bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AVHRR imagery and in‐situ data accessed via Internet
Authors: Gallagher James , Cornillon Peter , Kowalski James
Published: October 2006

Software that allows remote users to browse satellite‐derived images and in‐situ data archives of interest to oceanographers via Internet has been developed by researchers at the University of Rhode Island/s Graduate School of Oceanography. The tool, called “Xbrowse,” can access a recently assembled archive of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) imagery covering the Western Atlantic from 1979 to present, with new passes being added daily. From January 1979 through March 1982, the coverage is spotty. From April 1982 to present, every pass downloaded on the Wallops Island receiving station is available. Each pass in the archive has been remapped to standard geophysical coordinates.
Drilling successful from ROV Ventana
Authors: Stakes Debra S. , McFarlane James A. R. , Holloway G. Leon , Greene H. Gary
Published: October 2006

Cores of granite and deformed sediment from the walls of Monterey Canyon were successfully recovered from December 30 to 31, 1992, by Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute's (MBARI) Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Ventana using a small‐diameter, double‐barrel drill with a diamond bit. This HSTR (Holloway‐Stakes‐Tengdin‐Rajcula) drill was developed to drill cores horizontally from sulfide/sulfate walls of active black smokers. The drill was first successfully used by the submersible Alvin in October 1991 to drill into massive sulfide chimneys, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge (Eos, June 30, 1992, p. 273), and it was subsequently used with equal success on the chalcopyrite‐rich chimneys from 21°N and 9°N on the East Pacific Rise. The recent December dives, however, marked the first time that drilling has ever been attempted from the smaller ROV and the first time coring into the harder igneous rock substrate has been attempted.
The discovery of 1992 QB1
Authors: Weissman Paul R.
Published: October 2006

The solar system got a little bigger last year. The discovery of the distant object 1992 in an orbit beyond Pluto extended the dimensions of the planetary system and provided important evidence for several hypotheses about the origin of the solar system and the source of short‐period comets.

The new object was found by David Jewitt of the University of Hawaii and Jane Luu of the University of California, Berkeley, who had spent more than 5 years in the search. On August 30, using the 2.2‐m University of Hawaii telescope on Mauna Kea, they detected a slow‐moving, 23rd magnitude object in Pisces. The initial observations suggested a distance of 41 AU. At that distance, if one assumed a typical comet nucleus albedo of 0.04, the object would have to be about 200 km in diameter [Jewitt and Luu, 1992].
Solar‐terrestrial predictions workshop held in Canada
Authors: Hruska J.
Published: October 2006

Scientists from solar, magnetospheric, and ionospheric physics and geomagnetism, as well as forecasters of solar‐terrestrial conditions and users affected by the solar‐terrestrial environment attended the Solar‐Terrestrial Prediction Workshop, held from May 18 to 22, 1992, in Ottawa, Canada. More than 150 scientists from seventeen countries came together to communicate and exchange their knowledge and expertise on the forecasting of solar‐terrestrial conditions.

This meeting was the fourth in a series organized by the International Ursigram and World Service (IUWDS), a joint service of the Union Radio Scientifique Internationale (URSI), the International Astronomical Union (IAU), and the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). The local organizer of the workshop was the Ottawa Regional Warning Center, a component of the Geological Survey of Canada.
Mt. Spurr's 1992 eruptions
Authors:   Alaska Volcano Observatory
Published: October 2006

On June 27, 1992, the Crater Peak vent on the south side of Mt. Spurr awoke from 39 years of dormancy and burst into subplinian eruption after 10 months of elevated seismicity. Two more eruptions followed in August and September. The volcano lies 125‐km west of Anchorage, which is Alaska's largest city and an important international hub for air travel. The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) was able to warn communities and the aviation industry well in advance of these eruptions.
Nimbus satellites: Setting the stage for mission to planet Earth
Authors: Eden H. F. , Olero B. P. , Perkins J. N.
Published: October 2006

October 24, 1992, marked the fourteenth anniversary of the launch of Nimbus 7, one of the most remarkable Earth remote‐sensing spacecraft ever flown. Since 1978, Nimbus 7 has provided fundamental and often unique scientific measurements of Earth that have set the stage for the U.S. Global Change Research Program (Figure 1). These include the first satellite views of the Antarctic ozone hole, the first global view of oceanic primary productivity, and early measurements of the Earth's radiation budget and stratospheric chemical species and aerosols. At the time of writing, four of the original eight instruments on Nimbus 7 are still operational although some anomalous behavior has recently appeared. In total, Nimbus satellites 1–7 carried out some forty‐eight experimental observations of the Earth's global environment from 1964 to the present and established the heritage for current and planned Earth remote‐sensing instruments and missions.
The global greenhouse and Washington, D.C., weather
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Recently, Hansen et al. [1992] discussed climate change in terms of what might be noticeable to residents of cities such as Washington, D.C., and Tokyo. Washington is particularly important because of possible influences on the decision‐making system centered there. Globally, the decade of the 1980s was the warmest on record, with 5 of the warmest years ever recorded (given in descending order by the Climate Institute as 1988, 1983, 1987, 1989, 1981). This forum piece focuses on record daily temperatures, an item not previously considered [Doe, 1990]; however, more conventional topics also will be discussed.
International program investigates the Black Sea
Authors: Ünlüata Ü. , Aubrey D. G. , Belberov Z. , Bologa A. , Eremeev V. , Vinogradov M.
Published: October 2006

Concern over the environmental condition of the Black Sea has increased markedly since the recent political changes in eastern Europe, as the extent of degradation has become clearer. This concern has led to the creation of the Cooperative Marine Science Program for the Black Sea (CoMSBlack) (Figure la), an interdisciplinary, international marine science program that provides the highest quality of oceanographic science for effective and integrated management of the Black Sea.

A complex program of investigation has been outlined by the major marine research organizations of the Black Sea riparian countries, as well as the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and other western research laboratories. A series of meetings is being held to clarify the role of CoMSBlack in Black Sea research as well as the sea's role in major international research efforts. Changes in the Black Sea riparian countries have simplified integrated science
Military survey honors Guy Bomford
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

In recognition of his many contributions to geodesy, the United Kingdom's Military Survey's new headquarters building was named after Brigadier Guy Bomford at a ceremony at Feltham near London on July 10, 1992. He was the director of survey of the southeast Asia command during World War II, was reader in geodesy at Oxford University, was active in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (serving as president from 1963 to 1967), and is the author of the well‐known text, Geodesy.

Now aged 92, Bomford unveiled a plaqueon the building and attended a luncheon at the Feltham Officer's Mess hosted by the Director General of Military Survey, Major General Roy Wood.
Geophysical research in the Czech Republic
Authors: Čermák Vladimir
Published: October 2006

General interest in Earth studies has a long tradition in the Czech Republic that dates back to the German physician, Georg Agricola, a pioneer in scientific classifications of minerals collected in North Bohemia's Ore Mountains during the early 16th century. Astronomy flourished during the rule of Hapsburg Emperor Rudolph II (1552–1612). Modern geophysics developed in the middle of the 18th century from systematic meteorological observations and continued in the 19th century with H. Benndorfs seismological experiment in the mining town of Pribram.

In 1920, the State Geophysical Institute was created, with Vaclav Laska as its first director. The institute's research activities concentrated on seismology and geomagnetism. In 1945, the Chair of Geophysics was established at the Charles University in Prague, reflecting the increasing interest in geophysical studies. The Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences was founded in 1952, the same year that the first Conference of Czechoslovak Geophysicists passed the resolution that an institute of geophysics should be reestablished within the new academy as the coordinating and leading institution of basic geophysical research.
Comment on “Do solar variations change climate?”
Authors: Schröder, W. , Treder H.‐J.
Published: October 2006

Regarding George Reid's article on solar variations and climate change (Eos, January 12, 1993), we note the ongoing controversial discussion between two groups of scientists on the existence of the so‐called Maunder‐Minimum. One group includes research by Silverman [1992] and Eddy [1976]. The second includes scientists whose papers we consider more “critical,” for example, Landsberg [1980], Gleissberg [1977], Legrand et al. [1993], and Schroder [1984]. By critical papers, we mean those that cite more original literature and present a more objective investigation of solar‐terrestrial variability [cf., Legrand et al., 1990]. We suggest that some authors overlook critical papers; for example, none were cited by Silverman [1992].
Global Paleomagnetic Data Base updated
Authors: McElhinny Michael W. , Lock Jo
Published: October 2006

In August 1991, the first global paleomagnetic data base (Version 1.4) was released through World Data Center A in Boulder, Colo. We published a manual [Lock and McElhinny, 1991] that described the design, installation, and use with the Oracle relational data‐base management system. Version 1.4 included all global data through the end of 1988. We are pleased to announce that Version 2.2, which includes all data through the end of 1992 will be released through World Data Center A in May. A supplement to the original manual, describing changes to the data base, will appear in the April 15 issue of Surveys in Geophysics. Some of the changes include a totally revamped menu system that enables a variety of choices of data selection. In addition, we have cross checked all entries against the latest regional catalogs for Canada and the Laurentian Shield [Irving et al., 1990] and Fennoscandia [Pesonen et al., 1991].
House Committee Members named
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Members of the House committees for the 103rd Congress have been named. The House Science, Space and Technology Committee, which is influential in science policy, is concerned with activities of NASA, the National Science Foundation, science research, energy research, and the National Weather Service. In addition, subcommittees of the House Appropriations Committee are important to research because they are responsible for funding the scientific agencies' programs. Many of the Senate subcommittees have not yet been named.
Global marine gravity grid and poster developed
Authors: Sandwell David
Published: October 2006

Over the last 6 months, a dramatic increase in satellite altimetry coverage of the oceans has led to great improvements in the resolution of the marine gravity field. The 35‐day repeat orbit of the ERS‐1 altimeter has doubled spatial coverage globally, and recently declassified Geosat altimeter data have provided extremely dense coverage south of 30'S. Early results from these new data (see Eos, March 24, 1992) were presented at the AGU 1992 Fall Meeting in San Francisco. To provide better access to these large and diverse data sets, a global gravity grid has been constructed using satellite altimeter profiles from ERS‐1, Geosat, and Seasat.
75th anniversary plans begin
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The American Geophysical Union will celebrate its 75th anniversary in 1994. To help commemorate this milestone year, a committee was appointed to suggest and coordinate a variety of activities and celebrations throughout the anniversary year.

Since 1990, the 75th Anniversary Committee has been laying the groundwork for this year‐long celebration. The committee is working closely with the Meetings Committee, the Publications Committee, the Education and Human Resources Committee, the History of Geophysics Committee, and other committees and AGU staff to ensure Union‐wide involvement in anniversary activities. According to Tom Graedel, chairman of the 75th Anniversary Committee, “AGU will make new commitments to activities in support of geophysics during the anniversary year while the Union enjoys a well‐earned celebration.”
Status of NSF's polar programs office raised
Authors: White M. Catherine
Published: October 2006

Walter Massey, Director of the National Science Foundation, announced on January 13 that he has elevated the status of the Division of Polar Programs (DPP). It is now the Office of Polar Programs and, organizationally, part of the Office of the Director. Effective immediately, the newly created office began reporting to NSF's deputy director. Massey is also reactivating the Board's Committee on Polar Programs to provide NSF with continuing policy guidance and advice.

In announcing the program's move, Massey said that NSF's Antarctic and Arctic activities have grown increasingly prominent in recent years as international attention has focused on research programs, environmental concerns, law enforcement, and other issues in both polar regions. “With the increased responsibility we have been given [in the polar regions] comes increased accountability,” Massey said. “I believe that heightening the stewardship for polar programs is an important way to help ensure that we meet the expectations and needs of the polar research communities and others,” he added.
1993 GEM Workshops planned
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The 1993 Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) workshops, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, will be held in Snowmass, Colo., from June 28 to July 2. As with last year's meeting, there will be two workshops: the Boundary Layer Campaign from June 28–30 and the Magnetotail/Substorm Campaign from July 1–2. At the workshop on the Boundary Layer Campaign (conveners: L. Lyons, Aerospace Corp.; T. Rosenberg, University of Maryland; C. Russell, University of California at Los Angeles), plenary sessions will include a few invited talks and tutorials on selected topics in geospace environment modeling and observing. Contributed posters on any aspects of dayside boundary layer and cusp physics, magnetosheath modeling, and ionospheric signatures of the boundary layer and cusp are solicited. Open working groups will meet to evaluate progress, strategies, and opportunities in observing and modeling the dayside boundary layer and cusp region.
The LeadEx experiment
Authors:   The LeadEx Group
Published: October 2006

Motivated by heightened interest in the role of polar regions in climate and global change, a group of scientists from various institutions and disciplines recently conducted a joint field study of the crack‐like openings called leads that are created by deformation of the Arctic pack ice. The study, called the Lead Experiment, known as LeadEx, was conducted during March and April 1992 in the Beaufort Sea approximately 300 km north of Deadhorse, Alaska. Sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, it was designed to clarify the effect of open leads on the polar ocean and atmosphere.

Ranging from a few meters to thousands of meters wide, leads have been long considered important to the thermodynamics of the polar regions. Because a winter lead exposes relatively warm water to the cold atmosphere, either directly or through a very thin layer of ice, leads can account for half the total heat flux from the ocean [Badgley, 1966], even though they occupy less than 10% of the surface area. Open leads, thin ice (<1.0 m), and thick ice (>1.0 m) may contribute equally to the total heat flux [Maykut, 1978]. Because salt is rejected as seawater freezes, leads have a major effect on the salinity of the ocean mixed layer.
Greenfield to direct atmospherics at NSF
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Richard S. Greenfield has been appointed director of the Division of Atmospheric Sciences at the National Science Foundation. The February 4 announcement was made by Robert W. Correll, assistant director for geosciences.

Greenfield began his career at NSF in 1974 as program director for the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP), where he coordinated NSF support of academic participation in the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) in association with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Subsequently, he directed participation in the Monsoon Experiment (MONEX) and Alpine Experiment (ALPEX) as the U.S. focal point for each of those projects.
Hydroacoustics detect submarine volcanism
Authors: McCreery Charles S. , Walker Daniel A. , Talandier Jacques
Published: October 2006

On January 19, an unusual clustering of impulsive hydroacoustic signals (T‐phases) was observed on recordings from SOFAR (Sound Fixing and Ranging) channel hydrophones located near the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Accompanying these randomly distributed T‐phases was a continuously elevated level of background noise. The most intense activity began around 10 hours UT and lasted for about 1 hour (Figure 1). Since these characteristics are typical of submarine volcanism (see “Submarine Volcano,” Eos, November 7, 1989), a message was sent to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's VENTS Program (Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Newport, Oreg.) advising of possible submarine volcanic activity.
Absolute‐Gravity Workshop planned
Authors: Bilham Roger , Sasagawa Glenn
Published: October 2006

The new FG5 absolute gravimeter has a design goal accuracy of 1 μGal and represents the most recent of a series of gravimeters inspired by advances in gravimeter design by J. Faller at the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JILA) in Boulder, Colo. A 2‐day workshop will be held in Boulder from March 22 to 23 to discuss current and future applications of absolute gravity (g). Details of the workshop appear at the end of this article. The instrument is based on the principle of interferometrically measuring the time and position of a weight falling in a vacuum, using a stabilized laser and an atomic clock [cf. Cook, 1967; Faller, 1963; Hammond, 1970; Zumberge, 1981; Niebauer, 1986].
Geophysical activities in Mexico
Authors: Umutia‐Fucugauchi J.
Published: October 2006

The Union Geofisica Mexicana (UGM) annual meeting provides an opportunity for presentation and discussion of ongoing research activities in Mexico in the various disciplines of Earth sciences. Because a substantial amount of geophysical data gathered in Mexico remains largely unpublished or is published in internal reports of restricted circulation, the meeting has become an important forum for local and foreign researchers. The meeting attracts geoscientists, students, and professionals from universities, research centers, government institutions, and industry. Although many research groups from the United States and other countries are currently conducting studies in Mexico in such diverse fields as seismology, tectonics, volcanology, economic geology, and geohydrology, participation from those groups is not as large as expected or desired.
Space station overrun ires NASA, Congress
Authors: White M. Catherine
Published: October 2006

With a new administration in place, future funding for the space station seems promising. In mid‐February, the Clinton administration announced that it will seek $2.25 billion for the station in the fiscal year 1994 budget. But at a House Subcommittee on Space hearing on March 3, members divided on the station issue questioned NASA, McDonnell Douglas, and IBM witnesses as to why budget projections for the project's next 3 years have grown by about $500 million.

Although subcommittee chairman Ralph M. Hall (D‐Tex.) voiced support for NASA and urged, “We all want the same thing, a space station of reasonable cost,” there seemed to be little consensus among other members who feel the science capability has been cut to a point that will make the project, as one member put it, “a floating whistlestop in the sky.”
Sullivan to head NSFs polar programs
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Walter Massey, director of the National Science Foundation, has appointed Cornelius W. Sullivan, current director of the Hancock Institute for Marine Studies and professor of biological sciences at the University of Southern California, as the new director of the Office of Polar Programs (OPP). Sullivan's appointment will begin May 16. Until then, he will serve as a consultant to OPP.

“Cornelius Sullivan is one of the world's leading polar scientists,” Massey said. “He has led many interagency and international expeditions to Antarctica and has carried out research in the Arctic.” Sullivan is also a former member of the National Academy of Sciences' Polar Research Board.
Molz receives Horton Award
Authors: Molz Fred J. , Hornberger George
Published: October 2006

The Robert E. Horton Award is given by the Hydrology Section for outstanding contributions to the geophysical aspects of hydrology. Fred J . Molz, III, was presented with the 1992 Horton Award at the AGU 1992 Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif.
Basic research and Clinton's Technology Plan
Authors: Lang Valerie
Published: October 2006

References made by the Clinton administration to a National Technology Policy coupled with talk of technology transfer, manufacturing consortiums, and benchmarking have made many scientists uneasy about the security of basic research funding under the new regime. Adding to this uncertainty have been the efforts by the Senate and the House in both the 102nd and 103rd sessions of Congress to pass a Competitiveness Bill that includes a large increase in funding for commercialization programs administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce.

The proposed large increase in R&D funding for the National Institute of Standards and Technology would probably mean flat funding or cuts for the R&D budgets of most other federally funded research programs (reminiscent of fiscal year 1993). Despite these unsubtle messages that applied research and planned development will be favored over fundamental scientific research, both George Brown (D‐Calif.), chairman of the House Science, Space and Technology Committee, and Jack Gibbons, the president's new science and technology advisor, stated on February 23 that none of their proposed programs are in any way meant to detract from the country's basic scientific research efforts.
Subcommittee examines NSF's role
Authors: Leath Audrey T.
Published: October 2006

On March 3, the House Subcommittee on Science continued its examination of scientific research with the second in a series of hearings on renewing U.S. science policy. The hearing focused on the report by the National Science Board's Commission on the Future of the National Science Foundation, released last November. The subcommittee chairman, Rick Boucher (D‐Va.), in cooperation with full science committee chairman George Brown (D‐Calif.), plans further hearings throughout the year to look at the way science is funded, how it contributes to national needs, and whether a better method of priority setting is necessary.

The NSB Commission, according to witness James Duderstadt, NSB chairman, “strongly reaffirms [NSF's support of] curiosity‐driven, peer‐reviewed science.” The witnesses unanimously concurred with the commission's finding that, in general, NSF's traditional mission is appropriate and the foundation is performing it well. They recommended no major changes to the agency's mission.
Laser techniques in stable isotopes
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

A workshop on laser‐heating extraction methods for stable isotope ratio determinations will be hosted by the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington on May 23 from 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M at the lab. The goal of the workshop is to provide a forum for discussion and evaluation of laser techniques in various isotopic systems. The meeting will have an open format combining individual presentations and panel discussions. The seminar will also include a poster display of existing extraction lines to enhance discussion of various techniques.
Too many Ph.D.s?
Authors: Smith Guy
Published: October 2006

A colleague recently complained to me of his difficulties in attracting good graduate students. He had unfilled assistantships and was concerned about maintaining his research program. Such complaints are not uncommon. Many Earth scientists have expressed concern that the shortage of “new blood” may compromise the future vitality of the field.
The crisis in our libraries
Authors: Kaula W. M. , Noga M.
Published: October 2006

GE 203 Since 1987, there has been a drop of about 40% in the purchasing power of research libraries in the amount of material they can buy today compared with what could be purchased in 1987. This drop varies from one area to another; it is estimated to be 60% for the physical sciences and engineering at the University of California, Los Angeles. During this time, the materials' acquisition budgets of most libraries have been held at roughly the same dollar level. Hence, there has been a decrease in the amount of material purchased, which has resulted in a shift of emphasis—mainly less for books related to serials.
The future of naval ocean science research
Authors: Orcutt John A. , Brink Kenneth
Published: October 2006

The Ocean Studies Board (OSB) of the National Research Council reviewed the changing role of basic ocean science research in the Navy at a recent board meeting. The OSB was joined by Gerald Cann, assistant secretary of the Navy for research, development, and acquisition; Geoffrey Chesbrough, oceanographer of the Navy; Arthur Bisson, deputy assistant secretary of the Navy for antisubmarine warfare; Robert Winokur, technical director of the Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy; Bruce Robinson, director of the new science directorate at the Office of Naval Research (ONR); and Paul Gaffney, commanding officer of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL).

The past 2–3 years have brought great changes to the Navy's mission with the dissolution of the former Soviet Union and challenges presented by conflicts in newly independent states and developing nations. The new mission was recently enunciated in a white paper, “From the Sea: A New Direction for the Naval Service,” which is signed by the secretary of the Navy, the chief of naval operations, and the commandant of the Marine Corps. It departs from previous plans by proposing a heavier emphasis on amphibious operations and makes few statements about the traditional Navy mission of sea‐lane control.
Galeras Volcano: International Workshop and Eruption
Authors: Muñoz F. A. , Calvache M. L. , Cortes G. P. , Gomez D. M. , Narvaez L. , Ordonez M. , Ortega A. , Torres R. , Silva B. , Williams S. N. , Sanders C. O. , Stix J.
Published: October 2006

Galeras, a 4270‐m high andesitic stratovolcano in southwestern Colombia near the Ecuadorian border (Figure 1), gradually reawoke in 1988 after more than 40 years of dormancy. In 1991, after a request from the Geological Survey of Colombia (INGEOMIAS) and the National Disaster Prevention Office (ONAD), Galeras was named a “Decade Volcano” by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) as part of the United Nations' International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) program. A workshop was held in 1993 to research, monitor, and mitigate the hazards of the volcano.

Galeras lies at latitude 1°14′N, longitude 77°22′W (see Figure 2), and its active cone rises about 150 m above the floor of a small summit caldera that is open to the west [Calvache and Williams, 1992]. The active crater is located about 6 km west of Pasto, a city of about 300,000 inhabitants. At least six major Galeras eruptions have been identified during the past 4500 years. These eruptions were mainly vulcanian, with inferred low‐altitude eruption columns (<10 km) that produced small‐volume pyroclastic flow deposits containing a high proportion of nonjuvenile material and lava flow fragments [Calvache and Williams, 1992]. During the last 500 years, eruptions have been characterized by gas and ash emissions, small lava flows, and explosive eruptions producing pyroclastic flows that have traveled up to 15 km from the crater [Calvache, 1990; Cepeda, 1993].
Recording ground motions where people live
Authors: Cranswick E. , Gardner B. , Hammond S. , Banfill R.
Published: October 2006

The 1989 Loma Prieta, Calif., earthquake caused spectacular damage to structures up to 100 km away in the San Francisco Bay sedimentary basin, including the Cypress Street viaduct overpass, the Bay Bridge, and buildings in the San Francisco Marina district. Although the few mainshock ground motions recorded in the northern San Francisco Bay area were “significantly larger … than would be expected from the pre‐existing data set,” none were recorded at the sites of these damaged structures [Hanks and Krawinkler, 1991].

Loma Prieta aftershocks produced order‐of‐magnitude variations of ground motions related to sedimentary basin response over distances of 1–2 km and less [Cranswick et al., 1990]. In densely populated neighborhoods, these distances can encompass the residences of thousands of people, but it is very unlikely that these neighborhoods are monitored by even one seismograph. In the last decade, the complexity of computer models used to simulate high‐frequency ground motions has increased by several orders of magnitude [e.g., Frankel and Vidale, 1992], but the number of seismograph stations—hence, the spatial density of the sampling of ground motion data—has remained relatively unchanged. Seismologists must therefore infer the nature of the ground motions in the great unknown regions between observation points.
IAGA data bases for paleomagnetism and rock magnetism
Authors: Barton Charles
Published: October 2006

International efforts to establish several data bases for paleomagnetic and rock‐magnetic data (Table 1) are being coordinated by Working Groups I‐3 (Paleomagnetism) and I‐4 (Rock Magnetism) of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA). The initiative came from widespread concerns over the need to provide archival and access facilities for the ever‐growing body of paleomagnetic and rock‐magnetic data. This article follows an earlier account of the development of the IAGA paleomagnetic data bases [Barton, 1991] and outlines their current status.
Stokes examines NASA program management
Authors: Leath Audrey T.
Published: October 2006

As NASA gears up for another attempt at redesigning Space Station Freedom, some in Congress are wondering whether the space agency has learned any lessons from a number of costly past mistakes. Louis Stokes (D‐Ohio), the new chairman of the House Appropriations Veterans Affairs, Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Subcommittee, held a hearing on March 17 to examine unanticipated cost growth in a variety of projects, including the space toilet, the advanced turbo pump for the shuttle, and the Mars Observer, as well as the space station. Stokes seemed well‐suited to this oversight role, asking well‐informed and probing questions rather than accusatory ones. The witnesses, NASA head Daniel Goldin and many of his top managers (most of whom were not in their present positions when the projects were initiated), analyzed past errors and offered useful measures for avoiding similar problems in the future.
Turekian reappointed GBC editor
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Karl K. Turekian's term as editor of Global Biogeochemical Cycles has been extended through December 31, 1995. First appointed editor in 1989, Turekian has fostered the publication of research information and insights on all aspects of global change in the quarterly journal.
NSF releases 1994 budget request
Authors: White M. Catherine
Published: October 2006

On March 29, the National Science Foundation released its fiscal year 1994 budget request of $3.18 billion—a 16% increase over last year's appropriation. This figure includes an FY 1993 $207 million supplemental appropriation requested by the president to be used for interagency Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) initiatives, which are jointly supported by NSF and other federal agencies. The supplemental appropriation bill accounts for 7.2% of the 16% increase. It has been passed in the House, and the Senate is expected to approve it within days.
Congress scrutinizes Global Change Program
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: October 2006

Funding for NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's parts in the interagency U.S. Global Change Research Program was the focus of the House Space Subcommittee's March 30 hearing. The subcommittee authorizes spending for the two agencies, which together account for nearly 75% of the $1.3 billion of the total funding for the GCRP.

The subcommittee was looking for the rationale behind this level of funding in light of the scientific uncertainties associated with two of the major issues addressed by the GCRP: global warming and ozone depletion. F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. (R‐Wis.), noted that “We cannot afford to get the science of global warming wrong.”
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Four presentations in the Atmospheric Sciences Section were named “Outstanding Student Papers” at AGU's 1992 Fall Meeting in San Francisco.

Nicola McArdle was cited for “The Use of Stable Sulphur Isotopes to Distinguish Between Natural and Anthropogenic Sulphur in the Atmosphere.” McArdle received a B.S. in geology from the University of Edinburgh and is currently a doctoral student at the School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, U.K. In the future she hopes to apply the method developed during her doctoral study and examine more closely the isotopic fractionations involved during the formation, release to the atmosphere, and oxidation of dimethylsulphide (DMS).
NOAA budget request seeks 12% increase
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: October 2006

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released its fiscal year 1994 budget request of $1.92 billion on April 8. The request is $200 million above fiscal 1993 appropriations, a 12% increase for NOAA spending.

Despite the increase, Acting Under Secretary for Oceans and Atmospheres Diana H. Josephson, noted that not all programs got funded and that a total of $66.9 million was cut from some projects. “We will do what we can with the resources we have this year,” said Josephson. Cuts were made to programs that are inappropriate for NOAA to fund, that can be funded at the state level, and one‐time projects, she added.
1993 AGU Fellows
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

AGU congratulates the twenty‐nine distinguished scientists who were selected by a committee of their peers to be AGU Fellows in 1993. This selection was based on the individual attaining acknowledged eminence in a branch of geophysics.

The number of Fellows selected annually is limited to no more than 0.1% of the AGU membership. The new Fellows are listed below along with citations recognizing their specific achievements.
Outstanding student paper awards
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Ten students received Outstanding Student Paper Awards for Solar Physics and Aeronomy Section papers they presented last December at AGU's Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif.

Peter Sultan, who was honored for his presentation 'Zonal Drift Velocities of Equatorial Spread F Irregularity Plumes,' is a doctoral student at Boston University. He received an Sc.B. in physics from Brown University in 1986 and an M.A. in astronomy and physics from Boston University in 1989. His research interests are equatorial ionospheric physics, active chemical release experiments, and incoherent scatter radar techniques. His dissertation work is a study of artificially triggered equatorial spread‐F, centering on the 1990 CRRES‐at‐Kwajalein sounding rocket campaign.
Station focus of NASA budget hearing
Authors: Jones Richard
Published: October 2006

One of the most important events in this year's consideration of the NASA fiscal year 1994 budget request occurred on April 28 with the appearance of NASA Administrator Daniel S. Goldin and his senior staff before the House VA, HUD, Independent Agencies Appropriations Subcommittee, which largely determines the space agency's funding.

Subcommittee chairman Louis Stokes (D‐Ohio) said that “we face some very special problems this year.” He cautioned that the subcommittee is “totally dependent on the allocation which we are given,” referring to the money his subcommittee is given to fund all of the programs under its jurisdiction.
Reply [to “Do solar variations change climate?”]
Authors: Reid George C.
Published: October 2006

The January 12 article in Eos referred to by Schröder and Treder was in fact an excerpt from Geophysics News, an AGU publication that is intended to form a bridge between the technical journals and the news media, providing nontechnical background material on areas of current interest in geophysics. As such, it was brief and did not contain the extensive references that would normally be included in a scientific manuscript.

Nevertheless, the points raised by Schröder and Treder do require an answer, since, in my opinion, they reveal some important misconceptions. They raise two main points: (1) there is a body of opinion that questions the reality of the Maunder‐Minimum in solar activity in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and (2) changes in the solar “constant” related to the solar cycle are impossible, since the Sun's energy is generated in the core and can have little connection with solar magnetic activity.
Cracking up under the strain...
Authors: Glover Paul
Published: October 2006

On April 1–2, talk at University College London focused on failure and the stresses and strains that cause it. The discussion was aimed at improving our understanding of crack systems in rocks, their effect on the physical properties of the bulk rock, and their response to applied stresses and strains up to rock failure.

“Crack Systems in Rocks: Fundamentalsand Application to Crustal Dynamics and Reservoir Engineering,” a meeting organized by Philip Meredith, Paul Glover, and Peter Sammonds, was initially designed as a gathering of scientists collaborating with the Rock and Ice Physics Laboratory at University College London. However, interest in the meeting grew to an international scope, with participants coming from as far away as Japan, the United States, Sweden, and Italy.
ODP sets 4‐year plan
Authors: Collins Bill
Published: October 2006

The Ocean Drilling Program, a consortium of countries led by the United States, with a broad mandate to drill in the world's oceans, has set the direction of its drilling vessel for the next 4 years. During the various upcoming legs, researchers will address some of the themes considered to be high priority by ODP's advisory panels and will develop the drilling technology to achieve these goals.

Scheduled legs of the ODP program include:

Leg 150, New Jersey Sea Level, May 30– July 25, 1993. The primary objectives are to determine the geometry and age of Oligocene to Miocene depositional sequences and evaluate the role of relative sea‐level changes in developing this record. The drilling will consist of a transect across the continental slope and rise.
OTA calls for cheaper global change research
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

In an effort to maximize the return on U.S. investment in science, the Office of Technology Assessment has released its first in a series of reports. “The Future of Remote Sensing from Space” was requested by the Subcommittee on Science, Space, and Technology and concludes that because NASA still has “too much on its plate” relative to the size of its budget plans, growth in the Mission to Planet Earth (MPE) program may be constrained. The Office of Mission to Planet Earth was split off from the Office of Science and Applications during an internal NASA reorganization in March.
J. Tuzo Wilson 1908–1993
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Former AGU President (1980–1982) and Fellow J. Tuzo Wilson passed away on April 15 at age 84. An AGU member since 1950, he was awarded the Bucher Medal in 1968 and the Ewing Medal in 1980. Wilson had been the director general of the Ontario Science Center in Toronto, Canada, since 1974 and retired in 1985.

Wilson made many significant contributions to geology, particularly in the area of plate tectonics. He studied the structure and tectonics of California and proposed that the Earth was a dynamic and mobile body and that the presence of young mountain systems at continental margins was evidence of the continuing dynamic process. He presented his theory at a time when the belief was that the Earth was static, mountains formed during short periods of intense vertical movement, and the ocean basins had formed early in the Earth's history. He also proposed that the pattern of consistent ages for volcanic island chains in the ocean basins were due to convection currents in the Earth's mantle that brought heat and magma to the surface where it cooled to form islands.
Science award nominations sought
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Nominations are sought for the 1993 American Association for the Advancement of Science Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology. The $5000 prize and commemorative plaque is awarded annually to scientists and engineers who make outstanding contributions to the popularization of science but are not members of the working media.

The award is intended to encourage scientists and engineers to popularize their work; to recognize and support scientists and engineers who do popularize in a responsible manner; and to emphasize that the scientific community regards communicating to the public as a valuable, prestigious activity. Scientists and engineers from all disciplines engaged in research, teaching, practice, and related activities are eligible for the award. Only materials produced for general audiences, as opposed to professional or trade audiences, will be considered.
Senate aide evaluates science policy
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Some insights into a subcommittee whose activities are conducted largely in private were given by Kevin F. Kelly, top assistant to Senate Veterans Administration, Housing and Urban Development and Independent Agencies Appropriations Subcommittee Chairman Barbara Mikulski (D‐Md.).

Addressing last month's American Association for the Advancement of Science Colloquium on Science and Technology Policy, Kelly described a number of factors contributing to the “ferment” in science policy. Economic worries have replaced Cold War fears as the motivating force for science spending.
Brown supports freedom‐derived Space Station
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: October 2006

The NASA Authorization Bill for fiscal years 1994 and 1995 was introduced by George Brown (D‐Calif.) on May 20. Included in the bill is funding for Space Station Freedom. NASA is currently designing three alternates, costing $5 billion, $7 billion, and $9 billion, respectively, and the three options are scheduled to be presented to Congress on June 8.

Brown, chairman of the House Science, Space and Technology Committee, said the authorization bill demonstrates that Space Station Freedom can be carried out within the limited budget NASA will have available. “I believe that the current Space Station Freedom design offers the only credible basis for redesign, and it is the only program I intend to support when the measure reaches the House floor,” he said.
Kunze receives Macelwane Medal
Authors: Schmitt Ray , Kunze Eric
Published: October 2006

The James B. Macelwane Medal for significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by a young scientist of outstanding ability was presented to Eric Kunze at the 1992 AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony on December 9, 1992. The meeting was held in San Francisco. The award citation, delivered by Ray Schmitt, as well as Kunze's response, are presented here.

“I am grateful to the American Geophysical Union for this opportunity to acknowledge the hard work and substantial scientific contributions of Eric Kunze. I know that formal public acclaim is not his favorite pastime, as he is an instinctively modest person, and I particularly relish this occasion to give him a well‐deserved honor.
Leopold receives Horton Medal
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Robert E. Horton Medal for outstanding contributions to the geophysical aspects of hydrology was presented to Luna B. Leopold at the 1992 AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony in San Francisco on December 9, 1992. The award citation, delivered by David Dawdy, as well as Leopold's response, are presented here.
Lava dome collapse causes pyroclastic flows
Authors: Manley Curtis R.
Published: October 2006

Growth of lava domes is common at many volcanos, especially those around the Pacific rim, and the pyroclastic flows associated with these domes constitute one of the most serious of all volcanic hazards. Over thirty‐five scientists from Japanese and U.S. universities and government agencies gathered in Palo Alto, Calif., from March 8–12, to discuss and plan new joint research aimed at improving our understanding of collapsing volcanic domes and the destructive pyroclastic flows and surges they generate. This workshop was the first of several to be held in accordance with the Panel for Volcanic Disaster Prevention under the Japan‐United States Science and Technology (JUST) Agreement of 1988 and was part of both countries' response to the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR).
Warm‐core eddy discovered in Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Walker Nan D. , Huh Oscar K. , Rouse Lawrence J.
Published: October 2006

Thermal infrared satellite data of June 6 and 8 (Figure 1) reveal that a new large warm‐core anticyclonic eddy has recently separated from the Loop Current within the Gulf of Mexico. On June 8, the eddy's dimensions were 546×300 km, with a center at 26° 20.9′ N latitude, 88° 05.8′W longitude. The eddy was justifiably named “Eddy Whopper.”

The distance between the eddy and the Loop Current increased by about 70 km during the 56 hours that elapsed between the images shown. Separation of the eddy was preceded by southwestward advection of cool Florida shelf water observed between May 31 and June 6 (Figure la).