

The mechanisms underlying coronary WIA are more complex than previously thought and the impact of wave reflection should be considered when interpreting clinical and experimental data.

Coronary arterial wave intensity analysis (WIA) is thought to provide clear insight into upstream and downstream forces on coronary flow, with a large early‐diastolic surge in coronary flow accompanied by a prominent backward decompression wave (BDWdia), as well as a forward decompression wave (FDWdia) and forward compression wave (FCWdia). The BDWdia is believed to arise from distal suction due to release of extravascular compression by relaxing myocardium, while FDWdia and FCWdia are thought to be transmitted from the aorta into the coronary arteries. Based on an established multi‐scale computational model and high‐fidelity measurements from the proximal circumflex artery (Cx) of 18 anaesthetized sheep, we present evidence that wave reflection has a major impact on each of these three waves, with a non‐linear addition/subtraction of reflected waves obscuring the true influence of upstream and downstream forces through concealment and exaggeration, i.e. a ‘smoke and mirrors’ effect. We also describe methods, requiring additional measurement of aortic WIA, for unravelling the separate influences of wave reflection versus active upstream/downstream forces on coronary waves. Distal wave reflection accounted for ∼70% of the BDWdia in sheep, but had a lesser influence (∼25%) in the computer model representing a hypertensive human. Negative reflection of the BDWdia at the coronary–aortic junction attenuated the Cx FDWdia (by ∼40% in sheep) and augmented Cx FCWdia (∼5‐fold), relative to the corresponding aortic waves. We conclude that wave reflection has a major influence on early‐diastolic WIA, and thus needs to be considered when interpreting coronary WIA profiles.
Layer‐specific excitation/inhibition balances during neuronal synchronization in the visual cortex
Authors: Adesnik Hillel
Published: January 2018

Key points

Understanding the balance between synaptic excitation and inhibition in cortical circuits in the brain, and how this contributes to cortical rhythms, is fundamental to explaining information processing in the cortex.

This study used cortical layer‐specific optogenetic activation in mouse cortex to show that excitatory neurons in any cortical layer can drive powerful gamma rhythms, while inhibition balances excitation.

The net impact of this is to keep activity within each layer in check, but simultaneously to promote the propagation of activity to downstream layers.

The data show that rhythm‐generating circuits exist in all principle layers of the cortex, and provide layer‐specific balances of excitation and inhibition that affect the flow of information across the layers.

Rhythmic activity can synchronize neural ensembles within and across cortical layers. While gamma band rhythmicity has been observed in all layers, the laminar sources and functional impacts of neuronal synchronization in the cortex remain incompletely understood. Here, layer‐specific optogenetic stimulation demonstrates that populations of excitatory neurons in any cortical layer of the mouse's primary visual cortex are sufficient to powerfully entrain neuronal oscillations in the gamma band. Within each layer, inhibition balances excitation and keeps activity in check. Across layers, translaminar output overcomes inhibition and drives downstream firing. These data establish that rhythm‐generating circuits exist in all principle layers of the cortex, but provide layer‐specific balances of excitation and inhibition that may dynamically shape the flow of information through cortical circuits. These data might help explain how excitation/inhibition (E/I) balances across cortical layers shape information processing, and shed light on the diverse nature and functional impacts of cortical gamma rhythms.
The influence of capillarization on satellite cell pool expansion and activation following exercise‐induced muscle damage in healthy young men
Authors: Nederveen Joshua P. , Joanisse Sophie , Snijders Tim , Thomas Aaron C. Q. , Kumbhare Dinesh , Parise Gianni
Published: January 2018

Key points

Skeletal muscle stem cells (satellite cells) play a crucial role in repair and remodelling of muscle in response to exercise.

Satellite cells are in close spatial proximity to muscle capillaries and therefore may be influenced by them.

In this study, we describe the activation and expansion of the satellite cell pool in response to eccentric contraction‐induced muscle damage in individuals with significantly different levels of muscle capillarization.

Individuals with greater capillarization and capacity for muscle perfusion demonstrated enhanced activation and/or expansion of the satellite cell pool allowing for an accelerated recovery of muscle function.

These results provide insight into the critical relationship between muscle capillarization and satellite cells during skeletal muscle repair.

Factors that determine the skeletal muscle satellite cell (SC) response remain incompletely understood. It is known, however, that SC activation status is closely related to the anatomical relationship between SCs and muscle capillaries. We investigated the impact of muscle fibre capillarization on the expansion and activation status of SCs following a muscle‐damaging exercise protocol in healthy young men. Twenty‐nine young men (21 ± 0.5 years) performed 300 unilateral eccentric contractions (180 deg s−1) of the knee extensors. Percutaneous muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis and blood samples from the antecubital vein were taken prior to (Pre) exercise and at 6, 24, 72 and 96 h of post‐exercise recovery. A comparison was made between subjects who had a relative low mixed muscle capillary‐to‐fibre perimeter exchange index (CFPE; Low group) and high mixed muscle CFPE index (High group) at baseline. Type I and type II muscle fibre size, myonuclear content, capillarization, and SC response were determined via immunohistochemistry. Overall, there was a significant correlation (r = 0.39; P < 0.05) between the expansion of SC content (change in total Pax7+ cells/100 myofibres) 24 h following eccentric exercise and mixed muscle CFPE index. There was a greater increase in activated SCs (MyoD+/Pax7+ cells) in the High as compared to the Low CFPE group 72 h following eccentric exercise (P < 0.05). The current study provides further evidence that muscle fibre capillarization may play an important role in the activation and expansion of the SC pool during the process of skeletal muscle repair.
A Feasibility Study of Lung Cancer Detection Using Holographic Microwave Imaging
Authors: Wang Lulu , Peng Hu
Published: January 2018

This paper presents the feasibility of using holographic microwave imaging (HMI) method for diagnosing lung tumour. A numerical imaging system is developed to evaluate the working principle, which includes a realistic CT-based thorax model. Results show that various small lung tumours with arbitrary shapes, sizes and locations can be identified in the reconstructed images. The HMI approach has a potential for lung cancer detection.
Infantry Soldier Cooling
Authors: Kerwin Michael , Bascomb Christopher , Culver John
Published: January 2018

This report discusses the design problem of developing an air-based cooling system for an infantry soldier. The background explores the different designs that already exist as well as specific parts and materials that will be essential to the design process. Currently, liquid-based cooling systems are the most explored types of cooling devices. However, there are specific downsides to this type of cooling device. As opposed to an air-based system, water requires more energy to be cooled, and therefore more battery power. The liquid-based system is also relatively bulky and heavy due to battery size and the water that runs through the system. With air-based cooling systems, efficient cooling is possible. An air-based cooling system was tested in a laboratory and field environment. In a humid environment, a desiccant attachment can improve the cooling device’s effectiveness. The cooling design effectively reduces the wearer’s core body temperature through evaporative cooling. The design evaporates a significant amount of sweat from wearer’s back and torso. While the prototype can be improved, evaporative cooling is an effective cooling solution for Soldiers.
Modeling and Simulation of a Three-Dimensional Adjustable Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade, Using a Commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Code
Authors: Malik Abdul Wahab , Uddin Naseem , Hameed Ul Haq Syed M. , Khan M. Faizyab Uddin , Hayat Sikandar
Published: January 2018

Wind turbines are subjected to variable wind speeds and flow patterns, this can result in variable power output from the wind turbine. A common practice to counter this problem is to create a twisted wind turbine blade, which can produce optimum output when subjected to different velocities and angle of attack. The research paper discusses the performance characteristics of the same.

The research paper presents CFD modeling of a twisted blade. The strategy used for the modeling was to divide the research in two parts. In the first part CFD simulations for 2-D Airfoils were carried-out and the aerodynamic characteristics were examined. In the second part, for more realistic results, a complete 3-D Wind turbine 3 blades rotor with nacelle was examined. For both parts GAMBIT was used for geometry and grid creation (pre-processing), whereas ANSYS FLUENT was used for performing simulations and obtaining the contour plots (Processing and Post Processing).
Innovative Air Leakage Test Method for B-Cars
Authors: Altug Erdem , Yildizcelik Ayşe Ece , Birinkulu Burak
Published: January 2018

Ford Otosan’s Yeniköy plant, which assembles the Transit Courier and Tourneo Courier, has developed a innovative air leakage test method. Air leakage is not a directly measurable metric by customer, but it can be observed in some different ways such as wind noise, road noise, water ingress, dust intrusion, door closing efforts, and better cooling/heating performance. In order to detect leak point by conventional method is dramatically time consuming, needed to remove trim parts and issues under 11/s could not be detectable. Innovative air leakage test method has been designed by using air heater unit, air leak test device and thermal camera. By the assistance of thermal imaging method air leak rate has been improved.
Performances of Heat Pump Driven Two-Stage Desiccant Plates Dehumidifier for Residential Application in Humid Climate
Authors: Tu Rang , Hwang Yunho
Published: January 2018

Buildings in southern China have high dehumidification demands in summer, especially during plum rain season. To investigate the dehumidifier properly working under high humid and high temperature climate, this paper introduced a residential solid desiccant dehumidifier, which has three features, namely desiccant plate dehumidification, heat pump driven and two-stage configuration. This dehumidifier is designed to process the indoor air to the required humidity ratio to meet the humid dissipation demand and the outdoor air is used to regenerate the dehumidifier. The residential application of this dehumidifier in humid climate was discussed in this paper through simulation. First, a heat pump driven two-stage desiccant plate dehumidifier was designed and modeling methods were introduced. Second, parametric studies were carried out, and the influences of plate thickness, switching time, air flow rate and supply air humidity ratio on performances, such as energy consumption and system performance coefficient of this dehumidifier, were discussed. Lastly, the energy consumption and the system performance coefficient of this dehumidifier were compared with those of traditional mechanical dehumidifier using vapor compression cycle. The results show that the switching time is recommended as 3 to 5 minutes. The discussed dehumidifier can meet the residential dehumidification demand in humid climate, and the performances are greatly enhanced as compared with the traditional condensing dehumidifier due to high evaporating temperature and no need of reheat.
Thermoeconomic Analysis of PVC Production Plant Reactors Cooling System
Authors: Fajardo J. , Sarria B. , Padron J. , Barreto D.
Published: January 2018

In this work the results of the research made to PVC production plant reactors cooling system are included. The heat generated in the reactor must be removed to maintain its temperature at an optimal range between 50 and 70 ° C. To assess the cooling system exergetic and Thermoeconomic indicators were used and it was observed that: (i) The greatest exergetic efficiencies arise in compressors. (ii) The greatest destruction of exergy and reasons of destruction of exergy cost and lower exergoeconomic factors are presented in the evaporative condenser. (iii) The heat exchange equipment has highest relative cost differences.
Experimental Study and Finite Element Analysis of Dovetail Attachments
Authors: Akay Ahmet Arda , Çöker Demirkan , Kayran Altan , Gürses Ercan
Published: January 2018

In this study, the contact stresses in the dovetail-rim region of an aero-engine compressor disc under the action of the centrifugal forces of the blades are investigated. Dovetail-rim consists of two parts: the blade and the disc. Highly stressed areas occur at the edges of the interface of the disc and the blade during the operation. Fretting fatigue is commonly seen in dovetails, which is caused by high stress gradients. An experimental setup which is capable of performing tension test on a dovetail-rim attachment is designed. Strain gauges and a 2D digital image correlation system (DIC) are used to measure the strains. Finite element (FE) models are created for comparisons. Two sets of experiments are conducted. In the first experiment, it is seen that the misalignment of the specimens causes asymmetric contact condition in the contact pairs of dovetail. Therefore, inconsistencies between the results are observed. In the second experiment, changes are made to prevent the asymmetry giving results more consistent to the finite elements analysis (FEA). However, in the first two experiments, it is seen that the system is extremely stiff, the displacements and the strains measured are small. Therefore, these measurements are highly sensitive on tolerances and imperfections.