bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
 STIX electron flux maps allow the quantitative determination of the number of accelerated electrons in solar flares
Authors: piana michele , volpara anna , massa paolo , emslie gordon , krucker sam , massone anna maria
Published: March 2024

This talk shows that imaging-spectroscopy analyses from data recorded by the Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) on-board Solar Orbiter allow to disentangle the two factors that determine the observed hard X-ray spectrum of a solar flare, i.e., the density of the accelerated electrons and the ambient target density. More specifically, we show, for the first time in a quantitative way, that in the case of some peculiar events characterized by a significant coronal emission, the number of non-thermal electrons accelerated by the flare is relatively small and that a high rate of such electrons is stopped before they can reach the chromosphere
Wave storms in the Earth's magnetosphere
Authors: Turc Lucile , Ojuva Mirja , Hoilijoki Sanni , Osmane Adnane , Kilpua Emilia
Published: March 2024

Ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves permeate near-Earth space and play a key role in the transfer of electromagnetic energy from the solar wind to the magnetosphere. These waves contribute to magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, and are central to the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere, in particular through particle acceleration and transport in the radiation belts. ULF waves in the Pc5 frequency band (2-7 mHz) are especially important for radiation belt dynamics, as they cause radial diffusion of electrons and, when their amplitude is large enough, nonlinear interactions. Extensive statistical surveys have shown that the ULF wave power in the Pc5 range tends to increase during geomagnetic storms. However, we note that widely-used geomagnetic indices such as Kp, AE and Dst do not intrinsically quantify the level of ULF wave activity inside the magnetosphere. The goals of this study are (1) to define wave storms in Earth's magnetosphere, that is, intervals of elevated ULF wave power, irrespective of the occurrence of geomagnetic storms (as defined by the Dst or SYM-H index), (2) to identify the drivers of the most intense wave storms and (3) to compare the occurrence of wave storms with that of geomagnetic storms. The ULF wave activity inside the magnetosphere is quantified based on the ground ULF wave power index described by Pilipenko et al. [2017]. Similarly as storms being classified as moderate or intense based on the minimum Dst value reached during the event, we define two levels for wave storms, moderate and intense wave storms. We analyse the occurrence of wave storms as a function of large-scale solar wind drivers (interplanetary coronal mass ejections – ICMEs – and high-speed solar wind streams – HSSs). We find that about half of the wave storms are driven by HSSs, possibly due to the long duration of these structures, while ICMEs tend to drive the most intense wave storms. We also compare electron fluxes at geostationary orbit during wave storms and quiet times, and find significantly enhanced fluxes during wave storms, as expected. Finally, we compare the occurrence of wave storms with that of geomagnetic storms, and discuss possible applications of this new wave storm definition.
The internal dynamics of foreland basins
Authors: Braun Jean , Wild Amanda
Published: March 2024

Foreland basins form by flexure of the lithosphere under the weight of an adjacent mountain belt. They record the evolution of the mountain topography that is continuously set by the balance between tectonically-driven uplift and climatically-modulated erosion. This record is, however, affected by a range of autogenic processes that affect the growth of the topography in the mountain area and the efficiency and patterns of sediment transport and deposition in the basin. It remains an unresolved question to assess the relative contributions of both external (forcing) and internal (autogenic) processes. In particular, it remains notably difficult to extract periodic climatic signals, such as those at astronomically-tuned MIlankovitch periods, from the sedimentary record because it is also affected by perturbations caused by random or quasi-periodic internal processes. Here we use a landscape evolution model coupled to a flexural isostatic model to quantify the efficiency of autogenic processes in ''shredding'' the sedimentary record. The landscape evolution model assumes that sediment transport is the result of a balance between erosion and deposition, and therefore allows for a smooth transition between sediment production in the mountain and sediment deposition in the sedimentary basin, while allowing for sediment by-pass out of the system along its base level. The model assumes that water and sediment are passed from each node to all of its neighbours in proportion to their relative slopes leading to the formation of a constantly and rapidly evolving multi-threaded channel system.Of particular interest to us are sedimentary waves that form at the surface of the foreland basin and that appear to be associated with avulsions of the main channels transporting sediment from the mountain across the basin. These waves, in turn, control the relative position of the mountain base level when they reach the boundary between the basin and the orogen, and may cause perturbations in mountain topography and drainage patterns. We use the model to determine the parameters controlling the amplitude and frequency of these waves, and whether they are amplified by flexural isostasy. We also infer the optimum conditions under which they are most likely to affect the sedimentary record. In addition to the shape of the surface topography and the path of water flow, the model predicts the patterns of sediment deposition/erosion, the basin stratigraphy and the distribution of grain size. This allows us to compare model predictions to natural examples and validate our findings.
OSL Dated Sea-Level for MIS 5e Interglacial in South Carolina, United States
Authors: Dean Silas , Georgiou Nikos , Poirier Robert K. , Doar III William R. , Brill Dominik , Chauveau Denovan , Cerrone Ciro , Rovere Alessio
Published: March 2024

The degree to which the Last Interglacial (Marine Isotope Stage 5e; ~125,000 Before Present) can serve as an analog for future sea-level rise caused by anthropogenic climate change is a matter of great importance. Refining knowledge of factors such as glacio-hydro-isostatic conditions and ice-sheet histories leading up to and since the Last Interglacial will help resolve this question, and well-constrained, well-dated indicators of relative sea level will provide crucial data towards this end. We conducted stratigraphic surveys on several well-exposed outcrops along the Intercoastal Waterway canal near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, on the East Coast of the United States. In addition to photogrammetry records of the outcrop, optically stimulated luminescence analysis has produced new dates that provide information about sea level history during the Last Interglacial and subsequent interstadials, while also helping to clarify the complex local stratigraphic context, which consists of a series of coastal beach ridges and paleoshorelines left by highstands. The dates are linked to precisely constrained DGPS elevations referenced to the local hydrographic datum, a technique which has not been widely used in the study area. The new data will be preserved as sea-level index points in the format specified by the World Atlas of Last Interglacial Shorelines as part of the WARMCOASTS project and are an especially important contribution since they add additional points in a passive margin area considered to be tectonically stable since the investigated time period.
GeoTraductores: one translation at a time
Authors: Navarro-Perez Daniela , Ramírez-Salazar Anthony , Barragán-Montilla Sofía , Garcia Arredondo Mariela , Micalizio Caryl-Sue , Rosa Marín Angelique , Gómez Correa María Alejandra
Published: March 2024

GeoTraductores, a collaborative initiative involving Eos.org, GeoLatinas, and Planeteando, aims to overcome the language barrier in climate change and Earth science communication within Spanish-speaking communities. To accomplish this, science articles from Eos.org have been translated into Spanish by approximately 40 volunteers as part of the Eos en Español project. Around 85% of our team comprises  Latin women,  who have translated over 150 articles, contributing to expanding the Spanish-speaking audience of Eos.org and solidifying the initiative’s success. This strategic translation effort not only enhances accessibility but also promotes the representation of Latin American Early Careers Scientists, many of whom reside and work in predominantly English-speaking countries.Since 2020, the GeoTraductores initiative has been co-led by (1) members of the non-profit organization GeoLatinas dedicated to embracing, empowering, and inspiring Latinas in Earth and Planetary Sciences; (2) Planeteando, a Mexican scientific and social outreach project in Earth and Environmental Sciences; and (3) Eos.org, the science news magazine published by AGU. Each party plays a distinct role in the initiative: (1) volunteer recruitment of translators is handled by GeoLatinas and Planeteando, (2) proofreading and editing of the translated articles is mainly led by Planeteando, and (3) the articles and platforms to make the final Spanish translation available are provided by Eos.org. In a broader effort, all involved collaborators utilize their social media platforms to make this bilingual content more accessible to a wider readership.Throughout this initiative, the GeoTraductores volunteers benefit by improving their English and translation skills, gaining visibility on social media, and making an altruistic contribution to the Latin American general public. Collaborators also benefit from engaging and gaining a wider audience to communicate science, as they foster the capacity building of volunteers, promoting a science communication co-production, and boosting each other. Overall, GeoTraductores is forging a pathway to democratize science, particularly in Latin America. Through establishing and strengthening a network of expert bilingual science communicators, this initiative addresses historical language barriers that impede the accessibility and dissemination of scientific information to the general public. By empowering volunteers and embracing diversity, GeoTraductores paves the way for expanding multilingual spaces within Earth and Planetary sciences one translation at a time.
Volatile Solubility Experiments on Planetary Melt Analogs and Implications for Rocky Exoplanet Interior-Atmosphere Connections
Authors: Thompson Maggie , Sossi Paolo , Bower Dan , Petitgirard Sylvain , Liebske Christian , Shahar Anat
Published: March 2024

Magma worlds, due to their hot, extended atmospheres are readily characterized spectroscopically by ground- and space-based telescopes, such as JWST. As yet, the lack of direct observations means that the nature and composition of these planets’ atmospheres are poorly constrained.  Because the atmospheres of these planets are thought to be the result of chemical equilibrium with their interiors, their mass and composition are modulated by the solubilities of major gases in the magma. Therefore, we require a theoretical framework, informed by experimental data, to determine how volatile elements partition between the interior and atmosphere for diverse planetary compositions. Of the major gases, hydrogen is particularly important due to its cosmic abundance, significant presence during rocky planet formation if the planet forms before the nebular gas disk dissipates, and its role as an essential life-forming element. However, there is currently a lack of experimental data on hydrogen solubilities in diverse planetary magmas at the temperature, pressure and redox conditions relevant for magma worlds. To fill this gap, we performed new hydrogen solubility experiments on exoplanet melt analog materials at high temperatures (≥1400 ℃) using a 1-bar H2-CO2 gas-mixing furnace and an aerodynamic laser levitation furnace coupled to an FTIR spectrometer. Using FTIR spectroscopy, we determine the mechanism for hydrogen’s dissolution and its concentrations in these melts. We will present the findings of our experiments and how we can incorporate them into volatile partitioning models to determine the effect of hydrogen solubility on the atmospheric compositions of magma exoplanets. We will discuss the implications of volatile dissolution on the interior-atmosphere connection for magma planets including the early Earth.
San Lorenzo Church in Turin– A stone exhibition of more than 3 centuries ago
Authors: Marini Paola , Bellopede Rossana , Fiorucci Adriano , Orlandella Ilaria
Published: March 2024

The church of San Lorenzo is a ducal chapel located in one the main squares of Torino, whose costruction was due to a promises of the Duke of  Savoia Emanuele Filiberto for its safe after the San Quintino battle won in the day of San Lorenzo in 1557. The expansion works on the church actually began in 1634, but were soon interrupted by the death of Vittorio Amedeo (1637) and the resulting civil war, and only thirty years later, with the call of the mathematician Guarino Guarini, the church construction moved on to the resolution phase. For the dome he renewed schemes with a distant ancestry in Gothic and especially oriental architecture. The works for S. Lorenzo lasted a long time: the church was completed by 1679 and consecrated later only after the architect also designed the main altar.The innovation of the Church of San Lorenzo is certainly the rich variety of decorative stones that we can admire inside and above all the different methods of use that Guarini managed to implement, changing the intended use, and introducing other particular stones which were, at the time, still unknown in Italy.The main stones used inside the church, are the different types of Frabosa marble, San Martino marble, Foresto marble, Gassino limestone (Piedmont) and Arzo marble (Switzerland) while in the seven chapels, a very large use of Verde Alpi marble, , together with the bright Giallo Reale in contrast with the two blacks, from Frabosa and Portovenere are present.. The use of a different stone for each imposing pair of columns of the various chapels was also sought after, in this regard the green Alpi, the black Portoro, the Rosso Verona but also the breccia of Seravezza, the Gialletto of Verona and the particular Sicilian Libeccio of Custonaci were used.Furthermore, from the analysis of the different altar frontals the triumph of the charm of different polychrome marbles, assembled excellently together, in a space of limited dimensions is evident.Verde Alpi and Giallo Reale together with Arabescato Orobico and Spanish Broccatello, are all in great contrast by the black Frabosa marble.Petrographic knowledge is fundamental in providing the tools for the preservation of cultural heritage as it allows us to carry out recovery interventions on architectural complexes and ancient art objects, having full knowledge of the material on which we are working, being able to proceed with the restoration or a possible replacement of part of the material, preserving its history, origin and characteristics.In San Lorenzo the enormous wealth of stones will certainly remain a treasure to be protected over time and the possibility of being able to study their history and lithological provenance remains the most interesting aspect of the work I have carried out.
Nitrogen pollution sources in coastal groundwater discharge at an urbanized tropical coast
Authors: Moosdorf Nils , Hajati Mithra-Christin , Oehler Till , Dähnke Kirstin , Ramasamy Murugan , Babu Suresh , Santos Isaac R.
Published: March 2024

Fresh submarine groundwater discharge (FSGD) can be a substantial source of nitrogen (N) to tropical coastal waters. Fertilizers and sewage are generally regarded as major sources. Here, we resolve coastal nitrogen fluxes and sources in southern Kerala, India. The region has a high coastal population density, seasonally intensive tourism, and an industrialized hinterland agriculture.Nitrate concentrations in post-monsoon coastal spring discharge was 23.7 mg/l. Nitrate leakage to groundwater from agriculture is limited in warm climates due to high denitrification associated with high temperatures. Using slim models, we estimated leakage from the main fertilized land uses of the hinterland region: Paddy fields (56±13 kg-N/ha), rubber plantations (7±2 kg-N/ha) and home gardens (14±4 kg-N/ha). These loads cannot explain the observed nitrate concentrations in coastal springs. Nitrate stable isotope (d15N and d18O) signatures imply that manure or sewage is the main N source. While the local catchment population was stable during the last decade (ca. 40,000), tourism increased from 16,000 visits in 2005 to 208,000 visits in 2017. Tourism increased ammonium stored in pit latrines by 70 %.This rapid change seems widespread in India and Southeast Asia. We suggest that urban growth without proper sanitary facilities was the largest coastal nitrate pollution source as reflected at the investigated site, while fertilization effect was marginal due to large atmospheric losses of N.
Spatially-Coherent Probabilistic Downscaling of Daily Precipitation in Ungauged Mountain Locations: a Transfer Learning Study in the Swiss Alps and the Langtang Valley, Nepal.
Authors: Girona-Mata Marc , Orr Andrew , Turner Richard E.
Published: March 2024

Accurate downscaling of daily precipitation is crucial for hydrological and climate modeling, especially in regions with complex terrain and a lack of observational data. In such regions, climate reanalysis are not reliable and thus accurate downscaling is usually limited to those locations captured by a (discrete) network of in-situ measurements instead. For this reason, learning to downscale in ungauged locations, whilst maintaining the spatial structure of precipitation, is crucial to effectively downscale (gridded) climate simulations. This study introduces a Gaussian Process - Multi-Layer Perceptron (GP-MLP) latent variable model tailored for the probabilistic downscaling of daily precipitation in ungauged locations. By generating spatially coherent precipitation fields, this model addresses key challenges in regional climate impact assessments and water resource management.The GP-MLP model consists of an MLP that performs non-linear regression, mapping a set of inputs to distributional parameters of a given probability distribution for each spatio-temporal locations, and we induce spatial correlation between locations with a latent variable modelled by a GP  We jointly learn the GP and MLP parameters using variational inference, which critically allows us to model non-Gaussian probability distributions. We test our approach in two geographically and climatologically diverse regions: the Swiss Alps and the Langtang Valley in Nepal. The Swiss Alps, with their complex terrain and relatively dense observational network, serve as an ideal region for the initial training of our model. In the Langtang Valley, a high-mountain region with limited ground-based observations, we employ a transfer learning strategy on the model pre-trained in the Swiss Alps. This process involves fine-tuning the model parameters to the unique climatic and topographical features of the Himalayas, thereby enhancing its performance in predicting daily precipitation in this data-sparse region.Our preliminary findings demonstrate the model's strong capability in producing accurate and spatially coherent predictions of daily precipitation for ungauged locations. The probabilistic nature of the model's outputs is particularly valuable, providing not only predictions of daily precipitation but also quantifying the associated uncertainties - a crucial aspect for risk management in hydrology and agriculture in areas where the paucity of data has traditionally limited detailed climate impact analysis.
Investigation of Urban Heat Mitigation and Thermal Maladaptation Potential from Small-Scale Green Roofs: A Case Study in Seoul
Authors: Kim SeonHyuk , Park Chan
Published: March 2024

Climate change is leading to more frequent and intense heat waves, exposing urban populations to extreme heat conditions, and posing significant health risks. Many cities are adopting nature-based solutions (NbS) to mitigate urban heat, with green roofs emerging as a universal NbS. They are advantageous as they can be easily implemented in dense urban areas without requiring extra land and are generally effective in cooling. Although numerous green roof projects are implemented on a small scale, research on the effectiveness of small-scale green roofs in heat reduction is limited. Consequently, we assess the cooling potential of small-scale green roofs, identifying the traits of successful implementations and how these differ from green roofs that result in maladaptation. We utilized a quasi-experimental design methodology to improve causal inference, effectively isolating the impact of individual green roofs from background climate changes using publicly available green roof data and longitudinal satellite imagery. In our study of 11 green roof projects in Seoul, we noted that intensive-type green roofs had a cooling effect. In contrast, projects that experienced temperature increases typically featured extensive vegetation and structural elements that increased albedo. This evidence can assist decision-makers in reducing risks of maladaptation and enhancing effective adaptation practices. This method is expected to support governments, especially those with limited budgets, in efficiently managing urban heat, reducing trial and error. Ultimately, our research holds the potential to significantly contribute to the sustainability of society and the environment.
Mapping Vertical Greenery on Historic Buildings in Neighbourhoods with High Environmental Risks: A Case Study in Antwerp, Belgium
Authors: Kale Eda , De Groeve Marie , Pinnel Lena , Erkan Yonca , Hacıgüzeller Piraye , Orr Scott Allan , De Kock Tim
Published: March 2024

Ongoing urbanization has increased the impact of the urban heat island effect, air pollution, and noise pollution while limiting the space for green areas. Therefore an urgent action is required to mitigate these environmental risks. Vertical Greenery (VG) has emerged as a sustainable and viable solution across diverse contexts, but it is generally not always accepted for historic buildings by experts. The scepticism is rooted in concerns about the potential adverse effects on conservation practices and heritage values. Contrary to expert concerns, VG on historic buildings is seen as a response to reducing the urban heat island effect in high environmental risk areas by the users.We conducted a comprehensive study in Antwerp (Belgium), a city actively advocating for VG solutions. We selected three neighbourhoods, namely Historical Centre, Oud Berchem, and Borgerhout Intra Muros Zuid, where air pollution, noise, and heat stress are above the risk level. We documented the VG implementations in these three neighbourhoods through the use of GIS and field survey methods. The prevalence of VG in case sites was analysed based on factors such as the heritage status of buildings and the morphology of streets, which could pose challenges to the implementation of VG.The results suggest that VG is present in up to 14% of all buildings in the selected neighbourhoods. While in the Historical Centre, 59% of the buildings with VG have a heritage designation. As such, narrow streets and heritage designation do not prevent VG implementation in densely built neighbourhoods with green space deficits.While this study provides site-specific results, the analysis methods we used can guide policymakers and urban planners to explore VG's adaptability to historic buildings in the development of effective integration strategies.
The morphological adjustment of typical consecutive bends in Yangtze River in response to upstream damming
Authors: He Xin , Yu Minghui
Published: March 2024

The study of the geomorphic dynamics of consecutive bends in Yangtze River under controlled conditions, i.e., the regulated water and sediment process, and the bank protection project, contributes to the further understanding of the meandering river theory. In this study, by combining the topographic data and remote sensing data, the morphological adjustment of typical consecutive bends in Yangtze River in response to upstream damming are analyzed. The results show that during 2006-2021, the riverbed is scoured generally. The consecutive bends are generally characterized by inner-bank scouring and outer-bank sedimentation. Besides, the evolution of the front and back bends shows good correlation, and the longer the length of the transition section, the weaker the correlation between the evolution of the front and back bends. The results of the study may serve as a rational reference for managing natural meandering rivers with multiple hydrological, geomorphological, and ecological goals.
Climate responses to regional aerosol emissions: Early multi-model results from RAMIP
Authors: Wilcox Laura , Allen Robert , Samset Bjørn , MacRae Molly , Fraser-Leach Luke , Koshiro Tsuyoshi , Kushner Paul , Lewinschal Anna , Makkonen Risto , Merikanto Joonas , O'Donnell Declan , Oshima Naga , Paynter David , Rumbold Steven , Takemura Toshihiko , Tsigaridis Kostas , Westervelt Dan
Published: March 2024

Anthropogenic aerosol emissions are expected to change rapidly over the coming decades, with complex geographical and seasonal patterns. This is expected to drive strong, spatially varying trends in temperature, hydroclimate, and extreme events, both near and far from emission sources. These changes are poorly constrained in current models, and very sparsely represented in climate risk assessments, partly because of a lack of dedicated emission pathways and multi-model investigations.The Regional Aerosol Model Intercomparison Project (RAMIP) is designed to quantify and bound the role of regional aerosol emissions changes in near-term climate projections. RAMIP experiments are based on the SSPs commonly used in CMIP6 Endorsed MIPs, but are designed to explore sensitivities to aerosol type and location, and provide improved constraints on uncertainties driven by aerosol radiative forcing and the dynamical response to aerosol changes. The core experiments assess the effects of different aerosol emission pathways in East Asia, South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, and North America and Europe through 2051, using a multi-ensemble-member approach in a set of 10 Earth System Models.Based on early output from a subset of participating RAMIP models, we highlight regions where current and future aerosol reductions may lead to changes in seasonal mean climate and the frequency and severity of extreme events. We will also show examples of how the near-future evolution of temperature and precipitation extremes in Europe and Asia may be influenced by local air quality policies, and those further afield.
Modelling the evolution of Ryder Glacier, Greenland, through the Holocene to investigate its responses to marine and atmospheric forcings.
Authors: Barnett Jamie , Holmes Felicity , Åkesson Henning , Nilsson Johan , Kirchner Nina , Jakobsson Martin
Published: March 2024

Coupling paleo numerical simulations of the Greenland Ice Sheet with physical geological evidence of past ice sheet extent can greatly improve our understanding of the factors driving ice loss. Geological observations can be used to reconstruct the state of the Greenland Ice Sheet at snap shots in time, thus acting as constraints to test the fidelity of ice sheet models that can tell a continuous story of retreat over the same geologic timescales. Swedish Ice Breaker Oden’s visit to Sherard Osborn Fjord and Ryder Glacier in 2019 collected a plethora of marine-geological data that describes the glacier’s behaviour and retreat during the Holocene. Here we use a 3D thermo-coupled Higher-Order ice flow module incorporated in the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM) to simulate the dynamics of Ryder Glacier from 12500 ka to present day. By focusing on a specific individual glacier, we can run the model at resolutions
Validation of Mediterranean cyclones in GCM simulations against reanalysis
Authors: Dolgos Emília , Pongrácz Rita , Bartholy Judit
Published: March 2024

Mid-latitude cyclones have a great influence on the weather and the climate of the Mediterranean region. This study focuses on the western Mediterranean region, where we aim to identify changes in the number of cyclones and their characteristics based on ERA5 reanalysis data and historical simulations of global climate models from the CMIP6 project covering the period before 2014. For this purpose, mean sea level pressure is analysed to identify low-pressure systems, and these potential cyclone centres are then connected through timesteps to produce trajectories. Model data is regridded to 1° spatial resolution, with temporal resolution of 6-hour. Mediterranean cyclones not only affect the close vicinity of the Mediterranean Sea, but other parts of Europe as well, including Hungary, where the amount of the precipitation can be highly affected by the presence of Mediterranean cyclones (particularly in winter). For this reason, we aim to quantify what portion of the annual total precipitation is connected to the Mediterranean cyclones. Acknowledgements: The study contributes to the COST CA19109 action (MEDCYCLONES). Research leading to this study has been supported by the following sources: the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Fund (under grant K-129162), and the National Multidisciplinary Laboratory for Climate Change (RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00014).
Achieving renewable energy-centered sustainable development futures for rural Africa
Authors: Falchetta Giacomo , Vinca Adriano , Ireland Gregory , Tuninetti Marta , Troost André , Hafner Manfred , Byers Edward , Zulu Ackim
Published: March 2024

Multi-dimensional and overlapping Nexus challenges affect many parts of rural sub-Saharan Africa. More than 90% of cropland is rainfed, less than one third of households have electricity at home, more than 15% of people report insufficient food intake and more than 40% of people live below the poverty line. Climate change impacts on vulnerable systems with limited adaptive capacity and strong population growth are increasing the magnitude of the challenge. As a result, there is a strong need for multi-level, multi-sector interventions (from national policies to regional/river basin-scale planning, to local planning and investment). To implement such actions, it is key to assess solutions (technology and investment) and appraise their feasibility and implementation potential (from both a policy and a financial point of view). In this study, we soft-link bottom-up process-based water and energy demand and techno-economic infrastructure assessment models into a multi-node, national Nexus-extended Integrated Assessment Model (MESSAGEix-Nexus) for supply and investment assessment. Based on the integrated modelling, we obtain an understanding of the role of an explicit consideration of (productive) energy access jointly with Water-Agriculture-Food interlinkages for rural Nexus infrastructure requirements, investment, and sustainable development objectives. This demonstrates how climate impacts and water and energy needs affect each other and jointly shape infrastructure and investment pathways. Then, by linking technical models with business models analysis, we are able to assess feasibility of implementation and appraise which are the key micro and macro determinants to ensure feasibility, investment, and uptake of small-scale Nexus infrastructure, crucial for rural development and adaptation to changing climate conditions. Altogether, our research demonstrates how national-scale integrated modelling with an explicit focus on Nexus interlinkages allows for assessing locally-relevant demand sources and investment needs, and their implications for sustainable development. In turn, this allows for deriving  policy and investment-relevant insights.
The 26 November 2019 Durres earthquake, Albania: coseismic displacements and occurrence of slow slip events in the year following the earthquake
Authors: Matraku Kristina , Jouanne Francois , Dushi Edmond
Published: March 2024

Outer Albanides experienced a seismic sequence starting on 21 September 2019, with an Mw 5.6 earthquake, followed by an Mw 5.1 aftershock 10 minutes later considered as foreshocks, and culminated with the main shock Mw 6.38 on 26 November 2019, preceded by several immediate foreshocks (Mw 2.0-4.4), followed by numerous aftershocks (Mw > 5.0). We model the co-seismic slip distribution using InSAR, permanent and campaign GNSS measurements. Two hypotheses are tested: an earthquake on a thrust plane with direction N160°, and an earthquake on a backthrust. Varying the depth and dip angle for the first hypothesis and only the dip angle for the second, it is concluded that the optimal solution is a blind thrust at a depth of 15 km with an eastward dip of 40°, a maximum slip of 1.4 m and a Mw of 6.38. The GNSS time series obtained after 2020 shows two slow slip events (SSE): the first 200 days after the main shock up to about 26 days, and the second 300 days after the main shock up to about 28 days. We tested three hypotheses: SSE occurred along the basement thrust where the main shock was localised, SSE occurred along the flat formed by the detachment layer of the cover, and SSE occurred along these two faults. It has therefore been concluded that SSE has occurred along the detachment layer or along both the detachment layer and the basement thrust activated during the Mw 6.38 Durres earthquake.
Unlocking the Formation Dynamics of Modern Microbialites: A Geomicrobiological Study in the Maquinchao Basin, Argentina
Authors: Ariztegui Daniel
Published: March 2024

Judith McKenzie's scientific pursuit focused on comprehending the processes that lead to observable phenomena in the geological record. She consistently emphasized to students and colleagues the fundamental importance of this understanding before delving into any attempt to use proxies. In the late nineties, Judy joined us for a field trip in Patagonia, where we conducted fieldwork in the Maquinchao Basin, Argentina. This location hosts both living and fossil microbialites, presenting a unique opportunity to investigate their formation processes—a goal aligned with Judy's scientific philosophy.Fossil microbialites, distinguished by their globular and cauliflower shapes, populate a continuous palaeoshoreline of a former lake at an altitude of 830 m. Meanwhile, their living counterparts thrive exclusively in the tranquil waters of sheltered or meandering sections of the Maquinchao River. To unravel the intricate interplay between environmental and biological factors governing their development, we sampled and studied living microbialites and their host waters. Contemporary microbialites appear exclusively in freshwater environments with elevated Ca2+ levels. Microscopic inspection reveals heightened photosynthetic organisms in the upper green layer, associated with crypto/microcrystalline calcite (nanoglobules), compared to the lower beige-white biofilm. The latter contains more low-Mg calcite (rhombohedra) precipitates, forming millimeter-sized aggregates in the underlying anoxic layer. While sulphate-reducing bacteria are present throughout the mat, their abundance is more notable in the lower beige-white layer, always associated with Mg calcite.Distinct conditions, such as low salinity and low-turbidity water, coupled with microbial (photosynthetic and heterotrophic) activity, emerge as pivotal factors promoting low-Mg calcite precipitation in the Maquinchao Basin. Notably, these conditions sharply contrast with those proposed for recently described lacustrine microbialites at high altitudes in the subtropical and tropical Andes, as well as in Chilean Patagonia. These observations underscore the significance of geomicrobiological studies in discerning proxies for the hydrological conditions prevailing during the formation of freshwater microbialites.
Drivers of Late Holocene relative sea-level change in the Sunda Shelf: new insights from coral microatolls in Singapore
Authors: Tan Fangyi , Horton Benjamin , Lin Ke , Li Tanghua , Upton Maeve , Lin Yucheng , Walker Jennifer , Ng Trina , Quye-Sawyer Jennifer , Lim Joanne TY , Wee Shi Jun , Tan Nurul Syafiqah , Meltzner Aron
Published: March 2024

Existing Late Holocene relative sea-level (RSL) records from the Sunda Shelf suffer from spatial and temporal discontinuities and/or a lack of precision, hindering an understanding of the drivers of RSL change. Here, we present the first RSL record from fossil coral microatolls in Singapore, which has high vertical (
Leveraging Information Flow for Data-Driven Subseasonal Forecasting of Sahelian Hot Extremes
Authors: Deman Victoria M. H. , Hagan Daniel F. T. , Insua-Costa Damián , Koppa Akash , Miralles Diego G.
Published: March 2024

The semi-arid Sahel region has witnessed an increase in extreme weather conditions such as repeated drought cycles, desertification, heatwaves and floods in recent decades. These events pose existential threats to the already vulnerable population and natural ecosystem. Addressing the underexplored potential of subseasonal forecasting in the Sahel, data-driven models offer an alternative to traditional dynamical approaches. These models – distinguished by enhanced computational efficiency, reduced sensitivity to initial conditions, the ability to learn intricate relationships from data, and the ability to capture nonlinear dynamics – represent an asset in building resilience in the region. 
This study investigates the potential of employing a rigorous causality framework based on the Liang–Kleeman information flow for predictor selection. Previous research has underscored the pitfalls of using correlations for predictor selection when forecasting using machine learning models, as spurious correlations may lead to the selection of predictors without any physical connection. In response, our research investigates the potential of this information flow causality to select predictors within a vast array of predefined variables, including coupled ocean–atmospheric oscillation indices, sea-surface temperatures, vegetation indices and soil moisture. Subsequently, our focus is directed towards predicting summer maximum temperature extremes with lead times of 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks using the selected predictors and a variety of deep learning techniques. Despite the challenge of predicting short-lived heatwaves in a region characterised by the high baseline temperatures, our results indicate that the information flow causality effectively reduces dimensionality, and enables a selection of features with causal relationships that facilitates subsequent forecasting. In the following, the causal knowledge from the predictor selection step will be quantitatively transferred into the machine learning models themselves, thereby providing an interpretable framework for the prediction of the hot extremes in the region. 
Remote monitoring of glaciers using infrasound and seismic arrays at the Vernadsky station, Antarctic Peninsula region
Authors: Liashchuk Alex , Andrushchenko Yurii , Otruba Yurii , Zhukovskyi Vadym , Olefir Andrii
Published: March 2024

The peculiarity of the location of the archipelago of the Argentine Islands, where the Vernadsky station is located, is that the archipelago is surrounded by seawater that is bound by ice in winter, which causes a seasonal change in microseismic noise. In addition, on the large islands of the archipelago, ice caps cover up to 50% of their area. To the east of the archipelago is the Antarctic Peninsula and its closest part is the Kyiv Peninsula. The mountain peaks of the peninsula are covered with snow, between them some glaciers have access to the sea, the main of which - the Wiggins, Truz, and Leay glaciers are located at a distance of 6-20 km from the station. Dynamic processes of glaciers, and primarily the collapse of the leading edge of the glacier with the formation of icebergs (calving), generate seismic and acoustic signals registered at the station. In addition, such signals arise from avalanches descending from the nearest peaks of the peninsula and impacts of icebergs on the seabed. The recently installed infrasound array together with the three-component seismic station continuously provides data on these processes. Joint processing of data allows you to localize signal sources, identify them, and obtain approximate energy estimates. Seismic and infrasound observations are a relatively cheap, year-round, and all-weather tool for solving the task of observing glaciers and the phenomena associated with them. The use of this type of remote monitoring can be a useful addition to other research methods. In addition, the technology of using these monitoring tools allows us to use them near glaciers, which is planned for the near future.
Detecting changes in industrial pollution through the analyses of heavy metals concentrations in tree-ring wood from Romanian conifer forests
Authors: Cuciurean Cosmin , Sidor Cristian  Gheorghe , Camarero J. Julio , Buculei Amelia , Badea Ovidiu
Published: March 2024

The impact of air pollution on forests, especially in urban areas, has been an increasingly discussed topic in recent years. A number of pollutants, including heavy metals, are released into the atmosphere from various sources, such as mining activities, non-ferrous metal processing plants, fossil fuel combustion, and can have adverse effects on tree growth but also on vigor of other species including humans.We compared the concentrations of several elements in tree-ring wood from two conifer species (Silver fir-Abies alba, and Norway spruce-Picea abies) growing in polluted and unpolluted areas. Two regions (Bicaz and Tarnița) subjected to historical changes in pollution and located in northern Romania were selected. Two methods of chemical analyses were used: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF).Silver fir trees from the intensively polluted area in Tarnița region are negatively impacted by industrial pollution according to their Mn concentrations in wood which are, on average, three times higher than in the unpolluted areas (ca. 30 vs. 10 mg·kg-1). This finding is consistent with both ICP-MS and XRF analyses, but this difference was found in Norway spruce only in XRF data which detected 7 times higher Mn concentrations in trees from polluted areas than in those from unpolluted areas (ca. 700 vs. 100 mg·kg-1).In the Tarnița region, Norway spruce was able to accumulate a higher quantity of heavy metals compared to Silver fir, but the most pronounced differences between polluted and unpolluted were found in Silver fir.The two analysis methods complemented each other with ICP-MS being a qualitative method with a low detection limit of some elements, and XRF being a more quantitative method with high detection limit and satisfactory accuracy.
First detailed polarimetric study of a type-II solar radio burst with the Murchison Widefield Array
Authors: Majee Puja , Kansabanik Devojyoti , Oberoi Divya
Published: March 2024

Type-II solar radio bursts are plasma emissions generated by magnetohydrodynamic shocks that are predominantly driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs), the most potent drivers of space weather. These narrow-bandwidth (~few MHz) emissions show slow drift towards lower frequencies in the dynamic spectrum and appear at the fundamental and harmonic of the local plasma frequency. The evolution and geo-effectiveness of CMEs are governed by their magnetic fields and interaction with the coronal magnetized plasma. Therefore, understanding the CME-entrained magnetic fields and the ambient medium is important. Polarimetric properties of type-II bursts provide promising diagnostics for measuring and understanding the magnetic field strength, and topology at the CME-shocks. In the literature, their polarization properties have been reported to vary from being unpolarized to very strongly circularly polarized, and no linear polarization has ever been reported. The vast majority of these studies rely on dynamic spectra which can only provide spatially integrated information. Instruments like Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) and robust spectropolarimetric snapshot solar imaging pipeline, P-AIRCARS, (Kansabanik et al., 2022, 2023) have enabled high-fidelity and high-dynamic range solar radio imaging with good temporal, spectral and reasonable angular resolution. Benefiting from these, we have used the MWA to carry out detailed imaging polarimetric characterization of a type-II solar radio burst. We detect a weak circular polarization of ~ 4% during the type II. We also report the first imaging detection of low levels of linearly polarized type-II emission. This robust but surprising detection goes against the conventional wisdom that differential coronal Faraday rotation should wipe out any linear polarization signatures in coronal emissions. We characterize the polarimetric structures in both circular and linear polarizations, meticulously investigating their temporal and spectral evolutions. Our study marks the start of the use of polarimetric imaging observations to further the understanding of type-II radio bursts and coronal propagation.  
Continuous monitoring of ammonia (NH3) concentrations with Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy
Authors: Hofmann Magdalena E. G. , Woźniak Jan , Swinkels Peter , He Siqin , Drori Keren
Published: March 2024

Ammonia is a hazardous air pollutant with detrimental impacts on both health and the environment. The primary sources of NH3 emissions into the atmosphere are associated with agricultural activities and processes, including fertilizer utilization, decomposition of organic matter, and animal excretions. The characterization and quantification of NH3 emissions in livestock environments are pivotal to comply with regulations and in assessing mitigation options. However, accurate monitoring of NH3 emissions can be challenging due to the high reactivity of NH3 and its tendency to adsorb to surfaces.Here we present performance data for two new Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) ammonia analyzers that allow to accurately determine ammonia concentrations over a wide dynamic range: The SI2103 analyzer is the successor of the G2103 analyzer and the ideal solution for air quality monitoring at ambient concentrations as well as close to ammonia sources, and the newly released G2509 analyzer is the ideal solution to monitor ammonia concentrations along with CO2, CH4 and N2O.Key features of the SI2103 and the G2509 are: (i) excellent response time, (ii) low calibration requirements, (iii) field deployable, (iv) negligible interference (‘interference-free’) [1] , (v) long term unattended operation, and (vi) the possibility to measure multiple species. We will compare the performance of the SI2103 and the G2509 and discuss best practices for accurately measuring ammonia concentrations.[1] Kamp, J. N., Chowdhury, A., Adamsen, A. P. S. & Feilberg, A. Negligible influence of livestock contaminants and sampling system on ammonia measurements with cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss. 1–20 (2019). doi:10.5194/amt-2018-377