bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
أثر علاقة الرجل بمطلقته الرجعية دراسة فقهية مقارنة بقانون الأحوال الشخصية الأردني
Authors: الحمود قاسم , العتوم نيبال
Published: October 2024

هدفت الدراسة إلى معرفة أحكام علاقة الرجل بزوجته التي طلقها طلاقا رجعياً، وذلك في فترة العدة، وقد تم اتباع المنهج الاستقرائي والوصفي التحليلي  المقارن في كتابة  البحث، وتم بيان ماهية الطلاق  في الاصطلاح وقانون الأحوال الشخصية الأردني،  وحكم علاقة الرجل بزوجته ومدى حقه بمعاشرتها، وذلك من خلال عرض آراء الفقهاء، وأدلتهم والخروج بالرأي الراجح، وتم بيان أحكام جملة من المسائل ومنها: مكان إقامة المعتدة من الطلاق الرجعي، وحكم خروجها من مكان العدة، وسفر الزوج بها في فترة العدة، وقد تم بحث الموضوع دراسة مقارنة في الفقه الإسلامي وقانون الأحوال الشخصية الأردني. وأظهرت الدراسة جملة من النتائج أهمها: أن المرأة في فترة عدة الطلاق الرجعي تعد زوجة، ويحق لزوجها معاشرتها، وذلك يعد إرجاعاً لها، وأوصت الدراسة بتفصيل أحكام علاقة الرجل بمطلقته الرجعية من خلال عقد الندوات، والبرامج التلفزيونية، والتدريس في الجامعات.
أثر حوكمة الشركات على الأداء المالي للشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة: دراسة حالة الشركات الأردنية
Authors: الشحادات محمد , لافي محمد
Published: October 2024

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة العلاقة بين حوكمة الشركات والأداء المالي في الشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة الأردنية، حيث تتكون عينة الدراسة من الشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة العاملة في الأردن التي حققت عددا من الشروط، منها أن يكون للشركة موقع الكتروني رسمي، وأن تكون تقاريرها المالية منشورة طيلة فترة الدراسة وبلغ عددها (40) شركة خلال مدة ست سنوات في الفترة الممتدة من (2013-2018)، ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلـي باستخدام برنامج التحليل.IBM SPSS24  بالاعتماد على البيانات المالية للشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة من خلال الموقع الالكتروني لها للوصول لمتغيرات الدراسة المتمثلة في حوكمة الشركات والمقاسه بكفاءة مجلس الإدارة (هيئة المديرين)، واستقلاليته، وحجمه، وفيما يتعلق في الأداء المالي المقيس بالعائد على الأصول واستخدام عمر الشركة وحجمها كمتغيرات ضابطة.
أظهرت نتائج الدراسة وجود علاقة بين حوكمة الشركات والأداء المالي للشركات المتوسطة والصغيرة في الأردن بالإضافة إلى عدم وجود علاقة بين كفاءة مجلس الإدارة والأداء المالي لهذه الشركات علاوة على وجود علاقة بين استقلالية مجلس الإدارة والأداء المالي ووجود علاقة بين حجم مجلس الإدارة والأداء المالي للشركات المتوسطة والصغيرة، توصي الدراسة الجهات المعنية بضرورة إصدار مجموعة من القوانين والتشريعات الصارمة لإجبار الشركات على تطبيق مبادئ الحوكمة للشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة، ومراقبة تطبيقها من خلال ضرورة تقديم تقرير سنوي عن مدى التزامها بهذه المبادئ.
Penyuluhan Anemia pada Remaja Putri di MTs Al Islamiya: Upaya Peningkatan Kesehatan di Wilayah Kerja UPTD Puskesmas Kotabumi Udik
Authors: Febriyanti Hellen , Pratiwi Chintya Valentin Putri , Gustiara Lidia Harsa , Fitriyani Dwi , Yuniarti Beti , Martina Martina , Hartini Sri , Handayani Lisha , Liana Meida , Rachmawati Iis , Sunarti Titi
Published: October 2024

Anemia adalah kondisi ketika tubuh kekurangan sel darah merah yang sehat atau ketika sel darah merah tidak berfungsi dengan baik, mengakibatkan organ tubuh tidak mendapatkan cukup oksigen. Kondisi ini sering kali membuat penderitanya tampak pucat dan mudah lelah. Anemia dapat bersifat sementara atau jangka panjang, dengan tingkat keparahan yang bervariasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan remaja putri mengenai anemia melalui program penyuluhan di MTs Al Islamiya Kotabumi Udik. Metode yang digunakan adalah penyuluhan langsung, yang melibatkan kegiatan interaktif. Dampak dari penyuluhan ini diukur menggunakan angket pretest dan posttest yang diberikan sebelum dan setelah penyuluhan. Hasil penyuluhan menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan signifikan dalam pemahaman peserta tentang anemia, termasuk penyebab, gejala, pencegahan, dan penanganannya. Penyuluhan ini mendukung temuan sebelumnya yang menyatakan bahwa pendidikan kesehatan efektif dalam meningkatkan kesadaran dan pengetahuan mengenai anemia. Program ini diharapkan dapat diterapkan lebih luas untuk mengurangi prevalensi anemia di kalangan remaja putri.
Acute kidney injury in COVID–19: A single–center experience in Nigeria
Authors: Ibrahim Olayinka Rasheed , Oloyede Taofeek , Gbadamosi Hakeem , Musa Yusuf , Aliu Rasaki , Bello Surajudeen Oyeleke , Alao Michael Abel , Suleiman Bello Mohammed , Adedoyin Olanrewaju Timothy
Published: October 2024

Background & objective: Despite available data from developed countries, suggesting a high incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19), there is scarce data from African countries, including Nigeria. We conducted this study to determine and document the incidence, the associated factors and the outcome (in–hospital mortality) of AKI among COVID–19 patients managed in a center in Nigeria.
Methodology: It was a retrospective review of confirmed COVID–19 cases managed at a center in Nigeria. AKI was defined using 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) creatinine criteria. We extracted relevant data from the electronic records of the COVID–19 patients admitted to our hospital and analyzed. Fischer's exact tests were used to test factors associated with AKI for discrete variables, Mann–Whitney U test was used for skewed continuous data, and T–test for continuous normal distribution variables.
Results: This study involved 41 of the 56 confirmed COVID–19 cases. The mean age was 45 ± 17.94 y. A majority of the patients were males (33; 80.5%). AKI occurred in 6 (14.6%) of the patients. Of the 6 AKI; 4 (66.7%) and 2 (33.3%) were in stages 1 and 3 respectively. One patient (16.7%) had had hemodialysis. Of the 6 with AKI, 3 died with a mortality rate of 50.0%. Factors associated with AKI included age above 45 years, body weakness, severe and critical COVID, urea > 10 mmol/l, and serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dl. Only severe and critical disease was predictive of AKI (adjusted odds ratio 1.777, 95% CI 1.028, 3.074).
Conclusion: The results of our study show that AKI is common in severe and critical COVID–19 and is associated with a poor outcome.
Key words: Acute kidney injury; AKI; COVID–19; Mortality
Abbreviations: AKI – Acute kidney injury; KDIGO – Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes 2012; eGFR – estimated glomerular filtration rate; MDRD – Modification of Diet in Renal Disease          
Ethical Review Committee Approval: MOH/ADM/SUB/1152/1/374
Citation: Ibrahim OR, Taofeek Oloyede T , Gbadamosi H , Musa Y , Aliu R , Bello SO , Alao MA , Suleiman MS , Adedoyin OT. Acute kidney injury in COVID–19: A single–center experience in Nigeria. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2021;25(4):470–477. DOI: 10.35975/apic.v25i4.1567
A study of the factors affecting the academic performance of postgraduate examinees in the Master of Medicine (Anesthesiology) Part-1 examination
Authors: Wan Hassan Wan Mohd Nazaruddin , Yusoff Ahmad Tajuddin Mat , Hassan Mohd Hasyizan , Yusoff Muhamad Saiful Bahri , Shukeri Wan Fadzlina Wan Muhd , Yaacob Najib Majidi
Published: October 2024

Background: It has been observed that some candidates do very well in postgraduate examinations and get through in the very first attempt, whereas the others may not do very well and have to go for multiple attempts to get through the same examination. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the performance and the success rate in the first attempt in the Master of Medicine (Anesthesiology) Part–1 examination.
Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study involving 73 postgraduate candidates who passed the Master of Medicine (Anesthesiology) Part–1 examination between 2016 and 2017. The candidates were required to respond to various questions about various factors assumed to be affecting their performance, including sociodemographic factors, pre–training, and in–training factors. Statistical analysis of the received responses was done and linked to the performance in the Part-1 examination.
Results: The candidates with more than 5 y of medical service had 85% lower odds than those with 5 or fewer years (adjusted OR 0.15; 95% CI 0.03–0.81; p = 0.027). Those who passed the entrance examination after 2 or more attempts also had 80% lower odds than those who passed at the first attempt (adjusted OR 0.20; 95% CI 0.06–0.70; p = 0.011). The odds of the candidates who often had small-group discussions during their study leave were 16.21 times higher to pass than those who seldom had any discussion (adjusted OR 16.21; 95% CI 1.81–145.41; p = 0.013).
Conclusions: The success in the Master of Medicine (Anesthesiology) Part–1 examination in first attempt was determined by a shorter duration of medical service, single attempt at the entrance examination, and regular small-group discussions.
Key words: Anesthesiology; Postgraduate; Medicine; Examination; Candidate
Abbreviations: UKM – Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; USM – Universiti Sains Malaysia; OSCE – Objective Structured Clinical Examination; SPM – Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia
Citation: Yusoff ATM, Hassan WMNW, Hassan MH, Yusoff MSB, Shukeri WFWM, Yaacob NM. A study of the factors affecting the academic performance of postgraduate examinees in the Master of Medicine (Anesthesiology) Part-1 examination. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2021;25(4):478–486. DOI: 10.35975/apic.v25i4.1568
Received: April 16, 2021, Reviewed: May 30, 2021, Accepted: 2 June 2021
Regional anesthesia for foot surgery in a patient with high–grade B–cell lymphoma
Authors: Yomen Veysel Yasin , Gulec Selcuk , Ersoy Umut Cahit , Ozcan Erdal , Erkilic Ezgi , Ozcan Ayca Tuba Dumanli , Gulec Handan
Published: October 2024

Cancer is a global health issue. Approximately 40% of the world population faces cancer at some point of their lives. Even though various cancer treatment modalities, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery, have been improved during the recent past, they still can cause many undesirable side effects. In order to administer a good and safe anesthesia in these patients, the acute and chronic side effects of the cancer treatment must be well understood by the anesthesiologist. Regional anesthesia has been thought to have a positive effect on the postoperative healing by decreasing the stress response to surgery. Some studies even show beneficial effects of regional anesthesia in oncological cases. We present a report of spinal anesthesia in a patient with high–grade B–cell lymphoma, scheduled for amputation of necrotic toes of feet.
Key words: Regional anesthesia; Lymphoma; Cancer; Chemotherapy; Radiotherapy
Citation: Yomen VY, Gulec S, Ersoy UC, Ozcan E, Erkilic E, Ozcan ATD, Gulec H. Regional anesthesia for foot surgery in a patient with high–grade B–cell lymphoma. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2021;25(4):544–546.
DOI: 10.35975/apic.v25i4.1576
Received: April 16, 2021, Reviewed: May 18, 2021, Accepted: May 24, 2021
Post-COVID pain syndrome
Authors: Dmytriiev Dmytro , Dobrovanov Oleksandr
Published: October 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the lives and health of people all around the world. Although majority of patients with COVID-19 experience respiratory symptoms, pain is also a very important symptom. The condition of 15-20% of patients is serious and requires hospitalization. Despite the fact that the disease was initially referred to as a respiratory disease, it often affects other systems as well; the most common are the cardiovascular, urologic and nervous system. Multi-organ involvement increases the need for intensive care and treatment of several consequences caused by the disease. Due to severity of the disease, the management of complications following release from hospital should also be considered. The provision of multidisciplinary care that supports both physical and mental recovery in the initial stages of hospitalization can minimize the damage. Cognitive, physical and mental dysfunction reported by COVID-19 patients after discharge may have significant impact on the quality of human life. Pain is usually part of the dysfunction. The post-COVID-19 pain syndrome is still not completely understood, in particular the way it affects patients after they have recovered from COVID-19. There is limited information on the clinical characteristics, treatment, results and pain management in COVID-19 patients. The aim of our article is to provide an overview of the impact COVID-19 has on conditions associated with acute and chronic pain.
Key words: Acute pain; Chronic pain; Co-morbidity; Pain syndrome; Pandemic COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2
Citation: Dmytriiev D, Dobrovanov O, Post-COVID pain syndrome. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2021;25(4):505–512.
DOI: 10.35975/apic.v25i4.1582
Hemodynamic collapse and severe metabolic acidosis following propofol in the setting of undiagnosed mitochondrial dysfunction: a case report
Authors: Kim Daniel W. , Hu Amanda , Vaughn Douglas , Rajan Govind RC.
Published: October 2024

Anesthetic management of patients with mitochondrial disorders is challenging due to their rare nature, and difficulties to develop evidence–based protocols for general anesthesia. We report a case of a 52–year–old male with hypertension, congenital deafness, optic neuritis, hypogonadism and myotonia, who developed severe refractory hypotension and bradycardia, and intractable severe lactic acidosis during induction of general anesthesia with fentanyl, propofol, and succinylcholine. The surgery had to be postponed and supportive management started. After extensive work–up, the patient was diagnosed with probable mitochondrial dysfunction. Patient returned for surgery under a different anesthetic regimen consisting of ketamine, fentanyl, ephedrine and dexmedetomidine; yielding a successful perioperative course and highlighting potential alternative strategies to manage anesthesia in patients with such disorders.
Key words: Mitochondrial Diseases; Propofol Infusion Syndrome; Lactic Acidosis
Abbreviations: MD – Mitochondrial disorders; PRIS – Propofol related infusion syndrome; HIPAA – Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act; MAP Mean arterial pressure; NMBAs – Neuromuscular blocking agents.
Citation: Kim DW, Hu A, Vaughn D, Rajan GRE. Hemodynamic collapse and severe metabolic acidosis following propofol in the setting of undiagnosed mitochondrial dysfunction: a case report. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2021;25(4):527–531. DOI: 10.35975/apic.v25i4.1587
Received: September 24, 2020. Reviewed: April 1, 2021, Accepted:  May 31, 2021
Anesthetic management of a post Guillain-Barre syndrome patient undergoing oncological breast surgery
Authors: Rehman Abdul , Mehdi Raza
Published: October 2024

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is one of the leading causes of non-trauma induced paralysis in the world. We present the anesthetic management of a 43-year-old breast cancer female patient who recently suffered from GBS. The patient had complete motor loss with power of 3/5 in all four limbs and she fully recovered after successful treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin. Keeping in view the nature of surgery and her clinical condition, her breast surgery was planned with para-vertebral block and sedation with target controlled infusion (TCI) plus entropy monitoring. The literature search for the anesthetic management for such type of cases revealed no common agreement regarding management, which prompted us to report this case.
Key words: Breast cancer; Guillain-Barre syndrome; Regional anesthesia; Target controlled infusion; Entropy monitoring
Citation: Rehman A, Mehdi R. Anesthetic management of a post Guillain-Barre syndrome patient undergoing oncological breast surgery. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2021;25(3):532–534. DOI: 10.35975/apic.v25i3.1588
Received: April 16, 2021; Reviewed: April 26, 2021; Accepted: May 14, 2021
Efficacy of intra-cuff alkalinized lidocaine compared to low dose lidocaine infusion in reducing extubation induced emergence phenomena
Authors: Kadhim Ghison I.
Published: October 2024

Background & objectives: The commonest method to secure airway in general anesthesia is with the use of endotracheal tube (ETT). However, ETT-induced airway and circulatory reflexes also complicate the emergence, which may lead to potentially harmful complications. We aimed to assess the efficacy of intra-cuff alkalinized lidocaine (ICAL) compared to inj. lidocaine injected intravenously (IV) in minimizing the ETT induced emergence phenomena during recovery and extubation.
Methodology: 60 patients who were candidate for elective intermediate duration operations and were in ASA class 1 and 2 were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomly assigned either to receive ICAL (mixture of 1:1 of lidocaine 2% and 1.4% NaHCO3) or 2% lidocaine 1mg/ kg IV. During recovery from anesthesia and extubation, the frequency of coughing was recorded. The patients were also monitored for development of sore throat, hoarseness of voice, laryngeal spasm and pharyngeal pain during the emergence process, and the vital signs were monitored. The data of the study were analyzed using the SPSS software 20. Statistical comparisons were done by means of independent t-test. The correlation was done between all parameters using chi-square test. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI).  p ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results: ICAL is more potent in preventing cough (p = 0.005), severity of coughing (p = 0.047) and also in preventing sore throat (p = 0.014) compared to inj. lidocaine injected IV. There were no other side effects noted. ICAL is associated with better maintenance of both MAP and HR (p = 0.004 and 0.055 respectively). Although both groups showed increase in sympathetic stimulation.
Conclusions: The efficacy of intra-cuff alkalinized lidocaine is significantly higher than IV lidocaine in suppressing cough, severity of cough, sympathetic stimulation and sore throat in patient undergoing surgeries of one to two hours duration.
Key words: Intra-cuff lidocaine; Intravenous lidocaine; Emergence coughing; Endotracheal tube
Citation: Kadhim GI. Efficacy of intra-cuff alkalinized lidocaine compared to low dose lidocaine infusion in reducing extubation induced emergence phenomena. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2021;25(5):591–595; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v25i5.1624
Effectiveness of 2% chlorhexidine mouthwash in minimizing ventilator-associated pneumonia in ventilated patients: evidence-based practice
Authors: Al-Qarni Hussein Hassan
Published: October 2024

Background & objectives: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an intensive care acquired iatrogenic pulmonary infection that affects the pulmonary parenchyma of patients who are mechanically ventilated. Worldwide, incidence of VAP can increase the mortality rate and delay therapy progress in ventilated patients; therefore, it is necessary to identify the best practice for reducing incidence of VAP. Oral hygiene is one of the basic procedures for minimising respiratory infection and reducing VAP, with 2% chlorhexidine being an oral care solution that is used to protect and enhance the mouth environment. Also, it can be used to reduce the colonisation of organisms that lead to infection.
This paper aims to determine whether the usage of 2% chlorhexidine mouthwash is effective in reducing the incidence of VAP.
Methodology: This paper is a part of literature review regarding the effectiveness of 2% chlorohexidine mouthwash in prevention of VAP. The review was conducted over three months (September–December 2020). In this review, a systematic search through the MEDLINE and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL) databases was undertaken to determine if chlorhexidine reduces VAP incidence.
Results: The results showed that 2% chlorhexidine is effective in reducing the incidence of VAP by diminishing the colonisation of pathogens in the mouth cavity and in the airway.
Conclusion: The use of 2% chlorhexidine as a mouthwash agent demonstrates an appropriate effect in reducing pathogen colonisation and reducing VAP incidence. Therefore, health professionals should make oral health care (OHC) a priority in ICU patients to reduce mortality among ventilated patients and improve the performance of the health service.
Key words: Ventilation, mechanical; Adult patient; Ventilator; Oral care; Mouth rinse; Chlorhexidine; Ventilator associated pneumonia; VAP
Citation: Al-Qarni HH. Effectiveness of 2% chlorhexidine mouthwash in minimizing ventilator-associated pneumonia in ventilated patients: evidence-based practice. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2021;25(5):633-637
DOI: 10.35975/apic.v25i5.1631
Received: February 10, 2021, Reviewed: June 18, 2021, Accepted: August 23, 2021
The gut microflora changes during the COVID-19 pandemic due to exposure to disinfectants
Authors: Manouchehri Aliasghar , Sadighara Parisa , Pirhadi Mohadeseh , Safta Mehdi , Abbaszadeh Saber
Published: October 2024

Key words: COVID-19; Pandemic; Gut microflora; Lifestyle; Disinfectants
Citation: Sadighara P, Pirhadi M, Safta M, Abbaszadeh S, Manouchehri A. The gut microflora changes during the COVID-19 pandemic due to exposure to disinfectants (Correspondence). Anaesth. pain intensive care 2021;25(5):687–688.
DOI:  10.35975/apic.v25i5.1639
Ivermectin for COVID-19; to use or not to use?
Authors: Morimoto Yasuhiro
Published: October 2024

COVID-19 has engulfed the continents into a pandemic, filling the hospitals with this viral disease, heavily taxing the healthcare facilities and claiming thousands of lives in almost every country. In the absence of a known evidence-based remedy, many treatment options have been tried with variable results. Multiple vaccines have been developed by the drug industry, but none can be claimed to be 100% effective in prevention of the disease. There has been some evidence about the beneficial effects of ivermectin – an anthelmintic drug. This editorial discusses the various aspects of the use of ivermectin for the treatment of active COVID-19.
Key words: COVID-19; Pandemic; Mortality; Prevention; Ivermectin
Citation: Morimoto Y. Ivermectin for COVID-19; to use or not to use? Anaesth. pain intensive care 2021;25(5):562–564; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v25i5.1651
Anesthesia staff perceptions about preparedness for the COVID-19 pandemic at King Abdulaziz University Hospital: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Bahaziq Wadeeah , Sabbahi Alaa , Bukhary Auhood , Noaman Nada , Sabbahi Daina , Farsi Sarah , Boker Abdulaziz
Published: October 2024

Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the perceptions and the opinions of our anesthesia and critical care staff at King Abdulaziz University Hospital regarding the preparation strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, an electronic questionnaire was constructed using Google forms and sent to staff. The questionnaire included questions on the demographic information of the participants and the department’s strategic plans, preparedness and protective measures taken to protect staff during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Results: A response rate of 71% was achieved. The results revealed that 75% of the participants felt that they were trained well enough to handle a positive or suspected COVID-19 patient. Stress levels increased during the initial COVID-19 outbreak then decreased after the department began providing COVID-19 educational activities (such as PPE courses and virtual Monday grand rounds) (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between stress levels before and after the introduction of continuous medical education courses (SP = 0.68, p < 0.001).
Conclusion: In crisis management plans, psychological pressure management includes the effective use of continuous medical education, periodic group meetings, and mental health wellbeing clinics. For confidence development among healthcare workers, clinical simulation drills can be a key management strategy.
Key words: COVID-19; Pandemic; Stress; Crisis; Continuous Medical Education; Simulation; Staff wellbeing
Citation: Bahaziq W, Sabbahi A, Bukhary A, Noaman N, Sabbahi D, Farsi S, Boker A. Anesthesia staff perceptions about preparedness for the COVID-19 pandemic at King Abdulaziz University Hospital: A cross-sectional study. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2021;25(6):777–787;
DOI: 10.35975/apic.v25i6.1702
Received: January 6, 2021, Reviewed: August 9, 2021, Accepted: August 9, 2021
Prevalence of post–COVID syndrome in a cohort of faculty of a medical institute and their family members
Authors: Kidwai Saera Suhail , Zahra Fatima , Umar Mehrunnisa , Ahmed Ayaz , Rao Zahid Akhtar , Sattar Rukhsana Abdul
Published: October 2024

Background & Objective: Persistent or new appearance signs and symptoms in post–COVID patients is a well–recognized complication of the COVID-19 pandemic, the severity of which is still underestimated and, therefore, remains unaddressed. Multiple studies from all over the world have documented the prevalence of post–COVID symptoms; however, the frequency, the severity and the variety of post–COVID symptoms in our country has not been much investigated.  We determined the prevalence of post–COVID syndrome in a cohort of faculty working in Fazaia Ruth Pfau Medical College (FRPMC), Karachi, Pakistan, and their family members.
Methodology: This cross–sectional, descriptive single–center study was conducted in a medical institute, data was gathered with a questionnaire sent to the cohort of medical faculty and their families. Data was analyzed on SPSS 20 and ODDs Ratio calculated using different variables.
Results: A total of 84 patients were enrolled which had suffered from COVID out of which 51 (60.7%) had post–COVID symptoms, with fatigability 40 (48%), muscle pain 16 (19%), inability to continue the normal chores 12(14%), dry cough 11 (13%), breathlessness 10(12%), sleep disturbance and brain fog or difficulty in concentration 11 (13%), and hair loss 9 (11%) being the common complaints. There was no positive or negative relationship between the severity of COVID infection and the presence of the post–COVID syndrome.
Conclusion: The prevalence of post–COVID symptoms in COVID infected population is high, however, no identifiable risk factor is observed. A multidisciplinary team approach is much needed to cater for the needs of the vulnerable post–COVID population, more observational studies are needed to follow the sequel of this comparatively new virus which may still be unidentified.
Key words: Post–COVID syndrome; Fatigue; COVID–19
Citation: Kidwai SS, Zahra F, Umar M, Ahmed A, Rao ZA, Sattar RA. Prevalence of post–COVID syndrome in a cohort of faculty of a medical institute and their family members. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2022;26(2): 154-160; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v26i2.1807
Received: January 03, 2022, Reviewed: February 20, 2022, Accepted: March 02, 2022
Toll-like receptor –2 and 4 as a diagnostic method for ventilator-associated pneumonia
Authors: Dewi Fitri Hapsari , Purwanto Bambang , Wasita Brian , . Purwoko
Published: October 2024

Background & objective: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a nosocomial infection associated with high mortality, especially in the critical care settings. VAP extends the duration and cost of hospitalization and increases the antibiotic usage. Toll-like Receptor (TLR) detects and responds to bacteria, enabling innate immune response. We explored the performance of TLR–2 and TLR–4 assessment as an additional diagnostic tool for VAP.
Methodology: A prospective cohort study was conducted, from November 2019 to April 2020 in three teaching hospitals in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia, in intubated and mechanically ventilated patients, aged between 19 and 65 y. Blood samples for TLR–2 and TLR–4 were obtained from the venous blood. Blood sampling was done on the 24th and 48th hour after intubation. TLR–2 and TLR–4 expression was evaluated using RT–PCR (Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction). We used IBM SPSS Statistics 25 for data analysis. The Mann–Whitney test was carried out to determine the expression difference of TLR–2 and TLR–4 between VAP and non–VAP patients. The results were considered significant when the P < 0.05.
Results: TLR–2 and TLR–4 were expressed higher at the 24th hour after mechanical ventilation, especially in non–VAP patients. TLR–2 and TLR–4 assessment had low sensitivity, specificity, and performance for diagnosing VAP.
Conclusion: Patients with VAP have lower expressions of TLR-2 and TLR-4 compared to non-VAP patients. TLR–2 and TLR–4 assay may not be beneficial as an additional diagnostic method for VAP.
Abbreviations: VAP - Ventilator-associated pneumonia; TLR - Toll-like Receptor; ICU - Intensive Care Unit; CPIS - The Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score; RT-PCR – Real Time - Polymerase Chain Reaction; ROC - Receiver operating characteristic; AUC - Area under curve; TIR - Toll-interleukin-1 receptor; ITTMs - immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs; IRAK - IL–1 receptor-associated kinase; GM-CSF – Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor; PAMP - pathogen-associated molecular pattern; DAMPs - damage-associated molecular patterns
Key words: Ventilator-associated pneumonia; VAP; TLR–2; TLR–4
Citation: Dewi FH, Purwanto B, Wasita B, Purwoko. Toll-like receptor –2 and 4 as a diagnostic method for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2022;26(2):148-153; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v26i2.1811
Received: Oct 29, 2021, Reviewed: February 19, 2022, Accepted: February 26, 2022
Fulminant septic shock from melioidosis and leptospirosis co-infections
Authors: Lim Kai Yang , Shukeri Wan Fadzlina Wan Muhd , Mazlan Mohd Zulfakar , Hehsan Muhamad Rafiqi , Abidin Huda Zainal
Published: October 2024

Melioidosis and leptospirosis are common tropical infectious diseases, but confirmed co-infection by both is rare. We describe a fulminant case of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Leptospira co-infection in a 29-year-old Malay lady with underlying uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus, who had no obvious exposure to either organism. Despite close monitoring and aggressive treatment in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), this patient eventually succumbed to death from the disease progression. As co-infections of melioidosis and leptospirosis can lead to a high mortality, suspicion of the diagnosis must always be raised especially in diabetic patients from endemic area, who present with sepsis of unknown origin, to allow for prompt initiation of appropriate treatment.
Key words: Leptospirosis; Melioidosis; Co-infection; Sepsis; Septic shock
Citation: Yang LK, Shukeri WFWM, Mazlan MZ, Hehsan MR, Abidin HZ. Fulminant septic shock from melioidosis and leptospirosis co-infections. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2022;26(2): 257–259; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v26i2.1815
Received: December 28, 2021, Reviewed: February 10, 2022, Accepted: February 17, 2022
Comparison of prophylactic phenylephrine versus noradrenaline boluses for hemodynamic stability during elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia–an observational study
Authors: Osmani Shaik Gulam , Acharya Manasa , Kamath Shaila S. , Y.V Suresh , Prabhu Kavya
Published: October 2024

Background:  Profound hypotension and bradycardia following spinal anesthesia (SA) during cesarean delivery (CD) result in catastrophic maternal and fetal consequences. Phenylephrine with its appealing α agonist property proved to be a valid vasopressor for correction of hypotension during SA but with side effects like reflex bradycardia and fall in cardiac output. Noradrenaline is a rational substitute to phenylephrine due to its mild β and prominent α adrenergic properties, but is reserved as an inotrope mainly for medical crisis management. We conducted a comparative observational study of noradrenaline with phenylephrine using bolus doses for preventing hypotension and fetal outcome during CD under SA.
Methodology: Hemodynamic changes and fetal outcomes were studied in 102 pregnant patients undergoing cesarean section out of which 51 patients received a prophylactic bolus dose of phenylephrine100 µg and the rest received Noradrenaline 8 µg immediately after SA and the same bolus dose was repeated to maintain SBP ≥ 90% of the baseline. In this study, we compared the maternal hemodynamic variables, Apgar score, and maternal complications.
Results:  Mean heart rate (90.1 vs. 87.3), mean Systolic blood pressure (119.6 vs. 109.2), mean arterial pressures (89.5 vs. 78.6) and mean diastolic pressures (74.6 vs. 67.3) in the noradrenaline group were significantly higher only at one minute of SA (P  <  0.05), but later part the differences become statistically not significant (P > 0.05). Maternal complications such as bradycardia, hypotension, nausea, vomiting and the fetal outcomes were comparable between the groups.
Conclusion: Prophylactic Noradrenaline is equally effective as prophylactic phenylephrine in preventing spinal hypotension with better hemodynamic stability.
IRB Number: IEC KMC MLR 04-19/157
Clinical trial registration number: CTRI/2019/06/026599 (Indian)
Key words: Noradrenaline; Phenylephrine; Cesarean section; Anesthesia, Spinal; Hypotension
Citation: Osmani SG, Acharya M, Kamath SS, Suresh Y.V, Prabhu K. Comparison of prophylactic phenylephrine versus noradrenaline boluses for hemodynamic stability during elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia–an observational study. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2022;26(2): 168-174 ; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v26i2.1818
Received: July 17, 2021, Reviewed: February 17, 2022, Accepted: February 26, 2022
Evaluation of magnesium sulphate in combination with dexmedetomidine as adjuvants to levobupivacaine in ultrasound-guided spermatic cord block: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wahdan Amr Samir , Salama Atef Kamel , Farag Mohamed Abdelfattah , Moussa Ahmed Abdelhady
Published: October 2024

Background: Several agents have been added to local anesthetics to increase the quality of anesthesia and to prolong postoperative analgesia. The current study investigated the effect of using dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulphate as additives to levobupivacaine 0.5% for spermatic cord block (SCB) anesthesia in testicular sperm extraction (TESE) surgery.
Methodology: It was a prospective, randomized double-blind study, performed on 113 subjects undergoing TESE surgery using local anesthesia. 
The subjects were randomly divided into four groups. Bilateral SCB was performed for each patient using levobupivacaine 0.5% 18 mL in combination to 2 mL of either normal saline (Group C), dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg (Group D), magnesium 100 mg (Group M), or a mixture of the same doses of both magnesium and dexmedetomidine (Group MD) according to the group assignment. Patients were compared according to the time of first analgesic dose, and analgesic intake in the first 24 h.
Results: The time elapsed till receiving the first analgesic dose was noted to be longer in the Group MD when compared to those in the Groups C, M and D, (20 ± 1.5 vs 9 ± 1.5, 14.4 ± 2.3 and 15.6 ± 2.2 h, respectively; P < 0.001). Moreover, the requirement of postoperative analgesia was noticeably lower in the Group MD when compared to the other groups. 
Conclusion: Using magnesium and dexmedetomidine as additives to levobupivacaine for   ultrasound-guided spermatic cord block prolonged postoperative analgesia, and decreased the total postoperative analgesic consumption.
Abbreviations: SCB - spermatic cord block; TESE - testicular sperm extraction; US-SCB - ultrasound-guided SCB
Key words: Dexmedetomidine; Levobupivacaine; Magnesium; Spermatic cord block; Testicular sperm extraction
Citation: Wahdan AS, Moussa AA, Farag MA, Salama AK. Evaluation of magnesium sulphate in combination with dexmedetomidine as adjuvants to levobupivacaine in ultrasound-guided spermatic cord block: a randomized controlled trial. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2022;26(2): 182–190 ; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v26i2.1836
Received: August 13, 2021, Reviewed: January 20, 2022, Accepted: February 12, 2022
Severe Lymphopenia as an Early Marker for Immunoparalysis in Massive Ischemic Stroke: A Case Report
Authors: Primayana Berri , Sugiarto Adhrie , Irawany Vera
Published: October 2024

A 72-year-old female presented to the emergency room (ER) of Fatmawati Hospital with pneumonia and ketosis. After 12 h, her level of consciousness (LoC) decreased and she developed shortness of breath. In the ICU, antibiotics and supportive therapies were administered. After several hours, the need for vasopressors increased. Laboratory results showed severe lymphopenia, increased neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and D-Dimer levels. Septic shock and decreased LoC with severe immunoparalysis can be caused by intracranial process. A brain CT scan revealed massive ischemic stroke. Measures were taken to reduce intracranial pressure. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) was performed for blood purification and immunomodulation. Vasopressor requirements decreased, her absolute lymphocyte increased and her NLR decreased. Diuresis and fluid balance were improved. She was subsequently discharged to the ICU. In this patient, massive ischemic stroke induced immunoparalysis, which manifested as lymphopenia and increased susceptibility to infection. Severe lymphopenia can be used as an early marker of ischemic stroke with signs of sepsis.
Abbreviations: CRRT - Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy; ER – Emergency Room; IFN-γ - Interferon-gamma; LoC - Level of consciousness; NLR - Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; SIIS - stroke-induced immunosuppression; TNF-α - Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
Key words: CRRT; Immunoparalysis; Immunomodulation; Lymphopenia; Massive Ischemic Stroke
Citation: Primayana B, Sugiarto A, Irawany V. Severe lymphopenia as an early marker for immunoparalysis in massive ischemic stroke: a case report. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2023;27(2):272−275; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v27i2.2139
Received: January 23, 2023; Reviewed: January 30, 2023; Accepted: March 10, 2023
The effect of vibration on pain intensity during neonatal heel-blood sampling
Authors: Shoghi Mahnaz , Dehghan Alireza , Bozorgzad Parisa
Published: October 2024

Background: Mechanical vibration is an effective analgesic technique for controlling pain, during painful procedures among children and adults. Nevertheless, little information exists about its efficacy and proper application in neonates. We investigated the effect of mechanical vibration on pain during heel-blood sampling in term neonates hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
Methodology: In this clinical trial, we used sequential sampling and randomly allocated the participants into intervention group (n = 47) and control group (n = 47). The pain was measured three times; before, during, and after heel lancing. In the intervention group, the vibrator was placed in the middle of the knee cuff at the back of the leg, consistent with the afferent nerve fibers behind the neonate’s leg, and vibration was induced for 30 sec. Immediately after the intervention, the heel lancing sampling was performed. The premature infant pain profile (PIPP) was used to measure pain in these neonates.
Results: The mean pain score in the intervention group during blood sampling was significantly lower compared to the control group (5.44 ± 1.76 vs. 7.12 ± 1.88; P < 0.05). Moreover, a statistically significant difference was observed in the mean pain score between the intervention and control groups (2.72 ± 1.22 vs. 3.48 ± 1.76; P = 0.017) two min after blood sampling.
Conclusion: According to the findings, mechanical vibration positively reduces pain during heel lancing in term neonates hospitalized in the NICU. Hence, this method can be used as one of the beneficial non-pharmacological interventions.
Key words: Infants; Lancet Puncture; Neonatal nursing; Pain; Vibration, Mechanical
Citation: Shoghi M, Dehghan A, Bozorgzad P. The effect of vibration on pain intensity during neonatal heel-blood sampling. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2023;27(2):191−197; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v27i2.2183
Received: Jan 08, 2023; Reviewed: Jan 08, 2023; Accepted: Feb 10, 2023
Introducción a la investigación básica en enfermería
Authors: Olmedo Alguacil Milagrosa
Published: October 2024

Este libro constituye una guía esencial para estudiantes y profesionales de la salud que buscan adentrarse en nuevos temas de interés de la investigación sanitaria. Los estudios recogidos en esta obra ofrecen un enfoque claro y práctico para comprender los fundamentos de la investigación en enfermería y en la ciencia sanitaria, abarcando temas relevantes y desafíos actuales de la sociedad que afectan directamente la práctica diaria. Dirigido a enfermeros en continua formación y a quienes deseen ampliar, e incluso iniciar, sus habilidades investigadoras, proporciona las herramientas necesarias para desarrollar y aplicar conocimientos basados en la evidencia. A través de sus cinco secciones y nueve capítulos, los lectores encontrarán revisiones sistemáticas, estudios recientes y análisis críticos que les permitirán reciclar su formación, mejorar la calidad de la atención sanitaria y contribuir significativamente a su entorno profesional.
GAMBARAN IMPLEMENTASI REKAM MEDIS ELEKTRONIK (RME) DENGAN METODE MMUST DI POLIKLINIK RAWAT JALAN RUMAH SAKIT BHAYANGKARA DENPASAR
Authors: Landang Yorisno Supardi , Pradnyani Putu Erma , Adiningsih Luh Yulia , Vergantana I Wayan Septa Malan , Putri Putu Chrisdayanti Suada
Published: October 2024

Rekam Medis Elektronik (RME) telah banyak diterapkan di rumah sakit Indonesia. RME dapat membantu manajemen pelayanan kesehatan pasien dengan lebih baik. Rumah Sakit Bhayangkara Denpasar telah menerapakan RME pada pelayanan poliklinik rawat jalan darurat sejak Maret 2022 dan tengah mengembangkan agar dapat diterapkan pada instalasi rawat inap. MMUST merupakan model untuk mengetahui gambaran sistem pada lingkungan mandatory yaitu kualitas informasi, kepuasan informasi, harapan kinerja, sikap petugas, kepuasan keseluruhan, dan kemanfaatan keseluruhan. Dengan mengetahui gambaran tersebut dapat ditemukan rekomendasi yang tepat untuk memaksimalkan penggunaan RME untuk meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan kesehatan. Penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan metode cross sectional. Populasi adalah petugas rawat jalan. Sampel sebanyak 95 orang dengan teknik simple random sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner berjumlah 33 pertanyaan. Analisis data dengan analisis univariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kualitas informasi RME sebesar 51,6% baik, kepuasan informasi RME 51,6% baik, harapan kinerja 51,6% baik, sikap petugas 52,6% baik, kepuasan keseluruhan 54,7% baik dan manfaat keseluruhan 54,7% baik. Kesimpulan bahwa gambaran implementasi RME di poliklinik rawat jalan RS Bhayangkara Denpasar dalam kategori baik untuk seluruh variabel. Disarankan agar senantiasa mempertahankan kualitas dan kinerja RME, evaluasi RME dalam hal tampilan, keamanan dan kemudahan, dan mempercepat untuk diterapkannya full RME pada pelayanan.
ANALISIS KERUGIAN PRODUKTIVITAS PASIEN KATARAK DI RUMAH SAKIT SWASTA DI SURABAYA
Authors: Putri Linta Meyla , Kurniawan Afif , Mamesah Marline Merke , Rochmah Thinni Nurul , Ernawaty
Published: October 2024

Gangguan penglihatan dan kebutaan masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia. Penelitian bertujuanuntuk menganalisis productivity loss pasien katarak di rumah sakit mata swasta di Kota Surabaya. Jenispenelitian ini observasional analitik yang menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Sampel sebanyak 142 pasienRS Mata Swasta di Kota Surabaya. Rata-rata biaya produktivitas yang hilang per pasien katarak pada RSMata Swasta adalah sebesar Rp 708.383 per pasien, dan nilai total productivity loss Rp 20.131.011.Productivity loss akibat katarak per pasien berkisar antara Rp 708.838, atau sebesar 8% pendapatan rata-ratasesuai UMR di Kota Surabaya. Beban ekonomi akibat penyakit katarak tidak hanya berupa biaya pengobatansaja, namun juga beban ekonomi karena hilangnya produktivitas kerja, absen pekerjaan, dan biayatransportasi yang dikeluarkan untuk menuju ke pelayanan kesehatan. Beban ekonomi akibat penyakit kataraktidak hanya berupa biaya pengobatan saja, namun juga beban ekonomi karena hilangnya produktivitas kerja,absen pekerjaan, dan biaya transportasi yang dikeluarkan untuk menuju ke pelayanan kesehatan.Kata kunci: Katarak; ekonomi Kesehatan; beban ekonomi
دور الأمين العام للأمم المتحدة في المنظمات والهيئات التابعة لها
Authors: العريض صباح , عبيد امير
Published: October 2024

إن دور الأمين العام في الهيئة الأممية يتضمن مجموعة أدوار فمن جهة يعد هو رأس الأمانة العامة في الهيئة ومتراس الأجهزة الرئيسية فيها ومن جهة أخرى فهو الموظف الإداري الأكبر في الهيئة والمتحدث باسم الشعوب والحامل الرسمي لكلمة الأمم المتحدة والقائد الفعلي لها.
إن دور الأمين العام يتضمن في إدارة ومتابعة نشاطاتها ضمن وكلاء ونائبين عنه يؤدون مهام التي أوكلت اليهم من قبل الأمين العام في متابعة عمل الهيئات والوكالات التابعة في نشاطها الى المنظمة الدولية فقد تضمن مجموعة من صياغات لكل منظمة بحسب ما تهتم به في نشاطاتها والمهام التي أوكلت اليها ضمن حدود واطار المنظمة الدولية والتي يتجلى الدور الرئيسي فيها حفظ الامن والسلم الدوليين وكل ذلك يتم ضمن صياغات ورسم التي يتبناها الأمين العام في إدارة المهام في الهيئة.
التوالي الدَّلالي في خطب الإمام علي "ع"
Authors: العلاق جليلة , الشبلي عدوية
Published: October 2024

ورد مصطلح (التوالي) عند المحدثين على نطاق ضيق جداً لم يأخذ بمفهومه ما بني عليه هذا البحث من دلالة اصطلاحية مبتكرة لمفهوم التوالي، ويستند في معناه إلى الأصل اللغوي (تلا)، وهو فعل ماضي بمعنى تبع، ويعني في هذا البحث تتابع الأساليب والتراكيب والألفاظ لبيان معنى واحد أو معان متشابهة وتأكيدها؛ لأهميتها ولضرورة إيصالها بطريقة غير مباشرة كنوع من أنواع سياسة الخطاب أو استراتيجياته.
وقد عرف الإمام علي (ع) بعبقرية البلاغة والفصاحة، ولاسيما في الخطاب؛ لذا اتجه الباحثون بعلم الدلالة إلى خطبه المتنوعة؛ ليجدوا فيها كل ما يصبو إليه الباحث في علم الدلالة الحديث من تنوع استراتيجيات الخطاب المباشرة وغير المباشرة، ومنها التوالي الدلالي وهو موضوع البحث.
آيات البعث والنشور بين الرازي والسيوطي- دراسة تحليلية
Authors: دهش عقيل
Published: October 2024

يهدف البحث الى الكشف عن مواضع الائتلاف والاختلاف بين هذين المفسرين الكبيرين أبي عبد الله الرازي وجلال الدين السيوطي في الآيات التي ورد فيها ذكر البعث والنشور.
وتم تقسيم البحث الى تسع فقرات، تناولت كل فقرة آية من الآيات التي اختصت بالحديث عن البعث والنشور. واعتمد الباحث على المنهج التحليلي في قراءة النصوص والكشف عن مواطن الإبداع في بنية النص وطريقة التعبير عن المعاني بفنية عالية.
وتوصل الباحث الى جملة من النتائج، أهمها أن نصوص عينة الدراسة أثبتت ومن خلال اعتماد بعض الأساليب اللغوية والصياغات الشكلية أن الحشر من المسلمات وأنه حقيقة واقعة وأمر مفروغ منه مع كونه من الغيبيات التي جوبهت بالصد والإعراض والتشكيك والإنكار، وأن القرآن الكريم تحدث عن طرق وأساليب عديدة للحشر ومشاهد مروعة صادمة، وذلك لإحداث التأثير الانفعالي في نفس المتلقي لتحقيق الاستجابة المطلوبة من المراجعة والنظر والتدبر وتصحيح المعتقد أو السلوك.
تأصيل القضاء الخاص (التحكيم) للصفة القانونية للأحكام الموضوعية في عقود التجارة الدولية
Authors: شبع علاء , كاظم رباب
Published: October 2024

إن التحكيم التجاري الدولي يعد أحد الأسس الدولية المانحة للأحكام الموضوعية صفتها القانونية حيث بتطور التجارة الدولية أصبح الأداة الفاعلة في حل نزاعات العقود التجارية الدولية وليحقق التحكيم أمل المتعاملين بهذا المجال من التجارة الدولية لابد من أن يبعدهم عن القوانين الوطنية وأنسب الحلول التي تلاقي ترحيبهم هي تطبيق ما يتعارفون من أحكام موضوعية متمثلة بأعراف وعادات كل مهنة تجارية وهذا يتطلب من المحكم جهد عليه القيام به لإصدار حكمه وبإصدار القرار التحكيمي استناداً لهذه الأحكام الموضوعية يكون قد أكسبها صفتها القانونية فتصبح تسري مسرى القاعدة و يمكن أن يعتمد عليها بقرارات تحكيمية لاحقة .
دراسة تحليلية لمحتوى مادة الفيزياء للصف الأول والثاني متوسط وفق مهارات التفكير الجانبي ومدى المام المدرسين بها
Authors: الركابي عباس , البولاني سمير
Published: October 2024

هدف البحث الى الكشف عن مدى تضمين محتوى مادة الفيزياء للصف الأول والثاني متوسطة لمهارات التفكير الجانبي، واعتمد الباحثان أسلوبي تحليل المحتوى والمسحي التعليمي، وتم بناء أداة مهارات التفكير الجانبي والمكون من خمس مهارات ويندرج تحت كل مهارة مجموعة من المؤشرات دالة عليها، وعرضت أداة التحليل على مجموعة من الخبراء والمحكمين في مجال طرائق تدريس العلوم وعلم النفس التربوي والقياس والتقويم للتحقق من صدق المؤشرات وللتأكد من ان فقراته تطابق ما اعد لأجلها، وبذلك تكونت الأداة بصورتها النهائية من (39) مؤشرا موزعة على خمس مهارات، (توليد ادراكات جديدة، توليد مفاهيم جديدة، توليد أفكار جديدة، توليد بدائل جديدة، توليد ابداعات جديدة)، ثم حلل الباحثان محتوى كتابي العلوم للصف الأول والثاني متوسطة للعام الدراسي (2021-2022) في ضوء المؤشرات بالاعتماد على الفكرة (الصريحة والضمنية)، وطبق المقياس على عينة البحث المكونة من (100) مدرس ومدرسة والتي تم اختيارها بشكل عشوائي من مدارس مركز المحافظة ومدارس قضائي عفك والبدير وناحية نفر.
مستقبل التنافس على مصادر الطاقة في القطب الشمالي
Authors: راهي فاطمة
Published: October 2024

تتنافس القوى الكبرى وفي مقدمتها الولايات المتحدة الامريكية وروسيا والصين اضافة الى دول اخرى على منطقة القطب الشمالي كونها اصبحت منطقة اقتصادية واعدة وذلك للثروات التي تزخر بها، اذ ان الكميات الهائلة من النفط والغاز اضافة لطموح هذه الدول بمواصلة تطوير مواردها في القطب الشمالي  دفع الى الاهتمام المتزايد باتجاه وجود علاقات تنافسية بين القوى الدولية بحيث اصبح التنافس في هذه المنطقة حقيقة واقعة .