bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Passion and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Locke Edwin A. , Baum J. Robert
Published: July 2019

This chapter discusses the role of passion in entrepreneurship. The nature of emotions, and how they relate to passion, is explained with research in support. By focusing on new venture creation and growth, this chapter presents a short review of how entrepreneurship has been defined in the literature, as well as its value and challenges. Studies examining the relationships between passion and entrepreneurial success and performance are reviewed, and a discussion on the various scales to measure passion is provided.
The Outcomes of Passion in Entrepreneurship
Authors: Stroe Silvia , Thorgren Sara , Wincent Joakim
Published: July 2019

This chapter surveys the literature on the outcomes of passion in entrepreneurship. The findings reveal that passion is consequential not only with respect to intrapersonal outcomes (affect, cognition, behavior of the entrepreneur, and performance of their venture) but also for interpersonal results (for stakeholders such as investors or employees). These outcomes, however, are not always beneficial: although passion has been proven to have a host of positive outcomes in entrepreneurship, more and more recent studies have started to uncover its dualistic nature and detrimental effects. The review offers specific suggestions that will be instrumental in carrying out future research regarding the role of passion in entrepreneurship and specifies implications for entrepreneurship practitioners.
Gestural Imaginaries
Authors: Ruprecht Lucia
Published: July 2019

Gestural Imaginaries: Dance and Cultural Theory in the Early Twentieth Century offers a new interpretation of European modernist dance by addressing it as guiding medium in a vibrant field of gestural culture that ranges across art and philosophy. Taking further Cornelius Castoriadis’s concept of the social imaginary, it explores this imaginary’s embodied forms. Close readings of dances, photographs, and literary texts are juxtaposed with discussions of gestural theory by thinkers including Walter Benjamin, Sigmund Freud, and Aby Warburg. Choreographic gesture is defined as a force of intermittency that creates a new theoretical status of dance. The book shows how this also bears on contemporary theory. It shifts emphasis from Giorgio Agamben’s preoccupation with gestural mediality to Jacques Rancière’s multiplicity of proliferating, singular gestures, arguing for their ethical and political relevance. Mobilizing dance history and movement analysis, it highlights the critical impact of works by choreographers such as Vaslav Nijinsky, Jo Mihaly, and Alexander and Clotilde Sakharoff. It also offers choreographic readings of Franz Kafka and Alfred Döblin. Gestural Imaginaries proposes that modernist dance conducts a gestural revolution that enacts but also exceeds the insights of past and present cultural theory. It makes a case for archive-based, cross-medial, and critically informed dance studies, transnational German studies, and the theoretical potential of performance itself.
Introduction
Authors: Ruprecht Lucia
Published: July 2019

The Introduction gives an outline of the book’s main concepts and themes: it discusses choreographic gesture within the context of early twentieth-century dance, defines it with reference to Walter Benjamin as a force of intermittency that marks movement so that it becomes available for expression and reflection, and explains the book’s notion of the gestural imaginary with reference to Cornelius Castoriadis. It offers a critique of Giorgio Agamben’s and Jacques Rancière’s theories of gesture, shifting emphasis from Agamben’s preoccupation with gestural mediality to Rancière’s multiplicity of proliferating, singular gestures. The Introduction also discusses the book’s both archive-based and theoretically informed methodology, and provides an overview of its thematic organization.
A Second Gestural Revolution and Gesturing Hands in Rainer Maria Rilke, Auguste Rodin, Mary Wigman, and Tilly Losch
Authors: Ruprecht Lucia
Published: July 2019

This chapter has two aims: to trace in more detail gestural dance’s ability to realize what Susan Leigh Foster calls “physicality as a discourse”; and to show how modernist dance reflects upon this discursiveness through the pronounced and sometimes self-referential use of hands. Addressing modernist choreography as a second gestural revolution, the chapter argues that it constitutes a recovery, on its own terms, of the meaningful corporeality that was established by the first gestural revolution of the eighteenth-century ballet reform. In order to test Jacques Rancière’s modernist aesthetic of the autonomous subject on a set of examples, the chapter also explores Hilde Doepp’s 1926 book Träume und Masken (Dreams and Masks), Rainer Maria Rilke’s writings on Auguste Rodin, photographs of hands by Albert Renger-Patzsch and Charlotte Rudolph, and the queer aesthetic of Tilly Losch’s Tanz der Hände (Dance of the Hands).
Gestures of Vibrating (Interruption) in Rudolf von Laban, Mary Wigman, and Walter Benjamin
Authors: Ruprecht Lucia
Published: July 2019

This chapter compares Rudolf von Laban’s and Mary Wigman’s practices and theories of vibrant gestural flow with Walter Benjamin’s theory of gesture as vibrant or intervallic interruption. For Laban and Wigman, gesture mirrors a vitalist understanding of life that is based on the assumption of transhistorical continuities of vibratory exchange between human and cosmic energy. Benjamin’s Brechtian gestures, by contrast, address historical inscriptions and manipulations of bodies, which provide comment on the conditions of society by subjecting to critique aspects of the idea of flow that pertain to unquestioned political figurations of power. This chapter thus explores three gestural manipulations of vibrant energy, and shows what they engender: in Laban, a process of transmission between dancers and spectators; in Wigman, an “action mode” of movement, which she called “vibrato”; and, in Benjamin, a possibility for philosophical insight, but also a disruptive revolutionary charge.
Gestures between Symptom and Symbol in Aby Warburg and Sigmund Freud
Authors: Ruprecht Lucia
Published: July 2019

This chapter addresses the symptomatic and pathological charge of gesturality in the works of Aby Warburg and Sigmund Freud, but it also engages with aspects of Freud’s and Warburg’s writings that are recuperative. It discusses Warburg’s explorations of gesturality, which are traced across his works, next to Freud’s and Breuer’s Studies in Hysteria, and Freud’s essay “The Moses of Michelangelo.” Warburg’s studies of gesture are concerned with transindividual psycho-physical expressions throughout history. Freud’s engagement with gesture, by contrast, remains attached to the individual psyche and its idiosyncrasies. In both thinkers, gesturality at once protects and protects from passionate and pathological impulses, channeling them away from their violent core and transforming them. In the case of Warburg, gestures transform such impulses in a symbolic, externally focused, rather than a symptomatic, internally driven practice. In the case of Freud, the gestural managing of violence in his reading of the Moses pertains to a queer critique of power.
Gestures between the Auratic and the Profane
Authors: Ruprecht Lucia
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on the ways in which Niddy Impekoven’s Bach dances and Franz Kafka’s “Conversation with the Supplicant” reenact the embodied tradition of liturgy. It singles out postures of inclination as poses of quiet ecstasy and devout submission to the divine, working closely with Dora Kallmus’s photographs of Impekoven. Impekoven’s posture is read alongside Benjamin’s observations on inclination (Neigung) in the Bible illustrations of medieval miniature painting, which he rediscovers in expressionist art, and which he links to historical instances of collective guilt. It is also read alongside an extravagant reenactment of prostration in Kafka, which constitutes an instance of Agambian profanation. Kafka shows how modified reenactments of a given gestural vocabulary undermine this vocabulary’s conditions of meaning; Impekoven in turn demonstrates how such conditions of meaning can be enhanced.
Locke’s epistemological turn and his polemic against innatism
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: July 2019

This chapter explains Locke’s stance that we should examine our own powers of knowing before tackling the big metaphysical and moral questions, and analyzes his attack on the doctrine that basic logical, metaphysical, and moral principles are innately known. It argues that this attack is not directed against a straw man, and describes the motivation for it. It explains the difference between the “naïve” or occurrent version and the dispositional version of innatism and the difference between speculative principles and practical principles. It analyzes Locke’s critique of what he regards as the chief argument for innatism, the argument from universal consent. It expounds his critique of both occurrent innatism and dispositional innatism, and of both types of allegedly innate principles. It suggests that the attack on dispositional innatism needs to be supplemented by Locke’s positive view about the acquisition of our ideas in order to be compelling.
Introduction
Authors: Hilmes Michele , Pearson Roberta , Hills Matt
Published: July 2019

The editors situate the rise of transatlantic television drama within the history of transnational cultural exchange, theories of transnationalism, and scholarship on the topic within the field of media studies. They argue that broadcasting is uniquely entangled with tensions over national culture and identity to which scholars have responded with three distinct “waves” of thought. The first wave centered on fears of “Americanization,” the second focused on the “globalization” of culture via international trade, while the third has shifted to a transnational approach that is concerned with complex flows of influence and meaning. Theories of transnationalism put forward by Arjun Appadurai, Mette Hjort, Ien Ang, and others are brought to bear on considerations of international industries, texts, and fandom today, with particular attention to the transatlantic sphere. Finally, the key themes of transnational coproduction, new transnational relationships, and transnational representations are traced across and between the volume’s three parts.
Introduction
Authors: Hilmes Michelle
Published: July 2019

This part examines recent developments in the media industry that underlie the rise of transatlantic television drama, exploring its history in the context of the impact of digital technologies on industry relationships, branding, coproduction, distribution, and industry consolidation. Significant programs and players include Masterpiece, Orphan Black, and Happy Valley; BBC and its global arm BBC Worldwide, American broadcast and cable channels such as PBS, AMC, and HBO; and the digital platforms Netflix, Amazon, Sky Atlantic, and Hulu.
Making Masterpiece Matter
Authors: Hilmes Michele
Published: July 2019

Masterpiece, initiated as Masterpiece Theatre in 1971 and still running today, remains one of the most successful examples of transnational coproduction between the United States and Britain. This chapter assesses the show’s impact on television culture on both sides of the Atlantic by examining the strategies it has devised over the years to negotiate issues of national identity, cultural heritage, and differing institutional structures, both within the television texts and behind the scenes. More broadly, it interrogates the history and concept of “transnational” in television in order to explore what is at stake when the specifically national mandate of public television systems is placed in tension with an ongoing transnational practice, and how audiences, critics, policymakers, and scholars have responded.
Branding Bridges
Authors: Ward Sam
Published: July 2019

In 2011 the United Kingdom’s leading pay TV provider launched a new channel, Sky Atlantic. Central to the channel’s promotional appeal was the sourcing of “quality” American drama, primarily via a £150 million deal with HBO that secured exclusive rights to its past and future productions. Building on ideas of importation as a process of assimilation with the national market, this chapter considers how, for Sky Atlantic, interaction between transnational and national industrial spheres has not simply served as a means of acquiring content, but has itself formed a key brand narrative. Through close reading of promotional texts surrounding the channel’s launch, as well as industrial data and press reception, the chapter demonstrates that recent commercial and technological developments in British television are leading not to a dissolution of national borders, but to the intense monetization of control over the flows that take place across them.
Boundary Collisions in HBO-BBC Transnational Coproduction
Authors: Nelson Robin
Published: July 2019

This chapter addresses a facet of “special relationships” in the production of transnational television drama series by exploring two examples of HBO-BBC coproduction: Rome (2005–2007) and Parade’s End (2012). It marks a quite brief historical moment when circumstances were propitious for two very different institutions to join forces in an era of coproduction. Indeed, the two series serve as examples, driven by perceived mutual benefit, to find a partnership and product “fit.” With the shared aim to produce innovative, high-end, transatlantic dramas with their ambition marked partly in their budgets, boundary collisions inevitably occurred in the negotiation of cultural proximity and difference. Though the coproduction project was broadly successful, the HBO-BBC moment was soon to be overtaken by the new circumstances of specialist production for network streaming.
Game of Thrones
Authors: Knox Simone , Cassidy Gary
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores how the acting in Game of Thrones (HBO, 2011–present) both confirms and problematizes some common assumptions about British acting, and thus by extension notions of difference between British and American acting. The chapter anchors its analysis in the work by Conleth Hill (who plays Varys) and Liam Cunningham (Davos Seaworth). It considers the ways in which their performances challenge binary distinctions commonly found in discourses on British and American acting (e.g., technical strength versus organic “shooting from the hip,” suitability for stage-versus suitability for screen-based work). By highlighting the complexity and nuance in Hill’s and Cunningham’s acting, the chapter makes an intervention into discourses about British acting that is especially timely given the considerable success of British and Irish actors in contemporary US film and television. In doing so, it makes a valuable contribution to scholarship on performance and transatlantic television.
Introduction
Authors: Hilmes Michelle
Published: July 2019

This work introduces the chapters (10–14) that analyze transatlantic television’s audiences and fans. It considers debates regarding transnational/transcultural TV distribution and consumption, highlighting issues such as binge watching and piracy. Following Joseph Straubhaar, it argues that the “cultural proximity” of US/UK audiences cannot be treated as objective and can in fact be modified by cultural capital. Such variations in transatlantic TV consumption suggest a need to break with “methodological nationalism,” and the piece concludes by engaging with recent work on transatlantic TV and audiences that has begun to do this, such as Elke Weissmann on TV crime shows. It then sets up each of the following fan/audience-focused chapters, ranging from Black Mirror fans on Reddit to “quality” US TV drama covered via the Guardian media blog, and then from British TV brands at San Diego Comic-Con to fanfiction’s engagement with national-cultural “nitpicking,” and the transcultural fan creation of SuperWhoLock.
Black Mirror as a Netflix Original
Authors: Hills Matt
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores a “Netflix discourse” of fandom where it is claimed that Netflix can “unveil” fandom even when audiences do not self-identify as fans. This creates tensions between lived experiences of fandom and the data-driven targeting of multi-niche fan audiences. Rather than arguing that Netflix displaces national (US/UK) mainstreams, the chapter considers how national/transnational fan identities remain relationally in play. It focuses on Black Mirror as a case study, with this Channel 4 show having become a Netflix production from 2016 onward. The program’s creator, Charlie Brooker, mocked fears of “Americanization,” with the program’s fandom on Reddit following his lead and tending to read Netflix-produced seasons in terms of an “extended universe” rather than via US/UK-oriented meanings. However, fans have also carried out “coded” readings of “authentic” (British / Channel 4) Black Mirror by suggesting a “secret downer ending” to a Netflix episode that appeared to have an unusually happy ending.
Contextualizing “Quality” US Television Programs for the United Kingdom
Authors: Rixon Paul
Published: July 2019

American programs have been a significant part of British television culture since the 1950s. Helping their mediation into British culture have been press critics who, in the past, have often been dismissive of such programs. However, as new forms of quality American programs have appeared, and online media have weakened the role of professional cultural intermediaries, a more supportive discourse has appeared. This chapter explores how contemporary American quality programs are being mediated into UK public debate. It will look at the website of one of the most important national UK newspapers, the Guardian, which has developed its online coverage of TV, often in ways more akin to fan sites, while encouraging public participation. The chapter will reflect on how the Guardian’s online strategy has served a niche UK readership interested in American programs, and how it has helped to reinforce and consecrate this group’s cultural dispositions in relation to US television.
Introduction
Authors: Inglis Patrick
Published: July 2019

Thomas L. Friedman, an op-ed writer, has suggested that India, and the world, is flat, with many more opportunities available to poor and working-class Indians on account of innovations in software technology and telecommunications. Critics have largely panned this interpretation of globalization and its effects, typically citing growing inequality in India and across developed and developing societies alike. These same critics, however, ignore the way Friedman’s preferred and often widely adopted policy initiatives—privatization, deregulation, and limited government—actually draw rich and poor together, rather than pull them apart, as is often maintained. Poor and working-class individuals seek out the rich to provide support in the form of wages, interest-free loans, and other benefits unavailable in the society. The chapter draws on the case of poor and lower-caste golf caddies working at the side of wealthy club members in Bangalore to elaborate the limits and consequences of such relationships.
Going Places
Authors: Inglis Patrick
Published: July 2019

Madhu, a one-time caddy at Eagleton still living in Banandur, is a Dalit, or former Untouchable. Though he never experienced caste bias in the golf club, he regularly encountered such bias in the village when he was a child. Fortunately, his father’s land, which is only increasing in value in this part of the state, and his caste background provide him an opening to improve himself and weigh the prospect of leaving not only caddy work but also the village. A beneficiary of India’s system of caste reservations, Madhu wins seats in quality high schools and colleges, and looks to build on these achievements with a career in business. Madhu’s more advantaged peers, however, in part because they are comfortable in their caste privileges, languish in dead-end factory jobs without the possibility of permanent employment and the long-term stability it would bring.
On the Path to Development
Authors: Inglis Patrick
Published: July 2019

Land sales driven by speculation in and around Eagleton, outside Bangalore, have only hastened in the last decade. Even as family land is being divided and sold off, jobs at factories owned by multinational corporations like Coca-Cola, Toyota, and Bosch are no more likely to hire permanent workers as before. The bonds between caddies at the club are also fraying, as a result. Solidarity that once upon a time held them together as a group willing and able to confront club administration is now fractured. Some are doing well, while a growing number are struggling to make ends meet without land to fall back on and with tips from caddy work that fall short as a primary means of income. Making matters worse, the neediest caddies cannot rely on members to support them, as this kind of servile and deferential relationship is not common at the club like it is in other clubs in the city, given the members and guests’ infrequent visits to Eagleton and a longer history of detachment between caddies and members.
Contestation
Authors: Yates David C.
Published: July 2019

Chapter 3 examines the intensity with which commemorative disputes over the Persian War were pursued through the example of Delphi, where several states propounded different and often contrary assertions about the war. The spatial relationships between these monuments show clear signs of commemorative dialogue and competition. Yates examines two such dialogues: one about participation that emerged around the Serpent Column, and another about hegemony that can be seen at the base of the Sacred Way near the Marathon statue group. The stakes in these disputes could be quite high. Claims to the Persian War were advertised with sumptuous and expensive monuments. Those who failed to persuade could face political isolation or even invasion.
Missing Protections
Authors: Fox Dov
Published: July 2019

No governmental agency or authority seriously polices reproductive negligence. The best practices set forth by industry organizations are completely voluntary and routinely ignored, and there isn’t even any reliable or comprehensive system to track the wrongful thwarting of family planning. The breakneck pace of reproductive advances isn’t the only reason that test tubes and tube ties have eluded meaningful oversight: Four factors explain this regulatory vacuum. First, many are wary of ceding the state control on any matter involving procreation—red tape would raise prices on valuable services, making it harder for poor people to pay for them. Second is the political economy of reproductive technology in the United States: The free-market origins of infertility treatment let it develop unimpeded by government oversight, in the private sphere of for-profit clinics that function less as medical practices than trade businesses. A third factor that cuts against regulation is its murky electoral implications, even in reliably red or blue districts—fear of fracturing their political bases leads prudent officials to avoid wading into the morass. Fourth and finally is the limited public outcry to address reproductive negligence. Besides, steep costs and selective treatment coverage leaves many patients unable even to fund a legal challenge if things go wrong. State legislatures place damage caps and other barriers in the way of bringing suit. And trials can be a spectacle for plaintiffs wary of exposing personal matters to the public glare of open court.
Conclusion
Authors: Fox Dov
Published: July 2019

We’re used to blaming randomness or cosmic injustice when we don’t get the child we want, or when we get the one we don’t. Now cutting-edge interventions promise to deliver us from the vagaries of natural conception and the genetic lottery: Birth control and abortion prevent parenthood; gamete donation and IVF make procreation possible; and prenatal testing can detect debilitating offspring diseases even before pregnancy. These undertakings are still riddled with uncertainty—sometimes things just don’t work out; but that’s no reason to turn a blind eye when bad behavior is at fault. The American legal system protects against professional negligence in other inherently risky activities, from riding in a car to preparing a meal. Courts lay off when fate or accidents are responsible—when deer pop out onto dark roads, or homemade chicken is undercooked. But the law doesn’t hesitate to respond when auto crashes are traced to defective brakes, or food poisoning to unsanitary farming. Reproductive medicine and technology shouldn’t be any different—the stakes are high, and important interests hang in the balance. Just because would-be parents are accustomed to disappointment—because many of us have resigned ourselves to spontaneous miscarriage, or unplanned pregnancy, or an unexpected roll of the genetic dice—doesn’t make those outcomes any less serious, or misconduct that produces them any less worthy of recovery. Reproductive negligence today goes undeterred, unreported, and unredressed—the architecture of rights for procreation deprived, imposed, and confounded equips us to rethink and resolve the controversies that lie ahead.
Dimensions of Cultural Variation
Authors: Smith Peter B.
Published: July 2019

To understand cultural differences, we need to find ways to characterize the variations in the social contexts in which people are located. To do so, we must focus on differences between contexts rather than differences between individuals. Most research of this type has examined differences between nations in terms of dimensions. Treating each nation as a unit, contrasts have been identified in terms of values, beliefs, self-descriptions, and social norms. The most influential difference identified concerned the dimension of individualism–collectivism, which has provided the theoretical framework for numerous studies. The validity of this type of investigation rests on close attention to aspects of measurement to ensure that respondents are able to make the necessary judgments and to respond in ways that are not affected by measurement bias. Where many nations are sampled, multilevel modeling can be used to show the ways in which dimensions of culture affect social behaviors.
Culture and Personality
Authors: Allik Jüri , Realo Anu
Published: July 2019

In this chapter, the authors discuss the relationship between culture and personality. A standard theoretical position that these two concepts are inseparably entangled is challenged. Understanding of the relationship between culture and personality has developed under the pressure of two opposite principles, one of which postulates that all human beings, regardless of their culture or race, share the same basic psychological and cognitive make-up, and the second, which maintains that everything around us is produced by culture, which penetrates even the deepest layers of the human mind. Because little in nature and especially in culture meet universality criteria in the strict sense, universalism and relativism are not two mutually excluding alternatives. Universal and culture-specific aspects of personality and psychopathology are discussed. Although personality psychology has been very fascinated by all kinds of cultural differences and unique details, it has predominantly been the psychic unity of humankind that has emerged from cross-cultural studies.
The Culturally Situated Self
Authors: Rosenmann Amir , Kurman Jenny
Published: July 2019

The impact of culture on the self, the most fundamental unit of psychological inquiry, has captivated scholarly interest for decades. In this chapter, the authors review strands from this prolific body of cross-cultural research, sampled along several lines. They plot a rough trajectory from the early discussions of cultural forms of self-construal to emergent research in online presentation and consumer selfhood. They then illustrate culture’s profound effects on the cognitive, affective, and behavioral facets of the self by reviewing cultural variations in individuals’ self-concept, self-regard, and self-presentation. This cultural divergence notwithstanding, they argue for the universality of basic self-processes. Specifically, the authors claim that the need for positive self-regard and the motivation for self-enhancement exist in all cultural contexts, even as their cultural manifestations radically differ. The chapter concludes with an exploration of self-psychology in the current globalizing age, where cultures around the world are reformatted as consumer cultures.
The Fixers
Authors: Palmer Lindsay
Published: July 2019

This book conducts a cultural analysis of the labor of the news fixer—the locally based media employee who helps international correspondents research stories, set up interviews, translate foreign languages, and navigate unfamiliar regions. Foreign reporters often say that their work would be impossible without these local news assistants. Yet, fixers are among some of the most exploited and persecuted people contributing to the production of international news. Targeted by militant groups, by their own governments, or even by their own neighbors, fixers must often engage in a precarious balancing act between appeasing their community members and pleasing the correspondents who visit from faraway. Though foreign news outlets routinely depend upon news fixers’ insider awareness of politically tense situations in order to keep their own reporters safe in the field, fixers themselves continually face detainment, injury, and death. Even so, international news organizations almost never provide their fixers with hazardous environment training or medical insurance. What is more, fixers rarely receive professional credit from the reporters who hire them, suggesting that their often life-threatening labor is deeply undervalued. Drawing upon 75 interviews with fixers from 39 different countries, this book argues that although fixers’ labor is essential to international news reporting, it is still relegated to the shadows of the international news industry.
Rehearsing Restraint
Authors: Bull Anna
Published: July 2019

This chapter analyses the structure of the rehearsal process to reveal norms of bodily practice that can be linked to theorizations of how white identities are embodied. This analysis also reveals a contradiction: the body is required to be present in order to create sound but is at the same time effaced or transcended. The mechanisms through which this occurs included ‘controlled excitement’: cultivating strong emotions but always keeping them under control. This was both an aesthetic quality and a social disposition that was cultivated within classical music practice. This disposition was drawn on in rehearsals in ways that highlighted apparently disembodied qualities in European music while bodily presence was emphasized in non-European music. This mode of embodiment maps onto a raced, classed, and gendered hierarchy of value in which women and non-white others are associated with the bodily and white men with the cognitive.
On the Identification and Analysis of Social Norms and the Heuristic Relevance of Deviant Behaviour
Authors: Mertens Karl
Published: July 2019

The chapter shows that a conceptual and phenomenologically grounded approach to social norms provides useful insights into the question of whether normativity is an exclusively human phenomenon. Social norms are to be distinguished from social rules like conventions, customs, moral norms, and institutional norms. The exact character of social norms is revealed most clearly in cases of transgression, i.e. by considering social reactions to persons disobeying or violating what is requested on a normative level. In these contexts, it also becomes clear that one becomes explicitly aware of pre-existing social norms through sanctions against norm-deviant behaviour. Since sanctions need not be verbal, they make it possible to consider cases of social normativity also in the area of animal behaviour. In its analysis of norm-deviant behaviour, the chapter integrates both holistic and individualistic methodologies.
The Emergence of Moral Normativity
Authors: Bayertz Kurt
Published: July 2019

The aim of this chapter is to provide an interpretation of moral ought which, on the one hand, affiliates to diverging philosophical interpretations of ought and takes up some of their insights, while on the other hand remains compatible with the findings of the relevant empirical sciences. The starting point for this interpretation is the assumption that human beings (like animals) have interests concerning not only (external) nature, but also the fellow members of their own species: they want something from them, and try to influence their behaviour accordingly. The central hypothesis of this contribution is that (a) the roots of moral normativity are to be found in such volitions, but that (b) one can only speak of moral normativity once these volitions have been institutionalised within a community and thus become a social reality which is (relatively) independent of the individuals involved. Moral ought is then to be viewed as the institutionalised and exteriorised volition of the members of a community.
Joint Activities and Moral Obligation
Authors: Steinfath Holmer
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores the close connection between “dyadic” moral obligations and joint activities that are essential for the social life of human beings. Against Margaret Gilbert’s well-known claim, the chapter argues that joint activities are not inherently laden with obligations and entitlements. However, it shows that there is a smooth transition from joint activities to a form of morality. In this transition, reactive attitudes like resentment play an important role. Full-blown moral normativity presupposes a group of more than two people, but the normative structure of a moral community mirrors the way in which people relate to each other in typical joint activities.
Can There Be Linguistic Norms?
Authors: Reboul Anne
Published: July 2019

This chapter discusses the existence of linguistic norms (defined as socially determined and commonly shared criteria for correctness of action specific to language). It considers linguistic structure and semantic compositionality, lexical semantics, speech acts, and implicit communication and concludes that there are no linguistic norms stricto sensu at any of these levels. However, social norms constraining communication in the intimate societies in which language evolved have left traces in contemporary languages, notably in the universal existence of implicit communication. Key words: linguistic norm, linguistic structure, semantic compositionality, lexical semantics, speech act, implicit communication, Grice, principle of cooperation, society of intimates, evolution of language.
Becoming “A Lover of the Metropolis,” 1895–1906
Authors: Santangelo Lauren C.
Published: July 2019

Rather than grinding to a standstill following defeat at the 1894 New York State Constitutional Convention, city work continued and new organizations emerged. Lillie Devereux Blake and her peers more regularly decided to hold suffrage events in elegant spaces like the Waldorf-Astoria at century’s turn, capitalizing on the city’s haute geography to enhance the movement’s respectability. At the same time, they divided over how to respond to the good government initiatives reconfiguring the metropolitan government. Whether supporting them or remaining ambivalent, many inserted discussion of women’s rights into conversations about improving the municipality. A personal feud between Susan B. Anthony and Lillie Devereux Blake in the succeeding years produced a power vacuum in Gotham at century’s close. The resultant vacuum ensured that Gotham’s campaign would not be bogged down by outsiders’ mandates.
Epilogue
Authors: Santangelo Lauren C.
Published: July 2019

In 1913, bystanders attacked suffragists during a parade in Washington, DC. Clearly, tactics developed in Manhattan inspired campaigns elsewhere, but the reception to these strategies differed. This epilogue summarizes the ways in which leaders in New York City claimed a “right to the city” in order to win the vote in New York State and how organizations across the nation appropriated their strategies—sometimes successfully, sometimes unsuccessfully. Victory in New York was as much a political victory as a cultural one, as suffragists reimagined women’s place in the nation’s largest metropolis. At the same time, they failed to completely dismantle gendered notions of propriety or combat gendered violence, reminding that revolutions have limits and claiming a “right to the city” is very different from achieving that right.
Introduction
Authors: Hobbs Renee , Deslauriers Liz , Steager Pam
Published: July 2019

How we use audiovisual media has changed dramatically in the past 10 years. What we watch and how we watch have both been transformed by the rise of the Internet and digital culture. Naturally, as a result of this reality, educators are changing how they teach with and about film and media. Today it’s important that film and media literacy education provides everyone everywhere with a fundamental set of competencies that enable them to both enjoy moving image media and learn from it. Film and audiovisual media are texts that have as much value as books and print media, and new forms of film distribution are creating opportunities to develop film collections that reach everyone around the globe. Often in partnership with community organizations or media makers, school, public, and academic librarians bring film and media education into and through their libraries. They are also well positioned to provide resources and trainings to help people of all ages critically analyze news and information in a posttruth era. This book was written for public, school, and academic librarians and others with an interest in utilizing the emotional power of film and the fascination with popular culture to inform and entertain their communities as well as to help create discriminating consumers and media makers. The five major practices and key themes of the book are introduced, as well as what to expect in the following chapters.
Creating
Authors: Hobbs Renee , Deslauriers Liz , Steager Pam
Published: July 2019

Authorship is a fundamental impulse that’s rooted in the value of “telling your own story.” When people engage in practices of creating media, they deepen their understanding of the constructed nature of all forms of media and can shift their identity in important ways. As people gain confidence in self-expression and recognize the value and power of using communication to address community and national social and cultural issues, they take on the role of active citizens in a democratic society. The library has always been a source of inspiration for people who want to make things as well as a community hub where people can come to learn, create, and explore possibilities. Makerspaces and media centers can support the mission of the library. Many academic librarians have made a deep commitment to supporting student media creation as a dimension of their academic work. And whether it’s to explain library services, document a community event or history, or market the library, when school librarians are themselves digital authors, they often have a broader, deeper appreciation of the creative process and recognize the potentially transformative impact that such learning experiences can have. Creating media can be important for advancing self-expression and learning, but it is also a time-honored way to deepen media analysis skills. Getting the balance between creative freedom and creative restraint in media production can be challenging, but from creating storyboards, book trailers, or parody music videos to documentary filmmaking, creating media in the library can reap multiple benefits and can prove that it’s through creating and collaborating that people of all ages learn best.
Learning
Authors: Hobbs Renee , Deslauriers Liz , Steager Pam
Published: July 2019

Efforts to integrate digital media and information literacy into education are expanding, and some schools have already adopted a whole-school integration approach. There are many pedagogical practices for using audiovisual media in ways that support learning. Media-based activities support literacy development when they strengthen the oral language, inference-making, and reasoning skills that are required for reading comprehension. To learn for a lifetime, the most practical competence is the ability to ask good questions and get answers in order to make wise decisions. The active process of learning to formulate good questions is an essential life skill that school, public, and academic librarians can help to develop in learners and patrons alike. Librarians in school and public libraries have done amazing work in paying attention to stereotypes that exist in children’s literature and books. They can also help students and parents unpack and reflect upon the stereotypes offered in children’s television shows, movies, and games. Close reading of media—the core pedagogy of media literacy—builds a habit of mind that promotes deep awareness of and sensitivity toward the rhetorical purposes of informing, entertaining, and persuading, whether it is print, video, or web-based content. There are challenges to using media effectively in some settings, including restrictive school policies for video use, how to assess credible sources, and choosing the most effective pedagogy for an audience.
Collecting
Authors: Hobbs Renee , Deslauriers Liz , Steager Pam
Published: July 2019

Librarians and archivists have long understood the professional practice of curation, which includes the practices of collecting, cataloguing, arranging, and assembling for exhibition and display. One of the most important things that libraries do involves developing collections that meet the needs of the people they serve. Professional curation requires a high level of metacognition, because in making selections of what to include and what to omit, a keen awareness of one’s own bias is needed. Public and academic libraries often collect a mix of Hollywood, global, and independent films. But today’s librarians can’t just be good collectors. They must also help learners and patrons develop the curation skills needed to select media for themselves. Effective curation depends on access to reviews and reviewers, and viewers themselves can be empowered to read and provide reviews. Media ratings systems can be both helpful and controversial. Online streaming has changed the way many people use film and video in the home, but there seems to be no established norms for how users access film and media content via library websites. Despite challenges involved in media curation and lingering questions about the impact of streaming collections, librarians can create media collections and services that meet their patrons needs even as the media landscape changes around them.
Past
Authors: Hobbs Renee , Deslauriers Liz , Steager Pam
Published: July 2019

The use of film in public libraries has a long history nearly as old as the medium itself—a past we must consider in order to help us better imagine the future of film and media in school, public, and academic libraries. Libraries constantly reinvent themselves to align with the times. Amid ever-rapid changes in media and technology, looking to the past offers steadying perspective. During the 20th century, as television and film rose in popularity and significance, librarians and educators gradually adapted to society’s shift from a print to a visual culture and recognized that audiovisual media, including radio, film, and television, could promote learning. In the early 1900s, film programs were already being used to promote the library as well as generate interest in books. Public libraries were also experiencing reform as they shifted from primarily serving academics to catering to the needs and interests of the general public. During the same time, debate over the positive and negative influence of the moving image and effects of screens was already underway. Gradually over decades, movies have found their place in library collections, from the documentary-style educational film to blockbusters on VHS tape. And as the popular format for film and media shifts to digital, librarians are faced with the tasks of preservation and digitization of physical collections.
Present
Authors: Hobbs Renee , Deslauriers Liz , Steager Pam
Published: July 2019

Librarians and educators are lifelong learners, connecting people, spaces, and film and media resources in ways that delight, engage, and transform. Because film and video are so much a part of our culture, access to film and digital resources in libraries is critical. Film and digital collections do not always receive the same level of love and appreciation that librarians hold for books, but they deserve equal footing. Librarians are increasing community engagement through the use of film screening and discussion sessions. But librarians may not uniformly have the skills in place to create robust post-viewing discussion experiences, according to research conducted in hundreds of public libraries. Some educators are exploring the value of online dialogues through synchronous and asynchronous video create robust opportunities for interpreting, discussing and sharing ideas about film and media. Teachers have different motivations that underlie their interest in digital media and learning, and professional development programs can be designed in ways that are sensitive to differing motivations and areas of interest. For their own professional learning, librarians rely on email listservs, which democratically enable any member to bring forward a question or solicit the experiences and opinions of the professional community. Globally, the concept of media and information literacy (MIL) is on the rise as librarians and educators link the information and learning process and the decision-making process in using appropriate resources and technology for critical thinking. Information literacy is a key pathway to promote the competencies required to use film and media for learning purposes.
Future
Authors: Hobbs Renee , Deslauriers Liz , Steager Pam
Published: July 2019

Media programs in libraries can help promote lifelong learning with film and video resources. Libraries are central to empowering their patrons to use media in meaningful ways. Film and media education must grow and evolve in order to become a more important part of the future of librarianship. We see libraries as venues for the process of civic agency and social change, which can be supported by the practice of critical analysis and creation of media in the library space. Libraries that cultivate community film viewing and media making embody the practice of community building, and community spaces for gatherings and discussions are increasingly recognized as key features for libraries. Resources and programs that support patrons as media makers, not just as media consumers, are a vital part of the future of libraries. Film and media education activities provide many opportunities for partnering with the community.
Criticisms of Buddhism, Daoism, and the Learning of the Heart-Mind
Authors: Neskar Ellen , Borrell Ari
Published: July 2019

Part of this chapter deals with Zhu Xi’s critique of Buddhism and Daoism: his distinction of the neo-Confucian concept of pattern-principle and virtuous governance from seemingly similar Buddhist and Daoist ideas, his concern with what he saw as both schools’ lack of social and political engagement and their rejection of ethical norms, and the practice of Buddhist meditation and Daoist quietism. Zhu had a certain respect for Zhuangzi, and believed Laozi and the later Daoists were “better than” Buddhists. He reserved a special disdain for the Song dynasty version of Chan and, in particular, for its interpretation of the heart-mind and practice of sudden enlightenment. Significantly, a large portion of his attacks against Chan focus on what he saw as its pernicious influence on scholars in the Learning of the Way and Learning of the Heart-Mind movements. These attacks are taken up in part two of the translation.