bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A design simulation of traffic light intersection using SimEvents MATLAB
Authors: Harahap E , Purnamasari P , Saefudin N , Nurrahman A A , Darmawan D , Ceha R
Published: November 2019

The smoothness of traffic flow is one indicators of the excellent management by road managers, especially in the settings of traffic lights on road intersection. The time duration the red and green light must be set precisely according to the traffic density, so that the optimal and fairness queue length and waiting time are obtained for road users in each lane. Some problems at the intersection of the highway are the occurrence of very long queues in one lane, but quite short on the other lane. This happens because the setting is not appropriate on the traffic light time duration. In this article, we propose a model and simulation for intersection with traffic light using MATLAB SimEvents tools. The proposed model is to place an inhibitor module on each path at the intersection, where the entity does not flow for a certain duration of time. Through this simulation, it can be predicted the exact duration time of traffic lights based on the traffic density on each lane.
Self-purification performance of Brantas river from deoxygenation rate of carbon
Authors: Hendriarianti E , Sudiro S , Kustamar K , Nurhayati A
Published: November 2019

The Brantas River that crosses several districts and cities in East Java province receives pollutant loads from various human activities along its watershed. On the other hand, the Brantas river is also used as a source of water from various human activities along the watershed. Naturally, the river has the ability to recover through physical, chemical and biological processes. The ability of river to recover from pollution can be seen from the rate of carbon deoxygenation. Therefore, conducted research to see the performance of Brantas river self-purification starting from upstream in the Pendem Batu Bridge to the downstream at Padangan Mojokerto Bridge with 11 (eleven) locations of water sampling. Carbon deoxygenation determination method using Thomas method. The results showed varying deoxygenation rates with a range of values 0.001 / day to 0.028 / day. The highest rate of Carbon deoxygenation lies in the sampling location at Kesamben Bridge Blitar and the lowest is at the location at Dinoyo Bridge Malang. Brantas river deoxygenation rates is lower than Metro river in Malang regency, Brantas river in Malang city, Citarum upstream river, Cikapundung river and Citepus river. So it is concluded that the Brantas river self-purification performance from Carbon deoxygenation rate is lower. Brantas river management efforts should consider this factor in the handling of organic pollutant sources. The wastewater quality standard that have the same value.
Bifurcation and dynamical behaviour of a fractional order Lorenz-Chen-Lu like chaotic system with discretization
Authors: George Maria Selvam A. , Abraham Vianny D.
Published: November 2019

In this article, the dynamical behaviour of a discrete fractional order Lorenz-Chen-Lu like chaotic system is investigated. A discretization process is used to obtain a discrete version. The system has three constants, three fixed points and generates typical chaotic attractors. Numerical verifications are presented for the analysis of dynamical system. The chaotic attractors, bifurcation diagrams and phase portraits are provided for distinctive values of parameters. The sensitivity to initial conditions of the parameter values for the fixed points is also discussed.
Difference cordial labeling and strongly multiplicative labeling for some extended duplicate graph
Authors: Avudainayaki R. , Selvam B. , Ulaganathan P.P.
Published: November 2019

The aim of this paper is to prove that the extended duplicate graph of arrow graph and splitting graph of path admits difference cordial labeling and strongly multiplicative labelling.
3-Total edge sum cordial and Integer edge cordial labeling for the extended duplicate graph of triangular snake
Authors: Indira P , Selvam B , Thirusangu K
Published: November 2019

In this paper, we have investigate the extended duplicate graph of triangular snake graph is 3-total edge sum cordial labeling and Integer edge cordial labeling.
Edge, acyclic and star colorings on human chain graphs
Authors: Anitha K. , Selvam B. , Thirusangu K.
Published: November 2019

In this paper, we determine chromatic index, acyclic chromatic and star chromatic number for the human chain and circular human chain graphs.
OTSMO Labeling on Generalized Petersen Graphs GP(n, 2)
Authors: Shendra Shainy V. , Margaret Joan Jebarani G. , Balaji V.
Published: November 2019

In this paper a discussion of OTSMO Labeling (One Third Sum Modulo 3, introduced by the Researcher) on Generalized Petersen graphs GP(n, 2) is done.
Solving Sequencing Problems Under Fuzzy Environment
Authors: Srimathi S , Prabakaran K
Published: November 2019

A sequencing problem is to select the order in which the vital tasks are to be done to minimize the total elapsed time taken for all the tasks. Generally, in job sequencing problems, the processing times are precisely valued. But in reality, it is observed that the processing times during the performance of the job are indefinite. For that reason, the conception of fuzzy job sequencing problem make available for use an effective outline which is useful for real-life situations with fuzzy processing times. Here, we suggest a new technique for solution of fuzzy sequencing problems involving triangular fuzzy numbers (TFN) without transforming them into equivalent crisp sequencing problem.
Analysis of environmental assessment of the object “Drinking bottled water plant” in the settlement of Kultuk
Authors: Arguchintseva A V , Kochugova E A
Published: November 2019

Considered is validity of a positive Conclusion of the expert commission on the state environmental impact assessment for the project documentation of the “Drinking bottled water plant” in the settlement of Kultuk approved by order No. 1446-од dated July 21, 2016 of the Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Natural Resource Use in the Irkutsk region. We analyzed the Conclusion from the point of view of scientific interest, and the results revealed many obvious inaccuracies. The Conclusion states that the production is environmentally friendly, but all comparisons are made with the standards of short-term exposure limit, which are almost an order of magnitude higher than the standards of average daily MPC. It is submitted that during the construction period there will be little pollution, and the calculations are performed separately for areal and off-site work, although they will be carried out simultaneously. The simulation results of the current situation have shown that, taking into account the climatic features of the area during the construction period, the average daily MPC excess will exceed 210 hours and 660 hours respectively in December and July. Yet the short-term exposure limits are set to stay without consequences only for 20 min.
Geographical regularities of the permafrost-thermal regime of soils in Transbaikalia
Authors: Balybina A S , Trofimova I E
Published: November 2019

We have estimated the freezing-thermal regime of Transbaikalia soils qualitatively and quantitatively. Perennial permafrost almost throughout the region makes such an estimation of the thermal condition of the soils rather topical in terms of the region’s climatic resource. We have attempted to determine and classify thermo-freezing regime of the soils for entire Transbaikalia and show the general geographical characteristics of the thermal regime of winterly Transbaikalia. The studies of the 3.2-m thick soil layer were based on the perennial data of 49 meteorological stations. For the analysis of the thermo-freezing regime of the soils, we used the mean monthly values of the smallest temperature at the standard depth of the soil profile. The entire array of the temperature data was divided into five grades of different widths and represented in the form of vertical profiles. The steps of the scale reflect the progressing increase in winter cooling of the entire soil layer. The weakest soil cooling is observed for the eastern shore of Lake Baikal: these are the moderately cold conditions. In the southern closure of the Barguzin depression, the state of the soil thickness transits smoothly from moderately cold to cold conditions. Very cold soil conditions are propagating from southeast to northwest in the perennial permafrost zone. Severe conditions of soil are present in local regions of the southern part of the territory and its northern part where the sandy-loam soil with pebble admixture allows perennial permafrost to lie at small depths. Extreme severe conditions mainly occupy the races of total perennial permafrost.
Soils of natural, arable and fallow Lands of the Selenga River delta
Authors: Belozertseva I A , Ekimovskaya O A , Lopatina D N
Published: November 2019

Soil-geographical investigations were made in the Selenga river delta (the southeastern coast of Lake Baikal) in the summer of 2017 and 2018. The Selenga delta developed Fluvisols aridic, Fluvisols umbric (gleyic), Fluvisols humus, Fluvisols mollicgleyic, Fluvisols Histic-gleyic, Folic-podburs, Gray (metamorphic) and Folic-gray soils. Fertile soils of the second bottom with Chernozems and Phaeozems are used as arable lands. Agricultural lands of terraces with Gray and Folic-gray soils are used as pastures. The soils of the low floodplain are put to agricultural use. It was established that the soils in most of agricultural lands are in satisfactory agricultural condition. The upper horizons of Gray soils under forest and Chernozems under steppe in natural condition have high humus concentrations. In soils permanently used in agriculture, humus content decreases. In fallow lands, its concentrations are recovering. The reaction of the medium (pH of water) in the soils is largely neutral. Gray soil under forest is distinguished by slightly acidic reaction. It was found that the soils of the Selenga delta have mostly a light granulometric composition.
ESPO oil pipeline: assessment of impact on social and economic development of municipal districts
Authors: Dets I A
Published: November 2019

The article presents the conducted analysis of the impact of the ESPO pipeline construction and operation on the socio-economic development of the territories along its route. The study area included municipal areas along the western part of the ESPO oil pipeline (the so-called ESPO-1): six municipal areas of Irkutsk region, four municipal areas of Yakutia and two municipal areas of Amur region. The study showed poor availability of jobs in oil pumping stations of the oil pipeline system, as well as the small amount of tax payments currently coming to the budgets of settlements and municipal districts, which is mainly explained by the existing system of redistribution of tax revenues. The change in the level of accessibility of transport infrastructure for the local population is also controversial: technological routes along the oil pipeline have departmental affiliation with limited access for third parties and individuals. As a result, despite the declared social orientation, the oil pipeline failed to bring enough positive changes for the majority of the territories, which resulted in much worse dynamics of the population relative to its regions in all municipal districts except for the Taishetsky district of Irkutsk region.
Nature management on the Arctic territories of the Russian Far East
Authors: Stepanko N G
Published: November 2019

The established structure of environmental management, which depends on economic activities, determines the ecological situation of a particular territory. Such studies are particularly important and relevant for areas with low ecological capacity and resistance, which include the territory of the Arctic zone of the Russian Far East (RFE). The discussed territories have a high vulnerability of the natural environment to anthropogenic impacts and a low recovery rate of the disturbed state. Analysis of information on the environmental state of the Chukotka Autonomous Region and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) allows us to conclude that the environmental situation is unfavorable in the regions. The established system of environmental management in certain areas of the Russian Arctic has led to the emergence of heavily modified areas as a result of economic activity, where the disturbing dynamic equilibrium of the natural environment has led to changes in the natural geochemical background, depletion of biodiversity, degradation of soil and vegetation, development of erosion processes, and environmental pollution. The paper presents the socio-economic, natural-geographical, ecological characteristics of the Arctic zone of the RFE in the context of ulus, proposed the structure of existing and possible future directions of environmental management.
Variability of vegetation index NDVI during periods of drought in the Tomsk Region
Authors: Voropay N N , Ryazanova A A , Dyukarev E A
Published: November 2019

Current climate changes are characterized by an increase in the frequency of occurrence of extreme natural phenomena, which include droughts and over moistening periods of the territory. The main indicator of drought / over moistening periods is the state of vegetation. Estimation of the interannual and intraseasonal variability of drought can be carried out using vegetation indicators obtained from satellite image data. In article statistical characteristics of NDVI for seven basic types of land cover, identified at the territory of the Tomsk region were studied. NDVI is most stable during the summer in wetlands, changing on average during the study period from 0.58 in May to 0.71 in July, then decreasing to September to 0.64. The variability of NDVI in dark coniferous forests is slightly greater (0.64–0.81). The greatest variability of NDVI was obtained for floodplain meadows (0.46-0.81) and croplands (0.51-0.79). VCI is used to identify drought situations and determine the onset, especially in areas where drought episodes are localized and ill defined. According to the analysis of the VCI index, in May the greatest frequency of dry periods was observed in the Tomsk region. Analysis of changes in frequency of extreme events occurrence have shown that the number of droughts decreases, and number of excessive moisture periods increases since 2000 till 2017.
An Approach to Riverine Pollutants and Water Quality of China Lake
Authors: Yang L , Li F
Published: November 2019

Economic growth and urbanization in the past decades have resulted in large quantity of riverine pollutants transferring to the significant lakes worldwide, giving rise to serious contamination of the water system and posing significantly harmful effects on the human environment health around the region. Hereinto, as one of the most eutrophic lakes in China, Chaohu lake riverine pollutants influenced greatly the quality of Chaohu Lake water, though it is still playing a critical role in potable water supply and environmental regulation. In this study, three rivers contaminated by agricultural rounoff (Fengle River and Hangbu River) and by urban wastewater (Nanfei River) in the Lake Chaohu watershed were selected to study the discrepancy of dissolved N2O concentrations and emissions from different types of polluted rivers. The environmental effects exploration of riverine pollutants transported by tributaries might provide useful quantitative information for policy debating to improve pollution measures for the similar lakes.
Effects of oxygen flow on properties of La2Ti2O7−x films
Authors: Li Jianchao , Su Junhong , Yang Chen , Cai Changlong , Chen Zhili
Published: November 2019

In order to obtain the relationship between the properties and the oxygen flow rate of La2Ti2O7−x film, the films were prepared by electron beam evaporation with various oxygen flow rates on Si and quartz substrates. The effects of oxygen flow on the properties of La2Ti2O7−x film were analyzed by XRD, XPS, optical constant and laser damage test. The result shows that the La2Ti2O7−x film lose oxygen and lead to the transition of Ti4+ to Ti3+ in oxygen-free environment. When the oxygen flow rate is greater than 4 sccm, the content of Ti4+ is stable. The refractive index of La2Ti2O7−x films decreases with the increase of oxygen flow rate and stabilizes at oxygen flow rate greater than 4 sccm. The extinction coefficient of film deposited in oxygen-free environment is less than 10−4. As the oxygen flow rate increases, the film absorption is further improved to reach 10−5 at wavelengths longer than 350 nm. The laser damage threshold of films increased with increasing oxygen flow and the maximum value is 18.35 J cm−2.
Effect of CuO modification on dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of lead-free SrBi4Ti4O15 ceramics
Authors: Jose Roshan , P Vineetha , S Charan Prasanth , Vijay Ammu , K Venkata Saravanan
Published: November 2019

We report a systematic investigation of the structure, micro-structure, dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of CuO added SrBi4Ti4O15 ceramics. All the samples were prepared by solid state reaction technique, where the wt% of CuO in SrBi4Ti4O15 was varied as x = 0, 0.05, 0.2, 0.5. The addition of CuO increased the density of SrBi4Ti4O15 ceramics which in turn resulted in the improvement of dielectric, ferroelectric as well as piezoelectric properties. However, no change either in the crystal structure or lattice parameter was observed with CuO addition. Further a dense micro-structure with improved electrical properties is expected to be due to liquid phase sintering. Raman spectra and specific heat measurements were also performed for getting further insight into the properties.
The Expanded Market for Fiction in American Periodicals, 1865–1914
Authors: Johanningsmeier Charles A.
Published: November 2019

During the years between 1865 and 1914, the United States became a nation of periodical readers as a greatly expanded number of newspapers and magazines—many of which contained fictional sketches, short stories, and novels—became cheaper and much more easily accessible to readers almost everywhere in the country. Many factors contributed to this tremendous expansion. For one thing, various technological innovations, including those related to typesetting, printing, and even paper making, made it possible to greatly increase periodical production while simultaneously lowering production costs. In addition, the rapid and extensive growth of the nation’s railroads, public libraries, and postal service made it much easier for periodicals to reach readers in markets that before the Civil War had not been well served. The overall result was that after the Civil War, many periodicals began to address particular market niches, although there was also a good deal of overlap. Story papers, genteel monthly magazines, women’s magazines, children’s periodicals, regional magazines, religious publications, magazines focused on particular ethnic and racial groups, and a small number of avant-garde magazines had their own distinct viewpoints and published particular types of fiction. The periodicals that reached the greatest number of markets and covered them most thoroughly, however, were local newspapers. By the 1880s, in hopes of attracting women readers to their advertising, many individual papers had begun to regularly publish fiction among their news stories and other features. In mid-decade, S. S. McClure and Irving Bacheller founded their respective newspaper syndicates and began selling fiction to multiple newspapers, in widely scattered markets, for simultaneous publication, thereby exposing a highly heterogeneous national audience of readers to high-quality fiction by prominent authors. Building on this model, a number of low-cost, mass-market monthly magazines, all of which prominently featured fiction by well-known writers, were founded in the 1890s to address this same national readership.

The significantly expanded production and distribution of periodicals featuring fiction during the late 19th and early 20th centuries benefited many people but possibly none more so than fiction authors and readers. There were undoubtedly drawbacks for some authors and readers in the development of this new periodical industry and its extensive market reach, but in general the new system aided members of both groups. The higher number of periodicals being produced required a substantial increase in the supply of fiction, which allowed many more people to make their living writing such material. In addition, more readers than ever before could now afford (and have easy access to) a wider selection of the types of fiction they desired.
Litigating Transgender Employment Rights in the United States
Authors: Gluck Mezey Susan
Published: November 2019

Discrimination against transgender or gender nonconforming individuals in the workplace affects hiring, firing, promotions, salaries, and benefits. Most states have no laws prohibiting employment discrimination based on gender identity, and, in the absence of federal law, transgender workers have turned to the courts to seek equal rights on the job. Transgender plaintiffs often file suit under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the law prohibiting sex discrimination in employment. The defendants argue that since the statute does not explicitly ban discrimination on the basis of gender identity, Congress did not intend to include transgender or gender nonconforming individuals as members of a class protected by Title VII. The cases revolve around the question of whether the ban on sex discrimination in the law should be narrowly construed to apply to men and women as determined by their biological status or whether it should be broadly construed to prohibit discrimination against individuals because of their gender identity or gender expression.

Prior to 1989, suits brought by transgender plaintiffs were dismissed by judges who agreed with employers that Congress did not intend Title VII to guarantee their employment rights. In Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins (1989), the Supreme Court held that the statute forbids an employer from making a negative employment decision because an employee’s behavior does not conform to stereotypical norms of behavior.

Hopkins set the stage for the next several decades of litigation over the employment rights of transgender employees, and, although the courts were initially reluctant to allow transgender plaintiffs to benefit from Title VII, within a few years, most broadened their interpretation of the law. Over time, the courts adopted two theories: first, the gender nonconformity approach in which discrimination based on sex stereotyping violates Title VII; second, the per se approach in which discrimination on the basis of gender identity is equated with discrimination under Title VII.

In 2012, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) adopted both theories of Title VII in Macy v. Holder (2012). In 2014, the Justice Department formally committed itself to interpreting Title VII to apply to gender identity. In October 2017, the department shifted its position on Title VII, negating the per se theory of gender identity and emphasizing that the statute only applies to employer actions based on biological differences between men and women.

In addition to Title VII claims, transgender plaintiffs have filed job discrimination actions under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the law prohibiting discrimination against individuals because of their disabilities. Although the statute explicitly excludes gender identity disorder, two federal district courts have interpreted it to cover transgender persons with disabilities, with a third disagreeing. Tying claims to the ADA has benefits as well as drawbacks.
Using Online Experiments to Study Political Decision Making
Authors: Shmargad Yotam , Klar Samara
Published: November 2019

The field of political science is experiencing a new proliferation of experimental work, thanks to a growth in online experiments. Administering traditional experimental methods over the Internet allows for larger and more accessible samples, quick response times, and new methods for treating subjects and measuring outcomes. As we show in this chapter, a rapidly growing proportion of published experiments in political science take advantage of an array of sophisticated online tools. Indeed, during a relatively short period of time, political scientists have already made huge gains in the sophistication of what can be done with just a simple online survey experiment, particularly in realms of inquiry that have traditionally been logistically difficult to study. One such area is the important topic of social interaction. Whereas experimentalists once relied on resource- and labor-intensive face-to-face designs for manipulating social settings, creative online efforts and accessible platforms are making it increasingly easy for political scientists to study the influence of social settings and social interactions on political decision-making. In this chapter, we review the onset of online tools for carrying out experiments and we turn our focus toward cost-effective and user-friendly strategies that online experiments offer to scholars who wish to not only understand political decision-making in isolated settings but also in the company of others. We review existing work and provide guidance on how scholars with even limited resources and technical skills can exploit online settings to better understand how social factors change the way individuals think about politicians, politics, and policies.
Role of Sex Hormones on Pain
Authors: Averitt Dayna L. , Hornung Rebecca S. , Murphy Anne Z.
Published: November 2019

The modulatory influence of sex hormones on acute pain, chronic pain disorders, and pain management has been reported for over seven decades. The effect of hormones on pain is clearly evidenced by the multitude of chronic pain disorders that are more common in women, such as headache and migraine, temporomandibular joint disorder, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic pelvic pain, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. Several of these pain disorders also fluctuate in pain intensity over the menstrual cycle, including headache and migraine and temporomandibular joint disorder. The sex steroid hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone) as well as some peptide hormones (prolactin, oxytocin, and vasopressin) have been linked to pain by both clinical and preclinical research. Progesterone and testosterone are widely accepted as having protective effects against pain, while the literature on estrogen reports both exacerbation and attenuation of pain. Prolactin is reported to trigger pain, while oxytocin and vasopressin have analgesic properties in both sexes. Only in the last two decades have neuroscientists begun to unravel the complex anatomical and molecular mechanisms underlying the direct effects of sex hormones and mechanisms have been reported in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Mechanisms include directly or indirectly targeting receptors and ion channels on sensory neurons, activating pain excitatory or pain inhibitory centers in the brain, and reducing inflammatory mediators. Despite recent progress, there remains significant controversy and challenges in the field and the seemingly pleiotropic role estrogen plays on pain remains ambiguous. Current knowledge of the effects of sex hormones on pain has led to the burgeoning of gender-based medicine, and gaining further insight will lead to much needed improvement in pain management in women.
Charisma and Charismatic Leadership
Authors: English Fenwick W.
Published: November 2019

That some of the characteristics of leaders, ancient and modern, involve the ability of a leader to connect with and create an emotional bond with followers is an age-old documented phenomenon. Academic studies of charisma, as a special gift from the gods, have proven disappointing. Finding predictable descriptors about who is or is not such a leader have not revealed the kind of scientific reliability believed to be required to stand the test of context free generalization. Studies about charismatic leaders have shifted from compiling lists of common traits or behaviors, to recognition that situational context and culture in which a leader functions is a more reliable guide to what leaders with charisma do and what lies behind their common agendas throughout history. There are different types of charismatic leaders depending on their motivation and who benefits from their ministrations. Bureaucracies do not require leaders to be charismatic because the authority of bureaucracy is rational and legal, not emotional. Yet the essence of transformational leadership is the emotional bond between leaders and followers. Such a bond is independent of the moral legitimacy of any agenda which units them.
Emotions in Social-Historical Educational Contexts
Authors: Schutz Paul A. , Nichols Sharon L. , Bahena Sofia
Published: November 2019

After two decades of research on emotions in education we have come to understand little about the relationship of teachers and their instructional decision-making and students and their motivation and learning. Most of what we know about emotions stems from studies that look specifically at students and their approach to learning tasks as well as teachers and how they grapple with the stress of teaching and the emotional experiences of working with students. However, we know less about how emotions manifest in varying social-historical educational contexts. When it comes to students, we know that emotions can influence students’ adoption of self-regulation strategies and their subsequent learning outcomes. For example, pleasant emotions tend to be related with effective learning strategies, whereas unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and boredom can reduce motivation and academic achievement. Importantly, these relationships are not consistent throughout the literature, and evidence suggests that, in some cases, anxiety can be motivating for some students. When it comes to teachers, there are two types of research areas. First are studies about how teachers handle unpleasant experiences in an effort to better understand teacher burnout. Second are studies that try to understand the role of emotions and pleasant and unpleasant experiences for newer teachers and how they inform emergent professional identities. More research is needed to understand how emotions play out in the classroom so that we can better support teachers and students and create effective intervention programs aimed at reducing the emotional stress of teaching and learning.
School Crisis Prevention and Intervention
Authors: Kerr Mary Margaret
Published: November 2019

A school crisis unexpectedly disrupts the school, causes emotional and physical distress, and requires extraordinary decisions and resources to restore stability. During a crisis, teachers and administrators are the first decision-makers. Yet, their training may not prepare them for this responsibility. The first school crisis framework published in educational psychology appeared in 1994, following a U.S. symposium of school psychologists to discuss a recent school massacre. In addition, cross-country communications forums and seminars recognized cultural considerations while fostering the exchange of school crisis research findings and their implications for practice. These efforts have led educational psychologists worldwide to adopt a temporal framework of recommended practices to guide educators’ decisions before, during, and after crises.

Pre-crisis work includes assessment, prevention, planning, and training. Pre-crisis planning calls on expertise in multidisciplinary collaboration with other emergency responders and risk assessments that require one to choose measures and interpret data. Once a school staff identifies impending risks, educational psychologists collaborate with responder agencies to communicate some of this information. Planning for a crisis includes procedures for young children, as well as those with special needs, which calls on the psychologist to consider how best to assess their needs and accommodate these groups. Practices and drills call for behavioral observation skills and an understanding of stress reactions that impede compliance with directives. Here, the educational psychologist contributes technical expertise in behavioral observations and performance assessment.

The crisis response phase thrusts educators into rapid collaborations with emergency responders to prevent casualties and reduce exposure to trauma. During a crisis, psychologists work alongside others to safeguard, reassure, and empower those affected, taking into account the assistance that older students may offer.

Post-crisis efforts seek to restore psychological safety through the restoration of social supports, then address acute mental health needs. Educational psychologists impart clinical expertise to restore social supports, arrange for psychological first aid, minimize continued exposure, and triage mental health needs. Academic recovery requires decisions about how and when to resume instruction. A return to schooling, ongoing supports for victims and responders, and evaluations to improve school crisis responses comprise the final goals. Some view this post-crisis mental health work as the psychologist’s primary contribution; however, the aforementioned examples reveal a greater agenda of opportunities during all school crisis phases.
Chinese Buddhist Travelers: Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing
Authors: Deeg Max
Published: November 2019

When Buddhism started to become part of religious life in China from the 1st century ce onward, the Chinese were confronted with several peculiar aspects of the first major foreign religion that took root in their century-old culture. They had to come to terms with the fact that the religion had been founded by an individual in distant India as clearly expressed in the different versions of the Buddha biography, but also with the constant and sometimes confusingly contradictory and apparently incomplete stream of Buddhist texts from India that were translated into Chinese.

While Indian and Central Asian monks arrived in China very early and transmitted Buddhist texts and practices, Chinese monks from the 3rd century onward started to actively search for Buddhist texts, new teachings in the “Western Regions,” the ancient Chinese name for all regions lying west of the cultural or political boundaries of the Chinese Empire, which also included India. Some of them also wanted to visit and see the sacred places in the homeland of their religion in India in order to gain religious merit or to study Buddhist doctrine and practice in the monastic centers of learning in the “Middle Region” or Magadha, the heartland of Buddhism in the Gangetic plain. Although it is not clear, due to the lack of historical sources, how many of these Chinese monks, much less frequently Buddhist laymen, took the risk of the perilous journey through the deserts and across high mountain passes of Central Asia or across the ocean, there must have been hundreds of them between the 4th and 11th centuries. A number of these died during their journey while others decided to stay in India, the “Holy Land” of Buddhism. Some of those who returned to China left records about their travels or of the information they had gathered about the “Western Regions.”

The most famous of these monks are Faxian (trav. 319–413), Xuanzang (trav. 629–645), and Yijing (trav. 671–695). The three monks represent the different routes taken by Chinese travelers to South Asia: Faxian went via the land route (Silk Road) and returned by sea, Xuanzang made both trips by the overland route, and Yijing traveled by the sea route via Southeast Asia. While Faxian’s and Xuanzang’s records are a kind of documentary description of the different regions they traveled through or heard about, mainly reporting on the situation of Buddhism, Yijing’s two reports comprise an anthology of Buddhist monks who had traveled to India in the second half of the 7th century and a record of Buddhism as practiced in India and on the Southeast Asian archipelago. The records and their translations had a strong influence on the emerging fields of South and Central Asian history and archaeology in the 19th century when most of the translations of the relevant texts were made.
Ibn Battuta in Africa and Asia
Authors: Pouwels Randall L.
Published: November 2019

ʾAbū ʿAbd al-Lāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Lāh l-Lawātī ibn Battuta (hereafter Ibn Battuta) was born in the Moroccan city of Tangiers in 1304 and died there in 1368 or 1369. He remains the most widely travelled individual to have been born before Ferdinand Magellan. Most scholars and individuals incorrectly attribute that distinction to his better known predecessor, Marco Polo, whose Travels of Marco Polo is a classic of travel literature. Polo trekked from Venice to Yuan (Mongolian) China 1271–1295, yet most of his knowledge of the East was acquired from the seventeen years he resided in China. Ibn Battuta began a hajj (pilgrimage) in 1325, and in the twenty-nine years of his travels, he managed to cover roughly three-and-a-half times as much territory as did Polo. In many respects, the accounts of the two men are complementary. The Italian’s account provides valuable intelligence about late-13th century China. Recent scholarship has cast weighty doubt on Ibn Battuta’s putative travels in East Asia, while the extent and value of his descriptions of the Islamic ecumene and its frontiers of the 14th century essentially remain beyond dispute.
Origins of a Modern Indian Capitalist Class in Bombay
Authors: Boehme Kate
Published: November 2019

In India, as in much of the world, the 19th century witnessed the emergence of urban capitalist classes, effected by the rapid growth of global mercantile capitalism and, later, industrial manufacturing. As a colonial city, Bombay—like its eastern counterpart, Calcutta—developed two connected, but distinct business communities: one, a European community with foreign, imperial connections, and the other, an Indian community with roots in long-standing regional networks. In Bombay, the latter took the form of a class known as the “Merchant Princes,” who capitalized on long-standing commercial traditions in western India and their ability to command both Indian and colonial networks to establish themselves as commercial powerhouses. These commercial networks and patterns of behavior, established before the arrival of the British, had an indelible impact on the character of Indian business in colonial Bombay. The business community brought such traditions with them when they migrated to Bombay at the end of the 18th century and used them to build the famous mercantile firms of the early 19th century.

The Indian business elite likewise built collaborative links within their own community to expand their business interests; when barriers erected by the colonial establishment sought to limit their expansion, Indian businessmen used the resources at their disposal (both in the Indian hinterland and within the city itself) to circumvent them. Class identity similarly began to emerge as they cooperatively campaigned for particular agendas, intended to improve the fortunes of the entire community. They fought for greater influence in the Bombay government—in line with the wealth they then commanded—and used their financial resources to mold the physical and intellectual landscape of the city in their favor.
Creative Destruction, Technology Disruption, and Growth
Authors: Clarke Thomas
Published: November 2019

The origins of modern technological change provide the context necessary to understand present-day technological transformation, to investigate the impact of the new digital technologies, and to examine the phenomenon of digital disruption of established industries and occupations. How these contemporary technologies will transform industries and institutions, or serve to create new industries and institutions, will unfold in time. The implications of the relationships between these pervasive new forms of digital transformation and the accompanying new business models, business strategies, innovation, and capabilities are being worked through at global, national, corporate, and local levels. Whatever the technological future holds it will be defined by continual adaptation, perpetual innovation, and the search for new potential.

Presently, the world is experiencing the impact of waves of innovation created by the rapid advance of digital networks, software, and information and communication technology systems that have transformed workplaces, cities, and whole economies. These digital technologies are converging and coalescing into intelligent technology systems that facilitate and structure our lives. Through creative destruction, digital technologies fundamentally challenge existing routines, capabilities, and structures by which organizations presently operate, adapt, and innovate. In turn, digital technologies stimulate a higher rate of both technological and business model innovation, moving from producer innovation toward more user-collaborative and open-collaborative innovation. However, as dominant global platform technologies emerge, some impending dilemmas associated with the concentration and monopolization of digital markets become salient. The extent of the contribution made by digital transformation to economic growth and environmental sustainability requires a critical appraisal.
Evolution of the Family: Theory and Implications for Economics
Authors: Alger Ingela , Cox Donald
Published: November 2019

Which parent can be expected to be more altruistic toward their child, the mother or father? All else equal, can we expect older generation members to be more solicitous of younger family members or vice versa? Policy interventions often target recipients by demographic status: more money being put in the hands of mothers, say, or transfers of income from young to old via public pensions. Economics makes predictions about pecuniary incentives and behavior but tends to be agnostic about how, say, a post-menopausal grandmother might behave, just because she is a post-menopausal grandmother. Evolutionary theory fills this gap by analyzing how preferences of family members emerge from the Darwinian exigencies of “survive and reproduce.” Coin of the realm is so-called “inclusive fitness,” reproductive success of oneself plus that of relatives, weighted by closeness of the relationship. Appending basic biological traits onto considerations of inclusive fitness generates predictions about preferences of family members. A post-menopausal grandmother with a daughter just starting a family is predicted to care more about her daughter than the daughter cares about her, for example. Evolutionary theory predicts that mothers tend to be more altruistic toward children than fathers, and that close relatives would be inclined to provide more support to one another than distant relatives. An original case study is provided, which explains the puzzle of diverging marriage rates by education in terms of heterogeneity in preferences for commitment. Economists are justifiably loathe to invoke preferences to explain trends, since preference-based explanations can be concocted to explain just about anything. But the evolutionary approach does not permit just any invocation of preferences. The dictates of “survive and reproduce” sharply circumscribe the kinds of preference-related arguments that are admissible.
Public Health Impact of Breastfeeding
Authors: Binns Colin , Lee Mi Kyung
Published: November 2019

Breastfeeding is one of the best public health “buys” available for countries at all levels of development. In the first year of life, appropriate infant nutrition (exclusive breastfeeding to around 6 months) reduces infant mortality and hospital admissions by 50% or more. Early life nutrition has important influences, including on childhood illnesses, obesity, cognitive development, hospitalizations, and later chronic disease. Breastfeeding is consistent with the historical cultural practices of all societies, and its benefits of breastfeeding last a lifetime. While the development of infant formula has been of benefit to some infants, its inappropriate promotion has resulted in a decline of breastfeeding, and, as a result, health gains in many countries have not been as great as they could have been. The health benefits of breastfeeding will provide some protection against the effects of climate change, which will cause a decline in potable water supplies and increases in the incidence of some infections. Infant formula production has very high environmental costs, while breastfeeding as well as being the best infant feeding intervention also has very low environmental impact. An important part of the sustainable development agenda must be to promote breastfeeding and its benefits and to reverse the inappropriate promotion and use of infant formula.
Sibudan
Authors: Will Manuel
Published: November 2019

The Sibudan is a technocomplex within the cultural stratigraphy of the southern African Middle Stone Age (MSA), first formulated in 2012. The term was introduced as a working concept to organize the spatio-temporal variability in material culture among the archaeological record following the Howiesons Poort during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3; ~59–24 ka). In contrast to the more widely used name “post-Howiesons Poort” (“post-HP”)—an umbrella term resting primarily upon temporal aspects—the Sibudan possesses a formal definition based on characteristic elements of its lithic technology. The site of Sibudu, located in the eastern part of southern Africa (KwaZulu-Natal), serves as type locality since it has yielded a rich and high-resolution record of modern human occupations during MIS 3.

The Sibudan type sequence at Sibudu, dated to ~58 ka and encompassing twenty-three layers, features both characteristic traits and diachronic variability. The consistent techno-typological elements include predominantly local raw material procurement, concomitant use of multiple core reduction methods (Levallois, discoid, platform, and bipolar), manufacture of flake and blade assemblages, as well as soft stone hammer percussion for blades. Temporal variability exists in the proportions and morphologies of tools and unifacial points in particular—including Tongati, Ndwedwe, and asymmetric convergent tools—the presence of bifacial points, as well as the frequency of blank types and different core reduction methods.

Comparative studies since 2014 suggest a spatio-temporal extension of the Sibudan in the eastern part of southern Africa during early MIS 3 (~58–50 ka), with marked differences to assemblages of similar ages along the southern coast and Western Cape. The concept is thus not a direct substitute or congruent with the “post-HP” and “Sibudu technocomplex.” On a more interpretive level, the Sibudan has featured in discussions on the trajectory of cultural evolution among early modern humans, the scale and mechanisms of behavioral change during the MSA, and theoretical debate on the relevance of technocomplexes.