bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Curación avanzada de herida en pacientes con gangrena de fournier, Paraguay, 2024
Authors: Guzmán Ramona , Villalba Lucila , Ortigoza Luz María
Published: October 2024

La gangrena de Fournier es una infección necrotizante aguda que afecta los tejidos blandos de la región genital y perineal, con una rápida progresión y potencial mortalidad. Se relaciona comúnmente con diabetes y condiciones inmunosupresoras. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 78 años con dolor escrotal progresivo, diagnosticado con gangrena de Fournier. Durante la hospitalización, se realizaron múltiples desbridamientos quirúrgicos y se diagnosticó diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Se implementó un tratamiento de curación avanzada utilizando apósitos de hidrogel y tecnología de hidro-fibra. Este enfoque, junto con una intervención nutricional para abordar la hipoalbuminemia, fue fundamental para la recuperación del paciente. La experiencia demuestra la eficacia de la curación avanzada en el manejo de la gangrena de Fournier, mejorando la cicatrización y el control del dolor. Se recomienda la implementación de protocolos estandarizados para optimizar los resultados clínicos.
The dialogue of the past and the present in the innovative trends of the works of pottery of Qinzhou Nixing
Authors: Wang Gang
Published: October 2024

The object of this study is the ceramic art of Qingzhou Nisin, which has a history of over 1300 years. The aesthetic characteristics of Qingzhou Nisin ceramics are highlighted, and the current situation of insufficient innovation in modern ceramics is summarized and analyzed. The importance of design innovations is emphasized. A new method of innovative design for Qingzhou Nisin ceramics is proposed, which involves combining the regional culture of Guangxi Beibu Gulf with traditional artistic elements of Qingzhou Nisin ceramics to give them new vitality. The article highlights four aspects that facilitate the realization of innovations in Qingzhou Nisin ceramic design: the fusion of pattern elements, the integration of morphological elements, the integration of texture components, and the use of complex materials. The research methodology includes a literature review of Qingzhou Nisin ceramic art and its contribution to the development of innovative trends in this direction, an analysis of Qingzhou Nisin's works was made in order to understand its style and approach to creating ceramic art. The main conclusions of the study are that Qingzhou Nisin ceramic art is an important part of Chinese civilization, and its development should be based on preserving the continuity of traditions and culture. To restore the connection between the regional culture of Guangxi Beibu Gulf and innovations in Qingzhou Nisin ceramic design, research and innovation practices are necessary. To develop Qingzhou Nisin ceramic art, innovations in design should be based on preserving the continuity of traditions and culture, as well as restoring the connection between regional culture and innovations. Overall, the article shows that Qingzhou Nisin ceramic art is an important part of Chinese civilization, and its development should be based on preserving the continuity of traditions and culture.
Failure analysis of multi-span masonry arch bridges using combination of point cloud data and three-dimensional numerical modeling
Authors: Bagherzadeh Azar Amin , Sari Ali
Published: October 2024

Historical structures, including historical bridges, are part of cultural heritage, conveying the traces and characteristic features of past civilizations. To protect historical structures, it is necessary to prepare their 3D photogrammetric documentation, determine detailed geometric and material properties and perform computer-aided structural analysis using appropriate modeling techniques. The aim of this study is to present an effective, reliable and fast multidisciplinary approach for the analysis of historical masonry bridges. The aforementioned approach was illustrated with an example of the historical Halilviran masonry arch bridge and its behavior under possible loadings. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) was used to determine the bridge geometry with high accuracy. Point cloud data obtained from TLS was simplified and a three-dimensional CAD-based solid model of the structure was created. The Halilviran Bridge case study summarized in this report was conducted to examine the technical feasibility of using la¬ser scanning technologies for obtaining as-built records for similar historic bridges. A secondary objective was to identify other applications of this technology, notably for other transportation structures, and use numerical methods to assess the seismic behavior and failure model of the bridge. The seismic behavior of the bridge was examined using a finite-element- based macromodeling technique. Nonlinear dynamic analyses were carried out subsequently to identify the most susceptible regions of the bridge. Interpretation of the results, presented in the form of contour plots illustrating tensile damage and maximum displacements, offered a comprehensive depiction of the seismic response across the entire bridge. The methodology employed in this investigation can be viewed as a robust framework for evaluating the seismic response and potential failure of historical structures.
Double domination number of graphs generated from unary products
Authors:   Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Magima M. , Ragukumar P. ,   Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology
Published: October 2024

A subset $S$ of $V(G)$ is a double dominating set of a graph $G$ if $S$ dominates every vertex of $G$ at least twice. The minimum cardinality of a double dominating set denoted by $\gamma_{2\times}(G)$, is the double domination number of $G$. In this paper, we identified the double domination number of graphs generated by applying various unary operations on standard graph classes.
Navigating neurodiversity in higher education in India
Authors: Taneja Deepali , Viswanathan Poornima , Rajan Sahana V
Published: October 2024

The concept of neurodiversity embraces the idea that there are many different ways of perceiving, thinking about and responding to the world around us. Yet, many countries – including India, with its vast population – still struggle with this concept. Societal perceptions and stereotypes surrounding neurodiversity, often fuelled by ignorance and misinformation, contribute to the marginalisation and exclusion experienced by neurodivergent individuals. This article discusses the challenges and opportunities that neurodivergent students in Indian higher education face, highlighting the urgent need for systemic change to co-create a more inclusive and equitable learning environment.
Modeling corticotroph deficiency with pituitary organoids supports the functional role of NFKB2 in human pituitary differentiation
Authors: Mac Thi Thom , Fauquier Teddy , Jullien Nicolas , Romanet Pauline , Etchevers Heather C , Barlier Anne , Castinetti Frederic , Brue Thierry
Published: October 2024

Deficient Anterior pituitary with common Variable Immune Deficiency (DAVID) syndrome, combining adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency (ACTHD) and primary hypogammaglobulinemia, is caused by
NFKB2
heterozygous mutations. Nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) signaling is a key regulator of the immune system; however, the underlying mechanism of its association with endocrine symptoms remains unknown. The role of NFKB2 in the development of the human pituitary was called into question by
Nfkb2
-deficient
Lym1
mice, which have normal pituitary functions.The aim of this study was to create a human disease model to define the role of
NFKB2
in human pituitary development.We established pituitary organoids in three-dimensional (3D) culture after directed differentiation from CRISPR/Cas9-edited human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). First, we conducted a proof-of-concept study, introducing a homozygous

TBX19
K146R/K146R

missense pathogenic variant in hiPSC, an allele found in patients with congenital isolated ACTHD. We then used the same method to produce

NFKB2
D865G/D865G

mutant organoids, harboring the pathogenic missense variant previously identified in DAVID patients. This mutation causes a failure of NFKB2 p100 phosphorylation that blocks processing to form active NFKB2 p52. We further characterized pituitary organoid development with bulk RNA sequencing and validated findings with quantitative RT-PCR and by immunofluorescence in section and whole organoids.Analysis of wild-type (WT) organoids demonstrated that this
in vitro
model recapitulates corticotroph cell differentiation.

TBX19
K146R/K146R

organoids conserved early expression of
HESX1
, but had significantly decreased
PITX1
,
TBX19
,
LHX3,
and
POMC
transcription

. NFKB2
D865G/D865G

organoids also had dramatically reduced corticotrophs. Furthermore,

NFKB2
D865G/D865G

significantly perturbs the expression of 67 genes known to contribute to pituitary development, among which 39 transcription factors. Differential expression was found for several growth factor genes or genes associated with the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and terminal endocrine differentiation.We used a combination of CRISPR/Cas9 editing and refinement of a 3D organoid culture protocol to model human ACTHD due to
TBX19
or
NFKB2
mutations. The
NFKB2
variant studied induced a significant decrease in corticotroph differentiation, confirming the causative role of NFKB2 in isolated or syndromic ACTHD and demonstrating for the first time a direct functional role of NFKB2 in human pituitary development.
Antimicrobial and anti-endotoxin activity of N-acetylcysteine, calcium hydroxide and their combination against Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Khoury Rayana Duarte , Abu Hasna Amjad , Gagliardi Carolina Fedel , Marinho Renata Marques de Melo , Carvalho Cláudio Antonio Talge , Bresciani Eduardo , Valera Marcia Carneiro
Published: October 2024

Background

The management of endodontic infections is a complex challenge, mainly due to the involvement of diverse microorganisms and their by-products. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and their combined application as intracanal medications in combating Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from E. coli.

Methods

A total of 60 single-rooted human teeth were carefully selected and divided into six groups. These tooth canals were deliberately exposed to E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) and E. coli (ATCC 25922) to induce biofilm formation. Subsequently, the specimens were treated with NAC, Ca(OH)2, or a combination of both substances. Three samples of the root canals were collected at three moments: the first sample (S1) was to confirm the initial contamination, the second sample (S2) was immediately post-instrumentation, and the third sample (S3) was collected after the use of the intracanal medication. The antimicrobial efficacy of these intracanal medications was assessed by enumerating colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). In addition to this, the kinetic chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay by Lonza was used to quantify LPS from E. coli. Data tested for normality; then, Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests were used, and Dunn’s for multiple comparisons.

Results

The findings of this study showed significant reductions in the microbial load of E. faecalis and E. coli by S3. Notably, there were no statistically significant differences among the treatment groups concerning these microorganisms. However, it was observed that only the combination of NAC and Ca(OH)2 led to a noteworthy decrease in the quantity of E. coli’s LPS after 7-days, demonstrating a statistically significant difference from the other treatment groups. NAC + Ca(OH)2 combination, applied for a duration of 7-days, proved to be more suitable in reducing the presence of E. faecalis, E. coli, and LPS from E. coli within the context of endodontic infections.
Resiliência organizacional e competitividade: um estudo no segmento de estética e beleza na pandemia pelo COVID-19
Authors: Altmann Marselha Vianna , Milan Gabriel Sperandio , Machado Marcelo André , Brambilla Flávio Régio
Published: October 2024

A resiliência organizacional pode estar associada a uma espécie de reengenharia voltada à inovação com rupturas tecnológicas, organizacionais e, até mesmo, o redesenho dos papéis sociais, de forma a romper com os modelos anteriores e inovar. Assim sendo, o objetivo geral da pesquisa foi o de propor direcionamentos para potencializar a resiliência organizacional e a competitividade de empresas no contexto em estudo. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório. Os dados foram coletados por meio de dez entrevistas individuais em profundidade, com uma abordagem semiestruturada, enquanto que a análise dos dados foi implementada a partir da análise de conteúdo. Esta pesquisa contribui para verificar a atribuição adequada de recursos e capacidades disponíveis para potencializar a resiliência e a competitividade de empresas do segmento de estética e beleza. Como resultados, foram identificados dois tipos de perfis de empreendedores, conservadores e agressivos, articulando, diferentemente, os recursos disponíveis, evidenciando que as capacidades organizacionais fomentaram diferenciais para sobreviverem e se destacar durante a pandemia pelo Covid-19.
A Teaching Design with Ideological-Political Element on Reactions of Alkanes in College Chemistry II
Authors: Qi Deqiang , Zhang Yiping
Published: October 2024

College chemistry II is a basic course for normal college students majoring in science education in our university, and it is of practical significance to integrate ideological and political education into the teaching of the course to achieve the teaching purpose effectively. Taking the part “reactions of alkanes” as a case of teaching design, this paper discussed the teaching design ideas and methods of integrating ideological-political elements into the specialized course specifically in the setting of the three learning objectives, the introduction of the new lesson, the teaching of the three knowledge points, etc., and carried on the teaching reflection. By fully excavating the ideological-political elements in this course, and integrating the ideological and political education with cases related to reactions of alkanes in daily life and production practice into, it can arouse the students' attention and thinking, stimulate the students' interest in learning, and enhance the effectiveness of students' learning.
Evaluation of Multi-antibiotic Resistance Index (MAR) and Molecular Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated in Pathological Products from Chad
Authors: Ahmat Ahmat Mahamat , Oumar Djibrine Adoum , Abdoullahi Hissein Ousman , Hama Cissé , Yandai Fissou Henry , Gamougam Kadidja , Tidjani Abdelsalam , Aly Savadogo , Ouchemi Choua
Published: October 2024

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium present in several ecological niches causing opportunistic infections in humans. In developing countries like Chad, this bacteria is responsible for various human pathologies. High-priority pathogens, such as Salmonella and Shigella, represent a particularly heavy burden in low- and middle-income countries, as do Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, which pose serious problems in health centers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the multi-antibiotic resistance index and to carry out a molecular characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in pathological products from Chad using by rep-PCR (GTG)5. Antibiotic resistance phenotypes were obtained by interpreting the results of our previous study on antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from human infections in N'Djamena, Chad. In this study, two phenotypes were obtained that is XDR and MDR. Thus, 24/36 of strains came from urine and 29/36 strains were MDR. The multi-antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexes varied from 0.33 to 0.86. The rep-PCR allowed good discrimination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in this study. These isolates were grouped based on characteristic bands appearing in their genetic fingerprint profiles. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from urinary tract infections and pus were classified as XDR and MDR type strains.
La Fidélisation De La Clientèle A La Société Energie Au Nord-Kivu
Authors: Petillon Katembo Kamavu , Josephine Kasoki Kavutirwaki , Gervais Et Paluku Kavene
Published: October 2024

Cette recherche porte sur la fidélisation de la clientèle à la société de production de l’énergie au Nord-Kivu, une entreprise qui nécessite des stratégies. Toute entreprise qui se veut maintenir sa clientèle devra mettre en place un arsenal d’actions avec des techniques et des méthodes appropriées. La stratégie d’entreprise est la responsabilité du chef d’entreprise aidée par une équipe interne ou externe. Dans cette recherche nous avons voulu connaitre les obstacles que ENK rencontre dans ses relations avec ses clients et les stratégies que cette société doit mettre en place afin de fidéliser les consommateurs de son énergie. Après recherche, nous avons constaté que les obstacles sont : La coupure automatique du courant, le retard dans les travaux, les panes des appareils et équipements, l’instabilité du courant et le monopole évoqué. Cependant cette société adopte les stratégies dans les relations ENK et les consommateurs comme l’amélioration du service, la diminution du prix de compteur, l’acceptation de la concurrence, le renforcement du service de terrain, la prévision de service de dépannage, la modernisation par paiement sur MPESAet Airtel money, étendre l’éclairage public et prévention des coupures 4.4%. Eu égard à ce qui précède nous avons émis les suggestions à l’administration et aux consommateurs/clients de ENK
What Are The Economic Implications Of The Rise Of The Gig Economy On Employment Stability And Benefits?
Authors: Pande Nikhil
Published: October 2024

The rise of the gig economy has been unprecedented in recent years. As Anthony Carnevale, a researcher at Georgetown University, affirms, “The gig economy represents a seismic shift in how we think about work and employment.” Examples of this shift are seen worldwide, most prominently in companies like Uber, Zomato, and Airbnb (Satishlokhande, 2024)
Letramento Digital E Inclusão: Perspectivas Para A Formação Educacional De Jovens E Adultos
Authors: Theobald Ana Alice De Rezende Fonseca , Almeida Ricardo Santos De , Gomes Antonio José Ferreira , Guimarães Vanda Cristina Araújo , Moraes Vilma Suely Duarte De
Published: October 2024

O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar o letramento digital na formação educacional de jovens e adultos, visando promover maior equidade no acesso às tecnologias digitais. A metodologia utilizada foi uma revisão bibliográfica, que envolveu a análise crítica de literatura nas plataformas acadêmicas SciELO, Scopus e Google Acadêmico, para identificar práticas e teorias atuais sobre o tema. Os resultados mostraram que a inclusão digital exige mais do que a simples disponibilização de dispositivos e acesso à internet; é necessário criar ambientes educacionais que integrem de forma significativa as tecnologias digitais e adaptem práticas pedagógicas. Além disso, o letramento digital deve incluir habilidades críticas, como a avaliação de informações e a proteção da privacidade online. A pesquisa destacou que a desigualdade no acesso às tecnologias continua sendo um desafio significativo, especialmente para indivíduos em situação de vulnerabilidade social, e que políticas educacionais e programas de formação continuada devem considerar as diversas realidades dos alunos. Em conclusão, para promover uma participação plena na sociedade digital, é crucial uma abordagem integrada que envolva a formação adequada de educadores e a adaptação dos currículos às necessidades digitais dos alunos, enfrentando as desigualdades e melhorando o acesso às tecnologias.
Trend in the Co‐Occurrence of Extreme Daily Rainfall in West Africa Since 1950
Authors: Blanchet Juliette , Aly Claire , Vischel Théo , Panthou Gérémy , Sané Youssouph , Diop Kane Mariane
Published: January 2018

We propose in this paper a statistical framework to study the evolution of the co‐occurrence of extreme daily rainfall in West Africa since 1950. We consider two regions subject to contrasted rainfall regimes: Senegal and the central Sahel. We study the likelihood of the 3% largest daily rainfall (considering all days) in each region to occur simultaneously and, in a 20 year moving window approach, how this likelihood has evolved with time. Our method uses an anisotropic max‐stable process allowing us to properly represent the co‐occurrence of daily extremes and including the possibility of a preferred direction of co‐occurrence. In Senegal, a change is found in the 1980s, with preferred co‐occurrence along the E‐50‐N direction (i.e., along azimuth 50°) before the 1980s and weaker isotropic co‐occurrence afterward. In central Sahel, a change is also found in the 1980s but surprisingly with contrasting results. Anisotropy along the E‐W direction is found over the whole period, with greater extension after the 1980s. The paper discusses how the co‐occurrence of extremes can provide a qualitative indicator on change in size and propagation of the strongest storms. This calls for further research to identify the atmospheric processes responsible for such contrasted changes in storm properties.
Super‐detailed FEM simulations for full‐scale steel structure with fatal rupture at joints between members—Shaking‐table test of full‐scale steel frame structure to estimate influence of cumulative damage by multiple strong motion: Part 1
Authors: Mizushima Yasunori , Mukai Yoichi , Namba Hisashi , Taga Kenzo , Saruwatari Tomoharu
Published: January 2018

There have been several studies on analyses using finely meshed finite‐element (FE) models to understand in detail the behaviors of buildings during severe earthquakes. The accuracy of such analyses is often validated by comparing the results to the corresponding full‐scale shaking‐table test. While this approach is highly successful in terms of accuracy, no studies have considered the effect of fractures of members. In this study, numerical analyses are conducted for a steel structure subjected to multiple series of excitations in a full‐scale shaking‐table test considering fractures. The structure is modeled with planar and solid finite elements, and the fracture is treated by the mandatory deletion of elements at the time at which the fracture is observed in the experiment. The results show that by considering the fracture of steel members with the deletion of elements, the history of input excitations, and the resulting damages, the behaviors can be simulated analytically with a much higher accuracy.
Complex Multifactorial Genetic Diseases
Authors: Howrigan Daniel J , William Nancy , Darlington Todd M
Published: January 2018

Variation in traits can be owing to genetic factors or the environment – nature versus nurture – or more likely, a combination of both. It may be of interest, especially when a trait is detrimental, to localise the regions of the genome that contain the genes involved and beyond that, to map specific risk variants. Understanding the possible roles that genes may play in trait variation and, furthermore, estimating or modelling the genetic component are important first steps to inform subsequent genetic studies. There are many different study designs and genetic analysis techniques, each with their respective strengths and weaknesses for the identification of risk variants. Knowledge of disease susceptibility genes may help in the quest for new treatments and cures.

Key Concepts

Types of trait variation.

The possible roles of genes in trait variation.

The components of phenotypic variation.

Study designs for the estimation of genetic effects and heritability.

Genetic heterogeneity.

Types of genetic study designs.

Various analysis techniques used in genetic studies.
Genomic
DNA
: Purification
Authors: Tümmler Burkhard , Stanke Frauke
Published: January 2018

Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) can be prepared from any source by three steps: cell lysis, deproteinisation and recovery of DNA. The basic protocol needs to be adapted to the demands of the application, the number of samples to be processed, the requested yield, purity and molecular weight of the DNA and the amount and history of the source. Traditional protocols based on the lysis with sodium dodecyl sulfate/proteinase K, extraction with phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol, purification with ethanol and storage in tris/ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid buffer are recommended for the purification of long‐term stable high‐molecular weight genomic DNA from freshly obtained specimens. Intact chromosomal DNA is recovered from agarose‐embedded cells. Automated extraction methods are preferred for forensic applications and high‐throughput processing for biobanking. The technically challenging recovery of ancient DNA needs to be optimised on a case‐to‐case basis, because ancient DNA is damaged and chemically modified and contains large amounts of polymerase chain reaction inhibitors.

Key Concepts

The analysis of complex genomes requires the preparation of pure genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of high molecular weight.

Genomic DNA can be prepared from any source by three steps: cell lysis, deproteinisation and recovery of DNA.

Intact chromosomal megabase‐sized DNA is purified in solid agarose to protect the DNA during preparation.

DNA extraction for biobanking relies on automated systems and robotics.

Automated systems have been increasingly utilised for DNA extraction by forensic laboratories to handle the growing numbers of forensic casework samples while minimising the risk of human errors and assuring high reproducibility.

The recovery of ancient DNA from palaeontological specimens is a demanding task, because ancient DNA is damaged and chemically modified and contains large amounts of PCR inhibitors that interfere with DNA amplification that are copurified with the DNA.
Restriction Mapping
Authors: Tümmler Burkhard , Stanke Frauke
Published: January 2018

Deoxyribonucleic acid is partially or completely digested with one or more restriction endonucleases. The generated fragments are separated by size and then ordered by combinatorial analysis to generate a physical map. The size of the fragments generated by a restriction endonuclease digest depends on the frequency of the enzyme's recognition sequence in the analysed genome. Resolution of the restriction map can thus be influenced by choosing the appropriate restriction enzyme and needs to be adapted to each species. The method has been used in the past to generate physical maps of plasmids, phages or whole genomes and is meanwhile employed to generate de novo genome assemblies by next‐generation sequencing of nonmodel organisms with polyploid genomes.

Key Concepts

Restriction enzymes generate DNA fragments at sequence‐defined genomic sites.

The average size of restriction digest‐generated DNA fragments can be controlled by choosing a restriction enzyme with rare (large fragments) or frequent (small fragments) recognition sequences.

Restriction fragment‐digested DNA can be used for next‐generation sequencing, which facilitates genomic mapping of nonmodel organisms with complex genomes.
D
rosophila

as a Model for Human Diseases
Authors: Marcogliese Paul C , Wangler Michael F
Published: January 2018

The fruit fly has long been a powerful organism for high‐throughput
in vivo
studies in biology and genetics. Studies in
Drosophila
offer a simple platform, modelling multiple human diseases. With an ever‐expanding genetic toolkit, the fly genome has become increasingly accessible to experimental manipulation. The ectopic expression of human disease genes involved in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders have elucidated genetic modifiers that have been revealed to also cause human disease or to be potential drug targets for human neurological disorders. Recently, fly models are being used to study other human pathology such as cancer, infections and cardiovascular disorders. Lastly, ‘humanisation’ strategies to replace endogenous fly genes with their human homologue have begun. This has been particularly beneficial in assessing putative pathogenic variants implicated in rare Mendelian disorders, and thereby aiding diagnosis. In summary, the fly has remained a relevant platform for modelling human disease and elucidating genetic pathways and potential therapeutic targets.

Key Concepts

There is a vast, ever‐expanding genetic toolkit for manipulation of genes in the fly.

Significant advances have been made to further understanding a wide range of human diseases through studies of fly models.

Humanisation via use of the T2A‐GAL4 system along with UAS human cDNA transgenics provide a method to test variants implicated in human disease.

Flies can be used to study common neurodegenerative diseases as well as rare Mendelian disorders.

Functional testing of putative disease causing variants may still be accomplished in flies even when the phenotype may not overlap with human disease presentation.
Microarray Bioinformatics
Authors: Suratannon Narissara , van Hagen Martin , van der Spek Peter J
Published: January 2018

Scientists deal with massive datasets that must be interpreted in the context of other databases with biomedical knowledge. HGMD and NCBI GEO repositories accumulate vast amounts of data generated arrays and next‐generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. Although there is no universal way to analyse microarray data, best practices have been highlighted by which these data obtained from multiplex measurements using microarrays are explored.

Variant analysis, copy number aberrations and RNA and proteome expression analysis using Somalogic aptamers on microarrays involve the processing of large numeric data tables linked to literature/text, categorical sequence data and last but not least unstructured clinical data of patients. Its aim is to rank a list of variants, genes (RNA transcripts) and/or proteins that are expressed differentially (including coregulated and/or antiregulated molecules) and in a biologically relevant and statistically significant manner under many different experimental conditions or disease states. Visual data‐mining approaches are used besides advanced R statistical methods to identify unexpected relationships beyond the original hypotheses for clinical decision‐making in research or therapeutic settings. Software tools such as Instem/OmniViz Tibco/Spotfire, Partek, Biodiscovery Nexus, Qiagen/Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and/or Qiagen/Ingenuity Variant Analysis help scientists to put their scientific findings in the right context to stratify patients for targeted treatment.

Key Concepts

Bioinformatics uses computational tools for integration of the analysis of biological and medical data, which are being discussed in this article.

Bioinformatics covers software to handle, acquire, store, integrate, archive, analyse and visualise OMIC data. As the field matures, the focus shifts from single experiments towards cross‐OMIC data integration of DNA, RNA and protein array and sequencing data.

Detection of mutations, deletions and amplifications.

Patient stratification in Primary Immunodeficiencies.

Targeted therapy in AML.

DNA, RNA OMICS integrative analysis.

Web based resources for genome analysis.
Host‐Induced Gene Silencing for Pest/Pathogen Control
Authors: Nagle Michael , LeBoldus Jared M , Klocko Amy L
Published: January 2018

Host‐induced gene silencing (HIGS) is an approach that shows promise for the control of a variety of problematic crop‐damaging organisms, ranging from nematodes and insects, to fungi and parasitic plants. In general, HIGS utilises ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) molecules produced by the plant, which then target key genes in pests/pathogens, ideally leading to improved resistance of the plant and a reduction in damage. As this area of research is still very much in development, the possible off‐target and nontarget effects need to be assessed, as do the long‐term stability and effectiveness. Practical implementation of HIGS to commercial crop production will rely on extensive field‐testing, as well as regulatory and marketplace acceptance of new varieties.

Key Concepts

Plants are susceptible to damage from a variety of biological agents, including insect pests, and from pathogens, such as various species of fungi, nematodes and viruses.

Damage to crops by biological sources causes significant losses to yield.

Silencing of key pest and pathogen genes is a possible strategy for reducing crop damage and can be accomplished by RNA molecules expressed by the host plant.

Genetic constructs designed to silence pest and pathogen genes can be stably inserted into the host plant genome through a variety of methods, such as particle bombardment or
Agrobacterium
‐mediated transformation.

An alternate method for silencing genes consists of the direct application of purified RNA molecules to the plant itself.
Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Flavonols
Authors: Sharma Ajay , Sharma Pooja , Singh Tuli Hardeep , Sharma Anil K
Published: January 2018

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds, which are ubiquitous in nature and have been categorised into flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, catechins, anthocyanidins and chalcones according to their chemical structure. Currently more than 4000 flavonoids have been identified, which were isolated from fruits, vegetables and beverages (tea, coffee, beer, wine and fruit drinks). The flavonoids have aroused interest recently because of their beneficial effects on human health especially reported to have antiviral, antiallergic, anti‐inflammatory, antitumour and antioxidant activities. Flavonoids may enrich the immunogenic potential against such diseases of human body. Epidemiological studies have shown that flavonoid intake is inversely proportional to mortality rate because of coronary heart disease and heart attacks. However, recent studies have demonstrated that flavonoids found in fruits and vegetables may act as antioxidants. Current article mainly focuses upon the structure–function relationship of flavonols, one of the key components of flavonoids for their potential therapeutic use.

Key Concepts

Flavonols are phytochemical compounds, which are associated with beneficial health effects.

Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules in living organisms.

Enzymes are macromolecules biocatalysts, which accelerate the chemical reactions.

Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial position or primary site to a secondary site within the host cell.

Angiogenesis is the physiological process in which new blood vessels form from preexisting vessels.

Tumour is an abnormal mass of tissue or cell that may be solid or fluid‐filled.
Tumours
can be benign (not cancerous), premalignant (precancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death, which occurs in multicellular organisms.

Astrogliosis or astrocytosis is an abnormal increase in the number of astrocytes because of the destruction of nearby neurons from CNS trauma, infection, ischaemia, stroke, autoimmune responses and neurodegenerative disease.
Targeting potassium channels to treat cerebellar ataxia
Authors: Bushart David D. , Chopra Ravi , Singh Vikrant , Murphy Geoffrey G. , Wulff Heike , Shakkottai Vikram G.
Published: January 2018

Objective

Purkinje neuron dysfunction is associated with cerebellar ataxia. In a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), reduced potassium channel function contributes to altered membrane excitability resulting in impaired Purkinje neuron spiking. We sought to determine the relationship between altered membrane excitability and motor dysfunction inSCA1 mice.

Methods

Patch‐clamp recordings in acute cerebellar slices and motor phenotype testing were used to identify pharmacologic agents which improve Purkinje neuron physiology and motor performance inSCA1 mice. Additionally, we retrospectively reviewed records of patients withSCA1 and other autosomal‐dominantSCAs with prominent Purkinje neuron involvement to determine whether currently approved potassium channel activators were tolerated.

Results

Activating calcium‐activated and subthreshold‐activated potassium channels improved Purkinje neuron spiking impairment inSCA1 mice (P< 0.05). Additionally, dendritic hyperexcitability was improved by activating subthreshold‐activated potassium channels but not calcium‐activated potassium channels (P< 0.01). Improving spiking and dendritic hyperexcitability through a combination of chlorzoxazone and baclofen produced sustained improvements in motor dysfunction inSCA1 mice (P< 0.01). Retrospective review ofSCApatient records suggests that co‐treatment with chlorzoxazone and baclofen is tolerated.

Interpretation

Targeting both altered spiking and dendritic membrane excitability is associated with sustained improvements in motor performance inSCA1 mice, while targeting altered spiking alone produces only short‐term improvements in motor dysfunction. Potassium channel activators currently in clinical use are well tolerated and may provide benefit inSCApatients. Future clinical trials with potassium channel activators are warranted in cerebellar ataxia.
2D Heterostructure Membranes with Sunlight‐Driven Self‐Cleaning Ability for Highly Efficient Oil–Water Separation
Authors: Liu Yanan , Su Yanlei , Guan Jingyuan , Cao Jialin , Zhang Runnan , He Mingrui , Gao Kang , Zhou Linjie , Jiang Zhongyi
Published: January 2018

Introducing solar energy into membrane filtration to decrease energy and chemicals consumption represents a promising direction in membrane fields. In this study, a kind of 0D/2D heterojunction is fabricated by depositing biomineralized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with delaminated graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) nanosheets, and subsequently a kind of 2D heterostructure membrane is fabricated via intercalating g‐C3N4@TiO2 heterojunctions into adjacent graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets by a vacuum‐assisted self‐assembly process. Due to the enlarged interlayer spacing of GO nanosheets, the initial permeation flux of GO/g‐C3N4@TiO2 membrane reaches to 4536 Lm−2 h−1 bar−1, which is more than 40‐fold of GO membranes (101 Lm−2 h−1 bar−1) when utilized for oil/water separation. To solve the sharp permeation flux decline, arising from the adsorption of oil droplets, the a sunlight‐driven self‐cleaning process is followed, maintaining a flux recovery ratio of more than 95% after ten cycles of filtration experiment. The high permeation flux and excellent sunlight‐driven flux recovery of these heterostructure membranes manifest their attractive potential application in water purification.
Hierarchical Design of Metal Micro/Nanohole Array Films Optimizes Transparency and Haze Factor
Authors: Bley Karina , Semmler Johannes , Rey Marcel , Zhao Chunjing , Martic Nemanja , Klupp Taylor Robin N. , Stingl Michael , Vogel Nicolas
Published: January 2018

Thin films containing metal nanohole arrays can be fabricated with high precision, and regular, tunable features via colloidal lithography. They are ideal model structures to study the relation between structural design and optoelectronic properties, for example as transparent, conducting electrodes, where the percolation threshold sets an upper limit on the achievable transparency. An important, but less systematically studied property of transparent conductive electrodes is the amount of scattered light, as described by the haze factor. Here, the influence of structural parameters on the resulting haze factor of metal nanohole array films is investigated. It is found that transmission, transparency, and haze factor cannot be independently controlled, and propose a new fabrication paradigm to optimize the optoelectronic properties of such films. Hierarchical metal micro/nanohole array films are designed, which combine precisely controlled and highly regular structural features at two length scales. These hierarchical structures maximize transparency while simultaneously providing low haze factors. Computer simulations based on finite elements and ray optics are in close agreement with the experimental results and reveal that the reduced haze factor results from a drastic decrease of grating diffraction efficiency in the hierarchical films.
Engineering On‐Surface Spin Crossover: Spin‐State Switching in a Self‐Assembled Film of Vacuum‐Sublimable Functional Molecule
Authors: Kumar Kuppusamy Senthil , Studniarek Michał , Heinrich Benoît , Arabski Jacek , Schmerber Guy , Bowen Martin , Boukari Samy , Beaurepaire Eric , Dreiser Jan , Ruben Mario
Published: January 2018

The realization of spin‐crossover (SCO)‐based applications requires study of the spin‐state switching characteristics of SCO complex molecules within nanostructured environments, especially on surfaces. Except for a very few cases, the SCO of a surface‐bound thin molecular film is either quenched or heavily altered due to: (i) molecule–surface interactions and (ii) differing intermolecular interactions in films relative to the bulk. By fabricating SCO complexes on a weakly interacting surface, the interfacial quenching problem is tackled. However, engineering intermolecular interactions in thin SCO active films is rather difficult. Here, a molecular self‐assembly strategy is proposed to fabricate thin spin‐switchable surface‐bound films with programmable intermolecular interactions. Molecular engineering of the parent complex system [Fe(H2B(pz)2)2(bpy)] (pz = pyrazole, bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) with a dodecyl (C12) alkyl chain yields a classical amphiphile‐like functional and vacuum‐sublimable charge‐neutral FeII complex, [Fe(H2B(pz)2)2(C12‐bpy)] (C12‐bpy = dodecyl[2,2′‐bipyridine]‐5‐carboxylate). Both the bulk powder and 10 nm thin films sublimed onto either quartz glass or SiOx surfaces of the complex show comparable spin‐state switching characteristics mediated by similar lamellar bilayer like self‐assembly/molecular interactions. This unprecedented observation augurs well for the development of SCO‐based applications, especially in molecular spintronics.
Encoding, Reading, and Transforming Information Using Multifluorescent Supramolecular Polymeric Hydrogels
Authors: Ji Xiaofan , Wu Ren‐Tsung , Long Lingliang , Ke Xian‐Sheng , Guo Chenxing , Ghang Yoo‐Jin , Lynch Vincent M. , Huang Feihe , Sessler Jonathan L.
Published: January 2018

Traditional (1D, 2D, and 3D) codes are widely used to provide convenient readouts of encoded information. However, manipulating and transforming the encoded information is typically difficult to achieve. Here, the preparation of three fluorescent (blue, green, and red) hydrogels containing both tetracationic receptor–anion recognition motifs and gel‐specific fluorophores is reported, which may be used as building blocks to construct through physical adhesion fluorescent color 3D codes (Code A, Code B, and Code C) that may be read out by a smartphone. As a result, parts of the individual gel components that make up Code B can be replaced with other gel building blocks to form Code A via a cut and adhesion approach. A fluorophore responsive to ammonia is further incorporated into one of the hydrogels. This allows the gel block‐derived pattern that makes up Code C to be converted to Code A by chemical means. Therefore, the encoded information produced by patterns of the present hydrogels may be transformed through either physical action or by exposure to a chemical stimulus. Due to the nature of the soft materials involved, the codes can be used as wearable materials.
Rapid Formation and Macroscopic Self‐Assembly of Liquid‐Crystalline, High‐Mobility, Semiconducting Thienothiophene
Authors: Pandey Manish , Gowda Ashwathanarayana , Nagamatsu Shuichi , Kumar Sandeep , Takashima Wataru , Hayase Shuzi , Pandey Shyam S.
Published: January 2018

A synergistic approach to enhance charge‐carrier transport in organic semiconductors along with facile solution processing and high performance is crucial for the advancement of organic electronics. The floating film transfer method (FTM) is used as a facile and cost‐effective method for the fabrication of large‐scale, uniform, highly oriented poly[2,5‐bis(3‐tetradecylthiophen‐2‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene] (pBTTT C‐14) films under ambient conditions. Utilization of such oriented films as the active semiconducting layer in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) results in highly anisotropic charge‐carrier transport. Highly oriented, FTM‐processed pBTTT C‐14 thin films are characterized by polarized electronic absorption and Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, out‐of‐plane X‐ray diffraction, and grazing incident X‐ray diffraction (GIXD) measurements. The GIXD data indicate an edge‐on orientation, which is highly desirable for planar devices such as OFETs. OFETs built using the oriented films show a mobility anisotropy of 10 and the highest mobility is 1.24 cm2 V−1 s−1 along the backbone orientation, which is among the highest value reported for this class of materials using a similar device configuration.
Atomic Heterointerfaces and Electrical Transportation Properties in Self‐Assembled LaNiO3–NiO Heteroepitaxy
Authors: Zhu Yuan Min , Do Thi Hien , Tra Vu Thanh , Yu Rong , Chu Ying‐Hao , Zhan Qian
Published: January 2018

Vertical nanostructure heteroepitaxy opens new opportunities for designing next‐generation electronic devices due to the enthralling multifunction combinations and the abundant heterointerfaces manipulated effects. In this study, self‐assembled heteroepitaxial thin films, vertically aligned metallic LaNiO3 (LNO) and semiconducting NiO with diverse heterointerfaces, are created and systematically investigated by advanced transmission electron microscopy. With the increase of LaNiO3 content, the LaNiO3 phases present as isolated islands encircled by the connected NiO nanoplates and eventually become the continuous matrix with embedded NiO nanopillars. The atomic heterointerface between NiO and LaNiO3 phases is determined to be [NiO2–LaO]LaNiO3–LaO–[NiO]NiO, in which an extra La–O layer is enriched at the heterointerface. Besides, the formation mechanism of the heterointerface and antiphase boundaries observed in LaNiO3 phase is discussed. The electrical transport properties at room temperature can be tuned gradually by changing the volume ratio of constituents. The correlation among the insulator‐to‐metal transition, the carrier types associated with transport behaviors, and the heterostructure evolutions are explored. This study offers a desirable platform to design new multifunctional electronic devices based on the oxide heterojunctions.
Super‐Elasticity and Ultralow Friction of Hydrogenated Fullerene‐Like Carbon Films: Associated with the Size of Graphene Sheets
Authors: Cao Zhongyue , Zhao Wenwen , Liu Qiao , Liang Aimin , Zhang Junyan
Published: January 2018

Hydrogenated fullerene‐like carbon (FLC:H) films would be a widely used material with a unique combination of properties including high‐hardness/strength, excellent elasticity, and ultralow friction. The nanostructure of graphene sheets and the number of cross‐linking sites between them may be two main structural factors determining these properties. Exploring the structure–properties relationship is crucial to effectively tailor these properties for potentially more applications. In this study it is demonstrated that FLC:H films can yield exceptional and tunable mechanical properties by controlling the nanostructure of graphene sheets, similar to those of architectured materials. And the graphene sheets have a critical size (11–13 nm) endowing FLC:H films with super‐elastic recovery ability (an elastic recovery rate of 98%), ultralow friction (a friction coefficient of 0.012), and low wear (a wear rate of 10−17m3 (N m)−1). The quadratic dependence of the energy loss factors of FLC:H films during load‐upload cycles on the size of graphene sheets are well consistent with these experimental results. This work provides a new perspective on the mechanics and friction behavior of FLC:H films and will motivate the design of more novel carbon‐based films with superelasticity and superlubricity for engineering applications.