bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Money and Credit
Authors: Gleeson Simon
Published: August 2024

This chapter explores the attempts to argue that credit money is a late creation, and that there are societies (or states of society) in which all money is commodity money. These arguments are clearly mistaken since exchange based on credit obligations was a feature of Babylonic economic activity in the twenty-fifth century BC, and it is clear from the historic record that payment systems existed thousands of years before the invention of coin in the West in the 7th-century BC. The reason for this is simply that it is inevitable—it is impossible to imagine any society in which all reciprocal dealings are always immediately settled with physical transfer of the relevant goods.
The Rise of Private Payment Instruments
Authors: Gleeson Simon
Published: August 2024

This chapter discusses how the creation of private payment instruments began. Historically, the primary mechanism for debt repayment amongst mutual creditors was a ‘reckoning’, but that was not entirely efficient, so people gradually evolved to settling mutual credits. Then came the creation of public tokens, then bills and notes, and eventually bank cheques. The chapter also considers the importance of distinguishing between private money in the form of book credit and private money in the form of private tokens. On one hand, private money in the form of book credit is unquestionably older than sovereign money. On the other hand, private monetary tokens have at times circulated alongside sovereign money, sometimes as a supplement and sometimes as a substitute.
European Banking Union
Authors: Alexander Kern
Published: August 2024

This chapter analyses the banking union’s institutional structure and whether it has provided an effective supervisory and resolution framework and has contributed to the integration, stability, and resilience of the Euro Area banking system. It argues that the banking union’s Single Supervisory Mechanism and Single Resolution Mechanism have achieved a considerable degree of effectiveness by coordinating their activities with other European Union institutions and agencies, and with member state authorities. Euro Area banking markets, however, continue to suffer from economic stagnation, fragmentation, and fragility. The chapter suggests that more effective implementation of EU bank regulatory and technical standards and guidance, including more harmonisation in supervisory decision-making and resolution practices, is needed to support the integration and stability of Euro Area banking markets. The chapter also argues that the ECB and national competent authorities should coordinate more effectively in fulfilling macro-prudential tasks and utilizing macroprudential tools. The chapter considers some of the main challenges in further developing the banking union and whether recently adopted EU legislation adequately addresses gaps and weaknesses in banking supervision, regulation and resolution. It also discusses the challenges involving the regulation of financial infrastructure, including central counterparties, and the risks associated with non-bank financial institutions.
The Architecture of the Brrd—a UK Perspective
Authors: Gleeson Simon
Published: August 2024

The UK was one of the few EU countries to have a fully developed bank resolution legislative scheme in place prior to the Bank Resolution and Recovery Directive (‘BRRD’), and the architecture of the BRRD owes much to the UK model. However, the process of implementing the BRRD approach in the UK created challenges which highlighted the underlying policy choices within the BRRD, and demonstrated that the underlying model of the structure of resolution within the BRRD is very different from that assumed in the UK (and, in passing, the US). It also demonstrated that the BRRD is to some extent intended to operate in tandem with the Single Resolution Mechanism (‘SRM’) as well as EU State Aid guidelines; this is particularly clear when it comes to issues such as the establishment and operation of resolution funds and the conduct of bail-in. The chapter explores these issues, seeks to identify the extent to which the BRRD and the UK statutory approaches are compatible, and uses incompatibilities to identify the underlying intellectual architecture of the BRRD structure. Finally, the onset of Brexit presents a new set of challenges for both UK and EU resolution authorities, and the chapter examines the extent to which these may be significant in the future.
Bank Resolution in Europe the Unfinished Agenda of Structural Reform
Authors: Gordon Jeffrey N , Ringe Wolf-Georg
Published: August 2024

This chapter argues that the work of the European banking union remains incomplete in one important respect: the structural re-organization of large European financial firms that would make resolution of a systemically important financial firm a credible alternative to bail-out or some other sort of taxpayer assistance. It argues that were EU financial firms to move to a holding company structure, the focus of resolution can be at the holding company (‘HoldCo’) level, minimizing disruption of the ordinary business of the operating financial subsidiaries. A vital addition to structural renovation is the requirement of a holding company form for systemically important financial institutions in the EU. The chapter suggests that it might be possible to achieve such an outcome via a number of different channels, which it goes on to review and concludes that the mandatory structure should become a public HoldCo parent for the operating subsidiaries of the banking group, set up so that the assets of HoldCo consist of shares in its subsidiaries, and that its liabilities are confined to unsecured term debt. This was the missing piece of the proposed Structural Measures Regulation and remains a missing piece for a credible Single Resolution Mechanism in the banking union.
Fiduciary Duties and How They Arise
Authors: Bamford Colin
Published: August 2024

This chapter looks at the concept of fiduciary duties and examines the history of the idea from its emergence through to its treatment in modern cases. It then examines the identification of relationships that are fiduciary in nature, and goes on to discuss the nature of the fiduciary duties that arise in such a relationship, in particular the duty of good faith, the duty not to make a secret profit, and the ‘no conflict’ rule.
The Remedies of the Seller and the Buyer I
Authors: Bridge M G
Published: August 2024

This chapter deals with the remedies of seller and buyer other than termination. It focuses on remedies other than damages. The seller has a number of real remedies that can be exercised against the contract goods. These are listed in the Sale of Goods Act as the unpaid seller's lien, or right to withhold delivery where the property has not yet passed, the right of stoppage in transit, and the right of resale. The seller may also sue in debt for the price of the goods if the appropriate conditions are met; unlike the buyer's claim to specific performance, the subject of a discretionary award, the seller's claim is granted as of right in those cases where the seller meets the requirements of the Act. A buyer who has paid the price for goods that the seller does not deliver, or that are delivered and rightly rejected, will wish to recover the price as on a total failure of consideration. Specific performance is also available in exceptional cases, usually to a buyer in lieu of damages for non-delivery.
Introduction
Authors: Chong Adeline , Yip Man
Published: August 2024

This chapter introduces the concept of private international law in Singapore. Singapore's private international law’s burgeoning phase is largely driven by the government’s desire to position the nation as the centre of choice for the resolution of international commercial disputes, international insolvency, and restructuring efforts. The chapter then provides a brief overview of the commercial aspects and significant developments in Singapore’s private international law rules. It tackles the establishment of the Singapore International Commercial Court, Singapore International Mediation Centre, and Singapore International Arbitration Centre in an effort to offer a complete suite of dispute resolution services for international commercial disputes. Moreover, these developments also affected the field of jurisdiction and foreign judgments.
Choice of Law for Torts
Authors: Chong Adeline , Yip Man
Published: August 2024

This chapter explains how Singapore's choice of law rule for torts largely reflects the English common law rule of double actionability. As a general rule, the tort choice of law rule requires actionability under the lex fori and actionability under the law of the place where the wrongful act was committed. This general rule is subject to a flexible exception which may be invoked to apply the law that has the most significant relationship to the parties and the occurrence. It then examines possible reforms for the double actionability rule and the possible issues surrounding torts, such as the relevance of party autonomy, internet defamation and the interrelation between contract and tort choice of law issues.
Withdrawal Agreement and Political Declaration on the Future EU–UK Relationship
Authors: Lovegrove Simon
Published: August 2024

This chapter discusses the Withdrawal Agreement and Political Declaration on the framework for the future EU–UK relationship published on 14 November 2018 (as amended on 17 October 2019) and its implications for financial services. Financial services are not specifically mentioned in the Withdrawal Agreement. Financial services firms will be interested in the transition period, though. During this period, while no longer a Member State, the UK will still be considered as part of the Customs Union and the Single Market. While being part of the Single Market, firms will be able to passport their services as they currently do. EU financial services law will also apply in the UK during this period. Meanwhile, there is nothing in the Political Declaration that suggests that the UK will be on better terms than any other third country dealing with the EU. However, this will be the UK government’s aim in the negotiations. The chapter then considers the Financial Conduct Authority’s EU Withdrawal Impact Assessment, which included commentary on the Withdrawal Agreement and Political Declaration.
Other Forms of Group Prudential Supervision
Authors: Morris Charles H R
Published: August 2024

This chapter discusses some of the more obscure types of prudential groups, and how prudential requirements apply to predominantly non-financial services groups and fund structures. It first looks at two vestigial UK regimes: the BIPRU and IPRU-INV group supervisory regimes. BIPRU firms are UK investment firms that fall outside the scope of the CRD regime and whose individual prudential requirements are governed by the Financial Conduct Authority’s (FCA) Prudential Sourcebook for Banks, Building Societies and Investment Firms (BIPRU). The core BIPRU rules relating to group consolidation are almost identical in substance to the CRD consolidation rules, save for necessary changes to reflect BIPRU’s ongoing application to a smaller population of firms. Meanwhile, Chapter 14 of the FCA’s Interim Prudential sourcebook for Investment Business (IPRU-INV) applies to groups comprising a securities and futures firm, and where it is not otherwise subject to consolidated supervision by the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA), FCA or (prior to Brexit) EU competent authority. The chapter then studies the forthcoming EU investment firm group regime, which will be applicable to most EU investment firm groups that do not include credit institutions.
Group Structure and Regulation
Authors: Morris Charles H R
Published: August 2024

This chapter studies the relationship between group structure and prudential regulation/resolution. Specifically, it considers how certain structures may impede supervision, resolution, or bring groups outside the scope of supervision altogether. Such structural impediments may take many different forms, and cannot therefore be specified in an exhaustive regulatory program of prohibited structures, but supervisors will remain alert to structures that raise such concerns, and may block the formation of a structure that causes such concerns. Regulators have a wide range of powers and tools at their disposal to remove impediments, or to prevent structures from arising in the first place. Such powers and tools vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. The most direct, explicit set of powers is the change in control regime. Through such powers, regulators can directly block the formation of a particular group structure, or require changes to a proposed group structure to be made as a condition of their approval. The chapter then looks at the concept of structural separation.
Mistake, Impaired Capacity, and Unconscionable Bargains
Authors: O’Sullivan Dominic
Published: August 2024

This chapter discusses mistakes, impaired capacity, and unconscionable bargains as grounds for rescission. It explains how the complainant cannot bargain to protect their interests if an impairment had been recorded. The counter-party’s knowledge of impairment would be relevant, as it would trigger unconscionable bargains and moral acceptability, but it does not always lead to a rescission of the case. While mistakes are not common grounds for rescission, the chapter looks into special doctrines of rescission for mistakes. It also lists mental infirmity and intoxication as examples of impaired capacity. Meanwhile, the unconscionable bargain is often associated with constructive fraud or exploitation.
Third Party Wrongdoing
Authors: O’Sullivan Dominic
Published: August 2024

This chapter looks into the wrongdoings of third parties, considering situations where a transaction would be voidable because a party’s consent was vitiated by some factor that a third party had been responsible for. It also expounds on the basic rule precluding rescission of contracts. The O’Brien principle primarily applies to surety transactions wherein the surety and debtor conduct a non-commercial relationship and the transaction does not advantage the surety. The chapter then lists examples of non-commercial relationships such as marriage. Moreover, it explains how gifts and other gratuitous dispositions achieved through a third party’s misconduct may be set aside without proof of knowledge or constructive knowledge.
Succeeding to Rights to Rescind
Authors: O’Sullivan Dominic
Published: August 2024

This chapter explains the general principles of succeeding the rights to rescind. It highlights the process of the right to rescind property upon rescission, which is an inchoate proprietary interest in the hands of the injured party that passes to the successor by force of the second transfer. The classes of persons entitled to succeed to a right to recover upon rescission ranges between heirs at law and beneficiaries under a will. The chapter then looks at some instances wherein settlement was made by the defrauded party and by one of the predecessors in the title. It also considers the right to obtain a proprietary interest in assets upon rescission through assignment and conveyance.
Introduction to HKIAC
Authors: Moser Michael , Bao Chiann
Published: August 2024

Chapter 3 discusses the work of HKIAC generally. The chapter begins with a history of HKIAC and then discusses the organizational structure of HKIAC and its various arbitration, ADR and additional supporting services.
Arbitral Tribunal (Articles 6–12, Schedules 2 and 3)
Authors: Moser Michael , Bao Chiann
Published: August 2024

Chapter 7 provides a detailed commentary on the provisions related to the arbitral tribunal, including: Article 6 (Number of Arbitrators), Article 7 (Appointment of a Sole Arbitrator), Article 8 (Appointment of Three Arbitrators), Article 9 (Confirmation of the Arbitral Tribunal), Article 10 and Schedules 2 and 3 (Fees and Expenses of the Arbitral Tribunal), Article 11 (Qualifications and Challenge of the Arbitral Tribunal), Article 12 (Replacement of an Arbitrator).
The Directive on Actions for Damages for Infringements of Competition Law
Authors: Lianos Ioannis , Davis Peter , Nebbia Paolisa
Published: August 2024

This chapter provides a description of the main changes introduced by the Damages Directive and the collective redress package. It examines successively the scope of the right to compensation, presumptions and quantification, disclosure of evidence, limitation periods, the effect of the decisions of national competition authorities, joint and several liability, standing, the passing on defence, dispute settlement, and collective redress.
The Interaction between Public Enforcement and Private Actions for Damages in Europe
Authors: Lianos Ioannis , Davis Peter , Nebbia Paolisa
Published: August 2024

The interaction between action for damages and the public enforcement of competition law is of particular interest for all jurisdictions that have made the choice of a dual enforcement system for their competition laws. The chapter explores the interaction from an optimal enforcement theory perspective, as well as its more practical dimension, including access to evidence, the effect of national competition authorities’ decisions, joint and several liability, the interaction of leniency and actions for damages, interaction of private enforcement with ADR, limitation periods, punitive damages, and public law enforcement.
Cross-Border Damages Actions in the EU
Authors: Lianos Ioannis , Davis Peter , Nebbia Paolisa
Published: August 2024

The Damages Directive leaves sufficient space for inter-jurisdictional competition between the legal regimes of the EU Member States. The chapter offers a critical perspective on the implementation in this context of the Brussels regime, which provides management rules that may apply to cross-border competition damages and which are also based on the need to manage diversity rather than suppress it. The promotion of the inter-jurisdictional competition (or forum shopping) aims to guarantee more effective enforcement of the rights of the victims of competition law infringements. The chapter discusses issues of jurisdiction, applicable law, and recognition of judgments, as well as the interaction between public and private enforcement (including ADR) in a cross-jurisdictional setting.
The Role of National Judicial Authorities
Authors: Blanco Luis Ortiz , Jörgens Konstantin
Published: August 2024

abstracts and keywords to be supplied.
Investigation of Cases (III): Inspections
Authors: Sauer Ralf , Blanco Luis Ortiz , Jörgens Konstantin
Published: August 2024

abstracts and keywords to be supplied.
Steps Following the Adoption of a Formal Decision. Judicial Review
Authors: Blanco Luis Ortiz , Jörgens Konstantin
Published: August 2024

Abstracts and keywords to be supplied.
Unlawful Aid
Authors: Kapenne Jean Paul , Caviedes Carlos Urraca
Published: August 2024

abstracts and keywords to be supplied.
Coda
Authors: McParland Michael
Published: August 2024

This chapter presents some final thoughts. The European Commission seeks to ensure that by 2020, ‘justice and citizen's rights will know no borders in the EU’. A key aspect of the proposed agenda is the codification of existing laws. Many civilian lawyers would welcome a movement towards codifying the existing EU private international law instruments. It would be seen as a chance to resolve inconsistencies, deal with unresolved issues and preliminary matters, and to enhance the systematic benefits of a codified system.
Human Rights and Private International Law
Authors: Fawcett James J , Ní Shúilleabháin Máire , Shah Sangeeta
Published: August 2024

Examining the impact, both actual and potential, of human rights concerns on private international law as well as the oft-overlooked topic of the impact of private international law on human rights, this work covers these areas. This book considers and analyses the numerous private international law cases discussing human rights concerns arising in the commercial law context, alongside high-profile cases dealing with torture ( Jones v. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ) and same sex marriage ( Wilkinson v Kitzinger ).The right to a fair trial is central to the intersection between human rights and private international law, and is considered in depth along with: the right to freedom of expression; the right to respect for private and family life; the right to marry; the right to property; and the prohibition of discrimination on the ground of religion, sex, or nationality. Focusing on, though not confined to, the human rights set out in the ECHR, the work also examines the influence of human rights on private international law in countries which are not a party to the ECHR, such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States.
The Right to a Fair Trial
Authors: Fawcett James J , Shúilleabháin Máire Ní , Shah Sangeeta
Published: August 2024

This chapter presents the main protections for the right to a fair trial. In general terms, the right to a fair trial seeks to protect the interest in maintaining the rule of law and the proper administration of justice. This right has been termed a ‘right to court’ and encompasses the idea of ensuring ‘access to justice’. It includes a right of access to a court, procedural guarantees regarding the conduct of a trial, and enforcement of a final judgment. Article 6(1) ECHR explicitly recognises certain interests that should be protected in the determination of ‘civil rights and obligations’: a fair hearing, a public hearing and judgment, trial within a reasonable time, and determination by an independent and impartial tribunal.
Right to Respect for Family Life and the Rights of the Child
Authors: Fawcett James J , Shúilleabháin Máire Ní , Shah Sangeeta
Published: August 2024

This chapter discusses the impact of the right to respect for family life and children’s rights on the private international law on child abduction. The case law of the ECtHR and ECJ in child abduction cases suggests that these courts have sought to achieve a harmonious interpretation of the relevant rules of private international law and applicable human rights law. Clashes of obligations have been avoided, with both courts suggesting that the Hague Child Abduction Convention and Brussels II bis regimes seek to achieve the same aims as the rights to respect for family life, as well as the rights of the child. Indeed, Brussels II bis explicitly recognises human rights and sets out specific mechanisms for protecting the rights of the child and its parents.
Detection of Cartels
Authors: Venit Jim , Vandenborre Ingrid , Rider Tiffany , Sánchez Pablo Amador
Published: August 2024

The chapter contains an overview of the different aspects involved in a cartel investigation. James Venit, Ingrid Vandenborre, and Tiffany Rider (Skadden, Brussels and Washington DC) provide practical insights into the European Commission’s investigatory process. They discuss how cartel investigations can start (complaints, ex officio, and leniency) and how they are conducted (inspections, requests for information, witnesses). The chapter then continues to discuss issues pertaining to requesting leniency. Pablo Amador Sanchez (senior legal officer, Dutch Competition Authority) complements the private practitioner’s contribution by discussing from an enforcer’s perspective the efforts of competition authorities to detect cartels ex officio (outside leniency applications), and provides practical suggestions for submitting a leniency application and cooperating with the competition authorities.
Consumer Involvement in Public Competition Law Enforcement
Authors: Ioannidou Maria
Published: August 2024

This chapter explores the possible opportunities for consumer participation and the promotion of the consumer interest in public competition law enforcement. It, first, discusses the reasons for the shift from private to public enforcement, and argues that public mechanisms can be structured in a way that promotes the same endemic-functional aims as private enforcement and brings additional institutional benefits. It assesses the current avenues of consumer participation in public competition law enforcement (complaints, super-complaints, sector inquiries) and suggests ways in which these could be improved. In addition, it discusses different mechanisms for the provision of compensation to affected consumers in the course of public enforcement (‘public compensation’).
Merger Control
Authors: Rose Stephen , Ferguson Adam
Published: August 2024

This chapter analyses the changes to the UK merger control regime brought about by the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act (ERRA). It provides a broad overview of the regime, analysing the process of notification and clearance. The authors explain the changes made by the ERRA, such as the introduction of a binding timetable at ‘Phase 1’, the CMA’s enhanced information-gathering powers, its new powers to prevent the integration of merging parties’ businesses pending the conclusion of a merger review, and changes to the decision-making process and the available remedies. The chapter concludes that while many of the changes are welcome, there was a missed opportunity to create a more efficient merger control regime.
Private Enforcement
Authors: Simor Jessica , Gibson Nicholas , Silverstone Ben , Davies Anita , Farrell Lesley
Published: August 2024

This chapter analyses the changes to the domestic regime for private enforcement of competition law brought about by very recent legislation at UK and EU level: the Consumer Rights Act 2015 and the EU directive on damages actions for competition law infringements. Section A discusses the development of private competition litigation in the UK, including the changes made by the Enterprise Act 2002 reforms and the limitations of the regime created by that Act. Section B outlines and discusses the reforms introduced by the Consumer Rights Act, notably the broadening of the Competition Appeal Tribunal’s jurisdiction to include ‘stand-alone’ actions for damages and injunctions, as well as—radically—the first ever genuine ‘class action’ regime. Section C provides an overview of the EU damages directive and a commentary on its expected impact on domestic litigation.
Competition Enforcement and Procedure
Authors: Nazzini Renato
Published: August 2024

The problem of concurrent proceedings is a highly topical one, as public administrative enforcement in many jurisdictions escalates, with record-breaking fines. This book examines and explains the procedural complexities of concurrent proceedings in competition law, focusing on parallel or sequential administrative, criminal, and civil proceedings. The book begins with an analysis of the legal framework, including concurrent enforcement of competition law, administrative and judicial proceedings, as well as an overview of the relevant legal principles. The second part discusses the interplay between administrative, civil, and criminal proceedings, including stays, the effect of administrative decisions, disclosure and admissibility of evidence, and the criminalisation of cartels. The third part deals with international commercial arbitration, covering arbitration of competition law disputes in the European Community and the US, and arbitration and concurrent proceedings. The fourth part evaluates the tactical implications of concurrent proceedings, and leniency and concurrency. The book has now been revised and updated with developments in jurisprudence across the US, UK, and EU.
Railway Transport (I)
Authors: Kaufmann Thomas
Published: August 2024

The first reforms of the EU railway sector were made in the 1990s, after the quality of railway transport had deteriorated drastically. Road traffic benefitted from dynamic growth owing to the EU Internal Market, but the national monopoly railway companies were not able to meet market demands. Awareness of the negative environmental consequences of road traffic was growing. This chapter describes the main objectives of the European Union’s railway policy through successive ‘packages’ since the 1990s, intended to open the market to competition and create incentives for product innovation and service quality, while fostering the interoperability of the national networks (and, hence, international services) through technical harmonization, developing a common rail safety approach, and creating a Trans-European Network for rail. It details the role of regulatory bodies and defines the relationship between infrastructure providers and rail service operators. The chapter also sets out the regulatory framework to enhance rail safety and interoperability.
Competition (I)
Authors: Mes Daniel
Published: August 2024

After transport by car, travel by air is the option that European consumers and companies use most to move around. Air transport covers almost 10 per cent of the kilometres travelled by EU citizens. More than 800 million passengers use EU airports annually. Having airlines compete with the best service and the best price is essential for the European economy. The European Union has made a considerable effort to liberalize the air transport markets in Europe. As a result, fares were reduced, new business models (low-cost carriers) emerged, and air travel became more affordable. In the long term, European airlines became more resilient in the global market place. This chapter describes the complex operations of the airline industry and the delicate definition of relevant markets. It sets out in detail the elaborate practice in respect of restrictive agreements and abuses of dominant position.
Galaxy clustering at cosmic dawn from JWST/NIRCam observations to redshift z~11
Authors: Dalmasso Nicolò , Leethochawalit Nicha , Trenti Michele , Boyett Kristan
Published: August 2024

We report measurements of the galaxy two-point correlation function at cosmic dawn, using photometrically selected sources from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES). The JWST/NIRCam data set comprises approximately $N_g \simeq 7000$ photometrically selected Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs), spanning in the redshift range $5\le z\lt 11$. The primary objective of this study is to extend clustering measurements beyond redshift $z\gt 10$, finding a galaxy bias $b=9.6\pm 1.7$ for the sample at $\overline{z} = 10.6$. The result suggests that the observed sources are hosted by dark matter haloes of approximately $M_{h}\sim 10^{10.6}~\mathrm{{\rm M}_{\odot }}$, in broad agreement with theoretical and numerical modelling of early galaxy formation during the epoch of reionization. Furthermore, the JWST JADES data set enables an unprecedented investigation of clustering of dwarf galaxies two orders of magnitude fainter than the characteristic $L_*$ luminosity (i.e. with $M_{F200W}\simeq -15.8$) during the late stages of the epoch of reionization at $z\sim 6$. By analysing clustering as a function of luminosity, we find that $b(M_{F200W})$ aligns with previous results for brighter galaxies and then decreases with $M_{F200W}$, as theoretically expected for fainter candidates. These initial results demonstrate the potential for further quantitative characterization of the interplay between assembly of dark matter and light during cosmic dawn that the growing samples of JWST observations are enabling.
Rapid profiling of transcription factor–cofactor interaction networks reveals principles of epigenetic regulation
Authors: Inge Melissa M , Miller Rebekah , Hook Heather , Bray David , Keenan Jessica L , Zhao Rose , Gilmore Thomas D , Siggers Trevor
Published: August 2024

Transcription factor (TF)–cofactor (COF) interactions define dynamic, cell-specific networks that govern gene expression; however, these networks are understudied due to a lack of methods for high-throughput profiling of DNA-bound TF–COF complexes. Here, we describe the Cofactor Recruitment (CoRec) method for rapid profiling of cell-specific TF–COF complexes. We define a lysine acetyltransferase (KAT)–TF network in resting and stimulated T cells. We find promiscuous recruitment of KATs for many TFs and that 35% of KAT–TF interactions are condition specific. KAT–TF interactions identify NF-κB as a primary regulator of acutely induced histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac). Finally, we find that heterotypic clustering of CBP/P300-recruiting TFs is a strong predictor of total promoter H3K27ac. Our data support clustering of TF sites that broadly recruit KATs as a mechanism for widespread co-occurring histone acetylation marks. CoRec can be readily applied to different cell systems and provides a powerful approach to define TF–COF networks impacting chromatin state and gene regulation.
Greenwashed Cigarette Ad Text and Imagery Produce Inaccurate Harm, Addictiveness, and Nicotine Content Perceptions: Results From a Randomized Online Experiment
Authors: Moran Meghan Bridgid , Ibrahim Maryam , Czaplicki Lauren , Pearson Jennifer , Thrul Johannes , Lindblom Eric , Robinson-Mosley Shae , Kennedy Ryan David , Balaban Ariel , Johnson Matthew
Published: August 2024

Introduction

The tobacco industry has a long history of circumventing regulations to present their products, inaccurately, as less harmful. Greenwashing (portraying a product as natural/eco-friendly) is increasingly used by tobacco companies and may mislead consumers to believe that certain cigarettes are less harmful than others. This study assesses the effect of some common greenwashing tactics on consumer product perceptions.

Aims and Methods

We conducted an online experiment with 1504 participants ages 18–29, randomized to view a cigarette ad manipulated for presence–absence of a combination of four different greenwashing techniques: greenwashed ad text, greenwashed ad imagery, recycled paper ad background, and image of greenwashed cigarette pack. Participants rated perceived absolute harm, relative harm to other cigarettes, absolute addictiveness, relative addictiveness, and relative nicotine content.

Results

Participants who viewed ads containing greenwashed text were more likely to have inaccurate perceptions about absolute harm (AOR = 1.72), relative harm (AOR = 3.92), relative addictiveness (AOR = 2.93), and nicotine content (AOR = 2.08). Participants who viewed ads containing greenwashed imagery were more likely to have inaccurate perceptions of relative harm (AOR = 1.55), absolute addictiveness (AOR = 1.72), relative addictiveness (AOR = 1.60), and nicotine content (AOR = 1.48). Forty-two percent of those who saw an ad with all greenwashed features believed the product was less harmful than other cigarettes versus 2% of those who saw an ad without greenwashed features.

Conclusions

We found that greenwashed text and imagery produced inaccurate risk perceptions. More active U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) enforcement against such greenwashing and new FDA rulemaking to prohibit unnecessary imagery in tobacco advertising and establish plain packaging requirements would help protect consumers and public health.

Implications

These findings provide evidence that greenwashing tactics used by the tobacco industry increase inaccurate product risk perceptions. These tactics could be a way for the industry to make implicit modified risk claims, despite applicable U.S. Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act prohibitions. Findings from this study support the need for prohibitions on these tactics, and the potential for such prohibitions to help protect public health.
Healthcare professionals as domestic abuse survivors: workplace impact and support-seeking
Authors: Dheensa Sandi , Doughty Janine , Gregory Alison
Published: August 2024

Background

Healthcare professionals (HCPs) are expected to identify and respond to domestic abuse (DA) among their patients. Although research suggests that a high proportion of HCPs are affected by DA, the impact of their experiences has been under-researched.

Aims

To assess UK HCPs’ experiences of DA and develop a broad understanding of its impact on work and HCPs’ support needs.

Methods

An online cross-sectional survey was promoted via multiple professional channels (October to December 2022). We adopted convenience sampling and analysed data descriptively.

Results

Among the 192 HCP survivors who responded, all abuse subtypes—psychological, sexual, economic and physical—were common. Ninety per cent of abusers were male (ex)partners. Eighty-five per cent reported abusers directly interfered with their work and 92% reported their work and career were affected. Almost all reported physical and mental health consequences. Eighty-nine per cent reported their own experiences shaped their responses to patient survivors. On average, per year, HCP survivors reported they had 13 sick days, 5 days’ leave, 10 days’ lateness and 6 days’ early departure due to DA. Only 20% reported their workplace had a staff DA policy, and over 50% were unsure what workplace support mechanisms were available. Just over half disclosed at work; concerns that others would question their fitness to practice were common. Twenty-two per cent reported aspects of work, for example, long hours, stopped them from seeking support outside work.

Conclusions

HCPs face unique barriers to DA disclosure and support-seeking and may benefit from tailored support from specialists who understand both DA and the healthcare context.
Otherworld
Authors: Bitel Lisa M.
Published: August 2024

Otherworld offers a lively translation and retelling of little-known, anonymous stories composed over a thousand years ago in the monastic libraries of Ireland. In poetry and prose, the tales tell us what happens when human and supernatural lovers cross the boundaries between our world and the magical Otherworld (síd) and its creatures (áes síde). Set in a lost time of heroes, demigods, and warrior queens, these stories inspired some of the earliest fairy tales of Europe, but they are sexier, funnier, and bloodier than better-known medieval myths and romances. While retelling the tales, this book also traces themes and characters that link the nine stories and interprets crucial details often lost on modern readers. With beguiling illustrations by Saba Joshaghani, Otherworld opens a modern portal to the síd and to the imagination of storytellers who lived long ago.
Introduction
Authors: Bitel Lisa M.
Published: August 2024

Once upon a time, a very few fortunate mortals found their way to the Otherworld—the early medieval Irish síd. Some of their adventures are told in this book: nine enchanting tales from Ireland, all more than a thousand years old. These stories are about love and magic. They are about the boundaries between the present moment and the distant past, about parallel worlds and the strange borderlands between them. They speak of the anguish of betrayal, and they celebrate enduring devotion. They probe the terrible choice between duty to family and duty to the heart. They boast of the impossible toils and triumphs of heroes and demigods and the unbelievable beauty of queens. They relish the shriek of the raven-winged war goddess and lament men’s blood spilled on the muddy earth. Above all, they are about interracial love desire shared by mortal humans and the supernatural áes síde, folk of the ancient Irish Otherworld.
The Eighth Tale
Authors: Bitel Lisa M.
Published: August 2024

This story began before Cú Chulainn wed Emer. We heard before how the Cú was on his way home from Alba after his training and stopped at the Isles, where he met a king’s daughter and arranged a tryst with her. This is her sad story, for not all romances end well. No one from the Otherworld figures in this story, but the heroine, Derb Forgaill, was able to take bird shape, just like Cáer Ibormeith, Étaín, and other ladies of the síd. The lesson in this tale is about men who ignored the wrath of the woman-troop when the ladies thought themselves betrayed.
Where There’s Smoke, There’s Fire
Authors: Keating Malcolm
Published: August 2024

The ability of inference to bring about knowledge of unseen things is the focus of this chapter. It introduces the distinction between two kinds of inference: inference for oneself and inference for another, where the latter is crucial for public reasoning. As well, it explains the five components of a Nyāya inference: the thesis, reason, illustration, application, and conclusion. After explaining the basic structure of inference, the chapter explains three majors kinds of inference: presence-only, absence-only, and presence-and-absence inferences. When these different inferences are suitable is the main concluding discussion, with a brief digression into the topic of probabilistic inference.
Is That a Person or a Post?
Authors: Keating Malcolm
Published: August 2024

Doubt is a trigger for investigation according to Nyāya philosophers, who distinguish among three categories of doubt based on what brings them about. These categories are (1) from common properties being cognized, (2) from distinguishing properties being cognized, and (3) from controversy. In addition to explaining these three categories of doubt, the chapter considers when doubt is rational and when a competing viewpoint should bring about doubt in an individual. In situations of doubt, suppositional reasoning is one helpful auxiliary to the ways of knowing for Nyāya philosophers, and its structure and role in knowing is the other main subject of this chapter. That suppositional reasoning is not itself a way of knowing is a crucial point the chapter develops.
Never Could Learn to Drink that Blood and Call It Wine
Authors: Green Jeffrey Edward
Published: August 2024

Part II examines Bob Dylan’s religious ideas. It argues that while Dylan does not provide a stable message about what kind of religious faith to adopt or whether to adopt one, an abiding ethical meaning of his spiritual meandering is that it gives prophetic voice to what so far has been a merely philosophical notion: the postsecular idea that both religion and non-religion are coequal alternatives, neither of which is natural, modern, or better than the other. Dylan’s most distinct prophetic function with regard to religion is not to convert the non-religious to God but to inspire greater respect in the non-religious for the dignity, integrity, and plausibility of religiosity. Dylan achieves this not through dispassionate argumentation in the manner of a philosopher but through personal testimony that demonstrates that the respect of the non-religious for religiosity is properly grounded not in generosity or tolerance toward some radical other but rather in the ever-present possibility for religiosity all of us possess, even if only some actualize.
Lies, Self-Presentation, and Early Modern Culture
Authors: Balserak Jon
Published: August 2024

This chapter seeks to explore the views on lying and self-fashioning that existed from antiquity to the Early Modern era. It treats ancient thinkers, like Plato, and biblical material. It looks at two interpretive traditions which developed in Christian theology on mendacity. One of these argues that there are occasions when lying is acceptable and even pious. The other argues that all lying is sinful, regardless of the motivation behind it. The chapter then explores Western thought on more nuanced ethical matters such as dissimulation and feigning. Moving on to look at self-presentation, the chapter explores praise and criticism for it by Early Modern thinkers.
National Beers
Authors: Pilcher Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2024

Beer became nationalized in the mid-twentieth century for political and economic reasons. Beer provided a standardized, industrial beverage that seemingly contributed to national identities. Economies of scale allowed a few firms to acquire brewing oligopolies or monopolies within national markets. Governments encouraged breweries in former colonies and in Communist societies as an affordable working-class luxury. Technological improvements made it possible to brew ever lighter lagers, while changing consumer tastes favored these beers, even in societies with long traditions drinking strong ales such as Belgium and the Anglo world. Younger generations who grew up on industrial processed foods rejected old-fashioned tastes, while migrants from the countryside associated factory goods with modernity, in the Global South as well as Europe. Even in China, the Maoist government encouraged the brewing of European beer, which acquired a national lineage.
Strive for Originality
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

In this chapter we consider the difference between original in the “novel” sense and original in the sense pertaining to origin. Originality in this latter sense is what Leopoldo Zea and Emilio Uranga call “originarity.” I begin the chapter by thinking about the sources of the “impostor syndrome,” in which one feels as though one does not belong or does not fit in. We claim that the feeling of being an impostor is partly due to feeling like a “bad copy” of something more genuine or original (in the sense of “novel”). The solution is to think of “bad copies” as Zea does: not as bad or wrong but instead as different or “originary.”
Set Yourself Apart
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

Samuel Ramos makes a distinction between being a “person,” an “individual,” and a “personality,” claiming that one must develop the last of these in order to transcend egoism and self-centeredness. To be a personality is to know and act in the interest of a higher purpose, to have a higher calling, or to exist on a higher moral plane. Ramos, however, wants us to focus not on becoming a personality but simply on doing what personalities do, without falling into an exercise of “futile imitation.” Examples of such personalities are Emiliano Zapata, Cesar Chavez, and Malala Yousafzai. In this chapter we highlight the imperative to develop a personality.
Love without Violence
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

I open this chapter with the story of my mother-to-be’s abduction by my father-to-be many years ago. The story illustrates a point: that love between two people cannot be based on force or violence. I turn then to Luis Villoro’s conception of love. Love, according to Villoro, involves respect, the sort of respect that allows the other person to remain free and unknown, a mystery even to his or her lover. Without this respect, love is impossible. Without respect, love may be akin to violence. The question becomes, can we love without violence? It would seem that the “good life” would require this, if nothing more.
Be Like the Rabbit
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

The past few chapters have dealt with the problem of objectification and Mexican philosophy’s response to that problem. We continue that here. Clearly, none of us wants to be “pushed into a corner,” “pigeonholed,” captured in stereotypes, or imprisoned by the weight of the past or the predicting algorithms of contemporary culture. The Aztecs would advise us to be like rabbits—elusive and hard to catch. Emilio Uranga takes this notion to refer to a modern identity that refuses to settle into a definition, emphasizing that a certain rabbithood is necessary to maneuver our way past the objectifying gaze of others. In this chapter, we consider the value of rabbithood both as described by the Aztecs and as appropriated by Uranga. The example of my father’s “hard-to-know” personality serves as my initial example.
Growing Songwriting
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: August 2024

Growing Songwriting builds on the work of professional songwriters, songwriting professors, scholars in songwriting, and on the professional discourse in music education to provide a pedagogical starting place for the teaching of songwriting in school classrooms and community centers. Creative processes centered on writing songs are divided into three separate but related activity areas: Covering, the Middle Ground, and Songwriting. Within each of these areas are provided lesson “seed” starting places for developing lessons, “water” in the form of stories of how songwriters have written some of the most enduring songs, and “sunlight” as represented by inspiration for continuing and extending creative practices. By adopting a growth metaphor in pedagogical practice, this book aims to help grow songwriting as a curricular offering.