bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The DC-SIGN of Zebrafish: Insights into the Existence of a CD209 Homologue in a Lower Vertebrate and Its Involvement in Adaptive Immunity
Authors: Lin Ai-Fu , Xiang Li-Xin , Wang Qu-Long , Dong Wei-Ren , Gong Yong-Feng , Shao Jian-Zhong
Published: November 2009

Dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN/CD209) has become hot topic in recent studies because of its important roles in immune responses and immune escape. CD209 has been well characterized in humans and several other mammals, but little documentation exists about it in lower vertebrates. This is the first report on the identification and functional characterization of a fish DC-SIGN/CD209 molecule. The zebrafish DC-SIGN/CD209 cDNA translates into 343 aa organized into three domains structurally conserved among vertebrates. An EPN motif essential for interacting with Ca2+ and for recognizing mannose-containing motifs has been identified. Several conserved motifs crucial for internalization and signal transduction are also present within the cytoplasmic tail. Phylogenetic analysis supports the hypothesis that CD209 family members diverged from a common ancestor. The expression of DC-SIGN/CD209 in immune-related tissues can be significantly up-regulated by exogenous Ags and IL-4. This molecule associates with various APCs, including macrophages, B lymphocytes, and a possible dendritic cell-like (CD83+/CD80+CD209+) population. Functionally, T cell activation, Ab (IgM) production, and bacterial vaccination-elicited immunoprotection can be dramatically inhibited by a CD209 blockade after stimulation with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in vivo or challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila, suggesting that DC-SIGN/CD209 in zebrafish is crucial for the initiation and development of adaptive immunity. Phagocytosis analysis showed that DC-SIGN/CD209 does not participate in the uptake of KLH Ag, suggesting that other mechanisms might exist that underlie DC-SIGN/CD209 involvement. We hope that the present study will contribute to a better cross-species understanding of the evolutionary history of the DC-SIGN/CD209 family.
Unlike Th1, Th17 Cells Mediate Sustained Autoimmune Inflammation and Are Highly Resistant to Restimulation-Induced Cell Death
Authors: Shi Guangpu , Ramaswamy Madhu , Vistica Barbara P. , Cox Catherine A. , Tan Cuiyan , Wawrousek Eric F. , Siegel Richard M. , Gery Igal
Published: November 2009

Both Th1 and Th17 T cell subsets can mediate inflammation, but the kinetics of the pathogenic processes mediated by these two subsets have not been investigated. Using an experimental system in which TCR-transgenic Th1 or Th17 cells specific for hen egg lysozyme induce ocular inflammation in recipient mice expressing eye-restricted hen egg lysozyme, we found important differences in the in vivo behavior of these two subsets. Th1 cells initially proliferated considerably faster and invaded the eye more quickly than their Th17 counterparts, but then disappeared rapidly. By contrast, Th17 cells accumulated and remained the majority of the infiltrating CD4+ cells in the eye for as long as 25 days after transfer, mediating more long-lasting pathological changes. Unlike Th1, Th17 cells were highly resistant to restimulation-induced apoptosis, a major pathway by which autoimmune and chronically restimulated Th1 cells are eliminated. Th17 cells had reduced Fas ligand production and resistance to Fas-induced apoptosis, relative to Th1 cells, despite similar surface expression of Fas. Th17-induced ocular inflammation also differed from Th1-induced inflammation by consisting of more neutrophils, whereas Th1-induced disease had higher proportions of CD8 cells. Taken together, our data show that pathogenic processes triggered by Th17 lag behind those induced by Th1, but then persist remarkably longer, apparently due to the relative resistance of Th17 cells to restimulation-induced cell death. The long-lasting inflammation induced by Th17 cells is in accord with these cells being involved in chronic conditions in humans.
Coexistence of Closed and Open Conformations of Complement Factor B in the Alternative Pathway C3bB(Mg2+) Proconvertase
Authors: Torreira Eva , Tortajada Agustín , Montes Tamara , Rodríguez de Córdoba Santiago , Llorca Oscar
Published: November 2009

Complement factor B (fB) circulates in plasma as a proenzyme that, upon binding to C3b in the presence of Mg2+, is cleaved by factor D to produce Ba and Bb fragments. Activated Bb remains bound to C3b organizing the alternative pathway C3 convertase (C3bBb). Recently, we have visualized the stable C3bB(Ni2+) proconvertase using electron microscopy, revealing a large conformational change of the C3b-bound fB likely exposing the fD-cleavage site. In contrast, the crystal structure of the proconvertase formed by human fB and the cobra venom factor reveals fB in the closed conformation of the proenzyme. In this study, we have used single-particle electron microscopy and image processing to examine the C3bB(Mg2+) proconvertase. We describe two C3bB(Mg2+) conformations, one resembling cobra venom factor, likely representing the loading state of fB to C3b, and another identical with C3bB(Ni2+). These data illustrate the coexistence of C3b-bound fB in closed and open conformations that either exist in equilibrium or represent structural transitions during the assembly of the C3bB proconvertase.
Die vrou Wysheid, God, en ekobillikheid: Liggaamsideologie in Spreuke 8:1–9:18
Authors: Venter Philip P.
Published: November 2009

The woman Wisdom, God, and ecojustice: Ideology of the body in Proverbs 8:1–9:18This article examines the ideology of the body, specifically in terms of the gender of Wisdom and God, from an ecojustice perspective. Femininity within a God construct could contribute to a value system that incorporates compassion, interrelatedness and mutual care. In Proverbs 8:1–9:18, however, the woman Wisdom does not represent an ecofriendly construct, but simply enhances and supports the patriarchal, masculine values incorporated in the God Yahweh.
Spreading of X‐chromosome inactivation
Authors: Brant Jason O. , Yang Thomas P.
Published: November 2009

X‐chromosome inactivation (XCI) in mammals has evolved to functionally compensate for the apparent dosage imbalance of X‐linked genes between males and females. XCI is believed to occur in three stages: initiation, spreading, and maintenance; the mechanism by which inactivation spreads from the X‐inactivation center is perhaps the least understood of these processes. Analysis of X;autosome translocations indicate that the inactivation of genes on the inactive X (Xi) is capable of spreading into translocated autosomal DNA, although in a more discontinuous and variable fashion, suggesting that there are X chromosome–specific features that may facilitate efficient spreading of inactivation on the X. Recent studies have shown a strong correlation between certain repetitive DNA elements and the spreading of XCI, suggesting that these sequences may, in conjunction with
Xist
RNA, mediate the spreading of XCI. This review will discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the spreading mechanism of XCI.
The common disease common variant concept
Authors: Graham Deborah S. Cunninghame , Vyse Timothy J.
Published: November 2009

Complex genetic disease traits comprise the majority of chronic disease traits that afflict industrialized societies. The common disease–common variant hypothesis stems from a consideration of the recent explosive numerical increase in the human population and seeks to address vital issues that impact on the likely success or failure of association strategies in the analysis of complex human disease traits.

In comparison with simple Mendelian traits, only very limited progress has been made in determining the disease alleles that contribute to the development of complex, polygenic disease traits. For the most part, the mutations that underlie monogenic disorders are present at low frequencies in all or most human populations. They frequently exhibit a complex allelic spectrum; that is, multiple mutations in a single gene may relate to the same disease phenotype. Do complex disease traits exhibit similar complexities of allelic spectra? And how frequent are the causal alleles that contribute to their development in the population? Insufficient data are available to answer these questions directly. However, population genetics theory can be used to show that relatively common disease susceptibility alleles (frequency at least 5%) present in the human population prior to the recent numerical expansion will be present at a similar frequency in the modern human population since there has been insufficient time for these alleles to be “diluted” out of the population or for their allelic complexity to have radically increased as a consequence of there being new mutations. Thus, it can be argued that disease susceptibility alleles that happened to be relatively common in the early human population will still be so today. Since the selection pressures on the founding human population were very different from those experienced in industrialized societies, it is plausible that disease susceptibility alleles for complex traits may have been relatively common. In essence, this describes the essence of the common disease–common variant disease hypothesis. Indeed, it can be argued that some common variants may convey some from of selective advantage. Possible examples include variants that would convey metabolic efficiency in early populations, yet predispose to obesity and diabetes in modern societies; it can be similarly argued that variants that improve resistance to infection may promote autoimmunity. However, proof of this concept remains to be established.
Population selection in complex disease gene mapping
Authors: Varilo Teppo , Peltonen Leena
Published: November 2009

The critical importance of the detailed information of the history and genealogical makeup of any study population should be strongly emphasized in this era of complex disease gene mapping since, to large extent, these features determine the most successful strategy for gene mapping efforts. Population isolates have offered shortcuts in the identification of monogenic disease genes, but serious doubts have been presented about their benefits in the gene hunt for polygenic traits. Methods for massive SNP genotyping and characterization of haploblock structure of the human genome introduce new prospects to LD‐based fine mapping and haplotype association studies in multifactorial diseases. The wide LD intervals and the restricted number of disease alleles are characteristic for young isolated populations and provide definitive advantages for the initial locus positioning. Further, most of the suggestive gene identifications for complex diseases have emerged from large pedigrees and have typically utilized the combined power of linkage and association. Thus, the well‐established geneology of a population facilitating construction of large pedigrees is another strong merit of many global isolates.
Gene therapyII: viral vectors and treatment modalities
Authors: Ulm J. Wesley
Published: November 2009

Gene therapy encompasses a recently developed group of pharmaceuticals in which the therapeutic agent consists of nucleic acid sequences – DNA, RNA, or some modification thereof – rather than a small molecule. The field arose in the 1980s in the wake of improvements in recombinant DNA technology, and in the midst of better comprehension of gene regulation and modulation processes that could be exploited to construct practical gene therapy systems. Most gene therapy vectors are viral in nature, with retroviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno‐associated viruses dominating most protocols, and they have been applied to treat a wide variety of disease subtypes: inherited genetic disorders, cancer, protein aggregation diseases, cardiovascular disease, and infectious disease have all been considered in proposed modalities. Gene therapy offers the potential to treat disease with an unprecedented selectivity and therapeutic index, and to allow the flexible design of new pharmaceutical agents on a much more rapid scale than in most traditional schemes. However, technical obstacles related to vector delivery, adequate expression levels, and persistence of viral transgenic sequences continue to pose difficult challenges for clinical application. This article reviews basic gene therapy principles, common vectors and disease targets, and clinical approaches to convey the current state of the field and its future directions.
The construction and use of radiation hybrid maps in genomic research
Authors: Gautier Mathieu , Eggen André
Published: November 2009

Over the past decade, whole‐genome radiation hybrid panels have been developed, for mapping purposes, in several organisms. Fusing donor cells, after irradiation, with rodent cells allows the construction of independent RH cell lines containing a different set of chromosomal segments of the donor genome. By increasing the radiation dose and selecting the resulting RH lines, efficient RH panels were constructed and used to produce high‐resolution RH maps in many species. Beyond the mapping information in the species of interest, RH maps prove to be a powerful tool for comparative mapping. Furthermore, these RH maps are playing a crucial role for the assembly of genomic sequences in whole‐genome sequencing projects.
What is an
EST
?
Authors: Hide Winston A. , Ptitsyn Andrey
Published: November 2009

An expressed sequence tag (EST) is the name given to a sequence of a randomly picked complementary DNA sequence (cDNA) derived from processing messenger RNA from an mRNA library with a reverse transcriptase.

ESTs represent the first truly high‐throughput technology to have populated the databases and have made the rapid growth of advanced computational studies in biology inevitable. They have marked the transition of modern biology from genetics to the genomics era. ESTs offer the first glimpse of the transcriptome: that volume of transcripts copied from genes and forwarded to all compartments of a living cell as it functions.
Quadrupole ion traps and a new era of evolution
Authors: Schwartz Jae C.
Published: November 2009

Quadrupole ion traps have evolved from an interesting tool used by a handful of physicists to study fundamental properties of trapped ions to a uniquely powerful mass spectrometer widely used for determining the structure and sequence of biological and nonbiological samples. As a mass spectrometer, the quadrupole ion traps' unique features include the ability to perform rapid and highly efficient MS

n

analysis for detailed structural analysis while maintaining high duty cycles even for full scan mass analysis. This makes quadrupole ion traps one of the most sensitive types of mass spectrometers for qualitative analysis and is the foundation for their success. Quadrupole ion trap technology is now entering a new era based on the evolution of the traditional three‐dimensional ion trap into a two‐dimensional linear ion trap. With this evolution comes a significant leap in the overall fundamental performance characteristics and also the promise for further future capabilities.
Low‐level analysis of oligonucleotide expression arrays
Authors: Fang Xuemin , Li Cheng , Wong Wing Hung
Published: November 2009

High‐density oligonucleotide microarray technology has been widely used in many biomedical research areas (Lockhartet al.,; Lipshutzet al.,). This section gives a brief introduction of oligonucleotide expression microarrays and low‐level microarray data analysis, including feature extraction, normalization, and expression index calculation.
Abrasives
Authors: Rue Charles V.
Published: November 2009

Properties of Abrasive Materials

Natural Abrasives

Manufactured Abrasives

Sizing, Shaping, and Testing of Abrasive Grains

Coated Abrasives

Bonded Abrasives

Superabrasive Wheels

Grinding Fluids

Loose Abrasives

Jet Cutting

Health and Safety
Acrylamide
Authors: Habermann C. E.
Published: November 2009

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Manufacture

Health and Safety Considerations

Economic Aspects
Acrylic Acid and Derivatives
Authors: Bauer William
Published: November 2009

Physical Properties

Reactions

Specialty Acrylic Esters

Health and Safety Factors
Actinides and Transactinides
Authors: Seaborg Glenn T.
Published: November 2009

Actinides

Source

Properties

Transactinides
Adhesives
Authors: Pocius Alphonsus V.
Published: November 2009

Theories of Adhesion

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Adhesives

Mechanical Tests of Adhesive Bonds

Chemistry and Uses of Adhesives

Economic Aspects
Aerogels
Authors: Ko Edmund I.
Published: November 2009

Sol–Gel Chemistry

Preparation and Manufacturing

Properties

Applications
Antibiotics
Authors: Borders Donald
Published: November 2009

Classification of Antibiotics

Production

Uses
Antibiotics: Ansamacrolides
Authors: Antosz Frederick J.
Published: November 2009

Naphthoquinoids

Benzoquinoids

Mode of Action and Biosynthesis

Commercially Available Ansamacrolides
Antibiotics: Elfamycins
Authors: Maehr H.
Published: November 2009

Properties

Production, Biosynthesis, and Chemistry

Biological Properties

Economic Aspects
Antibiotics: Glycopeptides (Dalbaheptides)
Authors: Cavalleri B. , Parenti F.
Published: November 2009

Biological Properties

Chemical Modifications

Economic Aspects
Antibiotics: Macrolides
Authors: Kirst H. A.
Published: November 2009

12‐Membered Ring Macrolides

14‐Membered Ring Macrolides

16‐Membered Ring Macrolides

Hybrid Macrolides

Biological Properties

Biosynthetic Patterns and Conformational Analysis

Economic Aspects
Antibiotics: Nucleosides and Nucleotides
Authors: Suhadolnik Robert J. , Reichenbach Nancy L.
Published: November 2009

C

‐Nucleosides

N

‐Nucleosides

N

‐Nucleotides
Antibiotics: Polyethers
Authors: Crandall Louise W. , Hamill Robert L.
Published: November 2009

Properties

Purification and Production

Biological Activities

Biosynthesis
Automated Instrumentation: Hematology
Authors: Zelmanovic David , Garcia Roque A. , Turrell John
Published: November 2009

Aperture Impedance Instruments

Light‐Scattering Instruments

Cytochemistry

Photometric Hemoglobinometry
Bacteria
Authors: Debaldo Ann C.
Published: November 2009

Bacilli

Cocci

Curved or Bent Rods

Other Bases for Classifying Bacteria

Fundamental Structure of Bacteria

Chemical and Therapeutic Measures

Remarkable Survivability of Some Bacteria

Beneficial Bacteria

Archaebacteria
Barrier Polymers
Authors: De Lassus Phillip
Published: November 2009

The Permeation Process

Small Molecule Permeation

Large Molecule Permeation

Physical Factors Affecting Permeability

Barrier Structures

Predicting Permeabilities

Measuring Barrier Properties

Applications

Safety and Health Factors
Batteries
Authors: Ralph Brodd
Published: November 2009

Economic Aspects

Thermodynamics

Electrolytes

Electrical Double Layer

Kinetics and Transport

Practical Battery Systems
Batteries: Other
Authors: R. Gifford Paul
Published: November 2009

Ambient Temperature Lithium Systems

High Temperature Systems

Miscellaneous Systems

Economic Aspects
Batteries: Secondary Cells
Authors: Salkind Alvin J. , Klein Martin
Published: November 2009

Nickel–Cadmium Cells

Cell Fabrication Methods

Silver–Zinc Cells

Performance

Other Silver Positive Electrode Systems

Nickel–Zinc Cells

Nickel–Hydrogen Cells

Other Cell Systems

Electrolyte

Safety and Disposal
Benzyl Alcohol and β‐Phenethyl Alcohol
Authors: Mookherjee Braja D. , Wilson Richard A.
Published: November 2009

Benzyl Alcohol

β‐Phenethyl Alcohol
Biotechnology (Bioprocess Engineering)
Authors: R. Ladisch Michael
Published: November 2009

New Biotechnology

Growth of the Fermentation Industries

Growth of the Antibiotic/Pharmaceutical Industry

Growth of the Amino Acid/Acidulant Fermentation Industry

Growth of the Biopharmaceutical Industry

Growth of Industrial Enzymes

Impacts of Biotechnology on Drug Discovery and Biology

Bioprocess Engineering and Economics

Bioseparations and Bioprocess Engineering
Calcium Carbonate
Authors: Patrick Carr F. , Frederick David K.
Published: November 2009

Properties

Economic Aspects

Health and Safety Factors
Clays
Authors: Dombrowski T.
Published: November 2009

Geology and Occurrence

Mineralogy

Crystalline and Paracrystalline Groups

Amorphous and Miscellaneous Groups
Desalination
Authors: Sekino Masaaki
Published: November 2009

Distillation

Electrodialysis

Reverse Osmosis

Ion Exchange

Other Processes

Worldwide Installations
Dispersants
Authors: Hann William M.
Published: November 2009

Physical Chemistry of Dispersants

Dispersant Materials

Uses

Environmental Considerations
Dye Carriers
Authors: Guzman Ernesto de , Sutton Jr. Boyce
Published: November 2009

Carrier Properties

Carrier Formulation

Carrier Selection

Health and Safety Factors
Dyes: Natural
Authors: Cofrancesco A. J.
Published: November 2009

Anthraquinones

Naphthoquinone Dyes

Indigoid Dyes

Natural Food Colors

Health, Safety, and Environmental Factors of Natural Dyes
Electrolytic Conductivity and Resistivity Measurements
Authors: Sperry Elmer , Nagy John
Published: November 2009

Measurement Fundamentals

Measuring Circuits

Conductivity Cells
Electrophoresis
Authors: Rudge Scott , Markey Kathleen
Published: November 2009

Modes of Electrophoretic Separations

Electrophoretic Materials and Matrices

Detection Techniques
Emulsions
Authors: Friberg Stig E. , Jones Steven
Published: November 2009

Simple Emulsions

Emulsification

Stability of Two‐Phase Emulsions

Stability of Three‐Phase Emulsions
Enzyme Therapeutic
Authors: Jayaram Hiremagular N. , Ahluwalia Gurpreet S. , Cooney David A.
Published: November 2009

Physical and Chemical Properties

Uses

Immobilized, Derivatized, and Entrapped Enzymes

Health and Safety Factors
Enzymes in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Zaks Aleksey
Published: November 2009

Hydrolases

Lyases

Oxidoreductases
Epoxy Resins
Authors: Gannon John
Published: November 2009

Resin Properties

Resin Synthesis and Manufacture

Curing Reactions

Economic Aspects

Health and Safety Factors

Applications
Esterification
Authors: Aslam Mohammad , Paull Torrence G. , Zey Edward G.
Published: November 2009

Batch Esterification

Continuous Esterification

Vapor‐Phase Esterification

Esterification of Other Compounds

Technical Preparation of Esters

Ester Interchange
Extraterrestrial Materials
Authors: Brownlee Donald E.
Published: November 2009

Meteorites

Interplanetary Dust
Fibers: Elastomeric
Authors: Boliek John E. , Jensen Arnold W.
Published: November 2009

Mechanical Properties

Manufacture

Chemical Properties

Economic Aspects

Uses
Gemstones
Authors: Nassau Kurt
Published: November 2009

Gemstone Materials

Properties

Manufacture

Materials

Gemstone Treatment

Heat Treatments

Irradiation Treatments

Other Treatments

Identification of Treated Gems
Genetics and Gene Science (Classical)
Authors: DeBaldo A. C.
Published: November 2009

Fundamentals of Genetics

Defining the Gene

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (
DNA
)

Ribonucleic Acid (
RNA
)

Mutations of Genes

Recombinant
DNA
Technology

Genes and Diseases

New Advances in Understanding
DNA
Replication

The Human Genome Project (
HGP
)

To Know Ourselves: The Human Genome Project 1983–2001
Glassy Metals
Authors: Shiflet Gary J.
Published: November 2009

Formability

Processing

Crystallization

Mechanical Properties

Properties

Uses
Histamine and Histamine Antagonists
Authors: Janssens Monique M.‐L. , Timmerman Hendrik , Leurs Robert
Published: November 2009

Histamine Synthesis, Metabolism, and Distribution

Histamine Receptors

Uses of Histamine Receptor Ligands

Economic Aspects
Hollow‐Fiber Membranes
Authors: Moch Irving
Published: November 2009

Properties

Spinning

Fiber Treatment

Materials

Sorbent Fibers

Future Prospects
Hydroxycarboxylic Acids
Authors: Datta Rathin
Published: November 2009

Lactic Acid

Hydroxyacetic Acid

Other Hydroxy Acids
Inorganic High‐Polymers
Authors: Roy Aroop K.
Published: November 2009

Polyphosphazenes

Polymers with Alkyl and Aryl Substituents on
P

Phosphazenes Containing Skeletal Carbon, Sulfur, and Metal Atoms

Poly(alkyl/aryloxothiazenes)

Polysilanes

Polygermanes
Insulation (Thermal)
Authors: Shuman E. C.
Published: November 2009

Thermal Insulation Systems and Materials

Selection of Thermal Insulation

Principal Types of Thermal Insulating Materials

Principal Forms of Thermal Insulation
Ion Microprobe Mass Analyzer
Authors: Shequen Winston G.
Published: November 2009

Analytical Method

Application
Isocyantes, Organic
Authors: Richter Reinhard H. , Priester Ralph D.
Published: November 2009

Synthetic Methods

Chemical Properties

Commercial Manufacturing Processes

Health and Safety Factors

Economic Aspects and Applications
Liquid Crystalline Materials
Authors: Collings Peter J.
Published: November 2009

Orientational and Positional Order in Fluids

Thermotropic Liquid Crystals

Polymorphism

Synthesis

Polymer Liquid Crystals

Liquid Crystals in Biological Systems
Magnetic Materials
Authors: Wernick Jack
Published: November 2009

Bulk

Thin Films and Particles
Maleic Anhydride, Maleic Acid, and Fumaric Acid
Authors: Felthouse Timothy R. , Burnett Joseph C. , Mitchell Scott F. , Mummey Michael J.
Published: November 2009

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Manufacture

Shipment

Economic Aspects

Health and Safety Factors (Toxicology)

Uses
Methacrylic Polymers
Authors: Novak Ronald W. , Lesko Patricia M.
Published: November 2009

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Manufacture and Processing

Health and Safety Factors

Uses
Mica
Authors: Tanner James T.
Published: November 2009

Mining

Beneficiation Processes

Procedures for Production

Testing of Mica

By‐Products of Mica

Mica Market

Environmental and Health Regulations
Milk and Milk Products
Authors: Webb Byron H.
Published: November 2009

Milk Fat

Proteins

Lactose

Mineral Components

Miscellaneous Components
Nanotechnology (Molecular)
Authors: Vaidya Rajesh , Löpez Gabriel , Lopez José A.
Published: November 2009

Synthetic vs Reductive Technologies

Existence Theorem: Nanobiology

Reductive Approaches

Atomic and Molecular Manipulation

Synthetic Approaches

Conclusions and Outlook
Naphthalene
Authors: Mason Robert T.
Published: November 2009

Reactions

Manufacture

Economic Aspects

Health and Safety Factors

Alkylnaphthalenes
Naphthalene Derivatives
Authors: Talukder Mannan , Kates Curtis R.
Published: November 2009

Naphthalenesulfonic Acids

Nitronaphthalenes and Nitronaphthalenesulfonic Acids

Naphthaleneamines and Naphthalenediamines

Aminonaphthalenesulfonic Acids

Naphthalenols and Naphthalenediols

Hydroxynaphthalenesulfonic Acids

Aminonaphthols and Aminonaphtholsulfonic Acids

Naphthalenecarboxylic Acids

Hydroxynaphthalenecarboxylic and AminonaphthalenecarboxylicAcids
Naphthenic Acids
Authors: Brient James A. , Wessner Peter J. , Doyle Mary Noon
Published: November 2009

Chemical Structure

Physical and Chemical Properties

Occurrence

Manufacture

Production

Economic Aspects

Health and Safety Factors

Commercial Uses
Nitration
Authors: Albright Lyle F.
Published: November 2009

Ionic Nitration Reactions

Free‐Radical Nitrations of Paraffins

Health and Safety Factors
Nomenclature
Authors: Smith Peter A. S.
Published: November 2009

Inorganic Nomenclature

Organic Nomenclature

Biochemical Nomenclature

Macromolecular Nomenclature

Nomenclature in Other Areas of Chemistry
Nucleic Acids
Authors: Rehmann Jill
Published: November 2009

DNAStructure

RNAStructure

Oligonucleotide Synthesis

Oligonucleotide Bioconjugates
Ocean Water
Authors: Mackenzie Fred T.
Published: November 2009

Dissolved Species

Constancy and Equilibrium

Buffering and Buffer Intensity of Sea Water
Organic Chemistry
Authors: Dilling Wendell L. , Dilling Marcia L.
Published: November 2009

Classification of Organic Compounds

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons

Carboxylic Acids and Their Anhydrides

Alcohols

Esters

Ethers

Ketones

Peroxides

Halogenated Compounds

Nonheterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds

Nonheterocyclic Sulfur Compounds

Heterocyclic Compounds

Organic Reaction Mechanisms and Processes
Peroxides and Peroxide Compounds (Inorganic)
Authors: Comyns Alan E.
Published: November 2009

Group 1 (1
A
) Peroxides

Group 2 (
IIA
) Peroxides

Group 12 (
IIB
) Peroxides

Group 13 (
IIIB
) Peroxides

Group 14 (
IVB
) Peroxides

Group 15 (
VB
) Peroxides

Group 16 (
VIB
) Peroxides

Other Metal Peroxides

Peroxohydrates

Peroxopolyoxometallates

Superoxides

Ozonides

Economic Aspects
Photochemistry and Photolysis
Authors: Vickery R. C.
Published: November 2009

Laser Chemistry

Laser Femtochemistry

Time‐Resolved Photoacoustic Calorimetry
Polymers
Authors: Rosen Stephen L.
Published: November 2009

Classification and Nomenclature

Structure and Properties

Polymer Synthesis
Pulp (Wood) Production and Processing
Authors: Szepan Henry F. , Terry Dunbar G.
Published: November 2009

Pulping Processes
Refractories
Authors: Leigh H. David
Published: November 2009

Physical Forms

Raw Materials

General Properties

Manufacture

Economic Aspects

Analytical and Test Methods

Health and Safety Factors

Selection and Uses
Release Agents
Authors: Owen Michael J.
Published: November 2009

Product Types and Requirements

Classification of Release Agents

Mechanism of Release
Sealants
Authors: Palmer Richard A. , Klosowski Jerome M.
Published: November 2009

Performance Characterists

Sealant Types and Formulations

Manufacture and Processing

Health and Safety Factors

Uses
Smart Materials
Authors: Harvey James A.
Published: November 2009

Piezoelectric Materials

Electrostrictive Materials

Magnetostrictive Materials

Electrorheological Materials

Magnetorheological Materials

Thermoresponsive Materials

pH‐Sensitive Materials

Light‐Sensitive Materials

Smart Polymers

Smart Gels (Hydrogels)

Smart Catalysts

Smart Memory Alloys

Elastorestrictive Materials

Materials with Unusual Behaviors or Unusual Materials
Sulfonic Acids
Authors: Tully Paul S.
Published: November 2009

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Production

Analytical and Test Methods

Health and Safety Factors

Environmental Issues

Uses

Biological Uses
Trace and Residue Analysis
Authors: Ahuja Satinder
Published: November 2009

Frontiers of Low Level Detection

Samples

Method Validation

Methodologies

Applications
Virus
Authors: DeBaldo Ann C.
Published: November 2009

Viral Classification

Slow Viruses

Viral Diagnosis and Vaccination
Xanthates
Authors: Harris Guy H.
Published: November 2009

Properties

Preparation and Manufacture
Xylenes and Ethylbenzene
Authors: Cannella William J.
Published: November 2009

Sources and Uses

Properties

Manufacture of Xylenes

Health and Safety Factors

Uses
Differential Staining of Bacteria: Flagella Stain
Authors: Breakwell Donald P. , Moyes Rita B. , Reynolds Jackie
Published: November 2009

Bacterial flagella are appendages used for motility. Their presence is a useful tool for identification and differentiation of prokaryotes. Since flagella are too thin to be seen by compound light microscopy, staining methods employ the use of a mordant (often tannic acid) to make them thick enough to see using an oil immersion objective. Two protocols are described. Basic Protocol 1 is a modified Leifson method and is the one that many microbiologists have adapted. Basic Protocol 2 is a wet‐mount stain using a Ryu stain and is included because the stain is stable at room temperature. Both of these methods are fairly time‐consuming, taking from 15 to as long as 60 min to perform. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 15:A.3G.1‐A.3G.5. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lots of conflict resolution tactics and techniques used for consensus in oil sands development efforts
Authors: Roth Bernard J.
Published: November 2009

Bernard J. Roth, of Calgary, Alberta, discusses the long‐running use of consensus‐building techniques that have aided development of oil sands–and how a new provincial law may lessen the use of ADR techniques in the business and community controversies that bubble up around the mining and refining work.
Evaluating the use of search engine development tools in IT education
Authors: Chau Michael , Wong Cho Hung , Zhou Yilu , Qin Jialun , Chen Hsinchun
Published: November 2009

It is important for education in computer science and information systems to keep up to date with the latest development in technology. With the rapid development of the Internet and the Web, many schools have included Internet‐related technologies, such as Web search engines and e‐commerce, as part of their curricula. Previous research has shown that it is effective to use search engine development tools to facilitate students' learning. However, the effectiveness of these tools in the classroom has not been evaluated. In this article, we review the design of three search engine development tools, SpidersRUs, Greenstone, and Alkaline, followed by an evaluation study that compared the three tools in the classroom. In the study, 33 students were divided into 13 groups and each group used the three tools to develop three independent search engines in a class project. Our evaluation results showed that SpidersRUs performed better than the two other tools in overall satisfaction and the level of knowledge gained in their learning experience when using the tools for a class project on Internet applications development.
“Fabelhafte Dinge”: Arzneimittelnarrative zu Coca und Cocain im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Wahrig Bettina
Published: November 2009

“Fabulous Things”. Drug Narratives about Coca and Cocaine in the 19th Century. This contribution focuses on the history of Coca leaves and Cocaine in the second half of 19th century Europe. Even though, to date, no direct link has been established between the activities of the Milano physician Paolo Mantegazza, and the Göttingen chemist Friedrich Wöhler, it is not a mere coincidence that both published their findings in the same year, namely, 1859. Mantegazza authored the first treatise claiming that Coca had psychoactive qualities and touted its broad therapeutic faculties; he claimed that it should be introduced into European pharmacotherapy. In Wöhler's laboratory, cocaine was isolated from leaves by his pupil Alfred Niemann; later, Wilhelm Lossen refined and corrected Niemann's results. Narratives about medicinal drugs often streamline history into a story that starts with multiple meanings and impure matters and ends with well‐defined substances, directed at clear‐cut diseases and symptoms. In the case of Coca, however, the pure substance triggered no such process well into the 1880s, whereas the leaves continued to circulate as an exotic, pluripotent drug whose effects where miraculous and yet difficult to establish.
High affinity peptides for the recognition of the heart disease biomarker troponin I identified using phage display
Authors: Park Jong Pil , Cropek Donald M. , Banta Scott
Published: November 2009

Troponin I is a specific and sensitive clinical biomarker for myocardial injury. In this study we have used polyvalent phage display to isolate unique linear peptide motifs which recognize both the human and rat homologs of troponin I. The peptide specific for human troponin I has a sequence of FYSHSFHENWPS and the peptide specific for the rat troponin I has a sequence of FHSSWPVNGSTI. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to evaluate the binding interactions, and the two phage‐displayed peptides exhibited some cross‐reactivity, but they were both more specific for the troponin I homolog they were selected against. The binding affinities of the phage‐displayed peptides were decreased by the presence of complex tissue culture media (MEM), and the addition of 10% calf serum further interfered with the binding of the target proteins. Kinetic indirect phage ELISAs revealed that both troponin I binding peptides were found to have nanomolar affinities for the troponin proteins while attached to the phage particles. To our knowledge, this is the first example of isolation and characterization of troponin I binders using phage display technology. These new peptides may have potential utility in the development of new clinical assays for cardiac injury as well as in monitoring of cardiac cells grown in culture. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010. 105: 678–686. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasmid‐free T7‐based Escherichia coli expression systems
Authors: Striedner Gerald , Pfaffenzeller Irene , Markus Luchner , Nemecek Sabine , Grabherr Reingard , Bayer Karl
Published: November 2009

In order to release host cells from plasmid‐mediated increases in metabolic load and high gene dosages, we developed a plasmid‐free, T7‐based E. coli expression system in which the target gene is site‐specifically integrated into the genome of the host. With this system, plasmid‐loss, a source of instability for conventional expression systems, was eliminated. At the same time, system leakiness, a challenging problem with recombinant systems, was minimized. The efficiency of the T7 RNA polymerase compensates for low gene dosage and provides high rates of recombinant gene expression without fatal consequences to host metabolism. Relative to conventional pET systems, this system permits improved process stability and increases the host cell's capacity for recombinant gene expression, resulting in higher product yields. The stability of the plasmid‐free system was proven in chemostat cultivation for 40 generations in a non‐induced and for 10 generations in a fully induced state. For this reason plasmid‐free systems benefit the development of continuous production processes with E. coli. However, time and effort of the more complex cloning procedure have to be considered in relation to the advantages of plasmid‐free systems in upstream‐processing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010. 105: 786–794. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regimes of Multiple Emulsions of W1/O/W2 and O1/W/O2 Type in the Continuous Couette‐Taylor Flow Contactor
Authors: Dluska E. , Markowska‐Radomska A.
Published: November 2009

The flow regimes of multiple emulsions in the continuous Couette‐Taylor flow (CTF) contactor and characterization of the dispersion state are reported. The proposed method of multiple emulsion preparation is a one‐step procedure on the contrary to the classical two‐step procedure. The effect of operating parameters in the CTF contactor on multiple emulsion appearance, structure (drop size and packing), and rheological behavior is discussed. The key factors affecting multiple emulsion preparation in the CTF apparatus were the phases ratio, the rotational flow, and an annular gap width. The influence of an axial flow was more significant in the range of small rotational rates. The operating conditions were optimized to find the best characteristic multiple emulsions (largest interfacial area). The paper presents the same exemplary data of using W1/O/W2 emulsions as emulsion liquid membranes (ELMs) in the extraction process and O1/W/O2 for control active agent (drug) release.
The use of physical modeling in the optimisation of a primary separation vessel feedwell
Authors: Tyler J. , Spence J. , Kiel D. , Schaan J. , Larson G.
Published: November 2009

A physical modeling program was undertaken to assess and eliminate a significant vessel wear problem observed in a primary separation vessel used in the recovery of bitumen from oil sands. A 1:20 scale model was fabricated, and process rates and materials were selected on the basis of dimensional analysis. Experiments showed that the existing feedwell produced poor circumferential distribution and formed a localised jet that entered the vessel over a narrow sector. Tests were then conducted with several different modifications to the feedwell to improve the flow distribution. The final design produced uniform circumferential distribution and a modest improvement in model separation efficiency. This design has been in commercial service for several years and has eliminated the local wear problems.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma: A case report
Authors: Laforga Juan B. , Gasent Joan M.
Published: November 2009

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) is a rare soft tissue tumor arising in extremities. We report a typical case of EMC in left inguinal region of a 71‐year‐old man, which was first approached by fine‐needle aspiration, followed by surgical excision and subsequently diagnosed by microscopic examination and immunohistochemical study. We discuss briefly the differential diagnosis. It is important to separate EMC from other myxoid soft tissue tumors. We point out that although cytologic features may be orientating to a myxoid tumor, may not be completely distinctive. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oral epithelial atypical changes in apparently healthy oral mucosa exposed to smoking, alcohol, peppers and hot meals, using the AgNOR and Papanicolaou staining techniques
Authors: Ahmed Hussain Gadelkarim , Ebnoof Syda Omer M. Ali , Hussein Mohmmed Omer M. , Gbreel Afra Yousif A.
Published: November 2009

To evaluate cytological atypical changes in apparently healthy oral mucosa exposed to smoking, alcohol, hot meals, and peppers using the AgNOR and Papanicolaou methods. A total of 180 individuals were evaluated, of which 60 were smokers, 34 were alcohol users, 52 were habitual peppers and hot meal (exposed) consumers, 24 were non‐exposed, and 10 were patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), as an internal control. Cytological materials were obtained by brushing of buccal mucosa, on the border of the tongue and on the floor of the mouth, and participants underwent the Papanicolaou test for cytological changes and AgNOR staining for evaluation of the mean number of AgNOR dots per nucleus. SPSS program was used to perform the Pearson chi‐square test. The 95% confidence level, Odds Ratio (OR), and the 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were used.

The features of cytological atypia were verified among 10 individuals, including 5 smokers, 2 alcohol users, 2 hot meals and peppers consumers, and one non‐exposed. For atypia among tobacco smokers, the adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) and the 95% CI were found to be 2 (0.246–16.24). Increased keratinization was detected among 27 (45%) of the smokers (P < 0.0001), 17 (32.7%) of the pepper and hot meals consumers (P < 0.005), 4 (11.8%) of the alcohol consumers, and among 2 (3.7%) of the non‐exposed group. Statistical analyses revealed a greater mean number of AgNORs per nucleus in smokers (3.68) followed by (2.82) alcohol consumers, compared to the habitual peppers and hot meal consumers (2.28) and the non‐exposed group (2.00). What's more, 80% of the smears with cytological atypia were identified with 6 ± 2 AgNOR mean count.

The increase of the variables suggests that the evaluation of epithelial atypical changes in individuals exposed to smoking and alcohol carcinogens may be a useful screening tool. While hot meals and peppers didnot seem to be a risk for oral mucosal proliferation, they increased the potency of keratinization and infection. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure and Properties of Copper(II), Manganese(III), and Iron(III) Complexes with Potentially Pentaanionic Heptadentate Ligands Including Alkoxido, Amido, and Phenoxido Donors
Authors: Stoicescu Liliana , Duhayon Carine , Vendier Laure , Tesouro‐Vallina Ana , Costes Jean‐Pierre , Tuchagues Jean‐Pierre
Published: November 2009

The synthesis and characterization of copper(II), manganese(III), and iron(III) complexes [Cu2(L1)(OAc)Cs2(MeOH)2]n (1), [Mn2(H3L1)2(OMe)2]·2MeOH (2), [Fe2(H3L1)2(Hpz)4](ClO4)2·2CH3CN (3), and [Fe2(H3L3)2(OMe)2]·8MeOH (4) of potentially pentaanionic heptadentate ligands,2‐hydroxy‐N‐{2‐hydroxy‐3‐[(2‐hydroxybenzoyl)amino]propyl}benzamide (H5L1) and 2‐hydroxy‐N‐{3‐hydroxy‐5‐[(2‐hydroxybenzoyl)amino]pentyl}benzamide (H5L3), are reported. The crystal structure and magnetic properties of these complexes have been determined. In complex 1, the ligand H5L1 acts as a heptadentate, fully deprotonated ligand, [L1]5–. In complexes 2, 3, and 4, H5L1 (2, 3) and H5L3 (4) act as tetradentate, partially deprotonated ligands, [H3L1]2– and [H3L3]2–.In complex 1, anionic [Cu2(L1)(OAc)]2– and cationic [Cs(MeOH)]+ units are linked through a quadruply bridging acetate ion and through the phenoxido‐oxygen and amido‐oxygen donor atoms of [L1]5– to yield a 2D polymeric network. Complexes 2–4 form extended supramolecular networks. Magnetic susceptibility data evidence antiferromagnetic interactions for 1, 2, and 4. The Fe···Fe distance is too long to allow measurable magnetic interactions in complex 3. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Inhibition of Alkyne Cyclotrimerization to Arenes on a Metal Site by Four‐Electron Donation through Simultaneous Sigma and Pi Bonding: The Tris(alkyne)Tungsten Carbonyls
Authors: Peng Bin , Li Qian‐Shu , Xie Yaoming , King R. Bruce , Schaefer Henry F.
Published: November 2009

Reactions of fac‐(CH3CN)3W(CO)3 with the alkynes RC≡CR are known experimentally to give the very stable (RC≡CR)3WL (L = CO or CH3CN) complexes without the complexed alkyne ligands on the tungsten site undergoing cyclotrimerization to the corresponding benzene derivatives C6R6. In order to evaluate the thermodynamics of these systems, the structures and energetics of the tris(alkyne)tungsten carbonyls (RC≡CR)3W(CO)n and the corresponding arenetungsten carbonyls (η6‐C6R6)W(CO)n (R = CH3, CF3; n = 3, 2, 1, 0) have been optimized using density functional theory. The cyclotrimerizations of the alkyne ligands in (RC≡CR)3W(CO)n (n = 3, 2) to a benzene ligand in (η6‐C6R6)W(CO)n are predicted to be very exothermic. However, the corresponding cyclotrimerizations of the alkyne ligands in (RC≡CR)3W(CO) and (RC≡CR)3W to a benzene ligand in (η6‐C6R6)W(CO) and (η6‐C6R6)W, respectively, are predicted to range from nearly thermoneutral (R = CH3) to highly endothermic (R = CF3). This can be related to the bonding mode of the alkyne ligands to the tungsten atom. Alkyne ligands bonded to tungsten as four‐electron donors (with one σ bond and one π bond) are resistant to cyclotrimerization reactions. However, alkyne ligands bonded to tungsten as two‐electron donors through only σ bonding of the C≡C triple bond are reactive towards cyclotrimerization reactions. The CF3 derivatives are found to be less reactive towards cyclotrimerization than the CH3 derivatives. The inhibition of alkyne cyclotrimerization on a metal site by bonding as a four‐electron donor through both σ and π bonding can be related to the fact that known alkyne cyclotrimerization catalysts are generally based on late transition metals of groups 8, 9, and 10, rather than early transition metals such as tungsten.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Altered fractionation and adjuvant chemotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Mendenhall William M. , Riggs Charles E. , Vaysberg Mikhail , Amdur Robert J. , Werning John W.
Published: November 2009

Background

The aim of this review was to discuss the role of altered fractionation and adjuvant chemotherapy for patients treated with definitive radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods

This review explores the pertinent literature and discusses the optimal management of previously untreated patients with stage III–stage IVA and/or ‐B HNSCCs.

Results

Depending on the schedule, altered fractionation improves locoregional control and survival. Both hyperfractionation and concomitant boost RT improve locoregional control and are associated with improved overall survival (OS). Adjuvant chemotherapy improves OS; the greatest impact is observed after concomitant versus induction or maintenance chemotherapy. Monochemotherapy appears to be equivalent to polychemotherapy. Drugs associated with the greatest survival benefit include fluorouracil and cisplatin. Intraarterial chemotherapy offers no advantage over intravenous chemotherapy. Concomitant cetuximab and RT results in improved outcomes similar to those observed after concomitant cisplatin‐based chemotherapy and RT.

Conclusions

Altered fractionation and/or concomitant chemotherapy result in improved outcomes compared with conventionally fractionated definitive RT alone for stage III–stage IV HNSCC. The optimal combination of RT fractionation and chemotherapy remains unclear. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009