bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Outcome of Screening for Polyoma Bk Virus Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Ziediņa Ieva , Čapenko Svetlana , Murovska Modra
Published: June 2013

BK virus (BKV) infection was studied prospectively in 50 unselected consecutive patients who had undergone kidney transplantation. Infection was monitored for one year after transplantation. Viral DNA in urine (viruria) and plasma (viremia) samples was detected by nested, qualitative polymerase chain reaction. BKV screening data was available for 92% (n = 46) of patients enrolled in the study. Four groups of patients were distinguished: uninfected patients (group 1, n = 30), patients with viruria (group 2, n = 3), patients with viremia (group 3, n = 6) and patients with developed BKV nephropathy (group 4, n = 7). Infection was observed starting form the first month, and the maximum number of patients with active BKV infection occurred at six months after transplantation. Five-year graft survival was 69% for patients with any evidence of BKV infection, compared with 80.0% (P = NS) for patients without BKV infection. The best graft function was observed in group one patient (mean serum creatinine 130 mkmol/l and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 60.9 ml/min) and the worst in group 4 (mean serum creatinine 180 mkmol/l and GFR 52.31 ml/min) at five years after transplantation. Five-year patient survival was 82.6% and was not affected by presence of BKV infection.
Scientific and Technological Progress, Political Beliefs and Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Makrakis Vassilios
Published: June 2013

With the development of science and technology, a basically optimistic ideology of progress has emerged. This deterministic attitude has been challenged in recent decades as a result of harmful side-effects generated by the way technology and science have been approached and used. The study presented here is a part of a larger international and comparative study dealing with global/environmental issues related to political orientation, science and technology. 3 080 pre-service teachers from Finland, Greece, Sweden, Japan and Holland answered a closed-end survey instrument. The results of this study show that none of the sample country respondents identified themselves as optimists concerning the impact of science and technology on society and environment. The no-stance and the pessimistic attitudes towards technology and science seem to derive from the human and environmental costs associated with science and technology development. A strong connection was found between environmental consciousness and attitudes towards the role and impact of science and technology on society. These results indicate that society and education, in particular, should place higher critical concerns about scientific and technological issues and their relation to the development of a sustainable society.
Education in the new Era: The Dissemination of Education for Sustainable Development in the Political Science Programmes at Notre Dame University – Louaize
Authors: Labaki Georges
Published: June 2013

Sustainable development is continuous process of change requiring painful choices resting on political will. This paper examines the developments needed to engage with sustainable development in the field of political science through the following: the reform in political science programmes to cope with the need for sustainable development in terms of governance, advocacy and other related issues; the need to use a holistic approach in education; the re-examination of the prevailing ideologies and market-oriented economies; the introduction of education for sustainable development at the Faculty of Political Science of Notre Dame University - Louaize in terms of a global approach of education, curricula design, teaching and implementation.
Survey of the Reporting Characteristics of Systematic Reviews in Rehabilitation
Authors: Gianola Silvia , Gasparini Monica , Agostini Michela , Castellini Greta , Corbetta Davide , Gozzer Paolo , Li Linda C. , Sirtori Valeria , Taricco Mariangela , Tetzlaff Jennifer M. , Turolla Andrea , Moher David , Moja Lorenzo
Published: June 2013

Background

Systematic reviews (SRs) have become increasingly important for informing clinical practice; however, little is known about the reporting characteristics and the quality of the SRs relevant to the practice of rehabilitation health professionals.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine the reporting quality of a representative sample of published SRs on rehabilitation, focusing on the descriptive, reporting, and bias-related characteristics.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted by searching MEDLINE for aggregative and configurative SRs indexed in 2011 that focused on rehabilitation as restorative of functional limitations. Two reviewers independently screened and selected the SRs and extracted data using a 38-item data collection form derived from Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The data were analyzed descriptively.

Results

Eighty-eight SRs published in 59 journals were sampled. The median compliance with the PRISMA items was 17 (63%) out of 27 items (interquartile ratio=13–22 [48%–82%]). Two thirds of the SRs (n=66) focused on interventions for which efficacy is best addressed through a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design, and almost all of these SRs included RCTs (63/66 [95%]). More than two thirds of the SRs assessed the quality of primary studies (74/88 [84%]). Twenty-eight reviews (28/88 [32%]) meta-analyzed the results for at least one outcome. One half of the SRs reported positive statistically significant findings (46%), whereas a detrimental result was present only in one review.

Conclusions

This sample of SRs in the rehabilitation field showed heterogeneous characteristics and a moderate quality of reporting. Poor control of potential source of bias might be improved if more widely agreed-upon evidence-based reporting guidelines will be actively endorsed and adhered to by authors and journals.
Transplantation of Schwann cells in a collagen tube for the repair of large, segmental peripheral nerve defects in rats
Authors: Berrocal Yerko A. , Almeida Vania W. , Gupta Ranjan , Levi Allan D.
Published: June 2013

Object

Segmental nerve defects pose a daunting clinical challenge, as peripheral nerve injury studies have established that there is a critical nerve gap length for which the distance cannot be successfully bridged with current techniques. Construction of a neural prosthesis filled with Schwann cells (SCs) could provide an alternative treatment to successfully repair these long segmental gaps in the peripheral nervous system. The object of this study was to evaluate the ability of autologous SCs to increase the length at which segmental nerve defects can be bridged using a collagen tube.

Methods

The authors studied the use of absorbable collagen conduits in combination with autologous SCs (200,000 cells/μl) to promote axonal growth across a critical size defect (13 mm) in the sciatic nerve of male Fischer rats. Control groups were treated with serum only–filled conduits of reversed sciatic nerve autografts. Animals were assessed for survival of the transplanted SCs as well as the quantity of myelinated axons in the proximal, middle, and distal portions of the channel.

Results

Schwann cell survival was confirmed at 4 and 16 weeks postsurgery by the presence of prelabeled green fluorescent protein–positive SCs within the regenerated cable. The addition of SCs to the nerve guide significantly enhanced the regeneration of myelinated axons from the nerve stump into the proximal (p < 0.001) and middle points (p < 0.01) of the tube at 4 weeks. The regeneration of myelinated axons at 16 weeks was significantly enhanced throughout the entire length of the nerve guide (p < 0.001) as compared with their number in a serum–only filled tube and was similar in number compared with the reversed autograft. Autotomy scores were significantly lower in the animals whose sciatic nerve was repaired with a collagen conduit either without (p < 0.01) or with SCs (p < 0.001) when compared with a reversed autograft.

Conclusions

The technique of adding SCs to a guidance channel significantly enhanced the gap distance that can be repaired after peripheral nerve injury with long segmental defects and holds promise in humans. Most importantly, this study represents some of the first essential steps in bringing autologous SC-based therapies to the domain of peripheral nerve injuries with long segmental defects.
Limitations of nerve repair of segmental defects using acellular conduits
Authors: Berrocal Yerko A. , Almeida Vania W. , Levi Allan D.
Published: June 2013

The authors present the case of a 20-year-old man who, 3 months after his initial injury, underwent repair of a 1.7-cm defect of the ulnar nerve at the wrist; repair was performed with an acellular nerve allograft. Given the absence of clinical or electrophysiological recovery at 8 months postrepair, the patient underwent reexploration, excision of the “regenerated cable,” and rerepair of the ulnar nerve with sural nerve autografts. Histology of the cable demonstrated minimal axonal regeneration at the midpoint of the repair. At the 6- and 12-month follow-ups of the sural nerve graft repair, clinical and electrophysiological evidence of both sensory and motor reinnervation of the ulnar nerve and associated hand muscles was demonstrated. In this report, the authors describe a single case of failed acellular nerve allograft and correlate the results with basic science and human studies reporting length and diameter limitations in human nerve repair utilizing grafts or conduits devoid of viable Schwann cells.
Adult acute calcific discitis confined to the nucleus pulposus in the cervical spine
Authors: Azizaddini Shahrzad , Arefanian Saeed , Redjal Navid , Walcott Brian P. , Mollahoseini Reza
Published: June 2013

Acute calcific discitis is a rare condition in the pediatric population and has been reported in only 2 instances in the adult population. This report describes a case of acute calcific discitis that uniquely presented in the adult cervical spine. A 22-year-old woman presented with the chief complaint of sudden-onset neck pain. Nonsurgical management, including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, provided moderate symptom relief. Radiography revealed nucleus pulposus calcification at the C2–3 level. Contrast-enhanced MRI did not reveal any additional abnormalities. Further nonsurgical management, including physical therapy and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, led to complete symptom relief within 6 months. Follow-up imaging demonstrated that the calcification had nearly resolved. Acute calcific discitis should be managed conservatively; the prognosis for a complete recovery is excellent. The pathophysiology of the disorder is yet to be elucidated, and the disorder is not exclusive to the pediatric population.
A new R package, exsic, to assist taxonomists in creating indices
Authors: Simon Reinhard , Spooner David M.
Published: June 2013

• Premise of the study: Taxonomists manage large amounts of specimen data. This is usually initiated in spreadsheets and then converted for publication into locality lists and indices to associate collectors and collector numbers from herbarium sheets to identifications (exsiccatae). This conversion process is mostly done by hand and is time‐consuming, cumbersome, and error‐prone.

• Methods and Results: We constructed a tool, ‘exsic,’ based on the statistical software R. The exsic function is part of the R package ‘exsic’ and produces specimen citations and exsiccatae conforming to four related formats.

• Conclusions: The tool increases speed, efficiency, and accuracy to convert raw spreadsheet tables to publication‐ready content.
Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Distally Inserted Doubled Hamstrings Tendons
Authors: Buda Roberto , Ruffilli Alberto , Vannini Francesca , Parma Alessandro , Giannini Sandro
Published: June 2013

Many surgical techniques aimed to obtain an anatomical anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the hamstrings tendons are described in the literature. All of these techniques encompass the detachment of the tibial insertion of the hamstrings tendons, thus damaging the neurovascular supply of the tendons and resulting in lower residual proprioceptivity and worse ligamentization of the graft. This article describes a new technique that permits an anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction using distally inserted doubled hamstrings tendons fixed at the femoral level with a second-generation cortical suspensory device.
Volar Ligament Repair for Radiocarpal Fracture-dislocation
Authors: Brown David , Mulligan Michael T. , Uhl Richard L.
Published: June 2013

Radiocarpal fracture-dislocations are uncommon injuries, comprising a spectrum of trauma to the capsuloligamentous complex and osseous structures of the radiocarpal joint along with the adjacent structures. Management guidelines are derived from limited case series and expert opinions. An understanding of the relevant anatomy suggests that restoration of an anatomically reduced joint in conjunction with repair or reconstruction of the osseous and soft tissue structures optimizes outcome. Special consideration should be given to repair of the radial styloid, intercarpal ligaments, and radiocarpal capsuloligamentous complex. The authors report 2 patients with radiocarpal fracture-dislocations in which reduction and stabilization of the carpus was achieved using suture anchor fixation of the volar extrinsic radiocarpal ligaments.
Driving After Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: Goodwin David , Baecher Nicolai , Pitta Michael , Letzelter Joseph , Marcel John , Argintar Evan
Published: June 2013

Educational Objectives

As a result of reading this article, physicians should be able to:

1.

Identify preoperative factors that may contribute to a patient’s ability to return to driving after orthopedic surgery.

2.

Understand the role of upper-extremity immobilization and how it may impair a patient’s ability to operate a motor vehicle.

3.

Recognize how various forms of lower-extremity immobilization (eg, controlled ankle-motion boot, cast, and Aircast Walker) affect braking reaction times and total braking times.

4.

Be aware of current guidelines about when it is appropriate to return to driving following arthroscopy, lower-extremity fracture, and hip and knee arthroplasty.

Few guidelines are available to assist orthopedic surgeons in advising patients about when to return to driving after orthopedic surgery. A patient’s surgical procedure, postoperative weight-bearing restrictions, immobilization, and other factors influence a patient’s ability to drive after orthopedic surgery. Multiple studies have used driving simulators to predict when it may be safe to return to driving after orthopedic surgery. However, study conclusions and recommendations vary significantly. This article reviews the factors contributing to a patient’s ability to return to driving after orthopedic surgery and reviews recommendations based on the available literature following fracture, arthroscopy, and arthroplasty.
Patient Demographics and Risk Factors in Pediatric Distal Humeral Supracondylar Fractures
Authors: Mitchelson Andrew J. , Illingworth Kenneth D. , Robinson Brooke S. , Elnimeiry Khider A. K. , Wilson Craig J. , Markwell Stephen J. , Gabriel Keith R. , McGinty Jasmin , Saleh Khaled J.
Published: June 2013

The literature on distal humeral supracondylar fractures does not systematically define relationships between patient characteristics and the severity or complications of these injuries. This study evaluated age, sex, height, and body mass index (BMI) in relation to fracture severity and posttreatment complications in a pediatric population.

The medical records of 382 pediatric patients treated for distal humeral supracondylar fractures over a 5-year period at 1 institution were included. Variables included age, sex, height, weight, injury mechanism, fracture severity (Gartland Classification), treatment, follow-up duration, and treatment complications. Body mass index and BMI-for-age percentile were calculated. Descriptive statistics with univariate analyses and logistic regression analysis with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used. Children sustaining Gartland type 3 fractures were significantly older and taller than those sustaining Gartland type 1 and 2 fractures. No significant difference existed in fracture occurrence between boys and girls. Fracture severity did not differ significantly due to sex, BMI, or BMI-for-age percentile. Severe fractures were associated with increased posttreatment complications. Complication rates did not vary significantly by age, sex, height, BMI, or BMI-for-age. Taller children aged 5 to 6 years were at the greatest risk for Gartland type 3 distal humeral supracondylar fractures.

Severe fractures are associated with an increased complication risk. Sex, BMI, and BMI-for-age percentile had no effect on fracture severity or complication rates.
Factors Predicting Change in Pelvic Posterior Tilt After THA
Authors: Kyo Takayuki , Nakahara Ichiro , Miki Hidenobu
Published: June 2013

In total hip arthroplasty, steep cup inclination should be avoided because it increases the risk of edge loading. Pelvic posterior tilt should be carefully monitored because it increases cup inclination and anteversion, leading to edge loading or impingement.

The authors evaluated how much the pelvic tilt angle changes from the supine position referenced in planning for cup orientation preoperatively to the standing position 1 year after total hip arthroplasty (Δref). The pelvic tilt angle was measured in 124 patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty due to osteoarthritis, and the mean Δref was −9.5°±5.3° (range, −23° to 5°). Preoperative compression fractures, spondylolisthesis, and disk-space narrowing were predictive of increased pelvic posterior tilt after total hip arthroplasty. The authors mathematically calculated how much change in pelvic posterior tilt was clinically possible with the original cup alignment, which ranged from 40° to 45° of radiographic inclination and 0° to 30° radiographic anteversion to more than 50° of inclination. Even if the maximum posterior tilt (23°) occurred, no edge loading would occur in almost half of those original cups.

Surgeons should aim for 40° of inclination. When the original cup inclination was 40°, edge loading was prevented. Edge loading caused by steep cup inclination can be prevented by adjusting the cup orientation to account for predicted pelvic tilting, but spinal alignment must also be considered because lumbar kyphosis can increase postoperative pelvic posterior tilt.
Predictive Value of Inflammatory Markers for Irrigation and Debridement of Acute TKA Infection
Authors: Stryker Louis S. , Abdel Matthew P. , Hanssen Arlen D.
Published: June 2013

The roles of C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are well established in the diagnosis of total joint infection. However, it is not entirely clear what value preoperative CRP and ESR have in predicting outcomes following irrigation and debridement with insert exchange for acute hematogenous total knee arthroplasty infection.

The total joint registry at the authors’ institution was reviewed to identify all patients who underwent irrigation and debridement with insert exchange for a diagnosis of acute hematogenous infection of a primary total knee arthroplasty. Patient medical records were then reviewed for preoperative white blood cell count and CRP and ESR levels; interval from symptom onset to surgery; infecting organism; and any additional surgery for infection. Average patient age was 72 years (range, 51–91 years). Forty-four patients were men and 26 were women. Mean follow-up was 54 months (range, 12–176 months). Seventy-two procedures (69 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 20 (28%) additional procedures for infection were performed and were classified as treatment failures. Average CRP was 173.7 mg/L in the successful group and 159.0 mg/L in the failed group (
P
=.31). Mean ESR at the time of irrigation and debridement with insert exchange was 61.3 mm/hr in both groups (
P
=.49).

Although CRP and ESR are well established in the diagnosis of infection, no role currently exists for them in predicting the outcomes of irrigation and debridement with insert exchange for the treatment of acute hematogenous total knee arthroplasty infection.
Evolving Incidence of MRSA in Urban Hand Infections
Authors: Fowler John R. , Greenhill Dustin , Schaffer Alyssa A. , Thoder Joseph J. , Ilyas Asif M.
Published: June 2013

Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) is the most commonly cultured bacteria in hand infections. Understanding the most common bacteria involved in hand infections allows appropriate and efficient administration of antibiotics. Delay in treatment may lead to increased morbidity, including stiffness, contracture, and amputation. The purposes of this study are to determine whether the incidence of MRSA in culture-positive hand infections continues to increase and whether MRSA is a risk factor for increased length of stay.

Electronic medical records were queried to identify patients admitted to a large, academic urban medical center with the diagnosis of a hand infection between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2009. Methicillin-resistant
S aureus
accounted for 220 of the positive cultures over the 5-year study period. Polymicrobial infection represented 81 positive cultures, and MRSA was only present in 10 of these cases. Patients with MRSA were found to have a mean length of hospital stay of 4.1 days compared with 4.5 days in non-MRSA infections.

Understanding the most common bacteria involved in hand infections allows appropriate and efficient administration of antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant
S aureus
is the most commonly cultured bacteria in the hand. However, polymicrobial infections have become increasingly more common. Although incidences of polymicrobial infections increased over the study period in this series, clinical judgment should be exercised before initiating broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage.
Opinions Regarding the Management of Hand and Wrist Injuries in Elite Athletes
Authors: Dy Christopher J. , Khmelnitskaya Ekaterina , Hearns Krystle A. , Carlson Michelle Gerwin
Published: June 2013

Injuries to the hand and wrist are commonly encountered in athletes. Decisions regarding the most appropriate treatment, the timing of treatment, and return to play are made while balancing desires to resume athletic activities and sound orthopedic principles. Little recognition in the literature exists regarding the need for a different approach when treating these injuries in elite athletes and the timing to return to play.

This study explored the complexities of treating hand and wrist injuries in the elite athlete. Thirty-seven consultant hand surgeons for teams in the National Football League, National Basketball Association, and Major League Baseball completed a brief electronic survey about the management of 10 common hand injuries. Notable variability existed in responses for initial management, return to protected play, and return to unprotected play for all injuries, aside from near consensus agreement (94%) that elite athletes with stable proximal interphalangeal dislocations could immediately return to protected play. Basketball surgeons were less likely to recommend early return to protected play than non-basketball surgeons. Baseball surgeons were more likely to recommend early unprotected play after scaphoid fixation. Football surgeons were more likely to recommend earlier return to protected play after thumb ulnar collateral ligament injuries, whereas basketball surgeons were less likely to recommend earlier return to protected play.

This study demonstrated wide variability in how consultant hand surgeons approach the treatment of hand and wrist injuries. The findings emphasize the need to individually tailor treatment decisions to the patient’s desires and demands, particularly in high-performance athletes.
Bulgarian Cultural Centers – Chitalishte
Authors: Santova Mila , Nenova Stella
Published: June 2013

The Bulgarian cultural center known as a chitalishte (“reading room”), a characteristic phenomenon in Bulgaria, is an institution closely connected with the community in whose parameters it is created, functions, and develops. Most often the community has a local one. Already at the time of its appearance as a cultural and educational institution, the historical fate of the chitalishte was closely connected with the community’s spiritual and social life. As a phenomenon with a specific structure and presence in the life of the community, the chitalishte has been a focus of political, governmental, and research interest.
***
V Bolgariji je kulturno središče, poznano pod imenom čitalnica, značilen fenomen, ustanova, ki je tesno povezana s skupnostjo, v kateri je nastala, deluje in se razvija. Navadno ima skupnost svojo krajevno čitalnico. Že ko je nastala kot kulturna in izobraževalna ustanova, je bila njena zgodovinska usoda tesno povezana z duhovnim in družbenim življenjem skupnosti. Kot pojav s posebno sestavo in vlogo v življenju skupnosti, je bila čitalnica deležna političnega, oblastnega in raziskovalnega interesa.
Ethnological Ideas and Approaches in Bulgarian Folklore Studies
Authors: Ganeva-Raycheva Valentina
Published: June 2013

This paper presents the trend in Bulgarian folklore studies being developed at the Institute of Folklore at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, in ethnology, ethnological and anthropological approaches, and research problems. Special attention is paid to the role played by the institute’s scholars in institutionalizing ethnology in schools of higher education and training specialists (MA and PhD students) in ethnology in the last twenty years.
***
Članek predstavlja usmeritev bolgarske folkloristike, kakor se je razvila na Inštitutu za folkloro Bolgarske akademije znanosti, v etnologiji, etnoloških in antropoloških pristopih ter raziskovalnih problemov. Posebna pozornost je namenjena vlogi inštitutskih raziskovalcev pri institucionalizaciji etnologije v visokem izobraževanju in usposabljanju specialistov (magistrskih in doktorskih študentov) v zadnjih dvajsetih letih.
Ethnomuse: Multimedia Digital Archive of Slovenian Folk Song, Music and Dance Collections
Authors: Strle Gregor , Marolt Matija
Published: June 2013

Članek obravnava raziskave, povezane z izgradnjo digitalnega multimedijskega arhiva zbirk slovenskih ljudskih pesmi in glasbe EtnoMuza. Poudarjeni so tisti elementi, ki so zanimivi na ravni aplikacije, torej v kontekstu upravljanja s folklorističnimi in etnomuzikološkimi vsebinami v EtnoMuzi, in v okviru raziskav tekočih mednarodnih projektov in programov obravnavanega področja. Poudarek je na treh temeljnih vidikih: 1. konceptualizacija folklorističnih in etnomuzikoloških vsebin in gradiva v fleksibilnem podatkovnem modelu FRBR_oo; 2. aplikacija in orodja za upravljanje in manipuliranje teh vsebin; 3. možnostih dostopa do teh vsebin v spletnem brskalniku EtnoMuza.
***
The article discusses the construction of the EthnoMuse multimedia digital archive of Slovenian folksong, music, and dance collections. The fundamental characteristics of this construction are presented, both from the aspect of their application (i.e., in the context of managing folklore and ethnomusicology material in EthnoMuse) and in the context of the research and activities of current international projects and programs in the field. The focus is on three key issues: 1) conceptualization of folklore and ethnomusicology materials in the FRBR_oo flexible data model, 2) application and tools for management and manipulation of this material, 3) and ability to access this material using the EthnoMuse Web Browser.
Caractériser les valeurs environnementales au cours du temps : une étape indispensable à la gestion des patrimoines naturels : Le cas de la restauration des bras morts de l’Ain et du Rhône
Authors: Cottet Marylise
Published: June 2013

Un environnement ne devient patrimoine que s’il représente un bien commun, transmis de génération en génération, en vertu des valeurs qu’elles lui associent. Le caractère patrimonial d’un environnement repose avant tout sur un legs. Pour mieux comprendre le processus de patrimonialisation, il importe donc de consacrer une attention particulière aux valeurs associées aux environnements par les anciennes générations. Ce sont ces valeurs qui contribuent à sélectionner les environnements « méritant » d’être transmis. La restauration des bras morts du Rhône et de l’Ain représente un contexte opérationnel tout à fait pertinent pour analyser ces valeurs : un environnement ne peut être préservé dans le temps que s’il est porteur de sens et perçu comme patrimoine. 31 entretiens ont été menés pour identifier quelles valeurs sont associées aux bras morts par l’ancienne génération. Ils ont fait l’objet d’une analyse de contenu, dont le codage repose sur huit classes de valeur. La pratique des bras morts par la génération ancienne a fait émerger de multiples valeurs. À ce titre, ils représentent à ses yeux des patrimoines naturels. Ce résultat montre que la patrimonialisation peut avoir lieu de manière spontanée, sans pour autant passer par une protection institutionnelle. Il montre également que la patrimonialisation pourrait être remise en cause par une évolution des pratiques sociales. Ces constats soulèvent de nombreuses interrogations pour la gestion des patrimoines naturels.
Place et fonctions de la patrimonialisation de la nature dans les espaces protégés. Enseignements à partir du massif de l’uKhahlamba-Drakensberg, Afrique du Sud.
Authors: Duval Mélanie
Published: June 2013

Cet article analyse le champ de la protection de l’environnement sous l’angle de la patrimonialisation de la nature et vise à éclairer quelles sont la place et les fonctions du registre patrimonial dans les espaces protégés. Ces réflexions s’appuient sur un travail de terrain réalisé dans le massif de l’uKhahlamba-Drakensberg, situé à la frontière de l’Afrique du Sud et du Lesotho. Ce massif offre la particularité d’être marqué par la création de plusieurs espaces protégés, successivement établis tout au long du 20e siècle. Cet ancrage dans le temps permet d’interroger les évolutions dans les valeurs mobilisées et les finalités sous-jacentes à la création de ces différents espaces protégés. Situé dans un contexte politique post-régime totalitaire, il conduit également à analyser les questions d’autorité patrimoniale et à observer dans quelle mesure la redéfinition de la société civile ayant voix au chapitre patrimonial se traduit par une évolution des modalités de patrimonialisation de la nature. Des processus de redéfinition s’observent, en lien avec l’évolution du concept même de nature, celle des jeux d’acteurs et les échelles spatiales investies. Au final, l’analyse des liens entre protection de l’environnement et patrimonialisation de la nature conduit à interroger les conditions de la durabilité des espaces protégés, lesquelles sont fonction de la capacité qu’ont les gestionnaires à proposer une approche holistique des rapports Homme-Environnement.
Restauration écologique et processus de patrimonialisation des rivières dans l’Ouest de la France
Authors: Germaine Marie-Anne , Barraud Régis
Published: June 2013

Manifestations concrètes de l’évolution récente du cadre réglementaire dans le domaine de l’eau, les projets de restauration écologique, qu’ils se traduisent par des opérations de « désaménagement » d’ouvrages ou par la volonté de maintenir des paysages « sauvages » dans les fonds de vallées, se multiplient. Sur le terrain, ces opérations suscitent des réactions divergentes de la part des usagers qui témoignent de la diversité des représentations qu’ils se font de ces paysages et plus généralement de la nature. S’affrontent alors différentes logiques de mises en patrimoine (patrimoine naturel vs patrimoine culturel ; paysage vs biodiversité…). La mise en œuvre de ces projets constitue ainsi une occasion intéressante pour questionner les valeurs et processus qui sous-tendent la défense du patrimoine naturel au fil de l’eau. À partir d’exemples choisis parmi les petites vallées de l’ouest de la France sont identifiées les causes des mouvements de contestation auxquels sont confrontés les gestionnaires, mais aussi la nature des conflits locaux qui opposent les acteurs. Une réflexion est ensuite proposée sur la façon dont sont débattus ces enjeux sur la scène locale à partir de l’analyse des jeux d’acteurs et de la gouvernance des projets étudiés permettant d’interroger la place de l’expert et des discours dominants et de comprendre le rôle des habitants, élus et usagers qui se mobilisent.
Patrimonialisation de la nature et dynamiques touristiques : spécificités et singularités d’un « modèle » chinois contemporain
Authors: Chevalier Sylvine Pickel , Taunay  Benjamin , Violier Philippe
Published: June 2013

Des analyses conduites depuis plusieurs années sur les relations existantes entre la patrimonialisation de la nature et l’essor du tourisme en Occident nous ont menés à constater une co-constitution, comparable à ce qui fut observé dans le cadre de la mise en patrimoine des objets culturels. Ce phénomène s’explique par l’apport du regard extérieur, non utilitaire, de spectateur qui émerge avec la naissance d’un nouveau type de déplacement : le voyage d’agrément. Afin de savoir si ce lien fondamental qui a contribué à définir le patrimoine naturel en Occident et plus particulièrement en France émane d’un processus universel favorisé par la mondialisation en cours, il convient de le comparer à ce qui se produit dans des pays accédant nouvellement au tourisme. La Chine, qui nourrit une relation particulière à la nature pour être la plus ancienne civilisation paysagère du monde et qui développe aujourd’hui massivement des pratiques touristiques domestiques, ouvre le champ de cette investigation. Cette analyse comparative nous permettra d’observer que la corrélation entre tourisme et patrimonialisation de la nature est bien présente en Chine, comme elle l’est en France, mais elle n’en efface pas les spécificités locales. Elle relève d’un phénomène de co-constitution qui se profile entre universalisme et singularités culturelles, économiques et sociales.
Valeur, fonction et médiation dans les espaces naturels sensibles : une patrimonialisation inachevée de la nature. Exemples dans les Pays de la Loire
Authors: Barthon Celine , Chadenas Céline , Lajartre Arnaud de , Pancher Antoine
Published: June 2013

L’article suivant propose une évaluation des usages du dispositif « Espaces Naturels Sensibles » (ENS) au sein des cinq départements - Loire-Atlantique (44), Vendée (85), Maine-et-Loire (49), Sartre (72) et Mayenne (53)- de la région Pays de la Loire (France). Partant du constat d’un usage inégal et diversifié de l’outil ENS entre les départements, révélateur des fortes disparités d’appropriation du dispositif, nous mettons en évidence un trait commun dans l’évolution générale des critères de sélection des sites affichés comme ENS : la montée en puissance des critères écologiques dans la définition des sites retenus comme ENS. Cette tendance illustre le passage d’une patrimonialisation d’espaces emblématiques d’un point de vue naturel, paysager, culturel ou historique, à la patrimonialisation de la biodiversité des espaces. L’analyse de deux sites-tests du Maine-et-Loire et de la Loire-Atlantique, et notamment de leurs dispositifs de médiation sera enfin l’occasion, de mettre en évidence un changement de valeur révélateur des nouveaux usages de ces espaces et donc d’affiner la compréhension du processus de patrimonialisation de la nature à l’œuvre.
Les enjeux de la patrimonialisation du Parc naturel des Marais de Santoña, Victoria et Joyel (Cantabrie, Espagne)
Authors: Arriba Carmen Gil de
Published: June 2013

Le but de cet article est de faire la caractérisation et l’analyse du contexte au sein duquel se déroulent, depuis la fin des années 80, la restauration et la mise en valeur patrimoniale des Marais de Santoña, Victoria et Joyel, situés sur le littoral oriental de la communauté autonome de Cantabrie et qui constituent la plus vaste zone humide et l’un des écosystèmes le plus importants du nord de l’Espagne. Cet Espace naturel occupe actuellement plus de 6.600 ha répartis sur onze municipalités. Son processus de patrimonialisation apparait très lié à celui de sa protection et de sa restauration écologique, entamées à la fin des années 80. Pourtant cette évolution a eu lieu dans un contexte assez polémique, entrainant des conflits récurrents entre les différents agents impliqués.
Patrimonialisation du biome de las Caatinga : imaginaires paysagers en changement dans le semi-aride brésilien
Authors: Maciel Caio Augusto Amorim
Published: June 2013

La caatinga est un biome caractéristique d’une partie du Nord-est brésilien (le sertão), où prédomine un climat tropical semi-aride et qui présente des paysages variés liés surtout à une inégale répartition de faibles précipitations. En dépit de sa grande biodiversité et de son caractère singulier, la caatinga a été stigmatisée dans l’imaginaire géographique national comme un milieu inhospitalier et de type désertique, probablement en raison de son paysage végétal peu luxuriant, notamment comparé à l’Amazonie. Sa reconnaissance comme aire naturelle susceptible de valorisation culturelle et de protection a donc été retardée, la laissant en dehors des biomes dignes d’être classés comme Patrimoines nationaux dans la Constitution de 1988. Les mouvements sociaux, surtout au travers des débats sur les changements climatiques, la désertification et la durabilité, ont conduit au tournant du siècle à une mutation des représentations. La promotion de la durabilité et de la conservation de la caatinga demeure toutefois difficile en raison de l’enracinement des processus d’appropriation et de production de sens par les différents acteurs impliqués dans la (re)valorisation d’un patrimoine naturel très étendu (plus de 900 000 km2) et encore marqué négativement par son imaginaire. L’article identifiera ainsi les nouvelles valeurs et représentations paysagères qui permettent à la caatinga de devenir un objet géographique (naturel et culturel) digne d’être transmis aux générations futures, en insistant sur les critères de patrimonialisation depuis son inscription comme réserve de la biosphère.
Peuples autochtones et patrimonialisation de la nature protégée : les San indésirables dans le « Central Kalahari » (Botswana) ?
Authors: Glon Éric , Chebanne Anderson
Published: June 2013

Si la patrimonialisation de la nature protégée s’appuie de plus en plus sur l’idée de la participation des peuples autochtones au niveau international, l’exemple du « Central Kalahari Game Reserve » (CKGR) contredit cette tendance. Les San y sont déplacés vers des camps forcés. New Xade est l’un d’entre eux. Les San sont contraints de s’adapter à une sédentarisation rapide et violente. La question est de savoir quel sens nous pouvons donner à cet ethnocide en cours. Une appropriation territoriale et un système de valeurs patrimonialisées autochtones sont remplacés par une repatrimonialisation autour de la conservation de la nature et des nouvelles opportunités de profits qu’elles génèrent tels un tourisme de luxe et la mise en « defens » des réserves de diamants. Cette politique est ancrée sur des différends traditionnels entre les Bantous et les San.
La forêt, un patrimoine au prisme de l’écologisation : le cas des Landes de Gascogne
Authors: Cazals Clarisse , Deuffic Philippe , Sergent Arnaud , Ginelli Ludovic
Published: June 2013

Dans le contexte de développement durable où la prise en compte de la dimension écologique de la forêt devient incontournable, le processus de patrimonialisation de la filière forêt-bois-papier s’est profondément transformé. L’article propose une approche interdisciplinaire de sciences sociales permettant d’explorer les différentes formes du patrimoine forestier à partir des relations et tensions entre les différentes logiques d’acteurs sous-jacentes, notamment celles dont est porteur le processus d’écologisation. La déclinaison de cette approche au cas du massif des Landes de Gascogne permet d’étudier les relations entre écologisation et patrimonialisation au niveau d’une part de l’espace forestier et d’autres parts du produit "bois".
Patrimoine naturel et médiations visuelles : les solutions du paysage
Authors: Saouter Catherine
Published: June 2013

Le propos de cet article est d’interroger la notion de patrimoine naturel à partir d’une de ses représentations emblématiques, le paysage. Patrimoine et paysage n’étant pas des objets ontologiques mais bien plutôt des construits culturels, la réflexion porte sur les processus sémiotique et historique qui président à leur invention et à leur mise en relation afin de repérer les tensions et contradictions à l’œuvre dans le procès de patrimonialisation de la nature.Ce procès a pour condition préalable une triple invention, celle de la nature, celle du regard et celle du paysage. L’étude en donne les jalons historiques dans une diachronie dont l’origine remonte, en Occident, au moment de la Renaissance. Dès lors, l’émergence du paradigme de la modernité conduit peu à peu à une conjonction parachevée dans le courant du XIXe siècle entre curiosité intellectuelle, systématisation scientifique et émotion esthétique, condition sine qua non du goût contemporain pour un patrimoine naturel tel que le reflète la convention de l’Unesco en la matière. Cependant, cette élection patrimoniale, en survalorisant l’esthétique du paysage, construit l’illusion d’une préservation de la nature, sinon même parfois, devient un obstacle à cette conservation. Ce faisant, l’étude du paysage révèle le paradoxe et la contradiction intrinsèque du projet de patrimonialisation de la nature.
Le rôle du Centre excursionniste de Catalogne et de la Société Peñalara dans la patrimonialisation des Pyrénées Aragonaises (fin XIXe – début XXe siècle)
Authors: Sevilla Juan
Published: June 2013

La création des premières associations de montagne et d’excursionnistes ibériques a lieu durant le dernier quart du XIXe siècle et les premières décennies du XXe dans le contexte de prolifération des clubs alpins en Europe. Dès le début de leurs activités, elles entrent en rapport avec le collectif pyrénéiste français qui dirige la découverte scientifique, culturelle et sportive dans la haute montagne aragonaise. C’est alors que le Centre excursionniste de Catalogne et la Société Peñalara de Madrid programment des campagnes montagnardes dans les Pyrénées Centrales. Désormais, ces sociétés contribuent à la consolidation du « sentiment de montagne » au sud de la chaîne pyrénéenne. L’objectif de ce travail est de mettre en évidence le rôle de ces associations en tant qu’acteurs dans la valorisation patrimoniale de cette région après l’élan précurseur français.
What Is and What Should Always Have Been: Long-Lived Plasma Cells Induced by T Cell–Independent Antigens
Authors: Bortnick Alexandra , Allman David
Published: June 2013

It is well accepted that Ag-induced B cell differentiation often results in the generation of exceptionally long-lived plasma cells. Much of the work supporting this viewpoint stems from studies focused on germinal center–derived plasma cells secreting high-affinity isotype-switched Abs in mice immunized with T cell–dependent Ags. In contrast, less attention has been devoted to understanding Ab responses to T cell–independent Ags and pathogens. In this study, we review recent work showing that T cell–independent Ags consisting of either polysaccharides or LPSs also induce the formation of long-lived plasma cells, despite their general inability to sustain germinal center responses. This new information provides a framework for more fully understanding the forces underlying immunity to pathogens that resist T cell recognition and the extracellular cues governing plasma cell longevity.
Prophetic preaching in the contemporary context of South Africa
Authors: Pieterse Hennie J.C.
Published: June 2013

In South Africa we have a great legacy of prophetic preaching with preachers such as Desmond Tutu. Since the new dispensation, however, we are confronted today with a new situation of injustice and exclusion: the massive poverty amongst about 50% of the population. This article discusses the conditions for prophetic preaching in the current context of South Africa, which are a clear understanding of the poverty situation and solidarity of the church with the poor, a good understanding of prophetic preaching as a specific type of preaching, as well as the support of the congregation, the churches and the ecumenical church for prophetic preaching.Met predikers soos Desmond Tutu het ons ’n goeie erfenis van profetiese prediking in Suid-Afrika. Sedert die nuwe bedeling word ons egter met ’n nuwe situasie van ongeregtigheid en uitsluiting gekonfronteer: die massiewe armoede van ongeveer 50% van die bevolking. Hierdie artikel bespreek die voorwaardes vir profetiese prediking in die huidige konteks van Suid-Afrika: ’n duidelike begrip van die armoedesituasie en solidariteit van die kerk met die armes, ’n goeie begrip van profetiese prediking as ’n spesifieke soort prediking, asook die ondersteuning van die gemeente, die kerk en die ekumeniese kerk vir profetiese prediking.
Explorations and Expectations of Equidistribution Adaptations for Nonlinear Quenching Problems
Authors: Beauregard Matthew A. , Sheng Qin
Published: June 2013

Finite difference computations that involve spatial adaptation commonly employ an equidistribution principle. In these cases, a new mesh is constructed such that a given monitor function is equidistributed in some sense. Typical choices of the monitor function involve the solution or one of its many derivatives. This straightforward concept has proven to be extremely effective and practical. However, selections of core monitoring functions are often challenging and crucial to the computational success. This paper concerns six different designs of the monitoring function that targets a highly nonlinear partial differential equation that exhibits both quenching-type and degeneracy singularities. While the first four monitoring strategies are within the so-calledprimitiveregime, the rest belong to a later category of themodifiedtype, which requires the priori knowledge of certain important quenching solution characteristics. Simulated examples are given to illustrate our study and conclusions.
Galerkin Formulations of the Method of Fundamental Solutions
Authors: Berger J.R. , Karageorghis Andreas
Published: June 2013

In this paper, we introduce two Galerkin formulations of the Method of Fundamental Solutions (MFS). In contrast to the collocation formulation of the MFS, the proposed Galerkin formulations involve the evaluation of integrals over the boundary of the domain under consideration. On the other hand, these formulations lead to some desirable properties of the stiffness matrix such as symmetry in certain cases. Several numerical examples are considered by these methods and their various features compared.
Alternating Direction Implicit Orthogonal Spline Collocation on Non-Rectangular Regions
Authors: Bialecki Bernard , Fernandes Ryan I.
Published: June 2013

The alternating direction implicit (ADI) method is a highly efficient technique for solving multi-dimensional time dependent initial-boundary value problems on rectangles. When the ADI technique is coupled with orthogonal spline collocation (OSC) for discretization in space we not only obtain the global solution efficiently but the discretization error with respect to space variables can be of an arbitrarily high order. In [2], we used a Crank Nicolson ADI OSC method for solving general nonlinear parabolic problems with Robin’s boundary conditions on rectangular polygons and demonstrated numerically the accuracy in various norms. A natural question that arises is: Does this method have an extension to non-rectangular regions? In this paper, we present a simple idea of how the ADI OSC technique can be extended to some such regions. Our approach depends on the transfer of Dirichlet boundary conditions in the solution of a two-point boundary value problem (TPBVP). We illustrate our idea for the solution of the heat equation on the unit disc using piecewise Hermite cubics.